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Matthew 5:13

Matthew 5:13 is the thirteenth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is part of the Sermon on the Mount, the first of a series of metaphors immediately following the Beatitudes.

Content
The text in Koine Greek is:

There is a variant reading in the Textus Receptus, which reads:

The translation of the King James Bible reads:

The World English Bible translates the passage as:

Parallels
The verse is paralleled in Mark 9:50; Luke 14:34–35 also has a version of this text similar to the one in Mark.

There are a wide number of references to salt in the Old Testament. Leviticus 2:13, Numbers 18:19, and 2 Chronicles 13:5 all present salt as a sign of God's covenant. Exodus 30:35, Ezekiel 16:4 and 43:24, and 2 Kings 2:21 all present salt as a purifying agent.

Salt as a metaphor
The exact meaning of the expression is disputed, in part because salt had a wide number of uses in the ancient world.

Salt was extremely important in the time period when Matthew was written, and ancient communities knew that salt was a requirement of life. It was most used as a preservative; this use was important enough that salt was sometimes even used as currency, from which the word salary originates. The most common interpretation of this verse is a reference to salt as a preservative, and to thus see the duty of the disciples as preserving the purity of the world.

Many fertilizers use salts in appropriate quantities. Robert H. Gundry and others note that salt was a minor but essential ingredient in fertilizer, and Gundry suggests that earth (τῆς γῆς) should be translated as soil, and the disciples are thus to help the world grow and prosper. Many scholars disagree with Gundry's translation of earth as soil: most see it as referring to the world and in Eduard Schweizer's words "the totality of mankind," even though the more common word used for this purpose is and that  is used extensively as "land" or as physical earth. George Shillington feels that the Greek word for salt here refers to the chemical agent used in ancient times to fertilize fields rather than the edible salt used to preserve meat or flavor foods, indicating that the disciples are to bring new life to the world. Alan Kreider expounds upon this idea and notes various sources which led him to share this interpretation. Willard Swartley states that by obeying the Golden Rule one becomes the fertilizing salt of the earth. Phil Schmidt also believes that the disciples are meant to stimulate growth and positively affect the world.

Schweizer notes that a common Jewish expression at the time was to call the Laws the "salt and the light" of the world, which may mean this section is an introduction to the discussion of Mosaic law that will soon commence. In the Rabbinic literature of the period salt was a metaphor for wisdom.

Salt also played role in ritual purity and all sacrifices had to contain salt. John Nolland argues that the many different uses of salt show its importance in the life of the period, and it is this importance of the disciples that is being referenced.

Ancient peoples sometimes put salt on the wicks of lamps to increase their brightness.

Losing saltiness
The issue of salt losing its flavour is somewhat problematic. Salt itself, sodium chloride, is extremely stable and cannot lose its flavour. France notes that Jesus was giving a lesson in moral philosophy and "not teaching chemistry"; to him, whether or not the proverbial image is factually accurate is of little relevance to the actual message of this verse. Nolland considers the impossibility of what is described as deliberate, it is counter to nature that salt lose its flavour, just as it is counter to God's will that the disciples lose faith.

The most common explanation for this is that what would have been called salt in that era was quite impure, containing a wide array of other compounds. Of the substances in this mix the was the most soluble in water and if exposed to moisture the  would disappear leaving a white powder looking just like salt, but not having its flavour or its preservative abilities. The salt used in the area mostly came from mines around the Dead Sea and material extracted from that area demonstrates these same properties today. Gundry notes that some other explanations have been advanced. Salt was extremely valuable and unscrupulous merchants may have replaced the salt with other substances. For some purposes gypsum was added to salt, but this would erase its flavour and make it unfit for consumption.

Albert Barnes, in his Notes on the Bible (1834) says: "In eastern countries, however, the salt used was impure, or mingled with vegetable or earthy substances, so that it might lose the whole of its saltiness, and a considerable quantity of earthy matter remain. This was good for nothing, except that it was used to place in paths, or walks, as we use gravel. This kind of salt is common still in that country. It is found in the earth in veins or layers, and when exposed to the sun and rain, loses its saltiness entirely. Maundrell says, 'I broke a piece of it, of which that part that was exposed to the rain, sun, and air, though it had the sparks and particles of salt, yet it had perfectly lost its savour. The inner part, which was connected to the rock, retained its savour, as I found by proof.'"

Additionally, William McClure Thomson in the nineteenth century says: "I have often seen just such salt, and the identical disposition of it that our Lord has mentioned. A merchant of Sidon having farmed of the government the revenue from the importation of salt, brought over an immense quantity from the marshes of Cyprus – enough, in fact, to supply the whole province for at least 20 years. This he had transferred to the mountains, to cheat the government out of some small percentage. Sixty-five houses in June – Lady Stanhope's village were rented and filled with salt. These houses have merely earthen floors, and the salt next the ground, in a few years, entirely spoiled. I saw large quantities of it literally thrown into the street, to be trodden underfoot by people and beasts. It was 'good for nothing.'"

- The Land & the Book, vol. ii. pp. 43, 44

However, Anglican Bishop Charles Ellicott referred to Henry Maundrell's observation from the latter's travels, around 1690, and noted that Maundrell said he "found lumps of rock-salt there which had become flavourless", adding that he was "not aware that this has been confirmed by recent travelers".

Schweizer notes that some early versions have this verse read "earth lose its salt" rather than "salt lose its flavour" and is thus an illustration of how important the disciples are to the world. Hill notes that there is an entirely different understanding, which is that Jesus was well aware that salt cannot lose its flavour and the message is that if the disciples remain true to their Christianity they will never lose their influence and importance.

Foolishness
The literal translation of the Greek μωρανθῇ, "loses its savour", is "becomes foolish". In Aramaic the same term is used for losing savour and becoming foolish. Some have speculated that "became foolish" is thus a mistranslation by someone who did not realize the dual meaning of the Aramaic. Gundry feels that the idea of foolish salt is such "utter nonsense" that no translator would ever make such a mistake; he feels it is more likely that the Semitic expression had been assimilated into Greek and that became foolish was an expression for losing savour. English language translators universally accept that the verse is talking about flavour rather than intelligence. Some scholars do feel that this may be wordplay related to the Rabbinic use of salt as a metaphor for intelligence.

Trodden under foot
Gundry notes that at the time garbage would have been disposed of by throwing it out into the street. This explains why once the salt is cast out it will be trodden under foot of men.

In culture
Matthew 5:13 is a very well-known verse; "salt of the earth" has become a common English expression. Clarke notes that the phrase first appeared in the Tyndale New Testament of 1525. The modern usage of the phrase is somewhat separate from its scriptural origins. Today it refers to someone who is humble and lacking pretension. Due to its fame it has occurred a number of times in art and popular culture, but as Siebald notes usually these are based on the secular understanding of the term. It has been the title of an important 1954 film, a John Godber play, a song on The Rolling Stones' Beggars Banquet, and a non-fiction work by Uys Krige. Both Algernon Swinburne and D.H. Lawrence wrote poems by this name. In Middle English literature the expression had a different meaning somewhat closer to the scripture, mostly being used to refer to the clergy. This usage is found both in Chaucer's "The Summoner's Tale" and Piers Plowman.

Along with Matthew 5:14, this verse became the theme of World Youth Day 2002: "You are the salt of the earth [...] you are the light of the world".

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Chrysostom:

"When He had delivered to His Apostles such sublime precepts, so much greater than the precepts of the Law, that they might not be dismayed and say, How shall we be able to fulfil these things? He sooths their fears by mingling praises with His instructions, saying, Ye are the salt of the earth. This shows them how necessary were these precepts for them. Not for your own salvation merely, or for a single nation, but for the whole world is this doctrine committed to you. It is not for you then to flatter and deal smoothly with men, but, on the contrary, to be rough and biting as salt is. When for thus offending men by reproving them ye are reviled, rejoice; for this is the proper effect of salt to be harsh and grating to the depraved palate. Thus the evil-speaking of others will bring you no inconvenience, but will rather be a testimony of your firmness."

- Chrysostom

Hilary of Poitiers: "There may be here seen a propriety in our Lord's language which may be gathered by considering the Apostles' office, and the nature of salt. This, used as it is by men for almost every purpose, preserves from decay those bodies which are sprinkled with it; and in this, as well as in every sense of its flavour as a condiment, the parallel is most exact. The Apostles are preachers of heavenly things, and thus, as it were, salters with eternity; rightly called the salt of the earth, as by the virtue of their teaching, they, as it were, salt and preserve bodies for eternity."

- Hilary of Poitiers

Saint Remigius: "Moreover, salt is changed into another kind of substance by three means, water, the heat of the sun, and the breath of the wind. Thus Apostolical men also were changed into spiritual regeneration by the water of baptism, the heat of love, and the breath of the Holy Spirit. That heavenly wisdom also, which the Apostles preached, dries up the humours of carnal works, removes the foulness and putrefaction of evil conversation, kills the work of lustful thoughts, and also that worm of which it is said their worm dieth not. (Is. 66:24.)"

- Saint Remigius

Saint Remigius: "The Apostles are the salt of the earth, that is, of worldly men who are called the earth, because they love this earth."

- Saint Remigius

Jerome: "Or, because by the Apostles the whole human race is seasoned."

- Jerome

Pseudo-Chrysostom: "A doctor when he is adorned with all the preceding virtues, then is like good salt, and his whole people are salted by seeing and hearing him."

- Pseudo-Chrysostom

Saint Remigius: "It should be known, that in the Old Testament no sacrifice was offered to God unless it were first sprinkled with salt, for none can present an acceptable sacrifice to God without the flavour of heavenly wisdom."

- Saint Remigius

Hilary of Poitiers: "And because man is ever liable to change, He therefore warns the Apostles, who have been entitled the salt of the earth, to continue stedfast in the might of the power committed to them, when He adds, If the salt have lost its savour, wherewith shall it be salted?"

