text:
Talk:Shamu

Orca/Killer Whale?
Someone just changed all mentions of orcas to killer whales. I know virtually zilch about Shamus so could someone confirm that this is correct? SandBoxer 04:55, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Killer whale and orca are different names for the same thing. However, orca is the more scientific name (as they are dolphins and not actually whales) and is the name of the article on Wikipedia about them. --βjweþþ (talk) 16:18, 10 September 2005 (UTC)and had a baby called lura

Ive changed it back to orca because that is the more corect name and also the pageorca refrers them to that.

Once again someone has changed it killer whale, someone needs to sort out this =\ SandBoxer 21:47, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

I changed it back to orca, and after the first instance of the word added "killer whale" in parentheses. I also removed all instances of the word "whale" by itself. Hopefully it'll stay that way. Lomaprieta 10:01, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

It shouldn't be necessary, at least gramattically, to use one word or another. In fact, a mix of both usages would read more naturally. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JackFloridian (talk • contribs) 19:10, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Units?
The article mentions 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Maybe this should be changed to the metric unit. Is there a standard which units to uns in Whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_pageikipedia?

I added Celsius in parentheses. SandBoxer 21:49, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

"shamu" recently killed a florida trainer in 2010
 * Not sure why this last unsigned comment is here (under "Units") but... The 2010 (Orlando) Florida SeaWorld incident involving Tilikum at/after a "Dine with Shamu" show is described in the Tilikum and Shamu (SeaWorld show) articles.  Pugetbill (talk) 13:42, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

Shamu Show
I did a copyedit on the most recent inclusion, but I'm wondering if so much detail should be here in the first place. Is there a page on the shows specificially that this information can be moved to? If not, do we really need to know all this stuff? Lomaprieta 08:59, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It looks to me like the page is about the show, so where else would you put it? It's hard to make the page about Shamu the whale, since it's just a stage name and can refer to any number of whales. Vectro 17:21, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

The Shamu Show history bothers me because it's San Diego specific. Not accurate for the other parks. In 1987 "Shamu's Water Symphony" only lasted a few months due to an incident with one of the whales. From late 1987 - 1989 the show was a remake of a variety of shows from the past. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Claycamper (talk • contribs) 22:43, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

 * See below article split discussion - "Created new article - split from Shamu."

Information about the Shamu show(s) and the Shamu "character" in those shows at SeaWorld should be placed in the new Shamu (SeaWorld show) article. Information about the killer whale named Shamu (died 1971) should be placed in 'this' Shamu article. Pugetbill (talk) 13:57, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Believe
This section seems to have some degree of speculation about the motivation of the Sea World management in creating the show. I've never seen it, so I'm not really qualified, but IMHO it would be best to rewrite this section, sticking to the facts about the show itself, plus summary of the show's critical reception. Vectro 17:21, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Also the Shamu night shows should be split it to separate section. SeaWorld San Antonio is not the only park with a night show, here in San Diego we have had "Shamu's House of Douse" and currently have "Shamu Rocks", which is essentially a light hearted show with tricks timed with popular music. Patriotism is also common here in San Diego and is an image Anhiesuer Busch (parent company) also frequently uses. Before every Shamu show in San Diego, Miltary members and family are invited to stand and be recognized. http://www.herosalute.com/ Jyuichi 03:59, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

I've slightly rewritten the patriotic part of the Believe section, as indeed the Anheuser-Busch video is also shown in San Diego. I don't know if this is also the case in Texas, so I have left that part out. Seen as Anheuser-Busch sponsors the whole SeaWorld franchise, chances are high. Could someone verify? Ajunne (talk) 15:45, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * See below article split discussion - "Created new article - split from Shamu." Show info fits better into the Shamu (SeaWorld show) article, not here Pugetbill (talk) 15:19, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

I am trying to find out the techno music they used before the believe  show in Orlando  does anyone know the name of it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30A:2CA3:D430:B1F9:1262:2FCC:A5D5 (talk) 08:28, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Shamulogo.jpg
Image:Shamulogo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:42, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

The Original Shamu
I would like to see information added to this article regarding the original Shamu. Numerous guests are confused over the stage name and actual history of SeaWorld's first orca. She is the reason behind SeaWorld's success and definitely deserves the credit! I have searched the internet and created the following paragrpah. "Shamu is the name of the first female orca ever captured, in which she was supposed to be a companion for Namu. Hence, the name Shamu means friend of Namu. Shamu is 100% Southern Resident orca whom was likely born in 1961 and captured in Puget Sound in 1965.  Shamu and Namu resided in the care of Seattle Marine Aquarium, but both orcas experienced social conflicts. Shamu was then obtained by SeaWorld San Diego on December 20, 1965.  She performed in several shows and eventually died on August 23, 1971.  Although today, "Shamu," "Namu," and "Ramu" are stage names given to all of the orcas residing within the SeaWorld parks.  However, the first Baby Shamu is Kalina, which is the first surviving orca born in captivity.  Respectively, her parents Katina and Winston were bestowed the names Namu (Katina) and Ramu (Winston).  Furthermore, Grandbaby Shamu is given to Kalina's first calf - a son named Keet." If anyone does not disagree, I would like to add my paragraph to the Shamu article. Furthermore, I would greatly appreciate if anyone would like to add more information to this paragrpah concerning the history of the original Shamu. Thanks! SWF Trainer 22:59, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * See below article split discussion - "Created new article - split from Shamu." Pugetbill (talk) 15:19, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Shamu Rocks - Music
I am trying to compile the soundtrack listing for the Shamu Rocks show at the Orlando park. If anyone can contribute, it would be much appreciated. Here's what I have so far:

Preshow Music
Various upbeat rock music is played from the time stadium seating is opened until about 10 minutes before the show start time. The video screens display "Shamu Rocks" logo until that time, then they alternate showing various audience members.
 * Apollo 440 - Can't Stop the Rock
 * Joan Jett - I Love Rock 'n' Roll
 * Queen - We Will Rock You

Show
(order might be incorrect)

 * Unknown Artist / SeaWorld Production -Where the Future Lives (Shamu Rocks Theme Song)
 * Dan Hartman - Free Ride
 * Savage Garden - The Animal Song —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.45.98.77 (talk) 15:29, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Lifehouse - You and Me
 * Jennifer Lopez - Let's Get Loud
 * Shakira - Suerte
 * Unidentified Techno song
 * Kiss - Rock 'n' roll all nite —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.96.49.150 (talk) 16:47, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Guitar solo by live guitarist
 * Superdrag - You Really Got Me (cover of The Kinks)
 * Unknown Artist / SeaWorld Production - Where the Future Lives (Shamu Rocks Theme Song)
 * Unknown Artist / SeaWorld Production - Where the Future Lives (Reprise)

If anyone can add to the list, I would really appreciate it. I will try to remember the music alot better the next time I am there. Thanks. Ajjammer (talk) 03:49, 4 April 2008 (UTC) Edit:
 * Added "Free Ride", added "You Really Got Me", and rearranged order of songs. Ajjammer (talk) 15:36, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

 * See below article split discussion - "Created new article - split from Shamu." Show info fits better into the Shamu (SeaWorld show) article, not here Pugetbill (talk) 15:19, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Attacks?
Didn't this thing attack someone? —Preceding unsigned comment added by AtYourService100 (talk • contribs) 20:06, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, Shamu did attack her trainer and that is stated within the article's "The History of Shamu" section. SWF Trainer (talk) 13:21, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Someone: PLEASE delete the section about the recent attack. It was not Shamu, it's totally unrelated. Get rid of it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.123.234.105 (talk) 21:01, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The 1971 incident involving the original Shamu is retained in this article (Shamu). The 2010 incident involving Tilikum at/after a "Dine with Shamu" show is in the (new) Shamu (SeaWorld show) article.  - see the "Created new article - split from Shamu" section below.  Pugetbill (talk) 17:12, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Should this article be about the animal or the show? or both?
Perhaps this article should be split into two separate articles? One about the original killer whale named Shamu [died 1971] and one about the Shamu shows presented at SeaWorld Parks. This would resolve some of the conflict / confusion noted above. As it is written now, the article covers both the (original) killer whale and also the show. For example, the 2010 Feb attack by Tilikum does not belong in an article about Shamu the killer whale but probably is relevant in an article about the Shamu show. Pugetbill (talk) 21:42, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Good idea. Both seem notable enough to stand on their own, and it would avoid some confusion. --Avenue (talk) 22:16, 4 March 2010 (UTC)}

Created new article - split from Shamu
The Wikipedia article Shamu contained information relating to both the killer whale Shamu (died 1971) and to the long running SeaWorld Shamu shows "starring" various killer whales who were given the "stage name" Shamu for the purpose of the shows. This caused some confusion in the article (as evidenced by comments on the Shamu article's discussion page) so it was suggested (by me) some time ago that the articles be split into two - one for the killer whale "Shamu" and one for the SeaWorld "Shamu" shows. Receiving at least one positive response to this suggestion (and no negative responses), I have attempted to do this split today. The new article is titled Shamu (SeaWorld show) and contains the show-related text from this article and can be used for any info on the "other Shamus" that came after the original died in 1971. I hope this is not controversial and that no important information has been lost in the split. I have attempted to retain all relevant information in each article and will try to clean up "Shamu" links in other articles to direct to the appropriate new article. Pugetbill (talk) 16:40, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Shamu's age
In an older revision of this wikipedia article, it was stated that Shamu was "likely born in 1961" - although direct info on birth year is not (no longer?) present in the citation. I've done a little searching but the only on-line citation I have been able to find so far that provides any direct info on Shamu's age or birth year is here (http://cetacousin.bplaced.net...):
 * "Age at Death	~ 9 years"

implying a birth year of ~ 1962 or an age of ~ 3 years at her 1965 capture. of course this approximate (~) estimate would imply that the actual birth year could have been somewhat earlier or later (1961? or 1963?). It's not clear upon what information this "~ 9 years" age at death estimate is based.

Given the imprecise and varying estimates of Shamu's age (see below discussion), and until / unless someone can find a more reliable / verifiable citation for Shamu's age, I would suggest the wikipedia article simply refer to Shamu's length and weight at capture - which seem to be better documented / more easily verifiable. I have added length and weight info (with citations) to the article today to replace the deleted year of birth estimate.

