text:
Digital Games Research Association

Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) is a nonprofit international learned society whose work focuses on game studies and associated activities. DiGRA was formally established in 2003 in Finland. It is a leading academic organization in the field of digital games.

Frans Mäyrä was the founding president from 2003 to 2006. DiGRA aims to coordinate activities related to academic research of games in different disciplines and in different parts of the world. For this purpose, several local chapters and special interest groups (SIGs) have been set up within DiGRA. Together with local organisers, DiGRA has so far produced eight conferences. DiGRA has also supported smaller regional conferences and, starting in 2014, DiGRA's conference is run annually. The published papers from these conferences are collected and made available online in the DiGRA digital library. Starting in 2013, DiGRA began publishing, in collaboration with Carnegie Mellon University's ETC Press, an open access refereed journal called Transactions of the Digital Games Research Association (ToDiGRA).

DiGRA conferences
One of DiGRA's primary activities is the organization of its yearly conference. The conference is not conceived as a significant revenue stream for the organization, but rather as a mechanism for encouraging and disseminating interest and scholarship in game studies. While the organization's board determines where the conference will be held each year, it is the result of a process that begins with an open "Call for Hosts". The final decision on who the conference host will be is based on a combination of factors. The primary ones include: how well-known, respected, and trusted the local organizers are; how much support the local team can count on; where the last conference was held (ideally it should move around different continents to allow a broader diversity of attendees); ease of access to the venue/location; and the expected expense of the conference to attendees.

To date, DiGRA has hosted, in collaboration with local organizers, the following conferences:
 * DiGRA 2003 – "Level Up", November 4–6, 2003, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
 * DiGRA 2005 – "Changing Views – Worlds in Play", June 16–20, 2005, Vancouver, Canada.
 * DiGRA 2007 – "Situated Play", September 24–28, 2007, Tokyo, Japan.
 * DiGRA 2009 – "Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory", September 1–4, 2009, West London, UK.
 * DiGRA Nordic 2010 – "Experiencing Games: Games, Play, and Players", August 16–17, Stockholm, Sweden.
 * DiGRA 2011 – "Think, Design, Play", September 14–17, 2011, Hilversum, The Netherlands.
 * DiGRA Nordic 2012 – "Local and Global: Games in Culture and Society", June 6–8, 2012, Tampere, Finland.
 * DiGRA 2013 – "DeFragging Game Studies", August 26–29, 2013, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
 * DiGRA Chinese 2014, April 19–20, Ningbo, China.
 * DiGRA Nordic 2014, May 29–30, Visby (Gotland), Sweden.
 * DiGRA Australia 2014 – "What is Game Studies in Australia?", June 17, Melbourne, Australia.
 * DiGRA 2014 – " the  of game ", August 3–6, 2014, Snowbird, Utah.
 * DiGRA 2015 – "Diversity of play: Games – Cultures – Identities", May 14–17, 2015, Lüneburg, Germany.
 * DiGRA Australia 2015 – "Inclusivity in Australian Games and Games Studies", June 29–30, Sydney, Australia.
 * DiGRA Chinese 2015 – "Program for Digital Games in China: Past, Present and Future", July 11–12, Beijing, China.
 * DiGRA Chinese 2016 – “Decoding the Academic-Industrial-Gameplay Complex: Digital Game Practice, Research and Study in China, Taiwan and Chinese-Speaking Regions”, July 1–2, Taichung City, Taiwan.
 * DiGRA and FDG 2016 – "First Joint International Conference", August 1–6, 2016, Dundee, UK
 * DiGRA 2017 – July 3–6, 2017, Melbourne, Australia
 * DiGRA 2018 – "The Game is the Message", July 25–28, 2018, Turin, Italy
 * DiGRA 2019 – "Game, Play and the Emerging Ludo Mix", August 6–10, 2019, Kyoto, Japan
 * DiGRA 2020 – "Play Everywhere", June 2–6, 2020, Tampere, Finland (cancelled due to pandemic)
 * DiGRA 2021 – "Bringing Worlds Together", April 13–18, 2021, Guadalajara, Mexico (moved first to October 25–29, 2021 and then to 2022 due to pandemic)
 * DiGRA 2022 – "Bringing Worlds Together", April 25–29, 2022, Guadalajara, Mexico
 * DiGRA Nordic 2023 – "Interdisciplinary Embraces", April 27–28, 2023, Uppsala, Sweden

The main DiGRA conference in 2016 was held jointly with Foundations of Digital Games (FDG), an annual conference organised by the Society for the Advancement of the Science of Digital Games (SASDG). FDG emerged in 2009 from the previous Microsoft Academic Days on Game Development in Computer Science Education (GDCSE), which started in 2006.

Digital Library
DiGRA archives and disseminates the proceedings of the various DiGRA conferences via its digital library. The DiGRA Digital Library is the full-text collection of all articles published in its conference proceedings as well as white papers. DiGRA uses an Open Access (OA) publishing model and authors retain copyright of their publications. DiGRA is granted non-exclusive publishing rights.

Transactions of Digital Games Research Association
In 2013 DiGRA launched the journal Transactions of Digital Games Research Association (ToDiGRA). The journal is refereed, open access, and dedicated to furthering the aims of the organization by disseminating "the wide variety of research within the game studies community combining, for example, humane science with sociology, technology with design, and empirics with theory". The journal does not accept unsolicited submissions, rather it publishes special issues that are usually dedicated, or drawn from DiGRA conferences. Selected papers form the conference are usually invited to the journal where they can be further elaborated on, and they undergo a round of peer review.

The Editor in Chief of the Journal is Professor José P. Zagal who is faculty at the University of Utah in USA. Dr. Zagal replaced the Journals first editor, Dr. Annika Waern from Uppsala University in Sweden.

Gamergate
In 2014, during the Gamergate controversy, DiGRA became the subject of a conspiracy theory promoted by YouTuber Carl Benjamin, who claimed that it was being co-opted by feminists. Mia Consalvo, president of DiGRA at that time, said that the effort to discredit its members' research demonstrated "hostility to feminism" and a failure to understand academic research in humanities.

Executive Board
DiGRA is managed by an elected executive board, since the first election for the 2003-2006 period (replacing the initial setup board).

Board Presidents

 * Since 2023: Hanna Wirman (Denmark)
 * 2016 to 2022: William Huber (UK)
 * 2012 to 2016: Mia Consalvo (Canada)
 * 2009 to 2012: Helen Kennedy (UK)
 * 2006 to 2009: Tanya Krzywinska (UK)
 * 2003 to 2006: Frans Mäyrä (Finland)

title: Digital Games Research Association


text:
Talk:Pontiac's War

Orphaned references in Pontiac's War
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Pontiac's War's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Fenn": From Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst: Fenn, Elizabeth A. Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst ; The Journal of American History, Vol. 86, No. 4, March 2000 From Turtleheart: Fenn, Elizabeth A. Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst ; The Journal of American History, Vol. 86, No. 4, March, 2000 From William Trent: Elizabeth A. Fenn, "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst", The Journal of American History, Vol.86, Iss.4, March 2000, pp 1552–1580, DOI:10.2307/2567577

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 11:41, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

WP:URFA/2020 notes
looking in here: Marking Satisfactory at URFA/2020 and unwatching; ping me if needed! Sandy Georgia (Talk)  18:44, 18 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Harv ref errors:
 * 38. Burrows 1997, p. 170. Harv error: link from CITEREFBurrows1997 doesn't point to any citation.
 * 126. Dembek 2014, pp. 2–3. Harv error: link from CITEREFDembek2014 doesn't point to any citation.
 * Borrows, John (1997). "Wampum at Niagara: The Royal Proclamation, Canadian Legal History, and Self Government" (PDF). In Asch, Michael (ed.). Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 169–72. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0. Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFBorrows1997.
 * Dembek, Zygmunt F., ed. (2007). Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9. Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFDembek2007.
 * Ward, Matthew C. (2001). "The Microbes of War: The British Army and Epidemic Disease among the Ohio Indians, 1758–1765". In Skaggs, David Curtis; Nelson, Larry L. (eds.). The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. pp. 63–78. ISBN 0-87013-569-4. Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFWard2001.
 * Not a fan of hidden navigational templates in the lead, and wonder if it could be unhidden and moved to somewhere with the text.
 * Fixed the ref errors. The collapsed nav template in the lede I believe is standard MilHist practice. thanks! Kevin1776 (talk) 21:58, 18 January 2021 (UTC)
 * The MILHIST standard is generally to have the campaignbox collapse at the top of the article. Hog Farm Talk 02:37, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pontiac's War


text: Category:Spanish engineers

title: Category:Spanish engineers


text:
User talk:Gmsimmon

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 10:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gmsimmon


text:
User talk:Airumel

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 10:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Recreating deleted articles
There is a procedure for restoring deleted articles, and it is found at Undeletion_policy. However, there was not much debate about Scienticity when it was on Afd, and despite your claims that it is not fancruft or nonsense, it is, by the article's own content, a neologism and as such is not likely to be restored. If you wish to promote the concept, perhaps you should try another venue - a website of your own - and if and when scienticity ceases to become a neologism it may be more successful in gaining space at WP. KillerChihuahua 20:04, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah what the puppy said. Go to WP:VFU and make a case. And please sign your name with four tildes ~ — Dunc|☺ 20:07, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

It's not a neologism. It's the subject of an important academic article published over five years ago, and cited by many other sociologists. Your inability to find the word on other webites is a reason it *should* be included in Wikipedia. Airumel 20:08, 4 December 2005 (UTC) User:Airmel

