text:
Talk:John Ruskin

comments
"Ruskin the reluctant conchologist", by S. Peter Dance, Journal of the History of Collections, May 2004, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 35-46(12) (Publisher: Oxford University Press) - suggests that although Ruskin collected shells (especially during his boyhood, then again during his later years, partly due to his friendships with Henrietta Carey, an early member of the St George's Guild, and Sydney Carlyle Cockerel, both conchologists themselves), and did produce several remarkable pictures of them, he cared little for their scientific study, keeping them rather as objects of beauty, and also found them rather frustrating to draw. If anybody wants to thread some of this information into the main article they are welcome to, but it is presently absurdly short, and putting in information about this hobby of this would seem to be premature! I have classed him as a conchologist nonetheless.

explanation of editing correction
The article, after mentioning Ruskin's annulment of marriage in 1854, had stated that he later fell in love with Adele Domecq and Rose LaTouche. Adele Domecq, however, was someone whom Ruskin met in 1836, when they were both adolescents. His frustrated love for her continued over the next few years. When he met her again in 1839, she was engaged to someone else. This was his last meeting with her. I therefore deleted mention of her name as someone whom Ruskin fell in love with later in life. I did not add her name elsewhere in the article. She is perhaps not without relevance to an article on Ruskin; it has been said that his unrequited love for her caused him, along with a tubercular attack, to take a temporary leave from Oxford during his student days. But the article as it stands should be expanded where it is most deficient- namely, description of Ruskin's artistic theories, his own accomplished drawings, and the general content of his works and his prose style. I therefore omitted mention of Adele Domecq on the grounds that it would be a not particularly necessary addition and would be better replaced with other, more needed additions. - InvisibleSun 8/22/05

Turner's Erotic Paintings
"Until 2005, biographies of both J. M. W. Turner and Ruskin had claimed that in 1858 Ruskin burned bundles of erotic paintings and drawings by Turner, in order to protect Turner's posthumous reputation. In 2005, these same works by Turner were discovered in a neglected British archive, proving that Ruskin did not destroy them."

Interesting... Source? There's no mention of this on the Turner page.

Added cite PiCo 10:28, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The conclusion that Ruskin did not destroy Turner's erotic drawings is based on research done by Ian Warrell, the Turner expert at the Tate Gallery in London. Please see http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/dec/29/artsandhumanities.arts. -- 7 November 2009

Kilaiditis: I think he also burned a copy of Goya's Caprichos!

 * Kenneth Clark, in his book Ruskin Today (1964) writes the following: "I have never been able to find the source of the story, frequently repeated, that in the course of his labours, Ruskin destroyed a number of Turner drawings which he considered obscene. It may well be true, as he persuaded Mr. Ellis, the bookseller, to burn a fine copy of Goya's Caprichos. At all events, after 1856 Ruskin writes about him [Turner] in a very different tone." InvisibleSun 01:20, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Revision
A discussion on the Victoriana mailing list re the "pubic hair" myth and a reference there to Wikipedia as propagating the myth persuaded me to come here and work on the article. I have included the gist of the discussion on Victoriana (a list inhabited primarily by English professors) re tracing the rumor to Mary Lutyens. I should cite Lutyens in the references, and give a page ref as well. I don't know if I will be able to get a copy of the book; anyone else who can supply the missing information is welcome to do so!

I also took the liberty of reorganizing the article, which seemed to be somewhat jumbled and hard to read. I separated the life and work, and added separate sections for biographies (which should be expanded), legacy, and controversies. I think putting the article into sections makes it more readable -- however, there could be BETTER ways of defining and organizing them. Other sections could be added, too. So I'm not going to make a fuss if other editors rearrange yet again.

The prose in both sections does not flow cleanly, and there are many gaps in the information given. Both the life and the work could use some amplification. I don't know if I will be able to do this -- I am working on too many Wikipedia articles as it is. The regular editors may be able to fill this gap, if I can't.

I hope I haven't stepped on too many toes. I just wanted to make sure that if any of the English professors on Victoriana stopped here again, they'd find a spiffed up article with Lutyens' speculation clearly marked as such. Zora 22:32, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've added a quote from Kenneth Clark on Ruskin's artistic principles. I would like to add more over the next few weeks.  This, I believe, is where the article is weakest: we're told about his career, marriage, controversies and so on, but hardly anything about his actual views on art, religion, society, economics, education; nor is there much about his prose style, his artwork or his influence on contemporaries.   InvisibleSun 23:56, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. He's a major figure and deserves better coverage. Links to those of his works that are available for free, online, as e-books, would help too. I'll see if I can do that. Zora 00:02, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Ruskin's aversion to pubic hair.
We can't really think that the issue of whether Ruskin was repulsed by his first wife's pubic hair is sufficiently noteworthy to be so dominantly included in such a short summary of his work and life as it is now, can we? Does anyone object to reducing this to more of a passing reference so that it assumes a more appropriate place in the context of his work? Alternately, can someone volunteer facts demonstrating what meaningful impact, if any, this biographical speculation has on the interpretation of his writing?

 * I entered that material following a discussion on the Victoriana mailing list, by English professors for the most part, re what everyone "knew" about Ruskin, which was the pubic hair rumour, and what a shame it was that Wikipedia repeated it uncritically.

 * I think WP should respond to the misconceptions that users bring to subjects of the articles, and debunk them if necessary. Since all too many students are consulting Wikipedia, it's a service to the English professors to challenge misconceptions.

 * I agree that the subject has too much prominence now, just because the rest of the article is so sketchy. If we bulked up the rest of the article, the material re his marriage wouldn't be as salient. Zora 22:34, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I will try to add substantial information regarding his writing and historical context over the next week so that we can focus the article on his work rather than his curious, yet distracting, purported sexual proclivities. Wm. Terpening 00:37, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you really think Ruskin did not have pubic hair? Do you really think he had not studied and drawn many tens of nudes????? This is just faulting his wife for being a human - pubic hair - he drew nudes - ignorance on menstrual blood - he went to Oxford University, he was either asexual or a paedophile.This is just sexist blaming of the woman for the man's problem and male english teachers getting their students cheap thrills. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.89.73.107 (talk) 19:04, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopaedia article not about condemnation or praise of Ruskin. The article notes and sources what the man was like. If he did have a problem with pubic hair, it's a reflection on Ruskin not women. Span (talk) 19:21, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

"The idea that he did not know what women looked like is a nonsense. It is frankly irritating." There are no sources at the time that mention this at all. This is all written well afterward with all evidence pointing to the contrary. How many other artists got shocked by pubic hair ? http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/mar/14/john-ruskin-wedding-effie-gray — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.89.73.107 (talk) 19:27, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Plenty of sources are given, multiple biographies. Span (talk) 19:35, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Of course they didn't speak of it at the time. They were Victorians, so what do you expect? It's speculation by later writers. For some reason you appear to think this is insulting to women, which seems a very odd view to me. I'm sure that no one contributing to this article blames women for having pubic hair. If anyone is being blamed, if is Ruskin. The blame may be misplaced, if that was not the cause of his "disgust", but the fact remains that he found her genitalia repulsive in some way, and of course no one, man or woman, can be blamed for the shape of their body parts. BTW, there is no evidence that I know of that Ruskin drew any nudes at all. Paul B (talk) 21:28, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I've just read the dumb comments by Hewison in the Guardian article "The idea that he did not know what women looked like is a nonsense. It is frankly irritating." Well if it's nonsense why did Effie herself write "he had imagined women were quite different to what he saw I was, and that the reason he did not make me his Wife was because he was disgusted with my person (person = body)." So presumably Effie had no idea what she was taking about! Paul B (talk) 19:01, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

For well over a hundred years, biographers and artists and art students have taken a voluptuous delight in speculating what it was about Effie's person that was so "disgusting" to Ruskin that he didn't consummate their marriage. The probable answer lies in one biographer's bleak statement, well after Ruskin's life ended: "John Ruskin is never known to have had sex with anyone, ever." Ruskin was impotent. He knew it, of course. His remark about Effie was his particularly contemptible attempt to deflect speculation about his own shortcomings. Younggoldchip (talk) 16:11, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

