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Berdychiv

Berdychiv (Бердичів, ) is a historic city in Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Berdychiv Raion within the oblast. It is 44 km south of the administrative center of the oblast, Zhytomyr. Its population is approximately

The area has seen various cultural influences and political changes over time, from its early settlement by the Chernyakhov culture to its position within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later, the Russian Empire. Berdychiv was an important trading and banking center in its heyday, but the town became impoverished after the banking industry moved to Odesa in the mid-19th century. Berdychiv was also a significant center of Jewish history, with a large Jewish population and an important role in the development of Hasidism. However, during World War II, the Nazis brutally massacred thousands of Jews in Berdychiv. The city has seen continued conflict, with damage sustained during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

Name
In addition to the Ukrainian Бердичів (Berdychiv), in other languages the name of the city is Berdyczów, באַרדיטשעװ and Берди́чев.

Pre-founding
The territory on which the city is located was inhabited as early as the 2nd millennium BC. Bronze Age settlements and the remains of two settlements of the Chernyakhov culture were discovered here.

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
In 1430, Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas (великий князь литовський Вітовт) granted the rights over the area to Kalinik, the procurator (намісник) of Putyvl and Zvenyhorodka, and it is believed that his servant named Berdich founded a khutor (remote settlement) there. However the etymology of the name Berdychiv is not known.

In 1483, Crimean Tatars destroyed the settlement. In 1545, Berdyczów was mentioned as a property of the Polish-Lithuanian magnate Tyszkiewicz family, and in a 1546 document settling the border between Poland and Lithuania within the Polish–Lithuanian union.

According to the Union of Lublin (1569), Berdyczów passed to Poland within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was granted city rights in 1593 and was a private town, administratively located in the Żytomierz County in the Kijów Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province.

The fortified Carmelite monastery was built from 1627 to 1642 with funding from Janusz Tyszkiewicz Łohojski. In 1643, Bishop Andrzej Szołdrski laid the foundation stone of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Saint Michael Archangel and Saint John the Baptist. Berdyczów became a Catholic pilgrimage destination and an important defensive fortress on the eastern flank of Western Christian civilization.

The monastery was captured and plundered by Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1647.

In 1687, Teresa Tyszkiewicz married Krzysztof Stanisław Zawisza, and Berdyczów passed to the Zawisza family of Łabędź coat of arms. Krzysztof Stanisław Zawisza erected a new manor house in the city. After the death of Krzysztof Stanisław Zawisza in 1721, the town passed to his daughter Barbara Franciszka, wife of Prince Mikołaj Faustyn Radziwiłł, thus passing to the Radziwiłł family. Berdyczów flourished during the rule of Kings Augustus III of Poland and Stanisław August Poniatowski. In 1760 a printing house was founded at the monastery, which in 1777 printed the oldest Polish encyclopedia for children.

In 1768, Kazimierz Pulaski defended the city with his 700 men surrounded by royal army during Bar Confederation.

The town underwent rapid development after king Stanisław August Poniatowski, under pressure from the powerful Radziwiłł family, granted it the unusual right to organize ten fairs a year. This made Berdychiv one of the most important trading and banking centers in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and later, the Russian Empire. At the time, the saying "Pisz na Berdyczów!" ('Send letters to Berdychiv!') had an idiomatic meaning; because merchants from all over Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and the rest of eastern and central Europe were sure to visit the town within two or three months of each other, it became a central poste restante (post office box) of the region. Later, because of the phrase being used in a popular poem by Juliusz Słowacki, "Pisz na Berdyczów!" acquired a second meaning as a brush-off; "send me a letter to nowhere" or "leave me alone".

According to the census of 1789, Jews constituted 75% of Berdychiv's population (1,951 out of 2,640, of whom 246 were liquor dealers, 452 houseowners, 134 merchants, 188 artisans, 150 clerks and 56 idlers). In 1797, Prince Radziwill granted seven Jewish families the monopoly privilege of the cloth trade in the town. By the end of the 18th century, Berdychiv became an important center of Hasidism. As the town grew, a number of noted scholars served as rabbis there, including Lieber the Great, Joseph the Harif and the Tzadik Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev (the author of Kedushat Levi), who lived and taught there until his death in 1809. See Berditchev (Hasidic dynasty). Berdychiv was also one of the centers of the conflict between Hasidim and Mitnagdim.

In the Russian Empire
In 1793, after the Second Partition of Poland and the annexation of Right-Bank Ukraine to the Russian Empire, Berdychiv became part of the Volyn Province as a town of Zhitomirsky Uyezd. In 1798, it had 864 houses and 4820 people. The town was the administrative centre of the Berdichevsky Uyezd, a part of the Kyiv Governorate (1796–1925).

Trade began to decline since 1798, however it revived during the Napoleonic Wars in 1812–1814. Jews were a major driving force of the town's commerce in the first half of the 19th century, founding a number of trading companies (some traded internationally) and banking establishments, and serving as agents of the neighboring estates of Polish nobility (szlachta). As the ideas of Haskalah influenced parts of the Jewish communities, a large group of Maskilim formed in Berdychiv in the 1820s. In 1847, 23,160 Jews resided in Berdychiv and by 1861 the number doubled to 46,683. Berdychiv became the city with the largest share of Jewish population in Ukraine and the Russian Empire. The May Laws of 1882 and other government persecutions affected Jewish population and in 1897, out of the town's population of 53,728, 41,617 (about 80%) were Jewish. 58% of Jewish males and 32% of Jewish females were literate.

In 1840 the Carmelite printing house was moved to Zhytomyr. In 1831 local schools were closed down by Tsarist authorities as punishment for the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising, and in 1864 the Carmelite monastery was dissolved as punishment for the January Uprising. In 1837, the Związek Ludu Polskiego Polish resistance organization was founded in the city. The banking industry was moved from Berdychiv to Odessa (a major port city) after 1850, and the town became impoverished again in a short period of time.

In 1846, the town had 1893 buildings, 69 of which were brick-made, 11 streets, 80 alleys, and four squares. Honoré de Balzac visited it in 1850 and noted that its unplanned development made it resemble the dance of a polka as some buildings leaned left while others leaned right. In 1857, Polish-British writer Joseph Conrad, regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language, was born in Berdychiv.

Around the turn of the 20th century, Berdychiv counted some 80 synagogues and batei midrash, and was famous for its cantors.

World War I and interwar period
Until World War I, the natural growth was balanced by the emigration. After the February Revolution, during the Russian Civil War and Ukrainian War of Independence, in 1918–19, Berdychiv's mayor and chairman of its Jewish community was the Bundist leader David Petrovsky (Lipetz). As mayor he managed to prevent a planned multi-day pogrom in Berdychiv by haidamaks from the, thus saving thousands of lives.

After the fall of Tsarist Russia, the town was under control of the newly formed Ukrainian People's Republic from 1917 to 1919 (and briefly the Ukrainian State in 1918), before it eventually fell to the communists and was included within Soviet Ukraine in October 1919. On 26 April 1920, it was the site of a battle in which Poles defeated the Soviets and liberated the city during the Kyiv offensive and Polish–Soviet War. Polish troops also liberated dozens of Polish hostages, who were brought by the Soviets to the town from Zhytomyr. After another battle, on 7 June 1920, it was lost by the Poles to the Russian 1st Cavalry Army, which then carried out a massacre of hundreds of wounded Polish and Ukrainian soldiers plus Red Cross workers and nuns, who were burned alive in the local hospital.

In the 1920s, the Yiddish language was officially recognized and, beginning in 1924, the city had a Ukrainian court of law that conducted its affairs in Yiddish. In 1923, Berdychiv became the center of the district and district of the same name, and in 1937 it entered the Zhytomyr region.

The Soviet authorities closed most of the town's synagogues by the 1930s. All remaining Jewish cultural and educational institutions were suspended in the second half of the 1930s, before the beginning of World War II.

The city suffered from the man-made famine Holodomor of 1932-1933. In 2008, the National Museum of the Holodomor Genocide published the ''National Book of Memory of the Victims of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine. Zhytomyr region''. The book has 1116 pages and consists of three sections. According to historical records, more than 2490 people died during Holodomor in 1932-1933.

World War II and the Holocaust

Most civilians from areas near the border did not have a chance to evacuate when the Nazis began their invasion on 22 June 1941. Berdychiv was occupied by the German Army from 7 July 1941 to 5 January 1944. An "extermination" German SS unit was established in Berdychiv in early July 1941 and a Jewish ghetto was set up. It was stated in one of the Einsatzgruppen reports that on "Sept. 1, and 2, 1941, leaflets and inflammatory pamphlets were distributed by Jews in Berdychiv. As the perpetrators could not be found, 1,303 Jews, among them 875 Jewesses over 12 years, were executed by a unit of the Higher SS and Police Leaders". The ghetto was liquidated on 5 October 1941, when all the inhabitants were murdered. Eyewitnesses stated that Ukrainian auxiliary police aided the 25-member shooting squad in corralling Jews into the ghetto, policing it, and killing those who attempted to escape. One witness to a mass killing of Jews in Berdychiv said, "They had to wear their festivity-dresses. Then their clothes and valuables were taken. The pits were dug and filled in by war prisoners who were executed shortly after."

According to figures from the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission, a total of 10,656 individuals had been murdered here by the end of 1943.

The Nazis likely killed 20,000 to 30,000 Jews in Berdychiv, but a 1973 Ukrainian-language article about the history of Berdychiv says, "The Gestapo killed 38,536 people." ("Гестапівці стратили 38 536 чоловік.")

The Germans operated a Nazi prison, a forced labour camp, a Jewish forced labour battalion and temporarily the Stalag 339 prisoner-of-war camp in the town.

Berdychiv was the hometown of Soviet novelist Vasily Grossman, who worked as a war correspondent. Grossman's mother was murdered in the massacre. He wrote a detailed description of the events for publication in The Black Book, edited by Grossman and Ilya Ehrenburg, which dealt with the German treatment of Soviet Jews in the Holocaust. Originally meant for publication in the Soviet Union, it was banned there; one volume was eventually published in Bucharest in 1947. The original manuscript is in the archive of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. A detailed account of the massacre as told by the narrator's mother appears in a fictionalized context in Grossman's novel Life and Fate, which is widely available in an English translation by Robert Chandler.

