text:
User talk:64.83.152.58

January 2007
Your recent edit to Philadelphia Eagles (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 14:10, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism and immediately reverted. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. Mr Stephen 14:13, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

March 2007
Your recent edit to Hajji (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // MartinBot 13:36, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Validated real vandalism, and reported Jeepday 13:39, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

November 2007
Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.--Rumping 18:02, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

November 2007
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Nutrient, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Nutrient was changed by 64.83.152.58 (c) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2007-11-09T15:32:50+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot 15:33, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

November 2007
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Lois Lowry, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Lois Lowry was changed by 64.83.152.58 (c) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2007-11-29T16:23:30+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 16:23, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

January 2008
Your recent edit to Dark Ages (diff) was reverted by an automated bot. The edit was identified as adding either test edits, vandalism, or link spam to the page or having an inappropriate edit summary. If you want to experiment, please use the preview button while editing or consider using the sandbox. If this revert was in error, please contact the bot operator. If you made an edit that removed a large amount of content, try doing smaller edits instead. Thanks! // VoABot II (talk) 16:29, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Your recent edit to Detroit Pistons (diff) was reverted by an automated bot. The edit was identified as adding vandalism, or link spam to the page or having an inappropriate edit summary. If you want to experiment, please use the preview button while editing or consider using the sandbox. If this revert was in error, please contact the bot operator. If you made an edit that removed a large amount of content, try doing smaller edits instead. Thanks! // VoABot II (talk) 17:14, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

This is the last warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. —DerHexer (Talk) 17:14, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing Wikipedia  as a result of your . You are free to make constructive edits after the block has expired, but please note that vandalism (including page blanking or addition of random text), spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our policies concerning neutral point of view and biographies of living persons will not be tolerated. - Eureka Lott

September 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Timeline of Taiwanese history has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. tutterMouse (talk) 12:48, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

October 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Colorectal cancer has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Sionus (talk) 18:25, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Talk:Dust Bowl constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. لenna vecia  19:28, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Skin cancer. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. S i on u s [ talk ] 17:55, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

This is your last warning. You will be blocked from editing the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Dust Bowl. Epbr123 (talk) 18:23, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Anonymous users from this IP address have been blocked from editing for in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy. If you have a registered Wikipedia username, you may log in and continue to edit. Otherwise, once the block has expired, you are welcome to make constructive contributions. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by adding the text below.
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April 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to AC/DC with this edit, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you.  Wikipelli   Talk   17:00, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

October 2011
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Truck driver with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you.   Wikipelli Talk   12:45, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Surgeon with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Trusilver 18:50, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to ILOVEYOU with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you.   Wikipelli Talk   18:26, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

December 2011
Welcome, and thank you for your attempt to lighten up Wikipedia. However, this is an encyclopedia and the articles are intended to be serious, so please don't make joke edits, as you did to Fort Duquesne Bridge. Readers looking for accurate information will not find them amusing. If you'd like to experiment with editing, try the sandbox, where you can write practically anything you want. trunks_ishida (talk) 19:08, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
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April 2012
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June 2012
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February 2013
Hello, I'm Several Times. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Massasoit because it didn't appear constructive. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. §everal⇒|Times 19:24, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
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March 2013
Welcome, and thank you for your attempt to lighten up Wikipedia. However, this is an encyclopedia and the articles are intended to be serious, so please don't make joke edits, as you did to Tom Waits. Readers looking for accurate information will not find them amusing. If you'd like to experiment with editing, try the sandbox, where you are given a good deal of freedom in what you write. Idiotchalk (t@lk) 16:37, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at El Misti. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Fraggle81 (talk) 18:09, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
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Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Kīlauea, you may be blocked from editing. Sunray (talk) 16:29, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
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May 2015
Hello, I'm This lousy T-shirt. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Erwin Rommel because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. —This lousy T-shirt— (talk) 13:45, 4 May 2015 (UTC)
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Please refrain from making nonconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Erwin Rommel with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Thank you.  Kharkiv07 Talk  13:54, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at John Deere Model 4020. Rklawton (talk) 12:02, 5 May 2015 (UTC)
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Recent edit to Antonio Brown
Welcome, and thank you for your attempt to lighten up Wikipedia. However, this is an encyclopedia and the articles are intended to be serious, so please don't make joke edits as you did to Antonio Brown. Readers looking for accurate information will not find them amusing. If you'd like to experiment with editing, try the sandbox, where you are given a good deal of freedom in what you write. Thank you! Jacona (talk) 15:17, 6 May 2015 (UTC)

May 2015
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Hummingbird. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. — Supdiop  talk  14:10, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
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September 2015
Hello, I'm Serols. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Squanto— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Serols (talk) 18:24, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Hello, I'm Bentogoa. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Money in the Bank ladder match— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Bentogoa (talk) 14:37, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

Please refrain from making nonconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Braun Strowman with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Bentogoa (talk) 14:44, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

November 2015
Hello, I'm CAPTAIN RAJU. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Villisca axe murders— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. CAPTAIN RAJU '' ( talk ) 19:31, 5 November 2015 (UTC)

January 2016
Hello, I'm Serols. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Jerry Lawler— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Serols (talk) 15:48, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Truancy. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. -- Michael Scott Cuthbert (talk) 19:14, 21 January 2016 (UTC)
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February 2016
Hello, I'm JimVC3. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Semi-trailer truck has been undone because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. JimVC3 (talk) 19:17, 8 February 2016 (UTC)
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March 2016
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April 2016
Hello, I'm Serols. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Hope Diamond— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Serols (talk) 18:12, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Kindertransport. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. FoCuS contribs ;  talk to me!  00:29, 26 April 2016 (UTC)
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September 2019
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to Hydraulics has been undone by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG.

Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk) 13:57, 6 September 2019 (UTC)
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September 2019
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to Grassland has been undone by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG.

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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Grassland. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Marghilos (talk) 18:06, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
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Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Grassland, you may be blocked from editing. --LPS and MLP Fan (Littlest Pet Shop) (My Little Pony) 18:07, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Grassland. Marghilos (talk) 18:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
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You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you remove or blank page content or templates from Wikipedia, as you did at Grassland. ~mike_gigs talkcontribs 18:10, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

May 2020
Hello, I'm Flyer22 Frozen. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to The Mars Project—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 00:18, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

December 2020
Hello, I'm Materialscientist. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to London Bridge—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. Materialscientist (talk) 15:51, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

February 2021
Hello, I'm Serols. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Pulmonary heart disease—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. Serols (talk) 17:53, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Pulmonary heart disease. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Serols (talk) 18:01, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Gaslight (1944 film), you may be blocked from editing.   ƒirefly  ( t · c ) 18:34, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
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You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Gaslight (1944 film). Serols (talk) 18:37, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

 You have been blocked from editing for a period of 1 year to prevent further vandalism. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page:. Daniel Case (talk) 18:49, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

September 2022
Hello, I'm Lol1VNIO. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to List of new wave artists—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse or the Help desk. Thanks. lol1 VNIO ( I made a mistake?  talk to me ) 16:18, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

October 2022
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Eastern Canadian blizzard of March 1971. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kristiannumber1 (talk • contribs) 15:06, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Eastern Canadian blizzard of March 1971, you may be blocked from editing. --Kristiannumber1 (talk) 15:14, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

May 2023
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Grant administration scandals. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. 𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒎𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 (talk) 14:10, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

Hello, I'm TenWhile6. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Battle of Saint-Mihiel—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse or the Help desk. Thanks. TenWhile6 (talk | SWMT) 12:47, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Fleece, you may be blocked from editing. Novo Tape (She/Her)My Talk Page 15:47, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.83.152.58


text:
Talk:Sammy Sosa

Steroid Suspicions
I think it would be best to add a new section for steroid suspicions and expanding on the couple of sentences in the current article. Does anyone else have thoughts on that? (Dossett 22:56, 4 June 2007 (UTC))

 * Anything to be added would have to be cited from a reputable source publication. Wikipedia does not and cannot deal in rumor or suspicion, especially in the case of living persons. Jpers36 23:02, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Naturally. I think something like "Sammy Sosa was suspected of steroid use" would have numerous reputable citations available.  That's different than "Sammy Sosa used steroids."  The steroid controversy around him is real. (Dossett 23:58, 4 June 2007 (UTC))

 * Better would be, "Publication X made these claims about Sosa's steroid use", or "Columnist Y of newspaper Z pointed out these factors that imply Sosa used steroids." i.e., refer to a specific source that made specific claims. Jpers36 00:07, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've read newspaper Z, it's a good one. 24.124.64.9 06:38, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There was also a congressional hearing where he forgot how to speak English. It's a joke that there isn't even a single sentence about performance enhancing drugs in this bio.

