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Empress (chess)

The empress is a fairy chess piece that can move like a rook or a knight. It cannot jump over other pieces when moving as a rook but may do so when moving as a knight. The piece has acquired many names and is frequently called a chancellor, a knook or a marshal.

Chess moves in this article use C as notation for the empress.

Movement
The empress can move as a rook or a knight.

History and nomenclature
The empress is one of the most simply described fairy chess pieces and as such has a long history and has gone by many names. It was first used in Turkish Great Chess, a large medieval variant of chess, where it was called the war machine (dabbabah; not to be confused with the piece more commonly referred to as the dabbaba today, which is the (2,0) leaper). It was introduced in the West with Carrera's chess from 1617, where it was called a champion, and has been used in many chess variants since then.

The name chancellor was introduced by Ben Foster in his large variant Chancellor Chess (chess on a 9×9 board, with a chancellor on the opposite side of the king as the queen), and the name marshal was introduced by L. Tressan in his large variant The Sultan's Game. José Raúl Capablanca used both in his large variant Capablanca Chess: he originally called this piece the marshal, but later changed it to chancellor, which was his original name for the archbishop. Both chancellor and marshal are popular names for the rook+knight compound, although a case could be made for marshal, as the word is related to mare (female horse) and thus fits better for a piece that can move like a knight than chancellor, which has no connection to horses. Also, there are many commonly used chess pieces that, like chancellor, begin with C (e.g. the cannon in xiangqi, the camel in Tamerlane Chess, the champion in Omega Chess, and the cardinal or princess), and using the name marshal for the rook+knight compound would reduce this difficulty.

The name empress is the most widely used name among problemists. By analogy with the queen, which is a rook+bishop compound, it was suggested that the three basic combinations of the three simple chess pieces (rook, knight, and bishop) should all be named after female royalty. Since the rook+knight compound seemed to be obviously stronger than the bishop+knight compound (as the rook is stronger than the bishop), the name empress was used for the rook+knight compound, and the bishop+knight compound was called the princess. However, the word empress suggests a piece stronger than the queen, while this piece is at best equal to and perhaps weaker than the queen, especially in the endgame.

Value
Ralph Betza (inventor of chess with different armies, in which the empress was used in one of the armies) rated the empress as about nine points, equivalent to a queen, as the knight and bishop were about equal and the empress and queen were simply the knight and bishop with the power of a rook added to both. He noted that the queen may be slightly stronger than the empress in the endgame, but that the empress, on the other hand, has a greater ability to give perpetual checks and salvage a draw in an otherwise lost game. Unlike the queen, which can move in 8 different directions, the empress can move in 12.

In the endgame of king and amazon (queen+knight compound) versus king and empress, the amazon usually wins, but in a few positions, the weaker side may force a draw by setting up a fortress. These fortresses force the side with the amazon to give perpetual check, as otherwise the side with the empress can force a simplification or give its own perpetual check. King and empress versus king is a forced win for the side with the empress; checkmate can be forced within 11 moves. In comparison, the queen requires 10 moves, and the rook requires 16.

The drawing positions in the queen versus pawn endgame do not exist in the empress versus pawn endgame.

Examples
Many chess variants use a rook+knight compound, but due to its powerful ability, it is uncommon for variants to use more than one per colour on a normal 8×8 board. Seirawan chess uses one such piece (called an elephant) per colour. Capablanca chess uses one chancellor per colour on a 10×8 board.

Almost chess replaces queens with chancellors; these pieces are approximately equal in value.

Symbol
Both white and black symbols for the empress were added to version 12 of the Unicode standard in March 2019, in the Chess Symbols block:

🩏 U+1FA4F WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK 🩒 U+1FA52 BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK

title: Empress (chess)


text:
Princess (chess)

The princess is a fairy chess piece that can move like a bishop or a knight. It cannot jump over other pieces when moving as a bishop but may do so when moving as a knight. The piece has acquired many names and is frequently called an archbishop or a cardinal; it may also simply be called the bishop+knight compound.

Chess moves in this article use A as notation for the princess.

Movement
The princess can move as a bishop or a knight.

History and nomenclature
The princess is one of the most simply described fairy chess pieces and as such has a long history and has gone by many names. It was first used in Turkish Great Chess, a large medieval variant of chess, where it was called the vizir (not to be confused with the piece more commonly referred to as the wazir today, which is the (1,0) leaper). It was introduced in the West with Carrera's chess, a chess variant from 1617, where it was called a centaur, and has been used in many chess variants since then.

The name archbishop was introduced by José Raúl Capablanca in his large variant Capablanca chess. He originally called it the chancellor, but he later changed the names, and the rook+knight compound became known as the chancellor. Both of these names refer to higher ranks than the bishop in the Roman Catholic Church, but archbishop does so more obviously to most people and thus became more popular. In fact, the name archbishop has been used for other augmented bishops as well, such as the reflecting bishop (which reflects off the sides of the board) and the bishop+wazir compound. Christian Freeling, the inventor of Grand Chess, took a similar approach to Capablanca, naming the piece the cardinal.

Princess is the most widely used name among problemists. By analogy with the queen, which is a rook+bishop compound, it was decided that the three basic combinations of the three simple chess pieces (rook, knight, and bishop) should all be named after female royalty. Since the bishop+knight compound is obviously weaker than the rook+knight compound (as the bishop is weaker than the rook), the name princess was assigned to the bishop+knight compound, while the rook+knight compound was named the empress.

Value
The princess is worth approximately 8 pawns, which is one less than a queen. Computer self-play studies show that a single pawn is enough to compensate the difference between queen and princess on an 8×8 board, as well as that, on 10×8 boards, princess plus pawn even has a slight advantage over queen. This may seem counterintuitive, as the value difference of these pieces' non-bishop-components (rook vs. knight) is closer to 2 pawns, implying an unusually large synergy between the bishop and knight move. A mathematical approach used to determine relative piece value in Musketeer Chess estimated the value of the princess as 770 centipawns on an 8x8 board.

