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Loongson

Loongson is the name of a family of general-purpose, MIPS architecture-compatible, later in-house LoongArch architecture microprocessors, as well as the name of the Chinese fabless company (Loongson Technology) that develops them. The processors are alternately called Godson processors, which is described as its academic name.

History
The Godson processors, based on MIPS architecture, were initially developed at the Institute of Computing Technology (ICT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The chief architect was. The development of the first Loongson chip was started in 2001. The aim of the Godson project was to develop "high performance general-purpose microprocessors in China", and to become technologically self-sufficient as part of the Made in China 2025 plan. The development was supported by funding via the 10th and 11th Five-Year Plans.

In 2010 the company was commercialized as a separate entity, and in April 2010 Loongson Technology Corporation Limited was formally established and settled in Zhongguancun, Beijing, China. The company is a public–private partnership between ICT and Beijing-based chip designer BLX IC Design Corporation. BLX itself was a spin-off from ICT, and was founded in 2002 with Jiangsu Zhongyi Group. As Loongson is a fabless designer, STMicroelectronics fabricates and markets the processors.

The South China Morning Post reported that since 2020 Loongson has been partnering with UnionTech and Sunway to develop and promote the Debian-Linux-based Deepin operating system in order to reduce China's dependency on Microsoft Windows.

In 2021, Loongson filed for an initial public offering on the Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market. The company was seeking to raise US$500 million. Details from this IPO suggested Loongson had needed RMB 400 million annual funding in its first 10 years of existence and that the company had only broken even in 2015.

In April 2024 Loongson processors got a large boost when a school district in the city of Hebi commenced a trial of 10,000 PCs powered by computers featuring the Loongson 3A5000 processor and the Deepin-based Unity Operating System. According to The Register, this trial project is to be used to promote the use of Loongson-and-Linux computers within the Chinese school system, which could potentially result in 50 million Loongson-based computers being sold to Chinese schools every year until 2030.

U.S. sanctions
In March 2023, the United States Department of Commerce added Loongson to the Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List for acquisition of American technology to support the People's Liberation Army (PLA).

MIPS
Loongson began by using the MIPS64 instruction set architecture (ISA). The internal microarchitecture was independently developed by ICT. Early implementations of the family lacked four instructions patented by MIPS Technologies (US4814976A, unaligned load-store) to avoid legal issues.

In 2007, a deal was reached by MIPS Technologies and ICT. STMicroelectronics bought a MIPS license for Loongson, and thus the processor can be promoted as MIPS-based or MIPS-compatible instead of MIPS-like.

In June 2009, ICT licensed the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures directly from MIPS Technologies.

In August 2011, Loongson Technology Corp. Ltd. licensed the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures from MIPS Technologies, Inc. for continued development of MIPS-based Loongson CPU cores.

In January 2024, Loongson won a case over rights to use MIPS architecture.

LoongISA
The Loongson 3A2000 in 2015 saw the adoption of LoongISA 1.0, an expanded instruction set that is a superset of MIPS64 release 2. It can be broken down into:

 * LoongEXT, general-purpose extensions, 148 instructions
 * LoongVZ, virtualisation extensions to the "VZ" system introduced in MIPS64 release 5, 5 instructions
 * LoongBT, faster x86 and ARM binary translation, 213 instructions
 * LoongSIMD, formerly LoongMMI (in Loongson 2E/F), for 128-bit SIMD, 1014 instructions
 * MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA), DSP, and VZ modules from MIPS Release 5

The LoongISA instructions were introduced as part of the GS464E cores. The binary translation instructions have the specific benefit of speeding up Intel x86 CPU emulation at a cost of 5% of the total die area. The new instructions help a QEMU hypervisor translate instructions from x86 to MIPS with only a reported 30% performance penalty.

LoongArch
Loongson moved to their own processor instruction set architecture (ISA) in 2021 with the release of the Loongson 3 5000 series. A Loongson developer described it as "...a new RISC ISA, which is a bit like MIPS or RISC-V. LoongArch includes a reduced 32-bit version (LA32R), a standard 32-bit version (LA32S) and a 64-bit version (LA64)". The stated rationale was to make Loongson and China not dependent on foreign technology or authorisation to develop their processor capability, whilst not infringing on any technology patents.

The ISA has been referred to as "a fork of MIPS64r6" due to a perceived lack of changes judging from instruction listings. The Register reported in November 2021 that LoongArch might combine the best parts of MIPS and RISC-V, along with custom instructions.

Cores
Loongson has three main families of processor cores, some of which are available as IP cores:
 * GS464 series: MIPS64 core with four-way superscalar out-of-order issue. The design originated from the Loongson 2F processor. It was first widely used in the Loongson 3A processor, before also being used in the Loongson 2 series.
 * GS464V was first introduced in 2010 with the Godson 3B, and is a GS464 with vector capabilities.
 * GS464E is an improved version of the GS464. Development had started in 2012 after shortcomings were found in the GS464 processor. The core has multiple improvements, including larger caches and better branch prediction amongst others, and was better optimised. The core was extended to support LoongISA (extending the MIPS64 R2 architecture).
 * GS464EV is a development of the GS464 series, first used by the 3A4000 processor
 * LA464 is the development of the GS464 to support LoongArch. Whilst the initial core of the 3A5000 was noted to be GS464, due to incompatible instruction sets Loongson renamed the 3A5000 core to LA464 in their documentation in August 2021.
 * LA664 is the architecture for the 3A6000 series processors.

It has been noted by the community that the naming of the Loongson microarchitectures is not consistent, with different products being noted to have the same processor core, even though the instructions sets might not be exactly compatible.

Processor families
Loongson has built 3 processor families from their architectural cores. These are the:
 * Godson-1, for consumer electronics and embedded applications
 * Godson-2, single core processors for embedded applications and low performance personal computers
 * Godson-3, multi-core processors for higher performance computers, high-performance computing and servers

Godson-1
The first Loongson processor, the Godson-1, was designed in 2001, released in 2002, and is a 32-bit CPU running at a clock speed of 266 MHz. It is fabricated with 0.18 micron CMOS process, has 8 KB of data cache, 8 KB of instruction cache and a 64-bit floating-point unit, capable of 200 double-precision MFLOPS. Godson-1 series chips either use the GS132 or GS232 cores.

Loongson X is a radiation hardened version of the GS232 core used in the Godson-1.

Godson-2 / Loongson 2
The Loongson 2 is a family of MIPS III compatible processors. It adds 64-bit ability to the Loongson architecture. Later Loongson 2 processors migrated to being MIPS64 compatible, due to sharing the GS464 core with the Loongson 3 series.

