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Old Danish Pointer

The Old Danish Pointer is a medium-sized breed of dog, white with brown markings, originally used as a pointing dog in Denmark.

Appearance
Old Danish Pointers (Danish: gammel dansk hønsehund, translated "Old Danish Fowl-Dog") are strongly built. One of the most charming features of the breed is the great difference between male and female. While the dog is powerful and substantial, the female is characterized by being lighter, more spirited, and capricious.
 * Height at the withers:
 * Male 54 - 60 cm, above  56 cm  preferred.
 * Female 50 - 56 cm, above 52 cm preferred.
 * Weight:
 * Male 30 - 35 kg
 * Female 26 - 31 kg

Temperament
Conveys the impression of a quiet and stable dog showing determination and courage. During the hunt, the dog progresses rather slowly, always maintaining contact with the hunter and accomplishing its task as a pointing dog without creating unnecessary disturbance of the ground. The breed is suited for small as well as large hunting grounds. The name has nothing to do with temperament, but refers to its ability to point out birds of the order Galliformes and specifically birds belonging to the family Phasianidae. Commonly referred to in Danish as Hen birds/Chicken birds. The often used English name, "Old Danish Chicken Dog" is therefore incorrect or at best badly translated.

This is a friendly family dog, as long as it gets its exercise. It is fast and active outdoors and quiet indoors, but is not suitable for apartments or small yards.

History

The Danish Pointer dates back to the 17th Century and descends from the Spanish Pointer.

title: Old Danish Pointer


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KIAH

KIAH (channel 39) is a television station in Houston, Texas, United States, serving as the local outlet for The CW Television Network. Owned and operated by network majority owner Nexstar Media Group, the station maintains studios adjacent to the Westpark Tollway on the southwest side of Houston, and its transmitter is located near Missouri City, in unincorporated Fort Bend County.

Origins
The station first signed on the air on January 6, 1967, as an independent station under the callsign KHTV (standing for "Houston Television"). Prior to its debut, the channel 39 allocation in Houston belonged to the now-defunct DuMont affiliate KNUZ-TV, which existed during the mid-1950s. Channel 39 was originally owned by the WKY Television System, a subsidiary of the Oklahoma Publishing Company, publishers of Oklahoma City's major daily newspaper, The Daily Oklahoman. After the company's namesake station, WKY-TV, was sold in 1976, the WKY Television System became Gaylord Broadcasting, named for the family that owned Oklahoma Publishing.

As Houston's first general entertainment independent station, KHTV ran a schedule of programs including children's shows, syndicated programs, movies, religious programs and some sporting events. One of its best known locally produced programs was Houston Wrestling, hosted by local promoter Paul Boesch, which aired on Saturday evenings (having been taped the night before at the weekly live shows in the Sam Houston Coliseum). From 1983 to 1985, the station was branded on-air as "KHTV 39 Gold". It was the leading independent station in Houston, even as competitors entered the market (including KVRL/KDOG (channel 26, now KRIV), when it launched in 1971). During this time, KHTV was distributed to cable providers as a regional superstation of sorts, with carriage on systems as far east as Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

As a WB affiliate
On November 2, 1993, the Warner Bros. Television division of Time Warner and the Tribune Company announced the formation of The WB Television Network, one of two television networks scheduled to launch during the 1994–95 season to compete against Fox and, to a lesser extent, with ABC, NBC and CBS. Among the affiliation agreements it initially signed, which included the eight independent stations Tribune owned at the time, The WB reached an agreement with Gaylord Broadcasting in which KHTV and sister independents KTVT (now a CBS owned-and-operated station) in Dallas–Fort Worth, WVTV (now a CW affiliate) in Milwaukee and KSTW (now an independent station) in Tacoma, Washington, would become charter WB affiliates.

A wrench was thrown into that agreement in May 1994, after New World Communications signed a long-term agreement to affiliate its major network-affiliated stations with Fox, starting that September and as individual contractual agreements with the affected stations expired. Under the deal, Fox tapped longtime Dallas-Fort Worth CBS affiliate KDFW (now a Fox owned-and-operated station) – which New World had recently acquired from Argyle Television Holdings – to switch to the network once its contract with the latter network expired in July 1995. CBS eventually approached Gaylord Broadcasting to negotiate an agreement for KTVT (the only viable option for it to retain a VHF affiliate in the Dallas–Fort Worth market); on July 22, 1994, the group asked the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas to confirm that its Dallas, Houston and Seattle stations were not "legally obligated to 'affiliate'" with The WB, as none of the stations had signed a formal agreement even though Warner asserted that Gaylord's stations were legally bound to draft affiliation proposals for The WB.

Not pleased with Gaylord's about-face, on August 18, WB majority owner Time Warner filed several lawsuits in attempts to block the Gaylord-CBS affiliation deal under breach of contract and bad faith negotiation complaints, and enforce an alleged contract with Gaylord to affiliate with The WB. CBS and Gaylord came to a deal on September 14, when the two parties signed a ten-year agreement with CBS to affiliate with KTVT and KSTW (which would replace KIRO-TV, which would later return to the network in June 1997 after a two-year run as a UPN affiliate, as the Seattle market's CBS outlet). Because of the dispute between Time Warner and Gaylord, for six months after the network launched on January 11, 1995, Houston was the only top-10 television market in the U.S. that did not have a WB charter affiliate. (Dating to the network's January 1995 launch, The WB had been available locally on Prime Cable, Phonoscope Communications, and other local cable and satellite providers through the superstation feed of Chicago affiliate and Tribune television flagship WGN-TV [now conventional basic cable channel NewsNation].) This status came to an end in the fall of 1995; on September 18, Gaylord announced it would sell KHTV to Tribune Broadcasting, the Chicago-based broadcasting subsidiary of the Tribune Company, for $95 million. Under the transactional terms, KHTV also signed an agreement to affiliate with The WB.

KHTV became a WB affiliate two days later on September 20 and changed its callsign to KHWB (for "Houston's WB"), at which time, it began to identify as "Houston's WB39". However, because the network offered prime time programs only on Sunday and Wednesday evenings at the time (it would gradually evolve into offering a six-night-a-week schedule by September 1999), KHTV continued to fill the 7 to 9 p.m. time slot with feature films and some first-run syndicated programs on nights when the network did not offer programming. During this period, alongside WB prime time and Kids' WB children's programming, KHTV carried recent and some older off-network sitcoms and drama series, movies on weekends as well as in prime time on weekdays, some first-run syndicated shows, and a blend of animated and live-action syndicated children's shows. The station subsequently dropped on-air references to its over-the-air channel position in September 2003, opting to identify only as "Houston's WB".

As a CW affiliate
On January 24, 2006, UPN parent company CBS Corporation (which split from Viacom in December 2005) and WB network parent Time Warner (through its Warner Bros. Entertainment division) announced that they would dissolve the two networks to create The CW, a joint network venture that initially featured a mix of original first-run series and programs that originated on The WB and UPN. The network signed a ten-year affiliation agreement with Tribune Broadcasting for 16 of the 19 WB affiliates that the company owned at the time, including KIAH, to serve as charter outlets of the network.

Nearly one month after the CW launch announcement, on February 22, 2006, News Corporation subsidiaries Fox Television Stations and Twentieth Television announced the launch of MyNetworkTV, a network created primarily to serve as a network programming option for UPN and WB stations that were left out of The CW's affiliation deals. That service committed all nine UPN-affiliated stations that corporate sister Fox Television Stations owned at the time, including KTXH, to serve as MyNetworkTV's charter affiliates. A few months later, the Federal Communications Commission approved a callsign change from KHWB to KHCW (standing for "Houston's CW"), which became official on April 27, 2006. On September 13, 2006, KHCW changed its on-air branding from "Houston's WB" to "CW 39", restoring the channel number to its branding. KHCW remained a WB affiliate until the network ceased operations on September 17, 2006; the station affiliated with The CW upon that network's debut on September 18. (KTXH joined MyNetworkTV upon that network's launch on September 5.)

On July 15, 2008, Channel 39 changed its call letters to KIAH as part of a branding campaign emphasizing the station's local orientation (KIAH also serves as the ICAO airport code for George Bush Intercontinental Airport). Due to The CW's sagging ratings, Tribune wanted its CW-affiliated stations (including KIAH) to change their on-air imaging and de-emphasize the network's branding. The station changed to the simplified "Channel 39" branding on August 29, 2008, although "Channel 39, The CW" was used during network promotions. However, it was simplified again to just "39" in January 2011 for regular programming, and the "CW 39" branding returned for use in network promotions (though retaining the numeric "39" introduced with the 2008 rebranding); the "CW 39" branding returned full-time on March 28, using the slogan "Real Houston" to continue to emphasize KIAH's local orientation.

Aborted sale to Sinclair; sale to Nexstar
Sinclair Broadcast Group entered into an agreement to acquire Tribune Media on May 8, 2017, for $3.9 billion, plus the assumption of $2.7 billion in Tribune debt. The deal received significant scrutiny over Sinclair's forthrightness in its applications to sell certain conflict properties, prompting the FCC to designate it for hearing and leading Tribune to terminate the deal and sue Sinclair for breach of contract. Following the Sinclair deal's collapse, Irving-based Nexstar Media Group announced its purchase of Tribune Media on December 3, 2018, for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. The sale was completed on September 19, 2019.