Why not ?
Well yes, why not write something about his amazing talents as a teacher. Claude Monet once stated that "ninety percent of the theory of Impressionist painting is in Ruskin's Elements of Drawing (1857)" (Contemporary Review - March 1911 see: Lawrence Campbell's introduction to Ruskin's "The Elements of Drawing." -Dover ed. 1971) (84.193.174.59 11:46, 4 March 2006 (UTC))
 * This relates to Ruskin's contention that an artist should reproduce the visual image that is felt through a sense impression. The artist should not presuppose anything about the perceived object as object. An artist should be concerned only with sense impressions, such as areas of color. In other words, draw or paint your sense impression and don't think about the object. In so doing, the artistic representation of the object is more correct and results naturally. This influence may not be generally known because not many have read Elements of Drawing. The common understanding may be that Ruskin's influence on the Impressionists resulted merely from his suggestion that they paint outdoors rather than in the studio.Lestrade (talk) 02:13, 18 October 2010 (UTC)Lestrade

anecdote re quality of writing?
Couldn't title that better, somehow. It may have only been in the preface to the selected Ruskin in Pelican that I used to have, but I think it was a comment from another source that tweaked me to get the Pelican anthology anyway. Thing is, I'm from Ruskin, B.C. so always had the curiosity; wound up in a cultural geography course years later and clued in to why the Ruskin powerhouse has a gothic flavour that other BCER powerhouses don't have; "the epitome of modern architecture" in was pronounced in the Vancouver rags in, um, 1931 (bit of art deco in there, come to think of it). So somewhere in my asking and reading around about the guy, since his followers were a part of the history a few addresses down the road (past the swamp and the drive-in theatre, now a pair of trailer parks), something I read said something or other about Ruskin's writing being the epitome of English prose, the finest-wrought though not in fiction or poetry, more in pure description; the citation was in ref to passages of The Stones of Venice, I think. I didn't just want to add, on the main article, "his writing is considered to be among the finest prose written in English", especially if there might be an actual quote/cite out there. Anyone recognize this and might know the cite, or at least the critic whose opinion it was?Skookum1 05:44, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Saintsbury, perhaps? A Google search came up with this quote: "George Saintsbury says of Ruskin's works '...they will be found to contain the very finest prose (without exception and beyond comparison) which has been written in English during the last half of the nineteenth century... The Stones of Venice ... is the book of descriptive prose in English, and all others toil after it in vain.'"  InvisibleSun 09:27, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Best known as...
...best known for his work as an art critic and social critic, but is remembered as an author, poet and artist as well... By whom? I know him as an author and poet, but not as a critic or artist. Joe down the road may have some other viewpoint on the man, his life and his works. This bald statement, coming as it does right at the start of the article, gives it a rather subjective tone. Better, I think, to list what makes Ruskin famous, without giving precedence to some aspects of his work over others. Later in the piece, assuming there is documentary support for the opinions, the better-knownedness of some fields could be mentioned, if the contributor considers it important.--King Hildebrand 17:50, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I really think it is very well established that he is best known as a writer on art and as a social critic. It is usual practice to list what is most notable about a figure at the top of the page. The great majority of books on him are about these aspects of his thinking (if we include architecture under the general concept of "art"). His poetry is hardly ever read these days. Can you find any book about him as a poet? "Author" is rather ambiguous, since all his works are the product of an "author", but I assume this is intended to mean "creative writer", possibly being a reference to The King of the Golden River. Again, you'd be hard put to find anything like as much literature on this as on his work as a theorist of art and architecture. Paul B 18:07, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Contributions to Political Thought: Welfare
Why is there no mention of Ruskin's positive contribution to the creation of the concept of common welfare, and the welfare state?

 * It is mentioned, but it could be expanded. Do it. Paul B 12:11, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Critics of Ruskin
An obscure (?) american documentary called "the capitalist conspiracy" claims that ruskin is supposed to have advocated "the rule of one man over all others", an idea similar to enlightened ... what's the expression in english again.

anyone know anything of this quote?

I guess Ruskin was too early to anticipate Hitler etc. but seems he should have, living with enough despots and powerful not so benevolent ruling monarchs at the time.

I feel a greater paragraph on his politics is needed, especially on a man that has influenced people like Tolstoj, Oscar wilde, the british Labour Party and so on. I'm no expert on ruskin but I'll try dig up some more that can shed light on why he was considered so important by his close contemporaries.

- John Smith (nom de guerre) 09:57, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It's difficult to be clear about Ruskin's politics. He described himself as a Tory, but he influenced Socialism. He was very close to Thomas Carlyle, who did, in his later work, promote a sort of proto-fascist ideology. The expression is "enlightened despotism". Paul B 10:57, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Pedophilia
From Pedophilia

"The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (F65.4) defines pedophilia as "a sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age."

The APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, Text Revision gives the following as its "Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia":

 * A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger);
 * B. The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty;
 * C. The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.

The APA diagnostic criteria do not require actual sexual activity with a pre-pubescent youths. The diagnosis can therefore be made based on the presence of fantasies or sexual urges alone, provided the subject meets the remaining criteria. "For individuals in late adolescence with Pedophilia, no precise age difference is specified, and clinical judgment must be used." (p. 527 DSM). "

As you can presumably see, it is inaccurate to use the term "paedophilic inclinations", as one cannot be inclined to be primarily or exclusively attracted to pre-pubescent children.

As far as the edit about behaviour is concerned, the DSM, quoted above, makes it clear that a diagnosis of pedophilia can be made without the person having engaged in any behaviour. As such, Batchelor's claim is incorrect and makes no sense; this must be made clear to Wikipedia's readers. Barry Jameson (talk) 14:54, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This is beside the point. We simply report on what have been said by relevant authorities on the subject. We don't add our own editorialising disagreements with them. That's called WP:SYN. It is not allowed. As for the assertion that "pedophile inclinations" is nonsense. It's no more nonsense than "homosexual inclinations". We do not generally speak of people "having pedophilia" any more than we speak of people "having homosexuality". Yes, I can see some examples of such a usage, but they are very rare. I think you have some specific agenda here regarding the definition of pedophilia as an illness. That should not affect normal English usage, not does it justify adding comments that violate WP:SYN. You are mistaken about behaviour. The term behaviour refers to the totality of human actiity. It is not possible to "make it clear that a diagnosis of pedophilia can be made without the person having engaged in any behaviour." I think you mean without having committed any offenses, or other active engagement with children, which is a quite different thing. Paul B (talk) 15:50, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Paedophilia is officially a mental disorder, with a specific diagnosis; homosexuality is not. That is why one has "homosexual inclinations" and not "paedophilic inclinations", and it's also why one "has paedophilia" but doesn't "have homosexuality". For what it's worth, people are referred to as having paedophilia in a professional psychological context. I'm actually opposed to paedophilia being considered a mental illness, but I believe that Wikipedia's definitions of paedophilia should be 100% accurate. See my contributions.

 * Nothing that I have added to the article constitutes original research, rather it clarifies that Batchelor is incorrect when he claims that Ruskin's behaviour is relevant to his alleged paedophilia. There's a major difference between original research and a brief explanation that a source is inaccurate. Wikipedia does not only report quotes.

 * As far as behaviour is concerned, one can be a paedophile without engaging in any behaviour. Mental disorders are considered to be a form of abnormal neurological activity, which is not defined as behaviour. Barry Jameson (talk) 17:04, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with you that the definition of pedophilia as a mental illness is illogical (or at least has no more logic than excluding other paraphilias), but as you say, that's a matter for professionals to decide. However the fact remains that "having paediophilia" is not a normative construction and is inappropriate. It is also wrong to add statements that disagree with what Reliable sources say. It is meaningless to make comments about Ruskin's "neurological activity" since he's been dead for a century. We can only judge on the basis of recorded behaviour (and that includes writings etc), so Batchelor is perfectly correct to make an assessment (whether it is right or wrong) based on the evidence that exists, which is evidence of behaviour. Paul B (talk) 17:33, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I personally feel that you're stretching the definition of behaviour.

 * If one were studying Ruskin's writings for clues as to his sexuality, I think it would be difficult to genuinely claim that Ruskin was definitely not a paedophile (although we can't say that Ruskin was definitely a paedophile either, as we don't know whether he was caused significant distress/impairment by his apparent attraction to children). Therefore, I very much doubt that Batchelor was referring to Ruskin's writings when he used the term "behaviour".

 * Also, you must not forget that while Batchelor is clearly an expert on Ruskin and is a reliable source in that sense, his knowledge of paedophilia is probably very limited. I'm sure that he didn't consult sources such as the DSM before writing about Ruskin's sexuality.

