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Women in prison film

The women in prison film (or WiP film) is a subgenre of exploitation film that began in the early 20th century and continues to the present day.

Their stories feature imprisoned women who are subjected to sexual and physical abuse, typically by sadistic male or female prison wardens, guards and other inmates. The genre also features many films in which imprisoned women engage in lesbian sex.

As they are traditionally constructed, WiP films are works of fiction intended as pornography. The films of this genre include a mixture of erotic adventures of the women in prison. The flexible format, and the loosening of film censorship laws in the 1960s, allowed filmmakers to depict more extreme fetishes, such as voyeurism (strip searches, group shower scenes, catfights), sexual fantasies (lesbianism, rape, sexual slavery), fetishism (bondage, whipping, degradation), and sadism (beatings, torture, cruelty).

Prior to these films, another expression of pornographic women in prison was found in "true adventure" men's magazines such as Argosy in the 1950s and 1960s, although it is possible that Denis Diderot's novel The Nun anticipated the genre. Nazis tormenting damsels in distress were particularly common in these magazines.

Recurring plot elements
Most women-in-prison films employ the same stock characters and formulaic situations. Characters that are fellow inmates may include a sarcastic prostitute, a manipulative snitch, or an aggressive lesbian. The female criminals are usually hypersexualized and fetishize homosexual relationships. The authority figure of the prison is usually a cruel woman who herself is a variation of the traditional prison lesbian. Common scenes in women in prison films may include:
 * An innocent girl (or group) being sent to a penitentiary or reform school run by a male or lesbian warden (who may also run an inmate prostitution ring, as in Chained Heat)
 * A "welcoming" ritual which may include group strip searches, giving up any personal possessions, or showering (all while being watched by sexually deprived female inmates)
 * Lesbian sex scenes between prisoners and the guards, or the female prisoners being raped (or forced into prostitution) by male guards
 * Female prisoners being sentenced to hard labor (such as scrubbing floors, chopping coconuts, or digging dirt holes, sometimes while nude)
 * Having a restrictive/uncomfortable dress code, such as being forced to go barefoot, and/or wearing skimpy, revealing prison uniforms.
 * Fights between the prisoners (sometimes in the shower or in mud, many times while naked)
 * Beatings by guards
 * Suicide or death of a minor character
 * Female prisoners being sprayed by a firehose for punishment

The narrative peaks with some kind of rebellion, which may include a fight, attempted break out, or natural disaster such as a prison fire or earthquake. The story then follows with an uprising or escape sequence in which the villains are killed and the prisoner is freed. Occasionally a new inmate is an undercover reporter investigating corruption as in Bare Behind Bars or a government agent sent to rescue a political prisoner (Caged Heat 2: Stripped of Freedom, Love Camp 7). Most commonly, the prisoner is reunited with a man (a lover, father, or priest) who guides her to goodness so she can reestablish her life with familial and heterosexual relationships.

History of the genre
In the silent era, only a few films featured women as leading characters in crime dramas. A silent film star who perfected such roles was Priscilla Dean, most notably in The Wicked Darling (1919) and Outside the Law (1920). But it was not until the 1930s that Hollywood began making movies partially set in women's prisons, such as Up the River (1930), with Claire Luce, Ladies They Talk About (1933), with Barbara Stanwyck, Hold Your Man (1933), with Jean Harlow, and Girls on Probation (1938), with Jane Bryan, but generally, only a small part of the action took place inside the institution. Women-in-prison films developed in the 1930s as melodramas in which young heroines were shown the way to a righteous life by way of the prison. Under the influence of pulp magazines and paperbacks, they became popular B movies during this period. It was not until the 1950s, beginning with the release of Caged (1950), starring Eleanor Parker and Agnes Moorehead, So Young, So Bad (also 1950), with Anne Francis and Rita Moreno, Women's Prison (1955) with Ida Lupino and Cleo Moore and, in Great Britain, The Weak and the Wicked (1954), with Glynis Johns and Diana Dors, that an entire film was set inside a women's correctional facility.

Several films were made about women prisoners interned by the Germans and Japanese during the Second World War such as Two Thousand Women and Three Came Home.

The film that kicked off the genre in a new direction was Jesús Franco's 99 Women, which was a big box office success in the U.S. in 1969. That year Love Camp 7 was also among the first pure exploitation films that influenced the women in prison and Nazi exploitation genres.

From 1979 to 1986, Australian Television's hit women's incarceration drama, Prisoner: Cell Block H, ran to 692 episodes.

In 1999, the popular TV series Bad Girls was released on Britain's television network, ITV. Bad Girls took a turn from the usual prison drama seen before to show a different perspective of women's lives and sexuality in prison. Sociologist Didi Herman states, "Unlike other mainstream television products that may have lesbian or gay characters within a prevailing context of heteronormativity, [Bad Girls] represents lesbian sexuality as normal, desirable, and possible."

A number of the WiP films remain banned by the BBFC in the United Kingdom. Among them are Love Camp 7 (rejected in 2022) and Women in Cellblock 9 (rejected in 2004), on the grounds that they contain substantial scenes of sexual violence and in the case of the latter an actress who at 16 was under age at the time of production, rendering it child pornography under U.K. law.

American films
Examples of traditional WiP films set in the U.S. include: The Concrete Jungle (1982), and Chained Heat (1983) with Linda Blair, Tamara Dobson and Sybil Danning, Cell Block Sisters (1995), Caged Hearts (1995), Bad Girls Dormitory (1985), Under Lock & Key, Caged Fear (1991), Caged (1950), Freeway (1996) with Reese Witherspoon and Brittany Murphy, and Stranger Inside (2001).

American tourists are incarcerated overseas in Chained Heat 2 (1993) with Brigitte Nielsen and Red Heat (1985) with Linda Blair. Both films are about innocent women who are thrown into foreign prisons and forced to face sadistic guards and brutal rape. Mainstream, non-exploitation prison films dealing with this theme include Bangkok Hilton (1989) starring Nicole Kidman and Brokedown Palace (1999) with Claire Danes, both which are set in Thailand and are focused on women who are imprisoned for smuggling drugs. Also Prison Heat (1993 film), set in Turkey, is about four innocent American women who are mistakenly thrown in prison for cocaine possession.

Jonathan Demme's Caged Heat (1974) is one of the better known WiP films and has a cult following due to its tongue-in-cheek approach and casting of horror icon Barbara Steele as the warden. Demme also co-wrote The Hot Box in 1972, which is about female prisoners who break free and start a rebellion against their captors.

In recent years, films that parody or pay homage to the classic WiP films of the '70s have emerged such as Cody Jarrett's Sugar Boxx (2009) and Steve Balderson's Stuck! (2010). Both of these films mimic classic WiP films by including typical WiP film characters, predictable scenes, and similar plots overall.

Italian films
Italian exploitation directors have produced scores of WiP films with far more graphic sex and violence than those produced in the U.S.

Bruno Mattei directed Women's Prison Massacre (1985), Caged Women (1982), and Jail — A Women's Hell (2006). Other films include Women in Fury (1985) and Caged Women in Purgatory (1991).

The Nazi exploitation subgenre centers on the same theme of captive women suffering abuses in war-time prison camps. Many of these films were developed in the late 1970s and the early 1980s as the industry continued to grow. Films such as SS Experiment Love Camp, SS Camp 5: Women's Hell, Hell Behind the Bars and Hell Penitentiary directed by Sergio Garrone in 1983, Gestapo's Last Orgy (1977) directed by Cesare Canevari, Helga, She Wolf of Spilberg (1978) and Fraulein Devil (1977) directed by Patrice Rhomm, SS Hell Camp (1977) directed by Luigi Batzella, Women in Cell Block 7 (1973) directed by Rino Di Silvestro and Nazi Love Camp 27 (1977) directed by Mario Caiano were partly inspired by the U.S./Canadian Ilsa series.

Asian films
The abuse of Chinese women in Japanese detention or prisoner-of-war camps during World War II is depicted in a series of Hong Kong films. Prime examples include Bamboo House of Dolls (1973) with Birte Tove, and Great Escape from a Women's Prison. Comfort Women (1992) is based on real events. Chinese prostitutes are abducted by Japanese soldiers and used for brutal scientific experiments at the notorious Unit 731 medical camp.

A Chinese Torture Chamber Story (1994) and its sequel are based on historical records of China's Qing dynasty. The topic of sex "is usually considered taboo in traditional Chinese society", which makes the film industry scandalous and frowned upon by many.

One of the very early examples of the genre in Japan began with Death row Woman, a noir drama made by the master of J-horror Nobuo Nakagawa in 1960, although the plot doesn't focus entirely inside of the prison. After, the women prison films are often made into a series based on popular characters from manga comics such as Prisoner Maria and the Joshu Sasori series, most known by the Meiko Kaji films. Many Japanese films include themes of vengeance and retribution with a heroine who take revenge against the drug or prostitution syndicates responsible for her incarceration. In the film Female Convict 701: Scorpion, the audience "can see a story of Japanese women in captivity, with lots of very life-like scenes" because Japanese directors desire to produce "natural looking stories" to enhance the reality of the situation. Many Japanese films contain these "natural looking stories" because they were based on life events, such as the internment camps.

Sub-genres
The "jungle prison" subgenre has films set in fictional Banana republic nations run by corrupt dictators in either South America or Southeast Asia. The majority of these were filmed in the Philippines where production costs are low. Here, a group of nubile prisoners are herded together in a stockade prison camp and used as slave labor, doing tasks such as cutting sugar cane or digging in a quarry. These films usually involve a revolution subplot with political prisoners freed by other inmates in a climactic raid where the villains are killed. Actress Pam Grier starred in several Filipino jungle films such as Roger Corman's The Big Doll House and its sequel The Big Bird Cage, plus Women in Cages, and Black Mama White Mama (story co-written by Jonathan Demme).

Sweet Sugar (1972) starred Phyllis Davis, Caged Heat 2: Stripped of Freedom (1994) featured Jewel Shepard as an undercover agent. The especially brutal Escape from Hell, a.k.a. Escape (1979) and its sequel Hotel Paradise came from Italy. Jesus Franco's Sadomania features scenes such as gladiator fights to the death and prisoners hunted like animals in an alligator-infested swamp.

Nunsploitation
The Nunsploitation (nun exploitation) subgenre emerged at the same time as the WiP film and is composed of the same basic elements. The stories are set in isolated convents that resemble prisons where sexually repressed nuns are driven to rampant lesbianism and perversity.

The Mother Superior is usually a cruel and corrupt warden-like martinet. The nuns are treated like convicts, with rule-breakers subjected to whippings or Inquisition-style tortures. The added element of religious guilt entails scenes of masochism and self-flagellation.

Mixed-genre prison films
The WiP film has also expanded into other areas and film genres such as horror and science fiction.

A notable European horror-hybrid is the 1969 Spanish film, The House That Screamed. A psycho-killer lurks in a house for wayward girls run by a harsh disciplinarian (Lilli Palmer). This groundbreaking film has influenced many others, particularly the Dario Argento thriller Suspiria.

Human Experiments (1979), and Hellhole (1985) are two examples of a spate of horror films where prisoners are experimented on by mad scientists.

Werewolf in a Women's Prison (2006) draws from the monster-movie genre.

