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It's Alive (Ramones album)

It's Alive is the first live album by the American punk rock band the Ramones, titled after the 1974 horror film of the same name. It was recorded at the Rainbow Theatre in London on December 31, 1977, and released in April 1979 as a 2-LP set. The album draws from the band's first three studio albums: Ramones (1976), Leave Home (1977), and Rocket to Russia (1977). Four concerts during the UK tour were recorded, but the New Year's Eve one was chosen because ten rows of seats were thrown at the stage after the concert and it was considered the best of the performances at the venue.

 * ""Since it was New Year's Eve, our management brought in some balloons and gave everybody these 'Gabba gabba hey' signs to wave around. It was very celebratory. Johnny Thunders was there, and Sid Vicious with his new girlfriend, Nancy Spungen. Elton John was there, dressed up like Marlon Brando in The Wild One. We'd honed our craft really sharp by then. The Ramones' sound was basically the essence of rock 'n' roll. That's what we were going for." – Tommy Ramone"

The album and concert is referred to as the band at its live peak. The concert was filmed and later released in truncated form on the 2007 compilation DVD It's Alive 1974–1996. The album was certified gold in Argentina in 1993.

Critical reception
In a 1996 retrospective review, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote: "Redundant when it was dropped on the punk-besotted U.K. in 1979, this concert is precious history now—seems so impossibly light and quick it makes you suspect they didn't fully sustain their live pace into their forties after all."

Paul Rigby of Record Collector described the album as a "high energy, one-hour blitz" that attests to "how high-octane they really were".

AllMusic critic Mark Deming deemed It's Alive to be "not only the best Ramones live album," but also "one of the best and most effective live albums in the rock canon, and every bit as essential as Ramones, Leave Home, or Rocket to Russia."

In 2005, It's Alive was ranked number 279 in Rock Hard magazine's book The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.

Release history
It's Alive was first released on CD in the US in 1995. The album was reissued as a 4 CD/2 LP 40th Anniversary Deluxe Edition on September 20, 2019, limited to 8,000 copies. The set includes all four concerts that were recorded during the Ramones' UK tour in December 1977 and is housed in a 12x12 hardcover book, with liner notes written by Steve Albini and Ed Stasium.

Personnel
Ramones
 * Joey Ramone - lead vocals
 * Johnny Ramone - guitar
 * Dee Dee Ramone - bass, backing vocals
 * Tommy Ramone - drums

Production
 * Ed Stasium - engineer
 * Tommy Ramone, Ed Stasium - producers
 * Basing Street Studios Ltd. - mobile recording facilities
 * Greb Cobb, Frank Owen, Jo Yu, Ray Doyle - mobile crew
 * Ramona Janquito, Phil Shrago - studio crew
 * Monte Melnick - tour manager
 * Arturo Vega - lighting
 * Tasco - sound, lighting

Album Design-Spencer Drate Art Director-John Gillespie Photography-Various Photographers

title: It's Alive (Ramones album)


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George Tupou V

George Tupou V (Tongan: Siaosi Tupou, full name: Siaosi Tāufaʻāhau Manumataongo Tukuʻaho Tupou; 4 May 1948 – 18 March 2012) was the King of Tonga from the death of his father Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV in 2006 until his own death six years later.

Early life and education
Prince Siaosi was born on 4 May 1948, as the eldest child of Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa-Tungī of Tonga (son of Queen Sālote Tupou III and Prince Viliami) and his wife Crown Princess Halaevalu.

Tupou V attended King's School and King's College, both in Auckland. This was followed by periods at The Leys School in Cambridge, and another school in Switzerland. He also studied at Oxford University and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in England.

Crown Prince
Tupou V was appointed Crown Prince on 4 May 1966. In that role, he was better known by one of his traditional chiefly titles, 'Tupoutoʻa.

In 1974, though unmarried, Tupou V had a daughter, 'Ilima Lei Fifita Tohi. In 1997 she married police officer Tulutulumafua i'Olotele Kalaniuvalu and has three children. According to the Constitution of Tonga, ʻIlima is ineligible to accede to the throne as only children born of a royal marriage may succeed.

As Crown Prince, Tupoutoʻa held great influence in Tongan politics, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1979 to 1998. He had substantial business interests in Tonga and abroad, and was co-chairman of the Shoreline Group/Tonfön.

Reign

The King was recognised as a descendant of the sky god Tangaroa. He was sworn in as King Tupou V on 11 September 2006, which also made him, from a traditional viewpoint, the 23rd Tuʻi Kanokupolu (the overlords of Tongatapu).

Coronation
The ceremonial aspects of Tupou V's accession took place in July and August 2008. These were initially to be held in 2007 after the six-month official mourning period for his father (as required of close relatives) and his own birthday. They were also deferred after the 2006 Nukuʻalofa riots as he decided to focus instead on reconstruction of the damaged capital.

During the week of celebrations, two key ceremonies took place to mark Tupou V's coronation. On 30 July 2008, a Taumafa Kava (Royal Kava Ring ceremony) was held on Malaʻe Pangai, the open space to the east of the Royal Palace. During the ceremony, Tupou V sat on a pile of handwoven pandanus mats in an open pavilion facing the sea, while more than 200 Tongan nobles and chiefs dressed in woven skirts and sea shells circled him. He wore the traditional Tongan ta'ovala (woven mat skirt) and a garland of flowers. During this ceremony, Tupou V was formally recognised as the Tuʻi Kanokupolu, and the rightful descendant of King George Tupou I, who united Tonga in the 19th century. The ceremony involved having kava, hundreds of baskets of food, and seventy cooked pigs presented to the King and the assembly of chiefs and nobles.

Later that night, schoolchildren held 30,000 torches to proclaim the coronation in what is known as a tupakapakanava. The traditional torch spectacle was held at a spot overlooking the Pacific and is an ancient honour reserved solely for the Tongan sovereign and Royal Family.

A second, European-style coronation ceremony took place on 1 August 2008 in the Centennial Chapel, Nuku’alofa. Anglican Archbishop of Polynesia Jabez Bryce invested George Tupou V with the Tongan regalia: the ring, sceptre and sword. During the culmination of the ceremony, Archbishop Bryce placed the Tongan Crown on the monarch's head. Royalty and nobility from around the world were in attendance.

Relinquishing most authority
A documentary dated June 2004 by Australian journalist Gillian Bradford identifies some of the challenges facing Tongan society but also shows that King George was in favour of a gradual transition to more extensive democracy in Tonga. In the interview, the then-Crown Prince points out that free speech in Tonga was protected by the Constitution.

Three days before his coronation on 1 August 2008, the King announced that he would relinquish most of his power and be guided by his Prime Minister's recommendations on most matters. The Prime Minister would also be in charge of day-to-day affairs.

In addition, the King announced that there would be parliamentary reform and elections in 2010. Fielakepa, the spokesman for the royal palace, said, "The Sovereign of the only Polynesian kingdom ... is voluntarily surrendering his powers to meet the democratic aspirations of many of his people ... [The people] favour a more representative, elected Parliament. The king agrees with them."

In July 2010, the government published a new electoral roll and called Tonga's 101,900 citizens to add their names to the document so that they could take part in the historic vote, which was due to be held on 25 November. He would remain head of state, but lose his executive powers, including the ability to appoint the prime minister and ministers. However, it seemed certain that the Monarch would continue to appoint and administer the Judiciary of Tonga for the purposes of assuring that political independence and neutrality were retained. Tupou V also retained the power to commute prison sentences.

Divesting business interests
As king, his first proclamation was that he would dispose of all his business assets as soon as reasonably possible, and in accordance with the law. Tonfön was sold in 2007, but efforts to divest from Shoreline Power were delayed after New Zealand investors withdrew following the 2006 Nuku‘alofa riots.

Other
On 24 February 2012, he visited Pope Benedict XVI in Vatican City.

During his reign, George Tupou V oversaw reforms within the Tongan honours system which both expanded the number of Orders in the Kingdom and created rules to make the award of these Orders more egalitarian.

In 2008 he bestowed noble titles to family members. Most significantly he restored the 'Prince' title to his nephew Prince Tungi, who is the eldest son of Prince Fatafehi 'Alaivahamama'o Tuku'aho.

Illness and death
In September 2011, Tupou V had surgery to remove a kidney following the discovery of a tumour.

Matangi Tonga reported that George Tupou V died on 18 March at Queen Mary Hospital in Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, though governing institutions in Tonga did not immediately confirm it. His brother and heir presumptive Tupouto'a Lavaka was at the hospital when he died.

Domestic reactions
A statement was due following a cabinet meeting the day after his death. Radio Australia reported that Tonga's largest religious organisation, the Free Wesleyan Church, said it would hold a prayer service at the queen mother's residence in Nukuʻalofa. Prime Minister Lord Tuʻivakanō later made a national address calling on the people of Tonga to pray for the royal family and the country, according to Radio New Zealand.

International reactions

 * Queen Elizabeth II sent a message of condolence saying that King Tupou was "a true statesman who served his country with distinction".
 * King Harald V sent a message of condolence to King Tupou VI, in which he expressed sympathy for the new King, his family and the people of Tonga.
 * Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard said that King Tupou's death was the loss of "a great friend" to Australia and pointed to the change he led Tonga through as the "first truly democratic elections, held in November 2010, set the country on a new course."
 * New Zealand Prime Minister John Key said: "He believed that the monarchy was an instrument of change and can truly be seen as the architect of evolving democracy in Tonga. This will be his enduring legacy."
 * Māori Kīngi Tūheitia extended his condolences to the Tongan royal family and people.
 * United States President Barack Obama said that King Tupou's death was the loss of "a friend" to the United States and the loss of "a visionary leader" to the people of Tonga.

Funeral
Following the official announcement of the passing of King George Tupou V and giving the proclamation of the new King, Tupou VI, the royal cabinet set up a committee for the organization of the state funeral of the King. Lord Vaea was appointed the chairman of the committee. The King's body arrived on 26 March 2012, then lay in state at the Royal Palace in Nuku'alofa for a day. The funeral, originally announced for 28 March 2012, was moved a day forward to 27 March on request of the new King. The decision led to criticism from members of the Tongan diaspora unable to travel to Tonga in time for the funeral.

