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Template talk:Infobox company/Archive 2

Dates with Info
I think it is really necessary, if you say how many employees a company has, to say that there is some date at which there were this many employees. Really, everything about a bussiness can be ephemeral. The format should allow a (date) or (year) after any bit of info in the table. RayKiddy 16:53, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed. See Nokia for an example. Adraeus 19:42, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Edit link?
Jerryseinfeld, I'm not certain we want inexperienced users to know about editing this template or want to confuse inexperienced users into think editing this core template is how they edit the template on the company pages, but it's a nifty idea for promoting collaborative discussion and improve of this template. Adraeus 23:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. And it's a convenience. - Jerryseinfeld 00:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Correct key_people and products formatting
I just went through the articles that use infobox_company and corrected formatting issues. The following are the correct formats: Product 2 Product 3
 * Key People First Name Middle Initial (Nickname) Last Name Suffix, Job Title/Job Title 2 (See Microsoft entry.)
 * Products Product 1

This is done for consistency, readability and page size considerations. Remember: the more text used, the larger the page. Adraeus 05:56, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Formatting
I would rather have it like "CEO: Person" than "Person, CEO". - Jerryseinfeld 22:01, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You suggested that we change "Person, Job Title" to "Title: Person". Why should this not be done? Simply because the person is more important than the title. How names/titles are formatted in annual reports, on business cards, etc., is how names/titles should be formatted here. Since the infobox is directly related to business, we should attempt to maintain a corporate theme. You can change the formatting, of course, but you have to change all the articles' formatting too in order to maintain consistency. You can't just change one or two and expect me—since in addition to you I'm one of the few who's working on this— to change the rest. Adraeus 22:18, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "The person is more important than the title". Oh, really? Of course he is. I would simply like to change the formatting. - Jerryseinfeld 22:24, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's a design issue: how content is laid out affects what's communication. If you'd like to change the formatting, you have to do it for all the current corporate articles. You'll also need to modify the syntax and the syntax description. Changing the formatting now due to preference is just too much work in my opinion. Adraeus 22:34, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If the "syntax" example is updated it will drift in that directon. - Jerryseinfeld 22:43, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Do you have a good reason to change the formatting or is this simply a matter of preference? Currently, the formatting is a matter of standardization, design and consistency. Adraeus 22:54, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have a good reason. It's better. Do you understand? Do you think hooters and yahoo put it like that by chance? 99% of these people are non-heard-of, so you first want to know there job, and then you want to know their name, and perhaps more. I would like to see you at Hooters arguing about this, "no I want the persone BEFORE the job, because the person is more IMPORTANT than the title. It's a matter of CONSISTENCY." - Jerryseinfeld 17:28, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * While I'd like to go to Hooters, I think you meant Hoover's. As a business owner and professional graphic designer with his company in D&B's database, I know exactly why their data tables are designed like so. Unless we're going to redesign our infobox so that it uses a table similar to Yahoo!'s or Hoover's, then your reason isn't a good reason at all since it's a matter of preference for you. Adraeus 21:13, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Why doesn't a third person weigh in on this? - Jerryseinfeld 21:07, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I would like to have it like "Chairman, CEO", rather than "Chairman/CEO". - Jerryseinfeld 22:27, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's not a good idea. The Monobook stylesheet justifies text and any extra spaces in a title makes the title look really bad. See Allegheny_Technologies. Moreover, the reason extraneous spaces should be avoided is due to file size concerns. Remember: the infobox adds to the size of a page. We don't want to overextend the infobox's welcome. Adraeus 22:34, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The "/" sometimes mean "or" so it reads "Chairman or CEO". But it's not a big deal. You may note how other sites list the company profile (Yahoo!), (Business Week), (CBS MarketWatch), ([http://www.forbes.com/finance/mktguideapps/personinfo/similarResults/byTicker.jhtml?passedTicker=C&passedCompanyName=Citigroup+Inc.

&resultsStart=1&resultsHowMany=25&resultsSortProperties=%2BtitleRank%2C%2BlastName%2C%2BfirstName%2C%2BmiddleInitial&resultsSortCategoryName=title Forbes]), (Fortune), ([http://briefings.ft.com/company/showFinancials.html?view=Overview/Profile&extelID=00041959&company=Citigroup%2C+Inc.&region= &industry=&pageNum=1&selected=Citigroup+Inc&options=1&ticker=US%3AC&ftep=CITIG00000&isin=US1729671016&sedol=2297907&tab=2&subtab=-1 &q=&s1=&s2= Financial Times]), (New York Times), (Reuters), (MSNBC), (The Street). Some of them use the ",", some of them use the "&", I believe that is better than the "/".--Jerryseinfeld 23:18, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Basically, I would like it to look like it does at the Yahoo! Industry Center. - Jerryseinfeld 22:30, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is Wikipedia, not Yahoo! By the way, I use Hoover's. Adraeus 22:34, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * They do to. - Jerryseinfeld 22:41, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Except instead of for example "CEO and Director" it could be "CEO", instead of "President, COO, and Director" it could be "President, COO". - Jerryseinfeld 22:31, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Right. Only use the most important title. Adraeus 22:34, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Key people
I suggest key_people is renamed to management. - Jerryseinfeld 22:00, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Key People is general and allows editors to insert other people, such as lead game designers, into infoboxes for smaller companies without a huge hierarchy of executives. Adraeus 22:21, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Code
For the easier code formatting that looked like: key_people    = Chairman: Person

CEO: Person |

products      = Product

Product

Product | Is there a way to make the new lines in for example "products" not create a paragraph ("p") tag, or is there some way to remove its margin? I tried a few classes from and. Isn't it possible with for example "tocindent" from commonPrint.css?. - Jerryseinfeld 00:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't understand your question. Would you please elaborate? Thank you. Adraeus 11:32, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The p tag skews the layout. - Jerryseinfeld 22:17, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Show me an example, please. Adraeus 22:55, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

That only happens if you press return. Keep the data on one line like in the syntax example. Adraeus 02:50, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's easier to put each on its own line, that's why I'm wondering if it's possible to get rid of the "margin" that is placed above the p tag. - Jerryseinfeld 17:30, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A few comments...
It's great that someone has finally created a decent infobox for companies. I am currently adding infoboxes to the links off List of Irish companies and just want to get a few things straight before things become inconsistant, I also have a few minor queries:

 * Should their not be a line for industry e.g. Aviation, Computer Software etc., I know you have a products line, but surely an industry line is needed.
 * In your Microsoft example you have the link Public, this should be Public company or Public. It would be helpful if you added that to your guidelines at the top of this page.
 * Should the terms CEO, COO, SVP etc., be linked to their respective pages.
 * If you are going to include varibles such as employee count, should you not include 2004 revenues & profits (at least in the case of public companies).

Again, thanks for the handy infobox, i'll try to keep it consistant across my entries. CGorman 15:20, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * One more thing, does it not look better to have slogans in italics? CGorman 15:26, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The products a company provides defines the industry a company resides. An industry row would require researching the tax records for each company and inserting mostly useless information about a company. Having a business myself, industry data is only relevant to taxation and little, if not nothing, else.

 * Public is a good suggestion.

 * The professional acronyms probably should be linked to their respective pages for clarity's sake.

 * There are better places than Wikipedia to research revenues & profits. For instance, a company's annual report or Hoover's. Too many easily outdated variables requires much maintenance. Adraeus 22:03, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Add section
I suggest stock exchange listings is added between "Type" & "Slogan".--Jerryseinfeld 16:26, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The stock symbol currently works well next to the company's type.
 * I mean a list of stock exchange listings, which include stock exchanges outside the united states.--Jerryseinfeld 23:49, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

And instead of "Founded" and "Location" three could be "Headquarter", "Incorporated in", and "Ownership" that list one or two of the largest owners.--Jerryseinfeld 16:29, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * So you want to replace two shorter words with two longer words, and limit the type of persons listable? No thanks.
 * Founded is not the same as "incorporated in". And "location" is not the same as headquartered in, but it may refer to the same thing I guess. And "ownership" is not present in the box as it is now. The largest owners could certainly be listed, if they are known.--Jerryseinfeld 23:01, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

And I don't care about any "slogan", it can be removed.--Jerryseinfeld 16:30, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Slogan should not be removed. How ridiculous. Adraeus 22:07, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay. Just asking.--Jerryseinfeld 23:01, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't read your suggestion as a question. I'm sorry if I was harsh. Adraeus 04:24, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Format updates
I've made some changes to the layout and slimmed down the wikimarkup. The principle aim was to make the presentation more compact. If you think this needs discussion first, just revert and we'll talk. Noisy | Talk 15:55, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Text alignment is fine. You made it too small though. Adraeus 18:11, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your response was obscure, so I've just removed the redundant markup. Please provide edit summaries. Noisy | Talk 16:35, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * The vertical-align tags weren't redundant. Now the 'key people' and 'products' lettering is just floating in the middle where there are multiple products or people. This needs reverted.  Crosbie 18:15, Apr 4, 2005 (BST)

 * Can you provide some examples please, so that I can see what you mean? Noisy | Talk 17:22, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, should have done so. M. M. Warburg & Co., for example.  The 'key people' and products keys are now just floating in the middle, instead of at the top as they had been.  Also,  Carlyle Group -Crosbie 19:15, Apr 4, 2005 (BST)

