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Urmas Paet

Urmas Paet (born 20 April 1974) is an Estonian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Estonia. He is a member of the Reform Party, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. He has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2014 and Minister of Culture from 2003 to 2005. He was a member of the Estonian Parliament from 2003 to 2014.

Education and early career
Urmas was born in Tallinn. He graduated from the University of Tartu in 1996 with a BA in political science and continued his graduate studies there, but without obtaining the degree. He was active in journalism during his studies, first at Estonian Radio and later at Postimees, a mainstream daily and one of Estonia's most popular newspapers.

Political career
Paet continued his career in journalism until 1999, when he entered politics by joining the Reform Party and becoming professional advisor. He served as the Deputy Mayor of Nõmme (a district of Tallinn) from 1999 to 2003.

Role in Estonian politics
In April 2003, when the Juhan Parts government took office, Paet became Estonian Minister of Culture. In this capacity, he helped launch a new theatre, Theatre NO99

Paet remained in that position until April 2005, when the Parts government fell. In April 2005, when the Andrus Ansip cabinet took office, he became Foreign Minister.

During his time in office, the kidnapping of seven Estonian cyclists in the Beqaa Valley near the Syria-Lebanese border required Paet to undertake multiple trips to the Middle East in 2011; the cyclists’ release was secured after 113 days in captivity. By the time he left office, he was the second longest-serving foreign minister in Europe.

Member of the European Parliament, 2014–present
Paet has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2014 European elections. A member of the ALDE (Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe) political faction, he first served on the Committee on Budgets from 2014 until 2019. In this capacity, he authored a 2016 parliamentary resolution in favor of plans to increase European spending on military missions, as well as developing and sharing assets like helicopters.

Following the 2019 elections, Paet moved to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Security and Defence. In addition to his committee assignments, he is a member of the parliament's delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); the European Parliament Intergroup on the Digital Agenda; the European Parliament Intergroup on the Welfare and Conservation of Animals; and the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights. Also since 2019, he has been part of the Democracy Support and Election Coordination Group (DEG), which oversees the Parliament's election observation missions.

In 2015, Paet nominated murdered Russian politician Boris Nemtsov for the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought.

In the 2015 Estonian elections, Paet received enough votes to take up a seat in the national parliament yet decided to keep his seat in the European Parliament.

Following the 2019 elections, Paet was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's four-year work program on foreign policy.

Recognition
In March 2019, Paet was the recipient of the Security & Defence Award at The Parliament Magazine's annual MEP Awards. Paet was also the recipient of the Security and Defence Award at 2022 MEP Awards ceremony.

title: Urmas Paet


text: File:Nas-it-was-written-music-album.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Nas-it-was-written-music-album.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Return-to-zero, inverted

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:26, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Return-to-zero, inverted
Either completely imagined by me, or else so trivial that it shouldn't be included. There are multiple definitions for this, and I don't think anyone really uses it anyway - Omegatron 02:23, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what to do with this, but isn't the article's creator requesting deletion a criteria for a speedy? BigFatDave 02:40, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok. I'm an admin now.  Can I do it myself?  I just wanted to do all that "in the interests of transparency" stuff. - Omegatron 02:49, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Make it so. You'll feel better for it :) Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]]
 * Merge, with redirects, this, Return-to-zero, Non-return-to-zero and Non-return-to-zero, inverted into one article under a title such as Signal encodings. It is confusing rather than helpful to have them as separate articles. Note that they are recording standards, eg. mag tape, as well as transmission methods. -- RHaworth 06:58, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)
 * Merge, concur with RHaworth. Megan1967 07:26, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but what is the definition of RZI? Also see line code for the all-encompassing article you want. - Omegatron 12:12, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per User:RHaworth. --cesarb 01:47, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Return to Zero, according to that article, this candidate is incorrect anyway... StuartH 07:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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title: File:Latenighttales.jpg


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Kalari

A kalari is a gymnasium or training space primarily associated with the martial art of Kalaripayattu. The word kalari comes from Tamil. In the past, village schools in Tamilnadu, typically run by the traditional astrologer families, were known by the name kalari or Ezhuthu Kalari.

Kalari teachers
The teacher of a kalari is called a Gurukkal or Asan. Teachers of Ezhuthu Kalari or Ezhuthu Palli were referred to as Asan or Ezhuthassan.

Construction of a kalari
Traditionally, the kalari is constructed by digging a hollow in the ground, forming a sunken area four feet in depth, forty-two feet in length and twenty-one feet in breadth. This is usually called kuzhikalari. Kuzhi means "portions formed by caving in the earth" in Tamil. The entrance to the Kalari is in the east, to let in the morning sunlight, and leads into the 42-foot leg running east–west while the 21-foot leg runs north–south. Another consideration taken when constructing the kalari is that it is built in the south-west side of the main plot. The floor of the kalari is leveled using mud. In southern and central Tamilnadu, some kalaris were constructed in a circular form, with weapons and other instruments being placed on one end, and students sitting outside the circular arc to watch the training.

Ankakalari and ankathattu
Ankathattu is a 4 to 6 foot high platform constructed temporarily for the purpose of fighting duels. Ankam means war in Malayalam. This platform is constructed as per tradition and is in the center of the ground from where people can watch the fight. The entire arrangement is called ankakalar. Historically, in Tamilnadu, quarrels between local rulers were resolved by fixing an ankam, a duel to the death, between two ankachekavars, each ruler being represented by one ankachekavar. The ruler represented by the surviving ankachekavar was considered the winner.

title: Kalari


text: Template:Gbmapscaled

title: Template:Gbmapscaled


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Talk:Form 1040

Name origin
Where does the name come from? -- Beland 02:25, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Form 1040 should not be a redirection
User:MSJapan is trying to redirect Form 1040 to IRS tax forms without justification. The topic Form 1040 is notable so the page should not be redirected or deleted, especially without justification or an AfD. Riceissa (talk) 07:33, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Existence is not notability. Second of all, explaining who can use what form is tax advice.  Wikipedia is {[WP:NOTHOWTO|not a how-to]].  Third, this article, via its explanations of processes, is effectively giving out tax advice.  See Circular_230.  Lastly, you are another one of Vipul's paid editors, and Vipul requested this article and pays on pageviews.  Therefore, you have no business coming in here acting like an unrelated party. MSJapan (talk) 14:25, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

Advice removed...
We have "it is important to pay one's taxes by a certain date", "there is only a maximum 25% penalty, so....", "forms can be filed in the following manners for certain income brackets...", "there is a three-year refund time limit" and the like. I have trimmed out absolutely everything that may be construed as pertaining to giving actual guidance on how to fill out the tax form per WP:NOTHOWTO. Much of the information is simplistic nonsense - the refund time limit has exceptions. Stating anything to the effect of "one should do" is not appropriate. Tax advice should be given by professionals, not here. MSJapan (talk) 16:39, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Outdated
This article needs to be updated as the 1040A and 1040EZ forms no longer exist, and the schedules are generally numbered now. 66.42.154.104 (talk) 23:15, 2 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Form 1040


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User talk:Ruteger

Nonsense
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. SPUI (talk) 02:26, 16 April 2005 (UTC)

Do not edit user pages
Please do not edit user pages in this manner. What you are doing is considered vandalism. This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. — Knowledge Seeker দ 02:42, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ruteger


text:
Money-back guarantee

A money-back guarantee, also known as a satisfaction guarantee, is essentially a simple guarantee that, if a buyer is not satisfied with a product or service, a refund will be made.

The 18th century entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood pioneered many of the marketing strategies used today, including the satisfaction-or-money-back guarantee on the entire range of his pottery products. He took advantage of his guarantee offer to send his products to rich clientele across Europe unsolicited. The money-back guarantee was also a major tool of early U.S. mail order sales pioneers in the United States such as Richard Sears and Powel Crosley Jr. to win the confidence of consumers.

False claims
The use of money back guarantees has grown significantly over the last few years and has become standard practice in direct marketing across all media. Very often, unreliable businesses use it as a tactic to reel the customer into a false sense of safety. Many guarantees by sellers often fall outside the allowed scope of their merchant agreements with their banks. For example, Visa and MasterCard explicitly bar the seller from offering a money-back guarantee past 90 days from purchase.

Issues relating to false guarantees have become so common in the United States that the Federal Trade Commission has specifically addressed the issue in the Code of Federal Regulations Handbook (§ 239.1).

title: Money-back guarantee


text:
Oxygen-evolving complex

The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), also known as the water-splitting complex, is a water-oxidizing enzyme involved in the photo-oxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis. OEC is surrounded by 4 core proteins of photosystem II at the membrane-lumen interface. The mechanism for splitting water involves absorption of three photons before the fourth provides sufficient energy for water oxidation. Based on a widely accepted theory from 1970 by Kok, the complex can exist in 5 states, denoted S0 to S4, with S0 the most reduced and S4 the most oxidized. Photons trapped by photosystem II move the system from state S0 to S4. S4 is unstable and reacts with water producing free oxygen. For the complex to reset to the lowest state, S0, it uses 2 water molecules to pull out 4 electrons.

The OEC active site contains a cluster of manganese and calcium, with the formula Mn4Ca1OxCl1–2(HCO3)y. This cluster is coordinated by D1 and CP43 subunits and stabilized by peripheral membrane proteins. Other characteristics of it have been reviewed.

