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Talk:Gulf War oil spill

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ees129.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:50, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I think it would be better NPOV if the cause of the spill were attributed to the Iraqi regime. There is no reason to pretend uncertainty on this issue.NeonGeniuses 23:42, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes there is. The only reports on who was responsible come from the U.S. army during wartime. More notorious liars cannot be found. Also, they later admitted that a significant portion of the spilling was due to U.S. bombing. There are also credible reports that the oil fires were caused by American bombing, which the U.S. also blamed on the Iraqis. There are Iraqi denials available of the latter, anyway. These at least cast some clouds that I think, in these murky waters, deserve mention, barring a better investigation (which may never happen, unless some crackerjack reporter gets on this). Graft 01:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * "More notorious liars cannot be found."

 * I concur the US State and military forces are, to say the least, less than honest. However, portraying them as the worse there is, that I cannot agree with.  For a farcical example, consider Bagdad Bob, the Information Minister in the more recent war.  For a more serious example, consider say State and armed forces of a wide range of countries, such as Saudia Arabia, Russia, China, etc.  Toby Douglass (talk) 13:04, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * In fact, now I think more about this, dispuing the Iraq Army caused this seems to me to approach a conspiracy theory. The US Army had no motive to cause these oil spills; it did them no good.  I could believe some spillage occurred as a byproduct of air raids, but I don't believe that many hundreds of millions of barrels of spillage occurred *or could have occurred* that way.  Toby Douglass (talk) 14:59, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

What you happened to 'think' is irrelevant. Since their is no conclusive evidence one way or another both points of view should be included. It is up to readers to make up their own mind not simply be told what you 'think'. It is also irrelevant who is a bigger liar. Neither party can be considered a trusted source of information. TomRennell (talk) 15:48, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

NPOV of Enviornmental Claims
"The spill did little long-term damage. About half the oil evaporated, a million barrels were recovered and 2 million to 3 million barrels washed ashore, mainly in Saudi Arabia."

A cursory glance at actual research on this subject (I couldn't find the UNESCO report mentioned in the NYT article) suggests that this is a gloss at best. Perhaps we can add something more neutral here (like "Experts disagree about the lasting environmental impact of this oil spill.") and then direct people to some actual research on the subject in the footnotes. (e.g. http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil_Fak_III/Geographie/phygeo/downloads/barthcoast.pdf or 161.252.8.203:8000/localfiles/kisr/isd/isdpub/013.pdf )  As it stands, "The spill did little long-term damage" is a ridiculous statement. However, even though I couldn't find any support for this claim, I wil settle for something neutral followed by links to legitimate research. And I would suggest that, in the future, a six sentence article from the NYT with no references is not sufficient backing for such a dramatic claim...

thanks -- BloodyBlackPudding —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.170.80.131 (talk) 22:49, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes - I too found this hard to believe. 450 million tons of oil and "little harm was done"?  Toby Douglass (talk) 13:04, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You're off by a factor of around 10^3. No-one knows the exact amount but 450,000 tonnes is probably close.   And a lot of harm was done although it may be true that relatively little long-term damage was done.  The Arabian/Persian Gulf has been subjected to numerous natural oil seepages for millennia or longer - that's where all the Saudi oil is as well as Kuwait and Iraq and most of Iran's - and there is a measure of natural recovery.Cross Reference (talk) 23:11, 12 January 2021 (UTC)

=5 inches thick?= If one looks at oil spill, 5 inches would be much much thicker than the scale they use on that page. --Shanedidona (talk) 01:40, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Pictures
This would be much better if there was a gallery of photos relating to the spill and maybe the chart shown here. If I have time I will try to do this myself, but life is pretty busy right now.

-timothymh, who is definitely not a bunny. Or a hippopotamus. I <3 Wikipedia! 22:27, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Largest oil spill?
This article calls the Gulf War oil spill the "largest oil spill in history," while the article on oil spills lists the Lakeview Gusher as the largest. Which is correct? -- 71.126.248.149 (talk) 14:23, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

 * All the references backing up statements from the Lakeview Gusher spill are offline, so I for one can't compare them to the sources for this spill. But I will assume good faith and assume the Gusher spill is the larger. I'll reword this article accordingly. Freikorp (talk) 00:17, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Upcoming Edits
Hi, I am soon planning on posting extensive edits on this article. I am going to add new sections to the article touching on the spill's background, the spill itself, the clean-up efforts on the spill, and finally on the political and economic impacts of the spill. Much of The Spill section is going to contain information that is currently in the Lead and environmental impacts sections of the article that I feel would fit better in its own section. The other new sections will have new information about the spill in order to fill content gaps in the article and to more extensively cover the spill. I also plan to rewrite some of the environmental impacts section in order to reduce the amount of block quotes used in the article and will add more information about research studies done on the spill. Finally, I am going to rewrite some of the Lead to reflect the new information I am adding, and I will add some images to flesh out the article. Feel free to see annotations on the sources I will be using here. Ees129 (talk) 03:37, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

The oil spill was caused by allied bombing.
The Gulf War oil spill was caused by allied forces bombing docked Iraqi oil tankers. The whole 'deliberate oil spill' story was simply cover for that. History is written by Washington. This is why Wikipedia is totally unreliable regarding anything regarding warfare. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 51.148.151.252 (talk) 11:47, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gulf War oil spill


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Dictyate

The dictyate or dictyotene is a prolonged resting phase in oogenesis. It occurs in the stage of meiotic prophase I in ootidogenesis. It starts late in fetal life and is terminated shortly before ovulation by the LH surge. Thus, although the majority of oocytes are produced in female fetuses before birth, these pre-eggs remain arrested in the dictyate stage until puberty commences and the cells complete ootidogenesis.

