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Oncolytic virus

An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release new infectious virus particles or virions to help destroy the remaining tumour. Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune system responses. Oncolytic viruses also have the ability to affect the tumor micro-environment in multiple ways.

The potential of viruses as anti-cancer agents was first realised in the early twentieth century, although coordinated research efforts did not begin until the 1960s. A number of viruses including adenovirus, reovirus, measles, herpes simplex, Newcastle disease virus, and vaccinia have been clinically tested as oncolytic agents. Most current oncolytic viruses are engineered for tumour selectivity, although there are naturally occurring examples such as reovirus and the senecavirus, resulting in clinical trials.

The first oncolytic virus to be approved by a national regulatory agency was genetically unmodified ECHO-7 strain enterovirus RIGVIR, which was approved in Latvia in 2004 for the treatment of skin melanoma; the approval was withdrawn in 2019. An oncolytic adenovirus, a genetically modified adenovirus named H101, was approved in China in 2005 for the treatment of head and neck cancer. In 2015, talimogene laherparepvec (OncoVex, T-VEC), an oncolytic herpes virus which is a modified herpes simplex virus, became the first oncolytic virus to be approved for use in the United States and the European Union, for the treatment of advanced inoperable melanoma.

On December 16, 2022, the Food and Drug Administration approved nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg (Adstiladrin, Ferring Pharmaceuticals) for adult patients with high-risk Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with carcinoma in situ (CIS) with or without papillary tumors.

History
A connection between cancer regression and viruses has long been theorised, and case reports of regression noted in cervical cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma, after immunisation or infection with an unrelated virus appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Efforts to treat cancer through immunisation or virotherapy (deliberate infection with a virus), began in the mid-20th century. As the technology to create a custom virus did not exist, all early efforts focused on finding natural oncolytic viruses. During the 1960s, promising research involved using poliovirus, adenovirus, Coxsackie virus, ECHO enterovirus RIGVIR, and others. The early complications were occasional cases of uncontrolled infection (resulting in significant morbidity and mortality); an immune response would also frequently develop. While not directly harmful to the patient, the response destroyed the virus thus preventing it from destroying the cancer. Early efforts also found that only certain cancers could be treated through virotherapy. Even when a response was seen, these responses were neither complete nor durable. The field of virotherapy was nearly abandoned for a time, as the technology required to modify viruses didn't exist whereas chemotherapy and radiotherapy technology enjoyed early success. However, now that these technologies have been thoroughly developed and cancer remains a major cause of mortality, there is still a need for novel cancer therapies, garnering this once-sidelined therapy renewed interest.

Herpes simplex virus
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was one of the first viruses to be adapted to attack cancer cells selectively, because it was well understood, easy to manipulate and relatively harmless in its natural state (merely causing cold sores) so likely to pose fewer risks. The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant 1716 lacks both copies of the ICP34.5 gene, and as a result is no longer able to replicate in terminally differentiated and non-dividing cells but will infect and cause lysis very efficiently in cancer cells, and this has proved to be an effective tumour-targeting strategy. In a wide range of in vivo cancer models, the HSV1716 virus has induced tumour regression and increased survival times.

In 1996, the first approval was given in Europe for a clinical trial using the oncolytic virus HSV1716. From 1997 to 2003, strain HSV1716 was injected into tumours of patients with glioblastoma multiforme, a highly malignant brain tumour, with no evidence of toxicity or side effects, and some long-term survivors. Other safety trials have used HSV1716 to treat patients with melanoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of head and neck. Since then other studies have shown that the outer coating of HSV1716 variants can be targeted to specific types of cancer cells, and can be used to deliver a variety of additional genes into cancer cells, such as genes to split a harmless prodrug inside cancer cells to release toxic chemotherapy, or genes which command infected cancer cells to concentrate protein tagged with radioactive iodine, so that individual cancer cells are killed by micro-dose radiation as well as by virus-induced cell lysis.

Other oncolytic viruses based on HSV have also been developed and are in clinical trials. One that has been approved by the FDA for advanced melanoma is Amgen's talimogene laherparepvec.

Oncorine (H101)
The first oncolytic virus to be approved by a regulatory agency was a genetically modified adenovirus named H101 by Shanghai Sunway Biotech. It gained regulatory approval in 2005 from China's State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Sunway's H101 and the very similar Onyx-15 (dl1520) have been engineered to remove a viral defense mechanism that interacts with a normal human gene p53, which is very frequently dysregulated in cancer cells. Despite the promises of early in vivo lab work, these viruses do not specifically infect cancer cells, but they still kill cancer cells preferentially. While overall survival rates are not known, short-term response rates are approximately doubled for H101 plus chemotherapy when compared to chemotherapy alone. It appears to work best when injected directly into a tumour, and when any resulting fever is not suppressed. Systemic therapy (such as through infusion through an intravenous line) is desirable for treating metastatic disease. It is now marketed under the brand name Oncorine.

Immunotherapy
With advances in cancer immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, increased attention has been given to using oncolytic viruses to increase antitumor immunity. There are two main considerations of the interaction between oncolytic viruses and the immune system.

Immunity as an obstacle
A major obstacle to the success of oncolytic viruses is the patient immune system which naturally attempts to deactivate any virus. This can be a particular problem for intravenous injection, where the virus must first survive interactions with the blood complement and neutralising antibodies. It has been shown that immunosuppression by chemotherapy and inhibition of the complement system can enhance oncolytic virus therapy.

Pre-existing immunity can be partly avoided by using viruses that are not common human pathogens. However, this does not avoid subsequent antibody generation. Yet, some studies have shown that pre-immunity to oncolytic viruses doesn't cause a significant reduction in efficacy.

Alternatively, the viral vector can be coated with a polymer such as polyethylene glycol, shielding it from antibodies, but this also prevents viral coat proteins adhering to host cells.

Another way to help oncolytic viruses reach cancer growths after intravenous injection, is to hide them inside macrophages (a type of white blood cell). Macrophages automatically migrate to areas of tissue destruction, especially where oxygen levels are low, characteristic of cancer growths, and have been used successfully to deliver oncolytic viruses to prostate cancer in animals.

Immunity as an ally
Although it poses a hurdle by inactivating viruses, the patient's immune system can also act as an ally against tumors; infection attracts the attention of the immune system to the tumour and may help to generate useful and long-lasting antitumor immunity. One important mechanism is the release of substances by tumor lysis, such as tumor-associated antigens and danger associated-molecular patterns (DAMPs), which can elicit an antitumor immune response. This essentially produces a personalised cancer vaccine.

Many cases of spontaneous remission of cancer have been recorded. Though the cause is not fully understood, they are thought likely to be a result of a sudden immune response or infection. Efforts to induce this phenomenon have used cancer vaccines (derived from cancer cells or selected cancer antigens), or direct treatment with immune-stimulating factors on skin cancers. Some oncolytic viruses are very immunogenic and may by infection of the tumour, elicit an anti-tumor immune response, especially viruses delivering cytokines or other immune stimulating factors.

Viruses selectively infect tumor cells because of their defective anti-viral response. Imlygic, an attenuated herpes simplex virus, has been genetically engineered to replicate preferentially within tumor cells and to generate antigens that elicit an immune response.

Vaccinia virus
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably the most successful live biotherapeutic agent because of its critical role in the eradication of smallpox, one of the most deadly diseases in human history. Long before the smallpox eradication campaign was launched, VACV was exploited as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. In 1922, Levaditi and Nicolau reported that VACV was able to inhibit the growth of various tumors in mice and rats. This was the first demonstration of viral oncolysis in the laboratory. This virus was subsequently shown to selectively infect and destroy tumor cells with great potency, while sparing normal cells, both in cell cultures and in animal models. Since vaccinia virus has long been recognized as an ideal backbone for vaccines due to its potent antigen presentation capability, this combines well with its natural oncolytic activities as an oncolytic virus for cancer immunotherapy.

Vesicular stomatitis virus
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a rhabdovirus, consisting of 5 genes encoded by a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome. In nature, VSV infects insects as well as livestock, where it causes a relatively localized and non-fatal illness. The low pathogenicity of this virus is due in large part to its sensitivity to interferons, a class of proteins that are released into the tissues and bloodstream during infection. These molecules activate genetic anti-viral defence programs that protect cells from infection and prevent spread of the virus. However, in 2000, Stojdl, Lichty et al. demonstrated that defects in these pathways render cancer cells unresponsive to the protective effects of interferons and therefore highly sensitive to infection with VSV. Since VSV undergoes a rapid cytolytic replication cycle, infection leads to death of the malignant cell and roughly a 1000-fold amplification of virus within 24h. VSV is therefore highly suitable for therapeutic application, and several groups have gone on to show that systemically administered VSV can be delivered to a tumour site, where it replicates and induces disease regression, often leading to durable cures. Attenuation of the virus by engineering a deletion of Met-51 of the matrix protein ablates virtually all infection of normal tissues, while replication in tumour cells is unaffected.

Recent research has shown that this virus has the potential to cure brain tumours, thanks to its oncolytic properties.

Poliovirus
Poliovirus is a natural invasive neurotropic virus, making it the obvious choice for selective replication in tumours derived from neuronal cells. Poliovirus has a plus-strand RNA genome, the translation of which depends on a tissue-specific internal ribosome entry site (IRES) within the 5' untranslated region of the viral genome, which is active in cells of neuronal origin and allows translation of the viral genome without a 5' cap. Gromeier et al. (2000) replaced the normal poliovirus IRES with a rhinovirus IRES, altering tissue specificity. The resulting PV1(RIPO) virus was able to selectively destroy malignant glioma cells, while leaving normal neuronal cells untouched.

