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Wombourne

Wombourne is a village and civil parish located in the district of South Staffordshire, in the county of Staffordshire, England. It is 4 miles (6 km) south-west of Wolverhampton and on the border with the West Midlands County.

Wombourne has a parish council. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 13,691, which increased to 14,157 at the 2011 Census.

Etymology and usage
The Old English word burna signifies a stream, and a stream is a notable feature of the village. Formerly the village name was thought to mean "Womb Stream", or stream in a hollow, because this is a reasonable description of the situation.

Burna was one of the terms for a stream used in the earliest Anglo-Saxon place names, and the stream was presumably itself called the Wom Bourn. However, today it is always distinguished from the village by the name Wom Brook, from another, slightly later, Old English term for a stream: brōca. The Wom Brook, which has required considerable work to ameliorate its flooding, originates on Penn Common and is a tributary of the Smestow Brook, which it meets just south of Wombourne.

The spelling "Wombourne" is now preferred for official use. However, the village is marked "Wombourn" on the 1775 William Yates Map of the County of Stafford and as late as the 1945–48 series Ordnance Survey maps.

Origins

The village has Anglo-Saxon origins, and was part of the large central kingdom of Mercia, which was settled by Angles. The whole region was wooded when the Germanic settlers arrived, and hamlet names like Bratch ("newly-cleared-land") and Blakeley ("dark clearing") attest to the need to clear land for settlement. The settlers reared large herds of pigs, which were easily fed in the beech, oak and birch woods, which are the naturally-predominant vegetation in the region. Local toponyms like Kingswinford ("royal pig crossing") and Swindon ("pig hill") confirm the importance of pig rearing in Anglo-Saxon times.

The medieval village
Wombourne is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and was clearly a medium-sized village by the standards of the time. Before the Norman Conquest, it was owned by an Anglo-Saxon nobleman called Thorsten. By the time of the Domesday survey, William Fitz Ansculf held seven hides of land, some of them let from him by one Ralph of Wombourne. William was an important landowner throughout the West Midlands, the son of Ansculf of Picquigny, a Picard baron who came to England with William the Conqueror and built a castle at Dudley. William's total holding at Wombourne supported 8 ploughs and was worth £3. There were 13 villagers (probably not including dependents, so perhaps thirty to forty people in total); a priest, and so perhaps some sort of church; as well as two mills, the first evidence for the importance of water power in the area. Wombourne was part of the Seisdon Hundred.

The Priors of Dudley built or rebuilt the Parish Church of St. Benedict Biscop around 1170, the only parish church dedicated to this Anglo-Saxon cleric. The building as it is seen today, however, is the result of numerous reconstructions and refurbishments, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. The parish of Wombourne extended far from the village, taking in Orton and Swindon.

Industrial developments
For most of its history Wombourne was mainly an agricultural village. However, its involvement with industry began unusually early. From the Middle Ages, the Smestow Brook and the Stour were lined with small iron bloomeries and forges, using local reserves of charcoal and water. The Industrial Revolution brought coke-fired furnaces. In 1772, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal was opened, with major canal locks at the Bratch and Bumble Hole, integrating the area more closely into industrial Britain. Iron production concentrated in a smaller number of centres – at Swindon, in the southern part of the Wombourn parish, at Gothersley, at the Hyde near Kinver, and increasingly in the nearby Black Country – using the canal to bring ore, coal and limestone to the works. Other villages, however, remained centres for smithing, with cheaper and more available iron greatly increasing the number of workers. Increasingly, Wombourne became a centre for nail-making. The Wom and the Smestow continued to provide both power and cooling water, with several large mills along each stream by the late 18th century.

Perhaps the largest water-driven forge was to the west of the village, where, an 1817 history remarks, "has been erected an iron-work called the Heath-forge, with genteel mansion". This works had a large mill pool, supplied by the Merryhill Brook and by a contour canal from the River Smestow. Water fell thence in several stages to the Wom, which then joined the Smestow a short distance to the west. The forge mill was later converted into a corn mill, which functioned until the 1930s. The Heath Mill industrial estate on the main Bridgnorth road preserves the name of the complex. The mansion building, now converted into flats, is still to be seen in the Poolhouse estate, itself named after the poolhouse that stood at the dam. The water mill is clearly marked on the 1775 Yates map of Staffordshire, along with one at the Wodehouse, and another just south of the village centre, the remains of which are now the Pool Dam.

It was around the same time that the Hellier family reached the peak of their influence in the area. The Helliers lived at the Wodehouse, on the Wom Brook, to the east of the village. It was the fourth Samuel Hellier, knighted in 1762, who turned the Jacobean house into a centre of culture. He had the grounds laid out in fashionable style, with a hermitage, a temple to the memory of Handel, and a music room. He spent a fortune on musical instruments and books of music, building up a private collection and endowing both the church at Wombourne and St. John's, Wolverhampton. The family collection included the Stradivarius named after them. Dying without issue in 1784, he left his property to a family friend, the Reverend Thomas Shaw, on condition he change his name to Hellier. One of his descendants spent years as commandant of the Royal Military School of Music at Kneller Hall. It is claimed that the Wodehouse has not been sold for over 900 years.

In 1851, Wombourne was described by William White as a large village, "occupied chiefly by nailors, who work for the neighbouring manufacturers". Nail-making remained important into the 20th century. As White implies, it was mainly the preserve of outworkers, who operated small-scale machinery in, or attached to, their own homes, fetching iron sheet or rod from the foundries and returning the finished product.

White tells us that the main landowners in the area in the mid-19th century were John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley, a notable astronomer, and Lord Ward – at this time the Reverend William Humble Ward, the tenth Baron, a relative of the Earl of Dudley. The Wards made their wealth not merely from land, but what lay under it: the coal and limestone of the West Midlands. Another important landowner, the Reverend William Dalton, was an Evangelical clergyman from Ulster, but he owed his wealth to marriage to the widow of a Bilston iron master.

The modern village
Although the parish had a population approaching 2000 by the mid-19th century, the village itself remained quite small – essentially confined to the area around the present village green. The hamlets of Giggetty, Blakeley, Ounsdale, and the Bratch were quite separate from the village and were only absorbed into it as suburban housing spread from the mid-20th century. This changed the whole character and structure of the village.

The area around the green, the original village of Wombourne, evolved as the commercial and cultural centre. The green was surrounded by small, independent shops, which remain a distinctive feature of the village's commercial life. A new civic centre, housing local council services, was constructed near Lower End, just south west of the centre. Suburban housing grew to form a wide ring around it, absorbing most of the hamlets.

In the 1950s, several hundred council houses were built around Wombourne by Wolverhampton council as part of an overspill rehousing programme for residents of the large town's slums.

Large housing developments of the 1960s and 1970s around Giggetty and Brickbridge, to the west, were followed by a still larger westward extension in the Poolhouse estate of the 1980s, which absorbed the former Heath Mill. Meanwhile, light industry developed along the canal and the River Smestow, particularly beyond the main Bridgnorth Road, with industrial estates replacing former foundries. A new bypass was opened to the south of the village in July 1988, carrying Dudley, Bridgnorth and Telford traffic around Wombourne and Himley, and clearly separating much of the industrial area from the residential section. With Wombourne becoming an increasingly popular residential area, mass housing development continued into the new millennium, with building to the west of the canal between Ounsdale and the Bratch.

Wombourne has become well known for its "annual" carnival, held on the first Sunday of July. The carnival has a wide variety of stalls made up of independent traders, local businesses, community groups and local charities as well as much family entertainment. Including a funfair, bands, music groups, dance/drama groups, women's institute event and the Wombourne Village "Quacky" Races. The main parade starts at 12pm sharp, allowing residents and guests of Wombourne to line the parade route to cheer on the floats and follow them up to the main carnival site for the official opening at 1pm. The Parade will start at Wombourne Civic Centre, passing down Gravel Hill, Common Road, Giggetty Lane, Planks Lane, Church Road, High street and back to Wombourne Civic Centre. There will be temporary road closures during the parade so we ask for your patience during this time and hope people join in the festivities. The parade is made up of floats which are theme based, created by local schools.

Amenities
The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal runs north–south through the western side of the village and Bratch Locks are located just to the north-west. Another popular local spot is the South Staffordshire Railway Walk, which follows the path of a now disused railway (it served as a goods railway prior to the 1960s and as a passenger line for a few years between the two wars). Wombourne Village Green is considered to resemble an archetypal 'English village', as it is in the centre of the village and opposite St Benedict's Church. It regularly plays host to local cricket matches.

The main commercial area is around the village green and on the neighbouring streets. This contains a considerable range of small, independent shops, as well as banks, cafes and other services. There are also small developments of shops and services in the outlying areas of the village, particularly at Giggetty and Blakeley.

Wombourne has a retained fire station, run by Staffordshire Fire and Rescue Service, which is currently being refurbished. The station houses one pumping appliance and is located on Giggetty Lane next to Wombourne Ambulance Station. The ambulance station was run by West Midlands Ambulance Service and was staffed full-time. The west midlands house builder Kendrick Homes acquired the site for residential development in June 2014, it has planning permission for 9 dwellings. Wombourne Police Station can be found on the High Street and is part of Staffordshire Police. Police officers work from the police station 24 hours per day, however staff of the enquiry office are only available at certain times.

The village is served by a wide variety of churches, many based around the village green, which do much in the way of maintaining village traditions and in serving the more needy people in the parish. There was considerable volunteer support for the mental health centre in Planks Lane before it closed. The Hand in Hand Centre is well-supported by Christians and a number of activities for older members of the village are run and paid for by volunteers.

In 2023 the first annual ‘Benfest’ was hosted in the village. Held to mark the 40th anniversary of notable resident Ben Elphick (first of his name, shredder of guitars, keeper of crabs and lord of all ale). The event has been widely reviewed as a great success and fitting tribute to a dashing and rather modest individual.

Walks and Local Countryside
A number of important footpaths cross Wombourne, constituting an important leisure amenity as well as providing safe access to the village and surrounding countryside for walkers and cyclists.

The Wom Brook Walk
The Wom Brook Walk is a Local Nature Reserve entirely within the boundaries of the village. It stretches for about 1.5 miles (2.6 km) along both sides of the Wom Brook, traversing the village from east to west. It contains a mix of meadow and woodland. It was established after some years of work by a local conservation group, the Friends of Wom Brook. There has been great excitement over the arrival of Wombourne's very first Little Egret in October/November 2010. It was seen hunting and roosting around the Wombrook on a number of occasions and Daniel Traynor captured the very first image of the bird which was later shown in the Parish News.

