text:
Talk:Vilnius/Archive 3

"National Versions"
I think there are several very wrong assumptions here, Antituteisas. The first one is that we at Wikipedia want to entertain any particular (national or otherwise) POV. The second one is that you have to fight in order to get one or another version accepted, while editing is actually open to anyone here. You have brought a lot of good new information whcih is not in the article so far. I would suggets that instead of replacing we add your information. Where there appears to be a dispute, the best approach is not to choose the "Polish", the "Lithuanian" or whatever version but to show and explain what the dispute is. In this fashion the article gains in credibility and in scope. Refdoc 11:06, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dear Refdoc. I did that what you suggest many times in Lithuania and Vilnius pages. You can see for example all explanations of changes in Talk: Lithuania. But all my changes and additions were erased by polish chauvinistes and finaly - protection of pages from Lithuanians. To users of other nationalities I can suggest - don't believe what poles wright here - its only dirty nationalistic game. Antituteišas

Edit war on Vilnius - Comment from the German side
Mein herzliches Beileid! I was quite shocked and amused at the same time to see what troubles you have with your English article on Vilnius. I thought the GErman discussion was already useless enough - but, thanks God, not so many people speak German than English... We had the discussions only among Germans about the correct naming (so, comparatively few comments like 'nazi' or 'fascist') and it's still 'Wilna' though you should know that 'Vilnius' is adequately used today in Germany and I hope for the day to come we could just forget about the whole history stuff and use the siuolaikiniai name. but it was interesting to read that the fight between Polish and Lithuanians about the "true" history of Vilnius is so fierce and unrespectful - tells a lot about people's understanding... anyways, good luck for those who try to be fair! --Mastaart 14:43, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dear German Friend. Start discussion in Germany on Danzig, Breslau, Kolberg ectr. The very best wishes from Lithuania! We will win together! Antituteišas

 * Thanks. For the sake of correctness, it's not a fight between Polish and Lithuanians, but a struggle against a single anonymous user, signing his edits with different fictious names and using different IP addresses. Lysy 15:08, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think this rubbish fight has some historic roots: lithuanian nation has experienced several genocides (1831, 1864, 1939, 1945, etc., 40 years of language prohibition, etc.), and Vilnius land was maybe the most important theatre of those historic events, so actually all the issues about Vilnius are very painful to most of lithuanians - this nation had experienced oppression comparable even to that suffered by jews. So, I think that troll is one of those lithuanians who still feels hurted... --213.197.137.20 09:43, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

to "administrator" Refdoc
Why did you erase your comment and my answer to your comment? I restored them. Is it confirmation that game of polish "administrators"  is dirty? Antituteišas

 * I am not sure what you are talking about. I have not deleted anything of which I am aware. If I did delete something accidentaly, I am sorry, but I would appreciate a diff to show me what went wrong. Apart from this I would suggest that you think carefully about what you accuse people of. "Assume good faith" is a good starting point. Another is not to shout undre any circumstances. Long stretches of bold text are usually understood as shouting, just as CAPITALISING is not nice..

 * With regard to the article it would be very good to reconsider what the aim of this encyclopedia is: To provide articles from a neutral point of view. If there is a dispute about a matter than the article should not authenticate one version but should indicate and explain the dispute. Further in situations of dispute it is a good and required policy to bring evidence. If you work in this way the article will grow and will reflect the full scope of the (academic and otherwise) discussions about Vilnius' history. If you work though in an aggressive and hostile fashion, bent to get your way alone, the article will end up protected for long stretches, quite possibly on the "wrong version" and your and everybody elses' bloodpressure will needlessly rise. Refdoc 23:38, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Could you unite fascist propaganda with antifascist text? If text is totaly falsificated, I can't understand how could it be improved? Please compare protected polish text with basic Lithuanian version ( -> history) and explanations to this version (above). Could they be united? I very doubt. Ringaudas

 * I think it would be a lot better if you ceased calling people fascists for not agreeing with you. And yes I do not see any major difficulties in putting the information you have provided into the current article. People might ask you to provide evidence, but I am sure this will not be a major problem for you. The point though I have made already several times: There is no place for the one "correct" version, but what we try to achieve NPOV, and show where there are disputes. Refdoc 13:59, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Do not you see any major difficulties to unite both textes? Really? Please do that! I can provide all evidences on that what I wright. But please ask to provide evidences for false polish statements. I would like to see them. As I made opinion about few here operating immature polish "historians", all their evidences are fantasy and polish school tutorials. Ringaudas

 * I will certainly give it a try later today. But with regard to evidence - I think the point is that there are not two versions, one of which will be chosen, but there are numerous individual facts and assertions of facts, some brought by you some by others, each of which - if under dispute - should be backed up with evidence. So if you do have a concern it should be you who is pointing this out and requesting evidence, rather than me guessing which matters are in requirement of more evidence. Be specific though and do not rubbish other people's contributions. Refdoc 16:16, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OK. It would be very interesting to see this new text. And I would like to ask you to do the same with Lithuania text. But I would like very seriously to stress  that I hope you aren't pole, because on this circumstance I don't expect any neutrality. Ringaudas

As it is, I am not Polish. But I do think you should be a lot more careful in your assumption of bias based on nationality. Refdoc 16:53, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It is other thing. I would like only to ask you to be fair and neutral. Thank you. P.S. With mentioned people we unfortunately have very wide experiences. Ringaudas

 * Thanks, anon. I feel much better now. Halibutt 16:56, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * And again you're using plural... does it mean that there are actually two of you? Halibutt 22:39, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

A new version
I have taken a version prepared by some of the other editors and considered the complaints you had, incorporating what I felt could be done easily. This is a work in progress. See what you think :Vilnius History (a new attempt)]] Refdoc 23:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hello polish falsificator! I provide new version. All explanations above. Please discuss every change Antituteišas

Unprotect the page
I would like to unprotect the page

Refdoc 23:42, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Be brave, go ahead. Lysy 23:51, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have unprotected the page and incorporated all the various changes suggested on Wojszläs page and the very valid concerns by some lithuanian editors. I do hope that this page is not just a compromise now but is closer to NPOV than before. Refdoc

 * Thanks.

Its any compromise. And it says many about you. Go ahead f. "administrator". Antituteišas

Further discussion
I see you have added Lithuanian names along with the English names of the monarchs. How about adding Polish names then, to keep the balance ? Do you think it's a good idea to use national names in English WP ? Lysy 00:41, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not sure and I thought about this while writing. Thing is the English names are really Anglicized versions of the Polish names, while similarly Angilziced versions of teh Lithuanian names do not exist. Nevertheless it is more than fair enough to stress teh fact that these people were not "foreign rulers" but the local Grand dukes. Do provide a better solution and I am more than happy. Refdoc 07:36, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, not quite. As you know there were many foreign rulers across Europe. Poland and Lithuania is not an exception here. An expection might be that Polish/Lithuanian monarchs were elected. E.g. Stefan I of Poland was a Hungarian from Transylvania, and his original name was "Báthory István", his name in Polish was "Stefan Batory" and "Steponas Batoras" is simply a Lithuanian translation. Lithuanians have a habit of "translating" all proper names into Lithuanian which may make them appear exotic to you. Similarly "Wladislaus II of Poland" would be "Wladysław Jagiełło" in Polish and "Sigismund II of Poland" would be "Zygmunt II August". My suggestion would be to leave the English versions as they were most NPOV for English Wikipedia and this is how these monarchs are being referenced here (though my personal opinion is that this is artificial anyway). Lysy 08:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well it is not so much a matter of exocticism, but rather correctness. The original name was Bathory Istvan you say which would be Stephen Bathory in English and Stefan/Stepanas are both only translations too.

 * Yes and no. Bathory Istvan was his original Hungarian name. Stefan Batory was the name he assumed as the monarch. The Lithuanian form is a recent translation and was not officially used in his times. Also being crowned a king of Poland autmatically meant being the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Lysy 12:51, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I would think the main thing is to use the correct title (Grand Duke ) and then use whatever version of the name is more common in English - usually probably anglicized Polish or anglicized German versions (translations of translations of translations..). But the title with which people are known in the outside world and referenced in Wikipedia should not just be a redirect link but shoudl be mentioned too eg (Grand Duke Sigismund (King Sigismund II of Poland) Refdoc 08:30, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If you insist on official title then it would read "King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania etc.". I also think the English name is not derived from German but Latin. Lysy 12:51, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not saying that these names are translated from German. I have made a general remark re names and how they end up being pronounced in various languages. I think I personally would prefer the current English names, links to people as they are called in other places in Wikipedia, show that they act here as Grand Dukes of Lithuania and clarify that this person is in personal union also the King of Poland. I think the details can be hashed out, but the principle is sound. Refdoc 15:53, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

(deleted)

 * Before you keep shouting at me I would ask you to read what I have written. Every single concern you had raised above is incorporated, starting from Mesolithic times, to stressing the Grand-Dukes rather than teh Polish Kings to what you wrote about the 20th century. With reggard to teh man you mentioned - I do not know him. I am not Lithuanian nor am I Polish and have little clue about Lithuanian history, though I do have a lot of clue about history in general and about article writing in hostile siuations. I am trying therefore to push forward an article accpetable to everyone. This only works if everyone stops using personal attacks and stops insisting on a "national" version, but tries to incorporate all points of view in the evolving article. Refdoc 07:36, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You are simple provocateur. Jeszcze gowniana polska ne zginela, poki kura v garnku. Antituteišas

