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International Space Development Conference

The International Space Development Conference (ISDC) is the annual conference of the National Space Society (NSS). Now in its 41st year, these conferences connect the general public and the NSS membership with leaders of contemporary space efforts. The ISDC provides a nexus for industry, government, scientists, advocates, and the public to meet and discuss the latest issues in space technology, science, policy, commerce, medicine, exploration, settlement and much more. Winners of the annual NASA space settlement Contest annually attend the conference, with several interesting activities and programs. With National Space Society's major goal being to accelerate the process of space exploration and development they also foster astronautics for students by encouraging them and getting them involved.

1982
The first ISDC was held in Los Angeles in 1982. The CoChairmen were Jerry Pournelle and Milton Stevens, and most of the convention staff were volunteers from the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society (LASFS), although it was emphasized that the conference was professional in nature, and would not be a science fiction convention. The Professional Guest of Honor was Fred Haise of Apollo 13, then CEO of Grumman. Attendees included Buzz Aldrin, Max Hunter, General Daniel Graham, Dick Rutan, and a number of space oriented professionals. Science Fiction author Robert Heinlein was the "fan guest of honor". It was intended as a one of a kind convention, but was successful enough that the attendees acclaimed it the "First Annual" Space Development Conference and voted to hold the second meeting in Houston with Art Dula as chairman.

2013
The 32nd International Space Development Conference, was held at the La Jolla Hyatt Regency, San Diego, California, May 23–27, 2013. The conference theme is "Global Collaboration in 21st Century Space", inviting all nations of earth to join in the greatest human endeavor, to become an interplanetary species. ISDC 2013 was chaired by Dave Dressler of the "San Diego Space Society". The opening keynote speaker was Bas Lansdorp, CEO of Mars One. Former Indian president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam spoke at the Friday night Gala dinner about an international initiative involving six nations to build a Space Based Solar Power system (SBSP). Several astronauts presented at ISDC such as Buzz Aldrin, Christopher Ferguson and Mae Jemison.

2011
The International Space Development Conference covers several broad areas of study related to building a spacefaring civilization, including transportation to and through space, technology needed to live and work in space, and Earth-based activities to advocate for or educate others about space development. The overall theme for ISDC 2011 is "From the Ground Up," emphasizing the tools, resources, and social activities that must be accomplished to make a spacefaring civilization a reality. Participants are encouraged not just to describe an ideal "future state," but to think about the technical, economic, or advocacy steps that must be accomplished to achieve a specific goal.

Although the northern Alabama region was hit by tornadoes April 27, resulting in widespread damage and many deaths and injuries, ISDC planners found that local electrical power had been restored to the Von Braun Center and Embassy Suites venues in Huntsville, and restored to the rest of the area within a week or two. Therefore, ISDC 2011 occurred on scheduled. Robert Bigelow, founder and president of Bigelow Aerospace, was the ISDC's Honored Keynote speaker at the Governors' Dinner and Gala. Mr. Bigelow also received the NSS Space Pioneers award for Space Development. The Space Pioneer Award for Science and Engineering was presented to the X-51A WaveRider Team while the prestigious Wernher von Braun award went to the JAXA Hayabusa Team. The von Braun award was presented by Frederick I. Ordway III.

2007

The theme for ISDC 2007 was "From Old Frontiers to New: Celebrating 50 Years of Space Flight" and was hosted by The National Space Society of North Texas chapter of Dallas, Texas over the Memorial Day weekend of May 24–28, 2007.

For the third straight year the presenting sponsor for ISDC '07 was the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2007's ISDC held two pre-conference events; the Symposium on Space Venture Finance on Thursday, May 24 and the bi-annual meeting of the Aerospace Technology Working Group (ATWG) from May 22 – 24.

ISDC 2007 included programs, presentations and exhibits focused on space exploration and settlement, astronomy and scientific research, commercial space ventures, space tourism, and other exciting topics.

The conference also featured displays of real spaceflight hardware, such as Armadillo Aerospace’s historic 'Quad' rocket vehicle. The Quad vehicles were built by space entrepreneur John Carmack and his Armadillo Aerospace team from Mesquite, Texas. One of the Quads, named "Pixel," recently competed in the Wirefly X Prize Cup in Las Cruces, New Mexico.

ISDC 2007 was held in Addison, Texas (metro Dallas area) at the Intercontinental Hotel. Speakers included NASA Johnson Space Center director Michael Coats, U.S. Congressmen Nick Lampson and Ralph Hall, Apollo 17 astronaut and former U.S. Senator Harrison Schmitt, Alex Tai, chief operating officer of Virgin Galactic, local space entrepreneur John Carmack, NASA astronaut Dr. Shannon Lucid, Mars Exploration Rover project leader Dr. Steve Squyers, Mars exploration visionary Robert Zubrin, lunar advocate Dr. Paul Spudis, Space Adventures CEO Eric Anderson, and legendary science fiction author Ben Bova.

Events included speaker tracks on Frontier Transport, Moon and Cislunar (between Moon and Earth) Space Development, The Martian Frontier, International Space Station (ISS) Science, Space Business & Law, Space Medicine, Space Sociology, Space Settlement, Education, faster than light travel, and Solar Power Satellites.

Other conference events included DPRG robot challenges, a game room, the premiere of "Postcards from the Future" and other space movies, filk singing, a kids program, book signings, a space art show and sale, and space-related exhibits. Some exhibits and the space art show were free to the public. For more information see the official website:

ISDC public webcasts
ISDC 2007 was broadcast "live" from Dallas via streaming video from May 25 through May 28, 2007 – courtesy of the helloWorld website. Available to anyone with access to a computer and internet connection, the general public was able to follow key remarks and presentations by running their computer's mouse or cursor over the TV broadcast tower graphic entitled "Shows" and clicking the "On the Air Now!" link. Archived files of past ISDC conferences can also be reviewed via the IslandOne website.

2006

Although typically held over the Memorial Day holiday weekend, ISDC '06 was moved up to the first weekend in May to coincide with Space Day activities sponsored nationwide by Lockheed Martin.

The "Silver Anniversary" conference was held May 4 through May 7, 2006 in Los Angeles, California – coming full circle to the very first ISDC 25 years earlier. Held at the LAX Sheraton Gateway Hotel, this was also the first ISDC to be jointly co-sponsored with the Pasadena, California-based Planetary Society. Speakers and special guests included Buzz Aldrin, Burt Rutan, Elon Musk, Hugh Downs, Dennis Tito, Gregory Olsen, Bill Nye, Kim Stanley Robinson, Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson and dozens of others from various scientific, entrepreneurial and artistic fields.

For a listing of papers scheduled to be presented at the conference, access the ISDC Archives, ISDC2005: Your Ticket to Space, or the ISDC 2006 Call for Papers.

Additionally, the National Space Society teamed up with the Space Tourism Society to host the 2nd annual ORBIT Awards, celebrating leadership in space tourism on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of Mr. Dennis Tito's historic flight as the world's first private space traveler, and the 25th anniversaries of STS-1, the first Space Shuttle mission and the ISDC.

2005
ISDC 2005 was held in Washington, D.C. May 19–25, 2005 at the Sheraton National Hotel with the NSS Space Pioneers Awards banquet held at the National Air and Space Museum's Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles Airport, hosted by NSS Board of Governors chairman and former ABC-TV "20/20" host Hugh Downs and the Honorable Norman Mineta, Secretary of Transportation.

NSS members met and debated aerospace pioneers like Burt Rutan, Elon Musk, and Peter Diamandis, while hearing the latest on the explorations of Saturn, Mars and extrasolar planets. A few of the many highlights: Presenting sponsor Transformational Space brought a new twenty-foot mockup of its new space vehicle, the t/Space CXT.

The Spaceward Foundation erected a forty-foot model of its upcoming space elevator competition. IMAX director Mark Cowen wowed the crowd with the inside story of NSS Governor and Academy Award winning actor-producer Tom Hanks' latest IMAX film release, Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D. Apollo 9 astronaut Rusty Schweickart announced a bold new plan to study the threat of Near Earth Object 2004MN4.

NASA's Centennial Challenges program announced a new prize competition for producing oxygen from Moon rocks. Virgin Galactic's Will Whitehorn shared the latest plans for their new personal spaceflight experience. Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites received the coveted Wernher Von Braun award from German rocket engineer and Project Apollo space pioneer Konrad Dannenberg, then shared his personal vision of the future.