Age background discussion
Estimates of Shamu's age vary in different on-line sources. One piece of information that could be directly measured at the time and seems more widely / more consistently reproduced is Shamu's length (and weight) when captured in October of 1965. 14 feet (~4.25 m), 2000 lbs (~900 kgs):
 * "...Griffin named the troubled 14-foot female Shamu..." ("Granny's Struggle: A black and white gold rush is on", Lyke, M. L., Seattle Post-Intelligencer 2006 October 11)
 * "...a 14-foot female that weighed 2,000 pounds—was captured and named Shamu" ("The Killer in the Pool", Zimmermann, Tim, Outside Magazine, 2010 July)

Of course these numbers, as written, do not imply a particularly high precision so the actual length and weight at capture could have been several percentage points higher or lower than the figures given.

In attempting to get a 'reality check' on the age estimate I tried to find out what a reasonable age estimate would be for a 14 ft long, 2000 lb Southern Resident orca. In my quick attempts at finding on-line information, I'm afraid I could not find much particularly academic or scientific writing on the subject. I'm sure there must be more scientific study data on this topic but the only statement I have located so far regarding orca length vs. age comes from a SeaWorld site regarding captive orca development:
 * "CALF DEVELOPMENT 1. The average growth rate of the calves in the first year was 10 cm (4 in.) per month. They were approximately 3.2 m (10.5 ft.) at one year of age and had gained 454 kg (1,000 lb.)" ("Killer Whales - Birth and Care of Young")

So if a one year old orca is 10.5 ft long (3.2 m) and ~1,300 lbs (590kg) (~300lbs at birth + 1,000 lbs first-year weight gain), then a 14 foot long, 2,000 lb orca is likely significantly older than 12 months. This presumes captive orca development does not vary too significantly from wild orca development and that there are not significant differences between male and female development. I imagine orca development may also vary somewhat from individual to individual and from group to group (Transients vs Residents?) - but probably not by that much? So an estimate of 2 years old (or older?) for Shamu at her capture in October, 1965 seems to be relatively consistent (not inconsistent) with most info easily available on-line. Pugetbill (talk) 16:11, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

revert edit - "more brutal" previous captures
Today I reverted the recent change of the description of "the three previous orca captures" from "more brutal" to "more opportunistic." While one could assert that any capture of a wild mammal is a "brutal" act, the referenced source does not seem to support the assertion that all three previous captures were "more brutal" than Shamu's capture. The source does support the assertion that previous orca captures were "more opportunistic." Only one previous capture (of Moby Doll) was unambiguously "more brutal" according to that source. The original intent of Moby Doll's capturers was to kill Moby Doll which they attempted to do (with harpoons and gunfire). But when Moby Doll 'refused' to die, he was captured and brought back to Vancouver mortally(?) wounded but still alive instead. Shamu's mother (but not Shamu) was harpooned and shot during Shamu's capture but Namu (for example) was apparently still 'loitering' near fishing nets that had previously ensnared an orca calf when he was captured / 'detained' by local fishermen (apparently without the use of harpoons or gunfire). Based on other sources, the orca "Wanda" was apparently also captured without gunfire or harpooning. Pugetbill (talk) 01:23, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

Anne or Annette?
Regarding the 1971 incident involving Annette / Anne Eckis... One source (the legal complaint filed against Sea World by Ms. Eckis) gives her name as "Anne E. Eckis, Plaintiff ..." Other sources refer to her as either "Annette Eckis" or "Anne Eckis" (or "Annette Eckis Godsey" or "Anne Eckis Godsey.") Some Wikipedia editor with more time and interest could perhaps try to research Ms. Eckis' background (birth certificate? etc.) but I'm not sure it matters that much for the purposes of this Wikipedia article.

Perhaps her legal name is "Anne" but she chooses to go by "Annette" ??? Or vice versa. Pugetbill (talk) 19:31, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shamu


text:
Norfolk North

Norfolk North was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867, which divided the county of Norfolk into two ridings. The North Riding consisted of the Townships of Middleton, Townsend, and Windham, and the Town of Simcoe.

In 1882, the town of Tilsonburg, and the village of Waterford were added to the ridings, and the Town of Simcoe was removed.

The electoral district was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into Norfolk riding.

Electoral history

 * Conservative
 * Aquila Walsh
 * align="right"| 1,026
 * Unknown
 * Dr. Duncombe
 * align="right"| 990

 * Liberal
 * John M. Charlton
 * align="right"|1,324
 * Conservative
 * Aquila Walsh
 * align="right"| 1,274
 * }

 * Liberal
 * John M. Charlton
 * align="right"| 1,434
 * Unknown
 * D. Tisdale
 * align="right"|1,264
 * }

 * Liberal
 * John M. Charlton
 * align="right"| 1,492
 * Conservative
 * Aquila Walsh
 * align="right"| 1,348
 * }

 * Liberal
 * CHARLTON, John
 * align="right"| 1,940
 * Conservative
 * SINCLAIR, L.C.
 * align="right"| 1,562
 * }

 * Liberal
 * CHARLTON, John
 * align="right"| 2,139
 * Conservative
 * SINCLAIR, Lachlan C.
 * align="right"| 1,861
 * }

 * Liberal
 * CHARLTON, John
 * align="right"| 2,370
 * Conservative
 * SINCLAIR, Lachlin
 * align="right"| 1,902
 * }

 * Liberal
 * CHARLTON, John
 * align="right"| 2,142
 * Patrons of Industry
 * MCGUIRE, Wm.
 * align="right"| 1,598
 * }

 * Liberal
 * CHARLTON, John
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Norfolk North


text:
Norfolk South (federal electoral district)

Norfolk South was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which divided the county of Norfolk into two ridings. The South Riding consisted of the Townships of Charlotteville, Houghton, Walsingham, and Woodhouse and the Woodhouse Gore.

In 1882, the town of Simcoe and the village of Port Dover were added to the riding. In 1892, South Norfolk was defined as above, with the addition of the township of Walpole and the village of Port Rowan.

The electoral district was abolished in 1903 when it was redistributed between Haldimand and Norfolk ridings.

Electoral history

 * Conservative
 * WALLACE, William
 * align="right"| 1,402
 * Unknown
 * STUART, John
 * align="right"| 1,244
 * }


text:
Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine

The Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine (PSPU) is a banned, pro-Russian political party in Ukraine led by Nataliya Vitrenko. The party was represented in Ukraine's national parliament between 1998 and 2002. The party is considered neo-communist and wants to restore state ownership of industry and workers' democracy in Ukraine. Due to ideological ties to Dugin, it has also been described by some observers as being National Bolshevik.

The Progressive Socialist Party was described to have a "clearly leftist" platform. Its campaign slogan was "We shall build a Soviet and Socialist Ukraine!". The party was considered Russophile, and campaigned for a "strategic partnership" of Ukraine with Russia and Belarus, while strongly rejecting the prospect of cooperating with either the European Union or NATO. The party was least popular in Western regions, but it had considerable support in South Ukraine.

History
The party was created by Nataliya Vitrenko, a then dissident member of the Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU) in April 1996. She led a group of more radical SPU members who opposed what they regarded as revisionist tendencies in the Socialist Party. In October 1995 they had left that party.

The Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine is a party that supports the Eurasian Economic Union as an alternative to the EU and uses left-wing rhetoric. PSPU traditionally campaigns on an anti-NATO, anti-IMF and pro-Russian platform. During the 1998 parliamentary elections the party won 4.04% of the vote and 16 seats. The party's candidate for the 1999 presidential elections, Nataliya Vitrenko, came 4th, with 10.97% of the vote in the first round.

The party's parliamentary faction was dissolved in February 2000.

At the legislative elections on 30 March 2002, the party established the Nataliya Vitrenko Bloc alliance, including the Party of Educators of Ukraine (Партія Освітян України). It won 3.22% of the votes, little short of passing the 4% threshold needed to enter the Verkhovna Rada. PSPU was a vocal opponent of President Leonid Kuchma but supported Viktor Yanukovych, Ukrainian prime minister since 2002, during the 2004 elections. After the Orange Revolution of 2004, the party joined the opposition to new president Viktor Yushchenko in a coalition with the "Derzhava" (State) party led by former Ukrainian prosecutor Gennady Vasilyev. In the March 2006 parliamentary elections, the party again failed to gain any seats in Parliament, participating as People's Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko winning 2,93%. At the 2007 parliamentary elections the party failed once more to enter the parliament, its result dropped to 1,32%.

In the run-up to the 2010 presidential election the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine refused to join the Bloc of Left and Center-left Forces since it did not want to be in the same election bloc as the Socialist Party of Ukraine. Instead the party tried to nominate Natalia Vitrenko again as their candidate in that election but the Central Election Commission of Ukraine refused to register her for failure to pay the required 2.5 million hryvnya nomination deposit. Eventually the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine supported Party of Regions leader Viktor Yanukovych in the runoff of the 2010 presidential election.

During the 2010 Ukrainian local elections, the party only won three representatives in the Sevastopol municipality.

The party did not participate in the 2012 parliamentary elections.

In 2011, the PSPU decided to join the People's Front for Russia.

The party did not participate in the 2014 parliamentary elections.

The party took part in the October 2015 Ukrainian local elections as part of the umbrella party Left Opposition.

In the 2020 local elections the party did not nominate candidates for deputies at all except for a candidate for mayor of Romny.

On 20 March 2022, the PSPU was one of several political parties suspended by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, along with Derzhava, Left Opposition, Nashi, Opposition Bloc, Opposition Platform — For Life, Party of Shariy, Socialist Party of Ukraine, Union of Left Forces, and the Volodymyr Saldo Block.

In June 2022 various court proceedings tried to ban the parties suspended on 20 March 2022. The Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine was one of two parties that actively opposed its banning. (The other party was Opposition Platform — For Life. ) On 27 September 2022, the final appeal against the party's ban was dismissed by the Supreme Court of Ukraine, meaning that the party was fully banned in Ukraine.

Ideology
The party favored Ukraine's full-scale entry in the Eurasian Economic Community (including its Customs Union); the protection of the non-aligned status of Ukraine; abolition of NATO exercises in Ukraine; asserting the Russian language status as an official language beside Ukrainian; the annulment of former President Viktor Yushchenko's decrees on awarding the title of Hero of Ukraine to Stepan Bandera and Roman Shukhevych.

The Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine is considered a neo-communist party, defined as an East European socialist party that distances itself from reformist post-communist parties. The party supports the economic and social principles of communism while criticising the capitalist transition, post-Soviet democratisation and European integration.

The party is considered to represent a distinctive, radical form of left-wing, socialist populism. The party describes itself as the only "true Marxist" party in Ukraine and campaigns on a strongly nostalgic, anti-Western platform. It accuses the IMF of colonizing Ukraine and argues for expulsion of all western advisers from Ukraine. The party's ideological discourse is strongly anti-capitalism, anti-market and also anti-NATO.