The development plan for the Godson-2 was to develop it from a CPU to a SOC. The 2E (2006) was a CPU, the 2F (2007) integrated the north bridge, the 2G (2008) had a hyper transport link between the CPU/north bridge and an integrated GPU/south bridge, and the 2H (2009) integrated all these functions into a SOC. The design of the 2F was the basis of the GS464 core. The 2G uses a single GS464 core; the 2H uses the GS464V core, as a single-core version of the initial Godson 3B.

Godson 3 / Loongson 3 MIPS processors
The Loongson 3 family of processors are "...multi-core CPU[s] designed for high performance desktops, servers and clusters". They were designed as the first Loongson processors that had multiple cores. The processors were initially designed to use LoongISA - i.e. the MIPS64 release 2 ISA with additional extensions. The designers also attempted to optimise x86 translation on the chip.

1000 series
The first production processor was the Loongson 3A, which used 4 GS464 cores.

The designers noted that they would produce a 3B chip with enhanced processing and vector capabilities, with 8 cores, and a 3C for server applications with up to 16 cores. The 8-core Loongson 3B was noted to use the upgraded GS464V core, with extended vector capabilities. This was followed by the Loonson 3C which used 16 GS464V cores.

The 3B1000, and related 2I, both failed as processors due to design errors. In May 2013 development of the 3C was suspended, in favour of developing the 3A2000 processor.

1500 and 2000 series
In 2015, the 3A1500 and 3B2000 were released using the enhanced GS464E cores. The improved microarchitecture core allowed better performance, reportedly 3 times as fast as the 3A1000, as well as introducing the LoongISA enhanced instruction set. The 3A1500 was for embedded applications, whilst the 3B2000 was for servers and PCs.

3000 series
In 2017, Loongson released the 3A3000. The performance of the 3A3000 is reported to be equivalent to the Intel J1900 processor (released in 2013).

4000 series
In late-2019 the 3A and 3B 4000 series were released. They used the upgraded GS464EV microarchitecture.

5000 series, transition to LoongArch
In July 2021 the Loongson 3 5000 series was released. The processor series was Loongson's first with their own developed instruction set architecture (ISA), called "LoongArch". The processors announced included the 3A5000, a four-core desktop CPU, and the 3C5000L, a sixteen-core server CPU based on four 3A5000 in a single package. Both CPUs were reported to be fabricated on a 12 nm process. Whilst the processor was noted to be using the GS464V cores initially, due to incompatibility with previous versions, the cores were renamed to LA464 in August 2021.

The Register reported that "the 3A5000 is said to be 50 per cent faster and 30 per cent more power efficient" than the preceding 3A4000. Phoronix reported that the 3A5000 CPU was "roughly on a par with the likes of the Intel Core i3 8109U / Core 2 Quad Q9500 / Core i5 750 (roughly the state of the art in 2008), or Armv8-based Phytium FT-2000".

In April 2023, Loongson launched the 3D5000 processor for data centers and cloud computing, based on the LoongArch instruction set architecture.

6000 series
In 2022 Loongson announced their 6000 series processors. The company said that the updated processor architecture would use new "LA664" cores and that the single-core performance would rival that of AMD's Zen 3 and Intel's Tiger Lake (11th-generation Core) architecture (launched in 2020).

In November 2023 Loongson debuted the 3A6000 processor. The processor is fabricated using a 14nm or 12nm process and supports the fairly old DDR4 standard for memory. The Register reported that Loongson had demonstrated benchmarks suggesting that the 3A6000 processor was competitive with an Intel 10th-generation Core processor (launched in 2019).

Operating systems
The Loongson processors are mainly designed around using the Linux operating system. Any operating system supporting the MIPS architecture should theoretically work. Windows CE was ported to a Loongson-based system with minimal effort. In 2010, Lemote ported an Android distribution to the Loongson platform.

Loongson machines are used in the package-building and CI infrastructure of Debian and Golang, respectively. This is partially because of Loongson's status as the only vendor producing application-grade MIPS CPUs for retail.

As of February 2022, there are at least four Chinese Linux distributions that support LoongArch: Kylin, Loongnix, Deepin and Unity Operating System. There are efforts to build LoongArch support into community versions of Linux.

Compiler support
The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is the main compiler for software development on the Loongson platform.

Before 2021 LLVM support was still inadequate due to missing workarounds for Loongson's CPU errata on MIPS.

ICT also ported Open64 to the Loongson II platform.

LoongArch is supported by the GCC, LLVM, Golang compilers, and supports the Java, JavaScript and .NET virtual machines.

Loongson-based systems

In 2012 it was reported that Loongson processors had found itself into very few computing systems. The processors are mainly used in Chinese computers; in 2021 it was reported that Loongson supplies CPUs for most desktop computers procured by the Chinese government, and 80% of the Chinese government's servers. The release of the 3A3000 processor in 2015 was noted as turning point for the company's fortunes. In 2017 it was noted that the company's processors were being used in the Beidou satellite.

Personal computers
In March 2006, a €100 Loongson II computer design called Longmeng (Dragon Dream) was announced by Lemote.

In June 2006 at Computex'2006, YellowSheepRiver announced the Municator YSR-639, a small form factor computer based on the 400 MHz Loongson 2.

the new 8.9" netbook from the Chinese manufacturer Lemote that replaced mengloong, Yeeloong (Portable Dragon), running Debian, is available in Europe from the Dutch company Tekmote Electronics.

In January 2010, Jiangsu province planned to buy 1.5 million Loongson PCs.

In September 2011, Lemote announced the Yeeloong-8133 13.3" laptop featuring 900 MHz, quad-core Loongson-3A/2GQ CPU.

Supercomputers
On 26 December 2007, China revealed its first Loongson based supercomputer in Hefei. The KD-50-I has a reported peak performance of 1 TFLOPS, and about 350 GFLOPS measured by LINPACK. This supercomputer was designed by a joint team led by Chen Guoliang at the computer science technology department of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and ICT (the secondary contractor). KD-50-I is the first Chinese built supercomputer to utilize domestic Chinese CPUs, with a total of more than 336 Loongson-2F CPUs, and nodes interconnected by ethernet. The size of the computer was roughly equivalent to a household refrigerator and the cost was less than RMB800,000 (approximately US$120,000, 80,000).

In 2012 it was reported that Loongson processors were to be found in the Sunway BlueLight MPP and Dawning 6000 supercomputers.

title: Loongson


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Talk:Testicular self-examination

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 30 August 2021 and 21 September 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jma888, Fong12, Inder.bal.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:54, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Build up of fluid
build up of fluid? same as build up of sperm?

