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Zbigniew Zamachowski

Zbigniew Zamachowski (born 17 July 1961) is a Polish actor.

Life and career
He was born on 17 July 1961 in Brzeziny near Łódź. Zamachowski graduated from the actor's faculty of the National Film School in Łódź. He began his acting career in 1981 and in 1989 had a co-starring role in Part Ten (Thou Shalt Not Covet Thy Neighbor's Goods) of director Krzysztof Kieślowski's film series, Dekalog. Four years later, Kieślowski cast him as the lead character, "Karol Karol", in Three Colors: White, the second of his acclaimed Three Colors trilogy. He is a two-time winner of Polish Film Awards for his roles in Robert Gliński's film Hi, Tereska (2001) and Andrzej Jakimowski's film drama Zmróż oczy (2004). His other notable roles are featured in Kazimierz Kutz's film Colonel Kwiatkowski (1996), Jerzy Hoffman's historical film With Fire and Sword (1999) and Andrzej Wajda's biopic Walesa: Man of Hope (2013).

Between 1985 and 1997, he performed at The Studio Theater, and since 1997 he has been an actor at the National Theater in Warsaw.

Filmography

 * Wielka majówka (1981) a.k.a. The Big Picnic
 * Matka Królów (1983) a.k.a. Mother of Kings
 * Ucieczka (1986) a.k.a. Escape, The
 * Pierscien i róza (1987) a.k.a. The Ring and the Rose as Prince Bulbo
 * Prywatne sledztwo (1987) a.k.a. Private Investigation as Truck passenger
 * Possédés, Les (1988) a.k.a. The Possessed as Liamchine
 * Zabij mnie, glino (1989) a.k.a. Kill Me, Cop as Seweryn
 * Sztuka kochania (1989) a.k.a. Art of Loving as Ziobro
 * Dekalog, dziesiec (1989) (TV) a.k.a. Thou Shalt Not Covet Thy Neighbor's Goods as Artur
 * Korczak (1990) as Ichak Szulc
 * Ucieczka z kina 'Wolnosc' (1991) a.k.a. Escape From the 'Liberty' Cinema as Pomocnik cenzora
 * Seszele (1991) a.k.a. Seychelles as Stefek
 * Ferdydurke (1991) a.k.a. Tom
 * Tak, tak (1992) a.k.a. Yes, Yes
 * Naprawde krótki film o milosci, zabijaniu i jeszcze jednym przykazaniu (1992) a.k.a. ''Really short movie about love, killing and one more commandment.
 * Sauna (1992) (TV) as Jussi
 * Straszny sen dzidziusia Górkiewicza (1993) a.k.a. The Terrible Dream of Babyface Gorkiewicz
 * Trois couleurs: Blanc (1993) a.k.a. Three Colours: White as Karol Karol
 * Zawrócony (1994) (TV) a.k.a. Reverted as Tomek Siwek
 * Clandestin, Le (1994) (TV) as Yatsek
 * Pulkownik Kwiatkowski (1995) a.k.a. Colonel Kwiatkowski as Dudek
 * Pestka a.k.a. The Pip (1996)
 * Slawa i chwala (1997) (TV) a.k.a. Fame and Glory as Franciszek Golabek
 * Darmozjad polski (1997) a.k.a. Polish Freeloader, The as Swede
 * Odwiedz mnie we snie (1997) a.k.a. Visit Me in My Dream
 * Szczęśliwego Nowego Jorku (1997) a.k.a. Happy New York as Potejto
 * Pulapka (1997) a.k.a. Trap, The
 * Demony wojny wedlug Goi (1998) a.k.a. Demons of War as Cpl. 'Houdini' Moraczewski
 * Kochaj i rób co chcesz (1998) a.k.a. Love, and Do Whatever You Want as Lech Ryszka
 * 23 (1998) as Sergej
 * Ogniem i mieczem (1999) a.k.a. With Fire and Sword as Michal Wolodyjowski
 * Pierwszy milion (2000) as Policeman a.k.a. First million
 * Prymas - trzy lata z tysiaca (2000) a.k.a. The Primate as Priest Stanislaw Skorodecki
 * Når nettene blir lange (2000) a.k.a. Cabin Fever as Brother-in-law
 * Proof of Life (2000) as Terry's Driver
 * Weiser (2001) as Kolota
 * Lightmaker (2001) as Rumo Ranieri
 * Sto minut wakacji (2001) (TV) a.k.a. One houndred minutes of holydays
 * Czesc Tereska (2001) a.k.a. Hi, Tereska as Edek
 * Stacja (2001) a.k.a. Station as Dymecki, owner of petrol station
 * Wiedzmin (2001) a.k.a. The Witcher/The Hexer as Jaskier Dandelion
 * The Pianist (2002) as Customer with Coins
 * Zmruz oczy (2002) a.k.a. Squint Your Eyes as Jasiek
 * Distant Lights (2003) original title Lichter as Antoni. Director: Hans-Christian Schmid
 * La Petite prairie aux bouleaux (2003) a.k.a. The Birch-Tree Meadow as Gutek
 * Cialo (2003) a.k.a. Corpus as Dizel
 * Żurek (film) (2003) as Matuszek
 * Zróbmy sobie wnuka (2003) a.k.a. Let's make ourselves a grandson as Gustaw Mytnik
 * Wrózby kumaka (2005) (post-production) a.k.a. The Call of the Toad
 * Skazany na bluesa (2005) a.k.a. Destined for Blues as Mr. Henio
 * Diabel (2005) a.k.a. Devil, The as Frank's friend
 * Czas Surferów (2005) a.k.a. Surfer's time as Klama
 * Hope (2007)
 * Aftermath (2012)
 * Walesa. Man of Hope (2013) as Nawislak
 * Run Boy Run (2013) as Hersch Fridman
 * Jack Strong (film) (2014)
 * True Crimes (2016) as Lukasz
 * Alzur's Legacy (2020) as Jaskier Dandelion
 * Sweat (2020) as Fryderyk
 * Sexify (2021) as dean Krzysztof Maślak
 * Treasure (2024) as Stefan

title: Zbigniew Zamachowski


text:
Twenty-mule team

Twenty-mule teams were teams of eighteen mules and two horses attached to large wagons that transported borax out of Death Valley from 1883 to 1898. They traveled from mines across the Mojave Desert to the nearest railroad spur, 165 mi away in Mojave. The routes were from the Harmony and Amargosa Borax Works to Daggett, California, and later Mojave, California. After Harmony and Amargosa shut down in 1888, the mule team's route was moved to the mines at Borate, 3 mi east of Calico, back to Daggett. There they worked from 1891 until 1898 when they were replaced by the Borate and Daggett Railroad.

The wagons were among the largest ever pulled by draft animals, designed to carry 10 short tons (9 metric tons) of borax ore at a time.

History

In 1877, six years before twenty-mule teams would be introduced into Death Valley, Scientific American reported that Francis Marion Smith and his brother had shipped their company's borax in a 30-ton load using two large wagons, with a third wagon for food and water, drawn by a 24-mule team over a 160 mi stretch of desert between Columbus, Nevada and Wadsworth, Nevada.

The twenty-mule-team wagons were designed to carry 10 ST of borax ore at a time. The rear wheels were 7 ft high, and fitted with 1 in iron tires. The solid oak wagon beds measured 16 ft long by 6 ft deep, and weighed 7,800 lb empty. Due to their rugged construction, none ever broke down in transit. The first wagon was the trailer, the second was "the tender" or the "back action", and the tank wagon containing water brought up the rear. With the mules, the caravan stretched over 180 ft. When loaded with ore the total weight of the mule train, wagons and all, was 73,200 lb.

The water tank held 1200 USgal, and supplied the mules with water en route. There were water barrels on the wagons for the teamster and the swamper. Water supplies were refilled at springs along the way, as it was not possible to carry enough water for the entire trip. Feed and water for the return trip were dispersed at camps along the road by outbound teams from Mojave pulling empty borax wagons. At one point on the route an additional 500 USgal wagon was added to the outbound train to take water to a dry camp, which was used by a return team and the cycle repeated.

The teams hauled more than 20 e6lb of borax out of Death Valley in the six years of operation, with Pacific Coast Borax shipping their borax by train starting in 1898.

Team
Horses were the wheelers, the two closest to the wagon. They were ridden by one of the two men generally required to operate the wagons and were typically larger than their mule brethren. They had great brute strength for starting the wagons moving and could withstand the jarring of the heavy wagon tongue, but the mules were smarter and better suited to work in desert conditions. In the Proceedings Fifth Death Valley Conference on History and Prehistory, two articles discussed freight operations in the Mojave with specific details on the use of mules and horses. In "Of Myths and Men: Separating Fact from Fiction in the Twenty Mule Team Story", author Ted Fave discussed how the teams were assembled, trained, and used. "Nadeau's Freighting Teams in the Mojave", based on Remi Nadeau's historic accomplishments hauling freight throughout the desert region, gives further insight as to the superiority of mules for general use.

The teamster drove the team with a single long rein, known as a "jerk line", and the aid of a long blacksnake whip. The teamster usually rode the left wheeler, but he could also drive from the trailer seat, working the brake on steep descents. The swamper usually rode the trailer, but in hilly country, he would be on the back action available to work the brake. From the trailer, armed with a can of small rocks, he could pelt an inattentive mule and send it back to work. Both men were responsible for readying the team, feeding and watering of the mules, and any veterinary care or repairs that needed to be done. There was a mid-day stop to feed and water the mules in harness. The night stops had corrals and feed boxes for the mules. A day's travel averaged about 17 mi, varying slightly from leg to leg. It took about ten days to make a trip one way. Cabins were constructed by the company for use of drivers and swampers at the night stops.

Promotion and fame
Francis Marion Smith, who came to be known as "Borax Smith", founded Pacific Borax. Cora Keagle recounted his history in an article, "Buckboard Days in Borate", published in Desert Magazine in September 1939. Smith was a great promoter and sent drivers out with jerk-line teams to major U.S. cities to promote the company's laundry product with free samples. The exhibition teams were typically mules for the promotion value, but Smith explained that in actual use, wheel horses were a standard practice. Outside contractors hauling for the company typically used mixed teams.