 * If it was the subject of one article, published 5 years ago, and has not gained currency among sociologists to the extent of more important papers or preferably sociology textbooks, it is not only a neologism but a failed neologism. If you disagree, please make this case on WP:VFU as Dunc has suggested. Further discussion here about an article which has been deleted twice and speedy deleted once will serve no purpose. KillerChihuahua 20:51, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

I can accept wider usage as a prerequisite to inclusion here. But if a scientific or disciplinary idea has to appear in a textbook before it can be an article, scores and perhaps hundreds of articles need to be marked for deletion. Airumel 20:47, 4 Demember 2005

 * I said "preferably" its not even close to a requirement. KillerChihuahua 13:45, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Personally, I believe that there are not hundreds but probably thousands of articles here that should be marked for deletion. (I don't promise that we agree about which ones.)  I suggest watching Articles_for_deletion/Log/Today for a day or two, then joining in and voting on a few.  Once you've done that, feel free to tag one or two of those scores of dud articles.  Wikipedia is complex. It takes a while to learn how it works.  Regards, Ben Aveling 11:45, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Pure sociology
I noticed you did not state your postion, I presume it is Keep and identify yourself as the creator of the article. You might want to read through WP:AFD so you understand the way it works. KillerChihuahua 20:39, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. I've been reading through that and several other areas. I think I understand now. Thanks for the help and pointers. Airumel 20:43, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You are more than welcome. Any time you have a question, feel free to post it on my talk page and I will help if I can. KillerChihuahua 20:44, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I remember reading a page about citation policy and practices yesterday, but can't find it now. Mind pointing me? Also, I see discussion of this AfD nomination, but can't figure out where voting happens (or do only administrators vote?). Airumel 20:50, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Follow the link to WP:AFD. We don't call it "voting" although that's what it looks like. Its an opinion, followed by reasoning for the opinion. Sometimes they get messy with a lot of comments. I have seen quite a few articles on Afd which were kept, including one I changed my vote on - the creator of the article paid attention to the criticism, edited the article extensively, and posted on the talk page of everyone who had said "delete" - you can see the entry on my talk page at User_talk:KillerChihuahua (just click on that and you can read it and follow the included link to the article, and to the Afd page for that article.) Any editor can enter an opinion. You don't have to be an Admin, although usually you must be registered. An admin is required to close the Afd and carry out the consensus (Keep, Delete, Tag for cleanup, etc.) KillerChihuahua 21:02, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Cite
...is found at WP:CITE if you have not already found it - is that what you were looking for? KillerChihuahua?!? 21:55, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes, thanks much! Airumel 23:08, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Lafter
Vandalizing Troll, LOL. Thanks for making me laugh for a brief moment! Thankszoreos.--Gephart 05:33, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Dirk, Count of Holland
If you want to know how to have articles deleted, look at the bottom of Articles for deletion. You may wish to make your argument at Articles for deletion/Dirk, Count of Holland. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 06:21, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Greetings again
How are things going? You seem to have "learned the ropes" well. I am glad to see you didn't let your early difficulties discourage you from staying and contributing. KillerChihuahua?!? 20:34, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, yes. I spent hours and hours and hours reading WP and help files, following discussions, reading lots of talk and discussion pages, combing through page histories to understand what flies and what falls. Still lots to learn, and I've been unable to visit daily during a 2-week holiday to families (hers and mine). But I continue to contribute where and when I can, and will get back on the track of regular (daily?) contributions asap.
 * And when I feel that I've learned enough, and garnered enough experience, I'll likely ask to be made an admin. There are some articles, for areas about which I have great expertise, for which undoing vandalism is quite a chore, and the admin privelege of quick reverts would both save me mucho time and, thereby, help me contribute more to Wiki.
 * Thanks (again) for your early help and guidance - even if you did try to axe an important article that didn't, IMHO, deserve AfD status. ;) Airumel 06:29, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * You are always welcome to any help I can provide - and as for my putting an article of yours on Afd, well, lets look at the long view - you learned a lot about how to write a better Wikipedia article, Afd, and so on! I am glad you didn't let it discourage you. KillerChihuahua?!? 11:58, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Edits to The O'Reilly Factor
If you want to copy edit the article that's one thing. However your statements in the intro to the article are controversial and no consensus has been reached. These issues have already been discussed in the Bill O'Reilly controversies article. I modified the edit to provide a link there. I do not care if edits are pro or anti O'Reilly as long as they are accurate and not based on assumption. MrMurph101 17:52, 30 June 2006 (UTC) I probably went to far by reverting your entire edit and apologize for that. MrMurph101 20:33, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Murph - I respect that your cautiousness in avoiding the controversy, and appreciate the wisdom of the most recent you've made. The yelling, finger-pointing, and "shut up"ing are factual elements, not POV, but I can understand covering them in the controversies area, instead. Thanks for not reverting the other copy edits - they were CERTAINLY not POV, and add importantly to the readability of the article. :) Airumel 21:46, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Ellis Godard, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion. To do this, add  on the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag) and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Corvus cornix 04:12, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of The Pharmer's Almanac for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article The Pharmer's Almanac is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/The Pharmer's Almanac until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Jon Kolbert (talk) 19:34, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Airumel


text:
Talk:1927 in literature

Actual Book?
Was "King of the Jews" actually a book? I found a reference to an article of that name by Waverley Root published in the literary journal Transition in December 1927, apparently attacking literary pirate Samuel Roth. -Big_Iron 10:26, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on 1927 in literature. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100207224252/http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/100bestnovels.html to http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/100bestnovels.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:19, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:1927 in literature


text:
Digra

Digra or digras, or variation, may refer to:

People

 * Moald Digra (7th c.), a mythical character from the Saga of Halfdan the Valiant
 * Olaf II of Norway (995–1030) known as Olaf digra
 * Þorbjörg “digra” Ólafsdóttir (born 960), ancestress of Jón korpur Hrafnsson

Places

 * Digra, Aksai Chin, India/China; see List of locations in Aksai Chin
 * Digras, Yavatmal, Maharastra, India; a city
 * Digras, village in Beed district, Maharashtra, India

Other uses

 * Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA)
 * dissociated glucocorticoid receptor agonist (DIGRA, DIGRAs)

title: Digra


text:
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp

Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide (HMI) is the trademark name of Osram's brand of metal-halide gas discharge medium arc-length lamp, made specifically for film and entertainment applications. Hydrargyrum comes from the Greek name for the element mercury. An HMI lamp uses mercury vapour mixed with metal halides in a quartz-glass envelope, with two tungsten electrodes of medium arc separation. Unlike traditional lighting units using incandescent light bulbs, HMIs need electrical ballasts, which are separated from the head via a header cable, to limit current and supply the proper voltage. The lamp operates by creating an electrical arc between two electrodes within the bulb that excites the pressurized mercury vapour and metal halides, and provides very high light output with greater efficiency than incandescent lighting units. The efficiency advantage is near fourfold, with approximately 85–108 lumens per watt of electricity. Unlike regular incandescent halogen lamps where a halide gas is used to regenerate the filament and keep the evaporated tungsten from darkening the glass, the mercury vapour and the metal halides in HMI lamps are what emit the light. The high color rendering index (CRI) and color temperature are due to the specific lamp chemistry.

History
In the late 1960s German television producers requested lamp developer OSRAM to create a safer and cleaner replacement for carbon arc lighting used by the film industry. Osram developed and began producing HMI lamps at their request.

Philips produced a variation on the HMI, a single-ended version called MSR (medium source rare-earth). It uses a standard two-prong lampbase. To avoid the colour shift during use they added a secondary envelope around the gas-chamber. Several other bulb variations exist, including GEMI (General Electric metal iodide), CID (compact iodide daylight; Thorn EMI, UK, since 1990 GE), CSI (compact source iodine; Thorn EMI, UK), DAYMAX (made by ILC), and BRITE ARC (|[Sylvania Lighting Inc. (SLI)]). All are variations on, and different names for, essentially the same concept.

Much research was invested into making HMI lamps smaller because of their use in moving light fixtures such as those manufactured by Vari-Lite, Martin, Robe, and Highend. Philips' main contribution after this was the invention of a phosphor coating on the weld of the filament to the molybdenum foil that reduces oxidization and early failures at that point, making that area capable of withstanding extreme heat.

Multi-kilowatt HMI lights are used in the film industry and for large-screen slide projection because of their daylight-balanced light output, as well as their efficiency.

Flicker and color temperature
Similar to fluorescent lights, HMIs present problems with color temperature when used for film or video lighting applications. Unlike incandescent-lighting units, which are blackbody radiators limited to a theoretical maximum of 3680 K (the melting point of tungsten), HMI lamps, like all gas discharge lighting, emit the emission spectral lines of its constituent elements, specifically chosen so that combined, they resemble the blackbody spectrum of a 6000 K source. This closely matches the color of sunlight (but not skylight), because the Sun's surface is a 6000 K blackbody radiator.

With HMI bulbs, color temperature varies significantly with lamp age. A new bulb generally will output at a color temperature close to 15,000 K during its first few hours. As the bulb ages, the color temperature reaches its nominal value of around 5600 K or 6000 K. With age, the arc length becomes larger as more of the electrodes burn away. This requires greater voltage to sustain the arc, and as voltage increases, color temperature decreases proportionately at a rate of approximately 0.5–1 kelvin for every hour burnt. For this reason, and other safety reasons, HMI bulbs are not recommended to be used past half their lifetime.