 * For those who do not know Polish, the above is the first verse of national anthem of Poland with several words changed into what is attempted to be vulgarisms. This is not correct Polish anyway, so I'm not impressed. Lysy 10:58, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * As it is, I do not understand you. I must assume it is another obscenity as you seem to be fond of throwing them around, not to the credit of your mission. I would therefore suggest that do read the relevant sections of NPOV and contribute. The version I have published is one incorporating everything you had asked for above in this talk section. Please point out now where you have differences of opinion or think the article is less then clear. Please also consider that your current behaviour is what one would call "disruptive" and may result ultimately in a ban. This is something all here would want to avoid. Refdoc 08:39, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Čiulpk, apsimyžęs lenkų provokatoriau. F.y. Antituteišas

 * Please converse in English so that all can follow. I can not. Please also desist from personal attacks. Please pinpoint the relevant bits of current version wher eyou have a divergent opinion. Thanks Refdoc 09:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Don't play naiv pinokkio, see basic Lithuanian version above -> there are all points. Živinbudas

How can you "administrate" Lithuania and Vilnius pages, if you don't understand Lithuanian? But now became clear from where are your "sources" - from one slavic country which is very "famous" in the world)))))). F.y. m.-f. Antituteišas

As it is, I am not from a Slavic country nor would it matter if I were. I am trying to help you to get yourself out of the corner you are just now in. A week ago your ISP was under a range block making it impossible for you to contribute to Wikipedia at all. It was actually me who got this block lifted. People were (and are) very angry with you and the frequent horrible insults you threw at them. This is not the result of you being Lithuanian, but is the result of your unwillingness to interact in a polite way, assuming good faith and understanding what Wikipedia is about. Now if you wish I can continue to assist here, or if you wish you can continue to throw allegations around. Former will help to get the article closer to what you wish it to be like (The article now mentions that that the city area was populated in mesolithic times, "grand dukes" are mentioned instead of "Polish kings", and the 1944 seizure of Vilnius by Soviet troops is not anymore described as "liberation") latter will only result in further anger and upset.

Refdoc 11:00, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You can't understand, that this falsificated by poles text (entire lying) is huge outrage to all Lithuanians  Živinbudas

title: Talk:Vilnius/Archive 3


text:
Brinkhorst

Brinkhorst is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands (born 1966), born Laurentien Brinkhorst
 * Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst (born 1937), Dutch politician, father of Laurentien

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brinkhorst


text:
Talk:For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK

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The current logo of the TB/LNNK used to be the logo of just TB or LNNK?

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title: Talk:For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK


text: User talk:167.135.248.5

title: User talk:167.135.248.5


text:
Ehrlich (crater)

Ehrlich is a small lunar impact crater named after the German scientist Paul Ehrlich. It is located in the northern hemisphere on the Moon's far side. It lies within a rugged region that has been extensively bombarded by impacts of comparable size. Ehrlich lies about midway between the craters Parsons to the south and the heavily worn Guillaume to the north.

This is a worn crater with features that have become softened and rounded due to bombardment. A pair of small craters are attached to the exterior along the southern rim. The interior floor and inner walls are nearly featureless and there are no impacts of note within the rim.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Ehrlich.

title: Ehrlich (crater)


text:
Fellow (emulator)

Fellow is an emulator designed to run software written for the Amiga computer platform. Released under the GNU General Public License, Fellow is free software.

Fellow was released shortly after the first usable release of the Unix Amiga Emulator (UAE). The competition between the two projects proved to be mutually beneficial. Originally, Fellow ran under DOS, but was ported to Microsoft Windows (WinFellow) and Linux (XFellow.) Development on WinFellow ceased in 2005, but was revived with a new release in 2010 to improve compatibility with Windows 7 and Windows Vista. Development on XFellow has apparently halted after a release in 2003 (based on timestamps inside the archive).

According to its author, Petter Schau, one of the main objectives in writing Fellow was to create an Amiga emulator that could run demos from the 1980s Amiga demoscene at full speed. Schau believed that Fellow and UAE belonged to a class of first-generation Amiga emulators, and that more accurate, full-speed emulators would be available in the future. As computing power increased, full-speed performance became achievable. Once more powerful computers were available, UAE became preferable due to its more accurate emulation, whereas Fellow remains popular for older hardware.

title: Fellow (emulator)


text: User:Talrias/Templates/oldvfd

title: User:Talrias/Templates/oldvfd


text:
Umbraculum

The umbraculum (ombrellone, "big umbrella", in basilicas also conopaeum ) is a historic piece of the papal regalia and insignia, once used on a daily basis to provide shade for the pope (Galbreath, 27). Also known as the pavilion, in modern usage the umbraculum is a symbol of the Catholic Church and the authority of the pope over it. It is found in the contemporary Church at all the basilicas throughout the world, placed prominently at the right of their main altars. Whenever the pope visits a basilica, its umbraculum is opened.

Translated from the Latin language into the Italian language, it is known as an ombrellino, or in the English language as an umbrella. It is shaped as a Baldachin-type canopy with broad alternating gold and red stripes, the traditional colors of the pontificate (white did not begin to be used as the papal color until after the Napoleonic wars).

A fresco cycle from 1248 in the oratory of San Silvestro in the Roman church of Santi Quattro Coronati shows that the umbraculum was already in use as a papal insignia at public events in the traditional colours of gold and red.

The umbraculum is part of the coat of arms of the Holy See sede vacante, i.e., between the reigns of two popes. It was first used as an interregnal emblem in this way on coins minted in 1521 (Galbreath, 34). The coat of arms of the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, who exercises the temporal sovereignty of the Holy See during a sede vacante, is also ornamented with a pair of gold and silver keys in saltire surmounted by an umbraculum.

The umbraculum is one of the symbols bestowed by the pope when he elevates a church to the rank of a minor basilica; the other being the tintinnabulum or bell. The umbraculum of a major basilica is made of cloth of gold and red velvet, while that of a minor basilica is made of yellow and red silk. The umbraculum is also represented behind the shield in the coat of arms of a basilica. But these symbols are not mentioned in the 1989 Vatican directives.

title: Umbraculum


text:
User talk:Bemace

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 15:44, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Bemace


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Coffee bag

A coffee bag is a container for shipping and storing coffee. Coffee beans are usually transported in large jute sacks, while coffee sold to consumers may be packaged as beans or ground coffee in a small, sealed plastic bag.

Bulk coffee
Large bulk bags, burlap bags or gunny sacks are traditionally used for storage and transport of coffee beans. Often, it is made of jute and has a content of 60 kilograms (130 pounds); this type of bag originated in Brazil and became a worldwide standard. It also became a measurement unit to this day, for example FAO's statistics on coffee production are expressed in 60-kg bags.

Jute fibers are treated with mineral oil, or historically whale oil, to improve spinnability, which raised questions about coffee contamination from these hydrocarbons, but further studies showed it to be infinitesimal. Bags with synthetic fibers (woven or non-woven) are commonly used now.

Once used, these decorative bags can be recycled or upcycled for many uses, including in clothing.

The 60 kg sack is starting to be replaced by huge polypropylene or polyethylene bags, such as the flexible intermediate bulk container. These are increasingly used for coffee exports - especially from Brazil. Intermodal shipping containers are common for international shipping.

Consumer packaging

Smaller bags are used by consumers for coffee beans or ground coffee. Multi-layer graphics bags have largely replaced steel cans (tins) for consumer ground coffee. There is a tendency for pressure from carbon dioxide to build up in these barrier bags. Special pressure relief valves have been developed to relieve the pressure without letting the atmosphere into the bags. Valves are either heat sealed or attached by adhesive. The bags are not readily recyclable but compare favourably in life-cycle studies with metal cans on broader issues.

title: Coffee bag


text:
User talk:Alexdelarge~enwiki

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The Gizmo

The Gizmo, also called the Gizmotron, is an effects device for the electric guitar and bass guitar. It was invented in 1969 and patented by the English rock musicians Kevin Godley and Lol Creme in 1975, whilst they were members of the British rock group 10cc.

Taped or permanently attached to the body of an instrument, the Gizmotron uses small, motor driven plastic/rubber wheels to make the strings vibrate, yielding resonant, synthesizer-like sounds from each string, similar to a hurdy-gurdy. The device was famously used by Jimmy Page on parts of the Led Zeppelin album In Through the Out Door.

Musitronics, the company originally licensed to manufacture the commercial version of the Gizmotron, released the product to the public in 1979. Quality was inconsistent. According to Musitronics engineer Mike Beigel, "The product, though desired by many musicians at the time, simply could not be reliably manufactured and further – even at best – only worked on some notes of the instrument, guitar or bass." In a bid to solve problems with the Gizmotron, Musitronics hired Bob Moog to design an electronic device to "mask the inadequacies of the still unperfected product”. Moog gave his opinion that he did not know how to “make it sound good enough” and advised that the project should be abandoned.

Plagued with design and manufacturing problems, the Musitronics Gizmotron did not live up to expectations and was a commercial failure. Production of the Musitronics Gizmotron ended in 1981 when the manufacturer filed for bankruptcy.

In March 2014, it was reported in Vintage Guitar Magazine that Aaron Kipness was working on plans to launch a new and improved Gizmotron 2.0. The Gizmotron 2.0 debuted at the summer NAMM show in 2015 and was released to the public in 2016.