Past conferences
Previous ISDCs have rotated around the United States and Canada in the following major cities:

 * 1982 – Los Angeles, California
 * 1983 – Houston, Texas
 * 1984 – San Francisco, California
 * 1985 – Washington, D.C.
 * 1986 – Seattle, Washington
 * 1987 – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * 1988 – Denver, Colorado
 * 1989 – Chicago, Illinois
 * 1990 – Anaheim, California
 * 1991 – San Antonio, Texas
 * 1992 – Washington, D.C.
 * 1993 – Huntsville, Alabama
 * 1994 – Toronto, Canada
 * 1995 – Cleveland, Ohio
 * 1996 – New York City, New York
 * 1997 – Orlando, Florida
 * 1998 – Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * 1999 – Houston, Texas
 * 2000 – Tucson, Arizona
 * 2001 – Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * 2002 – Denver, Colorado
 * 2003 – San Jose, California
 * 2004 – Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
 * 2005 – Washington, D.C.
 * 2006 – Los Angeles, California
 * 2007 – Addison, Texas
 * 2008 – Washington, D.C.
 * 2009 – Orlando, Florida 2009 conference website
 * 2010 - Chicago, Illinois
 * 2011 - Huntsville, Alabama
 * 2012 - Washington, D.C.
 * 2013 - San Diego, California
 * 2014 - Los Angeles, California
 * 2015 - Toronto, Ontario
 * 2016 - San Juan, Puerto Rico
 * 2017 - St. Louis, Missouri
 * 2018 - Los Angeles, California
 * 2019 - Arlington, Virginia


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Lang Tengah Island

Lang Tengah Island (Pulau Lang Tengah) is an island in Kuala Nerus District, Terengganu, Malaysia. It is connected to the mainland by ferries to Merang.

Surroundings and access
Lang Tengah Island is located about 40 km north east of Kuala Terengganu (22.5 km from Tanjung Merang) on the east coast of peninsular Malaysia.

Tanjung Merang is a small fishing village 45 minutes north of Kuala Terengganu and the jetty is a few minutes outside of the village. The Lang Tengah Island can be reached by boat from Tanjung Merang (not to be confused with Marang, south of Kuala Terengganu), 45 minutes’ drive north of Kuala Terengganu. Speedboat departures from here are usually pre-arranged with your resort and take 40 minutes. Most boat operators have a fixed schedule, with two departures daily (morning and afternoon) in peak season and one departure in off-peak season. Transfers cost around RM95 return.

It is possible to charter a boat (from RM380 per trip) to Lang Tengah Island from Tanjung Merang, Redang Island or the Perhentian Islands.

Hotels
The island appeals more to holiday goers who are looking for a quiet tropical island getaway. This is much quieter with less development than nearby (Redang). There are only five (5) resort hotels located on the island, including one which has closed down.

 * Sari Pacifica Lang Tengah
 * Lang Sari Resort (formerly Square Point Resort)
 * Summer Bay Lang Tengah Island Resort (formerly Redang Lang Resort)
 * D'Coconut Resort
 * Blue Coral Island Resort (closed down)

Tourism
The tropical waters around Lang Tengah are clear with turquoise hues. The designated marine park in the island has corals and fish life is quite excellent. During peak season, the waters are calm which is excellent for learning to dive with one of the dive centres on the island.

In contrast to the neighboring islands of Perhentians and Redang, the island is quite low key. Almost all accommodation on the island are resort-based. Lang Tengah has a tropical climate with temperatures steadily around 30 °C and frequent but brief thunderstorms.

The 2011 Hong Kong-Chinese film, Love You You was filmed on the Summer Bay Lang Tengah Island Resort.

Wildlife
The island has excellent coral reefs with teeming fish life and occasional sharks and rays. The island has nesting green turtles from April to October. Occasional hawksbill turtles also nest and are regularly seen in the sea. There are quite a few monitor lizards (biawak in Malay) but they are rarely seen near the resort beaches. In the early morning, the smaller monitor lizards commonly patrol the shoreline in the quiet parts of the island. The island is covered with primary forest and has a wide variety of birds, frogs, lizards and insects.

Weather and seasons
Like the rest of Malaysia's east coast, Lang Tengah is affected by the northeast monsoon from the South China Sea, so most resorts are closed and ferry transport schedules are severely restricted between October and March.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lang Tengah Island


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Ruse (comics)

Ruse is a comic book featuring detectives Simon Archard and Emma Bishop. Originally published by CrossGen, it was revived in 2011 by Marvel Comics as part of its acquisition of CrossGen titles.

Publication history
Ruse ran for twenty-six issues from November 2001 to January 2004 before it was forced to end by the bankruptcy of CrossGen. The first half of the series was written by Mark Waid and the last half by Scott Beatty; nearly the entire series featured pencils by Butch Guice. The critically acclaimed series was known for complex plots, the witty repartee between the two protagonists, and being of an unusual genre in comic books (Victorian-era detective fiction).

The series also had three spin-off issues, each called Ruse: Archard's Agents and all written by Chuck Dixon.

Marvel Comics revived CrossGen titles in 2011; Ruse, as a four-issue miniseries, was released in March of the same year, written by Mark Waid.

Original series
The series takes place on the planet Arcadia, primarily in the fictional town of Partington, in a Victorian-era setting tinged with elements of magic and fantasy. The most visible difference from real London is that it has living gargoyles which are regarded by the populace as creatures as commonplace as pigeons.

Revived series
The revived series established the city of Partington as a settlement in Victorian England, and made no mention of the Sigils or Negation characters from the original series. References were made to events and characters from the Crossgen series.

Characters
The series focused on two primary protagonists: Simon Archard and Emma Bishop. The relationship between the two attractive leads is purely professional, although the two share great chemistry and other characters make numerous innuendos about their relationship.

Simon Archard is a detective. He is a master sleuth and extremely competent. He has an eidetic memory. He is feared by the criminals of Partington, and his presence apparently keeps the crime rate low. He is close to emotionless, remaining utterly calm in situations of crisis. He is also emotionally distant from other people. His character is based on Sherlock Holmes. It is implied that Simon Archard is his world's Sigil Bearer, but he does not receive the mark from anyone at the beginning of the series nor does he seem to have any special powers except his mental abilities (he does however wear the Sigil mark upon his tie pin). It is possible that Simon received the mark before the series began, gets his abilities from it and is able to hide it from everyone (and wears the mark on his tie pin as respect for the powers it gives him).

Emma Bishop is Simon Archard's assistant. She has mysterious magical powers which she is not supposed to use. Careful to maintain her identity, she conceals her powers (though it was revealed in the last issue of the series, #26, that Archard had secretly deduced her powers almost from the very beginning). The source of her abilities was never revealed in the series, though a reader familiar with the rest of the CrossGen Universe could deduce from her powers and her orange eyes that she was one of the guides that accompanied Sigil-bearers.

Miranda Cross is the primary antagonist of the series. She initially appears to be a beautiful baroness, but it is revealed that she is evil, many centuries old, and from a different world. She also possesses magical powers, which are at least the equal of and probably stronger than those of Emma Bishop. She is possibly a demon of some sort, though the exact nature of her identity is not resolved by the end of the series. Her dialogue in Ruse #18 (April 2003) possibly hints that she is a Negation Lawbringer.

Malcolm Lightbourne is Simon Archard's former mentor and chief rival. Lightbourne's main goal throughout the series is the retrieval of the Enigmatic Prism, which Archard stole from him at the end of their partnership. Lightbourne also seeks to kill Archard and attempts to achieve both of his goals by destroying the city of Partington.

The Consortium of Aggrieved Man Servants are a group of Butlers that strive to achieve the impossible: to kill Simon Archard. This underground conspiracy has swelled in ranks over the years every time Archard has muttered the phrase "the Butler did it". Even though the consortium has made many (botched) attempts on Archard's life, he seems un-characteristically unaware of their existence or perhaps he just doesn't care.

Archard's Agents are a network of people that Archard uses to gather information on cases. Members of the group include a former prize fighter, a child psychic, and a bearded lady.

Plot
While some issues were standalone issues in which Simon Archard and Emma Bishop solved some small mystery in Partington, most issues were concerned with the larger storyline running throughout the entire series.

This storyline focused on a mysterious artifact called the Enigmatic Prism, which incited evil desires, such as hate, lust, and a need to do violence within people. Miranda Cross wanted the Enigmatic Prism to do evil with, and to use it to return to her homeworld. Simon Archard and Emma Bishop sought to destroy the prism, to prevent the artifact from causing further harm.

Quotes

 * Emma, when asked what she has learned: "I've learned that... that Simon Archard shows all the crimeside manner of a cactus".
 * Simon: "Begging your pardon, but would you two please repeat that exchange? I can barely hear it over the clamor of mysterious subtext".
 * Miranda: "All that you know, all you can conceive... I and others like me are fated to control it".
 * Emma: "Wait. Don't speak for a moment. I wish to bask in the warm glow of your praise".