 * I agree, let's put back the vertical alignment tags. Rhobite 18:57, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tips. I think it looks a lot better now.  Cheers.  Noisy | Talk 19:47, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * The custom coloured lines should be avoided, not least because they make for very messy code. The cellpadding is quite sufficient to separate the lines. This aim should be skinned but simple, not pretty/cool. ed g2s  •  talk  22:22, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I notice you've 're-standardized' the format. I must say, I agree with ed_g2s's comment on the lines.  What's the standard you're re-standardizing to? Crosbiesmith 22:51, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That format was extremely ugly. I have no idea what Noisy thinks he's doing. The layout doesn't need to be modified in any extraordinary way. Adraeus 23:29, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to add my two bits on the whole fight over what this infobox should look like: I didn't like the thin horizontal lines in between each row of information (it looked painfully cluttered), but I did like putting the full company name in larger text and putting a purple or lavender background behind the cell. --Coolcaesar 02:42, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Using Template:nyse and Template:nasdaq
For lack of a better place to discuss it, I'm using this talk page to bring up the subject of linking to the proper stock exchange for each company. I feel strongly that NYSE-listed stocks should use Template:nyse like nyse: WMT and NASDAQ-listed stocks should use Template:nasdaq like nasdaq: YHOO. I think this is just common sense, since we don't want an article about Yahoo saying "NYSE: YHOO" - that would be incorrectly claiming that Yahoo trades on the NYSE, when it actually trades on the NASDAQ. Adraeus disagrees with me, he feels that the NASDAQ site is unreliable or untrustworthy, or something. He also feels that it is not misleading to say "NYSE: YHOO". I'd like some other opinions here. I may list this on Requests for comment if there isn't much response here. Rhobite 00:04, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * NASDAQ, which is not a true market, is problematic because it forecasts the value of stocks whereas NYSE is a true buy-and-sell market that reports the actual values of stocks. NYSE, AMEX, and NYBOT are the most reliable and appropriate exchanges for referencing from an encyclopedia. You really have to be a savvy investor to know what you're doing with NASDAQ. Adraeus 00:22, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think that's correct - Nasdaq.com reports the last sale price, not some forecast price. I am pretty sure they'd be in legal hot water if they said "last sale" next to a price which didn't represent an actual sale price. The NASDAQ market works the same as any other market, except it's largely electronic. What does that mean, "not a true market"? If there are buyers and sellers agreeing on a price, well that's the definition of a financial market. And NASDAQ's quote site works the same way as Yahoo Finance, or Microsoft MoneyCentral, or NYSE's quote site. Do you have a reference saying that the Nasdaq.com quote site does not report the correct prices? Do you think this is a problem for the casual Wikipedia reader? Why do you think it's OK for an article to say "NYSE: YHOO"? Why not say "NASDAQ: YHOO" but link to, say, the Motley Fool's quote site? Are you aware that the template adds the article to a category? Why do you think it's OK for Microsoft to be included in Category:Companies traded on NYSE? Rhobite 00:31, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Read: Regarding the Establishment of a Nasdaq Closing Cross (AMEX, PDF)
 * NASDAQ has a history of problems with reflecting true market conditions, illogically high equity valuations, and volatility due to the heavy influence of technology companies. In addition, NASDAQ is not designed to represent a true market. It is, however, designed to forecast technology investments. (Edit: No, I wasn't aware of the categorization.) Adraeus 00:51, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that the same quotes are used for NASDAQ-listed securities, whether you get the quotes through a site such as nasdaq.com or nyse.com. If the stock trades through a NASDAQ market maker, NASDAQ reports the price - it's not like NYSE has access to some more "accurate" sale price than NASDAQ itself. If there are fundamental problems with NASDAQ's closing price data, it certainly isn't enough to stop people from trading huge volumes on NASDAQ. I just don't see how these minor issues apply to Wikipedia's readership anyway. Serious investors will have access to Level II quotes anyway, and casual readers are not going to care about the intricacies of NASDAQ's closing cross prices. Rhobite 01:14, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * The quotes are not the same. Note the P/E ratio, beta coefficient, yield, and shares outstanding values. Nasdaq's MSFT vs. NYSE's MSFT
 * If the quotes were the same, or the difference being as irrelevant as you claim, then you shouldn't have a problem with using NYSE and simply mentioning in the appropriate articles that certain companies choose to trade in Nasdaq.
 * No one questions that Nasdaq is a vital and lively market, but if you are an individual investor, those spreads and price manipulations will eat you alive. The odds are firmly stacked against you.
 * — Fun and games on Nasdaq, Forbes Magazine (1997)
 * Adraeus 01:53, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, the P/E ratio on NYSE's site is calculated using the previous day's (March 31) closing price, whereas the P/E ratio on NASDAQ's site is calculated using the last sale price (April 1). Either method is sufficient for most investors, and neither indicates that one site is using "inaccurate" data. If I had to pick one though, I'd pick NASDAQ. Wouldn't you want your P/E ratios based on today's closing price instead of yesterday's? Remember the P/E ratio is simply price divided by EPS, but you knew that, right? The difference in beta and yield also appear to be caused by the same one-day discrepancy. I can assure you that these small differences will be understood by serious traders, who already have access to streaming quotes anyway. They are meaningless to casual readers. I am so sick of giving these lectures to people who try to edit articles in inaccurate ways. It's a waste of my time and yours. I'm done responding. Please don't change any more articles to say that NASDAQ-listed companies trade on the NYSE. Rhobite 02:08, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have never changed any articles to say that NASDAQ-listed companies trade on the NYSE. Your accusations are false and based on your subjective interpretation of what an external link to NYSE might imply rather than what is (or isn't) actually written. You would do well to separate fact from fiction the next time you dare to accuse someone of wrongdoing. Adraeus 02:31, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Infobox company/Archive 2


text:
Aaron Ward

Aaron Ward may refer to:
 * Aaron Ward (baseball) (1896–1961), American baseball infielder
 * Aaron Ward (ice hockey) (born 1973), retired Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman
 * Aaron Ward (representative) (1790–1867), United States representative from New York
 * Aaron Ward (sailor) (1851–1918), admiral in the United States Navy
 * Aaron Montgomery Ward (1844–1913), founder of the Montgomery Ward store chain
 * USS Aaron Ward, the name of three ships in the United States Navy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aaron Ward


text:
Ladder match

A ladder match is a type of match in professional wrestling, most commonly one in which an item (usually a title belt) is hung above the ring, and the winner is the contestant who climbs a ladder and retrieves the item. The ladder itself becomes a key feature of the match, as wrestlers will use the ladder as a weapon to strike the opponent(s), as a launching pad for acrobatic attacks, and frequently these matches include impressive falls from the top of the ladder. There have been a few matches in which the hung item must be used in a special manner in order to win the match, such as striking the opponent with the item (see Bam Bam Bigelow vs. Scott Hall taser match, where one must strike the opponent with the taser, regardless of who retrieved the taser first).

Ladder matches are often used as a finale to storylines and it is more common to have symbolic briefcases (usually "containing" a contract for a future championship match) or championship belts hung above the ring. Ladder matches and their variants (such as TLC matches and Full Metal Mayhem) are often used in feuds that involve a dispute over possession of an item (such as a stolen title belt or the "paperwork" for the contractual services of a manager). Ladder matches are almost always fought under no disqualification rules.

Ladder matches are perceived as having greater level of realism than other types of wrestling performances, with some scholars arguing that the use of ladders serves to buttress the performances underlying themes of achievable masculinity.

Literary analysis
From the perspective of thing theory, the ladder serves as a storytelling actant, serving as a bridge between the actors and the action. Moreover, the ladder serves as the wrestlers' inanimate opponent, facilitating a "man versus machine" narrative conflict and providing a demonic structure. Such a narrative structure imbues a modicum literary realism into the performances, highlighting the underlying athleticism in the theatric performance.

Sharon Mazer, a sociologist, opines that ladder matches, such as that performed at WrestleMania X, serve to placate the castration anxiety of fans, commenting that, although wrestling is permeated with homoerotic pageantry, the use of a ladder adds realism by ensuring only one performer avoids the metaphoric emasculation of defeat.

Origins
The ladder match could have been invented by either Dan Kroffat of the Stampede Wrestling organization out of Calgary, Alberta, Canada or British wrestler Kendo Nagasaki. In September 1972, Stampede Wrestling held the first ever ladder match between Dan Kroffat and Tor Kamata, where the object to be grabbed was a wad of money. In a match aired in 1987 but recorded in December 1986, Kendo Nagasaki competed in a "disco challenge" ladder match against Clive Myers on the popular World of Sport. The aim of this match was to retrieve a gold coloured disco record suspended above the ring.

In July 1983, Stampede Wrestling held a ladder match in which Bret Hart faced off against Bad News Allen. Hart went on to join the World Wrestling Federation in 1984, and, in the early 1990s, suggested this type of match to promoter Vince McMahon, years before the gimmick achieved its eventual popularity.

The first ever ladder match in the WWF, in which Hart defeated Shawn Michaels to retain the WWF Intercontinental Title, was held in Portland, ME on July 21, 1992. The match was taped for Coliseum Video and included on the 1993 VHS release "Smack 'Em Whack 'Em", but never aired on television and remained widely unseen until its inclusion on the 2007 The Ladder Match DVD and among the bonus material on the 2011 DVD and Blu-ray collection WWE's Greatest Rivalries: Shawn Michaels vs. Bret Hart. The two performers tell interviewer Jim Ross how the match was planned along with an intended ladder rematch that never materialized.

Ladder matches in World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE

 * Many ladder matches, while not officially recognized by WWE, have taken place at house shows. Ten featured Razor Ramon retaining the Intercontinental Championship against Shawn Michaels months before their WrestleMania X encounter. Another featured Razor Ramon winning the same title from Jeff Jarrett in Montreal in 1995, only to lose it back to Jarrett two nights later, as part of a series of nine unrecognized ladder matches the two had. Another featured Jeff Hardy retaining his World Heavyweight Championship against CM Punk in Denver, Co in 2009. Three ladder matches took place at consecutive house shows in 2006, where each saw Jeff Hardy defend his Intercontinental Championship. The first of these three saw Shelton Benjamin, Johnny Nitro, and Carlito as contenders. The next two nights did not feature Benjamin as he was too injured to participate.
 * Similar to a Stairway to Hell match, during Triple H and Kevin Nash's ladder match, a sledgehammer was hung above the ring. The first participant to retrieve it could use it as a weapon. The only ways to win the match were by pinfall or submission.

