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United College, Waterloo

United College is a university college affiliated with the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The college, previously known as St. Paul's United College and St. Paul's University College, contributes to the University of Waterloo by offering academic programming as well as accommodation for both graduate and undergraduate students. The college also is the site of co-curricular programming for University of Waterloo students such as GreenHouse, the Waterloo Indigenous Student Centre, and the Student Refugee Program.

History
The college was founded by the United Church of Canada in 1962 as St. Paul's United College. It opened its doors to students in 1963. The Church and the college agreed to end their formal relationship in 2005 and the name of the institution was changed to St. Paul's University College. In 2022, the name of the institution was changed to United College.

Residences
The undergraduate residences at United College are home to approximately 340 students from the University of Waterloo, drawn from all faculties. The majority of undergraduate residents are in first-year and almost all first-year students are accommodated in double rooms. The undergraduate residences host a number of living-learning communities that cluster students by academic interest. The college currently has residential clusters focused on Human Rights, Environment, Women-in-Engineering, and Financial Assessment and Risk Management. There are also special residence communities for Indigenous students and for those who wish to speak French.

United College is also home to an apartment building for graduate students at the University of Waterloo. The building has approximately eighty units and hosts Master's and PhD students from all faculties.

Academic programs
Through its agreement of affiliation with the University of Waterloo, United College hosts academic programs in Canadian Studies, Indigenous Studies, Human Rights, and Indigenous Entrepreneurship. United College also shares in the delivery of University of Waterloo academic programming in International Development and Religious Studies. The common thread in the college's academic programming is the objective of bringing people together to make the world more humane and more equitable.

Waterloo Indigenous Student Centre
United College hosts the Waterloo Indigenous Student Centre (WISC) for the university's Indigenous students, supporting them in a variety of ways.

Name change and re-brand
In September 2022, United College formally announced its decision to re-brand from its former name, St Paul's University College. The former colour scheme, green and brown, was changed to blue and black, and the logo became a blue 'U'. The name change was motivated by the college's desire to let go of its previous religious affiliation. Principal Rick Myers announced the name change by stating, "It's a beautiful name that speaks to the inclusive values of today's College while still honouring those responsible for its founding and early development."

Principals

 * Rick Myers (2016–present)
 * Graham Brown (1999–2016)
 * Helga Mills (1994–1999)
 * William Klassen (1989–1994)
 * François Gerard (1978–1988)
 * Alan M. McLachlin (1965–1977)
 * Douglas J. Hall (1962–1965)

Chancellors

 * Michaelle Jean (2020 – present)
 * J.P. Gladu (2017– 2020)
 * Lloyd Axworthy (2014–2017)

title: United College, Waterloo


text:
Talk:Naqshbandi

Purported Association of Militants with Naqshbandiya
I removed a section on "Perceived Militancy" because it does not belong on a page that outlines an entire sect or sufi order. There is a page called "Islamic Terrorism" on which militant or fanatical groups and their purported links with Naqshbandi can be mentioned in a more NPOV context.

Note by way of contrast that WP entries on Jewish terrorism (e.g., Stern Gang) or Christian terrorism (e.g., anti-abortion violence) are relatively specific pages that explain how militancy was an integral part of particular groups.

In the case of Naqshbandi, the linkage of militancy is based on an identity claim by certain people some 700 years after the group's founding. In light of political implications stirred by the War on Terror, describing such a claim on the primary WP page about Naqshbandiya raises "guilt by association" POV possibilities for any WP users who come to this page via other linkages, such as Muslim poets or mystics who are labeled "Naqshbandi" on their respective WP pages. Martindo (talk) 09:38, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Tauheedia Naqshbandia Branch
Hazarat Khawaja Abdul Hakeem Ansari wrote in his book narates that he started the Oath of allegiance in 1950 during his stay at Karachi. After three years, he started the separate order of spiritual discipline in 1953 during his stay at Karachi. It is not the branch of any already existing spiritual discipline or chain. He settled at Bannu and met Hazarat Abdul Sattar, his wife and daughter after January 1955. He declared Hazarat Abdul Sattar Khan as his successor in 1968 subject to his death. He wrote and registered his will in the court of law that his spiritual discipline will not be heridatory. He died on January 23, 1977 and Hazarat Abdul Sattar Khan controlled his order.

For reference pleace consult the book: '''Abdul Hakeem Ansari, Khawaja (1967). Chiragh-e-Rah (جراغ راه). Gujranwala: Markaz Tameer-e-Millat. and his will''' written on May 1975 and got registered with signatures and the signatures of witnesses.

So, it is requested not to consider his discipline Toheedia/ Tauheedia as Tauheedia Naqshbandia Branch. It is a misconception and mess up the facts. Syed Rahmat Ullah Shah (talk) 20:05, 18 February 2010 (UTC) Syed Rahmat Ullah Shah Incharge, Sohail Iftikhar Research Institute, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

Rewrite needed for objectivity
This article is completely unsuited to an encyclopedia; it is essentially a promotional piece written entirely from the inside point of view. It needs a complete rewrite from an objective and historical perspective, with all the POV material removed or rewritten. Languagehat (talk) 18:08, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The section Prediction about the Worldwide Spreading of the Naqshabandi Order is particularly problematic.Grifter1405 (talk) 00:35, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I've rewritten it for objectivity. My last edit, at  was undone and I don't have the will, the time, or the knowledge of wikipedia standards and proceedures to engage in a public debate about it.  Someone else who is more knowledgeable about them please take over.Ernobe (talk) 21:31, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

Need for complete rewrite
This article is filled with the naieve, enthusiastic generalizations of a 'believer'. Any serious student of Sufism would blench. It is not even worth taking it point by point. Someone else has to rewrite it. It is not up to Wikipedia's standards.

Hugh James — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.81.100.246 (talk) 16:54, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

Neutrality -- POV
I didn't put the neutrality banner up. Whoever did did not discuss it here, so I just wish to clarify that the main talking point in this regard is the fact that there is evidence to suggest that the formation of the Sufi orders led to administrative divisions and wars within Islam ( see https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/558228 for sympathetic, neutral discussion of the issues involved ). This pertains to the other articles on Sufism as well. Ernobe (talk) 17:23, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

Salafization
Salafization of some Kurdish-Turkish Sufis http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/i-hsan-yilmaz/salafization-of-some-kurdish-turkish-sufis_412802.html Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 21:08, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

A wash?
The article has so many issues that I don't even know where to begin. For starters, the article spends most of its time talking about the spread of the order rather than what it is, what distinguishes it, or much of its history apart from its spreading. Some entire sections even feel like they were copy-pasted, or at least written in a clearly different tense/tone than the rest of the article. What is there is rather technical and not very helpful to a reader looking for information on the order. What should we do about this? I don't know nearly enough to rewrite the article myself! Kakurokuna (talk) 20:07, 11 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I re-added a crucial sentence of the intro that was mysteriously removed, but which tells you exactly what Naqshbandi is. For the rest, I don't see much in the way of difficult technical vocabulary. In fact the technical terms of the wikilinks have been translated into English in order to make the article readable.  It does need additional references, but the layout is OK and it is not confusing or unclear. So, can we remove 'layout guidelines', 'confusing or unclear', and 'lead section' from the maintenance template?Ernobe (talk) 19:28, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Palestine?
One of the title headers says "Syria and Palestine" but there's nothing in it about the latter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.131.254.44 (talk) 15:53, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

Accept necessary cahnges
In the article used the word "his" in 4th sentence of 1st para which is reffering to the Holy Prophet (PBUH and His Family). It must be start with capital and write as "His" (PBUH and His Family). I had made an edit but it is removed and re_edit as it was previously wrote. This page needs an intellectual review and humble request to accept necessary changes. خادم چوراہی (talk) 14:52, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Not going to happen. Not only is the change you propose not "necessary", it is blatantly against the neutral point of view policy. Please review the policy on honorifics at WP:ISLAMHON. PohranicniStraze (talk) 15:49, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Iskandar323's destruction of the article
Iskandar323 is destroying the article, cutting off half of it. Removing the evolution of the order and also places where it was. Molave Quinta (talk) 13:30, 4 August 2022 (UTC) sock puppet of banned user strike
 * He is actually fixing it. The whole article is a mess and needs to be rewritten due to being unsourced/having unreliable “sources”. Unfortunately many Sufi related articles suffer from this issue. --HistoryofIran (talk) 13:47, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Avaliable reliable sources
If someone is interested in improving this article, then this might be of help (I guess I will be gradually increasing the amount of sources listed here):

Chapter 14 The Entire Land is My Lodge: Naqshbandi Responses to the Challenges of Modernity and Globalization, Brill

From Yarkand to Sindh via Kabul: The Rise of Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Sufi Networks in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Brill

Politics, Poetry, and Sufism in Medieval Iran: New Perspectives on Jāmī’s Salāmān va Absāl, Brill

HistoryofIran (talk) 00:35, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

Selçuk Eraydın
Hi @HistoryofIran, just wondering why you think the Turkish book by Selçuk Eraydın is unreliable - the author appears to be an authority on Sufism notable enough to have an entry on Islam Ansiklopedisi in relation to the subject, and the book has a functional isbn. Iskandar323 (talk) 05:26, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Ops, restored. --HistoryofIran (talk) 11:45, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Maybe it was the dodgy Turkish book sales website url that threw you ... Google Books wasn't available! Iskandar323 (talk) 11:59, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

Addition of non-WP:RS and misuse of actual WP:RS
Let's start simple. Kindly explain how www.imamalaskari and https://pajhwok.com are WP:RS. Also, you added Iranica citations (https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-serhendi-shaikh-outstanding-mughal-mystic-and-prolific-writer-on-sufi-themes) to several places in the article whose information wasn't even supported by the source. That is sheer misuse of actual WP:RS. HistoryofIran (talk) 11:49, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Naqshbandi


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Helen Bevington

Helen Smith Bevington (1906 – March 16, 2001) was an American poet, prose writer, and educator. Her most noted book, Charley Smith's Girl (1965), was "banned by the library in the small town of Worcester, N.Y., where she grew up, because the book tells of her minister father's having been divorced by her mother for affairs that he was carrying on with younger female parishioners."

