text:
Vernon Hartshorn

Vernon Hartshorn (16 March 1872 – 13 March 1931) was a Welsh trade unionist and Labour Party politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1918 until his death.

Hartshorn was President of the South Wales Miners' Federation, and a member of the National Executive of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain.

He was elected as Member of Parliament for Ogmore at the 1918 general election. He served as Postmaster-General in 1924, made a Privy Counsellor the same year, and became a member of the Simon Commission. In 1930, he was appointed Lord Privy Seal, serving until his death on 13 March 1931.

Early life and education
Vernon Hartshorn was born on 16 March 1872 in Pontywaun, Monmouthshire. He was the eldest son of Ellen and Theophilus Hartshorn. At the time of his birth his father was a coal miner but later became a local draper/grocer.

The family were Primitive Methodists, Theophilus Hartshorn was a Sunday School teacher and Trustee of Crosskeys Primitive Methodist Church. Various sources describe Vernon Hartshorn as a Sunday School teacher and lay preacher from early adulthood. It is likely he received his education through home, local board school, chapel, work, and local institutes. A childhood friend recalls him spending one term at Oliver's Mount, a Quaker School in Scarborough, Yorkshire where he "was good at arithmetic and could solve problems off hand which the masters found tricky". This innate mathematical ability was to prove invaluable in later years.

Early career
The proving ground for many young men and boys in the South Wales valleys was work at the 'pit bottom' in the local colliery, and Hartshorn was no exception. He started underground, probably at the age of 14, and we have found a record of him working at the coal face of the Black Vein Seam of the Risca Colliery for about a year between 1892 and 1893.

Ill-health resulted in Hartshorn moving to work above ground for Powell Duffryn Collieries in Aberaman from 1896. From there he transferred to the company offices in Cardiff Docks to work as a Junior Clerk. This enabled him to obtain an insight into commercial matters which was to stand him in good stead in later years.

He was later elected Checkweighman at the Risca Collieries, a position rendered vacant by James Winstone, a prominent founder member and future president of the South Wales Miners' Federation.

Hartshorn took an active part in promoting the South Wales Miners' Federation cause. He represented – with another prominent early leader, Alfred Onions – the Tredegar District of the South Wales Miners' Federation.

At the point of his election as Miners' Agent in Maesteg in 1905 Hartshorn was regarded as one of the upcoming men of the Federation. He had shown that he had a good deal of perseverance, a keen insight into mining and political matters, and a determination to do what he considered to be right however heavy the odds against him. He was recommended for the post by the principal leaders of the South Wales Miners' Federation at the time, including William Abraham(Mabon), William Brace and James Winstone, all of them speaking of his "unblemished moral character, his keenness, tact and ability, his knowledge of economic problems, and his good executive abilities". He was going to require all of those characteristics and skills in the years to come.

By 1912 he was being described, in the Pall Mall Gazette, as "the most prominent and capable of the Socialist leaders in the South Wales Coalfield".

Early political career
Hartshorn sought selection as a Labour candidate in the General Election of January 1910 in the Mid-Glamorganshire constituency. On this occasion he failed to gain the support of the South Wales Miners' Federation and had to stand down. He stood again as a Labour candidate in the April 1910 by-election, and yet again in the December General Election of the same year. On both these occasions he was backed by the South Wales Miners' Federation, but he was not successful.

Coal disputes
During the National Coal Strike of 1912 there are references to Hartshorn in the press as a militant, an extremist, a socialist, as pugnacious, uncompromising and out for trouble. That said, he was not one of the group of young socialists from the Rhondda who published the Syndicalist manifesto, 'The Miners Next Step', with its sustained critique of the style of union leadership shown by the likes of William Abraham. Nor was he an advocate of conciliation and compromise, of co-operation with the coal-owners at any cost. He believed that the 'strike weapon' could and should be used.

The 1912 strike of almost 1 million miners was unprecedented. The Government, fearing widespread trouble on a much larger scale than the Tonypandy Riots of 1911, decided to intervene in the dispute. Within a month they had rushed a Minimum Wage Bill through Parliament. The resulting arrangements for miners' pay were, in operation, far from perfect, but the legislation did see the introduction of the first example of a national minimum wage.

A key player in the negotiations that took place in London, Hartshorn was less than enthusiastic about the Wage Bill, and he made it clear that it could not be accepted as a final solution to the problem. He took the view that if the men should decide to return to work, that would not be surrender, but simply a decision to test what they had won. The strike ended on 6 April 1912.

The first World War
The production of coal in Britain peaked in 1913, but the First World War brought new challenges within the industry. Throughout the War there was a constant struggle between the collieries and the army for manpower, and conscription did more than any other issue to divide the Labour movement. Also, with the War came inflation but the miner's pay failed to keep pace with the rising cost of living. It became difficult for the miners' leaders to balance the interests of the miners and the interests of the nation. In March 1915 the Miners Federation of Great Britain demanded a 20% pay increase. The coal-owners refused to discuss a national wage rise and negotiations reverted to the districts. Satisfactory agreements were reached in most areas except South Wales where the obdurate coal-owners refused to budge beyond 10%. On 15 July 1915 about 200,000 miners in Wales went on strike. Hartshorn, and other Federation leaders, had urged the miners to abandon their plans to strike, and to continue negotiating while working. He reasoned that there would be a lack of public support for a strike while the country was at war, and naval defence depended on coal. There were also risks to the credibility of the Federation in the longer term. Inevitably he was criticised by some for 'betraying' the miners. The Coal Strike of 1915 was divisive, some viewed the miners as unpatriotic whilst others criticised the mine owners. Either way, it was a serious event, and the Minister for Munitions, Lloyd George, invoked the Munitions of War Act, making the strike illegal. He also travelled to Cardiff to speak to the miners directly. They remained defiant and won many of their demands before returning to work. In November 1916 another strike over pay took place in Wales. This time the Government took control of the industry, and it was to remain under Government control for the next four years.

During the War Hartshorn visited the Western Front with other miners' leaders, ostensibly to assess morale and conditions among the troops. He became a member of the Coal Mining Organisation Committee (CMOC) established in 1915, and later a member of the Advisory Board to the Controller of Mines. He was also one of the three Wales Commissioners on the 1917 Inquiry into Industrial Unrest, and a member of the Colliery Recruiting Court in South Wales. In January 1918 he was awarded the OBE in recognition of his service to the CMOC.

Prior to, and throughout the War years, the campaign for women's suffrage continued, and it was a campaign that Hartshorn supported.

title: Vernon Hartshorn


text:
Lillian Trasher

Lillian Hunt Trasher (27 September 1887 – 17 December 1961) was an American Christian missionary to Asyut, Egypt, as well as the founder of the first orphanage in Egypt. She is famed as the "Nile Mother" of Egypt.

Early life
Trasher was born in Jacksonville, Florida. Her mother was a Quaker, but become a Roman Catholic and Lillian was raised as a Catholic in Brunswick, Georgia. According to one account, her Quaker family had moved to the South after the Civil War.

Trasher came to the Holiness-Pentecostal faith through Miss Mattie Perry, an independent Holiness evangelist and activist.

While still in her late teens, Trasher attended Bible college for one term, and then worked at Miss Perry's Faith Orphanage in North Carolina in 1908–1910, after she failed to get a reporting job that she wanted. After becoming engaged to marry minister Tom Jordan, Trasher heard a missionary from India speak. Deciding that her mission lay in Africa, she broke off the engagement ten days before the wedding after her prospective husband failed to share her call. Trasher also taught at a second Bible school in South Carolina, pastored a Pentecostal church, and briefly travelled with an evangelist, but later returned to work again at the orphanage.

In 1910 after meeting Pastor Brelsford (or Perlsford) of Assiout, Egypt at a missionary conference, Trasher decided to defy her family's wishes and leave for that country. Inspired as well by opening a bible to Acts 7:34, which referred to Egypt, Lilian and her sister Jennie sailed to Africa with less than 100 dollars in their pockets.

Arrival in Egypt and starting the orphanage
Arriving in Assiout, (some 230 miles south of Cairo), she soon met a man who came to the mission house seeking someone to attend to a dying woman nearby. Lillian and an older woman named Sela went to see the woman, who died shortly after they arrived, but left them her malnourished baby girl, clinging to life. When they arrived, their Arabic translator told Miss Trasher that the old woman then holding the baby (its grandmother) planned to throw it into the great river Nile. At the thought of this Lillian Trasher could not leave the baby, whom she named Fareida. Thus she defied her then-mission organization and began an orphanage. By the turn of 1918 her orphanage family had grown to fifty children and eight widows. When Trasher returned to the States briefly in 1919 (Britain expelled foreigners during civil unrest) and saw the financial and prayer support to be found in the Assemblies of God, Trasher joined the missions-oriented movement. Upon returning to Egypt, she expanded her mission to include widows and the blind.

Lillian Trasher worked 50 years among Egypt's orphans and other forgotten people, from 1911 to 1961, without a furlough, including through the Nazi occupation during World War II.

Death and legacy
By the time she died in 1961, the Lillian Trasher Orphanage had grown to some 1200 children. Today, the institution is entirely the responsibility of the Assemblies of God of Egypt, with 85% of its daily needs being met by donations from the Presbyterian churches of Egypt, the Soul Salvation Society, and other Egyptian church bodies.

"Mama" Lillian lies buried on her orphanage's cemetery. In accordance with Egyptian law she was buried the same day that she died. The orphanage she founded still helps people to this day.

Publications

 * The Orphans of the Nile

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lillian Trasher


text:
UCI Arboretum

The University of California, Irvine Arboretum (UCI Arboretum or UC Irvine Arboretum) is a 12.5 acre botanical garden and arboretum, part of the University of California, Irvine in Irvine, California. It is located north of the main UCI campus, on Campus Drive in Irvine, near the San Joaquin Wildlife Sanctuary and the Upper Newport Bay. The Arboretum carries out conservation activities and supports student and faculty research.

Background
The two major emphases of the collection are the plants of the California Floristic Province (where UC Irvine is located) and plants of South Africa. Notable among the arboretum's collection of California native plants are species from Baja California, the Channel Islands of California, the Mojave Desert, Southern maritime chaparral, Otay Mesa, and California oak woodland. California native grasslands, wildflowers, and maritime succulent scrub are in the collection. There is also an aloe collection.

