text:
User talk:Bennie Noakes

 * Yo, referring to SKTFM's entry. Please ask the relivance of a topic in the discussion area, before you change or delete it. So far you have deleted the String Theory (which is the reality map concept from Tales from the Afternow in season 3), Then! You deleted the SKTFM.TV link without replacing it with the one at RANTMEDIA!!! http://sktfmtv.rantmedia.ca/

I have corrected your errors and please consult with others about possible changes. --Nalos6 05:31, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that's there's just WAY too many links for someone of Sean's standing. Some of them are already in the body of the article, so why put them at the end, too? Why is the "string theory" considered crucial? My "consultation with others" (on the talk page) has shown me that there's nearly a consensus that the article is too long and rambling in the first place. Bennie Noakes

Ingraham
Thanks, I didn't catch that part about the "but monkey" and it being used as a term for male homosexuals. Having listened to the show a few times, I know it has nothing to do with that. The mere suggestion that she would say such a thing is unacceptable. I will petition that it be removed. Haizum 19:06, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know if it should be removed. But it should be cited, as the origin of "butt monkey" is definitely not common knowledge. Bennie Noakes 20:49, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

What the Bleep Do We Know!?
Hello, I'm writing you to determine if there is concensus amoung recent editors of What the Bleep Do We Know!? to remove it's NPOV tag. Please weigh in with your opinion on the talk page Talk:What_the_Bleep_Do_We_Know%21%3F. Thanks!! Adelord 19:32, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

notability
Of course that they are notable, I'd suggest you revert your last action or expand your explanation with a few more sentences. Lovelight 04:43, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * What do you base this notability on? Bennie Noakes 04:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you serious? Lovelight 05:38, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Of course. Read Talk:World_Trade_Center. This has been discussed before. This article is about the building, not the attacks, so conspiracy theory links are irrelevant. If you go to the Sept. 11 attacks page, the CT article is mentioned. Bennie Noakes 17:48, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I see your point, however, there is interlink to the collapse of the world center theory, which shouldn't be there if consensus decided against conspiracy theories… never mind, these double standards are everywhere. Lovelight 21:29, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

link to warning templates
This page might help you get started. Non-admins cannot block, but admins are much more able to block if the rest of us place proper warnings on the offender's talk page. There is also AIV, but, again, AIV needs to see the warnings in place first. Hope that helps ... --Keesiewonder talk 03:03, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

3RR
Dreadstar has filed a 3RR report regarding your recent edits to the articles on What the bleep do we know!?. If you have reverted to an earlier page four or more times then you have broken Wikipedia's three-revert rule. You should undo your last reversion to avoid being blocked from editing Wikipedia. If you wish to comment or you believe you have not violated the rule then you may post here. Perspicacite 09:15, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Bleep OR straw poll
There is a straw poll being conducted on the Bleep OR issue. Your input is welcome. Dreadstar †  17:00, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Due to continued confusion around the scope of the Bleep OR straw poll, I’ve added a clarification note to say that the poll is primarily meant to see if everyone agrees that a majority of that content identified as unsourced or improperly sourced OR in the Bleep sandbox, is indeed OR. Please feel free to change your vote if necessary. Please post a message on my talk page if any of this is unclear. Thanks for your patience! Dreadstar †  17:54, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Multiple instances of a reference
You can use a format such as:

for the initial ref, then use the form for other instances of the same link referenced in the same article. This cuts down on the number of duplicate entries in the References section. – Dreadstar †  19:42, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Sure thing. Thanks! Bennie Noakes 20:21, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Mayanism
A template has been added to the article Mayanism, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author.  Zouavman   Le   Zouave   15:15, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Roy Masters (commentator)
I'm asking the major contributors to Talk:Roy Masters (commentator) to see my request for participation in a research review leading up to a significant rewrite of the article. Please take a moment to see my comments at the top of that talk page. VisitorTalk 17:32, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Lincoln Square
Please explain this edit. Thanks. --DerRichter (talk) 05:43, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Sure. How would you find a reference for "elegance"? It's an opinion, not a fact. Therefore, a request for a citation seems ridiculous. ---Bennie Noakes (talk) 08:40, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you for providing an explanation. I agree that it was excessive and have removed the pov word.  --DerRichter (talk) 18:44, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Ralph Nader
Hello Bennie Noakes. There is a discussion on the article talk page. You are welcome to participate. CassiasMunch (talk) 17:48, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't get it. CassiasMunch invites you to the talk page then accuses of being a sockpuppet. Not cool. Thejka (talk) 02:11, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

In regards to the “unexplained deletion” for which CassiasMuch accused you of being a sockpuppet, you may wish to look at this sockpuppet report: [CassiasMunch Sockpuppet. The Atlantic Monthly quote about Nader has been deleted many, many times by this sockpuppet. You are indeed "welcome to participate," but you may want to review the background first. [[User:CalBear44|CalBear44]] (talk) 17:12, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

World Trade Center
Removing the World Trade Center from video games and television shows is just overdoing it. It's not even the real thing. Have you ever heard of special effects? Besides, it doesn't matter. It's the real Twin Towers that mattered, we lost them. Television shows and popular culture do not need any interference with nine/eleven. Besides, it's been over seven years, SEVEN YEARS! 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. That's more than 3,000 days!

Just wanted to clear that up so you know why editing the World Trade Center out is ridiculous and uncalled for. Bob.--99.141.167.0 (talk) 02:47, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Neo (constructed language)

The article Neo (constructed language) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * not clear how this is notable, lacks references

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. RadioFan (talk) 12:19, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Bennie Noakes! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:05, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Inga Muscio -

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bennie Noakes


text: User talk:72.20.133.4

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:72.20.133.4


text: User talk:81.132.247.39

title: User talk:81.132.247.39


text:
User talk:Songchilde

Welcome!
Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:47, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Songchilde


text:
Ndjolé

Ndjolé is the capital town in the Abanga-Bigne Department in Gabon, lying northeast of Lambaréné on the Ogooué River, the N2 road and the Trans-Gabon Railway. It is known as a base for logging and as a transport hub. Ndjolé is the last city that can be reached by barge traffic traveling up the Ogooué River. Above Ndjolé there are rapids on the river.

History
In 1883, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza founded the military post of Ndjolé, a strategic point located on the Ogooué River.

The river being difficult to navigate upstream, it is here that foresters loaded their wood to bring it down to Port-Gentil.

The N'djolé prison, built in 1898 on an island on the Ogooué, opposite Ndjolé, was part of a French policy to build detention centres in the French overseas departments and territories then in the colonies. It was here that Samory Touré, founder and leader of the short-lived Wassoulou Empire, died in captivity. Alongside Samory Touré, Cheikh Amadou Bamba Mbacké also experienced exile and forced labour there.

title: Ndjolé


text:
Mayumba, Gabon

Mayumba is a Vili- and Shira-speaking town of about 5,208 people on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Gabon, at the end of the N6 road, lying on a peninsula separated from the mainland by the Banio Lagoon.

Description
It is known for its long sandy beach where leatherback turtles nest. The most common ethnic groups are Vili, Lumbu, and Punu, and locals of Mayumba town call themselves 'Mayesiens'. It is home to an airport, several small restaurants, and a market. There are seven primary schools in the area, and one junior high school of about 500 students. Mayumba lies 20 km north of Mayumba National Park, the only national park in Gabon that is dedicated to the protection of marine species.

Mayumba town is nestled among three small hills separating the lagoon from the ocean. Sleepy at the best of times, its two main streets only come to life at twilight when the townspeople meander past the market and a scattered small bars, exchanging greetings and the news of the day.

Oysters are part of Mayesien life. Each dry season (June to September) salt water floods in from the ocean, turning the lagoon near Mayumba clear and salty. This has two exciting effects. First, the clear sea water cleans the oyster beds near the lagoon mouth, making this wonderful seafood deliciously palatable. Secondly, the greater water visibility permits locals to dive for oysters and take them back for sale at Mayumba’s market. Oysters are purchased alive or already cooked ‘kebab’ style. Visitors can even try their hand at diving for an oyster (the usual depth of the water is only 3 meters (10 feet)) after which the diving party retires to the beach front where the oysters are grilled in their shells on open fires.

Mayumba is home to a very relaxed pace of life, but for those with energy to spare after a hard morning of tanning, swimming or sampling the local seafood, there are several good walks to be had in and around the town, with excellent views of the lagoon and the ocean. The seashore itself draws walkers like a magnet, and the wild coast to the immediate south of the town offers hiking limited only by your own stamina. Return home through the savannah for the chance to catch a glimpse of a rare bird or a sitatunga antelope.

Climate
Mayumba has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw).

title: Mayumba, Gabon


text:
Donnchadh Ó Briain

Donnchadh Ó Briain (17 November 1897 – 22 September 1981) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and Conradh na Gaeilge activist. He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1933 general election.

He was born 17 November 1897 in Knockaderry, County Limerick, one of two sons and a daughter of David O'Brien, a creamery manager, and Kathleen O'Brien (née Casey). He was educated at Ahalin national school and then at the Redemptorist College at Mount St Alphonsus, Limerick city, but was prevented from going to university by bouts of ill health.

On leaving school he worked in the creamery managed by his father for a number of years. By 1917 he had become involved in the independence movement as a member of Sinn Féin and later, of the West Limerick brigade of the Irish Republican Army. He was involved in the republican courts in Limerick and took the anti-treaty side in the Irish Civil War.

