text:
Wikipedia talk:Transclusion costs and benefits

TwoTalk
This page is a view alternative to Avoid using meta-templates. I have attempted to address the same issues in a more general, more neutral, more informative, more colorful, calmer, and less dictatorial fashion. Perhaps I have succeeded, but although I originally conceived this as a replacement, I choose to let both versions stand each on its own "feet", and link the two discussions together. — Xiong 熊 talk * 04:39, 2005 May 2 (UTC)

Manifesto
Rather than extending the points on Avoid using meta-templates, Xiong's page here is simply a exposition of all his ideas for Wikipedia. This page largely consists of extremely drawn out explanations which are already described better and more appropriately on other pages (m:Help:Template). There is also a number of "measures" which are completely irrelevant to the topic of Transclusion. What do these have to do with anything? -
 * "Avoid ultra-cute signatures. Signatures appear in so many places that lengthy sig markup may become a significant burden. Never use images or templates in your sig.
 * "Archive Talk to history whenever possible; long pages are hard to render, and if a user's browser times out, he is encouraged to reload the page over and over. There is no need to create a new page; history already preserves everything, anyway. "
 * "Use the Cologne Blue skin, which loads neither the project logo nor the background image. "
 * "But use the Preview button before the Save button. Multiple edits to a page make work for both machines and humans. "

I also find it funny that it says "Don't use images just to be cute. "An image is worth 1000 words." -- well, not only is its value 1000 times that of a word, so is its cost.", considering the visuals included, particulary the Donate image at the bottom.

Like I said, this page is just the sum total of one editor's agenda. The Avoid using meta-templates is the directive of our developers. I may incorporate some of the ideas here into that page, and suggest that some sections be split off onto other existing pages - but let's keep this out of the Wikipedia space until it no longer resembles a manifesto. -- Netoholic @ 14:47, 2005 May 2 (UTC)
 * Your claim that The Avoid using meta-templates is the directive of our developers is utter nonsense. It is a rejected policy proposal which you nonetheless insist upon referring to as though it were valid. Firebug 07:58, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur to a degree. This is all nice background reading, but should not become an official policy. It's way too wordy and long, doesn't get to the point in the first few sentences, and is an example of instruction creep. A page like this is hard to manage. A better way is to link pages together, e.g. one article might describe transclusion in detail and another one the dos and the don'ts. And why must there be two almost identical explanation diagrams of every point made? Take those "twit" ones away, it makes reading easier. Wipe 22:54, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops, I was a bit too hasty to condemn those diagrams. I read it more carefully and noticed that while they are too big and there's too many of them, they do serve a point. Wipe 23:20, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I see portions which could be integrated in the main MediaWiki documentation, and some that can be split amongst other pages. The rest ("Emergency measures") is redundant with real policy pages, or is an invention of Xiong's. -- Netoholic @ 02:45, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

 * I do not like to be contentious. When Avoid meta-templates came up for VfD, I voted to keep. We all have our opinions, and every new page in this namespace is just that -- pure opinion. The longer it stays here, the greater the chance that it may be improved by many editors and become accepted by the community. Of course, a certain degree of openness to change is required.

 * This page is hardly the sum of my "Wikipedian Manifesto". I have quite a basket of proposals in some stage of development, some that have yet to see the light of day, others completely unrelated to this topic. I dislike it that anyone should think this one page is my full extent.

 * Tagging templates, depending on how it is done, produces double transclusion, double substitution, transclusion-substitution, or substitution-transclusion. It is risky and unwise, and I have shown why very clearly, here and elsewhere at length. Neither custom nor the fact that some users uphold this practice makes it less unwise or less risky -- indeed, no such user has been able to muster a defense. I can think of no better place to put this summary.

 * I apologize for long-windedness. Perhaps other users can find ways to restate my comments more succinctly.

 * Signatures and images, like transcluded pages, are included into rendered pages. The mechanism is similar and the cost/benefit analysis related. This page is not limited to a discussion of templates.

 * "Emergency Measures" was written at the specific instigation of developer Jamesday. I feel that most concerns about transclusion costs (engine costs) can be fixed by installing more machines and spending more money on paid developer time to configure them to work better with each other. Jamesday agrees, at least in part -- but says new servers are already on order, but six months away from installation. "What can we do now to reduce server load?" I supplied a few thoughts -- good actions at any time; but following them now enables us to continue to use transclusion wisely. (Thus germane.)

 * Part of my professional work is to convey complex ideas using simple diagrams. I find these illustrations not only help users without technical backgrounds, they make pages easier to read. They eye goes stale staring at endless wastelands of unadorned text. While I despise senseless eye candy, I believe in the value of a well-used image.