- Hilary of Poitiers

Jerome: "That is, if the doctor have erred, by what other doctor shall he be corrected?"

- Jerome

Augustine: "If you by whom the nations are to be salted shall lose the kingdom of heaven through fear of temporal persecution, who are they by whom your error shall be corrected. Another copy has, If the salt have lost all sense, showing that they must be esteemed to have lost their sense, who cither pursuing abundance, or fearing lack of temporal goods, lose those which are eternal, and which men can neither give nor take away."

- Augustine

Hilary of Poitiers: "But if the doctors having become senseless, and having lost all the savour they once enjoyed, are unable to restore soundness to things corrupt, they are become useless; and are thenceforth fit only to be cast out and trodden by men."

- Hilary of Poitiers

Jerome: "The illustration is taken from husbandry. Salt, though it be necessary for seasoning of meats and preserving flesh, has no further use. Indeed we read in Scripture of vanquished cities sown with salt by the victors, that nothing should thenceforth grow there."

- Jerome

Glossa Ordinaria: "When then they who are the heads have fallen away, they are fit for no use but to be cast out from the office of teacher."

- Glossa Ordinaria

Hilary of Poitiers: "Or even cast out from the Church's store rooms to be trodden under foot by those that walk."

- Hilary of Poitiers

Augustine: "Not he that suffers persecution is trodden under foot of men, but he who through fear of persecution falls away. For we can tread only on what is below us; but he is no way below us, who however much he may suffer in the body, yet has his heart fixed in heaven."

- Augustine

title: Matthew 5:13


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Masai Creed

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE AND REDIRECT to creed. Postdlf 22:36, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Masai Creed
Not encyclopedic. TigerShark 21:08, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to creed, but we don't need the whole text transposed. Slac speak up!  23:55, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems as relevant as any of the others referenced in creed. I am inclined to keep it.  However, if the concensus is against this as a Wikipedia article, it should at most be transwiki'd to WikiSource.  Rossami (talk) 02:07, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Creed. Megan1967 07:35, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't see why it should be removed. If it is merged with creed please do not remove the complete text! -- Dustin, 05:48, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC).
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Alexb@cut-the-knot.com

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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(Dobro pojalovati, priyateli! :) Thank you for your fixes at inscribed angle. Oleg Alexandrov 21:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi
Hi Alex, it is good to see such an illustrious contributor over here at WP, even if most of your edits are to add external links :) Anyway, I noticed in one of your edits a mention of new math. New math was fantastic; I learned set theory and boolean algebra when I was ten, and I think its absolutely shameful that its not taught today. As far as I can tell, you can teach the cyclic group Z/3Z and modulo arithmetic to seven-year-olds just fine, but the teachers do not understand the concept :( oh well. You wouldn't happen to have any suggested math curricula that could be taught to grade-schoolers? Something that would have homework exercises in it, a teacher's guide, something I could take to my school principal to discuss? linas 13:45, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Linas, hello. I, too, liked the way mathematics was taught under the new math umbrella. As a mass undertaking, however, the new math was bound to fail, as will fail the current NCLB policy.

 * In its generality, the statement like As far as I can tell, you can teach the cyclic group Z/3Z and modulo arithmetic to seven-year-olds just fine can't be correct, because implicitly it relates to all seven-year-olds, not to some or even to many. I do not believe in that this is possible. And teacher's innumeracy is only a part of the problem.

 * No, I do not have a curriculum to recommend. I would not even think of a one-fit-all approach.

Best, Alexb@cut-the-knot.com 13:11, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Farey, continued fractions
By the way, I have some stuff over at my website, dealing with Farey numbers, continued fractions and fractals in general that I think you might enjoy. Its mostly written at a college math skill level, but I think it illustrates connections to fractals which seem to be rarely if ever mentioned in the pop lit. For example, the Koch snowflake curve is isomorphic in a certain sense to the Stern-Brocot tree. This last bit is illustrated in the chapter on the Takagi Curve, in the section called 'the de Rham construction'. Presumably you'll spot immediately why this is just the Stern-Brocot tree, if not, one of the other chapters covers this. linas 14:03, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You have a remarkable collection of ideas up there that is definitely worth exploring. I'll seek an occasion to do so.

 * Best, Alexb@cut-the-knot.com 13:14, 26 May 2005 (UTC).

Bandwidth woes
I saw your bandwidth complaints on the AfD. I may be able to offer mirroring, if you are interested; however, I would like to know how many GB a day of bandwith you are dealing with (I can offer a GB or two, but beyond that would get in trouble myself). linas 04:27, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Linas thank you. I truly appreciate your offer. But the episode you refer to happened years ago. The bandwidth is not a problem any more.

I am sorry for the time discrepancy: never looked for messages at wikipedia, noticed yours just today, 29 March 2006.

square root of 2
At, why do you attribute to Tom Apostol a proof that you say appears in a 19th-century book? I know I read exactly that proof in about 1980 in some old book, which I think attributed it to an ancient Greek (I don't remember the name of the book; if I find it, I'll let you know). Michael Hardy 22:44, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

PS: At http://www.cut-the-knot.org/proofs/sq_root.shtml, if I could have just clicked on some "discuss" button on the article page, I'd have posted this there. But the forums you've got seem more complicated than that. Michael Hardy 21:48, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've found it: The Calculus: A Genetic Approach, but Otto Toeplitz, English edition published by the University of Chicago Press in 1963, original German published by Springer-Verlag in 1949. Toeplitz seems to suggest, but I don't think he explicitly says, that this is an ancient Greek proof.  I've shown this to many people during the '80s and '90s and told them it was an ancient Greek proof, after I read it in Toeplitz's book, so I was surprised when I saw it published in the Monthly as a novel argument. Michael Hardy 21:46, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Michael, I do not have access to the book, but I've checked The Enjoyment of Mathematics by Rademacher and Toeplitz. There are two proofs of the fact that correspond to #5 and #1 on my page. Are you sure that in Toeplitz's book it's #6 and not #5. Many thanks. Alex

I don't understand #5, unless it's just #6 with an insufficient number of words to make it clear. I'll take a look at Rademacher & Toeplitz. Michael Hardy 20:17, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The difference is int that the graphics in #5 is just an illustration. You do not need it for the sake of the argument. In #6, the graphics is in fact the argument. The construction, i.e., the presence of the arc makes what is claimed obvious.

 * Alex 23:50, 14 August 2006 (EST)

Golden ratio aesthetics: Request for source
Dear Alex: Could you please cite a source for the material you added to Golden ratio? Thanks. Finell (Talk) 15:02, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear Alex: Thanks for getting back to me. While I was posting the above note to you, another editor (an admin) deleted what you added for lack of source. So we will need a source citation to include it. Also, we are trying to stay away from speculation (it leads everywhere except to knowledge), except in the "false sighings" section. Finell (Talk) 22:14, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Loss of session data
That happens to me sometimes, also. With my browser, I just go back, my previously prepared text is there, then submit again. That or sometimes I hit "refresh" from the page where it tells me I have a loss of session data.

Your mileage may vary, depending on the browser you use. --A. B. (talk) ("the other AB") 16:05, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

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Your edits at Gaza flotilla clash have continued to remove well-sourced material. Such material should be retained, as long as it adheres to a neutral point of view. (Note that the source does not have to be neutral, but the article's mention of that source should be.) Furthermore please note that the article is currently under a 1 revert restriction. Please do not continue to remove well-sourced material. Continuing in this fashion may result in a block, under the terms of the ARBPIA case mentioned above. If you contest the addition of material, instead try using the talk page to discuss the issue. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask. Thanks, Sh i r ik  ( Questions or Comments? ) 04:05, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Alexb@cut-the-knot.com


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Grit bin

A grit bin, salt bin or sand bin is an item of street furniture, commonly found in countries where freezing temperatures and snowfall occur, which holds a mixture of salt and grit that is spread over roads if they have snow or ice on them. Spreading rock salt over roads and pathways is commonly done either by hand or with a winter service vehicle and helps improve road safety in frosty conditions. The salt helps reduce the freezing temperature of the ice, which can be effective in temperatures of up to -9°C (16°F). Roads that are not gritted during winter are much more dangerous for vehicles and foot traffic, so busy routes can be gritted several times per day under harsh snowy conditions.

How it works
Anyone may use a grit bin to clear a public path or road, though they are generally not intended for personal use. Typically, a spade or shovel is used to spread a thin layer of grit onto the road surface, covering any snow or ice. The salt lowers the melting point of the snow causing it to melt (see sodium chloride). The grit component improves the friction between a vehicle's tires and the road.

Some grit bins have a small compartment, which could be used for storing a spade or shovel. The one featured in the photograph at the top of the page is filled through the top hatch.

The salt boxes of Baltimore, Maryland, United States, have been in use since at least 1969, and have attracted attention on social media as a symbol of Baltimore culture.

In Sweden, the bins contain mainly sand and sometimes sand mixed with salt. The construction and appearance of the bins are similar to bins in other countries.

Construction of grit bins

Grit bins were originally made of concrete, wood or even stone, though these are now increasingly being replaced by models constructed from plastic partly from safety concerns: vehicles/people hitting a plastic grit bin will suffer less damage. However, the lower weight of plastic makes grit bins easier to steal or tip over.

Problems
Grit bins can be subjected to vandalism, such as arson. The lid can also be left open, leaving rain to dilute the rock salt in the mixture, leaving it much less effective than dry rock salt. In the United Kingdom, the local county council is usually responsible for maintaining and refilling grit bins as well as spreading rock salt on the roads.

