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Bréguet 1150 Atlantic

The Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic is a long-range maritime patrol aircraft designed and manufactured by French aircraft manufacturer Breguet Aviation.

Designed in response to a 1958 NATO specification as a replacement for the Lockheed P2V Neptune, Breguet's submission was declared the winner over several competing bids. To produce the Atlantic, a multinational consortium, Société d'Étude et de Construction de Breguet Atlantic (SECBAT), was established. During 1963, an initial order for 60 Atlantics – 40 for France and 20 for Germany –  was received. Follow-on orders from export customers followed shortly thereafter. It was first introduced to operational service during 1965.

The Atlantic has been operated by a number of countries, commonly performing maritime roles such as reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare. The Atlantic is also capable of carrying air-to-ground munitions to perform ground-attack missions; a small number of aircraft were also equipped to perform ELINT operations. An updated version, the Atlantique 2 or ATL2, was produced by Dassault Aviation for the French Navy in the 1980s. A further improved model, the Atlantique 3, was proposed during the 1990s but ultimately unbuilt. Other operators of the Atlantic have included the German Navy, the Italian Air Force, the Pakistan Navy, and the Royal Netherlands Navy.

Development
In 1958, NATO produced a specification for a long-range maritime patrol aircraft to replace the Lockheed P2V Neptune, with Breguet's design, the Br 1150, chosen as the winner of the competition at the end of the year. A multinational consortium, Société d'Étude et de Construction de Breguet Atlantic (SECBAT) was set up to develop and build the Atlantic. The first prototype made its maiden flight at Toulouse on 21 October 1961, with the second prototype flying on 25 February 1962, followed by two preproduction aircraft with a longer fuselage in February 1963 and September 1964.

An initial order for 60 Atlantics – 40 for France and 20 for Germany –  was placed in 1963, with deliveries starting in 1965 and continuing to 1968. The production line had shut down by the time the Netherlands placed an order for nine Atlantics and Italy ordered eighteen. Aircraft from this second production batch were delivered from 1972 to 1974.

In 1978, the French Government authorised development of a new, updated version of the Atlantic, the Atlantic Nouvelle Génération (later known as the Atlantique 2 when orders from other nations did not occur). While the airframe and engines of the new aircraft changed little, equipment and avionics were considerably revised; these included new radar, a new sonar processor, a replacement tactical computer, and a forward-looking infrared camera turret installed under the nose. The ability to carry Exocet missiles was also added. Two prototype Atlantique 2s were produced by converting existing Atlantics; the first of these made its maiden flight on 8 May 1981. Production of the Atlantique 2 was authorised on 24 May 1984. Deliveries started in 1989 with 28 eventually built, from an original requirement for 42.

By 2012, the Atlantique 2 had been rebranded as the ATL2, at which point France had a total of 22 in service. In 2012, 18 French Atlantiques were undergoing a series of upgrades to increase the type's effectiveness in two stages, Phase I addressing obsolescence issues and Phase II adding new capabilities. Also in 2012, a separate project was conducted to integrate the MU90 Impact torpedo. Aircraft that received these upgrades shall have an extended service life as well, enabling Atlantique operations to be extended to around 2032.

A further upgraded Atlantique 3 was proposed for the Royal Air Force's Replacement Maritime Patrol Aircraft (RMPA) competition, however it was withdrawn in 1996 following alleged hints from Ministry of Defence officials that the submission was unlikely to be successful; the competition later selected the BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4 instead. The Atlantique 3 would have featured various off-the-shelf avionics upgrades, including the adoption of a two-man glass cockpit. The use of uprated Allison AE2100H turboprop engines to drive new Dowty-built six-bladed composite propellers reportedly would have increased power by nearly 10% and reduced fuel consumption by 15%. In late 1996, Dassault (which had merged with Breguet in the 1970s, thus acquiring the Atlantic design) intended to offer the Atlantique 3 to Germany, Italy, and France. By 2005, Dassault had abandoned marketing efforts on the Atlantique 3, choosing to promote a variant of the Dassault Falcon 900 corporate jet as a maritime patrol aircraft instead.

Design
The Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic is a twin-engined, mid-winged monoplane with a "double-bubble" fuselage; the upper lobe comprising a pressurised crew compartment, and the lower lobe housing a 9 m (27 ft 6 in) long weapons bay, with sonobuoy tubes aft of the weapons bay. A radar scanner is housed in a retractable underfuselage radome, while a magnetic anomaly detector is housed in a tail boom. It is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Tyne turboprop engines. An all-aluminium structure is used throughout the Atlantic's airframe; corrosion is alleged to be a considerable problem due to environmental factors imposed by the maritime environment.

The Atlantic was designed for its purpose, instead of refitting or modifying existing designs. Though the primary mission of the Atlantic is anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare, its secondary roles include search and rescue, mine laying and detection and long-range maritime surveillance. The Atlantic can carry either eight guided ASW torpedoes such as Mk 46 Torpedo, or 12 depth charges, or two AM.39 Exocet anti-ship missiles in its internal bomb bay. German Atlantics usually carried Mk 46s only and flew unarmed during the last years of their service. Italian Atlantics have been periodically armed with NATO-provided nuclear bombs.

In French service, 18 modernised Atlantique ATL2 are being equipped with various new avionics and onboard sensors. Such systems include the Searchmaster derived from  RBE2-AA active electronically scanned array radar developed for Dassault Rafale, new digital acoustic processing systems, a Thales-manufactured identification friend or foe system, and DCNS-developed LOTI (Logiciel Opérationnel de Traitement de l'Information) combat mission software.

Operational history

In 1987, a single Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Atlanique was operated by France as an airborne headquarters during Opération Épervier, the French intervention against Libyan military units which had been deployed into neighbouring Chad. Communications intercepted by the Atlantique were immediately decoded and translated before being used to conduct strikes upon Libyan forces with greater accuracy.

The German Marineflieger operated a fleet of Atlantics between 1963 and 2005. A number of these aircraft were modified for SIGINT work and were based at Nordholz Naval Airbase. During the Cold War, they commonly flew across the Baltic Sea and along the border with East Germany; these flights often had American and British intelligence personnel on board in addition to their German crews. During the 1990s, Germany deployed SIGINT Atlantics to observe the United Nations embargo of Yugoslavia and for reconnaissance flights during the Kosovo War in 1999.

In 1992, Germany was considering replacing its Atlantics in the maritime patrol role, the modernised Atlantic-2 was considered to be a frontrunner to be the replacement. In 1996, the planned procurement of a replacement was delayed in favour of a life extension program to enable the Atlantic fleet to continue in service for a further decade. Germany ultimately elected to replace its Atlantics with a number of secondhand Lockheed P-3 Orions procured from the Netherlands. Several German Atlantics have been donated to museums, including the Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow and the Dutch Air Force Museum, Soesterberg, Netherlands.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the Atlantic competed with the Lockheed P-3 Orion to be selected as the Royal Netherlands Navy's next anti-submarine aircraft. The selection process, during which Lockheed Corporation was alleged to have engaged in multiple incidents of bribery, ultimately chose the Atlantic. Fewer Atlantics were procured than originally planned however; and a total of three Atlantics out of the Netherlands' nine-strong fleet were lost through a series of failures during missions over the Atlantic Ocean. These losses resulted in the grounding of the type in 1981 and contributed to its eventual replacement by the P-3 Orion.

During NATO's intervention in the 1999 Kosovo War, French Atlantics performed overflying surveillance flights of the combat area; flights within Serbian airspace were conducted by unarmed aircraft.

In 1973, in the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Pakistan Navy opted to procure three Atlantics from France. In 1999, a Pakistan Navy Atlantic inadvertently flew into Indian airspace while probing Indian air defenses and was intercepted and shot down by Indian Air Force MiG-21FL after the Atlantic ignored instructions and attempts to force it to land at an Indian base; the event become known as the Atlantique incident. After 36 years of service, Pakistan's remaining Atlantics were formally retired in September 2012, following the arrival of P-3 Orions to replace them.

In 2009, a number of French Atlantics were dispatched to Dakar, Senegal, to participate in a multinational search effort to locate the crashed Air France Flight 447.

In January 2013, French Navy Atlantique-2s were deployed to act as ground-strike aircraft during Operation Serval over Northern Mali; a number of laser-guided GBU-12 bombs were dropped by the Atlantiques against Malian jihadist militants seeking to overthrow the Malian government. During the deployment, the Atlantiques also served as Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) platforms, being able to provide a sustained presence unlike alternatives such as the EADS Harfang unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

In 2015, Atlantique-2s was deployed to Iraq at the beginning of Opération Chammal against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) forces, initially performing ISTAR and forward air control missions. On 19 August 2015, an Atlantique-2 flew a mission with two Mirage 2000s and dropped a GBU-12 on a command and control building, its first strike mission of the operation. As French military operations expanded into Syria in September 2015, the long range of the Atlantiques from their base in the UAE was utilised when undertaking reconnaissance operations instead of shorter range aircraft such as the Dassault Rafale.

Variants

 * Br.1150 Atlantic
 * Long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft.

The series' first operators became the French and German navies who contracted for 40 and 20 Atlantics respectively through an initial batch order from Breguet in 1963. These airframes were delivered to customers beginning in 1965 and ended in 1968. A follow-up order involved supply of the aircraft to the Netherlands and Italy shortly thereafter, these being delivered into 1974. Production was undertaken by a European consortium under the "Societe d'Etude et de Construction de Breguet Atlantic" (otherwise recognized as "SECBAT") name led by Breguet itself. Beyond these European powers, Pakistan received three ex-French Navy Atlantics in the 1970s. As an anti-ship, anti-submarine maritime warfare mount, the Atlantic series could be properly outfitted through torpedoes (up to 8 x Mk 46 / 7 x Murene series), depth charges, naval mines and conventional drop bombs as required - these held in the unpressurized internal bomb bay. Additionally the aircraft was cleared to drop specialized mission equipment for shipwreck.
 * Atlantique 2
 * Updated variant, also known as the Atlantique Nouvelle Génération or ATL2.

It is the direct descendant of the Bréguet Atlantic.
 * Power for the Atlantique 2 was served through 2 x Rolls-Royce Tyne RTy.20 Mk 21 series turboprop engines (twin shaft) developing 6,100 horsepower each.
 * maximum speed of 400 miles per hour,
 * cruising speed of 200 miles per hour,
 * ferry range of 5,635 miles
 * mission endurance time of up to 18 hours
 * operations at altitudes from 100 feet up to 30,000 feet through use of a pressurized cabin and flight deck.
 * Rate-of-climb at 2,900 feet per minute.
 * 2x Exocet AM-39 missile were added to armament.
 * 6x MU90 Impact torpedo since July 2014.