Life and works
Born in Afton, New York, Bevington was reared in Worcester, New York, where her father was a Methodist minister. She attended the University of Chicago and earned a degree in philosophy. She proceeded to write a thesis about Thoreau, earning a master's degree in English from Columbia University. In 1928, she married Merle M. Bevington (1900–64). The couple travelled abroad, returning in 1929 in response to the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Both Bevingtons taught English at Duke University starting in the 1940s, Helen retiring in 1976. They had two sons: the elder, David Bevington, was a pre-eminent Shakespeare scholar until his death in 2019; the second son, Philip, died in the 1980s.

In addition to her 12 books of poetry and essays, Bevington's work appeared in The New York Times Book Review, The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker and The American Scholar. Bevington was a poet, a diarist, and an essayist. She was also a winner of the Roanoke-Chowan Award for Poetry (1956) and the Mayflower Cup (1974) both given by the North Carolina Literary and Historical Association; and the North Carolina Award for Literature (1973). Charley Smith's Girl (1965) was runner-up for the Pulitzer Prize.

Helen Bevington died on March 16, 2001, in Chicago.

title: Helen Bevington


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sexual addictions

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mackensen (talk) 04:09, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sexual addictions
Unreferenced POV fork of Hypersexuality, which Sexual addiction is already a redirect to. Delete and make a redirect to Hypersexuality to discourage recreation. -- Antaeus Feldspar 03:05, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge the section on addiction programs, with some editing for NPOV, and internal/external links, into Hypersexuality, and add a new section on views of sex addiction to Hypersexuality as well. Don't just delete; the term gets over 3 million hits on Google (they're relevant; look at the first page of hits). DDerby 09:06, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's a term someone might search for, which is why I think that Sexual addictions should, like Sexual addiction, point to Hypersexuality. -- Antaeus Feldspar 11:50, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Er, no. Hypersexuality is a distinct medical condition, "sex addiction" is a questionable and controversial concept, with a question-begging name. Regarding this article: move to sexual addiction, and rewrite for NPOV . On re-reading the article: Delete -- it's unsalvageable twaddle from the bottom of the pop-psychology barrel. -- Karada 13:36, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The section on addction programs is salveagable, along with the links, and could either be merged or flesh out a new stub at sexual addiction. DDerby 18:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete FroggyMoore 16:02, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Trivial Pursuit

Untitled
I think that 2-6 players is an incorrect number. From what I can gather the different versions say different things. The new electronic version says 3-6 for example, while the 25th anniversary edition says 2-36. The original edition said 2-24 so I feel that is the best option. petisher 01:06, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

I'm fairly certain the makers call them wedges or wedgies(pl.), I own not only the board game but also the PC games with game commentary. The commentary calls them wedges.Apinballwizard 12:22, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

I reverted the addition of the following text:

 * As an aside, there is an on-going debate between players as to whether or not the tokens should be referred to as "cheeses" or "pies," referring to the wedge shape of the tokens.

I think that this is a personal experience regarding Trivial Pursuit, rather than encyclopaedic information.
 * Andrew Moylan 03:07, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * My family and I have called them "dibbers" since before I can remember. I don't see this as strange, but everyone else I've played this game with thinks that it's weird! Crunchysaviour 21:53, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Fred Worth Lawsuit
Being that this is one of the most obvious and earliest forms of DRM[1] that has been taken to the Supreme Court, the Court Ruling has been proven False independently as proven by this photograph [2] from the television show which clearly states that his real First name was in fact 'Frank'. Sadly, no Credit, Recognition, nor Appeal has ever been given to Fred Worth.

-This 'graph seems... well... pointless. The Court was never asked to verify Columbo's first name, and the Court's decision didn't hinge on something as arcane as that - it comes down to the simple fact that YOU CANNOT COPYRIGHT FACTS. You can't copyright the phone book, and you can't copyright the dictionary. It doesn't matter WHAT Columbo's first name is; that's not how Worth lost the lawsuit. He has earned and deserves no credit, and that's not "sad," that's the ruling of the Court. Wikipedia may be many things - but it ain't the spot to bemoan poor ol' bestseller Fred Worth. And - for the record - it doesn't matter if the ruling has been "proven False independently," (which is, in itself, a meaningless statement) unless the Court itself or one higher reverses the ruling - captured photos from TV notwithstanding. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.81.161.139 (talk) 13:55, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Possible Stupidest Question Ever
In Trivial Pursuit Volume 6, this question is listed under SN, or Science and Nature: "What two-letter Roman numeral follows MCMXCIX?" The answer they give is: "MM."

The card is numbered "15" in the bottom right-hand corner.

If anyone knows why this question may make sense, please post.

MCMXCIX translates to 1999 in arabic numerals, while MM translates to 2000, which follows 1999. I'm not exactly sure how that's science and nature, but it's a valid trivia question

CrazyPirateNinja 04:04, 27 December 2005 (UTC) This is better. "A plumpricot is a cross between which two fruit?" SN Genus 2. 67.83.148.145 17:18, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * In Roman numerals, M is 1000, C is 100, X is 10 and I is 1 (there's also D for 500, L for 50 and V for 5). MCMXCIX is read as M,CM,XC,IX, or 1000,100 before 1000,10 before 100,1 before 10, which is 1000,900,90,9, coming out to 1,999 in Hindo-Arabic notation. The subsequent number is 2,000, rendered as MM in Roman numerals (two thousands). The question falls in with science and nature because in academia mathematics is considered a natural science (and thus the placement of the mathematics department under a college of Arts and Sciences as pretty much all universities). SWalkerTTU 04:41, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Recent Australian edition
I got one about three years ago for Xmas. The colours were changed on categories. I couldn't be bother updating article with all the details. I know Green is now "sports and leisure"

The colours-for-categories seems to be inconsistent everywhere - older versions, newer versions, and electronic versions have all used different colours for (essentially) the same categories. (This doesn't include where categories are different across versions!) In my opinion the "standard" should be what was laid down by the original Genus edition as that was effectively the version of Trivial Pursuit most people became familiar with. Computer games, DVD editions and themed editions can be passed off as "gimmicky" and not definitive.--Bricks J. Winzer 13:29, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Another photo please
Can't we have a better photo, one that describes better the board and pieces? This one focusing on the context of playing is not very "encyclopedic" and the Trivial looks anecdotic there.

 * It also looks like two underage girls drinking... :) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by MagerValp (talk • contribs) 09:45, 16 December 2006 (UTC).

 * They could be in the UK, where the minimum age in question is 18. I wouldn't go so far as to say they wouldn't be asked for proof of age when buying the alcohol, though! ;) Crunchysaviour 21:50, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Then what about the countries in which there is no age limit on drinking alcoholic beverages, such as in Sweden? (Only buying is illegal to do if you're under 21 in Sweden (18 in bars)). Please stop being so ignorant all the time. You do know that theres more than 6.3 billion people living in other countries than the USA, right? Ran4 05:30, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * *slaps own wrists* I apologise for being so utterly stupid and ignorant all the time. You are right, Ran4. What a waste of blood and organs I am. Woe is me, etc. Crunchysaviour (talk) 12:09, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Columbo contradiction
The Columbo section contradicts itself. It starts off by saying:

Lt. Columbo's first name is never explicitly revealed in the Columbo TV series.

but later it says:

In the episode Dead Weight where Columbo introduces himself to General Hollister, the audience is shown a close-up of his badge, complete with the signature of "Frank Columbo".

A close-up of the badge? That's a pretty explicit revelation if you ask me! 217.155.20.163 14:02, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It's at 12 minutes 50 seconds on the Season One box set, disk 3 - ISBN 1-4170-1432-6 - if anyone's interested. And it's pretty clearly "Frank". --Wtshymanski (talk) 01:52, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Lawsuit
There is a current lawsuit over the invention of Trivial Pursuit. Is this something that should be added? 130.15.110.164 05:02, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have citations from reliable sources? If so, be bold and add the information! --ZimZalaBim (talk) 05:17, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Maculate Conception
This is my account regarding the conception of the Trivia Pursuit boardgame. It is primary information and not readily or easily verifiable.

Shortly after arriving in Vancouver in late 1979, after spending some time in California, in the presence of at least three other people whose names I no longer clearly recall I disclosed that I had been thinking about a money making enterprise to use trivia in a boardgame format.

The three people seemed to be from Montreal - Verdun if I recall correctly. I believe one's name was Ken (maybe Dave) - in fact it was through him that I met the other two. We had met while I was hitchhiking up from California and we came up together and I crashed at his friend's house in the West End near Robson and Denman. Ken (or Dave) had spent some time in Mexico from where he was returning after spending some time among the Wichol (spelling uncertain) Indians. One of the three told me he worked for the City of Vancouver and was privately studying a computer language (possibly Cobol) to help him with his job. The other was apparently a McGill student or former student but was told that he was studying philosophy or religion which was also my field of interest.

They seemed to be fans of Leonard Cohen who was from Montreal, I think they said Verdun which was 'infamous' for it's mental institution. So the idea that these guys all knew each other and were from Verdun stuck in my mind after all this time.

In any case, I was asked about what I would call the game to which I replied 'Trivia Pursuit' or 'Trivial Pursuit' - at the time I was not sure which was grammatically correct. They also asked me how the game would work and I stated that simplicity would suffice and told them about a simple circle design with 6 colors. I told them that I thought the concept would be a big winner but that it would require a lot of work and that I couldn't do it myself.

In the end I got caught up in the basic survival of street living as a young man (on Main and Georgia Street and on Hornby Street) and after returning to see my friend near Denman and Robson, I discovered that he was no longer there. Apparently he had moved out. I had introduced him to a graphic artist named Janet going to school at Vancouver Community College I think. I surmised (sadly)that they may have hit it off. I never saw any of them again. I do seem to recall however suggesting that she might help with the design of the gameboard but after reading the history of the game, I don't see any indication of that.

Interestingly - concerning "Philip Columbo' - one thing we had discussed at one point was who was our favorite TV detective and I told then that I favoured Columbo's style ... but I'm sure what this means...

