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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shadow Sanctuary

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:32, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Shadow Sanctuary
Online game community with 130 members. Delete as advertising/vanity/not-notable. --Henrygb 21:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity CDC   (talk)  20:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.45.237.214

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.45.237.214


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British S-class submarine

 British S-class submarine may refer to:

 * British S-class submarine (1914), three submarines launched in 1914–1915 and transferred to the Italian Navy in 1915
 * British S-class submarine (1931), sixty-two submarines launched in the 1930s and 1940s

title: British S-class submarine


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Laurel Goodwin

Laurel Goodwin (August 11, 1942 – February 25, 2022) was an American film and television actress who is known for her role as the love interest of Elvis Presley in the 1962 film Girls! Girls! Girls!, as well as appearing as Yeoman J.M. Colt in the rejected Star Trek pilot episode "The Cage".

Life and career
Goodwin was born in Wichita, Kansas, on August 11, 1942. She later moved with her family to San Diego, and then San Francisco.

A child model, Goodwin made her screen debut as the love interest of Elvis Presley in the film, Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962).

She was a co-star in the Paramount comedy Papa's Delicate Condition (1963), playing Augusta Griffith, the daughter of Jack (Jackie Gleason) and Amberlyn Griffith. She also appeared in the western films Stage to Thunder Rock (1964), Law of the Lawless (1964) and The Glory Guys (1965).

Her work as a guest actor on several drama television series included a role as Yeoman J. M. Colt in the 1964 Star Trek pilot episode, "The Cage" (from which scenes featuring Goodwin were later incorporated into the first season two-part episode "The Menagerie"), and Mannix ("A Question Of Midnight").

She also played roles in some comedy series. These included the role of Phoebe, the Chief's niece, in the TV comedy Get Smart and the role of Stella in two episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies ("Robin Hood and the Sheriff" and "Robin Hood of Griffith Park") (both 1967).

She married Walter Wood, c. 1967. After retiring from acting in 1971, Goodwin pursued a career in home nursing for over 35 years. When Wood became ill, she began taking care of him full-time until he died about a year and a half later, in 2010.

Goodwin died in Cathedral City, California, on February 25, 2022, at the age of 79.

title: Laurel Goodwin


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Succimer

Succimer, sold under the brand name Chemet among others, is a medication used to treat lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning. When radiolabeled with technetium-99m, it is used in many types of diagnostic testing. A full course of Succimer lasts for 19 days of oral administration. A second course should be given when more than two weeks pass after the first course.

Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and low blood neutrophil levels. Liver problems and allergic reactions may also occur with use. Whether use during pregnancy is safe for the baby is unclear. Dimercaptosuccinic acid is in the chelating agent family of medications. It works by binding with lead and a number of other heavy metals, allowing them to leave the body in the urine.

Succimer has been used medically since the 1950s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In the United States, no generic version was available as of 2015.

Medical uses
Succimer is indicated for the treatment of lead poisoning in children with blood level measured above 45 μg/dL. The use of dimercaptosuccinic acid is not approved for prevention of lead poisoning in anticipation of exposure in known lead-contaminated environments. Dimercaptosuccinic acid can cross the blood–brain barrier of mice, but it is not known if this is also the case in humans. Even if dimercaptosuccinic acid cannot reverse the damages done to the central nervous system, it might prevent further deterioration.

Succimer facilitates urinary excretion of lead, and with sufficiently aggressive treatment, can reduce lead content in the brain. It also increases urinary excretion of copper and zinc. Dimercaptosuccinic acid improved cognitive function in rats that had been exposed to lead, but reduced cognitive function in rats that had not been exposed to lead.

Chemistry
Succimer is an isomer of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid. 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid is the organosulfur compound with the formula HO2CCH(SH)CH(SH)CO2H. This colorless solid contains two carboxylic acid and two thiol groups, the latter being responsible for its mildly unpleasant odour. It occurs in two diastereomers, meso and the chiral dl forms.

The 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid molecule has two stereocentres (two asymmetric carbon atoms), and can exist as three different stereoisomers. The 2S,3S and 2R,3R isomers are a pair of enantiomers, whereas the 2R,3S isomer (succimer) is a meso compound and thus optically inactive.

Preparation and reactivity
Dimercaptosuccinic acid may be prepared by reacting acetylenedicarboxylic acid with sodium thiosulfate or thioacetic acid followed by hydrolysis. The dimethyl ester is also known.

Meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid binds to "soft" heavy metals such as Hg2+ and Pb2+, mobilizing these ions for excretion. It binds to metal cations through the thiol groups, which ionize upon complexation.

History
Dimercaptosuccinic acid was first synthesized by V. L. Nirenburg in the Urals Polytechnic Institute, commissioned by one of the electrical enterprises of Sverdlovsk, Russia, which consumed many tons of mercury and was looking for a medicine to prevent poisoning of personnel. In 1957, Chinese scientists found that dimercaptosuccinic acid can effectively treat antimony poisoning due to overdose of tartar emetic. Pronounced protective effect in animal poisoning with arsenic and mercury was first shown by I. E. Okonishnikova in 1962. In 1984, the now-defunct Bock Pharmaceutical Company requested the FDA grant approval for orphan drug status under the brand name Chemet and the FDA approved of this in 1991, providing exclusivity until 1998 which was conveyed to the successor Sanofi in 1996.

title: Succimer


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Chinese University Basketball Association

Chinese University Basketball Association (CUBA, ) is a college basketball competition in China. It was founded in 1996 and launched in 1998. This event is held annually and divided into the preliminary stage and the final stage, in which the national championship team is decided through a bracket style elimination event.

Between 2004 and 2015, there was a competing competition known as Chinese University Basketball Super League (CUBS). CUBS allowed professional athletes to participate; restrictions were introduced in 2013. The two competitions merged for the 2015–16 season. As of 2015, CUBA was an amateur-based competition. The competition strived to emulate the NCAA in the United States.

Unlike other Chinese athletic organizations, CUBA is a privately funded organization with no affiliation with the Chinese government. However they do fall under standard FIBA regulations and rules.

Divisions
The league is divided into four divisions, mostly based on the geographical location of the teams. The top two teams in each division qualify for the CUBA Big Eight (quarter-finals).

As of 2015, CUBA's four divisions had a total of 64 men's teams and 46 women's teams.

National champions

 * Men's
 * 1999 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
 * 2000 Huaqiao University
 * 2001 Northeast Normal University
 * 2002 Shandong University of Science and Technology
 * 2003 Huaqiao University
 * 2004 Huazhong University of Science and Technology
 * 2005 Huaqiao University
 * 2006 Huaqiao University
 * 2007 Huaqiao University
 * 2008 Huaqiao University
 * 2009 China University of Mining and Technology
 * 2010 Taiyuan University of Technology
 * 2011 Huaqiao University
 * 2012 Taiyuan University of Technology
 * 2013 Huaqiao University
 * 2014 Peking University
 * 2015 Huaqiao University
 * 2016 Tsinghua University
 * 2017 Peking University
 * 2018 Peking University
 * 2019 Peking University

 * Women's
 * 1999 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2000 China University of Mining and Technology
 * 2001 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2002 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2003 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2004 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2005 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2006 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2007 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2008 Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
 * 2009 Beijing Normal University
 * 2010 Beijing Normal University
 * 2011 Beijing Normal University
 * 2012 Beijing Normal University
 * 2013 Beijing Normal University
 * 2013 Beijing Normal University

Source:


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User talk:Elbl02~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 21:24, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * How to write a great article
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Elbl02. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Elbl02~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:40, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:32, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elbl02~enwiki


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Herb Abramson

Herbert Charles Abramson (November 16, 1916 – November 9, 1999) was an American record executive, record producer, and co-founder of Atlantic Records.

Life and career
Abramson was born in 1916 to a Jewish family in Brooklyn. He studied to be a dentist but got a job working for Al Green at National Records producing: Clyde McPhatter, The Ravens, Billy Eckstine, and Big Joe Turner. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946 with Jerry Blaine, intending to record jazz, R&B, and gospel music. Blaine was having some success recording Jewish novelty songs, but this genre did not interest Abramson, so he sold his interest in Jubilee to Blaine. Abramson and his wife Miriam were close friends with jazz fan Ahmet Ertegun, who recognized Abramson's talent. He approached Abramson with a label proposal, and they founded Atlantic Records in 1947, with Abramson president and Ertegun vice president. Both handled the creative end of the business, and Miriam handled the economics.

In 1953, Abramson was drafted. Jerry Wexler filled in and joined Atlantic as a partner, though Abramson retained the title of president. When Abramson returned from the Army in 1955, he found Atlantic a changed company. Ertegun's brother, Nesuhi, joined Atlantic in 1955 as a partner and was enjoying great success in selling jazz albums. Ertegun and Wexler were recording R&B hits which crossed over into pop. His failing marriage to Miriam would end in divorce. Abramson returned home from Germany with a pregnant girlfriend who became his second wife.

Ahmet Ertegun and Abramson formed Atco Records in 1955 as a division of Atlantic. Abramson ran the label on his own. He found success with The Coasters but was unable to get a hit with Bobby Darin. When he announced that he was dropping Darin from the label, Ertegun recorded three tracks with Darin and two of them turned into hits: "Queen of the Hop" and "Splish Splash". Abramson left Atlantic Records in December 1958, selling his stake in the company to ex-wife Miriam Bienstock, (who married music publisher Freddy Bienstock) and Nesuhi Ertegun. Ahmet Ertegun became president of the company. Abramson started new record labels including Triumph, Blaze, and Festival. His most successful post-Atlantic recording was producing "Hi-Heel Sneakers" by Tommy Tucker (released on Checker Records) still able to compete in the industry as an independent label.