The ATL2 has been in service for twenty or so years, and has undergone several retrofits. A renovation operation is in progress (2019–25); 18 out of the 22 ATL2 Standard 5 operated by the French Navy are upgraded to the new version called 'Standard 6'. The upgrade is comprehensive and should allow the aircraft to operate until 2035. It includes the development of a new combat system called 'Logiciel de traitement de l'information operationelle nouvelle génération' (LOTI-NG). The system is used to establish a tactical picture based on data gathered by the aircraft's various sensors. New digital operator stations have replaced the original analogic equipment. Another major improvement is the upgrade of the acoustic treatment subsystem called 'Sous-système de traitement acoustique numérique' (STAN). This system is able to operate more sonobuoys than its predecessor and scan a broader range of frequencies. The system can also operate the most recent US sonobuoys including in the multistatic mode. The Wescam MX-20 electro-optical (EO) turret has also been integrated (the same one used on board the Boeing P-8A Poseidon). This system had already been mounted on some ATL2s. The ATL2 is frequently used in Africa where it serves as backup to ground forces.

The last major element of the Standard 6 upgrade is:
 * New radar Thales Searchmaster Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar. According to Thales, this multirole surveillance radar offers the highest level of operational performance to detect stationary and moving maritime targets, including in high sea states, at ranges up to 200 nautical miles (air-to-sea). The radar also has the capability to support ground surveillance operations. The French Navy will also receive a new mission preparation tool and simulator.
 * New Thales acoustic subsystem to gather and process signals from the latest generation air-dropped sonobuoys for submarine detection.
 * New navigation console designed by Dassault Aviation
 * New consoles for the tactical display subsystem developed by the French army, "SIAé".
 * The Wescam MX-20 electro-optical (EO) turret integrated into the combat system. With the Standard 6 upgrade, various operators are able to simultaneously access the images provided by the MX-20.

The French procurement agency Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) has authorised the transfer of the first two upgraded Dassault Atlantique 2 (ATL2) maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) to the French Navy, the French ministry for armed forces announced on 24 October. As of July 2022, half of the eighteen aircraft in the French Navy inventory had been upgraded to Standard 6. Upgrades of the remaining aircraft in the fleet are to continue until 2024. In November 2022, the upgraded aircraft was said to have reached the milestone of being able to perform the entire spectrum of missions assigned to it. The 10th upgraded aircraft was delivered in December 2022 and the 11th aircraft followed in April 2023.
 * Atlantique 3
 * Proposed modernised variant in the 1990s, unbuilt.

Current operators

 * French Navy
 * French Naval Aviation – The original model was retired in 1996. Second generation Atlantique 2 in service.
 * French Naval Aviation – The original model was retired in 1996. Second generation Atlantique 2 in service.

Former operators

 * German Navy – Received 20 Atlantics, with five converted to ELINT aircraft. Replaced all ASW aircraft by ex-Dutch P-3 Orion in 2005, the ELINT versions were planned to be replaced by the now cancelled EuroHawk UAVs.
 * As Germany decided not to overhaul their P-3C, they will have to be retired by 2025. France proposed to lend four additional Atlantic 2 (Standard 6) as the Maritime Airborne Warfare System (MAWS) will not be operational before 2032. But Germany ordered five P-8A Poseidon in 2021.
 * Italian Air Force – 18 aircraft flown by pilots from the Italian Air Force and Italian Navy Aviation, but commanded by the Navy. – Replaced by the ATR 72MP.
 * Italian Air Force – 18 aircraft flown by pilots from the Italian Air Force and Italian Navy Aviation, but commanded by the Navy. – Replaced by the ATR 72MP.
 * Italian Air Force – 18 aircraft flown by pilots from the Italian Air Force and Italian Navy Aviation, but commanded by the Navy. – Replaced by the ATR 72MP.
 * Royal Netherlands Navy
 * Dutch Naval Aviation Service – Replaced by the P-3 Orion.
 * Pakistan Navy
 * Pakistan Naval Air Arm – Last aircraft retired in 2012 and replaced by ATR 72MP.
 * Pakistan Navy
 * Pakistan Naval Air Arm – Last aircraft retired in 2012 and replaced by ATR 72MP.

Accidents and incidents

 * 19 April 1962 – Second prototype aircraft crashed, killing all 3 onboard, during test flight after trying to divert due to an engine fire.
 * 31 August 1967 – A French surveillance Breguet 1150 crashed on the Norwegian island of Prins Karls Forland, killing all 11 crew.
 * 20 September 1968 – A French Air Force Atlantic crashed into the offices of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) while performing a display at the Farnborough Air Show, Hampshire, England. One of the RAE's civilian maintenance staff was killed, as were all five members of the crew.
 * 15 August 1973 - A Dutch marine surveillance Breguet serial 257 suffered a problem with the elevator and ditched at 1500 hrs 1.5 km off the beach at Wassenaar, Netherlands. All 14 crew survived. The aircraft remained afloat and was salvaged, but later scrapped.
 * 14 September 1978 - A Dutch surveillance Breguet ditches successfully in the Irish Sea west of Scotland after the explosion of the right Rolls-Royce engine. There were no fatalities among the crew.
 * 15 January 1981 – A Dutch Marine Atlantic SP-13A was shadowing the Soviet Navy aircraft carrier Kiev in foul weather, with 30 ft waves and blizzard conditions. The Atlantic's crew transmitted a Mayday at 09:58 after suffering control problems due to a control rod failure in the horizontal stabilizer. It was not able to maintain height and was forced to ditch 113 miles west of the Inner Hebrides about half an hour later. Nine survivors were rescued by an RAF Sea King helicopter about two hours after the crash. Three crew members drowned.
 * March 10 1981 – Shortly after taking off from Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport in Moroni, Comoros, on a maritime patrol mission over the Mozambique Channel, a French Navy Breguet 1150 Atlantic number 29 from Lann-Bihoué (France) flotilla 23F crashes into the mountain 15 kilometers (9.4 miles) from the airport, killing all 18 people on board. One engine caught fire shortly after take off.
 * 18 May 1986 – While flying in cloud, a French Navy Atlantic crashed into a mountain in Djibouti, killing all 19 people on board.
 * 10 August 1999 – At the Pakistani-Indian border, sixteen Pakistan Navy airmen were killed in what became known as the Atlantique incident; the Atlantic they were in was shot down by Indian air force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 by R-60 (missile) after it allegedly intruded into Indian airspace, just a month after the Kargil War.

title: Bréguet 1150 Atlantic


text:
Kammy

Kammy may refer to:

 * Chris Kamara (born 1957), English former footballer and manager
 * Kamryn Belle, singer
 * Kammy Koopa, a character in the Mario franchise
 * Kammy, a character in the Ojarumaru anime series

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kammy


text:
Gas generator

A gas generator is a device for generating gas. A gas generator may create gas by a chemical reaction or from a solid or liquid source, when storing a pressurized gas is undesirable or impractical.

The term often refers to a device that uses a rocket propellant to generate large quantities of gas. The gas is typically used to drive a turbine rather than to provide thrust as in a rocket engine. Gas generators of this type are used to power turbopumps in rocket engines, in a gas-generator cycle.

It is also used by some auxiliary power units to power electric generators and hydraulic pumps.

Another common use of the term is in the industrial gases industry, where gas generators are used to produce gaseous chemicals for sale. For example, the chemical oxygen generator, which delivers breathable oxygen at a controlled rate over a prolonged period. During World War II, portable gas generators that converted coke to producer gas were used to power vehicles as a way of alleviating petrol shortages.

Other types include the gas generator in an automobile airbag, which is designed to rapidly produce a specific quantity of inert gas.

As a power source
The V-2 rocket used hydrogen peroxide decomposed by a liquid sodium permanganate catalyst solution as a gas generator. This was used to drive a turbopump to pressurize the main LOX-ethanol propellants. In the Saturn V F-1 and Space Shuttle main engine, some of the main propellant was burned to drive the turbopump (see gas-generator cycle and staged combustion cycle). The gas generator in these designs uses a highly fuel-rich mix to keep flame temperatures relatively low.

The Space Shuttle auxiliary power unit and the F-16 emergency power unit (EPU) use hydrazine as a fuel. The gas drives a turbine which drives hydraulic pumps. In the F-16 EPU it also drives an electric generator.

Gas generators have also been used to power torpedoes. For example, the US Navy Mark 16 torpedo was powered by hydrogen peroxide.

A concentrated solution of hydrogen peroxide is known as high-test peroxide and decomposes to produce oxygen and water (steam).

Hydrazine decomposes to mixtures of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia. The reaction is strongly exothermic and produces high volume of hot gas from small volume of liquid.

Many solid rocket propellant compositions can be used as gas generators.

Inflation and fire suppression
Many automobile airbags use sodium azide for inflation. A small pyrotechnic charge triggers its decomposition, producing nitrogen gas, which inflates the airbag in around 30 milliseconds. A typical airbag in the US might contain 130 grams of sodium azide.

Similar gas generators are used for fire suppression.

Sodium azide decomposes exothermically to sodium and nitrogen.

The resulting sodium is hazardous, so other materials are added, e.g. potassium nitrate and silica, to convert it to a silicate glass.

Oxygen generation
A chemical oxygen generator delivers breathable oxygen at a controlled rate over a prolonged period. Sodium, potassium, and lithium chlorates and perchlorates are used.

Generation of fuel gas
A device that converts coke or other carbonaceous material into producer gas may be used as a source of fuel gas for industrial use. Portable gas generators of this type were used during World War II to power vehicles as a way of alleviating petrol shortages.

title: Gas generator


text: User talk:68.99.208.16

title: User talk:68.99.208.16


text:
Albubather

Abu Bakr al-Hassan ibn al-Khasib, also al-Khaseb, Albubather in Latin, was a Persian physician and astrologer of the 9th century.

He wrote in Persian and Arabic and is best known for his work De nativitatibus which was translated into Latin by Canonicus Salio in Padua 1218, and was also translated into Hebrew; the book had many reprints till 1540.

title: Albubather


text:
File:Sin City - That Yellow Bastard (front cover).png

Cover to Sin City: That Yellow Bastard #1. Art by Frank Miller.


text:
File:Cover to "Sin City - That Yellow Bastard" no. 4.png

Cover to Sin City: That Yellow Bastard #4. Art by Frank Miller.


