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Talk:Excitotoxicity

Concern
This page appears to be part of a network of pages being edited to promote positions held in homeopathic and alternative medicine and contrary to the current scientific consensus. Specifically, it attempts to imply MSG is a toxic substance through pointed discussion of glutamate. These edits are possibly being made to push the views of Dr. Russell Blaylock specifically, however it may just be because these positions are quite prevalent in alternative medicine circles. This includes the pages on 2009 flu pandemic vaccine, Water_fluoridation_controversy, Dental amalgam controversy, and Aspartame. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.206.70.55 (talk • contribs) 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * No, excitotoxicity is a very real disorder and there exists a scientific consensus within the field of neuroscience as to it’s existence; it is a common form of neurotoxicity. Just because some homeopaths and alt. Med. practitioners pseudoscientifically claim their patients are suffering excitotoxicity because of X is in their body or missing from their body does not change this. As an example: Alt med people often misdiagnose people with candidiasis with bogus tests, but this does not mean there is no such thing as the medical condition called thrush caused by a Candida infection.-- Literaturegeek |  T@1k?  01:20, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

MSG
I don't know very much about this subject, so I apologize for any inaccuracies. I removed statements about the toxicity of MSG which lack mainstream scientific support, and which are adequately covered in that article. Molybdenumblue 14:12, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

'to lack mainstream scientific support" : why only circumstantial evidence is possible.

ADHD Not to eat E621 / msg is now also followed by adhd and add people everywhere at internetfora they are saying that if you (genetically) have adhd, you better not eat too much E621 but it is only statistically that people feel a bit better. You cannot see it live in action unfortunately. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.212.168.115 (talk) 12:00, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Agree. Just because most people don't suffer issues from excitotoxicity, doesn't mean it doesn't exist. Most people don't suffer e.g. gluten intolerance, but celiac and non-celiac gluten intolerance are recognised medical conditions, as is diabetes. In these cases, a normal food acts as a poison, and Wikipedia serves the public by explaining how. Why should it not do so here? I would suggest readers consider the possibility that the food industry recognises that it loses billions of dollars each year because people are afraid of MSG in food, and so it tends to promote information saying MSG is safe (which it may well be, up to a point) and stifle debate about whether it isn't. To avoid risk of committing the traitorous critic fallacy, I would ask we all stay in healthy debate. -- Mike Amy

The lack of scientific peer review and wide research here is a concern. This article seems to be dominated by the research of a single individual (Russell Blaylock) whose work on various topics such as aspartame and immunisation remains highly controversial, and whose own entry in Wikipedia reflects this. Glutamates occur naturally in a wide variety of foods. The claims in this article seem in direct contradiction to the main body of the Wikipedia articles on glutamate flavoring and glutamic acid and should not therefore be presented as undisputed fact. The article seems to breach Wikipedia's NPOV standard. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Walkerdage (talk • contribs) 04:48, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Dr Blaylock is like Dr Oz, a popularizer of medical and biochemical science. If you doubt what Blaylock says about MSG, read some of the citations in this article and in his book. A Google Scholar search on "glutamate excitotoxicity" yielded more than 26,000 hits. Excitotoxity is mainstream science. Greensburger (talk) 08:16, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

And there are over 21,000 hits for "aliens on mars" on Google scholar. That doesn't mean there's a scientific consensus that aliens exist on mars... 128.40.76.3 (talk) 18:57, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

Note that the amount of research on the highly popular topic of existence of life on the closest planet to Earth bears no significance whatsoever on the topic of human brain chemistry. Red herring fallacy. -- Mike Amy

Well, if Dr Blaylock is like Dr Oz then I suppose this article must be of high quality. 70.186.199.13 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 20:06, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

Note that any attacks on Dr. Blaylock are using the Argument Ad Hominem fallacy, attacking a person instead of the idea. Whether or not Dr. Blaylock is untrustworthy has increasingly diminished significance with each piece of work done by other researchers. If there are more than 20,000 pieces of work, then his overall impact approaches zero. Given the extensive research by other scientists, a stronger argument based on this fallacy would be that all English-speaking scientists told lies as children, and as most of the referenced research is in English, we shouldn't trust it. -- Mike Amy

Food Additives
I removed the material related to the possible role of some food additives as neurotoxins. First, because it was copied directly from an article in a copyrighted journal. Second, because this wikipedia article is about the specific neurobiological process of excitotoxicity, not about neurotoxins (not all the toxins mentioned in the journal article are believed to work via excitotoxicity). If the editor wishes to expand on this material I would suggest starting a new article on that topic. Nrets 15:29, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

I corrected the misleading statement regarding concentrations of aspartate in the blood in the "Excitotoxins in food additives" section. The original source cited was discussing bioequivalence of capsule versus solution ingestion of aspartame. It was not a study on the levels of aspartate in the blood after the consumption of aspartame, as was implied in the para. The same authors of that source (Stegink, et al) have several studies showing no significant effect of aspartame consumption on aspartate concentrations in the blood. Dutchroll (talk) 01:19, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Made more NPOV since there is a disagreement in the scientific community. One reference that discussed bioequivalence did have a study of people ingesting aspartame and showed a large aspartate spike. One reference showed only a small rise in aspartate. Balanced statement about Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) with statement about parts of brain unprotected by BBB -- an issue raised in scientific journal articles. Included reference to Science journal article on split opinion of neuroscientists on this issue. Twoggle (talk) 03:42, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

List of excitotoxins
I know the Aspartic Acid in aspartame is an excitotoxin. Shouldn't there be some sort of list of known excitotoxins on this page? Or is that on a different page? jess523s 00:43, 1 January 2006 (PST)

 * Maybe a cursory list would be appropriate, but the focus of the article should be on the process of excitotoxicity. In my opinion, for a comprehensive list of excitotoxins (and mechanisms of action) might be better suited for a separate article. Nrets 18:22, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * (18 years later) Yes, there should be some sort of list of known excitotoxins on this page. 76.190.213.189 (talk) 19:07, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Controversies?
I would find it helpful if someone familiar with the field could identify current controversies surrounding excitotoxicity (e.g., is the cause of Delayed Calcium Deregulation still controversial, or has that been figured out?). Can anyone list some of these controversies? Or help me figure out where I can find out? Thanks much, delldot | talk 21:19, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Source specificity
Should the source specificity controversy be addressed? It was sparked by papers in the early 90's by Tymianski et al. that showed that calcium influx through NMDARs, not calcium load itself, was what was harmful to the cell. Since then molecules linking nmdars to mediators of excitotoxicity such as nNOS have been found. I think it's interesting because it conflicts with the traditionally widely held belief that calcium load alone is what's harmful to the cell. But is this too obscure? Thanks, delldot | talk 20:00, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Major edit
I've just finished a large edit, converting refs to the current style, mostly. I hope this is ok with everyone. I don't expect anyone will have any problems with it, but if you do, let me know. delldot | talk 06:25, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Food additives
I'm a little concerned about the food aditive section. I think that this is a fairly marginal view. I don't believe that it is commonly accepted that excitotoxicity is involved in autism, though I admit I don't know. All of the stuff I find sketchy is from this one guy, Blaylock and his website DORway.com.

The argument that food additives such as MSG and aspartame are dangerous seems based around the idea that they can raise your blood plasma level of those amino acids in this article. But as I understand it, amino acids don't usually cross the blood brain barrier, so this doesn't produce a neurotoxic threat. These amino acids already exist in the bloodstream in much higher concentrations than the brain could handle; thus when the BBB is breached, e.g. in head trauma, this has been thought to be a possible contributing factor to the glutamate rise found in that condition. So anyway, I feel like this info might be misleading. I'd like to add content to the article about how amino acids don't cross the bbb and how increased blood plasma level of these amino acids is not necessarily harmful. I have some sources (e.g. Tsuchioka T, Fujiwara T, and Sunagawa M. Effects of glutamic acid and taurine on total parenteral nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2006 Sep;41(9):1566-1572. . Retrieved on January 31, 2007) and will find others. I just wanted to put a note here so I could work with the other folks who maybe originally put this info in or have the opposite POV. I'm going to go ahead and add the info in when I have it all, but if there's any problem we can discuss it here. I'd also like to discuss removing the category:food safety, since I think it's at best tangentially related, and it's controversial (since you can't qualify something's membership in a category the way you can in a list, it has to be obvious and noncontroversial). Let me know if you want to discuss this further. Thanks, delldot | talk 17:21, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The belief that excitotoxins can't cross the blood-brain barrier is the official position by the "scientific establishment" and the government regulatory agencies that have declared aspartame and msg safe. However, there are quite a lot of studies that are hard to explain without assuming BBB-leaks. Look at the references I mentioned in the section below for a more nuanced view. MaxPont 08:02, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

I have removed the following unsourced nonsense regarding soy protein excitotoxicity:

 * "Soy proteins are also increasingly suspected of being excitotoxins as more evidence makes clearer their effect on the body's hormones. This has been studied with rats. Soy lecithin is likely the worst of all the soy proteins."

First of all, I can find no reliable sources to back the claim that soy is excitotoxic, although Dr. Russell Blaylock seems to be leading the specious crusade against hydrolyzed soy protein isolate without letting that pesky fact get in his way! It's possible he mentions some sources to back his claims in his reports...but these extremist, self-published documents are only available to paying subscribers. Second, not even Dr. Blaylock claims that soy excitotoxicity would be related to hormonal alterations. Finally, soy lecithin is not a protein at all, but rather a collection of lipids, some of which actually exhibit neuroprotective effects (see Aabdallah DM, Eid NI. "Possible neuroprotective effects of lecithin and alpha-tocopherol alone or in combination against ischemia/reperfusion insult in rat brain." J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2004;18(5):273-8. ). I would be very interested to see any good evidence supporting the original claims, so by all means, let me know if some exists. St3vo (talk) 20:35, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

I have no personal position on the above topic, however I believe there are several misunderstandings in the points made in the main excitotoxin topic page and in the talk items above:

- The concerns about so-called "excitotoxins" is predominantly in regard to their impact on the hypothalamus, which is not behind the blood brain barrier. Dr. Blaylock is very clear about this in his argument. - I have not seen any claims that soy itself is excitotoxic, however my understanding is that the manufacturing process for protein isolates (whey being the primary example) create unbound glutamic acid and aspartic acid which are the primary offenders if one believes that these are toxic - The presence of glutamtes as part of the normal cellular signaling mechanism does not counter the argument that unnaturally high amounts of these in the bloodstream could be harmful, as is implied above.

