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Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden

The Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, 127 acres (51.4 ha), is an arboretum, botanical garden, and historical site nestled into hills near the San Gabriel Mountains in Arcadia, California, United States. Open daily, it only closes on Christmas Day.

The Arboretum is located across the street from Santa Anita Park, the horse racetrack, and The Shops at Santa Anita.

History
The Arboretum is sited on a remaining portion of the Rancho Santa Anita, one of the Mexican land grants of Southern California. Rancho Santa Anita was unusual in that it was located above a large part of the Raymond Basin aquifer. Three sag ponds and numerous springs were found in the area and the only remaining one is now called Baldwin Lake. Lacy Park in the city of San Marino once was another sag pond and the precise location of the third is not known but may have been on the grounds of the Huntington Library and Botanic Garden. As a consequence of the relative abundance of water, it was important area in prehistory as a year-round source of water, the body of water known as Baldwin Lake and the other sag ponds attracted both waterfowl and other animals as well as Native Americans. Not surprisingly the presence of water and game created a permanent Native American habitation in the area and is believed to have been the location of the Tongva village of Aleupkigna. The close proximity to the nearby San Gabriel Mission may have led to the construction of a small seasonal dwelling at the Arboretum site for shepherds or hunters which ultimately led to the construction of a modest adobe structure.

In 1839, the grant to Rancho Santa Anita was awarded to Hugo Reid (1809–1852) and his Tongva wife, Victoria. Reid built an adobe home by the lake in 1839, now a California Historic Landmark. Reid was an educated Scotsman known for a series of letters describing Tongva culture. Otherwise Reid was probably best known for his role in the 1849 California Constitutional Convention. Afflicted with tuberculosis, he died at the age of 43. A series of short term owners of the property, Rancho Santa Anita, followed.

Subsequent owners of Rancho Santa Anita were; in sequence, Henry Dalton, Joseph A. Rowe, Albert Dibblee in partnership with William Corbett and a Mr. Barker, Leonard Rose and William Wolfskill, Alfred Chapman with Harris Newmark until finally the property was sold to Elias Jackson Baldwin. With each transition, beginning with the sale to Rose and Wolfskill, a portion of the ranch was sold off. Every owner in some ways typifies the history of southern California during the period. Agricultural innovation is a feature which persisted taking advantage of the climate and the new crops that it made possible as well as a growing body of consumers and new markets opened by transportation innovations.

In 1875 when Elias Jackson "Lucky" Baldwin purchased Rancho Santa Anita and constructed its buildings and grounds. Baldwin's influence had a flamboyance that was evident in the creation of a showcase at the Oakwood Hotel and the Santa Anita racetrack. Commercial viticulture flourished around the San Gabriel Mission since mission days. Baldwin started an award-winning winery to supply tourists, sold land to settlers as well as running a private water company and brick works. A partnership with Henry E. Huntington and the Santa Fe Railroad insured that passengers could arrive by rail from Los Angeles and other locations as well as bringing freight, such as building supplies and ship ranch produce.

The arboretum began in 1947 with California and Los Angeles jointly purchasing 111 acres (44.9 ha) to create an arboretum around the Baldwin site. By 1949, the first greenhouse had been constructed and the site's plants inventoried. In 1951, the first 1,000 trees were planted, and in 1956 the arboretum was opened to the public. Ongoing construction of gardens and greenhouses took place during the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1975-1976 the Tropical Greenhouse was opened and the Prehistoric and Jungle Garden completed. Construction and renovation of both greenhouses and gardens continues.

Groundwater recharge ponds and a pump station has been proposed by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and a consortium of five foothill cities for 4 acres of the Australia section.

The gardens
The arboretum's plants are grouped by geography with gardens for South American, Mediterranean, South African, Australian and Asiatic-North American plants. Other displays include the Aquatic Garden, Meadowbrook, Demonstration Home Gardens, Garden for All Seasons, Prehistoric and Jungle Garden, Native Oaks, Herb Garden, and the Palm and Bamboo collection. The gardens also serve as the home for summer concerts featuring the Pasadena POPS, under the direction of Principal POPS Conductor Michael Feinstein.

In addition, the arboretum is home to a flock of some 200 peafowl, which are descendants of original birds imported by Baldwin from India. The peafowl is a symbol of the city of Arcadia. The first record of peafowl in what is now the United States was the introduction by Frances Sinclair on Kaua’i I., Hawai‘i, in 1860. However the first reported introduction into the continental United States occurred in 1879, when Elias J. “Lucky” Baldwin brought 3 pairs to his vast ranch in the San Gabriel Valley of California. Today, semidomestic or feral populations persist mostly in California and Florida. Peafowl can also be found throughout neighborhoods surrounding the arboretum.

Baldwin Lake
Baldwin Lake surrounding the Queen Anne Cottage is a major attraction at the Arboretum. Numerous waterfowl including ducks and Canada geese are found there on a regular basis.

Santa Anita Depot
In 1970, the Santa Fe Railway depot was moved to the Arboretum during the construction of the 210 Foothill Freeway. It was built in 1890 at today's Colorado Boulevard and Old Ranch Rd. to serve Lucky Baldwin, and the people of Rancho Santa Anita. The depot opened on the Southern California Railway in 1890 and was sold to Santa Fe on January 17, 1906. Before the depot was built, the site was a Rancho Santa Anita railway siding on the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad opened in 1887. The depot is furnished with railroad memorabilia and is open to visitors.

Management
Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden is governed by Los Angeles Arboretum Foundation and Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation.

The Los Angeles Arboretum Foundation is a non-profit organization governed by a board of trustees with a CEO. The current CEO and President of the board of trustees are:
 * CEO: Michael Desplaines.
 * President: Annette Castro Ramirez.

The current Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation leaders at the Arboretum are:
 * Director: Norma E. García-González
 * Deputy Director: Kevin Regan
 * Regional Operations Manager: Hugo Maldonado

Gallery
Selected garden images of Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden.

In popular culture
Dozens of movies and televisions programs have had scenes filmed at the arboretum beginning in 1936, including portions of two Jurassic Park movies and Objective, Burma!.

Some of the Tarzan adventure movies were partially shot here. It was also the scenes for Paradise Island on The New Original Wonder Woman.

The Queen Anne Cottage used in the opening credits of the television series Fantasy Island is located here. The Queen Anne Cottage is reported to be haunted. Some have claimed to see the ghost of Lucky Baldwin or one of his wives. Visitors have claimed hearing moaning coming from the house (where Lucky Baldwin's wife also died of cancer), odd cooking smells, and seeing various strange anomalies walk the gardens at night.

A number of films have been made at the Santa Anita Depot, including the remake of Christmas in Connecticut, which starred Dyan Cannon, Arnold Schwarzenegger (also directed), and Kris Kristofferson.

In 2013, Katy Perry filmed her music video for "Roar" at the arboretum.

