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Giovinezza

"Giovinezza" was the official hymn of the Italian National Fascist Party, regime, and army, and was an unofficial national anthem of the Kingdom of Italy between 1924 and 1943. Although often sung with the Royal March, the official anthem, some sources consider "Giovinezza" to have supplanted it as the de facto national anthem of the country (Inno della Patria), to the dismay of Victor Emmanuel III —a powerful symbol of the diarchy between the King and Mussolini. It was subsequently the official anthem of the Italian Social Republic.

Ubiquitous in mid-twentieth century Italy, the hymn emphasized youth as a theme of the fascist movement and was one example of the centrality of the Arditi to the fascist narrative.

History
"Giovinezza" was composed by lawyer and composer Giuseppe Blanc in 1909 as "Il Commiato" (Italian for "farewell"). Blanc later also wrote other fascist songs, including The Eagles of Rome, an Ode to the Italian Empire. Previously a Turin university graduation song, and popular among Italian soldiers during World War I, the song was called "Inno degli Arditi" (Hymn of the Arditi, a corps of the Italian Royal Army during World War I, whose members joined the fascist movement in large numbers). The hymn was further popularized by the mass rallies of Gabriele d'Annunzio in Fiume.

The version sung during the March on Rome was composed by G. Castaldo in 1921, using the original score by Giuseppe Blanc and words by Marcello Manni (beginning "Su compagni in forte schiere"). After the March on Rome, where it was sung, Mussolini commissioned Salvator Gotta to write the new lyrics, which were completed in 1924.

Gotta's version plays on fascist themes like youth and nationalism. Its reference to "Alighieri's vision" is an allusion to Dante Alighieri marking Italy's borders on the Quarnaro (Kvarner) Gulf, thus including the province of Istria, a territory granted to Italy after World War I.

There were new lyrics drafted in 1943 to fit the new nation. The lyrics were rewritten because the triumphant, happy tone of the old lyrics did not fit the tone of the 600 day long civil war ongoing in Italy at the time.

After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, the Allies suppressed the hymn in Italy. At the time, Italy had no national anthem, until "Il Canto degli Italiani" was provisionally chosen when Italy became a Republic on 12 October 1946, only to be officially legislated on 4 December 2017.

Performances
"Giovinezza" was played "with the slightest pretext" at sporting events, films, and other public gatherings, and often carried adverse (even violent) consequences for those who did not join in. Even foreigners were roughed up by blackshirts if they failed to remove their hats and show respect when "Giovinezza" was played.

In the 1930s, "Giovinezza" was made the official anthem of the Italian army. The school day was required to be opened either with "Giovinezza" or "Balilla", the song of the Opera Nazionale Balilla. A faint, recorded version of the hymn played in the background of the Chapel of the Fascist Martyrs in the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution.

There was a German song with German lyrics, set to the same tune as Giovinezza; "Hitlerleute" (Hitler's people) replacing "Giovinezza". A Japanese translation of Giovinezza, "黒シャツ党の歌" (lit. The song of blackshirts party) and "ファシストの歌" (lit. Fascist Song), was created in commemoration of the Tripartite Pact and used in Japanese overseas broadcasting.

Italian tenor Beniamino Gigli recorded "Giovinezza" in 1937, although the anthem is noticeably excluded from his "Edizione Integrale", released by EMI. "Giovinezza" followed the inauguration of the Fascist parliament in 1924 (following the Acerbo law) and preceded the Nazi radio broadcast announcing the creation of the Italian Social Republic.

"Giovinezza" was sung on 12 March 1939, the day of Pope Pius XII's coronation, by the Pope's Palatine Guard. After the last ceremony of his papal coronation was over Pius XII went to rest in the Lateran Palace. The singing occurred during a moment of public bonhomie between the Palatine Guards and the Italian Guards, "Palatine and Italian Guards exchanged courtesies, the former playing the fascist anthem, "Giovinezza" and the latter the papal hymn." This incident, which was not part of the coronation ceremony and took place without the knowledge or approval of Pope Pius XII is sometimes used to portray Pius XII as a crypto-fascist.

Toscanini
Arturo Toscanini (who had previously run as a Fascist parliamentary candidate in 1919 and whom Mussolini had called "the greatest conductor in the world") notably refused to conduct "Giovinezza" on multiple occasions. Toscanini had refused to play "Giovinezza" in Milan in 1922 and later in Bayreuth, which earned him accolades from anti-fascists throughout Europe. Mussolini did not attend the premier of Puccini's Turandot on 15 April 1926 – having been invited by the management of La Scala – because Toscanini would not play Giovinezza before the performance. Finally, Toscanini refused to conduct "Giovinezza" at a May 1931 concert in Bologna, was subsequently roughed up by a group of blackshirts, and thereafter left Italy until after World War II.

Relationship to Marcia Reale
The Royal March had often preceded "Giovinezza" on official occasions, as required by official regulations following an abortive attempt to conflate the two songs. Many considered the Royal March "long-winded and gaudy", and these faults were thrown into sharp relief by back-to-back ceremonial presentations. "Giovinezza" was used as a sign-off by Italian radio under Mussolini; after the ousting of Mussolini in 1943, the Italian radio signed off for the first time in 21 years playing only the Royal March, "Marcia Reale".

title: Giovinezza


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Hutena and Hutellura

Hutena and Hutellura (also spelled Hudena and Hudellura; ḫdn ḫdlr in alphabetic Ugaritic texts) were goddesses of fate and divine midwives in Hurrian mythology.

Number
An unresolved problem in scholarship is the number of goddesses referred to with the names "Hutena and Hutellura." Piotr Taracha notes that only two figures depicted on the Yazılıkaya reliefs are labeled as such, but at the same the names appear to be plural. However, he also notes that based on equations in god lists the name Hutellura seemed to refer to a singular goddess, corresponding to Mesopotamian Ninmah, Nintu or Aruru. He concludes that it can be assumed they were a pair worshiped together, like Ninatta and Kulitta or Ishara and Allani.

Alfonso Archi assumes that the development of Hutena and Hutellura in Hurrian religion was influenced by the Syrian midwife goddesses, known as Kotharāt in Ugarit or Kûšarātum in Mari (both derived from the Semitic root kšr, "to be skilled"), who were regarded as a group of seven. According to god lists, Hutena and Hutellura were equated both with them and with Šassūrātu (derived from šassūru, "womb," a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian), assistants of the Mesopotamian birth goddess. As attested in the myth Enki and Ninmah, the latter group consisted of seven goddesses: Shuzianna, Ninimma, Ninmada, Ninšar, Ninmug, Mumudu and Ninnigina. On this basis, he proposes that Hutena and Hutellura should also be understood as a heptad.

Character
Emmanuel Laroche proposed that their names are both derived from the Hurrian verb ḫut, perhaps to be translated as "to favor." Another proposed translation for the root word is "to raise." Alfonso Archi suggests the translation "those of favoring" for Hutena and notes that while derived from the same root, Hutellura most likely needs to be understood as analogous to the word hutelluri, "midwife." He assumes the names reflected their benevolent nature.

A connection existed between Allani and Hutena-Hutellura, possibly due to the belief that the determination of each person's fate took place in the underworld.

While in theory it can be assumed that Hutena-Hutellura were regarded as responsible for premature deaths, such cases were often explained as divine wrath affecting a community. The character of the fate goddesses themselves was regarded as benevolent.

In addition to determining fates, Hutena and Hutellura were also goddesses of birth and midwifery. As such, they were likely believed to be responsible for shaping the fetus during pregnancy.

Worship
Hutena and Hutellura appear in kaluti (offering lists) of the goddess Hebat and her circle, usually following her servant Takitu and preceding the pair Ishara and Allani. In the Yazılıkaya sanctuary, they are likewise placed right behind Hebat, her daughters and Takitu, with the figures representing them labeled as 47 and 48 in modern scholarly sources. An exception is known from the Hurrian offering lists from Ugarit, where Hebat is followed by Ishara and Allani, while Takitu, Hutena and Hutellura are placed behind this pair.

Hutena and Hutellura were most likely originally incorporated into Hebat's court in ancient Aleppo.

In rituals they could also appear in relation to Ea, Damkina and Izzummi (the Hurrian name of Isimud), who in Anatolia were part of the Hurrian pantheon.

Mythology
Hutena and Hutellura appear in the myths Song of Hedammu and Song of Ullikummi, both of which belong to the cycle of Kumarbi. In the latter text, they are present during the birth of the eponymous stone monster, and present him to his father Kumarbi.

In Hittite translations both of this cycle and other Hurrian myths and ritual texts they are substituted with the Gulšeš and DINGIR.MAH.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hutena and Hutellura


text: Talk:Application service provider

title: Talk:Application service provider


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Coat of arms of Vojvodina

There are two coats of arms in official use in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, the coat of arms of Vojvodina and the Traditional coat of arms of Vojvodina. Two coats of arms are given the equal status in the Provincial Assembly Decision on the Appearance and Usage of Symbols and Traditional Symbols of AP Vojvodina adopted in 2016.

The Assembly of Vojvodina adopted the coat of arms of Vojvodina on 28 June 2002. The Assembly adopted the Traditional coat of arms on 15 September 2016. Coat of arms are based on the historical coat of arms of the Serbian Vojvodina from the flag of Zemun National Guard from 1848, as well as the historical coat of arms of the Principality of Serbia.