He was deeply involved in the Conradh na Gaeilge, which he also joined in 1917, having been influenced by Fr Tomás de Bhál. In 1920 Ó Briain was appointed Conradh na Gaeilge organiser for County Limerick, and from 1925 he served in that role for all of Munster province, founding numerous branches of the league. From 1928 to 1932 he served as general secretary of the Conradh na Gaeilge and also intermittently edited Fáinne an Lae.

A founder member of Fianna Fáil in 1926, he stood unsuccessfully in Limerick at the 1932 general election. He served as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Limerick and from 1948 for Limerick West constituencies until 1969 when he retired from politics. He served in the governments of Éamon de Valera and Seán Lemass as Government Chief Whip.

title: Donnchadh Ó Briain


text:
Campeonato Mato-Grossense

Campeonato Mato-Grossense is the football league of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It is organized by the Mato Grosso State Football Federation.

Format
First Division 2006

First stage:

 * The teams are divided in two groups of six teams.
 * Double round-robin, in which all teams from one group play home-and-away games against all teams within the group.
 * Home-and-away playoff with the top teams of each group. The winner is crowned the champion of the first stage.
 * The teams last placed in each group are relegated to the second division.

Second stage:

 * The teams are divided in two groups of five teams.
 * Double round-robin, in which all teams from one group play home-and-away games against all teams of the other group.
 * Home-and-away playoff with the top teams of each group. The winner is crowned the champion of the second stage.

Third stage (if necessary):

 * Home-and-away playoff with the winners of the first and second stages.

If a team wins both stages (first and second) it is crowned the champion. If not, the third stage is disputed, and the winner is the champion.

As in any other Brazilian soccer championship, the format can change every year.

Clubs
2023 First Division

List of champions
Following is the list with the champions of Campeonato Mato-Grossense:

Titles by team
Teams in bold stills active. Teams in italic currently disputes the Campeonato Sul-Mato-Grossense.

Copa Governador de Mato Grosso
The Copa Governador de Mato Grosso (Governor of Mato Grosso Cup) is a competition contested in the second semester of the year, by Mato Grosso state teams, originally to determine a spot in the following year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, but now to determine who will make it to the Série D.

title: Campeonato Mato-Grossense


text:
Lékoni, Gabon

Lékoni is a town in south eastern Gabon, lying east of Bongoville on the Lekoni River, surrounded by the Batéké Plateau. It is known for the Léconi Canyons (actually craters) and Léconi Park, a private wildlife park also involved in agriculture.

title: Lékoni, Gabon


text:
Patriarch of All Romania

The Patriarch of All Romania (Patriarh al Întregii Românii; ) is the title of the head of the Romanian Orthodox Church. The Patriarch is officially styled as Archbishop of Bucharest, Metropolitan of Muntenia and Dobrogea, Locum tenens of the throne of Caesarea Cappadociae and Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church. The current patriarch Daniel acceded to this position on 12 September 2007.

title: Patriarch of All Romania


text:
Denis J. O'Sullivan

Denis James O'Sullivan (5 March 1918 – 20 July 1987) was an Irish Fine Gael politician. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann at his second attempt at the 1951 general election. He served as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for various Cork constituencies until losing his seat at the 1965 general election. He served in the Second Inter-Party Government of John A. Costello as Government Chief Whip. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1965 to 1969.

title: Denis J. O'Sullivan


text: File:Razorlight - Up All Night.jpeg

title: File:Razorlight - Up All Night.jpeg


text:
One Campaign

ONE Campaign (styled as ONE) is an international, non-partisan, non-profit organization advocating for the investments needed to create economic opportunities and healthier lives in Africa. The campaigning organization uses data, grassroots activism, political engagement, and strategic partnerships to get political leaders to support policies and programs that save lives and improve futures.

ONE was founded in 2004 by Bobby Shriver and Bono along with a coalition of 11 non-profit humanitarian and advocacy organizations; including DATA, Care, World Vision, Oxfam America, and Bread for the World. Funding was provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In 2007, ONE announced it would be merging with DATA.

Overview
ONE advocates for achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and for policies benefiting those who live in conditions of extreme poverty around the globe. ONE supports a broad variety of international development issues, including the fight against treatable and preventable diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis; access to clean water and expanded access to energy; lessening corruption and improving transparency standards and government accountability to citizens; making trade fairer; providing basic education for all; and increasing international affairs budgets.

Current members of ONE's board of directors include Lawrence Summers,Tom Freston, Mimi Alemayehou. In addition to ONE's long-term relationship with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the campaign is funded through donations from partner organizations including Apple, Bank of America, Bloomberg L.P., Bloomberg Philanthropies, Cargill, the Caterpillar Foundation, Coca-Cola, Ford Foundation, Google, Merck, Roche, Rockefeller Foundation, Salesforce, Skoll Foundation, and Open Society Foundations.

History
ONE was founded by Irish musician Bono and American attorney Bobby Shriver, along with 11 organizations: Bread for the World, CARE, DATA, International Medical Corps, International Rescue Committee, Mercy Corps, Oxfam America, Plan USA, Save the Children U.S., World Concern, and World Vision.

The name ONE was inspired by the belief that one voice, coming together with many others—the political left and right, business leaders, activists, faith leaders and students—can change the world for the better.

2004–2010
The official ONE launch rally was held on May 16, 2004, at Liberty Mall in Philadelphia, United States. Approximately 2,000 people attended, including Bono, Dikembe Mutombo, Michael W. Smith, Richard Stearns (president of World Vision), and David Beckmann (president of Bread for the World).

In December 2004, ONE announced a $3 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Mark McKinnon, an adviser to United States President Bush, and Mike McCurry, an adviser to the presidential campaign of John Kerry, appeared on CNN's Inside Politics with Judy Woodruff in 2004 in support of ONE.

In 2008, ONE merged with DATA. The merged entity was run by CEO David J. Lane until his departure in early 2011 to join the Obama administration. Former editor of Time magazine, CEO Michael Elliott, led ONE from 2011 until early 2016, and was ONE's Senior Strategic Advisor until his passing in July 2016.

During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, the organization launched a campaign called ONE Vote '08. The campaign was co-chaired by former U.S. Senate majority leaders Tom Daschle (D-SD) and Bill Frist (R-TN). Since 2009, ONE has run a series of ONE Vote campaigns around national elections, including ONE VOTE 2010 in the United Kingdom, ONE Vote 2012 in both France, and ONE Vote 2012 and ONE Vote '16 in the United States.

In 2010, the Gates Foundation's Living Proof Project became part of ONE.

2011–2014
ONE has a focus on ‘Factivism' (fact-based activism), as referenced in Bono's 2013 TED talk.

In 2014, ONE's "Trillion Dollar Scandal" report was released. It suggested that $1 trillion leaves developing countries each year through various forms of corrupt activity. Since the release of the report, more than 50,000 people have signed a petition asking world leaders to sign up to the "Fair Play Standard" —a set of measures that would help promote transparency and reduce money flowing outwards as a result of corrupt activity.

2015–2020
In 2015, ONE collected signatures for an open letter addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa, respectively, in order to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that would establish new development goals for the generation. The following people signed the open letter: Ali Hewson, Angelique Kidjo, Beyoncé, Charlize Theron, Christy Turlington, Danai Gurira, Helene Gayle, Lady Gaga, Lauren Bush, Mabel van Oranje, Dr. Maria Furtwangler, Meryl Streep, Michele Sullivan (president of the Caterpillar Foundation, director of Corporate Social Innovation), Naisula Lesuuda (senator, Kenya), Rita Wilson, Rosamund Pike, Sarah Silverman, Sheryl Sandberg, and Yvonne Chaka Chaka.

In March 2015, ONE launched a report titled "Poverty is Sexist", which details the ways in which women and girls are most seriously affected by poverty. The promotion of this report included the release of the song and accompanying video "Strong Girl" which featured leading female musicians from seven African countries including Kenya's Victoria Kimani, South Africa's Judith Sephuma and Mozambique's Gambela, alongside Nigerian actress Omotola Jalade Ekeinde. It was nominated for "Best African Collaboration" in the All Africa Music Awards.

The "Poverty is Sexist" campaign also encouraged women around the world to pose for a '#Strengthie'—a selfie in the pose of Rosie the Riveter, face of the famous "We Can Do It!" poster—and post it online in support of girls and women. Teenage activist and ONE campaign associate Malala Yousafzai posted a #strengthie from the Malala Campaign Twitter to show her support.

On World AIDS Day, December 1, 2015, ONE and RED hosted a night of music at Carnegie Hall in New York to celebrate the 15 million people on life-saving anti-retroviral drugs compared to 700,000 in 2000, and to encourage the world to keep its focus on eradicating HIV/AIDS and other preventable diseases by 2030 as one of the Sustainable Development Goals. The event, which also marked ONE's 10 year anniversary, was hosted by The Daily Show's Trevor Noah and featured performances from Miley Cyrus, Hozier, Jessie J, Bono and The Edge.

During 2015, ONE worked with partners at Action/2015 and Project Everyone to promote the new Global Goals for Sustainable Development around the world so citizens can hold leaders to account in delivering them by 2030.

