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Ariosophy

Armanism and Ariosophy are esoteric ideological systems that were largely developed by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels, respectively, in Austria between 1890 and 1930. The term 'Ariosophy', which translates to wisdom of the Aryans, was invented by Lanz von Liebenfels in 1915, and during the 1920s, it became the name of his doctrine. For research on the topic, such as Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke's book The Occult Roots of Nazism, the term 'Ariosophy' is generically used to describe the Aryan/esoteric theories which constituted a subset of the 'Völkische Bewegung'. This broader use of the word is retrospective and it was not generally current among the esotericists themselves. List actually called his doctrine 'Armanism', while Lanz used the terms 'Theozoology' and 'Ario-Christianity' before the First World War.

The ideas of Von List and Lanz von Liebenfels were part of a general occult revival that occurred in Austria and Germany during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; a revival that was loosely inspired by historical Germanic paganism, holistic philosophy, and Christianity, as well as by esoteric concepts that were influenced by German romanticism and Theosophy. The connection between this form of Germanic mysticism and historical Germanic culture is evident in the mystics' fascination with runes, in the form of Guido von List's Armanen runes.

Overview
The ideology regarding the Aryan race (in the sense of Indo-Europeans), runic symbols, the swastika, and sometimes occultism are important elements of Ariosophy. By 1899 at the earliest or by 1900 at the latest, esoteric notions entered Guido von List's thoughts. In April 1903, he sent his manuscript, proposing what Goodrick-Clarke calls a "monumental pseudoscience" concerning the ancient German faith, to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna onwards. These Ariosophic ideas (together with, and influenced by, Theosophy) contributed significantly to an occult counterculture in Germany and Austria. A historic interest in this topic has stemmed from the ideological relationship between Ariosophy and Nazism, and it is obvious in such book titles as:
 * The Occult Roots of Nazism by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke
 * Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab (The Man Who Gave Hitler His Ideas), Wilfried Daim's biography of Lanz von Liebenfels

However, Goodrick-Clarke's comprehensive study finds little evidence of direct influence, except in the case of the highly idiosyncratic ancient-German mythos that was elaborated by the "clairvoyant" SS-Brigadeführer Karl Maria Wiligut, of which the practical consequences were, first, the incorporation of Wiligut's symbolism into the ceremonies of an elite circle within the SS; and, secondly, the official censure of those occultists and runic magicians whom Wiligut stigmatized as heretics, which may have persuaded Heinrich Himmler to order the internment of several of them. The most notable other case is Himmler's Ahnenerbe. (For the debate on the direct relations to Nazi ideology, see Religious aspects of Nazism.) Goodrick-Clarke examines what evidence there is for influences on Hitler and other Nazis, but he concludes that "Ariosophy is a symptom of rather than an influence in the way that it anticipated Nazism".

'Ariosophic' writers and organisations
While a broad definition of the term 'Ariosophy' is useful for some purposes, various of the later authors, including Ellegaard Ellerbek, Philipp Stauff and Günther Kirchoff, can more exactly be described as cultivating the Armanism of List. In a less broad approach, one could also treat rune occultism separately. Although the Armanen runes go back to List, Rudolf John Gorsleben distinguished himself from other völkisch writers by making the esoteric importance of the runes central to his world view. Goodrick-Clarke therefore refers to the doctrine of Kummer and Gorsleben and his followers as rune occultism, a description that also fits the eclectic work of Karl Spiesberger. Highly practical systems of rune occultism, influenced mainly by List, were developed by Friedrich Bernhard Marby and Siegfried Adolf Kummer. Also worthy of mention are Peryt Shou, the occult novelist; A. Frank Glahn, noted more for his pendulum dowsing; Rudolf von Sebottendorff and Walter Nauhaus, who built up the Thule Society; and Karl Maria Wiligut, who was the most notable occultist working for the SS.

Organisations include: the Guido von List Society, the High Armanen Order, the Lumen Club, the Ordo Novi Templi, the Germanenorden (in which a schism occurred) and the Thule Society.

Armanism
Guido von List elaborated a racial religion premised on the concept of renouncing the imposed Semitic creed of Christianity and returning to the native religions of the ancient Indo-Europeans (List preferred the equivalent term Ario-Germanen, or 'Aryo-Germanics'). He recognised the theoretical distinction between the Proto-Indo-European language and its daughter Proto-Germanic language, but frequently obscured it by his tendency to treat them as a single long-lived entity (although this framing is also used in linguistics as the Germanic parent language). In this, he became strongly influenced by the Theosophical thought of Madame Blavatsky, which he blended with his own highly original beliefs, founded upon Germanic paganism.

Before he turned to occultism, Guido List had written articles for German Nationalist newspapers in Austria, as well as four historical novels and three plays, some of which were "set in tribal Germany" before the advent of Christianity. He also had written an anti-semitic essay in 1895. List adopted the aristocratic von between 1903 and 1907.

List called his doctrine Armanism after the Armanen, supposedly a body of priest-kings in the ancient Aryo-Germanic nation. He claimed that this German name had been Latinized into the tribal name Herminones mentioned in Tacitus, and that it actually meant the heirs of the sun-king: an estate of intellectuals who were organised into a priesthood called the Armanenschaft.

His conception of the original religion of the Germanic tribes was a form of sun worship, with its priest-kings (similar to the Icelandic goði) as legendary rulers of ancient Germany. Religious instruction was imparted on two levels. The esoteric doctrine (Armanism) was concerned with the secret mysteries of the gnosis, reserved for the initiated elite, while the exoteric doctrine (Wotanism) took the form of popular myths intended for the lower social classes.

List believed that the transition from Wotanism to Christianity had proceeded smoothly under the direction of the skald poets, so that native customs, festivals and names were preserved under a Christian veneer and only needed to be "decoded" back into their heathen forms. This peaceful merging of the two religions had been disrupted by the forcible conversions under "bloody Charlemagne – the Slaughterer of the Saxons". List claimed that the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church in Austria-Hungary constituted a continuing occupation of the Germanic tribes by the Roman empire, albeit now in a religious form, and a continuing persecution of the ancient religion of the Germanic peoples and Celts.

He also believed in the magical powers of the old runes. From 1891 onwards he claimed that heraldry was based on a system of encoded runes, so that heraldic devices conveyed a secret heritage in cryptic form. In April 1903, he submitted an article concerning the alleged Aryan proto-language to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Its highlight was a mystical and occult interpretation of the runic alphabet, which became the cornerstone of his ideology. Although the article was rejected by the academy, it would later be expanded by List, and grew into his final masterpiece, a comprehensive treatment of his linguistic and historical theories, published in 1914 as Die Ursprache der Ario-Germanen und ihre Mysteriensprache (The Proto-Language of the Aryo-Germanics and their Mystery Language).

List's doctrine has been described as gnostic, pantheist, and deist. At its core is the mystical union of God, man, and nature. Wotanism teaches that God dwells within the individual human spirit as an inner source of magical power, but is also immanent within nature through the primal laws that govern the cycles of growth, decay, and renewal. List explicitly rejects a Mind-body dualism of spirit versus matter, or of God over or against nature. Humanity is therefore one with the universe, which entails an obligation to live in accordance with nature. But the individual human ego does not seek to merge with the cosmos. "Man is a separate agent, necessary to the completion or perfection of ‘God's work’". Being immortal, the ego passes through successive reincarnations until it overcomes all obstacles to its purpose. List foresaw the eventual consequences of this in a future utopia on Earth, which he identified with the promised Valhalla, a world of victorious heroes:

"Thus in the course of uncounted generations all men will become Einherjar, and that state – willed and preordained by the godhead – of general liberty, equality, and fraternity will be reached. This is that state which sociologists long for and which socialists want to bring about by false means, for they are not able to comprehend the esoteric concept that lies hidden in the triad: liberty, equality, fraternity, a concept which must first ripen and mature in order that someday it can be picked like a fruit from the World Tree."

List was familiar with the cyclical notion of time, which he encountered in Norse mythology and in the theosophical adaptation of the Hindu time cycles. He had already made use of cosmic rhythms in his early journalism on natural landscapes. In his later works, List combined the cyclical concept of time with the "dualistic and linear time scheme" of western apocalypticism, which counterposes a pessimism about the present world with an ultimate optimism regarding the future one. In Das Geheimnis der Runen, List addresses the seeming contradiction by explaining the final redemption of the linear time frame as an exoteric parable that stands for the esoteric truth of renewal in many future cycles and incarnations. This is counter to the original Norse myths and Hinduism, where the cycle of destruction and creation is repeated indefinitely, thus offering no possibility of ultimate salvation.

Guido von List Society and High Armanen Order
Already in 1893 Guido List together with Fanny Wschiansky, had founded the Literarische Donaugesellschaft, a literary society.

In 1908 the Guido von List Society (Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft) was founded primarily by the Wannieck family (Friedrich Wannieck and his son Friedrich Oskar Wannieck being prominent and enthusiastic Armanists) as an occult völkisch organisation, with the purpose of financing and publishing List's research. The List Society was supported by many leading figures in Austrian and German politics, publishing, and occultism. Although one might suspect a völkisch organisation to be antisemitic, the society included at least two Jews among its members: Moritz Altschüler, a rabbinical scholar, and Ernst Wachler. The List Society published List's works under the series Guido-List-Bücherei (GLB).

List had established exoteric and esoteric circles in his organisation. The High Armanen Order (Hoher Armanen Orden) was the inner circle of the Guido von List Society. Founded in midsummer 1911, it was set up as a magical order or lodge to support List's deeper and more practical work. The HAO conducted pilgrimages to what its members considered "holy Armanic sites", Stephansdom in Vienna, Carnuntum etc. They also had occasional meetings between 1911 and 1918, but the exact nature of these remains unknown. In his introduction to List's The Secret of the Runes, Stephen E. Flowers notes: "The HAO never really crystallized in List's lifetime – although it seems possible that he developed a theoretical body of unpublished documents and rituals relevant to the HAO that have only been put into full practice in more recent years".

Listians under the Third Reich
List died on 17 May 1919, a few months before Adolf Hitler joined a minor Bavarian political party and formed it into the NSDAP. After the Nazis had come to power, several advocates of Armanism fell victim to the suppression of esotericism in Nazi Germany.