Addendum: one of the people (Ken/Dave) present may have been from Cape Breton

Mention in Quantum Leap
There was a mention of the name "Trivial Pursuit" in an episode of Quantum Leap. Someone said something like "that would make a great board game!". This was set in a time years before 1979. Anyone able to provide the transcript of what was actually said? 139.130.36.190 03:21, 24 October 2007 (UTC) Joshua Hrouda

Dominos
After reading this article I ordered a pizza. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.224.175.222 (talk) 03:47, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Errors
I always found this game notoriously full of errors. They might be interesting to note. Questions on Hickory Dickory Dock and seeing the Great Wall from space might warrant inclusion. Seems there were others, but maybe my experience was isolated. --Thomas B♘ talk 09:49, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this would be interesting and useful; one question/answer I remember from the original version was: "Who was the head of the Gestapo?" (The answer given is Heinrich Himmler, it should be Heinrich Mueller.) Historian932 (talk) 15:45, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

Internet Explorer, Chrome -- "Chris Haney" reference
In Internet Explorer and Google Chrome, when you hover your mouse over "Chris Haney" in the first paragraph, the text says "...page does not exist". In that bubble window thing (I don't know what they call it in computer-ese lingo). But not in Firefox. And Firefox is correct of course, because the page does exist. And when you click the link in all 3 browsers, you do go to the correct link. But only Firefox gives the correct message. It's doing that this morning (Jun-01;2010;5:21AM). Anyone know why IE and Chrome make that error, but not Firefox?

PS: I hate the new Wikipedia editing window now, they tried to make it 'hip' or modern or something, but I prefer the old-fashioned one where all the tools you needed were right above the edit box. Why does everything have to be changed all the time? Just venting, lol.

--Atikokan (talk) 09:21, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Dumbing down
Of course it has to be dumbed-down. My generation ('boomers'), who were the absolute very first to buy and play this game, were intellectuals. Hard-working, hard-thinking intellectuals. We were the anti-establishment generation. We busted aw' esses to get our university degrees. We were passionate about political and scientific arguments we'd have while doing spliffs and quaffing '50' at our rec-room parties. We drank in the excitement of intense intellectual discussions. We were smart.

Today's generation?

Pffft.

Gimme a break.

Gen-X and Gen-Y are a bunch of lazy, moronic, spoiled narcissists. And they are dumb.

No, correction, they are lazy. I don't think today's young (20ish, 30ish) kids are dumb -- I think they are just lazy. That's it. Lazy.

And that's why they need a dumbed-down version.

Thank you.

Have a nice day. No wait -- a fabulous day.

--Atikokan (talk) 05:41, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

citation needed - pls confer and edit if appropiate
RE: "The issue was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, which rejected Worth's arguments in March 1988.[citation needed]"

see: Worth vs Selchow USCA 9th Cir. (9-8-1987) ¤ 827 F.2d 569, cert denied US Supreme Ct. (3-28-1988) ¤ 108 S.Ct.1271 source: http://chart.copyrightdata.com/c18C.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.51.79.9 (talk) 22:51, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Invented in Nerja, Spain
Well, according to the Olive Press's "Expat 100" article published on 8th Sep 2011, Scott Abbott and Chris Haney were in Nerja for 3 months during which time they invented the game. They are in 22nd position in the 100. Olive Press is an English-language free paper in southern Spain. EdX20 (talk) 09:44, 7 October 2011 (UTC) Extra info from SUR in English newspaper: [Invented it] "...while drinking in La Cueva bar in 1980." EdX20 (talk) 19:01, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Reference #9 is broken
The newspaper article reference "Trivial 'brain-teasers' enrage game's fans" does not link to the appropriate article. 130.95.13.18 (talk) 04:15, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Sales numbers
This article states the game sold over 20,000 sets in North America in its peak year of 1984. Then it states as of 2014, more than 100 million games had been sold worldwide, and also that 30,000,000 games were produced in Wisconsin between 1983 and 1985. Unless that "over 20,000" means way over, that number seems to be off. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.87.141.16 (talk) 09:35, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trivial Pursuit


text:
Talk:Nesquik (mix)

Untitled
When I was a kid in the early 80s, I remember having Quik chocolate milk every day after school. I used to add extra and not mix it into the milk completely so the powder would settle to the bottom and I could eat it last. It was the yummiest chocolate milk ever. We'd even put Quik on ice cream. When Quik's rival came along, Milkmate (it was a liquid instead of a powder), I never did like it. Quik always ruled. msw
 * WP is an encyclopedia, not a place to discuss your personal opinions about a subject. Frosty 12:22, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, don't be too hard on him. It's his only edit and it's fairly harmless where it is even if not strictly relevant. A lot of new users put this sort of thing in the main article.--Lo2u 14:48, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Current Slogan
"Nesquick is chocosmoothrichcreamylicious".67.188.172.165 00:48, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

The current slogan is acually "Find your happy place" 66.137.180.5 (talk) 02:16, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Makes milk fun
Not one mention of the famous slogan "Nesquik makes milk fun"? JayKeaton 15:23, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Also, the most famous television jingle for Quiky: would that include the word Nesquik or Quik? Have found several sources mentioning Quik in the phrase "It's so rich and thick and choco-lick, but you can't drink it slow if it's Quik!"  I've also seen several sources citing the famous jingle merely as: "You can't drink it slow if it's Quik." From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century, 2005, p335-335, and the Nesquik Canada FAQ page (FrontierLib (talk) 20:26, 30 June 2009 (UTC))

Banana Nesquik
I remember, it. the article mentions it still being sold. Where? The nesquik main site doesn't even list it anymore. Am I missing something? On a completely seperate note, if anyone knows of a place that sells it online, I would be very pleased to see it :) GearType2 04:31, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

- Sainsburys supermarkets stock it.

I've seen it in shops other than Sainsbury's, such as independent grocery shops. Fatnickc 14:13, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Grape Quik
I remember a Grape Quik being sold in Canada back in the 1970s. I recall that it didn't last long and I think I remember the taste well enough to know why. Does anybody have any proof of it's existence more solid than my memories. Jdougan 04:11, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

I found it! Adding ot the wiki ASAP, sorry this took so long! Coolboygcp (talk) 23:49, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

Fruit Quik
I'm not sure if this is a regional thing, but I saw banana Quik in Mexico. This is the first time I've heard of GRAPE Quik for sure. However, I'm surprised no-one has mentioned STRAWBERRY quick. I remember THAT well. It was sold in powder, as well as in prepared form in milk cartons. Kogejoe (talk) 03:51, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Cookies n' Creme
Anyone remember that? It was short-lived but DAMN good.
 * I remember that. Wish they still had it, instead of that DOUBLE chocolate. --Fez2005 08:23, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * How can we suggest they bring it back? .. Maybe I don't want it, though, if they're gonna reduce the sugar by 25 percent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.122.63.142 (talk) 21:25, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

I remember prefering cookies n creme over regular quick.

Kogejoe (talk) 03:48, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Jafa flavour?
There was a shortlive jafa flavour Quik in Australia in the 90s along with Chocolate, Strawberry, Banana and Vanilla.

I also have some vague memories of a "Quik Shake" which was like Quik but meant to be creamier and frothier somehow?

-Mike —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.170.192.72 (talk) 03:59, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

I have found both, they shall be added ASAP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coolboygcp (talk • contribs) 00:20, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Quik by Region
I remember that Quik consistency was different in Mexico. It was much more harder to disolve with just your spoon, as bubbles of dry Quik would form floating on top of the milk. I remember often disolving the dry Quik bubbles with my tongue. Currently, I live in Japan, and I feel that Quik here is a bit more bland than American Quik.

If the consistency is in fact DIFFERENT by region, this wouldn't be the first time I'd hear about it; I'm often told by Australian and English Marmite afficionados that yes, the taste is completely different in Australia than it is in England. Kogejoe (talk) 04:13, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

I can attest to the difference in consistency and, more importantly, in taste. I first had Nesquik in Switzerland in around 1979/80, and then Quik in Australia from 1981. In my view, the Swiss (or European?) version was superior in taste -- still the best chocolate milk I've ever had -- and (I think) smoother and easier to dissolve than the Aussie version, which is nice but quite 'ordinary'. The packaging was different too: Swiss Nesquik came in yellow plastic rectangular boxes, whereas Australian Quik came in tins. Neither had the bunny in my day. Hopefully the Swiss formula has not changed in the last 30 years -- would love to try it again someday. --Intelligentrousers (talk) 08:28, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Quik Packaging
My earliest memories of Quik include having to use a spoon to pop the lid off of the hard, rectangular container, and then, having to fit the lid back on again. In Mexico, Quik was sold in ROUND containers with lids that acted more or less the same as their American counterparts.

Currently, Quik is sold in similar tall, rectagular containers made of plastic, however, they are a bit more round, and Nestle has eliminated the use of a smaller pop-off lid that fits in a round opening, instead, incorporating a larger lid that is removable in its entirety.

Also, Quik can be bought in larger cylinders. Kogejoe (talk) 04:11, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Name Change Resentment
From my early childhood years I came to know Nestle's chocolate powder as Quik, and resent the name change to "Nesquik." I recall the Quik rabbit distinctly wearing a round Q as opposed to the squareish and edgy N, which seems like a chore to wear around with its sharp edges, as opposed to the Q, which was smooth and round. I refuse to call the chocolate powder by its new name, and will until the day I die refer to it as simply "Quik." The only people I talk to about QUIK are to the siblings I grew up with who would understand me anyway, and I don't feel like NOT changing is going to cause people to misunderstand me. If any store-clerk DARE try to correct me by saying "oh, you mean NEZquik sir," I will promptly retort and say that "NO, it's QUIK, and do you have it. Correct me again and you will lose this establishment a customer."

Not to mention that making it NESquik adds an unnecessary 3 extra letters to the already perfect and, pardon the pun QUICK name of "Quik." Nesquik is clearly larger and more clunky.

They changed the name of "Quik" to "Nesquik." But it's perfect the way it is! You can't rewrite what's perfect... Kogejoe (talk) 04:18, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Oh My God, I thought I was the only one. I actually wrote them when the name change occurred with a list of arguments on why they should change it back to "Quik". They never wrote back to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.167.109.154 (talk) 18:43, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Strawberry Quick and Name Change
I shop in Toronto Canada and I can only find Strawberry Quick in the bunny bottle. I want powder 'cause it ain't the same. I do break down from time to time, though, and bring a bottle home.