The Arboretum was formerly open to the public, but is now only open during quarterly open houses.

title: UCI Arboretum


text:
Fijación Oral, Vol. 1

Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (English: Oral Fixation, Vol. 1, ) is the sixth studio album by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira. It was released on 3 June 2005 by Epic Records. After attaining international success in 2001 with her fifth studio album and first English-language record, Laundry Service, Shakira wanted to release a fifth Spanish-language project as a follow-up. In the vein of her earlier work, Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 is a Latin pop album. Shakira enlisted Rick Rubin as executive producer, also working with Gustavo Cerati, Lester Mendez, Luis Fernando Ochoa and Jose "Gocho" Torres.

At its release Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who complimented Shakira's evolution from her earlier work. The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 157,000 copies. It set the record for the highest debut for a full-length Spanish-language album in the country. Internationally, the album topped the charts in Argentina, Germany, Mexico and Spain. Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 was the Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards, and the Album of the Year and the Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards. Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 became the highest selling Latin pop album of the decade in the United States and the second highest selling Latin album overall. As of May 2013, over five million copies of the album were sold worldwide and it is the eighth best-selling Latin album in the United States.

Four singles were released to promote the album. Although its lead single ("La Tortura") was the only track to reach the US Billboard Hot 100, the follow-up singles "No", "Día de Enero" and "Las de la Intuición" enjoyed moderate success on the Hot Latin Songs, Tropical Songs and Latin Pop Airplay charts. In November 2005 Shakira supplemented the album with her second English-language record, Oral Fixation, Vol. 2. The two were packaged together as a box set and released as Oral Fixation, Vol. 1 & 2 in January 2007. The projects were promoted with the Oral Fixation Tour in 2006 and 2007, which visited the Americas, Africa, Asia and Europe. A performance in Miami, Florida was filmed and released as a live album in November 2007.

Background
After achieving international success in 2001 with her first English album, Laundry Service, Shakira released a Spanish-language record as its followup (her first since 1998's Dónde Están los Ladrones?). Having co-written nearly sixty songs for the project, she decided to divide the release into two volumes and put herself "on the mission of selecting [her] favorite ones" to record. Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 contains all Spanish-language songs and Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 features all English-language tracks. Shakira initially said that the second volume would have a "completely new repertory of songs", although the completed album included two English translations of songs from the first record. It was reissued in 2006 as an expanded version with an additional translated recording and her future international-hit single, "Hips Don't Lie". When recording the albums, she worked with previous collaborators Lester Mendez and Luis Fernando Ochoa and new partners Gustavo Cerati and Jose "Gocho" Torres.

For the album, Shakira wrote all the lyrics, and the majority of the music. "To start seeing people's first reactions, and how people start relating to these songs and appreciating every single piece of work I have done over the past two years, is the best reward an artist can have after so much hard work," says Shakira. "I will not lie to you; it was not a path of roses. It was painful at times to come up with two albums, to write more than 60 songs and to fight my own insecurities and doubts." While speaking about the difference about expressing herself in Spanish and English, Shakira told, "When I express myself in Spanish, I find elements that help me express an idea in perhaps a different way than when I do it in English. There are different aesthetics, but there is a certain style to the way I write my own songs, a particular way of describing feelings and emotions that I have developed over all these years making songs. I have gotten in touch with my own gift – I am sure, 10 years ago, I was not half as good as I can say I am today, and I am still not good enough. There is a long way to go."

Cover art and release
The artwork for both Oral Fixation albums was inspired by Eve, the first woman; Shakira said she wanted "to attribute to Eve one more reason to bite the forbidden fruit, and that would be her oral fixation" and that "[she always felt] that [she has] been a very oral person. [It is her] biggest source of pleasure". The first volume's cover sees Shakira holding a baby girl in her arms; the artwork for the second album shows a nude Shakira (covered by tree branches), with the infant sitting in the tree. She stated that both covers alluded to psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's theory that infants begin discovering the world through their mouths during the oral stage of psychosexual development.

For Jon Pareles of The New York Times, "For obvious reasons, [the artwork for the second album is] eye-catching, as was the cover of the Spanish-language companion album, Fijación Oral, Vol. 1".

On 23 January 2007, Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 were released as a three-disc box set, titled Oral Fixation, Vol. 1 & 2. Each record was on a separate disc, and was packaged with a DVD featuring music videos and live recordings of album tracks. The compilation peaked at numbers 13 and 27 on the Billboard Latin Pop Albums and Top Latin Albums charts.

Composition
Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 is a Latin pop album. The introductory track, "En Tus Pupilas" ("In Your Pupils"), incorporates folk music styles and its opening verse includes French-language lyrics. "La Pared" ("The Wall") has been compared stylistically to the 1980s duo Eurythmics. "La Tortura" ("The Torture") features Spanish singer-songwriter Alejandro Sanz, with elements of Colombian cumbia music, dancehall and electronica. "Obtener un Sí" ("Obtain a Yes") is a bossa nova song with cha-cha-chá elements against an orchestral background. "Día Especial" ("Special Day") features Argentinean singer-songwriter Gustavo Cerati on guitar.

The sixth track, "Escondite Inglés", has a new wave feel. "No" also features Cerati on guitar, using a simple melody to emphasize Shakira's vocals. "Las de la Intuición" ("The Ones with the Intuition") has synth-pop elements, while "Día de Enero" ("January Day") has been compared to Mexican singer-songwriter Natalia Lafourcade. "Lo Imprescindible" ("Bare Essentials") has German-language verses in which Shakira lyrically expresses "stay baby stay. Baby don't leave me again". The disc concludes with an acoustic version of "La Pared" and the Shaketon remix of "La Tortura".

Singles
"La Tortura" was released as the lead single from Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 on 12 April 2005. It features Spanish singer-songwriter Alejandro Sanz, and was praised for its production and reggaeton influence. "La Tortura" was the only single from the album to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 (peaking at number twenty-three), and reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs, Tropical Songs, and Latin Pop Airplay charts. The song set a record for the most weeks at number one, and additionally became the best-performing Latin single of the year. The track was eventually certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 500,000 copies and certified platinum for selling over 1 million mastertones. Internationally, "La Tortura" topped the Hungarian Rádiós Top 40 and the Spanish and Venezuelan singles charts. Its music video was directed by Michael Haussman, depicting a fictionally-romantic Shakira and Sanz.

The follow-up singles were also successful. The second single, "No", features Argentinian singer-songwriter Gustavo Cerati and reached numbers two and eleven, respectively, on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts. The video was filmed in a black-and-white effect, and was directed by Jaume de Laiguana. After the release of "Don't Bother" as the lead single from Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 in late 2005, "Día de Enero" was the third single from Fijación Oral, Vol. 1. It peaked at numbers seven and twenty-nine on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts, respectively. Like "No", its accompanying video was directed by de Laiguana. The clip refers to Shakira's then-boyfriend Antonio de la Rúa as she writes the letters "S y A" in a heart drawn in the sand.

Following the release of "Hips Don't Lie" and "Illegal" as the second and third singles from Oral Fixation, Vol. 2, the fourth and final single from Fijación Oral, Vol. 1, "Las De La Intuición", reached numbers eleven and thirty-one, respectively, on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts  and number 1 in Spain. Its video shows Shakira in a purple wig. Shakira later recorded an English-language version of the song, titled "Pure Intuition".

Promotion

To promote Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation, Vol. 2, Shakira began her Oral Fixation Tour on 14 June 2006 at the Feria De Muestras in Zaragoza, Spain. With assistance from the Creative Artists Agency, she visited twenty-seven cities and performed forty-one shows across five continents. The tour was additionally sponsored by Spanish automobile manufacturer SEAT, with whom Shakira also collaborated to support her Pies Descalzos Foundation. The tour concluded on 9 July 2007 at the Turkcell Kuruçeşme Arena in Istanbul, Turkey. It grossed over $42 million in North and Latin America, and $100 million worldwide. The set list consisted primarily of Spanish-language songs, and included singles from her earlier career.

In November 2007 Epic Records released the Oral Fixation Tour live album on Blu-ray Disc, which was filmed during a December 2006 show in Miami, Florida. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave it a positive review, complimenting Shakira's vocals and dancing talent.

Critical reception
At Metacritic (which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics) Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 received an average score of 79 based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that "it's hard to wait for Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 to arrive", given the strength of the "commercial savvy and smart writing" displayed in the first volume. Matt Cibula of PopMatters shared a similar sentiment, adding that his excitement about Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 is a "massive understatement". Entertainment Weekly's Ernesto Lechner felt that Shakira "has found herself again" by "placing her operatic vocalizing at the service of Spanish poetry", adding that this was her strongest album to date.

The Guardian's Dave Simpson noted that "the songs are catchy, with melodies good enough to tempt non-Spanish speakers to sing along". Jon Pareles of The New York Times described the album as "blissfully pan-American", elaborating that "for Shakira it's all pop, taut structures for volatile passion". Barry Walters of Rolling Stone said that executive producer Rick Rubin helped "restore Shakira's artistic integrity by keeping the industry at bay". Yahoo! Music's Tom Townsend praised Shakira for being "wide awake and, as they used to say in Smash Hits, back, back, BACK!" Paste's Mark Kemp gave it a mixed review, saying that the record was "stronger overall than Laundry Service but not as warm as Dónde Están los Ladrones?"

Commercial performance
In North America, even though the largest Latin retail chain in the United States refused to sell the album, Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 157,000 copies. It set a record for the highest debut of a full-length Spanish-language album in the country, both in sales and its chart position. Its Billboard 200 record lasted for 15 years, being surpassed by Puerto Rican singer Bad Bunny and his album El Último Tour del Mundo, which debuted at number-one on the chart in December 2020. Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 topped the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. It sold 77,000 copies in the second week, which is still higher than any other Spanish-language album. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album sold over 1,019,000 copies (as of October 2017) in the US, making it the eight bestselling Latin album in the country. It was later certified platinum eleven times by Latin standards, with shipments of over 1,100,000 copies. In 2009, Billboard named Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 as the best-selling Latin pop album of the 2000s. In Mexico, the album debuted at number one, and was later certified triple platinum for shipments of 300,000 copies.