Description
The three fields of the coat of arms of Vojvodina bear the coats of arms of 3 historic regions of Vojvodina, granted in the 18th century:

 * Bačka. The coat of arms of Bačka was granted by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1657-1705) in 1699. It was later (1861) retained for the Batsch-Bodrog County. In blue field on a green grass stands Saint Paul wearing blue shirt and brown toga with golden nimbus holding in dexter a downward-pointed silver sword with golden hilt and in sinister a black book (Bible). The Bačka-Bodrog county was divided between Yugoslavia and Hungary after World War I. The northern part of it was later incorporated into Bács-Kiskun county of Hungary, that also uses the coat of arms with St. Paul in its dexter half.
 * Banat. The golden lion rampant on red holding a sabre was the coat of arms of the Banat of Temeswar (Serbian: Tamiški Banat). It was an Austrian crown land, its governor responding directly to the Emperor, and existed from 1718, when the area was taken over from the Ottoman Empire, to 1779, when it was abolished. The coat of arms of the Tamiš Banat is derived from the oldest arms of the Habsburg family, which were: Or a lion rampant gules armed langued and crowned azure. The arms denote the land as the Emperor's personal possession (hence the lion, only without the crown, and the colours, or and gules reversed and azure excluded, or in its place), which is situated at the border with the Ottoman Empire (hence the sabre in lion's paw). The coat of arms is nowadays used only in the part of Banat in Vojvodina. The coat of arms of the part of Banat in Romania is partly based on it, too: gules over waves azure a bridge with two arched openings or wherefrom issuing a demi-lion or holding a sabre in its right forepaw. Half of the lion also appears on the arms of Timiș County in Romania.
 * Srem. The third coat of arms is that of Srem, granted in 1747 by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. The modern Croatian county of Vukovar-Syrmia uses the same coat of arms. The three white stripes on blue, representing the three rivers of Srem: Bosut, Sava and Danube. A deer rests close to a green poplar (topola) tree. The tree changed throughout history. In the original grant the tree was a cypress tree. The modern Croatian design preferred it to make it an oak tree, which is abundant in the region and is a kind of a national symbol. Similarly, the poplar is connected to Serbia (The royal family stems from a place named Topola).

Historical coat of arms
The historical coat of arms of Serbian Vojvodina was adopted in 1848. In its central part is a Serbian cross.

On the left and right side are a small coats of arms of the four historical regions of Serbian Vojvodina: Srem (upper left), Banat (upper right), Bačka (bottom left), and Baranja (bottom right).

On the top is a Crown of Saint Stephen. The crown was placed on the coat of arms because the first intention of Serbs was to create Serbian Vojvodina, which would be autonomous region within the Kingdom of Hungary, but since the war between Serbs and Hungarians started, the intention was changed into one that Serbian Vojvodina should be completely separated from the Kingdom of Hungary and directly subordinated to Vienna.

On March 17, 2015, the Assembly of Vojvodina failed to meet two-thirds of votes on the legislation of parallel use of the historical coat of arms and flag from 1848.

title: Coat of arms of Vojvodina


text:
Terry McGovern (actor)

Terence McGovern (born May 11, 1942) is an American actor, television broadcaster, radio personality and acting instructor. He is best known as the original voice of Disney character Launchpad McQuack from DuckTales and spin-off Darkwing Duck. He was also elected into the Bay Area Radio Hall of Fame as a member of its Class of 2008.

Career
McGovern was schooled at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh with a double major in journalism and English, and later studied acting with Stella Adler and Milton Katselas. McGovern worked at KDKA radio and KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh from 1965 to 1969, leaving for KSFO in San Francisco during the summer of 1969. At age 30, McGovern traveled to Los Angeles, California, to further pursue his entry into acting. He started his career in films with George Lucas, in Lucas' inaugural film, THX 1138. It was on this film that Terry created the word Wookiee. According to Lucas in a 1977 Rolling Stone interview, he stated: " We were riding along in the car one day and he (Terry) said: 'I think I ran over a Wookiee back there,' and this really cracked me up and I said, 'What is a Wookiee?' and he said, 'I don’t know, I just made it up.'"

Lucas and McGovern continued their work together in the 1970s classics American Graffiti and Star Wars. McGovern played the role of the young high school teacher Mr. Bill Wolfe in American Graffiti, and in Star Wars he provided voice-overs for various personalities of the Empire. In 1993, he appeared in Mrs. Doubtfire, playing a voiceover director who argues with Daniel Hillard during the opening scene. McGovern also appeared in Back to the Future in a deleted scene as the McFlys' neighbor, who pressures George into buying an entire case of peanut brittle to help fund his daughter's Little League team.

McGovern played Jim Coyle in the CBS series Charlie & Co. and has helped to create hundreds of television and radio commercials. McGovern starred in Walt Disney’s animated series DuckTales and Darkwing Duck as the characters Launchpad McQuack and Babyface Beagle (only as Launchpad in Darkwing Duck). On theatrical stages, McGovern has had roles ranging from musical comedies to Shakespeare.

Since 1999, McGovern has voiced "Dan Stevens", fictional play-by-play announcer, for the NFL 2K series of sports video games, alongside voice actor Jay Styne (as "Peter O' Keefe"). Both have provided their voices for all seven games in the series, the last being the unlicensed All-Pro Football 2K8. Critics have praised McGovern and Styne's commentary as a great alternative to sports video games featuring real commentary teams.

McGovern is an instructor of commercial and character voice and scene and monologue acting, and he contributes to the College of Marin with his expertise. He taught script writing and the history of broadcast announcing for the University of San Francisco. He is also the artistic director of The Marin Actors' Workshop, which he founded. He published a poetry booklet entitled Rod McCroon's Look at the Loud, which is a parody of Listen to the Warm by Rod McKuen. The poetry was presented to his KSFO audience.

Since 2012, he has hosted the weekend morning show on Boss Boss Radio. The internet radio station plays the Top 40 hits of the Boss Radio era, 1964 thru 1980.

Personal life
McGovern and his wife Molly have two sons, Brendan and Anthony, and they live in Marin County, California.

Film

 * THX 1138 (1971) as Announcer (voice)
 * The Candidate (1972) as Reporter (KSFO)
 * American Graffiti (1973) as Mr. Wolfe
 * Magnum Force (1973) as Demonstrator (uncredited)
 * Smile (1975) as Judge #2
 * Northville Cemetery Massacre (1976) as Teddy
 * The Enforcer (1976) as Disc Jockey
 * Star Wars (1977) as Stormtroopers (voice)
 * Americathon (1979) as Danny Olson
 * J-Men Forever (1979) (voice)
 * Cardiac Arrest (1980) as Brewer
 * The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) as Cheese Demonstrator
 * Girls Just Want to Have Fun (1985) as Ira
 * Radioactive Dreams (1985) as Nicky Nuker
 * Innerspace (1987) as Travel Agent
 * Amazon Women on the Moon (1987) as Salesman (segment "First Lady of the Evening")
 * Party Line (1988) as Simmons
 * DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990) as Launchpad McQuack (voice)
 * Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) as A.D.R. Director Lou
 * Nine Months (1995) as Dr. Newsoe
 * Jack (1996) as Radio Personality
 * The Californians (2005) as Mr. Putterman

Television

 * Happy Days (1974) as Sloan Marlowe
 * Fernwood 2 Night (1977) as Larry Guy, Terry Guy
 * Three's Company (1977) as Ray Hagen
 * Mork & Mindy (1978) as Club manager
 * St. Elsewhere (1982) as Reporter
 * Dempsey (1983, TV Movie) as Benson
 * The A-Team (1983) Terry McGovern (credited as Terence McGovern), in the Season 1 "The Rabbit Who Ate Las Vegas" as Prof. Bruce Warfel
 * Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1984) as Taylor Wilson
 * The Jetsons (1985–1987) (voice)
 * Charlie & Co. (1985, TV Series) as Jim Coyle
 * Kissyfur (1985, TV Series) as Jolene
 * Transformers (1985–1986, TV Series) as Wildrider (voice)
 * Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible (1986–1989, TV Series) as Derek
 * Foofur (1987, TV Series) (voice)
 * DuckTales (1987–1990, TV Series) as Launchpad McQuack / Baby Face Beagle (voice)
 * DuckTales: Treasure of the Golden Suns (1987, TV Series) as Launchpad McQuack (voice)
 * Hogan Family, The (1988) as Buddy Natkin
 * The Magical World of Disney (1989–1990, TV Series) as Launchpad McQuack (voice)
 * Darkwing Duck (1991–1992, TV Series) as Launchpad McQuack (voice)
 * Raw Toonage (1992, TV Series) Launchpad McQuack (voice)
 * MythBusters (2011) as himself

Video games

 * Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith (1998) as Rebel Commander / Pirate Raider / Rebel Soldier 2 / Stormtrooper / Civilian Man / Trandoshan / Abron Mar (voice)
 * Star Wars: Droid Works (1998) (voice)
 * Sim Theme Park (1999) as Advisor (voice)
 * D no Shokutaku 2 (1999) (voice)
 * Mechwarrior 3 (1999) as Dominic Paine (voice)
 * NFL 2K (1999) as Dan Stevens (voice)
 * Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within (1999) as Allen Hale, George Maxwell (voice)
 * X Fire (2000) (voice)
 * Star Wars: Force Commander (2000) as Stormtrooper #1 (voice)
 * Ms. Pac-Man Maze Madness (2000) as Professor Pac (voice)
 * NFL 2K1 (2000) as Dan Stevens (voice)
 * Star Wars: Episode I: Battle for Naboo (2000) as Kol Kotha, Trader 1 (voice)
 * Shadow of Memories (2001) as Pedestrian 1, Pedestrian 6 (voice)
 * Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds (2001) as Jedi Knight / Stormtrooper (voice)
 * Reader Rabbit: Capers on Cloud Nine (2001) as Sam the Lion (voice)
 * NFL 2K2 (2001) as Dan Stevens (voice)
 * SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs (2002) (voice)
 * Shinobi (2002) (voice)
 * Pac-Man World 2 (2002) as Professor Pac (voice)
 * NFL 2K3 (2002) as Dan Stevens (voice)
 * Jet Set Radio Future (2002) (voice)
 * The Sims: Superstar (2003) as Sim (voice)
 * ESPN NFL Football (2003) as Dan Stevens (voice)
 * Airforce Delta: Blue Wing Knights (2004) (voice)
 * Batman Begins (2005) (voice)
 * All-Pro Football 2K8 (2007) as Dan Stevens (voice)
 * Family Feud 2010 Edition (2009) as Announcer (voice)
 * Press Your Luck 2010 Edition (2009) as Announcer (voice)
 * Axis Football 17 (2017) as Dave Stevens (voice)
 * Axis Football 2018 (2018) as Dave Stevens (voice)

Broadcast history

 * KDKA Radio and Television, Pittsburgh, 1965–69
 * KSFO Radio, San Francisco, 1969–74
 * KPIX Television, San Francisco, 1975–77
 * KSAN Radio, San Francisco, 1974–79
 * KWST Radio, Los Angeles, 1980
 * KRLA Radio, Los Angeles, 1982–83
 * POWER 104 Radio, New York, 1983
 * K-101 Radio, San Francisco, 1988–92
 * KYA Radio, San Francisco, 1992–94
 * KTVU Television, San Francisco, 1992–94
 * KRON-TV and BayTV, San Francisco, 1994–97
 * "Profiles in Rock," syndicated radio series from Watermark, Inc., 1980

title: Terry McGovern (actor)


text:
Talk:Bellman–Ford algorithm

proposed answer
for i from 1 to size(vertices) - 1 is correct.

in other other words: you intentionally leave one vertex out. reason: let a shortest path from s to an arbitrary vertex v contain k edges. that means, the path p from s to v can be described as follows: p = (s = v0, v1, ..., vk-1, vk = v). in the worst case the shortest path visits all vertices of the graph. these are size(vertices). but the path between s and v only contains size(vertices) - 1 edges. the algorithm tries to relax all edges for every edge on the shortest path - followingly, only size(vertices) - 1 relax-iterations have to be computed.