Caged Heat 3000 (1995) stars Lisa Boyle (a.k.a. Cassandra Leigh) as an inmate on an asteroid prison. Includes futuristic touches such as electric bra torment and cattle prod-like sticks.

Star Slammer, a.k.a. Prison Ship (1986) is one of several low-budget space sagas set in the future.

Chained Heat 3: Hell Mountain (1998) and Chained Rage: Slave to Love (2002) are both set in a barbaric post-nuclear world where slaves are forced to toil in the mines.

Terminal Island (1973) with Phyllis Davis, Tom Selleck, and Marta Kristen and Caged in Paradise (1989) starring Irene Cara are both set on isolated island penal colonies with no prisons or guards. Inmates are simply stranded there and must fend for themselves. The 1985 Japanese film Banished Behind Bars has a similar theme.

Janet Perlman's satirical graphic novel Penguins Behind Bars is a parody of the women in prison genre. It was later adapted by Perlman as an animated short which aired in the U.S. on Cartoon Network.

Prison film producers
In recent years, North American Pictures, the Canadian makers of Chained Heat 2 set up a separate production company in the Czech Republic called Bound Heat Films for creating R-rated, erotic WiP, Nazisploitation, and female slavery films. Many of these star Rena Riffel (from Showgirls). Titles include: School of Surrender, Dark Confessions, Stories from Slave Life, No Escape, Caligula's Spawn, Slave Huntress, and Bound Cargo. While not technically considered pornography the nudity in many of the scenes in these films draws on fetishes as a dramatic element.

Bars and Stripes is a video producer that maintains a website entirely devoted to its line of prison-based BDSM fetish films. A stable of recurring "inmates" are listed with mug shots and information. Most of the films are part of a continuing story. Other companies that exclusively produce prison fetish films include Chain Gang Girls, CagedTushy.com, and SpankCamp.com.

Cheryl Dunye is an independent film producer who produced the prison drama Stranger Inside (2001) about a young African American women who purposely misbehaves in juvenile detention to get transferred to the women's prison in an effort to reunite with her imprisoned mother.

title: Women in prison film


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Talk:Rolle's theorem

The statement that "Rolle's Theorem is used in proving the mean value theorem, which eliminates the requirement that f(a)=f(b)." carries the incorrect suggestion the requirement f(a)=f(b) is eliminated but nothing else differs between the two theorems.

mikeliuk 13:30, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

That Bhaskara stated this before Rolle needs citation.

"For example, if f(x) = |x|, the absolute value of x, then we have that f(-1) = f(1), but there is no x between -1 and 1 for which f '(x) = 0."

This is invoked as an example of why the stated assumptions are necessary for the theorem to work. But shouldn't we state explicitly which of the assumption(s) this proposed function violates? Its my understanding that the absolute value function is continuous but not differentiable. I speak subject to correction in these matters, though. --Christofurio 12:23, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

You are correct about f(x) = |x| being continuous on [-1,1], but not differentiable on (-1,1).

My question is the "generalization" portion. When would a function be continuous on [a,b] but also have some c on (a,b) for which f'(c) = ±$$\infty$$? And without that addition, how are the assumptions "slightly broader" than the standard Rolle's theorem assumptions?--YLlama 06:02, Jul 11, 2005 (UTC)

For instance, let f: [-1, 1] --> R be defined by f(x) = x^(1/3) - x. This is the sort of function that satisfies the slightly relaxed hypotheses. Notice that f is not differentiable at f = 0. However, lim(h --> 0) (f(0 + h) - f(0))/h = + infinity. However, a function like absolute value does not satisfy these conditions -- we cannot say its derivative is + infinity or - infinity or anything else at the origin, because it does something different from the right and the left. I'm changing the page a little bit, b/c it shouldn't say that "all the assumptions are necessary" and later note that an assumption can be relaxed. Kier07 22:54, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The generalization is wrong as stated, since the absolute value function f(x) = |x| satisfies the conditions -- the limit of the difference quotient, as defined there, is 1 for x in [0,infty) and -1 for x in (-infty,0) and thus is finite everywhere. Tesseran 15:10, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * If you're referring to the "Relaxed assumptions" section, then no, you're off a bit: the limit of the difference quotient for the absolute value function does not exist. Like you mention yourself, the limit on the left is -1 whereas the limit on the right is +1 (at the origin).  That is, the absolute value function has no well-defined slope at the origin.  On the other hand, the cube root function does have a well-defined slope (it has a vertical tangent).  The difference quotient has a limit of +infinity (from both the right and the left).
 * If you're referring to the "Generalizations" section, I don't see what you're saying. If this is the case, could you elaborate?  Lunch 01:50, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * My apologies--for some reason, my brain was seeing a + in the limit, which would mean that we were just taking the limit from the right. There is no problem with what's in the article. Sorry. Tesseran 08:21, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

formatting changes
Rbb, if you're interested in changing the formatting to improve readability in some browsers, well, OK, I'll go along. But please do not change prose to symbols where the prose is clear. Unnecessary symbols make the text more difficult to read -- especially for an elementary topic like this. Thank you, Lunch 01:35, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Again, please stop changing prose into symbols. Also, please do not make any "corrections" to the article.  In the "Relaxed assumptions" section, you've reintroduced an error that has been the source of confusion for other readers before.  Clarify if you will, but don't keep the error.

 * Edit summaries would be nice, too. And it would be better to make all these formatting changes in one edit rather than making many small edits.  Lunch 01:56, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

"Relaxed assumptions" and vertical tangents
A number of contributors have "corrected" this section. Before doing so, please stop and think about the theorem and whether it applies to functions with a vertical tangent. Consider that the theorem can be applied (locally) to the inverse of the function. That is, the theorem is more a geometric statement independent of coordinate system than one that depends on a particular coordinate system.

I will be the first to admit that the section could be worded better, and the notation $$[-\infty,+\infty]$$ is non-standard. Feel free to improve these. However, please discuss technical changes here before making them to the article. Thank you, Lunch 19:42, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * A more standard notation is perhaps R . Thomas T Howard 03:11, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Style in the History section
The following is a description of my reasons for making the disputed edit on 19 November.

My intention was to introduce a more formal tone (as recommended in the style guide), and to remove the artificial sense of excitement and suspense from the existing text (which reads like and excerpt from a piece of advertising copy promoting a gripping weekend course which offers a unique insight into the fascinating history of mathematical analysis - a tale of deception, betrayal and human ambition, fraught with drama suspense from beginning to end).

My revision from:

"A proof of the theorem had to wait until centuries later when ..."

to:

"The first known formal proof of the theorem was offered by Michel Rolle in 1691 ..."

avoids patronising the reader by refraining from making unverifiable assertions. How can it possibly be proven that Rolle's proof was the very first one offered? The word known acknowledges this limitation. reetep (talk) 09:42, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Third example
The third example exhibits the following function:

f(x)=\begin{cases} \sqrt{1-x^2}&\text{for }x\in[0,1],\\ -\sqrt{1-x^2}&\text{for }x\in[-1,0]. \end{cases} $$

 * This function is not well defined since it takes more than one value at zero.
 * The assertion: "there is (even more than) one point in (−1,1) where the derivative is zero" is false.
 * The description "two semicircles put together is a smooth way at the origin" is inaccurate. It is more like a quarter circle centred at the origin with radius r in the quadrant {x>0, y>0}, relected in the diagonal line y=-x, as illustrated below.

The function is a very interesting one, and very worthy of exhibition in this context. I'm just not sure that the function is suitable for making the point that the author intended. I will contact the author and see if they wish to amend the article according to his/her original intention, before diving in myself. reetep (talk) 11:43, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

[[Image:Part_circle.svg|thumb|300px|True graph of the function on the intervals [-1,0) and [0,1]]]

 * Sorry, I didn't shift the semicircles. Thank you for pointing this out. It should work now. Schmock (talk) 20:36, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

If the function isn't differentiable at x=0, then the hypothesis of Rolle's theorem isn't satisfied. I guess that means that this example doesn't really illustrate Rolle's theorem; it's more of a coincidence than anything. I thought it was kind of confusing the first time I read through this article, so I just wanted to point it out to you guys. Thelittlestspoon (talk) 07:45, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That is completely true - the given function is not differentiable on the interval, so the Rolle's theorem can not be applied. But you should have removed the reference of the third example as well. In the very next section, there is a mention of some third example (and there are only two), so I got confused, and had to search through history to find out what happened with that example :) -- Obradović Goran ( t al k  02:01, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

"Smooth" function
"Rolle's theorem essentially states that a smooth function [...]"

Seeing as smooth function has a precise meaning in mathematics other than just continuous function, maybe it would be better to change smooth to something else ?

Does anyone have any ideas ? -- Xedi (talk) 04:07, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I think that differentiable is better term. I considered linking that to smooth function, but from the beginning of that article it is not clear what it means, and it means (in the context of Rolle's theorem) that function has first derivative. On the other hand, smooth is more intuitive, since a lot of people might not understand the concept of derivative. -- Obradović Goran ( t al k  01:56, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

On second thought, I think that it is fine this way. The first sentence gives some insight to a reader not very familiar with calculus, and second sentence gives the formal mathematical definition. As it should be :) -- Obradović Goran ( t al k  02:05, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

I believe that the appropriate requirement is that the function be continuously differentiable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brydustin (talk • contribs) 20:20, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

Second example deleted
How on earth can anyone say that the standard version of Rolle's theorem can fail, when, in fact, it doeas not; this is an implication, and if the antecedent does not hold, then how can anyone whine that neither the consequence does?! --84.47.117.130 (talk) 12:07, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I've restored a reworded version of the example. Paul August ☎ 19:34, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Quaint notation
I cannot find a reason for the arrow notation for the one-sided limits in the proof, especially when the statement used modern (0+ and 0-) notation. I shall change it.

Tebello TheWHAT!!?? 13:56, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

fixed mistake in history
The history section incorrectly stated that Rolle proved the theorem, and did it using calculus. I've corrected it to this: "Although the theorem is named after Michel Rolle, Rolle's 1691 proof covered only the case of polynomial functions, and did not use the methods of differential calculus." More info: http://mathoverflow.net/questions/184358/what-did-rolle-prove-when-he-proved-rolles-theorem — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.169.116.244 (talk) 17:55, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

Question regarding this excerpt
I wouldn't risk making an edit as all the participants seem more sophisticated in understanding than me. I just have a question regarding this excerpt:

"As the induction hypothesis, assume the generalization is true for n − 1. We want to prove it for n > 1."

Souldn't that be changed to say

"As the induction hypothesis, assume the generalization is true for n − 1. We want to prove it for n = 1." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:19B:C403:1D80:85D9:5E27:8EDC:8355 (talk) 20:44, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

 * It was very awkwardly phrased, I have cleaned it up. (Your proposed phrasing was completely wrong, but hopefully now it is clear.)  --JBL (talk) 15:45, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

Multivariate version of Rolle's theorem
Shouldn't this result by Rai & Van Ryzin be mentioned in the article? --bender235 (talk) 01:18, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

Add informative infographic
I vote we add this infographic to the page https://xkcd.com/2042/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Rolle's theorem


text: User talk:66.98.130.243

title: User talk:66.98.130.243


text: User talk:203.126.136.223

title: User talk:203.126.136.223


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User:Pfctdayelise/Bragsheet

Articles I have started

 * Victorian Women's Football League (as an anon)
 * Clare Bowditch, whom I photographed and am a fan of
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 * (Six o'clock swill was started as a result of my nominating it for WP:ACOTF)
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I also did large chunks of work on Steve Irwin (immediately following his death - crazy editing!), Sonya Hartnett and Newman College (University of Melbourne) (photographs).