HMI bulbs (like all arc bulbs) need a current limiting unit to function. Two ways of doing this are described in the ballast section below. The problem of flickering exists only when using the bulb in combination with magnetic ballast (electronic ballasts produce flicker-free light). HMI bulbs (running with magnetic ballast) present an inherent problem of possibly producing light on film or video with a noticeable flicker. This is caused by the method by which the unit produces light. An HMI, like an incandescent lighting unit, runs on mains power, which means that the lamp cycles on and off 100 or 120 times per second (twice for every line voltage cycle). Although not visible to the human eye, a film or video camera must be properly synchronized to this cycle or each frame recorded will show different light output. Although incandescent lamps also run off mains power, they do not exhibit perceptible flicker because their filaments do not cool down enough between cycles for their light output to decrease very much. For HMI lamps, flicker can be avoided by the use of electronic ballasts that cycle at frequencies thousands of times faster than the mains frequency.

Ballast operation

To power an HMI bulb, special ballasts act as an ignitor to start the arc, and then regulate it by acting as a choke. Two types of ballasts exist: magnetic and electronic (square-wave or flicker-free). Magnetic ballasts are generally much heavier and bulkier than electronic ballasts, as they consist primarily of a network of large inductors. They are usually cheaper than electronic ballasts. Since the magnetic type of ballast does not maintain the discharge continuously, the lamp actually extinguishes at zero-crossings of the mains waveform; unless the camera is locked to the mains waveform, the difference in frequency between the lamp and the shutter will produce a beat frequency that is visible in the resulting recording. This is why TV standards typically use the power grid frequency as their basic frame rate. Magnetic ballasts are simple devices compared to electronic ballasts. Essentially, a magnetic ballast is a large, heavy transformer coil that uses a simple principle to generate the high startup voltages needed to create an arc in a cold lamp. Input power is routed to a choke coil connected between the main input and the lamp. The coil may be tapped in several places to provide for various input voltages (120 V or 240 V) and a high start-up voltage. Capacitors are also included to compensate for the inductance of the coil and improve the power factor. Because of the high amount of current through the ballast, a low humming sound is often heard due to magnetostriction of the ballast iron laminations. Some magnetic ballasts have insulation around the coil for silent operation.

Since the early 1990s, electronic flicker-free (or Square-Wave) ballasts have become increasingly popular and affordable as an alternative to magnetic ballasts by eliminating most of the problems associated with HMI flicker. Their operation is not as simple as a magnetic ballast. Electronic ballasts can be thought of as operating in three stages—a DC intermediate converter, a power module, and an AC inverter. Power initially flows through the main breakers into an RF mains filter that prevents the flow of noise back onto the incoming power line. Then, rectifiers and capacitors charge and discharge to invert the negative half of the AC cycle and convert the line to positive DC voltage. This is called the DC intermediate. In the second stage, a buck converter draws from the DC intermediate and regulates current to the final power electronics via an electronic control board. This control board carefully adjusts the high frequency duty cycle of its transistors to maintain optimum color and light output as the lamp ages. Finally, the regulated current is inverted by an LF-converter board that uses four Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) to switch the DC at precisely 60 Hz into a square wave AC (unlike the sinusoidal pattern of line AC). Leaders in this field include Power Gems Corp, B&S, & Mytronic.

By using a square-wave output that is not referenced to the line cycle rate, a flicker-free output can be produced. Since the IGBTs switch on and off at a regulated cycle rate, a generator can be slightly off-speed and the lamp will still be flicker-free, which is not the case with a standard magnetic ballast. The square wave nature of the output results in a straight-line power output from the lamp. The time where cathodes are not emitting electrons of high enough energy is very short, meaning that safe (flicker-free) filming can occur at camera framerates up to 10,000 frame/s on most electronic ballasts.

This very sharp switching on and off inherent to the square-waveform causes extremely high frequency vibrations in the lamp. A square wave can be thought of as an infinite sum of odd-numbered harmonics, which will include frequencies at the resonant frequency of the bulb, causing it to vibrate at that frequency like a bell or whistle. The lamp housing does not help this, acting as a resonating chamber that amplifies the noise and presents a problem for sync-sound recording for film and video. To correct this, most electronic ballasts are equipped with a silent mode that eliminates the higher frequencies, but rounds off the voltage transition, causing the same flicker issue with magnetics, though to a lesser extent. This mode provides safe, flicker-free filming at framerates up to 24 frame/s on most electronic ballasts.

In addition to solving the problems of flicker, electronic ballasts also provide other advantages over magnetic ballasts. With a square wave voltage, the cathodes spend much more time emitting electrons and exciting the plasma, creating a gain of 5–10% in lumen output. The square-wave nature of the power flow allows lamp life to be extended by as much as 20%. Most modern ballasts are now also equipped with a dimmer, which uses pulse-width modulation to dim the lamp up to 50%, or as much as one stop of light. Unlike a tungsten-based light, which has a negative color temperature shift with a drop in power, the mercury emission spectra takes over with a drop in power (approximately 200 K bluer at 50% output).

Safety
HMI lamps are approximately the same color temperature as the sun at noon (6000 K), and like other high intensity discharge lamps which contain mercury, generate ultraviolet light. Each HMI fixture has a UV safety glass cover that should be used to protect people who may be in front of the light. Exposure to an unprotected lamp can cause retinal damage and severe skin burns.

HMI lamps can reach ignition voltages of up to 70,000 V when striking hot, and are considered very dangerous if miswired. It is good practice to strike the light from the ballast and not the head, in the event that there is a short circuit in the lamp head. Proper striking procedures should be followed as well, such as calling out a vocal warning whenever a light is turned on to warn persons in the area. Also, the header cable should be properly and securely connected. Nearly all present-day header cables are equipped with 'twist-lock' fittings at either end to ensure a safe and precise connection, both at the ballast and the lamp housing.

In all quartz lamps which have a gas fill, there is a small area that looks like a nipple. It is in fact the location of the exhaust tube where the lamp was filled with its gas mixture. The position of the nipple is very important and if it is facing the wrong way, it may show up as a shadow in the optical path. Whenever possible, the exhaust tip should be oriented straight up, or up to 45 degrees from vertical. This will keep the tip in the hottest location, and prevent the iodides and rare earth metals from collecting in it as the lamp cools. If the tip is oriented down, the rare earth metals will collect in it over time and the color of the lamp will shift as they are no longer included in the plasma arc.

In addition to these concerns, HMI lamps have been known to shatter at the end of their lifetime or if stressed enough. While not as violent as the explosion of a xenon short-arc bulb, they require caution. As a result, HMI lamps should not be used beyond half of their rated life, and care should be taken with larger lamps when striking (turning on the lamp), as a lamp is most likely to explode within the first five minutes of striking. For this reason, each HMI lamp will usually carry with it a detailed log of the number of strikes and number of hours it has been used. Care should be taken transporting the lamp and replacing lamps. The gases in an HMI lamp are under a very small pressure, but it does increase with temperature. As with quartz-halogen bulbs, care should be taken not to touch the glass directly as skin oils left behind on the envelope can heat beyond the working temperature of the envelope and cause bubbling and/or a weak point. For this reason, anytime a lamp is handled it should be cleaned with an isopropyl alcohol wipe. Most lamp housing designs are inherently tougher and thicker than traditional tungsten units so that in the event of a bulb explosion, those nearby are protected from flying debris. There is the possibility of the front lens element on the lamp head cracking from thermal shock (though not completely blowing out or shattering). Proper safety procedures should always be followed when using HMI units, as they can be dangerous if misused.

In 2014, journalist Kerry Sanders reported that he had been blinded for 36 hours as a result of overexposure to ultraviolet light from a malfunctioning HMI lamp. Had the fixture included UV protection as is required by OSHA, the output from the lamp would have had no effect.

title: Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp


text:
Koksoak River

The Koksoak River (rivière Koksoak) is a river in northern Quebec, Canada, the largest river in the Nunavik region. The Inuit village and region's administrative centre Kuujjuaq lies on the shores of the Koksoak, about 50 km south from its mouth.

The name Koksoak is believed to originate from Moravian missionaries who evangelized among the Inuit of the area at the beginning of British rule and incorrectly spelled the Inuktitut word Kuujjuaq, meaning "great river." In the 19th century, the river was also known as Big or South River, taken from South Bay which was the name of Ungava Bay at that time. In 1916, the name Koksoak was officially adopted.

The Koksoak River arises at the confluence of its two main tributaries, the Rivière aux Mélèzes to the west and the Caniapiscau River to the south. The Koksoak River flows for about 80 km in an east-northeasterly direction into Ungava Bay, and passes by the village of Kuujjuaq, from where it flows northwards for about 50 km to the coast. The total length of the Koksoak River and its main tributary, the Caniapiscau River, is approximately 874 km and the size of the drainage basin is about 133000 km2. However, in 1985 the upper waters of the Canaipiscau River were diverted as part of the James Bay Project and about 45% of the waterflow of the Caniapiscau now flows through the Caniapiscau Reservoir and on into the LaForge and La Grande Rivers to the west. The catchment area of the Caniapiscau Reservoir is about 36800 km2.

The Koksoak river has an estimated mean discharge of approximately 55 km3 of water per year - though the absence of long streamgauging records means accurate data are not available. Most of the flow occurs during the early summer when the ice on the river thaws and snow in the Canadian Shield melts. The Koksoak River lies on the boundary between the northern limit of the boreal forest and the vast tundra expanses of the Ungava Peninsula to the north. All the Koksoak basin is covered with permafrost - discontinuous in the south and continuous in the north.

