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Timeline of Glasgow history

This article is intended to show a timeline of the history of Glasgow, Scotland, up to the present day.

500–1099

 * 543: The 12th century Bishop Jocelyn will later claim Glasgow's monastic church was founded by Saint Kentigern, also known as Saint Mungo, in this year; he also claimed that Kentigern found at Glasgow a cemetery which Saint Ninian had hallowed
 * 560: Jocelyn claims Mungo/Kentigern made his first bishop in this year

1100–1199

 * 1114: Glasgow is a farming village, with a monastic church and water mill; the reach of Glasgow's bishops extends to Cumbria; the church is elevated to temporary cathedral status by young David of Strathclyde, later David I
 * 1118: Building of a new cathedral begins
 * 1134: The churches of Saint John and the Holy Sepulchre are in the city; the church of Saint James is dedicated
 * 1136: The cathedral is consecrated in the presence of David I
 * c1150: The Glasgow Fair is an eight-day event
 * 1153: The sacking of Glasgow, and devastation of its surrounding countryside, by Somerled, Lord of Argyll.
 * c1175/c1178: William the Lion makes Glasgow an episcopal burgh of barony, and grants Bishop Jocelyn a charter
 * 1179?-1199?: Bishop gives abbot and convent of Melrose a plot of land in Glasgow
 * 1199: Death of Bishop Jocelyn

1200–1299

 * 1220s: Early trades in the town include fishermen, millers, bakers, cobblers, painters, and blacksmiths; wooden merchant's houses replace peasant huts
 * 1240: Diocesan authorities deeply in debt to bankers from Florence; church over Saint Kentigern's grave being added
 * 1246: Dominican order (Blackfriars) establish a church.
 * 1258: Work on Kentigern's church complete
 * 1274: Diocese includes Teviotdale in Dumfries
 * 1286: Glasgow Bridge, made of timber, spans the River Clyde
 * 1293: Saint Mary's church is in the town
 * 1295: Saint Enoch's church is also in the town, and there is a second water mill beside the Gallowgate

1300–1399

 * 1301: Edward I of England visits Saint Kentigern's tomb in the town. Edward forces the townspeople to make a giant wooden siege tower and supply 30 wagons to transport it to Bothwell Castle to besiege it, along with tools, iron and coal; the town has trade in salmon and herring
 * 1320: There is a St Thomas's Church in the town, with a Florentine Dean
 * c1330-1350: The west end of the cathedral is completed
 * 1350: The Black Death hits the town
 * 1380-1381: The Black Death hits Glasgow again

1400–1499

 * c1400: Population estimate: 1,500-2,000
 * 1410: The wooden bridge across the River Clyde is replaced by an arched stone bridge.
 * 1431: William Elphinstone is born. He later obtained a papal bull for the University of Aberdeen in 1495, and was involved with the introduction of printing to Scotland in 1507
 * 1450: Glasgow is a "burgh of regality"
 * 1451: the University of Glasgow is established by bull of Pope Nicholas V, and founded by Bishop Turnbull, beside Blackfriars monastery
 * 1453: John Stewart, Glasgow's first Provost, appointed
 * 1460: There is a grammar school in the city;
 * 1464: St Nicholas Hospital founded in the city
 * 1471: Provands Lordship, Glasgow's oldest dwelling-house, is built
 * 1475: The Greyfriars (Franciscans) are granted a tenement and lands on the High Street; St Ninian's Hospital is established
 * 1478: Other stone houses are built in Glasgow
 * 1492: Pope Innocent VIII makes the See of Glasgow an Archbishopric – Robert Blackadder is the city's first archbishop

1500–1599

 * c1500: Population estimate is 2,500 – 3,000
 * 1504: Plague hits Glasgow; the city is eleventh among Scottish burghs for taxation revenue
 * c1510: The Bishop's Palace is extended
 * 1516-1559: The city's craft guilds are incorporated
 * 1518: The university becomes more active
 * 1520: The archdiocese now includes the former diocese of Argyll
 * 1525: James Houston founds the Tron Church
 * 1535-1556: Glasgow pays 1.5% – 3% of total Scottish burgh taxes
 * 1544: Siege of castle; estimated population is 3,000
 * 1556: Estimated population c4,500. Brewing recorded at site that will later become Wellpark Brewery
 * 1560: The burgh of Glasgow is now represented in the Parliament of Scotland
 * 1570: Andrew Melville rejuvenates the university
 * 1574: Plague hits the city again
 * c1576: The council mill is rebuilt
 * 1579: The city's cathedral is saved from demolition by craftsmen threatening to riot
 * 1581: Glasgow pays 66% of upper Clyde customs tax
 * 1584: Plague
 * 1589: Golf is played on Glasgow Green
 * 1593: Emergence of the Presbytery of Glasgow in the new self-governing church
 * 1594: Glasgow is now fifth in ranking of Scottish burghs, paying 4.5% of export customs

1600–1699

 * 1600: Population estimates for the city vary between 5000 and 7500
 * 1604: 361 craftsmen work in fourteen trades, including two surgeons and 213 merchants
 * 1605: The Trades House and Merchants House combine to form the first town council
 * 1610: The General Assembly approves the restoration of diocesan episcopacy in Scotland
 * 1611: Glasgow becomes a royal burgh, with a population of about 7600
 * 1615: The Jesuit John Ogilvy is hanged for saying Mass
 * 1621: Glasgow pays 3%-10% of Scottish customs duties
 * 1625: The first quay is built at Broomielaw
 * 1626: The Tolbooth is constructed
 * 1636: There are 120 students at the university
 * 1638: Covenanters at the General Assembly plan to abolish bishops
 * 1639: Glasgow the 3rd richest burgh in Scotland, one-fifth as rich as Edinburgh; Hutcheson's Hospital is founded
 * 1641: Hutchesons' Grammar School is founded for orphan boys; 50 buildings erected in Trongate
 * 1645: Montrose enters city, celebrates victories
 * 1645-1646: Plague hits city
 * 1649: Glasgow displaces Perth as Scotland's 4th trading centre; pays 6.5% of customs duties
 * 1650: Oliver Cromwell enters Glasgow while on a campaign against the Scottish Army
 * 1652: Major fire makes about a thousand families homeless; an early fire engine from Edinburgh helps put out the blaze
 * 1655: Glasgow trades in coal, hoops, meal, oats, butter, herring, salt, paper, prunes, timber, and hides: goat, kid, and deerskins
 * 1656: Glasgow is described as a "flourishing city", with "strong stone walls"
 * 1659-1665: Bridgegate merchants' house is rebuilt
 * 1660: A coal pit is reported in the Gorbals
 * 1661: Several pits reported
 * 1662: A post office opens
 * 1663: Alexander Burnet is appointed archbishop
 * 1668: Land is purchased for a new harbour – later Port Glasgow
 * 1669: Burnet resigns the archbishopric, objects to Act of Supremacy
 * 1670: Glasgow displaces Aberdeen and Dundee to become Scotland's second trade city
 * 1673: Colonel Walter Whiteford opens city's first coffee house
 * 1675: Magistrates take action against unauthorised prayer meetings
 * 1677: Another major fire hits the city, destroying 130 shops and houses
 * 1678: First stagecoaches run to Edinburgh
 * 1680: The city's population is perhaps around 12,000, with 450 traders, 100 trading overseas
 * 1688: Broomielaw Quay is reconstructed following dredging of the River Clyde
 * 1690 Glasgow is re-chartered as a royal burgh; the city has an early Bank of Scotland branch

1700–1799

 * 1702: the University of Glasgow has around 400 students
 * 1706: Anti-unionists riot; Glasgow is a major smuggling port
 * 1707: Act of Union
 * 1710: The city's population is estimated to be 13,000; over 200 shops are open; much of the city is liable to flooding
 * 1712: Glasgow owners own 4% of Scottish fleet, 46 vessels
 * 1715: Glasgow Courant newspaper first published
 * 1718: Possible date for first Glasgow vessel to sail to America
 * 1719: Cotton printing has begun
 * 1720: Glasgow's estimated population is 15,000
 * 1721-1735: James Anderson builds "Andersontown" (modern-day Anderston) village
 * 1725: Glasgow occupied by General Wade's army; protests and street violence against liquor tax
 * 1726: Daniel Defoe describes Glasgow as "The cleanest and best-built city in Britain"; 50 ships a year sail to America
 * 1729: The Glasgow Journal newspaper is published
 * 1730: The Glasgow Linen Society is formed
 * 1735: The city's ship-owners own 67 ships
 * 1736: The first history of Glasgow is published by John McUre
 * 1737-1760: A new Town Hall is built west of the Tolbooth
 * 1738: The Anderston Weavers' Society is formed
 * 1740: Approximately 685,000 m of linen is made in Glasgow, some of which is sent to London. Hugh and Robert Tennent take over the Drygate Brewery
 * 1740-1741: The Foulis brothers begin printing
 * 1742: Delft pottery is manufactured in the city
 * 1743: The Foulis brothers become printers to the university
 * 1745: Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) enters the city with his army; Tennents open a new brewery in Glasgow
 * 1749: A stage coach service opens between Edinburgh and Glasgow
 * 1750: There are five sugar refineries in the city
 * 1751: The John Smith bookshop is established
 * 1753: Foulis Academy is established at the university to promote art and design; turnpiking of main roads from Glasgow; the city's involvement in the tobacco trade is reflected in the naming of Virginia Street
 * 1755: The estimated population of Glasgow is 23,500
 * 1757: 2.2 million metres of linen are produced in the city
 * 1760: Glasgow enjoys a wave of prosperity; there are 13 professors at Glasgow University
 * 1762: Joseph Black discovers latent heat
 * 1763: David Dale opens a draper's shop in the city; regular coaches run from Glasgow to Greenock
 * 1769: Tennents brewers is now a large industry; James Watt patents his steam engine condenser
 * 1771: The Scottish economy is boosted by trade through Glasgow
 * 1775: Trade with America in tobacco, sugar, and cotton – the city's prosperity is at its height
 * 1776: Adam Smith, a professor at Glasgow University, publishes Wealth of Nations
 * 1779: Mobs protest against the Catholic Relief Act
 * 1780: The estimated population of Glasgow is 42,000; the construction of the Forth and Clyde Canal is completed
 * 1781: Vessels of over 30 tons can now reach Broomielaw Quay
 * 1782-1783: The Forth and Clyde Canal enables grain from London to ease famine in Glasgow
 * 1783: Glasgow Chamber of Commerce is founded, it is the first in Britain
 * 1785: A hot air balloonist flies from Glasgow to Hawick in the Borders; the firm of Thomsons is formed as bankers
 * 1794: Glasgow Royal Infirmary opens
 * 1796: The Royal Technical College (which will later become The University of Strathclyde) is founded
 * 1798: The Merchant Banking Company of Glasgow fails
 * 1799: Demonstrations over bread prices; trade in tobacco and rum declines