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 * 1) uploading the photos from my camera to my computer
 * 2) identifying the players (this can take a long time, especially as ATP/WTA photos bear little resemblance to the players on the court, and if the players are from the same country with the same colour hair! sometimes I have to upload them to Flickr first to get confirmation of correct ID)
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Incidentally if you want to use some photo of mine at Flickr, please ask me to upload the original here (I gladly will) instead of transferring it yourself. It's neater if I can keep track of my own photos.

title: User:Pfctdayelise/Bragsheet


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Mae Sot district

Mae Sot (แม่สอด, ; မဲဆောက်, ;, ; မဲၢ်စီး) is a district in western Thailand that shares a border with Myanmar to the west, and has been described "an almost entirely Burmese town". It is notable as a trade hub and for its substantial population of Burmese migrants and refugees. The town is part of Tak province and is the main gateway between Thailand and Myanmar, and is located on the East-West Economic Corridor. As a result, it has gained notoriety for its trade in gems and teak, as well as black market services such as human trafficking and drugs. Neighbouring districts are (from north clockwise): Mae Ramat, Mueang Tak, and Phop Phra. The Moei River serves as a natural border between Mae Sot and the Burmese town of Myawaddy.

Mae Sot lies 492 km north-northwest of Bangkok.

Gateway to Myanmar

Mae Sot is where the Asian Highway AH1 links Thailand and Myanmar. It is one of only three transnational roads and cross-border points across the Tenasserim Hills to Myanmar, along with Three Pagodas Pass and Phu Nam Ron. The Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge crossing the Moei River was constructed in 1997 completing the link between the two countries.

As a gateway city, Mae Sot has its own domestic airport. Some airlines such as Phuket Air have cancelled their flights between Bangkok and Mae Sot.

Link to India
India's foreign minister met with Myanmar's construction minister in Delhi on 22 February 2012, and spoke about opening a highway between Moreh, India, and the Myanmar-Thai border near Mae Sot.

Economy

Trade with Myanmar constitutes the largest portion of Mae Sot's economy. It has an established market for commodities such as wholesale gems and teak, as well as merchants selling bootlegged products. Most of the town's industries are supported by Burmese migrants who work in sweatshops and factories throughout the region. The Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge is the primary gateway for trade with Myanmar. The border region, several kilometres west from central Mae Sot, includes the Rim Moei Market that deals in imported goods and woodwork. The town is a hub of black markets in smuggling, human trafficking, and narcotics.

Zinc mining contributed to the district's economy until halted due to environmental impacts in three tambons: Phra That Pha Daeng, Mae Tao, and Mae Ku.

Tak Special Economic Zone
In early-2015 the government announced the creation of the Tak Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The SEZ, first proposed in 2004, is projected to occupy a total of 2,182 rai of forest land and public areas in tambon Tha Sai Luat. About 800 rai will be managed by the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand and the rest by the treasury department. The government will create an industrial estate and invite companies to site factories there. Ninety-seven families who occupy land which the government intends to allocate to the SEZ—only a few of whom have land documents—will have to relocate. They are likely to be paid about 7,000-12,000 baht per rai in compensation.

There have been several attempts by previous governments to develop an SEZ in Tak as the province is a centre of border trade with Myanmar, which also connects to the Indian market. Mae Sot contributed 64 billion baht in exports in the 2015 fiscal year, a 14.8 percent increase from 2014. The SEZ will be powered by the proposed Hat Gyi Dam on the Salween River which is projected to supply about 1,500 megawatts to Thailand.

Burmese refugees
The town has a substantial population of Burmese refugees and economic migrants. The exact number of Burmese in Mae Sot is unclear, but estimates say that over 100,000 exist in addition to the 106,000 already recorded in the official census. In recent years the ongoing refugee situation has prompted NGOs and international aid agencies to establish programmes in the town and surrounding area.

One of the most notable organizations is the Mae Tao Clinic, just outside the west of town. It was established by the Burmese/Karen Dr Cynthia Maung to offer free medical services to Burmese who do not qualify for treatment at the Mae Sot Hospital. The centre is funded independently and is supported by teams of volunteers.

The Mae Sot region has around 70 migrant schools that started spontaneously to meet the needs of the 30,000 children who have crossed the border with their parents from Myanmar. The students are a mix of refugees and economic migrants. Of this number only 7,000 currently attend school. The schools range in size from 20 to over 650 students (Hsa Thoo Lei School). These schools receive no support from the Thai government and rely solely on their resourcefulness and international support.

Human rights abuses
Serious human rights abuses have been reported here and in the province, whereby local Thai police collude with local business and mafia in trafficking Burmese slave labour, after decades of massive refugee camps accumulating on the Thai side of the border.

Administration
The district (amphoe) Mae Sot is divided into 10 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 86 villages (mubans). The city (thesaban nakhon) Mae Sot covers the whole tambon Mae Sot. Tha Sai Luat and Mae Ku are sub-district municipalities (thesaban tambon). There are a further nine tambon administrative organizations (TAO). There are plans to create a new province centered in Mae Sot, covering the five border districts of Tak Province. Additionally the town is planned to be converted into a metropolis, covering tambons Mae Sot, Mae Pa, and Tha Sai Luat.

title: Mae Sot district


text: User talk:67.15.76.232

title: User talk:67.15.76.232


text:
Bukit Merah

Bukit Merah, also known as Redhill, is a planning area and new town situated in the southernmost part of the Central Region of Singapore. The planning area borders Tanglin to the north, Queenstown to the west and the Downtown Core, Outram and Singapore River planning areas of the Central Area to the east. It also shares a maritime boundary with the Southern Islands planning area to the south. Bukit Merah is linked to Sentosa Island via Sentosa Gateway, Sentosa Broadwalk, Sentosa Express and the Cable Car.

Bukit Merah planning area also includes two offshore islands which are linked to the mainland by road, namely Pulau Brani and Keppel Island. It is the most populated planning area in the Central Region, and the 12th most populated planning area in the country overall, being home to more than 150,000 residents.

Etymology
Bukit Merah translates to “red hill” in Malay, and is a reference to the red-coloured lateritic soil found on the hill. According to the Sejarah Melayu, Singapore used to be plagued by swordfish attacking the people living in the coastal regions. A young boy named Hang Nadim proposed an ingenious solution, to build a wall of banana stems along the coast at the present location of Tanjong Pagar.

When the swordfish attacked, their snouts were stuck in the stems. With the swordfish problem solved, Hang Nadim earned great respect from the people, but also jealousy from the rulers. The fourth King of Singapura, Paduka Seri Maharaja, finally ordered his execution, and it was said that his blood-soaked the soil of the hill where he was killed, giving rise to the red-coloured hill.

The hill was eventually trimmed to its current state in 1973, when it made way for Redhill Close and what would eventually become the now defunct Henderson Secondary School. During its existence, a Chinese cemetery was situated on the reverse side of this hill, which is today, the location of Tiong Bahru.

History
Keppel Harbour dates back to the 14th century when an ancient Chinese traveller, Wang Dayuan named the harbour as "Long-Ya-Men" or "Dragon Teeth Gate" after two rock outcrops located near Labrador Park, which resembled dragon's teeth. The two rock outcrops were subsequently blown up by the Straits Settlements Surveyor, John Thomson, in August 1848 to widen the entrance a new harbour.

With the earliest records of Bukit Merah's existence in the Malay Annals, the town had a huge role to play in the early maritime trade of the Kingdom of Singapura.

Mount Faber was once known as Telok Blangah Hill. Its name was changed to Mount Faber after Captain Edward Faber cut the road up to the top in 1845 to set up a signal station. The Singapore General Hospital site dates back to 1882. Labrador Nature Park was used as a defence outpost in the 19th century until World War II.

The town's fertile red soil was employed to great effect, when it was a district rich in gambier cultivation during British colonial rule.

Even before the industrialisation of Jurong, Bukit Merah already had a small head start in the emerging heavy industry market in Singapore. With the first brickwork factories and mills emerging in the precincts of Henderson Hill and Redhill as early as the 1930s.

The town is also home to the first housing estate in the country, Tiong Bahru, which was developed by the Singapore Improvement Trust in the backdrop of a rapidly growing population in post-war Singapore. The estate later became the basis of what would eventually become the first new town in the Republic, Queenstown.

Geography
According to the various master plans laid out by the Urban Redevelopment Authority, Bukit Merah is bounded by Alexandra Canal and the Singapore River to the north and HarbourFront and Keppel Bay to the south, Kim Seng Road, Outram Road and Cantonment Road to the east and Alexandra Road to the west. There are several subzones within the planning area, namely Alexandra, Bukit Ho Swee, Bukit Merah, City Terminals, Depot Road, Everton Park, HarbourFront, Henderson Hill, Redhill, Singapore General Hospital, Telok Blangah and Tiong Bahru.

Mass Rapid Transit
Outram Park MRT station was the first station to open in the planning area in 1987, followed by the namesake Redhill MRT station and Tiong Bahru MRT station in 1988. Today, there are currently 7 MRT stations that serve the planning area across 4 lines, the East West line, Circle line, North East line and the Thomson-East Coast line. HarbourFront MRT station is an interchange station between the North East line and the Circle line, which is also the current terminus for both lines. Outram Park MRT station was initially a double-line interchange station between the East West and North East lines but became a triple-line interchange station after the commencement of the third stage of the Thomson–East Coast line in 2022. The 7 stations are:

 * Havelock
 * Outram Park
 * Tiong Bahru
 * Redhill
 * Labrador Park
 * Telok Blangah
 * HarbourFront

Future stations that are currently under construction include:

 * Keppel
 * Cantonment

The future stations, Keppel and Cantonment will be located within the new town as part of Stage 6 of the Circle line that will be completed by 2026.

Bus
There are two bus interchanges and one bus terminal in the new town. The Bukit Merah Bus Interchange, which serves Bukit Merah, is located at Bukit Merah Town Centre. Service Number 132 links the Interchange to Redhill MRT station while bus services 5, 16, and 851 links the interchange to Tiong Bahru MRT station. There are two feeder services originating from the interchange which serves the Telok Blangah estate. The HarbourFront Bus Interchange is located at the southern part of Bukit Merah, serving nearby amenities such as the HarbourFront Centre and VivoCity, the largest shopping mall in Singapore. The Kampong Bahru Bus Terminal is located along Spooner Road, near the vicinity of the Singapore General Hospital.

