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John E. Pillsbury

John Elliott Pillsbury (15 December 1846 – 30 December 1919) was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy.

Biography
Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, Pillsbury was appointed midshipman in 1862 and commissioned an ensign in 1868. After serving on various stations afloat and ashore, he commanded the coast steamer Blake from 1884 to 1891 and did excellent scientific work, using some of his research instruments of his own invention. In the Spanish–American War, he commanded the dynamite cruiser USS Vesuvius (1888), operating around the island of Cuba and in the vicinity of Morro Castle. In 1905 he served as Chief of Staff of the North Atlantic Fleet and in 1908–09, was Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. In 1908 he was the first recipient of the West Indies Campaign Medal.

Although Rear Admiral Pillsbury's attainments as a sailor and a fighting man were noteworthy, he is perhaps best known as having been one of the world's foremost geographers and an authority on the Gulf Stream. Actively identified with the National Geographic Society for many years, he was president of the society at the time of his death. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery; his wife Florence was buried with him after her death in 1925.

Namesakes
Two U.S. Navy ships have been christened USS Pillsbury in his honor. Pillsbury Sound, the body of water in the U.S. Virgin Islands between St Thomas, St John, and the cays which bound the sound on the North side, is also named in his honor.

title: John E. Pillsbury


text:
Talk:Ancient Mesopotamian religion

__

Later influence paragraph is vague and incomplete
It is written than Babylonian traditions/myths/religions influenced a lot of others cultures (Semites, Greeks, Romans, etc). But there is something that I dont see and it tickles me. If :

- semites (including proto-hebrews) were a big part of the tribes that composed Babylonia,

- before being under a "unified" monarchy, Babylonia had been influenced by its tribal origins,

- Sumeria and Babylonia were among the most advanced/developed civilizations of their times,

Shall we conclude that these semites traditions/myths/religions were carried out by those tribes, then developped to form the so-called Mesopotamian religion ? After all, Babylonians could just be the first to have written them down. (unfortunately for us, oral tradition was the rule before the alphabet !)

interesting source : http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v12/i3/sumerian.asp (I dont agree with all the articles of the site though)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ancient Mesopotamian religion


text: User talk:83.177.150.8

title: User talk:83.177.150.8


text: User talk:68.94.3.196

title: User talk:68.94.3.196


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Grand Bank

Grand Bank or 'Grand Banc' as the first French settlers pronounced it, is a small rural town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, with a population of 2,580. It is located on the southern tip or "toe" of the Burin Peninsula (also known as "the boot"), 360 km from the province's capital of St. John's.

Grand Bank was inhabited by French fisherman as early as 1640 and started as a fishing settlement with about seven families. It was given the name "Grand Banc" because of the high bank that extends from Admiral's Cove to the water's edge on the west side of the harbour.

The Town of Grand Bank can attribute much of its past and present growth and prosperity to its proximity to the fishing grounds and its ice-free harbour. Original settlers thrived on trade with the French and a vigorous inshore fishing industry. Grand Bank became the nucleus of the bank fishing industry for Newfoundland and a service centre for Fortune Bay. With the decline of the salt fish industry, the town's emphasis quickly shifted to fresh fish production. Enterprising businessmen and town planners prepared the way for a fresh fish plant (present day Grand Bank Seafoods Inc.) and a fleet of trawlers.

Timeline

 * 1640 – French fishermen were said to be in Grand Bank during this time.
 * 1687 – First French Census taken in Newfoundland shows "Grand Banc" with a population of 45 (39 servants, 2 masters, 3 women and 1 child). The first community had one church, 3 houses and 18 muskets.
 * 1693 – Census takers recorded some of the prominent names: Bourney, Commer, Chevallier and Grandin.
 * 1713 – Treaty of Utrecht, France relinquishes its claim to Newfoundland including St. Pierre et Miquelon. The French Population moved to Ile Royale (Cape Breton).
 * 1714 – William Taverner surveys the coast for the English Government.
 * 1763 – Peace Treaty of Paris: French are given St. Pierre et Miquelon, forcing the English population at St. Pierre to relocate to Grand Bank and Fortune Bay. First record of English settlement.
 * 1765 – Captain James Cook mapped out the area and moored his ship at Admiral's Cove. Came ashore and gathered buds off the small spruce tree to brew beer (excellent source of vitamin C) for his crew.
 * 1836 – Census list 45 dwellings and a population of 236 residents.
 * 1850s – By the end of the 1850s, Grand Bank had a school, a doctor, a judicial system, a postal service and a road system.
 * 1870s – A change in fishing vessel from a shallop to a schooner. With the change in vessel came a change in fishing gear. The trawl was introduced. However, the trawl could not be set directly from the schooner. There was a need for a smaller boat, different from the punt; we have the first appearance of the dory.
 * 1879 – Breakwater and Dredging legislation was passed.
 * 1881 – Bank Fishery began and Samuel Harris’s first season on the banks was a success. In short order, a number of other Grand Bankers with schooners followed (some of which include George Abraham Buffett, Simeon N. Tibbo and Daniel Tibbo). The demand for schooners dramatically increased. There were at one point (1885 & 1886) seven schooners being built in Grand Bank.
 * 1890–1940 – Grand Bank had a fleet of banking and foreign-going ships and earned the distinction "The Bank Fishing Capital" of Newfoundland.
 * 1955 – Modern fresh fish processing plant was built in Grand Bank and the schooners were replaced with modern steel trawlers.

Today, Grand Bank is the home of a shell fishing industry, a modern plant owned by Grand Bank Seafoods (A division of Clearwater Seafoods). It is also home to Dynamic Air Shelters - Manufactures of specialized, inflatable industrial shelters for the oil and gas sector, as well as structures for promotional and ‘first response’ uses.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Grand Bank had a population of $2,152$ living in $1,026$ of its $1,162$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,310$. With a land area of 16.82 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Tourist attractions
Minutes by air from Winterland or 70 minutes by sea from nearby Fortune (just 5 km from Grand Bank)
 * Southern Newfoundland Seamans Museum
 * Grand Bank Regional Theatre Festival
 * Annual Grand Bank Summer Festival
 * Harris House
 * Mariner's Memorial
 * Bait Depot
 * Grand Bank Lighthouse
 * Grande Meadows Golf Course – 30 km away: 9-hole, par 36, open May to October.
 * St. Pierre and Miquelon – France's last outpost in North America.

In recent years Grand Bank has seen a tripling of visitors interested in the Queen Anne architecture in the older homes, the traditions of a seafaring people and the heritage still evident in the older businesses, stores, halls and museums. Heritage Canada's Main Street program has been a great success, as evident in the face-lift of many storefront properties. This program was designed to assist in the revitalization of the downtown of Grand Bank using its four components - organization, marketing, design and economic development.

Climate

 * The climate of Grand Bank is classified as Boreal (Koppen Dfb).
 * It enjoys one of the most favourable climates of Newfoundland and Labrador, mainly due to its position on the extreme southern coast of the Burin Peninsula.
 * The winters are relatively mild winters with considerable variation in snow cover and heavy rainfall from October through December.
 * The average high temperature in January is -0.5 °C - one of the warmest for all of Newfoundland and Labrador.
 * Surface wind speeds average 20–30 km/hour, with 50–80 km/h typically sustained during low pressure systems. Very strong gusts (120–140 km/h) are a common feature along the south coast.
 * During strong Arctic air outbreaks the "windchill equivalent temperature" is typically in the -25 to -35 °C range on the island.
 * July has an average high temperature of 20.6 °C, in August it is 21.1 °C. Summers are generally cooled by low clouds and fog.
 * There is less fog in Grand Bank than at the other location on the south coast where records are kept. Fog can often be seen around Grand Bank when the community itself is free of it. This is thought to be caused by a combination of the inland hills and ridges that cause the fog to evaporate before it reaches the town.
 * Mean annual precipitation is 1461.1mm, which is high due to the occurrence of cyclonic storms and in which most of the precipitation falls as rain (1280.9mm or 81%).
 * Snowfall in Grand Bank is about 180.2mm annually.

Schools

 * John Burke High School

Newspaper
The Southern Gazette is a newspaper that covers the entire Burin Peninsula.

Television

 * Channel 5 - CBC Television
 * Channel 11 - NTV

Radio

 * AM 740: CHCM ("VOCM"), news/talk/country music
 * FM 90.3: CBNM, CBC Radio One
 * FM 91.7: CBN-FM-5, CBC Radio 2
 * FM 96.3: CHOZ ("OZFM"), hot AC
 * FM 99.5: VOAR-2, Christian radio

title: Grand Bank


text: User talk:209.239.6.151

title: User talk:209.239.6.151


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Willie Moretti

Guarino "Willie" Moretti (February 24, 1894 – October 4, 1951), also known as Willie Moore, was an Italian-American mobster who served as underboss of the Genovese crime family under the administration of his cousin Frank Costello.

Criminal career
Born Guarino Moretti in Bari, Apulia, southern Italy, Moretti immigrated to the United States with his family to live in New Jersey.

On January 12, 1913, after being convicted of robbery in New York City, Moretti was sentenced to one year in state prison in Elmira, New York. He was released after several months.

From 1933 to 1951, Moretti, in association with Joe Adonis, Settimo Accardi and Abner Zwillman, ran lucrative gambling dens in New Jersey and upstate New York. His operations were based out of his homes in Hasbrouck Heights (located in Bergen County, New Jersey, just outside New York City) and Deal (located in Monmouth County, New Jersey along the Jersey Shore).

Hollywood connections
Moretti was the godfather of then-unknown singer Frank Sinatra. Sinatra's first wife, Nancy Barbato, was a paternal cousin of John Barbato, a Moretti associate. Moretti helped Sinatra get bookings in New Jersey clubs in return for kickbacks. Finally, in 1939, Sinatra signed a recording contract with band leader Tommy Dorsey. However, by the early 1940s, Sinatra had achieved national popularity and wanted to sign a more lucrative recording contract, but Dorsey refused to release him from their existing contract. A rumour claimed that Sinatra asked Moretti for help, and it was alleged that Moretti jammed a gun barrel down Dorsey's throat and threatened to kill him if he did not release Sinatra. Dorsey eventually sold the contract to Sinatra for one dollar.

