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Pascack Valley High School

Pascack Valley High School (PVHS) is a four-year comprehensive regional public high school located in Hillsdale in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as one of two secondary schools in the Pascack Valley Regional High School District. Pascack Valley High School serves the residents of both Hillsdale and neighboring River Vale, while its counterpart Pascack Hills High School serves the communities of Woodcliff Lake and Montvale. As part of its 1:1 eLearning Initiative, the school has provided a laptop to every student, teacher, and administrator for educational use.

As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,031 students and 97.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.6:1. There were 13 students (1.3% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 12 (1.2% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

History
Constructed at a cost of $1.25 million (equivalent to $ million in ), the school opened in September 1955 with nearly 600 students, which was expected to jump to 800 by 1957 due to increases in the school-aged population. Prior to that, students from Hillsdale, Montvale and Woodcliff Lake had attended Park Ridge High School as part of sending/receiving relationships.

Principal's death
School principal Dr. Joseph Poli died suddenly in 1989. Among the many memorials to Dr. Poli was the renaming of the annual holiday girls' basketball tournament in his memory. The Joe Poli Tournament attracts top teams from across the region.

1997 walkout
In 1997, in an act of support for the proposed school budget which was up for voter approval, up to 700 students (much of the student body) walked out of the school. In the previous three years, the budget had been voted down, and if it had gone down again, the school would have had to dismiss about a third of its teachers, including all who were under age 40. In addition to other local activist activities, such as handing out fliers encouraging people to vote up the budget, students staged a walkout which the local media were called to attend. Originally, the principal had planned to let students walk only to the back following an all-student meeting, but students took matters into their own hands when the leaders of the group led the walkout to the front. In the end, the budget passed.

2008 child pornography scandal
In 2008, four freshman students were caught with nude pictures of underage girls. These pictures were shown to have been transmitted through school laptops.

2008 death of principal
On January 29, 2008, the school district announced that following surgery on her knee, then-principal Dr. Barbara Sapienza had become comatose and that her recovery was uncertain. Assistant principal Thomas DeMaio took over as acting principal, and remained in that position following Dr. Sapienza's death on March 5, 2008. DeMaio was subsequently appointed principal in his own right.

2015 white supremacy scandal
On May 10, 2015, an open letter from the school's Human Rights League was published on the website of the school's newspaper, The Smoke Signal. The letter referenced "incidents of racism" at the school, including a swastika being drawn on a hallway wall and white supremacy hand signs being flashed at sporting events. Media in northern New Jersey and nearby New York City picked up on the report, and the Anti-Defamation League visited with the school superintendent on Thursday, May 21. School officials revealed in media reports that five students were suspended, although the school would not make it clear what, if any, involvement these students had had in the incidents. To protest against white supremacy and to promote racial equality, school students put up a banner in the hallway, to be signed by students who wanted racial tolerance and diversity.

2018 child pornography scandal
In January 2018, several freshman were found with nude pictures of their fellow students on their cellphones, and were found to be distributing and showing these photos to their classmates.

2018 graffiti
During a Board of Education meeting on November 5, 2018, Gundersen addressed two Swastikas previously found on September 27 and October 18, 2018, both being located in separate boys' bathrooms. After finding the second Swastika in October in the second floor boys' bathroom, it was closed up, with Principal DeMaio stating it was closed due damage that needed to be repaired.

On November 6, 2018, it was announced that three additional Swastikas were found, leaving the locations unspecified. Plaques behind a baseball dugout were later found with, "homophobic slurs, racial slurs, and drug references, among other vulgar language" etched into them. DeMaio had previously asked for all the plaques to be removed, with only one being removed. After finding the hateful speech, all plaques were removed from the dugout.

On November 21, 2018, the students of Pascack Valley formed the shape of a heart on the football field and gave speeches, part of the "Movement of Unity" in order to, "foster unity throughout the PV community." Almost a month after the Swastikas were addressed, more Swastikas and racial slurs were found in Pascack Hills High School, with administrators addressing students on the matter. On December 4, 2018, another Swastika was found in a bathroom at George G. White Middle School, part of the Hillsdale Public Schools district. It was later announced that a minor had been charged involving the incident.

Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was the 39th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 73rd of 328 schools in the state in 2012, after being ranked 23rd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 25th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 23rd in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which included 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 49th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of four positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (91.8%) and language arts literacy (98.0%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA). In 2013, Pascack Valley earned a place on the AP District Honor Roll along with Pascack Hills and 475 schools across the US and Canada.

1:1 eLearning initiative
In the fall 2000, a program was proposed to provide a laptop to every student and teacher for educational purposes. A wireless network environment for the school was part of a referendum project. As the concept evolved, school representatives visited districts where such a program was already in place. The school's Steering Technology Committee was responsible for the logistics of the plan from 2000 forward.

For the 2004–05 school year, the school issued all its students laptops, and was the first public school in the state to do so. The laptops were issued by Sony and were put under a contractual lease for a period of four years, expiring in 2008. While the laptop program was hailed as a success by the administration, students largely differed in their opinions.

The school ceased use of the Sony Vaio laptops given to students and teachers during the years 2005–2007 in order to integrate 1.6 GHz MacBooks from Apple for the 2007–2008 school year. Several classes were used to test the students' abilities to adapt to Mac OS X Tiger OS interface and assess the laptops' value for use with school activities. The laptops featured all the standard Mac programs as well as having a digital camera built into the top of the screen. The "test runs" of the MacBooks were successful. Printer driver issues arose, but were addressed during the 2007–2008 school year.

Campus
Pascack Valley High School has a wide range of facilities and a large campus, including a track (with a new surface as of the spring of 2006), surrounding an artificial turf football field. The school grounds also have eight tennis courts, a dance/recreational room equipped with a ballet barre, a softball field, a weight room, and one baseball field. The school has two levels and is mainly arranged in a rectangular fashion.

The campus underwent major renovations in 2005 that added several wings and a total overhaul of the athletic complex and auditorium.

Extracurricular activities
Like most other area high schools, Pascack Valley offers a wide range of co-curricular and extracurricular activities, including:

 * Academic Decathlon
 * Animal Rights Club
 * Art Portfolio Club
 * Asian Culture Club
 * Audio Visual Club
 * Band
 * Concert Band
 * Jazz Ensemble
 * Panthers Band
 * Beekeeping Club
 * Camp Raspberry
 * Chemistry Olympics
 * Chess Club
 * Chinese Honor Society
 * Choir
 * B Naturals, an auditioned all-female group
 * Bro Squad, an all-male a cappella group
 * Chamber Choir
 * Concert Choir
 * Mixed Choir
 * Clothing for a Cause
 * Computer Club
 * Debate Team
 * DECA Club
 * Drama Club
 * Environmental Club
 * Fishing Club
 * French Club
 * French National Honor Society
 * Gender & Sexualities Alliance
 * Girls Who Code
 * Habitat for Humanity
 * History Club
 * Human Rights Club
 * Interact Club
 * Interfaith Club
 * International Thespian Society (Troupe 7427)
 * Investment Club
 * Italian Honor Society
 * Literary Magazine
 * Model U.N.
 * Musical & Theatre Program
 * Musical Costume Designer
 * Musical Orchestra
 * Musical Set Construction
 * National Honor Society
 * Newspaper
 * Our Minds Matter
 * Panasonic Challenge
 * Pascack Pi-oneers, the school's FIRST Robotics Competition team, operated together with sister school Pascack Hills High School (Team 1676)
 * Peer Leader Program
 * Public Relations
 * P.V. Network
 * PV PALS (Peers Assisting and Lending Support)
 * Science League
 * Science National Honor Society
 * Science Research Club
 * Senior Projects Coordinator
 * Ski Club
 * Society of Women
 * Spanish National Honor Society
 * STEM League
 * Student Government
 * Technology Student Assoc. (TSA)
 * T.E.E.E.M.
 * This Week in Politics
 * Tri-M Music Honors Society
 * Volunteer Club J.A.C.
 * World Culture Club
 * Yearbook

Pascack Valley HS Theatre
Pascack Valley has an award-winning theatre program, most recently winning the 2018 Metro Award for “Outstanding Production Number- Coffee Break". Pascack Valley also won the 2018 MSU Foxy Award for Excellence in Dramaturgy for their 2017 fall production of Stephen Gregg's “Crush” as well as “outstanding achievement by an acting ensemble of a drama” for their 2016 fall production of “Metamorphoses”.

Pascack Valley High School performs two shows each year, a fall play in November as well as a spring musical in March.

For the 2018 spring production of How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, they were nominated for six awards, having won one, they also have been nominated for five awards in 2017 for “Pippin”, 6 awards in 2016 for Urinetown: The Musical, seven awards in 2014 for Cabaret, and 13 award nominations— including best musical, in 2015 for “Anything Goes”.