10cc
The Gizmo was first used on 10cc's instrumental "Gizmo My Way", a song arranged as a type of laid back beach music, where it appears as a slide guitar effect and sustained background effect. "Gizmo My Way" was the B-side to "The Wall Street Shuffle", and appeared on 10cc's second album, Sheet Music (1974), which included more uses of The Gizmo, most notably on the track "Old Wild Men". Its presence is heard throughout most of the track as a unique shimmering background guitar effect. The Gizmo was also used on the Sheet Music track "Baron Samedi".

The Gizmo continued to be used on 10cc's subsequent albums The Original Soundtrack (1975) and How Dare You! (1976) on the tracks "Blackmail", "Brand New Day", "How Dare You", "Lazy Ways", "Iceberg", and "Don't Hang Up". Godley and Creme continued to use the Gizmo after they had left 10cc.

Godley & Creme
The Gizmo's ability to create a wide range of sounds was central to the production of Godley and Creme's first post-10cc project, the 1977 triple concept album, Consequences. Godley and Creme left 10cc to create Consequences which was intended to be a promotional album to market the "Gizmo". According to Paul Gambaccini's sleeve notes for Consequences, 10cc were unable to afford an orchestra for their early albums, so Creme and Godley imagined an effects unit that would enable a guitar to produce violin-like sounds (this was some years before the development of digital sampling).

Other Godley & Creme albums featuring the Gizmo include L and Freeze Frame.

Mechanism
The device, a small enclosure attached to the guitar, consists of small motor-driven wheels with serrated edges to match the size of each string. The continuous bowing action is activated by pressing one or all of keys located on the top of the unit. Pressing a key allows the wheel to descend against a motor-driven shaft and bow the corresponding string, while the other hand remains free to fret single notes or full chords.

John McConnell, a senior lecturer in physics at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), assisted Godley and Creme in the development of the prototype. He considered it critical that the instrument retain the natural decay of a note rather than the sharp cut-off often experienced with an electronic synthesizer. Godley and Creme used only the original prototype Gizmotron in 10cc recordings.

Musitronics offered two versions of the Gizmotron to the public; one for guitar and one for bass. Ultimately, few Musitronics Gizmotrons were made; bass versions were produced in a much larger quantity than guitar versions.

Inherent difficulties
A fault with the prototype and Musitronics Gizmotron was that the wheels were affected by conditions such as humidity and temperature. Additionally, due to deficiencies in the design of these units, the wheels would either produce harmonics of their own that varied with the speed of the wheel, or would act as a secondary bridge and produce dissonant overtones, depending on the notes played. According to Kevin Godley, "Some days it sounded absolutely beautiful and other days it sounded like shit. Sometimes it was like a chainsaw, and sometimes it sounded like a cello and other times it varied between to two, so it was never a particularly stable piece of kit, but we persevered with it.”

The severity of these problems could be minimized by adjusting the proximity of the wheels to the guitar strings with extreme precision. Adjustment was very time-consuming, where each wheel (and arm) is moved closer or farther to a string to achieve the purest tone. Improper set-up of these wheels meant either a lack of tone, or — usually in the case of over-eager amateur or impatient guitarists — an undesirably harsh tone caused by wheels being forced too tightly against the strings. Using the Gizmotron required that guitarists modify their playing techniques to use only a very light touch when pressing the keys. Specific and repeated instructions in the Gizmotron owner's manual stress this.

In the Musitronics version of the Gizmotron, an improper set-up resulted in a quick wearing down of the wheels for which there were no replacements — the wheels were not removable from the arm attachments. Musitronics Gizmotron wheels were expensive and problematic to produce.

Musitronics and Gizmo, Inc. Bankruptcy
Musitronics created a separate division, Gizmo Inc., to produce the Gizmotron and solve its problems. Deeply in debt and unable to raise the funding necessary to continue operations, due largely to a failed Musitronics marketing deal with ARP Instruments, Gizmo Inc. declared bankruptcy in 1981, shortly after its president, Aaron Newman, suffered a heart attack.

Today, intact and working Musitronics Gizmotrons are virtually non-existent. The wheels and arm attachments were made of a plastic (Delrin) that cracks and weakens over time. As a result, the wheels and arms of all Musitronics Gizmotrons become brittle and disintegrate even in "like new" unopened boxes. Other guitar effects have since been used to create sustained tones, but because of the Gizmotron's mechanical nature and physics involved, electronics alone have not been able to replicate the sound.

Gizmotron 2.0
In 2013, Aaron Kipness, a vintage keyboard specialist and restoration parts manufacturer, assembled a small team of engineers to design a new and improved version of the Gizmotron using modern materials and manufacturing methods. Gizmotron LLC was subsequently formed and on February 3, 2016, the Gizmotron 2.0 was released. The innovations made to Godley and Creme's original design were substantial enough that Kipness was awarded a US Patent (9,997,144) for the Gizmotron 2.0.

Use by artists
The Musitronics and Prototype Gizmotron can be heard on:
 * The Scaffold's recording of "Liverpool Lou" (1974).
 * Paul McCartney's Wings song "I'm Carrying" from London Town (1978).
 * Led Zeppelin's album In Through the Out Door (1979), where Jimmy Page uses it on the intro of "In the Evening" as well as within "Carouselambra".
 * The Throbbing Gristle album 20 Jazz Funk Greats (Industrial Records, 1979), played by Cosey Fanni Tutti.
 * The Siouxsie and the Banshees song "Into the Light" from Juju (1981), played by John McGeoch.
 * The Church's "Violet Town", from Remote Luxury (1984) where it is played by Marty Willson-Piper.
 * This Mortal Coil's recording It'll End in Tears (4AD), where it was played by Simon Raymonde of Cocteau Twins.
 * John Wilson, guitarist for Meat Beat Manifesto used both a bass and guitar Gizmotron live and on recordings from 1996 to 1998.
 * Steve Hackett on Please Don't Touch title track and Wind and Wuthering.

title: The Gizmo


text: User talk:81.66.196.170

title: User talk:81.66.196.170


text: Category:British sociologists

title: Category:British sociologists


text:
Þórólfur Árnason

Þórólfur Árnason is an Icelandic businessman and politician, who served as Mayor of Reykjavík from 1 February 2003 to 30 November 2004. He replaced Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir after the Left Greens and the Progressive Party had demanded that she resign. His appointment as mayor was a compromise between the three parties that formed the majority of the city council. Having never been involved in politics before, but a well-known executive for some of Iceland's largest companies, Þórólfur was considered a "mayor-for-hire" by the council – a manager of day-to-day city affairs rather than a political leader or policymaker.

He resigned on 30 November 2004 after a controversy regarding Icelandic oil companies' breach of competition law, as he had formerly held a managerial position in one of the companies.

After Þórólfur's time as mayor, he became chief executive of Icelandic Group in May 2005.

title: Þórólfur Árnason


text:
Archaeological theory

Archaeological theory refers to the various intellectual frameworks through which archaeologists interpret archaeological data. Archaeological theory functions as the application of philosophy of science to archaeology, and is occasionally referred to as philosophy of archaeology. There is no one singular theory of archaeology, but many, with different archaeologists believing that information should be interpreted in different ways. Throughout the history of the discipline, various trends of support for certain archaeological theories have emerged, peaked, and in some cases died out. Different archaeological theories differ on what the goals of the discipline are and how they can be achieved.

Some archaeological theories, such as processual archaeology, holds that archaeologists are able to develop accurate, objective information about past societies by applying the scientific method to their investigations, whilst others, such as post-processual archaeology, dispute this, and claim all archaeological data is tainted by human interpretation and social factors, and any interpretation they make about past societies is therefore subjective.

Other archaeological theories, such as Marxist archaeology, instead interpret archaeological evidence within a framework for how its proponents believe society operates. Marxist archaeologists in general believe that the bipolarism that exists between the processual and post-processual debates is an opposition inherent within knowledge production and is in accord with a dialectical understanding of the world. Many Marxist archaeologists believe that it is this polarism within the anthropological discipline (and all academic disciplines) that fuels the questions that spur progress in archaeological theory and knowledge. This constant interfacing and conflict between the extremes of the two heuristic playing grounds (subjective vs. objective) is believed to result in a continuous reconstruction of the past by scholars.

Background
Since the early 20th century, most accounts of archaeological methodology have accepted the data that is uncovered by the archaeologist is subsequently interpreted through a theoretical viewpoint. Nevertheless, the archaeological community is divided over the extent to which theory pervades the discipline. On one side, there are those who believe that certain archaeological techniques – such as excavation or recording – are neutral and outside of the bounds of theory, while on the other are those who believe that these too are also influenced by theoretical considerations. Archaeologist Ian Hodder, a prominent advocate of the latter view, criticised the alternate approach by highlighting that methodological decisions, such as where to open a trench, how diligently to excavate a stratigraphic layer and whether to keep every artefact discovered, are all based on prior theoretical interpretations of the site, and that even excavatory techniques could not therefore escape the realm of theory. Those who take the former approach have sometimes tried to separate the raw data from the theoretical interpretations in their publications, but have come under criticism from those, such as Hodder, who argue that theoretical interpretation pervades the entire archaeological methodology, and therefore cannot be separated from the raw data.