News programming
When the current incarnation of channel 39 signed on as an independent station, it aired hourly news updates between programs during commercial breaks. In August 1990, the station launched its first news department and began producing half-hour newscasts at 7 and 11 p.m., a move that was made to fill a gap that KRIV had left open, following that station's 1989 decision to discontinue its 7 p.m. newscast and move it to 9 p.m. as the Fox network had expanded its prime time schedule to additional nights. The 11 p.m. newscast was intended to cater to people that missed the traditional 10 p.m. newscasts, though both proved unsuccessful and the news department was ultimately shut down in May 1992.

KHTV (later KHWB) did not carry any news programming from that point on, until Tribune Broadcasting required its then-WB affiliates that did not already produce their own newscasts to form news departments in 1999; the station launched a half-hour 9 p.m. newscast in 2000, to compete with KRIV's longer-running and hour-long late evening newscast in that timeslot. The station's then-chief meteorologist, Keith Monahan, won numerous awards for his weather reports including several Texas Lone Star Awards and multiple first-place finishes in Texas AP judging, and was honored with a Lone Star Emmy in 2006 and a Lone Star Emmy nomination in 2007 for the "Best Weathercast in Texas".

The station expanded its late evening newscast to one hour on June 30, 2008 (the program previously only expanded to a one-hour broadcast due to significant breaking news events). Plans originally called for the launch of a weekday morning newscast in 2010 (which ultimately never launched), along with plans to unveil a new set and the upgrade of its news broadcasts to high definition. On September 28, 2009, KIAH launched an hour-long early evening newscast at 5 p.m. The station then began broadcasting its newscasts in high definition on May 10, 2010, with the debut of a new set, becoming the last English-language network station in the Houston market to make the upgrade. However, like most Tribune-owned stations with in-house newscasts in HD, the locally originated live field reports are also broadcast in the format.

NewsFix, Eye Opener and Morning Dose
On March 19, 2011 (delayed from an originally slated fall 2010 launch), KIAH relaunched its newscasts and became the pilot station for a new Tribune-developed news format, NewsFix. Described by KIAH general manager Roger Bare as "a newsreel updated for the 21st century," the program de-emphasizes the traditional use of anchors and reporters, preferring instead to use footage featuring those involved in the story. Houston radio personality Greg Onofrio provides continuity as the program's narrator, and also appears on-screen to provide a commentary segment at the end of the newscast. The plan was to roll out the format to certain other Tribune-owned stations if NewsFix proved successful on KIAH; Dallas sister station KDAF would adopt the NewsFix format in 2014, and WSFL-TV in Miami followed suit in September 2015.

On May 9, 2011, KIAH became the test market for another Tribune news concept, Eye Opener. Airing weekday mornings (from 5 to 8 a.m.), the program is a local/national hybrid show billed as a "provocative and unpredictable" combination of daily news, lifestyle, entertainment and opinion segments, interspersed with half-hourly local news, weather and traffic inserts presented by a solo anchor from KIAH's Houston studios, with national content initially pre-produced at Tribune's Chicago headquarters. By the fall of 2011, production of Eye Opener's national segments relocated from Chicago to the studios of KIAH sister station and fellow CW affiliate KDAF in Dallas, which began airing Eye Opener on October 31 of that year, along with WPHL-TV in Philadelphia, WSFL-TV in Miami and KRCW-TV in Portland, Oregon (which, unlike KDAF and KIAH, do not produce their own news programming). Eye Opener ended its run on June 21, 2017, and was replaced with Morning Dose on June 29.

On September 6, 2018, Tribune announced that Morning Dose and NewsFix would be canceled effective September 14, and that KIAH would begin producing a local three-hour morning newscast titled Houston Morning Dose which was launched on October 22.

9 p.m. newscast from KTRK and traffic and weather-focused morning show
A 9 p.m. newscast returned to KIAH on May 11, 2020, with the introduction of a nightly newscast entitled ABC 13 Eyewitness News at 9 p.m. on CW 39. The show utilizes the news staff and studio of ABC owned-and-operated KTRK-TV (channel 13); the agreement is the second between Nexstar and an ABC O&O station, after an existing partnership between WPHL-TV and WPVI-TV in Philadelphia.

On August 20, 2020, KIAH rebranded its morning newscast as No Wait Weather + Traffic, ending Morning Dose.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Maggie Flecknoe – morning reporter

Notable former on-air staff

 * Alan Ashby – sports director (now at Space City Home Network)
 * Jim McKrell – station spokesman (later became an anchor and after the newscast had ended, he hosted station-produced specials; appeared in the film Teen Wolf)
 * Donna Savarese – anchor/reporter (now Director of Corporate Communications for Stride, Inc.)

Subchannels
The station's ATSC 1.0 channels are carried on the multiplexed signals of other Houston TV stations:

KIAH (as KHCW) carried The Tube Music Network on its second digital subchannel until the service was discontinued on October 1, 2007.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KIAH discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 39, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 38, using virtual channel 39.

ATSC 3.0 lighthouse service
{{legend|#ffe8d0|Subchannel broadcast with digital rights management}}

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: KIAH


text:
18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker

18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, known in Japan as 18 Wheeler (エイティーン･ホイーラー), is an arcade game developed by Sega AM2 and distributed by Sega. The game was released in arcades in 1999 and ported to the Dreamcast in 2000. It was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2001 and GameCube in 2002 by Acclaim Entertainment. Sega followed up on the success of 18 Wheeler with a sequel, The King of Route 66, which was released in the arcades in 2002 and ported to the PlayStation 2. This was one of the final arcade games to be ported to the Dreamcast after its discontinuation, before Sega became a third-party developer.

Gameplay
The main purpose of the game is to make it to the finish line with the truck's cargo. Players are given a set amount of time, but can ram into special vans that will add three seconds to the timer. There are several characters to choose from, each with a unique truck and attributes.

The game starts out in New York City, New York and players travel across the United States of America, ending in San Francisco, California. After Stage 1, the game gives the player a choice of trailer. One trailer is harder to haul, but provides a bigger payoff while the other choice is easier to haul but provides a smaller payoff. Money is deducted from the total when the trailer is hit. Players can sound the truck's horn to make other cars on the road yield and slipstream behind large vehicles to gain a momentary speed boost.

In addition to the time limit, players also compete with the "Lizard Tail", a rival trucker. Crossing the finish line before the Lizard Tail yields additional money. In between levels, players can park the truck in a minigame to earn more cash and upgrades for their truck, such as an improved horn.

Ports
The first port of the game was released on the Dreamcast. Released by Sega, it is faithful to its arcade counterpart, but the voice actors for the characters were changed and it lacks the arcade's cross-country map loading screens. One of the selectable truckers in the arcade version, Nippon Maru, was now made available as an unlockable character. A split screen multiplayer mode was added, allowing two players to race against each other. The game was released by Acclaim Entertainment (who also released Sega's Ferrari F355 Challenge on the Dreamcast) on the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube after Sega stopped making consoles and became a software based company.

Reception
The home versions of the game received "mixed or average reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jake The Snake of GamePro's July 2001 issue said of the Dreamcast version, "Your rig handles well, taking into account the weight of your load, and the driving action is great, with lots of mayhem as you run through cars and buildings. But while four levels were plenty for the quarter-munching arcade version of the game, they go by pretty fast at home; the four Score Attack courses and variable difficulty modes don't add much replay. So it'd be a good idea to rent this gem first to see if you'll still want to play after beating it." Ten issues later, however, Pong Sifu said of the GameCube version, "Is 18 Wheeler worth renting or playing at a friend's house? Sure. Does it warrant a $50 price tag? No way." Rob Smolka of NextGen said that the former console version was "definitely worth a weekend rental, but its lack of online play and limited number of stages in the arcade game flatten its tires." In Japan, Famitsu gave the same console version 29 out of 40.

Also in Japan, Game Machine listed the arcade version in their March 15, 2000 issue as the second most-successful dedicated arcade game of the month. Jon Thompson of AllGame gave the same arcade version three stars out of five and wrote that it "does have a fairly thorough scoring system that some will take to, but it lacks the gameplay that great arcade titles such as Crazy Taxi possess. That isn't to say it's a bad game: it's beautiful to behold and [it] will give you short term thrills, but it isn't one that you'll find yourself coming back to again and again after you've thrown down a couple of dollars playing it. In the end, it's a fun but short ride." He later gave the Dreamcast version two stars out of five, saying, "The game's graphics are crisp, although not as impressive as the arcade version. The music is fun, and the voices that come over the 'CB radio' are fairly entertaining. Still, the decent aural and visual package have little to do with the gameplay, and become dressing on a title with limited entertainment value. It is hard to even recommend this title for a rental -- those who wish to try it out are advised to find it at a local arcade instead." Scott Alan Marriott gave the GameCube version a similar score of two stars out of five, saying, "Without at least ten more routes in the main game, additional modes of play, bonus vehicles, or incentive to attain high scores other than for posterity, 18 Wheeler cannot be recommended for a purchase. The simple, straightforward nature of gameplay is over far too quickly and the appealing aspect of smashing into buildings and cars is largely neglected. In the end, this payload is too basic to keep players occupied for the long haul."

title: 18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker


text:
San Tsuen

San Tsuen is a village situated in the north eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, to the west of the town of Sha Tau Kok.

