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Ealing North (UK Parliament constituency)

Ealing North is a constituency, created in 1950. Since the 2019 general election, it has been represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by James Murray of Labour Co-op.

Constituency profile
Straddling the Western Avenue and directly south of Harrow, Ealing North occupies the north-western part of the London Borough of Ealing.

History
From the February 1974 to 2005 general elections inclusive, it was a Labour-Conservative marginal, being won by the party forming the government, and thus a bellwether. Since 1997, is on the length of tenure measure (but not necessarily extent of majority) a "safe" Labour seat. The party's newly selected candidate for MP in 2019 came 12,269 votes ahead of the Conservative candidate, a majority of almost 25% of the votes cast.

Boundaries
1950–1974: The Municipal Borough of Ealing wards of Greenford Central, Greenford North, Greenford South, Hanger Hill, Northolt, and Perivale.

1974–1983: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Brent, Cleveland, Horsenden, Mandeville, Perivale, Ravenor, and West End.

1983–1997: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Argyle, Costons, Hobbayne, Mandeville, Perivale, Ravenor, West End, and Wood End.

1997–2010: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Argyle, Costons, Hanger Hill, Hobbayne, Horsenden, Mandeville, Perivale, Pitshanger, Ravenor, West End, and Wood End.

2010–2024: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Cleveland, Greenford Broadway, Greenford Green, Hobbayne, North Greenford, Northolt Mandeville, Northolt West End, and Perivale.

For the 2010 general election, under the national Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England made minor changes to Ealing North. Part of Greenford Broadway ward, along with tiny parts of Hobbayne; and Dormers Wells wards were transferred to Ealing Southall. Tiny parts of the latter two wards were exchanged in return. Parts of Ealing Broadway and Hanger Hill wards were moved to the new Ealing Central and Acton so the latter came into existence to avoid its forerunner's mention of Shepherd Bush and avoid its containing much of that part of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.

2010–2024: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Central Greenford, Greenford Broadway, North Greenford, North Hanwell, Northolt Mandeville, Northolt West End, Perivale, and Pitshanger.
 * Minor loss to align boundaries with those of new local authority wards.

Elections in the 1980s
Note: This constituency underwent boundary changes after the 1979 election, so was notionally a Labour seat.

Elections in the 1970s
New constituency boundaries introduced for the February 1974 general election.


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Shadow Lord

Shadow Lord or Shadowlord may refer to:

Politics

 * Shadow Lord Chancellor, a member of the British Shadow Cabinet

Literature

 * Shadow Lord (novel), a Star Trek novel
 * The Shadow Lord, a villain from the Deltora Quest series

Toys

 * Shadowlord (board game), a board game published by Parker Brothers in 1983

Video games

 * The Shadowlord, an antagonist in the video game Nier
 * The Shadow Lord, an antagonist in the video game Final Fantasy XI
 * The Shadowlords, characters in Ultima V: Warriors of Destiny

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shadow Lord


text:
Sequestration

Sequestration or sequester may refer to:

Law and government

 * Sequestration (law), the seizure of property for creditors or the state. See also Committee for Compounding with Delinquents
 * Jury sequestration, the isolation of a jury
 * Bankruptcy, in Scottish law
 * Budget sequestration, U.S. legal procedure in which automatic spending cuts are triggered
 * Budget sequestration in 2013, automatic spending cuts to the U.S. federal budget beginning in 2013
 * A euphemism for asset forfeiture by the state

Science

 * Carbon sequestration
 * Biological processes in which an organism accumulates a compound or tissue:
 * Bile acid sequestrant
 * Pulmonary sequestration
 * Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestration
 * Chelation, bonding between a polydentate ligand and a central atom

Other uses

 * Sequester (band)
 * Sequestered (TV series), a Crackle television series
 * Vibius Sequester, (4th or 5th century), Roman geographer
 * Protective sequestration, a public health measure

title: Sequestration


text:
Libertarian Alliance

The Libertarian Alliance (LA) refers to two libertarian think tanks in the UK. Originally one organisation, it split in 1982. One Libertarian Alliance was renamed "Mises UK" in 2017; the remaining Libertarian Alliance holds regular meetings in London.

Early history
The Libertarian Alliance was founded to advocate the abolition of taxation and government intervention in economic and social life.

With ancestral ties to the Liberty and Property Defence League of Lord Elcho and Sir Ernest Benn's Society of Individualists, the LA was founded in the 1970s by Mark Brady, Judy Englander, David Ramsay Steele and Chris Tame in Woking. It was an alliance of libertarians, minarchists, anarchists, and classical liberals. The LA was perceived to be the continuation of the Radical Libertarian Alliance founded by Brady and Tame in late 1971, or the earlier Young Libertarians founded by David Myddelton in the late 1960s.

The principles of the LA were formulated by the founding members, and written out by David Ramsay Steele in its first Tactical Note. At its founding, the LA had no official leader, but had a chairperson, secretary, and a treasurer. The Alternative Bookshop, formed in 1978, became the unofficial hub of LA activities for a time. The Alternative Bookshop, with Tame as its manager, was advertised in the National Association for Freedom's publication, The Free Nation.

In 1982 a power struggle within the organisation caused a split. From then until 2017 there were two groups calling themselves the Libertarian Alliance and using the same logo and using the phrase "Let a Thousand Libertarian Alliances Bloom!".

The Tame Libertarian Alliance
The organisation led by Chris Tame from 1982 until his death in March 2006, was led by Sean Gabb from 2006 to 2017, whose involvement with the Libertarian Alliance dated back to December 1979. The Tame-Gabb Libertarian Alliance owned the libertarian.co.uk website, and managed The Libertarian Alliance Blog. In 2015 Gabb's Libertarian Alliance was recognised by HMRC as an educational charity.

The Tame-Gabb LA for many years held dinners and conferences with high-profile speakers as Adam Smith Institute Director Eamonn Butler and libertarian writer Claire Fox in 2006, anarcho-capitalist philosophers David D. Friedman and Hans-Hermann Hoppe in 2008, and LGBT activist Peter Tatchell and Conservative Party Member of Parliament Steve Baker in 2010. Since 2010, there have been no such events, with the focus being on publications, social media, and the Free Life Podcast.

The Tame-Gabb Libertarian Alliance was a member of Backlash, which was formed in 2005 in order to oppose a new law criminalising possession of "extreme pornography".

In June 2017, Gabb gave the Libertarian Alliance to Keir Martland, who renamed it Mises UK. Mises UK maintains the Libertarian Alliance Archives, which "include nearly 800 pamphlets in print and from more than 150 authors". As of 2023, the website is offline.