In his overview of archaeological theory, the archaeologist Matthew Johnson of the University of Southampton put forward four arguments for why theory was so important to the archaeological discipline, and therefore why all archaeologists should learn about the subject. First, he noted that all of the arguments for why archaeology benefited society were based in theory, and that archaeologists wanting to defend their discipline from its critics would therefore require a grounding in theory. Second, he highlighted that theory was required to compare two different interpretations of the past and decide which one was the more likely. Third, he asserted that theory was needed for the archaeologist to accept and admit to their own personal biases and agendas in interpreting the material evidence. Finally, Johnson put forward what he considered to be the most important reason for the necessity of understanding theory; that all archaeologists, as human beings, are innately theoretical, in that they naturally make use of "theories, concepts, ideas, assumptions" in their work. As such, he asserts that any archaeologist claiming to be "atheoretical" is mistaken, and that in actuality they cloud their own theoretical position under such jargon as "common sense". He proceeded to suggest that most of those western archaeologists who claim to eschew theory in favour of a "common sense" approach were actually exhibiting cultural machismo by playing on the stereotype that intelligent discussions and debates were effeminate and therefore of lesser value.

Antiquarianism ("antiquities collection") and Imperial synthesis (Prehistory to c. 1880)
People's interest of the past has existed since antiquity. During the Western world's Medieval period six main concepts were formed that would come to influence archaeological theory to some degree

 * 1) The world is of recent, supernatural origin at best no more than a few thousand years old
 * 2) The physical world has degraded since God's original creation
 * 3) Humanity was created in the Garden of Eden
 * 4) Standards of human conduct naturally degrade
 * 5) History of the world is a sequence of unique events
 * 6) Culturally, socially, and intellectually the people of the past were identical to the present

The coming of the Renaissance stimulated an interest in the past but it was more on the level of collecting artifacts and romanticized theories of their origin. It was not until the 19th century the first elements of actual systematic study of older civilizations began but they tended to be designed to support imperial nationalism.

Cultural-historical (or "historical particularism," "national archaeology") archaeology (c. 1860 - present)
Developments in the 19th century with Hutton and Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism and Darwin's theory of natural selection set the stage for the modern scientific investigation into the origin of humanity.

After Darwin came a mode of archaeology known as cultural, or culture history, according to which sites are grouped into distinct "cultures" to determine the geographic spread and time span of these cultures and to reconstruct the interactions and flow of ideas between them. Cultural history, as the name suggests, was closely allied with the science of history. Cultural historians employed the normative model of culture, the principle that each culture is a set of norms governing human behaviour. Thus, cultures can be distinguished by patterns of craftsmanship; for instance, if one excavated sherd of pottery is decorated with a triangular pattern, and another sherd with a chequered pattern, they likely belong to different cultures. Such an approach naturally leads to a view of the past as a collection of different populations, classified by their differences and by their influences on each other. Changes in behaviour could be explained by diffusion whereby new ideas moved, through social and economic ties, from one culture to another.

The Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe was one of the first to explore and expand this concept of the relationships between cultures especially in the context of prehistoric Europe. By the 1920s sufficient archaeological material had been excavated and studied to suggest that diffusionism was not the only mechanism through which change occurred. Influenced by the political upheaval of the inter-war period Childe then argued that revolutions had wrought major changes in past societies. He conjectured a Neolithic Revolution, which inspired people to settle and farm rather than hunt nomadically. This would have led to considerable changes in social organisation, which Childe argued led to a second Urban Revolution that created the first cities. Such macro-scale thinking was in itself revolutionary and Childe's ideas are still widely admired and respected.

Historical particularism (c. 1880 - 1940)
Franz Boas argued that cultures were unique entities shaped by a unique sequence of events. As a result, there was no universal standard by which one culture could be compared with another. This line of thought combined with John Lubbock's concept that Western civilization would overwhelm and eventually destroy primitive cultures resulted in anthropologists recording mountains of information on primitive peoples before they vanished.

National archaeology (c. 1916 - present)
National archaeology used cultural-historical concepts to instill pride and raise the morale of certain nationalities or racial groups and in many countries it remains the dominant method of archaeology.

Soviet archaeology (1917 - present)
Adapting some of the concepts of Darwinian natural selection for use outside of the discipline of evolutionary biology while employing the Marxist historical-economic theory of dialectical materialism, Soviet archaeologists resumed the method of use-wear analysis and, beginning in the 1930s, tried to explain observed changes in the archaeological record in terms of internal social dynamics.

Processual archaeology ("New Archaeology")
In the 1960s, a number of young, primarily American archaeologists, such as Lewis Binford, rebelled against the paradigms of cultural history. They proposed a "New Archaeology", which would be more "scientific" and "anthropological". They came to see culture as a set of behavioural processes and traditions. (In time, this view gave rise to the term processual archaeology). Processualists borrowed from the exact sciences the idea of hypothesis testing and the scientific method. They believed that an archaeologist should develop one or more hypotheses about a culture under study, and conduct excavations with the intention of testing these hypotheses against fresh evidence. They had also become frustrated with the older generation's teachings through which cultures had taken precedence over the people being studied themselves. It was becoming clear, largely through the evidence of anthropology, that ethnic groups and their development were not always entirely congruent with the cultures in the archaeological record.

Behavioural archaeology
An approach to the study of archaeological materials formulated by Michael B. Schiffer in the mid-1970s that privileged the analysis of human behaviour and individual actions, especially in terms of the making, using, and disposal of material culture. In particular this focused on observing and understanding what people actually did, while refraining from considering people's thoughts and intentions in explaining that behaviour. A related area is Human behavioral ecology, which models material traces of human behaviour in terms of adaptations and optimisations.

Post-processual archaeology
In the 1980s, a new movement arose led by the British archaeologists Michael Shanks, Christopher Tilley, Daniel Miller and Ian Hodder. It questioned processualism's appeal to science and impartiality by claiming that every archaeologist is in fact biased by their personal experience and background, and thus truly scientific archaeological work is difficult or impossible. This is especially true in archaeology where experiments (excavations) cannot possibly be repeatable by others as the scientific method dictates. Exponents of this relativistic method, called post-processual archaeology, analysed not only the material remains they excavated, but also themselves, their attitudes and opinions. The different approaches to archaeological evidence which every person brings to his or her interpretation result in different constructs of the past for each individual. The benefit of this approach has been recognised in such fields as visitor interpretation, cultural resource management and ethics in archaeology as well as fieldwork. It has also been seen to have parallels with culture history. Processualists critique it, however, as without scientific merit. They point out that analysing yourself doesn't make a hypothesis any more valid, since a scientist will likely be more biased about himself than about artifacts. And even if you can't perfectly replicate digs, one should try to follow science as rigorously as possible. After all, perfectly scientific experiments can be performed on artifacts recovered or system theories constructed from dig information.

Post-processualism provided an umbrella for all those who decried the processual model of culture, which many feminist and neo-Marxist archaeologists for example believed treated people as mindless automatons and ignored their individuality.

Current theories
After the turn of the millennium archaeological theory began to take on new directions by returning to the objects of archaeological study. Archaeologists, led by Laurent Olivier, Bjørnar Olsen, Michael Shanks, and Christopher Witmore, argued for taking things seriously not only as mediators in what can be said about the past, but also in terms of the unique ways they hold on to actions, events, or changes. For them, archaeology is less the study of the past through its material remains, than the study of things themselves with an aim to generate diverse pasts in the present. (Many archaeologists refer to this movement as symmetrical archaeology, asserting an intellectual kinship with the work of Bruno Latour and others).

Global scope
This divergence of archaeological theory has not progressed identically in all parts of the world where archaeology is conducted or in the many sub-fields of the discipline. Traditional heritage attractions often retain an ostensibly straightforward Culture History element in their interpretation material whilst university archaeology departments provide an environment to explore more abstruse methods of understanding and explaining the past. Australian archaeologists, and many others who work with indigenous peoples whose ideas of heritage differ from western concepts, have embraced post-processualism. Professional archaeologists in the United States however are predominantly processualist and this last approach is common in other countries where commercial Cultural Resources Management is practised.

Development
In 1973, David Clarke of Cambridge University published an academic paper in Antiquity claiming that as a discipline, archaeology had moved from its original "noble innocence" through to "self-consciousness" and then onto "critical self-consciousness", a symptom of which was the increasing recognition and emphasis on archaeological theory. As a result, he argued, archaeology had suffered a "loss of innocence" as archaeologists became sceptical of the work of their forebears.

The impact of ideology
Archaeology has been and remains a cultural, gender and political battlefield. Many groups have tried to use archaeology to prove some current cultural or political point. Marxist or Marxist-influenced archaeologists in the USSR and the UK (among others) often try to prove the truth of dialectical materialism or to highlight the past (and present) role of conflict between interest groups (e.g. male vs. female, elders vs. juniors, workers vs. owners) in generating social change. Some contemporary cultural groups have tried, with varying degrees of success, to use archaeology to prove their historic right to ownership of an area of land. Many schools of archaeology have been patriarchal, assuming that in prehistory men produced most of the food by hunting, and women produced little nutrition by gathering; more recent studies have exposed the inadequacy of many of these theories. Non-white cultural groups and experiences of racism in the past are under-represented in the archaeological literature. Some used the "Great Ages" theory implicit in the three-age system to argue continuous upward progress by Western civilisation. Much contemporary archaeology is influenced by neo-Darwinian evolutionary thought, phenomenology, postmodernism, agency theory, cognitive science, functionalism, gender-based and Feminist archaeology and Systems theory.

title: Archaeological theory


text:
David Bevington

David Martin Bevington (May 13, 1931 – August 2, 2019) was an American literary scholar. He was the Phyllis Fay Horton Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in the Humanities and in English Language & Literature, Comparative Literature, and the college at the University of Chicago, where he taught since 1967, as well as chair of Theatre and Performance Studies. "One of the most learned and devoted of Shakespeareans," so called by Harold Bloom, he specialized in British drama of the Renaissance, and edited and introduced the complete works of William Shakespeare in both the 29-volume, Bantam Classics paperback editions and the single-volume Longman edition. After accomplishing this feat, Bevington was often cited as the only living scholar to have personally edited Shakespeare's complete corpus.