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Roma people/archive1

What religion(s) are the Roma? are they hindu or do many of them adopt the religion of the country they're in? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Protathlitis (talk • contribs) 02:36, 23 April 2005

 * There are NO Roma of Hindu religion. Hinduism is utterly the opposite to Romany spirituality. In fact, there's not the slightest hint of any remote belief in reincarnation or burning the dead, or any other Hindu practice or belief. All Roma traditions and ancestral rituals are quite the opposite to Hinduism or any Indo-European tradition.
 * Roma usually adopt the religion of the host country, but only in a very apparent manner, keeping the elements of their own belief as the true practices they follow. Roma have never been actually committed with any religion, until recent times. After WWII, a great number of Roma have became Evangelical Christians, mainly of Pentecostal movements, and now that's the majority belief among Roma worldwide. It's the first time in history that Roma have their own priests (pastors) and ministers, and their own missionary organizations. In the last decade, a Messianic Jewish revival is taking place within Roma in some countries (mainly within the Evangelical groups). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.92.104.148 (talk • contribs) 15:42, 20 August 2005


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I'm Goin' to Praiseland

"I'm Goin' to Praiseland" is the nineteenth episode of the twelfth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 6, 2001. In the episode, Ned Flanders builds a Christian-themed amusement park to commemorate his dead wife, Maude Flanders. The episode marked the return of the character Rachel Jordan (voiced by Shawn Colvin), who had previously appeared in the season eleven episode "Alone Again, Natura-Diddily". Since airing, "I'm Goin' to Praiseland" has received mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
During an ice cream social at church, Ned Flanders reunites with Rachel Jordan, a woman he met after hearing her and her Christian rock band sing at church after suffering the loss of his wife Maude. Rachel decides to stay with Ned for the night, but leaves after waking up to find Ned, who she notices has not gotten over Maude's death, cutting her hair to resemble Maude's. Ned asks the Simpson family to help him forget about Maude by throwing away everything in the house that reminds him of her except for a sketchbook. Ned looks through her many sketches until he finds designs for a Christian theme park, called Praiseland. With the encouragement of his sons and the Simpsons, he decides to fulfill Maude's dream by building a Christian theme park in her honor.

When Praiseland first opens, the locals are turned off by its overt wholesomeness (with rollercoaster rides being interrupted by lengthy Bible reading and attendees only able to use their faith to play arcade games) and depart until a mask of Maude's face appears in front of a statue honoring her. Believing they are witnessing a miracle, the townspeople gather to watch the mask float around briefly until Principal Skinner collapses near the statue, writhes and experiences a vision of Heaven. The park-goers then immediately decide to experience their own visions of Heaven from the statue; with the Simpsons encouraging Ned to donate the extra money from these proceedings to the local orphanage.

Ned explains to his children this is God's will until he notices Homer trying to work the gas grill at a concession stand. He then discovers a gas line near Maude's statue is leaking, causing everyone to inhale the fumes, which explains the visions. He finds out from the utility company that the gas is dangerous and tries to shut the place down, but Homer points out that Praiseland has brought everyone together. The joy is short-lived when Homer spots two orphans lighting candles near the leaking gas, forcing him and Ned to tackle them before an explosion can happen. The townspeople believe Ned and Homer assaulted the children and the former is forced to shut down Praiseland. Rachel, now in a wig to cover the Maude hair, returns to accept a date from Ned. That night, they get rid of Maude's imprint on Ned's bed and make plans for another date.

Production
"I'm Goin' to Praiseland" was written by Julie Thacker and directed by Chuck Sheetz as part of the twelfth season of The Simpsons (2000–2001). The idea for Praiseland came from the Christian theme park Heritage USA that was built in Fort Mill, South Carolina in the 1980s. The gas leak that occurs in Praiseland in the episode is based on a real life event that has happened at Disney World. The Bible gum product that is sold at Praiseland was real unbeknown to the writers, and, according to executive producer Mike Scully, they were sued by the owners of the company that produced the real product.

The episode marked the return of the character Rachel Jordan, who had previously appeared in the season eleven episode "Alone Again, Natura-Diddily" (2000). Rachel was guest voiced by American musician Shawn Colvin in both episodes. Colvin has told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer that being raised in Carbondale, Illinois meant she did not have to do much research for the guest appearances: "It's just very isolated [in Carbondale]. There was church music and that was about it. [...] I didn't have to dig too deep for the role. I suppose the whole 'Simpsons' thing is kind of like a hick town."

Release
The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 6, 2001. On August 18, 2009, it was released on DVD as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Twelfth Season. Staff members Mike Scully, Al Jean, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Carolyn Omine, Don Payne, Matt Selman, Tom Gammill, and Chuck Sheetz participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode. Deleted scenes from the episode, including an alternate ending, were featured in the box set as well.

Critics have given "I'm Goin' to Praiseland" generally mixed reviews. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson commented that "Given its theme, 'Praiseland' comes with a large risk of turning sappy. And it does! From its thin plot to its uninspired gags, the show never manages to get any legs under it. This is forgettable Simpsons." Nancy Basile of About.com wrote in her review that episode "was part touching, part creepy and part hysterical. Homer was his old self: His heart was in the right place, but he screwed up everything. I felt for Ned, but at the same time grimaced when he touched Maude's imprint on the bed. My only real complaint is the very end. The last few episodes [of the twelfth season] have had typical sitcom wrap-up lines."

title: I'm Goin' to Praiseland


text:
User talk:ElTato

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 02:39, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:ElTato


text:
Talk:Heng Fa Chuen

I do trust you
Dear editor of the Heng Fa Chuen page:

As a resident of Heng Fa Chuen, I have wittnessed everything from since when the town was built and buildings sprang from the fertile soils. I have wittnessed people flocking into this town in the 1980s after a boom in housing development. I have wittnessed generations after generations of youngsters growing up and leaving the town behind.... as the mayor of Heng Fa Chuen, I hereby exercise my authority of declaring this article valid.

Mayor, Dr. Siu Ching Mou - 69.140.103.233 02:45, April 23, 2005 (UTC)

Number of blocks
As far as I remember some numbers are skipped, such as 14 and 24. Does the number of blocks still adds up to fifty? — Instantnood 17:39, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * The number of blocks still adds up to fifty, this I'm definitely sure. I am going to do a survey of the numbers used for naming the blocks this afternoon. (User 69.140.103.233) 2:57, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)- 69.140.103.233 18:59, June 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * What was the result? 48 or 50? — Instantnood 04:55, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, you're right. All the blocks totalled up to 48. (68.33.194.218 17:10, 21 October 2005 (UTC))

Accuracy
To Instantnood:

I have searched on Yahoo! Hong Kong and that was what I got for the information regarding Heng Fa Chuen. How should I cite that? 68.33.210.46 20:34, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it from a mirror of Wikipedia? Can you put up a link here? Thanks. — Instantnood 18:46, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The pages that once contained the information are now no longer hosted by the server. But I definitely recall that the information is on that page. How should I cite that? 68.33.210.46 16:45, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Any other alternative source? — Instantnood 17:15, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I am definitely sure of the information -- let's leave the information up there -- if later anybody can have any evidence that disproves it, I will be willing to delete the information. 68.33.210.46 20:02, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You'd better move the material here, and request for evidence. — Instantnood 21:08, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Pak Sha Wan
On the maps, Pak Sha Wan is small bay near Heng Fa Villa on the northwest corner of Lei Yue Mun Bay (present-day Heng Fa Chuen). You can still find it in centamap. I found that Heng Fa Chuen is on the reclamation of Lei Yue Mun Bay, bounded by Pak Sha Wan and Lo Shue Pai. I am not sure that The area which is now known as Heng Fa Chuen was actually called Pak Sha Wan is true or not. HenryLi 15:52, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Moray (UK Parliament constituency)

Moray (Moray; Moireibh or Moireabh) was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

A rural constituency, Elgin is the main town, with the rest of the population sprinkled across several small fishing and farming communities.

The constituency voted against Scottish independence in a referendum held in 2014 on an above-average margin of 57.6% "No" 42.4% "Yes", and had the highest percentage for "Leave" of any council area in Scotland at the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum at 50.1% "Remain" 49.9% "Leave".

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished. Subject to boundary changes – losing eastern parts, including Buckie and Keith and expanding to the west, gaining Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey – it was reformed as Moray West, Nairn and Strathspey, and was first contested at the 2024 general election.

Boundaries
1983–1997: Moray District.

1997–2005: The Moray District electoral divisions of Buckie, Burghsea, Elgin North East, Elgin South West, Ernedal, Innes-Heldon, Rathford-Lennox, and Speyside-Glenlivet.

2005–2024: The Moray council area.

The constituency covered the whole of the Moray council area. Between 1997 and 2005, it covered a slightly smaller area. A similar constituency, also called Moray, is used for elections to the Scottish Parliament.

The seat was bordered by the constituencies of Banff and Buchan, Gordon, Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey, and West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine.

History
The constituency was created in 1983 from parts of the former seats of Moray and Nairn, and Banffshire.

Constituency profile
Moray is an affluent rural community in the north-east of Scotland. The constituency followed the southern coastline of the Moray Firth between Cullen to the east and Dyke to the west, on the outskirts of Forres, and extended up towards the northern fringes of the Cairngorms National Park along the River Spey and its tributaries. The constituency also covers the River Lossie and its tributaries, and the lower reaches of the River Findhorn.

Agriculture, fishing, tourism and whisky distilling are important in the local economy. Along the north coast of Moray is a mixture of fishing towns and villages such as Lossiemouth, Portessie and Portknockie. Lossiemouth houses the RAF Lossiemouth Royal Air Force station, which is among the busiest and largest fast-jet stations in the Royal Air Force, and is an important source of employment for those living in the Laich of Moray between Elgin, Forres and Lossiemouth. On the eastern banks of the River Findhorn, 15 miles south-west of Lossiemouth, is the larger town of Forres, which is the site of Sueno's Stone, Brodie Castle and the Dallas Dhu Distillery.

