text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/Cape Town

Members.

 * 1) Jeandré
 * 2) Wizzy… ☎
 * 3) Reperire
 * 4) Ethnopunk
 * 5) Discott
 * 6) User:Zingi - we wos here
 * 7) TapticInfo, Eish I’m from Joburg

Potentially

 * Category:Wikipedians in Cape Town

WMZA birthday

 * South Africa meetup 24 - 26 November 2022, this is a special one because we will also be doing face-to-face meetings in Cape Town and Johannesburg to celebrate Wikimedia South Africa's 10th birthday.

Online meetups
Due to the COVID 19 pandemic all in person meetups were cancelled or moved online in 2020 with in person meetups resuming in 2022.

 * South Africa meetup 37 - 29 June 2024
 * South Africa meetup 36 - 25 May 2024
 * South Africa meetup 35 - 27 April 2024
 * South Africa meetup 34 - 27 January 2024
 * South Africa meetup 33 - 28 October 2023
 * South Africa meetup 32 - 30 September 2023
 * South Africa meetup 31 - 26 August 2023
 * South Africa meetup 30 - 29 July 2023
 * South Africa meetup 29 - 24 June 2023
 * South Africa meetup 28 - 27 May 2023
 * South Africa meetup 27 - 29 April 2023
 * South Africa meetup 26 - 25 March 2023
 * South Africa meetup 25 - 25 February 2023
 * South Africa meetup 24 - 26 November 2022
 * South Africa meetup 23 - 29 October 2022
 * South Africa meetup 22 - 24 September 2022
 * South Africa meetup 21 - 27 August 2022
 * South Africa meetup 20 - 30 July 2022
 * South Africa meetup 19 - 25 June 2022
 * South Africa meetup 18 - 28 May 2022
 * South Africa meetup 17 - 30 April 2022
 * South Africa meetup 16 - 26 March 2022
 * South Africa meetup 15 - 26 February 2022
 * South Africa meetup 14 - 29 January 2022
 * South Africa meetup 13 - 27 November 2021
 * South Africa meetup 12 - 30 October 2021
 * South Africa meetup 11 - 28 August 2021
 * South Africa meetup 10 -31 July 2021
 * South Africa meetup 9 - 26 June 2021
 * South Africa meetup 8 - 29 May 2021
 * South Africa meetup 7 - 24 April 2021
 * South Africa meetup 6 - 31 October 2020
 * South Africa meetup 5 - 26 September 2020
 * South Africa meetup 4 - 15 August 2020
 * South Africa meetup 3 - 25 July 2020
 * South Africa meetup 2 - 13 June 2020
 * South Africa meetup 1 - 12 April 2020

Cape Town 22 : 7 December 2019
The 22nd Cape Town meetup will again be taking at the new location and day of the week. See below for details:

Time and Date:
 * Anytime between 10:00-14:00, Saturday, 7 December 2019

Location:
 * Code Bridge, 1 Thicket St, Newlands, Cape Town, 7700

Cape Town 20 : 5 October 2019
The 20th Wikipedia meetup took place on Saturday, 5 October 2019 at KA PA Tée. ~13 attendees

Cape Town 19 : 1 September 2019
The 19th Wikipedia meetup took place on Sunday, 1 September 2019 at Truth Coffee HQ. ~6 attendees

Cape Town 18: 4 August 2019
The 18th Wikipedia meetup took place on Sunday, 4 August 2019 at Truth Coffee HQ. ~7 attendees

Cape Town 17: 7 July 2019
The 17th Wikipedia meetup took place on Sunday, 7 July 2019 at Truth Coffee HQ. ~3 attendees

Cape Town 16: 2 June 2019
The 16th Wikipedia meetup took place on Sunday, 2 June 2019 at Truth Coffee HQ. ~10 attendees

WMZA AGM 2018
Wikimedia ZA Annual General Meeting for 2018 on the 27 October in Cape Town.

American corner edit-a-thons
See below for an expansion on the American corner events in Cape Town.

Events were held at the Central Library in Cape Town on the 4 November 2017, 20 January 2018, 17 February 2018, 17 March 2018, 21 April 2018, 19 May 2018, 09 June 2018, 21 July 2018, 18 August 2018 & 15 September 2018.

From September 2017 to September 2018 there was an ongoing edit-a-thon/mini-meetup at the American Corner at the Central Library in Cape Town. For more information see: Meetup/Cape Town/American Corner

Wikimedia ZA Annual General Meeting 2017
The Wikimedia ZA AGM took place in November 2017 in Cape Town. See below for more details.

 * Time: Sunday, 26 November 2017, 14:00 to 17:00
 * Location: 6 Spin Street Restaurant (in the Tutu room at the back), in the Cape Town city bowl area.

The event page can be found on the Wikimedia ZA website here.

Cape Town 14: 29 October 2017
The 14th Cape Town meetup was held on Sunday, 29 October 2017 at Truth Coffee, Buitenkant Street, Cape Town.

Third edit-a-thon: 19 November 2016
This edit-a-thon also focused on Wikipedia Asian Month in addition to metal music in Africa.

2016 AGM: 12 November 2016
The 2016 Wikimedia ZA AGM was held on the 12 November 2016. A new board was elected in the morning and a report was given about Wikimedia ZA's activities during 2016 as well as planning for 2017. The celebration of Afrikaans Wikipedia's 15th birthday will happen around the same time.

Cape Town 12: 6 March 2016
The 12th Cape Town meetup was held on Sunday, 6 February 2016 at Truth Coffee, Buitenkant Street, Cape Town.

Cape Town Art + Feminism
The first South African Art + Feminism edit-a-thon will be held in Cape Town on the 5th March 2016 at the Michaelis School of Fine Art, UCT from 10am-6pm. Due to popular demand a second event was held at the same place and time on the 9th April 2016.

2015 AGM: 28 November 2015
The 2015 Wikimedia ZA AGM was held on the 28 November 2015. A new board was elected in the morning and a report was given about Wikimedia ZA's activities during 2015 as well as planning for 2016. After the event the Wiki Loves Monuments 2015 awards ceremony was held at the same venue.

Cape Town 9: Sunday, 6th September 2015
Some confusion caused by the waiters giving one group a table in an obscure semi-hidden location at the back of the Coffee Shop. This led to two tables being set up in ignorance of each other as half the attendees could not find each other. Lesson of the day: in the future get a table that is close to the entrance and easy to find. Otherwise it was a great success.

Cape Town 8, 30th May 2015
This 8th Cape Town Wikimeetup was a bit different as Wikimedia ZA was announcing the winners of the Wiki From Above competition on the same day so the meetup was held at the same place as the award event during the FVP Fest -essentially a festival for drone pilots- at the Wild Clover Farm near Stellenbosch.

7th Cape Town Meetup - 1st February 2015
The 7th Cape Town meetup was held on Sunday, 1st February 2015 at Truth Coffee, Buitenkant Street, Cape Town.

Wikimedia ZA AGM: 1 November 2014
The Wikimedia ZA was held on the 1st November 2014. All Wikipedians and Wikimedians were invited to attend. The event was held at Twenty Fifty on 36 Buitenkant Street. The AGM coincided with the Wiki Loves Monuments award ceremony.

6th Cape Town Meetup - 7 September 2014
Date:
 * 7th September 2014

The 6th Wiki meetup was held on Sunday, 7 September 2014 at Truth Coffee Roastery, Buitenkant Street, Cape Town from 11:00 onwards.

5th Cape Town Meet-up: Sunday 4th May 2014
Location: Truth Coffee, 36 Buitenkant St, Cape Town 8000, South Africa The main Truth Coffee building and same location as the 4th Cape Town meetup. Wikimedia ZA's office is located just upstairs. NOT to be confused with the Truth Coffee at the Prestwich Memorial. See the map location here.
 * Contact number: +27 21 200 0440

Time: 11am onwards

Free coffee was had by all.

Attended:

 * Discott (talk) 13:31, 20 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Wizzy
 * Karlhof26
 * User:Michaelgraaf

Topics of conversation:

 * Berlin Wiki Con update
 * Cape Town Wikimania 2015
 * London Wikimania 2014 in July
 * Wiki Loves Monuments 2014
 * Sinenjongo High School
 * Wiki Loves Monuments exhibition on 8th May at 186 Bree Street (5:30pm onwards)

4th Cape Town Meet-up: Sunday 2nd February 2014
Location: Truth Coffee, 36 Buitenkant St, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
 * Contact number: +27 21 200 0440

Time: 11am onwards

We had some complementary vouchers for coffee from Truth Coffee so free coffee was enjoyed by all.

Attend:

 * Discott (talk) 16:29, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Nkansahrexford
 * Johnny West
 * Steven Molteno
 * Michael Graaf

Apologies to Wizzy and Zingi as it seems there was some confusion that caused us to miss each other. Will ensure that this does not happen again.

Issues Discussed
 * Open Society Foundation support for Wikimania ZA
 * Wikimania 2015 bid
 * Wikipedia in Ghana
 * WikiIndaba
 * Open knowledge for accountability in the oil industry (The Mining Indaba was beginning the next day on the 3rd Feb)

3rd Cape Town meetup: Sunday 1st September 2013
Location: Truth Coffee, at the Prestwich Place Memorial. Time: 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm
 * Due to Wikimedia ZA's AGM and the launch of Wiki Loves Monuments South Africa being on the same day the Wiki-meetup was combinded with the AGM.