He also edited the Norton Anthology of Renaissance Drama and an important anthology of Medieval English Drama, the latter of which was just re-released by Hackett for the first time in nearly four decades. Bevington's editorial scholarship is so extensive that Richard Strier, an early modern colleague at the University of Chicago, was moved to comment: "Every time I turn around, he has edited a new Renaissance text. Bevington has endless energy for editorial projects." In addition to his work as an editor, he published studies of Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and the Stuart Court Masque, among others, though it is for his work as an editor that he is primarily known.

Despite formally retiring, Bevington continued to teach and publish. Most recently he authored Shakespeare and Biography, a study of the history of Shakespearean biography and of such biographers, as well as Murder Most Foul: Hamlet Through the Ages.  In August, 2012, after a decade of research, he released the first complete edition of Ben Jonson published in over a half-century with Ian Donaldson and Martin Butler from the Cambridge Press. In addition to his preeminence among scholars of William Shakespeare, he was a much beloved teacher, winning a Quantrell Award in 1979.

Early life and education
David Bevington was born to Merle M. (1900–1964) and Helen Bevington (née Smith; 1906–2001), and grew up in Manhattan, and from age eleven, North Carolina, when his parents, themselves both academics, finished graduate school at Columbia University and went on to join the faculty at Duke. After attending Phillips Exeter Academy from 1945 to 1948, before it was co-educational, he graduated from Harvard University cum laude in 1952, before entering the navy that year, and becoming a lieutenant junior grade before his leaving in 1955. He saw much of the Mediterranean, though neither Israel nor Turkey. Upon his return to Harvard, he pursued an M.A. and Ph.D., receiving them respectively in 1957 and 1959. Surprisingly, he was well into the graduate process before settling on the Renaissance; he had intended to study the Victorian until a Shakespeare seminar convinced him otherwise.

Teaching and fellowships
During the doctoral process, he was a teaching fellow at Harvard. When he was granted the final degree, his title changed to instructor. He held this post until 1961, when he became assistant professor of english at the University of Virginia; he then became associate professor in 1964, and professor in 1966. In 1967, he was a visiting professor at the University of Chicago for a year, and joined the faculty as professor in 1968. In 1985 he was appointed to the Phyllis Fay Horton distinguished service professorship in the humanities, a post he held continuously thereafter.

In 1963, he served as visiting professor at New York University's summer school; he filled that capacity at Harvard's summer school in 1967, at the University of Hawaii in 1970, and at Northwestern University in 1974.

In 1979, Bevington was honored with the Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching. The Quantrell Award, for which students of the college nominate their instructors, is considered among the highest accolades the University of Chicago confers, and the most treasured by the faculty.

Bevington served as senior consultant and seminar leader at the Folger Institute in Renaissance and 18th-century Studies from 1976 to 1977 and 1987–88. He has had two Guggenheim fellowships, first in 1964–65, and again in 1981–82. He was a senior fellow at the Southeastern Institute of Medieval and Renaissance Studies during the summer of 1975. He was appointed the 2006-2007 Lund-Gill Chair in Rosary College of Arts and Sciences at Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois.

Consistently, Bevington was the instructor of a two-part History and Theory of Drama sequence. This course was co-taught with actor/translator Nicholas Rudall, dramaturg Drew Dir, director of undergraduate studies in theater and performance studies Heidi Coleman, and actor David New. It is now taught by Professor John Muse, a transition which first occurred when Bevington chose to decrease his teaching hours and focus on Shakespeare-centric classes. The first quarter of this course spans drama from Greek drama to the Renaissance. The second quarter begins with Ibsen's A Doll's House and ends with the postmodern, including Beckett's Endgame and the work of Pinter and Caryl Churchill. For midterms and finals, students either write a paper critically analyzing a play, or else perform scenes from plays relevant to the course (though not necessarily those read in class). Bevington required, from those opting to perform, a reflection paper analyzing the challenges of staging the scene.

Bevington also taught courses entitled "Shakespeare: Histories and Comedies," surveying such plays as Richard II, Richard III, Henry IV, Part 1, Henry V, Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and Measure for Measure; "Shakespeare: Tragedies and Romances"; and "Shakespeare's History Plays"; among others. When Bevington was not instructing these courses, they were often led by his fellow professors Richard Strier, John Muse, or Tim Harrison. Bevington usually spent Spring Quarter with B.A. theses he advised, and the corresponding students, or else traveled. However, he was also known to sign up for introductory-level courses in subjects vastly different from his own (such as Greek, or the Natural Sciences).

When possible, Bevington opted to teach class in the large Edward M. Sills Seminar Room, which features a large, oval table accommodating several dozen, rather than in a more traditional classroom in which all the students might face a lectern. He felt this format fosters greater participation and discussion among students, and went out of his way to encourage the sharing of ideas and opinions. However, because so many students elected to take his popular classes, the room at times became overfull.

He taught a number of other courses:
 * Shakespeare at the Opera (with the late scholar Philip Gossett)
 * Skepticism and Sexuality in Shakespeare
 * The Young Shakespeare and the Drama that he Knew
 * Shakespeare in the Mediterranean
 * British Theatre (in 2003, during the London study-abroad program the English Department offered every autumn)
 * Renaissance Drama (which paired five Shakespeare plays with five other plays)

Memberships and honors
Bevington was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1985, and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1986.

He belonged to a number of academic organizations:

 * American Association of University Professors (acting president, Virginia conference, 1962–63, president, 1963–64)
 * Shakespeare Association of America (president, 1976–77, 1995–96)
 * Renaissance English Text Society (president, 1978–present)
 * Modern Language Association of America
 * Renaissance Society of America

Personal life
David and Margaret Bronson Bevington née Brown ("Peggy") were married on June 4, 1953. Peggy taught primary schoolchildren at the Laboratory School adjacent to the main quadrangles for many years. They lived several blocks from the University of Chicago's main campus, and threw a light soirée for his students once per quarter. They had four children: Stephen Raymond, Philip Landon, Katharine Helen, and Sarah Amelia and five grandchildren, two of whom (Leo and Peter) attended the University of Chicago. Leo was an active member of the Dean's Men, a student performance group for which Bevington served as faculty advisor. In addition to attending all of the Dean's Men productions, Bevington hosted an event each quarter wherein he discussed the text with the cast and staff of the show at his home. Bevington self-identified as both a Democrat and "lapsed Episcopalian." Bevington's adamant support for exercise was demonstrated in his use of the bicycle as a means of transportation, and when that was made impossible by snow or rain, in his insistence on walking (rather than driving) the requisite distance to campus. He notably also took public transportation whenever he traveled from his Hyde Park home to downtown Chicago. Bevington was left-handed and a concert violist, and he often performed in various ensembles, including a quartet involving faculty and students from the university. He enjoyed chamber music and opera, and owned a restored pre-World War I Steinway grand piano. The Bevingtons celebrated their sixtieth ("Diamond Jubilee") wedding anniversary on June 4, 2013, at a reception organized by the Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts and the program for Theatre and Performance Studies, of which Bevington was formerly the faculty chair.

He died on August 2, 2019, at the age of 88. Peggy died on September 5, 2020.

Selected bibliography
Although the following does not boast of being complete, it includes the vast majority of Bevington's publications sorted into three lists: books he has authored, plays/anthologies thereof he has edited, and anthologies of scholarly essays he edited (with or without a co-editor).

Authored

 * From "Mankind" to Marlowe: Growth of Structure in the Popular Drama of Tudor England (Harvard University Press, 1962)
 * Tudor Drama and Politics: A Critical Approach to Topical Meaning (Harvard University Press, 1968)
 * Shakespeare (Goldentree Bibliographies in Language and Literature) AHM Pub. Corp., 1978.
 * Action Is Eloquence: Shakespeare's Language of Gesture (Harvard University Press, 1984)
 * Homo, Memento Finis: The Iconography of Just Judgment in Medieval Art and Drama (Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series, 6). Western Michigan Univ Medieval Press. (1985)
 * Shakespeare: The Seven Ages of Human Experience (Blackwell Publishing, 2002)
 * The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576-1649, with David L. Smith and Richard Strier (Cambridge University Press, 2003)
 * Shakespeare: Script, Stage, Screen (Longman, 2005)
 * How to Read a Shakespeare Play, part of the How to Study Literature series (Wiley-Blackwell, 2006)
 * This Wide and Universal Theater: Shakespeare in Performance, Then and Now (University of Chicago Press, 2007)
 * Shakespeare's Ideas: More Things in Heaven and Earth (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008)
 * Shakespeare and Biography (Oxford University Press, 2010)
 * Murder Most Foul: Hamlet Through the Ages (Oxford, 2011)
 * The Works of Ben Jonson (Cambridge, 2012)

As editor of drama
Bevington's extensive bibliography as an editor comprised mainly the Shakespeare canon and a complete Jonson. The bulk of his work was with David Scott Kastan in the 29-volume Bantam series, which was originally published in 1988 and was reissued in 2005, and his own complete Shakespeare, which is continually reissued. However, Bevington worked on a handful of plays for other publishers, though nearly all are within the scope of the English Renaissance. Bevington notably maintained a single, conflated text in all of his editions of King Lear, a revisionist choice criticized by some scholars (including the abovementioned Richard Strier, who insists his own students read the Quarto and Folio texts separately).

