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Open Dynamics Engine

The Open Dynamics Engine (ODE) is a physics engine written in C/C++. Its two main components are a rigid body dynamics simulation engine and a collision detection engine. It is free software licensed both under the BSD license and the LGPL.

ODE was started in 2001 and has already been used in many applications and games, such as Assetto Corsa, BloodRayne 2, Call of Juarez, S.T.A.L.K.E.R., Titan Quest, World of Goo, X-Moto and OpenSimulator.

Overview
The Open Dynamics Engine is used for simulating the dynamic interactions between bodies in space. It is not tied to any particular graphics package although it includes a basic one called drawstuff. It supports several geometries: box, sphere, capsule (cylinder capped with hemispheres), triangle mesh, cylinder and heightmap.

Simulation
Higher level environments that allow non-programmers access to ODE include Player Project, Webots, Opensimulator, anyKode Marilou and CoppeliaSim.

ODE is a popular choice for robotics simulation applications, with scenarios such as mobile robot locomotion and simple grasping. ODE has some drawbacks in this field, for example the method of approximating friction and poor support for joint-damping.

title: Open Dynamics Engine


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Matt Cooper (Irish journalist)

Matt Cooper (born 21 July 1966) is an Irish journalist, author and broadcaster who presents news review show The Last Word on Today FM.

Cooper is a former editor of the Sunday Tribune and former business editor of the Irish Independent. He has also done some television work.

Early life
Cooper was born in Cork in 1966 and was educated at the North Monastery school and later at University College Cork.

As well as radio, sport was another early passion. Cooper played rugby with Sunday's Well and later captained the under-20s team. He also had a fondness for GAA, and played Gaelic football and hurling for the Bishopstown GAA club.

Career
Cooper is a client of Noel Kelly, of NK Management.

Journalism
Cooper is a former editor of the Sunday Tribune, appointed in September 1996, as well as a former business editor of the Irish Independent. Then aged 30, he was the youngest person in Ireland to be appointed an editor of a national newspaper. Cooper was awarded Business Journalist of the Year in 1992 and 1999 and also National Journalist of the Year in 1993 and 2001. He is a graduate of Dublin City University.

The Last Word
Cooper presents the news review show The Last Word on Today FM from 16:30 to 19:00 every weekday. In 2008, he spent hours recreating the iconic picture used for the cover of Abbey Road to publicise Today FM's move across the River Liffey only to admit "I'm not really a Beatles fan. Maybe I'm just a little bit too young or something". Cooper writes a weekly column for the Irish Examiner and one for the Irish edition of The Sunday Times newspaper.

In 2011, Kim Bielenberg said in the Irish Independent that Cooper would make a worthy replacement for Pat Kenny at RTÉ with Kenny in the "autumn of his career". Bielenberg also said Cooper was "never going to be the next Graham Norton".

Television work
Cooper was a frequent host of live UEFA Champions League coverage on TV3. He has also hosted live rugby and GAA matches on the same channel.

To coincide with the 100-year anniversary of Battle of the Somme in July 2016, Cooper narrated the RTE documentary Heroes Of The Somme, which uncovered the stories of some of the men that won The Victoria Cross fighting there.

From 2017 to 2021, Cooper has co-hosted The Tonight Show on Virgin Media One with Ivan Yates.

Writings
Cooper's book, Who Really Runs Ireland, was published in 2009. It examines Irish businessmen and politicians and their relationships.

 * Who Really Runs Ireland? (2010)
 * How Ireland Really Went Bust (2011)

In 2015, a biography of Tony O'Reilly, titled The Maximalist: The Rise and Fall of Tony O’Reilly was published by Gill and Macmillan.

Visit to North Korea
In January 2014, Cooper secretly accompanied Dennis Rodman to North Korea for Kim Jong-un's big birthday basketball game. His cover was blown when they were seen together on Sky News at an airport in Beijing. Today FM confirmed Cooper's presence in North Korea and that he would meet Kim Jong-un while there. A documentary was filmed based on Rodman's trip and the basketball game he organised versus North Korea; entitled Dennis Rodman's Big Bang in Pyongyang, it received a cinematic release in July 2015 and featured narration by Cooper, who also featured extensively in the film.

Personal life
Copper has been married to fellow County Cork native Aileen Hickey since 1995. The couple have 5 children, 3 daughters and 2 sons.

He supports Leeds United.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matt Cooper (Irish journalist)


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Kennecott Garfield Smelter Stack

Kennecott Utah Copper LLC’s Garfield Smelter Stack is a 1215 ft high smokestack west of Magna, Utah, alongside Interstate 80 near the Great Salt Lake. It was built to disperse exhaust gases from the Kennecott Utah Copper smelter at Garfield, Utah. It is the 60th-tallest freestanding structure in the world, the 4th-tallest chimney, and the tallest man-made structure west of the Mississippi River.

Waste gases
The Garfield Smelter Stack was completed in 1974, replacing several earlier smokestacks, the tallest of which was 413 ft high. The extra height was needed to meet the requirements of the Clean Air Act of 1970, to disperse waste gases according to new standards.

In response to new emissions limits and anticipated future state and federal standards, Outokumpu and Kennecott had conducted flash converting pilot tests from 1985 at Outokumpu's research facility in Finland. With the introduction of strict new environmental regulations in the state of Utah, the smelter's maximum permissible sulfur emission was decreased to 1082 ST per year from the earlier 18574 ST. In 1995 a new, cleaner flash smelting furnace was commissioned. By 2004, the annual average SO2 emissions from the stack were 161.5 lb/h (73 kg/h), below the permitted average annual level of 211 lb/h (96 kg/h) (with a three-hour permitted SO2 limit of 552 lb/h (250 kg/h)).

The off-gases from the flash smelting furnace contain 35–40% sulfur dioxide. They are cooled and cleaned in a waste-heat boiler, electrostatic precipitator and scrubbing system before being sent to the sulfuric acid plant. The acid plant produces either 94% or 98% sulfuric acid with tail gas containing typically 50–70 ppm sulfur dioxide, resulting in a measured sulfur fixation of greater than 99.9%. In 2006, the company produced and sold approximately 833000 ST of sulfuric acid, made from the formerly released gas. The acid recovery plant is designed to also recover waste heat from the process to produce electrical power. Approximately 24 MW of electrical power is generated, representing 70% of the smelter’s electrical requirements.

Design and construction
The stack is 177 ft in diameter at the bottom with 12 ft walls, and rises directly from the ground. At the top it is 40 ft in diameter and 12 in thick. A large fiberglass duct passes up the stack and carries gases to the top.

26317 cuyd of wood and 900 ST of steel were used in its construction. Construction commenced on August 26, 1974 and finished on November 19, an 84-day concrete pour. It cost $16.3 million at the time to build, equivalent to $ in.

The top can be accessed by a Swedish-built elevator that crawls up a gear track on the inside surface. It takes 20 minutes to ascend the stack, although workers only need to travel up to the 300-foot level each day, to service the air-sampling station.

The Garfield Smelter Stack is the tallest free-standing structure west of the Mississippi River, the fourth tallest smokestack in the world and the fifty-ninth tallest free-standing structure on earth. It is approximately as tall as the Berlin TV Tower, the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong, or the Bank of America Tower in New York City. It is the only operating smelter chimney left in Utah.

title: Kennecott Garfield Smelter Stack


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Adranus

Adranus or Adranos (Ἀδρανός) was a fire god worshipped by the Sicels, an ancient population of the island of Sicily. His worship occurred all over the island, but particularly in the town of Adranus, modern Adrano, near Mount Etna. According to Aelian, about a thousand sacred dogs were kept near his temple in this town.

Adranus was said to have lived under Mount Etna before being driven out by the Greek god Hephaestus, or Vulcan. According to Hesychius, Adranus was the father of the Palici, born to Adranus's lover, the nymph Thalia.

Some modern commentators have suggested that Adranus may have been related to the similarly named gods Adar and Adrammelech, from Persia and Phoenicia respectively, who were also personifications of the sun or of fire in general.

title: Adranus


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Clerget aircraft engines

Clerget was the name given to a series of early rotary aircraft engine types of the World War I era that were designed by Pierre Clerget. Manufactured in France by Clerget-Blin and in Great Britain by Gwynnes Limited they were used on such aircraft as the Sopwith Camel and Vickers Gunbus.

In the 1920s Pierre Clerget turned his attention to diesel radial engines and finally produced a H-16 engine before he died in 1943.

Rotary engine development (spark ignition)
What distinguished the Clerget rotary engine from its rivals (Gnome and Le Rhône) was that the Clerget had normal intake and exhaust valves unlike the Gnome, and the connecting rod arrangement was much simpler than the Le Rhone. A source of failure among the Clerget engines were the special-purpose piston rings, called obturator rings. These were located below the gudgeon or wrist pin, to block heat transfer from the combustion area to the lower part of the cylinder and overcome their subsequent distortion. These rings were often made from brass and only had a lifespan of a few hours. The Clerget engines were considered reliable but they cost more per unit to produce than their rivals. Unlike other contemporary rotaries in which the ignition system was either switched on or off to provide a rudimentary form of engine speed control, the Clerget featured a throttle.

The Bentley BR1 and Bentley BR2 rotaries were designed as improvements of the Clerget, while sharing some of the earlier engine's distinctive design features.

Design features
The Clerget rotary engines were air-cooled with either seven, nine or eleven cylinders. They were fitted with a double thrust ball race, which enabled them to be used either as a pusher or as a tractor engine.