In Norway, the problem with tipping grit bins over has been solved by making them large enough to hold about 500 kg of grit, and to continually keep it topped up.

title: Grit bin


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Humboldt's Gift

Humboldt's Gift is a 1975 novel by Canadian-American author Saul Bellow. It won the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and contributed to Bellow's winning the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year.

Plot
The novel, which Bellow initially intended to be a short story, is a roman à clef about Bellow's friendship with the poet Delmore Schwartz. It explores the changing relationship of art and power in a materialist America. This theme is addressed through the contrasting careers of two writers, Von Humboldt Fleisher (to some degree a version of Schwartz) and his protégé Charlie Citrine (to some degree a version of Bellow himself). Fleisher yearns to lift American society through art, but dies a failure. By contrast, Charlie Citrine makes a lot of money through his writing, especially from a Broadway play and a movie about a character named Von Trenck – a character modeled after Fleisher.

Another notable character in the book is Rinaldo Cantabile, a wannabe Chicago gangster, who tries to bully Citrine into being friends. Because his career advice to Citrine is commercially fixated, it is directly opposed to advice from Citrine's former mentor, Humboldt Fleisher, who prioritizes artistic integrity.

Reception
Humboldt's Gift won the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Bellow's first after three previous works were recommended for the award by various juries. (Pulitzer finalists were not formally designated until 1980.) In the novel Humboldt says, and Citrine agrees, that the prize is "a dummy newspaper publicity award given by crooks and illiterates". When asked about the description after winning the prize, Bellow laughed and said that he would accept the award "in dignified silence".

Some critics, including Malcolm Bradbury, see the novel as a commentary on the increasing commodification of culture in mid-century America. Throughout much of the book, Bellow also analyzes, through the voice of Citrine, his thoughts on spirituality, poetry, and success in America.

Alvin Kernan, in his 1982 book The Imaginary Library, included a chapter on Humboldt's Gift, arguing that the novel is representative of the declining relevance of the Romantic conception of literature to contemporary life.

title: Humboldt's Gift


text:
Template talk:User th

duplicate with existins Template:User th-1,2,3,N. -- Bact 21:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:User th


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Category:Naëma asteroids

See parent category for proper sortkey usage instructions.

title: Category:Naëma asteroids


text:
Talk:Es (Cyrillic)

BS! "c" in cyrillica is "S" only pronouced "es" like the englisch "S" Kurwa!!

title: Talk:Es (Cyrillic)


text:
Category:Laodica asteroids

See parent category for proper sortkey usage instructions.

title: Category:Laodica asteroids


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Functional acceptance simple test

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:34, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Functional acceptance simple test
Appears to define an acronym (FAST) that doesn't Google. Might be a fragment of a description of an internal term at a software company, or something like that. Delete. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 21:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The Google test is notoriously unreliable - except on technology issues. Based on the available evidence, this is not even a neologism.  Delete.  Rossami (talk) 02:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:213.120.102.34

title: User talk:213.120.102.34


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Kents Bank

Kents Bank is a small village in Cumbria, England, so named for its proximity to the River Kent estuary. Part of the historic County Palatine of Lancashire, it is located 2 mi south-west of Grange-over-Sands.

History
Kents Bank takes its name from the River Kent which once ran close to the village. Kents Bank railway station opened in 1857. Abbot Hall and an inn existed close to the shore where the cross-sand route over Morecambe Bay from Lancaster met the land. Abbot Hall was the poor house for the area until 1822 and a building is reputed to have existed here since the 12th century. Expansion of the settlement started around 1870 and at least three private schools were established in the hamlet. Further expansion continued over the years.

The Queen's Guide to the Sands is based nearby at Guide's Farm.

Governance
Kents Bank is part of the Westmorland and Lonsdale parliamentary constituency, of which Tim Farron is the current MP representing the Liberal Democrats.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

For local government purposes, it is in the Grange Ward of Westmorland and Furness Council.

Kents Bank does not have its own parish council, it is part of Grange-over-Sands Town Council.

Demographics
According to the 2001 census the population for the South Lakeland 013D (Lower Layer Super Output Area) was 1,263, the area is over 99% White British with only 16 people from an ethnic minority. The average age of people is over 60 with Kents Bank appealing to the elderly and retired.

Crime
In 2009 there were 1.6 crimes per head for the Grange area in 2010 it was 1.2 with the most common crime being antisocial behaviour. In January and February 2011 there was one reported crime in each month both were antisocial behaviour. in December 2010 there were no reported crimes.

The local police force serving Kents Bank is Cumbria Constabulary.

Geography
Kents Bank lies on Morecambe Bay. The River Kent used to run to the sea wall by the railway but since 1993 the Kent has moved out towards Arnside and the sands have become overgrown. From the shore at Kents Bank the village is built on a hill that forms part of Hampsfield Fell. Before Kents Bank was built there were forests covering the area, most of which has been cut down.

Boundaries
The boundaries are, to the east the Furness Line railway and Morecambe Bay, to the north is Carter Road, to the south is Kentsford Road and to the west is the B5277 (Allithwaite Road). Kents Bank and Grange-over-Sands were two separate settlements, however the two have begun to merge into one. Kents Bank is 76 ha in area.

Economy
Most people living in Kents Bank are retired, the main sector for employment is wholesale and retail followed by estate agency, renting and business activities. There is a large hotel in Kents Bank called Abbot Hall which opened in 1916 and is owned by the Christian Guild. The one shop which included a Post Office closed early 2016.

Governance
Kents Bank is part of the Grange-over-Sands civil parish and part of the Grange South Ward.

Kents Bank was originally part of the county of Lancashire but in 1974, as part of the Local Government Act 1972 it became part of the newly formed county of Cumbria, where Kents Bank is part of the Grange Ward and is represented by the Conservative Bill Wearing.

Kents Bank is part of the Westmorland and Lonsdale constituency and is represented by the Liberal Democrat Tim Farron. Prior to Brexit in 2020, Kents Bank was part of the North West England constituency in the European Parliament.

Public services
Since early 2016 Kents Bank sadly no longer has a post office. The postcode is an LA one for the Lancaster area. The postal town is Grange-over-Sands. Water and sewage services are provided by United Utilities, the distribution network operator for the area is Electricity North West, waste and recycling services are provided by South Lakeland District Council. The nearest library is in Grange-over-Sands.

Kents Bank is part of the Cumbria Constabulary area and the nearest police stations are Ulverston and Milnthorpe which are both around 13 mi away. Kents Bank lies in the Cumbria Fire and Rescue Service and North West Ambulance Service area both of which have stations in Grange-over-Sands.

Health
Kents Bank is part of the Cumbrian National Health Service area. The nearest surgery is in Grange-over-Sands and Westmorland General Hospital in Kendal is the area's local hospital. The nearest Accident and Emergency Department and out of hours GP services are also based at Westmorland General.

Education
The nearest primary schools are Allithwaite Church of England Primary School and Grange-over-Sands. The nearest secondary school is Cartmel Priory C of E Secondary School. The area's local college is Kendal College.

Religion
Kents Bank lies in the Church of England parish of St Mary, Allithwaite. According to the 2001 census 82% of people described themselves as Christian and 18% did not state their religion or were non-religious and there were three persons belonging to other religions.

Transport
Kents Bank has three bus stops and is served by routes 530, 531 and 532.

Kents Bank railway station is on the Furness Line from Barrow-in-Furness to Lancaster and is served by Northern services.

Media
The local newspaper is the Westmorland Gazette. The BBC local radio station is BBC Radio Cumbria and independent radio includes Smooth Lake District and Heart North West

Kents Bank is part of the BBC North West and Granada ITV Regions, both broadcast from the Winter Hill transmitting station.

Kirkhead Tower
To the south of Kents Bank is Kirkhead Tower. Little is known about the tower other than it was built as a summer house in the Gothic style. It appears on a map published in 1826. It is said that the tower is on the site of an ancient church that dates from before the construction of Cartmel Priory. However this is a legend but it is said that it is how Kirkhead got its name. The tower is sometimes used for open air Sunday worship.

Humphrey Head
To the south of Kents Bank lies Humphrey Head which is a limestone outcrop that stretches out to Morecambe Bay.

title: Kents Bank


text:
Muzaffarids (Iran)

The Muzaffarid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty which came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century. At their zenith, they ruled a kingdom comprising Iranian Azerbaijan, Central Persia, and Persian Iraq. The Muzaffarids were known for their support of Arabic literature. Shah Shoja was a poet and wrote in both Arabic and Persian and was said to be capable of memorizing eight verses of Arabic poetry after hearing them read once. While the Muzaffarid ruler of Kirman, Shah Yahya, commissioned the scholar Junyad bin Mahmud Al-Umari to compile an anthology of Arabic poetry and prose for him

Rise to power
The Muzaffarids were originally from Persia and had settled in Khorasan from the beginning of Caliphal rule there. They have been described as an Arab, Iranian, and Persian dynasty. They stayed in Khorasan up until the Mongol invasion of that province, at which point they fled to Yazd. Serving under the Il-Khans, they gained prominence when Sharaf al-Din Muzaffar was made governor of Maibud. He was tasked with crushing the robber-bands that were roaming around the country.

Sharaf al-Din's son, Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, was brought up at the Il-Khan's court but returned to Maibud upon the death of the Il-Khan Öljeitü. In around 1319 he overthrew the atabeg of Yazd and was subsequently recognized as governor of the city by the central Il-Khan government. Following this he began fighting against the Neguderis, a Mongol tribal group. He managed to face this crisis with a minimum of loss.

In the wake of the loss of Il-Khan authority in central Iran following the death of Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty), Mubariz al-Din continued to carry out his expansionary policy. In 1339 or 1340 he invaded the province of Kirman and seized it from its Mongol governor, Qutb al-Din b. Nasir. Kutb al-Din was able to retake the province for a short time after receiving aid from the Kartid dynasty of Herat, but Mubariz al-Din permanently gained control of Kirman in late 1340. The city of Bam was besieged and conquered a few years after this.