In the late 1940s, Moretti became acquainted with comedians Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis while they were performing at Bill Miller's Riviera nightclub in Fort Lee, New Jersey. In earlier years, Moretti and Abner "Longy" Zwillman were watching the club's cardroom when it was previously owned by Ben Marden. In 1947, Martin, Lewis, Sinatra, and comedian Milton Berle all performed at the wedding reception of Moretti's stepsister.

Testimony before the Kefauver Committee
In 1950, the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Organized Crime started an investigation known as the Kefauver hearings, named after its chairman, Sen. Estes Kefauver. Along with other members of Genovese family, Moretti, by then widely known by his alias "Willie Moore," was called to testify. Moretti was the only one who cooperated with the committee. While the other mobsters refused to testify by repeatedly invoking the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides legal protection against self-incrimination, the garrulous Moretti told jokes, spoke candidly, and generally played it up for the cameras. For example, when asked how long he'd been in the Mafia he replied, "What do you mean, like do I carry a membership card that says 'Mafia' on it?" And when asked how he operated politically he said, "I don't operate politically, if I did I'd be a congressman." The Senators and spectators in the room often broke out laughing at his snarky and sarcastic responses.

Death
As it was being alleged that Moretti's mental condition was possibly deteriorating from advanced-stage syphilis, it was feared that he was becoming too talkative. An open contract was placed by the mob commission to have him killed. Twelve years later, government witness Joe Valachi described a conversation with Genovese crime family boss Vito Genovese about the Moretti murder:

"It was supposedly a mercy killing because he was sick. Genovese told me, 'The Lord have mercy on his soul, he's losing his mind.'"

On October 4, 1951, Moretti was lunching with four other men at Joe’s Elbow Room Restaurant in Cliffside Park, New Jersey. The waitress remembered the men, the only patrons in the restaurant, joking together in Italian before she went into the kitchen. At 11:28 am, the restaurant staff heard shots fired and ran into the dining room. Moretti was lying dead on his back on the floor with bullet wounds to the face and head. By some accounts, the shots to his face were a sign of respect. The gunmen had already fled the restaurant. The waitress was able to tentatively identify the man who brought him to the restaurant as Anastasia Crime Family capo John "Johnny Roberts" Robilotto. The shooters are suspected to have been Philadelphia mobster Antonio Caponigro and Joseph "Pepe" LiCalsi.

On the day of Moretti's murder, Martin and Lewis had a lunch date scheduled with Moretti. However, earlier that morning, Lewis learned that he had contracted the mumps and both men totally forgot about lunch. Later, while trying to reach Moretti to apologize and explain, they learned from the television news that he was dead.

Moretti's funeral service was conducted at Corpus Christi Church in Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey. Moretti was buried at St Michael's Cemetery in South Hackensack, New Jersey. Over 5,000 mourners attended the burial, resulting in a circus-like atmosphere that required police intervention.

He left behind two step sisters, Melissa Moretti(Italy) and Renee Moretti-Ward(Italy) and one niece Kayla Russo-Moretti(New Jersey). The rest of his family is unknown or unclaimed at this time.

In popular culture

 * In A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-46747-6, Joseph Bonanno referred to Willie Moretti as Frank Costello's "strength." This would later be compared to the relationship between Mario Puzo's character "Luca Brasi" and "Don Vito Corleone's" so-called "strength" in the novel The Godfather.
 * In The Sopranos episode D-Girl, the character Christopher Moltisanti tells Jon Favreau the story of Moretti intimidating Tommy Dorsey, which Favreau cites as the inspiration for the Corleone family's efforts to release Johnny Fontane from a contract by Luca Brasi and Vito Corleone by "making the band leader who held Johnny's contract an offer he couldn't refuse", according to Michael Corleone, telling the story to his girlfriend Kay Adams in The Godfather.

title: Willie Moretti


text: Category:German architects

title: Category:German architects


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Jorge Piedra

Jorge Moises Piedra (born April 17, 1979) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder.

On April 11, 2005, Piedra became the second baseball player after Alex Sanchez to be suspended for testing positive for illegal performance-enhancing drugs under Major League Baseball's new drug policy. He was suspended for 10 days without pay, as MLB's policy dictated for a first offense until November 2005. First offenses since that time now result in 80-game suspensions.

He signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics on June 12, 2007.

On January 4, 2008, Piedra signed a minor league contract with the Florida Marlins with an invitation to spring training. He was released on March 9, 2008.

title: Jorge Piedra


text:
Ole Anthony

Ole Edward Anthony (October 3, 1938 –April 16, 2021) was an American minister, religious investigator and satirist. Anthony was the editor of The Wittenburg Door, a magazine of Christian satire. He was head of the Trinity Foundation, and in that capacity was involved in investigating the financial activities and alleged misappropriations of televangelists.

Biography
Anthony was born on October 3, 1938, in St. Peter, Minnesota. He was reared in the Lutheran faith. He served in the U.S. Air Force from 1956 until December 1959, as a "special weapons maintenance technician" and had top-secret clearance, receiving the Good Conduct Medal and two "outstanding unit" awards.

Anthony's investigative work into the fundraising tactics of big-money televangelists first came to national attention in 1991 following a Primetime Live hidden-camera investigation of televangelists. Anthony portrayed himself—a Dallas minister of a small church trying to learn how big-money ministries work—in the segment on fellow East Dallas minister Robert Tilton. Anthony and the Trinity Foundation were instrumental in providing evidence for the many state and Federal investigations of Tilton in the years that followed, and he was often interviewed by reporters in preparations for stories on other televangelists. He was also the subject of a lengthy profile in the December 6, 2004, issue of The New Yorker.

He was a close friend of writer and comedian Joe Bob Briggs, who is also a member of the Trinity Foundation.

Former members of the group have been critical of the foundation and Anthony.

Ole Anthony died on April 16, 2021, after being diagnosed with lung cancer in 2017.

title: Ole Anthony


text:
Faro de Moncloa

The Faro de Moncloa is a 92 m-high transmission tower with an observation deck at the Plaza De Moncloa, Madrid, Spain. It was project by architect Salvador Pérez Arroyo and built in 1992. The tower was closed to the public from 2005 to 2015, when new safety regulations were introduced after the Windsor Tower fire took place earlier that year. It reopened to the public in April 2015.

title: Faro de Moncloa


text: Category:Infantry guns

title: Category:Infantry guns


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OkCupid

OkCupid (often abbreviated as OKC, but officially OkC) is a U.S.-based, internationally operating online dating, friendship, and formerly also a social networking website and application. It features multiple-choice questions to match members. Registration is free. OkCupid is owned by Match Group, which also owns Tinder, Hinge, Plenty of Fish, and many other popular dating apps and sites.

While the site and app once supported multiple modes of communication, this has been restricted to messaging. OkCupid was listed in Time magazine's 2007 Top 10 dating websites. The website was acquired by IAC's Match.com division in 2011.

History
OkCupid was originally owned by Humor Rainbow, Inc. OkCupid's founders (Chris Coyne, Christian Rudder, Sam Yagan, and Max Krohn) were students at Harvard University when they gained recognition for their creation of TheSpark and, later, SparkNotes. Among other things, TheSpark.com featured a number of humorous self-quizzes and personality tests, including the four-variable Myers-Briggs style Match Test. SparkMatch debuted as a beta experiment of allowing registered users who had taken the Match Test to search for and contact each other based on their Match Test types. The popularity of SparkMatch took off and it was launched as its own site, later renamed OkCupid. In 2001, they sold SparkNotes to Barnes & Noble, and began work on OkCupid.

In November 2007, OkCupid launched Crazy Blind Date, a no-cost dating service that set people up on blind dates with little to no notice. The site served people in Boston, San Francisco, Austin, New York City, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. Daters would complete an optional questionnaire about their availability, preferred neighborhood for dates and their preferred type of date. They would meet up at an agreed upon location without knowing how their date would look ahead of time. In April 2010, Time Out reported that the website was under construction for updates, but would remain free once it resumed operation. In 2013, it was relaunched and integrated into the OkCupid platform as an app for iPhone and Android devices.

In 2008, OkCupid spun off its test-design portion under the name Hello Quizzy (HQ), while keeping it inextricably linked to OkCupid and reserving existent OkCupid users' names on HQ. However, the original Dating Persona Test has since been removed.

Since August 2009, an "A-list" account option is available to users of OkCupid and provides additional services for monthly fees.

In February 2011, OkCupid was acquired by IAC/InterActiveCorp, operators of Match.com, for US$50 million. Editorial posts from 2010 by an OkCupid founder in which Match.com and pay-dating were criticized for exploiting users and being "fundamentally broken" were removed from the OkCupid blog at the time of the acquisition. In a press response, OkCupid's CEO explained that the removal was voluntary.

In November 2012, OkCupid launched the social discovery service Tallygram, but retired the service in April 2013.

On March 31, 2014, any user accessing OkCupid from Firefox was presented with a message asking users to boycott the internet browser due to Mozilla Corporation's new CEO Brendan Eich's support of Proposition 8. Users were asked instead to consider other browsers. On April 2, 2014, the dating site revoked the Firefox ban.

The website added a bevy of nontraditional profile options for users to express their gender identity and sexuality in late 2014. These options—which included asexual, genderfluid, pansexual, sapiosexual, and transgender categories—were added to make the website more inclusive. Through this addition, OkCupid popularized the concept of "sapiosexuality", meaning romance or sexual attraction based on intellectual, rather than physical, traits. OkCupid removed the Sapiosexual identity on February 11, 2019, following considerable negative feedback, specifically quoting an article on Vice Magazine.

In January 2018, OkCupid appointed Ariel Charytan, who was formerly senior vice president of audiobook and podcast company Audible, as CEO.