Joe Zentner wrote of the origins of the advertising campaign on the Desert USA website in "Twenty Mule Teams on the move in Death Valley". Bill Parkinson, formerly a night watchman for the company, had to learn quickly how to drive the team when he was given the role of "Borax Bill". He was the first, but not the last, driver known by that name. The 1904 St. Louis World's Fair was the maiden appearance for the team and was such a success that Parkinson went on tour.

The team eventually made its way to New York City, parading down Broadway. After that showing, the mules were sold, and the wagons shipped back to California. The mules also appeared at the Golden Gate Bridge dedication, according to "The Last Ride, the Borax Twenty Mule Team 1883–1999".

A short item in the June 1940 edition of Desert Magazine mentioned that two of the original borax wagons were en route to the New York World's Fair. The item followed with the note that muleskinner "Borax Bill" Parkinson had driven an original wagon from Oakland, California, to New York City in 1917, spending two years on the journey. The mule team also made periodic re-enactment appearances on hauls into Death Valley.

In 1958, a twenty-mule team made a symbolic haul out of the new pit at U.S. Borax, commemorating the transition from underground to open-pit mining. Other appearances for twenty-mule teams included President Wilson's inauguration in 1917.

Promotional team appearances ended with an outing in the January 1, 1999, Rose Parade. The team had a shakedown outing in a 1998 Boron, California, parade. The company spent $100,000, refitting the 115-year-old wagons and obtaining harnesses and mules for the performance. There were no plans for additional public appearances for advertising purposes, as the company no longer had a retail product line.

U.S. Borax put out a paperback publication titled The Last Ride, the Borax Twenty Mule Team 1883–1999 that included many details about the history of the team and the preparation for the Rose Parade outing. There is a photo of Borax Bill driving the team down Broadway in New York City with bells on every animal. Most of the time, only the leaders wore bells. Another picture shows the team in San Francisco in 1917. This picture clearly shows the teamster on a horse. Another historic picture shows a working borax freight team with a mix of horses and mules.

California Historical Landmark
The Mule Team Borax Terminus is a California Historical Landmark number 652. Mule Team Borax Terminus was located at what is now 16246 Sierra Highway, Mojave, California. California Historical Landmark status was given on July 1, 1958. A Twenty-mule team was used to haul the ore.
 * California State Historical Landmark reads:
 * Just west of this point was the Southern Pacific terminus for the 20-mule-team borax wagons that operated between Death Valley and Mojave from 1884 to 1889. The route ran from the Harmony Borax Mining Company works, later acquired by the Pacific Coast Borax Company, to the railroad loading dock in Mojave over 165 miles of mountain and desert trail. A round trip required 20 days. The ore wagons, which hauled a payload of 24 tons, were designed by J. W. S. Perry, Borax Company superintendent in Death Valley, and built in Mojave at a cost of $900 each. New borax discoveries near Barstow ended the Mojave shipments in 1889.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Twenty-mule team


text:
Tharini Mudaliar

Tharini Mudaliar is a South African born Australian actress, singer, and violinist. She is best known for her role portraying the fictional character Kamala in The Matrix Revolutions. She is also recognised by fans of Xena: Warrior Princess where she played the role of Naiyima in the Episode Between the Lines.

title: Tharini Mudaliar


text:
Talk:Rain (Beatles song)

Date of recording
How can this song have been recorded in late 1966 when it was released in June of that year? --Moochocoogle 00:49, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

watching the video of rain, after seeing Paul's chipped tooth doesn't that kinda prove ALL evidence saying paul is dead is false? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.98.34.165 (talk) 22:45, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Oasis
Noel not Liam Gallagher changed the name of from The Rain to Oasis, Oasis were called Rain after Liam Gallagher's John Lennon fanaticsm.

And it's interesting that they Oasis were originally called Rain when Oasis seemed to base the whole of their career/sound on this one track. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.98.80.38 (talk) 11:22, 12 January 2019 (UTC)

Backward lyrics
From the second paragraph: "It is notable for being the first song to contain backwards vocals". Please disambiguate. First song ever or first Beatles song? Mattbrundage 00:47, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * First song. If anyone can document an earlier one, I'll stand corrected. St. Jimmy 17:54, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * They're Coming to Take Me Away Ha-Haaa! came out less than one month later, which obviously means it was conceived, recorded and manufactured well before anyone had heard Rain. 80.4.202.8 (talk) 22:31, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * "They're Coming ..." does not contain any backward vocals or instruments: what you're thinking of is the flipside of the 45 single which was called "!Aaah-Ah Yawa Em Ekat Ot Gnimoc Er'yeht!" It's a gimmick, a one-note joke: it's simply the entire song played in reverse, which is clearly not the same concept. SteveStrummer (talk) 19:18, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Well known fact. First song ever. The Beatles (albeit sometimes inadvertently) created several now well established recording techniques. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.242.90 (talk) 06:45, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Single?
Was Rain an A-Side single or a B-Side to Paperback Writer?
 * Looks like a B-Side on the Album coverZzz345zzZ
 * Everyone agrees that "Paperback Writer" was technically the A-Side, but the picture of the single lists "Rain" first. Anyone have any information on this? jstohler —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 14:02, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Look at the version of the single cover for the "Paperback Writer" article. "Paperback Writer" is on top there. In any case, many verifiable sources say that "Paperback Writer" was the A-side (discography in Lewisohn's Sessions, for example), and I've see none that say "Rain" was the A-side. John Cardinal 17:31, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Capitol listed the songs A-side/B-side on the front, and B-side/A-side on the back, but otherwise front and back sleeves are identical. The picture on the "Rain" article is simply the rear sleeve design. --Jd204 22:15, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

I was wondering if that's why the images of George and John are mirror-backwards on the sleeve, but it turns out they're the same way on the A-side as well. Andrewvit (talk) 23:55, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

31 Songs
The article on the book doesnt mention it being one of the songs Hornsby wrote about

Fair use rationale for Image:Rain-Paperback Writer US aa sleeve.jpg
Image:Rain-Paperback Writer US aa sleeve.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:01, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I have put a fair use rationale in.--andreasegde (talk) 15:22, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Quick review
*Put references at the end of sentences (it looks better and doesn't interrupt the flow of a sentence.) *Revolver mentioned twice in the Lead, but not in the article. *Where was it recorded? (Silly question, but it should be in.) *Some commas missing after years 8 December 2007, was my birthday.... *"Starr was pleased with his drumming on "Rain", - not really needed, or re-worded.  *"live in concert during The Beatles' last tour in 1966, "Rain" was not not". Too choppy, and seems unnecessary, unless you can find a reason.  *Cover versions: definitely a no-go. It's a list (ouch!) and has to be converted to prose. Try grouping them in genres, or decades.  *Personnel: Seems a bit obvious and unnecessary. It could go in the Lead.  *"In the CD era" - I would reword this.  *"shows The Beatles walking and performing in a garden" - I've read somewhere where that was; it would be good to put it in. I found it: Chiswick House, London. Google map location...
 * The Lead needs to be longer. Put in stuff like "ATOC", the promo film, and the tape being played backwards.
 * The quotations fill up the Recording section. Might be good to paraphrase one or two (the engineer's comments, maybe.)
 * Too many two-sentence paragraphs. I know it fills it out more, but reviewers pounce on them like a mad dog. (Sorry, reviewers :)
 * "early precursors of music videos". This could be expanded and clarified. (We know when they started, but some kid in Arizona might not know and should be told.)
 * "Ready Steady Go!", 'which was a pop programme in the 1960s', perhaps?

There you go - just a few pointers to help you along. --andreasegde (talk) 17:01, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Off to see an (American) football game, with cold rain in the forecast. Podgy and I will huddle around the unlit fire to keep warm. Upon my return postage, isle editorial eyes. :) John Cardinal (talk) 17:09, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Podgy? Funnily enough I call my better-half "Pervy" (nothing to do with her carnal thoughts, but part of her name... :)) --andreasegde (talk) 17:11, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Podgy is the name of a character in a hilarious short skit on the 1966 Christmas Fan Club recording. I assume Lennon wrote it, it's very In His Own Write. — John Cardinal (talk) 18:09, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

GA
A GA review looks mostly like the one I did above. If anyone is working on this article it would be best to go through them all step by step. I have just loked at the article and can still see references in the middle of sentences. These should be fixed first. Revolver is now in but linked twice.--andreasegde (talk) 11:20, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

The decades being listed as they are is a good idea, but a reviewer will complain they are too much like a list, as there is not enough info in them. (Is it really that important that these people covered the song?)--andreasegde (talk) 11:22, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

There should be no references in the Lead, as they should be mentioned in the article. The Lead is only a summary of the article.--andreasegde (talk) 19:31, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Move all references to the end of a sentence; putting them in the middle stops the flow.--andreasegde (talk) 19:35, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Leave the Lead until the end; put everything in the article and then make a summary of it in the Lead at the end. This is strange, but you will save yourself a lot of time before the nomination deleting double links, and being asked why something in the Lead is not mentioned in the article.--andreasegde (talk) 19:39, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * ATOC needs to be explained, as Emerick's reference is not online. Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 19:40, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * ATOC is already explained at the end of the "Recording" section. Do you mean that I should explain it further? I really cannot find a thing on it on the Internet. Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kodster! (talk) 20:29, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * My gut feeling is that it shouldn't be in the lead, as it's a technical detail & somewhat irrelevant to the song itself. Would have been different if it had been ADT or Dolby, but this seems to have been a local technique & perhaps mentioning there it doesn't help the reader's understanding up front. --Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 20:43, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * So there's no more need for details for ATOC? Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kodster! (talk) 20:51, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks good the way it is now; says what it is & what it does, and is obviously a prototype of more modern digital compression & gating techniques. --Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 21:05, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

I added a "musical structure" section. Is it appropriate and well-done? Please improve as you see fit. Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kodster! (talk) 22:44, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The Musical Structure section is good. No, it's great. Well done. :)--andreasegde (talk) 13:40, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

The Beatles Anthology, DVD #3
I have the DVDs, so I could put in the exact time the comments were made, if you would like. (It's always better to have definite references, and not just referencing a whole DVD.)--andreasegde (talk) 20:02, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Picture
It's the Kodster. I took out the previous picture of John Lennon, and added it with another picture of Paul McCartney that I got of the internet (specifically, here. Click the image for a fair-use summary. Please post here on whether this is fair-use and acceptable for the article.