After the conquest of Kirman, Mubariz al-Din became a rival of the neighboring Injuids, who controlled Shiraz and Isfahan. Although the Muzaffarids and Injuids had traditionally been on friendly terms with one another, the Injuid Abu Esshaq's desire to gain Kirman led him to start a drawn-out conflict with the Muzaffarids in 1347. He unsuccessfully besieged Yazd (1350–1351), after which his fortunes declined rapidly. Defeated on the field in 1353, Abu Esshaq was forced to take refuge in Shiraz and finally surrender. He managed to escape from Shiraz and fled to Isfahan, but Mubariz al-Din pursued him, took the city and executed the Injuid ruler. Fars and western Iran were now under his control.

With the destruction of Injuid authority, the Muzaffarids were the strongest power in central Iran, and Shiraz was made their capital. Mubariz al-Din's strength was such that when the khan of the Golden Horde, Jani Beg, sent an offer to make him a vassal, he was able to decline. In fact, he pushed on into Azerbaijan, which Jani Beg had conquered in 1357. He defeated the khan's governor Akhichuq and occupied Tabriz, but realized that he could not hold his position against the Jalayirid troops marching from Baghdad and soon retreated. The Jalayirids would therefore maintain a hold on Tabriz, despite further attempts by the Muzaffarids to take it.

Mubariz al-Din was known as a cruel ruler, and soon afterwards 1358, his son Shah Shoja blinded and imprisoned him. A temporary reconciliation was reached, but it failed to last and he died, again in prison, in 1363.

Reign of Shah Shoja

Shah Shoja proved to be a less of a tyrannic figure, but he was constantly fighting with his brothers, causing a long period of instability. In 1363 he marched against his first brother Shah Mahmud, who had been given control of Isfahan, although a peace was soon brokered. In the following year however, Shah Mahmud, with the support of his father-in-law Shaikh Uvais of the Jalayirids, invaded Fars and captured Shiraz. Shah Shoja would not be able to reconquer his capital until 1366. Shah Mahmud would continue to play and influential role in Iranian politics, using his marriage alliance to claim Tabriz from the Jalayirids after Shaikh Uvais died in 1374. He occupied the city but soon gave up after he was struck by illness. He died the next year, allowing Shah Shoja to occupy Isfahan.

Shah Shoja then marched on Tabriz himself, but was forced to turn back when internal conditions in Fars deteriorated. His second brother Shah Muzaffar's son, Shah Yahya, rose in revolt in Isfahan. Having to make peace with the Jalayirids, Shah Shoja offered to marry his son Zain Al-Abidin to a sister of the Jalayirid ruler Husain. The Jalayirids refused the offer and invaded, although Shah Shoja managed to prevent them from getting any further than Sultaniyya. Before dying in 1384, he named his son Zain al-Abidin his successor and his third brother 'Imad ad-Din Ahmad as governor of Kirman. Not satisfied with the arrangement, Shah Yahya advanced against Shiraz, but was expelled from Isfahan by the city's populace and was forced to flee to Yazd. On his deathbed, Shah Shoja wrote a letter to Timur, who was then campaigning in Azerbaijan, in which he gave his sons' loyalty to the conqueror.

Muzaffarid decline
When Zain Al-Abidin succeeded his father, he quickly ignored the declaration of loyalty. Timur therefore marched into the Muzaffarid lands. He came to Isfahan, where the governor gave him control of the city, but a rebellion in the city killed any goodwill Timur had, resulting in a slaughter of the populace. Zain Al-Abidin fled from Shiraz in an attempt to make it to the Jalayirids in Baghdad, who were enemies of Timur. However, he encountered Shah Yahya's brother Shah Mansur, who imprisoned him. Shiraz soon fell to Timur. Shah Mansur and 'Imad ad-Din Ahmad, along with other Muzaffarid princes, went to Shiraz to declare their loyalty, whereupon Timur restored them to their positions. The conqueror soon after returned to Transoxiana; Shiraz was given to Shah Yahya.

Unfortunately, the Mozaffarids soon began to resume their local feuding. Shah Mansur began by expelling Shah Yahya from Shiraz, whereupon Shah Yahya again fled to Yazd. Shah Mansur then conquered Abarquh, but failed to take Isfahan. Meanwhile, Zain al-Abidin escaped from prison and reached Isfahan. An alliance was then formed between Zain al-Abidin, Shah Yahya and 'Imad ad-Din Ahmad against Shah Mansur. The alliance proved to be unstable, however, and when they met Shah Mansur's army at Furg, Shah Yahya failed to show and 'Imad ad-Din Ahmad quickly retreated. The latter met Shah Mansur again, this time at Fasa, but lost and was captured in Ray. He was blinded and imprisoned. Shah Mansur then approached Kirman, where Sultan Ahmad and Shah Yahya had gone after the events at Furg. He offered a common alliance against Timur, but was rebuffed and thereafter returned to Shiraz.

Timur, who while campaigning elsewhere took note of these events, decided in 1392 that a campaign against Shah Mansur was in order. Shah Mansur gained the Sarbadar Muluk as his ally; Muluk was sent to defend Kashan and the Mozaffarid northern front. By March 1393 Timur had advanced down to Shushtar and Dizful, installing a Sarbadar as governor there. He also freed 'Imad-Din Ahmad from imprisonment. Shah Mansur fled Shiraz, but then turned around and met Timur's forces. With an army weakened by desertions, he fought bravely but was forced to retreat. Attempting to reach Shiraz, he was captured by forces of prince Shah Rukh and was decapitated. The other Muzaffarid princes then again swore allegiance to Timur. They were received honorably by the conqueror, but on May 22 in Qumisha they were executed. Their bodies were buried inside the kabristan. Only Zain al-Abidin and Sultan Shibli (another son of Shah Shoja) survived the purge; they were sent to Samarkand.

Muzaffarid rulers

 * Mubariz al-Din Muhammad (1314–1358)
 * Shah Shoja (1358-1364)
 * Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) (1364–1366)
 * Shah Shoja (1366-1384)
 * Zain al-Abidin (1384–1387)
 * Shah Yahya (in Shiraz, 1387–1391)
 * Sultan Ahmad (in Kerman, 1387–1391)
 * Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan, 1387–1391)
 * Shah Mansur (1391-1393)

title: Muzaffarids (Iran)


text: Category:Tourist attractions in Edinburgh


text:
Talk:Yolk plug

Suggestion
It would be helpful if you could briefly explain what the blastopore is and how it is formed in relation to endodermal cells/where the rest of the endodermal cells go. The function of the yolk plug should also be explained, as it goes unmentioned. BASEDbio (talk) 23:40, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

Sources?
If you need a source for this, I think a good one would be Gilbert, Scott F. (2014). Developmental Biology (10th ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p.247. ISBN 978-1-60535-192-6. Otherwise, it could probably be included in a larger article. Mjurgens369 (talk) 04:46, 4 February 2014 (UTC)Mjurgens369

title: Talk:Yolk plug


text: User talk:68.56.75.223

title: User talk:68.56.75.223


text:
Talk:Exclusivism

vis-a-vis Judaism
This article previously claimed that Judaism does not allow conversion to Judaism and that Judaism sees itself as the only true faith. However, contrary to this, Judaism generally allows conversion to Judaism and Judaism recognizes some truth in Islam and Christianity such as Monotheism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.209.91.208 (talk) 23:22, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exclusivism


text:
3rd Guards Army

The 3rd Guards Army (3-я гвардейская армия) was a field army of the Soviet Red Army that fought on the Eastern Front in World War II.

The army fought in the Battle of Berlin, during which it mopped up German resistance around Cottbus.

1942 to 1945
It was formed on December 5, 1942 by the redesignation of the 1st Guards Army (Second formation), in accordance with a Stavka order dated the same day, as part of the Southwestern Front. Lieutenant General Dmitry Lelyushenko was appointed to command the formation, and held the reins until March 1943 (and subsequently from August 1943 to February 1944). Up to the middle of December the army comprised the 14th Rifle Corps, 50th Guards, 197th, 203rd and 278th Rifle Divisions, 90th and 94th Separate Rifle Brigades, the 1st Guards Mechanized Corps, the 22nd Motor Rifle Brigade and three separate tank regiments. It began combat operations during Operation Little Saturn in mid-December, defeating German troops on the Middle Don and frustrating Operation Winter Storm, a German attempt to relieve the 6th Army trapped in the Stalingrad Pocket created by the Soviet counteroffensive in the Battle of Stalingrad, Operation Uranus. During January and February 1943, it fought in the Operation Gallop, then defended the line of the Donets. Major General Georgy Khetagurov held command from March to August.

In the summer and fall, the 3rd Guards Army fought in the Donbass Strategic Offensive, then in the Zaporizhia Offensive in October. During the latter, the army broke through heavily fortified German defenses and captured Zaporizhia alongside the 8th Guards Army on October 14, eliminating a German bridgehead on the left bank of the Dnieper. Towards the end of the year, the army joined the 4th Ukrainian Front, participating in fierce fighting to eliminate the Nikopol bridgehead. During the Nikopol–Krivoi Rog Offensive in January and February 1944, the army crossed the Dnieper and captured Nikopol alongside the 3rd Ukrainian Front's 6th Army on February 8.

3rd Guards Army was assigned in succession to the Soviet Southwestern Front, 3rd, 4th and since March 1944 the First Ukrainian Front led by Marshal Ivan Konev. After a brief stint under the command of Lieutenant General Dmitry Ryabyshev in February and March 1944, from April 1944 to the end of the war in Europe Colonel General Vasily Gordov was in command. The Army participated in the Middle Don and Voroshilovgrad offensive operations, the defensive battles on the northern Donets River, in the Donbass and Zaporozhye offensive operations, in the liquidation of the Germans' Nikopol bridgehead, in the Nikopol - Krivoi Rog and Proskurov - Chernovits operations, the Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive, the Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive, and the Battle of Berlin.

