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Eugenia Charles

Mary Eugenia Charles (15 May 1919 – 6 September 2005) was a Dominican politician who was Prime Minister of Dominica from 21 July 1980 until 14 June 1995. The first female lawyer in Dominica, she was Dominica's first, and to date only, female prime minister. She was the second female prime minister in the Caribbean after Lucina da Costa of the Netherlands Antilles. She was the first female in the Americas to be elected in her own right as head of government. She served for the second longest period of any Dominican prime minister, and was the world's fourth longest-serving female prime minister, behind Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh, Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka and Indira Gandhi of India.

She was also described as the "Iron Lady of the Caribbean."

Personal life
Eugenia Charles was born on 15 May 1919, in the fishing village of Pointe Michel in Saint Luke Parish, Dominica. She was the daughter of John Baptiste Charles and Josephine Charles ( Delauney), the youngest of four children. Her family was considered part of the "coloured bourgeoisie", descendants of free people of color. Her father was a mason who became a wealthy landowner and had business interests in export-import.

She attended the Convent High School in Roseau, Dominica, which was then the island's only girls' secondary school, and St Joseph's Convent in Grenada. Afterward Charles became interested in law while working at the colonial magistrate's court. She worked for many years as assistant to Alastair Forbes. Charles attended the University of Toronto in Canada, receiving her LL.B. in 1947. She then moved to the United Kingdom to attend the London School of Economics, where she earned her LL.M. in 1949. She was a member of the sorority Sigma Gamma Rho. She trained as a barrister at the Inner Temple and was called to the bar in London in 1947.

She passed the bar and returned to Dominica, where she became the island's first female lawyer. She established a practice specializing in property law. She served as President of the Dominica Bar Association during the 1970s. She also worked as a director of the Dominican Cooperative Bank, which had been established by her father, and instituted the country's first student loan scheme.

Charles never married nor had children. In 1991, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Political career
Charles began campaigning in politics during the 1960s against restrictions on press freedom. She wrote anonymous newspaper columns for The Herald and The Star criticising the Dominica Labour Party government. In 1967, she became involved in the Freedom Fighters, an advocacy group which opposed the Seditious and Undesirable Publications Act. In October 1968, the group merged with the National Democratic Movement of Dominica to become the Dominica Freedom Party (DFP). The party held its first convention in June 1969 and Charles was appointed as its leader, a position she would hold until 1995.

Charles contested the Roseau North seat in the 1970 general election but lost to Patrick John. She was elected to the House of Assembly in the 1975 general election, representing the constituency of Roseau Central and became the Leader of the Opposition. Charles was a delegate at the 1977 constitutional conference at Marlborough House in London and actively supported Dominica gaining full independence from British rule in 1978. In 1979, she was a member of the Committee for National Salvation, which created an interim government after the resignation of Patrick John.

Prime minister
Charles became prime minister when the DFP swept the 1980 general election, the party's first electoral victory. She took over from Oliver Seraphin, who had taken over only the year before, when mass protests had forced the country's first prime minister, Patrick John, to step down from office. Her first term was focused on rebuilding infrastructure and disaster management as Hurricane David had hit Dominica on 29 August 1979. She additionally served as Dominica's Foreign Minister from 1980 to 1990, Minister of Finance from 1980 to 1995, and as chairperson of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).

In 1981, she faced two attempted coups d'état. That year Frederick Newton, commander of the Military of Dominica, organised an attack on the police headquarters in Roseau, resulting in the death of a police officer. Newton and five other soldiers were found guilty in the attack and sentenced to death in 1983. The sentences of the five accomplices were later commuted to life in prison, but Newton was executed in 1986.

In 1981, a group of Canadian and American mercenaries, mostly affiliated with white supremacist and Ku Klux Klan groups, planned a coup to restore former Prime Minister Patrick John to power. The attempt, which the conspirators codenamed Operation Red Dog, was thwarted by American federal agents in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was soon facetiously dubbed the "Bayou of Pigs", referring to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion years before in Cuba.

Charles became more widely known to the outside world for her role in the lead-up to the United States Invasion of Grenada on 25 October 1983. In the wake of the arrest and execution of Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, Charles, then serving as chair of the OECS, appealed to the United States, Jamaica, and Barbados for intervention. She appeared on television with U.S. president Ronald Reagan, supporting the invasion. Journalist Bob Woodward reported that the U.S. paid millions of dollars to the Dominica government, some of which was regarded by the Central Intelligence Agency as a "payoff", for Charles's support of the intervention.

She was re-elected in the 1985 general election and the 1990 general election. Charles and her party were considered conservative by Caribbean standards. However, American observers considered many of her policies to be centrist or even leftist; for instance, she supported some social welfare programmes. Other issues that were important to her were anti-corruption laws and individual freedom. For her uncompromising stance on this and other issues, she became known as the "Iron Lady of the Caribbean" (after the original "Iron Lady", Margaret Thatcher).

Later years and death
With popularity declining during her third term, Charles retired in 1995. The DFP subsequently lost the 1995 general election. After retiring, Charles undertook speaking engagements in the United States and abroad. She became involved in former U.S. President Jimmy Carter's Carter Center, which promotes human rights and observes elections to encourage fairness.

On 30 August 2005, Charles entered a hospital in Fort-de-France, Martinique, for hip-replacement surgery. She died from a pulmonary embolism on 6 September, at the age of 86. She was buried in Pointe Michel on 14 September.

title: Eugenia Charles


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User:Erlmik~enwiki

Currently empty (Erlmik 22:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC))

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Erlmik~enwiki


text: User talk:209.132.216.234

title: User talk:209.132.216.234


text:
User:Furrykef/Wiki stuff that bugs me

Though I seldom voice these opinions, except when I've had to deal with an issue one time too many, I decided I might as well express them here instead of just bottling them up -- or spreading them all over the wiki.

First and foremost
Most people make typos from time to time. I'm one of them, and yes, sometimes they slip through into the text I submit to Wikipedia. Occasionally I'll even make the sort of typo that I hate so very much, but I bet the number of those I've made on Wikipedia can be counted on one hand. Still, I think the number of typos, punctuation mistakes, and grammatical mistakes I have contributed to Wikipedia is very small.

This is as it should be. You see, everybody makes a small number of typos sometimes, but when thousands of such people edit Wikipedia and don't proofread their work, the result is that thousands or even millions of typos make it into Wikipedia. I would be surprised if Wikipedia has less than one million errors of some kind (grammar, punctuation, etc.). In fact, I'd be surprised if it has less than one million of the specific errors I point out below, at least if we count pages outside article space (granted, such pages aren't nearly so important to proofread).

A lot of the typos in an article obviously come from one person, though. I can tell this because often they're the same type and clustered together. Almost always such people are anonymous IPs, too (so you can't hit 'em with a dictionary)... there's no doubt in my mind that anonymous IPs always make the least valuable and most error-ridden contributions. My opinion is the quality of Wikipedia would improve if everybody were forced to log in, but I know that's not in the spirit of what the big guys have in mind... if you're one of those guys who seems too lazy to look up a word you're not sure how to spell, I beg you, please, please proofread your work at least a little. (See Attitudes below.)

Typos that annoy me
I might start writing/using a bot to handle them... I'm aware that I do make typos from time to time and I don't proofread what I write very often. However, the incidence of typos in my own work is very, very low.

Homophones

 * your/you're
 * there/their/they're
 * its/it's (very common) — "its" is possessive, "it's" is "it is"

Punctuation
Common punctuation errors are discussed here.

I definitely prefer straight quotes to curly quotes. They're easier to type, more text editing tools accept them, etc. Introducing curly quotes into an article is bound to make the article's use of quotation marks inconsistent, with some people using curly quotes and some using straight quotes. Curly quotes are becoming increasingly common and there's a fight in the Manual of Style to remove the rule that straight quotes are preferred. Don't get me wrong, I agree that curly quotes look more professional, but practicality needs to be kept in mind, too. (If you use curly quotes, I won't hold it against you personally, though. I just don't like their use on Wikipedia period.)

Capitalization

 * I hate it when people don't capitalize names of countries or languages, like "america", "japanese", etc. It sort of feels like a slight against those nationalities/languages because it's sort of saying, "You're not important/respectable enough to be capitalized."
 * Don't start a link with a capital letter just because it's a link. Exception: when the link is being used as a title and not as a phrase, it's OK to capitalize the first letter. For example, it's OK to type "See Tank top ", but not "One style of shirt is the Tank top ". It's either a "tank top" or a "Tank Top", not a "Tank top". I hereby dub the convention of capitalizing only the first letter (other than referring to article titles) as "Stupid caps" (itself being an ironic example of Stupid caps, of course).

Spacing
It is not correct, or at least it's very distracting, to put a space before a comma, colon, or semicolon. It is not correct to put a space after an opening bracket or before a closing bracket ( this is wrong ). It's common to see spacing errors around wikilinks, for examplelike this -- the page renderer does not insert a space after the link! Always space around wikilinks correctly. The one exception is you may omit a space before a simple URL link, like this: "Bananas are good ", because it will render as "Bananas are good", which is visually acceptable. If the link had text, though, it would need a space.

Please do not use underscores in wikilinks. In most formats the links are normally underlined so it can be hard to distinguish between this link and this_link. Can you tell which one uses an underscore? (Hint: the underscore uses more space unless you're using a fixed-width font.) I almost always notice even though the underscore itself is invisible in the font and link style I use in my browser.