As for what u is supposed to be, (u, v) is the entire edge, starting at vertex u and finishing at vertex v. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.239.41.100 (talk) 03:46, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Bellman–Ford algorithm in the informational description of the black hole
Write the text.

Does the shortest path of the informational chunks always result in a mixed state? We want that because a pure state will lead to informational loss. One other option is that informational loss exists, but isn't fundamental, because it is the result of untangling a more fundamental field, and dissipating that infoloss into the same spacetime field as virtual particles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:587:4118:7CA3:2891:994B:40B:F97D (talk) 21:15, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Whether this has anything real to do with shortest paths, or is just buzzword salad, I'm not sure, but it doesn't appear to have anything to do with this article, which is about a specific method for finding shortest paths and not on the general topic of shortest paths. And it also appears to be off-topic for this talk page, which is about improvements to the article based on published reliable sources. —David Eppstein (talk) 21:42, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Animated example
The animated gif in the article, while it is a very good initiative, seems to be either wrong or at least confusing.

First of all, what do the numbers next to the vertices mean? If they're the estimated distances, then iiuc they're not supposed to increase. But they do: v4 changes from 4 to 6 between frame #5 and frame #6, just as v3 does between frame #4 and frame #5.

Also, aren't there supposed to be 5 frames instead of 6? That is, the initial state plus the |V|-1 = 4 steps of the algorithm.

And what do the thick arrows and grey vertices mean? Are they the vertices we already have the final distances of, and the shortest paths leading to them? The problem with this is that the algorithm is not supposed to "know" these at that point - if we stop there, we cannot be sure that we would not get better results (shorter paths) for these vertices in a later step.

Thoughts by another editor
I agree with the confusion. I believe that v3 and v4 incorrectly update. There is no possible path by which the cost to v4 is 4, so there's no way the algorithm should ever update the weight to 4. And like the parent said, the algorithm should never increase the weight, so v3 shouldn't temporarily change to 6 and back to 4. I think the original creator of the gif simply swapped the two values by accident.

It also converges after 3 cycles, which is common for this algorithm. In fact, this algorithm can converge after 1 cycle, if the optimal path is (randomly) selected.

I think removing the bold edges, darkening of the vertexes, and stopping the animation after the 3rd frame would really help this page, but I didn't make the change in case I misunderstand the algorithm.

P.S. First comment. Please don't bite the newcomer. I couldn't find a way to comment on the original post so I added to it.

Lothsahn (talk) 21:47, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Seems that the gif has been updated since then, but I still think it's not correct. On the frame that "t" changes from 6 to 2, shouldn't z change to -2 too instead of happening in the next frame? It suggests that z updates on the next loop after the t update one, but if I'm not mistaken it should be on the same frame since t changes to 2 and then after checking x and y, when it checks for z it should see that t is now -2 and not 6. Atleast that's what I understand should happen after reading the pseudocode. Marco2124 (talk) 20:01, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

New preprint
Seems soon (after peer-review) there finally might be an improvement to this absolutely classical algorithm https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.02520 2A00:20:5:B593:5C8F:D801:68C2:458 (talk) 00:29, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Let's wait until it's at least been accepted to a conference before adding anything here. Anyway, the right place is Shortest path problem, because it's a different algorithm than BF. —David Eppstein (talk) 05:02, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Pseudocode bug?
The pseudocode in the article states: for i from 1 to size(vertices)-1: I'm pretty sure that it's supposed to be for i from 0 to size(vertices)-1: or, equivalently for i from 1 to size(vertices):

The program I made based on the pseudocode didn't work until I made this change. Can anyone confirm that this is indeed the case (and not just some other bug in my program) and if so, correct the article? --Smallhacker (talk) 15:38, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

One more clarification on the Pseudocode for each edge (u, v) with weight w in edges: in this line what is u ? I beleive u should be changed to i or vice versa. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.203.64.216 (talk) 08:38, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * If there are n vertices, the algorithm needs to iterate n-1 times (as in the given pseudocode), not n times (as your change would have it). It starts out with one vertex having the correct distance (the starting vertex) and each iteration adds one more, so only n-1 iterations are needed until all are correct. If you implemented it correctly the nth iteration would be useless. Further, the case where exactly n-1 iterations are necessary should be unusual: it only happens when the shortest path runs through all vertices and the order of relaxation within an iteration is backwards for the edges of this path. So I strongly suspect it is some other bug in your program. —David Eppstein (talk) 08:20, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Proposed Merger: SPFA into Optimizations
Pretty much all in the title. The Moore Optimization has a whole article, which takes its name after that in the Fanding Duan article (1994) which popularized it in China. The relevance of having a whole article for it, since its worst case is the same as Bellman-Ford, does not seem to meet the standard. Wyrdwritere (talk) 03:51, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ —David Eppstein (talk) 01:13, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bellman–Ford algorithm


text: Category:HTML editors

title: Category:HTML editors


text:
User talk:Xaven

This is the place to leave me notes and messages, should anyone ever happen along and decide to do so...

Welcome to the Wikipedia!
Hello, and Welcome to the Wikipedia, Xaven! Thanks for the interesting contributions over on the List of city nicknames in the United States article. Hope you enjoy editing here and becoming a Wikipedian! Here are a few perfunctory tips to hasten your acculturation into the Wikipedia experience:

 * Take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial and Manual of Style.
 * When you have time, you can peruse The five pillars of Wikipedia, and Assume good faith, but keep in mind the unique style you brought to the Wiki!
 * Always keep the notion of NPOV in mind, be respectful of others' POV, and remember your perspective on the meaning of neutrality is invaluable!
 * If you need any help, post your question at the Help Desk.
 * Explore, be bold in editing, and, above all else, have fun!

And some odds and ends: Boilerplate text, Brilliant prose, Cite your sources, Civility, Conflict resolution, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Pages needing attention, Peer review, Policy Library, Utilities, Verifiability, Village pump, Wikiquette, and you can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes: ~~~~.

Best of luck, Xaven, and most importantly, have fun! Ombudsman 07:14, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xaven


text:
Anti-Mormonism

Anti-Mormonism is often used to describe people or literature that are critical of their adherents, institutions, or beliefs, or involve physical attacks against specific Mormons, or the Latter Day Saint movement as a whole. It can take the form of discrimination, persecution, hostility, or prejudice directed against the Latter Day Saint movement, particularly the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Opposition to Mormonism began before the first Latter Day Saint church was established in 1830 and continues to the present day. The most vocal and strident opposition occurred during the 19th century, particularly the forceful expulsion from Missouri and Illinois in the 1830s and 1840s, during the Utah War of the 1850s, and in the second half of the century when the practice of polygamy in Utah Territory was widely considered by the U.S. Republican Party as one of the "twin relics of barbarism" along with slavery.

Modern-day opposition generally takes the form of websites, podcasts, videos or other media criticizing Mormonism, or protests at large Latter-day Saint gatherings such as the LDS Church's semiannual general conference, outside of Latter-day Saint pageants, or at events surrounding the construction of new temples. Non-Mormon critics generally believe that the church's claims are false, that it is non-Christian, or that it is a religion based on fraud or deceit on the part of its past and present leaders. The FBI began tracking anti-Mormon hate crimes in the United States in 2015 and have noted an increase in incidents over time (through 2019).

Origin
The term, "anti-Mormon" first appears in the historical record in 1833 by the Louisville (Kentucky) Daily Herald in an article, "The Mormons and the Anti-Mormons" (the article was also the first known to label believers in the Book of Mormon as "Mormons"). In 1841, it was revealed that an Anti-Mormon Almanac would be published.

Mormonism had been strongly criticized by dozens of publications since its inception. In 1834, Eber D. Howe published his book Mormonism Unvailed. The Latter Day Saints initially labeled such publications "anti-Christian", but the publication of the Almanac and the subsequent formation of an "Anti-Mormon Party" in Illinois heralded a shift in terminology. "Anti-Mormon" became a common self-designation for those opposed to the religion.

Today, the term is primarily used as a descriptor for persons and publications that are active in their opposition to the LDS Church, although its precise scope has been the subject of some debate. It is used by some to describe all thought perceived as critical of the LDS Church.

Siding with the latter, less-inclusive understanding of the term, Latter-day Saint scholar William O. Nelson suggests in the Encyclopedia of Mormonism that the term includes "any hostile or polemic opposition to Mormonism or to the Latter-day Saints, such as maligning Joseph Smith, his successors, or the doctrines or practices of the Church. Though sometimes well intended, anti-Mormon publications have often taken the form of invective, falsehood, demeaning caricature, prejudice, or legal harassment, leading to both verbal and physical assault."