Attended:
 * Discott
 * MADe
 * Slashme
 * Isla Haddow-Flood
 * Dumisani Ndubane
 * Ethnopunk
 * Alan Levin
 * wizzy

Discussion topics:
 * State of Wikimedia ZA 2013
 * Wiki Loves Monuments 2013
 * Report back on Wikimania 2013
 * Jo'bergpedia update
 * Wikimedia ZA AGM

2nd Cape Town Meetup: Sunday 26 May 2013
Location: Mexican Kitchen on 13 Bloem Street (between Long and Loop Street in the City Bowl), Cape Town. Time: 11am to 3pm

Met up for a special Wikipedia meetup to welcome one of Wikipedia's official story tellers who were down from San Francisco to film a documentary on students from Sinenjongo High School who lead an effort to access Wikipedia for free on their cell phones.

Attended: Regrets:
 * 1) Discott (talk) 13:21, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
 * 2) Greenman (talk) 17:14, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * 3) Thuvack  | talk  16:30, 25 May 2013 (UTC)
 * 4) Wizzy… ☎ 06:44, 27 May 2013 (UTC)
 * 5) Victorgrigas

Questions:
 * Saturday is the 25th of May; the 26th is Sunday. Is this actually on Saturday or Sunday? - htonl (talk) 15:06, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Fixed - Sunday according to Douglas' email. Greenman (talk) 17:15, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that, that is very embarrassing. Thanks Greenman for fixing that, it is indeed on Sunday the 26th of May. --Discott (talk) 18:54, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Discussions:
 * Wikipedia via USSD - name of the school again ?
 * Wikipedia Zero
 * Using taped interviews uploaded to wikimedia commons as references in articles
 * Joburg'pedia
 * Offline wikipedia

1st Cape Town Meetup: 2006-01-16.
Jeandré, Wizzy, and PZFUN met up at the Mexican Kitchen in Bloem street and talked a bit about Wikipedia and alot about different languages.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Meetup/Cape Town


text:
Pascal's calculator

Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline) is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as the supervisor of taxes in Rouen. He designed the machine to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction.

Pascal's calculator was especially successful in the design of its carry mechanism, which adds 1 to 9 on one dial, and carries 1 to the next dial when the first dial changes from 9 to 0. His innovation made each digit independent of the state of the others, enabling multiple carries to rapidly cascade from one digit to another regardless of the machine's capacity. Pascal was also the first to shrink and adapt for his purpose a lantern gear, used in turret clocks and water wheels. This innovation allowed the device to resist the strength of any operator input with very little added friction.

Pascal designed the machine in 1642. After 50 prototypes, he presented the device to the public in 1645, dedicating it to Pierre Séguier, then chancellor of France. Pascal built around twenty more machines during the next decade, many of which improved on his original design. In 1649, King Louis XIV of France gave Pascal a royal privilege (similar to a patent), which provided the exclusive right to design and manufacture calculating machines in France. Nine Pascal calculators presently exist; most are on display in European museums.

Many later calculators were either directly inspired by or shaped by the same historical influences that had led to Pascal's invention. Gottfried Leibniz invented his Leibniz wheels after 1671, after trying to add an automatic multiplication feature to the Pascaline. In 1820, Thomas de Colmar designed his arithmometer, the first mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. It is not clear whether he ever saw Leibniz's device, but he either re-invented it or utilized Leibniz's invention of the step drum.

History

Blaise Pascal began to work on his calculator in 1642, when he was 18 years old. He had been assisting his father, who worked as a tax commissioner, and sought to produce a device which could reduce some of his workload. Pascal received a Royal Privilege in 1649 that granted him exclusive rights to make and sell calculating machines in France.

By 1654 he had sold about twenty machines (only nine of those twenty machines are known to exist today ), but the cost and complexity of the Pascaline was a barrier to further sales and production ceased in that year. By that time Pascal had moved on to the study of religion and philosophy, which gave us both the Lettres provinciales and the Pensées.

The tercentenary celebration of Pascal's invention of the mechanical calculator occurred during World War II when France was occupied by Germany and therefore the main celebration was held in London, England. Speeches given during the event highlighted Pascal's practical achievements when he was already known in the field of pure mathematics, and his creative imagination, along with how ahead of their time both the machine and its inventor were.

The calculator had spoked metal wheel dials, with the digit 0 through 9 displayed around the circumference of each wheel. To input a digit, the user placed a stylus in the corresponding space between the spokes and turned the dial until a metal stop at the bottom was reached, similar to the way the rotary dial of a telephone is used. This displayed the number in the windows at the top of the calculator. Then, one simply redialed the second number to be added, causing the sum of both numbers to appear in the accumulator.

Each dial is associated with a one-digit display window located directly above it, which displays the value of the accumulator for this position. The complement of this digit, in the base of the wheel (6, 10, 12, 20), is displayed just above this digit. A horizontal bar hides either all the complement numbers when it is slid to the top, or all the direct numbers when it is slid toward the center of the machine. It thereby displays either the content of the accumulator or the complement of its value.

Since the gears of the calculator rotated in only one direction, negative numbers could not be directly summed. To subtract one number from another, the method of nine's complement was used. The only two differences between an addition and a subtraction are the position of the display bar (direct versus complement) and the way the first number is entered (direct versus complement).

For a 10-digit wheel (N), the fixed outside wheel is numbered from 0 to 9 (N-1). The numbers are inscribed in a decreasing manner clockwise going from the bottom left to the bottom right of the stop lever. To add a 5, one must insert a stylus between the spokes that surround the number 5 and rotate the wheel clockwise all the way to the stop lever. The number displayed on the corresponding display register will be increased by 5 and, if a carry transfer takes place, the display register to the left of it will be increased by 1. To add 50, use the tens input wheel (second dial from the right on a decimal machine), to add 500, use the hundreds input wheel, etc...

On all the wheels of all the known machines, except for the machine tardive, two adjacent spokes are marked; these marks differ from machine to machine. On the wheel pictured on the right, they are drilled dots, on the surveying machine they are carved; some are just scratches or marks made with a bit of varnish, some were even marked with little pieces of paper.

These marks are used to set the corresponding cylinder to its maximum number, ready to be re-zeroed. To do so, the operator inserts the stylus in between these two spokes and turns the wheel all the way to the stopping lever. This works because each wheel is directly linked to its corresponding display cylinder (it automatically turns by one during a carry operation). To mark the spokes during manufacturing, one can move the cylinder so that its highest number is displayed and then mark the spoke under the stopping lever and the one to the right of it.

Four of the known machines have inner wheels of complements, which were used to enter the first operand in a subtraction. They are mounted at the center of each spoked metal wheel and turn with it. The wheel displayed in the picture above has an inner wheel of complements, but the numbers written on it are barely visible. On a decimal machine, the digits 0 through 9 are carved clockwise, with each digit positioned between two spokes so that the operator can directly inscribe its value in the window of complements by positioning his stylus in between them and turning the wheel clockwise all the way to the stop lever. The marks on two adjacent spokes flank the digit 0 inscribed on this wheel.

On four of the known machines, above each wheel, a small quotient wheel is mounted on the display bar. These quotient wheels, which are set by the operator, have numbers from 1 to 10 inscribed clockwise on their peripheries (even above a non-decimal wheel). Quotient wheels seem to have been used during a division to memorize the number of times the divisor was subtracted at each given index.

Inner mechanism

Pascal went through 50 prototypes before settling on his final design; we know that he started with some sort of calculating clock mechanism which apparently "works by springs and which has a very simple design", was used "many times" and remained in "operating order". Nevertheless, "while always improving on it" he found reason to try to make the whole system more reliable and robust. Eventually he adopted a component of very large clocks, shrinking and adapting for his purpose the robust gears that can be found in a turret clock mechanism called a lantern gear, itself derived from a water wheel mechanism. This could easily handle the strength of an operator input.

Pascal adapted a pawl and ratchet mechanism to his own turret wheel design; the pawl prevents the wheel from turning counterclockwise during an operator input, but it is also used to precisely position the display wheel and the carry mechanism for the next digit when it is pushed up and lands into its next position. Because of this mechanism, each number displayed is perfectly centered in the display window and each digit is precisely positioned for the next operation. This mechanism would be moved six times if the operator dialed a six on its associated input wheel.

Carry mechanism

The sautoir is the centerpiece of the pascaline's carry mechanism. In his "Avis nécessaire...", Pascal noted that a machine with 10,000 wheels would work as well as a machine with two wheels because each wheel is independent of the other. When it is time to propagate a carry, the sautoir, under the sole influence of gravity, is thrown toward the next wheel without any contact between the wheels. During its free fall the sautoir behaves like an acrobat jumping from one trapeze to the next without the trapezes touching each other ("sautoir" comes from the French verb sauter, which means to jump). All the wheels (including gears and sautoir) have therefore the same size and weight independently of the capacity of the machine.

Pascal used gravity to arm the sautoirs. One must turn the wheel five steps from 4 to 9 in order to fully arm a sautoir, but the carry transfer will move the next wheel only one step. Thus, much extra energy is accumulated during the arming of a sautoir.

All the sautoirs are armed by either an operator input or a carry forward. To re-zero a 10,000-wheel machine, if one existed, the operator would have to set every wheel to its maximum and then add a 1 to the "unit" wheel. The carry would turn every input wheel one by one in a very rapid Domino effect fashion and all the display registers would be reset.

The carry transmission has three phases:

 * 1) The first phase happens when the display register goes from 4 to 9. The two carry pins (one after the other) lift the sautoir pushing on its protruding part marked (3,4,5).  At the same time the kicking pawl (1) is pulled up, using a pin on the receiving wheel as guidance, but without effect on this wheel because of the top pawl/ratchet (C). During the first phase, the active wheel touches the one that will receive the carry through the sautoir, but it never moves it or modifies it and therefore the status of the receiving wheel has no impact whatsoever on the active wheel.
 * 2) The second phase starts when the display register goes from 9 to 0. The kicking pawl passes its guiding pin and its spring (z,u) positions it above this pin ready to push back on it.  The sautoir keeps on moving up and suddenly the second carry pin drops it.  The sautoir falls of its own weight. During the second phase, the sautoir and the two wheels are completely disconnected.
 * 3) The kicking pawl (1) pushes the pin on the receiving wheel and starts turning it. The upper pawl/ratchet (C) is moved to the next space.  The operation stops when the protruding part (T) hits the buffer stop (R).  The upper pawl/ratchet (C) positions the entire receiving mechanism in its proper place. During the third phase the sautoir, which no longer touches the active wheel, adds one to the receiving wheel.