1800–1899

 * 1800: The River Clyde is 14 ft (3.1m) deep, and supports 200 wharves and jetties; there is a large Gaelic community in the city
 * 1800: The Glasgow Police Act is passed by Parliament allowing the creation of the first modern preventative police force
 * 1803: Dorothy Wordsworth visits Glasgow
 * 1807: Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery opens off the high street, adjacent to the then campus of Glasgow University
 * 1809: General Association of Operative Weavers is formed
 * 1810-1814: Glasgow Asylum for Lunatics is built in Dobbies Loan
 * 1813: Weavers fail in bid for fair wages
 * 1814: Glasgow Green is Europe's first public park
 * 1815: The Glasgow Herald is published twice-weekly
 * 1817: Royal Botanic Institution of Glasgow founded by Thomas Hopkirk and others to establish a Glasgow Botanic Garden
 * 1818: Gas street lights begin to be used in the city
 * 1820: "Radical War"
 * 1825: The University of Glasgow, still located in the High Street, has over 1200 students and about 30 professors; 10 coaches run to Edinburgh daily
 * 1827: The Argyll Arcade opens
 * 1828: James Beaumont Neilson makes breakthrough in iron-smelting technology; a total abstinence society is formed
 * 1832: The city benefits from increased representation under the Great Reform Bill
 * 1835–1874: The Liberals represents Glasgow in Parliament
 * 1836: The Forth and Clyde Canal has increased traffic in goods and passengers
 * 1837: Violent cotton-spinners strike; the leaders are sentenced to transportation
 * 1841: Chartist demonstration is addressed by Fergus O'Connor
 * 1842: Opening of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway and Glasgow Queen Street railway station; Glasgow Botanic Gardens moves to its current location
 * 1843: Disruption of the Church of Scotland
 * 1844: Glasgow Stock Exchange opens
 * 1846: Burgh boundaries are more than doubled to 5063 acre
 * 1847: Swedish opera singer, Jenny Lind, performs concerts in the city
 * 1848: 100,000 people gather on Glasgow Green to support Chartists
 * 1849: Queen Victoria visits the city; Buchanan Street railway station opens
 * 1851: Glasgow becomes Scotland's largest city, overtaking Edinburgh, with a population of 329,096 over 18% of which were Irish-born Portland St suspension footbridge is built
 * 1851–1854: Victoria Bridge is built at Stockwell Street
 * 1857–1859: St Vincent Street Church is built by Alexander "Greek" Thomson
 * 1859: Loch Katrine water supply is opened by Queen Victoria
 * 1862: Dr Henry Littlejohn becomes the city's first medical officer
 * 1865: Dr Edward William Pritchard is the last person to be publicly hanged in the city, for poisoning his wife and mother-in-law
 * 1866: The last outbreak of Cholera in the city occurs; the City Improvement Trust clears slums and constructs new roads and buildings
 * 1867: Queen's Park F.C. is founded
 * 1868-1870: The University of Glasgow buildings at Gilmorehill are built to designs by George Gilbert Scott
 * 1872: Rangers F.C. is founded; Glasgow's first tram line is established, running from St. George's Cross to Eglinton Toll
 * 1876: Partick Thistle F.C. is founded
 * 1877: Mitchell Library opens
 * 1883: The Boys' Brigade is founded
 * 1887: Celtic F.C. is founded; Glasgow Botanic Gardens management taken over by town council
 * 1888: International Exhibition (1888)
 * 1891: City of Glasgow Act extends city boundaries and transfers ownership of the Botanic Gardens to the Corporation
 * 1895: First cremation in Scotland's first crematorium, at the Western Necropolis
 * 1896: Opening of the Glasgow Subway
 * 1897: Partick Thistle F.C. establish their home ground at Meadowside

1900–1999

 * 1901: Glasgow International Exhibition
 * 1902: 25 football fans die and 587 injured in the first Ibrox disaster; magistrates attempt to prohibit young women from serving in bars
 * 1903: Charles Rennie Mackintosh designs Miss Cranston's Willow Tearooms
 * 1904: A fire at North British Railway premises in Hunter Street kills firefighter William Rae
 * 1904: The Kings' and Pavilion Theatres open
 * 1905: Theatre Royal opens
 * 1905–1907: The Caledonian Railway extends the Central Hotel
 * 1906–1911: New buildings for the Mitchell Library are constructed
 * 1909: Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Glasgow School of Art opens; Partick Thistle F.C. play their first match at their new Firhill Stadium
 * 1911: International Exposition (Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry) at Kelvingrove; Glasgow's population is 785,000
 * 1914: Emigration leads to 20,000 housing vacancies in Glasgow
 * 1919: Large strike for a 40-hour week: a demonstration turns into a riot known as the Battle of George Square and the Sheriff of Lanarkshire requests military assistance: troops are sent from elsewhere in Scotland and from England while Glasgow soldiers are confined to barracks
 * 1921: Sinn Féiners murder a policeman
 * 1923: Grouping of virtually all British railway companies: the Caledonian and Glasgow and South Western Railways are merged into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS); and the North British into the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER)
 * 1925: There are approximately 200 mi of tramlines and 1100 trams in and around the city
 * 1926: Violence during General Strike
 * 1929: Hogmanay cinema fire causes stampede which kills 69 children in the Glen Cinema (Glasgow has nearly 100 cinemas)
 * 1931: The Glasgow population peaks at 1,088,000 thus becoming Britain's 2nd biggest city; the Dental Hospital in Sauchiehall Street is built
 * 1934: Unemployed "Hunger marchers" shunned by Ramsay MacDonald; RMS Queen Mary launched
 * 1935: Glasgow's subway becomes electric
 * 1936: Overcrowding exists in 29% of Glasgow's houses
 * 1937: Citywide automatic telephone dialling becomes available
 * 1938: Glasgow hosts the Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938 at Bellahouston Park
 * 1939: World War II: Glasgow naval base HMS Spartiate opens
 * 1940: Bombs in Glasgow hits Merkland Street subway station, closing the underground for four months, and heavy cruiser HMS Sussex while undergoing mechanical repairs keeping it out of service for two years
 * 1941: Bombing raids on Clydebank: 500 killed
 * 1944: Glasgow trams carry about 14 million passengers
 * 1946: Glasgow naval base HMS Spartiate closes
 * 1949: Trolleybuses in Glasgow introduced, condemned by pedestrians as the "whispering death"
 * 1950: Eye infirmary demolished
 * 1951: Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (RSAMD) is formed by merger
 * 1952-1955: Union Bank of Scotland absorbed by Bank of Scotland
 * 1955: Duke Street prison closed
 * 1958: William Burrell dies and bequeaths the Burrell Collection to the city; Lanarkshire County Council moves its headquarters from Ingram Street to Hamilton
 * 1960: Glasgow electric Blue Train system starts; Dame Jean Roberts is elected Glasgow's first female Lord Provost
 * 1962: Last route of the Glasgow Corporation Tramways closes
 * 1964: University of Strathclyde established; Beeching closes low-level (Argyle) line
 * 1966: Buchanan Street railway station and St Enoch railway station close
 * 1967: Celtic F.C. first British winners of European Cup; liner Queen Elizabeth 2 launched on the Clyde; trolley-buses withdrawn
 * 1969: Last daily steamers from Bridge Wharf
 * 1970: M8 motorway and Kingston Bridge open
 * 1971: 66 Rangers F.C. fans die in the second Ibrox disaster; Government refuse to save Upper Clyde Shipbuilders
 * 1972: Rangers F.C. win 1972 European Cup Winners' Cup Final.
 * 1975: British Army tackle rubbish caused by dustmans strike; Glasgow becomes the home of Strathclyde Region's headquarters; the city sees the start of Britain's first mass-circulation daily newspaper workers' cooperative when the Scottish Daily News opens in Albion Street in May, as well as the country's first newspaper work-in when it folds after six months
 * 1977: Glasgow Subway closes for extensive modernisation (reopening in 1980)
 * 1978: The Rev Geoff Shaw, first Convener of Strathclyde Regional Council (and former leader of Glasgow Corporation), dies in office aged 52
 * 1979-1980: Low level Argyle Line re-opens
 * 1982: Roy Jenkins wins Hillhead by-election for the newly formed Social Democratic Party
 * 1983: Burrell Collection opens; launch of the Glasgow's miles better campaign
 * 1985: Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre opens; Glasgow population is 734,000
 * 1988: The Glasgow Garden Festival hosts this year's National Garden Festival and attracts 4.3 million visitors.
 * 1989: High number of poll tax arrears; St Enoch Centre opens
 * 1990: Named as Cultural City of Europe; McLellan Galleries re-opens; Glasgow Royal Concert Hall completed; liner Queen Elizabeth 2 returns to the river Clyde to mark the 150th anniversary of the beginning of the Cunard Steam Ship Company; the world's first Robot Olympics takes place in the city
 * 1991: Glasgow Women's Library opens
 * 1993: Glasgow Caledonian University established; opening of the new St Mungo's Museum, the UK's only Museum of Religion, next to the city's 13th century cathedral; barque Glenlee is towed back from Spain to the Clyde where whe was built in 1896
 * 1996: Glasgow Festival of Visual Arts; opening of the Gallery of Modern Art in the former Stirling's Library; first Glasgow International Festival of Design
 * 1996–1999: Festival of Architecture and Design
 * 1997: Opening of new £38 million Clyde Auditorium at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre
 * 1999: Glasgow is UK City of Architecture and Design; Buchanan Galleries open; millennium celebrations; The Rt Hon Donald Dewar (MP and MSP for Glasgow Anniesland) become the first First Minister of Scotland