Reaction
Many of those who have been labeled "anti-Mormon" object to the designation, arguing that the term implies that disagreement or criticism of Mormonism stems from some inherent "anti-Mormon" prejudice, rather than being part of a legitimate factual or religious debate. Eric Johnson, for example, makes a distinction between "personal animosity and intellectual dialogue". Johnson insists that he is motivated by "love and compassion for Mormons", and that while he "[might] plead guilty to being against Mormonism", he finds the suggestion that he is anti-Mormon "both offensive and inaccurate". Stephen Cannon elaborates,

"It is also helpful to know that Mormons are a group of people united around a belief system. Therefore, to be 'anti-Mormon' is to be against people. Christians who desire to communicate the Gospel of Jesus Christ to Mormons are never to come against people of any stripe. Yes, evangelical Christians do have strong disagreements with Mormonism, but the argument is with a belief system and not a people. The LDS people are no better or no worse than any other group of people. Any dispute is to be a disagreement with the 'ism', not the 'Mormon'."

Even some members of the church who write negatively about it have had their writings labeled anti-Mormon. Ex-Mormons who write about the church are likewise frequently labeled anti-Mormon, even when their writings are not inflammatory in nature. The debate on who is "anti-Mormon" frequently arises in Mormon discussions of authors and sources.

Stephen Cannon has argued that use of the label is a "campaign by Latter-day Saints to disavow the facts presented by simply labeling the source as 'anti-Mormon'". Critics of the term also claim that Mormon authors promote the ideal of a promised heavenly reward for enduring persecution for one's beliefs.

Those individuals and groups who challenge Mormonism, particularly those who approach the challenge from an evangelical Christian perspective, would generally sustain that they do, in fact, have the best interest of the Mormon at heart.

History

Mormonism, or the Latter Day Saint movement, arose in western New York, the area where its founder, Joseph Smith, was raised, during a period of religious revival in the early 19th century. Smith claimed to have several visions involving God, Jesus and angelic Native American prophets. These claims were often not received well by those in the community, as evident in the following excerpt from Smith's account of LDS Church history:

"... one of the Methodist preachers ... treated my communication ... with great contempt, saying it was all of the devil, that there were no such things as visions or revelations in these days; that all such things had ceased with the apostles, and that there would never be any more of them. I soon found, however, that my telling the story had excited a great deal of prejudice against me among professors of religion, and was the cause of great persecution, which continued to increase; and though I was an obscure boy, only between fourteen and fifteen years of age, and my circumstances in life such as to make a boy of no consequence in the world, yet men of high standing would take notice sufficient to excite the public mind against me, and create a bitter persecution; and this was common among all the sects—all united to persecute me."

In New York and Pennsylvania, anti-Mormonism dealt mainly with issues including whether or not Smith actually had the gold plates; whether those plates belonged to the people rather than Smith; whether or not Smith ever really had had visions (at least ones of theological import); Smith's treasure-digging episodes; and alleged occult practices by Smith.

In Ohio, anti-Mormons focused on the ill-fated banking efforts of the Kirtland Safety Society and other failed economic experiments including the United Order.

In Missouri, once the gathering place of the Latter Day Saints, Mormons tended to vote as a bloc, wielding "considerable political and economic influence," often unseating local political leadership and earning long-lasting enmity in the sometimes hard-drinking, hard-living frontier communities. These differences culminated in hostilities and the eventual issuing of an executive order (since called the Extermination Order) by Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs declaring "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State." Three days later, a renegade militia unit attacked a Mormon settlement at Haun's Mill, resulting in the death of 18 Mormons and no militiamen. The Extermination Order was not formally rescinded until 1976.

In Nauvoo, Illinois, persecutions were often based on the tendency of Mormons to "dominate community, economic, and political life wherever they resided." The city of Nauvoo had become the largest in Illinois, the city council was predominantly Mormon, and the Nauvoo Legion (the Mormon militia) had grown to a quarter of the size of the U.S. Army. Other issues of contention included polygamy, freedom of speech, anti-slavery views during Smith's presidential campaign, and the deification of man. After the destruction of the press of the Nauvoo Expositor and institution of martial law, Joseph Smith was arrested on charges of treason against the state of Illinois and incarcerated in Carthage Jail where he was killed by a mob on June 27, 1844. The persecution in Illinois became so severe that most of the residents of Nauvoo fled across the Mississippi River in February 1846.

In 1847 Mormons established a community hundreds of miles away in the Salt Lake Valley in Utah. Beginning in 1849, every federally appointed official left Utah under duress. In 1857 President Buchanan concluded that the Mormons in the territory were rebelling against the United States. In response, President Buchanan sent one-third of the United States army to Utah in 1857 in what is known as the Utah War.

Early publications
Much of this anti-Mormon sentiment was expressed in publications during the early part of LDS Church history. In his 2005 biography of Joseph Smith, Richard Lyman Bushman cites four 1838 pamphlets as anti-Mormon: Mormonism Exposed by Sunderland, Mormonism Exposed by Bacheler, Antidote to Mormonism by M'Chesney, and Exposure of Mormonism by Livesey.

The first was the work of Origen Bacheler, who had no direct contact with the body of Mormons, and contained the contents of a debate between the author and Parley Pratt, with Pratt's side omitted. Bushman describes the author's rhetoric as indistinguishable from that uttered by "scores of other polemicists of his time," providing a glimpse into the kind of material considered anti-Mormon. The pamphlet described Joseph Smith as a "blockhead", a "juggling, money-digging, fortune-telling impostor" and, along with the Book of Mormon witnesses, as "perhaps the most infamous liars and impostors that ever breathed. ... By their deception and lies, they swindle them out of their property, disturb social order and the public peace, excite a spirit of ferocity and murder, and lead multitudes astray on the subject in which, of all others, they have the deepest interest." He voiced outrage at "the miscreants who are battening on the ignorance and credulity of those upon whom they can successfully play off this imposture." He described the Book of Mormon as, "the most gross, the most ridiculous, the most imbecile, the most contemptible concern, that was ever attempted to be palmed off upon society as a revelation." He believed the religion "can be viewed in no other light than that of monstrous public nuisances, that ought forthwith to be abated" and that the Mormons were "the most vile, the most impudent, the most impious, knot of charlatans and cheat with which any community was ever disgraced and cursed." Antidote to Mormonism describes Mormons as "miserable enemies of both God and man—engines of death and hell." He described combat with them as being "desperate, the battle is one of extermination." Bushman describes the characteristics of these anti-Mormon materials as sensationalizing actuality:

"The critics' writings largely controlled the reading public's image of [Joseph Smith] for the next century, with unfortunate results for biographers. The sharp caricature of 'Joe Smith' as fraud and con man blotted out the actual person. He was a combination of knave and blockhead. No one had to explain what motives drove him. He was a fixed type, the confidence man, well known in the literature of antebellum America. Americans knew all about these insidious scoundrels who undermined social order and ruined the lives of their unsuspecting victims. Joseph Smith became the worst of the type—a religious fraud who preyed upon the sacred yearnings of the human soul."

British author Arthur Conan Doyle's A Study in Scarlet (1887), the novel in which the famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes made his first appearance, includes a very negative depiction of the early Mormon community in Utah after its migration westwards and the foundation of Salt Lake City. Mormons are presented as violent, rigidly intolerant and corrupt, systematically terrorizing both members of the church and non-Mormon neighbors as well as forcing polygamous marriage on Mormon girls against their will.

Later in his career, Conan Doyle apologized to the Mormons for his depiction of their religion. During a 1923 tour of the United States, Doyle was invited to speak at the LDS Church's Salt Lake Tabernacle; while some individual Mormons remained deeply upset over the negative depiction, in general the Mormons present received him warmly.

Forms
Vehement opposition to the LDS Church comes from individuals or groups associated with the Christian countercult movement, which is mostly an evangelical Christian phenomenon. In the 21st century opposition to Mormonism has become frequent among Secular groups.

Religious anti-Mormonism
Among those with religious motives, Daniel C. Peterson has identified two major streams of modern anti-Mormon thought. The first is "traditional anti-Mormonism", typified by Rev. Wesley Walters, Jerald and Sandra Tanner, and Walter Martin. Anti-Mormons in this category generally try to explain Mormonism in naturalistic terms. They appeal to "Joseph Smith's environment and his (wicked or pathological) character, perhaps assisted by a co-conspirator or two", as a sufficient explanation for Mormon origins.

"New Age anti-Mormonism", according to Peterson, "is quite different. It admits the presence of supernatural events in the founding events of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is quite willing to acknowledge continuous supernatural influence in the life of the Church today." However, "unlike faithful Latter-day Saints, New Age anti-Mormons see the supernatural agents involved in the founding and progress of the Church as demonic, occultic, diabolical, luciferian."

This "New Age anti-Mormon" grouping includes Ed Decker, Loftes Tryk, James R. Spencer and many others. According to Introvigne, New Age anti-Mormonism emerged in the 1980s largely as a result of the rise of Third-wave Pentecostalism and its emphasis on spiritual warfare.

Traditional anti-Mormons, according to Peterson, are those who "are content to argue that Mormonism is untrue" and "incompatible with the Bible." While some may believe that Satan was indirectly involved in the founding of the LDS Church, they place little emphasis on his role. For them, naturalistic and historical explanations are always preferable to supernatural ones.

Among the most prominent of the traditional anti-Mormons are Jerald and Sandra Tanner. Both former members of the LDS Church, the Tanners converted to evangelical Protestantism and in 1964 founded the Modern Microfilm Company to "document problems with the claims of Mormonism and to compare LDS doctrines with Christianity." In 1983 they turned their company into a non-profit organization and renamed it the Utah Lighthouse Ministry. The Tanners' work has included "publishing [reprints of] many hard-to-find Mormon historical documents" and "[debating] virtually every significant topic in Mormonism". During their prolific career they have published more than two hundred items on a variety of social, doctrinal, and historical issues. Despite the high caliber of some of their work, the Tanners have been criticized on a number of points: notably for the vitriolic tone of some of their more polemical pieces, their resistance to change, and their unauthorized publication of several copyrighted documents. See also, , , In recent years, however, the apologists' antagonism toward the Tanners has somewhat subsided. In their study of anti-Mormon "word games", for example, Daniel C. Peterson and Stephen D. Ricks have nothing negative to say about them. Instead, they enlist them as allies against New Age anti-Mormons like Ed Decker, whose fabrications the Tanners have denounced on more than one occasion.

Walter Martin, founder of the Christian Research Institute, was another traditional anti-Mormon. Martin was more controversial and contemptuous than others noted here. He portrayed Mormons as deceivers who "pose as Christians," calling them "anti-Christian" and "a cult infiltration." Martin also claimed that Mormons secretly harbor a "deep contempt for Christians," and accused them of being egomaniacs and "cultists".