The 2017–2018 season was Stephen Gregg's Crush on November 16–18, 2017 and “How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying” on March 15–17, 2018.

The 2018–2019 season was announced on May 21, 2018, the play “Brainstorm” and the musical “Once Upon a Mattress”.

Athletics
The Pascack Valley High School Panthers compete in the Big North Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Bergen and Passaic counties, and was established following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Prior to the NJSIAA's realignment in 2010, the school had participated in the North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League. With 908 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Patriot Red division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation's biggest football-only high school sports league. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group III North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 680 to 884 students. There are 10 boys' interscholastic sports activities and seven girls' interscholastic sports activities.

The school participates as the host school / lead agency in joint cooperative ice hockey and boys / girls swimming teams with Pascack Hills High School, while Pascack Hills is the host school for a joint gymnastics team. These co-op programs operate under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.

School colors are Kelly green and white. Interscholastic sports offered by the school include:

Fall sports
 * Cheerleading: Varsity, JV
 * Cross Country (B&G): Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Dance: Varsity, JV
 * Football: Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Gymnastics: Varsity
 * Soccer (B&G): Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Tennis (G): Varsity, JV
 * Volleyball (G): Varsity, JV, Freshmen

Winter sports
 * Basketball (B&G): Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Bowling (B&G): Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Cheerleading: Varsity
 * Dance: Varsity, JV
 * Ice Hockey: Varsity, JV
 * Swimming (B&G): Varsity
 * Winter Track (B&G): Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Wrestling: Varsity, JV, Freshmen

Spring sports
 * Baseball: Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Golf (B&G): Varsity, JV
 * Boys Lacrosse: Varsity, JV
 * Girls Lacrosse: Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Softball: Varsity, JV, Freshmen
 * Tennis (B): Varsity, JV
 * Track & Field (B&G): Varsity, JV, Freshman

The school has had considerable success in basketball and football.

The boys track team won the spring / outdoor track title as Group III champion in 1961 and 1965 (as co-champion). The boys track team was the indoor track Group III in 1965.

The girls' basketball team, led since 1972 by New Jersey's winningest girls' basketball coach, Jeff Jasper, has won 30 consecutive league titles (1979 through 2008), and seven county championships to go along with multiple state titles. The girls' basketball team won the Group III state championship in 1981 (vs. Camden Catholic High School), 1982 (vs. North Hunterdon High School), 1989 (vs. Mainland Regional High School) and 2017 (vs. Ocean City High School), and the Group II title in 2005 (vs. Rumson-Fair Haven High School), 2008 (vs. Rumson-Fair Haven) and 2017 (vs. Ocean City). The program's six state titles are tied for seventh-most in the state. The 1981 team became the first girls team to finish the season with victories after defeating Camden Catholic by a score of 58–52 in the Group II final. In 2008, Pascack Valley won the Group II state title with a 58–52 win against Rumson-Fair Haven, qualifying for the state Tournament of Champions, and giving Jasper the 800th coaching victory. Jasper was inducted by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association into its Bollinger High School Hall of Fame in 2006. The 2010 girls' basketball team was NBIL champions and won the North I, Group III state sectional title, defeating top-seed Teaneck High School 51–47. Jasper earned his 900th win in January 2013, joining Bob Hurley as the only other coach in state history to reach that mark. On January 11, 2018, Jasper earned his 1,000th career coaching victory with a 73–25 win against Northern Highlands Regional High School, becoming the first girls basketball coach in New Jersey to reach this milestone, joining Hurley again as the only other high school basketball coach in New Jersey with 1,000 or more wins.

The boys cross country running team won the Group III state championship in 1973.

The football team, coached by Len Cusumano, has made 14 state playoff appearances all-time, including seven sectional final appearances, and three sectional titles (1990, 2013, and 2014): Former coach Craig Nielsen led Pascack Valley to their 2013 and 2014 titles and compiled a 119–46 record during his 15 seasons (2001–15) as head coach.

 * 1989   (Final North I, Group III)
 * 1990   (Champions North I, Group III with a 14–0 win against Wayne Valley High School )
 * 1999   (Quarterfinals North I, Group III)
 * 2004 8-3 (Semi-Finals North I, Group II; NBIL Division 2 Champions)
 * 2005 10-1 (Semi-Finals North I, Group II; NBIL Division 2 Champions)
 * 2006 10-2 (Final North I, Group II; NBIL Division 2 Champions)
 * 2007 8-4 (Final North I, Group II; NBIL Division 2 Champions)
 * 2008 9-2 (Semi-Finals North I, Group III; NBIL Division 2 Champions)
 * 2009 8-2 (Quarterfinals North I, Group III; NBIL Division 2 Champions)
 * 2010 5-5 (Quarterfinals North I, Group III)
 * 2011 9-2 (Semi-Finals North I, Group III; Big North Independence Division Champions)
 * 2012 11-1 (Final North I, Group IV; Big North Independence Division Champions)
 * 2013 10-2 (Champions North I, Group IV with a 32–8 win against Paramus High School; Big North Independence Division Champions)
 * 2014 10-2 (Champions North I, Group IV with a 22–6 win against Paramus High School )
 * 2015 8-3 (Semi-Finals North I, Group III)

The girls tennis team won the Group II state championship in 2003, defeating Haddonfield Memorial High School in the final match of the tournament.

The ice hockey team won the McMullen Cup in 2004 with a 5–0 win in the tournament final against Northern Highlands Regional High School.

The girls volleyball team won the Group II state championship in 2005, defeating Northern Valley Regional High School at Demarest in the final match of the tournament.

The girls' soccer team won the Group II state championship in 2005 as co-champion with Haddonfield Memorial High School.

The Pascack Valley Regional gymnastics team won state titles in 2008 and 2009, and was selected by The Record as Team of the Year in 2009.

The wrestling team won the North I Group III state sectional championship in 2018

The Pascack Valley Regional Dance Team has been the National Grand Champions for the past two years at the National Dance Alliance Championship. In 2007 they were state champions as well. The Pascack Valley Regional Dance Team was on the cover of the February 2008 issue of The Record's Sports Magazine. In 2008 they took home two first-place trophies in the Large Pom and Small Team Performance categories at the NDA National Championship. They were state champions in 2008 and 2014 as well.

Mascot controversy
The school's mascot was an Indian. In 2004, there was a major controversy at the school about the appropriateness of the mascot. The school took up the issue after researching high schools and colleges around the U.S. with similar nicknames that had decided to change their mascots. Many of these schools had received complaints from Native American groups about the stereotypes that the mascots reinforced. The student council also discussed rumors that New Jersey would be banning Native American-related mascots, and eventually it was decided that taking up the issue by choice rather than force was the right thing to do. After months of public debate and an official symposium in which students voiced opinions from both sides of the issue, a vote was held among the students and faculty and the motion to keep the Indian was affirmed, 67% voting in favor of keeping the mascot.

In 2015, the school district decided to change the logo to one using the initials "PV" while deferring a decision on the mascot name.

In June 2020 the district board of education voted to eliminate both the PVHS "Indians" and the "Cowboys" at Pascack Hills High School.

In March 2021, the board of education ratified new team names that had been selected by a vote of students and staff at each school, with Pascack Hills being renamed the Broncos and Pascack Valley adopting the Panthers as its new team name.

In October 2021, a school committee reached a consensus on two mascot choices, leaving the final selection to students and staff. The panther logo that won received 83.5% of the votes.

Student government
The Pascack Valley High School Student Government Association consists of five councils. Each grade has a class council, and the PVHS Executive Council governs the entire student body. Each council consists of a President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and eight elected and appointed representatives. In 1996, two district students, Matt Kracinovich of Pascack Hills, and Ryan Shell of Pascack Valley, successfully lobbied the Board of Education to accept a special student representative from each school to sit on the board. In the following year, the 1997–1998 school year, Kracinovich and Shell became the first students to occupy the new positions officially known as the Non-Voting Student Members of the Board of Education.

The Executive Council recommends appropriation of funds for student activities, with the approval of the Board, for the school. It is also deeply involved in organizing activities and events for the school. The next step down the ladder of the student government consists of the four class councils, which participate in the running and operations of the school with the Executive Council, but represent and are responsible to the electing class.

Elections to the class councils are held at the end of every year for various positions, and in the fall for the freshman class. There are two positions to which candidates must be appointed. The Executive Council, which is separate from the constituent class councils, holds elections in the spring.

Demographics and curriculum

 * 99% of the senior students of the past year received a diploma.
 * 96% of the seniors planned to attend college.
 * As of the 2009–10 school year, four world languages are offered: Spanish, French, Chinese and Italian.
 * 15 Advanced Placement (AP) classes are offered: AP Computer Science, AP Biology, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP European History, AP Projects in Music Theory, AP French Language, AP United States Government, AP Physics B, AP Spanish Language, AP Statistics, and AP United States History.
 * Pascack Valley participates in the Honors program.