Reovirus
Reoviruses generally infect mammalian respiratory and bowel systems (the name deriving from an acronym, respiratory enteric orphan virus). Most people have been exposed to reovirus by adulthood; however, the infection does not typically produce symptoms. The reovirus' oncolytic potential was established after they were discovered to reproduce well in various cancer cell lines, lysing these cells.

Reolysin is a formulation of reovirus intended to treat various cancers currently undergoing clinical trials.

Senecavirus
Senecavirus, also known as Seneca Valley Virus, is a naturally occurring wild-type oncolytic picornavirus discovered in 2001 as a tissue culture contaminate at Genetic Therapy, Inc. The initial isolate, SVV-001, is being developed as an anti-cancer therapeutic by Neotropix, Inc. under the name NTX-010 for cancers with neuroendocrine features including small cell lung cancer and a variety of pediatric solid tumours.

RIGVIR
RIGVIR is a drug that was approved by the State Agency of Medicines of the Republic of Latvia in 2004. It was also approved in Georgia and Armenia. It is wild type ECHO-7, a member of echovirus group. The potential use of echovirus as an oncolytic virus to treat cancer was discovered by Latvian scientist Aina Muceniece in the 1960s and 1970s. The data used to register the drug in Latvia is not sufficient to obtain approval to use it in the US, Europe, or Japan. As of 2017 there was no good evidence that RIGVIR is an effective cancer treatment. On 19 March 2019, the manufacturer of ECHO-7, SIA LATIMA, announced the drug's removal from sale in Latvia, quoting financial and strategic reasons and insufficient profitability. However, several days later an investigative TV show revealed that State Agency of Medicines had run laboratory tests on the vials, and found that the amount of ECHO-7 virus is of a much smaller amount than claimed by the manufacturer. According to agency's lab director, "It's like buying what you think is lemon juice, but finding that what you have is lemon-flavored water". In March 2019, the distribution of ECHO-7 in Latvia has been stopped. Based on the request of some patients, medical institutions and physicians were allowed to continue use despite the suspension of the registration certificate.

Semliki Forest virus
Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is a virus that naturally infects cells of the central nervous system and causes encephalitis. A genetically engineered form has been pre-clinically tested as an oncolytic virus against the severe brain tumour type glioblastoma. The SFV was genetically modified with microRNA target sequences so that it only replicated in brain tumour cells and not in normal brain cells. The modified virus reduced tumour growth and prolonged survival of mice with brain tumours. The modified virus was also found to efficiently kill human glioblastoma tumour cell lines.

Other
The maraba virus, first identified in Brazilian sandflies, is being tested clinically.

Coxsackievirus A21 is being developed by Viralytics under trade name Cavatak. Coxsackievirus A21 belongs to Enterovirus C species.

Influenza A is one of the earliest viruses anecdotally reported to induce cancer regression. This has prompted preclinical development of genetically engineered oncolytic influenza A viruses. Murine Respirovirus, which is frequently called Sendai virus in scientific literature, has shown some oncolytic properties that are described in the section Murine respirovirus as an oncolytic agent.

Directed evolution
An innovative approach of drug development termed "directed evolution" involves the creation of new viral variants or serotypes specifically directed against tumour cells via rounds of directed selection using large populations of randomly generated recombinant precursor viruses. The increased biodiversity produced by the initial homologous recombination step provides a large random pool of viral candidates which can then be passed through a series of selection steps designed to lead towards a pre-specified outcome (e.g. higher tumor specific activity) without requiring any previous knowledge of the resultant viral mechanisms that are responsible for that outcome. The pool of resultant oncolytic viruses can then be further screened in pre-clinical models to select an oncolytic virus with the desired therapeutic characteristics.

Directed evolution was applied on human adenovirus, one of many viruses that are being developed as oncolytic agents, to create a highly selective and yet potent oncolytic vaccine. As a result of this process, ColoAd1 (a novel chimeric member of the group B adenoviruses) was generated. This hybrid of adenovirus serotypes Ad11p and Ad3 shows much higher potency and tumour selectivity than the control viruses (including Ad5, Ad11p and Ad3) and was confirmed to generate approximately two logs more viral progeny on freshly isolated human colon tumour tissue than on matching normal tissue.

Attenuation
Attenuation involves deleting viral genes, or gene regions, to eliminate viral functions that are expendable in tumour cells, but not in normal cells, thus making the virus safer and more tumour-specific. Cancer cells and virus-infected cells have similar alterations in their cell signalling pathways, particularly those that govern progression through the cell cycle. A viral gene whose function is to alter a pathway is dispensable in cells where the pathway is defective, but not in cells where the pathway is active.

The enzymes thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase in cells are responsible for DNA synthesis and are only expressed in cells which are actively replicating. These enzymes also exist in the genomes of certain viruses (E.g. HSV, vaccinia) and allow viral replication in quiescent(non-replicating) cells, so if they are inactivated by mutation the virus will only be able to replicate in proliferating cells, such as cancer cells.

Tumour targeting
There are two main approaches for generating tumour selectivity: transductional and non-transductional targeting.
 * Transductional targeting involves modifying the viral coat proteins to target tumour cells while reducing entry to non-tumour cells. This approach to tumour selectivity has mainly focused on adenoviruses and HSV-1, although it is entirely viable with other viruses.
 * Non-transductional targeting involves altering the genome of the virus so it can only replicate in cancer cells, most frequently as part of the attenuation of the virus.
 * Transcription targeting can also be used, where critical parts of the viral genome are placed under the control of a tumour-specific promoter. A suitable promoter should be active in the tumour but inactive in the majority of normal tissue, particularly the liver, which is the organ that is most exposed to blood born viruses. Many such promoters have been identified and studied for the treatment of a range of cancers.
 * Similarly, viral replication can be finely tuned with the use of microRNAs (miRNA) artificial target sites or miRNA response elements (MREs). Differential expression of miRNAs between healthy tissues and tumors permit to engineer oncolytic viruses detargeted from certain tissues of interest while allowing its replication in the tumor cells.

Double targeting with both transductional and non-transductional targeting methods is more effective than any one form of targeting alone.

Reporter genes
Both in the laboratory and in the clinic it is useful to have a simple means of identifying cells infected by the experimental virus. This can be done by equipping the virus with "reporter genes" not normally present in viral genomes, which encode easily identifiable protein markers. One example of such proteins is GFP (green fluorescent protein) which, when present in infected cells, will cause a fluorescent green light to be emitted when stimulated by blue light. An advantage of this method is that it can be used on live cells and in patients with superficial infected lesions, it enables rapid non-invasive confirmation of viral infection. Another example of a visual marker useful in living cells is luciferase, an enzyme from the firefly which in the presence of luciferin, emits light detectable by specialized cameras.

The E. coli enzymes beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase can also be encoded by some viruses. These enzymes, in the presence of certain substrates, can produce intense colored compounds useful for visualizing infected cells and also for quantifying gene expression.

Modifications to improve oncolytic activity
Oncolytic viruses can be used against cancers in ways that are additional to lysis of infected cells.

Suicide genes
Viruses can be used as vectors for delivery of suicide genes, encoding enzymes that can metabolise a separately administered non-toxic pro-drug into a potent cytotoxin, which can diffuse to and kill neighbouring cells. One herpes simplex virus, encoding a thymidine kinase suicide gene, has progressed to phase III clinical trials. The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase phosphorylates the pro-drug, ganciclovir, which is then incorporated into DNA, blocking DNA synthesis. The tumour selectivity of oncolytic viruses ensures that the suicide genes are only expressed in cancer cells, however a "bystander effect" on surrounding tumour cells has been described with several suicide gene systems.

Suppression of angiogenesis
Angiogenesis (blood vessel formation) is an essential part of the formation of large tumour masses. Angiogenesis can be inhibited by the expression of several genes, which can be delivered to cancer cells in viral vectors, resulting in suppression of angiogenesis, and oxygen starvation in the tumour. The infection of cells with viruses containing the genes for angiostatin and endostatin synthesis inhibited tumour growth in mice. Enhanced antitumour activities have been demonstrated in a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding anti-angiogenic therapeutic antibody and with an HSV1716 variant expressing an inhibitor of angiogenesis.

Radioiodine
Addition of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene to the viral genome causes infected tumour cells to express NIS and accumulate iodine. When combined with radioiodine therapy it allows local radiotherapy of the tumour, as used to treat thyroid cancer. The radioiodine can also be used to visualise viral replication within the body by the use of a gamma camera. This approach has been used successfully preclinically with adenovirus, measles virus and vaccinia virus.

Approved therapeutic agents

 * Talimogene laherparepvec (OncoVEX GM-CSF), aka T-vec, by Amgen, successfully completed phase III trials for advanced melanoma in March 2013. In October 2015, the US FDA approved T-VEC, with the brand name Imlygic, for the treatment of melanoma in patients with inoperable tumors. becoming the first approved oncolytic agent in the western world. It is based on herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). It has also been tested in a Phase I trial for pancreatic cancer and a Phase III trial in head and neck cancer together with cisplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
 * Teserpaturev (G47∆), aka Delytact by Daiichi Sankyo is a first oncolytic virus therapy approved by Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). Delytact is a genetically engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) approved for treatment of malignant glioma in Japan.

Oncolytic viruses in conjunction with existing cancer therapies
It is in conjunction with conventional cancer therapies that oncolytic viruses have often showed the most promise, since combined therapies operate synergistically with no apparent negative effects.

Clinical trials
Onyx-015 (dl1520) underwent trials in conjunction with chemotherapy before it was abandoned in the early 2000s. The combined treatment gave a greater response than either treatment alone, but the results were not entirely conclusive. Vaccinia virus GL-ONC1 was studied in a trial combined with chemo- and radiotherapy as Standard of Care for patients newly diagnosed with head & neck cancer. Herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, reovirus and murine leukemia virus are also undergoing clinical trials as a part of combination therapies.