 * There is no ultimate "point" to get to, in the first paragraph or otherwise. This page provides background for the understanding of several debates and issues. Those with advanced technical knowledge will certainly feel talked-down-to -- but this entire page is for the non-technical member. The rest of us long ago made up our minds on every point.

 * That said, this is, so far, one man's opinion. I hope to see it become a more useful tool as more contributors improve it. However, I do strongly support every point I have made; if any user feels part of it must be broken out, let it be done -- and the new page linked to and from this one. Frankly, I feel that the work involved in creating such linkage and bridge text is more trouble than it is worth -- but I shall not stand in the way of a user willing to expend the effort. — Xiong 熊 talk * 18:43, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

 * Hmm.. I just read the emergency measures section, and some of those things don't really have much to do with tranclusion.  I'll probably remove some later. - Omegatron 19:27, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * As per Project namespace, it's not a good thing to have the project namespace filled with alternate views and pages that duplicate material from elsewhere. The user namespace can be used instead. Village pump and related talk pages can be used to attract attention. Secondly, users wishing to read on some specific topic don't want to go through masses of loosely related text and images under a loosely related heading. Wipe 16:53, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Excellent work
I like this article a lot. One concern:

"Therefore: It is recommended that tags never be placed on Template namespace page bodies."

Isn't this your pet policy? I think, for instance, TFD tags are supposed to be put in the template itself... - Omegatron 14:49, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Perception, persuasion, proposal, policy?
I'd much rather have Avoid using meta-templates renamed to Netoholic's interpretation of Jamesday's concerns about meta-templates, and Transclusion costs and benefits to Xiong's opinions on templates and how to reduce server load. The topics are quite valid even if the pages are, shall we say, expressing opinions in places that are a bit particular.

The good first. Transclusion is explained very well, even for the non-technically inclined. It's a little prolix here and there, and some things I could do without (a graph of Wikipedia's exponential growth?) but good work nonetheless.

But what does something like "when you have a disagreement with another Wikipedian, at least try to discuss it with him" have to do with transclusion, for example? Nothing, except only very indirectly as "disagreements tend to spark edit wars, edit wars might take place over pages that use transclusion heavily, transclusion is costly". Edit wars are harmful period; there's no need to drag them into this argument. "Edit wars are always harmful, but they're extra harmful on transcluded pages" is a valid observation, but let's leave it at that. Even as an observation it's not worth much, because checking whether a page is transcluded is surely the last concern on an edit warrior's list (if that list has any concerns at all beyond "make sure The Right Version is up at the end of the day"). The whole "emergency measures" section sticks out like a sore thumb. If you're going to have a page named "Transclusion costs and benefits", then let it describe transclusion costs and benefits, and leave other things for other pages. If you want Avoidable things that increase server load, you know where to create it.

Similarly, things like "it is recommended that tags never be placed on Template namespace page bodies" are a bridge too far. What, never? (Hardly ever!) Doesn't Templates for deletion explicitly instruct you to place the deletion tag on the template? Ah, I see: Template talk:Tfd. So, based on drawbacks you list, you assert that something going against current practice in at least one clear instance is a recommendation? You could be right a thousand times over and still get no one to agree. If you want to change what people are doing, take it to another page, and make clear that's what the page is about. "I" is not a dirty word, and Village Pump (proposals) is open to anyone if you want to broaden the scope.

I'd edit this page, but given the huge storm we had over the last one, and given that this is a Wikipedia page rather than an article (and thus blissfully unencumbered by practical guiding principles like NPOV and accuracy) I'm just going to leave it be. IMO, the entire "tagging" and "emergency measures" sections should be scrapped. "Tagging" could conceivably be rewritten; "emergency measures" needs its own page. JRM · Talk 10:10, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

 * They are both articles about tranclusion with some good technical facts and lots of opinion, and I don't think either author will ever allow "their" articles to change to fit the other's viewpoint. (Though maybe we should force them to merge their articles as an exercise in cooperation?   ...  Yeah right.)  I would agree with moving both to userspace or mandating that the authors' names are included in the titles. - Omegatron 14:10, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no problem if someone wants to edit Avoid using meta-templates. If there are problems, or if people still think it is my "interpretation of Jamesday's concerns", then please fix it or discuss on its talk page.   The fact that much of both James' and my text is still there in its original form indicates that there aren't any significant counters or  disagreements over the validity of the assertions or the recommended ways to avoid meta-template problems. -- Netoholic @ 14:57, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

 * See also Votes for deletion/Avoid using meta-templates. Whatever happens to one should happen to the other, in my opinion. - Omegatron 14:13, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hardly, you're making a false analogy. Xiong's page is a manifesto of all his desires for this wiki.  Wrapping it in pretty graphics and verbage doesn't change that.  Some should go to Meta, some into various Help pages, and some should be left in his space.  I've already said there are portions which are useable, but none of them are useable under the title "Transclusion costs and benefits" on this wiki.  In light of the fact that so many people on this Talk page agree this doesn't belong in Wikipedia space, I am moving it to Xiong's user space.  Conversely, the VfD for AUM is showing wide support for keeping, so that should stand. -- Netoholic @ 15:14, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