Thanks. Ringo Starkison McLennon (talk) 21:50, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Kodster (again!). I took out the Paul McCartney picture, and added a Paul-John picture instead (from the same source). It has the same fair-use rights as the other picture. Have a great day on Wikipedia! Kodster  (Talk) 19:40, 1 March 2008 (UTC) 01:57, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Info
Boy, is it hard to find some ACTUAL meaty info on this song. Info-wise, I think that's all I can do. If there's anything else that anyone thinks should be done, comment below or on my talk page. Have a great day, Editors and/or Readers! Ringo Starkison McLennon (talk) 23:24, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * After a good read-through for obvious mistakes (there are always one or two) I think this article should be nominated for GA. --andreasegde (talk) 06:07, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Tempo
To be totally honest, the actual recording of this song is bloody awful. The tempo fluctuates al over the place and Starr sounds like a beginner. The mix is too loud on the right and too quiet on the left. Lennon is dragging the lyrics across the too slow beat as best he could. I think they were on something when they recorded it.--andreasegde (talk) 19:43, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree. After listening intently to the song, I believe that Starr sounded like a professional in "Rain" and the tempo was perfect. They might have been on something when they recorded it, but I think they did a good job. Regardless, we're looking for a good article, not a good song. :) Kodster  (Talk) 22:58, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm only talking about the recording, Kodster. I used to be a drummer, and I am a musician, but even though I love a lot of The Beatles work, I think this is the only one that shocks me, because it is so lazy. This article is great, but I have no idea why Starr says it was his best drumming. His drum fills on Hello Goodbye were brilliant, and ground-breaking, because he did drum fills in the verse. :)--andreasegde (talk) 00:17, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hey, John Lennon wrote the song. He's not the best at writing drum parts, if you know what I mean. Democraticmacguitarist (talk) 12:53, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I know, I know. I play the drums, but not in a band. Just for fun. Anyway, I think the recording was very well-done. I think that Starr's best drumming was in this song, but honestly, that's not saying much. Starr was talented, but he wasn't exactly a "starr" drummer (pun intended, like it or not :)). He was okay, but Roger Taylor of Queen was much better! Again, this wasn't a superb work by any standards, but comparing it to his work alone, it's pretty good. That's all. There are a hell of a lot of better songs (which is why this is a B-side), but it in my view it isn't really that bad. You're entitled to your own opinion. In the words of Macca, "Everyone's entitled to two, aren't they?" :) Kodster  (Talk) 02:51, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Roger Taylor was/is a better drummer? Uhhh... it's handbags at 10 paces for that one. :) Taylor is a better singer. --andreasegde (talk) 11:29, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Music genre
Someone back in July of 2006 edited the genre to psychedelic rock. My friend is a music major and has listened to all of the Beatles' songs, and doesn't believe that it's psychedelic rock. I think I'll need clarification as to what the real genre is. To me, I would say that it's Rock and Roll music. Schfifty Three  23:17, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, ask your friend what genre this is, and say why. Until then, it stays the same. Just give some good reasons, and we'll change it. Thanks! Kodster  (Talk) 10:25, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree.--andreasegde (talk) 17:55, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll probably also find a source and list it in the edit summary next time I edit the page. Schfifty Three  22:40, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Looking at Psychedelic, it's clear that this definition does not necessarily involve the use of drugs. --Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 22:43, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * My friend has stated the following about "Rain":

 * "I call this the genre Rock and Roll because:

 * 1. The harmonies stick with a conventional 'Western Hemisphere' key signature.
 * 2. There is no strong use of chordal mixture.
 * 3. The words make sense when not in a drug-induced state.
 * 4. The backwards music at the end of the piece is a result of a sleepy recording artist inserting the tape backwards late one night and then discovering this the next day.
 * 5. As heard in many psychedelic rock songs, such as Pink Floyd's "Echoes" and Jimi Hendrix's "Are You Experienced", there are often ambiguities behind the meanings of the lyrics and/or musical structure. I do not find this to be the case in "Rain".

 * If I were to categorise Rain as psychedelic rock, it would be nowhere near the songs of Pink Floyd, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin, and the like."

This is what my friend has said about the Rain song. Schfifty Three  03:24, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well my friend says that Hitler was Welsh. Should I put that into Adolf Hitler? Seeriously, though, this needs to published as a reliable source so it can be verified. We only use sources of known reliability, published independently of Wikipedia. What your fiend says above, even if true (and, having studied music, I take issue with most of it), fails this test and is, in fact original research. Thanks, but we can't use it. --Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 11:06, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Good article nomination
In reviewing the artice, there were a few pointers I would recommend: Despite these minor issues, I did not hesitate to pass the article. Good job to all invloved.--Esprit15d • talk • contribs 20:17, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Establish quickly (maybe through a parenthetical note) who Herb Bowie so we care why his song interp matters.
 * Change the Critical reception section to just Reception, since this is a mix of critical, commercial and cover information.

Paul's bass line
"Paul McCartney also plays a complex bassline throughout the recorded performance." That's it? Was anybody else in pop music playing bass with such full-frontal abandon at the time? I would think that a comment about this being one of the first bass-driven pop songs would be fitting... it's almost as if the bass is the lead guitar here, with the guitars just sort of chiming in. - Spokesman from the Paul Was a Great Bassist Appreciation Committee —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.207.242.4 (talk) 19:07, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Infobox
Corrected to use song infobox per WP:WikiProject Songs: “Use for album tracks and B-sides” (and on which WP:WikiProject The Beatles is silent). — Wrapped in Grey (talk) 09:34, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The description at WP:WikiProject Songs is not a Wikipedia policy, and consistency across Beatles articles trump a more general guideline. Using  is consistent with the other Beatle B-side articles and that template is suggested on the WP:WikiProject The Beatles page,  is not even mentioned.  Apparently  is acceptable to many editors as it has been in place in these articles for quite some time.

 * "Single" is defined as "(45rpm vinyl record)", both A- and B-sides qualify under that description. Single (music) does not differentiate between A- and B-sides either.  The  fields A-side, Last single and Next single links are useful for B-side song articles to easily navigate the chronology.  Using  only serves to remove this information, as well as the cover image which is also appropriate for the B-side of a 45.   contains the fields prev_no, track_no, and next_no, which are specific to albums, and inappropriate for 45s.  Perhaps the guideline at WP:WikiProject Songs should instead be revised for  to be used with albums only, and not 45 RPM B-sides.  Curious  Eric  Talk  20:55, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * “consistency across Beatles articles trump a more general guideline”—I've not found a WP guideline that includes this statement. WP:WikiProject The Beatles is a child project of WP:WikiProject Music which includes WP:WikiProject Songs. WP:WikiProject The Beatles is basically a project plan, it contains no guidelines—it doesn't need them, it inherits all the guidelines it needs from WP:WikiProject Music and WP generally.  The fact that several Beatles articles have the same mistake doesn't somehow make it not-a-mistake.  If you want to try to change WP:WikiProject Songs then please discuss that there, but in the mean time, the Music project and its guidelines seem clear. — Wrapped in Grey (talk) 22:13, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I have started a discussion there. Curious  Eric  Talk  22:31, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Promotional films
Hi, i have a 4th Promotional film in a video called "Chronology 1", i think that the section of the promotional films has to be edited. --189.216.115.195 (talk) 13:40, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * You've given us almost nothing. Are you asking for a change in the article? Please give a complete and specific description of any requested change. Specify what text should be removed and a verbatim copy of the text that should replace it. The request must be of the form "please change X to Y". And most importantly give us reliable sources. We can't do anything just from your personal opinions. Sundayclose (talk) 17:16, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

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GAR request
This article has been tagged for a GAR request. It needs some work with the prose and a few tags need to be dealt with. There may be some other issues, but I thought i would wait to see if anyone was interested in fixing the article up before starting a formal reassessment. {{{ping|Kodster|Andreasegde|John Cardinal}}. AIRcorn (talk) 21:22, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Dan Ar Braz cover
Greetings! I've added a reference to the claim that Dan Ar Braz performed a cover of the song. In addition, I've noted in the page that the said cover was initially released on one of Dan Ar Braz's previous albums - I cannot find any journalistic references for this, but the connection is clearly marked on various music databases (such as this one) and on the back of the vinyl disc itself. Seabass-labrax (talk) 12:01, 22 September 2021 (UTC)

Missing chart section
How is there no chart section? – zmbro (talk) 20:14, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I added some weekly charts. As far as I can tell, the only place in Europe it charted was Wallonia. I scanned through Canada's RPM archive, but couldn't find anything. I'm not sure if it did anything in Australia, New Zealand or Asia.  Tkbrett  (✉) 23:51, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

Title
Since the band is called The Beatles, not Beatles, shouldn't the article be titled Rain (The Beatles song)? --Jameboy (talk) 16:52, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rain (Beatles song)


text:
CSHL

CSHL may refer to:

 * Carillon Senior Hockey League
 * Central States Hockey League
 * Club Sportif de Hammam-Lif, an association football club in Tunisia
 * Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
 * Centre for the Study of Human Learning

title: CSHL


text: User talk:68.18.254.75

title: User talk:68.18.254.75


text: User talk:69.104.173.122

title: User talk:69.104.173.122


text:
Arthur Moeller van den Bruck

Arthur Wilhelm Ernst Victor Moeller van den Bruck (23 April 1876 – 30 May 1925) was a German cultural historian, philosopher and writer best known for his controversial 1923 book Das Dritte Reich ("The Third Reich"), which promoted German nationalism and strongly influenced the Conservative Revolutionary movement and then the Nazi Party, despite his open opposition and numerous criticisms of Adolf Hitler.

From 1906 to 1922, he also published Elisabeth Kaerrick's first full German translation of Dostoyevsky's written works.

Biography
Moeller van den Bruck was born on 23 April 1876 in Solingen, Westphalia, as the only child of bourgeois parents. His father was Ottomar Victor Moeller, a German state architect, and his mother was Elise van den Bruck, the daughter of Dutch architect van den Broeck and (allegedly) a Spanish mother. Moeller van den Bruck's given name was "Arthur" in honour of Arthur Schopenhauer, but he would later drop that part from his name.