There is a cluster of whisky distilleries along the River Spey and along the A941 corridor between Craigellachie and Moray's capital of Elgin. Elgin is Moray's largest town and the site of the Elgin Cathedral. It houses about 25% of Moray's population, and is often referred to as a city despite lacking official recognition. According to a 2006 survey conducted by HBOS, Elgin has among the highest property prices of any town in Scotland.

South and east of Elgin, the River Spey and areas east of the river historically belonged to the former county of Banffshire, while Moray instead incorporated parts of Nairn, which is today included in the Highland council area and in the Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey parliamentary constituency. The upper reaches of the River Spey stretch down from mountainous terrain in the south to still thinly populated rolling plains. Rural communities in this region predominantly rely upon tourism, whisky distilling and agriculture for employment. In the north-east of Moray, Buckie is a prominent fishing port.

Oil also forms a substantial part of the local economy: over 10% of Moray's population commute to Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire, primarily working in the oil and gas industry.

Voting patterns
Historically Moray was predominantly represented by the Conservative Party. The constituency's predecessor seats of Banffshire and Moray and Nairn were represented by the Conservatives almost continuously from the 1935 general election until both seats were abolished to form Moray in 1983, with the electorate briefly voting SNP at the February and October general elections in 1974. When the Moray constituency was first established in 1983, it elected Alexander Pollock of the Conservatives as MP with a 1,713 (4.0%) majority, but the SNP's Margaret Ewing won the seat at the following general election in 1987, alongside neighbouring Banff and Buchan as part of a wider breakthrough for the SNP in the north-east of Scotland.

The constituency was a Conservative-SNP marginal until Labour's landslide victory in 1997, when Margaret Ewing doubled her majority to 5,566 (14.0%). Labour made a breakthrough in the constituency at the 2001 general election when Margaret Ewing retired to be replaced by Angus Robertson: Labour came ahead of the Conservatives for the first time, but the SNP beat them by 1,744 votes (5.2%); however the seat reverted to a SNP-Conservative battle from the 2005 general election onwards. Angus Robertson increased his majority at the 2005 general election; it was reduced slightly in 2010 before increasing again in 2015.

At the 2015 general election, the Conservatives had their best result in the constituency since 1997; Moray was their strongest vote increase in the whole of Scotland. The equivalent Scottish Parliamentary constituency of Moray was thought of as very safe for the SNP since the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, however in 2016 the SNP's majority in the constituency was cut by the Conservatives from 10,944 (38.3%) to 2,875 (8.6%).

In the 2017 Moray Council election, the Conservatives were for the first time the largest party by votes cast in Moray; they had the highest first-preference votes in five electoral wards. The party were ahead in all wards in the more densely populated north-west of the council area, an area known as the Laich of Moray, covering the towns of Elgin, Forres, Lossiemouth, Burghead, Hopeman and Lhanbryde; whilst the SNP were ahead in the three electoral wards covering Buckie, Cullen, Keith and Speyside.

Douglas Ross gained the seat for the Conservative Party at the 2017 snap election, securing 22,637 votes (47.5%), ahead of the sitting SNP MP Angus Robertson's 18,478 votes (38.8%). Robertson's loss was one of the high-profile losses for the Scottish National Party at the 2017 general election; the other major loss being former SNP leader and First Minister Alex Salmond losing his Gordon seat to Colin Clark of the Conservatives. In a profile of the seat for The Guardian after the election, journalist Severin Carrell summarised the result: "Moray had been an SNP seat for 30 years but... using Brexit as the basis for a second independence vote so soon after 2014 crystallised an irritation with the party brewing for several years. The Tory cry that Sturgeon needed “to get on with the day job” resonated."

title: Moray (UK Parliament constituency)


text:
WSBK-TV

WSBK-TV (channel 38) is an independent television station in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is owned by the CBS News and Stations group alongside CBS outlet WBZ-TV (channel 4). The two stations share studios on Soldiers Field Road in the Allston–Brighton section of Boston. WSBK-TV's transmitter is located on Cedar Street in Needham, Massachusetts, on a tower site that was formerly owned by CBS and is now owned by American Tower Corporation (which is shared with transmitters belonging to WBZ-TV, WCVB-TV, WGBH-TV, WBTS-CD, and WGBX-TV).

WSBK is also available via satellite throughout the United States on Dish Network as part of its superstation package (which since September 2013, is available only to existing subscribers of the tier). Otherwise, it enjoys cable coverage throughout much of the New England region, though this has been limited compared to the past when it was more widely distributed.

Origins (1955–1966)
The first construction permit for channel 38 in Boston was granted in October 1955 to Ajax Enterprises, headed by Herbert Mayer, a former New York City attorney who had founded Empire Coil, a New Rochelle, New York manufacturer of RF coils for television stations and receivers. Mayer went on to own stations in Portland, Oregon (KPTV, the country's first licensed UHF station), and Cleveland (WXEL). He sold the cable manufacturer and both television stations to Storer Broadcasting in 1954. Channel 38 was originally slated to have the call sign WHMB; however, after Storer changed the call letters of the Cleveland property to WJW-TV in April 1956, Mayer quickly reclaimed WXEL for the Boston station. WXEL's proposed transmitter in Melrose was never built, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) revoked the construction permit and deleted the call sign in November 1960.

The current station signed on the air on October 12, 1964. It was first licensed to the Boston Catholic Television Center under the call letters WIHS-TV, with the call letters standing for the "IHS" initialism for the Christogram. The station employed a general entertainment format, along with broadcasts of the daily and Sunday Mass. As WIHS, the station initially programmed a "hybrid" schedule—educational (for the Catholic schools in the Boston area) and religious programs during the morning, and syndicated programs and movies (and by 1966, some shows that the Boston area's network affiliates declined to air) in the afternoon and evening. The station also carried two 15-minute local newscasts each weekday, at 5:45 and 10 pm, which consisted of an announcer reading news headlines into a camera.

The station also made an initial foray into sports, carrying ten regular season away games and all playoff road games from the Boston Celtics that were not carried on network television during the 1964–65 season. However, team management was worried about the lack of penetration of the UHF band, leading to playoff away games being simulcast on WHDH-TV (channel 5) in 1965 (that station had previously aired select Celtics telecasts, including playoff away games starting in 1962); the following season, the team moved back to WHDH outright. Some college sports (mostly hockey and basketball games) were carried during the WIHS era, which were carried over during the early Storer Broadcasting years.

WSBK-TV (1966–present)
The station was purchased by Storer Broadcasting in 1966. A few months after the purchase, the station's call sign was changed to the present WSBK-TV, named after the company's ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange, "SBK". Storer scored its biggest coup in 1967, when it secured broadcast rights to the Boston Bruins from WKBG-TV (channel 56, now WLVI), and eventually owned the team for a three-year period from 1972 to 1975. During the next few years, as the Bruins became a contender for the National Hockey League's Stanley Cup championship (led by young superstar Bobby Orr), the popularity of these games led to a spike in UHF antenna purchases, and helped make channel 38 one of the leading independent stations in the country. For much of the time between 1970 and 1984, WSBK would televise between 70 and 72 of the Bruins' 80 regular season games, as well as all playoff games not shown on network television.

In 1975, WSBK acquired television rights to the Boston Red Sox; during the team's first year on channel 38, the Red Sox won the American League pennant. The team remained on WSBK until 1995, and returned for another three-year period from 2003 to 2005. WSBK had broadcast between 90 and 110 Red Sox games a year between 1975 and 1983; about 75 games a year from 1984 to 1995, and a limited number of games (usually 28 to 30 a year) between 2003 and 2005. Although WSBK carried Celtics road playoff games in 1969 (the team having abandoned WKBG at the end of the regular season after seeing the number of regular-season games broadcast by channel 56 during the 1968–69 season shrink compared to the previous year), the station would not carry the NBA team's games on a regular basis until 1993. During that time, WSBK broadcast road games of the Celtics; it continued to do so through 1998.

In addition to an increasingly stronger lineup of syndicated programs—which during the late 1960s through (to a lesser extent) the 1990s included cartoons (such as Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies shorts and the 1960s made-for-TV Popeye cartoons) and sitcoms (such as The Andy Griffith Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, Cheers (itself set in Boston and now owned by CBS), M*A*S*H and Frasier), WSBK continued to run some network programs that were preempted by the local NBC (WBZ-TV), ABC (first WNAC-TV, then WCVB-TV), and CBS (first WHDH-TV, then WNAC-TV/WNEV-TV) affiliates until 1981. The station also ran several movies a day (one during the day, prime time, and late night). During the 1970s through the mid-1980s, WSBK's cartoon programs were hosted by Willie Whistle, a clown who used a bird-whistle in his mouth to create a distinctive voice he was recognized for.

Becoming a superstation
WSBK's popularity was such that by the mid-1970s, it was available on nearly every cable provider in New England and as far west as Buffalo, New York, and as far south as Long Island. In the late 1980s, WSBK became a national superstation when it entered into an agreement with Eastern Microwave to distribute its signal outside of New England. Eastern Microwave also distributed the signal of existing superstation WOR-TV in New York City. WSBK's main selling point was its coverage of the Red Sox, similar to how WOR-TV, WGN-TV in Chicago, and WTBS in Atlanta respectively used their coverage of the New York Mets, Chicago Cubs and White Sox, and Atlanta Braves. WSBK's carriage did not reach the same level as the other stations, but covered large portions of New York, and a handful of cable providers in Florida (which produced the unusual circumstance of Red Sox games being regularly broadcast into part of the New York Yankees' main market; similarly, Yankees flagship station WPIX was carried by Boston area cable systems). WSBK's coverage of the Boston Bruins also made it a favorite superstation on Canadian cable providers, along with WOR (at the time, WOR was televising away games of all three New York-area NHL teams, the New York Islanders, the New York Rangers and the New Jersey Devils).

When the FCC's syndication exclusivity rules (or "Syndex") were strengthened in the early 1990s, distribution of all out-of-market station signals were hampered. The rule protected stations in local markets from out-of-market competition by superstations that aired identical syndicated programming. Any station could file with cable providers for "protection" and the provider would have to black out the offending station for periods of time. The management of this "blocking" would prove so cumbersome that many cable providers began dropping distant signals such as WSBK and effectively stopped most superstation distribution. Distributors such as Eastern Microwave attempted to make it easier for cable providers by substituting shows that could not be blocked, but the damage had already been done by then.