Original series
There have been a number of trade paperbacks collecting some of the issues:
 * Ruse: Enter the Detective by Mark Waid, Butch Guice and Mike Perkins, collects Ruse #1-6, CrossGen, 160 pages, July 2002, ISBN 1-931484-19-8.
 * Ruse: The Silent Partner by Mark Waid, Scott Beatty, Butch Guice, collects Ruse #7-12, CrossGen, 160 pages, February 2003, ISBN 1-931484-48-1

The following collections were solicited, but never published due to Crossgen's bankruptcy:
 * Ruse: Criminal Intent by Scott Beatty, Butch Guice, Mike Perkins and Laura Depuy, collects Ruse #13-18, CrossGen, 160 pages, July 2004, ISBN 1-931484-74-0
 * Ruse: Collection by Scott Beatty & Butch Guice, collects Ruse #19-26, Checkerbooks, January 2009, ISBN 1-933160-80-2
 * Ruse Omnibus by Waid, Beatty, Guice and Perkins, collects Ruse #1-17, Checkerbooks, 500 pages, January 2009, ISBN 1-933160-77-2

Revived series

 * Ruse: The Victorian Guide to Murder (by Mark Waid and Jackson Guice, collects Ruse (Volume 2), #1-4, Marvel Comics, 96 pages, October 2011, ISBN 978-0-7851-5586-7)

Awards
The series has been nominated for five Eisners and has won a number of awards, including:
 * 2002 Laura DuPuy won the Eisner Award for Best Coloring

Film
It was mentioned, in passing, that Siavash Farahani has written a Ruse film script for Disney with Sam Raimi directing the project.

title: Ruse (comics)


text: User talk:84.31.64.67

title: User talk:84.31.64.67


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Talk:Tampico Affair

Untitled
It's growing late - and finishing this will probably take four more hours. I'll find the time soon. Please don't restore any old parts - it was factually horrible. Lotsofissues 07:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

'...specially..'
I know it is a word beyond the commonly heard misuse as a shortened 'especally', i.e. '...'specially...', but I don't think it is used correctly in the article: '...Mexico refused to participate with the USA in its military excursion in Europe and granted full-guaranties to the German companies for keeping their operations open, specially in Mexico City...' . Additionally it sounds like it may have been added intentionally as attempted humor, making fun of the way some non-native speakers of English sound. . 70.171.47.39 (talk) 18:00, 30 May 2014 (UTC)BGriffin

Incorrect category?
The following category does not appear to be correct, as there were fatalities among both military forces, and thirdly, among civilians in the fighting and occupation of Veracruz: "Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities". I deleted it.Parkwells (talk) 01:07, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Over-reliance on newspapers
Editors' efforts to use Library of Congress resources are admirable, but later academic books or scholarly studies could be added to the use of newspapers of that period, for providing some perspective.Parkwells (talk) 21:22, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

aftermath
we have two aftermath sections in the article, I don't know enough about the incident to fix it but thought I should point it out TheEditor1974 (talk) 19:48, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tampico Affair


text: User talk:128.125.141.34

title: User talk:128.125.141.34


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User:SanatKumar

Hi All.

I'm Sanat Kumar Padhy. I live in Bangalore, India. I'm a software engineer.

My Contributions

 * Koraput

title: User:SanatKumar


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SULFNBK.EXE

SULFNBK.EXE (short for Setup Utility for Long File Name Backup) is an internal component of the Microsoft Windows operating system (in Windows 98 and Windows ME) for restoring long file names.

Email hoax
The component became famous in the early 2000s as the subject of an e-mail hoax. The hoax claimed that SULFNBK.EXE was a virus, and contained instructions to locate and delete the file. While the instructions worked, they were needless and (in some rare cases, for example, when the long file names are damaged and need to be restored) can cause disruptions, as SULFNBK.EXE is not a virus, but instead an operating system component.

Even people who didn't receive the e-mail were still perplexed if they found the file by themselves (because of its quickly hand-drawn icon), thinking that it could be a virus or trojan horse.

In Windows 98 and ME, where the file existed, SULFNBK.EXE can be found in Windows "COMMAND" directory (a directory that contains command line tools, usually C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\).

A very similar hoax happened with jdbgmgr.exe.

title: SULFNBK.EXE


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User talk:Arlenthespecter

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ted Kennedy Page
Can you help with the discussion on the Ted Kennedy page? Thanks 24.147.97.230

need your help on two RFCs
Please visit these pages and post a comment in support with an example of how this is true. Thanks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/User:Gamaliel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/User:Robert_McClenon 24.147.97.230 17:42, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arlenthespecter


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Queen's Gambit Accepted

The Queen's Gambit Accepted (QGA) is a chess opening characterised by the moves:
 * 1. d4 d5
 * 2. c4 dxc4

The Queen's Gambit Accepted is the third most popular option on Black's second move, after 2...e6 (the Queen's Gambit Declined) and 2...c6 (the Slav Defense).

The Queen's Gambit is not considered a true gambit, in contrast to the King's Gambit, because the pawn is either regained, or can only be held unprofitably by Black. Black usually allows the pawn to be recaptured and uses the time expended to play against White's centre.

As Black's 2...dxc4 surrenders the centre, White will try to seize space in the centre and use it to launch an attack on Black's position. Black's game is not devoid of counterchances, however. If the white centre can be held at bay, Black will try to weaken White's centre pawns to gain an advantage in the ensuing endgame by playing ...c5 and ...cxd4 at some stage. If White responds with exd4, the result will be an isolated pawn on d4 – which can also lead to a keen middlegame battle. If White recaptures with a piece at d4 instead, the centre will be liquidated and a fairly even game will usually ensue.

The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) classifies the Queen's Gambit Accepted under codes D20 to D29.

History
While the Queen's Gambit Accepted was mentioned in literature as early as the 15th century, it was the World Chess Championship 1886 between Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort which introduced the first modern ideas in this opening. Black's play had, until then, centred on holding on to the c4-pawn. Steinitz's plan was to return the pawn, but inflict White with an isolated pawn on d4, then play to exploit the weakness.

Even with the modern treatment, the opening suffered from a slightly dubious reputation in the early 20th century, even as Alexander Alekhine introduced further ideas for Black and it was played at the highest levels, beginning in the 1930s, though becoming less popular after World War II, as the Indian Defenses were heavily played. At the end of the 1990s, a number of players among the world elite included the Queen's Gambit Accepted in their repertoires, and the line is currently considered sound.

Main variations
After 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4, the most popular move is 3.Nf3, but there are other moves which have been played by strong grandmasters. The main variations below are in order of popularity.

3.Nf3
The main lines of the QGA begin with this move. White delays measures to regain the pawn for the moment and prevents Black from striking at the centre with ...e5. The recovery of the pawn will usually be done through 4.e3 and 5.Bxc4. Black's most common rejoinder is 3...Nf6, though the variation 3...a6 was introduced by Alexander Alekhine and bears his name.

The main line of the Queen's Gambit Accepted continues with:

3...Nf6 4.e3

 * 4.Qa4+ leads to the Mannheim Variation, so named after its adoption in one of the cities where the World Chess Championship 1934 was played, even though the move was previously known. Black usually gains easy equality after 4...Nc6, so the line is fairly rare. Grandmasters Michał Krasenkow and Ulf Andersson have played the line several times.

 * 4.Nc3 leads to the Two Knights Variation, which is a true gambit line since White can no longer expect to regain the c4-pawn after 4...a6 5.e4 b5. White's compensation in the form of a strong centre leads to immensely complicated play. Black does not need to enter this line, and 4...Nc6, 4...e6, and 4...c6 tend to transpose to the Chigorin Defense, QGD Vienna Variation, and Slav Defense respectively.

4...e6
 * An alternative is 4...Bg4 (the Janowski–Larsen Variation ) 5.Bxc4 e6, usually leading to a solid position, though the game can become sharp if White immediately attempts to exploit the weakness of Black's queenside in the line 6.Qb3 Bxf3 7.gxf3 Nd7 as Black gains great piece activity and spoils White's kingside pawns in return for sacrificing a pawn.

'''5.Bxc4 c5 6. 0-0'''
 * A major alternative to castling is 6.Qe2, called the Furman Variation after Semyon Furman. The idea behind 6.Qe2 is to support the advance of the e-pawn.

6...a6
 * 6...cxd4 brings about an isolated queen's pawn structure, and has been called the Steinitz Variation, after Wilhelm Steinitz. This line became well known after his match with Zukertort in 1886, but theory has generally held White's activity in high regard. The early clarification of the central tension gives White too free a hand and the line is rarely seen in modern practice.

 * Black has played to challenge the d4-pawn, and prepare ...b5 which wins time by harassing the bishop on c4. In the meantime, White has safeguarded his king and regained the pawn. At this point, there are several options available for White, who needs to consider whether or not to deal with the positional threat of ...b5. The old main line 7.Qe2 allows ...b5, and theory holds that Black can equalise against it. The main modern preference is the retreat 7.Bb3, so that 7...b5 can be met with 8.a4, while 7.a4, stopping ...b5 at the cost of weakening the b4-square, is also popular, and was played by Mikhail Botvinnik in his 1963 match with Tigran Petrosian. 7.dxc5 leads to an early queen exchange, and often to an early draw. Rarer lines which have been played are 7.e4 (Geller), 7.Nc3, 7.Nbd2, 7.a3, 7.b3, and 7.Bd3.

3...a6
This is the Alekhine Variation. White usually continues 4.e3. 4...Nf6 tends to return to the main line. This is an uncommon line that mainly focuses on rapid development of pieces along with domination of the centre. This variation was debuted by Alexander Alekhine against Efim Bogoljubov in 1929.

3.e4
White can try to establish a strong pawn centre with 3.e4, an old move that became popular again in the 1990s. Rizzitano calls it the Central Variation and notes its increase in popularity and strategic and tactical complexity. Raetsky and Chetverik consider the line straightforward and critical, and remark that anyone playing the Queen's Gambit Accepted must be prepared to meet it.

