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Partibrejkers

Partibrejkers (Serbian Cyrillic: Партибрејкерс, transliteration for: Partybreakers) is a Serbian rock band from Belgrade, as well as one of the most acclaimed acts of the Yugoslav rock scene.

The band was formed in 1982 and released its first album, Partibrejkers I in 1985 in a two guitars, drums and vocal set (no bass guitar). The band has experienced numerous line-up changes. The mainstay of the band are Zoran Kostić "Cane" (vocals) and Nebojša Antonijević "Anton" (guitar). The band has received steady critical acclaim over the years and is well received by audiences all over former Yugoslavia, not only because of their music, but also because of their anti-war activism with the Rimtutituki project. Their influences are diverse, such as the Stooges, MC5, early Rolling Stones and New York Dolls, combined with blues, British rhythm-and-blues, rockabilly and classic rock and roll.

1980s
The band was formed by the former Urbana Gerila and Radnička Kontrola member Zoran Kostić "Cane" (vocals), former Republika members Goran Bulatović "Manza" (drums) and Ljubiša Kostadinović "Ljuba" (guitar) and former BG5, Butik and Šine member Nebojša Antonijević "Anton" (guitar). Bulatović named the band according to how Kostić viewed this group of individuals, a transliterated version of party-breakers.

They performed their first live show on October 4, 1982, at the Dadov Theatre, opening for the Fifties. After the appearance, the band started performing often and on one occasion, in Zagreb, they held five concerts in three days time, Branimir "Johnny" Štulić being the sound engineer at the last concert, and even offering to be the band's producer. The band's first recording, the song "Radio Utopia", was released on the various artists compilation Ventilator 202 in 1983 by PGP-RTB. Demo versions of the songs "Hiljadu godina" ("A Thousand Years") and "Večeras" ("Tonight") were often broadcast on Serbian radio stations, and the newly recorded versions of the songs were released as their first single.

For the release of the band's first album, Partibrejkers I (Partybreakers I), produced by Dušan Kojić "Koja" of Disciplina Kičme, the band combined rhythm-and-blues with punk rock, bringing anthem status to the band's songs "Ulični hodač" ("Street Walker"), "Ona živi na brdu" ("She Lives on a Hill"), "Gubitnik" ("Loser"), "Ako si..." ("If You Are...") and "Stoj, Džoni" ("Stop, Johnny"), a cover of Tomi Sovilj i Njegove Siluete version of Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode". The album was recorded at the O Studio in Belgrade in June 1984 and the album cover was designed by Antonijević. As guests on the album appeared Branislav Petrović "Banana" on harmonica, producer Kojić played organ, and Branislav Trivić played saxophone. The album was rereleased by Hi-Fi Centar and VTC Wien on CD in 1999. Despite the success of the debut album, Jugoton declined to release the band's second album, stating that it "lacked rebelliousness". On summer of 1985, Bulatović left the band, being temporarily replaced by Disciplina Kičme drummer Nenad Krasovac "Kele", and in December, the band ceased to exist.

For a short period of time, Antonijević performed with the band Plaćenici, after which Partibrejkers were reformed in a new lineup, featuring a former Plaćenici drummer Vlada Funtek and former Radost Evrope bassist Dime Todorov "Mune". The band recorded the material for the second studio album in June 1987 at the Barbaro Studio in Bukovac. The recordings were sent to PGP-RTB, but they were not prone to releasing it. In the meantime, the band organized two charity concerts at the Lotus bar, buying sixteen cakes for the children of the neglected children home in Zvečanska street in Belgrade. In May 1988, Funtek left the band, being firstly replaced by Marko Milivojević, and then by former Potop and Banana member Igor Borojević. In September 1988, the band's second album, with the working title Kobila i pastuv preljubnik (A Mare and a Stallion Adulterer), was released. However, Goran Dimić, who designed the album cover, on purpose did not put the album title on the cover. Partibrejkers II featured prominent tracks "Ja se ne vraćam" ("I'm Not Coming Back"), "Prsten" ("A Ring"), "Mesečeva kći" ("Moon Daughter"), "Pet ispod nule" ("Five Degrees Below Zero") and "Nema cure" ("There Is No Girl"), for which Antonijević sang the lead vocals. The song "Put" ("The Road") was not recorded in Bukovac, but at the O Studio in March 1988 and added to the rest of the material. At the same time, MTV made a report on the band's work.

In February 1989, the band made new demo recordings, this time with the help of the Električni Orgazam frontman Srđan Gojković "Gile", who played rhythm guitar. The recordings appeared on the third album Partibrejkers III, which, like the previous, was released through Jugodisk. The album, recorded on August and September 1989, was produced by Milan Ćirić and Antonijević, mixed by Vlada Negovanović, and as guest appeared Petar Miladinović "Pera Joe" on harmonica. The album cover was designed by former Kostić's Radnička Kontrola bandmate, Srđan Marković "Ðile".

1990s
In 1990, the band started a major Yugoslav tour, and performed as an opening act on the Motörhead concerts in Yugoslavia. In late 1990, Borojević left the band and was replaced by the former Baby Kate drummer Borko Petrović. The new line-up released a live album, Zabava još traje (The Party Is Still On), recorded live in July 1991 in Zrenjanin and Vršac and released by Sorabia Disk, and in February 1992, as guests at the band's concert in Belgrade SKC appeared Emir Kusturica, a movie director and former Zabranjeno Pušenje member, Johnny Depp, an actor and former the Kids and Rock City Angels member, and Jim Jarmusch, a filmmaker and a former Del Byzanteens member. At the time, the line-up changed one more time, as original lineup guitarist Kostadinović and drummer Borojević returned to the band, and Todorov left the band, being replaced by NBG bass guitarist Saša Vlajsović.

At the beginning of the Yugoslav wars, in 1992, Antonijević and Kostić, with Električni Orgazam and Ekatarina Velika members, formed an anti-war supergroup Rimtutituki, releasing the "Slušaj 'vamo" ("Listen Up") single, released by Radio B92 and promoted in Belgrade with the band performing live in a truck while circulating the streets during the anti-war protests. In November the same year, the band was one of the first in Serbia to perform live in Slovenia, being well received by the audience and given special attention by the media. In March 1993, the band performed at the Milos club in Thessaloniki and toured Macedonia. As a part of the Ko to tamo peva? (Who's That Singing Over There?) project, the band, with Ekatarina Velika, Električni Orgazam, and Vještice from Zagreb, performed live in Prague and Berlin. The band also held two concerts in Belgium at a multimedia festival.

The fourth studio album, Kiselo i slatko (Bitter and Sweet), produced by the band themselves with Vlada Negovanović and recorded from May to December 1993 at the PGP-RTS Studio 5 and 6, featured guest appearances by the actress Branka Katić and Srđan Gojković "Gile" on backing vocals, Saša Vlajsović and Zoran Radomirović "Švaba" on bass guitar, Srđan Todorović on drums, "Pera Joe" Miladinović on harmonica, Bajaga i Instruktori member Saša Lokner on keyboards, Goran Čavajda "Čavke", Marin Petrić "Puroni" and Borko Petrović on percussion and backing vocals and Milan Mladenović on vocals, guitar and harmonica. As the most prominent tracks on the album appeared "Molitva" ("Prayer"), "Ljudi nisu isti" ("People Are Not the Same") and "Hoću da znam" ("I Want To Know").

After the album release, the band took a break until 1996 when Antonijević and Kostić reformed the band with Zrenjanin musicians, Gluve Kučke members Gojko Ševar (bass guitar) and Srđan Graovac (guitar) and Oružjem Protivu Otmičara member Darko Kurjak (drums). The band released a greatest hits compilation, Najbolje od najgoreg (The Best of the Worst), with two new songs, "Ludo i brzo" ("Mad and Fast") and "Rođen loš" ("Born Bad"), recorded in February 1996. The band then started performing live and had many successful appearances including a comeback concert held in Novi Sad in an auditorium of about five thousand people and a sold-out concert on Tašmajdan Stadium in Belgrade. At the same time, the band released a video album, Poslednji dani slobode (The Last Days of Freedom), released by Radio B92, recorded live at KST in Belgrade in June 1991. In December 1996, the band performed in Frankfurt am Main and was well received by the audience, and the following year, the band was to perform at the Belgrade Republic Square on New Year's Eve, in front of an enormous audience.

The fifth album, Ledeno doba (Ice Age), produced by Dušan Kojić, included the prominent songs "Sjajnija budućnost" ("Bright Future"), "Sit gladan" ("Fed Hungry"), "Dobro radio loše radio" ("Did Good Did Bad") and Kostić's "Ne možeš mi ništa" ("You Can't Do Anything To Me") which had already been recorded by Instant Karma on their 1996 album Roll Over (Oktopodijada 1987-1996). As guests on the album appeared "Pera Joe" Miladinović on harmonica, Saša Lokner on keyboards, Marin Petrić "Puroni" and on percussion and the Deca Loših Muzičara brass section. To promote the album and to celebrate the fifteenth anniversary, the band had a free concert at the Kalemegdan fortress in Belgrade, near the Nebojša Tower. In 1998, guitarist Graovac and bass guitarist Ševar left the band, the latter being replaced by the former Jugosloveni member Miodrag Karajanković. The new line-up performed, after a six-year break, in Sarajevo, at the sold out club Sloga. They also released a compilation album San i java (Dream And Awareness), with the new songs "Da li sam to ja..." ("Is That Me...") and "Krug" ("Circle").