In September 2018, OkCupid became the first dating app to create a dedicated space on profiles for LGBTQ daters to share their pronouns, and expanded that feature to all users in July 2020.

In June 2020, OkCupid released a feature “stacks” that allows app users to view and sort matches based on categories including nearby, online, questions pros, recommended and match percentage. Paid users can additionally sort by new or popular people.

In May 2021, the company launched a monthly blog series, called Dating Data Center, which shared data from OkCupid matching questions and responses. In that same month, OkCupid found that daters, coming out of the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic, were looking for long-term relationships, negating the commonly held theories of a “hot vaxxed summer” (a play on Megan Thee Stallion single Hot Girl Summer) in which daters were looking exclusively for casual relationships. In June 2021, OkCupid expanded identity options for LGBTQ+ users, with more than 60 identity options, including 20 sexual orientations and 22 gender options.

Reviews
Despite being a platform designed to be less centered on physical appearance, OkCupid co-founder Christian Rudder stated in 2009 that the male OkCupid users who were rated most physically attractive by female OkCupid users received 11 times as many messages as the lowest-rated male users did, the medium-rated male users received about four times as many messages, and the one-third of female users who were rated most physically attractive by the male users received about two-thirds of all messages sent by male users. Additionally, a study published in the August 2018 edition of Science Advances by researchers at the University of Michigan and the Santa Fe Institute found that users of an unnamed, popular, and free online dating service in New York City, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle typically pursued potential partners ranked on average 25 percent more desirable than they were (as measured by the PageRank algorithm). Coupled with data released by the dating app Tinder showing that only 26 million of the 1.6 billion swipes that the app records per day actually result in matches (despite users spending on average about an hour and a half per day on the app), an article published in the December 2018 issue of The Atlantic concluded "Unless you are exceptionally good-looking, the thing online dating may be best at is sucking up large amounts of time."

Experimenting on users
In 2014, OkCupid revealed in a blog post that experiments were routinely conducted on OkCupid users. The site revealed that one experiment included removing users' profile pictures on January 15, 2013 ("Love is Blind Day") and analyzed user responses to messages, conversations, and contact details. When the photos were restored, users who had started "blind" conversations gradually began tapering off their conversations, leading OkCupid's CEO Christian Rudder to remark "it was like we'd turned on the bright lights at the bar at midnight". In a separate A/B test, OkCupid used a placebo number instead of users' true match percentage. The results suggested that doing this caused users, who were "bad matches" under the original algorithm, to actually like each other: "When we tell people they are a good match, they act as if they are."

Rudder explained that it would be unethical not to experiment on users:

"I think part of what's confusing people about this experiment is the result ... this is the only way to find this stuff out [what actually works for a dating site], if you guys have an alternative to the scientific method I'm all ears."

2016 data scraping and release
In May 2016, a team of Danish researchers have made publicly available the "OkCupid dataset" project, containing (as of May 2016) 2,620 variables describing 68,371 users on OkCupid for research purposes (e.g., for psychologists investigating the social psychology of dating). The data release spurred criticism, and an investigation by the Danish Data Protection Authority.

2017 switch to using real names from pseudonyms and subsequent backpedal
In December 2017, OkCupid rolled out a change that would require users to provide their real first name in place of a pseudonym as was previously encouraged. Although the company quickly backpedaled by saying that nicknames or initials would be acceptable, the announcement was received with widespread criticism and condemnation for potentially raising the risk of harassment of individuals, especially women and minorities, to doxing. It was pointed out that, unlike other dating sites that encourage the use of first names, OkCupid "encourages long profiles full of intimate details, including candid answers to questions about sex and politics", making connecting that information with a real name more problematic to users.

Profile censorship
In 2017 OkCupid reported on Twitter that they had removed Christopher Cantwell's user profile for being a white supremacist after a woman reported receiving a message from him. This raised questions from some users who wondered about the ease with which the company could eliminate users from its platform.

User photos for data mining
Clarifai, an A.I. start-up, built a face database with images from OkCupid, due to common founders in both companies.

2019 alleged credential stuffing incident
A February 2019 report alleged that many users reported lost access to their accounts in a manner consistent with either a data breach or a widespread "credential stuffing" incident. "Credential stuffing" describes using passwords stolen from one service (like another dating site) to attack another service, on the assumption that many people will reuse passwords across websites. OkCupid denied any data breach or system errors.

Overview
OkCupid claimed 3.5 million active users as of September 2010. According to Compete.com, the website attracted 1.3 million unique visitors in February 2011.

Any adult may join the site and all users may communicate with others via private messages or an instant messaging "chat" function. OkCupid was the first major dating site to offer unlimited messaging free of charge, although this was limited in late 2017 when OkCupid's official blog announced the site is "getting rid of open-messaging" and making sent messages invisible to the sender until the recipient interacts by either matching or replying to the message. Recipients will be able to read their messages (from people within their preference settings that have not already been passed) before a match by way of an "Intro" tab. All messages under that tab are blurry and must be processed one at a time. The term "A-List" to describe paying members was updated to "Basic" and "Premium" services. People who pay for access will see no advertising and will have an unlimited ability to "Like" other profiles. Those paying for Premium have the additional option of being able to see the list of names for people who have liked them.

In early May 2020, OKCupid removed the match search function for some users, including all those in Australia and including A-list subscribers. Following complaints, it has had to reimburse Australian users but, regardless of past complaints, implemented the removal for all users in July 2020.

Amid the coronavirus pandemic, OkCupid reported a 23.4% decrease in monthly active users in the final quarter of 2020.

Matching
To generate matches, OkCupid applies data generated by users' activities on the site, as well as their answers to questions. Over 4000 questions can be answered and the company suggest answering between 50 and 100 to get started. When answering a question, a user indicates their own answer, the answers they would accept from partners, and the level of importance they place on the question. The results of these questions can be hidden, or made visible to other users. OkCupid describes in generic terms the algorithm used to calculate match percentages. All users are notified of a match, with paying subscribers receiving the user name along with the notification. Subscribers who pay for the "Premium" level of service will also see the profile name if someone "Likes" that user. Match percentage is determined by match questions you've answered, how important users marked them, age, location, gender, orientation, and other factors listed in their "Preferences". Even if someone has answered little or no match questions, they may still see a high percentage match with them if their other preferences align with one another.

Criticism
There is no function to remove answers to Questions, they can only be modified. Nor is there a way to bulk reset all answers before account deletion. This may cause privacy problems for users who wish to leave an empty account before they delete it to avoid it being used for data monetization by OkCupid. However, user commented questions are listed under "EXPLAINED" which makes it possible to manually delete the comments.

title: OkCupid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teletraffic common channel signalling

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:45, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Teletraffic common channel signalling
This is a duplicate of Signalling System 7 with no new material, some probably incorrect material and a title which wouldn't be likely to be used for searching. I say delete. This has already been discussed at Deletion policy/Teletraffic Engineering, but there doesn't seem to be a consensus to delete all articles at once, so I think they need to be listed individually. N.B. if a consensus did develop on the policy page then this VFD should probably be terminated early. Mozzerati 20:51, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Concur with that, delete. Radiant_* 09:44, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Larry McVoy

Larry McVoy (born 1962 in Concord, Massachusetts, United States) is the CEO of BitMover, the company that makes BitKeeper, a version control system that was used from February 2002 to early 2005 to manage the source code of the Linux kernel.

He earned BS and MS degrees in computer science in 1985 and 1987, respectively, from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and has been employed by Sun Microsystems and Silicon Graphics. His work generally included performance enhancements to the various Unix operating systems developed by his employers. While McVoy worked at Sun, he worked on a peer-to-peer SCM system named TeamWare that would form the basis of his later BitKeeper product.

Linux
McVoy started working with the Linux kernel around its 0.97 version (1992) and developed the LMbench kernel benchmark. LMbench was maintained until 2009 by Carl Staelin.

The BitKeeper source control system was also developed and integrated into the Linux development process in 2002, but after McVoy decided to charge for the use of BitKeeper, the Linux development community prompted the development of the Git tool that began serving as the source control system for the Linux kernel in 2005. As a response to McVoy's decision to charge the Linux development team, Richard Stallman wrote the satirically titled essay "Thank you, Larry McVoy." In this essay, Stallman thanks McVoy for inadvertently strengthening the case for adopting free and open-source software more generally as to avoid similar scenarios to BitKeeper in the future.

Sourceware Operating System
While working at Sun in the early 1990s, McVoy and a number of other high-profile Unix community members urged the company to open-source their flagship Unix product, SunOS, in cooperation with Novell, to compete with Microsoft's new Windows NT operating system. The proposal would have involved creating a copyleft version of SunOS at a time before Linux had reached its 1.0 version. McVoy predicted (accurately) that Linux would displace Unix if the companies didn't do so.

title: Larry McVoy


text:
Encantado

Encantado (Portuguese for "charmed") may refer to:

Places

 * Encantado, Rio de Janeiro, a neighbourhood in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil
 * Encantado, Rio Grande do Sul, a city in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
 * Encantado River, a river in Paraná, Brazil
 * Encantado, New Mexico, a community in the United States

Other uses

 * Encantado (album), an album by Brazilian dance group System 7
 * Encantado (mythology), a mythical river dolphin in Brazilian culture

title: Encantado


text: Template:Neighbourhoods in Athens

title: Template:Neighbourhoods in Athens


text:
Krystal

Krystal may refer to:

People

 * Krystal Ann Simpson (born 1982), American poet, fashion blogger, DJ, reality television personality, and musician
 * Krystal Ball (born 1981), American political commentator
 * Krystal Barter, Australian activist, author, and founder of Pink Hope
 * Krystal Davis, American session musician and background singer
 * Krystal de Ramos (born 1997), American-born Filipino footballer
 * Krystal LaPorte (born 1992), American voiceover actress for cartoons and videogames
 * Krystal Fernandez (born 1971), American sports journalist
 * Krystal Forgesson (born 1982), New Zealand field hockey player
 * Krystal Forscutt (born 1986), Australian model
 * Krystal Gabel (born 1984), American cannabis rights activist, politician, and writer
 * Krystal Garib, Canadian Broadway performer, singer, dancer, filmmaker, producer, choreographer, philanthropist, and educator
 * Krystal Harris (born 1981), American pop singer
 * Krystal (Jamaican singer), who had a hit single "Twice My Age" 1989 with Shabba Ranks produced by Gussie Clarke
 * Krystal Joy Brown (born 1988), American Broadway theater and television actress
 * Krystal Jung (born 1994), Korean-American singer with the band f(x)
 * Krystal Keith (born 1985), American country music singer
 * Krystal Klear, Irish DJ and music producer
 * Krystal Lara (born 1998), Dominican-American competitive swimmer
 * Krystal Meyers, American Christian rock musician
 * Krystal Murray (born 1993), New Zealand former rugby league player
 * Krystal Niu or Red Panda (born 1970/1971), Chinese American acrobat
 * Krystal Parker (born 1990), English footballer
 * Krystal Reyes (born 1996), Filipina actress
 * Krystal Rota (born 1985), New Zealand rugby league footballer
 * Krystal Shaw (born 1994), Canadian Paralympic swimmer
 * Krystal Sutherland (born 1990), Australian author
 * Krystal Thomas (born 1989), American former basketball player
 * Krystal Tsosie, Native American Navajo geneticist and bioethics
 * Krystal Vee (born 1987), Thai actress, model, and producer
 * Krystal Versace (born 2001), English drag queen
 * Krystal Weir (born 1985), Australian sailor

Fictional characters

 * Krystal Bouchard, from Swamp Shark
 * Krystal Carey, from the American soap opera All My Children
 * Krystal, from the Japanese video game Dark Wizard
 * Krystal (Star Fox), a video game character from the Star Fox series

Other

 * Krystal (film)
 * Krystal (album), by Matt Maltese
 * Krystal (restaurant), one of the oldest fast-food chains in the United States, founded in 1932

title: Krystal


text:
Talk:Krystal

§§§§§08:32, 5 February 2016 (UTC)08:32, 5 February 2016 (UTC)08:32, 5 February 2016 (UTC)08:32, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Krystal


text:
Undo

Undo is an interaction technique which is implemented in many computer programs. It erases the last change done to the document, reverting it to an older state. In some more advanced programs, such as graphic processing, undo will negate the last command done to the file being edited. With the possibility of undo, users can explore and work without fear of making mistakes, because they can easily be undone.

The expectations for undo are easy to understand: to have a predictable functionality, and to include all "undoable" commands. Usually undo is available until the user undoes all executed operations. But there are some actions which are not stored in the undo list, and thus they cannot be undone. For example, save file is not undoable, but is queued in the list to show that it was executed. Another action which is usually not stored, and thus not undoable, is scrolling or selection.

The opposite of undo is redo. The redo command reverses the undo or advances the buffer to a more recent state.

The common components of undo functionality are the commands which were executed of the user, the history buffer(s) which stores the completed actions, the undo/redo manager for controlling the history buffer, and the user interface for interacting with the user.

In most graphical applications for the majority of the mainstream operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Linux and BSDs), the keyboard shortcut for the undo command is Ctrl+Z or Alt+Backspace, and the shortcut for redo is Ctrl+Y or Ctrl+Shift+Z.

In most macOS applications, the shortcut for the undo command is Command-Z, and the shortcut for redo is Command-Shift-Z.

On all platforms, the undo/redo functions can also be accessed via the Edit menu.

History
The ability to undo an operation on a computer was independently invented multiple times, in response to how people used computers.

The File Retrieval and Editing System, developed starting in 1968 at Brown University, is reported to be the first computer-based system to have had an "undo" feature.

Warren Teitelman developed a Programmer's Assistant as part of BBN-LISP with an Undo function, by 1971.

The Xerox PARC Bravo text editor had an Undo command in 1974. A 1976 research report by Lance A. Miller and John C. Thomas of IBM, Behavioral Issues in the Use of Interactive Systems, noted that "it would be quite useful to permit users to 'take back' at least the immediately preceding command (by issuing some special 'undo' command)." The programmers at the Xerox PARC research center assigned the keyboard shortcut Ctrl-Z to the undo command, which became a crucial feature of text editors and word processors in the personal computer era. In 1980, Larry Tesler of Xerox PARC began working at Apple Computer. There, he and Bill Atkinson advocated for the presence of an undo command as a standard fixture on the Apple Lisa. Atkinson was able to convince the individual developers of the Lisa's application software to include a single level of undo and redo, but was unsuccessful in lobbying for multiple levels. When Apple introduced the Lisa's successor, the Macintosh, it stipulated that all standard applications should include an “Undo” as the first command in the “Edit” menu, which has remained the standard on macOS and Windows to this day.

Multi-level undo commands were introduced in the 1980s, allowing the users to take back a series of actions, not just the most recent one. EMACS and other timeshared screen editors had it before personal computer software. CygnusEd was the first Amiga text editor with an unlimited undo/redo feature. AtariWriter, a word-processing application introduced in 1982, featured undo. NewWord, another word-processing program released by NewStar in 1984, had an unerase command. IBM's VisiWord also had an undelete command.

Undo and redo models
Undo models can be categorized as linear or non-linear. The non-linear undo model can be sub-classified in script model, us&r model, triadic model, and selective undo.

Some common properties of models are:

 * stable execution property: A state is represented as an ordered list of commands. This means that a command "is always undone in the state that was reached after the original execution."
 * weakened stable execution: This means that if undo is executed all commands which depend on the undone command are undone dependent on the command.
 * stable result property: This property has the similar meaning like the stable execution property except for the list. The ordered list of commands includes that they were executed instead of only the commands.
 * commutative: That means that the reached state after undo and redo two different commands is the same when they are executed in the converse order.
 * minimalistic undo property: It describes that "undo operation of command C undoes only command C and all commands younger than C which are dependent on C."

Linear undo
Linear undo is implemented with a stack (last in first out (LIFO) data structure) that stores a history of all executed commands. When a new command is executed it is added to the top of stack. Therefore, only the last executed command can be undone and removed from the history. Undo can be repeated as long as the history is not empty.

Restricted linear model
The restricted linear model is an augmentation of the linear undo model. It satisfies the above described stable execution property for linear undo, because this model does not keep the property if a command is done while the history list includes other commands. The restricted linear model clears the history list before a new command is added. But other restrictions are available, too. For example, the size of the history list can be restricted or when a defined size is reached, the first executed command is deleted from the list.

Non-linear undo
The main difference between linear undo and non-linear undo is the possibility of the user to undo the executed commands in an arbitrary order. They have the chance to undo not the most recently command but rather choose a command from the list. For non linear model there are subclasses which implement this model.

Script model
The script model handles user actions as editing a script of commands. The history list of the executed commands are interpreted "as a script, the effect of an undo is defined to be the same as if the undone action had never occurred in the first place." As the result of undo the state has to be the way as if the undone command was never executed. A disadvantage of this model is that the user has to know the connection between undone command and the current state to avoid side effects. One of this can be for example duplication. Other problems are that if "subsequent commands are redone in a different state that they were originally executed in direct manipulation interfaces, this reinterpretation of the original user action is not always obvious or well defined".

US&R model
The special feature of this model is that it has the option of skipping a command. This means that redoing a command can be skipped. The command which is skipped is marked as skipped but not deleted. When new commands are executed, the history list is retained, so the order of the executed commands can be reproducible with that. The order can be described through a history tree which is a directed graph, "because it is possible to continue redoing commands from another branch creating a link in the graph". Even though the set of commands is simple and easy to understand, the complex structure with skipping and linking branches is hard to comprehend and to remember, when the user wants to undo more than one step.

Triadic model
This non-linear undo model has besides undo and redo the possibility to rotate. It has the same data structure as the above-mentioned models with a history list and a separated redo list which includes the redo operations. The rotate operation sets the last command of the redo list in front of it. On one hand this means that the next command to be redone can be selected by placing it in front. On the other hand, rotation can be used "to select the place in the redo list where the next undo operation will put the command". The list of redo is therefore unordered. "To undo an isolated command, the user has to undo a number of steps, rotate the redo list, and then redo a number of steps". For redo the list has to be rotated until the wanted command is above.

Selective undo
Jakubec et al. say that selective undo is a feature which a model can offer but for selective undo there is no clear definition. The authors selected functions which a model should have when it supports selective undo. It should be possible to "undo any executed action in the history buffer. Actions independent of the action being undone should be left untouched". Just like that redo has to be possible to any undone command. The third function for selective undo is that "no command can be automatically discarded from history buffer without direct user’s request." For selective undo applies that undo and redo is executable outside of any context. There are three main issues. The first is that undone commands can be outside of the originally context. Through this there can be dead references which have to be handled. The second issue that modified commands can be undone and so it has to be solved which state after undo will be presented. The third issue is discarding command problems. Selective undo has no pointer in the lists, so this means that no command should be discarded of the stack.

Direct selective undo
Direct selective undo is an extension of restricted linear undo with a history tree. The operation creates a copy of the selected command, executes this and add it to the history list. There two non-linear operations selective undo and selective redo are defined, so it is more symmetric.

Multiuser application
When multiple users can edit the same document simultaneously, a multi-user undo is needed. Global multi-user undo reverts the latest action made to the document, regardless of who performed the edit. Local multi-user undo only reverts actions done by the local user, which requires a non-linear undo implementation.

Where undo can be used to backtrack through multiple edits, the redo command goes forward through the action history. Making a new edit usually clears the redo list. If a branching redo model is used, the new edit branches the action history.

The number of previous actions that can be undone varies by program, version, and hardware or software capabilities. For example, the default undo/redo stack size in Adobe Photoshop is 20 but can be changed by the user. As another example, earlier versions of Microsoft Paint only allowed up to three edits to be undone; the version introduced in Windows 7 increased this limit to 50.