General spelling errors

 * Doubling/not doubling the wrong letters. Sometimes this is forgivable for very rarely-used words like "hemorrhage" (I'm sure only medical personnel use that one regularly), which one might find misspelled as "hemmorhage".
 * Spelling errors in paragraphs or sentences that talk about spelling errors. You'd think somebody would be conscious of spelling when it's being talked about. One of the most common misspellings in this area is, indeed, "mispell" for "misspell". (Somebody did call me on typing "typoes" for "typos" once, though. So I'm guilty of it -- once. And it wasn't on Wikipedia.)
 * Simply not being bothered to look up the correct spelling. This is the worst sin of all, and it applies to all speakers, native and foreign. Whenever I am even slightly unsure about the spelling of a word, no matter how common or uncommon it is or how silly I feel about being unsure, I go to a site such as Merriam-Webster Online and look it up. Now, if you were really, really sure that the wrong spelling was correct, I can forgive not looking it up. It happens to all of us. But if you're not sure, might I remind you that we're writing an encyclopedia? Sure, somebody will come along and fix your typos, but it can be a long time before it happens sometimes. If it's on an obscure page, it can even go unnoticed for a couple of years. (Or worse, it'll be noticed but people won't bother to fix it.)
 * The past tense of the verb "to lead" is "led", not "lead". The only time "lead" is pronounced like "led" is in reference to the metal.

i.e. and e.g.
These expressions are used improperly so often that I think they should be abolished from Wikipedia altogether. Here are the errors that are usually made:
 * 1) Not using periods/capitalization correctly. It's "i.e.", not "ie.", "ie", "IE", or anything else. [Note: I have been informed this may only be true in the United States. Other places use punctuation less often.]
 * 2) Forgetting the comma after "i.e.". You'd always write a comma after "That is", as in "That is, we're doomed", right? Why not after "i.e."?
 * 3) Using "i.e." when you mean "e.g." or vice versa. "i.e." means "that is". "e.g." means "for example". This is the real problem with the abbreviations: people mix them up too often. It just looks ignorant and silly.

Can you think of a reason for keeping these abbreviations? I can only think of one: it saves time typing. But it also wastes time when somebody like me comes along and changes it to something more sensible. Then more keystrokes were spent than there would have been if you had typed it out the first time. Shouldn't you think about other people, too? :)

Latin/French expressions
One time I found a page (Hugh Grant) where the phrase in flagrante delicto was used. (It no longer appears in the article.) I did not know what this means (context allowed me to guess but I wanted to know the precise meaning) and, while it's something I could look up, it's not the sort of thing I want to bother doing when reading an encyclopedia. These days, Latin and French expressions are usually used in a pretentious fashion. It's kind of like saying, "Hey, I know what this phrase means! Do you?" There was a time when it was common practice, but I feel that time is no longer. Let's get rid of expressions that are obscure/foreign enough that we have to italicize them and yet we expect people to know what they mean. You shouldn't need a reference work just to be able to read another reference work. I mean, it's OK to use phrases like "et cetera" or "vice versa", because they have become natural English, but we can do without stuff like raison d'être.

Sometimes some expressions are appropriate. For example, there is no succinct way of expressing anything close to the meaning of post hoc ergo propter hoc in English -- at least, not one that wouldn't be even clumsier. But for an expression to be appropriate, two conditions must be met. First, the expression has to lack a suitable English equivalent. Second, it must be made easy to look up. For "post hoc ergo propter hoc", I used a wikilink, and the article explains the meaning as well as adding encyclopedic information. If the first criterion isn't met, it just doesn't belong in the article. If you can meet the first criterion, you should have no problem finding a way to meet the second.

Attitudes
I'll get around to writing this later, but I'd like to remind everybody that this is, first and foremost, an encyclopedia. Write an article the way you'd expect an encyclopedia to write it if they had all the flexibility that we do. If you want a site that's just like this but it's not encyclopedic in tone, there are lots of other places to go.

- Kef

title: User:Furrykef/Wiki stuff that bugs me


text: User talk:203.43.58.210

title: User talk:203.43.58.210


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Bleeding Heart Yard

Bleeding Heart Yard is a cobbled courtyard off Greville Street in the Holborn area of the London Borough of Camden. The courtyard is probably named after a 16th-century inn sign dating back to the Reformation that was displayed on a pub called the Bleeding Heart in nearby Charles Street. The inn sign showed the heart of the Virgin Mary pierced by five swords.

Urban legend has it that the courtyard's name commemorates the murder of Lady Elizabeth Hatton, the second wife of Sir William Hatton, whose family formerly owned the area around Hatton Garden. It is said that her body was found here on 27 January 1646, "torn limb from limb, but with her heart still pumping blood." Elizabeth Hatton did own a house in this vicinity, known as "Ely Place", but she died of natural causes.

In literature

Bleeding Heart Yard features in the Charles Dickens novel Little Dorrit as the home of the Plornish family. Dickens wrote of it:

"[It was] a place much changed in feature and in fortune, yet with some relish of ancient greatness about it. Two or three mighty stacks of chimneys, and a few large dark rooms which had escaped being walled and subdivided out of the recognition of their old proportions, gave the Yard a character. It was inhabited by poor people, who set up their rest among its faded glories, as Arabs of the desert pitch their tents among the fallen stones of the Pyramids; but there was a family sentimental feeling prevalent in the Yard, that it had a character."

"Of poor Lady Hatton, it's needless to say, No traces have ever been found to this day, Or the terrible dancer who whisk'd her away; But out in the court-yard — and just in that part Where the pump stands — lay bleeding a LARGE HUMAN HEART! — The Ingoldsby Legends."

Before Dickens, the courtyard was best known for its appearance in R. H. Barham's The Ingoldsby Legends, a collection of poems and stories first published in Bentley's Miscellany beginning in 1837. In one of the stories, The House-Warming: A Legend Of Bleeding-Heart Yard, Lady Hatton, wife of Sir Christopher Hatton, makes a pact with the devil to secure wealth, position, and a mansion in Holborn. During the housewarming of the mansion, the devil dances with her, then tears out her heart, which is found, still beating, in the courtyard the next morning. It is from this legend, together with a case of mistaken identity, that the myth of Lady Elizabeth Hatton's murder — wife, not of Christopher, but of William Hatton — was born.

"Bleeding Heart Square" by Andrew Taylor (published by Michael Joseph 2008 and by Penguin Books 2009). A gothic thriller and crime novel combined, "Bleeding Heart Square" is set in the 1930s in and around Bleeding Heart Yard and the adjacent Ely Place. Many of the street names in the area, e.g. Holborn Circus, Farringdon Road and Hatton Garden remain unchanged, but many have been altered, in keeping with a long and respected tradition among novelists.

Bleeding Heart Yard is mentioned (as "Bleeding-Heart-Yard") in Stephen Vincent Benét's poem American Names, as one of a list of old world places whose names are compared, unfavorably, with the place names of America.

‘Bleeding Heart Yard’ is the title of a 2022 crime novel by Elly Griffiths, the third in the Detective Harbinder Kaur series. The yard is the location of one of the main happenings in the plot.

The yard today
A French restaurant, bistro and tavern called The Bleeding Heart now occupies a number of the buildings in the courtyard. A gate at the south of the yard leads to Ely Place.

Greville Street links Bleeding Heart Yard to another notable street from Charles Dickens' novels: Saffron Hill, which was the home of Fagin in Oliver Twist.

title: Bleeding Heart Yard


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Stiepel

Stiepel is a southern district of the City of Bochum in the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is on the Ruhr River, which is its border to the neighbouring cities of Hattingen and Witten. Stiepel used to be a municipality in the rural district of Bochum, but was integrated into Bochum in 1929.

Stiepel is the most affluent part of Bochum. It has an old village church dating from 1008. Originally a Catholic church, it became a Lutheran church in 1610 when the minister broke away from the church and converted to Lutheranism. The church was honored with a stamp commemorating its 1000th anniversary in 2008.

Stiepel Priory is located in the town.

title: Stiepel


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My Name Is Legion

My Name Is Legion is a phrase from the synoptic gospels about the exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac.

My Name Is Legion may refer to:

 * My Name Is Legion (novel), by A. N. Wilson
 * My Name Is Legion (short story collection), an anthology by Roger Zelazny
 * O Meu Nome É Legião (My Name Is Legion in Portuguese), a novel by António Lobo Antunes

title: My Name Is Legion


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Neuenhaus (disambiguation)

Neuenhaus is a town in the district of Grafschaft Bentheim in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Neuenhaus may also refer to:

 * Neuenhaus (Samtgemeinde), the collective municipality centred on Neuenhaus, Germany
 * Neuenhaus district, Aichtal, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

title: Neuenhaus (disambiguation)


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Dušan Kovačević

Dušan Kovačević (Душан Ковачевић, ; born 12 July 1948) is a Serbian playwright, scriptwriter, film director and academic best known for his theatre plays and movie scripts. He also served as the ambassador of Serbia in Lisbon, Portugal.

Biography
Kovačević was born in Mrđenovac near Šabac, PR Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia, graduated from Svetozar Marković Gymnasium in Novi Sad, and received a bachelor's degree in dramaturgy from the University of Belgrade in 1973. From 1973, he worked as a dramaturge at TV Beograd for five years. Since 1998, he has been the artistic director of Zvezdara teatar. In 2003 he directed his first movie, Profesionalac (The Professional).

Kovačević's prolific work is well known and popular in Serbia. His comedies have been translated into 17 languages, but his work didn't become available in English until the mid-1990s. One of his plays, Balkan Spy was being rehearsed in Beijing at the time of Tiananmen Square protests, only to be cancelled by the authorities.

A declared royalist, Dušan Kovačević is a member of the Crown Council of Aleksandar Karađorđević. He is also a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2020 he was awarded the Sretenje order of the Republic of Serbia.

His daughter Lena Kovačević is a jazz singer.