2000s
In 2000, for the first time after the breakup of SFR Yugoslavia, the band performed in Croatia. The band also worked on a new studio release, Gramzivost i pohlepa (Money-grubbing and Greed), with the drummers Miloš Velimir "Buca" and Darko Kurjak, keyboard player Bata-Bata, bass guitarist Miodrag Karjanković and percussionist Marin Petrić "Puroni". The tracks "Žurim" ("I'm Hurrying"), "Pogledaj" ("Look"), "Noćas u gradu" ("Tonight in the City") and "Razmetljivko" ("Bragg-Boy") were distinguished as the most prominent. In the meantime, the band members participated in the Christian rock project Pesme iznad istoka i zapada (Songs above the East and West) with the song "Koga ću da hvalim?" ("Whom Will I Praise?").

The band appeared on the 2002 Milan Mladenović tribute Kao da je bilo nekad... Posvećeno Milanu Mladenoviću (As If It Had Happened Sometime... (Dedicated To Milan Mladenović)) with a cover version of the song "Zajedno" ("Together"). In November 2003, the band went on a two weeks North American tour, performing in Hamilton, Toronto, Vancouver, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York. In 2005, the band performed as an opening act for Chuck Berry in Zagreb with a new line-up, with the former Kazna Za Uši and Eyesburn drummer Dejan Utvar and the former Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša bass guitarist Vladislav Rac. Together, in 2007, they released the band's seventh studio album, Sloboda ili ništa (Freedom or Nothing).

2010s
In 2010, the band, in the line-up consisting of Kostić, Antonijević, the returner to the band Darko Kurjak (drums) and Zlatko Veljović "Laki" (bass guitar), released a live album Krš i lom (Higgledy Piggledy) through Odličan Hrčak, recorded on March 20 and 21, 2009, at the Belgrade Dom Omladine. In December the same year, the album was released for free digital download through the Exit Music record label. At the time, a monograph about the band's work, Srce kuca tu je (The Heart Beats, It's Here), edited by Flavio Rigonat, including the complete album lyrics, interviews and photographs, was published by LOM. In January 2011, on the webzine Popboks annual lists, Krš i lom was voted by the readers as the second best domestic album and Srce kuca tu je as the best book released in 2010. The following month, the critics of Popboks made a list of the best domestic albums released in the previous decade on which Sloboda ili ništa appeared in 15th and Gramzivost i pohlepa in 29th place. The band celebrated its 30th anniversary with a concert on April 2, 2012, in Belgrade Sports Hall. The concert featured Multietnička Atrakcija as the opening band. On July 15, the band performed on the Exit festival main stage.

In November 2015, the band released their eight studio album, Sirotinjsko carstvo (Empire of the Poor). The album was previously announced with the single "Sitna lova" ("Petty Money"), released in February 2014. Sirotinjsko carstvo was released by Odličan Hrčak on CD and vinyl record. The album is also available for free listening at Deezer. During the same year, Kostić became a member of the supergroup Škrtice (Cheapskates). featuring, beside him, the members of Veliki Prezir, Jarboli and Straight Mickey and the Boyz. On June 18, 2016, the band held a concert on Belgrade Tašmajdan Stadium. The concert featured the bands Drakula i Šampioni and Dža ili Bu, Disciplina Kičme leader Dušan Kojić "Koja" and Električni Orgazam members Srđan Gojković "Gile" and Branislav Petrović "Banana" as guests.

Legacy
The album Partibrejkers I was voted in 1998 as the 18th on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav popular music albums in the book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music). The same list included the various artists compilation Ventilator 202 vol. 1, with the band's song "Radio utopija", which appeared in 100th place.

The Rock Express Top 100 Yugoslav Rock Songs of All Times list, published in 2000, included four songs by Partibrejkers: "Hoću da znam" (polled No.13), "1000 godina" (polled No.21), "Molitva" (polled No.34) and "Kreni prema meni" (polled No.66). In 2006, the song "1000 godina" was ranked No. 7 and the song "Hoću da znam" was ranked No. 21 on the B92 Top 100 Domestic Songs List. In 2011, "Hoću da znam" was voted by the listeners of Radio 202 one of 60 greatest songs released by PGP-RTB/PGP-RTS during the sixty years of the label's existence.

The lyrics of 5 songs by the band (4 written by Kostić and 1 written by Antonijević) were featured in Petar Janjatović's book Pesme bratstva, detinjstva & potomstva: Antologija ex YU rok poezije 1967 - 2007 (Songs of Brotherhood, Childhood & Offspring: Anthology of Ex YU Rock Poetry 1967 - 2007).

Discography

 * Partibrejkers I (1985)
 * Partibrejkers II (1988)
 * Partibrejkers III (1989)
 * Kiselo i slatko (1994)
 * Ledeno doba (1997)
 * ''Gramzivost i pohlepa (2002)
 * Sloboda ili ništa (2007)
 * Sirotinjsko carstvo (2015)

title: Partibrejkers


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title: User talk:Jhgzzk


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Michele Amari

Michele Benedetto Gaetano Amari (7 July 1806 in Palermo – 16 July 1889 in Florence) was a Sicilian patriot, liberal revolutionary and politician of aristocratic background, historian and orientalist. He rose to prominence as a champion of Sicilian independence from the Neapolitan Bourbon rule when he published his history of the War of the Sicilian Vespers in 1842. He was a minister in the Sicilian revolutionary government of 1848–9 and in Garibaldi's revolutionary cabinet in Sicily in 1860. Having embraced the cause of Italian unification, he helped prepare the annexation of Sicily by the Kingdom of Sardinia and was active in his later years as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy.

Family background
In his memoirs, Amari portrayed his paternal grandfather Michele as a wealthy attorney who lived "on the third floor" of a house in central Palermo, on the corner of Via del Cassaro and Strada della Mercede. But the historian's relation to his cousin and frequent correspondent, also Michele Amari, count of Sant'Adriano, later Count Amari of Sant'Adriano, who largely shared his political trajectory, reveals Amari's father Ferdinando (d. 1850) to have been a younger son of Michele (c.1740–1820), the third Count Amari of Sant'Adriano from 1767. The title was acquired for the family by the latter's grandfather and namesake, Michele Amari, in 1722. The first Count, whose position derived from the hereditary office of the administrator of the royal tobacco monopoly, added a rural villa of his own to the residential suburb of Piana dei Colli (Plain of the Hills), today a northern district of Palermo, on land purchased from the marquises della Torretta in 1720. The pursuit of education and direct involvement in governmental affairs may have distinguished the family among the Sicilian noble class.

Early life and education
Ferdinando was an accountant in the municipal bank of Palermo. His marriage to Giulia Venturelli, Amari's mother, was opposed by his family. Due to Ferdinando's financial troubles caused by gambling, Amari lived with his grandfather in central Palermo from 1814. Already from 1812 he claimed to remember the Duke of Orléans attending the nearby Mercedarian convent of Our Lady of Mercy, Palermo with his Bourbon wife in 1812, shielded from the Palermo crowd by the loaded guns of English infantry ostensibly for fear of pestilence. The future King of France lived in the then British protectorate of Sicily in 1808–1814 as an agent of the Foreign Office, and conferred with Victor Emmanuel I in Sardinia on joint action against Napoleon I. Amari completed his education in Palermo, where most of his teachers were liberal clerics. Domenico Scinà, who taught Amari physics and political economy, was a leading historian of Sicily. The intellectual domination of English empiricism in Palermo's institutes and his father's Voltairianism prompted Amari, by his own account, to abandon the church by the age of twelve and embrace materialist philosophy by the age of thirteen. Amari's father introduced him to the Francophile democratic circles of Sicily and secured him a place at the Ministry of the Interior in February 1820. The death of his grandfather, the Count, brought Amari back to his father's house. In July 1820, Amari was involved alongside his father in the Palermo uprising of the Carbonari which demanded Sicilian independence and a liberal constitution. Ferdinando was initially sentenced to death in 1822 for his participation and only released from prison in 1834. Amari spent the subsequent years progressing through the ranks of civil administration, publishing translations of English authors (which earned him a letter of thanks from Walter Scott), and reading widely with political intent.

History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers and first exile
By 1837 he had prepared the outline of his principal work, a detailed investigation of the war of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), which was conceived as a call to overthrowing the Bourbon rule in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The publication was delayed by Amari's involvement in health administration during an outbreak of cholera in 1837 and by his subsequent transfer to Naples in 1838–40 where he carried out additional research in the state archives. The book, first released in 1842 with a title that understated its message to bypass censorship, rapidly won a mass audience in Sicily and on the Italian mainland, and caused concern in the Neapolitan government. Amari went into exile in Paris where he studied Arabic with Joseph Toussaint Reinaud. He moved in the French liberal elite circles, where his acquaintances included Alexandre Dumas, Jules Michelet, Jean Alexandre Buchon, Abel-François Villemain, Augustin Thierry and Adolphe Thiers.

Revolution of 1848 and renewed exile
During the Sicilian revolution of 1848, he travelled back to the island to take up the chair of public law at the University of Palermo. Elected a deputy to the Sicilian Parliament, he was subsequently nominated the Minister of Finance in the revolutionary government. From August 1848 to April 1849, he lobbied for the recognition of the Sicilian state in Paris and London. After an abortive return to Sicily in April 1849, he pursued scholarly work in Paris until May 1859, when he accepted a position in Arabic at the University of Pisa.