The village is inhabited by the Yau (, Hakka: khiu33) clan. It is a Hakka speaking village.

San Tsuen was the village that linguist Henry Henne chose to source his informant Khjew Fuj for the Hakka dialect of Sha Tau Kok. He collected his information between July 1949 and April 1950.

Administration
San Tsuen is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy. It is one of the villages represented within the Sha Tau Kok District Rural Committee. For electoral purposes, San Tsuen is part of the Sha Ta constituency, which is currently represented by Ko Wai-kei.

San Tsuen is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy.

History
San Tsuen was served by the San Tsuen station of the former Sha Tau Kok Railway, which was in operation from 1911 to 1928. San Tsuen station was opened in February 1916.

title: San Tsuen


text:
Bampini

Bampini (Μπαμπίνη) is a village located in the northern part of the municipal unit of Astakos in the western part of Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece. It is located on a hillside, 5 km southeast of Fyteies, 15 km northeast of Astakos, 23 km south of Amfilochia and 23 km west of Agrinio. Agriculture is the most important land use around Bampini.

title: Bampini


text:
Mukhtaran

Mukhtaran may refer to:
 * Mukhtaran Bibi, Pakistani rape victim
 * Mukhtaran, Iran, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran

title: Mukhtaran


text: User talk:209.41.214.2

title: User talk:209.41.214.2


text:
User talk:Matthartley

Image copyright tags
Thanks for uploading Image:Matt.jpg. I noticed that you didn't add any copyright to your image. I assume that you own the copyright to the image, and by uploading it to wikipedia released it under the gfdl. I added the appropriate tag. I hope this is alright with you. FidoD 20:10, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matthartley


text:
Little Golden Books

Little Golden Books is an American series of children's books, published since 1942. The Poky Little Puppy, the eighth release in the series, is the top-selling children's book of all time in the United States. Many other Little Golden Books have become bestsellers, including Tootle, Scuffy the Tugboat, The Little Red Hen, and Doctor Dan the Bandage Man.

Several of its illustrators later became influential within the children's book industry, including Corinne Malvern, Tibor Gergely, Gustaf Tenggren, Feodor Rojankovsky, Richard Scarry, Eloise Wilkin, and Garth Williams. Many books in the Little Golden Books series deal with nature, science, Bible stories, nursery rhymes, and fairy tales. Christmas titles are published every year.

Some Little Golden Books and related products have featured popular characters from other media, such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, Disney, Looney Tunes, The Muppets, Sesame Street, Woody Woodpecker, Super Mario, Sonic the Hedgehog, Barbie, Power Rangers, Star Trek, Star Wars, Doctor Who, Thomas the Tank Engine, and others. Film, television, and movie properties have been particularly popular source material. Hopalong Cassidy, Cheyenne, Lassie, Rin Tin Tin, Captain Kangaroo, Mister Rogers, and Donny and Marie Osmond have appeared in Little Golden Books. The line has also published occasional biographies; examples include The Beatles, Bee Gees, Taylor Swift, Betty White, Dolly Parton and Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

The series started with publishing firm Simon & Schuster; Western Printing and Lithographing Company in Racine, Wisconsin was Simon & Schuster's partner in the Little Golden Books venture, with Western handling print operations. Ownership and control of the series have changed several times since; today, Penguin Random House is its current publisher.

Despite changes in detail, the Little Golden Books maintain a distinctive appearance. A copy of The Poky Little Puppy bought today is essentially the same as one printed in 1942. Both are readily recognizable as Little Golden Books. At the time of the series' golden anniversary in 1992, Golden Books claimed that a billion and a half Little Golden Books had been sold. Although the Little Golden Books have remained the backbone of the product line, the enterprise that produced them has created a variety of children's books in various forms of media, including records, tapes, videos, and toys and games. Some titles have appeared in several different formats (including "A Golden Book").

History
Georges Duplaix, who in 1940 was head of Artists and Writers Guild Inc. (a division of Western Publishing), first came up with this idea when he created new books for children. Meanwhile, a shared printing plant led Western and Simon & Schuster to develop a close relationship. In 1938, Western and Simon & Schuster released their first joint creation, A Children’s History.

Duplaix had the idea to produce a colorful children's book that was more durable and affordable than those being published at that time, which often sold for US$2 to $3 (approximately $ to $ now). With the help of his fellow Guild colleague Lucile Olge, Duplaix contacted Albert Leventhal and Leon Shimkin with his idea (Albert and Leon work for Simon & Schuster, and Albert serves as the company's vice president and sales manager).

The team agreed to launch twelve titles simultaneously under the banner of the Little Golden Books Series. Each book would consist of 42 pages, with 28 pages printed in two colors and 14 pages in four colors. The books would be bound with staples. Initially considering a price of 50 cents per book, there was hesitation due to existing competition in that price range. By increasing the print run to 50,000 copies per title instead of 25,000, they calculated that the books could be sold affordably at 25 cents each (equivalent to approximately $5 today).

Mary Reed, Ph.D., a professor at the Teachers College, Columbia University, served as initial editor of the series.

The first 12 titles were printed in September 1942 and released to stores in October:
 * 1) Three Little Kittens, by Marie Simchow Stern
 * 2) Bedtime Stories, illus. Gustaf Tenggren
 * 3) Mother Goose, by Phyllis Fraser, illus. Gertrude E. Espenscheid
 * 4) Prayers for Children, by Rachel Taft Dixon
 * 5) The Little Red Hen, illus. Rudolf Freund
 * 6) Nursery Songs, by Leah Gale, illus. Corinne Malvern
 * 7) The Alphabet from A to Z, by Leah Gale, illus. Vivienne Blake and Richard Peck
 * 8) The Poky Little Puppy, by Janette Sebring Lowrey, illus. Gustaf Tenggren
 * 9) The Golden Book of Fairy Tales, by Winfield Scott Hoskins
 * 10) Baby's Book of Objects
 * 11) The Animals of Farmer Jones, by Leah Gale, illus. Richard Scarry
 * 12) This Little Piggy and Other Counting Rhymes, by Phyllis Cerf Wagner, illus. Roberta Harris Pfafflin Petty

Three editions totaling 1.5 million books sold out within five months of publication in 1942.

Simon & Schuster editor Dorothy A. Bennett also worked with Duplaix on the Little Golden Books. Bennett became the editor of the franchise, producing books by such authors and illustrators as Margaret Wise Brown, Clement Hurd, Edith Thacher Hurd, and Garth Williams. Bennett authored several Golden Books, and introduced some of the first recorded books for children with Little Golden Records in 1948.

The series underwent an expansion when Lucy Sprague Mitchell (educator and founder of Bank Street Nursery School now Bank Street College of Education) joined. A strong supporter of realistic children's literature, Mitchell created the Bank Street Writer's Laboratory. Works coming from this institution became the new basis for the Little Golden Book series, with characters and situations often inspired by the very locale of the Bank School.

As historian Leonard S. Marcus writes: Mitchell had been in discussions with Georges Duplaix and Lucille Ogle as early as 1943 about the possibility of a special series of Little Golden Books written by members of Bank Street Writer’s Laboratory. Wartime shortages had delayed the launch of the series until 1946. The first two titles appeared that year: Lucy Sprague Mitchell's The New House in the Forest, illustrated by Eloise Wilkins, and The Taxi That Hurried, coauthored by Irma Simonton Black and Jessie Stanton, with illustrations by Tibor Gergely.

In 1958, Simon & Schuster sold its interest in Little Golden Books to Western Publishing. The price of Little Golden Books rose to 29¢ in 1962.

Western introduced a line of Big Little Golden Books for slightly older children aged five and up. Some titles from this series range from brand new stories (such as The House That Had Enough) to reprints (such as The Monster at the End of This Book).

In the 1980s, Golden Books introduced Golden Melody Books. Titles from this series included a long-lasting electronic chip that played music when readers open those books. Songs featured in this series range from popular children's songs such as Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star, to songs from children's TV and family movies including People in Your Neighborhood from Sesame Street and Heigh-Ho from Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

In the year 2000, Encore Software produced a series of "Little Golden Books" titles for CD ROM, including The Poky Little Puppy, Mother Goose, Jack and the Beanstalk, The Velveteen Rabbit, Tootle, and The Saggy Baggy Elephant. These six individual titles were some of the first major software releases to be produced entirely in Macromedia Flash.

In 2001, Random House acquired Little Golden Books for about $85 million. At that point, nearly 15 million copies of The Poky Little Puppy had been sold, including copies in various languages.

In 2015, with the release of Little Golden Book adaptations of the first six installments of the Star Wars saga on August 25, the Little Golden Book adaptation of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith became the first-ever Little Golden Book in history to come from a film that was rated PG-13 by the MPAA. Months later, on April 12, 2016, a Little Golden Book adaptation of Star Wars: The Force Awakens, the next film in the saga, also rated PG-13, was released. This release opened the door for further Little Golden Books that drew upon PG-13 rated licensed film properties; some adaptations in this criterion include the 2016 reboot of Ghostbusters, characters and storylines from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and Jurassic Park.

