text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/The Quatermass Experiment/archive1

The Quatermass Experiment
I am considering self-nominating this piece for featured article status - I know there is already a Quatermass serial in featured articles, but there are many other examples of lots featured articles on similar subjects, so I didn't see the harm in giving this one a go. Therefore here it is on peer review so I can get some feedback on improving it before I submit it to the FAC page. Angmering 23:03, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Many of the sentences in this article just seem too long to me: they are proken up by punctuation, but the overall length is longer than is conventional for enjoyable reading. Perhaps they could be sub-divided a little at appropriate locations? The "Quatermass" category at the end needs to be established. Otherwise the article looks good. (Quatermass and the Pit is one of my all-time favorite sci-fi movies. :) — RJH 17:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you must have posted this while I was right in the middle of establishing the category! :-) As for the sentences, you may well have a point - I'll try and give it a good going-over to cut down on the lengths and split them up a bit for easier reading. Angmering 21:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Remote base station

A remote base station is a common name for an amateur radio auxiliary station that is controlled and operated from a remote location. Most remote base stations have similar features to any other Amateur radio station but can be controlled over a direct wired connection or the internet, or by radio.

In many ways, remote base stations controlled by radio, resemble repeaters with additional features. Remote base stations are usually run and maintained by individual hobbyists or clubs. Unlike repeaters, they are not usually open to all amateur radio operators. A remote base is one type of station where the primary control point is not at the station location.

When using a radio link, remotely controlling an auxiliary base station consists of sending the primary signal (voice or data) along with some form of control signal, such as DTMF tones, to another station to change its operating parameters i.e. turn it on or off, change frequency or transmitter power level, rotate the antenna, etc. These signals are considered one form of primary station control, for which the station licensee, and/or a control operator are primarily responsible.

References in two paragraphs following are noted in square brackets and refer to the United States FCC Regulation 97 28th Revised Edition Updated to January 2012, governing the Amateur Radio Service.

In the United States, radio control link frequencies must be above 144.5 MHz. [97.201(b)] However, the base station being controlled may operate on any amateur frequency. The FCC says that if a radio link is used, the station where the control commands are performed is an auxiliary station, [97.213(a)] and an auxiliary station is "an amateur station transmitting communications point-to-point within a system of cooperating amateur stations" [97.3(a)(7)]

Start of the 21st century technology has enabled ham radio operators to control remote bases via the Internet. Many people use IRLP or Echolink to remotely control their stations.

Telecommand is defined by the Federal Communications Commission as a one-way transmission to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a device at a distance [97.3(a)(43)]. Control (or telecommand) links for a remote base station may be wire (telephone line, fiber optic line, Internet, etc.) or radio.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Remote base station


text:
Charles Webb (author)

Charles Richard Webb (June 9, 1939 – June 16, 2020) was an American novelist. His most famous work is the 1963 novel The Graduate, which was made into a 1967 film of the same name.

Life and career
Webb was born in San Francisco and grew up in Pasadena, California. He attended Chandler School, Midland School in Los Olivos, California, and graduated from Williams College in 1961.

Webb lived for several years in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.

Webb married Eve Rudd in 1962; they divorced in 1981 in protest at the institution of marriage, but remained a couple. They remarried in 2001 because of immigration rules, and remained together until her death in 2019. Eve shaved her head and called herself "Fred" in solidarity with a Californian support group called Fred, for men who have low self-esteem. Fred was an artist and her work included illustrations for Webb's 2002 novel New Cardiff. The couple had two sons, John and David; the latter is now a performance artist who once cooked and ate a copy of The Graduate with cranberry sauce, reportedly to his father's delight.

The Webbs removed their children from school so that they could tutor them at home. This was illegal in California at the time, and to evade the authorities they fled the state; at one point they managed a nudist camp in New Jersey. They also divorced – accounts vary as to why (it was not due to personal differences), either in protest against the institution of marriage, or against the United States' lack of marriage rights for gay people. They sold their wedding presents back to their guests, and having given away four houses in succession lived on the breadline, taking menial jobs as cleaners, cooks and fruit-pickers, working at K-Mart and living in a shack. They lived in Eastbourne, East Sussex, England.

Webb died in Eastbourne from a blood condition on June 16, 2020, a week after his 81st birthday.

Non-materialist lifestyle
Webb lived a non-materialist lifestyle in what amounted to poverty for much of his life. He declined an inheritance from his father, a wealthy doctor. He sold the film rights to The Graduate for a token one-time payment of $20,000 and made nothing further, including from stage adaptions. Literary Hub says Webb sold the movie rights to the screen adaptation for 'The Marriage of a Young Stockbroker' and bought an 11-room mansion in Williamstown, Massachusetts, donating it to the Audubon Society after a few weeks and moving away from the college town where he began 'the Graduate'. Dr Preston Robinson, the inventor of the tantalum trigger for the first atomic bombs, and his wife, lived in a very pleasant post modern house on Bulkley Street in the town. Webb donated the copyright of 'The Graduate' to the Anti-Defamation League. He and his wife donated most of their possessions including art by Robert Rauschenberg and Andy Warhol. They lived out of a VW Bus in campgrounds, trailer parks and nudist colonies working odd jobs while home-schooling their children.

The Graduate
Webb's first and most famous novel was published in 1963, foreshadowing many of the social tensions of the 1960s which the book would come to represent. Through this novel, the character of "archetypal seductive older woman" Mrs. Robinson has found a permanent niche in American cultural history.

The novel was made into a hugely successful film of the same name by Mike Nichols. Webb has stated that he never felt comfortable with the attention the film brought him because he felt it distracted from his status as a serious artist.

Webb sold the film rights for a one-time payment reported to be $20,000. He was rarely associated with the film's publicity and not particularly with the growth of its reputation. Buck Henry and Calder Willingham, the screenwriters, assumed much of the credit for the work despite taking most of the dialogue directly from the book.

During the film's enormous success, the producer, Joseph E. Levine, offered Webb token recognition by an additional compensation of $10,000.

In April 2006, it was reported that Webb had written a sequel to The Graduate, titled Home School but refused to publish it in its entirety because of a copyright loophole. When he sold the film rights to The Graduate in the 1960s, Webb also surrendered the film rights to any sequels. If he were to publish Home School, Canal+, the French media company that now owns the rights to The Graduate, would be able to adapt it for the screen without his permission.

Extracts of Home School were printed in The Times on May 2, 2006. Webb also told the newspaper that there was a possibility he would find a publisher for the full text, provided he could retrieve the film rights using French intellectual property law.

At the same time as this news broke, Webb and his wife were also widely reported to be in such financial hardship that they were facing eviction from their home, owing rent of £1,600. Webb said to The Times that although his writing had proceeded, "the selling [of his books] hasn't" because he spends most of his time caring for Fred, who has been clinically depressed since suffering a nervous breakdown in 2001.

In May 2006, The Times reported that Webb had signed a publishing deal for Home School with Random House which would enable him to clear almost all his debts and instruct the French lawyers to attempt to retrieve his rights. On May 27, 2007, The Sunday Telegraph published a story that the novel was to be published in June 2007 and reported Webb having moved to Eastbourne.

Home School was published by Hutchinson in June 2007. ISBN 978-0-09-179565-8 and by St. Martin's Press, January 2008, ISBN 978-0-312-37630-7.

Other work
Among Webb's other work, the novel The Marriage of a Young Stockbroker was made into a feature film with Richard Benjamin and Joanna Shimkus, and his novel New Cardiff was made into a film titled Hope Springs.

It was reported in 1992 by The Washington Post that Webb was working on a new book titled Lies. As of 2021, the existence of the book has not been confirmed.

Novels

 * The Graduate (1963)
 * Love, Roger (1969)
 * The Marriage of a Young Stockbroker (1970)
 * Orphans and Other Children (1973)
 * The Abolitionist of Clark Gable Place (1976)
 * Elsinor (1977)
 * Booze (1979)
 * New Cardiff (2002)
 * Home School (2007)

title: Charles Webb (author)


text:
Talk:Toby Keith

Semi-protected edit request on 6 February 2024
Please add: Death date February 5, 2024. Complications from stomach cancer. 2603:6010:AB02:2A84:4CB4:9F15:9D4E:4182 (talk) 08:50, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Shadow311 (talk) 16:34, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 February 2024 (2)
PLEASE CHANGE DATE OF DEATH He passed away this last night On febuary 5th. He was buried at Rose Hill Burial Park in Oklahoma City. Official website: https://www.tobykeith.com/news/toby-keith-passes-away-due-to-cancer Official Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/p/C2_8_pvuiko/

Thank you! Adizoman (talk) 09:02, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Also, please provide more than just primary sources. Shadow311 (talk) 16:35, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Done now. The Lead and Infobox already list Feb. 5, 2024 for his death. So those are OK. There needs to be a sentence or two about his passing at the end of the Musical career section though. Death sentence has been added. -Fnlayson (talk) 17:05, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * (Note that it has been removed as it's placed in personal life) Aaron Liu  (talk) 00:58, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Copyvio
@CAWylie @PedigreeWWEFigz87V2 The copyvio tag is different from other article tags. It is meant to hide the text where there is a copyright violation. In the case of this article, there is a copyright violation in the first paragraph, which is why I put it there to hide it. Aaron Liu (talk) 20:46, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Only 30% copyvio? Just reword it like I did.  Wylie pedia  @ 21:10, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. That was what I was planning to do but I was on the bus. I'm still not sure if revisions will need to be deleted. Aaron Liu  (talk) 21:17, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

Should've been a cowboy.
All references to this claim of “Should’ve been a cowboy” being the “most-played country song” of the 1990s link back to a comment made in an article on CMT News from 01 Mar 2007 (accessed via wayback machine at https://web.archive.org/web/20150928163512/http://www.cmt.com/news/1553672/toby-keith-jams-notches-50-million-airplays/ )

This article is about an event at BMI (Broadcast Music, Inc.) two days prior that celebrated Keith getting 50 million airplay performances. In the article, Craig Shelburne makes a claim that “Should’ve been a cowboy” was “ultimately the most-played country song of the 1990s.”

