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Ratio decidendi

Ratio decidendi (Latin plural rationes decidendi) is a Latin phrase meaning "the reason" or "the rationale for the decision". The ratio decidendi is "the point in a case that determines the judgement" or "the principle that the case establishes".

In other words, ratio decidendi is a legal rule derived from, and consistent with, those parts of legal reasoning within a judgment on which the outcome of the case depends.

It is a legal phrase which refers to the legal, moral, political and social principles used by a court to compose the rationale of a particular judgment. Unlike obiter dicta, the ratio decidendi is, as a general rule, binding on courts of lower and later jurisdiction—through the doctrine of stare decisis. Certain courts are able to overrule decisions of a court of coordinate jurisdiction. However, out of interests of judicial comity, they generally try to follow coordinate rationes.

The process of determining the ratio decidendi is a correctly thought analysis of what the court actually decided—essentially, based on the legal points about which the parties in the case actually fought. All other statements about the law in the text of a court opinion—all pronouncements that do not form a part of the court's rulings on the issues actually decided in that particular case (whether they are correct statements of law or not)—are obiter dicta, and are not rules for which that particular case stands.

Synopsis
The ratio decidendi is one of the most powerful tools available to a lawyer. With a proper understanding of the ratio of a precedent, the advocate can in effect force a lower court to come to a decision which that court may otherwise be unwilling to make, considering the facts of the case.

The search for the ratio of a case is a process of elucidation; one searches the judgment for the abstract principles of law which have led to the decision and which have been applied to the facts before the court. As an example, the ratio in Donoghue v. Stevenson would be that a person owes a duty of care to those who he can reasonably foresee will be affected by his actions.

All decisions are, in the common law system, decisions on the law as applied to the facts of the case. Academic or theoretical points of law are not usually determined. Occasionally, a court is faced with an issue of such overwhelming public importance that the court will pronounce upon it without deciding it. Such a pronouncement will not amount to a binding precedent, but is instead called an obiter dictum.

Ratio decidendi also involves the holding of a particular case, thereby allowing future cases to build upon such cases by citing precedent. However, not all holdings are given equal merit. Factors that can either strengthen or weaken the strength of the holding include:

 * Rank of the court (Supreme Court versus an appellate court)
 * Number of issues decided in the case (multiple issues may result in a so-called "multi-legged holdings")
 * Authority or respect of the judge(s)
 * Number of concurring and dissenting judges
 * New applicable statutes
 * Similarity of the environment as opposed to the age of the holding judge.

Challenges
The difficulty in the search for the ratio becomes acute when in the decisions of the Court of Appeal or the House of Lords, more than one judgment is promulgated. A dissenting judgment on the point is not binding and cannot be the ratio. However, one will sometimes find decisions in which, for example, five judges are sitting the House of Lords, all of whom purport to agree with one another but in each of whose opinions one is able to discern subtly different ratios. An example is the case of Kay v Lambeth LBC, on which a panel of seven of their Lordships sat and from whose opinions emerged a number of competing ratios, some made express by their Lordships and others implicit in the decision.

Another problem may arise in older cases where the ratio and obiter are not explicitly separated, as they are today. In such a case, it may be difficult to locate the ratio, and on occasion, the courts have been unable to do so.

Such interpretative ambiguity is inevitable in any word-bound system. Codification of the law, such as has occurred in many systems based on Roman law, may assist to some extent in clarification of principle but is considered by some common law lawyers anathema to the robust, pragmatic, and fact-bound system of English law.

title: Ratio decidendi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Macedonio Valverde Mora

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:37, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Macedonio Valverde Mora
Gaurav1146 marked this vfd on March 18, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just listing it here; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 01:39, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 07:27, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Government performance auditing

Government performance auditing focuses on improving how governments provide programs and services. While there is no one universally agreed upon definition, there are key definitions which capture the scope of government performance auditing. According to the US Government Auditing Standards, "Performance audits are defined as audits that provide findings or conclusions based on an evaluation of sufficient, appropriate evidence against criteria." Additionally, the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions defines performance auditing as "an independent examination of the efficiency and effectiveness of government undertakings, programs or organizations, with due regard to economy, and the aim of leading to improvements.''

Government performance auditing was developed in the late 1960s and shepherded by the United States Government Accountability Office, (the chief audit arm of the US federal government). Government performance auditing has since spread to Canada and Israel, and most American state governments, flourishing in other countries under the leadership of the International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI).

In Canada the Auditor General of Canada has strongly advocated a similar approach to improve government at all levels. This complements other efforts in that country such as the FCM InfraGuide for best practice exchange of all routine municipal infrastructure management problems.

In Israel, the State Comptroller, originally serving in the role of the financial Comptroller and auditor general common through the British Commonwealth, has later assumed the functions of a Government Performance Auditor and of an Ombudsman.

Auditing Standards
Government audit organizations generally utilize established standards to conduct performance audits. In the United States, audit organizations use either Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards, known as the Yellow Book, or the Institute of Internal Auditors's International Professional Practices Framework, known as the Red Book.

The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) promulgates the Yellow Book. In July 2018, GAO issued a new revision of the Yellow Book, which supersedes the 2011 revision. The 2018 revision is effective for financial audits, attestation engagements, and reviews of financial statements for periods ending on or after June 30, 2020, and for performance audits beginning on or after July 1, 2019. The Yellow Book in current usage was issued in December 2011, which is referred to as the 2011 Standards. For performance audits, provisions of the 2011 Standards guide any performance audit starting after December 15, 2011. The effective date for financial audits and attestation engagements is for periods ending on or after December 15, 2012.

Government Audit Organizations
The Association of Local Governments Auditors (ALGA) represents the central professional organization for local government audit organizations in the United States and Canada. ALGA was formed in 1989 and has over 300 organizational members and more than 2,000 individual members of ALGA.

The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions(INTOSAI) operates as an umbrella organisation for the external government audit community. For more than 50 years it has provided an institutionalised framework for supreme audit institutions to promote development and transfer of knowledge, improve government auditing worldwide and enhance professional capacities, standing and influence of member SAIs in their respective countries. In keeping with INTOSAI's motto, 'Experientia mutua omnibus prodest', the exchange of experience among INTOSAI members and the findings and insights which result, are a guarantee that government auditing continuously progresses with new developments. INTOSAI is an autonomous, independent and non-political organisation. It is a non-governmental organisation with special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations. INTOSAI was founded in 1953 at the initiative of Emilio Fernandez Camus, then President of the SAI of Cuba. At that time, 34 SAIs met for the 1st INTOSAI Congress in Cuba. At present INTOSAI has 190 Full Members and 4 Associated Members.

International definition
INTOSAI - International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions has published the following definition of Performance Audit:

Performance auditing is an independent examination of the efficiency and effectiveness of government undertakings, programs or organizations, with due regard to economy, and the aim of leading to improvements.

title: Government performance auditing


text: User talk:67.33.162.25

title: User talk:67.33.162.25


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Magoun Square

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:39, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Magoun Square
Asdlfjksa marked this vfd on March 4 with comment "No city, state, country, etc. Useless.", but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just listing it here; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 01:41, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep local landmarks. --SPUI (talk) 21:56, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That's not a landmark, it's little more than a street. Delete as subtrivial. Radiant_* 09:23, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't seem to qualify as a landmark. --NormanEinstein 14:56, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, important to its local area, and the junction of two major thoroughfares . Kappa 20:14, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. It's the name of a neighborhood, like nearby Davis Square. See also Ball Square, Union Square and Teele Square for other examples of Somerville neighborhoods. FreplySpang (talk) 11:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Sleeping Dogs Lie (2005 film)

Sleeping Dogs Lie is a 2005 American drama film by writer Chumahan Bowen and director Stuart Lessner, starring Rage Against the Machine drummer Brad Wilk and Ed Asner. The film also features Tool lead singer Maynard James Keenan as Deputy Lance.

Plot
After several weeks of haunting phone calls and strange happenings, Cincinnati, Ohio resident Jeff Hannon (Wilk) drives to Beuford, Texas to inform the local authorities-Sheriff Delaney (Asner) and Deputy Lance (Keenan)-that he has information on the 25-year-old unsolved murder of Priscilla Booth-a girl whose body was never found. At first, Delaney thinks Jeff is crazy, and doesn't take him seriously, but strange phone calls made to Hannon's cell phone, from "Priscilla," as well as it being apparent that Hannon is shaken up, convince Delaney to hear Jeff out. Delaney takes Hannon to lunch at Maggie's restaurant, where Jeff finishes his story, and the Sheriff agrees to put his mind at ease by taking him to where the phone calls told him the body would be, "The Tree in the Flats." They arrive at the scene, where Jeff starts digging, where he finds the remains. Sheriff Delaney then shoots Jeff and kills him, implying that Delaney is the one who killed Priscilla, and hid her body.

Cast

 * Brad Wilk as Jeff Hannon
 * Ed Asner as Sheriff Delaney
 * Maynard James Keenan as Deputy Lance
 * Chelsea Field as Maggie
 * Peter Looney as Old Timer
 * Ione Inoke as Tow Truck Driver
 * Annie Burgstede as Voice of Priscilla Booth
 * Steven Brooks as Voice of Baret
 * Kim Harris as Voice of Charlotte

Production
Ed Asner and Maynard James Keenan joined the production after they read the script. Keenan was cast against type; originally, his role was minor, but it was expanded during filming. Shooting took place in Lancaster, California, in 2004.