Other movies filmed here include:

 * Tarzan Escapes (1936)
 * Tarzan and the Amazons (1945)
 * Tarzan's Peril (1951)
 * Tarzan and the Leopard Woman (1946)
 * Tarzan and the Huntress (1947)
 * Tarzan and the Slave Girl (1950)
 * Tarzan's Hidden Jungle (1955)
 * Captive Girl (1950)
 * Pygmy Island (1950)
 * Jungle Manhunt (1951)
 * Mark of the Gorilla (1950)
 * Jungle Jim (1948)
 * Devil’s Island (1938)
 * The Man in the Iron Mask (1939)
 * The Women (1939)
 * Road to Singapore (1940)
 * The Lady Eve (1941)
 * Anna and the King of Siam (1946)
 * The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
 * Notorious (1946)
 * Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)
 * Typhoon (1940)
 * The African Queen (1951)
 * Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)
 * Behind Enemy Lines (1986)
 * Who’s That Girl (1987)
 * Lord of the Flies (1990)
 * Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
 * Dave (1993)
 * The American President (1995)
 * Matilda (1996)
 * Anaconda (1997)
 * Bedazzled (2000)
 * Saving Mr. Banks (2013)
 * Bridesmaids (2011)
 * Meet The Fockers (2004)


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Template talk:USRadio

Nice Work! -Mydotnet 21:37, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Various sort links
I noticed that most of the links to sort radio stations, i.e., List_of_radio_stations_in_California_by_call_letters, do not exist. Is there a way for wiki to automatically generate these, or do they have to be manually created. If they have to be manually created, it seems that it will be prone to errors and incompleteness (somebody adding a radio station is not likely to want to add it to 7 different pages to get all the sorted pages right). -DHowell Jul 1, 2005 11:57 PDT

format and location
Should this formatted more like the infoboxes at the bottom of a article? On List of radio stations in Nevada it makes the page look kind of ugly. Spreading it out and moving to the end of articles could be more logical. Vegaswikian 06:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Holy Redundancy, Batman!
Is there any reason why there should be up to seven different pages needed to list radio stations for each state? One or two properly-formatted table(s) in one page would be a better solution. –Swid 18:22, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Power and Ownership Categories
I like the template. It imposes order. I think people should be careful that they don't put too much information on each list. A couple additions I would like to see a sort by power (which is my biggest request). That would really i.d. the biggest stations of a state. I would also like to see ownership category. Both of those items are easily available by a query of the FCC http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/fmq.html

And the results can be manipulated via Excel to quickly drop into wiki format (and easily updated going forward). I would have gone ahead and done that myself at least for the power but I want to ask first.

Americasroof 05:03, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:USRadio


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Austrian nobility

The Austrian nobility (österreichischer Adel) is a status group that was officially abolished in 1919 after the fall of Austria-Hungary. Austria's system of nobility was very similar to that of Germany (see German nobility), as both countries were previously part of the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806).

Any noble living in the Habsburg-ruled lands, and who owed allegiance to the dynasty and therefore to the emperor, was also considered part of the Austrian aristocracy. This applied to any member of the Bohemian, Hungarian, Polish, Croatian, and other nobilities in the Habsburg dominions. Attempting to differentiate between ethnicities can be difficult, especially for nobles during the eras of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (1867–1918). A noble from Galicia, for instance, such as the Count Jordan-Rozwadowski (see section "Noble titles" below under Graf/Gräfin (count/countess)), could call himself a Polish noble, but he also rightfully belonged to the Austrian nobility.

Two categories among the Austrian nobility may be distinguished: the historic nobility that lived in the territories of the Habsburg Empire and who owed allegiance to the head of that dynasty until 1918, and the post-1918 descendants of Austrian nobility—specifically, those who retain Austrian citizenship, whose family originally come from Austria proper, South Tyrol, northern Italy and Burgenland, or who were ennobled at any point under Habsburg rule and identify themselves as belonging to that status group.

Imperial nobility
From 1453, the Archduke of Austria had the right to bestow titles and ranks upon non-nobles, as did the Archbishop of Salzburg, as Salzburg remained an independent territory. Besides the Holy Roman Emperor (an office which was almost uninterruptedly held by the Archduke (of the House of Habsburg) from 1438 to 1806), only a few territorial rulers within the Empire had this right. In an era of Absolutism, the nobility residing in the cities slowly turned itself into the court nobility (Hofadel). Service at the court became the primary goal of the nobility. This in turn initiated an interest in education and the interests of the court. Within the court, a close inner circle, called the 100 Familien (100 families), possessed enormous riches and lands. They also had great influence at the court and thus played an important role in politics and diplomacy.

After the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Habsburg rulers, who were Emperors of Austria from 1804 onwards, continued to elevate individuals to nobility until the end of the monarchy in 1918. Some of the noble families even obtained the right to be seated in the Herrenhaus (House of Lords), the upper house of the Reichsrat (Imperial Council). Nobles from previously sovereign states such as those in northern Italy (Venice, Mantua, Milan) were also recognized by the authorities and were allowed to keep their titles and rights.

Burgenland
On the former status of nobility in Burgenland, which was part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1921, see Hungarian nobility.

Jewish nobles
A few very wealthy Jewish families were ennobled after the Toleranzedikt vom 1782 ("1782 Edict of Tolerance") decreed by Emperor Joseph II. Under this Edict, very wealthy Jewish bankers, and later entrepreneurs and industrialists—some of them court Jews—could also be ennobled for their services. Jews had been ennobled mostly, as was common with all newly ennobled families, with lesser noble ranks, but also with peerages such as Freiherr (Baron). The few Jewish families elevated into the nobility were not required to forswear their faith, but some of these families converted to Christianity in order to become more accepted. Although elevation into the nobility meant recognition for civic contributions and services, and entailed a rise in social status, it did not alter the fact that Jews were, for the most part, still only "tolerated" at best. Jews could not freely choose the place and duration of their stay and had to regularly ask for permission from the authorities. This placed a huge burden on Jewish families; if the head of the family died, all his relatives had to leave the city. The right to purchase real estate was forbidden to Jews, even if they belonged to the nobility. This regulation stayed in place until 1860, when it was abolished by Emperor Franz Joseph I and Jewish citizens were given equal rights. When the banker and protector of arts Raymund Karl Wetzler von Plankenstern was created a Reichsfreiherr (Baron of the Empire) by Empress Maria Theresia, he converted to Catholicism while still young. His mansion in Vienna was a center of the fine arts and he was a close friend of Mozart, as his son Alexander was of Ludwig van Beethoven.

Despite these difficulties, by 1821 there were at least eleven ennobled Jewish families living in Vienna alone: the Rothschild, Arnstein, Eskeles, Gomperz, Kuffner, Lieben, Auspitz, Schey von Koromla, Todesco, Goluchowski-Glochowsky, Wertheimstein, and Wiernes families. In 1830 the Jewish von Neumann family were elevated into the nobility. The elevation into the nobility of wealthy Jews also started the process of assimilation of Jewish families into the Austrian upper class.

Abolition of nobility in 1919
With the same date, the Habsburgergesetz of 1919 ("Habsburg Law"), which legally dethroned, exiled and confiscated the properties of the Imperial House of Habsburg, the Adelsaufhebungsgesetz (Arbitration Act) of 3 April 1919 ("Law on the Abolition of Nobility") abolished nobility as well as all noble privileges, titles and names in Austria. In other monarchies of Europe, Austrian noble families may use their noble titles as well as nobiliary particles such as von and zu in their names and they still retain noble status there.

This may sometimes be confusing, as descendants of nobles are sometimes referred to with noble names abroad. Also, members of noble families often hold multiple citizenships, as was the case for Otto von Habsburg (eldest son of the last Emperor of Austria-Hungary and father of Karl Habsburg-Lothringen), who was also a citizen of Germany. The Austrian law does not apply to artistic, performer or stage names, where von is sometimes used, as in the case of conductor Herbert von Karajan or the musician Hubert von Goisern. However, stage names are never recognized for official purposes.