Operation
The Pascaline is a direct adding machine (it has no crank), so the value of a number is added to the accumulator as it is being dialed in. By moving a display bar, the operator can see either the number stored in the calculator or the complement of its value. Subtractions are performed like additions using some properties of 9's complement arithmetic.

9's complement
The 9's complement of any one-digit decimal number d is 9-d. So the 9's complement of 4 is 5 and the 9's complement of 9 is 0. Similarly, the 11's complement of 3 is 8.

In a decimal machine with n dials the 9's complement of a number A is:
 * $$CP(A) = 10^n - 1-A$$

and therefore the 9's complement of (A-B) is:
 * $$\begin{align}

CP(A-B) &= 10^n -1 - (A-B)

& = 10^n -1 - A + B \\ & = CP(A) + B \end{align}$$

In other words, the 9's complement of the difference of two numbers is equal to the sum of the 9's complement of the minuend added to the subtrahend. The same principle is valid and can be used with numbers composed of digits of various bases (base 6, 12, 20), like in the surveying or the accounting machines.

This can also be extended to:

 * $$CP(A-B-C-D) = CP(A) + B + C + D$$

This principle applied to the Pascaline:

Resetting the machine
The machine has to be re-zeroed before each new operation. To reset his machine, the operator has to set all the wheels to their maximum, using the marks on two adjacent spokes, and then add 1 to the rightmost wheel.

The method of re-zeroing that Pascal chose, which propagates a carry right through the machine, is the most demanding task for a mechanical calculator and proves, before each operation, that the machine is fully functional. This is a testament to the quality of the Pascaline because none of the 18th century criticisms of the machine mentioned a problem with the carry mechanism and yet this feature was fully tested on all the machines, by their resets, all the time.

Addition
Additions are performed with the display bar moved closest to the edge of the machine, showing the direct value of the accumulator.

After re-zeroing the machine, numbers are dialed in one after the other.

The following table shows all the steps required to compute 12,345 + 56,789 = 69,134

Subtraction
Subtractions are performed with the display bar moved closest to the center of the machine showing the complement value of the accumulator.

The accumulator contains $CP(A)$ during the first step and $$ after adding B. In displaying that data in the complement window, the operator sees $B$ which is A and then $CP(A-B)$ which is $$. It feels like an addition since the only two differences in between an addition and a subtraction are the position of the display bar (direct versus complement) and the way the first number is entered (direct versus complement).

The following table shows all the steps required to compute 54,321-12,345=41,976

Uses
Pascalines came in both decimal and non-decimal varieties, both of which can be viewed in museums today. They were designed for use by scientists, accountants and surveyors. The simplest Pascaline had five dials; later variants had up to ten dials.

The contemporary French currency system used livres, sols and deniers with 20 sols to a livre and 12 deniers to a sol. Length was measured in toises, pieds, pouces and lignes with 6 pieds to a toise, 12 pouces to a pied and 12 lignes to a pouce. Therefore, the pascaline needed wheels in base 6, 10, 12 and 20. Non-decimal wheels were always located before the decimal part.

In an accounting machine (..10,10,20,12), the decimal part counted the number of livres (20 sols), sols (12 deniers) and deniers. In a surveyor's machine (..10,10,6,12,12), the decimal part counted the number of toises (6 pieds), pieds (12 pouces), pouces (12 lignes) and lignes. Scientific machines just had decimal wheels.

The decimal part of each machine is highlighted.

The metric system was adopted in France on December 10, 1799, by which time Pascal's basic design had inspired other craftsmen, although with a similar lack of commercial success.

Production
Most of the machines that have survived the centuries are of the accounting type. Seven of them are in European museums, one belongs to the IBM corporation and one is in private hands.

Limits to distribution and controversies
Pascal planned to distribute the Pascaline broadly in order to reduce the workload for people who needed to perform laborious arithmetic. Drawing inspiration from his father, a tax commissioner, Pascal hoped to provide a shortcut to hours of number crunching performed by workers in professions such as mathematics, physics, astronomy, etc. But, because of the intricacies of the device, the relationship Pascal had with craftsmen, and the intellectual property laws he influenced, the production of the Pascaline was far more limited than he had envisioned. Only 20 Pascalines were produced over the 10 years following its creation.

Intellectual property
In 1649, King Louis XIV of France gave Pascal a royal privilege (a precursor to the patent), which provided the exclusive right to design and manufacture calculating machines in France, allowing the Pascaline to be the first calculator sold by a distributor. Pascal feared that craftsmen would not be able to accurately reproduce his Pascaline, which would result in false copies that would ruin his reputation along with the reputation of his machine. In 1645, in order to control the production of his invention, Pascal wrote to Monseigneur Le Chancelier (the chancellor of France, Pierre Séguier) in his letter entitled "La Machine d’arithmétique. Lettre dédicatoire à Monseigneur le Chancelier". Pascal requested that no Pascaline be made without his permission. His ingenuity garnered the respect of King Louis XIV of France who granted his request, but it came at a price; craftsmen were not able to legally experiment with Pascal's design, nor were they able to distribute his machine without his permission/guidance.

Social context of intellectual collaboration with craftsmen
Pascal lived in France during France's Ancien Régime. During his time, craftsmen in Europe increasingly organised into guilds, such as the English clockmakers who formed the Clockmakers guild in 1631, half-way through Pascal's efforts to create the calculator. This affected Pascal’s ability to recruit talent as guilds often reduced the exchange of ideas and trade; sometimes, craftsmen would withhold their labour altogether to rebel against the nobles. Thus Pascal was in a market that had a scarcity of skills and willing workers. Importantly, artisans were not free as intellectuals to create the machine: Gottfried Leibniz, who built upon Pascal's calculator later in the 17th century, had the progress for his machine halted due to his artisan selling the machine's parts for financial solvency.

Pascal’s own conduct led to difficulty in recruiting artisans for his project. This was rooted by his belief that matters of the mind trumped those of the body. Pascal was not alone, as many natural philosophers of his time had a hylomorphic understanding of the inventing process: ideas precede materialisation, as form precedes matter. This naturally led to an emphasis on theoretical purity and an underappreciation for practical work. As Pascal described artisans: “[they] work through groping trial and error, that is, without certain measures and proportions regulated by art, produc[ing] nothing corresponding to what they had sought, or, what’s more, they make a little monster appear, that lacks its principal limbs, the others being deformed, lacking any proportion.” Pascal operated his project with this hierarchy in mind: he invented and thought, while the artisans simply executed. He hid the theory from artisans, instead promoting that they should simply remember what to do, not necessarily why they should do it, i.e., until "practice has made the rules of theory so common that [the rules] have finally been reduced into art”. This stemmed from his lack of faith in not only the artisanal work process, but in the artisans themselves: “artisans cannot regulate themselves to produce unified machines autonomously."

In contrast, Samuel Morland, one of Pascal's contemporaries also working on creating a calculating machine, likely succeeded because of his ability to manage good relations with his craftsmen. Morland proudly attributed part of his invention to the artisans by name– an odd thing for a nobleman to do for a commoner at the time. Morland was able to recruit the best talent in Europe. His first craftsmen was the famous Peter Blondeau, who had already received protection and recognition from French statesman Richelieu for his contributions in producing coinage for England. Morland's other craftsmen were similarly accomplished: the third, Dutchman John Fromanteel, came a famous Dutch family who pioneered the pendulum clock.

In the end, Pascal succeeded in cementing his name as the sole creator of the Pascaline. The royal patent states that it was his invention exclusively.

Achievements

Besides being the first calculating machine made public during its time, the pascaline is also:

 * the only operational mechanical calculator in the 17th century
 * the first calculator to have a controlled carry mechanism that allowed for an effective propagation of multiple carries
 * the first calculator to be used in an office (his father's to compute taxes)
 * the first calculator commercialized (with around twenty machines built)
 * the first calculator to be patented (royal privilege of 1649)
 * the first calculator to be described in an encyclopaedia (Diderot & d'Alembert, 1751)
 * the first calculator sold by a distributor

Competing designs

In 1957, Franz Hammer, a biographer of Johannes Kepler, announced the discovery of two letters that Wilhelm Schickard had written to his friend Johannes Kepler in 1623 and 1624 which contain the drawings of a previously unknown working calculating clock, predating Pascal's work by twenty years. The 1624 letter stated that the first machine to be built by a professional had been destroyed in a fire during its construction and that he was abandoning his project. After careful examination it was found, in contradiction to Franz Hammer's understanding, that Schickard's drawings had been published at least once per century starting from 1718.

Bruno von Freytag Loringhoff, a mathematics professor at the University of Tübingen built the first replica of Schickard's machine but not without adding wheels and springs to finish the design. This detail is not described in Schickard's two surviving letters and drawings. A problem in the operation of the Schickard machine, based on the surviving notes, was found after the replicas were built. Schickard's machine used clock wheels which were made stronger and were therefore heavier, to prevent them from being damaged by the force of an operator input. Each digit used a display wheel, an input wheel and an intermediate wheel. During a carry transfer all these wheels meshed with the wheels of the digit receiving the carry. The cumulative friction and inertia of all these wheels could "...potentially damage the machine if a carry needed to be propagated through the digits, for example like adding 1 to a number like 9,999". The great innovation in Pascal's calculator was that it was designed so that each input wheel is totally independent from all the others and carries are propagated in sequence. Pascal chose, for his machine, a method of re-zeroing that propagates a carry right through the machine. It is the most demanding operation to execute for a mechanical calculator and proved, before each operation, that the carry mechanism of the Pascaline was fully functional. This could be taken as a testament to the quality of the Pascaline because none of the 18th century criticisms of the machine mentioned a problem with the carry mechanism and yet this feature was fully tested on all the machines, by their resets, all the time.