WSBK began operating on a 24-hour schedule in the late 1970s, only to revert to late-night signoffs by the early 1980s. Besides its status as a sports powerhouse, WSBK made a name for itself when it created The Movie Loft, one of the first "hosted movie" franchises on television, long before it became a staple on cable. The program aired syndicated movies with interstitial program elements hosted by Dana Hersey. Part of the program's marketing was that it aired only "unedited" movies. The Movie Loft tested that on several occasions airing movies such as The Deer Hunter, The Boys in the Band and 48 Hrs. without editing for inappropriate content or length. In the mid-1980s, WSBK dropped the midday movie to make room for more sitcoms. For a few years, WSBK signed off at 1 a.m. or 2 am, but began operating 24 hours a day (except on early Monday mornings) by the end of the decade. Although it was one of the strongest independent stations in the nation, WSBK turned down an offer to affiliate with the upstart Fox network in 1986. This may have been because most of the markets in channel 38's cable footprint had enough stations to provide Fox affiliates at the outset, making the prospect of WSBK as a multistate Fox affiliate unattractive to Storer/KKR. The Fox affiliation for the market went to WFXT in 1987 after News Corp acquired the station from CBN.

Kohlberg Kravis Roberts bought WSBK and most of Storer's other stations in 1985. At this time, ownership was officially under the KKR subsidiary of New Boston Television, although Storer was still referenced on-air as being the parent company of WSBK. KKR later sold most of its stations to Gillett Communications. When Gillett defaulted on some of the financing agreements in the early 1990s, the ownership was restructured and the company was renamed SCI Television. Eventually, SCI ran into fiscal issues, and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1993. As a result, WSBK was sold in a group deal to New World Communications that year.

Sale to Paramount and affiliation with UPN (1995–2006)
In 1994, New World made a landmark deal with Fox to switch most of its CBS-, ABC-, and NBC-affiliated stations to Fox. WSBK remained an independent station and was eventually put up for sale again to protect existing affiliate WFXT (channel 25), which Fox would acquire soon afterward. (WSBK would not have been beneficial to Fox, as it was a UHF station—the New World stations that switched to Fox had broadcast on VHF channels between 2 and 13—and, also unlike its sister stations, it did not have a news department.) Channel 38 was then sold to the Paramount Stations Group, controlled by Paramount Pictures (which would become a subsidiary of Viacom that same year) and became a charter affiliate of the United Paramount Network (UPN) on January 16, 1995; that June, the longtime "TV 38" branding was retired and changed to "UPN 38". In 1996, Viacom acquired a 50% ownership stake in the network from Chris-Craft Industries, which effectively made WSBK-TV a UPN owned-and-operated station.

Originally, WSBK continued to essentially program under the conventions of an independent station as UPN would not run five nights a week of programming until 1998. While the affiliation did not result in immediate changes to the rest of its lineup outside of prime time, WSBK began incorporating more talk and reality shows by 1997, with older shows being gradually phased out. The Movie Loft was discontinued as a result of host Dana Hersey's retirement, as well as declining ratings for the program as the movie packages that the station acquired were of a lesser quality than in previous years. WSBK later revived the genre with The UPN 38 Movie House, hosted by actor and comedian Brian Frates and Movie Night (co-hosted by Dan and Dave Andelman); in the early 2000s, it also attempted a revival of The Movie Loft hosted by Skip Kelly. The station also began to decrease its telecasts of local professional sports events. For some time after affiliating with UPN, WSBK continued to air primarily cartoons and classic sitcoms. In late 1999, WSBK was lowered to only a morning cartoon block, a major amount of talk and reality shows during the midday and afternoon hours, and more recent sitcoms in the evening along with UPN shows. The station stopped carrying cartoons in 2003, around the same time that UPN discontinued the Disney's One Too block. By 2002, the station was running a blend of talk shows, court shows, and reality shows from 9 a.m. through the late afternoon, with recent off-network sitcoms continuing in the evenings. Movies were also cut back, and were generally relegated to weekends only. However, one tradition that remained on WSBK was the Sunday morning run of The Three Stooges (until 2022, as detailed further below).

In 2000, after Viacom merged with the previous CBS Corporation—which created a duopoly with WBZ-TV, WSBK moved out of its longtime home on Leo Birmingham Parkway in Brighton and integrated its operations into WBZ-TV's facility nearby. The former WSBK studio facility is now occupied by four Boston radio stations that, until 2017, were owned by former corporate sibling CBS Radio (now Audacy). Under CBS, WSBK began sharing some first-run syndicated programs with WBZ-TV. In 2001, WSBK became the Boston home for the game shows Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!—unusual for a UPN or independent station (Wheel and Jeopardy! had previously run on WHDH-TV). In 2009, both shows moved to WBZ-TV, swapping stations with The Insider and Entertainment Tonight, with management citing the game shows' older-skewing demographics as more closely fitting WBZ, and the younger audiences for the entertainment news programs more closely fitting WSBK.

First return to independent status (2006–2011)
On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation (which spun off from Viacom two months earlier) and the Warner Bros. unit of Time Warner announced that the two companies would shut down The WB and UPN and combine the networks' respective programming to create a new "fifth" network called The CW. Even though WSBK is owned by The CW's part-owner CBS, then-WB affiliate WLVI—owned at the time by Tribune Broadcasting (which sold that station to WHDH owner Sunbeam Television that September)—was announced as The CW's Boston outlet through an affiliation agreement that signed 16 of Tribune's 19 WB stations as charter affiliates. It would not have been an upset if WSBK had been chosen as Boston's CW affiliate, as representatives for The CW had been on record as preferring the "strongest" WB and UPN affiliates, and Boston was one of the few markets where the WB and UPN affiliates both had relatively strong viewership.

On February 22, 2006, News Corporation announced the launch of MyNetworkTV, another new broadcast television network to be operated by its Fox Television Stations and Twentieth Television divisions. WSBK was considered the favorite to become the network's Boston affiliate, but CBS Television Stations announced that May, that channel 38, along with WBFS-TV in Miami, would instead become independent stations. Although WBFS ultimately signed with MyNetworkTV, the MyNetworkTV affiliation in the Boston market eventually went to Derry, New Hampshire-based independent station WZMY-TV (channel 50, now WWJE-DT).

WSBK-TV officially reverted to the "TV 38" branding on September 6, 2006, and also revived its former Entertaining Boston slogan; the station continued to carry UPN programming until the network shut down on September 15. After the station reverted to independent status, WSBK's prime time lineup was filled by first-run syndicated programs (initially a second run of Dr. Phil at 8 p.m. and a second run of Jeopardy! at 9 pm), and a WBZ-produced 9:30 p.m. newscast. The station adopted a new ad campaign entitled Hello in September 2009, where the majority of station promotion is centered around the word "hello"; this new campaign also brought forth a mascot called the TV 38 Blockhead.

Switch to MyNetworkTV (2011–2022)
On June 15, 2011, WBIN-TV (the former WZMY-TV) announced that it would end its affiliation with MyNetworkTV that September to become an independent station. CBS Television Stations subsequently signed an affiliation agreement with the programming service five days later, on June 20, 2011, to move its Boston area affiliation to WSBK. It is believed that CBS' initial decision to deny its larger UPN stations affiliation agreements with MyNetworkTV was in retaliation against Fox for refusing to affiliate any of its UPN affiliates in markets where CBS Corporation or Tribune did not already sign deals to carry The CW with that network. WSBK affiliated with MyNetworkTV on September 19, 2011 (joining Miami sister station WBFS-TV as one of two CBS-owned stations to maintain an affiliation with the service). The station's branding was amended to "myTV38", in accordance to the new affiliation.

Second return to independent status (2022–present)
On September 19, 2022, WSBK-TV reverted to being an independent station, ending its affiliation with MyNetworkTV and leaving the programming service without an outlet in the Boston market. In preparation for the move, earlier in the month, the station returned its TV38 moniker for the third time, along with its post-UPN "circle 38" logo. Also, in September 2022, the 50-year contract to air the Three Stooges' film shorts expired; WSBK wanted to renew the contract or sign a new one, but Sony Pictures (owner of the Stooges' shorts) refused; there has not been New Year's Eve Three Stooges marathons since December 31, 2021.

Programming
WSBK-TV occasionally takes on the responsibility of airing CBS network programming whenever WBZ-TV runs extended breaking news coverage or special programming. Examples of this practice include during the Boston Marathon, and more recently in 2009, during New England Patriots pre-season games as well as the passing of Senator Ted Kennedy and his sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver.

Sports
In terms of sports, WSBK was the longtime television home of the Boston Red Sox and Boston Bruins. WSBK became the Red Sox's over-air flagship station in 1975 and remained so for 20 years until it lost the broadcast rights to WABU (channel 68, now WBPX-TV) in 1996. After a seven-season hiatus, WSBK (in partnership with sister station WBZ-TV) resumed its role as the Red Sox flagship station, replacing WFXT, in 2003; however, channel 38 only broadcast the team's Friday night games. Most games were carried by the New England Sports Network (NESN), which aired the Friday night games outside of the Boston television market, effectively blacking out WSBK in these areas (the Red Sox hold an 80% ownership interest in NESN). Among the nationally prominent announcers that have performed play-by-play duties for the station's Red Sox games include Dick Stockton and Sean McDonough. WBZ stopped broadcasting the games after the 2004 season, and WSBK would cease airing games itself following the 2005 season, rendering the team's game telecasts cable-exclusive.

WSBK was also the over-the-air flagship of the Boston Bruins for more than 30 years. Its broadcasts were considered important enough to the station, especially in the 1970s when the Bruins were one of the perennially elite teams in the National Hockey League and enormously popular in Boston, that WSBK's then-owners Storer Broadcasting purchased and owned the Bruins for several years. The announcers for most of the Bruins games were hall-of-famer Fred Cusick (on play-by-play) and Johnny Peirson (on color commentary), who was later succeeded by Dave Shea and former Bruin Derek Sanderson; Dale Arnold called the play-by-play in later years. As with the Red Sox, Bruins coverage gradually moved to NESN. Nearly all home games were broadcast on NESN starting in 1984, and coverage left WSBK entirely in 2002.

In addition, WSBK became the over-the-air home of the Boston Celtics in 1993, replacing WFXT (which the team had owned at that time). It lost the broadcast rights in 1998 to WABU. All Celtics games not on national television are now broadcast on NBC Sports Boston. From 2005 until 2019, WSBK carried Atlantic Coast Conference college football and basketball games produced and syndicated by Raycom Sports (through its ACC Network package), after Boston College's move to the conference created regional interest for the ACC; the package ended as a result of ESPN launching an ACC Network cable channel.