The McDonagh Libertarian Alliance
The Libertarian Alliance run by David McDonagh holds regular talks in London. There is evidence of a rapprochement between the two Libertarian Alliances, with some of these talks being given by Sean Gabb and Keir Martland. They also maintain archives of the Libertarian Alliance magazine "Free Life".

title: Libertarian Alliance


text:
Talk:Hidden curriculum

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bd184503. Peer reviewers: CassLong, KKato1994.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:25, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Brian
Brian Jackson or Philip Wesley Jackson? Gubbubu 12:04, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This passage seems to be from a conspiracist perspective
"For instance, it is very interesting that members of Skull and Bones in the United States have played a preponderant part as the historical designers who chose to engineer a German-Prussian pegagogy and school organization. They wanted a U.S. school experience from the start based on purposive mass behavior modification, social engineering, and centralized curricula system (based on curricula 'castes' decided by previous socioeconomic status instead of ability) instead of assumptions of individualized discernment, learning and congnitive equality."

Thanks
 * Not only is it a conspiracy theory, it is irrelevant. It discusses overt curriculum design, not the hidden curriculum. I removed it.Cherlin 22:28, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Unsuitable entry
Below the "Also See" section...

"Also, hidden curriculum ruins the lives of many, according to the National Association for Recovering Public School Students (NARPSS). Statistics show that students subjected to a hidden curriculum are 60% more likely to fail out of school by grade 8."

 * Not only was this placed outside of a clearly defined section, the tone and style is not suitable for an encyclopedia. The statement is also unsourced and NPOV. It has been deleted. King of Corsairs 00:55, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

So Marxist-based schooling has no hidden curriculum?
John Dewey and his followers have been overhauling American schools by now for around a century by now. Now, does anybody wonder if the new and improved anti-Capitalist, pro-diversity, group learning, student-centered schools have got a hidden curriculum? When you have an institution that officially claims to teach kids math and history but quite openly declares its allegiance to the teaching of sustainability, equality, democracy, social justice and other such topics and develops its teaching program based on that, is that a "hidden curriculum"? Or maybe it's a blatantly open curriculum, huh? 76.24.104.52 (talk) 01:47, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

New Section/ Sub-section Idea
I would like to add a new sub-section to this article focusing on how heteronormativity plays a role in schools through the hidden curriculum. I am working on this through the Wiki Education project. I would be open to anyones thoughts or suggestions on references!

Potential Bibliography for additions:

Alsubaie, M. A. (2015). Hidden curriculum as one of current issue of curriculum. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(33), 125–128.

Chesir-Teran, D., & Hughes, D. (2009). Heterosexism in high school and victimization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning students. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38(7), 963–975. Retrieved from http://www.library.ohiou.edu/ezpauth/redir/athens.php?http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscoho st.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dsih%26AN%3D41581764%26site% 3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite

Martin, K. (1998). Becoming a gendered body. American Sociological Review (63)3, 494=511.

Preston, M. J. (2016). “They’re just not mature right now”: Teachers’ complicated perceptions of gender and anti-queer bullying. Sex Education, 16(1), 22–34. http://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1019665

Toomey, R. B., McGuire, J. K., & Russell, S. T. (2012). Heteronormativity, school climates, and perceived safety for gender nonconforming peers. Journal Of Adolescence, 35(1), 187-196. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.03.001

Yep, G. A. (2002). From homophobia and heterosexism to heteronormativity. Journal of Lesbian Studies. http://doi.org/10.1300/J155v06n03_14 Bd184503 (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 23:52, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

Addition Made to Aspects Section
I have added a subsection to the "aspects" section on the hidden curriculum of heteronormatity, Bd184503 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:17, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

Edits Made
I have added additional Wiki links to articles, as well as cleaned up some other place issues within the article. 64.247.113.169 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:29, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

Punctuation and citation edits made to the introductory section. Minor edits to wording made in the heteronormativity section. Bd184503 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 21:53, 29 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hidden curriculum


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Mountaga Tall

Mountaga Tall (born December 10, 1956) is a Malian politician who is President of the National Congress for Democratic Initiative (CNID) and served in the government of Mali as Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research from 2014 to 2016 and Minister of the Digital Economy and Communication from 2016 to 2017. Previously he was First Vice-President of the National Assembly of Mali from 2002 to 2007.

Political career
Tall was born in Ségou. A lawyer by profession, he founded CNID and ran as the party's candidate in the 1992 presidential election, when he placed third with 11.41% of the votes, after Alpha Oumar Konaré (ADEMA-PASJ) and Tiéoulé Konaté (US-RDA). He served as a Deputy in the National Assembly from 1992 to 1997.

The CNID, along with other opposition parties, boycotted the presidential election held on May 11, 1997. On May 12, Tall said that Konaré, who had been re-elected, was not legitimately President; Tall's office was attacked with molotov cocktails and badly damaged on the same day. Tall and CNID participated in a boycott of the July 1997 parliamentary election. He was one of many opposition leaders who were arrested on August 9, 1997, in connection with the killing of a police officer at a rally on August 8; they were charged on August 14.

At a CNID party congress held in Bamako in early March 2002, Tall was nominated without opposition as the party's candidate for the April 2002 presidential election. He won 3.86% of the votes in the first round of the presidential election and took fifth place. In the July 2002 parliamentary election, Tall was part of a candidate list of the Espoir 2002 coalition, which included CNID, in Ségou constituency, and he was elected. Following this election, he became the First Vice-President of the National Assembly, remaining in that post through the five-year parliamentary term (2002–2007).

When the Pan-African Parliament began meeting in March 2004, Tall became one of Mali's five members.

Tall was again elected to a seat in the National Assembly in the July 2007 parliamentary election, running at the head of an ADEMA-CNID-URD list in Ségou. Although the list did not win a majority in its district in the first round, in the second round it won 63.89%. At the beginning of the new National Assembly's term on September 3, Tall was a candidate for the position of President of the National Assembly, but he was defeated by ADEMA President Dioncounda Traoré; Tall received 31 votes while Traoré received 111.

In addition to serving in the National Assembly, Tall was also a member of the Parliament of the Economic Community of West African States.

In the November–December 2013 parliamentary election, Tall sought re-election to the National Assembly as a candidate in Ségou but was defeated in the second round of voting.

Under President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Tall was appointed to the government as Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research on 11 April 2014. He was moved to the post of Minister of the Digital Economy and Communication, as well as Government Spokesman, on 7 July 2016. He was dismissed from the government on 11 April 2017.

title: Mountaga Tall


text:
Photo Story

Microsoft Photo Story is a free application that allows users to create a visual story (show and tell presentation) from their digital photos. The software uses the Ken Burns Effect on digital photos and allows adding narration, effects, transitions and background music to create a Windows Media Video movie file with pan and zoom effects. Once a photo story has been made, it can be played on a PC using Windows Media Player. Since the .wmv format is used, Windows Media Video Image (a sub-set of Windows Media Video) is incompatible with domestic DVD players, users wishing to create a DVD or CD will need to use third-party tools to convert into DVD compatible (e.g. MPEG 2) format first.

Version 2 was included in Microsoft Plus! Digital Media Edition and Microsoft Digital Image Suite versions 9 and 10. It supported exporting the photo story as a Video CD. Version 3.0, although still a free download from Microsoft, removed direct Video CD burning, but supported a paid-for add-on from Sonic Solutions for exporting and burning the photo story to DVD.

The final free download version (3.0) includes the ability to randomly generate background music which is composed on the fly from a combination of themes and also includes basic photo editing and touchup features.