Pre-clinical research
Chen et al. (2001) used CV706, a prostate-specific adenovirus, in conjunction with radiotherapy on prostate cancer in mice. The combined treatment resulted in a synergistic increase in cell death, as well as a significant increase in viral burst size (the number of virus particles released from each cell lysis). No alteration in viral specificity was observed.

SEPREHVIR (HSV-1716) has also shown synergy in pre-clinical research when used in combination with several cancer chemotherapies.

The anti-angiogenesis drug bevacizumab (anti-VEGF antibody) has been shown to reduce the inflammatory response to oncolytic HSV and improve virotherapy in mice. A modified oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding a single-chain anti-VEGF antibody (mimicking bevacizumab) was shown to have significantly enhanced antitumor activities than parental virus in animal models.

In fiction
In science fiction, the concept of an oncolytic virus was first introduced to the public in Jack Williamson's novel Dragon's Island, published in 1951, although Williamson's imaginary virus was based on a bacteriophage rather than a mammalian virus. Dragon's Island is also known for being the source of the term "genetic engineering".

The plot of the Hollywood film I Am Legend is based on the premise that a worldwide epidemic was caused by a viral cure for cancer.

title: Oncolytic virus


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Carnforth railway station

Carnforth is a railway station on the Bentham and Furness Lines, 6 mi north of Lancaster, England, which serves the market town of Carnforth, Lancashire. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
Carnforth railway station was opened on 22 September 1846 by the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (L&CR). It had a single platform and was a second-class station. It became a junction on 6 June 1857, when the Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway arrived from the north-west. The station served as the line's southern terminus. The Furness Railway took over the U&LR in 1862, and became the second major company operating to Carnforth.

The station was enlarged during the 1870s. In 1880, it began receiving trains from the Midland Railway, following the commissioning of a south-to-east direct curve to the Furness and Midland Joint Railway – creating a triangular junction.

The L&CR was taken over by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), with the station operated under a joint management by the Furness Railway and LNWR – the Midland Railway having running powers into the station. Station personnel wore a uniform with the initials CJS for Carnforth: Joint Station. The Furness Railway erected a distinctive stone-built signal box to the north-west of the station in 1882, used until 1903, and this survives preserved as a grade II listed building.

A major rebuilding project, including a 300-yard long platform (currently used by northbound services), started in 1938 with government funding. With the opening of the new Platform on 3 July 1939, it brought the number of platforms in use to six. In 1942, the government approved the rebuilding of Carnforth MPD into a major regional railway depot – the work being completed in 1944.

The film Brief Encounter was partly filmed at the station in February 1945. The station clock became a powerful icon through repeated use in the film.

Withdrawal of West Coast Main Line services
The West Coast Main Line (WCML) platforms were closed in May 1970, following the withdrawal of local stopping passenger services between Lancaster and Carlisle two years earlier. The platform walls facing the fast lines were demolished, cut back and fenced off before the commissioning of 25 kV overhead electrification in 1974. This made Carnforth a secondary line station, even though it is situated on the main line, as WCML trains cannot call.

In 2011, Network Rail rejected proposals to reopen the mainline platforms, stating that there would be too few passengers to justify slowing down mainline trains. Only the former platforms 4 (the original Furness Railway through platform) and 6 (the LMS 1939 platform) remain in use (now renumbered 1 and 2); the old 'Midland bay' (No 5), which once catered for services on the Furness and Midland Joint Railway (between Carnforth and Skipton) has had its track removed.

Responsibility for the signalling at the station is divided between Preston PSB (main line) and the surviving manual ex-Furness Railway signal box at Carnforth Station Junction, sited just past the junction between the Barrow and Leeds lines. This has acted as the 'fringe' box to the PSB since the main line was resignalled in 1972/3. Two other boxes (F&M Junction and East Junction) were closed and demolished when the northern side of the triangle (avoiding the station) was decommissioned in 1998.

Refurbishment
After lying in a semi-derelict state for many years, the station buildings were refurbished between 2000 and 2003 and returned to commercial use. An award-winning Heritage Centre including a small railway museum and the "Brief Encounter" refreshment room, a number of shops and a travel/ticket office occupy the buildings.

The outer half of the non-operational up main (southbound) platform is in use as the access route to the subway, the active platforms and tea room. Since the privatisation of British Rail, the station has been operated by First North Western (1997-2004), First TransPennine Express (2004-2016) and Northern (2016 to date).

Facilities
The booking office is staffed part-time (six days per week, closed Sundays and public holidays). It is run by an independent retailer on behalf of the local authority but sells a full range of National Rail tickets. Both platforms have waiting rooms and step-free access (by the aforementioned subway ramps) from the station entrance, whilst train running information is provided by automated PA announcements, timetable posters and digital information screens.

There is also a micropub called The Snug which was the first of its kind to be set up in the North West and has been in the CAMRA Good Beer Guide. They host an annual beer festival inside the Heritage Centre in mid-to-late November.

To the west of the station lies Carnforth MPD, which is also the headquarters of West Coast Railways.

Bentham Line
As of the May 2023 timetable change, eight trains per day (five on Sunday) operate between Lancaster and Leeds via Skipton. Most run to and from Morecambe, though the first service of the day originates from Bradford Forster Square and terminates here (running empty to Lancaster to take up its return working).

Rolling stock used: Class 150 Sprinter and Class 158 Express Sprinter

Furness Line
As of the May 2023 timetable change, eleven trains per day (seven on Sunday) operate between and, with an hourly service running between Lancaster and Barrow-in-Furness. Some trains continue to Carlisle via Whitehaven.

Rolling stock used: Class 156 Super Sprinter and Class 195 Civity

Morecambe Branch Line
A single early morning direct service to Morecambe (departing from Carnforth at 05:32), using the north curve at Hest Bank, operates on weekdays and Saturday. It is a parliamentary train, providing a statutory minimum service over this stretch of railway.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carnforth railway station


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Robin Hood plan

The Robin Hood Plan is a colloquialism given to a provision of Texas Senate Bill 7 (73rd Texas Legislature) (the provision is officially referred to as "recapture"), originally enacted by the U.S. state of Texas in 1993 (and revised frequently since then) to provide equity of school financing within all school districts in the state of Texas. The plan is now codified within the Texas Education Code as Section 49.002.

The original bill was passed in response to numerous court rulings (both Federal and state, notably the Texas Supreme Court's ruling in Edgewood Independent School District v. Kirby) that previous financing schemes were in violation of the Texas Constitution's requirements regarding what constitutes "an efficient system of public free schools" as that provision interacts with another provision prohibiting a statewide ad valorem property tax. Though the legislation has been revised since then, its basic premise remains the same: it limits both the amounts that school districts can both spend on public schools and the amounts that they can raise through locally assessed property taxes and further requires that any amounts in excess be "recaptured" by the state and given to other districts which are unable to raise the required revenue.

Constitutional and Statutory Requirements
Article 7, Section 1, of the Texas Constitution states:

"A general diffusion of knowledge being essential to the preservation of the liberties and rights of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legislature of the State to establish and make suitable provision for the support and maintenance of an efficient system of public free schools."

However, state funding is constrained, in part, by Article 8, Section 1-e, of the Texas Constitution, which states:

"No State ad valorem taxes shall be levied upon any property within this State."

As such, and because Texas has no personal income tax (which it repeatedly mentions when encouraging businesses and individuals to relocate), the Legislature has been required to provide other sources of dedicated revenue for to fund public education. Some of the more prominent ones are:
 * Dedicating specified proceeds from the Permanent School Fund (which are transferred into the Available School Fund)
 * Dedicating 25% of all motor fuels taxes collected
 * Dedicating 25% of all business occupational taxes collected
 * Dedicating net proceeds (after payout of prizes, operating costs, and specified transfers for veterans' assistance) from the Texas Lottery

Otherwise, outside of other minor dedicated revenue sources, public education funding is primarily provided by Legislative appropriations, and a school district's ability to assess property taxes in amounts sufficient to provide an adequate education. The ability of local school districts, specifically those which are "property poor", when considered in conjunction with the Constitutional requirement to provide an adequate education and the prohibition against a statewide property tax, have formed the bases for the numerous lawsuits against the State of Texas, claiming violations.

