text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Rock carvings at Alta/archive1

Rock carvings at Alta
I recently did a complete rewrite of the article after the original article was marked as a copyvio; I think my rewrite approaches Featured Article quality, but I'd like some other people to look over it. I'm a bit unsure about the large proportion of possible interpretations (which are necessarily conjectural) as opposed to the relatively small amount of hard facts, but that seems to be necessitated by the article's topic. There are also some points that might need fact-checking by someone really well informed about early Norwegian history (my main reference work dates from 1996, and there seems to be an ongoing debate on the dating of lots of the carvings - different online sources date the most recent carvings as far apart as 500 BC and 500 AD). There's also an ugly redlink to Komsa I would like ot get rid of - I could probably create a good stub about the Komsa culture, but I'm not an expert in that field, so I'd really appreciate some input there -- Ferkelparade π 10:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking good, interesting article. I'd make the following suggestions and comments: 1. an expanded lead section summarising more of the article content; 2. I think it needs a paragraph or two about the Komsa culture - who were their ancestors, and what is the relation between Komsa, Sami and Norse culture?  3. If possible it would be good to cite a reference for the suggestion that the land was rising rapidly immediately post-glaciation. 4. Are the carvings unique to the Alta region or are there other carvings in northern Norway?  Any theories on why Alta has so many carvings? Worldtraveller 10:55, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input. I expanded the intro section a bit, is it better now? I'm also trying to dig up a reference for the rapid rise of land, but that proves to be difficult...all history and archaeology books i have consulted just state the rise as a well-known fact, and I have not found anything in geological papers so far (I have little specific knowledge of geology and no access to any special books, so if anyone else could find a reference, I'd be very grateful). Points 2 and 4 are a bit more difficult to address because so little is known definitely about that period and there's so much conjecture involved. I tried to elaborate a bit in the Komsa article (which I just created to get rid of the redlink, although it's very stubby at the moment) - do you think that's sufficient? -- Ferkelparade π 14:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The intro is looking better, content-wise - I'm a bit of a traditionalist on that though and I do like to see three nicely sized paras. Up to you though.  Good to see the stub for Komsa, that's a help, but the article might want to be a bit clearer on what the relationship is thought to be between Sami and Komsa culture.  Sorry if this is something that's just not possible at the current level of understanding, but the article seems to blur the lines a bit by mentioning that the period over which the carvings were created saw the emergence of Sami culture, but without saying whether or not they were the descendents of the people who began the carvings.
 * Regarding the post-glacial uplift rates, I found a paper that quotes the original research, which doesn't itself seem to be online. I think you can probably trust this paper to have quoted the original research accurately, it's not controversial, so quote a paper that he quotes. Worldtraveller 14:47, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks, I just added another paper as a reference...I'll have a look at the paper you found and see if it makes more sense to change the reference.
 * The origins of the Sami people and theri relation to their predecessors is unfortunately a bit of a controversial subject, but I agree that the article at the moment is a bit blurry...I'll dig around for some more references and try to think of a way of more accurately reflecting th ecurren tresearch situation in the article. -- Ferkelparade π 14:51, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Worldtraveller, very respectfully, I think it might be overkill to put in a source specifically for the rapid post-glacial land rise, I do believe it's a well-known and uncontroversial fact. (An academic paper would reference it, no doubt.) --Bishonen|Talk 18:49, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought that myself, as it's really quite tangential to the article - it's just that although post-glacial uplift is certainly uncontroversial, I was very surprised by the suggestion that it might have at one time been large enough to be noticeable over a human lifetime, so I thought that might be worth referencing. Perhaps a link to an appropriate Wikipedia article would be appropriate, although I've just checked and post-glacial rebound doesn't talk about the rate of rebound. Worldtraveller 19:26, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Right, post-glacial rebound now mentions uplift rates :) Worldtraveller 11:46, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Great, nice to see how work on one article leads to expansion in lots of only marginally related areas :) I added a link to post-glacial rebound and elaborated a bit on the possible connections to Sami and Komsa culture; maybe someone wants to look over my phrasing in that paragraph, I'm not too sure it's really brilliant prose -- Ferkelparade π 12:57, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, you've listed three webpages as sources for the possible copyvio. Why not use them properly as references if they are good sites? The article currently only has 2 references which seems pretty meager. Any other quality references would work too. Also, the lead section still feels pretty short for an article this size. It would be better if it were two or three paragraphs that size summarizing more of the most important aspects of the topic. It is ok to be redundant, think of it as the executive summary before the details. All the information should be there for someone that only wants to read that. I don't know if there is significant other material that needs to be covered, as I know nearly nothing about the topic, but overall the article looks very good. Just wait out the copyvio issue and get some other good sources and you'll have a great FAC I'd think. - Taxman 00:52, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * The copyvio sources are from a commercial website that sells photographs of the carvings and includes small info blurbs on the carvings on every page - not exactly an academic resource, and I don't think we should link to commercial sites as references. Finding reputable online references for Alta turned out to be more difficult than I expected - Google gives hundreds of results, but almost all of the sites are of the type "Hi, I'm uncle Jimmy, and I've been on holiday in Norway". Unless I find one with a really good photo gallery, I don't really want to link to any of these pages :P I found a handful more sources, though...I'll add them and work on the intro a bit more -- Ferkelparade π 08:56, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I finally resolved the copyvio situation, the article now resides at its proper title. If nobody has any more suggestions for improvement of the article, I'll move on to FAC...thanks to everyone for your input! -- Ferkelparade π 08:27, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Parasyte

Just another geek contributor. Perhaps I'll add something more substantial here later.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Parasyte


text:
Masurius Sabinus

Masurius Sabinus, also Massurius, was a Roman jurist who lived in the time of Tiberius (reigned 14–37 AD). Unlike most jurists of the time, he was not of senatorial rank and was admitted to the equestrian order only rather late in life, by virtue of his exceptional ability and imperial patronage. Masurius was the first person to give "state-certified opinions" (publice respondere), a privilege granted by the emperor which marked increasing imperial control over the judicial process after the end of the Roman Republic. Before the Principate of Augustus, the value of legal opinions was based on the expertise of those who gave them. The passage in the Digest of Justinian that discusses the granting of Masurius's authority is thus a pivotal point in the history of Roman law.

Masurius was a leader of the Sabiniani, a school or sect of legal thought in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. He was succeeded by a line of jurists including Gnaeus Arulenus Caelius Sabinus (consul 69 AD), Gaius Cassius Longinus (hence adherents of the school are also referred to as the Cassiani), Javolenus Priscus, and Salvius Julianus. Gaius Ateius Capito was the founder of the school. They were rivals to the Proculiani, named after Proculus, but despite many references in Gaius to their controversies, it is hard to disentangle consistent views for each. Gaius seems to have counted himself among the Sabinians. It may be that the Sabinian school were strict constructivists, while the Proculians exercised greater latitude in their arguments.

Masurius's principal work was a treatise on civil law (ius civile) in three volumes, which had extensive influence. Later jurists such as Ulpian wrote commentaries on his work, but preserved no excerpts.

title: Masurius Sabinus


text:
SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne

Sporting Union Agen Lot-et-Garonne, commonly referred to as SU Agen, Agen or SUALG, is a French professional rugby union club based in Agen, Lot-et-Garonne that competes in the Pro D2, France's second division of rugby.

Founded in 1908, Agen is one of the historic clubs in French rugby, having won the French Championship eight times. Its home ground is the Stade Armandie and traditional club colours are navy blue and white.

The club is renowned for its youth system and its academy structure.

History
The club was established in 1900. They made their first championship final in the 1930 season, where they met US Quillan, and defeated them 4 points to nil in Bordeaux, and thus capturing their first championship title. The club experienced some success in the coming years in the Challenge Yves du Manoir competition as well; winning it in the 1932 season and then becoming runners-up to Lyon OU in the 1933 season.

Agen would have another successful run in the 1940s, beginning with the 1943 season when they defeated Stade Bordelais 11 to 4 to win the Coupe de France. That season they also made it to the championship final; though they were defeated by Aviron Bayonnais 3 points to nil at Parc des Princes in Paris.

In 1945 they again won the title of the French championship, defeating FC Lourdes 7 points to 3 in the final in Paris. The championship was one of two titles that season, as Agen also won the Coupe de France, defeating Montferrand 14 to 13. Agen featured in one more championship that decade, losing to Toulouse 10 points to 3.

Agen were relatively quiet during the 1950s, though they again rose to prominence during the 1960s. In 1962 they again became of the champions of France after defeating Béziers 14 points to 11 in the season final. The following season they won the Challenge Yves du Manoir, defeating Brive 11 points to nil in the final. Agen became the French champions on two more occasions during the 1960s, defeating Brive in 1965 and then Dax in 1966.

The club had another successful run during the 1970s, starting with an unsuccessful Challenge Yves du Manoir final, losing to Toulon 25 points to 22. They were unsuccessful again in 1975 in the Challenge Yves du Manoir, losing to Béziers 16 points to 12 in the final. However they would then meet Béziers in the championship final of the 1976 season, and defeat them 13 to 10 to win their first championship since 1966.

Agen went through period of success in the 1980s after winning the championship in 1982, defeating Aviron Bayonnais 18 points to 9 in the final. The following season they won the Challenge Yves du Manoir as well after defeating Toulon 29 points to 7. In 1984 they again contested the championship final, though they eventually lost it to Béziers. They unsuccessfully contested it again in 1986, losing to Toulouse 16 to 6. They were also runners-up in the 1987 Challenge Yves du Manoir, losing to Grenoble. However, in 1988 they again won the championship, defeating Stadoceste Tarbais 9 to 3 in the final.

They contested the final again in the 1990 season, losing to Racing Club de France 22 points to 12. In 1992 they won the Challenge Yves du Manoir, defeating RC Narbonne 23 to 18.

Professional era
In 1998 they played in their first European cup final, the European Challenge Cup, losing to fellow French team US Colomiers 43 to 5 in the final. On June 8, 2002 they lost to Biarritz Olympique in the championship final.

In recent years, one of their biggest stars has been Fijian winger Rupeni Caucaunibuca. He led the team in tries in 2005 and 2006, and led Pro D2 in that category during Agen's most recent promotion season in 2010. However, he would be dismissed from the team in September 2010 after failing to report to the team for preseason workouts (several weeks later, he would reemerge at Toulouse).

Honours

 * French championship Top 14
 * Champions (8): 1930, 1945, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1976, 1982, 1988
 * Runners-up (6): 1943, 1947, 1984, 1986, 1990, 2002
 * European Rugby Challenge Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1998
 * Challenge Yves du Manoir
 * Champions (4): 1932, 1963, 1983, 1992
 * Runners-up (4): 1933, 1970, 1975, 1987
 * French Cup
 * Champions (2): 1943, 1945
 * Pro D2
 * Champions: 2010
 * Promotion playoff winners: 2015, 2017

Current squad
The Agen squad for the 2023–24 season is:

Notable former players

 * 🇦🇷 Belisario Agulla
 * 🇦🇷 Eusebio Guiñazú
 * 🇦🇷 Omar Hasan
 * 🇦🇺 Scott Daruda
 * 🇦🇺 Junior Pelesasa
 * 🇨🇦 Colin Yukes
 * 🇨🇦 Jason Marshall
 * 🇨🇱 Sergio Valdes
 * 🇨🇮 Silvère Tian
 * 🏴 Andrew Springgay
 * Rupeni Caucaunibuca
 * Osea Kolinisau
 * Taniela Rawaqa
 * Saïmoni Vaka
 * 🇫🇷 Mathieu Barrau
 * 🇫🇷 Guy Basquet
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Paul Baux
 * 🇫🇷 Christian Béguerie
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Baptiste Bédère
 * 🇫🇷 Abdelatif Benazzi
 * 🇫🇷 René Bénésis
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Benetton
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Berbizier
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Bérot
 * 🇫🇷 Paul Biémouret
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Bonetti
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Boubée
 * 🇫🇷 Guillaume Bouic
 * 🇫🇷 Christian Califano
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Campan
 * 🇫🇷 Georges Carabignac
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Clavé
 * 🇫🇷 Valentin Courrent
 * 🇫🇷 David Couzinet
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-François Coux
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Jacques Crenca
 * 🇫🇷 Marc Dal Maso
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Louis Dehez
 * 🇫🇷 Christian Delage
 * 🇫🇷 Daniel Dubroca
 * 🇫🇷 Yves Duffaut
 * 🇫🇷 Brice Dulin
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Louis Dupont
 * 🇫🇷 Sylvain Dupuy
 * 🇫🇷 Louis Echave
 * 🇫🇷 Pépito Elhorga
 * 🇫🇷 Dominique Erbani
 * 🇫🇷 Albert Ferrasse
 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Fort
 * 🇫🇷 François Gelez
 * 🇫🇷 Éric Gleyze
 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Gratton
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Guilleux
 * 🇫🇷 Marius Guiral
 * 🇫🇷 Francis Haget
 * 🇫🇷 Cédric Heymans
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Claude Hiquet
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Labrousse
 * 🇫🇷 Bernard Lacombe
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Lacroix
 * 🇫🇷 Luc Lafforgue
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Lamaison
 * 🇫🇷 Grégoire Lascubé
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Lasserre
 * 🇫🇷 Serge Lassoujade
 * 🇫🇷 Marcel Laurent
 * 🇫🇷 Bernard Lavigne
 * 🇫🇷 Joël Llop
 * 🇫🇷 Matthieu Lièvremont
 * 🇫🇷 Gérard Magnac
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Claude Malbet
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Manas
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Matheu-Cambas
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Michel Mazas
 * 🇫🇷 Patrick Mazzer
 * 🇫🇷 Jérôme Miquel
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Monribot
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Porcu
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Sarraméa
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Sella
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Sitjar
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Seigne
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Louis Tolot
 * 🇫🇷 Bruno Tolot
 * 🇫🇷 Max Vigerie
 * 🇫🇷 Bernard Viviès
 * Irakli Machkhaneli
 * Giorgi Nemsadze
 * Anton Peikrishvili
 * Konstantin Mikautadze
 * Beka Sheklashvili
 * Denis Fogarty
 * 🇮🇹 Santiago Dellapè
 * 🇮🇹 Alessio Galasso
 * 🇮🇹 Aaron Persico
 * 🇮🇹 Francesco Zani
 * 🇲🇦Djalil Narjissi
 * 🇳🇿 Ben Blair
 * 🇳🇿 Richard Fromont
 * 🇳🇿 Billy Fulton
 * 🇳🇿 Kees Meeuws
 * 🇳🇿 John Schwalger
 * Sorin Socol
 * Adri Badenhorst
 * Conrad Barnard
 * Daniel (Neil) du Plessis
 * Gert Muller
 * Ross Skeate
 * Conrad Stoltz
 * 🇷🇺 Kirill Kulemin
 * Viliamu Afatia
 * François Tardieu
 * 🇹🇴 Lisiate Faʻaoso
 * 🇹🇴 Uelini Fono
 * 🇹🇴 Opeti Fonua
 * 🇹🇴 Semisi Telefoni
 * 🇺🇸 Inaki Basauri
 * 🇺🇸 Kevin Swiryn
 * 🏴 Luke Hamilton
 * 🏴 Jamie Robinson

title: SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Turing test/archive1

Turing test
A most interesting, thought-provoking topic.
 * Object. Not enough explanations, and insufficiently sourced. Citing the paper as reference simply isn't enough, since the article makes a assertion about the redaction of the paper (did Turing himself say it was inspired by the imitation party game? when did he state that he proposed the test in order to replace the 'can computers think?' question). If those answers are all in the paper, then please quote it and indicate which section(s) was quoted. This applies particularly to the 'Objections' section. Some of the items listed there need more explanation (how does originality relate to 'Lady Lovelace'?). The 'Discussion of relevance' section is a perfect example of wishy-washy writing ('it has been argued', etc.) Except for the first item, there is no mention of who raised these objections, and the prose gets a little too casual for my taste (frequent use of we, numerous unverifiable/dubious assertions: 'many humans would probably fail this test', 'machines passing the test would probably most vehemently disagree'). Also, in my opinion, the contents of the 'Terminology' section might just as well be integrated into the lead section. Phils 10:50, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Sorry, very plain to read... could do with sections re-ordering and an obligatory pic --PopUpPirate 00:00, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * As a note, pictures are not obligatory. They are only obligatory for articles on the front page. A diagram or somthing in this instance would be nice though. BrokenSegue 00:33, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. I agree that the sections could be re-ordered, and that a diagram could be useful.  I added two references, with brief amounts of material drawn from both and inserted into the appropriate places.  One could definitely do more using Kurzweil's The Age of Intelligent Machines, which seems to be the last useful book he wrote on the subject.  Also, someone should find a copy of HAL's Legacy, a compendium of essays by various authors, which I recall speaks meaningfully on the Turing test and related topics.  (I wrote an SF novel on the subject in tenth grade, but I wouldn't recommend that anybody read that.  Ooh, heavens no.)  Anville 20:23, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
FC Auch Gers

Football Club Auch Gers is a French rugby union club based in Auch in Midi-Pyrénées most recently playing in the promotion-eligible pool of Fédérale 1. In recent years, they have mainly bounced between the first-level Top 14 and Pro D2. In a five-year stretch between 2003 and 2004 and 2007–08, they were either promoted or relegated four times—promoted to the then-Top 16 as champions of Pro D2 in 2004, relegated in 2005, promoted as Pro D2 champions again in 2007, and relegated as bottom finisher in 2008. Founded in 1891, the club plays at Stade Jacques Fouroux (capacity 7,000); its players wear red and white.

Auch was founded in 1897. They were runners-up in the 2001 League Cup competition, losing to Montferrand (Clermont) in the final. In the 2000s they were playing in the second division on French rugby, and in the 2002–03 season they made the semi-finals toward promotion but were defeated by Montpellier. However the following season they were promoted to the top league, defeating Bayonne in the Pro D2 final.

However they were relegated back down to Pro D2 for the 2005–06 season. Nonetheless, they were also winners of the European Shield, reprechage tournament for teams knocked out in the first round of the European Challenge Cup that season. They defeated English club Worcester in the final.

At the end of the 2013–2014 season, the club was relegated to the amateur Fédérale 1. At the close of 2016–2017, bankruptcy was declared. The professional club was dissolved after financial rescue efforts failed. The lower level teams and school will remain, with an eye toward eventual reconstitution of the flagship pro team. The B team won the 2017 Nationale B championship.

Honours

 * European Shield
 * Champions (1): 2005
 * League Cup
 * Runners-up: 2001
 * Rugby Pro D2
 * Champions: 1947, 2004, 2007

Current standings
Club dissolved at end of 2016–17 season.

Current squad
Club dissolved at end of 2016–17 season.

Former players

 * 🇨🇦 David Spicer
 * 🇫🇯 Sakiusa Matadigo
 * 🇫🇷 Fabien Barcella
 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Fouroux
 * 🇫🇷 Franck Montanella
 * Mamuka Magrakvelidze
 * 🇵🇹 Ruben Spachuck
 * 🇪🇸 Raphaël Bastide
 * 🇷🇴 Sandu Ciorăscu
 * 🇹🇴 Kaiongo Tupou
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Claude Skrela
 * 🇨🇱 Francisco De La Fuente
 * 🇵🇹 Juan Murré
 * 🇵🇹 David Penalva
 * 🇨🇱 Sergio Valdes
 * 🇪🇸 Mathieu Peluchon

Current Internationals

 * 🇫🇷 Marcel Laurent
 * 🇫🇷 Henri Lazies
 * 🇫🇷 Antoine Bianco
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Le Droff
 * 🇫🇷 Serge Marsolan
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Claude Skrela
 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Fouroux
 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Gratton
 * 🇫🇷 Stéphane Graou
 * 🇫🇷 Frédéric Torossian
 * 🇫🇷 Patrick Tabacco
 * 🇫🇷 Yannick Bru
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Porcu
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Baptiste Rué
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Mignardi
 * 🇫🇷 Franck Montanella
 * 🇫🇷 Fabien Barcella
 * 🇫🇷 Antoine Dupont
 * 🇫🇷 Anthony Jelonch
 * 🇫🇷 Gabriel Lacroix
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Bourgarit
 * 🇫🇷 Grégory Alldritt

title: FC Auch Gers


text:
Aviron Bayonnais

Aviron Bayonnais (AB, Baionako Arrauna), commonly called Bayonne, is a French rugby union club from Bayonne (Baiona, in Basque) in Pyrénées-Atlantiques which, for the 2016-17 season, competed in the top tier of the French league system, in the Top 14 competition. In the 2015–16 Pro D2 Season they were promoted after finishing 2nd and winning the playoff final against Aurillac. In the 2016-2017 season, they finished in last place, and will be relegated back to Pro D2 for the 2017-18 season. Founded in 1904, they play at the Parc des Sports also known as Stade Jean-Dauger in Bayonne. Their mascot is a pottok pony called pottoka. They have ties to the French Basque community.

History
The club was established in 1904, making their first final appearance in the 1913 season, where they defeated S.C.U.F. 31-8 at the Stade Yves-du-Manoir. The national domestic championship was replaced by the Coupe de l'Espérance during World War I. The competition was played for four seasons, with Aviron Bayonnais contesting the last final, which they lost to Stadoceste Tarbais 4 to 3.

With the French championship resumed, the club made their next championship game in the 1922 season where they met Toulouse. Aviron Bayonnais lost the final 6 to nil. The two clubs would meet again the next season to again contest the championship final, which Toulouse won again, 3 to nil.

Aviron Bayonnais enjoyed success during the mid-1930s, defeating Biarritz 13 to 8 in Toulouse to win their second championship, and first since 1913. They also won the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1936, defeating Perpignan in the final. The club saw similar results during the mid-1940s as well, with two championship final appearances; defeating SU Agen in the 1943 final at Parc des Princes in Paris and losing the 1944 season final to Perpignan.

Since the 1940s the club did not find a lot of success over the coming years, as they would have to wait until the 1980s until they would again reach any of the championship finals. In 1980 they contested the final of the Challenge Yves du Manoir, defeating AS Béziers 16 to 10 to gain their second title of that competition. They made it to the final of the 1982 season, although they were defeated by SU Agen, 18 to 9.

Aviron Bayonnais was relegated to the Group A2 in 1996, where it spent eight seasons. The team was promoted to the Top 16/14 in 2004, remaining there for 11 consecutive seasons. The team was relegated to the Pro D2 in 2015, and has been a yo-yo club since then.

Honours

 * French championship Top 14
 * Champions (3): 1913, 1934, 1943
 * Runners-up (4): 1922, 1923, 1944, 1982
 * Pro D2
 * Champions (2): 2019, 2022
 * Challenge Yves du Manoir
 * Champions (2): 1936, 1980
 * Coupe de l'Espérance
 * Runners-up: 1919

Current squad
The Bayonne squad for the 2023–24 season is:

Notable former players

 * 🇦🇷 Lisandro Arbizu
 * 🇦🇷 Martín Bustos Moyano
 * 🇦🇷 Matías Cortese
 * 🇦🇷 Nicolás Fernández Miranda
 * 🇦🇷 Santiago Fernández
 * 🇦🇷 José María Núñez Piossek
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Pablo Orlandi
 * 🇦🇺 Rodney Blake
 * 🇦🇺 Mark Chisholm
 * 🇦🇺 Cameron Treloar
 * Ramón Ayarza
 * 🏴 Phil Davies
 * Filimoni Bolavucu
 * Gabiriele Lovobalavu
 * Savenaca Rawaca
 * Metuisela Talebula
 * Saïmoni Vaka
 * 🇫🇷 André Alvarez
 * 🇫🇷 Clément Ancely
 * 🇫🇷 Grégory Arganese
 * 🇫🇷 Yoan Audrin
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Audy
 * 🇫🇷 Denis Avril
 * 🇫🇷 Marc Baget
 * 🇫🇷 Antoine Battut
 * 🇫🇷 Robert Baulon
 * 🇫🇷 André Béhotéguy
 * 🇫🇷 Henri Béhotéguy
 * 🇫🇷 Christian Bélascain
 * 🇫🇷 Eugène Billac
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Boyet
 * 🇫🇷 Renaud Boyoud
 * 🇫🇷 Maurice Celhay
 * 🇫🇷 Baptiste Chouzenoux
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Condom
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Dauger
 * 🇫🇷 Walter Desmaison
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Dospital
 * 🇫🇷 Richard Dourthe
 * 🇫🇷 Bernard Duprat
 * 🇫🇷 Pépito Elhorga
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Pierre Élissalde
 * 🇫🇷 Anthony Étrillard
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Fall
 * 🇫🇷 Fernand Forgues
 * 🇫🇷 Xavier Garbajosa
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Gayraud
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Michel Gonzalez
 * 🇫🇷 Steven Hall
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Héguy
 * 🇫🇷 Cédric Heymans
 * 🇫🇷 Yoann Huget
 * 🇫🇷 Aretz Iguiniz
 * 🇫🇷 Vincent Inigo
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Iraçabal
 * 🇫🇷 Louis Junquas
 * 🇫🇷 Paul Labadie
 * 🇫🇷 Simon Labouyrie
 * 🇫🇷 Thibault Lacroix
 * 🇫🇷 Patrice Lagisquet
 * 🇫🇷 Damien Lagrange
 * 🇫🇷 Daniel Larrechea
 * 🇫🇷 Grégoire Lascubé
 * 🇫🇷 René Lasserre
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Lamaison
 * 🇫🇷 Camille Lopez
 * 🇫🇷 Christian Magnanou
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Jo Marmouyet
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Martial
 * 🇫🇷 Rémy Martin
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Mazars
 * 🇫🇷 Yannick N'Gog
 * 🇫🇷 Marvin O'Connor
 * 🇫🇷 Charles Ollivon
 * 🇫🇷 Clément Otazo
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Pardo
 * 🇫🇷 Patrick Perrier
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Baptiste Peyras-Loustalet
 * 🇫🇷 Roland Pétrissans
 * 🇫🇷 Lucas Pointud
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Puricelli
 * 🇫🇷 Jérôme Schuster
 * 🇫🇷 Scott Spedding
 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Rollet
 * 🇫🇷 David Roumieu
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Thiéry
 * 🇫🇷 Matthieu Ugalde
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Marie Usandisaga
 * Giorgi Jgenti
 * Davit Khinchaguishvili
 * Avto Kopaliani
 * 🇮🇹 Lorenzo Cittadini
 * 🇮🇹 Craig Gower
 * 🇮🇹 Salvatore Perugini
 * 🇮🇹 Ramiro Pez
 * 🇯🇵 Wataru Murata
 * 🇳🇦 P. J. van Lill
 * 🇳🇿 Stephen Brett
 * 🇳🇿 Tom Donnelly
 * 🇳🇿 Ross Filipo
 * 🇳🇿 Troy Flavell
 * 🇳🇿 Gerard Fraser
 * 🇳🇿 Dwayne Haare
 * 🇳🇿 Tanerau Latimer
 * 🇳🇿 Sione Lauaki
 * 🇳🇿 Joe Rokocoko
 * 🇳🇿 Blair Stewart
 * 🇳🇿 Neemia Tialata
 * Willie du Plessis
 * Sam Gerber
 * JC Janse van Rensburg
 * Rassie Jansen van Vuuren
 * Joe Pietersen
 * 🇷🇺 Viacheslav Grachev
 * Census Johnston
 * Leo Lafaiali'i
 * Jeremy Tomuli
 * Johnnie Beattie
 * James McLaren
 * Oscar Astarloa
 * Cédric Garcia
 * Francisco Puertas Soto
 * Manu Ahotaeiloa
 * Lisiate Faʻaoso
 * Pila Fifita
 * Opeti Fonua
 * 🏴 Ben Broster
 * 🏴 Mike Phillips