Primary schools

 * Alexandra Primary School
 * Blangah Rise Primary School
 * Cantonment Primary School
 * CHIJ Kellock
 * Gan Eng Seng Primary School
 * Radin Mas Primary School
 * Zhangde Primary School

Secondary schools

 * Bukit Merah Secondary School
 * CHIJ St. Theresa's Convent
 * Crescent Girls' School
 * Gan Eng Seng School

Tertiary institutions

 * Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School

Other schools

 * Academy of Singapore Teachers (AST)
 * APSN Tanglin School
 * ISS International School (Preston Campus)
 * North London Collegiate School (Singapore)
 * Shelton College International

Buddhist temples

 * Wat Ananda Metyarama Thai Buddhist Temple
 * Kwan Yam Theng Buddhist Temple
 * Buddhist Fellowship West Centre, in Yeo's building

Chinese temples

 * Ban Siew San Kuan Imm Temple (1880)
 * Giok Hong Tian Temple (1887)
 * Hock Teck Tong Temple (1932)
 * Kai San Temple (1904)
 * Kim Lan Beo Temple (1830, relocate in 1984)
 * Leng San Teng Temple (1879)
 * Koon Seng Ting Temple (1880)
 * Lei Yin Temple (1957)
 * Qi Tian Gong Temple (1920)
 * Qi Tian Tan Temple (1949)
 * Tai Yeong Kon Temple (1947)
 * Tang Gah Beo Temple
 * Telok Blangah Ting Kong Beo Temple (1923)

Chinese clan temples

 * Lim See Tai Chong Soo Kiu Leong Tong Temple
 * San Jiang Gong Ci Temple

Chinese combined temples

 * Chia Leng Kong Heng Kang Tian Temple
 * Chin Leng Keng (Leng San Teng, Chin Lin Keng & Ban Sian Beo)
 * Temple of Liang Hong Sze Kong Hock Keng Heap Hoe Keng

Churches

 * Grace Assembly of God 1
 * Church of God Singapore
 * Church of St. Teresa
 * Danish Seamen's Church
 * Grace Methodist Church
 * Pasir Panjang Tamil Methodist Church
 * St. Matthew's Church
 * Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church

Hindu temples

 * Sri Ruthra Kaliamman Temple

Mosques

 * Masjid Al-Amin Mosque
 * Masjid Jamiyah Ar-Rabitah Mosque
 * Masjid Kampong Delta Mosque
 * Masjid Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim

Sikh temples

 * Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road

Shopping centres

 * Alexandra Central
 * Alexandra Retail Centre
 * Concorde Shopping Centre
 * Depot Heights Shopping Centre
 * HarbourFront Centre
 * Tiong Bahru Plaza
 * VivoCity

Parks

 * Alexandra Canal Linear Park
 * Alexandra Hill East Neighbourhood Park
 * Bukit Purmei Hillock Park
 * Henderson Park
 * Labrador Nature Reserve
 * Mount Faber Park
 * Rumah Tinggi Eco Park
 * Telok Blangah Hill Park
 * Tiong Bahru Park

Community centres/clubs

 * Bukit Merah Community Centre
 * Henderson Community Club
 * Kim Seng Community Centre
 * Leng Kee Community Centre
 * Radin Mas Community Club
 * Telok Blangah Community Club
 * Tiong Bahru Community Centre

Sports facilities

 * Delta Sports Complex
 * SAFRA Mount Faber
 * Sports Lifestyle Centre

Politics
Bukit Merah belongs to six political divisions in four constituencies. A large portion of Bukit Merah is under Tanjong Pagar GRC with some areas under Jalan Besar GRC, Radin Mas SMC and West Coast GRC, served by the People's Action Party. As of the 2020 General election, the Members of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC are Indranee Rajah for Tanjong Pagar-Tiong Bahru division, Joan Pereira for Henderson-Dawson division and Eric Chua for Queenstown division. Melvin Yong is the current Member of Parliament for Radin Mas SMC, Rachel Ong for Telok Blangah division of West Coast GRC and Josephine Teo for Kreta Ayer-Kim Seng division of Jalan Besar GRC. The planning area is overseen by three town councils, namely Tanjong Pagar Town Council (TPTC), West Coast Town Council (WCTC) and Jalan Besar Town Council (JBTC).

Bukit Merah is covered by two Community Development Councils (CDC), Central Singapore District and South West District. Denise Phua is the current mayor for Central CDC and Low Yen Ling is the current mayor for South West CDC.

title: Bukit Merah


text:
Talk:Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young

History section
The group's Auditorium appearance in Chicago on Aug 16, 1969, is widely stated as having been their first concert, with Woodstock -- the next day -- being their second. But the site cited below, which appears authoritative, shows many club appearances in New York City and Ottawa in the fall and winter of 1968-69. That was before the release of CS&N's first album and well before Chicago and Woodstock. (It is unclear to me whether these are confused with the article's reference to rehearsals at Cafe au Go Go, and the article's exact timeline is unclear, so I am ignoring that.) The archive also indicates an appearance at the Fillmore East on July 25, 1969. I have therefore added the words "major public" in describing Chicago and Woodstock. https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/crosby-stills-nash-young?page=11#concert-table Eplater (talk) 00:37, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Soundtrack music for Easy Rider
In the course watching the "documentary" Shaking the Cage which is a bonus DVD feature to Easy Rider, it was mentioned that the group (sans Young if I am remembering accurately) was considered for providing the soundtrack music for the movie according to Peter Fonda. After viewing the rough cut with the temp music in place, the group declined with the "admission" that they could not improve on what was already there. Is this something worth including in this article? I'm up for doing so (with a re-watch of the feature to verify the info) if folks feel it would be beneficial to the article. THX1136 (talk) 21:26, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

There are other articles that give decidedly different reasons for them not being part of the soundtrack. I would not include this in the CSNY article. It might be relevant to the Easy Rider article if contrary reasons are also included Bob Caldwell CSL (talk) 17:46, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

Title of article
I know it's been brought up before, but given the focus on CSN, the fact that the vast majority of the group's existence has been as CSN, the opening has never been changed to reflect the article's title (which just shows that CSN is the most-well-known name), this article should be at Crosby, Stills & Nash. I'd much prefer two articles, since they are really separate bands (different web sites for the longest time, etc.), at the very least this article should follow Wikipedia guidelines and be at the most commonly used name. 128.151.71.7 (talk) 16:24, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't think the need is necessary for a second article, but I would change the article to Crosby, Stills & Nash if it were up to me. Regardless of which collaboration was bigger, not only were their more CSN albums than CSNY, there were also four or five times more tours (if not more) by the trio. In the long run it seemed like CSN was the thing and Young was the occasional collaborator. YouCanDoBetter (talk) 04:19, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
 * +1 on this idea. —Elephantranges (talk) 19:21, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

Timeline
I don't know how we all want to do this, but it's not complete or entirely correct if we're using Young's stints in the group for benefit concerts. For example, we're missing 1990, and at the same time we're grouping in 2001 even though CSN continued on as a trio that year, and I'm unaware that Young worked with them. Either way some of these years need to go, and I don't care either way of whether or not Young is included for these one-offs. Consistency is the point. YouCanDoBetter (talk) 04:16, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young


text:
User:Troxology

About Me
I am fairly new to wikis, but am very interested in the concept. So far I'm lost in reading all the various articles, but took some time to begin the Eastern Nazarene College information page.

title: User:Troxology


text:
List of members of the European Parliament (1989–1994)

The third European Parliament election by direct universal suffrage, took place in June 1989. The citizens of twelve countries elected overall 518 MEPs for a term of five years.

MEPs by Country

 * MEPs for Belgium 1989–1994
 * MEPs for Denmark 1989–1994
 * MEPs for France 1989–1994
 * MEPs for Greece 1989–1994
 * MEPs for (West) Germany 1989–1994
 * MEP observers for East Germany 1991–1994
 * MEPs for Ireland 1989–1994
 * MEPs for Italy 1989–1994
 * MEPs for Luxembourg 1989–1994
 * List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 1989–1994
 * MEPs for Spain 1989–1994
 * MEPs for Portugal 1989–1994
 * MEPs for the UK 1989–1994

A

 * Gordon Adam
 * Maria Aglietta
 * Sylviane Ainardi
 * Alexandros Alavanos
 * Siegbert Alber
 * Mechthild von Alemann
 * Jean-Marie Alexandre
 * Claude Allegre
 * Michèle Alliot-Marie
 * José Álvarez de Paz
 * Rui Amaral
 * Gianfranco Amendola
 * Georgios Anastassopoulos
 * Hedy d'Ancona
 * Anne André-Léonard
 * Niall Andrews
 * Didier Anger
 * Bernard Antony
 * José Apolinário
 * Víctor Manuel Arbeloa Muru
 * Aline Archimbaud
 * Javier Areitio Toledo
 * Miguel Arias Cañete
 * Marie-Christine Aulas
 * Claude Autant-Lara
 * Paraskevas Avgerinos

B

 * Gianni Baget Bozzo
 * Richard Balfe
 * Juan María Bandrés Molet
 * Mary Banotti
 * José Barata Moura
 * Enrique Barón Crespo
 * Heribert Barrera
 * José Barros Moura
 * Roger Barton
 * Michèle Barzach
 * Roberto Barzanti
 * Charles Baur
 * Christopher Beazley
 * Peter Beazley
 * Luis Filipe Pais Beirôco
 * Maria Belo
 * Jean-Paul Benoit
 * Pierre Bernard-Reymond
 * Jan Bertens
 * Nicholas Bethell
 * Virginio Bettini
 * Vincenzo Bettiza
 * Bouke Beumer
 * Rosaria Bindi
 * John Bird
 * Birgit Bjørnvig
 * Freddy Blak
 * Neil Blaney
 * Yvan Blot
 * Reinhold Bocklet
 * Reimer Böge
 * Pedro Bofill Abeilhe
 * Bruno Boissière
 * Alain Bombard
 * Jens-Peter Bonde
 * Andrea Bonetti
 * Rinaldo Bontempi
 * Franco Borgo
 * Jean-Louis Borloo
 * Jean-Louis Bourlanges
 * David Bowe
 * Jürgen Brand
 * Ursula Braun-Moser
 * Georges de Brémonds d'Ars
 * Hiltrud Breyer
 * Yvon Briant
 * Mathilde van den Brink
 * Rogério Brito
 * Elmar Brok
 * Carlos María Bru Purón
 * Janey O'Neil Buchan
 * Martine Buron

C

 * Jesús Cabezón Alonso
 * Rafael Calvo Ortega
 * Juan José de la Cámara Martínez
 * Pío Cabanillas Gallas
 * Pedro Manuel Canavarro
 * Eusebio Cano Pinto
 * António Capucho
 * Antonio Cariglia
 * Pierre Carniti
 * Carlos Carvalhas
 * José Vicente Carvalho Cardoso
 * Carlo Casini
 * José Ramón Caso Garcia
 * Maria Luisa Cassanmagnago Cerretti
 * Bryan Cassidy
 * Luciana Castellina
 * Anna Catasta
 * Fred Catherwood
 * Gérard Caudron
 * Janine Cayet
 * Adriana Ceci
 * Pierre Ceyrac
 * Henry Chabert
 * Raphaël Chanterie
 * Raymond Chesa
 * Claude Cheysson
 * Mauro Chiabrando
 * Frode Nør Christensen
 * Ib Christensen
 * Ejner Hovgård Christiansen
 * Efthymios Christodoulou
 * Gaetano Cingari
 * Ken Coates
 * Yves Cochet
 * Carlos Coelho
 * António Antero Coimbra Martins
 * Juan Colino Salamanca
 * Kenneth Collins
 * Emilio Colombo
 * Joan Colom I Naval
 * Renée Conan
 * Felice Contu
 * Patrick Mark Cooney
 * Maria Teresa Coppo Gavazzi
 * Francesco Corleone
 * Petrus Cornelissen
 * Jean-Pierre Cot
 * Pat Cox
 * Birgit Cramon Daiber
 * Peter Crampton
 * João Cravinho
 * Christine Crawley
 * Bettino Craxi
 * Artur da Cunha Oliveira
 * John Cushnahan