Members of the lower nobility especially (such as civil servants) found this radical step of abolition degrading and humiliating, since working towards and finally earning a noble title was a way for them and their families to rise within society. Members of the higher nobility were able to absorb the formal abolition more easily. They lost their titles and privileges, but kept their social networks, manners, standing and riches. Federal President Michael Hainisch called the official abolition

...childish, because it did not hit those that it was supposed to hit. I once talked to the very fine and very intelligent Princess Fanny Starhemberg about this. "To us," she said, "the official abolition is quite irrelevant, because with or without the titles, we will always remain the Starhembergs."

The law abolishing nobility and titles was never repealed, even during the period of Austrofascism (1934–1938). Following the Anschluss to Nazi Germany (1938–1945), this law remained on the books, although it was not enforced, allowing Austrian nobles to use titles freely again.

Current status
Although noble titles and the particles von and zu are no longer legal, some persons are still unofficially referred to by their titles. For example, the late Karl Schwarzenberg was occasionally still referred to as Fürst zu Schwarzenberg (Prince zu Schwarzenberg) in the media; he held Czech and Swiss citizenship, not Austrian.

Unlike the nobility in Bohemia (Czechoslovakia), Poland, Russia, or the former Prussian territories, the Austrian nobility never had its lands and riches confiscated in Austria (except the Imperial House of Habsburg, which had its properties legally confiscated by the Austrian republican government in 1919). Social measures were introduced by the republican government in order to create more equality amongst the citizens and finance public projects, which put a strain on the traditional land-holding gentry and aristocracy, resulting in the forced sale of many palaces and lands due to the expense of their upkeep. However, there was no measure by the government specifically to target nobility and take away their possessions.

Still, the nobility today are sometimes nonetheless treated slightly differently from other citizens. Austrian nobility still plays a large part in movies made after World War II (for example, Sissi and The Sound of Music), and is still featured regularly in the media and literature. The social events of nobles are still covered extensively in tabloids.

Apart from the prohibition of their titles, some former nobles still make up some of the richest families in Austria, such as the Esterházy, Mayr-Melnhof and Mautner-Markhof. Many members of the Austrian nobility today work in the traditional fields of diplomacy, politics, have business and financial interests, or are philanthropists or socialites.

It was estimated that there were about 20,000 Austrian nobles in 2005. That year, an association was founded, the Vereinigung der Edelleute in Österreich (Association of Austrian Nobles, or V.E.Ö.), which sees itself as the successor of the Vereinigung katholischer Edelleute in Österreich (Catholic Association of Austrian Nobles, or V.E.Ö.), founded in 1922 but banned under the Nazis in 1938. This was challenged under the Nobility Abolition Act.

Categories of nobility
Austria's nobility was divided into three categories: the mediatized nobility (standesherrlicht), the higher nobility (hoher Adel), and the lower nobility (niederer Adel):

Non-ruling members of the imperial family
Non-ruling members of the imperial family held various titles: Legitimate but morganatic descendants of the imperial family were excluded from the line of succession, but might sometimes receive lesser titles with noble rather than royal prerogatives, e.g.:
 * The wife of the emperor (Kaiser) bore the title of empress (Kaiserin) and was styled Her Imperial Majesty.
 * Agnates of the imperial family and their authorized wives bore the title of archduke/archduchess (Erzherzog/Erzherzogin) and styled  Imperial and Royal Highness (Kaiserliche und königliche Hoheit).

 * Prince von Hohenberg, later further created duke (Herzog) and styled Highness (Hoheit)
 * Prince von Montenuovo,
 * Duke of Reichstadt,
 * Margrave von Burgau,
 * Count von Meran,

Titles of mediatized nobility
(English titles with German equivalents)
 * Prince/Princess of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsfürst/Reichsfürstin)
 * Imperial Count/Countess (Reichsgraf/Reichsgräfin)
 * A title with the prefix Reichs- indicates its being granted by a past Holy Roman Emperor, ranking above other titles of the same or higher nominal rank.

Titles of higher nobility
(English titles with German equivalents)
 * Prince/Princess (Fürst/Fürstin)
 * Margrave/Margravine (Markgraf/Markgräfin)
 * Count/Countess (Graf/Gräfin)

Titles of lower nobility
(English titles with German equivalents)
 * Baron/Baroness (Freiherr/Freifrau and Freiin)
 * Knight (Ritter) (no female version existed)
 * Edler/Edle
 * In German, a distinction between baronesses exists, a Freifrau being a baroness by marriage and Freiin being a baroness by birth. The title of Ritter is equivalent to the British baronet (i.e., hereditary knight), and Edler means "noble".

Use of nobiliary particles, such as the prepositions "von", "zu", variations such as "van" and "vom", or combinations ("von und zu"), common until after World War I (non-German-speaking nobility preferred to use "de"), were also banned by the 1919 Law on the Abolition of Nobility.

Titles of nobility
Below is an incomplete list of Austrian noble families, listed by rank of title. Note that some members of a family were sometimes given higher titles by the emperor because of merit. Titles, styles, and rights could only be conferred by the monarch. In some cases, they could even be revoked because of fall from favour.

Fürst/Fürstin (prince/princess)
The style of address was usually "Serene Highness" (Durchlaucht) or the lower style of "Princely Grace" (Fürstliche Gnaden). Although Herzog ("duke") was officially a higher title than Fürst, the former was rare in Austria, except among sovereign and mediatized houses (e.g., the House of Liechtenstein as Herzog von Jägerndorf und Troppau, and the House of Croÿ as Herzog von Croÿ). The princely title was the most prestigious of the Austrian nobility, usually borne by heads of families whose cadets were generally counts/countesses, although in some mediatized princely families (Reichsfürsten) members were allowed to bear the same title as cadets of royalty: prince/princess (Prinz/Prinzessin) with the style of Serene Highness.

Markgraf/Markgräfin (margrave/margravine)

 * Pallavicini

Graf/Gräfin (count/countess)
Mediatized counts were often entitled to the style of "Illustrious Highness" (Erlaucht). Ranking below them were the comital families of ancient lineage, wealth and influence who were recognized as such in Austria, but had not been Counts of the Empire (Reichsgrafen) prior to 1806; these counts bore the lower style of "High-born" (Hochgeboren).

• (von Abensberg und Traun) Abensberg-Traun

• Aichelburg (or Aichelburg-Zossenegg)

• (Alberti von Enno)

• Almásy

• Almeida

• (von) Althann

• (von Andechs-Meranien) extinct 1248

• Andrassy

• Apponyi

• Arco

• Arz-Vasegg

• (von) Attems (or Attems-Gilleis)

• (Bartolotti von Partenfeld)

• (Barth von Barthenheim), or de Bart(-Barthenheim), with title Reichsgraf since December 2, 1802

• Badeni

• Baillet (de Latour)

• Baldasseroni

• Bánffy (von Losontz)

• Bakowski/Bonkowski (von Bakow und Zaborow)

• Barbo von Waxenstein

• Beck (or Beck-Rzikowsy)

• Belcredi

• Béldi

• Bellegarde

• Belrupt-Tissac

• Benigni

• Berchtold

• Berenyi

• Bethlen

• Blanckenstein

• Bolza

• Bona

• Bonda (House of Bonda)

• Borkowski

• Bossi-Fedrigotti

• Bozen (see Maurer)

• Braida

• Brandis

• (von Breuner-Asparn) extinct 1894

• (von Breuner-Nußdorf) extinct 1862

• Breunner

• Brivio von Brokles

• Bubna-Litic

• Bucquoi (von Longueval)

• (Bukuwky von Bukuwka)