Currently, the mechanism of the complex is not completely understood, along with the role of Ca+2, Cl−1, and the membrane proteins surrounding the metal cluster. Much of what is known has been collected from flash photolysis experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray spectroscopy.

title: Oxygen-evolving complex


text: User talk:63.207.131.89

title: User talk:63.207.131.89


text:
I9

I9, i9 or I-9 may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Intel Core i9, a line of high-performance processors
 * Gulftown, microprocessors originally rumored to be called the Intel Core i9
 * Inline-nine engine, a straight engine with nine cylinders
 * ICD-9, a coding system for medical diagnoses and procedures

Other uses

 * Form I-9, a US Citizenship and Immigration Services form
 * Air Italy (2005–2018) (former IATA code: I9), a former Italian airline
 * Interstate 9, a proposed upgrade to California State Route 99
 * Skaraborg Regiment (infantry) (designation: I 9), a Swedish Army infantry regiment disbanded in 1942
 * Japanese submarine I-9, an Imperial Japanese Navy submarine

title: I9


text:
Talk:Hrithik Roshan

I have changed the statement of the case being closed to a more Descriptive and statement from Mumbai Police handling the case
The previous statement "Owing to a lack of evidence, the Mumbai Police closed the case later that year" is changes to "Mumbai Police filed a report regarding the case in November 2016 and hence forth nothing has been clearly reported about the case."

1) The Article citation states that Mumbai police Filed a 'NIL Report' and hence case will be closed 2) A 'NIL Report' is like other reports files by Police like 'Summary A', 'Summary B', 'Summary C'. These are all reports filed by Police after an FIR (First Information Report) is file to police. All there reports are submitted in court. 3) After these reports are filed the court decides whether it wants to accept the report or deny it. 4) Irrespective of these reports court proceedings carry on. 5) Hence stating that because of a 'NIL Report' a case has been closed is factually in correct and against Indian Penal Court. 6) Hence I have changed the statement to a more factual and descriptive statement. 7) I have also added a link stating that the case is still open.

Thank You (Dpshow (talk) 14:54, 30 August 2018 (UTC))

Hritik mother name not in his bio
Hritik roshan s mother name is not written in her bio on Wikipedia.should Mention Sajag1999 (talk) 19:57, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

Family
The first sentence in the "Early life" section writes "Roshan was born on 10 January 1974 in Bombay to a Punjabi family prominent in Bollywood". The ethnic part (Punjabi) is based on the subject's father, Rakesh Roshan's interview, not the subject's. Few sentences later, the subjects' paternal grandmother's Bengali heritage is mentioned using this source. There are other sources like, , where the subject and his father made their Bengali paternal heritage clear. My point is, can't we frame the sentence something like: Roshan was born on 10 January 1974 in Bombay to a family prominent in Bollywood. He is of Punjabi and Bengali descent on his paternal side, similar to Kareena Kapoor's article, which is rather neutral IMO on the ancestry part. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 09:59, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Yep, that makes sense to me. Krimuk2.0 (talk) 11:43, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Logical. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 16:23, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your inputs. I made the changes. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 17:54, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:12, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Hritik Roshan with his wax statue.jpg

Semi-protected edit request on 14 April 2020
The second paragraph of the lead frequently references Hrithik's father, who isn't named until the start of the "Early life and background" section. It's confusing. Rakesh Roshan should be named and linked, potentially by changing the first sentence of the second paragraph to "Roshan has frequently collaborated with his father, Rakesh Roshan". However, it may make more sense to introduce him in the first paragraph. 96.241.134.137 (talk) 22:19, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done! GoingBatty (talk) 00:30, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

Surname
The pages on Rakesh Roshan and Rajesh Roshan say that "In this Indian name, the name Roshan is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Rakesh/Rajesh." According to both the pages, their full names are Rakesh Roshan Lal Nagrath and Rajesh Roshan Lal Nagrath and the article about their father Roshan says that his full name is Roshan Lal Nagrath and he is better known by his first name Roshan. That means that their last name must be Nagrath. However, this article on Rakesh Roshan's son mentions his name as Hrirhik Roshan only. And the page List of Hindi film families mention the names under "Roshan family" and not "Nagrath family" as if Roshan was the family name. I cannot understand how Roshan's first name was treated as a family name. In any case, no reliable source has been cited in any article for this verification. Neel.arunabh (talk) 17:15, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Regardless of all of this, we would not rename the article per WP:COMMONNAME. Bollyjeff  |  talk  23:04, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 31 August 2021
Hritik Roshan is belongs to a Punjabi Brahmin family. His grandfather Roshanlal nagrath was a Brahmin.

Semi-protected edit request on 8 October 2021
bhai ek edit krna hai bas Shoaibalam2 (talk) 14:35, 8 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 14:46, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Indian phenomenon
Whow! This is a real fan hymn. The article is bloated with worshipping and privat details of the actor. This is not an objective and prosaic information about an actor and his work. If you want a clearly arranged list of movies look at the Nederlands or German version of this article.

That this indian-english version is considered as a featured article is realy a joke! That shows Hrithik Roshan has a lot of indian fans, who breaks the principles of Wikipedia. This article is not Wikipedia! Here is no supervising control. What matters, if his grandfather Roshanlal nagrath was a Brahmin ot not? This is insane.

To the authors and fans: If you want a colorful subjective biography with Brahmins and more, why not write a book. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.59.151.22 (talk) 18:48, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

Scholarly sources
I will start adding these soon. FrB.TG (talk) 22:17, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Figurations in Indian Film, chapter: From Superman to Shahenshah: Stardom and the Transnational Corporeality of Hrithik Roshan
 * Stardom in Contemporary Hindi Cinema, chapter: Action, Sensation and the Kinetic Body: The Stardom of Hrithik Roshan

Semi-protected edit request on 7 May 2022
Childhood name = Duggu Arastogi2584 (talk) 13:48, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

Yes Arastogi2584 (talk) 13:48, 7 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. 💜 melecie   talk  - 13:52, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

Personal life
I am really finding the sentence "Roshan considered quitting the film industry after two assailants fired bullets at his father in 2000" to be problematic.

Do we have a better source than this a trivia link that complies with WP:BLP? Roshan had 22 years to confirm what looks like a rumor so far. Segaton (talk) 19:09, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hindustan Times is a reputable newspaper and I doubt they’d just post a nonsense about him. Roshan not confirming it (again) doesn’t necessarily mean it’s false; was he asked to confirm this or was it brought up at some point? Maybe he just had no reason to mention it again. That said, I’ll try to look for other sources and see what else is available for this. FrB.TG (talk) 19:18, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 March 2023
Please add parter details in personal information as it is outdated. Hrithik roshan is dating musician /actress saba azad since 2021 and is in a relationship with her. They have been seen going on movie dates,vacations,spend time with each other and respective families.

Reference- just google hrithik roshan saba azad, and you will get tons of references,pictures ,videos 31.124.111.54 (talk) 22:23, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. M.Bitton (talk) 01:01, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

"Fighter (2023 film)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fighter_(2023_film)&redirect=no Fighter (2023 film)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. — Archer1234  (t·c) 20:13, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Hrithik (name) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:07, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hrithik Roshan


text:
Talk:Wellesley, Massachusetts

Babson
It is correct that Babson is not technically in Wellesley. See the contact information page on Babson’s official home page. Catamorphism 18:42, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Babson is in Wellesley. Having a specific ZIP Code for “Babson Park” is nothing more then a convenient mail grouping for use by the postal service, not a legal standing. For all non-postal purposes (civil administration, municipal services, etc.) Babson College, Babson Park et al are a much a part of Wellesley as any other parcel of property within the town borders. 24.91.17.230 19:53, 7 May 2007 (UTC) Michael

intro
someone changed “wealthiest neighborhoods located on the towns edges” to “least ethnically diverse neighborhoods located...” I do not know if that fact can be back up, nor do I understand how lack of ethnic diversity equals economic prominance. It seems like a slanderous and unfounded claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.122.190.24 (talk • contribs) 20:53, 16 November 2006

Blue Ginger
There are more than a few restaurants in Wellesley. Why mention the Blue Ginger? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.96.4.139 (talk • contribs) 22:32, 15 April 2005

 * As for the reference to Blue Ginger, it is a uniquely notable retaurant run by a world known chef. Considering Ming Tsai has a wiki article, it seems right to mention Blue Ginger as well.  Other restaurants in Wellesley are not as well known. Joshdboz 16:30, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed–Blue Ginger is nationally known. Comella’s, on the other hand, is barely known even within Wellesley and short of a citation from something reputable isn’t appropriate to list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.91.17.230 (talk • contribs) 14:19, 8 March 2007

Local Government
I believe that the opening statement to be questionable:

 * ’’“Wellesley also receives significant funding from the state government, despite its upper-middle-class demographics. Local roads have been repaved several times in the 1990s and 2000s, causing accusations of pork barrel politics.”’’

What is the basis of comparison for making this statement and reaching this conclusion? Which roads are getting repaved? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mhumphrys (talk • contribs) 17:40, 12 August 2006

Swellesley
I just moved the link to the Swellesley Report under the External Links section. That seemed a more appropriate place for a blog link. Joshdboz 01:49, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Town Dump
My understanding is the Town Dump program is dead as of now. Can another Wellesley resident confirm this please?