Selected foreign dignitaries were invited by the committee to attend the funeral, including the Governor-General of Australia, Quentin Bryce, and the Governor-General of New Zealand, Jerry Mateparae. Royal guests at the ceremony included Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and Prince Hitachi of Japan and his wife, Princess Hitachi.

National

 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Pouono
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of George Tupou I
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Crown
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: 1st Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Sālote Tupou III
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: 1st Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint George
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: 1st Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: 1st Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Royal House
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: 1st Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Oceania
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Sovereign of the Royal Family Decoration of King George Tupou V
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Sovereign Recipient of the Medal of Merit
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Sovereign Recipient of the Red Cross Medal
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Sovereign Recipient of the King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV Silver Jubilee Medal

Foreign

 * 🇫🇷 France: Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour
 * Bagrationi-Mukhrani Georgian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Eagle of Georgia
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit (15 September 2011)
 * Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I
 * Two Sicilian Royal Family: Recipient of the Gold Benemerenti Medal

Ancestry
See the Tongan language page and ancestor's page ...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: George Tupou V


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John Houghton (martyr)

John Houghton, OCart (c. 1486 – 4 May 1535) was a Catholic priest of the Carthusian order and the first martyr to die as a result of the Act of Supremacy by King Henry VIII of England. He was also the first of the Carthusians to die as a martyr. As one of the Carthusian Martyrs of London he is among the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.

Early life
Born around 1487, Houghton was (according to one of his fellow Carthusians) educated at Cambridge, but cannot be identified among surviving records. Similarly, no certain records can be found of his ordination.

It is said that he escaped an arranged marriage as soon as he completed his education and took refuge with a devout priest.

Monastic life
He joined the London Charterhouse in 1516, progressed to be sacristan in 1523, and procurator in 1528. In 1531, he became prior of the Beavale in Nottinghamshire. However, in November of that year, he was elected prior of the London house, to which he returned. In addition, the following spring he was named Provincial Visitor, at the head of the English Carthusians.

In April 1534, two royal agents visited the Charterhouse. Houghton advised them that "it pertained not to his vocation and calling nor to that of his subjects to meddle in or discuss the king's business, neither could they or ought they to do so, and that it did not concern him who the king wished to divorce or marry, so long as he was not asked for any opinion." He asked that he and his community be exempted from the oath required under the new Act of Succession, which resulted in both him and his procurator, Humphrey Middlemore, being arrested and taken to the Tower of London. However, by the end of May, they had been persuaded that the oath was consistent with their Catholicism, with the clause "as far as the law of Christ allows" and they returned to the Charterhouse, where (in the presence of a large armed force) the whole community made the required professions.

Arrest and execution
However, in 1535, the community was called upon to make the new oath as prescribed by the 1534 Act of Supremacy, which recognised Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Again, Houghton, this time accompanied by the heads of the other two English Carthusian houses (Robert Lawrence, prior of Beauvale, and Augustine Webster, prior of Axholme), pleaded for an exemption, but this time they were summarily arrested. They were called before a special commission in April 1535, and sentenced to death, along with Richard Reynolds, a monk from Syon Abbey.

Houghton, along with the other two Carthusians, Reynolds and John Haile of Isleworth, was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn on 4 May 1535. The three priors were taken to Tyburn in their religious habits and were not previously laicised from the priesthood and religious state as was the custom of the day. From his prison cell in the Tower, Thomas More saw the three Carthusian priors being dragged to Tyburn on hurdles and exclaimed to his daughter: "Look, Meg! These blessed Fathers be now as cheerfully going to their deaths as bridegrooms to their marriage!" John Houghton was the first to be executed. After he was hanged, he was taken down alive, and the process of quartering him began.

Catholic tradition relates that when Houghton was about to be quartered, as the executioner tore open his chest to remove his heart, he prayed, "O Jesus, what wouldst thou do with my heart?". His companions were butchered next. After his death, his body was chopped to pieces and hung in different parts of London.

Legacy
He was beatified on 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII and canonized on 25 October 1970 by Pope Paul VI.

There is a mosaic of Houghton in the Holy Name of Jesus Roman Catholic Church, Oxford Road, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.

A painting of the Carthusian protomartyr by the noted painter Francisco Zurbarán, depicts him with his heart in his hand and a noose around his neck.

In the Chapter house of St. Hugh's Charterhouse in England, there is a painting depicting the martyrdom of the three priors.

There are stained glass windows of Saint John Houghton in the following churches:

 * St. Dominic's Priory Church in London
 * Our Lady and the English Martyrs in Cambridge
 * Belmont Abbey outside Hereford
 * St. Mark's Church in Mansfield
 * Shrewsbury Cathedral, he is next to Thomas More in the fifth window.

St John Houghton Catholic Voluntary Academy is named in his honor.

title: John Houghton (martyr)


text:
Talk:Inter partes

Either contentious or not?
Would it be correct to write that inter partes proceedings can either be contentious or not? --Edcolins 12:32, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inter partes


text:
John Houghton

John Houghton may refer to:

Politicians

 * John Houghton (fl.1393), MP for Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)
 * John Houghton (died 1583) (before 1522–1583), MP for Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)
 * John Houghton (Manx politician)
 * John Houghton (Zimbabwean politician)

Others

 * John Houghton (physicist) (1931–2020), Welsh atmospheric physicist
 * John Houghton (martyr) (c. 1486–1535), English Catholic priest and martyr
 * John Houghton (apothecary) (1645–1705), English writer, apothecary and merchant
 * John Houghton (footballer), New Zealand international footballer
 * John Houghton (footballer born 1891) (1891–1991), English footballer
 * John Houghton (rugby league) (fl. 1970), former St Helens RLFC rugby player

title: John Houghton


text:
John Hanbury (1744–1784)

John Hanbury (6 August 1744 – 6 April 1784) was a British heir and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1766 to 1784.

Early life
John Hanbury was born in 1744. His father, Capel Hanbury served as the Member of Parliament for Leominster. His mother was Jane Tracy. His paternal grandfather was John Hanbury, while his maternal grandfather was Thomas Tracy, 5th Viscount Tracy. His great grandfather, Capel Hanbury (1625–1704), began the building of Pontypool Park House in 1659, where he grew up at Pontypool Park in Wales.

His family was responsible for the industrialisation and urbanisation of the eastern valley through which runs the Afon Llwyd (in English "grey river") in Monmouthshire around Pontypool.

Career
Hanbury was MP for Monmouthshire from 1765 until 1785, before a writ was issued for a by-election.

Personal life and death
Hanbury lived in the manor-house of Hoarstone in Pontypool Park (which now houses St. Alban's R.C. High School and Pontypool Museum). He also built the Shell Grotto, Pontypool and Folly Tower above Pontypool Park. With his wife, he had issue:
 * John Capel Hanbury
 * Capel Hanbury - later he took the name of Hanbury-Leigh
 * Charles Hanbury-Tracy was created Baron Sudeley.

Hanbury died in 1784, aged 39.

title: John Hanbury (1744–1784)


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Phoenix breakwaters

The Phoenix breakwaters were a set of reinforced concrete caissons built as part of the artificial Mulberry harbours that were assembled as part of the preparations for the Normandy landings during World War II. A total of 213 were built, with 212 floated or side-launched. They were constructed by civil engineering contractors around the coast of Britain. They were collected at Dungeness and Selsey, and then towed by tugboats across the English Channel and sunk to form the Mulberry harbour breakwaters replacing the initial "Gooseberry" block ships. Caissons were added in the autumn of 1944 to reinforce the existing structure to cope with the harbour continuing in use longer than planned.

Several Phoenix breakwaters still exist in Britain: two are part of the harbour off Castletown at Portland Harbour in Dorset, and two can be dived in less than 10 metres of water off Pagham in West Sussex. There is also a smaller Phoenix Caisson (type C) in Langstone Harbour in Hampshire.

A wrecked Phoenix breakwater is also to be seen, broken in two, in the Thames estuary off Shoeburyness in Essex. It broke while being towed from Harwich in June 1944. To avoid it causing a hazard to shipping in the Thames estuary, it was beached on the mud on the northern edge of the Thames dredged shipping channel. It is about a mile from the beach. It is not quite covered at high tide, but it is topped by a beacon to warn shipping of its presence.

Several Phoenix breakwaters were used in the Netherlands to plug gaps in the dykes, four of them for a dyke at Ouwerkerk after the North Sea Flood of 1 February 1953. These four have now been converted into a museum for the floods called the Watersnoodmuseum. One can walk through the four caissons.

Two of the Phoenix breakwaters were sold to Sweden in 1949, initially towed to Frihamnen port in Stockholm and moved on 20 September 1956 to the newly-built heat and power plant in Hässelby where they remain as of 2021.

Four surplus caissons were used in a breakwater at Akranes, Iceland. Three were towed and delivered by mid August 1946, with the fourth following shortly.

title: Phoenix breakwaters


text:
Shane McLeod

Shane David McLeod (born 8 August 1975) is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's North Asia correspondent.

McLeod grew up in Hervey Bay and studied journalism at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane. He commenced his career at ABC's Brisbane radio newsroom and also worked in Gladstone, Longreach and Cairns before transferring to the radio current affairs Melbourne bureau in 1999 to report for the ABC's national programs AM, The World Today and PM.

A move in January 2001 took him to Australia's capital, Canberra, where he reported federal politics for radio current affairs, including the 2001 federal election campaign. In 2002 McLeod was promoted to the ABC's foreign correspondent in Papua New Guinea, reporting from across the pacific region. In January 2005 he reported on the devastating tsunami and its effects in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. He moved to Japan to become the ABC's North Asia correspondent in July 2005.

title: Shane McLeod


text:
Talk:List of districts of Bihar

Reformatted
I have well formated the text. All the head is put in bold and a word khaira is added Pointing to the village khaira in da>

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on List of districts of Bihar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110430231753/http://www.allaboutbihar.com/districts/ to http://www.allaboutbihar.com/districts/

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Main article: Superintendent of police (India)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have removed this article, as it is irrelevant in this page

Cheers

ANUPAM DUTTA 12:11, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of districts of Bihar


text:
User talk:Diizy

Hey Diizy,

I've added a picture to the longboarding article sliding section, which I believe shows a pendulum slide. I'm not 100% sure, as it could also be a Coleman pendulum or whatever. I'm not skating terminology proof. Could you just have a look and correct it if it's wrong?