Gottfried Leibniz started to work on his own calculator after Pascal's death. He first tried to build a machine that could multiply automatically while sitting on top of the Pascaline calculator, assuming incorrectly that all the dials on Pascal's calculator could be operated at the same time. Even though this could not be done, it was the first time that a pinwheel was described and used in the drawing of a calculator.

He then devised a competing design, the Stepped Reckoner which was meant to perform additions, subtractions and multiplications automatically and division under operator control. Leibniz struggled for forty years to perfect this design and produced two machines, one in 1694 and one in 1706. Only the machine built in 1694 is known to exist; it was rediscovered at the end of the 19th century, having spent 250 years forgotten in an attic at the University of Göttingen.

The German calculating-machine inventor Arthur Burkhardt was asked to attempt to put Leibniz' machine in operating condition. His report was favorable except for the sequence in the carry. and "therefore, especially in the case of multiple carry transfers, the operator had to check the result and manually correct the possible errors". Leibniz had not succeeded in creating a calculator that worked properly, but he had invented the Leibniz wheel, the principle of a two-motion mechanical calculator. He was also the first to have cursors to inscribe the first operand and a movable carriage for results.

There were five additional attempts at designing "direct entry" calculating machines in the 17th century (including the designs of Tito Burattini, Samuel Morland and René Grillet).

Around 1660 Claude Perrault designed an abaque rhabdologique that is often mistaken for a mechanical calculator because it has a carry mechanism in between the numbers. But it is actually an abacus, since it requires the operator to handle the machine differently when a carry transfer takes place.

Pascal's calculator was the most successful mechanical calculator developed in the 17th century for the addition and subtraction of large numbers. The stepped reckoner had a problem in the carry mechanism after more than two consecutive carries, and the other devices had carry mechanisms (one tooth wheel) that were limited in their capacity to carry across multiple digits or had no carry mechanism in between the digits of the accumulator.

Calculating machines did not become commercially viable until 1851, when Thomas de Colmar released, after thirty years of development, his simplified arithmometer, the first machine strong enough to be used daily in an office environment. The Arithmometer was designed around Leibniz wheels and initially used Pascal's 9's complement method for subtractions.

title: Pascal's calculator


text:
User:Jones77

= James Jones =

My homepage, http://jones77.com

title: User:Jones77


text:
Template talk:Zelda games

The Minish Cap
Does anyone else think that TMC should be moved down into the subgames list? It is part of the Four Swords series, after all and conflicts a little with the main "standards" of Hyrule e.g. the Master Sword, the Triforce. Ian Moody 12:29, 13 April 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. While it does refer off-hand to the Triforce ("Light Force" ingame) and is a single-player adventure, it does not have Ganon or the Master Sword, and it's still very much in the FS series. Many Zelda sites put it on their main lists (unlike FS/FSA which they demote) but even so I am confident it has no part in the core timeline of the series, so I'm moving it. If anyone complains they can always give a reason here, and if it's valid enough I'd agree with it. Otherwise I think I'll mercilessly revert any change to put it back in the top list. Master Thief Garrett 23:19, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree; The Minish Cap picks up concepts introduced in Four Swords games just like other Zelda games have done with their precedessors. The Minish Cap is in no way a sub-game: you'll note that all the other games in small caps are either bonus games, or rehashs/repackagings of full Zelda titles. This is not the case with Minish Cap. According to the rationale presented by the users above, I could make a case for Link's Awakening and the Oracle series to be put down as well. Phils 14:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * True, very true. You make a good point. However I wasn't moving it because I thought of it as a subgame or inferior title, but merely because it goes better alongside its FS "brothers". But as I said below, I think that the Four Swords line of games need their own subline, maybe with a larger font than currently, and MC is definitely part of the FS series. Master Thief Garrett 03:18, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I apologize for putting in the change before noting the discussion here, but I must insist that Minish Cap belongs in the primary listing. The defining nature of 'Four Swords' is multiplayer, not presentation or storyline.  'Minish Cap' is no less a part of the main Zelda series than 'Link's Awakening' or any other game where the characters and situations vary wildly. Rhindle The Red 12:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Except that the Four Swords games share things in common that none of the other games do. Link's Awakening has unique villains.  Majora's Mask has unique villains.  However, all the Four Swords games share Vashti as the main villain.  It's a definite series in terms of story. Fieari 23:31, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * But story is not the only thing that links (pardon the pun) the Legend of Zelda games. I think if you checked around, most people would not agree with this idea.  I will leave it alone for now, but it just seems silly to single out 'Minish' for the reasons you state.  The Legend of Zelda is defined more by its gaming sytle than by its storyline.  The drastically *different* style of the 'Four Swords' games is what sets them apart, not the specifics of the storyline. Rhindle The Red 12:02, July 25, 2005
 * From the timeline section of http://www.zeldauniverse.net, one of the biggest Zelda fansites out there:
 * "The Four Swords Series Due to the nature of the Four Swords games as well as The Minish Cap, and how they for many various reasons do not seem to relate directly with the rest of the games more or less makes placing them in a timeline related to the rest of the games a guessing game, and therefore we have decided to not try to place them in the main timeline theory, but rather treat the Four Swords games as a 'sub-series' of its own within the Zelda franchise. The fact that yet another Four Swords game has been confirmed to be on its way to the Nintendo DS strengthens this decision."
 * Ian Moody 08:24, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That relates only to their proposed timeline and has nothing to do with the way the games should be treated otherwise. Even so, that is only the opinion of the author of the timeline and the people of that (admittedly popular) Web Site.  I don't think most players would make the connection (no Ganon), instead seeing 'Minish' as the latest 'proper' Zelda title.Rhindle The Red 18:09, 31 July 2005

Four Swords spinoffs now have own subsection
...there's already at least one more FS game on the horizon, so I think when that is released the FS games should have their own entire subline, separate from the BS and CD-i Zeldas. Master Thief Garrett 23:20, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

So, any thoughts on the matter? The problem is how to format it. The FS line would need to look like it was intended to be separate from the rest, rather than the result of an accidental bumping of the  key; however it must not be a size that makes it look less important than the main series, or makes it look like it is a preceding line of the subgames at the very bottom. What are your thoughts on this? Master Thief Garrett 03:18, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In the end I decided to make a new subseries line. Do others agree with this? I think with the release of Four Swords DS (and the rumour of future games featuring Vaati and the Four Sword) that there may well be a whole new subseries. And after all, I'd say four games constitute a subseries. But what are your thoughts on this? Master Thief Garrett 03:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Master Quest+Ura Zelda in parentheses beside OOT?
Do you think this needs to be moved? After all Master Quest is just a remix of OOT. It's not really a separate game, and is often classed alongside the original, much like Link's Awakening DX is. Does anyone else agree, and if now what are your thoughts on this? Master Thief Garrett 23:19, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Colors
Am I the only one who finds the new colors to be quite garish? ~ Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 10:28, 2005 July 17 (UTC)
 * New colors are nicer, but I think it should use the same colors as the other TOC / navigation boxes. ~ Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 09:14, 2005 July 18 (UTC)

Maybe use a very, very dark green, like Zelda.com has. Rather than just go with the generic lilac (or whatever it's technically called). GarrettTalk 09:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * From the header image, the dark green is "#36592D", and the light green is "#446824" . Or should we go with the background/text combo they have at the bottom? ~ Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 10:12, 2005 July 18 (UTC)

These recent changes
I hate to cause trouble or anything, but I can't for the life of me understand some of the changes that have gone on recently here. I had barely come to tolerate the notion of slagging 'The Minish Cap' off as a separate entity, when the subsection gets re-named "spinoff titles". How in the world can you justify calling TMC a "spinoff"? It is a valid Zelda game, not like the proposed "Tingle" title, which is a proper spinoff. This nonsensical attitude towards TMC has to stop. It was one thing when it was being grouped in with the 'Four Swords' titles on purely stylistic grounds, but calling it a "spinoff" is, frankly, an insult to the title.Rhindle The Red 13:07, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * While I do think TMC should definitely be in the same section as the other FS games, I agree with you on this, and have moved Tingle RPG down into its own section. This makes the template slightly bigger, but there are larger ones out there, and unless someone can think of a better solution I don't see what else to do. - Ian Moody 19:45, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I really don't see why TMC would be part of the Four Swords-series. Yes, the game was drawn in the same style..but does that justify a move to the section of the FS-titles? If we're gonna keep TMC in there, we might as well make a "Ocarina of Time"-subseries paragraph and move Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask there, since they're also in the same style. -- SoothingR(pour) 14:07, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This is an old argument that I don't feel like fighting right now. We'll see how closely 'Twilight Princess' adheres to the classic Zelda story.  If it strays significantly, I'm going to once again fight for putting 'Minish Cap' into the main listing.  I've always advocated separating out the 'Four Swords' titles because their multiplayer aspect is the thing that distinguishes them from the other titles.  TMC is closer to the other Zelda games than, say, 'Majora's Mask'.  I'm just not in the mood to go on too much about it right now.Rhindle The Red 16:50, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Italics
During the be-bold edit I also removed the italics from each games title-- this was an effort to keep this series box consistent with most other series boxes I've come across. Is there a particular reason we should keep it italicized? Thanks! --Locke Cole 11:07, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The Manual of Style says so. I see your good intentions, but in this case, you should really just keep 'em. --Shadow Hog 15:57, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The manual of style is, of course, only a guideline, not policy. I've taken the discussion there however, so we shall see. In the meantime, it'd be nice to see some opinions as to which looks better so I can tell if I'm wasting my time or not. :P --Locke Cole 16:10, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