He was expelled from a gymnasium, a German secondary school, for his indifference towards his studies. The young Moeller van den Bruck believed German literature and philosophy, particularly the works of Nietzsche, to be a more vital education. He later continued his studies on his own in Berlin, Paris and Italy.

In 1897 he married Hedda Maase (later Eulenberg). She divorced him in 1904.

Moeller van den Bruck's eight-volume cultural history Die Deutschen, unsere Menschengeschichte ("The Germans, Our People's History") appeared in 1905. In 1907, he returned to Germany, and in 1914, he enlisted in the army at the start of World War I. Soon, he joined the press office of the Foreign Ministry and was attached to the foreign affairs section of the German Supreme Army Command.

His essay Der Preußische Stil ("The Prussian Style") in which he celebrated the essence of Prussia as "the will to the state" appeared in 1916 and marked his embrace of nationalism. It showed him as an opponent of parliamentary democracy and liberalism, and it exerted a strong influence on the Jungkonservativen ("young conservative movement").

After a nervous breakdown, he committed suicide in Berlin on 30 May 1925.

Moeller van den Bruck was the joint founder of the "June Club" (Juniklub), which sought to influence young conservatives in the fight against the Treaty of Versailles. Later, it was renamed Deutscher Herrenklub ("German Gentlemen's Club"), became very powerful and helped Franz von Papen to become Reichskanzler in 1932.

Influence on Nazism
In his 1918 book Das Recht der jungen Völker ("The Right Of Young Nations"), Moeller van den Bruck presents a version of the Sonderweg theory in which he developed the theme of Russia as representing communist civilization and the United States representing capitalist civilization, both of which are rejected. Germany is held up as the model between the two extremes. In the same book, Moeller van den Bruck advocated an expressly anti-Western and anti-imperialist philosophy of the state (Staatstheorie), which attempted to bridge the gap between nationalism and concepts of social justice.

He had a major influence on the Jungkonservativen (Young Conservatives) in their opposition to the Weimar Republic. He may have also supplied the Nazis with some of the concepts underpinning their movement, but upon meeting Hitler in 1922, Bruck rejected him for his "proletarian primitiveness". The Nazis still made use of his ideas where they could, including appropriating the title of his 1923 book Das Dritte Reich (meaning "The Third Reich") as a political slogan and the Germanic Übermensch idea.

Works

 * Die moderne Literatur in Gruppen und Einzeldarstellungen (1900)
 * Das Variété: Eine Kulturdramaturgie (1900)
 * Die Deutschen: Unsere Menschheitsgeschichte (1904)
 * Zeitgenossen (1905)
 * Die italienische Schönheit (1913)
 * Der preußische Stil (1915)
 * Das Recht der jungen Völker (1918)
 * Das Dritte Reich (1923)

title: Arthur Moeller van den Bruck


text:
Kashima Shrine

Kashima Shrine (鹿島神宮) is a Shinto shrine located in Kashima, Ibaraki in the northern Kantō region of Japan. It is dedicated to Takemikazuchi-no-Ōkami (武甕槌大神), one of the patron deities of martial arts. Various dōjō of kenjutsu and kendō often display a hanging scroll emblazoned with the name "Takemikazuchi-no-Ōkami". Prior to World War II, the shrine was ranked as one of the three most important imperial shrines Jingū (神宮) in the Shinto hierarchy, along with Ise Grand Shrine (伊勢神宮 Ise Jingū) and Katori Shrine (香取神宮 Katori Jingū). During the New Year period, from the first to the third of January, Kashima Shrine is visited by over 600,000 people from all over Japan. It is the second most visited shrine in Ibaraki prefecture for new year pilgrims.

Introduction
Kashima Shrine is located at the top of the Kashima plateau in south-east Ibaraki Prefecture, intersecting Lake Kitaura and Kashima Bay and in close proximity to Katori Shrine, which also has a strong connection to the martial arts. The shrine is the home of the Kashima Shintō-ryū (鹿島新当流) school of Japanese swordsmanship. Tsukahara Bokuden (塚原 卜伝), one of the most distinguished swordmasters in Japanese history, was a frequent visitor to the shrine and developed the school from a combination of his own experiences as a shugyōsha during Musha shugyō (武者修行) and the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū (天真正伝香取神道流).

A large blade designated as a National Treasure known as the Futsu-no-Mitama Sword (布都御魂剣) is housed in the treasure house of Kashima Shrine.

The Honden (main shrine building), Haiden (prayer hall) and Rōmon tower gate entrance are all Edo period structures, and are National Important Cultural Properties. The gate is one of the largest three shrine entrances in Japan. A deer enclosure is also located down the forest path. Both Kashima Shrine's deer and those of Nara are considered messengers of the gods and hence share a strong connection.

Enshrined deity
Kashima Ōkami (鹿島大神) is the official title of the main enshrined deity and identified as Takemikazuchi (武甕槌大神). In some historical texts he is also known as the great god of thunder.

According to legend, Izanagi, beheaded his own son Kagutsuchi the fire deity, as punishment for burning his mother to death. As he performed the act the blood dripped from his sword splashing onto the rocks below him, giving birth to several kami, two of which were Takemikazuchi along with Futsunushi (経津主神) the deity of Katori Shrine. Per the Nihon Shoki, Takemikazuchi was the deity who provided Emperor Jimmu with a sword as he departed for the conquest of Yamato, which is one reason the shrine is regarded as a patron. However, there is no mention of the shrine in either the Nihon Shoki or the Kojiki and the earliest written records, the Hitachi Fudoki, does not identify the Kashima-no-Ōkami with Takemikazuchi.

History
According the shrine legend, Kashima Jingū was established in the first year of the legendary Emperor Jimmu, i.e. 660 BC. This is well into Japanese prehistory, and the oldest written records mentioning the shrine are in the Asuka period Fudoki (風土記) of Hitachi province, indicating that a kobe (神戸), or private house of ritual was rebuilt in 649 AD on a site where the great celestial god Kashima (香島の天の大神) descended from the heavens and where religious ceremonies and festivals had been held since the time of Emperor Sujin, Yamato Takeru and Emperor Tenji. This region was the ancestral stronghold of the Nakatomi clan, who were strongly allied to the imperial court, and the area around Kashima became a center for strengthening the imperial court's control of eastern Japan following the Taika Reform. As both a war deity and a water deity, the Kashima kami were connected with military campaigns against the Emishi tribes of northern Japan. The treasury of the shrine has a one bucket said to have been a war trophy once owned by the Emishi leader Aterui.

During the Nara period, the Nakatomi clan rose to prominence and changed their name to Fujiwara and played a central role in reorganizing the Shinto ritual system. By the Heian period, Kashima Jingū was given the highest rank and the Shinto hierarchy, along with Ise Grand Shrine and Kashima Shrine. The Engishiki records list the shrine as the ichinomiya of Hitachi Province. Although the Fujiwara clan lost much of its power into the Kamakura period, the shrine continued to enjoy high status and prestige with the warrior class and was strongly supported by successive samurai governments and local daimyō. Minamoto no Yoritomo granted the shrine numerous estates, and many members of the samurai class entered the priesthood, sometimes advancing to very senior positions. The shrine buildings were extensively reconstructed during the early Edo period, with Tokugawa Ieyasu sponsoring the reconstruction of the main shrine in 1605 (currently the main building of the Oku-no-miya Shrine), Tokugawa Hidetada rebuilding the current main shrines in 1619 and with Tokugawa Yorifusa contributing the tower gate in 1634. In 1687, poet Matsuo Bashō traveled to the Kashima Shrine, writing of the journey in his haibun travel journal, Kashima Kikō.

Following the Meiji restoration, the shrine was designated a Kanpei-sha (官幣社), or imperial shrine, 1st rank, under State Shinto. The second torii gate was rebuilt in granite from Kasama in 1968 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Meiji restoration. The precincts of the shrine were designated a National Historic Site in 1986.

The shrine suffered only moderate damage in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. The main torii gate was destroyed and 64 of the stone lanterns lining the shrine's pathways fell over. Although none of the main buildings were destroyed, the total cost of repairing the structures came to 170 million Yen. Following the earthquake, the first large scale archaeological excavation ever made on the site was conducted in the northwestern side of the precincts. Many artifacts dating back to the Nara period were uncovered.

Grand Imperial Ofuna Festival
This special festival held once every 12 years in the Year of the Horse is to honour the great deities Takemikazuchi of Kashima Shrine and Futsunushi of Katori Shrine. The festival is one of great pride for the people in the areas of Kashima and Katori and said to be one of the biggest in Japan. The next Grand Imperial Ofuna Festival will be in 2026.

The festival began during the time of Emperor Ōjin although it was stopped once during the civil warring of the Muromachi period. In 1870, the tradition of the festival was revived and given imperial status. In 1887 it was decided that the festival would be held every 12 years in the Year of the Horse.

Today the Grand Imperial Ofuna festival begins in the morning on the first of September and officials from the imperial court are sent to convey the blessings of the Emperor. In the early morning of the second day a mikoshi (portable shrine) from Kashima Shrine is carried overland along the edge of Lake Kitaura, a smaller part of Lake Kasumigaura, to a large boat waiting in the harbor. The boat, adorned with a great Ryūtō (龍頭) dragon motif, then joins a larger fleet of other colourful boats (in 2002 there were around 90) and carries the mikoshi across the lake to the other side. From there a divine procession awaits to take the mikoshi to Katori Shrine where the main festival takes place. After the festival a special temporary logging known as an Angu (行宮) is constructed and the Mikoshi is taken there before being returned to its main shrine in the afternoon of the third day.