Coaches

 * 2008-Janu.2010 : 🇫🇷 Richard Dourthe, 🇫🇷 Thierry Mentières, 🇫🇷 Jean-Philippe Coyola.
 * Janu.2010-2010 : 🇫🇷 Christian Gajan.
 * 2010-Dec.2011 : 🇫🇷 Christian Gajan, 🇫🇷 Thomas Lièvremont, 🇫🇷 Frédéric Tauzin.
 * Dec.2011-Janu.2012 : 🇫🇷 Jean-Pierre Elissalde,🇫🇷 Didier Faugeron, 🇫🇷 Pierre-Henry Broncan.
 * Janu.2012-June 2012 : 🇫🇷 Didier Faugeron,🇫🇷 Denis Avril.
 * 2012-2013 : 🇫🇷 Christian Lanta, 🇫🇷 Christophe Deylaud, 🇫🇷 Denis Avril.
 * 2013-2014 : 🇫🇷 Christian Lanta, 🇫🇷 Christophe Deylaud
 * 2014-2015 : 🇦🇷🇦🇺 Patricio Noriega, 🇫🇷 Nicolas Morlaes, Rob Linde, 🇫🇷 Daniel Larrechea.
 * 2015-2017 : 🇫🇷 Vincent Etcheto, Dewald Senekal, 🇮🇹 Simone Santa Maria.
 * 2017-2018 : 🇫🇷 Pierre Berbizier, 🇫🇷 Joël Rey, 🇫🇷 Vincent Etcheto, 🇮🇹 Simone Santa Maria.
 * 2018-2019 : 🇫🇷 Yannick Bru, 🇫🇷 Joël Rey, 🇫🇷 Vincent Etcheto, 🇫🇷 Éric Artiguste.
 * 2019-2021 : 🇫🇷 Yannick Bru, 🇫🇷 Joël Rey, 🇫🇷 Rémy Ladauge, 🇫🇷 Éric Artiguste.
 * 2021-2022 🇫🇷 Yannick Bru, 🇫🇷 Joël Rey, 🇫🇷 Éric Artiguste, 🇫🇷 Jean-Frédéric Dubois.
 * 2022- : 🇫🇷 Grégory Patat, 🇫🇷 Joël Rey, 🇳🇿 Gerard Fraser, 🇫🇷 Éric Artiguste.

title: Aviron Bayonnais


text:
Jayavarman VIII

Jayavarman VIII (ជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៨), posthumous name Paramesvarapada, was one of the prominent kings of the Khmer empire. His rule lasted from 1243 until 1295, when he abdicated. One of his wives was Queen Chakravartirajadevi. He reverted to Hinduism from his father's religion of Buddhism and attempted to destroy Buddhism while patronized Hinduism throughout his regime.

It was during the reign of Jayavarman VIII that the Mongol forces under the command of Kublai Khan attacked the Angkor empire in 1283. In 1281, Jayavarman VIII had imprisoned emissaries of the Mongol generalissimo in Champa. In 1283, he decided to pay tribute and buy peace and thus his rule survived. Chinese annals record that in 1291, "the king of Lohu" [Cambodia] sent a mission who presented “the usual tribute of gold, elephant ivory and other things”. In 1290, the Mon people regained their independence.

Jayavarman VIII suffered a devastating war against the Sukhothai Kingdom.

Jayavarman VIII was a Shivaite. Many of the Buddhist images were destroyed by him, who re-established previously Hindu shrines that had been converted to Buddhism by his predecessor. Carvings of the Buddha at temples such as Preah Khan were destroyed, and during this period the Bayon Temple was made into a temple of Shiva, and cast the central 3.6 meter tall statue of the Buddha into the bottom of a nearby well. He also endowed a Hindu shrine Mangalartha in 1295, just before he was overthrown by his son-in-law Indravarman III (Srindravarman), a devout Buddhist and the kingdom reverted to Buddhism.

title: Jayavarman VIII


text:
AS Béziers Hérault

Association Sportive Béziers Hérault (Associacion Esportiva de Besièrs Erau), often referred to by rugby media simply by its location of Béziers, is a French rugby union club currently playing in the second level of the country's professional rugby system, Pro D2. They earned their most recent promotion as 2011 Fédérale 1 champions, but the club also won 11 Top 14 titles since its establishment in 1911.

Béziers was a major force in French rugby throughout the 1970s and 1980s; however, at the end of 2004–05 season they were relegated to Pro D2. After some years playing in French second division, they finished bottom of the table in 2008–09 and were relegated to amateur Fédérale 1, before returning to Pro D2 after their 2011 title. They are based in Béziers in Occitania, and play at Stade Raoul-Barrière (capacity 18,555). The club colors are red and blue.

History
The club was established in 1911. Their first notable honour was being runners-up in the Coupe de France. However it would not be until the 1960s when the club began its rise to prominence. Béziers made their first championship appearance in the 1960 season. On 22 May they faced FC Lourdes in the final, losing 14 points to 11 in Toulouse. Béziers found mixed success during the 1960s following their first championship loss to Lourdes. The next season they won their first championship, defeating US Dax 6 points to 3 in Lyon. They were also runners-up in the Challenge Yves du Manoir that season. They also contested the domestic championship in 1962, though they lost to SU Agen 14 to 11 in the final. Béziers performed well in the 1964 season as well; losing the championship final to Section Paloise, and winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir.

After the success during the early 1960s Béziers became a powerful club in the 1970s. In 1971 Béziers made it to the final of the domestic championship; defeating RC Toulon 15 points to 9 in Bordeaux. The following season Béziers captured the championship, defeating Brive 9 points to nil in Lyon, and winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir as well. The club won championships in 1974 and 1975, defeating RC Narbonne and Brive respectively, both times at Parc des Princes in Paris. They were also involved in the 1976 final, though they lost to Agen, 13 to 10. The following season they won the championship again, defeating Perpignan 12 to 4 in the final. They also won the Challenge Yves du Manoir as well.

The next season they successfully defended their domestic title; defeating ASM Clermont Auvergne 31 points to 9 in the championship game in Paris. They however did not win back-to-back Challenge Yves du Manoir titles; though they came close, being runners-up. The success continued in the early 1980s as well, winning the championship of the 1980 season, defeating Toulouse 10 to 6 in the final, as well as being Challenge Yves du Manoir runners-up that season. Béziers repeated this again the next season; actually defeating Toulouse in the championship final again, and were runners-up in the Challenge Yves du Manoir. They were champions again in 1983 and 1984, defeating RC Nice and Agen in the finals respectively. They also won the Coupe de France in the 1986 season.

Béziers returned to the professional ranks in 2011–12 following their 13–6 win over Périgueux in the 2011 Fédérale 1 final on June 26. Both finalists were assured of promotion to Pro D2.

They struggled in their return season in Pro D2, finishing next-to last on the league table and well out of the safety zone. However, when ninth-place Bourgoin were forcibly relegated to Fédérale 1 for financial reasons, Béziers remained in Pro D2 for 2012–13.

Honours

 * French championship Top 14
 * Champions (11): 1961, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984
 * Runners-up (4): 1960, 1962, 1964, 1976
 * Challenge Yves du Manoir
 * Champions (4): 1964, 1972, 1975, 1977
 * Runners-up (6): 1960, 1961, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1981
 * French Cup
 * Champions (1): 1986
 * Runners-up (1): 1950
 * Fédérale 1
 * Champions: 2011
 * Elite 2
 * Champions: 2000
 * coupe d'europe Fira
 * Champions: 1962

Current squad
The Béziers squad for the 2023–24 season is:

é

Notable former players

 * 🇦🇷 Santiago González Bonorino
 * 🇦🇷 Federico Todeschini
 * 🇦🇷 Gonzalo Quesada
 * 🇦🇷 Santiago Iglesias Valdez
 * 🇦🇷 Matias Viazzo
 * 🇦🇺 Rodney Iona
 * 🇦🇺 Jye Mullane
 * 🇦🇺 Josh Valentine
 * 🇦🇺 Warwick Waugh
 * 🇨🇰 Tyrone Viiga
 * 🏴 Anthony Hill
 * 🇫🇷 Marc Andrieu
 * 🇫🇷 Richard Astre
 * 🇫🇷 Yoan Audrin
 * 🇫🇷 Marc Baget
 * 🇫🇷 David Banquet
 * 🇫🇷 Raoul Barrière
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Beauxis
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Bérard
 * 🇫🇷 Mohamed Boughanmi
 * 🇫🇷 Terry Bouhraoua
 * 🇫🇷 André Buonomo
 * 🇫🇷 Yvan Buonomo
 * 🇫🇷 Adolphe Bousquet
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Bruno
 * 🇫🇷 Henri Cabrol
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Camberabero
 * 🇫🇷 Gilles Camberabero
 * 🇫🇷 Jack Cantoni
 * 🇫🇷 Alain Carminati
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Carmignani
 * 🇫🇷 Richard Castel
 * 🇫🇷 Frédéric Cermeno
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Chaplain
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Costes
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Danos
 * 🇫🇷 Paul Dedieu
 * 🇫🇷 Cédric Desbrosse
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Desroches
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Dieudé
 * 🇫🇷 Richard Dourthe
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Frédéric Dubois
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Durand
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Escande
 * 🇫🇷 Alain Estève
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Fabre
 * 🇫🇷 Patrick Fort
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Gallart
 * 🇫🇷 Camille Gérondeau
 * 🇫🇷 Kevin Gimeno
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Philippe Grandclaude
 * 🇫🇷 Steven Hall
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Pierre Hortoland
 * 🇫🇷 Alain Hyardet
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Lacans
 * 🇫🇷 Thibault Lacroix
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Laharrague
 * 🇫🇷 Félix Lambey
 * 🇫🇷 Brice Mach
 * 🇫🇷 Rémy Martin
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Paul Medina
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Menini
 * 🇫🇷 Ludovic Mercier
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Mignoni
 * 🇫🇷 Brice Miguel
 * 🇫🇷 Hakim Miloudi
 * 🇫🇷 Yannick Nyanga
 * 🇫🇷 Alain Paco
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Palmié
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Pierre Pesteil
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Baptiste Peyras-Loustalet
 * 🇫🇷 Jérôme Porical
 * 🇫🇷 Thibaut Privat
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Luc Rivallo
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Saïsset
 * 🇫🇷 Claude Saurel
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Sébédio
 * 🇫🇷 Cédric Soulette
 * 🇫🇷 Dimitri Szarzewski
 * 🇫🇷 Armand Vaquerin
 * Vasil Katsadze
 * Davit Khinchagishvili
 * Irakli Machkhaneli
 * Lasha Malaghuradze
 * Lasha Lomidze
 * Goderdzi Shvelidze
 * Jamie Hagan
 * 🇳🇦 Conrad Marais
 * 🇳🇿 Andrew Mehrtens
 * 🇳🇿 Lachie Munro
 * 🇳🇿 Elijah Niko
 * 🇷🇴 Alin Petrache
 * 🇷🇴 Cristian Petre
 * 🇷🇴 Augustin Petrechei
 * 🇷🇴 Lucian Sîrbu
 * 🇼🇸 Steve Fualau
 * 🇿🇦 Robert Ebersohn
 * 🇿🇦 Dries Swanepoel
 * 🇪🇸 Álvar Gimeno
 * 🇹🇴 Suka Hufanga
 * 🇹🇴 Winston Mafi
 * 🇹🇴 Samiu Vahafolau
 * 🇺🇸 Salesi Sika
 * 🇺🇸 Seta Tuilevuka
 * 🇺🇸 Albert Tuipulotu
 * 🏴 Andy Powell

title: AS Béziers Hérault


text: Category:University of California, San Diego


text:
CS Bourgoin-Jallieu

CS Bourgoin-Jallieu is a French rugby union club competing in the third level of the French league system, Nationale.