 * Everyone knows newspaper Z is nothing but leftist, liberal propaganda. Anyone who reads it has no idea what's going on, I would be ashamed to have that rubbish in my house! 24.124.64.9, another victim of the Left's blatant brainwashing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.8.26.10 (talk) 03:45, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

2007
New info on Sosa was added, regarding his 40 man roster add to the Rangers. It all looks and sounds good, but I believe the batting average is wrong. i read it to be .452 here:

My source may be wrong, we should clear it up, though, if it is not.

 * In that same article Rangers GM pretty much garauntees Sosa will start on opening day. That may be worthy of mention.

Also, his career revival with the Rangers may be worthy as its own section under, possibly "2007, with the Rangers" or something like that. Right now it's under 06-07 off-season, which is also accurate. Does anyone care? (Mythos721 17:54, 16 March 2007 (UTC))

 * I modified this entry to reflect the 2007 portion as such, dividing the "2006, and beyond" into one titled 2006, and one called 2007. However, there is still the matter of his actual batting average, or maybe it doesn't matter, since it will change. (Mythos721 18:43, 16 March 2007 (UTC))

School
where did sammy go to school and college? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.148.204.185 (talk)

 * Sosa didn't go to college. He grew up in poverty in the Dominican Republic, and was signed at the age of 16.  Jpers36 22:28, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps someone should add that he didn't go to college. I would do it myself but I'm hardly an authority on Sammy Sosa, just a casual fan. --J.a.f.a.c. 05:54, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

BTW, why does it state that Sammy is Cuban? (in the categories) --Meph1986 02:13, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Hop
I think something about his trademark hop should be included. --Chitomcgee 03:17, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Baninter
What does the Baninter scandal have to do with Sosa? It's unclear why it's linked to at the bottom. --jdickert 12:29, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

There is serious vandalism on this right now that I am about to remove. I am shocked that no one has removed this previously Thetaxmancometh 02:09, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Someone managed to slip it back in again. I've removed it again. -- Rogerborg 16:13, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Someone out there doesn't know the difference between BALCO and Banco. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.116.211.3 (talk) 22:13, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Clean-up
This article needs some serious grammatical clean-up. I'd do it but the page is semi-protected.216.146.94.235 15:48, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Because so many IP's keep changing "Sammy" to "Corkey"...which is not at all funny. 阿修羅96 16:05, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

This line from the first paragraph seems fake... "For example he suffered a back injury and a concussion from sneezing on two separate occasions which are two unusual injuries"--Sebtlfr 03:27, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Copy Editing
A couple of days ago, I did some copy editing or "clean-up" of the article. If you think anything was changed that should not have been, let me know here.

Thanks.

Justus R 21:57, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

HR score
Since I do not know how the cited source goes with editing but... Sammy is only 21 HR's away from breaking Aarons HR record... MLB.com 67.168.132.134 05:42, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

never mind I'm a moron 67.168.132.134 05:43, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Congressional steroid committee
Shouldn't this be mentioned somewhere? Socby19 (talk) 22:08, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, I have to agree. Seems like that should definitely be in here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.135.210.244 (talk) 21:42, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This still hasn't been addressed. Socby19 (talk) 20:18, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * So what's stopping you from researching it? Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 22:16, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I do see it as an important potential part of the article. However, I don't see myself as the best person to edit it as such. Wikipedia is meant as a community where people help with and/or take other's suggestions.Socby19 (talk) 06:05, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

List of home runs
First off I don't know why this is listed.... second off... since he's presumably retiring, can't we make this humongous table a 2-column table? It isn't very wide. Bohsocks (talk) 01:24, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism of article
Administrators: Please read article and note that someone has tampered with the text of this article in several places. I tried to report "vandalism" but couldn't follow the complicated directions to do so.Apace361 (talk) 17:04, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks like someone's working on fixing the IP address vandalisms. Did they catch everything? Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 19:22, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I went throught the history and reverted a bunch of edits since April 17. I'm pretty sure I was careful to remove only vandalism, but feel free to double check. -Phoenixrod (talk) 19:30, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * If a single IP or other vandal has been messing with things and intervening editors fail to observe it, what I usually do is revert to the point just before the vandal got started, then compare the results to see if any legitimate edits got rubbed out, and add them back in as needed. That's a more efficient way to do it. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 19:33, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Original Slammin Sammy
the golfer Sam Snead had this nickname long before. I will make a disamb page with both on there instead of just having Slammin Sammy redirect here. Machete97 (talk) 14:09, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Certainly. That's where Sosa's nickname would have come from anyway. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 14:12, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Asterisk
In the 1998 row of his statistics box there is an asterisk next to the year, but there it doesn't appear to be referring to anything —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.206.149.78 (talk) 19:19, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Thx for removing it :) I'm not wiki-savvy :) 68.206.149.78 (talk) 02:59, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Sammy Sosa of Haitian descent
Famous baseball player Sammy Sosa of haitian descent

Famous baseball player Sammy Sosa is of haitian parents born in Dominican Republic. This is what the National Commission of Human Rights  has revealed. Maybe you guys knew about it before but i never did. Haitian father and haitian mother. article is in Spanish ... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bana2166 (talk • contribs) 20:31, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

 * You're right . I found my own source (says father only and a number of other players of Haitian descent by an acclaimed Dominican journalist which states that about 40% of players are of Haitian descent ) and wanted to include a section; wanted to check the talk page first to see if there was anything on the matter and I found your comment. I believe your link is now broken but I found the same name of the article here on another publisher's website: Cheers! Savvyjack23 (talk) 00:46, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

Vitiligo?

He's certainly changed a lot in appearance. Perhaps a "new" photo should be added to the article to reflect that, if one could be found that would satisfly GFDL.

Stonemason89 (talk) 17:40, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm not going to hold my breath for that to happen. All of this stuff is based on like one photo.  For all we know, the photo was doctored too.   Wknight94  talk  18:05, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Many photos. Many websites. Unlikely that they were all doctored.Lestrade (talk) 03:18, 11 November 2009 (UTC)Lestrade

The photos were NOT doctored. The guy is legitimately white now. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.152.243.174 (talk) 05:02, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Yup just another guy trying to whiten up. unhappy in his own skin. pathetic.--71.246.106.6 (talk) 05:30, 11 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Those images are in fact real and authentic. According to an article from Yahoo! Sports], the discoloration was caused by some skin treatment cream Sosa has been using. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  05:38, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

I think this should be included in the article. It's certainly noteworthy and has reached a large enough people to warrant it. I saw it in Thailand news the other day, you can find the article if you search for it. This being discussed internationally makes it arguably one of the most significant events he has ever been associated with. Debollweevil (talk) 07:12, 9 December 2009 (UTC)
 * As significant than the 1998 home run race with Mark McGwire, the 2003 corked bat incident, or his silence before Congress in 2005? Certainly you jest.  It's already a non-issue in the home country of baseball.  It's gossip and speculation - and if we include a section on Sammy Sosa's skin color, that will encourage others to drop by and offer their opinions on the matter as well.  If Wikipedia strives to be a serious source of information, and THE ultimate destination for the digital legacies of famous people, then the editors have to be really careful to what's included and excluded.  My 2 cents, for what it's worth.  Terry Foote (talk) 12:43, 9 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, that would be ideal for the legacy, I suppose, but the rest of the world that is trying to gather information will be hindered by this very well-known event being left out. Debollweevil (talk) 06:41, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Love how this was reverted "per talk page" when you had one user amongst other opinions who said that it should be removed. Meanwhile the user who says it should be removed calls it "gossip and speculation", while the content removed was backed with a reliable source with quotes from the subject (though the user posted their opinion before this was added) --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 17:10, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Vitiligo and Sosa is a dead issue - if it weren't, the "reliable sources" would still be writing about it:

http://news.google.com/news/search?um=1&cf=all&ned=us&hl=en&source=hp&q=sammy+sosa+vitiligo&cf=all&as_qdr=m&as_drrb=q