 * I have changed "had paedophilia" to "was a paedophile", per your comment above. Barry Jameson (talk) 18:18, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Ruskin Street in West Roxbury
There is a Ruskin Street in West Roxbury (Boston) MA US, which is also the home of Brook Farm community. Perhaps this street was named after John Ruskin. Are there any sources to pin this down? -69.87.204.40 (talk) 01:53, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * This would be more relevant to the aims of the Brook Farm community, if you have a soiurce for how and when the street was named. At John Ruskin it is merely trivial. --Wetman (talk) 04:24, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * There are many streets named after him (London has a "John Ruskin Street" and a "Ruskin Road"). You'd have to contact the local historians in Boston to identify the source of that particular street, but it's very likely it took its name from him. Paul B (talk) 12:56, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Any other Ruskin would be an unlikely coincidence. My thought was simply that the figure of John Ruskin had particular resonance with the Brook Farm community, which aimed to "combine the thinker and the worker...by opening the benefits of education and the profit of labor to all.”: see Brook Farm. --Wetman (talk) 08:15, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, Brook Farm is mentioned in the WP article as having gone defunct by 1847, at which time Ruskin had not yet written his books on the structure of society, the nature of education, the value of labor and so on. In the 1840s he was famous as the author of Modern Painters, in which his views on these subjects had not  coalesced.  He hadn't written The Stones of Venice, Unto This Last, Fors Clavigera, etc. - InvisibleSun (talk) 06:44, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

New file File:John Ruskin by James Northcote.jpg
Recently the file File:John Ruskin by James Northcote.jpg (right) was uploaded and it appears to be relevant to this article and not currently used by it. If you're interested and think it would be a useful addition, please feel free to include it. It shows John Ruskin as a 3-year-old child in 1822. Dcoetzee 23:36, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

In Our Time
Rich Farmbrough, 03:16, 16 September 2010 (UTC).

Possible vandalism
It looks to me like this revision [|this revision] may be vandalism. It adds an unsourced "letter to his physician", containing some implausible innuendo and a bizarre reference to Connie Gilchrist (not born until the early 20th century), and is from an IP address known to have committed vandalism in the past. Maybe someone better informed could take a look? --87.114.11.116 (talk) 21:42, 8 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately the letter looks and probably is genuine. However you are correct the Connie Gilchrist is incorrectly included - the original letter says Gonnie Gilchrists clearly a different person. I will make the appropriate change, good catch. I am moving this thread to the bottom of the page...Modernist (talk) 22:26, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, the letter has a reliable seeming source. The second page of the article does actually cite a Connie Gilchrist. I don't know if Gonnie was a nickname. The dates are wrong for the Connie featured on Wikipedia, although she was also a London stage actress, famed for pantomime. I can see how the mistake was made. There is considerable evidence that Ruskin had a penchant for small children. Best wishes Span (talk) 23:56, 8 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The problem is that this is just too long, plonked in the middle of the text as an undigested lump of primary material. We should be including long quotes like that. Paul B (talk) 08:45, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Span (talk) 21:29, 9 March 2011 (UTC).

especially its geologist
The phrase "especially its geologist" in the article strikes me as probably containing a typographical error, but I'm not sure how its author intended it to read. Would its author care to correct it (or explain here why it's correct as it stands)? Tonydwyer2001 (talk) 00:46, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * It was a recent change. The typo is fixed. Span (talk) 04:36, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Ghandi
The very bottom of the article has a table of information about Ghandi. The only connection with Ruskin is that Ruskin was one of Ghandi's influences. I don't think that this was the only person Ruskin influenced, nor the only person who influenced Ghandi. Maybe someone who knows how may want to unlink this table. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.126.138.44 (talk) 13:57, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * No mention of any "Ghandi" is made in the article. Chenopodiaceous (talk) 17:48, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Ruskin had a real penchant for wearing a loin cloth and sandals. Liquid Gumption (talk) 19:05, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

Paulizza
'For Effie, Venice provided an opportunity to socialise. Whilst she met with the Austrian 1st lieutenant, Charles Paulizza, Ruskin was engaged in solitary studies. Their London life was much the same. Returning to Venice in September 1851, Effie discovered that Paulizza was dead.'
 * There is no further mention of Paulizza, so his significance is unknown. And a rather disjointed para altogether. Valetude (talk) 11:56, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Paulizza is significant for two reasons. One is that he was responsible for bombing Venice during the Austrian attack on the city, so Effie'a friendship with him is often presented as rather ironic since her husband was writing a book all about the need to preserve its buildings. Effie's apparently unconcerned tone in her accounts of Paulizza's doings is sometimes offered as evidence of her lack of sympathy with her husband's ideas. However, Rusking seems to have had no problem with Paulizza. The other reason is that Ruskin was later accused by Effie's brother of intentionally pushing Effie and Paulizza together in order to compomise her. This was later said by Effie's supporters to be one of his strategies for either getting rid of her or contolling her, by intentionally throwing her at various attractive men of which Paulizza was the first. Of course neither of these points are made in the current article text, and the first one is rather minor. The second point is rather more significant in the context of the deteroriorating relationship between Effie and John, so it could be developed in a sentence or so. Paul B (talk) 14:39, 6 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I've altered the relevant paragraph, to make it more understandable. The previous version did not say whether there was any significance in her discovery of Paulizza's death on her (their?) return visit in 1851, so I'm assuming it's off-topic. Valetude (talk) 17:39, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

First mention of Effie
In the Oxford section, you say 'Before he returned, he answered a challenge set down by Effie Gray, whom he later married.' This does not really tell us anything. It should say who she was, and how they had met. And what sort of 'challenge' was this anyway? Valetude (talk) 03:53, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

 * It's slightly clearer in context. The challenge was to write a fairy story. As Derrick Leon puts it: "She was shown his minerals and his drawings, she saw the architectural articles in Loudon's Magazines: but she would have been far better pleased to know that he wrote fairy stories like Grimm--and frankly told him so. At which Ruskin, always eager to give pleasure, in particular to charming and intelligent young girls, told her that he would see what he could do, while she laughed delightfully, and assured him that she was quite sure he would fail. Thus teased and flattered, he set to work on The King of the Golden River, which he finished a few weeks later" (Ruskin: the Great Victorian, p.66). Paul B (talk) 21:19, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

Nothing on Max Muller?
Nothing on his influence by Max Muller, and the Vedas? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.30.55.165 (talk) 16:55, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

The gravestone images appear to be the wrong way round.
Somebody really ought to do something about that. Rayner-hills (talk) 19:26, 30 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Which one, and why do you think it's reversed? Andy Dingley (talk) 19:59, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

Ah well there's only two graven images (ahem ahem ahem - sorry) in the article, and you can quite clearly see from the photo, written on the Tomb, that the first one is John Ruskin's; not his father. Also I'm pretty sure I recognise the other one to be the Shirley parish, the resting place of Ruskin's father (I live 20 minutes from there). Sorry I'm a bit of a Wikipedia newbie to change it myself. :/ - Regards! Rayner-hills (talk) 20:43, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Actually, thinking on it more, perhaps I'm misinterpreting the text on the side of the facade of the first image of the tomb?? Looking closer at the other picture, I'm not actually sure that is Shirley, whilst the tomb could very well be St John The Evangelist Church Yard; there's little in the  way of paths in that cemetery. My how embarrassing! Still better I vocalise the mistake here, in case other people were wondering. Tell you what I'll visit that church tomorrow myself and make sure of it, but assume indeed that I am wrong. Cheers. Rayner-hills (talk) 20:57, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Yes I am standing now, next to the tomb of the first image in Shirley. I was indeed entirely and 100% wrong. My goodness. Rayner-hills (talk) 14:08, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

"Barony House in Edinburgh"
The article tells us:

Barony House in Edinburgh is home to a descendant of John Ruskin who has designed and hand painted various friezes in honour of her ancestor and it is open to the public.