Release
Sleeping Dogs Lie premiered at the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival.

It was released on DVD on February 28, 2005.

Reception
Dread Central gave the film 4.5 out of 5 stars, saying, "It isn't often that you find a short film with both a great script and such high production values. But Sleeping Dogs Lie is exactly that type of film."

title: Sleeping Dogs Lie (2005 film)


text:
Talk:Leísmo

[Untitled]
I learned Spanish informally in Mexico from books and pratice rather than lessons. I've never been able to get an understanding of things such as "Dile a ella ..."

I think the article isn't very clear on the fact that the reader must know something about Spanish's "personal a" first - is there a page for that by the way?

This article helps but I'm still pretty unclear. In particular, the 3rd example only gives an incorrect version and provides no correct equivalent. Is there one? Is it "Lo veo"? — Hippietrail 01:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Lo veo it is. Thanks for pointing that out. Have done the necessary. –Hajor 02:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merge with laísmo and loísmo
I think it would be appropriate to merge the three articles leísmo, laísmo and loísmo into a single leísmo, laísmo, loísmo article, because the three are closely interrelated (leísmo/loísmo is commonly paired with laísmo) and are instances/stages of one same phenomenon: the rearrangement of the objective pronouns caused by the asymmetry in the standard pattern. Having the information split into different articles makes it difficult to see and describe the underlying phenomenon: the loss of the accusative/dative distinction (accusative lo(s)/la(s) vs. dative le(s), a morphological distinction which is only present in these 3rd person pronouns and nowhere else in the language, not even in the other personal pronouns) in favour of the masculine/feminine distinction (which is commonplace in the language, including the nominative forms of the 3rd person pronouns), resulting in leísmo/laísmo/loísmo: masculine le(s) or lo(s) (depending on dialect) vs. feminine la(s), for both direct and indirect objects. Leísmo admitido (the use of le for masculine animate direct objects, nowadays admitted in the standard language) is a mild, embrionary form of the same phenomenon that already shows the underlying move from a primarily-case-based/secondarily-gender-based towards a gender-based-only pattern. Uaxuctum 14:38, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

If anybody read my previous post, nix it. The error was actually on the Spanish version of the article. I'll be correcting it shortly. Sss86 (talk) 11:28, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Prescription and description
I can't tell from reading this article what is prescriptively "bad grammar" (some native speakers do it, but it sounds nonstandard/uneducated) and what is descriptively "ungrammatical" (no native speakers do it, but foreigners learning the language might). It would be great if that were made clearer. Angr/ talk 06:13, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have no idea what the prescriptive rules are; I'd need to consult the Real Academia Española. As for ungrammaticality, if a sizable group of (linguistically well-functioning) natives routinely employ an expression, then it is not ungrammatical; it's only a variant, though it might be nonstandard or prescriptively "wrong". Leísmo is defined here as a variant among native speakers, not as a mistake made by foreigners. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 13:06, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * For example, what about Le veo meaning "I see it (the tree)", Dila que la quiero "Tell her that I love her", or La voy a dar un regalo "I'm giving her a present". Are they descriptively ungrammatical or prescriptively nonstandard? The article doesn't make it clear. Angr/ talk 14:55, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Descriptively, leísmo, laísmo and loísmo are grammatical in some dialects (the ones that routinely use those pronouns in those ways), while they sound ungrammatical to the speakers of the other dialects (the ones that do not use them that way). Prescriptively, only the case of leísmo admitido (use of le for animate direct object, but not for inanimate) is accepted by the RAE. Uaxuctum 23:38, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Paragraph removed
The following paragraph has been added twice by an anonymous editor and removed twice, by me.
 * However, "le" is correct in all dialects if referring to something you saw on the person. For example, you can say "le vi los calzones" which literally means "I saw to her the underwear" or better, "I saw her underwear". In this case, a direct translation of the English, "yo vi sus calzones" would mean you saw her underwear, but not necessarily while she was wearing it; it could have been in her drawer.

The first sentence of the article currently defines leísmo as the use of le in place of lo (not la), so the proposed example is irrelevant. Furthermore, the style is not encyclopedic ("something you saw", "you can say") and the information is unsourced. This paragraph could be relevant in the Loísmo article, but it would have to be established, on the basis of published sources, that speakers of strict laísmo varieties would still use le in the calzones example. CapnPrep (talk) 03:20, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

word order
better to teach english...I GIVE THR BOOK to him... and not I GIVE HIM thr book..both correct but for learning spanish its better to use subject verb then object that is connected to verb then second object... some verbs are complete like I HIT.. so we say le pego.. but not complete is I SEE.. so we say lo veo..ver is a verb that requires or begs for you to say what you see.. but hit doesnt beg for anything after...

if a verb begs..then use lo.. if it doesnt beg we use le.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.139.193.163 (talk) 15:01, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leísmo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maia Lee

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:40, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Maia Lee
211.24.65.221 marked this vfd on April 10, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just listing it here; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 01:42, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, idolcruft. Megan1967 07:28, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Grue 19:15, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Sally Larsen

Sally Larsen (born 1954) is an American artist and photographer.

Early life
Larsen was born in 1954 in of mixed Apache and Aleut descent.

Career
Larsen exhibits photographs, videos and paintings in San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, Honolulu, and Chicago. She employs a wide variety of materials and digital tools.

Works

 * 2008: The German Eye in America. Using digital tools directed through the internet to study German photography in America, Sally Larsen proposes that genetic memory and epigenetic issues sway aesthetics. The physical basis for the study center is a library of books and magazines which contain published photographs of the Americas taken by German-born photographers. This ongoing project utilizes the internet and clearly defined determining factors to propose and assemble a comprehensive visual data mine involving more than 500 photographers and spanning 160 years.
 * 2006: DNA: the Diaspora of Native Americans. Sally Larsen poses questions about the genetics of aesthetics and the confluence of art and genetics. Her ongoing DNA email campaign proposes to unite all Native Americans via DNA testing to self define the greater Diaspora of Native Americans.
 * 2001: Jizo Series. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, Larsen began a large-scale C- print series which melds her photographic oeuvre with expressive hi-color gluon paintings.

During the 1980s and 1990s

 * 2000: Millenniumm Time Capsule and Water, a Word Worth a Thousand Pictures at the Oakland Museum of California use multi-media to explore the complex issue of water.
 * 2000: In the Manner of Animals celebrates twenty years of Chinese cultural exploration and martial art study with ''The Little Fighting Man Series.
 * 1993: Japlish presents 10 years of Sally Larsen's Asian photography from the streets of Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto.
 * 1991: Sally Larsen exhibits orotone prints of photographs taken in an infamous Tokyo cabaret known as Shiroi Heya or The White Room.
 * 1990: Transformer becomes the first digital fine art print included in the permanent collection of the New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art. Working with David Coons and Graham Nash, Sally Larsen creates the Transformer series of Iris Ink jet prints in 1989. She had begun experimenting with digital imaging in the mid 1980s.
 * 1982: Sally Larsen begins an ongoing series of monochrome images presented as orotone photographs (gold-leafed gelatin silver prints on glass).

Installations with projected video frescos
San Francisco (Yerba Buena Center Surf Trip 2000); Oakland (Oakland Museum Millennium Time Capsule 2000); Los Angeles (Bergemot Station Surf Trip 2001); and Seattle (Sacred Circle Big Bang 2001).

Publications

 * 1993: Japlish (Pomegranate Art Books, San Francisco 1993; ISBN 1-56640-454-1) photographic monograph on Japanese T-shirt culture. Introduction by Neeli Cherkovski.
 * 2000: -ine poems & In the Manner of Animals (Solo Zone 2000) features The Little Fighting Man / Hsin I series of orotone photographs. With Bartolomé Alberti.

title: Sally Larsen


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South Side (song)

"South Side" is a song written and recorded by American electronica musician Moby. It was released to radio on October 10, 2000, as the seventh single from his fifth studio album, Play. Initially recorded with No Doubt frontwoman Gwen Stefani, production problems forced Moby to leave Stefani's vocals off the mix of the song included on Play; Stefani's vocals were then restored for the song's single release. The drums are sampled from "What's Up Front That Counts" by the Counts.

Although "South Side" was not released in Europe or Australia, it is one of Moby's most commercially successful singles in North America, becoming his only solo single to appear on the US until 2018, when he appeared as a featured artist on A$AP Rocky's song A$AP Forever  Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 14. In Canada, the song reached number three on the Canadian Singles Chart.

Background
In April 2005, Moby stated that "South Side" was inspired by his visits to Chicago and his love for its house music scene, but that its lyrics are intended to be unsettling and imply a connection between getting used to loud music as part of clubbing, and desensitization to violence. Speaking to Rolling Stone on the tenth anniversary of its release, he described it as "essentially a song about abject amorality", as well as a "happy sing-along pop song about kids that become so inured to violence and become so desensitized that nothing gets through to them. It's about people who have become so over-exposed to stimuli that nothing matters to them anymore."

