text:
Jangsu of Goguryeo

Jangsu of Goguryeo (394–491, r. 413–491) was the 20th monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was born in 394 as the eldest son of Gwanggaeto. He became the crown prince in 408, and upon his father's death in 413, became the ruler at the age of 19.

Jangsu reigned during the golden age of Goguryeo, when it was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia. He continued to build upon his father's territorial expansion through conquest, but was also known for his diplomatic abilities. Like his father, Gwanggaeto the Great, Jangsu also achieved a loose unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In addition, Jangsu's long reign saw the perfecting of Goguryeo's political, economic and other institutional arrangements. He is also noted for building the Gwanggaeto Stele, dedicated to his father. Jangsu's posthumous name means "Long Life", based on his longstanding reign of 79 years until the age of 98, the longest reign in East Asian history.

During his reign, Jangsu changed the official name of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ) to the shortened Goryeo (Koryŏ), from which the name Korea originates.

Family

 * Father: King Gwanggaeto (광개토왕, 廣開土王)
 * Grandfather: King Gogukyang (고국양왕, 故國壤王)
 * Unknown wife
 * Son: Prince Joda/Juda (조다, 助多); father of King Munja.
 * Son: Prince Seungu (승우, 升于)
 * Unnamed daughter

Early reign
During his early reign, Jangsu dedicated much of his efforts toward stabilizing an empire that had experienced great and sudden growth as a direct result of his father's conquests. Jangsu built a magnificent tomb for his father, Gwanggaeto the Great, and along with it an imposing 6 meter tall tombstone engraved with his father's accomplishments (now known as the Gwanggaeto Stele).

In 427, he transferred the Goguryeo capital from Gungnae Fortress (present-day Ji'an on the China-North Korea border) to Pyongyang, a more suitable region to grow into a burgeoning metropolitan capital, which led Goguryeo to achieve a high level of cultural and economic prosperity.

Relations with Chinese dynasties and nomadic states
When Gwanggaeto the Great ruled Goguryeo, the Chinese mainland was dominated by five non-Han Chinese peoples and divided into multiple states. During Gwanggaeto's time, Goguryeo invaded Later Yan and conquered Liaoning, but when Jangsu came to the throne, the chaos in northern China was coming to an end. The unification of northern China by Northern Wei became a crucial point for both Goguryeo and the southern dynasties of China. However, Jangsu was able to use the political situation in China by manipulating the northern and southern Chinese states to his advantage.

After the fall of Later Yan, Han Chinese drove the Xianbei Murong clan northward and established Northern Yan in its place. However, Northern Yan's existence was threatened by the powerful Xianbei Tuoba clan of Northern Wei to the west, compelling Northern Yan to make an alliance with Goguryeo, its neighbor to the east. Hence, Jangsu turned his military ambitions southward toward the Korean peninsula.

The southern Chinese dynasty of Liu Song, which was feuding with Northern Wei, encouraged both Northern Yan and Goguryeo to oppose Northern Wei. However, Liu Song's plan did not work out, as Goguryeo imprisoned the emperor of Northern Yan in 438. The Liu Song court was outraged and warned Jangsu that the death of the Northern Yan ruler would lead to war. However, Jangsu ignored the threat and executed him, bringing the short-lived Northern Yan dynasty to an end. Liu Song troops then attacked Goguryeo but were easily defeated. Peace resumed in the following year when Jangsu sent 800 horses as a gift to the Liu Song emperor, to aid him in his ongoing war against Northern Wei, allowing Goguryeo to concentrate its forces against Baekje and Silla to the south while Liu Song and Northern Wei were occupied against each other to the west. Jangsu again encouraged Liu Song to invade Northern Wei in 459 when he sent loads of crossbows and provided gold and silver. The Northern Wei government was upset by Jangsu's actions but had to keep peace with Goguryeo to continue its war against Liu Song and the Rouran Khaganate.

Jangsu also maintained contact with Northern Wei, and the two empires established a formal relationship in 435. This relationship proved to be useful when Goguryeo waged war against Baekje, which had secretly sought a military alliance with Northern Wei against Goguryeo, because Northern Wei did not interfere in the matters of the Korean countries.

In 479, Jangsu established friendly relations with the Rouran Khaganate with a view to keeping Northern Wei under control. After securing peace with the Rourans, Jangsu invaded the Khitans, a branch of the Xianbei confederacy at the time, and then attacked the Didouyu with his Rouran allies.

After the Khitans surrendered to Goguryeo, Jangsu sent gifts to both Northern Wei and Southern Qi, which took over the southern half of China after overthrowing Liu Song in 479. Both Qi and Wei tried to tighten Goguryeo's relationship with them. Wei emperors treated Goguryeo delegates as equal to Chinese delegates. Under the reign of Emperor Xiaowen alone, 41 emissaries were sent, but the frequency started to drop since Jangsu continued to keep hospitality with Qi. This decrease in exchanged delegates outraged Emperor Xiaowen, and at last he gave an order to capture Goguryeo delegates before they could reach the Qi capital. However, Jangsu paid no mind, and continued to send delegates to Qi. Northern Wei could not block Goguryeo, which indicated the success of Jangsu's diplomatic strategy: maximizing the situation and manipulating the power struggles between rival Chinese states to Goguryeo's advantage.

Goguryeo and the northern states maintained peace and did not have further conflicts until the Goguryeo–Sui War in 598.

Marriage alliances
Confronted with harsh attacks from Goguryeo into the southern region of the Korean peninsula, Baekje and Silla found their survival through marriage alliances, beginning in 433. The alliance between Baekje and Silla lasted more than a century and was the primary reason why Goguryeo was unable to conquer the entire peninsula.

Gaya
Gaya found itself in a precarious situation due to its geographical disadvantage of being sandwiched by Baekje and Silla, and ultimately could not develop into an advanced nation.

Baekje campaign and Dorim
In 472, Gaero, the ruler of Baekje, sent a letter to the emperor of Northern Wei, stating that he was having trouble interacting with him due to frequent Goguryeo intervention, thus calling for military action against Goguryeo. However, Baekje failed to get its emissary back and was unable to receive the military support of Northern Wei. In response, Jangsu secretly planned to attack Baekje, which despite its losses against Gwanggaeto the Great, still held a significant power base in the Korean peninsula. In order to disarm Baekje, he sent a Buddhist monk named Dorim, who went to Gaero's court with the secret objective of corrupting the country. Gaero began to favor Dorim, playing baduk with him every day, and Dorim was able to talk Gaero into spending large sums of money on construction projects, weakening the national treasury.

In 475, Jangsu launched a full-scale invasion from both land and sea against the now politically unstable kingdom of Baekje. Dorim was successful in gaining information about Baekje, and consequently Gaero was not at all prepared for the assault formulated by Jangsu. With momentum now in his favor, Jangsu then proceeded toward the capital and easily captured the city of Wiryeseong and slew Gaero. Soon after, Jangsu burned the capital to the ground, along with several other cities that he conquered from Baekje. Henceforth, Baekje had no choice but to move its capital to mountainous Ungjin (present-day Gongju), 80 miles to the south, which provided a natural protection for the devastated kingdom. The war gave Goguryeo more or less total control of the Han River valley, the region essential to commercial and military power in the Korean peninsula. Baekje had been a dominant power on the peninsula for hundreds of years thanks to its control of the region, but after losing the region to Goguryeo, Baekje also lost control of the peninsula.

Silla campaign
After successfully concluding his campaign in Baekje, Jangsu then turned his attention toward the second peninsular kingdom of Silla. Silla had been a vassal state of Goguryeo since Gwanggaeto defeated the Baekje and Wa troops invading Silla in 400. To secure the allegiance of his de facto protectorate, Jangsu demanded the younger brother of King Nulji of Silla to become a political hostage. King Nulji broke off relations with Goguryeo in 454. Jangsu invaded Silla in 468, expanding his domain into parts of Gangwon Province, and again in 489, capturing 7 walled cities and expanding his domain into parts of North Gyeongsang Province. With his victory over Silla, Jangsu erected a stone monument in present-day Chungju, praising the accomplishments of his father and himself. This monument remains at the same site, holding historical importance as the only surviving Goguryeo stele in the Korean peninsula.

Death and legacy
King Jangsu died in 491, at the age of 97. His temple name means "Long Life" in hanja. During his reign, Goguryeo was at its golden age, stretching from Inner Mongolia to the current North Chungcheong Province of South Korea, south of the Han River basin.

Modern Depictions
Age of Empires: World Domination, a mobile game produced in collaboration with series owner Microsoft, includes Jangsu as a selectable hero of the Korean civilization.

Portrayed by Jung Yoon-seok in the 2007 MBC TV series The Legend.

title: Jangsu of Goguryeo


text:
Carl Everett

Carl Edward Everett III (born June 3, 1971) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder. A switch hitter, he played for eight teams over the course of a 14-year career. He was a member of the Chicago White Sox when they won the 2005 World Series. He threw right-handed and played all outfield positions, and occasionally designated hitter.

High school years
Everett attended Hillsborough High School in Tampa, Florida, and was a letterman in football, baseball, and track. In football, he garnered 948 rushing yards as a senior. Everett graduated from Hillsborough High School in 1990.