Thanks, Ravn 12:35, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Diizy


text:
Theory of planned behavior

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is a psychological theory that links beliefs to behavior. The theory maintains that three core components, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions. In turn, a tenet of TPB is that behavioral intention is the most proximal determinant of human social behavior.

The theory was elaborated by Icek Ajzen for the purpose of improving the predictive power of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). Ajzen's idea was to include perceived behavioral control in TPB. Perceived behavior control was not a component of TRA. TPB has been applied to studies of the relations among beliefs, attitudes, behavioral intentions, and behaviors in various human domains. These domains include, but are not limited to, advertising, public relations, advertising campaigns, healthcare, sport management consumer/household finance, and sustainability.

Extension from the theory of reasoned action
Icek Ajzen (1985) proposed TPB in his chapter "From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior." TPB developed out of TRA, a theory first proposed in 1980 by Martin Fishbein and Ajzen. TRA was in turn grounded in various theories bearing on attitude and attitude change, including learning theories, expectancy-value theories, attribution theory, and consistency theories (e.g., Heider's balance theory, Osgood and Tannenbaum's congruity theory, and Festinger's dissonance theory). According to TRA, if an individual evaluates a suggested behavior as positive (attitude), and if he or she believes significant others want the person to perform the behavior (subjective norm), the intention (motivation) to perform the behavior will be greater and the individual will be more likely to perform the behavior. Attitudes and subjective norms are highly correlated with behavioral intention; behavioral intention is correlated with actual behavior.

Research, however, shows that behavioral intention does not always lead to actual behavior. Because behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete, Ajzen introduced TPB by adding to TRA the component "perceived behavioral control". In this way he extended TRA to better predict actual behavior.

Perceived behavioral control refers to the degree to which a person believes that he or she can perform a given behavior. Perceived behavioral control involves the perception of the individual's own ability to perform the behavior. In other words, perceived behavioral control is behavior- or goal-specific. That perception varies by environmental circumstances and the behavior involved. The theory of planned behavior suggests that people are much more likely to intend to enact certain behaviors when they feel that they can enact them successfully.

The theory has thus improved upon TRA.

Extension of self-efficacy
Along with attitudes and subjective norms (which make up TRA), TPB adds the concept of perceived behavioral control, which grew out of self-efficacy theory (SET). Bandura proposed self-efficacy construct in 1977, in connection to social cognitive theory. Self-efficacy refers to a person's expectation or confidence that he or she can master a behavior or accomplish a goal; an individual has different levels of self-efficacy depending on the behavior or intent. Bandura distinguished two distinct types of goal-related expectations: self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. He defined self-efficacy as the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome in question. Outcome expectancy refers to a person's estimation that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes. Bandura advanced the view that self-efficacy is the most important precondition for behavioral change, since it is key to the initiation of coping behavior.

Previous investigations have shown that a person's behavior is strongly influenced by the individual's confidence in his or her ability to perform that behavior. As self-efficacy contributes to explanations of various relationships among beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior, TPB has been widely applied in health-related fields such as helping preadolescents to engage in more physical activity, thereby improving their mental health, and getting adults to exercise more.

Normative beliefs and subjective norms

 * Normative belief: an individual's perception of social normative pressures, or the beliefs of relevant others bearing on what behaviors should or should not be performed.
 * Subjective norm: an individual's perception about the particular behavior, which is influenced by the judgment of significant others (e.g., parents, spouse, friends, teachers).

Control beliefs and perceived behavioral control

 * Control beliefs: an individual's beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or hinder performance of the behavior.
 * Perceived behavioral control: an individual's perceived ease or difficulty of performing the particular behavior. The concept of perceived behavioral control is conceptually related to self-efficacy. It is assumed that perceived behavioral control is determined by the total set of accessible control beliefs.

Behavioral intention and behavior

 * Behavioral intention: an individual's readiness to perform a given behavior. It is assumed to be an immediate antecedent of behavior. It is based on attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, with each predictor weighted for its importance in relation to the behavior and population of interest.
 * Behavior: an individual's observable response in a given situation with respect to a given target. Ajzen advanced the view that a behavior is a function of compatible intentions and perceptions of behavioral control. Perceived behavioral control is expected to moderate the effect of intention on behavior, such that a favorable intention produces the behavior only when perceived behavioral control is strong.

Perceived behavioral control vs. self-efficacy
Ajzen (1991) wrote that the role of perceived behavioral control in the theory of planned behavior derived from Bandura's concept of self-efficacy. More recently, Fishbein and Cappella advanced the view that self-efficacy is equivalent to perceived behavioral control in Ajzen's integrative model. Perceived behavioral control can be assessed with the help of items from a self-efficacy scale.

In previous studies, the construction of measures of perceived behavioral control has had to be tailored to each particular health-related behavior. For example, for smoking, an item could read "I don't think I am addicted because I can really just not smoke and not crave for it" or "It would be really easy for me to quit."

The concept of self-efficacy is rooted in Bandura's social cognitive theory. It refers to the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to attain a desired goal. The concept of self-efficacy is used as perceived behavioral control, which means the perception of the ease or difficulty of the particular behavior. It is linked to control beliefs, which refer to beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performance of the behavior.

Perceived behavioral control is usually measured with self-report instruments comprising items that begin with the stem, "I am sure I can ... (e.g., exercise, quit smoking, etc.)." Such instruments attempt to measure the individual's confidence that he or she can execute a given behavior.

Attitude toward behavior vs. outcome expectancy
The theory of planned behavior specifies the nature of the relationship between beliefs and attitudes. According to the theory, an individual's evaluation of, or attitude toward, a behavior is determined by his or her accessible beliefs about the behavior. The term belief in this theory refers to the subjective probability that the behavior will produce a certain outcome. Specifically, the evaluation of each outcome contributes to the attitude commensurately with the person's subjective probability that the behavior produces the outcome in question. A belief is accessible if available from long-term memory.

The concept of outcome expectancy originated in the expectancy-value model. Outcome expectancy can be a belief, attitude, opinion, or expectation. According to the theory of planned behavior, an individual's positive evaluation of his or her performance of a particular behavior is similar to the concept of perceived benefits. A positive evaluation refers to a belief regarding the effectiveness of the proposed behavior in reducing the vulnerability to negative outcomes. By contrast, a negative self-evaluation refers to a belief regarding adverse consequences that can result from the enactment of the behavior.

Social influence
The concept of social influence has been assessed in both the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior. Individuals' elaborative thoughts on subjective norms are perceptions of whether they are expected by their friends, their family, and society in general to perform a particular behavior. Social influence is measured by evaluating the attitudes of social groups. For example, in the case of smoking:
 * 1) Subjective norms the individual attaches to the peer group include thoughts such as, "Most of my friends smoke" or "I feel ashamed of smoking in front of a group of friends who don't smoke";
 * 2) Subjective norms the individual attaches to the family include thoughts such as, "All of my family smokes, and it seems natural to start smoking" or "My parents were really mad at me when I started smoking"; and
 * 3) Subjective norms the individual attaches to society or the general culture include thoughts such as, "Everyone is against smoking" or "We just assume everyone is a nonsmoker."

While most models are conceptualized within individual cognitive space, the theory of planned behavior considers social influence in terms of social norms and normative beliefs. Given that an individual's behavior (e.g., health-related decision-making such as diet, condom use, quitting smoking, and drinking, etc.) might very well be located in and dependent on social networks and organizations (e.g., peer group, family, school, and workplace), social influence has been a welcomed addition to the theory.

Model
Human behavior is guided by three kinds of considerations: behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. In their respective aggregates, behavioral beliefs produce a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the behavior, normative beliefs result in a subjective norm, and control beliefs pertain to perceived behavioral control.

In combination, the attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm, and the perceived behavioral control lead to the formation of a behavioral intention. In particular, perceived behavioral control is presumed not only to affect actual behavior directly, but also to affect it indirectly through behavioral intention.

As a general rule, when (a) the individual has a favorable attitude toward a behavior, (b) the attitude is aligned with the relevant norms, and (c) the individual perceives that s/he has a high level of behavioral control, a strong intention to perform the behavior in question is expected. Finally, given a sufficient degree of actual control over the behavior, the individual is expected to carry out his or her intentions when the opportunity arises.

Formula
In a simple form, behavioral intention for the theory of planned behavior can be expressed as the following mathematical function:
 * $$BI = w_A A + w_{SN} SN + w_{PBC} PBC$$

The three factors being proportional to their underlying beliefs:
 * $$\begin{align}

A &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n b_i e_i \\ SN &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n n_i m_i \\ PBC &\propto \sum_{i=1}^n c_i p_i \end{align}$$

To the extent that it is an accurate reflection of actual behavioral control, perceived behavioral control can, together with intention, be used to predict behavior.

 * $$B = w_{BI}BI + w_{PBC}PBC$$

Applications of the theory
The theory of planned behavior has been applied to a number of research areas including health-related behaviors, environmental psychology, and voting behavior.

Health-related behaviors
Several studies found that, compared to TRA, TPB better predicts health-related behavioral intention. TPB has improved the predictability of intention with regard to several health-related behaviors, including condom use, choice of leisure activities, exercise, and diet. In this research, attitudes and intentions tend to be mediated by goals and needs. For example, an individual may be guided by the goal of losing 5 kg of weight in 60 days; a positive attitude and intention towards dieting would be important. However, if a need is taken into account, such as a need for a partner in an individual's effort to lose weight and the person is unable to find such a partner, the individual is not likely to lose weight.

TPB can also be applied to the area of nutrition-related interventions. In a study by Sweitzer et al., TPB-related behavioral constructs guided the development of intervention strategies. TPB was applied in such a way as to encourage parents to include more fruit, vegetables and whole grains in the lunches they packed for their preschool children. Knowledge/behavioral control, self-efficacy/perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intentions were assessed. The researchers observed in the TPB-oriented intervention a significant increase in vegetables and whole grains in the lunches parents prepared for their children.

TPB has guided research aimed at preventing weight regain in individuals who had recently experienced a significant weight loss. McConnon et al. (2012) found that perceived need to control weight predicts the behavior needed for weight maintenance. TPB can also help in assessing the behavioral intentions of practitioners who promote specific health behaviors. Chase et al. (2003) studied dietitians' intentions to promote the consumption of whole grain foods. The study team found that the strongest indicator of dietitians' intentions to promote the consumption of whole grain foods was their normative beliefs about diet. However, some dietitians' knowledge was problematic, with only 60% of dietitians being able to correctly identify a whole grain product from a food label.