As for the name, we always said Nesleez Quick and there was no need to explain that that meant the chocolate powder. (Seeing the accent above the final e makes me think we should have said Neslayz, but that sounds just as pretentious as Nesquick.) 65.92.120.16 (talk) 00:48, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Formula
Was the sugar reduction the only change in formula over the years? Beside the sugar reduction in 2007 the taste seemed to change at some point, and I'm pretty sure it used to contain vanillin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.128.9.50 (talk) 13:30, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

...update... Bingo!!! The following link still shows "Flavour (Ethyl Vanillin)" as an ingredient, yet the chocloate Quik I bought today doesn't have it listed! I feel ripped off!

Also note the other flavours that were previously available in Australia.

http://www.nestle.com.au/nesquik/parents/nutritioninfo.asp

Cookies n' Cream Flavor
There is a missing flavor under the powders section. The flavor is, "Cookies n' Cream". Here is a picture. - 24.36.115.4 (talk) 20:02, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Process
Regular cocoa doesn't dissolve well when added to a large volume of cold milk. This dissolvability was apparently the Quik advantage. Why is that - how is it processed? BillMcGonigle (talk) 17:25, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Raspberry Nesquik
Does anyone remember Raspberry flavoured Nesquik?...It was available in the 70s and it was the best thing ever!...Sadly they stopped producing it :( — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lyanoli (talk • contribs) 16:44, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

2012 European product change
Shouldn't the article mention how Nesquik changed dramatically around early 2012? I bought a lot of it at the time (it's always been my favorite chocolate drink) but then the original (at that time labeled "Rich chocolate flavour - Good taste through generations") started to disappear from the stores and was replaced by a type labeled "New and improved taste". Upon testing it my worst fears came true - not only was it totally different, but both taste, smell and consistency resembled no-brand chocolate drinks of the cheapest kind. To me it seems clear that they've tried to save money by reducing cocoa content and replacing it with sugar and vanilla, and thereby exchanged a classic for an inferior substitute.

This didn't go unnoticed tough, the (Norwegian) article http://www.aftenposten.no/okonomi/Vil-unnga-ny-kostbar-tabbe-med-sjokomelk-7325367.html ("Wants to avoid another costly chocomilk mistake") describes how Nesquik's market share in Norway plummeted from 25% to 16% in a few months and has stayed there since. The Nestlé representative implies (but never outright claims) that the new Nesquik is widely popular in the rest of Europe and blames Norwegians for being odd 'cause we prefer cold chocolate milk while "everyone else" wants it hot. He addresses that the new powder didn't dissolve well in cold milk and that they've improved that aspect of the product, but says nothing about the hideously cheap taste.

As I've stayed far away from Nesquik since they changed it I don't know the current state of taste and solubility, maybe I'll buy a pack and give it *one* final chance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.48.65.249 (talk) 23:18, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

Duplication of content and merge proposal
See discussion at Talk:Nesquik. Ubcule (talk) 19:53, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nesquik (mix)


text:
Wolseley Motors

Wolseley Motors Limited was a British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in early 1901 by the Vickers Armaments in conjunction with Herbert Austin. It initially made a full range, topped by large luxury cars, and dominated the market in the Edwardian era. The Vickers brothers died and, without their guidance, Wolseley expanded rapidly after the war, manufacturing 12,000 cars in 1921, and remained the biggest motor manufacturer in Britain.

Over-expansion led to receivership in 1927 when it was bought from Vickers Limited by William Morris as a personal investment. He moved it into his Morris Motors empire just before the Second World War. After that, Wolseley products were "badge-engineered" Morris cars. Wolseley went with its sister businesses into BMC, BMH and British Leyland, where its name lapsed in 1975.

The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company Limited
Hiram Maxim, inventor of the machine gun that bears his name, and by then a member of the combine Vickers Sons & Maxim, had consulted Herbert Austin at The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company Limited in the late 1890s a number of times in relation to the design of flying machines, which Maxim was developing and constructing. Maxim made use of a number of suggestions made by Austin in Maxim's activities at his works in Crayford, Kent. Once the sheep shearing company had decided they would not pursue their automobile interest, an approach was made and agreement quickly reached.

The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company of Adderley Park Birmingham was incorporated in March 1901 with a capital of £40,000 by Vickers, Sons and Maxim to manufacture motor cars and machine tools. The managing director was Herbert Austin. The cars and the Wolseley name came from Austin's exploratory venture for The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company Limited, run since the early 1890s by the now 33-year-old Austin. Wolseley's board had decided not to enter the business and Maxim and the Vickers brothers picked it up. After his five-year contract with The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company ended Austin founded The Austin Motor Company Limited.

Austin's Wolseley cars
Austin had been searching for other products for WSSMC because sale of sheep-shearing machinery was a highly seasonal trade. About 1895–96 he became interested in engines and automobiles. During the winter of 1895–96, working in his own time at nights and weekends, he made his own version of a design by Léon Bollée that he had seen in Paris. Later he found that another British group had bought the rights and he had to come up with a design of his own, having persuaded the directors of WSSMC to invest in the necessary machinery.

In 1897 Austin's second Wolseley car, the Wolseley Autocar No. 1 was revealed. It was a three-wheeled design (one front, two rear) featuring independent rear suspension, mid-engine and back to back seating for two adults. It was not successful and although advertised for sale, none were sold. The third Wolseley car, the four-wheeled Wolseley "Voiturette" followed in 1899. A further four-wheeled car was made in 1900. The 1901 Wolseley Gasoline Carriage featured a steering wheel instead of a tiller. The first Wolseley cars sold to the public were based on the "Voiturette", but production did not get underway until 1901, by which time the board of WSSMC had lost interest in the nascent motor industry.

Thomas and Albert Vickers, directors of Vickers and Maxim, Britain's largest armaments manufacturer, had much earlier decided to enter the industry at the right moment and, impressed by Austin's achievements at WSSMC, they took on his enterprise. When Austin's five-year contract officially ended in 1906 they had made more than 1,500 cars. Wolseley was the largest British motor manufacturer and Austin's reputation was made.

The company had been formed in March 1901. By 1 May 1901 Austin had issued his first catalogue. There were to be two models, 5 hp and 10 hp. They were both available with either a Tonneau or a Phaeton body with either pneumatic or solid tyres. For an additional outlay of thirty shillings (£1.50) the 10 hp model would be fitted with a sprag to prevent it running backwards. "We recommend pneumatic tyres for all cars required to run over twenty miles an hour." Austin then provided a paragraph as to why his horizontal engines were better lubricated (than vertical engines) and that 750 rpm, the speed of his Wolseley engines, avoided the short life of competing engines that ran between 1,000 and 2,000 rpm."

The association with Vickers not only helped in general design but in the speed of production and provision of special steels

 * The Wolseley range from 1901 to 1905.

Engines were horizontal which kept the centre of gravity low. Cylinders were cast individually and arranged either singly, in a pair or in two pairs which were horizontally opposed. The crankshaft lay across the car allowing a simple belt or chain-drive to the rear axle:

in 1904 Queen Alexandra bought a 5.2-litre 24 hp landaulette with coil ignition, a four-speed gearbox and chain drive.
 * 5 hp, 6 from 1904
 * 7½ hp, 8 hp from 1904
 * 10 hp, 12 hp from 1904
 * from 1904 16 hp
 * 20 hp, 24 hp from 1904

John Siddeley

John Siddeley (1st Baron Kenilworth) founded his Siddeley Autocar Company in 1902 to manufacture cars to Peugeot designs. He had Peugeot-based demonstration cars at the Crystal Palace in 1903. By 1905, the company had a dozen models for sale and some of them were built for him at Vickers' Crayford, Kent factory.

During 1905 Wolseley—which then dominated the UK car market—purchased the goodwill and patent rights of his Siddeley Autocar Company business and appointed Siddeley London sales manager of Herbert Austin's The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company Limited owned by Vickers, Sons and Maxim. A few months later Herbert Austin left Wolseley to found his own Austin Motor Company due to resolute refusal to countenance new vertical engines for his Wolseleys, whatever his directors might wish. Austin handed in his resignation the year before his contract ended. and Siddeley was appointed manager of Wolseley in his place and, without authority, added Siddeley to the badge on the Wolseley cars.

Siddeley, on his appointment to Austin's former position, promptly replaced Austin's horizontal engines with the now conventional upright engines. With him he brought his associate Lionel de Rothschild as a member of the Wolseley board. Together they gave the business a new lease of life. At the November 1905 Olympia Motor Show, the first at the former National Agricultural Hall, two small 6 hp and 8 hp cars were still exhibited with horizontal engines but there were also Siddeley's new 15, 18 and 32 hp cars with vertical engines. This switch to vertical engines brought Wolseley a great deal of publicity and their products soon lost their old-fashioned image.

However a tendency then arose for journalists to follow the company's full-page display advertising and drop the first word in Wolseley Siddeley — "Siddeley Autocars made by (in smaller typeface) the Wolseley Tool . . ." Certainly it was true the new engines were named Siddeley engines. Meanwhile, under Siddeley Wolseley maintained the sales lead left to him by Austin but, now run from London, not (Austin's base) Birmingham, the whole business failed to cover overheads. A board member, Walter Chetwynd, was set to find a solution. It was decided the business operated from too many different locations. First the board closed the Crayford Kent works, moving the whole operation back to Birmingham and dropping production of commercial vehicles and taxicabs – a large number of which, 500+, were made during Siddeley's time including an early 10 hp taxicab made in 1908 sold to a Mr W R Morris of Holywell St. Oxford who ran a garage and hire car business there, as well as making bicycles. Then the London head office followed. After some heated discussions Siddeley resigned in the spring of 1909 and Rothschild went, too.

He resigned from Wolseley in 1909 to go into partnership with H P P Deasy and manage the Deasy Motor Company, also of Coventry.

Ernest Hopwood was appointed managing director in August 1909.

Wolseley Italy or Wolsit
Wolsit Officine Legnanesi Autmobili was incorporated in 1907 by Macchi Brothers and the Bank of Legnano to build Wolseley cars under licence in Legnano, about 18 kilometres north-west of central Milan. A similar enterprise, Fial, had started there a year earlier but failed in 1908. Wolsit automobile production ended in 1909, the business continued but made luxury bicycles. Emilio Bozzi made the Ciclomotore Wolsit from 1910 to 1914. A team of Wolsit cars competed in motoring events in 1907.