New Age anti-Mormons have generated considerably more controversy than traditional anti-Mormons. The most prominent of their number, Ed Decker, produced The God Makers and The God Makers II, and wrote books by the same name. The God Makers has attracted criticism not only from Latter-day Saints, but from traditional anti-Mormons as well. The film is generally considered acerbic and misleading, and has provoked bomb threats against LDS meetinghouses and death threats against members. In other publications, Decker has asserted that the literal source of Mormonism is Satan, that its religious symbolism is satanic in nature, and that it is a political conspiracy by nature.

Protests
Protesters have been visible as "street preachers" at LDS General Conferences, outside of LDS pageants, and temples. At the Sacramento temple, for example, protesters dispersed pamphlets to visitors who came to take a guided tour. They also held up signs directing people to websites critical of the LDS Church. Notably, protesters also made an appearance at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. One group that actively organizes peaceful protests, a non-profit organization called Mormonism Research Ministry, insists that its activities are not "anti-Mormon".

"Our goal at MRM is not to be antagonistic. In fact, whenever a representative of MRM speaks publicly on this subject, we often emphasize how Christians should reflect a Christ-like attitude when sharing their faith. We must be firm in our convictions but compassionate and patient as well. ... It is true that, just as some Mormons want nothing more than to ridicule and insult those with whom they disagree, some Christians have done the same. This is wrong and always will be wrong."

Some other individuals have been seen throwing copies of the Book of Mormon on the ground, stepping on them, and portray using temple garments, which LDS hold sacred, as toilet tissue, and other similarly offensive actions. However, nearly every evangelical ministry, including those that actively challenge truth claims of Mormonism, vehemently condemns this sort of offensive and belligerent behavior, and further object to being placed in the same category as those few who engage in such behavior.

As a result of organized protests at Mormon events, a number of Latter-day Saints, and even non-Mormons, have begun to counter-demonstrate at events (by singing hymns, for example).

Secular anti-Mormonism
Opposition to Mormonism has been more prominent in the 21st century from atheist perspectives. Richard Dawkins, Bill Maher and John Dehlin are among those who more prominent individuals who have used media appearances or podcasts to oppose the Institutional LDS Church and its doctrines and policies.

Legal
In March 2014, a court case was brought against LDS Church president Thomas S. Monson in the United Kingdom. Monson was accused by disaffected member Tom Phillips of breaching the Fraud Act 2006. The summons alleged that two men were induced to pay tithes to the LDS Church by church teachings which are objectively untrue. The allegedly untrue teachings included that Joseph Smith translated the Book of Mormon from ancient gold plates and it is historically accurate, and that Native Americans are descended from Israelites who left Jerusalem in 600 BC. The court case was tossed out before trial. A court judge called it an "abuse" of court process.

Violence
Tangible acts of violence against Latter-day Saints are considerably less common in the United States today than they were in the 19th century. The first significant violent persecution occurred in the early 1830s in Missouri. Mormons tended to vote as a bloc there, wielding "considerable political and economic influence," often unseating local political leadership and earning long-lasting enmity in the frontier communities. These differences culminated in the Missouri Mormon War and the eventual issuing of an executive order (since called the extermination order within the LDS community) by Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs, which declared that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State." Three days later, a renegade militia unit attacked a Mormon settlement at Haun's Mill, resulting in the death of 18 Mormons and no militiamen. The extermination order was not formally rescinded until 1976.

After the destruction of the press of the Nauvoo Expositor in Nauvoo, Illinois, Joseph Smith was arrested and incarcerated in Carthage Jail where he was killed by a mob on June 27, 1844. The persecution in Illinois became so severe that most of the residents of Nauvoo fled across the Mississippi River in February 1846.

Even after Mormons established a community hundreds of miles away in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, anti-Mormon activists in Utah Territory convinced U.S. President James Buchanan that the Mormons in the territory were rebelling against the United States; critics pointed to plural marriage as a sign of the rebellion. In response, President Buchanan sent one-third of the American standing army in 1857 to Utah in what is known as the Utah War.

More recent persecution against Mormons in the U.S. has occasionally taken the shape of acts of vandalism against church property. At an LDS Church building in Orangevale, Sacramento County, vandals spray painted "No on 8" and "No on Prop 8" on the front sign and sidewalk. An affiliate group of the radical Trans/Queer organization Bash Back!, claims credit for pouring glue into the locks of an LDS Church building and spray painting on its walls. An internet posting signed by Bash Back!'s Olympia chapter said: "The Mormon church ... needs to be confronted, attacked, subverted and destroyed." According to the Chicago Tribune, the acts of vandalism against the LDS Church appear to be in retaliation for support of Proposition 8. Police reported that nine church buildings were also damaged in Utah that month. The Anti-Defamation League released a statement condemning the "defacement and destruction of property."

In November 2008, the United States Postal Service delivered envelopes containing white powder to two LDS Church temples—the Los Angeles California Temple and the Salt Lake Temple—and to the Knights of Columbus' national headquarters in New Haven, Connecticut, prompting a hazardous materials response and a federal domestic terrorism investigation. The LDS Church blamed opponents of the marriage ban for sending the hoax mailings, while a group that also supported the measure condemned "acts of domestic terrorism against our supporters." LGBT rights groups, such as Equality Utah and Equality California, have spoken out against the use of violence in protests, and note that the source of the "white powder" mailings has not been determined.

In Latin America, however, opposition to Mormonism has taken a deadlier form. In May 1989, members of a terrorist organization called the Zarate Willka Armed Forces of Liberation murdered two Mormon missionaries in La Paz, Bolivia. Another Bolivian terrorist group, the Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army, claimed responsibility for two attacks against Mormon chapels. The Lautaro Youth Movement in Chile conducted 27 small-scale bombings against LDS meetinghouses in 1992. The MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base lists 149 individual attacks that have been carried out against Mormon targets in Latin America since 1983. It also lists a 2001 chapel-bombing in Croatia.

Official
Although a position on anti-Mormonism is not part of the official doctrine of the LDS Church, it has been mentioned specifically in a number of general conference talks made by church general authorities.

Marvin J. Ashton, speaking as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, began a fall 1982 conference by relating an experience he had with a protester outside Temple Square. He went on to declare "[t]o the world, and especially to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" that "there is no time for contention," and encouraged "all our members to refuse to become anti-anti-Mormon. In the wise words of old, can we 'live and let live'?"

Carlos E. Asay of the Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy spoke in the fall 1981 conference concerning opposition to the LDS Church. He describes "Lucifer" as the source of at least some anti-Mormon and apostate groups, relates an experience of a Mormon convert being excommunicated and encourages the avoidance of "those who would tear down your faith.”

A passage from an early Mormon epistle addresses a claimed tendency of ex-Mormons to criticize the church of which they are no longer a part: "[A]postates after turning from the faith of Christ ... have sooner or later fallen into the snares of the wicked one, and have been left destitute of the Spirit of God, to manifest their wickedness in the eyes of multitudes. From apostates the faithful have received the severest persecutions ... 'When once that light which was in them is taken from them, they become as much darkened as they were previously enlightened, and then, no marvel, if all their power should be enlisted against the truth,' and they, Judas like, seek the destruction of those who were their greatest benefactors."

In 1985, Vaughn J. Featherstone, a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of the LDS Church, addressed students at the church-owned Brigham Young University, calling anti-Mormon material "theological pornography that is damaging to the spirit."

Apologetic
Mormon apologetics and members vary both in their perception of criticism and opposition, as well as what they see as falling under the umbrella of anti-Mormonism. According to Hugh Nibley, a noted Mormon apologist, some of those who leave the LDS Church "become sometimes feverishly active, determined to prove to the world and themselves that it is a fraud after all," while others "hold no rancor and even retain a sentimental affection for the Church—they just don't believe the gospel." However, neither group, Nibley affirms, can ever "leave it alone. ... It haunts them all the days of their life. No one who has ever had a testimony ever forgets or denies that he once did have it—that it was something that really happened to him."

Although some Mormons avoid anti-Mormon material, others analyze and criticize it, such as William J. Hamblin, who addresses anti-Mormon attacks on the geography and archeology of the Book of Mormon in "Basic Methodological Problems with the Anti-Mormon Approach to the Geography and Archaeology of the Book of Mormon."

Some prominent LDS Church apologists believe that the opposition from anti-Mormonism can be beneficial to Mormonism. As Hugh Nibley expressed it, "We need more anti-Mormon books. They keep us on our toes." Michael R. Ash of the Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research (FAIR) dissected this viewpoint in "The Impact of Mormon Critics on LDS Scholarship", concluding that the accusations of critics are helpful in encouraging and stimulating further research. Orson Pratt also seemed to invite criticism when he said:

"Convince us of our errors of doctrine, if we have any, by reason, by logical arguments, or by the word of God, and we will be ever grateful for the information, and you will ever have the pleasing reflection that you have been instruments in the hands of God of redeeming your fellow beings from the darkness which you may see enveloping their minds."

Evangelical
Regarding the subject of Christian anti-Mormonism, Richard Mouw (President of the Fuller Theological Seminary) stated in 2004 at the Salt Lake Tabernacle in Salt Lake City,

"I am now convinced that we ... have often seriously misrepresented the beliefs and practices of the Mormon community. Indeed, let me state it bluntly to the LDS folks here this evening: we have sinned against you. The God of the Scriptures makes it clear that it is a terrible thing to bear false witness against our neighbors, and we have been guilty of that sort of transgression in things we have said about you. We have told you what you believe without making a sincere effort first of all to ask you what you believe...Indeed, we have even on occasion demonized you, weaving conspiracy theories about what the LDS community is 'really' trying to accomplish in the world."