More recent research based on TPB examined college students' intentions to smoke e-cigarettes. Studies found that attitudes toward smoking and social norms significantly predicted college students' behavior, as TPB suggests. Positive attitudes toward smoking and normalizing the behavior were, in part, helped by advertisements on the Internet. With this knowledge, a smoking prevention campaign was started, specifically targeting college students collectively, not just as individuals.

The theory of planned behavior model has thus been helpful in understanding health-related behaviors and developing interventions aimed at modifying those behaviors.

Environmental psychology
Another application of TPB has been in the field of environmental psychology. Generally speaking, actions that are environmentally friendly carry a positive normative belief. That is to say, behaviors that are consistent with environmental sustainability are widely promoted as positive behaviors. However, although there may be a behavioral intention to practice such behaviors, constraints can impede a sense of perceived behavioral control. An example of such a constraint is the belief that one's behavior will not have an impact. There are external constraints as well. For example, if an individual intends to behave in an environmentally responsible way but recycling infrastructure is absent in the individual's community, perceived behavioral control is likely to be low. The application of TPB in these situations helps explain contradictions such as individuals having positive attitudes toward sustainability but engaging in behavior that is antithetical to the idea of sustainability.

Other research has found that attitudes toward climate change, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms are associated with the intention to adopt a pro-environmental behavior. This knowledge can be applied to policy-making aimed at increasing environmentally friendly behavior.

Additionally, research has been done more recently on Gen Z and how they relate to environmental psychology through the use of the TPB. For example, in 2020, Chaturvedi et al. conducted research on the behavioral intentions of Gen Z when it came to recycled clothing. They found that environmental concern, perceived value, and willingness to pay were the top leading factors in their purchasing intentions. Similarly, Noor et al., looked at the actions surrounding green purchases and activities amongst Gen Z in 2017. They found that Gen Z has the intention of consuming green products due to the positive associations aligned with it, along with the subjective norms, perceived green knowledge, and social visibility towards those purchases. Outside of personal product consumption, Ngo and Ha looked at Gen Z on using green tourism in 2023. They found that Gen Z used knowledge sharing as a precursor to shape their perception and attitudes towards green tourism services. Moreover, they recognized the importance of knowledge sharing to raise awareness surrounding not only green tourism, but green practices all together, to induce positive attitudes about sustainable practices.

Voting behavior
TPB has guided political scientists' research on voter turnout and behavior. TPB has also been applied to help us understand legislator behavior.

Financial behavior
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is widely utilized in the field of household financial behavior research. This theory helps to understand and predict various financial decisions and behaviors, including investment choices, debt management, mortgage use, cash, saving, and credit management. It posits that individual intentions and attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are key factors influencing behavior. Over the years, researchers have applied and expanded upon this theory to gain insights into specific financial behaviors and their determinants. For example, in a study examining investment decisions, East (1993) found that the subjective norm (influence of friends and relatives) and perceived control (importance of easy access to funds) significantly influenced individuals' investment choices. This highlights the importance of social influences and the perceived ease of acting in financial decision-making. In another study on individual debt behavior, Xiao and Wu (2008) extended the TPB model and discovered that customer satisfaction contributed to behavioral intention and influenced actual behavior, emphasizing the role of client satisfaction in shaping financial actions. Similarly, in a study involving mortgage clients, Bansal & Taylor (2002) explored factors affecting customer service switching behavior within the context of the TPB. They identified significant interactions between perceived control and intention, perceived control and attitude, and attitude and subjective norms, all of which shaped behavior intention. The TPB has also been applied to study the financial behaviors of college students concerning cash, credit, and saving management, providing valuable insights into how young adults form their financial behaviors based on their intentions, attitudes, social norms, and perceived control.

Important steps in applying TPB to help change behavior
With TPB as a theoretical framework, certain steps can be followed in efforts to increase the chances of behavior change. The team implementing an intervention should specify the action, target, context, and time. For example, a goal might be to "consume at least one serving of whole grains during breakfast each day in the forthcoming month." In this example, "consuming" is the action, "one serving of whole grains" is the target, "during breakfast each day" is the context, and "in the forthcoming month" is the time. Once a goal is specified, an elicitation phase can be used to identify salient factors that bear on achieving the goal. The pertinent beliefs regarding a specific behavior may differ in different populations. Conducting open-ended elicitation interviews can be useful in applying TPB. Elicitation interviews help to identify relevant behavioral outcomes, referents, cultural factors, facilitating factors, and barriers to change in the focal behavior and target population. The following are sample questions that may be used during an elicitation interview:

 * What do you like/ dislike about behavior X?
 * What are some disadvantages of doing behavior X?
 * Who would be against your doing behavior X?
 * Who can you think of that would do behavior X?
 * What things make it hard for you to do behavior X?
 * If you want to do behavior X, how certain are you that you can?

Strengths
TPB covers people's volitional behavior that cannot be explained by TRA. An individual's behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete. By adding "perceived behavioral control," TPB can explain the relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior.

Several studies found that, compared to TRA, TPB better predicts health-related behavioral intentions. TPB has improved the predictability of intention in various health-related areas, including condom use, leisure, exercise, diet, etc. In addition, TPB (and TRA) have helped to explain the individual's social behavior by including social norms as an important contributing explanatory factor.

Limitations
More recently, some scholars criticize the theory because it ignores the individual's needs prior to engaging in a certain action, needs that would affect behavior regardless of expressed attitudes. For example, a person might have a positive attitude regarding consuming beefsteak and yet not order a beefsteak because she is not hungry. Or, a person might have a negative attitude towards drinking and little intention to drink and yet engage in drinking because he is seeking group membership.

Another limitation is that TPB does not integrate into the theory the role the individual's emotions play in the development of intentions and during decision-making play. In addition, most of the research on TPB is correlational. More evidence from randomized experiments would be helpful.

Some experimental studies challenge the assumption that intentions and behavior are consequences of attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. To illustrate, Sussman et al. (2019) prompted participants to form the intention to support a specific environmental organization, for example, to sign a petition. After this intention was formed, attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control shifted. Participants became more likely to report positive attitudes towards this organization and were more inclined to assume that members of their social group share comparable attitudes. These findings imply that the associations among the three key elements—attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control—and intentions may be bi-directional.

title: Theory of planned behavior


text:
Franco-Albertan flag

The Franco-Albertan flag is a symbol used to represent Franco-Albertans. The flag features several colours and elements relating to the province of Alberta as well as the Francophonie. The colour white and a white fleur-de-lys is used to represent French culture, whereas the red-coloured wild rose and the colour blue is used to represent the province of Alberta.

Design
The flag is charged with a white fleur-de-lys, with the symbol and the colour white used to represent the Francophonie and French culture. The provincial flower of Alberta, a red-coloured wild rose, and the colour blue is used to represent the province of Alberta. The flag also features two diagonal bands that represent the waterways used by French Canadian pioneers who explored and settled the province.

History
The flag was created by Jean-Pierre Grenier, who submitted the design for a competition held by Francophonie jeunesse de l’Alberta. The flag was first unveiled at the Congrès Annuel de l’Association Canadienne-Francaise de l’Alberta on 6 March 1982.

The Association canadienne-française de l'Alberta has organized Franco-Albertan flag-raising ceremonies on the first Friday of March since 2009.

In June 2017, the flag was formally adopted as a "Symbol of Distinction" and an emblem for Franco-Albertans by the government of Alberta as a part of the province's first French-language policy. The flag was registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on 15 August 2018.

The government of Alberta raised the Franco-Alberta flag for one month in March 2018, in commemoration of Francophone month in Alberta. However, the government of Alberta later adopted a resolution in August 2019, limiting the time a flag representing specific groups could fly at the legislature. After the resolution, the Franco-Albertan flag was only flown outside the Alberta Legislature Building for one day each year.

title: Franco-Albertan flag


text:
Philip Howard

Philip Howard may refer to:

 * Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel (1557–1595), English nobleman and saint
 * Philip Howard (1629–1717), English army officer and Member of Parliament
 * Philip Howard (died 1686) (c. 1631–1686), English soldier and politician
 * Philip Howard (1669–1711), English Member of Parliament for Morpeth and Carlisle
 * Philip Howard (cardinal) (1629–1694), English Roman Catholic cardinal
 * Philip Howard (journalist) (1933-2014), British journalist
 * Philip Howard (pianist) (born 1976), British pianist and composer
 * Philip Howard (Whig politician) (1801–1883), Member of Parliament for Carlisle
 * Philip K. Howard (born 1948), American author and lawyer
 * Philip N. Howard, Canadian author and Oxford professor
 * Phil Howard (musician), Australian jazz drummer
 * Phil Howard (chef), British chef, chef patron, and restaurateur

title: Philip Howard


text:
Sindlesham

Sindlesham is an estate village in the borough of Wokingham in Berkshire, England. It is located around 4 miles southeast of Reading and around 6 miles west of the town of Bracknell, and just south of the village of Winnersh, from which it is separated by the M4 motorway. The River Loddon flows just to the west. A chapel was built in Sindlesham as early as 1220. A large 19th-century, three-storey watermill on the Loddon has more recently become part of a hotel.

Nearby is the estate of Bearwood House, built in 1864 by John Walter, the then proprietor of The Times newspaper, now Reddam House, a private secondary school. Also in the village are Bearwood Primary School, St Catherine Bearwood Church, the offices of Winnersh Parish Council, the control centre for the National Grid covering England and Wales, and the Berkshire Masonic Centre at Sindlesham Court. Facilities in the village include a golf course (Bearwood Lakes) and the Nirvana Spa Health Club.

title: Sindlesham


text:
Category:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales

Note that there is one article covering Saint Philip Evans and Saint John Lloyd - Philip Evans and John Lloyd.


text:
File talk:Geisha-fullheight.jpg

Note that the caption only says that "they are dressed as.." They are not geisha, and they are not real maiko either. Kyoto has geisha makeover studios where any paying customer can be dressed and made up as a maiko/geisha. For a similar shot and better caption, see http://www.flickr.com/photos/russellc/13168902/ Photojpn.org 15:30, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

title: File talk:Geisha-fullheight.jpg


text: User talk:218.107.20.130

title: User talk:218.107.20.130


text:
Automatic variable

In computer programming, an automatic variable is a local variable which is allocated and deallocated automatically when program flow enters and leaves the variable's scope. The scope is the lexical context, particularly the function or block in which a variable is defined. Local data is typically (in most languages) invisible outside the function or lexical context where it is defined. Local data is also invisible and inaccessible to a called function, but is not deallocated, coming back in scope as the execution thread returns to the caller.