He doesn’t offer any attribution to that claim.

In the article published by BMI on 2 March 2007 about that evening, the organization discusses that song along with a few others. It rattles off a few facts about Keith and some of his songs but makes no mention of this claim.

https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/50_million_performances_cant_be_wrong_bmi_toasts_toby_keith

In an article published by BMI on 7 Apr 2003 about recently achieved airplay milestones references “Should’ve been a cowboy” hitting 3 million. Showing that it has only achieved that milestone in the years following the decade in question. It also makes no mention of the “most played song” claim.

https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/20030408_toby_keith_celebrates_million_air_windfall

An earlier article from BMI about Keith donating to the NSAI artist endowment discusses the hit single, saying Keith “racked up his share of mainstream success” and mentions the nominations and awards the song received, but makes no mention of the “most played” claim.

https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/20000921_toby_keith_honored_for_nsai_artist_endowment_gift

Later articles about Keith are also missing any reference to this claim despite them citing several other accomplishments of Keith’s.

On 17 Sep 2009 BMI has an article about Keith being honored as the NSAI artist of the decade. The article discusses his growing airplay performance count (eclipsing 60 million) and cites “Should’ve been a cowboy” as one of his hits, but again makes no reference to the ‘most played” claim.

https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/toby_keith_to_be_honored_as_nsai_songwriter_artist_of_the_decade

On 31 Aug 2016 BMI has an article announcing Keith being awarded 7 BMI Million-Air awards. It lists 7 songs including 3 that have 4 million or more plays. It references that Keith also has certificates for past tracks including “Should’ve been a cowboy” but makes no mention of an increase in the award level for that song, suggesting it is still at 3 million.

There is also no mention of the “most played” claim.

https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/toby_keith_awarded_seven_bmi_million_air_awards

In an undated article in 2022 Keith is given the “BMI Icon Award.” It references a litany of accomplishments and specifically names “Should’ve been a cowboy” as his first hit, but makes no reference to the ‘most played’ claim.

https://www.bmi.com/award-shows/country-2022/

Additionally, an article from Billboard.com on 7 Dec 2018 Specifically about “Should’ve been a cowboy” hitting its 25th anniversary discusses several facts about the song and some facts about Keith’s career in general and fails to mention any claim about it being the ‘most played’ country song of the 90s.

https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/toby-keith-reflects-25th-anniversary-shouldve-been-a-cowboy-8489149/

From 1990 to 1999 there have been 16 songs that have held the number 1 spot on the country charts for four weeks. Eight songs that have held the number 1 spot for five weeks, three that have held it for six weeks, and one that held it for eight weeks. “Should’ve been a cowboy” held it for just 2 weeks, along with dozens of other songs.

While it isn’t impossible for a song to still manage to get more plays than any other over the course of the decade, it is certainly unlikely that the most popular song of the decade would be one that only held the top spot for 2 weeks.

A slew of tributes to Keith since his passing – including pieces from Vanity Fair and the AP – have cited this ‘Most played” claim.

Notably, the tribute from BMI does not.

https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/bmi-remembers-legendary-singer-songwriter-toby-keith

This claim started as an unsubstantiated, uncited claim on a CMT story that is no longer visible on the live web. It has permeated into dozens of articles about Keith since his passing. The likely source for this misinformation is Wikipedia.

Unless we are to believe the unlikely reality that a short-lived number one song managed to outperform every other song from the decade and that an organization which frequently honored Mr. Keith and listed off many accomplishments, never bothered to mention this one – even in their memoriam, and that Billboard.com also never bothered to mention it, then we must conclude it is false and we must remove this claim unless it can be substantiated in a primary source of some sort. BigFellow1916 (talk) 20:56, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Note that there’s a live link at https://www.cmt.com/news/omne16/toby-keith-jams-notches-50-million-airplays, not that it changes anything. Aaron Liu  (talk) 21:03, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The original cited link was dead in all 4 locations so I made a brief effort to find it live before going to the wayback machine for efficiency purposes. I saw all the articles using the suspect information and wanted to get it edited as soon as possible once I was confident in my conclusions.
 * I am guessing they are not finding the old CMT link but are instead getting the information from us. BigFellow1916 (talk) 05:20, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I updated the lead with the copyvio cleanup and removed the 1993 tidbit. "Cowboy"'s chart path is noted in the Career section below and does not mention the "most-played" bit. Leads should only highlight information contained in the article.  Wylie pedia  @ 21:35, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * NBC and USA Today also repeat the claim, but as you mention it is suspicious and these articles could be simply parroting our article. I'll ask the experienced folks at RSN. Aaron Liu  (talk) 21:41, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Symbol watching blue lashes high contrast.svg You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard § Toby Keith and Spinning Airwaves.  Aaron Liu  (talk) 21:53, 6 February 2024 (UTC)  Aaron Liu  (talk) 21:53, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

Possible WP:BACKWARDSCOPY?
I recently cited unsourced info in the article using this source. I undid my edit after I realized the source contained "When the oil and gas industry declined in 1982, Keith found himself unemployed." and "Keith left in the middle of a concert if he got paged to work in the oil field.", which are extremely similarly written (near copies) to text in the early life and education section The news article itself was published today, while the quotes from the article corresponds to an edit made from at least as early as 2004 I'm not sure what to do here. Do we just not use the kjrh source and move on? Or should some other action be taken? 2G0o2De0l (talk) 00:19, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * We definitely shouldn't use the KJRH source. Hopefully we can find where these actually come from. Aaron Liu  (talk) 00:58, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Sandbox
Just a heads-up: I am planning on rewriting the Toby Keith article. My main focus right now is gutting and redoing the section on his music career. Follow my progress at User:TenPoundHammer/Toby Keith, and feel free to contribute if you want. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 17:15, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

Villanova
He never went there Kcarrino (talk) 02:09, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Source? Aaron Liu  (talk) 02:10, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 March 2024
Can you include where he was to star in the 2011 movie Bloodworth, but dropped out? 64.178.185.75 (talk) 12:52, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Aaron Liu  (talk) 15:15, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 April 2024
The first sentence of the article should read "Toby Keith Covel (July 8, 1961 – February 5, 2024) was an American country music singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, and businessman." 2600:1700:EA01:1090:39F2:E8CF:413C:3D96 (talk) 08:21, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toby Keith


text: User:Carnildo/templates/facfailed

title: User:Carnildo/templates/facfailed


text:
Talk:James Lee Witt

Untitled
A photo of James Witt

related links
James Lee Witt Associates, LLC : http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/storm/interviews/witt.html --Wikidity (talk) 00:04, 9 September 2013 (UTC)
 * http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=8221715 ; bad link to http://www.wittassociates.com
 * http://www.wittobriens.com   ; related business (founder/partner?) 202-585-0780 specializes in ocean ship oil spill management training.

removed bias
Michael Brown was noted as

 * Michael (Doin a heckofa job Brownie) Brown

I removed the biased comment 66.121.42.35 05:38, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on James Lee Witt. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www.fema.gov/home/NWZ96/cabinet.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:24, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Stronger in the broken places
I don’t see his book listed on this page. His book is called Stronger in the Broken Places. Might be good to add that 108.31.189.251 (talk) 01:13, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Lee Witt


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 April 14


text: User:Carnildo/templates/press

title: User:Carnildo/templates/press


text: Template:Associations at the 2002 Commonwealth Games


text:
W. David Angus

W. David Angus (born July 21, 1937) is a Canadian lawyer and former Canadian senator.

Career
Born in Toronto, Ontario, in 1937, Angus moved to Montreal with his family at the age of nine and has been based there ever since. Educated at Lower Canada College, Princeton University and McGill University, Angus is a lawyer and senior partner at the firm of Stikeman Elliott in Montreal.

Angus was the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's chief fundraiser throughout Brian Mulroney's period as party leader being chairman of the PC Canada Fund from 1983 to 1983. He remained chairman emeritus of the Fund until the demise of the party in 2003. Conservative Party of Canada leader Stephen Harper appointed Angus to the Conservative Fund Canada in 2005 and he became once again chairman emeritus. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1984 and served on the board of Air Canada from 1985 until 2004.

He was appointed to the Senate by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, on June 10, 1993, days before the prime minister's retirement. Angus sat as a Progressive Conservative senator until the party's demise and then sat as a supporter of the Conservative Party of Canada. He reached mandatory retirement from the Senate at 75 years old on July 21, 2012. Angus also served on the board of the MUHC, resigning after co-chair Arthur Porter had fled to Panama to avoid indictment in Quebec for graft.

Chair

 * Energy, the Environment and Natural Resources (2009–2010)
 * Banking, Trade, and Commerce (2007–2008)

Vice-Chair

 * Special Committee on Senate Reform (2006–2007)
 * Banking, Trade, and Commerce (1996–2007)

title: W. David Angus


text:
Anguilla at the 2002 Commonwealth Games

Anguilla was represented at the 2002 Commonwealth Games by Anguilla Amateur Athletic Association (AAAA) and abbreviated ANG.

Anguilla was first represented the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. This was Anguilla's second Games.