Plays

 * Radovan Treći - Radovan III (1973)
 * Maratonci trče počasni krug - The Marathon Runners Run a Victory Lap of Honor (1973)
 * Proleće u januaru - The Spring in January (1977)
 * Sabirni centar - The Gathering Place (1982)
 * Balkanski špijun - Balkan Spy (1982)
 * Sveti Georgije ubiva aždahu - St. George Shoots the Dragon (1984)
 * Klaustofobična Komedija  - Claustrophobic Comedy (1987)
 * Profesionalac - The Professional (1990)
 * Urnebesna Tragedija - Roaring Tragedy (also translated as Tragedy Burlesque; 1990)
 * Lari Tompson, tragedija jedne mladosti - Larry Thompson, the Tragedy of a Youth (1996)
 * Kontejner sa Pet Zvezdica - Five-Star Dumpster (1999)
 * Doktor Šuster - Doctor Shoemaker (2001)
 * Generalna proba samoubistva - Dress Rehearsal for a Suicide (2009)
 * Život u tesnim cipelama - Life in tight shoes (2011)
 * Kumovi - Godfathers (2013)
 * Rođendan gospodina Nušića - The birthday of Mr Nušić (2014)
 * Hipnoza jedne ljubavi - Hypnosis of one love (2016)

Screenplays
His adaptation of his play called Proleće u januaru (Spring in January). His adaptation of his play Kumovi.
 * Bestije,1977
 * Poseban tretman, 1980 (Special Treatment)
 * Ko to tamo peva, 1980 (Who's Singing Over There?)
 * Maratonci trče počasni krug, 1982 (The Marathon Runners Run a Victory Lap of Honor)
 * Balkanski špijun, 1984 (Balkan Spy)
 * Sabirni Centar, 1989 (The Gathering Place)
 * Pod zemlja, 1995 (Underground), directed by Emir Kusturica, won the Palme d'Or at Cannes Film Festival.
 * Profesionalac, 2003 (The Professional), also director.
 * Sveti Georgije ubiva aždahu, 2003 (St. George Kills the Dragon)
 * Nije loše biti čovek, 2021 (Not Bad to be a Human),also director.

Poetry

 * Ja to tamo pevam (2020)

title: Dušan Kovačević


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Peace Frog

"Peace Frog" is a song by the Doors, which was released on their fifth studio album Morrison Hotel in 1970. Guitarist Robby Krieger explained that the music was written and recorded first, with the lyrics later coming from poems by singer Jim Morrison. Although the song was never released as a single in the US, it was issued as the B-side of "You Make Me Real" in France.

"Peace Frog" was included on the Doors' second compilation album Weird Scenes Inside the Gold Mine, released in 1972.

Lyrics
The song's lyrics were derived from three poems written earlier by Morrison, titled "Abortion Stories", "Dawn's Highway" and "Newborn Awakening". The group, however, recorded the music of "Peace Frog" firstly wordless, before Morrison overdubbed his vocals, as Krieger recalled: "I had written the music, we rehearsed it up, and it was really happening, but we didn't have any lyrics and Jim wasn't around. We just said, 'Fuck it, let's record it. He'll come up with something.' And he did. He took out his poetry book and found a poem that fit." The Doors performed the instrumental version at live shows during 1969. The title was originally "Abortion Stories", but at record producer Paul A. Rothchild's request, Morrison changed it to "Peace Frog", as he was afraid that the initial title would create some controversy.

"Peace Frog" features lyrics inspired by true events surrounding the band's frontman Morrison. The line "Blood in the streets in the town of New Haven" is a reference to his onstage arrest on December 9, 1967, during a live performance in New Haven Arena. After the guitar solo, the song enters a spoken word verse with the lines "Indians scattered on dawn's highway bleeding", which describes a highway accident that occurred when he was young. Morrison purportedly witnessed dead Native Americans while his family was crossing a desert by road in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He said, "That was the first time I tasted fear. I musta' been about four." Morrison was also referring to the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests with the lyric "Blood in the street/ The town of Chicago".

Critical reception
Unlike the Doors previous album, The Soft Parade, Morrison Hotel received positive responses by critics, and it was widely seen as a comeback in the band's quality. "Peace Frog" is also praised as one of the album's highlights. Louder Sound ranked the song among "The Top 20 Greatest Doors Songs", while Ultimate Classic Rock cited it as Robby Krieger's third best track for the group. Krieger himself, included it as one of his personal favorite Doors songs on The Doors: Box Set.

In a positive album review of Morrison Hotel, critic Thom Jerek of AllMusic described "Peace Frog" as "downright funky boogie". Sal Cinquemani writing for Slant Magazine, declared the song as the best track on Morrison Hotel, and "one of the Doors' greatest." Critic Jason Elias wrote that the song is "one of those tracks that will constantly amaze." He praised Robby Krieger's "bluesy lines" and Ray Manzarek's "eerie keyboards add to the chaos as usual." Hartford Courant critic J. Greg Robertson regarded the music and lyric to be "magnificent."

Personnel
The Doors
 * Jim Morrison – vocals
 * Ray Manzarek – Vox Continental organ
 * Robby Krieger – electric guitar with wah-wah pedal
 * John Densmore – drums

Session musicians
 * Ray Neapolitan – bass guitar

title: Peace Frog


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Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia

Ostrobothnian Swedish (österbottniska) is a variety of Finland-Swedish, spoken in Finland. Outside the autonomous island province of Åland, which is officially monolingually Swedish, Ostrobothnia is the only region of mainland Finland where Swedish-speakers are the majority (51%).

Samples of dialects
Närpes-dialect recorded in 1982 by Ann-Marie Ivars (se file for transcription).

Vörå-dialect recorded in 1962 by Inga-Britt Donner.

title: Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia


text:
User talk:Mark Tozzi

Hey, thanks for making some useful contributions! I just wanted to say:

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Dmcdevit 22:35, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Mark Tozzi


text:
Ionone

The ionones, from greek ἴον ion "violet", are a series of closely related chemical substances that are part of a group of compounds known as rose ketones, which also includes damascones and damascenones. Ionones are aroma compounds found in a variety of essential oils, including rose oil. β-Ionone is a significant contributor to the aroma of roses, despite its relatively low concentration, and is an important fragrance chemical used in perfumery. The ionones are derived from the degradation of carotenoids.

The combination of α-ionone and β-ionone is characteristic of the scent of violets and used with other components in perfumery and flavouring to recreate their scent.

The carotenes α-carotene,  β-carotene,  γ-carotene, and the xanthophyll β-cryptoxanthin, can all be metabolized to β-ionone, and thus have vitamin A activity because they can be converted by plant-eating animals to retinol and retinal. Carotenoids that do not contain the β-ionone moiety cannot be converted to retinol, and thus have no vitamin A activity.

Biosynthesis
Carotenoids are the precursors of important fragrance compounds in several flowers. For example, a 2010 study of ionones in Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus determined its essential oil contained the highest diversity of carotenoid-derived volatiles among the flowering plants investigated. A cDNA encoding a carotenoid cleavage enzyme, OfCCD1, was identified from transcripts isolated from flowers of O. fragrans Lour. The recombinant enzymes cleaved carotenes to produce α-ionone and β-ionone in in vitro assays.

The same study also discovered that carotenoid content, volatile emissions, and OfCCD1 transcript levels are subject to photorhythmic changes, and principally increased during daylight hours. At the times when OfCCD1 transcript levels reached their maxima, the carotenoid content remained low or slightly decreased. The emission of ionones was also higher during the day; however, emissions decreased at a lower rate than the transcript levels. Moreover, carotenoid content increased from the first to the second day, whereas the volatile release decreased, and the OfCCD1 transcript levels displayed steady-state oscillations, suggesting that the substrate availability in the cellular compartments is changing or other regulatory factors are involved in volatile  norisoprenoid formation. The formation of ionones proceeds by a process mediated by the carotenoid dioxygenases.

Organic synthesis
Ionone can be synthesised from citral and acetone with calcium oxide as a basic heterogeneous catalyst and serves as an example of an aldol condensation followed by a rearrangement reaction.

The nucleophilic addition of the carbanion 3 of acetone 1 to the carbonyl group on citral 4 is base catalysed. The aldol condensation product 5 eliminates water through the enolate ion 6 to form pseudoionone 7.

The reaction proceeds by acid catalysis where the double bond in 7 opens to form the carbocation 8. A rearrangement reaction of the carbocation follows with ring closure to 9. Finally a hydrogen atom can be abstracted from 9 by an acceptor molecule (Y) to form either 10 (extended conjugated system) or 11.

Genetic differences in odor perception
A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the OR5A1 receptor (rs6591536 ) causes very significant differences in the odor perception of beta-ionone, both in sensitivity and also in subjective quality. Individuals who contain at least one G allele are sensitive to beta-ionone and perceive a pleasant floral scent, while individuals who are homozygous AA are ~100 times less sensitive and at higher concentrations perceive a pungent sour/vinegar odor instead.

title: Ionone


text:
User talk:Houghton

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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Putting in a placeholder and link to a google search will proabbly be deleted on sight. Instead try to write a perfect stub article or leave a red link so that somebody else can.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! --Henrygb 22:36, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Houghton


text:
Safdar Jang

Abul Mansur Mirza Muhammad Muqim Ali Khan Beg (c. 1708 – 5 October 1754), better known as Safdar Jang, was the second Nawab of Kingdom of Awadh succeeding Saadat Ali Khan I (his maternal uncle and father-in-law) in 1739. All future Nawabs of Awadh were patriarchal descendants of Safdar Jang. He was a major figure at the Mughal court during the declining years of the Mughal Empire.

Biography
He was a descendant of Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu. In 1739, he succeeded his father-in-law and maternal uncle, Burhan-ul-Mulk Saadat Ali Khan I to the throne of Oudh and ruled from 19 March 1739 to 5 October 1754. The Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah gave him the title of "Safdar Jang".

Safdar Jang was an able administrator. He was not only effective in keeping control of Awadh, but also managed to render valuable assistance to the weakened Emperor Muhammad Shah. He was soon given governorship of Kashmir as well, and became a central figure at the Delhi court. During the later years of Muhammad Shah, he gained complete control of administration over the whole Mughal Empire. When Ahmad Shah Bahadur ascended the throne at Delhi in 1748, Safdar Jang became his Wazir-ul-Malik-i-Hindustan or Prime Minister of Hindustan. He was also made the governor of Ajmer and became the "Faujdar" of Narnaul. However, court politics eventually overtook him and he was dismissed in 1753. He returned to Oudh in December 1753 and selected Faizabad as his military headquarters and administrative capital. He died in October 1754 at the age of 46 years in Sultanpur near Faizabad.

