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John Evans (Colorado politician)

John Evans (March 9, 1814 – July 2, 1897) was an American politician, physician, founder of various hospitals and medical associations, railroad promoter, second governor of the Territory of Colorado, and namesake of Evanston, Illinois; Evans, Colorado; and formerly Mount Evans, Colorado.

He is most noted for being one of the founders of both Northwestern University and the University of Denver. The John Evans professorships, the highest honors bestowed on faculty members at both Northwestern University and the University of Denver, are named for him. By bringing railroad service to Denver from several directions, he was responsible for the growth of Denver from a settlement to a city.

Evans was forced to resign the governorship in 1865 for his role in instigating the Sand Creek massacre, one of the worst massacres of Native Americans in U.S. history.

Early life and education
Evans was born in Waynesville, Ohio, on March 9, 1814, to Welsh immigrants Rachel and David Evans, a farmer, hardware store owner, and real estate investor. He began his study of medicine at Clermont Academy in Philadelphia and he graduated from Cincinnati College with a degree in medicine in March 1838.

Medicine
He married Hannah Canby (1813–1850) and moved to West Milton, Ohio, in December 1838. He moved in July 1839 to Attica, Indiana, where he established a medical practice with Isaac Fisher. He practiced medicine and decided to build an asylum for the insane. The Evans family moved to Indianapolis in 1843 to better focus his lobbying efforts with the Indiana legislature. On January 15, 1844, a bill was passed that allowed for a state asylum to be established and Evans was named as one of the commissioners to have the asylum built. From his research on successful asylums, he determined that fresh food and water as well as a country setting were important. Beginning in 1846, he oversaw the construction and became the first superintendent of the Indiana Central State Hospital in 1845.

He taught at Rush Medical College in Chicago and then moved there in 1848. He wrote about and developed a program for quarantine for cholera, which he spoke about to Congress. To reduce trauma that babies received through the use of forceps during birth, he invented an obstetrical extractor. He was owner and editor of a medical journal.

He was a founder of Lakeside Hospital and brought the Sisters of Mercy to staff the hospital, later named Mercy Hospital. He founded the Illinois State Medical Society. To ease seasickness during travel, he patented a suspended bed for ships in 1872 in England, France, the United States, and Italy.

Education
On June 4, 1850, he was one of the group of Methodists who founded Northwestern University, and was elected the first president of its board of trustees. While he lived in Evanston and later lived in Colorado, he donated money and land to fund the university's expenses after it opened in Evanston, Illinois, in November 1855.

Governor Evans donated land across from his house in Denver and in March 1864 obtained a charter from the territorial legislature to found the Territory's first college, the Colorado Seminary, which later became the University of Denver. Evans served as the Chairman of the University of Denver Board of Trustees until his death on July 2, 1897. Evans donated land in southeast Denver for a new University of Denver campus in 1890. The area is now called University Park.

Investments
Evans began investing in real estate, banking, and railroads in Chicago, which was foundational to his becoming wealthy. He helped establish the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. Due to the success with his railroad and real estate investments, he no longer practiced medicine by the mid-1850s.

He helped establish the Denver Pacific Railroad to link to Union Pacific's transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming. He was elected president of Denver Pacific Railroad in 1868 and the railroad connection was completed in 1870. Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad was incorporated in 1875, which brought rail service on two railroad lines to Colorado's mining region. In the 1880s, he built the Denver and New Orleans Railroad. Railroad service into Colorado helped Denver grow to more than 100,000 people by the 1880s from a frontier town of just a few thousand people.

Politics
He was an alderman for Chicago from 1853 to 1855. He focused on education, public health, and urban development. His wealth garnered him a fair amount of political power. He was one of the founders of the Illinois Republican Party due to his belief that slavery was wrong and became a personal friend of Abraham Lincoln  after he campaigned for him in 1860.

Lincoln appointed Evans on March 26, 1862, as the second Governor of the Territory of Colorado. Evans took his oath on April 11 in Washington, D.C., and he arrived in Denver by stagecoach on May 16. While he was governor, he helped establish the legal system, educational institutions, economy and infrastructure of the Colorado Territory. He also promoted Colorado's statehood, but its citizens overwhelmingly voted against it in September 1864 because the men of the state would be subject to military service for the Civil War and because the territory did not have the population to support running the state without the support of the federal government.

He was also the territory's superintendent of Indian Affairs, but did not consider how greatly Native Americans' lives were impacted by the way in which settlers thwarted their access to resources that they needed to survive. Evans strategy was to create treaties that allocated land for white settlers from Native American tribes.

He believed that constructing railroads from the east and through Colorado was important for the territory's growth. He worked with survey crews to define the best routes. He worked on enforcing a treaty where Native Americans were assigned to reservations. Native American tribes—the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Kiowa, Ute people and Sioux—were indigenous to Colorado and hunted throughout the area. Hostilities grew as settlers came to Colorado and there was concern that the Native American people would join the Confederate army during the Civil War. He lobbied for railroads for Colorado in Washington, D.C., and he was instrumental in having the Union Pacific Railroad create a link to Denver, having a railroad line connect to San Francisco, and another line from Denver to Galveston, Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico.

Sand Creek Massacre
Citizens of Denver feared that tribes were gathering to over-run Denver. Evans issued a proclamation in August 1864 that authorized "all citizens of Colorado... to go in pursuit of all hostile Indians [and] kill and destroy all enemies of the country." Because of the lack of the ability to defend Denver because of the men fighting in the civil war, Evans ordered that so-called "friendly" "Indians" should present themselves to various forts for their "safety and protection," and those who did not were "hostile" and should be "pursued and destroyed."

"Evans' offer of sanctuary was at best halfhearted. His primary goal in 1864 was to eliminate all Native American activity in eastern Colorado Territory, an accomplishment he hoped would increase his popularity and eventually win him a U.S. Senate seat."

Chief Black Kettle had told Native Americans that it was important that they make peace with the settlers or they would be crushed. He met with Lincoln and was very proud to have been given a large American flag in the fall of 1864. Only a few Native Americans, including Black Kettle, accepted Evans' offer of amnesty.

That year, Governor Evans appointed John Chivington as Colonel of the Colorado Volunteers. Chivington and his men knew of the band of Cheyenne and Arapaho led by Black Kettle, who had reported to Fort Lyon as ordered by Evans but left when there were no provisions for them there. Black Kettle and his group then camped along Sand Creek in the east central part of the Territory. This area was within Arapaho and Cheyenne territory according to the Fort Wise Treaty of 1861.