The increasing popularity of Whey-based nutritional supplements means that many people are now consuming so-called excitotoxins in amounts much larger than those found in food additives. Hopefully someone who fully understands both sides of the argument and who can shed light on whether there is theoretical or demonstrated risk to proper hormone function can update the main page with specifics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vincentjr12 (talk • contribs) 03:35, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Why?
What evolutionary/physiological advantage would there be to have a neurotransmitter itself be a degenerative substance? It surely must be possible to have another neurotransmitter in its place (or deactivate the signal-trandsuction pathways which cause apoptosis). Correct me if I'm mistaken, but this makes no sense to me. - 2-16 15:10, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This academic article could add insight here. If anyone can access the article it would be helpful to integrate the findings in the WP article:

 * REVIEW ARTICLE The role of excitotoxicity in neurodegeneration
 * Folia Neuropathol 2005; 43 (4): 322-339
 * authors: Elżbieta Salińska, Wojciech Danysz, Jerzy W. Łazarewicz,

 * Abstract:
 * A body of evidence suggests that the mechanisms of excitotoxic neuronal damage evoked by excessive or prolonged activation of the excitatory amino acid receptors may be involved in pathogenesis of brain damage in acute insults and in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we briefly discuss several selected mechanisms of the excitotoxicity, focusing attention on the role of ionotropic glutamate receptors, calcium transients and calcium-mediated cell injury. In the second part of this paper we provide information on elements of excitotoxicity in brain diseases.
 * keywords: calcium, excitatory amino acid receptors, neurodegeneration, NO, oxidative stress   MaxPont 10:19, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Here is the article:  MaxPont 10:32, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Other references can be found from NIDAs Glutamate Cascade conference. A bit old but still useful.

Glutamate and the processes that lead to excitotoxicity are involved in a very important "learning" process, the "long term potentiation". Neurons respond to more input in a way that they become either more or less sensitive to incoming signals. By doing so the neural net is adjusted. That this process can also lead to cell death when it is disregulated due to pathological events has no evolutionary or physiological benefits. But in the healthy brain there should be no cells dying because of excitotoxicity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.59.65.31 (talk) 14:09, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Finding that could be integrated in the article
From Science Daily "Scientists Solve Structure of NMDA Receptor Unit That Could Be Drug Target for Neurological Diseases"   MaxPont (talk) 15:40, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Food additives
From the history, I note that this section has been controversial. And for good reason. The references are old, primary (or news), and represent, with few exceptions, the view of a single researcher whose methods and views have been challenged by others. The sentence about division amongst neuroscientists is particularly interesting, since the news article cited describes a meeting of a "Social Issues Committee"...excellent evidence that this issue is less about medicine than social concerns. I'm removing the section as a bit too fringe for this article. Should others deem a brief statement necessary, it will require support from sources acceptable for medical claims, i.e. reviews in reliable journals. Keepcalmandcarryon (talk) 21:35, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Link with spreading depression
The link with spreading depression, a chain reaction in the brain of potassium and glutamate release, is missing in the article. So is the role of extracellular potassium. I'll try and include it once I have the time. 2001:610:1908:C000:2C12:4A95:1844:BA52 (talk) 08:49, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

Normal Variation Is Not a Medical Problem.
Header sez it all. I arrive here in the course of researching a commercial supplement promotor named Dr. Blaylock. Excitotoxins make up a large part of his promotions. Most, but emphatically not all, of what the guy teaches is true -- but you don't need to pay for it: just read the Internet carefully. Some of what he says is dangerous: he confuses the dangerous metals lead and mercury with all chemicals of which they may be a part. What he says about flu vaccines is incorrect and dangerous to the public. I believe that it is only possible for a dishonest person to say the things that his spokesman says in promoting his for-pay supplement promotion pamphlet, portentously titled "The Blaylock Report." There is no doubt that at a sufficiently high dose everything, including water, is poisonous or otherwise harmful. What his spokesman says about aspertame(tm.) is unproven, if not aggressively dishonest and the result of hysterical promotion by ignorant cults. DavidLJ (talk) 08:00, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Very close to a certain paper
hello, this article is possibly based on this paper (Shaikh S, Dubey R, Joshi YM and Kadam VJ: Excitotoxicity and Cell Damage - A Review. In: Int J Pharm Sci Res 2013; 4(6); 2062-2066. ) or written by the same authors, cheers, --Ghilt (talk) 07:58, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

AMPA and NMDA are not endogenous neurotransmitters
The first sentence of this article states 'In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), or N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) become pathologically high resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors'...this reads as though AMPA and NMDA are 'necessary and safe neurotransmitters'. The mentioning of AMPA and NMDA should either be removed, or the sentence re-phrased. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mdx92129 (talk • contribs) 15:00, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

Food additives / monosodium glutamate
In an effort to make this article more properly encyclopedic, shouldn't it mention food additives (notably monosodium glutamate), if only briefly? The current version of this article doesn't mention either in the text of the article. That does a disservice to our readers and undermines our claim to treat subjects in an encyclopedic manner. 76.190.213.189 (talk) 19:09, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Excitotoxicity


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text: Talk:Matthew Dillon

title: Talk:Matthew Dillon


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User talk:KarlFrei/Old

Hi Rob- made change below; thanks for the heads-up. Shane Smith 20:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
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German federal election, 2006
The link to the German version of German federal election, 2006 was not a typo. Without the colon, you get the standard box on the right hand side ("in other languages"). -- The category was only an approximation. Stuff often gets sorted into the proper sub-categories by refining in several steps. Rl 08:51, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of Succession to the Dutch Throne
what if he says 'I do', and she walks away? we'll see ;-) gtz Aleichem 08:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

United States Senate elections, 2006
You made some edits after a revert to NPOV material. Now it's all wrapped up together. I will try to unravel it.Thesmothete 19:57, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe I have restored your latest round of edits. Please check it over to ensure it's how you left it. Thesmothete 19:57, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * All of your edits were fine. However, you happened to be editing at the same time as an anonymous user who was inserting Larry Sabato's (non-NPOV) views into the table. Therefore, to revert those OTHER changes, I had to revert some of yours as well, which I then went back and restored by hand. Thesmothete 14:57, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Senate elections article
Forgive me for characterizing your edits as blanking; I see you had a resonable explanation. I would suggest, however, that we disucuss the changes on the talk page. It is a major edit to the article, to be sure, and I believe other editors would like to comment. · j e r s y k o   talk  · 13:47, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

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Ministry of Health (Ontario)

The Ministry of Health is the Government of Ontario ministry responsible for administering the health care system in the Canadian province of Ontario.

The ministry is responsible to the Ontario Legislature through the minister of health, presently Sylvia Jones since June 24, 2022.

Services and programs

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The ministry also regulates hospitals, operates some medical laboratories and regulates others, and co-ordinates emergency medical services for the province.

The ministry once operated ambulance services outside of major cities in Ontario, but the services were downloaded to municipalities around 1998.

History
In the early years of Canadian Confederation, health was still considered primarily a municipal rather than provincial matter. The Public Health Act of 1873 permitted the Lieutenant Governor to establish, by proclamation, a temporary "Central Board of Health" to deal with disease if it reached epidemic proportions. However, no proclamations were ever made, and a Central Board was never established.

The Provincial Board of Health was established on March 10, 1882, and it was charged with overseeing the many local health boards. It also assumed the responsibility of dealing with an epidemic, if one should arise. The board reported to the Lieutenant Governor (1882-1903), to the Provincial Secretary (1904-1918), then to the Department of Labour (1919-1924).

In 1924, the Provincial Board of Health was replaced by the Department of Health. In 1930, the department accepted from the Department of the Provincial Secretary the responsibilities for administering Ontario's psychiatric hospitals and inspecting the province's public and private hospitals. Also in 1930, the Department of Hospitals was established under the direction of the first Minister of Health; that department became a division of the Department of Health in 1934. In 1952, cancer research and the operation of cancer clinics was added to the department's responsibilities. Insured hospital services and insured physicians' services, introduced in 1959 and 1966 respectively, were combined under the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) in 1972. The department also had responsibility over areas that are no longer associated with health, such as water and sewage functions (prior to 1957), mental retardation facilities and children's services (transferred to the Ministry of Community and Social Services in 1974), and occupational health (transferred to the Ministry of Labour in 1976).

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Wolseley 15/60

The Wolseley 15/60 is an automobile which was produced from 1958 to 1961, and then, as the Wolseley 16/60, from 1961 to 1971. The 15/60 was the first of the mid-sized Pinin Farina-styled automobiles manufactured by the British Motor Corporation (BMC). Launched in December 1958 as part of BMC's Wolseley brand, the design would eventually be shared with seven other marques. All of the cars were updated in 1961 with a larger engine and new model designations. The Wolseley 16/60 was the last, in production until 24 April 1971.

Note that there were two other Farina-styled car lines launched by BMC at the same time — the compact Austin A40 Farina and large Wolseley 6/99/Austin A99 Westminster and derivatives.

