text:
User talk:Zenupassio

Sockpuppets shouldn't be used to conduct edit wars, to try to evade Three revert rule and so forth. -- 02:07, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your last edit made the first sentence: The Killian documents the documents.' This doesn't make sense, for that reason alone it needs to be reverted. -- 02:10, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Come on, let's be serious. All you accomplish is creating a siege mentality and knee-jerk reverting... you declared "victory" last night when you got Ward Churchill protected to a version you disagree with? That's a victory? Especially if it stays frozen that way for weeks? -- Curps 02:12, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your actions are wrecking User:Tony Marvin's chances of introducing constructive changes into the Ward Churchill article. -- Curps 02:18, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The "interesting articles" you just happened to notice just happen to be the same articles that the last sockpuppet was editing. Whatever. -- Curps 02:22, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

All you can possibly accomplish is getting articles frozen to versions you disagree with. There's a reason for Neutral point of view... it's the only way that an encyclopedia that anyone can edit can possibly work. -- Curps 02:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

An encyclopedia is not a blog, or an essay. The problem is not necessarily the points you try to make, just the combative and highly opinionated writing style. It's not an encyclopedic writing style. Changes like that have to be reverted even if a person might actually agree with the opinion. If you attack socialism, some socialist will come along and revert you... so why not make the point you're trying to make without venting about socialists and communists and whatever. -- Curps 02:29, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lots of people might want to dissent about peak oil, but they do so by citing references, not ranting about socialism. It's necessary to try to block disruption because it's an attack on Wikipedia itself. Just like the cops keep trying to arrest crack dealers, no matter how futile it might seem at times. Anyone that tries to sabotage Wikipedia, I have to try to to block and revert, regardless of my own opinions on the articles in question. Nothing personal, but if it's really your goal to try to sabotage Wikipedia, then we'll always be on opposite sides. -- Curps 02:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You have no idea what my politics are, and I intend to keep it that way. You're not exactly being honest yourself, are you (won't admit to being a sockpuppet). I block people who vandalize other user's user pages, who try to sabotage Wikipedia, and I revert changes that consist of rants rather than constructive edits. That's all. Nothing personal. Any needed changes to an article can always be put in in a non-inflammatory way that isn't an automatic revert magnet. -- Curps 02:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Show me an example of a left-leaning editor making edits in the style you're making... ranting about vast right-wing conspiracies and venting instead of sticking to the point... and I'll gladly revert that person. -- Curps 02:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Any edit that puts someone in a category of "People considered to be evil" is an automatic revert. If someone put Oliver North or Ronald Reagan into that category, I'd automatically revert it. You're not really listening to what I'm saying. If you want a specific revert of a left-wing editor (or any other right-wing editor that isn't one of your sockpuppets), hang on, I'll go digging through the records. -- Curps 02:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've reverted both right-wing and left-wing editors... but when I need to revert, I just do it and move on. I don't obsess over the person's motivations or their politics. So to give specific examples I'd have to go digging through the records, I don't bother remembering specific examples. You have a siege mentality that automatically sees an enemy in everyone. I've told you the reasons why "people considered to be evil" needs reverting, but you keep insisting I'm a leftist. -- Curps 02:56, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Actually, going through the records, it seems like the only reverts on political articles that I've needed to revert lately have been you and your many sockpuppets. There simply haven't been left-wing editor making the kind of "venting" edits you do with the kind of persistence you've shown. Of course I've done reverts like one recently on Bob Dole, but that was just silly vandalism ("eats male chickens") rather than politically-motivated. Turning the question around: show me an example of a left-wing editor who makes the kind of edits you make... someone who adds the words "capitalism is evil" to articles, and show me where that person hasn't been blocked or reverted. You won't be able to find an example. -- Curps 03:07, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It's not your opinions that are the problem, everyone has them. The key to making changes to articles that won't get reverted is to present things in a non-opinionated way rather than venting. Many leftists are against large corporations, against Microsoft, against SUVs. Show me one single example where a leftist has added the words "Bill Gates is evil", "Ronald Reagan was evil", "Capitalists are evil", "Republicans are bastards" or what not, and it hasn't been reverted. You can't. Once again, it's your style that's problem. You just want to vent... you don't really care about making articles more balanced. You're like one of those grafitti artists that spraypaints a wall just for the hell of it. -- Curps 03:12, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You know perfectly well that the right-wing editors blocked by me (who are all pretty much sockpuppets of the same person) were blocked because of vandalizing other user's pages, or impersonating other users with misleading usernames, or blanking entire pages. Name one that was blocked by me merely for expressing right-wing opinions. That's right, you can't. -- Curps 03:17, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It's not the place of an encyclopedia article to make predictions... blogs can do that, essays can do that, but not encyclopedia articles. If the governor of Colorado says, "we're going to get Ward Churchill fired" then we can objectively report that. If he's under investigation, we objectively report that. We don't predict that he'll be fired... we wait until he is fired, and then report it. I don't think you're familiar with academic environments though... getting anybody fired even in open-and-shut cases is incredibly difficult (someone I know worked in a university administration... even people caught embezzling had to be bought off with generous severance packages). If I had to bet, I'd put good money on him lasting more than a year, perhaps indefinitely. -- Curps 03:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

People don't get blocked for writing outrageous pap, they just get reverted. See Blocking policy. They only get blocked if they get into an edit war and break the Three revert rule, or if they lose their cool and start committing clear-cut vandalism (blanking pages, replacing other user's pages with obscenities, etc).

You're slipping, by the way. First you said "Dozens of right-wingers blocked." then you say, "How can I possibly know who you've blocked?" Well, do you know who I've blocked or don't you... and if you don't know, how could you know unless it was you (your sockpuppets)? And admit most of those sockpuppets did indeed cross the line into vandalism... the cases that didn't were cases where a sockpuppet was used to evade the three-revert rule, which is also covered in the blocking policy. No admin can block a user merely for their opinions... of the "dozens of right-wingers blocked", name one that wasn't justified by the provisions of the Blocking policy. -- 03:37, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I agree the introduction to Ward Churchill needs to be expanded... nobody ever heard of him before the controversy, the introduction needs to talk about the controversy and ongoing investigations. As a rule of thumb, someone who just reads the introduction and stops there should be able to know in a nutshell why the person in question is famous (or notorious), and the current version doesn't do that. Unfortunately, due to the massive disruption at that article, putting in any changes there is a bit of a lost cause at the moment. Which is exactly why that sort of disruption is counterproductive. -- Curps 03:48, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Again, any left-winger that added "Election of George W. Bush" to the List of incidents that have been considered great blunders would get automatically reverted. Actually, that entire article is probably contrary to Neutral point of view anyway. -- Curps 03:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Any block by any admin can be reversed by any other admin. Unjustified blocks don't last. Asking the question right back at you: was the Ward Churchill page made better by your intervention? -- Curps 04:01, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You deny being a sockpuppet, yet you just created a couple just now. As per blocking policy, sockpuppets created for the purpose of breaking the three-revert rule can be blocked indefinitely. And the latest edits to COINTELPRO ("coin telephony") were indeed vandalism, and Zen-master is correct: reverts of vandalism don't count for purposes of the Three-revert rule (read it, it's written right there). -- Curps 04:06, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Abusive impersonation of another user (whether mocking imitation of their username like "Slamvorgin", or outright attempts to fool other into thinking that you're that user) is grounds for blocking. That's just the rules. -- Curps 04:14, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I am not impersonating anyone. I signed up as zenupassion. Except I forgot the 'n'. Doh. That's how I stumbled on Zen-master you see. I typed in the wrong thing on my contributions and saw all of these crazy things. SO no impersonation. He's the one impersonating an editor. He's actually something else entirely. Zenupassio 04:16, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You keep calling me corrupt, but if some graffiti artist is spraypainting walls, a cop will try to stop that person. And if the "artist" complains that it's because of the political slogans he was trying to write, the cop will just shrug and go about his job. It's silly to call me "corrupt" when you're being far from honest yourself. Next, you'll be trying to tell me that you really believe "COINTELPRO" stands for "coin telephony professionals" and you can't understand why it was reverted. You keep telling falsehoods and playing children's games (no other word to describe many of those edits). You never answered the question: was the Ward Churchill page made better by your intervention? -- Curps 04:26, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What edit exactly were you planning to make to my user page, anyway? -- Curps 04:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ugen64's reverts were justified. And let's just say maturity is not necessarily related to age. I assume you're over 14 yourself. -- Curps 04:33, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If you really wanted the title changed, you could post it at Requested page moves. That was done for Iraqi resistance, and it succeeded in getting the page title changed to the more neutral Iraqi insurgency. That's the way it's done when people wish to accomplish something, rather than vent, knowing they'll be reverted in a minute or two. -- Curps 04:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Well I see you got blocked (not by me mind you), I'm guessing for the three-revert rule, so we'd have to continue this conversation on your next sockpuppet's page. But maybe it would be better to call it a night. -- Curps 04:47, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

COINTELPRO
Please discuss edits on the "discussion page."--Cberlet 02:38, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have no sockpuppets, nor am I one. Nor have I ever met one. I don't want vandals like you editing my Talk page. You are banned. Zenupassio 04:11, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vandal
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.--Boothy443 | comhrÚ 04:43, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. Antandrus 04:45, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zenupassio


text:
Clonkeen College

Clonkeen College is a Christian Brothers secondary school for boys in south Dublin, which opened links with charities and the developing world. Clonkeen underwent significant development between the years 2015 – 2018.

History
The Ordnance Survey Ireland map 1837–1842 shows Clonkeen School Ho[use], located in the present day Cornelscourt Village. Although the same building appears on the OSI 1888–1913 map, it is not named as a school any more.