Princess versus rook is usually a draw, as is queen versus princess. King and princess versus king is a forced win for the side with the princess; checkmate can be forced within 17 moves. In comparison, the queen requires 10 moves and the rook requires 16. A princess can checkmate a lone king without the aid of its own king in a position where the enemy king is in the corner and the princess is two spaces diagonally away from it, but this position cannot be forced.

Ralph Betza (inventor of chess with different armies, in which the princess was used in one of the armies) rated the princess as about seven points, intermediate between a rook and a queen, noting that it was "a weak Queen" and that its 12 directions of movement is greater than the queen's 8 directions. However, all three of his alternate armies for that game are actually stronger than the standard FIDE army which they were supposed to equal, reflecting the general tendency for players to undervalue pieces which they are unfamiliar with; Larry Kaufman commented that this is particularly true for the princess.

Symbol
Both white and black symbols for the princess were added to version 12 of the Unicode standard in March 2019, in the Chess Symbols block:

🩐 U+1FA50 WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP 🩓 U+1FA53 BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Princess (chess)


text:
Talk:Wicca/Archive 2

Why was text removed and what is this about "rules"?
I restored some text that seemed like it needed discussion before removing. - Tεx τ urε 21:56, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Moved part of the section on differences between The Craft and Wicca into a new section Defination and some of it was moved to the Craft article. Makes things a bit clearer I think.

--Machenphile 12:00, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I'm a little uncertain about the claim that there could be a Christian witch. Isn't witchcraft explicitly forbidden by Christianity? - (unsigned)

 * Most Christian sects forbid adultery as well, yet there are Christian adulterers....go figure. Besides the "picking-and-choosing" issue, there are also translation issues in some of the "prohibiting" texts (witch vs. poisoner)... - Nunh-huh 19:48, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Concerns about the article
I found that the article was some what jumbled and tried to describe too many conflicting traditions though I do see that some care has been taken to make it more readable. I was also concerned with what look to be partisan viewpoints but I can't take issue as yet without doing a little research. I think we can do without the hocus-pocus as well, though I think someone did try to remove as much of it as possible.

I do take issue with this invented word magick (over magic) however... I don't think we need or should be inventing words like this, particularly in a body of work that is supposed to be factual. I think it might be mentioned that some people involved in Wicca or other pagan practices use the term to make a distinction, but the article itself should not invent the word and use as common syntax Does anyone have a strong objection to my editing this, and adding a paragraph on the use of "magick"?

Also, the "Goddess Symbol" at the top of the page is not representative of Wicca in general, though I'm quite sure it exists in some traditions it is not used in all traditions (In my own, there is no pentagram in the center). The only globally recognized (public) symbol of Wicca with the 5 pointed star. So, Does anyone mind if I change that?

brill 19:38, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Certainly the article didn't invent the word or its usage. *grins* The word "magick", though, is often used by some/many/a_significant_number_of Wiccans as a means to distinguish entertainment/stage magic/illusion form the work of the religion/craft. The word may be invented (see: neologism) but so are all other words. Some are just invented more recently, and some are used primarily within a certain context or limited scope of contexts. (See: muggle) None of this makes the word any less real, regardless of whether the word is in any dictionary of standing. (Dictionaries document language usage. Usage comes first, then codification into dictionaries.)

 * Go ahead and tweak the image to your heart's content. The only problem with using a 5 pointed star and nothing else is that it is too general to mean only Wicca. (As if there is anything that represents all of Wicca without representing something more than Wicca.) Perhaps adding a couple of other symbols and discussing their meaning and relative usage? - UtherSRG 20:00, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Essentially I don't think we need to invent a new word to describe something that already has a word and a correct meaning. Even the meaning of magic(or magik) is also dependent on how you where taught. In my own tradition Aleister Crowley (who coined the word magick) is not thought of with respect and is viewed as a showman without need sitting on the dark side of the fence... I could even argue that stage magic and spiritual magic were not actually different. In fact the meaning fo the word magic is exactly what we think it means. However I note that magick has made it into the dictionary and has a much simpler meaning associated with Wicca only. When I say magic I mean magic as defined... and when I say magick, I mean magic. Anyway this very argument denotes a Weasel Term as you point out :)
 * Because of the confusion and the plethora of ideas about what it actually means (which I don't think I've heard two people agree on), I think using the correct spelling is important, and instead add a section on the word Magick and why some people have chosen to use it instead.

 * Yes, I see your point about the image... I think you may have a good solution with a catalogue of possible images. However I can only add the basic images I know from my own tradition. To elaborate and illustrate; to me the Goddess symbol with the Pentagram in the center is strange, because of their meanings, were one represents the "shaper" and "lover" etc (all things Goddess) the other represents the balance of the Goddess with the God, light/dark, etc. in other words, the Goddess is part of the meaning of the Pentagram, not the other way around. This of course if a partisan viewpoint, but I'm sure you understand my meaning. <grin> brill 20:37, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Christian Wicca
Christian Wicca is pretty common. Irist Christianity is a good example. Christian Wiccans study the Bible thouroughly, and know many passages that can argue with the general Christian attitude that witchcraft is evil. They know that the passage, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live," was changed from, "Thou shalt not suffer a poinsoner to live," by King James who was paronoid about witches.

Also, it is easy for a Christian to fit Wicca into their pratices. The Trinity is, in essence, a pantheon, and spells can be considered extremely elaborate prayers

--A Solitary Pratitioner

Re: Christian Wicca

I would strongly object to adding any mention of Christian "Wicca" to the article. The word "Wicca" is not a synonym for "witch." Yes, there are Christians who practice witchcraft. This does not make them Wiccan. Irish Christianity is just that... a form of Christianity, not Wicca. Casting spells does not make a person Wiccan.

