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Denver Botanic Gardens

The Denver Botanic Gardens is a public botanical garden located in the Cheesman Park neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. The 23 acre park contains a conservatory, a variety of theme gardens and a sunken amphitheater, which hosts various concerts in the summer.

Location
There are three diverse locations that are part of the Denver Botanic Gardens as a whole. The main location, and the formal garden, is the York Street location in east-central Denver. Denver Botanic Gardens at Chatfield (near Chatfield State Park) features natural meadow and riparian areas, as well as a historic farm and homestead. Mt. Goliath, on the route to Mount Blue Sky, is an alpine wildflower garden (along hiking trails).

The Denver Botanic Gardens, along with nearby Cheesman Park and Congress Park, sit atop what used to be Prospect Hill cemetery. Although the majority of bodies were removed in 1893, the interred continued to be removed as late as the 1950s. As recently as 2010, graves were uncovered during renovation of the park's irrigation and sprinkler systems.

The Gardens
Denver Botanic Gardens features North America's largest collection of plants from cold temperate climates around the world, as well as 7 diverse gardens that mostly include plants from Colorado and neighboring states.

The world's first Xeriscape Demonstration Garden was created at the Gardens in 1986, and 2 years later its name was changed to Dryland Mesa. It was based on the "7 Principles" of Xeriscape, and includes drought-tolerant plants from the arid West and Mediterranean areas.

The Japanese Garden is called Shofu-en—the Garden of Wind and Pines. It was designed by Koichi Kawana in collaboration with Kai Kwahara.

The York Street location of the Botanic Gardens opened Denver's first publicly accessible green roof.

The Denver Botanic Gardens also boasts the first conservatory in America that was made entirely of concrete and Plexiglas panes, each of which were designed to channel condensation to the sides of the walls so it would not drip on visitors. The Boettcher Memorial Tropical Conservatory was awarded landmark status in 1973

In 2020 the Gardens published Firsthand: Creating Gardens for All People, commissioned by CEO Brian Vogt, researched by Karen Peters, Davis Benson and Dan Obarski, and published by Beckon Books. The book won the Independent Book Publishers Association Benjamin Franklin Silver Award in the Coffee Table book category in 2021.

title: Denver Botanic Gardens


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More Than a Woman (album)

More Than a Woman is the fifth studio album by American singer Toni Braxton, released on November 18, 2002, by Arista Records. The album contained both hip hop and urban adult contemporary sounds, as well as some softer and more contemporary melodies. Throughout the project, Braxton worked with her sister Tamar and husband Keri Lewis on most of the songs, who had written and produced material for her previous album. She also worked with hip hop producers and rappers such as Irv Gotti, The Neptunes, Mannie Fresh and Loon, as well as Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, protégé Big Bert and his domestic partner, singer Brandy.

With More Than a Woman, Braxton continued the transition that began with previous album, The Heat (2000), which pushed her further into the progressive R&B and hip hop market and away from the adult contemporary and pop-soul background of her previous work with Babyface and L.A. Reid. During the production of her first two albums with Arista's subsidiary LaFace Records, Braxton had little control over the creative and artistic steps she took on her albums; however, after signing a new recording contract following a three-year-long dispute with LaFace, she was able to reflect her creative maturity and evolution in the album's writing and recording.

Upon release, the album was generally well received by critics, who felt it was similar to The Heat but lacked its commercial crossover appeal. More Than a Woman debuted at number thirteen on the US Billboard 200 with first week sales of 98,000 copies, becoming Braxton's lowest-charting album by then. While lead single "Hit the Freeway" reached the top 10 in Belgium and Denmark, the single and its parent album failed to impact elsewhere, resulting into lackluster sales in general. Disappointed by its performance, which Braxton attributed to the little promotion activities that the Arista management had arranged for her due to her second pregnancy, she parted with her record label due to the album's commercial failure in April 2003.

Background
In 1992, Braxton signed a solo recording contract with LaFace Records, a joint venture between the producing duo Antonio "L.A." Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds from former recording group the Deele, and distributor Arista Records. Her first two studio albums, Toni Braxton (1993) and Secrets (1996), became critical and commercial successes and sold a combined 21 million copies, earning $170 million in worldwide sales. By late 1996, Braxton was still waiting for fair financial rewards. Her recording contract with LaFace was substantially below those of other multi-platinum artists and bound her to refund all kinds of expenses the label had financed in advance, including management fees, taxes, and video budgets, earning Braxton a $1,972 royalty check only. In December 1997, after learning that she accumulated more than $1 million in debts, Braxton became embroiled in a legal dispute with LaFace, when she filed a lawsuit asking to be freed from her long-term contractual obligations to the label in the midst of a contract renegotiation. After then being counter-sued by the label for breach of contract, the singer eventually filed for bankruptcy protection in 1998, a move that stalled all legal proceedings between the two parties.

In January 1999, Braxton mended her relationship with Reid and Babyface, when the lawsuit against LaFace was eventually settled after Braxton was awarded higher royalties, a pay raise, and publishing rights to all songs that she had co-written. Soon after, she resumed recording for The Heat, her first album in four years. In an attempt to move her away from Edmonds's formulaic ballad-driven and adult contemporary-oriented material on her previous albums to establish her relevance with a new generation of music consumers, Braxton took bigger control over the artistic steps on The Heat: She consulted a variety of writers and producers to work with her, including Rodney Jerkins, Bryan-Michael Cox, and Jazze Pha, and co-wrote seven of the 12 songs on the album. Preceded by its uptempo lead single "He Wasn't Man Enough", LaFace released The Heat in April 2000, propelling Braxton back to the top of music charts. At a worldwide sales total in excess of four million copies however, the album was less successful than its predecessors.

Composition
Braxton began work on her fifth studio album in early 2002. More Than a Woman is a diverse blend of danceable club numbers, trademark Braxton ballads and experimental tracks which borrow from the genres of rock and jazz. The album was described as a "variety of sonic colors". Her then-husband Keri Lewis, former Mint Condition keyboardist, co-wrote and had a hand in producing four tracks, while her younger sister Tamar Braxton co-wrote six songs and provides backing vocals on all tracks.

Songs
The album's first half alternates between edgy hip hop-flavored fare, the club-ready and more experimental R&B. The album opens with the "feisty" "Let Me Show You the Way (Out)". It was described as "a new woman's anthem for 2003" by BBC Music. Over a hammering hip-hop bassline, angry incessant piano chords and Braxton's calm but commanding vocals lies a telling tale of infidelity, which sets the theme for the majority of the album. The second track "Give It Back" is another hip-hop song, which features rapper Big Tymers and it is a "club-ready track". CD Universe described it as a "moody, mid-tempo track, which boasts a bit of hip-hop flavor. The third track "A Better Man" is a "futuristic R&B ballad". The fourth track and the only single of the album "Hit the Freeway" features Loon and it's an edgy hip-hop flavored track. It was described as "a quintessential Neptunes track - melodic synthesiser, staged handclaps and funky drum patterns - later transpires into an impressive slice of pop R&B." According to BBC Music, the chorus: "Farewell my lonely one, nothing else here can be done, I don't ever wanna see you again" is eagerly contagious.

The fifth track "Lies, Lies, Lies" was written by Keri Lewis and it's "a dramatic, "he-done-me-wrong" ballad with mostly live instrumentation (including rock-charged guitar) and a background vocal arrangement featuring the Braxton sisters. Toni's vocals also provide a mix, as her gravelly tones are pit against an electric guitar. People magazine considered the track "an instant Toni classic, right up there with 'Breathe Again,' 'Let It Flow' and 'Un-Break My Heart.' The sixth track, the romantic slow jam "Rock Me, Roll Me", was described as "a splendid ode to female desire spotted with plucky violins, subtle reverb and Braxton's distinctive harmonies. The second half of the album slips back into more measured R&B. The seventh track "Selfish" is a "slow ballad" about Braxton's jealousy. The eighth track "Do You Remember When" is the only song produced by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins and it harks back to the smooth R&B of Braxton's self-titled debut. The ninth track "Me & My Boyfriend" boasts some Spanish guitar amid its slinky grooves. It features a sample from Tupac Shakur's 1996 cut "Me and My Girlfriend". The tenth track "Tell Me" is a sexy song about performing fantasies for one's love. The eleventh track "And I Love You" is "a requite ballad courtesy of longtime collaborator and mentor Babyface". The twelfth and final track "Always" is a tenderly honed R&B ballad with rich, multi-layered vocals, which add balance to the edgier, street-orientated tracks.

Promotion
Braxton first titled the album Amplified, but changed it to More Than a Woman in post-production to avoid confusion with hip hop artist Q-Tip's solo debut Amplified (1999). The title was ultimately inspired by the Bee Gees song of the same name (1977), which had been prominently played on Braxton's wedding dance with Keri Lewis in April 2001. Scheduled for an October 29 release before being bushed to November 19, 2002, Arista Records originally planned to back the album by a huge promotional plan, including appearances on late-night talk show The Tonight Show, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, The Wayne Brady Show, Late Night with David Letterman, an NBC Today Show outdoor concert, and the lighting of the Christmas tree at New York City's Rockefeller Center. However, in September 2002, while gearing up for the release of the album, Braxton discovered she was pregnant with her second child and she was subsequently forced to cancel many scheduled performances due to complications.