The original junior school was St. Joseph's Private Preparatory School, built in September 1965 close to where the present Clonkeen College stands. It was run by a staff of three Christian Brothers until the school was closed in 1975. The secondary school was also called St. Joseph's, until renamed Clonkeen College.

The present school stands on the site of Charles Stewart Parnell’s second last public meeting. The first pupils to the current school were admitted in the autumn of 1970, there was one fifth year and two third year classes (there was no fourth year then). Thirteen students completed the first Leaving Certificate. The school principal was Br. Jo Hogan; other original teachers were Br. Collins and Mr. B. Toomey. The school was officially opened by David Andrews TD on 31 January 1972.

Facilities

 * Three full-sized Gaelic football pitches and one training pitch, used for gaelic football, hurling and soccer
 * One indoor basketball court (in the gymnasium)
 * Four science labs
 * A hall that acts as an auditorium for theatrical productions
 * A sports hall
 * A functioning gym
 * An art room
 * 2 computer rooms
 * Special needs unit

Junior cycle subjects

 * Irish
 * English
 * Mathematics
 * French
 * Geography
 * History
 * Science
 * Business studies
 * Art
 * Civic, social and political education
 * Religious education
 * Physical education
 * Music

Senior cycle subjects

 * Irish
 * English
 * Mathematics
 * French
 * Geography
 * History
 * Physics
 * Chemistry
 * Biology
 * Business
 * Economics
 * Accounting
 * Art
 * Religious education
 * Physical education
 * Music
 * Design communication graphics
 * Classical studies – extracurricular
 * Applied mathematics – extracurricular
 * LCVP – extracurricular

Transition year (TY)
The year's main outing is a tour organised by the TY co-ordinator. Classes have visited Greece, the Aran Islands, Paris, Venice, Madrid, Barcelona, Amsterdam and Lake Garda.

During the year the students have the opportunity to do courses such as: Self-defense, ECDL, Gaelic football, FAI coaching, and Sailing. New subjects in the transition year are cooking, music, effective communication, German, Japanese and technical drawing. The students have an opportunity to attain a Gaisce\Presidents Award.

Students visit educational and historical sites like Christchurch, St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, and Glendalough, Croke Park, Kilmainham Gaol and the National Art Gallery.

Every few years, the opportunity arrises for Transition Years to do a musical. The most recent musical was conducted showing of Buggsy Malone in 2018.

Clonkeen student council
Students have input into the schools running in the form of a student council of class representatives from all years, who are elected by their peers.

Since its inception, the Clonkeen College Student Council has shown a large involvement in the running of the school. The council meets weekly to discuss projects or issues. The council is composed of twenty four prefects. Prefects carry out a variety of tasks and act as the link between the students and the management of the school.

Each year the council focuses on one major project. In the past they have had water fountains installed in the junior and senior corridors; more recently they had formal shoes and school jackets introduced to the uniform. Annually, the council, in conjunction with the Parents Council and the Cluny Student Council, organise a "Ball in the Hall" to welcome Clonkeen's new first year students. Council meetings are chaired by the chairman and the Secretary takes minutes.

A Councillor's term of office runs from December of their election to December of the following year. The only exception is with the 1st year representatives who will be allowed until Halloween to settle into the secondary school life.

Social events
The First Year Social, or "Ball in the Hall", is a disco for the first year students of Clonkeen College and St. Joseph of Cluny, Killiney girls' school. The Social Committee contact and work with the Cluny Student Council and jointly organise and run the ball, liaising with the principals and Parents Councils.

Every September, past pupils and friends of the school are invited to a "Golf Day" (and night).

Inter-school sports
The school participates in Christian Brother and east Leinster athletics competitions. Clonkeen enters runners in the under-15 and under-17 east Leinster cross country running competitions. The school enters gaelic football teams into 1st year, under-14, under-16 and under-18 competitions. They have won three Dublin titles in 1975, 1976 and 2003, the under14 team also came runner up in the Leinster championship of 2003. 1st, 2nd and 3rd year students take part in the Dublin junior match play golf competition. The hurlers play in 1st year, under-14, under-16 and under-18 hurling competitions. The school has soccer teams entered into competitions at under-14, under-16 and under-18 level. Leinster Junior Champions, runner up to All-Ireland in 1981–1982 The first Clonkeen College chess team was formed in 2007 and took part in the Scholastic Chess All-Ireland. In 2006 Clonkeen hosted Southern Cross college and the two schools competed in a friendly international rules football match, which Clonkeen won.
 * Athletics (track and field)
 * Cross country running
 * Gaelic football
 * Golf
 * Hurling
 * Soccer
 * Chess
 * International Rules Football

Club sports

 * Basketball
 * Canoeing
 * Chess
 * Orienteering
 * Rugby union
 * Sailing
 * Swimming
 * Tennis
 * Volleyball
 * Water polo

Extracurricular activities
The school's public speaking team have participated in the Mental Health Public Speaking Competition. Clonkeen has long had the tradition of performing annual Christmas pantomimes, such as Jack and the Beanstalk in late 2007, but have recently begun performing musicals as well, with Footloose (musical) having been seen there in the Spring of 2012, and Disco Inferno (musical) the following year, 2013. Every year students are accompanied by several teachers on an outdoor pursuits week in the Ardèche region in Southern France. The school enters Irelands Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition and won the competition in 1992. The school offers students music classes, hosts quizzes for both students and adults connected to the school, internal leagues provide sporting opportunities to students who may miss the chance to play for a school team. The school has an annual sports day open to entry from all the students.
 * Public Speaking
 * Drama
 * Annual adventure holidays
 * BT Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition
 * Other activities

Notable alumni

 * Stephen Byrne – (RTÉ) presenter
 * Oisin Gough – Dublin Hurler
 * Alan Judge – professional footballer
 * Jason Knight - professional footballer for Derby County F.C and Ireland national team
 * Tommy Lyons – former Dublin football manager
 * Colum McCann – international writer and novelist
 * Kevin Nolan – Dublin Gaelic Footballer
 * Darren O'Dea – professional footballer
 * Glenn Quinn – television and film actor (deceased)
 * David Treacy – Dublin Hurler
 * Prof. Philip Nolan - Director General of Science Foundation Ireland, former NPHET chair, former president of Maynooth University, former deputy president of University College Dublin.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clonkeen College


text:
North Shore railway station

North Shore railway station is located on the Warrnambool line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the northern Geelong suburbs of North Shore and Norlane, and it opened on 15 April 1895. It was renamed Corio on 27 September 1909, and was renamed North Shore on 1 December 1913.

History
Although some references say the station opened on 15 April 1895, an 1857 map shows a station named Cowies Creek on the current site, which by the 1880s was called North Shore. The level crossing at the station was protected by hand-operated gates until the mid-1890s, when the gatekeeper was withdrawn as an economy measure. The gatekeeper's cottage was retained as a residence for other railway employees.

In 1909, the station was briefly renamed Corio, reverting back to North Shore in 1913. In the 1920s, various other names, related to the industrial expansion in the area, were suggested for the station, including Jelbart, Pivot and Ford. In 1930, the Minister for Railways announced that the station's name would change to Pivot, but the name changed never proceeded.

In 1939, flashing light signals were provided at the Station Street level crossing, located nearby in the down direction of the station, with boom barriers provided later on in 1984.

In the early 1950s, the station was reduced to being staffed by a caretaker, responsible to the stationmaster at Corio. In February 1959, the former single line was duplicated from North Geelong to Corio, and North Shore was re-built as an island platform, 200 metres to the north of the old station. The previous group of standard country railway buildings was replaced by a small wooden office and waiting room. After being damaged by fire in 1990, the building was replaced by two metal bus shelters.

In 1995, the Western standard gauge line was built to the west of the station, and is mainly used by freight trains to and from Adelaide. In May 1999, a short platform was provided for The Overland passenger service.

A kilometre south of North Shore, the North Geelong Loop, first opened in 1903, connects the Melbourne – Geelong and Geelong – Ballarat lines.

Platforms and services
North Shore has one island platform with two faces and one side platform. It is serviced by V/Line Geelong line and selected Warrnambool line services on broad gauge, and Journey Beyond The Overland services on standard gauge.

Platform 1:
 * services to Southern Cross
 * weekend services to Southern Cross

Platform 2:
 * services to Geelong, South Geelong and Waurn Ponds
 * two weekend services to Warrnambool

Platform 3:
 * Journey Beyond services to Adelaide Parklands (pick up only) and Melbourne (Southern Cross) (set down only) (two services per week)

Transport links
CDC Geelong operates three routes via North Shore station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 * to Deakin University Waurn Ponds Campus
 * to Geelong station
 * Corio Shopping Centre – North Shore

title: North Shore railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pokemon moon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:57, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Pokemon moon
Unverifiable and/or prank fiction. "Pokemon moon" gets mostly porn sites, "Pokemon moon" Tadoil gets zero hits. Niteowlneils 02:08, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NOTE: it says (on an earlier edit) that this is a computer game. A computer game?!? In all their 20+ years of operation Nintendo has NEVER made a single computer game, let alone a game for a platform not directly produced by them, and if they did branch out into PC gaming it would be VERY newsworthy. So that makes it all the more unlikely. Master Thief Garrett 07:06, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified--somehow, I doubt it will, though. Meelar (talk) 02:22, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, cruft. Megan1967 02:37, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fake. I can't find "Pokemon Moon" on any gaming sites. Also, Googling those supposed Pokemon names gets nowhere, and if they were real they'd be plastered all over the fansites' news pages. Master Thief Garrett 07:03, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, looks false, would definitely be notable if true, however. Everyking 07:22, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Jshadias 11:10, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's fake. Either that or a fanproject which, while I'd be interested in it, doesn't belong here. Ketsy 22:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax. This game exists only in the author's imagination; Nintendo's next Pokemon games are Diamond and Pearl. A Man In Black 13:17, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, JHMM13 01:39, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.84.118.19

title: User talk:68.84.118.19


text:
Corio railway station

Corio railway station is located on the Warrnambool line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the northern Geelong suburb of Corio, and it opened on 15 September 1890 as Cowie's Creek. It was renamed Cowie on 9 May 1904, and renamed Corio on 1 December 1913.