Playing career
He was the 10th overall pick in the 1990 Major League Baseball Draft, selected by the New York Yankees. He was selected by the Florida Marlins in the 1992 MLB expansion draft, and made his major league debut with the Marlins on July 1,.

Everett was traded to the Mets after the 1994 season for Quilvio Veras. He had his first full season in with 443 at-bats. He hit .248 that season, with a .420 slugging percentage.

After the 1997 season, Everett was traded to the Houston Astros for John Hudek. He hit .325 with 27 stolen bases in. That year, his .571 slugging percentage was in the top 10 in the league.

After being traded on December 14, 1999, to the Boston Red Sox for minor leaguers Adam Everett and Greg Miller, he had a career high 34 home runs in. The Boston fans welcomed him at first, but their enthusiasm cooled somewhat after he was suspended for 10 days for bumping into umpire Ron Kulpa. The following year, Everett was fined for grabbing his crotch while yelling at Seattle Mariners pitcher Jamie Moyer after hitting a home run. He struggled in, with a shoulder injury hampering his performance, and ongoing controversy with the Boston media serving as a distraction to the team. One of the few bright spots for Everett that season came on September 2, 2001, when Everett came into the game as a pinch hitter and broke up a potential perfect game by Mike Mussina of the New York Yankees. Mussina had retired the first 26 Boston Red Sox and gotten two strikes on Everett before he hit a soft single to left center.

On December 12, 2001, Everett was traded to the Texas Rangers for Darren Oliver. His nine home runs in April 2003 matched a team record that was shared (through 2008) with Iván Rodríguez (2000), Alex Rodriguez (2002), and Ian Kinsler (2007).

Everett was traded to the Chicago White Sox during the 2003 season for Frank Francisco, Josh Rupe and Anthony Webster. He signed as a free agent with the Montreal Expos for the 2004 season, but was traded back to the White Sox on July 18, 2004, for Gary Majewski and Jon Rauch.

In October, Everett won his first and only World Series championship with the White Sox. Everett stepped in as the starting DH for most of that season for the White Sox after an early season injury to Frank Thomas.

On December 14, 2005, Everett was signed by the Mariners off the free agent market to a one-year contract for the season, with a vesting option for. On Mother's Day, May 14, 2006, Everett was one of more than 50 hitters who brandished a pink bat to benefit the Breast Cancer Foundation.

The majority of the time, he was a designated hitter and very rarely played the field, backing up the corner outfield positions. He played in 92 games before the Mariners designated Everett for assignment on July 26, 2006, effectively ending his tenure with the Mariners organization. At the time of his release, Larry Stone pointed out in the Seattle Times, he was 85th out of 86 AL players with qualifying at bats in batting average, at .227.

In 2007, Everett played for the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 2007, he hit .312 with 25 home runs and 97 RBI. In 2008, he hit .327 with 29 home runs and 100 RBI in 115 games.

On May 11, 2009, Everett agreed to a contract with the Newark Bears of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball to be their designated hitter.

Personal life
Everett is quite outspoken with his beliefs, and his remarks have proven controversial on several occasions. Perhaps the best-known of these was his denial of the existence of dinosaurs. He was quoted as saying, "God created the sun, the stars, the heavens and the earth, and then made Adam and Eve. The Bible never says anything about dinosaurs. You can't say there were dinosaurs when you never saw them. Somebody actually saw Adam and Eve eating apples. No one ever saw a Tyrannosaurus rex." He also derided fossils of dinosaur bones as man-made fakes. In reference to these comments, Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy dubbed Everett "Jurassic Carl." Everett, in turn, referred to Shaughnessy as the "curly-haired boyfriend" of Globe beat writer Gordon Edes.

Everett in an interview with Shaughnessy, questioned the validity of the Apollo Moon Landing.

Everett frequently got into altercations with umpires during his career. Some of these tirades have resulted in suspensions and fines. Everett's longest suspension came during the 2000 season after an incident in which he bumped heads with umpire Ron Kulpa while arguing Kulpa's ruling that Everett's batting stance was illegal. Everett was suspended for 10 games and fined $5,000. Everett has stated that he thrives on being hated, and that it keeps him on top of his game. Opposing players, umpires, and even his own teammates are not immune, as evidenced by his postgame shouting match with Seattle manager Mike Hargrove after a 14–6 loss to the Los Angeles Angels on July 5, 2006.

Everett has also made controversial remarks about homosexuality. He once said that if he had an openly gay teammate that he would consider retiring, or, at the very least, "set him straight." In the 2005 season, he told Maxim that he has had gay teammates and accepted them, but, "Gays being gay is wrong. Two women can't produce a baby, two men can't produce a baby, so it's not how it's supposed to be. ... I don't believe in gay marriages. I don't believe in being gay."

In 1997, Everett temporarily lost custody of two of his children when a worker at Shea Stadium noticed his five-year-old daughter covered in bruises. A family court judge found enough evidence to suggest child neglect on behalf of Everett and his wife, Linda, the latter whom "inflicted excessive corporal punishment" on the children that Everett did nothing to stop. The Everetts never admitted to abuse or neglect, and a settlement was reached where they could be reunited with their children after undergoing therapy and attending parenting classes.

In April 2011, Everett was arrested at his home in Tampa on charges of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and tampering with a witness. Everett held a handgun to the head of his wife of 18 years. He was held at a $5,500 bond and ordered no violent contact with his wife, who asked for his release so he could take care of their three children. In September 2011, he was arrested again, for assaulting a family member.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carl Everett


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cyrus Farivar (1st nomination)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 01:09, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Cyrus Farivar
Freelance journalist, tagged for speedy as vanity. I think it makes enough of a claim to notability ("His work has appeared in The New York Times") to deserve a chance at a Vfd, but I can't find anything very impressive that he's written either... 476 google hits. Kappa 01:11, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Truly a borderline case, but 3 Wired articles in the last month or so suggests he's not a journalist of the mom's-basement type.  BTW, for some reason I get 1,180 Google hits as an exact phrase.  Safesearch on, maybe? Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  01:23, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep He's showing notability. --Fuzzball! (talk) 01:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Was that HTML namestamp nessessary? Anyway, I say Keep, though it could use a cleanup. Asriel86 05:31, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was thinking this is vanity, but I did a search and there were five NYT technology stories that he has written according to Lexis-Nexis. So I'm gonna have to vote for delete. MicahMN | Talk 05:41, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep five NYT technology stories and three wired news stores,seems plenty notable to me. Klonimus 21:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is borderline but there is nothing in Google which shows anything beyond significant. Megan1967 10:53, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems to be widely published for someone his age and seems notable enough for mine. Capitalistroadster 11:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. N-Mantalk 12:26, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep In this case, err on the side of keeping the article. EdwinHJ | Talk 17:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Can't see a reason to Delete. --Irishpunktom\talk 11:21, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Tony K.

If you're still around, could you explain your fair use of Matt 01:12, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tony K.


text:
User:Alimustafakhan

Hi everybody. My interests are in Partition of India, Urdu and Islam. I am an Indian and live in London. My father was in Border Security Force in India due to which I have travelled a lot throughout India. I can speak Bangla, Punjabi at a basc level but I am fluent in easy Hindi and my mother tongue Urdu. After retirement in 1994 my father went to Saudi Arabia followed my mother an year later. I was admitted to Aligarh Muslim University and completed my Senior Secondary School from there. Later I went to Bombay to study Hotel Management from India's premiere Hotel school, Institute of Hotel Management Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition. After completing my Diploma in Hotel Management in 1999 till 2003 I changed many jobs in India. In 2003 I came to The Michael Smurfit Graduate School of Business at University College Dublin to do an MBA. I completed my MBA in 2004 and after staying in Ireland for a short while I came to London and have been working here since.

title: User:Alimustafakhan


text:
Adnan Badran

Adnan Badran (عدنان بدران) (born 15 December 1935) is a Jordanian politician and academic. He was the 35th Prime Minister of Jordan from 6 April 2005 to 27 November 2005.

Early life and education
Badran was born in Jerash, Jordan (then located in the Emirate of Transjordan, a part of the British Empire) on 15 December 1935 to Palestinian parents. His father was from Nablus in Palestine. He received his bachelor of science from Oklahoma State University (1959) and his MS and PhD degrees from Michigan State University (1963). Badran's brother, Mudar Badran, was a politician in Jordan and served as prime minister several times.

Professor and politics
In 1987, Badran was appointed first Secretary General of the country's Higher Council for Science and Technology, the president of which is Prince Hassan.

He was agriculture minister and education minister briefly during the late 1980s. During the 1990s he became president of the Arab Academy of Sciences and the Philadelphia University of Jordan, positions that he still holds. From 1994 to 1998, he was deputy director of UNESCO.

Badran was appointed prime minister on 7 April 2005 by King Abdullah II as part of a new government which was to be more reformist than previous governments. Badran also became defense minister in the new government. After seven months, however, he and his government resigned over the slow progress of reforms and the frustration caused by the hotel bombings in Amman on 9 November 2005.

Badran was the president of Petra University. In September 2014, he became Chancellor at the university. He was the president of Yarmouk University. Badran is a Fellow and former Vice-President of The World Academy of Sciences. In July 2009, Badran with Moneef R. Zou'bi published the UNESCO Science Report 2010 on the Arab States. Badran was awarded Honorary Doctorates by Sungkyunkwan University (1981), Michigan State University (2007), and Yarmouk University (2014). He is the author of 120 publications, including 22 books, and holds 4 patents.