Hours for the “dump”, actually it is a transfer station or “Recycling and Disposal Facility”, have been reduced due to a reduction in funding when residents failed to pass an override to proposition 2 1/2 in 2005 and again in 2006. All areas are open including the leave and take, the book station and the compost piles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.91.17.230 (talk • contribs) 18:47, 24 January 2007

Lubavitcher Entries
What’s with the random Lubavitcher material? Nothing against anyone but unless there’s going to be a breakout of every religious institution in the town it seems bizarre this material is wedged in. The same for the Lubavitcher Rabbi having passed through town; interesting, but is a single listing of a notable person appropriate over the millions who have driven or ridden the town’s highways & railroads over the past 126 years, and are any of them actually relevant to an encyclopedia entry? I mean–“passed through”–not even stopped, spoke, maybe at least slept? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.91.17.230 (talk • contribs) 18:47, 24 January 2007

State champion teams
The Wellesley Sailing team was also state champions in 2006, however it is not included in the list of teams to which Wellesley is home to. It should be added. As well, This article does not include the various performing arts accomplishments of the previous year, such as the self-scripted play Der Waffle Hause: Ergo Leggo my Ego put on by the Wellesley high school Drama Society, which also won the state championships at finals in Boston. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.91.120.186 (talk • contribs) 15:53, 14 April 2007
 * Then add it, you seem like you know more about that stuff then I do.Ychennay 03:09, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Is an encyclopedia the right place to be listing every high school state championship win? What about the various private schools victories, including the colleges? How about awards won by the various businesses located in town, as well as by the town, it’s employees, and town government? Yay team & all but again, are all or any of these actually appropriate to an encyclopedia entry? 24.91.17.230 07:34, 25 April 2007 (UTC) Michael

History
The history section seems almost entirely cribbed from About the Town of Wellesley on the town website. Whether or not it’s author, Beth Hinchliffe, has released copyright of this material isn’t clear. 24.91.17.230 07:47, 25 April 2007 (UTC) Michael

Hinchcliffe wrote a book called "Five Pounds Currency, Three Pounds corn" It's boring. It's also probably copyrighted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.36.68.211 (talk) 21:53, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I have removed the plagiarized text. Since this is not the Federal US Gov, we cannot assume that local government documents are public domain, even more so in this case because it comes from an outside author.  Please delete copyright problems when you see them.  Joshdboz (talk) 01:29, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Schools
It seems odd in reading this article that Upton gets its own paragraph while none of the other schools really do. Something should be done about this. 71.238.152.124 (talk) 02:01, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Could someone add a guide for correctly pronouncing the name Wellesley in the lead? —EncMstr 07:14, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Recent construction
If this article has a custodian of record, would you please move elsewhere the first sentence in 'Recent construction', which states that the Wellesley Inn was torn down "to make way for condominiums and mixed-use development in 2006". Since 4 years have elapsed since 2006, it suggests new buildings are in place, when as of July 2010 the site is a fenced-off crater. Two, terming this lot's status 'Recent construction' is specious. Three, since this project ranks with the Kimlo Road developer's destruction of the cliffs above the RR tracks in Wellesley Hills as the worst incident of destruction of history and/or landscape now going on in Wellelsey, you don't want to highlight it--let alone make it the first sentence in the section. Four, when people read it, expect new buildings, then learn they aren't there, they may wonder what else in the article is whitewashed. Five, until the lot gets developed, the topic's scope is largely historical. Hence move it to History. And if you state the purpose for the Inn's destruction--development--you must say it hasn't yet taken place.

If no one makes this edit, I'm willing to do it. Thanks. jimlue

 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jimlue (talk • contribs) 18:57, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Notable Residents
I own a book called Images of America: Wellesley by Jennifer A. Jovin with the Wellesley Historical Society, which is basically a book of old photographs of Wellesley. It says on page 17 that Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, lived in Wellesley Lower Falls. Would someone add his name, and other important people from way back then to the notable residents section for me? Moneynoob (talk) 02:55, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
Is the name pronounced 'Wesley', as in England? Or is it pronounced as it is spelt? Valetude (talk) 22:19, 23 May 2020 (UTC)
 * It is pronouced as it is spelled: WELLS-lee. HouseBlaster (talk) 20:24, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wellesley, Massachusetts


text:
Interstate 14

Interstate 14 (I-14), also known as the 14th Amendment Highway, the Gulf Coast Strategic Highway, and the Central Texas Corridor, is an Interstate Highway that is currently located entirely in Central Texas, following US Highway 190 (US 190). The portion of the route that has been constructed and signed to date, the Central Texas Corridor along US 190 west of I-35 was officially designated as I-14 by the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act), signed by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2015.

The proposal for the "14th Amendment Highway" has its origins in the 2005 transportation bill, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The route was initially planned to have a western terminus at Natchez, Mississippi (later from I-49 near Alexandria, Louisiana), extending east through Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, before ending at Augusta, Georgia, or North Augusta, South Carolina. Advocates of the Gulf Coast Strategic Highway subsequently proposed extending I-14 to I-10 near Fort Stockton and the junction of US 277 and I-10 near Sonora, Texas. The study and planning of I-14 has continued because of support and interest from both Congress and the associated state highway departments. The I-14 corridor, if ultimately constructed, would provide a national strategic link to numerous major military bases and major Gulf and Atlantic coasts ports used for overseas deployments in six states from Texas to South Carolina.

On November 15, 2021, President Joe Biden signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), which designated the components of the Gulf Coast Strategic Highway corridor between Brady, Texas (including forks to I-20 in Midland and I-10 in Pecos County, Texas), and Augusta, Georgia, as High Priority Corridors of the National Highway System, forming a future extension of I-14.

Route description
I-14 currently begins just east of Copperas Cove at the US 190 and Business US 190 interchange. From there, it continues eastward concurrently with US 190 for just over 25 mi before terminating at I-35 in Belton. Between the termini, I-14/US 190 passes through the western part of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood metropolitan area, passing just south of Fort Cavazos and through Killeen as well as Harker Heights and Nolanville. It currently has 25 interchanges (including at its termini), including State Highway 201 (SH 201) in Fort Cavazos, SH 195 in Killeen, and Loop 121 in Belton. It runs concurrently with US 190, and its exit numbers are based on that highway's mileage.

History
The highway was proposed in 2005 as the "14th Amendment Highway" without an official Interstate Highway designation, with a western terminus at Natchez, Mississippi, extending east through the states of Mississippi and Alabama, before ending at Augusta, Georgia. The highway was named in honor of the Fourteenth Amendment, as the route would traverse the southern "Black Belt" region that formed the heart of the slave-based plantation economy of the 19th century.

US Representative Charlie Norwood of Georgia suggested the highway could be extended to Austin, Texas, in the west and Grand Strand, South Carolina, in the east. SAFETEA-LU was signed into law by President George W. Bush on August 10, 2005. Congressional advocacy for the legislation spiked following the post-Hurricane Katrina logistics controversies. The act included the 14th Amendment Highway and the 3rd Infantry Division Highway (I-3). The legislation did not provide funding for either highway. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has no funding identified beyond the Phase II studies to support long-range planning, environmental review, or construction which must be initiated at the state or regional level with any further direction from Congress. The western terminus was later changed to I-49 near Alexandria, Louisiana.

The 14th Amendment Highway and the Gulf Coast Strategic Highway concepts continued through active studies to the present as local and state interest began to surface and support in Congress, the FHWA, and, most importantly, in the associated state highway departments, all the key ingredients necessary to successfully justify funding any proposed federal-aid highway project. The FHWA issued its report on the 14th Amendment Highway to Congress in 2011 and made recommendation for further environmental and feasibility substudies; however, little action to fund these studies advanced in Congress after 2011. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) also conducted the US 190/IH-10 Feasibility Study in 2011, which concluded that it was justified to upgrade US 190 to a divided four-lane arterial highway based on traffic projections to 2040, but that upgrading US 190 to a full freeway through Texas was only justified if the 14th Amendment Highway is actually constructed from Louisiana to Georgia.

The I-14 concept became a reality when House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure members Brian Babin and Blake Farenthold authored and introduced the amendment to the 2015 FAST Act that created I-14 that generally follows US 190 in Texas. US Senator John Cornyn of Texas sponsored the amendment in the US Senate. The official Future I-14 designation was approved when the FAST Act was signed into law on December 4, 2015, by then President Barack Obama.

TxDOT moved forward with designating I-14 along US 190 from Copperas Cove to I-35 in Belton. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) originally denied approval of TxDOT's request for the number at their May 24, 2016, meeting of the Special Committee on US Route Numbering, the body responsible for approving designations in the US Numbered and Interstate highway systems. The FHWA and AASHTO subsequently approved the I-14 designation. The Texas Transportation Commission made the I-14 number official on January 26, 2017. The official signage ceremony was held April 22, 2017, in Killeen, Texas, on the Central Texas College campus. More I-14 signs went up over the next few weeks.

On April 11, 2019, US Representative Babin introduced the I-14 'Forts-to-Ports' bill—which could extend I-14 to Odessa—to the US House of Representatives.

In August 2021, senators Ted Cruz of Texas and Raphael Warnock of Georgia introduced an amendment to the American Jobs Plan that would designate a corridor of I-14 to connect their respective states. The Interstate as envisioned would reach from the Midland–Odessa, Texas, metropolitan area in the west to Augusta, Georgia, in the east. The bipartisan legislation aims to connect multiple military installations, including Fort Cavazos (previously Fort Hood) in Killeen, Texas (already connected); Goodfellow Air Force Base in San Angelo, Texas; Fort Johnson (previously Fort Polk) in Leesville, Louisiana; Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville (previously Camp Beauregard) in Pineville, Louisiana; Fort Moore (previously Fort Benning) in Columbus, Georgia; Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins, Georgia; and Fort Eisenhower (previously Fort Gordon) west of Augusta, Georgia. This amendment was included in the final bill approved by the House and Senate and signed by President Joe Biden on November 15, 2021.

Existing route
Prior to being designated as I-14, US 190 was expanded from four to six lanes in Killeen, Texas, during a widening project that lasted from 2013 to late 2016. The project was estimated to be completed in 2014 but was delayed by other road expansion projects. Plans to widen the existing route through Harker Heights to the I-35 intersection in Belton from four lanes to six lanes began in April 2018 and was completed in June 2023. A $140,000 project to put up two new welcome signs in Nolanville was started in May 2023. The two-lane expressway bypass of Copperas Cove opened on January 29, 2015.