Abramson developed a method of cutting concentric grooves for a record so a different recording could be heard depending on which groove the tonearm landed on. That process was used on a series of "Magic Records" that Abramson produced which were marketed for children. After leaving Atlantic, Abramson sold the patent to Mattel which used the process to develop the Chatty Cathy talking doll.

Abramson set up his own recording studio in the early 1960s, A-1 Sound Studios (Atlantic-1) at 234 West 56th Street in Manhattan. With engineer Jim Reeves he produced: Sidney Barnes, Don Covay, the Darling Sisters, John Davidson, Luther Dixon, J. J. Jackson, Linda and the Vistas, Mr. Wiggles, Johnny Nash, Pigmeat Markum, Ruby & the Romantics, Eddie Singleton, The Supremes, Titus Turner, and the Thymes. He moved A-1 Sound to 76th Street on the ground floor of a hotel off Broadway. Musicians who recorded demos in the studio include: Richie Cordell, Hank Crawford, Barry Manilow, Bette Midler, James Moody, Patti Smith, Les Fradkin and Muddy Waters. The Godz recorded their first three albums at the West 56th Street studio in 1966, 1967 and 1968, and their fourth album at 76th Street in 1973. Jim McCarthy from The Godz also recorded his solo album (Alien) at the 76th Street studio in 1973. Jonathan Thayer, later of Vanguard Recording Studios, engineered for Abramson, as did Rob Fraboni and maintenance engineer Mike Edl, who replaced Carl Lindgren in April 1969. A-1 Sound was managed by his third wife, Barbara, who was with him to the end. He died in Henderson, Nevada, in 1999, at age 82.

In 1998, he received the Pioneer Award from the Rhythm & Blues Foundation.

title: Herb Abramson


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Moorten Botanical Garden and Cactarium

The Moorten Botanical Garden and Cactarium is a 1 acre family-owned botanical garden in Palm Springs, California, specializing in cacti and other desert plants. The gardens lie within Riverside County's Coachella Valley, part of the Colorado Desert ecosystem.

History
The Moorten Gardens were established as a nursery in 1939 by Patricia and Chester "Cactus Slim" Moorten, and developed into the present day garden in 1955. Chester, one of the original Keystone Cops, starred in Two Flaming Youths (1927) and The Sideshow (1928). The Moorten residence was named the Cactus Castle, and was originally built in Mediterranean style by photographer Stephen H. Willard (1894–1966). The Moortens collected many of their own specimen plants from Baja California, mainland Mexico, and as far south as Guatemala. To recognize their contributions to the community, the Moortens were awarded "Golden Palm Stars" on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars.

Ecoregion habitats
The garden includes 3,000 examples of desert cacti and other desert plants, grouped by geographic regions:
 * Arizona – Sonoran and Yuma Deserts
 * Baja California Peninsula
 * California – High Desert–Mojave Desert and Low Desert–Colorado and Yuha Deserts
 * Colorado Plateau – Great Basin Desert
 * Sonora, Mexico – Gran Desierto de Altar
 * South Africa – Succulent Karoo
 * South America – Monte and Patagonian Deserts
 * Texas – Chihuahuan Desert

Garden collections
Outdoor collections include: Agaves, Bombax, crested Cereus, Cardoon and Boojum trees, "arborescent candelabra Euphorbia", a two-story Pachypodium, thorned Caesalpinia and Bursera, and over a dozen Aloes of southern Africa and Madagascar.

"Cactarium" greenhouse collections include: cacti and succulents, with caudiciform species exhibiting thickened root crowns, many species of Asclepiads, Aztecia, Gymnocalycium, Alstromeria, Euphorbia, and Ferocactus, plus two fine examples of Welwitschia mirabilis from Namibian deserts.

title: Moorten Botanical Garden and Cactarium


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Hristo Fotev

Hristo Konstantinov Fotev (Христо Константинов Фотев; 25 March 1934 – 27 July 2002) was a Bulgarian poet.

Born in Istanbul, Turkey to Bulgarian parents, Fotev moved with his family to the Bulgarian Black Sea port city of Burgas in 1940. He published his first collection of poetry in 1960 and became a member of the Union of Bulgarian Writers in 1961. From 1964 on, he was the Union's creative secretary.

Fotev's lyrics often dealt with the topic of love and the sea was a key poetic element and inspiration in his work.

title: Hristo Fotev


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Golden-cheeked warbler

The golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia) is an endangered species of bird that breeds in Central Texas, from Palo Pinto County southwestward along the eastern and southern edge of the Edwards Plateau to Kinney County. The golden-cheeked warbler is the only bird species with a breeding range endemic to Texas.

Description
The golden-cheeked warbler is very striking due to its bright yellow cheeks that are contrasted by its black throat and back. It is also identified by its unique buzzing song emerging from the wooded canyons where it breeds. Golden-cheeked warblers breed in 33 counties in central Texas and are dependent on ashe juniper (blueberry juniper or cedar) for their fine bark strips used as nesting material.

Distribution and habitat
The golden-cheeked warbler can be found in numerous state parks within Texas. These parks include Colorado Bend State Park (SP), Dinosaur Valley SP, Garner SP, Guadalupe River SP, Honey Creek State Natural Area (SNA), Hill Country SNA, Kerr Management Area, Longhorn Cavern SNA, Lost Maples SNA, Meridian SP, Pedernales Falls SP, Possum Kingdom SP, and South Llano River SP.

The golden-cheeked warbler is endemic to Texas and Mexico. Their habitat can range from moist, to dry areas around central and southern Texas. The nesting habitat in the further moist realms can be discovered in tall, closed canopy, compressed, mature stands of ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) trees along with Texas, shin, live, lacey, and post oak trees. In the drier spheres of Texas, golden-cheeked warblers can be found in upland juniper-oak woodlands off of flat topography. They use ashe juniper bark and spider webs to build their nests. Females lay three to four eggs. When migration and winter hits the habitat stays relatively similar: a variety of short-lived evergreen forests with pines between 3,300 and 8,300 feet.

Migration
Golden-cheeked warblers will only remain in Texas for the breeding season, from March to June. They will migrate with other songbird species along Mexico's Sierra Madre Oriental. By the first week of March, the warblers will return to Texas to breed. During the winter season (November–February), warblers will travel to Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Mexico.

Behavior
Warblers only nest in Texas, primarily in juniper trees. However, they have also been found to nest in oak trees and cedar elms. During the winter, warblers seek warmth in Mexico and northern Central America.

After winter habitation, adult male warblers beat their population back to central nesting grounds by about 5 days in order to prepare competing for the attention of female warblers. Male warblers win attention of the females through their "chip" sounds which they also make as a warning call during times of possible danger.

Though male warblers are found either singing or searching for food, females carry the responsibility of nest building as well as keeping the eggs incubated. Warblers only nest once per season, laying between three and four eggs each time, which take an average of twelve days to hatch. Female warblers are considered shy and go more unnoticed compared to the always-singing males.

Warblers typically forage by grabbing insects from foliage and branches (foraging strategy known as gleaning), and by resting at branch edges until the opportunity to snatch insects that fly past (strategy known as sallying).

Diet and feeding
The golden-cheeked warbler is known to feed on various forms of insects and spiders, caterpillars are also noted as a primary source of food during the breeding season. This species is completely insectivorous. The method for catching insects is by plucking them from all surfaces by being able to reach them through flight.

Breeding
Once a female has chosen a mate, she alone builds the nest. The nest is made of strips of juniper bark, rootlets, grasses, cobwebs, cocoons, and can contain animal fur to line to the outer portions of the nest. Nearly all of warbler nests contain juniper bark, and it has been seen that females do not make a nest without the presence of the bark. Golden-cheeked warblers lay 3–4 creamy-white eggs, less than 3/4 in long and 1/2 in wide. Incubation begins one day before the last egg is laid. For approximately the 12 days, the female warbler incubates the eggs. The male may accompany the female when she feeds away from the nest, but does not otherwise aid its partner.

Conservation
The occupied breeding range of the warbler is only about 1768 km2, so spaces for habitation are limited. Many spots of warbler habitation have been cleared for the construction of houses, roads, and stores or to grow crops or grass for livestock. Juniper trees, the primary nesting place for warblers, have also been cut down and used for different timber products, especially before the 1940s. Other woodlands were flooded when large lakes were constructed. Sitting at the top of the endangered list (of species in North America) since May 1990, different projects are currently underway to restore the habitat of the golden-cheeked warbler. Efforts include The Safe Harbor agreement between Environmental Defense and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, with the goal of rebuilding and creating new, safe habitats for the warbler (along with other endangered species). The Balcones Canyonlands Conservation Plan (BCCP) is another project responsible for building warbler preserves, with the goal of eventually adding a total of 41,000 acres to the warbler's habitat. These initiatives along with many others encourage landowners to learn more about the warbler (along with other species that inhabit their property) so local land owners may provide proper maintenance and protection of the warbler's habitat. A project that significantly aided habitat restoration for the warbler includes the U.S. Army's success at Fort Cavazos in protecting the largest patch of juniper-oak trees.

Population
The most serious problems that are facing the golden-cheeked warbler today are the habitats that are being lost and destroyed due to their limited and specific habitat requirements. Between the years of 1962 and 1974, the population estimated to an 8 to 12% drop. Based on intensive surveys and observations, it was counted that in 2015, there were 716 singing males within 39 acres in Texas.