A siding just north of the School Road level crossing was opened in April 1912, and a tramway was constructed from there to the new Corio site of Geelong Grammar School, to facilitate the carting of building materials. At the end of 1913, the station was moved 400 metres down the line, in conjunction with the establishment of a crossing loop on the single track. The relocation of Geelong Grammar School to its new site on 8 January 1914 helped to further increase the station's importance. A station-master's residence was constructed, and a station-master and assistant station-master were appointed.

In the early 1950s, Corio's role was boosted by the construction of the Shell Geelong refinery, with its associated sidings, immediately adjacent to the station. In February 1959, the line from North Geelong to Corio was duplicated. When duplication was extended to Lara on 9 September 1981, a new island platform and station building were provided.

In 1964, flashing light signals were provided at the School Road level crossing, located nearby in the up direction of the station, with boom barriers provided later on in 1981.

On 4 January 2001, Corio was de-staffed.

The Western standard gauge line to Adelaide runs immediately west of the station.

Although located in Corio, the station is situated about a kilometre from the nearest residential developments in the area.

Platforms and services
Corio has one island platform with two faces. It is serviced by V/Line Geelong line and selected Warrnambool line services.

Platform 1:
 * services to Southern Cross

Platform 2:
 * services to Geelong, South Geelong, Marshall and Waurn Ponds
 * one weekend morning service to Warrnambool

On weekdays during off-peak, customers wanting to travel to North Shore must either change at Lara or North Geelong due to services stopping at Corio skipping North Shore.

title: Corio railway station


text:
Stanislav Ianevski

Stanislav Yanevski (born Stanislav Rumenov Yanevski, Станислав Руменов Яневски; on 16 May 1985) is a Bulgarian actor best known for playing Viktor Krum in the 2005 fantasy film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.

Yanevski was born in Sofia. He lived in England for five years as well as in Israel. While attending Mill Hill School in the United Kingdom with fellow Harry Potter actor Harry Melling, Ianevski had no particular acting aspirations and was not a drama student. He had only auditioned for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after being spotted by Fiona Weir, a casting director who prompted him to attend an acting workshop, which resulted in his casting as Viktor Krum, a Bulgarian character in the Harry Potter series. He was selected from 650 others, most of whom had auditioned in Sofia. He also starred in Hostel: Part II, the sequel to Eli Roth's film Hostel.

title: Stanislav Ianevski


text:
Lara railway station

Lara railway station is located on the Warrnambool line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Lara, and it opened on 1 November 1856 as Duck Ponds. It was renamed Lara on 30 June 1875.

When Lara station opened, it was the temporary terminus of the Geelong – Melbourne line. The present station building was constructed in the 1920s, and the existing single platform on the east side of the line was converted into an island platform in June 1981, when the line from Lara to Little River was duplicated. In September of that year, the line to Corio was duplicated.

In 1973, a signal panel was provided at the station, and in 1981, it relocated into the station building. It was abolished in January 2006. No.2 road (loop siding) was also extended in 1973, providing a crossing loop. The loop siding is generally used by trains serving the Avalon Airshow, which terminate at Lara.

In 1962, flashing light signals were provided at the McClelland Avenue level crossing, located nearby in the down direction of the station, with boom barriers provided later on in 1981.

In 1993, No.2 siding was abolished, along with a dwarf signal. In 1999, the station waiting room received an upgrade, including the installation of glass sliding doors.

The Western standard gauge line to Adelaide runs immediately west of the station.

Platforms and services
Lara has one island platform with two faces. It is serviced by V/Line Geelong line and selected Warrnambool line services.

Platform 1:
 * services to Southern Cross
 * weekend services to Southern Cross

Platform 2:
 * services to Geelong, South Geelong, Marshall and Waurn Ponds
 * weekend services to Warrnambool

Transport links
CDC Geelong operates three routes to and from Lara station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 * to Lara South (Weekday extension to Corio Shopping Centre)
 * to Lara East
 * to Lara West

title: Lara railway station


text:
Shapur ibn Sahl

Sābūr ibn Sahl (شاپور بن سهل گندیشاپوری; d. 869 CE) was a 9th-century Persian Christian physician from the Academy of Gundishapur.

Among other medical works, he wrote one of the first medical books on antidotes called Aqrabadhin (القراباذين), which was divided into 22 volumes, and which was possibly the earliest of its kind to influence Islamic medicine. This antidotary enjoyed much popularity until it was superseded Ibn al-Tilmidh's version later in the first half of twelfth century.

title: Shapur ibn Sahl


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clonkeen College

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (no consensus). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:37, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Clonkeen College
A Catholic high school in Ireland with a BEEFSTEW score of 0. At present, my VfD summary's longer than the actual article. [ +t,  +c  ] 02:13, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The BEEFSTEW score's gone up to 3.   [  +t,  +c  ] 07:23, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 02:38, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, should be given longer than 3 minutes to try and accumulate some BEEFSTEW. Kappa 02:54, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC) Withdraw vote, I googled this and couldn't find enough to make an interesting article, will change my mind if anyone else wants to try. Kappa 11:10, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * My vote goes back to keep because of GRider's efforts. Failing keep, it should be merged with Blackrock. Kappa 23:45, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Per Kappa's comment, I will reserve voting until 48 hours from this posting, then vote based on what's there. -- 8^D gab 04:01, 2005 Apr 23 (UTC)
 * Provisional Keep If the article expands at all. Klonimus 05:09, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Public insititution. Existence verified. --Centauri 05:55, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Very short articles with little or no context What makes that school encyclopedic? Vegaswikian 06:06, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, absence of claim/evidence of notability. Everyking 07:21, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, ?vanity? ?(wordhere)cruft?, etc. Master Thief Garrett 10:29, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Account User:Master Thief Garrett was created 2 weeks ago. Welcome to Wikipedia.  —RaD Man (talk) 08:01, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Blackrock. Average Earthman 11:01, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If there was anything of substance to add, it could have been by now. -- 8^D gab 06:39, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)
 * Merge into Blackrock and delete - Skysmith 08:37, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I trust Kappa's skills in finding notability and if he doesn't find any, there probably isn't any. Radiant_* 10:51, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, eternal substub. Korath (Talk) 14:02, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep because it is notable plus our founder thinks so too  Yuckfoo 00:51, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Somehow I failed to find the words notable or Clonkeen College in that over-quoted text. Am I just missing them? Indrian 04:42, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I realize some people browse at very, very low resolution, but I fail to see how "Clonkeen College is a non-fee paying Christian Brothers secondary school in Blackrock, Co. Dublin."—that's the article's full content—is a decent, verifiable, well-cited, two page article like the sort we should be accommodating. In fact, it rather looks like "Randolph School is a private school in Huntsville, Alabama, US", which that poor abused year-and-a-half old mailing list post says should be mass-deleted. —Korath (Talk) 08:10, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established. Indrian 04:42, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article has been expanded but not in a way that I consider significant. (They have sports teams.  What high school doesn't?  They have alumni but none of the alumni are sufficiently notable to already have an article.)  This is still a delete.  Rossami (talk) 01:42, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Apparently Glenn Quinn was misspelled the first time— the famous and now deceased Irish actor does have an article.  —RaD Man (talk) 07:03, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's made some serious improvements since being added to GRider's Schoolwatch and will undoubtedly improve. Can someone BEEFSTEW this?  —RaD Man (talk) 06:25, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks to be about a three to me. "Serious improvements" is quite a reach.  A founding date, a list of sports, and three alumni would be a minor improvement in my book. Indrian 06:30, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Its gone from uninformative substub with a BEEFSTEW of 0 to a score of 3. There is no point in debating the seriousness of the improvements made so far.  —RaD Man (talk) 06:37, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable, not interesting. The JPS 19:30, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Isn't the precedent set by Sunset High School (Portland) to keep high schools? Kingturtle 07:17, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, there is no consensus or policy. Some get kept, some get deleted, often determined by who took a wikibreak any given week. Indrian 07:22, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. —Lowellian (talk) 07:32, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability still not established. Jonathunder 08:48, 2005 Apr 28 (UTC)
 * Keep, what is the policy on these? Maggie311 09:19, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Currently there is no official policy, but there is a lot of fighting, you may want to look at some other current school Vfds. Some people propose schools articles could be merged until/unless they reach a certain size and informativeness. See also WP:BEEFSTEW, a widely used measure. Kappa 09:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Grue 18:02, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep passes the pokemon comparativity notability test. ;)  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 02:13, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, classic encyclopedia article --Tony Sidaway|Talk 18:50, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Articles about schools belong in Wikipedia --Zantastik 19:07, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Noisy | Talk 10:23, May 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Henry Weinhard

Henry Weinhard (February 18, 1830 – September 20, 1904) was a German-American brewer in Portland, Oregon. After immigrating to the United States in 1851, he lived in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Sacramento before settling in the Portland area. Weinhard worked for others in the beer business before buying his own brewery and founded Henry Weinhard's and built its brewery complex in downtown Portland.

Early life
Born in the Kingdom of Württemberg (now part of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany), Weinhard was raised in Lindenbronn, and later moved to nearby Stuttgart, where he was an apprentice in the brewing trade. In 1851, he immigrated to the United States, landing in New York City. Weinhard moved to Philadelphia where he worked for a year in the brewing business before moving west to Cincinnati, Ohio. After two years there, he moved southwest to St. Louis, Missouri, where he stayed until 1856. During this time in America, he worked as a brewer for others while preparing his own beer recipes.