Proposed extension
The IIJA designates an extended future I-14 corridor that would encompass the original "14th Amendment Highway" and "Gulf Coast Strategic Highway" concepts, including the following designated High Priority Corridors:

 * High Priority Corridor 84, the Central Texas Corridor, including:
 * 84(A): Commencing near State Highway Loop 338 (Loop 338) in Odessa, running eastward generally following I-20, connecting to State Highway 158 (SH 158) near Midland, then following SH 158 eastward before following US 87 southeastward, passing San Angelo, and connecting to US 190 near Brady. This northern fork has been designated "I-14 North" (I-14N).
 * 84(B): Commencing at the intersection of I-10 and US 190 in Pecos County, following US 190 to Brady. This southern fork has been designated "I-14 South" (I-14S).
 * 84(C): Following portions of US 190 eastward, passing near the central Texas cities of Fort Cavazos, Killeen, Belton, Temple, Bryan, College Station, Huntsville, Livingston, Woodville, and Jasper before connecting to SH 63 at the Burr's Ferry Bridge where it becomes Louisiana Highway 8 (LA 8) at the Louisiana border. I-14 will be concurrent with I-45 between Madisonville and Huntsville. This route also includes a loop generally encircling Bryan–College Station designated "I-214". This is currently the only part of the high-priority corridors to include a completed section of I-14.
 * 84(D): A new interstate (route number to be determined) following US 83 southward from the vicinity of Eden to I-10 at Junction.
 * 84(E): A new interstate (route number to be determined) following US 69 from I-10 in Beaumont north to US 190 near Woodville.
 * 84(F): A new interstate (route number to be determined) following US 96 from I-10 in Beaumont north to US 190 near Jasper.
 * 84(G): A new interstate (route number to be determined) following US 190, Farm to Market Road 305 (FM 305), and US 385 from I-10 in Pecos County to I-20 at Odessa.
 * High Priority Corridor 99, the Central Louisiana Corridor, commencing at the Sabine River bridge where SH 63 becomes LA 8 before following portions of LA 8 to Leesville, then eastward on LA 28, passing near Alexandria, Pineville, Walters, and Archie, to US 84 and US 425 at the Natchez–Vidalia Bridge at Vidalia.
 * High Priority Corridor 100, the Central Mississippi Corridor, including:
 * 100(A): Commencing at the Natchez–Vidalia Bridge at the Mississippi River and then generally following portions of US 84 passing in the vicinity of Natchez, Brookhaven, Monticello, Prentiss, and Collins, to I-59 near Laurel, and continuing on I-59 north to I-20 before joining I-59 and I-20 to the Alabama state line.
 * 100(B): Commencing near Laurel, running south on I-59 to US 98 near Hattiesburg, connecting to US 49 south then following US 49 south to I-10 in the vicinity of Gulfport and following Mississippi Highway 601 (MS 601)/I-310 south until the Mississippi State Port at Gulfport. The corridor overlaps parts of High Priority Corridors 93 (the South Mississippi Corridor) and 94 (the Kosciusko to Gulf Coast corridor).
 * High Priority Corridor 101, the Middle Alabama Corridor, including:
 * 101(A): Beginning at the Alabama–Mississippi border generally following portions of I-20/I-59 until following a new Interstate extension paralleling US 80.
 * 101(B): Crossing State Route 28 (SR 28) near Coatopa, traveling eastward crossing US 43 and SR 69 near Demopolis, traveling eastward closely paralleling US 80 to the south before crossing SR 22, SR 41, and SR 21, until its intersection with I-65 near Hope Hull.
 * 101(C): Continuing east along the proposed Montgomery Outer Loop (I-85) south of Montgomery, where it would next join with I-85 east of Montgomery.
 * 101(D): Continuing along I-85 east bound until its intersection with US 280 near Opelika or US 80 near Tuskegee.
 * 101(E): Generally following the most expedient route until intersecting with existing US 80 (J. R. Allen Parkway) through Phenix City until continuing into Columbus, Georgia.
 * High Priority Corridor 102, the Middle Georgia Corridor, including:
 * 102(A): Beginning at the Alabama–Georgia state line generally following the Fall Line Freeway from Columbus to Augusta.
 * 102(B): Traveling along US 80 (J. R. Allen Parkway) through Columbus and near Fort Moore east to Talbot County, where it would follow State Route 96 (SR 96), then commencing on SR 49C (Fort Valley Bypass) to SR 49 (Peach Parkway) to its intersection with I-75 in Byron.
 * 102(C): Continuing north along I-75 through Warner Robins and Macon, where it would meet I-16, then following I-16 east it would next join US 80 and SR 57 east of Macon.
 * 102(D): Commencing with SR 57 which turns into SR 24 near Milledgeville would then bypass Wrens with a newly constructed bypass before joining US 1 near Fort Eisenhower into Augusta, where I-14 will terminate at an interchange of I-20 and I-520.

Texas
TxDOT is currently in the planning stages of construction on the rest of the route in the state and started requesting public feedback in July 2023 to identify issues and opportunities along the proposed route. Work on I-14N and I-14S in the Permian Basin is expected to require approximately 260 roadway projects, which includes 32 bridges, two interchanges, 89 mi of added capacity, 136 mi rehabilitated or maintained, and 66 mi of new location. Planning for this is currently ongoing and expected to end in February 2024 with the design and work on the system expected to continue for at least a decade. TxDOT's feasibility study on the rest of I-14 started in the Fall of 2021 and is expected to take seven years to complete. Construction in the Bryan–College Station metropolitan area is not expected to begin for another 15–20 years based on information provided by the Bryan/College Station Metropolitan Planning Organization in 2022. Various public meetings are planned to be held.

Construction on an extension of I-14 to Temple is expected to begin in 2027 while a bypass is currently being built around Rogers. A non-Interstate standard bypass was also built around Heidenheimer in the late 2000s. In July 2023, the Parsons Corporation (PSN) announced that it had been selected by TXDOT's Waco District to design the I-14 extension to Rogers as well as improve I-14/US 190/I-35 system interchange. A public meeting to discuss these plans was held in early-June 2024.

On October 10, 2023, the Bryan division of TXDOT announced that they were launching a study for the I-14 corridor, which will generally follow US 190, from Rogers in Bell County eastward to Huntsville in Walker County. The study will also include the planned I-214 loop in the Bryan-College Station area. Several open houses for public input were announced as well. Public feedback was also requested by the Brazos County commissioner in November 2023. Public meetings were also held or are going to be held across the Brazos Valley in June and July 2024.

Currently, TxDOT and the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LaDOTD) are working to replace the two-lane Burr's Ferry Bridge, which marks the eastern and western termini of Texas State Highway 63 (SH 63) and Louisiana Highway 8 (LA 8) respectively, over the Sabine River at the Texas-Louisiana state line. The new bridge will be built to interstate-highway standards about a quarter mile to the south of the existing bridge. The construction of the replacement bridge is expected to start in 2024.

Louisiana
LaDOTD has included I-14 in the state's transportation plan, with the project as a whole estimated to cost $7 billion. The interstate has been seen as a way to spur growth in the currently declining populations across central Louisiana by providing a major east–west highway through the region. However, the project is unfunded and LaDOTD has made maintaining existing infrastructure a top priority for the time being as they also have a backlog of projects worth more than $18 billion.

Georgia
In May 2023, the Columbus city council announced that they had begun the process of collecting data and looking into the project that would bring I-14 through the city.

In January 2024, the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) concluded a study that deemed that the I-14 project would not have a good return on investment. The report indicated that truck traffic on the route would be significantly less than on other interstates in the state, making it less beneficial since the initial cost estimate for building the freeway is around $5 billion. However, the study was only referring to moving freight through the state and it did not completely rule out building I-14 since some benefits were found. GDOT plans to run corridor studies for the project to further evaluate its feasibility and cost.

Exit list
Exit numbers follow US 190's mile markers.

Auxiliary route
I-14 in Texas is proposed to have one auxiliary route, Interstate 214 (I-214), which would serve as a loop for Bryan–College Station.

title: Interstate 14


text:
Interstate 41

Interstate 41 (I-41) is a 175.00 mi north–south Interstate Highway connecting the interchange of I-94 and U.S. Route 41 (US 41), located 2.50 mi south of the Wisconsin–Illinois border at the end of the Tri-State Tollway in metropolitan Chicago, to an interchange with I-43 in metropolitan Green Bay, Wisconsin. The designation travels concurrently with US 41 for its entire length, as well as portions of I-894, US 45, I-43, and sections of I-94 in Wisconsin and Illinois. The route was officially added to the Interstate Highway System on April 7, 2015, and connects Milwaukee and Green Bay with the Fox Cities.

Route description
I-41 begins at the I-94/US 41 interchange in Russell, Illinois, located 2.50 mi south of the Wisconsin–Illinois border at the end of the Tri-State Tollway. The highway continues north concurrently with I-94 as part of the North-South Freeway to the Mitchell Interchange in Milwaukee, turns west to run concurrently with I-894 and I-43 as the Airport Freeway to the Hale Interchange (forming a brief wrong-way concurrency with I-43), and turns north to run concurrently as the Zoo Freeway with I-894 and US 45 to the Zoo Interchange, with the US 45 concurrency continuing until the I-41/US 41/US 45 split near Richfield. The Interstate roughly parallels I-43, which runs north–south along Lake Michigan from Milwaukee to Green Bay. I-41 runs through the Fox Valley (including the cities of Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, and Appleton, along with the Fox Cities). At Appleton, I-41 intersects US 10 and State Trunk Highway 441 (WIS 441), the latter of which is a freeway that forms a beltway around Appleton by running around the south and east side of the city and back to I-41. Further north, I-41 intersects WIS 172 on the south side of Green Bay, before running along the city's west side to its end at the I-43 interchange. The Interstate is 175.00 mi long and located almost entirely within the state of Wisconsin and is completely concurrent with a slightly adjusted alignment of US 41 to its termination in Green Bay.