In both mouse and human, oocyte DNA of older individuals has substantially more double-strand breaks than that of younger individuals.

The dictyate appears to be an adaptation for efficiently removing damages in germ line DNA by homologous recombinational repair. Prophase arrested oocytes have a high capability for efficient repair of DNA damages. DNA repair capability appears to be a key quality control mechanism in the female germ line and a critical determinant of fertility.

Translation halt
There are a lot of mRNAs that have been transcribed but not translated during dictyate. Shortly before ovulation, the oocyte of interest activates these mRNA strains.

Biochemistry mechanism
Translation of mRNA in dictyate is partly explained by molecules binding to sites on the mRNA strain, which results in that initiation factors of translation can not bind to that site. Two such molecules, that impedes initiation factors, are CPEB and maskin, which bind to CPE (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element). When these two molecules remain together, then maskin binds the initiation factor eIF-4E, and thus eIF4E can no longer interact with the other initiation factors and no translation occurs. On the other hand, dissolution of the CPEB/maskin complex leads to eIF-4E binding to the initiation factor eIF-4G, and thus translation starts, which contributes to the end of dictyate and further maturation of the oocyte.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dictyate


text:
Tsvety

Tsvety (Цветы) is a Soviet and Russian rock band that, according to Itogi magazine, "started all Russian alternative culture". It was one of the first bands to introduce rock music to the Soviet show business.

Established in 1969 by the frontman Stas Namin, releasing flexi discs throughout 1973 with the label Melodiya and sold over seven million copies. Their song "Happiness" was a hit in the USSR for 3 years in the 1980s.

After their successful tour in the USSR in 1974, the band dissolved in 1975 with a conflict with the Philharmonic Society, and with the banning of the band by the government. As a result, they changed their names to The Stas Namin Group in 1976, before changing back to its original name at the Perestroika period.

Foundation (1969—2009)
Stas Namin established Tsvety in 1969.

In 1973, The Flowers released flexis with producing company Melodiya overall seven million copies were sold, becoming a major hit in the USSR and went on its first professional tour.

The band dissolved in 1975, as a result of a conflict with the Philharmonic Society, and it was liquidated by a decree of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR, its name was banned. But in 1977, the band revived under the new name The Stas Namin Group. In 1978, the band went on tour while still being banned by all central mass media outlets.

In 1980, during the years of the Olympic Thaw, the band managed to release a solo album "Hymn to the Sun", and participate in a TV show, after that they were banned once again. The period of bans and persecution that lasted to the Perestroika period when the life of the band got much easier. They returned the name Tsvety and went on tour, performed abroad in the Western countries and completed a world tour in four years. In 1990, the band ceased its activities and, as a matter of fact, did not exist for the next almost ten years.

By the end of 1980s the Soviet monopolist record label Melodiya sold over sixty million copies of Tsvety records, but neither Stas Namin, nor the band members were paid out of this record sales. Namin wrote most of Tsvety songs. Many of them were banned, but those which were released became national hits. Their song "Happiness" was a hit in the USSR for 3 years in the 1980s, and even now it remains one of the most beloved songs for Russia and former Soviet Union.

Over fifty famous musicians started their careers with Tsvety. Gorky Park was also formed by Tsvety members, including Stas Namin in 1987.

Tsvety reunited in 1999 and celebrated their 30th anniversary with a big concert in Moscow, but did not return to show business. They participated in the productions of Hair, the Russian version of Jesus Christ Superstar, and other projects at The Stas Namin Music and Drama Theater. In 2009, the band celebrated again its 40th anniversary with a grand show with special guest-stars, and actively started the new creative life.

The modern period (2009—present)
Tsvety recorded two albums "The Best of Flowers" at the Abbey Road Studios, covering all of their songs from the 1970s and releasing their songs that are prohibited in 1980s.

On 6 March 2010 The Flowers celebrated their 40th anniversary in Moscow at Crocus City Hall. The Flowers anniversary show featured various ex-members of the band including Yury Fokin, Konstantin Nikolskiy, Vladimir Chugreyev, Alexander Slizunov, Vladimir Semyonov, Vladislav Petrovskiy, etc., friends of the band (Andrey Makarevich, Yury Shevchuk, Garik Sukachov, Nikolai Noskov, Alexander Marshal, Dmitry Revyakin, Julia Chicherina, Evgeniy Khavtan, Lyudmila Gurchenko, Oscar Feltsman, etc.), and even the choir representing the Children's Variety Theater, the chamber ensemble Moscow Soloists conducted by Yuri Bashmet, the soloist ensemble representing the Stas Namin Theater, representatives of different religious denominations and ethnic musicians from all over the world.