Local Property Taxes in Texas
Property taxes in Texas consist of two components:
 * The largest component is for maintenance and operations (M&O). This portion of the tax rate funds teacher, administrative, and other district employee salaries, educational materials used in classrooms, utilities, and routine facility maintenance including minor construction projects.  M&O rates consist of two tiers of funding:
 * Tier I funding is based on a series of state-mandated funding amounts. The predominant one is the per-student allotment (set at $6,160/student as of 2023; the amount is set by statute and notably is not indexed for inflation, which has been the subject of much political debate within Texas), which is then multiplied by a series of weights depending on the student's educational level and other factors.  Additional amounts are provided for student success and to cover transportation costs.  The sum of all these amounts is then compared to a state-mandated funding cap (calculated as the taxable value of property within a district—regardless of whether the property can be taxed at full value or even at all—multiplied by the maximum compressed rate, or MCR).  Amounts below the calculated sum are made up by the state; amounts in excess are subject to recapture.  (Funds received from federal sources—such as payments in lieu of taxes (PILOTs) for Federal land holdings within a district (such as an Army Corps of Engineers lake) or Federal funding for child nutrition programs, along with any private donations received, are not subject to recapture.)
 * School districts then have the option to increase the tax rate by up to $0.17/$100 above their MCR to provide "Tier II Enrichment" funding. The funding can only be used for M&O, not for capital projects.  The funding consists of two levels, each resulting in differing levels of funding, requiring different levels of approval, and differing in their interplay with recapture:
 * A district can propose an increase of up to $0.08/$100 above the MCR. This rate provides a guaranteed yield ($7.9 million as of 2023).  If the tax increase does not provide the stated yield, the state makes up the difference; if the tax increase results in more than the yield, it is not subject to recapture (thus it is often referred to colloquially as "golden pennies").  The district's board can increase the rate by up to five "golden pennies" solely on its own action by majority vote; the remaining three pennies require voter approval in what is officially termed a Voter Approved Tax-Rate Ratification Election or VATRE (pronounced "vater").  Once the voters approve a VATRE, the board can continue to assess at the approved rate without further voter approval (unless less than the maximum three pennies were approved).
 * After assessing the maximum eight "golden pennies", a district can then propose up to an additional $0.09/$100 above the MCR. This rate provides a lower, non-guaranteed yield ($3.9 million as of 2023) and is subject to recapture (thus it is often referred to colloquially as "copper pennies").  These pennies require voter approval via VATRE (it can be combined with a VATRE for "golden pennies", and again does not require further voter approval unless less than the maximum nine pennies were approved).
 * The final component of the tax rate is for "interest and sinking fund" (I&S). These funds allow districts to issue bonds for major improvements such as land acquisition, new or major renovations to schools, technology purchases (computers and supporting infrastructure) or performing arts centers and/or sports facilities, and can only be used for such, not for M&O.  These funds are not subject to recapture but are capped at $0.50/$100, except that if the district's property value would fall to a level where the maximum rate would not prevent default, the cap can be exceeded.
 * Prior to 2019, districts in Texas would frequently combine all desired capital improvements into one bond package. Since voters grew tired of having bond money for schools tied to a district's desire for a state-of-the-art football stadium (notwithstanding the popularity of high school football in Texas), the law was changed to require sports facilities to be separate proposals from general school items.

Lawsuits and Legislative Actions
School finance lawsuits must take place in state court, since the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1973 that education is not a fundamental right protected by the U.S. Constitution (San Antonio v. Rodriguez, a case which originated in Texas). However, in response, between 1975 and 1977 the Legislature increased the minimum teacher salary schedule and increased the number of instructional days required.

Edgewood I
The first of the initial four lawsuits (all of which would involve the Edgewood Independent School District of Bexar County, Texas, a low-income school district in San Antonio) which would ultimately give rise to Robin Hood would be filed in May 1984 against then state Commissioner of Education William Kirby by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, citing discrimination against students in poor school districts. Edgewood ISD charged that the state's methods of funding public schools, which resulted in a wide variation of funding between districts, violated the Texas Constitution. The Texas Supreme Court would rule in October 1989 that the funding mechanisms in place were in violation of the Texas Constitution, ruling that an "efficient system" required "substantially equal access to similar levels of revenue per pupil at similar levels of tax effort".

In response, the Legislature passed legislation increasing the state's basic allotment and guaranteed yield to provide equalization at the 95th percentile, but specifically excluded the state's most "property wealthy" districts from the requirements.

Edgewood II
The exclusion of the wealthiest school districts from the requirement led Edgewood ISD to again file suit against Commissioner Kirby, this time in September 1990. Once again, the Texas Supreme Court ruled in the district's favor, determining in January 1991 that excluding the wealthy districts made the legislation unconstitutional. One month later, the Court would later issue a (rare) "advisory opinion", stating that once the Legislature created an "efficient system", it may authorize local enrichment upon voter approval.

The Legislature responded by creating 188 "County Education Districts", designed to equalize the tax base by consolidating property-wealthy districts with property-poor ones.

Edgewood III
The creation of the County Education Districts would lead Edgewood ISD into court yet again. But this time, it would be the defendant in a June 1991 suit brought by the Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District (a district north of Dallas), which argued that the districts were unconstitutional. The Court would rule in January 1992, agreeing that the districts were unconstitutional.

The Legislature responded by proposing a constitutional amendment to allow for the "County Education Districts"; however, the amendment was rejected by voters. It also passed Senate Bill 7 with the "Robin Hood" aspect. Senate Bill 7 also, for the first time, introduced a state-mandated limit on M&O tax rates, capping them at $1.50/$100 valuation, which would later become the subject of its own court battle.

Under recapture, a "property wealthy" district finding itself with more tax revenue than allowed, could choose from one of five options (or combinations thereof) to reduce or eliminate the amount owed:
 * 1) Consolidate with a "property poor" district (thus resulting in only one remaining district),
 * 2) Detach a portion of its tax base and transfer it to a "property poor" district,
 * 3) Purchase “attendance credits” from the state which provides the district with a sufficient number of students to reduce the district's local revenue level to a level that is equal to or less than the district's entitlement,
 * 4) Contract with a "property poor" district to educate a sufficient number of non-resident students to provide the district with a sufficient number of students to reduce the district's local revenue level to a level that is equal to or less than the district's entitlement, or
 * 5) Consolidate tax bases with a "property poor" district (but not the districts themselves).

No school district has ever chosen Options 1, 2, or 5 to avoid recapture. Every district has chosen Options 3 or 4 or a combination of the two.

Edgewood IV
The Robin Hood plan would face yet another court challenge in June 1993, this time by two different sets of parties arguing two opposite positions:
 * Edgewood ISD (along with "property poor" districts) argued that the plan still didn't accomplish constitutional requirements.
 * On the other side, a group of "property wealthy" districts argued that the recapture mechanism was, itself, unconstitutional.

In January 1995 the Texas Supreme Court would, for a time, end the ongoing battle over school finance, ruling that the Robin Hood plan met constitutional requirements.

West Orange-Cove cases
After Edgewood IV the courts would see a roughly six-year break in the ongoing battle over school finance.

However, the state-mandated M&O cap (at which the majority of school districts were assessing taxes) would become the source of the next round of lawsuits, this time by the West Orange-Cove Consolidated Independent School District (located in southeast Texas). The district filed suit in April 2001, arguing that the mandated cap constituted a de facto, and thus unconstitutional, state property tax, because the district had no "meaningful discretion" in setting the tax rate.

The Texas Supreme Court agreed in November 2005 with the district (West Orange-Cove I). In response, the Legislature met in a special session during April and May 2006, and made several changes to the tax structure: Upon passage of the legislation, the district and the state agreed to dissolve a second case (West Orange-Cove II) which was ongoing at the time.
 * The Legislature "compressed" (reduced) the maximum M&O rate to $1.00/$100.
 * It replaced the lost local revenue with additional state funding, primarily by state revenue from a new business tax and higher cigarette taxes.
 * Finally, it allowed local districts the option to assess up to an additional $0.17/$100—the "golden pennies" and "copper pennies" discussed above.

The Texas Comptroller estimated a five-year $23 billion shortfall from the revised tax system.

Texas Taxpayer & Student Fairness Coalition
The West Orange-Cove settlement would bring another six-year break in the battle, only to then be followed by a consortium of plaintiffs under the name shown above (notably over half the state's school districts, along with individual taxpayers and business groups), once again suing (in October 2011) that the compressed rate—even with increased state funding and the optional 17 cent rate—was still a de facto state property tax.

A Travis County district judge agreed in a February 2013 bench ruling that the system was unconstitutional based on equity, adequacy, and the creation of a de facto state property tax. After a rehearing in early 2014, the judge issued his formal ruling in August of that year, generally holding to his bench ruling, but that the system did not violate the "taxpayer equity" requirements of the state constitution.

However, the Texas Supreme Court (on direct appeal) would overrule the district court's ruling in May 2016, stating that the system (though "flawed and imperfect") met constitutional requirements. Notably, for the first time, the Court's opinion would state multiple times that the determination of a school finance system was the province of the Legislature, not the Court, and that going forward it would defer to the legislative choices unless any were "arbitrary and unreasonable".

Since May 2016 no significant challenges to the structure have been brought. The Legislature, meanwhile, has continued to compress the maximum M&O rate, but changed the determination from a state-wide cap to a district-specific calculation.

Resources

 * Robin Hood Plan is Working World Internet News
 * "EDGEWOOD ISD V. KIRBY". The Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
 * Schools and Taxes: A Summary of Legislation of the 2006 Special Session
 * An Introduction to School Finance in Texas (Fifth Edition, Revised March 2022), TTARA Research Foundation (TTARA).

title: Robin Hood plan


text: Category:Mexican scientists

title: Category:Mexican scientists


text:
Ben Wilson (basketball)

Benjamin Wilson Jr. (March 18, 1967 – November 21, 1984) was an American high school basketball player from Chicago, Illinois. Wilson, a Neal F. Simeon Vocational High School basketball player, was regarded as the top high school player in the U.S. by scouts and coaches attending the 1984 Athletes For Better Education basketball camp. Wilson is noted as the first Chicago athlete to receive this honor. On November 21, 1984, Wilson died due to injuries he sustained in a shooting the day before.

Early life
Born in 1967 to Ben Wilson Sr. and Mary Wilson (née Gunter), Wilson was raised in the Chatham neighborhood on Chicago's South Side. Mary Wilson had two sons from a previous marriage, including Curtis Glenn. She then had sons Anthony and Jeffrey with the elder Wilson, before the couple divorced. Wilson began playing basketball in elementary school. He started at St. Dorothy School and transferred to Ruggles Elementary School, graduating in 1981. Wilson practiced at Cole Park in Chatham and participated in summer league games in Chicago.

As his game developed, friends and family surrounding Wilson began to notice that his talent could make him one of the best players in the sport. They made it a point to protect Wilson from trouble as he got older. As he was entering high school, the nationwide crack epidemic was in full swing and some of the people closest to Wilson, including his older brother Curtis, became addicted. Chicago's violent crime rate was very high during this time as well, especially on the South Side.