The club have been runners-up in the French championship and the French Cup competitions, and have won the Challenge Cup.

Founded in 1906 as "Club Sportif Bergusien". They play at Stade Pierre Rajon (capacity 9,441). They are based in Bourgoin-Jallieu in the Isère department in the province of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in France.

History
The club was established in 1906 as "Club Sportif Bergusien".

1997 season
In 1997 the club had a successful season.

Runners-up French Cup 1997
The club contested the Challenge Yves du Manoir final, losing to Section Paloise 13 to 11.

Runners-up French Championship 1997
The club made it to the 1997 final of the French championship, where they went down to Toulouse, 12 to 6 at Parc des Princes in Paris.

Winners of the European Challenge 1997
They made it to the final of the Challenge Cup, where they defeated fellow French club Castres 18 to 9 in Béziers. They played in the 1997–98 Heineken Cup, winning two of their 6 pool fixtures, missing out on the finals.

1999 season
The club had similar success in various competitions in the 1999 season.

Runners-up French Cup 1999
They again contested the French Cup, which they lost to Stade Français Paris 27 to 19.

Runners-up European Challenge 1999
As well as contesting the European Shield final, which they also lost, to AS Montferrand 25 to 16 in Lyon. The club saw similar results in their 1999–2000 Heineken Cup season to that of the 1997-98 competition, winning two of their six pool fixtures, not moving into the finals.

Double runners-up French Cup (March 2003 and November 2003)
CS Bourgoin-Jallieu also contested the final two French Cup finals, in March 2003. They did however lose both games, being defeated by La Rochelle 22 to 20 in early 2003, and losing to Castres 27 to 26 in November 2003. In the 2002–03 Heineken Cup the club achieved its best result yet, finishing second in their pool, winning four of their six games, but still missing out on the finals. However, their 2004–05 Heineken Cup campaign was not successful at all, losing all six pool games and finishing last in their group.

2006 season
For the 2006-07 Heineken Cup home fixture against Munster, Stade de Genève which can hold over 30,000 spectators was used instead of Stade Pierre Rajon. The attendance on the day was 16,255.

2009 season
The 2008–09 season saw both a measure of success and multiple relegation dangers. While they reached the final of that season's European Challenge Cup, losing to Northampton Saints, they spent most of the season hovering close to the drop zone. They also faced financial trouble serious enough that they were in danger of forced relegation to Pro D2. CSBJ, however, finished the league season in a safe spot (11th) and were able to provide LNR with sufficient financial guarantees to enable them to stay in Top 14 for 2009–10.

Honours

 * European Rugby Challenge Cup
 * Champions (1): 1997
 * Runners-up (2): 1999, 2009
 * French championship Top 14
 * Runners-up (1): 1997
 * Pro D2
 * Champions (3): 1965, 1971, 1973
 * French Cup
 * Runners-up (2): 1997, 1999
 * Group B French Champions
 * Champions : 1984
 * Runners-up : 1982

Current squad
2022-23

Notable former players

 * 🇩🇿 Issam Hamel
 * 🇦🇷 Matias Viazzo
 * 🇦🇺 Josh Holmes
 * 🇨🇦 Andrew Tiedemann
 * 🇫🇯 Nemani Nadolo
 * 🇫🇯 Albert Vulivuli
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Bias
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Bonnaire
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Boyet
 * 🇫🇷 Benoît Cabello
 * 🇫🇷 Marc Cécillon
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Chabal
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Chazalet
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Costes
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-François Coux
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Daudé
 * 🇫🇷 Yann David
 * 🇫🇷 Cédric Desbrosse
 * 🇫🇷 Ethan Dumortier
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Dumoulin
 * 🇫🇷 Mickael Forest
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Frier
 * 🇫🇷 Florian Fritz
 * 🇫🇷 Stéphane Glas
 * 🇫🇷 Gaëtan Germain
 * 🇫🇷 David Janin
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Laussucq
 * 🇫🇷 Xavier Mignot
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Milloud
 * 🇫🇷 Franck Montanella
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Nallet
 * 🇫🇷 Sylvain Nicolas
 * 🇫🇷 Pascal Papé
 * 🇫🇷 Morgan Parra
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Péclier
 * 🇫🇷 Vincent Pelo
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Pierre
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Raschi
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Sourgens
 * 🇫🇷 Marco Tauleigne
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-François Tordo
 * 🇫🇷 David Venditti
 * 🇩🇪 Sascha Fischer
 * 🇩🇪 Robert Mohr
 * Irakli Giorgadze
 * Davit Khinchaguishvili
 * 🇮🇹 Alberto Di Bernardo
 * 🇮🇹 Carlo Del Fava
 * 🇮🇹 Federico Pucciariello
 * Silvère Tian
 * 🇳🇦 Piet van Zyl
 * 🇳🇿 Norm Berryman
 * 🇳🇿 Roger Randle
 * 🇳🇿 Alex Tulou
 * 🇳🇿 Karena Wihongi
 * 🇵🇬 Henari Veratau
 * 🇵🇹 Ruben Spachuck
 * 🇼🇸 Brando Va'aulu
 * 🇿🇦 Rudi Coetzee
 * 🏴 Mark McKenzie
 * 🏴 James McLaren
 * 🇹🇴 Salesi Finau
 * 🏴 Chris Wyatt

title: CS Bourgoin-Jallieu


text:
User talk:Ricecake

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Ricecake


text:
Castres Olympique

Castres Olympique is a French rugby union club located in the Occitanian city of Castres and is currently competing in the top level of the French league system.

Founded in 1898, the club took its current name in 1906. They play at the Stade Pierre-Fabre, which is one of the smallest in Top 14 with a capacity of 12,500. The team wear blue and white kits.

The team won five French top-division championships in 1949, 1950, 1993 (in a match decided by an irregular try accorded by the referee), 2013, and 2018 as well as one Coupe de France in 1948.

History
In 1898 several alumni of Castres' municipal college met in a city centre bar and decided to create a team allowing them to play their favourite sport, rugby union. For the first few years this team was part of a multisport club until 1906. Unhappy with the dominating position cycling had within the club, the members of the rugby section decided to leave and create a club of their own, solely dedicated to their sport. It was decided that this club would be named Castres Olympique and its colours would be changed from yellow and black to its current blue, white and grey.

The new club reached the top flight after only 15 years of existence and has remained there ever since, bar for a couple of years during the 80s when the club was in the then Section B of the 1st division. The club has never left the 1st division since 1921.

For a while Castres Olympique would experience mixed fortunes until 1948 when they reached and won their first Coupe de France. The prestigious championship would follow a year later, and again in 1950.

From the 1960s the club would experience a stream of mediocre seasons and steady decline until Pierre Fabre, the founder of a local pharmaceutical company, decided to take over the club and restore it to its former relative glory in 1988.

In 1993, Castres play the final of the 1993 French Rugby Union Championship against Grenoble, a team who was nicknamed "the mammoths", because of its incredibly physical forward pack, coached by the former french national team manager Jacques Fouroux. Castres won its third national title 14–11, in a controversial match. Indeed a try of Olivier Brouzet is denied to Grenoble and the decisive try by Gary Whetton was awarded by the referee, Daniel Salles, when in fact the defender Franck Hueber from Grenoble touched down the ball first in his try zone. This error gave the title to Castres. Salles admitted the error 13 years later

Jacques Fouroux, being already suspicious before the match of the referee, saw in this outcome a conspiracy of his ennemies from inside the rugby union french Federation

The club reached the final again in 1995 losing 31–16 to Stade Toulousain.

Castres won the 2012–13 French Rugby Union Championship beating Toulon 19–14 in the final.

The team's owner, Pierre Fabre, the founder of Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, died on 20 July 2013. Castres home stadium, previously known as Stade Pierre-Antoine, was renamed in his memory during ceremonies in conjunction with Castres match with Montpellier on 9 September 2017.

Castres won the 2017–18 French Rugby Union Championship beating Montpellier 29–13 in the final.

After finishing first in the 2021-2022 Top 14, Castres played a semi-final against the Stade Toulousain of Antoine Dupont and Romain Ntamack, beating them 24-18. The final is a rematch of 2018, but this time, Montpellier win 29-10.

Honours

 * French championship Top 14
 * Champions (5): 1949, 1950, 1993, 2013, 2018
 * Runners-up (3): 1995, 2014, 2022
 * European Rugby Challenge Cup
 * Runners-up (2): 1997, 2000
 * European Shield
 * Champions (1): 2003
 *  French Cup
 * Champions (1): 1948
 * Challenge Yves du Manoir
 * Runners-up (1): 1993
 * Group B French Champions
 * Champions (1): 1989

Current squad
The Castres squad for the 2023–24 season is:

Notable former players

 * 🇦🇷 Horacio Agulla
 * 🇦🇷 Rafael Carballo
 * 🇦🇷 Ignacio Fernández Lobbe
 * 🇦🇷 Santiago González Bonorino
 * 🇦🇷 Ramiro Herrera
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Ledesma
 * 🇦🇷 José María Núñez Piossek
 * 🇦🇷 Mauricio Reggiardo
 * 🇦🇺 Michael Cheika
 * 🇨🇦 Taylor Paris
 * 🇨🇿 Martin Kafka
 * 🏴 Phil Christophers
 * 🏴 Marcel Garvey
 * 🏴 Paul Volley
 * Seremaia Bai
 * Semi Kunatani
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Albouy
 * 🇫🇷 Marc Andreu
 * 🇫🇷 Grégory Arganese
 * 🇫🇷 Éric Artiguste
 * 🇫🇷 David Attoub
 * 🇫🇷 Yoan Audrin
 * 🇫🇷 Frédéric Banquet
 * 🇫🇷 Mathieu Barrau
 * 🇫🇷 Armand Batlle
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Bérard
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Bernard
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Bès
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Bias
 * 🇫🇷 Mathieu Bonello
 * 🇫🇷 Paul Bonnefond
 * 🇫🇷 David Bory
 * 🇫🇷 Mathieu Bourret
 * 🇫🇷 René Bousquet
 * 🇫🇷 Marcel Burgun
 * 🇫🇷 Yannick Caballero
 * 🇫🇷 Alain Carminati
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Cabannes
 * 🇫🇷 Thomas Castaignède
 * 🇫🇷 Frédéric Cermeno
 * 🇫🇷 Albert Cigagna
 * 🇫🇷 Gerard Cholley
 * 🇫🇷 Antonie Claassen
 * 🇫🇷 René Coll
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Costes
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Courtiols
 * 🇫🇷 Yann David
 * 🇫🇷 Yann Delaigue
 * 🇫🇷 Ibrahim Diarra
 * 🇫🇷 Richard Dourthe
 * 🇫🇷 Luc Ducalcon
 * 🇫🇷 Brice Dulin
 * 🇫🇷 Antoine Dupont
 * 🇫🇷 Florian Faure
 * 🇫🇷 Yannick Forestier
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Froment
 * 🇫🇷 Alessio Galasso
 * 🇫🇷 Camille Gérondeau
 * 🇫🇷 Karim Ghezal
 * 🇫🇷 Rémy Grosso
 * 🇫🇷 Raphaël Ibañez
 * 🇫🇷 Vincent Inigo
 * 🇫🇷 Anthony Jelonch
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Kayser
 * 🇫🇷 Daniel Kötze
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Labit
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Lacrampe
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Lacroix
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre-Gilles Lakafia
 * 🇫🇷 Remi Lamerat
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Lapeyre
 * 🇫🇷 Thibault Lassalle
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Laussucq
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Martial
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Matheu
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Mazars
 * 🇫🇷 Ugo Mola
 * 🇫🇷 Yohan Montès
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Nallet
 * 🇫🇷 Mathieu Nicolas
 * 🇫🇷 Pascal Papé
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Baptiste Peyras-Loustalet
 * 🇫🇷 Lucas Pointud
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Puricelli
 * 🇫🇷 Ludovic Radosavljevic
 * 🇫🇷 Marc-Antoine Rallier
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Raffault
 * 🇫🇷 Matthias Rolland
 * 🇫🇷 David Roumieu
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Samson
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Sarraméa
 * 🇫🇷 Maurice Siman
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Spanghero
 * 🇫🇷 Scott Spedding
 * 🇫🇷 Patrick Tabacco
 * 🇫🇷 Rémi Talès
 * 🇫🇷 Guilaume Taussac
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Teulet
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Tillous-Borde
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Tomas
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Urios
 * Akvsenti Giorgadze
 * Paliko Jimsheladze
 * Anton Peikrishvili
 * Tim Barker
 * Jeremy Davidson
 * Justin Fitzpatrick
 * 🇮🇹 Pablo Canavosio
 * 🇮🇹 Ramiro Pez
 * 🇮🇹 Fabio Staibano
 * 🇮🇹 Cristian Stoica
 * 🇨🇮 Ismaila Lassissi
 * 🇲🇦 Djalil Narjissi
 * 🇳🇦 Kees Lensing
 * 🇳🇿 Norm Berryman
 * 🇳🇿 Frank Bunce
 * 🇳🇿 Brad Fleming
 * 🇳🇿 Carl Hoeft
 * 🇳🇿 Daniel Kirkpatrick
 * 🇳🇿 Chris Masoe
 * 🇳🇿 Cameron McIntyre
 * 🇳🇿 Kees Meeuws
 * 🇳🇿 Kevin Senio
 * 🇳🇿 Sitiveni Sivivatu
 * 🇳🇿 Gary Whetton
 * 🇳🇿 Karena Wihongi
 * 🇳🇿 Rudi Wulf
 * Jannie Bornman
 * Robert Ebersohn
 * Darron Nell
 * Pedrie Wannenburg
 * 🇷🇴 Dragoș Dima
 * 🇷🇴 Adrian Lungu
 * 🇷🇴 Mihai Lazăr
 * 🇷🇴 Alexandru Manta
 * 🇷🇺 Kirill Kulemin
 * Piula Faʻasalele
 * Laloa Milford
 * Joe Tekori
 * Freddie Tuilagi
 * Romi Ropati
 * Max Evans
 * Richie Gray
 * Glenn Metcalfe
 * Gregor Townsend
 * 🇪🇸 José Díaz
 * 🇪🇸 Cedric Garcia
 * 🇪🇸 Pierre-Emmanuel Garcia
 * Rodrigo Capó Ortega
 * 🇺🇸 Salesi Sika