 * This is the third time he's moved it. - Omegatron 15:25, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * On it! Kim Bruning 15:33, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That's not what I meant.
 * I was just pointing out his violation of the three-revert rule and also of his injunction, for which he should theoretically be blocked for 24 hours. (But I'm not going to do it, as I've never blocked anyone before, and I am also now involved with his disputes.) - Omegatron 17:22, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

A recent pair of edits, with the edit summary: On second thought, doesn't seem to be semipolicy at all - too much objection on talk page

Personally, I support the {notpolicy} tag, though I'm not sure it's actually required. This page is more informational than prescriptive. Its primary purpose is to give the less-technically inclined member some background on .... Transclusion costs and benefits. — Xiong 熊 talk * 03:37, 2005 May 13 (UTC)

Tagging templates
It is my position that tagging templates, under most circumstances, constitutes vandalism. (See opinion at Transclusion costs and benefits). To summarize in a word my arguments, template tagging destroys instantly a portion of the value of any template; in some cases, it renders the template useless. As this action takes place before process completes or even begins, it is a violation of our core principle of concensus, as prominently stated in Policies and guidelines. That is, the petty policy of whether a given template be permitted to exist is established by process of concensus and not by unilateral act. Obviously, the principle of consensus dominates any minor policy evident at any given time on Templates for deletion; to the extent that such minor policy conflicts with core principles, it is invalid.

Therefore templates ought not be tagged upon their bodies, and instead upon their corresponding talk pages -- prevailing practice or spurious claims of expedience notwithstanding. — Xiong 熊 talk * 23:17, 2005 May 11 (UTC)

 * Vandalism always implies bad faith. If the tagging is not meant to disturb Wikipedia, it's by definition not vandalism, no matter how disruptive it might be.

 * Using is important to attract attention to the vote. If the software allowed, the message could be shown only to logged-in users in order not to create confusion and bad-looking pages for the casual reader who is not interested in editing. (This might be opposed by IP-only editors.) Another solution would be to remove the template to be deleted from pages after a certain period of time while giving an explanatory edit summary. Then, after a similar period, the template would be deleted and debate ended. This method would have the drawback of being very non-visible, especially to those who wouldn't have the pages on their watchlists.

 * I don't know how bad a resource hog the tfd tag is, but it seems to be a comparatively small nuisance. Wipe 23:32, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Votes for deletion tags are put on the article itself to draw attention to the vote and to indicate that the consensus status of the article is debated.  The same goes for templates for deletion.  I wouldn't mind if the tfd tag were a bit less obtrusive, though.
 * Please give an example of a template that is "destroyed" by the tag. I kind of understand what you mean, but not exactly. - Omegatron 00:22, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

User:Xiong/tagging is a concentration of all the educational material on the subject; I have expanded it and addressed specific questions. Please feel free to raise additional points on that page. — Xiong 熊 talk * 10:42, 2005 May 14 (UTC)

 * Might it be possible to define the template in such a way that the notice appears somewhere out of the way? Perhaps surrounding it with a suitable DIV tag which the CSS moves to the top of the article. Stoive 02:09, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Answered on User:Xiong/tagging. Please discuss this issue there; it's a sideshow. — Xiong 熊 talk * 11:13, 2005 May 18 (UTC)

Dumb and lazy question
A dumb question, which I haven't seen answered here--and may be answered in the MediaWiki documentation, but I'm too lazy to go look. :) Does the software prevent infinite loops and/or infinite recursion implemented via transclusion?

The most trivial case, of course, would be a template which attempts to transclude itself. Non-recursive (but potentially expensive) attack vectors would include pages which transclude the same template multiple times; templates which themselved do the same thing, so that the number of transcluded pages grows geometrically.

Either require a small amount of work by a vandal; but could (if not prevented by some means) severly overload the Wikipedia servers, or crash them altogether.

For obvious reasons, I will not be experimenting with Wikipedia in this fashion. :)

--EngineerScotty 00:50, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * m:Help:Template: "If a template calls itself directly or indirectly, inclusion works only on one level for each template." —Simetrical (talk • contribs) 03:26, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Force page rendering?
If I am attempting to transclude information, is it necessary to edit the target page to make source changes appear? Is there a way to force the target page to re-render without direct editing? Thanks —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.199.3.3 (talk • contribs) 07:19, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes and no, respectively. —Simetrical (talk • contribs) 03:26, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Although the change will eventually "happen" without editing the target page. See WP:Job queue. Rich Farmbrough, 12:22, 14 October 2011 (UTC).