Although hunting activities and administrative services are a mainstay of life in Kuujjuaq, adventure tourism is expanding, centred mostly on caribou hunting as well as salmon, trout and Arctic char fishing.

Tributaries
The significant tributaries of the Koksoak are (in upstream order):
 * Highfall Creek
 * Kupatalik River
 * Ujaralialuk River
 * Caniapiscau River
 * Forbes River
 * Situraviup River
 * Andréas River
 * Sérigny River
 * Swampy bay River
 * Rivière aux Mélèzes
 * Aigneau River
 * Lefebvre River
 * Ikirtuuq River
 * Rivière du Gué
 * Guignas River
 * Delay River
 * Potier River

title: Koksoak River


text:
Body cavity search

A body cavity search, also known simply as a cavity search, is either a visual search or a manual internal inspection of body cavities for prohibited materials (contraband), such as illegal drugs, money, jewelry, or weapons. Body cavities frequently used for concealment include the mouth, vagina, and rectum. It is far more invasive than the standard strip search that is typically performed on individuals taken into custody, either upon police arrest or incarceration at a jail, prison, or psychiatric hospital. Often the procedure is repeated when the person leaves the institution.

Body cavity searches may also be conducted at some international border crossings such as the U.S. Customs and Border Protection when they suspect international travelers of hiding contraband—such as drugs.

Procedure
Many articles of contraband are concealable in the body's cavities, via means such as insertion into the rectum. Illegal drugs are often found in condoms and temporarily stowed in the colon, and cylinders such as cigar tubes are used to hide money, intravenous syringes, and knives. Duplicate handcuff keys could be concealed in many body orifices, such as in the nasal passages or underneath the tongue.

In a thorough visual body cavity search, a flashlight is used to illuminate common bodily areas, including the nostrils, ears, mouth, navel, penis (urethra and foreskin) or vulva, and buttocks. Generally, the detainee is required to cooperate with manipulating these body parts as they are examined.

Squatting is sometimes instructed during the visual search, and prolonged holding of a squat can be demanded; squats are sometimes demanded while standing over a mirror (so that the observer has an improved view). The person may be asked to “squat and cough,” with the aim of dislodging an object stored in the rectum or vagina.

During manual body cavity searches, an inmate is temporarily transferred to an offsite clinic to be examined by a licensed physician of the same sex; body orifices are probed using fingers or instruments. The circumstances in which these inspections may be done are often restricted, such as on individuals refusing to offer to consent to a visual body cavity search for reasons other than anxiety or in situations where there is a strong evidence to suspect the presence of contraband, and require a court order. As cavity searches have proven as an ineffective strategy in the total prevention of smuggling objects as it cannot detect objects in the intestines or stomach, as well as taking into consideration the intrusive nature and inherently humiliating or degrading procedure, it has become fairly normal for authorities to instead isolate individuals in a monitored environment until they pass excreta and/or x-ray the individual's pelvic area as it is less invasive and psychologically damaging.

Legal standing
Some inmates and human rights activists argue that body cavity searches are done not so much to stop the flow of contraband but rather to harass and humiliate detainees. A visual inspection of the rectum will not reveal objects concealed deeply inside. Likewise, it is possible to circumvent detection during manual body cavity searches. In some instances, suspects swallow packages of drugs protected by condoms and allow them to pass through their digestive tract. Only diagnostic imaging will reveal the concealed contraband, invalidating the body cavity search.

Because these searches are highly invasive and greatly compromise an individual’s right of privacy, the legality of visual and manual body cavity searches is frequently contested.

United States
In the United States, Bell v. Wolfish is the benchmark case on this issue. In its judgment of the case, the U.S. Supreme Court established a standard of reasonable grounds for performing cavity searches. Among these are security concerns at prisons. Such searches are generally governed by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibits searches without probable cause.

UK
In the UK, cavity searches are not carried out upon entry to prisons, although new prisoners are required to perform squats as part of their strip-search. Though said prisoners may be visually searched, prison staff do not have the power to carry out cavity searches.

In popular culture
The body cavity search is frequently used as a joke in comedies such as the movies Beavis and Butt-head Do America, Rush Hour 3, and Wayne’s World, and the American sitcom television series Seinfeld, due to its humiliating, uncomfortable, and invasive nature. Generally, it adds to the suffering of a comedic foil. It is generally not depicted explicitly, but implied by the donning of a lubricated glove by a searcher. It is similar to the use of the rectal examination in this regard.

title: Body cavity search


text:
Tripolar

Tripolar or Tri-Polar may refer to:
 * Tripolarity, a system of power in international relations
 * Tri-Polar, an album by Sick Puppies

title: Tripolar


text:
Love Is the New Hate

Love Is the New Hate is the sixth studio album by the rock group Shihad. It was released on 2 May 2005, and yielded the singles "Alive", "All the Young Fascists", "Shot in the Head", "Dark Times" and "None of the Above".

The album is a return to Shihad's earlier heavier style, after an ill-fated attempt to make it big in the United States. The lyrics themselves are notably darker because of this - and are far more politically oriented than their earlier material, following their experiences touring the US under the Bush administration.

The album entered the New Zealand music charts at number two, going Gold in its first week of release - and then Platinum two weeks later. It peaked at No. 11 on the ARIA Albums Chart.

On 8 May 2006, the band released a Limited Edition copy of Love is the New Hate which came with a DVD of their 1 May 2005 performance in Aotea Square.

Track listing

 * 1) "None of the Above" – 2:22
 * 2) "Empty Shell" – 3:27
 * 3) "Day Will Come" – 3:11
 * 4) "All the Young Fascists" – 3:10
 * 5) "Saddest Song in the World" – 4:11
 * 6) "Big Future" – 2:04
 * 7) "Shot in the Head" – 3:20
 * 8) "Dark Times" – 4:02
 * 9) "Traitor" – 2:54
 * 10) "Stop" – 2:49
 * 11) "Alive" – 4:03
 * 12) "Guts and the Glory" – 3:28
 * 13) "Groupies" - 1:43

DVD listing

 * 1) "Empty Shell"
 * 2) "Comfort Me"
 * 3) "My Mind's Sedate"
 * 4) "All the Young Fascists"
 * 5) "Pacifier"
 * 6) "Day will Come"
 * 7) "None of the Above"
 * 8) "The General Electric"
 * 9) "Dark Times"
 * 10) "Home Again"
 * 11) "You Again"
 * 12) "Alive"

Credits

 * GGGarth - producer
 * Lindsay Gravina - mixing
 * Howie Weinberg - mastering

title: Love Is the New Hate


text:
Frederick Scott (designer)

Frederick Scott (14 July 1942 – 31 January 2001) was a British designer who was best known for creating the Supporto chair.

Scott was born in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire in 1942. Scott began his career as an apprentice at the G Plan factory, before going on to study furniture design at the Royal College of Art in 1963. In 1969 Scott was engaged as a designer for the modern furniture manufacturer Hille. The company was keen to develop its range by commissioning designers to work with new plastics, following its success with Robin Day's polypropylene chair. Scott's designs exploited the possibilities of moulding offered by polyurethane, and he rapidly made his mark with innovative and distinctive designs such as the Elephant chair and the Athena chair, and in 1974 Hille launched his folding chair.

Scott also worked on a new design for a wheelchair for disabled people, and this work inspired him to design an ergonomic aluminium office chair, the Supporto office chair, in 1976. Despite the commercial risk involved in its manufacture, Hille took a risk and brought the Supporto to market in 1979. It became an internationally successful product, and the chair was soon complemented by other seating and tables in the Supporto range. Supporto is still in production today, manufactured by Zoeftig Limited.

Awards and recognition

 * Design Award from the Design Council
 * High back Supporto the best office chair according to The Independent.

title: Frederick Scott (designer)


text: User talk:81.156.59.209

title: User talk:81.156.59.209


text:
Retail loss prevention

Retail loss prevention (also known as retail asset protection) is a set of practices employed by retail companies to preserve profit. Loss prevention is mainly found within the retail sector but also can be found within other business environments.

Retail loss prevention is geared towards the elimination of preventable loss. Most companies take this traditional approach by either having their own in-house loss prevention team or using external security agencies.

Shrink
Items that are unaccounted for compared to what the inventory system believes the store should have are losses or "shrink". Shrink is caused by operational errors, internal theft, and external theft. Retail loss prevention is responsible for identifying these causes and following up with training, preventing, investigating, responding to and resolving them. According to the 2018 Federal National Retail Security Survey, the average Shrink % for US Retailers is 1.33%.

Global Shrink Rates
Average global shrink rates as table by region, ranging from a high of 1.85% in the US to a low of 1.75% in Asian Pacific.

Operational errors
Operational errors are inadvertent human errors that occur when workers do not follow existing business best practices and policies or a company lacks the proper best practices and policies to ensure work is performed with minimal human error. Operational errors also occur due to a lack of proper training for workers.

External theft
External theft is when customers intentionally cause shrink by theft, fraud, or vandalism. Also known as shoplifting, thefts that occur in retail settings are done during business hours and involve the lack of security and prevention measures. Theft prevention can be done by reducing the opportunity to steal in the store through placing prevention mechanisms in place.

Shoplifters and organized retail criminals have become more aggressive and violent: Apprehension might create potential risk for injury to employees and other shoppers and create possible community resistance. Large retailers have policies regarding apprehension of shoplifters: In the USA, about 40% of retailers indicate that no employees are authorized to apprehend shoplifters. CCTV and other identification evidence are turned over to local law enforcement for possible off-site apprehension.