Automatic local variables primarily applies to recursive lexically-scoped languages. Automatic local variables are normally allocated in the stack frame of the procedure in which they are declared. This was originally done to achieve re-entrancy and allowing recursion, a consideration that still applies today. The concept of automatic variables in recursive (and nested) functions in a lexically scoped language was introduced to the wider audience with ALGOL in the late 1950s, and further popularized by its many descendants.

The term local variable is usually synonymous with automatic variable, since these are the same thing in many programming languages, but local is more general – most local variables are automatic local variables, but static local variables also exist, notably in C. For a static local variable, the allocation is static (the lifetime is the entire program execution), not automatic, but it is only in scope during the execution of the function.

C, C++
(Called automatic variables.)

All variables declared within a block of code are automatic by default. An uninitialized automatic variable has an undefined value until it is assigned a valid value of its type. The storage-class specifier  can be added to these variable declarations as well, but as they are all automatic by default this is entirely redundant and rarely done.

In C, using the storage class  is a hint to the compiler to cache the variable in a processor register. Other than not allowing the address-of operator to be used on the variable or any of its subcomponents, the compiler is free to ignore the hint.

In C++, the constructor of automatic variables is called when the execution reaches the place of declaration. The destructor is called when it reaches the end of the given program block (program blocks are surrounded by curly brackets). This feature is often used to manage resource allocation and deallocation, like opening and then automatically closing files or freeing up memory. See Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII).

Since C++11, C++ allows variables to be declared with the  type specifier, but this means that the variable's type is inferred, and does not refer to the scope of the variable.

Java
(Called local variables.)

Similar to C and C++, but there is no  or   keyword. However, the Java compiler will not allow the usage of a not-explicitly-initialized local variable and will give a compilation error (unlike C and C++ where the compiler will usually only give a warning). The Java standard demands that every local variable must be explicitly initialized before being used. This differs from instance variables, which are implicitly initialized with default values (which are 0 for numbers and null for objects).

Perl
(Called lexical, my or private variables.)

In Perl, local variables are declared using the  operator. Uninitialized scalars will have the value ; uninitialized arrays or hashes will be.

Perl also has a  operator that does not create automatic variables, instead giving global (package) variables a temporary value, which is dynamically scoped to the enclosing block. When the scope of the variable is left, the old value is restored.

title: Automatic variable


text:
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy – Asili

The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy–Asili (FORD–Asili) is a political party in Kenya. Asili means 'original' in Swahili. FORD-Asili has its origins in the original Forum for the Restoration of Democracy. In August 1992, the original FORD (Forum for the Restoration of Democracy) split into two factions. The Odinga-Wamalwa faction remained in the original Nairobi party headquarters at Agip House on Haile Selassie Avenue whilst the Matiba-Shikuku faction moved to Muthithi House on Muthithi Road in Westlands. Thus for a period prior to registration as independent parties, the two factions were known as FORD-Agip and FORD-Muthithi. FORD-Agip was registered as FORD-Kenya whilst FORD-Muthithi was registered as FORD-Asili. Both parties went on to field competitive presidential candidates in the December 1992 general elections. FORD-Asili's candidate Kenneth Matiba polled second to KANU's Daniel Toroitich arap Moi in 1992 and won 31 parliamentary seats, dominating Murang'a District in Central Province and garnering a credible portion of the votes in Eastern and Western Provinces. By 1997, Kenneth Matiba and Martin Shikuku disagreed on a number of matters resulting in Matiba's departure from the party, his destruction of his voter's card and refusal to stand in the 1997 Presidential Elections. Martin Shikuku therefore won the party's presidential nomination and went on to win only 0.6% of the Presidential Vote, with the party winning 1 National Assembly seat. In the 2002 election, Ford-Asili won 2 out of 212 elected seats and did not field a presidential candidate, choosing to support the successful NARC alliance candidate Mwai Kibaki. In 2007, Ford-Asili supported Mwai Kibaki again as presidential candidate, this time under the Party of National Unity banner and won a single parliamentary seat in its own right (Kirinyaga Central – John Kariuki). In the same election, the party's original presidential candidate Kenneth Matiba re-registered as a voter and stood under the Saba Saba-Asili banner (Saba Saba referring to 7 July 1990: the date of riots in Kenya to demand the return of multipartyism). Matiba came in 7th with only 0.081% of the vote.


text:
Smith diagram

Smith diagram or Smith diagramme may refer to:
 * Smith chart, a diagram by American electrical engineer Phillip Hagar Smith, used in electrical engineering
 * Smith fatigue strength diagram, a diagram by British mechanical engineer James Henry Smith, used in mechanical engineering
 * Smith diagram (combinatorics), a diagram by British statistian Cedric Austen Bardell Smith

title: Smith diagram


text:
User:Lomaland~enwiki

Christian Prüfer
I, the person

... studying in Weimar ... living in Jena ... dreaming of the Caribbean ...

www.lomaland.de

My Music

the E.S.T. one of the greatest Rock'n'Roll Bands in the world ...

www.psydeco.de

... and the Blue Note Twixs www.twixs.de

My Work, as a part of a hobby

www.i-land.de

title: User:Lomaland~enwiki


text:
Action of 10 July 1651

This battle was fought on 10 July 1651, with some minor fighting on 8 July, between the islands of Paros and Naxos in the Aegean Sea, between the Venetian and Ottoman fleets. It was a Venetian victory, but failed to achieve anything decisive.

Background
The Venetian fleet, under the Captain General of the Sea Alvise Mocenigo (admiral), sailed from Cerigo to Euboea at the end of June 1651. It consisted of twenty eight sailing ships (under the Capitano delle Navi Luca Francesco Barbaro, with Dolfin and Girolamo Battaglia as his deputies), six galleasses (under the Capitano delle Galleazze and future Doge of Venice, Francesco Morosini) and twenty four galleys (Mocenigo, with the Provveditore all'Armata Molin as second in command). The Ottoman fleet, under the Kapudan Pasha, Hosambegzade Ali Pasha, sailed from the Dardanelles on 21 June, numbering 55 sailing ships, 53 galleys, and 6 mahones (galleasses). The Ottomans sailed for Chios and thence, on 29 June, for Patmos. Mocenigo was informed of this on 2 July and sailed south to Santorini, hoping to intercept it before it reached Crete. The Venetian fleet arrived at Santorini on 5 July, and on 7 July the Ottoman fleet appeared from the east, sailing to the south of the island, but it turned north when it spotted some Venetian stragglers. Mocenigo tried to support them, but darkness prevented any action from happening that day.

Battle
On 8 July, the Venetians were somewhat scattered. Most of the sailing ships especially lagged behind, and Mocenigo tried to maintain contact with them. Only five sailing ships of the vanguard, under Battaglia, sailed close to the Turks, who opened fire on the small Venetian squadron. Battaglia fought unsupported until Barbaro with six sailing ships arrived to engage the Ottoman galleys. Mocenigo offered battle but the Ottoman fleet retired north, towing some of their sailing ships, toward the channel between Naxos and Paros.

On 9 July, the Venetians were more scattered, with only Battaglia's ship supporting their galleys, and Mocenigo had to rally to join them with the rest of the sailing ships after dawn. The Turks were to the north, steering between Paros and Naxos.

On 10 July, two galleasses, under the brothers Tommaso and Lazzaro Mocenigo, broke formation from the Venetian left and attacked some Ottoman galleys which were still watering at Paros. They ended up fighting the Kapudan Pasha himself, with six galleasses and some galleys. Tommaso was killed and Lazzaro wounded. Francesco Morosini arrived with the rest of the left wing, and later the Venetian right and center joined and broke the Ottoman formation, which had been disrupted by the Kapudan Pasha's attack on the Mocenigo brothers. The Ottoman galleys fled, leaving their sailing ships unsupported. These fled north or east of Naxos, but they were overtaken by the Venetian galleys and galleasses, which could rely on their rows to move; the Ottoman ships were captured, forced to beach, or burnt. The Ottoman fleet lost ten or eleven ships and one galleass captured, and five ships burnt, as well as 965 prisoners taken by the Venetians. Afterward, Mocenigo sailed to Candia, and the Turks to Rhodes.

Aftermath
Reinforced with four Papal and four Hospitaller galleys, Mocenigo returned to the waters around Santorini in mid-August, hoping to intercept any Ottoman attempt to reach Chania. In this he failed, as Ali Pasha led 40 galleys from Rhodes to Chania in the last week of August. Mocenigo hastily sailed back to Crete, but when he arrived before Chania on 2 September, half the Ottoman fleet had already left for Rhodes. Mocenigo was forced to return to Candia on the 10th, being relieved shortly after by Leonardo Foscolo.

Venice

 * 28 sailing ships
 * Leoncorno Bianco
 * Giovanni Battista
 * Aquila Negra
 * Giovanni Battista
 * Arma di Venezia
 * Profeta Daniel
 * San Giobbe
 * San Zorzi (Giorgio)
 * Maria Elizabeta
 * Principe piccolo
 * Margarita
 * San Pietro
 * San Zorzi
 * Madonna della Vigna
 * Aquila d'Oro
 * Dragon
 * Sacrificio d'Abram
 * Difesa
 * Rotta Fortuna
 * Croce d'Oro
 * Damian
 * Tomaso Francesco
 * Fregata Grimani
 * San Marco grande
 * San Marco piccolo
 * Beneditione
 * Profeta Samuel
 * 6 galleasses
 * 24 galleys
 * 2 fireships

Ottomans

 * 55 sailing ships
 * 6 galleasses
 * 53 galleys

title: Action of 10 July 1651


text:
Sierra Vista Herald

The Herald Review is a newspaper printed in Sierra Vista, Arizona, United States. Most of its circulation goes to Sierra Vista, Huachuca City, Hereford, Palominas, and Fort Huachuca. It is also circulated in Bisbee.