D

 * Joachim Dalsass
 * Margaret Daly
 * Pieter Dankert
 * Wayne David
 * Michel Debatisse
 * Willy De Clercq
 * Jean Defraigne
 * Biagio de Giovanni
 * Karel De Gucht
 * Claude Delcroix
 * Robert Delorozoy
 * Aldo de Matteo
 * Marie-José Denys
 * Cesare de Piccoli
 * Gérard Deprez
 * Proinsias de Rossa
 * Claude Desama
 * Andrea Carmine De Simone
 * Barry Desmond
 * Dimitrios Dessylas
 * Lorenzo de Vitto
 * Gijs de Vries
 * Mario Dido'
 * Carmen Díez De Rivera Icaza
 * Nel van Dijk
 * Karel Dillen
 * Marguerite-Marie Dinguirard
 * Elio Di Rupo
 * Teresa Domingo Segarra
 * François-Xavier de Donnea
 * Alan Donnelly
 * Philippe Douste-Blazy
 * José Manuel Duarte Cendán
 * Bárbara Dührkop Dührkop
 * Raymonde Dury
 * Maurice Duverger

E

 * James Elles
 * Michael Elliott
 * Mireille Elmalan
 * Vassilis Ephremidis
 * Brigitte Ernst de la Graete
 * Arturo Juan Escuder Croft
 * José Antonio Escudero
 * Nicolas Estgen
 * Winifred Ewing

F

 * Laurent Fabius
 * Alexander Falconer
 * Enrico Falqui
 * Antonio Fantini
 * Giulio Fantuzzi
 * Gipo Farassino
 * Ben Fayot
 * Gerardo Fernández-Albor
 * Solange Fernex
 * Giuliano Ferrara
 * Concepció Ferrer
 * Enrico Ferri
 * Gianfranco Fini
 * Gene Fitzgerald
 * Jim Fitzsimons
 * Colette Flesch
 * Karl-Heinz Florenz
 * Nicole Fontaine
 * Glyn Ford
 * Arnaldo Forlani
 * Roberto Formigoni
 * Mario Forte
 * André Fourçans
 * Yves Frémion
 * Ingo Friedrich
 * Bernard Frimat
 * François Froment-Meurice
 * Gérard Fuchs
 * Honor Funk

G

 * Gerardo Gaibisso
 * Yves Galland
 * Marc Galle
 * Giulio Cesare Gallenzi
 * Max Gallo
 * Juan Antonio Gangoiti Llaguno
 * Juan Carlos Garaikoetxea Urriza
 * Vasco Garcia
 * Manuel García Amigo
 * Ludivina García Arias
 * Carles-Alfred Gasòliba I Böhm
 * Charles de Gaulle
 * Jas Gawronski
 * Des Geraghty
 * Marietta Giannakou-Koutsikou
 * José María Gil-Robles Gil-Delgado
 * Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
 * Ernest Glinne
 * Annemarie Goedmakers
 * Willi Görlach
 * Bruno Gollnisch
 * Fernando Manuel Santos Gomes
 * Laura González Álvarez
 * Giovanni Goria
 * Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf
 * Pauline Green
 * Maxime François Gremetz
 * Lissy Gröner
 * Johanna-Christina Grund
 * Maren Günther
 * Guy Jean Guermeur
 * Francesco Guidolin
 * François Guillaume
 * Antoni Gutiérrez Díaz

H

 * Otto von Habsburg
 * Menelaos Chatzigeorgiou
 * Klaus Hänsch
 * Helga Haller von Hallerstein
 * José Happart
 * Lyndon Harrison
 * Jean-Paul Heider
 * Fernand Herman
 * Anna Hermans
 * Robert Hersant
 * Michel Hervé
 * Philippe A.R. Herzog
 * Michael J. Hindley
 * Magdalene Hoff
 * Martin Holzfuss
 * Geoffrey Hoon
 * Karsten Friedrich Hoppenstedt
 * Jean-François Hory
 * Paul Howell
 * Stephen Hughes
 * John Hume

I

 * Franco Iacono
 * Renzo Imbeni
 * Richard Inglewood
 * Antonio Iodice
 * Marie Anne Isler Béguin
 * John Iversen
 * María Izquierdo Rojo

J

 * Caroline Jackson
 * Christopher Jackson
 * Erhard Jakobsen
 * James Janssen van Raay
 * Georg Jarzembowski
 * Kirsten Jensen
 * Marie Jepsen
 * Claire Joanny
 * Karin Junker
 * Alain Juppé

K

 * Emmanouil Karellis
 * Edward Kellett-Bowman
 * Hedwig Keppelhoff-Wiechert
 * Mark Killilea
 * Egon Klepsch
 * Heinz Fritz Köhler
 * Klaus-Peter Köhler
 * Niels Anker Kofoed
 * Sotiris Kostopoulos
 * Robert Ernest Krieps
 * Annemarie Kuhn

L

 * Jeannou Lacaze
 * José María Lafuente López
 * Efstathios Lagakos
 * Lelio Lagorio
 * Patrick Joseph Lalor
 * Giorgio La Malfa
 * Francesco Lamanna
 * Alain Lamassoure
 * Panayotis Lambrias
 * Karmelo Landa Mendibe
 * Patrick Lane
 * Brigitte Langenhagen
 * Alexander Langer
 * Horst Langes
 * Paul Lannoye
 * Antonio la Pergola
 * Jessica Larive
 * Nereo Laroni
 * Pierre Lataillade
 * Louis Lauga
 * Jean-Marie le Chevallier
 * Martine Lehideux
 * Gerd Ludwig Lemmer
 * Marlene Lenz
 * Jean-Marie Le Pen
 * Salvatore Lima
 * Rolf Linkohr
 * Dionysios Livanos
 * Carmen Llorca Villaplana
 * Calogero lo Giudice
 * Alfred Lomas
 * Francisco António Lucas Pires
 * Günter Lüttge
 * Astrid Lulling
 * Rudolf Luster

M

 * John Joseph McCartin
 * Henry Bell McCubbin
 * Michael McGowan
 * Anne Caroline Mcintosh
 * Hugh McMahon
 * Edward Mcmillan-Scott
 * Alain Madelin
 * Maria Magnani Noya
 * Thomas Joseph Maher
 * Gepa Maibaum
 * Hanja Maij-Weggen
 * Kurt Malangré
 * Christian de la Malène
 * Claude Malhuret
 * Bernie Malone
 * Agostino Mantovani
 * Pol Marck
 * Luís Marinho
 * Alain Marleix
 * António Joaquim Marques Mendes
 * David Martin
 * Simone Martin
 * Jean-Claude Martinez
 * Vincenzo Mattina
 * Sylvie Mayer
 * Antonio Mazzone
 * Nora Mebrak-Zaïdi
 * Manuel Medina Ortega
 * Thomas Megahy
 * Bruno Mégret
 * Eugenio Melandri
 * Arne Melchior
 * Mario Melis
 * José Mendes Bota
 * Íñigo Méndez de Vigo
 * Winfried Menrad
 * Friedrich Merz
 * Alman Metten
 * Alberto Michelini
 * Karl-Heinrich Mihr
 * Joaquim Miranda
 * Ana Miranda De Lage
 * Pietro Mitolo
 * Gérard Monnier-Besombes
 * José María Montero Zabala
 * Aymeri de Montesquiou Fezensac
 * James Moorhouse
 * Fernando Morán López
 * Luigi Moretti
 * Raúl Morodo Leoncio
 * David Morris
 * Giuseppe Mottola
 * Gerd Müller
 * Günther Müller
 * Werner Münch
 * Hemmo Muntingh
 * Cristiana Muscardini
 * François Musso

N

 * Pasqualina Napoletano
 * Vito Napoli
 * Giorgio Napolitano
 * Harald Neubauer
 * Arthur Stanley Newens
 * Edward Newman
 * Bill Newton Dunn
 * Dimitrios Nianias
 * James Nicholson
 * Tove Nielsen
 * Jean-Thomas Nordmann
 * Jean-Thomas Nordmann

O

 * Achille Occhetto
 * Christine Margaret Oddy
 * Charles Towneley Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan
 * Francisco Oliva Garcia
 * Gérard Onesta
 * Leyla Onur
 * Ria Oomen-Ruijten
 * Arie Oostlander
 * Marcelino Oreja
 * Leopoldo Ortiz Climent

P

 * Pedro Pacheco Herrera
 * Doris Pack
 * Dimitrios Pagoropoulos
 * Ian Paisley
 * Gabriele Panizzi
 * Marco Pannella
 * Mihalis Papagiannakis
 * Christos Papoutsis
 * Eolo Parodi
 * Karl Partsch
 * Jean-Claude Pasty
 * George Benjamin Patterson
 * Karla Peijs
 * Jean Penders
 * Virgílio Pereira
 * Fernando Pérez Royo
 * Carlos Perreau De Pinninck Domenech
 * Hartmut Perschau
 * Nicole Pery
 * Ioannis Pesmazoglou
 * Helwin Peter
 * Johannes Wilhelm Peters
 * Willi Piecyk
 * Dorothee Piermont
 * Filippos Pierros
 * Carlos Pimenta
 * Michel Pinton
 * Karel Pinxten
 * René-Emile Piquet
 * Fritz Pirkl
 * Ferruccio Pisoni
 * Nino Pisoni
 * Luis Planas
 * Charles Henry Plumb
 * Hans-Gert Pöttering
 * Lydie Polfer
 * Anita Jean Pollack
 * José Javier Pomés Ruiz
 * Alain Pompidou
 * Josep Pons Grau
 * Giacomo Porrazzini
 * Manuel Porto
 * José Domingo Posada González
 * Derek Prag
 * Peter Price
 * Bartho Pronk
 * Christopher Prout
 * Elda Pucci
 * Alonso José Puerta
 * Eduard Punset
 * Maartje van Putten

Q

 * Jean Querbes
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl
 * Eva-Maria Quistorp

R

 * Jean-Pierre Raffarin
 * Jean-Pierre Raffin
 * Georgios Raftopoulos
 * Andrea Raggio
 * Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia
 * Christa Randzio-Plath
 * Giuseppe Rauti
 * Patricia Rawlings
 * Imelda Mary Read
 * Viviane Reding
 * Tullio Eugenio Regge
 * Marc Reymann
 * Sérgio Ribeiro
 * Günter Rinsche
 * Klaus Riskær Pedersen
 * Carlos Robles Piquer
 * Joanna Rønn
 * Dieter Rogalla
 * Georgios Romeos
 * Domènec Romera I Alcàzar
 * Edoardo Ronchi
 * Frédéric Rosmini
 * Giorgio Rossetti
 * Claudia Roth
 * Dagmar Roth-Behrendt
 * Mechtild Rothe
 * Willi Rothley
 * Panayotis Roumeliotis
 * Christian Foldberg Rovsing
 * Xavier Rubert de Ventós
 * Mario Giovanni Guerriero Ruffini
 * Guadalupe Ruiz-Giménez Aguilar
 * José María Ruiz-Mateos Jiménez de Tejada