The engines worked on a four-stroke cycle. The chief points of difference from other rotary engines were:
 * The pistons were of an aluminium alloy.
 * The connecting rods had a tubular section.
 * The inlet and exhaust valves were mechanically operated by means of separate cams, tappets and rocker arms.

The direction of rotation was counter (anti)-clockwise as seen from the propeller-end of the engine. Between any two consecutive firing strokes, the engine turned through 80 degrees. Like many other rotary engines of the period they were made chiefly of steel, for strength and lightness.

Rotary engine types

 * Clerget 7Y
 * (1912) 45 kW, seven-cylinder.

 * Clerget 7Z
 * (1911) 60 kW, seven-cylinder.

 * Clerget 9A
 * (1914) 82 kW, nine-cylinder derivative of 7Z. (designation reused for radial)

 * Clerget 9B
 * (1915) 97 kW, nine-cylinder. (designation reused for radial)

 * Clerget 9Bf
 * (1915) 104 kW, nine-cylinder long stroke version of the Clerget 9B. The most numerous British production engine with 2,350 units being built.

 * Clerget 9J
 * (1917) 82 kW, nine-cylinder. Redesigned with aluminium pistons, tubular connecting rods and revised valve gear.

 * Clerget 9Z
 * (1915) 82 kW, nine-cylinder.

 * Clerget 11Eb
 * (1918) 150 kW, 11-cylinder, single-row engine.

Rotary engines on display

 * A locally-built Clerget 9B of 1917 is displayed at the Museum of Lincolnshire Life.
 * A preserved Clerget 9B engine is on public display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, RNAS Yeovilton.

Operational rotary engines
The Shuttleworth Collection based at Old Warden Aerodrome in the UK, operate an airworthy late production Sopwith Triplane (G-BOCK) fitted with an original 9B as well as an airworthy late production Sopwith Camel (G-BZSC) fitted with an original long-stroke 9Bf. These aircraft can be seen displaying at home air displays through the summer months.

Radial 'X' engines

 * Clerget 16X

 * A 420 hp (310 kW) 16-cylinder, four-row X engine.

Diesel radial engines
In the 1920s Pierre Clerget designed static diesel radial engines, the earliest were based on his rotary designs.
 * Clerget 9A: (1929) 100 hp (75 kW) nine-cylinder, single row radial engine.
 * Clerget 9B:
 * Clerget 9C: Produced under licence by Hispano-Suiza as the Hispano-Suiza 9T
 * Clerget 14F-01: (1937) 14-cylinder, two-row radial engine, flown in a Potez 25 biplane.
 * Clerget 14F-02:
 * Clerget 14Fcs:

16H engine
Clerget's final engine design was a V-16 designated Clerget 16H and known as the Type Transatlantique. It developed 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) through the use of four Rateau turbochargers.

title: Clerget aircraft engines


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User:KanjiNinja

Hmm, I Speak Latin, Spanish, French, and English.

title: User:KanjiNinja


text: User talk:67.167.9.206

title: User talk:67.167.9.206


text:
User talk:KanjiNinja

Thottbot
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Thottbot, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of Thottbot. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 03:37, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Thottbot
I have nominated Thottbot, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Thottbot&. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 01:45, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:KanjiNinja


text:
Talk:Avery's, Vermont

Any reason this page has an odd name and a redirect? there is no Avery's Vermont, only an Avery's Gore Vermont. jessamyn

title: Talk:Avery's, Vermont


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Sample size determination

Sample size determination or estimation is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is usually determined based on the cost, time, or convenience of collecting the data, and the need for it to offer sufficient statistical power. In complex studies, different sample sizes may be allocated, such as in stratified surveys or experimental designs with multiple treatment groups. In a census, data is sought for an entire population, hence the intended sample size is equal to the population. In experimental design, where a study may be divided into different treatment groups, there may be different sample sizes for each group.

Sample sizes may be chosen in several ways:
 * using experience – small samples, though sometimes unavoidable, can result in wide confidence intervals and risk of errors in statistical hypothesis testing.
 * using a target variance for an estimate to be derived from the sample eventually obtained, i.e., if a high precision is required (narrow confidence interval) this translates to a low target variance of the estimator.
 * the use of a power target, i.e. the power of statistical test to be applied once the sample is collected.
 * using a confidence level, i.e. the larger the required confidence level, the larger the sample size (given a constant precision requirement).

Introduction
Sample size determination is a crucial aspect of research methodology that plays a significant role in ensuring the reliability and validity of study findings. In order to influence the accuracy of estimates, the power of statistical tests, and the general robustness of the research findings, it entails carefully choosing the number of participants or data points to be included in a study.

For example, if we are conducting a survey to determine the average satisfaction level of customers regarding a new product. To determine an appropriate sample size, we need to consider factors such as the desired level of confidence, margin of error, and variability in the responses. We might decide that we want a 95% confidence level, meaning we are 95% confident that the true average satisfaction level falls within the calculated range. We also decide on a margin of error, of ±3%, which indicates the acceptable range of difference between our sample estimate and the true population parameter. Additionally, we may have some idea of the expected variability in satisfaction levels based on previous data or assumptions.

Importance
Larger sample sizes generally lead to increased precision when estimating unknown parameters. For instance, to accurately determine the prevalence of pathogen infection in a specific species of fish, it is preferable to examine a sample of 200 fish rather than 100 fish. Several fundamental facts of mathematical statistics describe this phenomenon, including the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem.

In some situations, the increase in precision for larger sample sizes is minimal, or even non-existent. This can result from the presence of systematic errors or strong dependence in the data, or if the data follows a heavy-tailed distribution, or because the data is strongly dependent or biased.

Sample sizes may be evaluated by the quality of the resulting estimates, as follows. It is usually determined on the basis of the cost, time or convenience of data collection and the need for sufficient statistical power. For example, if a proportion is being estimated, one may wish to have the 95% confidence interval be less than 0.06 units wide. Alternatively, sample size may be assessed based on the power of a hypothesis test. For example, if we are comparing the support for a certain political candidate among women with the support for that candidate among men, we may wish to have 80% power to detect a difference in the support levels of 0.04 units.

Estimation of a proportion
A relatively simple situation is estimation of a proportion. It is a fundamental aspect of statistical analysis, particularly when gauging the prevalence of a specific characteristic within a population For example, we may wish to estimate the proportion of residents in a community who are at least 65 years old.

The estimator of a proportion is $$ \hat p = X/n$$, where X is the number of 'positive' instances (e.g., the number of people out of the n sampled people who are at least 65 years old). When the observations are independent, this estimator has a (scaled) binomial distribution (and is also the sample mean of data from a Bernoulli distribution). The maximum variance of this distribution is 0.25, which occurs when the true parameter is p = 0.5. In practical applications, where the true parameter p is unknown, the maximum variance is often employed for sample size assessments. If a reasonable estimate for p is known the quantity $$p(1-p)$$ may be used in place of 0.25.

As the sample size n grows sufficiently large, the distribution of $$\hat{p}$$ will be closely approximated by a normal distribution. Using this and the Wald method for the binomial distribution, yields a confidence interval, with Z representing the standard Z-score for the desired confidence level (e.g., 1.96 for a 95% confidence interval), in the form:

 * $$\left (\widehat p - Z\sqrt{\frac{0.25}{n}}, \quad \widehat p + Z\sqrt{\frac{0.25}{n}} \right )$$

To determine an appropriate sample size n for estimating proportions, the equation below can be solved, where W represents the desired width of the confidence interval. The resulting sample size formula, is often applied with a conservative estimate of p (e.g., 0.5):

 * $$Z\sqrt{\frac{0.25}{n}} = W/2$$

for n, yielding the sample size $$n=\frac{Z^2}{W^2}$$, in the case of using .5 as the most conservative estimate of the proportion. (Note: W/2 = margin of error.)

In the figure below one can observe how sample sizes for binomial proportions change given different confidence levels and margins of error.

Otherwise, the formula would be $$Z\sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}} = W/2$$, which yields   $$n = \frac{4Z^2p(1-p)}{W^2}$$. For example, in estimating the proportion of the U.S. population supporting a presidential candidate with a 95% confidence interval width of 2 percentage points (0.02), a sample size of (1.96)2/ (0.022) = 9604 is required with the margin of error in this case is 1 percentage point. It is reasonable to use the 0.5 estimate for p in this case because the presidential races are often close to 50/50, and it is also prudent to use a conservative estimate. The margin of error in this case is 1 percentage point (half of 0.02).

In practice, the formula :$$\left (\widehat p - 1.96\sqrt{\frac{0.25}{n}}, \quad \widehat p + 1.96\sqrt{\frac{0.25}{n}} \right )$$ is commonly used to form a 95% confidence interval for the true proportion. The equation $$4\sqrt{\frac{0.25}{n}} = W/2$$ can be solved for n, providing a minimum sample size needed to meet the desired margin of error. The foregoing is commonly simplified: n = 4/W2 = 1/B2 where B is the error bound on the estimate, i.e., the estimate is usually given as within ± B. For B = 10% one requires n = 100, for B = 5% one needs n = 400, for B = 3% the requirement approximates to n = 1000, while for B = 1% a sample size of n = 10000 is required. These numbers are quoted often in news reports of opinion polls and other sample surveys. However, the results reported may not be the exact value as numbers are preferably rounded up. Knowing that the value of the n is the minimum number of sample points needed to acquire the desired result, the number of respondents then must lie on or above the minimum.