Threats
The main direct threat towards the golden-cheeked warbler is the rapid loss of habitats. Their specific habitat needs place warblers at an extremely vulnerable position where urban development has taken a significant amount of the available habitat away. Over-browsing by white-tailed deer, goats, and other ungulates are also believed to be a source of habitat destruction, as they decrease the survival rate of seedling oaks and other deciduous trees, which are a key habitat for warblers. Furthermore, the brown-headed cowbird (which is a brood parasite that lays eggs in other nests, then abandons the nest) and its impact on the golden-cheeked warbler population is still being studied. Blue jays will also depredate Golden-cheecked warbler nests. Of four noted warbler nests in the Wild Basin in Texes all four were depredated by bluejays. As a result, the survivability of the young golden-cheeked warbler is significantly reduced.

Ecology
The golden-cheeked warbler breeds in the juniper-oak woodlands. The bird starts to build its nest about 16–23 feet in the air around the end of March out of ashe juniper bark. The male warbler will use song and physical abuse against other males to establish a territory in close proximity to the previous year's territory. Warblers will stay with only one mate for the entirety of the breeding season. The female will produce 3-4 white eggs that are covered with brown and purple dots that will hatch 10–12 days later. The hatchlings grow rapidly and will leave the nest after 9–12 days. The family will stay together in their territory for up to a month, after which the hatchlings will become independent.

In popular culture
In 2023 the golden-cheeked warbler was featured on a United States Postal Service Forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.

Books

 * Harper SJ, Westervelt JD & Shapiro A-M. (2002). Management application of an agent-based model: Control of cowbirds at the landscape scale. In Gimblett, H Randy [Editor, Reprint Author] Integrating geographic information systems and agent-based modeling techniques for stimulating social and ecological processes:105-123, 2002. Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016.
 * Ladd, C., and L. Gass. 1999. Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). In The Birds of North America, No. 420 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
 * Pulich, W. M. 1976. The Golden-cheeked Warbler. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Austin, TX. 172pp.
 * Shapiro A-MT, Harper SJ & Westervelt JD. (2004). The Fort Hood Avian Simulation Model-V: A spatially explicit population viability model for two endangered species. In Costanza, Robert [Editor, Reprint Author], Voinov, Alexey [Editor, Reprint Author] Landscape simulation modeling: A spatially explicit, dynamic approach:233-247, 2004. Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010-7858.

Theses

 * Reidy J.L. M.S. (2007). Golden-cheeked Warbler nest success and nest predators in urban and rural landscapes. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
 * Lindsay DL. M.S. (2006). Genetic diversity of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States, Louisiana.
 * Coldren CL. Ph.D. (1998). The effects of habitat fragmentation on the golden-cheeked warbler. Texas A&M University, United States, Texas.
 * Engels TM. Ph.D. (1995). The conservation biology of the golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). The University of Texas at Austin, United States, Texas.
 * Hsu S-L. Ph.D. (1999). A model of environmental compromise between regulators and landowners under the Endangered Species Act. University of California, Davis, United States, California.
 * Shaw DM. Ph.D. (1989). Applications of GIS and remote sensing for the characterization of habitat for threatened and endangered species. University of North Texas, United States, Texas.
 * Stake MM. M.S. (2003). Golden-cheeked warbler nest predators and factors affecting nest predation. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States, Missouri.

Articles

 * (1995). "Golden Cheeked Warbler" Discussed at Baylor During Academy. Baylor Business Review. vol 13, no 1. p. 17.
 * Academy of Natural Sciences of P. (1999). Golden-cheeked warbler: Dendroica chrysoparia. Birds of North America. vol 0, no 420. pp. 1–23.
 * Anders AD & Dearborn DC. (2004). Population trends of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler at Fort Hood, Texas, from 1992–2001. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 49, no 1. pp. 39–47.
 * Anders AD & Marshall MR. (2005). Increasing the accuracy of productivity and survival estimates in assessing landbird population status. Conservation Biology. vol 19, no 1. pp. 66–74.
 * Arnold KA. (2000). Texas. American Birds. vol 101, pp. 642–643.
 * Bocetti CI, Hatfield JS & Beardmore CJ. (1996). Some advice and guidelines for biologists interested in conducting population viability analyses. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. p. PART 2) 42, 1996.
 * Boice LP. (1998). Migratory bird conservation at Fort Hood. Endangered Species Update. vol 15, no 5. p. SS24.
 * Bolsinger JS. (2000). Use of two song categories by Golden-cheeked Warblers. Condor. vol 102, no 3. pp. 539–552.
 * Braun MJ, Braun DD & Terrill SB. (1986). Winter Records of the Golden-Cheeked Warbler Dendroica-Chrysoparia from Mexico. American Birds. vol 40, no 3. pp. 564–566.
 * Cathey K. (1997). The endangered birds of Balcones Canyonlands NWR. Endangered Species Update. vol 14, no 11-12. p. SS20.
 * David E. (2001). Extinction and blame. Orion. vol 20, no 3. p. 12.
 * Dearborn DC & Sanchez LL. (2001). Do Golden-cheeked Warblers select nest locations on the basis of patch vegetation?. Auk. vol 118, no 4. pp. 1052–1057.
 * DeBoer TS & Diamond DD. (2006). Predicting presence-absence of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). Southwestern Naturalist. vol 51, no 2. pp. 181–190.
 * Dunham AE, Akcakaya HR & Bridges TS. (2006). Using scalar models for precautionary assessments of threatened species. Conservation Biology. vol 20, no 5. pp. 1499–1506.
 * Eisermann K & Schulz U. (2005). Birds of a high-altitude cloud forest in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Revista de Biología Tropical. vol 53, no 3-4. pp. 577–594.
 * Engels TM & Sexton CW. (1994). Negative correlation of blue jays and golden-cheeked warblers near an urbanizing area. Conservation Biology. vol 8, no 1. pp. 286–290.
 * Fox JA & Nino-Murcia A. (2004). Species conservation banking: A solution to the conservation-development conflict. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts. vol 89, no 164.
 * Gehlbach FR. (1967). New Records of Warblers in Texas. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 12, no 1. pp. 109–110.
 * Graber AE, Davis CA & Leslie DM Jr. (2006). Golden-cheeked Warbler males participate in nest-site selection. Wilson Journal of Ornithology. vol 118, no 2. pp. 247–251.
 * Hunn E. (1973). Noteworthy Bird Observation from Chiapas Mexico. Condor. vol 75, no 4.
 * James SM. (2002). Bridging the gap between private landowners and conservationists. Conservation Biology. vol 16, no 1. pp. 269–271.
 * John HR, David K, Jeff D & Jorge Vega R. (2005). Factors Affecting Population Size in Texas' Golden-cheeked Warbler. Endangered Species Update. vol 22, no 3. p. 95.
 * Johnson KW, Johnson JE, Albert RO & Albert TR. (1988). Sightings of Golden-Cheeked Warblers Dendroica-Chrysoparia in Northeastern Mexico. Wilson Bulletin. vol 100, no 1. pp. 130–131.
 * Joseph ADA. (2003). Green laws threaten to surround Fort Hood. Human Events. vol 59, no 15. p. 5.
 * Kroll JC. (1980). Habitat Requirements of the Golden-Cheeked Warbler Dendroica-Chrysoparia Management Implications. Journal of Range Management. vol 33, no 1. pp. 60–65.
 * Lewis TJ, Ainley DG, Greenberg D & Greenberg R. (1974). A Golden-Cheeked Warbler on the Farallon Islands. Auk. vol 91, no 2. pp. 411–412.
 * Lockwood MW. (1996). Courtship behavior of Golden-cheeked Warblers. Wilson Bulletin. vol 108, no 3. pp. 591–592.
 * Lovette IJ & Hochachka WM. (2006). Simultaneous effects of phylogenetic niche conservatism and competition on avian community structure. Ecology. p. S) S14-S28, JUL 2006.
 * Magness DR, Wilkins RN & Hejl SJ. (2006). Quantitative relationships among golden-cheeked warbler occurrence and landscape size, composition, and structure. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 34, no 2. pp. 473–479.
 * Mike MS & Paul MC. (2001). Removal of host nestlings and fecal sacs by Brown-headed Cowbirds. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 4. p. 456.
 * Ortego B. (2000). Summary of highest counts of individuals for the United States. American Birds. vol 101, pp. 661–666.
 * Perrigo G, Brundage R, Barth R, Damude N, Benesh C, Fogg C & Gower J. (1990). Spring Migration Corridor of Golden-Cheeked Warblers in Tamaulipas Mexico. American Birds. vol 44, no 1. pp. 28–31.
 * Peterson TR & Horton CC. (1995). ROOTED IN THE SOIL - HOW UNDERSTANDING THE PERSPECTIVES OF LANDOWNERS CAN ENHANCE THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES. Q J Speech. vol 81, no 2. pp. 139–166.
 * Petyk J. (2004). Predation of a Golden-cheeked Warbler nest by a Western Scrub-Jay. Wilson Bulletin. vol 116, no 3. pp. 269–271.
 * Pulich WM. (1969). Golden-Cheeked Warbler Threatened Bird of the Cedar-G Brakes Dendroica-Chrysoparia Ecology Conservation. National Parks Magazine. vol 43, no 258. pp. 10–12.
 * Quinn WJ & Penn JG. (2004). Quercus buckleyi overstory recruitment in undisturbed communities of central Texas. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts. vol 89, no 412.
 * Rappole JH, King DI & Barrow WC Jr. (1999). Winter ecology of the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler. Condor. vol 101, no 4. pp. 762–770.
 * Rappole JH, King DI & Diez J. (2003). Winter- vs. breeding-habitat limitation for an endangered avian migrant. Ecological Applications. vol 13, no 3. pp. 735–742.
 * Rappole JH, King DI & Leimgruber P. (2000). Winter habitat and distribution of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). Anim Conserv. vol 3, pp. 45–59.
 * Rising JD. (1988). Phenetic Relationships among the Warblers in the Dendroica-Virens Complex and a Record of Dendroica-Virens from Sonora Mexico. Wilson Bulletin. vol 100, no 2. pp. 312–316.
 * Shaw DM & Atkinson SF. (1990). An Introduction to the Use of Geographic Information Systems for Ornithological Research. Condor. vol 92, no 3. pp. 564–570.
 * Smeins FE & Moses ME. (1994). Temporal analysis of golden-cheeked warbler habitat fragmentation using remote sensing and GIS. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. vol 75, no 2 PART 2. pp. 213–214.
 * Stake MM. (2001). Predation by a Great Plains rat snake on an adult female Golden-cheeked Warbler. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 4. pp. 460–461.
 * Stake MM & Cavanagh PM. (2001). Removal of host nestlings and fecal sacs by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 4. pp. 456–459.
 * Stake MM, Faaborg J & Thompson FR, III. (2004). Video identification of predators at Golden-cheeked Warbler nests. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 75, no 4. pp. 337–344.
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title: Golden-cheeked warbler


text:
Loss of consortium

Loss of consortium is a term used in the law of torts that refers to the deprivation of the benefits of a family relationship due to injuries caused by a tortfeasor. In this context, the word consortium means "(the right of) association and fellowship between two married people". Damages may be claimed under three theories: incurred medical costs or those yet to be incurred by the plaintiff, the loss of an injured spouse's services, and loss of society (within certain parameters).