Internal theft
Internal theft is when company employees intentionally cause shrink by theft, fraud, vandalism, waste, abuse, or misconduct. Since associates have access to the entire building and during non-business hours, they are capable of costing the company substantial losses over a longer period of time.

Internal theft is typically identified by reporting systems, first-hand visual/CCTV surveillance or tips from coworkers. It frequently occurs via dishonest operation of the Point Of Sale (POS) system.

Internal theft traditionally causes more loss to a business than external theft due to the increased opportunity available to internal staff members. "A well-informed security superintendent of a nationwide chain of retail stores has estimated that it takes between forty and fifty shoplifting incidents to equal the annual loss caused by one dishonest individual inside an organization."

Internal loss
Internal loss is caused by associates including internal theft. Examples of such losses include staff members stealing products, cashiers not ringing sales through the tills and keeping the payment for themselves, package pilferage, staff selling products at discounted prices as a third-party distributor, "sweethearting" by giving products for free to other parties by staff, colluding with maintenance staff or external contractors to steal products, and under-ringing merchandise on the tills for other parties so they end up paying less for the items.

Internal loss, as with other forms of shrinkage, can be classified as either "malicious" or "non-malicious". Malicious internal loss is shrinkage caused by individuals from within the business such as staff members and cleaning staff and anyone else involved internally in the company. Internal shrink accounted for 35 percent of shrink to businesses in 2011. Non-malicious shrinkage can result from a number of operational failures within the business structure. The processing of returned or damaged stock, for example, can cause articles to be removed from inventory and discarded (which contributes directly to shrinkage) rather than sold at a discount, donated, returned to vendors for credit, or otherwise removed from inventory in a manner that minimizes financial loss.

Apprehensions and Recoveries
Many large retailers have in-store loss prevention employees who are trained to reduce shoplifting. This can come in the form of uniformed security officers, undercover security, or both. Each state allows stores to apprehend and detain shoplifters under shopkeeper's privilege laws. Apprehensions are typically a last resort after attempts to recover merchandise fail. An attempt to recover merchandise is known as a recovery or a "burn" and is generally one of the primary job duties of loss prevention associates. Many retailers operate in-store loss prevention teams including Target, Walmart, Macy's, JCPenney, Nordstrom, and Sephora. Teams generally have anywhere from 1-15 individuals depending on location.

Security tags
The development of electronic article surveillance (a magnetic device attached to the merchandise that would trigger an alarm if removed from the store, also called EAS) led to an increase in arrests; however, many cases have been dismissed due to lack of observation of the crime. A later effort, called "benefit denial" by Read Hayes, was intended to reduce the incentives for people to take the items by destroying the usefulness of items that were improperly removed from stores through the use of measures such as exploding dye packs (ink tags).

CCTV
CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) is the use of a surveillance system to record any theft or misconduct. It has been widely used all over the world and has affected the decrease in crime globally. It is used to strengthen the central control, responsiveness and crime combating capacity which increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the retail loss prevention methods and strategies.

Physical checks
Many retailers require customers to show their receipt to an employee to confirm that merchandise has been paid for. This can be done by loss prevention officers, as is the case with Target, or by store employees, as is done at Walmart and Costco. Fred Meyer, an Oregon based hypermarket, has begun to contract external security to perform receipt checks.

Certain membership stores, including Costco, require customers to comply with receipt checks as terms to their membership.

Receipt scanners
Some retailers now require customers to scan their printed receipt on an optical scanner before they can exit the store. Customers are held within a barriered area, and an automatic gate is opened by scanning the receipt as proof of purchase, allowing the customer to leave. Some supermarkets in the United Kingdom introduced receipt scanners in 2022-23, following a 22% increase in shoplifting linked to the cost-of-living crisis, but the systems proved unpopular with customers and attracted some negative public reaction.

title: Retail loss prevention


text:
Talk:Trust (social science)

"the trustor (voluntarily or forcedly) abandons control . . ."
Earlier, the article said that the trustor was 'willing to rely on the actions' of another. The phrase above, in the use of "forcedly" abandoning control, seems to contradict that. Can the original author clarify this paradox between willingness and force in relinquishing control? Danafr3 (talk) 17:21, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
 * There aren't any paradoxes. It's the limitations of language that make it seem so.
 * Let's say my girlfriend and I are dealing with someone, there's a dispute, and my girlfriend had a really bad day and starts getting very emotionally hostile and it's obviously escalating. I would assertively say "stop, I'll handle this" and she'd chill out while I take care of the situation.  She didn't "willfully" stop, it was emotional force that did it PLUS the trust that she could rely on my actions to result in a favorable outcome.  In other words, without trust she would have gone right back into battle with the person.

 * This could happen on a physical level of force as well. Let's say my girlfriend and I are dealing with her house bursting into flames and she's freaking out and going in a mad rush for the house to rescue her cat.  I could grab ahold of her and say that I'm going to take care of rescuing the cat and she's going to call 911.

 * In both cases I used force to interrupt her and take control of the situation.
 * -- That Guy, From That Show! 03:27, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

still growing
I am still growing and learning as a human being. This week I learned that trust is not earned. No. It is a gift. What the recipient chooses to do with it determines the relationship's destiny. Of course, even if "betrayed," the giver can continue to give. I also learned that when devious minds are at work, nothing can possibly be what it seems and only trust and faith can bring you through a trying situation. Stay calm, take deep breaths...and think it through. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.68.130.167 (talk) 15:46, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Arguement against trust
I feel that there must be information put into the main page about the arguements agianst using trust. It is on the basis that everyone has the slightest potential at least to abuse other people's trust. Though we can allow people to have some responsibilities, we can do without ever trusting them for sure. So many times we have our trust abused and the least likily trust abuse cases still come true. This life keeps showing us that we should highten our gaurd further still. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.79.180.109 (talk) 17:04, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

The article as it is isn't an argument for trust, it's a description of what trust is. It's a psychological phenomenon, not a value. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.26.111.99 (talk) 06:16, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Is the caudate nucleus the brain's "trust center"?
Something for an enterprising Wikipedian to research and include:  deeceevoice 10:37, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Trust sociology or also Economics / Social Psychology
In this page trust is introduced as a sociological construct. However, about as much attention is given to trust in Social Psychology and economics. Is the title 'Trust (Social Sciences)' not a better reflection. This may also assist developing this from a stub as then we can add economics and pscyhology stub tags. Also we can then include description from those fields in more detail E.g. in social psych / soc cognition trust is considered a shortcut/heuristic to reduce information processing (i.e. take up advies of trusted source), furthermore much research as been conducted determinants of trust. One is to be trusted if the source of information is competent, has the same values as you etc. In psychology Siegrist, Slovic, Pidgeon, Trumob, Frewer and many others have ventured into trust. I think from sociology a reference to Luhman is lacking. I might reserve some time for adding such stuff, but anyone beating me to it is welcome Arnoutf 13:33, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

ranking scale
probably shouldnt be top priority - 19:15, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:31, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Trust
Never trust anyone, not even yourself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.8.2.0 (talk) 02:02, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Let's not be getting all emotional, flaky, and existential, now. 24.149.28.230 (talk) 18:42, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

This reference is wrong (7): However, rational reflection leads to the rejection of an ability to trust technological artefacts.[7] (7) has nothing to do with this. Correct reference should be [8] or [9] with Luhmann. Also, "artifact" may be a more conventional spelling. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.15.40.102 (talk) 15:35, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Grammatical error
Grammatical error regarding trustworthhiness inverts the context. Quote from article: "There are three different forms of trust. Trust is being vulnerable to someone even though they are trustworthy; Trustworthiness is the ability to trust, and trust propensity being able to rely on them Relationship and Risk taking."

'Trustworthiness is the ability to trust' - implies trustworthiness is a property of the person who is trusting, it should instead be phrased as:

Grammatical correction REQUIRED: 'Trustworthiness is the ability to be trusted' - shifting the subject to the trusted party, except that this isn't what trustworthiness means, instead try this:

Correction of definition SUGGESTED: 'Trustworthiness is the reliability of the person to be trusted' 76.103.47.11 (talk) 16:09, 30 August 2009 (UTC) Gharveyn, aka greg.gourdian@gmail.com

Philosophy section
I find the below part problematic and think an explanation is in place.

"The definition of trust as a belief in something or a confident expectation about something[76] eliminates the notion of risk because it does not include whether the expectation or belief is favorable or unfavorable." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2804:3380:6064:CC00:5672:7100:2671:1678 (talk) 13:07, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

economics section
Hi all, I think recent additions have balanced the article towards the 3 main disciplines investigating trust (Economics, Sociology, Psychology).