Trying to protect the pawn with 3...b5?! is fairly risky and rarely seen. The main reply against the Central Variation is to oppose the pawn centre with 3...e5, which is a highly theoretical system. Other replies aimed at challenging the centre are 3...Nc6 with ideas akin to the Chigorin Defense, 3...Nf6, provoking 4.e5, and 3...c5 undermining the centre at d4.

3.e3
The apparently modest 3.e3 prepares immediate recovery of the pawn and has often been employed by strong players, including Anatoly Karpov. The line long had a harmless reputation due to the early discovery of 3...e5 which strikes back at the centre. A typical continuation is then 4.Bxc4 exd4 5.exd4, leading to an isolated queen's pawn position. However, the open positions which ensue have not proved easy for Black to handle in practice, and many players simply play 3...e6 to transpose back to the main lines. Nonetheless, 3...e5 was Rizzitano's recommendation in his repertoire against 3.e3.

An opening trap where Black tries clinging onto the c4-pawn was pointed out by Alessandro Salvio in 1604. If Black defends the pawn with 3...b5? 4.a4 c6 5.axb5 cxb5??, the a8–h1 diagonal has been fatally weakened and 6.Qf3 wins a. Trying to defend the pawn by 3...Be6 may hold on to the pawn, but White has good compensation after 4.Ne2.

3.Nc3
3.Nc3 was labelled "misguided" by Raetsky and Chetverik, because the development does not control d4 and e5, and the knight is vulnerable to a b-pawn advance from Black. 3...e5, 3...Nf6, and 3...a6 are all reasonable replies, and 3...Nc6 leads to a standard line in the Chigorin Defense. 3. Nc3 was recommended by Keene and Jacobs in their opening repertoire for White.

3.Qa4+
The queen check by 3.Qa4+ Nc6 4.Nf3 will quickly regain the pawn with Qxc4, but the early development of the queen allows Black to win time by harassing it, so this line is rarely played.

title: Queen's Gambit Accepted


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User:Rex071404/dialog.with.Neutrality

This page only for Rex071404 to dialog with Neutrality. All others, please keep out
Hi, Rex. Let's talk. Neutralitytalk 13:20, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you and I got off to a needless bad foot this go-round when you reverted my personal talk page twice and also quickly deleted my comments on your talk page. I got angry at that and retaliated, I apologize. Rex071404  216.153.214.94 14:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dirty tricks
Neutrality, what do you think of the Dirty tricks page? I think it's terribly biased.

Rex071404  216.153.214.94 16:36, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Hanism

Hanism is "Han benwei" in Mandarin. Han chauvinism is "da Hanzu zhuyi". The former is a relatively new term. The latter has been around for at least 60 years. BnaiBrithChai

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Talk:CipherSaber

Removed CipherSaber text from article RC4
Removed this text from RC4. It belongs on this page if anywhere, but it looks like it's already covered.

 * "The CipherSaber cryptosystem, which is based on RC-4, addresses the security problems mentioned above by preceding each message with a random ten byte initialization vector (IV). CipherSaber-2, an improvement over the original system, addresses the 2001 attack by repeating the key-scheduling algorithm a set number of times (usually 20)."

Relies on random number generator
This sentence, "CipherSabre relies on a decent random number generator for IV, but most programming environments provide only very weak PRNGs," doesn't seem to make much sense. Does it have a good random number generator or not? It seems that the paragraph should be rewritten to make more sense.

FuzzyOnion 19:35, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * CipherSaber doesn't specify a PRNG, and it wouldn't be appropriate for it to do so. If CipherSaber needed a strong PRNG, that could be a problem because most people implementing it won't have one handy.  But it doesn't, it just needs non-repeating IVs, so that's not an issue. — ciphergoth 22:18, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The sentence complained about above makes perfect sense to me. It says that it relies on a decent random number generator, not that it has one. -- Tzadik 18:19, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * But it doesn't rely on one, as I just explained. — ciphergoth 08:19, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, Now I'm jumping into old discussion. The described algorithm does not require random numbers, but the description on the CipherSaber home page omitted that fact. - Joshua

 * On the CipherSaber home page, Arnold Reinhold states that random initialization vectors (IVs) are strongly recommended in order to make the encrypted files indistinguishable from random noise (presumably so that you don't get busted for using cryptography where it is not allowed). Pseudo-random is fine, and he does not consider it necessary to use a particularly strong pseudo-random algorithm to generate the IVs. (That may be true, because the short length of an IV relative to the length of a typical message provides attackers with less data to analyze.  And because figuring out that the messages aren't truly random noise and that they may instead be secret message could be considered less of a security breach than actually decrypting those secret messages.)  For security against decryption of the encrypted messages, he says simply that each IV must be unique (among messages that are encrypted with the same CipherSaber key). (If two or more messages are encrypted with the same CipherSaber key and the same IV, then they are encrypted with exactly the same keystream, making it possible for attackers to recover the plaintext of each message through frequency analysis.) --Jeremy Reeder (talk) 22:35, 28 October 2009 (UTC), CipherKnight

Attacker changing message content
I propose removing the following claim: ''an attacker who knows that the message contains "ls -ld ." at a particular point can replace that content with "rm -rf /" without knowing the encryption key''. That is false. The attacker may be able to corrupt the message in that place, assuming they have the specified knowledge, but they can't replace it with a string of their own choosing. -- Tzadik 18:19, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No, the sentence is corrent. If the attacker knows (can guess) that the message contains "ls -ld ." at a certain position in the message he can XOR that onto the ciphertext. He then has the cipher stream bytes for that section and then can XOR that with his own data "rm -rf /". Thus producing a new "block" of ciphertext that fits in that position. When the receiver decrypts the message he will get the cleartext "rm -rf /" for that section. This attack works for all stream ciphers that XORs the keystream onto the cleartext to get the ciphertext. Even for block ciphers if you run them in for instance CTR mode. (Which really turns the block cipher into a stream cipher.)
 * To prevent this kind of attacks "real" cipher systems should use message authentication codes (MACs) such as HMAC to provide message integrity.
 * But note, CipherSaber still is pretty nice and do provide pretty strong privacy when used right but as you see it does not guarantee message integrity.
 * --David Göthberg 17:23, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I too was wondering how the attack could work, so I edited the main page to make the process more clear.Kirbysdl (talk) 18:06, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Key Length
A careful reading of the algorithm reveals that the largest key that could work is 246 bytes or 1968 bits. Does this belong in the article?

Sure. Sounds good to me. - Jatoo (talk) 10:03, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

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Wat Arun

Wat Arun Ratchawararam Ratchawaramahawihan (วัดอรุณราชวราราม ราชวรมหาวิหาร ) or Wat Arun (, "Temple of Dawn") is a Buddhist temple (wat) in the Bangkok Yai district of Bangkok, Thailand. It is situated on Thonburi on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. The temple derives its name from the Hindu god Aruṇa, often personified as the radiations of the rising sun. Wat Arun is among the best known of Thailand's landmarks. Although the temple has existed since at least the 17th century, its distinctive prang (spire) was built in the early 19th century during the reigns of Rama II and Rama III.

History
A Buddhist temple had existed at the site of Wat Arun since the time of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. It was then known as Wat Makok, after the village of Bang Makok in which it was built (makok is the Thai name for the Spondias pinnata plant). According to the historian Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, the temple was shown in French maps during the reign of Narai (1656–88). The temple was renamed Wat Chaeng by Taksin (1767–82) when he established his new capital of Thonburi near the temple, following the fall of Ayutthaya. It is believed that Taksin vowed to restore the temple after passing it at dawn. The temple enshrined the Emerald Buddha image before it was transferred to Wat Phra Kaew on the river's eastern bank in 1785. The temple was on the grounds of the royal palace during Taksin's reign, before his successor, Rama I (1782–1809), moved the palace to the other side of the river. It was abandoned until the reign of Rama II (1809–24), who had the temple restored and had begun plans to raise the main pagoda to 70 m. The work on the pagoda commenced during the reign of Rama III (1824–51). The main prang was completed in 1851, after nine years of continued construction.

The temple underwent major restorations during the reign of Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868–1910) and in 1980, prior to the bicentenary celebration of Bangkok's foundation. The most extensive restoration work on the prang was undertaken from 2013 to 2017, during which a substantial number of broken tiles were replaced and lime plaster was used to re-finish many of the surfaces (replacing the cement used during earlier restorations). As the work neared its end in 2017, photographs of the results drew some criticism for the temple's new appearance, which seemed white-washed compared to its previous state. The Fine Arts Department defended the work, stating that it was carefully done to reflect the temple's original appearance.

Architecture
The main feature of Wat Arun is its central prang, which is encrusted with colourful porcelain. This is interpreted as a stupa-like pagoda encrusted with coloured faience. The height is reported by different sources as between 66.8 m (219 ft) and 86 m (282 ft). The corners are surrounded by four smaller satellite prang. The prang are decorated by shells of Mauritia mauritiana and bits of porcelain, which had previously been used as ballast by boats coming to Bangkok from China.