The common law rule of consortium has been amended or abolished by statute in many jurisdictions. The availability of loss of consortium differs drastically among common law jurisdictions and does not exist at all in several of them. Damages for loss of consortium are considered separately from, and are not to be confused with compensatory damages.

Terminology and theory
The action was originally expressed in the Latin phrase "per quod servitium et consortium amisit" ("in consequence of which he lost [another person's] servitude and marital services"). The relationship between husband and wife has, historically, been considered worthy of legal protection. The interest being protected under consortium, is that which the head of the household (father or husband) had in the physical integrity of his wife, children, or servants. The undertone of this action is that the husband had an unreciprocated proprietary interest in his wife. The deprivations identified include the economic contributions of the injured spouse to the household, care and affection, and sex. The action was once available to a father against a man who was courting his daughter outside of marriage, on the grounds that the father had lost the consortium of his daughter's household services because she was spending time with her beau.

In English law
Loss of consortium arising from personal injuries was recognized under the English common law. In 1349, the Statute of Labourers 1351 (25 Edw. 3. Stat. 2) made legal provision to prevent servants changing employers, and to prevent prospective employers enticing servants away from other employers. Common law developed on the basis of this statute, such that the law extended from covering servants to covering family members. Since some family relationships were seen as analogous to property relationships (e.g. fathers owned their children and husbands owned their wives), harm done to family members could be seen as deprivation of benefits to the family member with legal control over them. For example, in Baker v Bolton (1808) 1 Camp 493, a man was permitted to recover for his loss of consortium while his wife languished after a carriage accident. However, once she died from her injuries, his right to recover for lost consortium ended (after the enactment of the Fatal Accidents Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 93) the English common law continued to prohibit recovery for loss of consortium resulting from the death of a victim). In the 1619 case Guy v. Livesey, it is clear that precedent had been established by that time that a husband's exclusive access to the sexual services of his wife was considered to fall within the concept of 'consortium', and that an adulterer might therefore be sued for depriving a cuckold of exclusive access to the sexual services of his wife. Since adultery could not otherwise be prosecuted in secular courts for most of the period after the twelfth century, loss of consortium became an important basis for prosecution for adultery in English law.

Actions for loss of consortium were abolished in England and Wales and Northern Ireland by the Administration of Justice Act 1982 (UK) s. 2.

Australia
In an English case, Baker v. Bolton (1808) 1 Camp 493, Lord Ellenborough made a much disputed, and unsupported, statement that an action for loss of consortium will not lie when the act, omission, or negligence in question results in the wife's death. Similarly, a claim for loss of consortium will not lie where the husband and wife's marital bond has been severed by divorce (Parker v Dzundza [1979] Qd R 55).

This action, in its common law form, has been labelled by Australian High Court Justice Murphy as an "archaic view" of interpersonal relationships due to the proprietary and misogynist undertones. In his judgment in Sharman v Evans (1977) 138 CLR 563, he noted that "actions for loss of services correctly treat this [the loss of a woman's capacity to make usual contributions as wife and mother in a household] as economic injury, but as a loss to the husband on the archaic view of the husband as master or owner of his wife".

Actions for the loss of consortium were abolished in New South Wales, Tasmania, Western Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory and by, respectively, the Law Reform (Marital Consortium) Act 1984 (NSW) s 3, the Common law (Miscellaneous Actions) Act 1986 (Tas) s 3, the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1941 (WA) s 3, and the Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002 (ACT) s 218

New Zealand
Actions for the loss of consortium were abolished in New Zealand by the Accident Compensation Act 1972 (NZ) s 5(2).

United States
Loss of consortium has been brought into the law as a cause of action by civil codes, for example, in Maine or into the common law by action of justices. Other jurisdictions view loss of consortium as an element of damages, not as an independent cause of action; in which case the claim must be brought under another tort. As an example, in suits brought under the State of Washington's wrongful death statute, loss of consortium is an element of damages. Although some jurisdictions recognize only spousal consortium (usually considered as sex), others recognize parental consortium (love and affection) and allow children to recover for the death or disability of a parent and vice versa.

Since same-sex marriage became available in the United States, courts in that country have extended loss of consortium to these unions.

title: Loss of consortium


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Just deserts

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:31, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Just deserts
Half dicdef, half bbs conversation. The info has already been transwikied to wiktionary. -- ran (talk) 21:27, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as transwiki is completed. Slac speak up!  00:44, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * After removing the rant, what's left is a misspelled dicdef that has already been transwiki'd. Delete.  Rossami (talk) 01:42, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, already in wiktionary. Megan1967 07:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to northern Africa. --SPUI (talk) 13:11, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Petersberg Declaration

The Petersberg Declaration was adopted by ministers of the Western European Union on 19 June 1992 at Hotel Petersberg, near Bonn in Germany. It defined military tasks of a humanitarian, disarming, peacekeeping and peacemaking nature that the WEU would be empowered to do. The contents and responsibilities arising from the declaration, known as the Petersberg Tasks, were later transferred to the European Union's (EU) European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), presently known as the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).

Outline
The member states agreed to deploy their troops and resources from across the whole spectrum of the military under the authority of the WEU. The tasks, which covered a range of possible military missions ranging from the most simple to the most robust military intervention, were formulated as:
 * Humanitarian and rescue tasks
 * Peacekeeping tasks
 * Tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking.

Officially, the range of tasks the EU/WEU committed itself to "included" the above, but were not limited to them. In practice, the task of territorial defence is considered the domain of NATO. As 21 of the 27 EU member states are also NATO members, there are many provisions to prevent competition with NATO.

Transfer to the EU
As a part of the partial merger of the WEU with the European Union, these tasks became part of the European Security and Defence Policy, and were central to strengthening the European Union's second pillar, the Common Foreign and Security Policy.

In 1997, during the European summit in Amsterdam, the tasks were incorporated in the Treaty on European Union. Both the WEU, NATO and the EU could enforce the Petersberg tasks, but with the transfer of the most important WEU assets to the EU in 1999, this distinction became mostly artificial.

The transfer of bodies from the WEU to the EU as well as the collective defence clause of the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009, rendered the WEU obsolete, and the WEU was abolished in 2011.

title: Petersberg Declaration


text:
Talk:Saccharin

Question on its banning/ban withdrawal
"The FDA in the United States considered banning saccharin in 1977, but after a moratorium was placed on the ban to study the safety of saccharin, the ban was withdrawn in 1991. Likewise, in 2000, the United States repealed a law requiring saccharin products to carry health warning labels."

This makes no sense. Was there a ban between 1977-1991, or not. It says the United States CONSIDERED a ban.... and then it jumps to saying the ban was WITHDRAWN. If there was no ban, how could it be withdrawn?

 * 1977-91 FDA recommends banning it, and Congress decided not to explicitly ban it but instead to make it something requiring a health safety warning. The FDA withdrew its proposal in 1991, and Congress withdrew (repealed) the labeling requirement in 2000. --Kaze0010 10:17, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Quantifying sweetness
how can one substance be "300 times sweeter" than another? how can you objectively quantify sweetness?

 * bodnotbod provided this link in the Talk page for Aspartame: Basic_taste. The Wikipedia page on Sweetness may help, too. --Joe Sewell 30 June 2005 16:10 (UTC)

Well, double trouble, the article on Sweetness says Saccharin is 510 (and not 'about' 300) times sweeter than Sugar....

Molecular drawing
Could someone who is conversant in chemestry please check the molecular drawing for accuracy? It is based on the previous image of the molecule, but I'm a graphic artist who hasn't studied chem in years...

Looks good to me. It matches what's on chemfinder, and the structure itself makes sense.

== Cyclamate was avThe article states that saccharin ban was protested because it was the only sweetener at the time but ... cyclamate is known from the 1930s, init? -- Ah yes. Cyclamate was banned too. ailable? ==

Cancer
In the 'Saccharin and Cancer' section, it says that

"The notorious and influential studies of the kind published in 1977 have been criticized for the ridiculously high dosages of saccharin that were given to the test subject rats; dosages were commonly hundreds of times higher than "normal" ingestion expectations would be for a consumer."