-Scypres, 3* Alexandrian HPS

I apologize. When I edited this page, I meant only to add this comment to the previous ones (which included mentioning Christian Wicca). Instead, I accidentally deleted the other comments! If anyone knows how to retrieve them, please do!

Mea Culpa,

-Scypres

Greetings, Scypres,

While I understand (and, to a large measure, agree with) your reservations about "Christian Wicca," I do feel that a discussion of the phenomenon is necessary. IMHO, it's kind of like the "Lineaged vs. Bootstrap" argument, or like any number of "heresies and schisms" in the Christian community--discussing it may lead to understanding, but ignoring it will only make it fester.

As for restoring the previous pages of comments, I don't know how to do that, but I will try to flag the page for someone more knowledgeable to repair.

--Justin.eiler 05:28, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I reverted to the version before Scypres accidentally deleted the information.

--uber-christian--

i think somthing should be added talking abouty uber-christians.

Gardnerian Wicca
There's actually no such thing as Gardnerian 'Wicca'. Gardner used the word wicca to refer to practioners, and the word witchcraft to refer to the practice. Gardnerian Witchcraft is what he named his tradition. Wicca, in reference to the religion, came well after Gardner's time.

--Jcvamp 09:53, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Open Source Wicca
Hello,

I am requesting some help with another Wikipedia page where the nature of Wicca is being discussed in relationship to what makes a religion "open source". This is the page where your input would be appreciated:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_religion

I am more attracted to spiritual communities rather than to particular religions, though I am more compatible with some religions than others. I regularly participate in Wiccan holidays with friends and have several books on the subject, but I am by no means an expert.

My partner and I are both part of the open source computing community and we had already been discussing the open source aspects of some religions before my discovery of the open source religion page. I was disappointed that the article so narrowly focused on the author's own religion which he founded, without any due discussion of others who are also exploring the opening up of their religions.

On 2005 August 28 I added these links to the Open Source Religion Page in order to encourage a more expanded understanding of the subject:

 * So, What's Wicca?  A description of Wicca as an open source religion.

 * Universal Life Church < http://ulc.org/> Pre-dates the concept of open source religion while still being an exemplar of the ideas behind an open source community.

 * Principia Discordia  Also pre-dates the concept of open source religion while holding tenets strongly indicative of an open source structure.

On 2005 September 05 these links were removed. This was the reason given:

05:06, 5 September 2005 Kriegman (\u2192External links - LACK of structure or form and the absolute lack of a need for any agreement found in Wicca, ULC, and Discordianism is not consistent with "open source" as defined in the wikipedia)

Kriegman also states 2005 September 11: Before deleting the Wicca reference, I read the article referred to as well as exploring links to the other two "religions." Indeed, about the latter, I read quite a bit and learned more than I wanted to know about them (though the Discordia was somewhat entertaining).

Kriegman quotes no other research or claims any other knowledge of these religions.

From my experience and reading I believe he misunderstands and is too easily dismissing all three of these religions. I am also concerned that this page is not being written from a neutral point of view, does not support its statements with verifiable evidence, and is largely about the author's dogmas. These last three issues I believe I have been able to effectively argue. However, I feel ill equipped to defend Wicca, ULC, or Discordianism.

My personal opinion is that this page needs to be either substantially rewritten or removed. However, even tiny steps in revision are being halted since the page is so obscure that currently I am the only one defending expanding the religions that are represented there. I would appreciate the assistance of anyone who can make coolheaded arguments about Wicca and sticking to Wikipedia policies.

Thank you for any help or third opinions you can give to our discussion.

Kind regards,

Eriostemon 00:48, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * P.S. I have been regularly checking here to see if anyone wants to chat with me before perhaps putting their oar in the water with the other page. I speak of removing the Open Source Religion page because every time I consider significantly changing it, I run into the block that no one has written about this subject before, and I would have to write an article for a peer-reviewed journal before it would be sensible to say anything at all in Wikipedia (I may still do so. It's a bit outside my PhD, but I am interested). In the meantime we have a page meant to validate and promote a particular religion, Yoism, without consideration of others including Open Source Judaism put together by Douglas Rushkoff, Open Source Golden Dawn, etc. These should be discussed in the body of the article and not tolerated as links at the bottom of the page by the founder of Yoism.

Eriostemon 22:38, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wicca/Archive 2


text:
Sous vide

Sous vide (French for 'under vacuum' ), also known as low-temperature, long-time (LTLT) cooking,  is a method of cooking invented by the French chef Georges Pralus in 1974,  in which food is placed in a plastic pouch or a glass jar and cooked in a water bath for longer than usual cooking times (usually one to seven hours, and more than three days in some cases) at a precisely regulated temperature.

The temperature is much lower than usually used for cooking, typically around 55 to 60 C for red meat, 66 to 71 C for poultry, and higher for vegetables. The intent is to cook the item evenly, ensuring that the inside is properly cooked without overcooking the outside, and to retain moisture.

History
Sous vide cooking is characterized by low-temperature cooking, a longer period of cooking than conventional cooking, a container (such as a plastic bag) that separates the food from its heating environment, and pressurized enclosure using full or partial vacuum.

Low-temperature cooking was first described by Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford in 1799. He used air as the heat-transfer medium in his experiments while attempting to see if he could roast meat in a machine which he had created to dry potatoes. In Thompson's own words, the meat was: "Not merely eatable, but perfectly done, and most singularly well-tasted."

Preparation of food under pressure, with or without heat, was developed by American and French engineers in the mid-1960s as an industrial food preservation method. As with Rumford, the researchers learned that the food showed distinctive improvements in flavor and texture. As this method was pioneered, applying pressure to food through vacuum sealing was sometimes called "cryovacking". The pressure notably concentrated the flavors of fruits, even without cooking.