In 2023, a biography about singer-songwriter Taylor Swift became the fastest-selling in the series' history, selling one million copies in seven months.

Writers and illustrators
Many popular authors and illustrators have worked on Little Golden Books and related products, including:

• Aurelius Battaglia

• Sheilah Beckett

• Brian Biggs

• Mary Blair

• Ann Braybooks

• Margaret Wise Brown

• Kathleen N. Daly

• Sue Fliess

• Tibor Gergely

• Florence Johnson

• Elizabeth Orton Jones

• Phyllis Krasilovsky

• Lucy Sprague Mitchell

• Corinne Malvern

• Jim McDermott

• Ann McGovern

• Jean Miller

• Barbra Mills

• Alice Provensen and Martin Provensen

• Seymour Reit

• Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky

• Patricia and Richard Scarry

• Bob Staake

• Cyndy Szekeres

• Gustaf Tenggren

• Charles Spain Verral

• Jan Wahl

• Jane Werner Watson

• Eloise Wilkin

• Garth Williams

• Herbert Zim

Contemporary art

In 2010, Ryan Jude Novelline revealed the "Golden Book Gown", a "one-of-a-kind fairytale-inspired gown almost entirely from Golden Books...[featuring] a 22,000-square-inch page-turning skirt and a form-fitting bodice made from the spines".

Homages
In 2015, during the Diamond celebration at Disneyland, the Disney Imagineers went to bring the Little Golden Book story, Little Man at Disneyland from 1955 to life by featuring a recreation of Patrick Begorra's home in a tree trunk somewhere in Adventureland at the park if visitors were to keep an eye out for it.

Sources consulted

 * "A Birthday Celebration for Golden Books..." Publishers' Weekly. 221(15):24. April 9, 1982.
 * "Simon & Schuster Inc." International Directory of Company Histories. 4:671-672. 1991.
 * Greason, Rebecca. Tomart's Price Guide to Golden Book Collectibles. Radnor, PA: Wallace-Homestead Book Company, 1991.
 * Santi, Steve. Collecting Little Golden Books: a Collector's Identification and Price Guide, 3rd Edition. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1998.
 * Marcus, Leonard S. Golden Legacy: How Golden Books Won Children's Hearts, Changed Publishing Forever, and Became An American Icon Along the Way.  New York: Golden Books, 2007.

title: Little Golden Books


text: Category:Project management software

title: Category:Project management software


text:
Luk Keng Chan Uk

Luk Keng Chan Uk is a village situated in the Luk Keng area, in the northeastern part of the New Territories, Hong Kong. It is a popular tourist destination for sightseeing and hiking.

Administration
Luk Keng Chan Uk is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy. It is one of the villages represented within the Sha Tau Kok District Rural Committee. For electoral purposes, Luk Keng Chan Uk is part of the Sha Ta constituency, which is currently represented by Ko Wai-kei.

History
The village is mainly inhabited by the Chan (陳 Hakka tshin11 ) Clan although there are other surnames present in the village including Wong. It is a Hakka-speaking village. Historically, the village was used for livestock farming and growing crops. Today, the village is mostly uninhabited, and half of the village houses are deserted.

The Chan clan's ancestor came to Luk Keng from the Ta Kwu Leng area in the 1700s, with other descendants travelling to Tsuen Wan. Those that came to Luk Keng erected the water barrier upon which the main road now travels upon, separating the village's agricultural land from the seawater.

In the 1950s and 1960s, many villagers left for the UK and other parts of the world. This was partly due to UK immigration policy at the time and with little work available in the village the inhabitants sought to earn money elsewhere.

Little development has taken place in Luk Keng, mainly because the government has zoned the wetland as an area of Special Scientific Interest. Moreover, the Government's planning policy has also restricted development of small houses and unilaterally designated parts of the area as conservation area, although most of it is private land.

Built heritage
There are two ancestral halls at Luk Keng Chan Uk, the Chan Ancestral Hall (陳氏家祠), built around 1900, and the Chan Tze Tak Ancestral Hall (子德陳公祠).

The ruins of the village school, Man Lam School (文林學校), can still be seen. The school was closed in 1952 and replaced by Luk Keng Public School (鹿頸學校).

Flora and fauna
Luk Keng is known for its natural scenery and wildlife, which is in contrast to Hong Kong's urbanized culture. Parts of Luk Keng are surrounded by tropical rainforests. Rare animals such as the scarlet dwarf dragonfly and black-faced spoonbill have been sighted in Luk Keng, as well as monkeys. Waterfalls are present in Luk Keng.

Transportation
The closest station to Luk Keng on the MTR is Fanling station. Green minibus No.56K runs to the Luk Keng terminus.

title: Luk Keng Chan Uk


text:
Hilda Neatby

Hilda Marion Ada Neatby (February 19, 1904 – May 14, 1975) was a Canadian historian and educator.

Early life and education
Hilda Marion Ada Neatby was born on February 19, 1904, in Sutton (then in Surrey), to Andrew Neatby and Ada Fisher. The family moved to Saskatchewan when Hilda was 2. She received a BA and MA from the University of Saskatchewan and a PhD from the University of Minnesota. She taught history at the University of Saskatchewan and was head of the history department from 1958 to 1969. Fluent in French, she studied at the Sorbonne in Paris.

Career
In 1966, she published Quebec, The Revolutionary Age 1760–1791, part of The Canadian Centenary Series. The book examined the transitional events between 1760 and 1791 in the province of Quebec following victory by British forces over the French Army and the decision made by Louis XV of France to hand over Quebec to the British in the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years' War.

From 1949 to 1951 she was the only female member of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, which recommended the establishment of the Canada Council.

Her book So Little for the Mind (1953) criticized contemporary reforms in the Canadian educational system that were based on John Dewey’s philosophical ideas.

In 1969, the Board of Trustees at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, commissioned Neatby to write the history of that institution. Queen's University, Volume I, 1841-1917: And Not to Yield was published in 1978, after her death.

Neatby died in Saskatoon on May 14, 1975.

Awards and honours
In 1967, Neatby was made a companion of the Order of Canada. In 1953, she received an honorary degree from the University of Toronto. Since 1982, the Canadian Historical Association has awarded the Hilda Neatby Prize for works on women's history. In 2000, Canada Post issued a stamp in her honour. In 2005, the former Place Riel Theatre (a former cinema, later converted into a lecture theatre) at the University of Saskatchewan was renamed the Neatby-Timlin Theatre, in honour of her and former economics professor Mabel Timlin.

title: Hilda Neatby


text:
Platinum (disambiguation)

Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78.

Platinum may also refer to:

Places

 * Platinum, Alaska, a city
 * The Platinum, a condo hotel near the Las Vegas Strip

Fictional entities

 * Platinum, one of the Metal Men, a comic book superhero group
 * Star Platinum, Jotaro Kujo's stand in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure

Games

 * Platinum range, a budget package of PlayStation games now titled Essential
 * Pokémon Platinum, the third installation of the fourth generation of Pokémon video games

Groups

 * Platinum (quartet), a championship barbershop quartet
 * Platnum, a British vocal group

Albums

 * Platinum (Casiopea album), 1987
 * Platinum (Miranda Lambert album), 2014
 * Platinum (Dean Miller album)
 * Platinum (Mike Oldfield album), 1979
 * Platinum (The Headhunters album), 2011

Songs

 * "Platinum" (Maaya Sakamoto song), 1999
 * "Platinum" (Snoop Dogg song), 2011

Other music

 * Platinum album or platinum record, a music recording sales certification that an album or single has sold a minimum number of copies

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Platinum (film), a 1997 TV film featuring Maxim Roy
 * Platinum (musical), a 1979 Broadway musical
 * Platinum (TV series), a short-lived 2003 television series on the UPN network

Organizations and enterprises

 * PLATINUM (cybercrime group), an advanced persistent threat
 * Platinum Asset Management, an Australian asset management company
 * Platinum Party, a minor political party in British Columbia
 * Platinum Studios, a US-based comic book publisher and media developer
 * PlatinumGames, a Japan-based independent video game development company

Science

 * Isotopes of platinum
 * Platinum group, a collective name used for six chemical elements in the periodic table

Ships

 * Platinum, a former name of the private yacht Dubai
 * Platinum, a former name of the cruise ship MV Discovery

Other uses

 * Platinum (color), a pale greyish-white color
 * Platinum (theme), a user interface theme used in Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9
 * Platinum, a precious metal commodity
 * Platinum, as coinage
 * Platinum Card

title: Platinum (disambiguation)


text:
Tottenham Court Road chiller

In the 1930s, London Transport Board installed an experimental refrigeration plant on the London Underground at Tottenham Court Road Underground station. The plant was operational between 1938 and 1949.

The experimental plant was built because temperature measurements through the 1930s showed that the Underground was steadily getting warmer. Although the temperatures were not at unsafe levels (peaks of 82 °F / 27.8 °C occurred at a few stations in summertime), the LTB perceived that if the trend continued, cooling in summer would be required at some time in the future, and it would be sensible to develop suitable technology.