The last version of Photo Story (3.1) was included with the discontinued Microsoft Digital Image 2006. It restored the ability to burn a Video CD using the Sonic Burning engine.

To burn CDs or DVDs from files generated by version 3.0, users may purchase Sonic MyDVD DVD burning software or the Sonic DVD for Photo Story 3 for Windows plug in (which burns one DVD per Story). Third party tools, such as Media Coder, often do a very poor (low quality) job of converting Photo Story wmv files - Windows Movie Maker does a far better job of converting into an intermediate .avi format (although this will be some 30 times larger than the original wmv) which many DVD Authoring packages will accept as input. The final DVD compatible MPEG2 file size will typically be 5 to 6 times larger than the original .wmv file (or about 6 times smaller than the avi).

History
Photo Story originally was based on a Microsoft Research project in photo sharing. The chief finding of that research was that people narrated better stories when they moved their hands, made gestures and pointed at their images. Early Photo Story prototype versions encouraged people to point at their images using the mouse, as the pointing would affect the algorithm that generated the pans and zooms.

The same research showed that users did not like the sound of their voice and tended to record their narration over and over again. This made the narration less spontaneous and the resulting stories less interesting if people were unable to express themselves clearly. Therefore, the early prototype had only one button, called the "Oops!" button. The research showed that if there was an OOPS! button available to undo their actions, people would be assured by its presence but would not use it unless they truly made a mistake during narration.

Photo Story was not included with Windows XP, though it was and continues to be made available as a free download to authenticated users.

Vista and Windows 7 both include Photo Story type applications (Windows Movie Maker and Windows DVD Maker), however some users still prefer the flexibility offered by the original.

Limitations
The maximum number of images that may be imported in a single batch is 200. The maximum image size is 72,300 (width) x 7,200 (height) pixels. The maximum output resolution offered by Microsoft is 1024 x 768, however 3rd parties have developed new output .prx 'profiles' that, if placed in your \Photo Story 3 for Windows\Profiles\1033 sub-folder, can be selected at output time.

The single supported video output format is .wmv (using the Windows Media Video 9.1 Image codec, a subset of Windows Media Video). The single supported audio output format is AAC (Advanced Audio Coding).

The 'crop' and 'zoom' tool is fixed at 4:3 aspect ratio. To support 16:9 wide screen output (which is possible to obtain at output time using a third-party profile), it is necessary to 'pre-distort' all your imported images by adjusting the image height to 133.33%.

The chargeable 'Roxio' plug-in (now owned by Sony) allows users to 'burn' their completed 'story' direct to a DVD or CD. Sonic MyDVD (v5.5 or higher) is required if you want to edit the disc and add more stories or movies, thus more available storage.

Users should avoid any 'crop' or 'zoom' size below their intended output resolution - ideally, stop at twice the output size. If a smaller crop or zoom is required, significantly better results will be achieved by resizing the original in some third-party application (e.g. PaintShop Pro, PhotoShop) first.

Photo Story is not officially supported on the Vista or Windows 7 platform, although it downloads and installs fine on both Vista and Windows 7 32-bit and 64-bit.

title: Photo Story


text:
Talk:Philip Selway

NPOV
Comments about his friendliness and the fact that he is underrated are not appropriate. I do not know enough about him to clean this article in a satisfactory manner. Rje 12:09, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Yeah
yeah, but I've watched interviews with Selway and for me it's a proven fact, that he is very polite and nice fellow. Also, most fans of Radiohead say about him that he is underrated and overlooked member, providing the rhythmic section of the band with complexity and variety. also, this is my article, so in fact I don't care what you think.

 * I am not disputing the fact that he is a nice guy and a talented drummer. However, by saying that he is one of the friendliest members of Radiohead, one of the most underrated members etc. is to express an opinion, which goes against NPOV policy. Also, while you may be the major contributor, this article does not belong to you, by editing Wikipedia you are effectively releasing your work to the public. Rje 14:34, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * To be fair I think it does need to be said - I have met Phil and he is possibly one of the nicest people you will ever meet. In regards to NPOV policy and think it is possible to include this. If you say something like "it is common opinion that" or something along those lines then I think this would be reasonable. Sebbi (2.9.2005)

 * Please remember that all contributions to Wikipedia must be verifiable with reference to reliable, published sources. Matt Eason 00:10, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Some edits
I removed the "Role in the Band" stuff as it's clearly POV. I like the "is cited as one of the best and most respected" bit, but let's hear the citation. As it was, it's just fanboy talk.

I also removed a sentence about Bite '05 because I had no idea what it meant. And also seemed to be using future tense describing a past date. I'll repost here so it can be merged back in:
 * Following Radiohead's earlier collaboration (October 2003) with Merce Cunningham, Phil has been confirmed as a guest on several nights at Bite '05 at London's Barbican Theatre in June 2 to 5.

Also, where did this picture come from? --Staecker 28 June 2005 16:20 (UTC)

Some more edits
Phil joined when he was about 13 or 14, before this he was with Ed and Thom in TNT - he wasn't a touring musician or an English teacher by then. However, he did do these things during the many breaks Radiohead have had and he was a pit musician while he was at university.

His involvement in the Samartians, I think could do with some ellaboration. He started while at university and has since risen through the ranks to become an official spokesman for the group. He started, by the way, manning phones.

Phil vs Philip
His new album is released under the name of Philip Selway, and that is also how he is credited on Radiohead's latest record, In Rainbows. Should we change Phil to Philip?--Merijn2 (talk) 08:18, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Wondering the same189.59.151.5 (talk) 01:21, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

Emma Huzzey?
Who is Emma Huzzey, and why is she referenced in this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.246.55.140 (talk) 17:17, 12 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Seems to be vandalism from December 2010(!) I've reverted it. Interplanet Janet (talk) 21:49, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 15:55, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Phil Selway → Philip Selway – Phil releases solo music as Philip, is credited as such in recent albums as mentioned above, and currently signs Dead Air Space posts under his full name. Seems appropriate to have the article under that name too. U-Mos (talk) 19:11, 7 July 2012 (UTC) Comment To clarify, in terms of albums the credits read "Phil Selway" on Pablo Honey (where Jonny Greenwood is also listed as Jon) and OK Computer, and "Philip Selway" on the more recent Hail to the Thief and In Rainbows. U-Mos (talk) 19:11, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - this seems to be the name he is mainly known by these days. Interplanet Janet (talk) 12:50, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Complete name is more appropriate in encyclopedia, in my opinion. Angelica (talk to me?) 18:47, 08 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Time spent in Ireland
In an interview published here, he explicitly references the claim on this page and suggests it is inaccurate

"According to one fraudulent online biography, Selway left an early incarnation of Radiohead called On A Friday to move to Ireland. "I spent time with friends in Bangor, let's say a lot of one single summer, so I'm not sure if that qualifies as living there," he says. "Wikipedia can be like a version of your alternative life! Well done, you've picked up on the biggest inaccuracy that's in there. I have looked at it, but then again you can't get too pedantic about it. But no, I didn't live half my life in Ireland prior to Radiohead!"