Ladder matches in NWA: Total Nonstop Action/Total Nonstop Action Wrestling/Impact Wrestling
( 1 ) This match began as a Battle Royal but when it came down to 2 competitors it became a ladder match. ( 2 ) The big red X, usually associated with the Ultimate X match, was used instead of a belt to win the match.

Ladder matches in All Elite Wrestling
All Elite Wrestling (AEW) primarily features two variations of a ladder match.
 * Casino ladder match - where two competitors start the match, and every two minutes a new participant enters, similar to a Royal Rumble or Championship Scramble match. The first wrestler to grab a poker chip hanging above the ring wins the match (which can be won before everyone in the field has entered) and earns a future AEW World Championship match at the time and place of their choosing.
 * Face of the Revolution ladder match - held either at or right before their Revolution pay-per-view event in March (at the event itself in 2021 and 2022, and on the episode of Dynamite prior to the 2023 event). This is a traditional style ladder match, with all wrestlers starting the match in the ring. A giant brass ring hangs above the ring, and whoever climbs the ladder and grabs the ring wins the match, and earns a future AEW TNT Championship match.

Other variations

 * King of the Mountain match (Queen of the Mountain when female wrestlers are involved) – used in Impact Wrestling; essentially a ladder match in reverse, the winner (referred to as the "King/Queen of the Mountain") is the first person to attach the object specified beforehand (usually a championship belt) to the wire above the ring. However, wrestlers cannot go for the belt unless they have scored a pinfall, after which the pinned wrestler must spend some time in a penalty box.
 * Full Metal Mayhem - Impact Wrestling's version of the Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match.
 * Stairway to Hell – Used mainly in ECW; in this variation of the ladder match instead of a title being suspended above the ring there's a weapon, usually a ball of barbed wire or a kendo stick. Once you've taken down the weapon you are then free to use it, you win the match via pin or submission the same as a singles match.

 * Tables, Ladders, and Chairs (TLC) match – Variation of the ladder match where tables and chairs are also permitted (and their use is encouraged).
 * Money in the Bank ladder match – Exclusively used in WWE; a Ladder match where multiple competitors try to climb a ladder to obtain a contract for a future World Title shot anytime within the next 12 months. Challenger chooses time and place. Match took place at every WrestleMania from WrestleMania 21 to WrestleMania XXVI, after which it was moved to its own annual Money in the Bank pay-per-view.
 * Tables, Ladders, and Cervezas match – Exclusively used in WSX; variation of the Tables, Ladder, and Chairs match except instead of permitting chairs, cervezas (Spanish for beers) is permitted along with tables and ladders (and their use is encouraged).
 * Tables, Ladders, Chairs, and Canes match - This match is a TLC match with the addition of Singapore Canes.
 * Tables, Ladders, Chairs, and Stairs match - This match is a TLC match with the addition of steel stairs. It was so named because the 2014 TLC event also involved a Steel Stairs match.

title: Ladder match


text: User talk:67.97.130.178

title: User talk:67.97.130.178


text:
List of US Open women's doubles champions

The following pairings won the US Open tennis championship at Women's Doubles.


text:
Carașova

Carașova (Karaševo; Krassóvár) is a commune in Caraș-Severin County, Romania. It is known especially for its geographical placement and for the origin of its Croatian inhabitants, the Krashovani. The population of the commune numbered 3,110 people at the 2011 census.

Geography
Carașova is located in Caraș-Severin County, in the historical region of Banat, at a distance of 15 kilometers from Reșița. It is found in a mountainous area on the upper course of the river Caraș, near the entrance to the Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park.

Villages
The commune is composed of three villages:
 * Carașova, pop. 2,341 in 2011
 * Iabalcea (Jabalče; Krassóalmás), pop. 234 in 2011
 * Nermed (Nermiđ, also Neremić; Nermed), pop. 535 in 2011

Demographics
According to the 2011 census in Romania, the population of Carașova municipality comprises 76.5% Croats, 7.9% Romanians, 6.6% others, and 5.5% Romani. 72.1% speak Croatian as first language. The commune is officially bilingual, with both Romanian and Croatian being used as working languages on public signage and in administration, education and justice.

Most of the inhabitants of the commune (89.3%) are Roman Catholics, and 8.5% Orthodox.

History
The first time attested in 1323 under the name of Kraso. Other similar names were later used, depending on which administration used them (Karasow - 1333, Nog Carassou and Kyskarassou - 1358, led by the knyaz Bozorad, Krassowcz - 1535, Crassowcz - 1550, Crasso - 1597, Karasevo - 1690-1700, Karasova - 1717 and after until 1899 Krassova when it was changed to Krassóvár).

Due to the citadel built nearby, Carașova was in the past an important administrative, political and religious centre. In 1333, Carașova was the headquarters of a Roman Catholic diocese which appears to have existed since 1285, but ceased to exist after the events of 1537, and was restored only in 1860, to be disbanded again in 1913.

In various documents of early 18th century, such as the census of 1690-1700 and the conscription of 1717, Carașova was mentioned as having 400 houses, being one of the largest settlements in the area between the Tisa, Mureș and the Danube, being surpassed only by Timișoara and Caransebeş.

In the mid-18th century, according to the administrative organization prior to the Military Frontier of 1768, Carașova was part of the Vršac county and it was the capital of the administrative circle with the same name which included 32 towns, including Reșița, Dognecea, Bocşa, and here were located an administrative office, an Eastern Orthodox church, and Roman Catholic church.

Krashovani
Most of the people of Carașova are Krashovani, which are named by the Banat Romanians cârșoveni, carașoveni, cotcoreți and cocoși, while the Croats call themselves Krašovani, Karašovani, Karaševci.

Until 1989, most of the people called themselves carașoveni and their language carașoveană and considered themselves a people distinct to the other Slavic peoples around the area, such as Serbian, Croatian or Bulgarian. After 1989, the vast majority started identifying themselves as Croats.

Politics and administration
The administration of Carașova consists of a mayor and a local council composed of 11 councilors. The mayor, Petru Bogdan, from the Social Democratic Party, has been in office since 2016, being re-elected in 2020.

title: Carașova


text:
Brahmastra

The Brahmastra (IAST: Brahmāstra) is an astra (supernatural weapon) that is one of the most destructive, powerful, and irresistible weapons mentioned in Hinduism. Only Parashurama, Rama, Meghanada, Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Ashwatthama, Arjuna, and Lakshmana possessed the knowledge to invoke this weapon. It was created by Brahma along with its more powerful variants Brahmashirā astra, Brahma danda, and Bhargavastra.

Description
It is termed as a fiery weapon that creates a fierce fireball, blazing up with terrible flames and countless horrendous thunder flashes. When discharged, all nature including trees, oceans, and animals tremble. The sky surrounds with flame, glaciers melt, and mountains shatter with copious noise all around.

When used, the Brahmastra which is person-centric can destroy a powerful enemy if they do not possess an alternate counter weapon. If it is Brahmashirā astra, it causes collateral damage to every useful resource in a given area and prevents even a single blade of grass from ever growing in that area again. It is mentioned that there would be no rainfall for 12 Brahma years (12 Brahma years = 37.32 trillion human years) and climate conditions will worsen. The strike of the Brahmashirā astra will eventually destroy everything.

When Ashwatthama hurled the Brahmashirā astra against Arjuna, the Pandava countered by invoking the same weapon; to prevent widespread destruction, Narada and Vyasa stood between the two astras, ordering the two warriors to withdraw their weapons. Arjuna, out of nobility, did so; Ashwatthama, however, out of anger, refused to recall the astra and rather directed it to Uttarā's womb to kill the unborn Parikshit in an attempt to produce some level of damage to his opponents, but Krishna intervened and saved the child. Ashwatthama was made to surrender the gem on his forehead and cursed by Krishna that he will roam in the forests until the end of time with blood and pus oozing out of his injuries as he cries for death, but death would not meet him.

Brahmashirā Astra
The Brahmashirā Astra or Brahmashirsha astra (Brahma's 4 head weapon), manifests with four heads of Brahma at the front and is four times stronger than the normal Brahmastra. Arjuna, Drona, Karna, Ashwatthama, and Bhishma were among who possessed this knowledge in Mahabharata. It is also able to annihilate someone's existence from the past, present, and future, making their existence impossible to be imagined and because they did not exist and will not exist, it is impossible for them to ever exist in any facet or form in any meaningful way.

Brahma Danda
The Brahma Danda (Brahma's rod) or also known as Brahmanda, is a weapon of self-defence, created by Brahma. It is only to be possessed by ascetics and its powers are dependent on its owner. The weapon is a rod capable of absorbing any incoming attack towards its owner. When Vishvamitra, in a fit of anger, unleashed the Brahmastra onto Vasishtha, it was his Brahmanda that protected him from the lethal weapon.

Literature
There are numerous instances within Sanskrit theological scriptures where the Brahmastra is used or its use is threatened, including:

 * Kaushika (who later became Brahmarshi Vishvamitra) used it against Maharishi Vasishta, but the Brahmastra was swallowed by Vasishta's Brahma danda.
 * Indrajita used the Brahmastra against Hanuman, but Hanuman survived because of the boon previously given to him by Brahma.
 * In the Ramayana, a Brahmastra is used by Rama several times: once against Jayanta when he hurt Sita, against Maricha in their last encounter, and finally the Brahmastra was used in the last battle with the rakshasa emperor Ravana. According to the Ramayana, the weapon was also aimed at Varuna (the sea god) to carve a path out of the sea, such that Rama's army could march towards the island of Lanka. However, as Rama loaded the weapon, Varuna appeared and offered to assist the king in crossing the ocean. This incident is mentioned in Yuddha Kanda 22 Sarga, Verse 31.

title: Brahmastra


text:
The Brave (film)

The Brave is a 1997 American independent neo-western film adapted from the Gregory McDonald novel of the same title. It was directed and co-written by Johnny Depp. The cast includes Depp and Marlon Brando.