nbsp
The nbsp (non-breaking space) keep the titles from wrapping in mid-name (and also keep dashes from starting a line). Please don't remove them. — Locke Cole ( talk )  (e-mail) 10:55, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Feel free to reinstate the non-breaking spaces if you like, however, please do not remove the italics and other formatting. Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 10:59, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Why should I be tasked with reinstating something you removed? — Locke Cole ( talk )  (e-mail) 11:04, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Because YOU should not have removed the italics in the first place. Now I have italicised all the titles again, left the &nbsp;s and replaced "–" with "&ndash;". Problem over. Ian Moody 12:01, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Who died and made you God? — Locke Cole ( talk )  (e-mail) 12:03, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * What made you so hostile? The fact is YOU came along and removed formatting with your first edit. Others reverted your changes to restore the formatting. What you then should have done is realised that the italicised formatting for the titles is wanted in this template and then added all the &nbsp;s again without removing the formatting. What you instead did was start a rv. war, and then had the gall to warn CyberSkull about the 3RR in your edit summary. Now I have had to spend my time adding all the formatting back, while keeping the &nbsp;, because your idea and logic were good, and also because I don't want to see this template ruined by petty bickering. Ian Moody 12:12, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Bleh
I think the centered version was much better. Is everyone really attached to this format? -- WikidSmaht (talk) 16:40, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I preferred it centered as well, but I'm still not in the mood to fight anyone over it.Rhindle The Red 17:41, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't like the centered templates myself. --Pagrashtak 23:11, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Characters
I believe the main characters should stay in the template since they are an important part of the series, which the template is part of. Jedi6 -(need help?)  00:34, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It adds to the size of the template, and the content would lead to Goombas, Lakitus, Moblins, Heart Containers, etc. being elligible. - A Link to the Past (talk) 01:14, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thats why we would only add the major characters. For example, the Zelda template would have Link, Ganon and Zelda only. As for controversy happening, well, controversy happens everywhere in Wikipedia there is no avoiding it. Jedi6  -(need help?)  01:19, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Leave them out, then. Just like how a hot dog vendor doesn't, say, give a free hot dog, so as to avoid people asking for free hot dogs. People will argue that this or that character is deserving of being on. Vaati? Majora? Impa? Tingle? Epona? - A Link to the Past (talk) 01:52, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * But Link, Zelda and Ganon are important parts of the Zelda franchise for almost everygame. There should be a link to them from the template. As for people trying to expand it just put a note on the page saying us the talk page before adding anything then stop them there. Jedi6  -(need help?)  02:10, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * And why are you the one who gets to decide that Tingle, Impa, Navi, Epona, Twinrova, etc. don't warrant mention? - A Link to the Past (talk) 02:45, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not its just some characters deserve to be in because people are looking for them and they are fundemental parts of the series. I was using Link, Ganon and Zelda as examples. What ever goes in the character sections would be determined by consensus on the talk page. Jedi6  -(need help?)  02:49, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * And people would defy consensus to get what they want. Impa, Tingle, Epona, Twinrova, etc. all play a part in multiple Zeldas, and someone would argue that it's unfair to count only some main characters. - A Link to the Past (talk) 01:04, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure characters like Link and Zelda really need to be in the templates: they're linked to prominently from pretty much every Zelda page anyway.  jaco plane  07:45, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Many people have no idea who Link is, they have no idea who stars in the games, so they'd have no idea that Link existed if they didn't happen to find the link within a page. Scepia 23:42, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Triforce Saga Removed
It's a hoax, not a real game. If somebody finds concrete information on "Zelda III" for NES, a new article may be added to this template. Please leave it off as the article is about a fan-hoax. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TSA (talk • contribs)
 * You can't say for sure that it's a fan hoax, though. It should be mentioned though, somewhere in the template, since the TS article is worthwhile. Scepia 18:26, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

I actually have some interesting info, though it may not be concrete. It comes from Prima's The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past Unauthorized Game Secrets, by Zach Meston. In the introduction, page 3, it says, and I quote... "The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past is a 16-bit continuation of the Zelda game series. Most players refer to it as Zelda III, but that's not the game's official title, and Nintendo of America Inc. states that they may yet release a true Zelda III video game for the 8-bit NES. (After the 16-bit intensity of LTP, however, it's doubtful that many players would care much about another 8-bit Zelda game.)" Now, this doesn't necessarily say that the Triforce Saga is a real game, but it does say that a 'true' Zelda III was considered at one point, even after A Link to the Past was made. He says that Nintendo of America stated that it was a possibility, so this may be where the GBC remake trilogy came about: using ideas for the conclusion as the third game. Again, I'm not saying that the Triforce Saga is real, but I am saying that there may indeed have been an NES Zelda III at one point. I do find it a bit weird, however, that Mr. Meston references Nintendo of America as a source, and the cart for Triforce Saga is an American one.

Hero of Time Movie
Why is it that some people feel that The Legend of Zelda: The Hero of Time independent film does not belong in this template? Sure, it has not yet been released and is not officially endorsed by Nintendo, but it is still part of the series. The CD-i games are on there, even if they are not officially endorsed by Nintendo. Given, it may not need its own "Independent film" category, but I feel that it should be on there. Even if you want to say that it is not an official part of the series, for people who are reading about The Legend of Zelda series, they should know that it is out there and is still Zelda, even if Nintendo had nothing to do with it. -Platypus Man | Talk 18:11, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I know it is important to know about, but it doesn't belong in a games tempate. Now, I'm not sure where it would go, perhaps in a general Zelda template, but the rest on the template that was changed are games, including the CD-i ones. Scepia 18:24, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * "not officially endorsed by Nintendo"
 * Bingo.
 * "but it is still part of the series"
 * What?
 * "The CD-i games are on there, even if they are not officially endorsed by Nintendo."
 * They were, how else do you think they even got made without Philips being sued to hell?
 * "is still Zelda"
 * Zelda related, sure, but actual "Zelda"?
 * And as Scepia correctly pointed out it's not a game, which puts it even further out of the scope of this template. — Ian Moody (talk) 20:08, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Who said that this was a "Games" template? It says "The Legend of Zelda series," not "The Legend of Zelda games." Just because the rest of the things on it are games should not mean that non-games are unwelcome. What about the cartoon show? It was endorsed by Nintendo. We could put the two of these in an "Other media" (or something) section. In regard to my comments about the CD-i games, even though Nintendo did allow them to be made, they never again say anything about them. They are not part of the official series, as far as Nintendo is concerned. When they mention Zelda games, they only rarely refer to these, almost always as a form of sidenote. But they exist, which is what is important in an encyclopedic point of view. The movie exists; someone reading about the series should be able to know that easily. -Platypus Man | Talk 21:45, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The template is rather assumed to be just for games - it's long enough as is, perhaps more could be incorporated, including the movie, cartooon, etc. but maybe in another template. The other media should be in a template somewhere though, I agree. Scepia 23:40, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have been going through the Zelda articles and only found the movie article through here and t.v articles through the LoZ series article. I have seen larger templates than this and creating such a minor template for just a movie and a couple of shows is even worse. Actually, isn't that only two articles? I believe that "Other media" should be added to this for easy and instant access.FullMetal Falcon 23:53, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Now this template IS only for the video games of the series, as is shown by its current state and name. I have created, but haven't added the movie information to it because those articles are currently stubs and the movies may not be considered canon -- at least I don't think they're worthy enough to appear on the main template yet. --Tryforceful 05:04, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Current template division
Okay, I like how that huge section was split into "remakes" and "unreleased" sections, but where should the Zelda Collector's Edition bit go? There's only been one collection - I don't think it merits its own "Collections" section. I propose that the "spinoffs" section be renamed "other" and to put the Zelda Collector's Edition with that section. Hbdragon88 18:01, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't remakes be a better place for it to go? — Ian Moody (talk) 19:25, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * But it's not a remake...it's a straight out port. A crappy, straight, direct one, it seems, judging by what I have read - how OoT and MM have sound and graphic problems. Hbdragon88 20:12, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * They are indeed. Everything is run under emulation as far as I am aware.  Unfortunately the emulators are incomplete/buggy, which is what leads to the sound problems (which I have experienced myself, particularly in MM) as well as the crashing (which a friend experienced with MM, to his considerable annoyance, on account of the save system). — Ian Moody (talk) 00:31, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

"Other" section
OK. To combine the last two topics (the first of which I started), I say we rename "Spinoffs" to "Other," place it at the bottom (or maybe right above "Unreleased"), move the Collecter's Edition to it, remove the "Collections" section, and add The Hero of Time movie and the cartoon series to the same "Other" section. True, they may not all fit together, but that's what an "Other" section is designed to have. Also -- the existing "Spinoffs" aren't really spinoffs in a traditional sense, in my opinion. How do you like that idea? -Platypus Man | Talk 20:10, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

&ensp;
Why are these used in the template? Jaxad0127 17:39, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * En spaces provide the small margins on the left and right of the category titles like "Main Series" and "Collections." Their size is relative to the font size, so it scales easily, and they are easy to maintain. It makes the cells on the left look better. --Tryforceful 19:18, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * But they don't work in all browsers. If you're goinf for a centered look, CSS is a much better way to do it. Jaxad0127 19:43, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I originally intended them to work in conjunction with the line breaks and lack of width definition that User:Ian Moody has since discussed and removed. Now they don't seem to function as they did then, so feel free to remove or alter them with CSS as you see fit; what I was going for was to expand the cell width to a point where each title is on a single line (non-broken) and that the longest-width'd phrase has a small margin on its left and right. I tried to use CSS before with "left-margin" or something of that sort, and it did not work in all browsers as well. --Tryforceful 20:19, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Have you tried padding instead? — Ian Moody (talk) 10:15, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

About the CD-i Games
I removed the "Unofficial" part in the table of the CD-i games. First, it makes the table look awkward and second, like 'em or hate 'em, they are lisenced by Nintendo and thus official - even if Nintendo doesn't acknowledge them. 71.244.180.131 01:49, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Listen to yourself! If nintendo DON'T acknowledge them them they aren't really official --Zeldamaster3 15:21, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Geez, someone doesn't know how this stuff works. Okay, it is I L L E G A L if they went ahead and did a Zelda game without licensing. And they did get approval and licensing by Nintendo, who owns the copyright. Like it or not, if something is licensed, it is O F F I C I A L. So what if they don't acknowledge it? That doesn't change the fact that they did it, and obviously the only reason they're ignoring it is because the CD-i games got bad press. Whatever, let Miyamoto and the gang worry about their flowing storyline, the fact is that it happened just like Super Mario's edutainment misadventures, and it passed. No, the real point is that Nintendo apparently doesn't consider it part of the timeline. That's it! That doesn't make it any more or less official. It makes it less mainstream is all, really. Like the LCD games and perhaps also the Capcom-made games (but you don't see anyone labelling them unofficial).