Festivals and annual events
January

 * New Years Day Service (1st, 06:00)
 * Festival of Origins (3rd, 10:00)
 * White Horse Festival (7th, 18:00)

February

 * Setsubun Festival (Setsubun Day, 18:00)
 * Kigen Era Festival (11th, 10:00)
 * Bountiful Crops Festival (17th, 10:00)

March

 * Saitousai Main Festival of Colour (9th, 10:00)
 * Spring Festival (9th, 18:00)
 * Spring Equinox and Spirits of the Ancestors Festival (Spring Equinox Day, 10:00)

April

 * Rear Shrine Spring Service (1st, 10:00)
 * Inner Shrine Spring Service (2nd)
 * Shrine Ruins Spring Service (3rd)
 * Sakado and Numao Shrine Spring Service (4th)
 * Outer Shrine Spring Service (5th)
 * Outer Shrine Divine Spring Service (6th)
 * Ikisu Shrine Annual Spring Service (14th)

May

 * Bountiful Harvest and Horseback Archery Festival (1st, 13:00)

June

 * Summer Solstice Purification Ceremony (29th, 18:00)
 * Ōharai Shinto Purification Ceremony (30th, 15:00)

September

 * Grand Imperial Ofuna Festival (1st–3rd, in 2014)
 * Annual Shrine Festival (1st, 10:00)
 * Chinese Lantern Festival (1st, 18:00)
 * Fortune Festival (1st, 20:00)
 * Return of the Deities Festival (2nd, 15:00)
 * Xinggong Angu Imperial Logging Festival (2nd, 22:00)
 * Enshrinement of the Ancestors Festival (21st, 18:00)
 * Autumn Equinox Festival (22nd, 08:00)
 * Great Festival of Ancestral Spirits (22nd, 08:00)

October

 * Offering of the Harvest Festival (17th, 10:00)

November

 * Rear Shrine Autumn Service (1st, 10:00)
 * Inner Shrine Autumn Service (2nd)
 * Meiji Festival (3rd, 09:00)
 * Sumo Festival (3rd, 10:00)
 * Shrine Ruins Autumn Service (3rd)
 * Sakado and Numao Shrine Autumn Service (4th)
 * Outer Shrine Autumn Service (5th)
 * Outer Shrine Autumn Service (6th)
 * Ikisu Shrine Autumn Service (13th)
 * Shinjyosai Offering of the Harvest to the gods (23rd, 10:00)

December

 * Shrine Offerings Ceremony (20th, 10:00)
 * Tencho Festival (23rd, 10:00)
 * Shinto Purification Ceremony (31st, 15:00)
 * New Year's Eve Service (31st, 15:00)

Monthly service

 * Ceremony for the Ancestors (1st day of each month, 10:00)

title: Kashima Shrine


text:
Talk:Misefa

I've removed this part below, because it was incomprehensibe:

Lions

 * country-seat of Misefa (at present hotel)

--Adam78 00:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Judging from the Hungarian version of the article it seems to refer to an old manor which functions as a hotel now. Alensha 14:51, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Misefa


text:
Category:Novels by Jeffrey Archer

Novels written by the prolific British author, Jeffrey Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare.

title: Category:Novels by Jeffrey Archer


text:
Talk:John Macarthur (wool pioneer)

Untitled
disambiguation at the top of an article is only necessary if it's a primary topic disambiguation see disambiguation. in this case this page is already disambiguated and John Macarthur is the disambiguation page clarkk 00:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Important info about topic
Why q.v. because I was trained that way :)

In wikipedia people, and bots, seem to link to lots of things that are of a highly general nature and not important context. I figured using q.v would allow me to flag the ones that contained important information about the topic, the ones you should definitely click on if you are interested.

If there is a better wiki style for accomplishing accomplishing this I will use it. Though haven't seen anything other than advise to not link everything because it makes the articles hard to read and the important links hard to find.

Anything I copy will be quoted, (and I am learn doing citations according to wiki style). This article, for example, comes from studying the entries in the Australian Encyclopedia under a variety of article, the website and other stuff I have read. Then me figuring it out and writing about it.

Figured I use the be bold recommendation and "someone will clean up afteryou" bit.

Dewatf 08:45, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Please don't use quod vide (q.v.) - it is appropriate for text; hyperlinks are in effect a q.v. system--A Y Arktos\talk 10:02, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * as per user talk page discussion, use see also section--A Y Arktos\talk 00:50, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

The first four links are to newspaper articles. Considering the reams of academic and refereed works devoted to early Aus history newspapers should be avoided. Macs father appears to have some involvement in the Jacobites (pro-Stuart Catholics) and this needs a bit of expanding. Was Mac active in asserting Catholic dominance in the colony? He insisted the largely protestant colonial authority gave him a raw deal, although these were ruses to cover his own power ambitions.27.33.247.208 (talk) 03:07, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

Macarthur as Civilian
Australians: Events and Places - one of the history series produced for the bicentenary (published 1987) - page 17 refers to Macarthur's return in 1805 as "returned to NSW as a civilian settler after the British government accepted his resignation from the army and approved his return."--A Y Arktos\talk 00:50, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AUD2.jpg
Image:AUD2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:41, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

John F. MacArthur
Nobody searching for "John MacArthur" on Google is looking for the "wool pioneer", so a link has been added on top. Everybody would be looking for the controversial pastor 182.255.99.214 (talk) 14:45, 27 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, I guess I am "nobody" then as that's the best-known John Macarthur in my universe. Certainly I am not "everybody" as I never heard of the pastor. This is why we have disambiguation pages and has been linked accordingly. Kerry (talk) 22:53, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:John Macarthur (wool pioneer)


text:
John Scalzi

John Michael Scalzi II (born May 10, 1969) is an American science fiction author and former president of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. He is best known for his Old Man's War series, three novels of which have been nominated for the Hugo Award, and for his blog Whatever, where he has written on a number of topics since 1998. He won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer in 2008 based predominantly on that blog, which he has also used for several charity drives. His novel Redshirts won the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Novel. He has written non-fiction books and columns on diverse topics such as finance, video games, films, astronomy, writing and politics, and served as a creative consultant for the TV series Stargate Universe.

Early life, education, and early career
Scalzi was born in Fairfield, California, on May 10, 1969. One of three children born to a single mother, he grew up in the Los Angeles suburbs of Covina, Glendora, Azusa, and San Dimas. He is of Italian descent.

Scalzi grew up reading science fiction and mystery, which inspired him to become a science fiction writer—a decision made randomly. As he recalled in an interview with the Dayton Daily News:"When I decided to start writing novels, I wanted to write in a genre I already knew and loved as a reader. So, it was either going to be science fiction or mystery. I decided to flip a coin. Heads was science fiction. Tails was mystery. The coin came up heads."Scalzi's childhood was spent in poverty, an experience that inspired him to write his most famous essay, "Being Poor." He attended the Webb School of California, a boarding school in Claremont, on a scholarship. One of his classmates was blogger and journalist Josh Marshall.

After high school, Scalzi studied philosophy at the University of Chicago. Scalzi's thesis advisor, for a brief time, was Saul Bellow. Scalzi abandoned his course of study with Bellow after he was elected Student Ombudsman of the University. Ted Cohen, a philosophy professor, became his next thesis advisor, but Scalzi graduated without completing his thesis project. During his 1989–1990 school year, Scalzi was the editor-in-chief of The Chicago Maroon. He began writing professionally in 1990, while a college student, working freelance for the Chicago Sun-Times. Scalzi graduated from Chicago in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts.

After graduating, Scalzi became a corporate consultant and wrote opinion columns and film reviews for the Fresno Bee. His experience as a film critic influenced his writing, particularly his humorous works, as films were meant to be an accessible form of storytelling. In 1996, he and his family moved to the Washington, D.C. area after he was hired as the in-house writer and editor at AOL. He was laid off in 1998, and since then he has been a full-time freelance writer and author.

Scalzi was first elected president of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America in 2010. He was the only nominee on the ballot. He had previously run as a write-in candidate in 2007, challenging the sole ballot nominee that year, but was not successful. He left office when his third term expired on June 30, 2013, having not sought reelection to a fourth term.

He garnered significant media attention by taping raw bacon to his cat "Ghlaghghee" in September 2006. As a result of the coverage, Scalzi began maintaining a web repository for links to "All Things Bacon" on the Whatever site.

Fiction
Scalzi's books are known for their humor. His style of writing has been influenced by Robert Heinlein, Orson Scott Card, and Joe Haldeman.

Scalzi's first novel, Agent to the Stars, was written in 1997 and published free to read on his website in 1999. He asked readers to donate money to him if they enjoyed the novel and earned around $4,000 over a period of five years. Subterranean Press released a limited-edition hardcover version in July 2005, featuring cover art from Penny Arcade artist Mike Krahulik; the novel was later released in trade and mass-market paperback by Tor and audiobook by Audible. A first-contact story, it is about a young Hollywood agent hired by a space alien to make their species more appealing to humans. It received mixed reviews; Booklist called it "absurd, funny, and satirically perceptive," while Publishers Weekly criticized the plot as predictable.

Scalzi's first traditionally published novel was Old Man's War, a military science fiction novel about a 75-year-old man who is recruited to fight a centuries-long war for human colonization of space. It was inspired by the works of Robert Heinlein, especially Starship Troopers. Scalzi intended to sell the book commercially, so he chose the genre of military science fiction because he felt it would be the most marketable. Like Agent to the Stars, it was first published on Whatever; Scalzi serialized a chapter a day in December 2002. Tor Books executive editor Patrick Nielsen Hayden offered to buy the novel, and it was published by Tor in January 2005. In 2006, Scalzi won a nomination for the Hugo Award for Best Novel for Old Man's War.

The Ghost Brigades was released in 2006. While a direct sequel to Old Man's War, it focuses not on John Perry, the protagonist of Old Man's War, but on the special forces units. The Ghost Brigades television rights were purchased by Syfy in 2014. 2006 also saw the release of The Android's Dream. A satire, it was well received by Publishers Weekly, which called it an "effervescent but intelligent romp"; it was criticized by Dave Itzkoff of The New York Times, who said it was "merely sarcastic when it should be satirical."

In August 2006, Scalzi was awarded the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer for best new science fiction writer of 2005.

In February 2007, a novelette set in the Old Man's War universe, called "The Sagan Diary", was published as a hardcover by Subterranean Press. Scalzi has commented that he originally wrote the book as free verse poetry, then converted it into prose format. An audio reading of "The Sagan Diary" was offered through Scalzi's website in February 2007, featuring the voices of fellow science fiction authors Elizabeth Bear, Mary Robinette Kowal, Ellen Kushner, Cherie Priest, Karen Meisner and Helen Smith. In November of the same year, Subterranean Press also made "The Sagan Diary" text freely available online. In April 2008 Audible Frontiers produced an audiobook of the novelette, read by Stephanie Wolfe.