PSPU considers the economic transformation of Ukraine into a capitalist economy to be a social regression. The party calls for state ownership of the means of production and an economy based on social justice, described as the elimination of unemployment and the distribution of material goods to their direct creators. The party also calls for "a society in which the free development of each is a condition for the free development of all, committing itself to establishing workers' democracy in enterprises, guaranteeing state ownership of basic industries and halting the privatisation process and halting the decline of kolkhozes and sovkhozes".

The party has close ties with the Eurasian Youth Union and its leader Aleksandr Dugin.

title: Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine


text:
Northumberland East

Northumberland East was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

The original definition of the riding is not known. In 1882, the East Riding of the county of Northumberland was defined to consist of the townships of Cramahe, Brighton, Murray, Percy and Seymour, the villages of Colborne, Brighton, Campbellford, and Hastings.

The electoral district was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Northumberland riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Independent Liberal
 * James Lyons Biggar
 * align="right"| 1,670
 * Conservative
 * James Cockburn
 * align="right"|1,385
 * }

 * Independent Liberal
 * Darius Crouter
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Edward Cochrane
 * align="right"| 2,148
 * Liberal
 * Albert E. Mallory
 * align="right"| 2,124
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Edward Cochrane
 * align="right"| 2,074
 * Liberal
 * Albert E. Mallory
 * align="right"|2,028
 * }

 * Conservative
 * C. L. Owen
 * align="right"| 2,347
 * Liberal
 * A. A. Mulholland
 * align="right"| 2,105
 * }

title: Northumberland East


text:
Northumberland West

Northumberland West was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

The original definition of the riding is not known. In 1903, it was defined to consist of the townships of Alnwick, Haldimand and Hamilton, and the town of Cobourg.

The electoral district was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Northumberland riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Conservative
 * James Cockburn
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

 * Conservative
 * James Cockburn
 * align="right"|acclaimed
 * }

 * Liberal
 * William Kerr
 * align="right"|1,336

 * Conservative
 * James Cockburn
 * align="right"| 1,105
 * }

 * Liberal
 * William Kerr
 * align="right"| 1,315
 * Unknown
 * Sidney Smith
 * align="right"| 1,160
 * }

 * Conservative
 * James Cockburn
 * align="right"| 1,315

 * Liberal
 * William Kerr
 * align="right"| 1,227
 * }

 * Conservative
 * George Guillet
 * align="right"| 1,448
 * Unknown
 * George Waters
 * align="right"| 1,378
 * }

 * Conservative
 * George Guillet
 * align="right"| 1,298

 * Liberal
 * Wm. Kerr
 * align="right"| 1,293
 * }

 * Conservative
 * George Guillet
 * align="right"|acclaimed
 * }

 * Conservative
 * George Guillet
 * align="right"|1,648

 * Liberal
 * J. H. Dumble
 * align="right"| 1,611
 * }

 * Liberal
 * John Hargraft
 * align="right"| 1,591

 * Conservative
 * George Guillet
 * align="right"| 1,554
 * }

 * Conservative
 * George Guillet
 * align="right"|

 * Liberal
 * John Hargraft
 * align="right"|
 * }

 * Conservative
 * George Guillet
 * align="right"| 1,200

 * Liberal
 * John B. McColl
 * align="right"| 1,130
 * Patrons of Industry
 * John C. Rosevear
 * align="right"|621
 * }

 * Liberal
 * John B. McColl
 * align="right"| 1,506

 * Conservative
 * George Guillet
 * align="right"| 1,371
 * }

 * Liberal
 * John B. McColl
 * align="right"| 1,501

 * Conservative
 * Eric Norman Armour
 * align="right"|1,357
 * }

 * Liberal
 * John B. McColl
 * align="right"| 1,438

 * Conservative
 * Charles Arthur Munson
 * align="right"| 1,308
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Charles Arthur Munson
 * align="right"| 1,426

 * Liberal
 * John "B." McColl
 * align="right"| 1,420
 * }

title: Northumberland West


text:
Blanca Peak

Blanca Peak (Navajo: Sis Naajinį́ meaning "black belted mountain"; Ute: Peeroradarath; Tewa: Pintsae'i'i) is the fourth highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The ultra-prominent 14351 ft peak is the highest summit of the Sierra Blanca Massif, the Sangre de Cristo Range, and the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The fourteener is located 15.5 km north by east (bearing 9°) of the Town of Blanca, on the drainage divide separating Rio Grande National Forest and Alamosa County from the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant and Costilla County. The summit is the highest point of both counties and the entire drainage basin of the Rio Grande. Below the steep North Face of Blanca Peak two live Glaciers once developed, until extinction sometime after 1903. North & South Blanca Glaciers were located at 37° 35N.,longitude 105° 28W. Blanca Peak is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude.

The Blanca Peak Tripoint of Alamosa, Costilla, and Huerfano counties is located on the same drainage divide approximately 251 ft northeast by north (bearing 30°) of the Blanca Peak summit at the boundary of the San Isabel National Forest. The Blanca Peak Tripoint is the highest point in Huerfano County.

Geography
Blanca Peak is located at the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo Range, a subrange of the more extensive Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and is the highest peak in both ranges. It lies approximately 20 mi east-northeast of the town of Alamosa. Approximately 15 mi to the north-northwest is Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve.

Blanca Peak is notable not only for its absolute height, but also for its great local relief and dominant position at the end of the range, rising high above the San Luis Valley to the west. For example, it rises nearly 7000 ft over the edge of the San Luis Valley in only 6 mi. Blanca is also the third most topographically prominent peak in Colorado; it is separated from the higher peaks in the Sawatch Range by relatively low Poncha Pass at 9019 ft.

Blanca Peak heads up three major creeks. Holbrook Creek is on the west, flowing from a basin including Crater Lake, Blue Lakes, and Como Lake. An extremely challenging four wheel drive road accesses Como Lake 11750 ft, and provides the most common access to Blanca Peak. Most vehicles stop at an elevation of between 8000 ft and 10000 ft on this road. The Como Lake Road is a designated Alamosa County Road and runs to the edge of the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness just short of Blue Lakes. The Como Lake Road is rated as the most challenging 4WD road in Colorado. The Huerfano River flows from the north side of Blanca Peak. A road, starting out as a two-wheel drive road, then becoming a four-wheel drive road (less challenging than the Como Lake Road), provides access to the technical climbing on the North Face of Blanca Peak. Blanca Creek drains Blanca Basin under the south slopes of the peak, and Little Ute Creek descends from the Winchell Lakes on the southeast side. However these are not used to access the peak due to private property.

Three other fourteeners are nearby: Mount Lindsey to the east, Ellingwood Point to the north and Little Bear Peak to the southwest. Ellingwood Point is connected to Blanca by a short, high ridge, and is often climbed in conjunction with Blanca. Little Bear also has a high connecting ridge to Blanca, but it is a technical traverse, only recommended for highly experienced parties.

Geology
The granite that makes up the Blanca massif is pre-Cambrian in age, dated at approximately 1.8 billion years old. The major part of the Wet Mountains to the east and the Front Range to the northeast are also pre-Cambrian, also about 1.8 billion years old. In contrast, the Sangre de Cristo Range to the north and the Culebra Range to the south are Permian rock between 250 and 300 million years old.

History
Blanca Peak is known to the Navajo people as the Sacred Mountain of the East:  (or Tsisnaasjiní ), the Dawn or White Shell Mountain. The mountain is considered to be the eastern boundary of the Dinetah, the traditional Navajo homeland. It is associated with the color white, and is said to be covered in daylight and dawn and fastened to the ground with lightning. It is gendered male.

Summitpost notes that "the first recorded ascent of Blanca by the Wheeler Survey was recorded on August 14, 1874, but to their surprise they found evidence of a stone structure possibly built by Ute Indians or wandering Spaniards."

Historical names

 * Blanca Peak
 * Dziłnałjin (Jicarilla Apache)
 * Mount Blanca
 * Peeroradarath (Tewa)
 * Pintsae'i'i (Ute)
 * Sierra Blanca Peak
 * Sierra Blanca
 * Sisnaajiní (Diné)

title: Blanca Peak


text:
Floridia

Floridia (Ciuriḍḍia ; from Latin Florae dies "day of Flora" or the adjective floridus "florid") is a town and comune in the Province of Syracuse, Sicily (Italy).

Geography
Floridia lies 12 km west of Syracuse. Its principal industries are agriculture, livestock, and manufacturing.

Neighboring communities are Canicattini Bagni, Palazzolo Acreide, Syracuse, and Solarino.

Climate
On 11 August 2021, Floridia broke the record for the highest recorded temperature in Europe at 48.8 C.

History
Floridia was founded in 1628.

Main sights
Floridia's streets are laid out in an even, rectangular grid pattern. The main landmarks are:
 * San Bartolomeo Apostolo: mother church of town
 * Sant'Antonio: church
 * Santa Anna: church
 * Chiesa del Carmine: church whose façade was greatly damaged by 1908 Messina earthquake, but has since been restored
 * Chiesa della Madonna delle Grazie: church erected by the Spanish after their victory over the Austrians
 * San Francesco: church
 * Cava di Spampinato, a rock formation of crevices and caves that were created by erosion
 * Casa di Ranieri, the home and religious site where many believers pray to the God of Rain each year

Notable people born or raised in Floridia
Notable residents and historical figures include:
 * Lucia Migliaccio (b. 1770 d. 1826) - Duchess of Floridia

title: Floridia


text:
Anfield Community Comprehensive School

Anfield Community Comprehensive School was a secondary school in the Anfield area of Liverpool, England. The school had over 1100 pupils. The Anfield code was "Committed to achievement in the community".

History
Located in the inner-city, the school struggled in academic performance indicators, but experienced a dramatic turn around in GCSE pass rates in the 1993 and 1994 results. A 1995 Times report profiling the "quiet revolution" cited a cleaner environment, uniforms, and a new code of conduct as causes for the change.

Closure
Closure was planned in 2005 due to amalgamation with Breckfield Comprehensive School, some parents formed the Anfield Parents Action Group to organise opposition.

The school closed in 2006, and the merged school opened as the North Liverpool Academy. The North Liverpool Academy's first site was the Anfield building on Priory Road. The academy later moved to a new site near to Everton Park. Demolition of the school buildings commenced towards the end of 2010 and completed in early 2011.