This tells us nothing about John Ruskin. However benevolently intended, it reads like an ad for a B&B. I'm about to delete it. -- Hoary (talk) 01:25, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Degrees
Ruskin was a LL.D and DCL. There's not a word about it in the article. 31.173.82.4 (talk) 00:28, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

 * In #Oxford it is said: "Back at Oxford, in 1842 Ruskin sat for a pass degree, and was awarded an uncommon honorary double fourth-class degree in recognition of his achievements."  This doesn't make sense to me.  (1) If he sat for a regular degree at pass level and did extraordinarily well in examinations, he could have been awarded honours in that degree, not an honorary degree.  (2) How did sitting for a pass degree come out as a double degree?  (3) A fourth-class degree, so far as I'm aware, is/was awarded to a jolly good chap who'd been mucking about in boats. Errantius (talk) 13:44, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Assume you mean DCL. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:40, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

"an uncommon honorary double fourth-class degree" makes no sense and it is not referenced, so I am going to delete it. --Bduke (talk) 08:54, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

I can see why you've deleted it but maybe this should be reconsidered. There is a reference to it at p.69 of Hilton's 2002 biography (a conflated version of his two volume work, which I can't access). A double degree would normally now be called a joint honours degree. Sbishop (talk) 11:39, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * His college think that's what he got. See https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/blog/john-ruskin - are we quoting them or them us? In general removing things that don't make sense to you is a risky enterprise. Johnbod (talk) 14:54, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Bradley, Alexander. “Ruskin at Oxford: Pupil and Master.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 32, no. 4 (1992): 747–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/450969. confirms an "honorary fourth" (p 750). Fairly clearly, it was honorary because his health meant he only sat one exam it seems.  I will reinstate the sentence & ref it. Johnbod (talk) 15:01, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Honorary degrees usually require no exams, or even study? Perhaps usage has changed. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:15, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Now they have exams for them, you mean? I expect no one doubted Ruskin's level of studying. You're not confusing an Honorary degree with an Honours degree by any chance?  Johnbod (talk) 15:31, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not confusing those two. Aren't Honorary degrees bestowed on celebrities and public notables who have never been near the university. let alone opened a book? Martinevans123 (talk) 16:43, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Normally, yes (also distinguished academics and other figures who have written lots of books - in fact generally the majority these days), and requiring no exams, or even study. Hence my puzzlement about your query. Perhaps I misunderstood your "?".  I imagine most universities can in fact award them to anyone they feel like.  Johnbod (talk) 17:06, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, I see. I should not have used the "?". Martinevans123 (talk) 17:11, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

Ruskin's Scottish Ethnicity
Ruskin ought to be listed as Scottish rather than English. His mother and father were Scottish, he identified as Scottish. He is just as Scottish as Thomas Carlyle or Walter Scott, and just as un-English as the same. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sinopecynic (talk • contribs) 06:02, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

 * For reference, see the appendix to Praeterita in Volume 35 of the Library Edition. The introduction to the same volume says that whether he was Scottish or English "cannot be said"; at the least, he is Scotch-English. Sinopecynic (talk) 06:15, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Do we have some WP:RS source(s) that he "identified as Scottish"? Is Praeterita available online? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:51, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Encyclopædia Britannica has "English critic of art, architecture"; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography has "Although the immediate social context of the Ruskin family was Edinburgh during the commercially and intellectually flourishing period at the close of the eighteenth century, and these Scottish roots always remained important, the Ruskins were by origin English."; Tate has "an English writer, philosopher, art critic and polymath, of Scottish heritage... ". Martinevans123 (talk) 16:54, 12 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, Grove Art Online has "English writer, draughtsman, painter and collector"; the National Gallery, London has "John Ruskin (1819 - 1900) was an English art critic". Can we change it back to English? Liam2520 (talk) 06:55, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * See the first reference on the main page. From page lx: "His ancestry has not been traced, and whether it was Scottish or English cannot be said." Scotch-English is the best identifier, having the same meaning as yet being more succinct than "English... of Scottish heritage." Sinopecynic (talk) 00:47, 23 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, change it back. "Scotch-English" is just not a term for people - if anything it should be "Scots-English". Johnbod (talk) 03:15, 23 March 2022 (UTC)
 * From the opening paragraph of Collingwood's authorized biography of Ruskin (link):
 * If origin, if early training and habits of life, if tastes, and character, and associations, fix a man's nationality, then John Ruskin must be reckoned a Scotsman. He was born in London, but his family was from Scotland. He was brought up in England, but the friends and teachers, the standards and influences of his early life, were chiefly Scottish. The writers who directed him into the main lines of his thought and work were Scotsmen—from Sir Walter and Lord Lindsay and Principal Forbes to the master of his later studies of men and the means of life, Thomas Carlyle. The religious instinct so conspicuous in him was a heritage from Scotland; thence the combination of shrewd common-sense and romantic sentiment; the oscillation between levity and dignity, from caustic jest to tender earnest; the restlessness, the fervour, the impetuosity—all these are the tokens of a Scotsman of parts, and were highly developed in John Ruskin.
 * You are correct that Scotch-English is not used; the proper term is "Anglo-Scottish," and it is the proper identifier for Ruskin. Keep it as simply "English" if you like, but it's wrong. Sinopecynic (talk) 16:13, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * It's "wrong" according to you and Collingwood. It's not wrong according to a number of other high-profile RS sources. And I expect many more could be found. But I see no harm in using some or all of that quote from Collingwood. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:17, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

Ruskin in the Third Reich
In my studies of Carlyle, I have come across several sources that identify Ruskin as having been embraced in the Third Reich. From "Hitler, Adolf" in The Carlyle Encyclopedia (2004), "Carlyle and his student John Ruskin were seen as early British National Socialists." And "In 1941 William McGovern's From Luther to Hitler identified both Carlyle and Ruskin as thinkers who made Nazism possible." From the Carlyle chapter of Victorian Prose: A Guide to Research (1973), "G. I. Morris in 'Divine Hitler' (NS [Die Neueren Sprachen], 1935) cites his own experience ... A headmaster had told his students that 'Ruskin and Carlyle were the first National Socialists.'"

This seems substantial enough to place in the article, perhaps under "Legacy, Politics and critique of political economy". It can hardly belong under "Controversies", as this is rather obscure information. The reason I am creating this new section is to see if more knowledgable editors can show me that this has been addressed elsewhere, perhaps outside of Carlyle Studies, to get a clearer picture of the Nazis' reading of Ruskin. Sinopecynic (talk) 10:44, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

Conflicting description of Ruskin's involvement in the Eyre affair
The article reads "In addition to this, Ruskin "threw himself into" personal work for the Committee..."

which makes no sense. The Committee opposed Eyre's suppression of the uprising. Ruskin was a contributor to the Fund, which supported Eyre's action. Does the writer mean the Fund instead of the Committee? Chenopodiaceous (talk) 17:46, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

Ruskin and Carlyle referred to the Defence as the "Defence Committee" and also the "Eyre Committee" generally (see Cook & Wedderburn, 18.xlvi). It is understandable that this would create confusion; I will promptly amend it. Sinopecynic (talk) 03:21, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Physically and emotionally normal
While I respect the desire of admirers of Ruskin not have him labelled a child molester, I find the concluding quotation on Ruskin's sexuality bizarre. This reads: "when it comes to matters of sexual capability and interest, there is every reason to conclude that John Ruskin was physically and emotionally normal". At the very least the article indicates that he was neurotic: Ruskin was repulsed by the idea of intercourse, and preferred the company of pre-pubescent girls, and looking at naked, or scantily clad, pictures of them. The article describes him falling love with Effie Gray when she was 12, but after marrying her, when she was 19, failing to consummate the marriage. There is, however, no indication of criminal behaviour by Ruskin and he would probably be disgusted by the idea of any overt sexual relationship with a child. However, words like 'voyeurism' and 'nympholepsy', do suggest themselves. I recognize that there is a problem in using the word paedophilia, because of the criminal connotations associated with it, but it does seem that Ruskin fits the definition of this psychological disorder, because he was sexually attracted to young girls, even though here's no evidence he molested any child. It is worth remembering that prior to 1875, the age of consent was 12 and only in1885 was it raised to 16. So Ruskin could have legally married Effie Gray when she was 12! I have read the Victorian web article on this topic, which fails to adequately explore the topic. Rwood128 (talk) 16:48, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Age of Consent
User:Ponsonby100. I now better understand you. That is that the histories of the parts of the UK differ. However, the statutes mentioned in the following quotation relate to the whole of United Kingdom: 'In 1875, the Offences Against the Person Act raised the age to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland, and ten years later the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raised it to 16.' Can you plese revert your edit, or fully explain why England is correct. Also I see reference only to children not to females (but I only made a quick scan). Rwood128 (talk) 20:01, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

 * The current article wording is 'The age of consent in the United Kingdom was 12 for females until 1875 and then raised to 16 in 1885.' I suggest this could be made more comprhensive by saying 'The age of consent in the United Kingdom was 12 for females until 1875 and then raised to 16 in 1885, having been 13 in Great Britain between those dates.'
 * None of this elaboration affects his relations, actual or potential, with Rose La Touche, who died aged 27 just before the 1875 Act gained Royal Assent, or Effie Gray, but does make clear the background. Ponsonby100 (talk) 08:10, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks Ponsonby100. I like your suggested amendment. Rwood128 (talk) 11:32, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Wood engraving
So we have an "engraving" "c.1860" by an artist who apparently was 14 years old at the time.