Battle of Berlin
In the First Ukrainian Front's attack from the Neisse River into Saxony and the Brandenburg area, the 3rd Guards Army attacked north of Cottbus into the Spree River. Part of it also attacked Cottbus and captured it. However, the 3rd Guards Army did not head north into the southern suburbs of Berlin. Koniev had angled the 5th Guards Army left towards Spremberg and the 3rd Guards Army to the right to force the German troops back into Cottbus. A few days after the great Soviet offensive of April 16, the 3rd Guards Army kept the pressure on the Germans around Cottbus.

Konev was warned of the mass of German troops in the Spreewald. He expedited the 28th Army's advance that was intended to seal the gap between the 3rd Guards Army, effectively finishing off the Germans in the Cottbus area, and the 3rd Guards Tank Army. On April 25, when the First Belorussian Front was fighting in the city itself during the Battle of Berlin, the 3rd Guards Army was rushed into positions close to the Berlin-Dresden autobahn "to block all the forest roads leading from east to west." Gordov's troops chopped down tall pine trees to form tank barriers. However, the 3rd Guards Army did not manage to occupy the southern part of its sector, which meant that there was a gap between it and the 28th Army. However, that did not matter that much since German resistance in eastern Germany was now very limited, as the Ninth and Twelfth Armies were retreating towards the Elbe River, and resistance was limited to small pockets of concentration.

After the Berlin operation, the Army formed part of the Soviet force for the Prague Offensive.

Postwar
The 3rd Guards Army briefly became part of the Central Group of Forces when it was formed on 10 June 1945. At that time, it included the 21st Rifle Corps with the 149th, 197th, and 253rd Rifle Divisions, the 76th Rifle Corps with the 58th, 127th, and 389th Rifle Divisions, and the 120th Rifle Corps with the 54th, 287th, and 329th Rifle Divisions. The same Stavka order that established the group ordered the disbandment of the army's three rifle corps and all nine of its divisions, a process completed by July. Its headquarters was soon transferred to become the headquarters of the reorganised Volga Military District on 30 July.

Commanders

 * Lieutenant General Dmitry Lelyushenko (December 1942 — March 1943)
 * Guard Major General Georgy Khetagurov (March — August 1943)
 * Lieutenant General Dmitry Lelyushenko (August 1943 — February 1944)
 * Lieutenant General Dmitry Ryabyshev (February - March 1944)
 * Colonel General Vasily Gordov (April 1944 — end of War)

title: 3rd Guards Army


text:
Talk:Great rite

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:40, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great rite


text:
Jeung San Do

Jeung San Do, occasionally called Jeungsanism, meaning "The Dao/Tao of Jeung-san", although this term is better reserved for a larger family of movements, is a new religious movement founded in South Korea in 1974. It is one of more than 100 Korean religious movements that recognize Gang Il-sun (also known as Kang Jeungsan, or Chungsan), an early 20th century religious leader, as the incarnation and personification of Sangjenim (, the "governing spirit of the universe") and performed a "reordering of the universe" through his mission and rituals. The religion is characterised by a universal message, millenarianism, and a method of healing meditation.

History
A number of branches of Jeungsanism trace their origins to Goh Pan-Lye (Subu, literally "Head Lady," 1880–1935, although in Kang's circle there was more than one "Subu"), a female disciple of Kang Jeungsan. Around September 1911, Goh gathered around her a number of Kang's followers. Eventually, Goh's male cousin, Cha Gyeong-Seok (1880–1936), a leading disciple of Kang, became the leader of Goh's branch. Dissatisfied with this situation, Goh separated from Cha in 1919 and established her own new religion. In the 1920s, Cha's branch, known as Bocheon-gyo, became the largest Korean new religious movement and possibly the largest religion in Korea, with some 6 million followers. It declined rapidly after Cha's death in 1936, and fragmented into several competing group, as did Goh's organization. Jeung San Do is the largest among the branches claiming a lineage originating from Goh. It was founded by Ahn Un-san (born in 1922), who established his first religious organization in 1945. After further divisions, Ahn founded Jeung San Do in 1974 together with his son, Ahn Gyeong-jeon (b. 1954). Jeung San Do believes that, as Kang was God the Father, Goh, revered with the title of Tae-mo-nim, was God the mother and between 1926 and 1935 performed her own reordering of the universe. Jeung San Do is the movement within Jeungsanism with the most visible presence abroad, although it is not the largest branch in Korea. The central text of Jeungsanism, the Dojeon, was first published in Korean in 1992. The name "Dojeon" is used by other branches of Jeungsanism for their own, different sacred texts. Jeung San Do's version contains detailed description of Jeungsan Sangjenim's and Taemonim's ("Great Mother") lives and of Cheonjigongsa, the "Renewal of Heaven and Earth". The Jeungsanist theory stresses the concept of Tao, the way of nature.

Jeungsanism is often understood as having stemmed from Korean Sinism and Chinese millenarian Taoism, and is defined as one of the Korean indigenous religions.

Etymology
Jeung San Do means "the Way [dao/do/Tao, 道] of the Jeung(甑)[siru] San(山)[mountain]". The word "jeung" is siru in Korean, which is Korean food streamer vessel for cooking Korean rice cakes, Tteok. It signifies a vast vessel by metaphor that can contain everything in the world. To conclude, "jeung" (甑) denotes the process of rising, maturation, fruition or growth.

"Jeung san" is also a traditional Korean descriptive term for the highest mountain in a region or "steamer mountain". "Do" (道) denotes Tao, the way. Considered as a whole, therefore, the name "Jeung San Do" signifies the highest truth that surpasses all existing religions and teachings.

Teachings
Sangjenim means "Highest Emperor", and is cognate of the Chinese Shangdi. It is the governing spirit of the universe, and Jeung San Do believe he was incarnated as Gang Il-sun, although God for Jeung San Do also exists as God the mother, incarnated on earth as Goh Pan-Lye.

Jeung San Do teaches that, at the age of seven, Sangjenim attained a sudden spiritual awakening while watching a performance of traditional music and dance. When he was twenty-four, he witnessed the tumultuous events of the Donghak (Eastern Learning) Uprising in which an ill-equipped but determined army of farmers fought the troops of both the Korean government and the Japanese. This insurrection sparked a war between China and Japan fought on the Korean peninsula and ended with the crushing defeat of the farmers and Japan's annexation of the country. After observing the death and misery brought on by these events, Jeung San Sangjenim resolved to save the world from suffering.

He traveled for three years to observe human behavior and the shape, qi, and spirit of the land. In 1901, after a period of intensive meditation he attained perfect enlightenment into the affairs of Heaven, Earth, and humanity. About this he said:

"Since ancient times, a few have mastered the writing of the Heavens, a few have mastered the principles of Earth, but no one has mastered the nature of humans. I am the first to master the nature of humans.
 * - Dojeon 2:13:4-5"

In that year, Sangjenim began a spiritual work that cannot be easily explained or understood. It was called the work of renewing Heaven and Earth. For 9 years, he conducted works of renewal in the form of rituals, proclamations, and conversations with humans and spirits and utilized the qi of various places and people. He established a federation of gods called the Creative Government, composed of regional gods, the founding spirits of family lines, gods that founded and advanced civilizations, enlightened spirits, spirits with unresolved bitterness and grief, and the spirits of revolutionaries. With this assembly of spirits, he intended to correct the wrongs of the past and chart a new course for the future. His work of renewing Heaven and Earth shifted the course of Heaven, Earth, and humanity and planted the seeds for a new enlightened and harmonious world of humans and gods.

According to his followers, Sangjenim differed from other prophets in that he not only spoke about the future but, through his spiritual work, actually transformed it. One way of understanding this is the Butterfly Effect in Edward Lorenz's Chaos Theory. According to that theory, a butterfly flapping its wings in America could cause or prevent a tornado in Indonesia. This of course illustrates the improbability of predicting any event in a highly complex system due to the difficulty of knowing all variables. But, what if someone were enlightened to the point of omnipotence? What if someone did know all the variables? Such a person could not only predict the future, but with the rippling effect of seemingly small actions could actually change the future.

About the method he used in the work of renewal, Sangjenim said:

"There are opportunities for human action ... There is a program for each heavenly principle. The work of renewal is based on creating the opportunity and establishing the program. If I were to abandon this method and perform the work forcibly, it would bring disaster upon the world and kill multitudes. That is not My intention.
 * - Dojeon 2:55:7-8"

Cosmic year
According to Jeun Sang Do, Gang Il-sun revealed to humanity that the universe embodies a four-fold cycle. A "cosmic year" contains four cosmic seasons corresponding to birth, growth, harvest, and rest.

Views on Korean history
According to Jeung San Do, the History of Korea is that of a chessboard used by America, China, Russia, and Japan. While the Empire of Japan completed the annexation of Korea in 1910, they were merely pawns or workmen (ilkkun) of Sangjenim; racial brothers who saved Korea from domination by the Western great powers. The Japanese, according to this narrative, provided the "service" (pongsa) of modernizing Korea as penance for the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). Accordingly, resistance against Japan was ill-advised, and Chinilpa collaborationist organizations such as Iljinhoe should not be condemned. Koreans merely had to "wait patiently", as Jeung San Do taught, for the guests to vacate the board in order to assume ownership of the Korean Peninsula.