Estimation of a mean
Simply speaking, if we are trying to estimate the average time it takes for people to commute to work in a city. Instead of surveying the entire population, you can take a random sample of 100 individuals, record their commute times, and then calculate the mean (average) commute time for that sample. For example, person 1 takes 25 minutes, person 2 takes 30 minutes, ..., person 100 takes 20 minutes. Add up all the commute times and divide by the number of people in the sample (100 in this case). The result would be your estimate of the mean commute time for the entire population. This method is practical when it's not feasible to measure everyone in the population, and it provides a reasonable approximation based on a representative sample.

In a precisely mathematical way, when estimating the population mean using an independent and identically distributed (iid) sample of size n, where each data value has variance σ2, the standard error of the sample mean is:

 * $$\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}.$$

This expression describes quantitatively how the estimate becomes more precise as the sample size increases. Using the central limit theorem to justify approximating the sample mean with a normal distribution yields a confidence interval of the form

 * $$ \left(\bar x - \frac{Z\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}, \quad \bar x + \frac{Z\sigma}{\sqrt{n}} \right )$$ ,
 * where Z is a standard Z-score for the desired level of confidence (1.96 for a 95% confidence interval).

To determine the sample size n required for a confidence interval of width W, with W/2 as the margin of error on each side of the sample mean, the equation

 * $$ \frac{Z\sigma}{\sqrt{n}} = W/2$$ can be solved. This yields the sample size formula, for n:

$$n = \frac{4Z^2\sigma^2}{W^2}$$.

For instance, if estimating the effect of a drug on blood pressure with a 95% confidence interval that is six units wide, and the known standard deviation of blood pressure in the population is 15, the required sample size would be $$\frac{4\times1.96^2\times15^2}{6^2} = 96.04$$, which would be rounded up to 97, since sample sizes must be integers and must meet or exceed the calculated minimum value. Understanding these calculations is essential for researchers designing studies to accurately estimate population means within a desired level of confidence.

Required sample sizes for hypothesis tests
One of the prevalent challenges faced by statisticians revolves around the task of calculating the sample size needed to attain a specified statistical power for a test, all while maintaining a pre-determined Type I error rate α, which signifies the level of significance in hypothesis testing. It yields a certain power for a test, given a predetermined. As follows, this can be estimated by pre-determined tables for certain values, by Mead's resource equation, or, more generally, by the cumulative distribution function:

Tables
The table shown on the right can be used in a two-sample t-test to estimate the sample sizes of an experimental group and a control group that are of equal size, that is, the total number of individuals in the trial is twice that of the number given, and the desired significance level is 0.05. The parameters used are:
 * The desired statistical power of the trial, shown in column to the left.
 * Cohen's d (= effect size), which is the expected difference between the means of the target values between the experimental group and the control group, divided by the expected standard deviation.

Mead's resource equation
Mead's resource equation is often used for estimating sample sizes of laboratory animals, as well as in many other laboratory experiments. It may not be as accurate as using other methods in estimating sample size, but gives a hint of what is the appropriate sample size where parameters such as expected standard deviations or expected differences in values between groups are unknown or very hard to estimate.

All the parameters in the equation are in fact the degrees of freedom of the number of their concepts, and hence, their numbers are subtracted by 1 before insertion into the equation.

The equation is:

 * $$ E = N - B - T,$$

where:
 * N is the total number of individuals or units in the study (minus 1)
 * B is the blocking component, representing environmental effects allowed for in the design (minus 1)
 * T is the treatment component, corresponding to the number of treatment groups (including control group) being used, or the number of questions being asked (minus 1)
 * E is the degrees of freedom of the error component and should be somewhere between 10 and 20.

For example, if a study using laboratory animals is planned with four treatment groups (T=3), with eight animals per group, making 32 animals total (N=31), without any further stratification (B=0), then E would equal 28, which is above the cutoff of 20, indicating that sample size may be a bit too large, and six animals per group might be more appropriate.

Cumulative distribution function
Let Xi, i = 1, 2, ..., n be independent observations taken from a normal distribution with unknown mean μ and known variance σ2. Consider two hypotheses, a null hypothesis:

 * $$ H_0:\mu=0 $$

and an alternative hypothesis:

 * $$ H_a:\mu=\mu^* $$

for some 'smallest significant difference' μ* > 0. This is the smallest value for which we care about observing a difference. Now, for (1) to reject H0 with a probability of at least 1 − β when Ha is true (i.e. a power of 1 − β), and (2) reject H0 with probability α when H0 is true, the following is necessary: If zα is the upper α percentage point of the standard normal distribution, then

 * $$ \Pr(\bar x >z_\alpha \sigma/\sqrt{n}\mid H_0)=\alpha $$

and so

 * 'Reject H0 if our sample average ($$\bar x$$) is more than $$z_{\alpha}\sigma/\sqrt{n}$$'

is a decision rule which satisfies (2). (This is a 1-tailed test.) In such a scenario, achieving this with a probability of at least 1−β when the alternative hypothesis Ha is true becomes imperative. Here, the sample average originates from a Normal distribution with a mean of μ*. Thus, the requirement is expressed as:

 * $$ \Pr(\bar x >z_\alpha \sigma/\sqrt{n}\mid H_a)\geq 1-\beta $$

Through careful manipulation, this can be shown (see Statistical power Example) to happen when

 * $$ n \geq \left(\frac{z_\alpha+\Phi^{-1}(1-\beta)}{\mu^{*}/\sigma}\right)^2 $$

where $$\Phi$$ is the normal cumulative distribution function.

Stratified sample size
With more complicated sampling techniques, such as stratified sampling, the sample can often be split up into sub-samples. Typically, if there are H such sub-samples (from H different strata) then each of them will have a sample size nh, h = 1, 2, ..., H. These nh must conform to the rule that n1 + n2 + ... + nH = n (i.e., that the total sample size is given by the sum of the sub-sample sizes). Selecting these nh optimally can be done in various ways, using (for example) Neyman's optimal allocation.

There are many reasons to use stratified sampling: to decrease variances of sample estimates, to use partly non-random methods, or to study strata individually. A useful, partly non-random method would be to sample individuals where easily accessible, but, where not, sample clusters to save travel costs.

In general, for H strata, a weighted sample mean is
 * $$ \bar x_w = \sum_{h=1}^H W_h \bar x_h, $$

with

 * $$ \operatorname{Var}(\bar x_w) = \sum_{h=1}^H W_h^2 \operatorname{Var}(\bar x_h). $$

The weights, $$W_h$$, frequently, but not always, represent the proportions of the population elements in the strata, and $$W_h=N_h/N$$. For a fixed sample size, that is $$ n = \sum n_h $$,

 * $$ \operatorname{Var}(\bar x_w) = \sum_{h=1}^H W_h^2 \operatorname{Var}(\bar x_h) \left(\frac{1}{n_h} - \frac{1}{N_h}\right), $$

which can be made a minimum if the sampling rate within each stratum is made proportional to the standard deviation within each stratum: $$ n_h/N_h=k S_h $$, where $$ S_h = \sqrt{\operatorname{Var} (\bar x_h)} $$ and $$k$$ is a constant such that $$ \sum{n_h} = n $$.

An "optimum allocation" is reached when the sampling rates within the strata are made directly proportional to the standard deviations within the strata and inversely proportional to the square root of the sampling cost per element within the strata, $$C_h$$:
 * $$ \frac{n_h}{N_h} = \frac{K S_h}{\sqrt{C_h}}, $$

where $$K$$ is a constant such that $$ \sum{n_h} = n $$, or, more generally, when

 * $$ n_h = \frac{K' W_h S_h}{\sqrt{C_h}}. $$

Qualitative research
Qualitative research approaches sample size determination with a distinctive methodology that diverges from quantitative methods. Rather than relying on predetermined formulas or statistical calculations, it involves a subjective and iterative judgment throughout the research process In qualitative studies, researchers often adopt a subjective stance, making determinations as the study unfolds. Sample size determination in qualitative studies takes a different approach. It is generally a subjective judgment, taken as the research proceeds. One common approach is to continually include additional participants or materials until a point of "saturation" is reached. Saturation occurs when new participants or data cease to provide fresh insights, indicating that the study has adequately captured the diversity of perspectives or experiences within the chosen sample saturation is reached. The number needed to reach saturation has been investigated empirically.

Unlike quantitative research, qualitative studies face a scarcity of reliable guidance regarding sample size estimation prior to beginning the research. Imagine conducting in-depth interviews with cancer survivors, qualitative researchers may use data saturation to determine the appropriate sample size. If, over a number of interviews, no fresh themes or insights show up, saturation has been reached and more interviews might not add much to our knowledge of the survivor's experience. Thus, rather than following a preset statistical formula, the concept of attaining saturation serves as a dynamic guide for determining sample size in qualitative research. There is a paucity of reliable guidance on estimating sample sizes before starting the research, with a range of suggestions given. In an effort to introduce some structure to the sample size determination process in qualitative research, a tool analogous to quantitative power calculations has been proposed. This tool, based on the negative binomial distribution, is particularly tailored for thematic analysis.