21st century
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2022, on March 16, 2022, Berdychiv was damaged by Russian air strikes. A few buildings were torn down.

Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

Notable people
Alphabetically by surname. Pseudonyms treated as one word.
 * Jacob Pavlovitch Adler (birthplace of his mother, Hessye Halperin)
 * Honoré de Balzac (married in Berdychiv)
 * Joseph Conrad (1857–1924), Polish and British writer
 * John Demjanjuk (born Ivan Mykolaiovych Demjanjuk; 1920–2012), Ukrainian-American accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity carried out while serving as a guard at Nazi extermination camps during World War II
 * Der Nister, pen name of Pinchus Kahanovich (1884–1950), Yiddish author, philosopher, translator, and critic
 * Charles Joachim Ephrussi, the patriarch of the Ephrussi family grain dynasty
 * Lipa Feingold (1878–1945), American jeweler and composer
 * Abraham Firkovich, Karaite hakham
 * Abraham Goldfaden (1840–1908), considered the father of the Jewish modern theatre
 * Israel Grodner (c. 1848 – 1887), one of the founding performers in Yiddish theater
 * Vasily Grossman (1905–1964), Soviet Russian writer and journalist
 * Felix Lembersky, fine arts, painter (1913–1970), born and raised in Berdychiv, worked as theater stage designer
 * Raquel Liberman (1900–35), Jewish-Polish victim of human trafficking who broke up the notorious Zwi Migdal forced-prostitution ring in Argentina.
 * Osip Mikhailovich Lerner (Y. Y. Lerner), writer, critic, and folklorist
 * Viacheslav Mishchenko (born 1964), Ukrainian photo artist and painter
 * Mendele Mocher Sforim, pen name of Sholem Yankev Abramovich, Jewish author and one of the founders of modern Yiddish and Hebrew literature
 * Pedotser, whose real name was A.M. Kholodenko (1828-1902), a Klezmer violin virtuoso
 * Antoni Protazy Potocki, szlachta (owned and organized several factories in the village of Makhnivka, near Berdychiv)
 * Anatoliy Puzach (1941–2006), Soviet football player and Ukrainian coach
 * David Petrovsky (1886–1937) — the mayor of the city and the chairman of the Jewish community of Berdychiv in 1918–1919, a member of the Central Committee of the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia, a member of the Central Committee of the Jewish Socialist Federation and the Socialist Party of America, the editor of the Jewish Daily Forward newspaper in New York, journalist, political and economic scientist, the statesman of the Soviet Union.
 * Sholem Aleichem, pen name of Solomon Naumovich Rabinovich (1859–1916), leading Yiddish author and playwright, lived here doing research for his novels in the 1880s
 * Boris Sidis (1867–1923), Ukrainian American psychologist, physician, psychiatrist, and philosopher of education
 * Valeriy Skvortsov (1945–) Soviet high jumper; European champion
 * Stempenyu, stage name of Iosef Druker (1822–79), a klezmer violin virtuoso and bandleader
 * Dmytro Tymchuk (1972–2019) Ukrainian Army Reserve colonel, "informatsiinyi sprotyv" group coordinator
 * Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev (Levi Yosef Yitzhak of Berdichev; 1740–1809), Torah commentator, chassidic rabbi, leader, religious songwriter, and leader of the Berditchev Hasidic dynasty.

Some sources erroneously claim that the pianist Vladimir Horowitz was born in Berdychiv. Horowitz's birth certificate unequivocally gives Kyiv as his birthplace.

Berdychiv on stage

 * See: Abraham Ellstein

title: Berdychiv


text: Category:Irish kings

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Irish kings


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Non-Partisan Deputies

The Non-Partisan Deputies (Tverrpolitisk folkevalgte, TVF), was a minor political party in Norway and the predecessor of the Coastal Party of Norway. The party emerged from the relatively small stratum of conservative EU critics during the 1994 Norwegian EU referendum who did not agree with the pro-EU politics of the Conservative Party. Harald B. Haram was party chairman until his death in 2002, when his son Harald Bernt Einar Haram replaced him.

History
Formally, the party was founded in 1973 as the Women's Free Deputies (Kvinnenes Frie folkevalgte). In this phase, the party was based in Eastern Norway. The minor party was in 1992 taken over by people from Møre, led by Harald B. Haram. For the 1993 election, the party had changed its name and ran as the eurosceptic Freedom Party against the EC-Union (Frihetspartiet mot EF-unionen). During the 1994 Norwegian EU referendum, the party was however simply known as the Freedom Party (Frihetspartiet). In 1997, the name had changed again, now to the present Non-Partisan Deputies. In late 1998, the party again changed its name, to the Non-Partisan Coastal and Rural District Party (Tverrpolitisk kyst- og distriktsparti). This was however reverted to the Non-Partisan Deputies following the 2001 election.

Steinar Bastesen was elected to Stortinget on their ticket in 1997, but soon left the party to form the Coastal Party, for which he also spent his second period. However, in 2008 he was excluded from the Coastal Party, and soon after made his return to the Non-Partisan Deputies. Together with, among others, notable former Norwegian political TV host Per Ståle Lønning the party ran for the 2009 parliamentary election in the county of Nordland.

title: Non-Partisan Deputies


text:
Talk:Non-Partisan Deputies

Untitled
Accurate translation of the party name into English? --Soman 07:55, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's cross-political coastal and regional party. Sort of. --Orzetto 09:35, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

It should not be merged wth Coastal Party. Coastal Party was formally a split from Tverrpolitisk FOlkevalgte.

title: Talk:Non-Partisan Deputies


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Orchestre Symphonique de Québec

The Orchestre symphonique de Québec (OSQ; English, Quebec Symphony Orchestra) is a Canadian symphony orchestra based in Quebec City. The orchestra also performs with the Théâtre lyrique du Québec (Théâtre lyrique de Nouvelle-France), the Opéra de Québec, and the Choeur symphonique de Québec.

History
Founded in 1902 as the Société symphonique de Québec, the OSQ is the oldest active Canadian orchestra. Joseph Vézina was the OSQ's first music director, from 1902 to 1924. In 1942, the orchestra merged with rival orchestra Cercle philharmonique de Québec (founded 1936), at which time it changed its name to the Orchestre Symphonique de Québec.

The orchestra holds an annual competition for young Quebec musicians awarding monetary prizes as well as the opportunity to perform as a soloist with the orchestra.

The most recent Canadian music director of the OSQ was Françoys Bernier, from 1966 to 1968. Yoav Talmi was music director from 1998 to 2011 and now has the title of chef émérite (conductor emeritus) with the orchestra. In December 2011, the OSQ announced the appointment of Fabien Gabel as its 11th music director, as of the 2012–2013 season, with an initial contract of 4 years. The orchestra's most recent music director, Gabel concluded his tenure as OSQ music director at the close of the 2020–2021 season. After the close of Gabel's tenure, Bramwell Tovey served as principal guest conductor of the OSQ in the interim until his death in July 2022.

In December 2022, the OSQ announced the appointment of Clemens Schuldt as its next music director, effective September 2023, with an initial contract of four seasons.

Music directors

 * Joseph Vézina (1902–1924)
 * Robert Talbot (1924–1942)
 * Edwin Bélanger (1942–1951)
 * Wilfrid Pelletier (1951–1966)
 * Françoys Bernier (1966–1968)
 * Pierre Dervaux (1968–1975)
 * James DePreist (1976–1983)
 * Simon Streatfeild (1983–1991)
 * Pascal Verrot (1991–1998)
 * Yoav Talmi (1998–2011)
 * Fabien Gabel (2012–2021)
 * Clemens Schuldt (2023–)

Discography

 * Roger Matton: Mouvement symphonique I - Lekeu Adagio pour quatuor d'orchestre, Opus 3 - Milhaud Suite provençale. James DePreist conductor. Hidetaro Suzuki concertmaster. 1977. RCI 454/(Matton) 5-ACM 29
 * Music of the Magical Realism, vol 2: Denys Bouliane Le Cactus rieur et la demoiselle qui souffrait d'une soif insatiable. Streatfeild conductor. 1991. SNE 567 (CD)
 * André Prévost Le Conte de l'Oiseau - Haydn Toy Symphony. Berryman and Besré narrator, Duschenes conductor. 1984. SNE 518/(Prévost) 6-ACM 28
 * El Cuento del Pajaro - Haydn Toy Symphony. Rodriguez and Barris narrator, Duschenes conductor. 1984. SNE 519
 * The Tale of the Bird - Haydn Toy Symphony. Henry and Monette narrator, Duschenes conductor. 1983. SNE 505
 * Dancing for 100 years (works by Bartók, Brahms, Champagne, François Dompierre and Antonín Dvořák. Yoav Talmi, conductor; Darren Lowe, violin. 2002. Analekta fl. FL 2 3156.
 * André Mathieu's Concerto de Québec - Richard Addinsell's Warsaw Concerto - George Gershwin's Concerto in F. Yoav Talmi conductor, Alain Lefèvre piano. 2003. Analekta. AN 2 9814.

title: Orchestre Symphonique de Québec


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Christian Unity Party

The Christian Unity Party (Kristent Samlingsparti, KSP) was a Christian conservative and fundamentalist political party in Norway without parliamentary representation. The party's ideology is based on literal interpretation of the Bible, traditional values, and opposition to reforms in the Church of Norway.

History and ideology
The Christian Unity Party was founded on 26 September 1998 with the merging of the New Future Coalition Party and the Christian Conservative Party. The party won a single representative in the municipal council of Kautokeino Municipality in the 1999 local elections.

The party's first years were marked by internal strife, mainly due to conflict over whether women should be allowed to hold posts in the party. Party leader Ivar Kristianslund was against women holding posts, but gained little support for this position and founded a fundamentalist splinter party after a court ruled in 2001 that Ørnulf Nandrup was the legitimate new leader of the party. During Kristianslund's leadership the party's ideology maintained that the Constitution of Norway was a gift from God to the Norwegian nation, stressed the divine right of the King of Norway, and wanted to abolish parliamentarism and restore Norway's original political system as of 1814. The party had around 1,000 members before the split.