Executives at the label were reportedly frustrated with the timing of her second pregnancy since the complicated pregnancy confined her to bed rest and thus prevented her from doing the extensive promotion for More Than A Woman. Braxton, being under the impression that Arista Records treated her pregnancy "like a disease", asked to delay the album until 2003, but the label refused. As a result, the promotional campaign in support of the album was often reduced to interviews. In addition to a $675,000 television blitz, Braxton also took part in numerous online promotions with AOL, BET, VH1, Launch.com, MSN, and Oxygen. Arista also intended to work on furthering Braxton's reach with lifestyle marketing in locals as disparate as urban beauty salons and gay clubs. Because of her pregnancy, international publicity for More Than a Woman primarily consisted of a two-day event in Los Angeles in late October 2002.

Singles
In support of the album, Arista originally planned to release "No More Love", a sample-heavy track produced by and featuring former Murder Inc. Records head Irv Gotti, as the first single from More Than a Woman. However, after Gotti had leaked to a New York City radio station, Braxton and Arista decided to scrap its release and the song was subsequently excluded from the final track listing. Instead, the Neptunes-produced "Hit the Freeway", a collaboration with Bad Boy rapper Loon, was selected as the album's lead single. It peaked at number 86 on Billboard Hot 100, number 32 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and number two on the Hot Dance Club Play.

"Me & My Boyfriend" was originally set to be the lead single for the album, slated for a September release, but the label decided to release "Hit the Freeway" in October instead. It was consequently planned as the album's second single, however rapper Jay-Z and singer Beyoncé imminently released their single "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", which coincidentally sampled the same beat (as well as lyrical and melodic content) from rapper Tupac Shakur's 1996 song "Me and My Girlfriend", causing Braxton to refrain from releasing her version as a single, and accusing Jay-Z of stealing her idea. Arista then settled on ballad "A Better Man" instead. Sent to radio in fall 2002, the single was left unsupported by the label, although promotional CDs were made available for radio. Additionally, to service radio shows, a double A-side vinyl for "Give It Back" and "Let Me Show You the Way (Out)" was released.

Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a rated mean out of 100 from mainstream critics, the album received a score of 77, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on eight reviews. AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave to the album four stars out of five. He felt that More Than a Woman is "so consistent, so much a continuation of its predecessor, The Heat, that it may be hard to pinpoint distinctive characteristics." He complained that "it lacks a single as undeniable as "He Wasn't Man Enough" [though] much of the album is in a similar sexy spirit." He concluded the review, stating that " it was easily one of the most satisfying listens of its kind released that year, and another fine record by Toni Braxton." Blender wrote a positive review, saying that "while her wailing contemporaries go off the rails with exaggeration, Braxton merely tightens her groove and rides these mellow, meaty melodies." Chuck Arnold wrote for People that "her sultry, husky alto shines as she bends and jazzily twists notes with that special Toni touch." Arnold realized that "Although the rest of the album doesn't quite match that quality, it's still easily More than your average R&B-pop fare." Launch.com was positive towards the theme of the songs, writing that "all this anger's not just therapeutic – it also makes her transition to hard hip-hop diva seem sensible, instead of just a marketing move, by grounding it in something real."

Keysha Davis from BBC Music thought that More Than a Woman would "sell bucket-loads." She praised Braxton for serving "both middle-of-the-road listeners with her high-powered ballads, as well the comrades of the streets with her attitude-ridden take on modern day living." While discussing the album's hip hop songs, Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly wrote that "she has sudden hip-hop pretensions, it's low-key hip-hop, the electronic throbs provides a surprisingly suitable bed for her controlled boudoir cooing." While comparing the album between her previous release The Heat, he called it "hotter than her predominantly adult contemporary previous album" and concluded writing that the album "proves to be the singer's most consistent effort" since her self-titled 1993 debut album.

Commercial performance
More Than a Woman debuted and peaked at number 13 on the US Billboard 200, selling 98,000 copies in its first week. It marked Braxton's lowest opening sales for a non-Christmas-themed studio album up to then and was a considerable decline from her previous effort The Heat, which had opened to sales of 199,000 units in 2000. On Billboard's component charts, it reached number five on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, becoming Braxton's first solo album to miss the top spot. In total, More Than a Woman sold 438,000 copies and was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for the shipment of over 500,000 copies in the United States. Elsewhere, More Than a Woman was unable to match the commercial success of Braxton's first three studio albums. While it failed to enter most international music markets, the album reached the top 40 of the German Albums Chart and debuted at number 23 on the Swiss Albums Chart.

Braxton considered More Than a Woman a commercial "flop-flop." Disappointed by its underperformance and the little promotion activities Arista Records had arranged after releasing the first single "Hit the Freeway", Braxton requested her manager Barry Hankerson to obtain a release for her from any future recording obligations to the label. On March 14, 2003, Braxton issued a press statement saying she was leaving Arista for Hankerson's Universal-distributed Blackground Records, on which she released her sixth studio album Libra in 2005. In a 2012 interview with ABC News, Braxton expressed discontentment with the project when asked about the commercial failure of her albums from the mid-to-late 2000s: "Those albums – that's like that one-night stand that you don't want to talk about", she said. "You don't want anyone to know about those records that didn't do well. I had a few of those. Definitely a few."

Sample credits

 * "Let Me Show You the Way (Out)" contains excerpts from "Love's Happening", written by Curtis Mayfield.
 * "Me & My Boyfriend" contains excerpts from "Me and My Girlfriend", written by Tupac Shakur, Tyrone Wrice, Ricky Rouse, and Darryl Harper.
 * "Tell Me" contains interpolations from the composition "Sweet Love", written by Anthony Bias, Anita Baker, and Louis Johnson.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of More Than a Woman.

Musicians

 * Toni Braxton – vocals, background vocals (all tracks)
 * No I.D. – all instruments, programming (track 1)
 * Keri – arrangement (tracks 1, 5, 10); drum programming, keyboards (tracks 5, 6, 10); Rhodes, guitar (track 5)
 * Tamar Braxton – background vocals (all tracks)
 * Terrence "Bearwolf" Williams – keyboards (track 2)
 * Baby – rap vocals (track 2)
 * Mannie Fresh – rap vocals (track 2)
 * Andrea Martin – arrangement, background vocals (track 3)
 * Ivan Matias – arrangement (track 3)
 * Gerrard C. Baker – all instruments, programming (track 3)
 * Pharrell Williams – instruments, instrument arrangements, additional vocals (track 4)
 * Chad Hugo – instruments, instrument arrangements, additional vocals (track 4)
 * Loon – rap vocals (track 4)
 * Chris "Daddy" Dave – drums (track 5)
 * Keith Lewis – guitar (track 5)
 * O'Dell – guitar (track 5)
 * Stokley – acoustic guitar, solo guitar, background vocals (track 5)
 * Ricky Kinchen – bass (track 5)
 * Blake English – guitar (tracks 7, 12)
 * Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – all music (track 8)
 * Tomi Martin – guitar (track 8)
 * Jeremy Lubbock – string arrangements (track 8)
 * Ricky Rouse – guitar (track 9)
 * Babyface – drum programming, keyboards, bass (track 11)
 * Clare Fischer – orchestra arrangements, orchestra conducting (track 12)
 * Robert "Big Bert" Smith – keyboards (track 12)
 * Brent Fischer – orchestra arrangements, orchestra conducting (track 6); orchestra project coordinator, orchestra management
 * Assa Drori – violin
 * Amy Hershberger – violin
 * Joe Ketendjian – violin
 * Armen Garabedian – violin
 * Pat Aiken – violin
 * Sally Berman – violin
 * Brian Benning – violin
 * Irma Neumann – violin
 * Agnes Gottschewski – violin
 * Phillip Levy – violin
 * Rebecca Bunnell – violin
 * Johana Krejci – violin
 * Henry Gronnier – violin
 * Dennis Molchan – violin
 * Miwako Watanabe – violin
 * Julie Rogers – violin
 * Kazi Pitelka – viola
 * Jorge Moraga – viola
 * Carole Kleister-Castillo – viola
 * Thomas Diener – viola
 * Renita Koven – viola
 * Lynn Grants – viola
 * Cecilia Tasn – cello
 * Maurice Grants – cello
 * Dan Smith – cello
 * Earl Madison – cello
 * Oscar Hidalgo – contrabass
 * Drew Dembowski – contrabass