In South America, Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 peaked at number one in Argentina, and was eventually recognized with triple-platinum certification. The album enjoyed similar success in Venezuela, selling over 34,613 copies. Consequently, it was certified platinum in the country. Furthermore, the record sold over 100,000 copies in Shakira's native Colombia, and was later recognized with triple-platinum certification. In Chile, it was certified platinum for shipping 15,000 copies.

In Europe, Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 achieved similar success. It debuted at number two on the Austrian albums chart, where it was certified platinum for shipments of 30,000 copies. The record peaked at numbers seven and fifteen, respectively, on the Belgian Walloon and Flanders album charts; it was certified gold for shipments of 25,000 copies. On the French albums chart the album reached number six, and was certified gold for shipments of 100,000 copies. It topped the German Media Control Charts, receiving a platinum certification for shipments of 200,000 copies. The record was certified gold in Greece for shipments of 10,000 copies. On the Hungarian albums chart it reached number six, receiving a platinum certification for shipments of 20,000 copies. The album peaked at number seven on the Dutch Top 40. The record topped the Spanish albums chart, receiving triple-platinum certification for shipments of 240,000 copies. After peaking at number two on the Swiss Hitparade, the album was certified platinum for shipments of 40,000 copies. As of May 2013, the record has sold over four million copies worldwide.

Legacy
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that releasing the Spanish-language Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 after the success of the English-language Laundry Service was a "sharp move", complimenting the album for demonstrating that Shakira "can not only return to her roots, but expand upon them". He described "La Tortura" as a "natural for American radio", and felt that the parent album generated anticipation for the upcoming Oral Fixation, Vol. 2. Writing for PopMatters, Matt Cibula praised the album for its musical departure from Laundry Service, applauding the integration of subtle samples across several songs as "great nods to the sounds of the 1980s". Dave Simpson of The Guardian compared Shakira to a "Latin American Madonna", describing her vocals as reminiscent of "Cher and Hazel O'Connor, produced by Julio Iglesias".

Jon Pareles of The New York Times found Shakira's "smart or ambitious" image to be uncharacteristic of a sex symbol. He praised the versatility of her multilingual lyrics and her experimentation in a number of genres, citing the "multiplicity" in "the arrangements, in the mixed emotions of the lyrics, [and] in Shakira's mercurial voice". Writing for Paste, Mark Kemp complimented Shakira for dispelling notions she is "the Latin Britney, the female Ricky Martin [and] the pretty pop tart who sings in Spanish and sounds like Alanis"; he compared the mix of musical elements in Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 to a Pop-Tart with a "rich and nutritious filling". Tom Townsend of Yahoo! Music called her "the greatest pop star we have", comparing her "consuming artistry" to that of Madonna and Prince. He credited the album for inspiring a revival of pop music, saying that the release proved that the genre "wasn't dead, just sleeping".

Shakira's international success was solidified with Fijación Oral, Vol. 1's strong commercial performance. After it debuted at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 and became the highest-debuting full-length Spanish album in the country, her label Epic Records called her "the biggest female crossover artist in the world". The album is her third-highest-charting release in the nation, behind Laundry Services peak position at number 3 and Shakiras number 2 peak. According to Billboard, it was the second best-selling Latin album of the decade in the US after Barrio Fino by Daddy Yankee.

Accolades
At the 2005 Billboard Music Awards, Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 was the Latin Pop Album of the Year. At the 2005 Mexican Oye! Awards, the album was the Pop Album of the Year by a Female Artist. At the 2005 Premios Shock awards ceremony, it received an award for "Album of the Year". In the same year, it was nominated in the category of "Me Muero Sin Ese CD" ("CD to Die For") at the 2005 Premios Juventud. The album was the Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards, and was Album of the Year, Best Engineered Album and the Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2006. That year, at the 13th Billboard Latin Music Awards, the album was the best Latin Pop Album by a Female. It was the Pop Album of the Year at the 18th Lo Nuestro Awards. Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 received an ALMA Award as Spanish Album of the Year. At the 2006 Groovevolt Music Awards, it was named Best Latin Album. At the Colombian Nuestra Tierra award ceremony, it was nominated Best Album of the Year which went to Fonseca for Corazón.

Track listing
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Fijación Oral, Vol. 1.

 * Notes
 * undefined signifies a co-producer
 * undefined signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Credits are adapted from AllMusic.

 * David Alsina – bandoneon
 * Gelipe Alvarez – programming
 * Gian Arias – programming
 * Paul Bushnell, Dave Carpenter, Chris Chaney – bass guitar
 * Jorge Calandrelli – metales, orchestra director, string arrangements
 * Juan Camatano – assistant engineer
 * Gustavo Celis – mixing
 * Gustavo Cerati – composer, guest artist, guitar, keyboard, primary artist, producer, programming
 * Luis Conte – percussion
 * Pete Davis – keyboards, programming, trumpet
 * Bruce Dukov
 * Gary Foster – flute
 * Bryan Gallant – assistant engineer
 * Iker Gastaminza – engineer
 * Dan George – project manager
 * Serban Ghenea – mixing
 * Mauricio Guerrero – engineer, mixing
 * Victor Indrizzo – drums, percussion
 * Rob Jacobs – engineer, mixing
 * Humberto (Kiro) Judex, Frank Marocco – accordion
 * Steve Kajula – flute
 * Ben Kaplan – assistant engineer
 * Kevin Killen – engineer
 * Tim LeBlanc – engineer
 * Charles Loper, Bob McChensay – trombone
 * Warren Luening – flugelhorn
 * Terry Manning – engineer
 * Maria Paula Marulanda – art direction
 * David Massey – A&R
 * Farra Mathews – A&R
 * Vlado Meller – mastering
 * Lester Mendez – composer, producer, keyboards, programming
 * Jonathan Mover – drums
 * Teddy Mulet – trumpet
 * Luis Fernando Ochoa – composer
 * Carlos Paucar – engineer
 * Shawn Pelton – drums, percussion
 * Archie Pena – percussion
 * Tony Reyes – guitar, keyboards
 * Rick Rubin – executive producer
 * Alejandro Sanz – composer, guest artist, guitar, primary artist, très, vocal arrangement
 * Shakira – composer, vocals
 * Mario Sorrenti – photography
 * Ramón Stagnaro, René Toledo, Lyle Workman – guitar
 * José DeJesús Rosales "Halcón Dorado" Torres – production assistant, programming, remixing
 * Dave Way – mixing
 * Joe Wohlmuth – engineer

Certifications and sales
! scope="row"| Romania (UPFR)
 * Platinum

title: Fijación Oral, Vol. 1


text:
File:Revolution OS.jpg

Summary
DVD cover of the movie Revolution OS. This was taken from

title: File:Revolution OS.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephen "Chick" Daly

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted. - Mailer Diablo 03:16, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Stephen "Chick" Daly
Personal attack, delete. Probably could be speedy, I'm still unsure about the line between regular vfd and speedy. Rx StrangeLove 17:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Definitely an attack page, which nobody would miss if it were speedied.  I've never understood why people write these things... do they really think their victim is going to coincidentally look themselves up on wikipedia for the few minutes/hours that the attack page stays up? Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  18:17, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — RJH 18:21, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied as attack page. Mgm|(talk) 18:29, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Martychen

Hello World!

This is Marty Chen.

title: User:Martychen


text:
Monty Alexander

Montgomery Bernard "Monty" Alexander OJ CD (born 6 June 1944) is a Jamaican American jazz pianist. His playing has a Caribbean influence and bright swinging feeling, with a strong vocabulary of bebop jazz and blues rooted melodies. He was influenced by Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Erroll Garner, Nat King Cole, Oscar Peterson, Ahmad Jamal, Les McCann, and Frank Sinatra. Alexander also sings and plays the melodica. He is known for his surprising musical twists, bright rhythmic sense, and intense dramatic musical climaxes. His recording career has covered many of the well-known American songbook standards, jazz standards, pop hits, and Jamaican songs from his original homeland. Alexander has resided in New York City for many years and performs frequently throughout the world at jazz festivals and clubs.

Biography
Alexander was born on 6 June 1944 in Kingston, Jamaica. He discovered the piano when he was four years old and seemed to have a knack for picking melodies out by ear. His mother sent him to classical music lessons at the age of six and he became interested in jazz piano at the age of 14. Monty boarded at DeCarteret College in Mandeville, then continued his education and musical prowess at Jamaica College. He began playing in clubs, and on recording sessions by Clue J & His Blues Blasters, subbing for Aubrey Adams, whom he describes as his hero, when he was unable to play. Two years later, Alexander directed a dance orchestra (Monty and the Cyclones) and played in the local clubs covering much of the 1960s early rock and pop dance hits. Performances at the Carib Theatre in Jamaica by Louis Armstrong and Nat King Cole left a strong impression on the young pianist.

Alexander and his family moved to Miami, Florida, in 1961, where he played in various nightclubs. One night Monty was brought to the attention of Frank Sinatra and Frank's friend Jilly Rizzo. They were there to see the act in the next room, a Sinatra imitator. Somebody suggested they also check out the kid playing piano in the front room bar, "He's swinging the room pretty good" they said. Thus, Monty was invited to New York City in 1962 to become the house pianist for Jilly Rizzo's night club and restaurant simply called "Jilly's." In addition to performing with Frank Sinatra there, Alexander also met and became friends with bassist Ray Brown and vibist Milt Jackson. He also became friendly with Miles Davis, both men sharing a love of watching boxing matches.

In Los Angeles, in 1964, Alexander recorded his first album, Alexander the Great, for Pacific Jazz, at the age of 20. The album was very energetic and upbeat, with the climax tune being "Blues for Jilly".

He recorded with Milt Jackson in 1969, with Ernest Ranglin in 1974 and in Europe the same year with Ed Thigpen. Alexander toured regularly in Europe and recorded there, mostly with his classic trio for MPS Records. He also toured around 1976 with the steelpan player Othello Molineaux.

In the mid-1970s, he formed a group consisting of John Clayton on bass and Jeff Hamilton on drums, creating a stir on the jazz-scene in Europe. Their most famous collaboration is Montreux Alexander, recorded during the Montreux Jazz Festival in July 1976.