On International Women's Day 2016, ONE relaunched their Poverty is Sexist campaign, featuring an updated report including new figures, such as the fact that in 2016 half a billion women still cannot read and that girls account for 74% of all new HIV infections among adolescents across Africa. It also lists the 20 worst countries to be a girl, based on a number of factors including the number of years a girl attends school, the proportion of women who have a paid job relative to men and the likelihood of a woman dying during childbirth. On International Women's Day 2017, ONE released a report that stated 130 million girls are currently out of school. It claims the number of girls missing out on receiving an education amounts to a crisis that must be urgently addressed.

The campaign involved an open letter signed by several high-profile celebrity activists; including Meryl Streep, Oprah Winfrey, Amy Poehler, Tina Fey, Elton John, Colin Farrell, Mary J. Blige and Shonda Rhimes. The letter was addressed to world leaders, asking them to put women and girls at the top of the development agenda in order to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030 as per the Sustainable Development Goals. It also asks for better data on females across the globe, to make sure the world can track the improvements being delivered to them.

In March 2017, Gayle Smith was named president and CEO of the ONE Campaign.

In May 2020, ONE launched #PassTheMic, an innovative social media campaign that saw high-profile talent and influencers hand over their platforms to global health experts and frontline workers to share the facts and highlight the need for a coordinated global response to the pandemic. 42 celebrity activists, including Julia Roberts, Danai Gurira, Millie Bobby Brown, Zachary Quinto, Hugh Jackman, Penelope Cruz, Sarah Jessica Parker, passed their platforms to 43 experts, including Dr. Anthony Fauci, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, David Anderson, Dr. Larry Brilliant. The campaign received widespread media coverage and was a finalist for PRWeek’s Purpose Award and shortlisted for a Cannes Lion Award.

Further, ONE Campaign together with the Nelson Mandela Foundation and MTV Base, launched “Stand Together” a rallying call to all Africans to unite against COVID-19. The song was released on all digital platforms and was met international acclaim, it featured artists from seven African countries, including 2Baba, Ben Pol, Teni, Yemi Alade, Amanda Black, Stanley Enow, Gigi lamayne, Prodigio, Betty G and Ahmed Soultan.

2020–present
In 2021, the ONE Campaign continued to work against the spread of vaccine misinformation through the #MythOrVax campaign. In partnership with TikTok, UNICEF, the WHO’s Viral Fact Africa, and the African Union, they launched an online quiz and interactive filter. Featuring some of Africa’s biggest celebrities and health experts, the campaign aimed to counter myths and inaccurate information, address ongoing fears and concerns, and raise awareness about the importance of COVID-19 vaccinations. The organization also launched an animated series, titled Pandemica, in March 2021. Breaking through the complexities of vaccine equity and COVID-19 fatigue, the series called for government and pharmaceutical companies to come together to fight COVID-19. The animated stories were brought to life by a number of their celebrity activists Patrick Adams, Samuel Arnold, Bono, Connie Britton, Penélope Cruz, Meg Donnelly, Danai Gurira, Nick Kroll, Laura Marano, Kumail Nanjiani, David Oyelowo, Phoebe Robinson, Michael Sheen, Wanda Sykes, and Calum Worthy. Pandemica gained recognition for its impact, including at the 2022 Anthem Awards, winning Gold for Health and Best Strategy, as well as Silver for Campaign for Nonprofit.

In 2022, the ONE Campaign launched data.one.org which compiles the latest data and analysis on the economic, political, and social changes impacting Africa. The organization uses the platform to shape debates and influence policy. From food security to debt and gender inequality, data.one.org helps users get smarter on Africa in a volatile world.

In 2023, the ONE Campaign and Google formed a new data partnership, focused on making it easier to find credible data on economic, political, and social issues throughout Africa. ONE Data Commons combines data and research from data.one.org and hundreds of billions of data points on economics, climate, health, demographics and more from Google's Data Commons. Through the power of AI, ONE Data Commons aims to empower anyone, anywhere to access data, understand issues, increase the power of their voices, and collaborate to make change happen .As a part of this partnership, in November 2023, ONE Campaign released an analytical report, the Climate Finance Files, which revealed that $343 USD in climate finance commitments between 2013 and 2021 were either not delivered or had little to do with climate (including money allocated for coal-fired power plants, natural gas facilities, chocolate shops, hotels, and police).

In April 2024, Ndidi Okonkwo Nwuneli was named president and CEO of the ONE Campaign.

Methods

ONE uses a number of highly visible methods to reach out to the general public, promote its message, and encourage advocacy actions. ONE does not ask for public donations, stating: "We're not asking for your money. We're asking for your voice."

ONE works with volunteer campaigners in different markets to raise awareness and lobby governments to fight extreme poverty and preventable disease. ONE Youth Ambassadors are selected yearly from Ireland, the UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy to support its grassroots mobilization and advocacy goals across Europe. ONE Champions work to advance ONE's goals in Africa through lobby meetings, campaigning, and awareness raising. In the United States and Canada, ONE field organizers coordinate campaigning efforts, lobby members of Congress and Parliament, and host community awareness events. On college campuses across the U.S., ONE Campus chapters are run by students who mobilize their peers to participate in ONE's advocacy campaigns. ONE Campus chapters aim to teach students about extreme poverty and encourages members to campaign for lifesaving investments and US development policies.

Legislation
In the United States, ONE announced its support for the Electrify Africa Act of 2013 (H.R. 2548; 113th Congress), a bill that would direct the President to establish a multiyear strategy to assist countries in sub-Saharan Africa develop an appropriate mix of power solutions to provide sufficient electricity access to people living in rural and urban areas in order to alleviate poverty and drive economic growth. ONE Campaign said that "this legislation is a bold vision for U.S. engagement in the energy sector in Africa."

On February 8, 2016, the Electrify Africa Act was signed into law by President Obama. ONE Campaign members helped achieve this result by hosting events, signing and delivering petitions (360,000 names collected and delivered across all US states) and tweeting their support to politicians. Senator Chris Coons thanked ONE members for their support in helping raise the profile of the bill.

ONE has worked with Publish What You Pay and a coalition of other non-government organisations around the Cardin-Lugar Amendment and the passing of extractives transparency laws in the United States and Europe.

In 2014, over 22,000 UK-based ONE members wrote to their MPs in support of investing 0.7% of gross national income to international aid. In June, Liberal Democrat MP Michael Moore used his Private Member's Bill to enshrine the law, making the UK the first G7 country to meet the UN spending target.

Controversy
ONE has been criticized for its response to a book by African economist Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa, which was published in January 2009. Moyo accused ONE of mischaracterizing her views. She says that she is against only government aid, not "their kind of aid". In June 2009, Moyo told former U.S. presidential Republican speech writer Peter Robinson during a Hoover Institute sponsored Uncommon Knowledge interview that "the harshest thing that has happened [in terms of responses to her 2009 book Dead Aid], Bono's and Bob Geldof's organization, called ONE, who I had tried to have a number of meetings with before the book came out, about what the theses of the book were, launched a very vitriolic attack against me. To the point that they were calling organizations ahead of my meetings and media appointments and sent a letter to African NGOs claiming, basically, painting me as a genocidal maniac trying to kill African babies. In other words, trying to get Africans to be against me. To me, that was not really fostering dialogue."

title: One Campaign


text:
Campeonato Sul-Mato-Grossense

The Campeonato Sul-Mato-Grossense is the football league of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Before 1979, the Sul-Mato-Grossense clubs competed in the Campeonato Mato-Grossense, because Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul were a single state.

Format
Serie A

 * First Stage: double round-robin, in which all teams play each other home-and-away games.
 * Second Stage: home-and-away playoffs between the top 4 teams in the first stage.

The winner of second stage is crowned the champion.

The two teams last placed in the first stage are relegated to Serie B.

As in any other Brazilian soccer championship, the format can change every year.

Clubs
2023 First Division

 * Note
 * Navarianense (2nd in 2022) withdrew from the tournament and was replaced by Ivinhema.

Titles by team
Teams in bold stills active.

Most appearances
Below is the list of clubs that have more appearances in the Campeonato Sul-Mato-Grossense.

title: Campeonato Sul-Mato-Grossense


text:
User talk:Rantori

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Rhobite 17:58, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. andy 12:17, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rantori


text:
José Emilio Pacheco

José Emilio Pacheco Berny (30 June 1939 – 26 January 2014) was a Mexican poet, essayist, novelist and short story writer. He is regarded as one of the major Mexican poets of the second half of the 20th century. The Berlin International Literature Festival has praised him as "one of the most significant contemporary Latin American poets". In 2009 he was awarded the Cervantes Prize for his literary oeuvre.

He taught at UNAM, as well as the University of Maryland, College Park, the University of Essex, and many others in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

He died aged 74 in 2014 after suffering a cardiac arrest.

Awards
He was awarded the following prizes: Premio Cervantes 2009, Reina Sofía Award (2009), Federico García Lorca Award (2005), Octavio Paz Award (2003), Pablo Neruda Award (2004), Ramón López Velarde Award (2003), Alfonso Reyes International Prize (2004), José Fuentes Mares National Prize for Literature (2000), National José Asunción Silva Poetry Award (1996), and Xavier Villaurrutia Prize. In 2013 he was awarded the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings festival in Struga, Macedonia. He was elected by unanimous acclaim to the Mexican Academy (Academia Mexicana de la Lengua) on 28 March 2006. He was a member of The National College (El Colegio Nacional) since 1986.