Technical

 * No I.D. – production (track 1)
 * Keri – co-production, Pro Tools editing (track 1); recording (tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 10); vocal production (track 3); production (tracks 5, 6, 10); mixing (tracks 5, 6); executive production
 * Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing (tracks 1, 6, 10)
 * Dion Peters – mixing assistance (track 1)
 * Mannie Fresh – production (track 2)
 * Mark "DJ Exit" Goodchild – recording (track 2)
 * Leslie Brathwaite – mixing (track 2)
 * Ivan Matias – production (track 3)
 * Andrea Martin – production (track 3)
 * Gerrard C. Baker – production (track 3)
 * Mark Pitts – additional production (track 3)
 * Victor Mancusi – recording, mixing (track 3)
 * Rene Antelmann – mixing assistance (track 3)
 * Kirk Lightburn – song coordination (track 3)
 * The Neptunes – production (track 4)
 * Andrew "Drew" Coleman – recording (track 4)
 * Frannie Graham – recording assistance (track 4)
 * Cedric Anderson – recording assistance (track 4)
 * Phil Tan – mixing (track 4)
 * John Horesco IV – mixing assistance (track 4)
 * Steve Hodge – mixing (track 5)
 * Larry Mah – string recording (track 6)
 * Stephen Glicken – mixing assistance (tracks 6, 12)
 * Robert "Big Bert" Smith – production (tracks 7, 12)
 * Blake English – recording, mixing (tracks 7, 12)
 * Paul Foley – recording (tracks 7, 12)
 * Yen-Hue Tan – recording assistance (tracks 7, 12)
 * Spencer Swanson – recording assistance (tracks 7, 12)
 * Mike Houge – recording assistance (tracks 7, 12)
 * Brett Liebermann – mixing assistance (track 7)
 * Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – production, mixing (track 8)
 * Fabian Marasciullo – recording (track 8)
 * Dexter Simmons – mixing (track 8)
 * John Kurlander – string recording (track 8)
 * Chink Santana – production (track 9)
 * Irv Gotti – production (track 9)
 * Brian Springer – recording, mixing (track 9)
 * Babyface – production (track 11)
 * Paul Boutin – recording (track 11)
 * Edward Quesada – recording assistance (track 11)
 * Craig Taylor – recording assistance (track 11)
 * Serban Ghenea – mixing (track 11)
 * Tim Roberts – mixing assistance (track 11)
 * John Hanes – additional Pro Tools engineering (track 11)
 * Ivy Skoff – production coordination (track 11)
 * Jean-Marie Horvat – recording (track 12)
 * Brent Fischer – orchestra management, orchestra project coordination
 * Assa Drori – orchestra management
 * Toni Braxton – executive production
 * Antonio "L.A." Reid – executive production
 * Herb Powers Jr. – mastering
 * Allen D. Hong – project coordination
 * Evelyn Beauman – project assistance

Artwork

 * Richard Thomas Jennings – art direction
 * Tony Duran – cover and matching interior photo
 * Daniela Federici – inside photo

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: More Than a Woman (album)


text:
Talk:Richmond station (London)

Move
Why has this article been moved to Richmond tube station? I thought that the naming system was that if a station served more than one of {tube, rail, tram, DLR} then the format was xyz_station - from WikiProject_London - and as Richmond station serves both tube and rail, surely "Richmond station, London" would be more appropriate? edd 22:22, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Under that naming convention the name should be, as was, "Richmond station" however that was turned into a redirect to "Richmond railway station" - which is a disambiguation page. If the disambiguation page was moved to "Richmond station (disambiguation)" then this page could return to where it belongs without the need for a ", London" or "(London)" suffix. MRSC 05:37, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

April 06 move
If we are following "most-common-naming" such as Birmingham New Street over a consistent naming scheme then Richmond tube station comes before Richmond (London) station. MRSC 18:08, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Both names are equally wrong. The convention would be Richmond station, since only 2 of the 7 platforms are for tube services. London can be added in brackets afterwards to disambiguate it from other stations of that name. --Dtcdthingy 02:21, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Ditto. Those who use the station use the rail service as much as if not more than the tube service.  I disagree that (as alleged in April rename) the more common name is "Richmond tube station".  I have lived in the area and find myself there, now, as I type this.  The use of a "(London)" suffix is in keeping with WP standards and is necessary because of the existence of railway station in Richmond (Yorkshire) and in other Richmonds too.  Paul Beardsell 09:02, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Moreover,as any fule kno,Richmond (upon Thames) is actually in Surrey.Ask the Post Office. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.242.123.71 (talk) 20:58, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

WP:RM Oct
Just simply agree. "Tube station" goes against naming convention with stations with multiple modes of rail transport, amongst others. Look at Paddington station or Tottenham Hale station as two examples. The only station that comes to mind with the new move which follows this format however is Victoria station (London). Simply south 11:44, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. Because there are several Victoria stations.  Similarly there should be Waterloo station (London) because of the important and busy station similarly named in Manchester.  Paul Beardsell 09:04, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Where in Manchester is that? Are you thinking of the tiny Waterloo (Merseyside) railway station? Warofdreams talk 16:50, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. But if the size of the station is found wanting and therefore unsupportive of my argument then I see you and raise you Manchester Piccadilly. Paul Beardsell 19:03, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move to Richmond station (London) — Mets501 (talk) 01:13, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Move to "Richmond station (London)" - Survey

 * Support renaming to Richmond station (London). With a renaming like this, I think it should just be done, without discussion.  It is so obviously the right thing to do that resorting to a survey is only necessary after the fact if there is significant objection.  There isn't.  Edit boldly!  (I have tried to rename but it has all become so complicated the move requires an admin's help.  Help!)  Paul Beardsell 08:50, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This seems to be following convention for conventions sake to amend the current, simple, and commonly used naming to a convoluted one containing parenthesis. What would be gained by this move? MRSC 20:11, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I lived in the neighbourood. I am typing this from Kew, just down the road.  Richmond Station is not "commonly" called Richmond "Tube" Station.  Reference required from Mrsteviec for this repeated but incorrect assertion of his.  But even if he were correct, we file things under their proper name at WP.  The "(London)" is required for disambiguation.  Paul Beardsell 22:19, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Support, based on a not-terribly reliable google survey I conducted, which gives 30:1 hits in favour of '"Richmond station" London' versus "Richmond tube station". However, note that "we file things under their proper name at WP" is not true.  Please see use common names, which is one of our earliest guidelines, going back over 4 years.  Morwen - Talk 10:04, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Point taken. Thanks.  Paul Beardsell 11:20, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment if this is moved, it should be to Richmond (London) station, as per standard disambiguation for British stations. Warofdreams talk 16:51, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * OK. But are you in favour of retaining the current title? Paul Beardsell 19:06, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess I'm in support. Warofdreams talk 12:50, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

The consensus seems to be in favor favour of the move; Richmond station (London) seems more natural to me than Richmond (London) station though. Could you point me out to "standard disambiguation for British stations"? Duja► 08:02, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Station's locations
The article now says that when the line was extended to Windsor the station was moved to its present location. The very first location is not given, perhaps it was temporary and somewhere east of The Quadrant, even to the east of Church Road. Before the 1930s' rebuilding the Underground/LMS terminus and the Southern Railway station were separate; the terminal platforms were much where they are now while the Southern Station was west of The Quadrant. So either the history given is incomplete by not mentioning a move of the Windsor lines station from "the present location" to west of The Quadrant or the history is wrong and any move in the very early days was to the pre-WWII location. Perhaps someone with access to a relevant work could emend that piece of the article rather than quibble endlessly how the misinformation should be labelled.--SilasW 15:32, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The source of the information on the station was Clive's Underground Line Guides. The OS map of 1871 (see note above) shows a station in two distinct but connected parts with terminating lines and through lines provided with different buildings. I have clarified that the locations better in the article.--DavidCane 18:37, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

A rethink. I see it depends what you mean by "location" and just as I would not argue with a German about the true meaning of "Fuss" I'll not support any one meaning of "location", but I can remember an SR sign on the west parapet of the road bridge proclaiming "London Cheap Day Return 9d" and a cobbled yard down behind it and I think that led to the old SR station entrance. Southern Electric 1908-1969 by G T Moody 4th ed says "At Richmond there were in effect two stations with the road bridge crossing the Waterloo platforms about midway." So the current placing seems to come from more of a sideways shuffle than a full relocation. I would point out, that, for example, however obvious it is that Richmond Station is between North Sheen and St Margarets, most Wikipedia railway articles are not properly sourced. DavidCane quotes Clive's Underground Line Guides, is that adequate? Both the book I just mentioned and Volume 3 of A Regional History Of Railways Of Great Britain say Twickenham was to be rebuilt with #1 and #2 as bays which I contest in Twickenham Talk. We need care in sourcing.--SilasW 18:08, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The article, with a reference, says "the exact location is unknown" but (always bearing in mind that railway line books and web pages do err) "Waterloo to Windsor" by V Mitchell and K Smith, Middleton Press 1988, ISBN 0 906520 54 1, shows a 1864 map with a goods station and says that that was the original terminus. It seems to be aligned with the track from the east while the lines through the present station and its predecessor curve away to avoid the town.--SilasW (talk) 22:15, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Service via Railwayside curve
The article does not mention services from the north via the short-lived curve at Barnes, commemorated by the road called Railwayside. They stopped when the line through Gunnersbury and Kew Gardens opened.

RuT pipe dream
The RuT suggestion seems to be something dreamt up while wiling away the hours.

1) The line served by SWTrains has an intensive service. I have waited at White Hart Lane LC for five trains to pass before the gates lifted. I don't know if Crossrail's proposal to go to Kingston was serious or just something to withdraw as a sop to public opinion but the furious NIMBY squawking then at the idea of a non-grade crossing would revive to kill the RuT "plan" which, without a flyover, would lead to gross spreading of any late running. The Waterloo trains are not like the Underground or NLL shuttles but serve several widespread destinations.

2) The Southern Railway rebuilt Richmond with conversion to four tracks in mind. Has that been heeded in later development west of the road?