Simplistic, single-edit undo features sometimes do away with "redo" by treating the undo command itself as an action that can be undone. This is known as the flip undo model, because the user can flip between two program states using the undo command. This was the standard model prior to the widespread adoption of multiple-level undo in the early 1990s.

Undo implementation
Undo can be implemented through different patterns. The most common patterns are command pattern and memento pattern.

Command pattern
The command pattern is a software design pattern which encapsulates information from the operation into command objects. This means that every action is stored in an object. The abstract command class implements an abstract execute operation, so every command object has an execute operation. For undo there also have to be unexecuted operation, which undoes the effect of the executed command, which are stored in a history list. Undo and redo are implemented so that the list is run through forwards and backwards when the execute or unexecute command is called.

For single undo only the executed command is stored. In contrast to the multi level undo where not only the history list with the commands is saved but also the number of undo levels can be determined of the maximum length of the list.

Memento pattern
With memento pattern the internal state of an object is stored. The object in which the state is saved, is called memento and is organized through the memento originator. This returns a memento, initialized with information of the current state, when undo is executed, so that the state can be checked. The memento is only visible for the originator.

In memento pattern the undo mechanism is called caretaker. It is responsible for the safekeeping of the mementos but never change the contents of these. For undo the caretaker requests a memento of the originator and then applying the undo.

The most part of undo mechanism can implemented without dependency to specific applications or command classes. This includes "the management of history list, the history scroller, menu entries for undo and redo and update of the menu entries depending on the name of the next available command."

Every command class has a do method which is called when a command is executed. The undo-method implements the reverse operation of the do-method. To implement the reverse, there are several different strategies.

 * full checkpoint: That means that the complete state is saved after a command is executed. This is the easiest implementation, but is not highly efficient and therefore not often used.
 * complete rerun: Therefore, the initial state is saved and every state in the history list can be reached through "starting with the initial state and redoing all commands from the beginning of the history."
 * partial checkpoint: This is the most used strategy. The changed application state is saved and with undo the part of the state is set back to the forward value.
 * inverse function: Inverse function needs no saved state information. "For example, moving can be reversed by moving the object back by relative amount." For selective undo there is not enough information for saving the state.

title: Undo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teletraffic Engineering in Multi-Service Networks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:00, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Teletraffic Engineering in Multi-Service Networks
This is a duplicate of Multiplexing and ATM with no new material and a title which wouldn't be likely to be used for searching. I say delete. This has already been discussed at Deletion policy/Teletraffic Engineering, but there doesn't seem to be a consensus to delete all articles at once, so I think they need to be listed individually. N.B. if a consensus did develop on the policy page then this VFD should probably be terminated early. Mozzerati 20:55, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Concur with that, delete. Radiant_* 09:44, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, delete. --Coolcaesar 19:10, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Edam, Saskatchewan

Edam (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Turtle River No. 469 and Census Division No. 17. Edam is located off Highway 26, south of Turtleford and north of Vawn.

The village is known as a "Little piece of Holland in Saskatchewan." Established in 1907, the hamlet was named for the city of Edam in the Netherlands, after the name Amsterdam was rejected by the Saskatchewan Government Office as "too long".

History
Edam incorporated as a village on October 12, 1911.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Edam had a population of $476$ living in $199$ of its $234$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $485$. With a land area of 1.14 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Edam recorded a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of. With a land area of 1.19 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Notable people

 * Fiona Smith-Bell, hockey player who played on the Canadian women's hockey team.
 * Wayne Wouters, former Clerk of the Privy Council (the most senior civil servant) in the Government of Canada.

Transportation

 * Highway 674
 * Paynton Ferry
 * Edam Airport

title: Edam, Saskatchewan


text:
Allerion

Allerion may refer to:

 * Charge (heraldry)
 * Ultimate Corp; see Pick Operating System

title: Allerion


text:
Painted Rock Dam

The Painted Rock Dam is an earthfill embankment dam located west of Gila Bend, Arizona. It is primarily used for flood control purposes.

Description
The Painted Rock Dam was constructed during a 3-year period from 1957–1960 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to help control seasonal floods on the lower reaches of the Gila River. The river had no significant impediments between the Colorado River and the Coolidge Dam hundreds of miles upstream. In this stretch the river receives several tributaries, including the Hassayampa, Agua Fria rivers, and most importantly the Salt River and its major tributary, the Verde River. Due to a relatively large watershed of 50800 sqmi, more than half of which is unregulated, the flood threat to small farming communities downstream on the Gila River is large, and seasonal flooding of these areas prior to the construction of the dam was significant.

The area surrounding the dam has also hosted a number of historical events. The Butterfield Overland Mail route passed through the area, as did the path followed by the Mormon Battalion. Evidence of both can be found, as well as the expedition of Juan Bautista De Anza in 1774. Inscriptions made by these groups can be found in various sites in the region.

Near the dam site, there is also a campground maintained by the Bureau of Land Management that showcases a number of prehistoric petroglyphs, indicating human involvement in the region long predating Western influence. It is from the Painted Rock Petroglyph Site that the area and the dam get their names.

The lake and reservoir are dry as of August 2009 and are closed to the public due to contamination of pesticide run off. This is in stark contrast to the level of upkeep during the 1990s. The state was forced to abandon the campground and the area is now marked as "NO TRESPASSING". No hunting, hiking, or camping is allowed. The Army Corps of Engineers now maintains the property.

Painted Rock Reservoir
The Painted Rock Reservoir is an artificial reservoir impounded by the Painted Rock Dam. The reservoir, with a maximum storage capacity of 2491700 acre.ft, has the potential to be the second largest reservoir completely within the borders of the state of Arizona, but because the Gila River and its main tributary, the Salt River, are generally almost always completely diverted for irrigation and municipal water use for Phoenix, the lake is often dry.

In 2005, heavy runoff filled the reservoir to record levels, swelling the lake to become the second largest by area in the state of Arizona, trailing only Theodore Roosevelt Lake. However, extremely high levels of pesticides, particularly the now-banned DDT, had built up in the farmlands upstream from the reservoir in the decades prior and accumulated in the lake during the flood. The extreme toxicity of the lake rendered it unsuitable for recreational uses and public access to both the lake and the dam was restricted. Similar runoff had filled the lake previously in 1993 and 1980, and in each instance the lake persisted only a few months before emptying due to losses through evaporation, downstream releases, and infiltration.

Displacement of Native Americans
Water impounded by the Painted Rock Dam caused the flooding of about 10,000 acres of the Tohono O'odham's Gila Bend Reservation. The flooding destroyed a 750-acre tribal farm and several communities. Residents were relocated to a 40-acre parcel called San Lucy Village, Arizona. In 1986, the federal government and the Nation approved a settlement in which the Nation agreed to give up its legal claims in exchange for $30,000,000 and the right to add up to 10,000 acres of newly purchased land to its Reservation.

title: Painted Rock Dam


text: Wikipedia:POTD/April 13, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/April 13, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/April 13, 2005


text:
Allia

Allia is a small river in Lazio, Italy. It is a left tributary of the Tiber with confluence about 11 mi from Rome. The Allia's source is located in the mountains near the location of Crustumerium and it flows near Monterotondo towards the Tiber.

The confluence of Allia and the Tiber is the site of the Battle of the Allia, where Romans were defeated by the Gallic tribe Senones under Brennus in 387 BC.

title: Allia


text:
NLC India Limited

NLC India Limited  (NLC) (formerly Neyveli Lignite Corporation India Limited) is a  central public sector undertaking under the administrative control of the Ministry of Coal, Government of India. It annually produces about 30 million tonnes of lignite from opencast mines at Neyveli in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India and at Barsingsar in Bikaner district of Rajasthan state. The lignite is used at pithead thermal power stations of 3640 MW installed capacity to produce electricity. Its joint venture has a 1000 MW thermal power station using coal. Lately, it has diversified into renewable energy production and installed 1404 MW solar power plant to produce electricity from photovoltaic (PV) cells and 51 MW electricity from windmills.

It was incorporated in 1956 and was wholly owned by the Government of India. A small portion of its stock was sold to the public to list its shares on stock exchanges where its shares are traded.

History
Lignite deposit was found by chance when some 'brown substance' gushed out with water in M. Jambulingam Mudaliar's 620 acre own farm artesian well during 1934. He acted swiftly and contacted the then British Raj, which sent geologists to Neyveli. It was later identified as 'Lignite'. He generously extended substantial portion of the sprawling land-bank for soil exploration. Through his effort and donated his 620 acres land to the Madras Government.

NLC has been a forerunner in the country in the energy sector for 62 years, contributing a lion's share in lignite production and significant share in thermal power generation. It was inaugurated by the first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1956.

NLC operates four opencast lignite mines of a total capacity of 30.6 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) at Neyveli and Barsingsar; Six lignite based pithead thermal power stations with an aggregate capacity of 3640 MW – at Neyveli and Barsingsar; and a 1000 MW coal based thermal power Station at Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu through its subsidiary, NLC Tamil Nadu Power Limited (NTPL), a joint venture between NLC and TANGEDCO (equity participation in the ratio of 89:11). NLC recently commissioned a 1x500 MW unit at Neyveli which is also Asia's largest lignite fired boiler.

NLC has also forayed into renewable energy sector with commissioning of a 141 MW Solar Photo Voltaic Power Plant including 1 MW rooftop project at Neyveli and a 51 MW wind energy plant at Kazhuneerkulam village of Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. The company is also setting up 1209 MW Solar Power Projects at Tirunelveli, Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu, of which, 300 MW have been commissioned. NLC is aiming to achieve a total renewable energy capacity of 4251 MW.

NLCIL has a target of becoming a 20,000+ MW company by 2025. Works are under progress for the lignite based Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant (1000 MW), Bithnok TPS and Barsingsar TPS Expansion (each 250 MW). Further, NLC, jointly with the Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL), is setting up a 3x660 MW coal based thermal power plant at Ghatampur in Uttar Pradesh, through its subsidiary company Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Limited (NUPPL) (equity participation in the ratio of 51:49). Apart from the above, the addition of thermal capacity to the tune of 6040 MW by way of installation of new plants and acquisition of power assets to the tune of 3000 MW is in the pipeline.