The main reason for the persecution of occultists was the Nazi policy of systematically closing down esoteric organisations (although Germanic paganism was still practised by some Nazis on an individual basis), but the instigator in certain cases was Himmler's personal occultist, Karl Maria Wiligut. Wiligut identified the monotheistic religion of Irminism as the true ancestral belief, claiming that Guido von List's Wotanism and runic row constituted a schismatic false religion.

Among the Listians – Kummer and Marby are not mentioned by Goodrick-Clarke among the signatories who endorsed the List Society around 1905 but both men were indebted to "Listian" ideas – who were subjected to censure were the rune occultists Friedrich Bernhard Marby and Siegfried Adolf Kummer, both of whom were denounced by Wiligut in 1934 in a letter to Himmler. Flowers writes: "The establishment of [an] 'official NS runology' under Himmler, Wiligut, and others led directly to the need to suppress the rune-magical 'free agents' such as Marby". Despite having openly supported the Nazis, Marby was arrested by the Gestapo in 1936 as an anti-Nazi occultist and was interned in Welzheim, Flossenbürg and Dachau concentration camps. Kummer disappears from History after Wiligut's denunciation in 1934, and his fate is unknown. He may have died in a concentration camp. According to Rudgley, "[u]nsubstantiated rumours" have him fleeing Nazi Germany in exile to South America, but "it is more likely that he perished in one of the camps that Marby was to survive or died during the Allied bombing of Dresden."

Günter Kirchhoff, a List Society member whom Wiligut had recommended to Himmler on the strength of his researches into prehistory, is reported to have written that Wiligut by intrigue had ensured that Ernst Lauterer (a.k.a. "Tarnhari") – another List Society member, who claimed a secret clan tradition that rivalled Wiligut's own – was committed to a concentration camp as an "English agent". Flowers and Moynihan reproduce Kirchhoff's testimony as reported by both Adolf Schleipfer and researcher Manfred Lenz (but doubted by Wiligut's former secretary Gabriele Dechend).

Theozoology
In 1903–04, a Viennese ex-Cistercian monk and inventor named Jörg Lanz-Liebenfels (subsequently, Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels) published a lengthy article under the Latin title "Anthropozoon Biblicum" ("The Biblical Man-Animal") in a journal for Biblical studies edited by Moritz Altschüler, a Jewish admirer of Guido von List. The author undertook a comparative survey of ancient Near Eastern cultures, in which he detected evidence from iconography and literature that seemed to point to the continued survival, into early historical times, of hominid ape-men similar to the Neanderthal men known from fossil remains in Europe, or the Pithecanthropus (now called Homo erectus) from Java. Furthermore, Lanz systematically analysed the Old Testament in the light of his hypothesis, identifying and interpreting coded references to the ape-men that substantiated an illicit practice of interbreeding between humans and "lower" species in antiquity.

In 1905 he expanded these researches into a fundamental statement of doctrine titled Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron ("Theozoology, or the Science of the Sodomite-Apelings and the Divine Electron"). He claimed that "Aryan" peoples originated from interstellar deities (termed Theozoa) who bred by electricity, while "lower" races were a result of interbreeding between humans and ape-men (or Anthropozoa). The effects of racial crossing caused the atrophy of paranormal powers inherited from the gods, but these could be restored by the selective breeding of pure Aryan lineages. The book relied on somewhat lurid sexual imagery, decrying the abuse of white women by ethnically inferior but sexually active men. Thus, Lanz advocated mass castration of racially "apelike" or otherwise "inferior" males. In the same year, Lanz commenced publication of the journal Ostara (named after a pagan Germanic goddess of spring) to promote his vision of racial purity.

Secret Society Order of the New Templars
On December 25, 1900, he founded the fascist secret society Order of the New Templars (Ordo Novi Templi, or ONT) – a project to bring rightwing extremists together and mobilise them in favor of Nazism in Germany by using esotericism to justify violence such as castration of innocent people to establish fascism in Germany and defend it against communism. The ONT was modelled after the catholic military order Knight Templars and similar in its hierarchical structure as the Order of Cistercians which was the group that trained the New Templars founder and political agitator Adolf Lanz. Members used code names so that betrayal was difficult.

The ideological association was headquartered at Burg Werfenstein, a castle in Upper Austria overlooking the river Danube. Its declared aim was to use pseudo-science and religion to make people believe in racist concepts. Rituals were designed to beautify life in accordance with Aryan aesthetics, and to express the Order's theological system that Lanz called Ario-Christianity. The Order was the first to use the swastika in an "Aryan" meaning, displaying on its flag the device of a red swastika facing right, on a yellow-orange field and surrounded by four blue fleurs-de-lys above, below, to the right and to the left.

The ONT declined from the mid-1930s and – even though it had pioneered many ideas that the Nazis later adopted – it was suppressed by the Gestapo in 1942. By this time it had established seven communities in Austria, Germany and Hungary. Though suspending its activities in the Greater German Reich, the ONT survived in Hungary until around the end of World War II. It went underground in Vienna after 1945, but was contacted in 1958 by a former Waffen-SS lieutenant, Rudolf Mund, who became Prior of the Order in 1979. Mund also wrote biographies of Lanz and Wiligut.

Ariosophy
The term "Ariosophy" (wisdom concerning the Aryans) was coined by Lanz von Liebenfels in 1915, with "Theozoology" describing its Genesis and "Ario-Christianity" as the label for the overall doctrine in the 1920s.

This terminology was taken up by a group of occultists, formed in Berlin around 1920 and referred to by one of its main figures, Ernst Issberner-Haldane, as the 'Swastika-Circle'. Lanz's publisher, Herbert Reichstein, made contact with the group in 1925 and formed it into an institute with himself as director. This association was named the Ariosophical Society in 1926, renamed the Neue Kalandsgesellschaft (from Kaland, Guido von List's term for a secret lodge or conventicle) in 1928, and renamed again as the Ariosophische Kulturzentrale in 1931, the year in which it opened an Ariosophical School at Pressbaum that offered courses and lectures in runic lore, biorhythms, yoga and Qabalah.

The institute maintained a friendly collaboration with Lanz, its guiding intellect and inspiration, but also acknowledged an indebtedness to List, declaring itself as the successor to the Armanen priest-kings and their hierophantic tradition. Reichstein's circle therefore establishes the historical precedent for a broad conception that was followed by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke in 1985 when he redefined Ariosophy as a general term to describe Aryan-centric occult theories and hermetic practices, including both Lanz's Ario-Christianity and the earlier Armanism of List, as well as later derivatives of either or both systems. If the term is employed in this extended sense, then Guido von List, and not Lanz von Liebenfels, was the founder of Ariosophy.

The justification for the broad definition is that List and Lanz were mutually influencing. The two men joined one another's societies; List figures in Lanz's pedigree of initiated predecessors; and Lanz is cited several times by List in The Religion of the Aryo-Germanic Folk: Esoteric and Exoteric (1910).

Germanenorden
Although List had been concerned "to awaken German nationalist consciousness", the High Armanen Order had addressed itself to the upper and middle class Germans in Austria, and here List had preferred the "role of the mystagogue" over political activism. List's disciples, however, became active in the Reichshammerbund and the Germanenorden, two "historically significant", "virulently antisemitic groups" in Germany. Both groups were organized by the political activist Theodor Fritsch, a major figure in German antisemitism. Fritsch, born 1852, was the son of Saxon peasants, and he was concerned about the "small tradesmen and craftsmen" and their threat from what he perceived to be the large 'Jewish' industry.

The List-inspired Germanenorden (Germanic Order or Teutonic Order, not to be confused with the medieval German order of the Teutonic Knights) was a völkisch secret society in early 20th-century Germany. It was founded in Berlin in 1912 by Theodor Fritsch and several prominent German occultists including Philipp Stauff, who held office in the List Society and High Armanen Order as well as Hermann Pohl, who became the Germanenorden's first leader. The group was a clandestine movement aimed at the upper echelons of society and was a sister movement to the more mainstream Reichshammerbund.

The order, whose symbol was a swastika, had a hierarchical fraternal structure similar to Freemasonry. Local groups of the sect met to celebrate the summer solstice, an important neopagan festivity in völkisch circles (and later in Nazi Germany), and more regularly to read the Eddas as well as some of the German mystics.

In addition to occult and magical philosophies, it taught to its initiates nationalist ideologies of Nordic racial superiority and antisemitism, then rising throughout the Western world. As was becoming increasingly typical of völkisch organisations, it required its candidates to prove that they had no non-Aryan bloodlines and required from each a promise to maintain purity of his stock in marriage.

In 1916, during World War I, the Germanenorden split into two parts. Eberhard von Brockhusen became the Grand Master of the "loyalist" Germanenorden. Pohl, previously the order's Chancellor, founded a schismatic offshoot: the Germanenorden Walvater of the Holy Grail. He was joined in the same year by Rudolf von Sebottendorff (formerly Rudolf Glauer), a wealthy adventurer with wide-ranging occult and mystical interests. A Freemason and a practitioner of sufism and astrology, Sebottendorff was also an admirer of Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels. Convinced that the Islamic and Germanic mystical systems shared a common Aryan root, he was attracted by Pohl's runic lore and became the Master of the Walvater's Bavarian province late in 1917. Charged with reviving the province's fortunes, Sebottendorff increased membership from about a hundred in 1917 to 1500 by the autumn of the following year.

Thule Society
In 1918 Sebottendorff made contact with Walter Nauhaus, a member of the Germanenorden who headed a "Germanic study group" called the Thule Gesellschaft (Thule Society). The name of Nauhaus's original Thule Society was adopted as a cover-name for Sebottendorff's Munich lodge of the Germanenorden Walvater when it was formally dedicated on August 18, 1918, with Pohl's assistance and approval. Sebottendorff states that the group was run jointly by himself and Nauhaus. Nauhaus was later executed by communists during the German Revolution.

Deriving elements of its ideology and membership from earlier occult groups founded by List (Guido von List Society, established 1908) and by Lanz von Liebenfels (the Order of the New Templars, established 1907), the Thule Society was dedicated to the triune god Walvater, identified with Wotan in triple form. For the Society's emblem Sebottendorff selected the oak leaves, dagger and swastika. The name Thule (an island located by Greek geographers at the northernmost extremity of the world) was chosen for its significance in the works of Guido von List. According to Thule Society mythology, Thule was the capital of Hyperborea, a legendary country supposedly in the far North polar regions, originally mentioned by Herodotus, citing (among other sources ) Egyptian ones. In 1679, Olaf Rudbeck equated the Hyperboreans with the survivors of Atlantis, who were first mentioned by Plato, again following Egyptian sources. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) began his work Der Antichrist (The Antichrist) in 1895 with, "Let us see ourselves for what we are. We are Hyperboreans."