And the clothes, hair and pose are exactly as in the initial photo (taken in 1863), so it's a copy of some other photo taken during the same session. It looks like a standard large-format magazine woodcut of the 1870s/1880s (which is how paintings and photos were reproduced in those days). 2A02:AA1:1049:B8AA:B4A8:5B1F:F9EC:5F89 (talk) 14:51, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

 * If you are referring to File:Portrait of John Ruskin (4671937).jpg, I'd say it shows a totally different pose and clothing to the photo used as the lead image File:John Ruskin 1863.jpg? Can't "c.1860" mean any year 1860-1865? Or are you saying Henry Sigismund Uhlrich was just a copyright criminal? Or maybe the curators at the National Library of Wales just can't do their job properly? Martinevans123 (talk) 15:57, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The woodcut was published as a full-page illustration in Harper's Weekly on July 26, 1879. Given that Uhlrich was born in 1846, that makes more sense.
 * https://www.ebay.com/itm/363668714590
 * https://archive.org/details/sim_harpers-weekly_1879-07-26_23_1178/page/596/mode/2up 2A02:AA1:1049:B8AA:B4A8:5B1F:F9EC:5F89 (talk) 17:53, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Harper's Weekly don't say how old it was when they published it? I'd be inclined to trust National Library of Wales more than eBay. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:29, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You shouldn't necessarily trust either. In the 19th century the modern clear distinction between a woodcut and a wood engraving had simply not developed, & anybody relying on contemporary sources might get it wrong in modern terms, certainly including librarians or curators who are not print specialists. Johnbod (talk) 18:36, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for that. The caption currently just says "engraving". But do you have any advice on the most likely date? I see no clear reason to change from the "c. 1860" used by the National Library of Wales. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:41, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Ruskin


text:
The ClueFinders Search and Solve Adventures

Cluefinders Search and Solve Adventures: The Phantom Amusement Park is an educational computer game in The Learning Company's ClueFinders series that focuses on critical thinking skills. In the game, the ClueFinders must rescue the curator of the local art museum, who has been mysteriously trapped at the top of a drop tower in an abandoned amusement park inhabited by humanoid robots.

This game makes use of limited animation with a great deal of the animation of the ClueFinders being taken from other games, mainly The ClueFinders Reading Adventures. The animation also features several very obvious continuity errors. Most notably, LapTrap, after he is damaged, is shown to be immobilized and being carried around by Owen in cut scenes, but LapTrap continues to appear floating in the game screens.

Plot
One night, when the ClueFinders are observing a lunar eclipse from their clubhouse, they see an SOS signal coming from an abandoned amusement park on the edge of town. They find Jacques Ramone, the curator of the local art museum, is trapped at the top of the drop-tower ride. He tells them that he was kidnapped and placed there, but says he doesn't know why. After Joni and Owen rescue the curator, Santiago and Leslie are captured by the curator's sister Mimi Ramone. Joni and Owen investigate the park finding some art supplies and damaged robots, indicated some sort of art forgery crime taking place.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Wellness (medicine)

This article was created per Conti comments in Requested moves under the April 7, 2004 attempt to move Wellness (alternative medicine) to Wellness. Now, there are clearly two different approaches to the same name which clearly merits different articles with different names. -- John Gohde 23:36, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wellness (medicine)


text:
Aéropostale (company)

Aéropostale Inc., is an American shopping mall–based retailer of casual apparel and accessories, principally aimed at young adults and teenagers. Aéropostale maintains control over its proprietary brands by designing, sourcing, marketing, and selling all of its own merchandise. The company sells via Aéropostale stores in the United States and through its e-commerce site.

Aéropostale's licensees operate Aéropostale and P.S. from Aéropostale locations in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The first Aéropostale stores were opened in 1987 by R H Macy & Co. in Thousand Oaks, California, and in Short Hills, New Jersey.

Pronunciation
Many different pronunciations of the brand name have developed in the United States: arrow-PAUSE-tall, arrow-PUS-tall-ee etc.. According to a video posted by the company on YouTube, the English pronunciation is a simplified version of the French word, which means "French airmail service." In French, it's /a e ʁɔ pɔs ˈtal/. In English, it's /ˌɛər oʊ poʊ ˈstɒl/ or, in spelling pronunciation, "arrow-post-ALL."

Subsidiaries
The now-defunct P.S. from Aéropostale began in 2009, and originally only offered apparel at value prices to the 7–12 age market. In winter of 2011, P.S. added apparel for three-, four-, five- and six-year-olds to their collections, being introduced with the holiday clothing. Beginning in November 2013, the Bethany Mota collection was added to Aéropostale stores, featuring clothing and accessories designed by American video blogger Bethany Mota. Also beginning in the fall of 2013, the Live Love Dream collection (LLD) was added to Aéropostale stores. Live Love Dream features lounge and activewear geared to girls. The company also offered a secondary brand called Jimmy'Z that focused on surf and skater clothing. The 14 stores were branded as more upscale with higher price points than its parent chain. The company closed all Jimmy'Z in fiscal 2009.

In October 2014, the company launched their latest collection, United XXVI, which features clothing with an edgier look. The company works with video bloggers Nash Grier, Hayes Grier, and Cameron Dallas to create these looks based on the type of clothing the boys enjoy.

Aéropostale currently has the following brands for girls: Free State, Hobie, Invite Only, Junie & Jade, Lorimer, Map to Mars, The Bikini Lab, United XXVI. And for boys: Free State, United XXVI.

Competition
Aéropostale mainly competes with other outfitters, Abercrombie & Fitch and its subsidiary retailer Hollister Co., and American Eagle Outfitters as well as a few smaller brands. Aéropostale's younger brand, P.S. from Aéropostale, competed with brands such as A&F's younger subsidiary Abercrombie Kids and, formerly, American Eagle's 77kids.

Promotions
In 2007, the company began doing promotions with successful figures to increase brand awareness, and since 2008 started to collaborate with non-profit organisations and artists.

Legal issues

 * In March 2007, Aéropostale was accused of infringing a patent owned by Card Activation Technologies, Inc. in a lawsuit filed in the Northern District of Illinois. In a separate lawsuit on the same patent, Card Activation received a ruling on claim construction which it interpreted as "extremely favorable" to its interpretation of the patent and its "pursuit of infringers" of the patent.
 * In June 2007, Aéropostale was accused of infringing a patent owned by Picture Patents, LLC in a lawsuit filed in the Southern District of New York.
 * In July 2009, Aéropostale was accused of infringing a patent owned by Furnace Brook, LLC in a lawsuit filed in the Northern District of Illinois.
 * Executive Vice President and Chief Merchandising Officer Christopher Finazzo was terminated in November 2006 after an investigation by the Board of Directors revealed that he had concealed and failed to disclose personal and business interests with South Bay Apparel, a major vendor. The SEC issued an investigation on the Finazzo matter in January 2008. A criminal indictment was unsealed and announced June 11, 2010 in U.S. Court in Brooklyn, NY charging Finazzo and Doug Dey, the owner of South Bay with wire and mail fraud conspiracy. Finazzo was convicted on 16 counts, including 14 counts of mail fraud and one each for wire fraud and conspiracy on April 25, 2013.

2016 bankruptcy
After thirteen consecutive quarters of losses, the company was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange on April 22, 2016, and began trading under the symbol "AROP" as an over-the-counter stock.

Aéropostale filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on May 4, 2016, with assets of $354 million. The company closed 113 of its 739 U.S. stores and all 41 (in addition to 20 already closed prior to the filing) in Canada, the majority of which were unprofitable and responsible for the company's losses.