Thirty years after releasing the first (and actually the last) art album titled Hymn to the Sun (1980) the band recorded their new album Open Wide Your Window at the Abbey Road Studio in London. The record contained fifteen previously unreleased (due to strict censorship) songs but written mostly in 1980 with lyrics by 1960s poets as well as two new songs by Namin – Hymn to Today's Heroes and Window to Freedom.

In 2013, they released two albums with the brand new songs – Homo Sapiens and Flower Power. In autumn 2014, Tsvety are planning their 45th anniversary tour that includes 45 cities in Russia, and in 2015 – a world tour. That will be a farewell tour of the legendary rock-band.

title: Tsvety


text:
2000 Republican National Convention

The 2000 Republican National Convention convened at the First Union Center (now the Wells Fargo Center) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from July 31 to August 3, 2000. The 2,066 delegates assembled at the convention nominated Texas Governor George W. Bush for president and former U.S. Secretary of Defense Richard B. "Dick" Cheney for vice president.

Background
Bush, eldest son of the 41st president, was identified early as the party establishment's frontrunner and turned back a strong primary challenge from John McCain, a Vietnam War veteran and U.S. Senator from Arizona. At the convention, the party and campaign sought to showcase Bush's slogan of compassionate conservatism to persuade undecided voters.

Roll call vote
Instead of holding the roll call of states on one night, the Bush campaign arranged for the voting to take place over four nights, so that Bush would eventually build up support throughout the week, culminating with Cheney's home state of Wyoming finally putting him over the top on the final night. There were few defections, despite a large contingent of delegates having been elected to support McCain, who formally released them to Bush.

The convention then voted by acclamation to make the convention nomination unanimous. Cheney's nomination as vice president had also been approved by acclamation on Wednesday night, so Cheney could address the convention later that night as the official nominee.

Cheney's acceptance speech
Cheney's convention address was the first to include sustained attacks on Vice President Al Gore, the presumptive Democratic nominee—whereas most of the speakers who came before him criticized the vice president only briefly, or without mentioning his name. (This was part of the Bush campaign's strategy to "change the tone" in national politics by moving beyond the division and bitterness of recent partisan discourse.) Cheney, however, was given latitude to lob various direct attacks on Clinton and Gore, and even reprised a line that Gore had used in his 1992 convention address attacking the first President Bush: "It is time for them to go."

This was the first vice-presidential acceptance speech in recent memory to be held the night before the presidential nominee's address. The standard practice at the time was for both nominees to give their speeches the same night. Cheney's speech began a tradition of vice-presidential nominees headlining their own night at the convention; two weeks later, at the Democratic convention, that party's vice-presidential nominee, Joe Lieberman, also spoke on the third night as opposed to the final night.

Bush's acceptance speech
In his speech, Bush attacked the Clinton administration on defense and military topics, high taxes, underfunded schools, high pollution, and a lack of dignity and respect for the presidency. He attacked Clinton's military policies, claiming that American troops were "not ready for duty, sir." He also claimed the Clinton administration had failed to provide leadership, saying, "They've had their chance. They have not led. We will."

July 31

 * Colin Powell, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 * Elaine Chao, former president of the United Way of America married to U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell from Kentucky

August 1

 * John McCain, U.S. Senator from Arizona
 * Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., retired general and allied commander during the 1991 Persian Gulf War
 * Bob Dole, former U.S. Senator from Kansas and 1996 Republican presidential nominee
 * George Pataki, Governor of New York
 * Condoleezza Rice, professor of political science and former provost of Stanford University
 * Laura Bush, First Lady of Texas under her husband George W. Bush
 * Elizabeth Dole, former Secretary of Labor married to former Republican presidential candidate Bob Dole.

August 2

 * Lynne Cheney, former chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities married to Dick Cheney
 * Vice presidential nominee Dick Cheney, former U.S. Secretary of Defense

August 3

 * Tom Ridge, governor of Pennsylvania
 * Presidential nominee George W. Bush, governor of Texas

Other attendees

 * Henry Bonilla
 * Barbara Bush (Former First Lady)
 * George H. W. Bush (Former President)
 * George P. Bush (Son of George W.'s brother, Jeb Bush, Governor from Florida)
 * Andrew Card (Former United States Secretary of Transportation)
 * Robert Conrad
 * Bo Derek
 * Jennifer Dunn
 * Gerald Ford (Former President)
 * Bill Frist (Senator from Tennessee)
 * Chuck Hagel (Senator from Nebraska)
 * Melissa Hart (Congresswoman from Pennsylvania)
 * Dennis Hastert (Speaker of the United States House of Representatives)
 * Dwayne Johnson (The Rock)
 * Lorrie Morgan (country music recording artist)
 * Trent Lott (Senate Majority Leader)
 * Sue Myrick
 * Jim Nicholson (RNC Chairman)
 * Nancy Reagan (Former First Lady)
 * Richard J. Riordan
 * Rick Schroder
 * Ben Stein
 * Connie Stevens
 * Tommy Thompson (Governor of Wisconsin)
 * Tom Patrick Waring (Editor of the Northeast Times)
 * J.C. Watts
 * Hank Williams Jr.
 * Bruce Willis (Actor)
 * Steve Young

Public reception
In July 1999, the LGBT+ community of Philadelphia held two protests on July 29 and 30. They did this in objection to Philadelphia hosting the Republican National Convention. The protests resulted in the arrest of over 300 people.