After this the party has said that its ideology is very different from what it was in its early days, but the party still maintains strongly conservative Christian policies, holding the Bible as the highest authority of society. The party focuses on moral Christian values such as the traditional family and protection of the weak, and the party opposes abortion, same-sex marriage and immigration, especially from Islamic countries. The party supports economic liberalism, which it believes is most in accordance with the Bible. In foreign policy it is opposed to Norway joining the European Union, wants Norway to withdraw from the European Economic Area and the Schengen Agreement, and instead maintains strong support for the United States, NATO and Israel.

In the 2009 election campaign, pastor Jan-Aage Torp, the top candidate for Oslo, produced a graphic anti-abortion video that was shown three nights in a row on the TV 2 evening news, due to its controversial nature. The party has also received attention as segments of the party have appeared as members of radical anti-Islam groups.

Ahead of the 2015 local elections the party announced that it would suspend all its activities after agreeing to cooperate with The Christians Party following 67% of its members voting to join the larger party.

Party leaders

 * Ivar Kristianslund (1998–2001)
 * Ørnulf Nandrup (2001–2010) The Christian Leaders
 * Morten Selven (2010–2015)

title: Christian Unity Party


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Hayfield, Derbyshire

Hayfield is a village and civil parish in High Peak, Derbyshire, England, with a population of around 2,700. The village is 3 mi east of New Mills, 4.5 mi south of Glossop and 10 mi north of Buxton, in the basin of the River Sett.

The civil parish includes Hayfield village itself, the hamlets of Little Hayfield and part of Birch Vale, and a significant proportion of the Kinder Scout plateau.

Location and geography
The village is in the valley of the River Sett between the towns of Glossop, New Mills and Chapel-en-le-Frith. Anecdotally it is often described as being "at the foot of Kinder Scout". Thirty of the 33 km2 of the parish are within the boundaries of the Peak District National Park, including the hamlet of Little Hayfield. However, the village centre itself is not within the national park. The entire area is within the more loosely defined geographical area referred to as the Peak District.

The village is split into roughly two halves, intersected by the A624 relief road (locally referred to as the bypass although it goes through, rather than round, the village). One half contains the traditional village centre, including several shops, businesses, and St Matthew's Parish Church, while the other half contains mostly dwellings along with a handful of businesses, the bus station and St. John's Methodist Church. The relief road was built to ease heavy traffic that once travelled through the narrow main streets of the village.

Northeast of the village lies Kinder Reservoir, within a short distance of the Kinder plateau. This controls the flow of the River Kinder, thereby avoiding the risk of flooding that had previously been a serious problem within Hayfield village, and which necessitated raising the height of the main street.

The village has a cricket field where Hayfield Cricket Club play. The ground, next to the Royal Hotel, was purchased by the club in 1976 after famous ex-resident Arthur Lowe helped raise the necessary £5,000.

There are several natural springs within Hayfield village, some of which once supplied part of the village's water. These are no longer in active use, although are 'dressed' yearly in well dressing ceremonies.

Although classed as being in the East Midlands, Hayfield is at the northern extremity of the region and falls more within the influence of Manchester and Stockport in North West England.

History
Some kind of settlement has been in existence in Hayfield since Roman times, and possibly before.

Early history
The area was once woodland but this was largely cleared, allowing for sheep farming, although the soil was not good enough for arable farming.

The village lies on the line of a Roman road from Buxton (Aqua Arnemetia) to Glossop (Ardotalia). It is also on an important former packhorse route between Cheshire and Yorkshire. The village provided refuge for traders travelling from Castleton and Edale to Marple, Glossop and Stockport.

The village appears in the Domesday Book as "Hedfelt" (some sources state the village was recorded as Hedfeld), and Kinder was recorded separately as Chendre. It was included in the Royal Forest of the Peak in medieval times, but was not a parish until it was created perpetual curacy by Richard II. The forest was popular amongst Norman rulers for hunting, for which it was well noted.

Hayfield's location and nearby geography made it an isolated and practically self-sufficient village until the Industrial Revolution; unlike other areas, Hayfield lacked a feudal lord or stately home, although tithes were paid to the Abbot of Basingwerke in North Wales.

St Matthew's Church, Highgate Hall, Fox Hall (dated 1625 ) and an adjoining barn are some of the earliest surviving buildings in the village. Fox Hall and Fox Hall Barn are near the bottom of Kinder Road and are visible from the car park of the Royal Hotel.

Until recently there was some dispute as to which was the oldest pub in the village, with both the Bulls Head [sic] (believed to have been established circa 1386 ) and the George Hotel (believed to have been established circa 1575 ) vying for the title. However, in 2012 the Bulls Head closed and was converted into a private dwelling.

The Industrial Revolution to the present day
Eventually woollen manufacturing became a main industry within the village, and the propensity toward three-storied terraced houses within the village reflects this—the top floor, with its better light conditions, was where the loom was operated. In Descriptions of the Country from 30–40 miles Around Manchester (1795), John Aikten wrote: "The inhabitants [of Hayfield] are principally clothiers, though the cotton branch of late has gained a small footing."

As with most northern English villages, the Industrial Revolution brought rapid expansion, chiefly the creation of several cotton mills within Hayfield, along with numerous fabric printing and dyeing businesses, as well as paper manufacture. Hayfield became known for spinning, weaving and calico printing.

Other local industries included stone quarrying and millstone manufacturing. Some quarrying still takes place within the area, and the remains of old quarries can easily be seen within Hayfield and its surroundings. Clog making, charcoal burning and domestic implement manufacture also took place in the village. During the 16th century, Cutler's Green (now a camp site, and formerly the site of Kinder Printworks Mill) was known for cutlery trade, before nearby Sheffield became dominant in that area. Hayfield and surrounding areas were also home to several paper mills.

In 1868 a branch railway line was built linking Hayfield to Manchester. Initially built to carry fuel to power the mills, the railway line also bought passengers to Hayfield. It was estimated that around 5,000 people each weekend would travel from Manchester in 1920–1930, to enjoy the countryside around Kinder Scout. After World War II, traffic slowed and eventually the line closed in January 1970.

A short-lived continuation to the line was built in the early 20th century to convey materials and workmen during the construction of Kinder Reservoir. A famous photograph shows a construction contractor's locomotive crossing Church Street (the main street through the old village centre); the line skirted the cricket field and continued up the Sett Valley, and its course can still be traced in places.

During World War II, the village was home to evacuees from all over the country. However, on 3 July 1942, a stray bomb intended for Manchester was dropped on a row of terraced houses in Watery Hey. Six people died.

As late as 1937, the book The King's England: Derbyshire stated that Hayfield "is busy making paper and printing calico". But with industrial decline in the mid-to-late 20th century, Hayfield returned to its original status of a quiet rural village. Whereas once the village had 17 public houses and dozens of small shops, along with a gas works, it now has six pubs and only a handful of shops (there are eight pubs if the parish is taken as a whole). Only one mill is still standing, in the Little Hayfield area, and it has since been converted to luxury flats. Despite this decline, several new housing developments (both local council and private) were built in the village in the latter part of the 20th century, increasing the village's population substantially, and the village remains a popular area in which to live.

From 1939 onwards various schemes were put forward to reduce the amount of traffic passing through the narrow main street of the village, prompted by various accidents over the years (notably a crash in 1969 that killed two villagers and prompted a demonstration). Construction of a relief road through the village began in October 1977 and the road opened in December 1978.

Churches in the area
The parish church of St Matthew has existed in its present location since 1386, having previously stood at Kirksteads, the name given to the area where the rivers Kinder and Sett meet near Bowden Bridge. However, the church was not completed until 1405.

The church as seen today is a result of it being largely rebuilt in 1817–18, although remnants of the earlier building are visible in the crypt. The tower was built in 1793 and raised (and a clock added) in 1894. The interior is galleried on three sides and contains a notable monument of 1786 to Joseph Hague, moved there from Glossop church. The church is a Grade II listed building.

St John's Methodist Church dates from 1782. It claims to be the 13th Methodist church built, and was visited by John Wesley, who may well have opened the church personally: Wesley's diaries show he took particular interest in Hayfield, declaring in his diary that he found "uncommon liberty in preaching" when holding a service before the church was built. Although the building has been added to since construction, the four walls of the main church are entirely original. St John's is also Grade II listed.

Methodism was prominent in the area and led to the building of several other chapels. Hugh Bourne Primitive Methodist Chapel was built on Jumble Lane (now Kinder Road) in 1867 and deconsecrated in 1969, its congregation merging into St John's. The building now houses Hayfield Library. Bethel Methodist Church was founded in 1836 and a dedicated church built on Walk Mill in 1867. The church was founded largely to provide Sunday school facilities. It was deconsecrated in 1956. Little Hayfield Primitive Methodist Chapel was built in 1851 and deconsecrated in 1975.

The Mass Trespass
A mile east of the village is the confluence of the rivers Sett and Kinder at Bowden Bridge (a packhorse bridge), from where rights-of-way lead past Kinder Reservoir (built 1911) and on to the Kinder Scout plateau. The Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout started from Bowden Bridge Quarry in April 1932.

Modern Hayfield
Hayfield is no longer an industrial settlement and nowadays is considered a thriving Peak District village with a strong community spirit. In the 2001 census, the parish had 2,852 residents, across 1,205 households (2,164 of those residents living in the village itself ). Many residents work outside of Hayfield in nearby Stockport and Manchester, or in neighbouring towns and villages, although there are a handful of local businesses providing employment, including farms.

Hayfield is considered a desirable place to live within the High Peak and this is reflected in higher property prices compared to neighbouring towns and villages. An increasing number of residents have moved from nearby Manchester and Stockport to experience a better quality of life, and it is possible to argue that Hayfield is undergoing gentrification.

An annual May Queen procession is held in the village each year in May, as were sheepdog trials at nearby Little Hayfield, in September, until 2019. Well dressing has recently been introduced. An annual jazz festival was last held in 1989.

In 2012 and 2014 Hayfield was a key filming location for the BBC One drama series The Village.