Build up of fluid is an hydrocele than can be due a tumor among other causes. A sperm cyst is an spermatocele. Spermatocele appears in the epididymis, while and hydrocele forms arround the testicle inside the tunica vaginalis surrounding the testicle, and since it is filled with liquid has a soft touch.

What about small white lumps the size of sesame seeds inside the testicle?

Merging
I don't think this deserves its own article. Maybe this should be merged into the general article for Testicles. I feel very awkward.
 * Why do you think it should be merged? What makes you feel awkward? This health topic, while a bit sensitive, is clearly important by itself in my opininion. Maximilianklein (talk) 22:07, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Looser after a shower?
Seriously? I guarantee a woman wrote that. The ol' sack is loosest after sleeping in a warm bed. During/after shower it tightens up so hard it's difficult to clean, let alone palpate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 23:20, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Your supposed to examine yourself during a shower - when the muscles around your scrotum loosen to release heat caused by the warm environment. They should tense up when your cold.--JustinReno (talk) 21:58, 29 October 2009 (UTC)Justin Reno
 * I heard a doctor confirm this fact that it's best to test after showers, I'll try and find a source. Maximilianklein (talk) 22:08, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Only have one!
I only have one testicle after having lost one due to it ascending into my body as a child. I cannot for the life of me find any information on how to check for testicular cancer when you only have one testicle, so, whilst I do test, I don't think I ever do it properly. Shouldn't there be a section on here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.109.19.51 (talk) 19:04, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Correlative Media?
I know that adding any images which depict nudity or genitalia is controversial, but it seems disproportionate and unfairly biased to have two instructional images on the article for breast self-exams for women, and none on this equivalent article for men. (The bias is even more pervasive on Wikimedia Commons, where there are currently 28 good images of breast self-exams, and only 1 for testicular self-exams which I myself recently posted.)

I am not advocating the use of my own video or still shots captured from it to augment this article, but it only seems fair and balanced to provide instructive informational graphic images for this TSE article if similar images are already provided for its BSE companion. This is a procedure that many men don't know about or don't know how to perform correctly, and every piece of additional information we can provide here will help save lives.

Calscot84 (talk)

Med School Edits
Article chosen Testicular self-examination

'''Why this one? Include WP rating scale? How fit with your interests.''' We were assigned this article. The WP rating is high priority, and the quality is start. A high rating is only assigned to about 10% of articles on Wikipedia. This signifies that the article fits under the category of common highly medically relevant topics. This topic fits with our interests because we would like to ensure that future patients are able to receive accurate information to help discover potential testicular cancers before it progresses to a higher stage.

You WP editing team (up to 3) JM, IB, NT

Initial Analysis of the article On initial read, the article does not use inclusive language, such as “men” rather than individuals who have testes. The article is also brief, highly repetitive and uses vague language.

Overall organization, what changes The overall organization is okay; we agree the following categories should remain: background, uses, technique, findings, and limitations. However, the society and culture category seems out of context and should likely be removed.

What will you add? We would like to add a table showing a summary of current national and global recommendations around TSE.

What will you remove? We will remove the “Society & Culture” section given that the information in this section is irrelevant to the medical context of the article. Particularly, the framing of the testicular exam as a form of sexual play seems inappropriate and misguiding and is not substantiated with any evidence.

What will you augment? We will augment the medical relevance of a testicular exam as well as the recommended techniques that should be used to perform this examination.

What will you decrease coverage of? The article sexualizes the testicular exam and includes references to pop culture, neither which are relevant information or necessary to include.

'''Roles in the project. List members and planned roles.''' NT: Background, limitations

JM: Technique, findings

IB: Uses, Add section called professional guidelines

Everyone: Lead section and overall revisions

Team coordination plan: Each week, we will touch base with one another to see how our portion of the project is going. If our team members have questions or need help, we will address it then. We will also be sure to have effective communication by creating a group chat. To edit this in a collaborative manner, we will have a google doc to place our preliminary ideas and then directly edit the article page when we work on this together.

WIP presenter JM — Preceding unsigned comment added by Inder.bal (talk • contribs)

Peer Review: It might clarify things if you could provide a link to USPSTF category D distinction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeremyccwang (talk • contribs)

Peer Review: TSE Your intro paragraph is clear and easy to understand. However, I would make one minor change. In the sentence "Testicular cancer typically presents with a painless testicular swelling or lump or any change....". I would change the positioning of the article "a" to read as "Testicular cancer typically presents with painless testicular swelling or a lump or any change.."

A minor change but for clarity, I would change the sentence "Recommendations vary with some physicians recommending the use of monthly TSE for men ages 15 to 55" to read as "Recommendations vary with some physicians recommending monthly TSEs for men ages 15 to 55"

A minor change but for clarity, I would change the sentence "The benefit of TSE is uncertain due to there being no randomized control trial studying the use of TSE" to "The benefit of TSE is uncertain due to the lack of randomized control trials focused on studying its use."

Overall great article!

Mmehari (talk) 05:43, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

Foundations 1 CIC 2021: MS2 Wikipedia Peer-Review
The articles is easy to read and full of useful information. I think one way to improve the language of the article to make it more inclusive would be to replace the word "man" with something like "person with testicles". Also, I think it might be useful to mention that there are conflicting data on the usefulness of the TSE in the introduction - to ensure that that information is present for someone who decides to only read the intro. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ucsfmedstudent97 (talk • contribs)
 * Regarding such language changes, the Wikipedia community's consensus is against that per this discussion. To say something different from what a source says is WP:Original research and is not allowed. Other reasons were given at that discussion. Such terminology has a high likelihood to offend more than the alternative - many people do not like being reduced to their genitalia, as they see it. All terms have exceptions, and people know that. Wikipedia is not for advocacy of any kind, including attempts at language-reform. Crossroads -talk- 03:23, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Testicular self-examination


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Czartoryski Museum

The Princes Czartoryski Museum (Muzeum Książąt Czartoryskich ) – often abbreviated to Czartoryski Museum – is a historic museum in Kraków, Poland, and one of the country's oldest museums. The initial collection was formed in 1796 in Puławy by Princess Izabela Czartoryska. The Museum officially opened in 1878. It is now a division of the National Museum in Kraków.

The Puławy collection was partly destroyed after the November 1830 Uprising and the confiscation of the Czartoryski properties. Most of the Museum holdings, however, were saved and moved to Paris, where they reposed at the Hôtel Lambert. In 1870 Prince Władysław Czartoryski decided to move the collections to Kraków, where they arrived in 1876.