History
The freeway portion of US 41 and US 45 from Milwaukee through the Fox Valley to Green Bay was proposed and designated as an Interstate Highway as part of the 2005 highway funding bill (Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users).

In the initial language of the bill, the route was designated Interstate 41, which correlates with the U.S. Highway it parallels and also complies with the Interstate naming guidelines through the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The final bill omitted the I-41 designation. In 2009, Green Bay officials began a campaign to have US 41 designated as a northern extension of I-55 from its current termination in Chicago, with the alternative being designated as a spur of I-43. At the spring meeting of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbers of AASHTO on May 18, 2012, the I-55 designation was discussed by the committee. Coordination would have been required with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) on the I-55 designation.

However, IDOT officials were not interested in signing an extension of I-55 from its Chicago terminus to the state line. Therefore, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) decided to seek a different designation not requiring the cooperation of their Illinois counterparts. Four designations were proposed by WisDOT and put up for public review: two new primary designations (I-41 and I-47) and two auxiliary designations (I-594 and I-643). At the end of October 2012, WisDOT submitted I-41 to AASHTO for consideration at their fall Special Committee meeting, where it was conditionally approved on November 16, 2012, pending FHWA concurrence. Official approval of I-41 then hinged on weight limit exceptions being approved for the route, which initially passed the United States House of Representatives as H.R. 4745 and awaited a United States Senate vote as S. 2438, but there were later passed in a different bill (H.R. 83) on December 16, 2014. On April 9, 2015, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker announced that the FHWA had approved I-41 as part of the Interstate Highway System. According to WisDOT, the approval came two days earlier.

WisDOT replaced or modified 3,500 signs before and near September 2015 after coordination with IDOT and the FHWA (signs erected in 2014 and into 2015 before approval of the designation had the I-41 shield obscured until approval). Over the next 5–10 years, shoulders are slated to be rebuilt as older parts of the highway are rebuilt. The redesignation to Interstate status also makes the route subject to the Highway Beautification Act, meaning current advertising billboards along the Milwaukee-to-Green Bay portion of the road can no longer be upgraded or enlarged nor can new signs be added.

Future
Beginning in early 2024, WisDOT plans to start several projects to improve I-41 in the Appleton area between Neenah and De Pere. The projects will include widening the Interstate from two to three lanes in each direction on a 23 mi stretch between Appleton and De Pere, upgrading interchanges, reconstructing bridges, and repaving sections of the freeway, along with the new South Bridge Connector project adding a new Fox River span south of De Pere with an I-41 interchange. These projects are expected to be completed by 2026.

title: Interstate 41


text:
Wikipedia:List of encyclopedias in Google Print

Google Print is an excellent resource for writing encyclopedia articles balanced with book references. The following is a list of encyclopedias found to be scanned into Google Print and links to access them. They are pre-formatted with the correct way to cite them, with the exception that you must add the page number just before the ISBN in the form of pp. 250-271.

This list no doubt barely skims the top of the number of encyclopedias available. If you find another one, please add it to this list. You can find them with a google search for, i.e. book encyclopedia botany. To get three new encyclopedias, pick a unique word out of each topic and update the search query to exclude them, such as book encyclopedia botany -"arabic science" -monasticism -psychedelics.

 * Allen, Sarah; Kingfisher; (2001). The Concise Children's Encyclopedia. Kingfisher Publications. ISBN 0753453959. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Cumming, Mark (2004). The Carlyle Encyclopedia. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 0838637922. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Cox, Richard; Russell, Dave; Vamplew, Wray (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0714652490. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Dillmont, Theresa De (2002). Complete Encyclopedia of Needlework. Running Press. ISBN 0762413182. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Dijk, Hanneke Van (1999). Encyclopedia of Border Plants. Routledge (UK). ISBN 1579582028. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Froehlich, Fritz E (1997). The Encyclopedia of Telecommunications. Marcel Dekker. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Gikandi, Simon (2002). Encyclopedia of African Literature. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0415230195. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Goudie, A. S. (2003). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Guttentag, Jack (2005). The Mortgage Encyclopedia. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0071421653. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Hughes, Alex; Reader, Keith (2001). Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0415263549. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Kent, Allen; Williams, James G; (2002). Encyclopedia of Microcomputers. Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0824727274. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Kingfisher (2004). Kingfisher History Encyclopedia. Kingfisher Publications. ISBN 0753457849. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Malmkjr, Kirsten (2001). The Linguistics Encyclopedia. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0415222095. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0415185718. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Nash, Robert Jay (1994). Encyclopedia of Western Lawmen & Outlaws. Da Capo Press. ISBN 030680591X. Google Print. Retrieved April 13, 2005.

 * Reynolds, Cecil R;Fletcher-Janzen, Elain (1999). Encyclopedia of Special Education. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0471253235. Google Print. Retrieved April 13, 2005.

 * Schiller, Eric (2003). Encyclopedia of Chess Wisdom. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1580420885. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Schweitzer, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of Corrosion Technology. Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0824748786. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Thrapp, Dan L (1991). The Encyclopedia of Frontier Biograph. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803294204. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Walker, Richard (1999). First Human Body Encyclopedia. Kingfisher Publications. ISBN 0753451778. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Zemtsov, Ilya (1992). Encyclopedia of Soviet Life. Transaction Publishers. Google Print. Retrieved April 16, 2005.

 * Zhang, Yingjin; Xiao, Zhiwei (1999). Encyclopedia of Chinese Film. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0415151686. Retrieved April 16, 2005.


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Holden Arboretum

The Holden Arboretum, in Kirtland, Ohio, is one of the largest arboreta and botanical gardens in the United States, with more than 3600 acre, including 600 acre devoted to collections and gardens. Diverse natural areas and ecologically sensitive habitats make up the rest of the holdings. Holden's collections includes 9,400 different kinds of woody plants, representing 79 plant families.

Specializing in the woody plants that can be grown in the climate of northern Ohio, Holden has a number of specimens obtained during wilderness collection trips, particularly to China and Korea near the 40th parallel, areas with a similar climate to Northeast Ohio. Many Trees like Dawn Redwoods are planted there. Holden is home to two National Natural Landmarks, accessed by guided hikes, and is a Midwest representative for The Center for Plant Conservation. Special gardens include the Myrtle S. Holden Wildflower Garden, the Helen S. Layer Rhododendron Garden, and the Arlene and Arthur Holden Jr. Butterfly Garden. The Holden Arboretum also features extensive Crabapple, Lilac, Viburnum and Conifer Collections.

History
The arboretum is named for Albert Fairchild Holden, a mining engineer and executive, who had considered making Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum his beneficiary. However, his sister, Roberta Holden Bole, convinced him that Cleveland deserved its own arboretum. Thus Mr. Holden established an arboretum in memory of his deceased daughter, Elizabeth Davis Holden. When he died in 1913, at age 46, Mr. Holden left a trust agreement in which he provided that funds be designated for an arboretum. After a study of possible sites, Roberta Holden Bole and her husband, Benjamin P. Bole, donated 100 acres (40 ha) in Kirtland Township. In 1931, the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas approved establishment of The Holden Arboretum. In December 1988, 75 years after Albert Fairchild Holden's original bequest, the Holden Trust began to benefit the arboretum as he and so many others had envisioned. His permanent endowment, together with the gifts of other contributors and supporters, make possible the development of a truly first-class arboretum.

The geographic area that Holden has property within comprises two counties, Lake and Geauga, and 5 townships and municipalities.

Major collections

 * The Display Garden maintains a landscaped array of Lilacs, Viburnums, bulbs and companion plantings.
 * The Helen S. Layer Rhododendron Garden contains heaths and vernal witch-hazels in March, through to the fall heathers and native witch-hazels in October and November, with over 1,200 rhododendron plants and over 100 mountain laurel plants. This garden is set in a mature oak, beech, and maple forest.
 * The Eliot and Linda Paine Rhododendron Discovery Garden, opened in 2013 on 4.5 acres adjoining the Helen S. Layer Rhododendron Garden. The garden offers visitors a chance to learn more about the heath family, Ericaceae, the hybridizers from Northeast Ohio who introduced new rhododendron hybrids to the market, and how to successfully integrate rhododendrons into home landscapes. Leading to the garden is the R. Henry Norweb Tree Allée.
 * The Hedge Collection, within the Display Garden, showcases 27 hedges ranging in size from 2 to 8 ft (0.5 to 2.5 m) in height. Some are evergreen, some deciduous, and some are barrier plants with thorns.
 * The Conifer and Magnolia Collections contain over 135 magnolia plantings, and over 470 conifer plantings that represent pines, spruces, and firs.

Other major collections of scientific value but not easily accessible to the casual visitor include Maple, Hawthorn, nut-bearing, and specimen trees (a diverse planting of deciduous trees).

Natural areas
The majority of land at The Holden Arboretum is maintained in a natural state. Even though it gives the appearance of being untouched, crucial management decisions are always being made to maintain the diversity and health of these areas.

The goal of natural areas management is to maintain and ultimately increase species diversity of both flora and fauna. In order to preserve our native habitats, plant community surveys are conducted by Holden staff to inventory the composition of the existing flora. Wise management of unique areas such as Bole Woods, Pierson Creek Valley, Stebbins Gulch, and Little Mountain cannot begin until there is an understanding of the plant communities which comprise these areas. To limit damage, areas such as Stebbins Gulch and Little Mountain can only be accessed by visitors on guided tours.