The initial protest was not target to the Republican Party specifically, rather, it was a call to change from both Republican and Democratic parties. The protesters felt that both political parties for the most part, ignored the needs and issues surrounding the LGBT community.

title: 2000 Republican National Convention


text: User talk:216.78.49.167

title: User talk:216.78.49.167


text:
François Le Fort (admiral)

François Jacques Le Fort also spelled Lefort (Франц Яковлевич Лефорт, tr. Frants Yakovlevich Lefort; January 2(12), 1656 – March 2(12), 1699) was a  Genevan-born Russian military figure of Huguenot origin, general admiral (1695), and close associate of Tsar Peter the Great.

François Le Fort, born in Geneva, came from a merchant family. He began his military career in the Dutch army. In 1675 Le Fort arrived in Archangelsk in the company of the Prussian Colonel Jacob van Frosten in order to find employment with the Russian army. In February 1676 he came to Moscow, but military officials turned him down. The Posolsky Prikaz listed him as a visiting foreigner. Le Fort settled in the so-called Nemetskaya sloboda in Moscow, where he would gain respect among other distinguished foreigners. In July 1678 he once again applied for service in the tsarist army. Accepted with the rank of captain, Le Fort then went to one of the fronts during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676–1681. In early 1679 he was ordered to join the Kiev garrison under the command of Prince Vasily Golitsyn and General Patrick Gordon. Upon his return to Moscow from a short trip to Geneva in 1683, Le Fort carried out various diplomatic assignments until the fall of 1685.

Le Fort's house gradually turned into a main attraction of the Nemetskaya sloboda, attended not only by locals, but by Russian noblemen, such as the Golitsyns. It appears that Le Fort utilized his connections with the latter and received rapid promotion.

In 1687 and 1689 he took part in two unsuccessful Crimean campaigns. Peter the Great became a frequent guest in Le Fort's house from 1690. Le Fort was one of the principal organizers and participators in Peter's military games, which would pave the way for his career advancement. In 1690 Le Fort was promoted to the rank of major general. He then became lieutenant general (1691) and general (1693). In 1692 Peter I funded the construction of a large reception hall for 1,500 people, which formed an extension to Le Fort's house. This hall hosted administrative meetings and Peter's parties. Le Fort's partying soon became infamous, with noble guests such as Peter I of Russia in usual attendance. They together would form one of the first mock religions, The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters, which earned notable criticism from both the Russian Orthodox Church, as well as the Roman Catholic Church for its routine mockery of their proceedings.

In 1691 Le Fort was put in charge of a regiment and assigned a training ground on the left bank of the Yauza River. Peter ordered the construction of a sloboda for this purpose, which would later be called Lefortovskaya sloboda (the Lefort quarter, present-day Lefortovo in Moscow's South-Eastern Administrative Okrug). In 1693–1694 Lefort accompanied Peter on his trip to Arkhangelsk. In 1694 he participated in Peter's "play" Kozhukhov campaign (a military game in the village of Kozhukhovo, between Moscow and Kolomenskoye).

During the Azov campaigns of 1695–1696 Le Fort was in charge of the Imperial Russian Navy. His return from the war was marked with a solemn parade through Moscow to his "native" Nemetskaya sloboda and subsequent festivities. Lefort was awarded a title of governor (наместник, or namestnik) of Novgorod and estates in two uyezds.

In 1696 Le Fort together with Fedor Golovin and Prokopy Voznitsyn took official charge of Peter's Grand Embassy, a Russian diplomatic mission to Western Europe. Upon his return to Moscow in 1698 he took part in the trial of the Streltsy rebels. That same year he moved to a custom-built palace, later known as the Lefortovsky Palace, on the Yauza River. The palace would soon become a center of Russian political and royal life in 1698–1699. Peter the Great used to hold all his important meetings and numerous celebrations in Le Fort's palace.

François Le Fort died in Moscow in early March 1699. Upon hearing the news of his death, Tsar Peter lamented "Now I am alone without one trusty man. He alone was faithful to me. Whom can I confide in now?" On March 21 Peter held Lefort's state funeral, a ceremony second only to the funerals of Tsars or Patriarchs. Le Fort lies buried in the Vvedenskoye Cemetery in Lefortovo.