High school career
In the fall of 1981, Wilson began his freshman year at Simeon. During the 1982–83 season, he was the only sophomore on the varsity basketball team. For the 1983–84 season, Simeon advanced to the Illinois AA State Championship, which was held at Assembly Hall on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Behind Wilson, Simeon defeated West Aurora High School by nine points in the semifinals and beat top-ranked Evanston Township High School to win their first ever state title.

ESPN HS regarded Wilson as the best junior in the country for the 1983–84 season. He played basketball with R. Kelly and Nick Anderson. Wilson was described as "Magic Johnson with a jump shot" by his Simeon coach, Bob Hambric.

Athletes For Better Education (AFBE)
In July 1984, Wilson attended the invitation-only Athletes For Better Education camp in Princeton, New Jersey. The camp allowed scouts and coaches to watch top high school students in a single location. After the week-long event, Wilson was ranked the number-one high school player in America. As his senior season approached, it was believed that Wilson was considering scholarship offers from the University of Illinois, DePaul University and Indiana University.

Background
On November 20, 1984, Wilson decided against lunching with teammates as he wanted to talk to his girlfriend, Jetun Rush, with whom he had been having significant issues. The couple had conceived a child early in 1984, a son named Brandon, and Rush would neither speak to Wilson nor let him see his child. Meanwhile, Calumet High School student Billy Moore was outside Simeon's campus with a .22 caliber revolver, looking to avenge his cousin, who had been allegedly robbed of $10 by a Simeon student.

After finding out the conflict had been resolved, Moore and his friend Omar Dixon decided to stay nearby. Eventually the two followed Moore's friend Erica Murphy to a nearby luncheonette located on South Vincennes Avenue, just up the street from Simeon.

The shooting
Billy Moore, in the ESPN documentary about Ben Wilson, described what happened next. He and Omar Dixon were outside the luncheonette when Wilson and Rush came up the street behind them. Rush was trying to break away from Wilson, who in his desperation to speak to her, failed to pay attention to where he was going and bumped into Moore. Moore called to Wilson to watch where he was going, and Wilson responded by turning around and heading back toward Moore. The two engaged in a loud argument, with an infuriated Wilson and Moore exchanging expletives.

During the argument, Moore drew the pistol he had been carrying. Wilson taunted him and dared him to shoot. Moore later said he felt that the much larger Wilson was just "punking" him. Wilson then lunged at Moore, who responded by firing two shots at him. The first struck Wilson in his groin while the second struck him in his abdomen, and caused significant internal bleeding. Moore and Dixon then fled. Within minutes, word of the shooting reached Simeon's campus, and a crowd gathered near Wilson. Emergency services were called at 12:37 PM local time, while Simeon basketball coach Bob Hambric made a call to WMAQ-TV newsman Warner Saunders and informed him of what happened.

Paramedics were slow in reaching the scene and at approximately 1:20 PM, Hambric decided to take it upon himself to get his star player to the hospital. Just as he was getting into his car, an ambulance arrived to the scene on South Vincennes. According to Chicago's then emergency protocol, Wilson was taken to the nearest available hospital, which was St. Bernard Hospital in Englewood. St. Bernard was a small community hospital that was not equipped to handle emergencies or trauma cases like shootings, so a call was put out for any available trauma surgeon to report immediately to St. Bernard.

Aftermath
At Simeon, the basketball team remained sequestered in the teachers' lounge for the rest of the day. Wilson's teammate Teri Sampson recalls that throughout the night, the reports progressively worsened, going from Wilson possibly recovering in time for the state playoffs, to perhaps missing a year of play, to possibly never playing again, to fighting for his life.

Wilson's brother Curtis Glenn recounted in the ESPN documentary seeing his brother being wheeled by him in the hospital and noticing his feet were unnaturally pale. Upon examination it was discovered that Wilson's aorta was damaged by the second shot and there was no blood reaching his lower extremities. Despite doctors repeatedly telling her they could save her son, Mary Wilson's professional experience as a nurse told her that even if they were able to repair the damage, Ben would likely be in a persistent vegetative state afterward due to the massive blood he had already lost. Early the next morning, Mary Wilson asked that her son be taken off of life support, and Ben Wilson died shortly thereafter. He was buried at Oak Woods Cemetery.

Soon after the shooting, Erica Murphy returned to her home to find Billy Moore sitting in her living room watching television. It was through this that he discovered who he had shot. Moore remained there until the police began pounding on Murphy's door looking for him later that evening. Dixon's arrest followed, with the charges upgraded to murder once word of Wilson's death reached the police. Police presented both suspects with a case theory that after Moore's conflict with Wilson, Dixon tried to pick Wilson's pockets, and then urged Moore to shoot Wilson. Both young men signed confessions to that effect that were later recanted. Despite being underage at the time, the Cook County State’s Attorney's office elected to try both men as adults.

At their trial, the prosecutors presented the same case theory to the jury when the trial began the following year. Jetun Rush was the prosecution's lead witness and testified to the same effect. Moore and Dixon's attorneys chose to present Wilson's celebrity as the primary reason for the charges against the two teenagers. Both Moore and Dixon were convicted on charges of murder and attempted armed robbery. Per the recommendations of the prosecuting attorneys, they both were given significant prison sentences. Moore received a forty-year sentence while Dixon received a thirty-year sentence. Dixon was given the lesser sentence because even though he was involved in the crime, Moore had been the one to fire the fatal shots.

The Wilson family's lawsuit against the hospital for inappropriate delay of medical care was settled in 1992 for an undisclosed amount. Dixon was released on parole in 2000, and Moore in 2005. Dixon later began an unrelated sentence for armed robbery, although Moore, interviewed in the 2012 documentary Benji, claims that his own confession was coerced, and that Dixon was not involved in Wilson's shooting. Wilson died on the same day that Simeon was to open its season. The team chose to play the game, a rematch with Evanston, and won.

Personal life
He had one son, Brandon Wilson, born September 1984, with his high school girlfriend Jetun Rush. Brandon, who was 10 weeks old when his father died, went on to play basketball at the University of Maryland-Eastern Shore, wearing Wilson's number 25. He played professionally with the Long Island Wizards. Brandon went on to coach basketball. He attended and graduated from the Nassau Police Academy. He served in the Port Washington Police Department for 5 years.

On January 13, 2022, Brandon Sherrod Wilson died in a car accident. Brandon died after he swerved into a shoulder on the Northern State Parkway, and hit a pole and two trees.

Legacy
Wilson's friend and Simeon teammate, former NBA and University of Illinois basketball player Nick Anderson, wore jersey number 25 during his career in Wilson's honor. Juwan Howard wore 25 at the University of Michigan as a tribute to Wilson. Former Chicago Bulls guard Derrick Rose, who graduated from Simeon in 2007, wore number 25, and the team won the state championship in 2006 and 2007. He also wore number 25 with the New York Knicks, after being traded. Simeon basketball player Jabari Parker had the number 25 stitched into the team sneakers during his time at Simeon.

Following Nick Anderson's tribute to Wilson in wearing number 25 at Illinois, many others who graduated from Simeon and moved on to play for the Illini have carried on the tradition of wearing the jersey number 25. In the years since his murder in 1984, Deon Thomas, Bryant Notree, Calvin Brock, and Kendrick Nunn have all worn 25 during their basketball career at Illinois to honor Wilson. ESPN premiered a documentary on Wilson titled Benji on October 23, 2012.

title: Ben Wilson (basketball)


text:
Talk:John Randolph Club

"Paleoconservative" is a derogatory term. As such, its usage is POV. Edit reverted.

 * Thanks for discussing your concerns on this page. But "paleoconservative" is no more derogatory than "neo-conservative". It is a term coined by adherents to describe themselves. The John Randolph club is part of the Rockford Institute, who have this quotation on their own page,
 * The Rockford Institute [is a] center of paleoconservative endeavor and source of intellectual firepower....	—The Weekly Standard
 * So they seem to embrace the term. Therefore, I am going to re-instate the edit. Cheers, -Willmcw 18:03, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

The link to "criticism of the Rockford Institute" brings me to a 404 page.

title: Talk:John Randolph Club


text:
Roberto Carretero

Roberto Carretero Díaz (born 30 August 1975) is a Spanish former professional tennis player. He won one singles title, the 1996 Hamburg AMS.

Tennis career
Carretero, a former junior French Open Champion, shocked the tennis world by winning the Masters Series title in Hamburg in 1996 as a virtually unknown player ranked only No. 143. En route to the title he defeated two top 100 players, two top 20 players (Washington and Boetsch), and most notably, Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the semi-finals, and Àlex Corretja in the final. After winning the title, Carretero lost in the first round of Roland Garros and did not have any significant results other than winning a Challenger tournament held in Sopot, Poland in 1999.

He retired from professional tennis after the 2001 season.

title: Roberto Carretero


text:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jaro

The Archdiocese of Jaro (Arkidiyosesis sang Jaro; Arkidiyosesis ng Jaro; Arquidiócesis de Jaro) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church headquartered in Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines. Its episcopal see is at the Metropolitan Cathedral of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, also the National Shrine of Our Lady of Candles, as its seat. The metropolitan archdiocese covers the provinces of Iloilo, Guimaras, Antique, and Negros Occidental. Its titular patron saint is Elizabeth of Hungary, whose feast is celebrated on November 17. The Archdiocese of Jaro is one of the oldest episcopal sees in the country. It was established on May 27, 1865, through a papal bull of Pope Pius IX, according to a document signed by Archbishop Gregorio Martinez, then archbishop of Manila. The diocese was created from the territory of the Archdiocese of Manila. Its first bishop was Mariano Cuartero, a Dominican missionary in the Philippines, who took possession of the diocese, on April 25, 1868. It is also one of the largest episcopal sees during the Spanish colonial era encompassing the whole island of Panay (Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras and Iloilo provinces), Mindoro, Romblon, Negros (Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental provinces), Palawan, Davao, Sulu, Cotabato and Zamboanga Peninsula as part of its jurisdiction.