The third novel set in the same universe, The Last Colony, was released in April 2007. It was nominated for the 2008 Hugo Award for Best Novel.

Zoe's Tale, the fourth Old Man's War novel, presenting a different view of the events covered in The Last Colony, was published in August 2008. Zoe's Tale was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 2009.

Also in 2008, Audible.com released the audiobook anthology METAtropolis, edited by Scalzi and featuring short fiction in a shared world created by Scalzi, Elizabeth Bear, Tobias Buckell, Jay Lake, and Karl Schroeder. METAtropolis was planned from the beginning to be released as an audio anthology prior to any print edition. The audiobook featured the voices of Battlestar Galactica actors Michael Hogan, Alessandro Juliani and Kandyse McClure and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form in 2009. A sequel audiobook, METAtropolis: Cascadia, edited by Jay Lake, came out in 2010. In 2009 Subterranean Press released a limited edition print run of METAtropolis, which was subsequently published by Tor in a standard hardcover edition, in 2010.

Fuzzy Nation, Scalzi's ninth novel, began as a writing exercise. Scalzi explained that it had been "basically written just for the fun of it and for sort of getting into the habit of actually enjoying writing science fiction again." It was an adaptation of Little Fuzzy, published by H. Beam Piper in 1962, and was authorized by the Piper estate. Scalzi announced the release on his blog on April 7, 2010, and the novel was published on May 10, 2011.

Scalzi has not written many short stories: one of them, "After the Coup", featured as the first short story published originally on Tor.com, was a finalist for the 2009 Locus Award for best short story. Tor released it as an e-book in 2009.

His 2012 book Redshirts: A Novel with Three Codas won the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Novel. Scalzi decided to write Redshirts after noticing that while many short satirical works dealt with the idea of "'redshirts'—the unnamed, low-ranking characters of Star Trek who always died on away missions," there was a dearth of novels exploring the concept.

On May 24, 2015, Tor announced that it had agreed to a $3.4 million deal with Scalzi spanning 10 years and 13 books: 10 adult books and three young adult books. Among the books included in this deal is another book within his Old Man's War universe, the sequel to Lock In (a near-future thriller published by Scalzi in 2014) titled Head On, a new space opera series and several standalone books. The deal was finalized on November 25, 2015. The first book produced in this contract was the space opera The Collapsing Empire in March 2017.

In 2019, three of his short stories were adapted for episodes of the first season of the Netflix anthology series Love, Death & Robots: "Three Robots", "When the Yogurt Took Over", and "Missives From Possible Futures #1: Alternate History Search Results". His story "Automated Customer Service" was also adapted for the second season of Love, Death & Robots, with Scalzi himself co-writing the script. Scalzi wrote a sequel to "Three Robots" for the third season of the series.

His 2022 novel The Kaiju Preservation Society was named a 2023 Alex Award winner as one of "ten books written for adults that have special appeal to young adults ages 12 through 18."

Non-fiction
Though best known for his science fiction works, Scalzi has written several non-fiction books as well, including a trio for London publisher Rough Guides' reference line of books. The first of these was The Rough Guide to Money Online, released in late October 2000. This reference book featured tips on using online financial tools. According to Scalzi, it did less-than-expected business, possibly due to the collapse of the Internet bubble at about the same time the book was released. Scalzi's next non-fiction book was The Rough Guide to the Universe, an astronomy book designed for novice-to-intermediate stargazers, released in May 2003. Scalzi's third book for Rough Guides, The Rough Guide to Sci-Fi Movies, was released in October 2005. This book covered the history of science fiction and science fiction film and listed a "canon" of 50 significant science fiction films.

Scalzi is also the author of the "Book of the Dumb" series of books from Portable Press. These books chronicle people doing stupid things. The first book in the series was released in October 2003 with a second following a year later.

In November 2005, Scalzi announced that entries from the run of the Whatever, his blog, would be compiled into a book from Subterranean Press. The book, You're Not Fooling Anyone When You Take Your Laptop to a Coffee Shop: Scalzi on Writing; was released by Subterranean Press in February 2007. Another collection of entries from Whatever, entitled Your Hate Mail Will Be Graded: A Decade of Whatever 1998–2008 was released in September 2008. It subsequently won the Hugo Award for Best Related Book in 2009. A third collection, The Mallet of Loving Correction, was released in 2013 and named after his nickname for moderating activities on his blog. A fourth collection, Don't Live For Your Obituary, was released in December 2017.

Online and other writing
Scalzi began writing for his personal blog Whatever in September 1998. He started it because he wanted to practice writing in a newspaper- or column-like format, which he had done prior to his novel-writing career. The name suggests the wide range of topics Scalzi writes about there, although many of Scalzi's postings center on the topics of politics and writing. A number of writings originally posted there have gone on to be published in traditional media, including his "I Hate Your Politics" and "Being Poor" entries, the latter of which was published in the op-ed pages of the Chicago Tribune in September 2005. His essay "Being Poor" was based on his own experiences growing up in poverty.

Scalzi also used Whatever as a way to solicit fiction and non-fiction submissions on the theme of Science Fiction Clichés in 2005 for issue No. 4 of Subterranean Magazine, which he guest edited (published in 2006 by Subterranean Press). The original solicitation was posted in March 2005 with the unique requirements that submissions would only be accepted electronically in plain text, and ONLY during the period between 10/1/05 and 11/1/05 instead of before a traditional deadline. After the print run sold out, the issue was made available online as a free download.

Scalzi's own short story, How I Proposed to My Wife: An Alien Sex Story, was not printed in the magazine itself but only in a separated chapter book reserved for the people who bought the hardcover limited edition. In April 2008 Scalzi released the story as a "shareware short story" on his website.

On March 29, 2007, it was announced that Scalzi had again been nominated for a Hugo Award, this time in the category Best Fan Writer, for his online writing about the science-fiction field. He was the first Campbell Award winner to receive a nomination in this category. In 2008, he was again nominated for the Best Fan Writer Hugo, this time winning the award, becoming the first person to be nominated for that category and the Best Novel Hugo award at the same time since 1970.

Scalzi also uses Whatever to help raise money for organizations and causes that he supports. Notably, in June 2007 he raised over $5000 in 6 days for Americans United for the Separation of Church and State after fellow writer Joe Hill challenged him to go visit the Creation Museum that had just opened near Cincinnati, not far from Scalzi's Ohio home, if Hill paid for the ticket, offering to match the cost with a donation to the charity of Scalzi's choice after he filed a comprehensive report on the trip online. Scalzi extended the deal to all Whatever readers, raised 256 times the admission price, and posted his critical report on the Creation Museum on November 12, 2007. In September 2010 he joined with Subterranean Press and authors Wil Wheaton, Patrick Rothfuss, Catherynne M. Valente, Rachel Swirsky and others to create a story collection called Clash of the Geeks, offered online in exchange for donations to the Michigan/Indiana affiliate of the Lupus Alliance of America. Some of the stories were selected from a competition run on Whatever to write a story to explain a painting Scalzi had commissioned from Jeff Zugale, which featured Scalzi as an orc and Wheaton riding a unicorn pegasus kitten.

Scalzi's notable online presence and support for feminist causes have often led to harassment and trolling. After writing a satirical blog post in October 2012 criticizing some conservative politicians for their positions on abortion, Scalzi was targeted by writer Vox Day and his supporters. Scalzi pledged to donate $5 to RAINN, Emily's List, the Human Rights Campaign, and the NAACP every time Day mentioned him on his website. While he capped his donation at $1,000, Scalzi raised over $50,000 after others, including actor Wil Wheaton, promised to match this pledge.

In addition to his personal site, Scalzi was a professional blogger for America Online's AOL Journals and AIM Blogs service from August 2003 through December 2007. In this role he created participatory entries (most notably the Weekend Assignment and Monday Photo Shoot), answered questions about blogging from AOL members, and posted interesting links for readers. Readers of both Scalzi's personal site and his AOL Journal "By the Way" noted distinct differences in tone at each site. Scalzi has acknowledged this tonal difference, based on the different missions of each site. Scalzi also blogged professionally for AOL's Ficlets site beginning in March 2007, writing about literature and other related topics. On December 7, 2007, Scalzi announced that by mutual agreement, his contract with AOL would not be renewed at the end of the year, in part so that he would have more time to devote to writing books.

In 2008, Scalzi began writing a weekly column on science fiction/fantasy films for AMCTV.com, the Web site of cable television network AMC.

For traditional media, Scalzi wrote a DVD review column and an opinion column for the Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine from 2000 through 2006, wrote an additional DVD review column for the Dayton Daily News through 2006, and writes for other magazines and newspapers on an occasional basis. He also works as a consultant for businesses, primarily in the online and financial fields.

In 2009, Scalzi was a creative consultant on science-fiction television show Stargate Universe. He was credited as such for 39 episodes.

On April 1, 2011, Tor Books collaborated with Scalzi on an April Fool's prank, with Tor claiming "Tor Books is proud to announce the launch of John Scalzi's new fantasy trilogy, The Shadow War of the Night Dragons, which kicks off with book one: The Dead City." This excerpt from an imaginary novel took on a life of its own, winning the 2011 Tor.com Readers' Choice Awards for short fiction. It was also nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Short Story. This was followed up on April 1, 2013 by an "announcement" about a musical production based on the series.

Scalzi was the writer for the 2015 mobile device video game by Industrial Toys called Midnight Star. Scalzi wrote the story for the prequel to the game, in a graphic novel called Midnight Rises.

On March 30, 2016, the Los Angeles Times announced that Scalzi was one of ten "Critics-at-Large" who would contribute to the newspaper as a columnist writing on literature and culture.

Personal life
He met his wife Kristine Ann Blauser when he was living in Fresno, and they married in 1995. His only child, a daughter named Athena, was born in 1998. He and his family live in Bradford, Ohio, where they moved in 2001 to be closer to his wife's family. Scalzi has declared himself a feminist and, formerly, a Rockefeller Republican, though he currently supports the Democratic Party. He supports same-sex marriage and the LGBTQ community.