From a historian's perspective, the importance of the Thule Society lies in its organising the discussion circle that led to the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei, or DAP), founded in January 1919. The Thule Society's Karl Harrer was a co-founder, along with Anton Drexler (the party's first chairman). Later the same year, Adolf Hitler joined the DAP, which was renamed as the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) or Nazi party, registered from 20 February 1920) on April 1, 1920. Some conspiracy-theorists argue that the NSDAP, when under Hitler's leadership, was a political front for the Thule Society. However, against this theory stands Harrer's and Drexler's resistance to Hitler. After unsuccessful challenges to his growing power, both men resigned from the party, Harrer in 1920 and Drexler in 1923.

Speculative authors assert that a number of high Nazi Party officials had been members of the Thule Society (including such prominent figures as Max Amann, Dietrich Eckart, Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosenberg and Gottfried Feder). Eckart, the wealthy publisher of the newspaper Auf gut Deutsch (In Plain German), has been represented as a committed occultist and the most significant Thule influence on Hitler. He is believed to have taught Hitler a number of persuasive techniques, and so profound was his influence that the second volume of Hitler's book Mein Kampf was dedicated to him. However, although Eckart attended Thule Society meetings, he was not a member and there is nothing to indicate that he trained Hitler in techniques of a mystical nature. Examining the membership lists, Goodrick-Clarke notes that Hess, Rosenberg and Feder were – like Eckart – guests of the Thule Society in 1918 but not actual members. He also describes a Thule Society membership roll including Hans Frank and Heinrich Himmler as "spurious". There is no evidence that Hitler himself had any connection with the Society, even as an associate or visitor. However, a member of the Thule Society, dentist Dr. Friedrich Krohn, did choose the swastika symbol for the Nazi party (although the design was revised at Hitler's insistence).

In 1923, Sebottendorff was expelled from Germany as an undesirable alien; around 1925, the Thule Society disbanded. In 1933, Sebottendorff returned to Germany and published Bevor Hitler kam: Urkundliches aus der Frühzeit der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung von Rudolf von Sebottendorff. The book was banned by the Bavarian Political Police on March 1, 1934; Sebottendorff was arrested by the Gestapo, interned in a concentration camp, then expelled to Turkey yet again, where he committed suicide by drowning in the Bosphorus on May 9, 1945, as the Nazis surrendered to the Allies.

Edda Society
Rudolf John Gorsleben was associated with the Thule Society during the Bavarian Soviet Republic of 1919 and, along with Dietrich Eckart, he was taken prisoner by the Communists, narrowly escaping execution. He threw himself into the ferment of Bavaria's völkisch politics and formed a close working relationship with the local Germanenorden before devoting himself to literary pursuits.

On 29 November 1925, Gorsleben founded the Edda Society (Edda-Gesellschaft), a mystic study group, at Dinkelsbühl in Franconia. He himself was Chancellor of the Society and published its periodical Deutsche Freiheit (German Freedom), later renamed Arische Freiheit (Aryan Freedom). Assisted by learned contributors to his study-group, Gorsleben developed an original and eclectic mystery religion founded in part upon the Armanism of List, whom he quoted with approval.

Grand Master of the Society was Werner von Bülow (1870–1947). The treasurer was Friedrich Schaefer from Mühlhausen, whose wife, Käthe, kept open house for another occult-völkisch circle (the 'Free Sons of the North and Baltic Seas') that gathered around Karl Maria Wiligut in the early 1930s. Mathilde von Kemnitz, a prolific völkisch writer who married General Erich Ludendorff in 1926, was an active member of the Edda Society.

When Rudolf John Gorsleben died from heart disease in August 1930, the Edda Society was taken over by Bülow who had designed a 'world-rune-clock' that illustrated the correspondences between the runes, the gods and the zodiac, as well as colours and numbers. Bülow also took over the running of Gorsleben's periodical and changed its name from Arische Freiheit to Hag All All Hag, and then Hagal.

Modern organisations
In the later 20th century, Germanic neopagan movements oriented themselves more towards polytheistic reconstructionism, turning away from theosophic and occult elements, but elements of Ariosophical mysticism continue to play a role in some white supremacist organizations. Alleged mystical or shamanic aspects of historical pre-Christian Germanic culture, summarized as seidr are also practiced in Odinism (Freya Aswynn, Nigel Pennick, Karl Spiesberger, see also Germanic Runic Astrology, The Book of Blotar).

Armanen-Orden
The Guido von List Society was re-established in the late 1960s through contacts between the German/Austrian occultist Adolf Schleipfer (1947–) and the still-living last president of the Society, Hanns Bierbach. Schleipfer had discovered some of List's works in an antique bookstore in the mid-1960s, and was inspired to found the runic and Armanist magazine Irminsul in hopes of attracting suitable people for a revived Listian order. He was appointed the new president and continued to publish Irminsul as the "Voice of the Guido von List Society."

Schleipfer also attended meetings of a related organisation, the Gode-Orden (Gothi-Order), which propagated a similar mixture of occult völkisch thinking. There he met his wife Sigrun Schleipfer, née Hammerbacher (1940–2009), daughter of the völkisch writer and former NSDAP district leader, Dr. Hans Wilhelm Hammerbacher. In 1976 the Schleipfers founded the Armanen-Orden (Armanen Order) as the reorganised Guido von List Society. Since then, Adolf and Sigrun have served as the Grandmasters of the Order, although they have divorced and Sigrun now refers to herself as "Sigrun von Schlichting" or "Sigrun Freifrau von Schlichting". They also revived the High Armanen Order (HAO) and brought it to "an unprecedented level of activity".

The Armanen-Orden is a neopagan esoteric society and religious order reviving the occult teachings of Guido von List. Its internal structure is organized in nine grades, inspired by Freemasonry. The order is modelled on, but not limited to, the precepts of List, and its principles as formulated in its brochures are as follows:

"The Armanen Order embodies the entire Germanic and Celtic peoples in their mental, spiritual and physical uniqueness.

The Armanen Order embodies the true realisation of the divine world order based on Germanic and Celtic wisdom, whose religious and cultic aspect is formed by the native myths of the gods.

The Awakening of the Armanen Order is a rebirth of life based on its natural foundations of the Germanic and Celtic people."

The Armanen-Orden celebrates seasonal festivities in a similar fashion as Odinist groups do and invites interested people to these events. The highlights are three 'Things' at Ostara (Easter), Midsummer and Fall (Wotan's sacrificial death), which are mostly celebrated at castles close to sacred places, such as the Externsteine. The author Stefanie von Schnurbein attended a Fall Thing in 1990 and gives the following report in Religion als Kulturkritik (Religion and Cultural Criticism):

"…the participants meet in a room decorated with hand-woven wall hangings and pictures of Germanic gods, Odin and Frigga in this case… At one end of the room is a table covered with black cloth. On this a 4 ft. high wooden Irminsul, a spear, a sword, a replica of a sun disc chariot, a leather-bound copy of The Edda as well as ritual bowls and candles are placed. The participants are seated in a semi-circle in front of the table, the front row being occupied by Order members clothed in their ritual garb (black shirts for the men and long white dresses for the women; both have the AO emblem sewn on them)… after several invocations the 'spirit flame', symbolising Odin in the spirit world, is lit in a bowl filled with lamp oil. The purpose of this cultic celebration is the portrayal of Odin's concentration from spirit into matter. After a recital of the first part of Odin's rune poem from The Edda, the 'blood sacrifice' commences, in which a bowl with animal blood is raised to the beat of a gong and an invocation of sacrifice. Then Odin is called into the realm by the participants who assume the Odal rune stance, whisper 'W-O-D-A-N' nine times and finally sing an ode to Odin with the following words: 'Odin-Wodan come to us, od-uod, uod'. Wodan's sacrifice to himself is symbolised by extinguishing the flame."

In 1977 Sigrun Schleipfer founded the Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung der Burgen (Society for the Conservation of Castles), which proclaims castles to be among the "last paradises of the romantic era" in this cold modern age and had as its primary aim the purchase and restoration of a castle for the Order. In 1995, the society finally acquired the castle of Rothenhorn in Szlichtyngowa (Poland), a run-down structure dating back to the 12th century, though most of the complex dates from the 16th century.

Over many years, Adolf and Sigrun have republished all of List's works (and many others relating to the Armanen runes) in their original German. Adolf Schleipfer has also contributed an article to The Secret King, a study of Karl Maria Wiligut by Stephen Flowers and Michael Moynihan, in which he points out the differences between Wiligut's beliefs and those that are accepted within Odinism or Armanism.

Research on Ariosophy
After the war, Lanz von Liebenfels was first brought to a wider (and scholarly) attention with Wilfried Daim's book Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab (The Man Who Gave Hitler His Ideas) (1957). Although the book was not always taken seriously within academia, for some time Lanz was seen as one of the most important influences on Hitler. Since the 1990s, however, historians have cast doubt on Lanz' significance. The historian Brigitte Hamann, who has written Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship, is of the view that Lanz partly influenced Hitler's diction, but had only marginal influences on Adolf Hitler's religious views.

The occult roots of Nazism
Some of Lanz's proposals for racial purification anticipate the Nazis. The sterilisation of those deemed to be genetically "unfit" was in fact implemented under the Nazi eugenics policies, but its basis lay in the theories of scientific racial hygienists. The Nazi eugenics programme has no proven connection with Lanz's mystical rationale. Eugenic ideas were widespread in his lifetime, whereas he himself was banned from publishing in the Third Reich and his writings were suppressed.

Following Goodrick-Clarke's caution in assessing the relation between the two, Adolf Hitler cannot be considered a pupil of Lanz von Liebenfels, as Lanz himself had claimed. However, it has been suggested with some evidential basis that the young Hitler did read and collect Lanz's Ostara magazine while living in Vienna:

"In view of the similarity of their ideas relating to the glorification and preservation of the endangered Aryan race, the suppression and ultimate extermination of the non-Aryans, and the establishment of a fabulous Aryan-German millennial empire, the link between the two men looks highly probable."

