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Soviet Union at the 1980 Summer Olympics

The Soviet Union (USSR) was the host nation of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. 489 competitors, 340 men and 149 women, took part in 202 events in 23 sports.

The Soviet Union won a record 80 gold medals (although since surpassed by the United States), and their 195 total medals are the second best result in history.

Medalists
The USSR finished first in the final medal rankings, with 80 gold and 195 total medals.

Archery

 * Men

 * Women

Athletics
Men's 100 metres
 * Men's competition
 * Aleksandr Aksinin
 * Heat — 10.26
 * Quarterfinals — 10.29
 * Semifinals — 10.45
 * Final — 10.42 (→ 4th place)

 * Vladimir Muravyov
 * Heat — 10.37
 * Quarterfinals — 10.34
 * Semifinals — 10.42
 * Final — 10.44 (→ 6th place)

 * Andrei Shlyapnikov
 * Heat — 10.43
 * Quarterfinals — 10.59 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200 metres
 * Nikolay Sidorov
 * Heat — 21.15
 * Quarterfinals — 20.83
 * Semifinals — 21.17 (→ did not advance)

 * Vladimir Muravyov
 * Heat — did not start (→ did not advance)

 * Aleksandr Stasevich
 * Heat — did not finish (→ did not advance)

Men's 400 metres
 * Viktor Markin
 * Heat — 46.88
 * Quarterfinals — 45.58
 * Semifinals — 45.60
 * Final — 44.60 (→ Gold medal)

 * Viktor Burakov
 * Heat — 46.41
 * Quarterfinals — 46.23
 * Semifinals — 45.97 (→ did not advance)

 * Nikolay Chernetsky
 * Heat — 47.04
 * Quarterfinals — 46.30
 * Semifinals — 45.94 (→ did not advance)

Men's 800 metres
 * Nikolay Kirov
 * Heat — 1:47.5
 * Semifinals — 1:46.7
 * Final — 1:46.0 (→ Bronze medal)

 * Anatoliy Reshetnyak
 * Heat — 1:47.9
 * Semifinals — 1:48.2 (→ did not advance)

Men's 1,500 metres
 * Vladimir Malozemlin
 * Heat — 3:38.7
 * Semifinals — 3:43.6 (→ did not advance)

 * Vitaliy Tyshchenko
 * Heat — 3:44.4
 * Semifinals — 3:41.5 (→ did not advance)

 * Pavel Yakovlev
 * Heat — 3:44.2 (→ did not advance)

Men's 5,000 metres
 * Aleksandr Fyodotkin
 * Heat — 13:45.6
 * Semifinals — 13:31.9
 * Final — 13:24.1 (→ 8th place)

 * Valery Abramov
 * Heat — 13:42.9
 * Semifinals — 13:40.7 (→ did not advance)

 * Enn Sellik
 * Heat — 13:52.4 (→ did not advance)

Men's 10,000 metres
 * Enn Sellik
 * Heat — 29:12.1
 * Final — 28:13.8 (→ 8th place)

 * Vladimir Shesterov
 * Heat — 29:32.4 (→ did not advance)

 * Aleksandras Antipovas
 * Heat — did not finish (→ did not advance)

Men's 4x100 metres relay
 * Vladimir Muravyov, Nikolay Sidorov, Aleksandr Aksinin and Andrey Prokofyev
 * Heat — 38.68
 * Final — 38.26 (→ Gold medal)

Men's 4x400 metres relay
 * Nikolay Chernetskiy, Mikhail Linge, Remigijus Valiulis and Viktor Burakov
 * Heat — 3:01.8

 * Remigijus Valiulis, Mikhail Linge, Nikolay Chernetskiy and Viktor Markin
 * Final — 3:01.1 (→ Gold medal)

Men's 110 m hurdles
 * Aleksandr Puchkov
 * Heat — 13.84
 * Semifinals — 13.50
 * Final — 13.44 (→ Bronze medal)

 * Andrey Prokofyev
 * Heat — 13.61
 * Semifinals — 13.59
 * Final — 13.49 (→ 4th place)

 * Yuriy Chervanev
 * Heat — 13.75
 * Semifinals — 13.78
 * Final — 15.80 (→ 8th place)

Men's 400 m hurdles
 * Vasyl Arkhypenko
 * Heat — 50.22
 * Semifinals — 49.80
 * Final — 48.86 (→ Silver medal)

 * Nikolay Vasilyev
 * Heat — 50.09
 * Semifinals — 49.87
 * Final — 49.34 (→ 4th place)

 * Aleksandr Kharlov
 * Heat — 50.79
 * Semifinals — 50.64 (→ did not advance)

Men's 3,000 m steeplechase
 * Anatoliy Dimov
 * Heat — 8:33.2
 * Semifinals — 8:24.9
 * Final — 8:19.8 (→ 8th place)

 * Serhiy Olizarenko
 * Heat — 8:34.3
 * Semifinals — did not finish (→ did not advance)

 * Aleksandr Vorobey
 * Heat — 8:42.6
 * Semifinals — 8:44.3 (→ did not advance)

Men's marathon
 * Setymkul Dzhumanazarov
 * Final — 2:11:35 (→  Bronze medal)

 * Vladimir Kotov
 * Final — 2:12:05 (→ 4th place)

 * Leonid Moseyev
 * Final — 2:12:14 (→ 5th place)

Men's 20 km walk
 * Pyotr Pochenchuk
 * Final — 1:24:45.4 (→ Silver medal)

 * Yevgeniy Yevsyukov
 * Final — 1:26:28.3 (→ 4th place)

 * Anatoliy Solomin
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Men's 50 km walk
 * Yevgeniy Ivchenko
 * Final — 3:56:32 (→ Bronze medal)

 * Vyacheslav Fursov
 * Final — 3:58:32 (→ 5th place)

 * Boris Yakovlev
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Men's long jump
 * Valeriy Podluzhniy
 * Qualification — 8.02 m
 * Final — 8.18 m (→ Bronze medal)

 * Viktor Belskiy
 * Qualification — 8.01 m
 * Final — 8.10 m (→ 6th place)

Men's high jump
 * Aleksandr Grigoryev
 * Qualification — 2.21 m
 * Final — 2.21 m (→ 8th place)

 * Gennadiy Belkov
 * Qualification — 2.21 m
 * Final — 2.21 m (→ 10th place)

 * Aleksey Demyanyuk
 * Qualification — 2.21 m
 * Final — 2.21 m (→ 11th place)

Men's pole vault
 * Konstantin Volkov
 * Qualification — 5.35 m
 * Final — 5.65 m (→ Silver medal)

 * Sergey Kulibaba
 * Qualification — 5.35 m
 * Final — 5.45 m (→ 8th place)

 * Yury Prokhorenko
 * Qualification — no mark (→ did not advance)

Men's triple jump
 * Jaak Uudmäe
 * Qualification — 16.69 m
 * Final — 17.35 m (→ Gold medal)

 * Viktor Saneyev
 * Qualification — 16.57 m
 * Final — 17.24 m (→ Silver medal)

 * Yevgeni Anikin
 * Qualification — 16.77 m
 * Final — 16.12 m (→ 9th place)

Men's hammer throw
 * Yuriy Sedykh
 * Qualification — 78.22 m
 * Final Round — 81.80 m (→ Gold medal)

 * Sergey Litvinov
 * Qualification — 75.24 m
 * Final Round — 80.64 m (→ Silver medal)

 * Jüri Tamm
 * Qualification — 76.24 m
 * Final Round — 78.96 m (→ Bronze medal)

Men's discus throw
 * Viktor Rashchupkin
 * Qualification — 64.78 m
 * Final — 66.64 m (→ Gold medal)

 * Yuriy Dumchev
 * Qualification — 62.82 m
 * Final — 65.58 m (→ 5th place)

 * Ihor Duhinets
 * Qualification — 63.10 m
 * Final — 64.04 m (→ 6th place)

Men's shot put
 * Vladimir Kiselyov
 * Qualification — 20.72 m
 * Final — 21.35 m (→ Gold medal)

 * Aleksandr Baryshnikov
 * Qualification — 20.58 m
 * Final — 21.08 m (→ Silver medal)

 * Anatoli Yarosh
 * Qualification — 20.19 m
 * Final — 19.93 m (→ 9th place)

Men's javelin throw
 * Dainis Kula
 * Qualification — 85.76 m
 * Final — 91.20 m (→ Gold medal)

 * Aleksandr Makarov
 * Qualification — 83.32 m
 * Final — 89.64 m (→ Silver medal)

 * Heino Puuste
 * Qualification — 82.96 m
 * Final — 86.10 m (→ 4th place)

Men's decathlon
 * Yuriy Kutsenko
 * Final — 8331 points (→ Silver medal)

 * Sergei Zhelanov
 * Final — 8135 points (→ Bronze medal)

 * Valeri Kachanov
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

 * Women's competition

Women's 100 metres
 * Lyudmila Kondratyeva
 * Heat — 11.13
 * Quarterfinals — 11.06
 * Semifinals — 11.11
 * Final — 11.06 (→ Gold medal)

 * Vera Anisimova
 * Heat — 11.53
 * Quarterfinals — 11.33
 * Semifinals — 11.51 (→ did not advance)

 * Natalya Bochina
 * Heat — 11.38
 * Quarterfinals — 11.30
 * Semifinals — 11.38 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200 metres
 * Natalya Bochina
 * Heat — 23.28
 * Quarterfinals — 22.26
 * Semifinals — 22.75
 * Final — 22.19 (→ Silver medal)

 * Lyudmila Maslakova
 * Heat — 23.49
 * Quarterfinals — 23.24
 * Semifinals — 23.27 (→ did not advance)

Women's 400 metres
 * Irina Nazarova
 * Heat — 51.66
 * Semifinals — 50.18
 * Final — 50.07 (→ 4th place)

 * Nina Ziuskova
 * Heat — 51.42
 * Semifinals — 51.12
 * Final — 50.17 (→ 5th place)

 * Lyudmila Chernova
 * Heat — 51.51
 * Semifinals — 51.30 (→ did not advance)

Women's 800 metres
 * Nadiya Olizarenko
 * Heat — 1:59.3
 * Semifinals — 1:57.7
 * Final — 1:53.5 (→ Gold medal)

 * Olga Mineyeva
 * Heat — 2:01.5
 * Semifinals — 1:57.5
 * Final — 1:54.9 (→ Silver medal)

 * Tatyana Providokhina
 * Heat — 1:58.5
 * Semifinals — 1:58.3
 * Final — 1:55.5 (→ Bronze medal)

Women's 1,500 metres
 * Tatyana Kazankina
 * Heat — 3:59.2
 * Final — 3:56.6 (→ Gold medal)

 * Nadiya Olizarenko
 * Heat — 3:59.5
 * Final — 3:59.6 (→  Bronze medal)

 * Lyubov Smolka
 * Heat — 4:04.4
 * Final — 4:01.3 (→ 6th place)

Women's 100 m hurdles
 * Vera Komisova
 * Heat — 12.67
 * Semifinal — 12.78
 * Final — 12.56 (→ Gold medal)

 * Irina Litovchenko
 * Heat — 12.97
 * Semifinal — 12.84
 * Final — 12.84 (→ 6th place)

 * Tatyana Anisimova
 * Heat — 13.31
 * Semifinal — did not start (→ did not advance)