On November 29, 1864, Colonel Chivington ordered 700 cavalry troopers to attack Black Kettle's peaceful encampment, when most of the men were away hunting. They killed about 28 unarmed men and 105 women and children and wounded many more during the Sand Creek massacre. A few Cheyenne, including Black Kettle, were able to escape. Governor Evans decorated Chivington and his men for their "valor in subduing the savages."

Two U.S. Congressional committees and one military committee were formed to investigate the massacre, finding guilt on the part of the U.S. government in 1865. Evans was accused of a coverup. He was forced to resign as Governor in 1865 and Chivington's political ambitions were ruined.

Personal life
Evans married Hannah Canby in 1838. They settled in Attica, Indiana, where sons Joseph and Davis were born, in 1839 and 1841 respectively. Evans, raised in the Quaker faith, converted to Methodism, after hearing a talk by Matthew Simpson, a Methodist Episcopal minister. He became a member of the Freemasons. His daughter Josephine was born and his sons died while in Attica. She was the only child of four children born the Evans and his wife to survive childhood. Hannah contracted tuberculosis soon after the family moved to Chicago in 1848. She died on October 9, 1850. Hannah Canby Evans and their sons are buried in the old cemetery in Attica.

On August 18, 1853, he married for the second time to Margaret Patten Gray. She was the sister-in-law of a fellow trustee of Northwestern University. In 1855, he moved to a large house in Evanston, Illinois, which was named for him in 1854. In 1855, Evans and his wife had a son, William Gray Evans, whose efforts led to the development of Moffat Tunnel and the Denver Tramway Company. He came to Denver in 1862 and had a house at 14th and Arapahoe.

In 1871, their daughter Anne was born. She played a key role in the development of the Central City Opera, Civic Center Park, the Denver Public Library, and the Denver Art Museum.

John's daughter, Josephine, married Samuel Hitt Elbert. She died as a young woman and Evans built the Evans Memorial Chapel in her memory. In 1868, John Evans and Samuel Elbert purchased land near Evergreen, Colorado, for a summer retreat and ranch called Evans–Elbert Ranch.

Evans was in poor health in the last year of his life and his wife became the executor of his estate in November 1896. He died in Denver on July 2 or 3 in 1897.

Legacy and honors
John Evans' daughter, Josephine Evans Elbert, was married to Samuel Hitt Elbert, the sixth Governor of the Territory of Colorado from 1873 to 1874. Mount Evans (later renamed Mount Blue Sky in 2023) was named in Evans’ honor, and Mount Elbert is named in honor of his son-in-law, Samuel Hitt Elbert.

He is also the namesake of Evanston, Illinois; Evans, Colorado.

In 1963, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

During the 21st century, Evans' legacy came under renewed scrutiny for his beliefs regarding Native Americans. Colorado State Historian David Halaas said, "When it came to Indians, Evans believed they didn't have souls, that they were heathen savages, they were infernal—all words that he used to describe Indian people."

title: John Evans (Colorado politician)


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Talk:Maple Airport

I suggest that we remove this from the Airports of Ontario category, since it is not only closed but has been entirely built over. It is an interesting article -- maybe we need a new category for airports that no longer exist. David 15:51, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)

Is this the one located directly beside the 400? If so, it was used for an extended period of time as a construction company's HQ, and I think at least some of it still is. The control tower was visible until just recently, if it isn't today. Maury 21:42, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maple Airport


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Mercedes-Benz 560

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "560" model name:
 * 1986–1989 R107
 * 1986–1989 560SL
 * 1986–1991 W126
 * 1986–1991 560SEC
 * 1986–1991 560SEL
 * 1989–1991 560SE
 * 2013–current W222
 * 2018 S 560 4MATIC
 * 2018 Mercedes-Maybach S 560 4MATIC
 * 2018 S 560 e Plug-In Hybrid
 * 2014–current C217
 * 2018 S 560 Coupe 4MATIC
 * 2018 S 560 Cabriolet 4MATIC

title: Mercedes-Benz 560


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James Lockyer (activist)

James Lockyer (born December 21, 1949) is a lawyer and a prominent social justice activist in Toronto, Canada. He is a founding director of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYC). He has been involved in exposing more than ten wrongful convictions in Canada, including the cases of Guy Paul Morin, David Milgaard, Clayton Johnson and Gregory Parsons. Several of these cases have become the subject of public inquiries.

Born in Orpington, England, he studied law at University of Nottingham but did not complete his studies there. In 1972 he accepted a scholarship to McGill University in Montreal where he finished his law degree and began teaching. Mr. Lockyer also taught law at the University of Windsor until 1977, when he went into private practice as a criminal lawyer. Lockyer is a former law partner with Edward H. Royle.

Mr. Lockyer has worked on behalf of Steven Truscott, whose 1959 conviction of the murder of Lynne Harper came under review by the Court of Appeal for Ontario, and of Robert Baltovich, whose murder conviction was quashed by the Ontario Court of Appeal in November, 2004. On August 28, 2007, the Ontario Court of Appeal acquitted Steven Truscott, concluding, "based on evidence that qualifies as fresh evidence in these proceedings, we are satisfied that Mr. Truscott's conviction was a miscarriage of justice and must be quashed". On April 22, 2008, Robert Baltovich was also acquitted in his retrial, after the Crown declined to present any evidence against him. Lockyer has twice been a candidate for the New Democratic Party. He ran federally in the Toronto riding of St. Paul's, first in the 1979 federal election and then in the 1980 federal election. He placed third on both attempts.

He is an "OSE" (Old St. Edwardian), or alumnus, of St. Edward's School, Oxford, an English Public school.

Awards

 * Doctor of Laws, University of Victoria, 2009
 * G. Arthur Martin medal for outstanding contribution to criminal justice, 2004
 * Doctor of Laws, University of Windsor, 2015

title: James Lockyer (activist)


text:
User:TheKyleD

I'm a biracial twenty-something slacker in the United States' pacific northwest.

title: User:TheKyleD


text:
Pope Dionysius of Alexandria

Dionysius the Great (Διονύσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας) was the 14th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria from 28 December 248 until his death on 22 March 264. Most information known about him comes from a large corpus of correspondence. Only one complete letter survives; the remaining letters are excerpted in the works of Eusebius.