Research
The Holden Arboretum hosts a research program dedicated to ecological research. In 2009, the department received a National Science Foundation grant to examine the role soil organisms play in acquiring limiting nutrients from the soil for forest trees. In 2013, the Holden's research department, in partnership with Kent State University, earned a National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates(REU) grant. The REU grant project is designed to train the next generation of research scientists and foster an interest in post-graduate education in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

Special events
The Holden Arboretum hosts a number of special events and exhibits on the grounds, designed to help people connect with and enjoy the outdoors. Annual events include a spring Arbor Day celebration with family activities; and Goblins in the Garden, a family friendly Halloween celebration. Special exhibits have included David Rodgers Big Bugs (2005); The Holden Express Garden Railroad, created by artist Paul Busse (2007); Gnome and Garden, featuring 20 5-foot-tall garden gnomes decorated by regional artists (2011) and Vanishing Acts: Trees Under Threat, a traveling exhibit created by the Morton Arboretum.

Beginning in 2020, the Arboretum partnered with Tanisha Williams of Black Botanists Week to begin a lecture series called 'Uncovering the Black Botanical Legacy'.

title: Holden Arboretum


text: User talk:69.231.62.205

title: User talk:69.231.62.205


text:
Talk:St. Louis School, Hong Kong

Copyvio
The "Brief History" section of the article was directly copied from the school's web site at ; I have removed it. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 02:36, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

VfD attempt
This page survived the Votes for Deletion process and so was not deleted. The VfD subpage is here. --Zero 07:22, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:38, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Louis School, Hong Kong


text:
Junior Delgado

Oscar Hibbert (25 August 1958 – 11 April 2005), better known as Junior Delgado, was a reggae singer, famed for his roots style.

Biography
Born in 1958 in Kingston, Jamaica, Junior Hibbert (as he was then known) performed in talent shows before forming the group Time Unlimited in the early 1970s, the group recording for Lee Perry and Duke Reid and having a hit with "Reaction".

He recorded solo material in the mid-1970s with Rupie Edwards (both as Junior Hibbert and The Heaven Singers), and the group also recorded for Tommy Cowan and Bunny Lee before Hibbert left the group and began recording as Junior Delgado. He recorded for Winston Holness ("Everyday Natty") and recorded "Every Natty" under the name Jooks, before finally finding success with Dennis Brown's DEB label.

He recorded "Tition" (short for "politician") for DEB in 1975, giving him his first of several hits in Jamaica, leading up to the release of his debut solo album, Taste of the Young Heart, co-produced with Brown in 1978. In 1979 he set up his own label, Incredible Jux, and was a regular visitor to Britain. He recorded with producer Prince Jammy and Augustus Pablo before starting to produce his own work in the early 1980s. He returned to work with Perry on one of his best known tracks, "Sons of Slaves".

His career was put on hold in 1983 when he was imprisoned for 18 months for a drugs offence. After his release in 1985 he attracted controversy by releasing "Broadwater Farm", the lyrics dealing with life on the London housing estate. When a riot broke out shortly afterwards, culminating in the murder of PC Keith Blakelock, the record was reportedly banned.

Delgado reunited successfully with Pablo to record "Raggamuffin Year" in 1986, which embraced the new style of music emerging from Jamaica, with an album of the same name following.

As well as working on his own music, Junior was also involved with the development of new artists such as Yami Bolo and the White Mice. He made his first appearance at Reggae Sunsplash in 1988.

Delgado was less prolific in the 1990s, but returned in 1998 with the album Fearless, featuring rapper Maxi Jazz from Faithless and Jerry Dammers of the Specials as well as many of the new wave of UK electronica stars such as the Jungle Brothers, Kid Loops, and Naked Funk. He performed at the Glastonbury and Roskilde festivals in 1999.

Reasons followed in 2000, produced by the On-U sound system's Adrian Sherwood and featured performances by Doug Wimbish, Skip McDonald and Keith LeBlanc. In 2001 he released a tribute to his late friend and mentor, Junior Delgado Sings Dennis Brown.

Delgado died in his sleep on 10/11 April 2005 in South London, England. His spokesman said the death had been unexpected but was believed to have been from natural causes. He was survived by his widow Janet, and seven children.

Delgado was the nephew of Alpha Boys School bandmaster and vibraphone player Lennie Hibbert.

Discography

 * Dance a Dub (1978), Incredible Jux
 * Effort (1979), DEB – re-released as Sisters and Brothers
 * Taste of the Young Heart (1979), DEB
 * More She Love It (1981), Yvonne's Special
 * Bush Master Revolution (1982), Incredible Jux
 * Classics (1984), Maccabees
 * Moving down the Road (1986), World Enterprise
 * Raggamuffin Year (1986), Mango
 * Stranger (1986), Skengdon
 * It Takes Two to Tango (1986), Fashion
 * Road Block (1987), Blue Trac
 * Dub School: A Junior Delgado Showcase (1989), Buffalo Music Production
 * Run Away Love: A Junior Delgado Showcase (1991), Incredible Music
 * Showcase (1992), Message – with Augustus Pablo
 * One Step More (1998), Mango
 * Fearless (1998), Big Cat
 * Reasons (1999), Big Cat
 * Sings Dennis Brown (2000), Incredible Music
 * Freedom Has Its Price (2003), Incredible Music
 * Invisible Music (2005), Incredible Music
 * Hot Stepping (Sip A Cup Showcase Vol. 8) (2009), Gussie P

 * Compilations:
 * 20 Classic Hits (1991)
 * Treasure Found (1995), Incredible Music
 * More Treasure Found (1997), Incredible Muzic
 * Tichen (1999), Rhino
 * No Baby Lion – Treasure Found 3 (2000), Incredible Music
 * Original Guerilla Music (2003), Sound Boy
 * Sons of Slaves (2005), Trojan
 * Brothers (2006), DEB

title: Junior Delgado


text: User talk:82.42.186.87

title: User talk:82.42.186.87


text:
Johnson cult

The Johnson cult, formerly misidentified as a cargo cult, was initiated on New Hanover Island in Papua New Guinea in 1964. Although initially labeled a cargo cult, it has since been characterized as "political theater".

History
"What Billings discovered was an elaborate soap opera, a piece of political theatre and a game of high stakes. She found New Hanover to have a rich history of using play-acting and bluffing as a negotiation ploy that could be used in order to embarrass a foe. [...] In 1964, the New Hanoverans were fed up with their Australian administrators. Angry with these unpopular rulers, their real purpose was to embarrass them into giving them more aid, as development of their tiny island had been neglected for years. According to Billings, the Australian authorities responsible for overseeing the island had taken the 'cult' story at face value and were clueless as to what was motivating the islanders' 'strange' fixation on Lyndon Johnson. It was a cultural misunderstanding. [...] Ironically, the political gamesmanship of these so-called primitive, irrational islanders was so complex, subtle and unfamiliar that it went over the heads of both the Australian administrators and the world media."

title: Johnson cult


text:
Multigrid method

In numerical analysis, a multigrid method (MG method) is an algorithm for solving differential equations using a hierarchy of discretizations. They are an example of a class of techniques called multiresolution methods, very useful in problems exhibiting multiple scales of behavior. For example, many basic relaxation methods exhibit different rates of convergence for short- and long-wavelength components, suggesting these different scales be treated differently, as in a Fourier analysis approach to multigrid. MG methods can be used as solvers as well as preconditioners.

The main idea of multigrid is to accelerate the convergence of a basic iterative method (known as relaxation, which generally reduces short-wavelength error) by a global correction of the fine grid solution approximation from time to time, accomplished by solving a coarse problem. The coarse problem, while cheaper to solve, is similar to the fine grid problem in that it also has short- and long-wavelength errors. It can also be solved by a combination of relaxation and appeal to still coarser grids. This recursive process is repeated until a grid is reached where the cost of direct solution there is negligible compared to the cost of one relaxation sweep on the fine grid. This multigrid cycle typically reduces all error components by a fixed amount bounded well below one, independent of the fine grid mesh size. The typical application for multigrid is in the numerical solution of elliptic partial differential equations in two or more dimensions.

Multigrid methods can be applied in combination with any of the common discretization techniques. For example, the finite element method may be recast as a multigrid method. In these cases, multigrid methods are among the fastest solution techniques known today. In contrast to other methods, multigrid methods are general in that they can treat arbitrary regions and boundary conditions. They do not depend on the separability of the equations or other special properties of the equation. They have also been widely used for more-complicated non-symmetric and nonlinear systems of equations, like the Lamé equations of elasticity or the Navier-Stokes equations.

Algorithm
There are many variations of multigrid algorithms, but the common features are that a hierarchy of discretizations (grids) is considered. The important steps are:

 * Smoothing – reducing high frequency errors, for example using a few iterations of the Gauss–Seidel method.
 * Residual Computation – computing residual error after the smoothing operation(s).
 * Restriction – downsampling the residual error to a coarser grid.
 * Interpolation or prolongation – interpolating a correction computed on a coarser grid into a finer grid.
 * Correction – Adding prolongated coarser grid solution onto the finer grid.

There are many choices of multigrid methods with varying trade-offs between speed of solving a single iteration and the rate of convergence with said iteration. The 3 main types are V-Cycle, F-Cycle, and W-Cycle. These differ in which and how many coarse-grain cycles are performed per fine iteration. The V-Cycle algorithm executes one coarse-grain V-Cycle. F-Cycle does a coarse-grain V-Cycle followed by a coarse-grain F-Cycle, while each W-Cycle performs two coarse-grain W-Cycles per iteration. For a discrete 2D problem, F-Cycle takes 83% more time to compute than a V-Cycle iteration while a W-Cycle iteration takes 125% more. If the problem is set up in a 3D domain, then a F-Cycle iteration and a W-Cycle iteration take about 64% and 75% more time respectively than a V-Cycle iteration ignoring overheads. Typically, W-Cycle produces similar convergence to F-Cycle. However, in cases of convection-diffusion problems with high Péclet numbers, W-Cycle can show superiority in its rate of convergence per iteration over F-Cycle. The choice of smoothing operators are extremely diverse as they include Krylov subspace methods and can be preconditioned.