The method was adopted by Georges Pralus, a French chef, in 1974 for the Restaurant Troisgros (of Pierre and Michel Troisgros) in Roanne, France. He discovered that when foie gras was cooked in this manner, it kept its original appearance, did not lose excess amounts of fat, and had better texture.

Another pioneer in sous vide is Bruno Goussault, the French chief scientist of Sterling, Virginia-based food manufacturer Cuisine Solutions. In 1991, he established Centre de Recherche et d'Études pour l'Alimentation (CREA) as the service arm of its parent company, Cuisine Solutions. Due to his research into the effects of temperature on various foods, through CREA, he became well known for training top chefs in the method. He developed the parameters of cooking times and temperatures for various foods.

Goussault and Pralus independently worked on development of sous vide in the 1970s and eventually became collaborators. Goussault pioneered the marriage of vacuum sealing with low-temperature cooking. Pralus, considered the father of modern sous vide, cooked at higher temperatures.

Essential features
Sealing the food in sturdy plastic bags retains juices and aroma that otherwise would be lost in the process. Placing the packaged food in a water bath, with the temperature set at the desired final cooking temperature of the food, prevents overcooking, because the food cannot get hotter than the bath it is in, as in bain-marie.

As a result of precise temperature control of the bath and the fact that the bath temperature is the same as the target cooking temperature, very precise control of cooking can be achieved. Additionally, temperature, and thus cooking, can be very even throughout the food in sous vide cooking, even with irregularly shaped and very thick items, given enough time.

By contrast, in conventional high-heat cooking, such as oven roasting or grilling, the food is exposed to heat levels that are much higher than the desired internal cooking temperature, and it must be removed from the high heat prior to reaching the desired cooking temperature. If the food is removed from the heat too late, it becomes overcooked, and if it is removed too early, it is undercooked.

The use of temperatures much lower than those used for conventional cooking is an essential feature of sous vide. When cooking meat, tough collagen in connective tissue can be denatured into gelatin, without heating the meat's proteins high enough that they denature to a degree that the texture toughens and moisture is exuded from the meat.

In contrast, soft vegetables when boiled are often considered overcooked. Low-temperature cooking allows plant matter to remain more succulent, as the cell walls do not burst. Cooking vegetables at temperatures below the boiling point of water allows them to be thoroughly cooked (and pasteurized, if necessary) while maintaining a firm or somewhat crisp texture. While the cell walls will generally not burst, the depolymerization of the pectic polysaccharides that connect the vegetable cells together and the gelatinisation of starch in the vegetable can be achieved without overcooking.

From a culinary viewpoint, the exclusion of air is secondary, but this has practical importance. It allows cooked food to be stored, still sealed and refrigerated, for considerable times, which is especially useful for the catering industry, and it excludes oxygen from food that requires long cooking and is susceptible to oxidation, e.g., fat on meat, which may become rancid with prolonged exposure to air. It also improves the transfer of heat between the water bath and food, without the thermal insulating properties of any trapped air in the bag.

Apart from ensuring uniform cooking, sous vide cooking facilitates development of desired organoleptic flavors and limits off flavors due to oxidation.

Temperature
The degree of accuracy and constancy of cooking temperature required varies with the food cooked. In some cases, it is not critical. A 15 mm-thick piece of fish will cook in 17 to 18 minutes at any temperature from 44 °C to 61 °C. Such food can be cooked in a switched-off slow cooker filled with hot water and a thermometer.

For an egg, though, which has proteins that denature at different temperatures, maintaining precise, constant temperature is more critical. Confit egg yolks are usually cooked at 63 °C, which is hot enough to cook the white without setting the yolk. The temperature of the bath is set to 64 °C.

Regular cooking times are determined by when the center of the cooked item reaches a few degrees below the targeted temperature. Then heating should be stopped immediately. While the food rests, residual heat will continue to cook it for a while. If the heating continues, the food will be overcooked. The time taken for the center of food to reach the target temperature depends on the initial temperature, the thickness and shape of the food, and the temperature of the bath.

Limitations
One limitation of sous vide cooking is that browning (Maillard reactions) happens at temperatures above the boiling point of water. The flavors and 'crust' texture developed by browning are generally seen as very desirable in the cooking of certain types of meat, such as a steak. The flavors and texture produced by browning cannot be obtained with only the sous vide technique. In many cases, chefs will brown meats and other foods before or after sous vide cooking, using techniques such as grilling or searing on an extremely hot pan. This secondary browning is done briefly, and sometimes at higher heat than usually used, so as to affect only the surface of the food and to avoid overcooking the interior. Similarly, the skin of fish can be cooked at high temperatures after the sous vide to make the skin crisp.

Safety
Food safety is a function of both time and temperature; a temperature usually considered insufficient to render food safe may be perfectly safe if maintained for long enough. Some sous vide fish recipes, for example, are cooked below 55 C. People with compromised immunity should never eat food that has not been properly pasteurized. Women eating unpasteurized food while pregnant expose themselves and their fetus to risk and thus may choose to avoid unpasteurized recipes.

Clostridium botulinum bacteria can grow in food in the absence of oxygen and produce the deadly botulinum toxin, so sous vide cooking must be performed under carefully controlled conditions to avoid botulism poisoning. Generally speaking, food that is heated and served within four hours is considered safe, but meat that is cooked for longer to tenderize must reach a temperature of at least 55 C within four hours and then be kept there for sufficient time, to pasteurize the meat.

Pasteurization kills the botulism bacteria, but the possibility of hardy botulism spores surviving and reactivating once cool remains a concern as with many preserved foods, however processed. For that reason, Baldwin's treatise specifies precise chilling requirements for "cook-chill", so that the botulism spores do not have the opportunity to grow or propagate. Pasteurized food can then be stored for up to two weeks around 3 C sealed within the vacuum pack. Exposure to air also inactivates spore growth.