The Russian 84-gun ship-of-the-line Lefort (launched 1835, shipwrecked 1857) was named in honor of Lefort, as was Lefortovo Prison and Lefortovo District.

title: François Le Fort (admiral)


text:
Train ferry

A train ferry is a ship (ferry) designed to carry railway vehicles. Typically, one level of the ship is fitted with railway tracks, and the vessel has a door at the front and/or rear to give access to the wharves. In the United States, train ferries are sometimes referred to as "car ferries", as distinguished from "auto ferries" used to transport automobiles. The wharf (sometimes called a "slip") has a ramp, and a linkspan or "apron", balanced by weights, that connects the railway proper to the ship, allowing for tidal or seasonal changes in water level.

While railway vehicles can be and are shipped on the decks or in the holds of ordinary ships, purpose-built train ferries can be quickly loaded and unloaded by roll-on/roll-off, especially as several vehicles can be loaded or unloaded at once. A train ferry that is a barge is called a car float or rail barge.

History
An early train ferry was established as early as 1833 by the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway. To extend the line over the Forth and Clyde Canal in Scotland, the company began operating a wagon ferry to transport the rolling stock over the canal. In April 1836, the first railroad car ferry in the U.S., Susquehanna, entered service on the Susquehanna River between Havre de Grace and Perryville, Maryland.

The first modern train ferry was Leviathan, built in 1849. The Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway was formed in 1842 and the company wished to extend the East Coast Main Line further north to Dundee and Aberdeen. As bridge technology was not yet capable enough to provide adequate support for the crossing over the Firth of Forth, which was roughly 5 mi across, a different solution had to be found, primarily for the transport of goods, where efficiency was key.

The company hired the up-and-coming civil engineer Thomas Bouch who argued for a train ferry with an efficient roll-on roll-off mechanism to maximise the efficiency of the system. Custom-built ferries were to be built, with railway lines and matching harbour facilities at both ends to allow the rolling stock to easily drive on and off the boat. To compensate for the changing tides, adjustable ramps were positioned at the harbours and the gantry structure height was varied by moving it along the slipway. The wagons were loaded on and off with the use of stationary steam engines.

Although others had had similar ideas, it was Bouch who first put them into effect, and did so with an attention to detail (such as design of the ferry slip). This led a subsequent President of the Institution of Civil Engineers to settle any dispute over priority of invention with the observation that "there was little merit in a simple conception of this kind, compared with a work practically carried out in all its details, and brought to perfection."

The company was persuaded to install this train ferry service for the transportation of goods wagons across the Firth of Forth from Burntisland in Fife to Granton. The ferry itself was built by Thomas Grainger, a partner of the firm Grainger and Miller.

The service commenced on 3 February 1850. It was called "The Floating Railway" and intended as a temporary measure until the railway could build a bridge, but this was not opened until 1890, its construction delayed in part by repercussions from the catastrophic failure of Thomas Bouch's Tay Rail Bridge.

The largest train ferry ever built is MS Skåne on the Trelleborg-Rostock route, built in 1998, 200 m long, 29 m wide, with six tracks plus two on an elevator to the lower deck, having a total length of track of 1,110 m.

Between 1869 and 1976, train ferries also existed on Lake Constance. The Lake Constance train ferries linked lakeside railway stations in Austria (Bregenz), Germany (Friedrichshafen Hafen, Konstanz, Lindau-Insel) and Switzerland (Romanshorn).

Hazards
Train ferries rarely sink because of sea hazards, although they have some weaknesses linked to the very nature of transporting trains "on rail" on a ship.

These weaknesses include:

 * Trains are loaded at a rather high level, making the ship top-heavy. (Although modern train ferries often have truck decks above the train deck, making them less top-heavy)
 * The train deck is difficult to compartmentalise, so that sloshing flood water can destabilize the ship. However, train ferries are often built as "large barges", partly with open train deck, with the superstructure above, meaning the water will pour out into the sea again. Car ferries, on the other hand, usually have "normal hulls" with "holes" in them for loading; this design retains sloshing flood water within the ship
 * The sea doors where the trains go in and out are a weakness, even if placed at the rear of the ship.
 * The train carriages need to be strongly secured lest they break away and roll around, particularly on long, open-water routes. (The brakes are normally put on on long open-water routes)

The Ann Arbor Railroad of Michigan developed a system of making cars secure that was adopted by many other lines. Screw jacks were placed on the corners of the railcar and the car was raised slightly to take its weight off its wheels. Chains and turnbuckles were placed around the car frame and hooked onto the rails and tightened. Clamps were placed behind the wheels on the rails. Deckhands engaged in continual inspection and tightening of the gear during the crossing. This system effectively held the cars in place when the ship encountered rough weather.

Some accidents have occurred at the slip during loading, when stability can be a major problem. Train ferries often list when heavy cars are loaded onto a track on one side while the other side is empty. Normal procedure was to load half of a track on one side, all of the track on the other side, and then the rest of the original track. If this procedure was not followed, results could be disastrous. In 1909, SS Ann Arbor No. 4 capsized in its slip in Manistique, Michigan when a switching crew put eight cars of iron ore on its portside tracks. The crew got off without loss of life, but salvage operations were costly and time-consuming.

The Japanese train ferry Toya Maru sank during Typhoon Marie on 26 September 1954, killing more than a thousand. Four other train ferries, Seikan maru No.11, Kitami Maru, Tokachi Maru and Hidaka Maru also sank on that day; the loss appeared to be of about 1,430 people.