The company exited bankruptcy in September 2016, after a $243 million bid from a consortium of licensing firm Authentic Brands Group, mall operators Simon Property Group and General Growth Properties, and capital-investment firms Gordon Brothers and Hilco Merchant Resources. By January 2017 Aéropostale had reopened over 500 stores under its new management. Aéropostale products returned to Canada in 2019, through boutiques in Bluenotes stores and a dedicated online shop.

Following the acquisition in 2017, the company transferred its design, production and distribution license in Europe to the London-based LDN Fashion Design group. It has an annual turnover of almost 1.5 billion dollars (2020) and 1,000 stores in the Americas.

title: Aéropostale (company)


text:
Category:Seattle Pilots

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Seattle Pilots


text:
William DeWitt Jr.

William Orville DeWitt Jr. (born August 31, 1941) is an American businessman who is currently the managing partner and chairman of the St. Louis Cardinals, a professional baseball franchise which competes in Major League Baseball (MLB). The Cardinals have won two World Series — in 2006 and 2011 — during DeWitt's time as owner. In addition to the Cardinals, DeWitt has also owned or invested in the Cincinnati Stingers hockey club, Baltimore Orioles, the Cincinnati Reds and the Texas Rangers. Business interests outside baseball include Reynolds, DeWitt & Co., which owns Arby's franchises and invests in the U.S. Playing Card Company and the petroleum company Spectrum 7.

Early life
DeWitt, the son of longtime Major League Baseball executive Bill DeWitt and Margaret H. DeWitt, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, where he attended St. Louis Country Day School. He was around baseball constantly as a child; his father owned the St. Louis Browns and Cincinnati Reds, and DeWitt served as a Browns batboy. On August 19, 1951, the little person Eddie Gaedel served as a pinch hitter at a Browns game, wearing DeWitt's jersey to the plate. He earned a bachelor's degree from Yale University in economics in 1963 and an M.B.A. from Harvard University in 1965.

Early business ventures (1966–95)
DeWitt was part of an investment group led by Francis L. Dale that purchased the Cincinnati Reds for $8 million from his father, Bill Sr., on December 5, 1966.

DeWitt joined Cincinnati investment firm Gradison & Co. in 1974. In 1979, along with Mercer Reynolds, he founded the investment firm Reynolds, DeWitt & Co. The firm owns 63 Arby's franchises, whose value has been estimated at $50.4 million and is an investor in Cincinnati-based U.S. Playing Card Company, with an estimated value of about $120 million. It also holds a $40 million stake in Newport Aquarium in Newport, Kentucky. DeWitt is also involved with DeWitt Capital Group, a private equity firm registered in 2012. DeWitt has been part owner of the Cincinnati Reds and the Baltimore Orioles.

In 1984, one of DeWitt's business ventures, the oil company Spectrum 7, bought George W. Bush's Arbusto Energy, which, in turn, merged with Harken Energy in 1986. When Eddie Chiles prepared to sell the Texas Rangers baseball franchise in 1989, DeWitt and Bush gathered investors to buy the team.

DeWitt has also held shares in the National Football League's Cincinnati Bengals and the former Cincinnati Stingers of the World Hockey Association.

DeWitt was part owner of the Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati on December 3, 1979, when 11 people were killed prior to a concert by The Who.

St. Louis Cardinals (1995–present)
In 1995, DeWitt and Stephen F. Brauer purchased the St. Louis Cardinals from Anheuser-Busch for $150 million. He oversees all league, financial, operational and baseball affairs for the club. Since DeWitt bought the team, the Cardinals have won two World Series (2006 and 2011), four National League pennants, 11 division titles, and have made 15 total playoff appearances. Forbes estimated that the team was worth $1.4 billion in 2014 and $2.1 billion in July 2019. The Cardinals are one of the largest privately held firms in St. Louis, bringing in an estimated $233 million in revenue in 2012.

In 1997, DeWitt established Cardinals Care, a nonprofit organization that builds baseball fields, helps youth baseball programs, and awards grants to children's boards. Through January 2017, Cardinals Care had distributed some $900,000 a year. As of 2013, the organization has built 18 baseball fields in the Greater St. Louis area. Since 2004, the organization has run Redbird Rookies, a network of 20 leagues for nearly 4,500 children around Greater St. Louis and in rural sections of Missouri and Illinois. who would not otherwise have the opportunity. It provides equipment and other necessities to the players, training for coaches and organizers, and workshops for parents.

The Cardinals have purchased three of their minor league affiliates since the DeWitt group took over. In 1998, DeWitt purchased the Palm Beach Cardinals of the Florida State League (minor league A-ball) and, in 2005, the Springfield Cardinals of the Texas League (AA). As of April 2013, the team had negotiated to purchase the Memphis Redbirds of the Pacific Coast League (AAA) from the Memphis Redbirds Foundation (MRF), a local non-profit entity. However, talks went on hold due to defaulted bonds on the building of AutoZone Park. On November 16, 2013, the Cardinals announced a resolution to purchase the team while the city purchased the stadium. The Cardinals agreed to lease the stadium from the city while Memphis will upgrade the park. In 2013, Forbes listed the Redbirds as one of the ten most valuable minor league franchises.

To expand the Cardinals' international presence, DeWitt opened baseball academies in the Dominican Republic and placed representatives in six foreign countries.

In 2006, the Cardinals moved from their old home, Busch Memorial Stadium, to Busch Stadium in 2006. The $365 million stadium is one of the few majority-privately funded MLB stadiums, along with the San Francisco Giants' Oracle Park and the Los Angeles Dodgers' Dodger Stadium. Busch Stadium cost $45 million (12%) in a long-term loan from St. Louis County, while, by comparison the Milwaukee Brewers' American Family Field ended up drawing 77.5% in public funding.

In conjunction with opening the new Busch Stadium, a mixed-use retail, entertainment, hotel, residential and office space known as Ballpark Village was planned for development adjacent to Busch Stadium. However, several years of delays postponed the groundbreaking and construction until spring of 2013.

In 2009, the Cardinals hosted the All-Star Game.

DeWitt began emphasizing developing talent as much as possible through the minor leagues, rather than relying mainly on free agents. Seventeen of the 25 players on the Cardinals' 2011 World Series roster were Cardinals' draftees.

In January 2014, the city of Memphis cleared the Cardinals to purchase the Memphis Redbirds from the MRF. Ballpark Village construction was completed and it opened in March 2014. The Cardinals also announced the rechristening of the team Hall of Fame Museum, with an annual selection process commencing in 2015. Twenty-two former Cardinals players and personnel were announced for induction into the Hall of Fame for the inaugural class of 2014. Closed since 2008, when the International Bowling Hall of Fame moved to Texas, this reincarnation of the museum is located in the newly constructed Ballpark Village within the same building as the Cardinal Nation Restaurant.

The Cardinals' value exceeded $1 billion for the first time in 2015 when Forbes appraised the Cardinals outright at $1.4 billion, making them the 27th-most valuable sports franchise in the world, and sixth-principal franchise in Major League Baseball (MLB). It was an increase from an $800 million pricing and eighth in the echelon in 2014. Their revenue was $294 million while their operating income was $73.6 million, and their overall assessment was approximately $200 million higher than the MLB average of $1.2 billion. Mike Ozanian of Forbes remarked that the Cardinals were "baseball's biggest anomaly", with outsize value outpacing their status as one of baseball's "smallest markets", and Ballpark Village was a popular destination for dining and entertainment. The Cardinals' local television ratings (7.76) graded the highest among all major league teams.

Reports surfaced on June 16, 2015, that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were reviewing an alleged incident involving Cardinals' front office officials hacking into the Houston Astros' database of players, scouting reports and proprietary statistics. It was regarded as the first known case of corporate espionage involving computer network hacking in professional sports.

On September 19, 2015, the Cardinals became the first team in MLB to clinch a playoff spot that season. It also extended a franchise record of five consecutive seasons of reaching the postseason, a record which the club had set in 2014.

Political activities
In 2003, President George W. Bush appointed DeWitt to be on the President's Intelligence Advisory Board and tapped his wife, Kathy, to serve on the National Endowment for the Arts.

Personal life
DeWitt and his wife, Katharine "Kathy" Cramer DeWitt, live in Indian Hill, Ohio. They have four children, Katie, Bill, Andrew, and Margot and twelve grandchildren. Bill DeWitt III is the president of the Cardinals. Andrew E. DeWitt is the founder and CEO of Dewey's Pizza.

title: William DeWitt Jr.


text:
Elekiter

The Elekiter (エレキテル) is the Japanese name for a type of generator of static electricity used for electric experiments in the 18th century. In Japan, Hiraga Gennai presented his own elekiter in 1776, derived from an elekiter from Holland. The elekiter consists of a small box that uses the power of friction to generate electricity and store it.