Wolseley 15/60
The first generation of the mid-sized unitary construction Farinas was introduced with the Wolseley 15/60. Within months, the similar Riley 4/68, Austin A55 Cambridge Mark II, MG Magnette Mark III, and Morris Oxford V appeared as well. With its leather seats and polished wooden dashboard the Wolseley was positioned as the up-market non-sporting version in the range.

All five cars used the 1.5 L (1489 cc) B-Series inline-four engine, though different tuning gave varying power output. The Wolseley, together with the Austin Cambridge and the Morris Oxford, was at the bottom and with its single SU carburettor gave just 52 hp. The front suspension was independent using coil springs with a live axle and semi elliptic leaf springs at the rear. The brakes were by Girling, hydraulically operated, with 9 in. (229 mm) drums. A cam and peg steering system was used.

The upholstery was in leather and had individual front seats that were set closely together to allow a central passenger to be carried allowing the car to be advertised as seating six although there was a floor mounted gear lever. The handbrake was between the driver's seat and the door. The rear seat had a folding central armrest. Wood veneer was used on the fascia and door cappings. A Smiths heater was fitted as standard. Either single or, as an option, two colour paint was used.

The Wolseley version was particularly easy to identify on the roads after dark thanks to the small illuminated badge on its grille, a feature shared with other Wolseleys of the period.

Later, the Farina design was licensed in Argentina and produced as the Di Tella 1500, Traveller, and Argenta.

A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1959 had a top speed of 76.6 mph and could accelerate from 0-60 mph in 25.6 seconds. A fuel consumption of 31.0 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £991 including taxes of £331.

Wolseley 16/60
The 15/60 was replaced by the Wolseley 16/60 in September 1961. For some buyers, the most important change was the availability of Borg Warner 35 automatic transmission. Buyers choosing the four-speed manual transmission version may have been disappointed to find that the 1961 16/60 still came without synchromesh on first gear. By this time all-synchromesh gear-boxes were the norm for most competitor vehicles in the UK.

Viewed from the outside, the Wolseley 16/60 was differentiated from the 15/60 by the overriders on the bumpers which protruded more than on the earlier car: the plastic mouldings on the rear lights were also modified along with the rear fins, now much reduced in their sharpness.

The 1600 cc Farina models mostly remained in production through to 1968. However, with no rear wheel drive Wolseley-badged replacement produced, the Wolseley 16/60 model continued to be offered for sale until early 1971.

The 16/60 models generally used the 1.6 L (1622 cc) B-Series engine. Again, the Wolseley tailed the pack at 61 hp.

title: Wolseley 15/60


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Western Mail (Wales)

The Western Mail is a daily newspaper published by Media Wales Ltd in Cardiff, Wales owned by the UK's largest newspaper company, Reach plc. The Sunday edition of the newspaper is published under the title Wales on Sunday.

It describes itself as "the national newspaper of Wales" (originally "the national newspaper of Wales and Monmouthshire"), although it has a very limited circulation in north Wales. The paper was published in broadsheet format until 2004, when it became a compact. It has an average circulation of 6,119 in 2022.

History
The Western Mail was founded in Cardiff in 1869 by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute as a Conservative penny daily paper designed to promote the Marquess' political aspirations. Henry Lascelles Carr (1841–1902), editor since 1869, bought the paper with Daniel Owen in 1877. Under Carr, and later William Davies, the paper became influential in Wales. Historically in South Wales the Western Mail has always been associated with its original owners, the coal and iron industrialists. Often this led to the paper being regarded with a considerable degree of enmity, especially during the strikes in the coal industry of the 20th century. This association between newspaper and its owner was so strong there is still a degree of distrust of the paper in South Wales.

In contrast, and particularly following devolution, the newspaper has adopted a populist, localist, pro-Wales stance, mainly in trying to find a Welsh focus on major news stories. The newspaper has also stressed the community issues such as the closure of Welsh schools. The newspaper devotes a great deal of its coverage to Welsh rugby.

In the mid 50s, journalist David Cole (1928–2003) became editor at the age of only 27, the youngest editor of a UK daily newspaper at the time. He was later awarded a CBE for services to journalism and became chairman of Western Mail and Echo Ltd.

In the 1950s, Donald Woods, who later participated in the South African anti-apartheid movement and who publicised the events surrounding the secret death of activist Steve Biko, was employed as a reporter.

title: Western Mail (Wales)


text: User talk:70.22.169.6

title: User talk:70.22.169.6


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User talk:John Gn

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Box art for Seastalker. Source: http://gallery.guetech.org, used with permission.

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Objection

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Thornton, Lancashire

Thornton is a village in the Borough of Wyre, about 4 mi north of Blackpool and 2 mi south of Fleetwood. The civil parish of Thornton became an urban district in 1900, and was renamed Thornton-Cleveleys in 1927. In 2011 the Thornton built-up area sub division had a population of 18,941.

History
Thornton is first mentioned in 1086 in the Domesday Book, where it was referred to as Torentum (a name preserved by Torentum Court on Lawsons Road). At the time it covered a large area including what are now Cleveleys and Fleetwood, and had a very low population density. It is thought that a settlement had existed at the site since the Iron Age, and a Roman road passes close to the village. The area remained lightly populated until 1799, when the marshland around the village was drained and agricultural production began on a large scale.

Marsh Mill, a large well-preserved windmill, built in 1794, is a prominent landmark. It was commissioned by Bold Hesketh, uncle of Peter Hesketh (later Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood), who would go on to play a prominent role in the expansion of Fleetwood. Tragedy struck in May 1930, when a Miss Alice Baldwin and a Mrs Mary Jane Bailey visited the windmill with an interest in purchasing it. However, when both women stepped onto the fantail platform, the platform collapsed and the women fell to their deaths.

A railway station was opened in Thornton in 1865. The opening of salt works at nearby Burn Naze by the United Alkali Company in the early 1890s (later becoming ICI, with ICI Hillhouse being formed) led to significant expansion of the village, with new houses and community buildings constructed. Thornton became an Urban District Council in 1900, surviving until 1974 when it became part of the Wyre Borough Council.

A notable early building, The Illawalla, stood in Skippool between 1902 and 1996.

In 2015, the complete skeleton of a pre-historic wolf, nicknamed the Thornton Wolf, was discovered in the back garden of a home in the village.

Rail
Thornton–Cleveleys railway station was formerly the principal intermediate stop on the Fleetwood branch of the LMS/British Rail London Midland Region railway, running from Poulton-le-Fylde, but it has been years since the station was used, and with the recent fencing-over of the level crossing in Station Road/Victoria Road East in order to prevent youths from congregating on the tracks, the glory days of Thornton are long since gone. However, a decision by an action group based in Poulton means they will finance a feasibility study into bringing the railway back to Thornton and Fleetwood.

Bus
Thornton Centre's stops 1 and 2 are served by five bus routes:

 * Blackpool Transport routes 74 and 75, which originate at Albert Square in Fleetwood and terminate at Preston bus station
 * Transpora routes 24 and 660. The 24 originates in Fleetwood and terminates in Poulton-le-Fylde, while the weekday-only 660 originates in Cleveleys and terminates at Hodgson Academy in Poulton. The outbound journey arrives at Thornton Centre at 8.08 AM and the inbound return arrives at 3.07 PM
 * Archway Travel route 525, which also runs only on weekdays, originates at Rossall Point in Fleetwood and terminates at Saint Aidan's Church of England High School in Preesall. The outbound journey departs Fleetwood at 7.20 AM and the inbound return departs at 3.10 PM

Amenities
Thornton's village shopping precinct opened in 1978. It was replaced by a Co-op in the early 21st century.

Thornton contains a number of schools, including Baines Endowed Primary School, Thornton Primary School, Stanah Primary School, Royles Brook Primary School, and Millfield Science & Performing Arts College in addition to a small public library.

title: Thornton, Lancashire


text:
Rubén Giustiniani

Rubén Héctor Giustiniani (born November 3, 1955, in Rosario) is an Argentine politician from the Socialist Party (PS), who was National Senator representing Santa Fe Province from 2003 to 2015. An engineer by occupation, he also served as president of the Socialist Party.

Giustiniani was a National Deputy from 1997 to 2003, when he was elected senator for the minority. He was the first Socialist to become a member of the upper house of Congress since Alfredo Palacios (in 1960). In 2007, he was a candidate for the vice-presidency of Argentina, accompanying Elisa Carrió, in the general election held on 28 October 2007, in which he and Carrió gained second place.

title: Rubén Giustiniani


text: User talk:204.52.158.27

title: User talk:204.52.158.27


text: Category:Yugoslav poets

title: Category:Yugoslav poets


text:
File:Funiclular lift up Fløyen, ne Bergen.jpg

Fløyen

photo by Nina Aldin Thune Nina

no:Bilde:Fløyen.jpg


text:
Wolseley 24/80

The Wolseley 24/80 is an automobile produced by British Motor Corporation (Australia) from May 1962 to October 1965, based on the British four-cylinder Wolseley 15/60 model.

It was externally identical to the Wolseley 15/60. The car was also an up-market version of the contemporary Austin Freeway, employing different frontal and rear styling in order to maximise the perceived differences between the two cars and therefore, it was hoped, attract additional buyers away from the General Motors-Holden competition. This reflected BMC's policy of badge engineering in the 1950s and 1960s.

Specifications

 * Power was by a six-cylinder version of the 1622 cc B-series engine, known as the "Blue Streak" straight-six engine with a capacity of 2433 cc and developing 80 bhp at 4,350 rpm.
 * A three-speed manual gearbox was installed, adapted from the Nash Metropolitan, with synchromesh on the upper two ratios and a steering column gear change. The 15/60 had a four speed manual gearbox with a floor-change.
 * Later, a Borg Warner 35 three-speed automatic transmission was offered as an option.
 * The rear axle ratio was raised from 4.55 to 1 in the 15/60 to 3.91 to 1 in the 24/80.
 * To accommodate the longer engine, the radiator was moved forward to a position in front of the bonnet-locking bar. In the 15/60, it was behind the bonnet-locking bar.
 * Compared to the 15/60 the wheelbase was 1" longer, and the track was increased 2" in the front and 1.5" in the rear.
 * With the exception of the steering column gear change, the interior was the same as in the 15/60.