Called "the Great" by Eusebius, Basil of Caesarea and others, he was characterized by the Catholic Encyclopedia as "undoubtedly, after St. Cyprian, the most eminent bishop of the third century... like St. Cyprian, less a great theologian than a great administrator."

Early life
Dionysius was born to a wealthy polytheistic family sometime in the late 2nd, or early 3rd century. He spent most of his life reading books and carefully studying the traditions of polytheists. He converted to Christianity at a mature age and discussed his conversion experience with Philemon, a presbyter of Pope Sixtus II. Dionysius converted to Christianity when he had a vision from God, in which he was commanded to study and refute the heresies facing the early Christians. After his conversion, he joined the Catechetical School of Alexandria and was a student of Origen and Pope Heraclas. He eventually became leader of the school and presbyter of the church, succeeding Pope Heraclas in 231. In 248, Dionysius succeeded Pope Heraclas, becoming Pope of the church of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

Life as Pope of Alexandria
Dionysius was a more able administrator than theologian. Information on his work as Bishop of Alexandria is found in Dionysius' correspondence with other bishops and clergymen of the third century Catholic Church. Dionysius’ correspondences included interpretations on the Gospel of Luke, the Gospel of John and the Book of Revelation.

During 249, a major persecution was carried out in Alexandria by a polytheist mob, and hundreds of Christians were assaulted, stoned, burned or cut down on account of their refusal to deny their faith. Dionysius managed to survive that persecution and subsequent civil war. In January 250, the new emperor Decius issued a decree of legal persecution. Out of fear, many Christians denied their faith by offering a token polytheist sacrifice, and others attempted to obtain false documents affirming their sacrifice. Those who refused to sacrifice faced public ridicule and shame and, if found by the authorities, torture and execution. Many fled from the city into the desert, where most succumbed to exposure, hunger, thirst, or attacks by bandits or wild animals.

Dionysius himself was pursued by the prefect Aurelius Appius Sabinus, who had sent an assassin to murder him on sight. Dionysius spent three days in hiding before departing on the fourth night of the Decian decree with his servants and other loyal brethren. After a brush with a group of soldiers, he managed to escape with two of his followers, and set up a residence in the Libyan desert until the end of the persecution the following year.

He supported Pope Cornelius in the controversy of 251, arising when Novatian, a learned presbyter of the Church at Rome, set up a schismatic church with a rigorist position against communing Christians who had apostatized during the persecution. In opposition to Novatian's teaching, Dionysius ordered that the Eucharist should be refused to no one who asked it at the hour of death, even those who had previously lapsed.

In 252, an outbreak of plague ravaged Alexandria, and Dionysius—along with other clergy—assisted the sick and dying.

Christian persecutions subsided somewhat under Trebonianus Gallus, but were renewed under his successor Valerian. Dionysius was imprisoned and then exiled under Valerian. When Gallienus took over the empire, he released all the believers who were in prison and brought back those in exile. Gallienus wrote to Dionysius and other bishops a letter ensuring their safety and ability to reopen their churches.

During the debate between Pope Stephen and Cyprian, Dionysius supported the position of the Stephen but supported the autonomy of the African churches.

Legacy
Basil of Caesarea wrote to Pope Damasus I about aid sent, by Dionysius, to the church at Caesarea. That correspondence is cited by Pope Pius IX in his encyclical Praedecessores Nostros (On Aid For Ireland) of 25 March 1847.

title: Pope Dionysius of Alexandria


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Mercedes-Benz 600 (disambiguation)

The Mercedes-Benz 600 was a large luxury automobile offered in several variants worldwide.

Mercedes-Benz 600 may also refer to:
 * 1964–1981 Mercedes-Benz W100 (600 & 600 Pullman)
 * 1992–1994 Mercedes-Benz W140 (600SEL, 600SEC, S600, CL600)
 * 1993–2000 Mercedes-Benz R129 (600SL, SL600)
 * 2000 Mercedes-Benz W220 (S600)
 * 2000 Mercedes-Benz C215 (CL600)
 * 2001 Mercedes-Benz R230 (SL600)

title: Mercedes-Benz 600 (disambiguation)


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User talk:Webguy~enwiki

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - Stoph 15:55, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

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title: User talk:Webguy~enwiki


text:
Talk:Auld Lang Syne

“Slight melisma”?
The article as it currently stands says that “a slight melisma” is necessary to fit Burns’s poem to the traditional melody we all know. Technically, however, a “slight melisma” is a contradiction in terms. A melismatic setting of a text, by definition, has lots of extra notes per syllable, not just a few here and there. Roughly speaking, we might say, rather, that this setting is "neumatic"--or, more simply and accurately, "not strictly syllabic". TheScotch (talk) TheScotch (talk) 22:47, 2 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I've now corrected this. TheScotch (talk) 23:13, 2 July 2022 (UTC)
 * As an extension of this discussion, the text currently reads:
 * > Most common usage of the song involves only the first verse and the chorus. The last lines of both of these are often sung with the extra words "For the sake of" or "And days of", rather than Burns's simpler lines. This makes the song strictly syllabic, with just one note per syllable.
 * But this isn't accurate as the earlier lines of "for auld lang syne" have two notes for "auld" and "syne". While adding "the sake of" might make the last line strictly syllabic, it doesn't make the whole song strictly syllabic. DylanJKennedy (talk) 20:00, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