Oregon
In 1856, Weinhard moved to California and settled briefly, in Sacramento next year in March, he relocated to Vancouver in the Washington Territory, where he began working at a brewery owned by John Meunich; and, helped him construct a new brewery. Weinhard worked there for six months, and; then, founded a brewery with George Bottler, across the Columbia River in Portland, Oregon. This partnership did not last long and he sold out to Bottler and returned to working for Meunich. Weinhard bought Meunich's business in 1859 and named it the Vancouver Brewery.

In 1862, Weinhard bought the Henry Saxer Brewery in Portland and then partnered with Bottler again to build a new brewery in today's Northwest Portland. That year he also moved permanently to Portland; he sold his Vancouver operations in 1864 and bought out Bottler of his share of the business in 1866. Weinhard also bought Portland's oldest brewery, the Liberty Brewery, and continued expansion of the Portland operations, then called the City Brewery. By 1890, the brewery was the largest in the Pacific Northwest and had grown from producing 2,000 barrels per year to 40,000 barrels that year.

Later years and family
In 1859, Weinhard married Louisa Wagenblast, and they had five children; only two survived to adulthood. A Mason, he was also a member of several German societies in Portland. This included helping to found the Portland German Aid Society, with other civic activities including providing funds to build a church adjacent to the brewery. Other business interests outside of the brewery included stakes in the Portland Hotel, the West Side Railway, and the New Grand Central Hotel. In 1887, Weinhard offered to pump free beer into the Skidmore Fountain for its dedication; the city declined the offer due to the fear of rowdy horses.

Death
Weinhard died in Portland at age 74 and was buried in its River View Cemetery. The brewery he built remained in operation for another 95 years, until 1999.

title: Henry Weinhard


text:
Little River railway station

Little River railway station is located on the Warrnambool line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Little River, and it opened on 1 January 1857. It was renamed Bulban on 2 May 1910, and was renamed Little River 9 December 1912.

History
When the Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company constructed the line, it proposed that the station be built on the northern side of Little River. However, the company had trouble negotiating with the relevant land owner, so the first station was located on the south side of the river. The former platform mound of that station was finally removed in 1994, when the Western standard gauge line was being constructed.

The buildings and adjoining goods shed of the current station, on the north side of the river, are some of the earliest station buildings in Victoria. They are constructed of bluestone, to an original design by Frederick Kawerau, for the Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company, and were completed by the Victorian Railways in 1864. Features of note include the basement holding cells and the Victorian Railways plaques on the station gables. The buildings layouts have changed over the years, as shown in the State Library drawings, and they are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.

On 25 October 1970, the newly duplicated the line from Werribee to Little River was opened, and the goods siding closed. In 1972, a crossover at the up end of the station was abolished. On 4 June 1981, the newly duplicated line to Lara was opened, and a second platform (Platform 1) was provided.

In 1995, the Western standard gauge line opened, passing to the north and west of the station. The line is primarily used by freight trains, as well as The Overland passenger service to and from Adelaide. However, it does not stop at the station.

In 2010, the goods shed had started to crumble. Infrastructure owner VicTrack conducted an inspection of the shed, which revealed its doors and windows had been forced open, and, in liaison with the lessee V/Line, VicTrack undertook work to ensure the shed was secured as quickly as possible from further damage.

Disused station Werribee Racecourse is located between Little River and Werribee, as was the now-demolished station Manor.

In music
Little River Band included some scenes shot at Little River station in the music video for their 1978 single, "Shut Down Turn Off".

Platforms and services
Little River has two side platforms. It is serviced by V/Line Geelong line and selected Warrnambool line services.

Platform 1:
 * services to Southern Cross

Platform 2:
 * services to Geelong, South Geelong, Marshall and Waurn Ponds
 * one weekend morning service to Warrnambool

title: Little River railway station


text:
SN 1054

SN 1054 is a supernova that was first observed on c. 10 July 1054, and remained visible until c. 12 April 1056.

The event was recorded in contemporary Chinese astronomy, and references to it are also found in a later (13th-century) Japanese document, and in a document from the Islamic world. Furthermore, there are a number of proposed references from European sources recorded in the 15th century, as well as a pictograph associated with the Ancestral Puebloan culture found near the Peñasco Blanco site in New Mexico, United States. The pyramids at Cahokia in the midwestern United States may have been built in response to the supernova's appearance in the sky.

The remnant of SN 1054, which consists of debris ejected during the explosion, is known as the Crab Nebula. It is located in the sky near the star Zeta Tauri (ζ Tauri). The core of the exploding star formed a pulsar, called the Crab Pulsar (or PSR B0531+21). The nebula and the pulsar that it contains are some of the most studied astronomical objects outside the Solar System. It is one of the few Galactic supernovae where the date of the explosion is well known. The two objects are the most luminous in their respective categories. For these reasons, and because of the important role it has repeatedly played in the modern era, SN 1054 is one of the best known supernovae in the history of astronomy.

The Crab Nebula is easily observed by amateur astronomers thanks to its brightness, and was also catalogued early on by professional astronomers, long before its true nature was understood and identified. When the French astronomer Charles Messier watched for the return of Halley's Comet in 1758, he confused the nebula for the comet, as he was unaware of the former's existence. Motivated by this error, he created his catalogue of non-cometary nebulous objects, the Messier Catalogue, to avoid such mistakes in the future. The nebula is catalogued as the first Messier object, or M1.

Identification of the supernova
The Crab Nebula was identified as the supernova remnant of SN 1054 between 1921 and 1942, at first speculatively (1920s), with some plausibility by 1939, and beyond reasonable doubt by Jan Oort in 1942. In 1921, Carl Otto Lampland was the first to announce that he had seen changes in the structure of the Crab Nebula. This announcement occurred at a time when the nature of the nebulae in the sky was completely unknown. Their nature, size and distance were subject to debate. Observing changes in such objects allows astronomers to determine whether their spatial extension is "small" or "large", in the sense that notable fluctuations to an object as vast as our Milky Way cannot be seen over a small time period, such as a few years, whereas such substantial changes are possible if the size of the object does not exceed a diameter of a few light-years. Lampland's comments were confirmed some weeks later by John Charles Duncan, an astronomer at the Mount Wilson Observatory. He benefited from photographic material obtained with equipment and emulsions that had not changed since 1909; as a result the comparison with older snapshots was easy and emphasized a general expansion of the cloud. The points were moving away from the centre, and did so faster as they got further from it.

Also in 1921, Knut Lundmark compiled the data for the "guest stars" mentioned in the Chinese chronicles known in the West. He based this on older works, having analysed various sources such as the Wenxian Tongkao, studied for the first time from an astronomical perspective by Jean-Baptiste Biot in the middle of the 19th century. Lundmark gives a list of 60 suspected novae, then the generic term for a stellar explosion, in fact covering what is now understood as two distinct phenomena, novae and supernovae. The nova of 1054, already mentioned by the Biots in 1843, is part of the list. It stipulates the location of this guest star in a note at the bottom of the page as being "close to NGC 1952", one of the names for the Crab Nebula, but it does not seem to create an explicit link between them.

In 1928, Edwin Hubble was the first to note that the changing aspect of the Crab Nebula, which was growing bigger in size, suggests that it is the remains of a stellar explosion. He realised that the apparent speed of change in its size signifies that the explosion which it comes from occurred only nine centuries ago (as observed on Earth), which puts the date of the explosion in the period covered by Lundmark's compilation. He also noted that the only possible nova in the region of the Taurus constellation (where the cloud is located) is that of 1054, whose age is estimated to correspond to an explosion dating from the start of the second millennium.

Hubble therefore deduced, correctly, that this cloud was the remains of the explosion which was observed by Chinese astronomers.

Hubble's comment remained relatively unknown as the physical phenomenon of the explosion was not known at the time. Eleven years later, when the fact that supernovae are very bright phenomena was highlighted by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky and when their nature was suggested by Zwicky, Nicholas Mayall proposed that the star of 1054 was actually a supernova, based on the speed of expansion of the cloud, measured by spectroscopy, which allows astronomers to determine its physical size and distance, which he estimated at 5000 light-years. This was under the assumption that the velocities of expansion along the line of sight and perpendicularly to it were identical. Based on the reference to the brightness of the star which featured in the first documents discovered in 1934, he deduced that it was a supernova rather than a nova.

This deduction was subsequently refined, which pushed Mayall and Jan Oort in 1942 to analyse historic accounts relating to the guest star more closely (see below). These new accounts, globally and mutually concordant, confirm the initial conclusions by Mayall and Oort in 1939 and the identification of the guest star of 1054 is established beyond all reasonable doubt. Most other historical supernovas are not confirmed so conclusively: supernovas of the first millennium (SN 185, SN 386 and SN 393) are established on the basis of a single document each, and so they cannot be confirmed; in relation to the supposed historical supernova which followed the one in 1054, SN 1181, there are legitimate doubts concerning the proposed remnant (3C58) and an object of less than 1000 years of age. Other historical supernovae of which there are written accounts which precede the invention of the telescope (SN 1006, SN 1572 and SN 1604) are however established with certitude. Telescope-era supernovae are of course associated with full certitude with their remnant, when one is observed, but none is known within the Milky Way.

Historical records
SN 1054 is one of eight supernovae in the Milky Way that can be identified because written testimony describing the explosion has survived. In the nineteenth century, astronomers began to take an interest in the historic records. They compiled and examined the records as part of their research on recent novae, comets, and later, the supernovae.