The South Staffordshire Railway Walk
The South Staffordshire Railway Walk is another Local Nature Reserve. It follows the course of the former Wombourne Branch Line, traversing Wombourne from north to south, before swinging east towards Himley and Dudley. It intersects with the Wom Brook Walk at the western end of Ham Meadow. To the north, it connects with the Wolverhampton Railway Walk, affording a pedestrian route into Wolverhampton via the Smestow Valley LNR. The former Wombourne station at the Bratch has car parking facilities, as well as a café and information.

The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal
The tow path of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal also runs north–south through the western part of Wombourne, roughly parallel with the South Staffordshire Railway Walk and intersecting with the Wom Brook Walk at Giggetty. It forms part of a conservation area and can be followed as far as Kidderminster and Stourport on Severn to the south and Wolverhampton and Stafford to the north. It is said that once a year the phantom ghost train runs through Wombourne, with many of the local residents claiming they have both seen and heard it.

Surrounding area
As well as the walks in or passing through Wombourne, there are also many country parks and places to walk in the surrounding area including: Baggeridge Country Park, Highgate Common, Himley Hall and Kinver Edge.

Governance
Wombourne is part of a two-tier local government structure, typical of rural county areas in England.

 * It is situated within the district of South Staffordshire. This is based in Codsall, to the north of Wombourne, although it has district offices locally. It was established in 1974 by the merging of Seisdon Rural District, to which Wombourne had belonged, with Cannock Rural District. Wombourne consists of three district council wards, each represented by three councillors: Wombourne North and Lower Penn; Wombourne South West; Wombourne South East.

 * South Staffordshire itself is contained within the county of Staffordshire. This was established as an administrative county in 1889. Wombourne constitutes a single division in County Council elections: South Staffordshire – Wombourne.

Wombourne also has a parish council. This was originally established in 1894 and took its present form in 1974.

Wombourne is part of the South Staffordshire parliamentary constituency, which is not coterminous with the district of the same name.

Prior to Brexit in 2020, it was also part of the large West Midlands constituency, which had seven MEPs in the European Parliament.

Before the local government reforms of the 19th century, the local parish or vestry was both a civil and an ecclesiastical unit within the Seisdon Hundred of the historic county of Staffordshire. In Victorian times, it became part of the Seisdon Poor Law Union.

Politics
Wombourne's Member of Parliament is Gavin Williamson, who represents the South Staffordshire constituency in the House of Commons after Sir Patrick Cormack stepped down in the 2010 general election. He is a Conservative. In elections to the European Parliament, Wombourne was part of the West Midlands constituency which was last represented by seven MEPs: 3 Conservative, 2 Labour, 1 Liberal Democrat and 1 UK Independence Party. All nine of Wombourne's district councillors are Conservative and the district council is Conservative-controlled.

Transport
National Express West Midlands bus routes 15 and 16 serve Wombourne from Wolverhampton, each on a twice-per-hour frequency. Sunday daytime service 15A omits the village centre operating directly from Wodehouse Lane A463 roundabout to Himley via the A449. Previously a service ran between Kidderminster and Wolverhampton via Kinver (580) along with infrequent services to Sedgley, Perton and a number of rural communities in South Staffordshire. However these were progressively withdrawn due to local authority funding cuts. Due to conditions imposed at the time of the planning application, a twice weekly free bus operated between the Sainsbury's store on the edge of the village and the village centre. This service is operated by Select Bus Services having originally been operated by Midland, although it now runs on Thursdays only. There used to be a railway line with a station serving the village although spelt instead as "Wombourn". The line and station closed to passenger services in 1932 and freight in the 1960s. It is now the South Staffordshire Railway Walk. The station survives as a cafe and the trackbed can be walked between Wolverhampton and Himley.

Schools
There are four primary schools in Wombourne; Westfield, St. Bernadette's R.C., Blakeley Heath and St. Benedict Biscop. There is also a secondary school, Wombourne High School, that takes many of the local primary schools pupils on. Students also come from local areas on coach and bus services to the school. There is also Cherry Tree's special school and Adult Education centres operating in several locations around the village, including Wombourne High School and the Library.

Sport
Wombourne V.C. was founded in 1995 and currently competes in the West Midlands Volleyball Association. The club has recently moved to train and compete at the brand new Evolve building near Dudley town centre. At the conclusion of the 2015 season the club was named "Volleyball England Club of the Year", topping competition from across England.

Wombourne has also been represented in Sunday league football by many different teams throughout the years. The most famous team is Orton Vale Established in 1977

Notable people

 * William Reading (1674 in Swindon – 1744) an English clergyman and librarian of Sion College.
 * Edward Simms (1800-1893) organist of Wombourne Parish Church (1813–1821).
 * Ted Jarman (1907 in Wombourne – 2003) an English professional golfer, played in the 1935 Ryder Cup.
 * Pip Harris (1927 in Wombourne – 2013) a British motorcycle racer in the sidecar class over a 27-year career.
 * Robert King (born 1960 in Wombourne) is an English conductor, harpsichordist, editor and author, has concentrated on period performance of classical music in particular from the baroque and early modern periods.
 * Ian Painter (born 1964 in Wombourne) a footballer mainly for Stoke City, with 113 appearances.
 * Christopher Pincher (born 1969) a Conservative politician and MP for Tamworth (2010–2023), grew up in Wombourne.
 * Helene Hewitt (born 1972) a climate scientist, grew up in Wombourne.
 * Wendy Sadler (born 1972) a science communicator, grew up in Wombourne.
 * Mark Rhodes (born 1981) an English singer and television presenter, lives in Wolverhampton and socialises in Wombourne.
 * Lydia Thompson (born 1992) an English female rugby union player, went to Ounsdale High School in Wombourne.

title: Wombourne


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Emblem of the African Union

The emblem of the African Union features a golden, boundary-less map of Africa inside two concentric circles, with stylised palm leaves shooting up on either side of the outer circle.

Although when the AU was formed, a competition was announced for designing a new emblem and flag, the Assembly of the African Union decided at the Addis Ababa session of 2004 to retain the emblem and flag of its predecessor, the Organisation of African Unity, and adopt them as the new AU flag and emblem.

Symbolism
The palm leaves stand for peace. The gold circle symbolises Africa's wealth and bright future, while the green circle represents African hopes and aspiration for unity. The map of Africa, without boundaries, signifies African unity, while a series of small interlocking red rings at the base of the emblem stand for African solidarity and the blood shed for the liberation of Africa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Emblem of the African Union


text:
Flag of the African Union

The current flag of the African Union was adopted at its 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, which took place in Addis Ababa on 31 January 2010.

History
During the 8th African Union Summit which took place in Addis Ababa on 29 and 30 January 2007, the Heads of State and Government decided to launch a competition for the selection of a new flag for the Union. They prescribed a green background for the flag symbolising hope of Africa and stars to represent Member States.

Pursuant to this decision, the Muammar Gaddafi-led African Union Commission (AUC) organised a competition for the selection of a new flag for the African Union. The AUC received a total of 106 entries proposed by citizens of 19 African countries and two from the Diaspora. The proposals were then examined by a panel of experts put in place by the African Union Commission and selected from the five African regions for short listing according to the main directions given by the Heads of State and Government. The winning design was created by Yadesa Bojia, an Ethiopian-born American artist and graphic designer.

The flag contains a green background symbolizing the hope of Africa and 55 gold stars to represent the Member States. When first adopted, there were 53 stars. However, South Sudan became the 54th member state on 27 July 2011, and Morocco rejoined in January 2017, bringing the total to 55.

Previous flag (2004–2010)
The previous flag of the African Union was used from 2004 to 2010 and was composed of a broad green horizontal stripe at the top followed by a narrow band of gold. Below is a broad white stripe bearing the then emblem of the African Union at its center followed by a narrow gold band and broad green stripe at the bottom.

The AU was formed in 2002, without an official flag. In 2003, a competition was announced for designing a new emblem and flag. However, the Assembly of the African Union decided at the Addis Ababa session of 2004 to retain the emblem and flag of its predecessor, the Organisation of African Unity, and adopt them as the new AU flag and emblem. That flag was used from 1970 to 2002 as the OAU's flag.

The color symbolism of the old flag is as follows:
 * The color green symbolizes African hopes and aspiration to unity.
 * The color gold stands for African wealth and bright future.
 * The color white represents the purity of Africa's desire to have genuine friends throughout the world.
 * The color red (of the rings [in the center]) stand for African solidarity and the blood shed for the liberation of Africa.

title: Flag of the African Union


text:
Talk:Rosario Marchese

An extra photo
that I uploaded for Adam Giambrone. Samaritan 03:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NDP Shadow Cabinet Shuffle
In (year?) the NDP had a Shuffle, and the team assignments changed. According to the official Ontario legislative Assembly web page, [], the roles Mr Marchese now performs are no longer [ old description] and now is Caucus Chair, Critic Government Services, Critic Urban Transportation. Richard416282 (talk) 20:11, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Riding Dissolved ?
In the Textbox for the electoral district area (Riding), the date shows 'riding dissolved'. IS this Vandalisim or a change in the name / boundaries? Richard416282 (talk) 21:29, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Looked a little bit further, and it was the riding of 'Fort York' that was dissolved for the replacement name of 'Trinity -- Spadina', Its just that the formatting appears to indicate that the riding of 'Trinity -- Spadina' is disolved. Not so. Richard416282 (talk) 21:43, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Rosario Marchese


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TNL Freighting

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus, keep. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 17:48, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

TNL Freighting
Does not seem a big enough company to warrant its own Wikipedia entry. The article itself says the company "...has 100 trucks." · Katefan0(scribble) 03:37, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, 100 trucks seems like a lot for a small country. Also being a publicly listed company seems like a good criterion. Kappa 05:19, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, being publicly listed does not automatically imbue notability. RickK 07:28, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:216.165.243.48

title: User talk:216.165.243.48


text:
Talk:Jefferson disk

Cipher System
The link to "cipher system" now points to a Swedish melodic death metal band. I don't think that's what's desired.129.42.208.183 (talk) 18:16, 18 October 2013 (UTC)Dave