• Bulgarini

• (von) Buol-Schauenstein

• Butler (von Clonebough)

• (von) Caboga (House of Caboga)

• Calice

• (von Caprara)

• Cassis-Faraone

• (von) Cavriani

• (Ceschi a Santa Croce)

• (von) Chorinsky

• Chotek (von Chotkova (Chotkowa) und Wognin)

• Christalnigg

• Clam-Gallas

• Clam-Martinic

• (von) Clary-Aldringen

• Cobenzl

• (von Collalto und San Salvatore) Collalto

• (von) Colloredo-Mannsfeld

• Comini edler von Sonnenberg (Schlern, 1948)

• Consolati (Consolati von und zu Heiligenbrunn)

• Coreth (zu Coredo und Starkenberg)

• Coronini-Cronberg

• (von) Coudenhove-Kalergi

• Csák (von Köröszegh)

• Csáky (von Köröszegh und Adorján)-(von) Pallavicini also with the title Margrave (Markgraf, Őrgróf)

• Cseszneky de Milvány

• Czernin (von und zu Chudenitz)

• Cziraky

• D'Alton

• Daun

• Décsey (de Maros-Décse et Nagy-Doba)

• Degenfeld-Schonburg

• Des Fours

• Deym-Stritez

• Dezasse (de Petit-Verneuil)

• (von Dietrichstein)

• Dobrzensky (von Dobrzenicz)

• Dohalsky (von Dohalitz)

• Drašković (von Trakostjan (Trakošćan), or Draskovich de Trakostjan)

• Dubsky (von Trebomislyc)

• Edelsheim-Gyulai

• Eltz (zu Eltz)

• Emo (-Capodilista)

• (von) Enzenberg

• (von) Erdödy

• (von Eppan) extinct 1248

• (von Eppensteiner) extinct 1122

• (von Eyczing) extinct 1620

• (Vrints zu Falkenstein)

• Falkenhayn

• Ferrari(s)-Ochieppo

• von Ficquelmont

• Finck von Finckenstein

• (von) Firmian

• Folliot de Crenneville-(Poutet)

• Forni

• Francken-Sierstorpff

• von Frankenegg

• Fredro

• Fries

• Fünfkirchen

• Gallenberg

• Galler

• Gatterburg

• (von) Ghetaldi-Gondola

• Gleispach

• (von) Goëss

• Goluchowski-Glochowsky

• Gorcey

• Grabowki-Kruska

• Grimani-Giustinian

• Grundemann-Falkenberg

• (von Grünne), also carried title Graf von Pinchard

• (von) Gudenus

• Hadik (von Futak)

• (zu) Hardegg

• (de la Fontaine und d'Harnoncourt-Unverzagt) Harnoncourt

• (von Harrach zu Rohrau und Thannhausen) Harrach

• Hartenau

• Hartig

• Haslingen

• (Henckel von Donnersmarck)

• (von Herberstein)

• (von) Hohenems

• (von) Hoyos

• Hunyady-Kethely

• Huyn

• Idrányi

• Jakoff

• Kálnoky

• Károlyi

• von Kramer - or Erbgrafen und Herren von Kramer since 1525

• (von Kaszongi)

• (von) Kaunitz

• (von) Kellersberg

• (von) Keyserling

• (von) Khevenhüller or Khevenhüller-Metsch

• Kinsky (von Wchinitz und Tettau), also princely with the title of Fürst

• (von) Kuefstein

• (Klenowsky von Klenau und Janowitz)

• (von) Kollonitsch

• (von) Kolowrat

• (von) Kolowrat-Krakowsky

• (von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky) extinct 1861

• (Königsegg zu Aulendorf)

• Kornis

• Kottulinsky (von Kottulin)

• (von) Krane

• (von)Kruska-Grabowski

• Khuen-Belasi

• (von) Kuefstein

• Küenburg

• Künigl

• Kulmer (zum Rosenpichl und Hohenstein)

• (von) Kurzberg

• (von) Lamberg

• Lanckoronski

• Lanthieri

• Larisch (zu Moennich)

• Lazanski (von Bukowa)

• Ledóchowski (a.k.a. Halka von Ledóchow-Ledóchowski)

• Lexa (von Aehrenthal)

• Lodron-Laterano

• Lodron-Löwenstein

• Ludwigstorff

• (MacCaffry of Kean More)

• Magni

• Mailáth

• Mamming

• Marenzi, also with title Margrave (Markgraf)

• Marzani

• Mattner later associated to Vanderbilt

• Matuschka

• Maurer (1919: Mauriello)

• Mels-Colloredo

• (von) Mensdorff-Pouilly, also princely with the title of Fürst (Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein)

• Meran

• Meraviglia-Crivelli

• (von) Mesko

• Migazzi

• Mikes Mikes de Zabola

• (von Mir)

• Mittrowsky

• Montecuccoli

• (von Montfort) extinct 1787

• (von) Neipperg, title of Fürst von Montenuovo granted to illegitimate line

• Neuhaus

• (von Norman und von Audenhove) Norman-Audenhove

• Nostitz-Rieneck

• Nyary (von Bedegh und Berench)

• Oeynhausen

• O'Donnell von Tyrconnell

• O'Dwyer (Oduyer)

• Oppersdorff

• (Orsini und Rosenberg) Orsini-Rosenberg, also princely with the title of Fürst

• Orssich (de Slatevich)

• Osiecimski-Hutten-Csapski

• Ostrowski

• Paar

• Pace

• Pacata

• (Pálffy von Erdöd) Pálffy

• (von) Pallavicini, also with title of Margrave (Markgraf)

• Pasquali

• Paumgarten

• Pejacsevich (Pejačević)

• Piatti

• Pilati

• Podstatzky-Lichtenstein

• (von) Pola (de Castropola)

• Pötting und Persing

• Potulicki

• Pozza von Zagorien (House of Pozza)

• von Pranckh zu Pux

• Praschma

• Prokesch-Osten

• (von) Puff

• Puppi

• Radetzky

• Rességuier

• Revertera (or Revertera-Salandra)

• Ražman

• (von) Rohrbacher

• (Jordan)-Rozwadowski (a Polish/Galician title)

• Rumerskirch

• Salburg

• Salis

• von Sammern

• von Sammern und Frankenegg

• (Sanchez) de la Cerda

• Saurma

• Scapinelli-Lèguigno

• Schallenberg (or Schallenberg-Krassl)

• Schirndinger (von Schirnding)

• Schnitzer

• Schmettow

• (von) Schönborn (or Schönborn-Bucheim)

• Schönfeld(t)

• Schwarzbauer

• Sedlnitzky-Odrowaz (cf. Sedlnitzky)

• Ségur-Cabanac

• Seiler

• Seilern-Aspang

• Serényi

• Sermage

• Siemienski-Lewicki

• Sierakowski

• (de Sylva von Tarouca, or de Silva-Tarouca) Silva-Tarouca

• Sizzo-Noris

• Skarbek

• Somogyi (von Medgyes)

• Spangen von Uyternesse

• Spannocchi

• Spaur

• Spee

• (Matz von) Spiegelfeld

• Sprinzenstein

• Stainach

• Starhemberg

• Sternberg

• (von) Sterzinger

• Stolberg

• Stras(s)oldo

• (von) Strozzi

• (von Stubenberg) extinct 1868

• Stubick

• Stürgkh

• Széchényi

• Taaffe

• Taczanowski (or Dassanowsky; Prussian title but long present in Galicia and Vienna)