General references

 * Rens van de Schoot, Milica Miočević (eds.). 2020. Small Sample Size Solutions (Open Access): A Guide for Applied Researchers and Practitioners. Routledge.
 * Rens van de Schoot, Milica Miočević (eds.). 2020. Small Sample Size Solutions (Open Access): A Guide for Applied Researchers and Practitioners. Routledge.
 * Rens van de Schoot, Milica Miočević (eds.). 2020. Small Sample Size Solutions (Open Access): A Guide for Applied Researchers and Practitioners. Routledge.
 * Rens van de Schoot, Milica Miočević (eds.). 2020. Small Sample Size Solutions (Open Access): A Guide for Applied Researchers and Practitioners. Routledge.
 * Rens van de Schoot, Milica Miočević (eds.). 2020. Small Sample Size Solutions (Open Access): A Guide for Applied Researchers and Practitioners. Routledge.

title: Sample size determination


text:
Star Wars: Rebel Assault II: The Hidden Empire

Star Wars: Rebel Assault II: The Hidden Empire is a 1995 video game developed by LucasArts. It is the sequel to Star Wars: Rebel Assault, set in the Star Wars expanded universe. It is played as a rail shooter; the player proceeds down predetermined paths, but has the ability to control aiming, shooting, and dodging. The player character, Rookie One, pilots ships such as a YT-1300 Corellian Transport, a B-wing, and a Y-wing, and encounters new enemy ships, including TIE Interceptors. They uncover, and eventually disable production of, a new TIE variant known as the TIE Phantom, which has the ability to cloak.

It contains mostly original filming with actors and stunts, while the scenery and the space scenes were 3D rendered. According to LucasArts' magazine, The Adventurer, the game was the first media to incorporate live-action actors and footage in the Star Wars universe since Return of the Jedi. The game makes use of Lucasarts' proprietary INSANE game engine. The game received mixed reception upon release. While critics generally praised the visuals, many cited frustrations with the game's control scheme. It has since been featured in worst-of lists by IGN and Kotaku.

Gameplay
Star Wars: Rebel Assault II: The Hidden Empire is played as a rail shooter; the player proceeds down predetermined paths, but has the ability to control aiming, shooting, and dodging. The player uses a mouse or gamepad to navigate, attack or dodge specific elements while interactive, pre-rendered video plays on screen. Action sequences take place both in starships and on-foot. While on-foot the player can control whether the protagonist is taking cover, or leaning out to shoot enemies. Flight sequences are divided into two variants. Sequences which involve attacking enemy ships are in first-person, and feature a cockpit view. Here the player has more control over aiming their fire and less over steering the craft. Third-person sequences largely consist of areas where the player must navigate tight spaces while dodging obstacles. Here the focus is on control of the ship, with little to no emphasis on attack. In addition to save games a passcode system is used to restore progress. With each mission completion players receive a password to return to that point in the story.

Plot
After the destruction of the first Death Star, Darth Vader has begun a new project for the Galactic Empire. Meanwhile, in the Rebel Alliance, rumors have grown concerning "ghost ships" attacking Rebel patrols.

Rookie One (played by Jamison Jones), while flying with his wingman on patrol near the planet Dreighton, receives a distress call from a YT-1300 transport, the Corellia Star, which is being attacked by TIE fighters. The pilot has crucial information about the Empire's new project. After fighting off several TIE Fighters, Rookie One's wingman is destroyed by an unseen attacker, and Rookie One's ship is shot down, but he is able to eject himself before the rest of his ship explodes and crash lands on Dreighton, where the captured transport had been forced to land. Having survived the crash landing, Rookie One follows a tracking scanner to an Imperial station, where the Corellia Star is being held. After fighting stormtroopers, he finds the transport and its information, but the station's doors close before he can escape, forcing him to fly through the mining tunnels. He is able to find another way out and escapes through hyperspace.

Back at Pinnacle Base, Admiral Ackbar helps the pilots understand the message from the freighter. The Alliance learns that the Empire has constructed a secret mining facility in the asteroid belt of Arah, somewhere in the Dreighton Nebula, and Rookie One is sent along with a squadron of X-wings to destroy it. Along the way, they encounter derillium minefields and TIE Interceptors. The facility is not simply mining ore, but is supplying rare metals required to manufacture the new V38 "Phantom" TIE, equipped with a cloaking device invented by Grand Admiral Sarn; the ore itself is the power source for the cloaking devices. After the squadron opens a way into the facility's reactor core and destroys it, narrowly escaping the blast, squadron leader Ace Merrick is killed along with wingman Ina Rece by an ambush of TIE Phantoms. Rookie One manages to evade the TIEs and escape. At Pinnacle Base, Admiral Ackbar comes up with a plan for two people to infiltrate the facility building the Phantom V38s at Imdaar Alpha and steal one of TIE Phantoms to be used for reverse engineering.

Rookie One takes a crash course in TIE piloting from Admiral Krane with two TIEs stolen from the Empire. Then, they head out to the jump point where they encounter TIE Interceptors. After defeating them, Rookie One heads to Imdaar Alpha alone and encounters sentry guns and force fields along the way. He meets with Ru Murleen (played by Julie Eccles), Rookie One's previous flight instructor from Rebel Assault. They fly to an Imperial Landing Platform on the far side of a swamp on Speeder Bikes. Disguised as stormtroopers, Rookie One and Ru Murleen steal an Imperial shuttle and board Admiral Sarn's cloaked Super Star Destroyer Terror. After defeating numerous stormtroopers within the Super Star Destroyer and later in the maintenance tunnels, they steal a TIE Phantom from the hangar. After the destruction of Terror from inside, along with many other TIE Phantoms, Darth Vader kills Admiral Sarn for his failures and escapes on his TIE Advanced. The Imdaar Alpha facility manufacturing the new fighters suddenly appears on Imdaar's moon, as it was also equipped with a cloaking device that was damaged when the Terror exploded. After destroying the facility and returning to a Rebel base, the leader of the Rebels thanks them for saving the day once again. Darth Vader informs the Emperor of what happened and the stolen TIE Phantom at the Rebel Base self-destructs.

Development
Rebel Assault II features live-action actors filmed on a blue screen, with digital backgrounds added in post. The stormtrooper armor, weapons, helmets and suits seen to be worn by the actors, were not made for the game, but are the actual props seen in the original trilogy, taken from the archive storage of Lucasfilm. While most props were taken from the Lucasfilm archives, a few were created for the game. During one sequence the protagonist carries a tracking device. This was fashioned from an old calculator case. For cockpit scenes actors were placed on a rig, which was operated by four grips. The grips moved the rig to simulate movement within the cockpit. Interiors were added digitally in post. For each digital background artists added shadows and lighting adjustments for the live-action elements.

Small storyboard arts panels, known internally as thumbnails, were used to conceptualize each scene before filming. Lucasarts utilized their INteractive Streaming ANimation Engine (INSANE) code library, which had been used in the game's predecessor, Star Wars: Rebel Assault, and in point and click adventure games such as The Dig and Sam & Max Hit the Road. Director Hal Barwood was brought on to direct the live action sequences. A cast of 18 individuals brought the characters to life. Jamison Jones portrays the protagonist Rookie One in both cutscenes and gameplay, while Julie Eccles portrays Ru Murleen, his partner who had been his instructor during the events of Rebel Assault. Actor David Prowse, who portrayed Darth Vader in the original Star Wars films (except for his voice), did not return for Rebel Assault 2. Instead, Vader is portrayed by then-Lucasarts employee C. Andrew Nelson, who reprises the role in other Star Wars games. Similarly, James Earl Jones, the voice of Darth Vader, was replaced by Scott Lawrence, who also has provided the voice of Vader in several Star Wars games.

The game was developed by a team of 15 and took 18 months to complete. Vince Lee served as project leader on the team. It was released for DOS, Windows, PlayStation, and Mac OS in November 1995.

Reception
Rebel Assault II was a commercial success. According to market research firm PC Data, it was the 15th-best-selling computer game in the United States for the year 1996. It had been the 10th-biggest seller from January through June that year. By November 30, 1997, the game's computer version had sold 515,578 copies and earned $19.77 million in the United States alone. In 2016 IGN listed it as 10th on its list of the Top 10 Worst Star Wars Games Ever Made. Similarly, Kotaku editor Zack Zwiezen ranked it 16th out of 17 Star Wars space combat games.

Maximum applauded the high video quality of the cinematic sequences but overall panned the game for its controls, stating that "Whether using mouse or joystick ... your vehicle jolts and twitches with a life of its own, and there is nothing you can do about it except to employ tiny steadying movements in the hope that the craft doesn't take offense to your attempt at control and vehemently bounce around the screen." They also criticized the game's linearity, low difficulty, poor acting, and anticlimactic final level. A Next Generation critic similarly found that while the video quality is excellent, the acting is poor and the plot is a thinly veiled rehash of the original Star Wars film. He also argued that the gameplay is too limited, likening it to "a movie that requires you to move a stick around and press a button at certain points until you get to see more of the movie."

PlayStation version
Reviews for the PlayStation version praised the use of the film scores   and the graphical enhancements over the PC original (particularly the polygonal ship models and the greater full motion video quality),    but criticized the loose controls  and low difficulty,  and typically commented that while the game offers a variety of scenarios and gameplay styles, none of them offer any real depth or excitement. GamePro, however, gave it a laudatory review, citing the variety of stages, the quality of the cinematic cutscenes, and the clean graphics. Dan Hsu of Electronic Gaming Monthly called it "a very glamorous, very pretty game that drops way short of delivering any true gaming satisfaction", while co-reviewer Sushi-X remarked, "I would like to know how unskilled LucasArts thinks we gamers are. The first time I sat down to play RA2, I beat it." A Next Generation critic said that "while it trades in the PC version's digitized sprites for polygonal spacecraft, alas it's still the same mundane game." GameSpot recommended, "If you're a Star Wars fan, your money is much better spent on the Star Wars Trilogy videotapes or tickets to the big-screen director's-cut re-releases."


text:
Tatiana Navka

Tatyana Aleksandrovna Navka (Татьяна Александровна Навка; born 13 April 1975) is a Russian former competitive ice dancer and the wife of Dmitry Peskov. With her dance partner Roman Kostomarov, she is the 2006 Olympic champion, a two-time World champion (2004–05), a three-time Grand Prix Final champion (2003–05), and a three-time European champion (2004–06).