Mouw is not the only Christian calling for moderation. Similar pleas have been issued by David Rowe, Carl Mosser, Francis J. Beckwith, Paul Owen, Craig Blomberg, and others. Some church and parachurch groups have also made efforts to repair relations with the Mormons. In the 1980s, Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority "took some small steps toward Evangelical-Mormon cooperation for a shared social, political, and ethical agenda". In or around 2000, a Pentecostal congregation in Provo, Utah held a public ceremony of repentance for its negative attitudes and actions toward the Latter-day Saint community. In 2001, the organization Standing Together, based in Lehi, Utah, was founded by a Baptist minister for the purpose of "building bridges of relationship and dialogue with ... The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." Standing Together hosts public seminars in which Evangelical scholar Greg Johnson and LDS scholar Robert L. Millet "communicate how they have maintained their friendship and at the same time discussed candidly their theological differences and concerns for one another." However, Standing Together is most recognized for their activities at General Conference, where they literally stand together, taking up space to deny its use by those who come to be disruptive influences.

Some traditional Christian churches and ministries, however, have expressed varying degrees of concern about the movement to abandon what they consider to be valid and cogent challenges to Mormon doctrine and teaching for the sake of "peaceful co-existence", and yet at the same time do not wish to be categorized with the fringe Christian elements that seek to be openly disruptive and antagonistic toward the LDS community.

Political
In 2011, Rick Santorum was asked if Jon Huntsman and Mitt Romney would have problems in the 2012 presidential election cycle as Mormons. Santorum answered, "I hope not. ... I hope that people will look at the qualities of candidates and look at what they believe and what they're for and look [at] their records and then make a decision."

Then-Vice President Joe Biden said, in a long response to a University of Pittsburgh student's question about how his own religious faith affected his philosophy of government:

"I find it preposterous that in 2011 we're debating whether or not a man is qualified or worthy of your vote based on whether or not his religion ... is a disqualifying provision. ... It is not. It is embarrassing and we should be ashamed, anyone who thinks that way."

title: Anti-Mormonism


text:
User talk:Hobojoe

Hello. I am the bohemian hobo.--Hobojoe 17:46, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) I SING THE BODY ELECTRIC!

Image deletion
Hi,

I nominated the image you have on your user page (Image:Hungary_coa.png) for deletion, because there is a higher quality version around (Image:Hungary_COA.jpg). If it does get deleted, you'll need to update your user page to use this other image.

KissL 28 June 2005 14:16 (UTC)

Nomination of Staten Island Ninja for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Staten Island Ninja is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Staten Island Ninja until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. StarM 01:58, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hobojoe


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User:GenderStudies

Why Gender/Gender Construction
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Literacy, Learning, and the Visual Arts
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Gendering the Period Eye
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Semiotics of Gender
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Self-Fashioning
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Style and Gender
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Moved pages that otherwise would have been deleted to userspace:
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Image:Brest1.jpg listed for deletion
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text: User talk:198.234.223.250

title: User talk:198.234.223.250


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Castro of Monte Valinhas

The Castro of Monte Valinhas, alternately the Castro of São João de Valinhas, is an archaeological site in Portugal, in the civil parish of Santa Eulália, in the municipality of Arouca, notable for the discovery of important traces of human remains from the last 2000 years.

History
Its situation, overlooking the open-spaces in the valley, was used by successive communities throughout the centuries (since the Neolithic until the Middle Ages) for protection and defence.

Although some artifacts may have indicated a presence since the Bronze Age, the reality is that there has not been any correspondent confirmation beyond the Iron Age. It was in this period that a defensive structure (castro) was established over Monte Valinhas, as well as along the southern and southeastern flanks, taking advantage of the granite rocks that exist there.

Later, during the Roman period, the area was reoccupied, possibly after the 1st century: artifacts that include fragments of ceramics and glass, lithics and metals were discovered during archaeological investigations.

Its strategic location attracted early settlers, but more important, medieval settlement during the Reconquista era, who utilized the hilltop and built a castle that lasted until the late 12th century or early 13th century, when it was abandoned.

Archaeological study of the area began in at the end of the 1980s, by a team of investigators coordinated by António Manuel Silva, whom identified the walled compound. These studies also concluded the investigations into the circular castro structure, discovering a fireplace in one of the human residences. The site remains unclassified, and under study since 1996.

Architecture
The Castro of Monte Valinhas was erected on the hilltop of the same name (Monte Valinhas) within the parish of Santa Eulália, in a privileged strategic space over the valley of Arouca.

title: Castro of Monte Valinhas


text: User talk:209.158.179.18

title: User talk:209.158.179.18


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User talk:GenderStudies

Welcome to Wikipedia! I would appreciate it if you could give some information about the source of your image uploads -- we can't accept images which don't meet our Copyright policy, and without information, it is hard to verify that the policy is met. Please can you do this, as images without origin information and licence tagging will otherwise tend to get deleted eventually. -- The Anome 17:50, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Why gender page
FYI... when you create a page devoid of content there are those who will delete it pretty quickly, since it may be assumed to be vandalism. Let me know if you have any questions.

Roodog2k 16:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sources?
Could you provide source for the texts you added to Wiki? They looks like copy-and-paste from some book (and it is not in Wikipedia standard style). Pavel Vozenilek 14:43, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Classroom project
Please read School and university projects for information on how classroom projects are best conducted. Note in particular that essays are not encyclopedic, and will be deleted. JRM · Talk 19:03, 2005 Apr 30 (UTC) -- FreplySpang (talk) 19:04, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your essay
Hi. Unfortunately your essay falls under the category of "original research," which is why it was listed for deletion. See No original research. You might also like to take a look at School and university projects. Andre ( talk ) 23:58, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Semiotics of ideal beauty
I have nominated Semiotics of ideal beauty, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Semiotics of ideal beauty. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Scott Mac (Doc) 00:38, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:GenderStudies


text:
List of Dublin City University people

This is a list of notable alumni, faculty members, leaders and supporters of Dublin City University, Ireland:

Presidents

 * Danny O'Hare, founding president, NIHE 1977–1989, DCU 1989-1999
 * Ferdinand von Prondzynski, 2000-2010
 * Brian MacCraith, 2010-2020
 * Daire Keogh, 2020-

Notable faculty

 * Pat Barker, registrar and professor
 * Patrick Brereton
 * John Bruton, adjunct faculty, former Taoiseach
 * Farrel Corcoran, retired professor
 * Michael Cronin, MRIA, later to TCD
 * Edward de Bono, adjunct faculty
 * David Denby, retired
 * Robert Elgie, professor, MRIA
 * Diarmaid Ferriter, former member
 * Barbara Freitag
 * Marnie Holborow
 * John Horgan, retired
 * Brigitte Le Juez
 * Colm Kearney, former member, deceased
 * James Kelly, professor
 * Colum Kenny, professor, journalist, barrister
 * Peadar Kirby, former member
 * Barbara O'Connor
 * Roderic O'Gorman
 * James O'Higgins Norman
 * Donal O'Mathuna
 * Eugene O'Riordan
 * Derval O'Rourke
 * Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín, retired
 * Paschal Preston
 * Kevin Rafter
 * Helena Sheehan, retired
 * Alan Smeaton, professor
 * Malcolm Smyth
 * Chris Stevenson, deceased
 * Brian Trench
 * Paul F. Whelan
 * Jenny Williams

Media / communications

 * Úna-Minh Caomhánach, journalist and writer
 * Rory Carroll, news correspondent, The Guardian newspaper
 * Matt Cooper, presenter of The Last Word; Today FM; Sunday Times columnist
 * Noel Curran, former Director General of RTÉ
 * Richard Curran, presenter of Dragon's Den; columnist for Sunday Independent
 * Mark Little, founder of Storyful; former CEO of Ireland Twitter; e- US correspondent and presenter of Prime Time, RTÉ
 * John Mulholland, Editor of The Observer
 * Breda O'Brien, columnist (Mater Dei Institute)
 * Kevin O'Sullivan, Editor of Irish Times
 * Caitríona Perry, journalist and co-anchor for RTÉ
 * Sean Whelan, Economics Editor, RTÉ

Arts

 * Declan Buckley, television personality
 * Marina Carr, author and playwright
 * Finghin Collins, pianist
 * John Connolly, author
 * Neil Delamere, comedian
 * Uaneen Fitzsimons, television presenter and DJ
 * Breandán de Gallaí (Brendan Galway), Riverdance dancer
 * Hazel Hayes, author, filmmaker, and YouTuber
 * Patrick McCabe (SPD), novelist
 * John McGahern (SPD)
 * Caroline Morahan, RTÉ's Off the Rails, Fair City
 * Barry Murphy, actor, comedian
 * Ardal O'Hanlon, comedian, known for Father Ted
 * Dearbhla Walsh, television director and Emmy Award winner
 * Laura Whitmore, MTV UK presenter
 * Don Wycherley (SPD)

Business

 * John Hourican, banker, CEO of the Bank of Cyprus
 * Albert Manifold, CEO of CRH plc
 * Brody Sweeney, CEO and founder of O'Briens Irish Sandwich Bars
 * Lorraine Twohill, Chief Marketing Officer of Google

Law, politics, and government

 * Rotimi Adebari, Ireland's first black mayor, Portlaoise
 * Clare Daly, TD, Dublin North 2016–2019, MEP 2019–
 * Seán Dorgan, General Secretary of Fianna Fáil
 * Brendan Howlin (SPD), Labour Party Teachta Dála
 * Enda Kenny (SPD), Teachta Dála, Taoiseach 2011–2017, Leader of Fine Gael 2002–2017
 * Conor Lenihan, Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála; former Minister of State
 * Mary Lou McDonald MEP, TD Teachta Dála, Deputy Leader of Sinn Féin since February 2009
 * Helen McEntee, TD, Fine Gael, Meath-East and Minister of State for Health - Older People
 * Rónán Mullen, former Senator
 * Kathleen O'Meara, former Senator
 * Kathryn Reilly, former Sinn Féin Senator
 * Noel Rock, former Fine Gael TD
 * Brendan Ryan
 * Duncan Smith, Labour TD