Personal life
Badran resides in Dabouq. He has six children and seven grandchildren. On 1 April 2019, Badran's wife, Maha, died after a long illness at age 67.

title: Adnan Badran


text:
February Patent

The February Patent was a constitution of the Austrian Empire promulgated in the form of letters patent on 26 February 1861.

Background
In the Austrian Empire, the early 1860s were a period of significant constitutional reforms. The revolutions and wars of the late 1840s-1850s had created a national sense of discontent. The disastrous war in Italy demonstrated openly the weaknesses of the Austrian bureaucracy and army. The burgeoning influence of Prussia and the German Confederation was also a cause for concern. Emperor Francis Joseph I (r.1848-1916) saw that, if he was to maintain his empire, he must begin some reforms. In March 1860, the Emperor began a 'strengthening' of the Reichsrat, the imperial council, by adding new members and giving it advisory powers over major financial and legislative issues, including the formation of a new constitution. The parliament split into two parties, a native German-speaking and a non-German-speaking side. The German side pushed for a stronger central government, but the non-German side (Czechs and Hungarians) pushed for a division of power between the estates. Francis Joseph tried to formulate a compromise in the new constitution, the "October Diploma" (adopted 20 October 1860). The Diploma created a one-hundred-member parliament with extended powers over the empire's finances but no power over the military or legislation. Also, the Parliament did not have power over Hungary, except in matters that affected the entire empire. The Hungarian Diet controlled Hungarian internal affairs.

The new Parliament did not please either side, however. State finances continued to fail; the Germans were not happy with the power given to the diets; and the non-Germans were disappointed by the amount of power that remained in the Emperor's hands. In addition to continuing internal problems, the Austrian Empire was plagued by outside pressures, specifically the evolution of the German Confederation. For centuries, the Habsburgs had been in control of the German states. Even when the German Confederation of States formed in 1815, Austria maintained its influence. With the rise of Prussia in Eastern Europe, that influence was threatened. The Emperor saw the expansion and centralization of Parliament as a way to gain internal strength that would transfer into external power. When Anton Ritter von Schmerling became Secretary of State in late 1860, he took on the task of revising the October Diploma.

Adoption
On 26 February 1861 the February Patent, a letters patent issued by Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I, was adopted as the "Imperial Constitution of 1861." It was proclaimed as a revision of the previous October Diploma, the "Irrevocable Fundamental Law of the State." The February Patent established in the Austrian Empire a bicameral imperial parliament, still called the Reichsrat, with an upper chamber appointed by the emperor and an indirectly elected lower chamber. The members of the upper chamber were appointed for life and included the crown prince, prominent bishops, heads of noble families, and great citizens. Delegates sent from the diets comprised the 343-member lower chamber, with 120 representatives from Hungary, 20 from Venetia, and 203 from the remaining non-Hungarian estates. The Emperor could check the actions of the lower chamber by appointing more of his supporters to the upper chamber.

The responsibilities of the new Parliament were divided into a 'greater' and a 'lesser' section. In the 'greater' section were matters that affected the empire as a whole, including Hungary. The 'lesser' section was for matters in the estates. Essentially, it superseded the function of the diets in non-Hungarian lands. The Hungarian Diet could function alongside the 'lesser' Parliament if needed. Under the February Patent, the Parliament had more decision-making power than it had before, but it was still completely subject to the Emperor. On the other hand, the Emperor could make political and military decisions without the Parliament's consent and could make any decision he wanted whenever the Parliament was not in session, if it might be an 'emergency.'

The February Patent explicitly excluded women from political participation, and established a census suffrage for men.

Suspension
The empire's Magyar population refused to cooperate in the new system, resiling from the more liberal changes made in the October Diploma which in fact still wanted to restrain the sovereignty of Hungary. Only German or Romanian delegates from Hungarian lands attended the lower house. This resistance severely undermined the purpose of the Imperial Parliament—to unify the diverse parts of the empire through representation in a central body.

In September 1865, Emperor Francis Joseph suspended the February Patent. The Austrian Germans protested, but the Czechs, Slavs, and Poles were delighted and pressed forward with their autonomous programs. On 17 February 1867, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Hungary was effectively restored, and matters progressed speedily towards the Compromise of 1867. Of its own accord, the Reichsrath added some laws which amended the February Patent, and decided that these laws, the Compromise, and the revised Constitution of Cisleithania, should come into force at the same time as a whole.

title: February Patent


text:
Talk:Rhinoceros (play)

plagiarism
the plot overview is copied from the spark notes site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yellowtuesday (talk • contribs) 21:03, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Paltry
for such an iportant work it's rather a paltry article. I'll try to fill it out when I get a chance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.178.23.240 (talk • contribs) 18:03, 8 August 2005

 * Well, no worries now. It reads like a book and has probably 3 times as many words as the play itself. Way too much info.

Green rhinoceroses
Having just watched a performance of this, can anyone explain something I found odd in it, and is repeated here: why does people's skin turn green when transformation happens? Rhinoceroses aren't green... EJBH (talk) 22:45, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Yes, in Ionesco the rhinoceroses are green (not grey, as this article claims). I was puzzled too. My personal hypothesis is that green is a definitely non-human colour. Turning green is a very clear mark of dehumanization. Ionesco's task is to disturb the audience, for which green is just the thing.188.123.240.127 (talk) 21:24, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

It is because the Iron Guard wore green uniforms and because green was the color the French associated the Germans with during the occupation. --A.S. Brown (talk) 08:15, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Background and Meaning section needs work
Tagged as possible OR since February, and essentially all sourced to one book (which admittedly I don't have access to). I feel kind of bad saying this because I can tell someone worked hard on the section, but to me, it seems full of original research. Could somebody help condense this? Sro23 (talk) 06:23, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

"Rhinoceros (play" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Rhinoceros (play and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 19:23, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhinoceros (play)


text: User talk:192.249.47.8

title: User talk:192.249.47.8


text:
Oxenholme Lake District railway station

Oxenholme Lake District railway station in Oxenholme, near Kendal, Cumbria, England, is on the West Coast Main Line and at the start of the Windermere branch line to Windermere. The station, which serves as a main line connection point for Kendal and Windermere, is managed by Avanti West Coast and owned by Network Rail.

History
The station was constructed as part of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (which is now a section on the West Coast Main Line from London to Glasgow). Initially the railway was earmarked to go via Kendal. However, a 2.1 mi tunnel would have had to have been built north of the town to accommodate this route. As it was deemed too expensive an option, a line running 1 mi east of Kendal was adopted. The line between Lancaster and Oxenholme opened in September 1846. Trains from Lancaster passed through Oxenholme to a temporary terminus at Kendal. This ended when the line to Carlisle was completed in December 1847.

With the decision to avoid Kendal, the Kendal and Windermere Railway was promoted instead with Oxenholme becoming a junction station. The branch line would be between Oxenholme and its terminus at Windermere (although it actually is in Birthwaite about .75 mi from the actual lake). The station opened in April 1847 as Kendal Junction and was renamed Oxenholme in 1860.

The station's popularity with visitors to The Lakes was fictionalised by Arthur Ransome in the Swallows and Amazons series of children's books, where it was renamed Strickland Junction. In Pigeon Post Roger releases a homing pigeon there.

Incidents
On 10 February 1965 fugitive John Middleton, who was hiding in the waiting room, shot Carlisle policeman Alex Archibald at the station. His colleague, George Russell, who was also shot, died a few hours later in hospital.

On 27 May 2006 a 19-year-old man was fatally stabbed aboard a Glasgow-Paignton train as it was entering the station. A 22-year-old man was jailed for 21 years for the murder in November 2006.

The Grayrigg rail crash happened on 23 February 2007 when a Class 390 Pendolino derailed shortly after it had left Oxenholme Lake District railway station; one person died and 22 others were injured in the crash.

On 16 August 2022 passengers departing at Oxenholme from a delayed service from London Euston were locked in at the station after staff went home early. Some passengers attempted to escape by climbing a security fence. A Network Rail worker eventually reopened the exit 45 minutes after the train had arrived.

Facilities
The station is fully staffed, with the ticket office open all week (Monday - Saturday 05:45 - 19:00, Sunday 10:45 - 20:15). A self-service ticket machine is also available in the booking hall for use outside these times and for collecting pre-paid tickets. Waiting rooms are provided on both platforms, along with a variety of other amenities such as post box, coffee kiosk, cycle racks, toilets, shop and food/drink vending machines. Train running information is offered via automated announcements, digital display screens and customer help points. The subway linking the platforms and both entrances has inclined ramps and so is accessible for disabled passengers (though wheelchair users are advised to request assistance from station staff as the ramps are quite steep).

Services
Most Avanti West Coast services from London to Glasgow or Edinburgh call here to provide connections with the Windermere branch. There is usually one train per hour to London Euston (either direct or via Birmingham New Street) and every hour to Edinburgh or Glasgow via Carlisle, with more at peak times. TransPennine Express services between Manchester Airport and Glasgow/Edinburgh also serve the station once per hour each way, and one direct train per day serves Liverpool. Northern operates services to and from Windermere. Most Windermere services start and terminate here, but some occasionally run through to Lancaster, Preston and Manchester Airport. Oxenholme and the Windermere branch are signalled from Carlisle PSB.

title: Oxenholme Lake District railway station


text: User talk:70.111.9.143

title: User talk:70.111.9.143


text:
Talk:Will John

Untitled
The image is very big --Der Künstler (talk) 23:37, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Will John


text:
World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships

The World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships (WIDPSC) is an annual English language debating and public speaking tournament for individual high school-level students representing different countries. It is the public speaking equivalent of the World Schools Debating Championships.