“Pentatonic”?
The article as it stands says that the lyric is “commonly sung” to a pentatonic melody. While it is true that the tune as represented in the article is strictly pentatonic, the tune as it is more commonly sung or played is not. In the key of F, its third note is usually E, the diatonic leading tone, rather than a repetition of F, the tonic. Now it may well be, as far as I know, that the strictly pentatonic version is older and in some sense or other more authentic, but the article needs to at least acknowledge the tune as it is more usually performed and represented. TheScotch (talk) 22:54, 2 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Many folk tunes that are characteristically "pentatonic" acquire the odd sharpened leading note in popular versions without becoming "diatonic". But changing the article to reflect this would require a good source. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 22:39, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's a comment from a Japanese ethnomusicologist friend, which suggests the "commonly sung or played" aspect is more complex:
 * The third note should be F, if you strictly follow the music on Japanese school textbooks.
 * But I suppose this kind of change would be quite natural for Europeans. They abandoned rich Greek tradition of modes and simplified to major and minor scales long time ago, so they always want leading tones. Somehow similar example I heard was Japanese national anthem “Kimigayo” recorded and played at Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany. Kimigayo is based on (if using Western terminology)
 * Dorian mode, so the melody ends on the second note of the major scale: if in the key of C, the final four notes are A, G, E, D. But Germany added C after D: my guess was that they (unconsciously?) wanted the melody to be fit in C major scale. Martindo (talk) 03:31, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Nationalisation?
A better word to describe the process in non-English-speaking countries "in the East" might be "adaptation" or "acculturation". Or dare we say "cultural appropriation" here? Martindo (talk) 10:22, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair point. I've changed it to "adoption", but happy to hear any better ideas.  Nationalisation was obviously the wrong word. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 13:52, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps "naturalisation", which I've seen as applying to someone changing their nationality? --Soundofmusicals (talk) 02:33, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd say that any word that requires quotes around it to explain it's not to be taken literally, is not a good choice of word. Quotes suggest it is merely a turn of phrase that someone has said. But who? It's not a quote.  Better to have a word that means exactly what it says. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 09:41, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Leave the quotes off then - they are only there because the word suggested is used in a slightly unusual sense - it is however in that sense exactly the right word. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 00:59, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

I removed the quotes, but then I looked at the examples again and realized most refer to melody, not "song" per se. This distinction also suggests that the appearance is evidence of popularity, not actual adoption or even naturalization of the song as a whole. Martindo (talk) 21:34, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, at this point we're talking about the melody, not the song as such. But what the use of the word "naturalisation" referred to is the way the tune has been adopted as a national song (even an anthem) in various Eastern countries, because its pentatonic lilt doesn't sound "Western". Actually "adopted" gets the meaning across much better than "popularity" (which has nothing to do with the case) - even if "naturalisation" is better still. I'm tempted to return to Escape Orbit's edit as at least not missing the point altogether, but it's really not worth a possible edit war. Soundofmusicals (talk) 00:52, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Well, I did say in the summary LET'S tweak it, so I don't see any edit war here, but rather a fine-tuning. I think popularity or some "status" influence probably led to the adoption/adaptation of the tune, so I'm open to someone coming up with another tweak, especially if it works with a whole sentence to clarify, not just swapping a single word. Martindo (talk) 09:25, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * See the above addition to Pentatonic discussion. My ethnomusicologist friend comments further:
 * "Nationalisation??? I think these are like pronunciations of loan words."
 * (My example: the first word in the sushi dish "kappa maki" is typically pronounced by English speakers with a vowel like "cap".) Martindo (talk) 03:35, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Auld Lang Syne


text:
Hostivít

Hostivít was the last of the seven Bohemian mythical princes between the (also mythical) founder of the Přemyslid dynasty, Přemysl the Ploughman and the first historical prince Bořivoj. The names of the princes were first recorded in Chronica Boemorum and then transmitted into historical books of the 19th century including František Palacký's The History of the Czech Nation in Bohemia and Moravia. According to tradition, he was the father of the non-legendary prince Bořivoj. Some historians suppose that when St. Ludmila was born, Hostivít (or Svatopluk I of Moravia) and Ludmila's father, Slavibor, contracted that Ludmilla would marry Bořivoj (which could refer to the wedding procession of an unknown bride mentioned in Annales Fuldenses for 871_. According to the Chronicle of Dalimil, Hostivít had a brother called Děpolt who inherited the land of Kouřim.

One theory about the number of the princes is propped on the frescoes on the walls of the Rotunda in Znojmo, Moravia but Anežka Merhautová claimed that the frescoes depict all the members of the Přemyslid dynasty including the Moravian junior princes.

Origin of the name
Hostivít's name is thought to be derived from the old Slavonic words hosti meaning 'guests' and vítat meaning 'to welcome'. Záviš Kalandra thought the names of the seven princes were cryptical names of ancient Slavonic days of the week – Hostivít being the seventh, i.e. Saturday, when the guests are welcome.

Another theory suggests the names of the Přemysl ancestors arose from a mistaken interpretation by Cosmas. According to postulation by Vladimír Karbusický, Cosmas likely contrived them when trying to read a lost Latin transcription of an old-Slavonic message. When the ancestral names are combined and reassessed, they can roughly cohere an assumed text:

"Krok‘ kazi tetha lubossa premisl nezamisl mna ta voj‘n ni zla kr‘z mis neklan gosti vit..."

In modern English, this may translate to:

"Halt your steps, Tetha, and rather think, I do not intend war or evil upon you, we do not bow to the cross, we welcome guests..."

The alleged message is speculated to be from the Czech princes to the Franks, perhaps in relation to the Battle of Zásek c. 849 described in the Annales Fuldenses.

title: Hostivít


text:
Equirectangular projection

The equirectangular projection (also called the equidistant cylindrical projection or la carte parallélogrammatique projection), and which includes the special case of the plate carrée projection (also called the geographic projection, lat/lon projection, or plane chart), is a simple map projection attributed to Marinus of Tyre, who Ptolemy claims invented the projection about AD 100.

The projection maps meridians to vertical straight lines of constant spacing (for meridional intervals of constant spacing), and circles of latitude to horizontal straight lines of constant spacing (for constant intervals of parallels). The projection is neither equal area nor conformal. Because of the distortions introduced by this projection, it has little use in navigation or cadastral mapping and finds its main use in thematic mapping. In particular, the plate carrée has become a standard for global raster datasets, such as Celestia, NASA World Wind, the USGS Astrogeology Research Program, and Natural Earth, because of the particularly simple relationship between the position of an image pixel on the map and its corresponding geographic location on Earth or other spherical solar system bodies. In addition it is frequently used in panoramic photography to represent a spherical panoramic image.

Definition
The forward projection transforms spherical coordinates into planar coordinates. The reverse projection transforms from the plane back onto the sphere. The formulae presume a spherical model and use these definitions: Longitude and latitude variables are defined here in terms of radians.
 * $$\lambda$$ is the longitude of the location to project;
 * $$\varphi$$ is the latitude of the location to project;
 * $$\varphi_1$$ are the standard parallels (north and south of the equator) where the scale of the projection is true;
 * $$\varphi_0$$ is the central parallel of the map;
 * $$\lambda_0$$ is the central meridian of the map;
 * $$x$$ is the horizontal coordinate of the projected location on the map;
 * $$y$$ is the vertical coordinate of the projected location on the map;
 * $$R$$ is the radius of the globe.