3) District and NLL trains seem to have used 4 of "their" 5 faces regularly with #3 only as parking for an NLL train or flexibility at service disruptions. Perhaps platform 3 might lead west to connections to both tracks, burrowing to get country-bound. Thameslink use a bi-directional platform at Wimbledon. There seems to be space E or NE of the station for an out-of-service siding if needed.--SilasW 16:53, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not clear where the suggestion comes from that the NLL would be extended to Kingston. The Borough UDP referenced only refers to an additional platform for terminating orbital services. I took orbital in this context to mean the existing orbital route of the NLL around London to Stratford. The plans for the London Overground service which will take over the NLL later this year don't seem to indicate any extension to Kingston. Does orbital mean something else? Is there another source that should be referenced regarding an extension to Kingston?--DavidCane 02:53, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

From http://www.alwaystouchout.com/project/43

NLL extension to Kingston

TfL and Network Rail are also looking at the potential extension each hour of 2 out of 4 NLL services, from Richmond to Kingston via Teddington. Extending this small number of trains would not require the grade separated junction at Twickenham previously proposed for Crossrail. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.129.216.87 (talk) 09:29, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Could user at 81.129.216.87 give a source that TfL and NR are considering that? Crossrail proposed a grade separated crossing east of Richmond station, not at Twickenham, where there is a flyover.

The Waterloo-based service, intense and mixed speed, would have frequent disruptions if NLL crossed their tracks on the level.--SilasW 14:52, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 21:59, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Request for more info
Who built the current station ? LMS? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.141.225.173 (talk) 22:08, 30 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Southern Railway, opening on 1 August 1937, as mentioned in the article. Headhitter (talk) 14:48, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Deor (talk) 14:30, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

Richmond station (London) → Richmond (London) station – This station is referred to as Richmond (London) by Transport for London, the service operator and National Rail: This is a more WP:COMMONNAME for the station than the wiki-creation of "Richmond station (London)". Lamberhurst (talk) 07:23, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * National Rail
 * Transport for London
 * South West Trains
 * The Trainline
 * Support as with others. -- Red rose64 (talk) 07:40, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per Redrose, my comments at Talk:Rainham (Essex) railway station and at Talk:Sutton (Surrey) railway station. Thryduulf (talk) 13:44, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Support Gregkaye ✍ ♪  21:26, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Query: I was all set to close this and move the article; but to be consistent with other UK station articles (such as those cited by Thryduulf above), shouldn't the target title be "Richmond (London) railway station" rather than "Richmond (London) station"? Deor (talk) 10:51, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * There is a naming convention for London stations which has those which are served by main line and tube lines named "xxx station".--DavidCane (talk) 14:08, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks for the response. Deor (talk) 14:30, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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LU Roundels
As a Richmond resident and frequent user of this station, I have noticed that none of the platforms feature London Underground (Or indeed Overground) roundels on the platforms, instead featuring (at the time of writing) SWT-format signs, even on the LU and LO platforms. I don't know if any other stations on the network share this trait as well but it may be worth mentioning on the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NeutralZoneUltra (talk • contribs) 19:32, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richmond station (London)


text:
Kings Landing Historical Settlement

Kings Landing is a New Brunswick living history museum with original buildings from the period of 1820-1920. It was created around buildings that were saved and moved to make way for the headpond for the Mactaquac Dam.

Although Kings Landing is not and never was a real village, New Brunswick and the areas surrounding Prince William were primarily settled by Anglo-American Loyalists from the nascent United States, who were called the United Empire Loyalists in Canada; Scottish, Irish and English immigrants were early settlers as well. It is approximately 40 km west of Fredericton, New Brunswick in the community of Lower Prince William.

Kings Landing is a representation of rural New Brunswick during the 19th and early 20th century. It is not a replica of an actual village, but a collection of salvaged or recreated buildings from around the Mactaquac headpond and other locations around New Brunswick. With few exceptions, all the historical buildings on the site have been moved and remodelled to specific years in their history. The project was originally started in the late 1960s and continues to the present day, as new buildings are being added every few years.

Interpretation
While the collection and preservation of artifacts is a major part of daily business, Kings Landing is first and foremost a living museum. The principle is simple: "Tell them and they'll forget. Show them and they'll remember. Involve them and they'll understand". Costumed interpreters with extensive knowledge of their area - and often more than one area - bring the site to life for the visitors. Interpretation on site ranges from simple explanations of household objects to complete demonstrations of period activities.

Structures and exhibits
More than a dozen houses, most of which are original buildings, are gathered on site. In the houses, employees welcome visitors, go about daily chores, cook period meals and create period crafts, all while in costumes appropriate to the time period of their area.

There are also "trades" buildings: these are the shops and businesses that the local men would have owned and operated, many of which would have required a period of apprenticeship/training for those employed there. Examples would be the Print Shop, Sash and Door Factory, Gorham's Carpenter Shop, Dennin's Blacksmith Shop, etc.

Being a living museum, these buildings are kept in working order whenever possible and, in some case, artisans provide goods and services for other parts of the village and for sale in the shops. The complex has a number of barns, and appropriate livestock to go with them. This ranges from chickens and geese to large work horses and oxen. The animals are kept on site not only for show, but also for practical purposes. For example, the chickens give eggs, the cows produce milk, and the horses are used to pull wagons for the visitors from one end of the village to the other.

 * List of locations at Kings Landing:

 * Welcome Centre
 * Children's Play Park
 * Heritage Gallery
 * Summer Stage
 * C.B. Ross Factory Gallery & Workshop
 * Gordon Gallery
 * The Hagerman House
 * The Joslin Farm
 * The Jones Farm
 * Sawmill
 * Gristmill
 * King's Head Inn Restaurant & Pub
 * The Lint House
 * The Blacksmith
 * Ox Barn
 * The Long House
 * St. Mark's Church (Anglican)
 * Carpenter Shop
 * The Heustis House
 * The Fisher House
 * The Donaldson House
 * The Ingraham House
 * The Morehouse Farm
 * The Grant Store
 * The Perley House
 * Parish School
 * The Peddler's Market (Gift Shop)
 * The Killeen Cabin
 * Riverside Presbyterian Church
 * The Print Shop
 * Axe and Plough Café

Special events
Every few weekends, there are what are known as Special Events. These are often recreations of specific events in New Brunswick's history. They normally correspond to a particular date, or time of the year. For example, around and on July the 1st, the Confederation Debate features Charles Fisher and William Needham as portrayed by actors. Visitors get a taste of the controversy surrounding the formation of Canada. As with most of the activities on site, the visitors are encouraged to join in, asking questions, giving votes.

Workshops
Kings Landing hosts workshops that happen during open hours. The workshops include learning about many different 19th century tasks and crafts, including candle making, beekeeping, woodworking, and several others.

History
Research for the site was begun in 1967 with the creation of a Historical Resources Administration Branch by the provincial government, which created the Mactaquac Historical Program. The program created the idea to establish a site to preserve cultural aspects that would otherwise be lost, as a living museum.

The site was opened unofficially to the public in 1971 and officially on 20 July 1974.

Elizabeth II and Prince Philip visited the site in 1976.

title: Kings Landing Historical Settlement


text:
Talk:Pal (dog)

Stars? Fact check needed
Okay, exactly how many dogs--or characters--have stars on the walk of fame?

If it's only two, my money's on Rinty. Another WP article says three.

I'm going for three until we check it. Quill 22:39, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I only know of Rin Tin Tin and Lassie. This source says 2
 * Who is the third (if there is one?) Vaoverland 02:16, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strongheart, if he has one. Quill 09:04, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merge with Lassie
This article needs to be merged with Lassie. Lassie was portrayed by 7 different dogs including Pal and each of the Lassie's had its own name other than Lassie. There is no reason why the first Lassie needs to have its own article. Vivaldi (talk) 18:33, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Completely agree. The content is very redundant between the two and Pal is not notable beyond being Lassie. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 18:34, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

I do not agree, it is a good artical, it is a known dog, for example in Frasier, the dog is interpreted by a dog that has an artical, and then is replaced by his son, and that dog has an artical too. -- Pedro J. the rookie 13:21, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Strongly disagree. This is crazy, it's got GA status! Pal is one of the most famous dog actors and therefore is easily notable in his own right. If this was a human actor then it wouldn't even be questioned. Miyagawa (talk) 17:26, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It has GA status in part because of a user who had some 20-30 sock puppets and is now banned for the socking, falseifying sources, and a variety of other inappropriate behaviors. Nor does being a GA make it immune from consideration of merging. Pal, himself, is not notable by himself, but only as being the first Lassie. There is no significant coverage of Pal himself, but only in the context of Lassie take from the book on Lassie. Most of the information here is redundant to the Lassie article. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 18:22, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * There are four rationals for a merge. Duplicate: in this instance, one article is about a fictional character and/or series, another is about a dog actor in a similar way that Moose (dog actor) is different to Frasier. Text: Text is not an issue in either this article or the Lassie one. Context: Arguable, but I believe that Pal does not need the information in the Lassie article to be notable on it's own merit. Overlap: This is the only rational where there may be a case. However the requirement on Merging states that "There are two or more pages on related subjects that have a large overlap." Technically, the Lassie article talks about Pal quite a bit in the lead paragraph (in my opinion, probably more than it should) then under Dog Actors, Pal is mentioned only in the first three paragraphs. There is a large volume of information on the Pal article which is about Pal being Lassie, however there is significant information that has nothing to do with Lassie, and I feel would be inappropriate to place on a general Lassie page: for instance the entire section on Pal's death. Having reviewed both articles side to side, I think that there is a case to keep Pal as it's own page - however it needs to be regraded as I don't think it fits as a GA status as it does not cover Pal's life significantly outside playing Lassie; and that the Pal article needs to be expanded to cover it as such. Miyagawa (talk) 21:43, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Comment Why not combine all the dogs by age into one article called Lassie dogs.--Lassiewasadog (talk) 20:15, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