Earlier in her career, she competed for the Soviet Union and Belarus.

Early life
Tatiana Navka was born on 13 April 1975 in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. She is the daughter of Raisa, an economist, and Aleksandr, an engineer, and has a younger sister, Natalia. In 1988, she moved to Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR.

Early years in skating
Tatiana Navka became interested in skating at the age of five after seeing it on television. Tamara Yarchevskaya and Alexander Rozhin coached her during her early years as a single skater. In 1987, following a 14 cm growth spurt that hampered her jumps, her parents were advised that she should try ice dancing.

Partnership with Gezalian
In 1988, at the invitation of Russian coach Natalia Dubova, Navka relocated to Moscow and began training at the Moskvich sports club, partnered with Samvel Gezalian. The two represented the Soviet Union early in their career, winning gold at the 1991 Skate America and 1991 Nations Cup. Following the country's dissolution, Navka/Gezalian chose to skate for Belarus. They placed ninth in their debut at the European and World Championships, in 1993.

In the 1993–94 season, Navka/Gezalian won silver at the 1993 Skate Canada International and placed fourth at the 1993 NHK Trophy. They competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, placing 11th, before achieving their career-best Worlds result, fifth at the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, Japan. In 1994–95, Navka/Gezalian won silver at the 1994 NHK Trophy and went on to achieve their best European result, fourth, at the 1995 European Championships in Dortmund. Their partnership came to an end following the 1995 World Championships, where they placed seventh.

Partnership with Morozov
Navka teamed up with Nikolai Morozov in 1996, continuing to represent Belarus. At their first practice at the 1997 World Championships, Morozov sustained a torn meniscus in his knee but they finished 14th at the event and he then underwent surgery. They earned an Olympic berth by winning gold at the 1997 Karl Schäfer Memorial. 90 seconds into their free dance at the 1998 Winter Olympics, nearly three-quarters of the floodlights turned off but Navka/Morozov did not interrupt their performance. They finished 16th at the Olympics in Nagano, Japan, and 10th at the 1998 World Championships in Minneapolis. They were coached by Alexander Zhulin and Bob Young at the International Skating Center in Simsbury, Connecticut. Following 1998 Worlds, Navka ended the partnership to compete with another skater.

Partnership with Kostomarov
Navka then teamed up with Roman Kostomarov and began competing for Russia during the 1998–99 season. They were coached by Natalia Linichuk. They won the bronze medal at the Russian Championships and were sent to the World Championships in their first season together, placing 12th. Linichuk then dissolved the team and paired Kostomarov with Anna Semenovich. Navka became pregnant with her daughter and took a year off from competition.

In mid-2000, Kostomarov called Navka and asked to skate with her again. They were coached by Alexander Zhulin in Hackensack and Montclair, New Jersey. Navka/Kostomarov won the World title in 2004 and again in 2005. They also won three European titles from 2004 to 2006. They then won gold at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. At the age of 30 years and 313 days, she became one of the oldest female figure skating Olympic champions.

Navka/Kostomarov retired from competition after the Olympics but continue to skate in shows together.

Later career
Navka has partnered with Russian celebrities to compete in Channel One Russia ice shows: Stars On Ice, which she won with actor Marat Basharov, and Ice Age, in which she was runner-up with actor Ville Haapasalo. In the 2008–09 season of Ice Age, she was runner-up for the second time, partnered with actor Vadim Kolganov.

In September 2008, Navka, together with professional dancer Alexander Litvinenko, took part in the Eurovision Dance Contest 2008. In October 2011, she became a 2014 Winter Olympics (Sochi) ambassador.

Personal life
Navka became a citizen of Belarus by 1994 and of Russia no later than 2002. She formerly resided in New Jersey.

In 2000, Navka married Russian ice dancer Alexander Zhulin. Their daughter, Sasha, was born in May 2000 in the United States. The couple filed for divorce in the summer of 2009 and were officially divorced in July 2010.

Navka and Russian diplomat Dmitry Peskov, the press spokesman for Vladimir Putin, have a daughter, Nadezhda (Nadia), born in August 2014 in Russia. They married in a civil ceremony at a registry office in June 2015 before a larger ceremony on 1 August 2015.

In May 2020, Navka was hospitalized for COVID-19.

Controversies
From 2014 to 2015, Navka was the beneficiary of Carina Global Assets Ltd., an offshore company in the British Virgin Islands. In February 2019, questions were raised over Navka and her husband's wealth following reports about their ownership of multiple properties in the Moscow region. An investigation by The Guardian suggested that Navka may have underreported income, claimed married status for several years after her divorce from Zhulin, and falsely told the IRS that she had sold a house in the United States.

In 2016, Navka caused controversy when she and her dancing partner, Andrey Burkovsky, appeared in the Russian version of Dancing on Ice dressed as Holocaust concentration camp prisoners. Navka and Burkovsky said that the dance was inspired by the 1997 film Life Is Beautiful and was not intended to cause offense.

In 2021, Navka made and published sexist comments about Spanish rhythmic gymnast Cristofer Benítez. Through her social networks, she said that rhythmic gymnastics was a "feminine sport", and that she is glad that in her country men are not allowed to participate in rhythmic gymnastics "and hopefully never will". After her remarks were called homophobic, she made another post to say that her statement was not about the LGBT community and reaffirmed her sexist comments, also expressing support for the Russian gay propaganda law.

Sanctions
On 11 March 2022, Navka was included in the list of specially designated nationals sanctioned by the United States Department of the Treasury as part of the international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War due to her being the family of Dmitry Peskov, who had been blacklisted earlier in March because of his key role in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 3 June, she was sanctioned by the European Union. On 21 November, she was sanctioned by New Zealand.

She was sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Competitive highlights
GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix

title: Tatiana Navka


text:
Harriet Shaw Weaver

Harriet Shaw Weaver (1 September 1876 – 14 October 1961) was an English political activist and a magazine editor. She was a significant patron of Irish writer James Joyce.

Life
Harriet Shaw Weaver was born in Frodsham, Cheshire, the sixth of eight children of Frederic Poynton Weaver, a doctor, and Mary (née Wright) Weaver, a wealthy heiress. She was educated privately by a governess, Miss Marion Spooner, until 1894, initially in Cheshire and later in Hampstead. Her parents denied her wish to go to university. She decided to become a social worker. After attending a course on the economic basis of social relations at the London School of Economics she became involved in women's suffrage and joined the Women's Social and Political Union. In 1911 she began subscribing to The Freewoman: A Weekly Feminist Review, a radical periodical edited by Dora Marsden and Mary Gawthorpe. The following year its proprietors withdrew their support from it, and Weaver stepped in to save it from financial ruin. In 1913, it was renamed The New Freewoman. Later that year, at the suggestion of the magazine's literary editor, Ezra Pound, the name was changed again to The Egoist. During the following years, Weaver made more financial donations to the periodical, becoming more involved with its organisation and also becoming its editor.

Ezra Pound was involved with finding new contributors and one of these was James Joyce. Weaver was convinced of his genius and started to support him, first by serialising A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in The Egoist in 1914. When Joyce could not find anyone to publish it as a book, Weaver set up the Egoist Press for this purpose at her own expense. Joyce's Ulysses was then serialised in The Egoist, but, because of its controversial content, it was rejected by all the printers approached by Weaver, and she arranged for it to be printed abroad. Weaver continued to give considerable support to Joyce and his family (approaching a million pounds in 2019 money ), but following her reservations about his work that was to become Finnegans Wake, their relationship became strained and then virtually broken. However, on Joyce's death, Weaver paid for his funeral and acted as his executor.

In 1931, Weaver joined the Labour Party; however, having been influenced by reading Marx's Das Kapital, she joined the Communist Party in 1938. She was active in this organisation, taking part in demonstrations and selling copies of the Daily Worker. She also continued her allegiance to the memory of Joyce, acting as his literary executor and helping to compile The Letters of James Joyce. She died at her home near Saffron Walden in 1961, aged 85, leaving her collection of literary material to the British Library and to the National Book League.

title: Harriet Shaw Weaver


text:
Talk:Mawlid

Stop sunni-washing
The sources clearly state that the shia popularised the mawlid. I see constant dilution of this assertion by vandals who change the wording, while unashamedly retaining the citations, even if it clearly contradicts the sources. Please stop or I will report you. 1.144.107.218 (talk) 06:11, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

We have a persistent vandal repeatedly removing, altering content against the citations. Can somebody have a look at these actions of User:Jorgensen William? Judging by his limited edit history, he appears driven by ideological agenda rather than the pursuit of accuracy. I also think he may be a sock puppet of Cutelaba (they both alter content with zero regard to what the sources say), and perhaps others. --1.144.107.226 (talk) 00:50, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

Maulid An Nabi was given as a holiday or celebrated in school in India and UAE mostly . The Present announced to celebrate mawlid an nabi in urdu also said as milad un nabi.
--2.50.232.179 (talk) 20:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)--2.50.232.179 (talk) 20:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)--2.50.232.179 (talk) 20:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)--2.50.232.179 (talk) 20:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)--2.50.232.179 (talk) 20:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)--2.50.232.179 (talk) 20:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)--2.50.232.179 (talk) 20:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)--2.50.232.179 (talk) 20:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)Bold text

Undue Weight on Nico Kapteins "hypothesis"
I have recently removed an inclusion by a relatively new editor    due to undue weight (WP:RSUW) one author's, Nico Kapteins hypothesis. I think such undue weight makes neutrality (WP:NPOV) impossible in the article. Especially since his hypothesis is already summarized in the paragraph below. Indrooooz (talk) 01:20, 7 January 2021 (UTC)

Not a day celebrated at the time of the prophet ﷺ nor in the times of the Salaf as Salih (righteous predecessors).
This is highly problematic:

“The history of this celebration goes back to the early days of Islam when some of the Tabi‘un began to hold sessions in which poetry and songs composed to honour Muhammad were recited and sung to the crowds.”