I haven't written much biographical stuff, so I'm happy for someone else to make a call on this, but we could reword "left On a Friday to move to Ireland" to something like "spent some time away from the band (in Bangor, Northern Ireland), but never officially left". Dhalamh (talk) 23:16, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , thanks for finding that! I've removed that claim from the article as it was uncited in the first place. I'm sure I've read in some biography somewhere that the band had to use a drum machine for a while without him, or something, but until we get a better source with more detail it's not worth keeping in. Popcornfud (talk) 23:31, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philip Selway


text:
The Commodore

The Commodore (published 1945) is a Horatio Hornblower novel written by C. S. Forester. It was published in the United States under the title Commodore Hornblower.

Plot summary
Having achieved fame and financial security, Captain Sir Horatio Hornblower has married Lady Barbara Leighton (née Wellesley) and is preparing to settle down to unaccustomed life as the squire of Smallbridge in Kent. He still yearns to serve at sea and accepts with alacrity when the Admiralty appoints him a commodore, puts him in command of a squadron and sends him on a diplomatic and military mission to the Baltic. His primary aim is to bring Russia into the war against Napoleon.

Hornblower is shown dealing with the problems of squadron command, and using naval mortars (carried on special ships known as bomb vessels) to destroy a French privateer. This leads to the French invasion of Swedish Pomerania. Later his squadron calls at Kronstadt, where he meets with Russian officials, including Tsar Alexander I, who is favourably impressed by Hornblower and his squadron. Hornblower narrowly averts a major diplomatic incident when his secretary and interpreter (a Finnish refugee assigned to him by the Admiralty) attempts to assassinate the Tsar at a court function.

After Russia enters the war, Hornblower's squadron takes an important role in the defence of Riga, which is besieged by French forces. The bomb vessels again take an important role, and so do amphibious operations under the protection of the squadron.

At the end of the novel, the French and Prussian troops abandon the siege and retreat. Hornblower accompanies the pursuing Russian forces until they meet the Prussian army, which has halted to form a rearguard. Hornblower meets with the Prussian general - Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg and persuades him to change sides.

At this point it becomes clear to the accompanying Brown that Hornblower is gravely ill, apparently with typhus. In some editions of the novel the story ends here with the hallucinating Hornblower imagining himself being greeted in Hampton Court by Lady Barbara and his infant son. C.S. Forester however provided an additional chapter in which the convalescent Hornblower returns safely to Smallbridge in time for Christmas.

During the siege and pursuit, Carl von Clausewitz, a German officer in Russian service, who is later to become famous as a military theorist and writer, is a character.

Discussion
The novel was first published as a serial in the Saturday Evening Post, and occasioned controversy with Hornblower in an implied sexual encounter with a married Russian Countess as the Post's first adulterers. As Forester says in his Hornblower Companion, "...it really caused quite a flutter". Forester wanted to give Hornblower the opportunity to catch typhus, although he does comment that he believes that Hornblower caught typhus during the siege rather than in bed.

The historical accuracy of this book is limited: Forester later wrote that he did not know what British naval forces, if any, were engaged at the siege of Riga. (Historically they were commanded by Thomas Byam Martin.) The technical detail of the bomb vessels is incorrect in almost every respect. British bomb vessels had not been ketch-rigged since the 1780s; the mortars were crewed not by the bomb-vessels' officers and men but by specialist detachments of the Royal Marine Artillery; and many other points. Ivan Essen is presented as the governor of Riga throughout the campaign, but he was actually replaced by Filippo Paulucci delle Roncole a few months before victory was achieved. Also Hornblower is given a pair of percussion cap pistols by his wife (one is stolen by his secretary in to use in his attempted assassination of the Tsar). This is anachronistic as the percussion cap was not invented until 1822.

The date of publication (1945) reveals Forester's preoccupation in The Commodore—he parallels the political situation with that in the Second World War. In both cases, Russia was originally allied with a continental dictator (Hitler/Napoleon) but changed sides after being treacherously invaded. In both cases, Sweden remained neutral and traded with both sides. Russia similarly occupied other Baltic territories (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) raising doubts about the correct response among the British government. In The Commodore (but not in the real Napoleonic period), as in the Second World War, the Royal Navy offered substantial help to Russia: at the siege of Riga, and by guarding the Arctic convoys. Less obviously, Forester draws parallels between the early 19th century and his own time in one or two of the other Hornblower novels.

Hornblower's squadron

 * HMS Nonsuch, 74-gun, Hornblower's flagship commanded by Captain Bush (Hornblower's former first lieutenant).
 * HMS Lotus, a sloop, commanded by Commander Vickery.
 * HMS Raven, a sloop, commanded by Commander Cole.
 * HMS Harvey, a bomb ketch, commanded by Lieutenant Mound.
 * HMS Moth, a bomb ketch, commanded by Lieutenant Duncan.
 * HMS Clam, a cutter, commanded by Lieutenant Freeman.

Others

 * Blanchefleur, a French privateer corvette

title: The Commodore


text:
User talk:Grand popo football clube

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Rje 12:13, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Rje 12:18, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

I have blocked you, this block will expire in 3 days. Feel free to return after this time if you wish to make constructive edits. Rje 13:16, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grand popo football clube


text:
Coro-pregón

Coro-pregón (or coro-guía, coro-inspiración) in Afro-Cuban music and other Afro-Latin Latin music (mainly from the Puerto Rico), most of all salsa, but also in some non-Cuban genres like merengue and bachata, refers to a call and response section between the lead singer and the coro (chorus). It is found in most Cuban genres, for example son and son montuno, rumba, cha-cha-chá, timba, and many more.

Origins
The practice of call and response singing probably stems from traditional African music and was brought to Cuba by slaves. It can still be found in its ancient form in Cuban religious music. Vocal improvisations are also based on market vendors' chants, called pregón.

Pregón
The lead singer usually improvises both melody and lyrics (although most singers have some standard lines which they use quite frequently). This is called guía or pregón. The term pregón also refers to a vocal improvisation without coro, and a genre in which such vocal improvisation is very important. The main language for guías is Spanish, but other languages like Bantú, Dahome, Lukumí and Congolese are sometimes featured as well, either for complete guías or as single words within a Spanish guía. In timba music, English and Spanglish are sometimes used as a special effect. Many singers have a special word or phrase that they insert into their improvisation as a trademark. The most famous example is Celia Cruz's "¡Azúcar!" ("Sugar!") or another being Antony Santos' "¡El Mayimbe Otra Vez!". In timba and other more recent styles, the pregón is sometimes replaced by a rap section.

Coro
The coro has fixed melody and lyrics. These can change during a piece, though, and are often made up on-the-fly, but within one section, they are repeated unchanged. Coros are usually homophonic, but not necessarily in unison. Most coros feature two or three parts, rarely more, moving in parallel lines. The parts may or may not be doubled, according to the artist's preference and possibilities. Some genres like rumba prefer a more massive coro sound and double parts whenever possible, while other genres like salsa dura prefer the clean sound of a small coro. The lyrics are generally based on the theme of the song (called the son); frequently the coro resolves the tension built up in the theme, or gives a new twist to it. The coro can also be based on the main idea of the theme, or a part of the theme's lyrics. Singing coro requires great accuracy, both rhythmically and harmonically. The coro singer's function in a band is more like an instrumentalist's than a singer's.