On April 10, 1910, it lost some of its territories to the newly created Diocese of Zamboanga and Apostolic Prefecture of Palawan. Negros Oriental (Dumaguete) was also a part of it, but became a separate diocese under Cebu. Later, three other ecclesiastical jurisdictions were established from its territory: the Diocese of Bacolod (July 15, 1932), Apostolic Prefecture of Mindoro (July 2, 1936), and the Diocese of Capiz (January 27, 1951).

On April 28, 1934, Pope Pius XI promulgated apostolic constitution Romanorum Pontificum semper separating the dioceses of Cebu, Calbayog, Jaro, Bacolod, Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro from the ecclesiastical province of Manila. The same constitution elevated the diocese of Cebu into an archdiocese while placing all the newly separated dioceses under a new ecclesiastical province with Cebu as the new metropolitan see. On June 29, 1951, it was raised as a metropolitan archdiocese by Pope Pius XII. On March 24, 1962, it lost some territory to establish the Territorial Prelature of San Jose de Antique, which was later elevated as a diocese in 1982.

The ecclesiastical province of Jaro consists of the metropolitan archdiocese of the same name, as well as its suffragan dioceses of Bacolod, San Carlos, and Kabankalan, all in the province of Negros Occidental, and San Jose de Antique in the province of Antique.

History

The precursor of the Archdiocese of Jaro dates back when it was founded in 1587 as a Roman Catholic parish by the Spanish colonists. The diocese of Jaro whose patron saint is Elizabeth of Hungary was officially and formally established by virtue of the Papal bull "Qui Ab Initio" of Pope Pius IX, issued in Rome on May 27, 1865. On October 10, 1867, the decree took effect and Jaro was made an Episcopal See, according to the document signed by D. Gregorio Meliton Martinez, then archbishop of Manila and executor-delegate of the decree. It is worth noting that this "decretum executorium" was also signed by Jose Burgos, Pro-Secretary, a secular priest who became one of the outstanding martyr-heroes of the country.

Jaro was separated from the now Archdiocese of Cebu and became a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Manila. Its territories at creation comprised the islands of Panay, (now composed of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, Antique and Aklan), Guimaras, Negros (now the twin provinces of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental), Romblon and Palawan, as well as the provinces of Cotabato, Zamboanga, Davao and Sulu of Mindanao. Mariano Cuartero became its first bishop on April 25, 1868.

In the 20th century the diocese was further divided to form new ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Zamboanga was made a separate diocese in 1910, while Palawan was made an apostolic prelature in the same year; then Bacolod in 1933, Capiz in 1951 and finally the Prelature of San Jose, Antique in 1962 as suffragans.

Concurrently with the elevation of Jaro to an archdiocese, the first Filipino bishop, Jose Maria Cuenco, was raised to the rank of metropolitan archbishop, thereby making him the first archbishop of Jaro.

On January 17, 1976, Pope Paul VI elevated Capiz to the rank of archdiocese, with the dioceses of Romblon and Kalibo as its suffragans. The Archdiocese of Jaro was left with the dioceses of Bacolod (which eventually was divided into three dioceses: Bacolod, San Carlos, and Kabankalan) and San Jose de Antique as its suffragans.

On February 20, 1981, Pope John Paul II visited the archdiocese and crowned the image of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria at the facade of Jaro Cathedral, the first Marian image crowned personally without a papal legate by a pope.

Coat of arms
The black eagle and the three red roses refer to Saint Elizabeth of Hungary or of Thuringia, patroness of the Jaro Cathedral. The coconut on a green knoll represents Jaro.

Bishops
The current archbishop is Jose Romeo O. Lazo. He was born on January 23, 1949, in San Jose de Buenavista, Antique He attended the St. Vincent Ferrer Major Seminary in Jaro, and was ordained a priest on April 1, 1975, in San Jose de Buenavista, Antique. After his ordination, he pursued higher studies at the East Asian Pastoral Institute, Quezon City in and the Institute of Pastoral Theology in Berkeley, California, United States.

In 2003, Lazo was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalibo, and was ordained bishop on December 29, 2003. Pope Benedict XVI appointed him as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose de Antique in 2009. On February 14, 2018, Pope Francis appointed him as the archbishop of Jaro following the retirement of Archbishop Angel Lagdameo. Lagdameo served the archdiocese for 17 years.

Affiliated bishops
Living

 * Jose Romeo O. Lazo (Archbishop: February 14, 2018 – present)
 * Jose Serofia Palma (Priest: August 21, 1976 – November 28, 1997)
 * Emmanuel Celeste Trance (Priest: May 17, 1978 – May 14, 2004)
 * Gerardo Alimane Alminaza (Former Auxiliary Bishop: May 29, 2008 – September 14, 2013)

Deceased
 * Fernando R. Capalla (Priest: March 18, 1961 – April 2, 1975)
 * Leandro Arrúe Agudo (Bishop: March 27, 1885 – October 24, 1897)
 * Teofilo Bastida Camomot (Auxiliary Bishop: March 23, 1955 – June 10, 1958)
 * Artemio G. Casas (Archbishop: May 11, 1974 – 25 October 25, 1985)
 * Mariano Cuartero y Medina (Bishop: September 20, 1867 – July 16, 1884)
 * José María Cuenco (Auxiliary Bishop: November 22, 1941; Bishop: November 24, 1945; Archbishop: June 29, 1951 – October 8, 1972)
 * Dennis Joseph Dougherty (Bishop: April 19, 1908 – December 6, 1915)
 * Andrés Ferrero y Malo de San José (Bishop: March 24, 1898 – October 27, 1903)
 * Maurice Patrick Foley (Bishop: September 6, 1916 – August 7, 1919)
 * James Paul McCloskey (Bishop: March 8, 1920 – April 10, 1945)
 * Juan Nicolasora Nilmar (Auxiliary Bishop: February 20, 1959 – January 3, 1967)
 * Alberto Jover Piamonte (Priest: March 22, 1958; Auxiliary Bishop: December 28, 1974; Archbishop: April 2, 1986 – December 17, 1998)
 * Frederick Zadok Rooker (Bishop: June 12, 1903 – September 20, 1907)
 * Jaime Lachica Sin (Priest: April 3, 1954; Auxiliary Bishop: February 10, 1967; Coadjutor Archbishop: January 15, 1972; Archbishop: October 8, 1972 – January 21, 1974)
 * Angel N. Lagdameo (Archbishop Emeritus: March 11, 2000 – February 14, 2018)

Suffragan dioceses

 * Diocese of Bacolod, in northwestern Negros Occidental
 * Diocese of Kabankalan, in southern Negros Occidental
 * Diocese of San Carlos, in northeastern Negros Occidental
 * Diocese of San Jose de Antique, in Antique

title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jaro


text:
Talk:Abettor

Untitled
The accessory link links to some German band. Is that what the author intended?

This has been changed. All this can be deleted.Student7 23:54, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

There are various degrees that need to be discussed by someone qualified (or has made him/herself an expert: "failure to disclose a felony" (missing), cover-up, accessory, abetting, accomplice, and abetting. These should probably be cross-linked, maybe even in a box in each one. Representing degrees of involvement short of actual perpetration.Student7 23:54, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abettor


text:
Edison Museum

The Edison Museum, a science and history museum about the life and inventions of Thomas Edison, is located in Beaumont, Texas, United States at 350 Pine St. on the grounds of Edison Plaza.

Building
The museum building was formerly the Gulf States Utilities Travis Street Power Substation. The power substation came on line in 1929. According to the Texas State Historical Marker in front of the substation building, the substation provided power ranging from street lights to cotton gins to rice irrigation to refineries in spite of The Great Depression.

Museum
"...The museum is the only facility of its kind west of the Mississippi River..." Interactive exhibits about Edison, his inventions and innovations, as well as historic artifacts from his life are featured. Featured inventions include the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and some of Edison's early motion pictures. There is also a reference library about Edison. The collection origin is tied to W. Donham Crawford, former CEO of Gulf States Utilities. Crawford was an avid collector of Edison artifacts. The collection was bequeathed to the museum in the early 1980s by Crawford's widow.

The museum is part of a concentration of several museums in the downtown Beaumont area. It is located blocks away from the Tyrrell Historical Library, the Art Museum of Southeast Texas, the Beaumont Children's Museum (temporarily located in the Beaumont Civic Center), and the Fire Museum of Texas.

title: Edison Museum


text:
Talk:Homily

History
I've stopped homily being a redirect to sermon (oration). From here, it seems to have quite an interesting history. Can somebody who knows about this please flesh it out? Gaurav 14:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What is a Homily?
The article never explains what a homily is. Said: Rursus ☻ 10:58, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Etymology, distinction from sermon
Someone should integrate this information from the OED into the article with the appropriate format, etc.:

 * Etymology: < French omelie (12th cent. in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter), modern French homélie, < ecclesiastical Latin homīlia, < Greek ὁμῑλία intercourse, converse, discourse, (eccl.) sermon, homily, < ὅμῑλος crowd, throng, < ὁμοῦ together + λη crowd, band, troop.

First citation: c1386 Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋1014: "Of Omelies and moralitee and of deuocion."