Wolseley 24/80 Mark II
The Mark II model was released in July 1964 with identical styling to the British Wolseley 16/60. Updates to the 24/80 Mark I specification were:
 * Power was increased from 80 bhp at 4,350 rpm to 85 bhp at 4,400 rpm.
 * A vacuum operated PBR power brake servo was fitted.
 * Many minor mechanical improvements were adopted.
 * The rear fins were lower compared to the by now dated Mark I rear fins.
 * The interior trim was now in soft expanded vinyl rather than the leather used in the original model.

End of production
Production of the Mark II was discontinued in October 1965, although unsold stocks lasted until late 1966. The 24/80 Mark II became the last Wolseley model to be assembled in Australia. The factory changed over to production of the Austin 1800.

The last Wolseleys to be exhibited at the Melbourne Motor Show were two 24/80 Mark IIs along with a fully imported Wolseley 6/110 in February 1966. No Wolseleys were exhibited the following year. The Wolseley 6/110 was the last Wolseley to be sold new in Australia. The last being first registered in 1968.

title: Wolseley 24/80


text:
Talk:Organum

Music sample
The musical sample, "Resonemus hoc natali," is not drawn from the Magnus liber, but belongs to an earlier repertory associated with St. Martial de Limoges. We need to fix this. I believe the same CD has an organum duplum attr. to Leonin ("Propter veritatem") which would be perfectly appropriate. Epn10 (talk) 17:44, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

content discussion: Melismatic organum, organum purum, Apel & Waite having transcribed 'entire' MLO
IMO, the definitions given, the supposed differences etc. given on melism.org. and org.purum are not yet clear enough. As for transcriptions entire: there is an ongoing project at L'Oiseau Lyre Monaco, otherwise no integral transcription exist. Waite focused on dupla by Leonin and did a partial transcription. I will take to my books and come back later on this. Martinuddin (talk) 22:55, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

I agree. Too much of this article is a long way from NPOV - especially the discussions on rhythm. To say "In monophonic song, be it chant or a conductus simplex by Perotin, there is no need to vary from the classical standards for declamation that were a rooted tradition at the time, going back to St. Augustine, De Musica. It has been firmly established by extensive research in chant traditions (Gregorian Semiology) that there is a fluency and varyancy in the rhythm of declamatory speech that should also govern chant performance. These principles extend to the not strictly modal sections or compositions, as a contrasting quality with musica mensurabilis." without any references is simply indefensible. It would be equally defensible to say, "In monophonic song, be it vers or a conductus simplex by Perotin, the tradition had changed so much over the preceding centuries from the mensural rigidity of the fourth and fifth centuries to the syllabic rigidity of neumed chant in the tenth, that the most that can be said confidently is that the variance in the rhythm of declamatory speech should not influence performance. It must be understood that monophonic organum is not chant, and is not in the chant tradition. These principles extend to the not strictly modal sections or compositions; there is no contrast with other forms of musica mensurabilis."

Neither is NPOV; but at least my version has references, and is compatible with the sources quoted. I do not see how the text as it stands is compatible with Augustine's description of rigidly mensural longs and breves, the longs exactly twice the length of a breve. The whole concept of monophonic sections in Leonin is open anyway, since we know that secunda and even tertia were improvised as a matter of course against 'monophonic' chant melodies.

OldTownAdge (talk) 00:08, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

3rd meaning
There's yet a third meaning of organum, see Organum Mathematicum at the Institute and Museum of the History of Science site.

I guess if we ever get an article on this, we'll also need to create an organum (disambiguation) page, but I don't think it's necessary when we only have two articles to list. Andrewa 14:26, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

pronunciation
I noticed an anon today (apparently from the UK) changed the pronunciation to put the stress on the second syllable. I've never heard it this way: always the stress is on the first. Is this possibly a US English/British English difference? Since "organum" isn't exactly an everyday word (except in fields like mine) it may not be something many people pay attention to. I'm putting in that the word may be pronounced either way. Antandrus (talk) 6 July 2005 20:36 (UTC)

Yes - it's a British Isles / European English pronunciation. SleepyHead 18 April 2006 16:38 (GMT)

Is it? I don't think so. I've never heard it pronounced orGANum except by a American. All the Brits here in the UK that I know say ORganum. OldTownAdge (talk) 23:49, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

style vs. genre
is organum a style or a genre? Jackzhp 12:49, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

"genre" isn't really an appropriate term for music that early. It's a style distinct from discant and conductus. Chubbles 17:12, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Just a question
Would this be the equivalent of ison in Eastern Christian Chant? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.234.171.2 (talk) 22:29, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Drone
How was it possible to write an article about this subject without mentioning the term "drone"? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 07:50, 21 June 2021 (UTC)
 * drone (music) is already linked in the 2nd sentence: "a supporting bass line (or bourdon)". A little better might be "a supporting bass line (or bourdon or drone". The target article though is pretty underdeveloped.  Sparafucil (talk) 19:29, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Organum


text:
Ministry of Finance (Ontario)

The Ministry of Finance is a ministry of the Government of Ontario responsible for managing the province's fiscal policy, developing the provincial budget, and financial sector regulation. The minister of finance – called the treasurer before 1993 – leads the ministry and is responsible to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

History
For most of the period from 1867 until 1993, the minister was called the treasurer or provincial treasurer.

The ministry were renamed the Ministry of Economics in 1956 and the minister became known as Minister in charge of Economics instead of treasurer. From January to December 1961, the ministry became the Ministry of Economics and Federal and Provincial Relations. The title of treasurer was revived in December 1961 with the minister also often holding the secondary title of minister of economics or some variation after 1968. Frank Miller had the sole title of minister of economics from 1978 until 1981 when he was given the additional title of treasurer. At various times in the 1960s and 1970s the minister also held the titles of chairman of the management board of cabinet, chairman of the treasury board and/or minister of revenue. This practice was revived in recent years with Greg Sorbara acting as finance minister and chair of both the management board and the treasury board. It has ended as there is now a different person holding the position of chair of the management and treasury board.

In 1993, the positions of treasurer and minister of economics were formally combined and renamed the minister of finance.

In early 2007, Premier Dalton McGuinty split the province's revenue collection function from the Ministry of Finance and resurrected the Ministry of Revenue, a portfolio that had not been used since the Ontario New Democratic Party government of Bob Rae in 1993. Following the 2011 Ontario general election, the Ministry of Revenue was merged back into the Ministry of Finance.

title: Ministry of Finance (Ontario)


text:
Steinberg group

In mathematics, Steinberg group means either of two distinct, though related, constructions of the mathematician Robert Steinberg:

 * Steinberg group (K-theory) St(A) in algebraic K-theory.
 * Steinberg group (Lie theory) is a 'twisted' group of Lie type, in particular one of the groups of type 3D4 or 2E6.

title: Steinberg group


text:
Talk:Kollam

Education
Information under Engineering Colleges, Medical Colleges and Arts and Science colleges are irrelevant, These colleges are not a part of kollam town, They are part of kollam district. While editing please dont loss sight of the fact that you are editing kollam town page.

Why wiki still not opening the page or Not updating correct data ?
Kollam City is 4 th largest City in Kerala. India cities are classified by population thats why in another page wiki updated correctly this. Here someone mistakenly or intentionally written Kollam as 5 th and now wiki supporting this, thats very bad. It questions integrity of Wikipedia. Kollam is 4 th largest municipal Corporation in Kerala and second most density corporation in Kerala. Its in second position in per capita income as well. Government websites https://kollamcity.keralapolice.gov.in/kollam-city-police/history/kollam-city-police-history https://lsgkerala.gov.in/lbinfo/# https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/8881002/20 https://www.republicworld.com/amp/lifestyle/travel/best-homestays-in-kollam-city-to-have-a-memorable-trip-to-kerala.html https://dbpedia.org/page/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation https://bigbangpokemon.com/animals/which-is-the-biggest-city-in-kerala.html https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation http://cyberjournalist.org.in/towns.html https://www.mapsofindia.com/kollam/ https://keralatourism.travel/destinations/kollam https://travel2karnataka.com/kollam.htm https://www.oyorooms.com/hotels-in-kollam/ http://www.muraharatravels.co.in/routes-directory/kollam-to-bangalore https://traveltriangle.com/blog/things-to-do-in-kollam/ 117.230.29.119 (talk) 16:01, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Please use the correct format for opening edit requests and refrain from repeatedly making the same request during a short timespan. Aaron Liu (talk) 07:26, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

Kollam is a real city, not mythical Palombe
Palombe, an imaginary city from early modern European myth, redirects here, and it should not. This article claims without evidence that Palombe was identified with Kollam. Maybe it was, but if so, it was also identified with other places, including an island in the Bahamas. It is presumptuous to claim that Kollam is the only place on earth ever to be identified with Palombe. — ℜ ob C. alias ALAROB 16:26, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kollam


text:
Ree group

In mathematics, a Ree group is a group of Lie type over a finite field constructed by from an exceptional automorphism of a Dynkin diagram that reverses the direction of the multiple bonds, generalizing the Suzuki groups found by Suzuki using a different method. They were the last of the infinite families of finite simple groups to be discovered.