History
Ky Richards Jr. and his wife, Lois Richards, originally from Hawaii, started printing the Huachuca Herald on Fridays starting October 7, 1955. They put out the first editions on a typewriter, composing stories on their kitchen table. On October 8, 1967, the couple started printing the paper twice a week. At that time, the newspaper hit the streets on Sundays and Wednesdays.

On May 22, 1968, the couple sold the newspaper to Sig H. Atkinson of Chandler and Milton I. Wick, founder of Wick Communications. The Sierra Vista Herald started publishing via offset with 3,000 subscribers in 1968. In 1969, the Herald merged with the Douglas Daily Dispatch, forming the Sierra Vista Herald-Dispatch. Meanwhile, over in Bisbee, AZ, Bill Epler bought the Bisbee newspaper from Phelps Dodge in 1971 and changed it from a daily to a weekly. He sold it to the Wick family in 1974. It became a daily on October 4, 1976, when Walt M. Wick and Milton I. Wick were publishers of the Herald. They combined the Herald with the Bisbee Daily Review. In 1976, the newspaper added Associated Press wire service news and began publishing five days a week. On June 14, 1981, a Sunday edition was added. In 2004, the Herald changed into a morning, seven-days-a-week newspaper. The Herald celebrated their 50th anniversary on October 7, 2005.

The Herald building has undergone a series of additions since the first office was built at 102 Fab Avenue in 1961. It was expanded by 1,800 square feet (170 m2) in 1968. In 1975, a new press room and business offices were added, with the area of the building going from 4,907 square feet (455.9 m2) up to 8,400 square feet (780 m2). In 1985, extra newsprint storage was needed, so an additional 1,862 square feet (173.0 m2) was added. In 1996 the front office/classified spaces/spaced was built. In 2004, a new press room facility opened. The Hager Building at 400 Veterans Drive added 9,100 square feet (850 m2) to the newspaper's still-growing facilities. Along with the new building came a new press with more color capability and a higher printing speed.

title: Sierra Vista Herald


text:
Bank of Lithuania

The Bank of Lithuania (Lietuvos bankas) is the Lithuanian member of the Eurosystem and has been the monetary authority for Lithuania from 1922 to 2014, issuing the Lithuanian litas, albeit with a long suspension between 1940 and 1993. Since 2015, it has also been Lithuania's national competent authority within European Banking Supervision.

History
The Bank of Lithuania was first established in Kaunas on 27 September 1922. Its first governor was Vladas Jurgutis. The first task of the bank was to replace German ostmark and ostrubel, which circulated after the World War I, with a Lithuanian currency litas. In 1931, the bank became a member of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) organization.

Primary functions
According to the Bank's official website, the Bank of Lithuania performs these primary functions: As a member of the European System of Central Banks, the Bank of Lithuania participates in the formulation and implementation of the monetary policy of the eurozone.
 * maintaining price stability,
 * formulating and implementing the monetary policy,
 * acting as an agent of the State Treasury.

Bank leadership
Governors of the Bank of Lithuania:
 * Vladas Jurgutis (1922–1929)
 * Vladas Stašinskas (1930–1939)
 * Juozas Tūbelis (1939)
 * Juozas Paknys (1939–1940)

Chairmen of the board of the Bank of Lithuania:
 * Bronius Povilaitis (1990)
 * Vilius Baldišis (1990–1993)
 * Romualdas Visokavičius (1993)
 * Kazys Ratkevičius (1993–1996)
 * Reinoldijus Šarkinas (1996–2011)
 * Vitas Vasiliauskas (2011–2021)
 * Gediminas Šimkus (since 2021)

Management and structure

The Bank is governed by a board consisting of a chairperson, two deputy chairpersons and two members.

According to The Bank of Lithuania official website, it is managed by Supervision Service; ten departments: Economics, Statistics, Market Operations, International Relations, Payment Systems, Cash, Accounting, Information Technology, General Services and Security; six autonomous divisions (Internal Audit, Legal, Organisation and Personnel, General and Public Relations, Risk Management), and Bank of Lithuania Branches in Kaunas and Klaipėda.

title: Bank of Lithuania


text:
Stephanie Trong

Stephanie Trong (born 1976 in Norwich, New York) is an American editor who was the executive editor of the magazine Jane, which had a circulation approaching one million until it shut down in July 2007.

Biography
She was born in Norwich, New York in 1976, the daughter of a Vietnamese American engineering executive and his wife, an American woman of European descent from New Jersey. While still a child, Stephanie moved from New York State to Texas with her parents. She later graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a bachelor's degree in journalism in 1998.

She joined Jane magazine in early 1999 as an editorial assistant and was later promoted to assistant editor, associate editor, senior editor, deputy editor and finally executive editor. She was second only to Brandon Holley, the editor-in-chief of the magazine. After a stint at Page Six The Magazine, Trong joined Nylon Magazine in August 2008 as executive editor for both its Nylon and Nylon Guys publications.

On April 21, 2010; it was announced by NBC New York that Stephanie Trong would soon join the rapidly expanding Gilt Groupe as its first editorial director. On October 14, 2010, the New York Observer published an article by Zeke Turner, revealing: "In other moves at Lucky [Magazine]...Ms. Holley has also hired Stephanie Trong, her number two from the Jane years, as deputy editor."

Stephanie also appeared on the SOAPnet series The Fashionista Diaries.

title: Stephanie Trong


text:
Barbara Hammer

Barbara Jean Hammer (May 15, 1939 – March 16, 2019) was an American feminist film director, producer, writer, and cinematographer. She is known for being one of the pioneers of the lesbian film genre, and her career spanned over 50 years. Hammer is known for having created experimental films dealing with women's issues such as gender roles, lesbian relationships, coping with aging, and family life. She resided in New York City and Kerhonkson, New York, and taught each summer at the European Graduate School.

Life
Hammer was born on May 15, 1939, in Los Angeles, California, to Marian (Kusz) and John Wilber Hammer, and grew up in Inglewood. She became familiar with the film industry from a young age, as her mother hoped she would become a child star like Shirley Temple, and her grandmother worked as a live-in cook for American film director D. W. Griffith. Her maternal grandparents were Ukrainian; her grandfather was from Zbarazh. Hammer was raised without religion, but her grandmother was Roman Catholic.

In 1961, Hammer graduated with a bachelor's degree in psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles and married Clayton Henry Ward, on the condition that he take her traveling around the world. She received a master's degree in English literature in 1963. In the early 1970s, she studied film at San Francisco State University, where she first encountered Maya Deren's experimental short film Meshes of the Afternoon (1943), which inspired her to make her own experimental films about her personal life.

In 1974, Hammer was married and teaching at a community college in Santa Rosa. Around this time, she came out as a lesbian, after talking with another student in a feminist group. After leaving her marriage, she "took off on a motorcycle with a Super-8 camera." That year she filmed Dyketactics, widely considered one of the first lesbian films. She graduated with a master's degree in film from San Francisco State University.

In 1992, she released her first feature film, Nitrate Kisses, an experimental documentary about the marginalization of LGBT people in the 20th century. It was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the 1993 Sundance Film Festival. It won the Polar Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival and the Best Documentary Award at the Internacional de Cine Realizado por Mujeres in Madrid. Conversely, right-wing organizations labeled the film a "homoerotic film abomination." She earned a post-master's in multimedia digital studies at the American Film Institute in 1997. In 2000, she received the Moving Image award from Creative Capital, and in 2013, she was a Guggenheim Fellow.

She received the first Shirley Clarke Avant-Garde Filmmaker Award in October 2006, the Women In Film Award from the St. Louis International Film Festival in 2006, and in 2009, she received the Teddy Award for best short film for her film A Horse Is Not a Metaphor at the Berlin International Film Festival.

In 2010, Hammer published her autobiography, ''HAMMER! Making Movies Out of Sex and Life'', which addresses her personal history and her philosophies on art.

She taught film at The European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. In 2017, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University acquired her archives.

Hammer's film collection, comprising her originals, prints, outtakes, and other material resides at the Academy Film Archive in Los Angeles, where a project is in progress to restore her complete film output. As of 2020, the archive has preserved nearly twenty of her films, including Multiple Orgasm, Sanctus, Menses, and No No Nooky T.V.

After years of short-term relationships, she married human rights advocate Florrie R. Burke; in 1995, she made Tender Fictions, a film featuring images of Burke. They were partners for thirty-one years, until Hammer's death in 2019.

Career
Hammer's career worked within experimental 16 mm film and video, spanning five decades. Hammer was both innovative and productive. Her topics of work were wide-ranging, from the beauty of the body and love to the discussion of politics and society, and her body of work includes almost 100 films. Throughout her career, Hammer kept challenging herself and exploring new and unfamiliar topics. Her career could be divided into three stages according to her developing focus of work: early career stage (1960s–1970s), mid-career stage (1980s–mid-1990s), and late-career stage (mid-1990s–2018).

1960s–1970s: Early career and cultural feminism
Her early films, made during her time at San Francisco State University, focused on female and homosexual topics and embodied the 1970s notion of cultural feminism. During this early stage of Hammer's career, especially in the mid-1970s, her role as the only women filmmaker who openly claimed as a lesbian was widely indicated in her works. Her works during this period were later critiqued as romanticism and essentialism. There are many physical and sexual representations of the female body, emphasizing the idea of expressing love, desire, and erotic pleasure between lesbians openly. Those films aim to illustrate personal and private ideas and beliefs and hope the audience can get physically involved.

Hammer was actively involved in media making industry during this period, including learning new skills and techniques, organizing premieres of her own works, opening film workshops and lessons that are related to women filmmaking, etc.

Notable works from this period:

Dyketactics (1974): Dyketactics is one of the most prominent works in the history of lesbian cinema. It was made during Hammer's time at San Francisco State University. As Hammer talked about in a later interview, one of the reasons for making this film was that there were no lesbian films existing during that time. There are many intimate shots in Dyketactics: women take off their clothes and dance with each other, embrace with nature and touch each other, and there is a love-making sequence, which Hammer is personally involved in. The slow and gentle actions of the women onscreen and the use of superimpositions and careful framing make those erotic scenes romantic and sensual, differentiating this film from pornography in both narrative and visual forms. Through Dyketactics, Hammer presented lesbian love-making which had not been shown in earlier films, and set a milestone in lesbian cinema.