The first Westerners to attempt a systematic compilation of records from China were the father and son Biot. In 1843, the sinologist Édouard Biot translated for his father, the astronomer and physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot, passages from the astronomical treatise of the 348-volume Chinese encyclopaedia, the Wenxian Tongkao.

Almost 80 years later in 1921, Knut Lundmark undertook a similar effort based on a greater number of sources. In 1942, Jan Oort, convinced that the Crab Nebula was the "guest star" of 1054 described by the Chinese, asked sinologist J.J.L. Duyvendak to help him compile new evidence on the observation of the event.

Chinese astronomy
Star-like objects that appeared temporarily in the sky were generically called "guest stars" (kè xīng 客星) by Chinese astronomers. The guest star of 1054 occurred during the reign of the Emperor Renzong of the Song dynasty (960–1279). The relevant year is recorded in Chinese documents as "the first year of the Zhihe era". Zhihe was an era name used during the reign of Emperor Renzong, and corresponds to the years 1054–1056, so the first year of the Zhihe era corresponds to the year 1054.

Some of the Chinese accounts are well preserved and detailed. The oldest and most detailed accounts are from Song Huiyao and Song Shi, historiographical works of which the extant text was redacted perhaps within a few decades of the event. There are also some later records, redacted in the 13th century, which are not necessarily independent of the older ones. Three accounts are apparently related because they describe the angular distance from the guest star to Zeta Tauri as "perhaps several inches away", but they are in apparent disagreement about the date of appearance of the star. The older two mention the day jichou 己丑, but the third, the Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, the day yichou 乙丑. These terms refer to the Chinese sexagenary cycle, corresponding to numbers 26 and 2 of the cycle, which corresponds, in the context where they are cited, respectively, to 4 July and 10 June. As the redaction of the third source is of considerably later date (1280) and the two characters are similar, this is easily explained as a transcription error, the historical date being jichou 己丑, 4 July.

The description of the guest star's location as "to the south-east of Tianguan, perhaps several inches away" has perplexed modern astronomers, because the Crab Nebula is not situated in the south-east, but to the north-west of Zeta Tauri.

The duration of visibility is explicitly mentioned in chapter 12 of Song Shi, and slightly less accurately, in the Song Huiyao. The last sighting was on 6 April 1056, after a total period of visibility of 642 days. This duration is supported by the Song Shi. The Song Huiyao by contrast mentions a visibility of the guest star of only 23 days, but this is after mentioning visibility during daylight. This period of 23 days applies in all likelihood solely to visibility during the day, which naturally was much shorter.

Identity of Tianguan
The asterisms (or "constellations") of Chinese astronomy were catalogued around the 2nd century BC. The asterisms with the brightest stars in the sky were compiled in a work called Shi Shi, which also includes Tianguan. Identification of Tianguan is comparatively easy, as it is indicated that it is located at the foot of the Five Chariots asterism, the nature of which is left in hardly any doubt by representation on maps of the Chinese sky: it consists of a large pentagon containing the bright stars of the Auriga. As Tianguan is also represented to the north of the Three Stars asterism, the composition of which is well known, corresponding to the bright stars of Orion, its possible localisation is strongly restricted to the immediate proximity of the star ζ Tauri, located between "Five Chariots" and "Three Stars". This star, of medium brightness (apparent magnitude of 3.3), is the only star of its level of brightness in this area of the sky (there is no other star that is brighter than an apparent magnitude of 4.5 within 7 degrees of ζ Tauri), and therefore the only one likely to figure among the asterisms of "Shi Shi". All of these elements, along with some others, allow "Tianguan" to be confirmed beyond reasonable doubt as corresponding to the star ζ Tauri.

Position relative to Tianguan
Three Chinese documents indicate that the guest star was located "perhaps a few inches" South-East of Tianguan. Song Shi and Song Huiyao stipulate that it "was standing guard" for the asterism, corresponding to the star ζ Tauri. The "South-East" orientation has a simple astronomical meaning, the celestial sphere having, like the Earth's globe, both north and south celestial poles, the "South-East" direction thus corresponding to a "bottom-left" location in relation to the reference object (in this case, the star ζ Tauri) when it appears at the South. However, this "South-East" direction has long left modern astronomers perplexed in the context of this event: the logical remnant of the supernova corresponding to the guest star is the Crab Nebula, but it is not situated to the southeast of ζ Tauri, rather in the opposite direction, to the northwest.

The term "perhaps a few inches" (ke shu cun in the Latin transliteration) is relatively uncommon in Chinese astronomical documents. The first term, ke, is translated as "approximately" or "perhaps", the latter being currently preferred. The second term, shu, means "several", and more specifically any number between 3 and 9 (limits included). Finally, cun resembles a unit of measurement for angles translated by the term "inch". It is part of a group of three angular units, zhang (also written chang), chi ("foot") and cun ("inch"). Different astronomical documents indicate without much possible discussion that a zhang corresponds to ten chi, and that one chi corresponds to ten cun. The angular units are not the ones used to determine stars' coordinates, which are given in terms of du, an angular unit corresponding to the average angular distance travelled by the sun per day, which corresponds to around 360/365.25 degrees, in other words almost one degree. The use of different angular units can be surprising, but it is similar to the current situation in modern astronomy, where the angular unit used to measure angular distances between two points is certainly the same as for declination (the degree), but is different for right ascension (which is expressed in angular hours; an angular hour corresponds to exactly 15 degrees). In Chinese astronomy, right ascension and declination have the same unit, which is not the one used for other angular distances. The reason for this choice to use different units in the Chinese world is not well known.

Meaning of units
However, the exact value of these new units (zhang, chi and cun) was never stipulated, but can be deduced by the context in which they are used. For example, the spectacular passing of Halley's comet in 837 indicates that the tail of the comet measured 8 zhang. Even if it is not possible to know the angular size of the comet at the time it passed, it is certain that 8 zhang correspond to 180 degrees at the most (maximum visible angle on the celestial sphere), which means that one zhang can hardly exceed 20 degrees, and therefore one cun cannot exceed 0.2 degrees. A more rigorous estimation was made from 1972 on the basis of references of minimal separations expressed in chi or cun between two stars in the case of various conjunctions. The results suggest that one cun is between 0.1 and 0.2 degrees and that one chi is between 0.44 and 2.8 degrees, a range which is compatible with the estimations for one cun. A more solid estimation error is that it is generally accepted that one chi is in the order of one degree (or one du), and that one cun is in the order of one tenth of a degree. The expression "perhaps a few inches" therefore suggests an angular distance in the order of one degree or less.

Problems with description
If all the available elements strongly suggest that the star of 1054 was a supernova, and that in the area next to where the star was seen, there is a remnant of a supernova which has all of the characteristics expected of an object that is around 1,000 years old, a major problem arises: the new star is described as being to the South-East of Tianguan, while the Crab Nebula is to the North-East. This problem has been known since the 1940s and has long been unsolved. In 1972 for example, Ho Peng Yoke and his colleagues suggested that the Crab Nebula was not the product of the explosion of 1054, but that the true remnant was to the South-East, as indicated in several Chinese sources. For this, they envisaged that the angular unit cun corresponds to a considerable angle of 1 or 2 degrees, meaning that the distance from the remnant to ζ Tauri was therefore considerable. Aside from the fact that this theory does not account for the large angular sizes of certain comets, expressed in zhang, it comes up against the fact that there it does not make sense to measure the gap between a guest star and a star located so far away from it, when there are closer asterisms that could be used.

In their controversial article (see European sightings, below) Collins and his colleagues make another suggestion: on the morning of 4 July, the star ζ Tauri was not bright enough and too low on the horizon to be visible. If the guest star, which was located close to it, was visible, it is only because its brightness was comparable to Venus. However, there was another star, brighter and higher on the horizon, which was possibly visible, for reference: Beta Tauri (β Tauri). This star is located at around 8 degrees north-north-west of ζ Tauri. The Crab Nebula is south-south-east of β Tauri. Collins et al. suggest therefore that at the time of its discovery, the star was seen to the south-east of β Tauri, and that as the days passed and visibility improved, astronomers were able to see that it was in fact a lot closer to ζ Tauri, but that the direction "south-east" used for the first star was kept in error.

The solution to this problem was suggested (without proof) by A. Breen and D. McCarthy in 1995 and proved very convincingly by D. A. Green et F. R. Stephenson (2003). The term "stand on guard" obviously signifies a proximity between the two stars, but also means a general orientation: a guest star "standing on guard" for a fixed star is systematically located below it. In order to support this theory, Green and Stephenson investigated other entries in Song Shi, which also includes reference to "standing on guard". They selected entries relating to conjunctions betweens the stars identified and planets, of which the trajectory can be calculated without difficulty and with great precision on the indicated dates. Of the 18 conjunctions analysed, spreading from 1172 (the Jupiter–Regulus conjunction on 5 December) to 1245 (the Saturn–Gamma Virginis conjunction on 17 May), the planet was more to the north (in the sense of a lower declination) in 15 cases, and in the three remaining cases, it was never in the south quadrant of the star.

In addition, Stephenson and Clark (1977) had already highlighted such an inversion of direction in a planetary conjunction: on 13 September 1253, an entry in the astronomical report Koryo-sa indicated that Mars had hidden the star to the south-east of the twenty-eight mansions sign Ghost (Delta Cancri), while in reality, it approached the star north-west of the asterism (Eta Cancri).

Meigetsuki (Japan)
The oldest and most detailed record from Japan is in the Meigetsuki, the diary of Fujiwara no Teika, a poet and courtier. There are two other Japanese documents, presumably dependent on the Meigetsuki:
 * The 14th century Ichidai Yoki: The description is very similar to the Meigetsuki, omitting several details (hour of apparition, and possibly erroneous parts of the lunar month). The short text also contains many typographical errors.
 * The 17th-century Dainihonshi, containing very little information. The brevity contrasts with the more detailed descriptions of "guest stars" (supernovas) of 1006 and 1181.