Nevertheless: "It also remains a fact that Hitler never mentioned the name of Lanz in any recorded conversation, speech, or document. If Hitler had been importantly influenced by [Lanz], he cannot be said to have ever acknowledged this debt".

title: Ariosophy


text: Talk:Author, Author (novel)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Author, Author (novel)


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Talk:T'plana-hath

VfD
On April 16, this article was nominated for deletion. The discussion can be found at Votes for deletion/T'plana'hath. The result was keep. — Xezbeth 18:04, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Notability
VfD wasn't exactly a glowing recommendation and this article hasn't been expanded in nearly two years. It should be merged. Chris Cunningham 09:59, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * VfD decided it was notable enough, that's good enough for me. thanks/Fenton, Matthew Lexic Dark 52278 Alpha 771 10:04, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It isn't good enough for me. It's obvious that there's nothing more to add to this article. Chris Cunningham 10:07, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * So what do you suggest? It's perfectly notable - so if your admitting it is notable and you want it gone/merged due to length what use is a notability tag? thanks/Fenton, Matthew Lexic Dark 52278 Alpha 771 10:09, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * To remind me to do it. I'll merge this later. A notability tag is not some personal insult on your editing work, so kindly quit reverting it. Chris Cunningham 10:12, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia isn't your blog or storage department - if you can't remember to do it then that's your problem, if you wish to propose a merger (as this is a controversial issue) use mergefrom and mergeto (ps: Please see WP:3RR) thanks/Fenton, Matthew Lexic Dark 52278 Alpha 771 10:15, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * While I acknowledge that having a day job is "my problem", it isn't grounds for a revert. Three minutes is not an appropriate amount of time to leave a template in place pending discussion. See your talk page. I'd appreciate you returning the template. Chris Cunningham 10:35, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Your welcome to propose a merge with the merger templates however you want to add a template for a totally different reason - that is not acceptable to me - and - if you will forget why don't you write your self a note on your user page. thanks/Fenton, Matthew Lexic Dark 52278 Alpha 771 10:45, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. It'd be nice if this template was still here in ten minutes' time. Chris Cunningham 10:54, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify: I object to a merge. thanks/Fenton, Matthew Lexic Dark 52278 Alpha 771 18:01, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:T'plana-hath


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Carolyn Garcia

Carolyn Elizabeth Garcia (née Adams; born May 7, 1946), also known as "Mountain Girl", is an American Merry Prankster and the former wife of Jerry Garcia, the lead vocalist and guitar player with the band Grateful Dead.

Biography
Carolyn Elizabeth Adams was born on May 6, 1946 in Poughkeepsie, New York. She attended Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School in Hyde Park. Shortly after she was expelled from high school, she traveled to Palo Alto, California in 1963 with her older brother Don. She got a job at Stanford University, working for Carl Djerassi in the organic chemistry lab, analyzing psychiatric drugs, and she was fired for "dipping into the experimental psychedelic chemicals which she was analyzing."

In early 1964, she met Neal Cassady, who introduced her to Ken Kesey and his friends, one of whom gave her the name "Mountain Girl" because she was a "little bit wild." Journalist Tom Wolfe described his first impression of a teenage Adams as "a tall girl, big and beautiful with dark brown hair falling down to her shoulders except that the lower two-thirds of her falling hair looks like a paintbrush dipped in cadmium yellow from where she dyed it blond in Mexico."

Cassady took her to La Honda, California, Kesey's base of operations, where she quickly joined the inner circle of Pranksters and became romantically involved with Kesey, having a daughter by him named Sunshine. Kesey was arrested for marijuana possession in La Honda, in 1965 and fled to Mexico. He returned to the United States and, just nights after being sentenced to six months in the San Mateo County Jail, he was arrested again, this time with Adams, while smoking marijuana on the rooftop of Stewart Brand's home on Telegraph Hill, San Francisco.

She had a relationship with another Prankster named George Walker, who later became her husband in 1966. They separated in December 1966 and were divorced in 1978. After splitting with Walker, she began a relationship with Jerry Garcia, but they did not marry. While living together over the next decade, they raised Sunshine along with their two daughters. The family had a house in San Rafael, California as well as a beach house in Stinson Beach, California.

Garcia and Adams separated in 1975 after he began a relationship with filmmaker Deborah Koons. Although Garcia and Adams reconciled after the dissolution of his relationship with Koons in 1977, they stopped cohabiting a year later (save for occasional holiday reunions) due to the guitarist's addictions to heroin and cocaine.

After marrying "partly for tax purposes and partly out of a fond flickering of a once-bright romance" in late 1981, this arrangement persisted until Garcia entered a diabetic coma in 1986. While that led to a lengthy period of cohabitation in which Carolyn Garcia played an integral role in her husband's recovery, they gradually drifted apart once more when Garcia began an extramarital relationship and fathered a child with Manasha Matheson.

Jerry and Carolyn Garcia divorced in 1994 but remained friends until his death. During this period, he rekindled his relationship with Koons, who had been largely out of his life since the late 1970's; they would ultimately marry in February 1994. A month after the Grateful Dead's summer 1995 tour concluded, Garcia died at a rehabilitation facility in August 1995.

Following Jerry Garcia's death, Carolyn Garcia was involved in litigation to obtain payments as per their divorce settlement agreement, ultimately agreeing to a $1,250,000 settlement to avoid further legal costs.

Carolyn Garcia currently sits on the boards of the Rex Foundation and the Furthur Foundation, and she is on the advisory board of the Marijuana Policy Project. She formerly served on the board of the Women's Visionary Council. Garcia lives near her daughter, Annabelle Garcia, on the Kesey family farm southeast of Pleasant Hill, Oregon.

Books

 * Garcia's early book on marijuana growing.
 * A reprint of the 1976 book.

title: Carolyn Garcia


text:
Category:Rugrats and All Grown Up! characters

This category contains characters from the Nickelodeon animated television series Rugrats and All Grown Up!


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Labelle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. — Xezbeth 09:36, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Labelle
Non-notable and absolutely inaccurate: it's not even likely to be in the top 20. Circeus 18:06, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to LaBelle. Thryduulf 20:38, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Labelle. As family name this one-phrase-article can be deleted.
 * Redirect to LaBelle. Tobycat 23:42, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to LaBelle since the "b" is lowercase. --SuperDude 04:50, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Labelle


text:
ICSH

The acronym ICSH can stand for:
 * Irish Council for Social Housing
 * Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone

title: ICSH


text:
WrestleMania 2000

WrestleMania 2000 (also known as WrestleMania 16) was the 16th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on April 2, 2000, at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim in Anaheim, California. A total of nine matches were contested on the event's card.

The main event was a four-way elimination match for the WWF Championship involving reigning champion Triple H, The Rock, Mick Foley, and The Big Show, which Triple H won after last eliminating The Rock, in the first time a heel won the main event of WrestleMania. Main matches on the undercard included a triangle ladder match for the WWF Tag Team Championship involving Edge and Christian, The Hardy Boyz, and The Dudley Boyz, and a two-fall triple threat match for the WWF Intercontinental and European Championships involving Kurt Angle, Chris Jericho and Chris Benoit.

Background
WrestleMania is considered the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) flagship pay-per-view (PPV) event, having first been held in 1985. It has become the longest-running professional wrestling event in history and is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. It was the first of the WWF's original four pay-per-views, which includes Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were dubbed the "Big Four", and was considered one of the "Big Five" PPVs, along with King of the Ring. The 16th WrestleMania was titled WrestleMania 2000 due to it taking place in the year 2000. It was scheduled to be held on April 2, 2000, at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim in Anaheim, California.

Storylines
The event included nine matches that each resulted from scripted storylines. Results were predetermined by writers of the World Wrestling Federation, while storylines were produced on WWF's weekly television shows, Raw is War and SmackDown! along with its supplementary programs, Sunday Night Heat and Jakked/Metal.

WWF Championship
The main feud heading into WrestleMania was over the WWF Championship and involved two feuds that had become intertwined over the previous two months and eventually drew in the McMahon family.

On the January 3rd, 2000 edition of Raw, Triple H regained the WWF Championship, which he had previously lost to The Big Show at Survivor Series in November 1999 due to underhanded means. He also used his position of husband to Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley, to exert control over the company and his rivals. This would lead to the firing of Mick Foley, his most vocal rival. Foley, however, was later reinstated and reverted from his Mankind persona to his more violent Cactus Jack persona, challenging Triple H to a street fight at the Royal Rumble later that January, which the champion won.

Meanwhile, after Big Show's loss, he began showing signs of disdain toward The Rock in interviews. Shortly thereafter, he abandoned The Rock in several tag matches featuring the two and eventually attacked him, turning heel and declaring his intent to win the Royal Rumble match and regain the WWF Championship. Big Show and Rock both entered the Rumble and were the last two men left in the ring, and Rock apparently won the match after pulling himself back into the ring before Big Show tumbled to the floor. However, Big Show protested Rock's victory, and insisted that he did not lose the match. Big Show then proceeded to produce video footage that showed The Rock had in fact touched the floor with both feet before Big Show did.

Heading into No Way Out on February 27, a double main event was signed. Triple H would defend the WWF Championship against Cactus Jack in a Hell in a Cell match, with Cactus being forced to retire from wrestling, should he lose. The winner of that match would face the winner of a match earlier in the night between The Rock and Big Show, for the right to go to WrestleMania and face the champion.

During the #1 contender's match, Rock had hit the Rock Bottom on Big Show and was about to deliver the People's Elbow when Shane McMahon, who had not been seen on WWF television since he left the company in December 1999, came to the ring and laid The Rock out with a steel chair shot, enabling Big Show to get the pinfall victory and earn the title shot.

Later in the night, the bout between Triple H and Cactus Jack would spill outside of the cell and end up on the roof, where Cactus lit a 2x4 wrapped in barbed wire ablaze and attempted to deliver a Piledriver to Triple H onto it. Triple H reversed it by backdropping Cactus, causing him to fall through a panel in the cell's ceiling and hit the ring with enough force to break the ring mat. Once back inside, the champion hit the Pedigree on the challenger to win the match, retain his title, and send Cactus Jack into retirement.

The night after No Way Out, Triple H informed the defeated Rock that he had to start all the way at the bottom of the pecking order since he was no longer the number one contender, and forced him into a match with The Brooklyn Brawler. Rock easily won the match and proceeded to call Triple H out afterward. Stephanie would then decide to give Rock a chance to be added into the WrestleMania main event, provided he could pin either Triple H or Big Show, who had formed a formidable, but uneasy alliance in the previous weeks in spite of Big Show's challenger status to Triple H, in a handicap match in that night's main event. Rock won the match, but did so after Shane interfered and broke up a pin attempt. Since this resulted in a disqualification victory for The Rock instead of a pinfall victory, he was not added into the match.