The chiller used water as the working fluid. The evaporators consisted of indirect heat exchangers mounted in the platform tunnels which were fed water at just above 0 °C. The condenser was sited in the outflow air path of an existing tunnel cooling fan, which had been installed in a disused lift shaft at the station in 1933. The outgoing air going through the condenser was warmed by 2–3 °C, before being discharged to atmosphere.

Two descriptions of the cooling capacity exist. The first (from 1939) gives the capacity as "about half a million British thermal units per hour." The second (1982) states that it was "equivalent to melting approximately 51 tonnes of ice per day." In SI units, these are 146 kW and 197 kW respectively.

The experimental plant was not considered a success, mainly because the cooling it provided was at high cost. An extractor fan of the same cooling capacity ('cooling capacity' in the sense that a fan removes warm air in the tunnels and replaces it with cooler air from outside) used up one-eighth of the electricity of the experimental refrigeration plant. Not only that, such a fan was easier to maintain and cost less to install. In the austere post-war years, the electrical power drawn by the chiller could not be justified. It was used intermittently during the 1940s, and was decommissioned in 1949.

title: Tottenham Court Road chiller


text:
Galante

Galante is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Galante (pedigree), a family of Jewish scholars which flourished in the Middle Ages
 * Abraham ben Mordecai Galante (died 1560), kabalist and author
 * Mordecai Galante (died 1781), rabbi of Damascus
 * Moses Galante (died 1806), rabbi of Damascus
 * Moses Galante (the Elder) (or Moshe ben Mordechai Galante; died 1608), rabbi, disciple of Joseph Caro
 * Moses Galante (the Younger) (or Moshe ben Yonatan Galante; 1621-1689), rabbi
 * Mordecai Galante (died 1781), Chief rabbi of Damascus and author of Gedullat Mordekai
 * Moses Galante (died 1806), chief rabbi of Damascus
 * Andrea Galante (born 1982), Argentine actress
 * Anyela Galante Salerno (born 1991), Venezuelan model and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Carmine Galante (1910-1979), a member of the Bonanno crime family
 * Cecilia (Plummer) Galante, American author
 * Fabio Galante (born 1973), Italian footballer
 * Forrest Galante (born 1988), American outdoor adventurer, wildlife biologist, and television personality
 * Giuseppe Galante (born 1937), Italian rower
 * Inese Galante, Latvian opera singer
 * James Galante (born 1953), a member of the Bonanno crime family
 * Joe Galante, American music industry executive
 * Jose "Pepe" Galante, Argentine winemaker in the Uco Valley, Mendoza
 * Joseph Anthony Galante (1938–2019), American Roman Catholic bishop
 * Matt Galante (born 1944), American baseball player and manager
 * Sala Galante Burton (1925–1987), Polish-born American politician
 * Severino Galante (ca. 1750–1827), Italian painter
 * Svetlana Galante (born 1973), Russian judoka and a sambo practitioner
 * Theodore Galante (born 1956), American architect
 * Virginia Galante Garrone (1906-1998), Italian writer
 * Given name
 * Tiago Daniel Galante Cruz (born 1995), Portuguese futsal player

title: Galante


text:
Talk:Constantine XI Palaiologos

Move request for emperors of the Palaeologus/Palaiologos dynasty
There is a move request for several Palaeologus/Palaiologos dynasty emperors at Talk:List of Byzantine Emperors. --Panairjdde 23:37, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Distaff prestige
Quoth the article:

In a variant of the Byzantine practice of adopting the distaff surname where it connoted more prestige, Constantine liked to be known by his mother's name of Dragaš (Serbian: Драгаш) or Dragasēs, which she inherited from her Serbian father.

Is this really meant to imply that the Serbian name had more presige than Palaiologos? I find this sort of hard to believe... --Jfruh (talk) 21:34, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I do not know if we can generalize but the adoption of the distaff surname by emperors (with no exclusion of the regularly inherited one) can be observed in a couple of other cases: Theodore II Doukas Laskaris (sometimes just Laskaris) and Matthew Asan(es) Kantakouzenos. But yes, for all their importance, the parvenu Dragaš family probably do not quite justify this wording in the article (though that does say "in a variant..."). They were certainly less prestigeous than the Palaiologoi.  The emperor probably wished to honor his mother and her lineage. Most Byzantines were actually quite happy to pile up as many surnames as they could lay claim to.  The first three Palaiologoi, Michael VIII, Andronikos II, and Michael IX, in fact employed an elaborate surname, as follows: Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos. I suppose that after the dynasty had spent 60 years on the throne, plain Palaiologos sufficed for their successors. Imladjov 12:30, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Us or Os
It seems to me that if he had a greek name the latinised form should stick with the greek spelling. My name is Καρανικολας(Karanicholas). If some1 spelt it karanicholus that would be wrong (i no my latinised name shouldnt have an h in it but by grandfather cant spell:P)--Slogankid 16:32, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In general yes, however, the name is Παλαιολόγος, not Παλαιολόγας, so although the "us" latinization would be unusual in your case, it's not if the name ends on "ος". --Atmilios 17:11, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Ethnomartyr
Although ethnomartyr is the most literal transliteration of ἐθνομάρτυρας, it's somewhat misleading, since the word means something more like national martyr rather than ethnic martyr. The distinction intended is between religious martyrs who died for their faith and national martyrs who died for their country. Compare Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο which is usually translated as National Archaeological Museum, not Ethnic Archaeological Museum. (Some googling finds both "ethnomartyr" and "national martyr" are used in English in this context, although both are rare enough that it's hard to weigh their relative usage.) --Delirium 08:45, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Saint?
His commemoration appears in the calendars and books published by the Greeks, the Serbs and the Russians. To be a saint of one national Church is to be a saint of the entire Orthodox Church - and he appears in three! Ergo, he is a saint not only of the Greek Church. InfernoXV 02:33, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Look this doesn't matter that much, but I'll insist on removing the statement about the Roman Empire. It's just an abundant statement which only serves at confusing the readers. Someone who knows about medieval history will know already the relation between Rome, Byzantium and the Holy Roman Empire, so this won't help him. But to someone who is trying to learn this can only be confusing. Historians and civilisations have decided to differentiate Byzantium from the Roman Empire, without denying that it was its political continuation. Whether you like it or not that's how it's always been, and anyone who refuses to accept it is just on the POV side. Miskin 00:39, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

That is not "how it's always been." It was in the 19th century that biased Western historians began to widely use the term "Byzantine." It was always meant in a biased Western POV fashion. This bias is very well documented. To this day the Middle East called the Greeks "Romans" and Greece "Rome" or "Land of the Romans" and the entire rest of Europe "Franks." Funny to try to differentiate "Byzantium" from the rest of Roman history simply because of the supposed Hellenization of the Empire once the capitol was moved to Constantinople... because when Pagan Rome conquered the Greek City States in the centuries before Christ they were in turn conquered by Greek culture and became thoroughly Hellenized. This is a very clear, straight fact. Indeed, during the Pagan Roman occupation of the Holy Land in the time of Christ the Koine Greek language was the international language of it's day (a legacy of Alexander) and the Aramaic language of Jesus was Hellenistic Aramaic. It would be very difficult to try to separate the Roman Empire from it Hellenic heritage, even long before Christ. Thus, the Western POV is clearly evident in this article. Call it the Eastern Roman Empire if you must. Call it Byzantium. Call it the "Empire of the Greeks" as it's medieval contemporaries did (derogatory; Latin Catholic vs. Greek Orthodox bias of it's day, see: Great Schism), but the Western view must be balanced by the Eastern view. Otherwise we risk allowing Wikipedia to become a tool for propagandists.

As to the Sainthood of Constantine XI; please read this article written, perhaps ideally, by a Byzantine Catholic on the subject. He is most certainly considered a Saint (and National Hero of Greece): http://rumkatkilise.org/statusconstantineXI.htm --Nikoz78 (talk) 16:17, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Constantine was a Greek catholic, not an Orthodox. The Orthodox who believe him to have been a saint are in error.--131.220.75.84 (talk) 09:34, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Myth and music
Just a thought...The Greek composer Stamatis Spanoudalkis has produced an excellent suite of music entitled: The Marble King (I think...Unfortunately I've lost my copy!)It's theme is the fall of Constantinople and the idea that Constantine XI will return one day. Mickmct (talk) 15:55, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Date of birth
Hi there, This page marked the date of Constantine's birth as February 8, 1405, citing Nicol's The Immortal Emperor as a source. According to Runciman's The Fall of Constantinople 1453 and to the article on the emperor in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, he was rather born in 1404. I've taken the liberty of changing the date to 1404 from 1405 (two sources vs. one), but since there seems to be some divergence on the subject, feel free to argue the point further and change it back. Have a nice day! Hobbitte (talk) 07:45, 1 December 2009 (UTC)Hobbitte
 * I`ll change it back,since Runciman work is from 1965,while Nicol is from 1992.Also,ODB (from 1991) states that he was born in Constantinople,on 8 February 1405. (I have also some history book in serbian from 1989 with same date,but it`s not first class source for this.) CrniBombarder!!! [[Image:Sumski.svg|17px|Шумски Крст]]   (†)  11:52, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Legend Misrepresented
The legend of Constantine XI being turned into marble is thus: that once the Hellenic people (Greeks) "recapture Constantinople" the last Roman/Byzantine Emperor will rise to rule a Byzantium reborn. The article used to reflect this fact. I understand that such a legend still has political concerns today, but that is the truth of this old legend; it makes little sense to reword such a legend just to downplay it's controversial nature. This is an encyclopedia. Period. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nikoz78 (talk • contribs) 15:28, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Prophecy
The ghost of Constantine XI IS prophesized to ride into the city (Constantinople/Istanbul) when Turkey becomes a Christian land again. I could find sources for that if you all insist on it, but can you please let me put that in and leave it there? -The Mysterious El Willstro 209.183.185.226 (talk) 04:13, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Somebody has since added a reference to what I was referring to, so I appreciate that. -The Mysterious El Willstro 209.183.186.32 (talk) 04:30, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Modern Statue
I'm pretty sure that statue is from Athens, not Mistras. I've seen it there myself and taken pictures of it. I'm not going to change it since I'm not sure if there is an identical statue in Mistras or not. -HawkeyE (talk) 05:53, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