Forward

 * $$\begin{align}

x &= R (\lambda - \lambda_0) \cos \varphi_1\\ y &= R (\varphi - \varphi_0) \end{align}$$

The plate carrée (French, for flat square), is the special case where $$\varphi_1$$ is zero. This projection maps x to be the value of the longitude and y to be the value of the latitude, and therefore is sometimes called the latitude/longitude or lat/lon(g) projection. Despite sometimes being called "unprojected", it is actually projected.

When the $$\varphi_1$$ is not zero, such as Marinus's $$\varphi_1=36$$, or Ronald Miller's $$\varphi_1=(37.5, 43.5, 50.5)$$, the projection can portray particular latitudes of interest at true scale.

While a projection with equally spaced parallels is possible for an ellipsoidal model, it would no longer be equidistant because the distance between parallels on an ellipsoid is not constant. More complex formulae can be used to create an equidistant map whose parallels reflect the true spacing.

Reverse

 * $$\begin{align}

\lambda &= \frac{x} {R \cos \varphi_1} + \lambda_0\\ \varphi &= \frac{y} {R} + \varphi_0 \end{align}$$

Alternative names
In spherical panorama viewers, usually:

 * $$\lambda$$ is called "yaw";
 * $$\varphi$$ is called "pitch";

where both are defined in degrees.

title: Equirectangular projection


text: Category:496 deaths

title: Category:496 deaths


text:
Pope Maximus of Alexandria

Pope Maximus of Alexandria, 15th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria. He is commemorated in the Coptic Synaxarion on the 14th day of Baramudah (April 22), and by the Romans on Dec. 27.

title: Pope Maximus of Alexandria


text:
Half-Life 2: Episode One

Half-Life 2: Episode One is a 2006 first-person shooter game developed and published by Valve for Windows. It continues the story of Half-Life 2 (2004); as scientist Gordon Freeman, players must escape City 17 with Gordon's companion Alyx Vance. Like previous Half-Life games, Episode One combines shooting, puzzles and storytelling.

After the six-year development of Half-Life 2, Valve switched to episodic development, hoping to release games more frequently. For Episode One, they focused on developing the character of Alyx and expanded her artificial intelligence. It uses an updated version of Valve's Source engine, with new lighting and animation technology.

Episode One received mostly positive reviews; the co-operative gameplay with Alyx received particular praise, although the short length was criticized. It was ported to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 as part of the 2007 compilation The Orange Box. Episode Two followed in 2007.

Gameplay
In Episode One, players make their way through a linear series of levels and encounter various enemies and allies. The gameplay is broken up between combat-oriented challenges and physics-based puzzles. Episode One integrates tutorial-like tasks into the story to familiarize the player with new gameplay mechanics without breaking immersion. A head-up display appears on the screen to display the character's health, energy, and ammunition. Throughout the course of the game, the player accesses new weapons and ammunition that are used to defend the character from enemy forces. Unlike in Half-Life 2, where Gordon's first weapon is the crowbar, Gordon first acquires the Gravity Gun, which plays a crucial role in the game by allowing the player to use physics to manipulate objects at a distance in both combat and puzzle-solving scenarios.

The artificial intelligence (AI) for Alyx Vance, Gordon's companion, was explicitly designed for co-operative play in Episode One to complement the player's abilities. The developers described Alyx's programming for Episode One as a "personality code" as opposed to an "AI code", emphasizing the attention they gave to make Alyx a unique and believable companion. For part of the code, she was explicitly programmed to avoid performing too many mechanical or repetitive actions, such as repeating lines of dialogue or performing certain routines in combat situations. Examples of this co-operative gameplay include combat in underground levels. In this scenario, the player can conserve their ammunition by using a flashlight to help Alyx spot and kill oncoming enemies. Similarly, Alyx will often take up strategic positions and provide covering fire to keep the player safe while they travel to a certain area or perform certain actions.

Plot

In City 17, Gordon Freeman and Alyx Vance (Merle Dandridge) have destroyed the Citadel's reactor. As it explodes, several vortigaunts (Louis Gossett Jr.) appear and extract Alyx. The G-Man (Michael Shapiro), who extracted Freeman from the explosion, is suddenly confronted by the vortigaunts and pushed away from Freeman; as the vortigaunts rescue Freeman, the G-Man responds by angrily stating that "We'll see... about that."

Freeman awakens in the ruins of City 17, where he is rescued from a pile of rubble by Dog and reunited with Alyx. At a nearby piece of communication equipment, Alyx makes contact with Eli Vance (Robert Guillaume) and Isaac Kleiner (Harry S. Robins), who have escaped the city. Kleiner informs them that the Citadel's core will soon collapse, leaving Freeman and Alyx with no chance of safely escaping the city. Freeman and Alyx proceed into the core and temporarily stabilize it; in there, Alyx discovers that the Combine is attempting to accelerate the destruction of the Citadel in order to send a transmission back to their homeworld. Alyx downloads a copy of the transmission along with a video recorded by Judith Mossman (Michelle Forbes) where she discusses finding the location of an unknown project before being cut off by a Combine attack. Freeman and Alyx board a train and use it to escape the Citadel, which subsequently derails.

Leaving the train, the two proceed on foot through an underground transportation system and the city streets, fighting past disorganized Combine forces and rampant Xen wildlife. Near a Combine-held train station, Freeman and Alyx reunite with Barney Calhoun (Michael Shapiro), who is planning to use the station to evacuate refugees from the city. Freeman and Alyx escort the refugees to the station, eliminating the Combine forces there. The two take a different train out of City 17, escaping just as the reactor detonates, which delivers the Combine transmission. As several pods containing Combine Advisors flee the Citadel, the explosion's shockwave derails the train.

Development
Valve developed Half-Life 2 (2004) over six years using its new game engine, Source. Instead of beginning work on a full sequel, Valve decided to create a series of episodic sequels using Source. The designer Robin Walker said the team had become comfortable with their tools, and wanted to capitalize on their experience instead of developing new technologies. Valve's president, Gabe Newell, said customers would be happier with a new Half-Life game delivered in a shorter time rather than waiting years for another "monolithic product".