Safdar Jang had maintained a contingent of 20,000 "Mughaliya" cavalry, most of whom were Hindustani Muslims, many who were chiefly from the Jadibal district of Srinagar in Kashmir, who had imitated the Qizilbash in dress and spoke the Persian language. The state also saw a large migration of Kashmiri Shi'as to the Shi'a kingdom of Awadh, both to escape persecution and to secure courtly patronage. This was especially the case with men from the district of Jadibal in Kashmir, who were all Shias, who looked to Safdar Jang as the sword-arm of the Shi'as in India.

Tomb
Safdar Jang's Tomb was built in 1754 and is situated on a road now known as Safdar Jang Road, in New Delhi.

Several other modern structures near the tomb also carry his name today like Safdar Jang Airport and Safdar Jang Hospital.

title: Safdar Jang


text: Category:U.S. State Supreme Courts

title: Category:U.S. State Supreme Courts


text: User talk:67.39.15.158

title: User talk:67.39.15.158


text: User:Valermos

title: User:Valermos


text:
Guitar tunings

Guitar tunings are the assignment of pitches to the open strings of guitars, including classical guitars, acoustic guitars, and electric guitars. Tunings are described by the particular pitches that are made by notes in Western music. By convention, the notes are ordered and arranged from the lowest-pitched string (i.e., the deepest bass-sounding note) to the highest-pitched string (i.e., the highest sounding note), or the thickest string to thinnest, or the lowest frequency to the highest. This sometimes confuses beginner guitarists, since the highest-pitched string is referred to as the 1st string, and the lowest-pitched is the 6th string.

Standard tuning defines the string pitches as E, A, D, G, B, and E, from the lowest pitch (low E2) to the highest pitch (high E4). Standard tuning is used by most guitarists, and frequently used tunings can be understood as variations on standard tuning. To aid in memorising these notes, mnemonics are used, for example, Eddie Ate Dynamite Good Bye Eddie.

The term guitar tunings may refer to pitch sets other than standard tuning, also called nonstandard, alternative, or alternate. There are hundreds of these tunings, often with small variants of established tunings. Communities of guitarists who share a common musical tradition often use the same or similar tuning styles.

Standard
Standard tuning is the tuning most frequently used on a six-string guitar and musicians assume this tuning by default if a specific alternate (or scordatura) is not mentioned. In scientific pitch notation, the guitar's standard tuning consists of the following notes: E2–A2–D3–G3–B3–E4.
 * {| class="wikitable"

of standard tuning ! String !! Frequency !! Scientific pitch notation The guitar is a transposing instrument; that is, music for guitars is notated one octave higher than the true pitch. This is to reduce the need for ledger lines in music written for the instrument, and thus simplify the reading of notes when playing the guitar.
 * + String frequencies
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 1 (E) || 329.63 Hz || E4
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 2 (B) || 246.94 Hz || B3
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 3 (G) || 196.00 Hz || G3
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 4 (D) || 146.83 Hz || D3
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 5 (A) || 110.00 Hz || A2
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 6 (E) || 82.41 Hz || E2
 * }

Standard tuning provides reasonably simple fingering (fret-hand movement) for playing standard scales and basic chords in all major and minor keys. Separation of the second (B) through fifth (A) strings being tuned in minor 3rds and second (e) following the low (E) string as the separation being tuned in 5ths, and creating as by a five-semitone interval (a perfect fourth) allows the guitarist to play a chromatic scale with each of the four fingers of the fretting hand controlling one of the first four frets (index finger on fret 1, little finger on fret 4, etc.) only when the hand is in the first position.

The open notes of the second (B) and third (G) strings are separated by four semitones (a major third). This tuning pattern of (low) fourths, one major third, and one fourth was inherited by the guitar from its predecessor instrument, the viol. The irregular major third breaks the fingering patterns of scales and chords, so that guitarists have to memorize multiple chord shapes for each chord. Scales and chords are simplified by major thirds tuning and all-fourths tuning, which are regular tunings maintaining the same musical interval between consecutive open string notes.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! !! 0 !! I !! II !! III !! IV ! String ! open ! 1st fret (index) ! 2nd fret (middle) ! 3rd fret (ring) ! 4th fret (little) ! E$2$ ! A$2$ ! D$♯ 2$ ! G$♭ 2$ ! B$2$ ! E$♯ 2$
 * + Chromatic note progression
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 6th
 * F$♭ 2$
 * F$2$ / G$♯ 2$
 * G$♭ 2$
 * G$2$ / A$3$
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 5th
 * A$♯ 3$ / B$♭ 3$
 * B$3$
 * C$♯ 3$
 * C$♭ 3$ / D$3$
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 4th
 * D$3$ / E$♯ 3$
 * E$♭ 3$
 * F$3$
 * F$♯ 3$ / G$♭ 3$
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 3rd
 * G$3$ / A$♯ 3$
 * A$♭ 3$
 * A$3$ / B$3$
 * B$4$
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 2nd
 * C$♯ 4$
 * C$♭ 4$ / D$4$
 * D$♯ 4$
 * D$♭ 4$ / E$4$
 * - style="text-align:center"
 * 1st
 * F$4$
 * F$♯ 4$ / G$♭ 4$
 * G$4$
 * G$♯ 4$ / A$♭ 4$
 * }

Alternative
Alternative ("alternate") tuning refers to any open string note arrangement other than standard tuning. These offer different kinds of deep or ringing sounds, chord voicings, and fingerings on the guitar. Alternative tunings are common in folk music. Alternative tunings change the fingering of common chords when playing the guitar, and this can ease the playing of certain chords while simultaneously increase the difficulty of playing other chords.

Some tunings are used for particular songs and may be named after the song's title. There are hundreds of these tunings, although many are slight variations of other alternate tunings. Several alternative tunings are used regularly by communities of guitarists who share a common musical tradition, such as American folk or Celtic folk music.

The various alternative tunings have been grouped into the following categories:
 * dropped
 * open
 * both major and minor (cross note)
 * modal
 * instrumental (based on other stringed instruments)
 * miscellaneous ("special").

Joni Mitchell developed a shorthand to specify guitar tunings: one letter naming the note of the open lowest string, followed by the relative fret (half-step) offsets between adjacent strings; in this format, the standard tuning is E55545. This scheme highlights pitch relationships and simplifies comparisons among different tuning schemes.

String gauges
String gauge refers to the thickness and diameter of a guitar string, which influences the overall sound and pitch of the guitar depending on the guitar string used. Some alternative tunings are difficult or even impossible to achieve with conventional guitars due to the sets of guitar strings, which have gauges optimized for standard tuning. With conventional sets of guitar strings, some higher tunings increase the string-tension until playing the guitar requires significantly more finger-strength and stamina, or even until a string snaps or the guitar is warped. However, with lower tunings, the sets of guitar strings may be loose and buzz. The tone of the guitar strings is also negatively affected by using unsuitable string gauges on the guitar.

Generally, alternative tunings benefit from re-stringing of the guitar with string gauges purposefully chosen to optimize particular tunings by using lighter strings for higher-pitched notes (to lower the tension of the strings) and heavier strings for lower-pitched notes (to prevent string buzz and vibration).

Dropped tunings
A dropped tuning is one of the categories of alternative tunings and the process starts with standard tuning and typically lowers the pitch of ("drops") only a single string, almost always the lowest-pitched (E) string on the guitar.

The drop D tuning is common in electric guitar and heavy metal music. The low E string is tuned down one whole step (to D) and the rest of the strings remain in standard tuning. This creates an "open power chord" (three-note fifth) with the low three strings (DAD).

There also exists double-drop D tuning, in which both E strings are down-tuned a whole step (to D). The rest of the strings keep their original pitch.

Although the drop D tuning was introduced and developed by blues and classical guitarists, it is well known from its usage in contemporary heavy metal and hard rock bands. Early hard rock songs tuned in drop D include the Beatles' "Dear Prudence" (1968) and Led Zeppelin's "Moby Dick" (1969). Tuning the lowest string one tone down, from E to D, allowed these musicians to acquire a heavier and darker sound than in standard tuning. Without needing to tune all strings (Standard D tuning), they could tune just one, in order to lower the key. Drop D is also a convenient tuning, because it expands the scale of an instrument by two semitones: D and D♯.

In the mid-1980s, three alternative rock bands, King's X, Soundgarden and Melvins, influenced by Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, made extensive use of drop D tuning. While playing power chords (a chord that includes the prime, fifth and octave) in standard tuning requires a player to use two or three fingers, drop D tuning needs just one, similar in technique to playing barre chords It allowed them to use different methods of articulating power chords (legato for example) and more importantly, it allowed guitarists to change chords faster. This new technique of playing power chords introduced by these early grunge bands was a great influence on many artists, such as Rage Against the Machine and Tool. The same drop D tuning then became common practice among alternative metal acts such as the band Helmet, who used the tuning a great deal throughout their career and would later influence much alternative metal and nu metal bands.

Open tunings
An open tuning allows the guitarist to play a chord by strumming the open strings (no strings fretted).

Open tunings may be chordal or modal. In chordal open tunings, the open chord consists of at least three different pitch classes. In a given key, these are the root note, its 3rd and its 5th, and may include all the strings or a subset. The tuning is named for the base chord when played open, typically a major chord, and all similar chords in the chromatic scale are played by barring all strings across a single fret. Open tunings are common in blues and folk music. These tunings are frequently used in the playing of slide and lap-slide ("Hawaiian") guitars, and Hawaiian slack key music. A musician who is well known for using open tuning in his music is Ry Cooder, who uses open tunings when playing the slide guitar.