Outdoor pursuits and sports
Hayfield is a popular walking and mountain biking centre; as well as being a traditional starting point for the ascent of Kinder Scout (traversed by the Pennine Way), the village lies directly on the Pennine Bridleway long-distance route (part of which follows the Sett Valley Trail). The Peak District Boundary Walk runs through Hayfield on the route of the Pennine Bridleway. The village contains a high number of public rights-of-way, as well as bridleways, a legacy of the pre-industrial days, when they provided the only ways in and out of the area.

Hayfield is the home of the Kinder Mountain Rescue Team.

Other local destinations for walkers and mountain bikers include Lantern Pike (also accessible from Little Hayfield), a prominent hill to the north west of the village traversed by the Pennine Bridleway.

Fell running is also popular, and each year sees a championship held on nearby peaks.

The village is home to Hayfield Football Club, who play in the Hope Valley Football League.The junior football club participates in the Stockport Metro League. Hayfield Cricket Club was founded in 1859 and currently competes in the Derbyshire and Cheshire Cricket League.

Myths and legends
On the last day of August 1745, James Clegg – the minister of a Presbyterian church at nearby Chapel-en-le-Frith – wrote to the Glossopdale Chronicle reporting that "hundreds of bodies rose out of the grave in the open air" from the graveyard of St Matthew's Church. They then proceeded to disappear, leaving Dr Clegg to remark: "...what is become of them or in what distant region of this vast system they have since fixed their residence no mortal can tell."

In 1760, Hayfield had its own witch. Suzannah Huggin sold wooden weaving pins and also bewitching charms. An old sailor bought one of these and promptly vanished, although Huggin was subsequently found to be in possession of the charm again. The villagers then blamed her for the disappearance, and she was dragged before the George pub and pelted with rotten fruit and stones, almost killing her. Somebody from Tom Heys' Farm then took the charm but, after a series of disasters — including milk not churning and animals not feeding — the charm was reluctantly exorcised by Reverend Baddeley.

Transport
While motor traffic through the village is lighter than in some other nearby settlements, such as New Mills and places along the A6, a section of the A624 Chapel-en-le-Frith to Glossop road, built in the 1970s to relieve the village centre, splits the community in two. Originally, the national speed limit applied on this part of the route but traffic is now restricted to 40 mph; a combined toucan/pegasus crossing offers pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders an alternative to the original and, now little-used, subway. The A6015 to New Mills makes a junction with the relief road near the village centre; traffic is limited to 30 mph and a zebra crossing also helps reduce to the risk to vulnerable road users.

There is a bus station on the other side of the relief road from the village centre with regular bus services to Glossop, Chapel-en-le-Frith, New Mills, Buxton and Stockport; these are operated by Stagecoach Manchester and High Peak.

The nearest railway stations are Chinley and New Mills Central (on the Sheffield-Manchester route); New Mills Newtown (Buxton-Stockport-Manchester); and Glossop (Glossop-Hadfield-Manchester); the last three are accessible from Hayfield by bus.

Until January 1970, there was a railway station in Hayfield, on the site of the current bus station, at the end of a branch line from New Mills Central station. This route's closure was one of the last recommended in 1963 by Richard Beeching's rationalisation programme.

Despite often-congested roads in and out of the Manchester conurbation, Hayfield remains a magnet for those who enjoy outdoor pursuits. The old railway trackbed now forms a popular 2.5 mi linear recreational route, the Sett Valley Trail. The bus station is at the eastern end of it where many walkers and horse riders visit; there is a car park, toilet and tourist information centre.

The nearest major airport is Manchester, which chiefly offers holiday and other leisure flights. This convenience for passengers is bought at the cost of extensive overflying of the village by incoming flights, especially in the summer.

Notable residents

 * Arthur Lowe, the actor famed for his role as Captain George Mainwaring in the television show Dad's Army, was born and brought up in Hayfield. On 30 August 2011, a blue plaque was unveiled at his home on Kinder Road. Although born in Birmingham, Lowe's wife, the actress Joan Cooper, lived in Hayfield until her death in 1989.
 * Coronation Street creator and script-writer Tony Warren spent some time in nearby Little Hayfield, and has a particular connection with the Lantern Pike Inn, where some Coronation Street memorabilia can be found.
 * Ernst Walder, former Coronation Street actor, lived in Little Hayfield with Tony Warren.
 * Pat Phoenix, former Coronation Street actress, also lived in Little Hayfield at the same time as Tony Warren. The Lantern Pike Inn also displays memorabilia relating to her.
 * Footballer Frank Thorpe, who won the FA Cup with Bury in 1903, was born in Hayfield in 1879.
 * Rob Hayles, former Olympic sprint cyclist.
 * Vicky Horner, former Olympic swimmer. Horner and Hayles are married.

title: Hayfield, Derbyshire


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Lugnaquilla

Lugnaquilla is the highest of the Wicklow Mountains in Ireland, rising to 925 m. It is also the highest Irish mountain outside of County Kerry, and the highest point in County Wicklow and the province of Leinster. Lugnaquilla overlooks the Glen of Imaal to the west and Glenmalure to the east.

Lugnaquilla is also the 11th-highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin list and 13th-highest on the Vandeleur-Lynam list.

Naming
Irish academic Paul Tempan wrote in his 2010 Irish Hill and Mountain Names, that the summit plateau is marked as Percy's Table, named after an 18th–century local landowner, Colonel Percy. This is similar to Dawson's Table on the summit of Galtymore. Tempan also notes that P.W. Joyce gave the original form as Log na Coilleach, which translates as "hollow of the (grouse) cocks", however, Tempan says that "this seems doubtful".

Tempan clarifies the name has no connection with the deity Lug, despite the common use of the term Lug as shorthand for Lugnaquilla, and that in some spellings of the name, several OS maps and guidebooks for example (e.g. Paddy Dillion's guidebooks ), an "i" is added to give "Lugnaquillia"; however Tempan settles on "Lugnaquilla" as the proper name for the mountain.

Geology
The Geological Survey of Ireland ("GSI") describe Lugnaquilla as a "slate capped, granite rooted, relatively flat-topped mountain". Crags of dark-grey schist protrude from the upper cliff walls of Lugnaquilla's corries which are Ordovician in age. The protrusions of lighter grey rock are granite. The cap of schist overlying Lugnaquilla's granite core is the remnant roof of the magma chamber into which the Lugnaquilla granites were emplaced. Cosmogenic dating on exposed bedrock showed that these schists were not covered by ice during the Last Glacial Maximum, and thus Lugnaquilla was a nunatak.

Geography
Lugnaquilla is described as a "bulky mountain", with a large plateau-type grassy summit (known as Percy's Table), bounded on two sides by steep glacial corries called the "North Prison" (looking into the Glen of Imaal), and the "South Prison" (looking into the glen of the River Ow). On Lugnaquilla's eastern side is the cliff-lined hanging valley of Fraughan Rock Glen, which falls into the glacial U-shaped valley of Glenmalure. Lugnaquilla is the source of the River Slaney.

Lugnaquilla does not have a rocky summit or summit ridges, and its large massif is described as a "sprawling mountain moorland". Lug's massif includes several major summits and corrie lakes, often lying in a "horseshoe-shape" with Lug at the apex around deep valleys. Around the Fraughan Rock Glen and Arts Lough in the east are Benleagh, and Clohernagh; around the glen of the Carrawaystick River and Kelly's Lough in the south-east are Corrigasleggaun, and again Clohernagh; around the glen of the River Ow in the south are Corrigasleggaun and Slievemaan; and finally, around the larger Glen of Imaal in the west are Ballineddan Mountain, Slievemaan, Camenabologue, Table Mountain, Lobawn, and Sugarloaf.

Lugnaquilla is the highest mountain of the Wicklow Mountains range, and the highest mountain in Ireland outside County Kerry. Lugnaquila's large prominence qualifies it to meet the P600 classification (mountains known as the "Majors" in Britain and Ireland), and the Britain and Ireland Marilyn classification. Lugnaquilla is the 4th-highest mountain in the MountainViews Online Database, 100 Highest Irish Mountains.

It is the 432nd–highest mountain, and 21st most prominent mountain, in Britain and Ireland, on the Simms classification. Lugnaquilla is regarded by the Scottish Mountaineering Club ("SMC") as one of 34 Furths, which is a mountain above 3000 ft in elevation, and meets the other SMC criteria for a Munro (e.g. "sufficient separation"), but which is outside of (or furth) Scotland; which is why Lugnaquilla is referred to as one of the 13 Irish Munros.

Hill walking

The shortest route to the summit of Lugnaquilla is the 13-kilometre 4–5 hour Glen of Imaal Route (the "Tourist Route"), that starts at Fenton's Pub in the Glen of Imaal, and goes along the military access road via a grassy hill to Camarahill 480 m, and then up to the summit of Lugnaquilla. The route crosses into the military artillery range, so walkers should check the range operating times in advance.

The 15–kilometre 5–6 hour Glenmalure Loop is described as "the most scenic circuit to Lugnaquilla". It starts in the Baravore car park at the head of Glenmalure and summits Lugnaquilla via the cliff–fringed hanging valley, Fraughan Rock Glen (the Glen is entered via the path at the Glenmalure Hostel); but returning via Cloghernagh 800 m, and down to the scenic Arts Lough 511 m, described as "one of the region's most beautiful sights", before descending back to the start of the Fraughan Rock Glen (or descending via Kelly's Lough and the glen of the Carrawaystick River).

The third, and least frequented route is the 16–kilometre 6-hour Aghavannagh Route, which starts at the Aghavannagh Bridge and walks the long forest tracks along the River Ow to the dramatic "South Prison" of Lugnaquilla, which is exited via the grassy–ramp of Green Street; return via same route. The 12–kilometres of forest trails (getting to the south prison, and then on the return to the bridge) can be cycled instead.

title: Lugnaquilla


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Negative luminescence

Negative luminescence is a physical phenomenon by which an electronic device emits less thermal radiation when an electric current is passed through it than it does in thermal equilibrium (current off). When viewed by a thermal camera, an operating negative luminescent device looks colder than its environment.