Old Man's War universe

 * Old Man's War (2005, Tor Books, ISBN 0-7653-0940-8)
 * Questions for a Soldier (December 2005, chapbook, Subterranean Press, ISBN 1-59606-048-4)
 * The Ghost Brigades (February 2006, Tor Books, ISBN 0-7653-1502-5)
 * The Sagan Diary (February 2007, Subterranean Press, ISBN 978-1-59606-103-3)
 * The Last Colony (April 2007, Tor Books, ISBN 0-7653-1697-8)
 * Zoe's Tale (August 2008, Tor Books, ISBN 0-7653-1698-6)
 * After the Coup (July 2008, ebook, Tor.com, )
 * The Human Division (January – April 2013, serialized ebooks; collected, May 2013, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-3351-3)
 * The End of All Things (June 2015, serialized ebooks; collected, August 2015, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-7607-7)

The Android's Dream universe

 * The Android's Dream (October 2006, Tor Books, ISBN 0-7653-0941-6)
 * Judge Sn Goes Golfing (December 2009, chapbook, Subterranean Press)

Lock In universe

 * Unlocked: An Oral History of Haden's Syndrome (Novella, May 2014, Subterranean Press, ISBN 978-1-59606-683-0)
 * Lock In (August 2014, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-7586-5)
 * Head On (April 2018, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-8891-9)

The Interdependency series

 * The Collapsing Empire (March 2017, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-8888-9)
 * The Consuming Fire (October 2018, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-8897-1)
 * The Last Emperox (April 2020, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-8916-9)

The Dispatcher series

 * The Dispatcher (October 2016, audiobook, Audible Studios ; April 2017, ebook, Subterranean Press; May 2017, hardcover, Subterranean Press, ISBN 978-1-59606-786-8)
 * Murder by Other Means (September 2020, audiobook, Audible Studios ; April 2021, ebook, Subterranean Press; April 2021, hardcover, Subterranean Press, ISBN 978-1645240174})
 * Travel by Bullet (September 2022, audiobook, Audible Originals, )

Stand-alone novels

 * Agent to the Stars (available on Scalzi's website in 1999; August 2005 Subterranean Press, ISBN 1-59606-020-4; October 2008, Tor Books, ISBN 0-7653-1771-0)
 * Fuzzy Nation (May 2011, Tor Books, ISBN 0-7653-2854-2)
 * Redshirts (June 2012, Tor Books, ISBN 0-76531-699-4)
 * The Kaiju Preservation Society (March 15, 2022, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-8912-1)
 * Starter Villain (September 19, 2023, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-8922-0)

Stand-alone novellas and novelettes

 * The God Engines (December 2009, Subterranean Press, ISBN 978-1-59606-299-3)

Stand-alone short fiction

 * "Alien Animal Encounters" (Strange Horizons (online), October 15, 2001)
 * "New Directives for Employee-Manxtse Interactions" (published in Chapbook titled "Sketches of Daily Life: Two Missives From Possible Futures" by Subterranean Press, 2005. Chapbook also reprinted "Alien Animal Encounters")
 * "Missives from Possible Futures #1: Alternate History Search Results" (Subterranean Magazine, online edition, February 2007)
 * "How I Proposed to My Wife: An Alien Sex Story" (chapbook, Subterranean Press, 2007; available as shareware in April 2008)
 * "Pluto Tells All" (Subterranean Magazine, online edition), May 2007
 * "Utere nihil non extra quiritationem suis" (METAtropolis, Audible.com, 2008, Subterranean Press 2009, Tor Books 2010)
 * "Denise Jones, Superbooker" (Subterranean Magazine, online edition), September 2008)
 * "The Tale of the Wicked" ('The New Space Opera 2'' anthology, June 2009)
 * "The President's Brain is Missing" (Tor.com, July 2010)
 * "An Election" (Subterranean Magazine presented story on Scalzi's blog, online edition), November 2010
 * "The Shadow War of the Night Dragons" (Tor Books, fictional excerpt parody, April 1, 2011)
 * "The Other Large Thing" (Short story first published on Tweetdeck's "Deck.Ly" reprinted on Scalzi's blog), August 2011
 * "Muse of Fire" (Subterranean Press, September 9, 2013)
 * Miniatures: The Very Short Fiction of John Scalzi (Short story collection published by Subterranean Press, December 31, 2016)
 * A Very Scalzi Christmas (Short story collection published by Subterranean Press, November 2019)

Non-fiction books

 * The Rough Guide to Money Online (October 2000, Rough Guide Books)
 * The Rough Guide to the Universe (May 2003, Rough Guide Books, ISBN 1-85828-939-4)
 * Book of the Dumb (November 2003, Portable Press, ISBN 1-59223-149-7)
 * Book of the Dumb 2 (November 2004, Portable Press, ISBN 1-59223-269-8)
 * The Rough Guide to Sci-Fi Movies (October 2005, Rough Guide Books, ISBN 1-84353-520-3)
 * You're Not Fooling Anyone When You Take Your Laptop to a Coffee Shop: Scalzi on Writing (2007, Subterranean Press, ISBN 1-59606-063-8)
 * Your Hate Mail Will Be Graded: Selected Writing, 1998–2008 (2008, Subterranean Press, ISBN 1-59606-211-8).
 * The Mallet of Loving Correction (2013, Subterranean Press, ISBN 1-59606-579-6)
 * Don't Live For Your Obituary: Advice, Commentary and Personal Observations on Writing, 2008–2017 (2017, Subterranean Press ISBN 978-1-59606-858-2)

Editor

 * Subterranean Magazine, #4 (2006, Subterranean Press)
 * METAtropolis (2008, Audible; 2009, Subterranean Press ISBN 1-59606-238-X ; 2010 Tor Books, ISBN 0-7653-2710-4)

Awards and nominations

 * In 2005, he earned the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer for his debut novel Old Man's War
 * In 2006, Old Man's War was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel, and was a finalist for the Locus Award for Best First Novel
 * In 2007, he received the Geffen Award for best-translated science fiction novel for Old Man's War, translated by Raz Greenberg
 * In 2007, The Ghost Brigades was a nominee for the Prometheus Award
 * In 2007, "Missives from Possible Futures #1: Alternate History Search Results" was a finalist for the Sidewise Award for Alternate History
 * In 2007, he was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer
 * In 2008, he won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer
 * In 2008, The Last Colony was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel
 * In 2009, he won the Hugo Award for Best Related Book, for Your Hate Mail Will Be Graded: A Decade of Whatever 1998–2008
 * In 2009, METAtropolis was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form
 * In 2009, Zoe's Tale was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel, nominated for the Andre Norton Award for Best Young Adult Science Fiction/Fantasy, nominated for the Romantic Times Reviewer's Choice Award for Science Fiction Novel and a Locus Award finalist for Best Young Adult Bookl
 * In 2009, "After the Coup" was a finalist for the Locus Award for Best Short Story
 * In 2010, he received the Seiun Award for The Last Colony (Best Foreign Language Novel of the Year)
 * In 2010, he received the Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis for The Android's Dream (Best Foreign Novel)
 * In 2010, The God Engines was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novella, as well as the Nebula Award for Best Novella
 * In 2012, he received the Audie Award for Best Science Fiction Audiobook for Fuzzy Nation as narrated by Wil Wheaton
 * In 2013, he won the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, for Redshirts: A Novel with Three Codas
 * In 2013, he won the Seiun Award for Best Foreign Language Novel of the Year for The Android's Dream
 * In 2016, he won the Ohio Governor's Award for the Arts in the Individual Artists category
 * In 2018, he won the Locus Award for Best Sci-Fi Novel for The Collapsing Empire and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel
 * In 2020, he won the Dragon Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for The Last Emperox
 * In 2023, he won the Robert A. Heinlein Award for "outstanding published works in science fiction and technical writings to inspire the human exploration of space."
 * In 2023, The Kaiju Preservation Society won the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.

title: John Scalzi


text:
Surfacing (novel)

Surfacing is a novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Published by McClelland and Stewart in 1972, it was her second novel. Surfacing has been described by commentators as a companion novel to Atwood's collection of poems, Power Politics, which was written the previous year and deals with complementary issues.

The novel, grappling with notions of national and gendered identity, anticipated rising concerns about conservation and preservation and the emergence of Canadian nationalism. It was adapted into a movie in 1981.

Plot introduction
The book tells the story of a woman who returns to her hometown in Canada to find her missing father. Accompanied by her lover, Joe, and a married couple, Anna and David, the unnamed protagonist meets her past in her childhood house, recalling events and feelings, while trying to find clues to her father's mysterious disappearance. Little by little, the past overtakes her and drives her into the realm of wildness and madness.

Separation
Separation is a major theme of Surfacing. This is established in the first chapter, when the narrator is shown to be politically dispossessed as an English-speaker in Quebec, at a time in which Quebec was aspiring to become an independent French-speaking nation. The narrator also feels disconnected from the people around her, equating human interaction with that of animals. For example, while overhearing David and Anna have sex, the narrator thinks "of an animal at the moment the trap closes".

The mouthpiece for feelings of nationalism is extremist David, who claims Canada would be better without the "fascist pig Yanks" and suggests they be driven from the country by attack beavers.

Feminism
Feminism, a theme in many of Atwood's novels, is explored through the perspective of the female narrative, exposing the ways women are marginalized in their professional and private lives.

Allusions to other works
Surfacing echoes the structure of Jack Kerouac's On the Road, as the narrator travels by car back to her childhood home. The novel has also been compared to Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar. Atwood's unnamed narrator and Plath's Esther Greenwood are both driven to psychological breakdowns due to their unwillingness to adhere to the social expectations imposed on women.

Reception and reviews
In her essay Margaret Atwood: Beyond Victimhood, Marge Piercy was skeptical of the narrator's abrupt declaration of love for Joe at the end of the novel, saying it did not stop the narrator from being a victim: by choosing a man who opts to be a loser, "how does she stop being a loser?"

title: Surfacing (novel)


text:
709th Infantry Division

The 709th Static Infantry Division was a German Army infantry division in World War II. It was raised in May 1941 and used for occupation duties during the German occupation of France in World War II until the Allied invasion. It was on the Normandy coast when the invasion occurred and so fought in the Battle of Normandy. The division was trapped in the Cotentin Peninsula and destroyed in the defense of Cherbourg.