NLC has also contributed significantly to the socio-economic development for more than half a century.

The Business portfolio of the company is as under:

Power projects
NLC India has five pithead Thermal Power Stations with an aggregate capacity of 4240 MW. Further, NLC India has so far installed 51 wind turbine generators of capacity 1.50 MW each and also commissioned 140 MW solar photo voltaic power plant in Neyveli, resulting in an overall power generating capacity of 4431 MW (excl. JVs).

Thermal Power Station I
The 600 MW Neyveli Thermal Power Station-I in which the first unit was synchronized in May 1962 and the last unit in September 1970 consists of six units of 50 MW each and three units of 100 MW each. Power generated from Thermal Power Station-I after meeting NLC's requirements is supplied to TANGEDCO, Tamil Nadu which is the sole beneficiary. Due to the aging of the equipments / high-pressure parts, the Life extension programme has been approved by the Indian Government in March 1992 and was completed in March 1999 thus extending the life by 15 years. Given the high grid demand in this region, this power station is being operated after conducting the Residual Life Assessment (RLA) study. Indian Government has sanctioned a 2x500 MW Power Project (Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant – NNTPS) in June 2011 as a replacement for existing TPS-I.

Thermal Power Station II
The 1470 MW Second Thermal Power Station consists of 7 units of 210 MW each. In February 1978, the Government of India sanctioned the Second Thermal Power Station of 630 MW capacity (3 X 210 MW) and in February 1983, the Government of India sanctioned the Second Thermal Power Station Expansion from 630 MW to 1470 MW with addition of 4 units of 210 MW each. The first 210 MW unit was synchronized in March 1986 and the last unit (Unit-VII) was synchronized in June 1993. The power generated from Second Thermal Power Station after meeting the needs of Second Mine is shared by the Southern states viz., Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Union Territory of Puducherry.

Thermal Power Station I - Expansion
Thermal Power Station-I has been expanded (2 x 210 MW) using the lignite available from Mine-I expansion. The scheme, TPS I Expansion, was sanctioned by the Government of India in February 1996. Unit-I was synchronized in October 2002 and Unit-II in July 2003. The power generated from this Thermal Power Station, after meeting the internal requirements, is shared by the Southern States viz., Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Union Territory of Puducherry.

Barsingsar Thermal Power Station
The Government of India sanctioned the Barsingsar Thermal Power Station 250 MW (2 X 125 MW) in October 2004. The units were commissioned in December 2011 and in January 2012. The power generated from this Thermal Power Station after meeting internal requirements is shared by the DISCOMS of the state of Rajasthan.

Thermal Power Station II - 1st Expansion
This Project is consisting of two units of 250 MW capacity each. Unit-II attained commercial operation in April 2015 and Unit-I in July 2015. The lignite requirement is met through expansion of Mine-II. The steam generators of this project employ eco-friendly Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology. This technology has been adopted for 250 MW capacity units for the first time in India.

Mining projects
NLC has four open cast lignite mines, namely, Mine I, Mine II, Mine IA and Barsingsar Mine. The lignite mined out is used as fuel to the linked pithead power stations. Also, raw lignite is being sold to small scale industries to use it as fuel in their production activities.

NLC Tamil Nadu Power Ltd. (NTPL) (2 x 500 MW)

NLC Tamil Nadu Power Limited (NTPL), is a joint venture company of NLC India Ltd (formerly known as NLC Ltd) and TANGEDCO (Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Company), incorporated under the Companies Act. The Equity participation between NLC and TANGEDCO is 89:11. The Government of India had issued sanction for the implementation of coal-based 2 X 500MW thermal power project by NTPL at Tuticorin at an estimated cost of ₹ 4,909.54 crores, Unit 1 and Unit 2 has been declared for commercial operation effective 18 June 2015 and 29 August 2015. RCE – 2 for the project (Completion cost of the project) works out to ₹ 7,293.48 crores (June – 15 base). Power Purchase Agreement has been signed with TANGEDCO, ESCOMs of Karnataka, Puducherry Electricity Department, Kerala State Electricity Board and DISCOMs of Andhra Pradesh. Power evacuation from this project is being carried out by Power Grid Corporation of India. NTPL has signed a fuel supply agreement with Mahanadhi Coalfields for supply of 3.0 MTPA of coal and to meet the shortfall in the requirement, a contract has also been awarded on MSTC for the supply of imported coal.

Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Ltd. (NUPPL) (3 x 660 MW)
Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Limited (NUPPL) is a joint venture between NLC India and Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited, for setting up of 3 x 660 MW power project at Ghatampur, Uttar Pradesh.

Neyveli New Thermal Power Project (NNTPP) (2 X 500 MW)
The Neyveli New Thermal Power Project (2x500 MW) is being implemented at a capital cost of ₹ 5,907.11 crores as a replacement for the more than five decades old 600 MW Thermal Power Station I and adopts pulverized fuel firing technology. Consequent to re-tendering of Steam Generator package, the units are rescheduled to be commissioned in October 2017 and April 2018. LOA for Steam Generator package (NTA 1) and Turbo-Generator package (NTA 2) has been issued to BHEL and detailed engineering activities, civil and mechanical erection works and supplies are in progress. LOA has also been issued for the Balance of Plant Package and the engineering & civil works, supplies and erection are in progress.

Expansion of Mine I-A
In order to meet the additional requirement of lignite arising out of implementation of 1000 MW Neyveli New Thermal Power Project at Neyveli, expansion of Mine-IA is being implemented, which would result in raising the Mine IA capacity by 4 MTPA. Ministry of Coal has accorded approval for mining expansion plan of Mine 1A.

Wind Power Plant (51 MW)
NLC is implementing wind power farm of capacity 51 MW at Kazhuneerkulam in Tamil Nadu at an estimated cost of ₹ 347.14 crores. M/s LeitwindShriram Manufacturing Limited is the implementing agency and so far 29 nos. of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) have been commissioned and the balance 5 Nos. are expected to be commissioned during the year 2016. Power Purchase Agreement has been signed with TANGEDCO.

Neyveli Solar Power Project (2 X 65 MW)
NLC is setting up 130MW Solar power project at Neyveli, Tamil Nadu. The project is implemented through EPC route and scheduled to be commissioned in 2016–17. BHEL and M/s Jakson bagged the contract and LOA has been issued. Power Purchase Agreement has been signed with TANGEDCO.

Bithnok Thermal Power Project (250 MW)
Bithnok Thermal Power Project (250MW) with the linked lignite mine of 2.25 MTPA capacity at Bithnok in Rajasthan is being set up at an aggregate estimated cost of ₹ 2,709.93 crores. Power Purchase Agreement has been signed with Rajasthan DISCOMs. Agreement for supply of 25 cusecs of water from IGNP canal has been entered into. Rajasthan Government has issued award for acquisition of 1175.87 hectares of private land in Bithnok and 1863.18 Ha of Government land will be diverted to project by Rajasthan Government after takeover of private land. The project is proposed to be implemented through Engineering, Procurement & Commissioning (EPC) contract mode and is expected to be commissioned during 2020. Ministry of Coal has accorded approval for revised mining plan in June 2015. EOI short listing is completed & techno-commercial evaluation is in progress.

Barsingsar Thermal Power Project Extension (250 MW)
A lignite based Thermal Power Plant with a capacity of 250MW as an extension of the existing power plant at Barsingsar is being set up. The fuel requirement for the above power plant is to be met from linked Hadla Mine of 1.9 MTPA and the existing Barsingsar Mine. The aggregate estimated cost of the project is ₹ 2,635.04 crores. All statutory clearances have been obtained. Government of Rajasthan has allocated mining lease area of 15.66 Sq. km. The project is proposed to be implemented through Engineering, Procurement & Commissioning (EPC) route and is expected to be commissioned during 2020. EOI short listing is completed & techno-commercial evaluation is in progress.

Sirkazhi Thermal Power Project (3960 MW)
It is proposed to set up a coal based thermal power project with an overall capacity of 3960MW, in two phases, at Sirkazhi in the coastal district of Nagapattinam, in Tamil Nadu Advance Action Proposal at a cost of ₹ 56.52 crores for taking up pre-project activities is in progress. NLCI has identified Thirumullaivasal as the site for locating the power plant. Feasibility report is under preparation. Action has been initiated for floating tender for preparation of CRZ map for the project. Application for land acquisition has been submitted to Government of Tamil Nadu for issue of administrative sanction for acquisition of land for this project. Preparations of EIA/EMP report, DPR for captive coal jetty are in process. Change in configuration to 5 x 800MW using super critical technology is under active consideration.

Thermal Power Station II - 2nd Expansion (2 x 660 MW)
It is proposed to increase the power generating capacity by adding another 1320MW thermal power plant as the second expansion to the existing TPS-II at Neyveli. A new mine, Mine-III of capacity of 11.5 MTPA is proposed to be set up to exploit the mineable lignite reserves of about 380 MT available in the south of the existing Mine-II to meet the fuel requirement of the proposed thermal power plant. Advanced Action Proposals (AAP) of Rs. 7.05 Cr for Mine-III and Rs. 1.80 Cr for TPS-II Second Expansion for taking up phase-I pre-project activities were approved. Action has been initiated to enter into Power Purchase Agreement with DISCOMs of Southern States. PPA has been signed with TANGEDCO, Kerala SEB, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Mine II - Augmentation
It is proposed to augment Mine-II from the present capacity of 15.0 MTPA to 18.75 MTPA, in order to meet the lignite requirements of TPS-II including Expansion for operating at a higher Plant Load Factor (PLF).

Talabira II & III, OCP (20 MTPA) and Talabira Thermal Power Plant (3200 MW)
The Government has allotted Talabira-II and III coal blocks in Odisha to power NLC which is looking to ramp up coal-based electricity generation capacity. NLC plans to have 19,000 MW capacity by 2025; projects to generate 6,000 MW from coal and 2,500 MW from lignite are underway.