Administration
The school's principal is John Puccio Jr. His core administration team includes two assistant principals.

Notable alumni

 * Brooke Ammerman (born 1990), ice hockey forward who was the first player to score a goal in Metropolitan Riveters history.
 * Sal Cenicola (born 1960), professional boxer recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records for the longest interval between professional boxing matches
 * Richard Cottingham (born 1946), serial killer active between 1967 and 1980 variously known as "The Butcher of Times Square" or "The Torso Killer".
 * Tyler Cowen (born 1962), economist, author and blogger.
 * Rob Delaney, (born 1984), pitcher in the Tampa Bay Rays' organization
 * Peter Enns (born 1961), Old Testament scholar
 * Dan Fogelman (born 1976), screenwriter for multiple TV shows and movies, including This is Us, Tangled and the Cars franchise
 * Jeff Phillips (born 1968), fitness trainer and former actor best known for his work in Guiding Light, As the World Turns and the 1996 film Independence Day
 * David Remnick (born 1958), editor for The New Yorker who was the editor-in-chief of Smoke Signal while in high school
 * Jenn Tran (born 1997, class of 2016), star of season 21 of The Bachelorette
 * Gary Tuchman (born 1960, class of 1978), staff correspondent for CNN's weeknight Anderson Cooper 360° TV show.
 * Jesse Van Saun (born 1976), retired soccer player who played professionally in Major League Soccer and USISL.
 * Heather Zurich (born 1987), former Rutgers University women's basketball player

title: Pascack Valley High School


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.244.170.190


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Talk:Postal order (version 2)

Umm this is the wrong spelling. Its a Postal Order with capital letters.........not a Postal order. Its a Promissory Note Order to the person at the other end (the Queens Post Master,) to redeem it for cash, in the same way a bank note is an promissory note. Please revert this to the correct page that someone redirected it from ie Postal Order

Lincolnshire Poacher 19:27, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Postal order (version 2)


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Talk:Dave Weldon

M.D.
Does anyone know (and can verify) what type of doctor he is? --Daysleeper47 (talk) 13:06, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

I am Board Certified in Internal Medicine.

There is one inaccurate item in the article in the Terri Schiavo section. It states that I introduced legislation to " force review of the case by the federal government". This is not true. I did not want to do that and did not do that.

I introduced legislation that allowed for review in a federal court of any case where a state judge ordered withdrawal of food and water where there was a family dispute as to wether it should be done. This was modeled on the current criminal standard where all death penalty cases are automatically allowed a federal review to make sure the condemned's civil rights were not violated. Most reporters missed this or didn't understand this.

My original bill passed The House, but the Senate refused to pass it in that form. They insisted on doing a bill targeted just to her and that then became part of the controversy. Dave Weldon MD (talk) 10:30, 3 May 2012 (UTC) --Dave Weldon MD (talk) 10:30, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dave Weldon


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Wikipedia:Picture of the day/December 2005

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Woodward's

Woodward's Stores Ltd. was a department store chain that operated in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada, for 101 years, before its sale to the Hudson's Bay Company.

History
Charles Woodward established the first Woodward store at the corner of Main and Georgia Streets in Vancouver in 1892. On September 12, 1902, Woodward Department Stores Ltd. was incorporated, and a new store was built on the corner of Hastings and Abbott Streets. In 1926 a store was opened in Edmonton and by the late 1940s the company operated numerous stores in British Columbia and Alberta. Stores opened included Victoria in 1945, Port Alberni in 1948, Park Royal Shopping Centre in West Vancouver in 1950, New Westminster in 1954, Westmount Shopper's Park in Edmonton in 1955, Oakridge Centre (where Woodward's was the owner and anchor tenant) in 1959, Chinook Centre in Calgary in 1960, Victoria in 1963, Northgate Centre in Edmonton in 1963, and Prince George and Guildford Town Centre in Surrey in 1966, Southgate Centre in Edmonton in 1970, Mayfair Shopping Centre in Victoria in 1974, Cherry Lane in Penticton in 1975, Sevenoaks Shopping Centre in Abbotsford in 1975, Lansdowne Park in Richmond in 1977, and Coquitlam Centre in 1979.

Woodward's was a central feature of the retail scene in southwestern British Columbia for much of the twentieth century. The chain was distinctive in that stores included a large supermarket known as the "Food Floor". At Oakridge Centre and Chinook Centre (Calgary), the Woodward's Food Floor had a conveyor system from the cash registers out to a structure in the parking lot. Upon request, the bag boys would pack customers' groceries into numbered bins and send the bins through the conveyor system. Then customers would take tags with matching numbers out to the structure, and more bag boys would load the groceries from the matching bins into the customers' cars. This service was called the Grocery Parcel Depot in Oakridge and Parcel Pickup in Chinook. When Woodward's sold the Food Floor chain - long known for its quality and its line of unusual specialities - to Safeway, the flagship store's food floor became a reduced-size IGA supermarket, as Safeway showed no interest in that location. Many western Canadians fondly remember Woodward's famous "$1.49 Day" sales (said aloud as "dollar forty-nine day"), held on the first Tuesday of every month. These sales were advertised widely on radio and in newspapers, including a distinctive jingle used for years after it was introduced in April 1958, and offered everything from canvas-top running shoes to bath oil for the one price.

Woodward's filed for bankruptcy protection on December 11, 1992, after a decade of failing to keep up with the changing retail landscape. In June 1993, Hudson's Bay Company acquired 21 of the total 25 Woodward's locations in a $235 millions takeover. On August 12, 1993, 13 former Woodward's locations instantly opened as The Bay stores while 10 would start renovating in order to be taken over later in the year by Zellers. These 23 conversions include two locations that were split among The Bay and Zellers, at Oakridge Centre and Chinook Centre. The Woodward's locations that closed for good were at Southgate Centre, Mill Woods Town Centre, Northgate Centre and Coquitlam Centre. Edmonton was by far the place the most impacted by the merger, with all but one of the Woodwards closures happening within its city limits. In reality, a few of the locations that Hudson's Bay Company did acquired, such as in Park Royal,  Bower Place and Sunridge Mall,  were used to move existing The Bay or Zellers stores in the Woodward's spaces, resulting in layoffs in those places as well. The Woodward's at West Edmonton Mall was initially among the stores that were to permanently close, but it was decided afterwards that it would reopen as The Bay.

Woodward's also operated two standalone Furniture Fair stores in Burnaby (which became Costco's first location in Canada in 1985) and Edmonton in the 1970s. There were also discount type stores called Woodwynn (similar to Winners) in BC and Alberta (some within Woodward's Stores), which were originally known as Woodward's Bargain Stores. Several malls also had separate Woodward's Book Stores. The closure of Woodward's locations in many malls sparked redevelopment and expansion of a number of the centres, such as Chinook Centre in Calgary. In a number of malls, the presence of separate operations such as the bookstore and Woodwynn required these stores to also be replaced. When the West Edmonton Mall location closed, The Bay - which already had a full store at the opposite end of the mall - simply converted the former Woodward's into a second Bay (one of the few cases where a single mall has had two duplicate anchor tenants); after a few years of this, however, the Woodward's-Bay was closed and converted into a multi-screen movie theatre, an HMV Canada (now Sunrise Records) location, and additional retail space.

On December 8, 2009, the Woodward's Food Floor reopened for the first time since the chain's sale to Safeway. The new Woodward's Food Floor, which is located in Vancouver at the former Woodward's complex (along with a new location of London Drugs), is now a division of Nester's Market.

title: Woodward's


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Wikipedia:Picture of the day/November 2005

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Wikipedia:Picture of the day/October 2005

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Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions

In the Chinese common religion and philosophical schools the idea of the universal God has been expressed in a variety of names and representations, most notably as 天 (, "Heaven") and 上帝 (, "Highest Deity" or "Highest Emperor").

These two and other concepts have been variously combined, in diverse contexts, to form titles such as:
 * (皇天上帝;, "Emperor" + ) or (玄天上帝; , "Deep" + )
 * (, "Highest Heaven")
 * (, "Hall of Heaven").

The compounds ( +, meaning "heavenly god") and  (, meaning "heavenly immortal") have been used for a deity, in a polytheistic sense. The word by itself has likewise been used for God.

When Abrahamic religions penetrated China, they appropriated some of the traditional titles, or created new compound titles, to express their theology.

General uses
Outside of direct translations in religious books, the following are often-encountered translations of the Abrahamic God in general usage.

Nestorian Christianity
The earliest introduction of documented Christian religion appears to be (景教, literally, "bright teaching") around 635 AD, whose proponents were Nestorian Christians from Persia. Their term for God was (真主, literally  "Veritable Majesty," "True Lord," or "Lord of Truth."). In a hymn supposed to be composed by Lü Dongbin, the Christian God is denominated by the term (天主, literally, "Lord of Heaven"), 800 years before Matteo Ricci and his companions.