Notable former pupils

 * Roy Boulter, drummer in the 1990s band The Farm
 * The Christians (band)
 * Neil Fitzmaurice, actor and comedian
 * Lee Douglas, Anathema (band) singer
 * Sonia Evans, 1990s singer.

title: Anfield Community Comprehensive School


text:
Ontario North

Ontario North was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1925. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

The North Riding of Ontario initially consisted of the Townships of Reach, Uxbridge, Brock, Scott, Thorah, Mara, Rama and Scugog. In 1882, it was redefined to exclude the townships of Reach and Uxbridge, and to include the townships of Morrison, Ryde, Draper, Oakley, Macaulay, Maclean and Ridout and the villages of Bracebridge and Cannington. In 1892, "North Ontario" was defined to exclude the township of Scugog, and to include the village of Beaverton. In 1903, it was redefined to consist of the townships of Brock, Mara, Rama, Scott, Thora and Uxbridge, the town of Uxbridge, and the villages of Beaverton and Cannington.

The electoral district was abolished in 1924 when it was merged into Muskoka—Ontario riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Ontario North


text:
Ontario South

Ontario South was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1925. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

The South riding consisted initially of the Townships of Whitby and East Whitby, Pickering, the Town of Whitby and the Village of Oshawa.

In 1882, the Township of Reach and the village of Port Perry were added to the riding.

The electoral district was abolished in 1924 when it was merged into Ontario riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Thomas Nicholson Gibbs
 * align="right"| 1,665
 * Unknown
 * James D. Edgar
 * align="right"| 1,627
 * }

 * Conservative
 * William Smith
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

title: Ontario South


text:
Ottawa (City of) (electoral district)

Ottawa (City of) (Ottawa (Cité d')) was a federal electoral district in the province of Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935.

It was created by the British North America Act of 1867. It consisted of the city of Ottawa. After 1872, two MPs represented this electoral district at any one time.

In 1892, it was redefined to exclude the New Edinburgh district of the city. In 1903, it was redefined as the city of Ottawa, excluding Rideau Ward. In 1914, it was redefined to exclude Hintonburgh (sic), Bayswater and Mechanicsville neighbourhoods as well as Rideau Ward. It continued to return two members.

In 1924, it was redefined as the city of Ottawa, excluding Rideau Ward and that part of the city lying west of a line beginning at the intersection of the Rideau Canal with the Canadian Pacific Railway in the south, and following the railway, Somerset Street, Bayswater Avenue, Bayview Road and Mason Street, to the Ottawa River.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was divided into Ottawa West and Ottawa East ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Joseph Merrill Currier
 * align="right"|974
 * align=right|96.92

 * Unknown
 * Alexander Gibb
 * align="right"|25
 * align=right| 2.49

 * Unknown
 * Edward McGillivray
 * align="right"|5
 * align=right| 0.50

 * Unknown
 * E. Martineau
 * align="right"| 1
 * align=right| 0.10

 * Unknown
 * Moss Kent Dickinson
 * align="right"| 0
 * align=right| 0.00

 * Unknown
 * Philip Thompson
 * align="right"| 0
 * align=right| 0.00

 * }

 * Result by ward

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Joseph Merrill Currier
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * John Bower Lewis
 * align="right"|acclaimed
 * align=center|x
 * }

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * J. M. Currier
 * align="right"| 1,458
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * St. Jean
 * align="right"|1,213
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Joseph Aumand
 * align="right"| 1,101
 * align=center|

 * Unknown
 * John Sweetland
 * align="right"| 8
 * align=center|
 * }

On Mr. Currier's resignation for having infringed the Independence of Parliament Act by conducting business dealings with the government while still a member:

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Joseph Merrill Currier
 * align="right"| 2,035
 * align=center| x

 * Unknown
 * J. P. Featherston
 * align="right"|772
 * align=center|
 * }

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Joseph Merrill Currier
 * align="right"| 1,854
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * Joseph Tassé
 * align="right"| 1,748
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * Pierre St. Jean
 * align="right"| 1,353
 * align=center|

 * Unknown
 * C. W. Bangs
 * align="right"| 1,239
 * align=center|
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Charles H. Mackintosh
 * align="right"| 1,692
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * Joseph Tassé
 * align="right"| 1,557
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * A. F. McIntyre
 * align="right"| 1,229
 * align=center|

 * Liberal
 * P. St. Jean
 * align="right"| 1,213
 * align=center|
 * }

 * Conservative
 * William Goodhue Perley
 * align="right"| 3,339
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Honoré Robillard
 * align="right"| 3,207
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * A. F. McIntyre
 * align="right"| 2,389
 * align=center|

 * Liberal
 * St. Jean
 * align="right"| 2,368
 * align=center|
 * }

On Mr. Perley's death:

 * Conservative
 * Charles H. Mackintosh
 * align="right"|2,454
 * x

 * Equal Rights
 * Hay
 * align="right"|1,596

 * Liberal
 * Chrysler
 * align="right"| 1,242
 * }

 * Conservative
 * C. H. Mackintosh
 * align="right"| 3,029
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Honoré Robillard
 * align="right"|2,363
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * N. A. Belcourt
 * align="right"| 1,946
 * align=center|

 * Liberal
 * J. W. Patterson
 * align="right"| 1,287
 * align=center|

 * Equal Rights
 * W. H. Lewis
 * align="right"| 770
 * align=center|

 * Liberal
 * R. Nagle
 * align="right"| 55
 * align=center|
 * }

On Mr. Mackintosh's resignation:

 * Conservative
 * James Alexander Grant
 * align="right"|acclaimed
 * }

 * Liberal
 * W. Hutchinson
 * align="right"| 3,333
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * N. A. Belcourt
 * align="right"| 2,942
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * Hiram Robinson
 * align="right"|2,751
 * align=center|

 * Conservative
 * N. Champagne
 * align="right"|2,654
 * align=center|

 * Protestant Protective
 * Taylor McVeity
 * align="right"|2,100
 * align=center|
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Thomas Birkett
 * align="right"| 4,897
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * N. A. Belcourt
 * align="right"| 4,524
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * Napoléon Champagne
 * align="right"| 4,507
 * align=center|

 * Liberal
 * Robert Stewart
 * align="right"|4,419
 * align=center|
 * }

 * Liberal
 * N. A. Belcourt
 * align="right"| 6,275
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * Robert Stewart
 * align="right"|5,871
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * Thomas Birkett
 * align="right"| 4,818
 * align=center|

 * Conservative
 * N. Champagne
 * align="right"| 4,547
 * align=center|
 * }

On Mr. Belcourt being called to the Senate:

 * Liberal
 * J. B. T. Caron
 * align="right"| 4,474
 * align=center|x

 * Unknown
 * W. D. Morris
 * align="right"| 1,145
 * align=center|
 * }

On Mr. Laurier's resignation:

 * Liberal
 * Albert Allard
 * align="right"| 5,779
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * John Leo Chabot
 * align="right"|5,121
 * align=center|
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Harold Buchanan McGiverin
 * align="right"| 22,087
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * Edgar Rodolphe Eugène Chevrier
 * align="right"| 21,107
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * Alfred Ernest Fripp
 * align="right"|15,829
 * align=center|

 * Conservative
 * Napoléon Champagne
 * align="right"| 15,450
 * align=center|

 * align=center|

 * align=center|
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Stewart McClenaghan
 * align="right"| 21,604
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * John Léo Chabot
 * align="right"|21,281
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * Edgar Rodolphe Chevrier
 * align="right"|19,725
 * align=center|

 * Liberal
 * Norman Frank Wilson
 * align="right"| 19,165
 * align=center|
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Edgar Rodolphe Eugène Chevrier
 * align="right"| 23,012
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * Gordon Cameron Edwards
 * align="right"| 22,950
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * Stewart McClenaghan
 * align="right"|21,917
 * align=center|

 * Conservative
 * Hon. John Léo Chabot
 * align="right"| 21,614
 * align=center|
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Edgar Rodolphe Eugène Chevrier
 * align="right"| 25,721
 * align=center|x

 * Liberal
 * T. Frank Ahearn
 * align="right"| 25,632
 * align=center|x

 * Conservative
 * Frank Henry Plant
 * align="right"| 23,166
 * align=center|

 * Conservative
 * Frank Lafortune
 * align="right"| 22,579
 * align=center|
 * }

title: Ottawa (City of) (electoral district)


text: User:Whenwilltheylearn?

title: User:Whenwilltheylearn?


text:
Oxford North (federal electoral district)

Oxford North was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

In 1882, the North Riding of the county of Oxford was defined to consist of the townships of East Nissouri, West Zorra, East Zorra, Blandford, South Easthope and North Easthope, the town of Woodstock, and the village of Embro.

In 1903, the riding was redefined to exclude the townships of South Easthope and North Easthope, and include the township of Blenheim.

In 1914, the riding was redefined to include the part of the village of Tavistock situated in the township of Zorra East.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was merged into Oxford riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Liberal
 * Thomas Oliver
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Thomas Oliver
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Thomas Oliver
 * align="right"| 1,866
 * Unknown
 * J. H. Wood
 * align="right"|655
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Thomas Oliver
 * align="right"| 1,706
 * Unknown
 * Wood
 * align="right"| 803
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Sutherland
 * align="right"| 1,835
 * Unknown
 * G. R. Patullo
 * align="right"|1,465
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Sutherland
 * align="right"| 1,469
 * Unknown
 * Samuel Towle
 * align="right"| 1,044
 * Unknown
 * G. R. Patullo
 * align="right"|999
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Sutherland
 * align="right"| 2,083
 * Conservative
 * J. H. Thrall
 * align="right"| 847
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Sutherland
 * align="right"| 2,544
 * Conservative
 * D. W. Karn
 * align="right"| 1,010
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Sutherland
 * align="right"| 2,811
 * Conservative
 * D. W. Karn
 * align="right"| 1,010
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Hon. James Sutherland
 * align="right"| 2,717
 * Conservative
 * James Gamble Wallace
 * align="right"| 1,115
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Hon. J. Sutherland
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Hon. James Sutherland
 * align="right"| 2,768
 * Conservative
 * James G. Wallace
 * align="right"|1,266
 * }

 * Liberal
 * George Smith
 * align="right"|2,845
 * Conservative
 * J. G. Wallace
 * align="right"| 2,507
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Edward Walter Nesbitt
 * align="right"| 2,675
 * Conservative
 * Daniel Quinn
 * align="right"|2,551
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Edward Walter Nesbitt
 * align="right"| 2,898
 * Conservative
 * James Gamble Wallace
 * align="right"| 2,603
 * }

 * Government
 * Edward Walter Nesbitt
 * align="right"| 3,836
 * Opposition
 * Donald Matheson Sutherland
 * align="right"|3,074
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Duncan James Sinclair
 * align="right"| 4,213
 * Conservative
 * Edward Walter Nesbitt
 * align="right"| 4,053

 * }

 * Conservative
 * Donald Matheson Sutherland
 * align="right"| 6,243
 * Liberal
 * Duncan James Sinclair
 * align="right"|5,660
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Hugh Allan
 * align="right"| 6,565
 * Conservative
 * Donald Matheson Sutherland
 * align="right"| 6,193
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Donald Matheson Sutherland
 * align="right"| 7,217
 * Liberal
 * Hugh Allan
 * align="right"| 6,180
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Hon. Donald Matheson Sutherland
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }


text:
Oxford South (federal electoral district)

Oxford South was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

In 1882, the South Riding of the county of Oxford consisted of the town of Ingersoll, the village of Norwich, and the townships of Oxford East, Oxford West, Oxford North, Norwich North, Norwich South, Burford and Oakland.