NLC is expediting to set up a pit head coal based power project in Odisha with the capacity of 3,200 MW. The power plant will entail an estimated investment of ₹ 17,000 crores, and is to be built at Tareikela near Jharsuguda in the western part of Odisha. This power plant would be linked to Talabira II & III coal block in Sambalpur and Jharsuguda district which has a mineable reserve of 553.98 Million Metric Tones. The thus annual capacity of the mine is 20 MTPA. Currently, the mine is being developed by NLC and its mine operator and developer, M/s Talabira Odisha Mining Private Limited, a subsidiary of Adani Enterprises Limited.

Pachwara south coal block 10 MTPA in Jharkhand
Exploration Completed Going to start soon.

R&D Initiatives

 * Coldry and Matmor process – In this process, Lignite is crushed and made into pellets which are dried using hot air and then iron ore is added to make the pellets suitable as reduction agents in iron ore purification process
 * Upgradation of Brown Coal (UBC) - Reducing moisture in raw lignite at site and increasing calorific value will reduce the transportation cost and increase the fuel value. This will reduce auxiliary power consumption, emission and improve power plant efficiency and overcome the problem of spontaneous ignition while transporting lignite over long distances
 * Underground Coal Gasification - To gainfully utilize the vast potential of lignite deposits which are uneconomical for conventional mining
 * Synthesis of Zeolites from Lignite Fly Ash – For removal of calcium from Circulating Water System
 * Dynamic Loading of Conveyors – Energy Conservation Measure
 * Separation of Iron from bottom slag of Thermal Power Stations
 * Usage of Bottom ash for Construction purposes
 * High longevity coatings and alternate material for erosion and corrosion resistance
 * Development of fly ash based pesticide
 * Collaborative Research with Premier Technical Institutes
 * Silica Sand Beneficiation Plant

Centre for Applied Research & Development (CARD)
Centre for Applied Research & Development (CARD) is the in-house R&D Centre of NLC and has been recognised by the Department of Science & Technology since 1975.

The testing and R&D facilities were upgraded under a project (LERI) sponsored by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna during 1995–2000. The main objective was to strengthen CARD to improve its capability to provide analytical, environmental monitoring, R&D, technology and services to industry and the Government. Under this project, services of national and international experts were utilised for lignite utilisation and opencast mines, power stations related problems and acquired sophisticated equipments, training and established combustion and gasification testing facilities.

The major functions of CARD are carrying out Science & Technology Projects (Ministry of Coal), in-house S&T plan projects, Pollution level measurements, Quality control testing & consultancy services, pilot plant studies based on R&D and commercialization of technology developed, coordination of S&T projects taken by other NLC units, institutional services for students, special studies for operation & new schemes etc.

CARD is carrying out various R&D works on lignite utilization, diversification, product development, by-product utilization, solid waste management, wasteland reclamation, corrosion evaluation and prevention etc. For implementing these projects, CARD is associating with outside agencies like, IIT Delhi, IIT Madras, IIT Kharagpur, CIMFR, TNAU, BHEL, Anna University, Madras University, Annamalai University, NIIST, VIT, NIT-Trichy, CECRI, VCRC-Pudhucherry, IRERC, Kollam, etc. Based on the R&D works, some of the processes have been scaled up to pilot plant scale. The projects include Ministry of Coal funded R&D projects as well as in-house S&T funded projects.

CARD has completed seventeen projects funded by Ministry of Coal and seventeen projects under in-house R&D. There are two on-going Ministry of Coal funded projects and nine on-going projects under in-house R&D and a study on upgradation of brown coal in association with M/s Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan with a funding from NEDO, Japan.

CARD/NLC has conducted extensive studies on mine spoil reclamation, integrated farming system, slope stabilization, ash pond reclamation, utilization of Fly ash, bottom ash and bottom slag etc.

Corrosion studies have been conducted in SME structures of Mines to develop suitable coating material. Corrosion studies are also being conducted in SWC pumps to prevent erosion-corrosion due to adverse conditions in mining environment.

Testing Facilities
CARD has a well-established analytical facility and is rendering analytical services towards quality control of various products/materials used in mines, power stations and other service units as well as outside agencies. The analytical testing facility includes lignite analytical, microbiology, material testing, environmental section, soil mechanical section, metal testing, paint testing, general analytical, petrography etc.

The sophisticated instruments available include Scanning Electron Microscope with EDS, ED-X-RAY Fluorescence Spectrometer, Elemental Analyzer, TGA/DTA, Heating Microscope, Inductively coupled Plasma spectrometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, High Pressure Liquid Ion Chromatograph, Nitrogen Analyzer, Fluorescence Microscope, Petrography microscope, Metallurgical Microscope, Surface area analyzer, Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System, Power quality analyzer etc. CARD facilities are available for internal use and utilized by other agencies like SAIL, BHEL, MECL, GSI, STCMS etc.

title: NLC India Limited


text:
Category:Government in the Irish Free State

 * Government in the former  (1922−1937) — predecessor of the.


text:
Cauchy boundary condition

In mathematics, a Cauchy boundary condition augments an ordinary differential equation or a partial differential equation with conditions that the solution must satisfy on the boundary; ideally so as to ensure that a unique solution exists. A Cauchy boundary condition specifies both the function value and normal derivative on the boundary of the domain. This corresponds to imposing both a Dirichlet and a Neumann boundary condition. It is named after the prolific 19th-century French mathematical analyst Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Second-order ordinary differential equations
Cauchy boundary conditions are simple and common in second-order ordinary differential equations,

 * $$y''(s) = f\big(y(s), y'(s), s\big),$$

where, in order to ensure that a unique solution $$y(s)$$ exists, one may specify the value of the function $$y$$ and the value of the derivative $$y'$$ at a given point $$s=a$$, i.e.,

 * $$y(a) = \alpha,$$

and

 * $$y'(a) = \beta,$$

where $$a$$ is a boundary or initial point. Since the parameter $$s$$ is usually time, Cauchy conditions can also be called initial value conditions or initial value data or simply Cauchy data. An example of such a situation is Newton's laws of motion, where the acceleration $$y''$$ depends on position $$y$$, velocity $$y'$$, and the time $$s$$; here, Cauchy data corresponds to knowing the initial position and velocity.

Partial differential equations
For partial differential equations, Cauchy boundary conditions specify both the function and the normal derivative on the boundary. To make things simple and concrete, consider a second-order differential equation in the plane

 * $$A(x,y) \psi_{xx} + B(x,y) \psi_{xy} + C(x,y) \psi_{yy} = F(x,y,\psi,\psi_x,\psi_y),$$

where $$\psi(x,y)$$ is the unknown solution, $$\psi_x$$ denotes derivative of $$\psi$$ with respect to $$x$$ etc. The functions $$A, B, C, F$$ specify the problem.

We now seek a $$\psi$$ that satisfies the partial differential equation in a domain $$\Omega$$, which is a subset of the $$xy$$ plane, and such that the Cauchy boundary conditions

 * $$\psi(x,y) = \alpha(x,y), \quad \mathbf{n} \cdot \nabla\psi = \beta(x,y)$$

hold for all boundary points $$(x,y) \in \partial\Omega$$. Here $$\mathbf{n} \cdot \nabla\psi$$ is the derivative in the direction of the normal to the boundary. The functions $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ are the Cauchy data.

Notice the difference between a Cauchy boundary condition and a Robin boundary condition. In the former, we specify both the function and the normal derivative. In the latter, we specify a weighted average of the two.

We would like boundary conditions to ensure that exactly one (unique) solution exists, but for second-order partial differential equations, it is not as simple to guarantee existence and uniqueness as it is for ordinary differential equations. Cauchy data are most immediately relevant for hyperbolic problems (for example, the wave equation) on open domains (for example, the half plane).

title: Cauchy boundary condition


text:
Cauchy problem

A Cauchy problem in mathematics asks for the solution of a partial differential equation that satisfies certain conditions that are given on a hypersurface in the domain. A Cauchy problem can be an initial value problem or a boundary value problem (for this case see also Cauchy boundary condition). It is named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Formal statement
For a partial differential equation defined on Rn+1 and a smooth manifold S ⊂ Rn+1 of dimension n (S is called the Cauchy surface), the Cauchy problem consists of finding the unknown functions $$u_1,\dots,u_N$$ of the differential equation with respect to the independent variables $$t,x_1,\dots,x_n$$ that satisfies $$\begin{align}&\frac{\partial^{n_i}u_i}{\partial t^{n_i}} = F_i\left(t,x_1,\dots,x_n,u_1,\dots,u_N,\dots,\frac{\partial^k u_j}{\partial t^{k_0}\partial x_1^{k_1}\dots\partial x_n^{k_n}},\dots\right) \\ &\text{for } i,j = 1,2,\dots,N;\, k_0+k_1+\dots+k_n=k\leq n_j;\, k_0<n_j \end{align}$$ subject to the condition, for some value $$t=t_0$$,

$$\frac{\partial^k u_i}{\partial t^k}=\phi_i^{(k)}(x_1,\dots,x_n) \quad \text{for } k=0,1,2,\dots,n_i-1$$

where $$\phi_i^{(k)}(x_1,\dots,x_n)$$ are given functions defined on the surface $$S$$ (collectively known as the Cauchy data of the problem). The derivative of order zero means that the function itself is specified.

Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem
The Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem states that If all the functions $$F_i$$ are analytic in some neighborhood of the point $$(t^0,x_1^0,x_2^0,\dots,\phi_{j,k_0,k_1,\dots,k_n}^0,\dots)$$, and if all the functions $$\phi_j^{(k)}$$ are analytic in some neighborhood of the point $$(x_1^0,x_2^0,\dots,x_n^0)$$, then the Cauchy problem has a unique analytic solution in some neighborhood of the point $$(t^0,x_1^0,x_2^0,\dots,x_n^0)$$.

title: Cauchy problem


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Dogri language

Dogri (Devanagari: ; Name Dogra Akkhar: ; Nastaliq: ; ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Western Pahari group, primarily spoken in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, with smaller groups of speakers in the adjoining regions of western Himachal Pradesh, northern Punjab, and north-eastern Pakistani Punjab. It is the ethnic language of the Dogras, and was spoken in the historical region of Duggar. It is currently spoken in the districts of Kathua, Jammu, Samba, Udhampur, and Reasi, Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal, a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity.