Athletics
Women's 100 Metres
 * Desiree Cocks - 7th in Heat 4, 12.88 s

Women's 200 Metres
 * Shyrone Hughes - 5th in Heat 3, 26.33 s

Officials
The Chef de Mission of the Anguillan team was former Hampshire County Cricket Club fast bowler, Cardigan Connor.

title: Anguilla at the 2002 Commonwealth Games


text: User:Carnildo/templates/chemistry

title: User:Carnildo/templates/chemistry


text:
User:SpaceCaptain

I'm an inclusionist. Why should notability be an issue to a non-printed encyclopedia? I want Wikipedia to be an encyclopedia of almost everything - a sort of Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy without the travel advice.

I'm interested in railroads (especially model railroads), comic books and comic book history, and science fiction (especially space operas such as Honor Harrington.)

The common idea of NPOV at Wikipedia appears to be "an article that is mildly favorable towards its subject". I don't think that qualifies as NPOV.

title: User:SpaceCaptain


text:
Actinostrobus

Actinostrobus is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). Common names include cypress, sandplain-cypress and cypress-pine, the last of these shared by the closely related genus Callitris.

Species
There are three species in the genus, all endemic to southwestern Western Australia:

A 2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris has placed all three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters.

They are shrubs or small trees, reaching 3 – tall. The leaves are evergreen, of two forms; juvenile needle-like leaves 10 – long on young seedlings (but occasional into adulthood in A. acuminatus), and scale-like adult leaves, 2 – long with only the apex free. The leaves are arranged in six rows along the twigs, in alternating whorls of three.

The male cones are small, 3 – long, and are located at the tips of the twigs. The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous, maturing in eighteen to twenty months to 10 – long and wide, globular to acute-ovoid, with six thick, woody scales, arranged in two whorls of three, and a further nine to fifteen thin, sterile basal scales. The cones remain closed on the trees for many years, opening only after being scorched by a bushfire; this then releases the seeds to grow on the newly cleared burnt ground.

The closest relative of Actinostrobus is Callitris, which is much more widespread, occurring in most of Australia, and differs in its cones lacking the basal whorls of small sterile scales.

The wood of Actinostrobus is light, soft and aromatic, but the plants are too small for any significant use. They are occasionally planted as ornamental shrubs, but their use is restricted by the high risks imposed by their very high flammability in bushfires.

title: Actinostrobus


text: User:Carnildo/templates/comment

title: User:Carnildo/templates/comment


text:
Houston Stars

The Houston Stars were an American professional soccer team based out of Houston, Texas. The Stars were a charter member of the United Soccer Association (USA) in 1967 and when the USA and rival National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) merged in 1968 to form the North American Soccer League (NASL), the team moved to the new league. The Stars played its home matches at the Astrodome. The team folded at the conclusion of the 1968 NASL season.

History
In 1966 several groups of entrepreneurs were exploring the idea of forming a professional soccer league in United States. One of these groups, United Soccer Association (USA) led by Jack Kent Cooke, selected 12 cities for team locations and Roy Hofheinz, former Houston Mayer and owner of the Houston Astros, was awarded a franchise. The USA originally planned to start play in the spring of 1968; however the rival National Professional Soccer League, which secured a TV contract from CBS, announced it was ready to launch in 1967. Not wanting to let the rival league gain an advantage, the USA decided to launch early. Not having secured any player contracts, the league imported teams from Europe, Brazil, and Uruguay to represent the franchise cities. Brazilian team Bangu Atlético Clube was brought in to play as the Stars.

The Stars opened the season at home against the Los Angeles Wolves in a 1–1 draw in front of crowd of 34,965. In their inaugural season in 1967, the Houston Stars finished fourth place with a record of 4 wins, 4 ties and 4 loss while drawing an average home league attendance of 19,802 in six games, the highest of all soccer clubs in the United States that year.

With the merger of the United Soccer Association and the National Professional Soccer League it was announced that Houston would be one of the 20 teams in play in the North American Soccer League (NASL). The Stars finished the 1968 NASL season in second place of the Gulf Division Division with a record of 14 wins 12 ties and 6 loses and an average attendance of 3,246. The team folded at the conclusion of the 1968 season.

title: Houston Stars


text: User talk:216.102.72.239

title: User talk:216.102.72.239


text: User talk:67.234.12.169

title: User talk:67.234.12.169


text:
Talk:Chinese Type 56 Carbine

This page should be wiped out as the information in it is included with the SKS page.
 * Added redirect to SKS, merged information. 7/9/2006 CynicalMe 23:10, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese Type 56 Carbine


text:
Spoetzl Brewery

Spoetzl Brewery (originally Shiner Brewing Association) is a brewery located in Shiner, Texas, United States. It produces a diverse line of Shiner beers, including their flagship Shiner Bock, a dark lager that is now distributed throughout the US. The brewery is owned by the Gambrinus Company, a family-owned company based in San Antonio, which also owns Trumer Brewery in Berkeley, California.

History
The Spoetzl Brewery started in 1909. It was originally named The Shiner Brewing Association (SBA) and was founded by German and Czech immigrants who had settled around the central Texas town of Shiner. Unable to find the type of beer they had known in their home countries, they decided to brew their own. It is the oldest independent brewery in Texas, and one of the oldest independent breweries in the U.S.  The leaders of the SBA named Herman Weiss of Galveston as the company's first brewmaster. Shiner beer was originally available only in the spring per the German Lent tradition  (Lentenbock). Bock beers have a long history of being brewed and consumed by Bavarian monks as a source of nutrition during times of fasting.

As the brewery gained popularity in the area, the SBA began to look for a trained professional brewmaster. They found one in Bavarian-born Kosmos Spoetzl, a onetime soldier who had trained as a brewmaster in his native Germany. Part of the package that lured Spoetzl to Shiner was potential ownership of the brewery. In 1914, he co-leased it with Oswald Petzold with an option to buy in 1915, which he did, giving the brewery his own name, but continuing to call the product Shiner Beer. Spoetzl had attended brewmaster's school and apprenticed for three years in Germany, worked for eight years at the Pyramids Brewery in Cairo, Egypt, and then worked in Canada. He had moved to San Antonio in search of a better climate for his health, bringing with him a family recipe for a Bavarian beer made from malted barley and hops.

During Prohibition, Spoetzl kept the brewery afloat by selling ice and making near beer. 13 Texas breweries in total had to close down with Spoetzl being one of a few local breweries that stayed open. Following Prohibition, Spoetzl kept things small and simple, never going more than 100 mi for business.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the brewery's Shiner Premium Beer and Shiner Bock accounted for less than 1% of the Texas beer market. In 1983, Spoetzl produced 60000 USbeerbbl of beer; in 1990, only 36000 USbeerbbl. Sales improved after Carlos Alvarez of San Antonio acquired the brewery in 1989. Production grew to 100000 USbeerbbl in 1994, and over the next 10 years, production nearly tripled. The company now has 120 employees. As of 2012, it is the fourth-largest craft brewery in the United States.

Products
Spoetzl created "Devil Beer" in 1987, sold to fans of the Arizona State Sun Devils. The brewery also licensed the Boulder Brewery of Colorado to sell its "Boulder Sport" in the late '80s. Spoetzl currently produces 9 Shiner beers year-round and four Shiner seasonal brews per year.

Active beers

 * Shiner Bruja's Brew – An IPA brewed with Amarillo hops and cactus water, it was released in 2022 under Shiner's TexHex series.
 * Shiner Desert Mirage - A hazy IPA brewed with cactus water and Strata hops, it was released in 2022 under Shiner's TexHex series.
 * Shiner Wicked Haze - A double IPA brewed with cactus water and cryogenically enhanced Idaho 7 hops, released in 2022 under Shiner's TexHex series.
 * Shiner Twin Dream - A double IPA brewed with cactus water, Idaho 7 and Citra hops, it was released in 2022 under Shiner's TexHex series.
 * Shiner Storm Caster - A juicy IPA brewed with cactus water, it was released in 2023 and is the latest in the TexHex series.
 * Shiner 1909 – A pre-prohibition lager, it was inspired by the ingredients Shiner used in 1909, their founding year, and was released in 2021 as a celebration of the brewery's 112-year anniversary.
 * Shiner Bock – Spoetzl's flagship beer, it has been brewed since 1913, almost as long as the Spoetzl Brewery has been in business. Shiner Bock was considered a Lenten beer, so was only made around that season, until a few decades ago. Today, 73% of the beer made at the Spoetzl Brewery is bock beer.
 * Shiner Premium is the direct descendant of Spoetzl's earliest brew.  Although Premium has carried numerous names, such as Shiner Special, Shiner Texas Special, and Shiner Blonde, the recipe has been virtually unchanged since it was first brewed in 1909. Premium was reintroduced in March 2013, featuring Shiner's famous "Cotton Boll" logo and distinctive gold packaging.
 * Shiner Bohemian Black Lager – Originally a limited edition Schwarzbier for the Spoetzl Brewery's 97th anniversary, it became a permanent part of the brand portfolio in late 2007. Black uses imported Czech Saaz and Styrian hops and dark-roasted malts.
 * Shiner Kosmos – The original Shiner Kosmos was available in 1999 with a higher alcohol content and a different taste. This rerelease is an American Pale Lager-style beer available only in Shiner Family Packs, one bottle per six-pack.
 * Shiner Prickly Pear Lager – A golden lager, it is brewed with juice from the fruit of prickly pear cactus. Available in Shiner Family Packs (one bottle per six-pack) and is the third in the "Brewer's Pride" Limited Edition series.
 * Shiner Light Blonde – A light beer with 99 calories, it was introduced in 2011.
 * Shiner Ruby Redbird – A lager brewed with Texas Ruby Red grapefruit and ginger, it originated as a summer seasonal in 2011. Popular demand led the brewery to introduce it year-round in 2015. This beer uses Munich malt and Mt Hood, Citra, and Cascade hops and it is 4.01% ABV. A repackaging as of late 2018 highlights the beer as a 95-calorie offering per 12-ounce serving.
 * Shiner Órale - A Mexican-style cerveza, it was introduced in 2022.