Works
Poetry
 * Los elementos de la noche (1963)
 * El reposo del fuego (1966)
 * No me preguntes cómo pasa el tiempo (1970)
 * Irás y no volverás (1973)
 * Islas a la deriva (1976)
 * Desde entonces (1979)
 * Los trabajos del mar (1983)
 * Miro la tierra (1987)
 * Selected Poems, ed. George McWhirter (1987, in English)
 * Ciudad de la memoria (1990)
 * El silencio de la luna (1996)
 * City of Memory and Other Poems, trans. David Lauer, Cynthia Steele (1997, in English)
 * La arena errante (1999)
 * Siglo pasado (2000)
 * Tarde o temprano: Poemas 1958-2009 (2009, Complete Poetry)
 * Como la lluvia (2009)
 * La edad de las tinieblas (2009)
 * El espejo de los ecos (2012)

Novel and short stories
 * El viento distante y otros relatos (1963)
 * Morirás lejos (1967)
 * El principio del placer (1972)
 * La sangre de Medusa (1977)
 * Las batallas en el desierto (1981)
 * Battles in the Desert & Other Stories, trans. Katherine Silver (1987, in English)

title: José Emilio Pacheco


text:
Lastoursville

Lastoursville or Mandji is a city in east-central Gabon, lying on the Ogooué River, the Trans-Gabon Railway and the N3 road. It was founded as a slave depot named Mandji, renamed Maadiville in 1883 before being named for François Rigail de Lastours in 1886. It grew around palm oil production and as an administrative centre, and soon became a major missionary centre. The town is also known for its caves.

The town lies at an elevation of 206 m.

Caves
Occupying a 90-sq-km site, there are more than 40 caves identified, located in dense primary rainforest close to town. Traces of human activity dates back 7000 years, when the caves were used in rituals.

World Heritage Status
The caves were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on October 20, 2005 in the Mixed (Cultural + Natural) category.

title: Lastoursville


text:
User talk:Bloomfield

hello

olleh

Anarcho-Skinhead
Anarcho-Skinhead has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this term might not be significant enough for an article. Please review Avoid neologisms for the relevant guidelines. If you can improve the article to address these concerns, please do so. Remember, however, that Wikipedia is not a dictionary, so articles about the meanings and usages of terms are not appropriate either.

If no one objects to the deletion within five days by removing the "prod" notice, the article may be deleted without further discussion. If you remove the prod notice, the deletion process will stop, but if an editor is still not satisfied that the article meets Wikipedia guidelines, it may be sent to Articles for deletion for consensus. NickelShoe (Talk) 01:13, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Sockpuppetism
Hello, a bunch of your sockpuppets were blocked, and few more are pending. Using sockpuppets, or multiple accounts, is not allowed on Wikipedia. See here for evidence against you. You are welcome to settle with one account and edit Wikipedia further. If you continue to create sockpuppets, you and all your accounts will be blocked. Renata 02:51, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Magnus_of_Livonia.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Magnus_of_Livonia.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Jusjih (talk) 22:47, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Jan Trubecki
A tag has been placed on Jan Trubecki, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion debate, such as at articles for deletion. Under the specified criteria, where an article has substantially identical content to that of an article deleted after debate, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Miacek (talk) 14:20, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Monitor. WikiProject Poland Newsletter: Issue 1 (April 2011)
Delivered by EdwardsBot (talk) 21:16, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth

The article Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "This entity was never formed, poorly sourced and highly unreliable reference with a POV outlook. The flag and coat of arms were never official nor adopted by any state whatsoever. The CoA is a 19th-century design for the resistance fighters during uprisings against foreign powers after the partitions of Poland. However, the flag is the product of a user's imagination."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

Nomination of Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Marcelus (talk) 19:00, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bloomfield


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-18

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-18


text:
Braga District

The district of Braga (Distrito de Braga ) is a district in the northwest of Portugal. The district capital is the city of Braga, and it is bordered by the district of Viana do Castelo in the north, Vila Real in the east, Galicia (a Spanish autonomous community) in the northeast and Porto in the south. Its area is 2,673 km2 and it has a population of 831,368. It takes it name from the Bracarii, a Celtic tribe.

Municipalities
The district comprises 14 municipalities:
 * Amares
 * Barcelos
 * Braga
 * Cabeceiras de Basto
 * Celorico de Basto
 * Esposende
 * Fafe
 * Guimarães
 * Póvoa de Lanhoso
 * Terras de Bouro
 * Vieira do Minho
 * Vila Nova de Famalicão
 * Vila Verde
 * Vizela

Geography
The district of Braga has a very rugged terrain, dominated by high altitudes to the east, close to the Spanish border and the border with the Vila Real district, and going down towards the western coast, cutting through the valleys of several rivers that flow from the north-east to the south-west.

The highest altitudes are found in the Serra Amarela (1,361m), on the border with the Viana do Castelo district and the border with Spain, with the Serra do Gerês, whose highest altitude, 1,545m, lies precisely on the border with the Vila Real district and very close to the Spanish border, and in the western part of the Serra da Cabreira, which reaches Alto do Talefe, within the Braga district, 1,262m high.

The Cávado River valley is an important part of the hydrographic network, cutting completely through the district and dividing its mountains into two distinct areas. The Cávado enters the district in the east, where it serves as a border with the Vila Real district for a few kilometres, and flows into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Esposende, to the west, the only relatively flat area in the district. The Cávado River basin also includes the valley of the Homem River, which rises in Gerês mountains and flows into the Cávado at the confluence of the municipalities of Braga, Vila Verde and Amares.

To the south of the Cávado, another important valley is that of the River Ave, which rises in the district, in the Serra da Cabreira, and crosses its southern part, serving as a border with the Porto district for almost 20 km. One of the Ave's tributaries, the Vizela River, continues the southern limit of the district for another 20 km. The River Este, which flows through the district's capital, is another important tributary of the Ave.

To the north, the valley of the River Neiva serves as a border with the Viana do Castelo district along the entire lower part of the course of this river (which is quite short). On the other hand, the south-eastern part of the district forms part of the hydrographic basin of the River Douro, through the River Tâmega, which serves as a border with the Vila Real district and the Porto district, and some of its small tributaries.

There are several dams in the district. The best known is the Vilarinho das Furnas dam, in the upper reaches of the River Homem. In the lower Cávado is the Penide dam and in the upper Cávado are the Caniçada dam, the Salamonde dam and the Venda Nova dam. On the River Ave are some small dams, and the Ermal dam, which is much larger.

The coast, contained entirely within the Esposende municipality, is sandy.

Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022
!rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !colspan=2 | 1976 !colspan=2 | 1979 !colspan=2 | 1980 !colspan=2 | 1983 !colspan=2 | 1985 !colspan=2 | 1987 !colspan=2 | 1991 !colspan=2 | 1995 !colspan=2 | 1999 !colspan=2 | 2002 !colspan=2 | 2005 !colspan=2 | 2009 !colspan=2 | 2011 !colspan=2 | 2015 !colspan=2 | 2019 !colspan=2 | 2022 ! Total seats || colspan=6|15 || colspan=4|16 || colspan=2|17 || colspan=4|16 || colspan=2|17 || colspan=4|18 || colspan=10|19 ! colspan=33|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * - class="unsortable"
 * - class="unsortable" align="center"
 * align="left"| PS || style="background:#FF66FF;"|32.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|6 || 30.2 || 5 || 29.3 || 5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|39.7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|7 || 21.8 || 4 || 25.9 || 5 || 31.5 || 5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|42.9 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|8 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|44.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|8 || 37.4 || 8 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|45.4 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|9 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|41.7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|9 || 32.9 || 7 || 30.9 || 7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|36.4 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|8 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|42.0 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|9
 * align="left"| PSD || 28.6 || 5 || align=center colspan=4 rowspan=2|In AD || 27.0 || 5 || style="background:#FF9900;"|32.8 || style="background:#FF9900;"|6 || style="background:#FF9900;"|53.4 || style="background:#FF9900;"|10 || style="background:#FF9900;"|53.6 || style="background:#FF9900;"|10 || 38.2|| 7 || 36.7 || 7 || style="background:#FF9900;"|44.4 || style="background:#FF9900;"|9 || 32.9 || 7 || 30.8 || 6 || style="background:#FF9900;"|40.1 || style="background:#FF9900;"|9 || align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2|In PàF || 34.1 || 8 || 34.8 || 8
 * align="left"| CDS-PP || 25.2 || 4 || 18.3 || 3 || 14.0 || 2 || 5.9 || 1 || 5.6 || 1 || 10.7 || 1 || 8.9 || 1 || 9.3 || 1 || 7.8 || 1 || 9.7 || 2 || 10.4 || 2 || 4.1 || 1 || 2.1 ||
 * align="left"| PCP/APU/CDU || 4.2 || || 10.0 || 1 || 8.4 || 1 || 8.8 || 1 || 8.5 || 1 || 6.1 || 1 || 4.6 ||  || 4.5 ||  || 5.4 || 1 || 4.4 ||  || 4.8 || 1 || 4.6 || 1 || 4.9 || 1 || 5.2 || 1 || 4.0 ||  || 2.6 ||
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#00FFFF;"|51.9 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|9 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|54.9 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|9 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 16.8 || 3 || 3.3 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| BE || colspan=16| || 1.2 || || 1.7 ||  || 4.6 ||  || 7.8 || 1 || 4.2 ||  || 8.8 || 1 || 8.9 || 2 || 3.7 ||
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|45.6 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|10 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| CHEGA || colspan=28| || 0.7 || || 5.8 || 1
 * align="left"| IL || colspan=28| || 0.8 || || 4.3 || 1
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 16.8 || 3 || 3.3 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| BE || colspan=16| || 1.2 || || 1.7 ||  || 4.6 ||  || 7.8 || 1 || 4.2 ||  || 8.8 || 1 || 8.9 || 2 || 3.7 ||
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|45.6 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|10 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| CHEGA || colspan=28| || 0.7 || || 5.8 || 1
 * align="left"| IL || colspan=28| || 0.8 || || 4.3 || 1
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|45.6 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|10 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| CHEGA || colspan=28| || 0.7 || || 5.8 || 1
 * align="left"| IL || colspan=28| || 0.8 || || 4.3 || 1
 * align="left"| IL || colspan=28| || 0.8 || || 4.3 || 1
 * align="left"| IL || colspan=28| || 0.8 || || 4.3 || 1
 * }