A year later in 1977, Alexander recorded again with Milt Jackson on the LP Soul Fusion. Jackson used Alexander's trio (with bassist John Clayton and drummer Jeff Hamilton, future big-band co-leaders) for the Pablo recorded LP which was later issued on CD through Original Jazz Classics. Much of the material is obscure (including Jackson's three originals), with Stevie Wonder's "Isn't She Lovely" being the only jazz standard on the album.

Alexander has also played with several singers, among them Ernestine Anderson and Mary Stallings, as well as with other important leaders (Dizzy Gillespie, Benny Golson, Jimmy Griffin and Frank Morgan). In his successive trios, Alexander has played frequently with musicians associated with Oscar Peterson: Herb Ellis, Ray Brown, Mads Vinding, Ed Thigpen and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen.

Alexander formed a reggae band in the 1990s, featuring all Jamaican musicians. He has released several reggae albums, including Yard Movement (1996), Stir It Up (1999, a collection of Bob Marley songs), Monty Meets Sly & Robbie (2000), and Goin' Yard (2001). He collaborated again with Ranglin in 2004 on the album Rocksteady.

Personal life
Alexander married the American jazz guitarist Emily Remler in 1981. They divorced in 1985. Alexander lives in Manhattan and is married to Italian jazz singer Caterina Zapponi.

Awards and honours

 * Musgrave Medal, Institute of Jamaica, 2000
 * Best Live Performance Album, Independent Music Awards, Harlem-Kingston Express, 2012
 * Grammy-nominated 2011 CD, Harlem-Kingston Express
 * 2014 Soul Train Award-nominated followup, Harlem-Kingston Express, Vol. 2: The River Rolls On, both released on Motéma Records
 * 2017 Alexander was conferred with the Order of Griffin-Distinguished Alumnus Award by the Jamaica College Old Boys Association of New York.
 * In January 2023, Alexander was appointed a Member of the Order of Jamaica (OJ).

As sideman
With Ernest Ranglin
 * Ranglypso (MPS, 1974)
 * Below the Bassline (Island, 1996)
 * Rocksteady (Telarc, 2004)
 * Order of Distinction (Milk River Music, 2009)

With Milt Jackson
 * That's the Way It Is (Impulse!, 1969)
 * Just the Way It Had to Be (Impulse!, 1969)
 * Soul Fusion (Pablo, 1977)
 * Montreux '77 (Pablo, 1977)
 * A London Bridge (Pablo, 1982)
 * Mostly Duke (Pablo, 1982)
 * Memories of Thelonious Sphere Monk (Pablo, 1982)

With Ray Brown
 * Live at the Concord Jazz Festival (Concord, 1979)
 * Summerwind (Jeton, 1981) 2LP
 * A Ray Brown 3 (Concord, 1983)
 * Ray Brown, Monty Alexander, & Russell Malone (Telarc, 2002)
 * Walk On (Telarc, 2003)

With Tony Bennett
 * A Swingin' Christmas (Featuring The Count Basie Big Band) (Columbia, 2008)

With others
 * 1969 The Original Jam Sessions 1969, Quincy Jones and Bill Cosby
 * 1971 Smackwater Jack, Quincy Jones
 * 1977 Dizzy Gillespie Montreux Jam, Dizzy Gillespie
 * 1979 Somewhere in My Lifetime, Phyllis Hyman
 * 1980 Royal Blue, Marshal Royal
 * 1980 Never Make Your Move Too Soon, Ernestine Anderson
 * 1982 Goal, Dieter Goal
 * 1986 Go for Whatcha' Know, Jimmy Smith
 * 1987 Spontaneous Combustion, Barney Kessel
 * 1989 Chicken Scratch, Lee "Scratch" Perry
 * 1990 Snowy Morning Blues, Howard Alden
 * 1991 Unforgettable: With Love, Natalie Cole
 * 1994 That's Funky, Benny Golson
 * 1994 Hi-Bop Ska!, The Skatalites
 * 1996 Landmarks, Clifton Anderson
 * 1996 Manhattan Moods, Mary Stallings
 * 1996 Verve Jazz Masters #59, Toots Thielemans
 * 2000 One on One, Clark Terry
 * 2000 That's Funky, Benny Golson
 * 2001 Universal Lovesongs, Caterina Zapponi
 * 2002 Kristian Jørgensen Meets Monty Alexander, Kristian Jørgensen
 * 2003 Tribute to Charlie Parker, Frank Morgan
 * 2004 With All My Heart, Harvey Mason
 * 2005 In the Rhythm, Suzanne Couch
 * 2006 Chuck Redd Remembers Barney Kessel: Happy All the Time, Chuck Redd
 * 2010 Back in the Saddle Again, Bucky Pizzarelli
 * 2010 You Are There: Duets, Hilary Kole
 * 2011 Kaiso, Etienne Charles
 * 2011 Man With the Hat, Grace Kelly/Phil Woods

Filmography

 * Al Di Meola, Stanley Clarke, Jean-Luc Ponty – Live at Montreux (1994)
 * New Morning – The Paris Concert (2008)

title: Monty Alexander


text:
Dobrovolʹskiy (crater)

Dobrovolskiy is a small lunar impact crater on the Moon's far side. The northwest part of its rim is intruded upon by the somewhat larger crater Shirakatsi, and the outer rampart of that feature covers most of the interior floor of Dobrovolskiy. Very little of the original floor now survives, with a small section near the southern inner wall. The remainder of the crater rim is somewhat circular and only mildly worn.

To the north the southern rim of the much larger crater Perepelkin is intruded upon by Shirakatsi, and the three form a brief, curving crater chain. To the southeast of Dobrovolskiy is the crater Volkov.

In 1973, the crater was named after cosmonaut Georgiy T. Dobrovolskiy, who died during the Soyuz 11 mission.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Dobrovolskiy.

title: Dobrovolʹskiy (crater)


text: User talk:61.10.7.245

title: User talk:61.10.7.245


text:
Talk:Galápagos tortoise

Rats eliminated
This comics page education feature says when sailors introduced rats (not intentionally, but their ships had them) this hurt the tortoises to the point where they almost became extinct. Now I know this is (or was) a featured article but it ought to say that. The comic strip got the information from somewhere. It's not clear except in the lede but the comic strip also says the tortoises were taken off the islands until the rats could be eliminated and then they were brought back.— Vchimpanzee  •  talk  •  contributions  •  18:55, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Wiki links
There seem to be a problem with the linked pages in other languages, which redirect to Chelonoidis nigra instead of their respective pages about Galápagos tortoise, for example in french, german, spanish, etc. I don't know how to fix it myself.--Aréat (talk) 11:20, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Chelonoidis nigra is the scientific taxon name for the common 'English' name Galápagos tortoise. I don't see what requires fixing. Regards, Sun Creator(talk) 14:14, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

Comment moved from article page
Feel too lazy to update it professionally but a team of researchers on may 31, 2021 a they confirmed a found one after 2 years of research on it. Thanks. Special:Contributions/47.27.170.200 2021-05-31T22:22:28
 * Moved by SchreiberBike | ⌨ 03:48, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Are there 13 or 12 extant species?
Intro and table section conflict. 71.208.13.170 (talk) 00:32, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Very large species?
or does the article mean species of very large tortoises? 2607:FEA8:FF01:7FC0:9DC8:1C04:68F9:2C41 (talk) 18:59, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galápagos tortoise


text:
Agentes in rebus

The agentes in rebus (ἀγγελιαφόροι, or μαγιστριανοί, magistrianoí, 'magister's men' ) were the late Roman imperial and Byzantine courier service and general agents of the central government from the 4th to the 7th centuries.

History
The exact date of their institution is unknown. They are first mentioned in 319, but may date to Diocletian's reforms in the late 3rd century, when they replaced the earlier and much-detested frumentarii. The central imperial administration still needed couriers, and the agentes in rebus filled this role. Originally they acted as dispatch carriers, but eventually assumed a variety of duties—the title itself translates as "Those Active in Matters". They fell under the jurisdiction of the magister officiorum (Master of the Offices), hence their alternate Greek name of magistrianoi. They were eventually abolished sometime in the early 8th century, as most of the magister's functions were taken over by the logothetēs tou dromou. The last reference to an agens comes in the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, where the magistrianos Paul is recorded as having been sent on an embassy in 678.

Organization and function
The agentes in rebus were formed into a schola of the palace, and in common with other public services of the Dominate, their service was militarized, and considered a militia. Indeed, the agentes were divided into five ranks, taken from the junior cavalry officers: equites, circitores, biarchi, centenarii and ducenarii. Two were appointed to each province in 357, one in 395 and more again after 412. Each member of the agentes in rebus was normally promoted into other branches of the government. The Code of Justinian notes furthermore that the agentes enjoyed immunity from prosecution both civil and criminal, unless otherwise sanctioned by the Master of Offices. Senior agentes were regularly appointed to the post of princeps officii of the praetorian prefectures, the urban prefectures and the dioeceses, thus exercising control over these departments' bureaucracy and reducing its independence.

As for their function, the 6th-century historian Procopius notes in his Secret History:

The earlier Emperors, in order to gain the most speedy information concerning the movements of the enemy in each territory, seditions or unforeseen accidents in individual towns, and the actions of the governors and other officials in all parts of the Empire, and also in order that those who conveyed the yearly tribute might do so without danger or delay, had established a rapid service of public couriers."

As the service handling communications and communications systems within the Empire, their duties included the supervision of the roads and inns of the cursus publicus (public postal system), the carrying of letters, or verifying that a traveller was carrying the correct warrant (evectio) while using the cursus. Further duties assigned to the agentes included the role of customs officers, the supervision of public works and the billeting of soldiers. They were also used to supervise the arrest of senior officials as required, to escort senior Romans into exile (such as John Chrysostom in 404), and even to assist in the enforcement of government regulation of the church. Ammianus Marcellinus and Procopius also noted their use as ambassadors on several occasions.