This film was Depp's directorial debut. He co-wrote the screenplay with his brother. The film was first shown at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival where it received generally negative reviews. The film was released in theaters and on DVD internationally, but not in the United States.

Plot
A Native American man named Raphael lives with his wife and two children in a remote community, near a garbage dump. He sells whatever he can to make a living. Raphael, seeing the hopelessness of his situation and his inability to provide for his family, agrees to star in a snuff film for a large sum of money that he hopes will give his family a chance for a better life.

Having been given part of the money in advance, Raphael is given a week to live and then return to be tortured and killed in front of the camera. Over the course of his final week of his life Raphael changes his relationship with his wife and children and faces his own personal anguish with his fate.

Production
The initial script, written by Paul McCudden and based on a book by Gregory Mcdonald, attracted interest from Hollywood studios in 1993, despite the dark nature of the story. Disney's Touchstone Pictures eventually picked up the film, and work on it was set to happen at the start of 1994. In December 1993 however, Aziz Ghazal (the first time director from USC film school who was attached to the picture) killed his wife and daughter before committing suicide. His body would not be found by Los Angeles police for over a month. With the director of the film missing and presumed responsible for the murder of his family, Touchstone immediately suspended production.

In spite of this major setback, McCudden and his production partner Charles Evans persisted in trying to get the film made, as they had already invested a substantial amount of their own money into it. In 1994, they were able to convince Johnny Depp to rewrite, direct and produce the film. Depp didn't like the original script, but still took on the project as he was moved by "the idea of sacrifice for family."

Rock legend Iggy Pop wrote and performed all the music to the film. Some of the songs on the film were later released on Iggy Pop's 1999 studio album Avenue B. Johnny Depp cast himself in the lead role as a means to attract interest from potential financers. The film had an estimated production budget of $5 million and Depp agreed to pay if the cost went over, and may have put as much as $2 million of his own money into the film.

Reception
The initial 1997 reviews from American critics were highly negative. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 33% based on reviews from 6 critics. Variety dismissed the film as "a turgid and unbelievable neo-western." Time Out says there's nothing inherently wrong with the film but that "[b]esides the implausibilities, the direction has two fatal flaws: it's both tediously slow and hugely narcissistic as the camera focuses repeatedly on Depp's bandana'd head and rippling torso."

The negative reviews led to Depp's decision to not give The Brave a formal release in the United States, either in theaters or on home media.

title: The Brave (film)


text:
Grapefruit juice

Grapefruit juice is the juice from grapefruits. It is rich in vitamin C and ranges from sweet-tart to very sour. Variations include white grapefruit, pink grapefruit and ruby red grapefruit juice.

Grapefruit juice is important in medicine because of its interactions with many common drugs including caffeine and medications, which can alter how they behave in the body.

Grapefruit juice is a common breakfast beverage in the United States.

Drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs, in many cases resulting in adverse effects. This happens in two ways: one is that grapefruit can block an enzyme which metabolizes medication, and if the drug is not metabolized, then the level of the drug in the blood can become too high, leading to an adverse effect. The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine, and if the drug is not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.

One whole grapefruit or a glass of 200 mL of grapefruit juice can cause drug overdose toxicity. Drugs which are incompatible with grapefruit are typically labeled on the container or package insert. People taking drugs can ask their health care provider or pharmacist questions about grapefruit/drug interactions.

Use in cocktails
Grapefruit juice is used in several cocktails, such as the sea breeze (which consists of grapefruit juice, vodka, and cranberry juice); the salty dog, the grapefruit mimosa, and a grapefruit radler.

Canadian regulations
Canadian regulations on commercially produced and sold grapefruit juice are that it must be made from clean, mature grapefruit and may contain sugar, invert sugar, dextrose, glucose solids and class II preservatives such as benzoic acid, amylase, cellulase and pectinase. According to Canadian standards, grapefruit juice should contain more than 1.15 milliequivalents of free amino acid per 100 ml; more than 70 milligrams of potassium per 100 ml; and have an absorbance value for total polyphenolics of no less than 0.310. During the production process, the sugar content in the juice, before the addition of sugar, invert sugar, dextrose or glucose solids, should have a Brix reading of no less than 9.3. It must contain 0.7% to 2.1% of acid by weight as anhydrous citric acid.

title: Grapefruit juice


text:
Eddy Arboretum

The Eddy Arboretum is located at the Institute of Forest Genetics in the Sierra Nevada near Placerville, in El Dorado County, eastern California.

Collection
The arboretum contains what is claimed to be the best-documented collection of native and exotic pines in the world, in addition to many other native and exotic conifers.

78 pine species, 24 fir species, and many other conifer species are growing on the arboretum's grounds. Some species collections sample a wide range of genetic diversity, such as the native California conifers Pinus lambertiana and Pinus coulteri.

The Arboretum's first plantings were made in 1926. Because genetic diversity is the raw material for breeding, the Arboretum assembled as many pine species and varieties as possible. The origins of individual seeds were recorded, often mapping the location of each parent tree.

Access
The Eddy Arboretum is part of the Pacific Southwest Research Station of the United States Forest Service. It is open to the public during business hours, excluding weekends and holidays.

title: Eddy Arboretum


text:
Nackasändaren

Nackasändaren is a facility for FM and TV-transmission at Nacka in Metropolitan Stockholm. It used from 1956 to 1983 two 160 m guyed masts, which were designed as mast radiators for mediumwave transmission and therefore insulated against ground. In 1965 a further mast, a 299 m guyed steel lattice mast for FM and TV-transmissions was built. This mast is in opposite to the lower masts grounded, but carried in its upper guys insulators in order not to disturb the radiation pattern of the mediumwave transmitter. After termination of the AM transmissions, which occurred until 1978 on 773 kHz and after 1978 on 774 kHz on June 1, 1981, the old masts were demolished on November 2, 1983, and December 7, 1983. At their location a second 299 m steel framework mast for FM- and TV-transmission was built in 1984. After cancellation of the mediumwave transmission, the insulators of the guys of the older 299 metres tall mast were obsolete and removed.

title: Nackasändaren


text:
Compass Group

Compass Group plc is a British multinational contract foodservice company headquartered in Chertsey, England. It is the largest contract foodservice company in Europe, ahead of Sodexo, employing over 500,000 people. It serves meals in locations including offices and factories, schools, universities, hospitals, major sports and cultural venues, mining camps, correctional facilities and offshore oil platforms. Compass Group is listed on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index and is also a Fortune Global 500 company.

Origin
Compass Group has its origins in a company which was founded by Jack Bateman in 1941 as Factory Canteens Limited and which subsequently became known as Bateman Catering. Bateman Catering and Midland Catering were acquired by conglomerate Grand Metropolitan in 1967 and 1968 respectively and a management buy-out from Grand Metropolitan followed in 1987 when the Compass Group was formed.

Public listing
Compass Group was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1988. Eurest, one of the company's US subsidiaries, was launched in the United States in 1996 to provide dining services to local, regional and national companies within the business and industry markets, including employee dining centers, on-site catering, vending, executive dining, and other services.

Corporate growth
Compass Group purchased Morrison Management Specialists and then merged with Granada plc as part of a planned strategy to separate the media and catering interests of the latter. The two companies demerged in February 2001 to form Compass plc and Granada Media. It had become the world's biggest catering firm by 2005.

Compass Group then sold its roadside and travel catering businesses for a combined £1.82 billion in April 2006. The transaction included the sale of 43 Moto motorway service areas to Australia's Macquarie Bank for an estimated £600 million. Compass's Select Service Partners (SSP) travel concessions business was sold to companies controlled by private equity firm EQT AB, for an estimated £1.2 billion.

Compass Group PLC made further acquisitions in 2009, including Kimco in the US and Plural in Germany.

In June 2019, Compass Group PLC announces that it has signed an agreement with Fazer Group, an international family-owned FMCG and direct to consumer group, to acquire Fazer Food Services.

Association with UN and armed forces
Compass Group's subsidiary ESS became a UN-registered food vendor in 2000 and then won contracts to supply UN peace-keepers operating in Sudan, East Timor, Liberia, Burundi, Eritrea, Lebanon, Cyprus and Syria.

ESS was contracted by the U.S. Marine Corps, the 82nd Airborne Division, the British Ministry of Defence, the Coalition Provisional Authority, along with the major defense contractors Fluor, RMS, Bechtel, and most notably KBR (a subsidiary of Halliburton) under the U.S. Army troop support contract called LOGCAP III to provide dining and construction services at desert bases and encampments in Kuwait and Iraq from the start of operations in 2003 to 2006.

Reorganization
In 2011, Morrison Management Specialist was re-organised into three sectors (Morrison Healthcare, Morrison Living, Touchpoint Support Services). Then in 2013 the Czech branch of Eurest was listed as one of the "100 Best Czech Companies" in 2013. The company also acquired Integrated Cleaning Management in 2013.

CEO Richard Cousins' death
On 31 December 2017, CEO of the company at the time Richard Cousins was killed in a seaplane accident at Cottage Point near the Hawkesbury River north of Sydney, Australia. The aircraft was a six-seat de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver seaplane. Cousins planned to retire in 2018, with the intention that he would be succeeded as CEO by Dominic Blakemore on 1 April; the succession was brought forward to 1 January 2018.

The acquisition of Unidine, which has annual revenues of around $220m and margins broadly in line with Compass North America, was completed on 31 December 2017. Unidine is one of the largest, pure-play food service providers in the rapidly growing healthcare and seniors market in the United States.

Feedr acquired
In 2020, Feedr was acquired by Compass Group for $24m. Compass Group acquired Feedr just before the COVID-19 pandemic, which allowed the company to use Feedr's online technology to support both the business and people as it was able to send free meals to those in need using Feedr's technology. In 2024 Compass Group India opened a new kitchen facility in Bangalore. The company's eighth facility in India can prepare around 28,000 meals daily.

Operations
Compass Group Index is the parent/holding firm and directly owns Compass Group.