Subheader/Subsection Translusion? (Feature request?)
I've looked and looked and have not found what I had always assumed to be part of wikimedia, that being the transclusion of part of a page via transclusion, identified by the header you which to transclude. Does this exist? I would think this would save in the massive proliferation of miniscule transcludable templates. Epte 17:35, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * (No expert responded in 4 years, so here goes...) I'm pretty sure you can't identify the section you want to transclude. Certainly,    pulls in the entire article, not just the "Charging" section. It's technically difficult to do; the structure of a page is apparent to us humans, but the id="Subsection_header_name" attribute that identifies a section in the TOC doesn't magically indicate how far that section goes. However, you can achieve this result if you use use the noinclude tag to carve out the parts you don't want to pull in when you transclude:  blah blah All the text you don't want to appear .  If you did this, expect some vigorous debate; it seems that WP frowns on transclusion, you're supposed to write the best prose for each article, and if appropriate write a template for the common stuff. -- Skierpage (talk) 00:06, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Seeking advise: How costly is this simple transclusion case?
Hi, to whomever interested in analyzing the cost of transclusion, Please take a look at this simple case, a template with code that is effectively only a one-liner, no computation, functionally self-contained, used by around 100 pages, mostly user pages. The only usefulness of this template is a readable-name that ease coding a bit, otherwise it's quite pointless. Then it leads to 2 questions: Please kindly advise. Thanks. Godric/Talk 01:03, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * How much resource is this template costing the servers?
 * Is this benefit of having a readable-name worth the resources it costs?

'Emergency measures' section
I'm worried that this section is somewhat out-of-date, and the advice that it gives is no longer relevant (this page reminds me of WP:AUM). I've tagged it disputed-section in the meantime, but more input on this would be useful. --ais523 10:30, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Imho that entire section could be removed. Firstly, it doesn't directly deal with template transclusions, and secondly most of the advices are questionable. For instance, "Edit by section. It is a lot less wear and tear on the page" seems more like a joke to me. In fact, i wonder if the advice given would have significant effect even if a majority of wikipedians followed it. /SvNH 23:49, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Hidden note in substituted template
I can't get a hidden note to show up correctly in the code in a substituted template.

Please look at my edits in the history of this template: Template:Skiptotoctalk

I was trying to get this note to show up only at the code level after substitution:

 * Above wiki code created with

I kept having unwanted text or characters showing up at the visible level after substitution. Or there was a "template loop" message, or something similar, at the hidden level.

I tried no-include tags, hidden comment tags, etc.. Nothing worked correctly when I tried substituting it into a page.

Try it in any template or test template. Then try the substituted template in a sandbox and see if it shows up correctly at both the visible and hidden levels. It is essential to try out the substitution in order to see the problems show up.

This hidden note would be useful for others who want to duplicate the latest version of the template elsewhere. This would encourage more people to substitute templates, too.

What is the template loop?--Timeshifter 10:40, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

request verification of transclusion
I tried to use transclusion using the proper current guidelines. Could somebody verify ?

Template: Spinach:iron contents error

Used in : Tristan Laurillard 18:46, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Spinach
 * List of mathematical blunders

 * Well, before anybody could reply to my reqest,

 * the template was already deleted by somebody.

 * Reason given: might confuse others.

 * My conclusion so far: Wikipedia has no good

 * method at the moment for displaying one paragraph

 * in two places.

 * Tristan Laurillard (talk) 07:51, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Redirect
I redirected the page. The technical parts of the topic are fully covered in Transclusion (and in the pages on templates etc). The other content is speculative and contradicts Don't worry about performance (which is written by, or at least checked by, the developers). If you want to keep it as an essay - fine, but then the links that imply it is an opinion held by more users than its author should be removed (for instance the one in Template:Purge). /SvNH 18:34, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * :-( I think it's a reasonable technical essay and useful, but if you don't think it's worth having, then update any links to it in other essays to point to the shorter Transclusion and it won't be referred to as much any more, or file an WP:MfD about it. But you can't just unilaterally delete a WP page just because there's a shorter one. • Anakin  (talk) 16:52, 14 February 2008 (UTC)


text:
Luís Eduardo Magalhães

Luís Eduardo Magalhães is a municipality in western Bahia, Brazil. The town's main business is agriculture, and it is known as the capital of agribusiness. The city is located in the heart of a rapidly growing agribusiness region and as a result it is the fastest growing city in Brazil. As recently as the 1990s the community was little more than a gas station. It is currently home to Brazil's largest soy processing plant and a big John Deere dealership.

Because all commercial hauling of all commodities to and from the region is done by diesel trucking, there exists high demand for diesel fuel. In 2004, the population of Luís Eduardo Magalhães was 21,454. In 2007, the population was 44,265. The strong population growth was caused by the agribusiness.