Islam
Islam has enjoyed a long history in China. For Chinese Muslims, the principal term for God is also (真主) but transliterations of the Arabic  also exist as  (阿拉), and as  (安拉;, "Peace" + , "Help"). The term (胡大), from the Persian term for God,, is seen more often in north-western China.

Catholicism
The earliest documented Chinese Roman Catholic church was founded in China in about 1289. The Roman Catholic Church historically favored (天主, literally "Heavenly Lord" or "Lord of Heaven"), and so "Catholicism" is most commonly rendered  (天主教;  +, "teach"), although among Chinese Catholics the literal translation of "catholic",  (公教; , "universal" + ), is also used. Korean and Vietnamese Catholics also use cognates of the term for God. This appears to have been used by the Catholic Church to separate Confucian traditions, which were reported to worship spirits and therefore were incompatible with the exclusive biblical worship of God. Ironically, although versions of popular Confucianism became strongly associated with idol worship, traditionalists, notably the Kangxi Emperor, did not believe that such idolization accurately reflected Confucius's intent; Matteo Ricci also considered Confucius to be a philosopher rather than the founder of a religion.

Protestantism
The earliest Protestant missionary to China, Robert Morrison, arrived there in 1807. Before this time, Bibles were not printed for distribution. Protestantism is colloquially referred to as  (基督教, meaning "religion of Christ") but this term can sometimes refer to all Christians, so  (新教, literally, "new religion") is also used to distinguish Protestants as a group separate from Roman Catholics. Their translators, coming to China later and separately, chose to use the older terminology, apparently believing was a valid or preferable representation of the "Most High God".

Translations
A number of terms for "God" exist in the Christian Bible. For example, the first occurrence of a term for God in the Bible is in Genesis 1:1 and is rendered in the English as "God". However, many other titles (such as – usually capitalized, as a replacement for the tetragrammaton – Almighty, etc.) are also used.

God
The term used commonly in Protestant Chinese bibles for God is (神). This term is much more generic, meaning god, God, spirit, or soul. This probably appeals to groups who are not committed to interpreting the term as a historical or spiritual equivalent to the "God Most High" of the Bible. The issue has remained controversial for over a century and Protestant organizations have published two versions of the Bible, using the two different words.

Tetragrammaton
In addition, the Tetragrammaton, a four letter pronunciation of the name of God from the original Hebrew, often rendered as "YHWH", is rendered in different ways. Catholics have translated this into (雅威, literally "Elegant Powerful," cf. English "Yahweh"). Protestants originally rendered it as (爺火華, literally "(old) Gentleman of Fiery Magnificence," cf. English "Jehovah"). A modern Protestant usage is (耶和華, a phonetic translation). Some versions translate this term as (上主, literally "Lord Above"), similar to the translation decision that uses a capitalized "" by both Catholics and traditional Protestants. Catholics, Anglicans, and Lutherans particularly use in prayers of the Eucharist.

Lord
The term (主, literally "Lord") is used by both Catholics and traditional Protestants in less formal prayers, and usually by contemporary Protestants.

Other less formal terms are used, for example, (天父, literally "Heavenly Father").


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Wikipedia:Picture of the day/September 2005

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Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky

Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovskij, also Timofeyeff-Ressovsky (Николай Владимирович Тимофеев-Ресовский; 20 September 1900 – 28 March 1981) was a Soviet biologist who, in principle, was a senior scientist in Soviet programs of nuclear and, later in biological weapons. He conducted research in radiation genetics, experimental population genetics, and microevolution. His life was highlighted by scientific achievements in the face of severe personal hardship, including his imprisonment and working in secret scientific facilities of Soviet Gulag.

Timofeev-Ressovsky was a descendant of the old Russian school of scientists, characterised by broad naturalistic views on the world, simultaneously combined with exact analysis of causes and consequences and establishment of elementary phenomena. He widely collaborated with physicists. Known for his influential personality, he was a talented story-teller and teacher. He is the author of the term 'genetic engineering'.

Education
Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovski, began his university education from 1916 to 1917 at the Moscow City People's University named after A. L. Shanyavskij. From 1917 to 1922, he studied at the First Moscow State University.

The First World War and the consequences of the Russian Revolution of 1917 interrupted his education for periods of time. At the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Timofeev-Resovskij was a follower of the anarchist Peter Kropotkin. In 1918, he volunteered to serve in a small anarchist cavalry unit, which was part of the Green army, i.e., they were neither supporters of the Bolshevik Red army nor the White army of General Anton Ivanovich Denikin. Eventually, in 1919, the anarchists joined the Red army. As a private in the 12th Red Army, Timofeev-Resovskij took part in the last battle of the Civil War in the Crimea on the Polish front.

A paper trail of his education was swept away in the chaos of war. Timofeev-Resovskij abandoned his education without a scientific degree; he left formal education with only a gold medal. Even though he eventually became a recognized world-class scientist, he would later, as a requirement for employment, be required to complete his doctorate. He defended his doctoral dissertation in 1963 in Sverdlovsk, and he was awarded a Doctor of Science diploma in 1964.

In Russia
During the period 1920 to 1925, Timofeev-Resovskij was an instructor and researcher in Moscow. It was in this period that he met and married Elena Aleksandrovana Fidler (1898 – 1973), who was a student of the cytologist and biologist Nikolaj Konstantinovich Kol’tsov in Moscow; Elena became not only Timofeev-Resovskij's lifelong devoted companion but also his lifelong partner in research. Their eldest son, Dmitrij, was born on 11 September 1923.

From 1920 to 1925, Timofeev-Resovskij was a biology instructor in the pre-Chekist district primary school in Moscow. From 1922 to 1925, he was a zoology instructor on the biotechnical faculty of the Moscow Practical (Applied) Institute. From 1921 to 1925, he did research at the Institute of Experimental Biology, of the Gosudarstvennyj Institut Narodnogo Zdravookhraneniya (GINZ, State Institute of Public Health), under the directorship of N. K. Kol’tsov. Some of his research at the Institute involved Drosophila. It was in a department headed by Sergei Sergeevich Chetverikov, the founder of population genetics and a colleague of Kol’tsov, that Timofeev-Resovskij started his genetics experiments. From 1924 to 1925, he was a research assistant in Kol’tsov's department of zoology at the Medical Pedagogical Institute in Moscow. In 1924, Timofeev-Resovskij began his publications in the field of phenogenetics.

During the period 1923 to 1925, Oskar Vogt, an eminent psychiatrist and neurophysiologist, was a visiting scientist in Moscow; he was director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft’s Institut für Hirnforschung (KWIH, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research) in Berlin. In part, he was looking to recruit researchers for the KWIH, especially in the relatively new field of genetics. In 1924, the Soviet government made an exchange agreement with Germany. The KWIH was invited to establish a laboratory for brain research in Moscow, which it did: Институт Мозга (Institut Mozga, Institute of the Brain). To reciprocate, the Soviets promised to help set up an experimental laboratory for genetics at the KWIH. Vogt had good relations with Nikolaj Aleksandrovich Semashko, People's Commissioner (Minister) of Health. It was Semashko and Kol’tsov who suggested Timofeev-Resovskij to Vogt. Thus, in the summer of 1925, Timofeev-Resovskij, his wife Elena and his colleague Sergei Romanovich Tsarapkin (Zarapkin), left Russia for an unspecified period of time in Germany, which lasted 20 years.

In Germany (1925-1945)
Once at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Hirnforschung (KWIH Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research ), Vogt and Timofeev-Resovskij began implementing the other half of the scientific agreement with Russia. In 1929 Timofeev-Resovskij became director of the Abteilung für Experimentelle Genetik (Department of Experimental Genetics). In 1930, the KWIH moved to its new facility in Berlin-Buch, which was partly financed by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The KWIH, with its departments of Neuroanatomy (Oskar and Cécile Vogt), neurohistology (Alois Kronmüller), Neurochemistry (Marthe Vogt), and genetics (Nikolaij and Elena Timofeev-Resovskij), and its hospital, the KWIH was one of the largest and most modern research facilities of its kind in the entire world. The research conducted in the genetics department, along with the permanent seminar on genetics organized by Timofeev-Resovskij, drew many young postdoctoral researchers who would ultimately become prominent scientists and the department gained the status of an institute; while Timofeev-Resovskij remained a citizen of the Soviet Union for his entire stay in Germany, his status and that of his department were recognized by the fact that he was appointed, in 1938, to the position of scientific member of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft. Timofeev-Resovskij's colleagues in his department included his wife Elena Aleksandrovana Timofeeva-Resovskaja, his Russian colleague Sergei Tsarapkin, the physician and radiation biologist Alexander Catsch (Katsch), the radiochemist Hans-Joachim Born, and the physicist and radiation biologist Karl Zimmer; a technical assistant, Natasha (Natalie) Kromm, was from Russia. Timofeev-Resovskij also collaborated with other eminent scientists including the nuclear chemist Nikolaus Riehl, who was the scientific director of the industrial corporation Auergesellschaft and the biophysicist Max Delbrück, who had studied physics under Niels Bohr and Max Born. Others drawn to Timofeev-Resovskij's department who would go on to become prominent scientists included Hans Bauer and Andriano Buzzati-Traverso. Through 20 years of collaboration with these and many others, Timofeev-Resovskij authored or coauthored over 100 papers written in German, English, Russian, and French. In addition to those already mentioned, Timofeev-Resovskij's scientific circle included the physicists William Astbury, Niels Bohr, P. A. M. Dirac, Pascual Jordan, and Erwin Schrödinger, and the biologists Torbjörn Caspersson, C. D. Darlington, Theodosij Dobzhans’skij, Boris Ephrussi, Åke Gustafsson, J. B. S. Haldane, Hermann Joseph Muller, Nikolai Vavilov, and Vladimir Vernadsky.