The most renowned painting at the Museum is one of Leonardo da Vinci's best-known works, the Lady with an Ermine. Other highlights include two works by Rembrandt; several antiquities, including sculptures; Renaissance tapestries and decorative arts; and paintings by Hans Holbein the Younger, Jacob Jordaens, Luca Giordano, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Dieric Bouts, Joos van Cleve, Lorenzo Lotto, Lucas Cranach the Younger, Lorenzo Monaco, Andrea Mantegna, Alessandro Magnasco, and the Master of the Female Half-Lengths.

The Museum's main facility closed for restoration in 2010 and reopened in December 2019. During this time, parts of the collection were displayed at other venues.

Royal collections
Princess Izabela Czartoryska founded the museum in Puławy to preserve Polish heritage in keeping with her motto, "The Past to the Future." The first objects in her "Temple of Memory" of 1796 were trophies commemorating the victory against the Turks at the Battle of Vienna in 1683.

The Museum collections feature historical artifacts from the recovered treasures of the Wawel Cathedral, the Royal Castle and other objects donated by Polish noble families (szlachta). Izabela also bought the treasures of the Duke of Brabant, including his books which were considered a particular highlight of the collection. Influenced by the Romantic artistic movement, she also acquired objects of sentimental significance that represented the glory and misery of human life. Among these were Shakespeare's chair, fragments from the alleged graves of Romeo and Juliet in Verona, ashes of El Cid and Ximena from the Cathedral of Burgos, and relics of Abelard and Heloise, and Petrarch and his Laura. The library's book collection was later enhanced with Tadeusz Czacki's collection, which included archives of Stanisław August Poniatowski, last king of Poland.

In 1798 Izabela's son, Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, traveled to Italy and acquired Lady with an Ermine by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael's Portrait of a Young Man, and many Roman antiquities. However, Prince Adam Jerzy was always more a politician than an art-collector. After the failed November Uprising in 1830 he was exiled from Congress Poland, then ruled by Russian Empire. He established himself in Paris, and in 1843 bought The Hotel Lambert, which became both the center of operations for the exiled Czartoryski magnate, and the Living Museum of Poland. All the objects from the first museum were displayed in Paris. Books collection scattered and for decades its parts were stored out of Russian partition: in Kórnik, Sieniawa and in Paris.

Upon Prince Adam Jerzy's death, his younger son, Prince Władysław, took over the museum. A born collector, he and his sister, Princess Izabela Działyńska, expanded the collection to include: the Polonaise carpet, Etruscan and Greek vases, Roman and Egyptian antiquities, and other types of arms and armours, as well as Limoges enamels. At the 1865 Exposition des Arts Decoratifs in Paris, Władysław created a Polish room to exhibit the famous carpet and other parts of his collection.

Move to Kraków
In 1871, after the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Prince Władysław packed or hid all of the artifacts and fled. In 1874, the city of Kraków offered him the arsenal in the Old Wall as a museum, which he called upon Viollet-le-Duc to renovate, who in turn delegated the project to his son-in-law Maurice Ouradou. In 1878, one hundred years after Princess Izabela set up her museum in Puławy, the new museum, as it is seen today, was opened. Prince Wladyslaw continued to add items to the collection for the next twenty years, until his death in 1894.

Władysław's son, Prince Adam Ludwik, then carried on the work of his father. In 1897 he took over the Sieniawa Ordynacja property from the Emperor Franz-Joseph. At that point his capital assets were estimated at 4.5 million Austrian Crowns, not including the Collections. In 1899, Adam Ludwik's aunt Izabela bequeathed the Gołuchów Estate, with all the collections that she had bought with her beloved brother Władysław, to her two nephews, and Prince Adam Ludwik cared for both Museums.

Dresden and back
He then travelled to Japan and acquired the vases and bronzes still displayed today at the Goluchow Castle. In 1914, he was called up to the Austrian Army and his wife Princess Maria Ludwika Krasinska took over the Museum, taking most of the important artifacts (52 paintings, 12 carpets, 35 folders of prints and drawings, and works by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Rembrandt) to Dresden because of her connections with the Royal Saxon Family. These works garnered great interest, with the collection being open to the public two days a week.

In 1918, after the war, Hans Posse, Director of the royal collections, was unwilling to return the collection. He was fearful of the unrest in Poland. However, after two years of negotiation, all objects were recovered and transferred to the Family Museum in Kraków in 1920. The signing of the 1921 Treaty of Riga provided for the return of all looted or confiscated objects during tsarism due to the Bolshevik revolution.

In 1931 a large number of important books, archives and objects that had been taken from Puławy by Russians in 1831 - immediately after the November Uprising - were also returned, though most of these were placed in various national depositories.

In 1937, after Prince Adam Ludwik's death, his son Prince Augustyn, took over as head of the family. He married Princess Dolores Victoria Maria de las Mercedes de Borbon y Orleans and spent most of his time in Poland. Then, in August 1939, Europe was thrown into turmoil with the events of World War II, and the museum was forced to prepare for war. Sixteen cases packed with the most precious objects were transported and stored in Sieniawa, while the rest of the collection was carried down to the cellars of the museum, where unfortunately the Germans found the cases and looted the tradable objects. Luckily, although the Leonardo and other pictures were roughly handled, they were not damaged.

Closure
On September 22, 1939, Prince Agustyn removed what remained of the treasures and took them to his cousin's property in Pełkinie. However, soon afterward the Gestapo found the cases and took them back to Kraków, though not to the museum. On January 25, 1940, the final selections of the 85 most important items from the Museum were sent to Dresden, where Dr. Posse, Hitler's plenipotentiary, decided that all objects were to be part of the Führer's own collection at Linz. From that moment the museum, whose curator was to die in a Nazi concentration camp, was closed to the public.

In 1945, Dr. Hans Frank, German governor of Poland and personal friend of Hitler, brought the paintings from Berlin for his own use at Wawel Castle. But when the Germans evacuated Kraków in January 1945, he took the paintings with him to Silesia and then to his own villa in Neuhaus. The Americans arrested Dr. Frank on May 4, and the Polish representative at the Allies Commission for the Retrieval of Works of Art claimed the stolen paintings on behalf of the Czartoryski Museum. However, the Raphael and 843 other artifacts were missing from the collection. The whereabouts of these works, remain unknown to this day.