Because it deceives the ignorant reader into thinking that “poetry and songs” were recited in that particular day, as a celebration by the Tabi’un. While that is obviously not the case at all, poetry in his honor was recited the whole year around, there is nothing proven from the authentic Sunnah of the prophet Muhammad ﷺ nor the authentic sunnah of the predecessors that they took part in this celebration on this particular day.

On the authority of the mother of the faithful, Aisha (ra), who said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, “He who innovates something in this matter of ours (i.e., Islam) that is not of it will have it rejected (by Allah).” [Bukhari & Muslim] In another version in Muslim it reads: “He who does an act which we have not commanded, will have it rejected (by Allah).”

https://sunnah.com/nawawi40:5

Allah ﷻ says in Ma’idah verse 3:

“….This day I have perfected for you your and completed my favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion…” Anon1777 (talk) 16:56, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

False Information
"Most denominations of Islam approve of the commemoration of Muhammad's birthday" The citation number [7] for this ironically states in the abstract that most in fact do not approve, and the second citation [8] does not refer to a primary resource regarding the religion of Islam but instead a broadly vague text which generally discusses all religions. The quoted claim is categorically false, a simple youtube or google search will completely invalidate it. The Prophet (pbuh) implicitly disapproved of large festival-esq celebrations other than the two Eids (Sunan Abī Dāwūd 1134) 74.215.221.14 (talk) 02:34, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mawlid


text:
Kane and Abel (novel)

Kane and Abel is a 1979 novel by British author Jeffrey Archer.

Released in the United Kingdom in 1979 and in the United States in February 1980, the book was an international success, selling over one million copies in its first week. It reached No. 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list. By 2009, it had sold an estimated 34 million copies worldwide.

A sequel, The Prodigal Daughter, was released in 1982 and features Abel's daughter Florentyna as the protagonist.

In 2003, Kane and Abel was listed at number 96 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. Kane & Abel is among the top 100 best-selling books in the world, with a similar number of copies sold as To Kill a Mockingbird and Gone with the Wind.

Plot summary
The book tells the stories of two men born worlds apart. They have nothing in common except the same date of birth (18 April 1906) and a zeal to succeed in life. William Lowell Kane is the wealthy and powerful, Ivy League-educated heir to an old Boston Brahmin family, while Abel Rosnovski (originally named Władek Koskiewicz) is a Pole who was born into great poverty and eventually migrated to the United States.

William follows in the footsteps of his father, Richard Kane, to become a successful banker. When William was still a child, Richard dies in the Titanic disaster, leaving William fatherless and heir to the Kane & Cabot bank. William displays extraordinary discipline and intelligence as a young man at St. Paul's School and later at Harvard University. His mother, Anne, marries Henry Osborne, who turns out to be a man interested in gambling and women. William hates Henry from the beginning and spends most of the time at Harvard and at his best friend Mathew Lester's home. William then dreams of becoming the chairman of Lester's bank. Henry spends every last penny of Kane's mother's money on the pretext of speculation. Anonymous notes warn Anne (who has been impregnated by Osborne, a matter which causes William some worry—until he finds out that he can toss him out easily without any money) about her husband, whose real name is Vitorio Tossana. She hires a detective to find out the truth, and, in a twist, miscarries fatally from the shock—after which Kane ejects Osborne from his home.

Władek Koskiewicz is born in a forest and raised by a trapper family. When he grows up and is found to have exceptional intelligence, Baron Rosnovski asks him to become a companion to his son, Leon, so that Władek might prove to be a competition to him. Władek agrees to go to the Baron's castle on the condition that he can bring along his elder sister Florentyna. Soon afterwards, World War I breaks out. Germans attack Poland and capture the Baron, his staff, and son in his castle. Leon dies by the hand of a German soldier. Before dying, the Baron hands Władek his silver band of authority. Władek realises, in a twist, that the Baron was his father when he finds that, like him, the Baron also had a missing nipple. Florentyna, Władek's beloved sister, who was now his only family, is raped 17 times and killed brutally in front of young Władek by Russian soldiers.

Władek was then moved to Siberia from where he manages to escape to Turkey after facing many hardships. There he nearly loses his hand (a Hudud punishment for theft) for stealing food but is luckily rescued by two British diplomats, owing to the silver band given by Baron which he wore on the hand. They transfer him to the Polish consulate from where, with their help, he migrates to America and assumes the name Abel Rosnovski (as inscribed on the silver band).

He starts his life as a waiter in the Hotel Plaza, while taking night classes in economics at Columbia University. While Abel is working there, Davis Leroy, owner of the Richmond group of hotels, is impressed by his work and appoints him manager of his flagship hotel. Abel converts the ill-managed hotel to a profit-making one and buys stock in the chain. During the Great Depression, the hotel needs a backer and Davis, unable to find one, commits suicide, leaving the remaining shares in the Richmond Group to Abel. Before committing suicide, Davis mentions that Kane & Cabot was the bank that didn't support him. Abel thus plans for revenge and considers Kane his arch rival who was responsible for the death of his closest friend. The bank gets him an anonymous backer. Abel assumes it to be David Maxton, owner of Stevens' hotel. During this time, Abel catches up with his old time friend, George Novak and marries Zaphia—both Polish emigres he had met on the ship-journey to the United States from Turkey in his earlier life.

Abel changes the name of the hotel from Richmond to Baron and builds up a successful hotel chain. By collaborating with Henry Osborne, who had by now entered politics, Abel plans to ruin Kane and his bank. Abel begets a daughter, named Florentyna in memory of his dead sister, while Kane has a son, Richard and two daughters, Virginia and Lucy. Both Kane and Abel had volunteered to serve during World War II. Abel, during World War II, had saved Kane's life in France, unaware of each other. He divorces Zaphia when he returns home from the war.

Meanwhile, Kane's bank and Lester's bank merge and a provision is made that anyone who has a share of 8% can summon board meetings. Abel tries desperately to obtain 8% of the bank's stock but Kane manages to thwart his attempts. They unknowingly meet each other many times throughout the novel.

Florentyna Rosnovski, daughter of Abel Rosnovski and Richard Kane, son of William Kane, happen to meet and fall in love without knowing about the rivalry between their fathers. They get married despite vehement protests from their fathers and start a chain of boutique stores named Florentyna's.

Finally, after Kane exposes Abel's dealings with Osborne and thwarts his ambition to be named Ambassador to Poland (the position goes to John Moors Cabot), Abel manages to obtain enough shares of the bank and ousts Kane from power. In 1967, Kane decides to forgive his son and daughter-in-law and expresses his wish to meet them. Both he and Abel observe the grand-opening of the New York branch Florentyna's, from outside, and they wave at each other. He dies before he is able to see them and his grandson William. Finally, in a dramatic twist, Abel discovers that his backer was not David Maxton, but William Kane. Filled with remorse, he reconciles with his daughter and son-in-law. Abel dies soon after, and bequeaths everything to his daughter Florentyna, except his silver band of authority, which he leaves to his grandson, whom Florentyna and Richard have named "William Abel Kane".

Adaptations
In 1985, the novel was adapted into a CBS television miniseries titled Kane & Abel starring Peter Strauss as Abel Rosnovski and Sam Neill as William Kane. The series was adapted into Doordarshan series Junoon which completed 510 episodes and ran for five years between 1994 and 1998. Another Indian adaptation titled Kismat ("Destiny"), produced by YRF Television, was set in Bombay in post-independent India. The Hindi movie Khudgarz was based on this book and released on 31 July 1987.

title: Kane and Abel (novel)


text:
Category talk:User fa

These templates could not have been completed without the help of Zereshk and Mani1

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Farsi Links
I'm looking for an editor that reads Farsi who could verify the Farsi links on Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Another editor has questioned the links because they are not written in English, and the easiest way to end the controversy (and remove the citecheck tag) is to have them verified. I would be more than happy to offer my own services factchecking or finding sources on any entry in exchange. Thanks! Vir4030 20:19, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

REQUIREMENT
bejayin ke samteh chap "fa" ra bezari, bezar samteh rast.

e.g

This user speaks farsi  [fa] not [fa] This user speaks farsi

because farsi is a right to left written language.

-- • Storkian • 18:13, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:User fa


text: Wikipedia:POTD/April 25, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/April 25, 2005


text:
Talk:Plantation

Revert changes
If anyone is really upset, then revert my changes. But I have not removed any material that was there. --Red King 16:43, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that I look at it more closely, I see another hand (as History confirms). I've made TREES a specific to try to make it more generic.  It still needs work! --Red King 16:56, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey! it looks better already. --Wetman 18:43, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tree farm
I took out tree farm, F_CK this latter term more typically refers to specialist tree nurseries which produce the seedling trees used to create plantations. A" tree farm" trees grown for harvest, they could be natural. An "American tree farm" is a progam from the 1940 to improve forest parctices on farmsKAM 22:02, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps tree farm shold have its own article. It redirects here. It seems to me that tree farm is used here only because saying monoculture one more time would be monotonous. KAM 3 July 2005 15:51 (UTC)

Impacts of non-native species
Red King added: "Where non-native varieties or species are grown, few of the native fauna are adapted to exploit these and further biodiversity loss occurs. In some cases, the imported species can bring predators for which there is no local control and the crop can adversely be affected.