In 2007, Major League Soccer announced that WSBK would become the exclusive carrier of the New England Revolution, replacing WLVI and FSN New England. After three seasons, the Revolution moved their non-nationally televised games to Comcast SportsNet New England (the former FSN New England and current NBC Sports Boston) in 2010; in 2021, the club moved its telecasts back to WSBK as part of a partnership with sister station WBZ-TV. WSBK and WBZ lost their local rights to Revolution games in 2023, when all MLS broadcasts shifted over to MLS Season Pass, a new subscription service hosted on Apple TV.

In December 2007, WSBK produced the first ever over-the-air television broadcasts of the Eastern Massachusetts High-School Football Super Bowl games, broadcasting three of the seven divisional championship contests (the other four aired on Comcast SportsNet New England). This arrangement continued through 2012;, the six statewide state championship games air on Comcast SportsNet New England. Starting in 2009, audio-only simulcasts of these games began airing on then-sister radio station WBZ-FM (98.5 MHz). The station previously aired sports replay programs called Red Sox This Week and Patriots This Week during their respective seasons; the latter program has since moved to Comcast SportsNet New England. The station broadcasts the "Fifth Quarter" postgame shows after 4:25 p.m. ET Patriots' games (due partly to WBZ's network commitments with CBS to broadcast 60 Minutes), as well as 1 p.m. Patriots games on weeks in which CBS is airing a doubleheader.

Local programming
One of WSBK's most remembered past programs was the informative and often amusing series Ask the Manager, created by then-general manager William J. Flynn in the mid-1970s. Each week Flynn, and later his successors Joseph C. Dimino, Daniel J. Berkery and Stuart Tauber would answer viewer questions on-air. The letters were read each week for many years by the station's announcer and host Dana Hersey. Other letter-readers included Sean McDonough and Carla Nolan. Meg LaVigne and Leslie Savage occasionally substituted in the manager's chair. The program's producer, Cliff Allen, was often referred to when off-camera, but did substitute as letter reader on many occasions. Allen died just weeks before Ask the Manager broadcast its final show in January 1999; the series finale was dedicated to his memory. Though it was long hampered by poor viewership, the show became a cult favorite. There were other attempts at local programs on WSBK through the years with shows such as We Don't Knock, A.M. Boston, and Hersey's Hollywood.

From May 2001 to August 2004, WSBK had rights to Lottery Live, the nightly broadcasts of the Massachusetts State Lottery games. After the station moved into WBZ's studios, WSBK continued to broadcast the drawings. This was because WBZ had the games to itself for three years prior to the move. When WSBK's contract expired, the lottery drawings were moved to WCVB-TV (channel 5).

WSBK broadcasts Phantom Gourmet on weekends depending on the station's programming commitments; a half-hour version of the show has also aired at noon on weekdays since 2009; reruns began to air in prime time in 2022 with the MyNetworkTV disaffiliation. In 2007, WSBK revived Community Auditions, the local talent competition program that had run on WBZ-TV from 1965 to 1986. With series creator and former host Dave Maynard as a consultant (until his death in February 2012), the new Community Auditions is hosted by WJMN-FM (94.5) radio DJ Ramiro, with former WBZ entertainment reporter Joyce Kulhawik, WMJX (106.7 FM)'s Candy O'Terry and WODS's J.J. Wright as judges. Originally airing Fridays at 9:30 p.m. during its first four years, WSBK moved the program to Saturdays at midnight for a few months in the fall of 2011, before shifting it to Sundays at noon in February 2012. Community Auditions is also syndicated to WWLP in Springfield and WPXT in Portland, Maine, and is rebroadcast on WBZ-TV on Saturdays at midnight and Sundays at 1 a.m.

Newscasts
As WIHS-TV, the station had a small news operation, featuring former WBZ-TV anchor Victor Best. After becoming WSBK-TV, the station considered producing a local, in-house 10 p.m. newscast in the 1970s. However, Storer received indications that such a venture would get low ratings and lose money, leading it to conclude that there was no market for a local 10 p.m. newscast in Boston. As a result, unlike most top-rated independents in markets of its size, channel 38 never had a news department in its incarnation as WSBK.

In 1980, WSBK did begin running a nationally syndicated newscast for independent stations, Independent Network News, which was produced by New York City's WPIX and distributed by its owner Tribune Broadcasting. INN did not do well in Boston; part of the reason for the low ratings was that the newscast sometimes aired late due to Red Sox or Bruins games, putting it in direct competition with the 11 p.m. newscasts on WBZ-TV, WCVB-TV, and WNAC-TV/WNEV-TV. After 1984, it also faced competition from a local 10 p.m. newscast on WLVI-TV. In January 1986, the weeknight INN broadcasts moved to WLVI, airing after that station's 10 p.m. news—before INN was dropped by the station after one year (it was not acquired by another station in the Boston market).

WSBK finally launched a 10 p.m. local newscast on October 25, 1993, by way of the WBZ-produced WBZ News 4 on TV 38, competing against both WLVI and a New England Cable News (NECN)-produced program on WFXT; this program was canceled on August 6, 1995, soon after the sale of WSBK to Paramount, as it was felt that the WBZ News 4 branding was incompatible with the then-new "UPN 38" brand. Rumors soon spread that NECN would move its 10 p.m. newscast from WFXT to WSBK; on October 2, 1995, the day after NECN's contract with WFXT expired, the regional news channel began producing UPN 38 Prime News. Lila Orbach was the original sole anchor, reprising her role on the WFXT newscast, eventually, Margie Reedy and R. D. Sahl (who were formerly paired as anchors during their tenures at WHDH-TV) took over for the remainder of its run. This newscast generally trailed both WLVI's program and, starting in 1996, an in-house newscast on WFXT; on October 4, 1998, WSBK discontinued UPN 38 Prime News to refocus towards sports and entertainment shows (around the same time, sister UPN stations KSTW in Seattle and WTOG in Tampa canceled their own in-house newscasts, while KMAX-TV in Sacramento downsized to focus on morning news), though NECN continued to produce news updates within Bruins telecasts during the 1998–1999 season. The station replaced the 10 p.m. newscast with a two-hour late-evening comedy lineup (including Cheers and Mad About You), promoted in the fall of 1998 as Laughter Dark.

After Viacom merged with CBS, putting WSBK and WBZ-TV under the same ownership, WBZ once again began producing a newscast for the station starting in 2001. On September 3, WSBK debuted a 7 p.m. newscast; initially called  THE 7 O'Clock News on UPN 38 (always emphasizing "the"), it was later rebranded as WBZ 4 News at 7 O'Clock. This newscast was replaced on March 29, 2002, by a new 10 p.m. newscast, titled Nightcast at 10 on UPN 38, which launched on April 1. On September 16, 2002, an hour-long extension of WBZ-TV's weekday morning newscast was added at 7 am, known as The Morning News on UPN 38.

WSBK dropped Nightcast on January 16, 2005, and turned its attention to the morning newscast, which was relaunched as The Morning Show on April 4. On September 12, the program began airing 8 to 9 a.m. to make room for the first two hours of the nationally syndicated morning show, The Daily Buzz. The Morning Show aired its last broadcast on June 30, 2006, The Daily Buzz was dropped at the same time (it would return to the market in January 2011 on WLVI, and later moved to WBIN-TV).

When WSBK became an independent station for the second time, WBZ-TV began to produce a weeknight newscast called TV 38 News at 9:30, the newscast was then moved up a half-hour to 9 p.m. on April 23, 2007, retitled as TV 38 News at 9, and switching time slots with a second run of Jeopardy! On August 25, 2008, the newscast became known as WBZ News on TV 38 (on occasion, it is also referred to as WBZ News at 9); it now mirrors the news programs that air on WBZ-TV, as had been the case with 10 p.m. broadcast that WBZ produced in the mid-1990s and the former 7 p.m. newscast. On December 12, 2008, the newscast began to be broadcast in high definition after WBZ upgraded its newscasts to the format. For a period starting in late-August 2009, WSBK also ran a rebroadcast of WBZ-TV's noon newscast at 12:30 pm; this was subsequently replaced with Judge Judy. When the station joined MyNetworkTV, WSBK moved the prime time newscast back to 10 p.m. on September 19, 2011; the newscast is now referred to as WBZ News at 10. On September 29, 2014, the 10 p.m. newscast was now an hour long. As of August 29, 2016, the newscast is being seen at 8 pm. On September 24, 2019, as part of the launch of CBSN Boston, the 8 p.m. newscast was moved to that service, while retaining a simulcast on WSBK-TV. On July 18, 2022, a 10 newscast was reintroduced under the CBS News Now format; the 8 p.m. newscast was not affected. On August 31, 2023, the 10 p.m. newscast was cancelled, following the end of the CBS News Now format across CBS-owned duopoly stations and standalone CW affiliates that became independent the next day; as replacement, on September 1, a new 9 p.m. newscast from WBZ News was introduced to WSBK, serving as extension to the 8 p.m. newscast.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
WSBK-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 38, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 39, using virtual channel 38.

title: WSBK-TV


text: User talk:84.245.187.75

title: User talk:84.245.187.75


text:
Time derivative

A time derivative is a derivative of a function with respect to time, usually interpreted as the rate of change of the value of the function. The variable denoting time is usually written as $$t$$.

Notation
A variety of notations are used to denote the time derivative. In addition to the normal (Leibniz's) notation,

 * $$\frac {dx} {dt}$$

A very common short-hand notation used, especially in physics, is the 'over-dot'. I.E.

 * $$\dot{x}$$

(This is called Newton's notation)

Higher time derivatives are also used: the second derivative with respect to time is written as

 * $$\frac {d^2x} {dt^2}$$

with the corresponding shorthand of $$\ddot{x}$$.

As a generalization, the time derivative of a vector, say:

 * $$ \mathbf v = \left[ v_1,\ v_2,\ v_3, \ldots \right] $$

is defined as the vector whose components are the derivatives of the components of the original vector. That is,

 * $$ \frac {d \mathbf v } {dt} = \left[ \frac{ d v_1 }{dt},\frac {d v_2 }{dt},\frac {d  v_3 }{dt}, \ldots \right]  . $$

Use in physics
Time derivatives are a key concept in physics. For example, for a changing position $$x$$, its time derivative $$\dot{x}$$ is its velocity, and its second derivative with respect to time, $$\ddot{x}$$, is its acceleration. Even higher derivatives are sometimes also used: the third derivative of position with respect to time is known as the jerk. See motion graphs and derivatives.