Vocabulary

 * Sangjenim
 * Taemonim
 * Gaebyeok
 * Taeeul ju
 * Wonsibanbon (returning to the origin)
 * Haewon (resolution of bitterness and grief)
 * Sangsaeng (mutual life-giving)
 * Boeun (offering gratitude and repayment)
 * Dojeon
 * Dojang (temple) - Dao center
 * Cosmic year - Shao Yung (AD 1011–1077)
 * Euitong (to heal and to unite)
 * Cheonjigongsa (renewal of Heaven and Earth)
 * Nam Sa-go
 * Hwacheonjeol :The death day of Gang Il-sun.

title: Jeung San Do


text:
User talk:Almeida~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Also, I notice you've changed my edit to Cliff Burton because (to quote) "No one knows if Cliff survived the initial accident". James, Kirk, Lars and the bus dri........ok maybe not the bus driver, but the rest do, on account that they were talking to him before the winch crane came. And killed him. But you know, whatever - if people don't want to keep the statement then who I am to keep putting it back in?!

Selphie 21:15, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) **

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Almeida. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Almeida~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:49, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Almeida~enwiki


text:
Talk:Target cell

Untitled
This page should really be replaced with a diambiguation and then split into three stubs. It is strange to have an article on thee things with the same name.

On such a disambiguation page, the target cell (erythrocyte) link should redirect to codocyte —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.164.35.59 (talk) 18:47, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Target cell


text:
Category:Dejanira asteroids

See parent category for proper sortkey usage instructions.

title: Category:Dejanira asteroids


text:
User:Phalseid

Who Am I?
Hi, I am Peder Halseide in Fort Collins, Colorado I was born on April 12, 1973.

My Contributions
I started these articles:

 * Property management
 * Celatone
 * 40 Principles

and have contributed to

Special:Contributions/Phalseid

title: User:Phalseid


text:
Category:Brasilia asteroids

See parent category for proper sortkey usage instructions.

title: Category:Brasilia asteroids


text:
Category:Education in Edinburgh

 * Education in Edinburgh, Scotland.

title: Category:Education in Edinburgh


text:
Silverdale, Lancashire

Silverdale is a village and civil parish within the City of Lancaster district of Lancashire, England. The village stands on Morecambe Bay, near the border with Cumbria, 4.5 mi north west of Carnforth and 8.5 mi of Lancaster. The parish had a population of 1,519 recorded in the 2011 census.

Silverdale forms part of the Arnside and Silverdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The RSPB's Leighton Moss nature reserve is close to the village train station. The National Trust owns several pieces of land in the area. The former Tarmac-owned Trowbarrow quarry is now a SSSI and popular climbing location. The Lancashire Coastal Way footpath goes from Silverdale to Freckleton, and the Cumbria Coastal Way from Silverdale to Gretna.

It is served by nearby Silverdale railway station on the line from Lancaster to Barrow in Furness.

Governance
Silverdale is in the UK Parliamentary Constituency of Morecambe and Lunesdale, represented since 2010 by David Morris (Conservative), who was re-elected with an increased majority in May 2015, a reduced majority in June 2017, and an increased majority in December 2019.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

Silverdale has a parish council, the lowest level of local government. In May 2023, six parish councillors were elected unopposed.

The village is in the non-metropolitan district of the City of Lancaster. The Silverdale ward includes the parishes of Yealand Conyers and Yealand Redmayne and has a total population of 2,035. On Lancaster City Council it is represented by one Liberal Democrat councillor, elected for a four-year term in May 2023.

Silverdale is in the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire. On Lancashire County Council it forms part of Lancaster Rural North electoral division, and is represented by one Conservative councillor re-elected for a four-year term in May 2021. It was previously in Lancaster Rural District until its abolition in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972.

Geography
Nearby towns and cities: Lancaster, Carnforth, Kendal, Grange-over-Sands

Nearby villages: Arnside, Warton, Yealand Conyers, Yealand Redmayne, Yealand Storrs

Protected areas
Silverdale is within the Arnside and Silverdale National Landscape (formerly Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty or AONB). The parish includes several Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), including: Eaves Wood, Gait Barrows National Nature Reserve, Hawes Water (not to be confused with Haweswater reservoir in Cumbria), Jack Scout, Leighton Moss, Silverdale Golf Course, and Trowbarrow Quarry, and the whole of Morecambe Bay is also an SSSI.

Listed buildings
There are 20 listed buildings in Silverdale. The parish church and Slackwood Farmhouse are grade II* listed, while Lindeth Tower, the Silverdale Hotel, the lime kiln in Bottom's Lane, the chimney or tower at Jenny Brown's Point, twelve houses (four with barns) and two sets of entrance piers are grade II listed.

Demography
The parish had a population of 1,519 recorded in the 2011 census, This was a slight decrease from the 1,545 recorded in the 2001 census. The area of the parish is calculated by the Office for National Statistics as 12.4149 sqkm, giving a population density of 120 PD/sqkm. The ONS also identifies "Silverdale built-up area", covering the core of the village but not extending east of Bottoms Lane or south of Lindeth Tower, which has a 2011 population of 1,326, an area of 1.015 sqkm and a density of 1310 PD/sqkm.

In 2011 98.9% of the residents of the parish were white and 96.8% born in the United Kingdom. Their average age was 50.9 years and their median age 56, compared to figures for City of Lancaster district of 39.21 and 38 years.

Culture and community
The Gaskell Memorial Hall in the centre of the village hosts a wide range of activities and events. The Silverdale Village Players perform an annual Pantomime and another production each year, and the Silverdale Handbell Ringers (founded 1906, and formally the Silverdale Church Handbell Ringers) entertain at Christmas. The village has a Women's Institute, affiliated to the "Cumbria-Westmorland" Federation of Women's Institutes although Silverdale was not in Westmorland.

The Silverdale Village Institute is a registered charity and provides a building and playing field for public use. In 2013 its committee rejected a proposal for a skatepark on the field. The well-attended 2014 AGM saw a silent demonstration by the village's children in support of a skate park, and a major change in committee membership.

The annual Silverdale and Arnside Art and Craft Trail, when local and visiting artists display their works in many venues in the two villages, takes place each summer.

In February 2012 The Royal Hotel, a public house in a prominent location in the centre of Silverdale, became the subject of a dispute when its new owner announced his intention to use the pub and its gardens as the basis for a residential development. Local opposition led to the original submission being withdrawn. Revised plans were subsequently approved by Lancaster City Council's planning committee and in April 2016 a refurbished Royal Hotel opened its doors to trade once again.

Education
Silverdale Primary School (full name "Silverdale St John's Church of England Voluntary Aided Primary School") is housed in a Victorian building with more recent extensions, and has around 80 pupils. It was graded "Good" in its 2006 Ofsted report and an "Interim Assessment Statement" in 2010 stated that "the school's performance has been maintained", but in its 2012 inspection it was graded as "Satisfactory". In 2013 it again achieved a "Good" rating. There is no secondary school in the village.

Bleasdale School, formerly Bleasdale House School, is a day special school for pupils with profound and multiple learning difficulties, with 20 pupils aged 2–19. It was graded "Outstanding" in its 2012 Ofsted school inspection report and "Good" in its 2013 Ofsted social care inspection report.

The village has a branch library open 20 hours/week. Its premises were an outbuilding of Bleasdale School, and were an electrician's shop before becoming a library in the 1960s. The library benefitted from a major refurbishment in December 2011, was closed on 29 September 2016 despite protests from the village community,  and reopened on 1 November 2017.

Religious buildings
St John's Church is the Anglican parish church and a Grade II* listed building, built in 1885-86. The Methodist church was also built in the 19th century. Silverdale is within the Anglican Diocese of Blackburn, the Catholic Diocese of Lancaster and the North Lancashire Methodist Circuit.

Sport
The village has a bowls club and cricket team. Silverdale golf club, located near the railway station to the east of the village centre, was founded on 10 November 1906 and play started on 6 April 1907. Its original nine-hole course was extended to twelve holes in 1992 and to eighteen holes in 2002.

Silverdale Hoard
In September 2011, a metal detectorist unearthed the Silverdale Hoard, an early-10th-century Viking hoard comprising 201 silver coins, jewellery, ingots and hacksilver that had been buried in a lead container in the vicinity of Silverdale. The hoard was bought by Lancashire Museums Service, and was displayed in Lancaster City Museum during 2013 and the Museum of Lancashire, Preston, during 2014.

The Matchless shipwreck
On 3 September 1894, the Morecambe pleasure boat Matchless capsized off Jenny Brown's Point on a trip from Morecambe to Grange-over-Sands. 25 holidaymakers from the industrial towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire drowned, the largest loss of lives in a single incident in Morecambe Bay.

Leeds Children's Charity
The Leeds Children's Charity (LCC) from 1904 to 2016 provided holidays for needy children from Leeds at its Silverdale Holiday Centre, which was to the north of the village centre overlooking Morecambe Bay. (The centre was actually across the county boundary so in Far Arnside, Cumbria, though very strongly associated with Silverdale). The charity was previously named the Leeds Children's Holiday Camp Association (LCHCA), and earlier the Leeds Poor Children's Holiday Camp Association. In its last years about 275 children each year were brought for a free five-day holiday, sometimes having never left Leeds before and seeing cows in fields for the first time. During their stay, they participated in a range of outdoor and indoor activities. The Association is a registered charity, and each year's Lady Mayoress of Leeds serves as its President. Its patrons include Matthew Lewis, the Leeds-born actor best known as Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter films. It is supported by donations from individuals and organisations in Leeds and Silverdale and elsewhere.

Frances McNeil has written a history of the Holiday Camp, Now I am a Swimmer: Silverdale Holiday Camp, the first 100 years (2004).

In late 2015 it was announced that 2016 would be the final season of children's holidays at the Silverdale centre. The site was sold to the owner of the adjacent Holgates caravan site. The Leeds Children's Charity offered children holidays instead at Lineham Farm, near Leeds, and by 2021 the charity had merged with the Lineham Farm Trust to form a new charity, Leeds Children's Charity at Lineham Farm.