 * You mean all of the dogs that portrayed Lassie? There is already an article for Lassie. I'm not sure a second article listing the individual dogs would be necessary though it is a possibility as an away to address the issue. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 20:21, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Disagree. - I reviewed the GAN for this article. Even putting aside the quality of the article, it all comes down to WP:NOTE for me. This one meets all the notability criteria: significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject. As long as it meets that criteria, the fact there were a number of other dog actors that played Lassie doesn't prohibit an article about this specific dog actor. (Incidentally, if there is a call for a regrade, I think that's fine, but I strongly feel a merge is out of the question.) —  Hunter  Kahn  ( c )  21:07, 30 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Its being GA does not mean it can't be merged, and its technically meeting WP:N does not either. The truth is, most of this article is not about Pal and doesn't belong here. With it removed, it would not meet WP:N nor WP:GA. Merged with Lassie, it would combine two weaker articles into one stronger, better one. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 23:56, 30 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Obviously the GA doesn't mean it can't be merged, but meeting WP:N is an extremely strong indication. I also don't see how you can say most of this article isn't about Pal and doesn't belong here. Everything in "Birth and early years" and the first two graphs of "MGM films" is all Pal, and the rest of that section and "Television series" are about Lassie information, but strictly with regard to Pal's participation. "Death" is again all Pal and "Legacy" is perfectly appropriate... —  Hunter  Kahn  ( c )  01:48, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Its about Pal as Lassie. Pal is not notable as Pal, he is notable as Lassie, the first of many. The Lassie information is about the character, not just Pal, and is repetitive to Lassie. Pal's history in the role, including his death, is fully appropriate within Lassie. There is no difference between Pal/Lassie and say Benji and Rin Tin Tin. You don't see articles for the first generation of those movie star dog legacies either. Further, Pal is not credited as "Pal" in any of those roles, but as Lassie. The only places he is referred to as Pal is in historical context. There is no Pal movie star, only Lassie, first played by a collie with a name of Pal. For another comparision, "Pal" is his kennel/casual name while "Lassie" is his official name - same dog, not differentiated. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 01:52, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't buy this argument any more than I do that there is no difference between Terry and Toto; or, for that matter, between any role and and actor. This is a comprehensive encyclopedia, and the simple fact is Pal more than meets notability standards. (I mean, come on, the dog with "the most spectacular canine career in film history" isn't worth a Wikipedia entry?) But it seems to me there's no consensus for a merge here on the talk page, so if you want to keep pursuing this, take it up with WP:GAR for a reassessment and/or WP:AFD for a merge proposal. I'd recommend seeking the reassessment first, but that's just me... —  Hunter  Kahn  ( c )  18:54, 1 November 2009 (UTC)
 * AfD is not for merge discussions. A GAR, however, is highly likely, though also unnecessary to a merge discussion. Again, its status as a GA is not a valid reason to oppose a merge. The claims of "most spectacular canine career" are fan gushing and not supported by reliable sources. Note that Pal does not have a star on the Hollywood walk of fame, Lassie does. There is no clear consensus, so the next step is asking for other views from the appropriate projects. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 18:55, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Strong Oppose The quote "most spectacular canine career" is one you are free to disagree with, AnmaFinotera, but to call it not reliably sourced is false. It is from an article about Pal in the Saturday Evening Post, quoted in Parade, as the fn plainly states. Both are reliable sources. The dog Pal, as distinct from the film character, is certainly notable in his own right, having been the subject of numerous national publications, etc., and as progenitor of the line of collies to play the character for more than 60 years. Vivaldi's rationale for a merge actually strengthens the case against merging – there have been many collies playing the character over the years, but only one Pal. It is also difficult to see how marging the article about the dog Pal with the article about the character Lassie is helpful to the reader. He did, after all, play Laddie in "Son of Lassie".  JGHowes   talk  00:31, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * No, per the credits Lassie played Laddie, not a dog named Pal. It would aid the reader as it would have all of the dogs in one article about Lassie, rather than trying to give Pal a separate notability apart from Lassie. Please provide some of these numerous publications that are all about Pal, and just Pal, not Pal as the first Lassie. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 01:06, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I oppose a merge. Hunter detailed why. - Peregrine Fisher (talk) (contribs) 06:40, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Strong Oppose Relevant information with proper citations. Ricardoread (talk) 14:22, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It's been almost a week since any discussion, and it seems like the consensus has only moved in the direction of not merge since bringing others into the conversation. Unless anyone opposes, I'm going to assume the debate is done here and drop the merge tags? And anyone who'd like to seek a GAR is more than welcome to... —  Hunter  Kahn  ( c )  23:01, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Pal (dog)


text:
Isabelle Mouthon-Michellys

Isabelle Mouthon-Michellys (born 14 June 1966 in Annecy) is an athlete from France, who competes in triathlon.

Mouthon competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took seventh place with a total time of 2:02:53.41. Her split times were 19:48.98 for the swim, 1:05:28.50 for the cycling, and 0:37:35.93 for the run.

Her twin sister, Béatrice Mouthon, also competed in the 2000 Olympic triathlon.

title: Isabelle Mouthon-Michellys


text:
Béatrice Mouthon

Béatrice Mouthon (born 14 June 1966 in Annecy) is an athlete from France, who competes in triathlon.

Mouthon competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took thirty-fifth place with a total time of 2:11:08.08. Her split times were 21:15.48 for the swim, 1:09:03.90 for the cycling, and 0:40:48.70 for the run.

Her twin sister, Isabelle Mouthon-Michellys, also competed in the 2000 Olympic triathlon.

title: Béatrice Mouthon


text: User talk:65.165.155.157

title: User talk:65.165.155.157


text:
1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom

The 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom was a legal document prepared by anti-monarchists to strip the absolute Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, initiating a transfer of power to a coalition of American, European and native Hawaiian people. It became known as the Bayonet Constitution for the rising by the armed militia which forced King Kalākaua to sign it or be deposed.

Rebellion of 1887
On June 30, 1887, a meeting of residents including the armed militia of the Honolulu Rifles, a group of soldiers that were secretly the Hawaiian League's military arm, and politicians who were members of the Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom, demanded from King Kalākaua the dismissal of his Cabinet, headed by the controversial Walter M. Gibson. Their concerns about Gibson stemmed from the fact that he supported the king's authority.

The meeting was called to order by Sanford B. Dole (cousin of then 9-year-old James Dole) and chaired by Peter Cushman Jones, the president of the largest sugarcane plantation agency in Hawaii. The Hawaiian League and Americans had developed a vast majority of the Hawaiian Kingdom's wealth. Lorrin A. Thurston, the main instigator of the subsequent overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, prepared a list of demands to the king.

On the next morning, July 1, 1887, a shipment of arms was discovered from a neutral Australian ship (later found to be smooth-bore hunting guns used to scare birds from farmers' fields). The Honolulu Rifles took control and arrested and almost hanged Gibson. Kalākaua called in US Minister George W. Merrill, and the British, French, Portuguese, and Japanese representatives and requested help, but they all suggested that he should comply with any demands, which he did.

Thurston then became the powerful interior minister although Englishman William Lowthian Green was nominally head of the Cabinet as Minister of Finance. Gibson was later exiled to San Francisco.

Over less than a week, the new constitution was drafted by a group of lawyers, including Thurston, Dole, William Ansel Kinney, William Owen Smith, George Norton Wilcox, and Edward Griffin Hitchcock. All were also associated with the Hawaiian League, which had explicitly wanted the end of the kingdom and its annexation by the United States since its inception.

It stripped the king of most of his personal authority, empowering the legislature and cabinet of the government. It has since become widely known as the "Bayonet Constitution" because of the threat of force used to gain Kalākaua's cooperation. While Thurston and Dole denied this use of coercion and threats, Queen Liliuokalani asserted that Kalākaua's life was threatened: "He signed that constitution under absolute compulsion."

The new constitution was never ratified in the Hawaiian Kingdom's legislature.

Provisions
The 1887 constitution followed modern liberal principles. It replaced the previous absolute veto, allowed to the king, to one that two-thirds of the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom could override.

It also took away the power of the king to act without the consent of his cabinet and gave the legislature the power to dismiss the cabinet instead of the king. It also removed language from the 1864 constitution implying that the king was above the law, replacing it with language that the king was required to obey his laws to the level of his subjects. The cabinet was now allowed to vote in the legislature, but to reduce the king's influence, he was not allowed to appoint legislators to any other government post. The legislature also gained the authority to imprison those that disrespected, published false reports or comments about or threatened or assaulted any of its members.

The constitution also removed the monarch's power to appoint members of the House of Nobles (the upper house of the legislature), instead making it a body elected by the wealthy landowners to six-year terms and enlarging it to 40 members. Qualifications to serve as a noble or representative now came to include high property and income requirements as well, which stripped almost all of the native population of the ability to serve in the legislature until they met the requirements.