Superdyke (1975): Superdyke is made in the early stage of gay liberation. The film includes many illustrations of the female body, including nudity, self-touching, and masturbating. Hammer's choice of cinematography in Superdyke was noticeable; for example, she used close-up to capture female bodies on the beach in order to emphasize the tactile sensation of the bodies and the surrounding; she panned the camera together with female characters' movements in a dancing scene to create the motive sensation. By doing so, Hammer explores the sensual potential of filmmaking.

Double Strength (1978): Double Strength focuses on Hammer's relationship with trapeze artist Terry Sendgraff. Though this is a film about this couple's relationship, Hammer does not appear much in the camera. Most of the shots record the body of Sendgraff while she is on the trapezes. There are many superimpositions of Sendgraff's body and shadow and interactions between Sendgraff's body and daily items. The visual style and technics of Double Strength are consistent with Hammer's other works during this period.

1980s–mid-1990s: Mid-career and deepened focus
Hammer's mid-career films danced between short film and feature-length. This part of her career was staged by her decision to move from California to New York, provoked in part by her desire to remove herself from the social and political environment that had directed her towards the cultural feminism of her early films, which were later so harshly critiqued. Moving from simple representations of bodies which was not recognized as fine art, Hammer's focus shifted to more formal works. She started to explore the relationship between the self and the outside world, including light, life, nature, society, government, etc. With the deepened theme and more elaborate production of her works due to her early efforts, many of her works during this period gained attention from the public.

Notable works from this period:

Bent Time (1984): Bent Time is a travel film recording places from California to Mexico. The abundant uses of wide-angle lenses and stop-motions bend light within the frame to simulate the theoretical bending of time. This film is also Hammer's way of exploring her decision to relocate to New York City, where she remained until her death.

Nitrate Kisses (1992): Nitrate Kisses is produced under the shadow of the AIDS crisis and unveils the marginalization that homosexual people in America have been subjected to since World War I. This film reflects on the neglected or even forgotten past of the lesbian community and other minority groups. Hammer's voice-over commentary and various older lesbians' testimonies are accompanied by shots of desolate scenery and depressed city views, creating a strong sense of incompleteness and precariousness.

mid-1990s–2018: Late career and self reflection
Hammer's late career coincides with her rise to public prominence with museum retrospectives and her acquisition of a Guggenheim Fellowship. She focused more on identity politics during this period. The theme of wars, health issues, and liberties came to Hammer's attention. She explored the relationship between art and social issues in her works.

Her interest in the body was still an essential part of her works. However, instead of the beauty of bodies, her camera shot more about the body when it is aged, hurt, and moved. This was directly connected to her arduous cancer battle, which began with her diagnosis in 2006.

Notable works from this period:

Tender Fictions (1995): Tender Fictions is an autobiographical film that reflects Hammer's early life experiences and is also a sequel to her well-known documentary film Nitrate Kisses.

History Lessons (2000): History Lessons focuses on the erased lesbian past. With the suppressing history, the historical materials of the lesbian community were hard to find. To solve this problem, Hammer uses many commercial materials, including pornography, pulp fiction, etc. Those footages are juxtaposed with comic intent, making the style of the film relatively light and comedic.

My Babushka: Searching Ukrainian Identities (2001): In My Babushka: Searching Ukrainian Identities, Hammer explores her Ukrainian Identity and focuses on the geography, culture, and history of Ukraine.

A Horse is Not a Metaphor (2009): A Horse is Not a Metaphor is an autobiographical depiction of Hammer's fight with and the remission of her third-stage ovarian cancer.

Evidentiary Bodies (2018): Evidentiary Bodies is Hammer's final piece. It includes a melding of performance, artistic installation, and film, acting as a culmination of her involvement with the right-to-die movement.

Awards
Hammer created more than 80 moving image works throughout her life, and also received a great number of honors.

In 2007, Hammer was honored with an exhibition and tribute at the Chinese Cultural University Digital Imaging Center in Taipei. In 2010, Hammer had a one-month exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Additionally, in 2013, she was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship for her film Waking Up Together. She also had exhibitions at the Tate Modern in London and at the Jeu de Paume in Paris in 2012; for the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival; and at the Koch Oberhuber Woolfe in Berlin in both 2011 and 2014.

Hammer received numerous awards during the span of her career. She was chosen by the Whitney Biennial in 1985, 1989, and 1993, for her films Optic Nerve, Endangered, and Nitrate Kisses, respectively. In 2006, she won both the first ever Shirley Clarke Avant-Garde Filmmaker Award from New York Women in Film and Television and the Women in Film Award from the St. Louis International Film Festival.

In 2008, Hammer received The Leo Award from the Flaherty Film Seminar. Her films Generations and Maya Deren's Sink both won the Teddy Award in 2011 for Best Short Film. Her film A Horse Is Not a Metaphor won the Teddy Award for Best Short Film in 2009; it also won Second Prize at the Black Maria Film Festival. It was also selected for several film festivals: the Torino Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, Punta de Vista Film Festival, the Festival de Films des Femmes Creteil, and the International Women's Film Festival Dortmund/Koln.

A cumulative list of her acquired awards is available below:

 * Stan Brakhage Vision Award, Denver Film Society (2018)
 * Temple University Films and Media Arts Tribute Award, Philadelphia, PA (2018)
 * Selected Master Filmmaker, Robert Flaherty Film Seminar, Claremont, CA (2018)
 * Resisting Paradise, Best Documentary, Memphis Film and Video Festival, Memphis, TN (2018)
 * Resisting Paradise, Aesthetic Art Award, Asolo Art Film Festival, Asolo, Italy (2018)
 * Resisting Paradise, Southern Circuit Tour (screenings in 7 southern cities) (2018)
 * Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Arts, Trinity College (2012)
 * The Judy Grahn Award for Lesbian Nonfiction (2011)
 * The Publishing Triangle Lambda Award for Best Lesbian Memoir Writing (2011)
 * LEO Award for Outstanding Contribution to Film, Flaherty Seminars, Leo Dratfield Endowment and International Film Seminars (2008)
 * Platinum Tribute, Outfest (2007)
 * Shirley Clarke Avant-Garde Film Award, St. Louis International Film Festival, NYWFT (2006)
 * Fulbright Senior Specialist, Academy of Fine Arts and Design Bratislava, Slovakia (2005)
 * Selected Master Filmmaker, Robert Flaherty Film Seminar, Claremont, CA (2005)
 * Resisting Paradise, Southern Circuit Travel Award (2004)
 * History Lessons, Documentary Award, Athens International Film/Video Festival (2003)
 * Resisting Paradise, Close-up: Visionaries of Modern Cinema Award, Frameline (2003)
 * Peace Prize, 1st Global Peace Film Festival (2003)
 * Tribute, U.S.A. Film Festival (2003)
 * Career Honor from Mayor of Philadelphia, International Gay-Lesbian Film Festival (2001)
 * Frameline Award, Career Honor, Frameline International Film Festival (2000)
 * Devotion, Jurors' Merit Award, Taiwan International Documentary Film Festival (2000)
 * Tender Fictions, Awarded Best Documentary Cash Prize, Immaginaria Festival (1998)
 * Tender Fictions, Documentary Competition, Yamagata International Doc Film Festival (1997)
 * Tender Fictions, Director's Choice, Charlotte Film Festival (1996)
 * Documentary Competition, Sundance Film Festival (1996)
 * The Forum, Berlin International Film Festival (1996)
 * Isabel Liddell Art Award, Ann Arbor Film Festival (1996)
 * Cineprobe, Museum of Modern Art, NYC (1995)
 * Nitrate Kisses, Audience Award for Best Documentary, International Festival of Women Directors (1994)
 * Polar Bear Award for Lifetime Contribution to Lesbian/Gay Cinema, Berlin International Film Festival (1993)
 * Cineprobe, Museum of Modern Art, NYC (1993)
 * Vital Signs, Excellence Award, California State Fair (1992)
 * Best Experimental Film, Utah Film Festival (1992)
 * Juror's Award, Black Maria Film Festival (1992)
 * Society for the Encouragement of Contemporary Art Video Award (1992)
 * The John D. Phelan Award in Video (1991)
 * Sanctus, Special Award, Ann Arbor Film Festival (1991)
 * Second Prize, Experimental Film, Baltimore Film Festival (1991)
 * Endangered, First Prize, Atlanta Film Festival (1991)
 * First Prize, Black Maria Film Festival (1991)
 * First Prize, Buck's County Film Festival (1991)
 * The Whitney Museum of American Art Biennial (1991)
 * Cineprobe, Museum of Modern Art, NYC (1991)
 * The Whitney Museum of American Art Biennial (1989)
 * Endangered and Optic Nerve (1988)
 * The John D. Phelan Award in Film (1988)
 * Place Mattes, First Prize Animation, Marin Country Film Festival (1988)
 * No No Nooky T.V., Second Prize, Ann Arbor Film Festival (1987)
 * First Prize, Humboldt Film Festival (1987)
 * Optic Nerve, First Prize, Ann Arbor Film Festival (1986)
 * First Prize, Onion City Film Festival (1986)
 * Optic Nerve, Cineprobe, Museum of Modern Art, NYC (1985)
 * The Whitney Museum of American Art Biennial (1985)

Style and reception
Hammer was an avant-garde filmmaker and focused a large sum of her films on feminist or lesbian topics. Through the use of experimental cinema, Hammer exposed her audiences to feminist theory. Her films, she said, are meant to promote "independence and freedom from social restriction."

Her films were regarded as being controversial because they focused on taboo, feminine topics such as menstruation, the female orgasm, and lesbianism. Hammer experimented with different film gauges in the 1980s, especially with 16mm film, in order to show just how fragile film itself is. One of her most well-known films, Nitrate Kisses, "explores three deviant sexualities – S/M lesbianism, mixed-race gay male lovemaking, and the passions and sexual practices of older lesbians."