title: Castres Olympique


text:
ASM Clermont Auvergne

Association Sportive Montferrandaise Clermont Auvergne is a French professional rugby union club from Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes that currently competes in Top 14, the top level of the French league system. Clermont are two times French champions in 2010 and 2017. The rugby section is a part of a multi-sport club called AS Montferrand (also known as ASM Omnisports), which was founded in 1911 and adopted that name in 1919. Although the rugby section changed its name to the current ASM Clermont Auvergne in 2004, it is still frequently referred to as Montferrand both within and outside France.

The team play at the 19,022-seat Stade Marcel-Michelin, also known by its nickname, The Bib Park. Clermont wear yellow and blue, the colours of the French tyre manufacturer Michelin, taken from the colours of Montferrand when the firm was created there in 1889.

The city is where Marcel Michelin, the son of the founder of the French tyre manufacturer, decided to implement the first factory but also the stadium after the creation of ASM for its workers before World War I. L'ASM, as they are also called, have reached the French Championship final thirteen times, losing on each occasion until their eleventh trip in 2010, when they won the championship in their 100th year as a club.

Amateur era
The club was established in 1911 as AS Michelin, though they changed their name to AS Montferrandaise in 1919 due to legal obligation. The club was started by Marcel Michelin, the son of André Michelin, the founder of the Michelin tyre manufacturer. He died in deportation at Buchenwald; he had been deported there as a member of the Resistance and was involved in two successful escape attempts before dying during the third.

The club made its first final of any competition in 1935, where they played Perpignan for the Challenge Yves du Manoir. AS Montferrand lost the match, 3–3 and 9–0. The following year they featured in their first championship final; though they lost to RC Narbonne 6 points to 3. They made the final again in 1937, though that match was also lost, 13 points to 7 to CS Vienne. The following season the club won its first title; winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir by defeating Perpignan 23 points to 10.

During the 1940s the club contested the Coupe de France on two occasions, in 1945 and 1947. The club lost on both occasions, by one point, 14 to 13 to SU Agen in 1945, and then 14 to 11 against Toulouse in 1947. It would be another 10 years until the club featured in another competition final; losing to US Dax in the 1957 Challenge Yves du Manoir. The club became a force during the 1970s, starting in 1970 with a 3 points to nil championship loss to La Voulte Sportif. The club then contested the Challenge Yves du Manoir twice in a row over the 1972–73 seasons; losing both finals, against AS Béziers and Narbonne respectively. Then they won the competition in 1976, defeating SC Graulhet 40 points to 12 just a few days after the death of the young international winger, Jean-François Philiponeau, struck on the field during an exhibition game. The club then contested the championship final in 1978, though they lost to Béziers. They also lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1979, against Narbonne.

In 1994 season the club contested both the French championship and the Challenge Yves du Manoir. They lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir to Perpignan (the third time the clubs had met in the competition final). They also lost the championship, defeated 22 points to 16 by Toulouse.

Professional era
The club contested two finals in the 1999 season as well, the French championship and the European Challenge Cup. They won the European Challenge Cup, defeating fellow French club CS Bourgoin-Jallieu 35 points to 16 at the Stade Gerland in Lyon. However they lost the domestic final, being defeated by Toulouse again, 15 points to 11. The club would meet Toulouse again in the season final of 2001, with Toulouse winning 34 points to 22. In 2004 they contested the European Challenge Cup again, though they lost to English club Harlequins, by one point, 27 to 26 at the last minute.

The team experienced a hard period between 2002 and 2006 and it was only with the arrival of Vern Cotter, in the middle of 2006, that the team's form began to improve. In Vern Cotter's first year as head coach, Clermont reached their first final since 2001 (which they lost in the last minute against Stade Français), and won the European Challenge Cup against Bath at the Twickenham Stoop. Montferrand developed further under Vern Cotter during the following two seasons, but they lose two more finals against Toulouse in 2008, and Perpignan in 2009. But the team continues to bounce back and perform well years of years.

In 2010, in the Heineken Cup the team was drawn against Leicester Tigers and Ospreys in a tough pool. Despite this Montferrand succeeded in winning the pool and were subsequently drawn against the holders of the cup, Leinster Rugby. That was the beginning of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in rugby. In an epic battle, Montferrand lost 29–28. After this loss, they went on to win all of their remaining games to win the French championship against Perpignan (19–6) with a notably exceptional display during the semi-final against RC Toulon in Saint-Etienne.

In 2012 they reached the semi-final of the Heineken Cup. They were beaten by Leinster Rugby and were inches from winning the game at the end but Wesley Fofana dropped the ball on Leinster's try line.

Clermont reached the Heineken Cup final for the first time in 2013 after they beat Munster Rugby 16–10 in the semi-final in Montpellier. They subsequently lost to Toulon in the HEC final which was held in Lansdowne Road in Dublin on 18 May 2013 by a single point (16–15).

In 2014, Clermont reached the Heineken Cup semi-final of the play-offs for the second consecutive time and lost to Saracens.

2015 saw Clermont make it to the final of the European Cup (now European Rugby Champions Cup) but lost to RC Toulon 24–18. A few weeks later, they also lost the final of the French Top 14 against Stade Français 12–6.

2016 saw Clermont having their first blow in the European Rugby Champions Cup since 2011 by failing to make the quarter final after a late loss against Bordeaux at home. But they finally reached the French championship semi-final with a highly controversial lose against Racing 92.

However, the team bounced back and produced during the season 2016-2017, reaching again two finals in the French Top 14 and European Champions Cup. They lost the European Cup against reigning champions Saracens.

In January 2020, Clermont acquired a minority stake in the American rugby club New Orleans Gold. In addition to player exchanges, the teams will seek to facilitate cultural exchanges between the state of Louisiana and France.

Honours

 * European Rugby Champions Cup
 * Runners-up (3): 2013, 2015, 2017
 * European Rugby Challenge Cup
 * Champions (3): 1999, 2007, 2019
 * Runners-up (1): 2004
 * French championship Top 14
 * Champions (2): 2010, 2017
 * Runners-up (12): 1936, 1937, 1970, 1978, 1994, 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2019
 * Challenge Yves du Manoir
 * Champions (3): 1938, 1976, 1986
 * Runners-up (6): 1935, 1957, 1972, 1979, 1985, 1994
 * French Cup
 * Runners-up (2): 1945, 1947
 * League Cup
 * Champions (1):2001

Challenge Yves du Manoir
* Note: by virtue of younger players

Current squad
The Clermont squad for the 2023–24 season is:

Notable former players

 * 🇦🇷 Alejandro Campos
 * 🇦🇷 Agustín Creevy
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Ledesma
 * 🇦🇷 Gonzalo Longo
 * 🇦🇷 Martín Scelzo
 * 🇦🇷 Hernán Senillosa
 * 🇦🇺 Peter Betham
 * 🇦🇺 Pat Howard
 * 🇦🇺 Brock James
 * 🇦🇺 Sitaleki Timani
 * 🇦🇺 John Ulugia
 * 🇨🇦 Jamie Cudmore
 * 🇨🇦 Cameron Pierce
 * 🇨🇿 Jan Macháček
 * 🏴 Nick Abendanon
 * 🏴 Brian Ashton
 * 🏴 Richard Cockerill
 * 🏴 Rory Jennings
 * 🏴 Alex King
 * 🏴 David Strettle
 * 🇫🇯 Seremaia Bai
 * 🇫🇯 Vilimoni Delasau
 * 🇫🇯 Kini Murimurivalu
 * 🇫🇯 Napolioni Nalaga
 * 🇫🇷 David Attoub
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Audebert
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Azam
 * 🇫🇷 Franck Azéma
 * 🇫🇷 Benoît Baby
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Pascal Barraque
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Bonnaire
 * 🇫🇷 David Bory
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Boucheron
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Brouzet
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Marcellin Buttin
 * 🇫🇷 Benoit Cabello
 * 🇫🇷 Judicaël Cancoriet
 * 🇫🇷 Charlie Cassang
 * 🇫🇷 Stéphane Castaignède
 * 🇫🇷 Raphaël Chanal
 * 🇫🇷 Raphaël Chaume
 * 🇫🇷 Damien Chouly
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Costes
 * 🇫🇷 Franck Comba
 * 🇫🇷 Vincent Debaty
 * 🇫🇷 Thomas Domingo
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Droitecourt
 * 🇫🇷 André Dubertrand
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Emmanuelli
 * 🇫🇷 Sipili Falatea
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Faure
 * 🇫🇷 Anthony Floch
 * 🇫🇷 Alessio Galasso
 * 🇫🇷 Camille Gerondeau
 * 🇫🇷 Loann Goujon
 * 🇫🇷 Kevin Gourdon
 * 🇫🇷 Rémy Grosso
 * 🇫🇷 Arthur Iturria
 * 🇫🇷 Loïc Jacquet
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Juillet
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Kayser
 * 🇫🇷 Daniel Kotze
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Lacrampe
 * 🇫🇷 Rémi Lamerat
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Marc Lhermet
 * 🇫🇷 Camille Lopez
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Magne
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Malzieu
 * 🇫🇷 Jimmy Marlu
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Marocco
 * 🇫🇷 Tony Marsh
 * 🇫🇷 Gérald Merceron
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Merle
 * 🇫🇷 Geoffroy Messina
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Mignardi
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Mignoni
 * 🇫🇷 Noa Nakaitaci
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Pardo
 * 🇫🇷 Morgan Parra
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Péclier
 * 🇫🇷 Adrien Pélissié
 * 🇫🇷 Damian Penaud
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Pierre
 * 🇫🇷 Adrien Planté
 * 🇫🇷 Lucas Pointud
 * 🇫🇷 Bastien Pourailly
 * 🇫🇷 Thibaut Privat
 * 🇫🇷 Louis Puech
 * 🇫🇷 Ludovic Radosavljevic
 * 🇫🇷 Clément Ric
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Pierre Romeu
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Rodriguez
 * 🇫🇷 Aurélien Rougerie
 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Rougerie
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Saint-André
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Samson
 * 🇫🇷 Enzo Sanga
 * 🇫🇷 Atila Septar
 * 🇫🇷 David Skrela
 * 🇫🇷 Cédric Soulette
 * 🇫🇷 Scott Spedding
 * 🇫🇷 Jérôme Thion
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Taofifenua
 * 🇫🇷 Sebastien Vahaamahina
 * 🇫🇷 Elvis Vermeulen
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Viars
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Vigouroux
 * 🇫🇷 Tani Vili
 * Otar Giorgadze
 * Beka Kakabadze
 * Viktor Kolelishvili
 * Goderdzi Shvelidze
 * Davit Zirakashvili
 * 🇮🇹 Gonzalo Canale
 * 🇮🇹 Alessandro Troncon
 * 🇯🇵 Kotaro Matsushima
 * 🇳🇿 Sam Broomhall
 * 🇳🇿 Mike Delany
 * 🇳🇿 Zac Guildford
 * 🇳🇿 Joe Karam
 * 🇳🇿 Regan King
 * 🇳🇿 Sione Lauaki
 * 🇳🇿 Kevin Senio
 * 🇳🇿 Sitiveni Sivivatu
 * 🇳🇿 Benson Stanley
 * 🇳🇿 Isaia Toeava
 * 🇵🇹 Julien Bardy
 * 🇷🇴 Taylor Gontineac
 * 🇼🇸 Tasesa Lavea
 * 🇼🇸 Tim Nanai-Williams
 * 🇼🇸 Ti'i Paulo
 * 🇼🇸 George Pisi
 * 🇼🇸 John Senio
 * 🇼🇸 Gavin Williams
 * 🏴 Paul Burnell
 * 🏴 Greig Laidlaw
 * 🏴 Jason White
 * 🏴 Nathan Hines
 * 🇿🇦 Selborne Boome
 * 🇿🇦 Marius Joubert
 * 🇿🇦 Breyton Paulse
 * 🇿🇦 Brent Russell
 * 🇿🇦 John Smit
 * 🇿🇦 Gerhard Vosloo
 * 🇪🇸 Samuel Ezeala
 * 🇪🇸 Pierre-Emmanuel Garcia
 * 🇹🇴 Seti Kiole
 * 🇹🇴 Johnny Ngauamo
 * 🇺🇸 Kevin Dalzell
 * 🏴 Jonathan Davies
 * 🏴 Stephen Jones
 * 🏴 Lee Byrne