Compass Group owns the following brands and businesses:

 * 14Forty
 * 24
 * All Leisure Hospitality
 * Best Vendors Management
 * Bon Appétit Management Company
 * Canteen Vending
 * Chartwells Higher Education
 * Chartwells K12
 * Compass Community Living
 * Crothall
 * DeltaFM
 * Eurest Support Services
 * Foodbuy
 * Fulfill
 * Grill and Co
 * ICM
 * Instore
 * Keith Prowse Corporate Hospitality
 * Kimco
 * Lackmann Culinary Services
 * Leisure Support Services
 * Leith's
 * Levy Restaurants
 * Medirest
 * Morrison Management Specialists
 * Omega Security Services
 * Payne & Gunter
 * Plural
 * Rapport
 * Restaurant Associates
 * Steamplicity
 * The Jockey Club Catering
 * Unidine
 * White Oaks

It also does the cleaning, housekeeping, waste management, building operations, maintenance, gardening and outdoor services for schools and educational facilities.

Compass Group operates several owned brands including Trattoria Pizza, Mondo Subs, (UK & USA) Grab&Co Food to go and Spice of Life (UK Hospitals) as well as operating Costa Coffee, Subway, Papa John's Pizza, Chick-Fil-A and Starbucks under license. Compass Group also operates several owned service systems including Steamplicity, and Trim Trax.

14forty is a UK wide facility management firm.

Eurest Support Services (ESS) is the subsidiary specializing in harsh-environment/large-scale food service and facilities management. Its primary clients are military forces and other security services, UN conferences and some Blue Beret army rations, major defense contractors, and construction, mining, the UN and oil exploration and production facilities worldwide.

Foodbuy is a foodservice procurement organization which operates in both North America and Europe. In the UK, Foodbuy UK was created after the acquisition of Acquire Services in 2015. It was awarded a contract by the Department of Health and Social Care in 2018 to buy food on behalf of the National Health Service. About 10 staff are transferred from NHS Supply Chain.

Integrated Cleaning Management is a major UK and Irish retail, leisure, health club industry, hotel and commercial cleaning firm with 10,000 staff and 5,000 contracts as of 2014. It sponsors the U.K.'s Springboard Charity Event.

Medirest operates in the UK and provides services in retail and medical places. Medirest Retail Shops and Cafes runs In-shop Cafes. It has several NHS contracts weld by A+ NHS cleaners clean hospitals, Pulse Hospital porters, who are NHS Hospital porters and Medirest Health Sector which do other tasks such as disposing of surgical waste, catering and cleaning.

Criticisms of Compass Group
A summary of Compass scandals was compiled by Corporate Watch in June 2022 for cleaners affiliated to the Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain who were campaigning for PPE, fair treatment, and higher pay.

2005 United Nations misconduct incident
ESS became a UN-registered food vendor in 2000 and then went on to win contracts to supply UN peacekeepers operating in Sudan, East Timor, Liberia, Burundi, Eritrea, Lebanon, Cyprus and Syria.

In 2005, subsidiary Eurest Support Services won contracts to provide food to UN peacekeepers in Liberia, valued at $237 million.

The UN suspended Compass in October 2005 after allegations of contract bidding irregularities. It was alleged that ESS may have improperly obtained confidential information concerning a three-year contract to supply food and water to UN peacekeepers in Liberia. ESS's poor performance on a food contract to provide rations to peacekeepers in Burundi was also looked into before it lost the contract. The scandal broke after former HIC official and former procurement officer Alexander Yakovlev was arrested on suspicion of conspiracy, wire fraud, money laundering and related issues. The Russian official Alexander Yakovlev, the UN procurement officer, and Vladimir Kuznetsov, head of the UN Committee for Administrative and Budgetary Issues, were arrested and indicted after taking nearly $1 million in bribes from companies doing business with the UN.

In November 2005, Compass sacked the head of its UK division and two other employees as the investigation continued. Compass said staff members had been dismissed but did not officially say how many. The investigation was conducted by law firm Freshfields and accountants Ernst & Young and overseen and ultimately by the chairman of Compass' audit committee, Steve Lucas.

In a separate UN investigation into the oil-for-food program hand found that Yakovlev was guilty of fraudulent conduct. He subsequently pleaded guilty to criminal charges of both wire fraud and money laundering relating to claims he had taken $1 million in bribes from companies doing business with the UN.

The rivals firms who made the allegations of bribery were Es-Ko and Switzerland's Supreme Foodservice AG (Supreme was later investigated, fined and blacklisted by the US DoJ for 'price fixing' on US DoD contracts in Afghanistan). Officials initiated lawsuits claiming violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, the Sherman Antitrust Act and New York State's Donnelly Act regulating free trade. Federal investigations were held and the case was referred to the Serious Fraud Office (UK). The lawsuits, in which the two competitors who claimed a total of £600m in damages against Compass, alleged that Compass had tried to rig the awarding of UN contracts worth in excess of $350m (£188m) for United Nations peace keepers across the world. The long-running dispute centred on allegations that five senior executives at a Compass subsidiary, Eurest Support Services (ESS), bribed a UN official to win the contracts.

After its own £5 million, three-month internal investigation, Compass had declared it had discovered "serious irregularities" in its UN business, but that these were limited to "only a few individuals" who were dismissed: Peter R. Harris, Andy Seiwert and Doug Kerr. Mr Harris, who by then was the head of the group's British, Middle East and African division at this point. While Compass refused to make public its investigation, CEO Michael Bailey stepped down in June 2006. The subsidiary Eurest Support Services was soon restructured and reformed along a new business model.

The corruption allegations were also referred to the UK's Serious Fraud Office a criminal investigation by US federal prosecutors and wider investigations into UN procurement by both the Southern District Court of New York, the US Congress and the UN. Compass had agreed by October 2006 to pay to up to £40m to settle two lawsuits brought against it for allegedly bribing a UN official to win catering contracts. Compass Group did not admit any legal liability and paid a confidential settlement in the region of £40m.

Then chief executive of Compass Group, Richard Cousins, was quoted as saying: "We believe it is in the best interests of the business and shareholders, and good management, to avoid the uncertainties and costs associated with prolonged litigation. My focus is on the future and this settlement is a major step in putting the matter behind us."

Canadian prisons
The supplier of food to seven of Ontario's correctional facilities, Eurest Dining Services, informed the Halton Regional Health Department that some samples taken during routine surveillance had tested positive for Listeria monocytogenes on 21 November 2008. Dr. David Williams, Ontario's acting chief medical officer of health later commented on the issue.

New York City schools
Compass USA settled for $18 million on its overcharging on school meals in 2016.

2013 horse meat scandal
In February 2013, it was discovered that some meat products sold in the UK, Ireland and elsewhere contained horse meat without proper declaration or official scrutiny. As part of this Compass Group discovered, through testing, that it had unknowingly supplied concealed horse meat in burgers from Rangeland Foods supplied to a "small number" of schools in Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Southern DHB
In 2016, the Southern DHB (District Health Board) in New Zealand received numerous complaints about the quality of the food being served at Dunedin Hospital, where a 15-year contract was controversially awarded to Compass Group in 2015.

Louisiana State University
In 2019 Chartwells Higher Education, a Compass Group subsidiary, ended its relationship with Cenikor, a drug rehabilitation organization that had been providing labor for Louisiana State University's cafeterias. This followed the publication of allegations that Cenikor was supplying unfree labor (a type of slave labor) as contract labor and the opening of federal and state investigations into labor law violations. Courts in Louisiana often sentence defendants to terms at Cenikor as an alternative to prison or jail.

School meals during coronavirus pandemic lockdowns
The UK went into its third national lockdown in January 2021. Images emerged on social media showing small or poor quality school meals for children. Chartwells, a Compass Group subsidiary, was criticized, and the company issued an apology.

"Britain's most heartless employer"
Unite the Union branded Compass Group subsidiary ESS as "Britain's most heartless employer" in a dispute where outsourced cleaners and catering staff at the Ministry of Defence faced redundancy in a "fire and rehire" manoeuvre.

Corporate Watch's profile on Compass Group listed campaigns by Unison and GMB members against second class working conditions in NHS hospitals between 2011 and 2019.

title: Compass Group


text:
Codeinone

Codeinone is an isoquinolone alkaloid found in the opium poppy. As an analgesic, it is one-third the potency of codeine. It is an important intermediate in the production of hydrocodone–a painkiller about three-quarters the potency of morphine–as well as of oxycodone, though the latter can also be synthesized from thebaine.

Chemical structure
Codeinone can be described as the methylether of morphinone: 3-methyl-morphinone.

Codeinone can be also described as the ketone of codeine: codeine-6-one.

Apoptotic activity
Through renewed interest into possible anti-tumor activities of some of the opium alkaloids and derivatives, unrelated to their antinociceptive properties and habit-forming effects, the oxidation product of codeine has been found to induce cell death in three different human cancer cell lines in vitro.

title: Codeinone


text:
Talk:Pomade

Past two or three years
The phrase "in the past two or three years," isn't very useful without something to indicate when the article (or at least when the phrase) was written. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.144.20.254 (talk) 16:20, 27 November 2006

Subculture?
Is "rockabilly" really a "subculture"? The rockabilly article only covers the music, and it is not mentioned on List of subcultures. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 18:55, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say so. Lots of people live the rockabilly "lifestyle" by relating most everything in their day to day life with the music, fashion, and mindset of the music they enjoy much in the same way goths and punks do. Honestly, it doesn't take much more than a group of people and a shared interest to make what can be called a subculture.

"Preferred method"
Regarding this statement:
 * "The soft, plyable nature of the product has over the years overtaken hairspray and mousse as the preferred method of dominating unruly follicles."