Timofeev-Resovskij's second son was born on 9 April 1927.

Together with the French geneticist of Russian origin, Boris Ephrussi, and with the generous support of the Rockefeller Foundation, Timofeev-Resovskij organized an annual conference on biophysics, genetics, and radiation biology. This even continued right up to the start of World War II in 1939.

In 1932, Timofeev-Resovskij attended the 6th International Congress of Genetics, which was held in Ithaca, New York. While there, he formed a friendly relationship with the plant geneticist Nikolaj Vavilov, who was President of the Soviet Adcademy of Agricultural Sciences.

Timofeev-Resovskij stayed in Germany even after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. That the Gestapo or the Schutzstaffel (SS) did not give him trouble as a citizen of the Soviet Union is all the more remarkable since Vogt was harassed by the National Socialists for reasons which could have translated into trouble for Timofeev-Resovskij. On the evening of 15–16 March 1933, members of the Sturmabteilung (Storm Troopers) raided Vogt's villa on the grounds of the KWIH. The action had been taken in response to a denunciation by M. H. Fischer, a physiologist at the Institute, who was seeking to rise in the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP, National Socialist Workers Party). The accusations against Vogt included making payments to the Communist Party, maintaining connections to Russia, tolerating Communist staff members, and dismissing National Socialist staff members.

In 1935, Timofeev-Resovskij published the major work, Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur, with Karl Zimmer, and Max Delbrück; it was considered to be a major advance in understanding the nature of gene mutation and gene structure. The work was a keystone in the formation of molecular genetics. It was also an inspirational starting point for Erwin Schrödinger's thinking, a course of lectures in 1943,  and the eventual writing of the book ''What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell''.

In 1937, Timofeev-Resovskij and Tsarapkin were ordered back to Russia by the Soviet government. Going back to Russia was deemed impossible, as they would have to abandon their equipment and work in progress, as well as their students. Also, once back in Russia and under the political distortions of science and agriculture due to Lysenkoism, they would, at best, have to disparage the work they had accomplished in the preceding 15 years. At the worst, they could be subject to the same fate as many geneticists under Lysenkoism who had been arrested, sent to the Gulag and eventually died or were executed. In 1929, for example, Timofeev-Resovskij's former teacher Sergei Chetverikov had been arrested and exiled. During the period 1936 to 1940, many prominent geneticists, including Vavilov, Georgi Dmitrievich Karpechenko, and Solomon G. Levit, were arrested. Many who were arrested later died in the GULAG or were executed. Timofeev-Resovskij’s younger brothers were arrested; the one in Leningrad was executed, but the one in Irkutsk survived. Many of Elena’s relatives were also arrested and perished. Others, such as Nikolai Koltsov and Boris Astaurov, were dismissed from their positions. In this light, they decided not to return to the USSR.

Also in 1937, while Oskar Vogt had been director of the KWIH since 1919, he was dismissed from his position by the Nazis; he then became director of the Institut für Hirnforschung und allgemeine Biologie (Institute of Brain Research and General Biology) in Neustadt/Schwarzwald. That same year, the Rockefeller Foundation extended an invitation to Timofeev-Resovskij to become head of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for Science. Timofeev-Resovskij declined the offer, but he had used it to negotiate improved terms for himself and his department at the KWIH.

Timofeev-Resovskij's eldest son Dmitrij, a student at the Humboldt University of Berlin, was arrested in the spring of 1943 for being a member of the Berlin Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and making contact with Russian prisoners of war during World War II. He was sent to the German concentration camp in Mauthausen and executed by the Gestapo on 1 May 1945.

Starting in 1944, in order to minimize the possibility of casualties due to Allied air raids and to also avoid falling into the hands of the Russians, all departments at the KWIH, except for Timofeev-Resovskij's were evacuated from Berlin-Buch to Dillenburg, and later on to Giessen and Göttingen. Timofeev-Resovskij chose to remain in Berlin and await the Russians. He, as well as other German scientists, speculated that the Russian need for scientists would make collaboration with them better than with the Americans, who had far less of a need.

In the USSR again
The Battle of Berlin was one of the last major engagements of World War II. With a great majority of German scientific facilities in Berlin and its suburbs, this area was a major target of search teams (see Russian Alsos) sent into Germany by Russia to requisition equipment, materiel, and scientific personnel to aid the Soviet atomic bomb project. Haste was necessary, as the American military forces were rapidly approaching Berlin. Soviet troops broke the Berlin defense ring on 25 April 1945, and the Soviet Union announced the fall of Berlin on 2 May. The main search team, headed by Colonel General A. P. Zavenyagin, arrived in Berlin on 3 May; it included Colonel General V. A. Makhnjov, and nuclear physicists Yulij Borisovich Khariton, Isaak Konstantinovich Kikoin, and Lev Andreevich Artsimovich. Georgij Nikolaevich Flerov had arrived earlier, although Kikoin did not recall a vanguard group. Even the scientists were attired in the uniforms of NKVD officers. Targets on the top of their list were the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics), the University of Berlin, and the Technische Hochschule Berlin.

A search team soon rounded up Timofeev-Resovskij's colleague Nikolaus Riehl. In early July, Riehl was flown to Russia to head up a group at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal’ (Электросталь ) for the production of metallic uranium within the Soviet atomic bomb project. Other colleagues of Timofeev-Resovskij, namely Born, Catsch, and Zimmer, were also sent to Russia to work with Riehl.

After the fall of Berlin, Timofeev-Resovskij was arrested by the Russians. However, Colonel General Zavenyagin recognized that Timofeev-Resovskij's experience in radiobiology and genetic effects of radiation would be useful to the Soviet atomic bomb project and ordered his release. Timofeev-Resovskij became director of the KWIH facility in Berlin-Buch and was visited by Zavenyagin, and also by Igor’ Vasil’evich Kurchatov, chief scientist of the Soviet atomic bomb project. However, after being denounced by a visiting scientist in an Academy of Sciences delegation from Moscow, Timofeev-Resovskij was secretly re-arrested on 14 September by an element of the NKVD different from that under Zavenyagin.

Timofeev-Resovskij and Tsarapkin were sent back to Russia; both were incarcerated in the gulag – Timofeev-Resovskij received a ten-year sentence. On his way to the prison camp in Karaganda in northern Kazakhstan, one of the most terrible camps in the GULAG, Timofeev-Resovskij went through the Butyrskaya prison, the central transit prison in Moscow. It was there that he met Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Even in prison, Solzhenitsyn noted, Timofeev-Resovskij organized a scientific seminar. He made a presentation on the biophysical analysis of mutations. Himself he was strongly impressed by the talk of unknown priest about "shameless death". The harsh conditions of his transportation and incarceration in the labor camp contributed to a significant decline in Timofeev-Resovskij's health, including the degradation of his vision brought on by malnutrition.

Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a Nobel Laureate in Chemistry and a leader in the French Resistance during the war, visited Moscow and pleaded with Lavrentij Beria, the head of the NKVD, that Timofeev-Resovskij should be found and given meaningful work. The argument did not fall on deaf ears, as Beria was also in charge of the Soviet atomic bomb project, and this was a top priority for Joseph Stalin. Eventually, Timofeev-Resovskij was found, treated for his ill health brought on by his incarceration in the GULAG, and was sent, in 1947, to work at Laboratory B in Sungul', which was a ShARAShKA. While he was still a prisoner, he headed up the biological division at the institute and was allowed to apply his prodigious scientific skills to the problems of the day. His wife Elena, after receipt of a letter in Timofeev-Resovskij's hand, left Berlin in 1948, with their son Andrew, to join him in Sungul'. The house occupied by the three Timofeev-Resovskijs was every bit as nice as that planned for the German scientists working at the Sungul' institute.