Dogri is spoken by 2.6 million people in India (as of the 2011 census). It has been among the country's 22 scheduled languages since 2003. It is also one of the five official languages of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Script
Dogri was originally written in the old Dogra Akkhar script – a modified version of Takri. A modified version of this script was created by the order of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, which was then called Name Dogra Akkhar. Official documents were written in this new script; however it never caught on among the general Dogri-speaking populace. Currently, Devanagari is the officially recognised script for Dogri in India and virtually all Dogri literature is published in it.

Consonants

 * Gemination occurs in all consonants except the consonants //.
 * Retroflex consonants // rarely occur in word initial position.
 * // only occur from Perso-Arabic loan words. // is also heard as an allophone of //.
 * // can also marginally be heard as trilled [] in some speech.
 * In some words, // can become more weakly pronounced, or even eliminated and replaced by a glottal fricative sound [].
 * A palatal nasal sound [] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a post-alveolar affricate consonant, rarely occurring in words word-initially or medially.
 * A velar nasal sound [] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a velar plosive consonant, and rarely occurs word-initially or medially.

Vowels

 * There are nasalized variations of the following vowels //.
 * Vowel sounds are often nasalized when occurring before a word-medial or word-final //, except when // occurs before a word-final vowel.
 * // can have a marginal upgliding allophone [] when occurring before a /a/ vowel sound.
 * A word-final // is realized as a back sound [] and may also drift toward a centralized [] sound.

Tone rules
These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using Devanagari Script. They are as follows:-

 * Just like Punjabi, Dogri also uses the letters घ (gʱə), झ (d͡ʒʱə), ढ (ɖʱə), ध (d̪ʱə), भ (bʱə) and ढ़ (ɽʱə) for tonal uses. When at the beginning of the word, it has a high-falling tone; i.e.:- घ (kə̂), झ (t͡ʃə̂), ढ (ʈə̂), ध (t̪ə̂), भ (pə̂) and ढ़ (ɽə̂). When in the middle and final position of the word, the preceding vowel has a low-rising tone; i.e.:- अघ (ə̌ɡ), अझ (ə̌d͡ʒ), अढ (ə̌ɖ), अध (ə̌d̪), अभ (ə̌b) and अढ़ (ə̌ɽ). Examples:- घड़ी (kə̂ɽiː)- clock, and बध (bə̌d̪).
 * Unlike Punjabi, there is no ह (ɦə) sound and it has a high-falling tone in all positions; i.e.:- हत्थ (ə̂t̪ːʰə)- hand.
 * To indicate a low-rising tone in the middle of words, Dogri uses ह् (ह with a halant) to indicate it when the preceding vowel is long; i.e.:- आ (aː), ई (iː), ऊ (uː), ए (eː), ऐ (ɛː), ओ (oː) and औ (ɔː). Example:- साह्ब (sǎːb)- sahab. When the preceding vowel is short, i.e., - अ (ə), इ (ɪ) and उ (ʊ); a combining apostrophe is used. Example:- लत्त (lə̌tː)- leg.
 * The characters mentioned in the first point can also be used to indicate high-falling tone in the middle of the words when between a short vowel and a long vowel.

Some examples are shown below.

Historical references
In the year 1317, Amir Khusro, the famous Urdu and Persian poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: "Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."

Theories on name origin
Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir described Duggar as a distorted form of the word Dwigarta, which means 'two troughs', a possible reference to the Mansar and Surinsar lakes.

The linguist George Grierson connected the term Duggar with the Rajasthani word Doonger which means 'hill', and Dogra with Donger. This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra), and has been contradicted by some scholars.

Yet another proposal stems from the word Durgara, the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in the Bhuri Singh Museum in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. The word Durgara means 'invincible' in several Northern Indo-Aryan languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the terrain of Duggar and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies.

In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the All India Oriental Conference held in Dharwad, Karnataka, could not reach consensus on the Dwigarta and Durgara hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent All India Oriental Conference held at Jaipur in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words Duggar and Dogra are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the above opinion.

An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that "the opinion that the word Duggar is a form of the word Duggarh sounds appropriate."

Recent history
In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the New Dogra script) of the Sanskrit classic mathematical opus Lilavati, by the noted mathematician Bhaskaracharya (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873. As Sanskrit literacy remained confined to a few, the late Maharaja Ranbir Singh had the Lilavati translated into Dogri by Jyotshi Bisheshwar, then principal of Jammu Pathshala.

Dogri has an established tradition of poetry, fiction and dramatic works. Recent poets range from the 18th-century Dogri poet Kavi Dattu (1725–1780) in Raja Ranjit Dev's court to Professor Ram Nath Shastri and Mrs. Padma Sachdev. Kavi Dattu is highly regarded for his Barah Massa (Twelve Months), Kamal Netra (Lotus Eyes), Bhup Bijog and Bir Bilas. Shiraza Dogri is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the Dogri Sanstha. Popular recent songs include Pala Shapaiya Dogariya, Manne di Mauj and Shhori Deya. The noted Pakistani singer Malika Pukhraj had roots in Duggar, and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Some devotional songs (bhajans) composed by Karan Singh have gained increasing popularity over time, including Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti.

Dogri programming features regularly on Radio Kashmir (a division of All India Radio), and Doordarshan (Indian state television) broadcasts in Jammu and Kashmir. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India).

Official recognition of the language has been gradual, but progressive. On 2 August 1969, the General Council of the Sahitya Academy, Delhi recognized Dogri as an "independent modern literary language" of India, based on the unanimous recommendation of a panel of linguists. Dogri is one of the official languages of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the Indian constitution.

In 2005, a collection of over 100 works of prose and poetry in Dogri published over the last 50 years was made accessible online at the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore. This included works of eminent writer Dhinu Bhai Panth, Professor Madan Mohan Sharma, B.P. Sathai and Ram Nath Shastri.

Sample text
The following text is from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

title: Dogri language


text:
WOW! Children's Museum

'''WOW! Children's Museum, formally World of Wonder''', is an interactive children's museum located in Lafayette, Colorado geared toward children under 12. It was founded in 1996 by Lisa and Dario Attallah and in 2004 moved to Lafayette from Louisville. A 2019 expansion allowed for the addition of an outdoor programming space. The museum schedules designated Sensory friendly events for children with autism or sensory processing disorder, including a sensory room.

In 2015, it was named among the top 25 children's museums in the United States by the Early Childhood Education Zone, welcomed its millionth visitor, and was on track for its highest annual attendance.

title: WOW! Children's Museum


text:
Talk:Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba

Initial
The Article was clearly biased. Extensive editing was required. Since most of the article was propoganda, it should be re-written in a less biased manner. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.161.221.80 (talk) 01:39, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Condemn
Wikipedia is the largest web encyclopedia. There is only one weakness in this encyclopedia that they upload the articles without any proof or evidence. Things which are written about Islami Jamiat Talaba is completely baseless. APMSO can not provide any single name who has been killed by Islami Jamiat Talaba but there are 26 members of Islami Jamiat Talaba who were killed by APMSO. You can have a look on that, plz follow this link  All i want to say that plz verify any information before uploading and dont allow slangs in articles. If God willing(INSHALLAH), I will send the introduction, Aims and objectives of Islami Jamiat Talaba soon.

Yours Sincerely M. A. SIDDIQUI — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.209.92.238 (talk • contribs) 22:02, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Lists of names
Lists of names in this article should be sourced in accordance with WP:BLP. As there is no way of constantly maintaining linked articles, this applies to names which have a Wikipedia article as well as those that do not. Any name listed with no verifiable citations should be removed. Refer to WP:NLIST for guidance. Fæ (talk) 15:08, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba


text:
Talk:Ecological effects of biodiversity

This article should come with a request to improve it and one or several warnings. It appears to be biased or unbalanced. As a person who came to the article to learn something about the topic, I suggest that it should start with a definition of what is meant by "ecological effects" and "biodiversity."--Waynersampson69 (talk) 13:46, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Copyvio
This looks like either a copyvio (couldn't find a source online though) or someone's class paper. Any thoughts? Guettarda 21:06, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree it looks like a class paper. Perhaps delete because it is original research or synthesis? 99of9 06:03, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree you shouldnt show this online, its probably written by a thirteen year old. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.22.71 (talk) 01:45, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The style of writing leads me to believe that this was originally a term paper, presumably uploaded by the writer, so no copyvio concerns. With a lot of trimming it should provide a rough basis for an article. --Danger (talk) 11:21, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Ecology Winter 2023
— Assignment last updated by Shatz d (talk) 00:08, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ecological effects of biodiversity


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cellular teletraffic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:45, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cellular teletraffic
This is a duplicate of Global System for Mobile Communications and cellular network with no new material, and a title which wouldn't be likely to be used for searching. I say delete. This has already been discussed at Deletion policy/Teletraffic Engineering, but there doesn't seem to be a consensus to delete all articles at once, so I think they need to be listed individually. N.B. if a consensus did develop on the policy page then this VFD should probably be terminated early. Mozzerati 21:06, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Concur with that, delete. Radiant_* 09:44, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Warwickshire County Cricket Club in 2005

Purge the cache The article seems to have been mostly written during 2005 as a running commentary on the Club's year, without any sources at all, and has ever been substantially revisited. Sources are needed (or it could be deleted - several years before and after it have no articles at all for them). Peace Makes Plenty (talk) 15:11, 10 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
User:DennisExtr

On the english Wikipedia, i set sometimes Interwiki-Links to the german of the dutch version.

de:Benutzer:DennisExtr nl:Gebruiker:DennisExtr

title: User:DennisExtr