Can someone provide a reference that will back up this assertion? -- Gyrofrog (talk) 06:50, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * And sound more encyclopedic. I like the "dominating unruly follicles" but it isn't encyclopedic.  I'd rewrite but don't want to spend the time on a statement that needs citing. Cburnett 19:48, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * photo added Whitebox 00:55, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Cleaning
I don't know if this deserves going in the article, but if you want to get stuff like this out of your hair fast, condition it before shampooing, then rinse and then wash normally. comes out in one pass normally :-) dreamcatcher23 17:52, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I also found that using dish soap and olive oil breaks up oil-based pomades really well! Johnchung89 (talk) 21:25, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

"O Brother, Where Art Thou?"
Anyone have any issues to perhaps a "Popular Culture" or somesuch segment, discussing the fact that Fancy Dan's Pomade is an important plot point in this film? WookMuff (talk) 02:49, 22 August 2011
 * I was just about to make the same comment -- I'd actually never heard the term until I saw that movie! Jdrum00 (talk) 20:33, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

Hair Result using Pomade
This looks like written by a 12 year old. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.75.153.133 (talk) 22:07, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You're right. I've removed it. — Hex    (❝ ?!  ❞)   22:13, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Well, there's always WP:NOTADICTIONARY. We don't need the IPA in the lead at all for uncommon words with obvious pronunciations. There are various ways to say this word, yeah, but it turns out all the standard ways you might try to say it are actually used. The previous content here isn't listed at all by the OED, which however has three other ways to read it. I'm used to what we had here but (a) we'd need to source it; (b) we'd need to include the other pronunciations; (c) we'd need to list the dialects that use them; (d) we'd need to source all that; and (e) at that point it's incredibly unhelpful and an overlong mess that would need to be shunted to the #Name section anyway. — Llywelyn II   03:55, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pomade


text:
Royal College of Science and Technology

The Royal College of Science and Technology was a higher education college that existed in Glasgow, Scotland between 1887 and 1964. Tracing its history back to the Andersonian Institute (founded in 1796), it is the direct predecessor institution of the University of Strathclyde (along with the Scottish College of Commerce). Its main building on George Street now serves as one of the major academic and administration buildings of the University of Strathclyde.

History
Originally the "Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College", The Royal College of Science and Technology was formed in 1887. Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College'was formed through the amalgamation of Anderson's Institute, the College of Science and Arts, Allan Glen's Institution, the Young Chair of Technical Chemistry and Atkinson's Institution. In the case of Anderson's Institute, the history of the college could be traced back to 1796. Because of the ever-increasing number of students attending the college, larger premises became necessary. Work to expand the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College building began in 1903, taking nine years to complete. At that time, it was the largest single educational complex in Europe.

After seeking permission from King George V in 1912 the College changed its name to the Royal Technical College. In 1956 there was another change of name for the College and it became the Royal College of Science and Technology.

After plans had been stalled by World War 2, by the 1950s work had resumed on the Royal College's campus to the north of the 1903 building. An extension was added onto the John Street side of the building in 1949 which housed a new swimming pool. St Paul's Church was purchased by the College in 1953 to act as its Chaplaincy, whilst in 1956 construction began on the new Engineering Block on Montrose Street (subsequently named as the James Weir Building). A new Student's Union was built in 1959 on John Street. The Engineering Block was extended in 1962 along with a new Chemistry Block (later named for the College's famous alumnus Thomas Graham) built on the former site of John Street Ironworks. All four buildings form what is now known as the "Island Site", and have undergone major renovations in recent years. In 1961 the Royal College entered into an agreement with Glasgow Corporation to jointly redevelop the adjacent Richmond Street site which had recently been cleared of its housing and a former church. The development would give the College a new and expanded home for the Andersonian Library as well as new accommodation for its new social sciences departments - this opening as the McCance Building in 1964, whilst the merged University of Strathclyde would take possession of the entire complex which included the 13-storey Alec House in 1965 which it subsequently renamed the Livingstone Tower.

In 1959, renowned physicist Sir Samuel Curran took up the position of principal of the Royal College of Science and Technology, and following extensive discussions with Sir Keith Murray (chairman of the University Grants Committee), the College was granted full university status in 1964 as the University of Strathclyde. Curran was appointed its first Principal and Vice-Chancellor. This was the first new university in Scotland for 381 years and the first technological university in Britain, thus initiating the trend of formation of modern technical universities in Britain. Sir Samuel remained at the university until retirement in 1980 - the replacement building for the Andersonian Library opened that year was named in his honour.

Following the recommendation of the Robbins Committee, the Scottish College of Commerce amalgamated with the College to form the University of Strathclyde in 1964. Since then, the Royal College Building has served as the centrepiece building of the University of Strathclyde.

Local nicknames for the Royal College, and its antecedents, - The Tech - and - The Poly (from Polytechnic) - are now rarely used as younger generations of students have only ever known it as the University of Strathclyde. Despite this, the names Tech and Techies are still used by some students of the rival University of Glasgow in a jocular/derogatory context to describe the University of Strathclyde and its students/alumini. The nickname The Tech amongst locals did transfer to some extent to the Glasgow College of Technology (founded in 1971), but it too would go on to achieve university status in 1993 when it became Glasgow Caledonian University.

Departments
The Royal College Building on George Street is currently occupied by Strathclyde University and houses the following academic departments:

 * Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science
 * Department of Chemistry, Pure and Applied, Faculty of Science
 * Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
 * Technology and Business Studies, Strathclyde Business School

Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science
The Department of Bioscience in the Faculty of Science was originally in the royal college building but with the completion of the new John Arbuthnot (SIPBS) building the department has moved. The courses available are still the same with undergraduate and postgraduate degrees available. The undergraduate degrees available are split into two subjects: Biological and Biomedical Science; and Pharmacy. Some of the degrees available in Biological and Biomedical Science are BSc Biological Sciences, BSc Biomedical Sciences, Forensic Biology. The full list can be found at the courses homepage. There are five postgraduate degrees; MSc/PgDip in Clinical Pharmacy, MSc/PgDip in Food Biotechnology, MSc/PgDip in Food Science and Microbiology, MSc/PgDip in Pharmaceutical Analysis and MSc/PgDip in Pharmaceutical Quality and Good Manufacturing Practice. The postgraduate degree is a follow-on from the undergraduate degree.

Department of Chemistry, Pure and Applied, Faculty of Science
The department of Pure and Applied Chemistry is located in the Royal College Building on level 6. The department of Chemistry was not always in the royal college building because it was established before the University of Strathclyde. This department was established in the 19th Century and over the last 200 years it has become an accredited department with a very highly rated reputation. The department of Pure and Applied Chemistry offers three types of degrees; Undergraduate, Postgraduate taught and Postgraduate research. The undergraduate degree lasts for four years and students have the choice of 10 areas to study in. some of these areas are a Masters Chemistry degree, a Masters Forensic and Analytical Chemistry degree, Chemistry and teaching, BSc Chemistry degree and BSc Chemistry with Drug Discovery are just a few to name all the available degrees can be found at the courses homepage. To get into the undergraduate degrees you need to have the 48 credits for the BSc degree and 60 credits for the master's degree. The credit conversion table can be found at this page UCAS credit table. To apply to one of the undergraduate courses you have to do this through UCAS which is an online application form. They are two postgraduate taught degrees available and these are MSc/PgDip in Forensic Science and MSc/PgDip in Forensic Informatics. Both of these degrees last one year and it is a progression from the undergraduate degree. They are few people who take the Postgraduate teaching degree after doing an undergraduate degree because they have graduated and found a job.

Electrical and Electronic Engineering
The Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) is housed inside the Royal College of science and technology. The department boasts over 200 academic, research, technical and support staff, 250 PhD, MPhil and MSc students and over 600 undergraduates. The highest ratings for both teaching provision and research as determined by the UK national assessment bodies are also seen within this department. It offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes. The department has always maintained a top research rating. In 2008, Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) results confirmed EEE at Strathclyde as the top EEE research Department in Scotland, and positioned it third in the UK (out of 33).

The current undergraduate courses offered by this department include:
 * BEng/MEng Computer and Electronic Systems
 * BEng/MEng Digital Communications and Multimedia Systems
 * BEng/MEng Electrical Energy Systems
 * BEng/MEng Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
 * BEng/MEng Electronic and Digital Systems
 * BEng/MEng Electronic and Electrical Engineering
 * MEng Electronic and Electrical Engineering with Business Studies
 * MEng Electronic and Electrical Engineering with European Studies

Technology and Business Studies

Technology and Business Studies is a course taught by the Strathclyde University Business School in the Royal College of Science and Technology. The course offers to help students understand the language of technology and of business and the communication skills used by managers on a daily basis. The uniqueness of this course allows undergraduates to understand interrelationships between technology and business. Because of the wide variety of options available in the TBS course, students can tailor their course to suit their own career targets.

There are three technology subjects offered to students at Strathclyde University and they all last for 4 or 5 years depending on what level you are doing. The three subjects available are:
 * Environmental Technology
 * Manufacturing Engineering
 * Computer Science

The Business subjects offered to students at Strathclyde University all last for 4 or 5 years depending on what level you are doing. The three subjects available are:
 * Accounting
 * Economics
 * Finance
 * Management Science
 * Marketing

title: Royal College of Science and Technology


text:
Capstone Green Energy

Capstone Green Energy, formerly Capstone Turbine Corporation, was incorporated in 1988 as a California based gas turbine manufacturer that specializes in microturbine power along with heating and cooling cogeneration systems. Key to the Capstone design is its use of air bearings, which provides maintenance and fluid-free operation for the lifetime of the turbine and reduces the system to a single moving part. This also eliminates the need for any cooling or other secondary systems. The Capstone microturbine is a versatile and dispatchable technology that is fuel flexible and scalable enough to fit a variety of applications.

History
The company was founded in 1998 as NoMac Energy Systems in Tarzana, a portmanteau of the surnames of its two founders, James Noe and Robin Mackay. The pair were formerly employed by AlliedSignal, but left to develop their ideas for a microturbine generator. Early investors included NASA, Ford Motor Company, and Sevin Rosen Funds (in April 1993, led by Benjamin M. Rosen).