After World War II
After World War II, the Museum was reopened and operated by Poland's communist government. Amid the country's desperate economic situation, the Museum survived thanks largely to the work of Professor Marek Rostworoski, who dedicated his life to the collections. In 1991 the High Court of the Nation returned the Museum to its rightful owner, Prince Adam Karol Czartoryski, along with the library housed nearby; from 1961 the library had been located in a building at ulica świętego Marka (St. Mark's Street). In 1971 the Czartoryski Library was recognized as National Library.

The Library's collections include many extremely important European historical documents: a total of 224,576, including 70,009 books published before 1800, 13,552 manuscripts, and 333 incunabula. The Library comprises a "Prints and Cartography Division" and a "Manuscripts and Archives Division". The President of the Institution is Jolanta Lenkiewicz. The Library's books may be consulted only on the premises.

The Museum was administered from 1991 through 2016 by the Princes Czartoryski Foundation, set up for that purpose in 1991 by Prince Adam Karol Czartoryski. It welcomed more than 12,000 visitors a year and has organized exhibitions in the United States (Washington, D.C.), Italy (Rome, Milan, Florence), the United States (Milwaukee, Huston, San Francisco), Sweden (Malmö, Stockholm), Turkey (Istanbul), Japan (Kyoto, Nagoya, Yokohama), Spain (Royal Palace, Madrid), and the United Kingdom (National Gallery, London). In autumn 2002, the Lady with an Ermine was featured at the Milwaukee Art Museum's tribute to the Splendor of Poland; in 2003 the portrait and other collection items went on to Houston and San Francisco.

In 2010 the Museum closed for repairs and modernization. Parts of the collection were temporarily displayed in other venues. 350 selected items were shown in the Arsenal building, while the Lady with an Ermine was displayed in the Kraków National Museum.

In 2016 the collections and Museum building were donated by Prince Adam Karol Czartoryski to the Polish Nation on his behalf and that of his direct ancestors of the Czartoryski Main Branch State Treasury. The Princes Czartoryski Foundation received from the Polish Nation (the Ministry of Culture) $105 million, constituting less than 5% of the 3 billion euros estimated market value of the collections. The agreement also transferred to the Polish State the rights to any future claims to works of art that had been plundered from the collections.

The restored museum reopened on December 19, 2019. The restoration was awarded the SARP Award of the Year conferred by the Association of Polish Architects in 2020.

The donation of the Czartoryski Museum to the Polish Nation has been challenged by Prince Adam Karol's daughter Tamara, leading in 2018 to intrafamilial litigation between Adam Karol and his daughter.

title: Czartoryski Museum


text:
Intake, Doncaster

Intake is a suburb of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England. The area borders Town Fields, a large area of public land based on Town Moor Avenue. It contains 'Town Moor' which is part of the Intake electoral ward, although 'Town Fields' is a local Doncaster Council administrative area which encompasses the Town Moor district. The Town Fields area comprises private housing built up to the 1930s. Intake is largely a council estate built on the edge of Doncaster during the prosperous 1950s & 1960s. Intake is also home to Sandall Beat Woods.

title: Intake, Doncaster


text:
BJ's Restaurants

BJ's Restaurants, Inc. is an American restaurant chain, headquartered in Huntington Beach, California. The chain operates under the names BJ's Restaurant & Brewery, BJ's Restaurant & Brewhouse, BJ's Grill, and BJ's Pizza & Grill.

History
BJ's was founded in 1978 by Jim Kozen and Leonard Allenstein. It first opened in Santa Ana, California, as BJ's Chicago Pizzeria. The original name was BJ Grunts, but due to a federal trademark conflict with RJ Grunts, a Chicago-based hamburger restaurant, the name was changed. Shortly after the opening of the first restaurant, Mike Phillips and Bill Cunningham bought 50% of the company for $14,000. Kozen and Allenstein left the group after the opening of the seventh store. Phillips and Cunningham sold the company to their accountants Paul Motenko and Jerry Hennessy in 1991.

By 1996, seven restaurants had opened between San Diego and Los Angeles. Originally known as Chicago Pizza, the company went public in 1996, raising $9.4 million. The company then bought 26 Pietro's Pizza restaurants in March 1996 in a $2.8 million deal in cash and assumed debt, but then sold off seven of the locations with plans to convert the remaining Pietro's to what was then BJ's Pizza. During the same year, the company opened a microbrewery at its Brea restaurant.

Between 2010 and 2011, the National Retail Federation named it one of the 10 fastest-growing restaurants in the US based on year-over-year sales.

In 2013, BJ's produced a combined total of 60,000 barrels annually at their 11 brewery restaurants to serve their chain of 136 restaurants in 15 states. In 2010, the company's BJ's Hefelightzen was awarded a gold medal at the Great American Beer Festival. In 2021, Greg Levin was appointed to CEO. , BJ's operated 215 restaurants in 29 states.

Offerings
BJ's menu features pizza, beers, appetizers, entrees, pastas, sandwiches, salads, and desserts (including the signature Pizookie). Some locations feature microbreweries that supply beer to other locations in the chain.

Awards and recognition
At the 2006 Great American Beer Festival, BJ's Big Fish IPA achieved a gold medal within the American-style Strong Pale Ale classification. Its design draws inspiration from the Piranha Pale Ale, which secured a silver medal in 2002. In a similar vein, BJ's Jeremiah Red earned a silver medal in the strong ales category during the same festival in 1996. The Belgian-style wheat beer from BJ's has been honored with a Gold Medal by the North American Beer Awards.

title: BJ's Restaurants


text:
User talk:Badammcqueen

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 16:07, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

W. Mark Felt
Salve! I nominated W. Mark Felt as a WP:FAC. As you commented on the Deep Throat talk page, I'd appreciate your comments at Featured article candidates/W. Mark Felt/archive1. PedanticallySpeaking 15:42, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