During the recording sessions for Moby's fifth studio album Play, Gwen Stefani, lead singer of the rock band No Doubt, offered to perform guest vocals for "South Side". Around the time of the song's recording, No Doubt had recently achieved substantial commercial success with their 1995 album Tragic Kingdom, and Moby reflected that he "couldn't figure out why she'd want to go into the studio with me. She was a big rock star and I was a has-been." Moby was impressed by her vocal performance, but he struggled to produce an adequate mix of the song with her vocals, and ultimately left them off the version included on Play.

Release
"South Side" originally appeared as the fifth track on Play. Moby had managed to tap a friend of his to produce a new mix of "South Side", and for the single release, Stefani's vocals were restored to the song, as originally intended. It was first sent to modern rock and adult contemporary radio in October 2000 and was aired by top 40 stations the following month.

Chart performance
The song was not released as a single in Europe or Australia, but it was a chart hit in North America. In the United States, the song debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated December 2, 2000. The song broke the top 40 on January 6, 2001, climbing to number 37. On the week of May 26, the song reached its peak position of number 14, then exited the chart from number 46 seven weeks later, on the chart dated July 14. Altogether, it stayed on the Hot 100 for 32 weeks and appeared at number 33 on Billboard's year-end chart for 2001. It was Moby's only appearance on the Hot 100 until 2018, when he appeared as a featured artist on A$AP Rocky's song "A$AP Forever". "South Side" also made appearances on several other Billboard charts, including the Modern Rock Tracks chart—where it reached number three—and the Adult Top 40 chart—where it peaked at number eight.

In Canada, "South Side" was more successful, becoming Moby's second single to chart on the country's prominent national chart, after "Porcelain" on the recently ceased RPM Top Singles chart. It debuted and peaked at number three on the Canadian Singles Chart on December 9, 2000, then moved down to number four the following week. It remained in the top 10 for a further 11 weeks, exiting the top 20 on March 31. It re-entered the chart on the weeks dated April 7–April 14 and April 28, and it spent 19 weeks on Canada's chart in total.

Music video
The music video was directed by Joseph Kahn and parodies hip hop and dance music videos. Scenes include Moby in garish fur coats and sunglasses, Moby and Stefani dancing in front of large neon signs of their names, and Moby "traveling" in a convertible with women and bottles of champagne, but the vehicle is not even actually being driven outside of the studio. The video also parodies artful videos with scenes of Moby and Stefani in a bare room, wearing drab clothing and holding a potted sunflower, visually parodying the New York "brick and plant" type of set commonly overused in videos and film.

Other elements observed in the video include Moby expressing discomfort for the fake gold insert used over his teeth. Eventually, he grudgingly adjusts it and walks off the set. Stefani is shown in one scene in front of the neon sign with her name wielding three-inch fingernails. Later, she interrupts the filming (to Moby's feigned disgust) to answer and talk on her cell phone.

Instead of a band, in the background of the video, six "musicians" at translucent computer workstations are shown. The workstation users are visually boring and a poor substitute for the presence of an actual band. The workers act as if they are playing and adjusting the electronica music samples in real-time on their keyboards during the performance, with no apparent enthusiasm whatsoever for the actual music being created. At the end of the video it shows a pot of mayonnaise and burning clothes falling from a rack.

The music video won the 2001 MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video. Coincidentally, Stefani was also a featured singer in the winner for Best Female Video, "Let Me Blow Ya Mind" by Eve.

Track listings

 * CD single (63881-27665-2)
 * 1) "South Side" (edit featuring Gwen Stefani) – 3:25
 * 2) "South Side" (original album version) – 3:48

 * Maxi-CD single (63881-27674-2)
 * 1) "South Side" (single version featuring Gwen Stefani) – 3:49
 * 2) "South Side" (Hybrid Dishing Pump remix featuring Gwen Stefani) – 8:27
 * 3) "South Side" (album version) – 3:48
 * 4) "South Side" (Peter Heller Park Lane vocal) – 8:48
 * 5) "Ain't Never Learned" – 3:47
 * 6) "South Side" (Hybrid Dishing Pump instrumental) – 7:54
 * 7) "The Sun Never Stops Setting" – 4:19

 * 12-inch single (63881-27676-1)
 * 1) "South Side" (Hybrid Dishing Pump remix featuring Gwen Stefani) – 8:27
 * 2) "South Side" (single version featuring Gwen Stefani) – 3:49
 * 3) "South Side" (Peter Heller Park Lane vocal) – 8:48

title: South Side (song)


text:
Daniel E. Gawthrop

Daniel E. Gawthrop (born 1949 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American composer, primarily of choral music. His output also includes a substantial body of works for the organ as well as orchestral and instrumental works. He has been the recipient of over one hundred commissions to write original music. His works have been published by Warner Brothers, Theodore Presser, Sacred Music Press, and others.

Biography
Gawthrop attended Michigan State University, and Brigham Young University.

He served for three years as Composer-in-Residence to the Fairfax Symphony Orchestra (of Fairfax, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C.) beginning in 1990, and has been the recipient of four grants from the Barlow Endowment for Musical Composition. He has been commissioned by various institutions including the American Choral Directors Association through their Brock Commission, and has had works première in the Concert Hall of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the Salt Lake City Mormon Tabernacle, and Washington National Cathedral. His choral pieces have been performed and recorded by such eminent ensembles as the United States Air Force Singing Sergeants, the Gregg Smith Singers, the Turtle Creek Chorale, the Paul Hill Chorale, the American Boychoir, the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, the Cathedral Choral Society (of Washington National Cathedral), Thomas Circle Singers, and hundreds of other groups in the U.S. and abroad. From 1985 to 1987 Gawthrop worked as a radio announcer for KBYU

In 1991, he established his own publishing company, Dunstan House.

In addition to his work as a composer, Gawthrop has been active as a broadcaster, clinician and adjudicator, organist, conductor, teacher and writer, including a period as music critic for The Washington Post. Gawthrop is a Life Member of the American Choral Directors Association, a member of the American Guild of Organists, and a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the music fraternity, of which he was the Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award recipient in 2018.

The bulk of his organ works have been recorded on two commercially available CDs. The first, Exultate, was performed by Mary Mozelle on the Princeton University Chapel organ. The second disc, Like a Fire, was performed by David Pickering on the Bales Recital Hall organ at the University of Kansas at Lawrence. The Utah State University Chamber Choir, conducted by Cory Evans, recorded a CD containing much of Gawthop's choral work, called Show Me Thy Ways.

From 2015 to 2019 Gawthrop was the Composer-In-Residence of Renaissance Men, New England's professional male vocal chamber ensemble. The ensemble has commissioned multiple works and has recorded and performed the majority of Gawthrop's men's ensemble repertoire.

Gawthrop resides in southern Idaho with his wife. The couple has five adult children.

title: Daniel E. Gawthrop


text:
Days Go By (Dirty Vegas song)

"Days Go By" is the debut single of British electronic group Dirty Vegas, released in the United Kingdom on 7 May 2001 as the lead single from their self-titled debut album (2002). The song initially peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart the same month. The single's artwork was done by American artist Richard Phillips.

In mid-2002, "Days Go By" became a US radio hit following its usage in a television advertisement for the 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse, eventually peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and receiving the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording in 2003. In the wake of its success in the US, it re-entered and peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart, topped the UK Dance Singles Chart, and reached number six in Canada.

Music video
Early one morning, a man is wearing a business suit and a well-worn pair of orange high-top Chuck Taylor All-Stars trainers. He lays out a cardboard mat in front of a restaurant, turns on a boombox, and starts a routine of popping, locking, and doing the robot to the music.

A few people stop to watch. As they do, the man is replaced by a younger version of himself wearing a tracksuit and brand-new orange Chucks, and he begins breakdancing to the music. One of the spectators tells the story: one day each year, the man comes to the restaurant and dances on the pavement from sunrise to sunset. He does so in the hope of bringing back a lost girlfriend, who gave him the orange trainers as a present when they were young but who ultimately left him because he could not stop dancing. The music pauses briefly while a few spectators voice their thoughts about the young woman's fate. At the end of the day, two of them leave to get a cup of coffee together. The man in the business suit catches a brief glimpse of his girlfriend's younger self, then he picks up his belongings and leaves.

The video was filmed at Chroni's Famous Sandwich Shop in East Los Angeles, California. Garland Spencer and Byron McIntyre portrayed the dancer's younger and older selves, respectively.

There are two versions of the music video; one has the three band members observing from a table at the restaurant, while the other replaces those shots with footage of them in a silver Mitsubishi Eclipse stopped at a traffic light. In addition to the replaced shots, the Eclipse version of the video includes footage of the car arriving at and departing from a traffic light, suggesting that they arrived in the morning and remained at the light all day to watch the man dance.

Mitsubishi Eclipse advert
A Mitsubishi executive saw the music video for "Days Go By" in a hotel room, and personally tracked the group down to procure rights to feature the song in an advertisement. The song was licensed to be used in the Mitsubishi ad, which began airing in early 2002. A New York radio station began playing the song, which was subsequently released to rhythmic and top 40 radio stations in mid-2002. American brand awareness for Mitsubishi went from 44% to 60% following the use of the song in the commercial.