The central prang is topped with a seven-pronged trident, referred to by many sources as the "Trident of Shiva". Around the base of the prang are various figures of ancient Chinese soldiers and animals. Over the second terrace are four statues of the Hindu god Indra riding on Erawan. In Buddhist iconography, the central prang is considered to have three symbolic levels—base for Traiphum indicating all realms of existence, middle for Tavatimsa, the Tusita Heaven where all desires are gratified, and the top denoting Devaphum indicating six heavens within seven realms of happiness. At the riverside are six pavilions (sala) in the Chinese style. The pavilions are made of green granite and contain landing bridges.

Next to the prang is the Ordination Hall with a Niramitr Buddha image supposedly designed by Rama II. The front entrance of the Ordination Hall has a roof with a central spire, decorated in coloured ceramic and stuccowork sheathed in coloured china. Inside, there is a grand altar with a red, grey and white marble decoration. There are two demons, or temple guardian figures, in front. The murals were created during the reign of Rama V.

Cosmology
The central prang symbolises Mount Meru of the Hindu cosmology. The satellite prang are devoted to the wind god, Phra Phai. The demons (yaksha) at the entranceway to the ubosot are from the Ramakien. The white figure is named Sahassa Deja and the green one is known as Thotsakan, the Demon Rāvana from Ramayana.

Travel
Wat Arun can be accessed through the Chao Phraya River, and ferries travel across the river towards the Maharaj pier. For foreigners, the temple charges an entrance fee of 200 baht (as of March 2024). During Kathina, the king travels to Wat Arun in a procession of royal barges to present new robes to the monks there.

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User talk:Arlenthespecter2

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:21, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:School violence

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jsotelo3.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Zxie97.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Article focus
I know this woamiation the content I posted is PD, it's an executive summary, and may serve as a point of departure for the next draft. Here is the DOJ page for the full report: Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2004 --68.227.221.254 07:21, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Maybe this should be over at Wikisource or something? If it's just excerpts from a report, I don't really know if it meets Wikipedia's article requirements. But maybe I'm wrong. -- Dpark 17:06, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that the article should focus more on school violence itself rather than the statistics. I also think the article is too U.S. specific (because of the statistics).--84.26.109.69 15:59, 20 January 2006.
 * I agree completely. Also see the policy on Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information.  Added  in the mean time; I think this is a good candidate for Article Improvement Drive.  GChriss 06:45, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Duplicate comment removed, see Article focus (2) for current comment. Wiki-Ron (talk) 18:12, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

Nonfatal Student Victimization—Student Reports. Where?
Does anybody know any sources to this, or if it refers to American or international reports? No one really wants any of this to happen and someone had to stand up for it. Parents need to talk to their kids and ask them what is going on in their life and ask them why they are doing that to kinds that have not done anything to them. The cause of most tof this school violence is coming from home and stuff that is happening there.

Those statements are vague, and are in the current revision of the article. We could disagree and say that people do want it to happen, else it would not happen in the first place. Obviously, these incidents of violence are occuring, and saying that nobody wants it to happen is not going to make it go away. "The cause of most of this school violence is coming from home and stuff that is happening there", no. Let's try something along the lines of reporting about studies of children that talk with their parents versus those who do not, or some other studies that identifies factors more specifically than "stuff". Remember, this is an encyclopedia and not a blog.Eferybody don't have to be around that person or like them they will do anything in the dark. --kanzure 19:11, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Blatant Copyright violation
This whole article appears to have been copied directly from the DOJ link posted in the first comment on this page, quoting statistics is one thing but it appears to have been copied verbatim. This is definitely a topic worthy of an article, but if nothing is done to improve it it'll have to be deleted. --D Elkington 11:34, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

I deleted the copied material in the process of improving the school violence Wikipedia entry.Iss246 (talk) 12:42, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

The contributor who started this entry really stole stuff without attribution. I also found that this sentence, "School violence can occur in several forms, including bullying, physical assaults, sexual assaults, gun violence," was copied from here: http://hmanrights.blogspot.com/2009/05/school-violence.html. I find this exasperating. I will work on the citation and reworking the sentence.Iss246 (talk) 14:28, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Threat assessment for safer schools
I work in the public school system in Florida as a school psychologist. I have published and present nationally on threat assessment and the mitigation of school violence. I maintain a site on the web at www.psych-insight.com as professional resource addressing the application of threat assessment for mental health professionals working in middle and high schools. I hope that you find it a useful resource. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.118.67.138 (talk) 22:06, 1 May 2007 (UTC).

Beginnings of a rewrite
This article was previously copied verbatim from here, and while that appears to be a public domain US government source, and thus not a copyvio, it's still not what an article ought to consist of. I've dramatically slashed that section, and expansion should be based on a range of sources, particularly ones dealing with more than one year at a time.

I've also merged some content from another article that relates to a Polish incident, this is under the "Poland" section.

Some ideas for expansion:
 * cover more countries
 * add a section on causes of school violence

--bainer (talk) 08:21, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't recommend to add a section on causes of school violence. Germans did that and it looks very miserable, something like that: kids in school tend to violence because they watch too many violent movies on TV and play too many violent computer games, done by some psychologist amateur. At least, that Polish case previously titled Anna Halman, you helped to delete, doesn't fit in any category proposed in German version of this article. Just like Nicole Brown Simpson wouldn't fit in general category of domestic violence. Now, after you dumped this high potential Anna Halman case into the same bag with all those small time offenders, you look for a fool to label it as an every day occurance under some flag or another? Not a very smart move, I gather. You've only made a huge favor to Polish corrupted politicians, who make everything possible to cover up this story and to keep it under hat. greg park avenue 21:03, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * There's the important decision of Jimbo Wales on Talk:2006 Gdansk school suicide incident. —Zacheus Talk • Contributions • Edit counter 06:49, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Category
Change to  see  on Category:Education page Dbiel (Talk) 11:08, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. For reference, you can link to category pages without adding the page you are editing to the category by putting a colon at the start of the link before the word "Category", for example,  Category:Education  produces Category:Education. --bainer (talk) 11:38, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for making the change. In this case I used nowiki on the entire block as it was easier and I was not sure if the colon would work on the template entry, but I forgot to think that leaving a link to the category would be helpful. Thanks again. Dbiel (Talk) 06:19, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Safety- In School vs. Out of School
I'm looking for information on relative safety. It seems to me that kids are most often victims of crime or violence outside of school rather than in school. I'm not having much luck reading the national data, though. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Violence Against Teachers
Attention to violence and maltreatment of teachers is much needed.

http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/crime03/9.asp 9. Nonfatal teacher victimization at school This indicator has been updated to include 2001 data. From 1997 to 2001, teachers were the victims of approximately 1.3 million nonfatal crimes at school, including 817,000 thefts and 473,000 violent crimes. Students are not the only victims of crime at school. Teachers are also targets of violence and theft in schools. In addition to the personal toll that violence may take on teachers, those who worry about their safety may have difficulty teaching and may leave the profession altogether (Elliott, Hamburg, and Williams 1998). Information on the number of crimes against teachers at school can help show the extent of the problem. Estimates of teacher victimization are drawn from the National Crime Victimization Survey, which obtains information about the occupation of survey respondents. These events are not limited to offenses committed by students; offenses committed by others against teachers at school are also included. Over the 5-year period from 1997 to 2001, teachers were the victims of approximately 1.3 million nonfatal crimes at school, including 817,000 thefts and 473,000 violent crimes (rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault)(table 9.1). Among the violent crimes against teachers during this 5-year period, there were about 48,000 serious violent crimes (accounting for 10 percent of the violent crimes), including rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault. On average, these figures translate into a rate of 21 violent crimes per 1,000 teachers, and 2 serious violent crimes per 1,000 teachers annually.4 During the 5-year period, the annual rate of violent victimization for teachers varied according to their sex and their instructional level (figure 9.1 and table 9.1). Over the 5- year period from 1997 to 2001, male teachers were more likely than female teachers to be victims of violent crimes (39 vs. 16 crimes per 1,000 teachers). Also, senior high school and middle/junior high school teachers were more likely than elementary school teachers to be victims of violent crimes (31 and 33 vs. 12 violent crimes per 1,000 teachers, respectively). Teachers in urban areas were more vulnerable to violent crime victimization at school than others. For example, annually over the 5-year period, urban teachers were more likely than rural and suburban teachers to be victims of violent crimes (28 vs.13 and 16 crimes, respectively, per 1,000 teachers). Teachers in urban areas were more likely than those in rural areas to experience theft at school (42 and 26 crimes per 1,000 teachers, respectively).

http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59900

BRAVE NEW SCHOOLS LA teacher battles opponent tougher than gangs District still hasn't approved benefits, months after being attacked in class

Posted: January 26, 2008 1:00 a.m. Eastern © 2008 WorldNetDaily.com Los Angeles school Supt. David L. Brewer III

Migdia Chinea, a Cuban-American screenwriter and actress who has writing credits for the TV series "The Incredible Hulk" and "Superboy," recently documented how she was attacked and injured by students while she served as a substitute teacher in the Los Angeles Unified School District.