2000–2021

 * 2002: Final of UEFA Champion's League held at Hampden Park. Real Madrid beat Bayer Leverkusen 2–1.
 * 2002: 2002 Glasgow floods: 200 people evacuated from Greenfield and Shettleston, contaminated water supply affects 140,000 residents across the city.
 * 2003: Celtic F.C. reach the 2003 UEFA Cup Final in Seville.
 * 2004: Fifteen-year-old Scottish boy Kriss Donald is abducted, tortured and murdered by Scots-Pakistani gang in racially motivated attack.
 * 2004: Stockline Plastics factory explosion, Nine people dead, 37 injured, 15 seriously.
 * 2005: The city launches a bid to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
 * 2006: Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum reopens after its three-year, £27.9million restoration.
 * 2007: Final of UEFA Cup held at Hampden Park on 16 May; Scotland's first terrorist attack after the Lockerbie bombing fails at Glasgow Airport; Glasgow awarded 2014 Commonwealth Games
 * 2008: Rangers F.C. reach the 2008 UEFA Cup Final at the City of Manchester Stadium but lose 2–0 to Zenit Saint Petersburg; Harbour Footbridge is completed.
 * 2010: City of Glasgow College formed by merger of Central College, Glasgow Metropolitan College and Glasgow College of Nautical Studies.
 * 2011: Glasgow Subway modernisation works begin with refurbishment of Hillhead subway station.
 * 2012: Rangers F.C. enters administration on 14 February and are later liquidated. They reform and are voted into the Scottish Football League Third Division.
 * 2012: Glasgow hosts the preliminary football matches of the 2012 Summer Olympics.
 * 2013: 2013 Glasgow helicopter crash: A police helicopter crashes into the Clutha Vaults pub in central Glasgow, killing 10 and injuring 31.
 * 2014: The Glasgow School of Art library is largely destroyed by a fire.
 * 2014: 2014 Commonwealth Games take place in Glasgow.
 * 2014: In the Scottish independence referendum Glasgow votes 53.5% in favour of Scotland becoming an independent country but the national vote is 55.3% against.
 * 2014: 2014 Glasgow bin lorry crash: A Glasgow City Council bin lorry collides with pedestrians in Queen Street; 6 people are killed and 15 injured.
 * 2016: In the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Glasgow votes 66.6% in favour of remaining in the European Union but the UK-wide vote is 51.9% in favour of leaving
 * 2016: Rangers F.C. play their first game back in the top flight of Scottish Football after being demoted to the bottom tier four years previously due to suffering serious financial difficulties;
 * 2016: Kelvin Hall reopens after its £35million refurbishment as an art and cultural centre.
 * 2018: A second fire breaks out at the Glasgow School of Art which also spreads to surrounding buildings including the O2 ABC.
 * 2018: Glasgow hosts multiple sporting events including cycling, gymnastics and aquatics as part of the 2018 European Championships.
 * 2021: COP26, the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties, is held at Glasgow; Hampden Park hosts four matches, including two involving the Scottish national team, at the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 tournament, in front of reduced crowds due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Timeline of Glasgow history


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Madan Mohan (composer)

Madan Mohan Kohli (25 June 1924 – 14 July 1975), better known as Madan Mohan, was an Indian music director of the 1950s, 1960s and the 1970s. He is considered one of the most melodious and skilled music directors of the Hindi film industry. He is particularly remembered for the immortal ghazals he composed for Hindi films. Some of his best works are with singers Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi and Talat Mahmood.

Early years
Born on 25 June 1924, at Baghdad where his father Rai Bahadur Chunilal Kohli was working as an Accountant General with the Iraqi Police forces, Madan Mohan spent the early years of his life in the Middle East. After 1932, his family returned to their home town of Chakwal, then in Jhelum district of Punjab, British India. He was left in the care of a grandparent while his father went to Bombay to seek business opportunities. He attended local school in Lahore for the next few years. During his stay at Lahore, he learnt the basics of classical music from one Kartar Singh for a very short period, however he never received any formal training in music. Some time later, his family moved to Mumbai where he completed his Senior Cambridge from St. Mary's School in Byculla Mumbai. In Mumbai, at the age of 11 years, he started performing in children's programmes broadcast by All India Radio. At age 17, he attended the Colonel Brown Cambridge School in Dehradun where he completed a year's training.

Early career
He joined the Army as a Second Lieutenant in the year 1943. He served there for two years until end of World War II, when he left the Army and returned to Mumbai to pursue his musical interests. In 1946, he joined the All India Radio, Lucknow as Programme Assistant, where he came in contact with various artists such as Ustad Faiyaz Khan, Ustad Ali Akbar Khan, Begum Akhtar, and Talat Mahmood. During these days he would also compose music for programmes to be broadcast on All India Radio. In 1947, he was transferred to All India Radio, Delhi where he worked for a short period. He was very fond of singing, and so in 1947 he got his first chance to record two ghazals penned by Behzad Lucknawi, Aane Laga Hai Koi Nazar Jalwa Gar Mujhe and Is Raaz Ko Duniya Jaanti Hai. Soon after, in 1948 he recorded two more private ghazals penned by Deewan Sharar, Wo Aaye To Mahfil Mein Ithlaate Huye Aaye and Duniya Mujhe Kahti Hai Ke Main Tujhko Bhoolaa Doon. In 1948, he got his first opportunity to sing a film duet Pinjare Mein Bulbul Bole and Mera Chhotasa Dil Dole with Lata Mangeshkar under composer Ghulam Haider (composer) for the film Shaheed, though these songs were never released or used in the film. Between 1946 and 1948, he assisted music composers S.D. Burman for Do Bhai, and Shyam Sundar in Actress.

Music director
He scored his first big break with the film Aankhen in 1950, which marked the beginning of a long lasting collaboration with Mohammed Rafi, his next film was Adaa which saw the beginning of a long lasting collaboration with Lata Mangeshkar; both would go on to sing for many of his films. Two of his composed songs for Sharabi - "Sawan ke maheeney mein" and "Kabhi na Kabhi koi na koi toh aayega", both filmed for Dev Anand are among the most well known renditions of Mohammed Rafi. In addition, his other compositions like "Wo Chup Rahen To" from the film Jahan Ara (1964) and "Maine Rang Li Aaj Chunariya" from Dulhan Ek Raat Ki (1966) are two similar examples. Madan was also able to write songs for male singers such as Talat Mahmood (Phir wahi Shaam, wahi gham, wahi tanhaayee hai, Main Teri Nazar Ka Suroor Hoon and Teri Aankh Ke Aansoo from Jahan Ara, and Meri Yaad Mein Tum Na from Madhosh) and Mohammed Rafi (Ek Haseen Shaam Ko from Dulhan Ek Raat Ki, Kisi Ki Yaad Mein from Jahan Ara, Main Nigahen Tere Chehere Se from Aap Ki Parchaiyian, Aap Ke Pehlun Mein Aakar Ro Diye from Mera Saaya, Ye Duniya Ye Mehfil Mere Kaam Ki Nahin from Heer Ranjha, Tere Dar Pe Aayaa Hoon from Laila-Majnu, the all-time haunting Meri Awaaz Suno and Tumhare Zulf Ke Sayen from Naunihal, Teri Aankhon Ke Siva Duniya Mein from Chiraag as well. Madan did not usually employ Kishore Kumar. Nonetheless, their partnership created songs as well; in this category fall songs such as Simti Si, Sharmai Si from Parwana, Zaroorat Hai, Zaroorat Hai from Manmauji, the title song from Ek Muthi Aasman, Mera Naam Abdul Rehman from Bhai Bhai, and Aai Hasino, Naazanino from Chacha Zindabad. Madan often collaborated with lyricists Raja Mehdi Ali Khan, Kaifi Azmi, and Rajinder Krishan, Sahir Ludhianvi and Majrooh Sultanpuri for his movies.