Original release
UK and European CD single; UK cassette single
 * 1) "Days Go By" (7-inch mix)
 * 2) "Days Go By" (full vocal mix)
 * 3) "Days Go By" (acoustic)

UK 12-inch single
 * A. "Days Go By" (full vocal mix)
 * B. "Days Go By" (Lucien Foort remix)

Belgian CD single
 * 1) "Days Go By" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Days Go By" (Lucien Foort remix)

Canadian 12-inch single
 * A1. "Days Go By" (Vegas mix) – 6:06
 * B1. "Days Go By" (original extended) – 8:10
 * B2. "Days Go By" (Lucien Foort remix) – 9:00

Re-release
UK CD1
 * 1) "Days Go By"
 * 2) "Days Go By" (Scumfrog vocal remix)
 * 3) "Days Go By" (Paul Oakenfold vocal remix)

UK CD2
 * 1) "Days Go By" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Days Go By" (Steve Osborne acoustic mix)
 * 3) "1979" (live—BBC Radio 1 Evening Session)
 * 4) "Days Go By" (video)

One-track digital download
 * 1) "Days Go By" – 7:12

Three-track digital download
 * 1) "Days Go By" – 3:43
 * 2) "Days Go By" (Hydrogen Rockers vocal mix) – 6:51
 * 3) "Days Go By" (2001 acoustic) – 2:43

title: Days Go By (Dirty Vegas song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bilal Saqib

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:30, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bilal Saqib
Vanity. Not notable. Delete.--Plainsong 04:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Vanity. His most notable writings are letters to the editor. Dsmdgold 02:17, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 07:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Miles Macdonell

Miles MacDonell (c. 1767 – 28 June 1828) was the first governor of the Red River Colony (or, Assiniboia), a 19th-century Scottish settlement located in present-day Manitoba and North Dakota.

Miles Macdonell Collegiate, opened in 1952, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, was named in his honour.

Biography
He was born in Inverness, Scotland, around 1767. In 1773, his father, Colonel John MacDonell of Scothouse (Spanish John), Inverness-shire, and three of his cousins chartered the Pearl and brought over five hundred of their families and friends, at the invitation of Sir William Johnson, and settled at Caughnawaga, on the Mohawk River, in the Province of New York.

Miles, who showed military tendencies at an early age, was appointed ensign in the King's Royal Regiment of New York in 1792, lieutenant in the Royal Canadian volunteers in 1794, and captain in the same corps in 1796. At the request of Lord Selkirk, he came to London in 1803, and was induced by that nobleman to assume the post of governor of Selkirk's planned colony on the Red River in the Northwest territory. Selkirk, a shareholder in the Hudson's Bay Company, had bought 300,000 km² (116,000 mi²) of land in the Red River Valley from the company in order to provide a home in the New World for destitute Scots and to deny the land to Hudson's Bay's commercial rival, the North West Company.

Macdonell collected the first body of colonists, composed principally of evicted Scottish Highlanders from the Sutherland estates, in 1812. He sailed from Stornoway for the colony in 1811. The group wintered at York Factory, and reached the Red River the following August. On his arrival, he was at once met with opposition from the agents of the North West Company, whose headquarters were at Montreal. On 11 June 1815, representatives of the North West Company attacked and fired upon the colonists, and demanded the surrender of Governor Macdonell, who, to avoid the loss of blood, gave himself up voluntarily. He was taken to Montreal as a prisoner, and charges were laid against him by his enemies, but his case was not tried. During his ten or twelve years' connection with the Red River Colony, he was its leading spirit and took an active and decided part in the feuds of the Hudson's Bay Company and North West trading companies, after which he returned to his farm at Osnabruck, Upper Canada.

Historians have generally agreed that, despite the inherent difficulties of establishing a colony at the Red River amid the fierce competition between the fur-trading companies, Macdonell must bear some of the responsibility for the colony’s initial failure. They have focused upon his character faults, his inability to inspire trust and loyalty among his people, his obstinacy, his arrogance, his unaccommodating temper, and his lack of staying power. It was these flaws, as well as his lack of shrewdness and diplomatic skill, that led to his failures. Either he never understood his situation, or worse, refused to come to grips with it. Nowhere is this better shown than in the decision to issue the Pemmican Proclamation. It was promulgated at a time when the colony was too weak to defend itself and it offered the NWC excellent propaganda against both the HBC and Lord Selkirk. His behaviour during those years suggests that he saw the colony as entirely separate from the fur trade but his point of view does not excuse an insensitivity that blinded him to the provocative nature of his actions. Through a similar blindness he alienated his own people, seeking out the company of "gentlemen" in preference to theirs.

In later years, he lived at the residence of his brother John at Pointe-Fortune on the Ottawa River where he died in 1828.

title: Miles Macdonell


text:
Sustainable urban infrastructure

Sustainable urban infrastructure expands on the concept of urban infrastructure by adding the sustainability element with the expectation of improved and more resilient urban development. In the construction and physical and organizational structures that enable cities to function, sustainability also aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the capabilities of the future generations.

SDG 9, of the international Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations General Assembly, deals with infrastructure, however, infrastructure is a building block for the rest of the SDGs. Therefore, the achievement of sustainable infrastructure is of significant concern in multiple areas of society.

The sustainable development of urban areas is crucial since more than 56% of the world's population lives in cities. Cities are in the lead of climate action, while being responsible for an estimated 75% of the world's carbon emissions.

Concept
A bibliometric study, published in 2019, of the evolution of research regarding sustainable urban infrastructure emphasizes that this concept continues to grow in the research community and change in scope as technology improves. According to the College of Engineering and Applied Science of the University of Colorado Denver, urban infrastructure refers to the engineered systems (water, energy, transport, sanitation, information) that make up a city. Not solely based on evaluating utilities, sustainability efforts in urban infrastructure seek to combat global warming and municipal waste, as well as encourage economic prosperity. Socioeconomic implications of these efforts often involve policy and governance in the implementation of sustainable infrastructure, and their variation results in different programs sized on national, regional, or more local scales. Challenges resulting from increasing population growth have generated a need for sustainable infrastructure that is high performing, cost-effective, resource-efficient and environmentally-friendly.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency maintains that the planning process of sustainable design can lead to the development of a community that is ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable. The design for a sustainable urban infrastructure emphasizes localization and sustainable living. According to the principle of sustainable development, the aim is to reduce an individual's ecological footprint in areas with a high population density.

The criteria for what can be included in this kind of urban environment varies from place to place given differences in existing infrastructure and built form, climate, and availability of local resources and talents.

Generally speaking, the following could be considered sustainable urban infrastructure: A more systematic view of sustainable urban infrastructure has grown in popularity. Instead of just focusing on housing and space, experts now incorporate ideas regarding urban resource metabolism, the interconnectedness of citizens, and the complex vulnerabilities that cities develop over time. Green infrastructure is a subset of sustainable urban infrastructure, and mostly considers ecological implications, water resources, and nature-based solutions.
 * public transport networks
 * distributed generation and integrated energy demand management initiatives and programs
 * high efficiency buildings and other development constraints such as only permitting the construction of green buildings and sustainable habitats with energy-efficient landscaping.
 * connected green spaces and wildlife corridors
 * low impact development practices to protect water resources
 * disaster mitigation techniques and plans
 * highly integrative communication networks
 * systems to increase accessibility of localized and renewable resources

Generalized
When comparing volume of research and developments, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and China are the most involved in generating solutions for infrastructure. Different national priorities often result in different sustainability foci among countries. According to a review of available projects and research, the United States and United Kingdom prioritize sustainable solutions towards culture, water, disasters, and urban planning. The United States especially has made progress with green infrastructure initiatives (e.g. Green Alley Programs). China and Australia have similar priorities, but Australian tourism takes larger precedence as opposed to disaster prevention, while China is significantly involved in governance, electricity, and land development.

Africa
Existing infrastructure and governance challenges in general can slow progression towards sustainable urban practices. The United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, applicable for a multitude of African countries, seeks to deal with these challenges while working towards sustainability. According to the UN, only 40% of the African population lives in urban areas, but these urban areas, and their interconnectedness, are quickly growing, requiring the consideration of sustainability. In light of this, the African Union (AU) began its own sustainability and infrastructure initiative in Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. African discourse with the UN has notably referenced the ethical extraction of resources and equitable access to resources as measures of sustainability within the infrastructure of a society's urban culture and metabolism. However, a lack of consistent government regulation and socioeconomic conditions continue to hinder attempts to establish a resilient and sustainably motivated network of cities across Africa. A national movement to create integrative urban policies, which have been adopted by many African countries, gives hope to the idea of governmental commitment to cooperatively developing land in the best interest of growing urban areas.

Australia
In contrast to the increasing Chinese population, the population in Australia faces threatened resiliency due to decreasing population growth rates. More efficient land development, also carried out by an integrated group of bureaucratic bodies throughout Australia, and multiuse utility systems can maximize the social, environmental, and economic benefits of a country regardless of whether the population is increasing or decreasing.