History
The 709th Static Infantry Division was a coastal defence unit assigned to protect the eastern and northern coasts of the Cotentin Peninsula. This included the sites of the Utah Beachhead and the US airborne landing zones. Its sector covered over 250 km, running in a line from the northeast of Carentan, via Barfleur-Cherbourg-Cap de la Hague to a point west of Barneville. This included the 65 km land front of Cherbourg Harbour.

The Division included a number of "Ostlegionen" – eastern – units of various nationalities, mainly from the occupied countries of eastern Europe. These were a mixture of volunteers, conscripts and former Soviet prisoners-of-war who had chosen to fight in the German Army rather than suffer the harsh conditions of prisoners. Two battalions of the 739th Grenadier Regiment were Georgian battalions. Two further battalions were also designated as Ost units in the divisional order of battle. These battalions were led by German officers and NCOs.

The commander of the division at the time of the D-Day landings was General Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben who took command in December 1943 after two and a half years of continuous command of Eastern Front combat units, including the 108th Panzer Grenadier Regiment, 4th Rifle Brigade, 208th Infantry Division and the 18th Panzer Division.

The quality of the troops in the 709th had been reduced as personnel were constantly transferred to the Eastern Front including entire divisional combat units such as the 1st Battalion of the 739th Grenadier Regiment. A high percentage of the division had no combat experience. However, the 709th was acquainted with its sector and well trained for defense. Although after months of sustained labour work on coastal defences caused the combat readiness of its troops to be significantly reduced.

Elements of the 709th were heavily engaged on D-Day, defending the peninsula against US airborne landings and against the US 4th Infantry Division landing on Utah Beach. Ten days later the division reported that it had sustained around 4,000 casualties from an initial strength of over 12,000. General Schlieben surrendered ‘Fortress’ Cherbourg to the Americans on 29 June 1944.

Commanders

 * Generalmajor Arnold von Beßel (3 May 1941 – 15 July 1942)
 * Generalleutnant Albin Nake (15 July 1942 – 15 March 1943)
 * General der Artillerie Curt Jahn (15 March 1943 – 1 July 1943)
 * Generalmajor Eckkard von Geyso (1 July 1943 – 12 December 1943)
 * Generalleutnant Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben (12 December 1943 – 23 June 1944)

Organization (June 1944)

 * Command
 * 729th Fortress Grenadier Regiment (with the 649th Ost Battalion attached)
 * 739th Fortress Grenadier Regiment (with the 561st and 795th Georgian Battalions attached)
 * 919th Grenadier Regiment (transferred from the 242nd Infantry Division in October 1943)
 * 1709th Artillery Regiment
 * 709th Antitank Battalion
 * 709th Engineer Battalion
 * 709th Signals Battalion
 * Ost-Bataillon 635 (Russian) (CP: Donville-les-Bains)
 * Ost-Bataillon 795 (Georgian) (Hauptmann Stiller – CP: Turqueville)
 * Ost-Bataillon 797 (Georgian) (Hauptmann Peter Massberg – CP: Gouville)

title: 709th Infantry Division


text:
Drotrecogin alfa

Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (Xigris, marketed by Eli Lilly and Company) is a recombinant form of human activated protein C that has anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and profibrinolytic properties. Drotrecogin alpha (activated) belongs to the class of serine proteases. Drotrecogin alfa has not been found to improve outcomes in people with severe sepsis. The manufacturer's aggressive strategies in marketing its use in severe sepsis have been criticized. On October 25, 2011, Eli Lilly & Co. withdrew Xigris from the market after a major study showed no efficacy for the treatment of sepsis.

Medical uses
Drotrecogin alfa does not improve mortality in severe sepsis or septic shock but does increase bleeding risks. Therefore, a 2012 Cochrane review recommended that clinicians and policymakers not recommend its use and Eli Lilly has announced the discontinuation of all clinical trials.

Contraindications
The following patients should not receive drotrecogin:
 * Active internal bleeding
 * Recent (within 3 months) hemorrhagic stroke
 * Recent (within 2 months) intracranial/intraspinal surgery/severe head trauma
 * Trauma patients with an increased risk of life-threatening bleeding
 * Presence of an epidural catheter
 * Known or suspected intracranial neoplasm or mass lesion
 * Known hypersensitivity to drotrecogin or any component

Precautions
The following patients are at an increased risk for bleeding complications due to drotrecogin-alpha therapy, and a careful risk/benefit assessment should be made prior to initiating therapy.
 * Therapeutic Heparin (>15 units/kg/h)
 * Platelet count <30,000/mm3
 * Recent (within 6 weeks) gastrointestinal bleeding
 * Recent administration (within 3 days) of thrombolytic therapy
 * Recent administration (within 7 days) of oral anticoagulants or GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors
 * Recent administration (within 7 days) of >650 mg/day of aspirin or other platelet inhibitors
 * Recent (within 3 months) ischemic stroke
 * Known or suspected intracranial AV malformation or aneurysm
 * Known bleeding diathesis (e.g., hemophilia) except for acute coagulopathy related to sepsis
 * Chronic severe hepatic disease
 * HIV infection in association with a last known CD4 count of <50/mm3
 * Any other condition in which bleeding constitutes a significant hazard or would be particularly difficult to manage because of its location
 * Because drotrecogin-alpha is a therapeutic protein, there exists a potential for immunogenicity. Antibodies against drotrecogin have been observed. There is insufficient data at this time to quantify the risk, but extreme caution should be exercised if a patient has previously received drotrecogin-alpha.

Side-effects
Although patients at high risk of bleeding were excluded from the phase III clinical study (PROWESS), 25% of patients treated with drotrecogin and 18% of those receiving placebo experienced at least one bleeding event (principally ecchymoses or GI bleeding) during the 28-day study period. During treatment serious bleeding events (e.g., intracranial hemorrhage, any life-threatening bleeding event, any bleeding event requiring administration of at least 3 units of packed red blood cells daily for 2 consecutive days) occurred in 2.4% of patients treated with drotrecogin and in 1% of those receiving placebo. No significant differences between geriatric patients and younger patients regarding bleeding events in the drotrecogin group have been found.

No other side-effects have been observed so far.

In the meantime a second study encompassing approximately 2,000 adult patients has been completed and the results showed a comparable side-effect profile.

Interactions
Drug interactions with drotrecogin have not been systematically studied in patients with severe sepsis. Caution should be exercised when using other drugs that affect hemostasis concomitantly with drotrecogin (e.g. aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel). However, the use of low dose prophylactic Heparin did not affect safety when given concurrently with drotrecogin.

Mechanism of action
The specific mechanisms by which drotrecogin exerts its effect on survival in patients with severe sepsis is not completely understood. In vitro data suggest that activated protein C exerts an antithrombotic effect by inhibiting factors Va and VIIIa, and that it has indirect profibrinolytic activity by inhibiting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In vitro data also suggest that activated protein C may exert an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor production, by blocking leukocyte adhesion to selectins, and by limiting the thrombin-induced inflammatory responses within the microvascular endothelium.

Pharmacokinetics
If the dosage guidelines are followed, the drug reaches peak plasma levels after two hours and is completely cleared from plasma two hours after termination of the infusion period. Endogenous plasma protease inhibitors deactivate drotrecogin. Therefore, no dose adjustment is needed in elderly patients, or in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction.

Presentation
Xigris is the current brand name of activated drotrecogin alfa, manufactured by Eli Lilly. The drug is sold in vials containing either 5 mg or 20 mg, respectively. The United States' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the drug in 2001 as was the case with the drug authorities in many other countries.

Marketing controversy
In 2001, Eli Lilly's chairman, president and CEO, Sidney Taurel, told shareholders: "No medicine better symbolizes our mission than Xigris," calling it "one of our industry's genuine breakthroughs."

Xigris was designed to fight sepsis, a condition that kills more than 200,000 Americans annually. It was the only approved drug for sepsis, and it costs $8,000 to treat a single patient. Lilly hoped it would be a blockbuster, with sales of at least a billion dollars a year. But after five years on the market, sales were only $200 million.

Eli Lilly used the Belsito & Company PR firm in a marketing campaign to promote Xigris. A report accused the company of initiating false reports of a shortage of the drug to boost sales. Belsito and Company spread the word that the drug was being "rationed" and physicians were being 'systematically forced' to decide who would live and who would die. As part of this effort, Lilly provided a group of physicians and bioethicists with a $1.8 million grant to form the Values, Ethics, and Rationing in Critical Care (VERICC) Task Force, purportedly to address ethical issues raised by rationing in the intensive care unit. Finally, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign was established, in theory to raise awareness of severe sepsis and generate momentum toward the development of treatment guidelines.

This marketing campaign was especially troublesome because Xigris has been linked to increased risk of serious bleeding in patients who used it as well as other concerns. "Controversy surrounds both the drug study itself and the FDA approval," wrote NEJM editor-at-large Richard P. Wenzel, MD in 2002. The FDA approved the drug despite the advisory committee's split vote (10 to 10) due to concerns about the validity of the claimed efficacy and safety findings on the basis of a single trial.

Eli Lilly spokeswoman Judy Kay Moore insisted that the company did not mastermind the ethics task force or steer the guideline-writing process. It was only a coincidence, Moore says, that the ethics task force and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign used the same P.R. firm, Belsito and Company.

FDA approval and withdrawal
In 2002, drotrecogin was FDA approved for use in the US for the reduction of mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis (sepsis associated with acute organ dysfunction) who have a high risk of death (as determined by APACHE II scores of 25 or greater). Evidence however is not sufficiently strong for its use to become standard of care.

Because of the risk of severe bleeding, associated with the use of Xigris, the following guidelines have been additionally proposed, but are not FDA requirements:
 * Drotrecogin should only be ordered by a critical care specialist with experience weighing the risks and benefits of this medication.
 * Drotrecogin should only be administered in a critical care area such as an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), or other unit with very frequent observation and monitoring.

On October 25, 2011, Eli Lilly and Company announced a worldwide voluntary market withdrawal of Xigris [drotrecogin alfa (activated)]. In a recent study, Xigris failed to show a survival benefit for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

Research
The exact mechanism for this protein is currently not known, but efforts continue to isolate activated protein C mutants that lack anticoagulant properties for potential therapeutic use.

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