Physics
Negative luminescence is most readily observed in semiconductors. Incoming infrared radiation is absorbed in the material by the creation of an electron–hole pair. An electric field is used to remove the electrons and holes from the region before they have a chance to recombine and re-emit thermal radiation. This effect occurs most efficiently in regions of low charge carrier density.

Negative luminescence has also been observed in semiconductors in orthogonal electric and magnetic fields. In this case, the junction of a diode is not necessary and the effect can be observed in bulk material. A term that has been applied to this type of negative luminescence is galvanomagnetic luminescence.

Negative luminescence might appear to be a violation of Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation. This is not true, as the law only applies in thermal equilibrium.

Another term that has been used to describe negative luminescent devices is "Emissivity switch", as an electric current changes the effective emissivity.

History
This effect was first seen by Russian physicists in the 1960s in A.F.Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute, Leningrad, Russia. Subsequently, it was studied in semiconductors such as indium antimonide (InSb), germanium (Ge) and indium arsenide (InAs) by workers in West Germany, Ukraine (Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Kyiv), Japan (Chiba University) and the United States. It was first observed in the mid-infrared (3-5 μm wavelength) in the more convenient diode structures in InSb heterostructure diodes by workers at the Defence Research Agency, Great Malvern, UK (now QinetiQ). These British workers later demonstrated LWIR band (8-12 μm) negative luminescence using mercury cadmium telluride diodes.

Later the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, started work on negative luminescence in mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe). The phenomenon has since been observed by several university groups around the world.

Patent

 * , Ashley et al., July 18, 2000, Infrared optical system (Cold shield)

title: Negative luminescence


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The Squaw Man (1914 film)

The Squaw Man (known as The White Man in the United Kingdom) is a 1914 American silent Western film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar C. Apfel, and starring Dustin Farnum. It was DeMille's directorial debut and one of the first feature films to be shot in what is now Hollywood.

Plot
James Wynnegate (Dustin Farnum) and his cousin, Henry (Monroe Salisbury), are upper class Englishmen and trustees for an orphans' fund. Henry loses money in a bet at a derby and embezzles money from "the fund" to pay off his debts. When war office officials are informed of the money missing they pursue James, but he successfully escapes to Wyoming. There, James rescues Nat-U-Ritch (Lillian St. Cyr), daughter to the chief of the Ute tribe, from local outlaw Cash Hawkins (William Elmer). Hawkins plans to exact his revenge on James, but has his plans thwarted by Nat-U-Ritch, who shoots him dead. Later, James has an accident in the mountains and needs to be rescued. Nat-U-Ritch discovers him and carries him back to safety. As she nurses him back to health, they fall in love and later have a child.

Meanwhile, during an exploration of the Alps, Henry falls off a cliff. Before he succumbs to his injuries, Henry signs a letter of confession proclaiming James's innocence in the embezzlement. Before Henry's widow, Lady Diana (Winifred Kingston) and others arrive in Wyoming to tell James about the news, the Sheriff recovers the murder weapon that was used against Cash Hawkins in James and Nat-U-Ritch's home. Realizing that their son is not safe, the couple sends him away, leaving them both distraught. Facing the possibilities of losing both her son and her freedom, Nat-U-Ritch decides to take her own life instead. The movie ends with both the chief of the Ute tribe and James embracing her body.

Cast

 * Dustin Farnum as Capt. James Wynnegate aka Jim Carston
 * Monroe Salisbury as Sir Henry, Earl of Kerhill
 * Lillian St. Cyr as Nat-u-Ritch
 * Winifred Kingston as Lady Diana, Countess of Kerhill
 * 'Baby' Carmen De Rue as Hal
 * Joseph Singleton as Tab-y-wana
 * William Elmer as Cash Hawkins
 * Mrs. A.W. Filson as The Dowager Lady Elizabeth Kerhill
 * Haidee Fuller as Lady Mabel Wynnegate
 * Foster Knox as Sir John
 * Dick La Reno as Big Bill
 * Richard L'Estrange as Grouchy
 * Fred Montague as Mr. Petrie
 * Cecil B. DeMille as Faro Dealer
 * Cecilia de Mille as Child
 * Hal Roach as Townsman
 * Art Acord as Townsman
 * Raymond Hatton as Bit part

Production background
The only onscreen filmmaking credit is "Picturized by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar C. Apfel." The film was adapted by DeMille and Apfel from the 1905 stage play of the same name by Edwin Milton Royle, and produced by DeMille, Apfel, and Jesse L. Lasky for the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, its first film.

This first screen version of the story was the legendary DeMille's first movie assignment. It was also the first feature-length film shot in California, partly in what became Hollywood. Film historians agree that shorts had previously been filmed in Hollywood, with D. W. Griffith's In Old California (1910) considered the earliest. DeMille rented what is now known as the Lasky-DeMille Barn at the southeast corner of Selma and Vine Streets to serve as their studio and production office; today it is home to the Hollywood Heritage Museum. Shooting on The Squaw Man began December 29, 1913, and finished January 20, 1914.

DeMille wanted to emphasize the outdoors and wanted to shoot the movie in exotic scenery and great vistas. Initially he traveled to Flagstaff, Arizona to film the movie. After seeing the vast amount of mountains near Flagstaff, the production was moved to Los Angeles. Harbor scenes were shot in San Pedro, California and the western saloon set was built beside railroad tracks in the San Fernando Valley. Footage of cattle on the open range was shot at Keen Camp near Idyllwild, California, while snow scenes were shot at Mount Palomar. Cecil B. DeMille felt that lighting in a movie was extremely important and viewed it as the visual and emotional foundation to build his image. He believed that lighting was to a film as "music is to an opera".

The Squaw Man went on to become the only movie successfully filmed three times by the same director/producer, DeMille. He filmed a silent remake in 1918, and a talkie version in 1931. The Squaw Man was 74 minutes long and generated $244,700 in profit.

Characters
The main character James Wynnegate played by Dustin Farnum, was cast as the hero for the film. Farnum was a notable Broadway star and his wife in real life Winifred Kingston was also a well-known actress. She played the English love interest. Red Wing (real name Lillian St. Cyr) was born into the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska on the Winnebago Reservation, and she played the American Indian wife.

Controversies
Non-Native American actor Joseph Singleton played the role of Tabywana, Nat-U-Ritch's father. Lillian St. Cyr of the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska was cast to play the role of Nat-U-Ritch, a member of the Ute tribe. She is also known as "Princess Redwing". St. Cyr along with her husband James Young Deer (of the Nanticoke people of Delaware) have been regarded as one of the first "Native American power couple" in Hollywood, along with Mona Darkfeather and her husband, director Frank E. Montgomery. DeMille had selected Lillian St. Cyr, but his first choice had been Darkfeather, who was not available.

During the early silent film era, films based on Native Americans were popular. The central theme of this film was miscegenation. In the state of California, anti-miscegenation laws existed until 1948; however, while African-Americans couldn't legally marry whites in California during filming, marriages between Native Americans and whites were permitted. Though there were Native American actors, whites were mostly cast as Native characters.

During the early teens, Young Deer and Lillian St. Cyr helped to transform how Native American characters were represented. The characters they created were sympathetic in complex ways, although other studios such as Kalem Company were also attempting to accurately portray Natives in film. However, other scholars argue that Native American-themed silent films did not alter in any way the dominant perception of Natives themselves. Many films displayed the Native American experience from many different perspectives and did involve Native American writers, filmmakers, and actors during this time period.

title: The Squaw Man (1914 film)


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Letter of Peter to Philip

The Letter of Peter to Philip is a Gnostic writing. It was initially discovered as the second tractate in Codex VIII of the Nag Hammadi library. The tractate is a Coptic translation of a Greek original, likely written in c. 200 AD. An additional copy of the text, also written in Coptic, was later found in Codex Tchacos. The writing begins as an epistle from Peter to Philip the Apostle, but the narrative changes to a dialogue between Jesus and the disciples. The central message of the writing is to emphasize the soteriological value of preaching the message of Jesus.

Summary
Peter writes to Philip regarding orders from the savior to teach and preach about salvation. Peter is concerned that Philip is separated from the other messengers, but the letter persuades Philip to join them. The messengers gather on the mountain called Olivet, pray to God, and ask for strength as they fear being killed. A great light appears, and a voice reveals itself to be Jesus.

The messengers ask Jesus about the deficiency of the realms and their fullness, their detention in the dwelling place, and how they can leave and possess the authority of boldness. Jesus responds and explains that the deficiency of the aeons occurred when the disobedience and foolishness of the mother led to the establishment of eternal realms. The arrogant one followed her, took a portion, and sowed it, placing powers and authorities over it and confining it within the mortal realms. The arrogant one grew proud because of the praise of the powers and created mortal bodies from a misrepresentation of the appearance.

Jesus says that he was sent to Earth in the body for the sake of those who have fallen away, and that he spoke to one of his followers who recognized him and was given authority to enter the inheritance of his fatherhood. Jesus explains that those who are detained are his, and that they will become luminaries once they strip themselves of what is corruptible. He also explains that the powers fight against the inner person and that they must be fought against by teaching salvation in the world, arming oneself with his father's power, and expressing prayer. Lightning and thunder appear, and Jesus is taken up to heaven.

The messengers thank the Lord and return to Jerusalem. As they walk, they talk about the light that had appeared and their suffering. Peter reminds them that Jesus suffered for them, and they must also suffer. The messengers go to the temple, teach salvation in Jesus' name, and heal people. Peter speaks to his students and tells them that Jesus is the author of their life, and they should not listen to the lawless ones. He asks Jesus to give them a spirit of understanding and power to perform great deeds. The messengers are filled with the Holy Spirit, perform healings, and go to preach in the name of the Lord Jesus. Finally, Jesus appears and tells them that they will have joy, grace, and power, and he is with them forever.

Analysis
Although Peter's status in the writing may lead scholars to consider it a Petrine document, Michael Kaler argues that it is instead Pauline, since it draws on the account of Paul's revelation in Acts 9.

title: Letter of Peter to Philip


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Indium antimonide

Indium antimonide (InSb) is a crystalline compound made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb). It is a narrow-gap semiconductor material from the III-V group used in infrared detectors, including thermal imaging cameras, FLIR systems, infrared homing missile guidance systems, and in infrared astronomy. Indium antimonide detectors are sensitive to infrared wavelengths between 1 and 5 μm.