Seasonal beers

 * Holiday Cheer – Cheer is an "Old World Dunkelweizen" brewed with Texas peaches and pecans. Malted barley and wheat are used. Holiday Cheer replaced Shiner Dunkelweizen as the brewery's winter seasonal.
 * Shiner Oktoberfest – A Märzen-style seasonal beer, it has a deep amber color and a slightly toasted flavor. It was first introduced as the 96th-anniversary brew.
 * Shiner Birthday Beer – A stout brewed with chocolate malt and real cocoa, in 2015, Birthday Beer honored the brewery's anniversary and served as Shiner's spring seasonal beer. Although the name will stay the same, the style will change each year.
 * Shiner Prickly Pear – A light lager, it is brewed with the fruit of prickly pear cactus, which is common in Texas and actually grows on the brewery grounds. Prickly Pear was previously available in the Family Reunion packages.
 * Shiner Strawberry Blonde – A summer seasonal beer brewed with strawberries, it combines pale and wheat ales with strawberries grown in Poteet, Texas.
 * Shiner Sea Salt & Lime Summer Lager – A light lager brewed with sea salt and lime peel, it was introduced in 2018 as a standalone product and as part of the rotating flavors in the company's seasonal "Texas Heat Wave" assortment pack
 * Shiner Weisse 'N' Easy – An unfiltered wheat beer, in the tradition of Berliner Weisse, it is brewed with Texas-grown dewberries and introduced in 2020.

Previously offered beers

 * Dortmunder – A spring ale in the Dortmunder style, it has the malt profile of a Helles and the hop character of a Pils, but is slightly stronger than both. The brew is a renamed version of Shiner Fröst, and was released as the new spring seasonal in 2011.
 * Fröst – Shiner Fröst uses two-row malted barley, malted wheat, and Munich malt for a full-bodied flavor. Hallertau Tradition and Spalter select hops contribute to the aroma. Fröst has an alcohol content of 5.5% by volume, a bitterness of 25 IBU and color of 8 SRM.
 * Smokehaus – Spoetzl's smoked Sommer beer is brewed with pale malt that has been smoked with native mesquite. Smokehaus has a 4.89 ABV and an IBU of 16.
 * Shiner FM 966 – A farmhouse-style ale brewed with Golding, Sterling, and Meridian hops, it was released as Shiner's new spring seasonal in 2013. It was named for the road that runs south of the brewery.
 * Shiner Hefeweizen – An unfiltered Bavarian-style wheat beer, it was discontinued in 2015 and replaced by White Wing.
 * Shiner Old-Time Alt was available in Shiner Family Packs (1 bottle per 6-pack) and was the first in the "Brewer's Pride" Limited Edition series.
 * Shiner Ryes & Shine – A rye lager, it was available in Shiner Family Packs (1 bottle per 6-pack) and was the second in the "Brewer's Pride" Limited Edition series.
 * Shiner White Wing – A witbier brewed with Belgian yeast with hints of orange peel and coriander, it was discontinued in 2017.
 * Shiner Wild Hare Pale Ale – A classic American pale ale brewed with Munich malt with U.S. Golding and Bravo hop varieties. Discontinued in 2015 and replaced by Ruby Redbird.
 * Shiner Wicked Ram IPA – Shiner's first IPA, it was brewed with Crystal, Bravo, and Centennial hops.
 * Shiner Homespun – a cream ale, it is full-bodied.

Anniversary celebration
In 2005, Spoetzl began producing an annual brew in a progressive, anticipatory celebration of its 2009 centennial anniversary. The centennial program developed and produced one yearly special beer in small batches. The name of each such specialty beer corresponded to the age of the brewery: Shiner 96 was the specialty beer of 2005, Shiner 97 for 2006, etc. For the first two years, Spoetzl brewed Shiner 96 and Shiner 97 only from September through mid-December. In 2007, Shiner 98 was released four months earlier – in May – while Shiner 99 (2008) entered the market another two months earlier, in March.

Shiner 100 had the longest run of all the anniversary beers, seeing production all year long in 2009. After each beer's specified production run has ended, that year's beer is retired. However, Shiner 97 proved to be so popular that in 2008, Spoetzl brought the beer back as Shiner Bohemian Black Lager and made it a permanent offering. The Spoetzl Brewery originally intended to conclude its centennial beer production in 2009, but decided to continue the annual program indefinitely.

For 2009, Spoetzl changed the neck label for all their beers. The labels proclaimed Spoetzl's 100th anniversary and include the tag line "Here's to a century of independent brewing. Prosit!"

The annual brews and their respective styles are:
 * Shiner 96 – Märzen/Oktoberfest
 * Shiner 97 – Bohemian Black Lager
 * Shiner 98 – Bavarian Style Amber
 * Shiner 99 – Munich Style Helles Lager
 * Shiner 100 Commemorator – Starkbier
 * Shiner 101 – Czech-style Pilsner
 * Shiner 102 – American Style Double Wheat Ale
 * Shiner 103 – Wild Hare Pale Ale
 * Shiner 104 – White Wing Belgian White Ale

 * Shiner 106 Birthday Beer – Chocolate Stout
 * Shiner 107 Birthday Beer – Hoppy Pilsner
 * Shiner 108 Birthday Beer – Cold-Brew Coffee Ale (a collaboration with Chameleon Cold-Brew of Austin, Texas)
 * Shiner 109 Birthday Beer – Farmhouse Rye
 * Shiner 110 – S'more Chocolate and Marshmallow Ale
 * Shiner 111 – Rerelease of Shiner 110's S'more Chocolate and Marshmallow Ale

Marketing
Shine On is a coffee table book by Dallas author Mike Renfro, which documents the little brewery's history in photos as well as story. The book follows the brewery from 1909 to 2008. In addition to the history on the brewery, Shine On also includes the history of the town, as well as a look at some of the people responsible for making Shiner beer.

Working with their Austin-based advertising agency, McGarrah Jessee, Shiner's guerilla marketing efforts at the Austin City Limits Music Festival have consistently promoted their brand. In 2010, the company created the "Shiner Beer Local Stage", which featured a two-day lineup of local bands performing on a custom stage constructed under two billboards near Zilker Park. In 2012, a beer garden, complete with a replica of the Spoetzl brewery facade, was added.

In popular culture
In 2012, country artist Jason Aldean changed a reference to Shiner Bock a few weeks after releasing the song "Take a Little Ride". The original lyric, "grab a little Shiner Bock" was replaced with "grab a couple Rocky Tops" when Aldean signed a sponsorship contract with Coors Brewing Company.

title: Spoetzl Brewery


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Known socks/alternate accounts:

Ban evading sock:

title: User:Gabrielsimon


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Talk:Gyromitra esculenta

Inappropriate/Disgusting
This is inappropriate for the front page because of the grotesque picture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.56.255.234 (talk) 01:51, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Switching the picture to a Nintendo character is inappropriate, yes? AniRaptor2001 (talk) 13:56, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Better safe
Unfortunately, I don't have a reference... but I remember a speaker at a talk on wild mushrooms saying that there HAVE been cases of fatal toxicity, apparently associated with eating "properly prepared" Gyromitria spp. It seems some people can eat them for years with no ill effects, and others will eventually die after eating them several times. Doesn't seem worth the risk to me. I am attempting to contact the speaker to ask him to edit the Wiki. In either case, would someone please include a citation for the assertation that "all toxicities have been associated with eating raw Gyromitria."

PS - dead right on the "false morel." These can refer to Verpa bohimica or any of at least 3 Gyromitria species: G. esculenta, G. gigas, and G. infula. Revdrace (talk) 16:08, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Clarifications needed
This is probably a taxonomical issue, but I've seen 'false morel' refer to more than just one species of Gyromitra, not just the Esculenta. This is mentioned in passing in the lower portion of the article, but for most fungi, each gets a separate entry. Should there be a separate entry for each Gyromitra (probably) and then turn False Morel into a listing of all false morels?

Also, it's a pretty big claim to say that all 'false morels' (again, which false morels?) have been positively proven to contain toxins without actually citing a source. I fully agree that eating false morels is a bad idea, but it should probably be cited. --George Dorn 9/21/2006

Dangerous info here
Having done a pretty extensive search on the web, it appears that Gyromitra species in particular are NOT edible, although people may not exhibit poisoning symptoms for years. Then they may suddenly keel over dead. The page as it stands is not exactly wrong, but gives the impression that gyromitras are edible and choice, which my reading indicates is not true. In particular, the statement about it being individual sensitivity rather than toxin levels in individual mushrooms is unsubstantiated. What I am finding indicates that scientists are unsure what factor or factors cause this variability, and most sites that include scientific or medical research caution against eating G. species, terming them poisonous. I will change this entry to reflect this if no evidence is forthcoming. Deirdre 23:14, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I've eaten alot of these when I grew up in the northen part of sweden. We always sun drieded them before eating them though. Wouldn't that take care of the poison? - ThrBigD

Not from what I've read. You're eating a substance that turns into rocket fuel after you ingest it. Sun drying may remove some of the toxin, as does cooking, but apparently not all, and it's clearly a carcinogen, among other things. I gather that in some places now in Scandinavia they are starting to warn against eating Gyromitras. It's a hard one to determine, because the results for human beings are so variable. Some people have died of causes that are clearly traceable to the mushroom, but what of others dying of cancer, or organ failure late in life? That's not clearly connected, and it may or may not be due to the mushrooms. I'm of the more cautious persuasion when it comes to mushrooms. Deirdre 01:04, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

maybe the article should at least mention that people who eat it make efforts to remove the toxins before consumtions. In finland they even sell a "safe" version that is canned, which have been prepared in such a way that the toxins are removed. see link http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/morel.htm

I've eaten quite a few of these growing up, and my 70+ year old grandfather and the rest of my mom's family have eaten them all his life (northern michigan). He refers to the mushroom as beefsteak. They soak the mushrooms (both beefsteak and true morels) in salt water to remove bugs and then dry them or freeze them. Typically, they use them in gravy, if I remember right. I don't know whether it's the growing environment, preparation, or some cooking process that is making them safe. I later learned that the beefsteaks were actually coniferous false morels and considered poisonous. So they may be safe in some circumstances, but it's not worth the risk - there are plenty of other safe, tasty mushrooms out there. (I haven't eaten any as an adult, so I can't really comment on the flavor.)