Canada
Sustainable urban infrastructure is also called sustainable municipal infrastructure in Canada. It is an infrastructure initiative that facilitates progress towards the goal of sustainable living in a place or region. Attention is paid to technological and government policies which enable urban planning for sustainable architecture and sustainable agriculture.

In Canada, several organizations related to the FCM InfraGuide project, including the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada, National Research Council of Canada, and Canadian Public Works Association, seek to achieve sustainability in municipal infrastructure, especially large scale urban infrastructure. These organizations advocate environmental protocols, and inclusion of ecological and social indicators and factors in decision making at the earliest possible stage. There is little focus yet on sustainable rural infrastructure, though, this is a stated goal of the project, as is the achievement of sustainable rural development in developing nations.

In their view, sustainability concerns apply to all of "maintaining, repairing and upgrading the infrastructure that sustains our quality of life" including at least:
 * municipal decision making and investment planning
 * potable water supply
 * stormwater and wastewater especially minimizing the distance that such water travels to be treated and reused
 * roads and sidewalks and their integration with transit systems to achieve smoother flow of people
 * environmental protocols and multidisciplinary practices to ensure they are respected, e.g. green procurement.

These and other Canadian official entities, including the Auditor General of Canada and Service Canada, are focused on related efforts such as municipal performance audits, information technology, communications technology, moral purchasing and sharing of "data, information, common infrastructure, technology," and the need to "integrate their business processes." In particular, this integration further reduces duplication and waste, especially e-waste and greenhouse gas emissions that were a concern under Kyoto Protocol targets that Canada committed to achieve. In 2011, Canada withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol due to economic concerns.

China
The increasing population of China has significantly impacted the ratio of resource consumption to resource production, which has put pressure on the Chinese government and economy to establish a more efficient way of using resources to permit sustained longevity of Chinese society. The Circular Economy Policy has already begun to address this issue by enforcing repeated analysis and reuse throughout a product's entire life cycle. To solve this problem, first of all, China will improve to promote the progress of science and technology and business management and improve labor efficiency. The second is to guide enterprises to optimize the combination of production factors following market needs and achieve the interface between production and demand. Thirdly the government will allow competition and the mechanism of eliminating winners and losers among enterprises to enhance the ability to produce and operate goods. Last but not least, the Chinese government plans modern urban centers in completely different areas. A modern framework includes open transportation, water supply, and distinctive private regions and mechanical regions dissemination. First-world and developed countries, such as some parts of China, often seek to grow exponentially in economic productivity and consumerism, but this exponential growth must be matched with an exponential drop in resource consumption that may be achieved through an integrated system approach. This systematic approach of incorporating consumerist and lifestyle changes on many societal levels, reflects the systematic dynamic of sustainable urban infrastructure. By treating sustainability as a function of interconnected systems (e.g. transportation, land development, community formation, etc.), the impact of any change in one system can be amplified without causing a sector of infrastructure to singularly fail.

Indonesia
The redevelopment of North Jakarta was the subject of a 2012 project to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing sustainable design, as well as public knowledge about the benefits of such design. City areas along the coast particularly suffer from large socioeconomic gaps, high density slums, and poor development planning. Results from the Structural Equations Model (SEM) revealed that, although sustainable redesigning would help uplift coastal areas, public efficacy towards sustainable urban infrastructure was lacking significantly. Public surveys conducted in Jakarta emphasized the following priorities:

 * land use
 * public transportation
 * built space
 * open space
 * network infrastructure and waste
 * energy
 * hydrology
 * air and sun

By applying sustainable technology and methods to these components of infrastructure, the government seeks to reinvigorate the socioeconomic wellbeing of North Jakarta. However, in order to effectively create a wholly resilient society, the project stresses that the design process must be shared between government initiatives, the commercial sector, and public opinion. This mutual relationship is reflected in the project philosophy, which viewed cities as an ecosystem of the aforementioned priorities shared effectively among different levels of society in order to thrive. One of the biggest challenges faced when implementing sustainable design is expected to be the quantification of future operational costs and maintenance, which are ideally offset by the benefits of increased sustainability.

Switzerland
The Swiss Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation (GIB) supports various stakeholders, such as governments, banks, and cities, in designing, implementing, and financing sustainable urban infrastructure projects at all stages of the project cycle. Currently, GIB has developed, in cooperation with the French bank Natixis, the SuRe® Standard – The Standard for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, which is a global voluntary ISEAL standard. GIB has also developed the SuRe® SmartScan, a simplified version of the SuRe® Standard that serves as a self-assessment tool for sustainable infrastructure projects. It provides project developers with a comprehensive analysis of the various themes covered by the SuRe® Standard, offering a solid foundation for green infrastructure projects that are planning to become certified by the SuRe® Standard.

Roadway materials
Roadside and urban infrastructures such as signposts, bollards, and street furniture are prone to damage and deterioration. As infrastructure deteriorates, it requires either replacement or enhancement. Existing public funding sources are inadequate to meet these needs. Self-healing technology could protect surrounding paving and foundations from damage when items of infrastructure are impacted, which can reduce maintenance and improve the sustainability of urban developments. Self-healing developments result in zero waste and zero-landfill from maintenance on items of urban infrastructure for the life of the development.

Renewable energy
Policy and technology are key factors in the implementation of renewable energy sources, which not only improve energy efficiency, but also the electricity demand of communication networks and the self-sufficiency of a city in the instance of disaster. Projects that involve zero-energy buildings, reduced cooling and heating demand, and greater understanding of occupant behavior achieve a greater holistic perspective of wasteful energy sourcing.

Smart grid
Distributed generation and energy demand management are components of the smart grid, a term for an electrical grid that uses renewable and energy efficient means of generation. An optimized city might also use the smart grid for communication networks, the Internet, and other electronic signals that build the electronic and cultural infrastructure of urban communities. Electric vehicles and substations link transportation with the grid, and commercial transactions over the Internet directly link the economy. As cities grow larger and more electronically dependent, reliability and security become significant concerns for institutions and private citizens. By using a renewable and efficient system, a city can reduce the threat of a collapse of power and information services.

Transportation
To reduce overall footprint, transportation infrastructure requires a localized consumer base made accessible by integrative design within neighborhoods. This design, which results from effective land development, is ideally overseen by competent governance. Consistent funding and effective investments also allow public transportation to maintain stable services, keeping the city itself more stable as a result. These aforementioned concepts are one interpretation of the "4 Pillars of Transportation" known as

 * Governance
 * Financing
 * Neighborhoods
 * Infrastructure

Automobile emissions associated with urban congestion directly correlate with a decline in urban citizen health, making public transportation more optimized for maintaining resilient public and environmental health. Once again, cost-effectiveness is important, in that maintenance costs must be exceeded by benefits (monetary and/or societal), but oftentimes state-owned public transportation suffers significant losses.

Resources
A common governance and administration method subjected to studies, such as from the Complex and Sustainable Urban Networks (CSUN) Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Chicago, is the control of resource supply and demand. When supply and demand are manipulated, it may be possible to steer an urban society toward resources and forms of infrastructure that are more conservatively used and conducive towards sustained use. In addition, by systematically designing interdependencies and multifunctionality among forms of urban infrastructure, a society ensures that, if one part of infrastructure fails, other parts can help remediate the loss in service. This references back to integrative design as well.

Life cycle assessments of resource materials can also help calculate the environmental footprint of a city. In 2017, at least 84 sampled cities from around the globe had a projected footprint increase of 58%-116% by 2050. If the cities reduced resource consumption on a social and technical basis, and adopted energy efficient practices, the projected footprint improved dramatically. Unfortunately, these statistics are often difficult to compare because the exact conditions, resources, and assets of the cities all differed. The countries are more relatable, however, when globally valued resources are used, thus encouraging international dialogue, planning and foresight.

title: Sustainable urban infrastructure


text: Talk:Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Santiago

title: Talk:Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Santiago


text:
Palo Alto (disambiguation)

Palo Alto is a city in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States.

Palo Alto may also refer to:

United States

 * East Palo Alto, California, neighboring city to Palo Alto, California, United States
 * Palo Alto County, Iowa, United States
 * Palo Alto, Louisiana, an unincorporated community in Ascension Parish, Louisiana
 * Palo Alto, Mississippi, United States
 * Palo Alto, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Palo Alto, Texas, United States
 * Palo Alto, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Highland County, Virginia

Mexico

 * Palo Alto, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Philippines

 * Palo Alto, Calamba, Laguna, Philippines

Media

 * Palo Alto (2007 film)
 * Palo Alto (2013 film)
 * Palo Alto (book), a 2010 book of short stories by actor James Franco, named for his hometown in the Bay Area
 * Palo Alto, a 2023 book by journalist Malcolm Harris
 * Palo Alto Records, founded in 1981
 * "Palo Alto", a Radiohead song from the EP Airbag / How Am I Driving?
 * "Palo Alto", a 2016 song by Jack River
 * Paloalto (band), a Californian rock band
 * Paloalto (album), their debut album
 * Paloalto (rapper) (born Jeon Sang-hyun), a South Korean rapper and singer

Other

 * El Palo Alto, a redwood tree in Palo Alto, California, and the city's namesake
 * Palo Alto Research Center (formerly Xerox PARC)
 * Palo Alto High School
 * Palo Alto Internet Exchange (PAIX)
 * Palo Alto Networks, a network security company based in Santa Clara, California.
 * Palo Alto Unified School District
 * Palo Alto Airport of Santa Clara County
 * Palo Alto Daily News (local free newspaper)
 * SS Palo Alto, a concrete ship
 * Battle of Palo Alto, during the Mexican–American War

title: Palo Alto (disambiguation)


text: File:Loaded Weapon 1 poster.jpg

title: File:Loaded Weapon 1 poster.jpg


text:
Caroleans

Caroleans (karoliner), from Carolus, the Latin form of the name Charles, is a term used to describe soldiers of the Swedish army during the reigns of Kings Charles XI and Charles XII of Sweden, and specifically from 1680, when Charles XI instituted an absolute monarchy and embarked on a series of sweeping military reforms, to the death of Charles XII in 1718.