 * There are two statues, one in Mistras, and one in front of the Athens Metropolitan Church (IIRC). They both look very much alike, but I cannot say whether they are identical. However, the statue in question is from Athens, as the original Flickr account suggests. Constantine  ✍  08:04, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

Edit-warring by IP adding original research from primary sources
An IP keeps adding original research from WP:PRIMARY. The IP edit mentions:

But Niccolò Barbaro mentions: which as can be seen is completely the opposite of what the IP is claiming. This is falsification of sources and the IP should stop this disruption. Dr.  K.  17:09, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I completely concur with Dr.K. I suggest the IP brings up reliable counter sourcing if he really believes that material was stated by Barbaro in any way. Nevertheless, as of what we can see so far, this is 100% disruption based on source falsification. - LouisAragon (talk) 17:25, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

You folks seem too caught up in edit patrolling to notice that you're wrong. My initial edits had sources, if not a formal citation. You wanted a citation. All right, fortunately the text I was working from here is an excerpt of a source already used in the article. So I cited it. Please click the link and refer to the passage that mentions Leonardo of Chios. Then you may restore my changes and leave an apology on my talk page. 50.185.134.48 (talk) 23:15, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

This is really quite absurd. The only reason we're *at* a three-revert situation is Dr.K.'s insistence on attributing bad faith to my changes (despite actually keeping some of them, which I appreciate). What's the next step? 50.185.134.48 (talk) 23:45, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I am not the only one disagreeing with you. See above, another editor agrees with me. Stop also the personal attacks about bad faith. You did not supply a quote or page number of the reference so your edit cannot be verified. Now from your link this is the reference to Leonardo that I found.
 * This quotation sounds nothing like the edit you are trying to edit-war into the article. Can you supply the exact quote which you think verifies your edit? Because I can't find any other such mention in the link you provided, at least one talking about Constantine "despairing before the gate broke", but perhaps you can enlighten us. Dr.   K.  23:57, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * This quotation sounds nothing like the edit you are trying to edit-war into the article. Can you supply the exact quote which you think verifies your edit? Because I can't find any other such mention in the link you provided, at least one talking about Constantine "despairing before the gate broke", but perhaps you can enlighten us. Dr.   K.  23:57, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

 * That is the quote that verifies my edit, which if you do not recall, said that Barbaro relayed that account. I'll also draw your attention to this:

 * It is a further absurdity for you to demand that I cease accusations of bad faith, without any acknowledgement of your own prior accusations. Restore my edit, please. 50.185.134.48 (talk) 00:11, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Once more, Leonardo does not mention "despair" and Leonardo does not mention "before the gate broke". Your edit cannot be restored because it is not in the source you provided. Leonardo never wrote the things you claim. Dr.   K.  00:19, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Saying "his courage failed" is not the same as saying "he despaired"? Seriously? Seriously?? All right then, restore it with whatever rewording you see fit. 50.185.134.48 (talk) 00:21, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, seriously. "Failing courage" is not equivalent to "despairing". Also you did not address the point of before the gate broke. No reference about that either. Your edit has been completely dismantled.  Dr.   K.  00:27, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I have the nagging suspicion that you are just unwilling to accept any addition to the article that doesn't show Constantine in the proper heroic light. But nonetheless, I propose the following wording: "In another account relayed by Niccolò Barbaro and Leonard of Chios, Constantine's courage failed shortly before the Turks broke through the walls, and he urged his soldiers to kill him; none would, and he was cut down in the as the Turks entered the city." 50.185.134.48 (talk) 00:33, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I am not interested in your "nagging suspicions" and once more I remind you of assuming good faith and stopping your personal attacks. Your proposed edit is faulty because the statement In another account relayed by Niccolò Barbaro and Leonard of Chios, is not in the citation you provided. The account of his courage "failing" is only attrbuted to Leonardo, not Barbaro. Also there is no mention by either Barbaro or Leonardo that "Constantine's courage failed shortly before the Turks broke through the walls". This is synthesis on your part. Dr.   K.  00:55, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reminder, but I will again attempt to insert some form of the text when the three-revert condition expires, and if you continue to disruptively revert it, I will seek other parties to comment on whether the text is properly cited. 50.185.134.48 (talk) 01:13, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I have no reason to edit disruptively. So no warnings are needed. My only motivation for editing is to avoid misrepresentation of sources. I would suggest proposing an edit on the talkpage before you add it to the article so any deficiencies can be fixed and if acceptable the edit will not have to be reverted. Dr.   K.  01:32, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

I'm just going to edit it in so the entire flow is clear. If you revert, please specify your objection here. It would help if you could avoid the template jargon. You may think it promotes civility, but it really just comes off as robotic and unreasonable. 50.185.134.48 (talk) 20:14, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * In future, you may actually want to read your sources before adding them to the article. In this case, Nicol clearly states on p. 89 : The Greek tradition is reinforced by the fact that the authors of the earliest contemporary accounts, Leonardo of Chios and Niccolo Barbaro, were inclined to belittle the bravery of the Greeks.  Thus, this reliable secondary source casts doubt over the accounts of Leonardo of Chios and Niccolo Barbaro.  A perfect example of why secondary sources should be used, and primary sources not. Oops! Athenean (talk) 20:31, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * So what if they were so inclined? Does that make their account necessarily less accurate than Critobulus's? As I suspected, this is really more about promoting a POV of Constantine's heroism, and not about whether sources are represented accurately. Whatever I do to accommodate objections just results in the goalposts being moved. 50.185.134.48 (talk) 22:36, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Your own source says those accounts are less accurate, so the answer is yes. As for the charge of promoting a "POV of Constantine's heroism", i could just as easily argue that you seem obsessed with promoting an opposite POV. Athenean (talk) 22:51, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Goalposts being moved? Nothing of the kind. As I told you already, WP:PRIMARY sources should not be used without context. We have a very reliable source, as told you, analysing the primary sources and providing needed context about their lack of impartiality. On a practical note, how did Leonardo make the fanciful observation that Constantine's "courage failed"? Did he speak to Constantine? Did Constantine confess to someone and Leonardo picked it up from some manuscript? That's a very subjective observation about Constantine which is not repeated by any other secondary reliable source. This is a clear case of WP:UNDUE coverage of the POV of an ancient person who has not been validated by other historians regarding his account about Constantine's courage having "failed". I am not going to imitate your tactics and tell you that I get the distinct impression from your edit-warring and your insistence on adding this discredited material that you want to paint Constantine as a coward. But at least you should stop repeating this unsubstantiated nonsense because it doesn't help your arguments.  Dr.   K.  23:00, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

Transcription
I hope this is not a stupid question, but why is the name spelled with "C"? There is no "C" in the Greek alphabet, so the correct spelling would be "Konstantin". 2003:7A:8E08:1A39:8132:A52C:D97F:1599 (talk) 17:13, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

"controversy surrounding his personal religious beliefs"
The only controversy I see in the article is Constantine's unionist sentiments. Is that the "controversy" which keeps Constantine as "not been officially canonized by either Church", or is there more, or something else? Thanks. Jyg (talk) 21:51, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

"Citation needed"
will you please stop adding the "citation needed" template everywhere in the article? I've gone through and reverted your edits since I personally made sure that there is not any uncited information in the article. This is an important article that gets a lot of views and adding a template that has no reason to be here is unnecessary and insinuates that the article is of poor quality. Ichthyovenator (talk) 08:12, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Ichthyovenator, it was not my intention to harm the article. Because there are long paragraphs and a single reference at the end, I thought that you forgot to add more references. That the reason that I added citation required in each subtitle. My apologies. Kardam (talk) 08:23, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Looking through the article I can definitely see how the long paragraphs with the reference at the end might make it look as if some parts are uncited. I apologize if my comment above made it seem like I assumed bad faith; I now see why you were concerned. I just woke up so was just surprised to see the template being added so much. Ichthyovenator (talk) 08:43, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