Role in the annexation of Sicily
In December 1859 he and his cousin Emerico, a philosopher of history, received appointments at the Istituto di studi superiori in Florence. Amari soon joined a committee of support for the Sicilian revolution and headed for the island in the wake of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand, arriving in late June 1860. In July 1860, he became the Minister of Education and Public Works and then briefly Minister of External Affairs in Garibaldi's wartime government, before resigning in September over the dictator's refusal to pursue annexation of the island by the Kingdom of Sardinia as demanded by its Prime Minister Camillo Cavour. In the political conflicts surrounding the incorporation of Sicily into Piedmont, Amari sided with Cavour against Garibaldi. Although he opposed Giuseppe La Farina's early plan for immediate annexation and retained his own aspirations for Sicilian autonomy, he accepted (ostensibly due to his fear of the return of Neapolitan influence) that this self-government should be granted unilaterally by Piedmont only after Italian unification, rejected the notion of reviving the Sicilian parliament, and campaigned among the Sicilians for the unconditional approval of the annexation, while acting as an intermediary between King Victor Emmanuel II and Garibaldi. On 4 September, Amari drafted a proclamation of the plebiscite for approving annexation, along with an outline of special concessions to be awarded to Sicily from Turin. He resigned after Garibaldi appointed Antonio Mordini as the new head of the cabinet (prodictator, Garibaldi's deputy) on 17 September, refused the post of Sicilian historiographer offered to him by Mordini, and attacked Sicilian autonomists and independentists and Garibaldi's republicans in his letters. Against the background of Garibaldi's absence, the advance of Piedmontese troops into the Papal States, and the impatience of the Sicilian elites with the revolution, it was Amari's monarchist option that ultimately prevailed.

Later life and death
Amari was appointed a senator of the Kingdom of Sardinia in January 1861, two months before the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, as was his cousin Count Amari, who had remained in Turin, several weeks later.

Amari was the Minister of Education in the cabinets of Luigi Carlo Farini and Marco Minghetti from 7 December 1862 to 23 September 1864. He retired as academic in 1866 but continued publishing new works and holding public offices related to research and teaching. He lived in Florence until 1873, then in Rome, Pisa, and again in Rome from 1888. He died at Florence in 1889 and was buried in Palermo.

Amari married Louise Boucher in 1865; they had two daughters.

Scholarship
Amari's historical works trace the formation of Sicily's national characteristics from the period of Muslim rule down to the nineteenth century. He viewed the arrival of the Muslims as a positive development in that it freed Sicily from the Byzantine rule that over nearly three centuries had impoverished the island through excessive taxation. He attributed much of modern Sicily's cultural and social legacy to the Islamic rule.

Having mastered Arabic in Paris, Amari acted as a forerunner of Oriental studies in Italy. His efforts earned him the recognition as one of 19th-century Europe's finest translators of medieval Arabic writings. His Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia (History of the Muslims of Sicily, 1854) has been translated into many languages, including into Arabic by a group of Egyptian scholars as recently as 2004. He left his collection of Oriental studies books and manuscripts to the Accademia dei Lincei.

In 1851, Amari published a translation into Italian of an Arabic work of the mirror for princes genre, which includes a biography of its author, the 12th-century medieval Sicilian Arab philosopher Ibn Zafar al Siqilli, considered a precursor of Machiavelli. Amari's version was translated into English by Bentley under the title Solwan, or Waters of Comfort in the following year.

His work proved influential with later historians of Islam: among them, in Italy, Leone Caetani, Francesco Gabrieli, Umberto Rizzitano and Paolo Minganti.

Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer of the University of Leipzig, in publishing two supplements to Amari's Siculo-Arabic Library, credited him with reviving Oriental studies in Italy.

Views
A rationalist and a positivist, Amari exhibited a strong ethical sensibility, commitment to secularism and a notion of civic virtues, and indifference to religious disputes. He cited the works of Antoine Destutt de Tracy and Adam Smith as decisive in his intellectual formation.

Principal works

 * La guerra del Vespro siciliano (1842, first edition published as Un periodo delle istorie siciliane del secolo XIII; revised 9th edn. 1886: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3) (English tr. of 2nd (?) edn. Francis Egerton, History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, 3 vols., London 1850: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3)
 * "Frammenti di testi Arabi sulla Storia della Sicilia Musulmana", Archivio Storico Italiano, appendix no. 4 to vol. 16 (1847), pp. 9–88 (alternative copy)
 * ''La Sicile et les Bourbons (1849)
 * Solwan el Mota', ossiano Conforti politici di Ibn Zafer, arabo siciliano del XII secolo (1851; English tr. Solwan; Or, Waters of Comfort by Ibn Zafer, 2 vols., 1852: vol. 1, vol. 2)
 * Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia (1854–1868: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3; revised 2nd edn. 1933–1939)
 * Biblioteca arabo-sicula ossia raccolta di testi arabici che toccano la geografia, la storia, le biografie, e la bibliografia della Sicilia (1857, Arabic texts; Italian tr. Biblioteca arabo-sicula, 1880: vol. 1,vol. 2)
 * Carte comparée de la Sicile moderne avec la Sicile au XIIe siècle d'après Édrisi et d'autres géographes arabes (with Auguste Henri Dufour, 1859)
 * "Nuovi ricordi arabici su la storia di Genova", Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria 5 (1867), pp. 551–635 (reprinted 1873)
 * Le epigrafi arabiche di Sicilia trascritte, tradotte e illustrate, 4 vols. (1875–1885: vol. 1, vol. 2)
 * Altre narrazioni del Vespro Siciliano, scritte nel buon secolo della lingua (1887)

title: Michele Amari


text:
Phosphorus pentabromide

Phosphorus pentabromide is a reactive, yellow solid of formula PBr5, which has the structure [PBr4]+Br− (tetrabromophosphonium bromide) in the solid state but in the vapor phase is completely dissociated to PBr3 and Br2. Rapid cooling of this phase to 15 K leads to formation of the ionic species phosphorus heptabromide (tetrabromophosphonium tribromide [PBr4]+[Br3]−).

It can be used in organic chemistry to convert carboxylic acids to acyl bromides. It is highly corrosive. It strongly irritates skin and eyes. It decomposes above 100 °C to give phosphorus tribromide and bromine:

 * PBr5 → PBr3 + Br2

Reversing this equilibrium to generate PBr5 by addition of Br2 to PBr3 is difficult in practice because the product is susceptible to further addition to yield phosphorus heptabromide [PBr4]+[Br3]−.

title: Phosphorus pentabromide


text: Template:Name-stub

title: Template:Name-stub


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Amasia

Amasia may refer:

 * Amasya, a city in Northern Turkey
 * Amasya Province, which contains the city
 * Amasea (titular see), the former Metropolitan Archbishopric with see there, now a Latin Catholic titular see
 * Amasia, Shirak, a town in Armenia
 * Amasia District, a former administrative district of Soviet Armenia and later of the Republic of Armenia
 * Amasia, Armavir, a town in Armenia
 * A Latin name for the Ems (river), a river in Germany and the Netherlands
 * Amasia (supercontinent), a projection for the Earth's next supercontinent

title: Amasia


text:
Talk:Enemy at the Gates

Maybe fluff out the historical inaccuracies section?
The movie is far more inaccurate than this article suggests; spectacles such as Soviet soldiers being handed one rifle between two or being machine gunned down for retreating serve are utterly fictional; the latter treatmentt was reserved for NKVD penal units. Henners91 (talk) 14:45, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * A lot of that stuff has been discussed before (see the archives). We can only cover it in the article if it has been discussed in secondary sources. --IllaZilla (talk) 15:00, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * most other films have this section (Fdsdh1 (talk) 22:28, 12 October 2012 (UTC))

 * That's nice, but we still can't include it unless it's been covered in reliable secondary sources. See the policies Verifiability and No original research. --IllaZilla (talk) 06:53, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that this implies that veterans of the war can't be considered a source? What, someone has to paraphrase it? What about the secretary of the State Duma which writes all of it down? If this is the state of Wikipedia then someone should see to it that it changes. If I am wrong on this assumption I will be willing to find those sources for us all. This movie is really fun but sort of a disgrace and its director a coward for never commenting on it. In fact I believe that Vasily Zaytsev himself has written that he was issued a rifle and grenade when he arrived. Does this not fulfill the criteria for an encyclopedic entry?37.123.149.65 (talk) 01:05, 11 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Curiously, yes. It is the business of primary sources(plural) to write down their recollections, and for reliable secondary sources to sift through the primary sources writings, compare, contrast, co-relate, check, interview where possible, and present a best approximation of the historical truth in a respected news article, journal paper, etc. Better still to have two or more secondary sources.