The city received many farmers from Southern and Southeastern Brazil, contributing to the economic and cultural development of the city. Luís Eduardo Magalhães has been home to a significant community of young international farmers. The city is also one of the wealthiest agricultural cities in Brazil. Most of its development was made via channeling of resources from other areas of the region. The creation of this municipality was ruled unconstitutional by Brazil's Supreme Court. It is named after a deceased member of a powerful oligarchic family, and the city was created solely as a display of power and disdain for the law. The Supreme Court was unable to undo its creation, and simply restated that creating new municipalities in the same fashion is deemed unconstitutional.

Climate
The climate is Tropical of Altitude. The rainfall pattern is the same as that of the tropical climate. The summer rains are more intense due to the action of the Atlantic tropical mass.

Average temp: 22 °C (71.6 °F).

Rainfall: 700 to 2.000 mm (27.55 to 78,74 in).

Rainy Season: October – April.

Air Humidity: Annual: 70%. December: 80%. August: 50%.

Vegetation
The "Cerrado" landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys. Cerrado includes various types of vegetation. Humid fields and "buriti" palm paths are found where the water table is near the surface. Alpine pastures occur at higher altitudes and mesophytic forests on more fertile soils. The "cerrado" trees have characteristic twisted trunks covered by a thick bark, and leaves which are usually broad and rigid.

Many herbaceous plants have extensive roots to store water and nutrients. The plant's thick bark and roots serve as adaptations for the periodic fires which sweep the cerrado landscape. The adaptations protect the plants from destruction and make them capable of sprouting again after the fire.

Economy
The economy of Luís Eduardo Magalhães is focused on agribusiness. The region is a major producer of cereals (soybeans and corn), coffee, cotton, as well as cattle raising. Irrigation, the level terrain, and the dry climate with well-defined dry and rainy seasons have made Luis Eduardo Magalhaes a leader in agriculture. Farmers and large agricultural companies from all over the world are purchasing large tracts of the region's fertile flat land. Individuals and companies from the United States, Canada, China, Argentina, India, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Netherlands, Germany and Ireland are making substantial investments in the region.

The GDP for the city was R$1,003,460,120 (2005).

The per capita income for the city was R$22,669 (2005).

Education
The Portuguese language is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools, but English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational institutions

 * Faculdade Arnaldo Horácio Ferreira (FAAHF);
 * Faculdade Luiz Eduardo Magalhães (FILEM);
 * Instituto de Educação Superior Unyahna Luis Eduardo Magalhães (IESULEM).

International Farmers in L.E.M.
In few years, the region of Luís Eduardo Magalhães has become home to a new community of International farmers. Though some locals have complained about foreigners bidding up land prices, the overseas investors seem to be very welcome. "Absolutely" is how LEM's former mayor, Oziel Oliveira, responded to the question. "They're turning into Brazilians."

Distances

 * 100 km from Barreiras;
 * 947 km from Salvador;
 * 540 km from Brasília;
 * 1282 km from São Paulo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Luís Eduardo Magalhães


text: File:Azertis.jpg

title: File:Azertis.jpg


text:
Michael Klare

Michael T. Klare is a Five Colleges professor of Peace and World Security Studies, whose department is located at Hampshire College (Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), defense correspondent of The Nation magazine and author of Resource Wars and Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Petroleum Dependency (Metropolitan). His 2019 book is, All Hell Breaking Loose: the Pentagon's Perspective on Climate Change (Metropolitan). Klare also teaches at Amherst College, Smith College, Mount Holyoke College and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Klare serves on the board of directors of the Arms Control Association. He is a regular contributor to many publications including The Nation, TomDispatch and Mother Jones, and is a frequent columnist for Foreign Policy In Focus. He also was the narrator of the movie Blood and Oil, which was produced by the Media Education Foundation.

He lives in Northampton, Massachusetts. Klare is a graduate of Columbia University and the Union Institute & University.

Analysis of US threats against Iraq
In November 2005, Klare alleged that a major factor motivating the George W. Bush administration to attack Iraq was its desire to distract attention from domestic political difficulties and to increase popularity for the President. US popular support for Bush increased by about 10% during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and only dropped back to its previous level several months later.

Extreme energy
Klare originated the concept of extreme energy. Extreme energy is a range of techniques for the production of energy from unconventional resources which share characteristics of being environmentally damaging or risky. Examples include exploitation of oil sands, tight oil (shale oil) and shale oil (oil from oil shale), deepwater drilling, hydraulic fracturing, mountaintop removal mining, petroleum exploration in the Arctic, and natural gas hydrates.