The Caroleans are particularly associated with Charles XII and his campaigns in the Great Northern War (1700–21), during which they achieved a series of impressive victories, often against considerably larger enemy forces, and established themselves as one of the most feared and respected armies in Europe. However, the main Swedish field army was almost entirely annihilated after defeat at the Battle of Poltava, and the war eventually ended in utter defeat and the dissolution of the Swedish Empire.

Overall, 350,000 soldiers from Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic provinces died in the service of Charles XII during the Great Northern War, mostly from non-combat causes. Two-thirds of these, or over 230,000, died in the years 1700 to 1709. These losses constituted an unusually large percentage of the pre-war population of 2.5 million. The losses of their enemies (principally Russia, Poland-Lithuania, Denmark-Norway and various northern German states) are known to have been even higher.

Creation of the Carolean army
In the early and mid-seventeenth century, the Kingdom of Sweden established a large empire in the Baltic Sea region and Northern Germany. Its success rested in large part on the quality of its armed forces, which pioneered numerous innovations later adopted by other European armies and were well-organised and generally well-led. However, the military was allowed to go into decline during the early reign of Charles XI, when the king was a child and the country was directed by a council of regents led by Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie; many of the regents were openly corrupt, and embezzlement of royal revenues was widespread during this period.

The neglect of the armed forces almost led to disaster during the Scanian War (1675–9), when Sweden was invaded by Denmark-Norway. The attackers were eventually repulsed, but only after numerous setbacks and at the cost of appalling losses; indeed the 1676 Battle of Lund is widely reckoned to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in Scandinavia.

The travails of the Swedish army during the Scanian War convinced Charles, who was by now of age, that wholesale reform of the Swedish state was necessary in order to guarantee the security of the Swedish Empire. In 1680 he therefore instituted absolutism, overthrowing the previous system of semi-constitutional monarchy under the 1634 Instrument of Government, restored the royal finances by means of the so-called Great Reduction (confiscation of property embezzled by the aristocracy from the crown), and set about rebuilding the army, most notably through an overhaul of the allotment system.

New allotment system
Since the sixteenth century, the Swedish army had used the so-called allotment system (indelningsverket; ruotujakolaitos) to raise troops. In 1682, Charles completely reformed it, establishing what modern historians refer to as the "new allotment system" (yngre indelningsverket).

Under the new system, Swedish farmers were to provide the crown with regiments of 1,000 or 1,200 men, complete with weapons and uniforms. Either independently or as rotes (groups) of no more than five, farmers would contract with the crown, with each rote providing and supporting one soldier, including giving the soldier a cottage and a garden plot. Each cavalryman was additionally provided with a horse. In exchange for these burdensome policies, each rote was granted a reduction in taxes.

The allotment system provided Charles XI with a professional army of 18,000 infantrymen and 8,000 cavalrymen. The system also provided for the deployment of 6,600 seamen, bolstering Sweden's navy. Adding to Sweden's numbers, Finland provided an additional 7,000 infantrymen, 3,000 cavalrymen, and 600 seamen.

Uniforms
Carolean soldiers wore the Swedish Standard Uniform introduced by Charles XI—which featured blue great coats with yellow cuffs, white breeches, and yellow vests—with many regiments wearing variants thereof. For example, the dragoons of Bohuslän had green coats, and the regiment of Närke-Värmland had red cuffs. The artillery had grey coats with blue cuffs. As headgear, most Caroleans wore tricorne hats or a special cap called a karpus.

Weaponry
About two thirds of each infantry company were armed with muskets, and the rest with a 5.55 meters (18 foot 2 inches) pikes. Every infantryman was also armed with a sword, a straight-bladed rapier designed principally for thrusting.

At the outbreak of the Great Northern War, the Swedish musketeers were mostly equipped with a 20 mm calibre flintlock musket without a bayonet. Twelve men of each company—typically the strongest and tallest—were grenadiers, who were the only soldiers to have bayonets affixed to their muskets, as regular musketeers were meant to use their rapiers for hand-to-hand combat. Grenadiers were often placed on the flanks of a unit to protect against cavalry. A bayonet-equipped musket was considered to be more practical for that, as it gave greater reach than a sword when facing a mounted opponent and could be braced against the impact of a charge. Eventually all musket-armed soldiers were issued bayonets as well in 1704, though they also still retained their swords.

The Swedish heavy cavalryman was equipped with a rapier almost one metre long (primarily for thrusting and secondarily for slashing), a carbine and two pistols. They also wore a steel breastplate and a buff coat. Each dragoon was equipped with a rapier, a musket (with bayonet), and two pistols.

Rations
A soldier's daily ration was to consist of 625 g of dry bread, 850 g of butter or pork, 1/3 L of peas, and 2.5 L of beer. The butter or pork was often replaced by fish if the latter were available. Water was generally avoided since it was often contaminated.

Units and formations
A Carolean infantry regiment consisted of roughly 1,200 men, divided into two battalions of 600 men each. The battalion was the smallest tactical unit of the Swedish army and consisted of four companies of 150 men each. Prior to battle, the men were usually formed into four ranks (four men deep), however, a battalion could also be späckad (i.e. fattened) in six ranks. About one-third of the men were pikemen. These pikemen often were in the middle of each battalion with musketeers on their flanks; however, if the battalion was späckad, the pikemen were placed in the third and fourth ranks. Grenadiers were often on the flanks of the musketeers—on the left and right of each battalion—to protect against enemy cavalry and to toss grenades to break enemy formations (there being one grenadier for ten musketeers). On occasion, the grenadiers formed their own battalions, such as the Life Grenadier Regiment. The width of a battalion was roughly 180 m (or 135 m with the battalion in close formation).

A cavalry regiment consisted of roughly 800 men with 1000 horses among them, divided into four squadrons of 200 men each. The squadron was the tactical unit of the cavalry and consisted of two companies of 100 men each.

The Drabant Corps was a special unit made up of approximately 150 men under the personal command of King Charles XII, of which he was captain. To become a private in the corps, one had to attain the rank of captain in the regular army. The corps second in command was a colonel with the title of Kaptenlöjtnant (Lieutenant-Captain). This corps fought to the bitter end, and some of its veterans carried Charles XII's coffin to Stockholm for burial in 1719.

Certain irregular units were also used, most notably the Vlachs cavalry. However, these were not suited for combat, but only reconnaissance and to chase routed enemies.

Tactics
Swedish military doctrine of the Carolean era was distinguished by its emphasis on aggressive action and shock tactics, the so-called gå-på (literally "go-on") method. This attitude stood in contrast to other European armies of the period, which were coming to rely increasingly on musketry, delivered in the form of volley fire by line infantry, to win battles. As such, Swedish armies continued to field large numbers of pikemen throughout the Great Northern War, even though the weapon had largely disappeared from western European battlefields by that time. Similarly, the proportion of heavy cavalry in the Swedish army was unusually high by western standards. Indeed, of the 31,000 Swedish soldiers who participated in Charles XII's Russian campaign, some 16800 troops, over half the overall force, were cavalrymen.

Gå-på tactics enabled the Caroleans to repeatedly overcome much larger enemy armies, as the psychological impact of their rapid approach and their steely discipline under fire, combined with their fearsome reputation, often served to unsettle the opposing troops even before physical contact was made. Moreover, if some enemy troops lost their nerve and fled then panic could quite easily spread through the rest of the enemy force, so a quick success against even a relatively small enemy unit was often enough to trigger a general rout. The preference for aggressive action also served, perhaps counterintuitively, as a way to reduce losses, as it ensured that battles would be resolved quickly rather than degenerating into bloody attritional struggles, as often happened when two armies using volley tactics clashed. This was especially important for the Swedish army as it lacked the manpower reserves of larger neighbours like Poland-Lithuania and Russia, and thus could not replenish its ranks after heavy defeats.

The downsides of the gå-på doctrine were that it required strict discipline on the part of the soldiers (see below), and that it was, like all shock tactics a fundamentally risky strategy which could backfire horribly if the commander misjudged the time or place to mount an attack, or if an assault was mounted against enemies with high morale in prepared defensive positions. The latter scenario occurred at the Battle of Poltava, where Peter the Great was able to lure Charles XII into mounting an attack against a Russian camp protected by field fortifications, leading to an overwhelming Swedish defeat.

