text:
User talk:Esenthiel

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Learn about some of the Wikipedia landmarks by trying our Wikipedia scavenger hunt!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 04:01, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Esenthiel


text:
Windows Presentation Foundation

Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) is a free and open-source user interface framework for Windows-based desktop applications. WPF applications are based in .NET, and are primarily developed using C# and XAML.

Originally developed by Microsoft, WPF was initially released as part of .NET Framework 3.0 in 2006. In 2018, Microsoft released WPF as open source under the MIT License. WPF's design and its layout language XAML have been adopted by multiple other UI frameworks, such as UWP, .NET MAUI, and Avalonia.

Overview
WPF employs XAML, an XML-based language, to define and link various interface elements, and uses C# to define program behavior. WPF applications are deployed as standalone desktop programs.

WPF supports a number of common user interface elements, such as 2D/3D rendering, fixed and adaptive documents, typography, vector graphics, runtime animation, and pre-rendered media. These elements can then be linked and manipulated based on various events, user interactions, and data bindings.

WPF runtime libraries are included with all versions of Microsoft Windows since Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.

At the Microsoft Connect event on December 4, 2018, Microsoft announced releasing WPF as open source project on GitHub. It is released under the MIT License. Windows Presentation Foundation has become available for projects targeting the .NET software framework, however, the system is not cross-platform and is still available only on Windows.

Code examples

In WPF, screens and other UI elements are defined using a pair of files: a XAML file and an associated C# file with the extension, often referred to as a "code-behind". The XAML file declaratively defines the layout, contents and other properties of the UI element, while the C# file allows exposure of code entry points for interactivity.

A basic example of an interactive Hello, World! program could be created like so:

MainWindow.xaml:

MainWindow.xaml.cs:

In the above example, a UI element called  is declared as a subclass of the built-in   class. The XAML file defines the layout, which in this example is a vertical collection of controls - a textblock outlining instructions to the user, a textbox for the user to type their name, a button to submit, and a results text block. When the button is clicked, the method  is called, which is defined in the   file. This function updates the final textblock to contain a message greeting the user, addressing them by their submitted name.

Media and Graphics
WPF supports most modern media types, including vector and raster images, audio, video, and can support both 2D and 3D rendering. It also supports implementing graphical effects on visual elements, such as HLSL pixel shaders and built-in effects such as blurs and drop shadows.

WPF mainly relies on vector graphics, which allows most controls and elements to be scaled without loss in quality or pixelization.

Data binding
WPF employs data binding, a technique of propagating changes between user interface elements and the object model of the program. For instance, a textblock defined in XAML could bind its contents to a string property stored on a C# object in the following way:

This would make the textblock display the value of the  property.

The direction data binding happens is configurable - it can be defined to go UI-to-source (eg. text entered into a textbox being propagated to a bound string property in code), or source-to-UI (eg. a visual clock being updated to display the current time stored in code), or bi-directional.

Data binding doesn't have any restrictions on types, and it is possible to bind structs, classes, or collections. Converters can be used to transpose the values and types being used during binding - for example, binding a textbox to a DateTime property, but using a converter to display the time as a formatted localised date string.

Most properties on built-in controls can be databound, and custom-made controls can create bindable properties by defining Dependency Properties.

MVVM, the architectural pattern encouraged by Microsoft for WPF developers, relies heavily on data binding.

Styles and templates
Using templates and styles, developers can define the visuals and structure of UI elements.

A style is a combination of property settings that can be applied to a UI element with a single property attribute. For example, a "blue radio button" style could be created and then be reused on any number of radio button controls throughout the program. Styles can alter collections of properties of controls, but are not not intended for significant structural changes.

Templates are a mechanism for defining alternative UI for portions of a WPF application. There are several template types available in WPF for different scenarios, but they all have the general purpose of defining the contents, layout and structure of a UI element.

Animations
In WPF, many visual properties can be animated. This is exposed through dependency properties, which is the same underlying system that data binding relies on. WPF animations are time-based, as opposed to frame-based based.

Animation classes are based on the .NET type of property to be animated. For instance, changing the color of an element is done with the ColorAnimation class and animating the width of an element (which is typed as a double) is done with the DoubleAnimation class.

Animations can be grouped into Storyboards, which are the primary way to start, stop, pause and otherwise manipulate animations.

Documents and Text
WPF natively supports paginated documents. It provides the  class, which is for reading fixed layout documents. The  class offers different view modes such as per-page or scrollable and also reflows text if the viewing area is resized. It supports both the XML Paper Specification and Open Packaging Conventions.

WPF includes a number of text rendering features, including OpenType, TrueType, and OpenType CFF (Compact Font Format) fonts. This means that WPF can support a wide number of text features, including ligatures, old-style numerals, swash variants, fraction, superscript and subscript, small caps, ruby characters, glyph substitution, multiple baselines, and kerning.

WPF handles texts in Unicode, and handles texts independent of global settings, such as system locale. In addition, fallback mechanisms are provided to allow writing direction (horizontal versus vertical) handled independent of font name; building international fonts from composite fonts, using a group of single-language fonts; composite fonts embedding. Font linking and font fallback information is stored in a portable XML file, using composite font technology. The XML file has extension .CompositeFont.

The WPF text engine also supports built-in spell checking. It also supports such features as automatic line spacing, enhanced international text, language-guided line breaking, hyphenation, and justification, bitmap effects, transforms, and text effects such as shadows, blur, glow, rotation etc. Animated text is also supported; this refers to animated glyphs, as well as real-time changes in position, size, color, and opacity of the text.

WPF text rendering takes advantage of advances in ClearType technology, such as sub-pixel positioning, natural advance widths, Y-direction anti-aliasing, hardware-accelerated text rendering, as well as aggressive caching of pre-rendered text in video memory. ClearType cannot be turned off in older WPF 3.x applications.

Interoperability
Windows Forms features are possible through the use of the  and   classes.

To enable the use of WinForms, the developer executes this from their WPF C# code: System.Windows.Forms.Integration.WindowsFormsHost.EnableWindowsFormsInterop; WPF programs, via the P/Invoke feature of the CLR, can access native functionality such calling functions from Windows libraries. This allows the ability to communicate and operate other parts of the operating system, including unmanaged libraries.

Alternative input and accessibility
WPF supports Windows Ink for pen-based input, and multi-touch input on Windows 7 and above. It also supports Microsoft UI Automation to allow developers to create accessible interfaces, and to expose the UI to automated test frameworks.

XAML
Following the success of markup languages for web development, WPF introduces eXtensible Application Markup Language (XAML; ), which is based on XML. XAML is designed as a more efficient method of developing application user interfaces. The specific advantage that XAML brings to WPF is that XAML is a completely declarative language, allowing the developer (or designer) to describe the behavior and integration of components without the use of procedural programming. Although it is rare that an entire application will be built completely in XAML, the introduction of XAML allows application designers to more effectively contribute to the application development cycle. Using XAML to develop user interfaces also allows for separation of model and view, which is considered a good architectural principle. In XAML, elements and attributes map to classes and properties in the underlying APIs.

As in web development, both layouts and specific themes are well suited to markup, but XAML is not required for either. Indeed, all elements of WPF may be coded in a .NET language (C#, VB.NET). The XAML code can ultimately be compiled into a managed assembly in the same way all .NET languages are.

Deployment
WPF applications are Windows-only standalone desktop executables.

Historically, WPF supported compiling to XBAP, a file format intended to be shown in web browsers via a NPAPI plugin, but NPAPI and XBAP support was phased out of support by browsers, and XBAP compilation is now no longer included for WPF for .NET.

Usage and reception

WPF is used to develop Visual Studio, Microsoft's flagship IDE, and was used for developing Microsoft Expression Blend.

Influence on other UI frameworks

WPF and its layout language, XAML, have influenced multiple other UI frameworks.

Silverlight (codenamed WPF/E - WPF Everywhere), released in 2007, is a deprecated cross-browser browser plugin which contained WPF-based technology, including XAML, that provided features including video, vector graphics, and animations. Specifically, it was provided as an add-on for Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer 6 and above, Google Chrome 42 and below and Apple Safari. Microsoft encouraged developers to stop using Silverlight in 2015, and support was officially ended in 2021.

After becoming open source in 2018, WPF was forked for the project Avalonia, an open-source .NET cross-platform XAML-based UI framework, distributed under the MIT License. While WPF only is intended for Windows, Avalonia also supports builds for web (via WebAssembly), MacOS, Android, iOS, and Linux. Avalonia's name references WPF's in-development codename ("Avalon"), and markets itself as "a spiritual successor to WPF". Avalonia is currently used in tools made by Unity, GitHub and JetBrains.

XAML, which was first designed for WPF, has been adopted for other similar Microsoft-developed UI libraries, such as UWP, designed for Windows 10, Windows 11, Xbox One and Xbox Series S/X applications, and .NET MAUI (formerly Xamarin.Forms), designed for creating cross-platform native Android and iOS apps.

Development
Developers of WPF applications typically use Microsoft Visual Studio. Visual Studio contains a combination XAML editor and WPF visual designer, beginning with Visual Studio 2008. Prior to Visual Studio 2008, the WPF designer add-in, codenamed Cider, was the original release of a WYSIWYG editor for creating WPF windows, pages, and user controls. It was available for Visual Studio 2005 as a Visual Studio 2005 extensions for .NET Framework 3.0 CTP for the initial release of WPF.

Visual Studio is not strictly required develop WPF projects, as solutions can be built in the command line using MSBuild.