I saw your comment on the FAC nomination page. Featured status isn't about the subject, it's how it's about it, i.e. is it a good, well written article. Just because the subject is famous or obscure doesn't matter. See the debate on this topic on another of my articles, one which won its FA election, here. PedanticallySpeaking 17:23, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Hi there!
I'm glad to see you've got a Wikipedia account. Ground 01:09, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Mark Felt Redux
In June you voted on the featured article candidacy of W. Mark Felt, which failed. It has now been resubmitted. In the event you would like to vote on the new candidacy, it is at Featured article candidates/W. Mark Felt/archive1. PedanticallySpeaking 19:00, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Badammcqueen


text:
Talk:4000-series integrated circuits

A little bit of POV?
It's not like CMOS and TTL were clashing armies - initially CMOS filled in places where TTL was not a good fit, and eventually a line of CMOS versions of many common TTL functions were made available. There are a couple of statements that I would point out as requiring rephrasing: Saying that 4000 series was better than 7400 series is a bit like saying hammers are better than screwdrivers...they are different tools for different, though related, jobs. --Wtshymanski 16:07, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * " as a lower power and more versatile alternative" - lower power, yes, but more versatile? Where's the 4000-series equivalent of 74181, open-collector drivers, tri-state outputs, line drivers, (very very small) RAMs, PROMs,  rate multipliers, etc.?  True, TTL has goofy things like "expandable gates".  And the 4000 series has the incomparable transmission-gate, which cannot be duplicated in a 7400 series part.
 * "TTL circuits, ...often reqired much more careful interfacing, since the limited fanout (and fan-in) meant that loading of each output had to be carefully considered " - I suggest that CMOS also required consideration of fan-out, especially if you wanted to get any speed out of it. Any logic designers out there care to comment? I've never put more than 2-dozen chips on one board and that was for hobby And also - weren't 4000-series chips a *lot* more sensitive to ESD than TTL parts?

I believe this statement is false: " The buffered devices are less susceptible to output oscillation with slow-changing inputs so designers have to weigh up the pros and cons of using buffered or unbuffered parts according to the nature of the circuit in which the devices are being used." I think the bufferes devices are MORE susceptible to output oscillation because thats what the Ti and RCA ap note says. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.245.36.41 (talk) 06:57, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

merge
Per a recent deletion discussion, I've merged a few 4000-series datasheet articles into this article. -- Mikeblas 11:03, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

4009
The 4009 hex high-to-low voltage (inverter) seems to be a hex not gate. See this link: http://www.samengstrom.com/nxl/9564/4009_hex_high-to-low_voltage_(inverting).en.html Should it be labeled under example common 4000 series chips as a not gate chip? Pi.1415926535 23:00, 8 August 2006 (UTC)Pi.1415926535

Electronic Roulette
About the Electronic Roulette, if someone can replace the schematic with a more good-looking and a more "organized" schematic. if not, i can. just tell me on my talk/user page. XU-engineer 13:59, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Not only is it disorganized, but the transistor is superfluous as the 555 is perfectly capable of driving the 4017's clock input directly. Also, while there is mention of a switch in the article, none is present in the schematic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.131.12.235 (talk) 23:32, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Figure change request
In the figures "0V" and "+9V" should be "VDD" and "VCC" (probably with subscripts for "DD" and "CC"), respectively. --Mortense (talk) 19:54, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:4000-series integrated circuits


text:
Talk:List of Vancouver Canucks captains

Trevor Linden
We need a image of Linden wearing the C. GoodDay (talk) 16:30, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Vancouver Canucks captains


text:
Talk:Belmont railway station (Sutton)

Is there a source for the station moving into Travelcard Zone 4? It moved from zone 6 into zone 5 fairly recently (along with Cheam), but for it to move into Zone 4 then it Sutton and Carshalton (at the very least) would also have to move into zone 4. I can find no information about this change on Southern's website or on TfL's website - if it is moving, please could you provide a source? Ta edd 16:09, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh my! I do love all this talk about which Travelcard Zone a station happens to be in! It can scarcely matter to the general railway reader: I would far sooner see information about the station itself: its opening and any changes that have taken place during its existence - see my additions Peter Shearan 08:05, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Granted, but Wikipedia isn't aimed at the general railway reader per se, it is aimed at the general reader, who may be using the site to (for example) research an area they are thinking of moving to. Your edits are very much appreciated, however when I created the stubs for the stations, I was working from a copy of the London Connections map and putting in very basic information. Where I had more information than this I tried to add it where possible. edd 20:29, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Requested Photo
Photo request tag added. Josh Holloway  10:55, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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'California station'
I found this while 'doing other research'

In 'Notes and Queries' 6th series, volume 9 page 427 (31 May 1884) a WT Lynn of Blackheath requested information as to the origin of the original name. There does not seem to have been a reply (going by the index). Jackiespeel (talk) 10:19, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belmont railway station (Sutton)


text:
Talk:Carmine

Health
Should there be more in depth list of symptoms this dye can provoke?

Split
I split off the information about the colour into a separate article.Phil | Talk 17:24, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

THE FACT THAT BEETLES ARE USED AS FOOD COLORING IS NASTY
Can we please make a list of foods in which carmine food dye can be found? I know it's in "Good and Plenty" yuck >:P
 * It's not a beetle; it's a scale insect. The classification difference between beetles and scale insects is on the "Order" level, the level where we are classified as primates and not rodents. A small point perhaps.  Otherwise, I do know it's present in Dole Ruby Red Grapefruit Juice. Rkitko 10:58, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It's just fucking gross. Make them stop already damnit! 05:44, 17 May 2006
 * ok. just elect me president of the universe. by the way, your food has allowable concentrations of bug parts. and remember, they are natural, and good for you. unlike coal tar extracts which provide the color for gatorade and doritos. yumm, bug parts.75.61.132.26 (talk) 01:19, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

I'm going to take out some of the weasel words and POV language.--MUSpud2 00:33, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Horrible. I was eating a danone yogurt, and looked at its color, so artificial-looking and really useless in the yogurt, it doesnt add nothing to it, I was disgusted. and checked on wikipedia was the E-120 stands for... why companies do this? I dont understand. --Pedro (talk) 09:51, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

Three of the main reasons food companies color food are to: Carmine is added to many foods (including yogurt) to do all those things, however the main reason is the first. During the fruit processing, the strawberries loose much of their color and need to have color added back to them to appeal to consumers. "really useless in the yogurt, doesnt add nothing to it" huh? look at these uncolored yogurts Uncolored 1 Uncolored 2 and tell me if the added carmine does not make the yogurt look more like strawberries... Colored (Skoot13 (talk) 12:39, 18 May 2012 (UTC))
 * offset color loss due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions
 * correct natural variations in color
 * enhance colors that occur naturally
 * provide color to colorless and "fun" foods

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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These are presumably not kosher? Drutt (talk) 22:04, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

I had a Rabbi for the Orthodox Union (circle U) explain to me that Carmine Red could be certified as Kosher because the Torah forbids eating "the bugs that crawl upon the earth" and the insects in question never crawl upon the earth. Other organizations (Circle K, Star K) do not agree with this technicality and will not certify it as Kosher. I do not have any paper or internet links to back this up, however. Still, if someone is able to track down a source, it would be an interesting addition. 2 March 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.53.248.38 (talk) 11:11, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