Women's 4x100 metres relay
 * Vera Komisova, Lyudmila Maslakova, Vera Anisimova and Natalya Bochina
 * Final — 42.10 (→ Silver medal)

Women's 4x400 metres relay
 * Tatyana Prorochenko, Tatyana Goyshchik, Lyudmila Chernova and Olga Mineyeva
 * Heat — 3:25.3

 * Tatyana Prorochenko, Tatyana Goyshchik, Nina Ziuskova and Irina Nazarova
 * Final — 3:20.2 (→ Gold medal)

Women's high jump
 * Marina Sysoeva
 * Qualification — 1.88 m
 * Final — 1.91 m (→ 5th place)

 * Tamara Bykova
 * Qualification — 1.88 m
 * Final — 1.88 m (→ 9th place)

 * Marina Serkova
 * Qualification — 1.80 m (→ did not advance)

Women's long jump
 * Tatyana Kolpakova
 * Qualification — 6.70 m
 * Final — 7.06 m (→ Gold medal)

 * Tetyana Skachko
 * Qualification — 6.56 m
 * Final — 7.01 m (→ Bronze medal)

 * Lidiya Alfeyeva
 * Qualification — 6.78 m
 * Final — 6.71 m (→ 8th place)

Women's discus throw
 * Tatyana Lesovaya
 * Qualification — 62.20 m
 * Final — 67.40 m (→ Bronze medal)

 * Galina Murašova
 * Qualification — 60.32 m
 * Final — 63.84 m (→ 7th place)

 * Faina Melnik
 * Qualification — 53.76 m (→ did not advance)

Women's javelin throw
 * Saida Gunba
 * Qualification — 63.98 m
 * Final — 67.76 m (→ Silver medal)

 * Tatyana Biryulina
 * Qualification — 59.86 m
 * Final — 65.08 m (→ 6th place)

 * Yadviga Putiniene
 * Qualification — 62.96 m
 * Final — 59.94 m (→ 11th place)

Women's shot put
 * Svetlana Krachevskaia
 * Final — 21.42 m (→ Silver medal)

 * Nunu Abashidze
 * Final — 21.15 m (→ 4th place)

 * Natalya Akhrimenko
 * Final — 19.74 m (→ 7th place)

Women's pentathlon
 * Nadiya Tkachenko — 5083 points (→ Gold medal)
 * 100 metres — 13.29s
 * Shot put — 16.84m
 * High jump — 1.84m
 * Long jump — 6.73m
 * 800 metres — 2:05.20
 * Olga Rukavishnikova — 4937 points (→ Silver medal)
 * 100 metres — 13.66s
 * Shot put — 14.09m
 * High jump — 1.88m
 * Long jump — 6.79m
 * 800 metres — 2:04.80
 * Olga Kuragina — 4875 points (→ Bronze medal)
 * 100 metres — 13.26s
 * Shot put — 12.49m
 * High jump — 1.84m
 * Long jump — 6.77m
 * 800 metres — 2:03.60

Basketball

 * Summary

 * Men's roster
 * Stanislav Yeryomin
 * Valery Miloserdov
 * Sergei Tarakanov
 * Aleksandr Salnikov
 * Andrey Lopatov
 * Nikolay Deryugin
 * Sergei Belov
 * Vladimir Tkachenko
 * Anatoly Myshkin
 * Sergejus Jovaiša
 * Alexander Belostenny
 * Vladimir Zhigily

 * Women's roster
 * Angelė Rupšienė
 * Lyubov Sharmay
 * Vida Beselienė
 * Olga Korostelyova
 * Tatyana Ovechkina
 * Nadezhda Olkhova
 * Uljana Semjonova
 * Lyudmila Rogozhina
 * Nelli Feryabnikova
 * Olga Sukharnova
 * Tetiana Nadyrova
 * Tatyana Ivinskaya

Canoeing

 * Men

 * Women

Cycling
Thirteen cyclists represented the Soviet Union in 1980.

Track

 * Pursuit

 * Sprint

 * Time trial

Diving

 * Men

 * Women

Equestrian

 * Dressage, Individual
 * Yuriy Kovshov → Silver medal
 * Viktor Ugryumov → Bronze medal
 * Vera Misevich → 4th place

 * Team dressage
 * Yuriy Kovshov, Viktor Ugryumov, Vera Misevich → Gold medal

 * Three-Day Event, Individual
 * Aleksandr Blinov → Silver medal
 * Yuri Salnikov → Bronze medal
 * Valery Volkov → 4th place
 * Sergey Rogozhin → 11th place

 * Three-Day Event, Team
 * Aleksandr Blinov, Yuri Salnikov, Valery Volkov, Sergey Rogozhin →  Gold medal

 * Jumping, Individual
 * Nikolai Korolkov → Silver medal
 * Viktor Poganovsky → 5th place
 * Vyacheslav Chukanov → 9th place

 * Jumping, Team
 * Nikolai Korolkov, Viktor Poganovsky, Vyacheslav Chukanov, Viktor Asmaev →  Gold medal

Fencing
18 fencers, 13 men and 5 women, represented Soviet Union in 1980.

 * Men's foil
 * Volodymyr Smyrnov → Gold medal
 * Aleksandr Romankov → Bronze medal
 * Sabirzhan Ruziyev → 4th place

 * Men's team foil
 * Aleksandr Romankov, Volodymyr Smyrnov, Sabirzhan Ruziyev, Ashot Karagyan, Vladimir Lapitsky → Silver medal

 * Men's épée
 * Aleksandr Mozhayev → 5th place
 * Boris Lukomsky → 7th place
 * Aleksandr Abushakhmetov → 9th place

 * Men's team épée
 * Ashot Karagyan, Aleksandr Abushakhmetov, Aleksandr Mozhayev, Boris Lukomsky, Volodymyr Smyrnov → Bronze medal

 * Men's sabre
 * Viktor Krovopuskov → Gold medal
 * Mikhail Burtsev → Silver medal
 * Vladimir Nazlymov → 8th place

 * Men's team sabre
 * Viktor Sidyak, Vladimir Nazlymov, Viktor Krovopuskov, Mikhail Burtsev, Nikolai Alyokhin → Gold medal

 * Women's foil
 * Nailya Gilyazova → 9th place
 * Yelena Novikova-Belova → 9th place
 * Valentina Sidorova → 13th place

 * Women's team foil
 * Valentina Sidorova, Nailya Gilyazova, Yelena Novikova-Belova, Irina Ushakova, Larisa Tsagarayeva → Silver medal

Field hockey

 * Summary

 * Men's roster
 * Vladimir Pleshakov
 * Vyacheslav Lampeyev
 * Leonid Pavlovski
 * Sos Hayrapetyan
 * Farit Zigangirov
 * Valeri Belyakov
 * Sergei Klevtsov
 * Oleg Zagorodnev
 * Aleksandr Gusev
 * Sergei Pleshakov
 * Mikhail Nichepurenko
 * Minneula Azizov
 * Aleksandr Sychyov
 * Aleksandr Myasnikov
 * Viktor Deputatov
 * Aleksandr Goncharov

 * Women's roster
 * Galina Inzhuvatova
 * Nelli Gorbatkova
 * Valentina Zazdravnykh
 * Nadezhda Ovechkina
 * Natella Krasnikova
 * Natalia Bykova
 * Lidiya Glubokova
 * Galina Vyuzhanina
 * Natalia Buzunova
 * Leyla Akhmerova
 * Nadezhda Filippova
 * Yelena Guryeva
 * Tatyana Yembakhtova
 * Tatyana Shvyganova
 * Alina Kham
 * Lyudmila Frolova

Football

 * Summary

Team roster
 * Rinat Dasayev
 * Tengiz Sulakvelidze
 * Aleksandre Chivadze
 * Vagiz Khidiyatullin
 * Oleg Romantsev
 * Sergey Shavlo
 * Sergey Andreyev
 * Volodymyr Bezsonov
 * Yuri Gavrilov
 * Fyodor Cherenkov
 * Valery Gazzaev
 * Vladimir Pilguy
 * Sergei Baltacha
 * Sergei Nikulin
 * Khoren Oganesian
 * Aleksandr Prokopenko
 * Revaz Chelebadze

Gymnastics

 * Men

 * Women

Handball

 * Summary

 * Men's roster
 * Mykhaylo Ishchenko
 * Mykola Tomyn
 * Aleksandr Anpilogov
 * Vladimir Belov
 * Yevgeni Chernyshov
 * Anatoli Fedyukin
 * Aleksandr Karshakevich
 * Yury Kidyayev
 * Vladimir Kravtsov
 * Serhiy Kushniryuk
 * Viktor Makhorin
 * Voldemaras Novickis
 * Vladimir Repyev
 * Aleksey Zhuk

 * Women's roster
 * Nataliya Tymoshkina
 * Larysa Karlova
 * Tetyana Kocherhina
 * Valentyna Lutayeva
 * Aldona Nenėnienė
 * Lyubov Odynokova
 * Iryna Palchykova
 * Zinaida Turchyna
 * Lyudmila Poradnyk
 * Yuliya Safina
 * Sigita Strečen
 * Olha Zubaryeva
 * Larisa Savkina
 * Natalya Lukyanenko

Judo
Extra lightweight (60 kg)
 * Aramby Yemizh →  Bronze medal

Half lightweight (65 kg)
 * Nikolai Solodukhin →  Gold medal

Lightweight (71 kg)
 * Tamaz Namgalauri → 12th place

Half middleweight (78 kg)
 * Shota Khabareli →  Gold medal

Middleweight (86 kg)
 * Aleksandrs Jackēvičs →  Bronze medal

Half heavyweight (95 kg)
 * Tengiz Khubuluri →  Silver medal

Heavyweight (+95 kg)
 * Vitaly Kuznetsov → 10th place

Open category
 * Sergey Novikov → 5 place

Rowing
The Soviet Union had 30 male and 24 female rowers participate in all 14 rowing events in 1980.

 * Men

 * Women

Shooting

 * Open

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Volleyball

 * Summary

 * Men's roster
 * Yury Panchenko
 * Vyacheslav Zaytsev
 * Aleksandr Savin
 * Vladimir Dorokhov
 * Aleksandr Yermilov
 * Valeriy Kryvov
 * Pāvels Seļivanovs
 * Oleg Moliboga
 * Vladimir Kondra
 * Vladimir Chernyshov
 * Fedir Lashchonov
 * Viljar Loor

 * Women's roster
 * Nadezhda Radzevich
 * Nataliya Razumova
 * Olga Solovova
 * Yelena Akhaminova
 * Larisa Pavlova
 * Yelena Andreyuk
 * Irina Makogonova
 * Lyubov Kozyreva
 * Svetlana Nikishina
 * Lyudmila Chernyshyova
 * Svetlana Badulina
 * Lidiya Loginova

Water polo

 * Summary

 * Team roster
 * Evgeni Sharonov
 * Sergei Kotenko
 * Vladimir Akimov
 * Yevgeny Grishin
 * Mait Riisman
 * Aleksandr Kabanov
 * Aleksei Barkalov
 * Erkin Shagaev
 * Georgi Mshvenieradze
 * Mikhail Ivanov
 * Viacheslav Sobchenko


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Talk:Some Old Bullshit

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title: Talk:Some Old Bullshit


text:
Hans Erni

Hans Erni (February 21, 1909 – March 21, 2015) was a Swiss graphic designer, painter, illustrator, engraver and sculptor.