Microsoft Blend is a designer-oriented tool that provides an artboard for the creation of WPF applications with 2D and 3D graphics, text and forms content. It generates XAML that may be exported into other tools and shares solution (sln files) and project formats (csproj, vbproj) with Microsoft Visual Studio. Microsoft Expression Design is a bitmap and 2D-vector graphics tool for exporting to XAML.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Windows Presentation Foundation


text:
Indian Health Service

The Indian Health Service (IHS) is an operating division (OPDIV) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). IHS is responsible for providing direct medical and public health services to members of federally recognized Native American Tribes and Alaska Native people. IHS is the principal federal health care provider and health advocate for American Indian people.

The IHS provides health care in 37 states to approximately 2.2 million out of 3.7 million American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN). As of April 2017, the IHS consisted of 26 hospitals, 59 health centers, and 32 health stations. Thirty-three urban Indian health projects supplement these facilities with various health and referral services. Several tribes are actively involved in IHS program implementation. Many tribes also operate their health systems independent of IHS. It also provides support to students pursuing medical education to staff Indian health programs.

Formation and mission
The provision of health services to members of federally recognized tribes grew out of the special government-to-government relationship between the federal government and Indian tribes. This relationship, established in 1787, is based on Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, and has been given form and substance by numerous treaties, laws, Supreme Court decisions, and Executive Orders.

Health services for the needs of American Indian and Alaska Natives in the United States were first provided through the Department of War from the early 19th century until the Office of Indian Affairs came into creation and took over the mission. After the mission again changed departmental authority to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's Public Health Service in 1955, the IHS was established.

The original priorities were stated to be

 * 1) Assemble a competent health staff
 * 2) Institute extensive curative treatment for the seriously ill
 * 3) Develop a full-scale prevention program that would reduce the excessive amount of illness and early deaths, especially for preventable diseases

Employment
IHS employs approximately 2,650 nurses, 700 physicians, 700 pharmacists, 100 physician assistants and 300 dentists, as well as a variety of other health professionals such as nutritionists, registered medical-record administrators, therapists, community health representative aides, child health specialists, and environmental engineers and sanitarians. It is one of two federal agencies mandated to use Indian Preference in hiring. This law requires the agency to give preference to qualified Indian applicants before considering non-Indian candidates for employment, although exceptions apply.

IHS draws a large number of its professional employees from the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. This is a non-armed service branch of the uniformed services of the United States. Professional categories of IHS Commissioned corps officers include physicians, physician assistants, nurses, dentists, therapists, pharmacists, engineers, environmental health officers, and dietitians.

Many IHS positions are in remote areas as well as its headquarters outside of Rockville, Maryland, and at Phoenix Indian Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona. In 2007, most IHS job openings were on the Navajo reservation. 71% of IHS employees are American Indian/Alaska Native.

The IHS also hires Native/non-Native American interns, who are referred to as "externs". Participants are paid based on industry standards, according to their experience levels and academic training, but are instead reimbursed for tuition and fees if the externship is used for an academic practical experience requirement.

Legislation
The Snyder Act of 1921 (23 U.S.C. 13) was the first formal legislative authority allowing health services to be provided to Native Americans. In 1957, the Indian Facilities Act authorized funding for community hospital construction. This authority was expanded in 1959 with the Indian Sanitation and Facilities Act, which also authorized construction and maintenance of sanitation facilities for Native American homes, communities, and lands.

Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638)
ExpectMore.gov lists four rated areas of IHS: federally administered activities (moderately effective), healthcare-facilities construction (effective), resource- and patient-management systems (effective), and sanitation-facilities construction (moderately effective). All federally recognized Native American and Alaska Natives are entitled to health care. This health care is provided by the Indian Health Service, either through IHS-run hospitals and clinics or tribal contracts to provide healthcare services.

Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-437)
The passing of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976 expanded the budget of the IHS to expand health services. The IHS was able to build and renovate medical facilities and focus on the construction of safe drinking water and sanitary disposal facilities. The law also developed programs designed to increase the number of Native American professionals and improve urban Natives' health care access.

Other legislation
Title V of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976 and Title V of the Indian Health Care Amendment of 1980 have increased the access to healthcare Native Americans living in urban areas receive. The IHS now contracts with urban Indian health organizations in various US cities in order to expand outreach, referral services, and comprehensive healthcare services.

Administration

The Indian Health Service is headed by a director;, the current director is Roselyn Tso.

Reporting to the director are a chief medical officer (Dr. Loretta Christensen, M.D. ), deputy directors (Field Operations, Intergovernmental Affairs, Management Operations, and Quality Health Care), and Offices for Tribal Self-Governance, Urban Indian Health Programs, and Direct Service and Contracting Tribes. Twelve regional area offices each coordinate infrastructure and programs in a section of the United States.

A 2010 report by Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Chairman Byron Dorgan, D-N.D., found that the Aberdeen Area of the IHS is in a "chronic state of crisis". "Serious management problems and a lack of oversight of this region have adversely affected the access and quality of health care provided to Native Americans in the Aberdeen Area, which serves 18 tribes in the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Iowa," according to the report.

Between 2015 and 2017, the agency saw five different directors. Rear Admiral Chris Buchanan, a Seminole, served as acting director from January–June 2017. Prior to Buchanan, the office was headed by attorney Mary L. Smith (Cherokee). Yvette Roubideaux (Rosebud Sioux), was appointed director of IHS by President Obama in 2009; she was re-nominated for a second four-year term in 2013 but was not re-confirmed by the Senate. After she stepped down in 2015, she was briefly replaced by Robert McSwain (Mono). Roubideaux was also preceded by McSwain, who had served as director for eight months. Trump's nominee for the post, Robert M. Weaver of the Quapaw Tribe, withdrew from consideration after questions arose about his resume. In June 2017, HHS Secretary Alex Azar appointed Rear Admiral Michael D. Weahkee, a Zuni, to be acting director.

In July 2017, Weahkee was severely chastised during the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies budget hearings by Senator Jon Tester. Weahkee refused to answer repeated direct questions about whether the 2018 IHS budget proposal was adequate to fulfill the Service's remit. In the December 11, 2019 Senate Committee on Indian Affairs hearing on the nomination of Weahkee as director of the Indian Health Service, Sen. Tester, a former chairman and former vice chairman of the committee, told Weahkee, "I think you're going to get confirmed ... And you should get confirmed." Weahkee was finally confirmed to the post on April 21, 2020, by a voice vote in the Senate. In a letter dated January 11, 2021, Weahkee informed tribal and urban Indian leaders that he had been asked to tender his resignation by January 20, "to allow the incoming administration to appoint new leadership".

In 2009, Indian Health Service pediatrician Stanley Patrick Weber was accused of sexually abusing boys under his care at IHS facilities across a two-decade span. Weber resigned in 2016 and in 2020 was sentenced to five life terms in prison for the crimes. A 2019 report commissioned by IHS found that IHS officials did not properly investigate or follow up on the accusations against Weber, promoting him to medical director of the IHS hospital in Pine Ridge, South Dakota after the accusations were made.

In January 2021, Elizabeth Fowler of the Comanche Nation, was named as Acting Director. Ms Fowler had been Executive Director of the IHS Oklahoma City Area since 2019. The current director, Roselyn Tso, was nominated to the position by President Joe Biden in May 2022, and was confirmed by the United States Senate in September 2022.

Areas
A network of twelve regional offices oversee clinical operations for individual facilities and funds. As of 2010, the federally operated sites included 28 hospitals and 89 outpatient facilities.

 * Alaska Area: Director, Christopher Mandregan, Jr., M.P.H. (Aleut Community of St. Paul, Alaska)
 * Albuquerque Area: Director, Leonard Thomas, M.D. (Navajo)
 * Bemidji Area: Director, Daniel Frye, M.H.A. Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians (Chippewa)
 * Billings Area: Director, Bryce Redgrave
 * California Area: Director, Beverly Miller, C.P.A. (Cherokee)
 * Great Plains Area: Director, James Driving Hawk (Rosebud Sioux). The name of this area was changed in 2014 from the Aberdeen area.
 * Nashville Area: Director, Dr. Beverly Cotton (Mississippi Choctaw)
 * Navajo Area: Director, Roselyn Tso
 * Oklahoma Area: Director, Rear Adm. Travis Watts
 * Phoenix Area: Director, (Ret.) Rear Adm. Charles Ty Reidhead, M.D., M.P.H. (Three Affiliated Sioux Tribes)
 * Portland Area: Director, Dean Seyler, B.S. (Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs)
 * Tucson Area: Director, Dixie Gaikowski (Three Affiliated Sioux Tribes)

Services and benefits
The IHS provides a variety of health services in outpatient and inpatient settings, with benefits including pharmacy, dental, behavioral health, immunizations, pediatrics, physical rehabilitation, and optometry. A more extensive list can be found at the official IHS website, and it is recommended for patients to contact their particular IHS facility to confirm services provided since benefits may differ by location.

Eligibility
To qualify for health benefits from the IHS, individuals must be of American Indian and/or Alaska Native descent and be a part of an Indian community serviced by IHS. Individuals must be able to provide evidence such as membership in a federally recognized tribe, residence on tax-exempt land, or active participation in tribal affairs. Federally recognized tribes are annually defined by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Non-Indians can also receive care if they are the child of an eligible Indian, the spouse (including same-sex spouses) of an eligible Indian, or a non-Indian woman pregnant with an eligible Indian's child. The exact policy can be found in the IHS Indian Health Manual (IHM).