The Meigetsuki places the event in the fourth lunar moon, one month earlier than the Chinese texts. Whatever the exact date during this month, there seems to be a contradiction between this period and the observation of the guest star: the star was close to the sun, making daytime and nighttime observation impossible. The visibility in daylight as described by the Chinese texts is thus validated by the Japanese documents, and is consistent with a period of moderate visibility, which implies that the star's period of diurnal visibility was very short. In contrast, the day of the cycle given in the Chinese documents is compatible with the months that they state, reinforcing the idea that the month on the Japanese document is incorrect. The study of other medieval supernovas (SN 1006 and SN 1181) reveals a proximity in the dates of discovery of a guest star in China and Japan, although clearly based on different sources.

Fujiwara no Teika's interest in the guest star seems to have come accidentally whilst observing a comet in December 1230, which prompted him to search for evidence of past guest stars, among those SN 1054 (as well as SN 1006 and SN 1181, the two other historic supernovas from the early second millennium). The entry relating to SN 1054 can be translated as: "Tengi era of the emperor Go-Reizei, second year, fourth lunar month, after the middle period of ten days. At chou [a Chinese term for 1–3am], a guest star appeared in the degrees of the moon mansions of Zuixi and Shen. It has been viewed in the direction of the East and has emerged from the Tianguan star. It was as big as Jupiter." The source used by Fujiwara no Teika is the records of Yasutoshi Abe (Onmyōdō doctor), but it seems to have been based, for all the astronomical events he has recorded, on documents of Japanese origin. The date he gives is prior to the third part of ten days of the lunar month mentioned, which corresponds to the period of between 30 May and 8 June 1054 of the Julian calendar, which is around one month earlier than Chinese documentation. This difference is usually attributed to an error in the lunar months (fourth place and fifth place). The location of the guest star, clearly straddling the moon mansions Shen and Zuixi, corresponds to what would be expected of a star appearing in the immediate vicinity of Tianguan.

Ibn Butlan (Iraq)
While SN 1006, which was significantly brighter than SN 1054, was mentioned by several Arab chroniclers, there exist no Arabic reports relating to the rather faint SN 1181. Only one Arabic account has been found concerning SN 1054, whose brightness is between those of the last two stars mentioned. This account, discovered in 1978, is that of a Nestorian Christian doctor, Ibn Butlan, transcribed in the Uyun al-Anba, a book on detailed biographies of physicians in the Islamic world compiled by Ibn Abi Usaybi'a (1194–1270) in the mid-thirteenth century. This is a translation of the passage in question: "I copied the following hand written testimony [that of Ibn Butlan]. He stated: 'One of the famous epidemics of our time has occurred when a spectacular star appeared in [the zodiac star] Gemini, of the year 446 [of the Muslim calendar]. In the autumn of that year, fourteen thousand people were buried in Constantinople. Thereafter, in the middle of the summer of 447, the majority of the people of Fostat and all foreigners died'. He [Ibn Butlan] continues: 'While this spectacular star appeared in the sign of Gemini [...] it caused the epidemic in Fostat by the Nile being low when it appeared in 445 [sic].'" The three years cited (AH 445, 446, 447) refer, respectively, to: 23 April 1053 – 11 April 1054, 12 April 1054 – 1 April 1055, and 2 April 1055 – 20 March 1056. There is an apparent inconsistency in the year of occurrence of the star, first announced as 446, then 445. This problem is solved by reading other entries in the book, which quite explicitly specify that the Nile was low at 446. This year of the Muslim calendar ran from 12 April 1054 to 1 April 1055, which is compatible with the appearance of the star in July 1054, as its location (admittedly rather vague), is in the astrological sign of Gemini (which, due to axial precession, covers the eastern part of the Constellation Taurus). The date of the event in 446 is harder to determine, but the reference to the level of the Nile refers to the period preceding its annual flood, which happens during the summer.

Suggested European sightings

Since 1980, several European documents have been identified as possible observations of the supernova.

The first such suggestion was made in 1980 by Umberto Dall'Olmo (1925–1980). The following passage which reports an astronomical sighting is taken from an account compiled by Jacobus Malvecius in the 15th century: "And in those days a star of immense brightness appeared within the circle of the Moon a few days after its separation from the Sun." The date this passage refers to is not explicit, however, and by means of a reference to an earthquake in Brescia 11 April 1064, it would seem ten years too late. Dall'Olmo suggests this is due to a transcription error. Another candidate is the Cronaca Rampona, proposed in 1981, which however also indicates a date several years after the event, in 1058 instead of 1054.

The European candidate documents are imprecise, especially lacking in astronomical terms likely due to European scholars having lost many of the astronomical skills of antiquity. In contrast, the Chinese accounts pin-point within a degree where the supernova occurred, as well as how long it lasted and roughly how bright it became.

The lack of accounts from European chroniclers has long raised questions. In fact, it is known that the supernova of 1006 was recorded in a large number of European documents, albeit not in astronomical terms. Among the proposed explanations for the lack of European accounts of SN 1054, its concurrence with the East-West Schism is prominent. In fact, the date of the excommunication of the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius (16 July) corresponds to the star reaching its maximum brightness and being visible in the daytime. Among the six proposed European documents, one does not seem to correspond to the year of the supernova (the chronicle of Jacobus Malvecius). Another (the Cronaca Rampona) has large dating and internal coherence problems. The four others are relatively precisely dated, but they date from Spring and not Summer 1054, that is to say before the conjunction between the supernova and the Sun (although a Khitan document suggests this may have been possible). Three of the documents (the chronicle of Jacobus Malvecius, the Cronaca Rampona and the Armenian chronicle) make reference relatively explicitly to conjunctions between the Moon and stars, of which one is identified (Jupiter, in the Armenian chronicle). The three other documents are very unclear.

In 1999, George W. Collins and his colleagues defended the plausibility of European sighting of SN 1054. They argue that the records suggest that European sightings even predate Chinese and Japanese reports by more than two months (April 1054). These authors emphasize the problems associated with the Chinese reports, especially the position of the supernova relative to Zeta Tauri. They also adduce a Khitan document which they suggest might establish observation of the supernova at the time of the solar eclipse of 10 May 1054 (which would corrobate the "late" date of Chinese observation of the event). Conversely, they interpret the European documents, taken in conjunction, as plausibly establishing that an unusual astronomical phenomenon was visible in Europe in the spring of 1054, i.e. even before the Sun's conjunction with Zeta Tauri. They also surmise that the correct year in the report by Ibn Butlan is AH 445 (23 April 1053 – 11 April 1054) rather than AH 446 (12 April 1054 – 1 April 1055).

The publication by Collins et al. was criticized by Stephenson and Green (2003). These authors insist that the problems with the Chinese and Japanese documents can easily be resolved philologically (as common copyists' mistakes) and need not indicate unreliability of the Chinese observations. Stephenson and Green condemn attempts at uncovering European sightings of the supernova as it were at any cost as suffering from confirmation bias, "anxious to ensure that this event was recorded by Europeans". They also reject the idea of the Khitan document referring to the supernova as a mistake based in a translation of the document.

The Cronaca Rampona
The European account of a supernova sighting that is considered the most plausible is part of a medieval chronicle from the region of Bologna, the Cronaca Rampona. This text came to astronomers' attention in 1972, and was interpreted as a possible sighting of the supernova in 1981, and again in 1999. The relevant part of the chronicle translates to:

"In AD 1058, Pope Stephen IX has come to the throne [...] Also in this year of Christ 1058, Henry III reigned [or 'lived'] for 49 years. He went to Rome for the first time in the month of May. At this time, famine and death was upon the whole world. He stayed in the province of Tibur for three days in the month of June [...] At that time, a very brightly-shining star (stella clarissima) entered into the circle [or the circuit] of the new moon, in the thirteenth calends at the beginning of the night."

Before even looking for potential problems in the astronomical last sentence of the passage, skeptics point out at least two discrepancies in the dating: Pope Stephen IX became Pope in 1057, not 1058, and Emperor Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor was born in 1017, 39 and not 49 years before 1058, his reign having started in 1039 (as King of the Romans, then as emperor of the Romans from 1046 after Pope Clement II consecrated him during his brief pontificate). Henry III died in 1056, and his reign did not overlap with Stephen IX's papacy. It seems likely that the text underwent various alterations, as its date format uses a mix of Roman and Arabic numerals (the number 1058 is for instance written as Ml8) which was common in the 15th century when the Cronaca Rampona was assembled, but not in the 11th century when the events occurred. Associating the stella clarissima with the 1054 supernova also requires assuming that its entry in the Cronaca Rampona is out of order, as the entries are otherwise in chronological order and the two previous entries are later than 1054 (in order, the previous entries refer to 1046, 1049, 1051, 1055, 1056, all written in a mix of Arab and Roman characters, namely Mxl6, Mxl9, Mli, Mlv and Ml6). Additionally, the date of the new moon is discrepant. Calculating the phase of the moon for every day of 1054 and converting the calends, which refer to the Roman calendar, to our Gregorian calendar shows that no month of that year had a new moon on the thirteenth day of its Calends. All of this strongly contrasts with the general precision of references to eclipse dates in medieval European chronicles: a study of 48 partial or total solar eclipses from 733 to 1544 finds that 42 dates out of 48 are correct, and of the six remaining, three are incorrect by one of two days and the three others give the correct day and month, but a wrong year. Even assuming that the stated event nevertheless corresponds to May or June 1054, and that it describes a conjunction between the already visible supernova and the moon, a final problem arises: the moon did not pass very close to the location of the supernova during two those months.