Most modern music uses equal temperament because it facilitates the ability to play the guitar in any key—as compared to just intonation, which favors certain keys, and makes the other keys sound less in tune.

Repetitive open tunings are used for two classical non-Spanish guitars. For the English guitar, the open chord is C major (C–E–G–C–E–G); for the Russian guitar, which has seven strings, it is G major (D–G–B–D–G–B–D).

When the open strings constitute a minor chord, the open tuning may sometimes be called a cross-note tuning.

Major key tunings
Major open tunings give a major chord with the open strings.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! !! Major triad !! Repetitive !! Overtones!! Other
 * + Open tunings

(often most popular) E–A–C♯–E–A–E]] B–F♯–B–F♯–B–D♯]]
 * Open A||(A,C♯,E)||A–C♯–E–A–C♯–E||A–A–E–A–C♯–E||[[List of guitar tunings#Open A|
 * Open A||(A,C♯,E)||A–C♯–E–A–C♯–E||A–A–E–A–C♯–E||[[List of guitar tunings#Open A|
 * Open B||(B,D♯,F♯)|| B–D♯–F♯–B–D♯–F♯ ||B–B–F♯–B–D♯–F♯||[[List of guitar tunings#Open B|
 * Open B||(B,D♯,F♯)|| B–D♯–F♯–B–D♯–F♯ ||B–B–F♯–B–D♯–F♯||[[List of guitar tunings#Open B|
 * Open C||(C,E,G)||C–E–G–C–E–G||C–C–G–C–E–G||C–G–C–G–C–E
 * Open D|| (D,F♯,A) || D–F♯–A–D–F♯–A || D–D–A–D–F♯–A|| D–A–D–F♯–A–D
 * Open E ||(E,G♯,B) ||E–G♯–B–E–G♯–B || E–E–B–E–G♯–B || E–B–E–G♯–B–E
 * Open F||(F,A,C)|| F–A–C–F–A–C || F–F–C–F–A–C ||C–F–C–F–A–F
 * Open G ||(G,B,D)|| G–B–D–G–B–D || G–G–D–G–B–D || D–G–D–G–B-D
 * }
 * Open F||(F,A,C)|| F–A–C–F–A–C || F–F–C–F–A–C ||C–F–C–F–A–F
 * Open G ||(G,B,D)|| G–B–D–G–B–D || G–G–D–G–B–D || D–G–D–G–B-D
 * }
 * Open G ||(G,B,D)|| G–B–D–G–B–D || G–G–D–G–B–D || D–G–D–G–B-D
 * }

Open tunings often tune the lowest open note to C, D, or E and they often tune the highest open note to D or E; tuning down the open string from E to D or C avoids the risk of breaking strings, which is associated with tuning up strings.

Open D
The open D tuning (D–A–D–F♯–A–D), also called "Vestapol" tuning, is a common open tuning used by European and American/Western guitarists working with alternative tunings. The Allman Brothers Band instrumental "Little Martha" used an open D tuning raised one half step, giving an open E♭ tuning with the same intervallic relationships as open D.

Open C
The English guitar used a repetitive open C tuning (with distinct open notes C–E–G–C–E–G) that approximated a major-thirds tuning. This tuning is evident in William Ackerman's song "Townsend Shuffle", as well as by John Fahey for his tribute to Mississippi John Hurt.

The C–C–G–C–E–G tuning uses some of the harmonic sequence (overtones) of the note C. This overtone-series tuning was modified by Mick Ralphs, who used a high C note rather than the high G note for "Can't Get Enough" on Bad Company. Ralphs said, "It needs the open C to have that ring," and "it never really sounds right in standard tuning".

Open G
Mick Ralphs' open C tuning was originally an open G tuning, which listed the initial six overtones of the G note, namely G–G–D–G–B–D; Ralphs used this open G tuning for "Hey Hey" and while writing the demo of "Can't Get Enough".

Open-G tuning usually refers to D–G–D–G–B–D. The open G tuning variant G–G–D–G–B–D was used by Joni Mitchell for "Electricity", "For the Roses" and "Hunter (The Good Samaritan)". Truncating this tuning to G–D–G–B–D for his five-string guitar, Keith Richards uses this overtones-tuning on the Rolling Stones's "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar" and "Start Me Up".

The seven-string Russian guitar uses the open G tuning D–G–B–D–G–B–D, which contains mostly major and minor thirds.

Creating any kind of open tuning
Any kind of chordal tuning can be achieved, simply by using the notes in the chord and tuning the strings to those notes. For example, Asus4 has the notes A, D, E. By tuning the strings to only those notes, it creates a chordal Asus4 tuning.

 * {| class="wikitable"

Bass players may omit the last two strings.
 * +Power chord (fifths) open tunings:
 * A5 || E–A–E–A–A–E
 * B5 || F♯–B–F♯–B–B–F♯
 * C5 || C–G–C–G–G–G
 * D5 || D–A–D–A–D–D
 * E5 || E–B–E–E–B–E
 * F5 || F–C–C–C–C–F
 * G5 || D–G–D–G–D–G
 * }
 * E5 || E–B–E–E–B–E
 * F5 || F–C–C–C–C–F
 * G5 || D–G–D–G–D–G
 * }
 * G5 || D–G–D–G–D–G
 * }
 * }

Minor or "cross-note" tunings
Cross-note tunings include a minor third, so giving a minor chord with open strings. Fretting the minor-third string at the first fret produces a major-third, so allowing a one-finger fretting of a major chord. By contrast, it is more difficult to fret a minor chord using an open major-chord tuning.

Bukka White and Skip James are well known for using cross-note E-minor (E B E G B E) in their music, as in 'Hard Time Killin Floor Blues'.

Other open chordal tunings
Some guitarists choose open tunings that use more complex chords, which gives them more available intervals on the open strings. C6, E6, E7, E6/9 and other such tunings are common among lap-steel players such as Hawaiian slack-key guitarists and country guitarists, and are also sometimes applied to the regular guitar by bottleneck (a slide repurposed from a glass bottle) players striving to emulate these styles. A common C6 tuning, for example, is C–E–G–A–C–E, which provides open major and minor thirds, open major and minor sixths, fifths, and octaves. By contrast, most open major or open minor tunings provide only octaves, fifths, and either a major third/sixth or a minor third/sixth—but not both. Don Helms of Hank Williams band favored C6 tuning; slack-key artist Henry Kaleialoha Allen uses a modified C6/7 (C6 tuning with a B♭ on the bottom); Harmon Davis favored E7 tuning; David Gilmour has used an open G6 tuning.

Modal tunings
Modal tunings are open tunings in which the open strings of the guitar do not produce a tertian (i.e., major or minor, or variants thereof) chord. The strings may be tuned to exclusively present a single interval (all fourths; all fifths; etc.) or they may be tuned to a non-tertian chord (unresolved suspensions such as E–A–B–E–A–E, for example). Modal open tunings may use only one or two pitch classes across all strings (as, for example, some metal guitarists who tune each string to either E or B, forming "power chords" of ambiguous major/minor tonality).

Popular modal tunings include D Modal (D-G-D-G-B-E) and C Modal (C-G-D-G-B-D).

Lowered (standard)
Derived from standard EADGBE, all the strings are tuned lower by the same interval, thus providing the same chord positions transposed to a lower key. Lower tunings are popular among rock and heavy metal bands. The reason for tuning down below the standard pitch is usually either to accommodate a singer's vocal range or to get a deeper/heavier sound or pitch. Common examples include:

E♭ tuning
Rock guitarists (such as Jimi Hendrix on the songs "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" and "Little Wing") occasionally tune all their strings down by one semitone to obtain E♭ tuning. This makes the strings easier to bend when playing and with standard fingering results in a lower key. It also facilitates E shape fingerings when playing with horn instruments. Grunge band Nirvana also used this tuning extensively throughout their career, most significantly in their albums Bleach and In Utero.

D tuning

D Tuning, also called One Step Lower, Whole Step Down, Full Step or D Standard, is another alternative. Each string is lowered by a whole tone (two semitones) resulting in D-G-C-F-A-D. It is used mostly by heavy metal bands to achieve a heavier, deeper sound, and by blues guitarists, who use it to accommodate string bending and by 12-string guitar players to reduce the mechanical load on their instrument. Among musicians, Elliott Smith was known to use D tuning as his main tuning for his music. It was also used for several songs on the Velvet Underground's album The Velvet Underground & Nico. Metal band Megadeth has also been using this tuning since their album Dystopia to facilitate frontman Dave Mustaine's age and voice after his battle with throat cancer.

Regular tunings
In standard tuning, there is an interval of a major third between the second and third strings, and all the other intervals are fourths. The irregularity has a price. Chords cannot be shifted around the fretboard in the standard tuning E–A–D–G–B–E, which requires four chord-shapes for the major chords. There are separate chord-forms for chords having their root note on the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth strings. These are called inversions.

In contrast, regular tunings have equal intervals between the strings, and so they have symmetrical scales all along the fretboard. This makes it simpler to translate chords. For the regular tunings, chords may be moved diagonally around the fretboard. The diagonal movement of chords is especially simple for the regular tunings that are repetitive, in which case chords can be moved vertically: Chords can be moved three strings up (or down) in major-thirds tuning, and chords can be moved two strings up (or down) in augmented-fourths tuning. Regular tunings thus appeal to new guitarists and also to jazz-guitarists, whose improvisation is simplified by regular intervals.

On the other hand, five- and six-string open chords ("cowboy chords") are more difficult to play in a regular tuning than in standard tuning. Instructional literature uses standard tuning. Traditionally a course begins with the hand in first position, that is, with the left-hand covering frets 1–4. Beginning players first learn open chords belonging to the major keys C, G, and D. Guitarists who play mainly open chords in these three major-keys and their relative minor-keys (Am, Em, Bm) may prefer standard tuning over many regular tunings, On the other hand, minor-thirds tuning features many barre chords with repeated notes, properties that appeal to acoustic-guitarists and beginners.