The most recent event was hosted in April 2024 by the Canberra Girls Grammar School in Canberra, Australia and crowned Canada's Anna Gage as the overall world champion. The 2025 edition of the event is slated to be held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the first time the nation will serve as host for competition and marking WIDPSC's first Asian host since Hong Kong in 2015.

History
The tournament was founded in 1988 by Reading Blue Coat School, St. John's-Ravenscourt School, the Debating Association of New England Independent Schools, Taunton School, Queen Anne's School, and The English School, Nicosia. It was one of the first international competitions to individually rank high school-level students in debating and public speaking. The tournament was founded the same year as the World Schools Debating Championships to respond to the desire for an equivalent competition for public speaking at the international level.

The first Worlds was hosted by Reading Blue Coat School in Reading, England and continued to be hosted in England until 1995. The late 1990s saw the tournament's hosts began to cycle through different countries, with Argentina hosting in 1998, Botswana hosting in 1999, and Cyprus hosting in 2000.

Organization
The tournament usually takes five to six days, with two to three rounds of events daily. The opening day of the tournament involves opening ceremonies and a guest speaker. The last two days do not involve any regular competition, except for those advancing to the final rounds. These days are occupied by a full day excursion or activity, and a formal closing banquet that involves the grand finals and awards ceremony. The grand finals of the tournament are considered to be a display of the tournament's best competitors. Some notable past locations of the grand finals have included the Utah State Capitol, Seimas of Lithuania and Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden. Competitors also partake in other activities and outings organized by the host school during the week. These often involve exploring the city of the tournament.

Competitors must compete in four out of five events: parliamentary debate, impromptu speaking, interpretive reading, and either persuasive speaking or after-dinner speaking. Students compete in two preliminary rounds for each event. This is followed by a round of finals with approximately the top 10% of competitors competing. This is followed by a Grand Final show round, with the top two or three speakers in each character (the top 4 for debating).

Adjudication and Ranking
Adjudication for the tournament consists of members of the general public invited as judges, as well as one coach judge per room. Prior to the tournament, the host school will publicize the tournament and individuals locally associated with public speaking and debating and the host school will volunteer to judge. These individuals then participate in one or more training workshops. Scores are reviewed by a committee of coaches and experienced officials to discern for bias. The rationale behind this selection method stems from the founders' intent to assess ability on the basis of speaking to the 'common man or woman', not a specialized individual. Each competitor is judged by 40 to 50 judges by the end of the competition.

The top seven to twelve competitors in each event advance to final rounds, and the top two (or four for debate) competitors in the finals advance to the grand finals. Categorical rankings are decided on performance in the grand finals and finals. The final rounds are judged by coaches whose students are not in the category they are adjudicating. The overall ranking is based solely on the combined results of the preliminary rounds.

In 2023, it was decided that the overall champion of the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships would receive the John Robinson Award – an award commemorating the founder of this international competition, John Robinson.

A notable difference between the WIDPSC and the World Schools Debating Championships – the parallel major international competition which specializes in debating rather than public speaking – is that WSDC's primary focus is on the ranking of each country's team as opposed to each individual participant's ranking. Accordingly, students at the WIDPSC often compete against fellow members of their country's team.

Participants
Students from numerous countries have participated in the tournament, including: Australia, Hong Kong, Canada, the United States, England, South Africa, Lithuania, Pakistan, Cyprus, Argentina, Eswatini, Botswana, Israel, India, South Korea, Zimbabwe and Germany. Additionally, foreign nationals enrolled at schools abroad often compete, but are not officially recognized as representing an additional country. Usually participants are in their last two years of high school.

Competitors can qualify in several ways. These are: through direct application to their national debating and/or public speaking organization, through a national tournament, or if they belong to one of the founding schools, by their decision. Countries that have a more established debating and public speaking program often use qualifying competitions, which are extremely competitive. This is the method currently used by South Korea, Canada, the United States, Australia, Hong Kong, and South Africa. Alternatively, those with nascent or smaller programs rely on a handful of schools to select and send members; this includes Cyprus, Germany, and Pakistan.

Additionally, half of the team from the United States and Canada qualify through the International Independent Schools Public Speaking Championships. This competition is restricted to independent schools, and is of a similar format but of lesser significance and does not have competitor qualification requirements.

Governance
The championships is managed by The Independent Public Speaking Association, or IPSA. The IPSA is composed of schools and leagues that participate in the tournament on a regular basis. The organization's predominant responsibility is to oversee the tournament, and decisions about Worlds are made by general consensus at an annual general meeting. IPSA is not involved in the particulars of each tournament, and aside from a basic rubric, host schools have considerable freedom in the tournament's execution.

IPSA also contains an Executive Council composed of the founding schools and schools that have attended three out of five years and hosted the competition. The Executive Council acts in an advisory capacity to host schools and when IPSA is unable to convene. It is responsible for the tournament's long-term sustainability.


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Manuel Bandeira

Manuel Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira Filho (April 19, 1886 – October 13, 1968) was a Brazilian poet, literary critic, and translator, who wrote over 20 books of poetry and prose.

Life and career
Bandeira was born in Recife, Pernambuco. In 1904, he found out that he suffered from tuberculosis, which encouraged him to move from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, because of Rio's tropical beach weather. In 1922, after an extended stay in Europe where Bandeira met many prominent authors and painters, he contributed poems of political and social criticism to the Modernist movement in São Paulo. Bandeira began to publish his most important works in 1924. He became a respected Brazilian author and wrote for several newspapers and magazines. He also taught Hispanic Literature in Rio de Janeiro. Bandeira began to translate into Portuguese canonical plays of world literature in 1956, something he continued to do until his last days. He died in Rio de Janeiro. Bandeira's poems have a unique delicacy and beauty. Recurrent themes that can be found in his works are: the love of women, his childhood in the Northeast city of Recife, friends, and health problems. His delicate health affected his poetry, and many Many of his poems depict the limits of the human body.

He is one of Brazil's most admired and inspiring poets until today. In fact, the "bandeiriano rhythm" deserves in-depth studies of essayists. Manuel Bandeira has a simple and direct style, but does not share the hardness of poets like João Cabral de Melo Neto, also a Pernambucano. Indeed, in an analysis of the works of Manuel Bandeira and João Cabral de Melo Neto, one sees that, unlike the latter, who aims to purge the lyricism of his work, Bandeira was the most lyrical of poets. His work addresses universal themes and everyday concerns, sometimes with an approach of "poem-a-joke", dealing with forms and inspiration that academic tradition considers vulgar. In addition, his vast knowledge of literature was used to speak about everyday topics, sometimes using forms taken from classical and medieval traditions. In his debut work (that had very short circulation) there are rigid poetic compositions, rich rhymes and sonnets in perfect measure. In his later work we find as the rondo compositions and ballads. His poetry, far from being a little sweet song of melancholy, is deeply concerned with a drama combining his personal history and conflicts stylistic lived by the poets of his time. Cinza das Horas—Ash from the Hours presents a great view: the hurt, the sadness, resentment, framed by the morbid style of late symbolism.

Carnaval, a book that came soon after Cinza das Horas opens with the unpredictable: the evocation of the Bacchic and satanic carnival, but it ends in the middle of melancholy. This hesitation between jubilation and joint pain will be figurative in several dimensions. Instead, happiness appears in poems like "Vou-me Embora para Pasárgada" [I'm off to Pasargadae], " where the question is dreamy evocation of an imaginary country, the Pays de Cocagne, where every desire, especially erotic, is satisfied. Passargada is not elsewhere, but an intangible place, a locus of spiritual amenus. In Bandeira, the object of desire is veiled. Adopting the trope of the Portuguese saudade, Pasargada and many other poems are similar in a nostalgic remembrance of Bandeira's childhood, street life, as well as the everyday world of provincial Brazilian cities of the early 20th century.

The intangible is also feminine and erotic. Torn between a sheer idealism of friendly and platonic unions and a voluptuous carnality, Manuel Bandeira is, in many of his poems, a poet of guilt. The pleasure is not accomplished by the satisfaction of desire, but it is the excitement of loss that satisfies the desire. In O Ritmo Dissoluto [Dissolute Rhythm], eroticism, so morbid in the first two books, is longing, it is the dissolution of a liquid element, as it is the case of wet nights in Loneliness.