• Tarnowski

• Tattenbach

• Taxis-Bordogna

• Teleki (von Szek)

• Terlago

• (von) Teuffenbach

• (von Thonradel) fled 1620

• (von) Thürheim

• (von) Thun-Hohenstein, also princely with the title of Fürst

• Thurn-Valsassina

• Tisza (de Boros-Jenö et Szeged)

• Török (de Szendrö)

• Traun

• (von und zu) Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg, carried title of Erbgraf

• (von) Trautson

• (von der) Trenck

• Treuberg

• Ueberacker

• Ugrinovics

• (Ungnad von Weißenwolff)

• Ursini von Blagay

• Vay (von Vaja), Vajai Vay

• (Vetter von der Lilie)

• (Visentin), with the title of Viscount

• Wagensperg

• Waldburg(-Zeil-Trauchberg)

• Walderdorff

• Waldstein (or Waldstein-Wartenberg)

• (von Wallis), also carried title Freiherr auf Carighmain

• Walterskirchen, also carried title Freiherr zu Wolfsthal

• (von) Wédler

• Weikersheim

• Welczeck

• (Welser von) Welsersheimb

• Welsperg

• Wenckheim

• Wengersky

• Wickenburg

• Widmann-Sedlnitzky

• (von) Wilczek

• (von) Wimpffen

• (von) Wodzicki

• Wolanski

• Wolkenstein

• Wratislaw von Mitrowitz

• (von) Wurmbrand(-Stuppach)

• Wydenbruck

• Zaleski

• Zamoyski

• (von) Zichy(-Ferraris)

• Zerotin

• (von) Zinzendorf

Freiherr/Freifrau/Freiin (baron/baroness)
There was no official style, but "Gnädiger Herr" (Gracious Lord), "Gnädige Frau", or "Gnädiges Fräulein" (Gracious Lady) were common forms of address. Although strictly speaking the title was Freiherr, the usage of "Baron" in written and verbal communication was very common, even if incorrect. The title Freiin was also often replaced for "geborene (née) Baronin", which was strictly speaking also incorrect since a Baronin would have been married already.

• von Hochgötz

• Abele von Lilienberg

• Adamovich (de Csepin)

• (von) Arnstein

• Apfaltern

• (Arz von Straussenburg)

• (von) Augustin

• (von) Auspitz

• (von) Bach

• (von) Block

• Bakonyi

• (von) Baselli

• (Berger-Waldenegg)

• Berlakovich

• (von) Betha

• (von) Bibra

• (von Bienerth)

• Blomberg

• (von) Blumencron

• von Cavallar

• Chledowski (von) Pfaffenhofen

• (von Columbus)

• (von) Cornaro

• Cseszneky de Milvány

• Di Pauli von Treuheim

• (von) Drasche-Wartinberg

• Eötvös de Vásárosnamény

• (von) Eskeles

• (von) Ferstl

• Fraydt (von) Fraydenegg

• (von Fries)

• (von) Froelichsthal (or von Frölichsthal)

• (von Gagern)

• (von) Gomperz

• (von Ghetaldi-Gondola)

• (von) Haas

• (von) Hagenauer

• (von) Helfert

• (von) Hess

• (von In der Maur auf Strelburg und zu Freifeld)

• (von Hofkirchen) extinct 1692

• (von Isbary)

• (Jörger von Tollet) extinct 1772

• Janowsky von Janowitz und Klenau

• (von Marguti)

• (Kalchegger von Kalchberg)

• (Kay von Bebenburg)

• (Kiß von Ittebe)

• (von) Kubinzky

• (von) Klimburg

• (von) Kuffner

• (Laube von Laubenfels)

• (von) Laudon

• (von) Leitenberger

• (Leonhardi)

• (von) Lieben

• (von) Ludwigstorff

• (von) Lütgendorff

• (von Manndorff zu Pfannhofen und Wissenau) Manndorff

• Matz von Spiegelfeld

• (Mayr von Melnhof) Mayr-Melnhof

• (von) Mens(s)hengen

• Milutinovich-Milovski

• von und zu Munding auf Stazen

• (Nadherny von Borutin)

• (Nagy von Töbör-Ethe)

• von Neszmery

• von Neumann

• Obenaus von Felsöház

• O'Connell, Moritz, Baron von O'Connell

• (von) Oppenheimer

• (Parish von Senftenberg)

• (von) Pereira-Arnstein (cf. Pereira, Arnstein)

• (von) Pfanzelter

• Anton von Poljak (Croatia)

• (von Prandau)

• (von Pucher) (zu Meggenhausen Reichenberg Kadau und Zwölfaxing)

• (von) Quiqueran-Beaujeu

• Reitzes

• (von) Reylander, normally used the title Baron

• (von) Riefel

• von Ripperda

• (von) Rona

• (von or de) Rothschild, normally used the title Baron

• (von) Ringhoffer

• (von) Scheer

• (von) Schey

• (von) Schneeburg

• (von) Schneeburg zu Salthaus

• Sankt Johann von Sütsch

• Schmeltzern (von) Wildmannsek (See Die Gothaischen Genalogischen Taschenbucher des Adels)

• (Schey von Koromla)

• (Sebottendorf von der Ronse)

• (von) Seiller

• (von) Silber

• (von) Sina

• (von Skrbensky)

• (von Schnehen)

• (von) Schmeltzern

• (von) Smeltzern zu Wildemannsek

• (von) Smeltzern Wildemannsek

• (von) Spaun

• (von) Staudach zu Freyenthurn und Ehrenegg

• (von) Sterzinger

• (von) Stipsicz de Ternova

• (zu) Stübing

• Sypniewski, Ritter von Odrowaz (1480)

• Thavonat-Thavon

• von Trautenegg

• von Tschugguel

• Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon

• (von) Todesco

• (von) Turkovich

• Wadenstierna

• (Jäger von) Waldau

• (von) Waechter

• Wetzler von Plankenstern

• (Wagner von Wehrborn)

• (von Widmann)

• (von) Wiernes

• (von) Wildmannsek, Schmeltzern

• (von Weigelsperg)

• (von) Wertheim, normally used the title "Baron"

• (von) Wertheimstein

• (von) Westenholz

• (Zeidler-Daublebsky von Sterneck)

• (von Zopf)

Ritter (knight)
There was no official style, but "Gnädiger Herr" was a common form of address. The title was for males only; no female version existed. Female members of a family with the title Ritter however were often addressed as "Edle von", which was incorrect unless the family already carried the Edler honour before being raised to the Ritter class.