GOCE copyedit request

 * The second concern was the religious disunity within what little remained of his empire; with much of the Byzantine populace refusing to accept a union between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches, something Constantine and his predecessor John VIII had believed necessary to secure military aid from Catholic Europe. Everything after the semicolon sounds like an incomplete fragment, but from editing the article, everything after the semicolon elaborates on everything before it, rather than introducing a new idea? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are correct. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Right now I've edited it to read: Constantine and his predecessor John VIII both believed a union between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches was needed to secure military aid from Catholic Europe, but much of the Byzantine populace opposed the idea. Do you know if the sources say what the proportion of the population that opposed the union was? I'd like to use "majority" instead of "much" as it is more specific. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is anything on the exact proportion of the population opposing the church union; most sources simply make it clear that there was a significant number of vocal anti-unionists and enough of them to cause riots in the streets. There were probably more anti-unionists than unionists in Constantinople as the Byzantines had considered the Catholics heretics for almost four centuries (not helped by the events of the Fourth Crusade) but I have not found a source that confidently states this or a more exact estimate. Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Because of a lack of contemporary sources, most writings of Constantine having been composed after his death, accounts of his life, before and after he eventually became emperor, are often heavily skewed, portraying his life with a view of his final fate, typically highly eulogizing in nature. This sentence tries to incorporate a lot of ideas but is confusing to read. Is the main idea of this sentence that accounts of his life are usually skewed? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, most (if not all) written about him was written after his death defending Constantinople and since he essentially died a martyr much of it is quite possibly skewed in his favor. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Reorganised sentence. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The situation looked grim. I'm unsure of the addition of this sentence. It doesn't provide any encyclopedic knowledge and readers should be able to understand what the situation is like without being told as such. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, this should probably be removed. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Removed sentence.

 * As Manuel II had once hoped years ago, John too hoped to rally support from Western Europe. Which sentence should this go with: the one before or the one after it? With a little bit of tweaking it can be integrated into either. If John also had the motive of receiving Western Europe's support by giving the Republic of Venice the city of Thessaloniki, it can go with the previous sentence. If it's a separate matter, it can merge with the next sentence. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The Thessaloniki business is just John, but both John and Manuel hoped to rally aid from the west (though Manuel eventually gave up on the church union stuff). Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Merged sentence with the one after it. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Manuel believed that an eventual church union, which would become John's goal, would only antagonize the Turks and the empire's populace, possibly even leading to civil war. I don't think there are any other important Manuels, so I think it should be safe to remove all instances of the regnal number after his first mention? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * There are other Manuels in the article but they appear significantly later so yes, unless there would be some confusion removing the regnal number everywhere after his first mention should be fine. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Other Manuels are given brief mentions and are identified with different surnames or regnal numbers, so Manuel II being referred to as Manuel should be fine. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Having been impressed by his brother during the 1422 Ottoman siege, and trusting him more than his other brothers, Constantine was given the title of despot and left to rule Constantinople as regent. Who was impressed by his brother? John? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, John. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Because their brother Theodore expressed his discontent over his position as Despot of the Morea to John during the latter's visit in 1423, John soon recalled Constantine from Mesembria and designated him as Theodore's successor. Boldly edited, removed mention of John's visit to Venice as it didn't seem like an important detail to include. That's fine? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * All good. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Theodore did not make way for Constantine or Thomas at Mystras. This sentence can be integrated with the next one. What does "make way" mean in this context? Theodore did not give his brothers the capital? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Means that Theodore did not want to share his capital with his brothers, yes (he wouldn't have had to give it up regardless but it seems he wanted it for himself). Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Changed "make way" to "share", and connected this sentence with the next one. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The campaign, which was unsuccessful, possibly due to Theodore's reluctance to partake, was Thomas's first experience of war. The sentence as phrased sounds like it would be more appropriate on an article about Thomas as it's heavily weighted on him. What about this: The campaign ended in failure, possibly due to Theodore's reluctant participation and Thomas' inexperience? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. I believe I took this sentence verbatim from my previous work on Thomas's article. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Changed to proposed sentence. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Constantine and Sphrantzes, confident that the city's many Greek inhabitants would support their takeover, marched towards Patras on 1 March 1429 and on 20 March, he besieged the city. Who's "he"? Constantine? Sphrantzes? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah this should have been made clear; the "he" here is Constantine. Sphrantzes was with him (but Constantine led the siege), so could be either "Constantine" or "they" here. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Switched "he" to "they", and reorganised the sentence a little. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * On 1 June, Constantine returned to the city and, since the Archbishop had not returned, met with the city's leading men in the city's Cathedral of St. Andrew on 4 June and they accepted him as their new lord. Is there a reason why "leading men" was used and not "leaders"? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * No reason, "leaders" works better. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Switched. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Although many in the Byzantine Empire opposed a Union of the Churches [...] Is "Union of the Churches" the official name of the event? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Doesn't appear to be, so maybe it should not be capitalized. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Brought it back to lowercase. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * John brought a large delegation to Italy, including Joseph II, the Patriarch of Constantinople [...] Are Joseph II and the Patriarch of Constantinople the same person or separate? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Joseph II was the Patriarch of Constantinople. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. I was originally hesitant to use semicolons as dividers for what I perceived to be one entity, but large numbers of bishops, monks and priests made it easier to do so. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Turahan was sent south to take Mystras and devastate Constantine's lands while Murad II led his forces in the north of the Peloponnese. Were Murad's forces already in the north or did they travel to the north? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Murad led them to the north and then campaigned there. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Leaving as is. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Other than Mehmed II, Orhan was the only known living male member of the Ottoman dynasty and he represented a potential rival claimant to the sultanate. Was he himself a potential rival or did he represent someone else that was a potential rival? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Orhan was the only living male member of the Ottoman dynasty other than Mehmed himself, so he was a potential rival claimant to the Ottoman throne. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Replaced "represented" with "was". — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Whether all the attendants agreed with the theology used might not have made much difference; it might simply have been comforting to be in a large crowd in the face of the imminent danger. I'm doubting the need for this sentence to be in the article as I don't see the encyclopedic value behind it. If it has to stay, wrap it in quotes? Wikipedia's voice shouldn't be used for this. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, remove this bit. The idea behind including it was to explain why the anti-unionists would celebrate service together with the unionists but I agree that it is leaning towards unencyclopedic. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Removed. The sentence before it talks about the anti-unionist movement dying down, and the sentence before that has [...] united them in fear and panic (removed "common"), so mention of the unity between the two factions should be sufficient.

 * If he had any fears about the impending battle, Constantine kept them to himself and instead, he prepared for the impending attack. Is this sentence necessary? Sounds better placed in a narrative.
 * No, it's not really necessary. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Removed. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * In addition to the limited western aid, the Ottoman pretender held as a hostage in the city, Orhan Çelebi, and his considerable retinue of Ottoman troops, also assisted in the city's defense. What does it mean by Orhan being an "Ottoman pretender"? I only remember him being described as "represented a potential rival claimant to the sultanate". — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, "pretender" isn't explicitly correct; he was just a possible contender for the Ottoman throne. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Changed "pretender" to "contender". — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Mehmed ordered his admiral, Suleiman Baltoghlu, to capture the ships and their crews, or not return alive. Is this verbatim from the source? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't have access to this source anymore but I would hope not, you could rephrase this if that is the concern. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Changed "or not return alive" to "at all costs". — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * [...] as such, Constantine's death also marked the final end of the Roman Empire [...] What's the difference between a "final end" and a "non-final" end? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * When the Roman Empire ended is debatable and depends on what you consider to be the Roman Empire. Many see the empire as ending with the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476, others with the Islamic conquests of the Levant and northern Africa in the 7th century. 1453 is really as late as you can consider the Roman Empire to have endured without some mental gymnastics. Constantine XI was the last ruler of a sequence of emperors which went back unbroken to the first Roman emperor Augustus. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Changed "final" to "definitive". — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * [...] for instance "Michael the Drunkard ". Original formatting preserved. What's with the underlining? Emphasis? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * [...] for instance "Constantine, son of Manuel " [...] Original formatting preserved. Same issue as above. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * For both this one and the previous one, yes, emphasis was the intention here. The underlining is perhaps unnecessary. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. The MoS discourages underlining for emphasis, so I've replaced them with italics. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Demetrios was granted the Constantine's former capital, Mystras, and authority over the southern and eastern parts of the despotate, while Thomas ruled Corinthia and the northwest, variously using Patras or Leontari as his capital. Thomas constantly alternated between the two as capital cities? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, he seems to have alternated between the two. In these cases "capital" is used as a convenience; maybe "residence" would make more sense? Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * . I've changed it to read [...] while Thomas ruled Corinthia and the northwest, alternating between Patras and Leontari as his place of residence. This is assuming that only these places were his main residences. How's it look? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, this works. Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Throughout the long winter of 1452 and 1453, Constantine ordered the citizens of Constantinople, both men and women [...] Do "men and women" need to explicitly be stated? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Not really, no, felt that people might assume "citizens" is just men in this case otherwise but I'm fine with removing it. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * There is the historical context of what a woman's duties were at that time, so I understand your rationale for doing so. Would women being called upon to support the war effort in those times be seen as "out of the ordinary"? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * It is difficult to find decent info on this; women were involved in supporting roles during siege warfare in Ancient Greece (repairing walls, distributing supplies and getting involved in tactics), but that does not mean that this carried over into the Middle Ages two thousand or so years later. Women in Byzantium could inherit property, had legal standing and participated in politcal affairs (and some became absolute monarchs; Irene of Athens, Theodora III Porphyrogenita) but it is difficult to find stuff on their role in military matters. I think it would be strange if the women did not help out when their city was being besieged so perhaps it was not out of the ordinary, no. Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. In that case the parenthetical thought "both men and women" will be removed. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Some of the city's Genoese population also aided the Byzantines and notable Genoese aid came in the form of Giovanni Giustiniani, a renowned soldier known for his skill in siege warfare and arrived as a volunteer in January 1453, bringing 700 soldiers with him. The two (Genoese population and Giustiniani) are closely related but should be separated by sentence. Coming back to this later. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are closely related but I think that it is important to distinquish them too. Giustiniani was Genoese but came to the city on his own accord to help in its defense (he didn't help because he happened to live there). Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * . My current solution is to introduce Giustiniani in his own sentence. I think it's a little too wordy, but how does In January 1453, notable Genoese aid came arrived voluntarily in the form of Giovanni Giustiniani—a renowned soldier known for his skill in siege warfare—and 700 soldiers under his command look? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I think it looks good. Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Giustiniani was mortally wounded by a shot through the arm-hole of his cuirass. Is it an arrow shot? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Looking back at this there does not appear to be scholarly consensus that the arm-hole is the correct location (though I recall the source saying this) - he might have been shot in the arm, chest or even leg. Sources also seem to disagree on what kind of shot it was, most saying that he was hit by either a cannonball or a crossbow bolt (if arm-hole is kept, crossbow bolt would be the way to go). Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * : Since the circumstances surrounding Giustiniani's mortal wound are ambiguous, how would removing the specifics sound? The sentence would read: Unbeknownst to anyone, after six hours of fighting, just before sunrise, Giustiniani was mortally wounded. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I think that would be a good solution, yes. Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