False morels are eaten quite often in Finland, but we ALWAYS parboil them. It's pure foolishness to eat them without parboiling twice in a ventilated room, in _different_ batches of water. You don't just cook them, you boil them and _throw away_ the water.

--- False morel is the fugu of the Finnish kitchen. I'm a Finn, and we consider them as the most culinary of all mushrooms sans porcinis. Like fugu, the Japanese blowfish, it requires thorough preparation. As mentioned above, the mushroom must ALWAYS be parboiled - preferably twice, and the water to be thrown away. The gyromitrine breaks into hydrazine in the metabolism, and hydrazine is commonly used as oxidizer (does the name C-Stoff or Walther engine ring the bell?), and it decomposes the blood, liver and kidney cells. Fortunately, gyromitrine is both water-soluble and volatile, and can be removed.

Parboiling means heating the mushrooms in the water until the water boils, and then throwing the water away. As unit operation in chemical engineering, it is the same as leaching. Do it at least twice with different batches of water.

Today the Finnish Ailments Bureau suggest the false morels are NOT to be dried, jerked or freeze-dried. While this is a traditional way on making false morels edible, it is no more suggested, as some of the gyromitrine may still remain in the mushrooms. Likewise, gyromitrine is considered to be mildly carcinogenic, so daily intake of false morels is not suggested.

______ I live in Michigan and we call these beefsteaks mushrooms, not false morel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpa_bohemica. It really can't be confused with the morel. We cook them very well and we eat them, without any adverse effects. They are very tasty. I read what's been written about them, but when properly prepared. We get more toxins in our diet from the poisons the farmers spray on our food when it is growing. There is another mushroom known as the false morel. The other mushroom does look like a morel, the only difference is the cap. A real morel, doesn't have a cap. I think that this article needs to be corrected. The beefsteak mushroom was not widely known as the false morel.

In all new Swedish mushroom books the False morel is listed as toxic, even after being boild. The problem is that while boling do indeed destroy most of the poison some WILL remain. While not beeing an imidiate danger it might couse long term liver damage if consumed often enough. Another thing to consider is that the amount of poison in the same species of mushroom may vary considerably between locations. I wouldn't eat one, and i do spend some time mushroom hunting every year. 130.243.153.103 15:24, 16 May 2007 (UTC) _______

Where I come from, northern parts of sweden, it is common knowledge that "murklor" (swedish for false morel), is poisonous and you should take precaution's, my family parboil it three times and swap water in between. Last year our family picked around 20 kg (~44 pounds), and this weekend we've picked another 5+ kg (11+ pounds) because we've eaten the last batch - and I'm not dead yet ;-P

An extensive search on google (query: "murkelsås" - false morel sause) shows amongst the 10,900 hits these:

 * Coop, a leading supermarket chaing in the nordic countries

 * Nerikes Allehanda, a local newspaper

 * SR, Sveriges Radio (Swedish Radio) is the public service radio broadcaster in Sweden.

 * Falköpings mejeri, a dairy plant (amongst other things)

 * Aftonbladet, the leading daily newspaper both in Sweden and in Scandinavia

If the False morel was deadly, how come some of the biggest companies have recepies on "murkelsås"?

Just my two cents, Chosig 20:02, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems that many people can eat many Gyromitria over many years and not experience any symptoms that they would associate with eating the mushroom. You can tolerate a considerable amount of kidney and liver damage before you get sick.  There are lots of "unknowns" - how sensitive are you, personally, to the toxin?  How much toxin is in the mushrooms that grow in your area?  How much of it did you remove when you parboiled it?  Since we cannot know the answer to any of these questions, the general recommendation is to avoid them.  While it is certainly true that life is full of risks and for some the pleasure of a good meal may be worth some (probably small) risk of long-term organ failure or cancer, I feel strongly that the Wiki article should advise caution until more is known about the risk presented by the Gyromitria.  How can they sell this mushroom when it is potentially dangerous?  Simple:  there's no law against it (nor should there be, in my opinion, but a warning label wouldn't hurt).  I bet they sell cigarettes too.  ;)  Seriously, the information on toxicity is relatively new and probably hasn't crawled its way into the minds of those who set the food safety rules.  Revdrace (talk) 11:20, 25 November 2007 (UTC):

Better Safe pt II
Removed the text: "To that end, it is a very rare mushroom, and not likely to be consumed more than once a year." - just ain't so, as evidenced by the Discussion comment just above this one. I've certainly found plenty of them in Washington state as well. Also added some updated information on toxicity in the introduction, so as to give the casual reader the impression that the edibility of this mushroom is strongly disputed.Revdrace (talk) 11:20, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Moved most of the discussion about toxicity down to the section on "Toxicity" - just left a brief note at the top that the edibility is disputed. Changed "Three further hydrazines" to be "other hydrazines" - three directly contradicts the section below which says that eleven hydrazines have been identified in Gyromitra. Added some references regarding toxicity. I think that further information on toxicity after reported "proper" preparation does exist in the NAMA report but I have been unable to get a copy of the full text of the report. Revdrace (talk) 17:35, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Well done, I would have done that myself but got well and truly sidetracked. I was musing on getting this article to GA at some point...Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:01, 24 February 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Casliber (talk • contribs)

To-Do list
Contentwise, great job on tidying toxicity & symptoms. Now:

 * issues with chronic consumption (?)

 * need to tidy and clarify where this fungus is consumed, just Gt Lakes, Finland and Pyrenees or elsewhere? I'll look into sources.

 * One book mentions research into cultivation of gyromitrin-free strains commerically as it is not too hard to cultivate.

 * Need to clarify classification. Discinaceae is a redlink and I am not too sure whether it remains in that family.

Add more content issues here. Casliber (talk · contribs) 05:10, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Frigging refs! Now I find this mention on a blog which'd be great to get referenced! Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:46, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Removed bits
Ive removed the following which I was unable to ref properly, or needed a bit of a rewrite or weren't essential to a WP:GAN. I (or anyone else) can play with and add them later. Casliber (talk · contribs) 04:07, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Finnish authorities recommend picking false morels in a bag separate from other mushrooms, which is to be washed immediately after use. When transported home by car, false morels should be stored in trunk, since they can emit gyromitrin in the cabin and cause symptoms of poisoning to the driver.

While these small quantities will not cause noticeable symptoms to most people, some people may be hypersensitive to the toxin, and can become seriously ill from eating even properly prepared false morels. Gyromitrin sensitivity is apparently not a hereditary matter, further confusing the question of toxicity.

Additionally even though the mushrooms are widely consumed in Finland, between 1885 and 1988 only four cases of fatal gyromitrin poisoning were recorded, all of them caused by eating the mushrooms raw.

Minor fix
I'd recommend fixing the first sentence in the lead, which has "by some". Not only the passive voice, but kind of employs WP:weasel wording. Is there a concise way to say by whom or in what culture or context it's enjoyed? Or could the sentence be reworded to omit the "by some"? delldot on a public computer  talk  02:47, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it is tricky, I was going to replace 'by some' with where it is eaten, but that is covered in the next para. I think the lead will have to be rejigged but I note there is a GA review happening at the moment, so I will combine changing this with addressing points that come up with that. Casliber (talk · contribs) 04:49, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds good :-) I bet there's some way to rewrite the sentence that would make 'by some' unnecessary though.   delldot on a public computer   talk  07:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah I think you're right. A work in progress. Casliber (talk · contribs) 08:51, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

(outdent) ok, I have rearranged lead to be all singular and removed need for possible weasel wording. Casliber (talk · contribs) 08:56, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Successful good article nomination
I am glad to report that this article nomination for good article status has been promoted. This is how the article, as of March 14, 2008, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: Pass, though alot of jargon, medical terminology and complicated language did have to be re-written per WP:Jargon
 * 2. Factually accurate?: Pass
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: Pass
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: Pass
 * 5. Article stability? Pass
 * 6. Images?: Pass

If you feel that this review is in error, feel free to take it to Good article reassessment. Thank you to all of the editors who worked hard to bring it to this status, and congratulations. — Million_Moments (talk) 21:30, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback. I am a medical doctor so I will sometimes read jargon forgetting it may not be immediately accessible to others. I am happy for all help in de-jargonising it :) Cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 22:19, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well luckily I live with medics so knew what the words meant lol. Million_Moments (talk) 22:22, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Copyediting comments from sgeureka moved here from my talkpage for convenience to work on
General notes:
 * many sentences start with "it is [passive verb] by [person or object]", which can sometimes be phrased into "[person or object] [active verb] it" (trying. tell me if I need to do more)
 * an IP had resently told me that one of my articles is not authoritative enough since I always said "reviewers interpreted and reported it as such and such" instead of saying "it is such and such". The mushroom article tends to do the same, e.g. "has been described as fruity"
 * (I have had the same, but have had the reverse if a study 'x' showed something that wasn't repeated in a monograph or comprehensive review/secondary source - then have been told to say 'the study found 'x' rather than make a blanket statement. requires some discretion and a good level of familiarity and common sense)

Prose improvement possibilities:
 * "which can reach 10 cm (4 in) high and 15 cm (6 in) wide, perched on a stout white stalk up to 6 cm (2½ in) high." - awkward reading for me, since I expect(ed) a noun after "(6 in)" (I am not sure what you mean here. Can you elaborate?)