title: ASM Clermont Auvergne


text:
FC Grenoble Rugby

The Football Club de Grenoble Rugby (FCG) is a French rugby union club based in Grenoble and founded in 1892.

FCG was champion of France in 1954 and runner-up in 1993 during a controversial final, being deprived of the title of champion of France following a refereeing error.

The club also won the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1987 and was finalist in 1969, 1986 and 1990.

FC Grenoble played in the Top 14, the top level of the French league system, for the 2019–2020 season, but were relegated to Pro D2 at the season end. Grenoble have played home matches at the Stade des Alpes (capacity 20,068) since 2014–2015. The club's colors are red and blue. The FCG is currently chaired by Patrick Goffi. The first team is supervised by several specialists: Aubin Hueber as head coach, Nicolas Nadau senior coach, Patrick Pézery forwards coach and Tom Palmer defence coach.

History
The club was founded in 1892 following the merger of the main clubs in Grenoble in Rhône-Alpes.

Runners-up French Championship 1918
After becoming champions of the Alps in 1912, FCG reached the final of the Coupe de l'Espérance in 1918, which replaced the old championship of France during the First World War. Since then Grenoble have regularly featured in the finals. Grenoble contributed notable players to the original French National Team, among them Edmond Besset and Felix Lasserre and Edmond Vellat. In 1931, Grenoble was one of 14 clubs who left the French Rugby Federation to create their own organization, UFRA.

French Champion 1954
In 1954, the first team, then coached by Roger Bouvarel, wrote the most beautiful page in the history of the club. The team was nicknamed by the press the foreign Legion. FC Grenoble won his first Bouclier de Brennus and became champion of France after a 5–3 victory against the U.S. Cognac. Champions in 1954 :

Runners-up European Championship 1963
With Jean Liénard became coach, Grenoble played the final of the European Champion Clubs' Cup FIRA in 1963.

Runners-up of the Challenge Yves du Manoir 1969
In 1969, Grenoble bows in the final of the Challenge Yves du Manoir against the US Dax on the score of 24–12.

Runners-up of the Challenge Yves du Manoir 1986
In 1986, Grenoble bows in the final of the Challenge Yves du Manoir against the AS Montferrand on the score of 22–15.

Winner of the Challenge Yves du Manoir 1987
In 1987, Grenoble won the Challenge Yves du Manoir against the SU Agen on the score of 26–7. This is the second major trophy for the club. The winners of the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1987 :

Runners-up of the Challenge Yves du Manoir 1990
In 1990, Grenoble bows in the final of the Challenge Yves du Manoir against the RC Narbonne on the score of 24–19.

A second French championship Title denied following a refereeing error 1993
The arrival of Jacques Fouroux in control of the team for the 1992-93 season associated with Michel Ringeval marks the beginning of a new era called the Mammoths of Grenoble. Despite overpowering pack Grenoble tilts on the score of 14–11. A try of Olivier Brouzet is denied to Grenoble and the decisive try by Gary Whetton was awarded by the referee, Daniel Salles, when in fact the defender Franck Hueber from Grenoble touched down the ball first in his try zone. This error gave the title to Castres. Salles admitted the error 13 years later . . Fouroux conflict with the Federation and who was already suspicious before the match of the referee cry out conspiracy. Players Championship controversial Final in 1993 :

Since then the club has struggled.

First participation in the Heineken Cup 2000
FC Grenoble play the 1999–2000 Heineken Cup in Pool 6. FCG is the only team to beat Nothampton the future winner of the event.
 * Results

Descent and come back in the elite
They were relegated to the French second division and came back again. At the end of 2004–05, they were relegated to the French second division, Rugby Pro D2, after the top level was reduced from sixteen to fourteen teams. However, they were relegated even further, to the amateur Fédérale 1, due to financial problems; an audit of the club's books revealed debts of €3.64 million as of 30 June 2005. They earned promotion back to the professional ranks at the first opportunity, and played in Pro D2, in 2006–07; they finished their first season back in ProD2 in fourteenth place (out of sixteen), surviving the drop by one point over Limoges. They ended the 2007–08 season in eighth, close to the play-offs. In 2010–11 Grenoble finished second, losing the play-off semi-final game at home against Union Bordeaux Bègles. In 2011–12 Grenoble finished first, securing their return to the Top 14 for the 2012–13 season. In their first season back in the top flight, they were in contention for a playoff place early in the season, but faded to 11th, still safely above the relegation zone. After the 2016–17 season, Grenoble have been relegated to the Pro D2 and in the 2017–18 season, ProD2 runners-up Grenoble have been promoted to the Top14, after a 47–22 victory over Oyonnax. The promotion/relegation play-off win sees Grenoble head back to the French top flight, having dropped down this time last season.

Honours

 * French championship Top 14
 * Champions (1): 1954
 * Runners-up (1): 1993
 * Pro D2
 * Champions (2): 1951, 2012
 * Runners-up (4): 2002, 2018, 2023, 2024
 * Challenge Yves du Manoir
 * Champions (1): 1987
 * Runners-up (3): 1969, 1986, 1990
 * Access Match:
 * Champions (1) : 2018
 * Runners-up (2) : 2019, 2023
 * European Champion Clubs' Cup FIRA
 * Runners-up (1) : 1963

Current squad
The squad for the 2023–24 season is:

 * Notes:

Espoirs squad
Prospective players who have not yet appeared professionally this season.

Notable former players

 * 🇦🇷 Diego Albanese
 * 🇦🇷 Ezequiel Jurado
 * 🇦🇷 José Orengo
 * 🇦🇷 Federico Todeschini
 * 🇦🇷 Joaquín Tuculet
 * 🇦🇷 Bautista Ezcurra
 * 🇦🇷 Felipe Ezcurra
 * 🇦🇺 Sam Cordingley
 * 🇦🇺 Peter Kimlin
 * 🇦🇺 Dan Palmer
 * 🇦🇺 Junior Rasolea
 * 🇦🇺 John Welborn
 * 🇧🇦 Kenan Mutapcic
 * 🇨🇦 Jamie Cudmore
 * 🇨🇦 Shane O'Leary
 * Stephen Setephano
 * 🏴 Olly Barkley
 * 🏴 Aly Muldowney
 * 🏴 James Percival
 * Jone Daunivucu
 * Aloisio Butonidualevu
 * Alipate Ratini
 * Sisa Waqa
 * Viliame Waqaseduadua
 * Ropate Rinakama
 * Benito Masilevu
 * Timoci Nagusa
 * 🇫🇷 David Aucagne
 * 🇫🇷 Fabien Barcella
 * 🇫🇷 Gilbert Brunat
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Camberabero
 * 🇫🇷 William Demotte
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Devergie
 * 🇫🇷 Lucas Dupont
 * 🇫🇷 Fabrice Estebanez
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Frier
 * 🇫🇷 Gaëtan Germain
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Héguy
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Laharrague
 * 🇫🇷 Legi Matiu
 * 🇫🇷 Ludovic Mercier
 * 🇫🇷 Geoffroy Messina
 * 🇫🇷 Willy Taofifénua
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Thiéry
 * 🇫🇷 Jonathan Wisniewski
 * 🇫🇷 Mahamadou Diaby
 * 🇫🇷 Etienne Fourcade
 * 🇫🇷 Gervais Cordin
 * 🇫🇷 Ali Oz
 * 🇫🇷 Nathanaël Hulleu
 * 🇫🇷 Adrien Séguret
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Charles Orioli
 * 🇫🇷 Marko Gazzotti
 * Levan Ghvaberidze
 * Paliko Jimsheladze
 * Vasil Katsadze
 * Beka Gigashvili
 * Davit Kubriashvili
 * Luka Goginava
 * Zurab Zhvania
 * Irakli Aptsiauri
 * 🇮🇪 Daniel Browne
 * 🇮🇪 Andrew Farley
 * 🇮🇪 James Hart
 * 🇮🇪 Chris Farrell
 * 🇮🇹 Sergio Lanfranchi
 * 🇮🇹 Franco Piccinini
 * 🇮🇹 Ange Capuozzo
 * 🇳🇿 Aaron Bancroft
 * 🇳🇿 John Blaikie
 * 🇳🇿 Robbie Deans
 * 🇳🇿 Nigel Hunt
 * 🇳🇿 Tone Kopelani
 * 🇳🇿 Mark Mayerhofler
 * 🇳🇿 Blair Stewart
 * 🇳🇿 Jackson Willison
 * 🇵🇱 Grzegorz Kacala
 * José Madeira
 * Petru Bălan
 * Florin Corodeanu
 * Romeo Gontineac
 * Petre Mitu
 * Gheorghe Solomie
 * Ovidiu Tonița
 * Gio Aplon
 * Rudi Coetzee
 * Wylie Human
 * Theo Jansen van Rensburg
 * Charl McLeod
 * Hendrik Roodt
 * Shaun Sowerby
 * Deon Fourie
 * Raymond Rhule
 * Peter Steven
 * Tony Stanger
 * David Mélé
 * 🇹🇴 Inoke Afeaki
 * 🇹🇴 William Helu
 * 🇹🇴 Suka Hufanga
 * 🇹🇴 Leva Fifita
 * 🇹🇴 Tanginoa Halaifonua
 * 🇹🇴 Toma'akino Taufa
 * 🇹🇴 Atu Manu
 * 🏴 Stuart Evans
 * 🏴 Sam Davies

Tee
Cyril Savy is the first player to use a tee in France in 1993. In the semi-finals at the last minute of the game when the FCG faces SU Agen, Savy succeeds a penalty a goal of 60m and gets an overtime. His club came out victorious before being deprived of a title of champion of France on a refereeing error in a controversial final against Castres Olympique.

title: FC Grenoble Rugby


text:
Cooking with alcohol

Cooking with alcohol means using alcohol in the preparation of food either as an ingredient, a cooking fuel, or for visual display.

Wine is frequently used as an ingredient for its acidic properties, its bitter tannins, and its fruit components. Beer and liqueurs are also commonly used as alcoholic ingredients. For a flambé, in which warm alcohol is ignited, the higher alcohol content of a distilled spirit is required.

As an ingredient
Many dishes incorporate alcoholic beverages into the food itself. Such dishes include coq au vin, chicken cacciatore, chicken marsala and boeuf bourguignon. More modern examples are beer grilled chicken and bratwursts boiled in beer. Adding beer, instead of water, to chili during cooking is popular. An overnight marinade of chicken, pork or beef in beer and spices is another example.