Now she's reporting that the students who attacked her, body-slammed her to the floor in front of witnesses who documented the attack, and left her with a concussion and possibly long-term injuries were the easy ones to deal with; the system that is supposed to provide care for injuries on the job is a harder opponent to beat.

"Despite my being injured by students while working, with a teacher as a witness and a police report, Sedgwick, the LAUSD's insurance has not yet 'accepted' my disability claim, and perhaps won't pay in the end, until a deposition is taken three months from now. Meantime, as a woman alone, I wonder how am I going meet my financial responsibilities without incurring further debt?" Chinea told WND.

"How am I going to pay my mortgage and eat?" she asked.

In an earlier commentary for WND, she described how, as a UCLA-educated graduate with a "Googleable" career as a professional screenwriter, economic conditions forced her to seek employment as a substitute teacher in order to obtain health insurance benefits.

She described the violence in the L.A. schools, how there was no teaching at the school to which she was assigned, only "confinement." She told of the classrooms being left in shreds, teaching materials stolen, vandalism to her car, and the verbal and physical assaults.

One such school, she said, "is surrounded by criminal street gangs and is widely considered one of the most dangerous campuses in the Los Angeles Unified School District. The South Side Village Boys, South Side Watts Varrio Grape, Grape Street Crips, East Side Village Bloods, Hacienda Bloods, Circle City Piru and Bounty Hunters street gangs all claim turf in that area, and frequent flare-ups of gang violence are common."

She also told about being hurt on the job, with witnesses and a police report that documented the circumstances.

"On Oct. 5, 2007, at another notorious middle school, I was deliberately body-slammed on the head by two to three large young men in a P.E. class of 53 students, while another teacher (someone I had never met before) was decent enough to give a formal declaration to school and police authorities of what he had witnessed. I sustained a concussion and sciatica nerve damage as a result of this personal attack intended to 'terrorize [me].' I have memory lapses and continued head and leg pain. I'm told by the local police that this sort of physical abuse on teachers occurs with disturbing regularity. The LAUSD case nurse assigned to my case labeled my attack 'boys will be boys.'" she wrote.

In going through the process of seeking to have her medical claim paid and her injuries addressed by a district that lists local police station telephone numbers on its website, she has discovered something even worse than a body-slam. The district for which she worked, and left her injured, is the one deciding on her treatment and ultimate disability, since the school district is exempt from state-mandated worker's compensation requirements and provides its own coverage.

"I've been told by another teacher (still working as such) who has been through this hell, that LAUSD will be willing to 'kill me' to protect and cover-up their corruption – which is, in turn, not reported nor investigated by the press. I have reported this 'murderous intent or potential' to the LAPD and I'm supposed to get a call from their organized crime unit – but not so far," she told WND.

"Meanwhile, the LAUSD continues to call me three times every morning and as I hear the names of the schools to which they wish to send me to 'substitute,' they're the worst schools in the district. Therefore, I believe they want to finish me off," she said.

Officials with the school district declined to answer messages left by WND requesting a comment on Chinea's allegations. The district now is being run by David L. Brewer III, who was appointed a little over a year ago to replace former Colorado Gov. Roy Romer, who ran the district for several years.

She also reported that neither school officials nor the school district's physician will have a conversation with her, even though she's continue to try to obtain information about her situation, including an unanswered e-mail just days ago.

The district had her "released" to return to work, but the doctor who made the decision didn't notify her, then "refused my phone calls," she said.

"I have requested a meeting with the LAUSD Board of Education, to no avail. I have asked them to, please, explain to me what constitutes an 'act of violence' because only a small percentage of teachers who are seriously assaulted qualify under their own definition. But there's no response," she said.

"On Jan. 5, 2008, the same day that the city held a conference hailing a citywide drop in crime, an L.A. Times columnist wrote that 60 LAUSD schools were vandalized while grim-faced teachers swept up the mess," she continued.

"To be in this situation, after having achieved certain things and pulled myself up by my bootstraps and have my own home, is horrible," she told WND. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Migdiachinea (talk • contribs) 00:01, 28 January 2008 --Mig 04:33, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Completely non-sensical opening
"There were 2 school-associated violent deaths in the United States between 1 July 1999 and 30 June 2000, sixteen of which involved children of school age" This sentence makes absolutely no sense whatsoever. How can there have only been "2 school-associated violent deaths" in the time period yet SIXTEEN of them involved children of school age? 16 of the 2 deaths? If someone knows what this sentence is trying to say then please re-write otherwise I'll delete it soon. --Stenun (talk) 02:08, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * And what about this statistic? "14% said that they had been involved in school property in the past year"?  Involved in school property what?  --Stenun (talk) 02:11, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Dbhakta
Dbhakta you don't have a Wikipedia page, so I am writing here. Avoid writing so categorically. You lay down facts in an all-or-none 100% certainty way that detracts from the important things you want to say. In the social sciences, there isn't perfect causality.Iss246 (talk) 05:25, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

I also thought it was disrespectful to the unfortunate Polish girl who committed suicide for Dbhakta to give her the phony name Austin Manzano. Obviously it was a made up name or the name of someone Dbhakta wanted to ridicule. That does not belong in Wikipedia.Iss246 (talk) 02:16, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Iss246
Foremost, the information regarding international violence was already posted on the Wikipedia page prior to my edits. IT IS NOT MY WORK. I didn't check the sources to see if the section was valid. I integrated the information into my research, which is what Wikipedia edits are supposed to do. I have no intentions of ridiculing anybody or putting false information on the web. I'm sorry to have erased some on your work. I assure you, I did my research and the information I put on this page is entirely valid. All of my research had come from scholarly journals, newspaper articles, or organizations like the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. I understand some of the links to the newspaper articles did not work. Again, I assure you, I have every reference I cited in print form. Ultimately, I think our writing styles and research conflict, which makes it hard to integrate our work together. Lastly, I edited this page in order to fulfill a requirement for my English course. I would appreciate it if you could leave some of my work on the page. I want my instructor to be able to grade me for my contributions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dbhakta (talk • contribs) 02:42, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not an English course. If you lay down poor writing on a Wikipedia page, prepare to have it changed. You can't freeze a Wikipedia page; Wikipedia advises users of that. My advice is to take a snapshot of an old page and show it to your professor. Of course we have differences in writing. You writing tends to be weak. Don't expect it to last on Wikipedia.

Moreover, you saw that suspicious Manzano name in the section about the poor girl who committed suicide in Poland. It was phony. And you let it stay there. You didn't check the source. That is what scholars in English courses are supposed to do.

I add one more thing. Citing a summary article at a CDC web site or clipping a newspaper article does not constitute scholarship.Iss246 (talk) 04:14, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Here is the link to the Larsen article. It had been moved since the last time I used it: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/1b/99/86.pdf

Here is the link to the Seattle Times article, which had been moved into archives: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/PrintStory.pl?document_id=2008800988&zsection_id=2003925728&slug=gangsandschools02m&date=20090302 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dbhakta (talk • contribs) 04:49, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Dbhakta, you have to understand something. I re-entered the Seattle Times newspaper article after getting the correct link but a newspaper article is not substantial scholarship. You need research that reports on large trends in efforts to combat gang violence around the US or another country. I also re-entered the citation for the ERIC document, which amounts to a summary of others' research, not a primary source; but you wanted it included, so I included it. I now understand that you are a college student who is working on getting his writing chops. It is difficult to "practice writing" in a place like Wikipedia because so many people enter and change writing. If you want to practice, I recommend that you start your own blog, and write a blog on topics such as school violence. In that way you have ownership of the writing, and others can't enter and edit what you write. You can come back to the blog time and again to edit and elaborate what you write.

I apologize for getting so angry. It happened when I saw my hard work get wiped out, in favor of writing that I had improved upon. I don't mind my writing being edited in Wikipedia as long as it is improved.Iss246 (talk) 14:27, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