Indium antimonide was a very common detector in the old, single-detector mechanically scanned thermal imaging systems. Another application is as a terahertz radiation source as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter.

History
The intermetallic compound was first reported by Liu and Peretti in 1951, who gave its homogeneity range, structure type, and lattice constant. Polycrystalline ingots of InSb were prepared by Heinrich Welker in 1952, although they were not very pure by today's semiconductor standards. Welker was interested in systematically studying the semiconducting properties of the III-V compounds. He noted how InSb appeared to have a small direct band gap and a very high electron mobility. InSb crystals have been grown by slow cooling from liquid melt at least since 1954.

In 2018, a research team at Delft University of Technology claimed that indium antimonide nanowires showed potential application in creating Majorana zero mode quasiparticles for use in quantum computing; Microsoft opened a laboratory at the university to further this research, however Delft later retracted the paper.

Physical properties
InSb has the appearance of dark-grey silvery metal pieces or powder with vitreous lustre. When subjected to temperatures over 500 °C, it melts and decomposes, liberating antimony and antimony oxide vapors.

The crystal structure is zincblende with a 0.648 nm lattice constant.

Electronic properties
InSb is a narrow direct band gap semiconductor with an energy band gap of 0.17 eV at 300 K and 0.23 eV at 80 K.

Undoped InSb possesses the largest ambient-temperature electron mobility of 78000 cm2/(V⋅s), electron drift velocity, and ballistic length (up to 0.7 μm at 300 K) of any known semiconductor, except for carbon nanotubes.

Indium antimonide photodiode detectors are photovoltaic, generating electric current when subjected to infrared radiation. InSb's internal quantum efficiency is effectively 100% but is a function of the thickness particularly for near bandedge photons. Like all narrow bandgap materials InSb detectors require periodic recalibrations, increasing the complexity of the imaging system. This added complexity is worthwhile where extreme sensitivity is required, e.g. in long-range military thermal imaging systems. InSb detectors also require cooling, as they have to operate at cryogenic temperatures (typically 80 K). Large arrays (up to 2048×2048 pixels) are available. HgCdTe and PtSi are materials with similar use.

A layer of indium antimonide sandwiched between layers of aluminium indium antimonide can act as a quantum well. In such a heterostructure InSb/AlInSb has recently been shown to exhibit a robust quantum Hall effect. This approach is studied in order to construct very fast transistors. Bipolar transistors operating at frequencies up to 85 GHz were constructed from indium antimonide in the late 1990s; field-effect transistors operating at over 200 GHz have been reported more recently (Intel/QinetiQ). Some models suggest that terahertz frequencies are achievable with this material. Indium antimonide semiconductor devices are also capable of operating with voltages under 0.5 V, reducing their power requirements.

Growth methods
InSb can be grown by solidifying a melt from the liquid state (Czochralski process), or epitaxially by liquid phase epitaxy, hot wall epitaxy or molecular beam epitaxy. It can also be grown from organometallic compounds by MOVPE.

Device applications

 * Thermal image detectors using photodiodes or photoelectromagnetic detectors
 * Magnetic field sensors using magnetoresistance or the Hall effect
 * Fast transistors (in terms of dynamic switching). This is due to the high carrier mobility of InSb
 * In some of the detectors of the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope

title: Indium antimonide


text: Category:200s BC deaths

title: Category:200s BC deaths


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Doghouse

A doghouse, also known as a kennel, is an outbuilding to provide shelter for a dog from various weather conditions.

Background
Humans and domesticated dogs have been companions for more than 15,000 years, beginning with the wolf and hunter–gatherers. Initially, dogs would inhabit the outdoors staying close to humans. Mud was used to construct the earliest known doghouses. Over the millennia crude doghouses were built from the scrap material that was available to owners at the particular time and place.

During the Industrial Revolution and economies of scale allowed manufactured doghouses to become a commodity that could be sold to the mass market. Mass production allowed manufacturers to improve the design and quality of materials used to construct a doghouse.

During the 1800s, the animal rights movement began creating legislation for animal rights and animal welfare. This allowed the creation of organizations like the humane society and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA), which have set standards of care for dogs that live outdoors including a properly designed doghouse that is structurally sound, weatherproof, insulated, of adequate size and appropriate for the dog's use, at all times. Municipalities enforce legislation to protect dogs living outdoors with the animal control service.

A wide variety of materials are used to make doghouses, including: hardboard, hard wood, plywood, and plastic. Do it yourself (DIY) projects allow owners to construct the doghouse to their exact design specifications using the best possible materials for their dogs' needs.

title: Doghouse


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Georg Sterzinsky

Georg Maximilian Sterzinsky (9 February 1936 – 30 June 2011 ) was a German cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Berlin until 2011.

Early life
Sterzinsky was born in Warlack (earlier also Wurlacken, Warlaucken, now Worławki, Olsztyn County), Landkreis Heilsberg, in German East Prussia. He lost his mother as a child and his family took refuge in Thuringia, due to the expulsions following the end of World War II; his homeland of Warmia is now within Poland.

Priest and bishop
Sterzinsky was ordained a priest in 1960. After serving as a parish priest for fifteen years, he became Vicar General to the Bishop of Erfurt in 1981. In 1989, he himself was appointed Bishop of Berlin and, in 1994, he became Archbishop when that see was raised to Archdiocese.

Cardinal
Sterzinsky was proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of San Giuseppe all'Aurelio on 28 June 1991. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI.

Pope Benedict XVI accepted Cardinal Sterzinsky's retirement as Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Berlin on 24 February 2011, for reasons of age (he had reached the age limit of 75) and health.

No successor was immediately named for Cardinal Sterzinsky upon his retirement, so the Archdiocese of Berlin was a vacant see (sede vacante) at the time. Auxiliary Bishop Matthias Heinrich was appointed apostolic administrator until a new archbishop was named.

In April 2011 Cardinal Sterzinsky was transferred to a rehabilitation clinic. In May 2011 it was reported that his condition was very serious after he developed pneumonia and had to be brought from the rehabilitation centre back to the hospital. Cardinal Sterzinsky died on 30 June. Pope Benedict XVI sent a telegram of condolence to Auxiliary Bishop Heinrich, expressing his closeness to the people of the Archdiocese and praising Sterzinsky's efforts in serving the people of Berlin during the fall of the Berlin Wall and the transition to a united Germany.

On 2 July 2011, two days after the Cardinal's death, Pope Benedict XVI, named Rainer Maria Woelki as the new Metropolitan Archbishop of Berlin.

Views
In November 2004, Sterzinsky criticized the notion of "gay marriage". He argued in a sermon that it could be necessary for Catholics to protest and resist gay marriage laws "die dem Gesetz Gottes widersprechen" ("that are contradictory to the laws of God").

title: Georg Sterzinsky


text:
2003–04 in Scottish football

The 2003–04 season was the 107th season of competitive football in Scotland.

Scottish Premier League
The 2003–04 Scottish Premier League season was won by Celtic with 98 points, 17 points ahead of closest challengers Rangers. Both Rangers and Celtic therefore gained the two UEFA Champions League places and Hearts got the UEFA Europa League place having finished third. Partick Thistle were relegated to the Scottish First Division, this however was decided by a tribunal as at the time Inverness's stadium did not meet the criteria for the SPL, as with Falkirk the previous season, however unlike Falkirk the SPL decided that Inverness were allowed to share a ground with Aberdeen.

Summary
Average coefficient – 7.375

Scotland national team
Key:
 * (A) = Away match
 * (H) = Home match
 * ECQG5 = European Championship Qualifying – Group 5
 * EFQPO = European Championship Qualifying – Play-off

Deaths

 * 1 February: Ally MacLeod, 72, Scotland national team manager (1977–78).
 * 12 February: Leonard Dudman, 70, Falkirk and Forfar Athletic winger.

Notes and references
Skotsk Premier League 2003–2004

title: 2003–04 in Scottish football


text:
Talk:The Squaw Man

Wrong year on IMDb
IMDb, to the best of my knowledge, incorrectly lists this film as a 1914 title. Is anyone intimiately familiar with IMDb enough to have this corrected? Nearly every single source of information about this film available indicates that it was in fact released in 1913. —RaD Man (talk) 08:11, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd always heard 1913 too, Radman, but all the online sources I checked say 1914... There is a mention of it being shown in December 1913, but not released till later. Maybe we heard wrong... --Rizzleboffin 04:07, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Help!
I just uploaded a Sqaw Man image, which I thought was to the 1914 film: "Image:Squaw Man 1914.jpg" However, as I started editing the article, I found out it was to the 1906 stage production. Can anyone tell me how to rename the image to "Sqaw Man 1906.jpg"? --Rizzleboffin 04:10, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've put the image, with the appropriate caption, in the infobox - until the correct image replaces it.SkierRMH 02:55, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Squaw Man


text:
List of the most populous counties in the United States

This is a list of the 100 most populous of the 3,144 counties in the United States based on the national decennial US census conducted on April 1, 2020 and vintage Census population estimates for July 1, 2023.

Many of the counties on the list include major cities or metropolitan areas in all parts of the United States. Six of the listed counties have consolidated city and county government, namely the City and County of Honolulu, Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee, City and County of Philadelphia, City and County of San Francisco, City of Jacksonville and Duval County and City and County of Denver. New York County, Bronx County, Kings County, Queens County and Richmond County are coterminous with the respective boroughs of New York City; they fall under the jurisdiction of the combined city government. Independent cities are not counted.

Many of the most populous counties listed are in Southern California, Illinois, Texas and New York and roughly correspond to the most populous cities in the United States. Counties in the Western United States are typically larger by area, so they often have higher raw populations even with comparable population densities.

List
This list lists the most populous US counties sorted according to both the 2020 official enumeration and 2023 vintage population estimates by the United States Census Bureau (USCB).


text:
User talk:69.138.67.42

haymarket riots/anarchism template/may day
I'm confused, you seemed to be a vandal from the haymarket riots and anarchism article, but as I'm rolling through your earlier edits, they seem to be actual edits which contribute to wikipedia.