To apply for benefits through the IHS, individuals can enroll through the patient registration office of their local IHS facility. Individuals should be prepared to show proof of enrollment in a federally recognized tribe.

Direct Care versus Purchased/Referred Care (PRC)
"Direct Care" refers to medical and dental care that American Indians and Alaska Natives receive at an IHS or tribal medical facility. If patients are referred to a non-IHS/tribal medical facility, there is the option to request for coverage via the IHS "Purchased/Referred Care (PRC) Program". Due to limited funds from U.S. Congress, referrals through PRC are not guaranteed coverage. Authorization of these payments are determined through several factors, including confirmation of AI/AN tribal affiliation, medical priority, and funding availability.

IHS National Core Formulary
The IHS National Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (NPTC) is composed of administrative leaders and clinical professionals, including pharmacists and physicians, who regulate the IHS National Core Formulary (NCF) to reflect current clinical practices and literature. The NCF is reviewed every quarter and revised as needed based on arising health needs within the Native American communities, pharmacoeconomic analyses, recent guidelines, national contracts, and clinician advice. Fibric acid derivatives and niacin extended release were removed from the formulary in February 2017, but there were no changes made to the NCF during the May 2017 meeting. The complete National Core Formulary can be found on the IHS website.

Necessity for hepatitis C coverage
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provides national prevalence data for hepatitis C but excludes several high risk populations including federal prisoners, homeless individuals and over one million Native Americans residing on reservations. To address this concern, in 2012 IHS implemented a nationwide hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody testing program for persons born between 1945 and 1965. This resulted in a fourfold increase in the number of patients screened. IHS facilities of the Southwest reported the largest gains in number of patients tested and the percentage of eligible patients that received testing. Currently, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis C in Native Americans is higher in comparison to any other racial/ethnic group (1.32 cases per 100,000). Additionally, Native Americans have the highest rate of hepatitis C related deaths (12.95% in 2015) in comparison to any other racial/ethnic group.

Despite this prevalent need, IHS currently does not include any new direct acting anti-retroviral (DAA) hepatitis C medications on its National Core Formulary. New DAA drugs provide a cure to hepatitis C in most cases but are costly. Due to their lack in funding and quality of care, the IHS has not been able to effectively combat the Native American HCV issue, unlike the Veterans Affairs system, which was able to eradicate much of the disease through adequate resources from the federal government.

Scholarships
The IHS offers three types of scholarships to Native American students pursuing an education in healthcare: Preparatory Scholarship, Pre-Graduate Scholarship, and Health Professions Scholarship. The Health Professions Scholarship commits undergraduate and graduate students to a full-time service commitment after their professional training. These scholarships help to staff Indian health programs with Native American professionals. In addition, the IHS's Indians Into Medicine (INMED) program offers grants to universities to support Native American students in their medical education through mentorship, tutoring, financial aid, and more. It has also been used to support and encourage students before college to take pre-medical courses.

Notable self-determination legislation
In 1954, the Indian Health Transfer Act included language that recognizing tribal sovereignty and the Act additionally "afforded a degree of tribal self-determination in health policy decision-making." The Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA) allows for tribes to request self-determination contracts with the Secretaries of Interior and Health and Human Services. The tribes take over IHS activities and services through an avenue called ‘638 contracts’ through which tribes receive the IHS funds that would have been used for IHS health services and instead manage and use this money for the administration of health services outside of the IHS.

Self-determination successes and concerns
The benefits and drawbacks of Tribal Self Determination have been widely debated. Many tribes have successfully implemented elements of health-related Self Determination. An example is the Cherokee Indian Hospital in North Carolina. This community-based hospital, funded in part by the tribe's casino revenues, is guided by four core principles: "The one who helps you from the heart", "A state of peace and balance", "it belongs to you" and "Like family to me" "He, she, they, are like my own family". The hospital is based on the adoption of an Alaska Native model of healthcare called the "Nuka System of Care", a framework that focuses on patient-centered, self-determined health service delivery that heavily relies on Patient participation.

The Nuka System of Care was developed by the Southcentral Foundation in 1982, a non-profit healthcare organization that is owned and composed of Alaska Natives. The Nuka System's vision is "A Native community that enjoys physical, mental, emotional and spiritual wellness". Every Alaska Native in the health system is a "customer-owner" of the system and participates as a self-determined individual who has a say in the decision-making processes and access to an intimate, integrated, long-term care team. When a customer-owner seeks care, their primary care doctor's foremost responsibility is to build a strong and lasting relationship with the beneficiary, and customer-owners have various options through which they can give input and participate in decisions about their health. These options include surveys, focus groups, special events and committees. The board is made up entirely of Alaska Natives who helped design the system and actively participate in running it effectively. Following the implementation of the Nuka System of Care in Alaska Native health, successes in improved standards of care have been achieved, such as increases in the number of Alaska Natives with a primary care provider, in childhood immunization rates, and customers satisfaction in regard to respect of culture and traditions. In addition, decreases in wait times for appointments, wait lists, emergency department and urgent care visits, and staff turnover have been reported. The North Carolina Cherokee Indian Hospital in 2012 as well as other tribes have implemented the Nuka System approach when planning their new or revamped health centers and systems.

Some tribes are less optimistic about the role of Self Determination in Indian healthcare or may face barriers to success. Tribes have expressed concern that the 638 contracting and compacting could lead to "termination by appropriation", the fear that if tribes take over the responsibility of managing healthcare programs and leave the federal government with only the job of funding these programs, then the federal government could easily "deny any further responsibility for the tribes, and cut funding". The fear of potential termination has led some tribes to refuse to participate in Self Determination contracting without a clear resolution of this issue. Some tribes also renounce Self Determination and contracting because of the chronic underfunding of IHS programs. They do not see any benefit in being handed the responsibility of a "sinking ship" due to the lack of a satisfactory budget for IHS services. Other tribes face various barriers to successful Self Determination. Small tribes lacking in administrative capabilities, geographically isolated tribes with transportation and recruitment issues, and tribes with funding issues may find it much harder to contract with the IHS and begin self-determination. Poverty and a lack of resources can thus make Self Determination difficult.

Budget
The IHS receives funding as allocated by the United States Congress and is not an entitlement program, insurance program, or established benefit program.

The 2017 United States federal budget includes $5.1 billion for the IHS to support and expand the provision of health care services and public health programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives. The proposed 2018 budget proposes to reduce IHS spending by more than $300 million.

This covers the provision of health benefits to 2.5 million Native Americans and Alaskan Natives for a recent average cost per patient of less than $3,000, far less than the average cost of health care nationally ($7,700), or for the other major federal health programs Medicaid ($6,200) or Medicare ($12,000).

Affordable Care Act
An integral focus of economic and health policy for Native American healthcare is Medicaid. Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010, states could choose to expand Medicaid benefits. Many Native Americans stood to benefit from this expansion of healthcare coverage. IHS and tribal facilities rely on beneficiaries like Medicaid to help cover the Congressional underfunding of the IHS itself. During the formation of the ACA, tribal leaders pushed for the reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and further provisions for AI/NA recipients, which facilitated IHS Medicaid funding. The ACA also authorized funding to support residency training programs in tribal or IHS facilities through teaching health centers (THCs). Such initiatives support provider retention as a greater percentage of graduates from these THCs chose to work in rural and underserved settings compared to the national average. Expansion of Medicaid under the ACA is dependent on whether or not the state authorizes it. If states do not approve expansion, fewer people receive comprehensive coverage and IHS and tribal facilities do not receive the extra sources of funding. The IHS and tribal clinics can direct money toward provider recruitment with better reimbursement for patient services.

Opponents of using Medicaid to alleviate health inequalities argue that it takes responsibility away from the government to provide comprehensive health services. They argue that underfunding of the IHS would still be persistent and possibly intensify under Medicaid expansion as patients go to private providers. Some tribal members assert that provisions under Medicaid are not what was promised to the Native American people as they are based on expanding affordability via insurance and not on providing comprehensive health services that are fully covered. By relying on services reimbursed by Medicaid, this increases participation in private health services instead of public. Due to the rural nature of reservations and lack of communication about the system, the enrollment and logistical processes involved in having Medicaid can also pose a barrier to Native Americans signing up, and disrupt members' eligibility status. Some proposed that to avoid these disruptions, the federal money from Medicaid directed to tribe members could be directed straight to the IHS budget, allowing funding to go directly to tribes and giving them say over eligibility.

In 2011, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services developed a mandate for tribal consultation regarding policy action in an effort to improve the quality of care for tribes. Another economic proposition to improve healthcare is to surpass consultation status for tribes when it comes to Medicaid policy and make them integral to the final decision making. This would help ensure that Medicaid programs are culturally aware and can treat behavioral medical issues better.

Current issues
Life expectancy for Native Americans is approximately 4.5 years less than the general population of the United States (73.7 years versus 78.1 years). Native communities face higher rates of chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and kidney disease. This is contributed to by the lack of public health infrastructure as well as the considerable distance to healthcare facilities for rural residents.

In 2013, the IHS experienced funding cuts of $800 million, representing a substantial percentage of its budget. Over the past twenty years, the gap between spending on federally recognized American Indian/Alaska Natives and spending on Medicare beneficiaries has grown eightfold. This inequity has a large impact on service rationing, health disparities and life expectancy, and can lead to preventive services being neglected. Other issues that have been highlighted as challenges to improving health outcomes are social inequities such as poverty and unemployment, cross-cultural communication barriers, and limited access to care.

