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Shinano River

The Shinano River (信濃川), known as the Chikuma River (千曲川) in its upper reaches, is the longest and widest river in Japan and the third largest by basin area (behind the Tone River and Ishikari River). It is located in northeastern Honshu, rising in the Japanese Alps and flowing generally northeast through Nagano and Niigata Prefectures before emptying into the Sea of Japan. It is designated as a Class A river.

History
The Shinano River has a long history in Honshu, and along with other rivers in the region, has a significant effect on the geography and ecology of the area. Originally the Shinano River would have drained straight into an estuary-like Fukushima lagoon before making its way into the Sea of Japan after flowing down from the Japanese Alps. Over centuries of sediments being brought downstream, a marshy plain formed in the lagoon into what is currently the Echigo Plain. Estimates presented in 1993 place the amount of loose sediment in the river system at 400 - 500 m3/km. The construction of diversion channels have limited the upkeep required to keep a navigable passage between the Niigata port and the open ocean; however, a consequence of diverting sediment has been that the northern coast of Niigata Prefecture (which includes Niigata and its port) is receding by an average 9 m3/m per year (measured from 1947 to 1975) due to sediment being released well-south of the river's original mouth in Niigata.

The Shinano River Project, funded by the British Academy, investigates the development of the Shinano—Chikuma River system. It has uncovered some of the earliest examples of Flame-style pottery (kaen doki), dating from the Middle Jōmon period (3500–2500 BCE), have been found at Sanka excavation site in Nagaoka, Niigata, near the confluence of the Sai and Shinano Rivers.

As with rivers across the world, the Shinano provided a valuable means of transport. The system also provided a method of transport for goods to be moved downstream to one of three ports, Nutaru, Niigata and the provincial port of Kambara. Little evidence remains which details the importance or role of these ports; however, large amounts of Medieval Chinese artefacts have been found in the region, and the Muromachi period play, Miuri, was set in Kambara, indicating its regional significance. There is limited evidence which has caused some historians (such as Shishi Tokamachi) to suggest that the Shinano system was not widely used for boat travel until the eighteenth century. Brian Goldsmith, however, contends that the Shinano was, in fact, used for waterborne trade based on archaeological finds, including coin hoards and imported pottery, found in the headwaters of the Shinano. One of the main inland roads in Honshu followed the Shinano valley inland to the Japanese Alps. The location of the road indicates that the river played a vital role in local trade. The Chikuma valley also provided a link across the island of Honshu.

The confluence of the Chikuma and Sai rivers, called the Kawanakajima Plain, was the location a series of battles in the sixteenth century as part of the Sengoku period. The most significant of the battles was fought on 18 October 1561 between the Takeda clan and Uesugi clan, and resulted in severe casualties to both sides. The battles have become well known in Japanese military history, mentioned in literature, woodblock printing and movies.

The Shinano River system has a long history of hydroelectric power generation, with the first hydroelectric power plant in Japan being located in the system. During the construction of a plant on the Shinano River in the Niigata Prefecture in July 1922, it was reported by Tokyo's Yomiuri Shimbun on 29 July that Korean workers were being mistreated and murdered. The Shinano River incident involved 1,200 workers, approximately 600 of whom were Korean, who were subjected to regular mistreatment by their Japanese foremen. The mistreatment included malnutrition, forced labour up to sixteen hours a day and severe beatings for those who tried to escape. News articles at the time alleged that up to 100 Koreans were killed during construction and that local farmers had reported seeing bodies floating down river. This incident occurred following the annexation of Korea by Japan and was partially responsible for the development of trade unions for Korean workers in Japan.

Two Japanese naval cruisers, one launched in 1911 and the second in 1938, were named after the Chikuma River. A 1940s aircraft carrier was named after the old Shinano Province.

Course
The Chikuma River rises in the northeastern foothills of Mount Kobushi in the Japanese Alps on the border of Saitama, Yamanashi and Nagano Prefectures, partially in the Chichibu Tama Kai National Park

It joins with the Yochi River and flows roughly north to join the Yu River (36.26°N, 138.42°W) then turns northwest into an intermontane basin at Nagano City where it is joined by the Sai River from Matsumoto and the Hoshina River (36.625°N, 138.25°W). The Chikuma then changes direction and flows northeast from Nagano into Niigata Prefecture where it changes its name to the Shinano River. The Shinano continues northeast to a confluence with Uono River between Ojiya and Uonuma (37.275°N, 138.85°W).

After its confluence with Uono River, the Shinano is crossed by Koshiji Bridge and the Shinetsu train line before emerging onto Echigo Plains of the Niigata Prefecture at Sanjō. After entering the Echigo Plains the river becomes deltaic and swampy due to its very small gradient (an average of 1 in 4000).

The Ōkōzu Channel (大河津分水路), completed in the 1920s, diverts flood water northwest into the Sea of Japan while the river splits into a number of branches and continuing northeast. Approximately 25 km south of its mouth, the river turns north and flows towards Niigata.

The Sekiya Diversion Channel was completed in the 1960s in response to flooding in Niigata continuing after construction of the Ōkōzu Channel. It is designed to mitigate flooding by diverting flood waters away from the city and straight into the Sea of Japan. The river turns northeast and flows through Niigata City for approximately 6 km before finally emptying into the Sea of Japan.

The river is crossed multiple times as it meanders its way through Niigata, including by the Bandai Bridge which was, when it was originally built in 1886, the longest bridge in Japan at 782 m. The current Bandai Bridge, built in 1929 and designated as a nationally important cultural property, is only 306.9 m long. This is also in stark contrast with the river's 720 m width at the Ohkouzu Diversion Channel.

Ōkōzu Diversion Channel
Due to seasonal high rainfall in the Shinano's watershed the fertile farmlands on the Niigata plain were subjected to flooding every three to four years which destroyed crops, particularly rice, and villages. Attempts from local residents to secure funding to build a diversion channel began in the mid-early eighteenth century, during the Kyōhō era. Government support was not secured until the early twentieth century following severe flooding and inundation in 1896.

Construction work on the 10 km Ōkōzu Channel (大河津分水路) began in 1909 and concluded in 1922. The success of the channel was short-lived, however, as the floodgate collapsed in 1927 due to erosion of the channel bed and was not fully repaired until 1931.

The construction of the diversion channel has resulted in marsh fields drying on the Niigata plain which allows for greater production. Likewise, drier land has also allowed for the construction of infrastructure such as expressways and the Shinkansen express-train network, to support a greater population in the area.

A new weir wall was constructed between 1992 and 2000 due to safety concerns with the original wall. Construction was planned to limit negative affects on scenery and wildlife. To this end, natural stones were used for the exterior and fishways were included in the design.

Sekiya Diversion Channel
Flooding in the Niigata area continued following the construction of the Ōkōzu Channel. As a result, another channel, which was originally planned in the Edo period (1700s–1800s), was built on the western outskirts of Niigata City to further mitigate the risk of flooding and to help prevent saltwater intrusion into the Shinano estuary. The Sekiya Diversion Channel was originally to be funded by the Niigata Prefecture; however the 1964 Niigata earthquake resulted in the funds no longer being available so it was adopted as a national project.

Construction of the Sekiya Diversion Channel commenced in 1968 and concluded in 1973 with a channel 1.8 km long and 240 - 280 m wide. The channel provides another alternate path for sediment to be directed straight out to sea and away from the Niigata port. The channel is crossed by the Echigo Line and the National Route 402 (excavated materials from the channel were used in the construction of Route 402).

Major dams
There are a number of major dams in the Shinano River system, but not on the main river itself, rather its tributaries are extensively dammed and used for electricity generation as well as water for irrigation. The major dams in the system are listed below:
 * The Takase Dam, on the Takase River, a tributary of the Sai River, holds 76.2e6 m3 and is the tallest of its size in Japan. It is also the second tallest dam in Japan, after the Kurobe Dam.
 * The Nanakura Dam, which is part of the Takase Dam system, holds 32.5e6 m3.
 * The Ōmachi Dam is further downstream from the Nanakura Dam and holds 33.9e6 m3.
 * The Nagawado Dam is on the Azusa River, another tributary of the Sai, holds 123e6 m3 and is followed downstream by a number of smaller dams including the Midono Dam and Inekoki Dam.
 * The Sagurigawa Dam sits on the Sankuni River which is a tributary of the Uono River. It holds 27.5e6 m3 and is used for a range of purposes including storage for power generation, flood control and water for irrigation.

Watershed
The 11900 km2 basin of the Shinano-Chikuma River system is the third largest in Japan and at 367 km, is the longest river in the country. The river system supports a population of around 3 million but supports significant agriculture and electricity generation. The river has 880 branches which is the second highest in Japan after the Yodo River. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has designated the Shinano River system as Class A.

The discharge of the river averages 503 m3, with a mean maximum of 3776 m3 to mean minimum of 91 m3. In addition to this discharge, 30.4 m3 of water is used for municipal and industrial supply across the basin.

The Chikuma River originates in the Japanese Alps at altitudes of above 2000 m and has a basin in its own right of 7163 km2. The Chikuma continues generally north-northeast joining with the Sai and changing name to the Shinano, after 214 km. The Chikuma, therefore, includes around sixty percent of the whole river system's basin and around 58 percent of the river's length.

In the upper reaches of the river, where it is known as the Chikuma, only around ten percent of the land is flat, agricultural land and around 49600 ha of it is irrigated. By the time the river flows onto the Echigo Plain, however, much more land is devoted to agriculture and there is huge potential for irrigation, especially due to influence of the Ohkouz Channel and weir. The abundance of water and fertile soils has led to this area being the one of the best rice producing areas in Japan.

Rainfall varies considerably in the Shinano basin. In the middle part of the Chikuma River, near its confluence with the Sai River, rainfall is some of the lowest in Japan, generally staying below 1000 mm. The low precipitation is primarily due to its encirclement by the three ranges which make up the Japanese Alps and by the Jōshin'etsu-kōgen National Park. However, the upper reaches of the Chikuma and Sai Rivers and the lower part of the Chikuma River (where it changes name to the Shinano River) receive 1200 - 2300 mm annually. In the central areas of the Shinano River, especially in the Uono Basin, precipitation increases to around 2200 - 3000 mm; this area receives some of the highest winter snow falls in Japan with 40–50% of this precipitation falling as snow. The heavy snow melt is responsible for much of flooding to affect the Echigo, but also allows for the hydroelectricity generation and regular irrigation.

Ecology
The Shinano basin supports a large range of plant life, including over 1,100 species of plant which grow on the river bank, in the river bed or more broadly. The basin also supports a large range of animal life both in and around the river. However, the development of the river has threatened the continuing existence of a number of different species. Across the country, thirty to fifty (or higher) percent of endangered species are from freshwater river systems and the impact on the Shinano river system is also clear. Primarily this affects fish and amphibians due to their reliance on the river. The construction of weirs and dams to support agriculture and industry as well as the introduction of invasive species and pollution have been the main causes of ecosystem degradation. The Shinano basin provides a habitat for around twenty-five percent of Japan's fish species (around fifty-five of the 200 fish species living in Japan) including both endemic freshwater fish as well as diadromous fish.

The construction of large dams, especially in the mid and upper reaches of the system have significantly affected the ability of fish to migrate up and down the river, and into the Sea of Japan. There has also been a significant increase in the amount of fishing which takes place in the system which is associated with the introduction of invasive fish species and waterbirds into the system. The development of the river, and human settlement, has also resulted in the environmental degradation of key fish habitat. Changes in the system have affected its ability to support and maintain fish species which are endemic to the river. Some actions have been taken to overcome these issues, including prohibitions on fishing salmon during breeding and stocking certain areas for fishing, especially in areas where Tsukeba fish shacks (popup stores along the riverbank) are regularly set up.

The river system has also long been home to bird life. The negative effects of human development have not as significantly affected birds as fish due to the more limited changes to bird habitat (which includes the forests which still remain on surrounding mountains). There are more than 130 species of birds which frequent the river system, these include starlings and ducks as well as migratory birds such as cranes and ibis.

Electricity production
The Shinano River system, particularly in its upper reaches (Chikuma River) and in the Sai basin, is used for hydroelectric power generation due to the steep gradient in its upper reaches and its high discharge producing, as a whole, 2,618 megawatts. While the construction of hydroelectric power stations began before World War II, it significantly increased following the war. These power plants, such as the Shimofanato Power Station and the 450,000 kilowatt JR East Shinano River Hydropower Station near Ojiya, supply Tokyo.

There are several hydroelectric power plants operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company in the river system. The Shin-Takasegawa Pumped Storage Station is a significant power plant located on the Takase River near Ōmachi, it boasts the second tallest dam (and the tallest rock-filled embankment) in Japan, and an output of 1280 megawatts.

Additionally, Japan's oldest hydroelectric power plant is located in the Shinano River system. The Miyashiro Power Plant No. 1 was opened by the Azumi Electric Power Company in 1904 and has, since then, been in continual operation, currently operated by Chubu Electric Power Company.

Tourism
Tourism is a major industry in the Shinano River basin as there are a number of attractions in the area. The Shinano River system attracts a number of tourists from across the country for angling and to experience Tsukeba fish shacks which are set up along the river bank and bed to cook fish as they are caught.

The hot springs along the Chikuma River for example from tourists into the upper reaches of the river. The high rate of snow in the mountains surrounding both the Chikuma and Shinano Rivers make them attractive places for snow sports with a number of ski resorts scattered throughout the mountains. The 1998 Winter Olympics, which were held in Nagano, indicate the large number of locations for snow sports in the area.

In addition to these natural attractions, human involvement in the area is also responsible for making tourism a large part of the regional economy. Every year, around 6.5–7 million people visit the Zenkō-ji Buddhist template in Nagano. It is believed that visiting the template will grant salvation. This has resulted in the head temple of the Tendai sect being a significant attraction for tourists throughout its 1,400-year history.

title: Shinano River


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Talk:Josh Groban/Archive 1

Spam?
"HE loves Dallas and wants to sing there in June or B.J.'s Birthday."

You're absolutely right, taken care of, but next time please sign in & you could also feel free to revert the vandalism yourself. Thanks for letting me know, Danypo 19:43, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Tenor Vs. Baritone
Josh is a light lyric baritone. Please do not revise it to say he is a tenor (I have reversed it) and if you are going to make revisions at all, please sign in and post something on this page regarding any changes. Thank you! Danypo 16:01, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree... he's no tenor. I don't think he can fit in any operatic roles, so he's better off doing popera. <<The preceeding anonymous comment was left by Boipussi.

Hi. Technically "popera" is a misnomer (I mean, there is no such thing as pop opera). He sings popular music with a slightly more classical approach then, say, the Backstreet Boys. He has better breath control, and no doubt better training. I wouldn't expect to see opera from him for another 5 to 10 years, but I won't be terribly surprised when it does show up. I can think, offhand, of a dozen baritone roles he would be great in. Just not the way we're used to hearing him now. If you wouldn't mind signing in before leaving comments... thanks. :-) It makes it easier. Danypo 17:12, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

He has rather unique voice range from F2 to A4 so he can also can sing bass-baritone roles. Another person with such range is Joshua Kadison. The latter often uses falsetto so he exceeds beyond C5 slightly.

Josh's own official webpage lists him as a tenor! I think we should go with what he bills himself, people.

 * Where, on his official site, is his vocal range listed? I can't find it anywhere. I'd say he's a baritone primarily. Most of his songs I can sing, and I'm a baritone, who's occasionally journeyed into second tenor territory. Unless someone can come up with specific references to his tenor-osity, he should stay listed as a baritone in the article, IMHO. --Ebyabe 14:23, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Hello. I tread on broken glass with this edit, I know. However, Danypo, I would hope that someone, such as yourself, who listens to artists such as Il Divo would know that there IS such thing as pop opera. Your proclamation that there is no such thing bothers me when I find out that you know full well who Il Divo is and yet persist with your comment of: "I mean, there is no such thing as pop opera". There indeed is and, as I have mentioned, Il Divo is one example of the pop opera or, as it is popularly known, popera, sound. However this particular section in which I am leaving my edit is for the tenor v. baritone debate and therefore I think that your bringing up the debate on whether or not pop opera exists was unnecessary. Hypocritical though that may be as I have continued the debate, this was my only way of expressing my feelings to you and I hope that this discussion would either end here or continue somewhere far from this spot in order to save others from the bickering that may well be a result of my edit. Thank you.

Hello. In taped interviews in 2007, Josh himself describes his current range as "high baritone". He further states that it is his understanding that as his voice matures, he may end up as a tenor. His understanding is that Pavrotti (of which he does not jest to compare himself)was a baritone at his age(26) and that when his voice fully matures at around 35, he is hoping to achieve tenor status. Only then will he attempt arias and operatic roles. He also describes himself as a "pop singer with classical influences" and detests the word 'popera'. He has yet to do a single operatic song, and frankly doesn't understand why people insist on labeling him an opera singer of any kind. He feels his voice is most suited for Broadway-type musicals but enjoys pop too much to give it up for now. The interviews I reference can be found under 'media' at www.thatjoshgrobanguy.com  If this is not helpful to your article, please feel free to remove it. (joleighva 01:40, 2 September 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.230.211.24 (talk)

 * Hello all. Josh Groban's website says he is a tenor and he frequently sings high As and B flats which puts him solidly in the tenor range. He also has a more tenor vocal timbre and vocal weight as opposed to a baritone quality. If he were doing opera, he probably would sing tenor buffo roles right now and eventually grow into the light lyric tenor repetoire. I suggest going with tenor as his own website says.Broadweighbabe (talk) 17:52, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Where on his site does it say he's a tenor? I can't find anything talking about his range there at all. He sounds like a baritone to me, but that's just an opinion. We need sources, one way or the other, please. --Ebyabe (talk) 17:58, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * In this interview, he says he was a baritone, but implies that his voice changed later to a tenor. Can that happen? I've not heard of a voice going up like that, only down. Hmm. --Ebyabe (talk) 18:03, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes that happens frequently actually. See voice type article. Many singers start out in one category and then their voice develops either through physical maturity or training into another. Many young men actually start out as lyric baritones and end up as tenors as they hit their late 20s. Many Helden-tenors actually start out as baritones. Also his website does say if you read the bi=line given in the search engine which would come from the website "Official site of tenor Josh Groban".Divinediscourse (talk) 18:32, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * (comment left by Nrswanson at User talk:EarthFurst): Josh is a tenor. If you do a search for him in yahoo or google and read the bi-line for his official website in the search results it says Official website of tenor Josh Groban. Thos bi-lines are generated by the actual website. I would assume then that if the official webste says tenor he is a tenor.Nrswanson (talk) 19:36, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * (reply to Divinediscourse and Nrswanson): I don't have an opinion on what Groban's voice type is (I only learned of his existence about two weeks ago). I can't find any use of the word "tenor" or "baritone" on Josh's website nor his myspace (but both use the word "vocalist" to describe him). thatjoshgrobanguy.com refers to Groban as a baritone.
 * As for the Yahoo description, it seems to be derived from Yahoo! Directory and not from Groban's website.
 * The google.ca description I get for joshgroban.com is "Official site for this young vocalist who is best remembered for his appearance on the 2001 season finale of Ally McBeal, and at the Closing Ceremonies of ...". When I try google.com I get forwarded to google.ca, so I used workfriendly.net to see google.com search results and also get that Google description ("Official ... young vocalist ... Ceremonies of ..."). --EarthFurst (talk) 21:52, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Although I have once seen "tenor" listed on Josh Groban's web site, I have reason to believe that labeling his voice type as tenor is incorrect. I am currently a vocal performance student in a Bachelor of Music program in college and getting rigorous classical voice training. I can personally testify from constantly listening to many trained singers from all different levels what a tenor, baritone, bass, alto, mezzo, or soprano sounds like. First of all, I am identified as a mezzo-soprano (which is sort of the female equivalent to a baritone). I can sing all of Josh Groban's songs if I sing them one octave higher than he does, which is to be expected since a mezzo-soprano's range is approximately the same as a baritone, just one octave above. Second, although Groban has an impressive range and is capable of hitting A4 and B4, this is not uncommon for a well-trained baritone. He does sometimes struggle in the upper extremes of his range and often reverts to falsetto, which is unnecessary for a true trained tenor at this high range. Also, I am a mezzo-soprano (a medium-voiced female singer) and, on a good day, I can hit a B5 and sometimes even a C6 (high C), but this does not make me a soprano. Third, tessitura is the most important factor in correctly determining a singer's voice classification, although the singer may be able to hit "high" notes, it is the singer's most COMFORTABLE singing range that classifies his or her voice type, as well as that range of the voice which possesses the most "color". The singer's timbre is evidence of the singer's true vocal classification as well. Groban's comfortable tessitura and the timbre of his voice both fit the classification of a lyric baritone. It is in the low-middle part of his range where he possesses the richest timbre, best tone quality, and seems to sound (and look) the most comfortable when singing. I hear no evidence for tenor classification at all in his voice. He is also pretty solid singing low notes where a true tenor would barely be capable of making much sound. In addition, I have also seen video clips of interviews or disscussions where he himself has called himself a high baritone. While it is true, that low or mid voices may become higher as they mature, I don't hear this is in Groban's voice. I have listened to his recordings and televised performances since the beginning of his career until now and his voice sounds lower and darker than his early beginnings, which seems to cement his voice in baritone classification. If he were shifting towards tenor classification, it would no doubt sound higher, lighter, and brighter as his voice matured. Lastly, he is not a classical or opera singer. Most of the songs that he sings live and/or records is not from the classical music period. With the exception of his Christmas album, which contains some traditional songs, he has not sung or recorded any music in the classical vocal repertoire. He recorded "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" by J.S. Bach on his first album, but J.S. Bach is a composer of the Baroque period, not classical. Also, he is not an opera singer, since he has never performed in an opera, nor has he recorded or publicly performed an aria from an operatic work. The music that he sings are mostly contemporary songs that he has either written, had written for him, Broadway/musical theater hits, a few cinematic themes, or cover songs from other popular artists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.123.57.76 (talk) 04:51, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Well you raise some interesting points. However, I take issue with several of them and I am a professional opera singer and a lyric baritone. First, you make no allowance for human growth and development. The voice for men is still in a highly flexible phase during their twenties. Women's voices tend to mature and settle earlier, usually in the mid 20s (of course every voice is different and some will earlier or later). Men on the other hand, often don't find their voices completely settled until their late 20s to early thirties. It is for this reason that several music conservatories and young artist programs have higher age caps for male singers than for female ones. Also, most male voices drop lower and then move up. I myself was a bass as an undergraduate student but my voice raised considerably in my late 20s. Second, their are tenors with a more baritone quality to the vocal timbre which are refered to as Heldentenors. It does not necessarily follow that the voice must take on a lighter or brighter timbre. There are just as many types of tenors as other voice types with varying degrees of vocal weight and vocal timbre. Read the tenor article for goodness sakes. Third, the mezzo-soprano voice is not equivalent to the baritone. Mezzos tend to have larger ranges for one and the fach for a mezzo has more sub divisions. They are similar in being the most common voice types of their sex and being the middle voice types but I wouldn't take the similarity too far. The mechanics of singing for men and women is different as well as men have to "cover" in the upper part of the voice and women do not. Also the vocal transition points or passagio lies in different places. In my personal professional opinion Josh's voice hasn't stopped growing and it is currently unclear as to where his voice will ultimately settle. I will say though that he has an uncommonly high upper extension for a baritone and it is my suspicion that he may be a tenor. To my ears his voice doesn't have a rich enough lower register to be a true baritone. Right now it is just uncertain and only time will tell. his website does market him as a tenor so I would say that the article should reflect that.Nrswanson (talk) 20:24, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

I am a member of his website and it is incorrect to say that it lists that he is a Tenor. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Swabbi (talk • contribs) 11:42, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

This site says that he's an operatic tenor: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/joshgroban/joshgroban.html, but no where on his site (www.joshgroban.com) nor his fanclub (which I'm a member of) is he listed as a tenor. Narmowen (talk) 10:44, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Discography
I went in and made his studio albums clickable (take you to the album page) and hope to do articles on the 2 PBS specials next when I get a chance. Danypo

bias
The last couple of lines on the Groban page, regarding the MTV awards, seem slightly biased: "Still his live performance of "Remember When it Rained", backed by a full orchestra, was most memorable." I think this entire sentence can be removed.

 * Exactly how is it biased? The person was noting that many people who saw Josh Groban at the Grammy Awards at that time found his performance memorable. Lenne 08:11, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not bias per se, but it is POV. It's making a subjective evaluation. This is an encyclopedic article, not a review. Citing a critic, for example, who said this would be okay, e.g. "Peter Snoodle of the New York Times noted that Grobin's live performance of 'Happy Birthday,' backed by a full orchestra, was most memorable." That's different than an individual editor here making that statement, which is subjective and POV, and therefore inappropriate for Wikipedia. The sentence had already been modified in the article, so this particlar matter is moot. Carmela Soprano 22:36, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

I don't see anything at all about Live 8.

he looks like Tate in Ken Park. not noteworthy, i know.

He stated in an interview that his mother is from Norway, so I would say his mother was Norwegian, not Swedish. It's things like this that make the Wikipedia unreliable. You can read the interview at: http://www.grobanarchives.com/transcripts/tra021213a.html

Yes, but the genius of Wikipedia is that you can fix other people's errors if you have the right info... Vulturell 19:09, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

SweetTalker 01:45, 2 April 2007 (UTC)[01:39, 2 April 2007 (UTC) Groban's mother is of Norwegian descent and Groban has had his own family history traced back to some maternal relatives (long passed) to Toten, Norway. As of this writing, no known living relatives of Melinda (Lindy) Groban reside in Norway.

Blues
Blues?? Josh Groban is not a blues singer as far as I know. Why's he in that category?<<<<The preceding unsigned comment was left by I am I

Okay... the problem was with the stubs. You're right. Thanks for letting us know. You can feel free to change something like that yourself next time, just leave a note here stating what was done and why. If it gets messed up, we could always revert it. Danke schon! :-) Danypo 22:52, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Jewish-American Internal Link
Josh's mother is not Jewish, and although his father is Jewish, he converted to christianity. Josh cannot be considered Jewish under any Jewish sects such as Orthodox, Reform and Conservative. Therefore, I find Josh's Jewish-American status invalid. Alexisrael
 * It's an ethnicity-based category as much as anything. You wouldn't twitch an eyebrow if his father was an Italian-American and he was under the Italian category, would you? Vulturell 23:45, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Well, Josh has some Jewish roots, which only means that some of his grandparents were Jewish. Josh's father and mother both identify as Christian, and consequently josh is Christian himself. I am trying to point out that Josh lacks Jewish identity. It's ok to cite his Jewish roots, but it's inappropriate to say that he is Jewish. 68.196.189.251

Placing the ethnicity issue aside,the bottom line is that Jews do not see him as a fellow Jewish celebrity. He doesn't identify as Jewish, so it'd be insulting to say that. 68.196.189.251 05:19, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't know exactly which "Jews" you're talking about, but you are certainly not speaking for the whole of the Jewish people. In any case, "Jewish" is certainly considered an ethnicity beside being a religion, and in that sense he is just as Jewish as he is Norwegian. To use a neat example, Lindsey Vuolo, the subject of your last edit, has an Italian-American father who converted to Judaism when he married Vuolo's mother. Yet she is unquestionably half Italian, although she is definitely not Catholic - it is an ethnic and cultural link. Same for Groban - although he is not Jewish by religion - he is certainly part Jewish culturally and ethnically. No one would hesitate to list Vuolo under "Italian-Americans", and I don't see why the same standard shouldn't be applied here. Vulturell 05:55, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

He was raised Christian, by Christian parents. Lindsey Vuolo is different. First of all, Lindsey is Jewish by traditional law, and second of all, she and her parents follow Judaism, and she fully identifies as Jewish. Alexisrael 20:12, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Josh Groban is not even considered ethnically Jewish by any Jewish community. This is a complex issue, but the bottom line is that he's not Jewish. For those who are ignorant, they should read articles such as Jew. Alexisrael 20:26, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You just completey missed my point, which was that Vuolo was unquestionably half Italian (obviously she's Jewish, that wasn't the point), despite her father's conversion from Catholicism - both Lindsey and her father are Italian by ethnicity and culture, and no one would question their inclusion in an "Italian-Americans" category. Same for Groban, both him and his father are unquestionably Jewish ethnically and culturally. I don't see why the same standard that is applied to Italian-Americans shouldn't be applied to Jewish-Americans. If you check out the parent category, Category:Jewish Americans, it explicitly states "American of Jewish ethnicity/descent" (converts have a special category, "Converts to Judaism"). Obviously, in that sense, Groban is just as Jewish as Vuolo is Italian. Vulturell 00:33, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Because the Jewish ethnicity issue is unique and unlike any other ethnicity. Notice that when talking about Jews, a double ethnicity is used, such as Jewish American, Jewish Russian, etc. For non-Jews, it's only appropriate to cite one ethnicity. In case you missed the point, here are the three standards of being Jewish: Born to a Jewish mother, convert to Judaism, or born to Jewish father AND maintains Jewish culture and identity. Notice that Josh almost qualifies under the third standarrd, HOWEVER, he is a Christian convert and lacks Jewish culture and identity. HE'S NOT JEWISH IN JEWISH EYES. PERIOD.
 * "Jewish American" is a refernce to an ethnicity and a nationality, not two ethnicities (since American is certainly not an ethnicity). Same for Jewish Russian. What is the standard for Norwegian-Americans? Italian-Americans? Eh? All the "standards" you gave me have to do with the Jewish religion. None have to do with the Jewish ethnicity. That is because there are no standards for the Jewish ethnicity, just like there usually are no standards for any other ethnicities. Josh is Episcopalian by religion (and is listed in that section), and is Jewish and Norwegian by ethnicity (and is listed under those sections). It doesn't get any simpler than that. Some people may not think of him as "really" Jewish, and for all I know some Norwegians may not think of him as "really" Norwegian. But the "Jewish-American" label is inherently one of ethnicity, not religion (as the category identifies in its description, and as it implies by the "-American" part, since there are no "Catholic-American" categories or any such similar ones for other religions). Logically speaking, he can't possibly be listed under Norwegian-Americans without being listed under Jewish-Americans. Besides, how do you know that he has "Norwegian identity and culture"? Moreover, I just realized that if it was his mother who was Jewish, and had converted to Christianity, etc. then we wouldn't even be having this discussion, and that's really annoying. Ethnicity, religion and ethnic identity should not be ruled over by a group of laws that are followed only by one or several groups. Wikipedia is run from a neutral point of view, not from the point of view of the combined Jewish religious denominations, so we have to treat the Italian, Norwegian, Jewish, and any other ethnic groups equally. Vulturell 04:53, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Whatever. Josh simply has Jewish roots and all that means is that his older generations were part of the Jewish people. Today, Josh is not part of the Jewish people. I guess Josh's Jewish ethnicity is purely for historical records. He can't erase his Jewish roots, but he surely volunatrily walked away from the Jewish people. Today, he is absolutely not Jewish. So let's close this deal.

You know how most Jews react to Josh's case? they are proud of his Jewish roots but disappointed in his current status. End of discussion. Alexisrael 20:02, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Vulturell 21:14, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

How other Jews feel on the issue is irrelevant. He does not self identify as a Jew, and does not practice Judaism. Therefore, he is not Jewish. This whole talk of disappointment, how different sects feel, etc. is entirely irrelevant.

omg...cant believe ppl could debate this for soooo long. i mean....why not just call him american...or californian for now. for the whole jewish identity thing...we could sand him a email or somethin' and ask him directly (if he would answer it.)

Whether any religious group considers him to be Jewish can not change the fact that a significant part of his ancestry is Jewish. He is ethnically Jewish, which means that he is to be included in the Jewish category. This is not my opinion; this is Wikipedia's standard. If *anyone* is to be considered Jewish by ethnicity (exactly like being ethnically Irish or Italian), then certainly, this is not to be treated as an exception. Wikipedia's policy is clear.

New album?
The question is in the title.?.

Hi: Josh has plans to release his 3rd studio album in the fall of 2006. It will coincide, most likely, with the start of his fall tour, to promote the album.

Thanks! Danypo e  18:18, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

The Name is "Awake" and will be released on 11/7/2006.

Album Released Today
Josh's new album was officially released today, entitled "Awake." Blondie16 22:11, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

New Mix
There's a CD released in Gold Crown Hallmarks that was made for Valentine's Day. It consists of songs from his first and second albums, but it also has two new songs. I'm not sure what the two songs are. I don't know if this would go in his album info or not. It's part of Hallmark's 3 card promos. Below is the link.

http://www.hallmark.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/article|10001|10051|/HallmarkSite/GoldCrownStores/GROBAN_CD

Picture
Somehow I don't think that, that is a picture of Mr. Groban would someone please take care of that? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.2.126.55 (talk • contribs).
 * It's fixed now. --Ebyabe 13:04, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Stuff About Josh
I found out that Josh's full name is Joshua Winslow Groban. Cool! Winslow is kind of a funny name. --We can do without emotional embellishments. This isn't a fan board.SweetTalker 02:13, 1 April 2007 (UTC) [SweetTalker]

Please read Don't bite the newcomer, as your comment was unkind. Bouncehoper 03:58, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Emotional embellishments and cavalry arriving to the rescue aside, Bouncehopper, Groban HAS a place for this kind of gushing commentary; the slang term is Official Forum. Whether or not the name "Winslow" is "cool" or "funny" is irrelevant. This isn't A fan board and it isn't HIS fan board. As for unkindness, your pot is calling my kettle black. The debate is over. User:SweetTalker 23:40, 24 May 2007 (UTC)SweetTalker

Ok, so you think that by using big words and insulting people, you're suddenly able to tell people how to talk? Oh yes, that's really kind of you. The person DID NOT put this on the actual article, they put it on the TALK PAGE. There's a talk page for a reason; namely, for things that don't necessarily go on the article. And what debate? I was just saying you need to chill out. I've never seen anyone so rude before, over a few little words! This person didn't even sign their name, probably because they were too friggin' scared of you biting their head, which you did. You really need to calm down before you edit Wiki. And where was I not kind? Please try to make sense the next time you lash out at people. It's not nice, it's not logical, and it's not wiki-style, either. Get a grip.

P.S. The article sounds pretty low-key, but the way you've portrayed it here shows that you actually WANT to piss off the "Grobanites." That's not classy, either. Plus, the interviewer (whether you or someone else) went out of his way to ask the picking the nose question. It's not necessary in the article, and it sounds childish. Bouncehoper 16:13, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Bouncehopper, your attitude, constant deletions and personal attacks are typical Grobanite and welcome on Groban's Official Forum but out of place here. User:SweetTalker

And your rude edit comments and personal attacks on not just me, but anyone who tries to edit on here or the article, smack of "out of place" more so. And whoever said I was a "Grobanite"? I'd never even heard the term before I came here. I was just editing the page because I happened upon it, and found the "controversies" part of the article a little over-reaching, compared to the referenced article. Like ANY USER on wiki, I exercised my right to edit what someone already put there, to IMPROVE it.

Can we settle this, please? I'm really not sure why you're so upset or why you feel the need to insult others on this page. There's really no reason to not be calm about this. Bouncehoper 03:43, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

There is nothing wrong with the Controversies article as I wrote it. Deleting less than angelic references to a man who fully admits he has a dark side doesn't improve the article, it sterilizes it and it won't restore his virginity, despite Grobanites' best ostrich "stick your head in the sand" efforts. Now you can lob your "personal attacks" comments (which is typical textbook Grobanite behavior by the way) if you want. But we'll just continue this dance of you vandlizing my article and me restoring it to the original

Controversies
I noticed that the recent change to Josh's controversies is not cited. The line added was "However, this article was more or less a fake. Groban later said that he found out that sarcasm doesn't come off very well in print." As it is written now it sounds like an attempt to compensate for the negative light of his comments. The sentence would be strengthened by a source. ProGeek314 20:20, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

I believe the source was his own web site: www.joshgroban.com. It was not necessarily an apology to the fans, but more of an explanation of how what he said was taken out of context. 4gop72.145.102.96 22:20, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

I deleted the references. I wrote the Controversies article and I did not include Josh's comments about his sarcasm coming through. Any time Grobanites get their socks in a bunch over something he says that shows his edgy side, Groban always comes out and says something to placate them but he was not taken out of context. And I refuse to pander to their hysteria. The usual and sundry Grobanite is not the demographic Blender shoots for. If you don't want to see shock and edge, then don't read Blender.

Also, the Blender article is not a fake. I can't tell you how many times I have provided the links to the article itself. Grobanite Purists might not appreciate this quirkier side of Josh but constantly vandalizing and changing and deleting my piece will not make it go away or make him any more virginal or change the comments that he's made here and elsewhere. SweetTalker May 13, 2007

 * I have carefully considered this issue for some time. The inclusion of the entire paragraph rely upon a single premise.  Josh Groban is viewed by Grobanites as being a perfect angelic classical artist.  Without that statement, the rest of the statements do not really belong in the article. I have two issues with this.

 * 1. The statement is essentially a straw man argument filled with weasel words. Because some Josh Groban fans feel a certain way (Devoted though they may be), rather improper character evidence is allowed in.  Is it really needed in a wiki article that Mr. Groban uses the F word?  I think we would be adding that sentence to quite a few articles if that was the standard for inclusion.  Similarly, having tried pot a single time would require that particular notes inclusion in more than a few article.  Realistically speaking, I can only think of a single instance where "trying pot once" would be mentioned in a wikipedia article, and that is in reference to Bill Clinton's "I tried but didn't inhale" incident.  The only questionable issue is him making booty calls. Again though, that relies upon if the statement contributes anything to the article. Is it a main stream belief that Josh Groban is a perfect classical angel?  Or is the paragraph a refutation of the minority view? Which brings me to my second point.

 * 2. Is Josh Groban, in general, viewed as a perfect classical angel? It would seem the answer is no.  It seems evident from the article that he has non-classical influences.  Further, it does not appear he or anybody else makes claims that he is perfect.  I actually went to the Josh Groban Grobanite forums in order to see if anybody viewed him as an absolutely perfect person. That does not seem to be the case.  In other words, this is point 1 in different wording.  Point 1 is the refutation of point 2.  Both weigh against inclusion in the main article.

 * Here is an example of why this is the proper standard for inclusion. Suppose in the main body of the article, Christianity, there is a statement along the lines of Some Mormons believe in XYZ. First, it wouldn't be fair to add that in unless more than just "some" Mormons believed XYZ.  Second, it isn't fair to add in the rebuttal of XYZ, namely a statement along the lines of, "However, the holy Bible Says ABC, therefore XYZ is wrong."  A more relevant example may be the Charlotte Church article, which omits mention of the boobs in the cell phone incident. Although the incident is true, it just doesn't need to be in the article.

 * When it comes down to it, another argument is the information is much like trivia. Of a more inflammatory nature, but still trivia without more context (Such as the majority of Josh Groban listeners believing Josh is a perfect PERSON).  Otherwise, people could add in Josh's favorite color is pink, he likes sour apple suckers, drives a Toyota Prius, and his favorite video game is Madden 2005.  Each statement may be true. Each statement may be published. But each statement is also trivia that is not needed.  Sentineneve 22:41, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Thank you. That makes a lot more sense that what I was doing.[User:Bouncehoper|Bouncehoper]] 02:46, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Loud and clear People. Like I said before, I can do a Lionel Ritchie. I can play this All Night Long. I wrote the Controversies article, I researched the Controversies article and there is nothing wrong with the Controversies article. Vandalizing and deleting what is printed fact will not restore Groban's perceived angelicism, virginity or image as classical darling. The only discourse directed at this article comes from upset Grobanites who hate the very idea of their darling as anything but perfect when Groban himself is working overtime in articles and appearances on Jimmy Kimmel Live to debunk the very squeaky clean, virginal image Grobanites tenaciously cling to. (Lest we forget the Panda Sex song and ensuing debacle). This discussion and emotional bickering and fighting et all is classic Josh Groban Official Forum fodder and that's where it belongs. This is the end of the debate on this.

You have two choices: complain to Wikipedia who will probably find NOTHING wrong with my content or go snivel to Brian Avnet and Warner Brothers. While that works on getting people booted from the Official Forum, you'll find it will do you precious little good here. Bottom line: There is nothing wrong with the article and NOTHING that Groban has not said and done in public. Deleting it will not make it go away and will not stop Groban from continuing to show the public that he's not a teenage boy anymore but a grown man. SweetTalker

WHAT is your problem? Someone completely out of the entire mess decided to do something and solve it, and yet you completely disregarded it.

A. No one gives a damn about Jimmy Kimmel or "panda sex" or whatever you're babbling about.

B. No one cares if Josh isn't "virginal". Duh. He's how old?

C. EDITING is not VANDALIZING. Vandalizing would be "ohmygod i love josh!!!111 and he's so not into casssueal sexx!!1 and he's gonna mary me!!!1" or replacing the entire page with "JOSH GROBAN IS A A GIANT CHOAD." that's vandalism. Editing something for further clarity or because there's been a controversy (ironically over a controversies article) is not vandalism.

D. "This is the end of the debate on this." WHOA! That's not Wiki attitude, hon. Sorry sorry.

E. Neither Sentineneve, nor I are "Grobanites." Your beef seems to be with people who aren't on this page. In fact...

F. "While that works on getting people booted from the Official Forum, you'll find it will do you precious little good here." a-HA! so THAT'S why you're all up in their mess. You got booted off the official forum and decided to take your malarkey here? Bouncehoper 00:00, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe my contributions page speaks for itself. I have exactly one round of modifications to Josh Groban.  Grobanite, I am not.Sentineneve 00:10, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Speaking from a relatively neutral point of view, good faith edits are not vandalism. The controversies section is sourced now with one source - there is a second source that I have read before but the link to the LA Times appears to be dead.  I do have a slight problem because of this - it is unsourced and may be removed per WP:BLP.
 * Wikipedia is under no obligation to expose every pop star's bad habits, controversies, temper tantrums, shocking revelations, and so on. If controversy is well-sourced and notable, and does not unbalance the article dramatically, it can be included.
 * And one last point - nobody owns an article or portion of it. You put the content on Wikipedia - you licensed it under the GFDL - you lost your rights to "copyright" your edits, section or article in doing so.  And please cease the threats to keep reverting - this is called edit warring and you can be blocked for it - as well as WP:3RR.  So I suggest everyone here take a step back, and remember to stay civil when discussing.  x42bn6 Talk Mess  01:20, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia- I fully understand what you are trying to impart, but there is absolutely nothing wrong with the Controversies article as I contributed to it. Everything in that article is easily verifiable, is factual and accurate. New fans come to Wikipedia to learn about Josh Groban. Outside of Googling random articles, Wikipedia is a first source to get quick information about a subject. Fans want a clear picture, not a sanitized version. Groban made these comments himself and they weren't just off the cuff remarks. These comments have been the subject of great discussion with Grobanites deciding to delete any and all reference to them whenever and where ever they go despite what a fan might want to know and learn. Perhaps it isn't entirely necessary to bring up some of his bad habits such as nose picking, but that was not the intention of the inclusion. The intention was to show all facets, nuances and quirks of the artist in order to get a clear and less sanitized, sterile version of the overall picture. Wikipedia does include and allow such content for other artists and other notables such as drug use and other less desirable qualities especially when backed up with references as my contributions have been. The artist DOES have an official forum where this kind of squabbling and content cleansing goes on daily. I stand behind my contributions as accurate and non damaging and apologize for my part in the squabbling. SweetTalker 12:33, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm going to tell you this once - "my" version (nobody owns an article, please remember) - the one I edited - is better. It has proper formatting in, and the LA Times article no longer exists for some reason, and I have attributed it better (casual sex does not even get a mention in the former article - drawing any such conclusions is original research).  x42bn6 Talk Mess  13:33, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

My question is why do we need to know what little negative things Josh does? Does he not have the right to privacy? I am not trying to be combative, just logical. He was trying to be himself and it bit him in the rear end as it tends to all celebrities. This doesn't mean that the entire world needs to see his quirks as controversies. Is there any way to adjust some of these?

Kristyn Dodge 07:42, 27 November 2007 (UTC) KE7EJX
 * And that is a question of WP:NPOV, WP:BLP and various policies. Would it be neutral not to mention such a thing?  Or the opposite?  To me, it's notable, sourced and doesn't unbalance the article - hence I see no reason why it shouldn't stay.  On the other hand, my opinion isn't moot in any way and I would not get angry if it were removed for a good reason.  As for privacy, I'm afraid he is as private as his own life - and as a singer, he is hardly one to try and stay private.  That said, we should avoid sensationalist conclusions and every single little detail.  x42bn6 Talk Mess  14:47, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Closercover.jpg
Image:Closercover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 18:10, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Hey...
Does anyone know how many albums he sold altogether?

I know it's more than 2 million but how much more?

-Christine —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

The last that I heard it was over 13 million. Impressive really.

-Brittany —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.147.42.85 (talk) 07:30, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Biased, Unnecessary, POV-driven Information In 'Controversies'
The reason I didn't respond sooner as to why I edited the info on this page was that I was new here and didn't know how; to be honest, this website isn't very user-friendly.

Just in case you're wondering [whoever you are] the LEGIT reason I kept editing the aritle was that 1. I found it offensive and 2. I thought [and felt] that a some biased fan posted it from a liberal standpoint. In other words, I felt that particular part of the article is POV-based and unessesary, because Josh Groban isn't a controversial, mainstream celebrity figure [like Lindsay Lohan, Britney Spears, Tom Cruise, Paris Hilton] and others. Moreover, I also felt that section of the article was unessesary lacked 'tactical grammer' and was very unprofessional. Why not air all of this guy's dirty laundry while all of the sh!t's on the table? Who cares what Josh said in one stupid article? How do we know if he wasn't drunk during the interview for that filthy article? He's nothing but a sell-out, as far as I'm concerned.

If you [whoever you dummies out there are] think for one single minute that Blender magazine article is the only thing Josh Groban's done that's got many of the Grobanites on the website's official forum talking, then you're as wrong as wrong can be and got change comin'; that's been going on for years [since namely 2003], but I guess that Blender article is the latest thing that really takes the cake. I must admit that it caught many of the fans [including myself] by surprise. I don't expect the man to be perfect, b/c none of us are; I just consider him a sell-out like many of the celeb figures from Trashy Tinseltown. I guess that's what wealth, fame, fortune, money, good looks, talent, and lots of compliments can do to a person after a while, especially a young person. After all, I thought posting unessesary, biased, POV-based information was against the rules and guidelines? If that ain't the mods contradicting themselves, then I don't know what.

I truly believe that section of the article was put up to strictly bug [and annoy] the more conservative Grobies [like myself] who happened to stumble upon that page; or perhaps it was some smart-assed, smart-alecky, bratty, snot-nosed, pissy, sour-grape, empty-headed, unscrupulous, idle asshead posted it simply b/c they had a bad day and didn't have anything else to do. The knucklehead said it theyself that they wrote the article. I don't give a frickin' flying kitty HOW accurate it is, or even if it's accurate at all; it should be removed. There's some things I would rather not know about. As a matter of fact, I didn't know about what Josh had said on the official website until I ran upon this article; I just don't keep up with celebs like that b/c many of the things I stumbled upon about them I wished I never found out.

Whoever you are, just in case you're wonderin' why I edited a section of both the discussion and article area of this page, then there; you got your answer, cuz I just explained myself. You happy now? There, I've said it; now you can go around the bend and smoke it if you want to. I'm done. *gets up off of soapbox*

(Wikieuphoria 04:40, 31 August 2007 (UTC))
 * Indeed, you're not meant to soapbox anywhere (why?). And yes, you are new, so you will possibly have to learn some things about Wikipedia.  First, assume good faith.  Do not assume that the section was placed to "bug [and annoy] the more conservative Grobies [like myself]...".  Posting unnecessary, biased, POV-based information can be removed, true (via WP:BLP) but who is to say what is necessary or unnecessary?  Unnecessary might be to say, for example, that his favourite fish is carp and he his walking pace length is 1.2m.  It was notable, and got coverage, so it can be mentioned.
 * That said, you mention this:
 * "1. I found it offensive" - true, but see Wikipedia is not censored. What you see as offensive others may not.
 * "2. I thought [and felt] that a some biased fan posted it from a liberal standpoint." Assume good faith. I'll trawl through the history and figure out who added the information for the very first time, if you wish, but it is going to be hard to conclude they are a biased fan who is liberal unless they specifically say so.
 * "In other words, I felt that particular part of the article is POV-based and unessesary, because Josh Groban isn't a controversial, mainstream celebrity figure [like Lindsay Lohan, Britney Spears, Tom Cruise, Paris Hilton] and others." - That is what this talk page is for.
 * "Moreover, I also felt that section of the article was unessesary lacked 'tactical grammer' and was very unprofessional." - Again, this is what this talk page is for.
 * "Why not air all of this guy's dirty laundry while all of the sh!t's on the table? Who cares what Josh said in one stupid article? How do we know if he wasn't drunk during the interview for that filthy article? He's nothing but a sell-out, as far as I'm concerned. " - Agreed, Wikipedia is not meant to out every single dirty fact, but notable controversies should be mentioned, but not to the degree such that it becomes an attack page. Remember that Wikipedia is not censored, too.
 * The paragraph has been in dispute for quite some time now, and it has been removed, put back, cleaned up (by me, but I have no idea what happened to it after that), and so on - but being bold means you did nothing wrong. So take your grievances to this talk page, perhaps.  x42bn6 Talk Mess  06:40, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Ah. I remember this debate well. Yipers. User:SweetTalker was originally the one to put it in. He/she seemed really pissed off about the whole thing, and believed "Grobies" to be censoring the information included in the paragraph. I, too, have cleaned it at points to make it more palpable. I've also re-inserted it at times, rationale being that it is a valid point in his career, as it would be anyone's. No, he's not Lindsay Lohan, but that doesn't mean he's an angel. I didn't agree with SweetTalker's tactics (see edit history from this May, and the above Controveries discussion), but the general idea behind the paragraph is ok for the page. It's not attacking; it's just stating what's been said in the rest of the media world. Bouncehoper 08:27, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

For the record, SweetTalker was and never has been banned from any forum, board or anything of that kind in relation to Josh Groban or anyone else. Sweet Talker 03:10, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Oh dear God! Do you realize how pathetically sad it is that we're all arguing over what three sentences? I'm pretty sure that if Josh Groban were to look at this page and see the 'controversies' section he really wouldn't care. It's pretty minor when you really give it any thought. I would hardly consider it to be an issue. Maybe we should all just find hobbies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.147.42.85 (talk) 07:33, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * There are occasions when Wikipedians argue over more trivial things: See WP:LAME. x42bn6 Talk Mess  12:23, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

New updates
I just added a new update under charity about a donation Josh Groban recently made.Wolfman1992 21:35, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Concerts section
Is it normal/correct for the Concerts section to include non-concert appearances like the Macy's parade? Also, it seems wrong for appearances on other CD's like the Troy soundtrack to be included in the concert list. Seems like there should be a separate section for these. See Sting for an example of what I'm thinking of. Dstumme (talk) 15:55, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merge from Grobanite
It seems that Grobanite is kind of a stub, and I don't see it becoming a full article, somehow. Might I suggest that it be merged into a new section in this article? Please do correct me if I'm wrong and this shouldn't be merged. If nobody objects, in a few days I'll commit the merge.--I80and (talk) 00:58, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I dunno, I think it should be deleted, and made a simple redirect to Josh Groban. The "sources" in it are messageboards, which aren't reliable sources. Unless some could be found, I don't think it would be an appropriate addition to the article about Groban. It's more fancrufty than anything else, imho. :) -Ebyabe (talk) 01:04, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting. That was my first reaction, too, but I figured this would be safer if someone actually did like the content on the article.  Should I just  redirect it instead?--I80and (talk) 17:34, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I highly doubt this article is verifiable, let alone notable. I'd send it through WP:AfD to see what happens.  x42bn6 Talk Mess  18:09, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm reluctant to nominate it for several reasons, but the most relevant is that it could be a decently helpful redirect, and according to WP:AFD redirecting is preferable to deletion if possible.--I80and (talk) 21:08, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd be happy to nominate it for AfD if you do not wish to. x42bn6 Talk Mess  23:43, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I was thinking redirect would be the way to go, too, actually. Maybe we could try that, and see if attempts are made to "recreate" it? -Ebyabe (talk) 00:26, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll go ahead and make it redirect for now. If anybody wants to nominate it for deletion, I don't see a reason not to.--I80and (talk) 03:23, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

I am closing the AFD as "merge" based on consensus, which means that the term will need to be mentioned in this article and some information on the phenomenon included. --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 15:01, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Josh groban album.jpg
Image:Josh groban album.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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Wording of relationship
Hello, I'm new here and basically flying blind. I am a journalism student in Minnesota. Anyways, the wording of a sentence in Influences and personal details threw me off. '''He is single, but dated January Jones from 2003-2006, breaking up in the summer of that year. However, they "remain friends". I switched it to He is single, but dated January Jones from 2003-2006, breaking up in the summer of that year. They remain friends.''' That's a little bit less implicative. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.197.207.245 (talk) 00:09, 18 April 2008 (UTC) BetacommandBot (talk) 23:12, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

You are os cool. can you tell me how you started sing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.88.200.125 (talk) 18:19, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Josh Groban/Archive 1


text:
User:Someone42

This is a user page.

title: User:Someone42


text:
Talk:Lajes Air Base

Having been stationed at Lages Field from 1981 until 1983, it is nice to see an article on this.

--TracyRenee 13:06, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

--- I think the Lajes Field article should be merged with this one.
 * I agree, and please also note that Lajes Air Base isn't officially a United States Air Force facility. -- anon. 17:03, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * All the same air base. Some one who knows whats going on should merge these.  Desertsky85451 16:28, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

The official name is Lajes Field. See their website. Also note that the Lajes Field article was the first of the three to exist as well. Google test also favors Lajes Field (37,900 hits), Lajes Air Base (1,440 hits) , Lajes Air Station (468 hits) --Holderca1 18:56, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

I have a knowledge of the base, so I'll merge them into the proper article. Puddhe 17:41, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lajes Air Base


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam Saponara

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:28, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Adam Saponara

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Carlos Drummond de Andrade

Carlos Drummond de Andrade (October 31, 1902 – August 17, 1987) was a Brazilian poet and writer, considered by some as the greatest Brazilian poet of all time.

He has become something of a national cultural symbol in Brazil, where his widely influential poem "Canção Amiga" ("Friendly Song") has been featured on the 50-cruzado novo bill.

Biography
Drummond was born in Itabira, a mining village in Minas Gerais in the southeastern region of Brazil. His parents were farmers belonging to old Brazilian families of mainly Portuguese origin. He went to a school of pharmacy in Belo Horizonte, but never worked as a pharmacist after graduation, as he did not enjoy the career he chose. He worked as a civil servant for most of his life, eventually becoming director of the history for the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Service of Brazil. Though his earliest poems are formal and satirical, Drummond quickly adopted the new forms of Brazilian modernism that were evolving in the 1920s, incited by the work of Mário de Andrade (to whom he was not related). He would mingle speech fluent in elegance and derive truth about his surroundings, many times describing quotidian, normal aspects of life while achieving a fluidity of thought and speech. Drummond drifted towards communism at the start of World War II and took up the editorship of the Brazilian Communist Party's official newspaper, Tribuna Popular, but later abandoned the post due to disagreements over censorship, which Drummond staunchly opposed.

Drummond's work is generally divided into several segments, which appear very markedly in each of his books. But this is somewhat misleading, since even in the midst of his everyday poems or his socialist, politicized poems, there appear creations which can be easily incorporated into his later metaphysical canon, and none of these styles is completely free of the others. There is surely much metaphysical content in even his most political poems.

The most prominent of these later metaphysical poems is A Máquina do Mundo (The World's Machine). The poem deals with an anti-Faust referred to in the first person, who receives the visit of the aforementioned Machine, which stands for all possible knowledge, and the sum of the answers for all the questions which afflict men; in highly dramatic and baroque versification, the poem develops only for the anonymous subject to decline the offer of endless knowledge and proceed his gloomy path in the solitary road. It takes the renaissance allegory of the Machine of the World from Portugal's most esteemed poet, Luís de Camões, more precisely, from a canto at the end of his epic masterpiece Os Lusíadas.

One of those said segments have been found only after his death: deliberately erotic poetry. That type of poetry has been published in only one book, "Moça deitada na grama" (woman laid down in the grass) with the authorization and actual intervention by his son-in-law.

Drummond is a favorite of American poets, a number of whom, including Mark Strand and Lloyd Schwartz, have translated his work. Later writers and critics have sometimes credited his relationship with Elizabeth Bishop, his first English language translator, as influential for his American reception, but though she admired him, Bishop claimed she barely even knew him. In an interview with George Starbuck in 1977, she said, "I didn't know him at all. He's supposed to be very shy. I'm supposed to be very shy. We've met once — on the sidewalk at night. We had just come out of the same restaurant, and he kissed my hand politely when we were introduced."

Style
Drummond, as a writer of the modernist style, follows the writing mechanic proposed by Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade; making use of free verse, and not depending on a fixed meter. In modernism, the predominant style which Drummond wrote in, styles were divided into lyrical and subjective or objective and concrete, Drummond would be part of the latter, similar to Oswald de Andrade.

Drummond was the first poet to assert himself after the premiere modernist of Brazil and created a unique style dominated by his writing. His work displays linguistic freedom and free verse. But it goes beyond that: "The work of Drummond reaches – as Fernando Pessoa, Jorge de Lima, Murilo Mendes, and Herberto Helder – a coefficient of loneliness that detached from the soil of history, leading the reader to an attitude-free of references, trademarks or ideological or prospective," said Alfredo Bosi (1994).

His poetry, according to Affonso Romano de Sant'Anna, can be divided into three parts:

 * I, greater than the world – marked by ironic poetry
 * I, lower than the world – marked by social poetry
 * I, equal to the world – covers the metaphysical poetry

In the late 1980s, his poetry began to become more erotic. O Amor Natural (Natural Love), a collection of erotic poems, was published posthumously. The book inspired the 1996 Dutch documentary film O Amor Natural.

Tribute
On 31 October 2019, Google celebrated his 117th birthday with a Google Doodle.

Poetry

 * (1930) 'Alguma Poesia' (Some Poetry)
 * (1934) 'Brejo das Almas'
 * (1940) 'Sentimento do Mundo' (The feeling of the world)
 * (1942) José
 * (1945) 'A Rosa do Povo' (The People's Rose)
 * (1951) 'Claro Enigma' (Clear Enigma)
 * (1954) 'Fazendeiro do Ar'
 * (1954) 'Quadrilha'
 * (1955) 'Viola de Bolso'
 * (1964) 'Lição de Coisas' (Lesson of Things)
 * (1968) 'Boitempo'
 * (1968) 'A Falta Que Ama'
 * (1968) 'Nudez' (Nudity)
 * (1973) 'As Impurezas do Branco' (The Impurity of the White)
 * (1973) 'Menino Antigo' (Boitempo II)
 * (1977) 'A Visita' (The Visit)
 * (1977) 'Discurso do Primavera e Alguma Sombra'
 * (1978) 'O Marginal Clorildo Gato'
 * (1979) 'Esquecer para Lembrar' (Boitempo III)
 * (1980) 'A Paixão de Medida'
 * (1983) 'Caso do Vestido'

 * Corpo (1984)
 * Amar se aprende amando (1985)
 * Poesia Errante (1988)
 * O Amor Natural (1992)
 * Farewell (1996)
 * Os ombros suportam o mundo(1935)
 * Futebol a arte (1970)
 * Antologia poética:
 * A última pedra no meu caminho (1950)
 * 50 poemas escolhidos pelo autor (1956)
 * Antologia Poética (1962)
 * Antologia Poética (1965)
 * Seleta em Prosa e Verso (1971)
 * Amor, Amores (1975)
 * Carmina drummondiana (1982)
 * Boitempo I e Boitempo II (1987)
 * Minha morte (1987)
 * O Elefante (1983)
 * História de dois amores (1985)
 * O pintinho (1988)
 * Carol e Dinha(2009)

Prose

 * Confissões de Minas (1944)
 * Contos de Aprendiz (1951)
 * Passeios na Ilha (1952)
 * Fala, amendoeira (1957)
 * A bolsa & a vida (1962)
 * Cadeira de balanço (1966)
 * Caminhos de João Brandão (1970)
 * O poder ultrajovem e mais 79 textos em prosa e verso (1972)
 * De notícias & não-notícias faz-se a crônica (1974)
 * Os dias lindos (1977)
 * 70 historinhas (1978)
 * Contos plausíveis (1981)
 * Boca de luar (1984)
 * O observador no escritório (1985)
 * Tempo vida poesia (1986)
 * Moça deitada na grama (1987)
 * O avesso das coisas (1988)
 * Auto-retrato e outras crônicas (1989)
 * As histórias das muralhas (1989)

English translations

 * Souvenir of the Ancient World, translated by Mark Strand (Antaeus Editions, 1976)
 * Looking for Poetry: Poems by Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Rafael Alberti, with Songs from the Quechua, translated by Mark Strand (Knopf, 2002)
 * Traveling in the Family : Selected Poems of Carlos Drummond de Andrade, edited by Thomas Colchie and Mark Strand (Random House, 1986)
 * The Minus Sign: Selected Poems, translated by Virginia de Araujo (Black Swan, 1980)
 * In the Middle of the Road; Selected Poems, translated by John A Nist (U of Arizona, 1965)
 * Multitudinous Heart: Selected Poems: A Bilingual Edition, translated by Richard Zenith (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015)

Reviews

 * Pontiero, Giovanni, (1982), review of The Minus Sign, in Cencrastus No. 9, Summer 1982, p. 47,

title: Carlos Drummond de Andrade


text:
Action of 3 May 1657

The action of 3 May 1657 was a battle that took place on 3 May 1657 and was a victory for the Republic of Venice over the Ottoman fleet of Algiers. Venetian casualties were 117 killed and 346 wounded. Few details are known.

Venice (Mocenigo)
6 galleasses? 19 galleys?

Algiers
Perla (flag??) - Captured Fontana Rose - Captured Sette Teste - Aground and burnt Doi Lioni - Aground and burnt Luna Biscaina - Aground and burnt Molin de Vento - Captured Tigra - Aground and burnt Lione ? (ex-Venetian Croce d'Oro, captured earlier that year) - Captured

title: Action of 3 May 1657


text:
Embassy of Armenia, Washington, D.C.

The Embassy of Armenia in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of Armenia to the United States, located near Embassy Row in Washington, D.C. The embassy is located at 2225 R Street, NW in the Sheridan-Kalorama neighborhood.

After declaring independence in 1991, Armenia established diplomatic relations with the United States and opened its embassy in February 1993 with the arrival of Ambassador Rouben Shugarian. The current ambassador, Lilit Makunts, was appointed in August 2021.

Ambassadors
Ambassadors of Armenia to the United States:
 * Lilit Makunts (2021–present)
 * Varuzhan Nersesyan (2018–2021)
 * Grigor Hovhannissian (2016–2018)
 * Tigran Sargsyan (2014–2016)
 * Tatul Margaryan (2005–2014)
 * Arman Kirakossian (1999–2005)
 * Ruben Shugarian (1993–1999)
 * Alexander Arzumanyan (1992–1993)

Building history
Designed by local architect George Oakley Totten Jr. in 1909, the Mediterranean Revival style building originally served as the residence of Amaryllis Gillett. Subsequent owners included Congressman Gilbert M. Hitchcock and the International Institute of Interior Design (IIID). After the IIID merged with Marymount University in 1990, the property remained vacant until it was purchased by the Armenian government in 1995. The $2.3 million purchase of the structure and its later renovations were paid for in part by substantial donations from the Armenian American community. The 2009 property value of the Armenian embassy is $3,675,890.

title: Embassy of Armenia, Washington, D.C.


text:
User talk:Zedkatuf

Hey! Just wondering when you are going to start contributing to Wikipedia. :) Talrias (t | e | c) 13:09, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Stop
The next time you create a fake disambiguation page with an external link to your website, you will be banned from editing. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 08:18, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Zedkatuf writes: Hi Jeffrey. Sorry to have caused offence. The reason for setting up the disambiguation pages was to prevent kids at my school from potentially setting up deformatory comments about me by using similar entry names in Wikipedia.

I read your comments about me attempting to spam, and apologize if I've indavertantly done this. Perhaps I was being over the top at protecting my name! You were right in saying that I've been registered for over 20 months & haven't yet contributed anything. I do intend to produce articles at some point, it's just that I'm genuinely very busy with other stuff, and wanted to register as a wikipedia user before someone else did, pretending to be me, for example.

This might all sound like I'm a bit paranoid about protecting my identity, and that might be true, but there are cases of peoples' identities being defamed/derided on wikipedia, and I didn't want to be such a victim, which is why I set up so many disambiguation pages.

Sorry once again if this has been seen as spam, and I will put my hand to writing articles at some point, as I think the idea of Wikipedia is fantastic.

Best regards,

Dezsö Futák.

Welcome
Looks like you haven't received the welcome blurb yet, so here goes :)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --kingboyk 05:19, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
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AfD nomination of Project Galileo
I've nominated Project Galileo, an article you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but in this particular case I do not feel that Project Galileo satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion; I have explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Project Galileo (2nd nomination) and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Project Galileo during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. WjBscribe 02:23, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:M27Planetary Nebula.jpg
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Possibly unfree File:M27.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, File:M27.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Soundvisions1 (talk) 15:16, 5 January 2009 (UTC) --Soundvisions1 (talk) 15:16, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zedkatuf


text:
User talk:CockSucker

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- Ferkelparade π 13:10, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your username has been blocked as inappropriate, in line with our blocking policy. You are encouraged to create a new account and contribute to Wikipedia under a more appropriate username, and in a constructive manner. See username for guidance on selecting an appropriate username. Alternatively, edit Wikipedia without creating an account. You are not allowed to edit Wikipedia under an inappropriate username.

Due to Wikipedia's mechanism for enforcing namechanges, your IP address may be temporarily blocked. Unless you have also been engaging in vandalism, we will remove that block as soon as possible - if this doesn't happen within an hour or so, please email an administrator and explain the situation to them - see list of administrators.

Once you create a new account with an appropriate username, you may wish to leave a note at your old user page noting your new name. To merge the contributions from your old account into your new one, leave a note on Changing username. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:17, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CockSucker


text:
Malinas score

The Malinas score is an evaluation that allows to determine whether a pregnant woman is about to give birth. It was invented by Yves Malinas (French physician, died 20 January 1997).

It is mainly used in case of unexpected prehospital cases: the score indicates if it is possible to transport the pregnant woman or if it is best to let her give birth onsite. It is based on five criteria: how many times she has been pregnant, the duration of the labour so far, the duration of each contraction, the interval between two contractions, and whether or not her waters have broken. Each criterion is evaluated by a number between zero and two:

The score is the sum of these five criteria. When the score is less than five, it is possible to transport the pregnant woman to a maternity hospital or a medical structure. When the score is six or more, an imminent parturition (i.e. childbirth) is likely, especially if the woman feels a need to push.

Criticisms
In a study published in 2001, it was suggested that the Malinas Score alone was not a reliable indicator of imminent birth as approximately 25% of unplanned homebirths in the study had a Malinas Score of less than five. An amended scoring system has been proposed which would add additional scores for hemorrhaging, whether the expectant mother was panicking and how long transport to the hospital would take. This amended system would result in the pregnant woman being transported on a score less than seven.

title: Malinas score


text:
The Woman in Black

The Woman in Black is a 1983 gothic horror novel by English writer Susan Hill, about a mysterious spectre that haunts a small English town. A television film based on it, also called The Woman in Black, was produced in 1989, with a screenplay by Nigel Kneale. In 2012, another film adaption was released starring Daniel Radcliffe.

The book has also been adapted into a stage play by Stephen Mallatratt. The original London production ran 13,232 performances and is the second longest-running play in the history of the West End, after The Mousetrap.

Plot
The novel is narrated by Arthur Kipps, who formerly worked for Mr. Bentley. One Christmas Eve he is at home with his second wife Esme and four stepchildren who are sharing ghost stories. When he is asked to tell a story, he becomes irritated, leaves the room and decides to write the following horrific experiences from his past in the hope that doing so will exorcise them from his memory.

Many years earlier, whilst still a junior solicitor for Bentley, Kipps is summoned to Crythin Gifford, a small market town on the northeast coast of England, to attend the funeral of Mrs. Alice Drablow and settle her estate. He is reluctant to leave his fiancée, Stella, but eager to get away from the dreary London fog. The late Mrs. Drablow was an elderly, reclusive widow who lived alone in the desolate and secluded Eel Marsh House. On his train ride there, he meets Samuel Daily, a wealthy landowner.

At the funeral, Kipps sees a woman dressed in black and with a pale face and dark eyes, whom a group of children are silently watching.

When a local coachman takes Kipps to the house, he learns that it is situated on Nine Lives Causeway. At high tide, it is completely cut off from the mainland, surrounded only by marshes and sea frets.

Over the next several days, as Kipps sorts through Mrs. Drablow's papers at Eel Marsh House, he endures an increasingly terrifying sequence of unexplained noises, chilling events and appearances by the Woman in Black. In one of these instances, he hears the sound of a horse and carriage in distress, followed by the screams of a young child and his maid, coming from the direction of the marshes.

Most of the people in Crythin Gifford are reluctant to reveal information about Mrs. Drablow and the mysterious woman in black. Any attempts Kipps makes to learn more causes pained and fearful reactions. From various sources, he learns that Mrs. Drablow's sister, Jennet Humfrye, gave birth to a child, Nathaniel. Because she was unmarried, she was forced to give the child to her sister. Mrs. Drablow and her husband adopted the boy, and insisted that he should never know that Jennet was his mother. Jennet went away for a year. When realising she could not be parted for long from her son, she made an agreement to stay at Eel Marsh House with him as long as she never revealed her true identity to him. She secretly planned to abscond from the house with her son. One day, a pony and trap carrying the boy across the causeway became lost and sank into the marshes, killing all aboard, while Jennet looked on helplessly from the window. The child's screams that Kipps heard were those of Nathaniel's ghost.

After Jennet died, she returned to haunt Eel Marsh House and the town of Crythin Gifford, as the malevolent Woman in Black. According to local tales, a sighting of the Woman in Black presaged the death of a child.

After some time (but still years before the beginning of the story), Kipps returns to London, marries Stella, has a child of his own, and tries to put the events at Crythin Gifford behind him. At a fair, while his wife and child are enjoying a pony and trap ride, Kipps sees the Woman in Black. She steps out in front of the horse and startles it, causing it to bolt and wreck the carriage against a tree, killing the child instantly and critically injuring Stella, who dies ten months later.

Kipps finishes his reminiscence with the words, "They have asked for my story. I have told it. Enough."

Stage play
The play of The Woman in Black was adapted by Stephen Mallatratt in December 1987 and started off as a low budget production for the new Christmas play in Scarborough. It turned out to be so successful that it arrived in London's West End 13 months later in January 1989, taking up residence at the London Fortune Theatre on 7 June that same year. It is currently the second longest-running play in the West End. For the 30th Anniversary year the West End cast from May 2018-March 2019 was Richard Hope as Arthur Kipps and Mark Hawkins as the Actor, then from 19 March 2019 Stuart Fox with Matthew Spencer. As of November 2022, Julian Forsyth now plays Arthur Kipps with Matthew Spencer still playing the Actor. Mallatratt's version sees Arthur rehearsing with an actor in an attempt to perform the story to family and friends, which allows him to relive the haunting of Eel Marsh House as a play within a play.

Radio, television, and film adaptations

 * In 1989, the story was adapted for television by Nigel Kneale for Britain's ITV network and directed by Herbert Wise. The production starred Adrian Rawlins as Arthur Kidd (not Kipps), Bernard Hepton as Sam Toovey (not Sam Daily) and Pauline Moran as The Woman in Black.
 * In December 1993, BBC Radio 5 broadcast a four-part adaptation of the novel, starring Robert Glenister (as young Arthur Kipps) and John Woodvine (as an old Arthur Kipps, who also narrates parts of the story), and directed by Chris Wallis.
 * In October 2004, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 56-minute version in its Saturday Play slot, adapted by Mike Walker. It starred James D'Arcy as Arthur Kipps, was directed by John Taylor and was a Fiction Factory production.
 * In February 2012, a film adaptation was released, starring Daniel Radcliffe as Arthur Kipps, and directed by James Watkins. It is a separate adaptation of the novel, not a remake of the 1989 film, and develops a storyline quite different from that of the source material.

Inclusion in the National Curriculum for the United Kingdom
The Woman in Black is commonly used as a set text in British schools as part of the National Curriculum for English. The book is recommended for Key Stage 3 and above with the paperback edition most frequently used by students. The novel is the subject of GCSE English Literature questions from the Edexel and Eduqas examination boards.

Sequel
A sequel to the book, The Woman in Black: Angel of Death, written by Martyn Waites, was first published in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2013, and in the United States on 12 February 2014. It was made into the 2015 film The Woman in Black: Angel of Death.

title: The Woman in Black


text:
Neskaupstaður

Neskaupstaður is a town located on the fjord Norðfjörður  on the eastern side of Iceland, against the Norwegian Sea. It is part of the municipality of Fjarðabyggð and, as of 2016, it has a population of 1,481. Neskaupstaður is the third largest town in Eastern Region. The town was originally built on a farm called "Nes", settled by Egill Rauði ("the red").

The town was nicknamed "Little Moscow" in the 20th century due its strong socialist background.

History
Until 1949, the town was only accessible by boat. Then it was connected through a 626-meter long single-lane tunnel that passed through the Oddskard mountains called Oddskarðsgöng. Oddskarðsgöng was 632 meters above the sea level and was built between 1974-1977. Oddskarđsgöng is now closed. The town is now connected with a new 7.542-meter 2-lane tunnel called Norðfjarðargöng which was constructed between 2013-2017.

The building of an aluminum smelter and a new hydroelectric power-plant in East Iceland in 2003 reinvigorated the local economy.

Neskaupstaður joined Eskifjörður and Reyðarfjörður in 1998 to form the new municipality of Fjarðabyggð ("fjords-settlement").

Geography
The other villages composing the municipality are: Eskifjörður (1,043 inh.), Fáskrúðsfjörður (662 inh.), Mjóifjörður (35 inh.), Reyðarfjörður (1,102 inh.) and Stöðvarfjörður (203 inh.).

1974 avalanches
On December 20, 1974, avalanches came from the entire mountainside above the town, killing 12 people. Intense snowfall had been reported in the area over the previous few days. Along with the snow came a strong wind that apparently loosened the snow that had fallen on the mountains. According to some accounts, the first small-scale avalanche actually occurred on 19 December; however, due to low visibility, no-one noticed it. Since the time of the deadly avalanches, a number of protective barriers have been installed with the aim of avoiding future avalanches. Prior to the 1974 avalanche, in 1885 and 1894, two other avalanches had been recorded, with the former causing several deaths in two farms.

Economy
Síldarvinnslan h/f operates one of the most advanced fish processing plants in Europe, it mainly produces fish for human consumption. The company and its partners operate in five locations in Iceland and in the USA and Greenland. The company along with partners employ about 220 workers, and the 2010 revenue was USD 128 million.

Tourism
The Museum House (Safnahúsið) located in the center of the town (Egilsbraut 2) houses an art gallery, a natural history museum and a maritime museum under one roof. The art gallery displays a number of paintings by Tryggvi Ólafsson - one of Iceland's most celebrated contemporary artists. The natural history museum hosts an interesting collection of Icelandic mammals, shellfish, birds, insect and stones. The maritime museum houses a number of fishing and boat related old equipment from Josafat Hinriksson family. A small replica of Josafat's workshop is also an interesting part of the museum. The Museum House is open between 1:00 pm and 5:00 pm during June 1 and August 31.

Nordfjardarnipais and the surrounding area became Iceland's first official national park in 1972. Nordfjardarnipais separates Nordfjordur from Mjoifjordur.

The town hosts a three-day metal, hardcore, punk, rock and indie music festival, Eistnaflug, in July. The festival started as a small one day metal festival in 2005 but has since grown significantly. According to a local estimate, approximately 2,000 people attended the festival in 2015. Most of the attendees put up tents at the end of the town.

Nearest airport is Egilsstaðir, about 74 km by road. The main carrier is Air Iceland with flights to Reykjavík.

Notable natives
Tryggvi Ólafsson one of Iceland's best known contemporary artists was born here in 1940. He studied art at the National College of Arts and Crafts in Reykjavik before going to the National Academy Art Academy in Copenhagen.

In popular culture
The 2002 Icelandic movie Hafið (The Sea) was filmed almost entirely in and around Neskaupstaður.

Twin towns

 * 🇳🇴 Stavanger (Norway)
 * 🇫🇮 Jyväskylä (Finland)

title: Neskaupstaður