Cleanup ideas...
Firstly, we have a category of "Unreleased / Cancelled" - seems a little redundant since a game that is cancelled is, usually, unreleased. A name change seems to be in order for that one.

Secondly, although the Zelda Collection disc is generally considered "ports", there has been some changes made in the files themselves - enough, I'd say, that the Zelda Collection could easily fit into the "Remakes" cagatory. If everyone is totally against that idea, how about changing the "Remakes" category into "Remakes and Compilations", since the LttP/FS GBA game is a compilation as well?

Thirdly, I want to do something about the "Spinoffs/Other Games" category name, but I'm not quite sure... Any ideas?

Any comments/suggestions? 71.244.180.131 01:56, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

My suggestions: Prototypes, Remakes, Miscellanea. Note that the Zelda Collection is also a remake because it sports improved graphics. --DavidHOzAu 10:48, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Another suggestion: there is a lot of whitespace in this template; suggest compression or using another shade of green. --DavidHOzAu 11:30, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Yet another suggestion: Find a place for Zelda Classic. --DavidHOzAu 11:37, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * While Zelda Classic is frickin' awesome, it's still a fan game and doesn't really belong in a listing of official titles (IMHO) - any other opinions on that? 71.244.180.131 03:44, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * While I agree that Zelda Classic is not an official game, it is related to the Zelda universe and therefore deserves the title "frickin' awesome", to quote. I know I can't speak for anyone else, but if there was a template such as Zelda features for navigating subarticles of the unmade article, Features of The Legend of Zelda series, like this one, you could put it under "Fan-related". However, with the way templates are formatted at the moment (such as Zelda places— over one line or two?), it would be a difficult undertaking to put all universe-related articles into one navigational template. --DavidHOzAu 05:36, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

There's now a parent article for all three Zelda CD-i games (CD-i games based on The Legend of Zelda series), so if we wanted to condense things a little (and not give so much space to these "lesser" titles) we could eliminate the row called "CD-i" and add a link called "CD-i games" (just like "LCD games") in the "Other Games" row. How about it? Sraan 19:16, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Systems...
Am I alone in thinking that having the systems being listed in this template is not only unnecessary, but it makes the template look very cluttered? Besides, The Legend of Zelda has been released on two other systems outside of the NES. Same with Zelda II... Would anyone object to taking them out? Perhaps - if necessary - a section with "Systems with Legend of Zelda Games" with the NES, SNES, N64, GCN, Wii, GB, GBC, GBA, DS, and CD-i. But I don't really like that idea much either... but it's better than what's there now, IMHO... 71.244.168.172 02:16, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Proposal

Bly1993 22:04, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I like taking out the systems. I'm not so sure we want to divide the games into Main, Four Swords, and Handheld...  I think that's been tried and there was endless debate as to what constituted a "main game". Plus, now we've duplicated Minish Cap.  I am a little confused as to what makes BS Zelda a remake, and Stone tablets a spinoff, but I've never played the games, so what do I know. I wouldn't think that the LCD games are a spinoff, since they are based on the original two games, and not really spinoff adventures. Sraan 22:49, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to say, I'm not a fan of using abbreviations for the game titles in the template. It's possible that this template will be the first exposure some people will have to these games and starting them off with a bunch of unknowns probably isn't the best plan.  Not to mention, you open the entire can of worms on things like the fact that it's "The Wind Waker" and not just "Wind Waker", even though TWW or tWW looks odd.  71.244.168.172 00:22, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Another proposal
I removed the console abbreviations, moved Remakes above Other games, and changed "Other" to "Related". I don't know that the BS titles are truly remakes, but I've never played them. Someone who has may be able to suggest a more appropriate placement.Sraan 04:20, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Pretty. 71.244.168.172 13:20, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

I like it. RememberMe? 00:01, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Template changes
It's my understanding based on WP:BOLD that consensus should be reached before making radical changes to templates. As I see it, there's nothing close to a consensus on how to format video game templates at the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer and video games. Until then, I would recommend we leave this template as it was, before the major cut-down, until a consensus is reached, or at the very least, discuss changes to the template on this page before making them. Sraan 21:47, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I really prefer the smaller template, to be honest. --Tristam 05:59, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, it doesn't look like anyone's opinion matters anyhow. Somebody reeeeeeeally wants this way badly. Sraan 03:58, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe we should have a discussion? I think the new one is seriously lacking, I mean the LCD games and CD-i games just plain need to be in the template. No lame excuses for this. Scepia 07:45, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agre the new is hard to use (and for some strang reson deprsing to look at)!JosephK19 07:54, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

There is a discussion, at length, at WT:CVG. The reason the LCD games and the CDi games were removed is because they're minor games on minor platforms that are of little relevance to the other articles in the template. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 07:49, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * In what way? Those games were actual games... Scepia 07:52, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Doubtless. However, cramming exhaustive lists into templates leads to the templates becoming so cluttered that the main links are obscured. In this version, half of the template is links to games that weren't widely distributed, were developed by developers entirely unrelated to the bulk of the series, and on obscure platforms. They were clutter,as the vast majority of readers reading The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past will not benefit from links to an unrelated fighting game, an unreleased RPG featuring a minor character from a later game, or a series of games only ever released for a now-defunct download service that wasn't terribly successful in the single nation in which it was released. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 07:59, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Let's remember, they're for easing navigation, not prettiness. Scepia 07:55, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Exsacly !! JosephK19 07:57, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * They're for easing navigation, not comprehensiveness. We don't need to cram every single game in here; we have lists and umbrella articles for that. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 07:59, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * look one of the resons i like wikipedia so much is that just by looking at the end of a page (a nav box) you can see things you never whould have befor i also rely on them for geting to thows pages, any complanet abut my fun can go on my talk page ( i'm deslecsic and 12 years old so plz forgive the speling).
 * We have both categories and lists for comprehensive lists. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 08:09, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The discussion at WT:CVG is a joke, though. There's been no sort of consensus, and plenty of opposition to the changes (and suggestions for compromise), yet the templates have all been changed without regard. I really don't care if people like the new templates or the old templates, but if I understand WP:BOLD correctly, consensus should be sought before making major changes to templates. I'd call this a major change. If the consensus at WT:CVG is truly that the navboxes should be cut down to near uselessness, then we'll abide by it, but that is not the case. But what we have here is shooting first and asking questions later. Sraan 19:23, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Exactly. A real template could be made in only a few more lines, and it would actually give power to the user, instead of taking it away, and telling the user to go dig around in a category and find some random page out of context. Scepia 19:33, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

But the principles argued there are still sound. How is removing a handful of links to extremely obscure games or only tangentially-related articles cutting this down to "near uselessness"? You've asserted that, but not supported it. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 22:19, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * My opinion on the template being nearly useless is not important. What is more concerning is the blatant disregard of Wikipedia policy by making major changes to the template without consensus. Like I said, I will accept any such decision if it is made appropriately. Sraan 18:11, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

There's a reason for categories: Category:The Legend of Zelda series is extremely easy to navigate, and doesn't require any more "digging around" than a single mouse click. Templates should not replace categories. --Tristam 01:27, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * We are not marketing the "t3h Z31d4 f4nb0y5", we are marketing to everyone. I doubt that most people would browse a category. They're rough and a lot of people don't use them for navigation. That's what a template is for. That category is dizzying, and one should not have to dig through it to find a game. It's way, way more time when one has to find the category, find the games subcat, and search around for the game one wants. I doubt anyone would do that. Tell me, why not include the Tingle RPG? And tell me also, why must we follow this guideline when it isn't agreed upon? Scepia 02:01, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you please explain what you mean by we are "marketing"? If I'm interpreting what you say correctly, the statement qualifies for nearly everything Wikipedia is Not. --Tristam 06:47, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * So marketing's not the best word. The point is, categories are ugly and unrefined. It's like tht HTML of a page. They can be used, but are not nearly as straightforward as seeing "oh, Tingle RPG is a spin-off title" using the template, instead of saying "hmm, Tingle RPG, that's weird" using the category. Scepia 02:25, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This is where I am too. A navbox helps the user understand the relationships between the articles easily. Category lists are hard to use, and give no indication of what games are in the main series, what games are related, and what games are just fangames. I understand the concerns about scope creep in a template, but I think they are overblown. The previous template was not unwieldly (we're not talking Template:Half-Life_series here), and we hopefully could come to a reasonable compromise (cut the unreleased games, for example).