Poetry

 * Alumbramentos, 1960
 * Antologia Poética
 * Berimbau e Outros Poemas, 1986
 * Carnaval, 1919
 * 50 Poemas Escolhidos pelo Autor, 1955
 * A Cinza das Horas, 1917
 * A Cinza das Horas, Carnaval e O Ritmo Dissoluto, 1994
 * Estrela da Manhã, 1936
 * Estrela da Tarde, 1959
 * Estrela da Vida Inteira. Poesias Reunidas, 1966
 * This Earth, That Sky: Poems (English translation of Estrela da vida inteira), 1989
 * Libertinagem, 1930
 * Libertinagem. Estrela da Manhã. Edição crítica, 1998
 * Mafuá do Malungo. Jogos Onomásticos e Outros Versos de Circunstância 1948.
 * O Melhor Soneto de Manuel Bandeira, 1955
 * Os Melhores Poemas de Manuel Bandeira Selected and edited by Francisco de Assis Barbosa, 1984
 * A Morte, 1965. (special edition)
 * Opus 10, 1952
 * Pasárgada, 1959
 * Um Poema de Manuel Bandeira, 1956
 * Poemas de Manuel Bandeira com Motivos Religiosos, 1985
 * Poesia Selected by Alceu Amoroso Lima, 197
 * Poesia e Prosa, 1958
 * Poesias, 192
 * Poesias Completas, 1940
 * Poesias Escolhidas, 1937
 * Seleta em Prosa e Verso Selected and edited by Emanuel de Morais, 1971

title: Manuel Bandeira


text:
Hydromancy

Hydromancy (Ancient Greek ὑδρομαντεία, water-divination, from ὕδωρ, water, and μαντεία, divination ) is a method of divination by means of water, including the color, ebb and flow, or ripples produced by pebbles dropped in a pool.

Methods of hydromancy
There are various methods of hydromancy. Hydromancy with rain water was termed "hydatoscopy", and hydromancy with water from a spring was termed "pegomancy".

The Jesuit M. A. Del Rio (1551–1608) described several methods of hydromancy. The first method described depicts a ring hanging by a string that is dipped into a vessel of water which was shaken. A judgment or prediction is made by the number of times which the ring strikes the sides of the vessel.

A second method is when three pebbles are thrown into standing water, and observations are made from the circles that are formed when the objects strike the water.

The third method described depended upon the agitation of the water. This custom was prevalent among Oriental Christians, who annually baptized in that element.

A fourth method used colors of the water and figures appearing in it. Varro stated that many prognostications were made in this way concerning the Mithridatic War. This branch of the divination proved so important that it was given a separate name, and there arose from it the divination of fountains whose waters were frequently visited.

Pausanias (2nd century CE) described the fountain near Epidaurus which was dedicated to the goddess Ino, into which loaves were thrown by worshippers who hoped to receive an oracle from the goddess. If the loaves were accepted, then they sank in the water, which meant good fortune, but if the loaves were washed up from the fountain, it meant bad luck.

A custom of ancient Germanic tribes was to throw newborn children into the Rhine river. It was thought that if the child was illegitimate, then he would drown, but if he was legitimate, he would swim. Such a custom appears to be a precursor of the 17th century custom of "swimming witches" perhaps related to the Anglo-Saxon law of trial by water.

In a fifth method of hydromancy, mysterious words are pronounced over a glass of water, and then observations are made of its spontaneous ebullience.

In the sixth method, a drop of oil was let drop into a vessel of water. This created a mirror through which wondrous things became visible. This, Del Rio said, is the Modus Fessanus.

The seventh method of hydromancy was cited by Clemens Alexandrinus, who cited that women of Germany watched the whirls and courses of rivers for prognostic interpretations. That same fact was mentioned by J. L. Vives in his Commentary upon St. Augustine.

In Renaissance magic, hydromancy was classified as one of the seven "forbidden arts", along with necromancy, geomancy, aeromancy, pyromancy, chiromancy (palmistry), and spatulamancy (scapulimancy).

title: Hydromancy


text: User talk:205.188.117.74

title: User talk:205.188.117.74


text:
St Vincent Gardens

St Vincent Gardens in the Melbourne suburb of Albert Park, is an Australian park of national significance.

It is an example of nineteenth century residential development around a large landscaped square. Development occurred as a result of a boom following the Victorian gold rush. It was influenced by similar, urban design in London, but such design on such a scale is unparalleled in Australia.

In the shape of a large rectangular area with semi-circular crescents at either end, the heritage area includes the St Vincent Place precinct bounded by Park Street, Cecil Street, Bridport Street, Cardigan Place and Nelson Road. The park is bisected by Montague Street, allowing the passage of trams on route 1. Several of the streets are lined with the original cobbled blue stone and gutters. It is registered with the National Trust of Australia and on the Victorian Heritage register for its aesthetic, historical, architectural and social significance to the State of Victoria.

Significance
The gardens are particularly important according to the Victorian Heritage Register:
 * as a reflection of the aspirations of middle class residents in South Melbourne. Because of the shared outlook on and use of the gardens, the precinct has developed a sense of community cohesion unusual in the Melbourne context. The gardens are also socially important as a focus of community life for the surrounding district with the maintenance of their amenity a priority of municipal government since their inception. The existence of the tennis and bowls clubs in the gardens for over a century is a further manifestation of this social importance.

The Australian Demographer Bernard Salt included the precinct as first among his "favourite places that have been designed by planners" :
 * "St Vincent Place, Albert Park: Where would such a list start but in my home city of Melbourne? Surely this residential precinct known only to Melburnians must be one of this nation's town planning treasures. Here are two extended but connecting crescents laid out around gardens which are overlooked by double-storey Victorian terrace houses. Designed in the early 1850s, St Vincent Place was virtually a gated community: the well-to-do would promenade around their public gardens; smaller wooden houses for servants and the working classes were relegated to the lesser enveloping crescents."

History
First design was probably by Andrew Clarke, the Surveyor-General of Victoria, in 1854 or 1855. Clement Hodgkinson adapted the design in 1857 to allow for its intersection by the St Kilda railway line, Melbourne.

Development of the gardens occurred during 1864–1870 with plans by Clement Hodgkinson in 1869 showing an overall plan of the reserve, including the older tree plantings, the path system at the western end and the circular theme of the paths design at the eastern end.

The Albert Park Bowls Club was established in the park in 1873.

The gardens were rejuvenated during 1903–1910 with much of the original landscaping being retained.

In 2004, a Canary Island Palm was removed suffering from fusarium wilt otherwise known as Panama Disease. In 2005 six significant trees were lost after a wild storm.

The improved appearance of the gardens over recent years has been due to local government projects completed in response to a Conservation Analysis & Management Strategy, by landscape architect Jill Orr-Young, Dec. 1997. The creation of mulched beds around significant trees has improved their condition and large herbaceous beds have been restored using heritage plant stock. Further detailed historical investigations by Jill Orr-Young have led to the works described below. Reconstruction of the western half of the gardens' path network accurately plotted heritage alignments and used the original orange-coloured, granitic, sand surface and mild steel edging. This work included the installation of an on-site stormwater dissipation system, which now uses surface runoff to help irrigate lawn areas and minimise water usage. The perimeter hedge around the gardens uses original Lonicera heritage plant stock sourced from Dame Elisabeth Murdoch's 'Cruden Farm.' This hedge will grow to a height of approximately 700mm. The design of entry treatments for each of the entrances to the Gardens comprises bluestone walls and timber posts, with the new entrances designed to closely resemble the original appearance and layout of the old entrances. The northern and southern border beds have been planted with heritage plant stock in accordance with planting designs prepared by Jill Orr-Young.

Plantings and monuments
Plantings include lines of Algerian Oak (Quercus canariensis)  and Canary Island Palms (Phoenix canariensis).

There are specimen plantings of:
 * Brush cherry
 * Coral Tree
 * Lilly Pilly
 * Moreton Bay fig
 * Norfolk Island pine
 * Peony
 * Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)
 * Whitewillow

There is a monumental garden dedicated to the Australian entertainers Maurie Fields & his wife Val Jellay, former residents of the area.

The Charles Moore Memorial Drinking Fountain commemorates Charlie Moore, a Boer War soldier and Essendon Football Club full forward. Moore was born 24 September 1875 in Fiji, married Rose Walters on 9 May 1898 at Fitzroy, Victoria (Vic reg 3227) and died 13 May 1901 at Doornbosch, South Africa.

The Alexander Rose Garden commemorates the contribution of Harold Alexander, Clerk of the City of South Melbourne from 1936 to 1964, who fostered municipal welfare services. Under his administration, Australia's first 'community chest' for social welfare was set up. After the war, be bought Nissen huts to provide hot meals to returned servicemen. They were the forerunners of today's senior citizens clubs. Alexander appointed the council's first social worker and oversaw Australia's first meals on wheels service in 1953. He helped set up 'Claremont' aged care hostel. From 1927 he also fought to have Wirth's Circus site on Southbank reserved for the state's art gallery and cultural centre. He played for South Melbourne Football Club for five years.

title: St Vincent Gardens


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1996 Prince Edward Island general election

The 1996 Prince Edward Island general election was held on November 18, 1996. It was the first election in the province's history to not use multi-member constituencies, and instead elect a single member in each of 27 districts. (Previously, since 1873 the province had been divided into 15 or 16 districts, each electing two members.)

The governing Liberals of Premier Keith Milligan, who had been in power since Joe Ghiz first won government in 1986, lost to the resurgent Progressive Conservatives under their new leader, Pat Binns.

This was also the first election where a party other than the Liberals or Tories won a seat in the Legislature, with New Democratic Party leader Herb Dickieson winning a three-way race in a Prince County riding.

This election was the only one in PEI history where a party formed government without winning a majority of the vote until the 2015 election.