In 1903, the riding was redefined to include the township of Dereham and the town of Tilsonburg, and to exclude the townships of Burford and Oakland.

In 1924, Oxford South was defined to consist of the part of the county of Oxford lying south of and including the townships of Oxford North and Oxford West, south of and excluding the city of Woodstock, and south of and including the township of Oxford East.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was merged into Oxford riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Liberal
 * Almon Secord Rennie
 * align="right"| 6,692
 * Conservative
 * Hon. Donald Sutherland
 * align="right"| 5,199
 * }


text:
Don Crabtree

Don E. Crabtree (June 8, 1912 – November 16, 1980) was an American flintknapper and pioneering experimental archaeologist.

Known as the "dean of American flintknappers" he was mostly self-educated, however he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by the University of Idaho. His 1972 publication An Introduction to Flintworking still serves as one of the primary terminology sources for students of lithic technology. Crabtree is known for "Crabtree's Law", which states that "the greater the degree of final finishing applied to a stone artifact, whether by flaking, grinding, and/or polishing, the harder it is to conclude the lithic reduction process which produced the stone artifact". Through practical experimentation and study of archaeological finds (both completed tools and the chips of stone left by their production) Crabtree learned to produce replicas of a variety of different ancient flint and obsidian blades.

Life and death
Don E. Crabtree was born in Heyburn, Idaho on June 8, 1912. He finished high school in Twin Falls in 1930, after which he worked for the Idaho Power Company. After a brief period he traveled to California where he enrolled in Long Beach Junior College in the mid-1930s with the intent to major in geology and paleontology. Crabtree was noted as being a thinker-while-doing, highly active, and not enjoying studying; due to this he dropped out of Long Beach Junior College after only one term to go his own route. In 1939 he discovered he had cancer, and this discovery briefly impeded his self-study in archeology. During the war years he met his wife, Evelyn, and married in 1943 while working for the Bethlehem Steel Company in California. Crabtree would spend the next 30 years educating and assisting some of the biggest names in archeology at the time such as Alfred Kroeber. Crabtree was also asked for his advice at influential sites like the Clovis type site. After a highly successful career he died in Twin Falls, Idaho on November 16, 1980 of complications due to heart disease.

Employment history
After graduation from high school Don Crabtree first worked for the Idaho Power Company. After dropping out of Long Beach Junior College in California he began working in paleontological laboratories. By the late 1930s he was the preparator in the vertebrate paleontology laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. It was during this time he became acquainted with Alfred L. Kroeber and E. W. Gifford of the Lowie Museum at Berkeley. His time at Berkeley also included conducting flint knapping demonstrations for scholars and students and occasionally for museum visitors. After his battle with cancer was over in 1941 he worked for several months at the Lithic Laboratory of the Ohio Historical Society. It was during this period that Crabtree was called upon as an advisor in lithic studies to the University of Pennsylvania, where he was associated with Edgar B. Howard and the Clovis point type site at Black Water Draw. Frank H. H. Roberts of the Smithsonian Institution also called upon him around this time to consult on the analysis of the Lindenmeier Folsom point collection. When the U.S. entered into World War II the Lithic lab was discontinued and Crabtree returned to California to assist in the war effort as a coordination engineer for Bethlehem Steel Company, which built the ships for the Pacific effort until the war ended. After WWII he returned to Twin Springs, Idaho and became a successful real estate salesman in the postwar market. Crabtree was employed from 1952 until 1962 as a county supervisor for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) in Twin Falls. In March 1962 he opened the First Conference of Western Archaeologists on Problems of Point Typology at the Idaho State College Museum with a demonstration of his flintworking skills. In 1964 he was appointed Research Associate in Lithic Technology at the Pocatello Museum - a job he maintained until 1975.

Awards and honors
Don Crabtree was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Idaho for his outstanding contributions to the field of experimental archeology. As a rule he was apprehensive to speak at lectures and publish his work therefore the majority of the archeological community did not realize the depth of his contributions until most of his papers were published in the Idaho State University Museum journal, Tebiwa. After this he became a household name in the U.S. and the "Crabtree School" of Flintknapping was begun during which he taught some 33 pupils from 1969 to 1975 many of which would produce dissertations that would educate students across the country in lithic technology. In 1969 some of Crabtree's work was featured in a special exhibition at New York's American Museum of Natural History. He is also credited with the creation of "Crabtree's Law" which is integral in the modern study of lithics. Don Crabtree donated his entire collection of work to the University of Idaho for current and future archeologists to study. The Crabtree Award of the Society for American Archaeology is also named after him.

Selected papers

 * Mastodon Bone with Artifacts in California. 1939. American Antiquity 5(2):148-149.
 * Archaeological Evidence of Acculturation Along the Oregon Trail. 1968. Tebiwa 11(2):38-42.
 * A Technological Description of Artifacts in Assemblage I, Wilson Butte Cave, Idaho. 1969. Current Anthropology (10)4:366-367.
 * Unusual Milling Stone from Battle Mountain, Nevada. 1974. Tebiwa 17(1):89-91.
 * Archaeological Evidence of Acculturation Along the Oregon Trail. 1968. Tebiwa 11(2):38-42.
 * A Technological Description of Artifacts in Assemblage I, Wilson Butte Cave, Idaho. 1969. Current Anthropology (10)4:366-367.
 * Unusual Milling Stone from Battle Mountain, Nevada. 1974. Tebiwa 17(1):89-91.

title: Don Crabtree


text:
Peel (federal electoral district)

Peel was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1968. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

It consisted of the Townships of Chinguacousy, Toronto, and the Gore of Toronto, and the Villages of Brampton and Streetsville.

In 1903, it was redefined to consist of the county of Peel to include townships of Caledon and Albion.

The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Peel South and Peel—Dufferin ridings.

Electoral history

 * Conservative
 * William Elliott
 * align="right"|1,414

 * Liberal
 * Robert Smith
 * align="right"| 1,325
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Fleming
 * align="right"| 1,430

 * Unknown
 * Robert Barber
 * align="right"| 1,387
 * }

 * Conservative
 * William Armstrong McCulla
 * align="right"| 1,711

 * Liberal
 * James Fleming
 * align="right"| 1,668
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Joseph Featherston
 * align="right"| 1,667

 * Conservative
 * William Armstrong McCulla
 * align="right"| 1,613
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Joseph Featherston
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Joseph Featherston
 * align="right"| 1,891

 * Conservative
 * A. F. Campbell
 * align="right"| 1,425
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Richard Blain
 * align="right"| 1,705

 * Liberal
 * Joseph Featherston
 * align="right"| 1,592
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Richard Blain
 * align="right"| 2,640

 * Liberal
 * W. E. Milner
 * align="right"| 2,524
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Richard Blain
 * align="right"| 2,758

 * Liberal
 * Edward George Graham
 * align="right"|2,469
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Richard Blain
 * align="right"| 2,656

 * Liberal
 * William James Lowe
 * align="right"|2,340
 * }

 * Government (Unionist)
 * Samuel Charters
 * align="right"| 4,751

 * Opposition (Laurier Liberals)
 * Benjamin Petch
 * align="right"|2,499
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Samuel Charters
 * align="right"| 4,892

 * Liberal
 * William James Lowe
 * align="right"|3,732

 * }

 * Conservative
 * Samuel Charters
 * align="right"| 7,047

 * Liberal
 * William Ruston Perci Parker
 * align="right"| 6,546
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Samuel Charters
 * align="right"| 7,002

 * Liberal
 * William James Lowe
 * align="right"|6,294
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Samuel Charters
 * align="right"| 7,112

 * Liberal
 * William James Lowe
 * align="right"|6,847
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Gordon Graydon
 * align="right"| 7,132

 * Liberal
 * William James Lowe
 * align="right"| 6,962

 * Co-operative Commonwealth
 * Joseph Maund
 * align="right"| 1,036

 * }

 * National Government
 * Gordon Graydon
 * align="right"| 8,486

 * Liberal
 * George R. Farr
 * align="right"| 7,638
 * }

 * Progressive Conservative
 * Gordon Graydon
 * align="right"| 10,357

 * Liberal
 * Stanley George Harmer
 * align="right"| 5,489

 * Co-operative Commonwealth
 * Robert Craig Smeaton
 * align="right"| 1,788
 * }

 * Progressive Conservative
 * Gordon Graydon
 * align="right"| 10,570

 * Liberal
 * Stanley G. Harmer
 * align="right"| 7,788

 * Co-operative Commonwealth
 * Charles Donson Jenkins
 * align="right"|3,043
 * }

 * Progressive Conservative
 * Gordon Graydon
 * align="right"| 13,487

 * Liberal
 * Alfred Joseph Clifford O'Marra
 * align="right"| 9,263

 * Co-operative Commonwealth
 * James Adams
 * align="right"|2,560
 * }

 * Progressive Conservative
 * John Pallett
 * align="right"| 13,500

 * Liberal
 * Alfred Joseph Clifford O'Marra
 * align="right"| 8,944

 * Co-operative Commonwealth
 * Lloyd Hartis Gane
 * align="right"| 1,985
 * }

 * Progressive Conservative
 * John Pallett
 * align="right"| 19,818

 * Liberal
 * Robert Speck
 * align="right"|10,467

 * Co-operative Commonwealth
 * John R. W. Whitehouse
 * align="right"| 3,418

 * }

 * Progressive Conservative
 * John Pallett
 * align="right"| 23,379

 * Liberal
 * Bob Fasken
 * align="right"| 10,357

 * Co-operative Commonwealth
 * John R. W. Whitehouse
 * align="right"|3,848

 * }

 * Liberal
 * Bruce Beer
 * align="right"| 21,221

 * Progressive Conservative
 * John Pallett
 * align="right"| 19,238

 * New Democratic
 * Patrick Lawlor
 * align="right"|8,341

 * }

 * Liberal
 * Bruce Beer
 * align="right"|28,009

 * Progressive Conservative
 * John Fox
 * align="right"| 15,921

 * New Democratic
 * Patrick Lawlor
 * align="right"|8,836

 * }

 * Liberal
 * Bruce Beer
 * align="right"| 29,057

 * Progressive Conservative
 * Ron Searle
 * align="right"| 17,955

 * New Democratic
 * Keith Woollard
 * align="right"| 13,404

 * }

title: Peel (federal electoral district)


text:
Perth North (federal electoral district)

Perth North was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which divided the County of Perth into two ridings.