 * The Wolseley range in 1909:

 * 12/16 hp
 * 16/20 hp
 * 20/24 hp
 * 24/30 hp
 * 30/34 hp
 * 40 hp
 * 40/50 hp
 * 60 hp

After 1911 the name on the cars was again just Wolseley.

Chetwynd's recommendations soon led to a revival in profits and a rapid expansion of Wolseley's business. The Adderley Park factory was greatly extended in 1912. These extensions were opened in 1914 but there was not sufficient space for the new Stellite model which was instead produced and marketed by another Vickers subsidiary, Electric and Ordnance Accessories Company Limited.

Machine tools, buses, rail engines etc
Wolseley was not then as specialised in its operations as members of the motor industry were to become. For other members of the Vickers group they were general engineers and they also handled engineering enquiries directed on to them by other group members. Wolseley built double-decker buses for the Birmingham Corporation. They also built many specials such as electric lighting sets and motor boat engines – catalogued sizes were from 12 hp to 250 hp with up to twelve cylinders and complete with gearboxes. Fire engines too and special War Office vehicles being a subsidiary of a major armaments firm. As befits a company with tool in its name they built machine tools including turret lathes and horizontal borers though chiefly for their own use or for group members. Large engines were made to power petrol-electric railcars, such as those used by the North-Eastern Railway Company in 1904, and still larger engines were made for the Delaware and Hudson railroad. In 1905 they also offered petrol narrow-gauge railway locomotives.

The amazing Brennan mono-rail truck which gave rides at the Japan–British Exhibition at Shepherd's Bush in 1910, used a 20HP engine manufactured by the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car company to power the gyroscopic stabilisation and an 80HP Wolseley engine for the petrol-electric propulsion of the 22 ton vehicle.

Marine and aero-engines
While at first Wolseley supplied engines for launches, made for them by Teddington Launch Works, they moved on to small river craft and light coasting boats. The demand for engines for larger vessels grew. It was not uncommon for orders to be booked for 70 ft yachts, racing launches and ferry boats to carry fifty or more passengers. These were manufactured by S E Saunders Limited at Cowes, Isle of Wight. Special engines were made for lifeboats. In 1906 horizontal engines of sixteen cylinders were designed and constructed for British submarines. They were designed to run at a low speed. High efficiency V8 engines were made for hydroplanes as well as straight eights to run on petrol or paraffin. Weight was very important and these engines were of advanced design. The airship Mayfly was fitted with Wolseley engines.

A Ferdinand de Baeder (1865–1944), Belgian holder of Aviator's certificate No. 107, won Prix des Pilots, Prix des Arts et Metiers, Coupe Archdeacon, Prix Capitaine Berger at Châlons-en-Champagne in his Wolseley-engined Voisin biplane on 30 December 1909. By the summer of 1910 Wolseley were able to supply the following specially designed water-cooled aero-engines:
 * 30 hp 4-cylinder, bore and stroke: 3¾ x 5½ inches, displacement 5.85 litres
 * 60 hp V8-cylinder, bore and stroke: 3¾ x 5½ inches, displacement 11.7 litres.
 * They were soon followed by a 120 hp version

Commercial vehicles
From 1912 lorries and other commercial vehicles were supplied. Until the outbreak of war in 1914 Wolseley offered six types of commercial vehicle from 12 cwt delivery van to a five-ton lorry with a 40 hp engine.

Wolseley Motors Limited 1914
By 1913 Wolseley was Britain's largest car manufacturer selling 3,000 cars. The company was renamed Wolseley Motors Limited in 1914. It also began operations in Montreal and Toronto as Wolseley Motors Limited. This became British and American Motors after the First World War. In January 1914 the chairman, Sir Vincent Caillard, told shareholders they owned probably the largest motor-car producing company in the country and that its factory floor space now exceeded 17 acres.

First World War
Entering wartime as Britain's largest car manufacturer Wolseley initially contracted to provide cars for staff officers and ambulances. Government soon indicated their plant might be better used for supplies more urgently needed. Postwar the chairman, Sir Vincent Caillard, was able to report Wolseley had provided, quantities are approximate:
 * 3,600 motorcars and lorries including the equivalent in spare parts
 * 4,900 aeronautical engines including the equivalent in spare parts
 * 760 aeroplanes
 * 600 sets aeroplane spare wings and tailplanes
 * 6,000 airscrews of various types
 * Director firing gear for 27 battleships, 56 cruisers and 160 flotilla leaders and destroyers
 * 1,200 naval gun mountings and sights
 * 10 transmission mechanisms for rigid airships
 * 2,650,000 18-pounder shells
 * 300,000 Stokes's bombs

Aero engines produced in wartime included:
 * Renault eight and twelve-cylinder Vee-type
 * "Maybach" six-cylinder water-cooled 180 hp developed from a Maybach Zeppelin engine
 * The Dragonfly nine-cylinder air-cooled radial
 * Boucier fourteen-cylinder air-cooled radial
 * Hispano designed V8 known as the Viper. By 1918 sixty of these engine were being produced each week
 * Airship engines for the British Admiralty

The Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade's Field Ambulance developed an operating car, designed by Colonel H. Wade in 1914, which enclosed an operating table, sterilisers, full kit of instruments and surgical equipment, wire netting, rope, axes and electric lighting in a Wolseley car chassis. This operating car was employed during the Gallipoli Campaign at Suvla, in the Libyan Desert (during the Senussi Campaign) and at Kantara in Egypt, before being attached to the Desert Mounted Corps Operating Unit in 1917. Subsequently, taking part in the Southern Palestine Offensive, which culminated in the Capture of Jerusalem.

In 1918, Wolseley began a joint venture in Tokyo, with Ishikawajiama Ship Building and Engineering. The first Japanese-built Wolseley car rolled off the line in 1922. After World War II the Japan venture was reorganized, renaming itself Isuzu Motors in 1949.

Postwar expansion and collapse
Thomas Vickers died in 1915, and Albert Vickers in 1919, both having reached their eighties. During the war, Wolseley's manufacturing capacity had rapidly developed and expanded. Immediately postwar, the Vickers directors decided to manufacture cars in large quantities at relatively cheap prices. Demand was good. They would borrow money, purchase the whole Ward End site and further expand Wolseley's works. Vickers also decided to consolidate their motor car interests in one company. Wolseley accordingly purchased from within the Vickers group: Electric and Ordnance Accessories Company Limited, the Motor-Car (Stellite Car) Ordnance Department and the Timken Bearing Department and announced Wolseley's future car programme would be:
 * 1. 10 hp four-cylinder two or three-seater touring car based on the Wolseley designed Stellite car
 * 2. 15 hp four-cylinder four-seater touring car
 * 3. 20 hp six-cylinder chassis to be fitted with a variety of the best types of carriage work

Examples of all these models were exhibited at the Olympia Show in November 1919. The design of the 10 hp and 15 hp engines closely followed their wartime Hispano aero engine using an overhead camshaft. The public considered the 15 hp was too innovative and a new "14 hp" car using the same engine was hastily created to fill the gap. Wolseley duly took over the Ward End, Birmingham munitions factory from Vickers in 1919 and purchased a site for a new showroom and offices in London's Piccadilly by the Ritz Hotel. Over £250,000 was spent on the magnificent new building, Wolseley House. This was more than double their profits for 1919, when rewarding government contracts were still running. Those contracts ended. The government then brought in a special tax on "excess wartime profits". There was a moulders' strike from December 1919 to April 1920, but in spite of that it was decided to continue the manufacture of other parts. Then a short, sharp general trade slump peaked in July 1920 and almost every order Wolseley had on its books was cancelled. In 1920 Wolseley had reported a loss of £83,000. The following years showed even greater losses. Next, in October 1922, W R Morris startled the whole motor industry by a substantial reduction in the price of his cars. In 1924, Wolseley's annual loss would reach £364,000.

Ernest Hopwood had been appointed Managing Director in August 1909 following Siddeley's departure. He had resigned late in 1919 due to ill-health. A J McCormack who had been joint MD with Hopwood since 1911 resigned in November 1923 and was replaced by a committee of management. Then, at the end of October 1926, it was disclosed the company was bankrupt "to the tune of £2 million" and Sir Gilbert Garnsey and T W Horton had been appointed joint receivers and managers. It was described as "one of the most spectacular failures in the early history of the motor industry".

W R Morris

When Wolseley was auctioned by the receivers in February 1927 it was purchased by William Morris, later Viscount Nuffield for £730,000 using his own money. Possibly Morris acted to stop General Motors who subsequently bought Vauxhall.

Other bidders beside General Motors included the Austin Motor Company. Herbert Austin, Wolseley's founder, was said to have been very distressed that he was unable to buy it. Morris had bought an early taxicab; another Wolseley link with Morris was that his Morris Garages were Wolseley agents in Oxford.

Morris had unsuccessfully tried to produce a 6-cylinder car. He still wanted his range to include a light six-cylinder car. Wolseley's 2-litre six-cylinder 16–45, their latest development of their postwar Fifteen, "made a deep impression on him".

Morris incorporated a new company, Wolseley Motors (1927) Limited, he was later permitted to remove the (1927), and consolidated its production at the sprawling Ward End Works in Birmingham. He sold off large unwanted portions of Wolseley's Adderley Park plant with all his own Soho, Birmingham works and moved Morris Commercial Cars from Soho to the remainder of Adderley Park.

In 1919 Vickers had decided Wolseley should build relatively cheap cars in large quantity – as it turned out – not the right policy. Morris changed this policy before the Wolseley brand might have lost all its luxury reputation. After lengthy deliberation and re-tooling of the works he kept the 2-litre six-cylinder 16–45 Silent Six and introduced a four-cylinder version calling it 12–32. Then an eight-cylinder car was brought to market named 21–60. In September 1928 a six-cylinder 21–60 was announced primarily aimed at the export market and named Wolseley Messenger there. It remained in production until 1935. The Messenger was noted for its robust construction. A very deep section frame reached the full width of the body – incidentally providing the sill between running boards and body. The body itself was all-steel and its prototype was first in UK to have its whole side pressed in one.