Function
Coro-pregón forms the framework of the montuno section in most of the genres using it. It alternates with mambo (also known as moña) sections, instrumental solos, percussion breaks and, depending on genre, other sections. In traditional genres, changing the coro requires changing the mambo, and vv. A coro-pregón section traditionally starts and ends with a coro, although certain situations may require an exception. There are several ways of introducing the first coro-pregón section: Some songs do not have a (vocal) theme but rather contain only coro-pregón. This form is often found in genres like montuno and descarga. Similarly, the danzón-chá (derived from danzón often features an instrumental theme (the danzón), followed by a montuno section (the chá or cha-cha-chá) with coro-pregón. Timba music and other related genres also employ a breakdown of the rhythm section while the Coro-pregón and the piano continue. This effect is also called timba, sometimes "presión".
 * Start directly from the theme. Often, the coro is the last line of the theme, and will introduce itself.
 * Instrumental estribillo or break. The theme ends with a short instrumental break or estribillo, which introduces the coro.
 * Solo-coro. Instead of the lead singer, an instrumentalist (typically a trumpetist) takes a few solos to get the montuno going. After that, the guías are enforced by adding the campana bell.

title: Coro-pregón


text:
Trail blazing

Trail blazing or way marking is the practice of marking paths in outdoor recreational areas with signs or markings that follow each other at certain, though not necessarily exactly defined, distances and mark the direction of the trail.

A blaze in the beginning meant "a mark made on a tree by slashing the bark" (The Canadian Oxford Dictionary). Originally a waymark was "any conspicuous object which serves as a guide to travellers; a landmark" (Oxford English Dictionary).

There are several ways of marking trails, including paint, carvings, affixed markers, posts, flagging, cairns, and crosses, with paint being the most widely used.

Paint

A painted marking of a consistent shape or shapes (often rectangular), dimension and colour or combination of colours is used along the trail route. The system by which blazes are used to signify turns and endpoints in trails (see below) strongly favors the use of paint blazes.

European countries usually use systems of painted bars or shapes in more than one colour. The Czech Hiking Markers System uses three bars – usually one color in between two white bars, with different meanings attached to different colours – in a 10 cm x 10 cm square. Red is often used to mark difficult or summit trails. Arrows of similar design signal a change of direction.

This system was first used in today's Czech Republic in May 1889, to mark a trail from the town of Štěchovice to a nearby spring. Today there are 42000 km of marked trails in the Czech Republic. This system is used also in Slovakia, Ukraine, Croatia, Romania, Albania, Brazil, Philippines and Mongolia. Poland, Bulgaria and Georgia used very similar system. French, Italian, Austrian and Swiss trails use a similar system of white and coloured stripes. Slovenia, Croatia and other former members of Yugoslavia use Knafelc trail blaze.

In the United States and Canada, a single colour is used, usually white, red, blue or yellow. Trails in South Africa are often marked by yellow footprints painted on trees and rocks.

In Israel, trails are marked by three stripes. A painted stripe surrounded by two white stripes can indicate length with black, green, blue, or red representing short (<10 km) trails, and purple or orange representing longer trails (60 to 100 km). In addition, some trails are represented by specific colour combinations such as the Golan Trail (white, blue, green), the Jerusalem Trail (blue, gold, blue), and the Israel National Trail (white, blue, orange).

Blazes may also be painted on obvious rock surfaces or on posts set into the ground (or on utility poles, fences, or other handy surfaces) where the trail follows a road or goes through fields and meadows.

Carvings
In North America, Australia and New Zealand,  there are trails blazed by cuts made in bark by axe or knife, usually the former. Most often these are informal routes made by loggers or hunters, or trails descended from those routes. Originally a tree would be blazed by hatchet chops (still the dictionary definition) but today other methods have become more common, with environmental and aesthetic concerns sometimes playing a part in the choice of blazing method. Other navigational aids, such as cairns, are used where blazes are unsuitable.

In 1902 the miners of Idaho created and marked the Three Blaze "shortcut" Trail with a series of three distinctive blazes cut on the trees, usually with an axe, to define the specific route to the Thunder Mountain Mines of Central Idaho.

Affixed markers
Alternatively, more long lasting plastic, metal or even sometimes wooden markers may be affixed to trees, usually with nails. The placement of these markers requires more skill and labor than paint, as well as an area with an abundant supply of trees to which to attach them.

Flagging

Surveyor's tape hung from branches or tied around trees is sometimes used to indicate trail routes, but usually only for temporary or unofficial trails, most commonly when a trail route has been selected but the trail itself is under construction. Flags are sometimes used for permanent trails, but they are the most vulnerable to the elements of any trail blazing method and may be more difficult to see.

Trail flagging is the predominant method to mark a mountain hiking trail in Japan. Red ribbons usually indicate an ascent route while yellow ribbon indicate a descent route. On some mountains, a non-standard ribbon colour (white or blue) is used to identify a specific trail.

Poles

Poles, colored or not, are often used to keep the trail visible during winter and under snow cover. Poles are standard trail markers in Austria, Canada, USA, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Slovakia.

Cairns
Cairns are carefully arranged piles of stones. Cairns are most commonly used to indicate trails in open areas, such as higher-elevation alpine areas, where no trees are available, or where conditions may make blazes hard to see. An ancient example is the inuksuk (plural inuksuit), used by the Inuit, Inupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. These structures are found from Alaska to Greenland. This region, above the Arctic Circle, is dominated by the tundra biome and has areas with few natural landmarks.

Below the tree line, cairns are used less frequently, often like flagging to indicate informal or unofficial paths or just their junctions with official trails. They may become obscured by snow in areas with heavy winters and may be easily knocked over. In some areas the recreational building of numerous cairns has obscured the proper use of cairns to mark junctions and crossings. In some areas of the United States, park rangers and land managers must disassemble excess cairns when they become eyesores or when they mislead navigation.

Where rocks are scarce, poles can be used. Poles are also frequently used to mark ski and snow shoe trails.

Trail ducks
Duck is a term used in some parts of the US, generally for a much smaller rock pile than a cairn, typically stacked just high enough to convince the observer it is not natural. For most, two rocks stacked could be a coincidence, but three rocks stacked is a duck. In some regions, ducks also contain a pointer rock (or a couple of stacked rocks) to indicate the direction of the trail.

Crosses
A wayside cross is a cross by a footpath, track or road, at an intersection, along the edge of a field or in a forest, which often serve as waymarks for walkers and pilgrims or designate dangerous places. They are particularly common in Europe, for example in Germany, Galicia and the Alps. It can be made of wood, stone or metal. Most wayside crosses are designed as crucifixes.