Nikolaus Riehl found out that Timofeev-Resovskij was in Sungul' and had vision problems brought on by the malnutrition he suffered in the GULAG. Riehl studied the effects of vitamins on vision and determined a course of treatment. He acquired the necessary vitamins and had Zavenyagin send them on to Timofeev-Resovskij, but the actions were to no avail, as the condition was not reversible.

After the detonation of the Russian uranium bomb, uranium production was going smoothly and Riehl's oversight was no longer necessary at Plant No. 12. Riehl then went, in 1950, to head "Laboratory B", where he stayed until 1952. Laboratory B was responsible for the handling, treatment, and use of radioactive products generated in reactors, as well as radiation biology, dosimetry, and radiochemistry. Laboratory B, as a Sharashka and a facility in the Soviet atomic bomb project, was overseen by the 9th Chief Directorate of the NKVD (MVD after 1946).

Laboratory B was known under another cover name as Объект 0211 (Ob’ekt 0211, Object 0211), as well as Object B. (In 1955, Laboratory B was closed. Some of its personnel were transferred elsewhere, but most of them were assimilated into a new, second nuclear weapons institute, Scientific Research Institute-1011 (NII-1011), today known as the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, RFYaTs–VNIITF.)

Timofeev-Resovskij headed the radiobiology department at Laboratory B, and another political prisoner from the Gulag, S. A. Voznesenskij, headed the radiochemistry department. In Timofeev-Resovskij's department, Born, Catsch, and Zimmer were able to conduct work similar to that which they had done in Germany, and all three became section heads in the department. Tsarapkin, Timofeev-Resovskij's long-time colleague was also at Laboratory B.

Before being rejoined in the Soviet Union, Zimmer, Timofeev-Resovskij, and Riehl had collaborated on the biological effects of ionizing radiation. Also, Zimmer and Timofeev-Resovskij had put together a manuscript which was a comprehensive summary of their work and that of others on radiation-induced gene mutation and related areas; the book, Das Trefferprinzip in der Biologie, was published in Germany while they were in the Soviet Union. In 1948, due to Lysenkoism, there were grave consequences for the institute in Sungul' in general and for Zimmer and Timofeev-Resovskij in particular. The book was put on a forbidden list and the laboratory was not allowed to conduct research on its topics.

In 1955, Laboratory B was merged into the newly created second nuclear weapons design institute Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-1011 (NII-1011). During the merger, the radiopathology section of S. A. Voznesenskij's radiochemistry department was transferred to Combine No. 817 (Ozersk), and Timofeev-Resovskij and 16 members of his department were transferred to the Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg). After discharge from the Sharashka, Timofeev-Resovskij visited Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev. In these locations, he was able to visit physicists Peter Kapitsa, Lev Landau, and Igor’ Tamm, the biologist M. V. Volkenstein, and the mathematician A. A. Lapunov. In Sverdlovsk, Timofeev-Resovskij organized and became the head of the Department of Radiobiology of the Ural Branch of the Academy of Sciences. In 1956, he also founded an experimental station and summer school at the nearby Lake Miassovo. The experimental station conducted radiological research on radiation and population genetics. This summer school contributed to keeping classical genetics alive during the period of Lysenkoism, which officially ended in 1964.

The Miassovo summer school became famous among Soviet scholars and students. Among the lecturers were mathematicians Aleksei Lyapunov and Ivan Poletaev, biophysicists Lev Blumenfeldt and Mikhail Volkenstein, biochemist Simon Shnol, geneticist Raisa Berg and Vladimir Efroimson. The school produced numerous geneticists, ecosystem biologists, biophysicists and radiation biologists.

In 1964, Timofeev-Resovskij organized and became the head of the Department of Radiobiology and Genetics, at the Institute of Medical Radiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in Obninsk, Kaluga District. In the department, Timofeev-Resovskij supervised and headed the Laboratory of Radiation Genetics and the Laboratory of Radiation Ecology. There were two other laboratories in the department, the Laboratory of Cellular Radiobiology, headed by V. I. Korogodin, and the Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, headed by Zhores Medvedev. The first group in the USSR to study Arabidopsis thaliana was established by Timofeev-Resovskij during his time in Obninsk. Two well known figures in genetics started their research and received their degrees at Obninsk under Timofeev-Resovskij. One was Nikolai Bochkov, director of the Institute of Medical Genetics, in Moscow; the other was Vladimir Ivanov, head of the Laboratory of Experimental Genetics at the same institute. While in Obninsk, Timofeev-Resovskij wrote two books (published in 1968 and 1969 – see the book list below) and more than 60 papers on population genetics, radiation biology, and evolution. His wife Helena assisted him by providing her eyes to compensate for his lost vision, taking dictation, and editing his papers.

In 1968, even though Lysenkoism was officially over, its supporters were able to block Timofeev-Resovskij's nomination to the Soviet Academy of Sciences. In 1969, they used their influence to pressure him into retirement from Institute of Medical Radiaology, whereupon Timofeev-Resovskij became a consultant to the Institute of Medical-Biological Problems and of Developmental Biology, in Moscow. As a consultant for the institute, he studied space medicine and continued his research on genetics. He also served as a consultant to the Institute of Developmental Problems, in Moscow, as well as Moscow State University. With several of his students, he also wrote his last book, Introduction to Molecular Radiobiology: Physico-Chemical Foundations [in Russian], which was published in 1981.

Timofeev-Resovskij was a non-rehabilitated ex-prisoner and was therefore not allowed to leave the Soviet Union. He was, however, able to meet foreign colleagues who came to Russia. In 1969, a short time before receipt of his Nobel Prize, Max Delbrück traveled to the Soviet Union and unofficially met with Timofeev-Resovskij. In addition to once again seeing his colleague Timofeev-Resovskij, Delbrück hoped to appeal to the Soviet authorities to mitigate his colleague's harsh living conditions; however, he was not given an opportunity to bring his request to the attention of the authorities. Timofeev-Resovskij, also met with foreign colleagues attending conferences, such as at the Second Meeting of the Vavilov Society of Genetics and Selection (Moscow, 1972) and at the 14th International Congress of Genetics (Moscow, 1978).

Timofeev-Resovskij's lifelong companion and scientific research partner, Helena, died on 29 April 1973. At this time, their son, Andrew, was a physics professor at the University of Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg).

Timofeev-Ressovsky died in Obninsk, in a hospital room of the Institute of Medical Radiology (IMR) on 28 March 1981. He was buried at the Konchalovskoe cemetery in Obninsk.

A minor planet 3238 Timresovia discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1975 is named after him.

"Timofeev was a person, who belonged to three generations and epochs."

Postscript
Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin's novel Зубр (translated as The Bison: A Novel about the Scientist Who Defied Stalin [1990]) appeared in Russia in 1987, during the dawn of  glasnost’ and perestrojka. The book depicted the life of Timofeev-Resovskij and the impact of Joseph Stalin on biology. The West German edition, Der Genetiker (The Geneticist), published in Köln, appeared in 1988. The East German edition was published under the title Sie nannten ihn Ur (They Called Him Ur).

On 16 October 1991, the prosecutor general of the USSR stated that the charge of treason against Timofeev-Resovskij in 1946 had no legal basis. The next year, Timofeev-Resovskij was rehabilitated, 11 years after his death!

On the Campus Berlin-Buch, a modern science, health and biotechnology park focused on biomedicine, commemoration of Timofeev-Resovskij took several forms; a new medical Genomics building was named after him, a memorial plaque was dedicated in 1992 on the gatehouse where he lived, and a sculpture of him, created by Stevan Kaehne in 2006, stands in front of the Timofeev-Resovskij Research Building.

A centennial anniversary celebration was held in both Dubna and on the Berlin-Buch Campus in September 2000. Timofeev-Resovskij's son, Andrew, a physicist, took part in both centennial conferences. In 2005, the 70th anniversary of the publishing of the “green paper”, "Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur", by Timofeev-Ressovkij, Zimmer, and Delbrück, was celebrated by a jointly sponsored symposium in Yerevan; the sponsors were the Yerevan Physics Institute and Armenian, Russian, and U.S. genetics associations.

Scientific associations
Timofeev-Resovskij was a member of the following organizations and societies:

 * Academician (active member) in the Deutsche Akademie der Leopoldina (German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina) in Halle from 1940
 * Fellow of the Moskovskoe Obshchestvo Isp’itatelej Prirody (MOIP) (Moscow Society of Naturalists)
 * Fellow of the Vsesoyuznovo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva SSSR (All-union Geographical Society USSR)
 * Fellow of the Vsesoyuznogo Botanicheskogo Obshchestva SSSR (All-union Botanical Society USSR)
 * Founding member of the German Biophysical Society
 * Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, USA
 * Honorary member of the Italian Society of Experimental Biology
 * Honorary member of the Genetics Society, Leeds, Great Britain
 * Honorary member of the Mendeleev Society in Lund, Sweden
 * Honorary member and founding member of the Vavilovskoe Obshchestvo Genetikov i Selektsionerov (VOGiS) imeni N. I. Vavilov (Vavilov Society of Genetics and Selection in the name of N. I. Vavilov), USSR
 * Scientific member of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften (Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of the Sciences) from 1938. [After World War II, the Society was renamed the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften.]