Merge discussion
I don't think the two articles need to be merged. There's a small amount of duplication but space is not short. The two articles are adequately linked so that anyone reading one and interested in the other can easily find it. --Wtshymanski 03:38, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, both articles are describing the exact same topic — a merge seems necessary. — Matt Crypto 10:16, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone who feels more bold than I can merge them. The Bazeries cylinder article is a little on the long side, but I suppose the short paragraph that uniquely describes the Jefferson invention wouldn't hurt it. If it's merged, I think that the photo must also be moved. --Wtshymanski 16:46, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DON'T MERGE THEM!! Jefferson needs to be honored with the invention of this particular machine, not Bazeries, and vice versa.
 * But aren't they the same machine? We don't keep seperate articles simply to "honour" people. — Matt Crypto 18:52, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

I have gone ahead and done the merge as I felt they definitely should be the same article - the duplication was confusing. I hope I have done it in a way that highlights both people's contributions. I placed the page here as Jefferson was the original inventor, but kept the use of the Bazeries name through the discussion as it is his version that is used. Kcordina 10:10, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Alice and Bob are commonly used names to denote the message encoder and decoder. Unfortunately, their usage is both unclear and American biased (maybe British biased? but definitely not worldly). I suggest we remove all their references and replace with message encoder or something similar. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.232.103.200 (talk) 21:26, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I also completely agree and I have changed it :) Logan5671111TalkLogan5671111#0001 17:30, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

Commons link
I've removed the Wikipedia Commons link as there wasn't a page there and the only search result for "Jefferson Disk" on Commons was the image that's already on the page. Jobarts-Talk 23:27, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Nazi Reference
Is there any need to have 'heilhitler' be the message to be decoded? I tracked down the history of it, and it seems to be a remnant from the original initial Bazeries cylinder page (now a redirect), merged into this title and apparently imported from some unnamed 'public domain source.' I don't feel there's any reason to keep the code there. TJEFFERSON would be perfectly fine I think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JJansen (talk • contribs) 01:45, 3 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I totally agree. I'm a teacher at a german school and right now we're talking about different cypher methods. I couldn't explain that Hitler-reference to the student who found this. That's plain unnecessary since Jefferson has a complete different background and time of life. Mana (talk) 12:32, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Poor writing
This article is riddled with an awkward present tense voice, and cast in terms of "and then Holmes does this, and then Holmes does that".

It's awkward and distracting. We can do better. This is largely a stylistic point and so need not be repaired instantly, but is less than good work. WP should be better served.

I will add it to my list, but doubt if I will be able to get to it. ww (talk) 20:08, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

There are 36 disks
The Jefferson disks had 36 disks, not 26 (there are 26 characters on the periphery of each of the 36 disks). See The Codebreakers by David Kahn (page 194 of the 1st edition).

You can also count 35 disks on the image attached to the article. That image is from the National Cryptologic Museum (the 36th was taken out to show a disk in its entirety, it is in placed in front of the set of disks on display at the Museum).

I will fix the error Econrad (talk) 19:21, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The montecello.org page says Jefferson used 26 disks. The model shown uses 36. I clarified this in the article. I also did a major copy edit of the intro, which was repetitious and misleading regarding security.--agr (talk) 21:50, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The Codebreakers is a far more reliable source than the Monticello.org web site. The Codebreakers cites Jefferson using 36 disks. Just because someone built a modern set of 26 disks does not mean Jefferson used 26 disks.

 * See page 194 of this edition of the Codebreakers on Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=SEH_rHkgaogC&lpg=PA194&ots=_0iql8t0v4&dq=jefferson%20cypher%20codebreakers%20kahn%2036&pg=PA194#v=onepage&q=&f=false
 * Econrad (talk) 21:56, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Precedence of European designs.
A device similar to, but more advanced than, that of TJ was designed in Sweden by Fredrik Gripenstierna in 1786.

Since the Jefferson cylinder was never constructed precedence might also be given to Gottfried Leibniz who designed a machine c1670 that had some similar features. AnnaComnemna (talk) 19:07, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Further information on the Jefferson disk
Even Jefferson failed to recognize the brilliance of his invention; he praised the Playfair cipher to its inventor, disparaging his own effort.

While his description involved a wooden version, the WWI version was made of metal, considerably smaller, and easier to carry and hide.

See "Codebreakers" by David Kahn. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lucky Vassall (talk • contribs) 19:00, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jefferson disk


text:
Meindert DeJong

Meindert De Jong, sometimes spelled de Jong, DeJong or Dejong (4 March 1906 – 16 July 1991) was a Dutch-born American writer of children's books. He won the international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1962 for his contributions as a children's writer.

Life
De Jong was born in the village of Wierum in the province of Friesland, Netherlands. (The correct Dutch and Frisian spelling of his surname is 'de Jong' when preceded by his first name or initials, and 'De Jong' when not.) The family emigrated to the United States in 1914. De Jong attended Dutch Calvinist secondary schools and Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and entered the University of Chicago, but left without graduating.

De Jong held various jobs during the Great Depression and began writing children's books at the suggestion of a local librarian. His first book, The Big Goose and the Little White Duck, was published in 1938. He wrote several more books before joining the US Army Air Corps during World War II, serving in China.

After the war, De Jong resumed writing, and for several years resided in Mexico. He returned for a time to Michigan. After settling in North Carolina, he returned to Michigan for the final years of his life.

Six of De Jong's books were illustrated by Maurice Sendak.

Awards
In 1962 De Jong won the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award for his lasting contribution to literature for young people. He was the first American recipient of the honor, the highest international recognition for a creator of children's books (later, for a writer or illustrator).

He was also recognized many times for particular works.
 * Shadrach and Hurry Home, Candy were both runners-up for the Newbery Medal in 1954.
 * The Wheel on the School won the U.S. Newbery Medal in 1955 and the second annual Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1957 (in its German translation, Das Rad auf der Schule, with new illustrations by Marianne Richter). It was named to the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list in 1963.
 * The House of Sixty Fathers received the Josette Frank Award (then named the Children's Book Award of the Child Study Association) in 1956. It was a Newbery runner-up in 1957.
 * Along Came a Dog was a Newbery runner-up in 1959.
 * Journey from Peppermint Street won the inaugural National Book Award in category Children's Books in 1969.

title: Meindert DeJong


text:
User:Jeff02

My name is Jeff and I live on Kent Island, Maryland. Some of my interests include computer programming, video games, and just about anything to do with my home state of Maryland. The current projects that I'm working on include getting the Chesapeake Bay Bridge article to GA status and assessing articles for WikiProject Maryland.

Since I forget to log in sometimes and edited before I joined, my anonymous contributions can be found here.

I'm not as active as I used to be, but I still continue to fix things that need fixing and perform other minor edits. One such thing that I continue to do is update the latest version of the D programming language in its article.

How I'm Helping Wikipedia
I had already made a few edits here from the time I first discovered Wikipedia to the time I decided to join.

I've noticed that I don't have quite as high an edit count as most people who have been members as long as I have. My philosophy is that a high edit count doesn't make you better than anyone else, it just means you don't know how to use the preview button.

Most of my edits here have involved creating and fixing up articles about important places and things in my home state, Maryland, particularly the Eastern Shore region. My first ever edit was making the word Annapolis into a link in the Chesapeake Bay Bridge article (this has since been edited over), this edit can be found here. Another edit I was pretty proud of in my earlier days was fixing two broken external links in the Flag of Maryland article. My first full article, which I created after joining, was for Kent Island, Maryland, where I live. I have also worked on creating articles for Maryland state highways. Though a lot of them are either stubs or pretty short, the way I see it, even if an article is just a stub, it's still worth creating since it is likely to get expanded by someone. I've found highway articles pretty easy to create, since it is pretty easy to find alot of factual information on them.

Some of My Major Contributions
Some pages I have made major contributions to:
 * Kent Island, Maryland
 * Chesapeake Bay Bridge
 * Roads in Maryland articles
 * U.S. Route 50

Articles

 * Kent Island South Trail
 * Trying to achieve GA status for Chesapeake Bay Bridge

Images

 * Key Bridge route marker - not started (still haven't found spec)
 * Capital Beltway route marker - not started (still haven't found spec)

Essays

 * /The purpose of WikiProjects - An older essay on WikiProjects, no longer maintained
 * /How we disambiguate on Wikipedia - An essay on disambiguation
 * /What WikiProjects are not - A newer essay on WikiProjects
 * /What ever happened to Jeff02? - Why I left, and what I've been up to since leaving

How I became a Wikipedian
My online history can be summed up as one big chain reaction. I started out posting at the PokeMasters forums in November 2004. Later on, on those forums, I was basically invited to join Bulbapedia by Bulbagarden's webmaster, Archaic (after I made a complaint about a couple of mistakes on the 'pedia). Shortly thereafter, I joined the Bulbagarden Forums (which are the forums whose members started Bulbapedia), and eventually, my work on Bulbapedia inspired me to join Wikipedia.

Programming
One of my favorite hobbies is programming, As far as programming languages go, I only know C, C++, D, and Java (but I wouldn't claim fluency in Java though). I've done some research to start learning some other languages (mostly here at Wikipedia), but haven't experimented with them.

Video games
I'm also a fan of video games, especially Pokémon games. Yes, I am a proud adult Pokémon fan! I am a member of the Pokémon online community, where I go by simply as Jeff. I am a member of both The PokéMasters (TPM) and the Bulbagarden forums. I also maintain TPM's website.

Roads
One time, on one of my usual trips to UMBC (thankfully, it wasn't for a class), I accidentally missed the exit from Maryland Route 295 onto I-195. Since I hadn't been going to the school that long I didn't realize anything was wrong for a while, but when I did notice I was off course I panicked and just kept driving. I eventually wound up in Baltimore and got as far as M&T Bank Stadium when I finally pulled myself together and found somewhere to turn around. After that, I began studying maps of the area to make sure that I didn't get lost again, this is likely what sparked my interest in highways. I'm still a "Google Earth enthusiast" as I like to call myself and have started the Roads in Maryland WikiProject. One of my largest contributions to that project is the uploading of SVGs of road signs that are used in Maryland.