Other tasks included supervising the provincial bureaucracy and delivering Imperial commands, often staying in the area to ensure their implementation. Being outside the control of the provincial governors, some agentes, the curiosi (διατρέχοντες, diatrechontes) were appointed as inspectors and acted as a sort of secret agents, for which they gained a reputation as a secret police force. As their routine assignments brought them into contact with matters of great concern to the court, and as they reported back to the court on everything they saw or heard on their varied missions, the agentes can be seen to have had an intelligence function, in the broadest modern sense of the term. This role, as well as their extraordinary power, made them feared: the 4th-century philosopher Libanius accused them of gross misconduct, terrorizing and extorting the provincials, "sheep-dogs who had joined the wolf pack". Nevertheless, the vast majority operated quite openly, and the claims of the agentes operating as a modern-day secret police are certainly exaggerated.

The numbers of the agentes tended towards inflation, and the corps was viewed with a measure of mistrust by the emperors, who repeatedly tried to regulate its size: 1,174 in the year 430 according to a law of Theodosius II, and 1,248 under Leo I (457–474). Imperial edicts also regulated their promotion, which was to be strictly on seniority, with the annual exception of two officers, whom the emperor could advance at his pleasure.

In popular culture

 * Harry Turtledove's alternate history novel, Agent of Byzantium, features a magistrianos as the eponymous protagonist.
 * Gillian Bradshaw's historical novel Imperial Purple, set in the 5th century, features one of the agentes and the Master of the Offices as the antagonists.
 * In John Conroe's Demon Accords, Agents in Rebus (A.I.R.) was founded at the end of the Revolutionary War by patriots, eventually evolving into a rogue intelligence and black ops subsection of the U.S. government.
 * Q. V. Hunter's Embers of Empire series chronicles the career of a fictional agens in the late 4th century.

title: Agentes in rebus


text:
Miskolc Opera Festival

The Miskolc Opera Festival or International Opera Festival of Miskolc (Miskolci Nemzetközi Operafesztivál) was a cultural event held every summer in Miskolc, the capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary. The event offers a selection of opera performances with the participations of famous artists from all over the world and was created by Péter Müller Sziámi, the former art director of the National Theatre of Miskolc in 2001.

The main venue was the National Theatre of Miskolc, the current building dating from 1847. The main auditorium (capacity 687), the summer theatre (500) and chamber theatre (270) are used for stage works. Concerts also took place in the Ice Hall (winter sports hall), the House of the Arts and churches such as the Protestant Church, Kossuth u, as well as in public squares.

It was also called "Bartók + ... Opera Festival", because each year the festival focused on the works of Bartók plus another composer or composers. There were chamber recitals alongside the operatic performances as well as events for children and films.

Some productions are from visiting companies; in 2009 Moscow Helikon Opera, Szeged National Theatre and Latvian National Opera were among these.

In 2017, the festival marked the half millennium of the reformation with productions of Scaevola (world premiere) by Mátyássy Szabolcs, an opera-musical The Master and Margarita by Levente Gyöngyösi, María de Buenos Aires by Piazzolla, Candide by Bernstein, Jr. Butterfly by Shigeaki Saegusa, as well as Bluebeard's Castle and The Spinning Room.

During festival time MVK Rt. operates a veteran tram which stops outside the theatre, where regular trams do not stop, and is free for festival patrons with tickets.

The last edition of the festival took place in 2019.

Since 2001, festivals have had as their theme;
 * 2001: Bartók + Verdi;
 * 2002: Bartók + Puccini;
 * 2003: Bartók + Mozart;
 * 2004: Bartók + Tchaikovsky;
 * 2005: Bartók + Bel canto (Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti);
 * 2006: Bartók + Verismo;
 * 2007: Bartók + Paris;
 * 2008: Bartók + Slav composers;
 * 2009: Bartók + Vienna; covered Gluck (Le cadi dupé), Haydn (La canterina, L'infedeltà delusa), Mozart (Apollo et Hyacinthus, L'oca del Cairo, The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute), Strauss (Ariadne auf Naxos), Berg (Wozzeck, Lulu), Schoenberg (Moses und Aron);
 * 2010: Bartók + Europe;
 * 2011: Bartók + Verdi;
 * 2012: Bartók + Puccini; themes are rotated from now on

Classical Rock shows
In 2007, the festival contained a concert of the Swedish symphonic metal band Therion with a complete symphonic orchestra and choir, the second such performance of them ever. The show included a full orchestral version of their song "Clavicula Nox", and music by Antonín Dvořák, Giuseppe Verdi, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Camille Saint-Saëns and Richard Wagner. The second part of the show featured the band's assorted songs, in which classical instruments and choir have a significant role.

After the great success of this concert, the tradition of rock-classical events was established under the name "Opera-Rock-Show". For the 2008 festival, the Dutch band Epica was invited to play. As Therion a year before, they also played their own songs in addition to classical pieces by many classical composers including Vivaldi, Dvořák, Verdi, Grieg, plus soundtracks of the movies Star Wars, Spider-Man and Pirates of the Caribbean.

The 2010 Festival featured two concerts: one of by the Hungarian rock band Republic and the other by Tarja Turunen, who was originally scheduled for 2009, but due to organisation problems it was postponed. The shows have been seemingly discontinued in the following years, there were neither plans, no rumours about more acts.

Both Therion's and Epica's performances were released as a live album in 2009 by Nuclear Blast Records. While Epica issued only a double CD with the name The Classical Conspiracy, Therion also had DVD recordings called The Miskolc Experience.

title: Miskolc Opera Festival


text: Category:Hungarian literature

title: Category:Hungarian literature


text:
Martinsville Speedway

Martinsville Speedway is a stock car racing short track in Ridgeway, Virginia, just south of Martinsville. The track was also one of the first paved oval tracks in stock car racing, being built in 1947 by partners H. Clay Earles, Henry Lawrence, and Sam Rice, nearly a year before NASCAR was officially formed. It is also the only race track that has been on the NASCAR circuit from its beginning in 1948. Along with this, Martinsville is the only oval track on the NASCAR circuit to have asphalt surfaces on the straightaways and concrete to cover the turns. At 0.526 mi in length, it is the shortest track in the NASCAR Cup Series. It is owned by NASCAR.

Layout
The track is often referred to as paper clip-shaped and is banked only 12° in the turns. The combination of long straightaways and flat, narrow turns makes hard braking going into turns and smooth acceleration exiting turns a must. The track was paved in 1955 and in 1956 it hosted its first 500-lap event. By the 1970s, a combination of high-traction slick tires and high speed was putting excessive wear on the asphalt surface. In 1976 the turns were repaved with concrete (a rare concept in the 1970s). By 2004, the then 28-year-old concrete had shown significant wear. On April 18, 2004 a large chunk of concrete became dislodged from the track's surface and caused severe damage to the body of Jeff Gordon's car. In reaction to this, the track was fully repaved with new concrete and asphalt.

Until 1999, Martinsville was notorious for having two pit roads. The backstretch pit road was generally avoided because if a team had to pit there during a caution, any car pitting on the front stretch had the advantage of pitting first and not having to adhere to pace car speed upon exiting their pit road. This was rectified when pit road was reconfigured to extend from the entrance of turn 3 to the exit of turn 2. This move allowed for a garage to be built inside the track, and leaves Bristol as the only active NASCAR track with two pit roads.

History
The first NASCAR sanctioned event was held on July 4, 1948. In 1951, only four cars were running at the finish, the fewest of any race held at the speedway. In 1960, Richard Petty became the youngest winner at Martinsville, at 22 years, 288 days; to date Petty has the most wins (15). In 1991, Harry Gant became the oldest winner at 51 years, 267 days. It was Gant's fourth win in a row, earning him the nickname Mr. September.

Ownership of the track was a joint venture of brothers Jim and Bill France Jr., and H. Clay Earles, the majority owner, along with daughters Dorothy Campbell and Mary Weatherford, and Dorothy Campbell's children, Sarah Fain and Clay Campbell. In 2004, the track was sold exclusively to the France family for over $200 million as a result of an estate sale following the death of Weatherford. International Speedway Corporation (ISC) became owner of the track. Plans had existed to add an additional 20,000 seats along the backstretch, boosting capacity to over 85,000 seats. In 2005–2006 the Norfolk Southern Railway behind the track was moved 200 feet to make way for the added seats, but nothing more has been officially mentioned regarding this by track management since the sale of the track to ISC.

From 1982 until 1994, and again in 2006, the speedway hosted Busch Series events. This occurred first with 200- and 150-lap features (200 laps for the two races with Whelen Modifieds, 150 laps with the September Winston/Nextel Cup race), then 300 laps from 1992 until 1994 as part of a Late Model/Busch Series doubleheader, and 250 laps in the one-off in 2006. The venue was dropped from the Busch Series schedule for 2007 and a race at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal was run on the open date.

Currently, Martinsville hosts two NASCAR Cup Series races — the Blue-Emu Maximum Pain Relief 500 in late March or early April and the Xfinity 500 (race nine in the NASCAR playoffs) in late October or early November — along with the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour which is held on Labor Day weekend under the lights, and late model races. NASCAR Xfinity Series also races same weekend as cup series playoff race (which is next to last race) in Xfinity series.

In 2012, Martinsville Track President Clay Campbell, Langley Speedway's owner Bill Mullis, and then South Boston Speedway's General Manager Cathy Rice formed the Virginia Triple Crown. The series contains each tracks respective crown jewel race beginning with the Thunder Road Harley-Davidson 200 held annually on Independence Day weekend at South Boston, followed by the Hampton Heat 200 held annually in late July at Langley, the series concludes in September at Martinsville with the ValleyStar Credit Union 300. The series has run annually since 2012 except for in 2016, due to Langley Speedway's brief closure, and in 2020, due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. During the Triple Crown's eight year history there have been five different winners and only Peyton Sellers and Lee Pulliam have won it multiple times.

After multiple late model races were forced to count caution laps in later segments in order to beat sunset, and the 2015 fall Cup race ended at sunset, the track announced on October 12, 2016, in a news conference with Campbell and Dale Earnhardt Jr., that the track would be adding a $5 million LED lighting package. Campbell also explained that Martinsville Speedway would be the first sports arena with an all-LED lighting package. Campbell said that the track did not then have plans in place for nighttime races, with its premier series dates in 2017 already locked in to start at 2 p.m. ET (in April) and 1 p.m. ET (October). But Campbell indicated that the $5 million initiative should provide flexibility in case of inclement weather. The project was completed in early February 2017 with testing of the lights in certain sections, then fully lighting the track in mid-February. It was also announced that the 300-lap NASCAR late model race will be the first NASCAR race to run in prime-time with the new lighting system in early October 2017.