Prominence
In US wilderness areas, whether state or federal, the US Wilderness Act requires that the land seems "untrammeled by man," and so blazes are often kept to a minimum. By contrast, in a typical municipal, county, or state park, or any land open to a wide variety of users, or in a well-developed metropolitan area, blazes will be more frequent. Single-track hiking trails also receive more blazes than those that follow old roads or other more obvious routes.

Systems
On a large piece of land, there is likely to be more than one trail. While it might seem obvious that, at minimum, trails should at least take different colours, this is not always done. In Mount Greylock State Reservation, which contains the highest mountain in Massachusetts, all trails other than the Appalachian Trail use the same blue blaze.

Blaze type might also be mixed when different user groups (i.e., snowmobilers, horse riders, mountain bikers) are allowed on trails. For users of faster vehicles, blazes are often larger in order to be seen better at high speeds, and sometimes affixed markers best communicate who may and may not use a trail besides those on foot.

Another possible distinction is by season. In Norway, it is common to use blue for summer routes and red for winter routes. Red routes may traverse lakes and swamps, which are flat and well suited for cross-country skiing in winter, but impassable on foot in summer.

Colours are often assigned simply with an eye toward making sure that no two trails that intersect use the same one, but it can go further than that. On all state land in New York's Catskill Park, for instance, primary trails, especially longer "trunk trails" that go great distances, use red markers if they go in a generally east–west direction and blue if they go north–south. Shorter spur, loop or connector trails generally use yellow blazes.

On occasions when two trails run concurrently, usually at a slightly staggered junction, only one trail may be signed, often with the longer or more heavily trafficked trail's blaze predominating. In other cases, such as southern Vermont where the Appalachian Trail and the Long Trail follow the same path, both trails may use the same white blaze.

A quite different blazing system, called mute blazes was created in the Czech part of the Giant Mountains. The blazes, cut out of sheet metal and painted red, are suspended on high poles, thus being visible to both hikers and skiers. Unlike in classic systems, they do not refer to paths or trails, but show the way to the nearest mountain huts and adjacent towns and villages with the possibility of overnighting and catering. National Trails in England and Wales generally use an acorn symbol. The National Cycle Network in the United Kingdom is signposted using a white bicycle symbol on a blue background, with a white route number in an inset box, but with no destination names or distances. National Route numbers have a red background, Regional Route numbers have a blue background. The system of symbols is based on that used by the Danish National Cycle Route network.

The colour used may also indicate the status of the route, for example on rights of way in England and Wales yellow marks are used for footpaths, blue for bridleways, and red for byways open to all traffic.

Meaning of trail signs

In addition to reassuring the trail user that they are on the trail, the signage can alert them to imminent turns, particularly if there is some confusion about what might be the trail, and where trails begin and end.

Offset blazes is a system whereby a vertically stacked pair of blazes with the upper one offset in the direction that the trail turns. This system was first used in 1970 on the Beech Trail in Harriman State Park. This system was further refined to where a triangular pattern of blazes would indicate a terminus, its point up or down depending on whether that was the beginning or the end. These began to be used elsewhere and are now fairly common throughout North America, though variations of this system exist. Some trails instead use two blazes painted together at an angle to form an "L" shape to indicate a turn, with the angle between the two blazes indicating the angle and direction of the turn. Also, a few trails indicate turns with two stacked blazes, without an offset, but this can cause confusion as the direction is not implied. In addition, other trails may use two non-offset stacked blazes to indicate the trail goes straight at a location where there may be a tempting mis-turn.

A triangular pattern with its point to the side was also devised for eventualities like spurs or junctions, but these have not caught on.

In some areas, a triangular pattern with its point up indicates that a hiker is at the point of a sharp switchback.

In the Netherlands, signage usually consist of two bars above each other: white-red, yellow-red and red-blue are commonly seen blazes. An upcoming turn is indicated by duplicating the blazes: white-red-white-red, yellow-red-yellow-red, etc. Nowadays, stickers are often used, and instead of duplicating the blaze, the rectangle is cut into an arrow, to indicate direction. A diagonal cross is used to indicate a direction should not be taken: the cross will have the same colours as the blazes (each bar will use a different colour).

title: Trail blazing


text:
Ealing Southall (UK Parliament constituency)

Ealing, Southall (also Ealing Southall) is a constituency created in 1983 and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Deirdre Costigan of the Labour Party.

Constituency profile
The constituency has relatively good road and rail transport, and numerous small to medium-size green spaces, and has had as many as three tube stations at its eastern extremes of its boundaries. Southall and Norwood Green, forming the western bulk of the seat, feature a high British Asian proportion of the population since the 1960s. British Indian ethnicity is the largest single ethnic group. British Asians account for 51% of the population, as at the 2011 census, the majority of this minority is of Indian ethnicity (29.6%), with significant Hindu and Muslim populations, with the highest number of Sikh residents in any constituency in Britain at over 20%. The Afro-Caribbean community amounts to 8% according to the latest census statistics. The seat has generally modest incomes and the vast majority of housing is modest terraced, semi-detached or mid-rise 20th century blocks of flats. The east of the seat is formed by Hanwell and West Ealing.

Political history
The seat has been served by three successive Labour Party MPs since its inception in 1983, with majorities ranging between 13.8% and 49% of the vote; the latter was achieved in 2017, which was not a landslide year for the party. The length of tenure and size of majorities mean that practical analyses consider Ealing Southall a safe seat. The 2015 result made the seat the 25th safest of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority. The larger predecessor seat, created in 1945, was held by Labour throughout its existence.

Boundaries
The constituency takes in the south western third of the London Borough of Ealing in west London and is traversed by the Great Western Main Line (railway). The other Ealing constituencies are Ealing North, and Ealing Central and Acton.

1983–1997: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Dormers Wells, Elthorne, Glebe, Mount Pleasant, Northcote, Northfield, Walpole, and Waxlow.

1997–2010: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Dormers Wells, Ealing Common, Elthorne, Glebe, Mount Pleasant, Northcote, Northfield, Walpole, and Waxlow.

2010–2024: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Dormers Wells, Elthorne, Lady Margaret, Northfield, Norwood Green, Southall Broadway, and Southall Green.

For the 2010 general election, the Boundary Commission for England made minor changes. Part of Greenford Broadway ward and tiny parts of Hobbayne ward and Dormers Wells ward were transferred from the constituency of Ealing North to Ealing, Southall. Tiny parts of Hobbayne ward and Dormers Wells ward were also transferred to Ealing North. Walpole ward, and parts of Ealing Broadway ward and Ealing Common ward were transferred from the seat into new Ealing Central and Acton.

2024–present: The London Borough of Ealing wards of Dormers Wells, Hanwell Broadway, Lady Margaret, Northfield, Norwood Green, Southall Broadway, Southall Green, Southall West and Walpole.
 * To bring the electorate within the permitted range, Walpole ward was transferred in from Ealing Central and Acton.