All best, the one user who says it should be removed. Terry Foote (talk) 01:23, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I realize the subject header here says Vitiligo but I believe to understand my argument it would be best to take a look at the diff link I gave. Thanks. --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 01:40, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Terry Foote, the content you just added is not backed up by any of the citations currently there. Right now, it looks like original research. Diff- --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 17:12, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Absolutely unbelievable. I don't even think this should be in the article in the first place, then as a gesture of good will to your complaint above, I put it in.  Now you're complaining - do you think I'm making this stuff up about Vitiligo?  Look, if you don't like it, take it out - I don't care, nor do I have the time, or inclination to sit on Wikipedia all day debating arcane inanities.  Terry Foote (talk) 17:21, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry for the misunderstanding we have here. I never said I care if Vitiligo is in the article. Like I said before, please look at the first diff I gave . It does not mention Vitiligo. All I put in was about Sosa talking about the skin cream, and I was confused why that was removed "per talk page". --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 17:25, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks. My apologies to you as well.  I didn't remove the content to begin with, nor did I make the edit about remove as per talk page.  However, if this issue is going to be in the article, then we should expound upon it and give the reader some context.  As it stands right now it just sounds like "and oh by the way, Sosa's skin is lighter."  The web is rife with sources discussing Vitligo - I'm just particularly adept at the wiki mark-up having to do with sourcing material.  If you feel so inclined, here's a good article aabout it from Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/07/sammy-sosas-skin-photos-p_n_349602.html All best, Terry Foote (talk) 18:44, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Back to back 60+ homer seasons
The article stated that Sosa was the first to have consecutive 60 home run seasons ('98-'99, 66 and 63), but the article indicates McGwire did this in the same seasons (70 and 65), so Sosa was the co-first.MayerG (talk) 03:40, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Whoever posted that must have forgotten about McGwire somehow. Sosa is the only one with THREE 60-homer seasons, though the third one was not consecutive. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc?

carrots→ 03:53, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Removed redundant information
Removed 'sosa was not african american' from article, as his ethnicity is noted at the top of the page. Also no mention of him being African-American appears to be made in the article at all. AJuice42 (talk) 18:44, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

When Married?
As the article reads now, he's been married since 1993, and got married in 2005. Are there 2 marriages? Could someone clear that up please?Lafong (talk) 22:14, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

Haitian ancestry
This part should be left out of the lead, but may be included in the "Early years" and/or "Personal life" section. It is strictly an informational family backdrop and not what makes him notable. For those of you that reverted the many unsourced edits and content removal, thanks. @,, , and

, here is Sammy's correct spelling in his own autobiography (perhaps if you were really his lawyer you would have realized this). -- "Mikey". He may have amended that for an American audience, which is plausible since he became an icon here. Whatever the case, this is how it is spelled in reliable sources. Sorry. Please find the sources that can back your claim and please do not subtract without sources that can back such removals, including Sosa's ancestry, who's father is Dominican, yet with Haitian ancestry/descent as well.

I think we should request protection for this page too; it has been vandalized too frequently recently. Savvyjack23 (talk) 04:24, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

 * @Savvyjack23: you're right about the intro: only the country of nationality, not ethnicity, belongs in the intro. His ancestry is more correctly included in the section on his early life. Thank you for the rewrite; I like the way the new revisions to the article flow. —C.Fred (talk) 16:27, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

 * The lead have been changed to Haitian again by Historiador91, but there is no sources backing this claim. There is another section in this talk including this sources: A blogspot and a Wordpress blog (Saying: En ningún momento Almánzar acompañó sus aseveraciones de alguna evidencia al respecto, por lo que todo lo dicho huele a conjeturas y especulaciones. Both of them are not reliable sources, according to WP:BLOGS. The other one from Listin Diario includes a letter from a reader, that also claims that Sosa was born in Ingenio Quisqueya, but many official sources that can be found in books and newspapers always list him born in Ingenio Consuelo. Yes, that makes a letter from a reader data unreliable. There is not a single --Osplace 04:55, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Have already changed 14 players to "Haitian origin". We have met before in his Haitianization project of Dominican athletes before, in the Luisito Pie article. --Osplace 05:06, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks . I have overturned this edit. Savvyjack23 (talk) 19:26, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Still that reference is irrelevant. Sosa is an important person, there should be a better source in a book or another newspaper article. The problem with that source, is that is a letter, published as it, and include false information, Sosa was born in Ingenio Consuelo, not Quisqueya, like it says. Where that person found the information? Is from an investigation? Did he show any document? I would prefer to include a better reference, otherwhise remove the last paragraph you have included. --Osplace 18:05, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

 * , just because the place of birth which could be a simple error; Quisqueya is in the same province as Consuelo in San Pedro de Macorís (it’s not like saying Santo Domingo when it ahould have said Dajabòn, which aren’t close at all) does not mean this is enough to throw out the entire source especially when the main premise relates to Haitian ancestry; a known sensitive topic among Dominicans and in my opinion, even moreso especially when somebody goes out and bleaches one’s skin, though never refutes or denies this in the numerous sources that cover him. this is a source unrelated to Sosa, which Wikipedia promotes. Unfortunately, when it comes to topics of race and ethnicity relating to that island of Hispaniola, information like this is not easy to come by and the tension between the two states can make it hush-hush or taboo to talk about. It is also not a blog, it is by a respectable Dominican journalist. It just should not be in the lead. Perhaps a verification tag should be added to it instead. It’s not about ‘’Haitianizing’’ anyone, it’s about challenging censorship and adding relevant information when it may arise. Savvyjack23 (talk) 23:29, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

 * ——besides I just went over the source and it says that Alfonso Soriano’s father is from Ingenio Quisqueya, not Sosa rendering your point invalid. Savvyjack23 (talk) 23:55, 17 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, when it comes to topics of race and ethnicity relating to that island of Hispaniola, information like this is not easy to come by and the tension between the two states can make it hush-hush or taboo to talk about. That is a personal opinion, no further comments about this. Yes, you are right about me being wrong when I consfused places of birth of Alfonso Soriano and Sammy Sosa in Consuelo and Quisqueya, and yes the column author in Listin Diario is a respectable Dominican journalist, but not the author of the mediocre letter. Take into account that Mr. Cruz includes three letters from readers, that is not his own work. Whatever is said, is said, but lets read the letter: "40 por ciento de los jugadores de RD que han firmado para esta pelota son de origen haitiano", really? Do you picture yourself making such investigation that you can check the papers of enough baseball players (you have not to check them all, but using statistics you can arrive to such a percentage). "y a veces los dos, por lo menos en los últimos 15 ó 20 años" Yes, he have been to the papers of an amount of baseball players and sometimes both parents are from Haitian origins, in the las 15 or 20 years? No, either 15 or 20 is not valid statistic. "que su primer apellido Gilliard, no estoy seguro por el momento que se escriba así", when is he finishing the investigation about Alfonso Soriano in order to be sure? "La lista es grande, pero como estoy fuera de San Pedro de Macorís y tengo un archivo personal con toda esa relación sería en otra ocasión que se la mandaría." What happened? Where is his personal file? Does he published a book with all this important and abundant information? No, he did not. That is a terrible letter. Not a valid source, the topic is important and must be covered by a reputable source. According to WP:SOURCE, Unpublished materials are not considered reliable. All the information mentioned have not been published yet. WP:NEWSBLOG says Never use as sources the blog comments that are left by readers. If the information would come from Mr. Hector J. Cruz himself, yes, but in this case is a terrible letter from a reader. Please find a better source and we can add that information. It is important, must be covered by many sources, books, magazines, newspapers. Sammy Sosa have been scrutinized to the limit, there must be something somewhere else. --Osplace 03:18, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes, I already stated it was my personal opinion. Also, you are misconstruing what is considered a “published source”. This is a published source via online, Cruz’s name attached to the information rendered; this is considered a source. Just to be sure we are talking about the same content:

 * Here’s another source regarding the many players of Haitian descent that concurs a portion of what is said in the Cruz article in regards to the last 20 years in baseball according to the President of the Confederation of Professional Baseball of the Caribbean (CBPC), Juan Francisco Puello Herrera: Both sources seem to agree on that, this increases it’s chances of validity and if you mention that there are more than one author for the publishing of Cruz’s, then there are multiple people in that source who concur. A journalist isn’t going to risk his reputuation by publishing this on Listín Diario servers if it wasn’t intended to be credible information. Savvyjack23 (talk) 17:04, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Never mind, the other three authors on the page is not involved in the Haitian talks. But having multipe articles in a publishing is not incommon and furthermore, this is from 2008. It my have been on Listìn Diario proper and have since been taken down or removed and unavailable in their archives. This is why at times we have articles that look just like this one. Savvyjack23 (talk) 17:10, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Techically, this is a credible source too (by Ramón González) even though the webpage is a bit funky looking (probably due to low-cost) but it is a publishing journal.