Places I have visited

 * [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] United States
 * [[Image:Flag of Maryland.svg|25px]] Maryland
 * [[Image:Flag of Delaware.svg|25px]] Delaware
 * [[Image:Flag of Florida.svg|25px]] Florida
 * [[Image:Flag of New Jersey.svg|25px]] New Jersey
 * [[Image:Flag of New York.svg|25px]] New York
 * [[Image:Flag of Pennsylvania.svg|25px]] Pennsylvania
 * [[Image:Flag of South Carolina.svg|25px]] South Carolina
 * [[Image:Flag of Virginia.svg|25px]] Virginia
 * [[Image:Flag of West Virginia.svg|25px]] West Virginia

Maryland road did you know facts
A collection of facts that could be used on either the U.S. Roads Portal or the Maryland Portal. or a possible alternative for one of the U.S. Roads Portal's April Fools' Day entries
 * ...that business routes in Maryland use a different style of route marker than their parent routes?
 * ...that due to a gap in West Virginia Route 46 motorists traveling along the route, must cross the Potomac River into Maryland and follow a 2-mile (3 km) section of Maryland Route 135 and brief portion of Maryland Route 36 before crossing back over the river and continuing on WV 46? (random note: Interestingly enough, Google Earth identifies the section in Maryland with Route 46 markers alongside the Route 135 markers. Not sure what the signage there indicates though.)
 * ...that DE/MD 54 switches maintanance between Delaware and Maryland a total of 5 times?
 * ...that drivers on Route 54 have trouble figuring out what state they're in?

Links Placed Here for My Convenience

 * /test page
 * /monobook.js
 * http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/kentisland (unfortunately many of the good ones aren't WMC-compatible yet) :(

Sites I'm A Member of

 * Wikipedia as Jeff02
 * Wikimedia Commons as Jeff02
 * Wikitravel as Jeff02
 * Bulbapedia as Jeff
 * Xanga as Jeff_02
 * And some others

title: User:Jeff02


text:
DJ Code Money

DJ Code Money was the deejay for noted 1980s rap artist Schoolly D of Philadelphia.

Their first single, "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?", is sometimes viewed as the first gangsta rap record. The track includes hypnotic beats, rough scratching, and Schoolly's unflinching tales of the Park Side Killers: "I said 'You sucka-ass nigga, I should shoot you dead.'" Other singles released by the pair include "Gucci Time" (sampled by the Beastie Boys on "Time to Get Ill" ), "Put Your Filas On", and "Saturday Night".

title: DJ Code Money


text:
User talk:Zukie

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- 03:41, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zukie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bud Rue

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 17:45, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bud Rue
This seems to be a piece of well-intentioned vanity by the subject's son. I am sure Mr. Rue was a very fine and respected person, but he does not meet the bar of notability in my mind for an encyclopedia. Delete.Indrian 03:42, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not a memorial. Megan1967 05:45, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, I must agree. He looks like a very nice person but does not meet the recommended criteria for inclusion of biographies.  Delete.  Rossami (talk) 03:26, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete' no matter how well written this eulogy is. --Wetman 15:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bud Rue


text:
User talk:Feco/Temp/Wal-Mart

Hope it all goes well man, you have my support on this! Sarge 03:43, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Feco/Temp/Wal-Mart


text:
British Columbia Hockey League

The British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) is an independent Canadian Junior ice hockey league with 21 teams in British Columbia and Alberta. It was classified as a Junior "A" league, the second tier for junior hockey within the Hockey Canada framework, until it became independent in 2023. Since becoming independent, the league characterizes itself simply as a Junior ice hockey league.

1961 to 1993
In 1961, the heads of four Junior "B" hockey teams in the Okanagan region of British Columbia got together and formed the first Junior "A" league in British Columbia's history. The Okanagan-Mainline Junior "A" Hockey League (OMJHL) originally consisted of the Kamloops Jr. Rockets, the Kelowna Buckaroos, the Penticton Jr. Vees, and the Vernon Jr. Canadians.

Early expansion
In 1967, the league expanded out of the Okanagan region, bringing in the New Westminster Royals and the Victoria Cougars of the original (1962–1967) Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League. With the expansion, the league decided that since it was no longer solely in the Okanagan region that it need a new name, becoming the British Columbia Junior Hockey League (BCJHL). A year later, the Vancouver Centennials joined the league. In the 1970s, the Victoria Cougars jumped to the Western Hockey League and the New Westminster team was forced to fold due to the relocation of the Estevan Bruins into their arena. In 1972, the Bellingham Blazers and the Nanaimo Clippers expanded the league to eight teams.

In the early 1970s, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association separated the two tiers of Junior A hockey. The BCJHL, being a Tier II league, was then disallowed from competing for the Memorial Cup, which had traditionally been the National Junior A Championship trophy. Consequently, the Tier II Junior A leagues across Canada agreed to compete for a new trophy called the Centennial Cup.

Rivalry with the PJHL
The 1970s also saw the rise of a rival league for the BCJHL, the Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League (PCJHL), which briefly existed in the 1960s and was resurrected for the 1971–72 season. The PCJHL was promoted to a Junior "A" league for the 1973–74 season and changed its name to the Pacific Junior A Hockey League. The PJHL champions competed with the BCJHL champions for the provincial championship, the Mowat Cup.

The existence of the two Junior A leagues in British Columbia caused an unusual turn of events in the 1977–78 season postseason. The BCJHL sent their regular season champion, the Merritt Centennials, to play as the BC representative in the Pacific region (BC and Alberta) interprovincial Doyle Cup, excusing them from the BCJHL playoffs. The BCJHL continued their league playoffs without them, crowning Nanaimo as the playoff champion after Penticton Jr. Vees refused to finish the playoff finals due to a series of brawls in the third game of the series. Meanwhile, the Merritt Centennials won the Doyle Cup and advanced to the Abbott Cup (the Western Canada Championship) against the winner of the ANAVET Cup, the Western region champion Prince Albert Raiders of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League. The Centennials lost to the Raiders, four games to one.

Merger with the PJHL
The PJHL and the BCJHL merged for the 1979–80 season.

During the 1980–81 season, the Coastal division season was interrupted by a strike at BC Ferries in late January. Since the mainland teams could no longer reach the island teams, the Coastal Division stopped playing, and began extended playoff rounds in place of the regular season.

National champions
In 1986, the Penticton Vees became the BCJHL's first Junior A national championship team, defeating the Metro Valley Junior Hockey League's Cole Harbour Colts by a score of 7–4 to win the Centennial Cup. A year later, the BCJHL's Richmond Sockeyes won the league's second consecutive national title.

1993 to 2021
From 1993 to 2021, the league was a member of the Canadian Junior Hockey League, an association of Junior A leagues across Canada that would play for the National Junior A Championship. The winner of the BCHL Fred Page Cup (not to be confused with the CJHL Fred Page Cup) would continue on to play the Alberta Junior Hockey League champions in the Doyle Cup for the right to compete for the national championship. The BCJHL was renamed the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) in 1995.

Further expansion and relocations
The Burnaby Bulldogs joined as an expansion team in 1998 and moved to Port Alberni in 2002. The Coquitlam Express and the Salmon Arm Silverbacks joined in 2001. The Williams Lake TimberWolves joined in 2002 and folded in 2010.

The Chilliwack Chiefs moved to Langley in 2006 and were later renamed the Langley Rivermen. That team replaced the Langley Hornets who moved to West Kelowna and were later renamed the West Kelowna Warriors. In 2011, the Quesnel Millionaires moved to Chilliwack and were renamed the Chilliwack Chiefs.

The Wenatchee Wild joined in 2015 and ownership moved operations up to the WHL in 2023, following the BCHL move to go independent. The Cranbrook Bucks joined the league in 2020.

Withdrawal from CJHL and Hockey Canada
In March 2021, the BCHL withdrew its membership from the Canadian Junior Hockey League.

On May 1, 2023, the BCHL decided not to renew its agreement with governing body Hockey Canada, and thus became an independent league. The reasons for the decision included more control over their scheduling, particularly the timing of the playoffs, and allowing BCHL teams to recruit players under the age of 18 from outside BC Hockey's territorial jurisdiction.

Expansion into Alberta
On January 20, 2024, the league announced that five teams from the Alberta Junior Hockey League would join the BCHL in the 2024-25 season, namely, the Blackfalds Bulldogs, Brooks Bandits, Okotoks Oilers, Sherwood Park Crusaders, and Spruce Grove Saints. In the interim, it was decided that the five Alberta-based teams would play out the rest of the 2023-24 season as a separate division under the aegis of the BCHL, and that there would be a year-end competition with the winner of the Alberta-based teams playing the winner of the BC-based teams.

Affiliation with the VIJHL
Beginning in 2024–25, the league will have an affiliation agreement with the VIJHL. Following the announcement of the agreement, some BCHL clubs acquired an ownership stake in VIJHL clubs. However, sources reported that there will be no club-specific affiliations, and that BCHL teams will be allowed to call players up from, or send players down to, any VIJHL team.

Current franchises
For the 2024–25 BCHL season, the league's 21 teams will be organized into four divisions, and two conferences: with 10 teams making up the Coastal Conference, and 11 teams making up the Interior Conference.