Notable residents

 * The duo Aquilo, who played on the BBC Introducing stage at Glastonbury Festival 2014, live in the village.
 * Kyril Bonfiglioli (1928–1985), an art dealer, magazine editor and comic novelist (author of the Mortdecai novels) lived in Silverdale in the 1960s and featured his home "Yewbarrow" in his books.
 * The English poet Gordon Bottomley (1874–1948) lived in Silverdale, and his visitors there included the artist Paul Nash.
 * The composer Edward Cowie (born 1943) lived in Silverdale in the 1970s.
 * The Victorian novelist Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865) regularly holidayed in Silverdale and is said to have written some of her works in Lindeth Tower in the village; the Gaskell Memorial Hall in the centre of the village is named after her.
 * The Yorkshire-born English novelist Willie Riley (1866 - 1961) moved to Silverdale in 1919 and named his house Windyridge, the title of his first novel.
 * Comedian Victoria Wood (1953–2016) was formerly a resident of Silverdale.
 * Emma Atkins (born 1975) is an English actress, known for her role as Charity Dingle in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale.

Silverdale in popular culture

 * The 2006 novel Sixpence in her Shoe by Frances McNeil is set partly in Silverdale in the 1920s, with particular reference to the Leeds Children's Holiday Camp.
 * In October 2013, the BBC Two television natural history series Autumnwatch was broadcast over four nights from Leighton Moss RSPB reserve at Silverdale.
 * A model of the village, including the "Pepperpot" (Queen Victoria Jubilee monument) and the village centre, features in Aquilo's 2021 video "Out in LA"; the Gaskell Memorial Hall is lifted away and replaced by the "101 Diner".

title: Silverdale, Lancashire


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Category:Aeolia asteroids

See parent category for proper sortkey usage instructions.

title: Category:Aeolia asteroids


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Category:Elementary arithmetic

Elementary arithmetic encompasses topics from arithmetic that are frequently taught at the primary or secondary school level.

title: Category:Elementary arithmetic


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Dunkirk, Nottingham

Dunkirk is a residential area of Nottingham, England which is located to the south-east of the University of Nottingham and the Queen's Medical Centre. It is in the electoral ward of 'Dunkirk and Lenton', part of the Nottingham South constituency, with a population of 10,920 in the 2011 census.

While home to many permanent residents of Nottingham, the area also houses numerous students, including many international students, mainly from east and south-east Asia. The area has become increasingly popular in the last decade due to its proximity to the university.

Dunkirk has a nursery, primary school and the Nottingham University Academy of Science and Technology; socially, there is the Old Lenton and Dunkirk Community Centre.

Dunkirk also has a small industrial area, next to the Nottingham Canal. Nottingham Science and Technology Park, Nottingham Science Park, is also located in Dunkirk.

There is a large cinema and entertainment centre across the canal from Dunkirk, adjacent to Clifton Boulevard (A52 road).

Demography
Dunkirk has a population of just over 10,000, with the average household size being 2.90, and the population density per hectare is 20.90.

Dunkirk is ethnically mixed, with 60% of the people being White British and 40% being from various countries such as: 5.1% from Iran, 4.7% from India, 3.69% from Pakistan, 6.05% from China, 3.6% from Africa, 3.5% from the Caribbean and 2% from the Arab World.

36.3% of the population consider themselves Christian, 10.3% consider themselves Muslim, 2.8% are Hindu, 1.2% are Jewish, 1.9% are Buddhist and 1.4% are Sikh.

60.4% of the people are aged between 16-24 and 11.5% are 30–44, highlighting Dunkirk's high student population due to its proximity to Nottingham's University Park Campus.

Healthcare
The Queen's Medical Centre is an accident and emergency hospital situated in the area. Until 2012, the QMC was the largest hospital in the United Kingdom; it continues to be the largest teaching hospital in Europe. The hospital employs over 6,000 people and the total floor area of the main block is 30 square miles.

The QMC has an overhead bridge to the University of Nottingham main campus. Inside the QMC there is a hotel, academy, Costa, clothes shops and Amigos.

There is a stop for the Nottingham Express Tram at the Queen's Medical Centre.

Economy
Dunkirk is situated in an important economical zone for Greater Nottingham; along with neighbouring Beeston Rylands, it is home to a number of international and regional headquarters such as Games Workshop, Experian, Black Horse, CIS, Abbeyfield Estates, Specsavers, Arck, Coutts, Zurich, HSBC, Speedo, Bank of England, tcp, HBOS plc and Vision Express.

Retail
Dunkirk's surrounding area is home to two retail parks, Castle Marina Retail Park and Riverside Retail Park. Castle Marina Retail Park is filled with a number of high-profile furniture shops, Costa, Sainsbury's and several eateries. Riverside Retail Park has a B&Q megastore, Next and Boots as well as a few high street units.

Neighbouring areas

 * Lenton to the north and east.
 * Beeston to the west and south-west.

title: Dunkirk, Nottingham


text: User talk:69.76.120.39

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Talk:Yeshivas Ner Yisroel

Discussion about name
I just figured to add some other prominent alumni and add some more detail being a student here now —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jewshmu (talk • contribs) 02:03, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Uber what about Shachreisim?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.187.37.74 (talk • contribs) I thought it was named for Reb Yisroel. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.155.63.105 (talk • contribs)

Chaptzem, R Yisroel who?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.143.78.82 (talk • contribs)

What about Toronto? You would think it deserves a mention. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.132.18.1 (talk • contribs)

I remeber Rabbi Ruderman zt"l saying that "this is a mussar yeshiva". People commented later that the yeshiva was named after Rabbi Yisroel Slanter who was the founder of the Mussar movement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.233.114.179 (talk • contribs)

As a member of the Rosh Heyeshivah, the Baal Avodas Levi's mishpocha, and as a grandson of one of the founding students, I have it on good authority that it was named Ner Yisrael for the Chofetz Chaim (Yisrael Meir=Ner Yisrael)who was niftar that year, 1933. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.227.44.241 (talk • contribs)

Isn't Ner Israel the place where www.adiel.com and www.hashkafah.com came from? Didn't it use to be the place where the bachur who started those websites went to? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.195.58.71 (talk • contribs)

I'm going for shabbos(I live down the street and go to R'(Aron) Tendler's shul, and then have lunch by him.) I can ask the origin of the name. Have a gut yoim toiv --Shaul avrom 20:48, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

It is still under arguement in the community. The origin of the name is only known by Rosh Yeshiveh SHLIT"A, so, I may eventually find out. Gut moed --Shaul avrom 00:17, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

I heard B'sheim The Rosh Yeshiva ZTZA"L (Rav Ruderman) that the yeshiva is named for Rabban Yochanon ben Zakkai (In the Gemoroh in Brochos hes called Ner Yisroel)

But we need a source!!! Joe407 (talk) 05:20, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

I am a student in Ner Israel and all of the staff are in agreement that the name came from R' Yisroel Salanter — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:14D:4101:2337:1049:19BF:2B42:7E86 (talk) 21:58, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

What about Rav Yaakov Weinberg ztl?!
How can you discuss Ner Yisrael without discussing Rav Yaakov Weinberg ztl? Yungerman 21:39, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Page move
Current title is extremely long and unwieldy. The institution is not called "Yeshivas Ner Yisrael: Ner Israel Rabbinical College" - it's either one or the other. I would be fine with either one, but I suggest that it be moved to Ner Israel Rabbinical College because it is overwhelmingly more common per a Google test. Please comment.--DLand TALK 04:33, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Support --DLand TALK 04:33, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Disagree/comment maybe on the internet it is commonly known as nirc, but in Real life(I learn by Ner) it is called Ner Yisrael, though written as Ner Yisroel. BTW you need to say the same about RSA, I have moved it from Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim, to Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim. I say it should be moved to Yeshivas Ner Yisroel (Only issue would have to be the disambig[if someone writes the page] from zupnik). --Shuli 12:49, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I guess that depends on your definition of Real life - there is no doubt in my mind that the bochurim who learn there, as well as the majority of the frum community, call it Ner Yisrael. I call it by that name myself, when I have occasion to mention the yeshiva in conversation. However, according to WP:NAME, "Generally, article naming should prefer what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize," - which takes into account non-Jews as well, obviously. Considering that Google gives over 19,000 hits for the English name and only around 1500 for the Hebrew name, it seems clear that it's not just "on the internet" that it's called NIRC. But again, as I said before, it wouldn't bother me so much to move it to Yeshivas Ner Yisroel, if only to get it out of its current title.--DLand TALK  13:20, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Call it Ner Yisroel, seeing as it is 97% ashkenasi, and redirect everthing else. Lobojo (talk) 17:08, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NIRC logo.gif
Image:NIRC logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Alumni
Can we set a standard for inclusion in the "Notable Alumni" list? It seems that every Tom, Dick & Harry is just adding whoever he feels is appropriate. My only issue with it is that the list is taking over the article. Ideas? Joe407 (talk) 05:14, 12 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should start a separate list and have a link from this article.Nerguy (talk) 13:33, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

curriculum edits
Howdy, This edit is an experiment in reducing the need for every yeshiva to reiterate the same curriculum as every other yeshiva. I put in a link to the main article, Yeshiva, for those who want to read more. I am doing this in the hope that it will force people writing about yeshivos to focus on the notability and uniqueness of each yeshiva and not just fill up space or use WP to advertise their institution.

Please offer any thoughts or comments on this effort and any suggestions or help towards improvement would be great. Joe407 (talk) 06:43, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Removal of OR
Hey ya'll! I cut a whole bunch of OR. Much more could have been cut and in fact the article as a whole could be AFD'd under lack of sources and OR. Anyone who has sources should add some.

or  Joe407 (talk) 17:45, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

"[citation needed]" tag not deleted "yet" ... (what else is needed?)
Even after this edit was done, the "[citation needed]" tag there was not deleted, "yet". I still have a question about that.