Bantam Classics
The Bantam Classics series, self-touted as "The most student-friendly Shakespeare on the market," is different from, for instance, Bevington's Oxford and Arden editions of Henry IV and Troilus and Cressida (respectively) in not so much scholarship, but intended audience. A high-school student finds Bantam straightforward, on the whole, because its glossary explains all words that might be obscure or different in meaning from their present use. The latter two, however, assume an audience already somewhat versed in the idiomatic dialect of Elizabethan England.

In addition to the many individual volumes listed below, there have been collected anthologies of Shakespeare plays. A few of these Bantam anthologies contain plays that are unavailable from Bantam in their solo form. The anthologies are as follows:

 * Four Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth
 * Four Comedies: The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night
 * The Late Romances: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest
 * Three Early Comedies: Love's Labour's Lost, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * Three Classical Tragedies: Titus Andronicus, Timon of Athens, Coriolanus
 * Measure for Measure, All's Well that Ends Well, Troilus and Cressida (Note: Although not indicated as such in the title, the three plays contained herein are considered Shakespeare's 'problem plays,' and frequently grouped together as such.)

Furthermore, Bantam has published Bevington's edition of Shakespeare's sonnets and other poetry.

Comedies:
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * Much Ado About Nothing
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * Twelfth Night
 * The Merchant of Venice
 * As You Like It
 * The Taming of the Shrew

Romances:
 * The Tempest

Histories:
 * Henry IV, Part 1
 * Henry IV, Part 2
 * Henry V
 * Henry VI (all three parts contained in one volume)
 * Richard II
 * Richard III
 * King John and Henry VIII published as one volume.

Tragedies:
 * Romeo and Juliet
 * Hamlet
 * Othello
 * King Lear
 * Macbeth
 * Antony and Cleopatra
 * Julius Caesar

Longman
The Longman complete Shakespeare is unique because, unlike the Oxford, Riverside, Norton, or Arden (and the less impressive Pelican), it is edited by a single scholar. It furthermore contains certain obscure plays, such as The Two Noble Kinsmen, that the Bantam series simply could not market. Its poetry selection is moreover wider than that of the Bantam series, containing the substantial work outside the sonnets.

 * The Complete Works of Shakespeare, Portable Edition (2006)
 * Shakespeare's Comedies, Bevington Shakespeare Series (2006)
 * Shakespeare's Tragedies, Bevington Shakespeare Series (2006)
 * Shakespeare's Histories, Bevington Shakespeare Series (2006)
 * Shakespeare's Romances and Poems, Bevington Shakespeare Series (2006)
 * The Complete Works of Shakespeare (6th edition, 2008)
 * The Necessary Shakespeare (3rd edition, 2008)

Revels Plays and Student Editions
Although two separate entities, both series are published by Manchester University Press. David Bevington was a general editor of the Revels Plays.

 * The New Inn (1984)
 * The Jew of Malta (1997)
 * Endymion (1997)
 * Tamburlaine The Great (1999)
 * Volpone (1999)
 * Plays on Women: A Chaste Maid in Cheapside, The Roaring Girl, Arden of Faversham, and A Woman Killed With Kindness (1999)
 * Campaspe and Sappho and Phao (1999)
 * Doctor Faustus (2nd Edition, 2007)
 * Galatea and Midas (2008)

The Sourcebooks Shakespeare
The Sourcebooks Shakespeare is a series that includes an audio CD to enrich the otherwise purely textudal experience. The CD contains more than 60 minutes of audio narrated by Sir Derek Jacobi and includes version of key speeches from historical and contemporary productions. They are published by Sourcebooks, and Bevington served as advisory editor for the series.

Tragedies:
 * Romeo and Juliet (2005)
 * Julius Caesar (2006)
 * Hamlet (2006)
 * King Lear (2007)
 * Othello (2005)
 * Macbeth (2006)

Comedies and Romances:
 * The Taming of the Shrew (2008)
 * The Merchant of Venice (2008)
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)
 * Much Ado about Nothing (2006)
 * The Tempest (2008)

Histories:
 * Richard III (2007)

Others
David Bevington's work as editor of drama included several individual plays and anthologies not tied to any larger series. The Oxford, Cambridge, and Arden editions are significantly more scholarly than the Signet and above-mentioned Bantam plays; that is, the scholar assumes the reader to be somewhat versed in Elizabethan English such that the glossaries focus more on mythological and cultural references than mere syntax. They are recommended for graduate students and undergraduates.

 * Medieval Drama, Wadsworth Publishing (1975)
 * Richard II, Signet Classics (1999)
 * Troilus and Cressida (Arden Shakespeare, 1998, revised 2016)
 * English Renaissance Drama, A Norton Anthology (W.W. Norton & Co., 2002)
 * Antony and Cleopatra (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
 * The Spanish Tragedy (Methuen Drama, 2007)
 * Doctor Faustus and Other Plays (Oxford University Press, 2008), a Marlowe collection leaving out an early play whose authenticity is controversial, and a late play, which has survived only fragmentally.
 * Henry IV, Part 1, of Oxford World Classics' The Oxford Shakespeare (Oxford University Press, 2008)
 * The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Ben Jonson

As editor

 * Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, Prentice Hall Trade (1968)
 * An Introduction to Shakespeare, Scott, Foresman (1975)
 * Shakespeare: Pattern of Excelling Nature, Associated University Presses (1978)
 * Henry IV, Parts I and II: Critical Essays, Garland (1986)
 * The Politics of the Stuart Court Masque, with Peter Holbrook (Cambridge University Press, 1998)

As contributor

 *  'Bring Furth the Pagants': Essays in Early English Drama  (University of Toronto Press, 2007)

Books commemorating or dedicated to David Bevington

 * David Bevington Remembered, compiled by Eric Rasmussen and Milla Cozart Riggio (BookArts of Washington, DC, 2020).
 * Shakespeare and Montaigne, edited by Lars Engle, Patrick Gray, and William M. Hamlin (Edinburgh University Press, 2022).

title: David Bevington


text:
Local diffeomorphism

In mathematics, more specifically differential topology, a local diffeomorphism is intuitively a map between smooth manifolds that preserves the local differentiable structure. The formal definition of a local diffeomorphism is given below.

Formal definition
Let $$X$$ and $$Y$$ be differentiable manifolds. A function $$f:X \to Y$$ is a local diffeomorphism if, for each point $$x \in X$$, there exists an open set $$U$$ containing $$x$$ such that the image $$f(U)$$ is open in $$Y$$ and $$f\vert_U : U \to f(U)$$ is a diffeomorphism.

A local diffeomorphism is a special case of an immersion $$f : X \to Y$$. In this case, for each $$x \in X$$, there exists an open set $$U$$ containing $$x$$ such that the image $$f(U)$$ is an embedded submanifold, and $$f|_U:U \to f(U)$$ is a diffeomorphism. Here $$X$$ and $$f(U)$$ have the same dimension, which may be less than the dimension of $$Y$$.

Characterizations
A map is a local diffeomorphism if and only if it is a smooth immersion (smooth local embedding) and an open map.

The inverse function theorem implies that a smooth map $$f:X \to Y$$ is a local diffeomorphism if and only if the derivative $$D f_x : T_x X \to T_{f(x)} Y$$ is a linear isomorphism for all points $$x \in X$$. This implies that $$X$$ and $$Y$$ have the same dimension.

It follows that a map $$f : X \to Y$$ between two manifolds of equal dimension ($$\operatorname{dim} X = \operatorname{dim} Y$$) is a local diffeomorphism if and only if it is a smooth immersion (smooth local embedding), or equivalently, if and only if it is a smooth submersion. This is because, for any $$x \in X$$, both $$T_xX$$ and $$T_{f(x)}Y$$ have the same dimension, thus $$Df_x$$ is a linear isomorphism if and only if it is injective, or equivalently, if and only if it is surjective.

Here is an alternative argument for the case of an immersion: every smooth immersion is a locally injective function, while invariance of domain guarantees that any continuous injective function between manifolds of equal dimensions is necessarily an open map.

Discussion
All manifolds of the same dimension are "locally diffeomorphic," in the following sense: if $$X$$ and $$Y$$ have the same dimension, and $$x \in X$$ and $$y\in Y$$, then there exist open neighbourhoods $$U$$ of $$x$$ and $$V$$ of $$y$$ and a diffeomorphism $$f:U \to V$$. However, this map $$f$$ need not extend to a smooth map defined on all of $$X$$, let alone extend to a local diffeomorphism. Thus the existence of a local diffeomorphism $$f:X \to Y$$ is a stronger condition than "to be locally diffeomophic." Indeed, although locally-defined diffeomorphisms preserve differentiable structure locally, one must be able to "patch up" these (local) diffeomorphisms to ensure that the domain is the entire smooth manifold.

For example, one can impose two different differentiable structures on $$\R^4$$ that each make $$\R^4$$ into a differentiable manifold, but both structures are not locally diffeomorphic (see Exotic $\mathbb{R}^4$).

As another example, there can be no local diffeomorphism from the 2-sphere to Euclidean 2-space, although they do indeed have the same local differentiable structure. This is because all local diffeomorphisms are continuous, the continuous image of a compact space is compact, and the 2-sphere is compact whereas Euclidean 2-space is not.