Oil as an instrument of national policy
The movie Blood and Oil, which came out before the end of the Bush administration, explains Klare's view on oil as an instrument of national policy. Using sources including statements from official government sources and statements by media commentators, Klare pushes for alternative energy and warns that energy will be hard to get in the next century. The website for the movie describes the movie as follows:"The notion that oil motivates America's military engagements in the Middle East has long been dismissed as nonsense or mere conspiracy theory. Blood and Oil, a new documentary based on the critically- [sic]acclaimed work of Nation magazine defense correspondent Michael T. Klare, challenges this conventional wisdom to correct the historical record. The film unearths declassified documents and highlights forgotten passages in prominent presidential doctrines to show how concerns about oil have been at the core of American foreign policy for more than 60 years – rendering our contemporary energy and military policies virtually indistinguishable. In the end, Blood and Oil calls for a radical re-thinking of US energy policy, warning that unless we change direction, we stand to be drawn into one oil war after another as the global hunt for diminishing world petroleum supplies accelerates."

The future of oil
In a number of articles, Klare has commented on the future of oil. In an article published on March 13, 2012, he discussed "the principal cause of higher oil prices", concluding that "a fundamental shift in the structure of the oil industry" has occurred because of "the disappearance of relatively accessible and inexpensive petroleum", and that countries will have to grasp for the harder oil in the future. In another article, he continues this thesis and suggests that sanctions on Iran make not only Iranians suffer, but also those that buy oil from Iran. That same month, Klare noted the sensitive spots of conflict in the "Geo-energy era". They include the Strait of Hormuz, the East and South China Seas, the Caspian Sea basin, and the Arctic polar region. In another article in 2011, Klare expanded his thesis to something more radical. He noted that America and oil were falling together.

Published articles

 * Shopaholic China: chinadialogue July 2, 2010
 * New Geopolitics
 * "Michael Klare interviewed by Creel Commission" February 21, 2006. also at Jackalope Recordings
 * "A Scourge of Small Arms," from Scientific American, June 2000 (with Jeffrey Boutwell).
 * Archive of Michael Klare's articles in The Nation (1999–2006).
 * "Rogue States and ‘Peer Competitors' - A New Military Strategy for Washington?" from Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1997.
 * Archive of Michael Klare's articles in The Nation (1999–2006).
 * "Rogue States and ‘Peer Competitors' - A New Military Strategy for Washington?" from Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1997.
 * Archive of Michael Klare's articles in The Nation (1999–2006).
 * "Rogue States and ‘Peer Competitors' - A New Military Strategy for Washington?" from Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1997.
 * "Rogue States and ‘Peer Competitors' - A New Military Strategy for Washington?" from Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1997.
 * "Rogue States and ‘Peer Competitors' - A New Military Strategy for Washington?" from Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1997.
 * "Rogue States and ‘Peer Competitors' - A New Military Strategy for Washington?" from Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1997.
 * "Rogue States and ‘Peer Competitors' - A New Military Strategy for Washington?" from Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1997.

title: Michael Klare


text: User talk:69.174.218.236

title: User talk:69.174.218.236


text: User talk:69.152.202.86

title: User talk:69.152.202.86


text:
User:BurtWard

Ward Churchill

$2 million fraudster

Rich White Guy pretending to be "Native American"

Uses that gimmick to sell books and get a $92000 per annum job. Whoa.

He smart.

White liberals dumb.

He very smart.

Wikipedia editors not as smart. They love him as he wallows in his greenbacks.

title: User:BurtWard


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/University of Wales, Lampeter/archive1

University of Wales, Lampeter
This is the first wikipedia article that I have written. It's a subject close to my heart, but don't let that put you off, I want to know what I shouldn't have included, what I should have included, and where I've gone wrong. I should add that this article wasn't written entirely by me, and a stub already existed when I started and I modified the original content. Many thanks. Twrist 02:59, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks good to me. The used of bold font is a bit excessive to my taste, but that's not important. You could link the various degrees to their appropriate description pages, where they exist. (For example, Bachelor of Arts). That's about all I have. — RJH 02:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I've linked to Bachelor of Arts, though it seems there aren't pages on our other degree schemes. Maybe that's a future project. Thanks for your comments! Twrist 22:46, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A few things that appear other university pages that you may want to include, sports and admissions. The article doesn't explain when the student yell is used. --nixie 00:43, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments, I have to admit I don't know much about the university's sports, but I shall investigate and augment. Twrist 22:46, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.10.162.3

title: User talk:69.10.162.3


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Royal Manchester Children's Hospital

The Royal Manchester Children's Hospital is a children's hospital in Oxford Road, Manchester, England. The Royal Manchester Children's Hospital is managed by the Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust.

History
A new hospital was required to replace services previously provided by the Pendlebury Children's Hospital at Pendlebury in the City of Salford, Booth Hall Children's Hospital at Blackley in north-Manchester, and neonatal care from Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester. It was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2004. The new hospital, which was designed by Anshen & Allen and built by Bovis Lend Lease at a cost of approximately £500 million, was completed in April 2009 and opened in June 2009. In 2013 the hospital carried out scans on Ta-Kr-Hb a mummified Egyptian woman dating from 7th or 8th century BC.