Wolseley's postwar engines were all of the single overhead-camshaft type, the camshaft driven by a vertical shaft from the crankshaft. The eight-cylinder 21–60 held the vertical shaft in the centre of the engine, and both crankshaft and camshaft were divided at their midpoints. Their smallest engine of 847cc was designed and made for Morris's new Minor at Ward End with the camshaft drive's shaft the spindle of the dynamo driven by spiral bevel gears. But it was relatively expensive to build and inclined to oil leaks, so its design was modified to a conventional side-valve layout by Morris Engines, which was put into production just for Morris cars in 1932. Meanwhile, Wolseley expanded their original design from four to six cylinders. That six-cylinder single OHC engine announced in September 1930 powered the Wolseley Hornet and several famous MG models. This tiny 6-cylinder SOHC engine eventually was made in three different sizes and its camshaft drive continued to evolve from the dynamo's spindle to, in the end, an automatically tensioned single roller chain.

Morris Motors Limited
Morris transferred his personal ownership of Wolseley to Morris Motors Limited as of 1 July 1935 and shortly all Wolseley models were badge-engineered Morris designs.

Wolseley joined Morris, MG and later Riley/Autovia in the Morris Organisation later promoted as the Nuffield Organization

Postwar
After the war Wolseley left Adderley Park, Morris and Wolseley production was consolidated at Cowley. The first post-war Wolseleys, the similar 4/50 and 6/80 models used overhead camshaft Wolseley engines, were otherwise based on the Morris Oxford MO and Morris Six MS but given the traditional Wolseley radiator grille. The Wolseley 6/80 was the flagship of the company and incorporated the best styling and features. The Wolseley engine of the 6/80 was also superior to the Morris delivering a higher BHP. The car was well balanced and demonstrated excellent road holding for its time. The British police used these as their squad cars well into the late sixties.

BMC
Following the merger of Austin and Morris that created the British Motor Corporation (BMC), Wolseleys shared with MG and Riley common bodies and chassis, namely the 4/44 (later 15/50) and 6/90, which were closely related to the MG Magnette ZA/ZB and the Riley Pathfinder/Two-point-Six respectively.

In 1957 the Wolseley 1500 was based on the planned successor to the Morris Minor, sharing a bodyshell with the Riley One-Point-Five. The next year, the Wolseley 15/60 debuted the new mid-sized BMC saloon design penned by Pinin Farina. It was followed by similar vehicles from five marques within the year.

The Wolseley Hornet was based on the Austin and Morris Mini with a booted body style which was shared with Riley as the Elf. The 1500 was replaced with the Wolseley 1100 (BMC ADO16) in 1965, which became the Wolseley 1300 two years later. Finally, a version of the Austin 1800 was launched in 1967 as the Wolseley 18/85.

British Leyland
After the merger of BMC and Leyland to form British Leyland in 1969 the Riley marque, long overlapping with Wolseley, was retired. Wolseley continued in diminished form with the Wolseley Six of 1972, a variant of the Austin 2200, a six-cylinder version of the Austin 1800. It was finally killed off just three years later in favour of the Wolseley variant of the wedge-shaped 18–22 series saloon, which was never even given an individual model name, being badged just "Wolseley", and sold only for seven months until that range was renamed as the Princess. This change thus spelled the end of the Wolseley marque after 74 years.

As of 2012 the Wolseley marque is owned by SAIC Motor, having been acquired by its subsidiary Nanjing Automobile following the break-up of the MG Rover Group. The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machinery Company continued trading and is now Ferguson plc.

List of 1920s and 1930s Wolseley vehicles

 * Four-cylinder
 * 1919–1923 Wolseley Seven
 * 1919–1924 Wolseley Ten
 * 1919–1924 Wolseley Fifteen
 * 1922–1924 Wolseley Fourteen
 * 1924–1928 Wolseley 11/22
 * 1924–1927 Wolseley 16/35
 * 1929–1930 Wolseley 12/32
 * 1934–1935 Wolseley Nine
 * 1935–1936 Wolseley Wasp
 * 1936–1937 Wolseley 10/40
 * 1936–1939 Wolseley 12/48
 * 1939-1939 Wolseley Ten
 * Six-cylinder
 * 1919–1924 Wolseley Twenty
 * 1922–1924 Wolseley 24/30
 * 1924–1927 Wolseley 24/55
 * 1930–1936 Wolseley Hornet six OHC
 * 1927–1931 Wolseley 16/45
 * 1931–1932 Wolseley Viper (car)
 * 1928–1930 Wolseley 12/32
 * 1933–1935 Wolseley County
 * 1933–1935 Wolseley Sixteen
 * 1935–1936 Wolseley Fourteen
 * 1935-1935 Wolseley Eighteen
 * 1936–1938 Wolseley 14/56
 * 1937–1938 Wolseley 18/80
 * 1935–1937 Wolseley Super Six 16HP, 21HP, 25HP
 * 1938–1941 Wolseley 14/60
 * 1938–1941 Wolseley 16/65
 * 1938–1941 Wolseley 18/85 (also produced in 1944, for the military)
 * 1937–1940 Wolseley 16HP, 21HP, 25HP
 * Eight-cylinder
 * 1928–1931 Wolseley 21/60 Straight Eight Overhead Cam 2700cc (536 produced)
 * 1929–1930 Wolseley 32/80 Straight Eight Overhead Cam 4020cc (chassis only)

List of post-Second World War Wolseley vehicles
Wolseley often used a two-number system of model names. Until 1948, the first number was engine size in units of taxable horsepower as defined by the Royal Automobile Club. Thus, the 14/60 was rated at 14 hp (RAC) for tax purposes but actually produced 60 hp (45 kW). Later, the first number equalled the number of cylinders. After 1956, this number was changed to reflect the engine's displacement for four-cylinder cars. Therefore, the seminal 15/60 was a 1.5-litre engine capable of producing 60 hp (45 kW). Eventually, the entire naming system was abandoned.

 * Four-cylinder
 * 1939–1948 Wolseley Ten (Morris Ten)
 * 1937–1948 Wolseley 12/48 (Post war version was the Series III)
 * 1946–1948 Wolseley Eight similar to Morris Eight Series E
 * 1947–1955 Nuffield Oxford Taxi (Morris Commercial design)
 * 1948–1953 Wolseley 4/50 similar to Morris Oxford MO
 * 1952–1956 Wolseley 4/44
 * 1956–1958 Wolseley 15/50 (MG Magnette ZB)
 * 1957–1965 Wolseley 1500 (similar to Riley One-Point-Five, based on Morris Minor)
 * 1958–1961 Wolseley 15/60 (Austin A55 (Mark 2) Cambridge)
 * 1961–1969 Wolseley Hornet (similar to Riley Elf, based on Mini)
 * 1961–1971 Wolseley 16/60 (Austin A60 Cambridge)
 * 1965–1974 Wolseley 1100/1300
 * 1967–1971 Wolseley 18/85
 * 1968–???? Wolseley 11/55 (South African variant of ADO16)
 * Six-cylinder
 * 1938–1948 Wolseley 14/60 (Post war version was the Series III)
 * 1938–1948 Wolseley 18/85 (Post war version was the Series III)
 * 1938–1948 Wolseley 25 (Post war version was the Series III)
 * 1948–1954 Wolseley 6/80 (Morris Six)
 * 1954–1959 Wolseley 6/90 (Riley Pathfinder/Riley Two-Point-Six)
 * 1959–1961 Wolseley 6/99 (Austin A99 Westminster)
 * 1961–1968 Wolseley 6/110 (Austin A110 Westminster)
 * 1962–1965 Wolseley 24/80 (Australian version of 15/60 and 16/60, but six-cylinder; similar to Austin Freeway)
 * 1972–1975 Wolseley Six (BMC ADO17)
 * March–October 1975 Wolseley saloon (18–22 series)
 * Also produced (dates to be confirmed):
 * Wolseley 4/60 (Dutch version of 16/60)
 * Wolseley 300 (Danish version of 6/99 and 6/110)

Aero engines
Wolseley also produced a number of aircraft engine designs, although there were no major design wins.
 * Wolseley 30 hp 4-cyl. - 1908
 * Wolseley 50 hp V-8 air-cooled - 1909
 * Wolseley 54 hp V-8 water-cooled 3.74" x 5.00", 1909
 * Wolseley 80 hp Type B
 * Wolseley 60 hp Type C V-8
 * Wolseley 1912 160hp V-8
 * Wolseley Aquarius also known as A.R.7
 * Wolseley Aries, also known as A.R.9
 * Wolseley Scorpio - 250 hp version of AR9
 * Wolseley Leo - 280 hp version of AR9, not flown
 * Wolseley Libra - 390 hp version of AR9, not flown
 * Wolseley Python
 * Wolseley Viper
 * Wolseley Adder

Wolseley Aero Engines Ltd. was a subsidiary formed around 1931 to design aero engines. When Wolseley Motors Limited was transferred to Morris Motors Limited on 1 July 1935 this part of its business was set aside by William Morris, Lord Nuffield and put in the ownership of a newly incorporated company, Wolseley Aero Engines Ltd, and remained his personal property. By 1942 the name of that company had become Nuffield Mechanizations Limited. They were developing an advanced Wolseley radial aero engine of about 250 horsepower, but the project was abandoned in September 1936 when Nuffield got the fixed price I.T.P. (Intention to Proceed) contract papers (which would have required an army of chartered accountants) and decided to deal only with the War Office and Admiralty, not the Air Ministry (see Airspeed).

title: Wolseley Motors


text:
Talk:Helen Bevington

Untitled
Sorry about that first snafu of mine. I should have known better. I just wanted some info about her to be here. Wasn't thinking. Won't happen again.

I wrote a little something and arranged her book list by date. It's on the temp page at the moment (waiting for review?)

Sure hope someone knows more and can add to this.

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WPBiogaphy 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- KenWalker | Talk 05:34, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Helen Bevington


text:
Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an abnormal clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, abnormal cells deriving from bone marrow and capable of migrating from skin to lymph nodes.

Symptoms range from isolated bone lesions to multisystem disease. LCH is part of a group of syndromes called histiocytoses, which are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of histiocytes (an archaic term for activated dendritic cells and macrophages). These diseases are related to other forms of abnormal proliferation of white blood cells, such as leukemias and lymphomas.