In 1957 he came out with a film named Dekh Kabira Roya in which the legendary singer Manna Dey gave his voice to the melodious Kaun Aaya Mere Man Ke Dwaare and unforgettable numbers like Tum Bin Jeevan Kaisa Jeevan in the film Bawarchi. In addition to that, he had Lata sing Tu Pyaar Kare Ya Thukraaye and Meri Veena Tum Bin Roye numbers, and he used Talat Mahmood for the song Hum Se Aaya Na Gaya in the same movie. Once in an interview Manna Dey recalled that Madan Mohan asked him to take special care when singing Kaun Aaya Mere Man Ke Dwaare.

A film scored by Madan was Chetan Anand's Haqeeqat (1964), starring Balraj Sahni and Dharmendra and based on the Sino-Indian War of 1962. In it, he used Rafi, who sang numbers like Kar chale hum fida, Main Yeh Soch Kar. Lata was used for the song Zara Si Aahat Hoti Hai and the unscreened " Khelo na mere dilse". And the same film saw Rafi, Talat, Manna Dey, and Bhupendra singing Hoke Majboor Mujhe Usne Bhulaya Hoga. Bhupendra appeared on the screen as well for the first time, much before he established himself as a playback singer. This song is also the only song in which four top-rated male playback singers have put voices together in a song. In 1966, he again paired with Lata Mangeshkar for Mera Saaya.

Madan Mohan's venture was Raj Khosla's version of "Woman in White", titled Woh Kaun Thi?. This film has three Lata solos (Naina barse rim jhim rim jhim, Lag ja gale [come, embrace me] and Jo humne daastaan apni sunayee) and a Lata duet.

The late fifties, sixties and the early seventies were the most productive period in Madan Mohan's career. His songs from those decades include compositions for films like Adalat, Anpadh, Dulhan ek raat ki, Mera Saya, Dastak, Hanste Zakhm, Heer Raanjha, Maharaja, and Mausam, among many others. His second last bow was for a film released five years after his death, Chalbaaz. In 1970, during the changing times of western music he gave music based on ragas for Rajinder Singh Bedi's Dastak and won his only 1971 National Film Award for Best Music Direction. Its songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar are still considered her finest.

His legacy wouldn't be complete without mentioning the ghazal he composed for the movie "Dil Ki Rahein" – "Rasm-e-ulfat ko nibhaein to nibhaein kaise". The shayar(lyricist) for the ghazal was Naqsh Lallayalpuri and it was sung by Lata Mangeshkar. It is considered one of the best songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar, ever.

Madan Mohan's son Sanjeev Kohli recreated 11 of his late father's unused compositions for the soundtrack of the 2004 Yash Chopra film Veer-Zaara. Later on, Kohli brought out an album "Tere Baghair" which contains some of Madan Mohan's songs.

Mass appeal
Lata Mangeshkar christened him "Ghazal ka Shehzadaa", or the Prince of Ghazals. Even Lata herself stated in a live concert in the late 1990s that she found Madan Mohan's compositions difficult to master. Most of the top film actors of the day (who were also studio heads) had fallen into a groove with their preferred composers (e.g., Raj Kapoor had Shankar Jaikishan, Dev Anand had the Burmans, Dilip Kumar had Naushad, etc.) Hence, he often had difficulty finding assignments. His 1964 Filmfare Award nomination for Best Music Director for Woh Kaun Thi. In a tightly contested race, both Madan and Shankar Jaikishan (Sangam) lost to relative newcomer Laxmikant Pyarelal, who scored Dosti.

Death and legacy
Madan's constant struggles took a toll on his life, and he began drinking heavily. He died of liver cirrhosis on 14 July 1975. His body was lifted before his funeral by actors – Rajesh Khanna, Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan and Rajendra Kumar.

In 2004, Madan's unused tunes were recreated by his son, Sanjeev Kohli, for the Yash Chopra film Veer-Zaara, starring Shah Rukh Khan, Preity Zinta, and Rani Mukerji. The lyrics were written by Javed Akhtar, and Lata Mangeshkar was invited to once again sing the majority of the melodies composed by him. The music was highly appreciated and was critically acclaimed. He was awarded the IIFA award 2005, for Music Direction for Veer-Zaara.

In 2023, Pritam composed the song titled "What Jhumka?" from the film Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani, starring Ranveer Singh and Alia Bhatt, adapted from Madan's 1966 song "Jhumka Gira Re" from the film Mera Saaya, was released on 12 July. The song was featured Singh and Bhatt, sung by Arijit Singh, Jonita Gandhi and Singh and the lyrics were written by Amitabh Bhattacharya.

Books on Madan Mohan
'Madan Mohan: An Unforgettable Composer – Edited by V M Joshi & Suresh Rao, presents an analytical look at the composer's work. It includes articles by Sanjeev Kohli, Akshay Kohli, O P Dutta, Uttam Singh, B R Ishara, Dr. Ashok Ranade, Alka Deo Marulkar, Mridula Joshi, Dr. Kirti Shrivastava, Deepak Jeswal and many more; interviews with Lata Mangeshkar, Shreya Ghoshal, Mahalaxmi Iyer and Rehana Sultan, and Madan Mohan's filmography.

Style
Madan's music was characterised by his immense ability to meld elements of Indian classical music into a new style of Hindi filmi song. He had a keen and sensitive ear for the nuances of Indian classical tunes, and combined them with elements of Western music such as harmonies to produce a style of music that could be appreciated by both classical music aficionados and the common person alike.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Madan Mohan (composer)


text:
Yop

Yop, created and marketed by Yoplait, is a semi-liquid yogurt sold in supermarkets and convenience stores in Belgium, Canada, France, Ireland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and occasionally in the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United States. The Yoplait's Smoothie drink in Sweden and Norway is called Safari. Yop is available in a variety of flavours including: banana, blueberry, chocolate, coconut, energy (peach/pineapple/cereal), lemon, mango, peach, raspberry, red fruits, strawberry, strawberry-banana, tropical and vanilla. Different flavours are available in different markets.

History
Yop is a product originally from France, and is produced by the yogurt manufacturer Yoplait. Later Yop was marketed to different countries worldwide. Yoplait claims that Yop was the first drinkable yogurt in Canada.

UK relaunch
Yoplait commissioned an advertising campaign, from McCann-Erickson, when they re-launched Yop as the "smoother way to start the day" in April 2004. The campaign targeted teenagers with the television advert featuring teenagers singing a parody of the Eddy Grant song, "Gimme Hope Jo'anna". The song was reworked into "Gimme Yop, Me Mama" and the teenagers, who are seen asleep against a toilet-roll holder or propped up in the bathroom, demand that their mothers give them the drink to wake them up.

Availability
Yop comes within and between countries in different bottle sizes. In some countries the bottle size is indicated in litres in others in grams. Smaller bottles are in some countries called: Yop baby (100 g France), Yop mini (180 g Belgium and France) and YOP & GO (300 g Belgium, 330 g France, 30 cl Switzerland)

˄1: Mini Yop ˄2: P'tit Yop ˄3: YOP & GO

Storage
Keep refrigerated between 2 °C and 5 °C. It is best to consume shortly after opening. Mini Yop, P'tit Yop and YOP & GO keeps for up to 8 hours outside the fridge.

===Ingredients: === Skim milk, water, sugar, cream, fruit puree1, active bacterial cultures, natural and artificial flavours, modified milk ingredients, concentrated lemon juice, modified corn starch, pectin, locust bean gum, colour, vitamin D3, potassium sorbate, sodium and calcium citrate.