The North Riding of the County of Perth consisted of the Townships of Wallace, Elma, Logan, Ellice, Mornington, and North Easthope, and the Town of Stratford.

In 1882, it was redefined to consist of the townships of Ellice, Elma, Mornington and Logan, the towns of Stratford and Listowel, and the village of Milverton. In 1903, it was redefined to include the township of Easthope North. In 1914, it was redefined to include the township of Wallace, and exclude the township of Logan.

In 1924, Perth North was defined to consist of the part of the county of Perth lying north of and including the township of Easthope North, the city of Stratford, and the townships of Ellice and Elma.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was merged into Perth riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Conservative
 * Andrew Monteith
 * align="right"| 1,737
 * Independent
 * James Fisher
 * align="right"|1,717
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Nicol Grieve
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }


text:
Tarrafal concentration camp

Tarrafal was a concentration camp located in the village of Chão Bom, in the Municipality of Tarrafal, on the island of Santiago in Cape Verde.

It was established in 1936, during a reorganization process of the Portuguese Estado Novo prison system, with the goal of incarcerating political and social prisoners. The location was strategically chosen, both for being remote so that testimonies would not come to light, and for having an unhealthy climate, with little drinking water, and many mosquitoes in rainy seasons, which facilitated the appearance of diseases. Its main objective was to physically and psychologically annihilate Portuguese and African opponents of the Salazar dictatorship, isolating them from the rest of the world in subhuman conditions of captivity, mistreatment, and insalubrity.

Ideologically Tarrafal had two purposes. First, it would be used to remove and isolate political prisoners who disrupted mainland prisons through protests and sit-ins. Second, the camp would have harsh conditions to send a clear message to the opposition in Portugal that Salazar's authoritarian regime would not tolerate any kind of political dissent. These objectives were clearly defined in the opening paragraphs of Decree-Law No. 26539 (Decreto-Lei n.º 26 539), the law that was enacted to build the Tarrafal Prison. It stated that the camp – which would be under the control of the PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado: Portugal's Secret Police) – was only for the exiling of political and social prisoners who had disrupted other prisons and were considered a "harmful element" to other inmates.

Its first phase, from 1936 to 1954, was aimed at Portuguese opponents. On 29 October 1936, the first 157 antifascist detainees arrived from Lisbon, some of them participants in the Sailors' Revolt of 1936. In the first two years, when the prisoners' only housing was canvas tents, they were forced to work for 45 days in extremely high temperatures to build the camp wall and other infrastructure. When the first illnesses began to appear, the only doctor present had no medicine to treat the patients, so he limited himself to issuing death certificates. Of the 340 Portuguese anti-fascists who passed through the camp, 34 died. Notable victims include Bento Gonçalves, then leader of the Portuguese Communist Party, and Mário Castelhano, then leader of the General Confederation of Labor. The "Frigideira" (English: "frying pan"), also called "elimination chamber" or "torture chamber" by the prisoners, was a place of punishment where prisoners were tortured, being deprived of food, light, and under temperatures between 50 and 60 degrees. The "Frigideira" was responsible for the death of 30 prisoners, and the sickness of dozens of others. The current museum states prisoners accumulatively spent 2824 days in the "Frigideira".

In the second phase, which reopened the camp on 14 April 1961, it began to hold militants from the national liberation struggles of the Portuguese Colonial War in Angola, Guinea-Bissau, and Cape Verde. 106 Angolans, 100 Guineans, and 20 Cape Verdeans went through Tarrafal. Replacing the "Frigideira", the "Holandinha" was opened, with almost the same objective, being "a little taller than a man standing, a little longer than a man lying down, a little wider than a man sitting down, with a small barred window" and "a real oven". One Angolan and two Guinean political prisoners died in this camp.

Following the Carnation Revolution in 1974, together with the end of the Estado Novo dictatorship, the camp was closed one week later. In 2009 it was transformed into the Museum of Resistance, and a project is currently underway with the aim of applying for the UNESCO World Heritage List. On 14 August 2016, the government of Cape Verde recognized the Tarrafal Concentration Camp in Santiago and its dependencies as a National Heritage Site of the Republic of Cape Verde. In honor of the anti-fascist struggle and resistance in Cape Verde, 29 October was consecrated as "Antifascist Resistance Day".

Names
The camp was called "Tarrafal concentration camp" (campo de concentração do Tarrafal) and informally as the "Slow Death Camp" (campo da morte lenta) or "Tarrafal Camp" (campo do Tarrafal). The official name of the camp was "Cape Verde Penal Colony" (colónia penal de Cabo Verde) in the first phase, and "Chão Bom Labor Camp" (campo de trabalho de Chão Bom) in the second one. It was also referred to as the "Village of Death", the "Swamp of Death", and as the "Yellow Inferno".

Foundation
The Tarrafal Concentration Camp was established in 1936 by Decree 26:539 of 23 April 1936, in the context of Estado Novo's reorganization of the prison system, with the purpose of incarcerating political and social prisoners. The location was chosen strategically, both because it was remote so that testimonies would not come to public attention, and because it had an unhealthy climate, with little drinkable water, and many mosquitoes in rainy seasons, which facilitated the appearance of diseases and from which many prisoners died. The construction was the responsibility of the Ministry of Public Works and Telecommunications, and the project was drawn up by Cottinelli Telmo, with the name "Penal Colony of Cape Verde". Cândido de Oliveira says that the true purpose of the construction was not publicized out of fear of Portuguese and international public opinion. According to the "Dossier do Tarrafal" from the Editorial "Avante!", most of the guards were members of the PSP connected to the PVDE and the Portuguese Legion.

Objectives
The "Tarrafal Penal Colony" was nicknamed by its prisoners as a concentration camp because it was analogous to the Nazi concentration camps, or "slow death camp", since its main objective was to physically and psychologically annihilate Portuguese and African opponents of the Salazar dictatorship, keeping them away from the rest of the world, in subhuman conditions of captivity, mistreatment and insalubrity. In the first phase, from 1936 to 1954, it was a prison for the opponents of Portugal's fascist regime. Historian Fernando Rosas considers Tarrafal the "peak of repression in Portugal" and the "most brutal form of repression that fascism found" against the resistance, being "a terrain where the struggle of the Portuguese antifascists is joined with the struggle of the anti-colonialists or the patriots of the national liberation movements". The Dictionary of Portuguese History (2000) describes it as an "arbitrary deposit of the regime's opponents", and the "quintessence of state terrorism under Salazar". The way Tarrafal functioned and its method of treating prisoners was similar to that of other concentration camps that existed at the time. On a daily basis, inmates were subjected to punishment, torture, forced labor, poor nutrition, and lack of medical care. Most of the detentions were arbitrary.

The PVDE strongly modeled its camp regime after the Nazi concentration camps. Prisoners were subjected to brutal authority. Strict regulations were enforced and outside information was forbidden. The PVDE used physical and psychological violence against the prisoners, this included sleep deprivation, beatings, and humiliation. Men and women were tortured for information on their organizations and networks in Portugal. The most severe punishment was conducted in a concrete cell called the "Frigideira" (English: "frying pan"). Inside this windowless 6m x3m building, daytime temperatures could reach up to 60 °C. Prisoners could be held inside these blocks for days, weeks, or months. When used elsewhere, being held in cells of this kind had resulted in extreme dehydration, heat exhaustion, and death

First phase
The first phase lasted from 1936 to 1954. On 29 October 1936, the first 157 Portuguese political prisoners arrived from Lisbon, antifascists, 37 of them being strikers participating in the strike of 18 January 1934, in Marinha Grande, and some participants in the Sailors' Revolt of 1936, organized by the Revolutionary Organization of the Navy, linked to the Portuguese Communist Party. In the beginning, the facilities were simple canvas tents with the capacity to house twelve prisoners, without any conditions, and the camp was circumscribed by barbed wire and a four-meter deep ditch. There was no electricity, ventilation or wind/rain protection. According to the prisoners, due to the unpredictably rainy weather of the location, sometimes the tents would flood and rot. The wooden buildings were reserved for the secretariat and the warehouse. This was done concurrently with the construction of the sheds. Electricity, air renewal, and protection against the natural elements, especially the sun – which is "unbearable due to the country's climatic conditions" – were non-existent. According to Cândido de Oliveira, the barbed wire barred any direct contact with the outside, although it still allowed visual contact. Manuel Franscico Rodrigues affirms that the construction of slopes benefited the guards, restricted space, and increased the psychological torture on the prisoners. The only stone building was the kitchen, which was partially built. Manuel dos Reis, director of the camp for several years, would receive the political prisoners saying "Whoever comes to Tarrafal comes to die!".

According to the Commission of the Black Book on the Fascist Regime, the prison records of some prisoners sent to Tarrafal have not been found, saying that on examining the existing records, "it soon appears that many of them were not even tried and that others, despite having been sentenced, were not sentenced to imprisonment". In 1944, of the 226 prisoners imprisoned there, 72 had not been tried and 55 had already exceeded their sentences.

The first two years in prison were divided into two phases: in the first, called the "wild brigade", the prisoners were subjected to forced labor for 45 days, under extremely high temperatures, to build the walls of the concentration camp, the road, among others. The second, called the "acute period", which began in 1937, was when the first diseases began to appear – such as malaria, bilious and other infectious diseases – and during this period seven prisoners died. In 1937 the first doctor arrived, but, not having any medicine to cure the prisoners, limited himself to just writing death certificates. Today, on the Museum of the Resistance, there's a quote of his: "I am not here to cure, but to sign death certificates".

In the concentration camp of Tarrafal, there were several first-line communist leaders and cadres, subjected to various types of torture, since its establishment in 1936. Due to the large number of communists that came to the camp, the Communist Prison Organization of Tarrafal (OCTP) was quickly created. Here, the prisoners intended to maintain political debate, doctrinal training, analyze and systematize their own recent historical experience, be it the political situation or party line. However, they were faced with several difficulties, namely the lack of paper and pencils. Sometimes the isolation was so great that any information about what was going on in the world was seized upon, even scraps of paper lost on the floor. Most of the time, the newspaper had been used as toilet paper, which earned the name among the inmates of "shit radio", and was vividly used as a source of information.