In April 2005, Valve announced Episode One under the working title Aftermath. The title Episode One was announced in February 2006. In May, Valve announced that Episode One would be the first in a trilogy of episodic games to be released over the following two years. Newell said he considered the trilogy the equivalent of Half-Life 3. According to Newell, whereas the original Half-Life (1998) saw the G-Man transform Freeman into his tool, and Half-Life 2 saw Freeman being used by G-Man, the episodes would see G-Man lose control.

While the plots and dialogue of Half-Life and Half-Life 2 were written solely by Marc Laidlaw, the Half-Life 2 episodes were written by Laidlaw and the new employees Chet Faliszek and Erik Wolpaw. Valve's focus was character development, particularly that of Gordon's companion Alyx, who accompanies the player for most of Episode One. Walker said: "It's kind of ironic that despite so much of the theme of Half-Life 2 being about other characters and other people, you spent most of the game alone."

Valve made modifications to Alyx's AI to allow her to react to the player. Changes include commentating on objects the player manipulates or obstacles they have overcome. She also acts as an essential device in both plot exposition and directing the player's journey, often vocalizing what the player is required to do next to progress. At the same time, Valve did not want Alyx to obstruct the player, and sometimes reduced her input and dialogue so players would not feel pressured or bothered by her presence. Valve placed what they described as "hero moments" throughout the game, which allow the player to single-handedly overcome obstacles such as particularly challenging enemies, during which Alyx takes the role of an observer and gives the player praise and adulation for their feats. The game was extensively playtested so that Valve could gauge its effectiveness and difficulty.

Episode One was made with an upgraded version of Source, with more advanced lighting effects and a new version of its facial animation/expression technology. Upgrades to enemy AI allow Combine soldiers to use tactics previously unavailable to them. For example, Combine soldiers were given the ability to crouch while being fired upon so they could duck underneath the player's line of fire. The soundtrack was composed by Kelly Bailey. The music is used sparingly; it plays primarily during scenes of major plot developments or particularly important action sequences such as large battles or when encountering a new enemy.

Extensive alterations were made to the appearance of both City 17 where the game takes place and the Citadel from the end of Half-Life 2 to reflect the changing shape of the world and remind the player that their actions have major effects on the storyline. The Citadel has degenerated from the cold, alien and imposing fortress of the previous game into an extremely unstable state. This provides a visual cue to the player of the catastrophic damage they inflicted, and it allows for the introduction of new gameplay elements that accentuate the dangers which come with the Citadel's imminent collapse. It also serves a thematic purpose by highlighting the weakening of the Combine's dominance in City 17. Likewise, City 17 has been altered to reflect the aftermath of the resistance's open rebellion, with vast swathes of destroyed buildings, and the introduction of foes previously kept outside its confines in Half-Life 2 to emphasize the scale of the uprising.

Release
Episode One was sold in both retail stores and Valve's online Steam distribution system, where it was sold at a discount price. The game was also distributed by Electronic Arts as a standalone release. It was available for pre-load and pre-purchase through Steam on May 1, 2006, with Half-Life Deathmatch: Source and Half-Life 2: Deathmatch immediately available for play as part of the package. Episode One was rereleased in the compilation The Orange Box for Mac, PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. About 1.4 million retail copies of Episode One had been sold by 2008.

Reception
Response to Episode One was generally positive. Reviewers praised it for having more intricate, well paced gameplay than Half-Life 2. The game's interactivity, particularly in the form of Alyx and her reactions to the player's actions and the events of the game, was also singled out for praise. PC Gamer commented that "while this inaugural episode may not be the essential FPS that Half-Life 2 is, I can't imagine any shooter fan who'd want to miss it." PC Gamer directed particular praise to the balance between puzzle-oriented and action-oriented challenges throughout the game.

Edge praised the "deftness" with which the game directed the player's eyes, and the strength of Alyx as a companion, concluding: "In an interactive genre bound to the traditions of the pop-up gun and invisible hero, it simply doesn't get more sophisticated than this." Episode One earned scores of 87/100 and 85.59% on review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings respectively. IGN awarded Episode One "Best PC FPS of 2006" and described it as a "great bang for the buck using Valve's new episodic plan", although it did not offer "the complete experience that Half-Life 2 was". GameSpy ranked Episode One ninth on its 2006 "Games of the Year" list, and it also noted the implementation of Alyx as a believable and useful companion.

A common criticism of the game is its short length. Episode One takes roughly 4–6 hours to complete, which raised the issue of whether the game justified its price. Computer Games Magazine argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature; as the first part of a three-part story arc, it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product. Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons.

During the 10th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Half-Life 2: Episode One for "First-Person Action Game of the Year".

Sequels
Half-Life 2: Episode Two was released in 2007. Episode Three was scheduled for release by Christmas 2007, but was canceled as Valve found the episodic model contrary to their growing ambition for new installments. After canceling several further Half-Life projects, Valve released a prequel, Half-Life: Alyx, in 2020.

title: Half-Life 2: Episode One


text:
Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class (C209)

The C209/A209 Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class is the second generation of the Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class range of grand tourers, produced between 2001 and 2009. There were two body styles available: a 2-door coupé (C209) and a 2-door convertible (A209). The latter being assembled at the Karmann plant in Osnabrück. It was also the last complete car made by Karmann before closing the facility.

It was replaced by the Mercedes-Benz C207/A207 E-Class in 2010.

Development and launch
The C209/A209 CLK is based on the Mercedes W203 C-Class platform, and uses rack-and-pinion steering, instead of the recirculating ball design from the previous generation. It also uses a three-link front suspension, and aluminium rear multi-link suspension. Compared to its predecessor, the second generation CLK is 61 mm longer, 18 mm wider, and 28 mm taller.

At introduction, a 3.2-litre V6, 5.0-litre V8, 5.4-litre V8, and 2.7L inline-5 diesel engine were available, which were all replaced by 2006.

Coupé (C209)
The production version CLK was unveiled at the 2002 Geneva Motor Show.

Convertible (A209)
Convertible CLK models feature a three-layered electric soft top, that can be operated via the keyfob or at speeds up to 8 km/h (5 mph) in 20 seconds. Convertible models were originally manufactured by Karmann in Osnabrück in 2003, but production was later moved to Bremen, Germany in 2004. The CLK Cabriolet was unveiled at the 2003 Geneva Motor Show.