Two weeks later, Rock challenged Big Show yet again and this time agreed to put his career on the line in order to get to WrestleMania. Shane would go on to appoint himself as the special guest referee, but during the course of the match, Vince McMahon returned from his own exile following Stephanie's betrayal of him at Armageddon the previous December. He knocked Shane out with a chair and counted the pin for Rock, who won his way into the WrestleMania main event, making it a Triple Threat match.

The following week on Raw, Vince announced that the Triple Threat match between the three men would take place that night instead of waiting until WrestleMania. Triple H reluctantly agreed on the terms that the match not take place at WrestleMania under any circumstances. With Stephanie in his corner, Shane in Big Show's corner, and Vince in Rock's corner, Triple H would emerge victorious and retain the championship after pinning Big Show with the Pedigree. After the match, however, Linda McMahon appeared and informed Triple H that he would indeed be defending the WWF Championship at WrestleMania against not only The Rock and Big Show, but a newly reinstated Mick Foley as well in a Fatal-4-Way Elimination Match. Foley then immediately came out and attacked Triple H. Linda would then announce on the March 24th edition of SmackDown! later that week that she would be in Foley's corner for the match and also announced that should Mick Foley end up winning the Fatal Four Way, the WWF World Heavyweight Championship would be vacated later that night at Wrestlemania, and a tournament would commence that would run until the next pay-per-view at Backlash.

Other storylines
Another major feud that had been developing going into the show featured Chris Jericho. At No Way Out in February, Jericho lost his Intercontinental Championship to then-European Champion Kurt Angle after Angle hit him with the title belt behind the referee's back, causing Angle to become a double champion. Over the following weeks, Jericho would make several attempts to regain the championship, with all attempts being unsuccessful, largely due to Angle's sudden partnership with WWF legend Bob Backlund, who had briefly returned to the company. While feuding with Angle, Jericho also started a rivalry with The Radicalz, as Chris Benoit was also trying to win the Intercontinental Championship, while Eddie Guerrero was subsequently trying to woo Jericho's valet Chyna. Eventually, a two-fall match between Angle, Benoit, and Jericho was signed for WrestleMania. The first fall would be contested for the Intercontinental Championship, and the second fall would be contested for the European Championship.

Another major feud heading into the event was between Edge and Christian, The Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy), and The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) for the WWF Tag Team Championship. On the January 17th edition of Raw, Jeff Hardy was scheduled to face Bubba Ray Dudley in a singles match. The match saw Jeff pinning Bubba Ray after delivering a Swanton Bomb. After the match, the Dudleys attacked the Hardys, in which they powerbombed Matt on top of a table. Later that week, on the January 20th edition of SmackDown!, Matt was placed in a singles match with D-Von Dudley. The win was given to Matt via disqualification, after Jeff and Bubba Ray made their way to the ring, causing both teams to begin brawling with one another. Bubba Ray prepared to powerbomb Matt off the stage, onto some tables that were set up by the Dudleys. Bubba Ray, however, was hit by Jeff with a chair, causing him to fall onto the tables below. The Hardys then set up a table of their own, and Matt proceeded to perform a legdrop on D-Von through the table. At the Royal Rumble, the Hardys defeated the Dudleys in a tag team tables match, with Jeff performing a Swanton Bomb onto D-Von from the arena's balcony. The following night on Raw, the Dudleys showed respect towards the Hardys, and stated they would help them defeat the New Age Outlaws later that night for the WWF Tag Team Championships. In return, the Hardys would have to grant the Dudleys a title shot at the titles. However, during the match, the Dudleys stopped the three count, after the Hardys had the match in their favor, which allowed the Outlaws to retain the titles. After the match, the Dudleys then proceeded to perform the 3-D on each of the Hardys. The Dudleys would go on to successfully defeat the Outlaws at No Way Out to win the Tag Team Championships. Later that night, Edge & Christian defeated the Hardy Boyz in a #1 Contender's match after Terri Runnels, who had been managing the Hardys, turned heel and cost them the match. Over the following weeks, the two teams would begin a feud in which they trash-talked each other in interviews, and cost each other matches. It was later announced that all three teams would face each other for the WWF Tag Team Championships at WrestleMania in a Triangle Ladder match.

Another unique storyline that was developing around this time revolved around the WWF Hardcore Championship. On the February 24th edition of SmackDown!, Crash Holly defeated Test for the Hardcore Championship with help from his cousin Hardcore Holly. After the match, a jubilant Crash declared that he would defend the title any time, at any place, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so long as there was a referee present. This magnificently backfired on Crash, as he would be ambushed and challenged in impromptu matches for the title in various places such as a laundromat, a hotel room, an amusement park, and even the baggage claim at Newark Liberty International Airport. Although Crash was able to retain his title or regain it after briefly losing it each time he was confronted, the constant looking over his shoulder drove Crash crazy, and a battle royal featuring most of the wrestlers who had been ambushing Crash was signed for WrestleMania.

Preliminary matches
Before the opening video, Lilian Garcia sang "The Star-Spangled Banner". The first match that aired was a tag team match between the team of The Godfather and D'Lo Brown (who were accompanied to the ring by the Godfather's Ho Train and rapper Ice-T, who also sang their entrance music) against the team of The Big Boss Man and Bull Buchanan. The Godfather and Brown gained the early advantage over Buchanan and Bossman, as they were able to execute a leg drop and a splash combination. Buchanan and Bossman, yet, retaliated after Bossman delivered a Sidewalk slam and Buchanan delivered a Leg drop from the top turnbuckle into a pinfall and winning the match.

The second match was a hardcore battle royal for the WWF Hardcore Championship featuring champion Crash Holly defending against The Mean Street Posse, The APA, Kaientai, The Headbangers, Tazz, Viscera, and Hardcore Holly The rules of the match were as follows: the match would go on for fifteen minutes, the championship could exchange hands an unlimited number of times during the time limit, and the final wrestler with the Hardcore Championship would win the match and remain the Hardcore Champion. The first championship exchange occurred after Tazz pinned Crash, which proceeded with Viscera pinning Tazz. The third championship exchange occurred after Funaki pinned Viscera, however, Funaki was then pinned by Rodney. The fifth championship exchange occurred after Joey Abs pinned Rodney, which proceeded with Abs being pinned by Thrasher. The seventh title exchange occurred after Pete Gas pinned Thrasher, though, Gas was then pinned by Tazz. The ninth title exchange occurred after Crash pinned Tazz, which proceeded with the final championship exchange, as Hardcore Holly pinned Crash in a controversial ending. Despite this, Hardcore Holly officially won the Hardcore Championship.

The next match was a tag team match between the team of Al Snow and Steve Blackman against the team of T & A (Test and Albert). Back and forth action between the two teams towards the end of the match, where Albert delivered a Baldo Bomb on Snow, while Test delivered an Elbow drop from the top rope onto Blackman into a pinfall for the win.

The fourth match was a WWF Tag Team Championship triangle ladder match involving The Hardy Boyz, Edge and Christian, and champions The Dudley Boyz. Edge and Christian first gained the advantage after Edge climbed the top rope and speared Jeff, who was climbing a ladder. Edge and Christian were then given consecutive 3-D's by The Dudley Boyz. The Dudley Boyz then brought tables into the ring and onto ringside, where D-Von unsuccessfully attempted to splash Jeff through a table in the ring, while Bubba powerbombed Matt through another table at ringside. The Hardy Boyz would then retaliate after Jeff delivered a Swanton bomb off a ladder onto Bubba, through a table. As Jeff did so, Matt climbed a ladder, along with Edge and Christian, who pushed Matt off the ladder through a table. The situation allowed Edge and Christian to reach and grab the championship belts that were hung from the rafters, thus gaining their first Tag Team Championship.

The fifth match was a Catfight between The Kat and Terri with special guest referee, Val Venis; the winner of the match was based on a battle royal in that the wrestler who threw her opponent out of the ring (does not have to be from the top rope, however) would be declared the winner. The Kat threw Terri out to ringside; however, Venis distracted by Mae Young, who was at ringside managing The Kat, and thus was unable to see the action. Terri was again thrown onto ringside by The Kat; however, once again, the action was not seen by Venis as he was distracted by Young. In retaliation, The Fabulous Moolah, who was at ringside managing Terri, pulled The Kat out of the ring, which was seen by Venis, thus declaring Terri the winner the match. Whilst celebrating, Mae Young attacked Terri and The Fabulous Moolah before giving Moolah the bronco buster whilst Kat stripped Terri of her clothing.

Next was an Intergender tag team match between the team of Too Cool (Grand Master Sexay and Scotty 2 Hotty) and Chyna against the team of The Radicalz (Perry Saturn, Dean Malenko, Eddie Guerrero). Both teams fought back and forth towards the end of the match, where Chyna was tagged into the match and delivered a press slam, powerbomb, and a sleeper slam to pin Guerrero for the win.

The seventh match was a two-fall triple threat match for both the WWF Intercontinental and WWF European Championship, involving Kurt Angle, Chris Benoit, and Chris Jericho. The first fall would be for the Intercontinental Championship, while the second fall was for the European Championship. At the beginning of the first fall, all three men exchanged pin attempts leading into midway into the match where Benoit broke up a Chicken wing submission by Angle onto Jericho. The situation allowed Benoit to climb to the top turnbuckle and delivered a Diving headbutt on Jericho into a pinfall to win the Intercontinental Championship. During the second fall, Jericho delivered a double powerbomb onto Angle, which proceeded into Benoit delivering three German suplexes onto Jericho. Afterwards, Benoit attempted to deliver another diving headbutt onto Angle, however, Angle moved out of the way, resulting in Benoit hitting the ring mat. This situation allowed Jericho to deliver a Lionsault into a pinfall to win the European Championship. Therefore, Kurt Angle lost both titles without conceding to a single pinfall.