It is therefore possible that the account instead describes an approach or a concealment of a planet by the Moon, contemporary to the date written in the document (1058). This scenario is corroborated by two perfectly dated contemporary documents which describe a conjunction and a planetary concealment by the Moon in relatively similar terms. These two documents, unearthed by Robert Russell Newton, are taken from the Annales Cavenses, Latin chronicles from la Trinità della Cava (Province of Salerno). They mention "a bright star that entered into the circle of the (new) moon" for both 17 February 1086 ([Martii incipiente nocte] stella clarissima in circulum lunae primae ingressa est) and for 6 August 1096 (stella clarissima venit in circulum lunae). The first event can be verified as Venus being eclipsed by the Moon, the second as the Moon passing Jupiter at a distance of less than one degree after a lunar eclipse which was also mentioned in the chronicle.

Hayton of Corycus
The Cronaca Rampona account is apparently also reflected in the Armenian chronicle of Hayton of Corycus (written before 1307). The relevant passage translated from the Armenian manuscript reads: "AD 1048. There was the 5th year, 2nd month, 6th day of Pope Leo in Rome. Robert Kijart (Robert Guiscard) arrived in Rome and sieged the Tiburtina town. There was starvation over the whole world. That year a bright star appeared within the circle of the Moon, the Moon was new, on 14 May, in the first part of the night." Vahe Gurzadyan's proposal connecting the Hayton of Corycus's chronicle with Cronaca Rampona and SN 1054 dates to 2012.

Other

In a work entitled De Obitu Leonis ("On the Death of [Pope] Leo") by one subdeacon Libuinus, there is a report of an unusual celestial phenomenon. A certain Albertus, leading a group of pilgrims in the region of Todi, Umbria, reportedly confirmed having seen, on the day that Pope Leo IX died, a phenomenon described as

"quasi stratam palliis fulgentibus adornatam at innumeris coruscantem lampadibus.

[Translation:] like a road decorated with wonderful adornments and shining with innumerable lamps"

Guidoboni et al. (1994) proposed that this may relate to SN 1054, and was endorsed by Collins et al. (1999).

Guidoboni et al. (1994) also proposed a Flemish text as an account of a sighting of the supernova. The text, from Saint Paul's church—no longer extant—in the Flemish town of Oudenburg, describes the death of Pope Leo IX in Spring 1054 (the date described corresponds to 14 April 1054). "On the eighteenth calends of May, on the second day of the week at around midday, the soul [of Pope Leo IX] departed. At the moment it left his body, in Rome, where he rests, but 'also everywhere on earth, a circle of extraordinary brightness appeared in the sky for half an hour.'"

McCarthy and Breen (1997) proposed an extract from an Irish chronicle as a possible European sighting of the supernova. This chronicle indicates the following for 1054: "A round circle of fire was seen at Ros Ela on the Sunday of the feast day of Saint George over five hours during the day, and countless black birds passed before it, in the centre of which there was a larger bird [...]" The date of the event corresponds to 24 April: (Saint George's Day is 23 April and fell on a Saturday in 1054. Thus the mention of the "Sunday of Saint George's Day" corresponds to the next day, 24 April) long before the sighting noted by the Chinese. The astronomical nature of the account remains very uncertain, and interpretation as a solar halo or aurora seems at least as probable.

Suggested records in North American petroglyphs

Two Native American paintings in Arizona show a crescent moon located next to a circle that could represent a star. In 1955, optical engineer and amateur archaeologist William C. Miller proposed that this represents a conjunction between the moon and the supernova, made possible by the fact that, seen from the Earth, the supernova occurred in the path of the Ecliptic. On the morning of 5 July, the moon was located in the immediate proximity of the supernova, and this proximity might have been represented in these paintings. This theory is compatible with the uncertain dating of these paintings but cannot be confirmed. The dating of the paintings is extremely imprecise (between the 10th and 12th century), and only one of them shows the crescent moon with the correct orientation in relation to the supernova on the date of the explosion. Moreover, this type of drawing could well represent a proximity of the moon with Venus or Jupiter.

Another, better known document was updated during the 1970s at the Chaco Canyon site (New Mexico), occupied around 1000 AD by the Ancestral Pueblo Peoples. On the flat underside of an overhang, it represents a hand, below which there is a crescent moon facing a star at the bottom-left. On the wall underneath the petroglyph there is a drawing which could be the core and tail of a comet. Apart from the petroglyph, which could represent the configuration of the moon and supernova on the morning of 5 July 1054, this period corresponds to the apogee of the Ancestral Pueblo civilization. It seems possible to propose an interpretation of the other petroglyph, which, if it is more recent than the other one, could possibly correspond to the passing of Halley's Comet in 1066. Although plausible, this interpretation is impossible to confirm and does not explain why it was the supernova of 1054 that was represented, rather than the supernova of 1006, which was brighter and also visible to this civilisation.

Suggested records in Aboriginal oral tradition
The Aboriginal people of the region around Ooldea have passed in oral tradition a detailed account of their mythology of the constellation Orion and the Pleiades. The anthropologist Daisy Bates was the first to attempt to compile records of this story. Work done by her and others has shown that all of the protagonists of the story of Nyeeruna and the Yugarilya correspond to individual stars covering the region around Orion and the Pleiades, with the exception of Baba, the father dingo, which is a major protagonist of the story and of the yearly re-enactments of the myth by the local people:

"Again Nyeeruna's magic comes back in great force and brightness, and when Kambugudha sees the strong magic in arm and body, she calls to a father dingo (horn of the Bull) to come and humiliate Nyeeruna and Babba the Dingo rushes over to Nyeeruna and shakes and swings him east and west by his middle and Kambugudha points at him and laughs but her frightened little sisters hide their heads under their little mountain devil neck humps until Babba loosens his hold and returns to his place again."

It has been suggested by Leaman and Hamacher that the location usually assigned to Baba by the locals (recorded by Bates as being at the "horn of the bull") is more likely to correspond to SN 1054 than to a faint star of that region such as β or ζ Tauri. This is motivated by the reference to Babba "returning to his place again" after attacking Nyeeruna which could refer to a transient star, as well as the fact that important characters of the myth are associated with bright stars. However, Leaman and Hamacher clarify there is no solid evidence to support this interpretation, which remains speculative. Hamacher demonstrates the extreme difficulty in identifying supernovae in Indigenous oral traditions.

Other elements of the story which have been found to correspond to astronomical elements by these authors include: awareness by the Aboriginal people of the different colors of the stars, possible awareness of the variability of Betelgeuse, observations of meteors in the Orionid meteor shower and the possibility that the rite associated with the myth is held at a time of astronomical significance, corresponding to the few days in the year when due to the Sun's proximity to Orion, it is unseen throughout the night, but is always in the sky during the daytime.

Media references
The supernova is mentioned in Ayreon's song To the Quasar, from the album Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator. SN 1054 and the lack of European recordings of the event is also mentioned in the historical fiction Space (Michener novel) by James A. Michener. The popular science book Death by Black Hole by Neil deGrasse Tyson uses SN 1054 to illustrate the relationships between religion, philosophy and human interpretations of astronomical events. The guest star of 1054 is also mentioned in Red Dragon (novel) by Thomas Harris.

title: SN 1054


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Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey (UK Parliament constituency)

Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey was a constituency of the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. As with all seats since 1950 it elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

The seat covered a broad south-eastern portion of the Highland council area. It had four locations in its name, the most nationwide.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the territory was subject to major boundary changes. Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey was combined with the majority of the Moray constituency (to be renamed Moray West, Nairn and Strathspey). To compensate, parts of the disappearing seat of Ross, Skye and Lochaber was added to the Inverness area, including Fort William and the Isle of Skye. As a consequence of these changes, a new constituency was created, named Inverness, Skye and West Ross-shire, to be first contested at the 2024 general election.

Boundaries
The constituency was created in 2005 by merging an area from Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber with an area from Ross, Skye and Inverness West. The rest of Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber was merged with most of the rest of Ross, Skye and Inverness West to form Ross, Skye and Lochaber. A small area of Ross, Skye and Inverness West was merged into Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross.

For representation in the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood) the area is divided between Inverness and Nairn and part of Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch.

Local government area

 * See also Politics of the Highland council area

The Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey constituency was one of three Westminster constituencies covering the Highland council area, the other two being Ross, Skye and Lochaber and Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross. Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey covers a south-eastern portion of the council area, with Ross, Skye and Lochaber to its north and west, and Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross further north.

When created in 2005, the Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey constituency covered 31 out of the 80 wards of the council area: 22 wards (all except Beauly and Strathglass) of the Inverness area committee, all four wards of the Nairn area committee and all five wards of the Badenoch and Strathspey area committee. Following ward boundary changes in 2007, the constituency covers all 5 Inverness wards, Culloden & Ardersier, Nairn and Badenoch & Strathspey. It contains part of Ard & Loch Ness and a few corners of Caol & Mallaig, Fort William & Ardnamurchan and Wester Ross, Strathpeffer & Lochalsh.

The City of Inverness, for which letters patent were granted in 2001, may be supposed to lie within the Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey constituency, but this city lacks clearly defined boundaries. The Highland Council management area of Inverness, as defined 1996 to 2007, included the former burgh of Inverness, as abolished in 1975, and the urban area centred on the burgh, and these do lie within the constituency. The management area included also a large rural area. As of 2007, the council has a city management area consisting of seven of the nine wards of its Inverness, Nairn and Badenoch and Strathspey corporate management area. The boundaries of his city management are similar to those of the older management area.

Elections in the 2000s

 * ''Note: The constituency was new in 2005 and +/- percentages are notional.