 * Otherwise history might consist of, say, any Joe Blow on his death-bed saying, "Yes, it's true, I was on the overpass in Dallas in 1963. I shot JFK with a special-issue silent pneumatic rifle hidden under my coat... Americans deserve to know the truth..." JohndanR (talk) 04:04, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

Generalissimo Suvorov (talk) 11:15, 15 January 2016 (UTC)Henk

Why is this even a debate. It has already been proven that the NKVD would systematically shoot down retreating soldiers in both NON-PENAL and penal units. The problem isn't inaccuracy, it's your ideological filter that leaves room for concern. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:58A:8200:7479:C538:42AD:D503:861D (talk) 23:36, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Nothing of the sort you claim "has been proven". Please provide references which aren't movies if you have them. There was no systematic shooting of retreating soldiers, which if you think about it for a bit, it makes no military sense at all The andf (talk) 23:52, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The much more fundamental problem is this is a work of fiction that happens to be set in a real battle and include a few real people as characters. There are plenty of other "inaccuracies" but what does that even mean in a work of fiction? The filmmaker has no obligation to be accurate nor should we expect it. To the extent it 'feels' accurate when you are watching it, that's nice. But that's all. Twelve O'Clock High, for example, doesn't have a section on inaccuracies, and that is quite a bit closer to reality than this movie. DMorpheus2 (talk) 18:27, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

The unsupported claim that the NKVD would "systematically shoot down retreating soldiers in both NON-PENAL and penal units" clearly indicate that Hollywood's neo-conning filters leave little room for accuracy.79.71.254.90 (talk) 20:44, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

pop culture
worth mentioning that the story of Vasili is played out in the first chapter on the game Call of Duty 2 and is often referred to by players as one of the best stories in the game/franchise. while the claim of best story may be hard to verify if at all it being included in a war game may be worthy of noting considering it plays out nearly exactly to the movie and books about Vasili. 152.91.9.153 (talk) 00:10, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Unverifiable claims may not be included. Unless you can produce a reliable source supporting any of this, it cannot be included. --IllaZilla (talk) 01:27, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Soundtrack
Has anyone else noticed that parts of the soundtrack are almost identical to Mussorgsky's, Khovanschina Act IV, Exile? (Fdsdh1 (talk) 19:30, 6 March 2013 (UTC))

Trivia

 * "In the film, Jude Law uses a 7.62x54r Mosin Model 1891/30 sniper rifle with a PU 3.5 power sniper scope (i.e. the image is magnified 3 and a half times). Vasily Zaitsev used a Model 1891/30 sniper rifle with an earlier and larger sniper telescope (his rifle is preserved in a museum in Russia). Also, the poster for the film reverses the Mosin 91/30 rifle photograph so that the bolt handle appears on the left side of the rifle, instead of the right side where it should be."

This seems like unnecessary trivia. Does a casual moviegoer really care that the model of rifle that Law used is different from an actual World War II sniper rifle (from 60 years earlier)? Isn't that to be expected?

Also, the note on the reversed photo for the movie poster is silly. For ads and promotional material, photos are reversed all of the time...they are also enlarged, cropped, resized, color-enhanced, all to get the image that the creative art director wants. This is not newsworthy. 69.125.134.86 (talk) 20:16, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Just read the Talk Page Archive Page. Wow! The ferocity of discussion there makes my criticism seem minor. I just saw this movie and approached as a movie with a love subplot, not as a depiction of World War II history. Most of these characters didn't exist; the main character was a real person (as was Nikita Khrushchev) but everything else is just story-telling, set during war time.

 * I understand that people find historical inaccuracies appalling but this isn't Steven Spielberg or James Cameron here, doing years of research to get all of the details right. It's just a Hollywood movie and about as realistic as any Hollywood war movie ever was. Saving Private Ryan and Schindler's List are the exception, not the rule. Is there anyone who'd try to argue that the film Tora! Tora! Tora!, A Bridge on the River Kwai, Pearl Harbor or Inglorious Basterds was historically accurate? I think not. Just my 2 cents. 69.125.134.86 (talk) 20:48, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Battlefield.ru Links
I changed the battlefield.ru link in the external links section because it was a dead link. The article has been moved to this new link is http://english.battlefield.ru/enemy-at-the-gates.html. However, I am unable to change the link in the references list because I just get reflist 2 or something like that when I click on modify. Someone has an idea how to change it?

Kovlovsky (talk) 23:22, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Life and Fate
I have removed this from the article:
 * Craig's own source was Zaitsev's 1959 biography Life and Fate (1959). In it, the Russian (who is the only source of the story) described duelling with an unnamed German sniper during the battle. The book was written by Vasily Grossman who conducted a series of interviews with Zaitsev about his wartime experiences.

Grossman's Life and Fate was novel, not a biography. Its article does not mention Zaitsev or snipers. It was not published until 1980, so it couldn't have been a source for Craig's 1973 book. Strangely, the citation for this cites Grossman's book. However, it is possible that this is referring to For a Just Cause (1952), which was a novel of Stalingrad, and has been described as Part One of Life and Fate, but still this doesn't make sense. It seems that the "Historical accuracy" section is itself inaccurate.--Jack Upland (talk) 03:27, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

spelling
The russian guy zaytsev etc.'s name is spelled many different ways 112.120.95.97 (talk) 06:06, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Probably all are correct, but of course they should all be the same. In the film the name is "Vassili Zaitsev".  I've changed all "Zaytsev" to "Zaitsev", but left "Vasily" as in Vasily Zaitsev (sniper). Errantius (talk) 13:13, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

Irish
How is this an Irish film? Jack Upland (talk) 02:04, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

Plot: Where'd Khrushchev come from?
Maybe we should add a little to the first sentence of the second paragraph, to explain how Khrushchev is connected to the plot. A simple appositive inserted after his name, like, "who is a political commissar with a Red Army unit", or something similar, would do.TheBaron0530 (talk) 20:46, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree that it is rather bald at the moment. The article on Khruschev says 'Stalin appointed him a political commissar, and Khrushchev served on a number of fronts as an intermediary between the local military commanders and the political rulers in Moscow.'
 * So there could be a sentence reading something like 'Nikita Khruschev, the political commissar who is the government's representative during the battle for the city, demands.....' Ponsonby100 (talk) 08:57, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enemy at the Gates


text:
File:YoungJamesBond.jpg

Illustration of a Young James Bond by Ian Fleming Publications from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4475507.stm

Rationale for "fair use" in the article Young Bond:

No free or public domain images have been located.

Image is a promotional illustration, intended for wide distribution as publicity for the book series and graphic novel series.

Image is of considerably lower resolution than the original, and is used for informational purposes only. Its use does not detract from either the original illustration, or from the books themselves

Rationale for "fair use" in the article James Bond (character):

No free or public domain images have been located.

Image is a promotional illustration, intended for wide distribution as publicity for the book series and graphic novel series.

Image is of considerably lower resolution than the original, and is used for informational purposes only. Its use does not detract from either the original illustration, or from the books themselves

title: File:YoungJamesBond.jpg


text:
Talk:Old Europe (archaeology)

Uralic peoples
Should a discussion of the Uralic peoples be included here? It's my understanding that the Sami_people have lived in Scandanavia since well before Germanic settlement there. And of course Russia west of the Urals has been populated by various Uralic peoples since well before Slavic settlement... --Blackcats 18:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merge with other article
Shouldnt this article be merged with Neolithic Europe? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.194.170.62 (talk) 18:55, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No. Serious population studies science left Gimbutas behind years ago. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.69.219.3 (talk) 01:20, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Picts
Should Picts be included? --Error 01:56, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I just came to ask the exact same question. — Trilobite (Talk) 19:56, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * imho, this article is inherently broken due to its title. It should redirect to Old European culture — seriously, the two articles treat the same topic, and "Old European" is the better term, since it is not as misleading ("Pre-Indo-European" in principle could also refer to India or the Americas). dab (ᛏ) 18:01, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with a redirect, as soon as all pertinent info is worked into Old European Culture. In other words, most of the groups mentioned here need to be mentioned there. Alexander 007 02:14, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Title
This title is a little bit confusing, as in historical linguistics, the "Pre-" prefix is used to indicate the earlier state of a language deduced through internal reconstruction rather than the comparative method - that is, "Pre-Indo-European" is a legitimate term in historical linguistics referring to a state of the Proto-Indo-European language prior to that which can be reliably attested by the comparative method. --April Arcus 07:08, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with April Arcus that the use of a linguistic term to denote an archaeological moment is confusing, but that's the usage of Professor Gimbutas. It may be better to put this article under Old Europe and just do a redirect from here to there. Anthon.Eff 22:55, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The article should not remain under the current title, an adjective without a noun. Pre-Indo European Wwhat? Language? Culture? Both? Sylvain1972 15:15, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Idea of Anatolian origin for PIEans
It's not impossible that Renfrew is right. However, for that to be so, the Indo-European languages would need to have remained unchanging or barely changing for thousands of years. Even Basque doesn't take that long to change - compare some of the inscriptions from Early Roman-Era Iberia in languages related to Basque! Also, attributing the spread of agriculture to the Proto-Indo-Europeans seems like an attempt to glorify them.

On the other hand, Gimbutas makes the PIEan culture into a savage one that introduced war into a part of the word that didn't know a thing of it, and forced a father-worshiping culture on mother-reverers. That idea of "Old Europe" is far too utopian. No, there were surely wars; name one culture that hasn't ever fought a war. As for the Indo-Europeans, it seems quite likely, from reconstructed words about reciprocity and equivalent exchange, that there was much trading between their culture and the Old European cultures of goods, and as is known, where goods are transfered, so are words and some customs.