Data from the 2014 National Emergency Department Inventory survey showed that only 85% of the 34 IHS respondents had continuous physician coverage. Of these 34 sites, only 4 sites utilized telemedicine while a median of just 13% of physicians were board certified in emergency medicine. The majority of IHS emergency department from the survey reported operating at or over capacity. Tribal reservations are often sequestered in unfavorable and isolated locations. According to a study of provider vacancies in the IHS, conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services (2016), about half of the clinics studied identified their remote location as a large obstacle for hiring and retaining staff. Issues surrounding isolation, lack of shopping centers, schools, and entertainment also dissuades providers from moving to these areas. Such vacancies lead to cutting of patient services, delays in treatment, and negative effects on employee morale. Studies show that such problems surrounding Native Americans and reservation inequality may be addressed by growing a Native American healthcare workforce.

Since its beginnings in 1955, the IHS has been criticized by those it serves in medical deserts and by public officials.

Individuals who are not of citizens of federally recognized tribe or who live in urban areas may have trouble accessing the services of the IHS.

title: Indian Health Service


text:
Simplicius

Simplicius may refer to:

 * Persons
 * Pope Simplicius (d. 483 AD)
 * Simplicius of Cilicia (d. c. 560 AD), philosopher
 * Saint Simplicius, legendary 'founding' bishop of the Sardinian Diocese of Civita
 * Simplicius, Constantius and Victorinus (fl. 2nd century), Roman martyrs and saints
 * Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix (d. 302 or 303 AD), Roman martyrs and saints

 * Art and fiction
 * Simplicius Simplicissimus, a picaresque novel about the character of the same name
 * Simplicius (operetta), an operetta by Johann Strauss II
 * A character in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, a 1632 work by Galileo

title: Simplicius


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/St. Stephens High School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 00:29, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

St. Stephens High School
Delete. Not notable. There are a million St. Stephen's schools out there. --Wtshymanski 04:04, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, BEEFSTEW score of 0. (This was apparently either never listed on vfd or removed out of process, so I'm bringing it to today's page for resolution.) —Korath (Talk) 00:57, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A School of Distinction! In the Top 10% of all High Schools in NC!!. Klonimus 04:20, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as yet another "bored student" nanostub. This says nothing. - Lucky 6.9 05:06, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The website is just this side of useless.  No history; no nothing.  Klonimus' comment got me to thinking about expanding this but there isn't anything to latch onto.  Heck, they haven't updated the site since the beginning of the school year.  For example, the "upcoming" 1954 reunion is still scheduled...for last October. - Lucky 6.9 05:40, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A BEEFSTEW score of 0 is impressive. Ambi 05:44, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiability established. Article subject is not nonsense, vanity or original research. --Centauri 05:55, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article fails to establish notability. --Carnildo 06:04, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * What Centauri said, too. —RaD Man (talk) 06:05, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I already lined out the disruptive include which RadMan put on this page, only to have him reinstate it with a nasty note on my talk page. Perhaps others can help me convince him of the error of his ways. This is vandalism. —Wahoofive | Talk 01:55, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wrong. Vandalism is when you edit votes which are not your own.  I also notice your account was created just one month ago.  Welcome.  —RaD Man (talk) 02:03, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not noteable. Vegaswikian 06:25, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not even the school's own website establishes notability. It claims the school is in the top 10% of schools in North Carolina, but never provides verification for that claim or even a definition of what criteria were used. No history of the school is given; no indication of whether the school is public or private, and if private, whether secular or religious, and if religious (as the school's name implies), what denomination it belongs to. In short, no encyclopedic information is available about this school, meaning that this substub has no hope of becoming encyclopedic. --Angr/comhrá 07:45, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this is way below the bar. Concur with Angr's comments. Radiant_* 07:57, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 08:40, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, horrible. Dunc|☺ 08:43, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Make a mention in an article about the locality and delete - Skysmith 09:47, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. --Bucephalus talk to me  11:32, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:56, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable The JPS 18:39, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. When this school is mentioned in the same sentence with Choate, Andover, and Philips Exeter then it can come back. --Coolcaesar 19:20, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete another "st.blabla high school". Grue 20:06, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * merge and redirect probably Yuckfoo 01:35, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Particularly egregious example of a poorly written article about a non-notable school. Jayjg (talk)  03:04, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet another article on a non-notable topic.  Wikipedia is not a junkyard. Indrian 04:02, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: school vanity, not notable. Jonathunder 03:45, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * Keep There is a place on Wikipedia for schools. --ShaunMacPherson 03:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ... but not every school on the planet. -- Dcfleck 13:18, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Out of Time (Blur song)

"Out of Time" is a song by British band Blur from their seventh studio album, Think Tank (2003). The song was written and produced by band members Damon Albarn, Alex James and Dave Rowntree, with Ben Hillier also serving as a producer. After being premiered via BBC Radio 1 on 3 March, it was released as the album's lead single on 14 April 2003, by Parlophone. The song became the band's first release without guitarist Graham Coxon. It is a pop ballad featuring acoustic guitars and bass, as well as a Moroccan orchestra. Lyrically, it deals with a civilisation that has lost touch, with Coxon's departure being referenced in the lyrics.

"Out of Time" received positive reviews from music critics, with some of them placing focus on Albarn's vocal performance. Commercially, the song was successful in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number five, as well as attaining success in other European countries, peaking inside the top 10 in Scotland and the top 20 in Ireland and Sweden. The accompanying music video, directed by John Hardwick, does not feature the band members themselves in any way, being made up of footage from a 2002 BBC documentary titled Warship, exploring the lives of those serving on a warship. The video is centered around a young female aircraft maintenance technician. The song was played live at several concerts by Blur, including on their series of two shows at London's Hyde Park in 2009, as well as their concert directly after the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in the same city.

Background and development
Recording sessions for Blur's seventh studio album started in November 2001 in London with the absence of guitarist Graham Coxon, who had been battling alcoholism and depression, thus failing to turn up to the initial sessions. Coxon spent time, what he described as "awkward afternoons", contributing on some tracks on the album, but left the band in 2002 after he had a "mental breakdown" during these sessions. Coxon explained that "there were no rows" and "[Blur] just recognised the feeling that we needed some time apart". The remaining members of Blur decided to carry on recording, travelling to Morocco to continue recording the album, with the intention to "escape from whatever ghetto we're in and free ourselves by going somewhere new and exciting". The band settled at Marrakesh, where they built a studio together, which "brought everyone closer".

While in Marrakesh, Blur worked with Groupe Regional du Marrakech, who provided orchestral arrangement on "Out of Time". According to Ben Hillier, who produced the song, the orchestra's work was "astonishing"; he elaborated that "while I was setting the mics up, they started playing. All the chords sounded fantastic. And I looked out at the end of the session, and none of them had headphones on! What they were playing along to, I have no idea. They must have heard it through the door". In February 2003, it was revealed that the album would be titled Think Tank and the lead single "Out of Time" would be premiered on 3 March, on BBC Radio 1, followed by a commercial release on 14 April 2003, by Parlophone.

Composition and lyrics
"Out of Time" was written and produced by band members Damon Albarn, Alex James and Dave Rowntree, with Hillier also serving as a producer. Musically, the song has been described as a pop ballad, featuring acoustic guitars and bass, as well as a Moroccan orchestra. It starts with a distant "aaaarrgh" in the opening seconds, before Albarn's unadulterated vocals and "steady, simplistic drums", as well as "ethereal, hard-to-identify" noises. In the middle of the track, an Andalucian string group and a tambourine are present.

Lyrically, the song deals with a civilisation that has lost touch, with Albarn singing, "you've been so busy lately, that you haven't had the time, to open up your mind and watch the world spinning, gently out of time". This lyric was also related to Coxon's departure from Blur. According to Stereogum's Michael Nelson, "Out of Time" shows Albarn "indulging a bit in his world-music explorations via Honest Jon's". He noted that the elements are blended with James's "loping" bass line, Rowntree's "relaxed" percussion and Albarn's "lazy" vocals.

Critical reception
"Out of Time" was met with positive reviews from music critics. Alex Needham from NME called it the band's "most straightforwardedly touching single for ages", while Paul Moody from the same magazine praised the song too, stating that Albarn "sings in a voice so pure, clear and welcoming you want to have a shower in it", and "suddenly 'Songbird' doesn't sound so clever after all". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine thought that "Out of Time" is "lovely", whereas Barry Walters from Rolling Stone called it a "gorgeously mournful single". Kitty Empire of The Observer called it an excellent example of Blur's emancipation, being "saturated with new sounds but faithful to melody". She also deemed the song "a great ballad, intimate and live-sounding, in the tradition of great Albarn ballads like 'Tender' or 'To the End'". According to BBC Music's Dan Tallis, the song is "a perfect pop song and the band struggle to better it". He continued saying that "you only have to listen to 'Out Of Time' a couple of times for it to become embedded in your brain; the dreamy vocals and gentle African drum beat soothe and calm your mind". Andy Greenwald from Spin claimed that "Out of Time" is "the album's highlight", describing the song as "failure-soaked" and "heart-stoppingly lovely".