 * But compromise and consensus have been flung out the window while driving. You'll notice that AMIB's initial post bringing up the changes on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer and video games was October 22. And if you look at the history of this template you'll find it was cut down on... October 22! 11 hours later.Sraan 15:00, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

I have just made an edit adding a new row with several of the previously deleted articles, though I left off both Super Smash Bros. as it is not an actual Zelda game and Collector's Edition because none of the included games are substantially different to their originals. This adds back most of the previously deleted information, however still keeps the template rather small. A possible change which I left off because I wasn't sure if it looked that nice would be a border to further separate the new row from the main game like this:

— Ian Moody (talk) 18:02, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * And I've removed them. Yet again, the reason the LCD games and the CDi games were removed is because they're minor games on minor platforms that are of little relevance to the other articles in the template. They are of no greater relevance to the series as a whole than plush Links or licensed posters; they're licensed goods that happen to be in game form. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 06:38, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, you mean "the reason that I decided to remove the LCD games and the CDi games is that in my personal opinion they're minor games on minor platforms that I perceive to have little relevance to the other articles in the template. To me, they don't seem to have greater relevance to the series as a whole than plush Links or licensed posters; I believe they're licensed goods that happen to be in game form." Sraan 19:37, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Oh boy, this smells familiar. :D My suggestion is to do what we did over at Sonic games(discussion) and create a new template called Zelda games (spin off) that'll have the other games: The new template would only appear on the series page and games in the template and would not pollute the article series of the main games. --DavidHOzAu 12:19, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

So we have an umbrella article about a variety of more or less unrelated LCD games, some Zelda games made by a partyentirely unrelated to any other games, two actually-related Sattelliview games, a compilation of games, and a far-off game featuring a minor character. How is this a tightly-linked series of articles? - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 06:11, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * What is the poit in that? 2 templats are harder to manage and the page looks mesy. but to tell you the truth all that is hapening is peopel are geting tyerd, put of the game part of wikipedia and realy realy anouied. all i can is most whould not have even known that the "lenthy discssion" exsited and a lot of the peopel how dont like it dont know were to complan,but even if thay could whould it do any good?

Oh, didn't read discussion here first. Feel free to remove or keep BS games if you want. Sorry! --Constructor 19:08, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

including the upcoming Wii game
there has been intense reverting over inclusion of The Legend of Zelda (Wii) in the template. considering we know that the game is under development (it was from a major games magazine and the mag got it from Nintendo directly), there is no reason people should not know. I don't care that we held off in including Twilight Princess for a while, that was in the past. there is no speculation on the template or the game's page. Scepia 06:09, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It doesn't have a name. It doesn't have a release date. It doesn't even have a single picture. It exists in hypothetical form only. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 06:42, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I would note that the game is not a tech demo like The Wind Waker 2. it is confirmed. if you think it is really so useless of a game, put the page up for deletion, but in truth it is an important game. if you're not going to include the page on a navigation template, why is there a page at all? people would certainly like to know a true Zelda Wii is being made. Scepia 08:00, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That's nice. The game still exists in hypothetical form only. Its article is a paragraph long. It is not an aid to navigation to add a link to that stub on this navigation template. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 08:11, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not hypothetical if the game has been in production for a year. It's real. It is an aid to people that may not know that a Wii Zelda is in production. Shadow El 20:27, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Nintendo has had games in production for extended periods without ever releasing them; Mother 3 for Nintendo 64, Mario 128, Star Fox 2, etc. Besides, information released at this time is usually speculative. They claimed Wind Waker would have voice acting and that the second GameCube game would use cel-shading. Phantom Hourglass has screenshots, playable demos, and official title, and official artwork. All the LoZ Wii game is a acknowledgement that it's in development. El Cid 20:56, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Mother 3 was eventually released on GBA, I believe. And WW did have (limited) voice acting, and TP did use cel-shading in certain parts. And people should know it's in development. Shadow El 22:33, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, Mother 3 was released on the GBA, but the point was it wasn't released on the initial system it was announced for and is most likely far different the original conception of the game considering the drastic differences in the hardware. As for the voice acting and cel-shading examples, that seems to be splitting hairs a bit, don't you think? We're not debating whether or not we should have a page on the game, which I think is perfectly fine, but we should probably hold off including an article that only has three sentences of information in a template that includes lengthy, exhaustive articles, some of which are featured articles. If the only information we can offer the reader is that the game is most likely going to be released, I don't think it belongs in a template that otherwise features only fully competent articles. El Cid 03:29, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the best benchmark for including a game on the template would be an official announcement from the company, not just a report in a gaming mag. Sraan 23:02, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * If it doesn't have a final name or a release date, it never, ever, ever belongs in a navbox. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 05:19, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thus sayeth A Man In Black. That's a fairly blurry benchmark since names and release dates are subject to change. Sraan 06:26, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * When in doubt, don't include. Andre (talk) 16:43, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Even if we dont have information about it, putting it on the template lets people know that it exists. For a while when i wasnt on the template i was really scared it might have gotten canceled. If its not on the Template it gives the impression that it doesnt exist, and there is no doubt about it, it was announced that it has been under development for over a year now.Widkid85 21:23, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

separated games
AOL is direct sequel of TLOZ. LA is direct sequel of ALTTP. MM is direct sequel of OOT. PH is direct sequel of WW. FS, FSA & MC are part of Four Sword Series.

This is my idea:

 * I don't know if its nessesary to group games into groups like that. It creates a lot of white space and it's customary to list games by their date of release as opposed to any sort of narrative groupings. Besides that, it's often hard to determine the order of Zelda games. I've heard LA being placed after MM, LttP, and AoL in the chronology.

 * It may be be appropriate to list the Four Swords games underneigth the rest of the games, since I would consider those games part of a sub-series, but I'd leave the template as it is for now. El Cid 02:39, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This template is a mess; it has tons of white space and arbitrary groupings. 151.201.48.175 04:44, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

CDi Games
Alright, so what's the consensus on the CDi games? I'm seeing people for and against the inclusion of the games within the template. If you've got an opinion, add it on one side or another. I'm for the games being in the template, due to the fact that the games are officially licensed and the fact that there were three of them. They're an important part of the Zelda timeline as a game series, as these three games are fairly well known. Cheers, Lankybugger ○ Yell ○ 20:25, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Against. They were only licensed due to a mishandled contract and are not usually considered canon. LCD games from The Legend of Zelda series would belong on this template before the CD-i games.  Pagra shtak  05:04, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Tingle's Balloon Fight DS; yay or nay?
I've been having an argument with MrBubbles, and we can't decide whether this game should or shouldn't be on the template. I thought I'd add it for the sake of adding it. He removed it. A few heated words later, I wrote this. I'm for adding it to the template as it doesn't seem entirely necessary to me for it to be a "full fledge retail game" for it to be there. In fact, so long as it has something to do with Zelda and a Nintendo product, I feel it belongs there. I'll leave this up in the air for now. MrBubbles, let's have a civilised conversation please (preferably without the use of the word "troll"... >_>); I do not feel like arguing any further with you. Quite frankly, I argue with enough people on Wikipedia as it is. Hardcore gamer 48 07:29, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

I have no qualms about Tingle RPG and Link Crossbow being there so don't get the wrong idea. If the title itself was an fully fleshed title that was sold to retails and it's availability to fans is remotely easy to obtain (which I believe is not the case for US/Europe), they why add it? If anything make mention of it on the Legend of Zelda series as part of spin offs.--MrBubbles 12:40, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Because it is by Nintendo, people are just going to keep adding it. Japan only release or no, it's easy to obtain and is a legitimate title.  I see no reason not to include it.  There should also be a link to the CD-i and LCD games.  They are, again, legitimate "Zelda" titles, so should be included.  The point of templates is to aid in navigation, so I think there needs to be more, not less, included.Rhindle The Red 04:02, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

They are not. Not even Nintendo has them listed on their website, either Japanese or American (CDI-Zeldas). Tingle's Balloon game is itself a present to fans from the Nintendo Club in Japan. It's a very simple game which uses Balloon Fight's engine. It is not a full fledged spin off and should not be added.--MrBubbles 12:35, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I was about to add this game in myself, after noticing that the template was on TBF's page, but the game wasn't included. Decided to check the talk page, just to make sure it hadn't been voted on or something - Yes, the game should be added.  It's related to the Zelda universe and is an official product.  It's not hard to get at all - in fact, I went on eBay two days ago and bought one without effort for about regular retail price ($30).  Go find me a copy of Zelda's Adventure - now that's a hard game to find.  TheUncleBob 04:17, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, since the current consensus is 3-1 to add the game, I'm going to BE BOLD and add it for now. If something changes, then we can change the template at that time.  TheUncleBob 05:52, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Are you not reading? The game is not related to the Zelda universe and it's not an official product. Nintendo doesn't carry it in it's stores and it is not a full fledge spin off by any means. Look at the Pokemon games template. The balloon game does not fit here unlike the other Zelda spin offs and remakes. --MrBubbles 21:56, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I read that three people on this talk page and a fourth who's edited the template seem to disagree with you. As the consensus is that this game belongs on the template, I'm adding it unless more people want to come forward otherwise *or* we have an official vote on it.  Would you like to call for a vote?  TheUncleBob 20:10, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * On another note, I've edited the Tingle's Balloon Fight article to show how it relates to the other games in the Zelda series. Perhaps this'll address some concerns about the game "not counting" as part of the Zelda Universe. TheUncleBob 22:53, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Navigational Templates
This discussion is drawn from Wikipedia talk:WikiProject The Legend of Zelda series, talking about combining all three nav templates into one. Berenlazarus (talk) 01:01, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Recently I created Template:The Legend of Zelda in an effort to make a navigational table that covered the full range of Zelda articles on Wikipedia, effectively depreciating Template:Zelda, Template:Zelda games and Template:Zelda characters. Since then other users have indicated that I may have been too bold and should have gained a consensus before enacting the change. They hve also indicated that I should have either worked on the old template rather than creating the new one from scratch or at least linked the talk pages. The reason I created the new template rather than working on the current ones was that I was tring to incorporate elements I hadn't used before (see this version) and I didn't want to cause any disruption to something in active use (it took me a while to get it right before I had to simplify it). If there is indeed a consensus for the new template I'll link the page histories to the talk page and then see if it would be possible for an admin to merge all of the histories together. I'm sorry to have caused any trouble, I was trying to be bold not reckless and I genuinely think that a single template (the one I created or otherwise) is a better navigational solution that the three that existed previously (and now currently). Sorry about the trouble. Guest9999 (talk) 12:53, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I think combining them into one template is a good idea. --- RockMFR 16:46, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed, consensus has existed to do so for quite a while, so good job getting it done. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 19:55, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm all for the change, provided we can move the talk/edit history somehow. The most important talk/edit history is template:Zelda games, as that was the main template.  Not sure how you would keep the other stuff but the Zelda games template history/talk definitely needs to be moved to the new location.  Also creating copy of this discussion on the Zelda games template as well.  Berenlazarus (talk) 00:57, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Zelda games