˄1: Only in Yop with fruit flavours

title: Yop


text:
User talk:Miscreant

Please refrain
. . .from making the sort of infantile vandalistic edits which you made to Harry Hooton. Bjenks (talk) 20:28, 19 April 2009 (UTC)
 * If you look again, you'll find both Cot and Got in the takver transcription of Soldatow's text. Takver has some good material but is not a careful enough scribe to hang your hat on. If you want me to grovel, kindly produce an indisputable source, which will need to be better than, eg, the National Library of Australia A scan of the book's title page would do. Cheers Bjenks (talk) 14:24, 20 April 2009 (UTC)
 * My apols too, where due. My prickly reaction fell somewhat short of being 'aggressive'. In retrospect, I withdraw 'vandalistic' because you have quite surprisingly shown your edits to be well-intentioned. Being busy and on the move, I omitted to check your creditable past contributions. WP provides useful opportunity for introduction of views, credentials, etc, on user/talk pages, which you have chosen not to utilise, thus risking snap judgements like the one I made. My own intention is always to be open and courteous, but this sometimes fails when I perceive unjustified arbitrary interference with patently correct material. I'm sure you'll agree that ruffled feathers rate a distant second to shuffled or mutilated facts. (Btw, I was/am personally acquainted with Harry Hooton and other people I've referenced in the Sydney Push article, though I don't have a copy of the edition in question.) Cheers Bjenks (talk) 02:14, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Your 'weasel words' tags
Hi, again. I see here that (in an otherwise reasonable edit) you've tagged refs to Anne Coombs and Alan Barcan as weasel words. I don't get your drift, because both names are immediately followed by citations of verifiable sources. Would you care to rethink the edits, or explain them on the article's talk page, please? Cheers Bjenks (talk) 02:51, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Miscreant


text:
User talk:Shockwaveworld.com

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 14:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image sources
Thank you for uploading Image:Shockwave.JPG, Image:Copyleftcommie-1-.gif, Image:Copyleftcommie.gif, Image:Pir.gif, and Image:Copyrightpiracyimage.gif. Their copyright status is unclear, so they may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image pages about the source of the images. Thank you

 * How's that for irony? Nv8200p 16:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shockwaveworld.com


text:
Bennett Lewis

Wilfrid Bennett Lewis, (June 24, 1908 – January 10, 1987) was a Canadian nuclear scientist and administrator, and was centrally involved in the development of the CANDU reactor.

Born in Castle Carrock, Cumberland, England, he earned a doctorate in physics at Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge in 1934, and continued his research in nuclear physics there until 1939. From 1939 until 1946, he was with the Air Ministry, becoming Chief Superintendent of the Telecommunications Research Establishment. In 1946, he moved to Canada, to become director of the division of Atomic Energy Research at the National Research Council of Canada in Chalk River, Ontario. From 1952 until 1963, he was vice president, research and development, of the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, and was senior vice president, science, from 1963 until 1973.

Starting in the mid-1940s, Lewis directed the development and championed the CANDU system, with its natural uranium fuel moderated by heavy water (deuterium oxide) to control neutron flux. The CANDU has proven its value for commercial power applications, showing outstanding efficiency and safety records. AECL also became a world leader in the production of radioisotopes for medical purposes.

From 1973 until his death in 1987, Lewis was a Distinguished Professor of Science at Queen's University.

From 1955 until 1987, he was the Canadian Representative on the United Nations Scientific Advisory Committee.

In 1994 a biography of Lewis entitled Nuclear Pursuits was published Ruth Fawcett.

Honours

 * In 1945 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.
 * In 1946 Lewis was appointed as a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
 * In 1964 he received an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Saskatchewan.
 * In 1966 he was the first recipient Outstanding Achievement Award of the Public Service of Canada.
 * In 1967 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.
 * In 1967 he received the United States Atoms for Peace Award
 * In 1972 he won the Royal Medal of the Royal Society of London
 * In 1981 he received the United States Department of Energy Enrico Fermi Award

title: Bennett Lewis


text:
User talk:Salleman

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 14:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Hi Salleman and welcome to Wikipedia. You're doing good work on the Scandinavian folklore section and I am glad to see you fill in sections that I have written but that I have not had the time to flesh out. Usually people come and write something off the back of their head, but I can see that you do quality additions. Good job and again welcome.--Wiglaf 11:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Images
I saw that you have uploaded a Troll image. I hope that you're sure that it is not copyrighted, and you should add a tag about its copyright status.--Wiglaf 13:12, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Nix article
YOu just made extensive additions to the Nix article, with the edit comment "Made some research." If you got this information from somewhere, please cite your sources inside the article so we know where this information comes from. It's always hard to tell what information to take seriously or not, because it could have just been made up, it could come from a not very reliable source, or it could be from an expert, but we can;t tell because it doesn't say. If you did research than you ought to be able to fill in the details with references who say each of the things you claim. Thanks. DreamGuy 17:15, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

Askefruer

 * You'd better take a look one what I've done with the Askefruer page, and re-edit it if I have gone to far. I don't want to be rude to fellow Wikipedians.

 * Great addition, Salleman. I think you have made it into a very interesting article. Perhaps it should be made known more publicly on Wikipedia since it shows the repercussions of Wikipedia articles in popular culture.--Wiglaf 07:30, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Fascisten
"Eftersom den fascistoida, 21-åriga idioten och tillika moderatorn Grillo hade mage att radera de bilder jag lagt upp på animeartikeln utan så mycket som en rad diskussion (de var promotionmaterial, och därför fair use, ifall någon undrar) ämnar jag härmed avsluta min alltför korta tid som författare på svenska wikipedia."

Det har ingen betydelse, fairusebilder accepteras INTE på svenska Wikipedia, det är det inte jag som bestämt, det är allmänt bestämt. Igår rensade jag bort samtliga fairusebilder som inte var logotyper från svenska Wikipedia, gilla det eller inte, men så är det. Du kan skicka vilka personangrepp du vill efter mig, men det förändrar inte det faktum att jag helt enkelt gjorde både dig och svenska Wikipedia en tjänst igår. /Grillo 21:22, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If the powers that be on Swedish Wikipedia has decided that fair use images should not be accepted over there, then that idiocy is a reason as good as anyone to abandon that particular branch of the project. Salleman

 * Because the law "fair use" doesn't exist in Swedish law? /Grillo 21:38, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You could have made a number of things, better than deleting every single fair use image on sv-Wikipedia. You could have made categories similar to fair use which applies in Sweden, e.g. promotional image in this particular case; alternatively, you could have put the fair use images on US servers, sending some kind of compensation to the yanks for the cost of hardware space. Anything would have been better than to waste all the work people have put in placing those images there. Salleman 22:06, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No, because we've come to the conclusion that it's better to simply not use fair use pictures since the law doesn't exist. The logotypes will probably be taken care of later.
 * 1) Which US servers? Firstly, the Swedish Wikipedia is on a American server, still, it's not clear what law is in effect if something illegal happens. Secondly, if you're referring to Wikipedia Commons, they don't accept fair use pictures, since everything can be considered "fair use" with enough fantasy.
 * 2) Wikipedia is "the free encyclopedia", that means not only that it's free to read, but also that it's free to copy and use for whatever means chosen. That's not possible with a lot of unfree pictures on the servers.

Let this go, if you don't want to use Sv Wikipedia, don't, but don't attack my person, argue at a better place why the pictures should stay. Why are we speaking English? /Grillo 01:39, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Fine, I won't discuss this any longer and I won't contribute to sv-Wikipedia anymore. It was obviously wrong to accuse you specifically. You COULD however have posted a link in "Edit summary" to the relevant discussion instead of zip explanation, and I would not have mistaken your action for that of a power-abusing moderator. We're speaking English on the English language Wikipedia. Nothing is more annoying than seeing some debate in Polish or Japanese or whatever and not being able to figure out if it's relevant or not.

The martall images
Yeah, I could have moved the images to a new external links section, but the better picture is on some private homepage and those tend to be fairly unstable (i.e. may be gone tomorrow). What we really need are pictures under a free license. But if you feel strongly about it, feel free to create the external links section and add the links there. Rl 18:27, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks! And, by the way, despite the fact that every attempt of mine to create an artical fails, I love this place and would never leave. However, I think you should have a little talk with DreamGuy, who thinks my articals are a bunch of trash and is tossing them in the wastebasket left and right. Here is my artical history:

 * Toy Story Characters: My attemp at giving the Toy Story characters better descriptions to make up for the lousy ones I find elsewhere (no offence to whoever put the bios on the Toy Story page). Unfortunatlly, all my info was erased and the artical was made a rediretion to the Toy Story page.

Oh, and thanks. You and UtherSRG are alot of help. At least I have some friends here (gives DreamGuy an angry glare) GTG! Bye!

P.S. In case you don't know, GTG means "got to go." --Wack'd About Wiki 08:49, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Never mind about the whole DreamGuy thing. It was someone else...oops! --Wack'd About Wiki 08:49, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

P.S.: Thank you, but if you'd like, I can just copy the old page onto my userpage, so that way, you can delete the old one and I'll still have it, but PLEASE, DO NOT DO THIS WITHOUT WARNING, FOR I WILL NOT DO IT OTHERWISE, AND THEN YOU'LLDELETE IT AND I WON'T HAVE IT ANYMORE. Thank you.

P.S.S.: How do you post pictures? I tried once and it didn't work.

Thanks! Again!
Thanks you for the image thing, but how do I know what the name of a picture so I can upload it?

I mean the file image name, not the caption.

I don't upload files directly on to my computer, I copy and paste them on to Microsoft documents. So what I'm saying is, what if I don't know what the jpg or png name is?

What I'm saying is, what if I don't remember the file name?