Services
The hospital has 371 beds and with 185,000 annual patient visits making it the largest and busiest children's hospital in the United Kingdom.

title: Royal Manchester Children's Hospital


text: User talk:64.81.61.206

title: User talk:64.81.61.206


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User talk:BurtWard

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 03:01, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Could you please leave the articles alone you moronic peice of shit. Thank you.

title: User talk:BurtWard


text: Category:Vestal Virgins

title: Category:Vestal Virgins


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Kowloon Motor Bus/archive1

Kowloon Motor Bus
Well, This article had grown into some length. However, there are certainly a lot of information that could be added, or rearranged. Ideas? --XF95．邪 03:02, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems fine, apart for the presence of a Cleanup template and this comment down in the history section: "could anyone give an exact year for that Victory and Jubilant? Is that 1982"... The later should probably go on the Talk page. With this level of detail, though, I expect the page will become outdated at some point and I'm not sure it will always be promptly maintained. So you may want to take that into consideration. — RJH 02:42, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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User:Cy~enwiki

Cy vs. Yossman

FiGHT!

title: User:Cy~enwiki


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User:VorpalBlade

Useful links

title: User:VorpalBlade


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Passing loop

A passing loop (UK usage) or passing siding (North America) (also called a crossing loop, crossing place, refuge loop or, colloquially, a hole) is a place on a single line railway or tramway, often located at or near a station, where trains or trams travelling in opposite directions can pass each other. Trains/trams going in the same direction can also overtake, provided that the signalling arrangement allows it. A passing loop is double-ended and connected to the main track at both ends, though a dead end siding known as a refuge siding, which is much less convenient, can be used. A similar arrangement is used on the gauntlet track of cable railways and funiculars, and in passing places on single-track roads.

Ideally, the loop should be longer than all trains needing to cross at that point. Unless the loop is of sufficient length to be dynamic, the first train to arrive must stop or move very slowly, while the second to arrive may pass at speed. If one train is too long for the loop it must wait for the opposing train to enter the loop before proceeding, taking a few minutes. Ideally, the shorter train should arrive first and leave second. If both trains are too long for the loop, time-consuming "see-sawing" (or "double saw-by") operations are required for the trains to cross (see Tawa railway station).

On railway systems that use platforms, especially high-level platforms, for passengers to board and disembark from trains, the platforms may be provided on both the main and loop tracks or possibly on only one of them.

Main and loop (main track with platform)
The main line has straight track, while the loop line has low-speed turnouts at either end. If the station has only one platform, then it is usually located on the main line.

If passenger trains are relatively few in number, and the likelihood of two passenger trains crossing each other low, the platform on the loop line may be omitted.

If the passenger train from one direction always arrives first, the platform on the loop line may also be omitted by extending the platform past the loop in that direction.

Platform road and through road (main track without platform)
The through road has straight track, while the platform road has low-speed turnouts at either end.

A possible advantage of this layout is that trains scheduled to pass straight through the station can do so uninterrupted; they do not have to reduce their speed to pass through the curve. This layout is mostly used at local stations where many passenger trains do not stop.

Since there is only one passenger platform, it is not convenient to cross two passenger trains if both stop.

This type of passing loop is common in Russia and post-Soviet states. A disadvantage of the platform and through arrangement is the speed limits through the turnouts at each end.

Up and down working
In the example layout shown, trains take the left-hand track in their direction of running. Low-speed turnouts restrict the speed in one direction. Two platform faces are needed, and they can be provided either at a single island platform or two side platforms (as shown). Overtaking is not normally possible at this kind of up-and-down loop as some of the necessary signals are absent.

Crossing loops using up-and-down working are very common in British practice. For one thing, fewer signals are required if the tracks in the station are signaled for one direction only; also, there is less likelihood of a collision caused by signalling a train onto the track reserved for trains in the opposing direction. In France, they often use spring switches and the speed is equally restricted in both directions.

The speed restriction in one direction can be eliminated with higher-speed turnouts, but this may require power operation, as the longer and heavier high-speed turnouts may be beyond the capability of manual lever operation.

Dead-end siding
Refuge sidings are used at locations with gradients too steep for heavy freight trains or steam haulage to depart from conventional passing loops, or confined spaces where a passing loop cannot be built. An extra parallel siding is often built at stations on refuge sidings so that two stopping trains can pass, and an extended catch point opposite the refuge siding may be added so as not to interfere with passing trains.

Overtaking siding
Overtaking loops can also be provided on dual track lines, typically at stations, for the purpose of providing a location for express trains to overtake local trains. This layout has extensive use in high-speed rail and East Asian rapid transit systems. In this layout a local train enters the siding allowing a scheduled express train to overtake it.