Born in Lucerne, the third of eight siblings, to a cabin cruiser engineer, he studied art at the Académie Julian in Paris and later in Berlin, and admired artists such as Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.

He is known for having illustrated postage stamps, his lithographs for the Swiss Red Cross, his participation on the Olympic Committee as well as his activism. His 1939 works and first major public success was a mural titled Switzerland: "Vacation Land of the People" was commissioned and displayed for the national exhibition in Zürich.

The Hans Erni Museum, situated in the grounds of the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne, contains a large collection of artwork, he also designed ceramics and theatre costumes and sets. He did the art for Swiss bank notes, in the 1940s but, after the notes were already printed they were never published, because a member of the State Council of Lucerne criticized that Erni was deemed as a communist. However, Erni was never a member of any political party. In 2004, he was awarded the honorary citizenship of the city of Lucerne. On 10 January 2009 he received the SwissAward for lifetime accomplishment.

In his career, he realized about 300 posters and several murals — including for the 1980 Salon international de l'automobile, Red Cross, IOC, United Nations and ICAO.

He illustrated about 200 books and created 90 postage stamps and 25 medals.

Career
Erni was commissioned by the Lucerne Museum Fine Arts to organize an exhibit about Pablo Picasso. The Spanish artist remained grateful for that opportunity to show his art in Switzerland. In 1936 Erni started to work with abstract art. From 1940 to 1945 he was a soldier in the Swiss army and was engaged as a camouflage painter because of his experience with large-size murals. In 1948, he was a competitor in the 1948 Summer Olympics' painting competitions. Between 1950 and 1952 he participated to exhibitions in Latin America. However, his participation in the Biennale of São Paulo was not authorized by Federal Councillor Philipp Etter. After a stay in Mauritania and Guinea he painted African topics. In 1960 he organized with Alfred Pauletto, Celestino Piatti, Hugo Wetli and Kurt Wirth an exhibition in Olten about graphic design and painting. He participated to the 1964 Documenta exhibition in Kassel, in the graphic design department.

On 15 September 1979 the Swiss Museum of Transport opened a large personal collection of Erni's works. He realized a 30 meter long mural for the Museum. Erni was very interested in sport and received the United States Sports Academy award of sport artist of the year in 1989. In 1993 his works were exhibited at the Pence Gallery in San Francisco.

He celebrated his 100th birthday in 2009. His sister, Maria Strebi-Erni (January 14, 1907 – January 29, 2014), died at the age of 107. Erni died on March 21, 2015, aged 106. His first wife, Gertrud Bohnert, had died in a horse-riding accident. They had one daughter, artist Simone Fornara Erni. With his second wife, Doris, he had a son and two daughters.

Apart from the Swiss Museum of Transport, his work is held in several other museums worldwide, including the Museum of Modern Art, the American Sport Art Museum and Archives, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Rose Art Museum, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Ackland Art Museum, the Harvard Art Museums, the Hammer Museum, and the Cleveland Museum of Art.

Resources

 * Ramuz, C.F. Histoire du soldat, illustrée de lithographies originales par Hans Erni. Lausanne: André et Pierre Gonin, [1960]. 326 copies signed by author and artist. 73 black-and-white lithographs within the text and 2 on the wrappers. 100 pages + 2 leaves. A livre d'artiste printed on Arches paper and housed in a vellum and board folder and matching slipcase.

title: Hans Erni


text:
Infinity-Man

Infinity-Man is a fictional character appearing in DC Comics, in the Fourth World storyline.

Publication history
Infinity-Man first appeared in Forever People #1 (February 1971).

Fictional character biography
Infinity-Man was initially Astorr, a powerful warrior from another planet, who rescued the badly burned Drax (brother of Darkseid) and nursed him back to health. Before dying of old age, Astorr passes on his role as the "Infinity-Man" to Drax, who then spends several years preparing for the role.

Having assumed the title of Infinity-Man, Drax goes on to serve Highfather on New Genesis, where he first encounters the Forever People and becomes a protector. Whenever Infinity-Man is needed, the Forever People grant him special powers by touching the Mother Boxes and reciting the word "Taaru". This ritual causes the Forever People to enter a state of limbo which lasts until Infinity-Man returns power to them.

In one story, Darkseid believes Infinity-Man to be a threat and places him in another dimension. Subsequently, he resides on the planet Adon until the Forever People free him.

A later storyline focuses on Devilance the Pursuer and his vendetta against the Forever People and Infinity-Man. Devilance tracks down Infinity-Man to an island, where the two engage in a duel that results in the island's destruction. The two appear dead, but, with the Forever People's aid, Infinity-Man recovers.

In DC's year-long weekly publications, Countdown to Final Crisis, and the monthly title, Death of the New Gods, Superman, Mister Miracle, and Orion suspect Infinity-Man to have killed the New Gods. The Mother Box, however, which summons him, appears destroyed and the Forever People murdered. Later, it is revealed that Infinity-Man, posing as Himon, is, in fact, the killer of the New Gods. Infinity-Man poses as Himon to avoid detection, to collect the dead gods' souls in a second Source Wall which surrounds the original one, and to prevent the slain gods from reuniting with the Source.

Superman challenges him, but Infinity-Man teleports away mid-battle. His motive in killing the New Gods remains unclear, but he claims to be acting on behalf of the Source itself—revealed as the "good" half of an entity that previously encompassed the Source and the Anti-Life Equation—and that his killings were intended to reunite both halves.

The "Source" or at least its physical incarnation, appears to defend his claims and leads Infinity-Man to battle Mister Miracle, now empowered with the Anti-Life Equation, near the Source Wall. Infinity-Man pushes Mister Miracle into battle, duping him into blasting away the Second Wall, and letting the Source and the Anti-Life reunite. Infinity-Man is seemingly destroyed by Mister Miracle's attack.

The New 52
The being known as Infinity-Man is an abstract of the Source itself and the moral consciousness of a once kind and idealistic monarch. This entity of a higher power did not appear before anyone until The Forever People were on a planet-side expedition to better the underdeveloped culture of Earth as a school curriculum. They came under the onslaught of a mutated human scientist by the name of Omar Bashir who had been trapped in a TV screen within a television store by the Source agent's power.

GL/New Gods: Godhead tie-in
Back on New Genesis, Himon and Highfather order all New Gods back to their home base at the time, which garners a surprise visit from the immaterial casting of Infinity-Man. Infinity-Man questions the elderly councilor why he was lying to his best friends and patriarch, warning him that his deceptions will have dire consequences in the future. The mysterious being quoting that his futile attempts by the former to prevent his return, Himon pleading that he had no say in the matter. Infinity Man states that they all have the gift of choice and that he chose poorly, warning him not to stand in his way as he tries to help Highfather. Back on earth, The Forever People encounter the Red Lantern Guy Gardner who, after encountering the New Gods of The Wheel, was set on the warpath for all new gods situated on earth at the time. The fuming lantern dead set on kicking them off world, but after the Forever People managed to incapacitate him they are soon attacked by Lanterns of the green corps.

Appearing out of the union of New Gods, Infinity-Man makes his presence known to Gardner first, opting to help free him of his anguish. When the Red Lantern snaps at him because of Highfather's manhunt for all lanterns by his people, the entity retorts that this war is not the source of his rage and mentions its all-consuming aspects will destroy him if not relinquished. When Guy attacks him with his red plasma, his adversary stops it mid-blast leaving him wondering if his pain lies within a deep self-hatred, not rage, which Infinity-Man recreates in the form of his reflection using his own plasma. When the latter retorts that his rage is an integral part of him that defines his own character, the strange being complies and sends the red energy back into his face. Noting the turn of events, Green Lantern's B'ox, B'dg and Stel combine their rings to create a giant mechanized Darkseid construct to combat the Infinity Man. Though intrigued by their choice of design, the agent of the source remains undaunted all the same. He increases his own size to match their creation, recounting that nothing will prevent him from reaching New Genesis and getting back to Highfather. After Guy takes command of the construct from B'dg, the quartet enters into battle with the godly manifest; the former stating that while he is one of them, the conflict which the New Gods have started is not his own. He desperately tries to console his quarry that his fight is not with them and that he can heal the real mastermind behind all that's happening to set creation back on track.

When no quarter is given, he quotes that this battle is a waste of time and energy which he now must end. As the battle draws to a close, Infinity-Man puts Gardner to sleep using his powers; however, he comments that he was drawn by another, his name being King Faraday whose destiny Infinity Man senses shares a fate that ties with his own in some odd way, and opts instead to heal the injured party. Once the Forever People are back, the green lantern states that while he likes them, he may be tied to some things that even gods shouldn't tamper with. Big Bear reels back after leaving and feels bad about lying that they lose conscious memory when they become him. That every one of them shares in each other's memories and thoughts through the Mother Box used to summon him and that none of it bodes well for, or by, anyone on the team. Bear goes on to say that they also get glimpses of what Infinity-Man's own thoughts revealed to them all and if they ever want to be free of Infinity-Man, they would need to dispose of Highfather.

Identity revealed
The next day, there is another epic battle between the Forever People and Aagog's Femme Fatales who were set on acquiring a certain item of interest from one of their members; where after Mark Moonrider had died and was resurrected by Dreamer utilizing the Anti-Life Equation. Big Bear finally managed to get his New Genesisian Quantum Computer working again only for the A.I. to reveal it had an unexpected host within its mainframe, said anomaly was none other than the Infinity Man himself who now being able to manifest without the aid of the Forever People would approach the unsuspecting Apokoliptian.

After a task delving into Highfather's past, then going by Izaya who was a much kinder, compassionate soul who cherished life dearly with the casualties of the war weighing heavily on his compassionate soul, went along the edges of the multiverse were the Promethean Giants lay encased in stone overlooking The Source Wall searching for answers along the lines of council from The Source itself. Happening along the Source Shard an original piece of the previous wall which had been decimated prior to the deaths of the Old Gods, it acted as a beacon with which to contact the veil that lies beyond it, in a heated conversation with The Source regarding his sacrificing an heir of his own with that of his deranged opposite from Apokolips. Asking Desperately how he could trade the life of the only living memory of his beloved Avia with that of the reviled spawn of his brother Darkseid, the source replied his choice was set in stone and that he would do what must be done regardless of his passions.

In a glaring flash of light Izaya was knocked out cold and in his place would wake the cold, tactile and manipulative Highfather who would go through with the morally insane peace treaty between warring worlds. While a gentle voice combed over the inert Highfather stating how he would carry the burden of their self sundering destiny, keeping their beloved wife's memory alive and pure while foreboding what will happen when the two beings reconvene. The voice was revealed to be Infinity Man, the personified moral center of Izaya that was lost to Highfather when The Source had struck him. Promising him he would return to reclaim what was his all while knowing the price he paid for their homeworld's forced peace.

Back in real space, Big Bear was incredibly skeptical of believing Izaya/Infinity Man's story of him being a part of Highfather as well as Highfather being a part of him. Izaya states that he must make it back to New Genesis at all costs. When asked how he and the others played a part in all this, Infinity Man simply stated that their energies enabled him to take physical form with and without the need of a mother box to sustain him. Bear being particularly miffed by how he and his group were played like chess pieces Izaya goes onto state that helping Izaya's core self is a good greater than any they could hope to accomplish on Earth, that he needed to be a shepherd and not a warrior if the Multiverse would survive. As his host makes way to reveal the truth unveiled to him with the rest of the Forever People when Infinity Man asks if he can trust the others and is given a firm confirmation in response, he goes onto say the future for them is darker than it seems putting them all on a collision course with a deadly destiny.