A large number of fundamental equations in physics involve first or second time derivatives of quantities. Many other fundamental quantities in science are time derivatives of one another: and so on.
 * force is the time derivative of momentum
 * power is the time derivative of energy
 * electric current is the time derivative of electric charge

A common occurrence in physics is the time derivative of a vector, such as velocity or displacement. In dealing with such a derivative, both magnitude and orientation may depend upon time.

Example: circular motion
For example, consider a particle moving in a circular path. Its position is given by the displacement vector $$r=x\hat{\imath}+y\hat{\jmath}$$, related to the angle, θ, and radial distance, r, as defined in the figure:

 * $$\begin{align}

x &= r \cos(\theta) \\ y &= r \sin(\theta) \end{align}$$

For this example, we assume that θ = t. Hence, the displacement (position) at any time t is given by
 * $$\mathbf{r}(t) = r\cos(t)\hat{\imath}+r\sin(t)\hat{\jmath}$$

This form shows the motion described by r(t) is in a circle of radius r because the magnitude of r(t) is given by
 * $$|\mathbf{r}(t)| = \sqrt{\mathbf{r}(t) \cdot \mathbf{r}(t)}=\sqrt {x(t)^2 + y(t)^2 } = r\, \sqrt{\cos^2(t) + \sin^2(t)} = r$$

using the trigonometric identity sin2(t) + cos2(t) = 1 and where $$\cdot$$ is the usual Euclidean dot product.

With this form for the displacement, the velocity now is found. The time derivative of the displacement vector is the velocity vector. In general, the derivative of a vector is a vector made up of components each of which is the derivative of the corresponding component of the original vector. Thus, in this case, the velocity vector is:

\begin{align} \mathbf{v}(t) = \frac {d\,\mathbf{r}(t) }{dt} &= r \left[\frac{d\, \cos(t)}{dt}, \frac{d\, \sin(t)}{dt} \right] \\ &= r\ [ -\sin(t),\ \cos(t)] \\ &= [-y (t), x(t)]. \end{align}$$

Thus the velocity of the particle is nonzero even though the magnitude of the position (that is, the radius of the path) is constant. The velocity is directed perpendicular to the displacement, as can be established using the dot product:
 * $$\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{r} = [-y, x] \cdot [x, y] = -yx + xy = 0\, . $$

Acceleration is then the time-derivative of velocity:
 * $$\mathbf{a}(t) = \frac {d\, \mathbf{v}(t)}{dt} = [-x(t), -y(t)] = -\mathbf{r}(t)\, .$$

The acceleration is directed inward, toward the axis of rotation. It points opposite to the position vector and perpendicular to the velocity vector. This inward-directed acceleration is called centripetal acceleration.

In differential geometry
In differential geometry, quantities are often expressed with respect to the local covariant basis, $$\mathbf{e}_i $$, where i ranges over the number of dimensions. The components of a vector $$\mathbf{U} $$ expressed this way transform as a contravariant tensor, as shown in the expression $$\mathbf{U}=U^i\mathbf{e}_i $$, invoking Einstein summation convention. If we want to calculate the time derivatives of these components along a trajectory, so that we have $$\mathbf{U}(t)=U^i(t)\mathbf{e}_i(t) $$, we can define a new operator, the invariant derivative $$\delta $$, which will continue to return contravariant tensors:

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{\delta U^i}{\delta t}      = \frac{d U^i}{d t} + V^j\Gamma^i_{jk} U^k \\ \end{align}$$

where $$V^j=\frac{d x^j}{d t} $$ (with $$x^j$$ being the jth coordinate) captures the components of the velocity in the local covariant basis, and $$ \Gamma^i_{jk} $$ are the Christoffel symbols for the coordinate system. Note that explicit dependence on t has been repressed in the notation. We can then write:

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{d \mathbf{U}}{d t}      = \frac{\delta U^i}{\delta t} \mathbf{e}_i \\ \end{align}$$

as well as:

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{d^2 \mathbf{U}}{d t^2} = \frac{\delta^2 U^i}{\delta t^2} \mathbf{e}_i \\ \end{align}$$

In terms of the covariant derivative, $$\nabla_{j}$$, we have:

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{\delta U^i}{\delta t}      = V^j \nabla_{j} U^i \\ \end{align}$$

Use in economics
In economics, many theoretical models of the evolution of various economic variables are constructed in continuous time and therefore employ time derivatives. One situation involves a stock variable and its time derivative, a flow variable. Examples include:
 * The flow of net fixed investment is the time derivative of the capital stock.
 * The flow of inventory investment is the time derivative of the stock of inventories.
 * The growth rate of the money supply is the time derivative of the money supply divided by the money supply itself.

Sometimes the time derivative of a flow variable can appear in a model:
 * The growth rate of output is the time derivative of the flow of output divided by output itself.
 * The growth rate of the labor force is the time derivative of the labor force divided by the labor force itself.

And sometimes there appears a time derivative of a variable which, unlike the examples above, is not measured in units of currency:
 * The time derivative of a key interest rate can appear.
 * The inflation rate is the growth rate of the price level—that is, the time derivative of the price level divided by the price level itself.

title: Time derivative


text: User talk:Duke2005

title: User talk:Duke2005


text:
File:Radio Electronics Cover Sept 1973.jpg

Summary
Radio-Electronics, September 1973, Volume 44, Number 9

Gernsback Publications, Inc. Publisher: M. Harvey Gernsback, Editor: Larry Steckler, Cover Photo by Walter Herstatt

TV Typewriter, by Don Lancaster. The device could display 2 pages of 16 lines of 32 upper-case characters on any TV screen. This challenging project could be built for around $120 of parts. The circuit boards were available from Southwest Technical Products for $33. The article (on pages 43-52) gives a description of the features and circuit. Readers could order a 16 page booklet for $2.00 that showed complete schematics and printed circuit board layouts. Thousands were sold. The unit on the cover shows a keyboard from the February 1973 issue. Another TV Typewriter prototype is shown on page 45.

"A giant step toward the realization of the personal-computer dream happened in 1973, when Radio Electronics published an article by Don Lancaster that described a "TV Typewriter." -

Hugo Gernsback started Radio Craft in 1929. The magazine became Radio-Electronics in 1948 and then Electronics Now in 1992. It was published until December 1999 when it merged with Popular Electronics to become Poptronics.

This 8.25 by 11.25 inch (21 by 28 cm) magazine has 110 pages. The monthly paid circulation was about 160,000.

Source: This cover was scanned by User:Swtpc6800 on an Epson Perfection 1240U at 300 ppi with half-tone de-screening enabled and stored as TIFF. The image was touched up in Adobe Photoshop Elements 3.0 and this copy saved as a 36 ppi JPEG.

Fair Use in TV Typewriter

 * The TV Typewriter project is considered a milestone in the personal computer revolution. The prototype is on display in the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.
 * Don Lancaster would write 3 books on low cost computer displays.
 * This issue shows the cover style in the early 1970s. The subtitle "For Men with Ideas in Electronics" was used from July 1970 to early 1974.
 * The TV Typewriter on the cover shows the hand made keyboard project from the February 1973 issue of Radio-Electronics.
 * The cover photo shows how compact the TV Typewriter was.
 * The resolution is the minimum to show the text on the TV screen.

 * There is no free equivalent of a magazine cover, so the image cannot be replaced by a free image.

The copyright for Radio-Electronics is held by Poptronix Inc.


text:
James Blundell (physician)

James Blundell (27 December 1790, in Holborn, London – 15 January 1878, in St George Hanover Square, London) was an English obstetrician who performed the first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient for treatment of a haemorrhage.

Early years
James Blundell was born in London. His father's name was Major Blundell and mother was Sarah Ann Haighton. Major owned a company called Major Blundell and Co. Haberdashers, and Drapers in London.

Like his uncle, who had developed several instruments still used today for the delivery of babies, James specialized in the field of obstetrics. Later he graduated from the University of Edinburgh Medical School with his MD in 1813. A year later he began his career in London by lecturing on midwifery and physiology. By 1818, he succeeded his uncle and became the lecturer on both subjects at Guy's Hospital where his classes on obstetrics and the diseases of women were reported to be the largest in London.

Blood transfusion work
In 1818, Blundell proposed that a blood transfusion would be appropriate to treat severe postpartum hemorrhage. He had seen many of his patients dying in childbirth, and determined to develop a remedy. However, he was also familiar with the work of Leacock in Edinburgh, who said that the transfer of blood from one species would be harmful to another. Therefore, Blundell conducted a series of experiments using animals, and observed that as long as the blood was transfused quickly, a transfusion would be successful with a syringe even after it had been collected in a container. He also discovered the importance of letting all the air out of a syringe prior to the transfusion. Blundell performed the first successful human to human transfusion in 1818. In 1829, he reported this transfusion in an article in the medical journal Lancet. Dr. Blundell extracted four ounces of blood from the arm of the patient's husband using a syringe, and successfully transfused it into the patient. Over the course of five years, he conducted ten documented blood transfusions, five of which were beneficial to the patients, and published these results. During his life he also devised many instruments for the transfusion of blood, many of which are still in use today.

He became the author of Researches Physiological and Pathological in 1824 and wrote two papers on abdominal surgery and blood transfusion, both edited by S. Ashwell. Later publications include Principles and Practice of Obstetricy in 1834 and Observations on some of the More Important Diseases of Women in 1837. In using the uterine sound for diagnostic purposes, he was considered more advanced than other obstetricians of the day.

Later life
He left Guy's in 1834 following a dispute with the hospital treasurer. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1838, and later published Hexametrical Experiments, or, A version of four of Virgil's pastorals... with hints to explain the method of reading, and a slight essay on the laws of metre that year.

Dr. Blundell never married, but lived with his grand niece Mary Ann Harriet Noyes. From the 1871 British Census, we know he was living at 80 Piccadilly in London, but he also had a home in Westminster at No. 1 Great George Street.

Dr. Blundell retired from practice in 1847. In his final years, it is said that he never rose before noon, saw patients in the afternoon, dined and then saw more patients after 8 or 9 pm. He always carried books with him, and was able to read them in his carriage by the installation of a special light.