The 1887 constitution had also attempted to limit profligate spending, which had become a problem under Kalākaua's reign, namely with the costly construction and maintenance of Iolani Palace. The constitution stipulated that the King was required to appoint a Minister of Finance to oversee government spending and submit an annual budget proposal to the legislature.

The 1887 constitution made significant changes to voting requirements. It allowed foreign resident aliens to vote, not just naturalized citizens. Asians, including subjects who previously enjoyed the right to vote, were specifically denied suffrage. Hawaiian, American, and European men were granted full voting rights only if they met the economic and literacy thresholds.

The 1864 constitution required that voters generate annual income of at least US$75 (equivalent to US$ in 2024) or own private property worth at least US$150 (equivalent to $ in 2024). The wealth requirements were removed during the short reign of Lunalilo in 1874. That change extended voter eligibility to many more Hawaiians and was kept for the lower house. The legislature still had little power, however, this being concentrated in the monarch.

The 1887 constitution required an income of $600 (equivalent to US$ in 2024) or taxable property of US$3000 (equivalent to $ in 2024) to vote for the upper house (or serve in it). That excluded an estimated two-thirds of the Hawaiian population. Disproportionately, it was white male residents, wealthy from the sugar industry, who retained suffrage with the Bayonet Constitution.

Allocating the government's power to the Cabinet and then promptly appointing their members to the Cabinet, and securing the disenfranchisement of their opposition, the Hawaiian League seized complete control over the Hawaiian Kingdom.

The Bayonet Constitution was the first great implement in the decline of the monarchy. Though it did not depose the King, it did place considerable limitations on his power.

Native Hawaiian response
Immediately after the adoption of the Bayonet Constitution, the Native Hawaiian population of the Hawaiian Kingdom sought to restore King Kalākaua's power and authority. A committee of Hawaiians met with Kalākaua to discuss dismantling the constitution because the king signed it under duress. According to Thurston, Kalākaua even defended the constitution to protesting natives. Queen Liliuokalani affirmed that he was threatened with violence should he attempt to undo the new constitution. She also said there were several petitions from natives that asked for a new constitution to restore her absolute rule. Out of 9,500 registered voters, 6,500 signed the petitions. Based on this Queen Liliuokalani proposed the removal of power from the legislature in January 1893, by a new constitution that would restore absolute monarchy. In response, the Hawaiian League overthrew her monarchy and the legislature took control of the country.


text:
Christine Hocq

Christine Hocq born in 1970 is an athlete from France, who competes in triathlon.

Nicknamed "Titi", Hocq competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took eighth place with a total time of 2:03:01.90. Her split times were 19:43.78 for the swim, 1:05:33.90 for the cycling, and 0:37:44.22 for the run.

title: Christine Hocq


text:
User:ObjectiveBrit

I was born and grew up in Wales in the United Kingdom and am presently training to become a lawyer. Other than the law, my interests include politics, philosophy, working out and seeking out good entertainment. I have a particular interest in the Objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand, hence my username ObjectiveBrit.

I listen to a lot of music (including though not only as background when I'm working), a large proportion of which is classical and opera, or middle of the road. That said, I also enjoy many forms of rock music and particlarly 1980s/early 90s adult contemporary.

Note: If I have left a message on your talk page, feel free to respond on that page if you wish, as I will be watching for any changes. I think the alternative system of splitting the conversation onto two talk pages can potentially lead to serious confusion.

-- Matthew Humphreys 19:54, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User:ObjectiveBrit


text: User talk:147.9.164.238

title: User talk:147.9.164.238


text: User talk:62.53.94.84

title: User talk:62.53.94.84


text:
Snowflakes (album)

Snowflakes is the fourth studio album by American singer Toni Braxton, released on October 23, 2001, by Arista Records. Her first Christmas album, it is a follow-up to her 2000 studio album The Heat. Snowflakes consists of 11 tracks, featuring five R&B-led original songs co-penned with her former husband Keri Lewis and longtime collaborator Babyface, as well as several remixes and cover versions of Christmas standards and carols, one of which is a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy. Throughout the creation process, Braxton also collaborated with L.A. Reid, Poke & Tone, Daryl Simmons and her younger sister Tamar Braxton.

The album received mixed reviews from critics, many of whom compared its nature to Braxton's other work but found the stylized production and original material too contemporary to conjure images of Christmas. Upon its release, Snowflakes debuted at number 119 on the US Billboard 200, and at number 57 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. While it remains her lowest-charting album as of 2018, it eventually earned a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Singles such as "Snowflakes of Love" and "Christmas in Jamaica" became a minor success on the adult contemporary charts.

Critical reception

AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine found Snowflakes to be "something that's very similar to a proper Toni Braxton record, only with an appropriately hushed tone and the sultriness replacing the overt sexiness. Some of the originals are pretty good [...] and the rest that don't make much of an impact are nevertheless pleasant and add to the mood. And that pretty much summarizes the record – it's not remarkable, but it's nice, providing a nice, romantic soundtrack for an evening of cuddling in front of the tree and a roaring fire." Rolling Stone critic K.G. Roth called Snowflakes a "Christmas album that is sometimes cozy, often seductive and always strictly R&B. New songs [...] ooze with the same languid, lush vocals and mellow, hip-swiveling beats that pervade Braxton's other work. Even the standards [...] get glazed with Braxton's sensuality. Her smooth alto lingers on each note and nearly reinvents the classic. A little bit naughty and a whole lot of nice, Snowflakes encourages listeners put the mistletoe to good use this year."

In a less impressed review for Entertainment Weekly, Chris Willmann wrote: "Ever since Elvis sang 'Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me),' singers have assumed that Saint Nick has nothing better to do than find their ex-lovers and give 'em a ride back to their bereft apartments on Christmas Eve. Toni Braxton picks up the thread on [...] Snowflakes. Braxton needs to work harder at getting her man back herself: She sounds uncharacteristically wan here, frequently drowned out by powerful string arrangements. Alexa Camp from Slant Magazine felt that "like Carey wouldn't be able to pull off another pristine Christmas album at this skanky stage in her career, Braxton's Snowflakes would have worked better pre-'You're Makin' Me High'." Highly critical with "the excruciatingly banal" lead single "Christmas in Jamaica", she noted that "there's nary a festive note in original songs like 'Santa Please' and 'Holiday Celebrate' [...] More classic-sounding tunes [...] lift the collection's spirit, but (call me old-fashioned) faithful renditions of 'Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas' and 'The Christmas Song' are the only moments that conjure images of Christmas."

Commercial performance
In the United States, Snowflakes peaked at number 119 on the Billboard 200 in its fifth week on chart. It also reached number 57 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number five on the Top Holiday Albums chart. The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on November 28, 2001, and sold 243,000 according to Nielsen soundscan. Elsewhere, Snowflakes debuted and peaked at number 92 on the German Albums Chart, making it the only country outside the United States to chart.

Two singles were released from the album. "Snowflakes of Love", which samples the instrumental of Earl Klugh's "Now We're One", written by Isaac Hayes for the soundtrack to the 1974 film Truck Turner, served as the album's lead single. The song peaked at number 25 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart on January 5, 2002. The remix version of "Christmas in Jamaica" featuring Jamaican musician Shaggy was released as the second and final single in 2001. The song reached number three on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, while failing to chart elsewhere.

Sample credits

 * "Snowflakes of Love" contains elements and samples from "Now We're One" by Earl Klugh.

title: Snowflakes (album)


text:
Nicole Hackett

Nicole Hackett (born 10 December 1978 in Sydney) is an athlete from Australia, who competes in triathlon. She won the bronze medal at the 2002 Commonwealth Games however her greatest achievement is her son James born 4 June 2006

Hackett completed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took ninth place with a total time of 2:03:10.81. Her split times were 19:41.08 for the swim, 1:05:37.10 for the cycling, and 0:37:52.63 for the run.

title: Nicole Hackett


text:
Road bicycle racing

Road bicycle racing is the cycle sport discipline of road cycling, held primarily on paved roads. Road racing is the most popular professional form of bicycle racing, in terms of numbers of competitors, events and spectators. The two most common competition formats are mass start events, where riders start simultaneously (though sometimes with a handicap) and race to a set finish point; and time trials, where individual riders or teams race a course alone against the clock. Stage races or "tours" take multiple days, and consist of several mass-start or time-trial stages ridden consecutively.

Professional racing originated in Western Europe, centred in France, Spain, Italy and the Low Countries. Since the mid-1980s, the sport has diversified, with races held at the professional, semi-professional and amateur levels, worldwide. The sport is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). As well as the UCI's annual World Championships for men and women, the biggest event is the Tour de France, a three-week race that can attract over 500,000 roadside supporters a day.

History
Road racing in its modern form originated in the late 19th century. It began as an organized sport in 1868. The sport was popular in the western European countries of France, Spain, Belgium, and Italy, and some of those earliest road bicycle races remain among the sport's biggest events. These early races include Liège–Bastogne–Liège (established 1892), Paris–Roubaix (1896), the Tour de France (1903), the Milan–San Remo and Giro di Lombardia (1905), the Giro d'Italia (1909), the Volta a Catalunya (1911), and the Tour of Flanders (1913). They provided a template for other races around the world.