Unlike the Steinberg groups, the Ree groups are not given by the points of a connected reductive algebraic group defined over a finite field; in other words, there is no "Ree algebraic group" related to the Ree groups in the same way that (say) unitary groups are related to Steinberg groups. However, there are some exotic pseudo-reductive algebraic groups over non-perfect fields whose construction is related to the construction of Ree groups, as they use the same exotic automorphisms of Dynkin diagrams that change root lengths.

defined Ree groups over infinite fields of characteristics 2 and 3. and introduced Ree groups of infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebras.

Construction
If $X$ is a Dynkin diagram, Chevalley constructed split algebraic groups corresponding to $X$, in particular giving groups $X(F)$ with values in a field $F$. These groups have the following automorphisms:
 * Any endomorphism $σ$ of the field $F$ induces an endomorphism $α_{σ}$ of the group $X(F)$
 * Any automorphism $π$ of the Dynkin diagram induces an automorphism $α_{π}$ of the group $X(F)$.

The Steinberg and Chevalley groups can be constructed as fixed points of an endomorphism of X(F) for $F$ the algebraic closure of a field. For the Chevalley groups, the automorphism is the Frobenius endomorphism of $F$, while for the Steinberg groups the automorphism is the Frobenius endomorphism times an automorphism of the Dynkin diagram.

Over fields of characteristic 2 the groups $B_{2}(F)$ and $F_{4}(F)$ and over fields of characteristic 3 the groups $G_{2}(F)$ have an endomorphism whose square is the endomorphism $α_{φ}$ associated to the Frobenius endomorphism $φ$ of the field $F$. Roughly speaking, this endomorphism $α_{π}$ comes from the order 2 automorphism of the Dynkin diagram where one ignores the lengths of the roots.

Suppose that the field $F$ has an endomorphism $σ$ whose square is the Frobenius endomorphism: $σ^{2} = φ$. Then the Ree group is defined to be the group of elements $g$ of $X(F)$ such that $α_{π}(g) = α_{σ}(g)$. If the field $F$ is perfect then $α_{π}$ and $α_{φ}$ are automorphisms, and the Ree group is the group of fixed points of the involution $α_{φ}/α_{π}$ of $X(F)$.

In the case when $F$ is a finite field of order $p^{k}$ (with p = 2 or 3) there is an endomorphism with square the Frobenius exactly when k = 2n + 1 is odd, in which case it is unique. So this gives the finite Ree groups as subgroups of B2(22n+1), F4(22n+1), and G2(32n+1) fixed by an involution.

Chevalley groups, Steinberg group, and Ree groups
The relation between Chevalley groups, Steinberg group, and Ree groups is roughly as follows. Given a Dynkin diagram X, Chevalley constructed a group scheme over the integers $Z$ whose values over finite fields are the Chevalley groups. In general one can take the fixed points of an endomorphism $α$ of $X(\overline{F})$ where $\overline{F}$ is the algebraic closure of a finite field, such that some power of $α$ is some power of the Frobenius endomorphism φ. The three cases are as follows:
 * For Chevalley groups, $α = φ^{n}$ for some positive integer n. In this case the group of fixed points is also the group of points of X defined over a finite field.
 * For Steinberg groups, $α^{m} = φ^{n}$ for some positive integers m, n with m dividing n and m > 1. In this case the group of fixed points is also the group of points of a twisted (quasisplit) form of X defined over a finite field.
 * For Ree groups, $α^{m} = φ^{n}$ for some positive integers m, n with m not dividing n. In practice m=2 and n is odd. Ree groups are not given as the points of some connected algebraic group with values in a field. they are the fixed points of an order m=2 automorphism of a group defined over a field of order $p^{n}$ with n odd, and there is no corresponding field of order pn/2 (although some authors like to pretend there is in their notation for the groups).

Ree groups of type 2B2
The Ree groups of type 2B2 were first found by using a different method, and are usually called Suzuki groups. Ree noticed that they could be constructed from the groups of type B2 using a variation of the construction of. Ree realized that a similar construction could be applied to the Dynkin diagrams F4 and G2, leading to two new families of finite simple groups.

Ree groups of type 2G2
The Ree groups of type 2G2(32n+1) were introduced by, who showed that they are all simple except for the first one 2G2(3), which is isomorphic to the automorphism group of $SL_{2}(8)$. gave a simplified construction of the Ree groups, as the automorphisms of a 7-dimensional vector space over the field with 32n+1 elements preserving a bilinear form, a trilinear form, and a product satisfying a twisted linearity law.

The Ree group has order $q^{3}(q^{3} + 1)(q − 1)$ where q = 32n+1

The Schur multiplier is trivial for n ≥ 1 and for 2G2(3)′.

The outer automorphism group is cyclic of order 2n + 1.

The Ree group is also occasionally denoted by Ree(q), R(q), or E2*(q)

The Ree group 2G2(q) has a doubly transitive permutation representation on $q^{3} + 1$ points, and more precisely acts as automorphisms of an S(2, q+1, q3+1) Steiner system. It also acts on a 7-dimensional vector space over the field with q elements as it is a subgroup of G2(q).

The 2-sylow subgroups of the Ree groups are elementary abelian of order 8. Walter's theorem shows that the only other non-abelian finite simple groups with abelian Sylow 2-subgroups are the projective special linear groups in dimension 2 and the Janko group J1. These groups also played a role in the discovery of the first modern sporadic group. They have involution centralizers of the form $Z/2Z × PSL_{2}(q)$, and by investigating groups with an involution centralizer of the similar form $Z/2Z × PSL_{2}(5)$ Janko found the sporadic group J1. determined their maximal subgroups.

The Ree groups of type 2G2 are exceptionally hard to characterize. studied this problem, and was able to show that the structure of such a group is determined by a certain automorphism $σ$ of a finite field of characteristic 3, and that if the square of this automorphism is the Frobenius automorphism then the group is the Ree group. He also gave some complicated conditions satisfied by the automorphism $σ$. Finally used elimination theory to show  that Thompson's conditions implied that $σ^{2} = 3$ in all but 178 small cases, that were eliminated using a computer by Odlyzko and Hunt. Bombieri found out about this problem after reading an article about the classification by, who suggested that someone from outside group theory might be able to help solving it. gave a unified account of the solution of this problem by Thompson and Bombieri.

Ree groups of type 2F4
The Ree groups of type $^{2}F_{4}(2^{2n+1})$ were introduced by. They are simple except for the first one $^{2}F_{4}(2)$, which showed has a simple subgroup of index 2, now known as the Tits group. gave a simplified construction of the Ree groups as the symmetries of a 26-dimensional space over the field of order 22n+1 preserving a quadratic form, a cubic form, and a partial multiplication.

The Ree group $^{2}F_{4}(2^{2n+1})$ has order q12(q6 + 1) (q4 − 1) (q3 + 1) (q − 1) where q = 22n+1. The Schur multiplier is trivial. The outer automorphism group is cyclic of order 2n + 1.

These Ree groups have the unusual property that the Coxeter group of their BN pair is not crystallographic: it is the dihedral group of order 16. showed that all Moufang octagons come from Ree groups of type $^{2}F_{4}$.

title: Ree group


text:
Encaenia

Encaenia is an academic or sometimes ecclesiastical ceremony, usually performed at colleges or universities. It generally occurs some time near the annual ceremony for the general conferral of degrees to students. The word is from Latin, meaning dedication or consecration, and is ultimately derived from the Ancient Greek ἐγκαίνια (enkainia), meaning a festival of renewal or dedication, and corresponds to the English term commencement.

The term was originally used to indicate the eight days of celebration for the dedication of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which celebration covered also to the discovering of the True Cross by Empress Helena in 326. Because the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was consecrated on September 13, 335, the Encaenia started on September 13, while the cross itself was brought outside the church on September 14 so that the clergy and faithful could pray before the True Cross (Feast of the Cross).

United Kingdom
At certain universities, Encaenia is an annual ceremony typically involving the presentation of honorary degrees to distinguished alumni and to distinguished personages from the worlds of arts and sciences. In most British universities, it corresponds to part of Graduation.

The most famous Encaenia is the ceremony at the University of Oxford, which usually takes place on the Wednesday of the ninth week of Trinity Term (i.e. a Wednesday in the latter part of June). Preceding the ceremony is a procession of some of the participants to the Sheldonian Theatre, inside which the main event takes place. Those who take part in the procession are the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, and Pro-Vice-Chancellors, the Heads of Houses (i.e. the university's colleges, societies, and halls), the four Heads of Division (i.e. the divisions of Humanities; Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences; Medical Sciences; and Social Sciences), holders of Higher Doctorates (i.e. those in Divinity, Civil Law, Medicine, Letters, Science, and Music), the Proctors, the Assessor, the Public Orator, the Professor of Poetry, and the Registrar, together with the outgoing President of the Oxford University Student Union, and the Presidents of the Junior and Middle Common Rooms of the colleges to which the Proctors and the Assessor belong.

Oxford's Encaenia is depicted in the film Shadowlands, the Morse episode "Twilight of the Gods", and Jeffrey Archer's novel Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less.

United States
At some institutions, encaenia is the evening shortly before commencement on which the college honors the graduating class with awards and prizes following a procession of candidates and faculty in academic regalia, often joined by trustees and administrators. In the case of Fordham University, the graduates in turn bid farewell in the persons of the class valedictorian and, in a humorous yet loving way, the honorary "Lord" or "Lady of the Manor".

title: Encaenia


text:
Half-time

In several team sports, matches are played in two halves. Half-time (also written halftime or half time) is the name given to the interval between the two halves of the match. Typically, after half-time, teams swap ends of the field of play in order to reduce any advantage that may be gained from wind or a slope to the playing surface, for example.