International coverage
To Alaric. I worked very hard on what was a terribly written school violence entry. Not only was the entry badly written, it contained unsourced copyrighted material. It is very difficult to cover the U.S. alone. I inherited the bit about Poland, but had to clean it up--the paragraph on Poland also contained vandalism that went unnoticed for a while (a vandal mocked the unfortunate Polish girl who committed suicide). I could use some help. Do you think you could cover the UK or Canada or some other English-speaking country. This could be an effective way to expand the article's coverage. Also observe that there is an article about school violence in the French and German branches of Wikipedia.Iss246 (talk) 22:08, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I will see what I can do in due course. Alarics (talk) 08:48, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Preventing School Violence
I have provided a link to an article about Preventing School Violence tghis has been rejected with the claim that it is poorly written. I have tried to do the best I could to reflect the views of researchers who have studied this and I believe that even if it isn't perfect it is better than what is on either this page or the school shooting page. these 2 page have little or nothing that seems to be productive. the closest thing to a solution on the shooting page seems to be an attempt to arm teachers and shoot the shooters before they can kill people. The Preventing School Violence focuses primarily on improving education and preventing child abuse and bullying. It relys on sources that have studied the subject and come up with solutions that are mostly productive. if someone can improve the Preventing School Violence article I would welcome it. If there is no objection I'll put it back. Zacherystaylor (talk) 17:15, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I see no reason why it should be included as a link here, until the article is better written with reliable secondary sources. I also see no reason why, if it were well-written, it should not be included in this article.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 19:42, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Proposed merging of the preventing school violence article into this article
I think so many problems exist in the preventing school violence article that it should not be merged into the school violence article. Or, if there is a merger, only a very small portion of the preventing school violence article should be used. The school violence article relies on important sources, particularly in the area of prevention, written by researchers who have conducted controlled studies on preventing violence in schools or studies that bear on violence reduction in children and youth (e.g., Patterson), violence that carries over into schools. The school violence article avoids the third-hand sources found in the preventing school violence article. My concern is that a merger will make the school violence entry worse. There are two reasons. First, a merger will add poorly-sourced material to an entry that has well-sourced material. Second, the quality of the writing in the preventing school violence entry is not as a good as the writing in the school violence entry. Iss246 (talk) 15:58, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The merger has now been decreed after discussion by the powers that be (see Articles for deletion/Preventing school violence), so it is too late to say that it should not take place. As far as the quality of the writing is concerned, that can easily be cleaned up. It is what to include that is the problem. We shall have to meet Zacherystaylor part way by including more about practical suggestions for prevention, but maybe we can find better sources for that in the longer run. Alarics (talk) 17:34, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Alarics. I stand by what I said. The merger is a mistake. I see it as a case in which a poorly constructed entry infects a well constructed entry. I think a better idea is to let the school violence entry develop organically, with contributors adding improvements such as those you added.21:52, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

As you know I think much more can be added about prevention. There is an enormous amount of information including the sources I cited and wikipedia has very little about it on any of their pages about violence. This includes dozens if not hundreds of articles and lists. I am not going to argue any more. I may revisit the subject in a month or 2 but I hope you would simply allow improvements or do it yourself. Feel free to use any of the material here if you change your mind: User:Zacherystaylor/preventing school violence. If more isn't done to provide information to the public about prevention it will be the children who lose not you or I. I believe that whether it is the mass media or wikipedia if they are going to provide an enormous amount of information about violence they should provide more about prevention. The lack of available information is no excuse since there is available information. I may prepare more in my sandbox or on a blog but until I have support from at least one other person I'm not going to waste my time jumping from one article talk page to another to argue. When your done mergeing, assuming you actualy want to add anything about prevention, please put a redirect instead of deletion on the preventing school violence so the history will be saved. Eventually I will attempt to reverse the decisions made since I still believe they are highly unreasonable and based on little or no discussion about the subject. This appears to be a political decision not an academic one to me. Zacherystaylor (talk) 16:47, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Expired Links
Hey guys, the pages for refs 34/35/36/37 are all dead, sorry. Don't have time to look for new cites, so thought I would point it out. Cheers, 203.167.189.37 (talk) 01:34, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Article focus (2)
I would recommend organizing the article to focus on school violence in general.
 * State the purpose and importance of the following sections: Risk factors, Controversies, Prevention and intervention and their subsections. References to state or country would not be included. Explain the intent and the meaning of sections in the context of school violence.
 * Remove all country references and provide links to new Country specific articles.
 * All US reference data is Country specific and is moved to a new article "School Violence - United States".
 * Use the "School Violence - United States" article as a template for other country specific articles. This would be a solution to some of the questions raised. I'm new to Wikipedia and I'm afraid I don't have the skill yet to make these changes. Welcome advise and help. Wiki-Ron (talk) 06:19, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

I think user:Wiki-Ron that you have a good idea. The current article on school violence could, at the bottom in the "see also" section, contain links to country-specific subjects. The country-specific text in this article should form a basis for country-specific Wikipedia entries. Iss246 (talk) 15:32, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on School violence. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/shpps/2006/factsheets/pdf/FS_ViolencePrevention_SHPP2006.pdf/
 * Added tag to http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/PrintStory.pl?document_id=2008800988&zsection_id=2003925728&slug=gangsandschools02m&date=20090302
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090506080202/http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/SchoolViolence_FactSheet-a.pdf to http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/SchoolViolence_FactSheet-a.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090727100536/http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/stats_at-a_glance/index.html to http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/youthviolence/stats_at-a_glance/index.html

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Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools: 1996-97
* The incidents of serious violent incidents reported per 100,000 were * 19 per 100,000 at schools with less than 5 percent minority enrollment * 51 per 100,000 at schools with less than 20 to 49 percent minority enrollment * 96 per 100,000 at schools with more than 50 percent minority enrollment * 28 per 100,000 at Town schools * 90 per 100,000 at City schools * 61 per 100,000 at Small schools. * 38 per 100,000 at Medium-sized schools * 90 per 100,000 at Large schools

The ratio of serious violent crime was associated with percent minority enrollment. While the ratio of serious violent crime per 100,000 students was 19 in schools with less than 5 percent minority enrollment, it was 51 per 100,000 students in those schools with 20 to 49 percent minority students, and 96 per 100,000 in schools with 50 percent or more minority enrollment.

Economies of scale, school violence and the optimal size of schools
Where more Students are enrolled in larger and larger schools, then there is an increase of very violent crime that becomes more and more rapid (at almost an exponential rate).

{direct quote} What Table 5 clearly indicates is that school violence rapidly rises with school size (measured by student enrollment) and almost exponentially so for seriously violent crimes. What is not shown in Table 5 is the sensitivity of the reported figures to other potential causal factors in determining violence as reported in Indicators. It is true, for example, that students who attend city schools face a higher probability of experiencing serious violence than do students in schools in either towns or rural areas (16% compared to 5 and 8%) and city schools are typically larger.[11] However, within each of these location categories, the same pattern of violence by school size is repeated. For example, the percentage of schools that report serious crimes is more than three times higher for large schools of 1000 or more compared to middle sized schools of 300–999 for both city and urban fringe schools. Similarly in smaller towns, the largest sized schools are five times more likely to report serious violence than their mid-sized alternatives.[12] School violence also differs by other characteristics such as by minority enrollment, by region from northeast to west, and by the percentage of students who qualify for free/reduced-price lunch eligibility. None of these factors, however, shows anywhere near the same degree of association with school violence as does school size.[13]

Removal of the banner from 2012 about personal writing style
I have rewritten the section that I believe were concerned by the issue of personal writing style, hence the removal of the banner. TomRichomme (talk) 14:50, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

Challenges in measuring violence in schools section
I've tried to more clearly attribute the material in the School violence section to its source, but we really need more sources for that section, so that it's not just UNESCO's perspective on the issue. Cordless Larry (talk) 23:09, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * , thanks for adding page numbers to the UNESCO references in this section. However, the page number you've added is 114, whereas the document only seems to have 54 pages. Has there been a mix-up? Cordless Larry (talk) 09:43, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * ah yes my bad, i cited the wrong UNESCO publications, thanks for pointing it out, i am going to change it TomRichomme (talk) 09:46, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * the issues should be resolved TomRichomme (talk) 09:53, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Cordless Larry (talk) 11:16, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:School violence


text:
Jatt

Jatt may refer to:
 * Jats, a community in Northern India and Pakistan
 * Jat Muslim, also spelt Jatt or Jutt, an ethnoreligious group and a sub-group of the Jats
 * Jat Sikh, also spelt Jatt, an ethnoreligious group and a sub-group of the Jats
 * Jatt, Israel, a local council

title: Jatt


text: User talk:210.0.200.163

title: User talk:210.0.200.163


text:
Republic of China Military Police

The Republic of China Military Police (ROC MP; historically as the Chinese Military Police, unofficially the Taiwanese Military Police) is a military police body under the Ministry of National Defense of Taiwan. Unlike military police in many other countries, the ROCMP is a separate branch of the ROC Armed Forces. ROCMP is responsible for protecting government leaders from assassination or capture, guarding Taiwan's strategic facilities, and counterintelligence against enemy infiltrators, spies, and saboteurs.

Warlords Era
The Republic of China Military Police dated back to 1914. When the provisional president of Republic of China, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, took the office in Guangzhou, an internal security unit was established to enforce military discipline among the troops loyal to the Republic of China Provisional Government. This unit was later renamed Military Police and would gradually expand and become the present-day Republic of China Military Police. In 1925, under the supervision of then general Chiang Kai-shek, the military police was expanded from a single company to a full battalion, and was attached to the Northern Expedition Forces the next year. In the next ten years, the military police gradually expanded into several regiments, and was active in purging the communist elements within the Nationalist government.

Xi'an Incident
On 12 December 1936, while accompanying Chiang Kai-shek on an inspection trip to Xi'an, members of Military Police clashed with Zhang Xueliang's elite bodyguards when the latter were sent to arrest the generalissimo. The military police were caught off guard and outnumbered, and were soon overpowered by Zhang's force, who later arrested Chiang and his entourage in what is later known as the Xi'an Incident. More than one hundred military police became casualties in the brief battle. However, to commemorate the heroic actions of the Military Police, Chiang ordered December 12 to be the Military Police Day. This holiday is no longer observed by the Republic of China government.