• Beranek (von Bernhorst), ennobled in 1866

• Bloch (von Brodnegg), ennobled in 1915

• (von Brasseur)

• Cavallar von Grabensprung

• (von) Ephrussi

• (von) Epstein

• (von) Doderer

• (von) Gerstenbrand

• (von) Ghega

• von Graben von Stein

• (von Grumpenberger)

• (von) Gutmann

• Hackinger (von Hacking)

• (von Hauslab)

• (Hanisch von Greifenthal, Ritter von Reyl)

• (von Jurnitschek von Wehrstedt, Alfred, Ritter)

• (Kamauff)

• (von) Karajan

• (von) Klinkosch

• (Korybut de Ostoja)

• (von Kriegelstein), carried the title Reichsritter as well as Edler von Sternfeld

• (La Rénotiere, Ritter von Kriegsfeld)

• (von Klaudy)

• (von Kriehuber)

• Lakhner von Lakhnern

• Launsky (von Tieffenthal)

• (von) Leeb

• (von) Mallmann

• (von) Wildemannsek, Schmeltzern

• (von) Maurer (also Mauerer)

• (Mautner von Markhof) Mautner-Markhof

• (von) Merkl

• (von Miller zu Aichholz) Miller-Aichholz

• (von) Mulwerth

• (von)

• (von) Nadherny, Nádherný

• (von Nahujowski)

• (von Neumann)

• (von Odrowaz) Polish: Odrowąż

• (von) Ofenheim

• (von) Pellendorf

• (von Premerstein)

• (Friedmann, Ritter von) Prawy

• (Raus von Rausenbach) Also princely: Príncipe Raus, Duque de Rausenbach (Mexico, 1822)

• (von Rumpler)

• (von Schmelzing und Wernstein) (von) Schmelzing

• (de) Schneider de Zajol (Zajoli Schneider/Zajoli Snajder)

• (Schönwies von) Schönowsky

• (von Schwarz)

• (Skrebeciowicz de Sielecki, or von Sielecki) Sielecki

• (Stermich von Valcrociata or von Kreuzenthal) de Stermich di Valcrociata: also carries the title of Edler von Valrociata or von Kreuzenthal

• (von) Stross

• (von Sypniewski)

• (von) Trapp

• (von) Trautenegg

• de Weryha-Wysoczański

• (von) Winiwarter

• (von) Wessely, later Freiherr

• Pindter von Pindershoffen, later (von) Pintershofen, (von) Pindtershofen, di Pintershofen

Edler/Edle
The rank of Edler carried no official style, but "Gnädiger Herr" or "Gnädige Frau" were common forms of address. • von Baumgarten

• Beer von Schlatt auf Kürnburg

• (Fedrigoni von Etschthal)

• (von Günner)

• (Hanisch von Greifenthal)

• (Helff-Hibler von Alpenheim)

• Hofmann von Hofmannsthal

• (von) Holzmeister

• (von) Khol

• (von Korbuss)

• (Milutinowits von Gottesheim)

• (von) Mises

• (von Montalmar)

• (von Nespern)

• (Schallber von Schalberg)

• (von Schuppler)

• (Sepp von Seppenburg)

• (von Sternfeld), also carried the title Reichsritter von Kriegelstein

• (von) Sypniewski, also carried the title "Baron Sypniewski"

• (von Tanzi), also carried the title Graf Tanzi-Blevio

• Tarbuk von Sensenhorst

• (von) Thurneyssen

• Treutler von Traubenberg, often styled as  "Treutler de Traubenberg"

• (von) Webenau

• (von) Weingartner

• Welzl von Wellenheim

Erbsälzer
This title belonged to the patricians of the free city of Werl, in Germany, who had the hereditary (erb-) right to exploit the nearby salt mines (salz). Thus this title was not granted in Austria, but merely recognized there.

 * (von) Lilien
 * (von) Papen

Untitled noble families or status unknown
• (Anthony von Siegenfeld)

• (von) Adlgasser

• (Balog von Manko Bück)

• (von) Benda

• (von Berke)

• Bielka-Karlstreu

• (von Brenner)

• (von or de) Chledowski

• (von) Doblhoff

• (Dobner von Dobenau)

• (von) Eidlitz

• (von) Einem

• (von Ernst)

• (Fenrich) Fenrich-Ochsenreitter

• (von Fischer)

• (Fischer von See)

• (Froschmayr von Scheiblenhof)

• (von Fürstenmühl)

• (von) Gaupp

• (von) Gauster-Filek

• (Gelb von Siegesstern)

• (von) Gera

• (von Göhausen)

• (von Greschke)

• (Grognet d'Orleans)

• (von Hellenau)

• (von) Holbein

• (von) Hornbostel

• Jakabffy (von Nemeshetes und Zaguzsen)

• (von Keren)

• (Korper von Marienwert)

• (von Lambort)

• (von Leiding)

• (von) Lennkh

• (Levasori della Motta)

• (Lippich von Lindburg)

• (von) Lónyay (Hungarian Count Elémer Lónyay married Archduchess Stephanie, widow of Crown Prince Rudolf, and was elevated to prince (Fürst))

• (von Löwenthal-Linau)

• (von) Mlaker

• Müller-Hartburg

• (von) Neumann

• (Oreskovich von Breithen-Thurn)

• (von Pechmann)

• (von) Prausnitz

• (von Praxenthaler)

• (von Preradovic), Preradović

• (von) Radak

• (von Remenyik), Reményik

• (von) Rigel

• (von) Rottal

• (von) Saar

• (de) Saeger (since 1731)

• (de Schaller)

• Schiff (von Suvero)

• (von) Scholten

• (Schönburg-de Laserna)

• Schumacher (von Marienfrid)

• (von) Strachwitz (the German Franz Graf (Count) Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz gained Austrian citizenship without having to eliminate his title or the "von")

• (von Stremnitzberg)

• (Suchy von Weißenfeld)

• (Toscano dell Banner)

• von Tothfalussy

• (Tuschner von Hirschberg)

• (von Ürmenyi), Ürményi

• (von Wagner)

• (von) Zengler

• (von Zepharovich, Zepharovich)

• (von) Zumbusch

• (Zeßner-Spitzenberg)

• Hartung von Hartungen

• (von Prokopovitsch)

Literature

 * von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard. Adel. Vienna. 1923.
 * Frank-Döfering, Peter. Adelslexikon des österreichischen Kaisertums 1804–1918 (in German). Herder, Vienna 1989. ISBN 3-210-24925-3.
 * Siegert, Heinz. Adel in Österreich(in German). Vienna 1971.
 * Stekl, Hannes. Adel und Bürgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert(in German). Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004. ISBN 3-486-56846-9
 * Walterskirchen, Gudula. Blaues Blut für Österreich (in German). Amalthea, Vienna 2000. ISBN 3-85002-452-0
 * Walterskirchen, Gudula. Der verborgene Stand. Adel in Österreich heute (in German). Amalthea, Vienna 2007. ISBN 3-85002-428-8
 * Der Gotha. Supplement. Der "Österreich-Gotha". Mit Ergänzungswerken zum deutschen Adel (in German). Saur, Munich 1997. ISBN 3-598-30359-9
 * Walterskirchen, Gudula. Der verborgene Stand. Adel in Österreich heute (in German). Amalthea, Vienna 2007. ISBN 3-85002-428-8
 * Der Gotha. Supplement. Der "Österreich-Gotha". Mit Ergänzungswerken zum deutschen Adel (in German). Saur, Munich 1997. ISBN 3-598-30359-9

title: Austrian nobility


text:
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text:
Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero

Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero is a 1997 action-adventure game developed and published by Midway for the PlayStation and Nintendo 64. A spin-off of the Mortal Kombat franchise, it is the first installment to not be a fighting game. Set before the original 1992 game, players control Bi-Han, the elder Sub-Zero, during his quest to find Shinnok's amulet. It also serves as a prequel to Mortal Kombat 4, which was released the same year, introducing characters and story elements that would be used by the fourth main installment. Mythologies is the final game in the series to use digitized actors.

The game drew a divisive response from critics, with PlayStation version considered the superior of the two releases. Praise was directed at the transition from the fighting game genre to action-adventure and the PlayStation version's live-action cutscenes, but the controls and punishing level design received criticism. Retrospective reviews have been more negative and some consider the game as one of the worst in the Mortal Kombat franchise.