DCU GAA
🇮🇪 Ireland international rules football team players Senior inter-county footballers
 * Dublin colours.PNG Dublin
 * Laois colours.PNG Cavan
 * Seanie Johnston
 * John Tierney
 * Cork colours.PNG Cork
 * Seán Óg Ó hAilpín
 * Donegal colours.jpg Donegal
 * Michael Boyle
 * Michael Murphy
 * Galway colours.PNG Galway
 * Tom Flynn
 * Kildare colours.PNG Kildare
 * Seanie Johnston
 * Laois colours.PNG Laois
 * Colm Begley
 * Ross Munnelly
 * Colours of Cork.svg Louth
 * Paddy Keenan
 * Mayo colours.PNG Mayo
 * Rob Hennelly
 * Conor Mortimer
 * Donegal colours.jpg Meath
 * Anthony Moyles
 * Tipperary colours.PNG Roscommon
 * Cathal Cregg
 * David Keenan
 * Donal Shine
 * Sligo colours.PNG Sligo
 * David Kelly

Senior inter-county ladies' footballers Source:

 * Mayo colours.PNG Mayo
 * Sarah Rowe

Senior inter-county hurlers

Gaelic handballers
 * Derek Henry
 * Eoin Kennedy

men's rugby union internationals

 * Tadhg Furlong
 * Jamie Heaslip
 * Trevor Hogan
 * Bernard Jackman
 * Marty Moore

women's rugby union internationals

 * Lindsay Peat

men's field hockey internationals

 * Conor Harte
 * David Harte

women's field hockey internationals

 * Hannah Matthews
 * Alison Meeke

Others

 * Kevin Hunt, Bohemians captain
 * Fionnuala McCormack, European cross country champion
 * Ger McDonnell, reached the summit of Everest in May 2003
 * Ciara Peelo, Olympic sailor, Beijing 2008
 * Darren Sutherland, bronze medalist boxer, Beijing Olympic Games, 2008
 * John Tierney, Ireland Australian rules football international
 * Seán Óg Ó hAilpín, Ireland shinty–hurling international

Honorary degree holders (not otherwise listed)

 * Amal Al Qubaisi
 * Jocelyn Bell-Burnell
 * Bill Clinton
 * Wesley Cocker
 * Brian Cody
 * John Coolahan
 * Mary Davis
 * Susan Denham
 * Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill
 * Roddy Doyle
 * John Fitzpatrick
 * Olwen Fouéré
 * Brian Friel
 * David Hammond
 * Charles Haughey
 * Seamus Heaney
 * John Hume
 * Owen Keenan
 * John E. Kelly III
 * Sean Kelly
 * Stanislaus Kennedy
 * Dermot Lane
 * Louis le Brocquy
 * Pearse Lyons
 * Margaret MacCurtain
 * Timothy Mahony
 * Seamus Mallon
 * James G. March
 * Martin McAleese
 * Mary McAleese
 * Neil V McCann
 * John McGahern
 * Paid McGee
 * Peter McVerry
 * George J. Mitchell
 * John Francis Mitchell
 * Stephen Myers
 * Martin Naughton
 * Colm William O'Connell
 * Brian O'Driscoll
 * Brian O'Dwyer
 * Labhrás Ó Murchú
 * Sonia O'Sullivan
 * John Pilger
 * Paul Quigley
 * Tomi Reichental
 * Mary Robinson
 * Tony Scott
 * Jean Kennedy Smith
 * Peter Sutherland
 * Katie Taylor
 * Mother Teresa
 * Patrick A Toole
 * David Trimble
 * Willie Walsh
 * Ernest Walton
 * Maurice Whelan
 * T. K. Whitaker
 * Patrick J. Wright
 * Muhammad Yunus

Members of DCU's Governing Authority and of the Board of the Educational Trust

 * David Byrne, Chancellor, 2006–2011
 * Gay Byrne, past member, DCU Educational Trust
 * Veronica Guerin, member of the governing body of DCU, 1982–1992
 * Martin McAleese, Chancellor, 2011–

title: List of Dublin City University people


text:
College softball

College softball is softball as played on the intercollegiate level at institutions of higher education, predominantly in the United States. College softball is normally played by women at the Intercollegiate level, whereas college baseball is normally played by men.

As with other intercollegiate sports, most college softball in the United States is played under the auspices of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) or the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). Over 600 NCAA member colleges are sponsors of women's softball programs. The women's softball championships are held in Division I, Division II, and Division III. The NCAA writes the rules of play, while each sanctioning body supervises season-ending tournaments.

The final rounds of the NCAA tournaments are known as the Women's College World Series (WCWS); one is held on each of the three levels of competition sanctioned by the NCAA. The Division I Women's College World Series is held annually in June at USA Softball Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City near the site of the National Softball Hall of Fame.

The first first-ever WCWS was held in 1969 in Omaha, Nebraska, sponsored by the Amateur Softball Association and the Division of Girls' and Women's Sports. The first under NCAA auspices was held in 1982. The tournament now starts with 64 teams from 16 different regions that compete in a double-elimination regional round. The sixteen winners then enter a 'super regional', usually held at the higher seed's home ground, for a best-of-three series. The eight winners then enter a modified double-elimination tournament to determine which team is the national champion. Instead of being a 'true' double-elimination tournament, the tournament is split up so there are two brackets, though the losers switch brackets. The winners of each of the brackets move onto a best-of-three championship. The tournament is largely dominated by Pac-12 Conference teams, who have combined to win 21 of the 27 NCAA Division I championships through 2008, including 10 wins from the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and 8 from the University of Arizona. Lately the University of Oklahoma has dominated NCAA softball, winning 4 of the past 6 championships through 2022.

In 2004 the International Softball Federation (ISF) held the first World University Softball Championship just two months after the 2004 Olympic competition. It was an eight country championship, with Team USA defeating Chinese Taipei for the gold medal. In 2006 the Fédération Internationale du Sport Universitaire (FISU) held the second World University Softball Championship in Taiwan, and in 2007 softball was added to the World University Games of FISU.

Junior College Softball
The National Junior College Athletic Association was founded on May 14, 1938, and includes competition among junior college softball programs. Within the NJCAA there are Divisions I, II, and III, which are further divided into regions and conferences. At the Division I level, there are 19 regions; at the Division II level, 18 regions; and at the Division III level, 9 regions. Every year at the end of the regional championships, national tournaments are conducted. The Division I tournament is held in St. George, Utah; the Division II tournament, in Clinton, Mississippi; and the Division III tournament, in Rochester, Minnesota.

title: College softball


text:
User:Hobojoe

Hello, fair traveler of the interwebs!
I don't do much here! I do not try to make joke articles, though. We're all business here at hobojoe, inc.

title: User:Hobojoe


text:
2005 Virginia gubernatorial election

The 2005 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 2005 to elect the Governor of Virginia. The Democratic nominee, Lieutenant Governor Tim Kaine, the son-in-law to Linwood Holton, won the election. Virginia is the only state in the United States to prohibit governors from serving successive terms, meaning that the popular incumbent, Mark Warner, could not run for reelection.

While the previous Democratic Governor, Mark Warner, was credited with doing especially well for a Democrat in rural areas of the commonwealth, Kaine's win featured surprising triumphs in traditionally Republican areas such as Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, and the Northern Virginia suburbs of Prince William County and Loudoun County, as well as impressive showings in Democratic strongholds such as Richmond and Norfolk. This is the most recent election in which a Virginia Governor and Lieutenant Governor of opposite parties were elected.

Democratic primary

 * Tim Kaine, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia and former Mayor of Richmond

Candidates

 * George Fitch, Mayor of Warrenton
 * Jerry Kilgore, former Attorney General of Virginia

General election
Candidates

 * Tim Kaine, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia and former Mayor of Richmond (Democratic)
 * Jerry Kilgore, former Attorney General of Virginia (Republican)
 * Russ Potts, State Senator from Winchester (Independent Republican)

The general election was expected to be close, with Independent candidate Russ Potts as a possible spoiler candidate. Kaine remained behind in polls throughout most of the campaign, at one point 10 points behind Kilgore, but captured a slight lead in the final weeks of the campaign. Kaine led in some polls for the first time in October 2005, and held his lead into the final week before the election.

Kaine closely associated himself with popular outgoing Democratic Governor Mark Warner during his campaign; he won his race by a slightly larger margin than Warner. He promised homeowner tax relief, centrist fiscal leadership, and strong support for education. A number of factors, from the sagging poll numbers of President George W. Bush to a public disgust over the death penalty ads run by Kilgore, have also been cited as key to his decisive win.

The election was the most expensive in Virginia history, with the candidates combined raising over $42 million

Campaign
Kilgore resigned as attorney general in February 2005 to run for governor (as is the convention in Virginia) and easily won the primary election against Warrenton Mayor George B. Fitch to become the Republican nominee. In the general election, he ran against Democratic nominee Tim Kaine, the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, and State Senator Russ Potts, a pro-choice Republican who ran as an independent candidate. Early in the race, Kilgore showed solid leads of ten points or more in the polls, but Kaine steadily closed the gap and ultimately defeated Kilgore by a margin of 52% to 46%.

Kilgore's campaign was at times criticized for taking steps to avoid debates; Kilgore refused to debate Potts for the majority of the campaign, at times leaving Kaine and Potts to debate each other in his absence. He agreed to debate only with Kaine, and only if the footage could not be aired in campaign commercials. During this debate, he refused to answer whether or not he would make abortion a crime. This apparent public moderation of his previously open and hard-line stance on abortion troubled some of his conservative supporters.

He was further criticized for failing to limit his negative advertisements to 50% of his campaign's total publicity as Kaine proposed. One such advertisement featured a father whose son had been murdered by a man who was on Virginia's death row; the father expressed doubt that the sentence would be carried out if Kaine were elected and alleged that Kaine would not even have authorized the execution of Adolf Hitler, based on an interview with the Richmond Times-Dispatch. The negative reaction to the mention of Hitler combined with Kaine's pledge to carry out the death penalty and explanation of his personal opposition as arising from his Catholic faith helped to neutralize what many observers thought would've been a potent issue for Kilgore. Kaine's campaign also ran an ad entitled "Wrong" quoting many Virginia newspapers in their condemnation of Kilgore and his campaign ads which stated (all caps emphasis) "All these newspapers can't be WRONG: 'Jerry Kilgore's ads are a VILE attempt to manipulate for political gain. . . they TWIST the truth. . . and SMEAR Tim Kaine. . . Kilgore's attacks are DISHONEST. . . FALSELY accuse Kaine. . . and TAR a decent man. . . Kilgore CROSSED the line. . . DRAGGING Kaine's beliefs through the mud. . . Jerry Kilgore should APOLOGIZE to Tim Kaine.'"