Endocrine disruptors
Most plastics release estrogenic chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors when heated. The degree of danger posed is controversial.

Also, some evidence shows that heterocyclic aromatic amines and bisphenol-A migrate from the plastic container into the food in sous vide cooking.

Uses

The sous vide method is used in many high-end gourmet restaurants by chefs such as Heston Blumenthal, Paul Bocuse, Michael Carlson, Thomas Keller, Grant Achatz, Ferran Adrià, Joël Robuchon, Philippe Rochat, Alessandro Stratta, Charlie Trotter, Michael Mina and Joan Roca. Amtrak also uses this method for meals served on their trains, including the Acela Express.

Sous vide has become common on cooking TV shows such as Iron Chef America and Top Chef, and in restaurants such as Panera Bread. It has also been used to quickly produce significant quantities of meals for hurricane evacuees. Nonprofessional cooks are also beginning to use sous vide cooking.

Initially, enthusiasts used laboratory-grade thermal immersion circulators, often bought used on eBay and - however carefully cleaned - not designed for kitchen use. Beginning in 2008, Auber Instruments and Fresh Meals Solutions made available comparatively inexpensive yet highly accurate PID controllers with attached thermocouple probes that could be used to control commercial rice cookers, slow cookers, electric stock pots, and similar apparatuses. In late 2009, several machines intended for home use and less expensive than laboratory-standard equipment were available for purchase.

Duplicating some effects of sous vide techniques is possible through the use of a rigid-sided, insulated container, such as a "beer cooler", filled with warm water, checked with an accurate thermometer, and coupled with resealable bags, which allow the air to be removed, to package the food for cooking. However, the heat loss involved in this technique makes it unfeasible for long-term (four-plus hours) cooking.

Sous vide, French for "under vacuum", implies that food should be sealed in a plastic bag with all the air removed. As an alternative method to a commercial or home vacuum sealer, the food may be placed in an open-sided plastic bag, and then partially submerged into the water, which displaces/forces out the air. This method involves clipping the open side of the bag to the side of the pot to keep water from leaking into the opening. The goal is to have the food completely in contact with the hot water to ensure even cooking while reducing off flavors from oxidation.

Lower-cost units are now available in the form of a "stick", which has a clip to attach it to the side of the cooking vessel. Sous vide sticks provide a heating element, controller, and motorized impeller. The higher-cost units provide a more precise degree of control over the water temperature. Devices are becoming more user-friendly, with apps affiliated with most of the devices. Apps guide people through the cooking process, with some units having voice-control integration and Wi-Fi interfaces to control the device remotely.

title: Sous vide


text:
User talk:Ciaran H

Thanks for catching the error on Caesar cipher! I've left a reply at Talk:Caesar cipher. — Matt Crypto 15:24, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

For articles and their talk pages, people rarely give "notification of replies" because usually the page is on the person's watchlist, so there's no need. Sometimes people do it when replying on there own "user talk" pages, though, because not everyone watches those. — Matt Crypto 15:58, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks for the explanation. :) --Ciaran H 15:59, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

I'm Ciaran_H. I'm just testing to see how the "you have a new message" string looks.--81.154.176.193 20:59, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Re: Adventure Games Live
Hi Ciaran,

I agree, the games don't list much new information as yet. But I thought the games are worthy of maybe additional description, critiquing the games, as possibly provided by other viewers.

Hi
Hi Ciaran. Haven't seen you on IRC in a while! Andre ( talk ) 18:06, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Heya. No, we haven't talked for a while. :) I'll pop in now for a bit, but I need to go in a bit. --Ciaran H 21:38, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

middle man
Do you know why the middle man page is now pointing again to the program as the primary page (and not at all to the word?). I'm asking because it's now pointing to the article about the program, and I thought that was changed, and infact as far as I can tell that's what the history shows.

Would you like to take care of this? I would, but as I seem to be saying all the time right now "I'm new to Wikipedia".

I mostly wanted to bring this to your attention to make it clear one way or the other it wasn't my fault :)--Anthony 02:00, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late reply. I was awaiting consensus at User talk:Ciaran_H/Middle_man for the move to go ahead, as I discovered that it required admin assistance. It looks like things might be moving now. --Ciaran H 19:09, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Nice to see another ARG player here!
Hi Ciaran! Nice to see you! Thanks for holding on to the Benjamin Stove article, too! (my name is SirQuady on unfiction if you're curious). I was also wondering if you would want to help out with The Art of the Heist article, if you played that game. Ok, see you around! --Quadraxis 00:35, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Static Line
Ciaran, Thanks for the tweaks and revisions on the Static Line article. It really helps. I was also curious if the staticline.scenespot.org server was yours or Ben's. The scenespot.org domain is going to disappear soon, and I want to make sure that at least the wikipedia article links to the right place. I could always use the IP address, but I'd like to use a domain name if possible. Thanks again. --Coplan 16:29, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Coplan. The server is mine. I can set up an alternate name at staticline.theblob.org if needed. :) --Ciaran H 10:05, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft
I thought you might like to know that this article which you original wrote (when it was under a different title) has been listed as a good article (see Good articles). Regards, Guest9999 (talk) 20:26, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Ciaran H/Who is Benjamin Stove?
User:Ciaran H/Who is Benjamin Stove?, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Ciaran H/Who is Benjamin Stove? and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Ciaran H/Who is Benjamin Stove? during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Otters want attention) 16:37, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ciaran H


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Category talk:Topologists

Untitled
Discussion on category:topologists, category:geometers, and category:topologists and geometers is at an old version of my talk page.  —msh210 15:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Topologists


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Laurens Jan Brinkhorst

Laurens Jan Brinkhorst (born 18 March 1937) is a retired Dutch politician and diplomat of the Democrats 66 (D66) party and jurist.