Infantry Gå–På
According to army regulations of 1694 and 1701, infantry attacks were to be executed as follows: In four ranks with gaps, a Swedish battalion would march "smoothly and slowly" towards the enemy lines, braving enemy fire that often started at a distance of approximately 100 metres. The Swedish soldiers were told not to fire until "you could see the whites in the enemies' eyes", a range of roughly 50 metres. When the marching drums stopped the two rear ranks would fill the gaps within the two foremost ranks and fire a salvo, then draw their swords. The two rear ranks would then move back to their previous position, and the two foremost ranks would close the gaps in their lines, after which the battalion would resume their attack. The two foremost ranks would discharge their muskets in a final volley when they were within range to charge, a distance of roughly 20 metres. At these ranges, the powerful muskets usually felled many enemy troops, having a great physical and psychological impact on opponents.

Directly after the final volley, the Caroleans charged the enemy ranks with pikes, bayonets, and rapiers. Note that the pikes were used as an offensive weapon; in close combat, they had the advantage over their foes' weapons due to their long reach. Often, complete ranks of enemies fled before physical contact was made, frightened by the long pikes and the fact that the Swedish battalions had previously calmly withstood their fire.

Later modifications
This method was slightly changed during the Great Northern War. The slow march was replaced by running, to take fewer casualties and begin combat sooner, while optimally still frightening the enemy with a swift, unflinching advance into their fire. The Swedish firing distance was reduced from 50 metres to 15–20 metres for the first volley of the rear ranks who would no longer fall into their previous position behind the front ranks. Instead, they would follow in the gaps within the front ranks. As a result, the battalion attacked in two closely formed ranks, which made the final charge more effective, as the Carolean troops would be closely packed together, making a heavier impact than before.

Cavalry Gå–På
The Swedish cavalry fought in a similarly aggressive way, also called the "Carolean manner". Whereas in other European armies, cavalry would form up "knee to the knee" (i.e. in a line, usually only one or two ranks deep), the Swedish cavalry would form up in a tightly packed wedge formation several ranks deep, "knee behind knee" (knä bakom knä), in order to ensure that their charge struck the enemy with the maximum possible force. They were moreover armed with rapiers, swords specifically designed for stabbing rather than slashing.

The cavalry would not normally use their pistols during the charge (again in contrast to practice elsewhere in Europe), and in 1704 a new regulation was enacted explicitly forbidding troopers from using the pistol when charging; pistols were still carried, but were to be used during the melee combat after the charge, or when pursuing routed enemies. In 1705, another regulation decreed that the cavalry were to ride at a trot during the initial phase of the attack and then break into a full gallop just before reaching the enemy.

Coordination between units
Close coordination between infantry, cavalry, and sometimes artillery was needed to break down enemy defences successfully. Only infantry would normally risk a frontal assault on a well-prepared enemy line, preferably with artillery assistance. Regimental cannons would keep pace with infantry and protect them against enemy attacks as they reloaded. The cavalry would strike the opposing cavalry or charge disorganized infantry, preferably in the flank or rear. Cavalry was also used to cover an army in retreat or to interfere with and chase remaining enemy after a successful infantry attack. If a cavalry attack were repulsed, it would fall back behind friendly infantry lines and regroup. If necessary, the infantry could fall back using alternating firing and movement. In some situations, infantry squares were used for protection against flanking cavalry attacks. This formation was effective as all sides of the square would be facing outwards, removing the risk of a vulnerable rear or flank attack, and the formation presented enemy horses with a tightly packed mass of troops and a veritable hedge of sharp weapons, discouraging them from a charge.

Coordination between the different branches of the army was especially important for the Swedish victory at the Battle of Gadebusch, which was achieved largely through close coordination between the Swedish infantry and artillery.

Religion
Religion played a crucial role in the Carolean army. In addition to swearing fidelity to the Swedish king, the soldiers had to learn and follow the precepts and Lutheran doctrines of the Church of Sweden, and those who flouted religious regulations could be punished severely. For example, blasphemy was regarded as a capital offence. Religion was especially important for building cohesion among the soldiers, who were recruited from all over the Swedish Empire, including Bremen-Verden, Pomerania and Livonia, although Swedes and Finns always comprised a large majority. Even then, however, national identity was nowhere near as strong as it would become in later centuries, and a Swede from, say, Dalarna would feel little sense of compatriotism with one from Skåne or Ångermanland, let alone a Finn from Savonia. Religion was therefore important for encouraging a sense of unity and common purpose amongst the heterogenous soldiery, especially in the face of enemies considered to be "heretics", such as the Catholic Poles or Orthodox Russians. Prayers and Holy Communion were held before most Carolean battles, and field chaplains sometimes even accompanied the men onto the battlefield.

The chaplains' sermons often reminded soldiers that they had God's protection and assistance in battle, a notion originating when Sweden fought in the Thirty Years War as the continental leader of Protestantism. After the Battle of Narva, many soldiers believed that God had sent the blizzard that led to their victory as a punishment for their enemies' sins and hubris. After the catastrophe at Poltava, many Caroleans became convinced that God had changed sides.

Discipline
Good discipline was vital for the Swedish army's highly aggressive gå-på tactics, which required the Caroleans to keep in formation and hold their fire as they approached the enemy, even if coming under a hail of bullets themselves. One way of inculcating such extreme self-control was by encouraging a sort of fatalism among the troops: soldiers were told not to be afraid of battle, since if God wanted them to survive then nothing could harm them, and conversely if He had decreed that they were to die then death would come even if they tried to flee. On a more practical level, the army enforced draconian codes of discipline in order to encourage immediate and unthinking obedience among the men.

Deliberate efforts were also made to boost the soldiers' morale in various ways. New recruits were sorted into regiments based on particular provinces and districts, in order to encourage a sense of local pride and esprit de corps.

Similarly, Charles XII is known to have tried to foster a sense of fraternity within the army by granting commissions and promotions on the basis of merit rather than social status or wealth, as was common in other European armies at the time. A famous example of this policy concerns the young Count Oxenstierna, grandson of the famous statesman Axel Oxenstierna, who began his military career as a simple cavalryman, later promoted to corporal. Carl Piper urged Charles to promote the count to cornet, but the king refused, declaring that, "Old nobility and new nobility mean nothing as to the quality of a man. We have many regimental officers in the army who are not nobles and yet good folk. When a cavalryman is good, it is just the same, whether he is a nobleman or nothing. "

The army's efforts were generally successful; the Swedish army was renowned for the high levels of battlefield discipline among its troops, and the ability of the Caroleans to advance steadily through barrages of punishing enemy fire often served to impress and unsettle their opponents, giving them a moral edge when the melee fighting began. On the other hand, the Caroleans' discipline was not always flawless away from the battlefield. Even though looting was strictly forbidden in the Swedish army, Swedish soldiers were known to engage in the practice from time to time, most notoriously in the aftermath of the Battle of Narva (1700) and Storming of Lemberg. Abuses against civilians were also not unheard-of, although Charles XII issued strict ordinances against such excesses during his Polish and Saxon campaigns; several instances are recorded of Swedish soldiers being sentenced to death after flouting these orders.

End of the Carolean period
The term "Carolean" is not used for Swedish soldiers after the death of Charles XII in 1718, the return to constitutional monarchy under the 1719 Instrument of Government and the end of the Great Northern War in 1721. However, the Swedish army continued to use the equipment, organisation and tactics of the Carolean period for the next sixty years, until the reforms of King Gustav III in the late 1770s.

title: Caroleans


text:
Start the Commotion

"Start the Commotion" is a song by British electronic music duo The Wiseguys, from their second album The Antidote. It was released as a single in the UK in 1998, and peaked at #66 on the UK Singles Chart. A re-release the following year gave the song a higher chart placing, peaking at #47. It also peaked at #36 on the American dance charts in 2000. "Start the Commotion" has also been officially remixed by Eric Kupper and DJ Spinna.

Background
The song is built around a repeated sample from the 1966 song "Wild Child" by The Ventures.

Track listing

 * UK CD single
 * 1) "Start the Commotion" (Radio edit)
 * 2) "Fatal Femme" (feat. Sense Live)
 * 3) "Start the Commotion" (Full length)

2001 re-release
After being used in a Mitsubishi Motors television commercial in the U.S. in 2001, the song gained a second life and significant radio airplay, reaching the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and making it the Wiseguys' best known song.

Other uses in popular culture

 * It was featured in the 2001 comedy Zoolander, where it was used to promote the film.
 * It was also featured in the films Gun Shy and Kangaroo Jack.

title: Start the Commotion


text:
Talk:Supplee's paradox

Pardon my density (pun intended), but I don't understand what "... the geodesic in the far-field limit is consistent with the object sinking" means in a practical observable sense. If I were to actually watch a bullet passing through the fluid, would I see it rise or fall? Corvus 01:51, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Corvus.

 * I'm afraid I didn't understand the paragraph either. I've removed the paragraph from the page and pasted it here (below).  I've done done my best to explain the essense of Supplee and Matsas's papers in the article itself.