Devon Powers of PopMatters described the track as "a much more straightforward, apace ballad" compared to the previous song on the album, "Ambulance". Rob Brunner from Entertainment Weekly commented that Albarn's "heartfelt vocals" make up for "sappy" lyrics, while Paste's Jeff Elbel called the track the finest moment on Think Tank. Andrew Future of Drowned in Sound commented that the song "is content to swoon around the string-laiden waves of its own longing beauty, but only reveals its full worth after repeated visits". Similarly, Jeres from Playlouder noted that it "is the best Blur single in ages, but it requires more than a few listens". Brent DiCrescenzo of Pitchfork called the song a "majestic, snaking" song, but noted that it "relies less on the lugubrious, Gibraltar-docked solo than the vast, four-dimensional environment surrounding it". Alexis Petridis from The Guardian deemed it a "doleful and world-weary on" song. In a less positive review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the track a "hushed, melancholic elegy in the same vein as 'To the End' and 'Tender', though not as good as either".

Accolades
Jazz Monroe from NME placed the song at number two on their list of Blur's greatest hits, saying it "magically thrusts Damon's romantic resignation into a delicate, geographically displaced tale of modern ennui, melting all but the stoniest hearts". Nelson also included it on his list of their 10 best songs, at number six, commenting it is "easily the warmest Blur single, and maybe the warmest song in their catalog, period". Whilst listing the band's 20 best songs, The Daily Telegraph placed the track at number 12. Drowned in Sound's Sean Adams included "Out of Time" on his list of Blur's favorite tracks, noting how Albarn's "humanity" on his voice "elevates this gentle, seemingly desolate song into something devastating and full of wonder". In October 2011, Rebecca Schiller of NME placed it at number 73 on their list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years", whilst the magazine placed the song at number eight on its list "Greatest Tracks of the Decade". Emily Barker from the same publication later ranked it the 499th best song ever.

Commercial performance
In the United Kingdom, "Out of Time" debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart for the week dated 20 April 2003, becoming the third best debut on the chart after Madonna's "American Life" and Robbie Williams' "Come Undone". It remained inside the chart for a total of 11 weeks. In April 2015, it was revealed by the Official Charts Company that "Out of Time" was the band's 14th most downloaded song in the region. The song was also successful in Scotland, reaching number seven on the Scottish Singles Chart. "Out of Time" attained moderate success in other European countries, peaking inside the top 20 in Ireland and Sweden. It experienced lower positions in Germany and Switzerland, reaching numbers 75 and 97, respectively.

Music video
The accompanying music video was directed by John Hardwick, edited by Quin Williams and produced by Mike Wells through London-based production company Helen Langridge Associates (HLA). The video does not feature the band members themselves in any way, consisting entirely of footage from a 2002 BBC documentary titled Warship, exploring the lives of men and women serving on a warship. Albarn described the video as "the antithesis of the 'Top Gun' image of the American military machine", and added that the video "focuses on the loneliness of somebody working on an aircraft carrier and the fact that a six-month tour of duty means that relationships break down and children go without their parents. That's the reality of it". The visual premiered online on 7 April 2003. The video is centred around a woman who is separated from her partner (a marine serving on another ship) and her young son who remains at home in the United States.

The music video won Hardwick the "Wood Pencil" award for music video direction, as well as Williams the "Graphite Pencil" award for music video editing at the D&AD Awards in 2004.

Live performances
"Out of Time" was performed by Blur on television shows such as CD:UK, Top of the Pops and Friday Night with Jonathan Ross in 2003. The song was also performed during a series of shows in London Astoria in May 2003, as well on the international tour supporting Think Tank. According to Nick Cowen from The Daily Telegraph, the performance was "one particularly sweet moment" from the show. The band performed the song during a series of two shows at London's Hyde Park on 3–4 July 2009. It was also performed at Blur's concert directly after the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony on 13 August 2012 in London. "Out of Time" was added to the setlist of the tour in support of their eighth studio album The Magic Whip in 2015 and the band also performed it at their two Wembley Stadium shows in July 2023.

Track listings

 * UK 7-inch single
 * 1) "Out of Time" – 3:53
 * 2) "Money Makes Me Crazy" (Marrakech Mix) – 2:51

 * UK and European DVD
 * 1) "Out of Time" (video) – 3:55
 * 2) "Money Makes Me Crazy" (Marrakech Mix) – 2:51
 * 3) "Tune 2" – 3:47
 * 4) "Out of Time" (director's commentary) – 1:48

 * Japanese EP
 * 1) "Out of Time" – 3:54
 * 2) "Money Makes Me Crazy" (Marrakech Mix) – 2:51
 * 3) "Tune 2" – 3:49
 * 4) "Don't Be" – 2:41
 * 5) "The Outsider" – 5:13
 * 6) "Out of Time" (video) – 3:55
 * 7) "Crazy Beat" (video) – 3:16

Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel are adapted from the Think Tank album liner notes.
 * Damon Albarn – vocals, writer, producer, guitars, programming
 * Alex James – writer, producer, bass, backing vocals
 * Dave Rowntree – writer, producer, drums
 * Ben Hillier – producer, keyboards, samples

Orchestra

Group Regional du Marrakech
 * Desyud Mustafa – orchestral arrangement
 * Mohamed Azeddine (MD) – oud
 * M. Rabet Mohamid Rachid – violin
 * Bezzari Ahmed – rabab
 * Gueddam Jamal – violin, cello
 * Hijaoui Rachid – violin
 * Moullaoud My Ali – oud
 * Kassimi Jamal, Youssef – oud
 * El Farani Mustapha – tere
 * Abdellah Kekhari – violin
 * Dalal Mohamed Najib – darbouka
 * Ait Ramdam El Mostafa – kanoun

title: Out of Time (Blur song)


text: User talk:69.118.1.96

title: User talk:69.118.1.96


text:
PIF

Pif or PIF may refer to:

Arts, media entertainment

 * International Puppet Festival, Zagreb, Croatia
 * P.I.F. (band), a Bulgarian rock band
 * Pif (television host), Italian television host named Pierfrancesco Diliberto
 * Pif le chien, a French comic strip character
 * Pif gadget, a French monthly comics magazine formed around the above character
 * Public information film, a series of government-commissioned short films

Government and politics

 * Pacific Islands Forum
 * Presidential Innovation Fellows
 * Punjab Irregular Force
 * Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation, also known as the Anti-Imperialist Front (Slovene: Protiimperialistična fronta)
 * Public Investment Fund, Saudi Arabia's sovereign wealth fund

Science, engineering and technology

 * Path integral formulation, an approach to quantum mechanics
 * PCF Interframe Space
 * Pingelapese language
 * Powder infant formula
 * Poznań International Fair
 * Pressure-injected footing
 * Program information file
 * Prolactin inhibiting factor
 * Proteolysis-inducing factor

Other uses

 * Paid in full (disambiguation)
 * Palestine Investment Fund
 * Panellinios IF
 * Pargas Idrottsförening
 * Partners in Flight
 * Pay it forward (disambiguation)
 * Pingtung Airport (IATA code: PIF)
 * Pooled income fund
 * Pusan International Forum (PIF)

title: PIF


text:
Paul Blair

Paul Blair may refer to:
 * Paul Blair (American football, born 1882) (1882–1904), American football player
 * Paul Blair (American football, born 1963), American football offensive tackle
 * Paul Blair (baseball) (1944–2013), American baseball player
 * Paul Blair (Ontario politician) (born c. 1954), Canadian politician
 * Paul Blair (swimming) (1949–2006), American swim coach
 * DJ White Shadow (born 1978), American music producer and DJ, whose real name is Paul Blair

title: Paul Blair


text: User talk:4.5.117.231

title: User talk:4.5.117.231


text: User talk:203.103.60.119

title: User talk:203.103.60.119


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/40 footsteps

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:43, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

40 footsteps
Rock band entry. Nothing of relevance comes out of a Google search, I tried searching for the name, the name with some of the members and didn't come up with anything. Delete, non-notable. Plus when attempting to access the web site it seemed to attempt to install a piece of spyware. Rx StrangeLove 04:06, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. -- 8^D gab 04:34, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Delete Kevin Rector 06:17, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable, although you do have to admire a band with a cello AND a cowbell, Dsmdgold 09:39, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 11:20, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all bands not meeting musical notability guidelines with cello, cowbell, and spyware installer. Barno 15:21, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Simplicius (operetta)

Simplicius is an operetta by Johann Strauss II. It was conceived from the work of HJC von Grimmelhausen titled Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus or simply Adventurous Simplicissimus, which was opined by many to be the 17th century's greatest German novel. The libretto for this work was furnished by Victor Léon who was one of Vienna's promising talents of that era.

Performance history
The operetta received its premiere at the Theater an der Wien on 17 December 1887 and was nearly marred by a false fire alert in the theatre. The audience of the first night clearly remembered the theatre tragedy of the Ringtheater inferno in Vienna six years earlier and the false alarm nearly triggered a stampede. Strauss' good friend Viktor Tilgner later recounted that the composer's quick thinking avoided a tragedy as he directed one of the actors to sing a popular number "Ich denke gern zurück an mein entschwundnes Glück" waltz romance song from the final act again to divert the audience's attention. This waltz song was to later become the first waltz theme of his popular "Donauweibchen", Op. 427 ("Danube Maiden").

This operetta is largely forgotten today, although its music is still performed at length. Its music was also probably survived by the many individual pieces that Johann Strauss II produced from the original score among them Donauweibchen mentioned above as well as "Reitermarsch", Op. 428, and the polka-mazurka "Lagerlust", Op. 431.

Synopsis

 * Time: In the final years of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).