No Orthodox kashrut agency certifies cochineal/carmine as kosher. I'm not certain where you got your information from. Here is the information from the Orthodox Union webpage: "However, since these dyes [carmine/cochineal] are extracts of insects they are not kosher." https://oukosher.org/content/uploads/2013/01/BTUS-Spring_2011.pdf (pg. 17) (similarly star-k: http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-palate-secretingredient.htm and O-K http://www.kosherspirit.com/Article.asp?Issue=30&Article=425 ) Nonetheless there are some reliable authorities  who do permit it, such as Rav Ovadia Yosef (former Sephardi chief rabbi of Israel) --gejyspa (talk) 19:44, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

 * In Europe it is kosher because it is now from plants. QuentinUK (talk) 01:03, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Source? (Skoot13 (talk) 16:25, 11 February 2015 (UTC))

Pigment or Dye?
Is not carmine soluble, which makes it a dye rather than a pigment (carmine lake would then be the corresponding pigment)?Moletrouser (talk) 20:59, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Natural Red #4 or #40?
There seems to be some confusion about this issue. There is a Red #40, which is an artificial dye. In the introduction to this article, it says that Carmine = cochineal = Natural Red #40. However,in the section on the European Union, it says:

 * and listed under the names Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmines and Natural Red 4 as additive E 120 in the list of EU-approved food additives.

The Cochineal article says it is Natural Red #4. If you search Wikipedia for Natural Red you are redirected to Carminic Acid. See also: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110222194700AAQ3Wsl

On the other hand, the Islamic Network thinks "Natural Red #40" is the same as cochineal. http://www.theislamicnetwork.org/qanda_003.html

Also see this discussion: http://m.fark.com/comments/6086335?from_tab_url=H50c96C4uLz74jv75VY3GVmItxlPObiybqrxTnTD_Jvmr18N

Of course, many web pages list it as #40, but that's because they are quoting this introduction verbatim. Does anyone know how to find out what the official names are? Ileanadu (talk) 14:55, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

It is FD&C Red 4. Presumably people confuse red 4 with the much more common red 40. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.53.248.38 (talk) 11:07, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Who removed the picture?
There used to be a picture on this page of the beetles that are used for carmine. It's now gone. If it was copyrighted, then understood. But did someone take it out for aesthetic reasons? If so that is vandalism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.94.96.248 (talk) 20:41, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Dactylopius_coccus_(Barlovento)_04_ies.jpg do not know what picture you are speaking of, but there still is a picture of the insect on the page. There has not been another image in the page for more than a year, so I doubt its "removal" was vandalism. (Skoot13 (talk) 13:20, 17 September 2012 (UTC))

GMO microbial production?
I removed the following paragraph:

The carminic acid used to produce the pigment can also be extracted from various microbes engineered for the purpose. Microbes are dissolved in a containment structure separate from their cultivation vats, and then allowed to settle out. The liquid and suspended carminic acid is then siphoned off, and metal salts are then added to give a lake pigment in a procedure that is mostly identical to the procedure for acid extracted from insects.

I searched Google, Google Scholar, Google Books and a professional science library database, and I could find no reference to this process, so I severely doubt that it's a notable source of carmine, or even whether it's been done on anything other than lab scale if at all. --Slashme (talk) 09:06, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Wiki Education assignment: A History of Color
— Assignment last updated by Soneil01 (talk) 19:37, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carmine


text:
African Mathematical Union

The African Mathematical Union or Union Mathematique Africaine is an African organization dedicated to the development of mathematics in Africa. It was founded in 1976 in Rabat, Morocco, during the first Pan-African Congress of Mathematicians with Henri Hogbe Nlend as its first President. Another key figure in its early years was George Saitoti, later a prominent Kenyan politician.

Commissions
The Union has five Commissions:

 * 1) AMU-CAWM. Commission on Women in Mathematics in Africa, led by Marie Françoise Ouedraogo since 2009.
 * 2) AMU-CMEA. Commission on Mathematics Education in Africa.
 * 3) AMU-CHMA. Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa.
 * 4) AMU-CRIMS. Commission for Research and Innovations.
 * 5) AMU-PAMOC. Pan African Mathematics Olympiads Commission.

Commission on Women in Mathematics
The Commission on Women in Mathematics (AMUCAWM) published a report on women with a doctorate in mathematics.

The Commission on Women in Mathematics (AMUCAWM) was created in 1986. At the AMUCWMA's 2012 conference in Ouagadougou, a panel on the state on women in mathematics in Africa recommended the creation of an association for African female mathematicians. The AWUCWMA held another conference soon after in July 2013 in Cape Town, where the African Women in Mathematics Association was formed.

Journal
Since 1978 the Union has published the journal Afrika Matematica, has been edited by Daouda Sangare until 2009.

As of 2010, the journal is edited by Jacek Banasiak of the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

The deputy editors of the journal are:
 * Moussa Ouattara, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
 * Daniel Makinde, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.

The members of the advisory committee are:
 * Aderemi Kuku, Grambling State University, Grambling, USA
 * Laurent Lafforgue, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Bures-sur-Yvette, France
 * Ari Laptev, Imperial College, London, UK
 * Claudio Procesi, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
 * Michel Waldschmidt, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France

title: African Mathematical Union


text:
User:Letsbespooked

God and the Paranormal Religon and the paranormal have always existed side by side in an uneasy state of co-existence, when you stop to think about it the two are very closely intertwined. We are all born, live our lives and die, but what happens next is very much up for debate. The traditional Christian view, and very much so in relation to the Pope and the Catholic Church, is that sinners will go to hell, and the good or at any rate those that repent their sins before god, will go to heaven. Purists think that this is very much cut and dried it’s as simple as that, and any other thoughts on the matter are blasphemous. The question that many people ask however is that with so many ghostly sightings and unexplained paranormal activity reported all over the world there must be more to it. All these millions of people around the globe, some of them very religious like myself, surely all can’t be imagining these experiences, they can’t all be figments of our imagination, and whilst some will obviously be fabricated events and pure sensationalism, I think the majority will in the eyes of the observer by real. So where do these experiences fit into the grand scheme of things? I’ve always believed that, call them what you want, ghosts, spirits, poltergeists or psychic energies, they are all caught in limbo between this world and the next, for what ever reason unable to move on, unable to rest. The consensus of opinion is that this happens when a life is unexpectedly cut short, when someone dies before it’s their time. Stories abound of murder victims coming back from the grave to avenge their deaths, to seek justice where none has prevailed. People that have died in car accidents seen at the side of the road still trying to get home. Or people that have died in conflict forever fighting on for their cause unable to pass over

Often people are scared by ghostly ‘goings on’ I doubt many stop to think, like I do, that perhaps the spirit is in equal need of help. There is a small but growing minority of people that aim to help both parties involved in a haunting, the haunted and the haunter. Rescue work (see our section on the main page) can not only return peoples lives to some sense of normality, relieving them of the stresses and anxieties caused by a haunting. It can also by removing the ghostly presence in whatever form it has manifested itself, allow the tormented spirit to finally rest in peace and pass over to the other side, whatever you believe that to be.