This is, I believe, typical of drug studies, where actually buying 1,000,000 of the animal would be ridiculous, and so, a smaller number (10,000 typically?) is used, with far higher dosages than normal, and real-life population numbers are extrapolated from that. Am I correct here? --Superiority 00:21, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Not quite, while animal studies typically use smaller sample sizes (10,000 is even large, more like 500-1000), they use of a high dosing regimen is purely up to the investigator. Sometimes, though not always, the high dose size is done due to budget constraints on long term studies (being more expensive). This can lead to claims that studies with dosages outside the range of recommended daily intake are flawed. However, just because the doses were high does not mean there is NO danger... Enviropearson (talk) 22:56, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

The main reason they use high doses is to gain a greater confidence in the result. If giving 1000 times the recommended dosage produces no ill effects, then they can be more confident that the regular dose is also safe. At lower dosage levels, the reaction to an unhealthy chemical will vary more widely between individual animals. At higher dosages, the reaction is more consistent. The second reason is that a high dose can provide some approximation of the potential damage of a normal dose taken over a much longer time span. However the use of high doses can make the result less applicable to everyday situations. 194.126.102.98 (talk) 17:13, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

This article ignores some important studies
See the paragraph "Smoldering Battle Over Saccharin Heats Up" in http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol278/issue5339/s-scope.dtl#top. There is also the webpage http://www.cspinet.org/reports/saccomnt.htm provided in the External Links section. These webpages mention studies that are not properly reported in the article. For example, consider the following paragraph in the article:

 * "Many studies have since been done on saccharin, with some showing a correlation between saccharin consumption and increased cancer (especially bladder cancer) and others showing no such correlation. The notorious and influential studies of the kind published in 1977 have been criticized for the ridiculously high dosages of saccharin that were given to the test subject rats; dosages were commonly hundreds of times higher than "normal" ingestion expectations would be for a consumer. No study has ever shown health risks in humans at normal doses. Furthermore, the biological mechanism believed to be responsible for the rat cancers has been shown to be inapplicable to humans because of differences in urine composition between rats and humans."

The second sentence suggests that the studies mentioned in the first sentence are ridiculous. The first two sentences are separately accurate, but the overall message is wrong. This is what is called insinuation, and it is against the Neutral Point Of View policy. Moreover, studies done after 1977 explain that the argument in the remainder of the paragraph is flawed (see the webpages that are cited just above). Moreover the sentence "No study has ever shown health risks in humans at normal doses." is not sourced, and should be removed in accordance with the WP:verifiability policy. In fact, the studies that are reported in the above webpages mention that some correlation has been shown between cancer and consumption of saccharin and other chemical sweeteners in the population. It is natural that many epidemiological studies do not consider saccharin alone because most commercial sweeteners mixe different chemicals (e.g. cyclamate and saccharin). Here is a quote:

 * "Numerous case-control studies have sought to evaluate the relationship between artificial-sweetener consumption (saccharin and cyclamate were generally used together) and the incidence of bladder cancer. Several studies, including some of the largest ones, found significant increases in rates of bladder cancer.
 * National Cancer Institute (3,010 total cases) found relative risks of between 1.6 and 3.0 in several subgroups of Americans, including low-risk white females and heavy-smoking males.
 * Morrison (555 British cases) found an increased risk (RR = 2.3) in British females (but not males or Japanese cases) who consumed more than 10 tablets of sugar substitutes (primarily saccharin) a day."

The study of the National Cancer Institute and the study of Morrision that are mentioned just above are two of many epidemiological studies on artificial sweeteners (see above webpages) --Lumière 03:10, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * While this is an old discussion, and though it appears that this user has long since packed his bags and left, I thought I'd comment here, since I've made changes relevant to this topic. The way the article was worded was a bit disingenuous, and I've clarified it so it says no study has found a causal relationship between saccharin consumption and health risks (and I doubt such a study would ever be done for ethical reasons ). However, to deemphasize the debate is also disingenuous, since there is still debate on this issue in the scientific community (see the IARC link in the text for some reaons why the human studies may not be of any value, or if you can, the article mentioned in the PubMed abstract, for arguements why the rat studes were flawed).Gershwinrb 07:00, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Why the article on saccharine does not mention the recent studies:
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6843803/
 * ? 194.230.147.125 (talk) 16:58, 21 May 2022 (UTC)
 * What is the link below my post? The link does not work. 194.230.147.125 (talk) 21:55, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

Saccharin was de-listed from the National Toxicology Program's listing of carcinogenic substances in 2006, 11th Review. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540

Etymology
Can someone check the etymological claim (from Greek X, from Sanskrit) in OED or something? This sounds unlikely : such claims are often made by Hindu nationalists who like to claim that PIE = Sanskrit. 80.168.29.18 08:29, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Who is Mamun "Mono" Shaikh?
On March 21st, someone introduced erroneous information into the Discovery and History section. For example, they changed 'Constantin Fahlberg' to 'Mamun "Mono" Shaikh'.12.64.128.22 15:52, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Pronounciation?
Since the name has very odd spelling, shouldn't there be pronounciation information on it? Undeaf 18:23, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. Would add it myself but I have no idea of the corect pronunciation ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.23.177.30 (talk) 00:19, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The spelling is not at all odd. I can't do IPA symbols, but the phonetic spelling is sac-ka-Rin or sack-a-Rin. – Mike . lifeguard  | @en.wb 08:26, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Quotes
In the same article there are two quoted statements from Teddy Roosevelt "Anybody who says saccharin is injurious is an idiot." and "Anyone who thinks saccharin is dangerous is an idiot"

Does anyone know exactly what he said else quote marks should be removed.

That was President Roosevelt, with the exact quote being: anyone who thinks saccharin is injurious to health is an idiot" Enviropearson (talk) 03:16, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

I've removed the paragraph which included the uncited version of the quote; it did not mention anything about cancer and just restated the previous section "Saccharin and government regulation". 159.124.170.11 (talk) 17:31, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Removed text
I removed this text: "The notorious and influential studies published in 1977 have been criticized for the very high dosages of saccharin that were given to test subject rats; dosages were commonly hundreds of times higher than 'normal' ingestion expectations would be for a consumer." because of the objections raised here. As said, this is typical in trials. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Superiority (talk • contribs) 21:44, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Saccharine redirect
As of right now, Saccharine redirects to this page, but a footnote on the very first word of the summary indicates that they refer to entirely different things. Should these two words really have the same article? 209.204.189.199 (talk) 20:33, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * This seems STILL to be true, after more than a decade. My understanding is that the -e ending forms an adjective implying extreme sweetness, but totally unrelated to the commercial product Saccharin.  incorrect? rags (talk) 04:59, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Government Regulation Section
I added more detail to the history of saccharin regarding Roosevelt and Wiley, with a quote from Wiley and a correction to the quote from Roosevelt. My reference may be off though, I direct to the online article that has the exchange within it (see []), but it is actually attributed in that article to a book by Wiley and sourced there... what would be the proper source? I think the FDA article is a worthy place to send people, but not sure if it is the proper one, any thoughts?Enviropearson (talk) 03:16, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and carefull attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 18:35, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Oldest Artificial Sweetner?
I'm a bit confused by the assertion that Saccharin is the oldest artificial sweetner -- the ancient Romans were believed to produce lead acetate by boiling grape must in lead vessels thousands of years before saccharin was discovered. Perhaps this statement needs to be qualified in some way? Otherwise, it appears factually incorrect, and in need of removal. --AdamRoach (talk) 20:12, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

"Artificial" Sweetener.
Johnwrd (talk) 22:19, 26 May 2009 (UTC)What is "Artificial" about saccharin? It is made from a (former) vegetable product. The Tests carried out on saccharin were using doses the equivalent of 1000 cans of Soda a day. A very simple fact is also ignored by the Anti-Saccharin Lobby; Diabetics have no higher rate of Bladder Cancer than anyone else, and those statistics were collected when Diabetics were the primary users of saccharin. Some experts on the subject recommend 'mixing' sweeteners and sugar, so you only intake a small amount of each. The health risks (if there are any) would then be minimal.Johnwrd (talk) 22:20, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

I concur. Saccharin is simply something adding sweetness to the taste. Sometimes, if not often, natural. --96.54.235.1 (talk) 04:36, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

OK, I see the problem. Saccharin and saccharine are too different things, but they both are redirected to the article "Saccharin"... I created a stub for it. --Enigma55 (talk) 05:02, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The redirect was restored due to Articles_for_deletion/Saccharine. --Enric Naval (talk) 02:05, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Discovery
I notice that the story of saccharin's discovery in this article contradicts the one in Ira Remsen, where this article says the sweet taste was noticed by Fahlberg, and the other that it was noticed by Remsen. I'm not sure which is correct... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.48.82.100 (talk) 12:59, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

It is well known to historians that Remsen and Fahlberg later contested their relative contributions to the discovery of saccharin. The current wording of this article (on 10 June 2013) takes a pronounced POV, explicitly accusing Fahlberg of "academic theft", when the situation is not -- and never has been -- completely clear. Their first publication in 1878, listed in the sources at the end of this article, is joint-authored, with Fahlberg's name first and Remsen's second. This ordering of the names was presumably on Remsen's authority, since he was the director of the laboratory. The first sentence of this German paper does not help to resolve the question of relative contributions to the discovery. The current wording of the current Wikipedia article ("a mere glance at the first sentence [of the 1878 paper] ... is enough ..." [to incriminate Fahlberg]) is false. That first sentence simply states that a few years previously, Remsen began a series of investigations that continues with the present co-authored paper. We can infer that the sweet taste of the new substance was noted by both Remsen and Fahlberg, since it is described in the co-authored 1878 paper (on p. 470) as "pleasantly sweet, even sweeter than cane sugar." There is no indication, and no way to know for certain, which of them tasted it first. I will now edit the relevant sentences to remove the POV character.Ajrocke (talk) 17:11, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Synthesis Corrections
The section under "Chemistry" discussing the Remsen & Fahlberg synthesis contains some minor errors. The intermediate o- and p-chlorosulfones (not chlorosulfonic acids as stated in the text) and the o-sulfonamide include too many oxygens on the sulfur atom. Those substituents should read "SO2Cl" and "SO2NH2" respectively. The original creator of the image would be able to make this correction more quickly than I would, but if there's no response in a couple of days, I'll make a new figure. Nllewellyn (talk) 02:14, 12 May 2012 (UTC) Could somebody please fix a structure in the Maumee synthesis? The product of the treatment of the diazonium with sulfur dioxide had an aqueous workup which resulted in the sulfonic acid, not the depicted sulfinic acid. Meaning, could somebody please change the SO2H to SO3H? Reference 40 has this wrong as well, probably just a typo back then. See ref https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ciuz.201100574 for a correct depiction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.102.10.167 (talk) 05:40, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

Section "Warning label ... removal"; "SWEETEST", not "Sweetness"
The following may be gleaned from merely reading the public record available on the internet. Does this amount to "original research"?