Red King's wording strikes me as a little bit too absolute - the harmful effects of exotic plantations is by no means universal. I'm also a bit uncertain as to what is meant by imported species can bring predators - I'm guessing "predators" should really be "pests and pathogens", but more importantly I can't think of examples - can you provide some citations? Thanks. Guettarda 14:38, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The examples I had in mind were: mass planting of conifers in place of broadleaf woodland producing an environment in which very few other flora and fauna can survive. The other example is the cane toad in Australia - it was introduced (I believe) to control native insects that attacked the cane.  But the Cane-toad article doesn't mention this, so it may be apocryphal.  In any case, my addition confuses two issues (a) introduced Ps and Ps that attack other things and (b) local Ps and Ps that attack the introduced crop.  So I'll revert it and leave for someone more expert to write. --Red King 00:06, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Plantation, settlement and Colony
A plantation is a place where people plant things, sometimes the people called themselves planters. The Dictionary definition of plantation is 1. a settlement and 2. a colony. Colony and plantation are sometimes used interchangeably but it seems to me that a plantation refers more to the area and a colony to the people or government. For example Plymouth colony ended when it became part of Bay State Colony and Plymouth plantation ended when it became the town of Plymouth. This is the case in Maine. When a plantation got enough population it became a town.KAM 14:09, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. There was something like this in the original text, but it just got lost in the undergrowth . The solution, disambiguation, was ideal.  At present, there is a very brief disambiguation statement at the beginning.  It looks like you have written most of a new article above, so I suggest you merge the existing preface with yours and then change the preface to point to it. --Red King 17:55, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If I may support my own suggestion(!), the multiply revised preface has become a bit of mess - so tightly edited to keep it terse that the meaning is getting lost.

I am not sure if this is the direction you were thinking. Also it is hacked up a little. Needs some work The things I left out (plantation economy) can be worked back in.KAM 23:52, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * * No, not at all! The colony plantations (in Ireland and New England) were to insert people, not plants. You are interpreting 17th century words through using 21st century usage, and it doesn't work like that.  No doubt this usage is not familiar to you: may I invite you to read Plantations of Ireland to explain why I'm so excited about it. You have completely changed and lost the meaning, so I shall have to revert.  I'll write the article Plantation (settlement or colony) that I proposed above. --Red King 09:51, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I see your point, I think this looks good.KAM 11:11, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Natural forest vs tree plantation
This article is about various plantations: tree tobacco, sugarcane, pineapple, etc. All these plantations are grown as monoculture for the production of a crop “as opposed to a natural forest” there all are often nonnative,  have no decaying wood etc etc. and “are not a fitting substitute for old-growth forests” (what is?). It is probably safe to say most crop plantations were formerly forest. A tree plantation, even of non-native species, is probably preferably, ecologically speaking, to any other crop such as tea or sugar. Why then is this information in the forestry secion and is this not being said about, say, sugar plantations?

The answer is, I think, that nobody is asserting that sugar plantations make a good substitute for a natural forest. From reading this article one could surmise that someone is asserting that tree plantations can be substituted for natural forest and that this article is the rebuttal or augment against.

Of course a natural forest and a tree plantation both can produce wood and a plantation can produce more wood on less land (an argument made by the "three island word problem"). Is the argument here that it is better to harvest wood from a natual forest? KAM 17:54, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Plantations may also involve draining wetlands to replace mixed hardwoods that formerly predominated, with pine species" Is this a common practice? My guess is that this much site preparation might make a plantation unprofitable.KAM 13:25, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

A plantation is not a natural ecosystem.. this statment is subjective. KAM 3 July 2005 15:51 (UTC)

 * I cut back on comparison to natural forest. The article at agriculture for example has material about environmental impacts but does not compare monoculture non-native crops to a natural forest. Plantations are not established as wildlife preserves, why hold them to that standard? A discussion of land use or forestry belongs elsewhere. KAM 14:59, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Roger A. Sedjo and Botkin are good sources for for plantations, KAM 11:52, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Forestry section is getting too good
Wow! The forestry section is getting so good that it is beginning to swamp the other types of plantation. Perhaps most of this great content should be moved to a silviculture or tree farm or forestry page, leaving a condensed version that won't swamp out cotton plantations, coffee plantations, and every other non-timber plantation. -The Gomm 21:01, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That's because it is the overwhelming meaning of the term plantation in modern English. It would make more sense to move out the other aspects (cotton, coffee, etc) to other pages. - MPF 11:04, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ. In Google
 * about 6,770,000 for plantation forest
 * about 10,300,000 for plantation cotton OR coffee OR tea OR slave
 * Agreed that it is a tad tree-heavy, and that the tree material could easily make its own sub-article such as "Tree plantation" or "forestry plantation" or the like. Given its historical significance, "plantation" is a very common term used all the time in the history of the Americas and other colonial regions, so much so that in any historical or architectural context it almost inevitably has the other meaning, and thus lots of folks will be coming to this page expect that. Thus it depends on the field one is in as to whether there is a dominant meaning, and therefore this page should be the broadest meaning under the definition given (vast scale monocultural plants), with sub-meanings on subsidiary articles. See WP:SUMMARY. Cheers! Morgan Riley (talk) 04:12, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

photo captions POV
Going by the photo captions it seems that forestry plantations can't win. In the photo of the Douglas fir the caption says note the "lack of diversity in the ground flora" The second photo the Eucalyptus which shows diversity in the ground flora the caption points out the danger of brush fires. Contrast those captions to the non-forest plantations. What was the forest like on Cuba before being cleared for sugar plantations in the 19th century? KAM 20:40, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Saw your comment here, agreed so I've taken the liberty of removing the comment on the DF photo. I could quite rightly be accused of acting too hastily but sure anyone can put it back. The Boy that time forgot 16:40, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, both photos show very poor ground flora diversity; the Eucalyptus pic shows a planted (straight!) hedge in the foreground, and a ground flora consisting of two species (Pteridium aquilinum, and another fern probably Dryopteris sp.), plus a few self-sown Eucalyptus saplings. Also perhaps even more important is the lack of diversity in the trees; no significant variation in age, no dead wood, etc. I think the bushfire comment is less relevant; if that needs illustrating, use a pic of a burning or burnt forest (e.g. Image:Burnt pine forest.jpg) - MPF 10:57, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Criticism of Industrial Plantations
Half of the 'Criticism of industrial plantations' section doesn't actually present any criticism - for example, the first dot point says 'Plantations are generally monocultures...' and explains what that means, but it doesn't say what's so bad monocultures. 58.106.9.220 (talk) 12:51, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Corporations
Do you know if anyone has ever compared plantations to corporations? Karl Marx, Mother Jones, Eugene Debs, or anyone else?? Because they all look to be the same, & I think we should add links to connect them to each other. What would it take? Stars4change (talk) 05:46, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Split forestry plantation into separate article
The article's section on forestry plantations (of trees grown for wood production) has gotten large and detailed enough that it really should have its own article, with this article devoted to the concept of plantations in general and just a small section on forestry plantations which then links to the new separate article.

This would greatly help with giving the readers a better and more accessible understanding of each, and also avoid some confusion. For example, the "Criticism" subsection under forestry shows a picture of a tea plantation - not so relevant. Or, in the "Natural forest loss" subsection, it says "According to the FAO, about 7% of the natural closed forest being lost in the tropics is land being converted to plantations." Is this referring specifically to land being converted to *forestry* plantations, or does it also include land converted to tea plantations, sugar plantations, palm oil plantations, etc. I suspect the former, but given the context of the article that's not so clear.

A separate article specifically on forestry plantations would bring more clarity, and there's already more than sufficient depth for one. And it would also allow readers wanting more information about plantations in general - with the history of slavery, etc. - to read about that without first having to scroll through a bunch of stuff about forestry. -79.234.53.76 (talk) 12:46, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

Addition to 'See Also": Labor camp
Dear Editors, new here, so some grace as I share. After having an editor revert my addition to the "See Also" section, I am taking their suggestion, thank you for that, and posting my edit here for consensus: Add Labor camp to the "See Also" section.

Here's why:
 * Plantations in the antebellum South of the United States were "forced labor camps". A wikilink to labor camp in the "See Also" section would add to the definition of this page's subject with an unredacted history, that tells a fuller history about the experience of the enslaved Black and Indigenous peoples at the plantations. The editor asked me to cited sources. I asked the editor that if I cite a source, if they would not revert the edit. I did not receive a response - instead they told me to start a Talk on this page and gain consensus. The sources: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/plantation-system/ and https://mountainx.com/opinion/letter-language-shift-will-change-perceptions/

 * It's great that Wikipedia Foundation has programs such as Wiki Unseen. From the program's website: "A promise to show the world the people who have shaped the world, but were systematically erased from knowledge spaces. People whose images were taken out of the picture.  With Wiki Unseen, our goal is to redraw those within the global majority — including Black people, people of color, and Indigenous peoples — back into history, one image at a time."

It is not enough to "show the world the people who have shaped the world" - it is important to allow their whole history to be told, even, and especially the uncomfortable parts. Plantations were forced labor camps and Wikipedia should be responsible as a global resource in stating this description of them in its pages.

 * However, at present, the Wikipedia pages tell a redacted history through the use of the passive voice, omitting White people in pages about slavery and plantations or using euphemisms for them, continuing to state "slaves" instead of returning humanity to the people who worked on the forced labor camps as "enslaved Black and Indigenous people", and not aptly describing "plantations" as forced labor camps". This redacted history does not abide by "Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view" from Wikipedia's Five Pillars. Wikipedia pages that tell a fuller, unredacted history would make the unseen, seen in our history even more.