Specialist cooking wines, liqueurs, vermouths and eaux de vie are widely used by professional chefs to enhance flavour in traditional and modern dishes. These are specially created to be an ingredient in cooking, not a beverage. As well as offering value for money, they have a longer shelf life which avoids wastage. The addition of specialist cooking wines, liqueurs and vermouths adds flavour to finished meat and fish dishes; desserts benefit from the use of sweet or dry wines. In addition, the use of specialist cooking wine in marinades can tenderise meat and is of particular benefit to game dishes.

Flambé
Flambé is a technique where alcohol, such as brandy, is poured on top of a dish and then ignited to create a visual presentation.

A variation of the flambé tradition is employed in Japanese teppanyaki restaurants where a spirit is poured onto the griddle and then lit, providing both a dramatic start to the cooking, and a residue on the griddle which indicates to the chef which parts of the griddle are hottest.

Alcohol in finished food
A study by a team of researchers at the University of Idaho, Washington State University, and the US Department of Agriculture's Nutrient Data Laboratory calculated the percentage of alcohol remaining in a dish based on various cooking methods. The results are as follows:

 * alcohol added to boiling liquid and removed from heat: 85% alcohol retained
 * alcohol flamed: 75% alcohol retained
 * no heat, stored overnight: 70% alcohol retained
 * baked, 25 minutes, alcohol not stirred into mixture: 45% alcohol retained
 * baked/simmered, alcohol stirred into mixture: (see table)

Alcohol as cooking fuel
Alcohol stoves became popular on boats as an alternative to dangerous kerosene stoves. Although denatured alcohol, such as Sterno, is more expensive than other fuels, and puts out less heat, it is often preferred as a marine stove for safety reasons. Alcohol stoves have also become popular as camp stoves because alcohol is environmentally friendly to burn.

A beverage-can stove is an example of a very lightweight alcohol stove for camping.

title: Cooking with alcohol


text:
User talk:AdamRusbridge

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:17, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AdamRusbridge


text:
Montpellier Hérault Rugby

Montpellier Hérault Rugby (MHR) (Montpelhièr Erau Rugbi Club) is a French professional rugby union club, based in Montpellier, Occitanie and named after the Hérault river. The club competes in the top level of the French league system, the Top 14. They originally played at Stade Sabathé (capacity 5,000) but moved to the Stade Yves-du-Manoir, later known as Altrad Stadium, and since renamed the GGL Stadium, in 2007. They wear white and blue.

History
The club was established in 1986 through the merger of two other rugby union clubs, the Stade Montpelliérain and MUC Rugby.

In 1993 the club won the Challenge de l'Espérance.

In 2003 the club became the champion of France's second division national rugby league, the Pro D2. After finishing second in the league table at the end of the 2002–03 season, Montpellier advanced to the playoffs. They defeated Auch in the semi-finals and Tarbes in the finals to win promotion to the Top 14. The following season the club played for the European Shield, and contested the final. Played in May 2004, Montpellier defeated Italian club Viadana 25 points to 19 to win the Shield.

The club barely avoided relegation after the 2006–07 season. Winning only nine games during a twenty-six-game season, Montpellier found itself in a relegation position with only two games left to play. Thanks to a bonus-point victory in week 25, the team finished just four points ahead of Agen which was relegated to the Pro D2 at the end of the year.

After 2006–07, the club's fortunes began to improve. In June 2007, Fulgence Ouedraogo became the first Montpellier player to play on the French national rugby union team. That same summer the club's new stadium, the Stade Yves-du-Manoir (now GGL Stadium), opened. In 2007–08 Montpellier enjoyed its first winning season in the Top 14. The club made its next step up the table in 2010–11 when it unexpectedly finished sixth by a single point and made the Top 14 playoffs for the first time. The underdog squad defeated both Castres and Racing Métro to make the championship game where they were defeated 15–10 by Toulouse. Since that season, Montpellier has become a consistent playoff contender, finishing fifth in both 2011–12 and 2012–13 and second on the league table in 2013–14.

Thanks to the club's excellent 2010–11 showing, Montpellier was awarded its first spot in the Heineken Cup tournament for 2011–12. The club returned for the 2012–13 tournament and made the quarter-finals before being eliminated by Clermont. Montpellier returned for the final edition of the Heineken Cup in 2013–14, and are participating in the successor to the Heineken Cup, the European Rugby Champions Cup, in 2014–15.

From 2011 the club has been chaired and funded by Mohed Altrad.

Honours

 * French championship Top 14
 * Champions (1): 2022
 * Runners-up (2): 2011, 2018
 * European Rugby Challenge Cup
 * Champions (2): 2016, 2021
 * European Shield
 * Champions (1): 2004
 * Pro D2
 * Champions: 2003

Current squad
The Montpellier squad for the 2023–24 season is:

title: Montpellier Hérault Rugby


text:
User talk:Ingy05

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! But please add a copyright tag to Image:Adams.JPG (which, incidentally, is rather too small to be used in a Wikipedidia article). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ingy05


text:
Section Paloise

Section Paloise, often referred to simply as Section or Pau, is a professional rugby union club based in Pau, France. They are participants in the Top 14, France's premier rugby division, and also compete in the EPCR Challenge Cup.

Their home matches are played at the Stade du Hameau, following 80 years of hosting games at the (1910-1990). The club boasts an impressive history, having clinched the Bouclier de Brennus three times in 1928, 1946 and 1964 along with securing the European Challenge in 2000.

Section Paloise has also earned victories in the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1939, 1952 and 1997. Additionally, they claimed the French Pro D2 title in 2015.

As a formidable presence in French rugby, the club has become a cherished symbol of Béarn culture and heritage. The official anthem of Section Paloise is "Honhada," a tradition that began in March 2012. The lyrics of this anthem were composed to the tune of the famous Scottish ballad The water is wide.

Significantly, Section enjoys sponsorship from the renowned French petroleum company, TotalEnergies. This partnership holds historical significance for Pau, as it traces back to the origins of Elf Aquitaine, stemming from the Lacq gas field. Elf Aquitaine subsequently evolved into Total. To this day, TotalEnergies maintains its presence with offices in Pau, playing a vital role as one of the city's primary employers.

Several recent French rugby internationals, including Imanol Harinordoquy, Damien Traille, Lionel Beauxis or Antoine Hastoy started their professional club careers with Section. The club has also been a welcoming home to rugby legends such as Conrad Smith and Colin Slade from New Zealand, with Sam Whitelock set to join after the 2023 Rugby World Cup. Throughout the years, Section has featured English players like Steffon Armitage and currently fields talents like Dan Robson and Joe Simmonds.

Current French internationals playing for Section include Hugo Auradou, Théo Attissogbé, and Émilien Gailleton.

Rugby in Pau and Béarn
After Le Havre and Bordeaux, Pau was the third major provincial French city to host rugby. As a matter of fact, the sport's presence has been attested since 1890 by the Coquelicots de Pau (Poppies of Pau), playing matches against the neighbouring teams of the Montagnards de Bayonne (Mountaineers of Bayonne) and the Pyrénéenne de Tarbes.

Stade Palois was founded in 1899 by former students of the Lous-Barthou high school, who were imbued with Anglophilia, in vogue in Pau during the Belle Epoque.

Beginnings and first title (1902–1939)
Founded in April 1902, the Section paloise de ligue girondine is an all-round sports club in Pau. Since 1905, it is simply called Section paloise. At that time, rugby or "rugby football" was hugely popular. The club was first established as a Barette (sport) team, yet the club very quickly turned towards this new sport of rugby union. A rugby club had already been formed on November 12, 1899, since the Stade palois, had been founded in a café on rue Bayard. The Stade Palois was thus integrated into Section to form the dominant club in bearnese rugby. In 1912, Section Paloise abandoned its blue and black jerseys, in order to definitively adopt green and white as its colours. The club was then led by Welshman, who took on the role of player-coach until the outbreak of the Great War. The club (all sports combined) paid a heavy price, with around forty deaths on the battlefields. Section Paloise, now under the leadership of Gilbert Pierrot, achieved remarkable success during the 1927-1928 season, as the team won the title of Côte Basque champion for the second consecutive year. Subsequently, it finished first in its pool of 5 in the French championship. In the following groups of 4, it defeated Stade Français, USA Perpignan and Lyon OU as well as the defending champions Stade Toulousain in the semi-final by 3-0 after extra time (1 try at zero).

The final took place in Toulouse in May 1928, where Section Paloise faced off against US Quillan. A crowd of 30,000 spectators attended this highly anticipated match against the players of patron Jean Bourrel, an industrialist who had made his fortune in the hat industry. Indeed, Bourrel was determined to create the best possible team in Quillan and was willing to spend extravagantly to achieve that goal. For Jean Bourrel, a hat maker by profession, the logic was clear: "I am certain to have more commercial publicity by putting together a team to compete for the French championship than by plastering posters around the region." Thus, in 1926, no one seemed surprised when no fewer than seven players from US Perpignan, the French champions in 1925 and finalists in 1926, suddenly arrived in this town in Aude. Later on, the group was further reinforced with the arrival of five international players the following year, including Louis Destarac from Tarbes.

The final was hard-fought and close, but Section Paloise managed to prevail with a score of 6-4, thereby claiming the club's first-ever Bouclier de Brennus. The local newspaper, Le Patriote des Pyrénées, enthusiastically reported on this victory, describing how the players of Section Paloise, nicknamed the "bérets" (berets), had succeeded in defeating the players of Quillan, nicknamed the "chapeaux" (hats).

Another local newspaper L'Indépendant des Basses-Pyrénées also echoed the feat achieved by the team from Pau, referring to it as a "triumph." Their success generated strong enthusiasm among supporters, and during the final in Toulouse, no less than 25,000 Pau and Béarn supporters were present to cheer on their team, which was wearing white that day. The emblematic captain at the time was Albert Cazenave, who was admirably supported by players such as Georges Caussarieu, David Aguilar, Robert Sarrade, Fernand Taillantou, and the indispensable François Récaborde.

This victory by Section Paloise marked a historic moment in the club's history and was celebrated fervently by the fans.

Before the war, the Section paloise won the Challenge Yves du Manoir in the 1938-1939 edition against RC Toulon by a score of 5-0 after extra time, courtesy of a try by Desperbasque and transformed by the full-back Courtade.

After WWII
In 1946, at the end of the war, the club was once again crowned French champions. Section Paloise, won the prize, beating the likes of Toulouse and Agen. In spite of some uninspiring results during the first phase of the championship, Section successively beat Stade Toulousain in the quarter-finals and Perpignan in the semi-finals (6-3 after extra time) to reach the final against their neighbours from the French capital. However, guided by a series of 12 consecutive victories, FC Lourdes were largely defeated 11-0 at the Parc des Princes in Paris. The press noted then that the Section had a very homogeneous team without "stars" but with a perfect physical and moral condition. Theo Cazenave, Pierre Lauga and captain André Rousse are some of the figures of this remarkable XV.

Section Paloise lost in the semi-finals of the 1950 French championship against the future French Olympic champion, Castres Olympique.

After a French Cup semi-final in 1951, the team won the Yves du Manoir challenge in 1952. In 1959, François Moncla, then international and title holder with Racing Club de France, became captain and a new, younger team was formed.

The team slowly took its bearings and in 1964, Section Paloise became French champion for the third time, beating the great Béziers 13-0. Its stars at the time were Moncla, Piqué, Capdouze, Saux, Etcheverry and Abadie.

However, all had started badly during this season, the press even published a headline in October entitled La Section en perdition (Section in Perdition). The team had just lost 31-3 in Agen and lost at Croix du Prince by 24-3 to their heavyweight rivals. The journey slowly took shape with successive victories over Brive, Chalon, Bayonne, and Narbonne before the triumph against Béziers, beaten 14-0 with two tries by Jean Capdouze.

Jean Piqué played the final of the 1963–64 French Rugby Union Championship with a photo of his wife on him during the match. Piqué, a father of a two-year-old daughter, lost his first wife to sudden leukemia during the playoffs. He played the final with a photo of her on him.

The title triggered several days of celebration in the capital of Béarn, and the Boulevard des Pyrénées was flooded with an unprecedented green and white crowd, with 30,000 people.

Béziers got its revenge in the Challenge the following week, preventing Pau from achieving the double.

Robert Paparemborde era (1965–1990)
The following seasons were more unspectacular from a sporting point of view, with captain Moncla stopping his career at the beginning of the 1967 season. From 1968 onwards, a new development took place, as the positions of General President and Rugby President could not be held concurrently. It was the departure of Albert Cazenave after 16 years as President, and that of his brother Theo from the role of coach.

That same year, the Section saw the birth of a young talent from Laruns in the Ossau Valley. Robert Paparemborde started his first game as an inside centre but it was as a prop that he became a world reference. Laurent Cabannes made his debut at the age of 17 and years later became one of the world's best flankers. On a sporting level, the first team lost to Montferrand 14-11 in the quarter-finals in 1970 and reached the semi-finals against Narbonne in 1974, having gone past Agen in the round of 16 by a surprise 24-21. The team spent a single season in Group B, 1977-1978, and then moved back to the elite immediately.