The disease has gone by several names, including Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease, Hashimoto-Pritzker disease (a very rare self-limiting variant seen at birth) and histiocytosis X, until it was renamed in 1985 by the Histiocyte Society.

Classification
The disease spectrum results from clonal accumulation and proliferation of cells resembling the epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhans cells, sometimes called dendritic cell histiocytosis. These cells in combination with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and normal histiocytes form typical LCH lesions that can be found in almost any organ. A similar set of diseases has been described in canine histiocytic diseases.

LCH is clinically divided into three groups: unifocal, multifocal unisystem, and multifocal multisystem.

Unifocal
Unifocal LCH, also called eosinophilic granuloma (an older term which is now known to be a misnomer), is a disease characterized by an expanding proliferation of Langerhans cells in one organ, where they cause damage called lesions. It typically has no extraskeletal involvement, but rarely a lesion can be found in the skin, lungs, or stomach. It can appear as a single lesion in an organ, up to a large quantity of lesions in one organ. When multiple lesions are scattered throughout an organ, it can be called a multifocal unisystem variety. When found in the lungs, it should be distinguished from Pulmonary Langerhans cell hystiocytosis—a special category of disease most commonly seen in adult smokers. When found in the skin it is called cutaneous single system Langerhans cell LCH. This version can heal without therapy in some rare cases. This primary bone involvement helps to differentiate eosinophilic granuloma from other forms of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Letterer-Siwe or Hand-Schüller-Christian variant).

Multifocal unisystem
Seen mostly in children, multifocal unisystem LCH is characterized by fever, bone lesions and diffuse eruptions, usually on the scalp and in the ear canals. 50% of cases involve the pituitary stalk, often leading to diabetes insipidus. The triad of diabetes insipidus, exophthalmos, and lytic bone lesions is known as the Hand-Schüller-Christian triad. Peak onset is 2–10 years of age.

Multifocal multisystem
Multifocal multisystem LCH, also called Letterer-Siwe disease, is an often rapidly progressing disease in which Langerhans Cell cells proliferate in many tissues. It is mostly seen in children under age 2, and the prognosis is poor: even with aggressive chemotherapy, the five-year survival is only 50%.

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH)
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is a unique form of LCH in that it occurs almost exclusively in cigarette smokers. It is now considered a form of smoking-related interstitial lung disease. PLCH develops when an abundance of monoclonal CD1a-positive Langerhans (immature histiocytes) proliferate the bronchioles and alveolar interstitium, and this flood of histiocytes recruits granulocytes like eosinophils and neutrophils and agranulocytes like lymphocytes further destroying bronchioles and the interstitial alveolar space that can cause damage to the lungs. It is hypothesized that bronchiolar destruction in PLCH is first attributed to the special state of Langerhans cells that induce cytotoxic T-cell responses, and this is further supported by research that has shown an abundance of T-cells in early PLCH lesions that are CD4+ and present early activation markers. Some affected people recover completely after they stop smoking, but others develop long-term complications such as pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension.

Signs and symptoms

LCH provokes a non-specific inflammatory response, which includes fever, lethargy, and weight loss. Organ involvement can also cause more specific symptoms.
 * Bone: The most-frequently seen symptom in both unifocal and multifocal disease is painful bone swelling. The skull is most frequently affected, followed by the long bones of the upper extremities and flat bones. Infiltration in hands and feet is unusual. Osteolytic lesions can lead to pathological fractures.
 * Skin: Commonly seen are a rash which varies from scaly erythematous lesions to red papules pronounced in intertriginous areas. Up to 80% of LCH patients have extensive eruptions on the scalp.
 * Bone marrow: Pancytopenia with superadded infection usually implies a poor prognosis. Anemia can be due to a number of factors and does not necessarily imply bone marrow infiltration.
 * Lymph node: Enlargement of the liver in 20%, spleen in 30% and lymph nodes in 50% of Histiocytosis cases.
 * Endocrine glands: Hypothalamic pituitary axis commonly involved. Diabetes insipidus is most common. Anterior pituitary hormone deficiency is usually permanent.
 * Lungs: some patients are asymptomatic, diagnosed incidentally because of lung nodules on radiographs; others experience chronic cough and shortness of breath.
 * Less frequently gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and oral cavity.

Pathophysiology
The pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a matter of debate. There are ongoing investigations to determine whether LCH is a reactive (non-cancerous) or neoplastic (cancerous) process. Arguments supporting the reactive nature of LCH include the occurrence of spontaneous remissions, the extensive secretion of multiple cytokines by dendritic cells and bystander-cells (a phenomenon known as cytokine storm) in the lesional tissue, favorable prognosis and relatively good survival rate in patients without organ dysfunction or risk organ involvement.

On the other hand, the infiltration of organs by monoclonal population of pathologic cells, and the successful treatment of subset of disseminated disease using chemotherapeutic regimens are all consistent with a neoplastic process. In addition, a demonstration, using X chromosome–linked DNA probes, of LCH as a monoclonal proliferation provided additional support for the neoplastic origin of this disease. While clonality is an important attribute of cancer, its presence does not prove that a proliferative process is neoplastic. Recurrent cytogenetic or genomic abnormalities would also be required to demonstrate convincingly that LCH is a malignancy.

An activating somatic mutation of a proto-oncogene in the Raf family, the BRAF gene, was detected in 35 of 61 (57%) LCH biopsy samples with mutations being more common in patients younger than 10 years (76%) than in patients aged 10 years and older (44%). This study documented the first recurrent mutation in LCH samples. Two independent studies have confirmed this finding. Presence of this activating mutation could support the notion to characterize LCH as myeloproliferative disorder.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is confirmed histologically by tissue biopsy. Hematoxylin-eosin stain of biopsy slide will show features of Langerhans Cell e.g. distinct cell margin, pink granular cytoplasm. Presence of Birbeck granules on electron microscopy and immuno-cytochemical features e. g. CD1 positivity are more specific. Initially routine blood tests e.g. full blood count, liver function test, U&Es, bone profile are done to determine disease extent and rule out other causes.

Imaging may be evident in chest X-rays with micronodular and reticular changes of the lungs with cyst formation in advanced cases. MRI and High-resolution CT may show small, cavitated nodules with thin-walled cysts. MRI scan of the brain can show three groups of lesions such as tumourous/granulomatous lesions, nontumourous/granulomatous lesions, and atrophy. Tumourous lesions are usually found in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis with space-occupying lesions with or without calcifications. In non-tumourous lesions, there is a symmetrical hyperintense T2 signal with hypointense or hyperintense T1 signal extending from grey matter into the white matter. In the basal ganglia, MRI shows a hyperintense T1 signal in the globus pallidus.

Assessment of endocrine function and bone marrow biopsy are also performed when indicated.
 * S-100 protein is expressed in a cytoplasmic pattern
 * peanut agglutinin (PNA) is expressed on the cell surface and perinuclearly
 * major histocompatibility (MHC) class II is expressed (because histiocytes are macrophages)
 * CD1a
 * langerin (CD207), a Langerhans Cell–restricted protein that induces the formation of Birbeck granules and is constitutively associated with them, is a highly specific marker.

Treatment
Guidelines for management of patients up to 18 years with Langerhans cell histiocytosis have been suggested. Treatment is guided by extent of disease. Solitary bone lesion may be amenable through excision or limited radiation, dosage of 5-10 Gy for children, 24-30 Gy for adults. However systemic diseases often require chemotherapy. Use of systemic steroid is common, singly or adjunct to chemotherapy. Local steroid cream is applied to skin lesions. Endocrine deficiency often require lifelong supplement e.g. desmopressin for diabetes insipidus which can be applied as nasal drop. Chemotherapeutic agents such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids either singly or in combination can lead to complete remission in diffuse disease.

Prognosis
There is a general excellent prognosis for the disease as those with localized disease have a long life span. With multi-focal disease 60% have a chronic course, 30% achieve remission and mortality is up to 10%. A full recovery can be expected for people who seek treatment and do not have more lesions at 12 and 24 months. However, 50% of children under 2 with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis die of the disease. The prognosis rate decreases for patients who experience lung involvement. Whereas patients with skin and a solitary lymph node involvement generally have a good prognosis. Although there is a general good prognosis for Langerhans cell histiocytosis, approximately 50% of patients with the disease are prone to various complications such as musculoskeletal disability, skin scarring and diabetes insipidus.

Prevalence
LCH usually affects children between 1 and 15 years old, with a peak incidence between 5 and 10 years of age. Among children under the age of 10, yearly incidence is thought to be 1 in 200,000; and in adults even rarer, in about 1 in 560,000. It has been reported in elderly but is vanishingly rare. It is most prevalent in Caucasians, and affects males twice as often as females. In other populations too the prevalence in males is slightly more than in females.

LCH is usually a sporadic and non-hereditary condition but familial clustering has been noted in limited number of cases. Hashimoto-Pritzker disease is a congenital self-healing variant of Hand-Schüller-Christian disease.

Culture
In the 10th episode of season 3 of House entitled "Merry Little Christmas", the primary patient is a girl with dwarfism who has a variety of symptoms, who is ultimately diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Also in the 5th episode, season 1 of "The Good Doctor", Dr. Murphy tries to diagnose Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a boy with a previously diagnosed osteosarcoma.In an episode of Mystery Diagnosis, "The Woman Who Saw Pink", Brooke Rohrer has experiencing symptoms of abdominal pain, was diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Nomenclature
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is occasionally misspelled as "Langerhan" or "Langerhan's" cell histiocytosis, even in authoritative textbooks. The name, however, originates back to its discoverer, Paul Langerhans.

title: Langerhans cell histiocytosis


text:
User:Weyoun6/sandbox

Almost Live
I'm working on an article about Almost Live, but i've temporarily stored it here.

Almost Live was a skit and standup comedy show simliar to Saturday Night Live and the Tonight Show. It aired in the Seattle Area from 1984 thru 1999. Unlike most comedy shows, it focused on local humor and inside jokes. Many of the cast are recognizable local stars, the most notable being Bill Nye. Although it mostly aired locally, it did have a running on...

title: User:Weyoun6/sandbox


text: Talk:Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

title: Talk:Douglas Fairbanks Jr.


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Honoré II, Prince of Monaco

Honoré II (24 December 1597 – 10 January 1662) was Prince of Monaco from 1604 to 1662. He was the first to be called Prince (in 1612), but started his reign as Lord of Monaco.