S

 * Henri Saby
 * Bernhard Sälzer
 * André Sainjon
 * Jannis Sakellariou
 * Margarida Salema Martins
 * Heinke Salisch
 * Detlev Samland
 * Isidoro Sánchez García
 * Ulla Margrethe Sandbæk
 * Maria Amélia Santos
 * Diego de los Santos López
 * Francisco Javier Sanz Fernández
 * Enrique Sapena Granell
 * Georgios Saridakis
 * Pavlos Sarlis
 * Gabriele Sboarina
 * Edgar Josef Schiedermeier
 * Dieter Schinzel
 * Marcel Schlechter
 * Emil Schlee
 * Ursula Schleicher
 * Gerhard Schmid
 * Barbara Schmidbauer
 * Hans-Günter Schodruch
 * Franz Schönhuber
 * Léon Schwartzenberg
 * James Scott-Hopkins
 * Barry Seal
 * Madron Richard Seligman
 * Mateo Sierra Bardají
 * Max Simeoni
 * Richard Simmonds
 * Barbara Simons
 * Anthony Simpson
 * Brian Simpson
 * Joaquín Sisó Cruellas
 * Alex Smith
 * Llewellyn Smith
 * Jan Sonneveld
 * André Soulier
 * Roberto Speciale
 * Tom Spencer
 * Francesco Enrico Speroni
 * Paul Staes
 * Ioannis Stamoulis
 * Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg
 * Konstantinos Stavrou
 * John Stevens
 * George Stevenson
 * Kenneth Stewart
 * Jack Stewart-Clark
 * Fernando Suárez González

T

 * Marco Taradash
 * Giuseppe Tatarella
 * Jacques Tauran
 * Djida Tazdaït
 * Wilfried Telkämper
 * Anna Terrón I Cusí
 * Bernard Thareau
 * Diemut Theato
 * Marianne Thyssen
 * Leo Tindemans
 * Gary Titley
 * John Tomlinson (politician)
 * Carole Tongue
 * Günter Topmann
 * José Manuel Torres Couto
 * Catherine Trautmann
 * Renzo Trivelli
 * Konstantinos Tsimas
 * Amédée Turner

U

 * Dick Ukeiwé

V

 * Dacia Valent
 * José Valverde López
 * Jaak Vandemeulebroucke
 * Marijke van Hemeldonck
 * Jean-Marie Vanlerenberghe
 * Lode van Outrive
 * Marie-Claude Vayssade
 * José Vázquez Fouz
 * Luciano Vecchi
 * Simone Veil
 * Wim van Velzen
 * Herman Verbeek
 * Josep Verde I Aldea
 * Maxime Verhagen
 * Jacques Vernier
 * Luigi Vertemati
 * Yves Verwaerde
 * Bruno Visentini
 * Ben Visser
 * Kurt Vittinghoff
 * Manfred Vohrer
 * Dominique Voynet
 * Thomas von der Vring
 * Leen van der Waal

W

 * Antoine Waechter
 * Gerd Walter
 * Beate Weber
 * Rüdiger von Wechmar
 * Michael Welsh
 * Norman West
 * Klaus Wettig
 * Ian White
 * Florus Wijsenbeek
 * Anthony Joseph Wilson
 * Karl von Wogau
 * Eisso Woltjer
 * Francis Wurtz
 * Terence Wynn

Z

 * Axel Zarges
 * Georgios Zavvos
 * Adrien Zeller


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young)

Self nom. What can I do to make this a great article?

shouldnt "cathedral" be on the list of well known songs?

I have always thought of "Well known songs" as those than non-CSNY fans would be familar with. Is "Cathederal" known by the general public?

It's hard to call them an "American" musical group when Nash is British. Above comment by KitHutch, I believe. Yes, and Yong is Canadian. That's my badly made point. Steve block 18:21, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Should they be categorised as an American musical group? Steve block 16:50, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

to be honest, i'm a big fan of them all, but i don't think the general public of today would know many songs by them. they might recognise Our House or Teach your children but it's doubtful they would necessarily even know who wrote and played the songs. A real shame but then so many people only know songs of that era by The Beatles, The Stones or The Eagles.It's great that people like us can keep up interest in CSNY. - pete, england, november 2005

Why "CD Discography" and not just "Discography"? There were no CDs in 1969! BillFlis 10:31, 12 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Meknes

old comments from 2006
Anybody from meknes here ?

I am From Meknes

Mequinez is the spanish word for meknes. Meknes was known as (Meknassa)in ancient time, so I edited your entry. If you have any objection, please report it on here.

as far as i'm aware the city is named after a berber tribe knwon as Meknassa. [I meant that the hebrew script was not needed for the name] Read3r 18:42, 30 October 2006 (UTC) The french wikipedia explained its name like as i said. But i'm wondering why the name is transcripted in the hebrew script. I removed it from the English wikipedia. That is strange, i find Read3r 18:49, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Good job man
Good job body, Of course, ther is still a lot of stuff to add but it's a good beggining. I'll try to ask people in Meknes-net web site to come and add stuff!!! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 196.206.31.105 (talk) 16:24, 27 April 2007 (UTC).

Population
Giving a population of 950 000 is quite ridiculous. What do you count? The official number in the year 2004 was 536,232.--Muhandis79 13:29, 5. Apr. 2010 (CEST) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.226.106.141 (talk) 11:30, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121224044348/http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bulletin/Fr/2008/BO_5684_FR.pdf to http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Bo/bulletin/Fr/2008/BO_5684_Fr.pdf

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Population
Accusations of "arrogance" are unnecessary. It is official Wikipedia policy that information be verifiable using reliable sources. I am not aware of any definition of a metropolitan area for the city of Meknes that comes from a reliable source. If a reliable source exists that states that the population of Meknes Prefecture (835,695 in the 2014 census) corresponds to the population of the metropolitan area of Meknes, it needs to be cited. In its absence I have given the 2014 census population figure reported by the Haut Commissariat au Plan, Morocco's government statistical agency, for what it calls the "city" of Meknes, which encompasses not only the municipality of Meknes itself but also three others (Toulal, Ouislane, Al Machouar – Stinia). For what it's worth, the Meknes's official website gives only the population of the municipality of Meknes proper (520,428). I will add that information to the article as well. Cobblet (talk) 13:46, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Meknes. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160505090655/http://www.salon-agriculture.ma/English/carte_identite.php to http://www.salon-agriculture.ma/English/carte_identite.php

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Regarding name given in "Berber languages"
The first line gives the name of the city in several languages, notably in "Berber languages". This raises two issues.

For one, given that this is a group of languages, it is quite doubtful that all of them would have the same name for the city except perhaps for some hypothetical idealization over distinct varieties. Does anyone have any ideas/sources for how to resolve this issue?

Additionally, "Berber" is often regarded as a slur, to the extent of my knowledge by speakers of the relevant languages themselves, and preference is consequently given to "Amazigh" as the descriptive term for these languages (possible source: http://linguisticanthropology.org/sla-blog/respecting-identity-amazigh-versus-berber/). Does Wikipedia have a consensus/policy on this issue, and should we therefore switch from the term "Berber languages" to "Amazigh languages" (of course subject to the first issue raised above) in this article?

Honsgoc (talk) 19:34, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The languages have some differences but I imagine major places names aren't all that different between them, but since this is the written version of the name then either way it probably just matters how it's written. I'm not an Amazigh speaker but I'd imagine a lot of orthographies would be standardized anyways? I assume Tifiniagh doesn't mark vowels either, so it's less likely that the word would need be spelled differently based on small pronounciation differences. But this is my educated guess; a native speaker should confirm.
 * Also good point about the term "Berber languages", even if it's the name of the relevant main articles here on Wikipedia. I think "Amazigh" could more appropriate as you suggest and also more precise to boot. It would be useful to check afterwards if other Morocco-related articles do the same; and if they don't, maybe make a similar suggestion.
 * Cheers, Robert Prazeres (talk) 19:56, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

Major revisions needed to some sections
I put a maintenance tag for more references a while ago, but in any case some content needs revision. The "main sights" section needs some cleanup for better organisation and clearer information. The "history" section is also nearly entirely unsourced and contains some questionable material. I've just completed a major new page, the Kasbah of Moulay Ismail, along with the earlier Grand Mosque of Meknes and Lalla Aouda Mosque articles, all of which contain some useful sources and materials that can be reused and adapted here, so I'm going to draw from those and make some basic but major revisions. Robert Prazeres (talk) 04:47, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meknes


text:
MultiLevel Recording

MultiLevel Recording (ML, also known as M-ary) was a technology originally developed by Optex Corporation and promoted by Calimetrics to increase the storage capacity of optical discs. It failed to establish itself on the market. Through a combination of proprietary media, recorder, reader and player modifications, Calimetrics proposed that ML could increase the capacity of a CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW to 2 GB, a single-layer DVD, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW or DVD-RAM to 7.1 to 10 GB and a single-layer Blu-ray Disc (BD) to as much as 60 GB. An optionally integrated Digital Rights Management (DRM) system entitled MovieGuard was also suggested. An industry group called the ML Alliance was formed in 2000 to help commercialize ML technology. Members eventually included Calimetrics, TDK, Sanyo Semiconductor, Plextor, Matsushita Kotobuki Electronics, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Verbatim, Teac and Yamaha.

Several 2 GB ML CD-based recorders were developed for release in 2002 (TDK's MLCDRW1000 and Plextor's PX-ML3630), but never came to market. This was largely a business decision influenced by the rapid fall of CD-R/RW prices and the simultaneous rise in popularity of writable DVD technology. Calimetrics went on to work on more advanced DVD and Blu-ray Disc versions of their technology, including a proposal to build a next generation version of Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD). Calimetrics ceased operations in 2004.

Technology
To store information onto a physical surface, the data must be transformed into a series of marks, using a modulation code. The codes used in most optical disc systems are binary, meaning that resulting surface has only two states: marks and non-marks. The following figure illustrates the EFM code used in CDs and DVDs:

Because the edges are positioned on a grid that is finer than the minimum mark size, EFM achieves about 1.5 bits per minimum-mark, even though it is a binary code.

MultiLevel recording refers to the use of multiple reflectivity values to encode data onto an optical disc. By using more than two levels, more information can be put into the minimum feature size. The following figure illustrates a MultiLevel code (note: colors are used only to represent differences in intensity):

The 8-level code used on the prototype systems is a convolutional code, storing about 2.5 bits per data cell. By using this code in combination with a smaller mark size and a more efficient error-correction code, the capacity of CD media was tripled. When applied to dual-layer DVD, ML-recording can increase capacity by a factor of 1.9.

MultiLevel optical recording is an example of baseband pulse-amplitude modulation. While Non-binary, or M-ary, modulation is common in the telecom industry, the technique was originally developed and patented for optical disc recording at Optex Corporation in the early 1990s (in conjunction with the University of Rochester) for use with their Electron Trapping Optical Media (ETOM). Although simple in principle, implementation of ML was challenging, in large part because data storage channels are highly nonlinear. The overall ML-system response is much more sensitive to variations in its individual components (operating temperature, media uniformity, read-head fluctuation, etc.) than a conventional CD/DVD system. To compensate, the ML logical-format devotes a substantial portion of bits (as forward-error correction coding) to enhance robustness against media defects and signal noise. ML-drives used sophisticated power-optimization during writing and adaptive equalization during reading.