Hammer's film Dyketactics (1974) illustrates the importance of the female body to her work, and is shot in two sequences: the first sequence depicts a group of nude women gathering in the countryside to dance, bathe, touch one another, and interact with the environment; in the second sequence, Hammer herself is filmed sharing an intimate moment with another woman within a Bay Area house. Between the two sequences, Hammer aimed to create an erotic film that used different film language than the mainstream, heterosexual erotic films of the time. She called it a "lesbian commercial".

Hammer's early films utilized natural imagery, such as trees and fruit, associating them with the female body. Nitrate Kisses (1992), her longest film to date upon its completion, functions as a commentary on how members of the LGBT community are often left out of history; it simultaneously works to remedy the problem by offering some of this lost history to its viewers.

This style of filmmaking was met with mixed reactions. In a review of Hammer's films Women I Love (1976) and Double Strength (1978), critic Andrea Weiss noted, "It's become fashionable for women's bodies to be represented by pieces of fruit," and criticized Hammer for "adopting the masculine romanticized view of women." According to Michael Schell, "her relentless pursuit of an artistic vision, informed by the American tradition of experimental cinema, whose integrity was personal, not simply political, can pose a challenge to the assumptions of both sub- and mainstream cultures".

Grants
In 2017, the first Barbara Hammer Lesbian Experimental Filmmaking Grant was awarded to Fair Brane.

The San Francisco State University Queer Cinema Project supports queer filmmakers through the annual Barbara Hammer Awards, which grants two SFSU students funding towards the completion of a queer-focused project.

In 2020, filmmaker Lynne Sachs created the Ann Arbor Festival Award, for the creation of a film that best conveys Hammer's celebration of the female experience.

Feminist and lesbian works impact
Through her controversial work, Hammer is considered as a pioneer of queer cinema. Her goal through her film work was to provoke discourse on the marginalized, more specifically, marginalized lesbians. She felt that making films that showed her personal experience around renaming herself as a lesbian would help start the conversation on lesbianism and get people to stop ignoring its existence.

Illness, right to die activism, and death
In 2006, Hammer was diagnosed with stage-three ovarian cancer. After twelve years of chemotherapy, she fought for the right of self-euthanasia. She referenced this in her works, such as her 2009 film A Horse Is Not a Metaphor, in which she expressed the ups and downs of a cancer patient. Through her experience, she became an advocate for the right to die movement and fought for the New York Medical Aid in Dying Act.

On October 10, 2018, Hammer presented "The Art of Dying," a performative lecture at the Whitney Museum of Art.

Hammer died from endometrioid ovarian cancer on March 16, 2019, at the age of 79. She had been receiving palliative hospice care at the time of her death.

Filmography

 * Contribution to Light (1968)
 * The Baptism (1968)
 * White Cassandra (1968)
 * Schizy (1968)
 * Clay I Love You II (1968–69)
 * Aldebaran Sees (1969)
 * Barbara Ward Will Never Die (1969)
 * Cleansed II (1969)
 * Death of a Marriage (1969)
 * Elegy (1970)
 * Play or 'Yes', 'Yes', 'Yes' (1970)
 * Traveling: Marie and Me (1970)
 * The Song of the Clinking Cup (1972)
 * I Was/I Am (1973)
 * Sisters! (1974)
 * A Gay Day (1973)
 * Yellow Hammer (1973)
 * Dyketactics (1974)
 * X (1974)
 * Women's Rites, or Truth is the Daughter of Time (1974)
 * Menses (1974)
 * Jane Brakhage (1975)
 * Superdyke (1975)
 * Psychosynthesis (1975)
 * Superdyke Meets Madame X (1975)
 * San Diego Women's Music Festival (1975)
 * Guatemala Weave (1975)
 * Moon Goddess (1975) – with G. Churchman
 * Eggs (1972)
 * Multiple Orgasm (1976)
 * Women I Love (1976)
 * Stress Scars and Pleasure Wrinkles (1976)
 * The Great Goddess (1977)
 * Double Strength (1978)
 * Home (1978)
 * Haircut (1978)
 * Available Space (1978)
 * Sappho (1978)
 * Dream Age (1979)
 * Take Back the Night March on Broadway, 1979 (1979)
 * Our Trip (1980)
 * Lesbian Humor: A Collection of Short Films (1980–1987)
 * Pictures for Barbara (1980)
 * Machu Picchu (1980)
 * Natura Erotica (1980)
 * See What You Hear What You See (1980)
 * Our Trip (1981)
 * Arequipa (1981)
 * Pools (1981) – with B. Klutinis
 * Synch-Touch (1981)
 * The Lesbos Film (1981)
 * Pond and Waterfall (1982)
 * Audience (1983)
 * See What You Hear What You See (1983)
 * Stone Circles (1983)
 * New York Loft (1983)
 * Bamboo Xerox (1984)
 * Pearl Diver (1984)
 * Bent Time (1984)
 * Doll House (1984)
 * Parisian Blinds (1984)
 * Tourist (1984–85)
 * Optic Nerve (1985)
 * Hot Flash (1985)
 * Would You Like to Meet Your Neighbor? A New York Subway Tape (1985)
 * Bedtime Stories (1986)
 * The History of the World According to a Lesbian (1986)
 * Snow Job: The Media Hysteria of AIDS (1986)
 * No No Nooky T.V. (1987)
 * Place Mattes (1987)
 * Endangered (1988)
 * Drive, She Said (1988)
 * Two Bad Daughters (1988)
 * Still Point (1989)
 * T.V. Tart (1989)
 * Sanctus (1990)
 * Vital Signs (1991)
 * Dr. Watson's X-Rays (1991)
 * Nitrate Kisses (1992)
 * Save Sex (1993)
 * Shirley Temple and Me (1993)
 * Out in South Africa (1994)
 * Tender Fictions (1996)
 * The Female Closet (1997)
 * Blue Film No. 6: Love Is Where You Find It (1998)
 * Devotion: A Film About Ogawa Productions (2000)
 * History Lessons (2000)
 * My Babushka: Searching Ukrainian Identities (2001)
 * Our Grief Is Not a Cry for War (2001)
 * Resisting Paradise (2003)
 * Love/Other (2005)
 * Dying Women of Jeju-Do (2007)
 * Fucking Different New York (2007) (segment: "Villa Serbolloni")
 * A Horse Is Not a Metaphor (2009) (Teddy Award-winner)
 * Generations (2010)
 * Maya Deren's Sink (2011)
 * Welcome to This House (2015)
 * Lesbian Whale (2015)
 * Evidentiary Bodies (2018)

Retrospectives

 * La Virreina Centre de la Imatge, Barcelona, Spain (9 June 2020 – October 18, 2020)
 * "Barbara Hammer: In This Body", Wexner Center for the Arts at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (2019)
 * "Color Me Barbara", Retrospective at NewsFest, New York City, New York (2019)
 * Museum of the Moving Image, Queens, New York (2019)
 * Austrian Film Museum, Vienna, Austria (2018)
 * Whitney Museum of Art, New York City, New York (October 10, 2018)
 * Leslie Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art, New York City, New York (2017)
 * National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (2015)
 * Kunsthall Oslo, Oslo, Norway (2013)
 * Toronto International Film Festival Cinematheque Free Screen, Toronto, Canada (Winter 2013)
 * Jeu de paume, Paris, France (June 12 – July 1, 2012)
 * Tate Modern, London, England (February 3 – 26, 2012)
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York (September 15 – October 13, 2010)
 * XII Muestra Internacional de Cine Realizado por Mujeres, Zaragosa, Spain (2009)
 * Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (2008)
 * Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan (2007)
 * Turin International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, Turin, Italy (2006)
 * Mar del Plata International Film Festival, Mar del Plata, Argentina (2005)
 * Irish Film Centre, Dublin, Ireland (2004)
 * Australia Centre for the Moving Image, Melbourne, Australia (2003)
 * Seoul Art Cinema, Seoul, Korea (2002)
 * Women Make Waves Film/Video Festival, Taipei, Taiwan (2002)
 * Women Make Waves Film/Video Festival, Taipei, Taiwan (2000)
 * Immaginaria, 6th Women's Film Festival, Bologna, Italy (1998)
 * yyz Gallery, Toronto, Canada (1997)
 * Out in South Africa Film Festival, Johannesburg/Cape Town, South Africa (1994)
 * Film Forum, Directors Guild of America, Los Angeles, California (1993)
 * Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska (1993)
 * Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska (1992)
 * Retrospective: Film Forum, Directors Guild of America, Los Angeles (1991)
 * Panorama, The Berlin International Film Festival, Berlin, Germany (1986)
 * Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (1985)

title: Barbara Hammer


text:
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy – People

The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy–People, commonly known as Ford People, was a political party in Kenya.

History
The party was established in October 1997 pur! as a breakaway from Ford–Asili. In the 2002 general elections, the party won 14 out of 210 elected seats in the National Assembly, whilst in the presidential contest, the party supported Simeon Nyachae, who came third with 5.9% and thats on period.

In the 2007 general elections, Ford-Kenya was part of the newly created Party of National Unity led by President Mwai Kibaki. It gained three seats in parliament, but became the first to have a parliamentary seat victory overturned in an election petition, when the result for the Bomachoge Constituency was annulled.

In 2016 the party merged into the Jubilee Party.


text:
File:Princeoftides.jpg

Fair use in The Prince of Tides
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title: File:Princeoftides.jpg


text:
User:Anrwlias

Andrew Lias

Born: March 14, 1969

Profession: Database Administrator

Hobbies: Poetry, philosophy, blogging

title: User:Anrwlias


text:
Democratic Party (Kenya)

The Democratic Party (DP) is a conservative political party in Kenya. The party was founded in 1991 by John Keen and Mwai Kibaki after section 2A of the constitution was repealed.

History
At the legislative elections, 27 December 2002, the party was a partner in the National Rainbow Coalition, which won 56.1% of the popular vote and 125 out of 210 elected seats. The party itself took 36 of these seats. At the presidential elections of the same day, the party supported Kibaki, who won 62.2% and was elected.

At the 2007 Kenyan general election, the Democratic Party formed part of the Party of National Unity led by Kibaki. One of the DP's members, Wilfred Machage, was named a cabinet minister in the half cabinet which Kibaki named prior to the formation of the Grand Coalition government.

In the 2022 Kenyan general election, the party aligned itself with the Kenya Kwanza alliance of William Ruto, who would go on to become Kenya's next president.

title: Democratic Party (Kenya)