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Directors register

In corporate law, the directors register is a list of the directors elected by the shareholders, generally stored in the company's minute book. By law, companies are required to keep this list up to date to remove those directors who are deceased or resign, and to add those who have been elected by the shareholders. However, the register must also list any person who had been a director indefinitely. The record must indicate the dates a director started and stopped holding office. As directors carry certain personal legal obligations to a corporation (for example, being responsible for any money held in trust for another person, e.g. sales taxes not remitted to a government), those seeking recourse against directors are allowed to rely on the directors register as proof that a director held office on any particular day.

In many jurisdictions, corporations are required to keep the list of directors up to date with the corporate affairs office where the corpororation was incorporated. This is so that both government agencies and interested third parties may be aware of the name and address of directors (for example, in order to serve a statement of claim on the corporation).

Publicly traded corporations are usually required to notify the appropriate securities and exchange commission about any change to their directors register.

title: Directors register


text:
Podocarpus spinulosus

Podocarpus spinulosus, the dwarf plum pine or spiny-leaf podocarp, is a species of podocarp native to the warm-temperate coastal regions of New South Wales and southern Queensland. It is generally an understorey shrub, rarely growing more than 2 m tall.

It was first described by James Edward Smith in 1817 as Taxus spinulosa. It was reclassified 'as Podocarpus spinulosus in 1825.

The leaves are needle-like, 2 – long, sharply pointed, green above and with glaucous stomatal bands beneath. The cones are berry-like, with a fleshy, edible purple-black aril 1 – long and one (rarely two) apical seed 1 cm long.

title: Podocarpus spinulosus


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USS Miantonomoh (1863)

The first USS Miantonomoh was the lead ship of her class of four ironclad monitors built for the United States Navy during the American Civil War. Completed after the war ended in May 1865, the ship made one cruise off the East Coast before she began a voyage across the North Atlantic in May 1866 to conduct a lengthy showing the flag mission in Europe. Miantonomoh was decommissioned upon her return in 1867, but was reactivated two years later and assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron before decommissioning again in 1870. The monitor was sold for scrap three years later as part of a scheme where the Navy Department evaded the Congressional refusal to order new ships by claiming that the Civil War-era ship was being repaired while building a new monitor of the same name.

Description
The Miantonomoh class was designed by John Lenthall, Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair, although the ships varied somewhat in their details. Miantonomoh was 250 ft long overall, had a beam of 53 ft and had a draft of 14 ft. The ship had a depth of hold of 16 ft, a tonnage of 1,564 tons burthen and displaced 3401 LT. Her crew consisted of 150 officers and enlisted men.

Miantonomoh was powered by a pair of horizontal horizontal-return connecting-rod steam engines designed by the Engineer-in-Chief of the Navy, Benjamin F. Isherwood. Each engine drove a propeller shaft using steam generated by four Martin vertical water-tube boilers. The engines were rated at 1400 ihp and gave the ship a top speed of 9 kn. She was designed to carry 300 LT of coal.

Armament and armor
Her main battery consisted of four smoothbore, muzzle-loading, 15 in Dahlgren guns mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the single funnel. Each gun weighed approximately 43000 lb. They could fire a 350 lb shell up to a range of 2100 yd at an elevation of +7°.

The sides of the hull of the Miantonomoh-class ships were protected by five layers of 1 in wrought-iron plates that tapered at their bottom edge down to total of 3 in, backed by 12 - 14 in of wood. The armor of the gun turret consisted of ten layers of one-inch plates and the pilot house had eight layers. The ship's deck was protected by armor 1.5 in thick. The bases of the funnel and the ventilator were also protected by unknown thicknesses of armor. A 5 by soft iron band was fitted around the base of the turrets to prevent shells and fragments from jamming them as had happened during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor in April 1863.

Construction and career
Miantonomoh, named after the Narragansett chief, Miantonomoh, was laid down in 1862 at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, launched on 15 August 1863, and commissioned on 15 September 1865 with Commander Daniel Ammen in command. Miantonomoh was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron and made a brief cruise along the East Coast before she was decommissioned at the Washington Navy Yard. In late April 1866 she steamed to New York and was overhauled there in preparation for a voyage across the North Atlantic on a diplomatic visit to Russia. Now under the command of Commander John Beaumont, the monitor departed on 6 May escorted by the paddle steamers USS Augusta (1853) and USS Ashuelot. After a brief stop at Halifax, Nova Scotia, the ships reached St. John's, Newfoundland, on 23 May. There Miantonomoh embarked the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Gustavus Fox on 3 June and the British naval attaché, Captain John Bythesea, VC.

The nominal reason for the voyage was an instruction by Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles that Fox was to deliver to Tsar Alexander II of Russia a copy of a Joint Resolution of the Congress which expressed "deep regret" at the recent attempt by Dmitry Karakozov on the Tsar's life and congratulations on his escape from harm. The voyage was also intended to reciprocate lengthy visits by squadrons of the Imperial Russian Navy to New York and San Francisco during the Civil War and to enhance the prestige of the United States among the European powers. Welles also requested that Fox collect information on naval developments in Europe.

Departing St. John's on 5 June, the three ships crossed the Atlantic in less than 11 days. Fox described the first ocean crossing of an ironclad monitor as "a pleasant trip." During much of the voyage she was towed by Augusta "as a matter of convenience and precaution rather than necessity", although a shortage of coal may have played a role. Bythesea thought that the weather was almost too fine to test the monitor's seaworthiness and found that her interior was very dry. After reaching Queenstown on 16 June, where the ships were met by the British broadside ironclads HMS Achilles (1863) and HMS Black Prince (1861), they proceeded to Portsmouth, arriving on the 23rd. Miantonomoh was an object of great curiosity to the British public and newspaper reporters were allowed aboard to publish their impressions. Beaumont, Bythesea and Fox gave a guided tour to the Board of Admiralty and the inventor of a different type of armored turret, Captain Cowper Coles, on 29 June before her departure for France. The ship's Dahlgrens were fired for the visitors and the onlooking spectators.

Fox debarked at Cherbourg for unproductive talks with Emperor Napoleon III. Miantonomoh returned to England on 7 July to host more visitors, including the Prince of Wales and his brother Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. "The success of her reception in England typified her subsequent visits to other European nations during the next several months." Miantonomoh steamed to Denmark later that month where she was inspected by King Christian IX and his family before departing for Russia at the end of the month. The monitor rendezvoused with a large contingent of the Imperial Russian Navy, including the armored frigates RUSSIAN IRONCLAD Sevastopol and RUSSIAN IRONCLAD Ne Tron Menia, the monitor RUSSIAN MONITOR Smerch and four Uragan-class monitor monitors at Helsingfors (Helsinki), Finland, and escorted her to Kronshtadt where she arrived 5 August. During that time Miantonomoh was viewed by the Tsar, his family, and leading Russian naval officers, including the naval architect Rear Admiral Andrei Popov, who later traveled aboard the ship from Hamburg, Prussia, to Cherbourg.

Miantonomoh ferried Fox to Stockholm, Sweden, in mid-September and then to Kiel, Prussia, on 1 October. Over the next six months the monitor called at French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian ports before departing British Gibraltar on 15 May 1867 in company with Augusta. They steamed via the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, Caribbean ports and the Bahamas, before the monitor arrived at Philadelphia on 22 July, thus completing a cruise of more than 17700 nmi. Miantonomoh was decommissioned there four days later.

With Commander Robert Shufeldt in command, Miantonomoh was recommissioned on 15 November 1869 for service with the North Atlantic Squadron. Two months later the ship was tasked to join a small group of ships under the command of Admiral David Farragut that escorted the British ironclad HMS Monarch (1868) to Portland, Maine, as it ferried the body of the philanthropist George Peabody from London to his final resting place. She remained on active duty until 28 July 1870 when she was decommissioned at Boston, Massachusetts. Although Congress was informed by the Navy Department that the Civil War-era ship was being repaired, a new iron-hulled monitor of the same name was built with repair money and the proceeds of her sale in 1875 because Congress refused to fund any new construction at this time.

title: USS Miantonomoh (1863)


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International Teaching Centre

The International Teaching Centre (ITC) is a Baháʼí institution based in the Baháʼí World Centre in Haifa, Israel. Its duties are to stimulate and coordinate the Continental Board of Counselors and assist the Universal House of Justice in matters relating to the teaching and protection of the faith.

The duties of the International Teaching Centre include coordinating, stimulating, and directing the activities of the Continental Boards of Counsellors and acting as liaison between them and the Universal House of Justice.

History
The institution was first formed in 1973 by the Universal House of Justice, and the inaugural meeting was held on June 14, 1973. The International Teaching Centre originally consisted of the 17 Hands of the Cause of God still living at that time, plus three Counsellor members. The number of Counsellor members was raised to four in 1979, to seven in 1983, and finally to the current nine in 1988. The Counsellor members of the International Teaching Center are appointed by the Universal House of Justice to five-year terms that begin shortly after the International Convention and election of the Universal House of Justice. Members may be appointed to more than one term.

Counsellor Members
Members are entered in the table under the year when they were first appointed. Starting with the first appointments in 1973, regular appointments have occurred every five years with appointments made in other years either due to the death of a member or the election of a member to the Universal House of Justice in one of the five by-elections to that body. All members have continued to serve after subsequent re-appointments by the Universal House of Justice. Members of the International Teaching Centre who were subsequently elected to the Universal House of Justice have their names italicized in the table.

Publications

 * Training Institutes: Attaining a Higher Level of Functioning (January 2017)
 * Insights from the Frontiers of Learning (April 2013)
 * Attaining Dynamics of Growth: Glimpses from Five Continents (April 2008)
 * Building Momentum: A Coherent Approach to Growth (April 2003)

title: International Teaching Centre