I think the economics section currently is not very reader friendly and uses jargon like the abbreviations and sentence construction below:
 * formed randomly into dyads and assigned the role of decision-maker 1 (DM1) or decision-maker 2 (DM2). DM1 is asked to decide what amount of money to transfer to DM2. This money is removed from DM1's account and, typically, tripled in DM2's account. The DM1 to DM2 transfer is thought to measure trust. DM2 is then told of the transfer and is given the opportunity to return some, all, or none of the largess to DM1. The DM2 to DM1 transfer measured trustworthiness

While apparently interesting this is not very easy to read. I notice this kind of abstraction in many scientific publications by economists so it is probably scientifically sensical to talk like this, but since Wikipedia is aimed at the larger interested public we should try to make it more accessible. Can someone who knows what this is about try to make a first go, otherwise I might have a try and mix up the subtleties (me being a psychologist, not an economist). Arnoutf (talk) 12:30, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I have added banners for you.--Penbat (talk) 12:40, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Use on non-econ-specific footnote citations in Economics section
I believe that the use of citations from non-economics journals (like Computational Intelligence), game-theory publications (as distinct from econ & game theory), and writers (even the estimable sociologist Anthony Giddens) might be good enough if nothing else is available. But there are plenty of references by economists and in economics journals that could & arguably should be used in the Econ section (preferably with links allowing readers to follow up on their own). Such references would add credibility to the section. May future editors be wp:bold (and of course careful) in continuing to improve this aspect of the section. --Thomasmeeks (talk) 13:11, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

Wikipedia is propaganda
Wikipedia is completely biased, one-sided propaganda, yet many useful edits are removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.238.155.73 (talk) 12:15, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I sense a lack of trust in Wikipedia here, is that the reason you used this specific talk page? Arnoutf (talk) 14:04, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

Much of the section about psychological research on trust is extremely poor. Out of the four bullet points in the section, only one of them is a reference to a peer reviewed journal (the fourth bullet point). The information theory book (bullet point 3) referenced might be somewhat valid, but it looks like, from the other link to an online article by the author, that it's really more about information security. The top bullet pointed book mentioned might be based on research, but is not really a valid reference since it's not peer reviewed. The second bullet point mentions a self-help book!

The writing for much of the entire section is poor, as awkward sentences like "Interestingly much research has been performed on trust" abound. Paragraphs with solid peer-reviewed references are interspersed with single-line, one-off comments referencing pop business books. The single sentence on sexual victimization references pop psychology, and is then followed with two loosely related sentences that do at least contain a valid reference (reference #42, but who's counting!) yet someone saw fit to throw in the "citation needed" editing term on the first sentence, despite it being an obvious lead-in to the second one. There does not seem to be any sort of organization to the section at all, really. There are some seemingly useful, well-referenced paragraphs, but the content is so uneven that it's sometimes hard to find them, or separate the good from the bad.

I won't even start on the economics section, since it seems to assume that readers have a degree in the field, with statements like, "trust can provide an explanation of a difference between Nash equilibrium and Pareto optimum."

For such a broad, yet important, concept, this page really needs some serious editing. My comment will probably be deleted by the oh-so-helpful admins, but whatever. I just wanted to speak my piece. With content like this, it's no wonder that experts don't take this site seriously. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.71.56.139 (talk) 23:37, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

Merger proposal: Trustworthiness to Trust (social sciences)
I propose that Trustworthiness be merged into Trust (social sciences). The content of the much shorter Trustworthiness article can easily be merged into this article without losing any content; the two concepts overlap significantly in that trustworthiness is simply to be deserving of trust. Seeing as the Trustworthiness article has not been significantly expanded upon since its creation in 2006, it may be that it can't be, especially without considerable overlap with the Trust article. DiscantX (talk) 07:19, 22 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support - I agree with the above. That being said, it may be that in years to come we see a 'Trust (ethics)' article branch off in much the same way as we now have a separate article for Altruism (ethics). Cheers Andrew (talk) 12:56, 25 December 2014 (UTC)

I support the relationship between Trust and being trustworthy is a key one — Preceding unsigned comment added by SteveTMcds (talk • contribs) 11:38, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment: It's probably safe to merge at this point but I've posted notices at the related WikiProjects in case anyone else is intersted.   Discant X  21:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Trust (social sciences). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20111002220833/http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/erickson.shtml to http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/erickson.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Adding content and Sources to the sociology Part
I just post my ideas but I am not going to write it exaclty like that, It is just the first draft.

 * Outlet

As said if the article trust is a social phenomenon. Because it does not exist outside of our vision of the other. This image can be real or imaginary but it is this one which permits the creation of the Trust.

This trust is possible because of our expectations. These expectations are created thanks to the legitimacy to trust people in the society ( it is a norm that the individual needs to trust the others in his quotidian) and also because the social position of the other help to trust him if he follows the social norm of the society is correspondence with his position in the society. So, the trust is in perpetual construction.

This construction of the trust permits to establish and develop the relationships between the individuals. These new relationships develop until the self discolure if they two individuals stay in this relationship of mutual trust.

The trust as four major component that I want to detail more in the article : the orientation, the act of power, the temporal and a direct connection with the two part of the Self ( Me/ You).

- Experiment of Garfinkel: exp 1 ( ask student to do whatever they want at home + reaction family) ; exp 2(systematicly students say that they do not trust their friends when they say something or act + their reaction, they are made, hangry and hate their friends after that). It shows the difficulty to perpetrate an absence of trust in the moral social order.

- Necessary for economic transaction ( Fred Hirsch: "Public Good") and essential for stable relationships (Peter Blau).

- trust = expectation of regularity, order in the routine, the moral world, every life.

- Trust permits a social control, for example for the power.

- Trust is not established in the same way and does not have the same boundaries in function of the relationship : friends, family, business, public and politic. Trust is based on a system of limits because there are boundaries to the things and people we can trust.

- It is difficult to obtain trust because of the lack in the memory, the confidentiality, the knowledge and the importance of the TIME.

- Vladimir Ilych Lenine expresses this idea of uncertainity of trust with the sentence “Trust is good, control is better”, “Vertraun ist gust, Kontrol noch besser”.

- Trust is based on the self-regulating and the individual responsibility to make the effort to assume the duty that we have by being trusted.

- There is a crisis of trust because of the omnipresence of the social network in our society. In fact, there are a lot of low-quality information and even false or rumors. It creates a lack of confidence in our close social environment. The world connection creates a cascading failure dynamic which raise the probability for the other users to also have bad information and start to be concern by this lack of trust. Allerlesverts (talk) 01:30, 8 March 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Allerlesverts (talk • contribs) 01:26, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Sources

Bernard Barber, The Logic And Limits Of Trust, ( Rutgers University Press, New Jersy, 1983)

Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003) Toshio Yamagishi, Trust: The Evolutionary Game Of Mind and Society, (University Of Tokyo Press, 1998) Allerlesverts (talk) 04:54, 24 February 2016 (UTC)

- Karen S. Cook, Trust in Society, Russell Sage Foundation, New York 2001.

- Sinclair, Development and validation of the Emotional Intimacy Scale, ISSN : 1061-3749, Vol 13.

- Mcallister, Shelece, Thornock, Carly, Hammond, Jeffrey, Holmes, Errin, Hill: The influence of Couple Emotional Intimacy on Job Perceptions and Work-Family conflicts, Family and consumer Sciences Research Journal June 2012, Vol 40.

- Jurkane-Hobein, Iveta; Imagining the Absent Partner: Intimacy and Imagination in Long-distance relationships, Journal: Innovative Issues and appraoches in social sciences, vol 8.

- Adam B. Seligman, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Trust and Sociability: On the limits of Confidence and Role Expectations, 1998.

- Chengqi Yi, Yuanyuan Bao, Elsevier (journal), Modeling cascading failures with the crisis of trust in Social Networks, 2015. Allerlesverts (talk) 01:30, 8 March 2016 (UTC) Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:50, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Update, March 31, 2016
You've done a great job here as well, Alexis. The previous comments about style still hold for this page as well. You do not have to have subordinate clauses like "When it comes to trust, sociology..." or "So-and-so says..." You can just state the fact and make sure to cite the source.

In addition to all of the previous comments that I placed on the emotional intimacy page, you must make sure that some of the words that you used in your text will link back to the Wikipedia articles that go with them. So make sure, for instance, that if you do talk about Giddens, link his name to his Wikipedia article.

You've done an amazing job. Alfgarciamora (talk) 17:23, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Trust (emotion). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110930083112/http://www.misrc.umn.edu/wpaper/wp96-04.htm to http://www.misrc.umn.edu/wpaper/wp96-04.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051125014252/http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/papers/trustbook.html to http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/papers/trustbook.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081031132531/http://web.missouri.edu/~jamesha/trust/index.htm to http://web.missouri.edu/~jamesha/trust/index.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:43, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

Emotion??????
How is trust an emotion. It seems much more a cognitive heuristic than an emotional experience? Who ever agreed on naming this article Trust (emotion). This should be changed. Arnoutf (talk) 13:27, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Since nobody objected, and since the word emotion only appeared in the title and emotion sidebar (and in the reference list) but nowhere else in the entire article, the naming was evidently wrong. I moved it to trust (social science) as that captures the psychology, sociology, economics and philosophy. Hope everybody agrees. Arnoutf (talk) 14:02, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

Addition of top of page template "divine mercy"
Recently a template identifying this article as part of a series on divine mercy was placed near the top of the article. I removed this for multiple reasons (1) It put undue emphasis on the religious connotations around trust, while from the body text of the article it is clear the religious use is very minor (in fact it is only mentioned in a single, unsourced line in the lead and nowhere in the body text (2) Even within religion, the concept of divine mercy is a rather minor part of Catholicism, it seems completely unbalanced to add a prominent template about a minor devotion, within only one part of the Christian church (Roman Catholic), which is only one of many religions in this comprehensive top level article. If we would do that with every topic we would need to add hundreds, if not thousands of such templates to recreate balance.