The third paragraph of the section currently begins,

 * "The delisting of saccharin led to legislation, known as the Sweetness Act; which was signed into law on December 21, 2000, repealing the warning label requirement for products containing saccharin.[citation needed]"

"Citation needed"? I'll say. Though this "Sweetness Act" sentence has been copied many places on the internet, it's pretty inaccurate, I think. Looking at the Library of Congress' "Thomas" website I found that:

On December 14, 2000, during the 106th Congress, U.S. Rep. John Edward Porter (R-IL) introduced House Resolution 5656, the “Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001”. Title V (“General Provisions”), Section 517 of H.R. 5656 reads

 * “SEC. 517. Section 403 [misbranded food] (o) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ([Title] 21 U.S.C. 343(o)) is repealed. Subsections (c) and (d) of section 4 of the Saccharin Study and Labeling Act are repealed.”

On the day of its introduction, H.R. 5656 was “Referred to the House Committee on Appropriations”.

On December 15, 2000, H.R. 5656 was inserted into Rep. Porter’s H.R. 4577, “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001” (introduced June 1, 2000) which included

 * SECTION 1. (a) The provisions of the following bills of the 106th Congress are hereby enacted into law. (1) H.R. 5656, as introduced on December 14, 2000

President Bill Clinton signed H.R. 4577 into law December 21, 2000 as Public Law No: 106-554.

Also on December 15, 2000, U.S. Rep. Joe Knollenberg (R-MI) introduced H.R. 5668, the “Saccharin Warning Elimination via Environmental Testing Employing Science and Technology Act”, nicknamed the “SWEETEST act”. It was “Referred to the House Committee on Commerce” the same day. H.R. 5668 subsequently died in committee.

So the thing was actually nicknamed the "SWEETEST act", not the "Sweetness act", and it died anyway. The texts of H.R. 5656 and H.R. 5668 have the same effect but are not identical. If one searches for "sweetness act", only this article and plagiarism of it appear, along with non sequiturs. Searching for "sweetest act" in the public record, one finds it died in committee. H.R. 5656 did the work, by way of H.R. 4577. Rt3368 (talk) 07:49, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

Should the sentence on aspartame be removed?
The article says saccharin "may trigger the release of insulin... but this has not been confirmed in controlled studies. This is similar for aspartame..." Should that last sentence be removed? This new study shows no effect: Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire. Évaluations des bénéfices et risques nutritionels des édulcorants intenses. January 2015. https://www.anses.fr/sites/default/files/documents/NUT2011sa0161Ra.pdf And in reporting on that French study and the large recent European study of aspartame, the medical site http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/839455 reports, "the vast majority of studies show no effects of sweeteners on insulin or on blood glucose levels. In addition, in observational studies, sweeteners do not appear to increase the risk for diabetes." Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host (talk) 15:12, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Should the glucose intolerance sentence be removed?
The main article footnotes a 2014 paper, Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota, in the journal Nature for this claim, "large amounts of saccharin (corresponding to 4 l of sweetened soft drinks per day [BE: is that a number?] ) have been shown to lead to significantly increased glucose intolerance..." Nature has been taken to task for that 2014 paper, as a quote in the competing journal Science indicates, "I cannot believe the journal [Nature] allowed that title.” http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/09/artificial-sweeteners-may-contribute-diabetes-controversial-study-finds And Nature itself published a rather scathing rebuttal to its own paper, at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7521/full/nature13793.html#comment-64447 So should that glucose intolerance statement in the article be removed, or should reference to the contrary information be added? Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host (talk) 15:54, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Not Digested???
The article states that "saccharin is believed to be an important discovery, especially for diabetics, as it goes directly through the human digestive system without being digested." This is an extremely misleading and false statement.

Saccharin is removed from the body by the kidneys then excreted in urine. For the kidneys to filter out saccharin, saccharin must be in the blood. For saccharin to be in the blood, it must be digested. Whether or not saccharin is broken down into other components (metabolized) is a different story. The body does not METABOLIZE saccharin. (It DOES, however, DIGEST it.) Saccharin enters the blood stream exactly as it was ingested, then the kidneys filter the saccharin, exactly as it was ingested, out of the blood and excrete it in urine, once again, exactly as ingested. If you want to play mad scientist, consume some saccharin mixed with plain water. About 30 minutes later, urinate into a cup and take a little sip. It will taste sweet. (Do this in the evening because in the morning your urine tastes exactly like you expect it to: it tastes like poison.) Rainydaytreat (talk) 17:03, 30 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree that the statement is incorrect as written. Saccharin appears to be rapidly absorbed (not "digested" as you say, though) into the bloodstream and then excreted mostly unchanged.  The point of the statement, that saccharin is safe for diabetics, is correct though. I have modified the article accordingly and added a reference.  -- Ed (Edgar181) 17:17, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

Thank you! Yes, "rapidly absorbed" is much better (and more accurate) than "digested". I appreciate your response. Rainydaytreat (talk) 20:36, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

Artificial "Sweetener"?
How can a neutral source get away with advertising for Big Corp by calling Saccharin a "sweetener," and reverting edits that refer to its actual taste? Can you provide a source proving that saccharin is sweet? No. No, you can't. Because it's not, and anyone who says otherwise either doesn't have a tongue or is a liar. Saccharin is bitter. Any Wikipedia editor who reverts it is in the pocket of Sweet'n Low, and is intellectually dishonest. Case closed. These are objective facts, and not my opinion.68.42.32.128 (talk) 04:32, 6 November 2016 (UTC)
 * content in wikipedia is based on reliable sources )see [{WP:RS]]). Please read the sources in the article supporting the statements about sweetness.  If you have reliable sources saying otherwise, please present them.  Thanks. Jytdog (talk) 04:51, 6 November 2016 (UTC)
 * So, there's a "reliable" source that says that saccharin is sweet? Oh, right. I forgot. Content isn't based on reliable sources at all. This entire article reads like an advertisement for Sweet N'Low. Care to revise your statement?

Furthermore, "Please read an article that contradicts what your tongue says" is the opposite of reliable.68.42.32.128 (talk) 16:50, 28 November 2016 (UTC)

You know what's funny is that you require a reliable source that says saccharine ISN'T sweet when everyone with a tongue knows it, but when someone request a citation or source for a claim that it IS sweet, you sweep that request for evidence under the rug. But, Wikipedia is only based on reliable sources and not just propaganda. Sure. I used to think Wikipedia was unreliable because anyone could edit it. Turns out I was wrong. Wikipedia is unreliable because a fascist few control its contents.68.42.32.128 (talk) 17:44, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
 * bring a reliable source for your claims already. This is Wikipedia 101 stuff. Jytdog (talk) 18:17, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh, is it? And would the Oxford Medical Journal be considered a reliable source? I happen to have an article from them published in 2001 on the bitterness of saccharin, but I don't think I'm gonna share it with you. Find it yourself. BTW, I noticed you never found out which article I vandalised eight years ago.68.42.32.128 (talk) 18:55, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

"Relatedly, saccharose is an obsolete name for sucrose (table sugar)." ????
1) since when? 2) like where? (is this the case when some local habit in the USA is thought to be the directive for the rest of the world? see adrenaline, for example. You can't replace the use of the word adrenaline with epinephrine in europe, ever, because it would not make any sense. Is it only a matter of time when someone will state that the phrase "makes my blood boil" has been obsoleted and you should say "the saturaded vapour pressure of my hemolymph has reached or exceeded the pressure of the external atmosphere"...? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.64.19.60 (talk) 15:23, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saccharin


text:
User:Artofthetrail

I'm a long-distance hiker and amateur photographer. Trails I've thruhiked include the Appalachian Trail, the Pacific Crest Trail, the Continental Divide Trail, the International Appalachian Trail, the Pinhoti Trail and the Duncan Ridge Trail. I'm always glad to answer questions or chat about hiking these trails.

title: User:Artofthetrail


text: User:Cauleyflower

title: User:Cauleyflower


text:
Talk:George Devol

Untitled
The present article seems to at least partly consist of two texts pasted in sequence. --Vinsci 21:30, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Unimate
'''Closed as consensus is to not merge. unimate is notable enough to have its own article'' This means that the main article is Unimate. I have put in the "Main" tag and now the section text needs to be moved to the Unimate article and a summary left here. I am unable to do this as my PC is broken and this smartphone is not so smart as it cannot cut and paste.