Harold A. Rosen, Ben's older brother, was the one of the first to notice the fledgling turbine company, after a friend working at NASA gave him a paper describing the technology. The Rosens acquired NoMac and renamed it Capstone. In addition, the Rosens founded a separate company, Rosen Motors, in May 1993 to develop a prototype turbine-flywheel automobile power train using the microturbine, but Rosen Motors closed in November 1997 because no major manufacturer was willing to invest further.

After Rosen Motors folded, Capstone continued to develop its microturbine as a source of electricity to facilitate distributed generation, spurred by investments from computer technology executives including Ben Rosen, Paul Allen, and Bill Gates, although Capstone did partner with Richard Hilleman to build the CMT-380 hybrid electric supercar, which debuted at the Los Angeles Auto Show in 2009. It uses the GTM chassis from Factory Five Racing. In distributed generation applications, microturbines often are part of combined heat and power installations, recovering exhaust heat to boost overall thermal efficiency.

On April 22, 2021, the company announced it was changing its name to Capstone Green Energy. In July 2021, the company provided the first hydrogen fueled microturbine to Austrian engineering and construction firm Innovametall Stahl-Und Metallbau to be used at their powder coating facility in Freistadt.

Capstone is a member of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Combined Heat and Power Partnership, which is committed to improving the efficiency of the nation's energy infrastructure and reducing emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases. A DQS-Certified ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015 certified company, Capstone is headquartered in the Los Angeles area with sales and/or service centers in the United States, Latin America, Europe, Middle East and Asia.

On September 28, 2023, Capstone Green Energy declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

The company has since filed chapter 11

Products
The company sells microturbine generators for electrical power generation, cogeneration, biogas-fueled renewable energy, and hybrid vehicle power. Capstone offers microturbines with output power ratings ranging from 30 to 1000 kW. Multiple turbines can be combined with Capstone's Advanced Power Server (APS) for greater output.

Capstone microturbines have generated some interest as a range extender for hybrid electric vehicles, in particular hybrid electric work trucks. Their light weight, small size and quick starting time make them ideal as "instant-on" backup power to recharge the main batteries. An example of a Capstone-powered hybrid vehicle is the Capstone CMT-380, equipped with a 30 kW gas turbine generator running on diesel that recharges Li-Poly batteries when necessary. The CMT-380 has a proposed range of 80 mi on battery alone, but when combined with the microturbine that range is pushed to more than 500 mi.

Design
The Capstone microturbine is a turboshaft engine with a single coupled shaft carrying the compressor, turbine, and generator. Idealized gas turbine operation is represented by the Brayton cycle. In this machine, intake air is drawn over the generator (G) to cool it and is pressurized in the compressor (C); the compressed air then passes through a non-mixing exhaust-to-air heat exchanger called a recuperator (R). The recuperator uses exhaust heat to preheat the intake combustion air, which increases the overall efficiency of the microturbine.

In the next step of the cycle, the compressed, preheated air is fed to a combustor (X) where it is mixed with the fuel and burned. The heated combustion exhaust gas is expanded through a turbine (T), driving the rotation of the central shaft. Since the turbine, compressor and generator are mounted on a single central shaft, the rotation of the turbine produces electrical power while simultaneously drawing in air to maintain the overall process. The faster the shaft spins in the magnetic field, the greater the electrical output power. Output power conditioning is obtained using inverter based power electronics.

Sponsorship
For the NTT IndyCar Series, Capstone has sponsored:
 * Driver Colton Herta (2019–20)
 * Driver James Hinchcliffe (2021)

Case studies

 * Case Study of Lotte New York Palace Hotel in New York City using Capstone C65 microturbines via RSP Systems, a Capstone distributor.
 * Case Study of Wintershall Holding GmbH in Großaitingen using a C65 microturbine.
 * Case Study of Oncor Electric Delivery in Lancaster, Texas using a C65 microturbine.

Product sheets

 * Capstone C30 (30kW) Data Sheet
 * Capstone C65 (65kW) Data Sheet, Capstone C65 ICHP Data Sheet
 * Capstone C200 (200kW) Data Sheet
 * Capstone C200S, C600S, C800S, C1000S

title: Capstone Green Energy


text:
Renato Martino

Renato Raffaele Martino (born 23 November 1932) is an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since 2003. He has been the longest serving cardinal deacon, the cardinal protodeacon, since June 2014. He served for more than twenty years in the diplomatic service of the Holy See, including sixteen years as Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations. He held positions in the Roman Curia from 2002 to 2009.

Early life
Born in Salerno, Martino was ordained as a priest in 1957. He holds a doctorate in Canon law and is fluent in Italian, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.

To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1960. He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962, serving in Nicaragua, the Philippines, Lebanon, Canada, and Brazil.

Apostolic Nuncio
While serving at the Apostolic Nunciature in Brazil, Martino was named Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Thailand on 14 September 1980, and also Apostolic Delegate to Singapore, Malaysia, Laos and Brunei Darussalam, and Titular Archbishop of Segerme.

On 3 December 1986, he was appointed Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations. He was in that post during the United States invasion of Panama, when president Manuel Noriega took refuge at the Vatican embassy.

In 1991, he opposed the American-led invasion of Iraq and was later critical of state sanctions against Iraq. In 1992, he participated at the UN Conference for the environment in Rio de Janeiro, speaking about the "centrality of the human person".

In June 1994, Martino demanded at the UN that a "safe haven" be created for Tutsi refugees in Rwanda in order to save over 30 000 lives in Kabgayi.

In September 1994, he was the official spokesman for the Holy See at the International Conference on Population and Development.

Martino was Pope John Paul II's official representative at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, and he had the task of defending the Church's anti-abortion teachings before a European-American bloc that strongly supported access to abortion. Martino was able to find support from Latin-American and Arab countries that were anti-abortion, and the Cairo conference was ultimately inconclusive.

Later in 1995, he participated at the World Conference on Women in Beijing, echoing John Paul's positions in his Letter to Women. He was on a diplomatic mission to Côte d'Ivoire to settle disputes there.

Roman Curia
On 1 October 2002, Martino was named President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.

In November 2003, he championed the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to alleviate world hunger at a conference that he organized to consider the morality of GMOs, which troubled critics concerned about the risks they pose to the environment and health.

Martino was elevated to the College of Cardinals in the consistory of 21 October 2003 becoming cardinal deacon of S. Francesco di Paola ai Monti. Martino was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI.

In December 2003, reacting to U.S. treatment of Saddam Hussein, including the release of a video showing his teeth being inspected "like a cow", he said: "I felt pity to see this man destroyed. Seeing him like this, a man in his tragedy, despite all the heavy blame he bears, I had a sense of compassion for him." On 6 November 2006, after Hussein had been sentenced to death, Martino said that "... punishing a crime with another crime – which is what killing for vengeance is – would mean that we are still at the point of demanding an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth..." He pleaded for clemency for Hussein and called for a peace conference aimed at solving all the major conflicts in the Middle East and reiterated his position that the invasion of Iraq by U.S.-led coalition was wrong.

Martino was named President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants on 11 March 2006.

In November 2006, Martino called plans by the Bush administration to construct an additional 700 miles of fencing along the U.S.-Mexico border "an inhumane program". He also said that Muslims in Europe should respect local laws restricting the wearing of certain types of veils. He said: "It seems elementary to me and it is quite right that the authorities demand it." He said they "must respect the traditions, symbols, culture and religion of the countries they move to".

On 14 June 2007, Martino urged Catholics to withhold donations from Amnesty International after the organization decided in April to advocate support for access to abortion in cases where pregnancy threatened a woman's life or was the result of rape or incest.

Speaking on the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict Cardinal Martino said that "Defenseless populations are always the ones who pay. Look at the conditions in Gaza: more and more, it resembles a big concentration camp." He called for peace talks: "If they can't come to an agreement, then someone else should do it (for them). The world cannot sit back and watch without doing anything. We Christians are not the only ones to call this land 'holy', Jews and Muslims do so too. The fact that this land is the scene of bloodshed seems a great tragedy." When the Israeli Foreign Ministry objected to the use of the phrase concentration camp, Vatican officials distanced themselves from Martino's remarks. Elaborating on his remarks, he said: "I say that the conditions people are living in there should be looked at: surrounded by a wall that is difficult to cross, in conditions contrary to human dignity. What is happening during these days is horrible. But when I speak, may people take into account the whole of what I say." He said both sides are "guilty" and that it is "necessary to separate them, like two fighting siblings" and make them "sit down to negotiate".

Martino has taken a great interest in automobiles and has proclaimed the Ten Commandments for Drivers. He has collaborated with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile.

Retirement
Martino submitted his resignation as required when he reached the age of 75. On 28 February 2009, Pope Benedict relieved Martino of the presidency of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples, appointing Archbishop Antonio Maria Vegliò to succeed him. On 24 October 2009, Pope Benedict named Cardinal Peter Turkson to succeed Martino as president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.

In July 2010, Martino assumed the position of Honorary President of the Dignitatis Humanae Institute, a Rome-based organisation established to promote human dignity "based on the recognition that man is made in the image and likeness of God". He resigned in 2019.

In November 2010, Martino was appointed by Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro as Grand Prior of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George. On 25 June 2012 Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro appointed him Knight of the Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius.

On 8 October 2011, he was named special papal envoy to the celebration of the centenary of the cathedral of Yangon, Burma, scheduled for 8 December 2011. Martino met with Nobel peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, a Buddhist, before the Mass.

Though too old to participate in the 2013 conclave that elected Pope Francis, Martino was one of the six cardinals who made the public act of obedience on behalf of the College of Cardinals to the new pope at his papal inauguration.

On 12 June 2014, Martino became the longest-serving cardinal deacon following the elevation of Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran to the rank of Cardinal-Priest. Martino had declined to exercise his option of taking the title of cardinal priest after ten years as a cardinal deacon.