Properties
If a local diffeomorphism between two manifolds exists then their dimensions must be equal. Every local diffeomorphism is also a local homeomorphism and therefore a locally injective open map. A local diffeomorphism has constant rank of $$n.$$

Examples

 * A diffeomorphism is a bijective local diffeomorphism.
 * A smooth covering map is a local diffeomorphism such that every point in the target has a neighborhood that is by the map.

title: Local diffeomorphism


text:
User talk:Alphox

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! (Though I'm intrigued as to why a new user should make as their third edit the removal of comments on an old VfD page... I assume that you're not actually new here; Welcome anyway). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:51, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alphox


text: User:Talrias/Templates/oldpr

title: User:Talrias/Templates/oldpr


text: Template:Communities of Mississauga

title: Template:Communities of Mississauga


text:
Alexander Murray (geologist)

Alexander Murray, (2 June 1810 – 18 December 1884) was a Scottish geologist. Murray is best known for his career with the Geological Survey of Canada and the Geological Survey of Newfoundland.

Early life
Alexander Murray was born at Dollerie House, Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland on 2 June 1810. He was educated at the Royal Navy Academy and joined the Royal Navy in 1824. During his career in the navy, Murray was wounded at the Battle of Navarino and received a medal for his actions. Murray became a lieutenant in 1833 and retired from service in 1835. Following his retirement, Murray immigrated to Woodstock, Upper Canada.

During the Rebellions of 1837–1838, Murray volunteered for service and served in Lieutenant Andrew Drew's naval brigade, which destroyed the US steamer Caroline.

After spending a period farming, Murray and his family returned to England in 1841, and he applied unsuccessfully for re-appointment to the Royal Navy. During his time in England, Murray studied geology and received an appointment in 1842–1843 to the Geological Survey of Great Britain.

Geological Survey of Canada
In 1842, the Province of Canada formed the Geological Survey of Canada and appointed William Edmund Logan as its first director. While spending the winter of 1842 in England, Logan made the acquittance of Murray and he appointed him as his assistant. Murray returned to Canada in May 1843, and the pair commenced a survey of colony's natural resources. Murray examined land in the Ontario Peninsula, while Logan surveyed Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

On 31 May 1851 Murray conducted fieldwork in Enniskillen Township following Thomas Sterry Hunt's analysis of a 100-pound sample of bitumen taken from the region. In his report, Murray confirmed that the region contained various bituminous deposits, noted the presence of oil seeps and declared the material suitable for the production of lamp fuel, paints, varnishes and asphalt. Although Murray was cautious in calculating the economic benefits of the gum beds, his work attracted the attention of Charles and Henry Tripp, who acquired a lot in Enniskillen in 1852 and established the world's first incorporated oil company in 1854. In 1858, at an Enniskillen oil seep located by Murray, James Miller Williams established North America's first commercial oil well.

Marriage and children
Around 1836, Murray married Fanny Judkins in Scotland. Together, they had a son and two daughters:

Anthony Hepburn (born 30 October 1840)

Mary Ellen (born 2 October 1838)

Helen (born 19 March 1843)

Judkins died in the winter of 1862–1863 in Woodstock while Murray was temporality residing at the Geological Survey of Canada's headquarters in Montreal.

Later life and death
In 1864 Murray moved to Newfoundland and became the first director of the Geological Survey of Newfoundland. His first major task was to produce a reliable topographical map of the interior of the island. Murray did detailed work in the area between Hall's Bay and St. George's Bay, as well as the area surrounding Conception, Placentia and St. Mary's bays. He also mapped parts of the Great Northern Peninsula and central Newfoundland.

Murray produced the first geological map of Newfoundland and his reports of rich resources in the island's interior were an important factor in the decision to build the trans-island railway in 1881.

Poor health caused Murray to return to Scotland in 1883. On 18 December 1884 Murray died in Belmont Cottage, Crieff.

title: Alexander Murray (geologist)


text:
Abrogation doctrine

The abrogation doctrine is a US constitutional law doctrine expounding when and how the Congress may waive a state's sovereign immunity and subject it to lawsuits to which the state has not consented (i.e., to "abrogate" their immunity to such suits).

In Seminole Tribe v. Florida, the Supreme Court ruled that the Congress's authority, under Article One of the United States Constitution, could not be used to abrogate state sovereign immunity. However, the Congress can authorize lawsuits seeking monetary damages against individual U.S. states when it acts pursuant to powers delegated to it by amendments subsequent to the Eleventh Amendment. This is most frequently done pursuant to Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, which explicitly allows the Congress to enforce its guarantees on the states and thus overrides states' Eleventh Amendment immunity.

The doctrine was first announced by the Supreme Court in a unanimous decision written by then-Associate Justice William Rehnquist, Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer,. Bitzer "continued the line of reasoning that Rehnquist had acknowledged in Fry v. United States ... that cases involving Congress’ authority under Section 5 present different problems than cases involving the Congress’s Commerce Clause authority." The doctrine has since developed a number of nuances and limitations. In particular, later cases explained that the Court would not infer Congressional intent to abrogate sovereign immunity, but would only uphold abrogations where the Congress has "unequivocally express[ed] its intention to abrogate the Eleventh Amendment bar to suits against states in federal court." In order to do this, the Congress must "mak[e] its intention unmistakably clear in the language of the statute." Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon,.

Another limitation that the courts have read into Congressional power to abrogate is the "congruence and proportionality" test, first discussed in City of Boerne v. Flores,. Because the Fourteenth Amendment allows Congress to take "appropriate" action to enforce rights, the Court has determined that such action must be congruent and proportional to the deprivation of the right that the Congress is seeking to remedy. An example of a case where an act of the Congress failed the Boerne test is Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents,. An example where an act passed the Boerne test is Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs,.

title: Abrogation doctrine


text:
Talk:Qatif Project

Copyvio
I noticed that you listed the Qatif Project article on Wikipedia:Copyright problems. The article does not contain any copyright violation, since the information taken is indeed under fair use. (All information found identical to some parts of the newspaper article is property of Saudi Aramco which released it to press in August 2004) - Eagle 15:55, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't find the original press release from Aramco, so there's no choice but to treat the newspaper article as the original source. In either case, I'm not sure how this falls under fair use. The wiki article seems to violate one of the key fair use tests: the majority of our content (~75% on quick scan) is taken from the original, copyrighted source. There are no hard and fast rules for fair use, but I don't think we can make a good-faith assumption that the current wiki usage is fair use.Feco 19:24, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Photo
Taking photos of the facilities is impossible. However I will try to get some of those released by Aramco. -- Eagle 17:01, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

Duplicate Articles
We have duplicate articles: Qatif project and Qatif Project. This is the more comprehensive article. I'll try to combine them as I have time130.182.204.57
 * Merger completed.Beagel (talk) 16:09, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Qatif Project


text: User:Talrias/Templates/press

title: User:Talrias/Templates/press


text:
Permanganate

A permanganate is a chemical compound with the manganate(VII) ion,, the conjugate base of permanganic acid. Because the manganese atom has a +7 oxidation state, the permanganate(VII) ion is a strong oxidising agent. The ion is a transition metal ion with a tetrahedral structure. Permanganate solutions are purple in colour and are stable in neutral or slightly alkaline media. The exact chemical reaction depends on the carbon-containing reactants present and the oxidant used. For example, trichloroethane (C2H3Cl3) is oxidised by permanganate ions to form carbon dioxide (CO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), hydrogen ions (H+), and chloride ions (Cl−).

 * 8 + 3 → 6 + 8 + + 4 + 9

In an acidic solution, permanganate(VII) is reduced to the pale pink manganese(II) (Mn2+) with an oxidation state of +2.

 * 8 +  + 5 e− → Mn2+ + 4 H2O

In a strongly basic or alkaline solution, permanganate(VII) is reduced to the green manganate ion, with an oxidation state of +6.

 * + e− →

In a neutral solution, however, it gets reduced to the brown manganese dioxide MnO2 with an oxidation state of +4.

 * 2 H2O + + 3 e− → MnO2 + 4 OH−

Production
Permanganates can be produced by oxidation of manganese compounds such as manganese chloride or manganese sulfate by strong oxidizing agents, for instance, sodium hypochlorite or lead dioxide:

 * 2 MnCl2 + 5 NaClO + 6 NaOH → 2 NaMnO4 + 9 NaCl + 3 H2O
 * 2 MnSO4 + 5 PbO2 + 3 H2SO4 → 2 HMnO4 + 5 PbSO4 + 2 H2O

It may also be produced by the disproportionation of manganates, with manganese dioxide as a side-product:

 * 3 Na2MnO4 + 2 H2O → 2 NaMnO4 + MnO2 + 4 NaOH

They are produced commercially by electrolysis or air oxidation of alkaline solutions of manganate salts.

Usage
This is a common and strong disinfectant, used regularly to sanitize baths, toilets, and wash basins. It is a cheap and extremely effective compound for the task.

Properties
Permanganates(VII) are salts of permanganic acid. They have a deep purple colour, due to a charge transfer transition from oxo ligand p orbitals to empty orbitals derived from manganese(VII) d orbitals. Permanganate(VII) is a strong oxidizer, and similar to perchlorate. It is therefore in common use in qualitative analysis that involves redox reactions (permanganometry). According to theory, permanganate is strong enough to oxidize water, but this does not actually happen to any extent. Besides this, it is stable.

It is a useful reagent, but it is not very selective with organic compounds. Potassium permanganate is used as a disinfectant and water treatment additive in aquaculture.

Manganates(VII) are not very stable thermally. For instance, potassium permanganate decomposes at 230 °C to potassium manganate and manganese dioxide, releasing oxygen gas:

 * 2 KMnO4 → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

A permanganate can oxidize an amine to a nitro compound, an alcohol to a ketone, an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid,  a terminal alkene to a carboxylic acid, oxalic acid to carbon dioxide, and an alkene to a diol. This list is not exhaustive.