Following a directive by some tracks NASCAR announced in late February to early March 2017, Martinsville was one of three races during the second half of the season (and the only one in the playoff) to experiment with a compressed two-day schedule featuring Saturday practice and Sunday afternoon qualifying, with the race starting between 90 minutes to two hours after the conclusion of knockout qualifying. The playoff race will now finish under the lights, as qualifying will move to 12:10 p.m., and after the session (which typically lasts an hour), the race will start around 3:00 p.m. (typically this would mean the race starts between 15 and 25 minutes after the hour), where with sunset being around 6:25 p.m., meaning the final laps will be run at night. The experiment was not repeated in 2018, but the start time for the 2018 race was set for 2:30 PM, meaning the conclusion of the race will be at dusk around 6 PM.

On January 28, 2019, it was revealed on ISC's 2018 annual report that the speedway's track seating was reduced from 55,000 to 44,000.

On April 3, 2019, NASCAR announced significant changes to the Martinsville schedule including a return to the track for the NASCAR Xfinity Series in late October 2020, the spring race being moved to Mother's Day weekend under the lights, the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour returning for the MaxPro Window Films 200 as part of the Mothers Day weekend event on a Friday night, and the NASCAR Truck Series racing only once at the track on a Friday night in late October.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the 2020 Mother's Day Cup event being moved to June 10, being run on a Wednesday night. The race returned to April for 2021 and was shortened to 400 laps in 2022. A second Xfinity Series race was added beginning in 2021, while the spring Truck Series date was dropped in 2020 in favor of keeping the fall event. For 2022, the trucks returned to the spring date, with the fall date being removed from the calendar.

Tradition
Unique to Martinsville, winners of the NASCAR Cup Series, Truck Series, and Whelen Modified events receive a longcase clock as a trophy, a nod to Martinsville's famous furniture industry. This tradition started in 1964, when Earles decided he wanted to present a trophy that would reflect the Martinsville area. He chose clocks made by a local company, Ridgeway Clocks (now a subsidiary of Michigan-based Howard Miller).

The hot dogs at Martinsville as well are a notable part of the fan experience. The hot dogs themselves are composed of a hot dog in a bun, with chili, coleslaw, mustard and onions as toppings.

NASCAR Cup Series records
(As of 9/1/2023) * from minimum 5 starts.

Records

 * NASCAR Cup Series qualifying: Joey Logano, 18.898 sec (100.201 mph), March 28, 2014
 * NASCAR Cup Series race lap: Ross Chastain, 18.845 sec (100.483 mph), October 30, 2022
 * NASCAR Cup Series race:
 * 500 laps: Jeff Gordon, 3 hr 11 min 54 sec (82.223 mph), September 22, 1996
 * 400 laps: William Byron, 2 hr 40 min 30 sec (79.244 mph), April 9, 2022
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series qualifying: Brandon Jones, 19.694 sec (96.151 mph), April 5, 2024
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series race:
 * 300 laps: Terry Labonte, 2 hr 12 min 25 sec (71.511 mph), March 20, 1994
 * 250 laps: Jack Ingram, 1 hr 42 min 16 sec (77.751 mph), March 25, 1984
 * 200 laps: Harry Gant, 1 hr 20 min 16 sec (78.637 mph), October 27, 1991
 * 150 laps: Sam Ard, 59 min 25 sec	(79.607 mph), September 25, 1982
 * NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series qualifying: Ty Majeski, 19.417 sec (97.523 mph), April 5, 2024
 * NASCAR Truck Series race:
 * 250 laps: Rich Bickle, 1 hr 47 min 18 sec (75.296 mph), September 27, 1997
 * 200 laps: Johnny Sauter, 1 hr 25 min 29 sec (73.839 mph), October 29, 2016
 * NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour qualifying: Ryan Preece, 18.607 sec (101.768 mph), 2021
 * NASCAR Combined Modified race: Ted Christopher, 55.773 mph, 2005 (combination races only with 250-lap format)

title: Martinsville Speedway


text:
Craig Cerrig-gleisiad and Fan Frynych National Nature Reserve

Craig Cerrig-gleisiad and Fan Frynych National Nature Reserve is a 156 acre (631,000 m²) area of the Brecon Beacons National Park in South Wales.

It includes the peaks of Craig Cerrig-gleisiad (629 m: ) and Fan Frynych (629 m: ). Craig Cerrig-gleisiad means 'cliff of the salmon(-coloured) rocks' and is a cirque formed by a glacier which deposited moraine and created a sheltered environment where the steep crags prevent sheep from accessing the rare Arctic–alpine plants such as purple saxifrage and roseroot and mixed woodland where orchids and anemones flourish. There is scattered scrub woodland and scattered hawthorn on the lower slopes.

The national nature reserve, which is administered by Natural Resources Wales, the successor body to the Countryside Council for Wales, lies within the Fforest Fawr uplands, an area set aside in Norman times for hunting and which remained Crown property until the early nineteenth century.

In addition to the flora, there are relatively rare birds such as peregrine falcons, ring ouzels and ravens. Sixteen species of butterfly have been recorded in the area.


text:
Craig Cerrig-gleisiad

Craig Cerrig-gleisiad is a subsidiary summit of Fan Fawr in the Fforest Fawr section of the Brecon Beacons National Park, South Wales. It makes up half of the Craig Cerrig-gleisiad and Fan Frynych National Nature Reserve with its sister peak Fan Frynych.

The summit is marked by a pile of stones, and sits on the edge of steep north facing cliffs which provide one of the few habitats for Arctic–alpine plants this far south in the British Isles. To the south-west is Fan Llia.

Geology
The outstanding feature of the mountain is the L-shaped glacial cwm which faces to the northeast. Its modern form is considered to be the result of a complex history of both glacial action and rock-slope failure, a portion of the west wall having collapsed after the main part of the last ice age. Some of the debris was re-worked during the Loch Lomond Stadial and parts stretch as far as the A470 road. The rocks exposed in the main crag are Senni Beds of Devonian Old Red Sandstone, topped with Brownstones.

The ledges of the main crag to the south have been a favoured nesting site for peregrine falcons.

title: Craig Cerrig-gleisiad


text:
Talk:Holsten Brewery

Added to project
Added to WikiProject Beer, info for box taken from website. --Sean κ. ⇔ 17:43, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Holsten Brewery. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090521195027/http://www.holsten.de:80/public-relations-englisch/1132_v1.html to http://www.holsten.de/public-relations-englisch/1132_v1.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:02, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holsten Brewery


text:
Fan Frynych

Fan Frynych is the northernmost peak of the Fforest Fawr massif in the Brecon Beacons National Park, South Wales. It is classed as a subsidiary summit of Fan Fawr and makes up half of the Craig Cerrig-gleisiad and Fan Frynych National Nature Reserve with its sister peak Craig Cerrig-gleisiad.

The summit is marked by a trig point, where the northern face of Craig Cerrig-gleisiad can be viewed.

Geology
The upper parts of the mountain are formed from brown-coloured sandstones of the Senni Formation. At lower level and hence older, and forming the lower northern slopes, though largely unseen, are the mudstones of the St Maughans Formation. Both are units of the Lower Old Red Sandstone of early Devonian age. Though locally variable, the rock strata dip generally towards the southeast. The northeastern flank of the mountain is defined by a NE-SW aligned geological fault, the Cribarth Fault downthrowing to the southeast, which forms a part of the Swansea Valley Disturbance. Large parts of the mountain's eastern flanks are affected by landslips.

Access
Being 'mountain' and/or 'moor', the entire mountain is mapped as open country and hence freely available to walkers under the access provisions of the CROW Act 2000. A network of paths and tracks cross its summit plateau and link with public rights of way to east, west and north. The 99 mile Beacons Way passes over Craig Cerrig-gleisiad immediately to its south, affording views over Fan Frynych's southern slopes and connecting with a path running the length of the east side of the plateau.

title: Fan Frynych


text:
Rainer Barzel

Rainer Candidus Barzel (20 June 1924 – 26 August 2006) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as the eighth president of the Bundestag from 1983 to 1984.

Barzel had been the leader of his parliamentary group and a short time federal minister, before his party went into opposition in 1969. Subsequently, Barzel became chairman of the party. He tried to become federal chancellor via a constructive vote of no confidence 1972, being the first one in the Federal Republic to have tried so. He unexpectedly came two votes short. In the subsequent general elections of November 1972, he was the unsuccessful main candidate of the CDU/CSU. He lost his chairmanship the year after but remained an influential member of the parliament.

Biography
Born in Braunsberg, East Prussia (present-day Braniewo, Poland), Barzel served as Chairman of the CDU from 1971 to 1973 and ran as the CDU's candidate for Chancellor of Germany in the 1972 federal elections, losing to Willy Brandt's SPD.

Barzel served as Minister of All-German Affairs (1962–63) under Konrad Adenauer, as Parliamentary group leader of the CDU/CSU (1964–1973), as Minister of Intra-German Relations (1982–1983) in Helmut Kohl's cabinet, and as President of the Bundestag (1983–1984).

The 1972 election is commonly regarded as an indirect referendum on Chancellor Brandt's Ostpolitik (Eastern Policy), which called for normalized relations with East Germany and the Soviet Union, which Barzel vehemently opposed. On 27 April 1972 Barzel and the CDU/CSU called a constructive vote of no confidence against Brandt's government. Had the motion carried, Barzel would have succeeded Brandt as Chancellor of Germany. Due to several SPD and FDP members switching to the CDU and a number of FDP members withdrawing support for the coalition, on paper the CDU had just enough support to oust Brandt in favour of Barzel.