Death
James Blundell died on 15 January 1878 in London, aged 87. His will, dated 11 April 1857 with a codicil of 27 March 1876, was proven on 29 January by his nephew Dr. George Augustus Frederick Wilks. His estate was valued at £350,000 at the time, today equivalent of over £45,000,000. The fortune had been amassed by his large private practice and significant bequests. Much of it was left to his niece Sarah Haighton Noyes (née Wilks) whose husband Henry Crine Noyes had died five years earlier.

title: James Blundell (physician)


text:
John La Montaine

John Maynard La Montaine, also later LaMontaine, (March 17, 1920 – April 29, 2013) was an American pianist and composer, born in Oak Park, Illinois, who won the 1959 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his Piano Concerto No. 1 "In Time of War" (1958), which was premiered by Jorge Bolet.

His teachers included Howard Hanson, Bernard Rogers, and Nadia Boulanger. His works have been performed by Leontyne Price, Jessye Norman, Adele Addison, Donald Graham, Robert Silverman, Eleanor Steber and Jorge Bolet.

In honor of the American Bicentennial celebration in 1976, he was commissioned to create a choral work for the Penn State Institute for Arts and Humanistic Studies. The opera, entitled Be Glad Then America, was performed by the University Choirs, under the direction of Sarah Caldwell. The folk singer Odetta appeared as the Muse for America.

La Montaine lived in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. His publishing company, Fredonia Press, is named for the street on which he lived. His business partner was the composer and pianist Paul J. Sifler (1911–2001).

Selected works

 * Opera
 * Novellis, Novellis, a Pageant Opera for narrator, soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op. 31 (1961); libretto adapted by the composer from the Bible, 2 medieval miracle plays, and the Latin liturgy. Premiered December 2, 1962 in Cleveland's Church of the Covenant, followed by performances two days later in New York City's Riverside Church in a Union Theological Seminary production, players included Mac Morgan, Stanley Kole, Maria Di Garlando, Ara Berberian, Charles Bressler, Naomi Farr, and Elaine Bonazzi.
 * The Shephardes Playe, a Pagaent Opera for Christmas, Op. 38 (1967); libretto adapted by the composer from 4 medieval Corpus Christi plays; televised in 1968
 * Erode the Greate, a Pageant Opera in 2 acts, Op. 40 (1969); libretto adapted by the composer from the Bible, medieval miracle plays, and the Latin liturgy
 * Be Glad Then, America, a Decent Entertainment from the Thirteen Colonies, Op. 43 (1974–75); libretto by the composer from historical sources

 * Orchestral
 * Canons, Op. 10a (1965); original version for piano solo
 * Recitative, Aria, and Finale for string orchestra, Op. 16a (1965)
 * Jubilant Overture, Op. 20 (1959)
 * Colloquy for string orchestra, Op. 21 (1965)
 * Passacaglia and Fugue for string orchestra, Op. 21a
 * Symphony No. 1, Op. 28 (1957)
 * Let My Beloved Come into His Garden, Interlude from The Song of Songs, Op. 29a (1965); adapted from the song cycle Fragments from the Song of Songs, Op. 29
 * From Sea to Shining Sea, Overture, Op. 30 (1961)
 * A Summer's Day, a Sonnet for chamber orchestra, Op. 32 (1962); after a sonnet of William Shakespeare; also arranged for piano
 * Canticle, Op. 33 (1965)
 * Nightwings (1966)
 * Five Sonnets after Shakespeare (1974); original for voice and piano
 * Incantation for jazz band, Op. 39 (1968)
 * Lexington Green, March "Based on Tunes of William Billings (1746–1800)" for band or orchestra (1974)
 * Be Glad Then, America, Overture: an Early American Sampler, Op. 43 (1975); overture to the opera
 * Concerto for string orchestra, Op. 51 (1981); based on the String Quartet, Op. 16 (1965)

 * Concertante
 * Concerto No. 1 In Time of War for piano and orchestra, Op. 9 (1958). Premiered by Jorge Bolet and the National Symphony Orchestra under Howard Mitchell.
 * Ode for oboe and orchestra, Op. 11 (1952)
 * Birds Of Paradise: On the Infinite Efflorescence of Living Things for piano and orchestra, Op. 34 (1964)
 * Concerto for flute and orchestra, Op. 48 (1980)
 * Symphonic Variations for piano and orchestra, Op. 50 (1982)
 * Concerto No. 2 Transformations for piano and orchestra, Op. 55 (1987)
 * Concerto No. 3 Children's Games for piano and orchestra (1985)
 * Concerto No. 4 for piano and orchestra, Op. 59 (1989)

 * Chamber and instrumental music
 * Sonata for cello and piano, Op. 8 (1950)
 * String Quartet, Op. 16 (1965)
 * Sonata for flute solo, Op. 24 (1957)
 * Quartet for Woodwinds for flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon, Op. 24a (1969); melodic material based on the Sonata for flute solo, Op. 24
 * Conversations for clarinet (or viola, or violin, or flute, or trombone, or marimba) and piano, Op. 42 (1977)
 * Scherzo for 4 trombones (1977)
 * 12 Studies for 2 flutes, Op. 46 (1979)
 * Canonic Variations for flute and clarinet, Op. 47 (1980)
 * 2 Scenes from the Song of Solomon for flute and piano, Op. 49 (1978) or flute and 2 violins, viola, cello, double bass, piano and percussion (1980); adapted from the song cycle Fragments from the Song of Songs, Op. 29
 * Come into My Garden, Interlude
 * My Beloved, Let Us Go Forth

 * Sonata for piccolo and piano, Op. 61 (1993)

 * Organ
 * Even Song (1962)
 * Processional (1964)
 * Of That Hallowed Season, Op. 57 (1954, 1987); adapted from Songs of the Nativity, Op. 13

 * Piano
 * Toccata, Op. 1 (1957)
 * Sonata, Op. 3 (1950)
 * A Child's Picture Book, Op. 7 (1957)
 * Birds (1957)
 * Questioning (1957); adapted from Sonata for flute solo
 * Sparklers (1957)
 * Venice West, Blues (1962)
 * 12 Relationships, a Set of Canons, Op. 10 (1965); also orchestrated
 * Fuguing Set, Op. 14 (1965)
 * 6 Dance Preludes, Op. 18 (1964)
 * Sonata for piano 4-hands, Op. 25 (1965)
 * Copycats, Canons in 5-Finger Position for the Young Pianist, Op. 26 (1957)
 * A Summer's Day, Op. 32a (1962); after a sonnet of William Shakespeare; original version for chamber orchestra
 * Jugoslav Dance (1974)
 * Sketches for 2 pianos, Op. 56 (1985)
 * Variations: Patriotic Thoughts and Much Loved Hymns, Op. 67 (2005)

 * Vocal
 * 4 Songs for high voice, piano, and violin or flute, Op. 2 (1950); words by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Ross Rosazza, William Wordsworth and anonymous
 * Invocation for medium voice and piano, Op. 4 (1950); words by the composer
 * Songs of the Rose of Sharon, Cycle of Songs for soprano and orchestra, Op. 6 (1947); words based on Chapter Two of the Song of Songs. Premiered in 1958 by Leontyne Price and the National Symphony Orchestra under Howard Mitchell.
 * Birds' Courting Song, American Folk Song for medium voice and piano (1954)
 * A Child's Prayer, Song for medium voice and piano (1956); traditional words
 * 5 [6] Sonnets of Shakespeare for voice and piano, Op. 12 (1957); words by William Shakespeare
 * Songs of the Nativity, a Cycle of Christmas Songs for medium voice with organ and optional bells, Op. 13a (1954, 1963)
 * 3 Poems of Holly Beye for medium voice and piano, Op. 15 (1954); words by Holly Beye
 * Fragments from the Song of Songs, Song Cycle for soprano and orchestra, Op. 29 (1959)
 * Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening for voice and piano (1963); words by Robert Frost
 * The Lord Is My Shepherd, Psalm 23 for voice with English horn, harp and string orchestra, Op. 36 No. 2 (1968)
 * Wilderness Journal, Symphony [No. 2] for bass-baritone, organ and orchestra, Op. 41 (1970–1971); based on texts from the essays and journals of Henry David Thoreau
 * Prayer for Evening for medium voice and organ (1973); words from the Episcopal Book of Common Prayer
 * 3 English Folk Songs for voice and piano (1974)
 * Black Is the Color of My True Love's Hair for medium voice and piano (2000)

 * Choral
 * Songs of the Nativity, Christmas Anthem for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 13 (1954)
 * Sanctuary, Short Cantata for baritone, mixed chorus and organ, and optional parts for two trumpets and timpani, Op. 17 (1956); words by Theodore S. Ross and Charles Atwood Campbell
 * Merry Let Us Part and Merry Meet Again for mixed chorus and piano (1958)
 * Nonsense Songs from Mother Goose for mixed chorus and piano, Op. 19
 * God of Grace and God of Glory, Short Cantata Based on the Welsh Tune "Cwm Rhondda" for unison choir, children's choir, mixed choir and organ, Op. 22 (1974); words by Harry Emerson Fosdick
 * Wonder Tidings, Cycle of Christmas Carols Based on 15th to 17th Century Texts from the British Isles for soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, mixed chorus, harp (or piano), percussion and optional organ, Op. 23 (1964)
 * Te Deum for narrator, mixed chorus and wind orchestra, Op. 35 (1963–1964)
 * The Earth Is the Lord's, Psalm 24 for mixed chorus and string orchestra, Op. 36 No. 1 (1968)
 * Missa naturae (Mass of Nature) for narrator, mixed chorus and orchestra, Op. 37 (1966)
 * Freedom Proclamation, Anthem for soloists, mixed chorus, organ, handbell in G and optional guitar (1975)
 * The Nine Lessons of Christmas for soloists, mixed chorus, harp and small percussion instruments, Op. 44 (1975)
 * The Whittier Service, 9 Hymn-Anthems to Texts by John Greenleaf Whittier for chorus, guitar and organ, Op. 45 (1979)
 * The Lessons of Advent for soloists, narrator, double chorus, handbell choir, trumpet, drums, harp, oboe, guitar, and organ, Op. 52 (1983)
 * The Marshes of Glynn for bass, chorus and orchestra, Op. 53 (1984); words by Sidney Lanier
 * We Can Get Along for children's chorus (treble voices) and piano (2003); words by Azell Taylor
 * Holiday Greeting for mixed chorus

title: John La Montaine