Friends?
On my userpage, I listed us as friends. Since you're helping me out regularly, and I can ask you stuff without feeling like an idiot, that makes us friends, right? I made a mistake before (ask UtherSRG. Even though I shouldn't have assumed, we're friends now, but I can't help feeling really idiotic about the whole thing. On second though, plese don't ask her!). --Wack'd About Wiki 19:10, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm a he. *grins* - UtherSRG 20:11, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, it's just, I saw your first name was Stacey and I thought it was a girl's name. Now I feel like an idiot all over again! --Wack'd About Wiki 23:16, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Changeling
I've restored the Cleanup tag. It's most certainly not unnecessary; the article needs work. Exploding Boy 20:23, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

Vampire
Hi

I have posted an answer to your query re the FA nomination of this article on Wikipedia talk:Featured articles. Hope this is helpful. Filiocht | Blarneyman 09:00, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Troll
Thanks for revising my amateur-like natural troll story. I am a beginner at Wikipedia, so please sorry for this. When I saw the ineteresting Troll page, I remembered the picture I took in 2002. The Troll can be found at the coast of the island of Hamnaroey (opposite to the Lofoten) at Postion 68 07´N 15 24´ E. Access to this area requires some climbing along the coastline rocks. The Troll can not allways be seen. Sometimes the waterfall increases so much, that his face is completely covered. Hope, this helps.

Some thoughts on mythological articles
Thank you for the compliments. Semi-correct information seems to be the most common kind in articles about Norse mythology. When the sources are sparse I feel it is simplest to quote them in toto and, for the most part, let the reader draw her own conclusions. While discussing the Norse mythological figures one can more or less go through a checklist of evidence.

 * Prose Edda
 * Poetic Edda
 * Gesta Danorum
 * Skaldic poetry
 * Place names
 * Linguistic evidence

Sometimes we have other sources, like the odd Swedish rune carving or Faroese ballad or Danish folk song or European historical work. Then we should by all means mention those.

The point is to cite the sources and keep them separate. Haukurth 01:15, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

krill
hallo Salleman! thanks for the help - can you please take a look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates#Antarctic_krill maybe help with some editing / formatting / vote - best greetings to fine Sweden (I was often there, we are from Germany originally and miss Europa a lot - maybe you can help moving some more to the Danish, Norwegian or Swedish krill site Uwe Kils 21:39, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

thank you everybody
I would like to express my thanks to everybody helping in the nomination of Antarctic krill. I think 3 1/2 supports and a long long discussion are an unexpected and great outcome for a critter so remote and unknown - you should see how little and poor Antarctic krill is represented in Encarta and Britannica - this is the best reviewed and resourced general article of krill we know of - it is impossible to fullfill all wishes at the same time - this is what we did with our all product peer review stamp to qualify this stage of the article for academic exercises, especially for our dreams of a Virtual university within Wikiversity - good luck to you all Uwe Kils 21:48, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Kudos!
You've been doing a great job fixing mythological articles. :) Haukurth 01:13, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

response from London
Uwe wants to share this with you (from his talk page):

Hello Kils
Just would like to state that i have very much enjoyed being involved in a project of this nature. To see the speed of co-operation between various people was (Uwe, Lupo and Salleman and all others) fantastic. It was a complete buzz to go off researching about a scientific subject and coming to some understanding and appreciation of a creature that i would have no knowledge or interest in otherwise. I would like to say that it takes a damn good teacher to get others interested in what they teach and i for one, if only in a rudimentary and general way have found the subject of Krill and sorrounding issues of ecology and environment fascinating. I think that says a lot about your willingness to let others participate in something which you obviously have great knowledge in and could easily have been a lot less humble with. At some point i will put up some informtion on my home page so at least people know a little more about me. Am going to try to extend the article on Ice-algae so any info you may have would be good. I hope the article on Antartic Krill gets featured as i think it is now very good.

Wikiversity sounds like a good idea but will need more time to go through the proposal (not too sure what help i could be).

Once again thanks Uwe! Yakuzai 22:50, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

that feels good

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Antarctic_krill

did you see who gave the picture of the day? take care Uwe Kils 23:58, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Do You Know How...
...to create a sub-artical? --Wack'd About Wiki 23:40, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Er, never mind, someone else told me. Sorry for the disrupption. --Wack'd About Wiki 09:55, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Face templates
What are your face templates for?? Georgia guy 20:35, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Atlantic Herring
Hi Salleman. Uwe and myself are going over the Antlantic herring article to improve it hopefully to FA status at some point. As you did such a great job with the Antartic krill article i thought you maybe interested in lending a hand, it would be much appreciated. Yakuzai 28 June 2005 21:04 (UTC)

Swedish Wikipedians' notice board
Hi, I've noticed that you are active on Swedish topics. I'm trying to breathe some life into the Swedish Wikipedians' notice board. My hope is that Wikipedians interested in Swedish topics will watch this page and use it to keep track of ongoing debates and votes relating to Swedish articles, and as a place to list "weak spots" they don't have the time or knowledge to fix, in order to attract the attention of someone knowledgeable in a specific area. Would you consider signing up? / Alarm 30 June 2005 18:53 (UTC)
 * Yeah, sure. I'm not really a history/politics/geography guy, but I'll put the notice board on my watchlist. Salleman 30 June 2005 21:48 (UTC)
 * Not everyone has to be. We'll have use for a wide array of competences and interests. There are a lot of other areas that ought to be covered, so feel free to add any missing or incomplete articles on all kinds of Sweden-related topics - not only history/politics/geography. And if you notice an interesting debate and/or vote going on relating to an article on Swedish matters, it would be great if you could post a short notice under "News". / Alarm 30 June 2005 22:38 (UTC)

Quotes
Hi Salleman, as you probably have noticed I have added some quotes from a book of mine. IMHO, they are good examples of folklore and being from deep Sweden, Närke, they should be quite representative. I hope you agree, otherwise feel free to remove them.--Wiglaf 8 July 2005 11:38 (UTC)
 * Quotes are always good. That's what folklore consists of, after all. Please add more of those if you have any in stock. Salleman 9 July 2005 16:04 (UTC)

Kraken
Good added material! I tweaked the format. Very handsome page now. --Wetman 02:07, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thx! Glad to be of service! Since Denys de Montfort according to (in French) based his description in part on the stories of American whalers, I'm now wondering if those, whom I presume were at least partially Anglophone, where not aware of Kraken before Tennyson "disseminated" it in English.

Astrild
Thanks for clearing that one up :) - Haukurth 20:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Jan Guillou
Thanks for adding the pronunciation! --Iceager 06:45, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

krill on mainpage in Danmark today
hallo Salleman! today our antarctic krill is on the main page in Danmark (where my roots are!) http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forside - thank you again for your help - maybe you can start moving the article to Norsk - Viele Gruesse nach Skandinavien von Uwe Kils 15:18, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * thanks for the message - thats funny, we see it today on http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forside - maybe then you could start translating some into your language, please, all images are on commons Uwe Kils [[Image:heringmini.jpg]] 16:22, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Elves
''Hi, Wiglaf! Good work on elf, there; though I see that you shun the "show preview" button :D''
 * Thanks for the support about the changes. Yes, you have a point the previews, but it is because I spend a lot of time, interrupted by family life, reading the article and find new things all the time :).--Wiglaf 12:33, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

''I note that you like to capitalize "Elf" and "Elves". I believe that unless you are Tolkien and view "Elven" as a sort of nationality, proper English is to not capitalize mythical beings: elves, fairies or what have you. Merriam-Webster gives elf and fairy with lower case initial and e.g. Norwegian (and Aesir and Vanir) with an initial capital. --Salleman 12:27, 29 July 2005 (UTC)''
 * I have been thinking of asking your opinion on this. Since Vanir and Aesir are spelt with capital letters, it seems natural to capitalize elf as well.--Wiglaf 12:33, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

''::All that said, I can see the reason behind "Æsir, Vanir and Elves," but I prefer "elves" as much as possible. Maybe a compromise could be to use "Álfar" more extensively? --Salleman 13:11, 29 July 2005 (UTC)''
 * I have no strong feeling about capitalization at all. If you prefer it to be non-capitalized, go ahead. However, I'd rather avoid overusing álfar due to a semantic law named the no synonymy principle and which may make uninformed readers believe that elf and alf are separate notions.--Wiglaf 13:24, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

More on elves
Well, why not. The two new articles could be merged. As for the other categories you suggested, I think they can wait until the page size is once again getting too large.--Wiglaf 18:18, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

commons:Image:2004-tsunami.jpg
Hi,

I was wondering if you could fill out a bit more information about commons:Image:2004-tsunami.jpg, such as exactly where the photo was taken? Thanks very much, Peregrine981 09:46, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'll take his word for it that this is Khao Lak. Seems quite possible. Peregrine981 11:44, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

Back to the Picture Books
How do you upload a picture? Now I need to because the image isn't already on Wikipedia. --Wack'd About Wiki 15:26, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * PS: Sorry we haven't spoken in a while but I remembered how you helped me out before in the picture section and I thought I should ask you.

articles you started are VfD
I think it is fair to inform you that two articles you started not long ago are being voted for deletion: Votes_for_deletion/Svenne and Votes_for_deletion/Blatte. Regards, --Fred-Chess 07:37, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Uhu ... Aw, what the heck. Let the exclusionists have their way. Not exactly my finest edits. --Salleman 09:49, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it would be interesting if you gave your opinions on them... they both seem to be voted to be kept, by the way. --Fred-Chess 10:26, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Columns
Do you know how to put text into two equal columns? --Wack'd About Wiki 20:54, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

About the LOTR Elf photos
NO they can NOT be used under fair use. Anyway, they are spurious and silly and add nothing to the article. Wikipedia is a serious knowledge base, not a fan mag. — J M Rice 21:41, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Sea serpent.jpg
Hej, fin bild. Du kan lägga dem i wikimedia commons direkt nästa gång, använd kategorin "Category:Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus".