Elections in the 2000s
At the 2001 Election, the Electoral Commissions book "Election 2001" ISBN 978-1-84275-020-9 records the following three candidates with party names rejected for not being recorded on the register of political parties:
 * Dhillon – Independent Community Candidate Empowering Change
 * Bhutta – Qari
 * Lit – Chairman of Sunrise Radio


text:
Lord Hornblower

Lord Hornblower (published 1946) is a Horatio Hornblower novel written by C. S. Forester, originally intended to be the last in the series.

Hornblower is tasked with suppressing a mutiny on board a Royal Navy ship. He succeeds, and with reinforcements captures Le Havre. There follow several adventures and a disastrous affair in France, with Hornblower's eventual repatriation and reconciliation with his wife.

Background
Forester wrote the final chapter of the novel while on board U.S. battleship.

Plot summary
In 1814, Hornblower is delegated to deal with the Flame, a brig full of mutineers off the French coast, near the mouth of the Seine. It is a tricky situation because the mutineers' demands cannot be met, but they have threatened that if a Royal Navy force tries to force their hand, they will slip into a nearby French port.

Hornblower alters the appearance of his own vessel, the Porta Coeli, so it can masquerade as the mutinous vessel. As dusk falls, he follows a valuable blockade runner into port, pretending to be the Flame. Then, once the two vessels are moored, he captures it and takes it out to sea. He then pursues the Flame, which retreats to the French port. Believing the mutineers responsible, the French send four gunboats to take her. Hornblower manages to exploit the fighting to capture both the Flame and a gunboat.

Among the French prisoners is Lebrun, the young and ambitious assistant to the mayor of Le Havre. Lebrun asks to speak with Hornblower privately; he proposes to surrender Le Havre to the English fleet. Hornblower and Lebrun arrange a plan: Lebrun's role is to undermine those parties who would resist a British seizure of the city. Overcoming some tense moments with audacity, Hornblower is able to capture the city with a half battalion of Royal Marines and finds himself its military governor.

Hornblower finds his new duties different from that of commanding a naval vessel or squadron. He finds his role demanding, in part because he is such a demanding perfectionist. The Duke of Angoulême, one of the heirs to the Bourbon dynasty, is sent to assume control of the civil leadership.

Hornblower hears that Napoleon has been able to amass a strong force, to be transported by barge down the Seine to retake Le Havre. He sends a force, borne by half a dozen large ship's boats, to try to blow up the barges and ammunition. He puts his best friend, Captain William Bush, in command. The raid is a success and the French force is stopped, but an unexpected explosion kills most of the British, including Bush.

Hornblower is raised to the peerage, possibly in part to provide him with more dignity, gravitas, when dealing with the French heir's entourage, as well to reward him for his accomplishments.

During the following peace, Hornblower's wife Barbara accompanies her brother, the Duke of Wellington, to the Congress of Vienna, leaving Hornblower at loose ends. He decides to visit the Comte de Graçay, where he resumes his relationship with the Comte's widowed daughter-in-law, Marie. When Napoleon escapes from Elba and raises a new army, Hornblower, the Comte and Marie lead a guerrilla fight against the Imperial forces. They are eventually defeated, and Marie dies from a leg wound. Hornblower and the Comte are captured and condemned to death, but news of the Emperor's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo arrives just in time to save their lives.

title: Lord Hornblower


text:
BTCC (disambiguation)

BTCC may refer to:

 * Baltic Touring Car Championship
 * Beijing Television Cultural Center
 * Benedict (Timothy Carlton) Cumberbatch
 * British Touring Car Championship
 * BTCC (company)

title: BTCC (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Ho-Hum

Untitled
Removed NPOV flag and clean-up flag and going to add a stub flag. No more fancruft please. --Csaw 12:19, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ho-Hum


text:
Talk:Dike (construction)

Difference btwn Dike and Levee
What is the difference between a levee and a dike? Bastie 00:16, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

A levee can be either a natural or a manmade feature and is always a bank. A dyke, in contrast, is always manmade and can be either a bank or a ditch. 82.10.103.233 20:37, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * - or a combination of bank and ditch as in Offa's Dyke, for example. When used as a boundary marker, a dike is normally dug on the owner's propery, with one lip of the excavation adjacant to the neighbour's land. The spoil is thrown up alongside the trench, into a bank on the owner's land and a hedge is set upon the bank. The Anglo-Saxon word was díc which was pronounced with a hard c in northern English and with a soft one in southern English. In southern English, it therefore led to the modern word 'ditch' while in the Midlands and North, the same feature is a dike. When used primarily for drainage, a dike is normally a trench; the bank would keep surface water from flowing into it. From the 17th century or so, Dutch usage influenced the use of the English word, particularly in relation to the drainage works in the Netherlands. In The Fens, where some Dutch drainage engineers were employed, the bank which the Dutch would call a dijk, is normally called a 'bank' (as in Roman Bank for example), though place-names reveal some medieval use of the word wal(l).

 * The OED's earliest note of the use of the word in connection with a sea bank is from 1531 'the walles dyches bankes and other defenses by the costes of the sea'. This spelling is clearly not Dutch but southern English.

 * In The Fens, the silt strip left by a natural levée is known as a 'roddon' (the spelling varies). (RJP 23:35, 12 February 2007 (UTC))

I Agree that the two articles should be merged. "A levee can be either a natural or a man-made feature and is always a bank. A dyke, in contrast, is always manmade and can be either a bank or a ditch." Where did you find that definition? I offer these definitions of "dike" and "levee".
 * 1. Dike: An embankment to confine or control water. Often built along the banks of a river to prevent overflow of lowlands: a levee.
 * 2. Levee: Raised bank of earth built to control or confine water (also known as a dike).

As for the history of the words:

Dike: O.E. dic "trench, ditch," from P.Gmc. *dik- (cf. O.N. diki, Du. dijk, Ger. Deich), from PIE base *dheigw- "to pierce, fasten" (cf. Skt. dehi- "wall," O.Pers. dida "wall, stronghold, fortress," Pers. diz). At first "an excavation," later (1487) applied to the resulting earth mound; a sense development paralleled by cognate forms in many other languages. This is the northern variant of the word, which in the south of England yielded ditch.

Levee: 1719, "natural or artificial embankment to prevent overflow of a river," from New Orleans Fr. levée "raising, lifting, embankment," from Fr., originally fem. pp. of lever "to raise," from L. levare "to raise" (see lever). In an earlier sense borrowed from the lit. Fr. meaning, it was used for "morning assembly held by a prince or king (upon rising from bed)," 1672.

While the two words may have origonaly been distinct, they are currently understood in the majority of the English-speaking world to be interchangable and are most appropriatly placed in the same article together.Tmchk | Talk 00:20, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Yes but why would two different things be merged?