 * This source concurs that “El Coloso de Macoris: Edicion digital del semanario El Coloso de Macorix” or in other words, a digital weekly edition publishing.

 * Gonzalez states that “the president of the National Human Rights Commission (CNDH), Virgilio Almánzar asserts that both parents are of Haitian descent but without giving hard evidence and evidence of his bold assertion”. Even so, this came from the President of the CNDH and why isn’t Sosa denying it or filing a lawsuit. I won’t include anything on his mother but this is another claim from a person in a reputable position; this would further give reason to his father in the least. Savvyjack23 (talk) 17:32, 19 December 2017 (UTC)
 * That last source is a WordPress blog, being listed in Livio.com do not add any reputation, that would be WP:SELFPUBLISH. The last part of the opinging paragraph says: "sin aportar datos y pruebas contundente de su atrevida afirmación" without providing data and convincing evidence of his bold statement, that would be enough to make that source unreliable. Why are the sayings of such an important person be a credited source itself, if the blog says that he did not show any documents? Why the important newspapers and magazines did not covered such information? For the source from El Dinero, there is no reference to Sosa, I told you before, there are Dominican Athletes with Haitian family, there is no any problem with that situation, that source says nothing about Sosa, and talk about Dominican athletes, "La historia de deportistas dominicanos de ascendencia haitiana data de los últimos 20 años. Es más frecuente encontrarlos en el béisbol de las ligas menores," You are saying that the terrible letter found in Listin Diario is valid just because the number 20 is mentioned? Wow! You said "Both sources seem to agree on that, this increases it’s chances of validity" Terrible, you do not trust the source yourself, they agree in number 20, and clearly the articles do not agree: The terrible letter from Listin Diario says that in the last 15 or 20 years, sometimes both parents are Haitians, that is not concur, not at all that is not the way statistics works, either 15 or 20, if he have a lot of information, the saying should be accurate. You also said: "and if you mention that there are more than one author for the publishing of Cruz’s, then there are multiple people in that source who concur." No, I have not said that in any part of my writings. From the one in the Listin Diario, I took it down and told you why, you have said anything about any of my points. We are going to need an external point of view. --Osplace 18:40, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

Third Opinion
A Third Opinion has been requested. The Third Opinion request is being removed as declined. There have already been more than two editors involved in the dispute. (There were four named in the declined Request for Mediation.) I recommend a Request for Comments. Robert McClenon (talk) 20:54, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Two editors have been recently involved in the dispute in the past month, but at least two other editors have edited the content within the past three months. They may be asked for their opinions (not as a formal Third Opinion, but Third Opinion isn't formal anyway).  Robert McClenon (talk) 21:00, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * , Neither have returned to reply any comment. That is why the RFM was declined. Seems that only  was willing to take part, and thats why I have requested the 3O. Osplace 17:03, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * User:Osplace - What exactly is the question? In my opinion, which is not a Third Opinion, the lede should not mention Haitian ancestry, because it is not important, and it doesn't mention it.  (It isn't that important, except to people of ancestry from Hispaniola, and genealogists, which side of Hispaniola his ancestors came from.)  It says that his father's family is of Haitian ancestry, with a source.  How reliable is a source that says anything about his mother's family?  Robert McClenon (talk) 18:04, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I still recommend the use of a Request for Comments. Robert McClenon (talk) 18:04, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The source is unreliable at all. I have stated that any reliable source about that point have been given. --Osplace 22:49, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * User:Osplace and others - Questions about the reliability of a source may be discussed at the reliable source noticeboard. Otherwise, you may use an RFC.  I have given my opinion and have no further involvement.  Robert McClenon (talk) 23:01, 5 January 2018 (UTC)

This is a matter of ethnicity, and thus the BLP discussions on sourcing for ethnicity claims apply. In short - as there is no self-identification given, and the source given is clearly a "weak source", we must not ascribe specific ethnicity to Sosa. Collect (talk) 17:01, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your third opinion Collect, even though I disagree that this is a "weak source". Based on your reasoning that BLP discussions on sourcing for ethnicity claims apply (which I am unable to locate where you found this clause), has taken it upon himself to not only venture to other articles to remove this source, but also did so to articles which had supporting source(s) to follow, such as in: Alfonso Guilleard Soriano Domingo Jean Esteban Yan, and also Haitians in the Dominican Republic when the source was not rendering to a specific "living biography", instead on "numerical statistics" that the publishing party collected in a macro-sense. If by weak source, you meant "biography-wise", then that is a position I still challenge, but in no way can we prove this is a weak source from data it has collected in terms of Haitian athletes in the Dominican Baseball System. This was the type of "trigger-happy" response from Osplace I had hoped to prevent. In no way, does a "fourth opinion" ( was actually the contributing 3rd opinion who originally founded the discussion of Sosa's ethnicity; see: Sammy Sosa) should effect separate unrelated articles to this (even though similar).

 * Can you please locate for me "BLP discussions on sourcing for ethnicity claims apply; there is no self-identification given", because other than that, it is merely a weak source (to you). Thank you kindly. Savvyjack23 (talk) 21:15, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

 * To add, if Cruz' source (a 2008 achieve from a reputable newspaper publishing) was such a "weak" one, it would not agree with sources like El Dinero and Hoy, two reputable publications (not to mention a "second" editor from Listin Diario ), in terms of Haitian athletes in the Dominican Baseball system, which has relatively been an unknown topic that I seek to help uncover. From a biography perspective, many of them share the same names as well. Savvyjack23 (talk) 21:29, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

As the search function works on Wikipedia, and there are over a thousand pages where the issues have been discussed (especially with labelling people as "Jewish" when they do not self-identify as such) such a list of all cites is impracticable. The only good source for "ethnicity" for any living person is what the person says their ethnicity is. Collect (talk) 15:31, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

Though, you have yet to provide one example, nor have you cited where this would be disallowed especially if the source is from a reputable function (not self-publishing!) such as this online newspaper archieve. I would imagine Jewish would be a bit tricky as it is not only an ethnic category but also a religious one even if the person is non-religious. Savvyjack23 (talk) 01:24, 8 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I suggest you not attack me as an editor as being a misuse of this talk page.. I, in fact, suggest you ask at WP:BLP/N or any other biography-pertinent noticeboard as to whether ethnicity is best left to self-identification.  Collect (talk) 00:57, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
 * ,, Why I am being mentioned in a discussion about other articles, not Sammy Sosa, in here? This matter was not decided by Third Opinion, but in BLP Noticeboard and largely in Reliable Sources Noticeboard, were that SOURCE was found against WP:SPS and not allowed to use, it means not only to claim Sammy Sosa Haitian ancestry, but anyone's. Am I right  and ? Well, I am not a happy trigger, but just editing according the current policies. I am sorry, but the Sammy Sosa Haitian ancestry is closed, please do not call me here for that again. Thanks to all editors involved willing to help, --Osplace 17:50, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * User:Osplace - I do not understand what the issue is. In biographies of living persons, contentious material that cannot be supported by a reliable source should be removed.  Please be aware that ArbCom discretionary sanctions apply to disruptive editing of  biographies of living persons.  Robert McClenon (talk) 19:18, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * User:Robert McClenon I am not including any contentious material, User Savvyjack23 is. He have been trying to include Haitian anscestry to this article and many others, any of them have ever expressed or identified themselves as Haitians, have tried to include sources that were posted in the BLP Noticeboard and foud unsusables. I am not including anything. I am just expressing myself thanks for all editors involved in the removal of such contentious material without references. Thanks again. --Osplace 19:30, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * User:Osplace - User:Savvyjack23 has also been warned. All editors should be on notice that disruptive editing of biographies of living persons may result in sanctions.  Robert McClenon (talk) 23:31, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

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grammar
"Sosa to be on the bench who weren't in the starting lineup" -? Kdammers (talk) 15:36, 24 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Not sure this is a "Talk" issue - please feel free to BE BOLD and fix the grammar issue. Ckruschke (talk)Ckruschke
 * I can't be bold here because the sentence is so messed up that I don't understand it. Kdammers (talk) 19:01, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

Sammy sosa
When did Sammy sosa die? 99.90.55.130 (talk) 23:17, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

 * He hasn't. Jip Orlando (talk) 23:25, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sammy Sosa


text:
Walter Nowotny

Walter Nowotny (7 December 1920 – 8 November 1944) was an Austrian-born fighter ace of the Luftwaffe in World War II. He is credited with 258 aerial victories—that is, 258 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—in 442 combat missions. Nowotny achieved 255 of these victories on the Eastern Front and three while flying one of the first jet fighters, the Messerschmitt Me 262, in the Defense of the Reich. He scored most of his victories in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, and approximately 50 in the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Nowotny scored an "ace in a day" on multiple occasions, shooting down at least five airplanes on the same day, including two occurrences of "double-ace in a day" (scored at least ten kills) in mid-1943.

Nowotny joined the Luftwaffe in 1939 and completed his fighter pilot training in 1941, after which he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 "Grünherz" (JG 54) on the Eastern Front. Nowotny was the first pilot to achieve 250 victories – 194 in 1943 alone – earning him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds on 19 October 1943. For propaganda reasons, he was ordered to cease operational flying.

Reinstated to front-line service in September 1944, Nowotny tested and developed tactics for the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. He was credited with three victories in this aircraft type before being killed in a crash following combat with United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) fighters on 8 November 1944. It is thought his engine might have failed. After his death, the first operational jet fighter wing, Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny", was named in his honour.

Early life
Walter Nowotny was born in Gmünd, a small town in Lower Austria. His father, Rudolf Nowotny, was a railway official; his two brothers, Rudolf and Hubert, became officers in the Wehrmacht. Hubert Nowotny was killed in action in the Battle of Stalingrad. From 1925 to 1935, his family lived in Schwarzenau until his father was relocated to Mistelbach, north of Vienna. Walter attended the primary school (Volksschule) in Schwarzenau before graduating to the Bundesoberrealschule in Waidhofen an der Thaya. During these years, he also sang in the Cistercian convent choir in the Zwettl Abbey.

Due to his father's relocation, Nowotny transferred to the secondary school (Oberschule) in Laa an der Thaya, where he received his diploma (Abitur) in May 1938. In his teens, Nowotny was interested in all kinds of sports. In 1935, he played football for the school team in Waidhofen, and in 1937, took first place in the javelin throw and third place in the Lower Austrian 1000 m track and field championships. Nowotny also visited the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. For his then mandatory Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst), he joined the Luftwaffe on 1 October 1939. Nowotny had joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP—National Socialist German Workers' Party) in 1938 with a membership number 6,382,781.

Luftwaffe career
Nowotny's military basic training began at the ''2. Flieger-Ausbildungsregiment 62 in Quedlinburg (1 October 1939 – 15 November 1939) and continued at the Luftkriegschule 5'' in Breslau-Schöngarten (16 November 1939 – 30 June 1940). He was promoted to Fahnenjunker-Gefreiter on 1 March 1940 and shortly afterwards, on 1 April 1940, to Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier. On 1 July 1940, Notwotny was promoted again, to the rank of Fähnrich. He completed his pilot training and received the Pilot Badge on 19 August 1940. Nowotny also trained as a fighter pilot at the Jagdfliegerschule 5 in Wien-Schwechat (1 August 1940 – 15 November 1940), the same school that Hans-Joachim Marseille had attended one year earlier. One of his teachers at the Jagdfliegerschule 5 was the Austro-Hungarian World War I ace Julius Arigi. Here Nowotny befriended Karl Schnörrer and Paul Galland, the younger brother of General der Jagdflieger Adolf Galland. After graduation from the Jagdfliegerschule 5, Nowotny was transferred to the I./Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg on 16 November 1940, flying fighter cover for the Leuna industrial works.

With Jagdgeschwader 54
Nowotny was posted to the Ergänzungsstaffel (Training/Supplement Squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54) on 1 December 1940. JG 54 at the time was under the command of Major Hannes Trautloft. Nowotny was transferred again, this time to the 9. Staffel (9th squadron) of JG 54 (9./JG 54), the so-called Teufelsstaffel (Devils' Squadron) where he was further trained by veterans from the front line (23 February 1941 – 25 March 1941). From 25 March 1941 to 10 March 1942, Notwotny flew with the Stabsstaffel of the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe JG 54 where he was promoted to Leutnant on 1 April 1941, effective as of 1 February 1941.

Nowotny flew a Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-7 (Werknummer 1173—factory number) "White 2" on his 24th operational mission on 19 July 1941 and claimed his first two enemy aircraft, both Polikarpov I-153 biplanes of Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily (VVS—Military Air Forces) KBF's 12 OIAE/61 BAB, over Saaremaa. He was shot down in the same engagement by Aleksandr Avdeyev, also in a I-153 fighter. According to Soviet archives, no Soviet aircraft was lost in the engagement. Nowotny spent three days in a dinghy in the Gulf of Riga – on one occasion almost being run down by a Soviet destroyer – until finally being washed ashore on the Latvian coast.

Nowotny quickly recovered from his ordeal and on 31 July claimed a Beriev MBR-2 flying boat north-west of Saaremaa and an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber south of the island. For the rest of his combat career, Nowotny always wore the trousers (German: Abschußhose roughly "shot down pants" sometimes also referred to as "victory pants") that he had worn during those three days in the Gulf of Riga – with one exception, his last sortie, at Achmer on 8 November 1944, when he was killed flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter.

In 1942, Nowotny increased his tally of victories and claimed his 30th and 31st kills on 11 July over the Volkhov bridgehead during the Battle of Lyuban, which earned him the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 14 July 1942. Nowotny shot down a further five aircraft on a single day (32nd – 36th victories), known as an "ace in a day", on 20 July and repeated the designation with seven (48th – 54th victories) on 2 August. After having downed three enemy aircraft on 11 August, Leutnant Nowotny carried out three victory passes over the airfield, despite having sustained combat damage to his own Bf 109 "Black 1". In the subsequent landing, his aircraft somersaulted and he sustained moderate injuries. Walter Nowotny was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 4 September, after 56 aerial victories. The Knight's Cross earned him a home leave to Vienna. Here, the brothers Hubert and Walter met for the last time before Hubert was killed at Stalingrad. Leutnant Nowotny was made Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel of JG 54 on 25 October, replacing Oberleutnant Heinz Lange who was transferred.

In January 1943, JG 54 started converting to the agile Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter. With the new aircraft, Nowotny scored at an unprecedented "kill" rate, often averaging more than two planes a day for weeks on end. As of 1 February 1943, Nowotny, Schnörrer, – Nowotny's wingman since late 1942 – Anton Döbele and Rudolf Rademacher, formed a team known as the "chain of devils" (Teufelskette) or the Nowotny Schwarm, which during the course of the war was credited with 524 combined kills, making them the most successful team in the Luftwaffe.

Nowotny scored his 69th to 72nd victory on 16 March. He reached the century mark on 15 June 1943, on his 344th combat mission. He was the 42nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. By 24 June, he would accumulate a further 24 victories increasing his total to 124. On 2 August, Hauptmann Gerhard Homuth, the commander of I. Gruppe was wounded in combat. In consequence, command temporarily was passed to Oberleutnant Hans Götz who was killed in action only two days later. Command of the Gruppe was then given to Oberleutnant Otto Vinzent. On 11 August, Vinzent was given command of 2. Staffel and Nowotny temporarily assumed command of I. Gruppe. On 15 September, Nowotny was officially appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe.

In August alone, he shot down 49 aircraft – a number matched exactly by Jagdgeschwader 52's (JG 52) Erich Hartmann – bringing Nowotny's total to 161 victories. On 1 September, he scored ten victories in two sorties, which took his tally to 183. Seventy-two hours later, that number had risen to 189, earning him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 8 September. The award was to be personally presented by the Führer, Adolf Hitler, on 22 September 1943. However, by this date Nowotny had claimed his double century (200) on 8 September, and, on 15 September, his 215th victory, making him the highest-scoring pilot in the Luftwaffe to that time. Two Lavochkin La-5s and a Yakovlev Yak-9 on 17 September brought his score to 218 victories, earning him Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern) on 22 September 1943. The planned "Oak Leaves" presentation thus became a "Swords" ceremony. The presentation was made by Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg on 22 September 1943. Three other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Major Hartmann Grasser and Hauptmann Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein were awarded the Oak Leaves, and Hauptmann Günther Rall also received the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.

Diamonds
Nowotny was promoted to Hauptmann on 21 September 1943, effective as of 1 October, following his 225th victory. On 14 October 1943, he became the first pilot to reach 250 victories, following his 442 combat missions. Nowotny was celebrating this feat in the Ria Bar in Vilna when he received a phone call from Hitler himself, announcing that he had been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten), making him the eighth of 27 men to be so honored.

The Brillanten (Diamonds) were presented by Hitler at the Wolfsschanze, near Kętrzyn (German: Rastenburg) on 19 October 1943. Nowotny immediately went on a short vacation to Vienna before returning to his front-line unit. On 29 October 1943, Nowotny presented the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross to Oberfeldwebel Otto Kittel. In the days following, Nowotny flew as wingman to Karl Schnörrer, helping him accumulate further victories. On 11 November, Anton Döbele was killed in a mid-air collision with an Il-2 Sturmovik. The next day, 12 November 1943, Schnörrer was severely injured after bailing out at low altitude. Schnörrer was replaced as Nowotny's wingman by Unteroffizier Ernst Richter. With Richter, Nowotny claimed his final two aerial victories on the Eastern Front on 15 November 1943. In total, Nowotny had claimed 255 confirmed kills plus a further 50 unconfirmed, before he was taken off combat duty.

Nowotny was sent on a propaganda tour in Germany, which included the presentation of the Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross (Ritterkreuz des Kriegsverdienstkreuzes) to the railroad engineer August Kindervater on 7 December 1943 – Nowotny's 23rd birthday. Shortly before Christmas, he visited the Focke-Wulf production site at Bad Eilsen, where he was met by Professor Kurt Tank. The mayor of Vienna, Dipl.-Ing. Hanns Blaschke awarded Nowotny the city's ring of honour on 11 January 1944, the presentation taking place a week later. It was a token that Nowotny accepted reluctantly, feeling that he did not deserve it. His next official visit was the Büromaschinenfabrik (office machinery factory) at Zella-Mehlis, before he briefly returned to Jagdgeschwader 54. Nowotny was made Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 101 (JG 101) and commander of the Jagdfliegerschule 1, a Luftwaffe fighter pilot training school at Pau in southern France, in April 1944. During his absence from JG 54, Nowotny was temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Heinz Lange as commander of I. Gruppe. On 4 February, Hauptmann Horst Ademeit officially succeeded Nowotny as Gruppenkommandeur.

Kommando Nowotny and death
In September 1944, Nowotny was made commander of a specialist unit dubbed Kommando Nowotny, flying the newly developed Messerschmitt Me 262 out of airfields near Osnabrück. The unit not only had to contend with the enemy, but also with working through the 'teething' phase of the Me 262 and developing the tactics appropriate for a jet unit. On 7 October, Nowotny downed a B-24 Liberator bomber, his first aerial victory on the Western Front.

Generals Alfred Keller and Adolf Galland had scheduled an inspection at Achmer Airfield for the afternoon of 7 November 1944. Galland had already visited Kommando Nowotny several times and was deeply concerned over the high attrition rate and meager success achieved by the Me 262. After inspecting the two airfields at Achmer and Hesepe, he stayed in the Penterknapp barracks discussing the problems of the past few weeks. Several pilots openly expressed their doubts as to the readiness of the Me 262 for combat operations.

The next morning, 8 November 1944, the Generals arrived again at Nowotny's command post and Keller declared that the aces of the past years had become cowards and that the Luftwaffe had lost its fighting spirit. Shortly after, news reached the command post of a large bomber formation approaching. Two Rotten of Me 262 were prepared for take-off, Erich Büttner and Franz Schall at Hesepe, and Nowotny and Günther Wegmann at Achmer. At first only Schall and Wegmann managed to take off because Büttner had a punctured tire during taxiing and Nowotny's turbines initially refused to start. With some delay, Nowotny took off and engaged the enemy on his own, Schall and Wegmann having since retired from the action after sustaining battle damage. Nowotny radioed that he had downed a B-24 Liberator and a P-51 Mustang before he reported one engine failing and made one final garbled transmission containing the word "burning". Helmut Lennartz recalled:

"'I remember Nowotny's crash very well. Feldwebel Gossler, a radio operator with our unit, had set up a radio on the airfield. Over this set I and many others listened to the radio communications with Nowotny's aircraft. His last words were, 'I'm on fire' or 'it's on fire'. The words were slightly garbled."

It remains unclear whether Nowotny was killed due to engine failure or whether he was shot down by United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Captain Ernest C. Fiebelkorn (20th Fighter Group) and 1st Lieutenant Edward "Buddy" Haydon (357th Fighter Group) east of Hesepe. In recent years, United States military historians proposed that Nowotny's victor may have been P-51D pilot Lieutenant Richard W. Stevens of the 364th Fighter Group. Many witnesses observed Nowotny's Me 262 A-1a (Werknummer 110 400) "White 8" dive vertically out of the clouds and crash at Epe, 2.5 km east of Hesepe.

Nowotny was given a state funeral in Vienna. The guard of honour was composed of his friend Karl Schnörrer, Oberst Gordon Gollob, Major Rudolf Schoenert, Hauptmann Heinz Strüning, Major Josef Fözö and Major Georg Christl. The eulogy was delivered by Generaloberst Otto Deßloch. Nowotny was buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery in a grave of honour sponsored by the city of Vienna. Following an initiative by the Austrian Green Party and debates in the Vienna Landtag, a resolution supported by Social Democrats and Greens was passed to remove the status of honour in 2003. Nowotny's grave remains a frequent target of both far-left vandalism and far-right memorial festivities.

Following Nowotny's death, a stone memorial was built at the crash site in Epe which included remnants of his Me 262. The commemorating plaque on the memorial read: "Here on 8 November 1944, following 258 aerial victories, the recipient of the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds, Major Walter Nowotny, fell for the people and the fatherland." In August 2017, following a lengthy debate in Bramsche, the plaque was replaced with a new text, addressing the issue of commemorating alleged war heroes, and commemorating the victims of war and resistance.

Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Nowotny was credited with 258 aerial victories. Spick also lists Nowotny with 258 aerial victories claimed in 442 combat missions. Nowotny achieved 255 of these victories on the Eastern Front and three while flying one of the first jet fighters, the Me 262, in the Defense of the Reich. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 256 aerial victory claims, plus four further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 255 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and one victory on the Western Front flying the Me 262 jet fighter.

Awards

 * Order of the Cross of Liberty 1st Class
 * Ehrenabzeichen der finnischen Luftwaffe
 * Combined Pilots-Observation Badge in Gold with Diamonds
 * Eastern Front Medal
 * Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots
 * in Gold (17 May 1942)
 * with pennant "400"
 * Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 20 July 1942 as Leutnant and pilot
 * Wound Badge (1939) in Black
 * Viennas city ring of honor (11 January 1944)
 * Iron Cross (1939)
 * 2nd Class (23 July 1941)
 * 1st Class (19 August 1941)
 * German Cross in Gold on 21 August 1942 as Leutnant in the I./Jagdgeschwader 54
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
 * Knight's Cross on 4 September 1942 as Leutnant and pilot in the 9./Jagdgeschwader 54
 * 293rd Oak Leaves on 4 September 1943 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 1./Jagdgeschwader 54
 * 37th Swords on 22 September 1943 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I./Jagdgeschwader 54
 * 8th Diamonds (19 October 1943) as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I./Jagdgeschwader 54

title: Walter Nowotny


text:
Fashion (band)

Fashion was a British new wave band, primarily active from 1978 to 1984, with a brief revival in 2009. They began as a post-punk band, before developing into a new wave/synth-pop ensemble that placed three singles on the lower reaches of the UK chart in 1982–84.

History
Fashion went through several line-up overhauls during its initial existence between 1978 and 1984. John Mulligan (synthesizer, bass) and Dik Davis (drums) were constants, but the band's frontman changed with each of the band's three albums.

Post-punk years: Fàshiön Music
Fashion was formed originally as Fàshiön Music, in Birmingham, England, in 1978, and consisted of John Mulligan (bass, synthesizer), Dik Davis (drums), and Al James (vocals, guitar). James became known as Luke Sky, or simply Luke or Lûke (short for "Luke Skyscraper" – a reference to the Star Wars character Luke Skywalker and the fact that James was tall and thin), while John Mulligan was known simply as Mulligan and Dik Davis simply as Dïk (or "Dik Mamba" on their debut single).

In 1978, they also founded their own Fàshiön Music label; from this point forward, the band was generally (though not completely consistently) identified as Fashion, as distinct from the name of their self-owned label.

Fashion released their first two singles ("Steady Eddie Steady" and "Citinite") as independent issues on the UK in November 1978 and June 1979 respectively. The group was quickly picked up by I.R.S., who put out a third single in the US in September 1979, "The Innocent".

Their sound was varied, playing punk, post-punk and indie repertoire, although Mulligan at that time also had a synthesizer which later characterized the future synth-pop years of the band.

Still signed to I.R.S., in 1979 they recorded and released their first album, Product Perfect. All three members were credited as having written the songs collectively.

Between 1978 and 1980, Fashion played shows with performers such as Toyah Willcox, UB40, Hazel O'Connor and Billy Idol, who later became well known. A then-recently formed Duran Duran opened their shows; they toured the UK with U2, both the UK and US with The Police, and opened for The B-52's on their first British tour.

In March 1980, no longer associated with I.R.S., Fashion released their "Silver Blades" single, again on their own Fàshiön Music label. Later in 1980 they also released one more song, "Let Go", on a Birmingham bands compilation called Bouncing in the Red (EMI).

In June 1980, after a last gig in London with U2, Luke James left the band, and later moved to the United States.

A revised line-up was assembled, containing Dik and Mulligan along with Tony Dial (former singer with the Neon Hearts) on vocals and guitar and Ian Moore on bass. This version of the group recorded sessions for BRMB, and played live gigs as a support act for The Human League, as well as at the Holy City Zoo club in Birmingham. However, Dial and Moore soon left, and the band regrouped once more.

New Romantic years: Fashiøn
By late 1981, Fashion—which had now been picked up by Arista Records—consisted of De Harriss (vocals, guitar), Martin Recchi (bass), Mulligan (synths) and Dik Daviss (as he now billed himself) on drums. This line-up issued the single "Move On" in November 1981, and though it did not chart, the single still garnered enough attention to allow the band to record the album Fabrique (1982), produced by Zeus B. Held. In addition to "Move On", Fabrique contained the singles "Streetplayer (Mechanik)" and "Love Shadow", both of which were minor UK hits. Harriss (born David Harris) was now the band's frontman and songwriter, writing every song on the album (two were co-writes with Held). Fabrique was later re-issued with additional material as The Height of Fashion (1990, 2001).

Harriss left Fashion before a proposed world tour of Fabrique. Following the loss of their lead singer and songwriter, once again Fashion was dropped by their label.

Harriss was replaced by vocalist Troy Tate and guitarist Al Darby. Although Troy Tate did not record any studio material with Fashion, he performed his own songs with the band live. Songs during Tate's period included "Love Is" and "What You Gonna Do Next." Tate subsequently departed, with Darby left to perform lead vocals. This iteration of the band was signed by Epic Records.

In 1984, Fashion released an album entitled Twilight of Idols, with Darby now acting as lead singer and primary songwriter, penning all but two tracks. Keyboardist Mulligan remained, as did bassist Recchi (who now billed himself as Marlon Recchi, rather than Martin) along with drummer "Dik"/"Dik Mamba"/"Dik Daviss", who now billed himself as Dik Davis. Zeus B. Held was once again the producer. "Eye Talk", released as a single, again put Fashion on the lower end of the UK Singles Chart. However, the band split up after playing live gigs to support the album.

Mulligan went on to record material with Nick Beggs of Kajagoogoo.

After leaving Fashion, De Harriss reverted to using the name "Dave Harris" and, in 1984, recorded an album with Richard Wright, keyboardist of Pink Floyd, as Zee. He later worked as an in-house songwriter and producer at Warner Chapell Music in New York City from 1990 to 2000. He then returned to the UK, where he now works under the name David Harris as a songwriter and producer in Lincoln.

Fàshiön reformed
Thirty years after the first Fashion single was issued, original vocalist/guitarist Luke Sky (now based in California) reactivated the Fashion name to issue a new album. Released in February 2009, Stairway to Nowhere featured Luke Sky on vocals and all other instruments, with the exception of Vuk Pavlovic of Nature's Pocket providing drums for three of the tracks. This iteration of Fashion existed for a short time before once again becoming dormant.

Members

 * Dik Daviss – drums, percussion, vocals (1978–1984)
 * John Mulligan – synthesiser, vocals (1978–1984), bass (1978–1980)
 * Luke Sky – vocals, guitar (1978–1980, 2009), synthesiser, bass, drums (2009)
 * Tony Dial – vocals, guitar (1980–1981)
 * Ian Moore – bass (1980–1981)
 * De Harriss – vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards (1981–1982)
 * Martin Recchi – bass, vocals (1981–1984)
 * Al Darby – guitar (1982–1984), vocals (1983–1984); died 2023
 * Troy Tate – vocals (1982–1983)

title: Fashion (band)


text:
Vilnius TV Tower

The Vilnius TV Tower (Vilniaus televizijos bokštas) is a 326.5 m high tower in the Karoliniškės microdistrict of Vilnius, Lithuania. It is the tallest structure in Lithuania, and the 29th tallest self-supporting tower in the world. It belongs to the SC Lithuanian Radio and Television Centre (AB Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos centras).

Design and construction
The tower was designed by V. Obydov and the engineering section by K. Balėnas. The construction of the tower started on 31 May 1974 and finished on December 30, 1980. The construction was funded by the 11th Five Year Plan of the Soviet Union, which had earmarked funds for strategic investment in the then Lithuanian SSR. The weight of the whole structure is estimated at 25000 to(-). The structure is composed of a concrete base, a 190 m long hollow reinforced concrete pipe, a reinforced concrete saucer, and a 136 m long steel spike. Radio transmitters are housed in the lower part of the concrete tower with antennas attached to the steel spike.

The observation deck 165 m from the ground houses the cafe "Paukščių takas" (Milky Way), offers a picturesque view of the city and its surroundings, and sports a rotating platform that revolves once every 45 minutes. High-speed elevators reach the cafe from ground level in 40 seconds. On clear days, visibility can extend as far as Elektrėnai, a city approximately 40 km west, where power plants produced much of the electricity for Vilnius in Soviet times.

Museum
The TV tower played a major role in the events of 13 January 1991, when 14 unarmed civilians lost their lives and 700 were injured opposing the Soviet military seizure of the tower. A small museum dedicated to the January 1991 battle is housed on the ground floor, and various markers in the surrounding area indicate places where Lithuanian citizens died while trying to maintain the blockade against Soviet troops.

Decoration
Since 2000, the tower has been decorated to look like a Christmas tree each Christmas season. During the 2006 World Basketball Championship it was decorated with a large basketball net. Vilnius TV Tower became the biggest basketball hoop in the world during the 2011 FIBA European Basketball Championship. The hoop was 35 metres in diameter with a 40 metre-high net, assembled at a height of 170 metres. The lighting of the giant hoop took 2,560 metres of lighting cable and 545 bulbs. Bungee jumps are available to the public from the roof of the observation deck.

Since 2019 tower decorations had changed. LED lighting was installed and the tower has been glowing bright blue color in the dark. During national celebrations, the tower changes its color to that of the flag of Lithuania by glowing for 2 minutes in one color.

title: Vilnius TV Tower


text: User talk:82.74.30.57

title: User talk:82.74.30.57


text: User talk:KevinHFeeley

title: User talk:KevinHFeeley


text:
File:Fashion - Twilight Of Idols album cover.jpg

Summary
Fashion - Twilight Of Idols. Original UK LP album cover

Licensing
Original UK release album cover - album covers are fair use. Picture scanned by me Ian Dunster from original UK LP album.


text:
O'Higgins

O’Higgins may refer to:

People

 * O'Higgins (surname), lists notable people with the surname
 * O'Higgins family

Places

 * O'Higgins Region, Chile
 * O'Higgins, Chile, commune in the Capitán Prat Province, Aysén Region, Chile
 * Villa O'Higgins, the capital of the O'Higgins commune
 * Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, Antarctica
 * O'Higgins Park, Santiago, Chile
 * O'Higgins Glacier, a glacier in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
 * O'Higgins (Buenos Aires), a locality in Buenos Aires province, Argentina
 * Capitán General Bernardo O'Higgins, a locality in the province of Córdoba, Argentina
 * Departamento O'Higgins, Chaco province, Argentina
 * Hotel O'Higgins, Viña del Mar, Chile

Sports

 * O'Higgins F.C., a football club from Rancagua, Chile
 * O'Higgins Braden, a defunct football club from Rancagua, Chile, one of the founder members of O'Higgins F.C.

Ships

 * Chilean ship O'Higgins, several ships operated by the Chilean Navy:
 * CHILEAN FRIGATE O'Higgins, a Chilean frigate commanded by Thomas Cochrane, Lord Cochrane
 * CHILEAN CORVETTE O'Higgins
 * CHILEAN CRUISER O'Higgins
 * CHILEAN CRUISER O'Higgins, ex-USS Brooklyn
 * CHILEAN SUBMARINE O'Higgins

Other uses

 * Instituto O'Higgins de Rancagua, a private Catholic school located in the center of Rancagua, Chile
 * Order of Bernardo O'Higgins, an award issued by Chile awarded to non-Chilean citizens
 * O'Higgins disease, a name for Argentine hemorrhagic fever, from the Buenos Aires locality
 * 2351 O'Higgins, a minor planet

title: O'Higgins


text:
Douglas Houghton Campbell

Douglas Houghton Campbell (December 19, 1859 – February 24, 1953) was an American botanist and university professor. He was one of the 15 founding professors at Stanford University. His death was described as "the end of an era of a group of great plant morphologists."

Campbell was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan. His father, James V. Campbell, was a member of the Supreme Court of the state of Michigan and a law professor at the University of Michigan. Douglas Campbell graduated from Detroit High School in 1878, going on to study at the University of Michigan. He studied botany, learning new microscopy techniques, and becoming interested in cryptogrammic (deciduous) ferns. He received his master's degree in 1882, and taught botany at Detroit High School while he completed his PhD research. He received his PhD in 1886, then travelled to Germany to learn more microscopy techniques. He developed a technique to embed plant material in paraffin to make fine cross-sections; he was one of the first if not the first to study plant specimens using this technique, which had been newly developed by zoologists. He was also a pioneer in the study of microscopic specimens using vital stains.

When Campbell returned to the United States he took up a professorship at Indiana University (1888 to 1891), writing the textbook Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany. In 1891 he became the founding head of the botany department at Stanford University and remained at Stanford for the remainder of his career, retiring in 1925. He studied mosses and liverworts, producing The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns in 1895. This book, together with its subsequent editions in 1905 and 1918, became the authoritative work on the subject and "firmly established Campbell's reputation as one of the leading botanists of the United States." His Lectures on the Evolution of Plants was published in 1899, and became widely used as a botany textbook. University Textbook of Botany was published in 1902, with fears expressed by colleagues that interest in pure research interest would prejudice its worth being found to be misplaced. He also travelled extensively though the Pacific collecting samples and writing Outline of Plant Geography, published in 1926, about his travels.

Campbell was a member of a number of scientific institutions. He was president of the Botanical Society of America in 1913 and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1910. He was a member of the Linnaean Society of London, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft, the International Association of Botanists, and the American Philosophical Society.

title: Douglas Houghton Campbell


text: User talk:202.84.241.69

title: User talk:202.84.241.69


text:
Twilight of Idols (Fashion album)

Twilight of Idols was Fashion's 1984 album produced by Zeus B. Held and their only to feature singer/songwriter Alan Darby.

The track "Eye Talk" was released as a UK single, reaching No. 69 in February 1984 having been preceded in the charts by Fashion's earlier single releases: "Streetplayer (Mechanik)" and "Love Shadow".

The album was reissued on CD for the first time in March 2009 by Cherry Red Records, featuring 4 bonus tracks.

Track listing

 * 1) "Eye Talk" (Alan Thomas Darby) – 3:24
 * 2) "Dreaming" (Darby) – 4:12
 * 3) "Hit Girl" (Dik Davies, John Mulligan) – 3:49
 * 4) "Trader" (Darby, A. Robertson) – 4:29
 * 5) "You in the Night" (Darby, Francis McPadden) – 4:49
 * 6) "Delirious" (Marlon Recchi) – 3:36
 * 7) "Hurricane" (Darby) – 4:47
 * 8) "Too Much Too Soon" (Darby) – 3:41
 * 9) "Slow Down" (Darby) – 4:12
 * 10) "Twilight of Idols" (Darby) – 5:55
 * 11) "Eye Talk (Mutant Version)"* (Darby) – 9:17
 * 12) "Dreaming (Extended Version)"* (Darby) – 6:50
 * 13) "White Line Flyer (Extended Version)"* (Darby) – 3:20
 * 14) "You in the Night (Extended Version)"* (Darby, McPadden) – 5:22

Tracks marked with an asterisk (*) only appear on the CD reissue.

Personnel

 * Alan Darby - vocals, guitar
 * Mulligan - synthesizer, vocals
 * Marlon Recchi - bass guitar, vocals
 * Dik Davis - drums and percussion, vocals

title: Twilight of Idols (Fashion album)


text:
Out of the Dark (Wilton Katz novel)

Out of the Dark (1995) is a children's novel by Canadian author Welwyn Wilton Katz. It centres on a young boy who had recently lost his mother, and who has just moved with his remaining family to a small village near L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. The book deals with his attempts to come to grips with his mother's death, his difficulty settling into his new home, his escapist fantasies about the long-ago Viking settlers of the area, and how these three strands interact. The novel was nominated for a Governor General's Award.

title: Out of the Dark (Wilton Katz novel)


text:
Christopher Dock

Christopher Dock (c. 1698—1771) was a Mennonite educator who worked primarily in South-East Pennsylvania. His teaching techniques stood in contrast to the norm of the day, and emphasized character building and discussion in lieu of physical punishment. His legacy lives on in the Christopher Dock Mennonite High School, which bears his name.

Biography
He immigrated to the United States by 1714, becoming a teacher at Skippack in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania (present-day Montgomery County, Pennsylvania) by 1718. After teaching for ten years, he turned primarily to farming, and bought 100 acre in Salford Township in 1735. Three years later, he returned to teaching and continued as a schoolmaster until his death late in 1771, when he failed to return home from the Skippack school. He was found there on his knees, where it had been his habit to pray for his students.

He wrote, in German, the earliest known teaching methods text in the U.S., Schul-Ordnung (School Management), a book on general pedagogy. The book was completed on August 8, 1750, but was not published until 1769. It was written through the efforts of Christopher Saur of Germantown, a printer whose son Christopher was a student of Dock's. He was so impressed with Dock's teaching style, which was becoming well known, that he asked him to write a guide so that others who taught children could benefit as well. Saur's son printed and published the guide.

Methods
Contrary to the harsh methods common in some colonial schools, Dock preferred to use gentler techniques. He sought to build character in his students, using persuasion, discussion, and positive peer pressure to encourage the highest standards of behavior among them. He disciplined poor behavior and attitudes with thoughtfulness and understanding, seeking to make the punishment suitable to the student as well as to the infraction being addressed.

Dock was a practitioner of fraktur, the Pennsylvania Dutch folk art named after the fraktur typeface. Christopher Dock gave his students little illustrations of a bird or a flower, as well as "Vorschriften" (writing lessons), as rewards.

Legacy
The Christopher Dock Mennonite High School, in Lansdale, Pennsylvania, is named for him.

title: Christopher Dock


text:
Out of the Dark

Out of the Dark may refer to:

Films

 * Out of the Dark (1989 film), a comedy/horror film starring Karen Witter
 * Out of the Dark (1995 film), a comedy/horror film by Jeffery Lau and starring Stephen Chow
 * Out in the Dark, a 2012 Israeli romantic drama film by Michael Mayer
 * Out of the Dark (2014 film), a thriller film starring Julia Stiles and Scott Speedman
 * Ut av mørket (English: Out of the Dark), a 1958 Norwegian film directed by Arild Brinchmann

Novels

 * Out of the Dark (Curtiss novel), a 1964 novel by Ursula Curtiss
 * Out of the Dark (Wilton Katz novel), a 1995 novel by Welwyn Wilton Katz
 * Out of the Dark (Weber novel), a 2010 novel by David Weber

Music

 * "Coming Out of the Dark", a 1991 single by Gloria Estefan
 * Out of the Dark (O.G. Funk album), a 1993 album by "Billy Bass" Nelson
 * Nuclear Blast All-Stars: Out of the Dark, a 2007 compilation album by Nuclear Blast Records
 * Out of the Dark (Into the Light), a 1998 album by Falco
 * "Out of the Dark" (song), a song by Falco from his 1998 album Out of the Dark (Into the Light)
 * "Out of the Dark... Into the Light", a 1988 EP by Kreator
 * Out of the Dark, the 2017 album by Mandisa
 * Out Of The Dark, a 2023 album by Wig Wam
 * "Out of the Dark", a song by Wig Wam from their 2023 album Out Of The Dark

title: Out of the Dark