While it exists mainly to allow competitors to rest briefly and recover from the play of the first half, half-time also serves a number of other purposes. It also serves as an intermission for spectators, and, especially in North America, often features entertainment, such as cheerleading performances, tifos, performances by school marching bands (particularly in high school and collegiate sports in North America), or concerts featuring popular music acts (particularly in major events such as the Super Bowl). On games that are broadcast on television and radio, it also provides broadcasters with an opportunity to give a recap of the first half of the game, air highlights of other games in progress, air commercials and other advertisements, provide analysis on the game, or air game-related festivities (such as an aforementioned half-time performance).

History
The origin of changing ends at half-time lies in the early English public school football games. One early use of a fixed half-time (as suggested by Adrian Harvey in his book, Football, The First Hundred Years: The Untold Story) is that the origin of the practice was to allow for two football teams each used to a different set of rules to play half of the game by familiar rules, and half by the opposition rules. This was practised notably between followers of Eton-rules football (closer to modern association football) and Rugby-rules football (closer to modern rugby Rugby union). This particular use of half-time could be seen as unnecessary after the standardisation of football rules (and indeed, the first set of FA Laws in 1863 did not provide for a half time interval) but is still used for the now-rare contests between teams playing different codes of football. Provision for a half time interval in FA Laws was introduced in 1870 and has been part of those Laws (and later, IFAB Laws) ever since (see Laws of the Game). Changing ends at half-time (if no goals had been scored) was part of the following schools' codes: Brighton, Eton, Rossall, Sheffield, and Winchester. Other schools changed every time that side scored (Cheltenham, FA, Harrow, Marlborough, Rugby, Shrewsbury, Uppingham schools) The 1863 Cambridge Rules state: "In a match when half the time agreed upon has elapsed, the side shall change goals when the ball is next out of play".

Overview
One benefit of half-time in a field game is to allow teams to swap their positions on the field in order that the effects of the natural conditions such as sunlight and wind direction are experienced fairly by both teams. In some sports this is achieved without the need for half-time: for example, in cricket fielding positions of players are rotated after a set passage of play. In other sports no such provision is necessary, for example in baseball, where playing positions do not change and both teams occupy the same locations on the field of play, though there is frequent rotation of players in the ordinary course of play.

Half-time for spectators offers the opportunity to visit the toilet, get some food or drink, or just exercise cramped limbs, without the fear of missing any of the action. A half-time show may be put on for the spectators to keep their attention, most famously in the case of the American football Super Bowl. As many spectators at the ground may be otherwise occupied using stadium facilities it might be inferred that the scale and spectacle of half-time entertainment is more directly related to the size of the potential television audience.

In many sports that are televised, half-time offers the opportunity to advertise, a valuable source of revenue for television companies. In addition, it allows analysis of the game so far by pundits; controversial incidents or exceptional play may be highlighted at this time. It also allows viewers to catch up with any action that they may have missed. Half-time has spawned one of the most enduring clichés to describe football: that "it's a game of two halves."

With intervals other than half-time

 * Ice hockey is played in three periods of twenty minutes with eighteen-minute intermissions between regulation periods.
 * Water polo
 * Test cricket
 * Box lacrosse
 * Volleyball matches typically take three minutes between sets 1 and 2 and any sets after the 3rd (if played). The interval between sets 2 and 3 is sometimes longer and sometimes the same.

No half-time or equivalent
(other than to allow movement of players in the natural course of play and/or TV commercials)
 * Baseball (although there is a seventh-inning stretch)
 * Softball

title: Half-time


text:
Viktor Holtz

Viktor Holtz (3 May 1846 – 3 September 1919) was a German educator and a pioneer of German-Japanese academic and cultural relations.

Early life
Holtz was born in Stolberg, Kingdom of Prussia, and studied, from 1865 to 1867, at the Royal Catholic Teacher's Academy in Kempen.

Professional career
He subsequently became a teacher in Aachen and on November 1, 1869 he was in charge of teacher training at the teacher's academy at Boppard. On December 20, 1870, at the request of the Meiji government of Japan, the Prussiann Minister of Education dispatched him because of his knowledge of foreign languages and his other qualifications as a foreign advisor on a 3-year contract to Tokyo. Together with the more famous military surgeons Theodor Eduard Hoffmann and Leopold Benjamin Müller, he belonged to the first group of Germans whom Prussia dispatched to modernize and westernize schools of higher education in Japan.

At first, Holtz was attached to the Southern College (Daigaku Nankō; a predecessor to Tokyo Imperial University); from 1872, Holtz' School was at least nominally independent. The name was changed from "First School of Foreign Learning" and "2nd Middle School" into "German School". Holtz remained the sole teacher for all eleven subjects. Due to a change of the Japanese educational policy, this school was merged into the Kaisei School in August 1873. At the same time, Holtz was transferred to the Tokyo Medical School (Tokyo Igakkō) for the remainder of his contract, which had been extended by 8 months twice. Therefore, inconsistent educational planning terminated the pioneer experiment of a German school in Japan without direct lasting effects.

On October 1, 1874, he returned to Boppard and took over after the appointment of J. Hoffmann to the district school inspector teaching in mathematics, German and piano and was transferred in 1877 to Prüm (near Koblenz), in 1889 to Schrimm and in 1902 to Poznań, Poland where he died in 1919.

title: Viktor Holtz


title: User:Violetriga/Templates4/fac


text:
Dancing at the Edge of the World

Dancing at the Edge of the World is a 1989 nonfiction collection by Ursula K. Le Guin.

The works are divided into two categories: talks and essays, and book and movie reviews. Within the categories, the works are organized chronologically, and are further marked by what Le Guin calls the Guide Ursuline—a system of symbols denoting the main theme of the works. The four themes with which she categorizes the essays are feminism, social responsibility, literature and travel.

Talks and Essays

 * 1976: "The Space Crone" (feminism, social responsibility)
 * 1976: "Is Gender Necessary? Redux" (literature, feminism)
 * 1978: "Moral and Ethical Implications of Family Planning" (feminism, social responsibility)
 * 1979: "It Was a Dark and Stormy Night" (literature)
 * 1979: "Working on 'The Lathe'" (literature)
 * 1980: "Some Thoughts on Narrative" (literature)
 * 1981: "World-Making" (literature)
 * 1981: "Hunger" (social responsibility)
 * 1981: "Places Names" (travel)
 * 1982: "The Princess" (social responsibility, feminism)
 * 1982: "A Non-Euclidean View of California as a Cold Place to Be" (literature)
 * 1982: "Facing It" (social responsibility)
 * 1983: "Reciprocity of Prose and Poetry" (literature)
 * 1983: "A Left-Handed Commencement Address" (feminism, social responsibility)
 * 1983: "Along the Platte" (travel)
 * 1984: "Whose Lathe?" (literature, social responsibility)
 * 1984: "The Woman Without Answers" (literature)
 * 1984: "The Second Report of the Shipwrecked Foreigner to the Kadanh of Derb" (social responsibility)
 * 1985: "Room 9, Car 1430" (travel)
 * 1985: "Theodora" (literature)
 * 1985: "Science Fiction and the Future" (literature, social responsibility)
 * 1985: "The Only Good Author?" (literature)
 * 1986: "Bryn Mawr Commencement Address" (feminism, social responsibility)
 * 1986: "Woman / Wilderness" (feminism, social responsibility)
 * 1986: "The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction" (feminism, literature)
 * 1986: "Heroes" (literature, feminism)
 * 1986: "Prospects for Women in Writing" (feminism)
 * 1986: "Text, Silence, Performance" (literature)
 * 1987: "'Who is Responsible?'" (literature)
 * 1987: "Conflict" (literature)
 * 1987: "'Where Do You Get Your Ideas From?'" (literature)
 * 1988: "Over the Hills and a Great Way Off" (travel)
 * 1988: "The Fisherwoman's Daughter" (feminism, literature)

Reviews

 * 1977: "The Dark Tower, C. S. Lewis"
 * 1978: "Close Encounters, Star Wars, and the Tertium Quid"
 * 1979: "Shikasta, by Doris Lessing"
 * 1980: "Two from "Venom""
 * 1980: "Freddy's Book and Vlemk, by John Gardner"
 * 1980: "The Marriage Between Zones Three, Four and Five, by Doris Lessing"
 * 1980: "Kalila and Dimna, retold by Ramsay Wood"
 * 1980: "Unfinished Business, by Maggie Scarf"
 * 1980: "Italian Folktales, by Italo Calvino"
 * 1981: "Peake's Progress, by Mervyn Peake"
 * 1983: "The Sentimental Agents, by Doris Lessing"
 * 1984: "Difficult Loves, by Italo Calvino"
 * 1984: ""Forsaking Kingdoms": Five Poets"
 * 1985: "The Mythology of North America, by John Bierhorst"
 * 1986: "Silent Partners, by Eugene Linden"
 * 1986: "Outside the Gates, by Molly Gloss"
 * 1986: "Golden Days, by Carolyn See"

Awards and honors
The book was a finalist for the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book.

title: Dancing at the Edge of the World


text:
Ricardo López Murphy

Ricardo Hipólito López Murphy (born 10 August 1951) is an Argentine economist, academic and politician. He served as Minister of Defense and Minister of Economy during the presidency of Fernando de la Rúa. His time at the helm of the economy portfolio lasted only 15 days, as he was forced to leave office after announcing an unpopular austerity plan. Since 2021, he has been a National Deputy elected in Buenos Aires for the Juntos por el Cambio coalition.

He was chairman of Liberal Network for Latin America, an association of institutions to promote liberalism. Currently, he chairs the think tank Republican Civic Foundation.

Originally a member of the centrist Radical Civic Union (UCR), López Murphy describes himself ideologically as a republican liberal. Since 2020, he has chaired his own political party, United Republicans.