 * Oppose. The Unimate and its siblings are sufficiently notable for an article of their own. Globbet (talk) 23:17, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Unimate is sufficiently well-known to deserve a separate article. Jll (talk) 13:24, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. If we follow standard wiki style there should be one page for Devol, and another for Unimate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.110.57.214 (talk) 04:24, 27 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose Too important a development in robotics to NOT have its own article Chaosdruid (talk) 16:18, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Consensus shows not to merge and I will close it as such Chaosdruid (talk) 16:18, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Updated some links for the National Inventor's Hall of Fame. - William — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bangthedash101 (talk • contribs) 19:32, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

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External links modified
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External links modified (February 2018)
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COI tag (February 2024)
Apparently a family member has been adding material to this article based on primary sources such as patents. MrOllie (talk) 18:03, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Devol


text:
Blue blazer

Blue blazer may refer to:

 * Blue blazer, a flaming drink
 * A blue blazer, a type of jacket
 * The Blue Blazer, the working name of professional wrestler Owen Hart

title: Blue blazer


text:
Indie Game Jam

The Indie Game Jam (IGJ) was an effort to rapidly prototype video game designs and inject new ideas into the game industry. Started in 2002 by a group of game designer-programmers, the event featured a shared game engine technology and worked on by other designer-programmers for a single long weekend. The games resulting from that weekend were then published, open-source, on the IGJ web page.

Overview
IGJ was an event for indie game developers that allowed them to develop and present ideas without publisher restrictions. Hosted in Oakland, California just before the Game Developers Conference, the IGJ ran on sponsorship and donations.

IGJ was known for innovation and rapid prototyping of new gameplay ideas. After the third IGJ, Doug Church commented, "[..] it's kinda true that nothing works, but you just throw everyone into the middle of the fire and things come out." He commented that small experiments can lead to big developments in the field. He also noted that while IGJ may not itself revolutionize the mainstream video game industry, it may inspire individuals to innovate. Justin Hall explained that the "roots of electronic entertainment life [lie in such] collaborations".

Numerous well known indie developers and other game industry figures have participated, including Jonathan Blow, Doug Church, Chaim Gingold, Justin Hall, Chris Hecker, Austin Grossman, Marc LeBlanc, Randy Smith, and Robin Hunicke.

The IGJ was considered an inspiration for later game jams including the Nordic Game Jam and the Global Game Jam.

Yearly Game Jams
Each year, Indie Game Jam posed different questions about innovation of new settings, genres, and controls.

 * The first Indie Game Jam (IGJ) named "0th Indie Game Jam." was held between March 15–18, 2002. The idea for the event came from Chris Hecker and Sean Barrett, who originally presented Dogma 2001 challenge for the 2001 Game Developers Conference (GDC), which strived to create games without relying on technology. For the IGJ, the opposite approach was taken. Hecker described the attempt as encouragement for experimentation with technology-driven design and pointed out that video gaming industry lacked innovation being restricted by publisher expectations for returns. He proposed to use 100,000 sprites to produce a game. During the jam 12 new games were developed by 14 programmers and designers. All games used the same engine, which Hecker noted took considerable time to produce. The engine was optimized and strived to stress the hardware. He also noted that "great programmers" had to be chosen due to limited time and complex coding tasks. The resulting innovative games, while in no way complete, were presented at the Experimental Gameplay Workshop session at the 2002 GDC and were well received. The event was funded by donations: for example Intel supplied the team's personal computers.
 * The second Indie Game Jam held in March 2003 used Zack Simpson's Shadow Garden technology, which used a human shadow projected on the wall as the primary interface. The IGJ again had 14 programmers and designers participating.
 * The third Indie Game Jam was held in March 2004 and two dozen programmers participated. In the invitation letter, Hecker proposed to explore physics engine integration into gameplay. The engine chosen was Atman Binstock's 2D physics engine with a framework for experimentation with various physical properties and object interactions. The engine presented a challenge, because the real world physics did not necessarily correspond with the engine's features. The jam explored level deformation and chaotic results from player's interaction with the physics engine. It proved difficult to focus on game design rather than physics themselves. The jam also invited a number of support stuff and artists to polish the games. Almost all games produced used PlayStation 2 DualShock controllers. While unfamiliarity with the engine and certain technical difficulties provided a challenge, in the end the team succeeded at producing working games. In the end, the physics were seen as a field of potential innovation.
 * The fourth Indie Game Jam held in March 2005 explored human interaction using 3D characters from The Sims. The IGJ attracted professionals from various fields – art, sound design, game theory and education. By this time, similar Game Jams had developed – in Lithuania, Toronto, Dallas, Boston, Ohio, and Nordic.

title: Indie Game Jam


text:
User talk:Artofthetrail

Welcome...

title: User talk:Artofthetrail


text:
Talk:Albert VII, Archduke of Austria

Wedding date
Was the wedding date April 18, 1599 ? His wife's Wikipage, Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, has May 6 instead. Perhaps the earlier date was the engagement ? -- PFHLai 21:38, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)

Albert and Isabella were officially engaged on the 6 May 1598. The marriage was celebrated by procuration at Ferrara on 15 November 1598 in the presence of Pope Clement VIII. Albert was present, the Archduchess Margaret - who married Philip III the same day - stood in for Isabella. Both marriages were confirmed at Valencia on 18 april 1599. Richardot 13:04, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Irish connection?
Is this the same Archduke Albert who had very strong links with Aodh Mór Ó Néill and all those who fled Ireland in the Flight of the Earls in 1607? If it is, there is a huge amount about him in the Irish Colleges of Europe, and he was intimately involved in the Flight of the Earls itself. 193.1.172.163 (talk) 16:46, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Yes he is. Tyrone and Tirconnel fled to the archducal court in Brussels and were given a reception that shocked the resident English ambassador for its warmth. Some of the children were made pages and would eventually get commands in the Army of Flanders. A number of Irish and for that matter English colleges were subsidized by the archducal regime out of the funds meant for the Spanish army in the Netherlands. The connection was older still, because at the onset of Tyrone's rebellion, the earls and Philip II agreed that the then Cardinal-Archduke Albert would become King of Ireland if the rebellion succeeded.Richardot (talk) 16:48, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Albert VII, Archduke of Austria or Archduke Albert of Austria?
This article's title suggests that this man was the [Sovereign] Archduke of Austria, but he is not included in the list of rulers of Austria, and there is no succession box indicating that he was an Austrian monarch. Furthermore, the Archduchy of Austria was at teh time held by Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. If he was not monarch of Austria, then this article should be at Archduke Albert of Austria. Surtsicna (talk) 12:02, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Albert was effectively the reigning archduke, be it for only a few months. It should be remembered that Rudolf II died in 1612 and was succeeded as reigning archduke by his brother Matthias. When the latter died in 1619, the archduchies of Upper and Lower Austria and the position of head of the Austrian Habsburgs passed to Albert, by then the only surviving son of Maximilian II. Albert was formally invested with both charges. He did not retain them very long however, ceding them to Emperor Ferdinand II in exchange for a yearly pension. Hence his reign is probably the shortest of any in the archduchies. That being said, it made little difference on the ground. The archduchies were in open rebellion against Habsburg rule at the time. Richardot (talk) 10:37, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Albert was archibishop of Toledo 1595-98. So he was priest too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.32.111.74 (talk) 23:23, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Titles of the Archdukes
Unless there are some clear and unambiguous guidelines concerning titles, I suggest they should be given according to and in the order that they were used by the princes themselves. In the case of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella that means: Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy (Philip II reserved the right to continue that title as King of Spain, but he did not claim an exclusive right), Duke of Lothier (a title that always preceded that of Brabant), Duke of Brabant, etc. It suffices to have a look at any ordinnance published during their reign to see that this is the case. Richardot (talk) 15:21, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was Not Moved  Ron h jones (Talk) 02:28, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Archduke Albert of Austria (1559-1621) → Archduke Albert of Austria (1559–1621) — year ranges use an endash per WP:DATE. — Rjwilmsi 12:39, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose Always ignore MOScruft; and in this case, the real problem is that disambiguation by date is undesirable (who will be able to find him by birth-date? we might as well use arbitrary strings). Either Albert VII, Archduke of Austria (and we should make clear that the number means "in the Austrian succession" anyway) or disambiguate by profession: Archduke Albert of Austria (viceroy).Septentrionalis PMAnderson 13:19, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose not a useful move.  RP459 (talk) 14:58, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move to Albert, Duke of Luxembourg
This move is not a good idea. In his lifetime as well as in subsequent historiography, Archduke Albert was never known by the "principal" title of Duke of Luxembourg (except, perhaps, within the institutions of that duchy). A quick look at his official lists of titles will show that quite a few duchies were considered of greater importance than Luxembourg. Or, to put it by means of a comparison, moving Albert to Duke of Luxembourg would be like moving King Gustav I of Sweden to King Gustav I of the Goths (which was likewise a lower title he used). Perhaps more importantly, Archduke Albert is the name and title used by historians today. Surely there is no need to create confusion by moving him to Albert, Duke of Luxembourg. I therefore recommend he should be named according to Wikipedia standards for sovereigns of a lower title than king. In my understanding Archduke Albert, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands would be the most appropriate form. Richardot (talk) 13:02, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Yet again this is a controversial and undiscussed move (talking about the one to Albert, Duke of Luxembourg). Luxembourg did not stand above any of the other states of the Habsburg Netherlands. Why do you choose Luxembourg when he could be Albert, Duke of Lothier; Albert, Duke of Brabant; Albert, Duke or Limburg; Albert, Duke of Guelders; Albert, Count of Flanders; Albert, Count of Artois; Albert, Count Palatine of Burgundy; Albert, Count of Hainaut or ; Albert, Margrave of Namur? The Duchy of Brabant was larger than Luxembourg! --Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 00:57, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