 * Robinh 11:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The full resolution of this paradox was offered by George Matsas of the State University of São Paulo in Brazil. It involves taking into account the general relativistic effects of a fluid with a non-zero energy-momentum tensor that necessarily affects the Riemannian curvature of spacetime. While from the perspective of the bullet, the buoyant force is exerting an upward acceleration on the bullet, due to the pecularities of the spacetime metric the geodesic in the far-field limit is consistent with the object sinking. This is a similar effect to the classic equivalence principle thought experiment that showed there was no difference between an accelerating reference frame and a reference frame subject to a metric that is not Minkowski. At a great enough speed, relativistic effects will ultimately cause the object to pass through an event horizon.

 * (apparently an unsigned comment by Robinh; see 11:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) edit)

 * Nobody told me that they couldn't understand my language, but the "far-field limit" implies that when you actually look at the bullet passing through the fluid (assuming you aren't close to that relativistic danger) you would see the bullet behave as one would classically expect. In other words, in some ways, the bullet would be sinking into a black hole created by its own stress energy tensor. It might be appropriate to include this layman's answer in the article itself. Joshuaschroeder 06:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * (regarding the attribution of a comment to )

 * Nope, not me. The only paragraph on this page that is mine is the first one.  Best wishes, Robinh 07:45, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * In that case,, how do you explain this diff? ---CH 18:01, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Hillman.  The diff you point to included a paragraph that I wrote, and a paragraph that I cut from the article and pasted into the discussion page after my signature.  At least, I seem to remember that that was my intention and this is consistent with the diff.  I guess this wasn't very clear from the edit, and re-reading our earlier discussion my disavowals made the situation more confusing.   Sorry about that.  Best wishes, Robinh 21:40, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Students beware
I extensively rewrote the early May 2005 version of this article and briefly monitored it for bad edits, but I am leaving the WP and am now abandoning this article to its fate.

Just wanted to provide notice that I am only responsible (in part) for the last version I edited; see User:Hillman/Archive. I emphatically do not vouch for anything you might see in more recent versions, although I hope for the best. "Paradoxes" tend to controversial topics which attract the attention of many anti-relativity cranks. For example, I believe that recent versions of related articles Ehrenfest paradox and Bell's spaceship paradox are far less accurate and far more misleading than my earlier versions. Thus, I'd advise caution in evaluating anything you read at WP on this or other topics. Similarly for websites found by following links from this article, which may be cranky. Any of these sources may attempt to describe fringe science or pseudoscience as belonging to the canon of well-established mainstream scientific belief, which would be very misleading. More generally, strong comments like "the full resolution was provided" above may be overstated and should not be accepted without careful checking--- if one has the mathematical ability and physical background. For other readers, I can offer no advice, since this interesting topic is probably too recent and obscure for Brittanica or other peer reviewed encyclopedias.

One of the most valuable services a general encyclopedia can offer to general readers is that a good encyclopedia is very far from being merely a disorganized and unevaluated collection of claims and other information/misinformation/disinformation. Rather, the editors have sorted the wheat from the chaff and have carefully and professional checked each other's work to remove bias and inaccuracy. According to the philosophy of wikis, the same thing happens here, but my experience in my year at WP suggests that this is gravely misleading. For one thing, in highly technical subjects, only editors with strong technical background and mathematical ability are likely to be able to assess competing claims accurately and fairly.

Good luck to all students in your search for information, regardless!---CH 18:01, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Vieira agrees?
The section on the resolution of the paradox says that Vieira's results agree with previous results (i.e. the submarine sinks); however, it seems that the actual cited paper repeatedly argues that the submarine is able to maintain neutral buoyancy. Specifically, I think the gravitational force might be the same as previous results but the net force is not. I don't have the physics background to make sense of the equations so I don't feel confident enough to change the article, but I hope someone more knowledgeable can take a look... .froth. (talk) 01:50, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Supplee's paradox


text:
MPG: Motion Picture Genocide

MPG: Motion Picture Genocide is a 1997 film by Robert Banks.

Summary
It is an examination of 100 years of African Americans being murdered in films for cheap thrills and escapism.

title: MPG: Motion Picture Genocide


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-11/Privacy policy

The Wikimedia Foundation last week approved its privacy policy after two years of development. Although not a truly finished product, it apparently has progressed far enough along to be adopted officially.

On Sunday, Wikimedia Trustee Anthere reported that the Board of Trustees had approved the latest draft of the privacy policy at its last meeting. Translation of the policy into other languages is currently underway.

The privacy policy was originally drafted on Meta in February 2003, but progress in getting it adopted has been slow since then. At various points, efforts have been made to further develop and improve the policy, which has produced the current version of the text.

Policy terms and provisions
The policy explains what information is collected by the Wikimedia servers and how this information is handled. Most of the focus is on identifiable information that can be associated with editors, although it acknowledges that the viewing of pages is also logged, primarily for statistical purposes. It also explains briefly how IP addresses, user accounts, and the relationships between them are handled.

All of the information collected is available to the developers for technical purposes. The policy states that it will not be released except with permission, when legally required, under certain circumstances to deal with abuse, or when "necessary to protect the rights, property or safety of the Wikimedia Foundation, its users or the public."

Addressing the issues raised recently with some users disclosing their account passwords (see archived stories), the policy states, "All users are encouraged to select strong passwords and to never share them. No one shall knowingly expose the password of another user to public release either directly or indirectly."

Immediately following the announcement, a number of people read the policy and found various corrections that needed to be made. Trustee Angela explained that the adoption of the policy as "official" was intended "to encourage people to actually look at it and comment on it since it's been basically ignored for months". Appropriate changes will still be incorporated into the official text of the policy on the Foundation's website.


text:
Panic (disambiguation)

Panic is a sudden, overwhelming fear.

Panic may also refer to:

Films

 * Panic (1928 film), a German film directed by Harry Piel
 * Panic (1946 film), also known as Panique, 1946 French film by Julien Duvivier
 * Panic (1963 film), a British crime film
 * Panic (1977 film), also known as Panique, 1977 Canadian film by Jean-Claude Lord
 * Panic (1982 film), an Italian / Spanish film directed by Tonino Ricci
 * Panic (2000 film), a film starring William H. Macy
 * PANICS, a 2005 machinima film

Performers

 * Black Flag (band), originally named Panic, a punk rock group
 * The Panics, a rock band from Australia
 * A common abbreviation for Panic! at the Disco, an alternative rock band from the United States
 * Panic, rock band formed in 1981, the first band of Dave Mustaine, later of Metallica and Megadeth
 * Panic, a Korean ballad duo fronted by Lee Juck

Albums

 * The Panics (EP 1), a 2002 EP by The Panics
 * The Panics (EP 2), a 2002 EP by The Panics
 * Panic (MxPx album), a 2005 album by MxPx
 * Panic (Circle album), a 2007 album by the Finnish rock band Circle
 * Panic (Caravan Palace album), a 2012 Caravan Palace album
 * Panic (From Ashes to New album), a 2020 album by From Ashes to New

Songs

 * "Panic", a song by Anthrax from the 1984 album Fistful of Metal
 * "Panic/Tainted Love", a 1985 single by Coil, from the album Scatology
 * "Panic" (The Smiths song), a 1986 song by The Smiths
 * "Panic", a song by No Doubt from the 2003 album Everything in Time
 * "Panic", a song by Backstreet Boys from the 2007 album Unbreakable
 * "Panic" (Sublime with Rome song), a 2011 song by Sublime with Rome from Yours Truly
 * "Panic" (From Ashes to New song), a 2020 song by From Ashes to New

Classical

 * "Panic", 1995 concertante work for alto saxophone, jazz drum kit, woodwinds, brass and percussion by Harrison Birtwistle

Other arts and entertainment

 * Panic (play), a 1935 play by Archibald MacLeish
 * Panic (comics), a 1950s EC Comic
 * Panic! (video game), a 1993 video game for Sega CD
 * Panic (novel), a 2005 thriller by Jeff Abbott
 * Panic: The Story of Modern Financial Insanity, a non-fiction book by Michael Lewis
 * "Panic" (Dead Zone), an episode of the TV series Dead Zone
 * Panic (TV series), a teen drama television series
 * Panic! (TV series), a 1950s TV anthology series
 * Panic, a character in the Disney film Hercules (1997) and the associated TV series

Computing

 * Panic Inc., an American Mac software and video game company based in Portland, Oregon.
 * Kernel panic, a fatal error condition associated with Unix-like computer operating systems
 * Panic (demo), a 1992 PC demo by Future Crew

Politics, psychology, and sociology

 * Bank run, when a large number of bank customers withdraw their deposits because they believe the bank is, or might become, insolvent
 * Financial crisis, a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a large part of their value
 * Mass hysteria, the manifestation of the same or similar hysterical symptoms by more than one person
 * Moral panic
 * PANIC (Prevent AIDS Now Initiative Committee), the activist group behind the 1986 initiative statute California Proposition 64 (1986)

Other uses

 * Panic, Pennsylvania, a community in the United States
 * Panic, a village in Hereclean Commune, Sălaj County, Romania
 * Panić, an ethnic Serbian surname

title: Panic (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Martin Collcutt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:51, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Martin Collcutt
Some Guy marked this vfd on February 12, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just listing it here; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 01:52, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete because this page is extremely narrow. The relevance of this article is doubtful. If wished, it could be moved to JnanaBase NeevaN 02:00, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 07:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.