Major thirds and perfect fourths
Standard tuning mixes a major third (M3) with its perfect fourths. Regular tunings that are based on either major thirds or perfect fourths are used, for example, in jazz.

All fourths tuning E2–A2–D3–G3–C4–F4 keeps the lowest four strings of standard tuning, changing the major third to a perfect fourth. Jazz musician Stanley Jordan stated that all-fourths tuning "simplifies the fingerboard, making it logical".

Major-thirds tuning (M3 tuning) is a regular tuning in which the musical intervals between successive strings are each major thirds, for example E2–G♯2–C3–E3–G♯3–C4. Unlike all-fourths and all-fifths tuning, M3 tuning repeats its octave after three strings, which simplifies the learning of chords and improvisation. This repetition provides the guitarist with many possibilities for fingering chords. With six strings, major-thirds tuning has a smaller range than standard tuning; with seven strings, the major-thirds tuning covers the range of standard tuning on six strings.

Major-thirds tunings require less hand-stretching than other tunings, because each M3 tuning packs the octave's twelve notes into four consecutive frets. The major-third intervals let the guitarist play major chords and minor chords with two three consecutive fingers on two consecutive frets.

Chord inversion is especially simple in major-thirds tuning. The guitarist can invert chords by raising one or two notes on three strings—playing the raised notes with the same finger as the original notes. In contrast, inverting triads in standard and all-fourths tuning requires three fingers on a span of four frets. In standard tuning, the shape of an inversion depends on the involvement of the major-third between the 2nd and 3rd strings.

All fifths and "new standard tuning"

 * C2–G2–D3–A3–E4–B4

All-fifths tuning is a tuning in intervals of perfect fifths like that of a mandolin or a violin; other names include "perfect fifths" and "fifths". It has a wide range. Its implementation has been impossible with nylon strings and has been difficult with conventional steel strings. The high B makes the first string very taut, and consequently, a conventionally gauged string easily breaks.

Jazz guitarist Carl Kress used a variation of all-fifths tuning—with the bottom four strings in fifths, and the top two strings in thirds, resulting in B♭1–F2–C3–G3–B3–D4. This facilitated tenor banjo chord shapes on the bottom four strings and plectrum banjo chord shapes on the top four strings. Contemporary New York jazz-guitarist Marty Grosz uses this tuning.

All-fifths tuning has been approximated by the so-called "New Standard Tuning" (NST) of King Crimson's Robert Fripp, in which NST replaces all-fifths' high B4 with a high G4. To build chords, Fripp uses "perfect intervals in fourths, fifths and octaves", so avoiding minor thirds and especially major thirds, which are slightly sharp in equal temperament tuning (in comparison to thirds in just intonation). It is a challenge to adapt conventional guitar-chords to new standard tuning, which is based on all-fifths tuning. Some closely voiced jazz chords become impractical in NST and all-fifths tuning.

Instrumental tunings
These are tunings in which some or all strings are retuned to emulate the standard tuning of some other instrument, such as a lute, banjo, cittern, mandolin, etc. Many of these tunings overlap other categories, especially open and modal tunings.

Miscellaneous or "special" tunings
This category includes everything that does not fit into any of the other categories, for example (but not limited to): tunings designated only for a particular piece; non-western intervals and modes; micro- or macro-tones (half sharps/flats, etc.); and "hybrid tunings" combining features of major alternate tuning categories – most commonly an open tuning with the lowest string dropped.

title: Guitar tunings


text:
Edison James

Edison Chenfil James (born 18 October 1943) is a Dominican politician who was the prime minister of Dominica from June 14, 1995, to February 3, 2000, as well as the member of parliament for the Marigot constituency from 1990. He graduated from the Dominica Grammar School. He has a BSc degree in botany from the University of East London, a MSc degree in biochemistry from the University of Reading and a post graduate diploma in crop protection technology from Imperial College. He worked in a number of local and regional institutions including the Caribbean Development Bank, but it was as manager of the Dominica Banana Marketing Company that he rose to prominence on the island. He was instrumental in resuscitating the island's critical banana industry which had been decimated by Hurricane David. James has been active in regional cricket as an administrator and was the manager of the Windward Islands cricket team and the Combined Islands cricket team. He is a member of the Rotary Club.

1988–1999
In 1988, he headed a committee which founded the United Workers' Party and became its first political leader. From its inception, the party was assailed as a group of "disgruntled businessmen" or "greedy businessmen" as described by the established parties but, in 1990, the party won six seats in the 21 seat House of Assembly and James became the Leader of the Opposition. As leader of the opposition, he criticized the ruling Dominica Freedom Party for instituting an economic-citizen programme whereby persons could become citizens of the island for a fee. In the run-up to the 1995 elections, James accused the Eugenia Charles-led government of bugging his party's offices. A commission formed to investigate the matter concluded that the allegations were baseless.

On June 12, 1995, elections he led the party to victory with 11 out of 21 seats with fewer votes than the incumbent Freedom Party and became prime minister. By then, the banana industry was no longer vibrant and so the James-led government embarked on an ambitious program of economic diversification. It passed legislation allowing the creation of off-shore business. In addition, it sought to allow an Australian mining company to conduct exploratory drilling on the island but that move was subsequently abandoned due to criticisms that it would sully the island's reputation as "The Nature Isle". When the UWP government divested its shares in the island's only power company, the move was met with vociferous condemnation by the opposition. The opposition was also aroused to indignation by the government's decision to offer asylum to the Saudi dissident Mohammad al-Massari, a decision which James later admitted was based on a hope of increased British aid. The government was also pilloried for the economic citizenship program which it had re-engineered and enlarged when it came into office; some thought that the island could become a haven for criminal elements. This criticism was fuelled by the revelation that the Australian fugitive Christopher Skase had used the programme to become a citizen of the island. Trying to increase the number of stay-over visitors to the island, the UWP government sought to build an international airport, but this was again met with a cacophony of criticism as some thought that the country would not be able to pay back the debt which would have had to be contracted. The government purchased the requisite lands for the airport but did not have time to physically begin the project. The James-led government was dogged by charges of corruption and these allegations only increased as its term progressed.

James' government did produce some significant achievements. There was a proliferation in the number of scholarships available for secondary and college education. There was some success in diversifying the island's monocrop agricultural sector away from bananas and towards other crops. It also increased public spending on capital projects including roads, schools and sea walls. These projects had a visible impact on the economy and the economy grew every year under his leadership. This sort of economic program was branded "tou-pas-touism", a Creole word meaning "everywhere". However, the opposition argued that the growing economy was only being financed by debt. Feeling confident with his government's achievements, James called a snap election six months before it were due in order to quell the allegations of corruption.

2000–present
In the January 2000 elections, the party suffered a surprise defeat. Though it won the most votes as a block, the party lost three seats and its majority in parliament. No party won enough seats to form a government on its own. Dominica's other two major parties, the Dominica Freedom Party and the Dominica Labour Party, had agreed to a co-operation agreement to win the election and it was no surprise when they made a coalition against the Workers' Party. James was replaced as prime minister by Roosevelt Douglas.

In February 2000, James returned to the office of leader of the opposition. Back in opposition, he called on the government to prosecute the charges of corruption in order to clear his party's name, but the government never charged any members of his party with wrongdoing. He was sued for libel by Eugenia Charles as a result of the bugging allegations; he agreed to compensate as well as to publicly apologise to Dame Eugenia.

In the May 2005 elections, the party conducted a vigorous campaign but it lost one seat in parliament. James continued as leader of the opposition. In July 2005, he was appointed to the CARICOM leaders of government and parliamentary opposition parties committee. However, in December 2005, he did not seek re-election as party leader and he was replaced by Earl Williams. In July 2007, he ceded the office to Williams.

A February 2007 poll conducted by Caribbean Development Research Services Inc (CADRES) found that, though he is no longer leader of the United Workers' Party, he still enjoyed considerable support. 32% of respondents favored his leadership, compared to 58% for the prime minister, Skerrit, and 6% for the current United Workers' Party leader, Williams. James was president of the UWP for three years, and then was re-elected political leader of the party at its January 2012 convention.

title: Edison James


text:
Talk:Blacksburg

Although I, Robb Blacksburg am not from any place called Blacksburg, it is important to me that I uphold the good reputation of the citizens of any and all Blacksburgs.

title: Talk:Blacksburg


text:
Talk:John Lubbock

Changed to dab page. Mackensen (talk) 22:45, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Lubbock


text:
Papiermühle

Papiermühle (German for "paper mill") may refer to:

 * Papiermühle (Engelskirchen), a part of Engelskirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * Homburger Papiermühle, a part of Nümbrecht, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * Papiermühle, the German name for the village Papiernia, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland
 * Basel Paper Mill (Basler Papiermühle), a museum in Basel, Switzerland, dedicated to paper making

title: Papiermühle


text:
Elizabeth Hatton

Elizabeth, Lady Coke (née Cecil; 1578 – 3 January 1646), was an English court office holder. She served as lady-in-waiting to the queen consort of England, Anne of Denmark. She was the daughter of Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, and Dorothy Neville, and the granddaughter of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley. She was the wife of Sir William Hatton and later of Sir Edward Coke.

Early life
Elizabeth Cecil was the daughter of Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter and Dorothy Neville (1548–1609). Her maternal grandfather was John Neville, 4th Baron Latimer and her maternal grandmother was Lady Lucy Somerset, daughter of Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester and his first wife Margaret Courtenay. Her paternal grandfather was William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley and her paternal grandmother was Mary Cheke (died February 1543).