After 6 years imprisoned in Tarrafal, in 1942 the leader of the Portuguese Communist Party — Bento Gonçalves — died, along with 4 other militants.

In January 1954 it was closed due to the gain of the influence of anti-fascist forces and the defeat of Nazi-fascism in World War II.

The "Frigideira"
The "Frigideira" (English: "frying pan") was meant to punish prisoners who disobeyed the rules. Also known as the "elimination chamber", or the "torture chamber", it was the form of punishment that most instilled fear upon the prisoners. According to Pedro Martins, the "Frigideira" was created with the arrival of the second group of prisoners, where the punishments increased more and more and had the objective of quickly eliminating the antifascists physically. Before they entered, they were completely stripped naked. He described the "Frigideira" as: "This jail is called the 'frying pan'. Both light and air enter through three holes drilled in the heavy iron door and through a small rectangle, open near the ceiling. During the day, the hot sun of the tropics heats the doors and walls of this small tomb. The air heats up inside. The heat becomes unbearable. The prisoners undress, but the heat doesn't stop torturing them. Sweat drips from their tired bodies. If they are many, drops of water condense on the ceiling, and when they fall, far from being a relief, they are torture. (...) At night, the mosquitoes come. From the bite of the mosquito comes fever, from fever comes death by bilious and pernicious. A small rectangular block made of concrete, six meters long by three meters wide and three meters high, divided in two to obtain two cells. The only door it had was shaped like a ship door with a dimension of 1.70 X 0.60 meters, with two rows of half-inch holes and a dividing gap of 50 centimeters long above the door. This space was strategically built away from any shady spots. The temperature ranged from 50 to 60 degrees such that the inmates' perspiration came off their bodies like bacon fat on a hot grill." Here, prisoners ate only bread and water, every other day. Torture was thus exacerbated along with starvation. It was described as "an open road to death in a place isolated from everything and everyone". Here, between 1937 and 1944, 30 prisoners died, 45 fell ill with malaria, with 14 deaths, and 52 obtained lung diseases. Prisoners could be kept in the "Frigideira" for days, weeks, and even months. In total, 2824 days spent in the "Frigideira" are accounted for by the current Resistance Museum.

Due to strong pressure from the international community, as well as the anti-fascist action within the regime, and with the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II, the "Frigideira" was demolished and buried in São Miguel. On top of its former construction site, a chapel was built after the overthrow of the Estado Novo in memory of those who passed through there. In the second phase, it is replaced by the "Holandinha".

Second phase
On 14 April 1961, the camp was reopened as a work camp by the Ministry of Overseas Territories, labeled "Chão Bom Work Camp". This phase coincided with the construction of the first stone pavilions and the reconfiguration of the protections to fortress-like protections. Its purpose was to imprison militants of the national liberation war from the Portuguese Colonial War in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde, isolating and torturing them. On 17 July 1961, it was expanded, in 1962 new buildings were constructed, and in 1967 a wall was built to increase security. According to Pedro Martins, then a Cape Verdean political prisoner, the Concentration Camp was "a place planned, designed, and built to make people suffer". According to him, the place where the Cape Verdeans were detained was so small that they were accommodated "like canned sardines". Regarding food, he says that "[c]achupa with a few traces of tuna was served to us daily," with minimal variation, and that when they refused to eat spoiled fish "that even dogs would not be able to eat", their meals were cut off. Luandino Vieira was one of the most prominent figures to be in Tarrafal during this phase, being imprisoned from 1964 to 1972. In 1965, the Portuguese Writers Society awarded him a prize, which resulted in the vandalization of its headquarters and its illegalization.

In total, about 230 African anti-colonialists were present in Tarrafal, including 106 Angolans, 100 Guineans, and 20 Cape Verdeans, with one Angolan and two Guineans dying from illness and mistreatment.

The "Holandinha"
The "Holandinha", as it was nicknamed by Cape Verdean prisoners, was the concrete structure that replaced the "Frigideira" of the first phase. It acquired the name "Holandinha" in reference to Holland, to where many Cape Verdeans departed. With a size of 1.76 x 1.05 x 1.79, it was intended to be "an authentic oven". It is described as "little taller than a man standing, little longer than a man lying down, little wider than a man sitting down, with a small barred window".

Closure
Following the revolution of 25 April 1974 and the end of the dictatorship of the Estado Novo, the camp was definitively closed on 1 May 1974. Angolan Joel Pessoa refers to this event stating that "[the] Tarrafal was a prison for life. If it wasn't for the 25th of April we would all die there".

Between 1975 and 1985, it served as a recruitment center and military barracks but was abandoned after its closure. In 2009 it was transformed into the Museum of Resistance, and a project is currently underway that aims to apply for UNESCO's World Heritage List. It is the most visited museum in the country, with over 9,000 annual visits. The Resistance Museum is part of the preservation and musealization project of the former Concentration Camp of Tarrafal to give dignity to the site and the memories of the victims. The responsibility of its management and conservation was assigned to the Institute for Cultural Heritage Research (IIPC).

Killed in Tarrafal
There were 37 political prisoners who died in Tarrafal, 34 Portuguese, one from the Overseas Province of Angola, and two from Portuguese Guinea. The 34 Portuguese dead were only able to have their bodies returned to Portugal after the revolution of 25 April 1974, and the closing of the camp on 1 May:
 * Francisco José Pereira: Seaman, 28 (Lisbon, 1909 – Tarrafal 20 September 1937)
 * Pedro de Matos Filipe: Docker, 32 (Almada, 19 June 1905 – Tarrafal, 20 September 1937)
 * Francisco Domingues Quintas: Industrial worker, 48 (Grijó, Vila Nova de Gaia, April 1889 – Tarrafal, 22 September 1937)
 * Rafael Tobias da Silva Pinto: Watchmaker, 26 (Lisbon, 1911 – Tarrafal 22 September 1937)
 * Augusto Costa: Glassmaker (Leiria – Tarrafal, 22 September 1937?)
 * Candido Alves Barja: Seaman, 27 (Castro Verde April 1910 – Tarrafal, 29 (24) September 1937?)
 * Abilio Augusto Belchior: Marble worker, 40 years (1897 – Tarrafal, 29 October 1937?)
 * Francisco do Nascimento Esteves: Mechanical turner, 24 (Lisbon, 1914 – Tarrafal, 21 (29) January 1938?)
 * Arnaldo Simões Januário: Barber, 41 (Coimbra, 1897 – Tarrafal, 27 March 1938)
 * Alfredo Caldeira: Painter decorator, 30 (Lisbon, 1908 – Tarrafal, 1 December 1938)
 * Fernando Alcobia: Newsboy, 24 (Lisbon, 1915 – Tarrafal, 19 December 1939)
 * Jaime da Fonseca e Sousa: Printer, 38 (Tondela, 1902 – Tarrafal, 7 July 1940)
 * Albino António de Oliveira Coelho: Driver, 43 years (1897 – Tarrafal, 11 August 1940?)
 * Mário dos Santos Castelhano: Office worker, 44 (Lisbon, May 1896 – Tarrafal, 12 October 1936)
 * Jacinto Melo Faria Vilaça: Sailor, 26 years (May 1914 – Tarrafal, 3 January 1941?)
 * Casimiro Júlio Ferreira: Tinker, 32 (Lisbon, 4 February 1909 – Tarrafal, 24 September 1941)
 * Albino António de Carvalho de Oliveira: Shopkeeper, 57 (Povoa do Lanhoso, 1884 – Tarrafal, 22 (23) October 1941?)
 * António Guedes de Oliveira e Silva: Driver, 40 (Vila Nova de Gaia, 1 May 1901 – Tarrafal, 3 November 1941)
 * Ernesto José Ribeiro: Baker or hodman, 30 (Lisbon, March 1911 – Tarrafal, 8 December 1941)
 * John Lopes Dinis: Construction, 37 (Sintra, 1904 – Tarrafal, 12 December 1941)
 * Henrique Vale Domingues Fernandes: Sailor, 28 years (August 1913 – Tarrafal, 7 January (July) 1942?)
 * Bento António Gonçalves: Mechanical Turner, 40 (Rio Fiães (Montalegre), 2 March 1902 – Tarrafal, 11 September 1942)
 * Damásio Martins Pereira: Worker (? – Tarrafal, 11 November 1942?)
 * António de Jesus Branco: Docker, 36 (Carregosa, 25 December 1906 – Tarrafal, 28 December 1942)
 * Paulo José Dias: Maritime stoker, 39 (Lisbon, 24 January 1904 – Tarrafal, 13 January 1943)
 * Joaquim Montes: Cork worker, 30 (Almada, 11 September 1912 – Tarrafal, 14 February 1943)
 * Manuel Alves dos Reis (? – Tarrafal, 11 June 1943)
 * Francisco Nascimento Gomes: Driver, 34 (Vila Nova de Foz Coa, 28 August 1909 – Tarrafal, 15 November 1943)
 * Edmundo Gonçalves: 44 years (Lisbon, February 1900 – Tarrafal, 13 June 1944)
 * Manuel Augusto da Costa: Mason (? – Tarrafal, 3 June 1945?)
 * Joaquim Marreiros: Seaman, 38 (Lagos, 1910 – Tarrafal, 3 November 1948)
 * António Guerra: Trade Employee, 35 (Marinha Grande, 23 June 1913 – Tarrafal, 28 December 1948)

Surviving prisoners

 * Edmundo Pedro: future politician imprisoned in the 1930s and 1940s
 * Pedro dos Santos Soares, a Communist Party member, was sent twice to Tarrafal, from 1936 to 1940 and from 1943 to 1946. He wrote a book about his experiences there, called Tarrafal: Campo da Morte Lenta, (Tarrafal: Camp of the Slow Death), which was published by the Communist Party clandestinely and anonymously in 1947.

Legacy
In 2006, the World Monument Fund named Tarrafal one of its 100 watched monuments.

In 2009 an international symposium on the former Tarrafal concentration camp took place in Praia, Cape Verde, on the 35th anniversary of the camp's closing. The symposium was attended by former political prisoners and specialists from the countries of Cape Verde, Angola, Guinea Bissau and Portugal.

title: Tarrafal concentration camp


text:
Tupac: Resurrection

Tupac: Resurrection is a 2003 American documentary film about the life and death of rapper Tupac Shakur. The film, directed by Lauren Lazin and released by Paramount Pictures, is narrated by Shakur himself.

The film was in theaters from November 14, 2003, to December 21, 2003. As of July 1, 2008 it had earned over $7.8 million, making it the 21st-highest-grossing documentary film in the United States - (in nominal dollars, from 1982 to the present). The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 77th Academy Awards.