Any geometric multigrid cycle iteration is performed on a hierarchy of grids and hence it can be coded using recursion. Since the function calls itself with smaller sized (coarser) parameters, the coarsest grid is where the recursion stops. In cases where the system has a high condition number, the correction procedure is modified such that only a fraction of the prolongated coarser grid solution is added onto the finer grid.

Computational cost

This approach has the advantage over other methods that it often scales linearly with the number of discrete nodes used. In other words, it can solve these problems to a given accuracy in a number of operations that is proportional to the number of unknowns.

Assume that one has a differential equation which can be solved approximately (with a given accuracy) on a grid $$i$$ with a given grid point density $$N_i$$. Assume furthermore that a solution on any grid $$N_i$$ may be obtained with a given effort $$W_i = \rho K N_i$$ from a solution on a coarser grid $$i+1$$. Here, $$\rho = N_{i+1} / N_i < 1$$ is the ratio of grid points on "neighboring" grids and is assumed to be constant throughout the grid hierarchy, and $$K$$ is some constant modeling the effort of computing the result for one grid point.

The following recurrence relation is then obtained for the effort of obtaining the solution on grid $$k$$:
 * $$W_k = W_{k+1} + \rho K N_k$$Convergence Rate of Multigrid Cycles.svg

And in particular, we find for the finest grid $$N_1$$ that
 * $$W_1 = W_2 + \rho K N_1$$

Combining these two expressions (and using $$N_{k} = \rho^{k-1} N_1$$) gives
 * $$W_1 = K N_1 \sum_{p=0}^n \rho^p $$

Using the geometric series, we then find (for finite $$n$$)
 * $$W_1 < K N_1 \frac{1}{1 - \rho}$$

that is, a solution may be obtained in $$O(N)$$ time. It should be mentioned that there is one exception to the $$O(N)$$i.e. W-cycle multigrid used on a 1D problem; it would result in $$O(Nlog(N))$$complexity.

Multigrid preconditioning
A multigrid method with an intentionally reduced tolerance can be used as an efficient preconditioner for an external iterative solver, e.g., The solution may still be obtained in $$O(N)$$ time as well as in the case where the multigrid method is used as a solver. Multigrid preconditioning is used in practice even for linear systems, typically with one cycle per iteration, e.g., in Hypre. Its main advantage versus a purely multigrid solver is particularly clear for nonlinear problems, e.g., eigenvalue problems.

If the matrix of the original equation or an eigenvalue problem is symmetric positive definite (SPD), the preconditioner is commonly constructed to be SPD as well, so that the standard conjugate gradient (CG) iterative methods can still be used. Such imposed SPD constraints may complicate the construction of the preconditioner, e.g., requiring coordinated pre- and post-smoothing. However, preconditioned steepest descent and flexible CG methods for SPD linear systems and LOBPCG for symmetric eigenvalue problems are all shown to be robust if the preconditioner is not SPD.

Bramble–Pasciak–Xu preconditioner
Originally described in Xu's Ph.D. thesis and later published in Bramble-Pasciak-Xu, the BPX-preconditioner is one of the two major multigrid approaches (the other is the classic multigrid algorithm such as V-cycle) for solving large-scale algebraic systems that arise from the discretization of models in science and engineering described by partial differential equations. In view of the subspace correction framework, BPX preconditioner is a parallel subspace correction method where as the classic V-cycle is a successive subspace correction method. The BPX-preconditioner is known to be naturally more parallel and in some applications more robust than the classic V-cycle multigrid method. The method has been widely used by researchers and practitioners since 1990.

Generalized multigrid methods
Multigrid methods can be generalized in many different ways. They can be applied naturally in a time-stepping solution of parabolic partial differential equations, or they can be applied directly to time-dependent partial differential equations. Research on multilevel techniques for hyperbolic partial differential equations is underway. Multigrid methods can also be applied to integral equations, or for problems in statistical physics.

Another set of multiresolution methods is based upon wavelets. These wavelet methods can be combined with multigrid methods. For example, one use of wavelets is to reformulate the finite element approach in terms of a multilevel method.

Adaptive multigrid exhibits adaptive mesh refinement, that is, it adjusts the grid as the computation proceeds, in a manner dependent upon the computation itself. The idea is to increase resolution of the grid only in regions of the solution where it is needed.

Algebraic multigrid (AMG)
Practically important extensions of multigrid methods include techniques where no partial differential equation nor geometrical problem background is used to construct the multilevel hierarchy. Such algebraic multigrid methods (AMG) construct their hierarchy of operators directly from the system matrix. In classical AMG, the levels of the hierarchy are simply subsets of unknowns without any geometric interpretation. (More generally, coarse grid unknowns can be particular linear combinations of fine grid unknowns.) Thus, AMG methods become black-box solvers for certain classes of sparse matrices. AMG is regarded as advantageous mainly where geometric multigrid is too difficult to apply, but is often used simply because it avoids the coding necessary for a true multigrid implementation. While classical AMG was developed first, a related algebraic method is known as smoothed aggregation (SA).

In an overview paper by Jinchao Xu and Ludmil Zikatanov, the "algebraic multigrid" methods are understood from an abstract point of view. They developed a unified framework and existing algebraic multigrid methods can be derived coherently. Abstract theory about how to construct optimal coarse space as well as quasi-optimal spaces was derived. Also, they proved that, under appropriate assumptions, the abstract two-level AMG method converges uniformly with respect to the size of the linear system, the coefficient variation, and the anisotropy. Their abstract framework covers most existing AMG methods, such as classical AMG, energy-minimization AMG, unsmoothed and smoothed aggregation AMG, and spectral AMGe.

Multigrid in time methods
Multigrid methods have also been adopted for the solution of initial value problems. Of particular interest here are parallel-in-time multigrid methods: in contrast to classical Runge–Kutta or linear multistep methods, they can offer concurrency in temporal direction. The well known Parareal parallel-in-time integration method can also be reformulated as a two-level multigrid in time.

Multigrid for nearly singular problems
Nearly singular problems arise in a number of important physical and engineering applications. Simple, but important example of nearly singular problems can be found at the displacement formulation of linear elasticity for nearly incompressible materials. Typically, the major problem to solve such nearly singular systems boils down to treat the nearly singular operator given by $$A + \varepsilon M$$ robustly with respect to the positive, but small parameter $$\varepsilon$$. Here $$A$$ is symmetric semidefinite operator with large null space, while $$M$$ is a symmetric positive definite operator. There were many works to attempt to design a robust and fast multigrid method for such nearly singular problems. A general guide has been provided as a design principle to achieve parameters (e.g., mesh size and physical parameters such as Poisson's ratio that appear in the nearly singular operator) independent convergence rate of the multigrid method applied to such nearly singular systems, i.e., in each grid, a space decomposition based on which the smoothing is applied, has to be constructed so that the null space of the singular part of the nearly singular operator has to be included in the sum of the local null spaces, the intersection of the null space and the local spaces resulting from the space decompositions.

title: Multigrid method


text:
OEC

OEC may refer to:

Finance

 * The Observatory of Economic Complexity, a data visualization site
 * Ordre des Experts-Comptables, French association of chartered accountants

Transportation

 * Orion Expedition Cruises, Australian based luxury expedition cruise line
 * Otis Elevator Company, an American company that manufactures vertical transportation systems
 * Osborn Engineering Company, known as OEC, an historic British former manufacturer of motorcycles

Other

 * Odd Eye Circle, a South Korean girl group
 * Offshore Energy Center, sponsor of the Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum in Galveston, Texas, United States
 * Old Earth creationism, a term for several types of creationism
 * Olfactory ensheathing cells, a type of glial cell found in the nervous system
 * Oregon Environmental Council, an American environmental organization
 * Orissa Engineering College, a technical institution in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
 * Outdoor Emergency Care, a course for certification of first aid in non-urban situations
 * Overseas Employment Certificate, an identity document in the Philippines
 * Oxford English Corpus, an English text corpus
 * Oxygen evolving complex, a water oxidizing enzyme
 * .OEC, the file format for OE-Cake!, a fluid physics software application

title: OEC


text:
The Filth (comics)

The Filth is a comic book limited series, written by Grant Morrison and drawn by Chris Weston and Gary Erskine. It was published by the Vertigo imprint of American company DC Comics in 2002.

Publication history
The Filth was Grant Morrison's second major creator-owned series for Vertigo after The Invisibles. Initially starting as a Nick Fury proposal for Marvel Comics, Morrison adapted it as a 13-part series for Vertigo. The title refers both to the police (in British slang) and to pornography (in which Morrison "immersed" themselves while "researching" the series). Morrison has said that the series is their favorite among their works.

Plot
The series tells the story of Greg Feely, a bachelor whose main interests are his cat and masturbating to pornography. Feely is actually a member of a shadowy organization called The Hand and their attempts to keep society on the path to the "Status Q".

Themes and motifs
The Filth can be seen partly as a companion piece to The Invisibles in that it touches upon similar themes and concepts such as fractal realities, art affecting life, postmodern blurring of the fourth wall and the world as a single, living organism with humans as the cells that compose it. Morrison has stated that they had originally intended to make The Filth a thematic sequel to The Invisibles, followed by a third comic book series, The Indestructible Man. Morrison later concluded that their original Flex Mentallo series formed the first in the trilogy. Therefore, the sequence runs: 1. Flex Mentallo. 2. The Invisibles, 3. The Filth. The theme of The Filth consists of immersion into, and eventual redemption from, the forces of negativity.