Honors
Timofeev-Resovskij was not allowed to personally accept the honors bestowed upon him after 1945. From 1945 he was a prisoner and from 1955 he was a non-rehabilitated ex-prisoner and was therefore not allowed to leave the Soviet Union. The following honors were awarded to him:

 * Darwin Medal, Deutsche Akademie der Leopoldina (German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina) – 1959
 * Mendel Medal, Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences – 1965
 * Kimber Genetics Award, U.S. National Academy of Sciences – 1966
 * Gregor Mendel Medal, Deutsche Akademie der Leopoldina (German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina) – 1970
 * Lazzaro Spallanzani Medal, Italy

title: Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky


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Misia Sert

Misia Sert (born Maria Zofia Olga Zenajda Godebska; 30 March 1872 – 15 October 1950) was known primarily as a patron of contemporary artists and musicians during the decades she hosted salons in her homes in Paris. Born in the Russian Empire and of Belgian, French and Polish descent, she became a professional pianist and gave her first public concert in 1892. She was a patron and friend of numerous artists, for whom she regularly posed, appearing on magazine covers and posters. Her salons were frequented by contemporary writers and musicians played their newest works.

In addition, Sert made creative and financial contributions to Sergei Diaghilev, impresario of the Ballets Russes. He consulted closely with her on elements of this innovative dance company, ranging from costume design to choreography.

Early life
Maria Zofia Olga Zenajda Godebska, known as Misia, was born on 30 March 1872 in Tsarskoye Selo, a town known as the Tsar's village, 13 miles outside Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire. Her father, Cyprian Godebski (1835-1909), was a renowned Polish sculptor and professor at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg and had ties to the aristocracy. Her mother, Eugénie Sophie Léopoldine Servais (called Zofia in Polish), of French-Belgian descent, was the daughter of noted Belgian cellist, Adrien-François Servais and his wife.

Zofia Godebska knew that her husband engaged in extra-marital affairs. While pregnant, she traveled from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo, where she surprised Godebski, who was working there temporarily on a court project and living with his current mistress. Zofia died soon after giving birth to her daughter, thereafter called Misia, the Polish diminutive of Maria. Godebski sent the infant girl to be cared for by his wife's Servais family at Halle, Belgium, near Brussels.

It was a musical household and the family held concerts performed by noted musicians. Two of the Servais sons had followed their father into musical careers. Pianist and composer Franz Liszt was among friends of the family. The young Misia Godebska received her early musical education there and was acknowledged as gifted. Although her cellist grandfather Servais had died in 1866, several years before Misia was born, others in the family circle taught her to read music as a young child and encouraged her to develop her gifts as a pianist.

Godebska's father remarried several times, ultimately reclaiming his daughter and bringing her to live with him and his newest wife in Paris. The girl missed the ambiance of her maternal grandparents’ home in Halle. Her father placed her in a convent boarding school in the city, Sacre-Coeur, where she was a student for eight years, 1882-1890. Her only pleasure was the piano lessons she took one day a week from musician and composer Gabriel Fauré, who was then deputy organist at Église de la Madeleine. Godebska left school and moved to London temporarily, using borrowed funds. After several months, she returned to Paris, where she took her own lodgings and supported herself by teaching piano to students referred by Fauré. She gave her first public concert in 1892, at the age of 20.

Marriages and social milieu
At age 21, Sert married her twenty-year-old cousin Thadée (Tadeusz) Natanson, a Polish émigré and member of a banking family. Natanson frequented the haunts favored by the artistic and intellectual circles of Paris. He became involved in political causes, championing the ideals of socialism, which he shared with his friend Leon Blum. He was a Dreyfusard. The Natanson home on the Rue St. Florentine became a gathering place for such cultural lights as writer Marcel Proust, artists Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Odilon Redon, and Paul Signac, composer Claude Debussy, poet Stéphane Mallarmé, and playwright André Gide. The entertainment was lavish. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec enjoyed playing bartender at the Natanson parties, and became known for serving a potent cocktail— a drink of colorful layered liqueurs dubbed the Pousse-Café.

All were mesmerized by the charm and youth of their hostess Misia. In 1889, Natanson debuted La Revue Blanche, a periodical committed to nurturing new talent and showcasing the work of post-Impressionists known as Les Nabis. Misia Natanson became the muse and symbol of La Revue blanche, appearing in advertising posters created by Toulouse-Lautrec, Édouard Vuillard and Pierre Bonnard. A portrait of her by Renoir is now in the Tate Gallery.

Natanson’s La Revue blanche, coupled with his political activism, required an influx of capital in amounts he could not supply. Needing a benefactor, he approached Alfred Edwards, a newspaper magnate, the founder of the foremost newspaper in Paris, Le Matin. Edwards had become enamored with Misia Natanson and had taken her as his mistress in 1903. He said he would supply money, but only on the condition that Natanson relinquish his wife to him. The couple divorced.

On 24 February 1905, Misia (Godebska) Natanson married Alfred Edwards. She and her new husband took up an opulent lifestyle in their apartment on Rue de Rivoli of the Right Bank, overlooking the Tuileries Palace. Here, Misia Edwards continued welcoming artists, writers, and musicians in her home. Maurice Ravel dedicated Le Cygne (The Swan) in "Histoires naturelles" and La Valse (The Waltz) to her. Edwards accompanied Enrico Caruso on the piano while the Italian opera star entertained the assembled listeners with a repertory of Neapolitan songs. After Alfred Edwards proved unfaithful and took up with actress Genevieve Lantelme, Misia divorced him in February 1909.

Among the many guests at her salon who were enchanted with Misia, writer Marcel Proust used her as the prototype for the characters "Princess Yourbeletieff" and "Madame Verdurin" in his roman à clef À la recherche du temps perdu (Remembrance of Things Past) (1913). At an evening in 1914 her guests listened to Erik Satie at the piano playing his new work Trois morceaux en forme de poire. That night they learned that the Great War had begun.

In 1920, after some time with Catalan painter José-Maria Sert, Misia Edwards married him. Given his success as an artist, this period began her reign and fame as Misia Sert, cultural patron and arbiter, which lasted more than thirty years. Writer Paul Morand described her as a "collector of geniuses, all of them in love with her." It was acknowledged that "you had to be gifted before Misia wanted to know you." The Sert marriage was emotionally tumultuous. Her husband became involved with Princess Isabelle Roussadana Mdivani, known as "Roussy", who belonged to the aristocratic Russian Mdivani family. Given her own varied experiences, Sert tried to accommodate herself to this liaison and also entered into a sexual relationship with Roussy. For some time the three sustained a ménage à trois. The Sert couple ultimately divorced on 28 December 1927.

The Serts’ social set included bohemian elites and the upper levels of society. It was a libertine group, rife with emotional and sexual intrigues—all fueled by drug use and abuse. Misia Sert had an enduring association with couturière Coco Chanel, whom she had met in 1917 at the home of actress Cécile Sorel. Sert later provided Chanel with emotional support, after the designer's lover, Arthur Capel, died on 22 December 1919 in an automobile accident. The two women were said to have had an immediate bond of like souls, and Sert was attracted to Chanel by "her genius, lethal wit, sarcasm and maniacal destructiveness, which intrigued and appalled everyone." Both women were convent educated; their friendship was one of shared interests, confidences and drug use.

Sert was generous and supportive to friends in need. For instance, she provided financial assistance to poet Pierre Reverdy when he needed funds to retreat to a Benedictine monastery in Solesmes.

She had a long friendship and business association with Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev and was involved in all creative aspects of the Ballets Russes - from friendships with its dancers, to contributing to decisions on costume designs and choreography. Through the years she supplied funds for the ballet company; while its artistic achievements were recognized, it was often on risky financial footing. For instance, on the opening night of the new work Petroushka, composed by Igor Stravinsky, she came to the rescue with the 4000 francs needed to prevent repossession of the costumes. When Diaghilev lay dying in Venice, she was at his side. After his death in August 1929, she paid for his funeral, honoring the man who had been such an important influence in the world of ballet.

During World War II and the Nazi occupation of Paris, Sert evaded serious condemnation for supporting the arts and some of the circle which German officials considered suspect. Others of her social set were more overtly allied with the Nazis and the Vichy government. Among the refugee intellectuals and artists, a number joined the Resistance.