Members elected
1,287 1,159 54 1st Kings 1,347 1,269 40 2nd Kings 1,463 1,182 43 3rd Kings 5th Kings 1,259 964 71 1,309 1,022 112 4th Kings 1,275 1,242 99 4th Queens 2,357 914 146 3rd Queens 1,511 1,279 90 1,625 1,404 165 1,585 1,212 207 5th Queens 1,584 1,008 169 1,075 1,345 363 1,242 1,348 226 6th Queens 1,481 1,119 862 1,751 1,575 190 1,606 1,958 224 2nd Queens 1,666 1,529 312 1st Queens 1,824 1,652 187 1,521 1,310 195 4th Prince 2,020 1,312 227 1,506 1,394 492 5th Prince 1,145 1,716 307 715 1,823 162 2nd Prince 735 1,519 188 3rd Prince 695 783 921 1,127 1,351 175 1st Prince 1,149 1,413 56
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|1. Souris-Elmira
 * Andy Mooney
 * Andy Mooney
 * Andy Mooney
 * Ross Young
 * Ross Young
 * Brian MacDonald
 * Brian MacDonald
 * Ross Young & Roger Soloman†
 * Ross Young & Roger Soloman†
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|2. Morell-Fortune Bay
 * Kevin MacAdam
 * Kevin MacAdam
 * Kevin MacAdam
 * Walter Bradley
 * Walter Bradley
 * Kathy Murphy
 * Kathy Murphy
 * Walter Bradley & Claude Matheson†
 * Walter Bradley & Claude Matheson†
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor="whitesmoke"|3. Georgetown-Baldwin's Road
 * rowspan=3 |
 * rowspan=3|Michael Currie
 * rowspan=3|Michael Currie
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Rose Marie MacDonald
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Patricia Allen
 * Peter Doucette† & Roberta Hubley†
 * Peter Doucette† & Roberta Hubley†
 * colspan=2 bgcolor=whitesmoke align=center|Merged riding
 * Rose Marie MacDonald & Barry Hicken‡
 * Rose Marie MacDonald & Barry Hicken‡
 * Rose Marie MacDonald & Barry Hicken‡
 * Rose Marie MacDonald & Barry Hicken‡
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|4. Montague-Kilmuir
 * Jim Bagnall
 * Jim Bagnall
 * Jim Bagnall
 * Beverly Deelstra
 * Beverly Deelstra
 * Janet Gillis
 * Janet Gillis
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|New District
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|5. Murray River-Gaspereaux
 * Pat Binns
 * Pat Binns
 * Pat Binns
 * Barry Hicken
 * Barry Hicken
 * Alan Hicken
 * Alan Hicken
 * Stanley Bruce †
 * Stanley Bruce †
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|6. Belfast-Pownal Bay
 * Wilbur MacDonald
 * Wilbur MacDonald
 * Wilbur MacDonald
 * Lynwood MacPherson
 * Lynwood MacPherson
 * Edith Perry
 * Edith Perry
 * Lynwood MacPherson
 * Lynwood MacPherson
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|7. Glen Stewart-Bellevue Cove
 * Pat Mella
 * Pat Mella
 * Pat Mella
 * Mary Hughes
 * Mary Hughes
 * Pat Burgoyne
 * Pat Burgoyne
 * rowspan=2 |
 * rowspan=2|Pat Mella (PC) & Tom Dunphy† (Lib)
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|8. Tracadie-Fort Augustus
 * Mildred Dover
 * Mildred Dover
 * Mildred Dover
 * Alan McIsaac
 * Alan McIsaac
 * Suzanne Gibler
 * Suzanne Gibler
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|9. Stanhope-East Royalty
 * Jamie Ballem
 * Jamie Ballem
 * Jamie Ballem
 * Eddie Reardon
 * Eddie Reardon
 * Leo Cheverie
 * Leo Cheverie
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|New District
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|10. Sherwood-Hillsborough
 * Elmer MacFadyen
 * Elmer MacFadyen
 * Elmer MacFadyen
 * Larry Hughes
 * Larry Hughes
 * Ronald Kelly
 * Ronald Kelly
 * rowspan=3 |
 * rowspan=3|Wayne Cheverie
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|11. Parkdale-Belvedere
 * Chester Gillan
 * Chester Gillan
 * Chester Gillan
 * Stephen Dowling
 * Stephen Dowling
 * Larry Duchesne
 * Larry Duchesne
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|12. Charlottetown-Kings Square
 * Brian McKenna
 * Brian McKenna
 * Brian McKenna
 * Wayne Cheverie
 * Wayne Cheverie
 * Sybil Frei
 * Sybil Frei
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|13. Charlottetown-Rochford Square
 * Jeff Lantz
 * Jeff Lantz
 * Jeff Lantz
 * Paul Connolly
 * Paul Connolly
 * Mark Forrest
 * Mark Forrest
 * rowspan=2 |
 * rowspan=2|Paul Connolly
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|14. Charlottetown-Spring Park
 * Wes MacAleer
 * Wes MacAleer
 * Wes MacAleer
 * Ian MacDonald
 * Ian MacDonald
 * Leo Broderick
 * Leo Broderick
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|15. Winsloe-West Royalty
 * Don MacKinnon
 * Don MacKinnon
 * Don MacKinnon
 * Perley MacNeill
 * Perley MacNeill
 * James Rodd
 * James Rodd
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|New District
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|16. North River-Rice Point
 * Brian Dollar
 * Brian Dollar
 * Brian Dollar
 * Ron MacKinley
 * Ron MacKinley
 * Marlene Hunt
 * Marlene Hunt
 * Gordon MacInnis‡ & Ron MacKinley
 * Gordon MacInnis‡ & Ron MacKinley
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|17. Crapaud-Hazel Grove
 * Norman MacPhee
 * Norman MacPhee
 * Norman MacPhee
 * Eric MacArthur
 * Eric MacArthur
 * J'Nan Brown
 * J'Nan Brown
 * Marion Murphy†
 * Marion Murphy†
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|18. Park Corner-Oyster Bed
 * Beth MacKenzie
 * Beth MacKenzie
 * Beth MacKenzie
 * Gordon MacInnis
 * Gordon MacInnis
 * Gerard Gallant
 * Gerard Gallant
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|New District
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|19. Borden-Kinkora
 * Eric Hammill
 * Eric Hammill
 * Eric Hammill
 * Stavert Huestis
 * Stavert Huestis
 * Gerard Sexton
 * Gerard Sexton
 * Stavert Huestis & Libbe Hubley†
 * Stavert Huestis & Libbe Hubley†
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|20. Kensington-Malpeque
 * Mitch Murphy
 * Mitch Murphy
 * Mitch Murphy
 * Bill Campbell
 * Bill Campbell
 * Calvin Roberts
 * Calvin Roberts
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|New District
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|21. Wilmot-Summerside
 * Greg Deighan
 * Greg Deighan
 * Greg Deighan
 * Walter McEwen
 * Walter McEwen
 * Bill McKinnon
 * Bill McKinnon
 * rowspan=2 |
 * rowspan=2|Walter McEwen & Nancy Guptill
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|22. St. Eleanors-Summerside
 * Gardiner MacNeill
 * Gardiner MacNeill
 * Gardiner MacNeill
 * Nancy Guptill
 * Nancy Guptill
 * Marsha Arseneault
 * Marsha Arseneault
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|23. Cascumpec-Grand River
 * Barry Balsom
 * Barry Balsom
 * Barry Balsom
 * Keith Milligan
 * Keith Milligan
 * Donna Lewis
 * Donna Lewis
 * Keith Milligan
 * Keith Milligan
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|24. Evangeline-Miscouche
 * Gerard Richard
 * Gerard Richard
 * Gerard Richard
 * Robert Maddix
 * Robert Maddix
 * Gerard Bernard
 * Gerard Bernard
 * Robert Maddix
 * Robert Maddix
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|25. West Point-Bloomfield
 * Gary Morgan
 * Gary Morgan
 * Gary Morgan
 * Fairley Yeo
 * Fairley Yeo
 * Herb Dickieson
 * Herb Dickieson
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|New District
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|26. Alberton-Miminegash
 * Eddie Trail
 * Eddie Trail
 * Eddie Trail
 * Hector MacLeod
 * Hector MacLeod
 * Ed Kilfoil
 * Ed Kilfoil
 * rowspan=2 |
 * rowspan=2|Bobby Morrissey & Hector MacLeod
 * bgcolor="whitesmoke"|27. Tignish-DeBlois
 * Gail Shea
 * Gail Shea
 * Gail Shea
 * Bobby Morrissey
 * Bobby Morrissey
 * Howard Waite
 * Howard Waite
 * }


text:
Kendal railway station

Kendal railway station serves the market town of Kendal in Cumbria, England. It is a stop on the Windermere branch line, which runs between Oxenholme to Windermere. The station is owned by Network Rail and is operated by Northern Trains, who provide all passenger services.

History
The station opened on 28 September 1846 as the temporary terminus of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway. Through trains operated from 20 April 1847 when the Kendal and Windermere Railway opened its line to Windermere.

The second platform at the station was taken out of use when the line was singled in May 1973. A car park now occupies the site of the demolished Oxenholme-bound platform, signal box and goods depot. The signal box was dismantled after closure and rebuilt at Kirkby Stephen on the Settle-Carlisle Line. The former station building survives, but no longer forms part of the station itself; it is now in private commercial use.