Franchise history

 * 1961 – Okanagan-Mainline Junior Hockey League founded with Kamloops Jr. Rockets, Kelowna Buckaroos, Penticton Jr. Vees, and Vernon Jr. Canadians
 * 1962 – Vernon Jr. Canadians become Vernon Blades
 * 1963 – OMJHL changes name to Okanagan Junior Hockey League
 * 1963 – Penticton Jr. Vees leave league
 * 1964 – Penticton returns as Penticton Broncos
 * 1964 – Kamloops Jr. Rockets become Kamloops Kraft Kings
 * 1967 – OJHL changes name to British Columbia Junior Hockey League
 * 1967 – Vernon Blades become Vernon Essos
 * 1967 – Kamloops Kraft Kings become Kamloops Rockets
 * 1967 – New Westminster Royals and Victoria Cougars join from Pacific Coast Junior A Hockey League
 * 1969 – Vancouver Centennials join league
 * 1970 – Chilliwack Bruins join league
 * 1971 – New Westminster Royals and Victoria Cougars leave league
 * 1972 – Vancouver Centennials become Vancouver Villas
 * 1972 – Nanaimo Clippers and Bellingham Blazers join league
 * 1973 – Kamloops Rockets move and become White Rock Centennials and then Merritt Centennials
 * 1973 – Vancouver Villas leave league
 * 1973 – Langley Lords join league
 * 1973 – Vernon Essos become Vernon Vikings
 * 1975 – Penticton Broncos become Penticton Vees
 * 1975 – Bellingham Blazers become Maple Ridge Blazers
 * 1976 – Kamloops Braves and Abbotsford Flyers join league
 * 1976 – Maple Ridge Blazers become Bellingham Blazers
 * 1976 – Chilliwack Bruins become Maple Ridge Bruins
 * 1976 – Langley Lords become Langley Thunder
 * 1977 – Maple Ridge Bruins move, renamed Revelstoke Bruins
 * 1977 – Kamloops Braves become Kamloops Chiefs
 * 1978 – Kamloops Chiefs become Kamloops Rockets
 * 1978 – Bellingham Blazers become Bellingham Ice Hawks
 * 1978 – Chilliwack Colts and Delta Suns join league
 * 1979 – Penticton Vees become Penticton Knights
 * 1979 – Revelstoke Bruins and Kamloops Rockets merge to become Revelstoke Bruins/Rockets
 * 1979 – Richmond Sockeyes and Nor'Wes Caps join league from Pacific Junior A Hockey League
 * 1979 – Delta Suns, Langley Thunder, and Vernon Canadians leave league
 * 1980 – Vernon rejoins league as Vernon Lakers
 * 1980 – Cowichan Valley Capitals and Coquitlam Comets join league
 * 1980 – Revelstoke Bruins/Rockets change name to Revelstoke Rockets
 * 1980 – Bellingham Ice Hawks move, renamed Vancouver Blue Hawks
 * 1980 – Chilliwack Colts cease operations mid-season
 * 1981 – Langley Eagles join league
 * 1981 – Coquitlam Comets and Nor'Wes Caps cease operations
 * 1982 – Esquimalt Buccaneers and Shuswap/Salmon Arm Totems join league
 * 1982 – Nanaimo Clippers cease operations
 * 1982 – Vancouver Blue Hawks move, renamed Burnaby Blue Hawks
 * 1983 – Revelstoke Rockets renamed Revelstoke Rangers
 * 1983 – Esquimalt Buccaneers move, renamed Nanaimo Clippers
 * 1983 – Kelowna Buckaroos move, renamed Summerland Buckaroos
 * 1983 – New Westminster Royals cease operations
 * 1984 – Cowichan Valley Capitals move, renamed Sidney Capitals
 * 1984 – Vernon Rockets renamed Vernon Lakers
 * 1985 – Delta Flyers and Kelowna Packers join league
 * 1985 – Burnaby Blue Hawks and Revelstoke Rangers cease operations
 * 1985 – Merritt Centennials renamed Merritt Warriors
 * 1985 – Abbotsford Flyers renamed Abbotsford Falcons
 * 1985 – Salmon Arm Totems renamed Salmon Arm/Shuswap Blazers
 * 1986 – Sidney Capitals move, renamed Juan de Fuca Whalers
 * 1987 – Salmon Arm/Shuswap Blazers renamed Salmon Arm Tigers
 * 1987 – Merritt Warriors renamed Merritt Centennials
 * 1987 – Langley Eagles move, renamed Chilliwack Eagles
 * 1988 – Summerland Buckaroos and Abbotsford Falcons cease operations
 * 1988 – Juan de Fuca Whalers move, renamed Cowichan Valley Whalers
 * 1988 – New Westminster Royals rejoin league
 * 1988 – Delta Flyers move, renamed Powell River Paper Kings
 * 1989 – Kelowna Packers renamed Kelowna Spartans
 * 1989 – Chilliwack Eagles move, renamed Ladner Penguins
 * 1989 – Cowichan Valley Whalers renamed Cowichan Valley Capitals
 * 1989 – Salmon Arm Tigers cease operations
 * 1990 – Penticton Knights renamed Penticton Panthers
 * 1990 – Victoria Warriors join league
 * 1990 – Ladner Penguins move, renamed Bellingham Ice Hawks
 * 1990 – Richmond Sockeyes move, renamed Chilliwack Chiefs
 * 1990 – Cowichan Valley Capitals cease operations
 * 1991 – New Westminster Royals move, renamed Surrey Eagles
 * 1993 – Cowichan Valley Capitals rejoin league
 * 1993 – Victoria Warriors cease operations
 * 1994 – Victoria Salsa, Langley Thunder, Royal City Outlaws join league
 * 1995 – Bellingham Ice Hawks sell franchise rights to Trail Smoke Eaters of the Rocky Mountain Junior Hockey League; Trail joins BCHL
 * 1995 – Vernon Lakers renamed Vernon Vipers
 * 1995 – Kelowna Spartans cease operations
 * 1996 – Royal City Outlaws sell franchise rights to Prince George Spruce Kings; both Prince George and the Quesnel Millionaires of the RMJHL join the BCHL
 * 1996 – Surrey Eagles renamed South Surrey Eagles
 * 1998 – Burnaby Bulldogs join league
 * 1998 – Powell River Paper Kings renamed Powell River Kings; Langley Thunder renamed Langley Hornets
 * 2001 – Coquitlam Express and Salmon Arm Silverbacks join league
 * 2002 – Williams Lake TimberWolves join league
 * 2002 – Burnaby Bulldogs move to Alberni Valley
 * 2003 – South Surrey Eagles renamed Surrey Eagles
 * 2004 – Penticton Panthers renamed Penticton Vees
 * 2005 – Coquitlam Express move to Burnaby
 * 2006 – Langley Hornets move, renamed Westside Warriors
 * 2006 – Chilliwack Chiefs move to Langley
 * 2006 – Victoria Salsa renamed Victoria Grizzlies
 * 2007 – Williams Lake TimberWolves take leave of absence from league
 * 2009 – Williams Lake TimberWolves active in league
 * 2010 – Williams Lake TimberWolves declared "not in good standing"; operations suspended
 * 2010 – Burnaby Express move to Coquitlam
 * 2011 – Quesnel Millionaires move, become Chilliwack Chiefs
 * 2011 – Langley Chiefs renamed Langley Rivermen
 * 2012 – Westside Warriors renamed West Kelowna Warriors
 * 2015 – Wenatchee Wild join league from the North American Hockey League
 * 2020 – Cranbrook Bucks join the league as an expansion team
 * 2023 – Wenatchee Wild join the WHL
 * 2024 – Blackfalds Bulldogs, Brooks Bandits, Okotoks Oilers, Sherwood Park Crusaders, and Spruce Grove Saints switch from the AJHL to the BCHL
 * 2024 – Merritt Centennials leave the BCHL and join the KIJHL

League championships
The top eight teams from each conference at the end of the regular season advance to the playoffs to compete for the league championship Fred Page Cup.

National championships
The Centennial Cup (known as the Royal Bank Cup from 1996 to 2018) is the Canadian Junior Hockey League championship tournament. It was awarded to BCHL teams 14 times in its history. BCHL teams are no longer eligible to play in the tournament since the league withdrew from the CJHL in 2021.

 * 1986: Penticton Knights
 * 1987: Richmond Sockeyes
 * 1990: Vernon Lakers
 * 1991: Vernon Lakers
 * 1993: Kelowna Spartans
 * 1996: Vernon Vipers
 * 1998: South Surrey Eagles
 * 1999: Vernon Vipers
 * 2006: Burnaby Express
 * 2009: Vernon Vipers
 * 2010: Vernon Vipers
 * 2012: Penticton Vees
 * 2016: West Kelowna Warriors
 * 2018: Chilliwack Chiefs

BCHL records
Individual records Team records
 * Most goals in a season: 105, Brett Hull, Penticton, 1983–84
 * Most assists in a season: 111, Bob Ginetti, Burnaby, 1986–87
 * Most points in a season: 188, Brett Hull, Penticton, 1983–84
 * Most goals in a season, defenceman: 38, Campbell Blair, Vernon, 1986–87
 * Most assists in a season, defenceman: 77, Bruce Harris, Bellingham, 1978–79; Ian Kidd, Penticton, 1984–85
 * Most points in a season, defenceman: 109, Campbell Blair, Vernon, 1986–87
 * Most goals in a season, rookie: 84, John Newberry, Nanaimo, 1979–80
 * Most assists in a season, rookie: 103, Doug Berry, Kelowna, 1974–75
 * Most points in a season, rookie: 185, John Newberry, Nanaimo, 1979–80
 * Most shorthanded goals in a season: 14, Greg Hadden, New Westminster, 1988–89
 * Most powerplay goals in a season: 32, Dan Bousquet, Penticton, 1993–94
 * Longest consecutive shutout streak: 250 minutes, 25 seconds, Brad Thiessen, Prince George, 2005–06
 * Winning streak in a season: 42 Games Penticton Vees 2011-2012
 * Most wins in a season: 54 Penticton Vees, 2011–2012; 52, New Westminster Royals, 1989–90; Vernon Vipers, 1998–99
 * Most points in a season: 110, Penticton Vees, 2011-2012
 * Most goals scored in a season: 498, Penticton Knights, 1984–85
 * Fewest goals against in a season: 130, Penticton Knights, 48-game schedule, 1981–82; 115, Powell River Kings, 60-game schedule, 2010–11

Notable alumni
Brett Hull, a National Hockey League Hall of Famer, played for the Penticton Knights and holds the BCHL record for most goals in a season (105), which he set in 1983–84. Other NHLers who played in the BCHL include Chuck Kobasew of the Penticton Panthers, Scott Gomez of the Surrey Eagles, Carey Price of the Quesnel Millionaires, Willie Mitchell of the Kelowna Spartans, Shawn Horcoff of the Chilliwack Chiefs, and Paul Kariya of the Penticton Panthers.