Question:

 * The edit that was already made (mentioned above) does provide "part of" the "[citation]" that was "[needed]". It links to a reliable source that states -- (as shown in that DIFF listing) -- that [quote:]"He [i.e., 'Howard E. Friedman'] served as President at American Israel Public Affairs Committee from 2006 to 2010."

 * So, ... now, (before deleting that "[citation needed]" tag), is it "also" necessary to find (and reference) some reliable source that states [says] that Howard Tzvi Friedman (the person mentioned in the entry for "Howard Tzvi Friedman", in the section "Notable alumni") is actually a former student (an "alumnus") of Yeshivas Ner Yisroel ... ?

Then, -- after that -- I guess the "[citation needed]" tag can be deleted. (right?) --Mike Schwartz (talk) 09:41, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

Purim Shtick
We've settled this weeks ago, why start changing on Erev Pesach after Chatzos? Somerabbis (talk) 07:06, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

Consistent Naming
When referenced in the article it was inconsistently called both Ner Yisroel and Ner Israel. I changed them all to Ner Yisroel (aside from the first line, where it has its names, and a quote) per the article title, though if someone wants to change them to Ner Israel that's fine (I don't know the convention here). But PLEASE KEEP IT CONSISTENT!!! TheoLaLeo (talk) 04:07, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

 * There still seems to be inconsistency between the title of the article and several refences. Their official website says "Ner Israel" (subtitled "Rabbinical College"). I get that "Yeshivas Ner Yisroel" reflects how many people in the Ashkenazi yeshivah world talk, but if the place has an official name and spelling why isn't Wikipedia using that? Wikipedia doesn't call the University of Pennsylvania "Penn" or Yeshiva University "YU." 68.82.50.124 (talk) 03:26, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yeshivas Ner Yisroel


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Kranji War Cemetery

The Kranji War Cemetery is located in Kranji, Singapore, and is the final resting place for Allied soldiers who perished during the Battle of Singapore and the subsequent Japanese occupation of the island from 1942 to 1945 and in other parts of Southeast Asia during World War II.

There are 4,461 World War II casualties buried or commemorated at this cemetery, of which more than 850 of these are unidentified. There are 64 World War I headstones, of which three commemorate casualties known to have been buried elsewhere but whose graves could not be found on concentration.

Adjacent to the War Cemetery is the Kranji Military Cemetery, also administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

History
The Kranji area was previously a military camp. At the time of the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the area was in use as an ammunition magazine. After the fall of Singapore, the Japanese established a prisoner-of-war camp at Kranji and a hospital nearby at Woodlands. After the war, In 1946, it was decided that Kranji would be designated as Singapore's War Cemetery so the small cemetery at Kranji was developed into a permanent war cemetery and subsequently war graves from Buona Vista, Changi, and other cemeteries were removed and re-interred at Kranji. .

The site was expanded by the concentration of graves from surrounding areas and from Saigon in then-French Indochina (now Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam).

Colin St Clair Oakes designed the Singapore Memorial and the War Cemetery, and the memorial was unveiled on 2 March 1957 by Sir Robert Black, who was a former a prisoner of war of the Japanese and at the time of the unveiling was then the Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Singapore.

Repatriation of Australian war dead
On 2 June 2016, the remains of 32 persons interred at Terendak Camp, Malaysia, including several family members, plus one Vietnam War soldier interred at Kranji War Cemetery, were repatriated to Australia, landing at RAAF Base Richmond on two Royal Australian Air Force C-17s. They had been dis-interred following agreement between the governments.

Special memorials
Special memorials exist to commemorate specific deaths or graves that could not be found. These memorials are mainly clustered around the main Singapore Memorial.

Singapore Memorial
The Singapore Memorial, known locally as the Kranji War Memorial, stands over the war cemetery with the names of 24,346 Allied soldiers, sailors, and airmen inscribed on its walls. They record those for whom no remains could be identified thus no known grave established.

Singapore (Unmaintainable Graves) Memorial
This memorial commemorates over 250 troops killed in action in British Malaya whose graves, whilst known, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission were unable to maintain and whose bodies could not be moved due to religious conviction.

Singapore Cremation Memorial
This memorial is to almost 800 casualties, mostly from Undivided India, who were cremated as part of their religious beliefs.

Singapore Civil Hospital Grave Memorial
At the end of the occupation of the island, wounded civilians and servicemen were brought to the hospital in large numbers. Many of these died and a mass grave was established for more than 400 of the bodies. After the war, rather than disturb the grave in a largely futile attempt to identify any single casualties, a cross was built over the grave and the site was consecrated by the Bishop of Singapore.

Chinese Memorial
This memorial, located further from the Singapore Memorial, is a mass grave for 69 Chinese servicemen serving with the Commonwealth forces who were killed at the start of the occupation.

title: Kranji War Cemetery


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Reflection mapping

In computer graphics, reflection mapping or environment mapping  is an efficient image-based lighting technique for approximating the appearance of a reflective surface by means of a precomputed texture. The texture is used to store the image of the distant environment surrounding the rendered object.

Several ways of storing the surrounding environment have been employed. The first technique was sphere mapping, in which a single texture contains the image of the surroundings as reflected on a spherical mirror. It has been almost entirely surpassed by cube mapping, in which the environment is projected onto the six faces of a cube and stored as six square textures or unfolded into six square regions of a single texture. Other projections that have some superior mathematical or computational properties include the paraboloid mapping, the pyramid mapping, the octahedron mapping, and the HEALPix mapping.

Reflection mapping is one of several approaches to reflection rendering, alongside e.g. screen space reflections or ray tracing which computes the exact reflection by tracing a ray of light and following its optical path. The reflection color used in the shading computation at a pixel is determined by calculating the reflection vector at the point on the object and mapping it to the texel in the environment map. This technique often produces results that are superficially similar to those generated by raytracing, but is less computationally expensive since the radiance value of the reflection comes from calculating the angles of incidence and reflection, followed by a texture lookup, rather than followed by tracing a ray against the scene geometry and computing the radiance of the ray, simplifying the GPU workload.

However, in most circumstances a mapped reflection is only an approximation of the real reflection. Environment mapping relies on two assumptions that are seldom satisfied:
 * 1) All radiance incident upon the object being shaded comes from an infinite distance. When this is not the case the reflection of nearby geometry appears in the wrong place on the reflected object. When this is the case, no parallax is seen in the reflection.
 * 2) The object being shaded is convex, such that it contains no self-interreflections. When this is not the case the object does not appear in the reflection; only the environment does.

Environment mapping is generally the fastest method of rendering a reflective surface. To further increase the speed of rendering, the renderer may calculate the position of the reflected ray at each vertex. Then, the position is interpolated across polygons to which the vertex is attached. This eliminates the need for recalculating every pixel's reflection direction.

If normal mapping is used, each polygon has many face normals (the direction a given point on a polygon is facing), which can be used in tandem with an environment map to produce a more realistic reflection. In this case, the angle of reflection at a given point on a polygon will take the normal map into consideration. This technique is used to make an otherwise flat surface appear textured, for example corrugated metal, or brushed aluminium.

Sphere mapping
Sphere mapping represents the sphere of incident illumination as though it were seen in the reflection of a reflective sphere through an orthographic camera. The texture image can be created by approximating this ideal setup, or using a fisheye lens or via prerendering a scene with a spherical mapping.

The spherical mapping suffers from limitations that detract from the realism of resulting renderings. Because spherical maps are stored as azimuthal projections of the environments they represent, an abrupt point of singularity (a "black hole" effect) is visible in the reflection on the object where texel colors at or near the edge of the map are distorted due to inadequate resolution to represent the points accurately. The spherical mapping also wastes pixels that are in the square but not in the sphere.

The artifacts of the spherical mapping are so severe that it is effective only for viewpoints near that of the virtual orthographic camera.

Cube mapping

Cube mapping and other polyhedron mappings address the severe distortion of sphere maps. If cube maps are made and filtered correctly, they have no visible seams, and can be used independent of the viewpoint of the often-virtual camera acquiring the map. Cube and other polyhedron maps have since superseded sphere maps in most computer graphics applications, with the exception of acquiring image-based lighting. Image-based lighting can be done with parallax-corrected cube maps.

Generally, cube mapping uses the same skybox that is used in outdoor renderings. Cube-mapped reflection is done by determining the vector that the object is being viewed at. This camera ray is reflected about the surface normal of where the camera vector intersects the object. This results in the reflected ray which is then passed to the cube map to get the texel which provides the radiance value used in the lighting calculation. This creates the effect that the object is reflective.

HEALPix mapping
HEALPix environment mapping is similar to the other polyhedron mappings, but can be hierarchical, thus providing a unified framework for generating polyhedra that better approximate the sphere. This allows lower distortion at the cost of increased computation.

History
In 1974, Edwin Catmull created an algorithm for "rendering images of bivariate surface patches" which worked directly with their mathematical definition. Further refinements were researched and documented by Bui-Tuong Phong in 1975, and later James Blinn and Martin Newell, who developed environment mapping in 1976; these developments which refined Catmull's original algorithms led them to conclude that "these generalizations result in improved techniques for generating patterns and texture".

Gene Miller experimented with spherical environment mapping in 1982 at MAGI.

Wolfgang Heidrich introduced Paraboloid Mapping in 1998.

Emil Praun introduced Octahedron Mapping in 2003.

Mauro Steigleder introduced Pyramid Mapping in 2005.

Tien-Tsin Wong, et al. introduced the existing HEALPix mapping for rendering in 2006.

title: Reflection mapping