* paragraph "Gyromitra esculenta is a member of a group..." suffers from also-itis ''said alsos excised. Well spotted.''
 * "fatal if eaten raw, it is described by aficionados as one of the best of all culinary mushrooms. It is popular in Scandinavia..." - "...aficionados describe it as..." or "...it is one of the most culinary mushrooms..." or just "fatal if eaten raw, it is a popular delicacy in Scandinavia" Good call, I trimmed it and removed an 'it' at the same time, is this what you had in mind?
 * "There may be liver and kidney involvement in severe cases" - "Severe cases may affect the liver and kidney" I reworded this entirely as the clauses didn't go logically together on re-reading.
 * "when placed in the genus Gyromitra by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1849" - "when the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries placed it in the genus Gyromitra in 1849" done, now where was I....
 * "many sources recommend" - I'm not sure whether "source" is the right word It is a bit general so I changed 'sources' to 'guidebooks' as that is what everyone uses and is still consistent with the source (of the info) (authorities/experts a better word?)
 * "Initially smooth" - the text just referred to size, and it is not clear that it now refers to time done. I rejigged this bit a bit
 * "Those from California have been reported as often more reddish-brown in colour" - "California specimen often have a more reddish-brown in colour." rejigged
 * header "Description" - the whole article is a description, so what does the section really describe? Appearance? Characteristics? (aha, this has been much debated in biology articles, with the consensus settling on Description, which I have then used in bird, fungi, dinosaur and plant articles. In guidebooks it generally means attributes - i.e. physical appearance, and also call (for birds) or smell/taste/bruising with fungi. Adding the adjective physical is cumbersome and is already implied in the noun I find. It is good in that it is a little more encompassing than mere appearance, yet not as diffuse as characteristics. I acknowledge this has been a tricky area and has been the subject of much discussion....)
 * "although it prefers the former" - work into the previous subsentence via "most often" and "occasionally" etc. done
 * "It is an early mushroom" - not sure what this means or if this is a widely-used phrase. IMO, the following text ("the hunting period is from April to July") already implies it can be found early in the year It was in a book. Tried to tweak it to note that it comes before other fungi (which appear in July/Autumn)
 * "Toxic reactions were known from the early 20th century at least, though the wide range in effects meant that some experts speculated the reaction was more of an allergic one related to the consumer, or misidentification, rather than innate toxicity of the fungus." - "Knowledge of toxic reactions dates back to the early 20th century at least, although experts initially speculated that its wide range in effects was caused by allergic reactions related to the consumer, or misidentification, rather than innate toxicity of the fungus." massaged it a bit, and got some input from Tony.
 * "Some would suffer" - "Some consumers suffered" now this one is tricky, as consumers (in a noun sense) has come to really mean consumers of goods rather than of food. I am thinking about alternatives but it is tricky to think of a word for 'eater' that doesn't sound odd.

 * "At one time up to 23%" - better say the year or the decade for clarity if possible (I'll have to dig that one up again)
 * The reference, Lampe, just states: In Poland, for example, 23% of mushroom fatalities each year have been attributed to this species. He references Szepietowski T, Listopad J. 1971. Ostra niewydolnosc nerek po zatruciu piestrzenicta. Pol. Tyg. Lek. 26: 1551. Would need to learn Polish and track down that reference or perhaps before 1971? M r Bungle |  talk  03:30, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

– sgeureka t•c 14:26, 25 June 2008 (UTC)
 * "Deaths rates have now dropped" - when now? (changed to 'Death rates have dropped since the mid twentieth century')
 * "There is evidence that children" - "Evidence suggests that children" (also works better with the second "there is evidence" two sentences later) good pick up. I like it
 * "However, poisonings in the west have been reported,[34] although they have been reported less frequently than the east.[35]" - "Poisonings in the west have been reported less frequently than the east.[35]" (not sure I agree with that one as I feel it loses a bit of emphasis on the fact tehre still are poisonings in the west, I'll wait for a third set of eyes)
 * "These other derivatives likely also yield" - awkward on several levels (changed to 'These other compounds may also produce..'
 * "activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase.[39] This interference causes the neurological symptoms. " - "activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase,[39] causing the neurological symptoms."
 * paragraph "The toxins react with pyridoxal-5-phosphate" contains the word "cause" a lot done
 * "However, symptoms take often longer than this" - "However, symptoms often take longer than this" (done)
 * "patients do not usually present for treatment until many hours after ingestion, thus limiting its effectiveness" - "patients limit its effectiveness by not presenting for treatment until many hours after ingestion" (the patients aren't strictly the agent limiting effectiveness, well they are but it sounds funny. I'll have to think about this one)
 * "If patients have severe vomiting or diarrhea IV fluids can be used to rehydrate the patient." - "Patients with severe vomiting or diarrhea IV can be rehydrated with fluids." (well spotted)
 * "Pyridoxine is given at a dose of 25 mg/kg, if symptoms do not improve this can be repeated up to a maximum total daily dose of 15 to 30 g.[51] Pyridoxine does not decrease hepatic toxicity and is only useful for the neurological symptoms.[41][52] " - "Pyridoxine, which does not decrease hepatic toxicity and is only useful for the neurological symptoms,[41][52] is given at a dose of 25 mg/kg. If symptoms do not improve this can be repeated up to a maximum total daily dose of 15 to 30 g.[51]" yep
 * "Although cancer caused by this mushroom has not been observed in humans" - "Although this mushroom has not been observed to cause cancer in humans" (done)
 * "Efforts were taken to discourage consumption by prohibiting its sale in Germany and Switzerland once the extent of its toxicity became known." - "Once the extent of its toxicity became known, Germany and Switzerland discouraged consumption by prohibiting its sale." done
 * "It is still highly regarded and consumed" - "The mushroom is still highly regarded and consumed" ("it" could also refer to opinions or countries, otherwise) (yep, done)
 * "Despite this, the false morel is listed" - "The false morel is nevertheless listed" (this sounds odd to me, but I agree that removing the repeated 'Despite' would be prudent)
 * paragraph "Despite its recognized toxicity" suffers from also-itis (2 gone, 1 left in.)
 * "The gyromitrin will dissolve in the water where it will remain, therefore the parboiling water must be discarded and replaced with fresh water after each boiling." - can be improved, although I can't come up with a clear suggestion rejigged
 * "This process is called parboiling" - yet the word parboiling is alreay mentioned two sentences before repetitive and removed/incorporated into preceding
 * the sentence "Enthusiasts in Finland have been..." finishes the article on an awkward note - either merge/move it elsewhere, or leave it out moved

Etymology of "Lorchel"

on amazon.de: http://www.amazon.de/Duden-07-Das-Herkunftsw%C3%B6rterbuch-Redewendungen/dp/3411040742/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214497237&sr=8-1 (The Duden is the authority on German language.)

 * Page 493: Lorchel "Faltenschwamm". Der seit dem 19. Jahrhundert bezeugte Name der Pilzart ist vermutlich nach "Morchel" aus älterem "Lorche" umgestaltet. "Lorche", in niederdeutscher Form "Lorken" (18. Jahrhundert) ist wohl eine der Unterscheidung dienende willkürliche Bildung aus "Morche" (s. Morchel). Lorcheln und Morcheln sind sehr ähnliche Pilzarten und werden häufig verwechselt.

(rough translation, excuse my poor English) Lorchel "wrinkle fungus". The name of this type of mushroom, documented since the 19th century, is presumably derived from the older "Lorche" into something more like "Morchel". "Lorche", in the Low German form "Lorken" (18th century), is presumably a arbitrary word formation from "Morche" (see Morchel) to serve differentiation. Lorcheln and Morcheln are very similar types of mushrooms and are often confused.

 * Page 539: Morchel Der Name des zu der Gattung der Schlauchpilze gehörenden Speisepilze geht zurück auf mittelhochdeutsch morchel, späthochdeutsch morhala, -ila "Möhre, Waldrübe", eine Weiterbildung zu dem unter Möhre behandeltem Wort.

(rough translation) Morchel (Morchella) The name of this edible mushroom, belonging to the family of Ascomycota, originates in the Middle High German morchel, late Old High German morhala, -ila "carrot, forrest carrot", see Möhre.

Nothing in the library about any laws when the sale of this mushroom was prohibited in Germany. Some sources said however that "esculenta" means "edible", but that this mushroom must keep this name for taxonomical reasons (I am sure plenty of English sources exist for this statement). – sgeureka t•c 16:59, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Fantastic! Great sleuthing. I will incorporate this in. Much appreciated! As you can see I am working my way through your notes which are very helpful. I have been wrestling with this article for a long time....Cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:56, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Late note: Dating from the 19th century, the German term lorchel "wrinkle fungus" is a result of the older lorche, itself from the 18th century Low German Lorken, aligning with the similar sounding (and similar looking) morchel.[10][11] - I had the impression that the etymology book said that the mushroom is a "wrinkle fungus"/"Faltenschwamm", not that the term meant "wrinkle fungus". Per http://www.zeno.org/Meyers-1905/A/Faltenschwamm, the term Faltenschwamm would align with Cantharellus and/or Merulius (I didn't note this before as de:Faltenschwamm brought up nothing). If you want to delve into etymology, I think it its better to approach this more from the Morchel/Morchella angle, not "wrinkle fungus". – sgeureka t•c 13:25, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks for the heads up. I ditched the mention of 'wrinkle fungus' as it reads ok without it. Cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 21:20, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Toxicity always known
I disputed part of the text:
 * "Once the extent of its toxicity became known,Germany and Switzerland discouraged consumption by prohibiting its sale."