Is it possible that the Indo-Europeans were in fact merely aggressive businessmen? That the expansions Mrs. Gimbutas speaks of are major eras of trade with the cultures of Old Europe? The Indo-Europeans might well have set up trading posts in urban centres of Old Europe, or as close to those as existed. Whether or not there were subsequent military incursions is up for grabs, but is it possible that the Indo-Europeans trusted these trading partners enough to take some of their women as wives? This would allow the mixture of cultures that is seen in every branch of Indo-European, but since this was taking the woman in, the children would be brought up in the Proto-Indo-European tradition, while being told Old European stories by their mothers.

Since the archaeological record rarely shows a SUDDEN change from one culture to another, the idea of trading with and gradual absorption of cultures by the Proto-Indo-Europeans seems to work. If there are archaeological clues pointing to war and such, this might still be Proto-Indo-European in origin - BUT IT COULD EQUALLY BE A NON-PIEan INVASION. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Seadog driftwood (talk • contribs) 17:40, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Your reasoning sounds plausible. It would be nice to work these ideas into the article, provided you can find some sources. Anthon.Eff 22:55, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Merge
Pre-Indo-European is a concept from Gimbutas and her colleagues. This concept has been pretty much crowded out of contemporary archaeology. It deserves (and receives) a mention in the article on the European Neolithic, but doesn't deserve the full treatment that it receives in this article. So I vote to maintain the split, to keep the nice work so many people put into this page. Anthon.Eff 22:55, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I am removing the merge tag because the merge hasn't received favorable interest either here or in Neolithic Europe, where the merge tag has already been removed. --teb728 21:59, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Lehmann
Lehmann's use of the term is idiosyncratic, and should be split. The usual term for what he is doing would be Pre-Proto-Indo-European. --dab (𒁳) 10:33, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Proposed rename
I propose that this article be renamed from Pre-Indo-European to Old European culture (or something like that). The subject of the article is really Gimbutas’s “Old Europe” hypothesis. (Perhaps it should even be named “Gimbutas’s Old Europe hypothesis.”) Although (as the article says) from a pro-Gimbutas POV “Old Europe” and “Pre-Indo-European” are synonyms, calling the article “Pre-Indo-European” presupposes that Gimbutas’s hypothesis is correct.

For reference, the history of the article is as follows: After the article is renamed, the redirect which results from renaming should not be left, for leaving it would justify renewed objections to such a redirect. Instead the original stub should be restored. (Or perhaps the redirect should be replaced with a redirect to Pre-Proto-Indo-European.) --teb728 09:07, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It was originally a language stub about the early non-Indo-European languages in Europe.
 * On 9 June 2005 the content was merged into Old European culture and the stub was replaced with a redirect to that article. (See above.)
 * Several editors objected to the redirect. (See Talk:Neolithic Europe.) So on 11 July 2005 Old European culture was merged into Neolithic Europe.
 * On 9 March 2006 this article was recreated with essentially the present content, i.e. Old European culture.

 * On 5 November 2007 the article was renamed as proposed. --teb728 21:45, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

"Old European" is both awkward and ambiguous. john k 22:13, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * So what do you prefer? --teb728 22:54, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Pre-Indo-European makes more sense to me, but seems to have its own problems. I'm not really sure. john k 20:14, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Haplogroup I
Are there any hypotheses relating haplogroup I with Old European culture? They seem to span the same terretories. --Kupirijo (talk) 23:33, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

A statement about Greek
Does anyone take issue with the following statement:
 * A substrate in Greek, "Pelasgian", can be made out from loanwords, but it is unclear whether this is a genuinely pre-Indo-European substrate, or a Anatolian Indo-European one.

If so, can it be improved rather than deleted? --Wetman (talk) 08:16, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Apparently not. It's been re-deleted. --Wetman (talk) 14:40, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Can we explain the huge amount of non indo-european words and grammatical features(especially in local-non standard-indoeuropean dialects)by pre indoeuropean peoples' languages?
Can we explain the huge amount of non indo-european words and grammatical features(especially in local-non standard-indoeuropean

dialects)by dene-caucasian,borean and cromagnic substratum of pre neolihicly migrating(proto indoeuropean speaking anatolian

farmers)populations of europe? Humanbyrace (talk) 01:02, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Paleolithic Continuity Theory
Hello, I think we should add also the Paleolithic Continuity Theory in the lists of theories that refers to Gimbutas old european theory. The section could carry text as folows: The Paleolithic Continuity hypothesis reverses the Kurgan hypothesis and largely identifies the Indo-Europeans with Gimbutas' "Old Europe."[6] PCT reassigns the Kurgan culture (traditionally considered early Indo-European) to a people of predominantly mixed Uralic and Turkic stock. This hypothesis is supported by the tentative linguistic identification of Etruscans as a Uralic, proto-Hungarian people that had already undergone strong proto-Turkish influence in the third millennium BC,[5] when Pontic invasions would have brought this people to the Carpathian Basin. A subsequent migration of Urnfield culture signature around 1250 BC caused this ethnic group to expand south in a general movement of people, attested by the upheaval of the Sea Peoples and the overthrow of an earlier Italic substrate at the onset of the "Etruscan" Villanovan culture.[5]

[5] ^ a b c Alinei, Mario. Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian. Il Mulino, Bologna, 2003 (summary). [6] ^ Gimbutas, Marija. "Old Europe c.7000-3500 BC., the earliest European cultures before the infiltration of the Indo-European peoples". Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1, 1973, pp. 1-20. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ceckauskas Dominykas (talk • contribs) 04:31, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Please delete that map
The map titled File:Old Europe.png is very innaccurate and needs to be deleted immediately. The Vinča Culture shown on that map is completely wrong - it was actually only in a relatively small area in modern-day Serbia, and that map indicates that it took up half of Southeastern Europe! That is just one of the many errors in that map, and having it displayed in this article is just one more example why people feel that Wikipedia is not reliable. Delete it now, please. --Saukkomies talk 04:46, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

 * And implies this civilization was all of Europe which, from what I read, is not the current best understanding. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 01:46, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

Which article is the main topic?
Please see my comments on Talk:Old Europe. I am disputing that article's use of the namespace Old Europe and proposing 2 possible solutions. Note also there are many links to the other article which should be coming to this one instead.Trilobitealive (talk) 15:05, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Dravidians
Dravidians in "Old Europe"? I understand inclusion of neighbouring Asia Minor, but a distant subcontinent like India? Is this not stretching the concopt of Old Europe to breaking point?

Evidence/arguments for pacifist matriarrhal culture
I'm not sure if it should go here or in some other article, but there needs to be some discussion of why Gimbutas thinks Europe was an egalitarian, pacifist, matriarchal utopia. (Okay, so it appears from some of their surviving art that their idal woman was (apparently) a fat, overly-sexualised child-bearer. I'm not sure if that is a particulary strong indication of matriarchy, let alone proto-feminism.  Is that more egalitarian/feminist that, say, the Sarmatians, who expected women to ride and fight like the men?) In any case, the evidence/arguments needs to be presented here. Iapetus (talk) 23:12, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Hardly anyone among archaeologists or other actual scholars of the relevant fields believes that there was an egalitarian pacifist utopia, or a matriarchal society in any meaningful definition of the word "matriarchal". However, there does seem to be some evidence for "female-centered rituals" in at least some of these societies (to use the terminology of David W. Anthony).  And if  there's not a strong differentiation of some houses being more elaborate and much larger than others, or some burials being more elaborate and much larger than others, then archaeologists are generally inclined to think that such a society is somewhat egalitarian (as far as the evidence available to archaeologists goes)... AnonMoos (talk) 09:16, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Just Danube river valley or all of Europe?
The Lost World of Old Europe: the Danube Valley, 5000-3500BC, The Ashmolean Museum, The Oxford Times, Theresa Thompson, June 8, 2010.

" .  .  .  At their peak (the period covered by the show), the cultures of ‘Old Europe’ — what is today Bulgaria, Romania, and Moldova -— were among the most technologically advanced and sophisticated places in the world.  .  .  "

" .  .  .  It is likely copper metallurgy was invented first in Old Europe, the Balkans, rather than the Near East as thought.  .  .  "

---

THE GODDESS THEORY : Controversial UCLA Archeologist Marija Gimbutas Argues That the World Was at Peace When God Was a Woman, Los Angeles Times, Jacques Leslie, June 11, 1989.

'IT IS HARD TO IMAGINE a book less likely than "The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe" to cause a sensation. Its subject matter, the spiritual practices of people living in southeastern Europe 6,000 to 8,000 years ago,. . '

' .  .  .  an academic audience. . prose is wooden. . .  '

' .  .  .  Simply put, "The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe" argues that the original settlers of southeastern Europe lived in societies that were ideal in many respects. Men and women lived in harmony, Gimbutas says; women ran the temples and in doing so held predominant positions, while men performed such physical chores as hunting, building and navigating. The deities these people worshiped were overwhelmingly female, and their values, emphasizing nonviolence and reverence for nature, came from the feminine realm. It was marauding Indo-Europeans, the forerunners of Western civilization, who destroyed these societies, Gimbutas says. Making incursions from the Russian steppes starting in 4400 BC, the Indo-Europeans were violent, indifferent to nature and dominated by men. Those features, she says, have been part of Western civilization ever since and account for the political and environmental crises that now threaten the planet. . .  '

[page 3:] '. . .  McPherron says that after he published a book describing a dig he led in Yugoslavia, Gimbutas designated one of the excavated structures a temple, even though it was distinguished from surrounding houses only by its slightly greater size. . .  '

---

Dr. Marija Gimbutas Dies at 73; Archaeologist With Feminist View, New York Times, RICHARD D. LYONS, February 04, 1994.