Gameplay
Although Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero is classified as an action-adventure game, its play controls are very similar to the 2D Mortal Kombat fighting games. The player has four attack buttons, along with a block button and a run button like in Mortal Kombat 3. The player controls Sub-Zero as they would in a fighting game, including the use of command-based special moves, to fight enemies and venture through levels. A "turn" button is used to change the direction Sub-Zero is facing, while an "action" button is used to pick up or use items. The player also has access to a status screen that keeps track of the player's inventory, experience points, and special moves they gain during the game.

The player begins the game with a small health gauge and a limited number of extra lives. Over the course of the game's progression the player can gain experience points by performing combos against enemies, which are then used to increase their character's strength and gain access to special moves. An "ice meter" will appear after the player begins to acquire special moves. Special moves require ice power in order to be performed. Health and ice power can be replenished by picking up items (although the ice meter will gradually replenish itself over time as well). The player also needs to retrieve key items. Passwords are used to keep track of the player's progress.

Plot
The story is set before the events that took place in the original Mortal Kombat and follows the Lin Kuei assassin and thief Sub-Zero hired by the sorcerer Quan Chi to steal a map of elements from a Shaolin temple. Battling through the Shaolin monks who guarded the map, Sub-Zero faces his rival, Scorpion from the Shirai Ryu clan who was also hired by Quan Chi. Sub-Zero kills Scorpion and retrieves the map. Back at the headquarters of the Lin Kuei, Sub-Zero delivers the map to Quan Chi, who repays the Lin Kuei by eliminating all the members of the Shirai Ryu, the Lin Kuei's rival clan. Retaining the Lin Kuei's services, Quan Chi has Sub-Zero follow the map to the Temple of Elements, where an amulet of "sentimental value" was resting.

Sub-Zero reaches the temple and went through its many challenges and obstacles, defeating the gods of Wind, Earth, Water, and Fire that protected the amulet. Just as Sub-Zero reaches out for it, Quan Chi takes the amulet, saying that it was actually the source of power for a fallen Elder God named Shinnok. Quan Chi disappears through a portal, and the thunder god Raiden accuses Sub-Zero, ordering him to go to the Netherealm to retrieve the amulet.

Sub-Zero is sent to the Netherealm but is trapped in the Prison of Souls by Quan Chi's guards. There, he is met by the undead spectre of his nemesis, Scorpion, who blames Sub-Zero for the destruction of his clan and family. Sub-Zero once again defeats Scorpion and escapes. He then fights Quan Chi's underlings: Kia, Sareena, and Jataaka. Retrieving their transportation crystals, he is able to get to Quan Chi's fortress. Sub-Zero defeats the three of them but canonically spares Sareena's life and goes to Quan Chi's room. The fight against Quan Chi ends with Sub-Zero's victory and Sareena finishing Quan Chi and him falling to his apparent death. As Sareena pleads to escape from the Netherealm, she is temporarily incapacitated by Shinnok. Sub-Zero steals the amulet from Shinnok and either defeats the Elder God in demonic form or escapes through a portal created by Raiden and delivers the amulet to the god. Returning to the Lin Kuei headquarters, Sub-Zero is invited by another sorcerer named Shang Tsung to compete in a tournament called Mortal Kombat.

Characters

 * Sub-Zero
 * Scorpion
 * Raiden
 * Quan Chi
 * Shinnok
 * Sareena
 * Wind God
 * Earth God - Assigned by Raiden as the second of the four guardians along with the Wind God, Water God and Fire God in order to protect Shinnok's amulet until he was eliminated by Sub-Zero. Due to his giant size towering over Sub-Zero, he has the ability to stomp the ground while stones of rocks fall from above.
 * Water God - The third of the four guardians assigned by Raiden to protect Shinnok's amulet until he was beaten by Sub-Zero. His powers and abilities are mostly jets of water and waves.
 * Fire God - The guardian of Shinnok's amulet. Raiden assigns him as the last of the four guardians to protect the amulet until Sub-Zero defeats him in battle. His powers and abilities are mostly flames and fire, and because of this, Sub-Zero could not freeze him.
 * Kia - One of the sub-bosses in Shinnok's Fortress. She is a member of the Brotherhood of Shadow and serves as one of three assassins to Quan Chi and Shinnok along with Sareena and Jataaka. She is the first of the assassins Sub-Zero must face before he can acquire the three crystals that power the teleporter to Quan Chi's lair. Gameplay-wise she is the least powerful of the trio, but equal in speed to Jataaka. Her weapon is a razor-shaped boomerang.
 * Jataaka - One of the sub-bosses in Shinnok's Fortress and a member of the Brotherhood of Shadow. Gameplay-wise, she is as fast as Kia but more powerful. Her attacks consist of launching laser bolts from her sword as well as a weapon she uses to attack.

Development
The making of Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero spanned about 14 months from start to finish, with news that the game was being worked on leaking to the press in the third quarter of 1996. Designer and Sub-Zero co-creator John Tobias said he was intrigued by the character's backstory and wanted to flesh it out. The main design team was located at Midway's Chicago offices and consisted of five artists, two programmers and a sound designer.

The graphics in Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero were created using many different techniques. While Sub-Zero and many of the more humanoid characters were created using Mortal Kombat's trademark of digitizing live actors, many of the more ominous enemies, as well as all of the backgrounds, were done in real-time 3D. This combination supposedly provides for a more realistic look than has ever been achieved in the previous Mortal Kombat games. Another addition to the Mortal Kombat universe was to use detailed cinematic sequences to help tell the story while the player progresses through the game. This was done by combining live actors with digital elements. The actors were taped in front of a green screen, and then they were digitally combined with 3D backdrops. The actual video shoot for these sequences took about a week to complete. The crew was kept to a minimum and the entire process from taping to post-production work took about a month.

Reception
Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero received divisive reviews. IGN stated "it may have been a good idea on paper, but as a game it's terrible." and Next Generation concluded that "Despite a few good features, like the game's RPG elements, Mythologies just isn't any fun. After fighting several cookie-cutter enemies and getting killed in unpredictable traps, even the most hard-core Mortal Kombat fans will find themselves frustrated and angry." On the other side, GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann hailed it as "a pretty amazing meld of fighting and platform jumping". Spanish magazine Superjuegos focused praise on the game's blend of genres, and called it "una auténtica delicia que sorprende tanto a los aficionados a los beat-em-up como a los maniacos de las adventuras estilla Flashback." ("a true delight that will surprise beat 'em up fans as much as Flashback-style adventure maniacs.") GamePro took a more moderate but still positive stance, describing it as "an interesting, entertaining, and ultimately exhausting spinoff of the arcade fighting series. Mythologies isn't as big as Castlevania: Symphony of the Night or as complex as Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee, but for solid and challenging action, it holds its own nicely."

Praises for the game centered on its system of accumulating experience points to learn moves, the graphics (in particular the 3D backgrounds), and the full motion video (FMV) cutscenes. However, many found the animation stiff to the point of appearing ridiculous. Some also criticized that there is not enough variety in the enemies, and that the level design and camera often create situations where the player cannot see the platform they need to jump on to proceed, forcing them to jump blindly and hope for the best. By far the most widespread criticism was the unintuitive and slow-to-respond controls, with some particularly complaining at the need to push an action button to make Sub-Zero turn around. John Ricciardi commented in Electronic Gaming Monthly, "Do you remember the old days of the NES when some games were entirely frustrating because of their horrible control? Well take the worst of the bunch, multiply it by 10, and you have MKM: SZ. The control is really that bad."