The argument for adding that trust is essential to religion in addition is fallacious. Being a bird is essential for being a penguin, but that does not mean that the main article on bird should include the template:penguins (even though that template is a much more modest bottom of page template). For much the same reason, divine mercy simply has no place here. Arnoutf (talk) 08:33, 19 October 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Comparative Management Seminar
— Assignment last updated by GaryK1128 (talk) 00:26, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trust (social science)


text:
Occupational crime

Occupational crime is crime that is committed through opportunity created in the course of legal occupation. Thefts of company property, vandalism, the misuse of information and many other activities come under the rubric of occupational crime.

The concept of occupational crime - as one of the principal forms of white-collar crime - has been quite familiar and widely invoked since the publication of Clinard and Quinney's influential Criminal Behavior Systems: A Typology. More recently, however, the term occupational crime has been applied to activities quite removed from the original meaning of white collar crime, and it has been used interchangeably with such terms as occupational deviance and workplace crime. In the interest of greater conceptual clarity within the field of white collar crime the argument is made here for restricting the term 'occupational crime' to illegal and unethical activities committed for individual financial gain - or to avoid financial loss - in the context of a legitimate occupation. The term 'occupational deviance' is better reserved for deviation from occupational norms (e.g. drinking on the job; sexual harassment), and the term 'workplace crime' is better reserved for conventional forms of crime committed in the workplace (e.g. rape; assault). The conceptual conflation of fundamentally dissimilar activities hinders theoretical, empirical, and policy-related progress in the field of white collar crime studies.

title: Occupational crime


text:
FM Static

FM Static was a Canadian Christian pop punk duo based in Toronto, Ontario. The band was formed in 2003 as a side project for Thousand Foot Krutch. The band consisted of Trevor McNevan and Steve Augustine. The original lineup included John Bunner on guitar and Justin Smith on bass. The band released four studio albums, most recently My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go! (2011).

Career
Their first album What Are You Waiting For? was produced by Aaron Sprinkle, who also produced Thousand Foot Krutch's album Phenomenon. The album featured the hit singles "Definitely Maybe", "Something to Believe In", and "Crazy Mary". FM Static toured through 2003 to 2005; John Bunner quickly retired after playing a few shows and so Justin asked his brother Jeremy to fill in for them.

On August 1, 2006, FM Static released their second album titled Critically Ashamed, which featured the single "Waste of Time". Originally, a cover of Vanilla Ice's "Ice Ice Baby" was to be included on this album, but it was removed later in the production process. The band did not tour in support of their second album because the Smith brothers had stopped playing for them. So FM Static became a two-piece band with studio musicians filling in for the other parts. While their second album featured only the single "Waste of Time", the songs "Tonight" and "Moment of Truth" went on to become huge unadvertised Internet hits, as well as hits on some radio stations. The song "Tonight" had accumulated over seventy million hits on YouTube as of November 2011, while "Moment of Truth" had more than fifty million.

On April 7, 2009, FM Static released their third studio album Dear Diary. Written as a concept album, it details the fictional story of a boy facing the difficulties of life, love and faith, as told through his diary entries. The entries themselves were released in a blog prior to the album's release, and are included in the CD booklet, accompanied by illustrations drawn by Worth Dying For guitarist Nathan Parrish. This album featured the singles "Boy Moves to a New Town With An Optimistic Outlook", "The Unavoidable Battle of Feeling On the Outside", and "Take Me As I Am". Trevor announced in a TFK broadcast that FM Static planned to tour again in 2009 to promote the album. This was confirmed when FM Static was added to setlist of the Creation Festival tour alongside TFK as well as Jars of Clay, AA Talks, B.Reith and This Beautiful Republic. Due to the fact the Trevor and Steve could not play all instrumentals, Nick Baumhardt from TFK filled in on the tour, as well as Tom Beaupre on bass and keyboards.

McNevan also posted on his Twitter account on February 5, 2010, that he is in the process of finishing new songs for FM Static, which will appear on a new record. He stated originally that the album's title would be 4, but he later mentioned on his personal Facebook page that the title had been changed to My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go. At Lifest 2010, FM Static debuted a song from this album called "Cinnamon & Lipstick". On November 23, FM Static released a triple pack, 3 Out of 4 Ain't Bad.

On April 5, 2011, FM Static released their fourth studio album My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!. Two singles from the album have been released; "My Brain Says Stop, but My Heart Says Go!" and "Last Train Home". Another single from this album, "F.M.S.T.A.T.I.C.", can be heard in episode 12 of the CW show Hellcats.

Final lineup

 * Trevor McNevan – vocals, guitars (2003-2011)

Former members

 * John Bunner – guitar (2003)
 * Justin Smith – bass (2003–2005)
 * Jeremy Smith – guitar (2004–2005)
 * Steve Augustine – drums (2003–2011)

Touring musicians

 * Tom Beaupre – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (2009–2011)
 * Nick Baumhardt – guitar (2006–2009)

Compilation appearances

 * Canada Rocks - "Moment of Truth" (CMC, 2008)
 * GMA Canada presents 30th Anniversary Collection - "Crazy Mary" (CMC, 2008)
 * X Christmas - "Christmas Shoes" (BEC, 2008)
 * Songs from the Penalty Box, Vol. 6 - "Boy Moves to a New Town with Optimistic Outlook" (Tooth & Nail Records, 2009)
 * Boomin' - "Tonight" (Starsong/EMD, 2010)
 * Rock What You Got - "Definitely Maybe" (Starsong/EMD, 2010)
 * Happy Christmas Vol. 5 - "Snow Miser" (Tooth & Nail Records, 2010)

Videos

 * "Definitely Maybe
 * "Boy Moves to a New Town with Optimistic Outlook"
 * "Take Me As I Am"
 * "Her Father's Song"

Awards and recognition
GMA Canada Covenant Awards
 * 2009 nominee, Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Dear Diary
 * 2009 nominee, Pop/Contemporary Song of the Year: "Take Me as I Am"

Juno Awards
 * 2010 nominee, Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album: Dear Diary

title: FM Static


text:
Fray Bentos

Fray Bentos is the capital city of the Río Negro Department, in south-western Uruguay, at the Argentina-Uruguay border, near the Argentine city of Gualeguaychú. Its port on the Uruguay River is one of the nation's most important harbours. The city hosts the first campus of the Technological University, beside the historically relevant industrial complex Anglo, a World Heritage Site.

One of the biggest pulp mills in the world is situated close to Fray Bentos and the Libertador General San Martín Bridge; it was the center of the largest political dispute between Uruguay and Argentina during the 21st century.

Geography
The city is close to the border with Argentina and about 160 km due north of Buenos Aires, and 309 km north-west from Montevideo, Uruguay's capital.

History
The town was founded as 'Villa Independencia' by Decree of 16 April 1859. It became capital of the Department of Río Negro on 7 July 1860 by the Act of Ley Nº 1.475 and its status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) on 16 July 1900 by the Act of Ley Nº 2.656. Its current name, meaning "Friar Benedict", is derived from a reclusive priest.

Historically, Fray Bentos' main industry has been meat processing. An industrial plant owned by the Societe de Fray Bentos Giebert & Cie., the Liebig Extract of Meat Company (LEMCO), was founded there in 1863. It was closed in 1979, after 117 years in operation. A local history museum opened on the site in March 2005.

The surroundings of Fray Bentos were the location of the crash of Austral Flight 2553, in which 74 people were killed (69 passengers and 5 crew) on 10 October 1997.

On 5 July 2015, the city's Barrio Anglo, the location of the industrial plant, was declared a World Heritage Site as the "Fray Bentos Cultural-Industrial Landscape".

Population
In 2011 Fray Bentos had a population of 24,406. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Economy
In 1899 a company called "Frigorífico Anglo del Uruguay" (often referred to as "Anglo") which originated from Lemco, began making corned beef there, which was sold as "Fray Bentos Corned Beef" in the UK. Fifty years later, the company diversified into soups, meatballs and tinned fruit. During the 1990s the focus shifted to pies and puddings, and the company was taken over by the Campbell Soup Company. In 2006, 'Campbells UK' was acquired by Premier Foods. The "Fray Bentos" brand is now owned in the UK by Baxters, which manufactures the product range in Scotland. The Campbell Soup Company manufactures and sells Fray Bentos-branded steak and kidney pies in Australia.

In 2008, the Brazilian-owned Marfrig Group announced the reopening of one of the factories related to the Liebig factory and the resumption of export of meat products, though at a lower volume than at the original factory.

Pulp mill dispute
Botnia S.A., a subsidiary of Finnish corporation Metsä-Botnia, built a large cellulose factory (pulp mill) in Fray Bentos to produce bleached eucalyptus pulp. Production started in November 2007, and the first shipments were made in December 2007 from the port of Nueva Palmira. Investment in the project was about 1 billion USD. Several groups raised concerns regarding the effects of this and other pulp mills on the Uruguay River, which runs between Uruguay and Argentina, as well as whether Argentina had been provided with adequate notice regarding construction. On 30 April 2005 about 40,000 Argentine protesters from Entre Ríos, along with environmental groups from both countries, demonstrated at the bridge linking both countries. Afterwards ten to fifteen Argentines set up a roadblock at the international bridge to put pressure on the Uruguayan government to stop production at the factory, claiming it would gravely pollute the Uruguay River. On 20 December 2005 a World Bank study concluded that the factory would not have a negative impact on the environment or tourism in either country. The paper mill started operating in November 2007.

Transportation
Villa Independencia Airport serves Fray Bentos, but has no commercial air service.