MultiLevel recording is sometimes confused with multi-layer storage, in which multiple data surfaces are combined into a single disc. Multi-layer and multiLevel technique can be combined (as in dual-layer ML-DVD ROM), where ML-modulation is applied to each individual layer of the disc.

title: MultiLevel Recording


text:
List of members of the European Parliament (1979–1984)

The first European Parliament election by direct universal suffrage, took place in June 1979.

In 1981, the accession of Greece meant the addition of new members from the country, initially sending delegates.

MEPs by country

 * MEPs for Belgium 1979–1984
 * MEPs for Denmark 1979–1984
 * MEPs for France 1979–1984
 * MEPs for Greece 1981–1984
 * MEPs for Greece 1981 (delegation)
 * MEPs for Germany 1979–1984
 * MEPs for Ireland 1979–1984
 * MEPs for Italy 1979–1984
 * MEPs for Luxembourg 1979–1984
 * List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 1979–1984
 * MEPs for the UK 1979–1984

A

 * Victor Abens
 * Gordon Adam
 * Dimitrios Adamou
 * Pietro Adonnino
 * Susanna Agnelli
 * Heinrich Aigner
 * Alekos Alavanos
 * Siegbert Alber
 * Willem Albers
 * Georgios Alexiadis
 * Nicolas Alfonsi
 * Giorgio Almirante
 * Giorgio Amendola
 * Magdeleine Anglade
 * Gustave Ansart
 * Vincent Ansquer
 * Dario Antoniozzi
 * Gaetano Arfé
 * Rudi Arndt

B

 * Fabrizia Baduel Glorioso
 * Louis Baillot
 * Richard Balfe
 * Neil Balfour
 * Martin Bangemann
 * Giovanni Barbagli
 * Carla Barbarella
 * Paolo Barbi
 * Robert Battersby
 * Pierre Baudin
 * Peter Beazley
 * Cornelis Berkhouwer
 * Enrico Berlinguer
 * Pierre Bernard
 * Giovanni Bersani
 * Nicholas Bethell
 * Enzo Bettiza
 * Bouke Beumer
 * Luc Beyer de Ryke
 * Philipp von Bismarck
 * Neil Blaney
 * Erik Blumenfeld
 * Reinhold Bocklet
 * Fernand Boden
 * Jørgen Bøgh
 * Alain Bombard
 * Aldo Bonaccini
 * Jens-Peter Bonde
 * Emma Bonino
 * Elise Boot
 * André Bord
 * Bodil Boserup
 * Leonidas Bournias
 * Roland Boyes
 * Willy Brandt
 * Elmar Brok
 * Beata Brookes
 * Dominique Bucchini
 * Janey Buchan
 * Hubert Jean Buchou
 * Antonino Buttafuoco

C

 * Richard Caborn
 * Henri Caillavet
 * Corentin Calvez
 * Mario Capanna
 * Umberto Cardia
 * Tullia Carettoni Romagnoli
 * Antonio Cariglia
 * Angelo Carossino
 * Maria Luisa Cassanmagnago Cerretti
 * Luciana Castellina
 * Barbara Castle
 * Fred Catherwood
 * Manlio Cecovini
 * Domenico Ceravolo
 * Robert Chambeiron
 * Raphaël Chanterie
 * Ioannis Charalambopoulos
 * Gisèle Charzat
 * Jacques Chirac
 * Nicole Chouraqui
 * Maria Lisa Cinciari Rodano
 * Gaetano Cingari
 * Jean-José Clement
 * Mark Clinton
 * Frank Cluskey
 * Ann Clwyd
 * Robert Cohen
 * Marcel Colla
 * Arnaldo Colleselli
 * Ken Collins
 * Francisque Collomb
 * Emilio Colombo
 * Francis Combe
 * Maurits Coppieters
 * Francesco Cosentino
 * Roberto Costanzo
 * Richard Cottrell
 * Pierre-Bernard Cousté
 * Yannis Coutsocheras
 * Bettino Craxi
 * Édith Cresson
 * Jerry Cronin
 * Lambert Croux
 * David Curry

D

 * Giorgos Dalakouras
 * Joachim Dalsass
 * Ian Dalziel
 * Shelagh Roberts
 * Félix Damette
 * André Damseaux
 * Francescopaolo D'Angelosante
 * Pieter Dankert
 * Michael Davern
 * Willy De Clercq
 * Basil de Ferranti
 * Aar de Goede
 * Karel De Gucht
 * Paul De Keersmaeker
 * Christian de La Malène
 * Jean de Lipkowski
 * Danielle de March-Ronco
 * Pancrazio De Pasquale
 * Síle de Valera
 * Michel Debatisse
 * Michel Debré
 * Suzanne Dekker
 * Antonio del Duca
 * Charles Delatte
 * Gustave Deleau
 * Fernand Delmotte
 * Robert Delorozoy
 * Jacques Delors
 * Xavier Deniau
 * Jacques Denis
 * Pierre Descamps
 * Eileen Desmond
 * Marie-Jacqueline Desouches
 * Mario Di Bartolomei
 * Alfredo Diana
 * Mario Dido'
 * Marie-Madeleine Dienesch
 * André Diligent
 * Ioannis Dimopoulos
 * Georges Donnez
 * Olivier d'Ormesson
 * Maurice Doublet
 * Maurice Druon
 * Paule Duport
 * Raymonde Dury

E

 * Doeke Eisma
 * Vasilis Efraimidis
 * Diana Elles
 * Derek Enright
 * Sergio Ercini
 * Nicolas Estgen
 * Claude Estier
 * Winnie Ewing
 * Louis Eyraud

F

 * Roger Fajardie
 * Guido Fanti
 * André Fanton
 * Edgar Faure
 * Maurice Faure
 * Ludwig Fellermaier
 * Adam Fergusson
 * Guy Fernandez
 * Bruno Ferrero
 * Mauro Ferri
 * Ove Fich
 * Eligio Filippi
 * Marc Fischbach
 * Seán Flanagan
 * Colette Flesch
 * Katharina Focke
 * Raymond Forni
 * Norvela Forster
 * Eric Forth
 * Assimakis Fotilas
 * Marie-Madeleine Fourcade
 * Dimitrios Frangos
 * Otmar Franz
 * Bruno Friedrich
 * Ingo Friedrich
 * Georges Louis Frischmann
 * Isidor Früh
 * Gérard Fuchs
 * Karl Fuchs
 * Yvette Fuillet

G

 * Volkmar Gabert
 * Paola Gaiotti
 * Michael Gallagher
 * Yves Galland
 * Carlo Alberto Galluzzi
 * Françoise Gaspard
 * Vincenzo Gatto
 * Roger Gauthier
 * Fritz Gautier
 * Jas Gawronski
 * Paul-Henry Gendebien
 * Antonios Georgiadis
 * Achillefs Gerokostopoulos
 * François-Marie Geronimi
 * Aart Geurtsen
 * Alberto Ghergo
 * Giovanni Giavazzi
 * Alain Gillot
 * Vincenzo Giummarra
 * Ernest Glinne
 * Ilias Glykofridis
 * Charles Goerens
 * Guido Gonella
 * Konstantinos Gontikas
 * Alfons Goppel
 * Anselmo Gouthier
 * Eva Gredal
 * François Gremetz
 * Jim Griffiths
 * Mette Groes

H

 * Niels Jørgen Haagerup
 * Wilhelm Hahn
 * Brendan Halligan
 * Jean Hamilius
 * Else Hammerich
 * Klaus Hänsch
 * David Harris
 * Kai-Uwe von Hassel
 * Karl Hauenschild
 * Hermann Heinemann
 * Wilhelm Helms
 * Jaak Henckens
 * Luise Herklotz
 * Fernand Herman
 * Magdalene Hoff
 * Jacqueline Hoffmann
 * Karl-Heinz Hoffmann (politician)
 * Gloria Hooper
 * William Hopper
 * Brian Hord
 * John Horgan
 * Paul Howell
 * John Hume
 * Alasdair Hutton

I

 * Nilde Iotti
 * Felice Ippolito
 * Ulrich Irmer
 * Gérard Israel

J

 * Christopher Jackson
 * Robert Jackson
 * Erhard Jakobsen
 * Frédéric Jalton
 * Jim Janssen van Raaij
 * Gérard Jaquet
 * Stanley Johnson
 * Sjouke Jonker
 * Charles Josselin
 * Michel Junot
 * Heinrich Jürgens

K

 * Konstantinos Kallias
 * Konstandinos Kalojanis
 * Kostas Kappos
 * Gabriel Kaspereit
 * Yannis Katsafados
 * Hans Katzer
 * Liam Kavanagh
 * Filotas Kazazis
 * Justin Keating
 * Edward Kellett-Bowman
 * Elaine Kellett-Bowman
 * Brian Key
 * Kent Kirk
 * Egon Klepsch
 * Jan Klinkenborg
 * Herbert W. Köhler
 * Dimitrios Koulourianos
 * Annie Krouwel-Vlam
 * Heinz Kühn

L

 * Claude Labbé
 * Leonídas Lagákos
 * Joseph Lalor
 * Pierre Lalumière
 * Erwin Lange
 * Horst Langes
 * Jean Lecanuet
 * Silvio Lega
 * Gerd Ludwig Lemmer
 * Marcelle Lentz-Cornette
 * Marlene Lenz
 * Silvio Leonardi
 * Leonidas Kyrkos
 * Pietro Lezzi
 * Giosuè Ligios
 * Salvatore Lima
 * Erdmann Linde
 * John Ling
 * Rolf Linkohr
 * Anne-Marie Lizin
 * Eugen Loderer
 * Alf Lomas
 * Charles-Émile Loo
 * Kōnstantinos Loules
 * Hendrik Jan Louwes
 * Hans August Lucker
 * Rudolf Luster
 * Finn Lynge

M

 * Luigi Macario
 * Maria Antonietta Macciocchi
 * Emmanuel Maffre-Baugé
 * T. J. Maher
 * Hanja Maij-Weggen
 * Ernst Majonica
 * Kurt Malangré
 * Georges Marchais
 * Roland Marchesin
 * Pol Marck
 * Christos Markopoulos
 * Spiridon Markozanis
 * John Marshall (Conservative politician)
 * René Mart
 * Maurice Martin (politician)
 * Simone Martin
 * Gilles Martinet
 * Pierre Mauroy
 * Sylvie Mayer
 * Joe McCartin
 * Thomas Megahy
 * Jean Méo
 * Meinolf Mertens
 * Pierre Messmer
 * Victor Michel
 * Karl-Heinrich Mihr
 * Marcello Modiano
 * Poul Møller
 * Joep Mommersteeg
 * James Moorhouse
 * Jacques Moreau
 * Louise Moreau (politician)
 * Robert Moreland
 * Didier Motchane
 * Jean Mouchel
 * Ernst Müller-Hermann
 * Hemmo Muntingh

N

 * Angelo Narducci
 * Jacqueline Nebout
 * Bill Newton Dunn
 * Harmar Nicholls
 * David Nicolson
 * Brøndlund Nielsen
 * Tove Nielsen
 * Kalliopi Nikolaou
 * Konstantinos Nikolaou
 * Hans Nord
 * Franz-Josef Nordlohne
 * Jean-Thomas Nordmann
 * Tom Normanton
 * Harrij Notenboom
 * Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb
 * Kai Nyborg