Powers and abilities
Infinity-Man has seemingly limitless strength and endurance, invulnerability, flight, ability to "phase" through matter, vast energy and matter manipulation, magnetic powers, and Infinity-Beams. Other powers include a form of advanced healing and telepathy.

In the relatively few comics that Infinity Man appeared in, he displayed many abilities. He sums up his powers during his first appearance when he says he came from a place where all natural law bends. In the first issue of Forever People, Darkseid's "Gravity Guards" are driving Superman deep into the ground by using their power to transmit the gravity of the universe into one person. The Forever People summon Infinity Man, who quickly and effortlessly defeats the Guards. In the Glorious Godfrey issue, Infinity Man infiltrates Godfrey's tent by manipulating the ground's atomic structure, so he can swim through it as if it were water. In the same issue, he is shot at with lasers from Apokolips but stops the lasers in mid-shot and sends them back at his attackers. When he faces Mantis, Infinity Man shows his manipulation powers again by changing the atomic structure of the ice he was trapped inside. In the same issue, he survives being touched with antimatter and finally defeats Mantis with Infinity-beams, removing his energy.

In one issue of Young Justice, Impulse took part in the Forever People's summoning of Infinity-Man, giving him similar abilities and personality to his own.

In other media

 * Infinity-Man makes non-speaking appearances in Young Justice. This version is the combined form of the Forever People via New Genesian technology and the Source.
 * Infinity-Man appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

title: Infinity-Man


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Blanca Castellón

Blanca Castellon (born 1958 in Managua) is a Nicaraguan poet. She is the author of Ama del espíritu (poetry, 1995), Flotaciones (poetry, 1998) and Orilla opuesta (poetry, 2000). She is also the winner of Instituto de Estudios Modernistas of poetry in Valencia, Spain. She is currently Vice President of Centro Nicaragüense de Escritores (Nicaraguan Center of Writers). She is married and has three sons.

title: Blanca Castellón


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Lotus's

Lotus's (formerly known as Lotus Supercenter, Tesco Lotus Supercenter and Tesco Lotus) is a retail chain in Thailand founded and operated by Charoen Pokphand (CP) Group, with operations in Malaysia following the acquisition of Tesco Malaysia in 2020.

Description
In 1994, the Charoen Pokphand (CP) Group established the Lotus Supercenter chain, opening its first outlet at Seacon Square. In 1998, British supermarket chain Tesco acquired a stake of the Lotus Supercenter chain to form "Tesco Lotus". CP Group sold most of its remaining shares of Tesco Lotus in 2003.

Tesco Lotus stores currently operate in five formats: Extra, Hypermarket, Department Store, Talad, and Express. Extra, Hypermarket, and Department store formats sell fresh food, prepared foods, and grocery offerings as well as a non-food offerings including electrical appliances, apparel, toys, stationery, and household goods. Talad ('market') is a "supermarket format" selling mainly groceries. Express is a convenience "mini-supermarket" format. Many of the products on the shelf are Tesco house brand products.

The bigger stores are often set in malls and have food courts and many other shops and stalls available as well as large car parks. Tesco Lotus also offers a range of retail and financial services including bill payment, personal loans (Tesco Premier), a Tesco Visa credit card, and a Tesco insurance broker. Most recently, in April 2013, Tesco Lotus introduced online shopping. As of early-2018, Tesco Lotus's total retail floor space stood at 1.4 million m2. In August it opened store number 2,000 in Thailand. Its biggest competitor in the Thai market is Big C.

, Tesco Lotus had 1,967 stores in Thailand under the Tesco Lotus brand: 1,600 Tesco Lotus Express stores and about 400 other stores in hypermarket, Talad, and department store formats. Two hypermarkets opened in 2019, two more are being constructed, and 50 Tesco Lotus Express stores will open in the second-half of 2019.

Reacquisition by Charoen Pokphand and expansion to Malaysia
On 9 March 2020, CP Group submitted the winning bid to reacquire Tesco Lotus, in addition to Tesco operations in Malaysia, for about US$10 billion. The purchase needs the approval of Thailand's Trade Competition Commission as the new company could constitute a monopoly, given that CP Group already owns 7-Eleven convenience stores and the Makro cash-and-carry business. The sale became approved in Malaysia in November 2020 and in Thailand in December 2020, with rebranding of the acquired stores beginning in February 2021, replacing the Tesco corporate branding with that of Lotus's. Through the Tesco acquisition in Malaysia, Lotus's operates 64 rebranded Tesco outlets in the country.

Corporate social responsibility
Tesco Lotus has operated the Tesco for Thais Foundation since 2003 which has presented over 27,000 scholarships to needy children around the country, and runs programs for undergraduates which include in-store training. The company is also part of a major reforestation program, "Plant 9 Million Trees", which completed its nine million trees target in 2013. In line with the rest of Tesco group, Tesco Lotus is pledged to reduce carbon emissions from its business operations and opened the first "Zero Carbon Store" in Asia at Bangpra, Chonburi in November 2011.

Libel lawsuit
In late-2007 and early-2008, Tesco Lotus sued three critics for libel. It lost the case against Jit Siratranont, former MP and now vice-general secretary of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, dropped the case against newspaper columnist Kamol Kamoltrakul on the grounds of his ill-health, and obtained a written apology from a newspaper business editor Nongnart Harnvilai.

Animal welfare concerns
The NGO World Animal Protection reported that Tesco Lotus uses sow stalls in their pork production process. The practice confines sows in cages no bigger than a refrigerator in order to use them as "breeding machines". Sow stalls have been banned in the UK since 1999 as well as in other jurisdictions. World Animal Protection succeeded in persuading Charoen Pokphand Foods, a major Thai pork producer, to get mother pigs out of cages in their Thai operations by 2025.

title: Lotus's


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Abyss (wrestler)

Christopher Joseph Park (born October 4, 1973) is an American retired professional wrestler, who is signed to WWE as a producer and onscreen personality. He is best known for his time with TNA Wrestling under the ring name Abyss. He became a one-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion. He is the heaviest wrestler to hold the X Division Championship and was the longest reigning Television Champion. In the tag team division, he held the NWA World Tag Team Championship once with A.J. Styles, and the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice, once with James Storm as The Revolution, and once with Crazzy Steve as Decay.

Having won all the required championships, he was the fourth man to complete the Triple Crown Championship and the second to complete the Grand Slam Championship. He also wrestled in Impact Wrestling as Abyss's storyline brother/split personality, Joseph Park. He was also the longest-tenured member of the Impact Wrestling roster, having remained with the company from 2002 to 2019. In 2018, he was inducted into the Impact Hall of Fame by his longtime manager, James Mitchell.

Early life
Christopher Joseph Park was born in Washington, D.C. He attended St. Joseph High School in Cleveland, Ohio, where he played football. He attended Ohio University, where he played offensive tackle for the Bobcats and eventually earned two degrees, the latter being a master's degree in sports administration.

Early career (1995–2002)
Park was trained by Roger Ruffin of the Northern Wrestling Federation (NWF). He won his debut match by disqualification. For the first few years of his career, Park worked in the NWF as the Original Terminator, Chris Justice, and then Prince Justice. In 2001, Parks worked for NWA Wildside, where he won the NWA Wildside Tag Team Championship with A.J. Styles. He also wrestled Jerry Lawler in Memphis Power Pro Championship Wrestling.

IWA Puerto Rico, WWC (2002–2004)
Park was then discovered by Dutch Mantel, who at the time was booking the IWA Puerto Rico, when Mantel attended the first ever Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) pay-per-view in Huntsville, Alabama on June 19, 2002. Park appeared at the pay-per-view in the Gauntlet for the Gold match under the ring name Justice. Mantel then booked Park to appear in the IWA. The Abyss character was given by Mantel and first appeared in IWA at Golpe de Estado in July 2002 in front of 13,000 fans at the Roberto Clemente baseball park in Carolina, Puerto Rico, when he attacked and disabled Shane the Glamour Boy, who was scheduled to appear in the main event that night versus Savio Vega. While working for the company, Park held the IWA Hardcore Championship, IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship, and IWA World Tag Team Championship. Park worked in the IWA under Mantel for approximately one year until he rejoined TNA in 2003.

Early feuds (2002–2005)
Chris Park appeared on TNA's first ever weekly Pay-Per-View show on June 19, 2002, under the moniker Justice. He took part in the Gauntlet For The Gold match to crown a new NWA World Heavyweight Champion but was eliminated.

Park returned to TNA as "The Monster" Abyss in June 2003, debuting as a villain and attacking Erik Watts, although the feud was short lived. Afterward, Park was brought in as a bodyguard to Kid Kash. They continued to be allies until October, when Kash betrayed Abyss for losing a match and Abyss turned on and attacked Kash. Abyss gained a victory over Kash, but then lost a First Blood Steel Chair on a Pole match to his former partner. Soon after the loss the feud between the two ended. Soon after, Abyss aligned himself with Don Callis. With this new alliance, Abyss soon feuded with Raven. The feud lasted for the rest of 2003, with the final match pitting Abyss and the Red Shirt Security (Kevin Northcutt and Legend) against Raven and The Gathering in a Steel Cage match. Abyss and his team came out victorious when the Gathering turned on Raven.

Going into 2004, Abyss entered his first major feud with A.J. Styles. On one show, Abyss was forced to team with Styles in an NWA World Tag Team Championship match against champions Red Shirt Security, with Abyss and Styles winning the title. Abyss later defeated Styles to gain control of the title. Afterward, both men fought to a no-contest in a Falls Count Anywhere match. The next show, Abyss defeated Styles again, this time in a ladder match to become the top contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss lost the right to Raven in a match that also involved Styles and Ron Killings.

About a month after the feud with Styles, Abyss received a new manager, Goldy Locks. She used Abyss to defeat her ex-boyfriend Erik Watts to win his contract. She kept using Abyss to win contracts for her, while also adding Alex Shelley to her group to assist. Watts later returned for revenge, with Abyss, Shelley, and Goldy Locks taking on Watts, Sonny Siaki, and Desire in a Six-Person Mixed Tag Team match. During the match, Abyss turned on his team by attacking Goldy Locks. Not long after separating from Goldy Locks, Abyss began to feud with Monty Brown and Raven. The feud escalated into the first-ever Monster's Ball match at TNA's first monthly pay-per-view, Victory Road. At Victory Road, Brown won the match when he pinned Raven. Abyss and Brown continued to feud until they met in a Serengeti Survival match at Turning Point, when Brown again came out victorious.

Abyss then appeared at Final Resolution, attacking Jeff Hardy. This attack led to a Full Metal Mayhem match between the two at Against All Odds with the winner becoming the top contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss won the match. In the rematch at Destination X in a Falls Count Anywhere match, Hardy won. Abyss then set his sights on the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, and he wrestled A.J. Styles for the #1 contendership at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match. Styles won the match and the contendership, and Park suffered a separated shoulder. He, however, returned to action in the Gauntlet for the Gold match at Hard Justice. With this win, he gave himself entry into the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary, pitting him against NWA World Heavyweight Champion A.J. Styles, Monty Brown, Raven, and Sean Waltman with the NWA title on the line, which Raven won.