World War Two and Civil War
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Military Police troopers sometimes found themselves clashing with the Japanese despite the fact that they were neither properly trained nor equipped for such combat tasks. In the January 28 Incident, Shanghai and Battle of Nanjing in 1932 and 1937, the Military Police put up fierce resistance against the Japanese forces, and suffered heavy casualties. The Military Police were also instrumental in operations behind Japanese line, and in time continued to expand under the direction of Nationalist Military. Military Police were also active in keeping the influences of the communists at bay, and were successful at quelling an attempted insurrection by the communists in 1941. The last task of the Military Police in the war was to provide escort to the Japanese delegates to arrange the surrender.

Full scale civil war broke out in 1946 between the Nationalists and the Communists; however, the Military Police were not as active in combat as they once were in the war against Japan. The Military Police were tasked to protect important governmental facilities from sabotages as well as political figures from assassinations. Furthermore, several Military Police regiments were involved in suppressing civil unrests in the newly acquired territories of Taiwan. The Military Police headquarters were moved to Taipei in 1950 following the defeat on the mainland and evacuation to Taiwan.

Taiwan

After retreating to Taiwan in 1949, ROCMP units were put in charge of 2 main missions besides the typical law enforcement over other military personnel---co-locate with major ROC military units in order to closely monitor those units and to sound off alarm of military mutiny if necessary, and to protect the central government by having sentry outposts in all bridges and roads leading into Taipei with orders of blowing bridges and roads if necessary.

In 1970, under the advice from the US Military Mission to the ROC, the ROC Armed Forces reorganized all their regiments into brigades. On 16 March 1970, the Military Police Command formed up four regional commands from the original military police regiments: 201st regional command from the 101st Military Police regiment for presidential guards, 202nd from the 201st MP regiment for capital garrison, 203rd from the 202nd MP regiment in Miaoli, and 204th from the 203rd MP regiment in Tainan City. The ROCMP sentry outposts outside of Taipei was stopped after the 1990s. In January 2006, all ten security battalions under the Republic of China Air Force were transferred to the Military Police Command.

Functions
From the 2006 National Defense Report, Republic of China Military Police performs
 * 1) Military functions:
 * 2) special security duties, including presidential protection,
 * 3) counter-terrorism operations,
 * 4) garrison security,
 * 5) enforce military discipline,
 * 6) support military operations,
 * 7) Supportive functions in civilian affairs:
 * 8) execute military justice and law enforcement missions,
 * 9) maintain public security,
 * 10) adequately support regional disaster prevention,
 * 11) response, and ensure social stability and national security.

Military
ROCMP is responsible for enforcing military law, maintaining military discipline, providing manpower support for the civilian police force, performing combat duty in times of emergency, providing security for certain governmental facilities such as including the Presidential Office Building, and performing counter-terrorism and VIP protection operations. It is also responsible for the defense of Taipei, the capital city and political and financial center of the Republic of China.

Intelligence
Due to traditional and historical reasons, Republic of China Military Police still carry out intelligence missions in six categories of security investigations to fulfill its tasked functions:
 * Special services for presidential security and protection
 * Politics
 * Military
 * Criminal cases
 * Foreign affairs
 * Social order

These security investigations are mainly run by every regional investigation group, the mobile investigation group, and their superior unit, the Intelligence Division of the Military Police Command. The main goal of these six security investigations is centered at the first one: special services for presidential security and protection. More practically, it is to satisfy the request from the Commander in Chief, the ROC President.

While performing its intelligence missions, Republic of China Military Police is submitted to the supervisory and coordination from National Security Bureau of National Security Council.

Law enforcement

In accordance with; Clause 2, Section 1 of Article 229; Clause 2, Section 1 of Article 230; and Clause 2, Section 1 of Article 231 of The Criminal Procedure Code of the ROC, the commissioned and non-commissioned officers, and the enlisted persons of the MP Corps have the authority to assist public prosecutors or to be commanded by prosecutors to investigate crime activities. In the other words, performing the authority of Judicial Police are given by The Criminal Procedure Code of the ROC to the Security MP troops in the regional Military Police units, and it is the same in nature as the police performing the actual criminal investigations. Before the establishment and expansion of the mobile forces of special police corps in the ROC, Military Police troops were the main force to secure and prevent high-profile criminal activities, heavy violence, and frequent society disorders or riots. At present, Military Police troops are still aggressively working with and commanded by the district public procurator systems to investigate criminal cases. The Security MP troops are still one of the important forces that uphold the law and order of society in the Republic of China.

Because of the frequent military personnel rotations and the conscription system in the ROC, people within the regional Military Police units develop relatively fewer ties with local residents, in comparison with the local police departments. Also, the local police departments must answer to the corresponding local elected officials administratively but the regional Military Police units do not. In the cases of prostitution and human slavery, this makes the ROC Military Police the preferred law enforcement unit for the public prosecutors of all levels in the ROC, because of minimal information leakage or less interference from domestic politicians.

In cases of fugitive recovery, some public prosecutors mobilize the military police to handle large-scale searches or arrests because military police can provide massive manpower with good discipline and fewer gang-related interpersonal relationships.

Republic of China Military Police Command
Republic of China Military Police Command (中華民國國防部憲兵指揮部) is responsible for all Military Police units and operations. It is subordinate to the Armed Force General Staff, the Minister of National Defense, and the Republic of China President. It includes internal units that are responsible for political warfare, units inspection, personnel, intelligence, operation, logistics, and communication. It is also responsible for the following units and divisions:
 * Military Police School (zh-tw:憲兵學校)
 * Military Police Regional Commands (x4) (指揮部)
 * Military Police Armor Battalion (裝甲憲兵營)
 * Artillery Battalion (砲兵營)
 * Military Police Battalions (x19) (憲兵營)
 * Military Police Security Squadron of Air Force (x10) (空軍警衛憲兵中隊): Specially tasked to guard military air bases or field.
 * Naval Military Police Security Battalions (x2) (海軍警衛憲兵營):Specially tasked to guard naval bases.
 * Regional Military Police Offices (x22) (憲兵隊): It is a battalion-size unit stationed in the urban area.
 * Regional Military Police Investigation Groups (憲兵調查組): Administratively, it belongs to its corresponding regional office; operationally, it is controlled by the intelligence division (G2) of the Military Police Command.
 * Forensic Science Center (zh-tw:刑事鑑識中心)
 * Chemical Forensic Division (化學鑑識組)
 * Physical Forensic Division (物理鑑識組)
 * Crime Scene Investigation Division (現場勘查組)
 * Military Police Special Services Company, MPSSC (zh-tw:憲兵特勤隊): Code-named Night Hawk. This unit is stationed at Wugu, Taipei. Little is known about this unit, since information about it is classified by the Ministry of National Defense. It was formed in 1978.
 * Xindian Military Prison, New Taipei City (臺北新店軍事監獄)
 * Lioujia Military Prison, Tainan City (臺南六甲軍事監獄)

Ranks

 * Officers

 * Enlisted

title: Republic of China Military Police


title: User:Arlenthespecter3


text:
Tinggi Island

Tinggi Island (Pulau Tinggi) is an island in Mersing District, Johor, Malaysia.

Name
The island was nicknamed the "General's Hat" (將軍帽) by Chinese seamen hundreds of years ago.

Geography
The island is located about 20 nautical miles (37 km) southeast of Mersing Town, on the east coast of Johor mainland.

Geology
The island rises up to 600 meters above sea level at a peak named Mount Semundu. The interior of the island is mostly covered with secondary lowland Dipterocarp rainforest. It has fresh waters, fruits, rattan, timber and a sheltered harbour and coral reefs which abound with prolific marine life. It has a long coastline and white sandy beaches dotted with caves. The seas around it contain coral, fish and reef. The island mostly consists of pyroclastic rock with up to 5 mm diameter in size.

Demographics
This island has the highest residential population among the east coast Johor islands, with the latest tally estimated at 448 people, from three village settlements: Kampung Tanjung Balang, Kampung Pasir Panjang and Kampung Sebirah Besar.

Transportation
The island is accessible by ferry from Mersing Town with an approximately 30-minute journey.

title: Tinggi Island


text:
User talk:Arlenthespecter3

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. At least I am a gent, can't say the same for you, so sad. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:27, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arlenthespecter3


text:
Rawa Island

Rawa Island (Pulau Rawa) is a coral island in Mersing District, Johor, Malaysia. Nearby islands include Harimau and Mensirip.

"Rawa" is the local term for white doves, which are abundant in the island.

Rawa is a relatively small island. There are no proper roads, only a few walkways. One side of the island is a beach covered with white sand, while the other side has a rocky vertical cliff. The water is clear. There are many sea and land creatures such as fishes, squids, jellyfish, octopuses, Malayan sea eagles, and reptiles. Blacktip reef sharks can be found feeding in the sea off rawa. Rawa's waters are home to an abundance of corals. There are two resorts on the island: Rawa Island Resort and Alang's Rawa.

Transportation
Rawa Island is approximately 30 minutes boat ride from Mersing town, a small port within Johor.

title: Rawa Island


text:
Category:Miss USA winners

 * Winners of the Miss USA crown.

title: Category:Miss USA winners