The implications of this vote were far-reaching. Brandt's initial reaction was that he, along with his policy of Ostpolitik, was finished. Several German trade unions went on strike in anticipation of his loss in the no confidence motion. However, the final tally received 247 votes, two short of the 249 needed to expel Brandt from office. Persuasive evidence subsequently emerged that two members of Barzel's caucus, (CDU) and Leo Wagner (CSU) had been bribed by the East German Ministry for State Security. Details of the alleged East German involvement remain hazy, however: not all commentators are persuaded that East German bribes were the most decisive factor in the tantalisingly narrow failure of the no-confidence vote which, had matters turned out differently, could have triggered a successful bid for Barzel to become West Germany's next chancellor in 1972.

The government, in consideration of the fact that it had lost its effective parliamentary majority and that parliamentary work was stalled, reacted by deliberately losing a vote of confidence, which then allowed the President of Germany, Gustav Heinemann to dissolve the Bundestag and call early elections, which Brandt and the SPD handily won. 1972 was the only time between the war and German reunification that saw the SPD place first in a federal German election, and it still represents the SPD's high-water mark as a vote share. That year's elections had the highest turnout of any German federal election at 91.1%, one of the highest turnouts ever recorded in national elections without mandatory voting.

Within the CDU group of the German parliament, Barzel's credibility suffered when it became apparent that he had lied about substantial outside income from work as a lawyer outside parliament.

It was neither the lost no-confidence motion nor the lost parliamentary elections that, on 8 May 1973, eventually prompted Barzel to resign from both the CDU party chair and the leadership of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group. It was the refusal by the parliamentary group to support a government bill for the accession of both German states to the United Nations. He was the first leader of the CDU who stood down without ever becoming Chancellor.

In 1982, Barzel married the political scientist Helga Henselder-Barzel.

Barzel retired from political life in 1984 after he was accused of being entangled in the Flick affair, a charge rejected by the Flick inquiry committee and the prosecuting authorities two years later.

Barzel died in Munich, Bavaria, after a long illness, on 26 August 2006, aged 82.

Publications

 * Gesichtspunkte eines Deutschen. Düsseldorf, Econ 1968
 * Unterwegs – Woher und wohin? München, Droemer Knaur 1982
 * Im Streit und umstritten. Anmerkungen zu Konrad Adenauer, Ludwig Erhard und den Ostverträgen. Berlin, Ullstein 1986
 * Geschichten aus der Politik. Persönliches aus meinem Archiv. Berlin, Ullstein 1987
 * Die Tür blieb offen – Ostverträge-Misstrauensvotum-Kanzlersturz. Bonn, Bouvier 1998, ISBN 3-416-02836-8
 * Ein gewagtes Leben. Stuttgart, Hohenheim 2001, ISBN 3-89850-041-1

title: Rainer Barzel


text:
Jean Becker (director)

Jean Becker (born 10 May 1933) is a French film director and screenwriter. He is son of the director Jacques Becker. On 24 July 2009, he was made a Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by France's culture minister, Frédéric Mitterrand.

title: Jean Becker (director)


text: Category:Religion in China

title: Category:Religion in China


text:
David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford

David Alexander Edward Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford and 10th Earl of Balcarres, (10 October 1871 – 8 March 1940), styled Lord Balcarres or Lord Balniel between 1880 and 1913, was a British Conservative politician and art connoisseur.

Background and education
Born at Dunecht, Aberdeenshire, Crawford was the eldest son of James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford and 9th Earl of Balcarres and his wife Emily Florence, daughter of Colonel Edward Bootle-Wilbraham. Sir Ronald Lindsay was his younger brother. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford.

His family had extensive mining interests on the Lancashire Coalfield at Haigh near Wigan where his family had a seat at Haigh Hall. He was chairman of the Wigan Coal and Iron Company and its successor the Wigan Coal Corporation.

Prior to the First World War he had held the rank of Captain in the 1st (Volunteer) Battalion, Manchester Regiment, from which he resigned in early 1903. During World War I, in early 1915, at 43 years of age, and having refused an offer of the Viceroyalty of India, he enlisted as a private in the Royal Army Medical Corps, which was almost unheard of at that time as hereditary peers and their heirs or university graduates such as himself were generally commissioned as officers. He thus swapped palaces in India and the prospect of a comfortable administrative position for the reality of a front line clearing station's operating theatre. At times up to 1,000 casualties each day passed through the clearing station at Hazebrouck, where he was stationed. This was when he developed what were described by his granddaughter, Rose Luce, as 'mixed feelings' about members of the officer classes (his own 'class', of course). In 2013 his diaries of his experiences were published as the memoir Private Lord Crawford's Great War Diaries: From Medical Orderly to Cabinet Minister, edited by his grandson Christopher Arnander.

He became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1900 also of the Royal Society in 1924 and was made a Knight of the Thistle in 1921.

The Earl said of himself that "he was publicly known as the premier Scots earl, whereas in reality, he was a Lancashire coal merchant". On one occasion he invited the other governors of the John Rylands Library to view an exhibition of the treasures of his library and a number of other professors of the Victoria University of Manchester were also present. Among these was the professor of commerce, George William Daniels, who paid the earl and countess the following compliment, "You know, it's worth five centuries of breeding to breed two like those".

He was a keen book collector, particularly of Victorian erotica, and bequeathed in his will over 100 volumes to the British Museum, which were subsequently placed in the Private Case.

Political career
Crawford was elected Member of Parliament for Chorley in 1895 and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1903 to 1905 under Arthur Balfour. After the Conservatives went into opposition in 1905 he was Chief Conservative Whip in the House of Commons between 1911 and 1913. The latter year he succeeded his father in the earldom and took his seat in the House of Lords (in virtue of his junior title of Baron Wigan, which was in the Peerage of the United Kingdom).

In July 1916 Crawford was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed President of the Board of Agriculture, with a seat in the cabinet, in the coalition government of H. H. Asquith.

When David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, Crawford became Lord Privy Seal. In January 1919 Lloyd George appointed him Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, but removed him from the cabinet. He was made First Commissioner of Works in April 1921, and in April of the following year he was also made Minister of Transport, and restored to the cabinet. He retained these two posts until the coalition government fell in October 1922.

Later career
Crawford was Chancellor of the University of Manchester between 1923 and 1940, a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery and a Deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire. He served as President of the Committee commissioning the Survey of London which documented the capital's principal buildings and public art.

Family
Lord Balcarres married, at St Margaret's, Westminster, on 25 January 1900, Constance Lilian Pelly, daughter of Sir Henry Pelly, 3rd Baronet and Lady Lillian Harriet Charteris, daughter of Francis Charteris, 10th Earl of Wemyss. They had eight children, two sons and six daughters:

 * David Alexander Robert Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford (20 November 1900 - 13 December 1975)
 * Lady Margaret Cynthia Lindsay (27 June 1902 - 1997)
 * Lady Cynthia Anne Lindsay (21 June 1904 - 5 January 1997)
 * Hon James Louis Lindsay (16 December 1906 - 27 August 1997), Conservative Member of Parliament for Devon North from 1955 to 1959.
 * Lady Elizabeth Patricia Lindsay (15 September 1908 - 4 February 1937)
 * Lady Mary Lilian Lindsay (27 September 1910 - 25 March 2004), married Reginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain from 1962 to 1964. Their daughter Baroness Manningham-Buller was Director-General of MI5 from 2002 to 2007.
 * Lady Katharine Constance Lindsay (26 August 1912 - c November 1972), married Sir Godfrey Nicholson, 1st Baronet. Their daughter is Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne.
 * Lady Barbara Lindsay (31 December 1915 - 20 July 2001)

Lord Crawford died in March 1940, aged 68 and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son David, Lord Balniel. The Countess of Crawford died in January 1947.

title: David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford


text: User talk:70.32.147.8

title: User talk:70.32.147.8


text:
Donner (crater)

Donner is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is located just to the northeast of the Mare Australe, behind the southeastern limb of the Moon. During favorable librations this part of the lunar surface can be brought into view of the Earth, but the site is viewed from the edge and so not much detail can be seen.

This crater has a moderately eroded outer rim, and several small and tiny craterlets lie along the edge. A joined pair of small craters lie across the southern rim and inner wall. An unnamed, crater-like feature with about the same diameter as Donner is attached to the northern outer rim. The structure along the inner wall has been softened and rounded by a long history of minor impacts.

The interior floor is relatively level, and is pock-marked by multiple tiny craterlets. There is a curving ridge in the southern part of the floor that is attached to the inner wall, and possibly forms the remnant of a small crater rim.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Donner.

title: Donner (crater)


text:
Vandenberg (band)

Vandenberg is a Dutch–American hard rock band from Amsterdam and Los Angeles, formed in 1981. The group is named after guitarist Adriaan "Adje" van den Berg (a.k.a. Adrian Vandenberg).

Career
In 1981, Van den Berg hired Bert Heerink (vocals), Dick Kemper (bass), and Jos Zoomer (drums), and formed the group Vandenberg. They recorded a demo that came to the notice of journalist Kees Baars. He offered to manage the group and contracted them to Atlantic Records.

Their first album, Vandenberg, was recorded at former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page's studio, Sol Studios, and in 1983, their first single, "Burning Heart", reached No. 39 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 record chart. Vandenberg toured the U.S. as the opening act for Ozzy Osbourne and KISS, and then independently in Japan in 1984. "Different Worlds", from their second album, Heading for a Storm, also did fairly well, but did not equal the success of "Burning Heart".

The band's third album, Alibi, was recorded in the Netherlands and produced by Jaap Eggermont, former drummer of Golden Earring. The album failed to enter the charts and not long after, the lead singer, Heerink, left the band. Demos with a new vocalist, Peter Struyk, were not well received by Atlantic.

Around that time, Van den Berg (who often uses an Anglicized version of his Dutch name: Adrian Vandenberg) played as a guest soloist on a Whitesnake album and in 1987, Whitesnake vocalist David Coverdale asked him to join the band permanently. As he wasn't having much success with his own band, Vandenberg accepted the invitation.

In 2004, Vandenberg reunited and released a double CD, The Definitive Vandenberg, a compilation of their best songs, with a newly recorded version of "Burning Heart". In January 2005, the band released a DVD with footage of a 1984 Tokyo concert.

In July 2012, it was reported that Heerink, Kemper, and Zoomer were trying to take over the rights to the name "Van Den Berg" from the band's guitarist.