The Elekiter relied on the various Western experiments with static electricity during the 18th century, which depended on the discovery that electricity could be generated through friction, and on the invention of the Leyden jar in the 1740s, as a convenient means to store static electricity in rather large quantities. Hiraga Gennai acquired an elekiter from the Netherlands during his second trip to Nagasaki in 1770, and made a formal demonstration of his elekiter in 1776.

title: Elekiter


text:
J. R. Smith

Earl Joseph "J.R." Smith III (born September 9, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Smith played high school basketball at New Jersey basketball powerhouse Saint Benedict's Preparatory School in Newark. He entered the NBA out of high school after being selected in the first round of the 2004 NBA draft with the 18th overall pick by the New Orleans Hornets. He has also played for the Denver Nuggets and New York Knicks, as well as for the Zhejiang Golden Bulls of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). Smith won two NBA championships, with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 and with the Los Angeles Lakers in 2020.

In 2021, Smith enrolled at North Carolina A&T State University, where he joined their Aggies golf team.

Early life
Born in Freehold Borough, New Jersey, Smith grew up in the Clarksburg section of Millstone Township, New Jersey. He spent five years in high school. A freshman in 1999–2000, Smith went to Steinert High for the first semester and then McCorristin Catholic High for the next, both in New Jersey. Having not competed in sports for either school, he was permitted to transfer to Lakewood High and repeat his freshman year. He played two seasons of basketball for Lakewood before transferring to Saint Benedict's Preparatory School in 2002. Smith was highly rated in football and also played baseball. He focused strictly on basketball as a senior. He committed to play college basketball at North Carolina after a lengthy recruiting battle. However, after winning co-MVP with Dwight Howard at the 2004 McDonald's All-American Game, Smith decided to forgo college and declared for the 2004 NBA draft.

New Orleans Hornets (2004–2006)
Smith was selected by the New Orleans Hornets with the 18th overall pick in the 2004 NBA draft. As a rookie, Smith was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month three times (January, February, March) and participated in the 2005 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, finishing third. After averaging 10.3 points in 76 games (56 starts) as a rookie, he averaged 7.7 points in 55 games (25 starts) in 2005–06. Smith fell out of favor with Hornets coach Byron Scott due to a poor work ethic. He began the 2005–06 season as the starting shooting guard and ended it out of the rotation.

Denver Nuggets (2006–2011)
On July 14, 2006, Smith was traded, alongside P. J. Brown, to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Tyson Chandler. Six days later, he was traded again, this time to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for Howard Eisley and two second-round draft picks. During his first season in Denver, Smith served a 10-game NBA suspension from December 18 to January 8 following his involvement in the Knicks/Nuggets melee at New York's Madison Square Garden on December 16. He later missed eight games between February 23 and March 11 while recovering from arthroscopic left knee surgery. After struggling in the first four games of the Nuggets' first-round playoff series against the San Antonio Spurs, including going 0-for-12 from 3-point range, Smith was benched for Game 5 of the series. Nuggets coach George Karl reportedly had had enough of Smith's mistakes throughout the series, compounded by Smith's 3-pointer with 25.7 seconds left in Game 4 with Denver trailing 93–89.

During the 2007–08 season, Smith established career highs for field goal percentage (.461) and 3-point percentage (.403). During the 2008–09 season, he averaged 15.2 points over 81 games (18 starts), finishing second in voting for the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award behind Jason Terry. In February 2009, he participated in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, finishing third. On April 13, 2009, Smith had a career-high 45 points and franchise-best 11 3-pointers to help the Nuggets clinch the Northwest Division title and home-court edge in the playoffs for the first time in 21 years with a 118–98 win over the Sacramento Kings.

On December 23, 2009, Smith scored a season-high 41 points against the Atlanta Hawks, becoming the first NBA player ever to record multiple games of 10+ 3-pointers. He finished the 2009–10 season averaging a then career-high 15.4 points per game. In 2010–11, he averaged 12.3 points and 2.2 assists as the Nuggets' sixth man. Smith's tenure with the Nuggets ended in September 2011 due to the NBA lockout. A fan favorite in Denver for his 3-point shooting and electric dunks, Smith often drew the ire of coach George Karl for his befuddling shot selection.

Zhejiang Golden Bulls (2011–2012)
In September 2011, due to the NBA lockout, Smith signed a one-year deal with the Zhejiang Golden Bulls of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). In accordance with CBA rules, Smith's contract with the Golden Bulls did not include an opt-out clause that would allow him to return to the NBA following the conclusion of the lockout. His deal was estimated to be worth around $3 million, the highest in league history. In 32 games for Zhejiang, he averaged 34.4 points, 7.4 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 2.5 steals per game. On February 1, 2012, he scored a season-high 60 points with 14 3-pointers in a 122–110 win over the Qingdao Eagles. He had four 50+ point games during the season.

New York Knicks (2012–2015)
On February 17, 2012, Smith signed with the New York Knicks. He appeared in 35 games for the Knicks to finish the regular season, before appearing in all five of the Knicks' postseason games.

On July 11, 2012, Smith re-signed with the Knicks. In 2012–13, he averaged a career-high 18.1 points, 5.3 rebounds and 2.7 assists over 33.5 minutes in 80 games off the bench. He earned Eastern Conference Player of the Week honors for the period ending March 31, after posting three consecutive 30-point efforts off the bench, becoming the first NBA player to accomplish the feat in over 23 years. He was subsequently named the NBA Sixth Man of the Year, becoming just the third player in franchise history to win the award, joining Anthony Mason and John Starks.

On July 11, 2013, Smith re-signed with the Knicks. He missed the first five games of the 2013–14 season for violating the NBA's anti-drug policy. On March 26, he hit nine 3-pointers against the Sacramento Kings, tying the Knicks' franchise record. On April 4, he scored a season-high 32 points with eight 3-pointers in a 90–89 loss to the Washington Wizards. Two days later, in a 102–91 loss to the Miami Heat, Smith broke an NBA record of 21 three-pointers taken in a single game, a mark set in 2005 by Damon Stoudamire. Smith hit 10 of 22 3-point shots against the Heat, setting a franchise record for 3-pointers made and finishing with 32 points for the second straight game.

2014–15 season
On January 5, 2015, Smith was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that involved the Knicks and the Oklahoma City Thunder. On April 27, 2015, Smith was suspended for the first two games of the Eastern Conference semifinals after he swung his arm and made contact with the head of Celtics forward Jae Crowder in Game 4 of their first-round series against Boston. In Game 1 of the Eastern Conference finals against the Atlanta Hawks, Smith made eight 3-pointers and scored 28 points in a 97–89 victory. He helped the Cavaliers sweep the Hawks to reach the NBA Finals, where they lost to the Golden State Warriors in six games. During Cleveland's NBA Finals run in the 2015 playoffs, Smith appeared in 18 games (four starts), averaging 12.8 points and 4.7 rebounds in 31.1 minutes per game.

2015–16 season: First championship
On September 2, 2015, Smith re-signed with the Cavaliers. Smith played in 77 games (all starts) with Cleveland in the 2015–16 regular season, averaging 12.4 points, 2.8 rebounds and 1.1 steals in 30.7 minutes. He ranked seventh in the league in 3-pointers made (204), setting a franchise single-season record. He also shot .400 from beyond the arc, which was tied for 18th-best in the NBA. Smith led Cleveland in steal-to-turnover ratio (1.37) and scored 10 or more points 50 times and 20 or more points 11 times. During Cleveland's playoff run, Smith started in all 21 games, averaging 11.5 points, 3.2 rebounds and 1.2 steals in 34.8 minutes per game. He made a franchise playoff-record 65 3-pointers, which were also the fourth-most threes made by any NBA player in a single postseason. Smith scored in double figures in each of the last five games of the NBA Finals, as Cleveland went 4–1 over that stretch against Golden State and took home the franchise's first NBA title.