O

 * John O'Connell
 * Tom O'Donnell
 * Jean Oehler
 * Charles O'Hagan
 * O'LEARY Michael
 * OLESEN Kjeld
 * Flor O'Mahony
 * Flavio Orlandi
 * Aristidis Ouzounidis

P

 * Ian Paisley
 * Giancarlo Pajetta
 * Marco Pannella
 * Konstantína Pantazí
 * Efstratios Papaefstratiu
 * Apóstolos Papageorgíou
 * Yiannos Papantoniou
 * Giovanni Papapietro
 * Ben Patterson
 * Séamus Pattison
 * René Paulhan
 * Jeanne Pauwelyn
 * Andrew Pearce
 * Mario Pedini
 * Jiří Pelikán
 * Jean Penders
 * Anastasios Peponis
 * Daniel Percheron
 * Nicole Péry
 * Giánkos Pesmazóglou
 * Johannes Wilhelm Peters
 * Eggert Petersen
 * Francesco Petronio
 * Gero Pfennig
 * Pierre Pflimlin
 * Alphonsine Phlix
 * Flaminio Piccoli
 * Sergio Pininfarina
 * Jean-François Pintat
 * René-Émile Piquet
 * Edgard Pisani
 * Spyrídon Plaskovítis
 * Henry Plumb
 * Henriette Poirier
 * Christian Poncelet
 * Michel Poniatowski
 * Emanuil Poniridis
 * Hans-Gert Pöttering
 * Derek Prag
 * Pierre-Benjamin Pranchère
 * Peter Price
 * Michail Protopapadakis
 * Christopher Prout
 * James Provan
 * Marie-Jane Pruvot
 * Ruggero Puletti
 * Albert Pürsten
 * John Purvis

Q

 * Joyce Quin

R

 * Renate-Charlotte Rabbethge
 * Lucien Radoux
 * Eugène Remilly
 * Jean Rey
 * Brandon Rhys-Williams
 * Martin Rieger
 * Günter Rinsche
 * Carlo Ripa di Meana
 * Hector Rivierez
 * Dieter Rogalla
 * Allan Rogers
 * Hector Rolland
 * Pino Romualdi
 * André Rossi
 * Yvette Roudy
 * Giorgio Ruffolo
 * Mariano Rumor
 * Richie Ryan

S

 * Victor Sablé
 * Henri Saby
 * Heinke Salisch
 * Bernhard Sälzer
 * Jacques Santer
 * Georges Sarre
 * Mario Sassano
 * Casimir Johannes Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
 * Marie-Claire Scamaroni
 * Wolfgang Schall
 * Rudolf Schieler
 * Dieter Schinzel
 * Ursula Schleicher
 * Gerhard Schmid
 * Heinz Schmitt
 * Paul Schnitker
 * Karl Schön
 * Konrad Schön
 * Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg
 * Olaf Schwencke
 * Leonardo Sciascia
 * James Scott-Hopkins
 * Christiane Scrivener
 * Barry Seal
 * Horst Seefeld
 * Hans-Joachim Seeler
 * Sergio Camillo Segre
 * Lieselotte Seibel-Emmerling
 * Jean Seitlinger
 * Richard Seligman
 * Alexander Sherlock
 * Hellmut Sieglerschmidt
 * Richard Simmonds
 * Maurice-René Simonnet
 * Anthony Simpson
 * Jack Stewart-Clark
 * Sven Skovmand
 * Evanghelos Soussouroyannis
 * Antoinette Spaak
 * Jean Spautz
 * Tom Spencer
 * James Spicer
 * Altiero Spinelli
 * Vera Squarcialupi
 * Carlo Stella
 * Giorgio Strehler
 * Georges Sutra

T

 * Hughes Tatilon
 * John Taylor (Northern Ireland)
 * John Taylor (Midlands East)
 * Bernard Thareau
 * Yvonne Théobald-Paoli
 * Gaston Thorn
 * Leo Tindemans
 * Teun Tolman
 * Giovanni Travaglini
 * Seán Treacy
 * Frederick Tuckman
 * André Turcat
 * Amédée Turner
 * Alan Tyrrell

V

 * Jochen van Aerssen
 * Ien van den Heuvel
 * Frans van der Gun
 * Marijke Van Hemeldonck
 * Karel Van Miert
 * Johan van Minnen
 * Eric Van Rompuy
 * Jaak Vandemeulebroucke
 * Herman Vanderpoorten
 * Marcel Vandewiele
 * Peter Vanneck
 * Paul Vankerkhoven
 * Michail Wardakas
 * Marie-Claude Vayssade
 * Simone Veil
 * Wim Vergeer
 * Paul Vergès
 * Joris Verhaegen
 * Willy Vernimmen
 * Protogene Veronesi
 * Jan Verroken
 * Heinz Oskar Vetter
 * Nikolaos Wjenopulos
 * Giuseppe Vitale (politician)
 * Phili Viehoff
 * Bruno Visentini
 * Nikolaos Wjenopulos
 * Dimitrios Wlachopulos
 * Mechthild von Alemann
 * Thomas von der Vring
 * Otto von Habsburg
 * Karl von Wogau
 * Anne Vondeling
 * Jeorjos Wojadzis

W

 * Manfred Wagner
 * Gerd Walter
 * Hanna Walz
 * Frederick Warner
 * Kurt Wawrzik
 * Beate Weber
 * Rudolf Wedekind
 * Louise Weiss
 * Charles Wellesley
 * Michael Welsh
 * Klaus Wettig
 * Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul
 * Temistoklis Wizas
 * Jean Wolter
 * Eisso Woltjer
 * Francis Wurtz

Z

 * Benigno Zaccagnini
 * Mario Zagari
 * Nikos Zarndinidis
 * Axel Zarges
 * Ortensio Zecchino
 * Ioannis Zigdis
 * Ioannis Zigdis


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User:Squiddhartha

Computer geek. Language geek. Avid reader. Sometime musician. Tae Kwon Do instructor. Voice actor. Roller derby announcer. Jack-of-all-trades. Father.

MUD dinosaur, wizard of DinoMUSH, and creator of TinyMUD article.

Working on creating articles for WFTDA leagues that don't have them, starting with 2009 tournament qualifiers.

title: User:Squiddhartha


text:
User talk:Hooloovoo

Anybody out there? --Caiman 19:03, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Learn about some of the Wikipedia landmarks by trying our Wikipedia scavenger hunt!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: MetsBot 19:19, 6 January 2007 (UTC).

Best of luck, and have fun!
 * chuckles at the 'newcomer' bit* --Hooloovoo 12:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

And another thing
Also, welcome to the WikiProject on Beer! We're just starting out, so there's alot to be done. – ClockworkSoul 12:35, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Much obliged :) I'll adopt Heineken for the week, if that's okay with you... Speaking of which, I'm going to propose something on the project about adopting beers. See you there. --Hooloovoo 12:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Introduction page
I reverted the edits that removed the template - unfortunately I went back not far enough and got the spoon language and caused some confusion about the edit you made. HOWEVER; everything that is under the Previous Edits line is fair game for newcomers - and they are free to make changes that are not disparaging or that do not include vulgarities - the page is for them to try editing on. So we don't need to revert them. If you think that a note on viewing a page's history is appropriate on the introduction page you should bring it up on the template's talk page. Welcome to wikipedia and have fun! Trödel| talk 20:02, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Cheers :) Hooloovoo 20:18, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for helping revert the commonly vandalized Introduction page - you may want to sign up under Cleaning department so we can coordinate our efforts. Trödel| talk 22:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've signed up, Trödel. Thanks for the invite to the 'Trash Detail' ;) Hooloovoo 22:56, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * LOL - no problem Trödel| talk 23:59, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

iLBC
The copyvio is likely my mistake. While I never do direct copy/paste, I likely retyped it without at least paraphrasing, probably under the influence of fatigue.

A new version is ready for approval here: ILBC/Temp

Please accept my apologies. --Shaddack 22:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Beer Categories
It has been suggested by User:BrianSmithson that the Beer and brewery categories should be renamed. The proposal has been supported by User:Syrthiss, and supported and expanded by myself. The notion is that the regional categories should follow the format of "Beer and breweries in Africa" /Europe/Asia/North America/South America/Oceania. "Brewers and breweries" could also be renamed "Beer and breweries by region". And all the countries should also be renamed (and merged if needed) as, for example, "Beer and breweries of Germany", "Beer and breweries of Britain", "Beer and breweries of Poland". The word in each case would be beer rather than beers to allow for general articles on beer culture in each region as well as individual beers.

Comments, suggestions, objections and simple votes to Wiki Beer Project SilkTork 14:45, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Brewery poll
Your vote/opinion on brewery notability is requested here: SilkTork 11:57, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Image:Lonsdale-Logo.png
Hello, Hooloovoo. An automated process has found and will an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that is in your userspace. The image (Image:Lonsdale-Logo.png) was found at the following location: User:Hooloovoo/Lonsdale (brand). This image or media will be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. This does not necessarily mean that the image is being deleted, or that the image is being removed from other pages. It is only being removed from the page mentioned above. All mainspace instances of this image will not be affected Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 18:54, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Boothby (Star Trek)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Boothby (Star Trek), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add db-author to the top of Boothby (Star Trek). Ejfetters 07:58, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

MfD nomination of Talk:Brewing industry
Talk:Brewing industry, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Talk:Brewing industry and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Talk:Brewing industry during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Dondegroovily (talk) 13:55, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Lonsdale-Logo.png
Thanks for uploading File:Lonsdale-Logo.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:15, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hooloovoo


text:
Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur

Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur (, The Town's Best Hot Dogs) is a small chain of hot dog stands located in Reykjavík, Iceland.

History
The chain has been in continuous operation since 1937 when the first stand was set up on Austurstræti street at the very centre of the city by the grandfather of the current owner, Guðrún Kristmundsdóttir. In the 1960s, it moved two streets north to Tryggvagata, across from the Harpa Concert Hall, where the current flagship stand remains today.

In August 2004, the stand was visited by former United States president Bill Clinton while he was visiting Iceland for a UNICEF conference. This celebrity appearance led to a boost in popularity for the stand as it began appearing in tourism guidebooks on Iceland. Two years later in August 2006, the British newspaper The Guardian selected Bæjarins Beztu as the best hot dog stand in Europe.

Today, the chain is popular with both tourists and locals. There are three additional locations in the city, which together sell over one thousand hot dogs on a busy day.

Bæjarins Beztu sells hot dogs that are lamb-based with pork and beef. They are served in a bun with a choice of condiments: ketchup, sweet mustard, remoulade, crisp fried onion and raw onion. Customers who want everything often use the Icelandic phrase "eina með öllu" ("one with everything").

, a hot dog costs 600 krónur (€4,2).

Visitors
A number of celebrity patrons have visited the stand. In 2004, Former US president Bill Clinton ordered a hot dog with nothing but mustard. At the time it was considered an odd request, so much so that it is still referenced.

Other famous visitors include Metallica frontman James Hetfield, actor Charlie Sheen, and reality star Kim Kardashian. The main stand also appeared in the first season of Anthony Bourdain's travel program No Reservations. South Korean idols Go Won and Olivia Hye from the girl group Loona have visited the shop.

Author and YouTube personality John Green reviewed the stand in an episode of his podcast The Anthropocene Reviewed, as well as the book adaptation, having visited in 2008.

title: Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur