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Simon Kenton

Simon Kenton (aka "Simon Butler") (April 3, 1755 – April 29, 1836) was an American frontiersman and soldier in Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio. He was a friend of Daniel Boone, Spencer Records, Thomas S. Hinde, Thomas Hinde, and Isaac Shelby. He served the United States in the Revolution, the Northwest Indian War, and the War of 1812.

He was captured by the Shawnee people in 1778, when they were allied with the British. He survived multiple gauntlets and ritual torture applied to war captives, and was said to be rescued by Simon Girty. He was later adopted by a Shawnee widow to replace her son and became a member of the tribe. His first son was born before any marriage; Kenton later married twice, and had a total of ten more children.

Family and early life
Simon Kenton was born at the headwaters of Mill Run in the Bull Run Mountains on April 3, 1755, in Prince William County, Virginia, to Mark Kenton Sr. (an immigrant from Ireland) and Mary (Miller) Kenton (her family was Scottish and Welsh in ancestry).

In 1771, at the age of 16, thinking he had killed William Leachman in a jealous rage (the fight began over the love of a girl named Ellen Cummins), Kenton fled into the wilderness of what are now West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio. For years on the frontier, he went by the name "Simon Butler". After learning that his victim had lived, Kenton took back his original surname.

Noted activities

In 1774, in a conflict later labeled Dunmore's War, Kenton served as a scout for the Anglo-European settlers against the Shawnee Indians in what is now West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1777, he saved the life of his friend and fellow frontiersman, Daniel Boone, at Boonesborough, Kentucky.

In 1779, 24-year-old Kenton was rescued from the Shawnee in Ohio by his former friend and scout Simon Girty. They had served together during Lord Dunmore's War. Girty, wanted for treason and declared an enemy of the state by rebel forces since June 1778, was living among the Shawnee tribe along with his brother James Girty.

According to historical accounts, saving Kenton was Simon Girty's only known time to save a white-man.

Years later, during a reinterment of Kenton's remains at Oak Dale Cemetery in Urbana, Ohio, William T. Coggeshall said about Kenton in 1779: "“But so black had the Indians painted their prisoner, that it was not until Kenton told Girty it was his once friend, that the renegade white recognized him. Girty threw himself into Kenton’s arms, and promised to do everything in his power to save his life.”"

Girty called a new council of the Indians, and he persuaded them to release Kenton. Girty suggested the Shawnee take Kenton to a trading post at Upper Sandusky, where the British paid off their Indian allies. This gave them incentive to spare Kenton. There, he was saved by Pierre Drouillard, an interpreter for the British Indian department and father of explorer George Drouillard. The Shawnee respected Kenton for his endurance; they named him Cut-ta-ho-tha (the condemned man). He was "adopted into the tribe by a motherly woman whose own son had been slain."

Kenton served as scout on the 1778 George Rogers Clark expedition to capture Fort Sackville during the American Revolution.

Kenton started exploring the area of the Mad River Valley of Ohio and making claims as early as 1788. Kenton had first seen the area a decade before, while held as a captive of the Shawnee. He had vowed that if he survived, he would return. Independence did not mean an end to warfare; in 1793–94, Kenton fought in the Northwest Indian War with "Mad" Anthony Wayne.

But finally peace seemed to come and Anglo-Americans started migrating west. In April 1799, Kenton and his associate, Colonel William Ward, led a group of families from Mason County, Kentucky to an area between present-day Springfield and Urbana, Ohio. The Kentucky group settled there.

In 1810, Kenton moved to Urbana, Ohio. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general of the state militia. He served in the War of 1812 as both a scout and as leader of a militia group in the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

The Shawnee chief Tecumseh was killed in this battle. Kenton was chosen to identify Tecumseh's body. But, recognizing both Tecumseh and another fallen warrior named Roundhead, and wanting to spare the respected chief from being cut up by soldiers for souvenirs, Kenton reportedly instead identified Roundhead as the chief.

Marriage and family
Simon fathered a son (whom he acknowledged as Simon Ruth Kenton) with Christina Ruth in 1773. The couple never married.

Kenton married Martha Dowden and they had four children together. She died in a house fire.

The widower married Elizabeth Jarboe as his second wife. They had six children together.

Kenton died in (and was initially buried at) New Jerusalem in Logan County, Ohio. His remains were later moved to Urbana, Ohio. Later, his widow Elizabeth Jarboe Kenton and a number of their children moved to northwestern Indiana, to an area straddling Jasper, White, and Pulaski counties. It was settled by numerous other families who had migrated from Champaign County, Ohio, where Kenton is buried.

Places
Kenton, the county seat of northwestern Ohio's Hardin County was named for him.

Kenton County, Kentucky, is named for him,

Simon Kenton Road is a residential street at the base of Bull Run Mountain in Prince William County, Virginia.

Schools
Simon Kenton High School in Independence, the county seat is named for him. Simon Kenton Elementary schools were named in Xenia and Springfield, Ohio.

Other representation
A statue honoring him was erected in Covington, Kentucky's Riverside Drive Historic District, overlooking the Ohio River.

Singer/songwriter Tyler Childers wrote the song "Middle Ground" in reference to Kenton and his expeditions.

Organizations
Simon Kenton Post #20 in Elsmere, Kentucky, of the Kentucky Department of the American Legion, is named in his honor.

The Boy Scouts of America have the Simon Kenton Council, a division covering central Ohio to northern Kentucky. The Simon Kenton Chapter is part of the Frontiersman Camping Fellowship of the Royal Rangers, Indiana.

Businesses
The Simon Kenton Pub is a small bar located in the Water Wheel Restaurant at The Inn at Gristmill Square in Warm Springs, Virginia.

The Simon Kenton Inn is an 1828 historic house and restaurant located near Springfield, Ohio. It is purportedly on land deeded to Simon Kenton by the U.S. Government circa 1800.

title: Simon Kenton


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African Blood Brotherhood

The African Blood Brotherhood for African Liberation and Redemption (ABB) was a U.S. black liberation organization established in 1919 in New York City by journalist Cyril Briggs. The group was established as a propaganda organization built on the model of the secret society. The group's socialist orientation caught the attention of the fledgling American communist movement and the ABB soon evolved into a propaganda arm of the Communist Party of America. The group was terminated in the early 1920s.

Background
During the second decade of the 20th century, a socialist movement for the liberation of American blacks began to develop in the Harlem section of New York City. The movement included a substantial number of immigrants from the British West Indies and other islands from the Caribbean region, who, having been raised and educated as part of a racial majority population in their homelands, had found themselves thrust into the position of an oppressed racial minority in America. As products of the unequal system of colonialism, many of these newcomers to America were predisposed to hostility towards capitalism and the notion of empire-building.

One of these transplants from the Caribbean was Cyril Briggs, born in 1888 on the island of Nevis, who immigrated to Harlem in the summer of 1905. In 1912, Briggs was hired as a journalist by one of the black community's leading newspapers, the New York Amsterdam News. He worked there throughout the years of the First World War. Inspired by the rhetoric of "national self-determination" espoused by President Woodrow Wilson, in September 1918 Briggs launched a monthly publication called The Crusader, to promote the idea of "repatriation" of blacks to a decolonized Africa, a concept similar to the contemporary notion among some European Jews of Zionism and "return" to Palestine.

The Crusader was started by George Wells Parker, a black businessman from Omaha, Nebraska, as the official organ of the League of Legends, a pan-African nationalist group. Parker published articles in the journal proclaiming that Africa was the cradle of civilization and arguing the superiority of the black race. He contributed financially to the publication, which was essentially a vehicle for his views.

In February 1919, Briggs began to change his ideas, and his new thinking was expressed in articles in the Crusader. He began to draw parallels between the plight of black workers in the United States and impoverished working class whites, who were mostly recent immigrants or their descendants from Europe. Over ensuing months, Briggs began to consider the system of capitalism as the villain, and he argued in favor of a common cause and common action by workers of all races.

The Crusader eventually reached a total readership of 36,000 persons, mostly in Harlem.

Establishment of organization
The summer of 1919 in America was a time of racial rioting and violence, remembered retrospectively by historians as the "Red Summer." Returning soldiers from European battlefields, including blacks with heightened expectations of freedom and equality and whites seeking a return to civilian employment and the status quo ante bellum, and new immigrant black workers from the rural South formed a volatile mixture which erupted in mob violence in Chicago, Omaha, and cities throughout the Midwest and South.

In response to these attacks, The Crusader advocated armed self-defense. Politically, Briggs drew comparisons between government attacks on white and black radicals. He identified capitalism as the underlying cause of oppression of poor people of all races. While endorsing a Marxist analysis, The Crusader advocated a separate organization of African-Americans to defend against racist attacks in the United States, and likened this to Africans' combating colonialism abroad.

In September 1919, The Crusader announced the formation of a new organization called the African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), to serve as a self-defense organization for blacks threatened by race riots and lynchings. This was accompanied by the re-publishing of Claude McKay's poem If We Must Die.

Not long afterwards, Briggs began to forge connections with pioneer black American Communists such as the Surinam-born Otto Huiswoud and Jamaican poet and writer Claude McKay. These in turn connected Briggs and his publication with native-born white Communists including Robert Minor and Rose Pastor Stokes, who took a strong interest in the so-called "Negro Question." Briggs would join the Communist Party himself in 1921.

Conflicts with Marcus Garvey and the Bureau of Investigation
The ABB attempted to organize from inside the UNIA-ACL and advocated a policy of critical support for its leader, Marcus Garvey. ABB leaders Briggs and Claude McKay participated in the UNIA's 1920 and 1921 international conferences in New York. At the second conference, McKay arranged for Rose Pastor Stokes, a white leader of the Communist Party, to address the assembly.

The ABB became highly critical of Garvey following the apparent failure of the Black Star Line and Garvey's July 1921 Atlanta meeting with Grand Kleagle Clarke of the Ku Klux Klan. In June 1922, The Crusader announced that it had become the official organ of the African Blood Brotherhood. Arguing that the UNIA was doomed unless it developed new leadership, the magazine sought to convert the UNIA's membership to the ABB. In seeking to replace the UNIA, the ABB competed with Randolph's socialist publication The Messenger, which had called for Garvey's expulsion from the United States. In return, Garvey called for his followers to disrupt meetings of these oppositional groups.

In addition to the dispute with Garvey, Briggs and the ABB were targeted for investigation by police and federal law enforcement agencies. Historian Theodore Kornweibel reports that the government began manipulating radical organizations in conjunction with legal prosecution under the pretence of disrupting opposition to World War I. Following the end of the war, a government campaign against communists, anarchists, and other radicals was instituted at the direction of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (himself the victim of two anarchist bomb attacks) in what came to be called the First Red Scare. Government agents were secretly planted in the UNIA, ABB and The Messenger. These agents provided intelligence to the Bureau of Investigation while in some case sabotaging meetings, and acting as agents provocateurs.

The ABB enjoyed a period of notoriety following the Tulsa Riot of 1921. Tulsa had an ABB chapter and news reports credited the organization with inspiring resistance to racist attacks.

Fusion with Communist Party
The Crusader ceased publication in February 1922, following Garvey's indictment for mail fraud. Briggs continued to operate the Crusader News Service, providing news material to affiliated publications of the American black press. As cooperation with the Communist Party increased, the ABB ceased to recruit separately.

The leadership of the Communist International, while largely ignorant about the particulars of the situation of blacks in the United States, did understand the importance of ethnic and other non-class forms of oppression, and pushed the early CP to pay more attention to blacks in the U.S. Before this intervention by the Comintern, the party had largely ignored blacks, and thus was not particularly attractive to black radicals like Briggs. Instead, it was the Bolshevik Revolution that attracted their attention.

Poet and ABB member Claude McKay had previously been active in the Left Communist Workers Socialist Federation in London and subsequently visited the Soviet Union several times in the mid-1920s, writing about conferences of the Communist International for African-American audiences. McKay's book, The Negroes in America (published in Russian in 1924 but not in the U.S. until 1979) argued, against the official Communist position of the time, that the oppression of black people in the U.S. was not reducible to economic oppression, but was unique. He argued against the color blindness that the Communists had inherited from the Socialist Party.

McKay argued vociferously for national self-determination in support of national independence for oppressed peoples, which to him meant an independent African-American government separate and apart from that of the United States. Subsequently, in the aftermath of the Sixth Comintern Congress in 1928, the CPUSA adopted a policy of national self-determination for African-Americans living in the American South. The policy was neglected after the Popular Front period began in 1935, but was not formally replaced until 1959.

As the Communist Party developed, it regularized its structure along the lines called for by the Communist International (Comintern). Semi-independent organizations such as the African Blood Brotherhood with its divergent Afro-Marxist political theories were anathema to the Comintern and its Soviet leaders, who believed all communist and Marxist–Leninist organizations should be unified in a single communist party and platform in each nation under Moscow's overall direction and control. In the early 1920s the African Blood Brotherhood was dissolved, with its members merged into the Workers Party of America and later into the American Negro Labor Congress. Many early ABB members, however, went on to be key CP cadres for decades.