List of NHL alumni
Names in bold indicate inductees of the Hockey Hall of Fame

 * Al Cameron
 * Al Hill
 * Alan Kerr
 * Alexander Kerfoot
 * Andrew Hammond
 * Andy Moog
 * Barry Beck
 * Barry Pederson
 * Beau Bennett
 * Bill Lindsay
 * Bill Muckalt
 * Blair Chapman
 * Bob Gassoff
 * Bob Hess
 * Bob McGill
 * Bob Nicholson
 * Bob Nystrom
 * Brad Bombardir
 * Brad Hunt
 * Brad Maxwell
 * Brad Palmer
 * Brandon Yip
 * Brendan Morrison
 * Brett Hull
 * Bruce Affleck
 * Bruce Cowick
 * Butch Deadmarsh
 * Byron Dafoe
 * Chris Jensen
 * Chris Murray
 * Cliff Ronning
 * Colin Greening
 * Craig Redmond
 * Curt Brackenbury
 * Curt Fraser
 * Dallas Drake
 * Dan Hodgson
 * Dan Kesa
 * Dane Jackson
 * Daryl Stanley
 * Dave Williams
 * Dave Lewis
 * David Jones
 * David Oliver
 * Dean Evason
 * Don Ashby
 * Don Barber
 * Don Murdoch
 * Don Nachbaur
 * Doug Berry
 * Doug Lidster
 * Duncan Keith
 * Dwight Mathiasen
 * Ed Beers
 * Eddie Johnstone
 * Errol Rausse
 * Frank Spring
 * Fred Berry
 * Garry Howatt
 * Gary Lupul
 * Gary Nylund
 * Gene Carr
 * Geoff Courtnall
 * Glen Metropolit
 * Glenn Anderson
 * Glenn Merkosky
 * Grant Mulvey
 * Greg Adams
 * Greg Adams
 * Greg Fox
 * Harold Phillipoff
 * Howard Walker
 * Ian Kidd
 * Jack McIlhargey
 * Jamie Benn
 * Jan Bulis
 * Jason Krog
 * Jason Marshall
 * Jeff Finley
 * Jeff Tambellini
 * Jerry Holland
 * Jim Harrison
 * Joe Murphy
 * John Craighead
 * John Ogrodnick
 * John-Paul Kelly
 * Justin Schultz
 * Ken Berry
 * Ken Priestlay
 * Kevin Maxwell
 * Kyle Turris
 * Larry Hale
 * Larry Melnyk
 * Larry Playfair
 * Link Gaetz
 * Mark Lofthouse
 * Mark Recchi
 * Mark Taylor
 * Matt Ellison
 * Matt Irwin
 * Matt Pettinger
 * Mel Bridgman
 * Milan Lucic
 * Miles Zaharko
 * Murray Baron
 * Nathan Lieuwen
 * Olaf Kölzig
 * Paul Cyr
 * Paul Kariya
 * Paul Kruse
 * Paul Mulvey
 * Paul Shmyr
 * Randy Rota
 * Ray Ferraro
 * Reg Kerr
 * Richard Kromm
 * Rick Lapointe
 * Rick Shinske
 * Robert Dirk
 * Ron Delorme
 * Ron Flockhart
 * Ron Greschner
 * Rudy Poeschek
 * Ryan Johansen
 * Ryan Walter
 * Scott Gomez
 * Scott Levins
 * Shawn Horcoff
 * Stan Smyl
 * Steve Kariya
 * Steve Passmore
 * Steve Tuttle
 * Tanner Glass
 * Tim Hunter
 * Tim Watters
 * Todd Ewen
 * Tom Martin
 * Tom McMurchy
 * Tony Currie
 * Torrie Robertson
 * Troy Stecher
 * Tyler Bozak
 * Tyson Barrie
 * Tyson Jost
 * Wade Campbell
 * Wayne Bianchin
 * Wayne Van Dorp
 * Willie Mitchell

Withdrawal from Hockey Canada
In March 2021, the league withdrew its membership from the Canadian Junior Hockey League. The league cited a financial dispute as one of the reasons. It said that there was a long-standing practice of the NHL compensating Hockey Canada when their players are drafted by the NHL. If the draft pick comes from a Major Junior club, the team receives compensation from Hockey Canada. However, if the draft pick comes from a Junior A club, compensation is awarded to the CJHL, not the club.

On May 1, 2023, the BCHL made the controversial decision not to renew its agreement with governing body Hockey Canada, and thus became an independent league. The reasons for the decision included the aim of allowing BCHL teams to recruit players under the age of 18 from outside BC Hockey's territorial jurisdiction. Under Hockey Canada regulations: "Players seventeen (17) years of age and below must register in the Member where their Parent(s) reside, unless the Player is registered in a Hockey Canada School With Residence or Hockey Canada Accredited School, and registers with one (1) of that school’s Teams." The residential qualification does not apply to CHL Major Junior clubs, therefore they are able to recruit 16- and 17-year-old players from any jurisdiction in Canada. Players who sign with CHL clubs become ineligible to play college hockey in the United States because they are considered to be professionals by the NCAA. Therefore, the BCHL sought to become a viable alternative for elite 16- and 17-year-old players who are capable of playing Major Junior but want to retain their NCAA eligibility. Beginning in the 2023-24 season, BCHL teams are required to have at least three players under the age of 18 on their roster.

As a consequence of becoming an independent, or non-sanctioned, league, anyone—including players, coaches, trainers, managers and referees—involved with the BCHL after the 30 September cut-off date, is barred from participating in any sanctioned games and programs for the remainder of the season under Hockey Canada's Non-Sanctioned Leagues policy. Players who are cut from BCHL rosters after 30 September would have limited options to play elsewhere. Further, BCHL teams would not be able to recruit affiliate players, i.e. players from a lower tier league that may be selected to play a limited number of games at the higher level, from leagues that are within the Hockey Canada framework. Because of this, the BCHL increased the number of players that teams could include in their regular roster. This was intended to reduce the likelihood of players being cut after the deadline, but also resulted in some players getting less playing time.

On 29 April 2024, the Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League (VIJHL) announced that it would also withdraw from the Hockey Canada framework and operate as an independent farm league for the BCHL beginning in the 2024–25 season.

title: British Columbia Hockey League


text:
Sacandaga River

The Sacandaga River is a 64 mi river in the northern part of New York in the United States. Its name comes from the Native American Sa-chen-da'-ga, meaning "overflowed lands".

The Sacandaga River is a tributary of the Hudson River, flowing into it at Hadley, at the border of Saratoga and Warren counties.

River course
The Sacandaga River's headwaters north of Great Sacandaga Lake begin in the town of Lake Pleasant. From Lake Pleasant, the river follows a short moving course or path known as the Sacandaga Outlet (under New York Route 8) into Lake Pleasant. The Sacandaga River drains Lake Pleasant at a location next to the public beach in the village of Speculator. The river then follows a winding path through some wetlands and various ecosystems through the county. In Speculator, the Sacandaga River Community Park was built by local volunteers and has a number of boardwalks and pathways that follow the course of the river.

Near the town boundary between Wells and Lake Pleasant, the river flows into a series of ponds. The Sacandaga River course takes a steep path flowing over a series of waterfalls including Christine Falls, Austin Falls and Auger Falls.

The East Branch joins the trunk stream in the town of Wells. After flowing through Wells, the river enters Lake Algonquin, a manmade impoundment constructed in the 1920s to stimulate the community's tourism industry. The East Branch goes through Johnsburg in Warren County and flows parallel to, in part, NY Route 8, passing the communities of Oregon in Johnsburg and Griffin in the town of Wells. The Sacandaga flows out of Lake Algonquin into a hydro-electric plant and follows a course of rapids to Great Sacandaga Lake through the towns of Hope and Benson. In that area, it connects with Groff Creek. Then it enters the Great Sacandaga Lake in the village of Northville, which it flows through the lake to the Conklingville Dam. Which then it enters the town of Hadley, where it ends at the Hudson River. Downstream of Stewart's Dam in Hadley, recreational releases are held by Brookfield Energy, creating a two-mile Class II whitewater run to the Hudson River for local paddlers.

Hydrology
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) maintains a few stream gauges along Sacandaga River. The one station located 4.5 mi upstream from Hope, had a maximum discharge of 32000 cuft per second on March 27, 1913, and a minimum discharge of 16 cuft per second on September 30, 1913. Another station located 1.4 mi upstream from the mouth in operation since 1907, had a maximum discharge of 35500 cuft per second on March 28, 1913, and a minimum discharge of 4.2 cuft per second on May 4, 1985, March 30–31, and many days in April 1992. Since the construction of Great Sacandaga Lake in 1930, the maximum discharge was 16500 cuft on May 2, 2011.

Tributaries
Right

Johnson Vly Stream Shanty Brook Dunning Creek West Branch Sacandaga River Groff Creek Petes Creek West Stony Creek Cloutler Creek Batcheller Creek Gordons Creek Daly Creek Breen Brook

Left

Kunjamuk River Fly Creek Robbs Creek Macomber Creek East Branch Sacandaga River Mill Creek Coulombe Creek Doig Creek East Stony Creek Beecher Creek Sand Creek Glasshouse Creek Paul Creek Allentown Creek Bell Brook Mink Brook Man Shanty Brook

Dam and reservoir
The Conklingville Dam, finished in 1930, located by the west town line of Hadley, greatly expanded the width of the river, creating Great Sacandaga Lake, formerly called the Great Sacandaga Reservoir.

title: Sacandaga River


text:
Amaral (band)

Amaral is a Spanish rock duo from Zaragoza, who have sold more than four million albums worldwide. The band consists of Eva Amaral (vocals) and Juan Aguirre (guitar), who write their songs together. Amaral and Aguirre met in 1992 in a bar in Zaragoza. She played drums in a local punk rock band called Bandera Blanca and also sang with Acid Rain. Aguirre was playing with a band called Días de Vino y Rosas at the time. Soon after they met, the two decided to play together and perform their own material. In 1997, they moved to Madrid and signed a major deal with EMI. Amaral's musical style is often called pop rock, but it is often fused with Latin beats, folk rock, synthesizers, complex poetic lyrics, and in particular, traditional Spanish folk music. Their distinctive style was described by Juan as folk, "and the person who has heard a lot of folk and traditional music will listen and understand, but I think our attitude to life is rather that of a rock group."

Juan Aguirre was born in San Sebastián (also known as Donostia) in the Guipúzcoa province of Spain. He spent his childhood in the town of and currently resides in Zaragoza, while Eva originates from Zaragoza. The inspirations for their songs include cinema, friends, and literature. Amaral have won numerous awards including the MTV Europe Music Award for their 2002 album Estrella de mar, which was nominated for 5 other categories, and are one of the best-selling Spanish groups of all time. As of 2019, they have released eight studio albums, one (double) live album, and two live DVDs. According to Eva, they are "a libertarian group that doesn’t think of music as a conquest or a competition... We chose music as a way to break a lifestyle that we didn’t like and a society that we don’t understand."