Section did not fulfil its 18-year rule, after 1928, 1946 and 1964 as they did not win another title in 1982, narrowly defeated by SU Agen in the Round of 16. They did, however, reach the quarter-finals in 1983 against Nice.

At the end of the 1980s, with two seasons in Group B, the first team reached the finals of this category but narrowly failed (1989 and 1990). The Section was then in a delicate sporting and economic situation.

Revival then fall (1990–2006)
In October 1990, the club left its historic Stade de la Croix du Prince for the more modern Stade du Hameau. This move helped the club to solve its debts, as the Croix du Prince was sold to the Pau Town Hall. The beginning of the 1990s saw the first team begin to recover and they remained in Group A in 1991 and 1992. In 1993, the team even reached the Top 16 but failed to qualify for the quarter-finals in favour of FC Grenoble who were deprived of the title after a refereeing error and RC Narbonne who played their fifth quarter-final in 6 seasons.

During the 1994 and 1995 seasons, Section Paloise did not reach the top 16 and participated in the Moga Cup where it failed in the final against Aviron Bayonnais in Mont de Marsan.

Rugby Palois moves up in the hierarchy and obtains again good results. Also in 1996, the Section played in the final of the Challenge Yves du Manoir and was eliminated in the semi-final of the French championship, each time against Brive. These results enabled the club to qualify for the second edition of the European Rugby XV Cup.

In 1997, the Section was once again awarded a national trophy which was the Yves du Manoir challenge, while reaching the quarter-finals of the French championship, again both times against the same team from Bourgoin. In 1998, it reached the semi-finals of the H-Cup, beaten only by the future winner of the competition (the English Bath). In 2000, the Section won the European Shield against Castres by 34-21 in Toulouse. The same season, Pau eliminates Montferrand in the quarter-final of the French championship but misses the final by a hair's breadth against Colomiers in the semi-final. The Section lost 24-22 after extra time, the team is led by Joël Rey, David Aucagne, Thierry Cléda, Frédéric Torossian and David Dantiacq.

The following seasons were much more disappointing. The team is often satisfied to play the maintenance in the first division except a qualification in play-off in 2003, and a good course in European challenge in 2005 which sees it only failing in the final against the Sale Sharks. The Section is finally relegated to Pro D2 after the 2005-2006 season, a relegation that it had already avoided by very little the previous season (victory in the play-off). The club plays in Pro D2 from the 2006-2007 season hoping for a better tomorrow, betting a lot on training, like those youngsters trained at the club and who wore the jersey of the French Rugby team during the 2000s: Beauxis, Brusque, Harinordoquy, Traille and Bernat-Salles.

Rebuilding and then returning to ambitions (since 2006)
Section Paloise returned to the elite of French rugby in 2011-2012, after a season that saw it finish second in the championship, and undefeated at home, lost in the final against Stade Montois (29-20). In 2012-2013, the club again reached the Pro D2 final to gain promotion to the Top 14. They most recently earned promotion by winning the championship of the second-level Pro D2 in 2015, nine years after having been relegated from the top flight.

On this occasion, the clubs of supporters, partners and other works councils organised a trip that will bring together no less than 142 buses to the Stade Chaban-Delmas. However, at this stage of the competition, the Section still lost to CA Brive by a score of 30-10 in front of 33,175 spectators.

After another disappointment the following season against La Rochelle, defeated 35-18 at the Stade Marcel-Deflandre in the semi-finals, the club made a good recruitment for the coming season with the arrival of manager Simon Mannix. Section obtained direct access to the Top 14 that year. As soon as the season ended, Simon Mannix used his address book to bring in players like Colin Slade, Carl Hayman and Conrad Smith, considered at that time to be of the best centres in the world.

Smith is now high-performance director at the club.

Mannix was dismissed in 2019 after five seasons, when a string of poor results convinced the board to part ways.

The first team is now coached by Sébastien Piqueronies. As a federal coach, he became the manager of the France national under-20 rugby union team in 2018. He led the team to the double title of world champions in 2018 and 2019.

Colours
The colours of Section Paloise have been green and white since 1912. Previously, the players wore blue and black jerseys (a legacy of Stade palois) which were soon abandoned for these new colours. Jean Plaà (manager at the time) justified this choice as green represents the club's hopes and white the snow of the Pyrenees in Bearn. It has since become customary for the club's teams to wear a white jersey at home and a green jersey away from home.

In recent years, a black and green jersey has been regularly used for playing away.

Logo
The coat of arms of Section Paloise represents the Pic du the Midi d'Ossau mountain, surrounded by green and white. Pic du the Midi d'Ossau is a Pyrenean peak, locally nicknamed Jean-Pierre which symbolises the region for many people from Béarn.

A second version of the coat of arms was released in 1998 for the creation of the professional structure, displayed on the jerseys of the first team at the beginning of the 2001-2002 season. This one then keeps the famous peak as emblem but evolves towards a darker bottle green colour. The latest version of the coat of arms dates from the start of the 2012-2013 season. The colour of the coat of arms reverts to the original lighter green and incorporates the new appellation Section paloise Béarn Pyrénées. With this name change, the club symbolises the desire of its directors to further anchor the club as the driving force behind professional rugby in Béarn but more generally in the Pyrenees.

Hymn and songs
Section Paloise's official anthem is the Honhada since March 2012. The song, composed by Didier Fois (Arraya, Hestiv'Oc festival, Ostau Bearnés), was met with a mixed reception in its early days and soon became a must for fans, who sing it at the start of every match. The lyrics of the song were composed on the air of the famous Scottish ballad The water is wide, also covered by Renaud in the Northern Irish Ballad.

Traditional Bearn songs from local band Nadau such as the Encantada and De cap tà l'immortèla as well as the famous Béarn anthem Si Canti are also widely popular among the local faithful. De cap tà l'immortèla had long been considered to be the unofficial anthem Section Paloise as it is so popular with the public.

Mascot
The club's mascot is a bear named Bearnie (pronounced "Bernie"). The bear was chosen because it is one of the symbols of the Pyrenees, and its name is a play on words with Béarn, the region of which Pau has been the capital since 1464.

Honours

 * French championship Top 14
 * Champions (3): 1928, 1946, 1964
 * European Rugby Challenge Cup
 * Champions (1): 2000
 * Runners-up (1): 2005
 * Pro D2
 * Champions (1): 2015
 * Challenge Yves du Manoir
 * Champions (2): 1939, 1952
 * Runners-up (5): 1953, 1959, 1962, 1964, 1996
 * French Cup
 * Champions (1): 1997
 * Runners-up (1): 1946

Current squad
The Pau squad for the 2023–24 season is:

Notable former players

 * Karim Bougherara
 * Malik Hamadache
 * 🇦🇷 Patricio Albacete
 * 🇦🇷 Lisandro Arbizu
 * 🇦🇷 Santiago Fernandez
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Pablo Orlandi
 * 🇦🇷 Gonzalo Quesada
 * 🇦🇺 Garrick Morgan
 * 🇦🇺 Jesse Mogg
 * 🇦🇺 Ben Mowen
 * 🇦🇺 Matt Philip
 * 🇦🇺 Afusipa Taumoepeau
 * 🇨🇦 Mike Burak
 * 🇨🇦 Al Charron
 * 🇨🇦 Ryan Smith
 * 🇨🇦 Matt Tierney
 * Sergio Valdés
 * 🏴 Steffon Armitage
 * 🏴 Joseph Mbu
 * Sireli Bobo
 * Saula Radidi
 * Aminiasi Tuimaba
 * Watisoni Votu
 * Dominiko Waqaniburotu
 * 🇫🇷 André Abadie
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Michel Agest
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Agnesi
 * 🇫🇷 David Aguilar
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Arbo
 * 🇫🇷 David Aucagne
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Beauxis
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Bernat-Salles
 * 🇫🇷 Thomas Bianchin
 * 🇫🇷 Pascal Bomati
 * 🇫🇷 Hugo Bonneval
 * 🇫🇷 Mohamed Boughanmi
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Bouilhou
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Bruno
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Brusque
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Cabannes
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Cabannes
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Capdouze
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Carbonneau
 * 🇫🇷 Paul Cassagne
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Emmanuel Cassin
 * 🇫🇷 Florian Cazalot
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Charles Cistacq
 * 🇫🇷 Marc Dal Maso
 * 🇫🇷 David Dantiacq
 * 🇫🇷 Clément Darbo
 * 🇫🇷 Ibrahim Diarra
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Descons
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Delannoy
 * 🇫🇷 Thomas Domingo
 * 🇫🇷 Mathieu Dourthe
 * 🇫🇷 Louis Dupichot
 * 🇫🇷 Marc Etcheverry
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Fauqué
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Faure
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Froment
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Michel Gonzalez
 * 🇫🇷 Pierrick Gunther
 * 🇫🇷 Imanol Harinordoquy
 * 🇫🇷 Antoine Hastoy
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Hatchondo
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Louis Jordana
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Lacrampe
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Laussucq
 * 🇫🇷 Claude Mantoulan
 * 🇫🇷 Henri Marracq
 * 🇫🇷 Lionel Mallier
 * 🇫🇷 François Moncla
 * 🇫🇷 Robert Paparemborde
 * 🇫🇷 Baptiste Pesenti
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Pierre
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Piqué
 * 🇫🇷 Adrien Planté
 * 🇫🇷 Lucas Pointud
 * 🇫🇷 Bastien Pourailly
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Preux
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Baptiste Peyras-Loustalet
 * 🇫🇷 Joel Rey
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Saux
 * 🇫🇷 Atila Septar
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Sorondo
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Marc Souverbie
 * 🇫🇷 Patrick Tabacco
 * 🇫🇷 Fernand Taillantou
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Thiéry
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Tomas
 * 🇫🇷 Frédéric Torossian
 * 🇫🇷 Damien Traille
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Triep-Capdeville
 * 🇫🇷 Quentin Valançon
 * Merab Kvirikashvili
 * Mamuka Magrakvelidze
 * Paddy Butler
 * James Coughlan
 * 🇮🇹 Marco Zanon
 * 🇲🇦 Abdellatif Boutaty
 * Jamie Mackintosh
 * Elijah Niko
 * Peter Saili
 * Colin Slade
 * Ben Smith
 * Conrad Smith
 * Benson Stanley
 * Tom Taylor
 * Luke Whitelock
 * 🇷🇴 Hari Dumitraş
 * 🇷🇴 Iulian Dumitraș
 * 🇷🇴 Alexandru Manta
 * 🇷🇴 Răzvan Mavrodin
 * 🇷🇴 Sorin Socol
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Țincu
 * Lourens Adriaanse
 * Elton Jantjies
 * 🇷🇺 Viacheslav Grachev
 * Jeremy Tomuli
 * Euan Murray
 * 🇸🇳 Mohamadou Diarra
 * Tonga Leaʻaetoa
 * Taniela Moa

Rivalries
The high density of rugby clubs in south-west France has led to numerous rivalries between SectionPaloise and neighbouring clubs. In Béarn, the rivalry has mainly centred around the often muscular clashes against FC Oloron, also known as Fécéo.

However, Stadoceste tarbais has been another great historical rival since the 1910s.

Finally, Section has long-standing sporting rivalries dating back to the 1910s with the other major historical clubs of the Adour region: Aviron Bayonnais, Biarritz Olympique, FC Lourdes, Stade Montois & US Dax.

The basques of Aviron Bayonnais have not been able to win in Pau against Section since 1946.

title: Section Paloise


text:
List of Rhode Island railroads

As of February 2022, a total of five railroads operate in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Freight services are largely operated by the Providence and Worcester Railroad, which interchanges with the state's only other freight railroad, the Seaview Transportation Company, a switching and terminal railroad serving the Port of Davisville. Passenger service is provided along Rhode Island's portion of the Northeast Corridor by Amtrak, supplemented by MBTA Commuter Rail service from Wickford Junction northbound towards Boston. Rhode Island is also home to one heritage railroad, the Newport and Narragansett Bay Railroad, which operates excursions on a segment of track on Aquidneck Island which is disconnected from the rest of the United States rail network.

Defunct railroads

 * Electric

 * Bay State Street Railway
 * Fall River and Stone Bridge Street Railway
 * Groton and Stonington Street Railway
 * Middletown and Portsmouth Street Railway
 * Newport and Fall River Street Railway
 * Newport and Providence Railway
 * Newport Street Railway
 * Norwich and Westerly Railway
 * Old Colony Street Railway
 * Pawcatuck Valley Railway
 * Pawtucket Street Railway
 * Providence Cable Tramway Company (also a cable-car line)
 * Providence and Danielson Railway
 * Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad
 * Rhode Island Company
 * Rhode Island Suburban Railway
 * Sea View Railroad
 * Union Railroad
 * United Electric Railways
 * Warwick Railway

 * Not completed
 * Southern New England Railway

title: List of Rhode Island railroads