Marriage to William Newport alias Hatton
In the early 1590s, Elizabeth married Sir William Newport alias Hatton (1560–1597), the son of John Newport (d. 1566) of Hunningham, Warwickshire, and his wife, Dorothy Hatton (d. 1566x70), the sister of Elizabeth I's Lord Chancellor, Sir Christopher Hatton. Newport had taken the surname Hatton when his childless uncle, Sir Christopher Hatton, settled his estates on him as his heir. When Sir Christopher Hatton died in 1591, Robert Greene dedicated his A Maiden's Dream to 'The right worshipful, bountiful, and virtuous lady, the Lady Elizabeth Hatton, wife to the right worshipful Sir William Hatton, Knight'.

William Hatton had earlier married, in June 1589, Elizabeth Gawdy, the daughter and heiress of Sir Francis Gawdy (died 1605) and Elizabeth Coningsby, who died soon after the marriage, leaving an only daughter, Frances Hatton (1590–1623), who on 24 February 1605 married Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick. After the marriage, Frances Hatton's grandfather, Sir Francis Gawdy, broke off relations with her.

Marriage to Edward Coke
After the death of William Hatton on 12 March 1597, and after a failed wooing by Sir Francis Bacon, Elizabeth married Sir Edward Coke on 6 November 1598. Contrary to ecclesiastical law, which stated that marriage was to be conducted at a church between 8 a.m. and 12 noon, their marriage was conducted outside those hours and at a private house. Subsequently, all involved parties to the marriage were prosecuted for breaching ecclesiastical law, and Sir Edward had to sue for a royal pardon.

Elizabeth was twenty-six years younger than Coke and had a disposition that was hot tempered and articulate. They were said to be not compatible but at least well matched. By 1604, Elizabeth's marriage to Sir Edward Coke had deteriorated, and she was said to have become a formidable character and thorn at her husband's side. They quarrelled over their respective rights to the Hatton estate Elizabeth had inherited from her first husband. It was said the Spanish ambassador Gondomar told King James that she refused Coke access to Hatton House (Ely Place) in Holborn. The dispute became so bitter that the king intervened personally to mediate. Elizabeth and her husband were never reconciled: at his funeral she remarked, "We shall never see his like again, thanks be to God".

Courtier of Anne of Denmark
When James VI of Scotland set out to claim the English throne after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, the Cokes immediately began ingratiating themselves with the new monarch and his family. Elizabeth travelled to Scotland to meet the incoming Queen, Anne of Denmark, and it was said that the high-tempered beauty managed to please the withdrawn, strong-willed Queen. Hence, she and her husband were able to hold the affection and trust of the Queen as long as she lived. She petitioned Sir Robert Cecil unsuccessfully for the position of keeper of the queen's jewels and to help dress her.

Lady Hatton was invited to perform in some of the queen's masques, including The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses at Hampton Court in January 1604, and The Masque of Beauty at Whitehall Palace in January 1608. On 20 August 1613, Anne of Denmark was received at Wells, Somerset. The mayor William Bull hosted a dinner for members of her household including Lady Hatton, Lady Walsingham, and the four maids of honour.

After the death of Anne of Denmark in 1619, Hatton remained in court circles. On 3 August 1621, in the masque The Gypsies Metamorphosed, actors recited her and her daughter's fortunes in verse. In June 1623 she and her daughter Lady Purbeck travelled to The Hague to see Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, with Elizabeth, Lady Knollys, Isabella Smythe, and Philadelphia Carey. The group sent a comic letter to Dudley Carleton, in the spirit of a masque, explaining their arrival deposited on the shore by Neptune, in hope of an introduction to the King and Queen of Bohemia.

Family
Elizabeth had two daughters by her second husband: Frances Coke, Viscountess Purbeck, and Elizabeth Coke, who died unmarried. Frances Coke was married in 1617 to John Villiers, 1st Viscount Purbeck, the elder brother of King James' favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. This was a major cause of marital strife between Elizabeth and her second husband, Edward Coke. Elizabeth opposed the match (presumably because Villiers was generally believed to be insane) and sent her daughter Frances away from Hatton House in Holborn without informing her husband. Her plans were to keep Frances in a rented house with the help of her relatives. Elizabeth placed her daughter with Lady Withipole, daughter of Sir William Cornwallis, where she intended her daughter to be betrothed to Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford. However, her husband later located their daughter by chance and took her away, keeping her locked up by legal means in various houses of his friends. Then in September 1617, Frances was married at Hampton Court in the presence of the King and Queen to John Villiers. The marriage was a disastrous failure, and, in 1621, Frances eloped with Sir Robert Howard, with whom she lived in an unofficial union for many years.

Death and burial
Hatton died on 3 January 1646, and was buried in the parish church of St Andrew Holborn.

Legacy
Hatton left two sums of £100 in her will to be used to buy land in the Parish of Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, England. The monies generated to be used for the poor, sickly and impotent in the Parish. It forms part of the Stoke Poges United Charity. In 2023 a new housing development road called Lady Hatton Place in Stoke Poges was named after her.

title: Elizabeth Hatton


text:
Talk:Today's Special

Spoiler warning
Huh? What exactly is being spoilt? :) moink 22:41, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The premise for anyone who hasn't seen it before. --Spinboy 01:48, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spoiler? Are you kidding? This is a kid's show from 20 years ago! What do I care, this conversation is more than two years old anyway... 82.41.28.211 02:19, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Likewise, the guidelines regarding spoilers as they presently stand have essentially rendered the spoiler tag obsolete. SchuminWeb (Talk) 03:54, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Lyrics
Hi. Lyrics to songs, even to television theme songs, are often copyrighted. If it can be demonstrated that these lyrics are not, then they should be moved to wikisource. Thanks. Jkelly 03:01, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Why the fuck do you people insist on removing copyright material from these pages? Do you think anyone really cares if the Today's Special lyrics are posted here or will sue wikipedia? FM —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.56.124.151 (talk • contribs)

 * I believe Jkelly's explanation was more than sufficient. SchuminWeb (Talk) 23:00, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

We should be innocent until proven guilty. Therefore we should have the lyrics up on here until someone complains. If no one complains -- and no one will then don't take them off. --Fmaack 22:39, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * A fascinating theory, flawed only in its untruth. Phil Sandifer 23:28, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Hat vs. Beret
If you truly believe the character's headgear should be defined as a beret please start the discussion here or cite a source for the edit. Thanks! CMacMillan 01:07, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I thought it was an odd addition myself. Looking around to figure out what kind of hat the magic hat was, it most resembles a Gatsby cap.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 02:39, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah that seems more likely in appearance, or this Newsie hat. CMacMillan 02:44, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Alimagocus/Alamagocus (spelling)
Since we had a spelling correction in one edit changing from one spelling to the other, it's worth a discussion. I'm wondering if anyone knows the correct spelling of "alimagocus" (as in "hocus pocus alimagocus"). I've always spelled it "alimagocus" (with an "i"), and my use of that spelling on my highly-visible Today's Special Web site seems to have given rise to use of that spelling. I've also seen it spelled "alamagocus" (with an "a"), and I'm not sure which spelling is correct. Does anyone know what the official spelling of the word is, like that which was used on the scripts and such? I'd love to know, because I am inclined to consider either spelling to be "correct" unless we find out officially. SchuminWeb (Talk) 04:42, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

The 90s?
I have a distant memory of seeing this on my local PBS station once. My memories only go back to 1990, so can anyone confirm that? --Jnelson09 18:50, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The show was only in production through 1987, but yeah, the show ran in repeats on various networks on and off through the 1990s. Nick dropped it in 1991, and then Faith and Values showed it for a few years through 1995 or so.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 23:28, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Set Changes
Is it really necessary to mention the part about the music in the set changes section? One could reasonable assume that they are watching an old set if it has the OLD SET. I suggest removing this cruft. Modor (talk) 23:31, 9 August 2012 (UTC)Modor

Boer War
I'm curious what the source is for Saw Crenshaw being a veteran of the Boer Wars. The last Boer war ended more than a decade before his birth date. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jethro 82 (talk • contribs) 21:03, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Today's Special


text:
School governor

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, school governors are the overseers of a school. In state schools, they have three main functions:
 * Giving the school a clear vision, ethos and strategic direction
 * Holding the headteacher to account for the educational performance of the school and its pupils
 * Overseeing the financial performance of the school and making sure its money is well spent.

They are the largest volunteer force in the country.

Composition
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, every state school has a governing body, consisting of specified numbers of various categories of governors depending on the type and size of school. Governors are unpaid, but they may be reimbursed for expenses for such as the care of dependants or relatives and travel costs. Under section 50 of the Employment Rights Act 1996, employers must give anyone in their employment who serves as a governor reasonable time off their employ to carry out their governor duties. Employers can decide whether this time off is given with or without pay.

Generally, the following categories are applicable:
 * Parent governors: parents of children at the school;
 * Staff governors: members of the school staff;
 * Authority governors (previously known as LEA governors): nominated by the local education authority;
 * Co-opted governors (previously known as community governors): members of the local community (appointed by the rest of the governing body);
 * Foundation, partnership and sponsor governors: representatives of any sponsoring bodies.

The proportions vary between differing types of school, but as an example, in community schools, which are usually owned by the LEA, the regulations prescribe that parent governors should be at least one-third of the governors, staff governors at least two places, but no more than one-third, including the headteacher; LEA governors 20% and community governors at least 20%. Church schools will typically include a representative of the church in addition to the above categories. The minimum number of governors is nine, the maximum is twenty (although sponsor governors are additional to these numbers). Governors are appointed for a maximum of four years, this term is renewable.

The headteacher of each school is ex officio a staff governor, but can decline to take up the position. Should they decide not to become a member of the governing body, their place is left vacant.

Staff governors (other than the head teacher) are elected by the school staff and must be paid to work at the school, directly by the school (that is, not under an external contract such as catering or cleaning). At least one staff governor must be a teacher, and if there are three or more staff governors, at least one must be a member of the support staff. If no member of the appropriate category stands for election, the vacant place can be filled by an elected person from the other category (i.e. if no teachers wish to become governors, all staff governors may be support staff, and vice versa).