The lethal toxicity has always been known. What is new information, is that even drying and parboiling only removes 99.5% of the toxins. No one is known to have died of this residual poison. Modern, more stringent safety standards on food just make this residual poison unacceptable (to some). -- Petri Krohn (talk) 01:12, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Good point. I will check refs to reword. Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:17, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * PS: Actually I just reworded to take out inference. I am not currently at home, but I recall the refs suggesting the inference, yet it is true about toxicity being known in some quarters, have reduced to the minimum certain bit. Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:27, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * In fact the article should clearly state that the toxicity has always been known, and effective measures have always been taken to remove the toxins. The recommended procedures have changed sometime in the 1980s. Traditionalist in Finland still only dry the mushrooms and do not let any of the boiling water go to waste. -- Petri Krohn (talk) 01:29, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Whoa! Interesting, what do they do with teh water? Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:55, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * They use it in whatever dish they are preparing, most likely some sort of sauce. The water is belived to contain the best aroma. -- Petri Krohn (talk) 02:16, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Not the only toxic mushroom consumed
Another problem with the text is that it gives the impression that "edible" and "poisonous" are mutually exclusive (quote: "are eaten by some and considered poisonous by other"). A large part of mushrooms consumed are in fact toxic, many others are lethal. What is special about gyromitra esculenta is that the toxins are usually removed by drying instead of parboiling. -- Petri Krohn (talk) 01:52, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Note the use of teh word considered, this way some people do consider the definitions to be exclusive (such as in all English-language mushroom guides, which strongly discourage experimenting). Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:53, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * In that case we may have a serious WP:NPOV issue here. The English language Wikipedia cannot restrict itself to English language sources. Finnish and I believe Swedish language mushroom guides would categorize this as * * * Ö, where the three stars are the best ("five star") category and Ö here is my stand-in for the skull or Jolly Roger symbol. (I guess the Windows character set would have these all somewhere.)
 * The old discussion on "Dangerous info here" above is totally irrelevant, as Wikipedia does not report facts, but what reliable sources (in this case mushroom guides) say. -- Petri Krohn (talk) 02:28, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * P.S. - It seems we urgently need an article on mushroom guides, and their classification systems. -- Petri Krohn (talk) 02:30, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Good points all. As a Philistine Australian who only knows English and no other language, I only read what I could read. I would be extremely grateful for some more input on what Finnish Guidebooks and cooking books say, as it is clearly an important part of cuisine there (more than eslewhere). I would have loved to place a comment on the discrepancy between guidebooks, but I did not see any 3rd party comments in any English books to date (hence would have strayed into orginal research even though stating the blindingly obvious. If any say that in Finnish I would welcome their addition - especially in paragraph two of  Consumption section. Casliber (talk · contribs) 07:29, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to find you some information on consumption in the Pyrenees, especially Cerdanya: I'm not sure that the qualifier in "once popular" is completely accurate. Mushroom collecting is a national sport here in Catalonia, so the prohibition on sale is not as relevant as it might seem. Physchim62 (talk) 08:52, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * That would be fantastic. I had to leave out some stuff on Catalonia for lack of referencing. Casliber (talk · contribs) 09:17, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

I know this is a discussion from two years ago, but I thought it was worth noting that contrary to what Casliber suggested, there are American guidebooks that do note that Gyromitra esculenta can be edible when properly prepared. David Arora's Mushrooms Demystified - at least in the second edition - explicitly states that gyromitras may be detoxified through boiling them and are frequently eaten (but also notes that deaths are attributed to them anyway and thus says it may be unwise to consume them.) Kevin (talk) 06:12, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it boils down to the (I guess) rather perfunctory way mushrooms are categorised as "edible/inedible/poisonous/deadly" in that there is a fair degree of conditionality on all those categories. Maybe adding an "edible when cooked" category si good. Casliber (talk · contribs) 06:47, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Whoa, I didn't expect a reply this fast to a two year old post. I don't really object to an additional category tag indicating something is only edible when properly prepared if y'all feel it is really worth it, but I don't think it's needed. In terms solely of wikipedia category tags, I think we should just add both  to all articles where both apply.  Many foods widely labeled simply as 'edible' can be toxic or deadly without proper preparation.  The procedure I have been following so far more or less is to tag a mushroom article as deadly if it is recorded as such in guide books or has caused at least one death or contains a known serious mycotoxin and to tag it as edible if there is any well-documented use of it as food. (I obviously haven't gone through but a fraction of the mushroom articles with this tagging logic yet.)  Anyway, thanks for the ridiculously quick reply given the age of this. Kevin (talk) 06:59, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Heh, yeah. Might be worth looking at as there are a few of us who are mushroom enthusiasts editing. Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:32, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * BTW, we do have Template:Mycomorphbox and we can discuss any parameter changes on the talk page. In fact, I pondered the same quesiont 4.5 years ago. Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:24, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

Metabolized or hydrolysed?
The article says on several occasions that gyromitrin is metabolized to monomethylhydrazine (MMH). I don't have a source handy but, looking at the chemistry of gyromitrin, a simple hydrolysis reaction would do the trick to release MMH, without any enzymic process such as is usually implied by "metabolized". Indeed, the "Preparation" section notes that MMH may evaporate off from the parboiling water, which is exactly what you would expect from a hydrolysis of gyromitrin. Can someone with access to the sources check to see what they say? Physchim62 (talk) 06:56, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yep you are right - it is indeed hydrolysis. My bad. Casliber (talk · contribs) 07:32, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyromitra esculenta


text: Category:History of the Papal States

title: Category:History of the Papal States


text:
Talk:Gospel Book

Removed sentence
I removed the sentence "It was produced for the Roman Catholic Church for masses." I feel that this was inaccurate or at least incomplete for several reasons. Many Gospel Books were produced by the Eastern church which can not be considered "Roman Catholic". Many of the more famous Gospel Books (Book of Kells, Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels) were produced by the Celtic Church which was most decidedly not Roman Catholic (see Synod of Whitby). Finally, although the most common use was reading during Mass, there were liturgucal readings from the Gospel that were not part of the Mass. Dsmdgold 23:14, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

Current use section
I have added a section on the current use of the Book of the Gospels in the Roman Catholic liturgy. If there is a similar use in Anglican or Orthodox services, please add this. Essjay (talk) 15:42, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This is all very good information. How are current Roman Catholic Gospel Books organized? Do they start at the begininning of Matthew and run through the end of John? Do they include additional introductions ot tables of readings? I am curious as to when the practice of using a seperate Gospel Book was revived by Roman Catholics. In the Middle ages, Gospel Books quit being produced in the Western Church in about the 12th century. (They were largely replaced by Pericopes, or Gospel lectionaries.)  Is this a post-Vatican II thing? As for Anglican practice, the churches I have been a member of either read from the Book of Common Prayer, or from a Bible. I am planning a fairly major expansion of the medieval section. (Although it might be a while before I get to it) When I do get to it, perhaps the two sections should be split into two articles, since one part will about liturgical use, and the other will be written from the Art historical stand-point Dsmdgold 17:00, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * They follow the same schedule as the Lectionary; they are meant to be a complement to the Lectionary, not a substitute. They typically also include the prayers said before and after reading the Gospel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Essjay (talk • contribs) 14:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Order of sections
Yes, this is the English Wikipedia. That doesn't justify the ordering insisted on here. Eastern Christianity indeed conducts its services in English where it exists in English-speaking countries and is not serving primarily an immigrant community. The Gospel Book on my own parish's altar is the KJV.

I suspect (although I do not know, since I'm not the one who made it this way) that the ordering was based on the relative importance of the Gospel Book in modern practice within each tradition. In Western Christianity it's only seen at the Mass and isn't required even then. In Eastern Christianity you would only do without it in extreme circumstances, and it occupies a central place both metaphorically and literally.