Cycling has been part of the Summer Olympic Games since the modern sequence started in Athens in 1896.

Historically, the most competitive and devoted countries since the beginning of 20th century were Belgium, France and Italy, then road cycling spread in Colombia, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland after World War II. However, as the sport grows in popularity through globalization, countries such as Kazakhstan, Australia, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Ecuador, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Poland and the United States continue to produce world-class cyclists.

The first women's road championships were held in France in 1951. A women's road race discipline was added to the UCI Road World Championships at the 31st edition of the World Championships in 1958 in Reims.

One-day
Professional single-day race distances may be as long as 180 mi. Courses may run from place to place or comprise one or more laps of a circuit; some courses combine both, i.e., taking the riders from a starting place and then finishing with several laps of a circuit (usually to ensure a good spectacle for spectators at the finish). Races over short circuits, often in town or city centres, are known as criteriums. Some races, known as handicaps, are designed to match riders of different abilities and/or ages; groups of slower riders start first, with the fastest riders starting last and so having to race harder and faster to catch other competitors.

Time trial
Individual time trial (ITT) is an event in which cyclists race alone against the clock on flat or rolling terrain, or up a mountain road. A team time trial (TTT), including two-man team time trial, is a road-based bicycle race in which teams of cyclists race against the clock. In both team and individual time trials, the cyclists start the race at different times so that each start is fair and equal. Unlike individual time trials where competitors are not permitted to 'draft' (ride in the slipstream) behind each other, in team time trials, riders in each team employ this as their main tactic, each member taking a turn at the front while teammates 'sit in' behind. Race distances vary from a few km (typically a prologue, an individual time trial of usually less than 5 mi before a stage race, used to determine which rider wears the leader's jersey on the first stage) to between approximately 20 mi and 60 mi.

Stage races
Stage races consist of several races, or stages, ridden consecutively. The competitor with the lowest cumulative time to complete all stages is declared the overall, or general classification (GC), winner. Stage races may also have other classifications and awards, such as individual stage winners, the points classification winner, and the "King of the Mountains" (or mountains classification) winner. A stage race can also be a series of road races and individual time trials (some events include team time trials). The stage winner is the first person to cross the finish line that day or the time trial rider (or team) with the lowest time on the course. The overall winner of a stage race is the rider who takes the lowest aggregate time to complete all stages (accordingly, a rider does not have to win all or any of the individual stages to win overall). Three-week stage races are called Grand Tours. The professional road bicycle racing calendar includes three Grand Tours - the Giro d'Italia, the Tour de France, and the Vuelta a España.

Randonneuring and ultra-distance
Ultra-distance cycling races are very long single stage events where the race clock continuously runs from start to finish. Their sanctioning bodies are usually independent of the UCI. They usually last several days and the riders take breaks on their own schedules, with the winner being the first one to cross the finish line. Among the best-known ultramarathons is the Race Across America (RAAM), a coast-to-coast non-stop, single-stage race in which riders cover approximately 3000 mi in about a week. The race is sanctioned by the UltraMarathon Cycling Association (UMCA). RAAM and similar events allow (and often require) racers to be supported by a team of staff; there are also ultra-distance bicycle races that prohibit all external support, such as the Transcontinental Race and the Indian Pacific Wheel Race.

The related activity of randonneuring is not strictly a form of racing, but involves cycling a pre-determined course within a specified time limit.

Equipment
The most commonly used bicycle in road races are simply known as racing bicycles. Their design is strictly regulated by the UCI, the sport's governing body. Specialist time trial bicycles are used for time trial events.

Bicycles approved for use under UCI regulations must be made available for commercial sale and it is commonplace for amateur cyclists to own bicycles that are identical to those used to win major races.

Clothing worn for road racing is designed to improve aerodynamics and improve rider comfort. The rider's shorts contain padding to improve comfort, and materials are chosen to manage rider temperature, manage sweat, and keep the rider as warm and dry as feasible in wet conditions. Cycling jerseys were originally made of wool; modern jerseys are made of synthetic fabrics such as lycra.

Bicycle helmets were made mandatory for professional road racing in 2003, after the death of cyclist Andrey Kivilev.

Tactics

A number of tactics are employed to reach the objective of a race. This objective is being the first to cross the finish line in the case of a single-stage race, and clocking the least aggregate finish time in the case of a multi-stage race.

Drafting
Tactics are based on the aerodynamic benefit of drafting, whereby a rider can significantly reduce the required pedal effort by closely following in the slipstream of the rider in front. Riding in the main field, or peloton, can save as much as 40% of the energy employed in forward motion when compared to riding alone. Some teams designate a leader, whom the rest of the team is charged with keeping out of the wind and in good position until a critical section of the race. This can be used as a strength or a weakness by competitors; riders can cooperate and draft each other to ride at high speed (a paceline or echelon), or one rider can sit on a competitor's wheel, forcing the other person to do a greater share of the work in maintaining the pace and to potentially tire earlier. Drafting is not permitted in individual time trials.

Breaks
A group of riders that "breaks away" (a "break") from the peloton has more space and freedom, and can therefore be at an advantage in certain situations. Working together smoothly and efficiently, a small group can potentially maintain a higher speed than the peloton, in which the remaining riders may not be as motivated or organized to chase effectively. Usually a rider or group of riders will try to break from the peloton by attacking and riding ahead to reduce the number of contenders for the win. If the break does not succeed and the body of cyclists comes back together, a sprinter will often win by overpowering competitors in the final stretch. Teamwork between riders, both pre-arranged and ad hoc, is important in many aspects: in preventing or helping a successful break, and sometimes in delivering a sprinter to the front of the field.

Terrain and conditions
To make the course more selective, races often feature difficult sections such as tough climbs, fast descents, and sometimes technical surfaces (such as the cobbled pavé used in the Paris–Roubaix race). The effects of drafting are reduced in these difficult sections, allowing the strongest riders in the conditions to drop weaker riders, reducing the number of direct competitors able to take the win. Weather, particularly wind, is also an important discriminating factor.

Climbs
Climbs are excellent places for a single rider to try to break away from a bunch, as the lower riding speeds in a climb seriously reduce the drafting advantage of the bunch. The escaping rider can then further capitalize on that rider's position in the descent, as going downhill alone allows for more maneuvering space and therefore higher speeds than when in a bunch. In addition, because the bunch riders are keeping more space between them for safety reasons, their drafting benefits are again reduced. If this action takes place relatively close to the target (e.g. another bunch ahead, or the finish), the ride over flatter terrain after the descent is not long enough to let the drafting effect (which is then working at full power again) make the bunch catch up, making a climb escape even more attractive.

Crosswinds
Wind conditions can also make otherwise routine sections of a course potentially selective. Crosswinds, particularly, alter the position of the "shadow" when drafting a rider, usually placing it diagonally behind the lead rider, forming a line of riders called an echelon. To take advantage of this, an attacking rider rides at high speed at the front of the peloton, on the opposite side of the road from which the crosswind is blowing. Following riders are unable to fully shelter from the wind. If such tactics are maintained for long enough, a weaker rider somewhere in the line will be unable to keep contact with the rider directly ahead, causing the peloton to split up.

Speed
As well as exceptional fitness, successful riders must develop excellent bike handling skills to ride at high speeds in close quarters with other riders. Individual riders can reach speeds of 110 km/h while descending winding mountain roads and may reach 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph) level speeds during the final sprint to the finish line. Across a long stage race, such as a Grand Tour, the winner's average speed is usually near 40 km/h.

Gruppetto
In more organized races, a SAG wagon ("support and gear") or broom wagon follows the race to pick up stragglers. In professional stage racing riders who are not in a position to win the race or assist a teammate, will usually attempt to ride to the finish within a specified percentage of the winner's finishing time, to be permitted to start the next day's stage. Often, riders in this situation band together to minimize the effort required to finish within the time limit; this group of riders is known as the gruppetto or autobus. In one-day racing, professionals who no longer have any chance to affect the race outcome will routinely withdraw, even if they are uninjured and capable of riding to the finish.

Teams
While the principle remains that the winner is the first to cross the line, many riders are grouped together in teams, usually with commercial sponsors. On professional and semi-professional teams, team names are typically synonymous with the primary sponsors. As an example, some prominent professional teams of the last 30 years have been, , , and. The size of the team varies, from three in an amateur event for club riders to eight in professional races. Team riders decide between themselves, before and during the race, who has the best chance of winning. The choice will depend on hills, the chances that the whole field will finish together in a sprint, and other factors. The other riders on the team, or domestiques, will devote themselves to promoting the leader's chances, taking turns in the wind for him, refusing to chase with the peloton when he or she escapes, and so on. The goal is usually to allow the leader to have enough energy to take off at the critical point of the race and go on to victory. However, there can be many alternative scenarios depending on the strength of teams and the race situation.

One example of team tactics involves placing a strong domestique in a breakaway (rather than the designated team leader). If the domestique is a good chance to win if the breakaway is not brought back, it places the onus on other teams with favoured riders to expend energy chasing the breakaway, impeding their efforts to assist their leader in the final stages of the race. For instance, in the 2012 London Olympics men's road race the outright favourite was sprinter Mark Cavendish riding for the team of Great Britain. Another favoured rider was Matthew Goss riding for the Australian team. By placing Stuart O'Grady in the breakaway, the Australian team was able to force the British team to take primary responsibility for the chase and absolve themselves of the responsibility.