At the time, Japanese train ferries did not have a rear seagate, because engineers believed that in-rushing water would simply flow out again quickly and would not pose a danger. However, when the frequency of waves bears the wrong relationship to the length of a ship, each wave arrives as the water from the previous wave is trying to leave, causing water to accumulate on the ship. After the accidents, all Japanese train ferries were retrofitted with rear seagates and weather forecast technology was greatly promoted.

The Norwegian train ferry Skagerrak built in 1965, sank in gale-force winds on 7 September 1966, on a journey between Kristiansand, Norway, and Hirtshals, Denmark, when the rear seagate was destroyed by heavy seas. One person subsequently died of injuries, and six freight cars and a number of automobiles sank to the bottom with the ship.

The Canadian train ferry MV Patrick Morris sank on 20 April 1970, while assisting in a search-and-rescue operation for a sinking fishing trawler (MFV Enterprise) off the northeast coast of Cape Breton Island. The ferry was trying to maintain position to retrieve a body when its stern gates were overpowered by 30 ft waves. It sank within 30 minutes taking several rail cars and 4 crew members, including the Captain, to the bottom of the Cabot Strait. There were 47 survivors.

Several train ferries, including SS Milwaukee (1902), SS Pere Marquette 18, and SS Marquette & Bessemer No. 2, have been lost on the Great Lakes. These losses, though causes remain unconfirmed, were attributed to seas boarding the unprotected stern of the ship and swamping it in a severe storm. As a result, seagates were required on all new ships and required to be retrofitted on older vessels. In addition, two wooden cross-lake railroad ferries caught fire and burned.

Current services
Many train ferry services ceased their operations around the world. There are several services that are still in use in Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Germany, Georgia, Iran, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Russia, Sweden, Tanzania, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, and United States. Some of these are RORO train ferries that carry passenger trains. Some are for freight transportation only.

title: Train ferry


text:
User talk:Johnnyw

I will always reply to messages on this page unless the conversation was started somewhere else. To start a new topic or leave a comment, click here.

Image:Tool lateralus lines syllabels fibonacci.png
I noticed you tagged Image:Tool lateralus lines syllabels fibonacci.png for deletion. Just letting you know that this image can be tagged for speedy deletion under GC7. All you have to do is add Db-author to the page. Hope this helps.-Andrew c 15:16, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah nice! Thanks, I was a bit in a hurry and was looking for exactly that template but couldn't find it. =) Johnny  w   talk  17:28, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Tool Videos -- Animation
You might want to look into whether or not ALL Tool videos except for "Hush" contain stop animation. I recently watched the video for "Stinkfist," and if there was any stop motion animation, it was not very evident. Also, if I recall there was very little, or maybe no stop motion in the video for "Scism" as well, but it's been a while since I saw that one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.241.194.254 (talk • contribs)
 * Thank you, I'll look into that right now. Johnny  w   talk  10:26, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, after looking at the