Collaborations
Amaral has collaborated with many well-known artists in the music industry:
 * Álvaro Urquijo, contributions on the album Amaral
 * Tony Beard (Mike Oldfield, Mick Jagger), on drums
 * Peter Buck, on the song "Doce palabras", from the album Gato Negro Dragón Rojo
 * Chetes, on the song "Si Tú No Vuelves", from the album Pajaros en la Cabeza
 * Beto Cuevas, on the song "Te Necesito".
 * Danny Cummings (Mark Knopfler, Bryan Adams), on percussion
 * Melvin Duffyel (Robbie Williams, Sting), on pedal steel guitar
 * Echo String Quartet, on strings.
 * Antonio Escobar, programming on the album Hacia lo salvaje
 * Russell Milton (The Waterboys), on bass
 * Moby, on the single "Escapar (Slipping Away)"
 * Danny Shogger (George Michael, Paul McCartney), on keyboards
 * Pereza, on the Spanish band's 2006 track "La Noria" from the album Los amigos de los animales.
 * Ariel Rot, on the 2006 track "Sin saber qué decir" from his 2007 album Dúos, Tríos y Otras Perversiones.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Amaral (1998)
 * Una pequeña parte del mundo (2000)
 * Estrella de mar (2002)
 * Pájaros en la cabeza (2005)
 * Gato negro◆Dragón rojo (double album) (2008)
 * Hacia lo salvaje (2011)
 * Nocturnal (2015)
 * Salto al color (2019)

title: Amaral (band)


text: Category:Ivorian musical groups

title: Category:Ivorian musical groups


text:
Mudmen

Mudmen are a Canadian Celtic rock band. They are best known for their singles "5 O'Clock", "Saturday", and "Drink and Fight" as well as their covers of Spirit of the West's "Home for a Rest" and AC/DC's "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)".

History
The Mudmen formed in Alvinston/Petrolia in 1998. The original band members were vocalist Zoy Nicoles, guitarist Lonny Knapp, bassist Tommy Skilton, drummer Ryan McCaffrey and bagpipe-playing brothers Robby and Sandy Campbell who were the founding members, who had previously been signed with the EMI label under the name The Campbell Brothers.

In 2001 the Mudmen performed at the Snow Jam festival in Halifax. That year the band released a self-titled studio album; a second album, Overrated, was released in 2003. The band then toured across Canada with Bif Naked, and played at many festivals, including Edgefest.

The Mudmen released 9 studio albums—Mudmen (2001), Overrated (2003), Defending The Kingdom (2005), The High Road (2009), Another Day (2010), Donegal Danny (2012), "Where I Came From" (2013),  "Train" (2015), and "Old Plaid Shirt (2016).

The band's music has been featured in popular culture—their single "Lost", from their self-titled debut, was featured in a promotional video for the NBC television show The Black Donnelly's, and their single "Animal" was featured in the soundtracks of the video games Burnout 3: Takedown, MX vs. ATV Unleashed HBO'S Shameless. The Campbell Brothers "founding members" appear on the Bob and Doug's 24 anniversary special and have music featured on Don Cherry's hockey videos 9,19,2024,27,29 and coach's corner Dale Hunter Tribute. The Mudmen wrote and recorded the theme entrance music for WWE Wrestlers The Highlanders, reached #19 on the Edge radio top 20 countdown with 6 music videos on Much Music. Career highlights include meeting & performing for the Queen, performing at the 84 Edmonton oilers Stanley Cup re-union, The Oilers/Flames home opening ceremonies, 7 Grey Cups, 3 memorial Cups, 12 Canada's Walk of Fame Ceremonies,2 Special Olympic opening televised ceremonies opening up for legendary bands ZZ Top & The Guess Who.Mudmen and the Campbell Brothers have performed over 3000 shows to date.

The Mudmen are continuing to perform together. The Brantford Blast and Brantford Red Sox are currently using the Mudmen's song "Go team Go" as their entrance theme.

Name and background
The band's name comes from the Campbell Brothers "founding members" occupation prior to forming the band. They were mixing mortar and carrying bricks for bricklayers.

The band's music is influenced by traditional Scottish music, as well as hard rock groups such as AC/DC. Mudmen have opened for many well-known bands, including ZZ Top, Tool, Dropkick Murphys and Bowling for Soup, as well as fellow Canadians Nickelback, Sum 41 and The Guess Who.

Band members
Sandy Campbell - Bagpipes, Backup Vocals Robby Campbell - Bagpipes Colin Amey - Lead singer, Guitar Emmett Glancie- Bass Guitar, Backup Vocals Andy Gingerich - Drums, Percussion Alex Showdra - Electric Guitar, Banjo, Mandolin, Backup Vocals, Live Sound

Current band members

 * Robby Campbell - Bagpipes
 * Sandy Campbell - Bagpipes
 * Colin Amey-Lead Singer, Acoustic Guitar
 * Emmett Glancie- Bass Guitar,Backup Vocals
 * Andy Gingerich - Drums, Percussion
 * Alex Showdra - Electric Guitar, Banjo, Mandolin, Backup Vocals, Live Sound

Former band members

 * Dan Westenenk - Bass Guitar
 * Jeremy Burton - Drums
 * Steve Gore - Vocals and Guitar
 * Zois (ZOY) Nicoles - Lead Vocals
 * Lonny Knapp - Guitar
 * Tommy Skilton - Bass Guitar
 * Ryan McCaffrey - Drums
 * Mordy Harroch - vocals
 * Alex Maletich-Guitar, Banjo & Mandolin
 * Troy Spinney-Bass Guitar
 * Matt Coburn-Guitar
 * Mike Meacher - Vocals and Guitar
 * Jordon Brosseau - Bass Guitar, backup Vocals

Discography

 * Mudmen (2001, EMI)
 * Overrated (2003 Sextent/EMI)
 * Defending the Kingdom (2006 Mudpiper Records)
 * The High Road  (2009 Mudpiper Records)
 * Another Day (2010, Mudpiper Records)
 * Donegal Danny (2012, Mudpiper Records)
 * Where I Came From (2013, Mudpiper Records)
 * On a Train (2015, Mudpiper Records)
 * Old Plaid Shirt (2016, Mudpiper Records)
 * Best of Mudmen (2021,Mudpiper Records)
 * Farmers Tan (2022,Mudpiper Records)

title: Mudmen


text:
Talk:Mudmen

Untitled
I can't believe I forgot to sign in before posting the article. I however am its proud creator (my first new article. Huzzah for me.)  Paul 03:47, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Did they name themselves after the Pink Floyd track with this title? Martyn Smith 22:58, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Mudmen


text: Category:Cuban music history

title: Category:Cuban music history


text:
Talk:Tsushima, Nagasaki

1
I don't see why Mr Tan moved this article against our current policy. See Manual of Style (Japan-related_articles). --Nanshu 03:47, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Name
Tsushima, Nagasaki can pertain to anything called Tsushima in Nagasaki. It can merely refer to the Tsushima Islands, which is part of the Nagasaki prefecture and can also be called Tsushima, Nagasaki. Therefore, to be more specific, I recommend that the name Tsushima city should be used since it is a city.

Tan 22:35, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The Tsushima island whole region is Tsushima city. And,it is clear like "Nagasaki, Nagasaki" that "Tsushima, Nagasaki" means "Tsushima city". Is it necessary to change into the name which you recommended???

--YAZASHI 15:31, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Mr Tan, if you disagree, propose a revision of the MoS. If your proposal is approved by the community, then move this article as you like. Otherwise, don't move it. --Nanshu 02:17, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Copyediting
It seems that the article may need copyediting. I don't know, but if copyeditors think that the article is okay, he or she may remove it.

Mr Tan 07:51, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tsushima Island & Tsushima, Nagasaki
I just want to point out how terrible these articles are... I'm not sure if WikiProject Japan is catching onto these errors or not...

Here are the problems, which I just can't fix but only point out because they're controversial, I myself am not learned enough about the island, and I don't have many sources available (only English internet, can't read Japanese) about the subject.

 * "Tsushima is geographically close to the Korean Peninsula, so environmental problems arising from South Korea affect Tsushima."This statement shines like gold right above the "quality cleanup notice"... which should be really "NPOV notice". Couldn't environmental problems arising from Japan have at least some effect on Tsushima as well? I don't get what this statement's getting at. A thesis or something.

 * This situation calls for the patrol vessel of the Tsushima Maritime Safety Department of Japan to mobilize. However, in spite of an oral warning from the patrol vessel, a South Korean hovercraft may ram the patrol vessel or throw things such as Molotov cocktails or kitchen knives and generally fight back. This section seems like a strawman argument because it sounds so stupid that whoever wrote this must have been xxx & readers would guess that a Japanese wrote it --> makes Japanese look bad. Anyways, in order to be neutral, I think that you have to give specific examples (i.e. newspaper articles) of the Korean boats escaping the patrol boats (which I would assume as impossible), and also efforts from the S. Korean government (I'm sure there must be) in order to stop the fishing... Also statistics or something that indicates how much illegal fishing is done in the area.

 * Moreover, the maritime safety official of Japan who fought against the South Korean hovercraft was abducted on June 1, 2005....and the Japanese maritime safety official was rescued. This section (abridged) sounds like a fairy tale or something. Maybe the abductees were N. Koreans. Any citation?

 * About this problem, a certain Masan member of a city council says "Since the garbage which drifted ashore is South Korean garbage, it should clean up by Masan visiting to Tsushima periodically." Citation please.

 * About the polyeth..skdjl bottle, what's the point of mentioning it? I don't like how the section claims that pollution comes from S. Korea, links it vaguely to the catch of a PET bottle, and then concludes that S. Koreans are the cause of toxic wastes in Tsushima. Too much POV implications here.

 * On May 20, 2006, a combined team comprising of South Korean students and locals from Tsushima jointly cleaned up the polluted beaches along Tsushima. [1] And then here's a reference! FINALLY! The last sentence of the entire article has a reference! Congrats minna. Not everyone, the JPOV kids. This article was well invested by JPOV editors to express whatever animosity they possess for their neighboring country. Half of the article was about S. Korean pollution. So, if you don't want to hear all these, please fix them within your own public sphere. (Wikimachine 01:35, 29 December 2006 (UTC))

Tourism
"Tsushima lacks any English signs" I lived on Tsushima for 10 months and there were definitely some English signs. The major roads usually had town names written in Japanese, Korean and Roman characters. Many shrines and other places of interest also have descriptive plaques in English.

75.82.25.193 07:15, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * A quick googling showed me pics like this and this. I deleted the sentence "Tsushima lacks any English signs". Kzaral (talk) 10:41, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Tidying up?
Some of this article reads a bit poorly, perhaps someone can come and clean up the grammar a bit.

Seashore pollution
It seems that garbages drifted from Korea affected a certain degree of the beach pollution in Tsushima. One recent article published by YonhapNews of South Korea reported that Japanese and Korea students gathered about 50 tons of garbages and about 30% of them was appeared to be from Korea (http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2007/10/09/0200000000AKR20071009194400051.HTML). However, it is not close to 80 percent as described in the main article.--Bin2k1 11:54, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

POV tag
This concerns POV tag cleanup. Whenever an POV tag is placed, it is necessary to also post a message in the discussion section stating clearly why it is thought the article does not comply with POV guidelines, and suggestions for how to improve it. This permits discussion and consensus among editors. This is a drive-by tag, which is discouraged in WP, and it shall be removed. Future tags should have discussion posted as to why the tag was placed, and how the topic might be improved. Better yet, edit the topic yourself with the improvements. This statement is not a judgement of content, it is only a cleanup of frivolously and/or arbitrarily placed tags. No discussion, no tag.Jjdon (talk) 00:40, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tsushima, Nagasaki


text:
Talk:Surface Transportation Board

Untitled
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=104_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ88.104 contains the actual text of Public Law 104-88 104th Congress.