Overview: When Wendelin von Grübben tells his younger brother Bruno that they both love the same woman, Bruno abandons the Catholic faith, joins the heretics and is killed in battle by Wendelin. Full of remorse, Wendelin sends his own son (Arnim) and wife (Countess von Vliessen) to a religious house, despite her having just borne Simplicius, their second son. Wendelin decides not to kill himself and Simplicius but to retreat into the forest with his son, vowing to protect him from worldly influences. The Countess dies. Her will declares that the Grübben family fortune can only be inherited with the betrothal of a Grübben and another Countess von Vliessen. Otherwise the entire estate goes to the Church. Arnim leaves the religious house, and with Wendelin and Simplicius missing, it is eventually assumed that the family has died out, though there is no firm proof.

Act 1
In a dense wood in the foothills of the Sudeten Mountains

The Hermit, Wendelin von Grübben, seeks peace of mind through prayer. The sound of trumpets can be heard as war rages in the distance. Wendelin's meditation is interrupted by the appearance of Melchior, an astrologer, and his Swedish female attendant, Ebba. Melchior declares that astrology never lets him down, and surprises Wendelin by claiming to be a descendant of the Grübben family and consequently entitled to marry one Hildegarde von Vliessen, thereby saving the Grübben fortune. He cannot prove that there are no remaining male descendants of the Grübben family, but he claims that astrologically speaking there is no evidence of any living descendants. In order to be left in peace, Wendelin hands over to Melchior the farewell letter that he wrote when initially planning to kill himself and Simplicius.

Their exchanges are interrupted by an agitated Simplicius who has seen iron men in the woods and who believes them to be devils. Several soldiers who have lost their way then arrive and assuming the wild and unkempt Simplicius to be a kidnap victim, they separate him from his father and order him to leave the woods. Wendelin remains behind, confused and broken.

Act 2
In a camp at Olmütz (Olomouc)

While handing out double rations with her daughter Tilly to the troops before battle, Schnapslotte is drawn to an unknown soldier. For the past twenty years, she has suspected in every stranger like Melchior, her long lost husband. Once again she is mistaken.

Meanwhile, Simplicius has been taken up by General von Vliessen's entourage. Seemingly incapable of comprehending the finer arts of war, he is constantly rebuked by the Sergeant-major. Tilly takes him under her wing, determined to make a real soldier out of him. With the expected arrival of a Baron von Grübben now imminent, General von Vliessen has summoned his daughter Hildegarde from the convent in Prague where she has spent most of her life. Hildegarde unsuccessfully pleads with her father not to be made to marry a stranger.

Arnim, now a student in Prague and in love with Hildegarde, has followed her to the camp where Simplicius takes him to be an enemy. In order to win Hildegarde over Arnim drops his studies and serves under the General. Hildegarde describes a dream in which two men vie for her heart and is rebuked by her father and offered bitter consolation from Schnapslotte.

Hildegarde tells Arnim that she has been promised to another, yet loses her heart to Arnim. The General is indignant when his daughter turns up on the arm of a stranger who has the audacity to ask for her hand in marriage. Arnim proudly points out his family heritage, calling himself the Baron von Grübben. Pleased at this unexpected turn of events, General von Vliessen announces their immediate engagement.

During the festivities, Simplicius arrives with a bound captive, Melchior, whom he had discovered in the camp and arrested as an enemy. Before Melchior can be hanged he announces that he too is the Baron von Grübben, and as proof presents Wendelin's letter. The confusion is deepened when an imperial dispatch arrives from Vienna claiming that suspect papers and documents have been discovered in the residence of one Baron von Grübben. These papers are linked to Sweden, and orders are given to place the Baron under arrest until further notice. Melchior, who we know is in fact involved with the Swede Ebba, denies the allegations. Both Arnim and Melchior are placed under arrest, and Simplicius is made an ensign. The troops set out to fight the Swedes.

Act 3
Six months later in a castle courtyard in Hanau

As Wendelin despairs of ever being reunited with his son a group of angry peasants hunt down Simplicius for ever acting the fool. Simplicius finds himself facing arrest under the orders of the Sergeant-major. Arnim and Melchior, still imprisoned, reach an understanding. Melchior agrees to give up his claim to Hildegarde on condition that the family fortune tied up in the marriage deal be handed over to him. Arnim agrees. Before being able to tell Hildegarde the good news, General von Vliessen receives a new order from Vienna: a wild young man named Simplicius must be found. Whoever should find him is honour-bound to treat him with respect as he is none other than the son of Baron von Grübben. The General immediately promotes Simplicius to the rank of lieutenant and orders him to marry Hildegarde. Arnim is overjoyed at meeting his long-lost brother again. Simplicius agrees to be married but is confused, especially as Tilly now demands to know his feelings towards her. Schnapslotte offers Tilly more homely advice as Simplicius and Tilly talk of love.

Melchior finds himself a victim of his own cunning: he had secretly given Tilly's mother a love potion to be administered to Hildegarde but Schnapslotte drank it herself. Tilly's mother enters Melchior's cell and again attempts to seduce him, claiming him to be her long lost husband. Melchior gives in, and admits that his own horoscope had indeed predicted something along these lines.

The General returns triumphant from battle against the Swedes and brings Ebba with him as his prisoner. She has been identified as the source of the suspect Swedish correspondence found in the Baron's residence, and is presented with both Arnim and Melchior. She identifies Melchior as the addressee of the letters, and Arnim is freed.

Simplicius brings in the other Swedish prisoners, who, at the command of the General, are to boost camp morale by singing. But the prisoners' destiny reminds all of their own sacrifices and losses during this war. Simplicius retreats into the forest. Others follow him. They meet with a peasant (Wendelin) who had all but given up hope of ever being reunited with his son. The fact that Wendelin is still alive negates the will made so many years before by his wife, the Countess von Vliessen. Finally, Tilly and Simplicius as well as Hildegarde and Arnim find their happiness in each other.

Recordings

 * EMI Classics (2000): Conductor Franz Welser-Möst and the Zürich Opera Orchestra and Chorus. Michael Volle, Elizabeth Magnuson, Martin Zysset, Oliver Widmer, Cheyne Davidson, Piotr Beczała, Liliana Nikiteanu, Martina Janková, and Louise Martini.

title: Simplicius (operetta)


text:
Saanen (disambiguation)

Saanen is a municipality in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Saanen may also refer to:

 * Saanen District, a former administrative district in the canton of Bern, Switzerland
 * Saanen goat, a domesticated breed of dairy goat

title: Saanen (disambiguation)


text: User talk:64.251.148.172

title: User talk:64.251.148.172


text:
Sterling Marlin

Sterling Burton Marlin (born June 30, 1957) is an American retired professional stock car racing driver. He last competed in the JEGS/CRA All-Stars Tour. He formerly competed in the NASCAR Cup Series, winning the Daytona 500 in 1994 and 1995. He is the son of late NASCAR driver Coo Coo Marlin. He is married to Paula and has a daughter, Sutherlin, a son, Steadman, a former NASCAR Xfinity Series driver, and a grandson Stirlin who races for Sterling in Sterling’s No. 114 Super Late Model. Marlin is a member of the NASCAR 75 Greatest Driver’s List.

Beginnings
Marlin attended Spring Hill High School, where he played basketball and football, earning the captain status his senior year while he played quarterback and linebacker. He began his collection of American Civil War artifacts shortly after high school. In 1976, he made his NASCAR debut at Nashville Speedway, filling in for his injured father in the No. 14 H.B. Cunningham Chevrolet. He started 30th and finished 29th after suffering oil pump failure early in the race. He made two more starts in 1978, finishing ninth at World 600 and twenty-fifth at Nashville for Cunningham. He ran Nashville again in 1979, finishing seventeenth. In 1980, he posted two top-tens, eighth in the Daytona 500 for Cunningham, and seventh at Nashville for D.K. Ulrich. From 1980 to 1982, Marlin was a three-time track champion at the historic Nashville Speedway USA.

1983–1990
In 1983, Marlin was hired by Roger Hamby to drive his No. 17 Hesco Exhaust-sponsored Chevrolet. He posted a tenth-place finish at Dover International Speedway and finished 19th in the standings, clinching the Rookie of the Year award. Despite finishing 15th in the 1984 Daytona 500 for Hamby, Marlin spent most of the season running for Sadler Brothers Racing, posting two top-ten finishes. He also competed in one race for Jimmy Means and Dick Bahre respectively. Marlin only made eight starts in 1985, seven of them coming for Sadler, his best finish being 12th at Talladega Superspeedway. He ended his season at Charlotte Motor Speedway in the Miller High Life 500, driving the Helen Rae Special. He finished 29th, after suffering flywheel failure.

Marlin moved over to the No. 1 Bull's Eye Barbecue Sauce-sponsored car owned by Hoss Ellington in 1986. His best finish that season came at the Firecracker 400, where he finished second. Marlin got a full-time ride in 1987, when he was hired by Billy Hagan to drive the No. 44 Piedmont Airlines-sponsored Oldsmobile. He had four top-fives and finished 11th in points. The following season, he had seven finishes of eighth or better in the first ten races and finished tenth in the standings. In 1989, the team received sponsorship from Sunoco and switched to the number 94. He tied a career-best 13 top-ten finishes but dropped to 12th in the final standings. He left the team at the end of the 1990 season. During the 1990 season, he won his first career Busch Series race at Charlotte, driving the No. 48 Diamond Ridge-sponsored Chevrolet owned by Fred Turner.

1991–1997
Marlin signed to drive the No. 22 Maxwell House-sponsored Ford Thunderbird for Junior Johnson in 1991. He had a second-place finish at Daytona to start the season and won two poles at Talladega Superspeedway and the Firecracker 400, and had a total of 7 top fives and 16 top tens, finishing 7th in the standings. The next season, he had 6 top fives, 13 top tens and 5 poles, finishing 10th in the standings. Marlin departed to drive the No. 8 Raybestos-sponsored Ford for Stavola Brothers Racing. In 1993, he had just 1 top five and 8 top tens and fell to 15th in the standings.