The final match on the undercard was the tag team encounter between Kane and Rikishi against D-Generation X (X-Pac and Road Dogg). Shortly into the match, Rikishi delivered a Stink Face to both the Road Dogg and almost to Tori, DX attempted to leave the arena but were stopped by Kane and Rikishi. The Match ended with Kane delivering a Tombstone piledriver to win by pinfall. Afterward, an in-ring dancing segment involving Rikishi, Too Cool, and the San Diego Chicken was interrupted by Kane, who thought the chicken was Pete Rose, who had tried to attack Kane the previous year. Rose then snuck into the ring and tried to hit Kane with a baseball bat, before being chokeslammed by Kane and getting a Stink Face from Rikishi.

Main event match
The main event was a WWF Championship four-way elimination match involving The Big Show (with Shane McMahon), Mick Foley (with Linda McMahon), The Rock (with Vince McMahon), and the defending champion, Triple H (with Stephanie McMahon). In the beginning of the match, Big Show press slammed Triple H and Rock; however, all three competitors then attacked Big Show. This situation allowed The Rock to eliminate Big Show, after delivering a Rock Bottom into a pinfall. After the elimination, Foley delivered a double arm DDT on Triple H. However, Triple H retaliated, performing a Pedigree on Foley onto a steel chair; this resulted in a pinfall and Foley's elimination. After Foley was eliminated, he returned to the ring and attacked Triple H with a barbed wire 2x4. The Rock and Triple H would proceed to brawl in and out of the ring with neither superstar gaining the advantage over one another. Vince attacked Triple H, which led to Shane returning to ringside in which he attacked his father, assaulting him with a steel chair which had led to Vince bleeding from the forehead. Shane, who was preparing to execute a chair shot on The Rock, failed when Vince returned and threw Shane out the ring. Vince had then picked up the steel chair and was preparing to attack Triple H with it, but in a shocking and unexpected swerve, Vince instead hit The Rock with the steel chair, thus turning heel. After a second chair shot towards The Rock by Vince, with the former being able to kick out of Triple H's first attempted pinfall towards him, Triple H had pinned The Rock for a second time and was able to get a successful pinfall against him, thus retaining the championship and becoming the first ever heel to win the main event of WrestleMania. After the match, The Rock, who was badly bruised and being helped out of the ring and towards the backstage by official referees, angrily returned to the ring and proceeded to execute Rock Bottoms on Vince, Shane, and Stephanie McMahon, before executing a People's Elbow on Stephanie to close the show.

Reception
WrestleMania 2000 was met with a mixed critical response. John Powell of Canadian Online Explorer's professional wrestling section called the event "a flop" and opined that "It was supposed to be sports entertainment's greatest event of the year. It was supposed to the best the WWF has to offer. It wasn't. ... WrestleMania 2000 from The Pond in Anaheim, California, will go down as one of the worst WrestleManias the World Wrestling Federation has produced in its 15-year history of broadcasting the flagship spectacle. ... The only one-on-one match being the ludicrous Catfight between Terri and The Kat, the other congested WrestleMania bouts suffered from constant stalling of one form or another as wrestlers lay prone for extended periods of time or engaged in low-impact brawling on the outside of the ring so that the audience could direct their attention to the other participants. This approach left many WWF superstars looking foolish for selling holds longer than they needed to. ... Ironically, the first-ever All-Day-Long pre-show recapping the history of WrestleMania for eight hours prior to the premiere wrestling event was better than the card itself." He gave the overall event a score of 3 out of 10 stars, which is a considerably lower score than the previous year's event which received a rating of 5 out of 10 stars. The main event between Triple H, Mick Foley, The Big Show and The Rock for the WWF Championship was rated 4 out of 10 stars, and both the Two-fall Triple Threat Match for the WWF Intercontinental and European Championships between Kurt Angle, Chris Jericho and Chris Benoit and the Triangle Ladder match for the WWF Tag Team Championship between The Dudley Boyz, The Hardy Boyz and Edge and Christian both received the highest rating of 8 out of 10 stars and The Cat Fight between Terri and The Kat received the lowest rating of 0 out of 10 stars.

In 2009, Rob McNew of 411Mania gave the event a rating of 5.0 [Not So Good], stating, "This show was so disappointing, because the WWF for most every show in 2000 could do no wrong, but they managed to screw up the biggest show of the year by making the main event an after thought in the McMahon family drama. There were some high points on this card, and the main event was very solid action wise questionable booking aside. There is still no explanation for what happened at the end. You can't even blame Russo because he was already in WCW running them into the ground."

Aftermath
After the event, The Rock continued to feud with Triple H over the WWF Championship. The feud continued on the first Raw after WrestleMania, where The Rock pinned Triple H in a non-title match. The following week on Raw, the feud intensified, where The Rock defeated The Big Boss Man and Bull Buchanan in a handicap steel cage match. After the match Triple H, Shane and Vince McMahon attacked The Rock, however, which caused him to lose a great amount of blood. Later that week on SmackDown!, it was announced that The Rock would face Triple H for the WWF Championship at Backlash. At Backlash, The Rock, with help from Stone Cold Steve Austin and Linda McMahon, defeated Triple H to win the WWF Championship.

Also the next night on Raw, Eddie Guerrero defeated Chris Jericho to win the European Championship with help from Chyna who turned on Jericho, and aligned herself with Guerrero.

Crash Holly won the Hardcore Championship from cousin Hardcore Holly the next night on Raw.

Video ban in Ireland
The Irish Film Classification Office (IFCO) banned the video release of the event, owing to its use of realistic weapons, including metal chairs, timber wrapped with barbed wire, shinai and sledgehammers. Deputy censor Audrey Conlon also cited the "gladiatorial bloodlust" of the crowd baying for increasingly extreme violence. Clear Vision Ltd., which released material from the WWF under its Silver Vision imprint, lodged an appeal (the result of which is unknown) and claimed that "our fans love the wild soap opera element", but the IFCO countered this by stating, "This is one of the most dangerous and pernicious aspects of the entire business. The universal distinguishing feature of all soap opera is that the storylines are regularly made more explicit and, in many instances, more violent, simply to keep audience share."

Results

title: WrestleMania 2000


text: Talk:Culture of Iraq

title: Talk:Culture of Iraq


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Ludwig van Beethoven/archive1

Ludwig van Beethoven
This could become a featured article, but it needs work and peer review. -- Tony Jin | (talk) 18:11, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * It also needs larger lead, references, expantion of section 'Beethoven's musical style and innovations' from subarticle, expantion or merge of one sentence section 'Beethoven as fictional character' - and this is just for starters. It needs much work. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 00:16, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd suggest splitting the "Life and work" section into two; one covering his life and the other covering his work. More information is needed on his life – some easy things might be better explanations of his health problems and his financial problems.  Right now the article says "He often had financial troubles", but fails to address the reasons why.  After all, this guy was writing tons of music; why wasn't he rich?  Also, "Beethoven was often in poor health" needs elaboration.  Childhood sicknesses?  I seem to recall seeing some sort of listing of his infirmities; he had alot of them.  How did they affect his work?  Additionally, the paragraphs on Beethoven's early, middle and late work are all incredibly short.  These should be developed and made into the work section mentioned above.  In general, more information needs to be pulled from Beethoven: life and work, Beethoven's musical style and innovations, Beethoven's religious beliefs and Beethoven as fictional character and placed in this article. --Spangineer ∞ 18:57, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Consensus on the talk page was *not* to infest the main Beethoven page with trivia by placing accounts of the fictional Beethovens into it. At best that article ought to be a "see also". (Actually, I have been bold and made it so.) Otherwise I think like most of the broad topics in music it needs work; the topic is so sprawling that no one wants to tackle improving the cohesiveness of the article. (Note: I am a musician, but by no means a Beethoven scholar.) I also agree with the "life and work" section split. Particularly if it meant an expansion of the discussion of his musical development through the various periods of his output; actually, each period should get its own section.Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:52, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ludvig Holstein-Holsteinborg

Ludvig Henrik Carl Herman Holstein, Greve til Holsteinborg (18 July 1815 – 28 April 1892), was a Danish politician, landowner and noble. He was Council President of Denmark from 28 May 1870 to 14 July 1874 (4 years, 1 month, 16 days).

Early life
Holstein was born at Holsteinborg Manor in Slagelse, Denmark. He was a son of Friedrich Adolph Holstein, Count of Holsteinborg, and Wilhelmine Juliane Reventlow. He was a descendant of Ulrik Adolf Holstein (1664–1737) and was the 7th Count of Holsteinborg.

In 1836 he enrolled at the University of Berlin but graduated from the University of Copenhagen.

Premiership
Although he was himself a member of the Centre Party (Mellempartiet), Holstein led a coalition between the National Landowners and the National Liberals. The ministry was dominated by its three National Liberal ministers, Carl Christian Hall, Andreas Frederik Krieger and Carl Emil Fenger.

As Prime Minister, Holstein rarely put forward his own opinions; his role was so passive that editor Vilhelm Topsøe satirized him as "the topping on the Kransekake".

In 1870, he received the Grand Cross of Order of the Dannebrog and was knighted in the Order of the Elephant. In 1862 he had become Dannebrogsmand and in 1872 he had received the Merit Medal in gold.

Personal life
On 21 March 1850, Holstein married Bodild Joachimine "Mimi" Zahrtmann (1830–1876), the daughter of Navy Minister Admiral C.C. Zahrtmann. They had five children, including:

 * Count Ulrik Adolph Holstein (1851–1883), who married Amalie Charlotte Sophie Hullstrøm in 1877.
 * Countess Bodild Mimi (b. 1853), who married C.F. Donner in Hamburg in 1873.
 * Count Frederik Conrad Christian Christoffer (1856–1924), who married Ellen Elisabeth Lindholm.
 * Countess Sophie Elizabeth "Else" (1859–1935), who married Godtfred Bruun Neergaard.
 * Countess Fritze Wilhelmine Wanda Theodora (b. 1867), who married Oscar Siegfred Christian O'Neill Oxholm (1855–1926), son of Oscar O'Neill Oxholm.

She died in 1876. He married Betzy Laura Rasmussen on 30 November 1878, with whom he had one son:

 * Count Henrik Frants Harald Holstein (b. 1879), who married Anna Margrethe Jensen.

Count Holstein died on 28 April 1892.

title: Ludvig Holstein-Holsteinborg


text: Talk:Hotter than Hell

title: Talk:Hotter than Hell


text:
Category:Mountain ranges of Canada

Mountain ranges of Canada.

title: Category:Mountain ranges of Canada


text:
User:Doric Loon

OK, I am the Doric Loon. It's about as obscure as most Wikipedia usernames, but I found myself having to think of something fast. "Doric" is the dialect and culture of the part of Scotland I come from (around Aberdeen), and "loon" is the word in that dialect meaning "lad", "guy", "fellow" or whatever. As you see, it's frightfully original.

In real life, my name is Graeme Dunphy, and I teach university in Würzburg, Germany.

My Contribution to Wikipedia
I've been editing here since November 2004, and started out (before I had a username) creating the articles Jans der Enikel and Martin of Opava.

My particular enthusiasms are Scotland, Germany, the Netherlands, literature, medieval studies, historical linguistics and migration studies, and you are likely to find me sticking my nose in wherever several of these interests come together. I have a degree in German, a degree in Biblical Studies and a doctorate in Medieval literature, and I am a professor of Translation, so I bring important expertise in those fields. Most of the other things I contribute on are just hobbies. Apart from that, I have to admit I'm a bit of a pedant about grammar and punctuation, so I do tend to make minor edits as I read, even on topics I know nothing about at all. I also edit occasionally on the German Wikipedia, and on Wiktionary, and I'm interested in becoming much more active on the Scottish Gaelic Uicipeid.

For some reason that I really can't remember, I briefly edited under a different profile back in 2005, mainly on German children's literature.

You can find statistics on my Wikipedia contributions here. A list of around 200 articles I have started can be found here.

General

 * The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies

Mediaeval Literature and Culture

 * Medieval German literature
 * Jans der Enikel also in the German Wiki: de:Jans der Enikel
 * Dukus Horant
 * Kaiserchronik
 * Anna von Munzingen
 * Martin of Opava
 * Der Marner
 * Biblia pauperum
 * German Wiki: de:Christherre-Chronik
 * Medieval Chronicle Society
 * Medieval popular Bible
 * Medieval etymology
 * Karl Heinz Göller
 * Brian O. Murdoch
 * Philipp Strauch (scholar)
 * The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies
 * Middle English Story of Genesis and Exodus
 * Template:emc1 (use: )

Renaissance and Modern Literature

 * Paulus Merula
 * Migrant literature

Germanic and Indo-European philology

 * Germanic verb
 * Germanic weak verb
 * Germanic strong verb
 * Preterite-present verb
 * Indo-European copula
 * Indo-European ablaut
 * Indo-European s-mobile
 * Umlaut
 * Grammatischer Wechsel
 * Germanic spirant law
 * High German consonant shift
 * Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
 * Italo-Celtic
 * Template:Germanic philology

English, Dutch, Yiddish, Hebrew

 * English verb
 * Pronunciation of English th
 * English relative clauses
 * Dutch language (the comparative section)
 * Dutch spelling
 * Yiddish language (the section on Old Yiddish)
 * History of the Jews in Scotland (the section on Scots-Yiddish)
 * Yogh
 * Waw-consecutive
 * German Wiki: de:Scots (Scots language)
 * German Wiki: de:Schottisches Englisch (Scottish English language)

Grammar

 * Linguistic prescription
 * Split infinitive
 * Relative clause
 * Weak inflection
 * Tag question
 * Adverbial phrase

Scotland

 * Aberdeen Grammar School
 * Both sides the Tweed
 * Ceartas
 * Clì Gàidhlig
 * Culloden, Highland
 * Cutty-sark
 * Gaelic road signs in Scotland
 * Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland
 * Hiberno-Scottish mission
 * Westhill
 * Eliza Junor

Britain

 * The empire on which the sun never sets
 * Sukey

Germany

 * Vergangenheitsbewältigung
 * Reich
 * University of Regensburg
 * Scots Monastery, Regensburg
 * Hemau
 * German Wiki: de:Max-Buchhauser-Garten
 * University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt

Church of Scotland

 * Bishops in the Church of Scotland
 * Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland
 * Kirk
 * List of Church of Scotland parishes
 * Skene Parish Church
 * Barn Church, Culloden
 * St George's-Tron Church, Glasgow
 * English Reformed Church, Amsterdam
 * St Andrew's Church, Rome
 * List of Church of Scotland synods and presbyteries
 * List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
 * James Aitken Whyte
 * Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland
 * Moderators and clerks in the Church of Scotland
 * Ordination of women in the Church of Scotland
 * Sermon on the Mound

Sundry

 * Religious trauma syndrome
 * Deutschmeister-Palais
 * Scratch Messiah
 * Kave Shtiebel

Barnstars
(Recipient no. 2662 of Precious, a prize of QAI. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 11:19, 19 October 2021 (UTC))

Conflict of Interests
Since I am professionally involved in academic research and sometimes write on Wikipedia about the same topics I publish on elsewhere, there can be the appearance of a CoI between my roles as a participant in academic debate and as a neutral Wikipedia reporter on this. My experience has been that most Wiki-colleagues understand this but I have been pounced on before for what someone saw as self-promotion, and I want to be careful to do the right thing. The best way to deal with this is probably just to declare everything up front and then if anyone sees this as a problem with my edits and approaches me about it courteously, I will accept their judgment.

CoI issues mainly arise with the Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, which I edited and now occasionally use as a source when working on Wiki articles about chronicles; with the Medieval Chronicle Society, since I created the Wiki article on it and have since been elected as its president; on YWMLS, for which I am now joint general editor; and with topics in literary studies on which I have published, as I cannot help holding the same opinions when writing about these on Wikipedia, which sometimes forces me to cite my own research. You can find my publication list here, and judge for yourself whether I handle this properly.

I notice that another wikipedia editor has started a mainspace article on me. I wish it to be known that I did not request this, I do not know the editor concerned, and I will not be editing that article. I strongly doubt that I meet the notability criteria, but that is for others to decide. There is a discussion related to this here.

de:Benutzer:Doric Loon gd:Cleachdaiche:Doric Loon

title: User:Doric Loon


text:
User:Teme~enwiki

I'm the Finnish Wikipedia user.

title: User:Teme~enwiki


text:
Talk:Vincent Margera

Jackass Number Two
He didn't appear in the DVD - and I can't edit since it's semi-protected. (I fogot to sign this one. Sorry. N7bor 00:14, 26 December 2006 (UTC))
 * This page was gettingb ridiculous vandalism, so forgive me for keeping it protected for now. I think accounts have to be open for 4 days to get past SP. Have you seen all the extras, deleted scenes etc. on the DVD? I understand it isn't released until tomorrow.  Dei zio  talk 01:42, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

He's not on the DVD.

VfD
On April 11, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Vincent Margera for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:14, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

different user: are the save vito sites really worth mentioning in the entry, they are free sites and take only an hour to make. People look at wikipedia for an unbiased article and a few fans are putting more than their weight adding this.

Legend
Of course he deserves an entry! CKY cast members who don't need merit their own page can be found at the CKY Crew page.

Quotes
Dudes, just because Vito once said it doesn't make it encyclopedic, gotta be careful with the quotes section... would be great if the article got expanded e.g. if anyone knew anything about vito's life before Bam went big?? --Deiz 02:16, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Consensus seems to be that these four quotes are enough for now. Deiz 11:35, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. Jduke2 19:01, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Moved Quotes
Due to constant vandalism and erroneous postings by unlogged users, the borderline-encyclopedic "quotes" section has been removed from the main article. Please place Vito quotes here. ++Deiz 02:20, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * "Bam can do whatever the fuck he wants!"
 * "I dunno how you deal with all these Vulcan idiots, Ape."
 * "I got stuff in there Bam!" (Said numerous times after his various vehicles are destroyed)
 * "Can anyone take me to the galoon?"
 * "1,2,3,4,5 Navuh fussavenint ABACUS!!!"
 * "YO!"
 * "He's got no tiddly just joogle you cant just goat duggle hammer and nail and hammer something and expect it to grow! Beglat youve got these idiots sitting hernwhaga emmm... just sitting around glawhalgwalah what theyre doing!!! Im getting the hell out of here you dont make any sense. I dont know how you deal with these vulcan idiots Im leaving."

All Vito All The Time
Hey JD, not to tread on your toes but I rephrased the stuff about the house and put being an accountant back in, just feels like any info is good right now if this article is going to get bigger. However cant find any proof about the accountant thing so that might have to go after all.. If it really bugs you then take it out again. Deiz 02:08, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Scallopine vs Scallopini
I google-fighted this one, Scallopini wins 55,000 - 25,000. They are both acceptable but Scallopini is the more common of the two forms. But revert away...  D e iz  23:40, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
I reverted an edit about Vito's picture being up in a restaurant in Philadelphia, it wasn't clear a) what Vito had to do with the picture being there, or b) what makes the restaurant otherwise notable. Most of the stuff on this page is seriously borderline encyclopedic as it is.  Dei zio  21:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

I reverted an edit saying "He is a filthy paedophile." figured one have to be proven guilty. 85.82.143.104 11:38, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Removed the "Rumor has that he tickles Bams asshole with a heroine syringe" line.

Vietnam
The reference to his military service says he was "a cock sucker" in Vietnam. What on earth is that a reference to? -Etoile 06:16, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

I question his service in Vietnam. Although it is possible, it is not probable Most of the US soldiers left in 1973 (when Margera was between 16 and 17 years old)

Pic
It's a shame the 3 pics we have are a mug shot and 2 in fancy dress.. seems a litle cruel to make the mug shot his info box picture.  Dei zio  talk 15:04, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

The mug shot is probably the most recent, so it's his info box pic.

Someone needs to update the last paragraph in the Triva section, the DVD release of Jackass 2 still doesn't have any footage of Don Vito that was once made for the movie.
 * It's already in the trivia, final point.  Dei zio  talk 21:55, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It may be most recent but it doesn't seem kosher to have it as his info box pic. I say it should be changed. Real people and all. Lots42 (talk) 12:28, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Quote
I'm placing this quote here, it's too long to be stuck in the article... a summary with a link to a reliable source would be much better..  Dei z  talk 02:21, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Bam Margera comments on Don Vito scandal
Bam Margera said this during a live recording of Bam Radio on Sirius Radio:

"Sorry people, I'm too pissed off to do a show today. Let me just say this: Fuck America and all you fuckers livin' in it. Because I'm sick of people trying to get money off of slipping on a grape in the grocery store and fuckin'...walking on a weak school roof and then breaking their leg when they're trying to break in, and then they get all kinds of fucking money. I think the lawyers, and the people, are all fucked up. And let me just sum up some shit about I'm not allowed to talk about because of the lawyers: Well, guess what, lady? Vito doesn't have any fuckin' money! He has a red Ford Ranger, and that's it! And the $75'000 that MTV gave him, he's spending on a fuckin' lawyer to defend himself! And the fact that he's so unhealthy, he's probably gonna die this year. I think it's fucked he has to spend the last few days of his miserable life flying back and forth to Colorado to defend himself about some piece of fucking bullshit fucking case that you know you're---trying to get money, that's it. That's the only thing. (exhales) Tom, just play me some old H.I.M., not that new radio-friendly fuckin' shit. I'm packing my shit and moving to Kazakastan to get away from this fucked-up ass country, dude. Fuck!"
 * Is there a link you have we could put in the article? Jmlk17 05:10, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It's reference 6 in the article. --J2thawiki 08:24, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Strikes me there could be a copyright issue with that audio clip... absent of evidence to the contrary it will have to come off.  Dei z  talk 08:40, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it's fair use to link to an audio clip as a reference for Bam's comment on his Uncle's situation. --J2thawiki 08:51, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * As it's not hosted on WP there's no fair use issue. The issue is whether the site hosting the clip has permission to do so.  Dei z  talk 08:55, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Don Vito in Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
I was just watching the Fresh Prince of Bel Air on Nick at Nite, and in the episode "Who's The Boss?", I could have sworn that I saw Don Vito in the scene where there are "freaks" in the Peacock store... he was the man sitting in the chair and it looked like he was crying. I can't find anything that pertains to both Don Vito and Fresh Prince at the same time, so I have no way to back this up. Has anyone else seen this one?

 * I saw that episode and had to do a double take when saw him. But he wasn't in the end credits and I doubt it was him. Jayorz 08:07, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

i saw the episode and i froze it perfectly and saw him —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.110.66.55 (talk) 18:41, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Watched the portion of the episode just to check and no its not him, but I must add it does look very close and I can see why people would assume it is. -User:unorthodoxJ (Talk)

"Fatty McGee" is a show that never existed.

According to Bam, Vito will soon go back to Colorado and appeal his parole so he can start to act again with Bam. Woohoo!

http://bamargera.ning.com/profiles/blogs/bam-talks-about-new-show-and —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.114.33 (talk) 00:36, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Real name
What's up with the name: Chalie Weiss? His real name is: Vincent Roy Margera (see: imdb) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.173.79.139 (talk) 10:19, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

His name is Don — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.113.21 (talk) 20:01, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

Charley Weiss
His real name is in fact *Charley* Weiss, a comedian from Reno in the 80s, who did bit acting in various sitcoms a couple of Different Strokes episodes and the muppets. He was also on Kojak and Columbo in a recurring role of a bungling cat burglar and diamond thief named Steve. He eventually got his big break with the kids as Don Vito a character in his act he use to do in Reno called Don Reno. But as Don Vito he referenced Columbo as his favorite show, an inside joke, NICE About 2 years ago He dropped  out of the limelight basically for health reasons, his life is a lot different now, got heart bypass surgery, moved back to Nevada quit smoking, lost like 80 friggin pounds,  Bam and Joe Franz cant talk about him because of a restraining order Weiss got out as he prefers a more private life nowadays, away from all of the hoorah, currently  works in real estate with fellow CKY-Viva alumnus "Chris Raab"

 * (Random Anti-Hero) Cool story, bro. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:37D7:8C20:C036:8D7:D21A:668D (talk) 11:51, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 July 2014
Arranged is spelled as arrainged.

31.208.75.255 (talk) 18:21, 18 July 2014 (UTC)

❌ - Sorry I can't find "arrainged" anywhere. - Arjayay (talk) 18:52, 18 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The IP must have referred to this: "There was an arraignment hearing", not understanding that it's supposed to be spelt that way... Thomas.W talk 19:08, 18 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks - I looked for arrainged, araianged, arrained and several other misspellings of the supposed misspelling - I didn't try arraignment, but at least arraignment is correct. - Arjayay (talk) 19:14, 18 July 2014 (UTC)

Update Request
A lot of people aren't believing that Vito has passed away as his page does not say that he has died, his death has now been confirmed by Jess Margera. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jodeye Margera (talk • contribs) 16:48, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 November 2015
Vincent Margera passed away this morning after falling into a coma a month ago, and suffering from kidney and liver failure. http://www.tmz.com/2015/11/15/don-vito-vincent-margera-dead-jackass/

Hosmer23 (talk) 16:51, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

 * . —  Wylie pedia  03:05, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

Arrest, trial, and conviction section non-encyclopedic
Does anyone else feel that the blow-by-blow in the Arrest, trial, and conviction section is excessive and non-encyclopedic? I propose editing it down to just the facts of dates, charges, and outcomes. —[  Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 01:35, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

Registered Sex Offender
Should his status as a registered sex offender not be included in the lead? It seems it was particularly noteworthy, considering the egregiousness of the crime and its contribution toward the downward spiral he was in during the last years of his life. JamesBay (talk) 23:16, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

 * No, it belongs in the article, but not in the lede. Spacecowboy420 (talk) 08:18, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

Biographies of living persons?
Sorry if this seems out of context, but Mr. Margera has been deceased for over five years now. Any sophomoric attempts at vandalism related to his status as a criminal should be long in the past now, and I feel this protection should be lifted. 98.160.169.160 (talk) 18:52, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

If this article still needs protection, the flag verbiage should at least be changed.
 * you can request an unprotection of the article here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level FMSky (talk) 10:47, 16 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vincent Margera


text:
Talk:Tish Bellomo

VfD
On April 16, this article was nominated for deletion. The discussion can be found at Votes for deletion/Tish Bellomo. The result was keep. — Xezbeth 18:14, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

I just did a minor rewrite and cleanup on this page. I'm leaving the decision to remove the cleanup tag to someone with more Wikipedia experience. Just for curiosity, does anyone know why this page was nominated for deletion? The keep vote was unanimous. — Geno

Proposed merger with Eileen Bellomo
I think people would more often look for Tish & Snooky or Tish and Snooky and, indeed, the content of the articles on the two sisters is virtually the same. I propose to combine the two articles into Tish & Snooky and redirect from the two names. --Evil1987 15:57, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tish Bellomo


text:
John Clotworthy, 1st Viscount Massereene

John Clotworthy, 1st Viscount Massereene (died September 1665) was a prominent Anglo-Irish politician.

Origins
He was the son and heir of Sir Hugh Clotworthy (died 1630), High Sheriff of Antrim (who first came to Ireland as a soldier in the Nine Years' War), by his wife Mary Langford, daughter of Roger Langford of West Downe in the parish of Broadwoodwidger in Devon.

A sculpted escutcheon showing the arms of Clotworthy impaling Langford of Kilmackedret was displayed on the facade of Antrim Castle, now demolished. Sir Hugh Clotworthy was the second son of Thomas Clotworthy (born 1530) of Clotworthy in the parish of Wembworthy in Devon, by his third wife Dorothy Parker, a daughter of John Parker (ancestor of the Earl of Morley (1815) ) of North Molton in Devon. Sir Hugh's paternal grandmother was Ivota Rashleigh, heiress of Rashleigh in Wembworthy, Devon, to which seat at some time before 1640, the senior line of the Clotworthy family eventually moved their residence from the nearby ancestral seat of Clotworthy.

Career
John was elected to the Irish House of Commons as member for County Antrim in 1634, and was a member of the Long Parliament in England, in 1640, representing Maldon. Clotworthy was a vehement opponent of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, in whose impeachment he took an active share. He also took part in the prosecution of Archbishop Laud. He seems to have felt a deep personal hatred for both Strafford and Laud, springing perhaps from profound religious differences. He was criticised for his conduct at Laud's execution, where he thrust himself forward and harangued that elderly man, who was trying to prepare himself for death, on his alleged religious errors.

In 1646, during the Irish Confederate Wars he unsuccessfully negotiated with the Royalist commander James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde for the surrender of Dublin to the Parliamentary forces. In 1647, during the English Civil War he was accused of having betrayed the Parliamentarian cause, and also of embezzlement, in consequence of which charges he fled to the Continent, but returned to parliament in June 1648.

On 12 December 1648, he was arrested and remained in prison (including at Wallingford Castle) for nearly three years. Having taken an active part in forwarding the Restoration of Charles II, he was employed in Ireland in arranging the affairs of the soldiers and other adventurers who had settled in Ireland.

Clotworthy in no way abated his old animosity against Papists and High Anglicans, despite the King's well-known leaning towards the Roman Catholic faith, and championed the cause of the Irish Presbyterians. Notwithstanding, being personally agreeable to King Charles II, his religious views were overlooked, and on 21 November 1660 he was created Baron Lough Neagh and Viscount Massereene in the Irish peerage, with the remainder in default of male heirs to his son-in-law, Sir John Skeffington.

Marriage and children
In 1626 he married Margaret Jones, daughter of Roger Jones, 1st Viscount Ranelagh and his first wife Frances Moore, by whom he had a single daughter:
 * Mary Clotworthy, wife of Sir John Skeffington, later 2nd Viscount Massereene.

Death and succession
He died without male issue and as provided for in the special remainder, his title devolved onto his son-in-law Sir John Skeffington (husband of his daughter Mary Clotworthy), who became the 2nd Viscount Massereene and whose great-grandson, the 5th Viscount Massereene, was created Earl of Massereene in 1756. The earldom became extinct on the death of the 4th Earl without male issue in 1816, the viscounty and barony of Lough Neagh descending to his daughter Harriet Skeffington, whose husband, Thomas Foster, adopted the surname of Skeffington, and in 1824 inherited from his mother the titles of Viscount Ferrard and Baron Oriel of Collon in the Irish peerage, and from his father in 1828 that of Baron Oriel of Ferrard in the peerage of the United Kingdom.

Character
Historians, especially Strafford's biographer Veronica Wedgwood, have dealt very harshly with Clotworthy as a human being. Wedgwood called him: "a heartless, dour and repellent man who throughout his life showed a consistent inhumanity towards his fellow men". Wedgwood does however concede that, unlike others who conspired to bring Strafford down, Clotworthy was motivated less by self-interest than by genuine religious fanaticism. Laud's biographer Hugh Trevor-Roper also criticises him for his unpleasant behaviour at Laud's execution, where he engaged him in religious controversy while Laud was trying to prepare himself for death.

Clotworthys today
Many Clotworthys since then have emigrated to other countries around the world, many to America. There are very few known to survive in Northern Ireland.