Early years
López Murphy was born in Adrogué, Buenos Aires Province of Basque and Irish descent. He was named Ricardo after Argentine politician Ricardo Balbín (who was his godfather) and Hipólito after radical president Hipólito Yrigoyen. He attended the National University of La Plata, where he was awarded the title degree in Economics, comprising four years of study in 1975. He then obtained a Master's degree in Economics from the University of Chicago in 1980.

Private sector
In his professional activity he worked as a consultant and economic advisor to companies, international investors and financial institutions in Argentina and Latin America. He was a consultant to the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and chief economist of the Latin American Economic Research Foundation.

He received the Konex Prize in 1996.

Minister of Defense
In 1999, he entered politics when he was appointed Minister of Defense as a member of the Radical Civic Union (UCR). He remained in this position until 2001 when he briefly took the position of Minister of Economy in the government of Argentina.

Minister of Economy

Enjoying little political support from President, Fernando de la Rúa, he was fired within two weeks after a wave of protest over his proposed fiscal austerity project, by which he sought to prevent the 2001 economic crisis but which sharply cut public spending.

Politics
He founded a conservative liberal political party, Recreate for Growth (RECREAR), in 2002, and ran for the presidency in the April 2003 elections, finishing third behind Carlos Menem and Néstor Kirchner, with 16.3% of the popular vote. López Murphy won abroad. He was the favorite of the hundreds of Argentines who voted in the United States, Italy, Great Britain, Spain, Chile, Uruguay and Brazil.

He later teamed with Mauricio Macri in 2005 to create a new center-right coalition called Republican Proposal (PRO), which tacitly supported his unsuccessful second bid to the presidency in the 2007 presidential election. López Murphy did poorly, gaining just 1% of the vote; PRO, however, did somewhat better in provincial and congressional elections, and won the mayoral election in Buenos Aires that year.

He left RECREAR in April 2008, citing differences over party list strategy, and in December established Federal Convergency. He ran for Mayor of Buenos Aires in 2011 on this ticket, but obtained only 1.4% of the vote.

Personal life
López Murphy is married with three children. He is often referred to in the media as "the Bulldog", a nickname he has come to embrace himself. He is described as an economist with a graduate degree from the University of Chicago, a militant Catholic and a fan of San Lorenzo de Almagro. He is against decriminalization of drug use, and abortion. He has called himself "an Alem and Alberdi liberal".

"I follow the Argentine liberal tradition of [Juan Bautista] Alberdi, [Leandro] Alem and [Marcelo T.] Alvear. I am very proud of that. My ascription to liberal theories is not economic. That is a minor issue. I am part of a philosophical and moral tradition that has to do with defending the division of powers, controlling whoever exercises power, ensuring equality before the law and preventing someone from claiming the project of my happiness. With having the freedom and autonomy to decide my own future. I think it is very bad that the defense of liberal ideas is in charge of economists, because in general they start on the wrong side."

title: Ricardo López Murphy


text:
Al-Karaji

 (c. 953 – c. 1029) was a 10th-century Persian  mathematician and engineer who flourished at Baghdad. He was born in Karaj, a city near Tehran. His three principal surviving works are mathematical: Al-Badi' fi'l-hisab (Wonderful on calculation), Al-Fakhri fi'l-jabr wa'l-muqabala (Glorious on algebra), and Al-Kafi fi'l-hisab (Sufficient on calculation).

Work
Al-Karaji wrote on mathematics and engineering. Some consider him to be merely reworking the ideas of others (he was influenced by Diophantus) but most regard him as more original, in particular for the beginnings of freeing algebra from geometry. Among historians, his most widely studied work is his algebra book al-fakhri fi al-jabr wa al-muqabala, which survives from the medieval era in at least four copies.

In his book "Extraction of hidden waters" he has mentioned that earth is spherical in shape but considers it the centre of the universe long before Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler or Isaac Newton, but long after Aristotle and Ptolemy. He expounded the basic principles of hydrology and this book reveals his profound knowledge of this science and has been described as the oldest extant text in this field.

He systematically studied the algebra of exponents, and was the first to define the rules for monomials like x,x²,x³ and their reciprocals in the cases of multiplication and division. However, since for example the product of a square and a cube would be expressed, in words rather than in numbers, as a square-cube, the numerical property of adding exponents was not clear.

His work on algebra and polynomials gave the rules for arithmetic operations for adding, subtracting and multiplying polynomials; though he was restricted to dividing polynomials by monomials.

F. Woepcke was the first historian to realise the importance of al-Karaji's work and later historians mostly agree with his interpretation. He praised Al-Karaji for being the first who introduced the theory of algebraic calculus.

Al-Karaji gave the first formulation of the binomial coefficients and the first description of Pascal's triangle. He is also credited with the discovery of the binomial theorem. In a now lost work known only from subsequent quotation by al-Samaw'al, Al-Karaji introduced the idea of argument by mathematical induction. As Katz says "Another important idea introduced by al-Karaji and continued by al-Samaw'al and others was that of an inductive argument for dealing with certain arithmetic sequences. Thus al-Karaji used such an argument to prove the result on the sums of integral cubes already known to Aryabhata [...] Al-Karaji did not, however, state a general result for arbitrary n. He stated his theorem for the particular integer 10 [...] His proof, nevertheless, was clearly designed to be extendable to any other integer. [...] Al-Karaji's argument includes in essence the two basic components of a modern argument by induction, namely the truth of the statement for n = 1 (1 = 13) and the deriving of the truth for n = k from that of n = k - 1. Of course, this second component is not explicit since, in some sense, al-Karaji's argument is in reverse; this is, he starts from n = 10 and goes down to 1 rather than proceeding upward. Nevertheless, his argument in al-Fakhri is the earliest extant proof of the sum formula for integral cubes."

References and external links

 * J. Christianidis. Classics in the History of Greek Mathematics, p. 260
 * Carl R. Seaquist, Padmanabhan Seshaiyer, and Dianne Crowley. "Calculation across Cultures and History" (Texas College Mathematics Journal 1:1, 2005; pp 15–31) [PDF]
 * Matthew Hubbard and Tom Roby. "The History of the Binomial Coefficients in the Middle East"(from "Pascal's Triangle from Top to Bottom")
 * Fuat Sezgin. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums (1974, Leiden: E. J. Brill)
 * James J. Tattersall. Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, p. 32
 * Mariusz Wodzicki. "Early History of Algebra: a Sketch" (Math 160, Fall 2005) [PDF]
 * "al-Karaji" — Encyclopædia Britannica Online (4 April 2006)
 * Extrait du Fakhri, traité d'Algèbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhaçan Alkarkhi, presented with commentary by F. Woepcke, year 1853.
 * "al-Karaji" — Encyclopædia Britannica Online (4 April 2006)
 * Extrait du Fakhri, traité d'Algèbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhaçan Alkarkhi, presented with commentary by F. Woepcke, year 1853.

title: Al-Karaji


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The name Gill

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 06:57, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The name Gill

 * delete. wikipedia not genealogy tool. Also notability. Also, something makes me to think that this is a hoax. Mikkalai 14:37, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If an article is to be written on this topic, it should be Gill (surname), for consistency's sake, should address the name origin more generally, and should but no redirect b/c the information here was unsourced - I've been able to find no verification. -- 8^D BD2412gab 18:10, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC)
 * Delete, genealogycruft. Surname information goes to Wiktionary.  RickK 18:58, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary is poorly watched, in comparison with wikipedia. You better not give anons such advices. Mikkalai 20:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Keep if verified, like Smith, and transwiki. . Kappa 21:01, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unlike "smith" or Nick, the information is unverifiable. Mikkalai 21:36, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. Jayjg (talk) 22:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, geneology, cruft. Megan1967 07:38, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note, this is a sub-caste in India, whose members use it for a surname. Therefore, it is an encyclopedic topic. Neverthless, it is a copy of Gill (caste) and a WP:CP. -12.74.169.5 15:53, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sub-note, for a European equivalent, see Clan Donald. -12.74.169.5 16:01, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh, I knew it was notable and verifiable. Redirect it to Gill (caste) Kappa 16:55, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * copyvio anyway. I am very surprized my google search didn't show this site. Usually I always search for phrases in such cases, to eliminate copyvio on spot. Mikkalai 17:23, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Presumably it's copyvio of something in the book, which isn't on the web. Kappa 18:35, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It is on the web: Just follow the link from the page you mention: click at "Alphabet G Clans" link, and you will get the exact copy of wikiarticle (actually, other way around) under GILL subsection. Mikkalai 19:20, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


title: User:Violetriga/Templates4/facfailed


text:
User:Violetriga/Templates4

"Obvious"

This set of templates was designed to make it obvious what they mean, yet still show the details required. They may be a little larger than some other submissions but that is because there will rarely be more than two or three on one page and they are actually rather important.

The pastel colours have been used to show the four different types of template: FA, PR, VFD and other. They could easily be brought into line, using just one colour. Also note that the images may well be updated to remove their white background in favour of a transparent one.

title: User:Violetriga/Templates4


text:
Wolseley 6/99

The Wolseley 6/99 and 6/110 were the final large Wolseley cars. Styled by Pininfarina with additions by BMC staff stylists, the basic vehicle was also sold under two of BMC's other marques as the Austin A99 Westminster and Vanden Plas Princess 3-Litre. Production began in 1959 and the cars were updated and renamed for 1961. The Wolseley remained in production as the Wolseley 6/110 through to 1968.

The cars were also marketed in Denmark as the Wolseley 300.

There were two other Farina-designed car lines launched by BMC at the same time — the compact Austin A40 Farina and midsized Wolseley 15/60 and derivatives. Although similar looking, the latter shares no body parts and few other parts with the big Wolseley.

Wolseley 6/99
The first generation of the large Farinas was introduced with the Austin A99 Westminster, with the Wolseley 6/99 following shortly after in 1959 to replace the 6/90. It used the same 2.9 L (2912 cc) C-Series straight-6, 102 bhp, twin SU carburettor engine from the Austin-Healey 3000.