title: Braga District


text:
WinDiff

WinDiff is a graphical file comparison program published by Microsoft, distributed with Microsoft Windows Support Tools, certain versions of Microsoft Visual Studio, and as source-code with the Platform SDK code samples. WinDiff was included in the Windows SDK (previously known as the Resource Kit, later Platform SDK) since 1992 until Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4 (a.k.a. Windows SDK 7.1). Because portions of the Windows SDK were shipped in Visual Studio, WinDiff was also included in Visual Studio until Visual Studio 2010. WinDiff was removed from the Windows 8 SDK and therefore is not included in Visual Studio 2012 or any later version. A number of unofficial standalone uploads of the program remain available.

title: WinDiff


text:
Polskie Radio Program II

Polskie Radio Program II, also known as PR2 or Dwójka, is a radio channel produced by the Polish public broadcaster, Polskie Radio. It is dedicated to classical music, culture, and the arts. Thanks to its extensive cooperation with other public broadcasters from around the world, the channel provides numerous transmissions of concerts and other classical music events from every part of the globe. It is widely considered to be the most elite-targeted of all Polish radio channels. Its studios are located at the Polskie Radio headquarters in Warsaw. Program 2 often also uses a concert studio belonging to the public Polish Television (TVP).

Day of protest
In a 24-hour protest action – aimed at raising public awareness of the threat posed to the channel, and to the cultural activities it currently supports, by a decrease in public funding and the lack of clear guarantees as to future financing – the staff of Dwójka replaced all scheduled programming between 06.00 on 8 July 2009 and 06.00 the following morning with a recording of bird song interspersed with announcements explaining the reasons for the staff's action and calling for public support.

title: Polskie Radio Program II


text:
Street food

Street food is food sold by a hawker or vendor on a street or at another public place, such as a market, fair, or park. It is often sold from a portable food booth, food cart, or food truck and is meant for immediate consumption. Some street foods are regional, but many have spread beyond their regions of origin. Most street foods are classified as both finger food and fast food and are typically cheaper than restaurant meals. The types of street food vary between regions and cultures in different countries around the world. According to a 2007 study from the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2.5 billion people eat street food every day. While some cultures consider it to be rude to walk on the street while eating, a majority of middle- to high-income consumers rely on the quick access and cheap service of street food for daily nutrition and job opportunities, especially in developing countries.

Today's governments and other organizations are increasingly concerned with both the socioeconomic importance of street food and its associated risks. These risks include food safety, sanitation, illegal use of public or private areas, social problems, and traffic congestion.

Europe
In ancient Greece, small fried fish was a street food; however, the Greek philosopher Theophrastus held the custom of street food in low regard. Evidence of a large number of street food vendors was discovered during the excavation of Pompeii. Street food was widely consumed by poor urban residents of ancient Rome whose tenement houses did not have ovens or hearths. Chickpea soup with bread and grain paste were common meals.

A travelling Florentine reported in the late 14th century noted that in Cairo, people brought picnic cloths made of rawhide to spread on the streets and sit on while they ate their meals of lamb kebabs, rice, and fritters they purchased from street vendors. In Renaissance Turkey, many crossroads had vendors selling "fragrant bites of hot meat," including chicken and lamb that had been spit-roasted. In 1502, Ottoman Turkey became the first country to legislate and standardize the sale of street food.

In the 19th century, street food vendors in Transylvania sold gingerbread nuts, cream mixed with corn, and bacon and other meat fried on top of ceramic vessels with hot coals inside. French fries, consisting of fried strips of potato, probably originated as a street food in Paris in the 1840s. Street foods in Victorian London included tripe, pea soup, pea pods in butter, whelk, prawns and jellied eels.

Americas
Aztec market places had vendors who sold beverages such as atolli ("a gruel made from maize dough"), almost 50 types of tamales (with ingredients ranging from the meat of turkey, rabbit, gopher, frog and fish to fruits, eggs and maize flowers), as well as insects and stews. Spanish colonization brought European food stocks like wheat, sugarcane and livestock to Peru, but most commoners continued to primarily eat their traditional diets. Imports were only accepted at the margins of their diet, for example, grilled beef hearts sold by street vendors. Some of Lima's 19th-century street vendors such as "Erasmo, the 'negro' Sango vendor" and Na Agardite are still remembered today.

During the American Colonial period, "street vendors sold oysters, roasted corn ears, fruit, and sweets at low prices to all classes." Oysters, in particular, were cheap and popular street food until around 1910 when overfishing and pollution caused prices to rise. Street vendors in New York City faced considerable opposition. After previous restrictions had limited their operating hours, street food vendors were completely banned in New York City by 1707. Many women of African descent made their living selling street foods in America in the 18th and 19th centuries, with products ranging from fruit, cakes, and nuts in Savannah, to coffee, biscuits, pralines and other sweets in New Orleans. Cracker Jack started as one of many street food exhibits at the Columbian Exposition.

Asia

The selling of street food in China stretches back millennia and became an integral part of Chinese food culture during the Tang Dynasty. In ancient China, street food generally catered to the poor, though wealthy residents would send servants to buy street food and bring it back for them to eat at home. Street food continues to play a major role in Chinese cuisine with regional street food generating a strong interest in culinary tourism. Because of the Chinese diaspora, Chinese street food has had a major influence on other cuisines across Asia and even introduced the concept of a street food culture to other countries. The street food culture of Southeast Asia was established by coolie workers imported from China during the late 19th century.

Ramen, whose predecessor was originally brought to Japan by Chinese immigrants about 100 years ago, began as a street food for laborers and students. However, it soon became a "national dish" and even acquired regional variations.

Street food was commonly sold by the ethnic Chinese population of Thailand and did not become popular among native Thai people until the early 1960s, when the rapid urban population growth stimulated the street food culture, and by the 1970s it had "displaced home-cooking." As a result, many Thai street foods are derived from or heavily influenced by Chinese cuisine. About 76% of urban residents in Thailand regularly visit street food vendors. The rise of the country's tourism industry has also contributed to the popularity of Thai street food. Thailand's 103,000 street food vendors alone generated 270 billion baht in revenues in 2017. Suvit Maesincee, Minister of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, expects the Thai street food segment to grow by six to seven percent annually from 2020 forward. Multiple studies showed that contamination of food that street food vendors sell is at the same level as the contamination at restaurants. An estimated 2% or 160,000 vendors provide street food for Bangkok's 8 million people. In Delhi, India, it is said that kings used to visit the kebab vendors on the street, which are still in operation. During the colonial times, fusion street food was created, which was made with British customers in mind.

In Indonesia, especially Java, traveling food and drink vendors have a long history, as they were described in temple bas reliefs dated from the 9th century, as well as mentioned in 14th-century inscription as a line of work. In Indonesia, street food is sold from carts and bicycles. During the colonial Dutch East Indies period c. 19th century, several street foods were developed and documented, including satay and dawet (cendol) street vendors. The current proliferation of Indonesia's vigorous street food culture is contributed by the massive urbanization in recent decades that has opened opportunities in food service sectors. This took place in the country's rapidly expanding urban agglomerations, especially in Greater Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya.

Singapore has a large number of hawker centres which evolved from the traditional commerce of street food and was incorporated into UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage on 16 December 2020.

Around the world

Street food vending is found all around the world and varies greatly between regions and cultures.

Dorling Kindersley describes the street food of Vietnam as being "fresh and lighter than many of the cuisines in the area" and "draw[ing] heavily on herbs, Chile peppers and lime," while street food of Thailand is "fiery" and "pungent with shrimp paste and fish sauce." Street food in Thailand offers a varied selection of ready-to-eat meals, snacks, fruits and drinks. The capital of Thailand, Bangkok, has been listed as one of the best places for street food. Popular street offerings in Bangkok include Pad Thai (stir fried rice noodle), green papaya salad, sour tom yum soup, Thai curries and mango sticky rice.

Indonesian street food is a diverse mix of local Indonesian, Chinese, and Dutch influences. Indonesian street food is often strongly flavored and spicy. Much of the street food in Indonesia is fried, such as fritters, nasi goreng and ayam goreng. Bakso (meatball soup), satay (skewered chicken) and gado-gado (vegetable salad served in peanut sauce) are also popular.