Marlin's first career win came in his 279th career start at the 1994 Daytona 500 driving for Morgan-McClure Motorsports in the No. 4 Kodak-sponsored Chevrolet, the most starts for a driver before his first win before Michael Waltrip's win at the 2001 Daytona 500. In 1994, he had 1 win, 5 top fives and 11 top tens, and rose slightly to 14th in the standings. He went on to win the 500 again in the following year, becoming only one of four drivers to win consecutive Daytona 500s. The other three men that have accomplished that feat were Richard Petty, Cale Yarborough and Denny Hamlin. He also became the only driver to have his first two career wins at the Daytona 500. Marlin won 2 more times during the 1995 season (at Darlington and Talladega) for a total of 3 wins, 9 top fives, 22 top tens, 472 laps led, an average finish of 9.84, and ranking a career best 3rd in the standings. In 1996, Marlin had 2 wins, 5 top fives, 10 top tens, and finished 8th in the standings. In 1997, he scored just 2 top fives and 6 top tens, and dropped to 25th in the standings, leaving the No. 4 team at year's end.

1998–2006
In 1998, he joined SABCO Racing to drive the No. 40 Coors Light-sponsored Chevrolet. He opened the season by winning the Gatorade 125, a qualifying race for the Daytona 500 but three weeks later, he failed to qualify for the Primestar 500, the first race he had missed since 1986. He finished in the Top 10 six times and had a 13th-place points finish. In 1999, he won his first pole since 1995 at Pocono Raceway, but dropped down to sixteenth in the standings. In 2000, he won his second career Busch Series race, driving SABCO's No. 82 entry at Bristol Motor Speedway. During the season, he lost teammate Kenny Irwin Jr. in a fatal practice crash at New Hampshire International Speedway. After finishing in the Top 10 seven times, he fell back to 19th in the overall standings.

In 2001, SABCO's majority ownership stake was purchased by CART & IndyCar championship owner Chip Ganassi and the team switched to Dodge Intrepids. In his first race with the new team, Marlin won the Gatorade 125 qualifying race at Daytona. Three days later at the Daytona 500, on the final lap, Dale Earnhardt's rear bumper made contact with Marlin in turn 4, causing Earnhardt to crash into the turn 4 wall, an impact that would kill him instantly. In the following days after the race, Marlin and his family received hate mail and death threats from angry fans of Earnhardt as well as the sport in general who felt that Marlin was responsible for Earnhardt's death. He was eventually publicly defended by two of Earnhardt's drivers, his son and race winner Michael Waltrip, and was also cleared of any wrongdoing by NASCAR's investigation into the accident. He won Dodge's first race in its return to NASCAR at Michigan International Speedway, as well as winning the UAW-GM Quality 500 at Charlotte. He tied his career best points finish of third that season. Had the 2004-2013 NASCAR Playoffs points system been in place in 2001, Marlin would have been the 2001 champion. In 2002, Marlin had a strong car at the Daytona 500, and towards the end was battling Jeff Gordon for the lead when they made contact, sending Gordon spinning. NASCAR had then red-flagged the race so it would not finish under caution, and stopped the field momentarily on the backstretch. Concerned about a damaged right front fender, Marlin jumped out of his car and started pulling the fender away from the tire. As working on the car is prohibited during red flag conditions under NASCAR regulations, Marlin was sent to the tail end of the field for the restart. Marlin would finish in 8th.

The following week, Marlin finished second in Rockingham to Matt Kenseth. Marlin took the points lead and did not let it go for the following 24 weeks. For most of that time he held a comfortable lead, which reached triple digits several times. Marlin followed this 2nd-place finish with a win at the UAW-DaimlerChrysler 400 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, but not without controversy: During the race, Marlin spun while making late race pit stop, causing him to break the pit road speed limit. NASCAR's penalty for being too fast entering pit road was to hold the car in its pit stall for an additional 15 seconds, but the official at Marlin's pit stall was not informed of the penalty until after the crew had released the car. NASCAR determined that they had no precedent for forcing Marlin to return to the pits as his early release was their mistake (and they could not order him to return for a stop and go penalty). Following the incident, NASCAR changed the rule so that all speeding violations are enforced with a drive through penalty (forcing the driver to travel the length of pit road at the speed limit).

After this win, Marlin finished 9th the following week at Atlanta. The week after that, he won the Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 at Darlington Raceway, which would be the final win of his Cup career.

With a series of strong finishes (seventh at Texas, fifth at Talladega, seventh at California, fourth in June at Pocono, third at Daytona, third at the second Pocono race, sixth at Michigan in August, seventh at Bristol, and fourth at Darlington in the fall), Marlin was still 91 points ahead of second place entering the Chevy Monte Carlo 400 in September. However, Marlin finished that race in last place after an early accident and saw his points lead all but evaporate as Mark Martin, who had entered the race 125 points behind Marlin, gained 116 points and moved into second place in the points as Marlin's lead shrunk to nine points (Jeff Gordon, who had leapfrogged Martin for second place in the standings with a win the week before, also gained on Marlin but dropped to fourth due to the strong finishes from both Martin and Jimmie Johnson, who gained 95 points on Marlin to move into third). At the New Hampshire 300 the next week Marlin lost the points lead as Martin finished four places ahead of him, gaining 15 points. The next week, Marlin dropped to 4th in the standings after a 21st-place finish at Dover.

One week later, at the Protection One 400 at Kansas, Marlin had a hard crash after 147 laps and finished 33rd. He was diagnosed with a cracked vertebra in his neck and would be forced to miss the remaining seven races. Marlin was replaced by Busch Series driver Jamie McMurray, who had recently been signed by Chip Ganassi Racing to drive for the team in the 2003 season. McMurray won the UAW-GM Quality 500 in his second start with Marlin's car, and Marlin telephoned McMurray during the post-race festivities to congratulate him. Marlin ultimately finished 18th in the final season points with eight Top 5s and ten Top 10s. Marlin's injury was the beginning of a struggle for Chip Ganassi Racing to win races on a regular basis - a slump that would last from 2002 towards 2010.

Marlin did not finish in the Top 5 in 2003, but had 11 Top 10 finishes and matched his previous year's finish of 18th in points. He did however come close to a win at the 2003 Sharpie 500 at his hometown in Bristol Tennessee. Marlin controlled the race early and mid-way and appeared to have victory in his hands until he was wrecked by Kurt Busch with less than 150 laps to go. Kurt Busch went on to win the race but apologized in victory lane. Sterling Marlin however was not pleased with Busch in post-race ceremonies, stating "What a bone-headed move. I guess Spencer didn't punch him hard enough.", as a reference to Kurt Busch and Jimmy Spencer's altercation the previous week. Busch would later say in a post-race interview, and later in a 2020 podcast with Dale Earnhardt Jr. that he offered to buy Marlin a six-pack of Coors as a peace offering, but was turned down. Despite three Top 5s in 2004, he fell to 21st in points. During the 2005 season, Ganassi announced Marlin would be replaced by David Stremme for the 2006 season in order to attract the younger male demographic. It was also said that Richard Childress Racing had offered Marlin a deal to drive the No. 07 Jack Daniels-sponsored Chevrolet, However, Marlin honored his contract with Ganassi and finished out the 2005 season. He did however miss one race-the 2005 Sirius at the Glen to attend the funeral of his father Coo Coo Marlin who died of lung cancer one day before the race. Road ringer Scott Pruett replaced Sterling in the 40 and finished fourth in the race.

He reached as high as 6th in the points standings, but would later fall to 30th in the final standings.

Marlin joined MB2 Motorsports for 2006 to drive the Waste Management Chevy, running with the No. 14 in tribute to his father, Coo Coo Marlin, who died during the 2005 season. Marlin's only Top 10 finish in 2006 was ninth place at Richmond. His 2006 season was shadowed by bad luck and No. 14 finished 36th in owner points.

2007–2010
Marlin was able to qualify via speed for each of the first five races of the 2007 season, his Pep Boys No. 14 team was the only team out of the top 35 from 2006 to do this. Marlin's run in the No. 14 ended on July 17, 2007, when Ginn Racing announced Regan Smith, who had been splitting time with Mark Martin in Ginn's U.S. Army-sponsored No. 01 car, would replace him beginning at the Allstate 400 at the Brickyard at Indianapolis. He attempted to qualify for two races in 2007, but he failed to qualify for either. He tried to make the Sharpie 500 at Bristol in the No. 78 car as a replacement for Kenny Wallace, and the UAW-Ford 500 at Talladega, replacing Mike Wallace in the No. 09 car. However, in November he managed to qualify the No. 09 and drove at Phoenix for a 25th-place finish, and a week later at Homestead finishing 33rd.

Marlin failed to qualify for the 2008 Daytona 500 in the No. 09 car, but qualified at Talladega and the following week at Richmond as well. For Darlington, Marlin raced in his old No. 40 car and qualified 14th, and also at the Coca-Cola 600 at Lowe's Motor Speedway in the No. 40, still in for the injured Dario Franchitti. He finished out the rest of the season driving for Phoenix Racing. In March 2009, Marlin participated in and won the Saturday Night Special, a charity event at Bristol Motor Speedway which included NASCAR Legends. He led the entire event in a car painted similar to the one he drove with Morgan McClure Motorsports, and wearing an older-style Coors Light uniform from his days while driving for Chip Ganassi.