Storyline with James Mitchell (2005–2008)
Abyss, not happy with the loss, attacked Raven on the following Impact!, and got Raven's old nemesis, James Mitchell as Abyss's new manager. After weeks of attacks, Raven attempted to gain revenge on Abyss in a Steel Chain Dog Collar match under No Surrender rules at No Surrender with the Championship on the line. In the end, Raven pinned Abyss to retain the title. Abyss was not happy and showed it by attacking Lance Hoyt on the following Impact, setting up a match at Sacrifice. Abyss defeated Hoyt at the event, and during the main event, attacked Sabu. With the war beginning, Abyss and Sabu met in a No Disqualification match at Unbreakable, with Abyss defeating Sabu. They battled again at Bound for Glory in the Monster's Ball II match that also involved Jeff Hardy and Rhino, with Rhino winning the encounter. During the match, Jeff Hardy gave Abyss a Swanton Bomb through a table from approximately 22 ft 0in. Abyss and Sabu continued to fight, leading to another No Disqualification match at Genesis, with Abyss again defeating Sabu. Due to interference from Sabu, Abyss lost to Jeff Hardy on the November 26, 2005, episode of Impact. A Barbed Wire Massacre match at Turning Point ended the feud. The match was voted TNA's 2005 Match of the Year. In the end, Sabu won the contest, getting his first pinfall over Abyss.

To close out the year, Abyss and Mitchell joined Planet Jarrett. As a favor to Scott D'Amore, Mitchell agreed to have Abyss take care of Rhino. Abyss and Rhino wrestled at Final Resolution, with Abyss coming out victorious. They had another match at Against All Odds in a Falls Count Anywhere match, which Rhino won. The feud ended at Destination X, with Abyss teaming with Jeff Jarrett and America's Most Wanted against Rhino, Ron Killings, and Team 3D in an Eight Man Tag Team War match. Abyss and his allies won when Jarrett pinned Killings. Now that Rhino was out of the way, Abyss and Mitchell set their sights on NWA World Champion Christian Cage, including stalking his wife for several weeks. This storyline set up an NWA title match at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match in the main event. Cage won and retained the title, but Abyss attacked him and stole the belt. At Sacrifice in a Full Metal Mayhem match, Abyss lost to Cage, who regained his belt. Abyss got one more title shot, however, by qualifying for the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary by defeating Rhino in a qualifying match. The match also included NWA World Champion Christian Cage, Ron Killings, Jeff Jarrett, and Sting. At the event, Jarrett won the match.

After Abyss dropped out of the title picture, his services were requested by The James Gang to help them take on Team 3D, which Mitchell accepted on Abyss's behalf. The two teams faced off at Victory Road in a Six-Man Tag Team match. Abyss and The James Gang won after Abyss pinned Brother Runt. Brother Runt continued to feud with Abyss, challenging him to a match at Hard Justice, which Abyss accepted. In the end, Abyss came out the winner. Abyss and Runt still battled after this match, with Abyss defeating Runt in a Thumbtacks match on Impact!. After the match, Abyss was attacked by Raven, which led to a Hangman's Horror match on another episode of Impact!, in which Abyss came out as the winner. Abyss went on to defeat Raven and Runt at No Surrender in a No Disqualification three-way match. Abyss continue to feud with Runt and Raven, while also going after Samoa Joe. Joe stole the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt, and Abyss's services were offered by James Mitchell to TNA Management to retrieve the belt, which they accepted. Abyss failed to retrieve the belt, but a match was set at Bound for Glory: a Monster's Ball match featuring Abyss, Brother Runt, Raven, and Samoa Joe. Soon after the announcement, Jake "The Snake" Roberts was announced as the special guest referee for the match. At the event, Abyss lost when Joe pinned Raven. Abyss once again had his eyes on the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, competing in the Fight for the Right Tournament, winning the tournament to face Sting at Genesis for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss defeated Sting at the event via disqualification to become the new NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Following the event, Sting tried to reason with Abyss and turn him away from Mitchell, referring to Abyss as "Chris". Christian Cage soon interjected himself into this, claiming to know a secret from Abyss's past and attacked both him and Sting. Abyss successfully defended the Championship at Turning Point against Sting and Cage in a three-way match.

At Final Resolution, Abyss lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a three-way elimination match against Sting and Christian Cage, after being the first man eliminated from the match and afterwards cost Sting the match. On the January 24 episode of Impact!, Sting revealed (after looking through public records, and once again using Abyss' real name) that Abyss had been in prison for shooting his father in the back three times, sending him into a coma which he survived. At Against All Odds, Abyss fell to Sting in a Prison Yard match, with Sting taking out Mitchell after the match. At Destination X, Abyss again lost to Sting in a Last Rites match. On the March 22 episode of Impact!, Abyss teamed with Sting to face Christian Cage and A.J. Styles. During the match, Mitchell returned with a woman who Abyss recognized. Abyss left with Mitchell and the woman, leaving Sting alone to fight Cage and Styles. The following week on Impact!, during a meeting between Sting and James Mitchell, it was revealed that the woman was Abyss's mother, and that she was the one who had actually shot Abyss's father, but Abyss took the blame to protect his mother. With Mitchell threatening to call the police and tell them the truth, Abyss was forced to obey him. As a result, at Lockdown, Abyss joined "Team Cage" (Christian Cage, A.J. Styles, Scott Steiner, and Tomko) to face Team Angle (Kurt Angle, Samoa Joe, Rhino, Sting, and Jeff Jarrett) in a Lethal Lockdown match, which Team Angle won. On the following Impact!, after Abyss and Cage failed to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship from Team 3D, Abyss finally had enough, and turned face by giving James Mitchell a Black Hole Slam. But after Abyss got his bag of tacks and dumped them on the mat to chokeslam Mitchell on to them Cage, Styles, Steiner and Tomko attacked Abyss, beating him with a chair and a barbed wire baseball bat, which in the storyline, put him out of action.

On the last Impact! before Slammiversary, Abyss returned, losing a King of the Mountain qualifying match to Cage by disqualification. Following the match, Abyss attacked the referee, security, and several members of TNA staff while Cage escaped. At Slammiversary, Abyss gained a measure of revenge on Cage, defeating his ally Tomko in a No Disqualification match that ended after he gave Tomko the Black Hole Slam onto glass. After Slammiversary, Abyss aligned himself with former rival Sting and spoke for the first time in TNA, saying "Tomko... Styles... 3 days... Click... DOOMSDAY!", the phrase used by former manager James Mitchell. Abyss and Sting defeated Tomko and A.J. Styles at Victory Road, but not without receiving a message from James Mitchell himself, telling the two that his son, Judas Mesias, was coming to TNA. Abyss and Sting continued to feud with Christian's Coalition after the event. On the July 26 episode of Impact Abyss battled Styles in a No Disqualification match. During the match Abyss was dragged under the ring and when he re-appeared, he was covered in blood. Styles pinned Abyss after Tomko had slammed him onto a pile of thumbtacks and broken glass. The following week Abyss and Sting defeated Cage and Styles in a ladder match, after an assist from the debuting Andrew Martin. By winning the match, Abyss could make a match against Cage, picking a Doomsday Chamber of Blood match at Hard Justice with Abyss teaming with Sting and Martin to face Cage, Tomko, and Styles. At Hard Justice, Abyss's team would win the match when Abyss pinned Styles, thus earning Abyss the number one contendership to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. The following Impact!, Abyss successfully defended his contendership against Cage in a First Blood match, but was attacked by TNA World Heavyweight Champion, Kurt Angle. The last Impact! before the event had Abyss score a pinfall victory over Angle in a tag team match, where he teamed with Jay Lethal to face Angle and Sting. At No Surrender, Abyss fell to Angle after tapping out to the ankle lock. Following the bout, James Mitchell appeared, and a hand ripped through the ring and dragged Abyss into the ring. Abyss faced Angle in a rematch on the following Impact!, this time in a Six Sides of Steel match. Abyss had Angle in Angle's ankle lock maneuver, when Judas Mesias appeared, coming out through the ring and attacking Abyss. Angle escaped, while Mesias choked out Abyss with barbed wire in the ring. Two weeks later Abyss returned to attack Mesias and Angle, who were assaulting Sting and Rhino.

Mesias then suffered an injury outside TNA, leaving Mitchell to enlist the aid of Raven and Black Reign to feud with Abyss and Rhino. The four battled at Bound for Glory in a Monster's Ball match, with Abyss picking up the victory with a pinfall over Raven. Following the event, Abyss battled against Mitchell and Black Reign, with Black Reign and Abyss attacking each other on several occasions. Black Reign, after an attack by Abyss, challenged Abyss to a Shop of Horrors match at Genesis, which Abyss accepted and won. After the match, Abyss was attacked and thrown off the stage by Black Reign and a mysterious wrestler, later identified as Rellik. Following the event, Abyss continued to feud with Black Reign and Rellik and brought in Rhino to help him even. This rivalry led to a Match of 10,000 Tacks with Abyss and Rhino teaming up to take on Black Reign and Rellik booked for Turning Point. Rhino could not make the event due to a legitimate neck injury caused by Rellik during a match on Impact, so Abyss chose Raven as his new partner. Abyss and Raven won the match after Abyss performed the Black Hole Slam on Rellik on the thumbtacks.

During the weeks following Turning Point, Mitchell threatened to reveal "a dark secret" of Abyss's past. When Mitchell demanded Abyss tell the world the dark secret of his past, Abyss refused stating "The secret lives with me and it dies with me!". Abyss then went to chokeslam Mitchell, which prompted the return of Judas Mesias. Following this event, Abyss and Mesias had a hardcore match at Final Resolution, which Mesias won after a Straight to Hell onto a steel chair wrapped in barbed wire. After the match, Father James Mitchell ordered Mesias to restrain Abyss. Mitchell again demanded Abyss tell the world the dark secret of his past. Abyss refused yet again, and Mitchell attempted to set him on fire. The storyline continued when Mitchell revealed on the January 17 episode of Impact! that he was Abyss's father and Judas Mesias was his half-brother. The next week, Abyss issued a challenge to face Mitchell and Mesias in a Barbed Wire Massacre at Against All Odds, where Abyss defeated his on-screen half-brother by performing a Black Hole Slam onto a barbed wire board.

Teaming and feuding with Matt Morgan (2008–2009)
On the February 14 episode of Impact!, Abyss, who was scheduled for a match against Scott Steiner, left the ring before the match, because of the beating he took at Against All Odds, but before leaving through the tunnel, Abyss, without showing his face, took off his mask. The official TNA website then took Abyss off the roster list. In the following weeks, vignettes of Abyss were shown where he was locked in an asylum. Abyss returned to action at Slammiversary after the X Division Championship match wearing a white asylum uniform with his inmate number and his last name 'Park' on the back and a new gray and black mask. He came to the ring attacking X Division Champion Petey Williams, Scott Steiner, and Rhaka Khan by performing a Black Hole Slam on each of them, and then carrying Kaz out of the arena.

Subsequently, Abyss did not have any matches, but made after-match run-ins to save other faces from assaults by heels. He issued an open challenge on the September 4 episode of Impact! to anyone in the locker room, which was accepted by Team 3D on behalf of Johnny Devine in a hardcore match. After nailing Devine with a chokeslam, Team 3D attacked Abyss, which caused Matt Morgan, whom Abyss had previously saved, to make a rescue. He handed Abyss a chair to attack 3D, but Abyss threw it away and left the ring. Abyss and Morgan though would unite as a team to counter the attacks of 3D. The two teams met at No Surrender in a match, which Morgan and Abyss won. At Bound for Glory IV he and Morgan competed in a four-way tag team Monster's Ball for the Tag Team Championship against Team 3D, The Latin American Xchange and Beer Money, Inc. (Robert Roode and James Storm), but came up short after Roode pinned Hernandez. During the match Abyss was powerbombed through a flaming table by Team 3D, which in storyline, caused Abyss to have third-degree burns and was sent to the hospital later that night and was treated for the burns. On the November 6, 2008, episode of Impact!, Abyss along with Matt Morgan won a four-team ladder match to earn a future shot at TNA World Tag Team Champions Beer Money, Inc. At Genesis, they lost in a three-way title match, which also included new champions Lethal Consequences (Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed), when Abyss accidentally hit Morgan with a chair. On January 23, Matt Morgan hit Abyss in the head with a steel chair, which allowed Beer Money Inc. to retain the tag team title, thus ending their partnership. Abyss defeated Morgan in a match at Against All Odds, but lost the subsequent rematches: a Match of 10,000 Tacks at Destination X, and a Doomsday Chamber of Blood Match at Lockdown.

Feud with Dr. Stevie (2009–2010)
The latter ended in a loss when Abyss's "therapist", Dr. Stevie, interfered in the match, by attacking Abyss when he was on the verge of using weapons against Morgan. Dr. Stevie had appeared in many therapy segments with Abyss up to that point, in which he would attempt to help Abyss get over his addiction to violence; sometimes going as far as to beat him. At the following pay-per-view, Sacrifice, Dr. Stevie booked the first ever Knockout's Monster's Ball match, in which Abyss would be in the corner of Daffney, another patient of Stevie's, opposite Taylor Wilde, the best friend of Abyss's "girlfriend", Lauren. Abyss turned on Dr. Stevie after the match, after Stevie first told him to attack Wilde and then threatened Lauren, at which point he grabbed Dr. Stevie and chokeslammed him onto a pile of tacks. Abyss went on later to team up with Taylor Wilde at Slammiversary to defeat Raven and Daffney in the first ever mixed tag team Monster's Ball match. Over the following month the feud between Abyss and Dr. Stevie continued, with Stevie kidnapping Lauren and shocking Abyss with a taser. At Victory Road, Abyss came to the ring in a new costume, having discarded the Asylum patient attire. Abyss went on to defeat Dr. Stevie by hitting a Shock Treatment, a Black Hole Slam and by shocking Stevie with his own taser. On the July 30 episode of Impact! enraged Stevie announced that he was not done with Abyss and placed a $50,000 bounty on his head. After Lethal Consequences and Jethro Holliday tried and failed to collect the bounty, Kevin Nash successfully defended his TNA Legends Championship against Abyss at No Surrender and claimed the $50,000 bounty in the process. On the September 24 episode of Impact! Abyss's mentor Mick Foley turned on him during and after a TNA World Tag Team Championship match against Booker T and Scott Steiner. Foley revealed Abyss as the one who tore up his picture and beat him to a bloody pulp with a video tape and the baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire. Abyss then challenged Foley to a Monster's Ball match which Foley accepted, but only after adding Dr. Stevie as the referee of the match. At Bound for Glory Abyss defeated Foley in the Monster's Ball match after counting the pinfall with the hand of the unconscious Dr. Stevie. Two weeks later Abyss defeated Dr. Stevie via pinfall. After the match Dr. Stevie attacked Abyss with a kendo stick when Mick Foley came to the ring to assist Dr. Stevie. Foley had Stevie hold up Abyss while Foley aligned himself up with a shot at Abyss with a kendo stick when Foley intentionally hit Dr. Stevie instead. Foley walked up the ramp without any reasoning for assisting Abyss. The following week, Foley explained that he had played Dr. Stevie all along and had challenged Abyss to a match at Bound for Glory in order to test how tough he really was, seemingly returning to being a face. Afterwards Foley booked a match between Abyss and Stevie for the following week with the added stipulation that if Stevie lost the match, he would have to leave TNA. On the November 12 episode of Impact! Raven returned to TNA, saved Stevie's future in the company, by costing Abyss a match against him and threw a fireball on Foley's face. During Abyss and Foley's feud with Stevie and Raven TNA shot an angle, in which Stevie set Abyss on fire, that Spike wouldn't let them air on the channel and therefore had to be aired on the company's website. At Final Resolution Abyss and Foley defeated Stevie and Raven in a "Foley's Funhouse" tag team match to end the feud.

Immortal (2010–2012)
When Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff took over TNA at the beginning of 2010, Abyss's TNA career was thrown into question by Bischoff, when Mick Foley refused to work with him. When Foley finally agreed to work with Bischoff, he was booked to face Abyss at Against All Odds in a No Disqualification match as part of the 8 Card Stud Tournament, with the added stipulation that if a barbed wire baseball bat was not used during the match, Abyss would lose his mask on the following episode of Impact!. Abyss defeated Foley with the Black Hole Slam, just as he was going to use the bat. In the semifinals of the tournament, Abyss was defeated by Mr. Anderson.

On the following episode of Impact! Bischoff, with help from Desmond Wolfe, Homicide, Raven, Rhino and Tomko, tried to remove Abyss's mask, only for him to be saved by Hulk Hogan. An exasperated Hogan took Abyss to his office, gave him a pep talk about how he once was the most feared man in the company, and how sick he is of him being a neurotic mess. He offered his guidance and then his Hall of Fame ring and said that it would make Abyss a god of wrestling. On the March 8 Monday night episode of Impact! Abyss teamed up with Hogan in his in-ring TNA debut, a tag team match against Styles and Flair, who was also making his in-ring TNA debut. Abyss won the match by pinning Styles with a Black Hole Slam. Afterwards, the returning Jeff Hardy saved Abyss and Hogan from a beatdown at the hands of Styles, Flair and Desmond Wolfe. At Destination X Abyss failed in his attempt to win the World Heavyweight Championship from Styles, when referee Earl Hebner threw the match out after Abyss chokeslammed Styles through the ring.

The following day on Impact! Abyss was announced as the captain of Team Hogan in the annual Lethal Lockdown match, where they would meet Team Flair, captained by Sting. At Lockdown Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Rob Van Dam and Jeff Hardy defeated Sting, Desmond Wolfe, Robert Roode and James Storm. On the April 26 episode of Impact! Abyss defeated Ric Flair in a match, where Flair's and Hogan's Hall of Fame rings were at stake and as a result Flair lost possession of his ring to Hogan. On the May 3 episode of Impact!, Abyss aided Jay Lethal, who had been given possession of Flair's ring, Rob Van Dam, Team 3D, and Hulk Hogan fight off Ric Flair, AJ Styles, Beer Money, and Desmond Wolfe. Later that night, Abyss lost a Monster's Ball match to AJ Styles, after Flair and Desmond Wolfe's valet Chelsea interfered in the match. The following week Abyss was given a shot at the TNA Global Championship, but was unable to compete after being arrested for allegedly assaulting Chelsea. Later in the night it was revealed that Chelsea and Wolfe, who was scheduled to face Abyss at Sacrifice, had set Abyss up. At Sacrifice Abyss defeated Wolfe to win Chelsea's services for 30 days. The following month at Slammiversary VIII Chelsea turned on Wolfe and helped Abyss defeat him in a Monster's Ball match.

On the following episode of Impact!, Abyss was forced to give Chelsea's custody back to Desmond Wolfe, much to the reluctance of Chelsea. Later in the night, he competed in a three-way match against Mr. Anderson and Jeff Hardy to determine a number one contender to Rob Van Dam's TNA World Heavyweight Championship, which ended in a triple countout. After the match, Abyss turned heel by destroying both of his opponents and having a heated confrontation with Hogan. The following week Abyss revealed that he was being controlled by an entity, who was coming to TNA, before returning Hogan's Hall of Fame ring to him, shoving it down his throat. On the July 15 episode of Impact! the new top ten rankings were revealed with Abyss picking up the top spot to become the new number one contender to Rob Van Dam's TNA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss then began going after Van Dam with a new weapon, a board filled with nails, which he named Janice, which led to Eric Bischoff booking him and Van Dam to face each other in a Stairway to Janice match for the World Heavyweight Championship, with Bischoff himself serving as the referee of the match. The match took place on the August 12 episode of Impact!, when Van Dam defeated Abyss to retain the title. After the match Abyss joined Fourtune members A.J. Styles, Kazarian, Robert Roode, James Storm, Douglas Williams and Matt Morgan in assaulting Van Dam and the rest of EV 2.0, a stable consisting of former Extreme Championship Wrestling performers, during which he apparently hit Van Dam with Janice. As a result of the attack Van Dam was sidelined with a storyline injury, which forced him to vacate the TNA World Heavyweight Championship the following week. This led to people like Jeff Hardy, Hulk Hogan and members of EV 2.0 targeting Abyss in order to avenge their fallen friend. At No Surrender Abyss defeated EV 2.0 member Rhino in a Falls Count Anywhere match. Rob Van Dam returned on the September 23 episode of Impact!, confronting Abyss and demanding a match against him at Bound for Glory, which Eric Bischoff agreed to give him. Later that same night Abyss attacked Jeff Hardy, trying to make an example out of him, while also beating down the heavily taped up Van Dam, when he tried to make the save. On the October 7 live episode of Impact! Abyss was about to be fired by Bischoff for manhandling TNA president Dixie Carter, but was saved by Van Dam, who threatened to quit the company if he wasn't allowed to face Abyss at Bound for Glory. Later in the night Carter agreed to let Van Dam face Abyss, but signed papers to have Abyss fired from TNA the day following the pay–per–view. At Bound for Glory Van Dam defeated Abyss in a Monster's Ball match, after using Janice on him. At the end of the event it was revealed that the entity, who had been controlling Abyss, was an alliance of Hulk Hogan, Eric Bischoff, Jeff Jarrett and the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Hardy, all of whom turned heel and aligned themselves with Abyss. On the following episode of Impact! the stable was named Immortal, as it formed an alliance with Ric Flair's Fortune. Afterwards, Abyss began attacking planted fans, which led to D'Angelo Dinero challenging him to a Lumberjack match. The match took place at Turning Point, where Dinero's own brother and the rest of his lumberjacks turned on him, after being bought out by Eric Bischoff, and helped Abyss pick up the win. The following month at Final Resolution Abyss defeated Dinero in a casket match. On January 9, 2011, at Genesis Abyss replaced an injured A.J. Styles and defeated Douglas Williams, with help from an interfering Styles, to win the TNA Television Championship for the first time. On the January 20 episode of Impact!, as Immortal was attacking Kurt Angle, Crimson made the save for him and hit Abyss in the back with Janice, causing him storyline injuries, which indefinitely sidelined him from TNA.

During his time away from TNA, Abyss was stripped of the TNA Television Championship on March 14 at the tapings of the March 17 episode of Impact!. Abyss returned at the following day's tapings of the March 24 episode of Impact!, attacking Fortune, who had recently turned on Immortal. On the April 14 episode of Impact!, Abyss took revenge on Crimson, interfering in his match and chokeslamming him onto a guardrail. On April 17 at Lockdown, Immortal, represented by Abyss, Bully Ray, Matt Hardy and Ric Flair, was defeated by Fortune members James Storm, Kazarian and Robert Roode and Christopher Daniels, replacing an injured A.J. Styles, in a Lethal Lockdown match. The following month at Sacrifice, Abyss was defeated by Crimson in a singles match. On May 16 at the tapings of the May 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Abyss defeated Kazarian to win the TNA X Division Championship for the first time, continuing Eric Bischoff's war on the X Division. The win also made him a Triple Crown and Grand Slam Champion. With his new title, which he dubbed the Xtreme Championship, Abyss dropped Janice, claiming to no longer need it, and started a new gimmick, which involved him reading and quoting Sun Tzu's The Art of War. On June 12 at Slammiversary IX, Abyss successfully defended the title in a three-way match against Kazarian and Brian Kendrick. On July 10 at Destination X, Abyss lost the X Division Championship to Brian Kendrick. Abyss received his rematch for the title in an Ultimate X match on the July 28 episode of Impact Wrestling, but was unable to regain the title. Abyss's X Division storyline concluded two weeks later on Impact Wrestling, when Eric Bischoff, at the orders of "The Network", ended his war with the division and introduced a 225 lb weight limit to it. Abyss's losing streak continued on August 7 at Hardcore Justice, where he was pinned by A.J. Styles in a six-man tag team match between Immortal and Fortune, after which his stablemates abandoned him in the ring. On the October 13 episode of Impact Wrestling, Abyss turned on Immortal and was afterwards beaten down by his former stablemates.

Abyss wrestled his first match back as a face on the October 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, defeating former stablemate Gunner via countout, when he fled the ring. On November 13 at Turning Point, Abyss and Mr. Anderson defeated their former Immortal stablemates Bully Ray and Scott Steiner in a tag team match. In December, a random draw placed Abyss and Steiner in the same team for the Wild Card Tournament. After defeating Hernandez and Rob Terry in their first-round match, the team was eliminated from the tournament, after Abyss turned on Steiner in their semifinal match against A.J. Styles and Kazarian. Afterwards, Abyss agreed to rejoin Immortal, should Bully Ray be able to defeat him in a Monster's Ball match. On January 8, 2012, at Genesis, Abyss defeated Ray in the Monster's Ball match, but was assaulted backstage following the victory.

Joseph Park (2012–2014)
On the March 8 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park made an appearance without his mask, introducing himself as Joseph Park, Abyss's brother, and saying he was looking for his brother, who had not been seen since Genesis. Park continued making appearances during the following weeks, eventually blaming Bully Ray for his brother's disappearance, which led to Abyss making his return on the May 10 episode of Impact Wrestling and warning his brother that he was "getting too close to the fire". On the June 7 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park agreed to wrestle Bully Ray at Slammiversary for his brother, which led to Abyss making an appearance through a video, threatening both Park and Ray. Three days later at Slammiversary, Park defeated Ray in an Anything Goes match, following interference from Abyss. Park and Ray had a rematch on the July 12 episode of Impact Wrestling in an Anything Goes match, which Ray won after hitting his opponent with a chain. After the match, Park, at the sight of his own blood, attacked Ray and hit him with Abyss's signature Black Hole Slam. On the September 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park was kidnapped by the Aces & Eights stable, who used him to force Hulk Hogan into allowing the group to wrestle for TNA roster spots at Bound for Glory. On the October 25 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park and Hogan had a discussion in which Park wanted revenge on Aces & Eights, even going so far as showing Hogan a legal contract that allowed him to take whatever measures he feels are necessary against the group. On the November 1 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park got a measure of revenge of his kidnappers by unmasking one of the members of Aces & Eights during a brawl between the stable and the TNA locker room. However, immediately afterwards, the now unmasked DOC put Park through a table, which led to Park asking for a match against a member of the stable the following week. Park received his match against DOC on November 11 at Turning Point, where he was unsuccessful. On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, Park announced he was going to Ohio Valley Wrestling and train to become a wrestler. Park returned on the January 10, 2013, episode of Impact Wrestling, asking Hulk Hogan for a match against a member of Aces & Eights, which he was granted. Three days later at Genesis, Park was defeated by Aces & Eights member and Television Champion Devon in a non-title match. On the January 31 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park won his first televised match when he defeated Robbie E. On March 10 at Lockdown, Park defeated Joey Ryan in a singles match.

Park returned under his Abyss persona on the May 9 episode of Impact Wrestling, joining Sting and Kurt Angle as their partner in the main event six-man tag team match against Aces & Eights' Bully Ray, Devon, and Mr. Anderson; Abyss chokeslammed Anderson through a table before hitting the Black Hole Slam on Devon and pinning him for the victory. The following week, Hulk Hogan called out Abyss to thank him for his services, however, Joseph Park came out and claimed he was continuing the search for his brother. During his promo, Devon interrupted and claimed he was out for Abyss. Later that night, Park defeated Aces & Eights' D'Lo Brown to earn a shot at Devon's TNA Television Championship. On June 2 at Slammiversary XI, Park was attacked by Aces & Eights before his scheduled match with Devon, who was then awarded a count-out victory. Following this, Abyss returned and defeated Devon to win his second Television Championship. However, he never defended the title and the title was retired one year later, on July 3, 2014. On the June 13 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park defeated Crimson to qualify for the 2013 Bound for Glory Series. On the July 4 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park lost to Jeff Hardy in a BFG Series match via disqualification, after he started bleeding from the mouth, causing him to snap and attack the referee, which also cost Park ten points in the tournament. Park claimed that he had no recollection of the incident. On the August 1 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park defeated Jay Bradley via pinfall to earn seven points in the tournament. On the August 22 episode of Impact Wrestling, Park defeated Christopher Daniels, Hernandez, and Jay Bradley in a street fight to earn twenty points in the series, after again snapping at the sight of his own blood. Park's participation in the tournament ended on the August 28 episode of TNA Xplosion, when he was defeated by Bradley, leaving him outside a spot in the semi-finals. After failing to win the BFG series Park formed a tag team with Eric Young. On October 20, 2013, at Bound for Glory Abyss made his return coming to the aid of Eric Young after he was attacked by Bad Influence. On October 31, 2013, episode of Impact Wrestling, Abyss came to the aid of Eric Young again after he was attacked by Bad Influence, and proved he is no threat to Eric Young. However, on December 5, 2013, Bad Influence revealed the Park' Law Firm closed 15 years ago. Next week, Park and Young defeated Bad Influence. After the match, Young said to Park that he was Abyss. On December 26, 2013, Young booked a Monster Balls match between Bad Influence and Park and gave Janice to Park. Joseph won the match when he turned into Abyss. At the TNA One Night Only: Hardcore Justice 3 event, Park and Young defeated Bad Influence in a Full Metal Mayhem match and later on in the main event, Abyss was revealed as the fourth and mystery member of Team Angle in the Lethal Lockdown, which his team would go on to win.

Various alliances (2014–2015)
On the February 6, 2014, episode of Impact Wrestling, Abyss defeated Eric Young in a Monster's Ball match. However, Young ripped off Abyss's mask during the match, revealing that Abyss and Joseph Park are the same person. On the February 13 episode of Impact Wrestling, Abyss confronted Young while saying that he was leaving to fix Young's mistake. On March 9 at Lockdown, Abyss turned heel again upon emerging from beneath the ring and attacking Samoa Joe during Joe's World Heavyweight Championship match against Magnus, allowing Magnus to defeat Joe and retain the title. It was revealed on the following episode of Impact Wrestling that Abyss, now wearing a new mask, was Magnus' new "insurance policy". On the April 24 episode of Impact Wrestling, Abyss broke up with Magnus and was later attacked by Magnus with a chair after he defeated him by DQ, Abyss turned face again. The pre-match stipulation for this match was that if Abyss could beat Magnus, then he would gain a TNA contract, but due to the DQ result, it has been left unclear as to whether he earned a contract or not. Abyss returned on the July 24 episode of Impact Wrestling where he saved Mr. Anderson and Samuel Shaw from a beatdown and clearing the ring. On the August 7 episode of Impact Wrestling, Bram defeated Abyss in a hardcore match. Two weeks later, at Hardcore Justice, Bram beat Abyss in a 'Stairway to Janice' match. At Bound for Glory, Abyss teamed with Tommy Dreamer, but they were defeated by Team 3D.

On the November 12, 2014, edition of Impact Wrestling, Abyss turned heel again by joining The Revolution and teaming with James Storm and they defeated The Wolves to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. On January 30, 2015, The Revolution lost the titles against The Wolves. On September 23, 2015, Abyss announced that he left The Revolution. At Bound for Glory, he participated at the Bound for Gold, but was eliminated by the eventual winner Tyrus. During October and November, he participated in the TNA World Title Series. Abyss ended third of his block, failing into advance to the finals.

Decay (2016–2017)
On the January 26, 2016, episode of Impact Wrestling, Abyss, once again as a heel, returned to side with Crazzy Steve and Rosemary to form a new stable called Decay. They attacked TNA World Tag Team Champions The Wolves and stole their titles. On March 19, 2016, Decay defeated Beer Money to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. This was Abyss's second reign individually. On the May 3, 2016, episode of Impact Wrestling, Rosemary spit green mist into his face before his match with James Storm. It was also that night that Abyss revealed his new look, with zombie-style face paint after removing his mask. Decay received an invitation from the Broken Hardys, to go to the Hardy Compound for a plotted brawl dubbed, "Delete or Decay." At Bound for Glory, Decay lost the titles against The Hardys. Decay would have their rematch the following episode of Impact Wrestling taking on the Hardys in a "Wolf Creek cage match," in a losing effort. On the December 15 episode of Impact Wrestling dubbed "Total Nonstop Deletion," Decay was one of the many tag teams to answer The Broken Hardys open invitational known as Tag Team Apocalypto. Losing to The Broken Hardys as the last eliminated tag team. After defeating The Helms Dynasty on the January 5, 2017, episode of Impact Wrestling, Decay's celebration was cut short by the sudden arrival of the DCC, who ambushed Abyss and Crazzy Steve by smashing beer bottles over their heads, with Bram issuing a threat to Rosemary afterwards. On the January 6 One Night Only: Live PPV, Abyss and Crazzy Steve would ambush the DCC after James Storm's victory over Jessie Godderz, misting Storm and Bram, incapacitating them while Abyss chokeslammed Kingston. On April 20, 2017, Crazzy Steve announced that he was no longer with Impact Wrestling, and Decay disbanded soon after with Rosemary focusing on defending the Knockouts Championship.

Return of Joseph Park (2017–2018)
On April 23, 2017, at the taping for the May 18, 2017, episode of Impact Wrestling, Joseph Park made his Impact Wrestling return, interrupting Josh Mathews to announce that he would be the tag partner of Jeremy Borash at Slammiversary XV in his match against Mathews and Scott Steiner. At Slammiversary, Park turned into Abyss midway through the match through the help of a returning Father Mitchell and went on to win the match for his team. Park subsequently returned multiple times to help Grado stay in the United States, only to turn heel for the first time as Joseph Park by revealing that he had taken advantage of Grado by skimming most of his earnings. The feud between Park and Grado culminated at Bound for Glory in a Monster's Ball Match; at the event, Park, in his Abyss persona, defeated Grado, who was forced to leave the country due to the match's stipulations.

Impact Hall of Famer (2018–2019)
In early 2018, Jimmy Jacobs brought Kongo Kong to Impact, calling him the "new monster of Impact", calling out Abyss. After refusing for weeks to "let out Abyss" as Joseph Park, leading to increasing attacks on Park's law office and family, Abyss returned, accompanied again by James Mitchell, leading to a Monster's Ball match on the March 22 episode of Impact!. Kong won the match. On October 18, Mitchell inducted Abyss into the Impact Hall of Fame. On January 23, 2019, it was reported that Abyss had been granted his release from Impact Wrestling, ending his 17-year tenure with the promotion.

Independent circuit (2004–2019)
Abyss first appeared in Ring of Honor (ROH) in 2004, brought in as a bodyguard to the stable Special K, but was limited to a single appearance as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling subsequently pulled all of their contracted talent from ROH. Abyss returned in the summer of 2005, this time as a member of Prince Nana's heel stable The Embassy as they feuded with Generation Next. The feud between the Embassy and Generation Next lasted through the rest of 2005, with several matches and brawls taking place between both teams. The feud culminated in a Steel Cage Warfare match at December's Steel Cage Warfare, where Abyss teamed with Alex Shelley, Jimmy Rave, and Prince Nana to take on Austin Aries, Roderick Strong, Jack Evans, and Matt Sydal. Abyss was eliminated in the match by Jack Evans after a moonsault, and Generation Next eventually won the match and the stables' war. In January 2006, Abyss teamed with fellow Embassy members Jimmy Rave and Alex Shelley to win ROH's Trios Tournament, with all three Embassy members earning ROH World Championship shots; however, Abyss left ROH before he could use the privilege.

On October 28, 2006, Abyss defeated Michael Sain in a Casket Match for URW in Somerset, Massachusetts

On the July 25, 2018, episode of OVW TV, Abyss defeated Amon to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship. On August 1, 2018, Abyss was stripped of the championship by Dean Hill. On October 10, Abyss defeated Justin Smooth to win the OVW Championship for the second time. On the January 30, 2019, episode of OVW TV, Abyss lost the OVW Heavyweight Championship to Tony Gunn.

Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2004–2012)
From April to June 2004, Abyss made four appearances for Mexican promotion AAA, which included a six-man tag team match at Triplemanía XII, where he, Abismo Negro and Chessman were defeated by Gronda, Héctor Garza and Latin Lover.

Abyss returned to the promotion on September 17, 2006, at Verano de Escándalo, where he and fellow TNA workers Jeff Jarrett and Konnan, representing La Legión Extranjera ("The Foreign Legion"), were defeated via disqualification by the team of Gronda, La Parka and Octagón.

Abyss's following appearance for AAA took place four years later on June 6, 2010, at Triplemanía XVIII, where he, now working as a face, teamed with Cibernético to defeat El Zorro and Vampiro Canadiense in a tag team match.

In May 2011, AAA started a storyline, where wrestlers from TNA, led by Jeff Jarrett, announced their intention of taking over the promotion. The first major development of the storyline took place on May 18, when Jarrett and Abyss invaded a AAA event and eventually revealed that they were working together with the heel group La Sociedad, whose leader Dorian Roldán announced his intention of replacing the letters AAA with TNA. Later that same show, Abyss teamed with Jarrett and fellow La Sociedad member Super Crazy in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Dr. Wagner, Jr., Joe Líder and Nicho el Millonario. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Abyss and Mr. Anderson unsuccessfully challenged Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans for the AAA World Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match. On July 20, Abyss teamed with Chessman and Último Gladiador in a six-man tag team match, where they faced Joe Líder, Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans. Abyss won the match for La Sociedad by pinning Líder after Black Hole Slamming him onto a pile of thumbtacks and afterwards also slammed Tiger onto them. This led to a Monster's Ball match on July 31 at Verano de Escándalo, where Chessman defeated Abyss, Líder and Tiger. On September 11, La Sociedad co-leader Konnan announced that on October 9 at Héroes Inmortales, Abyss and Chessman would challenge Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans for the AAA World Tag Team Championship. At the pay-per-view, Abyss and Chessman defeated Tiger and Evans in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to become the new AAA World Tag Team Champions. Abyss and Chessman made their first successful title defense on May 6, 2012, defeated the Mexican Powers (Joe Líder and Juventud Guerrera).

Abyss returned to AAA on July 13, unsuccessfully challenging L.A. Park for the AAA Latin American Championship. On October 7 at Héroes Inmortales, Abyss and Chessman lost the AAA World Tag Team Championship to Joe Líder and Vampiro, ending their reign at 364 days. Following the loss, Abyss turned on Chessman, ending the partnership between the two. This would be the final appearance for Abyss for the promotion and would later retire from professional wrestling.

WWE (2019–present)
In January 2019, Park signed with WWE as a producer. On the August 14, 2020, episode of SmackDown, Park made his on screen WWE debut, appearing as the statistician for AJ Styles.

Other media
Abyss has appeared in the video games TNA Impact!, TNA Wrestling and TNA Wrestling Impact!.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
 * AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chessman
 * American States Wrestling Alliance
 * ASWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chris Harris
 * Border City Wrestling
 * BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Buckeye Pro Wrestling
 * BPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Buzzsaw Championship Wrestling
 * BCW Buzzsaw Championship (1 time)
 * 	Compound Pro Wrestling
 * ComPro Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Intense Championship Wrestling
 * ICW Heavyweight Champion (1 time)
 * International Wrestling Association
 * IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * IWA Hardcore Championship (3 times)
 * IWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Miguel Pérez, Jr. (2) and Glamour Boy Shane (1)
 * Mid South Wrestling Alliance
 * BCW Buzzsaw Championship (1 time)
 * Monster Factory Pro Wrestling
 * MFPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Iowa Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Wildside Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Florida Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * OVW Heavyweight Title Tournament (2018)
 * One Pro Wrestling
 * 1PW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * 1PW Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2006)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 23 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 2007 and 2010
 * Ring Ka King
 * RKK Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scott Steiner
 * World Cup of Ring Ka King (2012) – with Scott Steiner, Deadly Danda, Sir Brutus Magnus, and Sonjay Dutt
 * Ring of Honor
 * Trios Tournament (2006) – with Alex Shelley and Jimmy Rave
 * River City Wrestling
 * RCW Championship (1 time)
 * Superkick'D
 * Superkick'D Championship (1 time)
 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling/Impact Wrestling
 * NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * TNA X Division Championship (1 time)
 * TNA Television Championship (2 times)
 * TNA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with James Storm (1) and Crazzy Steve (1)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with A.J. Styles
 * Gauntlet for the Gold (2005 – Heavyweight)
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text:
The Richleighs of Tantamount

The Richleighs of Tantamount is a children's historical novel written by British author Barbara Willard. It was originally published in the United Kingdom in 1966 by the Constable publishing firm, before being published in the United States by Harcourt, Brace & World in June 1967. C. Walter Hodges drew the line illustrations and painted the cover portrait for the original edition. The book received mostly positive reviews.

Synopsis
Four young siblings—Edwin, Angeline, Sebastian and Maud—live together in a London mansion in Victorian society (ca. the 1870s), along with their wealthy parents. The four children have longed all their lives to visit Tantamount, a castle on the Cornish coast, built by their great-great-great-grandfather. From time to time, the children wonder about its mysterious past as they look at the painting of the castle that dominates a wall in their drawing room.

Their lives are changed one July when their father contracts a serious illness. The children are sent to stay at the castle while their parents go on a sea voyage to repair his health. Only when the children begin to explore do they realize that despite being built and furnished in magnificent style, the castle is suffering from decades of neglect. The tutor and governess are shocked by the condition of the place and leave abruptly. Soon the recently engaged servants do the same, but the children decide to stay on alone.

Regarding themselves as castaways, they enjoy their freedom despite the hardships. They make friends with two local children, Nancy and Dick, and are worried when they disappear. They begin to suspect that the castle is being used for smuggling and even wrecking. Tantamount is destroyed by fire, but when the parents arrive at last they are relieved to find their children have survived.

The Richleigh four

 * Edwin Richleigh, 16: the eldest and most educated of the siblings, and heir to the family's fortune.
 * Angeline Richleigh, 14: rebellious but innocent in appearance.
 * Sebastian Richleigh, 11: the big question-asker who always remembers the answers better than his older brother.
 * Maud Richleigh, 8: treated by everyone except older Angeline as the baby of the family; she is the prettiest among the four.

Their parents

 * Major Sir Rautboy Richleigh (pronounced Raw-bee), England's third-richest man.
 * Lady Daisy, his wife, heiress and earl's daughter.

Inside the London house

 * Mr. Gaunt, Edwin's English tutor.
 * Miss Venus, the governess; teacher of Angeline, Sebastian and Maud.
 * Old Nurse and New Nurse, the caretakers responsible for the house's upkeep. They both make their first appearances when the book begins.
 * Lance, the pageboy, “ready to answer the door if need be”. He also appears at the start of the book.

Mentioned by the family

 * Lady Augusta, Queen Victoria's cousin, who lives across the square near which the Richleighs live.
 * Uncle Charles, Sir Rautboy's stern, serious, long-faced brother, whom the four children all dread.

At Tantamount and vicinity

 * Mr. Devine, an agent from Exeter who takes to the castle's upkeep and reports on its conditions annually.
 * Mrs. Pengelly, a visitor from England's southern region who assists in helping the four children and company upon their arrival at Tantamount.
 * (Mr.) Pengelly, her husband.
 * Betsy Pengelly, the Pengellys' daughter.
 * Nancy Treloar and her brother Dick Treloar, two local children whom the Richleighs discover during the first day of their visit.
 * Kate Treloar, their aunt, who lives miles away from Tantamount at a place called Penwellow.
 * Mr. John Pascoe, a kind man who owns a farm called Treligger.
 * Mrs. Pascoe, his sour and unjust wife.
 * William Treloar, Nancy and Dick's father.

Reception
Critical response to The Richleighs of Tantamount was mostly positive. Writing for the Chicago Tribune, Madeleine L'Engle deemed Richleighs a "beautifully wrought Gothic tale", adding: "Miss Willard has already shown herself to be one of the finest writers for children today, and in this book her talent shows new strength and depth." The Saskatoon Star-Phoenix said, "[This] Victorian atmosphere story...is illustrated in a Dickenson manner which will restore some of the old Christmas spirit to the young of the present days." Clarice Bosacker of the Albert Lea Sunday Tribune remarked, "[The adventure in this book] all combines to make exciting reading for the 12-year-old and up. [With] Willard's large following in England [...] it's a sure bet that The Richleighs of Tantamount will do her reputation no harm." Conversely, The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books gave it an "NR" ("Not recommended") rating in 1968, writing: "A rather long-winded tale...[whose] fustian and artificial plot cannot quite be overcome by the author's ability to write, frequently, an illuminating descriptive passage."

title: The Richleighs of Tantamount


text: User talk:217.160.226.2

title: User talk:217.160.226.2