In professional races, team coordination is often performed by radio communication between the riders and the team director, who travels in a team car behind the race and monitors the overall situation. The influence of radios on race tactics is a topic of discussion amongst the cycling community, with some arguing that the introduction of radios in the 1990s has devalued the tactical knowledge of individual riders and has led to less exciting racing. In September 2009, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the governing body of pro cycling, voted to phase in a ban on the use of team radios in men's elite road racing. However, after protests from teams, the ban introduced in 2011 excluded races on the top-level men's and women's circuits (the UCI World Tour and UCI Women's Road World Cup) and in 2015 the UCI reversed its stance, allowing race radios to be used in class HC and class 1 events from the 2016 season.

Types of riders
Within the discipline of road racing, from young age different cyclists have different (relative) strengths and weaknesses. Depending on these, riders tend to prefer different events over particular courses, and perform different tactical roles within a team.

The main specialities in road bicycle racing are:
 * Climber
 * Puncheur
 * Breakaway specialist, or baroudeur
 * Time trialist
 * Rouleur
 * Sprinter
 * Domestique
 * All-rounder

Stage-race ranking
In a stage race a stage ranking is drawn up at the end of each stage, showing for each participating rider the completion time of the stage. The one with the lowest completion time wins the stage. At the same time a general ranking shows the cumulative finishing times of all prior stages for each participating rider. A rider who does not complete any of the stages within its respective time limit is disqualified. The one with the lowest total cumulative time is the general leader. The general leader typically wears a distinctive jersey (yellow in the Tour de France) and generally maintains a position near the head of the main mass of riders (the peloton), surrounded by team members, whose job it is to protect the leader.

Contenders for the general lead may stage "attacks" to distance themselves from the leader in "breakaways". The general leader's vulnerability to breakaways is higher when the escaping rider(s) trail by a small time difference in the general ranking, and as number of remaining stages diminishes. Riders, who finish in the stage ranking behind the general leader, increase their cumulative time disadvantage. Whereas those who finish ahead of the general leader decrease their time disadvantage and may even gain sufficient time to unseat the general leader. After each stage, the racer with the lowest cumulative time becomes (or remains) the general leader.

The general leader does not generally react to breakaways by riders who trail substantially in cumulative time. Such escapes usually achieve other goals, such as winning the stage, collecting sprinting or mountain points, or just creating air time for their team sponsors as a dedicated camera bike typically accompanies the escape.

Grand Tours
Notable cycling races include the Tour de France, a three-week stage race principally through France and ending in Paris, the Giro d'Italia in Italy, and the Vuelta a España in Spain. Each of these races is considered a "Grand Tour".

UCI World Tour
Professional racing is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale. In 2005 it instituted the UCI ProTour (renamed UCI World Tour in 2011) to replace the UCI Road World Cup series. While the World Cup contained only one-day races, the World Tour includes the Grand Tours and other large stage races such as Critérium du Dauphiné, Paris–Nice, Tour de Suisse and the Volta a Catalunya.

The former UCI Road World Cup one-day classic cycle races – which include all five "Monuments" – were also part of the ProTour: Milan–San Remo (Italy), Tour of Flanders (Belgium), Paris–Roubaix (France), Liège–Bastogne–Liège (Belgium) and Amstel Gold Race (Netherlands) in the spring, and Clásica de San Sebastián (Spain), HEW Cyclassics (Germany), Züri-Metzgete (Switzerland, until 2006), Paris–Tours (France, until 2007) and Giro di Lombardia (Italy) in the autumn season.

Olympic Games
Cycling has been a discipline in the summer Olympics ever since the birth of the modern Olympic movement. Cycling activist, co-organizer of Peace Race, Włodzimierz Gołębiewski said: "Cycling has become a major event on the Olympic programme ... Like many other sports it has undergone several changes over the years. Just as there used to be track and field events such as the standing high jump or throwing the javelin with both hands, cyclists, too, used to compete for medals in events which today have been forgotten; for example in Athens in 1896, they attempted a 12-hour race, and in London, in 1908, one of the events was a sprint for 603.49 m." The Olympic Games has never been as important in road cycling as in other sports. Until the distinction ended, the best riders were professionals rather than amateurs and so did not take part. Law enforcement always escort the athletes to ensure they are kept safe during the cycling events, especially the road races.

Paris–Rouen
The success of the races in the Parc de St-Cloud inspired the Compagnie Parisienne and the magazine Le Vélocipède Illustré to run a race from the Arc de Triomphe in Paris to the cathedral in Rouen on 7 November 1869. It was the world's first long-distance road race and also won by Moore, who took 10 hours and 25 minutes to cover 134 km. The runners-up were the Count André Castéra, who had come second to Moore at St-Cloud, and Jean Bobillier, riding a farm bike that weighed 35 kg. The only woman to finish within 24 hours was the self-styled Miss America, in reality an unknown English woman who, like several in the field, had preferred not to compete under her real name.

International development and governance
The growth of organised cycle racing led to the development of national administrative bodies, in Great Britain in 1878, France 1881, the Netherlands 1883, Germany 1884 and Sweden 1900. Sometimes, as in Great Britain, cycling was originally administered as part of athletics, since cyclists often used the tracks used by runners. This, according to historian James McGurn, led to disputes within countries and internationally.

"The Bicycle Union [of Britain], having quarrelled with the Amateur Athletic Association over cycle race jurisdiction on AAA premises, took issue with the Union Vélocipèdique de France over the French body's willingness to allows its 'amateurs' to compete for prizes of up to 2,000 francs, the equivalent of about sixteen months' pay for a French manual worker."

The first international body was the International Cycling Association (ICA), established by an English schoolteacher named Henry Sturmey, the founder of Sturmey-Archer. It opened in 1893 and held its first world championship in Chicago, United States, the same year. A new organisation, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), was set up on 15 April 1900 during the Olympic Games in Paris, by several European countries and the United States. Great Britain was not initially a member, but joined in 1903. The UCI, based in Switzerland, has run the sport ever since.

Season
In its home in Europe and in the United States, cycle racing on the road is a summer sport, although the season can start in early spring and end in autumn. The months of the season depend on the hemisphere. A racing year is divided between lesser races, single-day classics and stage races. The classics include the Tour of Flanders, Paris–Roubaix and Milan–San Remo. The other important one-day race is the World Championships. Unlike other classics, the World Championships is held on a different course each year and ridden by national rather than sponsored teams. The winner wears a white jersey with colored bands (often called "rainbow bands") around the chest.

In Australia, due to the relatively mild winters and hot summers, the amateur road racing season runs from autumn to spring, through the winter months, while criterium races are held in the mornings or late afternoons during the summer. Some professional events, including the Tour Down Under, are held in the southern summer, mainly to avoid clashing with the major northern hemisphere races and allowing top professionals to compete.

Bicycle championships

 * Olympic Games
 * Commonwealth Games
 * World Cycling Championship

title: Road bicycle racing


text:
User talk:FreeFelton

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

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title: User talk:FreeFelton


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Nancy Kemp-Arendt

Nancy Kemp-Arendt (born 22 May 1969, in Esch-sur-Alzette), née Nancy Arendt, is a politician and former athlete from Luxembourg. She competed in triathlon and swimming. She now sits in the national legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, for the Christian Social People's Party.

Kemp-Arendt competed under her maiden name, Nancy Arendt, at the 1988 Summer Olympics, in Seoul. Participating in the 100m breaststroke and 200m breaststroke, she finished twenty-ninth and thirty-first respectively. After converting to triathlon, Kemp-Arendt competed in that sport's first appearance in the Summer Olympics, in 2000. She took tenth place with a total time of 2:03:14.94. She has won the title of Luxembourgish Sportswoman of the Year a total of six times – two for swimming and four for triathlon – making her the only athlete (male or female) to have won it for success in two different sports.

After her early sporting success, Arendt went into politics, becoming a member for the Christian Social People's Party (CSV) in 1993. She was appointed to the Chamber of Deputies to fill a vacancy on 23 January 1996, and finished out the term until the legislative election in 1999. In that election, she finished eleventh on the CSV list for the Sud constituency, with seven being elected. However, this was high enough to ensure her replacement of Ady Jung on 3 June 2003, in whose place she served until the following year. She placed eleventh again in the following election, but on a landslide CSV victory that saw nine CSV members elected from Sud, allowing her to be appointed to fill one of three minister-vacated seats, and has sat in the Chamber since then.

title: Nancy Kemp-Arendt


text:
User talk:Edsmilde

Welcome!
Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place — I sure do — and want to stay. Before getting too in-depth, you may want to read about the five pillars of Wikipedia. If you need help on how to title new articles check out the naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and the FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my user talk page. ---

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Re: Account
In that case, welcome to Wikipedia and have fun! — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  16:23, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Mywikipedialogo.png)
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RfD nomination of SdrawkcaB
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Ten Pound Hammer • (Broken clamshells•Otter chirps) 19:31, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

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Sandra Soldan

Sandra Soldan (born December 27, 1973, in Niteroi) is an athlete from Brazil, who competes in triathlon.

Soldan competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took eleventh place with a total time of 2:03:19.86. Four years later, Soldan competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics. This time, she did not finish the competition.

title: Sandra Soldan