Membership
The ABB had a total membership of fewer than 3,000 members at its peak.

ABB Publications

 * Cyril V. Briggs (ed.), The Crusader. August 1918-February 1922. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987.
 * Cyril V. Briggs, "The African Blood Brotherhood," The Crusader, vol. 2, no. 10 (June 1920), pp. 7, 22.
 * "Programme of the African Blood Brotherhood", The Communist Review, vol. 2, no. 6 (April 1922).

Published material

 * Eric Arnesen, Black Protest and the Great Migration : A Brief History with Documents. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.
 * Anthony Dawahare, Nationalism, Marxism, and African American Literature Between the Wars: A New Pandora's Box. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002.
 * Michael C. Dawson, Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2003.
 * Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism. New York: Viking Press, 1957.
 * Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist. Chicago: Liberator Press, 1978.
 * Robert A. Hill (ed.), The FBI's RACON: Racial Conditions in the United States during World War I. Ithaca, NY: Northeastern University Press, 1995.
 * Robert A. Hill, "Racial and Radical: Cyril V. Briggs, The Crusader Magazine, and the African Blood Brotherhood, 1918-1922." Introductory essay to The Crusader. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987.
 * Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth Century America. London: Verso Books, 1998.
 * Shannon King, "Enter the New Negro: State Violence and Black Resistance during World War I and the 1920s," Binghamton Journal of History, Spring 2004.
 * Theodore Kornweibel, Jr. "Investigate Everything": Federal Efforts to Compel Black Loyalty During World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
 * Theodore Kornweibel, Jr. Seeing Red: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy, 1919-1925. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
 * Ronald A. Kuykendall, "The African Blood Brotherhood, Independent Marxist During the Harlem Renaissance", The Western Journal of Black Studies, vol. 26, no. 1 (2002), pp. 16–21.
 * Mark I. Solomon, The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917-36. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
 * Alan Wald, "African Americans, Culture and Communism (Part 1): National Liberation and Socialism", Against the Current, vol. 14, no. 6, whole no. 84 (January/February 2000).
 * Jacob A. Zumoff, The Communist International and US Communism, 1919-1929. [2014] Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015.

Unpublished material

 * Maria Gertrudis van Enckevort, The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud: Professional Revolutionary and Internationalist (1893–1961). Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, 2000. PhD dissertation.
 * Minkah Makalani, For the Liberation of Black People Everywhere: The African Blood Brotherhood, Black Radicalism, and Pan-African Liberation in the New Negro Movement, 1917-1936. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2004. PhD dissertation.
 * Theman Ray Taylor, Cyril Briggs and the African Blood Brotherhood: Another Radical View of Race and Class in the 1920s. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California at Santa Barbara, 1981. PhD dissertation.
 * Maurie I. Warren, Moses and the Messenger: The Crisis of Black Radicalism, 1921-1922. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1974. Bachelor's thesis.
 * Jacob A. Zumoff, The Communist Party of the United States and the Communist International, 1919-1929.  London: University of London, 2003. PhD dissertation.

Archives

 * Research files on African-Americans and communism, 1919-1993, (Bulk 1919-1939). Created by Mark Solomon. Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives. 4.25 linear feet (4 boxes).
 * Theodore Kornweibel Research Papers, 1910-1960. Research materials assembled by Theodore Kornweibel. The collection consists of copies of FBI and other federal agency records, including case files obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, detailed notecards, printed federal documents, and Kornweibel's correspondence with federal agencies. Newberry Library, Chicago.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: African Blood Brotherhood


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Talk:Phallaceae

Right, so I guess this is not going to mention anything about what it looks like and what its classification was derived from. AllStarZ 03:53, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

How to control stinkhorns
Now that we know what they are, how do we prevent or minimize their appearance in mulchbeds around the house? They are really offensive and disgusting. REALLY!

Edibility of Phallus impudicus
It is possible to eat and enjoy part of a stinkhorn 'egg' (Phallus impudicus). The structure of the egg can be seen from the photo of a cut stinkhorn egg.

On the outside is the brown/green gelatinous layer which later stinks and attracts the flies; inside this layer is a green layer which will become the 'head' of the expanded fruit body; and inside this is a white structure (the stalk when expanded), which is hard, but with an airy structure like a sponge. Pieces of this inner layer can be cut out with a knife and eaten. They are crisp and crunchy with an attractive radishy taste. Admittedly this is more like a party trick than a useful dietary element.

Strobilomyces 19:34, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I have heard the same is doen in China. Couldn't bring myself to do it though. cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:40, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It is done in France, too. Strobilomyces 19:28, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Je sais (that's about as much french as I know :) How nice are they? cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs)

Stinkhorn's erupting web?
No one in the world notices the web or net that comes out of the web. What is that web? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.181.207.84 (talk) 06:39, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Etymology
Add a etymology section. Jidanni (talk) 17:19, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Behavior 2022
— Assignment last updated by Gonet99 (talk) 19:16, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phallaceae


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Oscar Niemeyer/archive1

Oscar Niemeyer
Self nomination. For me it's a hommage to the importance of this architech. I it's always interesting in wikipedia articles about not-so-famous-for-the -majority articles. I think it only need a image of the MAC (see last section) --Alexandre Van de Sande 15:06, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Please don't see this as an attack of any kind, but I think there are a few spots where the language is not "Featured article"-perfect and strikes me as non-native speaker English.

 * Examples:

 * "during a military dictatorship backed by U.S. intelligency" (technically correct, but "intelligency" IMHO is an obsolete, dictionary word),
 * "Niemeyer traveled to the United States to project the headquarters of the United Nations" ("to project" — not sure if I have ever heard such use before -- I can't help but think of Engrishisms such as "Let's holiday"),
 * "This would be the first individual work of Niemeyer, who was then 33 years old." ("first individual work" strikes me as odd)

 * Anyway, I'm a bit weary of trying to fix these things myself, as my own writing style has just been critizised below (so there may be more suitable editors for straightening these things out.) Ropers 22:08, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with the above complaints; the article was almost entirely written by a non-native speaker, and although I've been doing occasional clean-up work on the English ever since, I think it needs some more thorough work to be quality prose. Everyking 14:25, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I have stepped in and revised the English throughout the whole article; I think most of the problems have now been fixed. However, I had difficulty interpreting some of the phrases and had to make some guesses here and there, so I may have inadvertently introduced some factual inaccuracies: the original author should reread it.  Also, after only one editing pass I likely didn't catch all the language problems, so others should also read over the article for style.  I will say, though, that aside from these issues I think it is a fine article. --Shibboleth 20:26, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Hardiness zone

A hardiness zone is a geographic area defined as having a certain average annual minimum temperature, a factor relevant to the survival of many plants. In some systems other statistics are included in the calculations. The original and most widely used system, developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a rough guide for landscaping and gardening, defines 13 zones by long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures. It has been adapted by and to other countries (such as Canada) in various forms. A plant may be described as "hardy to zone 10": this means that the plant can withstand a minimum temperature of 30 to 40 F.