Early life and education
Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst was born in the city of Zwolle. His parents were Marius Jacobus Brinkhorst (1902 - 1943) and Françoise Laurence Wilhelmina Holboom (1901 - 1981). After getting his high school diploma (gymnasium-B-diploma in Dutch) he studied law at the University of Leiden (Rijksuniversiteit Leiden in Dutch), where he obtained his LL.M. degree in 1959. He also received a M.A. degree in Public Law and Government from Columbia University in New York City. Afterwards he worked at Shearman & Sterling in New York City.

Brinkhorst attended the Christian Gymnasium Sorghvliet in The Hague from June 1945 until June 1954 and applied at the Leiden University in June 1954, majoring in Law. He obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree in June 1956 before graduating with an Master of Laws degree in July 1959. Brinkhorst applied at the Columbia University in New York City in August 1959 for a postgraduate education in political science and obtained an Bachelor of Social Science degree before graduating with an Master of Social Science in September 1961. Brinkhorst worked as a paralegal at Shearman & Sterling in New York City from September 1961 until December 1962. Brinkhorst worked as a researcher at the Leiden University from December 1962 until January 1967 and as an associate professor of international law at the Leiden University from April 1965 until January 1967 and as a professor of international law, international relations and European law at the University of Groningen from January 1967 until 11 May 1973.

Career in politics and academia
Brinkhorst served on the Provincial-Council of Groningen from July 1970 until August 1971. After the election of 1972 Brinkhorst was appointed as State Secretary for Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet Den Uyl, taking office on 19 December 1977. The Cabinet Den Uyl fell on 22 March 1977 after four years of tensions in the coalition and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity. Brinkhorst was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1977, taking office on 8 June 1977 but he was still serving in the cabinet and because of dualism customs in the constitutional convention of Dutch politics he couldn't serve a dual mandate he subsequently resigned as State Secretary on 8 September 1977.

In 1977 he was again a member of the Second Chamber of the Dutch parliament for D66 and in 1981 became the leader of his party in parliament. From 1983 to 1987 he was Ambassador of the European Community in Japan. After the election of 1981 the Leader of the Democrats 66 and Parliamentary leader of the Democrats 66 in the House of Representatives Jan Terlouw was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Van Agt II and Brinkhorst was selected as his successor as Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives on 11 September 1981. After the Leader of the Democrats 66 Terlouw announced that he was stepping down as Leader following a big loss in the election of 1982 the Democrats 66 leadership appointed Brinkhorst as his successor on 8 September 1982. In October 1982 Brinkhorst was nominated as Ambassador of the European Union to Japan, he resigned as Leader and as Parliamentary leader and as a Member of the House of Representatives on 11 November 1982 and was installed as Ambassador, taking office on 1 December 1982. In December 1986 Brinkhorst was nominated as Director-General of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety of the European Commission, he resigned as Ambassador the same day he was installed as Director-General, serving from 1 January 1987 until his resignation 19 July 1994.

Brinkhorst was elected as a Member of the European Parliament after the European Parliamentary election of 1994, taking office on 19 July 1994. Brinkhorst was appointed as Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries in the Cabinet Kok II following the resignation of Haijo Apotheker, taking office on 9 June 1999. In February 2002 Brinkhorst announced that he wouldn't stand for the election of 2002. The Cabinet Kok II resigned on 16 April 2002 following the conclusions of the NIOD report into the Srebrenica massacre during the Bosnian War and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity. The Cabinet Kok II was replaced by the Cabinet Balkenende I following the cabinet formation of 2002 on 22 July 2002. Brinkhorst semi-retired from active politics and became active in the private sector and public sector and worked as a senior legal advisor at NautaDutilh in Brussels from August 2002 until May 2003 and served as a distinguished professor of Governmental Studies and International relations at the Tilburg University from 1 December 2002 until 27 May 2003.

In 1987 he became a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Between 1987 and 1994 Brinkhorst continued his service at the European Commission as Director-General for Environmental Affairs and Nuclear Safety. In 1994 Brinkhorst became a member of the European Parliament, serving there until 1999.

Brinkhorst was also a member of the Provinciale Staten (the provincial parliament) of the province of Groningen for D66, a member of the board of advice of the World Resources Institute in Washington DC, a member of the board of governors of the Nederlands Economisch Instituut (Dutch Economical Institute), a professor by special appointment of international environmental law at the University of Leiden, a member of the Board of Directors of the Salzburg Seminar, a member of the Board of Directors of the International Institute of Sustainable Development, and a professor (on a temporary basis) of international environmental law at the university of Lausanne.

On 8 June 1999 he became the minister of agriculture, environmental control and fishery in the cabinet Kok-II. Afterwards (2002) he became an Adviser of European Affairs at NautaDulith in Brussels and was awarded a professorship in transnational and European Governance at the university of Tilburg.

After the election of 2003 Brinkhorst was appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Balkenende II, taking office on 27 May 2003. Brinkhorst was also appointed as Deputy Prime Minister following the resignation of Thom de Graaf, taking office on 31 March 2005. The Cabinet Balkenende II fell on 30 June 2006 after the Democrats 66 had lost confidence in the functioning of Minister of Integration and Asylum Affairs Rita Verdonk and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until the Democrats 66 cabinet members resigned on 3 July 2006. Shortly thereafter Brinkhorst announced his retirement from national politics and that he wouldn't stand for the election of 2006. After the electoral defeat of D66 he became a minister of economic affairs in the second Balkenende cabinet. Brinkhorst, as well as Alexander Pechtold, resigned from his minister post after the second Balkenende cabinet lost the confidence of parliament on 29 June 2006. The next day, Balkenende offered the resignation of the full cabinet to the Dutch Queen.

He is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN).