text:
Tectona

Tectona is a genus of tropical hardwood trees in the mint family, Lamiaceae. The three species are often collectively called teak.

Description
Tectona is native to south and southeast Asia, mainly India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia and Thailand, and are commonly found as a component of monsoon forest vegetation. They are large trees, growing to 30–40 m (90–120 ft.) tall, deciduous in the dry season. Tectona grandis is an economically important species which is the source of most commercial teak wood products.

Systematics
Teak belongs to the family Lamiaceae (in older classifications in Verbenaceae). Sometimes it is included in the subfamily Prostantheroideae. There are three species of Tectona:
 * Tectona grandis (common teak) is by far the most important, with a wide distribution in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, China, India, and Pakistan.
 * Tectona hamiltoniana (Dahat teak) is a local endemic species confined to Burma, where it is endangered.
 * Tectona philippinensis (Philippine teak) is endemic to the Philippines, and is critically endangered according to the IUCN (http://iucnredlist.org/details/32123/0).

The genus Tectona is a conserved name against the earlier homotypic synonym Theka Adans. The genus was originally described by Carl Linnaeus the Younger in 1782.

Notable examples
The biggest and oldest teak is in Uttaradit, Thailand. It is more than 1,500 years old. Its height is 47 metres.

title: Tectona


text:
Talk:Pressure system

Constant pressure charts
Some explanation would be useful of the charts of pressure that are available at 850, 700, 500 and 250 hPa and how they vary from sea-level charts. JMcC 13:27, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

High pressure in equator
There no explained about what happened in equator line. about high and low pressure in equator line.Daimond (talk) 13:41, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Highest?
Article graciously provides us with the lowest pressure, but what is the highest measured? Said: Rursus (☻) 11:14, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Pressure systems on weather maps
Check last sentence, where it say wikipedia is wrong about everything. Pedrojoper (talk) 13:57, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Significant expansion and revamping
There was much missing within this article previously. Now, it's in much better shape. Once the low pressure area section is fully referenced, we can upgrade the article to C class. Thegreatdr (talk) 16:17, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

What is the plain meaning of this sentence?
Try as I may, I cannot understand the point of the last sentence of the third introductory paragraph: "Tropical cyclones can form during any month of the year globally, but can occur in either the northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere during November.[11]"  The sentence appears to be trying to make a contrast, but since the northern and southern hemispheres combined constitute the entire surface of the earth, which is the same as "globally," nothing is being contrasted. In plain English, what is this sentence trying to say? Wikifan2744 (talk) 06:22, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Pressure system


text:
2006 Maryland General Assembly election

2006 Maryland General Assembly election may refer to:

 * 2006 Maryland Senate election
 * 2006 Maryland House of Delegates election

title: 2006 Maryland General Assembly election


title: User:Violetriga/Templates2/fac


text:
Talk:List of colors/to do

 * The Blue lagoon and Blizzard blue are same hex,rgb,hsl and, hsv
 * Foliage Green, the base green for the new Army Combat Uniform.
 * Flat Dark Earth, the USSOCOM standard camouflage color.
 * Regatta Blue, a blue close to pacific blue.
 * Capri Blue, a blue lighter than pacific blue. It looks like the blue from the picture of Capri, the Italian island.
 * Cool Blue and Cool Green.
 * Xanthic, a shade of yellow like a sunflower.

title: Talk:List of colors/to do


text: User talk:207.73.109.2

title: User talk:207.73.109.2


text:
Pearl Street (Manhattan)

Pearl Street is a street in the Financial District in Lower Manhattan, running northeast from Battery Park to the Brooklyn Bridge with an interruption at Fulton Street, where Pearl Street's alignment west of Fulton Street shifts one block south of its alignment east of Fulton Street, then turning west and terminating at Centre Street.

17th century
Pearl Street takes its name from a prominent Lenape shell midden that was located on its southern section, and that may have also marked a Lenape canoe landing.

The colonial history of Pearl Street dates back to the early 1600s. A cow path at first, it was laid out in 1633. It lay along a beachy area known as the Strand. Its name is an English translation of the Dutch Parelstraat (written as Paerlstraet around 1660). The street is visible on the Castello Plan along the eastern shore of New Amsterdam, together with Schreyers Hook Dock (cf. Amsterdam's Schreierstoren) built by Broad Canal as the city's first wharf in 1648. It was named for the many oysters found in the river. During the period of British rule, Pearl Street was known as Great Queen Street. The "Great" was used often to differentiate from Little Queen Street, which became Cedar Street in 1784.

Pearl Street's irregular course is due to the fact that it generally followed the original eastern shoreline of the lower part of Manhattan Island, until the latter half of the 18th century when years of landfill extended the shoreline roughly 700–900 feet (200-300m) further into the East River, first to Water Street and later to Front Street.

The colony's first church was built in 1633, during the tenure of director Wouter van Twiller at 39 Pearl Street, just outside the fort. In 1652 a wooden defensive wall was constructed along the town's northern perimeter to protect against possible attack by English colonists. There were two gates: the "land gate" on the Heerestraat and the "water gate" at Pearl Street. In the mid-1650s, a three-story tavern near what is now 73 Pearl Street became the city's first City Hall.

Printer William Bradford lived at 81 Pearl. In 1693, he set up the first printing press in the colony.

18th century
The Walton Mansion at 326 Pearl Street was a four story house built in 1752 prior to the American Revolution, known as the scene of extravagant parties. In 1784, Alexander Hamilton, and others founded the Bank of New York and set up offices in the old mansion, until moving three years later to Hanover Square; at one time a boarding house, it was taken down in 1881.

19th century
Herman Melville was born at 6 Pearl Street in 1819. In 1831, soap magnate William Colgate owned a Counting house at 211 Pearl. In the winter of 1835, a gas pipe burst in a warehouse at the corner of Pearl and Merchant Streets, causing a fire that consumed some 600 buildings over seventeen blocks. Both sides of Pearl Street burned from Wall Street to Coenties Slip.

In 1833, the publishing house of J. & J. Harper changed its name to Harper & Brothers. The firm was located at 329–331 Pearl Street, facing Franklin Square. They began publishing Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1850. In December 1853 a fire destroyed the premises, but the brothers built a large cast-iron building designed by architect James Bogardus, which was connected to a second structure on Cliff Street by cast-iron walkways. The building was demolished in 1925, but is memorialized in a painting by Richard Haas in the New York Public Library Main Branch’s DeWitt Wallace Periodicals Room. As of 2018, the company, now known as HarperCollins, is headquartered at 195 Broadway.

In 1851, a three-story brownstone masonry structure was built in the Italian Renaissance style at 1 Hanover Square. The building extends southwest to 60–64 Stone Street (also known as 95–101 Pearl Street), a set of four-story Greek Revival brick structures completed in 1836. It served as the first headquarters of the New York Cotton Exchange from 1872 to 1885. Operated since 1915 as part of a private club called India House, the building is designated as a New York City landmark and is a National Historic Landmark.

In July 1854, African American school teacher Elizabeth Jennings boarded a streetcar at the intersection of Pearl and Chatham Streets and was forcibly ejected. Chester A. Arthur, a 24-year-old attorney, was successful in a lawsuit brought against the Third Avenue Railway Company, thus beginning the gradual desegregation of all New York City transit systems by 1865.

Thomas Edison's Pearl Street Station, the first public power plant in the United States, was located at 255-257 Pearl Street. It began with one direct current generator, and it started generating electricity on September 4, 1882.

20th century
New York Telephone put up a large administrative building at 375 Pearl Street, on the north side of the street east of the Brooklyn Bridge, in the early 1970s. Built in 1991, the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse at 500 Pearl Street houses the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

21st century
In 2014, playwright and theater artist Toni Schlesinger's The Mystery of Pearl Street about the 1997 disappearance of artists Camden Sylvia and Michael Sullivan from their Pearl Street apartment following a dispute with their landlord —debuted at the Dixon Place theater.

Transportation
The IRT Third Avenue elevated railway ran above Pearl Street from August 26, 1878, until December 22, 1950. When the elevated structure was removed, members of the India House at 1 Hanover Square proposed a maritime-themed park at Pearl Street and Hanover Square. The park was dedicated in November 1951.

The run on Pearl Street between Madison Street and Fulton Street. The M22 local bus and the express buses serve short segments of the street.

title: Pearl Street (Manhattan)