Price regulation still in effect?
After the ICC Termination Act of 1995, to what degree is the freight railroad industry still subject to price controls? Did this Act deregulate the industry at all? -- Beland (talk) 02:06, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

FRA?
What is the relationship between STB and FRA? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.0.221.33 (talk) 00:00, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surface Transportation Board


text: Category:Spanish styles of music

title: Category:Spanish styles of music


text:
Donna Lewis

Donna Lewis (born 6 August 1959) is a Welsh singer. She is best known for the 1996 pop hit single "I Love You Always Forever", which peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart, and also peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, and the United States. In the US, the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for nine weeks, having been held off the summit by the Bayside Boys Remix of "Macarena" by Los Del Rio. It also became the highest-charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 by a Welsh artist since Bonnie Tyler topped the chart with "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in 1983. Additionally, the single is tied third among songs with the longest runs at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and at second for most weeks at number one on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. Lewis teamed up with Richard Marx on the 1997 adult contemporary hit "At the Beginning" for the Anastasia soundtrack. In 1997, Lewis was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Female Artist.

After releasing her second album, Blue Planet, Lewis left Atlantic Records and independently released albums Be Still and In the Pink. Her album Brand New Day was produced by David Torn and featured Ethan Iverson, Reid Anderson and Dave King.

Biography
There are conflicting accounts regarding Lewis's birth date. According to her biography on the Billboard and AllMusic websites,  written by employees of Rovi, and her BBC page, she was born on 6 August 1973. The following information is consistent with all sources: Lewis was born in Cardiff. She began playing the piano at the age of six. Her father, an amateur jazz pianist and guitarist lent encouragement, and at 14, she began composing original songs. Her formal training was at the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in Cardiff, where she majored in classical composition for piano and flute. Lewis then went on to teach music for a year in Sussex before moving to Birmingham to sing in a bar band. During that time she set up a home studio and began recording demos. She became a popular live attraction and circa 1993 began sending her demos to record labels. Atlantic Records signed her in 1994.

An article in People from November 1996 presents a different timeline of these events. It states that Lewis's graduation from the Royal Welsh College took place in 1979 and that she played in piano bars throughout Britain and Europe for a period of five years, so like many people in the public eye, there may have been attempts to make her age appear younger than she really is. In November 1996, she had been married for ten years to her road manager and "[gave] her age as in her 30s". This information, if correct, would imply that she was born between 1957 and 1966. This is roughly consistent with a statement Lewis made in an interview in 2015: "When I was in the pop world [...], I wasn't a 19 year old—I was 30 or something like that." The context suggests that this refers to the time when she got her Atlantic record deal. The biography on Lewis's own website does not date events prior to 1996. An article in Entertainment Weekly from September 1996 states that Lewis "won't reveal her age—she and her husband/manager, Martin Harris, have been married for nine years, so 'you know I'm not 21'". According to Companies House records for 'Donna Lewis Limited', of which both Donna Lewis ('Singer Songwriter') and her husband Martin Harris ('Business Manager') were directors, she was born in August 1959.

In 1996, Atlantic Records released Lewis's first single, "I Love You Always Forever", a love song which was a hit on VH1. It was also successful on U.S. radio, staying at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for nine consecutive weeks, and spending 13 consecutive weeks at No. 1 on the airplay chart. It exceeded one million "spins" on radio, to claim its place in music industry history as the most-played single up to that point. The single reached No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart in 1996, and spent 14 weeks in the chart. It helped her debut album, Now in a Minute, to No. 31 in the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, and No. 52 in the UK Albums Chart. It was certified platinum in the U.S.

Lewis recorded "At the Beginning" with Richard Marx for the 1997 film Anastasia. Her second LP, Blue Planet (1998), won critical acclaim, but it was largely overlooked by the public. Although it produced a minor hit in continental Europe and Asia, "I Could Be the One", and a U.S. No. 1 dance single, "Love Him", Lewis parted ways with Atlantic Records and independently produced her third LP, Be Still (2002), which featured her on an almost entirely acoustic set. During the early 2000s, Lewis was featured as a guest vocalist on several trance music/house music recordings. Her fourth LP, In the Pink, was released in 2008; its first single was "Shout," which was included in the soundtrack to the Marian Quinn film 32A. Lewis also sang lead vocals for her side project, Chute, which released their debut EP in April 2010. In March 2015, she released Brand New Day, her first full-length LP in nearly a decade.

Personal life
Lewis is married to Martin Harris, who is also her business manager. She resides in Boiceville, New York and has one son, Archie.

Collaborations

 * The Seduction of Claude Debussy – Art of Noise [guest vocalist] (2000)
 * Take Me Over – Dino Lenny [guest vocalist] (2001)
 * When the Rain Comes Down – [guest vocalist] (2001)
 * Dancing Angel – Ryan Farish [guest vocalist] (2010)
 * Chute (EP) – [lead singer] (2010)
 * "Running Up That Hill" – David Baron [vocals] (2019)
 * "Distance" - Michael Whalen [vocals] (2022)

Awards and nominations
{| class=wikitable ! Year !! Awards !! Work !! Category !! Result !! Ref.
 * rowspan=3|1997
 * Brit Awards
 * Herself
 * British Female Solo Artist
 * Nominated
 * RSH Gold Awards
 * rowspan=3|"I Love You Always Forever"
 * Airplay Hit of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan=2|ASCAP Pop Music Awards
 * rowspan=2|Most Performed Song
 * Won
 * 1999
 * Won
 * Won
 * 1999
 * Won
 * 1999
 * Won

title: Donna Lewis


text: Category:Cuban styles of music

title: Category:Cuban styles of music


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cat skiing

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE AND REDIRECT to skiing. Postdlf 22:00, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Cat skiing
Non notable dicdef, should be merged and deleted into skiing, no potential to become encyclopedic. Klonimus 03:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or keep types of skiing. No reason to delete redirect. Kappa 05:28, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. At the main skiing article it is more likely to attract related info about helicopter and other backcountry skiing to itself. FreplySpang (talk) 05:31, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Times Colonist

The Times Colonist is an English-language daily newspaper in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

It was formed by the September 2, 1980 merger of the Victoria Daily Times, established in 1884, and the British Colonist (later the Daily Colonist), established in 1858 by Amor De Cosmos who was later British Columbia's second Premier. The British Colonist was B.C.'s first paper "of any permanence". De Cosmos was the editor until 1866 when D.W. Higgins took over—he would remain in the role for the next twenty years.

Local news receives the greatest prominence in the Times Colonist. Stories and photographs about Greater Victoria are often featured on the front page. The newspaper also has national and international stories, plus sections covering the arts, sports, and business. The Times Colonist has a website as well as an e-edition, which offers a digital replica of the printed pages.

According to News Media Canada, the Times Colonist saw an average daily circulation of 58,297 in 2015. From 2016 to present, the average press run was below 31,000 copies daily. The Times Colonist is published six days a week (Tuesday to Sunday) and is sold by subscription or at newsstands.

History
On August 2, 1980, The Daily Colonist newspaper front page proclaimed "Merger pains lead to birth of new daily". Victoria Press Ltd., which produced both the Daily Colonist and the Victoria Times, could no longer sustain both competing newspapers without making significant financial cuts, Vice-President Colin McCullough wrote in a statement. Instead, both papers would fold, in what the paper called "the demise of two of Canada's oldest newspapers". The newly-formed Times-Colonist newspaper would be delivered twice-daily and subscriptions would continue to cost 5 dollars a month, although the newsstand price of the Saturday paper would rise from 5 to 35 cents.

The merger resulted in layoffs — 53 full-time and eight part-time employees were let go, resulting in challenges from union representatives and fired staffers.

The first edition of the Times Colonist was published Sept. 2, 1980. In 1983, the newspaper stopped printing both a morning and afternoon edition and moved to daily morning publication.

A two-storey Victoria Press Building had been constructed on Douglas Street in 1971, replacing smaller offices built on the same street in 1951. The Victoria Press Building remained the headquarters of the Times Colonist after the 1980 merger and up until the building's sale in 2017. The Victoria Heritage Society has deemed the building architecturally notable for its "characteristics of the Late Modern style including its pre-cast concrete panels, exposed aggregate stucco cladding [...] and its full-height central entryway with rounded pre-cast concrete walls."

In 1998, Southam Newspapers bought the Times Colonist. Two years later, it was sold again to CanWest Publications. On July 13, 2010, the Postmedia Network acquired CanWest Publications and all of its assets, including the Times Colonist.

On October 18, 2011, the Postmedia Network announced it would sell the Times Colonist, Nanaimo Daily News and Alberni Valley Times, as well as 20 weekly and bi-weekly community papers, to Glacier Media for $86.5 million.

In 2017, the Victoria Press Building was sold to Merchant House Capital. In 2018, the newspaper announced it would no longer print its own paper, allowing staff to focus on the content and distribution of the newspaper. Since Oct. 1, 2018, the newspaper has been printed by Black Press in Ladysmith. The newspaper offices were moved in 2020 to Upper Harbour Place, a mixed-used residential and office building on Tyee Road in Victoria West.

In June 2019, it was announced the first 122 years of the British Colonist (later, the Daily Colonist) would be available online, with free access, through the efforts of the Times Colonist, the University of Victoria and other funding partners. The digitized newspaper collection is reported to be one of the most popular database on the university's website.

On May 28, 2022, the Times Colonist reported its former building would reopen that summer—new tenants include a brewery and commercial kitchen space. The newspaper will not be returning to the building as a tenant when it reopens.

Circulation
The Times Colonist has seen a decline in print circulation in the last decade. Its total circulation dropped by 0 percent to 58,297 copies daily from 2009 to 2015. From 2016 to 2021, the average press run was below 31,000 copies daily. Since 2021 that number has dropped below 25,000 copies daily.

 * Daily average

title: Times Colonist


text:
Category:Network analyzers

Pertains to software used to analyze computer networks and their protocols.

title: Category:Network analyzers