This is at least as valid a criterion for deciding on the order of the sections as which group has a numerically larger English-language presence. TCC (talk) (contribs) 22:43, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Not at all, I moved the Western section above the Eastern when the Eastern became several times longer. If you want to see the Eastern section and don't navigate from the contents box you only have to read a relatively brief piece; not so the other way round. The relevance of this being the English Wiki is that clearly a majority of readers will have a closer relationship, of whatever kind, with the Western tradition than with the Eastern. Various denominations from the Western traditions will use Russian or Greek etc Gospel books in their services locally, but I would not dream of suggesting that the Western tradition should come first in those Wikis. Johnbod 00:57, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Merge from Evangeliarium
I added a tag to this page recommending the info on the seperate article Evangeliarium me merged into this page. The title "Gospel Book" is probably less obscure than "Evangeliarum". Does anyone have any suggestions? MishaPan (talk) 22:35, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I would oppose this as the two book types are really separate things. The core of a Gospel Book starts at Matthew 1:1 and proceeds all the way through the four Gospels in order. An Evangeliarium contains the readings for the mass in the liturgical order, so that a reading from Matthew may be followed by a reading from John which is followed by one from Mark, which is then followed by one from Matthew, etc. The readings are relatively short sections that usually tell one event. The Gospel Book in the medieval period had quite a few traditional supplementary texts that are often not found in the Evangeliaria. The difference in the two book types could be made more clear in both articles. Dsmdgold (talk) 23:53, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. There is a case to rename Evangeliarium (latin) to Evangeliary (English), but these are quite different from Gospel books. One is a liturgical compilation, the other the full texts. I think I'll remove the tags now - I only just noticed this. Johnbod (talk) 23:14, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't believe this distinction can be maintained. Currently available products which describe themselves as "Book of the Gospels" are laid out liturgically, not continuously (see this example); GIRM (see §44) uses the two terms interchangeably; and even this article states (of Eastern usage) that "The Gospel Book contains the readings that are used at Matins, the Divine Liturgy, Molebens, and other services. Among the Greeks the Gospel Book is laid out in order of the cycle of readings as they occur in the ecclesiastical year …". The term "Evangeliary" is similarly ambiguous: the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church explicitly gives both definitions of the word. I am tagging both articles accordingly. Vilĉjo (talk) 15:01, 20 September 2011 (UTC)
 * There is some overlap, especially perhaps in modern usage, but there are two kinds of books, which are best not muddled together in one article. Both articles mostly concentrate on older examples, where the distinction is much clearer. Stuff should be added to both leads, and the Orthodox section probably belongs in "Evangeliary" - as the article points out, the Greek term is Εὐαγγέλιον, although older Greek examples were, as in the West, full text. I find it hard to believe that full-text Gospel-only volumes are not "currently available products", though clearly the full bible has been the norm since printing made them cheap. This for example.   Johnbod (talk) 15:23, 20 September 2011 (UTC)
 * As you say, there does historically (i.e. before the advent of mass-production printing) appear to have been a distinction. But I think it is quite misleading for either article to suggest that such a terminological distinction still obtains today (or indeed at any time in the past several decades, at the very least). While I am not (necessarily, or not yet) arguing for a merger of the articles, the statement of the distinction in the lead of both articles is wrong, other than purely historically. And no, I do not know of any currently-available books describing themselves as "Gospel Book" or "Book of [the] Gospels" which are laid out continuously – I'd be interested to learn of any examples! I obviously wasn't suggesting that you can't get a copy of the gospels by themselves (like the one you link to), but rather that no-one – publisher or reader – is likely to think of such a publication as a "Gospel Book" or "Book of the Gospels". The meaning of such a term, I would humbly submit, is pretty much settled, and specifically signifies a liturgical book. Besides the one I linked to (because you can see sample pages on-line), I know of three other such examples, as well as use of the term with that sense in liturgical reference books and books of ceremonial. Vilĉjo (talk) 16:11, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Gospel Book


text:
Talk:Christian Gobrecht

Two stub templates?
I'm not overly familiar with Wikipedia's stub system, but from what I know there shouldn't be two stub lines here; it makes it look strange. Am I correct in this? -- Ciaran H 23:15, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * When I create new articles, I like to put as many stub templates in as are relevant to get the page maximum exposure to stub-expander types. I haven't had anyone tell me this is wrong, per se, but I'm certainly open to suggestions. —chris.lawson (talk) 00:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. I'm not certain of the procedure myself, but if I was doing it, I would probably look for the most relevant stub template, then manually add the other category lines into the article. I'm not sure if this is kosher or not, though. --Ciaran H 00:34, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on how I know the stub policy, 2 are okay, but that's the limit (can't have 3). -- Wizardman 20:26, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Camera lucida
This article says that Gobrecht invented the camera lucida, but the linked article on the camera lucida attributes it to a man named Wollaston and does not mention Gobrecht.Bill (talk) 03:02, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christian Gobrecht


text:
John Robert Cozens

John Robert Cozens (1752 – 14 December 1797) was a British draftsman and painter of romantic watercolour landscapes.

Cozens executed watercolors in curious atmospheric effects and illusions which had an influence on Thomas Girtin and J. M. W. Turner. His poetic work included Alpine views and a sense of vastness. John Constable described Cozens as "the greatest genius that ever touched landscape."

In June 2010 Cozen's Lake Albano (c.1777) sold at auction, at Sotheby's in London, for £2.4 million, a record for any 18th-century British watercolour.

Biography
The son of the Russian-born drawing master and watercolourist Alexander Cozens, John Robert Cozens was born in London. He studied under his father and began to exhibit some early drawings with the Society of Artists in 1767. In 1776 he displayed the large oil painting, A Landscape with Hannibal in His March Over the Alps, Showing to His Army the Fertile Plains of Italy (now lost) at the Royal Academy in London. This painting was the only oil that Cozens exhibited at the Academy and was the inspiration for J. M. W. Turner's famous painting of 1812.

Between 1776 and 1779 he spent some time in Switzerland and Italy, where he drew Alpine and Italian views, and in 1779 he returned to London. In 1782 he made his second visit to Italy, accompanied by the author William Beckford, spending much time at Naples. In 1783 he returned to England. In 1789 he published a set of Delineations of the General Character ... of Forest Trees. He submitted his work to the Royal Academy but it was rejected, being judged as "not proper art".

At the age of 42, three years before he died, he suffered a nervous breakdown and was committed to the Bethlem Royal Hospital asylum. The asylum's chief physician, Dr. Thomas Monro recognised Cozens' talent and bought his painting collection. Cozens died in London.

Public collections

 * Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
 * Gallery Oldham

title: John Robert Cozens


text:
Alpha (finance)

Alpha is a measure of the active return on an investment, the performance of that investment compared with a suitable market index. An alpha of 1% means the investment's return on investment over a selected period of time was 1% better than the market during that same period; a negative alpha means the investment underperformed the market. Alpha, along with beta, is one of two key coefficients in the capital asset pricing model used in modern portfolio theory and is closely related to other important quantities such as standard deviation, R-squared and the Sharpe ratio.

In modern financial markets, where index funds are widely available for purchase, alpha is commonly used to judge the performance of mutual funds and similar investments. As these funds include various fees normally expressed in percent terms, the fund has to maintain an alpha greater than its fees in order to provide positive gains compared with an index fund. Historically, the vast majority of traditional funds have had negative alphas, which has led to a flight of capital to index funds and non-traditional hedge funds.

It is also possible to analyze a portfolio of investments and calculate a theoretical performance, most commonly using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Returns on that portfolio can be compared with the theoretical returns, in which case the measure is known as Jensen's alpha. This is useful for non-traditional or highly focused funds, where a single stock index might not be representative of the investment's holdings.

Definition in capital asset pricing model
The alpha coefficient ($$\alpha_i$$) is a parameter in the single-index model (SIM). It is the intercept of the security characteristic line (SCL), that is, the coefficient of the constant in a market model regression.
 * $$\mathrm{SCL} : R_{i,t} - R_{f} = \alpha_i + \beta_i\, ( R_{M,t} - R_{f} ) + \varepsilon_{i,t} $$

where the following inputs are:
 * $$R_i$$: the realized return (on the portfolio),
 * $$R_M$$: the market return,
 * $$R_f$$: the risk-free rate of return, and
 * $$\beta_{iM}$$: the beta of the portfolio.

It can be shown that in an efficient market, the expected value of the alpha coefficient is zero. Therefore, the alpha coefficient indicates how an investment has performed after accounting for the risk it involved:

 * $$\alpha_i < 0 $$: the investment has earned too little for its risk (or, was too risky for the return)
 * $$\alpha_i = 0 $$: the investment has earned a return adequate for the risk taken
 * $$\alpha_i > 0 $$: the investment has a return in excess of the reward for the assumed risk

For instance, although a return of 20% may appear good, the investment can still have a negative alpha if it's involved in an excessively risky position.

In this context, because returns are being compared with the theoretical return of CAPM and not to a market index, it would be more accurate to use the term of Jensen's alpha.

Origin of the concept
Efficient market hypothesis (EMH) states that share prices reflect all information, therefore stocks always trade at their fair value on exchanges. This would mean consistent alpha generation (i.e. better performance than the market) is impossible, and proponents of EMH posit that investors would benefit from investing in a low-cost, passive portfolio.

A belief in EMH spawned the creation of market capitalization weighted index funds, which seek to replicate the performance of investing in an entire market in the weights that each of the equity securities comprises in the overall market. The best examples for the US are the S&P 500 and the Wilshire 5000 which approximately represent the 500 most widely held equities and the largest 5000 securities respectively, accounting for approximately 80%+ and 99%+ of the total market capitalization of the US market as a whole.

In fact, to many investors, this phenomenon created a new standard of performance that must be matched: an investment manager should not only avoid losing money for the client and should make a certain amount of money, but in fact should make more money than the passive strategy of investing in everything equally (since this strategy appeared to be statistically more likely to be successful than the strategy of any one investment manager). The name for the additional return above the expected return of the beta adjusted return of the market is called "Alpha".

Relation to beta
Besides an investment manager simply making more money than a passive strategy, there is another issue: although the strategy of investing in every stock appeared to perform better than 75 percent of investment managers (see index fund), the price of the stock market as a whole fluctuates up and down, and could be on a downward decline for many years before returning to its previous price.

The passive strategy appeared to generate the market-beating return over periods of 10 years or more. This strategy may be risky for those who feel they might need to withdraw their money before a 10-year holding period, for example. Thus investment managers who employ a strategy that is less likely to lose money in a particular year are often chosen by those investors who feel that they might need to withdraw their money sooner.

Investors can use both alpha and beta to judge a manager's performance. If the manager has had a high alpha, but also a high beta, investors might not find that acceptable, because of the chance they might have to withdraw their money when the investment is doing poorly.

These concepts not only apply to investment managers, but to any kind of investment.

title: Alpha (finance)


text: User talk:4.27.182.107

title: User talk:4.27.182.107