Equipment
Standard equipment includes antilock brakes, electronic stability control, power seats, and dual-zone climate control. Models were also offered in Elegance and Avantgarde specification. Elegance models feature green-tinted glass, a grey coloured grille, 7-spoke polished 16-inch alloy wheels, and wood interior trim, while Avantgarde models featured blue-tinted glass, a black coloured grille, 5-spoke 18-inch alloy wheels, aluminium interior trim, as well as stiffer springs, thicker anti-roll bars, and a 15 mm lower ride height.

In 2005, a Sports edition, based on the Avantgarde specification, was introduced and featured six-spoke 18-inch alloy wheels, cross-drilled brake rotors, and bi-xenon headlights. An AMG Sports package was also available, featuring a restyled front bumper, a spoiler lip on the boot, and 18-inch wheels. The Elegance and Avantgarde models were also updated, now featuring nine-spoke 16-inch wheels, and five spoke 17-inch wheels respectively.

Petrol engines
* Note: CLK 550 was still marketed as CLK 500 in most markets.

CLK DTM AMG (2004–2006)
The CLK DTM AMG is a limited edition high-performance version of the CLK, built to celebrate the racing version of the CLK winning the 2003 German Touring Car Championship (DTM) season. Only 100 coupés and 80 convertibles were built for the European market only, with the coupé version produced for the 2004 model year, and the convertible version made for the 2006 model year. The road version features a supercharged 5439 cc SOHC 3 valves per cylinder V8 engine rated at 428 kW at 7000 rpm and 800 Nm at 3500 rpm of torque, with power sent through a 5G-Tronic automatic transmission to the rear wheels, capable of a top speed of 322 km/h. Weighing 1,742 kg, the CLK DTM AMG goes from 0-100 km/h in 3.9 seconds.

CLK 63 AMG Black Series (2007–2009)
The CLK 63 AMG Black Series is a high-performance version of the CLK 63 AMG coupé, produced between 2007 and 2009. 500 examples were produced in total, with 349 headed to the United States and only 120 examples built with right-hand drive. It is powered by the M156 6208 cc V8, producing 500 bhp at 6,800 rpm and 630 Nm of torque at 5,250 rpm. It uses Pirelli P-Zero Corsa tyres and features Mercedes' SpeedShift 7G-Tronic transmission. Additional features also include a manually adjustable suspension system designed and manufactured by KW, a limited-slip differential, larger air intakes, bucket seats, 19-inch alloy wheels, a spoiler, diffuser, and wider fenders made of carbon fibre. The rear seats have also been removed in order to save weight, and the top speed has been increased to 300 km/h.

F1 safety car
In 2003, the CLK 55 AMG was used as an F1 safety car. The CLK 63 AMG was also used as an F1 safety car for the 2006 and 2007 seasons.

2004

 * Handling improvements in the form of modified axle bearings and more direct steering

2005 facelift
A facelift was introduced in June 2005. Major changes include:

 * Exterior design changes including: redesigned front and rear bumpers, grille with three louvres instead of four, and restyled taillights
 * COMAND 2.0 upgraded to DVD-based COMAND-APS system, introducing iPod integration
 * Updated center console with improved layout and switches
 * New 7G-Tronic automatic transmission replaces the old 5G-Tronic system
 * The CLK 240, CLK 320, and CLK 55 AMG are replaced by newer models

2007

 * Introduction of CLK 550 and CLK 63 AMG models
 * Introduction of Sports and AMG Sports package

Sales figures
The following are the sales figures for the CLK in Europe and in the United States:

Motorsports
The Mercedes-Benz CLK DTM was a race version of the CLK that raced from 2002 DTM season and won the 2003 DTM season.

title: Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class (C209)


text:
Khagan Bek

Khagan Bek is the title used by the bek (generalissimo) of the Khazars.

History
Khazar kingship was divided between the Khagan and the Bek or Khagan Bek. Contemporary Arab historians related that the Khagan was purely a spiritual ruler or figurehead with limited powers, while the Bek was responsible for administration and military affairs.

In the Khazar Correspondence, King Joseph identifies himself as the ruler of the Khazars and makes no reference to a colleague. It has been disputed whether Joseph was a Khagan or a Bek; his description of his military campaigns make the latter probable. A third option is that by the time of the Correspondence (c. 950–960) the Khazars had merged the two positions into a single ruler, or that the Beks had somehow supplanted the Khagans or vice versa.

Some sources refer to the Khazar Bek as ishad (a Göktürk military rank) or Malik (Arabic for "king", also used as a high rank). He was theoretically the subordinate of the Khagan but in reality controlled the military and civil government for the Khazar khaganate.

title: Khagan Bek


text:
User:Oisalex

Alex Murphy is the Managing Director of Online Information Services Ltd. which was established in 1986 as a UK limited company, specialising in electronic publishing and marketing.

In addition to this business interest, Alex also has a special interest in the Philosophy of Science and, in particular, a critique of Einstein's theory of gravity.

His interest in philosophy extends to ethics and the derivation of ethical values from Darwinist theory applied to human behaviour and a deterministic view of human nature which is compatible with "freewill".

title: User:Oisalex


text:
Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215)

The second generation CL-Class used the C215-chassis designation and was manufactured and marketed by Mercedes from 1998–2006 as the company's flagship model, a two-door, four-passenger coupé.

Based on the 1998–2005 Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220), it uses an 8 in shorter wheelbase. Its unique unibody construction used a steel floor pan, chassis rails and A pillars along with a bonded aluminium roof and rear wing sections, magnesium door frames and composite plastic used for the boot/trunk and front wings.

Sales in Germany started in August 1999 for the CL 500 V8.

The C215 exterior design and active suspension was previewed by the Mercedes-Benz F200 concept in 1996.

Model variants included the:
 * naturally aspirated (NA) V8-powered CL 500
 * NA V8-Powered CL55 AMG, the supercharged V8-powered CL55 AMG
 * NA V12-powered CL 600 (2000-2002)
 * limited production (about 200 per year worldwide 5.5 litre V12 Bi-Turbo CL600 (2003-2006)
 * limited-edition NA CL63 AMG (26 examples only)
 * 2000 NA CL55 AMG F1 Edition (55 examples only)
 * the limited production (196 total) 6.0 litre V12 Bi-Turbo CL65 AMG (2004-2006)

Exterior design produced a for regular models and 0.29 for AMG.