' .  .  .  Three of her more noteworthy books are "Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe" (1974), "The Language of the Goddess" (1989) and "The Civilization of the Goddess" (1991). Collectively, they present an interpretation of the Neolithic period of Europe that challenged traditional views of prehistoric societies. . .  '

-

Europe's First Farmers, Archaeology, a publication of the Archaeological Institute of America, KATHERINE SHARPE, April 30, 2013.

" .  .  .  of the Danube Gorges region, in present-day Romania and Serbia,  .  .  "

" .  .  .  But around 6200 B.C., foreigners began appearing. They came from the south and east, and hailed from farming communities, says anthropologist T. Douglas Price of the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  .  .  "

---

http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520253988 University of California Press

" .  .  .  Marija Gimbutas sketches the matrilineal village culture that existed in southeastern Europe between 6500 and 3500 B.C.,  .  .  "

 * So we have 3+ sources saying the Danube River valley. Let's go with that.  And yes, this is a MAJOR CHANGE as acknowledged.  FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 01:35, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

which present day countries?
The Oxford Times source above says Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova. The Archaeology publication says Romania and Serbia. So yes, we can use some more sources on this point. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 17:56, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Marija Gimbutas Triumphant: Colin Renfrew Concedes by Carol P. Christ
Please read this article...

https://feminismandreligion.com/2017/12/11/marija-gimbutas-triumphant-colin-renfrew-concedes-by-carol-p-christ/?fbclid=IwAR1MmTjnUEYQCAZJUQctOJJXMHiwzFZV5CY_yX9LU4QtP9BWLZoH8nhIZ5M Rosewind7 (talk) 20:39, 17 November 2019 (UTC) Rosewind7

 * Linguists working on early Indo-European have always been skeptical of Renfrew's Anatolian hypothesis. Renfrew's statement apparently concedes some validity to the overall Kurgan hypothesis, but I doubt that it gives any support to the aspects of Gimbutas' work which many scholars have always doubted, such as her claimed ability to interpret the exact meaning of every scratched line on ancient inscribed objects, and her love of absolute binary oppositions. AnonMoos (talk) 18:10, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The main weakness of the Anatolian hypothesis has always been its implausibly high time-depth, not only because of the reconstructed lexicon, which points to the Late Neolithic, but also because Old Hittite, Luwian, Mycenaean Greek and Indo-Iranian (especially Vedic) in the mid-second millennium BC (the Late Bronze Age) are still strikingly similar grammatically (taking into account the divergent phonologies), which makes 5000–6000 years of divergence (Gray and Atkinson conclude, for the initial divergence, an age of 7800–9800 BP) much less likely than 2000 or at most 3000 years (mainstream estimates for the Hittite–Indic divergence being 5000–6000 BP, no more than 6500 BP). Moreover, in the Iron Age, the similarities between the Indo-European languages, including Anatolian, are still evident – but after 6000–7000 years of divergence, this degree of similarity would be highly unusual. (Renfrew's original model implies that Classical Attic and Archaic Latin had been diverging for 6000 years but even his revised model implies 4500 years of divergence, comparable to the Finnish–Hungarian split, as opposed to the mainstream 2500–3000 years.) Renfrew's model implies an implausibly long period of linguistic stasis – some 3000 years, between the seventh and the fourth millennia BC, during which agriculture had spread from the Aegean region to Ireland. Maybe even more decisively, the early contacts with Uralic confirm that Indo-Iranian originates in Eastern Europe (Proto-Indo-Iranian loanwords in Uralic imply that it cannot have been spoken south of Kazakhstan, because the Proto-Uralic lexicon points to the taiga zone) and, together with even earlier Indo-European loanwords in Proto-Uralic, militate against a Proto-Indo-European spoken south of the Caucasus. While the evidence from the reconstructed lexicon, which implies that the split between Hittite/Anatolian and Vedic/Indo-Iranian cannot precede c. 4500 BC, and the splits between Germanic, Greek, Vedic/Indo-Iranian and probably Tocharian cannot precede c. 3500 BC, has been doubted, the cumulative evidence from Uralic contacts, reconstructed lexicon and impressionistic time-depth is difficult to overcome; while it's not impossible to get around the problems with time-depth and Uralic contacts somehow, and save the Anatolian hypothesis, in either version, so that it cannot be strictly disproved, it stretches plausibility and clashes with Occam's razor, which favours Chalcolithic Eastern Europe.
 * Also, AnonMoos is right that not only did the Kurgan hypothesis (which well precedes Gimbutas, but she buttressed and augmented it in detail with a plethora of archaeological evidence from Eastern Europe) never fall out of favour with linguists, but her work on Old Europe was never quite accepted by them either – although my understanding is that she never literally postulated a women-ruled Neolithic Europe but an egalitarian Danubian culture with older women being respected as community-advising elders and little stratification of class and power, which isn't unreasonable, let alone outlandish, so critics must be careful not to strawman her views. It's also worth mentioning that Renfrew has never actually retracted the Anatolian hypothesis, he accepts the Kurgan hypothesis as correct but maintains that it can only account for part of Indo-European, as his revision shows. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 09:23, 30 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Old Europe (archaeology)


text:
Namco System 23

The Namco System 23 is an arcade system board produced and developed by Namco. Announced in 1996 and released in 1997, it was the last arcade system produced by the company that was based on their own custom design, as opposed to just derivatives of console or PC hardware. Like the System 22, the System 23 also featured a more powerful variant called the Super System 23. One of the advertised features of the System 23 was the "Gashin Strong Bass System," which was simply a bass amplifier hooked up to the sound system. It was succeeded by the Namco System 10 in 2000.

System 23 specifications

 * Main CPU: 133 MHz IDT R4650 64-bit. Super System 23 used a 166 MHz chip and Super System 23 Evolution 2 used a 200 MHz chip
 * Sound CPU: 16.9344 MHz Hitachi H8/3002
 * Sound Chip: Namco C352 Sample playback
 * I/O CPU: Gorgon and System 23 used Hitachi H8/3334 Super System 23 and Super System 23 Evolution 2 used PIC16Cxx
 * Extra I/O CPU: Hitachi SH-2 used only on Super System 23 GMEN
 * Graphics hardware: Namco-proprietary hardware
 * GPU: Multiple parallel VideoLogic PowerVR chips
 * Graphical capabilities: 2 million polygons per second, texture mapping, Gouraud shading

System 22.5 / Gorgon

 * Final Furlong (1997)
 * Rapid River (1997)

System 23

 * Angler King (1998)
 * Downhill Bikers (1997)
 * Motocross Go! (1997)
 * Panic Park (1997)
 * Time Crisis II (System 23 Version) (1997)

Super System 23

 * 500GP (1998)
 * Guitar Jam (1999)
 * Time Crisis II (Super System 23 Version) (1997)

Super System 23 GMEN

 * Final Furlong 2 (1999)
 * Gunmen Wars (1998)
 * Race On! (1998)

Super System 23 Evolution 2

 * Crisis Zone (1999)

title: Namco System 23


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TVP Polonia

TVP Polonia (formerly known as TV Polonia) is the international channel of the Telewizja Polska (TVP). The channel is co-funded by the TVP and the Polish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and broadcasts from the TVP headquarters in Warsaw.

TVP Polonia is targeted at Polish-speaking audiences outside Poland, and it broadcasts many of the shows also broadcast by TVP's domestic channels in addition to news from Polonia/Polish communities around the world.

It was launched in October 1992 (trial) and regularly in March 1993. On 1 September 2020 HD version was launched (replacing SD version on Hot Bird 13).

Presenters

 * Monika Jóźwik (1994-2009)
 * Łukasz Kardas (TV presenter; 2011-)

Distribution
TVP Polonia is available in many countries around the world via cable or satellite. It is also transmitted unencrypted from various satellites.

Broadcasting via Astra 19.2°E started in 2005, but was ceased on 31 December 2014 due to economic reasons.

The feeds of the network in the Americas were distributed by the Canadian company Spanski Enterprises, under a 25-year agreement that ran from 13 December 1994 to 14 December 2019. In 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia found TVP guilty of copyright infringement, based on accusations by Spanski that TVP offered streaming episodes of its programmes without geoblocking on its domestic website—infringing the exclusive rights that had been licensed to Spanski and registered by them with the United States Copyright Office. The channel's feeds in the Americas ceased transmission on 14 December 2019.

On 9 December 2011 TVP Polonia was added to terrestrial MUX3 in Poland, then removed on 19 July 2016 to free up some space for TVP Info HD. On 4 September 2020 TVP Polonia HD was added to DVB-T2 test multiplex (also known as MUX5). Unlike satellite broadcast, it is broadcasting there in 1080p50 (on the satellite, it is in 1080i).

On July 17, 2021, TVP Polonia made its return to linear TV in the USA, on both Dish Network and Sling TV (on Sling it is also available with TVP Wilno).

From December 20, 2023 to December 22, 2023, the website of TVP Polonia redirects to the main TVP website, after 2023 takeover of TVP.

title: TVP Polonia


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United States District Court for the District of Columbia

The United States District Court for the District of Columbia (in case citations, D.D.C.) is a federal district court in Washington, D.C. Along with the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii and the High Court of American Samoa, it also sometimes handles federal issues that arise in the territory of American Samoa, which has no local federal court or territorial court.