Did you want to remove the template because you didn't believe the riots were intrinsically connected to anarchism, and that is why you also blanked the template? As for mayday, I will go over your edit there, I think I was wrong to undo it, though certain sections were unclear.--    Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 08:13, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

haymarket changes
There is no grounds on which to claim the Haymarket Riot for the anarchists, any more than it would be right to attribute May Day exclusively to communists, or John Brown to Anti-Racist Action. I removed the glaring anarchist logos, etc. and the designation that "This is Part of the Anarchism series," because the Haymarket Riot is universal across the Left. I did not do it to be a vandal.

I was under the impression that the Parsons were members of Bakunin's International. Correct me if I am wrong. DJ Silverfish 20:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There were many different types of people involved in the Haymarket incident. The basic thrust of this refusal to link Haymarket to anarchism stems from the fact that Haymarket, like the Paris Commune, is used as a historical core by both communists and [anarchists]]. So I fail to see how it is appropriate to attribute Haymarket to an "Anarchism Series."

PLP
The Progressive Labor Party (USA) entry is getting very dense. Why don't you divide it up into subheadings to help clarify things for the reader? DJ Silverfish 01:16, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There was an attempted slandering of the PLP in its definition article earlier today, so I've spent some of my time cleaning that up. What I can do is try to determine the best headings for various parts and group things together more cohesively; then if others have better titles and/or suggestions, they're free to input.

Hey, don't look at me, I think you must mean someone else. All I've done is fix a few typos and that kind of thing. Good to see someone from the party editing it, too. I don't agree with them about a lot of things, but I have read their newspaper Challenge on occasion. Everyking 06:14, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

SDS
Why did you blank out most of the Students for a Democratic Society article? It was restored by a second anonymous IP, so its possible you are one and the same. DJ Silverfish 15:20, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

oops
I apologize. That was a technical error on my computer that messed up the whole article, so I had to restore it from a cached page. Sorry!

Racial shootings
Communist Workers Party (US), Greensboro Massacre and Orangeburg Massacre are getting attention from a User:TJive, who is beginning an aggressive POV rewrite. I'd appreciate your checking in on these pages. DJ Silverfish 14:58, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

from my check-in
From my check-in it appears that you are doing a fine job of staving off the rewrites. I will be here when you need me, but unless you give more specifics I'm not exactly sure what I could do to help.

"Basebuilding" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Basebuilding. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 June 23 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 18:45, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.138.67.42


text:
Magadh University

Magadh University is a public state university and institution of higher education in Bodhgaya, Bihar, India. It is recognised by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

The university is governed by the Bihar State University Act 1976.

It provides facilities for higher learning and research in the faculties of science, social sciences, humanities and commerce. With 39 affiliated colleges, 19 constituent colleges and 22 PG departments Magadh University is the largest university in Bihar.

After years of discussion and thought, Magadh University was finally split in 2018 and another university i.e. Pataliputra University came into being which covered under its jurisdiction all colleges located within the geographic area of Patna and Nalanda district that were earlier under Magadh University.

Due to division of the university and other associated issues examination of the university were delayed. For this, MULEA CAMPAIGN was launched.

Efforts are being made to get the NAAC-A grade to Magadh University. For this, preparations and responsibilities have been fixed in the departments said by the Vice Chancellor of Magadh University, Prof. Shashi Pratap Shahi.

History

Magadh University was established in 1962 by Satyendra Narayan Sinha, an educationist and the then Education Minister of Bihar. K. K. Dutta, a renowned historian, was the founder vice-chancellor. It started functioning on 2 March 1962 with two constituent colleges, 32 affiliated colleges and seven postgraduate departments.

In 1992, 17 constituent colleges were transferred to the newly constituted Veer Kunwar Singh University, Arrah (Bhojpur).

Several professional/vocational courses like M.B.A., M.C.A., B.C.A., B.B.M. Environmental Science, Tourism & Travel Management, Counseling & Rehabilitation, Journalism & Mass Communication, etc. are being run in constituent/affiliated colleges. There are two government Medical Colleges, two private Engineering Colleges, one private Dental College and three Law colleges under the university. Magadh University also provides distance learning facilities.

Facilities
The university has a multi-storied library, the Mannulal Central Library, besides the department libraries. The central library has about 162,245 books, manuscripts and other reading materials. It has a wide range of ancient and modern literature and books as well as national and international journals.

All the science departments including Psychology and Geography have well-equipped laboratories for teaching and research. Research facilities are available in all the departments. The Science Labs have the modern equipment required for research.

There are eight hostels on campus having accommodation facilities for 1500 students. One girls' hostel is available to accommodate 150 students. The University Health Centre-cum-Dispensary provides medical facilities to students, teachers and other employees residing on and off campus around the clock. It has the services of three doctors, nurses and supporting paramedical staff.

A branch of the Central Bank of India functions on the campus. Likewise, a post office is on campus.

A large sports complex is on the campus for outdoor and indoor games, particularly athletic events.

Magadh University is developing a modern Computer Lab to the requirement of MCA teaching. Besides the facilities for practical work in courses at the university headquarters, the constituent colleges have computer and language labs.

Colleges
Its jurisdiction extends over five districts: Arwal, Aurangabad, Gaya, Jehanabad, and Nawadah.

Affiliated Colleges

 * Sanjay Singh Yadav College, Rafiganj Aurangabad
 * Janta College, Aurangabad
 * K P S College, GAYA
 * K P S College, HULASGANJ, JEHANABAD
 * K P S College, KINJAR, ARWAL
 * M S Y College, KINJER, ARWAL
 * MAA Bageshwari College, GAYA
 * Magadh Mahavidyalaya, Sakurabad, Jehanabad
 * S G M College, GAYA
 * V S College, BODH GAYA
 * Mahavir College, GAYA

Constituent Colleges

 * Anugrah Memorial Law college, Gaya, India
 * A.N.S College, Nabinagar, Aurangabad
 * Daudnagar College, Daudnagar, Aurangabad
 * Fatehpur Sanda College, Fatehpur Sanda, Arwal
 * Gautam Buddha Mahila College, Gaya
 * Gaya College, Gaya
 * Jagjiwan College, Gaya
 * K.L.S. College, Nawada
 * Kishori Sinha Mahila College, Aurangabad
 * M.S.Y College Kinjer, Kinjer Arwal
 * Rajendra Memorial Women's College, Nawada
 * RCS College Kurtha, Kurtha, Arwal
 * RLSY College Aurangabad, Aurangabad
 * R.N.P College Arwal Arwal
 * S.B.A.N College, Darhatllari, Arwal
 * S.D. College, Kaler, Arwal
 * S.M.S.G. College, Sherghati, Gaya
 * S.N.S. College, Tekari, GAya
 * S.N. Sinha College, Jehanabad, Jehanabad
 * S.N.S College, Warisaliganj, NAwada
 * SPY College, Karpi Arwal
 * S.S. College, Jehanabad, Jehanabad
 * SSSG College Arwal, Arwal
 * Sachchidananda Sinha College, Aurangabad
 * T.S. College, Hisua, Nawada
 * jajba Teachers Training,College Khizersarai

Notable alumni

 * Surendra Prasad Yadav
 * Pankaj Tripathi
 * Giriraj Singh
 * Akhtarul Iman
 * Jitan Ram Manjhi
 * Mangal Pandey
 * Rajiv Pratap Rudy
 * Prem Kumar
 * Binod Kumar Roy
 * Dr. Jayanti Prabha Sinha
 * Gopal Prasad
 * Ram Kripal Yadav

title: Magadh University


title: User:Fir0002/20D


text:
Talk:Legend of Mana

Untitled
What the? LIKE Seiken Densetsu? This game IS a Seiken Densetsu game. Perhaps "like Secret of Mana" would be more appropriate, but that's still a little silly, considering it's in the same series. That'd be like saying "Final Fantasy VII is a roleplaying game, like Final Fantasy VI."

Legend of Mana manga
There is a 5 part Legend of Mana manga, but all the sites I've found so far are in German. Does anyone have any information about it, like the company that produced it? ~ Hibana 03:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A scanlation group called Cabbit translated it, but I only read a few chapters, as the manga is not very good. Look into that if you want information. Regards, --Sn0wflake 19:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Cabbit never finished their translation, and ended around book 2 or 3. - SarielV

Good Links for Strategy
I am having problem looking for good links on how to beat every quest, how to get them, ETC. Help will be appreciated. Carbunkel 14:30, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, Wikipedia is not a gameguide, so if you decide to post a link for a place like GameFAQs, don't list it as a guide. ~ Hibana 14:37, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * No need for a link to GameFAQs... it's common knowledge you can find good guides there. There is a very complete one avaliable for Legend of Mana. --Sn0wflake 16:40, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

New Link
Site that has a lot of information on Legend of Mana: http://www.manaheavenly.net Perhaps it could be added to the links section?
 * Done! BE BOLD! 71.250.63.157 15:10, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I find manaheavenly.net to have very little information about Legend of Mana, at present... and I kind of dislike the site design, at the moment. It also seems the forums are dead, as I've been posting a bit about Tempering and have had no replies...  Sigh, how sad.  (Also, "it has databases with tables" ?  What other kind of databases are there? :P -JC 16:25, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Linked-list databases :P -Twilo 15:20, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Screenshots
Since there's a request for screenshots, I took a few myself. Hope they're helpful. Ultra Megatron 02:10, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Took off box about need for screenshots, and added gallery in the end of article. 71.250.63.157 15:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Niccolo
From the article: "Niccolo, whose name seems to be a reference to Neko, the merchant cat from Secret of Mana and Seiken Densetsu 3," — I always thought it was a reference to Niccolo Machiavelli. .... —Muke Tever talk
 * It may very well be. I never thought it was Neko because Neko is a cat (of course) in the other games and Niccolo is a rabbit. ~ Hibana 22:58, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, his name in the Japanese version in all games is Nikita, and he's a cat more than anything else (he does have some rabbit-like qualities, though, especially in Legend of Mana). No idea why they decided to call him Niccolo in this one, though.  Or why they wanted to go with Neko for the NA release of Secret of Mana instead of Nikita (the SD3 one, of course, was fan-translated from Nikita as well). -JC 06:05, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Speedruns
I removed this section on 6 July 2006 because:
 * -Legend of Mana is not a notable speedrunning game
 * -Records posted were held by the contributor of the section

-Twilo 15:29, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see why Legend of Mana is any more or less notable than any other speedrun game. Legend of Mana is a very unnotable game overall - even though I love it to pieces and thinks it deserves more credit.  Just because it was added by someone who happens to hold the records doesn't automatically make it a vanity addition - it actually is notable.  It is, after all, verified by a rather prestigious web site.  My only concern is how notable speed runs are at all --- if they were on more video game pages, I have no objections to it being added here.  However, I haven't seen speed run entries on any other video game pages (that I am aware of), so perhaps it's not suitable...  *shrugs*  -JC 04:28, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Other games are being listed as well, by myself and I believe others. Just because I happend to have run it doesn't mean anything. It's factual information that's hosted on a neutral site with positive proof (in video form) of the feat completed. Links are included to previously mentioned site for fact verification, which is what Wikipedia calls for with any information. So even if I do post it, it's still neutral, thus not vanity.