There seems to be a lot of misunderstanding here because of local interpretations of the word "dike". Outside the US (e.g. the UK), the word a dike is certainly not only a ditch, but more usually an artificial or natural slope above ground level, just like a levee. The BBC use it alongside "levee", usually "levee" for US reports and "dyke" for other country reports. A BBC quote: "In Lyon County, Nevada, about 3,000 people were stranded after a levee, or dyke, along a canal broke early on Saturday, authorities said, and in parts of the town of Fernley water was up to 3ft deep."77.248.55.53 (talk) 22:08, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Picture
This article really needs a picture of a typical Dutch dike. Okay, any dike will do, but it'd be nice to see a Dutch one since the name originates from it and it's an extremely typical thing about Dutch landscapes. --Michiel Sikma 20:27, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the current photo of the Afsluitdijk also is incorrect. While it is named to be a dike, it really is a dam. A dike is a border between land and water, a dam is between water and water (like the dam in Amsterdam). I'll see if I have a good photo of a Dutch dike somewhere. nftaDaedalus 02:00, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, as the article says, the English word dyke doesn't come from the Dutch word - it was used in Old English.156.34.37.96 15:14, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Merge?
I think dike should not be merged with levee, because levee, though technically a type of dike, has all sorts of associations with the word that are primarily American and dike has all sorts of associations with the word that are Dutch. Considering the fact that the Dutch dike Stelling van Amsterdam is on the World Heritage list, I think you should keep the word dike. I will post a picture of a diagram of a dike plus pump taken from one of the breaks in this Stelling van Amsterdam dikeJane 07:32, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Dike vs. Levee
Sorry, I'm a little confused. I see from the merger discussions above that Dike and Levee are apparently two different things. If this is the case why does is the sentence "It is also known in American English (notably in the Midwest) as a levee," included in the opening paragraph? Mutt (talk) 06:12, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Since a dike and a levee are simply two different local names for the same thing, I suggest merging the articles. For now I merged the text of both articles so that they are identical, apart from the wording "dike" and "levee", and the introduction about the origin of the words. 77.248.55.53 (talk) 00:48, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree they should be merged. The fact that historically and regionally the term dyke may be used or have been used for ditches, which are not covered by the term levee, is insufficient ground for having separate articles. We should still note the differences in use though, which are more than being different local names. First, unlike a dike, a levee may be natural. I don't think that is an issue because the article is really concerned with artificial levees, but the point should be noted. Second, at least according to the dictionaries I've consulted, a levee forms the embankment of specifically a river. While that may be too strict – what about canals? – the term appears not to be common for sea dikes. --Lambiam 16:58, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Well now the articles are identical they should be merged before further edits are made. My preference is to merge them under the more international term Dike, what do others think? Mutt (talk) 21:01, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * When choosing a common article title the following rules should be followed: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Opportunities_for_commonality
 * "Wikipedia tries to find words that are common to all varieties of English. In choosing words or expressions, especially for article titles, there may be value in making choices that avoid varying spellings, where possible. In extreme cases of conflicting names, a common substitute (such as fixed-wing aircraft) is favored over national varieties (fixed-wing aeroplanes [British English], and fixed-wing airplanes [American English]). If a variable spelling appears in an article name, redirect pages are made to accommodate the other variants, as with Artefact and Artifact, so that they can always be found in searches and linked to from either spelling. Sensitivity to terms that may be used differently between different varieties of English allows for wider readability; this may include glossing terms and providing alternative terms where confusion may arise. Insisting on a single term or a single usage as the only correct option does not serve well the purposes of an international encyclopedia. Use an unambiguous word or phrase in preference to one that is ambiguous because of national differences. For example, use alternative route (or even other route) rather than alternate route, since alternate may mean only "alternating" to a British English speaker."

 * Both "Levee" and "Dike" appear to fail these criteria. "Levee" because it is not a common word outside the United States. "Dike" because it is ambiguous, or even means something different to Americans. Mirriam Webster defines a levee as an embankment for preventing flooding; a dike as a bank usually of earth constructed to control or confine water; an embankment as a raised structure (as of earth or gravel) used especially to hold back water; Oxford Dictionary defines a dike as an embankment built to prevent flooding; a levee as an embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river; an embankment as a wall or bank built to prevent flooding by a river. I therefore would suggest "Embankment (dike or levee)" as the common title.77.248.55.53 (talk) 01:26, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That seems like an acceptable compromise to me. Although I would point out that Embankment seems to have more alternate meanings than Dike and is potentially more ambiguous. But let's get these merged and tackle that later. Mutt (talk) 12:55, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Practical solution to merge suggestion
Keeping two articles with virtually the same contents does provide little benefit. One or more redirects will keep the articles as one entity. Inwind (talk) 19:50, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dike (construction)


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Tyrannosaurus rex/archive1

Tyrannosaurus rex
The best known dinosaur really deserves to be the first dinosauroid FAC, or doesn't it? The article seems to look pretty complete, but there are still some things that can be said or said differently I guess. Phlebas 12:20, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Its almost there, to get it through FAC without to much drama you may want to do the following: --nixie 13:15, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The introduction should be extended to summarise the article, probably up to 3 paragraphs;
 * 2) In text refs should be tidied up with the footnote template (looks like you're already doing that), and check that they are all in the same format;
 * 3) What are the arguments for and against warm bloodness?;
 * 4) What is the purpose of the world of T. rex section?
 * 5) Were the other Tyrannosauridae around during the same period as T. rex, add dates to the table?
 * 6) Trivia section is a bit short, I'm sure T. rex has inspired heaps of things in popular culture too :);
 * 7) Run the whole thing through a word processing program for spelling and grammar.

I'm a bit confused with the paragraph that starts with: The lack of speed (adaptations) is an important point. I don't understand why adaptations is in parentheses. Ditto for (conform these latest findings). What conforms to these findings? What findings? Is that supposed to be a note to the author? That entire section (Predator, Scavenger or Both?) could benefit from a rewrite. I agree with above; the refs should definitely be in the same format. I'd also like to see references for the warm-blooded claim. --jag123 14:49, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Lead is too short. Remove external links from main body with Footnotes, format external links in references according to Cite sources. Sectioning is confusing. I can't find 'history of discovery', 'The World of Tyrannosaurus rex' is a strange section - expand or merge, trivia is never accepted in FA articles. And 'TRex in fiction' would likely make a useful section. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 00:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Someone seems to have been trying to "correct" underlying assumptions that predators are fast. This leads to some bad flow. The use of direct "numbered" links is not good style since they are difficult to correct if the link target moves or is modified. Mozzerati 21:13, 2005 May 10 (UTC)

 * Some points:
 * Rewrite of "Predator, Scavenger or Both?": I tried to make a discussion of it, and so yes, honestly, the bad flow remark is right on. Additionally, are you alluding to "On the other hand, presupposing that a predator must be fast is scientifically injust."?
 * The two orphaned links at its bottom: they link to online discussions, who have no authority, so should they be kept?
 * The World of Tyrannosaurus rex: why is it a strange section? I see nothing wrong with it. It needs to be substantiated some more of course.
 * As I'm still relatively newbie, what's the deal with "this peer review has been archived". --Phlebas 23:50, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

Archived means it has spent a month on Peer Review and gets moved off that page and on to the articles talk page--nixie 23:53, 22 May 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:82.181.139.120

title: User talk:82.181.139.120


text:
User:Eggmann

Hello. I am an English teacher living in Japan. My main interests are music and computers. Yoroshiku

title: User:Eggmann