Facilities
The station has one platform, which has a stone-built shelter. It is unstaffed; passengers must buy tickets in advance or from the conductor on board the train. Train running information is provided via digital CIS displays, a customer help point and timetable posters. Step-free access is available from the four-space car park and main entrance to the platform.

Service
The station is served by one train per hour in each direction between Windermere and Oxenholme, with some services running direct to Manchester Airport. Passengers for most other destinations must change at Oxenholme.

title: Kendal railway station


text:
Counterpane

Counterpane may refer to:

 * Counterpane (bedding)
 * BT Counterpane, an information technology company

title: Counterpane


text:
User:Gilgahmesh

dood gilgahmesh was lyke a tote pimp in lyke some epik ting. man he waz a playa foo!!!! and he had lyke a friend man and he lyke tottaly got lyke kileed. so gilgahmesh waz lyke a tote pimp man. i heard he had lyke sex with lyke some woman dood. woah!

title: User:Gilgahmesh


text:
Fort Washington Avenue

Fort Washington Avenue is a major north-south street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. It runs from Fort Tryon Park to 159th Street, where it intersects with Broadway. It goes past Bennett Park, the highest natural point in Manhattan. Famous residents of Fort Washington Avenue include Drs. Henry Kissinger and Ruth Westheimer, TV's "Doctor Ruth".

Transportation connections
The IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway runs underneath Fort Washington Avenue, stopping at the 175th Street, 181st Street, and 190th Street stations. The avenue is served by the buses.

title: Fort Washington Avenue


text:
Mickey's

Mickey's is a brand of malt liquor made by the Miller Brewing Company, a subsidiary of Molson Coors. It has a 7.4% ABV.

The brand was created by Sterling Brewery in Evansville, Indiana, which brewed it from 1962 through 1972, when the company was purchased by the G. Heileman Brewing Company. In 1996, G. Heilman was acquired by the Stroh Brewery Company who then sold the brand to Miller during their 1999 closure.

Mickey's is known for its bright green barrel-shaped, waffle-ribbed wide-mouthed 12-ounce bottle. It features an image of a hornet on the label and the cap, and rebus puzzles beneath it.

At some point Mickey began to sponsor the Ultimate Fighting Championship, using the phrase, "Get Stung", and has featured several UFC fighters on 24 ounce cans. Mickey's is also available in 12, 16, 22, 32, and 40 ounce sizes.

Popular culture
There is a reference to Mickey's in the track "Frank's Wild Years" by Tom Waits on his 1983 album Swordfishtrombones where, on his way home from work, the song’s title character "stopped at the liquor store, picked up a couple of Mickey's Big Mouths, and drank them in the car down by the Shell station."

There is also a reference to Mickey’s in the track “Panhandlin’ Prince” by Ugly Kid Joe from their 1992 album America’s Least Wanted which contains the lyrics “Sitting on a rusty park bench, baby. Not much else to do. Smoke cigarettes and drink my Mickey’s Fine Malt Liquor Brew”

title: Mickey's


text: User talk:12.64.54.20

title: User talk:12.64.54.20


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Changampuzha Krishna Pillai

Changampuzha Krishna Pillai One Great Poet Of Malayalam (Malayalam: ചങ്ങമ്പുഴ കൃഷ്ണപിള്ള; 10 October 1911 – 17 June 1948) was a celebrated Malayalam poet from Kerala, India, known for his elegy Ramanan (Malayalam: രമണന്) which was written in 1936 and sold over 100,000 copies. It is a long pastoral elegy, a play written in the form of verse, allegedly based on the life of Changampuzha's friend Edappally Raghavan Pillai. It is also adapted into a movie in 1967. He is credited with bringing poetry to the masses with his simple romantic style. He died of tuberculosis aged 36. His style influenced the next few generations of Malayalam poetry, notable among them was Vayalar Ramavarma, famous Malayalam lyricist. His famous work is ramanan

Life
Born on 10 October 1911 at Edappally, presently part of Kochi city, to a Malayali Nair family, Changampuzha Krishna Pillai had his elementary education there itself. He completed his school education at Aluva and Ernakulam. College education was from Maharaja's College, Ernakulam and Thiruvananthapuram. Later, after working as a clerk in Military Accountant's Office at Pune and at Kochi, he went to Chennai for studying Law, which he could not complete due to financial problems. He later worked in a press at Thrissur. It was during this time he wrote many of his works, though he had started writing even when he was a student. He had to study his own poem for his B.A. Honours class.

Even though he had only about 25 years of creative period in his life, he became an epic poet, without writing any epic poem following the conventional norms. His legendary pastoral elegy, Ramanan was sold more than 100,000 copies, a record that still stands firm in Malayalam. Famous Malayalam critique Joseph Mundassery who was the first Education Minister of Kerala State and also the first Vice-Chancellor of Cochin University, was highly impressed reading 'Ramanan', and wrote his own introductory remarks for its 15th reprint praising the elegy.

Changampuzha's other famous works include Vazhakkula, Divyageetham, Yavanika, Bashpanjali, Manaswini, Sankalpakanthi, Devageetha, Spandikkunna Asthimatam, Udyana lakshmi, Patunna Pisachu, novel Kalithozhi and others. He was a close friend of Edappally Raghavan Pillai, another great poet of his time. 'Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishath', an organisation of Malayalam literary workers had its first convention at Edappally. Changampuzha worked hard for its success.

Changampuzha started a career as a clerk in Port trust. He could not continue there due to health and personal reasons. He took up another assignment at a Printing Press (Mangalodayam) at Thrissur. He got married and became a father of four children, among which his younger son died before he turned one. Later, he started suffering from tuberculosis and became bed ridden. Finally in 1948, on the rainy day of 17 June at half past 3 pm, he died at the age of thirty-six and nine months. His body was cremated in the compound of his house at Edappally. An appropriate monument has been erected there, which is visited by the lovers of Malayalam language. He is now survived by his younger daughter Lalitha. His wife outlived him for 54 years, finally dying in 2002. His elder son Sreekumar died in a road accident in 2004. His elder daughter Ajitha committed suicide in the late 1980s with her whole family.

Poetry

 * Ramananരമണന്, 1 (936).
 * Vaazhakkula (വാഴക്കുല, 1937).
 * Divyageetham (ദിവ്യഗീതം, 1945).
 * Devageetha (ദേവഗീത, 1945).
 * Bashpaanjali (ബാഷ്പാഞ്ജലി).
 * Spandikkunna Asthimaadam (സ്പന്ദിക്കുന്ന അസ്ഥിമാടം).
 * Rekthapushpangal (രക്‌തപുഷ്പങ്ങള്).
 * Madirolsavam (മദിരോത്സവം).
 * Padunna Pisachu (പാടുന്ന പിശാച്).
 * Neerunna Theechoola (നീറുന്ന തീച്ചൂള).

Prose

 * Kalithozhi (കളിത്തോഴി).
 * Katharathnamalika (കഥാരത്നമാലിക).

Changampuzha's biography named Changampuzha Krishnapilla: Nakshatrangalude Snehabhajanam was released by M. K. Sanu in 1988.

Tomb
The poet's 'tomb' is also in the neighbourhood, presently maintained by the Cochin Corporation and Greater Cochin Development Authority. Originally, the area wherein the tomb is located was belonging to his maternal family property. On the tomb, a few lines from the poet's famous poem "Spandikkunna Asthimadom" have been carved.

താരകകളെ കാണ്മിതോ നിങ്ങൾ താഴെയുള്ളൊരീ പ്രേതകുടീരം ഹന്ത! യിന്നതിൻ ചിത്ത രഹസ്യം എന്തറിഞ്ഞൂ ഹാ! ദൂരസ്ഥർ നിങ്ങൾ പാല പൂത്തു പരിമളമെത്തി പാതിരയെ പുണർന്നൊഴുകുമ്പോൾ മഞ്ഞണിഞ്ഞൂ മദാലസയായി മഞ്ജുചന്ദ്രിക നൃത്തമാടുമ്പോൾ മന്ദമന്ദം പൊടിപ്പതായ് കേൾക്കാം സ്പന്ദനങ്ങളീ കല്ലറയ്കുള്ളിൽ

Quotes
Come what may, I want to savour, this life like wine

(എന്തു വന്നാലുമെനിക്കാസ്വദിക്കണം മുന്തിരിച്ചാറു പോലുള്ളൊരീ ജീവിതം)

Having a sincere heart in this world of hypocrisy is my failure

(കപട ലോകത്തിലാത്മാർത്ഥമായൊരു ഹൃദയമുണ്ടായതാണെൻ പരാജയം)

Last night, I slept on the smile of a flower bud

(ഇന്നലെ രാത്രിയിൽ ഞാനൊരു പൂമൊട്ടിൻ മന്ദസ്മിതത്തിൽ കിടന്നുറങ്ങി)

Cultural influences
Changampuzha's most famous work Ramanan has been converted into a movie going by the same name in 1967. It was directed by D M Pottekattu and had Prem Nazir and Sheela in the lead roles. The movie also features the popular poem Malaranikkadukal from Ramanan as the title score.

A movie called Arikilundayirunnenkil, based on the life of Changampuzha is in the planning stage. The movie will be directed by the National Award winning director Priyanandanan. It was announced that Fahad Fazil will play the role of Changampuzha in the movie. It is based on his biography Nakshathrangalude Snehabhajanam written by M. K. Sanu.