 * "Stinkfist" video, there seems to be some examples, like the scene with the arm growing out of the wall, pointing at one of the characters.. but the name a 3rd party source, look here: "Take, for example, Jones' latest, startling clip for Tool's "Stinkfist", currently in heavy rotation on MTV. Using a mixture of complex stop-action animation and gnarly live-action figures, Jones constructs an alternate universe populated by crazed sand-people who swallow nails and suck on fat tubes and wires."
 * "Schism" video.... well, how do you think that little guy inside one of the characters was made?
 * I hope you agree with my observations, and thanks again for giving me s.th. to ponder about. Best wishes! Johnny  w   talk  10:48, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with the observations. I think the key word is "contain", which means it could have 2 frames of stop animation and that makes it acceptable. If people are going to confuse this with meaning the entire video is stop animation, maybe we should think of a different word. Wikidan829 13:24, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I rephrased the bits, I think this should prevent future misconceptions :) Johnny  w   talk  17:28, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * After re-reading whatever changes you made, it does make more sense now. I don't remember what the original text said, but it lead me to believe that the animation of all of their videos was on par with Sober and Prison Sex, which are entirely stop motion. BTW, have you seen them live? Catch them on this tour, if you can...they are amazing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.241.194.254 (talk • contribs)
 * OK, I am glad the changes fit. And yes, I've seen them last year, but was disappointed: the location sucked, people weren't even all in when they started to play (they started at 9.00 sharp, there was no opening act), the setlist didn't last 90 minutes and they messed up a couple of times in my favorite songs (like Lateralus), and it cost a proud 45€. I did get goosebumps at some songs though that are very close to me. Worse is probably, that I actually (by many circumstances) missed out on seeing them in 2001, it was a conscious decision not to go, and it was probably one of the dumbest things I've ever done (which is also a good sign in some way). Maybe I'll go and see them at lowlands (if cash permits). Johnny  w   talk  10:33, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Re: Tool at FAC
Hey Dave! I will be submitting Tool to FAC tonight or tomorrow. It would be insane /awesome/ a waste of time / disturbingly unpleasant /appreciated if you could help me out getting this article to FA status. Since I will be moving from Barcelona back to Berlin on Wednesday, I will most probably be very grateful for any spare minute you could spend on addressing any of the objections that the article will encounter. As soon as the article is listed, I'll post a talk topic at the Tool talk page. Thanks in advance, of course I will return the favor whenever you're in need. Johnny w   talk  19:24, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Sure Johnny, I'd be happy to help. If there are any issues right now that you want me to take care of, I should have a few hours later tonight to devote to it.  Other than that, I'll go through and tighten the prose where I can and that sort of thing.
 * I noticed the peer review this morning. About the articles used from toolshed, how do we go about finding ISSN numbers for them?  The reviewer raised a good point, but A)I wonder if it is a copyright vio, since the entire magazine isn't being reproduced just an article and B) It's a lot easier to point a reader to a URL where the article is than asking them to find it offline.
 * But, whatever I guess, I'll do what i can to get it to FAC with ya! Thanks again for your hard work on it. daveh4h 20:18, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, I tried pretty hard to find the ISSN. Mostly, where we used the tdn transcripts, the articles were out of print, which probably means bad luck. I think we'll have to wait what the FAC people think about this (I mentioned it in the nomination) before changing the citations again... unless we find some current sources with ISSN, which we could use to replace the older ones. One way would be to google for "10,000 words" and look on the first page for the website with Tool articles. Don't want to link directly since it's most probably a copy-vio. There you will find some stuff to read, if you like ;) And besides that, any double-checking the prose would be cool! Johnny  w   talk  20:34, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks like they gave us some things to work on at FAC today, I will probably have some time to work on this in a few hours...Just wanted to drop you a line. Cheers, daveh4h 13:07, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Let me know a couple days before hand if you re-nom. I'll probably see it on the article talk page if you want to just put it there.  I feel like a lot done through the nomination process though.  Nice work, Johnny.
 * Thanks for your work as well! Actually I don't really understand why the nomination was archived. Maybe it was the missing support? ..I'm thinking about asking.. Johnny  w   talk  09:35, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I missed this comment the last time Johnny, sorry. I enjoyed working on it, so no need for thanks there.  :-) I think it was archived based on the time it ran and that it failed to gain support...I lurked around FAC for a while after the last Tool FAC and that seems to be the custom.  daveh4h 02:25, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to get a picture released under the GFDL from Blair on toolband for the infobox. I found this in another editor's user space and used it to make the request.  I guess Blair would be the right person to email, I'm not sure.  Have you ever tried getting an image released through toolband.com?  c ya Later, daveh4h 05:29, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've tried it two one or two times, never received an answer. Also emailed Camella (Adam's wife), because she is taking most of the photos at the concerts, also w/o any response. Good luck anyways, hope you'll get through! Johnny  w   talk  09:35, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Hey Johnny, I've been super busy lately, and I have doubts that is going to change...But I think I will have some time to work on the Tool article between September 1-8. The 5th I'll be out of town though. I haven't had much time on here for a few weeks, and I'm hoping that will change. I don't think the article will need as much work as it did the first go, since you and I know what to expect a little more, but I will chip in as time permits. Still no response from blair btw. :-) See you at FAC! Take care, 02:25, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh crap, Johnny, I just saw the Tool FAC pop up on my watchlist..sorry I couldn't be around for this man, I really am. I have had time to pop in for a few minutes here and there but not much more.  It looks like the FAC is going well so I dunno if you even need anything but I'll run through it tomorrow if I get a chance.  When does the FAC close?  If you could, please answer on my talk so I don't forget to check here.  Sorry again man, I kinda forgot about it.  Tons of stuff going on lately.  daveh4h 04:24, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Just a heads up
As you may have noticed, is making a number of stoner rock related edits, some of which are tinkering with the definition of stoner rock / metal on the main article and genre articles and lists. I've asked him to seek consensus twice now (no reply or acknowledgement as yet), and reverted several edits. I don't yet feel he's being disruptive but we should keep an eye out. If he has some good ideas I'm ready to listen... Deiz talk 12:26, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads up Deiz, will keep my eyes open. Problem is I am moving from Barcelona back to Berlin so could be a bit distracted the next couple o' days. (Some very fine concerts up on Friday + Saturday: they probably heard I'd be coming back and in dire need for some down-tuned guitar meat ;) Johnny  w   talk  16:08, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Not fair, Seoul is entirely devoid of good meat.. Had a constructive response, SuperFopp seems to have some good ideas, hopefully he'll put something on the Stoner rock talk page. Deiz talk 00:01, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Smile!