Interestingly definition a. distinguishes homilies from sermons as being practical rather than intellectual, aimed at "spiritual edification of the hearers, rather than for the development of a doctrine or theme." On the same distinction, there's an 1883 citation from P. Schaff tr. ''Herzog Encycl. Relig. Knowl.'' 1611 "In the Western Church the terms ‘sermon’ and ‘homily’ were at first used interchangeably; but in time each came to designate a special kind of discourse. The sermon was a discourse developing a definite theme. The homily pursued the analytical method, and expounded a paragraph or verse of Scripture." JKeck (talk) 01:57, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Homily


text: User talk:66.144.34.8

title: User talk:66.144.34.8


text:
Fosna–Hensbacka culture

The Fosna/Hensbacka (c. 8300 BCE – 7300 BCE, or 12000 cal BP – 10500 cal BP), were two very similar Late Palaeolithic/early Mesolithic cultures in Scandinavia, and are often subsumed under the name Fosna–Hensbacka culture. This complex includes the Komsa culture that, notwithstanding different types of tools, is also considered to be a part of the Fosna culture group. The main difference is that the Fosna/Komsa culture was distributed along the coast of Northern Norway, whereas the Hensbacka culture had a more eastern distribution along the coast of western Sweden; primarily in central Bohuslän to the north of Gothenburg. The Hensbacka culture evolved into the later Sandarna culture which is found along the coast of western Sweden.

Recent investigations indicate that this particular area, i.e. central Bohuslän, may well have had the largest seasonal population in northern Europe during the Late Palaeolithic/early Mesolithic transition. This was due to environmental circumstances brought about by the relationship between the Vänern basin in the east, and topographical features in the North Sea basin to the west.

Fosna–Hensbacka culture group
The name Fosna takes its name from Fosna or Lille-Fosen, the former name of Kristiansund,  and it is an umbrella term for the oldest settlements along the Norwegian coast, from Hordaland to Nordland. The oldest settlements in Bohuslän on the Swedish west coast (the Hensbacka), derive from the Ahrensburgian culture group from Northern Germany. The oldest Fosna settlements in Eastern Norway are found at Høgnipen in Østfold. New finds (2008) on Pauler in Larvik seem to be even older.

The settlements were located close to the contemporary seashore but, due to constant land uplift after deglaciation, they are now 60–70 m above present-day sea level in western Norway, while Høgnipen is as high as 150 m above present-day sea level, the difference being due to the greater crustal rebound on the Baltic side of the Scandinavian peninsula. Site locations indicate that fishing and seal hunting were important for the economy and it is assumed that hide covered wooden framed boats were used in that the majority of Hensbacka sites (c. 75%) are located on islands in the outer archipelago. The Fosna/Hensbacka culture represent a pure hunter-gatherer culture. On settlements, archaeologists have only found stone tools and the remains of the production of the same. Characteristic tools include flake axes, lanceolates and tanged arrowheads.

title: Fosna–Hensbacka culture


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Anne Langton

Anne Langton (June 24, 1804 – May 10, 1893) was an English artist who specialized in landscapes and miniature portraiture. In 1837, she settled on the frontier in Upper Canada, where she continued her artwork and also became known for her writing.

Life and career
She was born to Thomas and Ellen Langton in the Yorkshire Dales, but within a few months, they moved to Lancashire, where she was raised in a mansion named Blythe Hall, near Ormskirk. She and her brothers William and John were educated at home by their parents and private tutors. Her family travelled extensively through Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland, while the children received private art lessons from masters and exposure to literary figures wherever they stayed.

Following the Napoleonic Wars, which ended in 1815, Thomas Langton's business in England became unstable and the family was forced to return to England from their travels and studies in 1821. On their return they were forced to sell their mansion, dismiss all but one servant, and move to a small townhouse in Liverpool. At age 16, Anne took on many of the housekeeping duties and the care of her aging parents, while continuing her art work and training when possible.

After further financial losses, the family moved to Bootle, a small spa town north of Liverpool. Anne continued to hone her artistic skills and to visit friends and relatives throughout Britain for access to landscapes to sketch. She was also adept at painting miniatures in watercolor on ivory.

In 1833, Anne's brother John, after graduating from Cambridge, emigrated to Upper Canada and the family moved into a smaller house in Bootle. Langton's early years in Canada were published as A Gentlewoman in Upper Canada. By this time, nearing 30 years of age, Anne had not married and was experiencing hearing loss. By 1836, Anne's brother William had become a very successful Manchester businessman and he offered to pay his family's living expenses to enable them to stay in England, but the next year the family decided to join John Langdon in Canada.

Anne, her parents, and a maiden aunt, departed from Liverpool on May 24, 1837, and arrived in New York three weeks later. Their land journey through Toronto to arrived Peterborough, Ontario, took nearly two months, due to sightseeing at New York and Niagara Falls, visiting, and several illnesses on the way. They settled on John's farm on Sturgeon Lake, near Fenelon Falls, Ontario.

She died in 1893, in Toronto at age 88.

title: Anne Langton


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Karel Nováček

Karel Nováček (born 30 March 1965) is a retired Czech former top ten tennis player born in Prostějov, Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic). In his career, Nováček won 13 singles titles and six doubles titles. His highest singles ranking was World No. 8, which he achieved on 18 November 1991.

His best performance at a Grand Slam came at the 1994 US Open where he defeated Alexander Vladimirovich Volkov, Andriy Medvedev, Todd Woodbridge, Javier Frana and Jaime Yzaga before losing to Michael Stich in the semifinal. In 1997, Novacek was suspended for three months for failing a drug test at the 1995 French Open; he forfeited $185,765, but denied taking cocaine knowingly.

Nováček lived in Boca Raton, Florida, United States for 20 years, and then moved back to Czech Republic. Karel and Maya Nováček married in 1990; as of 2002, they had three children. In 2002, the Boca Raton News reported that their ten-year-old daughter Anika was a promising tennis player, winning several tournaments.

title: Karel Nováček


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Ľubomír Reiter

Ľubomír "Ľuboš" Reiter (born 3 December 1974) is a Slovak former footballer who played as a striker and current manager of Liptovský Mikuláš. Previously, he was manager of MŠK Tesla Stropkov.

Playing career
Reiter played for Tatran Prešov (1996–99) and MŠK Žilina (1999–2002) in his native Slovakia and then for Sigma Olomouc (2001–05) and Slavia Prague (2007) in the Czech Republic. He scored 15 goals in the 2003-04 season, finishing among the Czech league's top scorers. In 2005, he came to Major League Soccer and the Chicago Fire. However, his season with the Fire was a disappointment, as he only scored three goals and left MLS to go back to his native Slovakia.

At the time of his signing by the Fire, Reiter was a current Slovak international, a rarity for European players in MLS. He had been capped 25 times for his country, scoring eight goals. Reiter was a regular during Slovakia's 2006 World Cup qualification campaign.

title: Ľubomír Reiter


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Talk:Sagnac interferometer

In its current state this article is incorrect. When a passive ring interferometer is used then a phase shift interference patterns is obtained. When a ring laser interferometer is used the interference pattern that can be obtained is a difference between two frequencies of laserlight, a beat frequency. The current article fails to make that distinction, instead characteristics of both types of interferometer are intermixed.

Correcting this article would result in duplicating information that is already present in the sagnac effect article and/or in the ring laser gyroscope article. Therefore I propose to merge anything useful into the Sagnac effect article, to change the current sagnac interferometer article to a redirect to the Sagnac effect articlel, and to change the links to sagnac interferometer into links to Sagnac effect  --Cleon Teunissen | Talk 15:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merged
I have replaced the stub with a redirect to the Sagnac effect article. I have checked the 'What links here' list, and I have adapted the links in articles that linked to the redirect. --Cleon Teunissen | Talk 11:03, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sagnac interferometer


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User:Jonan~enwiki

Profile
Name : Jonathan Fong Common Name : Jonan Gender : Male

title: User:Jonan~enwiki


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Albert Portas

Albert Portas Soy (, ; born 15 November 1973) is a Spanish former professional tennis player.

Career
Portas turned professional in 1994. He reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 19 in October 2001.

His only top-level singles title came at the 2001 Hamburg Masters tournament, in which his mastery of the drop shot (key to his defeat of Juan Carlos Ferrero in the final) earned him the nickname "Drop Shot Dragon". According to the BBC, Lleyton Hewitt said of Portas that "He sure hits a lot of drop shots, but he hits them so well, as well as anyone I have faced.". His final at Barcelona Open in 1997 was also very remarkable. En route to the final he defeated Gustavo Kuerten (eventual champion this same year of French Open), Marcelo Ríos, and Carlos Moyá, but lost in the final to Albert Costa. In 1999, Portas lost the final of San Marino defeated by his countryman Galo Blanco.

Immediately after his retirement from playing tennis in September 2007, Portas started coaching WTA player Daniela Hantuchová, who Portas coached from 2007–2012.

title: Albert Portas


text: User talk:65.33.193.205

title: User talk:65.33.193.205


text: User talk:203.26.24.213

title: User talk:203.26.24.213


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Talk:Outline of chemistry

Major rename proposal of certain "lists" to "outlines"
See Village pump (proposals).

The Transhumanist 01:18, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Rename proposal for this page and all the pages of the set this page belongs to
See the proposal at the Village pump

The Transhumanist 09:10, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Guidelines for outlines
Guidelines for the development of outlines are being drafted at Outlines.

Your input and feedback is welcomed and encouraged.

The Transhumanist 00:31, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

The "History of" section needs links!
Please add some relevant links to the history section.

Links can be found in the "History of" article for this subject, in the "History of" category for this subject, or in the corresponding navigation templates. Or you could search for topics on Google - most topics turn blue when added to Wikipedia as internal links.