Death
Misia Sert died in Paris on 15 October 1950. After a ceremony at Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption, the Polish church of Paris where Coco Chanel had prepared Sert's body for the funeral, she was buried in the cemetery of Samoreau.

Legacy and honors
Sert is the subject of a musical, Misia, with lyrics by Barry Singer and set to the music of the late Vernon Duke. Singer wrote the first draft in 2001. It was released as a cast album by PS Classics in 2015. Interest in the work was shown by Broadway producers, but it has not yet been produced on the stage.

The South-West Brabant Museum in Halle, her parents' home, has a collection on her life, as well as that of her maternal grandfather and father.

On 9 July 2022 a new bridge was opened that was named for her.

title: Misia Sert


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Leptogenesis

In physical cosmology, leptogenesis is the generic term for hypothetical physical processes that produced an asymmetry between leptons and antileptons in the very early universe, resulting in the present-day dominance of leptons over antileptons. In the currently accepted Standard Model, lepton number is nearly conserved at temperatures below the TeV scale, but tunneling processes can change this number; at higher temperature it may change through interactions with sphalerons, particle-like entities. In both cases, the process involved is related to the weak nuclear force, and is an example of chiral anomaly.

Such processes could have hypothetically created leptons in the early universe. In these processes baryon number is also non-conserved, and thus baryons should have been created along with leptons. Such non-conservation of baryon number is indeed assumed to have happened in the early universe, and is known as baryogenesis. However, in some theoretical models, it is suggested that leptogenesis also occurred prior to baryogenesis; thus the term leptogenesis is often used to imply the non-conservation of leptons without corresponding non-conservation of baryons. In the Standard Model, the difference between the lepton number and the baryon number is precisely conserved, so that leptogenesis without baryogenesis is impossible. Thus such leptogenesis implies extensions to the Standard Model.

The lepton and baryon asymmetries affect the much better understood Big Bang nucleosynthesis at later times, during which light atomic nuclei began to form. Successful synthesis of the light elements requires that there be an imbalance in the number of baryons and antibaryons to one part in a billion when the universe is a few minutes old. An asymmetry in the number of leptons and antileptons is not mandatory for Big Bang nucleosynthesis. However, charge conservation suggests that any asymmetry in the charged leptons and antileptons (electrons, muons and tau particles) should be of the same order of magnitude as the baryon asymmetry. Observations of the primordial helium-4 abundance place an upper limit on any lepton asymmetry residing in the neutrino sector, which is not very stringent.

Leptogenesis theories employ sub-disciplines of physics such as quantum field theory, and statistical physics, to describe such possible mechanisms. Baryogenesis, the generation of a baryon–antibaryon asymmetry, and leptogenesis can be connected by processes that convert baryon number and lepton number into each other. The (non-perturbative) quantum Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly can result in sphalerons, which can convert leptons into baryons and vice versa. Thus, the Standard Model is in principle able to provide a mechanism to create baryons and leptons.

A simple modification of the Standard Model that is instead able to realize the program of Sakharov is the one suggested by M. Fukugita and T. Yanagida. The Standard Model is extended by adding right-handed neutrinos, permitting implementation of the see-saw mechanism and providing the neutrinos with mass. At the same time, the extended model is able to spontaneously generate leptons from the decays of right-handed neutrinos. Finally, the sphalerons are able to convert the spontaneously generated lepton asymmetry into the observed baryonic asymmetry. Due to its popularity, this entire process is sometimes referred to simply as leptogenesis.

title: Leptogenesis


text:
Template:Dutch royal family

In the Netherlands, a distinction is made between members of the Dutch royal family and members of the Dutch royal house.

House
By Act of Parliament, the members of the Dutch royal house are :
 * the monarch;
 * the members of the royal family who are a relative to the monarch in second degree;
 * the former monarch (on abdication);
 * the spouses, widow, or widower of the above
 * members of the royal family who are members of the Royal House on the basis of the transitional arrangement provided for by the Membership of the Royal House Act. This includes Princess Margriet and her husband Pieter van Vollenhoven.

With Willem-Alexander becoming King, the children of Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien (Countess Eloise, Count Claus-Casimir, and Countess Leonore), and the children of Princess Margriet and Pieter van Vollenhoven (Prince Maurits, Prince Bernhard, and their spouses), lost their membership of the Royal House.

Under the Membership of the Royal House Act (2002), members have to seek parliament’s permission to marry. Princess Irene, Princess Christina, Prince Friso, Prince Pieter-Christiaan, and Prince Floris did not seek the parliament’s approval to marry; they are therefore no longer members of the Royal House.

Family
The Dutch royal family consists of:
 * the members of the royal house;
 * the daughter-in-law of Princess Beatrix: Princess Mabel;
 * the children (-in-law) of Princess Margriet: Prince Maurits & Princess Marilène, Prince Bernhard & Princess Annette, Prince Pieter-Christiaan & Princess Anita, Prince Floris & Princess Aimée;
 * Princess Irene;
 * the children (-in-law) and grandchildren of the members of the royal family mentioned above.

Members of this family are listed in this template.

title: Template:Dutch royal family


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Saffron (disambiguation)

Saffron is a spice.

Saffron may also refer to:

 * Saffron (trade), the business of producing and selling saffron
 * Saffron (color), a shade of orange-yellow
 * Saffron (album), a 2010 album by Ron Contour and Factor
 * Saffron (singer) (born 1968), lead singer of Republica
 * Saffron Brand Consultants, a design firm and consultant
 * Saffron Type System, a font-rendering technology used in Adobe Flash
 * Saffron (Ranma ½), a character in Ranma ½
 * Saffron Monsoon, a character in Absolutely Fabulous
 * Saffron, a minor character in the Firefly universe
 * Saffron, a character in the video game Super Paper Mario
 * "Saffron", a song by the Smashing Pumpkins from Atum: A Rock Opera in Three Acts, 2023

People with the given name

 * Saffron Aldridge (born 1968), English fashion model, freelance journalist and social activist
 * Saffron Barker (born 2000), English internet personality
 * Saffron Burrows (born 1972), British actress
 * Saffron Coomber (born 1994), English actress
 * Saffron Herndon (born 1967), American comedian
 * Saffron Jordan (born 1993), English footballer
 * Saffronn Te Ratana (born 1975), New Zealand visual artist

title: Saffron (disambiguation)


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Sainte Marie de La Tourette

Sainte Marie de La Tourette is a Dominican Order priory, located on a hillside near Lyon, France, designed by the architect Le Corbusier, the architect’s final building. The design of the building began in May 1953 and completed in 1961. The committee that decided the creation of the building considered that the primary duty of the monastery should be the spiritual awakening of the people and in particular the inhabitants of nearby areas. As a result, the monastery was constructed in Eveux-sur-Arbresle, which is just 25 km from Lyon and is accessible by train or car.

In July 2016, the building and sixteen other works by Le Corbusier were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites because of their outstanding testimony to the development of modern architecture.

Architecture
Exterior:

The monastery consists of four perimeter heavy rectangular structures that create a closed interior space. The compact rectangle that rests on the edge of the hill houses the church and the church sacrifice, while the other three wings are raised with pilotis of many different shapes, accommodating living spaces and all the rest functions of the monastery. It has been compared by critics to a parking garage.

Interior:

The monastery was designed to have one hundred bedrooms for apprentices and teachers, study rooms, one workplace and one entertainment room, a dining room, a library and a church. At the lowest level are the dining room and the peristyle of the temple in the form of a cross, that functions as ramp and leads to the church. The study, work, entertainment and library halls are placed on the above level, while the friars' cells are at the highest level. The monastery’s four wings create an enclosed central space.

Patio:

The open space between the four wings isn’t a typical patio. It is divided into four parts by the two vertical corridors joining each other. Forms of different geometry are contained in each of the four parts that are created: a cylinder in the inside is a helix staircase, a prismatic roof, a quadrangular pyramid and a series of polygonal apertures on the roof of a parallelepiped protrusion on church’s wall.

Materials:

The structural form of the building is reinforced concrete, with undulating glass surfaces located on three of the four exterior faces, which were designed by Iannis Xenakis.

The use of the light:

The gradual path from the natural landscape to the interior of the sanctuary, where there is no iconographic representation rather than the view of natural light, is at the same time a continuous removal of the visual phenomena from "out" to "in". The complexity of the landscape is reduced to simple geometric shapes and at the end to the ultimate light.

Light is a way of experiencing the space, as it moves freely within it luring the visitor to do the same. In order to control the amount of light that enters the large public spaces and the long corridors, vertical wavy glass sheets are used.

Now:

Though still functioning for a reduced population of friars, La Tourette has, like Ronchamp, become something of a pilgrimage site for students of architecture. The priory allows overnight stays in the unused cells. Fees for the room go to maintenance of the priory.

title: Sainte Marie de La Tourette