In letters dated 21 July 2017, the Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda issued notice that Martino's 2014 appointment to the Order of the Nation had been annulled.

title: Renato Martino


text:
Homberg (Efze)

Homberg is a small town in the northern part of Hesse, a state in central Germany, with about 15,000 inhabitants. It is the seat of the Schwalm-Eder district. In 2008, the town hosted the 48th Hessentag state festival.

Geography
Homberg lies in the transitional zone between the West Hesse Depression, a sunken area dating from the Tertiary sub-era, and the Knüll (or Knüllgebirge), a low mountain range. The town itself stretches over several hills underlain mainly with basalt. The river Efze flows from the Knüll through Homberg, later emptying into the river Schwalm. There exist small coal deposits in the immediate area.

Constituent communities
Homberg consists of the following communities:

History
Homberg was founded by the Hessian-Thuringian Landgraves and had its first documentary mention as a town in 1231. The place had indeed been settled earlier, but Homberg still celebrated its 775th anniversary as a town in 2006.

The town's name comes from the Hohenburg, the castle above Homberg. The castle well, at 150 m deep is Germany's third deepest castle well.

In 1526, at the Marienkirche (church) under Hessian Landgrave Philip, the Homberg Synod took place, whereby Hesse became Protestant.

In August 1640, the town was taken by Imperialist forces.

In 1809, under Colonel Wilhelm von Dörnberg, the so-called Dörnberg Uprising went forth from Homberg against King Jérôme, but was soundly defeated.

Town planning
Like most German towns, Homberg was likely laid out according to a plan in Hohenstaufen times (1138–1254). Peculiarities in the way that Homberg was built, not apparent at first glance, hint at something recognizable as a town plan. Homberg is in itself a double town, consisting of the Old Town (Altstadt), first mentioned in a document in 1231, and Die Freiheit ("The Freedom"). Die Freiheit was an independent town, having been founded in 1356 and united with the Old Town in 1536. The Old Town itself consisted of three wards.

Looking at the town map, the three main ways into the town through the former gateways can be recognized: Westheimer Tor, Obertor and Holzhäuser Tor (Tor = gate).

The middle and end point of each of the street connections in the town is the marketplace, over which rises the town church, St. Marien, once surrounded by the town's cemetery. A regular plan is not to be seen in the town. However, in one way the town has something in common with many other towns founded in the Middle Ages that is only noticeable at second glance: when laying out the town's streets, the mediaeval town planner deliberately made them crooked and deliberately staggered intersections of streets and alleyways. In particular, building crooked streets was a way of giving them some aesthetic appeal, as with the Untergasse. Crookedness limits the streetscape optically, and at the end of the street is a T-junction, with a view of houses opposite. In the Untergasse, this was the town's former brewhouse, standing on the corner of the Untergasse ("Lower Lane") and the Entengasse ("Duck Lane"). The Untergasse's original alignment was lost as a result of town renovations. It can now only be discerned by looking at houses' positions or by looking over the town.

The same effect was achieved when the town planner staggered the side lanes or had them meet the main streets at a slanted angle. By deftly planning the town in this way, even drafts were avoided. Another way of doing this same thing was to build houses out of alignment with their neighbours, or even whole blocks out of alignment with the rest of the street. This can still very clearly be seen around Obere Westheimer Straße. Such a thing was also done on Untere Westheimer Straße, but the ravages of time have erased the effect.

Town council
The town council is made up of 37 members.
 * CDU 12 seats
 * SPD 13 seats
 * FDP 2 seats
 * Greens 4 seats
 * Freie Waehler 6 seats

The town executive consists of 10 councillors and the mayor. Four seats are held by the SPD, three by the CDU, one by the Greens, one by the FDP and one by the Freie Waehler.

(as of municipal elections held on 27 March 2011)

Twin towns – Sister cities
Homberg is twinned with:

Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Azure in chief a lion passant and in base two lions combattant, all Or and all armed and langued gules.

Homberg was granted town rights in 1231, and the first known seal dates from 15 years thereafter, namely 1246. Its tinctures, however, are unknown, and it only shows one lion. Another seal used as early as 1239, but known only from later examples, bore the barry (that is, horizontally striped) Lion of Hesse. In the 14th century, another charge in the arms’ base was a mount of three, but later on, this was somehow mistaken for a lion above two smaller ones. Furthermore, the smaller lions in base numbered three up until 1639, but ever since, there have been only two.

For a short while in the early 16th century, the town used another coat of arms. This one might be blazoned: Argent three trefoils vert – that is to say, a silver escutcheon with three green three-leafed cloverleaves on it in an inverted triangular pattern.

Sport
The most prominent sporting body in Homburg is the first team of the Tischtennisabteilung der Homberger Turnerschaft e. V. (table tennis department of the Homberg Turnerschaft), who are among the greats of German table tennis. They play in the ''1. Bundesliga der Frauen'' ("First Federal Women's League"). Their biggest win thus far has been the European ETTU Cup on 31 March 2006 with the team of Wenling Tan-Monfardini, Zhenqi Barthel and Yin Na. The opponent in the final was 3B Berlin.

Zhenqi Barthel from the Homberg Turnerschaft won the singles title at the 74th National German Championships in Minden in 2006. She also won with her doubles partner Patrick Baum in mixed doubles. In women's doubles she came third with partner Desirée Czajkowski (Watzenborn-Steinberg).

Buildings
Stadtkirche St. Marien Homberg's town church, St. Marien's or St. Mary's, holds a special place in Hessian Protestantism: in 1526, Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous convened a synod in Homburg that sat in this church, marking the point in time when the Landgraviate of Hesse became Evangelical. Thus the church, one of the most important Gothic monuments in North Hesse, is sometimes called the Reformationskirche Hessens – the Reformation Church of Hesse.

What follows is something of the church's history:
 * A Frankish chapel is believed to have been built on the site before 900.
 * About 1000 a Romanesque church or chapel was built.
 * In the 12th century, a Romanesque basilica (or early hall church) was built.
 * In the first half of the 14th century, the structure was remodelled or expanded in late Gothic style as a hall church of the Hessian-Westphalian form.
 * In 1374, building began on the tower.
 * In 1640, the tower and hall were demolished by explosion, collapse and fire after the church was occupied by Imperial troops under Piccolomini.
 * From 1645 to 1746 the church was being built anew, as it says on the stone plaque on the tower above the gallery.
 * In 1709 the tower watchman's dwelling was built.
 * In 1893 an endowment made possible the fitting of a choir window depicting the Homberg Synod.
 * Since 1965, the church has been given its current shape through the removal of building done from the 17th to 19th centuries (pews, pulpit, galleries). A cloister has also been built.

Kirchhofslinde ("Churchyard linden") Before the church stands a linden tree that is more than 730 years old. Together with the church, the tree makes for a picturesque tableau over the marketplace. The poet Heinrich Ruppel dedicated the poem "Die Kirchhofslinde in Homberg" to the tree as his way of thanking those who had made donations for the tree's preservation after it had been burnt by a fire in its hollow. Also, Erich Kaiser, a "homeland researcher" (Heimatforscher) and writer, often mentioned the veteran tree in his writings.

Stalls, furniture van and house under the Kirchhofslinde In the spaces under the churchyard, stalls were built to serve as sales stands for butchers and bakers, as well as to serve as cookshops or meat storage.

At the former place of the so-called baker's stall, demolished in early 1820, a newer and notable building was built that Hombergers call the Möbelwagen ("Furniture Van").

The building next to the church to the right was built on the rubble of the former cookshop in 1719.

Rathaus (Town Hall) This was built in 1704 on the foundations of a former building built in the 15th century and destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. The tower was built after the Seven Years' War. The weather vane is from 1767. Since 1989, there has been a carillon. Beside the Gothic entrance at the stairway to Obertorstraße is the Homberger Elle (Homberg Ell), a mediaeval unit of measurement 57.4 cm long. Its importance reaches as far as Thuringia.

Remodelled in 1875 was the Simbelschanze ("Simpleton Lair"; Simbel is a Hessian dialect word) before the town hall. Its name comes from a tax levied the same year. The government had approved a tax on simpletons to cover rising expenditures.

Engel-Apotheke This was built in 1668 on the site of a former house, and is the biggest timber-frame house on the marketplace. Since 1701 it has been a pharmacy.

Fünffenster-Haus ("Five-Windowed House") In the early 19th century, a window tax was imposed, and so windows were limited to five on each floor.

Kyffhäuser-Museum This has permanent exhibits with the emphasis on the Kyffhäuserbund, an old warriors' association.

Krone ("Crown") This is a timber-frame house from 1480. Since 1721 it has been a guesthouse. The beams and roofwork are noteworthy. The bay windows were built in the 16th century.

Transport
Homberg belongs to the North Hesse Transport Network, which provides bus transport to the town.

Homberg is sometimes said to be the only district seat in Germany that is not on the railway network, but several other such towns exist, for example in Bavaria.

People associated with the town

 * Konrad Mutian (1470–1526), humanist
 * Hans Staden (1525–1576), mercenary and founder of the Brazilian research
 * August Vilmar (1800–1868), theologian
 * Max Hoffmann (1869–1927), diplomat and general
 * Theodor Burchardi (1892–1983), naval officer, last admiral in the Second World War
 * Heinz Jost (1904–1964), SS brigadier, Generalmajor of the police, war criminal
 * Günter Abel (born 1947), philosopher
 * Ulrich Holbein (born 1953), writer, lives near Allmuthshausen
 * Matthias Reim (born 1957), singer
 * Felicitas Woll (born 1980), an actress
 * Tobias Damm (born 1983), footballer

title: Homberg (Efze)


text:
Morphinone

Morphinone is an opioid that is the intermediate when morphine is being converted to hydromorphone (trade name Dilaudid).

Chemical structure
Morphinone can be described as the ketone of morphine.

Legal status
Morphinone itself is an active opioid, though its potency is closer to codeine than morphine. It is, however, an important precursor and would fall under the purview of the Controlled Substances Act within the United States. Its legal status in other countries varies.

title: Morphinone