For the 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, Marlin continued to run a limited schedule in the No. 09 Phoenix Racing Miccosukee Resort & Gaming Chevrolet. His best finish for the 2009 season was 35th at Martinsville, which also proved the last of his 748 career starts.

An announcement was made preceding the Cup Series finale weekend at Homestead-Miami Speedway that Marlin would attempt the race in the No. 70 Chevrolet for TRG Motorsports, though Marlin later denied it.

Retirement
Marlin announced his retirement from racing on March 18, 2010, and formerly owned a Chevrolet dealership in Ashland City, Tennessee and a Dodge dealership in Dickson, Tennessee. In 2012, Marlin publicly revealed that he had been diagnosed with Parkinsonism. He has undergone deep brain stimulation surgical procedures at Vanderbilt University Medical Center as part of his treatment.

Presently
In late 2011, Marlin helped form Tennessee Racing Association, LLC, along with several other drivers (including Chad Chaffin and Mike Alexander) and businessmen, in an effort to preserve Fairgrounds Speedway and allow the track to remain active in the racing community. He is fully retired from NASCAR competition, as well as the Pro Late Model Division at Fairgrounds Speedway.

Television appearances
In 2003, game show Family Feud hosted a NASCAR special with help from then-Family Feud host Richard Karn. Sterling Marlin was one of the drivers who appeared in an episode, along with some crew members from the Coors team. Marlin played against fellow driver Elliott Sadler and the #38 Robert Yates team, winning the game.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA SuperCar Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

International Race of Champions
(key) ( Bold – Pole position. * – Most laps led. )

title: Sterling Marlin


text:
Talk:UNIVAC III

Merge and Wikify
This could easily be merged with UNIVAC. I'm a little concerned at the tentative description of classified systems which may or may not have existed...is this encyclopediac? --Wtshymanski 04:09, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is mostly nonsense. There were 96 machines built. It was a successor of the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II designs and was very definitely a commercial product and in no way classified. The external links are correct though. -- RTC 20:16, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There, that should fill in some details. -- RTC 00:56, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

I added an external link to a site giving locations of over 40 UNIVAC III installations. -- RTC 20:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Introduction date
The year 1962 for the introduction of Univac II is incorrect. I hired on as an electronic technician at Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company in 1960 to help in the repair and maintenance of their Univac II - which had been up and running a few years before I got there.

D.A. Green nichevoo@hotmail.com

 * Sorry, but this is the article on the UNIVAC III, not the UNIVAC II. Yes, the UNIVAC II was introduced in 1958 and so was available when you used it in 1960, but the UNIVAC III was not introduced until 1962. The article is correct. -- RTC 20:51, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:UNIVAC III


text:
Gill Man

Gill Man may refer to:

 * Gill-man, the titular creature of the Creature from the Black Lagoon series of movies
 * A prehistoric creature allied with alien invaders in the strategy video game X-COM: Terror from the Deep
 * Reptilian mermaids from the Aquaman cartoon "Goliaths of the Deep-Sea Gorge"

title: Gill Man


text: User talk:69.232.35.129

title: User talk:69.232.35.129


text:
Talk:UNIVAC 418

Could be merged
The main UNIVAC article could easily absorb this paragraph. --Wtshymanski 04:11, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe maybe not. -- RTC 20:20, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, it fits just fine. --Wtshymanski 20:30, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

This machine could not possibly have been table top as the poster stated! -- RTC 01:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Too bad it was all just another Wikifiction by the original poster, that got "absorbed into the main UNIVAC article"... frustrating... Once I finally had a bit of time to research it, it wasn't hard to write a real article on it. -- RTC 20:02, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:UNIVAC 418


text:
Defense Criminal Investigative Service

The Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) is the criminal investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Defense Office of Inspector General. DCIS protects military personnel by investigating cases of fraud, bribery, and corruption; preventing the illegal transfer of sensitive defense technologies to proscribed nations and criminal elements; investigating companies that use defective, substandard, or counterfeit parts in weapon systems and equipment utilized by the military; and stopping cyber crimes and computer intrusions.

Background
On April 20, 1981, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger established DCIS as a worldwide civilian federal law enforcement agency that investigates suspected criminal activities involving DoD Components and DoD contractors. When DCIS was created, the criminal investigative functions previously assigned to the Defense Investigative Service were transferred, along with 100 personnel billets, to the Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Review and Oversight). In October 1981, an initial cadre of 12 individuals of the DIS Special Investigations Unit began operating as DCIS special agents under the direction, authority, and control of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Review and Oversight). DCIS was incorporated within the Department of Defense's Office of Inspector General when it was established in 1982.

In 1997, DCIS became one of the first OIG investigative components to be granted permanent statutory law enforcement authorities comparable to those possessed by the FBI. Upon passage of Public Law 105–85 (see Div. A, title X, § 1071(a)), DCIS special agents were granted the ability to carry concealed firearms, make arrests with or without a warrant, and execute search warrants.

Responsibilities
It is the obligation of the DoD Inspector General to "initiate, conduct, and supervise such...investigations in the Department of Defense (including the military departments) as the Inspector General considers appropriate" (IG Act Sec. 8(c)(2)) and to "provide leadership and coordination and recommend policies for activities...to prevent and detect fraud and abuse in...[DoD] programs and operations (IG Act Sec. 2(2))."

Priorities

DCIS' current investigative priorities include:

Illegal theft, export, diversion, transfer, or proliferation of sensitive DoD technology, systems, weapons, and equipment, with particular emphasis upon allegations involving targeted foreign nations, organized international criminal organizations, or potentially hostile entities apt to utilize said items in furtherance of assaults against U.S. military forces.

Public corruption and financial crimes impacting crucial DoD operations, with particular emphasis upon schemes impacting the health, safety, welfare, or mission‐readiness of U.S. troops.

Procurement and acquisition fraud which result in multi‐million dollars losses, thus depriving DoD of critically‐needed funds that would otherwise be utilized to finance vital national defense initiatives. This includes the introduction of counterfeit or substandard products into the DoD acquisition system.

Health care fraud committed by providers that involves quality of care, unnecessary care, or failure to provide care to Tricare‐eligible service members, retirees, dependents, or survivors; or significant direct loss to DoD's Tricare Management Activity.

Computer intrusions and other cyber crimes that result in serious compromises of the Global Information Grid; exfiltration of sensitive DoD data or large volumes of personally identifiable information pertaining to civilian DoD employees or service members; or potential contractual violations on the part of a DoD contractor.

Organization
DCIS is led by the Deputy Inspector General for Investigations. The Deputy Inspector General for Investigations is cross-designated as the Director of DCIS. The Principal Deputy Director of DCIS reports directly to the Director and serves as the organization's second-in-command.

DCIS Headquarters is organized into two functional branches: Each branch is managed by an Assistant Inspector General who is cross-designated as a Deputy Director of DCIS.
 * Investigative Operations
 * Internal Operations

Locations
DCIS is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, and maintains a presence in over 50 separate domestic and international locales. Field offices are situated in the following locations:
 * Mid-Atlantic Field Office, Alexandria, Virginia
 * Northeast Field Office, Boston, Massachusetts
 * Southeast Field Office, Atlanta, Georgia
 * Southwest Field Office, Dallas, Texas
 * Western Field Office, Mission Viejo, California
 * Cyber Field Office, Alexandria, Virginia
 * Transnational Operations Field Office, Alexandria, Virginia

Each field office is overseen by a Special Agent-in-Charge who is responsible for overseeing multiple subordinate resident agencies and posts of duties located throughout the United States.

At present, DCIS maintains a presence in the following international locations:
 * Camp Arifjan, Kuwait
 * Naval Support Activity Bahrain, Bahrain
 * Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, Germany
 * Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar
 * Camp Humphreys, Pyeongtaek, South Korea

Special agents
Pursuant to Title 10 of the United States Code §1585, DCIS special agents conducting, supervising, or coordinating investigations of criminal activity in programs and operations of the Department of Defense have the authority to execute and serve any warrant or other process issued under the authority of the United States; to make arrests without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in the presence of that agent; and to make arrests without a warrant for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if the agent has probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing the felony.

Authorization for special agents of the Defense Criminal Investigative Service to carry firearms while assigned investigative duties or other duties as the Secretary may prescribe can be found in 10 U.S. Code §1585(a).

Selection and training

To be considered for a DCIS special agent position, an individual must: Be a U.S. citizen, age between 21 and 37 years, pass screening, background investigation and have exceptional communication skills.

DCIS special agent candidates receive initial training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) located in Glynco, Georgia. They attend the 12 week Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) at FLETC Glynco along with special agent candidates of many different agencies including Homeland Security Investigations, United States Secret Service, and the Diplomatic Security Service. Following completion of CITP, DCIS special agents attend a 3 week training course specific to DCIS. Later, special agents may return to FLETC to attend specialized training in counterproliferation, procurement fraud, money laundering, cyber crimes, advanced interview techniques, etc.

In popular culture

 * In The A-Team film of 2010, the character Charissa Sosa is a captain in DCIS. However, the real life DCIS has no military service-member special agents. Their agents are all civilians.
 * In NCIS Season 20 Episode 6, DCIS looks for a mole inside NCIS, making Kasie Hines a head investigator for the DCIS.
 * In The Terminal List Episode 5 and 7, the character Bijan Azad is a DCIS special agent

title: Defense Criminal Investigative Service