Unless otherwise specified, in American contexts "hardiness zone" or simply "zone" usually refers to the USDA scale. However, some confusion can exist in discussing buildings and HVAC, where "climate zone" can refer to the International Energy Conservation Code zones, where Zone 1 is warm and Zone 8 is cold.

Other hardiness rating schemes have been developed as well, such as the UK Royal Horticultural Society and US Sunset Western Garden Book systems. A heat zone (see below) is instead defined by annual high temperatures; the American Horticultural Society (AHS) heat zones use the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 C.

United States hardiness zones (USDA scale)
The USDA system was originally developed to aid gardeners and landscapers in the United States.

In the United States, most of the warmer zones (zones 9, 10, and 11) are located in the deep southern half of the country and on the southern coastal margins. Higher zones can be found in Hawaii (up to 12) and Puerto Rico (up to 13). The southern middle portion of the mainland and central coastal areas are in the middle zones (zones 8, 7, and 6). The far northern portion on the central interior of the mainland have some of the coldest zones (zones 5, 4, and small area of zone 3) and often have much less consistent range of temperatures in winter due to being more continental, especially further west with higher diurnal temperature variations, and thus the zone map has its limitations in these areas. Lower zones can be found in Alaska (down to 1). The low latitude and often stable weather in Florida, the Gulf Coast, and southern Arizona and California, are responsible for the rarity of episodes of severe cold relative to normal in those areas. The warmest zone in the 48 contiguous states is the Florida Keys (11b) and the coldest is in north-central Minnesota (2b). A couple of locations on the northern coast of Puerto Rico have the warmest hardiness zone in the United States at 13b. Conversely, isolated inland areas of Alaska have the coldest hardiness zone in the United States at 1a.

History
The first attempts to create a geographical hardiness zone system were undertaken by two researchers at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston; the first was published in 1927 by Alfred Rehder, and the second by Donald Wyman in 1938. The Arnold map was subsequently updated in 1951, 1967, and finally 1971, but eventually fell out of use completely.

The modern USDA system began at the US National Arboretum in Washington. The first map was issued in 1960, and revised in 1965. It used uniform 10 F-change ranges, and gradually became widespread among American gardeners.

The USDA map was revised and reissued in 1990 with freshly available climate data, this time with five-degree distinctions dividing each zone into new "a" and "b" subdivisions.

In 2003, the American Horticultural Society (AHS) produced a draft revised map, using temperature data collected from July 1986 to March 2002. The 2003 map placed many areas approximately a half-zone higher (warmer) than the USDA's 1990 map. Reviewers noted the map zones appeared to be closer to the original USDA 1960 map in its overall zone delineations. Their map purported to show finer detail, for example, reflecting urban heat islands by showing the downtown areas of several cities (e.g., Baltimore, Maryland; Washington, D.C., and Atlantic City, New Jersey) as a full zone warmer than outlying areas. The map excluded the detailed a/b half-zones introduced in the USDA's 1990 map, an omission widely criticized by horticulturists and gardeners due to the coarseness of the resulting map. The USDA rejected the AHS 2003 draft map and created its own map in an interactive computer format, which the American Horticultural Society now uses.

In 2006, the Arbor Day Foundation released an update of U.S. hardiness zones, using mostly the same data as the AHS. It revised hardiness zones, reflecting generally warmer recent temperatures in many parts of the country, and appeared similar to the AHS 2003 draft. The Foundation also did away with the more detailed a/b half-zone delineations.

In 2012 the USDA updated their plant hardiness map based on 1976–2005 weather data, using a longer period of data to smooth out year-to-year weather fluctuations. Two new zones (12 and 13) were added to better define and improve information sharing on tropical and semitropical plants, they also appear on the maps of Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There is a very small spot east of San Juan, Puerto Rico, that includes the airport in coastal Carolina, where the mean minimum is 67 degrees F (19 C), which is classified as hardiness Zone 13b, the highest category, with temperatures rarely below 65 F. The map has a higher resolution than previous editions, and is able to show local variations due to factors such as elevation or large bodies of water. Many zone boundaries were changed as a result of the more recent data, as well as new mapping methods and additional information gathered. Many areas were a half-zone warmer than the previous 1990 map. The 2012 map was created digitally for the internet, and includes a ZIP Code zone finder and an interactive map.

In 2015, the Arbor Day Foundation revised another map, also with no a and b subdivisions, showing many areas having zones even warmer, with the most notable changes in the Mid Atlantic and Northeast, showing cities like Philadelphia, New York City and Washington D.C. in zone 8, due to their urban heat islands.

In November 2023, the USDA released another updated version of their plant hardiness map, based on 1991–2020 weather data across the United States. The updated map shows continued northward movement of hardiness zones, reflecting a continued warming trend in the United States' climate.

Selected U.S. cities
The USDA plant hardiness zones for selected U.S. cities as based on the 2023 map are the following:

Limitations
As the USDA system is based entirely on average annual extreme minimum temperature in an area, it is limited in its ability to describe the climatic conditions a gardener may have to account for in a particular area: there are many other factors that determine whether or not a given plant can survive in a given zone.

Zone information alone is often not adequate for predicting winter survival, since factors such as frost dates and frequency of snow cover can vary widely between regions. Even the extreme minimum itself may not be useful when comparing regions in widely different climate zones. As an extreme example, due to the Gulf stream most of the United Kingdom is in zones 8–9, while in the US, zones 8–9 include regions such as the subtropical coastal areas of the southeastern US and Mojave and Chihuahuan inland deserts, thus an American gardener in such an area may only have to plan for several nights of cold temperatures per year, while their British counterpart may have to plan for several months.

In addition, the zones do not incorporate any information about duration of cold temperatures, summer temperatures, or sun intensity insolation; thus sites which may have the same mean winter minima on the few coldest nights and be in the same garden zone, but have markedly different climates. For example, zone 8 covers coastal, high latitude, cool summer locations like Seattle and London, as well as lower latitude, hot-summer climates like Charleston and Madrid. Farmers, gardeners, and landscapers in the former two must plan for entirely different growing conditions from those in the latter, in terms of length of hot weather and sun intensity. Coastal Ireland and central Florida are both Zone 10, but have radically different climates.

The hardiness scales do not take into account the reliability of snow cover in the colder zones. Snow acts as an insulator against extreme cold, protecting the root system of hibernating plants. If the snow cover is reliable, the actual temperature to which the roots are exposed will not be as low as the hardiness zone number would indicate. As an example, Quebec City in Canada is located in zone 4, but can rely on a significant snow cover every year, making it possible to cultivate plants normally rated for zones 5 or 6. But, in Montreal, located to the southwest in zone 5, it is sometimes difficult to cultivate plants adapted to the zone because of the unreliable snow cover.

Many plants may survive in a locality but will not flower if the day length is insufficient or if they require vernalization (a particular duration of low temperature).

There are many other climate parameters that a farmer, gardener, or landscaper may need to take into account as well, such as humidity, precipitation, storms, rainy-dry cycles or monsoons, and site considerations such as soil type, soil drainage and water retention, water table, tilt towards or away from the sun, natural or humanmade protection from excessive sun, snow, frost, and wind, etc. The annual extreme minimum temperature is a useful indicator, but ultimately only one factor among many for plant growth and survival.

Alternatives
An alternative means of describing plant hardiness is to use "indicator plants". In this method, common plants with known limits to their range are used.

Sunset publishes a series that breaks up climate zones more finely than the USDA zones, identifying 45 distinct zones in the US, incorporating ranges of temperatures in all seasons, precipitation, wind patterns, elevation, and length and structure of the growing season.

In addition, the Köppen climate classification system can be used as a more general guide to growing conditions when considering large areas of the Earth's surface or attempting to make comparisons between different continents. The Trewartha climate classification is often a good "real world" concept of climates and their relation to plants and their average growing conditions.

Australian hardiness zones
The Australian National Botanic Gardens have devised another system keeping with Australian conditions. The zones are defined by steps of 5 degrees Celsius, from −15–−10 °C for zone 1 to 15–20 °C for zone 7. They are numerically about 6 lower than the USDA system. For example, Australian zone 3 is roughly equivalent to USDA zone 9. The higher Australian zone numbers had no US equivalents prior to the 2012 addition by USDA of zones 12 and 13.

The spread of weather stations may be insufficient and too many places with different climates are lumped together. Only 738 Australian stations have records of more than ten years (one station per 98491 ha), though more populated areas have relatively fewer hectares per station. Mount Isa has three climatic stations with more than a ten-year record. One is in zone 4a, one in zone 4b, and the other is in zone 5a. Sydney residents are split between zones 3a and 4b. Different locations in the same city are suitable for different plants.

Canadian hardiness zones
Climate variables that reflect the capacity and detriments to plant growth are used to develop an index that is mapped to Canada's Plant Hardiness Zones. This index comes from a formula originally developed by Ouellet and Sherk in the mid-1960s.

The formula used is: $Y = -67.62 + 1.734X_{1} + 0.1868X_{2} + 69.77X_{3} + 1.256X_{4}+ 0.006119X_{5} + 22.37X_{6} - 0.01832X_{7}$

where:
 * Y = estimated index of suitability
 * X1 = monthly mean of the daily minimum temperatures (°C) of the coldest month
 * X2 = mean frost free period above 0 °C in days
 * X3 = amount of rainfall (R) from June to November, inclusive, in terms of R/(R+a) where a=25.4 if R is in millimeters and a=1 if R is in inches
 * X4 = monthly mean of the daily maximum temperatures (°C) of the warmest month
 * X5 = winter factor expressed in terms of (0 °C – X1)Rjan where Rjan represents the rainfall in January expressed in mm
 * X6 = mean maximum snow depth in terms of S/(S+a) where a=25.4 if S is in millimeters and a=1 if S is in inches
 * X7 = maximum wind gust in (km/h) in 30 years.

For practical purposes, Canada has adopted the American hardiness zone classification system. The 1990 version of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map included Canada and Mexico, but they were removed with the 2012 update to focus on the United States and Puerto Rico. The Canadian government publishes both Canadian and USDA-style zone maps.

Selected European cities
The table below provides USDA hardiness zone data for selected European cities:

Britain and Ireland
USDA zones do not work particularly well in Ireland and Great Britain as they are designed for continental climates and subtropical climates. The high latitude, weaker solar intensity, and cooler summers must be considered when comparing to US equivalent. New growth may be insufficient or fail to harden off affecting winter survival in the shorter and much cooler summers of Ireland and Britain.

Owing to the moderating effect of the North Atlantic Current on the Irish and British temperate maritime climate, Britain, and Ireland even more so, have milder winters than their northerly position would otherwise afford. This means that the USDA hardiness zones relevant to Britain and Ireland are quite high, from 7 to 10, as shown below.

1. In Scotland the Grampians, Northwest Highlands and locally in the Southern Uplands; in England the Pennines; and in Wales the highest part of Snowdonia.

2. Most of England, Wales and Scotland, parts of central Ireland, and Snaefell on the Isle of Man.

3. Most of western and southern England and Wales, western Scotland, also a very narrow coastal fringe on the east coast of Scotland and northeast England (within 5 km of the North Sea), London, the West Midlands Urban Area, most of Ireland, and most of the Isle of Man.

4. Very low-lying coastal areas of the southwest of Ireland and the Isles of Scilly.

In 2012 the United Kingdom's Royal Horticultural Society introduced new hardiness ratings for plants, not places. These run from H7, the hardiest (tolerant of temperatures below -20 °C) to H1a (needing temperatures above 15 °C). The RHS hardiness ratings are based on absolute minimum winter temperatures (in °C) rather than the long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures that define USDA zones.

Scandinavia and Baltic Sea Region
Scandinavia lies at the same latitude as Alaska or Greenland, but the effect of the warm North Atlantic Current is even more pronounced here than it is in Britain and Ireland. Save for a very small spot around Karasjok Municipality, Norway, which is in zone 2, nowhere in the Arctic part of Scandinavia gets below zone 3. The Faroe Islands, at 62–63°N are in zone 8, as are the outer Lofoten Islands at 68°N. Tromsø, a coastal city in Norway at 70°N, is in zone 7, and even Longyearbyen, the northernmost true city in the world at 78°N, is still in zone 4. All these coastal locations have one thing in common, though, which are cool, damp summers, with temperatures rarely exceeding 20 C, or 15 C in Longyearbyen. This shows the importance of taking heat zones into account for better understanding of what may or may not grow.

In Sweden and Finland generally, at sea level to 500 m, zone 3 is north of the Arctic Circle, including cities like Karesuando and Pajala. Kiruna is the major exception here, which being located on a hill above frost traps, is in zone 5. Zone 4 lies between the Arctic Circle and about 64–66°N, with cities such as Oulu, Rovaniemi and Jokkmokk, zone 5 (south to 61–62°N) contains cities such as Tampere, Umeå, and Östersund. Zone 6 covers the south of mainland Finland, Sweden north of 60°N, and the high plateau of Småland further south. Here one will find cities such as Gävle, Örebro, Sundsvall, and Helsinki. Åland, as well as coastal southern Sweden, and the Stockholm area are in zone 7. The west coast of Sweden (Gothenburg and southwards) enjoys particularly mild winters and lies in zone 7, therefore being friendly to some hardy exotic species (found, for example, in the Gothenburg Botanical Garden), the southeast coast of Sweden has a colder winter due to the absence of the Gulf Stream.

Central Europe
Central Europe is a good example of a transition from an oceanic climate to a continental climate, which reflects in the tendency of the hardiness zones to decrease mainly eastwards instead of northwards. Also, the plateaus and low mountain ranges in this region have a significant impact on how cold it might get during winter. Generally speaking, the hardiness zones are high considering the latitude of the region, although not as high as Northern Europe with the Shetland Islands where zone 9 extends to over 60°N. In Central Europe, the relevant zones decrease from zone 8 on the Belgian, Dutch, and German North Sea coast, with the exception of some of the Frisian Islands (notably Vlieland and Terschelling), the island of Helgoland, and some of the islands in the Rhine-Scheldt estuary, which are in zone 9, to zone 5 around Suwałki, Podlachia on the far eastern border between Poland and Lithuania. Some isolated, high elevation areas of the Alps and Carpathians may even go down to zone 3 or 4. An extreme example of a cold sink is Funtensee, Bavaria which is at least in zone 3. Another notable example is Waksmund, a small village in the Polish Carpathians, which regularly reaches -35 C during winter on calm nights when cold and heavy airmasses from the surrounding Gorce and Tatra Mountains descend down the slopes to this low-lying valley, creating extremes which can be up to 10 C-change colder than nearby Nowy Targ or Białka Tatrzańska, which are both higher up in elevation. Waksmund is in zone 3b while nearby Kraków, only 80 km to the north and 300 m lower is in zone 6a. These examples prove that local topography can have a pronounced effect on temperature and thus on what is possible to grow in a specific region.

Southern Europe
The southern European marker plant for climate as well as cultural indicator is the olive tree, which cannot withstand long periods below freezing so its cultivation area matches the cool winter zone. The Mediterranean Sea acts as a temperature regulator, so this area is generally warmer than other parts of the continent; except in mountainous areas where the sea effect lowers, it belongs in zones 8–10; however, southern Balkans (mountainous Western and Eastern Serbia, continental Croatia, and Bulgaria) are colder in winter and are in zones 6–7. The Croatian (Dalmatian) coast, Albania, and northern Greece are in zones 8–9, as are central-northern Italy (hills and some spots in Po Valley are however colder) and southern France; Central Iberia is 8–9 (some highland areas are slightly colder). The Spanish and Portuguese Atlantic coast, much of Andalusia and Murcia, coastal and slightly inland southern Valencian Community, a part of coastal Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, southwestern Sardinia, most of Sicily, coastal southern Italy, some areas around Albania, coastal Cyprus and southwestern Greece are in zone 10. In Europe, the zone 11a is limited only to a few spots. In the Iberian Peninsula, it can be found on the southern coast, in small Spanish areas inside the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Granada, Málaga and Murcia. In Portugal, zone 11a can be found in the Southwest on a few unpopulated sites around the municipalities of Lagos and Vila do Bispo. In mainland Greece, zone 11a can be found in Monemvasia and also in areas of Crete, the Dodecanese, Cyclades and some Argo-Saronic Gulf islands. The Mediterranean islands of Malta, Lampedusa and Linosa belong to zone 11a as well as a few areas on the southernmost coast of Cyprus. The Balkan area is also more prone to cold snaps and episodes of unseasonable warmth. For instance, despite having similar daily means and temperature amplitudes to Nantucket, Massachusetts, for each month, Sarajevo has recorded below-freezing temperatures in every month of the year.

Macaronesia
Macaronesia consists of four archipelagos: The Azores, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and Madeira. At lower altitudes and coastal areas, the Portuguese Azores and Madeira belong to zones 10b/11b and 11a/11b respectively. The Azores range from 9a to 11b and Madeira ranges from 9b to 12a, 9a and 9b found inland on the highest altitudes such as the Mount Pico in the Azores or Pico Ruivo in Madeira. The Spanish Canary Islands hardiness zones range from 8a to 12b depending on the location and the altitude. The islands are generally part of zones 11b/12a in lower altitudes and coastal areas, reaching up to 12b in the southernmost coasts or populated coastal parts such as the city of Las Palmas. The lowest hardiness areas are found in Teide National Park being at 8a/8b for its very high altitude. The Teide peak is the highest peak of Macaronesia.

The Cape Verde islands, located much further south inside the Tropics, have hardiness zones that range from 12 to 13 in the coastal areas, while the lowest hardiness zone is found in the island of Fogo, in the country's highest peak Pico do Fogo.

American Horticultural Society heat zones
In addition to the USDA Hardiness zones there are American Horticultural Society (AHS) heat zones.

The criterion is the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 C. The AHS Heat Zone Map for the US is available on the American Horticultural Society website.

South Africa
South Africa has five horticultural or climatic zones. The zones are defined by minimum temperature.

Effects of climate change
The USDA map published in 2012 shows that most of the US has become a half zone (5 F-change) hotter in winter compared to the 1990 release. Again, with the publication of the 2023 map, about half of the US has shifted a half zone warmer. Research in 2016 suggests that USDA plant hardiness zones will shift even further northward under climate change.

title: Hardiness zone


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Panocasual

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 03:32, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Panocasual
Advert for a website with a gallery of panoramic photos. 73 hits on Google, mostly for pages with a link to a copy of this article at thefreedictionary.com. SteveW | Talk 21:29, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, website advert. Megan1967 07:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete adverts. Mgm|(talk) 08:34, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. --Coolcaesar 19:03, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Dan Bus Company

Dan Bus Company (דן חברה לתחבורה ציבורית) is an Israeli bus company based in Tel Aviv. It operates local bus service in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area (Gush Dan).

History
Dan was founded as a cooperative on 1 December 1945, from the merger of 2 companies, Galei HaMaavir and Ihud Regev. It demutualised, becoming a limited company in May 2002. Dan operates 1,200 buses and has 2,400 employees. It transports approximately over 600,000 passengers daily. In 2009, 23.5% of all Israeli bus travelers used Dan's lines. Dan provides bus service six days a week. From Friday afternoon until after Sunset Saturday night, service is suspended in observance of the Jewish Sabbath. Dan buses run until approximately 23:30 p.m. and resume service in the early morning hours.

In September 2009, Dan and Veolia reached an agreement on the purchase of Veolia's share in the Jerusalem Light Rail for $15–20 million. In October 2010, Veolia reneged and said it would sell its stake to Egged. As a result, Dan sued Veolia.

In May 2022, Dan group purchased TST, the bus operator in Setúbal area from Arriva.

Dan BaDarom
In 2015, Dan established the subsidiary Dan BaDarom (דן בדרום; Dan South) to compete on tenders in southern Israel.

In May 2015, Dan BaDarom won a tender to operate bus routes in the Northern Negev, Ashkelon, Kiryat Malakhi, Kiryat Gat, Sderot, Netivot and Ofakim. On February 12, 2016, Dan BaDarom started to operate the bus routes in the Northern Negev except the intracity service in Ashkelon. The operation starting date of the intracity service in Ashkelon was delayed from May 2016 to July 2016 because of bad service in Northern Negev routes. On July 1, 2016, Dan BaDarom started to operate the intracity service in Ashkelon.

In November 2016, Dan BaDarom replaced Metrodan Beersheba, which was shut down.

Dan Beersheva
Dan Beersheva (דן באר שבע) (DBS) is a subsidiary that operates local bus routes in Beersheva. It was created in January 2016, when Dan BaDarom won the tender of the urban bus routes in Be'er Sheva.

Metronit
Since 2013, Dan has been contracted to operate the Metronit bus rapid transport system in Haifa and the Krayot suburbs until October 15, 2021 where Dan was replaced with Superbus as the Metronit’s operator.

title: Dan Bus Company


text: User talk:61.2.201.38

title: User talk:61.2.201.38


text:
User:Havarhen/List of bloated software

This is a list of software I find to be bloatware, and also why they are listed here. If someone find this article encylopedic they are free to move it off of my user page.

Microsoft Office
This office suite is sold in way too many editions:
 * Microsoft Office Student and Teacher Edition
 * Microsoft Office Basic Edition
 * Microsoft Office Standard Edition
 * Microsoft Office Small Business Edition
 * Microsoft Office Professional Edition
 * Microsoft Office Professional Enterprise Edition

I recommend that you start using Latex or Markdown, This is becuse it is more simple if you whant a full office stack, i recommend that you try open office

Microsoft Word

 * Animated text frame: Who needs a animated frame around their textual content?? D'oh! That's something you can't see on the printed paper.

Microsoft Powerpoint
This program has way to many effects, it's a presentation maker, not a film editor! It makes some people use too much time on finding the most fancy effect, stealing time from what it's all about.

Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications
This script/macro engine has way too many functions, making it exploitable. You don't need to be able to format a harddrive from VBA! Too many viruses exploits less secure functions in this script language.

Microsoft Windows
A web browser and a media player is two programs that shouldn't be integrated into an operation system. Whutt why not?

MSN Messenger

 * Nudge: nudging people
 * Winks: sending flashanimations
 * MSN Games: having MSN Games built into this program makes the program much heavier, there exists many online playgrounds where one could play games against each other.
 * Radio: listening to internet radio(wut, what is this)

Internet Explorer
This browser is too much integrated with the operationsystem, making it much more exploitable.

ActiveX
Same as VBA

Firefox
Firefox is a browser that was founded by some nerds in the USA and started as something positive but now it has become bloat as of February 8, 2021.

I hate rust
Rust is very bloated programing languge and it makes for very big binnarys, i think Firefox binary size is 800mg and you know thats big fat bloat, What should you use instead i am glad you asked you should use netsurf, Netsurf is a webbrowser that is writen in pure c(lang) that makes it very fast like szonick you can compile netsurf in 10minutes ore somting like that and the binnary size is 10kb or somting like that. Can i also add that firefox can't bea comiled with LibreSSL, Yeah i know it is tyran y.

I Love Gentoo
I might also add that firefox takes like 10hr to compile on My GENTTO box 10hr vs 10min huuuuh i know what you are thinking but firefox has full webstandard stuff and youl bea right. BUTT netsurf has support for half of the most common css stuff and it has support for javascript using Duktape engien.

Stuff that i also hate about firefox

 * 1) The CEO of Firefox is a communist and wants to ban Donald trump from the internet,.
 * 2) The CEO of Firefox is have bean rising his/hers Salary alot while laying of develepers.
 * 3) Firefox is in bed with google and big tech, this is frigtining in it self that firefox, the Priacy browser is taking Monay from this communist organization Google, and google is spying on me why mann?
 * 4) Firefox has not 3cookies support blocked by defulte this is also very bad.
 * 5) Firefox has not support for gopher, why dosen't firefox has a gopher client builth inn by defulte huum?.
 * 6) Firefox dosen't support unveil(2) and Privilege Separation(∞) that OpenBSD uses, This makes it soo that folder can bee wronebole for attack. What i mean about Privilege Separation is that firefox dosent have the right to open every folder in the system onaly the folders it is granted by the system. Beacuse what if firefox gets a hack that makes it soo you can binnary exsplote it? humm.

Stats Lines of code of Firefox over time?
In fact firefox has somting like 100mil lines of code and you know thats a lot alot, for just a webbrowser. A webrowser is so simple you can juse use  it is so simpel man bam bam you dont need every wone of thes drivers for you tosters and all of this javascript with 300 nodejs dependecyes, yeah firefox is blot yeah i know chrome and bing and all of the other webbrowsers are also bloat but firefox is very very very bloat beacuse it is open source. Kan henrey from singapor has made a video about this he has made some graphs and stuff about BLIK, Firefox, Chrome and netscape internet exsplorer.

What is am really saying is wee need a simpel web why can't wee just have gopher with bearSSL(LibreSSL and OpenSSL is bloat), irc and all of thes cool tecnologys.

https://dabase.com/blog/2020/sloc-the-Web/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDtfWq_LNmk

Folks that are trying to compile Rust and firefox
This POOR(not ass in monay) guy is trying to compile rust and it is bloat.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MdTu8dSorY

Stuff that is also bloat
Firefox is bad but sometimes good

Chrome better than firefox

Blink wurese than firefox but better than chrome

Matrix (The chat system) and it prediceser discord.
 * 1) Matrix is chating client like matrix and it suckes beacuse if you run a server it uses very mutch ram it uses not good at all very bad, matrix should not bee used. You should use XMPP beacuse it is more develuped and has a sanne and simpel C Server implementasjon whitch is important. It also has some good c clients Whitch uses FIFO. Other than that you should use Tox or more spsicily Ratox whitch is a tox client for FIFO input very good it is just plain text and noe stupid ncurses intercase whitch is very very bloat.
 * 2) Use XMMP
 * 3) Use raTox
 * 4) Matrix is also maybe founded by moosad, Can wee trust the jwes?
 * 5) Matrix has also made a game, and games are bad.

Websites that are bloat and evil
Wikipedia, wikicommons and wikidata What i don'nt like about thes websites is that they are written in PHP

youtube: (I like that i can just Use mpv "yo.tube/videid" and just get the video with out anny drm stuff

twitter (Kinda good ween trump was on it, but than Jack dorse came and killed him), But jack doorsy is sometimes cool i gusse?(https://twitter.com/jack/status/1510314535671922689) And i also like twitter hashing system for makeing thess twittes its not like facebook with all of thess php stuff

instagram: (THis is a evil website)

facebook: (this is alsoe a every every a evil website)

vg.no: bloat bloat bloat and is bad news ass weell, it has mutch javascript

nrk.no: is a little bit better than vg because it doesn't use that much Javascript but it is statist and the state runs it so you should not trusted them. They are like Pravda but Norsk. Pravda was a Russian website that lied to the russian people not good at alle.

basically all of Internet is bloat with Javascript PHP. and stuff.

Softwar that is harmful or bad /with alternatives ass welll
Bittorrent: Is also very bad becuse every software client is bad and bloated becuse every client uses https://www.libtorrent.org/, libtorrent is just a stupid c++ libary thingy and is very bloat very big binnary not good at all. btpd is a good suckless klient dosent have evert feture it needs but it can download some linux isos and thats great, it dosent support hashV2 and hashHYBRIDE. I migh also add that btpd is just 13.1k lines of code with is kinda good. But i think i have a better client but it is not develuped yeat, i dont have the link but yeah very klient but 20k lines of code

Linux
Linux also sucks it is very bloat just use OpenBSD. But if you have to use linux use Gennto or this version of gennto oasis is a very minimalistic distro that uses

Here is a list of the best linux distors from 1 is the best and 100 is the worst in that order

1. oasis 2. Gennto 3. Funtto 4. Artix (with runit, butt it has sv) 5. Parabola GNU/Linux-libre 6. All arch based distors that dose not follow systemd as int system 7. Arch 8. All Arch based distros that har sytemd based 9. That debian based distor that dose not use systemd 9. Debian: debian based distors 10. Ubuntu based distors 11. hana mantana distor 12. bebian distoro 13. Red hat distoro 14. That distro that linus torvald uses. 15. Slackware. 16. Adolf hitler distoro 17. Erna solberg distoro 18. Freebsd 19. Netbsd 20. Jeg kommer ikkje på flere distroer så jeg skriver dete diktet slikt at eg får det tjuvende tallet, for da høyres det meir officielt.

X11
X11 is the perfect form of bloat it has something like 800.000LOC and is very buggy. You should probably use something like wayland.

If you really need you use X11 i recommend that you use dwm, other than that you should use Xfce if you want a Desktop environment.

But you should really use velox if you are gonna use wayland, or you can use dwl.

Android
Android is also very bloat it is written in Javascript and has many stupid features like idk can't remember but not good man.
 * 1) You should not use Android and insted use becuse sxmo.org is a very good Linux distoro for you phone it is so simpel that you can just ssh into it   and bamm bamm you got all of your sms msm irc itc, itspg and all of the good stuff, with a simpel rss client sfeed and sfeed_curses you got all what you will every need from a phone.
 * 2) Or you can use some other Android ROM that respects your piracy.

RSS
Just thinking about it rss is also very bloat, don't get me wrong, it is a good technology but it is also kinda stupid with all of the  you get a headache that is not good for your brian i think it is better to just use twtxt.txt, twtxt.txt is so simpel and i just like it. other than that i recomend you to us microformats, that is also very good to have a simpel standard for websites and stuff for robots and for humans.

Games that are bloat but fun to play
There are allot of bloat in the gaming industry, but i must give these an exemption because they are open source. So I guess I can't hate them just becuse they are bloat.

It is a game leak ore somting like that? 1.3m lines of code(LOC) thats cracy man what that very mutch lines of code nigger.

its mario but TUx= 675.4k Lines of code(LOC)

[openage] This is the perfect type of suck, it is written in c++ and yeah not so mutch lines of code ass tux but very mutch inn dead 222.2k(LOC) this kinda sucks becuse you need the assets not free assets very bad i know.

Opera browser
Sadly this good Norwegian web browser has started to become bloatware, adding all too many functions.
 * M2 Mail Client: Mail clients should not be included in the browser, that's to quite different things. This makes the mail client taking time from the real coding. Also it's not as good as many other standalone mail clients.
 * IRC Chat Client: This is another example of stuff that shouldn't be included in a web browser. Same as the M2 Mail Client, it's not as good as many other standalone IRC clients.
 * The default view one is getting after installing Opera for the first time is somewhat untidy having too much panels and toolbars open in addition to a sidebar.
 * The preferences window is also somewhat untidy, and has way too many options to chose from
 * Sounds: What's the need for having a function to play a sound when the browser starts or exits?

Netscape Browser
When the software engineers created this Mozilla Firefox based web browser, they added way too many functions and features to a lean browser.

Eksterne lenker

 * Suckless softwar that is very good mostly terminal based applications
 * This is a very good list of suckless softwar from GUI on the LEFT to minimalist softwar on the right
 * List of good gennto softwar some of that take very long time to compile :-( (SAD_FACE)
 * Richard stalins list for open source softwar that is GPL3+/GPL3-

title: User:Havarhen/List of bloated software