Personal life
On 26 August 1960, Brinkhorst married Jantien Heringa (born 2 February 1935 in Voorburg), daughter of Ewardus Heringa (The Hague, 14 November 1904 - The Hague, 30 November 1988) and wife (m. Utrecht, 4 August 1930) Petronela Johanna Roskam (Utrecht, 20 August 1905 - The Hague, 19 December 1991). Brinkhorst and Heringa are the parents of Marius Brinkhorst (born 9 February 1964) and the Dutch princess Laurentien (born 25 May 1966), who married Prince Constantijn in 2001.

Brinkhorst retired after spending 33 years in national politics and became active in the public sector and occupied numerous seats as a nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (Institute of International Relations Clingendael, Energy Research Centre, Netherlands Atlantic Association, Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, Organisation for Scientific Research, Institute for Advanced Study and the Society for Statistics and Operations Research) and served as an diplomat and lobbyist for several economic delegations on behalf of the government and as an advocate and activist for Human rights, European integration, Environmentalism, Sustainable development and Climate change. Brinkhorst also served as a distinguished professor of Governmental studies, International relations, International law and European law at the Leiden University from 1 November 2006 until 1 November 2011 and a distinguished visiting professor of International relations and Environmental law at the University of Lausanne from 1 February 2007 until 1 February 2008.

National

 * Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Grand Officer.svg Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (11 April 2007)
 * Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Officer.svg Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (10 December 2002)
 * NLD Order of the Dutch Lion - Knight BAR.png Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (11 April 1978)

Foreign

 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (18 May 2004)
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II (15 May 1988)
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (31 August 2003)
 * 🇫🇷 France: Officer of the Order of Legion of Honour (4 July 2010)
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1 September 2004)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (30 April 1985)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 July 2005)
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Commander of the Order of the Oak Crown (25 January 1996)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Commander of the Order of Polonia Restituta (6 May 2005)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (5 December 2000)

Honorary degrees

 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands – Tilburg University: Law (5 July 2003)

title: Laurens Jan Brinkhorst


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Royal St. John's Regatta

The Royal St. John's Regatta is North America's oldest annual sporting event with documented proof of 1816 boat races. There is credible contention that St. John's regattas were held even earlier than 1816, likely in the 18th century. The races of 1818 were held on September 22 in order to coincide with the 57th anniversary of King George III's official coronation on September 22, 1761. It is from this date that the Regatta Committee takes its anniversary. In August 2018 the Royal St. John's Regatta celebrated its 200th anniversary.

Held on Quidi Vidi Lake in St. John's, Newfoundland, the Regatta is scheduled for the first Wednesday of August. If weather and wind conditions are not suitable, the event is postponed until the next suitable day. Since Regatta Day is a civic holiday in St. John's (replacing the Civic Holiday observed in most other Canadian provinces on the first Monday in August), this means that the weather actually determines whether or not workers have the day off – a matter sometimes complicated by late-night partying associated with the end of the George Street Festival the night before. This has led to the coining of the term "Regatta Roulette" where people head to George Street Festival or party elsewhere the night before and hope the weather is nice enough for the Regatta (and the holiday) the next day.

Crews row six-member, coxswained, fixed-seat racing shells that are as identical as possible and are the property of the Royal St. John's Regatta Committee. Men's crews row a 2.450 km course, women's row a 1.225 km course, and all crews are required to turn buoys and return to the start-finish line.

A growing number of people, local and foreign, visit Quidi Vidi Lake each year for the event, averaging around 50,000 in recent years. It has also become a popular spot for both provincial and federal politicians to meet the public. Aside from the rowing competitions, the Royal St. John's Regatta is well known for its lakeside entertainment. The Regatta host hundreds of booths operated by individuals and organizations, ranging from various games of chance to food and drink.

History
There are records of rowing competitions in St. John's since at least 1816.

The regatta has long-standing ties with the Canadian monarchy: The regatta has been visited by members of the Royal Family, including Prince Albert Edward (later King Edward) in 1860 and Queen Elizabeth II in 1978. It has been cancelled due to the death of any monarch, and any year a coronation has taken place or a milestone jubilee celebrated, the regatta has been held in honour of the monarch. Its royal designation was incorporated in 1993, which prompted changes in the event and the development of a new crest. Don Johnson, Frederick Russell and Geoff Carnell collaborated in the effort to get permission to use the Royal prefix for the Regatta.

The first women's race in the St. John's Regatta was held in 1856. The winning crew of Quidi Vidi women was inducted into the Regatta Hall of Fame in recognition of their feat. It was nearly 100 years before women participated again. Beginning in 1949, women have rowed in nearly every Regatta, though a women's championship race was not introduced until 1979.

Course records and record holders
Male Course Record: 8:51.32 (Crosbie Industrial Services 2007 - Championship Race)

Members:

Cox: Mark Hayward

Stroke: Brent Hickey

5: Adam Kavanagh

4: Ronny Whitten

3: Ed Williams

2: James Cadigan

1: Darryl Ryan

Coach: Bert Hickey

Female Course Record: 4:56.10 (M5 2018 - Amateur Race)

Members:

Cox: Dean Hammond

Stroke: Katie Wadden

5: Alyssa Devereaux

4: Jane Brodie

3: Nancy Beaton

2: Amanda Ryan

1: Amanda Hancock

Spare: Maria Clift

Female
== Official Race Record Times ==

Other events
Regatta Day is only officially recognized as a holiday in the city of St. John's and most retail establishments outside the city remain open that day. Some larger suburban stores mark the day with extravagant Boxing Day-style sales.

title: Royal St. John's Regatta


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Bhatura

Bhatoora (also known as batoora, bhatura, batura, or pathora) (भटूरा, ਭਟੂਰਾ) is a fluffy deep-fried leavened sourdough bread originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is commonly served as a midday meal or a breakfast dish in northern and eastern India. Paired with chickpea curry (called chole or channe), it forms a traditional dish called chole bhature.