Appeals from the District Court are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit.

The current United States Attorney for the District of Columbia is Matthew M. Graves, who was sworn into office on November 5, 2021.

History
The court was established by Congress in 1863 as the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, replacing the abolished circuit and district courts of the District of Columbia that had been in place since 1801. The court consisted of four justices, including a chief justice, and was granted the same powers and jurisdiction as the earlier circuit court. Any of the justices could convene a United States circuit court or a local criminal court. In 1936, Congress renamed the court the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia. Its current name was adopted in 1948, and from then on justices were known as judges.

Originally housed in the former District of Columbia City Hall, the court now sits in the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse located at 333 Constitution Avenue, N.W., in Washington, D.C. The District has no local district attorney or equivalent, and so local prosecutorial matters also fall into the jurisdiction of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. Assistant United States attorneys (AUSAs) are tasked with prosecution of not only federal crimes but also crimes that would normally be left to the state prosecutor's discretion. The District Court has the largest U.S. Attorney's Office in the nation, with around 250 assistant U.S. attorneys.

Succession of seats

 * Associate Justices Clabaugh, McCoy, Wheat and Laws were elevated to Chief Justice.
 * Chief Justice Laws was assigned to the new Seat 13 by operation of law upon the abolition of the Chief Justice Seat 1.

List of U.S. Attorneys

 * United States Attorney for the District of Columbia


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Amaurosis

Amaurosis (Greek meaning darkening, dark, or obscure) is vision loss or weakness that occurs without an apparent lesion affecting the eye. It may result from either a medical condition or excess acceleration, as in flight. The term is the same as the Latin gutta serena, which means, in Latin, clear drop (or bright drop). Gutta serena is a condition of partial or complete blindness with a transparent, clear pupil. This term contrasts with suffusio nigra which means, in Latin, dark suffusion, indicating partial or complete blindness with a dark pupil, e.g., a cataract. Milton, already totally blind for twelve years (some scholars think from retinal detachment; others have diagnosed glaucoma) by the time he published Paradise Lost, refers to these terms in Book 3, lines 25–26.

Leber's congenital amaurosis
Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most severe and earliest of the inherited retinal dystrophies that cause congenital blindness. It has an incidence of 2-3 per 100,000 births and accounts for 10-18% of cases of congenital blindness among children in blind institutes and 5% of all retinal dystrophies, a figure that is likely to be greater in countries with a greater percentage of consanguinity.

In most cases, LCA is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, as established by Alström and Olson in 1957. Some patients only have retinal blindness, whereas others have multi-systemic involvement that includes renal, cardiac, skeletal, and, most notably, central nervous system anomalies.

Theodor von Leber, a German ophthalmologist, described LCA in 1869 as a disorder characterized by profound visual loss present at or shortly after birth, nystagmus, sluggish pupillary reactions, and pigmentary retinopathy.

Amaurosis fugax
Amaurosis fugax, also known as transient monocular blindness, is caused by a sudden, temporary decrease in blood flow to one eye. The loss of vision is abrupt, lasting only seconds or minutes. Blindness is total, though it is sometimes limited to a specific area of vision. Blindness frequently develops as if a shade was drawn upward or downward over the eye, rarely sideward. Single or multiple attacks are possible. Some patients experience hundreds, if not thousands, of episodes. Pain, scintillations, and diplopia are usually not present. The prognosis for retinal recovery is good in most patients; retinal infarction occurs in a few.

Quinidine toxicity
Although amaurosis caused by quinine poisoning is now uncommon, it does occur on occasion. When quinine is used as an abortifacient, the initial history may be deceptive, but the presence of characteristic changes in the fundi usually allows certainty of a diagnosis.

title: Amaurosis


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Alia, Sicily

Alia (Sicilian: Àlia) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, on the Italian island of Sicily. It is known for the Grotte Della Gurfa, or Gurfa Caves Urban Reserve.

title: Alia, Sicily


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Data independence

Data independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralized  DBMS. It refers to the immunity of user applications to changes made in the definition and organization of data. Application programs should not, ideally, be exposed to details of data representation and storage. The DBMS provides an abstract view of the data that hides such details.

There are two types of data independence: physical and logical data independence.

The data independence and operation independence together gives the feature of data abstraction. There are two levels of data independence.

Logical data independence
The logical structure of the data is known as the 'schema definition'. In general, if a user application operates on a subset of the attributes of a relation, it should not be affected later when new attributes are added to the same relation. Logical data independence indicates that the conceptual schema can be changed without affecting the existing schemas.

Physical data independence
The physical structure of the data is referred to as "physical data description". Physical data independence deals with hiding the details of the storage structure from user applications. The application should not be involved with these issues since, conceptually, there is no difference in the operations carried out against the data. There are three types of data independence:
 * 1) Logical data independence: The ability to change the logical (conceptual) schema without changing the External schema (User View) is called logical data independence. For example, the addition or removal of new entities, attributes, or relationships to the conceptual schema or having to rewrite existing application programs.
 * 2) Physical data independence: The ability to change the physical schema without changing the logical schema is called physical data independence. For example, a change to the internal schema, such as using different file organization or storage structures, storage devices, or indexing strategy, should be possible without having to change the conceptual or external schemas.
 * 3) View level data independence: always independent no effect, because there doesn't exist any other level above view level.

Data independence
Data independence can be explained as follows: Each higher level of the data architecture is immune to changes of the next lower level of the architecture.

The logical scheme stays unchanged even though the storage space or type of some data is changed for reasons of optimization or reorganization. In this, external schema does not change. In this, internal schema changes may be required due to some physical schema were reorganized here. Physical data independence is present in most databases and file environment in which hardware storage of encoding, exact location of data on disk, merging of records, so on this are hidden from user.

Data independence types
The ability to modify schema definition in one level without affecting schema of that definition in the next higher level is called data independence. There are two levels of data independence, they are Physical data independence and Logical data independence.

 * 1) Physical data independence is the ability to modify the physical schema without causing application programs to be rewritten. Modifications at the physical level are occasionally necessary to improve performance. It means we change the physical storage/level without affecting the conceptual or external view of the data. The new changes are absorbed by mapping techniques.
 * 2) Logical data independence is the ability to modify the logical schema without causing application programs to be rewritten. Modifications at the logical level are necessary whenever the logical structure of the database is altered (for example, when money-market accounts are added to banking system).  Logical Data independence means if we add some new columns or remove some columns from table then the user view and programs should not change. For example: consider two users A & B. Both are selecting the fields "EmployeeNumber" and "EmployeeName". If user B adds a new column (e.g. salary) to his table, it will not affect the external view for user A, though the internal schema of the database has been changed for both users A & B.

Logical data independence is more difficult to achieve than physical data independence, since application programs are heavily dependent on the logical structure of the data that they access.

title: Data independence


text: User talk:70.178.40.11

title: User talk:70.178.40.11


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Technetium-99m generator

A technetium-99m generator, or colloquially a technetium cow or moly cow, is a device used to extract the metastable isotope 99mTc of technetium from a decaying sample of molybdenum-99. 99Mo has a half-life of 66 hours and can be easily transported over long distances to hospitals where its decay product technetium-99m (with a half-life of only 6 hours, inconvenient for transport) is extracted and used for a variety of nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures, where its short half-life is very useful.

Parent isotope source
99Mo can be obtained by the neutron activation (n,γ reaction) of 98Mo in a high-neutron-flux reactor. However, the most frequently used method is through fission of uranium-235 in a nuclear reactor. While most reactors currently engaged in 99Mo production use highly enriched uranium-235 targets, proliferation concerns have prompted some producers to transition to low-enriched uranium targets. The target is irradiated with neutrons to form 99Mo as a fission product (with 6.1% yield). Molybdenum-99 is then separated from unreacted uranium and other fission products in a hot cell.

Generator invention and history
99mTc remained a scientific curiosity until the 1950s when Powell Richards realized the potential of technetium-99m as a medical radiotracer and promoted its use among the medical community. While Richards was in charge of the radioisotope production at the Hot Lab Division of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Walter Tucker and Margaret Greene were working on how to improve the separation process purity of the short-lived eluted daughter product iodine-132 from tellurium-132, its 3.2-days parent, produced in the Brookhaven Graphite Research Reactor. They detected a trace contaminant which proved to be 99mTc, which was coming from 99Mo and was following tellurium in the chemistry of the separation process for other fission products. Based on the similarities between the chemistry of the tellurium-iodine parent-daughter pair, Tucker and Greene developed the first technetium-99m generator in 1958. It was not until 1960 that Richards became the first to suggest the idea of using technetium as a medical tracer.

Generator function and mechanism
Technetium-99m's short half-life of 6 hours makes long-term storage impossible. Transport of 99mTc from the limited number of production sites to radiopharmacies (for manufacture of specific radiopharmaceuticals) and other end users would be complicated by the need to significantly overproduce to have sufficient remaining activity after long journeys. Instead, the longer-lived parent nuclide 99Mo can be supplied to radiophamacies in a generator, after its extraction from the neutron-irradiated uranium targets and its purification in dedicated processing facilities. Radiopharmacies may be hospital-based or stand-alone facilities, and in many cases will subsequently distribute 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals to regional nuclear medicine departments. Development in direct production of 99mTc, without first producing the parent 99Mo, precludes the use of generators; however, this is uncommon and relies on suitable production facilities close to radiopharmacies.