Indian street food is as diverse as Indian cuisine. Some of the more popular street food dishes are vada pav, misal pav, chole bhature, parathas, bhel puri, sev puri, gol gappa (also called pani puri in Karnatake and Maharashtra or puchka in West Bengal) aloo tikki, kebabs, tandoori chicken, samosas, kachori, idli, pohe, egg bhurji, pav bhaji, pulaw, pakora, lassi, kulfi and falooda. In Hindi-speaking regions of India, street food is popularly known as nukkadwala food ("corner" food). In South India, foods like mirchi bajji, punugulu, and mokkajonna (corn roasted on coal) are common street foods, along with breakfast items like idli, dosa and bonda. Other popular Asian fusion street food include gobi manchurian, momos and omelette. While some vendors streamline the recipes of popular dishes to sell them on the street, several restaurants have taken their inspiration from the street food of India.

Falafel is a popular dish in the Middle East. Vendors sell it on street corners in Israel, Egypt, and Syria. Another food sold commonly on the street in Egypt is ful, a slow-cooked fava bean dish.

In Denmark, sausage wagons allow passers-by to purchase sausages and hot dogs.

In Jamaica a traditional dish is Jamaican jerk chicken. The original marinade calls for ingredients such as Scotch bonnet peppers, allspice berries and sometimes wood from laurel trees.

Mexican street food is known as antojitos (translated as "little cravings") and features several varieties of tacos, such as tacos al pastor, as well as huaraches and other maize-based foods.

New York City's signature street food is the hot dog, but New York street food also includes everything from Middle Eastern falafel to Jamaican jerk chicken to Belgian waffles.

In Hawaii, the local street food tradition of "plate lunch" (rice, macaroni salad, and a portion of meat) was inspired by the bento of the Japanese who had been brought to Hawaii as plantation workers.

Cultural and economic aspects
Because of differences in culture, social stratification, and history, the ways in which family street vendor enterprises are traditionally created and run vary in different areas of the world. Often, women's success in the street food market depends on trends of gender equality. This is evidenced in Bangladesh, where few women are street vendors. However, in Nigeria and Thailand, women dominate the street food trade.

Doreen Fernandez says Filipino cultural attitudes towards meals affect the street food phenomenon in the Philippines, because eating street food outside does not conflict with eating at one's house, which typically lacks dedicated eating rooms.

Other cultural phenomena that affect the street food market include the cultural implications of eating while walking down the street. In some cultures, this is considered to be rude, such as Japanese or Swahili cultures. Despite not being allowed for adults, it is culturally acceptable for children to do. In India, Henrike Donner wrote about a "marked distinction between food that could be eaten outside, especially by women," and the food prepared and eaten at home, with some non-Indian food being too "strange" or tied too closely to non-vegetarian preparation methods to be made at home.

In Tanzania's Dar es Salaam region, street food vendors produce economic benefits beyond their families. Because street food vendors purchase local fresh foods, urban gardens and small-scale farms in the area have expanded. In the United States, street food vendors are credited with supporting New York City's rapid growth by supplying meals for the city's merchants and workers. Proprietors of street food in the United States have had a goal of upward mobility, moving from selling on the street to their own shops. However, in Mexico, an increase in street vendors has been seen as a sign of deteriorating economic conditions in which food vending is the only employment opportunity that unskilled labor who have migrated from rural areas to urban areas are able to find.

In 2002, Coca-Cola reported that China, India, and Nigeria, where the company's expansion efforts included training and equipping mobile street vendors to sell its products, were some of their fastest-growing markets.

The libertarian Reason magazine states that in US cities, food trucks are subject to regulations designed to prevent them from competing with brick and mortar restaurants. For example, in Chicago, a regulation prevents food trucks "...from selling food within 200 feet of brick-and-mortar restaurants and, hence, prohibit them from operating throughout the city's downtown area," which critics have called an "anti-competitive" rule for food truck operators.

Since 1984, Folsom Street Fair in San Francisco is home of one of the most diverse street food fairs. In addition to much leather, and people in various states of dress and undress, the event features an outdoor food court serving a variety of street food. For donations of $10 or more, visitors get a $2 discount on each drink purchased at the fair. In 2018, the street photographer Michael Rababy documented it in his book, Folsom Street Food Court.

Netflix has also featured the street foods of the world through its TV series Street Food, with the first volume focusing on Asia, and the second on Latin America.

Health and safety
As early as the 14th century, government officials oversaw street food vendor activities. With the increasing pace of globalization and tourism, the safety of street food has become one of the major concerns of public health, and a focus for governments and scientists to raise public awareness. However, despite concerns about contamination at street food vendors, the incidence of such is low, with studies showing rates comparable to restaurants.

In Singapore, street food vendors known as "hawkers", over half of which were unlicensed, were considered "primarily a nuisance to be removed from the streets". 113 hawker centers were constructed between 1971 and 1986 to remove hawkers from the streets while preserving the food culture.

In 2002, a sampling of 511 street foods in Ghana by the World Health Organization showed that most had microbial counts within the accepted limits, and a different sampling of 15 street foods in Calcutta showed that they were "nutritionally well balanced", providing roughly 200 kcal (Cal) of energy per rupee of cost.

In the United Kingdom, the Food Standards Agency has provided comprehensive guidance of food safety for the vendors, traders and retailers of the street food sector since 2000. Other effective ways of enhancing the safety of street foods include: mystery shopping programs, training, rewarding programs to vendors, regulatory governing and membership management programs, and technical testing programs.

In India, the government recognized the fundamental rights of the street food vendors and have imposed reasonable restrictions. And in 2006, the India legislature enacted the Food Safety and Standards Act to monitor the quality of food.

Despite knowledge of the risk factors, actual harm to consumers’ health is yet to be fully proven and understood. Due to difficulties in tracking cases and the lack of disease-reporting systems, follow-up studies proving actual connections between street food consumption and food-borne diseases are still very few. Little attention has been devoted to consumers and their eating habits, behaviors and awareness. The fact that social and geographical origins largely determine consumers’ physiological adaptation and reaction to foods—whether contaminated or not—is neglected in the literature.

In the late 1990s, the United Nations and other organizations began to recognize that street vendors had been an underused method of delivering fortified foods to populations, and in 2007, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization recommended considering methods of adding nutrients and supplements to street foods that are commonly consumed by the particular culture.

title: Street food


text:
Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong

The Avenue of Stars, modelled on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, is an avenue located along the Victoria Harbour waterfront in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. It honours celebrities of the Hong Kong film industry.

Establishment
In 1982, the New World Group built a promenade along the waterfront around the New World Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui East, Kowloon. In 2004, the Group announced it would spend HK$40 million to build the Avenue of Stars, a project supported by the Hong Kong Tourism Board, Tourism Commission, the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong Government and the Hong Kong Film Awards Association.

The avenue was opened to the general public on 28 April 2004 with an opening ceremony held the previous day, 27 April 2004. The opening ceremony was presided over by a number of government and industry figures, including Henry Tang (Financial Secretary), Stephen Ip (Secretary for Economic Development and Labour), Patrick Ho (Secretary of Home Affairs), Selina Chow (Chair of Hong Kong Tourism Board), Manfred Wong (Director/Actor), and Cheng Yu-tung (Chair of New World Group); in which the privately funded avenue was handed over to the Hong Kong SAR government as public property. At opening, the avenue honoured an initial 73 inductees elected by the Hong Kong Film Awards Association and the readers of City Entertainment.

Redevelopment controversy
After having managed the avenue for 11 years, its contract is due to expire. It was announced in August 2015 that the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong government would redevelop and expand the avenue jointly with the company. The Hong Kong government declared that the enhancement project would contain limited commercial appeal, and no luxury shops or high-end restaurants would be added. The walkway, very popular with tourists, is to be closed off and relocated to the Tsim Sha Tsui East Waterfront Podium Garden temporarily for three years while the expansion is undertaken.

The decision to award the contract for the redevelopment to the company without putting it out to tender, on the justification that the project was non-profit, sparked controversy locally. Residents' groups and other development companies owning properties adjacent to the walk expressed discontent, whilst the LCSD claimed that consultations with the local district council had been favourable. In an apparent attempt to de-fuse the public furore at the apparent collusion between government and big business, the government promised a public consultation.

Renovation
On 31 January 2019, the Avenue was reopened to the public after three years of renovation, redesigned by New York High Line architect James Corner Field Operations (JCFO) together with other international and local designers.

Description
The Avenue of Stars is the eastern node of several tourist attractions along the Tsim Sha Tsui waterfront. In addition to the promenade and New World Centre, a number of attractions exist including the Museum of Art, Space Museum, Cultural Centre and the Clock Tower.

Entering from Salisbury Garden, a 4.5-metre-tall replica of the statuette given to winners at the Hong Kong Film Awards greets visitors. Along the 440-metre promenade, the story of Hong Kong's one hundred years of cinematic history is told through inscriptions printed on nine red pillars. Set into the promenade are plaques honouring the celebrities. Some plaques contain hand prints and autographs of the stars set in cement, but most of the plaques only contain celebrities' names as they are now deceased. A 2.5-metre bronze statue of Bruce Lee was erected along the Avenue of Stars in 2005. In 2014, a bronze statue of Anita Mui was erected along the Avenue of Stars.

The promenade commands a panoramic view across Victoria Harbour. At night, it is a popular viewing place for the Symphony of Lights display.

A large replica of the 2008 Summer Olympics torch will be on permanent display here.

List of stars
The following people have received plaques on the avenue of stars.