I couldn't agree with you more. I moved the article away from Albert, duke of Luxembourg. It beats me why he was moved back there. I can see the problem in as far as Albert and Isabella were sovereigns of a composite state. Like many other monarchs of their time their person was the linchpin of a collection of duchies, counties, etc. In their own reckoning, their highest title was Archdukes of Austria. Within the framework of the Netherlands it was Duke of Burgundy. The later was never in their possession however. The former only for a number of months. Assigning it to Luxembourg, Brabant, Lothier, etc. is never going to be very satisfactory. That is why I proposed calling them "sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands". The title did not exist at the time, but it does sum up what they were. An alternative could be the short description they used themselves princ.Belgarum, which should be translated as princes of the Netherlanders (not of the Belgians, that's a nineteenth century term).Richardot (talk) 09:42, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

 * You are right, Luxembourg was not more important than the other duchies but it wasn't less important either so it can't be compared to moving Gustav I of Sweden to Gustav I of the Goths (even if we ignore the fact that Gustav ruled no Kingdom of the Goths, while Albert did rule a Duchy of Luxembourg).
 * "Archduke Albert, sovereign of the Netherlands" is as messy as would be Philip II, ruler of the Spanish Empire. As bad as "Albert, Duke of Luxembourg" might be, "Archduke Albert, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands" is certainly worse.
 * If he was indeed a sovereign of Austria at any point in his lifetime as Albert VII, then the article should be titled Albert VII, Archduke of Austria. I think we all agree on this one. It would be similar to a previous title (Archduke Albert of Austria (1559–1621)) but more useful and easier to remember. Unfortunatly, I haven't been able to find a source that confirms that he was a sovereign of Austria (not merely calling him Albert VII). It does make sense, since he was heir presumptive to Matthias, but I'd like to see a source.
 * That being said, I've encountered several sources that refer to him as "Albert the Pious". I am talking about The new Encyclopaedia Britannica (1974), Academic Interests and Catholic Confessionalisation (2010), The Oxford encyclopedia of the Reformation (1996), New Century Cyclopedia of Names (1980), Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present (2000), A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1273-1700 (1994), Rembrandt, master of the portrait (1992), Dutch and Flemish painting (1986), etc, etc. Would Albert the Pious please everyone? Surtsicna (talk) 12:58, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

 * After the death of Emperor Matthias, the Catholic membership of the states of Lower Austria formally recognized Albert as the new archduke on 5 June 1619. The Protestant members of Lower Austria and the states of Upper Austria declared that they were willing to do the same on condition that he confirmed their religious liberties. Albert abdicated in favor of Emperor Ferdinand II with letters patent dated 9 October 1619. His reign in Austria was no doubt the shortest and it was contested, but in the nomenclature of his Habsburg successors, it was nevertheless legitimate. So yes, I for one could live with Albert VII, Archduke of Austria.
 * As to a source, see: Hans Sturmberger, Georg Erasmus Tschernembl: Religion, Libertät und Widerstand: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Gegenreformation und des Landes ob der Enns, Forschungen zur Geschichte Oberösterreichs, 3 (Graz and Köln: H. Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1953).
 * Albert the Pious on the other hand is a posthumous title. It is never mentioned in contemporary sources.
 * Although I hope we can now settle for Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, once and for all, I feel obliged to add that the order of titles was never random. When it came to ducal titles Albert was first and foremost (though rather theoretically) Duke of Burgundy, then Duke of Lothier (quite theoretical too), Duke of Brabant, Duke of Limburg and only in fifth place Duke of Luxemburg. It really makes a big difference for an early modern prince.Richardot (talk) 19:07, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Then let's move it to Albert VII, Archduke of Austria. Why don't you write about his short reign in the article? It's quite interesting and seems significant. I'll add a succession box. As for Albert the Pious, it is posthumous but isn't that common when it comes to nicknames? I doubt Henry IV of Castile was called "Henry the Impotent" during his own reign. Surtsicna (talk) 19:29, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I support the move to Albert VII, Archduke of Austria. Now what about his wife?--Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 02:30, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain is a ridiculously long title for an article about the only Isabella Clara Eugenia that ever lived. Besides, it undermines her status as sovereign by relegating her to the status of a mere daughter of a sovereign. Why not name the article simply Isabella Clara Eugenia if Isabella Clara Eugenia, Duchess of X is inappropriate? Surtsicna (talk) 12:04, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move II

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 02:59, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Albert, Duke of Luxembourg → Albert VII, Archduke of Austria – Archduke Albert was a sovereign ruler of a lower title than king. His sovereignty in the Habsburg Netherlands was made up by a patchwork of titles and (as the discussion above shows) it is hard to pick one of them. He did however become the ruler of the archduchies of Lower and Upper Austria at the death of his brother Emperor Matthias (20 March 1619) until his abdication in favor of Emperor Ferdinand II (9 October 1619). Richardot (talk) 07:39, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Kauffner (talk) 18:26, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Children
Did he have three children: Philip, Albert, Anna Mauritia, who died young? --The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 20:20, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albert VII, Archduke of Austria


text:
SS Mayaguez

SS Mayaguez  was a U.S.-flagged container ship that attained notoriety for its 12 May 1975 seizure by Khmer Rouge forces of Cambodia, which resulted in a confrontation with the United States at the close of the Vietnam War.

Service history
The Mayaguez was first launched in April 1944 as SS White Falcon, a U.S. Maritime Commission C2-S-AJ1 freighter built by North Carolina Shipbuilding Company of Wilmington, North Carolina.

After World War II, the ship was sold to Grace Line and renamed the SS Santa Eliana. Seeking to containerize its coffee bean traffic from Venezuela, in 1960 Grace had the Santa Eliana and her sister ship Santa Leonor lengthened and widened by the Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Company and converted into the first U.S.-flagged, all-container ships devoted to foreign trade, with a capacity of 382 containers below-deck plus 94 on-deck. With Grace Line's plans repeatedly frustrated by longshoremen opposition in both Venezuela and New York, the ship was sold in 1964 to the American container line Sea-Land Service and she was renamed SS Sea, and then SS Mayaguez (named after the city of Mayagüez on the west coast of Puerto Rico) in 1965. Her sister ship was renamed Land and then Ponce (after the city of Ponce on the south coast of Puerto Rico).

In 1967, Sea-Land began regular container service under contract to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) in support of American forces in Southeast Asia, with the Mayaguez being one of many Sea-Land ships employed. In 1975 the Mayaguez was sailing a regular route: Hong Kong – Sattahip, Thailand – Singapore. On 7 May 1975, about a week after the fall of Saigon, Mayaguez left Hong Kong on what was said to be a routine voyage.

Capture and recovery
The "Mayaguez incident" took place between Democratic Kampuchea (today known as the Kingdom of Cambodia) and the United States from 12 to 15 May 1975, less than a month after the Khmer Rouge took control of the capital Phnom Penh ousting the U.S.-backed Khmer Republic. After the Khmer Rouge seized the ship in a disputed maritime area, the U.S. mounted a hastily-prepared rescue operation. U.S. Marines recaptured the ship and attacked the island of Koh Tang where it was believed, in error, that the crew were being held as hostages. Encountering stronger than expected defenses on Koh Tang, three United States Air Force helicopters were destroyed during the initial assault and the Marines fought a desperate day-long battle with the Khmer Rouge before being evacuated. Mayaguez's crew were released unharmed by the Khmer Rouge shortly after the attack on Koh Tang began.

Later career
Duly retrieved from Khmer Rouge forces, the Mayaguez was taken out of service and eventually scrapped in 1979.

title: SS Mayaguez


text:
Edmonton Journal

The Edmonton Journal is a daily newspaper published in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is part of the Postmedia Network.

History
The Journal was founded in 1903 by three local businessmen — John Macpherson, Arthur Moore and J.W. Cunningham — as a rival to Alberta's first newspaper, the 23-year-old Edmonton Bulletin. Within a week, the Journal took over another newspaper, The Edmonton Post, and established an editorial policy supporting the Conservative Party against the Bulletin's stance for the Liberal Party. In 1912, the Journal was sold to the Southam family. It remained under Southam ownership until 1996, when it was acquired by Hollinger International. The Journal was subsequently sold to Canwest in 2000, and finally came under its current ownership, Postmedia Network Inc., in 2010.

In 1905, The Journal began operating from a building on the corner of a lot on 102nd Avenue and 101st Street. Its present location at 101st Street and 100th Avenue was established in 1921, and Alberta's first radio station, CJCA, began broadcasting from the building a year later.

In 1937, the Journal came into conflict with Alberta Premier William Aberhart's attempt to pass the Accurate News and Information Act requiring newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories the provincial cabinet deemed "inaccurate". After successfully fighting the law, the Journal became the first non-American newspaper to be honoured by the Pulitzer Prize committee, receiving a special bronze plaque in 1938 for defending the freedom of the press.

After the Bulletin folded in 1951, the Journal was left as Edmonton's oldest and only remaining daily newspaper. The monopoly continued until the Edmonton Sun began publishing in 1978.

In 1982, government officials under the Combines Investigation Act entered and searched the paper's offices under the suspicion that Southam Newspapers was violating federal legislation by engaging in unfair trading and anti-competitive business practices. The Alberta Court of Appeal ruled the search to be inconsistent with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, a decision the Supreme Court of Canada upheld in Hunter v Southam Inc.

Present day
Today, the Journal publishes six days a week, with regular sections including News (city, Canada, and world), Sports, Opinion, A&E, Life, and Business. The newspaper participated in the Critics and Awards Program for High School Students (Cappies), now called the Alberta Youth Theatre Collective, and has partnerships with a number of arts organizations in Edmonton, including the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and the Alberta Ballet Company. It also supports community events such as the Canspell National Spelling Bee.

The Journal has also begun operating under a new commitment to digital media in addition to traditional print.

Circulation
The Edmonton Journal has seen like most Canadian daily newspapers a decline in circulation. Its total circulation dropped by 0 percent to 92,542 copies daily from 2009 to 2015.

title: Edmonton Journal