Features and equipment
C215 was the second car (after the W220 S-Class) with Distronic: the first worldwide radar-assisted Autonomous cruise control system. It was the first car in the world with both low beam and high beam (Bi-Xenon) High Intensity Discharge headlamps.

Standard equipped included hydropneumatic suspension, the Active Body Control or ABC system. It is technically more advanced than standard Airmatic air suspension found on the W220 S-Class sibling, and keeps the car level even in fast corners, provides a comfort and sports setting. Driver controls can enable the system to increase the car's ground clearance in three increments for driving on difficult terrain. The suspension will lower the vehicle automatically at higher speeds.

From 1999 through 2003, the V12-equipped cars featured a cylinder deactivation system called Active Cylinder Control. The feature was dropped on introduction of the 500 PS bi-turbo V12. This system allowed the CL 600 to achieve better fuel economy than the comparable CL 500 when not istself [sic] (option for the V8), especially on the road when six-cylinder operation could be activated. Conceptually, the engine is two Mercedes six-cylinder series engines mated to a common crank with separate engine monitoring systems.

Cars with the Designo option were available in exclusive colours and with custom interior appointments, including an optional natural stone veneer.

Safety
In 2003, engine availability was revised, and the cars were upgraded with Pre-Safe precrash system and a DVD-based navigation system vs CD-based COMAND system. The CL 55 AMG became supercharged allowing the car to accelerate from 0-60 mph in 4.27 sec according to Motor Trend and the V12 CL 600 had turbochargers added and a slight engine capacity reduction, from 5786 cc to 5513 cc. Both cars produced 500 PS. Albeit the CL 600 Bi Turbo official power figures were understated to preserve sales of the CL 55 AMG Kompressor models. The more powerful CL 65 produced 612 PS. The top speed of the car was limited to 250 km/h.

Standard equipment included front and rear side curtain airbags. In total, the C215 features 8 airbags: 2 frontal (driver and passenger), 4 side airbags (one for each passenger, optional for rear seats) and 2 window-airbags. LED brake lights became standard.

Comfort and convenience

 * Optional Distronic cruise control, which could maintain a set distance between the CL-Class and any vehicle in front.
 * Speedtronic adjustable speed limiter for not exceeding a set speed on roads with speed limits.
 * Optional Keyless Go, a smart key entry and startup system.
 * Rain-sensing windshield wipers.
 * Light sensors to turn the headlights on and off automatically, depending on lighting circumstances. The instrument display and the COMAND screen's backlight and colour also adjust automatically depending on the ambient light situation.
 * Parktronic visual and audible parking aid, with sensors in the front and rear bumpers. Also, the passenger side mirror can swivel down automatically when engaging reverse, to help see the curb.
 * Automatically heated exterior mirrors.
 * Fully automatic climate control system with pollen and charcoal filters and optional separate rear-seat climate controls.
 * COMAND system combines the controls for audio systems, the television, the navigation and the telephone. COMAND based cars offer higher quality audio compared to the Audio 10 system.
 * Optional BOSE sound system.
 * Summer Open/Close - Ability to open and close all four windows and the sunroof at the same time upon entry and/or exit from the vehicle.
 * Self opening and closing trunk.
 * Self-closing doors.
 * Electrically adjustable seats are standard. Optional were the memory function for the seats (standard in many countries on the larger engine models) and the multi-contour backrests with massage function.
 * Easy entry/exit function.
 * Auto-dimming interior and driver's side exterior rear view mirrors to prevent being dazzled by cars behind.
 * Bi-xenon headlamps
 * Optional Linguatronic voice recognition system which can be used to control the audio system, navigation system, and a cellular telephone through voice commands.

Models
The CL 63 AMG was based on the CL 600. These were produced in limited quantities for one month and offered exclusively by AMG, and only to selected customers in Europe and Asia, allegedly Heads of State. The CL 63 AMG was the rarest C215 CL of all, and only 26 examples were built in November 2001 (plate 51), some delivered in the UK and one for France registered in March 2002. They had a price of US$270,000. One of them was offered for sale in Warwick in 2022.

Special editions
In 2000, Mercedes-Benz presented the CL 55 AMG F1 Limited Edition model. With production limited to only 55 numbered examples, they sported lighter carbon-ceramic brake discs (a world production car first ) with special eight-piston Brembo calipers. The model was based on a standard naturally aspirated CL 55 AMG with identical performance but better stopping power. It was available only in metallic silver with black and silver leather interior with an option of sports bucket seats. F1 Limited Edition logos can be found on the illuminated door sills and on the carbon-fibre finished centre console along with a series number.

Engines
As with all major German manufacturers (except Porsche) Mercedes electronically limits their cars to 250 km/h.

Production
According to Daimler, the C215 was produced in the following numbers:
 * CL 500 (1998–2006) - 32,224
 * CL 600 (1998–2002) - 6,348
 * CL 600 (2002–2005) - 2,255
 * CL 55 AMG (2000–2002) - 2,217
 * CL 55 AMG (2002–2005) - 4,163
 * CL 63 AMG (2001) - 26
 * CL 65 AMG (2003–2005) - 777

Total production of the C215 CL-Class was 47,984 units (excluding 63 AMG model).

title: Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215)


text:
User talk:Neanderslob

Greetings and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for starting to contribute to Wikipedia. If you have not yet registered a user name, I encourage you to do so, because while editing anonymously is great, anonymous users sometimes don't get to experience the full community aspect of Wikipedia. Registering a user name will give you an identity on Wikipedia and allow you to do several things anonymous users can't, such as vote in polls, set preferences, and upload images. You may wish to review some or all of the following pages to aid you in your editing: * Welcome! * Wikipedia Help * Wikipedia Tutorial * What Wikipedia is not * Wikipedia Manual of Style * Avoiding common mistakes

If you have a specific question about how to do something on Wikipedia, feel free to ask on the help desk. Also, remember you can create and edit your own user page to include information about yourself and anything you may find useful. Again, welcome, and thanks for contributing. Enjoy your Wikipedia experience! Solver - Talk

Image Tagging Image:Medomak Camp Cabins.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Medomak Camp Cabins.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 21:52, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Medomak Camp

The article Medomak Camp has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No evidence of notability.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 15:52, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neanderslob


text: Category:492 deaths

title: Category:492 deaths