Synopsis
Greg Feely is a "dodgy bachelor" living in London alone but for his elderly cat, Tony. While returning home after buying cat litter and a pornographic magazine from a newsagents, an unknown woman on the bus tells him "not to fuck with The Filth". The next day after work he is told "The Hand never lets go" by the same mysterious woman. Returning home he is confronted by a strange woman named Miami Nil who informs him that "Greg Feely" is actually a "para-personality", in effect a secret identity, and he is in fact Ned Slade, the top agent for an organisation called The Hand, a group of extra-dimensional agents attempting to keep society on the path of "Status Q" (status quo).

After telling his "replacement" to take care of his cat, Slade and Miami travel to The Hand's headquarters. Slade is told by his superior officer, the enigmatic Mother Dirt, that he has been brought back to help maintain "Status Q", and to ensure that Slade's friend and former agent Spartacus Hughes fails in his attempts to disrupt the "Status Q". Slade sets out to stop Hughes from helping a perverted billionaire control a new form of life called I-Life (created to become a new immune system for humans). With the aid of Miami and Comrade Dmitri-9, a misanthropic former Russian chimpanzee cosmonaut and assassin, Slade confronts Hughes and manages to distract him so that Dmitri-9 can shoot him.

Slade returns to The Hand headquarters to find answers to what is going on. Receiving no answers, Slade quits to be Greg Feely again and take care of ailing Tony. The Hand sends Dimitri-9 to bring Feely/Slade back. After telling Feely's replacement to make sure he cares properly for Tony (which does not happen), Slade meets Doctor Arno Von Vermin, another officer of The Hand. They travel to another dimension where their vehicle crashes, forcing them to walk across a bizarre landscape to find a way to Hand headquarters. Slade discovers Von Vermin to be an 'anti-person': one who can endanger the Status Q. Slade leaves Von Vermin to drown in his own recycled urine and sets out to reach Hand headquarters on foot.

Slade's next mission involves Anders Klimakks, a Dutch male porn star who is found by Los Angeles police wandering naked with a bag containing fifty pornographic magazines and DVDs. The police call in The Hand to interrogate Klimakks. Klimakks reveals to Hand Officer Jenesis Jones that he has no memories before he began life as a porn star in his native Amsterdam before coming to Los Angeles to work for pornographer Tex Porneau (based upon real life porn director Max Hardcore ). Porneau is after Klimakks' semen, which is strangely jet-black. After being seduced by Klimakks, Jones informs Hand headquarters that Klimakks is an anti-person. Slade and his team are called in to investigate, just as Porneau is transforming his latest batch of prisoners into rubber-clad servants. Upon arriving, Slade is confronted with giant mutant sperm, which Porneau has created as a weapon to kill any woman with a fertile womb. Slade's team manage to kill Porneau but not before hundreds are killed. Dimitri-9 shoots and kills Klimakks. Klimakks is killed for being an anti-person, but he lives on in the children of the 824 women he had sex with.

Slade returns to being Greg Feely just in time to find his cat Tony's health has worsened due to his doppelganger's abusive neglect. Before he can call the vet, he is arrested by the police who suspect him of being a paedophile due to surrealist pictures of children with ant heads found in his garbage. Slade denies he is a paedophile, saying that the pictures are just experiments with photoshop. Slade/Feely escapes after injuring his police interrogators. While escaping the police Slade/Feely finds a tampon in a puddle with the words "help us" written in blood on it. After being arrested again, Slade's team from The Hand appears and tell the police to release him. The Hand informs him that renegade former Hand operative Spartacus Hughes has declared war on the U.S. after kidnapping the US President who is on board a gigantic city ship called the "Libertania". Slade and his team board the ship and find that Hughes has turned the innocent passengers on "Libertania" into violent anti-people who destroy their ship for Hughes's amusement. Hughes has also involuntarily grafted female breasts onto the president and brainwashed him into behaving like a prostitute. Slade confronts Hughes and while being told by Hughes that he decided to become an anti-person after seeing "too much dirt" during his days with The Hand, the President and Hughes are killed by Dmitri-9.

Slade returns to being Greg Feely again but finds his replacement has allowed his cat Tony to die. Feely returns to being Slade and is taken on a tour of The Hand by Officer Cameron Spector in order for Slade to find some answers to his questions. After a confrontation with Max Thunderstone, the world's first super hero, Slade returns to being Feely and beats his doppelganger for letting his cat die. Upon returning home, he finds Sharon Jones, a young British businesswoman who had witnessed the fall of the I-Life. After bringing Tony back, she reveals that "Sharon" is dead, and the I-Life are manning her body as a "bio-ship". Feely finds out that it is Slade who is the fake personality and has been all along and that other operatives are also all artificial "parapersona" biochemical implants in vials. After this discovery, Feely is classed as an anti-person and a now psychotic and deranged Dmitri-9 is sent to kill Feely. However, Dimitri kills Feely's replacement by mistake and the real Feely attacks Dmitri-9. As he is being attacked Feely's neighbours storm his home and Dmitri-9 escapes into the street to be beaten and thrown in front of a speeding train. His body is torn apart by the impact and only his hand remains, giving the finger to an unseen audience, consisting of hallucinations of early US chimpanzee experimental astronauts.

Miami Nil reports to her superior, Officer Mandrill (a woman whose upper torso is inexplicably swarming with extra mammaries), and claims that had they been more careful with Tony the cat, Feely would have adapted to the Slade persona. Mandrill replies that they will have to hunt Feely down; now that they have taken back Spartacus Hughes and adapted his persona, he is their professional hunter, and his abilities have increased upon being placed within the new body of Max Thunderstone.

Feely returns to the newsagents, discovering that it leads to a Hand storehouse - a room in which millions of alphabetized parapersonas are shelved. Officers Spector and Mercury try to convince him to come back, only for him to give them a startling revelation: their Hand personas are parapersonas. Whenever the Hand needs a new agent, they pick up an innocent bystander and make them into the new Slade. Enraged and bitter, he declares death to Status Q. Before he can begin he is stopped by Spartacus Hughes, who has broken into Slade's apartment, and raped and killed "Sharon Jones". The rejuvenated and reanimated Tony is missing. Spartacus Hughes nearly kills Feely before Spector saves his life. Feely and Spector escape and Thunderstone dies by dropping into the polluted and acidic "Sour Milk" sea surrounding The Hand's headquarters.

Spector is killed after exposure to accelerated ageing; the area around the Hand's base is temporally anomalous and ages a person by several years, and Spector formerly had six months to live due to aggressive lymph cancer. Feely snaps her neck to spare her from her suffering and death agonies. Back in his house, Feely writes in his journal that no-one believes him; they claim that he killed Tony with neglect and made up the whole "Hand" fiasco to cope. The police come to his door just as his deliberate overdose of painkillers kicks in; his journal states that he was beginning to believe the Police himself, even as he sees the unutterable truth. The Hand Organisation is not part of some dystopian future; it is actually a third of a centimetre high, erected on a mess of food spilled outside his fridge. Hand agents are not sent to another place, but are thrown back in time and shrunk. The reason that the environment of the Hand's base ages people is because they are living years in the space of seconds. The Giant Hand and Pen which the Organisation focuses on is Feely's own.

At the beginning of the final chapter, Feely, breaks into Hand Headquarters carrying a Thermovolver. The storytelling here is non-linear and takes place before Feely's attempted suicide. He kills several people, including those who mix the Parapersonas, reveals to Miami that he never had any feelings for her, and unmasks LaPen, revealing her to be a young, disfigured African woman who was raped and immolated in Chad. At the center of the Hand base, Feely confronts Mother Dirt, who is a super-intelligent mass of compost-like material. She tells him that the selection process for her agents is ruthless but necessary to maintain the Status Q. He was always meant to have a special role within The Hand, just not what he had been led to believe at first. She offers him a part of herself, claiming that she must be spread upon his flowers. In subsequent panels, the flowers seem to have unusually vivid colour amidst the washed-out tones of the final pages of the series.

Surviving his suicide attempt back in his real life, Feely refuses offers to rejoin a new version of The Hand, but Feely continues to work for the Hand. He reveals that the I-Life saved him from suicide after Sharon Jones died. He now serves in a benign role, using the I-Life (who have further evolved into intelligent beings vaguely resembling Vulcans) to heal people he comes into contact with, such as a bedridden quadriplegic.

The final page depicts Greg entering an underpass, presumably to find the reincarnated Tony, whom he has contacted via their shared I-Life, resulting in the internal message "We have love".

Collected editions
A trade paperback of all 13 issues was released in 2004 (ISBN 1401200133).

title: The Filth (comics)


text:
Fermented fish

Fermented fish is a traditional preservation of fish. Before refrigeration, canning and other modern preservation techniques became available, fermenting was an important preservation method. Fish rapidly spoils, or goes rotten, unless some method is applied to stop the bacteria that produce the spoilage. Fermentation is a method which attacks the ability of microbials to spoil fish. It does this by making the fish muscle more acidic; bacteria usually cease multiplying when the pH drops below 4.5.

A modern approach, biopreservation, adds lactic acid bacteria to the fish to be fermented. This produces active antimicrobials such as lactic and acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and peptide bacteriocins. It can also produce the antimicrobial nisin, a particularly effective preservative.

Fermented fish preparations can be notable for their putrid smell. These days there are many other techniques of preserving fish, but fish is still fermented because some people enjoy the taste.

Risks
Alaska has witnessed a steady increase of cases of botulism since 1985. It has more cases of foodborne botulism than any other state in the United States of America. This is caused by the traditional Inuit/Yupik practice of allowing animal products such as whole fish, fish heads, walrus, sea lion, and whale flippers, beaver tails, seal oil, birds, etc., to ferment for an extended period of time before being consumed. The risk is exacerbated when a plastic container is used for this purpose instead of the old-fashioned, traditional method, a grass-lined hole, as the botulinum bacteria thrive in the anaerobic conditions created by the air-tight enclosure in plastic.

title: Fermented fish