Note: People in the list who were born before 1949 in the Republic of China are not from modern day Taiwan, but from mainland China, which the Republic of China encompassed until the end of the last civil war.

title: Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong


text:
Duksung Women's University

Duksung Women's University is a private university in Seoul, South Korea founded in 1920.

History
Duksung Women's University is a four-year private women's university in South Korea. The campus is located in Dobong-gu, Seoul Metropolitan Government, and a lifelong graduate school and a corporation are located in Jongno-gu. Duksung Women's University is the first female school founded by a female independence activist. In particular, Duksung Women's University stands out in early childhood education. The English abbreviations of the university are Duksung, DSU, and DSWU. Located around Deokseong Women's University on a transportation route, the subway station has the April 19th National Cemetery (Duksung Women's University) station on Seoul LRT Ui-Sinseol Line.

The school was established in 1920 as part of the drive for improved education, which arose out of the March 1st Movement. Its founder, Cha Mirisa (차미리사, 1880–1955), was an educator and leader of the Joseon Women's Education Society. At the time, it was known as the Geunhwa Academy. Because the name Geunhwa refers to the Korean national flower, it was changed to "Duksung" under pressure from Japanese authorities in 1938.

Duksung was officially founded as a college, on the site of the Unhyeongung palace, in 1950. During this same year, Duksung Woman's Junior College was established along with the opening of a department of Korean literature and a department of domestic science. Dr Song Geum-seon took office as the first president of the school. It became a four-year college in 1952. In 1984, the main campus was moved to its present location in Dobong-gu. The college became a university in 1987.

In 2020, KoreaPost issued a stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of the founding of Duksung Women’s University.

Founder: Ms Cha Mirisa
1880 (Gojong 17) - 1955, a feminist and educator.

Ms Cha Mirisa (1880–1955), who was a devout Methodist, organized 'The Joseon Society for Women's Education' in 1920 to focus on providing educational opportunities to women in Korea. She began in a small chapel on April 19, 1920 teaching night classes to women. In October 1921, she established "Geunhwa Women's School" with the contributions collected from some lectures, assuming the office as a schoolmistress. She held lectures, musical concerts, plays, and bazaars to raise funds to maintain the school with no support from the Joseon Government-general or foreign missionaries.

In February 1934, she established a foundation named Geunhwa School, and was inaugurated as a chief director. She expanded the "Geunhwa Woman's School" into "Geunhwa Woman's Vocational School." After this, due to the insistence of the Japanese imperialists that Geunhwa represents Korea's national flower of an althea, the name of the school was changed to "Duksung School."

As the nation restored its independence in 1945, Mirisa established a higher educational institution for women, the Duksung Woman's Junior College (presently Duksung Woman's University). She was conferred posthumous honors as a Meritorious Person for National Independence (the Order of Merit for National Foundation, National Medal) in 2002, the year of the 57th anniversary of the restoration of national independence.

School history
Converted into an academic school (1945–1952)
 * Establishment of the school and development against suppressions from the Japanese Imperialists (1920–1944)
 * 1920: Establishment of Geunhwa School (presently, Duksung School) by Ms. Cha Mirisa.
 * 1938: Change the name of "Geunhwa" into "Duksung".
 * 1945: Reorganize Duksung Woman's Vocational School into Duksung Girls' Junior High and Senior High School.
 * 1950: Establishment of Duksung Woman's Junior College. Opening a department of Korean literature a department of domestic science. Dr. Song Geum-seon took the office as the 1st president of the school.
 * 1951: Took Refuge in Busan, beginning a semester there.
 * 1953: Return to the School in Seoul along as the government returned to the capital.

Growth and Rapid Progress (1953–1980)

 * 1955: Divided the school into a day college and a night college. Reorganize the day college into a department of Korean Literature, a department of English Literature, a department of Domestic Science, a department of Music, and a department of pharmacy. Newly establish a department of Korean Literature, a department of English Literature and a department of Domestic Science in the night college.
 * 1956: Held the 1st commencement.
 * 1961: Established a graduate school. Established the master's courses in English and English Literature, Domestic Science and Pharmacy. Dr. Song Geum-sun took the office as a dean of the graduate school
 * 1980: Newly established a department of German language and literature, a department of Japanese language and literature, a department of history, a department of trade, a department of mathematics and a department of chemistry. Increase the graduation quota to 980 graduands.

1982–1999

 * 1982: Completion of the building of the Fine Art Department (2,471.5 pyeong) in Ssangmun-dong Campus. Relocation of the college of fine arts to SSangmun-dong Campus.
 * 1984: Opening a continuing education center in Uni-dong Campus.
 * 1988: Abolition of the night college, established a department of Chinese language and literature, a department of philosophy and a department of statistics.
 * 1996: Completion of a lecture building (1,639 pyeong), the building for the department of early childhood education (643 pyeong), a power plant (439 pyeong), the front stands of the campus playground (172 pyeong), a dormitory building (1,083 pyeong, extended).
 * 1997: Dr. Kim Yong-rae took the office as the 4th president. Introduction and enforcement of the faculty system. Newly establish art history major, anthropology major, economics major, social works major and politics major. Changed the name of the department of library science into the department of library and information science. Reorganized the department of industrial art into an interior design major, a visual design major, and a dyeing and textile design major in the college of art.
 * 1999: Received a university accreditation (the colleges and graduate schools) at the general university evaluation in the academic year of 1998.
 * 1999: Reorganized a college of humanity and social science (a division of Humanity and Social science, a department of early childhood education) into a college of liberal arts (a division of liberal arts, a division of language and literature, a department of English and English literature), a college of social science (a division of economics and commerce, a division of social science, a department of early childhood education). Rename major in clothing and textile into major in clothing and design, and major in dyeing and textile design into major in textile arts.

2002 - present

 * 2003: Dr. Shin Sangjeon took the office as the 6th president.
 * 2005: Completion of Chamirisa Memorial building, equipped with facilities in computer science, language, and liberal education (4,310 pyeong, four story above ground, one underground).
 * 2006: Inauguration of the former minister of the Ministry of Gender Equality, Eun-Hee Chi as the 7th president of the university.
 * 2006: Completion of DukSung Language Center that offers multi-media language education and humanity education (6,307.49 m2, six story above ground, one underground). Selected by University News Network as the winner of prize in educational innovation division for 2006.
 * 2007: Establishment of Human Resources Development Institute.
 * 2010: Construction of Duksung Hana Nuri Hall & Raon Center Celebration of the 90th commencement.
 * 2011: Ground breaking ceremony for construction of College of Pharmacy.
 * 2018–2022: elected as the Korean Language Institute for ‘Global Korea Scholarship(GKS) Program’ by MoE
 * 2019–2021: Selected for ‘University Innovation Support Program’ by the MoE
 * 2020: Selected for ‘Campus Town Project’ by Seoul City
 * 2020: Selected for ‘Leading University Project for International Cooperation’ by the MoE

Academics
At the undergraduate level, courses of study are provided through five colleges: Humanities, Natural Science, Pharmacy, Social Science, and Art and Design.

Specialized graduate courses are also offered.

Undergraduate
 * College of Humanities
 * College of Social Sciences
 * College of Natural Sciences
 * College of Information and Media
 * College of Pharmacy
 * College of Art and Design

Graduates Duksung University Graduate School was instituted in 1979. Male students enter the master's and doctorate programs. The master's and doctorate programs for university-research institute collaborative researches are in conjunction with the Korea Food & Drug Administration and Korea Food Research Institute.

The Graduate School was selected as an excellent university in the area of a graduate school, in the general university evaluation conducted by Korean Council for University Education.

Campus
The main campus is situated in Dobong-gu, a district of northern Seoul. It is close to both Bukhan Mountain and Dobong Mountain. The continuing education center is located at the former campus location, on the site of the Unhyeongung palace.

Ssangmundong Campus
 * Colleges, Graduate School
 * 33, Samyangro 144-gil, (419 Ssangmun Dong), Dobong Gu, Seoul 132-714, Korea
 * Location: 300m toward the direction of Uyi-dong from Suyuri 4.19 tower

Uni-dong Campus
 * Graduate School of Education, Graduate School of FTB, School of Continuing Education, the corporate office
 * 114, Uni-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
 * Location : 300m toward the north from Tabgol Park in Jongno 2-ga(avenue)

Clubs and communities

 * Archaeology Team - a field-investigation of historic places and studies on cultural heritage and traditions.
 * Duk-Yeong-Hoe(DECAS) - English conversation practice.
 * Current English Study Club - studies on international affairs and improvement of English skills.
 * Byeori-Byeori - observation and studies on the celestial body.

Social Branch
 * Korean History Study Group - studies on the contemporary history of Korea.
 * Teo-Sa-Rang - voluntary service for rural community and studies on the life in rural communities.
 * KUSA - voluntary social service for the lower income class of the society including after-school-curricular activities.
 * Cham-U-Ri - voluntary social service for persons with a visual disability.
 * Ho-U-Heo - voluntary social service for persons with a disability in rehabilitation facilities.

Religious Branch
 * Duk-Bul-Hoe - studies on Buddhist thought, and its propagation.
 * CAM (Christs Ambassador Mission) - Christianity propagation.
 * Deresa (Catholic Student Association) - Catholic propagation.
 * CBA - Christianity propagation.
 * CCC (Campus Crusade for Christ) - Christianity propagation.
 * IVF (Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship) - Christianity propagation.
 * SFC (Student for Christ) - Christianity propagation.
 * YWAM (Youth With A Mission) - Christianity propagation.
 * JOY - Christianity propagation.