Early life
Honoré II was born on 24 December 1597. He was the son of Hercule, Lord of Monaco (24 September 1562 – 21 November 1604) and Maria Landi. His father was murdered when he was six, and he succeeded under the regency of his uncle, Frederico Landi, 4th Prince of Val di Taro. Landi was a loyal ally and friend of Spain and allowed the country to be occupied by Spanish troops in 1605. The inhabitants of Monaco were prohibited to carry arms and the Prince and his two sisters were moved to Milan. The Council of Monaco tried to limit Spanish power but the occupation lasted until 1614, and a strong Spanish influence remained until 1633, when it recognized Honoré as a sovereign prince.

Adulthood
From adulthood, Honoré started to criticize Spain and turned to France for support. Louis XIII gave him the support he needed and this resulted in the Treaty of Péronne. This ended Spanish rule and put Monaco under French protection, recognizing and guaranteeing Monegasque sovereignty. As a consequence Honoré lost his Spanish and Italian possessions, but was compensated by King Louis XIII of France with the marquisate Les Baux and the title of Duke of Valentinois.

During his reign he did much to extend, rebuild and transform the Genoese fortress that was the Grimaldi's stronghold into what is today Monaco's Princely Palace.

Marriage and family
On 13 February 1616 he married Ippolita Trivulzio (d. 1638). The couple had one son.
 * Ercole Grimaldi, Marquis of Baux (1623 – 2 August 1651); married on 4 July 1641 to Maria Aurelia Spinola (d. 29 September 1670)
 * Louis (25 July 1642 – 3 January 1701)
 * Marie Hippolyte (8 May 1644 – 8 October 1694)
 * Jeanne Marie (b. 4 June 1645)
 * Thérèse Marie (4 September 1648 – 20 July 1723) ancestress of Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina

After Hercules (Ercole, age 27) was killed in firearms accident, Louis became Honoré's heir at the age of 9.

Death and legacy
Honoré died on 10 January 1662. He was interred in the Cathedral of St. Nicholas (it stood on the location of the current cathedral) in Monaco.

A collector's silver coin has been issued by the Treasury of Monaco portraying Honoré II on the occasion of the 400th anniversary (1612 – 2012) of the use of the title "Sovereign Prince." The silver coin has a €10 face value.

title: Honoré II, Prince of Monaco


text: User talk:4.40.35.15

title: User talk:4.40.35.15


text: User talk:130.212.151.133

title: User talk:130.212.151.133


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User talk:Michaelkhw

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Please do not create articles unless you know about what you want to write about and have finished writing it. Your MarkShew article is so vague that I deleted it. There must be more to say about it. I don't even know if it is a person, place or thing. What is it famous for? Academic Challenger 03:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Michaelkhw


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Letlhakane diamond mine

The Letlhakane diamond mine is a diamond mine located in Botswana about 190 km west of the city of Francistown. Letlhakane, meaning "little reeds", is owned by Debswana, a partnership between the De Beers company and the government of Botswana. It is the second oldest of four mines operated by the company, having begun operations in 1975.

Letlhakane is of open pit construction. In 2003, the mine produced 1.06 million carats (212 kg) of diamond. The recoverable ore grade at the mine was about 0.26 carats (52 mg) per ton. The ore produced at Letlhakane used to be processed at a processing plant at its sister mine, Orapa diamond mine, about 50 km distant. The Letlhakane mine is also managed from the Orapa mine.

In 2015, over 2.1 million tons per year of ore was mined, and over 2.3 million tons was treated, resulting in 583000 carat of diamonds.

Ceasing Open Pit Operations
As of 2017, the Letlhakane Mine ceased open pit operations and completed a plant for the processing of tailings. This is expected to extend the life of the operations at this facility until 2043.

title: Letlhakane diamond mine


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Hydrops fetalis

Hydrops fetalis or hydrops foetalis is a condition in the fetus characterized by an accumulation of fluid, or edema, in at least two fetal compartments. By comparison, hydrops allantois or hydrops amnion is an accumulation of excessive fluid in the allantoic or amniotic space, respectively.

Signs and symptoms
Locations can include the subcutaneous tissue on the scalp, the pleura (pleural effusion), the pericardium (pericardial effusion) and the abdomen (ascites). Edema is usually seen in the fetal subcutaneous tissue, sometimes leading to spontaneous abortion. It is a prenatal form of heart failure, in which the heart is unable to satisfy demand (in most cases abnormally high) for blood flow.

Causes
Hydrops fetalis usually stems from fetal anemia, when the heart needs to pump a much greater volume of blood to deliver the same amount of oxygen. This anemia can have either an immune or non-immune cause. Non-immune hydrops can also be unrelated to anemia, for example if a fetal tumor or congenital pulmonary airway malformation increases the demand for blood flow. The increased demand for cardiac output leads to heart failure, and corresponding edema.

Immune pathophysiology
Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as Rh disease, is the only immune cause of hydrops fetalis. Rh disease is a hemolytic disease of newborns. Pregnant mothers do not always have the same blood type as their child. During birth or throughout the pregnancy, the mother may be exposed to the infant's blood. In the event of a pregnancy where the fetus has the Rh-D blood antigen and the mother does not, the mother's immune system will respond to the red blood cells as foreign and create antibodies against the Rh-D antigen on the fetal blood cells. Rh disease develops in the event of a second pregnancy where the mother's immune system launches an attack, via IgG, against the infant's Rh-D positive blood cells. The immune response results in hemolysis of fetal red blood cells causing severe anemia.

Hemolysis caused by the Rh incompatibility, causes extramedullary hematopoiesis in the fetal liver and bone marrow. The push to make more erythroblasts to help compensate with the hemolysis over works the liver causing hepatomegaly. The resulting liver dysfunction decreases albumin output which in turn decreases oncotic pressure. Consequentially, the decrease in pressure results in overall peripheral edema and ascites.

Rh disease is currently an uncommon cause of immune-mediated hydrops fetalis. Due to preventative methods developed in the 1970s, the incidence of Rh disease has markedly declined. Rh disease can be prevented by administration of anti-D IgG (Rho(D) Immune Globulin) injections to RhD-negative mothers during pregnancy and/or within 72 hours of the delivery. However, a small percentage of pregnant mothers are still susceptible to Rh disease even after receiving anti-D IgG (Rho(D) Immune Globulin).

Non-immune pathophysiology
Severe anemia leads to hyperdynamic circulation, which means high-output cardiac failure causes the blood to circulate rapidly. The excessive pumping of blood causes the left side of the heart to fail leading to pulmonary edema. The build up of fluid in the lungs increases the pressure in the lungs leading to vasoconstriction. The coupled vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension causes the right side of the heart to fail which in turn, increases the venous hydrostatic pressure in the body. The summation of these effects ultimately leads to peripheral edema and ascites. All in all, the left side failure of the heart will lead to pulmonary edema whereas right side failure will lead to peripheral edema and ascites. The non-immune form of hydrops fetalis has many causes including:

 * Iron deficiency anemia
 * Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia resulting in heart failure
 * Deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. This enzyme deficiency is the cause of the lysosomal storage disease called mucopolysaccharidosis type VII.
 * Congenital disorders of glycosylation
 * Parvovirus B19 (fifth disease) infection of the pregnant woman (most common cause)
 * Cytomegalovirus in mother
 * Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (formerly called congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation)
 * Maternal syphilis and maternal diabetes mellitus
 * Alpha-thalassemia can also cause hydrops fetalis when all four of the genetic loci for α globin are deleted or affected by mutation. This is termed Hb Barts (consists of y-4 tetramers).
 * Uncommonly, Niemann-Pick disease Type C (NPC) and Gaucher disease type 2 can present with hydrops fetalis.
 * Turner syndrome
 * Tumors, the most common type of fetal tumor being teratoma, particularly a sacrococcygeal teratoma.
 * Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in pregnancies in which twins share a single placenta (hydrops affects the recipient twin)
 * Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS)
 * Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAPS)
 * Maternal hyperthyroidism
 * Fetal cardiac defects and skeletal defects
 * Noonan syndrome
 * Mirror syndrome, in which fetal and placental hydrops develops in association with maternal preeclampsia, edema and hypertension
 * Down syndrome

Diagnosis
Hydrops fetalis can be diagnosed and monitored by ultrasound scans. An official diagnosis is made by identifying excess serous fluid in at least one space (ascites, pleural effusion, of pericardial effusion) accompanied by skin edema (greater than 5 mm thick). A diagnosis can also be made by identifying excess serous fluid in two potential spaces without accompanying edema. Prenatal ultrasound scanning enables early recognition of hydrops fetalis and has been enhanced with the introduction of MCA Doppler.

Treatment
The treatment depends on the cause and stage of the pregnancy.

 * Severely anemic fetuses, including those with Rh disease and alpha thalassemia major, can be treated with blood transfusions while still in the womb. This treatment increases the chance that the fetus will survive until birth.
 * Therapy for Cardiac tachyarrhythmia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, or atrial fibrillation etiologies are maternal transplacental administration of antiarrhythmic medication(s). This type of treatment is recommended unless the fetus is close to term.
 * Therapy for Fetal anemia caused by a parvovirus infection or fetomaternal hemorrhage is fetal blood sampling followed by intrauterine transfusion. This treatment at an advanced gestational age poses risks and should not be performed if the risks associated with delivery are considered to be less than those associated with the procedure.
 * Fetal hydrothorax, chylothorax, or large pleural effusion associated with bronchopulmonary sequestration should be treated using a Fetal needle drainage of effusion or placement of thoracoamniotic shunt. This procedure can be performed prior to delivery if gestational age is advanced.
 * Hydrops Fetalis resulting from fetal CPAM can be treated using either a fetal needle drainage of effusion or placement of thoracoamniotic shunt or a maternal administration of corticosteroids, betamethasone 12.5 mg IM q24 h × 2 doses or dexamethasone 6.25 mg IM q12 h × 4 doses.
 * Therapy for hydrops fetalis derived from TTTS or TAPS requires laser ablation of placental anastomoses or selective termination.
 * Therapy for hydrops fetalis derived from TRAPS requires percutaneous radio frequency ablation.

title: Hydrops fetalis