And there are a LOT of games that people claim aren't "notable" which I find to be stupid. This and a number of RPGs, including (but not limited to): Secret of Mana, Final Fantasy IV, Paper Mario, etc have been run.

Just because YOU don't think it's "notable for speedrunning" doesn't mean other don't think it is. There's a number of Legend of Mana fans out there who have enjoyed the runs and do believe that when well studied (like other games) it is a perfect candidate for speed running. --Sir VG 05:51, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Here is the wikipedia article on notable speedrun games: Notable_games_for_speedrunning. The links Sir VG provides, while suitable for verification, do not rule out the vanity contribution assessment I made earlier: A Google test finds no non-Nicholas Hoppe records; Speeddemoarchive has no non-Nicholas Hoppe records. The speedrun records would be more suitable in one of the game wikis. There have been precedents set for this; see Talk:Final_Fantasy_VI for the discussion on FF6 speedruns. - Twilo 11:07, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm curious as to what your googling for. Because searching google for Nicholas Hoppe shows the Legend of Mana records on the first page of searching.  Granted yes there's a ton of other things, but I can't help that my name is also the same as that of some freaken porn star and graphic editor.

As for your page of "notables", while a lot of good games are covered, there's always a limitation to a single page on Wikipedia (not to mention pretty much everything on the notable pages is all a bunch of stubs smashed together). Adding a small section on individual game pages and providing links to the runs isn't gonna break a page. --Sir VG 21:45, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the point, Sir VG, is that the only person who has a record for Legend of Mana is Nicholas Hoppe, making it rather unsuitable as a "notable game for speedrunning", considering there doesn't seem to be anyone else who wants to speedrun it. As said, Legend of Mana isn't on the notable games for speedrunning, and there are precedents set - as had been mentioned - and thus I stand with the precedents, unfortunately.  As much as I like the speed runs.  Perhaps you could simply add it in the references link, simply listing it as "Legend of Mana speed run" or something?  Rather than giving it an entire section for it, considering... -JC 05:51, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

An edit war, how fun. I'm tending to lead towards the darker side of grey here and rule it out. You do have a good case, Sir VG. Sure, it is verifiable and sure it is neutral, but, how notable is it? The very first line of the Notability guide states:
 * A topic has notability if it is known outside a narrow interest group or constituency, or should be because of its particular importance or impact.

I don't think this person's speedruns are going to impact upon the way LoM is considered outside of a very narrow band of people. What is more presitigious anyway? Holding the record for Link to the Past or Legend of Mana? Secondly, this impactless speedrunning of the game does not lend itself to much importance, and certainly not enough to rate outside further reading/viewing, in the main body of the article. While you may be one trying to unsettle the cart with your inclusionist view as to speedrunning, a precedence has been created and we will continue to follow it. Should this argument continue, though, I am happy for administrator involvement in this matter and their decision. -LichYoshi 09:25, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Hello, i made a large collection of screenshots for the game and
and here is the link to the page with all the screenshots http://www.game-art-hq.com/legend-of-mana-screenshots/

i would like to see it in the external links section, there are screenshots for nearly all regions in the game, additional informations about the game and the artists who draw the in-game art

This is a section of the game which mobygames, gamefaqs and the LoM fansite do not provide, at least not in this scale. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.245.213.41 (talk) 19:23, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Incorrect information about Shinichi Kameoka's inclusion
Hello, without accidentally ruining what's written on the article, I'd just like to add something of note. In the "Development and release" section, it says Shinichi Kameoka was new to the series. This is false, as he had previously done character concept art for Secret of Mana/Seiken 2, and Trials of Mana/Seiken 3 (in the latter title, he handed off drafts to Nobuteru Yūki for finalization).

Here is an archived (Japanese) interview with Kameoka and Tsuda, and their history together in the game industry. Hopefully it helps clarify some stuff, and I'd suggest revising that particular part of the Legend of Mana article. Magicwindsock (talk) 01:54, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Removed the bit that said he was new, you are correct, as per that interview he wasn't. Thank you! -- Pres N  04:21, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Legend of Mana


text: Category:Irish soldiers

title: Category:Irish soldiers


text:
Talk:Molecular machine

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rztumbleson.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:23, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Comment
Disclaimer: Evaluation for writing course. The content of this article is organized and understandable but is not completely comprehensive. The article gives more of a general overview of the topic. The quality of the evidence is good. The Nobel prize in chemistry is just tacked on at the end of the introduction but not given much detail. Integrating this into the article would be good. References overall are good and most statements are referenced. Article is not based on assumptions. The article has a specific introduction that is okay to comprehend but may not be good for general public reading. Introduction summarizes content of article well. There are a few headings/subheadings but not very many. Images are a bit lacking and could use some work. A lot of detail is also missing in the research section (which is harder to keep up with). The experimental side of the research is not stated at all. The single image is in an appropriate place but not general enough to cover entire article. The coverage of this topic is neutral and the facts are emphasized. Sources are all reliable because they are primary literature of studies with molecular machines.Rztumbleson (talk) 20:29, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

Life is but a Molecular machine. Every plant, every animal, and yes every human. All that you see. All that is said to be alive. Is made of the greatest Molecular machines known to man. So called nature is but a forest of machinery on the molecular level.

from VfD
On 29 June 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Molecular machine for a record of the discussion.

Merge proposal
The articles Molecular machine and Molecular machinery are on the same topic, and I think the two approaches would actually compliment each other well in a single article. Antony-22 (talk) 06:51, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

I would agree with merging Molecular machinery into Molecular machine. M stone (talk) 15:49, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Done. Antony-22 (talk) 03:58, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Nobel project: Chemistry - explainer video
Within the Nobel project we work on a script for an explainer video about the molecular machines. The video can be then embedded into the article. You're welcome to review the script and give us feedback. You can find the document here: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Simpleshow#Chemistry_-_2016-10-27 Thank you for your support! --Norma.jean (talk) 10:31, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:36, 12 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Birdlooking analogy.jpg

Circumlocution
Molecular machines research is currently at the forefront with the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry being awarded to Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.

At the forefront of what, precisely?

To my eye this tag-along with is a circumlocution. — MaxEnt 21:24, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

There should be more information about nanophysics
There should be more information about nanophysics

Wiki Education assignment: Functional Nanomaterials
— Assignment last updated by Sainsf  (t · c)  22:18, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi, as part of my assignment I am starting with an assessment of the article as it is now and I am also going to outline my plans for improving this article.
 * In terms of the content, the coverage is decent but I feel it can be improved substantially. Moreover, the material could be organized better to make it easier to navigate through. What I find missing or poorly covered is the historical development of artificial molecular machines (AMMs), a proper section discussing the terminology involved and the general design principles, maybe an organized tabular format (instead of a bunch of tiny sections) to enlist and discuss all the different types of AMMs one-by-one (the present list is not exhaustive), some more examples and discussion for biological molecular machines, and finally more recent developments and possible applications proposed for AMMs. These are features I saw in the Liquid crystal article, which I used as a reference as it is on a similar topic and has been recognized as a Good Article). I have tried to gather a diverse set of sources (books and reviews mostly, along with several specific journal articles discussing specific discoveries or events of historical relevance) that should solve these issues once incorporated into the article.
 * In terms of the tone, the article is neutral but might be slightly speculative at points where statements like "This molecular-level knowledge may foster the realization of ever more complex, versatile, and effective molecular machines for the areas of nanotechnology, including molecular assemblers" are included without appropriate sources. One idea could be to include any perspectives that look at the deficiencies of molecular machines instead of just believing in their future potential, to ensure we include a balanced set of opinions. Even in historical context, the very idea of using molecular machines to achieve function attracted criticism in a well-known public debate when the area was yet to be established as a field.
 * In terms of the citations, I am worried about the relevance of certain sources and the unused relevant information in many of them. I checked a few randomly and it seems some of them do not support the claim being made. For instance, in the very first line of the article I could not find any source that clearly says "nanite" or "nanomachine" is synonymous with molecular machine, not even the source cited for that, so I am planning to remove these terms. Many statements exist without inline citations (see previous point), whereas some sentences (such as "A molecular assembler is a molecular machine able to guide chemical reactions by positioning reactive molecules with precision") are loaded with citations at the end though the section itself is tiny and could use a lot of relevant details from the sources in these citations to summarize their details for the reader's convenience.
 * All in all, the article looks decent but has huge potential for improvement, it can even be taken to Good Article level and given its importance as a topic in chemistry that would be really desirable. I will start with condensing the information I get from the sources I have collected and incorporating it in my draft. After this I will improve on the rough draft so that it is suitable for posting on Wikipedia, and make any more fixes if needed (missing sources, rephrase things better and so on). I am presently drafting the article in my sandbox, and after going through the stages in this project I plan to put the final version up on the web and continue working on it to take it to GA level.
 * Best, Sainsf  (t · c)  14:05, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Molecular machine


text: Category:370 births

title: Category:370 births


text:
Talk:Hegewisch

Can someone get population statistics and other stats, maybe start a stat table?Ultrapop1 08:20, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hegewisch


text: Category:415 deaths

title: Category:415 deaths