The suspension was the conventional BMC arrangement of coil springs and wishbones at the front with a live axle and semi elliptic leaf springs at the rear. An anti-roll bar was fitted at the front. Lockheed 10.75 in disc brakes were fitted at the front with 10 in drum brakes at the rear and vacuum servo assistance.

The interior was finished in luxurious style to distance the Wolseley from its Austin stablemate. The dashboard was polished wood as were the door cappings. Leather upholstery was used on the two front seats and rear bench seat which had a fold down central arm rest. A choice of single or duo-tone colour schemes was offered.

Wolseley 6/99s with left hand drive shipped to Canada used the 4-speed floor mounted shift with overdrive identical to that in the Austin-Healey 100/6 and 3000.

The Motor magazine tested a 6/99 with overdrive in 1959 and recorded a top speed of 97.6 mph and acceleration from 0–60 mph in 14.4 seconds. A "touring" fuel consumption of 23.6 mpgimp was recorded. On the home market, as tested with overdrive, it cost £1254 including taxes of £369.

Wolseley 6/110
The 6/99 was replaced by the Wolseley 6/110 in 1961. The wheelbase was increased by 2 in and the seating slightly altered to give 3 inches more rear seat legroom compared to the 6/99. It used the same engine but now tuned to give 120 bhp. For manual transmission cars, the gear lever was moved from the steering column to the floor. Hydrosteer variable ratio power steering and air conditioning were options from July 1962.

A Mark II model was released in 1964 with smaller 13 in wheels and a 4-speed transmission with overdrive available as an option. Production of the Mark II ended in March 1968. Only the Austin was replaced directly, with the unsuccessful Austin 3-litre, which remained in production until 1971. Luxurious Wolseley and Vanden Plas versions of the 3-litre both reached prototype stage, but went no further.

title: Wolseley 6/99


text:
Mississippi Highway 12

Mississippi Highway 12 (MS 12) is a state highway in northern Mississippi that runs 198.7 mi west–east from MS 1 west of Hollandale at the Mississippi River to State Route 18 (SR 18) at the Alabama state line northeast of Columbus. MS 12 traverses three major regions of the state, the Mississippi Delta, the North Central Hills, and the Golden Triangle.

Route description
MS 12 begins the Mississippi Delta region in Washington County at an intersection with MS 1 (part of the Great River Road) thirteen miles south of Greenville, not even a mile from the banks of the Mississippi River, and only five miles north of Lake Washington. The highway heads east through flat farmland as a two-lane highway to travel through Leroy Percy State Park, where it crosses Silver Creek Bayou, before entering Hollandale. MS 12 enters town along W Washington Street, makes a right in downtown onto East Avenue S, then left onto E Crouch Street to cross Deer Creek and come to an intersection with US 61. The highway now leaves Hollandale and continues east through rural farmland for several miles to cross the Sunflower River into Humphreys County.

MS 12 continues east through farmland for several miles to enter Belzoni and immediately come to an intersection between US 49W (unsigned MS 3) and MS 7 just west of downtown. The road continues as MS 7 (1st Street) into downtown while MS 12 becomes concurrent with US 49W/MS 3 and they head south as a four-lane to bypass downtown. MS 12 breaks off as a two-lane shortly thereafter and goes east to cross the Yazoo River to leave Belzoni. The highway continues east through rural farmland and woodlands for several miles to enter Holmes County.

MS 12 crosses Tchula Lake before traveling along the southern edge of Marcella and coming to an intersection and becoming concurrent with US 49E. They head northeast for a few miles to travel through Mileston before entering Tchula, with MS 12 splitting off and heading east just south of downtown. MS 12 climbs some Loess bluffs onto the North Central Hills region, passing in between the Morgan Brake National Wildlife Refuge and the Hillside National Wildlife Refuge. It now travels southeast through woodlands for several miles to enter Lexington. The highway passes through neighborhoods before turning south and becoming concurrent with MS 17 at a Y-Intersection. MS 12/MS 17 continue along Carrollton Street through neighborhoods to enter downtown, with MS 12 splitting off along Depot Street at a Roundabout around the Holmes County Courthouse. The highway heads east to leave downtown to cross a creek and have an intersection with MS 836 (the new Lexington Bypass) before heading through a business district. It crosses another creek before leaving Lexington and traveling through some farmland and wooded areas for several miles, where it passes through Owen Wells, to have an interchange with I-55 (Exit 156) and entering Durant. MS 12 heads southeast through a business district before turning south along US 51 (N Jackson Street) through neighborhoods into downtown. MS 12 splits off along E Mulberry Street at the center of town, heading east to cross some rail road tracks to pass through more neighborhoods before leaving Durant and traveling through swamplands, crossing the Big Black River into Attala County.

MS 12 travels through a mix of farmland and wooded areas for the next several miles, passing through Sallis, where it has intersections with MS 429 and MS 431, and McAdams, before becoming concurrent with MS 43 and entering Kosciusko. The highway bypasses downtown along its western and northern sides, having intersections with MS 735, splitting off from MS 43, as well as having intersections with MS 19 and MS 35. MS 12 now leaves Kosciusko and heads northeast through woodlands to have an interchange with the Natchez Trace Parkway before traveling through Ethel, bypassing the town to the north while its business loop, MS 739, passes straight through downtown. The continues northeast through wooded areas for several miles to pass just west of McCool, where it has its first intersection with MS 407 (as well as with MS 411), before crossing into Choctaw County.

Between Kosciusko and Ackerman, MS 12 runs parallel to the Yockanookany River. MS 12 continues northeast through woodlands to travel through Weir, passing along the north side of town to have intersections with MS 413 and its second and final with MS 407, before entering Ackerman. The highway passes along the northern side of town, bypassing downtown as it travels through a business district and has intersections with MS 9, MS 15, as well as with its unsigned business loop MS 759 (W Main Street/College Street). MS 12 now leaves Ackerman and winds its way east through remote, hilly, and wooded terrain for the next several miles to cross into Oktibbeha County. This section of the highway lies within the Tombigbee National Forest.

MS 12 now enters the Golden Triangle region and travels through Sturgis, Bradley, and Longview before entering Starkville to have an interchange with MS 25 in some neighborhoods. The highway widens to a four-lane undivided boulevard as it passes along the north side of George M. Bryan Airport and passes through a major business district on the south side of downtown. MS 12 makes a sharp curve to the north at an interchange with Bully Boulevard (unsigned MS 775), the main access into Mississippi State University. The highway now becomes a four-lane divided expressway, having interchanges with Collegeview Street and MS 182, before joining the US 82/MS 25 four-lane freeway. US 82/MS 12/MS 25 head east to leave Starkville and pass through Clayton Village, where it has another intersection with MS 182, before heading through farmland to cross into Lowndes County.

The freeway immediately has an interchange with US 45 Alternate, where MS 25 splits off, and US 82/MS 12 continues east to pass through Mayhew, and have an interchange with MS 791 (which provides access to Golden Triangle Regional Airport), prior to entering Columbus. The freeway has an interchange and becomes concurrent with US 45 before crossing a bridge over the Tombigbee River (part of the Tennessee Tombigbee Waterway) and bypassing downtown to the north, having interchanges with MS 182, MS 69 (where US 45 splits off and MS 50 joins the concurrency), as well as 18th Avenue N and Military Road, before crossing over Luxapalila Creek. MS 12/MS 50 split off the US 82 freeway at an interchange with Tuscaloosa Road, with them heading east through a business district as a four-lane boulevard, with MS 12 splitting off and heading north as a two-lane shortly thereafter. MS 12 leaves Columbus and travels northeast through farmland for the next several miles, where it crosses another bridge over Luxapalila Creek and passes through Woodlawn (as well as having intersections with Seed Tick Road and Caledonia-Vernon Road, both of which are county roads that lead to nearby Caledonia), before coming to the Alabama state line, with the road continuing east into Alabama as State Route 18 (SR 18).

title: Mississippi Highway 12


text:
Suzuki group

In the mathematical discipline known as group theory, the phrase Suzuki group refers to:
 * The Suzuki sporadic group, Suz or Sz is a sporadic simple group of order 213 · 37 · 52 · 7 · 11 · 13 = 448,345,497,600 discovered by Suzuki in 1969
 * One of an infinite family of Suzuki groups of Lie type discovered by Suzuki

title: Suzuki group


text:
Aragonaise

In a musical context, an Aragonaise (literally a person or thing from Aragon, a region in Spain) is a "dance of Aragon". This is a driving triple metre dance which is traditionally accompanied by guitars, castanets and hand clapping.

There are two famous musical compositions named "Aragonaise", one by Jules Massenet from his opera Le Cid, the other from the entr'acte to act 4 of the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet.

title: Aragonaise


text:
User:Fearandbetrayal

My name is Eric. I enjoy doing odd things. Today, we made brownies. They were delicious. I want to be an industrial Hemp farmer in South Dakota if it becomes legal. That would be badass.

title: User:Fearandbetrayal


text:
Talk:Shut up (disambiguation)

58.167.114.113 07:16, 21 June 2007 (UTC)==Votes for deletion== I'm too lazy to vfd this, ain't no one disagree with me? I mean.. er.. ya know ya'llit's weird..

 * No, I just found this article useful in finding Shut Up (and Sleep With Me), and noticing that no one did an article on it. --ShaunMacPherson 13:14, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Survived votes: Articles for deletion/Shut up outcome: turn into disambig page. mikka (t) 21:57, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

seems strange to me, if anythin', should provide sum degree of information on the phrase, entymology "shut up". The few randomly includ'd pop songs seem out of place and usual. 140.247.43.6 20:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

for example shutup susan is rude to say to anyone

title: Talk:Shut up (disambiguation)