--Fred-Chess 05:10, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Sad
Template:Sad has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at Templates for deletion. Thank you. (Including all his buddies) ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  08:44, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Rwl.gif
This image appears to be missing. Would you be willing and able to reupload it? Tomer TALK 06:32, September 12, 2005 (UTC)

Baldr's name
Hi!

I was wondering if you had anything to add to the discussion of Baldr's name on Talk:Baldr. I'd value your opinion, even if you happened to disagree with me on this :)

BTW - good work sorting out this valkyries+aurora borealis mess. I knew it was wrong but I also knew that if I just removed it someone might add it again. The right thing to do is to trace the misconception and clear it up in the article, as you have done.

I'd like to make Baldr into a good article but I just moved abroad (Reykjavík -> London) and still haven't got an Internet connection at my new home. And most of my books are still back home in Iceland... I just sneak a few peaks at Wikipedia now, probably won't be very active for some time. I've got to trust you and Wiglaf with the mythology pages :)

- Haukurth 12:15, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Pic of the day
The picture Image:2004-tsunami.jpg that you nominated for FPC is due up for Picture of the Day on Sunday and so will also appear on the Main Page. If you get the chance, could check and correct the associated caption at Picture of the day/September 25, 2005. -- Solipsist 07:08, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Merseburger Zaubersprüche
Thanks for your request to translate Merseburger Zaubersprüche into the English Merseburg Incantations. It is highly interesting article and I thoroughly enjoyed every moment translating it. --BorgQueen 04:22, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Baldr's accusative
Btw, is the r in Baldr a nominative case marker? It seems strange then that his name in the mainland Scandinavian languages doesn't become Bald. - Salleman

 * The r is not a nominative marker, it's a part of the stem (nom. Baldr, acc. Baldr, dat. Baldri, gen. Baldrs). Btw, kudos on getting the Merseburger charms article translated! - Haukurth 19:42, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Skuld
Hi Salle. There is a vote at talk:Skuld, and I thought you might have an opinion. Cheers.--Wiglaf 14:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Skuld
In regarding your vote, for the sake of the argument, think of someone looking for the Norse mythology pricness, skuld, up on wikipedia. He/she will end up with a norse mythology character thats not the one he/she is looking for. This will minimise conflusion. I ask you to reconsider your vote. Thanks --Cool Cat Talk 16:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Höðr
Hi, Salleman! There's currently a request to move Höðr to "Hodur". I thought you might have some insight into the question - Talk:Höðr. - Haukurth 09:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Image:Sweden 1658.png
Hi. Just wanted to inform you that I have modified the colours a little. Regards, Fred-Chess 13:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Anglicizations proposal
On East Asia related pages, they sometimes have a transliterations box listing all notable alternative names. See for example tao, qi, kirin and Zen. We could perhaps come up with something similar, as seen to the right. This would remove the long list of anglicized names from the body of the article, thus making it more readable.

Concerning other systems, I prefer putting the anglicized names in an etymology section, in an alternative names section or, if it is a short article such as Sæhrímnir, at the end of it. --Salleman 22:16, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I like it. How about you add it to the discussion on our much maligned ON spelling standard? Maybe we could rewrite it and incorporate something like that. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 22:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, but I guess that calls for me producing like three page downs of elaborate text, explaining all the fine details about the proposal; something like your posts on that page. It just sprang to my mind that the box also needs a row about alternative names, such as Yggr, Hárr, Grímnir, Valfaðir, Alfaðir, etc --Salleman 22:36, 7 October 2005 (UTC

 * Right. It's certainly non-trivial work. I'll be happy to help you cook something up. If you don't feel it's ready for the Wikipedia name space at this stage then let's work on it in your user space. I'm going to sleep now but hope to work on Wikipedia during the weekend. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 22:39, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Some votes on WP:RM
Hi!

I don't know if you'll be interested, but there are some votes going on at the moment on WP:RM involving post-ASCII characters.

 * Talk:Ubeda (on moving Ubeda back to Úbeda)
 * Talk:Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen (on the ß)
 * Talk:Weissenburg in Bayern (on the very same ß)
 * Talk:Großglockner (on the ß)
 * Talk:Skånska (a complex issue, you may have some insight into it as a Swede)

I'm sending the same note to Wiglaf.

Regards,

Haukur Þorgeirsson 23:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Bye
Good bye to you, and I respect you decision -- Wikipedia is after all not real, just a digital bubble world. // Fred-Chess 03:22, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Far heill!
Sorry to see you leave - you were one of the best. Let me know if you ever come back :) - Haukur Þorgeirsson 01:25, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Dravidians
I've no idea what motivation you had for the ridiculous tag you added to Dravidian people, but such hyperbole is unlikely to be appreciated by editors involved. Paul B 00:50, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:MultiLicenseCommunism
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Merger discussion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Kraken Drawing
What is the source of the (presumably late) coloured kraken drawing by Pierre Denys de Montfort? AndrewKkh (talk) 11:24, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Salleman


text:
Talk:Timeline of Glasgow history

Starting article
I should have the data for the 19th century up soon, and will be working on earlier history after that. Always grateful for any help! Berek 14:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Parliament
I'm confused! The entry for 1560 mentions Glasgow as being represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, yet today (1/5/07) marks the 300th anniversary of the creation of the UK Parliament in 1707. Presumably in 1560 Glasgow was represented in the Parliament of Scotland, not UK? (unsigned comment)

 * I note this has now been amended to the Parliament of Scotland. Berek (talk) 22:29, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timeline of Glasgow history


text:
List of mosques in Singapore

There are 72 mosques in Singapore. Almost all the mosques in Singapore are administered by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura, with the exception of Masjid Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim which is administered by the Malaysian state of Johor. Twenty-three mosques were built using the Masjid Building and Mendaki Fund (MBMF), the most recent being Masjid Al-Mawaddah which officially opened in May 2009.

title: List of mosques in Singapore


text:
Ted Sizer

Theodore Ryland Sizer (June 23, 1932 – October 21, 2009) was a leader of educational reform in the United States, the founder (and eventually President Emeritus) of the Essential school movement and was known for challenging longstanding practices and assumptions about the functioning of American secondary schools. Beginning in the late 1970s, he had worked with hundreds of high schools, studying the development and design of the American educational system, leading to his major work Horace's Compromise in 1984. In the same year, he founded the Coalition of Essential Schools based on the principles espoused in Horace's Compromise.

Life and career
Sizer was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Caroline Wheelright ( Foster) and Theodore Sizer, Sr. (1892–1967), an art history professor at Yale University.

He earned his B.A. in English from Yale in 1953 and subsequently served in the Army as an artillery officer. He later described his experience leading soldiers in a democratic and egalitarian fashion as a formative influence on his ideas about education. After teaching in high schools, he earned his masters and doctorate in education from Harvard University in 1957 and 1961, respectively. He was a faculty member and later dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Education, a position he held during the 1969 Harvard student strike. While dean, he reorganized the school into seven departments, expanding the resources available for research (particularly in the area of urban education), while expanding minority enrollment. In 1970, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship for Education.

Sizer left Harvard to serve as headmaster of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, from 1972 to 1981, to lead a study of American high schools sponsored by the National Association of Secondary School Principals and the National Association of Independent Schools. From 1983 to 1997, he worked at Brown University as a professor and chair of the education department, and, in 1993, he became the Founding Director of the Annenberg Institute for School Reform.

During his years at Brown, he produced most of his books, including Horace's Compromise. In it, he examined the fundamental compromise at the heart of allegedly successful American high schools.

Sizer frequently collaborated with Nancy Faust Sizer, his spouse and fellow educator. After Brown University, the couple took a one-year position during the 1998–99 school year as co-principals of the Francis W. Parker Charter Essential School, which Ted helped found and served as a trustee. Deborah Meier joined the couple in writing Keeping School, based on the Parker experience. From 1997 through 2006, Sizer returned to the Harvard Graduate School of Education as a visiting professor. He and Nancy co-taught a course on redesigning the American secondary school, while he continued to work on the issues of integrating the multiple services that low socio-economic status families need in poor communities.

Sizer was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

Personal life
Theodore Sizer and Nancy Faust wed in 1955 and had four children together. He died at age 77 on October 21, 2009, at his home in Harvard, Massachusetts, of colon cancer.

Works

 * The Age of the Academies (1964)
 * Secondary Schools at the Turn of the Century (1964)
 * Places for Learning, Places for Joy (1973)
 * Horace's Compromise: The Dilemma of the American High School (1984)
 * Horace's School: Redesigning the American High School (1992)
 * Horace's Hope: What Works for the American High School (1997)
 * The Students Are Watching: Schools and the Moral Contract (1999, co-authored with Nancy Sizer)
 * Keeping School: Letters to Families from Principals of Two Small Schools (2003, co-authored with Deborah Meier & Nancy Faust Sizer)
 * The Red Pencil: Convictions From Experience in Education (2004)
 * The New American High School (2013, posthumously)

title: Ted Sizer


text:
Mark (rugby)

In rugby union, a player may mark a ball, which means that the player may catch it and cannot be tackled by rival players. The marking player can choose to take a free-kick or a scrum at the position of the mark.