 * These plans were thwarted once Theodore changed his mind about the whole affair, but John still wished to place Constantine in the Morea. Were the plans thwarted, though? Constantine eventually became a co-despot. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, the plans succeeded eventually but if Theodore wouldn't have changed his mind Constantine would have become (sole) despot four years earlier. I agree that calling them "thwarted" is unnecessary, though. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * . I've tried rewriting it as Theodore eventually changed his mind, but John still assigned Constantine to the Morea as a "co-despot". I might remove "co-despot" in a later revision and say something along the lines of [...] still assigned Constantine to the Morea as another despot to rule alongside him. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm a bit concerned that the current phrasing makes it seem that John assigned Constantine as despot in 1423 (before John's and Constantine's war against Epirus), maybe something like "Theodore eventually changed his mind, but John would eventually still ..." (a bit problematic in the same way, but maybe you see what I mean). Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * How's this look? Theodore eventually changed his mind, but John eventually assigned Constantine to the Morea as a despot in 1427 after the war against Epirus. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  05:00, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Though Theodore was now happy to rule in the Morea, he could use some support as he had been beset by enemies throughout the 1420s. Is everything past the comma John's thoughts? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I can't remember but it's probably the author of the source (Nicol) rationalizing John's actions, I don't think we know explicitly why John did anything. Maybe this could be changed to something like "... now happy to rule in the Morea, but the peninsula was repeatedly threatened throughout the 1420s" or something to that effect? Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Switched out "now happy" with "content" in this edit.
 * That's one option. Alternatively, we could introduce the author of the source, Donald (?) Nicol, to attribute his thoughts. Something like: Though Theodore was content to rule in the Morea, historian Donald Nicol believes that the support was helpful, as the peninsula was repeatedly threatened by a foreign empire throughout the 1420s. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that works for me too. "Foreign empire" wouldn't really be correct as the Morea was threatened by several enemies (Epirus, Venice, the Ottomans), out of which only one (Ottomans) are typically considered an empire. Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * In that case, what about replacing "foreign empire" with "external forces"? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  05:00, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

 * As before in Constantine's life, other things would get in the way and Sphrantzes ultimately did not return to Georgia. Any examples of "other things"? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * This bit might be completely unnecessary (or should specify better) but the big thing that got in the way was the impending Ottoman attack. Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * In that case, what about Due to an impending Ottoman attack, Sphrantzes ultimately did not return to Georgia, if there were no other major significant reasons for Sphrantzes not returning to Georgia? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The impending Ottoman attack is the one that resulted in the city's fall so I'm thinking that if it is explicitly indicated there must be some way of getting around introducing it in an overly detailed way before it really becomes relevant in the text (which is a lot later). I'm not aware of what any other reasons would be, the source indicated the impending battle. Sphrantzes was set to return to Georgia in the spring of 1452, Mehmed II began the construction of his European-side castle to be used for the attack in the spring of 1452. Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * If the reason was the fear of an impending Ottoman attack, how about Due to mounting tensions with the Ottomans, Sphrantzes ultimately did not return to Georgia? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  05:00, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

 * On 24 May, there was a lunar eclipse for three hours, harkening to a prophecy that Constantinople would fall when the moon was on wane. Did the prophecy use the words "was on wane", and if so, was it to describe a natural moon waning? Lunar eclipses are sometimes referred to as "blood moons", so they could still be seen in their entirety. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The prophecy seems to refer to a lunar eclipse/blood moon (after a quick round of googling), not just a normal wane (though I remember the source used here used "wane"). Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * From my little research jaunt into that particular lunar eclipse, it appears that it was a partial lunar eclipse, which would make it appear as if part of the moon was missing. This excerpt from what the site claims to be the diary of Nicolo Barbaro claims: So it seems that the moon disappeared for a bit before reappearing on the same night which would definitely freak people out. I'd like to use some of the exact wording from the source, but I'm not sure if that is what was truly written in Barbaro's account. — Tenryuu 🐲  ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ❌. I'll leave this for the requester for interest.

Hope to read your replies soon! — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for taking the time to go through this massive article! I've replied to your questions :) Ichthyovenator (talk) 19:46, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the replies! Many of the questions I had have been addressed and struck out. Others have further inquiries or suggestions. I also happened to forget one comment I marked down in my preliminary pass: I've marked that one with a . — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  21:58, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Another round of replies 👍 Ichthyovenator (talk) 22:59, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * More replies and we're whittling these down 👍. I think you might find the source I found interesting as well. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  02:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

Hope you're doing well. I think I've done all I can here, so I'll consider the request complete. If you have anything further you wish to discuss about this article feel free to ping me on here. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  05:00, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry for not replying yesterday, I'm vacationing and internet access has been a bit sporadic. I'll read through this article once I'm back home in a few days! Thank you again for taking the time to go through this :) Ichthyovenator (talk) 11:23, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Map of Constantinople (1422) by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonte.jpg

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 * ConstantinoXI.jpg

Semi-protected edit request on 8 January 2023
Remove "His opinions got invalided later by the Catholic Church." from the note on the religion parameter of the infobox, it's vandalism that was added by Gurylondonic 2804:14C:55:8D94:A4D7:EC78:2E76:7B32 (talk) 17:57, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

✅ PianoDan (talk) 23:15, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

Lead too long
Why is the lead so long? A lot of background stuff, needs cleanup. Beshogur (talk) 15:56, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 January 2023
Giannisistorikos (talk) 07:02, 28 January 2023 (UTC) I want to add content that this page probably doesn't have

Giannisistorikos Giannisistorikos (talk) 07:04, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

Ok Giannisistorikos (talk) 07:05, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Cannolis (talk) 07:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 January 2023
Giannisistorikos (talk) 07:04, 28 January 2023 (UTC) I want to add content that this page probably doesn't have

Length: suggested “cuts”
Some suggestions for reducing the article's size: Both of the above could be reduced to their essence with links provided to the main articles. I’d appreciate feedback to see if we can reach a consensus on these suggestions. Allreet (talk) 08:08, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Amendments sections are exceedingly long as well as redundant, considering that List of amendments to the United States Constitution covers the same ground. This main article also links with separate articles on each of the Constitution’s amendments.
 * Judicial Review is another long section that has a main article, Judicial review in the United States.
 * What does this page have to do with the United States Constitution? Dimadick (talk) 14:17, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

Successor of Constantine XI Palaiologos
After Constantine XI’s demise in 1453, there is only the one Roman emperor left in the western side which is HRE Frederick III. Should Frederick III be the successor of Emperor Constantine XI? because he descended from Emperor Theodore I Laskaris through his daughter Maria Laskarina, wife of Belá IV of Hungary. IMPERATORMANYU (talk) 05:21, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

 * No reliable source would describe the geopolitical situation that way. We only allow claims on Wikipedia that are verifiable in reliable sources; what you've presented instead is your own original research based on synthesizing various things you've read. Citations to reliable sources explicitly making such claims are required. Furthermore, what we include is based on balancing what all the reliable sources say, so this would not be due in the article regardless, since most sources do not say it. Remsense  诉  05:25, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constantine XI Palaiologos