Museums and culture
Fray Bentos has an Industrial Revolution Museum in the former meat processing factory of the Liebig Extract of Meat Company, where thousands of people worked. When it was shut down, the opportunity was taken to create a museum, with the original machinery, and social and cultural artefacts of the technological revolution in Fray Bentos. The museum exhibits the machinery used in the meat and extract of meat process, the buildings, an 1893 Merryweather water-pumping machine, a complete canning plant, a plant where the meat was cooked, a laboratory, etc.

It also has a museum for the artist Luis Alberto Solari, who was born in the city.

The Miguel Young Theatre is a cultural landmark.

Sports
Fray Bentos has its own football league, the Liga Departamental de Fútbol de Río Negro, established in 1912, made up of 14 teams. Among the most notable are Fray Bentos Fútbol Club, Club Atlético Anglo and Laureles Fútbol Club.

Notable people

 * José Pedro Barrán (1934–2009), historian
 * Carlos Demasi (born 22 August 1949), historian
 * Federico Elduayen (born 25 June 1977), footballer
 * Carlos Fischer (1903–1969), politician, member of the National Council of Government 1955–1959
 * Walter Pelletti (born 31 May 1966), former footballer
 * Gastón Ramírez (2 December 1990), footballer
 * Luis Alberto Solari (17 October 1918 – 13 October 1993), painter and engraver
 * Juan Manuel Tenuta (1924–2013), was an actor
 * Juan José Timón (18 November 1937 – 13 July 2001), cyclist
 * Lucas Torreira, (born 11 February 1996), footballer

Sister cities
Fray Bentos is twinned with:

 * General Artigas, Paraguay

title: Fray Bentos


text:
Trace evidence

Trace evidence occurs when objects make contact, and material is transferred. This type of evidence is usually not visible to the naked eye and requires specific tools and techniques to be located and obtained. Due to this, trace evidence is often overlooked, and investigators must be trained to detect it. When it comes to an investigation trace evidence can come in many different forms and is found in a wide variety of cases. This evidence can link a victim to suspects and a victim or suspect to the crime scene.

There are three general categories in which forensic science uses trace evidence. It can be used for investigative aids, associative evidence, and in-scene reconstructions. In terms of investigative aids, trace evidence can provide information to determine the origin of a sample and determine the manufacture date of the material, all of which can limit potential suspects in a case. Associative evidence can associate with or link victims or suspects to a crime scene. For reconstructions, trace evidence can provide information to understand how a crime occurred or the events that occurred before the crime.

Importance
The importance of trace evidence in criminal investigations was shown by Edmond Locard in the early 20th century, with his exchange principle, that every contact leaves a trace. This statement can then be expanded by stating trace evidence must first be located and recorded before it can be recovered and analyzed. Since then, forensic scientists use trace evidence to reconstruct crimes and to describe the people, places, and things involved in them. Studies of homicides published in the forensic science literature show how trace evidence is used to solve crimes.

Examples and cases
Trace evidence is found in many different forms with some examples including, but not limited, to fire debris, gunshot residue, glass fragments, and fibres. Each of these types of evidence will have a trained analyst in that specific feild who will conduct the analysis on these items.

Some case examples of the use of trace evidence could include a Vehicular accident reconstruction which relies on marks such as tire impressions to estimate vehicle speed before and during an accident, as well as braking and impact forces. Fibres from clothing worn by a pedestrian found in the paint and/or road grime of a striking vehicle can be linked to the specific vehicle involved in a hit-and-run collision. "Witness marks" are also an important form of trace evidence, especially in engineering and may be critical in understanding how a product failed. A typical witness mark could be an impact depression which broke a product. It is especially useful if that mark can be linked to the product which made the impact such as a hammer or nail. Such marks are also commonly encountered in criminal cases and include bite marks, puncture marks, bullet holes, etc.

Recording and recovery
After the trace evidence has been located at a crime scene the next step is to record it. There are multiple ways of recording evidence and that is dependant on the type of evidence found. The first option is to videotape the crime scene. This can be done to provide perspective on the actual location of the evidence throughout the entire scene. The next step in recording the evidence would be still photographs. The images included should be photos of the evidence both with flash and without, the evidence with a ruler for size reference, and the evidence with its number in the photo.

As for the recovery of the evidence, samples may be collected by handpicking, tape lifts, combing, or removal of an entire object. Hand picking is as straight forward as it sounds with the evidence being carefully picked up by hand or with forceps and placed in the proper packaging for that specific item.  Tape lifts are used when the item cannot be picked up by hand or with forceps.  It involves the sticky side of tape being placed on the evidence and then carefully lifting and placing it either on a sheet of clear acetate or on its original packaging. Combing is used when trace evidence needs to be removed from a person who is either alive or deceased.  A different comb should be used for each piece of evidence being removed and the combs and paper must be packaged separate from the evidence.  The removal of an entire object occurs when the evidence simply can not be removed from this object.  The collection method used is entirely based on what the evidence type is and the surface it is on. It is also important to note that great care must be taken to prevent contamination of the evidence with other substances (such as natural oil and sweat on the hand of the collector).

Trace Evidence is also found in much smaller amounts at crime scenes.

The Scientific Working Group Materials Analysis (SWGMAT) has created guidelines to ensure proper protection and collection of trace evidence. In this document you can find steps to ensure proper documentation, tips to avoid contamination and loss of evidence, proper detection, collection, and preservation techniques, as well as considerations for specific types of trace materials. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), has even implemented these standards into their work revolving trace evidence.

Following these standards and guidelines will ensure accurate analysis of crime scene evidence and increase the strength of the evidence in courts.

Analysis
The way the analysis of trace evidence is performed is dependant on the evidence being examined. Most commonly the trace evidence that is examined is microscopic due to the fact that it can not be examined by the naked eye.  In this case there are many different types of microscopes that can be used including stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) or comparison microscope. SEM is especially useful because X-ray analysis can be conducted on selected areas of the sample. This can be especially useful as chemical residues can show unusual elements present which may indicate a chemical attack of the product. A car accident caused by a diesel fuel leak, for example, showed traces of sulfur on the cracked tube indicative of an attack by sulfuric acid from the battery.

When it comes to impression trace analysis such as a tire track in mud or a footprint, a cast or lift may be made of the impression. This would allow the analyst to identify what made the impression for example, the type of tire, the manufaturure as well as the condition of the tire.

The first step in examining gunshot residue is of course using a microscope to observe propellant residue particles which could include gun powder, lead and other materials depending on the type of propellant used. Tests like the Modified Griess Test and the Sodium Rhodizinate Test are wet chemical techniques used to develop residue that can not be seen. Small amounts of explosives, volatile hydrocarbons, and other chemicals are identified with the use of analytical instruments, such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy, all of which separate out the components of the chemicals.

Similar comments apply to damaged items from an accident scene, but care is needed in ensuring that the sample is not damaged by the testing or sampling for testing. Such nondestructive testing must always be used first before considering destructive methods which involve taking small samples from the item for more detailed tests, such as spectroscopic analysis. Use of all such methods must be done in consultation with other experts and the relevant authorities, such as lawyers on both sides of a case.

Problems
False positives and contamination by subsequent handling or nearby objects (e.g. mixing of blood from victim and attacker), are problems of many common substances and the necessity of human involvement in the collection of trace evidence. Both can occur with DNA traces and fingerprints, and therefore evidence should be collected, analyzed, and presented in accordance with established guidelines. Partial fingerprints are even more vulnerable to false positives. Samples from accidents or crimes should therefore be protected as much as possible by enclosure in a sealable container as soon as possible, after an incident is under investigation.

In terms of scientific research that is being conducted for trace evidence, there are many gaps and a lot that remains to be done. No standards and methodologies have been created to determine physical fit between two piece of evidence and consistency of work conducted from various analysts. Therefore, it is up to the analysts discretion to determine how likely it is that the two samples came from the same source. The Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) have clarified that future research must be conducted to create methods for quality of fit and error rates.

Improving this field of forensic science will improve the quality of samples and develop quality case reports

title: Trace evidence


text:
Confarreatio

In ancient Rome, confarreatio was a traditional patrician form of marriage. The ceremony involved the bride and bridegroom sharing a cake of emmer, in Latin far or panis farreus,  hence the rite's name. (Far is often translated as "spelt", which is inaccurate as the grain used was Triticum dicoccum (Emmer), not Triticum speltum. ) The Flamen Dialis and pontifex maximus presided over the wedding, and ten witnesses had to be present. The woman passed directly from the hand (manus) of her father or head of household (the pater familias) to that of her new husband.

Having parents who were married by confarreatio was a prerequisite for becoming a Vestal or the Flamen Dialis. Confarreatio seems to have been limited to those whose parents were also married by confarreatio, but later, perhaps with the rise of plebeian nobiles, this requirement must have been relaxed. Scipio Africanus presumably married his wife Aemilia Tertia by confarreatio, because their elder son was Flamen Dialis; yet Scipio's mother Pomponia was a plebeian.

Divorce for confarreatio marriages, diffarreatio, was a difficult process and therefore rare. Not much is known about how diffarreatio was carried out except that there was a special type of sacrifice that caused the dissolution of the relationship between the man and woman. She would then pass back into the manus of her paterfamilias.

Originally, the confarreatio was indissoluble, and this remained true of the marriage of the Flamen Dialis. The other two major flamines, the Flamen Martialis and the Flamen Quirinalis, were also required to marry by confarreatio. The three major flamines were also required to marry virgins; further, if the wife of the Flamen Dialis died, he was immediately required to resign. It is not clear if this was true of the other priests.

title: Confarreatio