The Transhumanist 00:31, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Do we need a list of Chemists?
Seems out of place. We could have "list of chemists" in see also at the bottom. H a l f Hat  11:29, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Quick explanation of Wikipedia outlines
"Outline" is short for "hierarchical outline". There are two types of outlines: sentence outlines (like those you made in school to plan a paper), and topic outlines (like the topical synopses that professors hand out at the beginning of a college course). Outlines on Wikipedia are primarily topic outlines that serve 2 main purposes: they provide taxonomical classification of subjects showing what topics belong to a subject and how they are related to each other (via their placement in the tree structure), and as subject-based tables of contents linked to topics in the encyclopedia. The hierarchy is maintained through the use of heading levels and indented bullets. See Outlines for a more in-depth explanation. The Transhumanist 00:04, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

အဘ်န
ိဘိည 2400:AC40:60B:45CE:3D89:7AAE:CE46:86AF (talk) 05:05, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Outline of chemistry


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Talk:The Fly (Mansfield)

Vfd
On April 5, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Short story: the fly for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 15:10, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Fly (Mansfield)


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Cerium(IV) oxide

Cerium(IV) oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceric dioxide, ceria, cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. It is a pale yellow-white powder with the chemical formula CeO2. It is an important commercial product and an intermediate in the purification of the element from the ores. The distinctive property of this material is its reversible conversion to a non-stoichiometric oxide.

Production
Cerium occurs naturally as oxides, always as a mixture with other rare-earth elements. Its principal ores are bastnaesite and monazite. After extraction of the metal ions into aqueous base, Ce is separated from that mixture by addition of an oxidant followed by adjustment of the pH. This step exploits the low solubility of CeO2 and the fact that other rare-earth elements resist oxidation.

Cerium(IV) oxide is formed by the calcination of cerium oxalate or cerium hydroxide.

Cerium also forms cerium(III) oxide,, which is unstable and will oxidize to cerium(IV) oxide.

Structure and defect behavior
Cerium oxide adopts the fluorite structure, space group Fm3 m, #225 containing 8-coordinate Ce4+ and 4-coordinate O2−. At high temperatures it releases oxygen to give a non-stoichiometric, anion deficient form that retains the fluorite lattice. This material has the formula CeO(2−x), where 0 < x < 0.28. The value of x depends on both the temperature, surface termination and the oxygen partial pressure. The equation
 * $$\frac{x}{0.35 - x} = \left(\frac{106\,000\text{ Pa}}{P_{\mathrm{O}_2}}\right)^{0.217} \exp\left( \frac{-195.6\text{ kJ/mol}}{RT} \right)$$

has been shown to predict the equilibrium non-stoichiometry x over a wide range of oxygen partial pressures (103–10−4 Pa) and temperatures (1000–1900 °C).

The non-stoichiometric form has a blue to black color, and exhibits both ionic and electronic conduction with ionic being the most significant at temperatures > 500 °C.

The number of oxygen vacancies is frequently measured by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the ratio of to.

Defect chemistry
In the most stable fluorite phase of ceria, it exhibits several defects depending on partial pressure of oxygen or stress state of the material.

The primary defects of concern are oxygen vacancies and small polarons (electrons localized on cerium cations). Increasing the concentration of oxygen defects increases the diffusion rate of oxide anions in the lattice as reflected in an increase in ionic conductivity. These factors give ceria favorable performance in applications as a solid electrolyte in solid-oxide fuel cells. Undoped and doped ceria also exhibit high electronic conductivity at low partial pressures of oxygen due to reduction of the cerium ion leading to the formation of small polarons. Since the oxygen atoms in a ceria crystal occur in planes, diffusion of these anions is facile. The diffusion rate increases as the defect concentration increases.

The presence of oxygen vacancies at terminating ceria planes governs the energetics of ceria interactions with adsorbate molecules, and its wettability. Controlling such surface interactions is key to harnessing ceria in catalytic applications.

Natural occurrence
Cerium(IV) oxide occurs naturally as the mineral cerianite-(Ce). It is a rare example of tetravalent cerium mineral, the other examples being stetindite-(Ce) and dyrnaesite-(La). The "-(Ce)" suffix is known as Levinson modifier and is used to show which element dominates in a particular site in the structure. It is often found in names of minerals bearing rare earth elements (REEs). Occurrence of cerianite-(Ce) is related to some examples of cerium anomaly, where Ce - which is oxidized easily - is separated from other REEs that remain trivalent and thus fit to structures of other minerals than cerianite-(Ce).

Applications
Cerium has two main applications, which are listed below.

The principal industrial application of ceria is for polishing, especially chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP). For this purpose, it has displaced many other oxides that were previously used, such as iron oxide and zirconia. For hobbyists, it is also known as "opticians' rouge".

In its other main application, CeO2 is used to decolorize glass. It functions by converting green-tinted ferrous impurities to nearly colorless ferric oxides.

Catalysis
CeO2 has attracted much attention in the area of heterogeneous catalysis. It catalyses the water-gas shift reaction. It oxidizes carbon monoxide. Its reduced derivative Ce2O3 reduces water, with release of hydrogen.

The interconvertibility of CeOx materials is the basis of the use of ceria for an oxidation catalyst. One small but illustrative use is its use in the walls of self-cleaning ovens as a hydrocarbon oxidation catalyst during the high-temperature cleaning process. Another small scale but famous example is its role in oxidation of natural gas in gas mantles.

Building on its distinct surface interactions, ceria finds further use as a sensor in catalytic converters in automotive applications, controlling the air-exhaust ratio to reduce NOx and carbon monoxide emissions.

Energy & fuels
Due to the significant ionic and electronic conduction of cerium oxide, it is well suited to be used as a mixed conductor. As such, cerium oxide is a material of interest for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) in comparison to zirconium oxide.

Thermochemically, the cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle or CeO2/Ce2O3 cycle is a two-step water splitting process that has been used for hydrogen production. Because it leverages the oxygen vacancies between systems, this allows ceria in water to form hydroxyl (OH) groups. The hydroxyl groups can then be released as oxygen oxidizes, thus providing a source of clean energy.

Optics
Cerium oxide is highly valued in the optics industry for its exceptional polishing capabilities. It effectively removes minor scratches and imperfections from glass surfaces through both mechanical abrasion and chemical interaction, producing a smooth, high-gloss finish. Cerium oxide can also enhance the durability of optical surfaces by forming a protective layer that increases resistance to scratches and environmental wear.

Cerium oxide has also found use in infrared filters and as a replacement for thorium dioxide in incandescent mantles

Welding
Cerium oxide is used as an addition to tungsten electrodes for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. It provides advantages over pure Tungsten electrodes such as reducing electrode consumption rate and easier arc starting & stability. Ceria electrodes were first introduced in the US market in 1987, and are useful in AC, DC Electrode Positive, and DC Electrode Negative.

Safety aspects
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) have been investigated for their antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Nanoceria is a prospective replacement of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in sunscreens, as it has lower photocatalytic activity.

title: Cerium(IV) oxide


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Talk:Yhi

Dose anyone have any information on Yhi??? PLease email me at chshoops07@yahoo.com The text looks like a copy of the Yhi article at the Encyclopedia Mythica site with only some minor changes.

Dubious
1. Per my understanding, Indigenous Australian beliefs in the Dreaming do not involve "gods" in the Western sense (they aren't invoked/prayed to), but Ancestral Beings who transformed into various things.

2. The article cites what looks like a non-encyclopedic/non-professional source. It is likely based on A. W. Reed's retelling of various Aboriginal stories (see - however, this retelling is dubious, as A. W. Reed's retellings have quite the touch of his imagination and appear to be rather heavily Westernised. For example, his re-telling of the Yuwalayaay story of "Beereeun the Mirage Maker" adds the character of Biame, who is not present in the original narrative, and changes the ending significantly (e.g. the reason parakeets are green) - see this link. I would be interested to read the stories about Yhi which A.W. Reed based his retelling on (he is known for re-telling stories collected by other people) --Corsican Warrah (talk to me) 10:09, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yhi


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Talk:Ernő Gerő

Proposed merge of Gerő interregnum material
For my part, I agree. Both pages are very short: the Gerő interregnum article would fit well as a section of Ernő Gerő. The Gerő interregnum could then redirect to here. But, beware, the Gerő interregnum page is a member of at least one significant category, which would need to be preserved. I will, therefpre, leave this to a more experienced Wikipedia editor than I to perform. TheAMmollusc (talk) 12:07, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: works by Johanna Granville. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and according to fair use may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 11:01, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ernő Gerő


text: User talk:207.63.215.24

title: User talk:207.63.215.24


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Elymas

Elymas (Ἐλύμας; c. 1st century AD), also known as Bar-Jesus (Βαριησοῦς, Bar-Shuma, Bariesu), is a Jew described in the Acts of the Apostles, chapter 13, in the New Testament. He is referred to as a mágos (μάγος), which the King James Bible translates as "sorcerer" and false prophet (ψευδοπροφήτης).

In the Bible
In Acts 13, Paul the Apostle and Barnabas travel to the city of Paphos in Cyprus, where the Roman Proconsul, Sergius Paulus, wishes to hear them speak about Jesus. Elymas, described as a false prophet and a sorcerer, opposes them, whereupon Paul (who is here referred to for the first time by his Roman name) announces that God intends to make Elymas temporarily blind. A cloud of darkness immediately begins blocking his sight; after this, Sergius Paulus is converted to Christianity.

According to The Golden Legend, Elymas later stirred up a riot of Jews and pagans in Salamina (Salamis) against Barnabas, resulting in his death.

Name
Acts 13:8 says, "Elymas the mágos (for so his name is translated) opposed them". "Elymas" is possibly derived from the Arabic ‘alīm "learned" or "wise", and may be used to translate mágos. Bar-Jesus means "Son of Joshua" or "Son of Jesus" in Aramaic.

Cultural influence
"Elymas the Sorcerer Struck with Blindness" is the title of a famous cartoon by Raphael, which served as the inspiration for woven tapestries in the Vatican.

title: Elymas