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Re: Tool's FAC
When an editor cites 1a at an FAC, keep asking them for specific instances. They cannot object to this; if their objection is too vague, then it can be deemed invalid. When an editor cites 1a for an objection and doesn't elaborate much, it can be difficult to address. If you force their hand and have them point out specific instances though, then you can address them. Thus, you can keep asking for specific instances of awkward writing and then address them until their objection is no longer valid. LuciferMorgan 13:19, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Duh..... (I'm sure you know what I mean). Just ignore that user.  Raul is smart enough to see through it.  Good luck.  ♫ Cricket02 13:25, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Gwen Stefani's inclusion
Please see the discussion about her inclusion on the Wikiproject Rock music Talk page. Thank You! Indianescence 07:59, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

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Congrats
Congratulations on getting Tool to FA. You showed an insane amount of patience in a marathon FAC that could've been one of the longest in history. You're quite deserving of all the props you get. Well done. Grim (talk) 05:38, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you Grim! Especially for your comments and criticism; the article benefited a lot from the process and I can hardly express how glad I am, finally getting it to FA after first stumbling over the article some years ago.. I am so relieved. I promise to keep your comments in mind in the future, I appreciated it a lot, although you made me work overtime at times. ;) Johnny  w   talk  11:44, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

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Wikiproject Tool News
Maynard James Keenan has been nominated for GA and is currently on hold. It should be listed within the next couple of days. It has also been listed for peer review, and is planned for an FA nomination after a couple of reviews are completed. All help once the drive for FA begins is certainly appreciated!

In the meantime:

Thanks to everyone for all your hard work. The project is off to a great start!  Lara  ❤  Love  02:26, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

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WP:Wikiproject Tool update
A few updates in events: Thanks to everyone who has helped thus far. The project is still very new, but good progress is being made!  Lara  ❤  Love  03:59, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Maynard James Keenan has been listed for copy-edit at the WP:LoCE, however, the backlog is quite long. Therefore, if anyone has copy-editing skills, please go over the article. I would do it myself, but I've done quite a bit of work on the article and I am incapable of copy-editing my own work.
 * Maynard James Keenan discography has been worked back into the bio and has been determined to be redundant of the main discographies. It will most likely be deleted this week.
 * Devo Keenan has been created. I think this is a good opportunity for the project to get together and create a DYK entry. The article needs to be expanded and referenced. Hopefully this is possible. I've not yet looked to see how much information is available. Please take time to help with this, if you can. We have four days!!

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Salival
What about their "salival" album. It is listed on TOOL web site as part of their discography? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.195.84.248 (talk) 06:33, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Dear reader, Salival is listed in the Tool_discography. The Tool article itself only lists the studio albums. Salival is rather a box set, containing live versions and covers. Hope that clarifies things, Johnny  w   talk  17:17, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Tool's first album wasn't Undertow . ..
Tool's first album was Opiate. Just thought I'd throw that out there. It's my personal fave, though they're all great. Maybe we just have different definitions of it, or something. It only had like six songs on it and half of them were live. Just a big fan of the band and wanted to share that, in case you'd never heard it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.8.67.46 (talk) 11:18, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Hey thanks for your input. Well, Opiate was an EP, so technically the first album was Unterdow. It's still an awesome record though :) It's all in the article, if you read the "Early Days" section you'll see. Thanks again! Johnny  w   talk  13:48, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
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 * 1) Brad Davis (bassist) -

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Precious
Thanks Gerda, that's really nice of you! Funny thing is, although the article gained FA already a few years ago, I still meet people who talk to me about the article and the band and how interesting a read it is and then I can say: "I helped write that!" :) Johnny  w   talk  13:08, 21 October 2012 (UTC)
 * A year ago, you were the 268th recipient of my PumpkinSky Prize, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:12, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * ..and still grateful for this preciousss!:) Johnny  w   talk  12:47, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

  Tool

Thank you for your dedication and quality article Tool, and for being a Citizen of the World, - you are an awesome Wikipedian!

--Gerda Arendt (talk) 22:53, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Four years ago, you were recipient no. 268 of Precious, a prize of QAI! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:57, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

Five years now! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:59, 9 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks Gerda, still fondly looking back and appreciating all the work done by the community Johnny  w   talk  08:00, 8 August 2018 (UTC)
 * ... and seven! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:31, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

How to pick number of audio samples
Hello, I see you the editor who added the audio clips to Tool_(band). It looks like you have done a large amount of work on that article. Nice work! It is well done.

Would you have any thoughts or advice on how you chose which sample audio clips to use, and how many to use for the article? I see in the talk page history mentions of focusing on songs mentioned in the article, and including them in each section. Was there anything that made you choose four samples?

I am currently working on a music article and trying to figure out how to balance Mos music samples with WP:NFCCP#3 minimal use. I have posted on the talk page for MoS Music samples to ask for help. If you have any thoughts I would love to hear them.

Thanks! --Culix (talk) 04:16, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:49, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

File:Tool aenima cover dedication to hicks.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Tool aenima cover dedication to hicks.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 07:50, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnnyw


text:
Category:European Schools

 * A European School — is a type of international school set up, and run by the intergovernmental organisation, "The European Schools", which offers the bilingual European Baccalaureate as its secondary leaving diploma. Not to be confused with an Accredited European School.

title: Category:European Schools


text: Template:User hr

title: Template:User hr


text: User talk:4.62.138.134

title: User talk:4.62.138.134


text: Category:Mimes

title: Category:Mimes


text: Category:Canadian music by province or territory