Production
Generators provide radiation shielding for transport and to minimize the extraction work done at the medical facility. A typical dose rate at 1 metre from 99mTc generator is 20–50 μSv/h during transport.

These generators' output declines with time and must be replaced weekly, since the half-life of 99Mo is still only 66 hours. Since the half-life of the parent nuclide (99Mo) is much longer than that of the daughter nuclide (99mTc), 50% of equilibrium activity is reached within one daughter half-life, 75% within two daughter half-lives. Hence, removing the daughter nuclide (elution process) from the generator ("milking" the cow) is reasonably done as often as every 6 hours in a 99Mo/99mTc generator.

Separation
Most commercial 99Mo/99mTc generators use column chromatography, in which 99Mo in the form of molybdate, MoO42− is adsorbed onto acid alumina (Al2O3). When the 99Mo decays it forms pertechnetate TcO4−, which, because of its single charge, is less tightly bound to the alumina. Pouring normal saline solution through the column of immobilized 99Mo elutes the soluble 99mTc, resulting in a saline solution containing the 99mTc as pertechnetate, with sodium as the counterion.

The solution of sodium pertechnetate may then be added in an appropriate concentration to the pharmaceutical kit to be used, or sodium pertechnetate can be used directly without pharmaceutical tagging for specific procedures requiring only the 99mTcO4− as the primary radiopharmaceutical. A large percentage of the 99mTc generated by a 99Mo/99mTc generator is produced in the first 3 parent half-lives, or approximately one week. Hence, clinical nuclear medicine units purchase at least one such generator per week or order several in a staggered fashion.

Isomeric ratio
When the generator is left unused, 99Mo decays to 99mTc, which in turn decays to 99Tc. The half-life of 99Tc is far longer than its metastable isomer, so the ratio of 99Tc to 99mTc increases over time. Both isomers are carried out by the elution process and react equally well with the ligand, but the 99Tc is an impurity useless to imaging (and cannot be separated).

The generator is washed of 99Tc and 99mTc at the end of the manufacturing process of the generator, but the ratio of 99Tc to 99mTc then builds up again during transport or any other period when the generator is left unused. The first few elutions will have reduced effectiveness because of this high ratio.

title: Technetium-99m generator


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Gerasimovich (crater)

Gerasimovich is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies beyond the western limb, to the west-northwest of the immense Mare Orientale impact basin. The outer blanket of ejecta from this impact reaches nearly to the rim of Gerasimovich. Nearby craters of note include Houzeau to the north and the smaller Ellerman to the southeast.

The outer rim of this crater is worn and eroded, with a perimeter that has been modified and reshaped by nearby impacts. The much younger crater Gerasimovich D lies across the northeastern rim, and lies near the center of a poorly organized blanket of higher albedo deposits. Just to the west-southwest of the outer rim is the young, sharp-rimmed crater Gerasimovich R. The interior floor of Gerasimovich is irregular near the edges, and is marked by several small craterlets.

Gerasimovich is located at the antipode of the Mare Crisium impact basin.

Magnetism
Gerasimovich is home a powerful magnetic anomaly. This an area of the Moon that contains an unusually strong, localised magnetic field on a body that lacks a global dipole like that of the Earth. As such, the crater hosts an enigmatic feature known as a lunar swirl, an area of unusually high albedo but no corresponding difference in topography, i.e., it is brighter than the surrounding terrain but is not higher or lower than that terrain. It is thought that the high albedo is a result of this localised magnetic field. On Earth, radiation is deflected by the global magnetic field and attenuated by the atmosphere. The Moon however lacks both of these things and radiation, unimpeded, will darken the surface over time. It is thought then that a localised magnetic field will create a 'mini-magnetosphere', having locally the same effect as a global field might. This protection means that the surface at Gerasimovich is optically youthful compared to the surrounding landscape, which is what is seen as lunar swirls.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gerasimovich.

title: Gerasimovich (crater)


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Smoke (film)

Smoke is a 1995 American independent film by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster. The original story was written by Paul Auster, who also wrote the screenplay. The film was produced by Greg Johnson, Peter Newman, Kenzo Horikoshi, and Hisami Kuroiwa. Among others, it features Harvey Keitel, William Hurt, Stockard Channing, Harold Perrineau Jr., Giancarlo Esposito, Ashley Judd, and Forest Whitaker.

Plot
The film follows the lives of multiple characters, all of whom are connected via their patronage of a small Brooklyn tobacconist store managed by Augustus "Auggie" Wren. Auggie has been taking photographs of the store from across the street at 8:00am every morning and collects all his photos in albums. Paul Benjamin, a recently-widowed writer, spends an evening with Auggie and is initially dismissive of his photography project, saying that the photos are "all the same". Auggie replies that they only look the same superficially, but they are in fact all different, with each photo representing a unique moment in time. Auggie implores Paul to "slow down", which he agrees to do. Paul sees his wife in one of the pictures and breaks down.

The next day, Paul is lost in thought as he crosses the street and is saved from being run down by a truck by Rashid, a young black man. Paul invites Rashid to stay at his apartment as a form of thanks. Rashid accepts, but irritates Paul by making noise and breaking dishes while Paul is writing. Paul asks Rashid to leave, which he does. Paul is visited by Rashid's aunt, who demands to know why Rashid has been staying with Paul. She reveals that Rashid's real name is Thomas, and that he is from an underprivileged background. She also says that Rashid has been estranged from his father since childhood, and that his father had been spotted recently at a gas station outside the city.

Rashid tracks down his father, Cyrus Cole, at his gas station, which he sketches. Cyrus, not recognizing him, befriends Rashid and hires him to carry out renovation work at the gas station. Rashid conceals his identity and tells Cyrus that his name is Paul Benjamin. His father has an artificial arm, which he tells Rashid was the result of a car accident in which his then wife (who was in fact Rashid's mother) was killed. Cyrus says that he was driving drunk and that his artificial arm is God's way of reminding him to better himself. Rashid leaves the gas station, without any notice.

Rashid returns to Paul's apartment to give him a secondhand television as a gift. As Rashid tries to leave, Paul forces him to stay and to call his aunt to reassure her that he is safe. Paul finds $5,000 that Rashid has stashed in the apartment. When Paul confronts Rashid about the money, he reveals that he took the money from robbers, which is why he is in hiding. Paul implores Rashid to return the money. Rashid disappears without explaining where he has gone. Paul and Auggie track Rashid back to Cyrus' gas station. Rashid reveals his true identity. Cyrus finally understands that Rashid is in fact his son but initially rejects him. After an emotional breakdown, they reconcile. Rashid is hired to work at Auggie's shop.

Auggie imports a box of Cuban cigars that he intends to sell to city officials; he has spent $5,000 on the shipment, the entirety of his savings. Rashid ruins the cigars when he is left to look after the shop on his own by allowing a sink to overflow. He gives Auggie the $5,000 to keep his job. Auggie initially refuses but eventually agrees to keep the money. Ruby McNutt, Auggie's ex-girlfriend, visits the shop and asks Auggie for money to cover rehab costs for a woman Felicity, whom she says is his daughter and who is pregnant and on drugs. Auggie later gives her the same $5,000 that was given by Rashid. Auggie asks Ruby if Felicity really is his daughter, to which he receives an ambiguous response.

Paul tells Auggie that he has been asked by The New York Times to write a story to be published on Christmas Day. With Paul suffering writer's block, Auggie offers to tell him the best Christmas story he has ever heard in exchange for lunch. Auggie tells a tender story about spending Christmas with a blind grandmother who at first thinks, and then pretends, he is her grandson. After the grandmother falls asleep, Auggie finds stacks of stolen cameras in the bathroom and decides to take one for himself. Weeks later, he regrets the theft and decides to return the camera, only to find that the grandmother has died in the meantime, meaning that she had spent her last Christmas with him. Paul is impressed by the story, but implicitly suspects that Auggie invented it.

During and after the closing credits, Auggie's story is enacted in a poignant black-and-white sequence to the soundtrack of Tom Waits's Innocent When You Dream.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 88% based on 34 reviews. The consensus summarizes: "Smoke draws in a stellar ensemble, holds the audience's attention with a robust blend of connected stories, and sends viewers out on a pleasurable high."

It opened on 4 screens (including two in New York and one in Los Angeles) and grossed $70,744 for the weekend, being the number one exclusive release in New York and L.A. It went on to gross $8 million in the United States and Canada and $30 million internationally.

Awards
Won
 * Silver Bear (Wayne Wang) 45th Berlin International Film Festival, 1995
 * Danish Film Critics Bodil Awards for Best American Film, 1995
 * German Film Award for Best Foreign Film, 1995
 * MTV Movie Award for Best Sandwich in a Movie - Ham and Cheese Sandwich
 * Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay (Paul Auster), 1995

Nominated
 * Stockard Channing - Best Supporting Actress - Screen Actors Guild

Sequel
The film was followed by Blue in the Face, a sequel of sorts that continues following a few of the characters and introduces several new ones.

Legacy
The character Augustus "Auggie" Wren (played by Harvey Keitel) is modelled after the real-life owner of Augie's Jazz Bar, which closed in 1998. When the establishment reopened in 1999, the new owners could not keep the former establishment's name. To honor its legacy, they named the new club after the 1995 film.

A VHS copy of the film can be seen on top of the television set during the house party finale of the 1996 horror movie Scream.

title: Smoke (film)