Parent governors can either be elected by parents of children at the school, or if insufficient numbers are elected, can be appointed by the governing body to fill any remaining vacancies. Such appointees need not be parents of children currently attending the school – if no suitable candidates are found, they may be parents of former pupils, or of any child of school age. Parents so appointed can be removed from their positions by a majority vote of the governing body.

Associate members may be appointed by the governing body as members of committees, and may include pupils, school staff, or anyone else who the governing body feel could contribute to its work. Their voting rights are decided by the governing body, and are also limited by law to exclude matters concerning the budget, admissions, pupil discipline and the election or appointment of governors. Associate members are not governors and are not included in the school's instrument of government.

By law, governing bodies meet at least three times every year, as a full governing body, where the ongoing business of committees, the governing body and the school are discussed, reported on and where decisions are taken by a majority vote. Most of the work of governors, however, is done at committee level.

Chair
The governing body is led by the chair, elected by the governing body from within its membership, though anyone who works at the school cannot stand for the office. Since 1 September 2003, the term of office for the chair can be set to more than one year.

The chair is supported in their work by one or more vice chairs, who may be delegated certain tasks or responsibilities. Certain tasks, including signing-off the school budget, can only be done by the chair. The process for election of chair and vice-chair and their term of office should be laid down in the governing body's standing orders.

The full governing body can remove the chair or any vice chairs by a majority vote of no confidence.

Clerk
The governors are supported in their work by a clerk to the governing body. In many schools this role is combined with that of bursar or administrative officer, although they may also be employed solely in a clerking role. In some areas clerking services may be provided by the local education authority. The clerk is remunerated for their work.

The clerk is usually considered an integral part of the governing body, giving advice whilst not entitled to vote. Their role is primarily one of providing advice and interpretation on the regulatory and administrative framework in which governors work, preparing and distributing minutes and agendas, keeping records and dealing with correspondence.

Responsibilities
The headteacher of the school is responsible for day-to-day management of the school. The role of the governing body is to provide strategic management, and to act as a "critical friend", supporting the work of the headteacher and other staff.

Schools generally have a delegated budget to cover salaries, running costs, maintenance and equipment; the governing body is responsible for managing this budget. They can decide how many and what types of staff to employ, which equipment to upgrade or replace and what the priorities are for implementing new strategies and initiatives.

Governors must appoint the headteacher, and may be involved in the appointment of other staff.

Governors also have a role in monitoring the school's progress, and in setting annual targets for the school's performance and for the headteacher (and ensuring that the headteacher sets targets for other staff).

Governors must review school exclusions in certain circumstances, and have the power to reinstate an excluded pupil or reduce the term of the exclusion (although not to increase it).

Foundation schools, voluntary aided schools and academies act as their own admissions authorities. In such schools, the governing body sets the admissions policy, makes admissions decisions and defends admissions appeals.

Committees
Most governing bodies use a committee structure to undertake their monitoring and evaluation roles. Membership and terms of reference of committees must be determined annually. Finance, staffing, admissions, health and safety, curriculum and premises committees are very common. Other areas covered by committees may include marketing, discipline and management. Many governing bodies form working groups to tackle specific problems.

Since 1 September 2003, particular committees can be given delegated powers to make decisions about the school that do not then require any approval by the full governing body

Training
Governors and clerks can be offered training and support either by the local authority, by central government or by other organisations.

Support organisations
There are a number of organisations, websites and resources that support governors and governing bodies in England and Wales.

The Key for School Governors is a subscription service which provides up-to-the-minute intelligence and resources to support governing boards. In addition to e-learning and online tools like Compliance Tracker, The Key offers free online governor induction in partnership with Governors for Schools and Lloyd's Banking Group.

The National Governors' Association is a representative body for school governors in England. The NGA is an independent charity. Governors can join the NGA as individuals, as members of a governing body, or through their local governors' association.

Governor Wales is the voice of governors of schools in Wales. Governor Wales is funded by the Welsh Government.

Governors for Schools is a government funded charity tasked with recruiting governors for governing bodies in England. Governors for Schools also receives support from business organisations. The Governors for Schools service is free to local education authorities, volunteers, employers and schools. In 2012, Governors for Schools began a partnership with the University of Manchester to ensure local schools have access to skilled governors.

GovernorLine offers free, confidential advice, information and support to school governors, clerks and individuals involved directly in the governance of maintained schools in England. GovernorLine is a free service delivered by an organisation called WorkLife Support, under contract to the UK government.

GovernorNet.co.uk was a UK government website with information for school governors. It was closed by the Department for Education in April 2011, with a recommendation to governors to use the variety of forums that are available including UK Governors and TES Connect.

Independent schools
Private schools, and public schools in particular, generally have governing bodies, although by their very nature, such schools usually decide on their own requirements for their composition.

Research
A study published in 1995 examined whether school governors were bodies of 'active citizens' providing opportunities for democratic participation in the governance of schools, or unpaid volunteers doing the bidding of the state. It also found that the composition and functioning of governing bodies was shaped by the social divisions of class, race and gender.

title: School governor


text:
Ohio Dominican University

Ohio Dominican University is a private Dominican university in Columbus, Ohio. In 2024, the university had 1,252 students and offered undergraduate degrees in 42 majors as well as 9 graduate degree programs.

History
The College of St. Mary of the Springs was chartered in 1911 as an all-women's school. It became coeducational in 1964 and changed its name to Ohio Dominican College four years later. In 2002, its name changed to Ohio Dominican University.

The Charles School
The Charles School at Ohio Dominican University opened in 2007 with the goal to significantly improve college success for young people in Central Ohio. The public charter high school is part of a nationwide network of Early College High Schools initiated through funds from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and other organizations. The Charles School (TCS) is open to all Ohio students entering the 9th grade, with a target population of students who have a desire to go to college and would be the first in their family to do so. Students have the opportunity to graduate with a high school diploma and up to 62 hours of college credit and/or an associate degree, at no cost to the student.

Athletics
The Ohio Dominican teams, nicknamed the Panthers, compete in the NCAA Division II as members of the Great Midwest Athletic Conference (GMAC). ODU joined the GMAC on July 1, 2017. Ohio Dominican originally joined the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference in 2010 as part of the transition to NCAA Division II from the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). The university currently offers 16 varsity sports including: men's and women's basketball, baseball, cheerleading (Football, both men's and women's basketball), men's and women's cross country, football, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, softball, men's and women's track and field (indoor and outdoor), and women's volleyball.

Alumni

 * Jonathan Sánchez, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Anne O'Hare McCormick, News correspondent
 * Aden Ibrahim Aw Hirsi, Former Governor of Gedo, Somalia
 * Christian Nodal, Mexican singer and songwriter

title: Ohio Dominican University


text:
British Land

The British Land Company Public Limited Company is one of the largest property development and investment companies in the United Kingdom. The firm became a real estate investment trust when REITs were introduced in the UK in January 2007. It is headquartered in London, England. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index and a founding member of the European Public Real Estate Association.

History
The British Land Company was founded in 1856 as an offshoot of the National Freehold Land Society (later Abbey National) formed in 1849 with the two chief architects of the freehold land movement Richard Cobden and John Bright. Both were ardent supporters of a movement to extend enfranchisement. To qualify for a parliamentary vote it was then necessary to be a landowner and the main object of the National Freehold was to facilitate the acquisition of small plots of land by the people. To do this the British Land Co. would purchase land and then resell it on the best terms to any customer who wanted to buy it. With the extension of the franchise, this reason ceased to govern the operation of the company, and it began to operate as a normal business in the latter part of the nineteenth century.

In 2004 it received planning permission for a Richard Rogers designed skyscraper at 122 Leadenhall Street, known informally as "The Cheese Grater" in the City of London. Construction of the tower, which is the 6th tallest building in the United Kingdom, began in October 2007 and was completed in 2014.

In May 2005 British Land announced that it had agreed to purchase Pillar Property Plc for £811 million in cash to boost its position in the out-of-town retail property sector.

In 2006 Sir John Ritblat, who had chaired the company since 1970, stood down and was replaced by Chris Gibson-Smith.

In October 2011, the company was placed in the number one position, with 135 subsidiaries, on a list of FTSE 100 companies that use tax havens for their operations, as revealed in a database of their subsidiaries compiled for the first time by the development charity ActionAid.

In March 2019, the company appointed Tim Score as the chair of its board.

In September 2020, British Land announced that its chief executive Chris Grigg would exit the company December of that year. He was succeeded by the firms chief financial officer Simon Carter in November 2020.

In November 2020, British Land wrote down the value of its portfolio by almost £1 billion after retail income fell due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.

In September 2023, it was reported that Meta, the owner of Facebook, had paid £149 million to British Land in order to break the lease on its Triton Square London Office. Meta reportedly had 18 years left on its lease at the time.

Operations
As of 31 March 2023 the company owned a portfolio valued at £5.7 billion. The portfolio includes a large amount of property which has been purchased from and leased back to major retailers such as Tesco, Sainsbury's, House of Fraser and Asda. This includes the Broadgate Estate, one of the largest developments in London over several decades, and Regent's Place near Warren Street Station.

Since October 2012 British Land and the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global had each owned 50% stakes in Meadowhall, one of the UK's largest shopping centres based in Sheffield. An agreement between Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM) and British Land was signed on 18 May 2024 for NBIM to acquire the remaining 50% stake of the Meadowhall estate from British Land, completing on 12 July 2024. The cost of the acquisition was £360 million. British Land would continue as the asset manager of the property.

Main projects

 * 122 Leadenhall Street, London, opened in July 2014
 * 5 Broadgate, London
 * 4 Kingdom Street, Paddington, London
 * 5 Kingdom Street, Paddington, London
 * Norton Folgate and Blossom Street, London
 * Surrey Quays Shopping Centre, London
 * Harmsworth Quays, London
 * Stephen's Green Shopping Centre, Dublin, opened in 1988

title: British Land