To mark a ball, the player must catch the ball inside his or her own team's twenty-two metre line. The mark is performed by a player (often the fullback), making a clean catch and shouting "Mark!". It is also common for the player to touch the ball on the ground or to hold up the ball with one hand to make his or her intentions clear to the referee and other players.

If for any reason, the player cannot take the kick within one minute, the marking team must take a scrum (and cannot otherwise choose a scrum). A ball may be marked if it has rebounded off the posts or crossbar. A mark may not be made from a kick-off.

After the marked ball is caught, the normal rules of a free kick apply, except in the case of a scrum option. A scrum from a mark should ideally be taken from the position of the mark, but must be at least five metres from touch. If the mark was made in the in-goal area, the scrum is taken five metres from the goal line on a line running through the mark parallel to the touch line but always at least five metres from the touch line.

If a player from the opposing team charges the marking player after the call of "Mark!", then the team will be awarded a penalty kick taken from the position of the mark, unless the infringing player was offside, in which case the penalty will be given from the offside line.

History
For much of rugby's history, a mark could be made anywhere on the field, but under more stringent conditions: the marking player had to have both feet on the ground at the time of calling "Mark!", the defending side were allowed to advance as far as the mark in defending against the subsequent kick, and the kick itself had to propel the ball at least as far forward as the mark (in conjunction with the second stipulation, this effectively prevented the marking side from keeping possession with a tap-kick). However, under these restrictions a goal could be attempted. In the 1970s the mark was changed to the definition given above, except that it could be made anywhere in the defending side's 22; it is no longer a requirement that the marking player have both feet on the ground.

Other football codes
The mark in rugby is similar to the fair catch in American football. The fair catch kick is still an option following a fair catch in the National Football League and high school football rule books but is not mandatory and rarely used due to strategic disadvantages; it has been stricken from the college football rulebook.

Marks are used in Australian Football as well. Although the difference is, that marks are taken all over the ground and is one of the most important skills.

title: Mark (rugby)


text:
Talk:Chinese name

spelling of a character

 * Sometimes the same set of Chinese characters could be chosen as a Chinese name, a Hong Kong name, a Japanese name, a Korean name, or a Vietnamese name, but they would be spelled differently due to their varying historical pronunciation of Chinese characters.

Is spelled the best word here? —Tamfang (talk) 04:32, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't really think the sentence is really even correct or appropriate. I would say 'spelled' is an alright word, I would probably use 'transliterated' instead, but I think the sentence itself should probably be rewritten to make those respective names seem less...bespoke? As with many Sinosphere articles, we have a really difficult time writing elegantly when distinctions between Chinese [language] and Chinese [nationals] are necessary. Remsense  聊  06:12, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

chinese person articles in wikipedia
Only one thing: why are chinese names (in wikipedia) written family name first? They are not the only one in the world who use this style, other Asians use it as well, for the western people most notably Japanese. In elsewhere, at least Hungarian names use this style, though not in wikipedia for some reason. It seems that the chinese are the only ones not using the western style in wikipedia... 109.240.21.250 (talk) 20:51, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 109.240.21.250, It's about representation in English-language sources, which has historically been strongly "family, given" for Chinese, and "given, family" for Japanese, for example. It's not absolute: figures that are better known in English by a "given, family"-order name are referred to as such. Recently, Japanese names are written "family, given" more often in English, so there has been discussion on switching the name order in certain situations.See Naming conventions (Chinese) for more information. — Remsense  诉  01:51, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese name


text:
Galvanic series

The galvanic series (or electropotential series) determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals. When two metals are submerged in an electrolyte, while also electrically connected by some external conductor, the less noble (base) will experience galvanic corrosion. The rate of corrosion is determined by the electrolyte, the difference in nobility, and the relative areas of the anode and cathode exposed to the electrolyte. The difference can be measured as a difference in voltage potential: the less noble metal is the one with a lower (that is, more negative) electrode potential than the nobler one, and will function as the anode (electron or anion attractor) within the electrolyte device functioning as described above (a galvanic cell). Galvanic reaction is the principle upon which batteries are based.

See the table of standard electrode potentials for more details.

Galvanic series (most noble at top)
The following is the galvanic series for stagnant (that is, low oxygen content) seawater. The order may change in different environments.

 * Graphite
 * Palladium
 * Platinum
 * Gold
 * Silver
 * Titanium
 * Stainless steel 316 (passive)
 * Stainless Steel 304 (passive)
 * Silicon bronze
 * Stainless Steel 316 (active)
 * Monel 400
 * Phosphor bronze
 * Admiralty brass
 * Cupronickel
 * Molybdenum
 * Red brass
 * Brass plating
 * Yellow brass
 * Naval brass 464
 * Uranium 8% Mo
 * Niobium 1% Zr
 * Tungsten
 * Tin
 * Lead
 * Stainless Steel 304 (active)
 * Tantalum
 * Chromium plating
 * Nickel (passive)
 * Copper
 * Nickel (active)
 * Cast iron
 * Steel
 * Indium
 * Aluminum
 * Uranium (pure)
 * Cadmium
 * Beryllium
 * Zinc plating (see galvanization)
 * Magnesium

title: Galvanic series


text:
LNK (Lithuanian TV channel)

LNK is a commercial television channel operating in Lithuania. It is a free-to-air TV channel targeted towards a Lithuanian audience. It mainly broadcasts local entertainment, dubbed movies, lifestyle shows and news.

Over 1 million people watch LNK everyday.

History
LNK was founded in Lapės after the reorganization of "LitPoliinter TV", when its main shareholder on 1 April 1995 became Lithuanian Agricultural Bank (other shareholders were the companies "Vilniaus Vingis", "Griaustinio Aidas", and the Lithuanian Workers' Union) and launched throughout Lithuania on 5 May 1995. LNK mainly retransmitted Russian programs from ORT (now Channel One Russia), including its news bulletin Vremya.

In 1996, they were replaced by original content and news from CNN. That year, an office was established in Vilnius. In the summer of 1997, a number of curated shows (such as "Dviračio šou") moved to Baltic Television. in 1997 in October, 46$ British Pacific Media Management purchased the company's shares from "Vilniaus vingis", the company "Anoma" and the association of depositors affected by "LitPoliinter". in 1998 in January, Hubertas Grušnys and Clear Channel Communication International purchased 10% of LNK's shares from Aleksandars Ambrazevičius and 46% of the shares from British Pacific Media Management. In September of the same year, 44 percent LNK's shares, which belonged to the Lithuanian Agricultural Bank, and 56 percent. the shares belonging to H. Grušniis were purchased by the Bonnier group. After this acquisition, a number of employees of the LNK News Service transferred to Baltic Television. i«In 2000 part of the former employees and shows returned to LNK.

In 2012, LNK switched to Digital television. LNK shows mostly Lithuanian shows, series and more.

In November 2018, LNK launched a high-definition channel, LNK HD.

The channel ceased broadcasts to Latvia on 14 December 2021 as one of 38 foreign channels considered to be "no longer relevant" by the NEPLP.

Lithuanian programs
Entertainment shows:
 * Aš matau tavo balsą — local adaptation of I Can See Your Voice
 * KK2 and KK2 Penktadienis
 * Lietuvos balsas (The Voice of Lithuania)
 * Lietuvos balsas. Vaikai. (The Voice of Lithuania. Kids)
 * Lietuvos balsas. Senjorai. (The Voice of Lithuania. Senior)
 * Šokio revoliucija
 * Kaukės (Masked Singer Lithuania)

Lifestyle shows:

 * Nuo... iki.
 * Bus visko

Talk shows:

 * Bučiuoju. Rūta
 * VIDO VIDeO

More shows:
 * Šeškinės 20 (Comedy Show)
 * Gyvūnų Pasaulis (About Animals)
 * Teleloto

News programs:

 * LNK žinios
 * Labas vakaras, Lietuva
 * Vidurdienio Žinios

Lithuanian Series:
 * Rimti Reikalai (Action series)
 * Monikai Reikia Meilės
 * Man Reikia Meilės

Series

 * Yasak Elma (Turkish series)
 * Sen Çal Kapımı (Drama, Love, Comedy, Turkish series)
 * Yargı (Drama, Detective, Turkish series)
 * Ada Masalı (Drama, Comedy, Turkish series)
 * Aşk Laftan Anlamaz (Drama, Comedy, Turkish series)
 * Senden Daha Güzel (Drama, Comedy, Turkish series)
 * Dos vidas (Drama, Spanish series)
 * Die Rosenheim-Cops (Detective, German series)
 * Гадалка (телесериал) (Mystery, Drama, Fantasy, Russian series)

Reality Shows

 * The Lady and the Peasant (TV series) (Ukrainian TV series)
 * The Farmer Wants a Wife (Australian TV series)

Animation

 * Oggy and the Cockroaches (French animated series)
 * Zig & Sharko (French animated series)
 * Maya the Bee (TV series) (German-French TV series)
 * Tom and Jerry (American animated series)

title: LNK (Lithuanian TV channel)