Sincerely, Unredacthefacts (talk) 22:39, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

 * The term "labor camp" does not apply to all types of plantation anywhere in the world, which is one reason why it's not appropriate to add it as a "See also" in this article - but, if reliable sources use the term (as some do) it could be linked if there are appropriate words in the "American South" section. I've just added a link in the article on Plantation complexes in the Southern United States.  That does not mean that words such as "i.e. a labor camp" need to be added to every article in which the word "plantation" (in the US sense) is mentioned.   Ghmyrtle (talk) 07:03, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plantation


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/April 25, 2005


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frankenstein monster

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:59, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Frankenstein monster
Article duplicates information already presented in Frankenstein and alternative spellings such as Frankenstein's Monster already redirect to Frankenstein. Suggest merge anything new and redirect to Frankenstein. 23skidoo 21:49, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Just to be clear, I know that the name of the Monster is not "Frankenstein", however the main article provides the same essential plot synopsis and overview of the character that is being presented in Frankenstein monster, and goes on to include a fairly detailed discussion of the character's appearances in other media. 23skidoo 21:53, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge/redirect to Frankenstein. Gazpacho 22:58, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. (You could have been bold and just done it yourself.  Redirects are reversible and do not need to be discussed on VfD.  If the redirect turns out to be controversial, concensus should be sought on the respective Talk pages, not here.)  Rossami (talk) 05:30, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * From past experience I've learned deletion of this sort needs to be discussed here as I got in trouble for "being bold" in this way once before. Better safe than sorry. 23skidoo 14:14, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you do not wish to be bold, bring it up on the article's discussion page first. If you desire some outcome other than deletion, VFD is not the place to bring the complaint. Shimmin 17:06, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Frankenstein. Megan1967 07:01, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Valid redirect. Should have been madef w/o VfD. Pavel Vozenilek 09:37, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Frankenstein. --Myles Long 16:11, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
John Charlewood

John Charlewood (died 1593) was an English printer.

Life
He went into business early in Mary's reign in partnership with John Tisdale, in Holborn. He was important as one of the first printers to print Italian works in England – the other being John Wolfe, who printed at roughly the same time as Charlewood.

He was a member of the Grocers' Company until about 1574, though he took out licences to print books. From 1562 to 1593 he printed continuously and issued a very large number of books. His address was the Half-Eagle and Key in the Barbican, and in one of the Marprelate tracts it is stated that as printer to the Earl of Arundel he had a press in the Charterhouse. He was known to be one of the ring-leaders of the gang of printers who printed copies of texts to which they had no rights. His widow married James Roberts, who thus succeeded to the business.

A fictitious foreign imprint of Venice helped the sales in England of a book in a foreign language. Charlewood obviously hoped that this stratagem would provide easier and increased sales for these books, which would allow the printing of a larger and more profitable edition. His hopes were apparently not realised since none of them were reprinted in Italian in Great Britain until modern times.

Printed works
Charlewood printed several books by Italian authors, showing the popularity of the Italian language in England at the time.

Works by Giordano Bruno include: De la causa, principio, et uno (1584), De l'infinito universo et mondi (1584), De gli heroici furori (1585), and Cabala del cauallo Pegaseo (1585). These four works and two others were all published during or immediately following Bruno's visit to Oxford University. They were obviously the backlog of works which he had accumulated during his years of wandering and exile.

He also printed Amorous Fiammetta (1587) by Giovanni Boccaccio, of which only 4 copies are known to exist.

Notes and references

 * Richeson, below, states that Charlewood died in 1573, but this is probably a mistake.
 * A. W. Richeson, The First Arithmetic Printed in English, Isis, Vol. 37, No. 1/2 (May, 1947), pp. 47–56. Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society. (found here at jstor.org)
 * Charles Henry Timperley, A Dictionary of Printers and Printing: with the progress of literature; ancient and modern, H. Johnson (1839).
 * Harry Sellers, Italian Books Printed in England before 1640, The Library, 4th Ser., V, 122-28.
 * T. Provvidera, ‘John Charlewood, Printer of Giordano Bruno’s Italian Dialogues, and His Book Production’, in Giordano Bruno Philosopher of the Renaissance, ed. by H. Gatti, Ashgate, Aldershot (Hampshire), 2002, pp. 167–186.

title: John Charlewood


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/(IDNIYRA)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - renamed and kept - SimonP 18:57, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

(IDNIYRA)
''This page was tagged with vfd by an anon who never created the subpage. Then another anon came along and created the subpage with the vote you see below, but it was never listed. My vote is that if this is notable it should be moved to its proper name.'' --Dmcdevit 00:20, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

My vote: keep

The IDNIYRA is the largest iceboating organization in the world, that fact alone should be adequate to retain the page.

Cheers,

Geoff S. - DN US-5156

198.7.47.200 21:50, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Could you add that distinguishing feature, and cite some documenting source, to the article? That would make editors more likely to keep the page.  Barno 03:09, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: If the article is improved to establish notability and gets kept, it should be moved to the same thing without the parentheses.  Barno 03:11, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think that anon will be doing any editing. His/her only edits ever were to make this vote. --Dmcdevit 04:30, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course there's a small chance that this is the trigger that gets Geoff S. to register and become a valued editor, starting with improvements to this article. I suspect most people come to WP because some reference sends them to an article about a topic that interests them, not because they're looking for some collaborative project on which to volunteer excess time.  Barno 20:00, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established. Megan1967 05:54, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Recommend moving to IDNIYRA.  This is an international ice boat racing organization, and holds regular competitions. A North American regatta they organised in 2002 had around 90 ice boats.  DN (Detroit News) is a design of ice boat originally designed in 1936. IDNIYRA was formed in 1953. Not just some guy and his mates who race sleds when the lake freezes over.   I do not have time to do my usual cleanup, but I've appended an external link that tells most of the story. If cleanup people would just do a brief google search every now and then we wouldn't have so many of these timewasting VfDs and I would be able to spend a *lot* more time editing other articles instead of saving perfectly good stubs from the scrapheap. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:16, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Move to International Detroit News Ice Yacht Racing Association, article names shouldn't start with punctuatuon. Klonimus
 * Keep and Move to IDNIYRA --Canderson7 20:25, May 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and as stated above, move to IDNIYRA -- The Anome 23:38, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to International Detroit News Ice Yacht Racing Association, I was the nominator, but I never really made a vote. For all you that said move to IDNIYRA, see Naming, we don't name with acronyms. --Dmcdevit 00:20, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with that policy and note that the organisation is "almost exclusively known only by its acronym and is widely known and used in that form". --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:28, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good stub. Move to International Detroit News Ice Yacht Racing Association, with a redirect from IDNIYRA; If the redirect is done the other way around no big deal, it just requires a little rephrasing of the introduction. But I'd use the full title for the article name even if the acronym is more widely known, unless the full title has been legally abolished (as it has with SIL International for example) in which case we should use the acronym and explain the situation in the article. Andrewa 00:58, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, move to International Detroit News Ice Yacht Racing Association, redirect from IDNIYRA, per Dmcdevit and Andrewa. -- BD Abram son thi m k 07:58, 2005 May 9 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
HM Prison Parc

HM Prison Parc (Welsh: Carchar Parc EF) is a Category B men's private prison and Young Offenders Institution in Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan, Wales. It is operated by G4S, and is the only privately operated prison in Wales.

History
The site was previously occupied by Parc Hospital, a psychiatric hospital. Parc Prison was developed via a Private Finance Initiative contract in January 1996 and built by Costain Group at a cost of £82 million, opening in November 1997. Alongside HMP Altcourse, Parc was one of the first UK prisons to be financed, designed and owned by the private sector. When it first opened, Parc Prison had around 800 prisoners, accommodated in two-bed cells across four blocks.

From its opening, Parc Prison was beset with problems. Failures in the security technology, anti-English racism from Welsh inmates, and a high number of suicides were highlighted as concerns by Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons in a 1999 report. However, in March 2001, a report from the Chief Inspector noted a major improvement.

In August 2004, an Independent Monitoring Board report stated that Parc Prison was the worst-performing of all ten privately run prisons in Wales and England. The report criticised the lack of separate healthcare facilities for juveniles, the inadequate level of dental provision, and poor staff morale.

In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that an additional houseblock would be constructed.

In 2024, the governance of the prison came under scrutiny again following a series of deaths in a short period of time. Ten inmates died within 3 months, prompting protests outside the prison and calls for the government to take over the running of Parc from G4S.

Current state
Parc has ten wings consisting of eight adult and two YPU wings, holding Remand and Sentenced Category B Adult males, juveniles and young offenders. Accommodation is a mix of single and double cells. All cells are equipped with sanitation, natural and forced ventilation, and electrics. All wings are equipped with hot-water boilers, PIN telephones, pool and table tennis tables, showers, laundry facilities, and association areas. Other facilities at the prison include a library, gym, fitness room, and a multi-faith chaplaincy. The prison's visits hall has a canteen and crèche.

Education is provided by an in-house education department. A range of subjects are offered including English, maths, information technology, art, music, hospitality, languages and a range of vocational qualifications. Qualifications up to and including Open University courses are available. The prison's industries complex comprises nine workshops including carpentry, metalwork, graphic design and print, and industrial cleaning. All other workshops are dedicated to manufacturing contracts with local companies.

Notable inmates

 * Mark Aizlewood

 * Ian Watkins (while on remand)

title: HM Prison Parc