In alkene oxidations one intermediate is a cyclic Mn(V) species:

 * PermanganateMechanismOxidation.svg

Compounds

 * Ammonium permanganate, NH4MnO4
 * Barium permanganate, Ba(MnO4)2
 * Calcium permanganate, Ca(MnO4)2
 * Lithium permanganate, LiMnO4
 * Potassium permanganate, KMnO4
 * Sodium permanganate, NaMnO4
 * Silver permanganate, AgMnO4

Safety
The fatal dose of permanganate is about 10 g, and several fatal intoxications have occurred. The strong oxidative effect leads to necrosis of the mucous membrane. For example, the esophagus is affected if the permanganate is swallowed. Only a limited amount is absorbed by the intestines, but this small amount shows severe effects on the kidneys and on the liver.

title: Permanganate


text:
Kingham

Kingham is a village and civil parish in the Cotswolds about 4 mi southwest of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 913.

Toponym
The Domesday Book of 1086 records the toponym as Caningeham. Another 11th-century document records it as Keingeham. A charter from 1160 records it as Kaingham, as do numerous subsequent documents until 1251. A charter from 1160 and a pipe roll entry for 1163 record it as Caingeham. A charter of Osney Abbey from 1210 records it as Kangham. The Book of Fees records it as Kaingeham in entries for 1220 and 1242 and Keingham or Keyngham in entries for 1235–36. A feet of fines entry for 1254 records it as Kengham: a spelling that was frequent until 1377, when it was used in a Close Roll entry. An assize roll from 1268 records it as Kehingham. A charter of Eynsham Abbey from 1285 records it as Canyngesham, but an assize roll from the same year records it as Kyngham. The latter spelling remained in frequent use until 1428, when it was used in a feudal aid document. An earlier feudal aid document, from 1346, records it as Keygham. The name is derived from Old English, meaning "the hām (homestead) of Cǣga's people".

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St Andrew has a 14th-century Perpendicular Gothic west tower with a 15th-century top. The chancel was rebuilt in 1688. In 1852–53 the church was heavily restored and the south aisle was added. The tower has a ring of eight bells, all cast in 1924 by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough. The church is a Grade II* listed building. Both The Rectory and the Old Rectory Cottage are 17th century.

Economic and social history
Building of the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway (OW&W) along the Evenlode Valley began in 1845 and was completed in 1853. It passes through the western part of Kingham parish but originally there was no station. In 1855 the Chipping Norton Railway was opened linking Chipping Norton with the OW&W 1 mi south of Kingham village where a new station, Chipping Norton Junction, was opened. In 1862 the Bourton on the Water Railway opened between Chipping Norton Junction and Bourton-on-the-Water. The Great Western Railway took over the OW&W in 1862 and the Chipping Norton and Bourton lines in 1897. In 1909 the GWR renamed the junction station "Kingham". In 1962 British Railways closed the branch lines to Chipping Norton and Bourton-on-the-Water. BR later replaced the historic Kingham railway station building with a modern one. In 1955 the Royal Navy named a Ham-class minesweeper HMS Kingham after the village.

Amenities
Kingham railway station is served by Cotswold Line trains between London Paddington, Oxford, Worcester and Hereford. Bus route X8 served the railway station and village from 2014. Buses ran peak hours only, Monday to Friday, to and from Chipping Norton via Churchill. Pulham's Coaches operated the route for Oxfordshire County Council until its withdrawal on 1 April 2022. The village has two gastropubs: The Plough, beside the older village green, operates under Matt and Katie Beamish and offers contemporary British food; and The Wild Rabbit (formerly The Tollgate) which is now part of Lady Carole Bamford's Daylesford Organic organisation. The village also has an hotel called The Mill House. The village has a county primary school. The private Kingham Hill School is 1+1/2 mi north of the village. Kingham has a village shop and post office, a Royal British Legion club, a village hall, two village greens, a children's play park and a football field.

Twinning
Kingham is twinned with the village of Pont-à-Marcq near Lille in France.

In popular culture
In 2004 a Country Life panel judged Kingham to be "England's Favourite Village". Blur bass-player Alex James lives on a sheep and dairy farm outside the village and chronicles the experience in his column in The Independent. An episode of the BBC Three comedy This Country was also filmed at Kingham railway station.

title: Kingham


text:
User talk:Zefiro

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 15:59, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Zefiro


text:
Latinica (talk show)

Latinica is a Croatian television talk show launched on November 11, 1993, which was broadcast on Mondays at 20:10 CET on HRT 1. Hosted by Denis Latin, it discussed current events with guest experts and also contained five outside reports showing the actual cases connected with current discussion. Its title, besides being derived from the host Latin's surname, literally means "Latin alphabet" in Croatian.

Latinica was the longest-running weekly talk show in Croatian television, with more than 350 broadcasts. The show was canceled on January 13, 2011, and the final show was broadcast on January 17, 2011.

Overview
Latinica started on HRT, but was briefly shown on Mreža, the first private Croatian TV network, in 1997 and 1998, owned by Miroslav Kutle and other businessmen close to the government. In late 2005, it was speculated that the show would be transferred to another private network, Nova TV.

In 2005, Latinica became the subject of controversy when the show dealt with the legacy of Franjo Tuđman. The treatment of the late president provoked a debate in the parliament and was criticised by his followers, most notably Andrija Hebrang and other high-ranking members of the ruling Croatian Democratic Union party. Hebrang went as far as to accuse the show of causing the death of a Patriotic War veteran who committed suicide after allegedly being upset with the show's contents in this episode.

When the veteran's daughter, a young HRT reporter, disputed the story, Hebrang attributed that to HRT management pressure and tried to use this as an argument for Parliament's (and his party's) tighter controls of the media. Latin, vilified by right-wing sections of the Croatian public, had to endure several weeks without his show on the air, with his sacking seen as a done deal, but HRT leadership in the end decided to keep Latinica on the air.

title: Latinica (talk show)


text:
Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company

The Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company, doing business as Leinenkugel's, is an American beer maker based in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. Leinenkugel's was historically distributed only in the Upper Midwest, but is now available throughout all 50 states. The company is the seventh oldest brewery in the United States, and the oldest business in Chippewa Falls. It is a subsidiary of Molson Coors. It produces both traditional beers, including lagers and ales, as well as a popular line of shandies, which are a mixture of beer with fruit juices, such as lemonade.

History
The brewery was co-founded in Chippewa Falls in May 1867 by Prussian immigrant Jacob Mathias Leinenkugel (1842–1899) and John Miller, making it the seventh oldest brewery in the United States. The original beer brewed, which historically made up 90% of company production, was based on a formula Leinenkugel brought with him from Germany. The company is the oldest operating business in Chippewa Falls. Miller sold his stake in the company in 1884.

During Prohibition, the company produced near beer (known regionally as "Leino") as well as soda water. With the repeal of Prohibition, Jacob Leinenkugel's daughters mortgaged their homes to fund the restoration of the company's beer brewing vats.

The Leinenkugel's brewery expanded from its local roots beginning in the 1970s, when it first introduced its light beer. The family-owned brewery was sold in 1988 to Philip Morris subsidiary Miller Brewing Company in an effort to stay solvent. In an unprecedented move at the time, Miller kept the Leinenkugel family on to run its operation.

After several attempts to bring the beer to national U.S. markets, Miller succeeded in 2007 with the addition of a Summer Shandy ale to the Leinenkugel's product line. The company has since become well known for its sweeter beers and shandies, with nine out of ten shandies consumed in the United States being brewed by Leinenkugel's.

On October 11, 2016, SABMiller sold its stake in MillerCoors for around US $12 billion after the company was acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev, making Molson Coors the sole owner of all Miller brands, including Leinenkugel's. As of 2016, the brewery has distribution outlets in all 50 states and its president is still a family member, Dick Leinenkugel.

For the company's 150th anniversary, it created a special, "old style" German beer, which was actually brewed by license in Germany via Hofbräu.

In July 2023, Leinenkugel's workers went on strike for the first time since 1985 over low wages. Members of Teamsters Local 662, the strike ended on September 1 when a three-year contract was ratified.

Breweries
Leinenkugel's operates two breweries. The original, the company's base of operations, is located in Chippewa Falls; and the 10th Street Brewery located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The 10th Street Brewery (formerly the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company brewery), was opened in 1986 by G. Heileman Brewing Company for the Blatz label. It was purchased by Leinenkugel's in 1995. It produces Leinenkugel's Big Eddy ale line, a series of seasonal, high alcohol beers.

Products
As of 2019, beers produced by Leinenkugel's include:

Beers

 * Honey Weiss, wheat beer with honey
 * Sunset Wheat, wheat beer (fall seasonal)
 * Berry Weiss, wheat beer with berries
 * Creamy Dark, dark lager
 * Leinenkugel's Original, pilsner
 * Wisconsin Red Pale Ale, a pale ale
 * Leinenkugel's Light, a light beer
 * Canoe Paddler, a Kölsch (summer seasonal)
 * Oktoberfest, a Märzen (fall seasonal)
 * Snowdrift, a vanilla porter (winter seasonal)
 * Cherry Blonde Lager
 * Red Lager
 * Northwoods Lager

Shandys

 * Orange Shandy
 * Berry Shandy
 * Summer Shandy (lemon flavored)
 * Grapefruit Shandy
 * Watermelon Shandy
 * Pomegranate Shandy
 * Harvest Patch Shandy (pumpkin spice flavored, a fall seasonal)
 * Cranberry Ginger Shandy

title: Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company