2016–17 season
On October 15, 2016, Smith re-signed with the Cavaliers. After a contract stalemate that had consumed nearly the first three weeks of training camp, Smith and the Cavaliers reached an agreement on a four-year deal worth $57 million. On November 1, in a win over the Houston Rockets, Smith hit his 344th three-pointer, passing Damon Jones for ninth place on the team's all-time list. On November 18, he hit three 3-pointers against the Detroit Pistons to move past Dirk Nowitzki into 15th place on the NBA's career list for 3-pointers. On December 13, Smith, having been in a season-long shooting slump, scored 17 of his season-high 23 points in the first half of the Cavaliers' 103–86 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. He came into the game shooting a career-low 31 percent from the field and 32 percent on 3-pointers, the lowest mark since his rookie season with New Orleans. He finished the game with 8-of-17 from the field and 6-of-10 on 3s, passing Dale Ellis (1,719) for 14th on the career three-pointer list. On December 20, in a win over the Milwaukee Bucks, Smith suffered a fractured right thumb that required surgery. Three days later, he was ruled out for 12–14 weeks. He made his return to the line-up on March 9 against the Pistons. Smith helped the Cavaliers go 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the NBA Finals for a third straight season. There the Cavaliers faced the Warriors, but lost the series in five games.

2017–18 season
Smith struggled over the first 10 games of the 2017–18 season. He found his form on November 7, scoring a season-high 20 points on 5-of-7 3-pointers in a 124–119 win over the Milwaukee Bucks, passing Rashard Lewis (1,787) for 14th place on the NBA's career 3-pointers made list. On December 14, in a 121–112 win over the Los Angeles Lakers, Smith passed Chauncey Billups (1,830) for 11th place on the NBA's career 3-pointers made list. On March 2, 2018, Smith was suspended by the Cavaliers for one game for throwing a bowl of soup at assistant coach, Damon Jones. During Game 1 of the NBA Finals against the Warriors, Smith got a free-throw rebound with 4.7 seconds left in regulation time. The game was tied, meaning that a basket would have won the game. Smith, apparently confused and thinking the Cavaliers were leading, attempted to dribble out the clock before realizing his error and frantically passing to George Hill with 1.2 seconds left, in front of a visibly irate LeBron James. The Cavaliers lost 124–114 in overtime. In a post-game interview, Smith initially claimed to have known it was a tie game. He later backtracked, saying: "After thinking about it a lot... I can't say I was sure of anything at that point." The Cavaliers went on to lose the series in a four-game sweep.

2018–19 season
Cleveland began 2018–19 with a 2–13 record after LeBron James left the team in free agency for the Lakers. Head coach Tyronn Lue had been fired after an 0–6 start, the team was suffering injuries to All-Star Kevin Love and others, and Smith's role had been reduced. On November 20, 2018, the Cavaliers announced that Smith "will no longer be with team as the organization works with JR and his representation regarding his future." A day earlier, he had accused the team of not trying to win, saying their goal was to "develop [young players] and lose to get lottery picks."

On July 15, 2019, he was waived by the Cavaliers.

Los Angeles Lakers (2020)
On July 1, 2020, Smith signed with the Los Angeles Lakers for the remainder of the 2019–20 season, reuniting him with former Cavaliers teammate LeBron James. On July 30, he made his debut for the Lakers, recording no points and one foul in a 103–101 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On August 3, Smith logged his first points for the Lakers, grabbing four points in a 116–108 win over the Utah Jazz. On August 13, he recorded a season-high 11 points, along with one rebound and two assists, in a 122–136 loss to the Sacramento Kings. On August 20, he recorded a playoff-high 11 points, along with two assists, in a 111–88 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. Smith would go on to win his second NBA championship when the Lakers defeated the Miami Heat in six games.

College golf
On August 11, 2021, it was reported that Smith enrolled at North Carolina A&T State University, aiming for a degree in liberal studies and planning to join the Aggies golf team. The university announced on October 8, 2021 that Smith had qualified to play in the Aggies' upcoming tournament, the Phoenix Invitational hosted by nearby Elon University, on October 11 and 12. Under team rules, all golfers must qualify for regular-season tournaments in practice unless they were among the team's top two golfers in its previous tournament. Smith qualified for the Phoenix Invitational by one stroke, shooting rounds of 83 and 78 (respectively 12 and 7 over par) on the event's first day. Smith was named the North Carolina A&T Academic Athlete of the Year for 2021-2022 with a 4.0 GPA. Smith's time with the men's golf team is the focus of the 2023 docuseries Redefined: J. R. Smith.

Esports
In 2021, J.R Smith signed with Complexity Gaming and he also played Warzone tournaments.

Personal life
In 2012, The New York Times described Smith as perhaps the most heavily tattooed player in the NBA. He said that he got his first tattoo at 15 years old, has been in "[p]robably a thousand" tattoo parlors and had lost count of his number of tattoos "around 70-something." In June 2016, a Cleveland clothing company began selling a T-shirt which reproduced Smith's torso and upper arm tattoos.

In November 2016, Smith appeared on stage with his family at a Cleveland rally for the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign to endorse Clinton's candidacy for the 2016 United States presidential election.

Smith modeled for Nike and Supreme in 2018. He subsequently had the Supreme logo tattooed on his calf.

Family
Smith is the son of Ida and Earl Smith, and has three brothers and two sisters. His younger brother Chris briefly played alongside him on the Knicks in 2013–14. His younger brother Dimitrius played football at Monmouth University.

In August 2016, Smith married Jewel Harris; the couple have three daughters together. Smith has one daughter from a previous relationship. Their second daughter together was born in January 2017, weighing one pound at birth. Former teammates Carmelo Anthony and Chris Paul are the godfathers of his first two daughters.

Controversies
On June 9, 2007, Smith and two passengers were injured in a car accident on Stagecoach Road in Millstone Township, New Jersey, when the SUV he was driving collided with another car. Smith and a passenger, Andre Bell, were ejected from the vehicle at around 5:30 p.m. Smith's vehicle went through a stop sign and collided with the other car. Smith was taken to Jersey Shore University Hospital. Bell suffered serious head injuries before being pronounced dead on the night of June 11. Neither Smith nor the second passenger suffered life-threatening injuries. Smith and Bell were not wearing seatbelts at the time. In October 2008, a grand jury in Monmouth County, New Jersey, declined to indict Smith on a vehicular manslaughter charge stemming from the accident.

On June 30, 2009, Smith pleaded guilty to a lesser charge of reckless driving in relation to the June 2007 accident. Smith was initially sentenced to 90 days in a Monmouth County (N.J.) jail, but 60 of those days were suspended, on the condition that he complete 500 hours of community service. On July 31, 2009, The Denver Post reported that Smith was released from jail after serving 24 days of his sentence.

On August 5, 2009, Smith closed his Twitter account because he was accused of writing in a way that reflected the Bloods gang, specifically replacing his c's with k's.

On August 28, 2009, Smith was suspended seven games for the 2009–10 NBA season in response to his guilty plea to a reckless driving charge related to the fatal 2007 accident. The NBA also cited his poor driving record as grounds for the suspension. Smith's driving record included five suspensions in eight months, but was "in good standing" at the time of the crash in New Jersey. He was required to pay restoration fees and fines. Smith totaled 27 points against his record from April 2005 to January 2006, including eight violations on seven different days. Five citations were for speeding. Since the accident, he has received two more speeding tickets and three license suspensions in New Jersey.

In March 2012, Smith was fined $25,000 by the NBA for posting a picture of model Tahiry Jose on his Twitter account. In May 2012, Smith was arrested in Miami Beach, Florida for failing to appear in court in 2011 after he was cited for operating a motor scooter with no valid license. The following month, he sued his former team, the Zhejiang Golden Bulls, for $1 million after the team withheld that amount from his salary claiming he missed many practices and faked an injury.

During the celebrations after the 2016 NBA Finals victory, Smith was spotted multiple times without a T-shirt. During President Barack Obama's congratulatory call to head coach Tyronn Lue, Obama made a reference to Smith's lack of shirt. As a result of his famous shirtlessness, Smith commissioned a t-shirt of his torso.

In September 2018, the NBA threatened to fine Smith if he appeared in a game without covering up the Supreme logo tattooed on his leg. Smith initially resisted but, after talking with National Basketball Players Association officials, eventually agreed to hide the tattoo.

On May 31, 2020, Smith was seen on video attacking another man. The man was allegedly participating in the George Floyd protests and had allegedly broken Smith's truck window with his skateboard. Smith claimed in a video to have chased the man down and "whooped his ass" because he "broke his shit", and he referred to the man as a "motherfucking white boy."

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