Synopsis
Tupac details his childhood, from growing up with a mother addicted to crack to being taken care of by drug dealers on the streets, as well as the type of jobs he had to do to get money. He also talks about his love for poetry, his friendship with Jada, what his lyrics mean, and about the negative resentment the media has had on him. This documentary then details his shooting, his reaction to getting shot, his paranoia after getting shot, and ultimately his death. The documentary ends with Tupac coming to terms with his life and his past, understanding the wrongs that he has done, as well as giving a monologue about stereotypes of Black men, telling Blacks to not give in to stereotypes and to control themselves, and it also shows the impact Tupac has had on the entire world.

Critical response
Tupac: Resurrection has an approval rating of 78% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 90 reviews, and an average rating of 6.75/10. The website's critical consensus states, "There's no question where the director's loyalty lies in this one-sided tribute; however, Tupac's charisma makes this doc an engaging sit". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Accolades
2005: Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature (nomination)

Soundtrack
An official 14-track soundtrack album was released, although it only contained nine songs that featured in the movie. The following tracks, listed alphabetically by title, are written and/or performed by Tupac and feature in the film:

 * 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted
 * Ballad of a Dead Soulja
 * Black Jesuz
 * Breathin
 * Brenda's Got a Baby
 * California Love Remix
 * Can U C the Pride in the Panther - Performed by Mos Def
 * Case of the Misplaced Mic
 * Changes
 * Cradle to the Grave
 * Dear Mama
 * Everything They Owe
 * Fame
 * Family Tree - Performed by Lamar Antwon Robinson
 * Hail Mary
 * Hell 4 a Hustler
 * Hit 'Em Up
 * Holler If Ya Hear Me
 * Homeboyz
 * I Get Around
 * I'm Gettin Money
 * If I Die 2 Nite
 * Keep Ya Head Up
 * Let Em Have It
 * Letter to the President
 * Lil' Homies
 * Me Against the World
 * Military Minds
 * My Block (Nitty Remix)
 * My Closest Roaddogz
 * Never B Peace (Nitty Remix)
 * Niggaz Nature Remix
 * Nothin' to Lose
 * One Day at a Time (Em's Version)
 * Only Fear of Death
 * Open Fire
 * Outlaw
 * Panther Power
 * Part Time Mutha
 * The Realist Killas
 * Rebel of the Underground
 * Runnin' (Dying to Live)
 * Same Song – Performed by Digital Underground
 * Secretz of War
 * So Many Tears
 * St. Ides Malt Liquor Commercial
 * Starin' Through My Rear View
 * Still Ballin' (Nitty Remix)
 * Street Fame (Briss Remix)
 * Strictly for My N.I.G.G.A.Z.
 * Super Freak
 * Temptations
 * Thug N U Thug N Me
 * Thugz Mansion (7 Remix)
 * Trapped
 * U Can Call (Jazze Pha Remix)
 * Under Pressure
 * Until the End of Time
 * U R Ripping Us Apart!!! - Performed by Dead Prez
 * When Thugz Cry
 * When We Ride on Our Enemies (Briss Remix)
 * Wife 4 Life - 4th Avenue Jones'
 * Wonda Why They Call U Bitch
 * Worldwide Mob Figgaz
 * Y'all Don't Know Us
 * You Don't Bring Me Flowers (feat. Ice T)

The following tracks, which Tupac had no input on, are also featured in the film:

 * America The Beautiful
 * All Along The Watchtower - Jimi Hendrix
 * All That You Have Is Your Soul - Tracy Chapman
 * Black Seeds Keep On Growing
 * Exodus - Bob Marley
 * Humpty Dance - Digital Underground
 * Inner City Blues - Marvin Gaye
 * Know The Ledge - Eric B. & Rakim
 * Living For The City - Stevie Wonder
 * Paid In Full - Eric B. & Rakim
 * Parents Just Don't Understand - DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince
 * Smooth Operator - Sade
 * Vincent - Don McLean
 * Waiting For You - Tony! Toni! Tone!
 * Wuthering Heights - Kate Bush

title: Tupac: Resurrection


text:
Perth South (federal electoral district)

Perth South was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867, which divided the County of Perth into two ridings. The South Riding of the County of Perth initially consisted of the Townships of Blanchard, Downie, South Easthope, Fullarton, Hibbert, and the Villages of Mitchell and St. Marys.

In 1882, the townships of Usborne were added to the riding, and that of South Easthope was excluded. In 1903, Usborne was removed from the riding, and Easthope South and Logan townships were added. In 1914, the part of the village of Tavistock situated in the township of Easthope South was added.

In 1924, Perth South was defined to consist of the part of the county of Perth lying south of and including the townships of Logan, Fullerton and Downie, south of but excluding the city of Stratford, south of but including the township of Easthope South to the east boundary of the said county. That part of Tavistock lying in the township of Easthope South was also included.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was redistributed between Huron—Perth and Perth ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Liberal
 * Robert MacFarlane
 * align="right"|1,490
 * Unknown
 * T. B. Guest
 * align="right"|1,393

 * Liberal
 * James Trow
 * align="right"|1,683
 * Unknown
 * J. Kidd
 * align="right"| 1,256
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Trow
 * align="right"| acclaimed
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Trow
 * align="right"| 1,796
 * Unknown
 * E. Hornibrook
 * align="right"|1,719
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Trow
 * align="right"| 1,896
 * Unknown
 * Thomas B. Guest
 * align="right"| 1,717
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Trow
 * align="right"| 2,224
 * Conservative
 * H. F. Sharp
 * align="right"|2,131
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Trow
 * align="right"| 2,363
 * Conservative
 * H. F. Sharp
 * align="right"| 2,186
 * }

 * Conservative
 * William Pridham
 * align="right"|acclaimed
 * }

 * Liberal
 * D. K. Erb
 * align="right"| 2,069
 * Conservative
 * William Pridham
 * align="right"| 1,851
 * Protestant Protective
 * J. A. Donald
 * align="right"|551
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Dilman Kinsey Erb
 * align="right"| 2,169
 * Conservative
 * William Pridham
 * align="right"| 2,160
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Gilbert H. McIntyre
 * align="right"|2,454
 * Conservative
 * Michael Steele
 * align="right"|2,310
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Gilbert Howard McIntyre
 * align="right"|2,412
 * Conservative
 * Michael Steele
 * align="right"| 2,383
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Michael Steele
 * align="right"| 2,303
 * Liberal
 * Gilbert Howard McIntyre
 * align="right"| 2,221
 * }

 * Government
 * Michael Steele
 * align="right"| 2,770
 * Opposition
 * William Forrester
 * align="right"| 2,713
 * }

 * Liberal
 * William Forrester
 * align="right"| 3,209
 * Conservative
 * Michael Steele
 * align="right"| 2,948

 * }

 * Liberal
 * Frederick George Sanderson
 * align="right"| 4,455
 * Conservative
 * Robert S. Graham
 * align="right"| 4,041
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Fred George Sanderson
 * align="right"| 4,966
 * Conservative
 * Robert S. Graham
 * align="right"|4,451
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Frederick George Sanderson
 * align="right"| 5,063
 * Conservative
 * Samuel James Monteith
 * align="right"| 4,346
 * }


text:
Peterborough East

Peterborough East was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1925. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which divided the County of Peterborough into two ridings.

The East Riding consisted of the Townships of Asphodel, Belmont and Methuen, Douro, Dummer, Galway, Harvey, Minden, Stanhope and Dysart, Otonabee, and Snowden, and the Village of Ashburnham, and any other surveyed Townships lying to the north.

In 1882, it was defined to consist of the townships of Asphodel, Belmont, Methuen, Douro, Dummer, Burleigh, Anstruther, Chandos, Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre, Clyde, Nightingale, Livingstone, Lawrence, Cavendish, Glamorgan, Cardiff, Monmouth, Otonabee and Harvey, and the villages of Ashburnham, Lakefield and Norwood.

In 1903, it was redefined to consist of the townships of Anstruther, Asphodel, Belmont, Burleigh, Chandos, Douro, Dummer, Methuen and Otonabee, and the villages of Havelock, Lakefield and Norwood. In 1914, it was redefined of the townships of Anstruther, Asphodel, Belmont, Burleigh, Chandos, Douro, Dummer, Methuen and Otonabee, and the villages of Havelock, Lakefield and Norwood.

The electoral district was abolished in 1924 when it was redistributed between Hastings—Peterborough and Peterborough West ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election history

 * Conservative
 * Peregrine Maitland Grover
 * align="right"| 956
 * Unknown
 * James Anderson
 * align="right"| 644
 * }

 * Conservative
 * Peregrine Maitland Grover
 * align="right"| 804
 * Unknown
 * Evans Ingram
 * align="right"|752
 * }

 * Liberal
 * James Hall
 * align="right"| 993
 * Unknown
 * R. D. Rogers
 * align="right"|879
 * }

 * Conservative
 * John Burnham
 * align="right"| 1,262
 * Unknown
 * T. Buck
 * align="right"| 1,236
 * }

 * Conservative
 * John Burnham
 * align="right"| 1,449
 * Unknown
 * William E. Roxburgh
 * align="right"|1,192
 * }

 * Independent Liberal
 * John Lang
 * align="right"| 1,697
 * Conservative
 * John Burnham
 * align="right"|1,588
 * }

 * Conservative
 * John Burnham
 * align="right"|1,832
 * Liberal
 * Thomas Rork
 * align="right"| 1,803
 * }

 * Independent Liberal
 * John Lang
 * align="right"| 2,353
 * Conservative
 * John Burnham
 * align="right"| 1,738
 * }

 * Independent Liberal
 * John Lang
 * align="right"|1,876
 * Conservative
 * John A. Sexsmith
 * align="right"|1,702
 * }

 * Liberal
 * John Finlay
 * align="right"|1,588
 * Conservative
 * John Sexsmith
 * align="right"| 1,518
 * }

 * Conservative
 * John A. Sexsmith
 * align="right"| 1,922
 * Liberal
 * Edward A. Tanner
 * align="right"| 1,540
 * }

 * Conservative
 * John A. Sexsmith
 * align="right"| 1,992
 * Liberal
 * Francis D. Kerr
 * align="right"| 1,399
 * }

 * Government
 * John A. Sexsmith
 * align="right"| 2,555
 * Opposition
 * William H. Johnston
 * align="right"| 1,389
 * }

 * Conservative
 * John A. Sexsmith
 * align="right"| 2,296
 * Liberal
 * John A. Dewart
 * align="right"|1,503
 * }

title: Peterborough East