Reviews for the Nintendo 64 version were considerably more negative than those for the PlayStation version, as even critics who had a positive response to the game noted the Nintendo 64 version had lower quality audio and stripped out the FMV cutscenes, which many considered the best element of the game. GameFan and GameSpot also found the Nintendo 64 version's graphics more washed out, but IGN said the two versions are graphically identical apart from the removal of the FMV, and Electronic Gaming Monthly and GamePro both contended that the Nintendo 64 graphics are better. However, GamePro was overall less pleased with the Nintendo 64 version, describing it as more of a rental, and even Sushi-X, the only member of Electronic Gaming Monthly's four-person review team to give the PlayStation game a positive review, summed up that "While I somewhat enjoyed the PlayStation version, I detested the N64 mockery." He gave the PlayStation version a 7.5 but the Nintendo 64 version a 5.0. French magazine Game Play 64 had mixed opinions but believed that fans of the franchise should still find some enjoyment in it. Brazilian magazine Ação Games gave a score of 9 out of 10 for both N64 and PS1 versions, praising the graphics, sound, and gameplay.

Retrospective reviews were more negative, with some labeling the game as one of the worst Mortal Kombat games ever. Game Informer's feature "Replay" declared the game was "absolutely terrible" because of all of its aspects. In 2011, IGN's Daemon Hatfield listed it as one of the worst Mortal Kombat games of all time. According to him, Midway had planned Mythologies as a series but the overwhelmingly negative reception resulted in its cancellation. Its cutscenes have also been criticized in UGO Networks' article "The Worst Cutscenes In Gaming History" based on their unconvincing acting and special effects. GamesRadar's Mikel Reparaz opined that while the concept of giving Sub-Zero his own game was interesting based on his popularity, the game "ended up a terrible mess of ugly sprites, cheap deaths and a button you had to hit just to change the direction you were facing, and the less that’s said about it, the better."

title: Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero


text:
User:David Newton/SVG Graphics/New Zealand Ensign

This is the SVG source for the New Zealand merchant ensign. It uses the star pattern from Open Clip Art Library which is public domain.

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text:
User:David Newton/SVG Graphics/New Zealand Flag

This is the SVG source for the New Zealand national flag. It uses the star pattern from Open Clip Art Library which is public domain.

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text:
Halligen

The Halligen (German, singular Hallig, ) or the halliger (Danish, singular hallig) are small islands without protective dikes. They are variously pluralized in English as the Halligen, Halligs, Hallig islands, or Halligen islands. There are ten German halligen in the North Frisian Islands on Schleswig-Holstein's Wadden Sea–North Sea coast in the district of Nordfriesland and one remaining hallig at the west coast of Denmark (Langli).

The name is cognate to Old-English halh, meaning "slightly raised ground isolated by marsh". The very existence of the halligen is a result of frequent floods and poor coastal protection. The floods were much more common in the Middle Ages and coastal protection was much poorer.

The halligen have areas ranging from 7 to 956 ha, and are often former parts of the mainland, separated therefrom by storm tide erosion. Some are parts of once much bigger islands sundered by the same forces. Some, owing to sediment deposition, have actually grown together to form larger ones. Langeneß (or Langeness) includes a former island by that same name, and two others that were called Nordmarsch and Butwehl.

Dwellings and commercial buildings are built upon metre-high, man-made mounds, called Warften in German or Værft in Danish, to guard against storm tides. Some halligen also have overflow dikes.

Not very many people live on the halligen. Their livelihoods are mainly based on tourism, coastal protection, and agriculture. This last activity mainly involves raising cattle in the fertile, often flooded, salt meadows.

The halligen are to be found in the Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer National Park. The commercially developed halligen of Nordstrandischmoor, Gröde, Oland, Langeneß, and Hooge are surrounded by the protected area, but not an integral part of it. The smaller halligen, Habel, Südfall, Süderoog, and Norderoog as well as the Hamburger Hallig are parts of the national park. Walks on the tidal flats and informational meetings are offered by tourist boards and the park administration.

In the west the German halligen are protected from the open sea by the North Frisian Barrier Island.

List of Halligen
Currently, there are 10 halligen in Germany. The following list does not include formerly existing Halligen that have either vanished or merged with current halligen or the mainland:

 * Langeneß – 956 ha, 16 Warften, about 110 inhabitants. Narrow gauge railway connection to Oland (over causeway).
 * Hooge – 574 ha, 10 Warften, about 120 inhabitants.
 * Gröde – 277 ha, 2 Warften, 11 inhabitants.
 * Nordstrandischmoor; 175 ha, 4 Warften, 18 inhabitants. One-room schoolhouse. Narrow gauge railway connection to mainland.
 * Oland – 96 ha, 1 Warft, about 30 inhabitants. Narrow gauge railway connection to mainland and Langeneß.
 * Süderoog – 60 ha, 1 Warft, 2 inhabitants.
 * Südfall – 50 ha, 1 Warft, bird sanctuary.
 * Hamburger Hallig – 50 ha, 2 Warften, uninhabited, inn occupied in summer, joined to the mainland by a 4 km-long causeway and a polder.
 * Norderoog – 9 ha, no Warften, bird sanctuary tended year-round.
 * Habel – 3.6 ha, 1 Warft, uninhabited, bird sanctuary occupied in summer.

On the Danish side, one still exists:

 * Langli

Also Danish Mandø used to be a hallig, but it has dikes today. The German peninsula and former island of Großer Werder on the Baltic Sea coast is also nicknamed "Baltic Hallig" (Ostsee-Hallig) due to its remote situation and appearance.

title: Halligen


text:
Rail Splitter

Rail splitter or railsplitter may refer to:
 * A person who splits logs for building fences
 * Nickname for Abraham Lincoln, U.S. President
 * Lincoln Memorial Railsplitters, the athletic program of Lincoln Memorial University, an NCAA Division II school in Harrogate, Tennessee named for President Lincoln
 * Rail Splitter Wind Farm, a 100-MW generating complex located in Illinois and named in honor of President Lincoln
 * Edward R. Madigan State Fish and Wildlife Area, formerly known as Railsplitter State Park.
 * 84th Division (United States), World War I and II unit nicknamed the "railsplitters"
 * Voltage divider, an electric circuit. Typically with the intent to establish a virtual ground.

title: Rail Splitter


text:
User:Gggoooooomaloo

--

title: User:Gggoooooomaloo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Holt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:00, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Michael Holt
Non notable, possible vanity. --Briangotts 21:41, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Keep Holt is in the second round of the World Snooker Championships, he has been a snooker pro for 8 years, he is 29th in the world rankings (provisionally 27th and could conceivably be in the top 16 "elite" next season). I fail to see how he is not notable: BBC News World Snooker 1 World Rankings Certainly if players such as Tony Drago have profiles (Drago has never won a ranking tournament in 20 years of being a pro) then Holt should have an entry --Dhowdon 22:01, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * So why isn't that information in the article? ---Isaac R 23:28, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It is --Dhowdon 23:51, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Passes Pokemon test. Snookachu Klonimus 05:12, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- notable enough. - Longhair | Talk 12:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep its notable too Yuckfoo 00:46, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Career as professional snooker player makes him notable enough for mine. Capitalistroadster 03:43, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User talk:Jamie Fox

Welcome!
Greetings, and welcome to Wikipedia! Noticed your cleanup and additions around the mathematical games section; nice work so far.

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title: User talk:Jamie Fox


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User:Qazaq

I am currently doing some work with Leksvik, Stave Church, Norwegian shopping centres, and skyscraper.

title: User:Qazaq


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