This bread is like the puri bread but is made with leavened dough.

Preparation
A typical recipe includes all-purpose flour (maida), dahi (yogurt), ghee or oil, and either yeast or baking powder. Once kneaded well, the dough is left to rise, and then small balls of this dough are either hand-rolled or flattened using a rolling pin. The bread pieces are then deep fried until they puff up into a lightly browned, soft, fluffy bread, which is elastic and chewy.

Bhatura is often eaten with yogurt, pickle, or vegetables. When eaten with chole, it forms a popular traditional dish known as chole bhature.

Variations
A variation of this dish is to use semolina flour instead of all purpose flour. Other variations include aloo bhatura (bhatura filled with potato) and paneer bhatura (bhatura filled with paneer).

A nonfried variant is the kulcha, which can be baked or cooked on a flat pan and is garnished with coriander leaves.

title: Bhatura


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Talk:German Labour Front

Deutschen Arbeitsfront
Source for the correct spelling of Deutschen Arbeitsfront: Hitler's last testament In German: http://www.ne.jp/asahi/masa/private/history/ww2/text/politisches.html -- Philip Baird Shearer 15:28, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

And what exactly makes you think Hitler had time to proofread his work? I don't know German - perhaps it's a contextual thing.

It's genitive, think "Leiter der Deutschen Arbeitsfront" = "German Labour Front's Leader". There are at least four cases in the German language, so be careful to use words from German texts out of context. A very good source for at least the major people and things from back then is the LeMO (Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online) at http://www.dhm.de/lemo/home.html. See http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/organisationen/daf/ there. --Yooden

Numbers
It says "Membership required a fee within the range of 15 pfennig to 3 reichsmark ... In 1934, the total intake was 300,000,000 reichsmark". Even today if every German pays 3 reichsmark, that would be a total of 247,314,000 reichsmark. --Chochopk 09:34, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Free and diverse
Was the DAF really a medium for free and diverse labor unions? I think not, but I´d like to check with you all before editing.--ZgB 17:17, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dafsymbol.PNG
Image:Dafsymbol.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:20, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Problem with the AS level link
Firstly, Life in Nazi Germany is on Unit 2M; not unit 3

Secondly, the link is broken.

I'm in school so I can't fix this right now. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.23.30.190 (talk) 16:34, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Alleged Corruption of Repressed Unions
I was very surprised to read that the German Labour Front "replaced the Weimar Republic trade unions because of rampant corruption in the existing unions" – with no citation, and especially with the word "alleged" deleted from an earlier version. The long-standing Nazi antipathy to the Weimar unions, in particular to the unions affiliated to the ADGB (which Hitler, in Mein Kampf called the "ram of the SPD for the destruction of the national economy"), had little to do with alleged corruption. Hitler, again in Mein Kampf, asserted that only National Socialist unions would be allowed in a Nazi-ruled Germany. For the Nazi destruction of the Weimar unions in January to July 1933, see. The German Labour Front was able to replace the Weimar unions only after the arrest and detention of the staff and leadership of ADGB on May 2, using the Nazis plenary powers under the Enabling Act. Peterscameron (talk) 19:31, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Capitalist and Liberal? The Nazis were Socialists
After reading this article and all of the details about what the union offered, including the fact that the union was an official part of the government, there is no way that these guys were capitalists, at least by American right wing standards. All of the terms of their unions would give Republicans a headache. To assert that these guys had anything to do with capitalism is a pretty nice try at connecting the Nazis to capitalism and the right wing, but it is an utter lie. All of the things in their philosophy were decidedly anti-capitalist according to modern, American Republican capitalists on the right wing. The Nazis were famous for opposing the communists, so they sought a middle road between capitalism and communism. They wanted to keep ownership in the hands of private individuals, but to have the state dictating important aspects of the economy. They are the people who most accurately described themselves: National Socialists. It was socialism designed to advance the state (Germany), and not part of the international worker's revolution. All of this needs to be stated in the article, or else liberals will walk away thinking these guys were capitalists. This is a nice try at the idea that "the Nazis were socialists in name only," which isn't true. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.169.107.173 (talk) 23:28, 22 September 2014 (UTC)
 * You need to provide sources, not speculation, so I will remove your edit. Capitalism is an economic system where by definition ownership is in the hands of private individuals.  Having the state dictate aspects of the economy, particularly during wartime, does not preclude a system being capitalist.  TFD (talk) 03:23, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes it does. In capitalism we don't have state dictatorship over the economy. This state dictatorship is even de facto state ownership. 92.192.36.230 (talk) 07:50, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * State ownership over the means of production does not in and of itself make an economy socialist. Were that the case, most if not all nations of the world would be socialist. Even a command economy does not necessarily entail this. Docktuh (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:31, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on German Labour Front. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20151208140522/http://www.kdhs.org.uk/history/as/as_unit3/daf1.htm to http://www.kdhs.org.uk/history/as/as_unit3/daf1.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20151208143722/http://www.angelfire.com/sk3/geruniformaux/RAD.html to http://www.angelfire.com/sk3/geruniformaux/RAD.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:08, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:German Labour Front


text: User:Talrias/Templates/fa

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shaun Smith

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:33, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Shaun Smith
This page is clearly a candidate for deletion due to its non-encyclopedic tone and vanity subject matter. A search for "Shaun Smith" + "Athena" yielded only 22 hits. --Onlyemarie 15:31, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the line "Some have described him as a "total toss bag"" suggests either an attack page or self-deprecating vanity, not a serious attempt at an encyclopedia article. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:43, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity doesn't get any more obvious. Chris talk back 22:04, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 07:25, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless that "WikiPeople" idea that keeps getting kicked around becomes a reality before this VfD expires. In that case, I guess we could transwiki it there...   [  +t,  +c  ] 08:43, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.