In January 2020, guitarist Adrian Vandenberg announced that the Vandenberg name would once again be used for an all-new lineup and new album, featuring former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie Romero on vocals, with guests Rudy Sarzo on bass and Brian Tichy on drums.

On 26 March 2020, the band announced the upcoming release of their first studio album in 35 years, simply titled 2020. The record came out on 29 May.

On 8 October 2021, Vandenberg announced that Swedish singer Mats Levén had joined the band. In August 2023, the group released the album Sin with a new lineup that included Vandenberg, Levén, Koen Herfst on drums, and Randy van der Elsen on bass. The record was produced by Bob Marlette

Band members
Current
 * Vandenberg – guitar
 * Mats Levén – vocals
 * Randy van der Elsen – bass
 * Koen Herfst – drums

Past
 * Bert Heerink – vocals
 * Dick Kemper – bass
 * Jos Zoomer – drums
 * Ronnie Romero – vocals

Discography
Studio albums

Compilations
 * The Best of Vandenberg (1988)
 * Different Worlds: The Definitive Vandenberg (2004)

Video albums
 * Live in Japan (2005)

title: Vandenberg (band)


text:
Yves Guyot

Yves Guyot (6 September 1843 – 22 February 1928) was a French politician and economist.

Biography
He was born at Dinan. Educated at Rennes, he took up the profession of journalism, coming to Paris in 1867. He was for a short period editor-in-chief of L'Independent du midi of Nîmes, but joined the staff of Le Rappel on its foundation, and worked subsequently on other journals.

He took an active part in municipal life, and waged a keen campaign against the prefecture of police, for which he suffered six months' imprisonment. He entered the chamber of deputies in 1885 as representative of the 1st arrondissement of Paris and was rapporteur general of the budget of 1888. He became minister of public works under the premiership of P.E. Tirard in 1889, retaining his portfolio in the cabinet of Charles de Freycinet until 1892. Of strong liberal views, he lost his seat in the election of 1893 owing to his militant attitude against socialism.

Yves Guyot was president of the Société d'économie politique from 1917 to 1921 and from 1925 to 1928.

Works
An uncompromising free-trader, he published the following works:
 * (1859). Trois ans au Ministère des Travaux Publics, Expériences et Conclusions.
 * (1867). L'Inventeur.
 * (1872). Histoire des Prolétaires depuis les Temps les plus Reculés jusqu'à nos jours [with Sigismond Lacroix].
 * (1872). Nos Préjugés Politiques.
 * (1874). Les Lieux Communs, Précédés de l'Histoire d'un Petit Chapitre, d'un Petit Journal et d'un Grand Général.
 * (1875). Le Manuel du Parfait Bonapartiste.
 * (1881). Dialogue entre John Bull et George Dandin sur le Traité de Commerce Franco-anglais.
 * (1881). La Science Économique.
 * (1881–1905). Études de Physiologie Sociale [6 vols.]
 * (1882). La Famille Pichot: Scènes de l'Enfer Social.
 * (1883). La Morale: la Morale Théologique: la Morale Métaphysique: Variations de l'Idéal Moral.
 * (1883). L'Organisation Municipale de Paris et de Londres, Présent et Avenir.
 * (1884). Un Fou.
 * (1885). Un Drôle.
 * (1885). Lettres sur la Politique Coloniale.
 * (1888). Le Boulangisme.
 * (1893). La Tyrannie Socialiste.
 * (1894). Les Principes de 89 et le Socialisme.
 * (1896). L'Économie de l'Effort.
 * (1896). Les Tribulations de M. Faubert. L'Impôt sur le Revenu.
 * (1897). La Comédie Socialiste.
 * (1897). L'Organisation de la Liberté.
 * (1897). Voyages et Découvertes de M. Faubert.
 * (1897). L'Œuvre de M. Jules Cambon. La Politique Radicale-socialiste en Algérie.
 * (1898). La Révision du Procès Dreyfus, Faits et Documents Juridiques.
 * (1898). L'Innocent et le Traître, Dreyfus et Esterhazy, le Devoir du Garde des Sceaux.
 * (1898–1901). Dictionnaire du Commerce, de l'Industrie et de la Banque [2 vols.]
 * (1899). Affaire Dreyfus, Analyse de l'Enquête.
 * (1899). L'Évolution Politique et Sociale de l'Espagne.
 * (1899). Les Raisons de Basil.
 * (1900). La Politique Boer, Faits et Documents en Réponse au Dr Kuyper.
 * (1901). Le Bilan Social Et Politique De L'Eglise,
 * (1901). La Question des Sucres en 1901.
 * (1903). Le Repêchage des Cinq Cent Millions à l'Eau, le Programme Baudin au Sénat.
 * (1903). Le Trust du Pétrole aux États-Unis.
 * (1907). La Démocratie Individualiste.
 * (1908). La Crise Américaine: ses Effets et ses Causes.
 * (1908). La Crise des Transports: Illusions et Réalités.
 * (1908). Sophismes Socialistes et Faits Économiques.
 * (1909). Le Commerce et les Commerçants.
 * (1911). Les Chemins de fer et la Grève.
 * (1913). L'A B C du Libre-échange.
 * (1913). La Gestion par l'État et les Municipalités.
 * (1915). La Province Rhénane et la Westphalie, Étude Économique.
 * (1916). Les Causes et les Conséquences de la Guerre.
 * (1917). La Question de l'Alcool: Allégations et Réalités.
 * (1918). Les Garanties de la Paix [2 vols.]
 * (1923). Inflation et Déflation [with Arthur Raffalovich].
 * (1923). Les Problèmes de la Déflation.
 * (1924). Politique Parlementaire et Politique Atavique.

Works in English translation

 * (1884). Prostitution under the Regulation System.
 * (1892). Principles of Social Economy.
 * (1894). The Tyranny of Socialism.
 * (1900). Boer Politics.
 * (1901). The Sugar Question in 1901.
 * (1904). Notice on the Palais-Royal.
 * (1904). The American Commercial Center in Europe.
 * (1906). The Comedy of Protection.
 * (1909). Socialistic Fallacies.
 * (1910). Economic Prejudices.
 * (1914). Where and Why Public Ownership Has Failed.
 * (1916). The Causes and Consequences of the War.

title: Yves Guyot


text:
Bunavad

Bunavad (Бунавадъ; Българско народно въздухоплавателно акционерно дружество) was the first national airline of Bulgaria. The airline was conceived in late 1926, operated scheduled services between major Bulgarian cities from October 1927 and closed in 1930.

Bunavad's post-War successors were the Bulgarian Ministry of Transport and Communications' Air Communications Administration (the DVS) which operated under the acronym BVS (Bulgarian: БВС, Български въздушни съобщения) and which in time developed into TABSO and its successors.

History
In 1926 the Bulgarian government contracted with the German Junkers aircraft manufacturing company to assist in the formation of an airline and equipping it with Junkers airliners. The agreement provided for the state to facilitate certain loans towards the purchase of airliners and to disburse certain funds towards the opening of air services. It was formally signed on 22 November 1926.

During 1927 private Bulgarian business interests led by Dr Dimitar Tochkov as Director formed the Bunavad airline. Bunavad ordered two examples of the then-popular Junkers F.13 for delivery later that year. From the outset, Bunavad offered both passenger and mail/freight services. Bulgaria's first airmail postage stamps duly appeared on sale on 7 November 1927.

An inauguration ceremony for the airline and its first scheduled air service, between Sofia, Ruse, and Varna, was held at Sofia Bozhurishte Airport on 25 October 1927. The Bulgarian government was represented by Reserve Lieutenant Colonel Kimon Georgiev, until recently Minister of Railways and Posts, whose title had been restyled for the occasion to Minister of Railways, Posts, and Aeronautics. His German counterpart was renowned air pioneer Fritz Horn of the Junkers company, who had arrived in a Junkers G.23. Also present were the then-Mayor of Sofia Reserve General Vladimir Vazov, Sofia Metropolitan Bishop Stefan, Konstantsa, wife of then-Prime Minister Andrey Lyapchev, the press, and many members of the public.

Bunavad's two Junkers F.13s were christened at the ceremony, with Mrs Georgieva dedicating B-BUNA with the name Lastovitsa (Bulgarian: "Ластовица", meaning "Swallow") and Mrs Lyapcheva dedicating B-BUNB with the name Sokol (Bulgarian: "Соколъ", meaning "Falcon"). The aircraft then performed demonstration flights for the press and public, after which B-BUNA departed on the airline's first scheduled service. Its three passengers were met at Varna by Metropolitan Bishop Simeon and a large crowd of wellwishers.

After the Sofia-Ruse-Varna (and vice versa) service, Bunavad opened a service between Vidin, Ruse, and Varna and also between Sofia, Plovdiv, and Burgas (some sources claim Sofia-Burgas with no intermediate stop).

In late 1929, the Junkers company was forced to withdraw from the 1926 agreement due to the effects of the Great Depression. Bunavad continued operating amid drastically worsened business conditions until forced to wind-up on an unknown date in 1930. Being a defeated power in World War I, Bulgaria was largely stripped of the right to have its own aviation by the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. This, added to the paucity of intergovernmental arrangements, largely put paid to any international services that might have been conceived by Bunavad or putative other Bulgarian airlines.

Infrastructure
Burgas was the only one of the cities served by Bunavad to have established a fully functioning international airport prior to the airline's formation. A modest passenger and mail terminal opened at Sofia's Bozhurishte Airport to serve Bunavad and others in 1927. The city of Varna also opened a facility in time for Bunavad's launch; it was subsequently moved to another site. All other terminal facilities were newly instituted for the new airline's operations.

Bunavad rented a headquarters at Sofia's central Bulevard Dondukov and had booking offices at two locations in central Sofia and in each serviced city. The airline rented hangarage facilities at Sofia's Bozhurishte Airfield, restyled Airport in honour of its formation.

Routes

 * Sofia – Ruse – Varna and vice versa
 * Vidin – Ruse – Varna & v. v.
 * Sofia – Plovdiv – Burgas & v. v.

Fleet
All services were flown by Junkers F.13 aircraft.

title: Bunavad


text:
User talk:Astique~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- The Anome 17:48, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Astique. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Astique~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:12, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Astique~enwiki