Of course this is just a Christian perspective, there are numerous different religions and cultures that believe spirits are among us for completely different reasons. Many believe in reincarnation, and not just in human form. (Psychics also believe that spirits often show themselves to people in the form of animals!) Some believe that spirits are in the elements, in the very ground we walk on, or the air that we breathe, that they are there to guide and protect us. Certain Chinese and Malay religions believe very strongly in vengeance spirits. People that are suspected to have been killed by others are buried with a mirror in one hand and a knife or pair of scissors in the other so that they can seek retribution. The mirror allows them to pass freely between the afterlife and the living world, the knife to seek exacting justice. Only when this is achieved can they continue on their journey to the next world.

Whatever your religion, the paranormal is present in one way or another, in some more than others, but belief as in religion itself is an entirely personal matter.

Only you can decide.

Ian Bee, nigel skelton, julie, mel, barney

Let’s be Spooked

title: User:Letsbespooked


text:
Category:British Rail diesel multiple units

This category contains articles about diesel multiple units built for British Rail and its predecessors, and the post-privatisation companies.


text:
Adolfo Scilingo

Adolfo Scilingo (born 28 July 1946 in Bahía Blanca) is a former Argentine Navy officer who is serving 30 years (the legally applied limit, although he was sentenced to 640 years) in a Spanish prison after being convicted on 19 April 2005 for crimes against humanity, including extra-judicial execution.

Charges
Scilingo was charged under Spain's universal jurisdiction laws by investigating magistrate Baltazar Garzón with genocide, 30 counts of murder, 93 of causing injury, 255 of terrorism and 286 of torture. He denied the charges but initially refused to plead, claiming to be unwell. In 2005 doctors ruled Scilingo was fit to stand trial.

The murder charges were related to 30 drugged political prisoners thrown out of government aircraft during Leopoldo Galtieri's military junta's Dirty War against leftist insurgents between 1976 and 1983.

Scilingo, who retired from the Navy in 1986, later attracted great notoriety for publicly confessing in March 1995 to journalist Horacio Verbitsky to participating in the so-called death flights - the first of a series of public confessions collectively called in Argentina the 'Scilingo effect' (Feitlowitz 1999). Scilingo was serving a jail term for fraud in Argentina at the time.

Judgement
The court found Scilingo guilty of crimes against humanity and torture and sentenced him to 640 years in jail. 21 years for each for the murder of 30 victims, who were thrown from planes to their deaths, and a further five years for torture and five years illegal detention. Scilingo is unlikely to serve more than 30 years in jail as that is the maximum time a person can serve for non-terrorist offences.

The Spanish case was the first use of a new Spanish law whereby people can be prosecuted for crimes committed outside Spain. Scilingo's confession prompted Argentines residing in Spain to press charges against him. It also led to Chileans living in Spain to file charges against their former dictator, Augusto Pinochet, who was later arrested in Britain at the request of Judge Baltasar Garzón.

On 4 July 2007, the Supreme Court of Spain increased Scilingo's prison sentence to 1084 years (but effective for only 25 years) and altered the conviction to the specific penalties provided in the current criminal code for the crimes of murder and unlawful detention, but held that these crimes "constitute crimes against humanity according to international law".

title: Adolfo Scilingo


text:
Lyle R. Wheeler

Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for Gone with the Wind (1939), Anna and the King of Siam (1946), The Robe (1953), The King and I (1956) and The Diary of Anne Frank (1959).

Biography
Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936, he was hired by David O. Selznick to work as a set designer for Selznick's motion picture production company. Wheeler proved able to design quality sets at reasonable costs and was very much in demand in the industry. By the end of World War II, Wheeler had joined 20th Century Fox, where he remained as chief art director until the end of the 1950s.

In a career spanning 40 years, Wheeler created sets for more than 350 motion pictures, many of which are considered film classics. His credits include A Star Is Born, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, State Fair, The Dolly Sisters, Forever Amber, The Fan, The Pride of St. Louis, Titanic, The Seven Year Itch, and Carousel and in particular, Gone With the Wind, for which he drew some of the earliest examples of storyboards for film, illustrating not only the art design, but the framing, composition and even the color for nearly every shot in the film, greatly influencing the production. He also created matte paintings for all the ceilings for the sets as well as large set pieces like the facade of Tara. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Production Design 29 times, winning five. In 1951, he was nominated for four different films, three in 1952 and twice for two films in one year.

His television credits include the long-running CBS series, Perry Mason.

Late in life, Wheeler suffered financial reverses and was forced to sell his home. He lost his five Academy Award statuettes when he was unable to pay a bill in excess of $30,000 at a storage facility. His 1959 Oscar for The Diary of Anne Frank was purchased and returned to Wheeler in 1989 by a fan.

Lyle Wheeler died on January 10, 1990, at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital, of pneumonia. He was cremated, and his ashes stored in the vault at the Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles.

Academy Awards
The art direction of Lyle Wheeler was often recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Wins

 * 1) 1939: Gone with the Wind
 * 2) 1946: Anna and the King of Siam
 * 3) 1953: The Robe
 * 4) 1956: The King and I
 * 5) 1959: The Diary of Anne Frank

Nominations

 * 1) 1937: The Prisoner of Zenda
 * 2) 1938: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
 * 3) 1940: Rebecca
 * 4) 1944: Laura
 * 5) 1945: Leave Her to Heaven
 * 6) 1947: The Foxes of Harrow
 * 7) 1949: Come to the Stable
 * 8) 1950: All About Eve
 * 9) 1951: Fourteen Hours, House on Telegraph Hill, David and Bathsheba, On the Riviera
 * 10) 1952: My Cousin Rachel, Viva Zapata!, The Snows of Kilimanjaro
 * 11) 1953: The President's Lady, Titanic
 * 12) 1954: Desirée
 * 13) 1955: Daddy Long Legs, Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing
 * 14) 1956: Teenage Rebel
 * 15) 1958: A Certain Smile
 * 16) 1959: Journey to the Center of the Earth
 * 17) 1963: The Cardinal

title: Lyle R. Wheeler