Memorials
"Changampuzha Smaraka Grandhasala" (meaning Changampuzha Memorial Library) and the Changampuzha Park, are two institutions established as memorial for the great poet at his birthplace Edappally.

title: Changampuzha Krishna Pillai


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Talk:Alpha Oumar Konaré

Untitled
Whoever wrote this obviously injected his personal feelings into this--big-time.

 * I agree and am re-writing the article almost from scratch from the French wiki. --Dvyost 16:44, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Alpha Oumar Konaré


text: Category:Ships of the First Fleet

title: Category:Ships of the First Fleet


text:
Joseph Proudman

Joseph Proudman (30 December 1888 – 26 June 1975), CBE, FRS was a distinguished British mathematician and oceanographer of international repute. His theoretical studies into the oceanic tides not only "solved practically all the remaining tidal problems which are soluble within the framework of classical hydrodynamics and analytical mathematics" but laid the basis of a tidal prediction service developed with Arthur Doodson of great international importance.

Education
Proudman was born in the village of Unsworth, near Bury, Lancashire on 30 December 1888. He attended primary schools at Unsworth and Bold and from 1902 to 1907 he was a pupil-teacher at Farnworth primary school. He augmented his secondary schooling by having extra lessons before school officially started in the morning and also by attending evening classes at Widnes Technical School studying art, mathematics and physiography. He was awarded the Tate Technical Science entrance scholarship and entered the University of Liverpool in 1907. He graduated with first class honours in 1910 winning the Hudson prize for geometry and the Derby scholarship. With this and the award of an entrance exhibition, he had a second brilliant undergraduate career, studying pure and applied mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge where he became a Wrangler with distinction graduating in 1912.

Career
It was his tutor Rev. E. W. Barnes who suggested that Proudman write to Horace Lamb at Manchester for a suitable topic of research. This started him on his studies of the dynamics of tides which was to become his main scientific interest. He returned to Liverpool as a lecturer in 1913, was appointed the first professor of applied mathematics in 1919.

In 1916 Horace Lamb asked Proudman to assist him in preparing a report for the British Association on the state of research on ocean tides. This led Proudman to the idea of founding an institute for research into all aspects of tides. The idea was brought to fruition in 1919 with the financial aid of the Booth brothers, two Liverpool ship-owners. The Liverpool Observatory and Tidal Institute started its work with Proudman as Honorary Director and Arthur Doodson as Secretary and in a few years acquired a national and international reputation for its tidal prediction services as well as for fundamental research. In 1933 he transferred to the chair of oceanography to which he brought a change of emphasis from biological to physical oceanography. He held this post until his retirement in 1954.

It is stated that from 1924 up to the 1950s the institute was responsible for predicting tides for two-thirds of the world. After several changes of name and status the institute (having amalgamated with the Liverpool Observatory in 1929) is now the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (see external links below).

Proudman used to say that his partnership with Doodson was so successful, because he liked to do the algebra while Doodson preferred the arithmetic, an understatement of their work which nevertheless indicated their complementary interests. In addition to his work in developing the departments of applied mathematics and oceanography, Proudman took a full part in University administration and acted as Pro-Vice-Chancellor during the war years 1940–46. Quoting the maxim that "the quickest way to get a lot of things done is to do one thing at a time" he was able to go straight to the heart of a problem, whether scientific or administrative, with an intuition which matched his intellectual ability.

Personal life
Proudman married Rubina Ormrod in 1916 and there were two sons and a daughter of their marriage (James, Nancy and Ian). After his first wife died in 1958, Proudman married Beryl Gould in 1961, who survived him. Proudman died on 26 June 1975.

Awards
Proudman was a well-known figure in international scientific circles and acted as Secretary of the International Association of Physical Oceanography (now the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans) for a number of years before becoming its president in 1951–54. His foreign distinctions included membership of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. The Adams prize of the University of Cambridge was awarded to Proudman in 1923 for an essay on tides, which proved to be a remarkable seed-bed of ideas from which there developed a series of papers, many of them jointly with Doodson, of theoretical and practical importance. He was awarded the CBE in the 1952 Birthday Honours. After his retirement the University of Liverpool conferred on him the honorary LLD degree. He was a fellow of the Royal Society (elected 1925) which awarded him the Hughes Medal in 1957 and he served on many scientific and government committees. (Adapted from the Times obituary 3 July 1975 and the Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society. )

An amplification mechanism of meteotsunamis dilucidated by Proudman in 1929 is now commonly called Proudman resonance

title: Joseph Proudman


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Burneside railway station

Burneside railway station is in Burneside, Cumbria, England. The station is situated on the Windermere Branch Line from Oxenholme to Windermere. To the east of the station can be found the only two semaphore signals on the line guarding the manually operated road crossing. The station is owned by Network Rail and is operated by Northern who provide all passenger train services.

History
The station opened on 20 April 1847 as part of the Kendal and Windermere Railway. From 1880 to 1972 the station had a connection to the Burneside Paper Mills Tramway. This line was subsequently acquired by the London and North Western Railway, and became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at the 1923 Grouping. The station is reached via a short approach road from the centre of Burneside village. The two original platforms were staggered, with the up platform located on the Windermere side of the access crossing, and the down platform located on the Kendal side. Designed and operated as a busy mainline double track railway, through trains operated between Windermere and a variety of destinations, including London. Burneside station had goods sidings and a goods yard for freight services.

Freight services were ended on the line in 1972, and the gradual reduction in passenger services culminated in 1973 when the line was reconfigured as a single-track railway, resulting in the closure of the former down platform. All trains, in both directions, have used the original up platform since 1973.

Services
There is an hourly service to Windermere, and return to Oxenholme. A small number of services continue to Preston and Manchester. The station has been refurbished, and has a small waiting shelter, as well as other limited passenger facilities such as benches and electronic train information.

Until December 2012 Burneside was a request stop.

title: Burneside railway station


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Flanders Field American Cemetery and Memorial

Flanders Field American Cemetery and Memorial is a World War I cemetery in the city of Waregem, Belgium. Originally a temporary battlefield burial ground, Flanders Field American Cemetery later became the only permanent American World War I cemetery in Belgium. The Flanders Field American Cemetery commemorates 411 service members of the United States Armed Forces of which 368 are interred. The Walls of the Missing inside the chapel venerates 43 missing service members.

This cemetery is administered by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) and occupies a six-acre (2.5 hectares) site. The government of Belgium granted its free use as a permanent burial ground in perpetuity without charge or taxation.

At the center of the cemetery is the small memorial chapel of white Pouillenay stone. Above its bronze entrance door is engraved:

"Greet Them Ever With Grateful Hearts"

On three of the outer walls, the dedicatory inscription appears in French, Flemish and English:

"This Chapel Has Been Erected By The United States Of America In Memory Of Her Soldiers Who Fought And Died In Belgium During The World War. These Graves Are The Permanent And Visible Symbol Of The Heroic Devotion With Which They Gave Their Lives To The Common Cause Of Humanity"

Beneath the three versions of the inscription, sculptured bas-relief figures symbolizing Grief, Remembrance, and History respectively appear.

Located inside the chapel is an altar of Grand Antique (black and white) marble. On the front of the altar is inscribed:

"I Will Ransom Them From The Power Of The Grave I Will Redeem Them From Death"

Above it carved on a rose-tinted marble panel is a Crusader's sword outlined in gold. On either side of the altar are bronze candelabras depicting cannons  Flags of the United States, Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Italy also flank the altar. On the side walls of the chapel, panels of rose St. George marble carry the names of 43 American soldiers who lost their lives in Belgium and sleep in unknown graves. Above the names is the Great Seal of the United States and the inscription:

"In Memory Of Those American Soldiers Who Fought In This Region And Who Sleep In Unknown Graves"

The interior of the chapel is enhanced by the mosaic ceiling, which depicts a lighted oil lamp under the stars of Heaven with doves of peace flying toward the light.

The graves area consists of four rectangular plots. Each plot contains 92 graves marked with white Carrara marble headstones set in four rows. Eight Stars of David mark the graves of those of Jewish faith. 21 of the 368 graves in the cemetery are of Unknowns. The majority of the soldiers memorialized at the Flanders Field American Cemetery represent four main divisions who fought in Belgium during the final weeks of the war. The 27th New York and the 30th Old Hickory Divisions saw action near Ypres from August 18 to September 4, 1918. The 37th Buckeye and 91st Wild West Divisions pushed west from Waregem and across the Scheldt River at Oudenaarde from October 30, 1918 until the Armistice on November 11, 1918. The Flanders Field American Cemetery is situated on a battlefield where the 91st Division suffered many casualties in securing the nearby wooded area called "Spitaals Bosschen".

The Flanders Field American Cemetery takes its name from the poem "In Flanders Fields" written by Canadian physician, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae. McCrae wrote the poem near Ypres after attending the funeral of his friend, Lieutenant Alexis Helmer.


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User talk:Ryu Draheryn

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. You really need to look more at what articles are in this encyclopedia and what policies there are, because the people you are writing about (your friends, I'm assuming) are not supposed to have articles on them, and you are not writing in an encyclopedic style, so they will be deleted. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page, Academic Challenger 01:26, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Ryu Draheryn