In trying to explain how a solid Republican could lose a traditionally Republican state by such a large margin, political commentators cited numerous key factors. Kaine's campaign had many political advantages, including his association with the state's popular Democratic Governor Mark Warner and defense of Warner's 2004 budget priorities, his "response ads" to Kilgore's death penalty advertisements where he spoke to voters about his religious convictions and as mentioned above, reminded them about how a large cross-section of Virginia media strongly condemned Kilgore for his negative death penalty ads, his relentless in-person campaigning across the state, and his opposition to tax increases. Experienced attorney Lawrence Roberts served as Kaine's campaign chairman. In contrast, Kilgore's campaign had many political disadvantages, including a backlash over the death penalty ads that Kilgore's campaign ran in the fall, the relatively low poll numbers of then-President George W. Bush at the time of the election, and a bitter division between the moderate and conservative wings of the Republican Party over tax and spending priorities.

Debates

 * Complete video of first debate, September 13, 2005
 * Complete video of second debate, October 9, 2005

Counties and Independent Cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * James City (no municipalities)
 * Rappahannock (largest city: Washington)
 * Virginia Beach (independent city)
 * Chesapeake (independent city)
 * Harrisonburg (independent city)
 * Prince William (largest borough: Manassas)
 * Staunton (independent city)
 * Loudoun (largest borough: Leesburg)
 * Fluvanna (largest borough: Lake Monticello)

Counties and Independent Cities that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Appomattox (Largest city: Appomattox)
 * Amherst (Largest city: Amherst)
 * Bath (Largest city: Hot Springs)
 * Buckingham (Largest city: Dillwyn)
 * Charlotte (Largest city: Keysville)
 * Craig (Largest city: New Castle)
 * Cumberland (Largest city: Farmville)
 * Dickenson (largest borough: Clintwood)
 * Dinwiddie (Largest town: McKenney)
 * Essex (Largest city: Tappahannock)
 * Emporia (Independent city)
 * Franklin (Largest city: Rocky Mount)
 * Halifax (Largest city: South Boston)
 * Hopewell (independent city)
 * Isle of Wight (Largest city: Smithfield)
 * Norton (independent city)
 * Salem (independent city)
 * Louisa (Largest city: Louisa)
 * Lunenburg (Largest city: Victoria)
 * Lee (Largest city: Pennington Gap)
 * Northumberland (Largest city: Heathsville)
 * Pulaski (Largest city: Pulaski)
 * Russell (largest municipality: Lebanon)
 * Rockbridge (Largest city: Lexington)
 * Smyth (Largest city: Marion)
 * Tazewell (Largest city: Richlands)
 * Wise (Largest city: Big Stone Gap)

title: 2005 Virginia gubernatorial election


text:
Upelluri

Upelluri or Ubelluri was a primordial giant in Hurrian mythology.

He is only known from the Song of Ullikummi, which is one of the few Hurrian texts offering a view of this culture's cosmology. It was believed that Upelluri was already alive during the separation of heaven and earth, which were placed on his back, and that he lived in the "Dark Earth," the Hurrian underworld. His name ends with the Hurrian suffix -luri, known also from the names of the mountain goddess Lelluri and Impaluri, sukkal (attendant deity) of the sea god Kiaše, as well as a number of Hurrian mountain and stone names.

In the Song of Ullikummi, known from poorly preserved fragments of a Hurrian original and a more complete Hittite translation, the eponymous monster is placed on his right shoulder by Irširra (perhaps to be identified as goddesses of nursing and midwifery), the servants of Kumarbi, to let him grow away from sight of allies of Kumarbi's enemy Teshub, such as the sun god Šimige. Later the god Ea seeks him out in order to find out how to defeat Ullikummi, and asks him if he is aware of the identity of the monster growing on his back. As it turns out, Upelluri did not notice the new burden at first, but eventually he starts to feel discomfort, something that according to this text he did not experience even during the separation of heaven and earth. The rest of the tablet is broken, and the next preserved scene does not feature Upelluri anymore.

It has been pointed out that the later Greek Atlas plays a cosmological role similar to that of Upelluri.

title: Upelluri


text:
User:Randolphbot

User:Randolph bot page (when using Eclipse wikipedia editor).

title: User:Randolphbot


text:
Damian of Alexandria

Damian of Alexandria (died 605) was the Coptic pope and patriarch of Alexandria from 576.

Originally from Syria, where his brother was a prefect in Edessa, he became a monk in his early years and spent sixteen years in the Egyptian desert of Scete, where he was ordained a deacon in the monastery of St. John the Short. Afterward, he went to a monastery near Alexandria and continued to practice asceticism.

When Pope Peter IV of Alexandria was enthroned on the See of St. Mark, he made Damian a private secretary, during which Damian earned much esteem for his goodness. After Peter's death in 569, the bishops unanimously agreed to ordain him a patriarch. In addition to pastoring the church, he wrote many epistles and discourses, including a reaffirmation of the miaphysite and non-Chalcedonian views. He reigned for almost thirty-six years.

Controversies
While serving as Patriarch, Damian performed some controversial actions in trying to complete his predecessor's attempt to depose Patriarch Paul II of Antioch by traveling secretly to Antioch to install a replacement Patriarch. Although this action did not have the support of all the Syrian bishops, Damian had enough support to convene a meeting and choose a replacement. However, the Chalcedonian patriarch, probably Gregory of Antioch, discovered the plan and prevented it, forcing Damian and his colleagues to flee. Damian then went to Constantinople, where he consecrated some bishops and took part in a church council, which he later repudiated.

The Synaxarium entry for Damian recounts the following two theological controversies in which he was involved:

 * The first involved some Melitians who drank wine before Communion, claiming that Jesus had given the disciples two cups at the Last Supper and that only for the second did he say "This is My Blood." Damian explained that the first cup was the cup of the Jewish passover, which Jesus nullified with the second cup. Damian also informed them that the church canons ban those that eat before communion from partaking of the Eucharist. Damian's counsel persuaded some, but those who rejected his teaching were driven away.
 * The second involves Damian's dialogue with Patriarch Peter of Antioch, in which Damian accused his colleague of tritheism and was in turn accused of Sabellianism. Although Damian pulled support for his understanding of the Trinity from the Bible and from the teaching of the early church fathers, he was never able to persuade Peter and, as a result, he ordered that Peter's name not be mentioned in the Divine Liturgy while Peter remained alive. The schism between the Alexandrian and Antiochene churches lasted for almost a decade after Damian's death.

Damian was very active in fighting views that he considered heretical, including not only tritheism, but also the Chalcedonians, Pope Leo's Tome, Bishop Julian of Halicarnassus, the Agnoetae, the Melitians, the Acephali, the Gaianites (supporters of a rival to Theodosius I), Stephen of Alexandria and Paul of Beth Ukame. The Barsanuphians split from the Acephali during the time of Damian and established their own episcopal hierarchy. Although most of Damian's writings are lost, he did influence many writers in his own time, such as John of Parallos, who, like Damian, focused on combating heresy.

title: Damian of Alexandria


text:
User:Jontsang2

"I no longer need this username. Can it be deleted?"--Jontsang2 17:54, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Jontsang2


text: Category:1619 books

title: Category:1619 books


text:
Movistar

Movistar is a major telecommunications provider owned by Telefónica, operating in Spain and Hispanic American countries. It is the largest provider of landline, broadband, mobile services, and pay television (Movistar Plus+) in Spain. Movistar is the second-largest wireless carrier in Mexico, with 25.8 million subscribers as of January 2020.

History
The Movistar brand has been in use in Spain since the launch of GSM services in 1995. The name became effective worldwide on April 5, 2005, after Telefónica purchased the BellSouth mobile operations branch in South America. After the purchase of O2 in 2005 by Telefónica, the company announced that the «O2» brand would continue to be used in the United Kingdom and Germany, as a separate branch with its own board and management structure. Since 2011, Telefónica has sponsored a UCI ProTeam squad in cycling under the name of.

Countries where Telefónica operates under the Movistar brand

 * Argentina (formerly Telefónica Unifón and Movicom BellSouth)
 * Chile (formerly Telefónica Móvil and BellSouth)
 * Colombia (formerly Telefónica Telecom, Telecom, BellSouth, Cocelco, CeluMovil)
 * Ecuador (formerly CelularPower, BellSouth)
 * El Salvador (formerly Telefónica Móviles or Telefónica MoviStar)
 * Mexico (formerly Cedetel, Bajacel, Movitel, Norcel, and Pegaso)
 * Peru (formerly Telefónica Móviles and BellSouth)
 * Spain (formerly Telefónica MoviStar)
 * Uruguay (formerly Telefónica Unifón and Movicom BellSouth)
 * Venezuela (formerly Telcel and Telcel BellSouth)
 * Antarctica

Former operations

 * Guatemala (acquired by América Móvil, now operating as Claro)
 * Costa Rica (acquired by Liberty Latin America, now operating as LIBERTY)

Countries where Telefónica operates under other brands

 * Brazil (formerly Telesp and Telefônica, now under the Vivo brand)
 * Germany (under the O2 brand)
 * United Kingdom (under the O2 brand)

Former operations

 * Czech Republic (under the O2 brand, acquired by PPF and continues operating the O2 brand under license agreement with Telefónica)
 * Ireland (under the O2 brand, acquired by CK Hutchison Holdings and now operating as Three due to their merger)
 * Slovakia (under the O2 brand, acquired by PPF and continues operating the O2 brand under license agreement with Telefónica)

Advertisements
The 1983 song "Walking on Sunshine" by Katrina and the Waves was used by Telefónica to announce the unification of all its operation brands (Telefónica MoviStar, Bellsouth, Unifon, Telefónica Moviles, Telefónica Movil, and Movicom) in Latin America and Spain under the Movistar brand after the takeover of BellSouth's Latin America division. Movistar has also used the New Radicals' hit "You Get What You Give" and "Two Princes" by Spin Doctors. Currently "Hey, Soul Sister" by Train is in advertising and other versions of the song are also used in audiovisual advertisements.

title: Movistar