Life and Culture Branch
 * Moon Light - to foster the appreciation of classical music.
 * Baek-Wun - training of Korean traditional martial arts.
 * Un-San (mountaineering club) - the cultivation of mind and body through climbing.
 * HAM (amateur radio operator) - exchange with domestic and foreign members through radio communication.
 * Youth Hostel.

Performing Art Branch
 * Sol-Ba-Ram - studies and spread of the people's song.
 * Dod-Um - spread of a rhythmic movement of the people's song.
 * Hana Puppet Show Club - for promotion of the university culture through puppet shows.
 * Han-Dae-Nori - spread of the performances with Korean traditional farmer's musical instruments.
 * CADEMU - studies the spread of popular songs.
 * Unhyang Classical Guitar Club - learning classical guitar techniques.
 * Unhyun Dramatic Art Study Group - promotion of the university culture through dramatic arts.
 * Folk - Rock and Roll band.

Exhibition and Creation Branch
 * Yeo-Reum - contribute to the cultural development of the university through cartoons.
 * Unji Literary Club - learning the literature theories and creative activities.
 * Han-Bit - photograph works and exhibition.
 * Unhyeon Calligraphy - to foster calligraphy.
 * Mi-Ye-tteul - studies on making a cross-stitch and teddy-bear.
 * Ye-Wun - studies on pure arts and creative activities.
 * Location of club rooms: The 3rd floor of Student Hall.

University Library
Located in the middle of the campus, the library has 1,589 seats, and holds over 460,000 oriental books, 90,000 western books and 6,848 types of periodicals and collected papers. The library has 100,000 pieces of media data, such as audio/video materials, slides and CD-ROM. Through the Digital Library System, data searching and viewing full texts of web databases are possible on the library web-site. Data which are not in the collection of the library are provided from libraries in Korea and abroad. The library is pursuing a joint list and cross-loan service with private universities in the northeastern part of Seoul.

Fitness Center
Located in the Hana Nuri Gymnasium, which was newly built in February 2010, the Fitness Center is equipped with treadmills, cycles, steppers, weight training equipment, and aerobic workout equipment. There is also a running track. To manage students' health, the Fitness Center offers individual exercise training program and body composition measuring service.

University Health Center

 * Medical treatment by doctors
 * Emergency measures, emergency medication, transfer of the patient to hospital in emergency
 * Counseling on health, obesity and quitting smoking
 * Natural therapies, education on disease prevention, inoculations against diseases
 * Operation of a recovery room
 * Location : the 1st floor of Student Hall

School Cafeteria
Open hours:
 * during semesters : Mon ~ Fri., 10:00-18:30
 * during vacations : Mon. ~ Fri., 11:00-13:30
 * Location : The 2nd floor of Student Hall

Dormitory
Single and double rooms are available in DWU's on-campus student residence. There is a lounge and kitchen per single unit occupied by 10-13 people. In the lounge and kitchen, a refrigerator, electric rice cooker, gas oven, dining table and cooking utensils are available to use. Other convenience facilities include a communal laundromat, TV room to watch TV and VTR, physical training room, reading room and Internet room for information search.

International Language Center
The International Language Center has a new building, dormitory facility, and research staff of master and doctorate degree professors majoring in English and Korean education, and foreign teaching faculty.

Facts

 * History: founded in 1920 as Geun-Hwa School
 * Founder: Ms. Cha Mirisa (Melissa), who was a devout Roman Catholic
 * Location: Seoul, Korea
 * Ssangmun Campus: Main Office, Undergraduate Programs, Graduate School
 * Jongro Campus: Corporate Office, Graduate School of Professional Studies, School of Adult and Continuing Education
 * Enrolled students: 6,944 in 2022 (approx 6% are post-grads)
 * Faculty members: 469 in 2022
 * Staff members (including contract employees): 121 in 2022
 * Academic courses: 2,421, including 17 Master's and 5 Doctorate programmes.

Notable alumni

 * Park Jung-soo, actress
 * Yeon Min-ji, singer
 * Choi Jin-ri, singer, actress, model and dancer

title: Duksung Women's University


text:
Viana do Castelo District

The Viana do Castelo District (Distrito de Viana do Castelo ) is a district located in the northwest of Portugal, bordered on the north by Spain (Galicia) and on the south by Braga District. It has an area of 2,255 km2 and a population of 252,011 (2006), for a density of 111.8 inhabitants/km2. The district capital is the city of Viana do Castelo.

Municipalities
The district is composed of ten municipalities:
 * Arcos de Valdevez Municipality
 * Caminha Municipality
 * Melgaço Municipality
 * Monção Municipality
 * Paredes de Coura Municipality
 * Ponte da Barca Municipality
 * Ponte de Lima Municipality
 * Valença Municipality
 * Viana do Castelo Municipality
 * Vila Nova de Cerveira Municipality

Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022
!rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !colspan=2 | 1976 !colspan=2 | 1979 !colspan=2 | 1980 !colspan=2 | 1983 !colspan=2 | 1985 !colspan=2 | 1987 !colspan=2 | 1991 !colspan=2 | 1995 !colspan=2 | 1999 !colspan=2 | 2002 !colspan=2 | 2005 !colspan=2 | 2009 !colspan=2 | 2011 !colspan=2 | 2015 !colspan=2 | 2019 !colspan=2 | 2022 ! Total seats || colspan=2|7 || colspan=30|6 ! colspan=33|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * - class="unsortable"
 * - class="unsortable" align="center"
 * align="left"| PS || 25.5 || 2 || 24.9 || 2 || 22.8 || 1 || 32.5 || 2 || 18.4 || 1 || 20.3 || 1 || 25.2 || 2 || 38.8 || 3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|40.2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|3 || 35.3 || 3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|42.0 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|36.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|3 || 26.2 || 2 || 29.8 || 2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|34.8 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|42.1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|3
 * align="left"| PSD || style="background:#FF9900;"|32.8 || style="background:#FF9900;"|3 || align=center colspan=4 rowspan=2|In AD || style="background:#FF9900;"|32.6 || style="background:#FF9900;"|3 || style="background:#FF9900;"|33.5 || style="background:#FF9900;"|3 || style="background:#FF9900;"|54.5 || style="background:#FF9900;"|5 || style="background:#FF9900;"|56.9 || style="background:#FF9900;"|4 || style="background:#FF9900;"|42.1 || style="background:#FF9900;"|3 || 35.8 || 2 || style="background:#FF9900;"|45.5 || style="background:#FF9900;"|3 || 33.5 || 2 || 31.3 || 2 || style="background:#FF9900;"|43.6 || style="background:#FF9900;"|3 || align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2|In PàF || 33.8 || 3 || 34.2 || 3
 * align="left"| CDS-PP || 23.5 || 2 || 18.4 || 1 || 16.6 || 1 || 7.7 || || 7.2 ||  || 11.3 ||  || 14.0 || 1 || 10.3 ||  || 11.4 || 1 || 13.6 || 1 || 13.4 || 1 || 6.2 ||  || 3.4
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#00FFFF;"|54.8 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|4 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|59.2 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|5 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 16.2 || 1 || 4.8 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|45.5 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|4 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#00FFFF;"|54.8 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|4 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|59.2 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|5 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 16.2 || 1 || 4.8 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|45.5 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|4 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 16.2 || 1 || 4.8 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|45.5 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|4 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|45.5 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|4 || colspan=4|
 * }

title: Viana do Castelo District


text:
Ishiguro

Ishiguro (written: 石黒 lit. "black stone") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Aya Ishiguro (石黒彩) (born 1978), a.k.a. Ayappe, singer
 * Hidé Ishiguro, Philosopher
 * Hideo Ishiguro (石黒英雄), Japanese actor
 * Hiroshi Ishiguro (石黒浩), professor at Osaka University who works in robotics
 * Kazuo Ishiguro (石黒一雄), Japanese-born British author and Nobel Prize winner
 * Keishichi Ishiguro (石黒敬七), Japanese judoka
 * Keisho Ishiguro (石黒敬章), Japanese photo collector
 * Ken Ishiguro (石黒賢), Japanese actor
 * Kenji Ishiguro (石黒健治), Japanese photographer
 * Kyōhei Ishiguro (イシグロキョウヘイ) (born 1980), Japanese director
 * Masakazu Ishiguro (石黒正数), Japanese manga artist
 * Masayuki Ishiguro (石黒将之), Japanese handball player who plays in German
 * Noboru Ishiguro (石黒昇), Japanese animator and anime series director
 * Osamu Ishiguro (石黒修), Japanese tennis player
 * Shuichi Ishiguro (石黒 修一), Japanese sport wrestler
 * Shizuo Ishiguro (1920–2007), Japanese oceanographer
 * Tatsuya Ishiguro (石黒竜也), Japanese kickboxer
 * Yumiko Ishiguro (石黒由美子), Japanese synchronized swimmer
 * Ishiguro Tadanori (石黒忠悳) (1845-1941), Japanese Army physician

title: Ishiguro


text:
Category talk:Sport by country

Comment
Surely it should be United States Sports not American Sports? -- Mwanner 18:06, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

Cfd
as per Oct 21, I've started renaming the recats by hand. Anyone with a bot feel free to jump in at any time. :) --Kbdank71 15:40, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Sport by country