Dynamic passing loop
If a crossing loop is several times the length of the trains using it, and is suitably signalled, then trains proceeding in opposite directions can pass (cross) each other without having to stop or even slow down. This greatly reduces the time lost by the first train to arrive at the crossing loop for the opposing train to go by. This system is referred to as a dynamic loop. For example, the Windermere branch line will be getting one to permit a 2tph service pattern.

Overlaps and catch points
Some railways fit catch points at the ends of crossing loops so that if a train overruns the loop, it is derailed rather than collide with an opposing train.

Since the available space for crossing loops is usually limited, they do not normally have an overlap (safety margin) between the starting signals and the end of the double line. In Australia, the Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC) policy provides for overlaps of about 500 m and 200 m respectively in an effort to avoid derailment or collision.

Automatic operation
Many crossing loops are designed to operate automatically in an unattended mode. Such loops may be track-circuited with home signals cleared by the approaching train. Some loops have the points in and out of the loop operated manually, albeit more recent examples have so-called self-restoring switches that allow trains to exit a loop without needing to change the points.

Other forms of remote operation included centralized traffic control, in which a train controller changes points and signals from a remote office; and driver-operated points, which enable train crews to use a radio system to set the points from a distance.

Gradients
The design of crossing loops may have to be modified where there are severe gradients that make it difficult for a train to restart from a stationary position, or where the terrain is unsuitable for a normal loop.

A crossing loop on steep gradient may have catch points on the downhill end to reduce the impact of runaways.

Train length
Since central operation of the points and signals from a single signal box is convenient, and since there are practical limits for the distance to these points and signals, crossing loops can have a system-wide effect on train sizes.

Line capacity
Line capacity is partly determined by the distance between individual crossing loops. Ideally these should be located at inverse-integer intervals along the track by travel time. The longest section between successive crossing loops will, like the weakest link in a chain, determine the overall line capacity.

Short loops
Long and short trains can cross at a short loop if the long train arrives second but leaves first.

It is best if all crossing loops are longer than the longest train. Two long trains can cross at a short loop using a slow so-called see-saw process, which wastes time.

Right- and left-hand traffic
Countries generally have a principle on which side trains shall meet, either on the left or on the right, generally the same for the whole country. But this is generally valid only on double track. On passing loops this principle is not necessarily used. Often the train that shall not stop uses the straight track. See also Right- and left-hand traffic.

Other names and types

 * crossing loop or crossing place
 * passing siding (US)
 * passing track (Canada and US)
 * refuge loop - used on double track lines
 * A run-around loop enables a locomotive to change ends when a train has reached a terminus station.
 * Spirals are sometimes called loops.
 * Balloon loops are sometimes called loops.

title: Passing loop


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Edinburgh South West (UK Parliament constituency)

Edinburgh South West is a Scottish constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, first used at the 2005 UK general election. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Since 2024, it has been represented by Scott Arthur of the Labour Party.

Constituency profile
Edinburgh South West covers a south western portion of the city around the Lanark Road. It has an urban north east including Gorgie and Slateford, and a suburban centre including Wester Hailes. The southwest part is rural and extends into the Pentland Hills.

The seat is left-leaning and pro-EU, with wealthier residents than the UK average.

Boundaries
Edinburgh South West is one of five constituencies covering the City of Edinburgh council area. All are entirely within the city council area.

Prior to the 2005 general election, the city area had been covered by six constituencies and, of the six, there was one, Edinburgh East and Musselburgh, which straddled the boundary with the East Lothian council area, to include Musselburgh.

Edinburgh South West is mostly a replacement for the former Edinburgh Pentlands constituency, but excludes some of the east of that constituency. Also, it includes a south western portion of the former Edinburgh Central constituency. The Scottish Parliament uses different boundaries. Edinburgh South West is mostly contained within the Edinburgh Pentlands constituency for elections to the Scottish Parliament, with some parts of the north and east of the seat being located in the constituencies of Edinburgh Central, Edinburgh Southern and Edinburgh Western.

The constituency comprises the following wards of the City of Edinburgh Council which were used in elections to the council at the time of the constituency's first contest in 2005: Balerno, Baberton, Colinton, Craiglockhart, Dalry, Firrhill, Fountainbridge, Moat, Murrayburn, Parkhead, Shandon and Sighthill. As a result of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004, these wards were replaced with new wards in 2007. Current ward boundaries are not aligned with the constituency boundaries.

The boundary was adjusted for the 2024 general election by the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies to include parts of the following wards of the City of Edinburgh:
 * Pentland Hills, Drum Brae/Gyle, Sighthill/Gorgie, Colinton/Fairmilehead, Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart, Morningside, and City Centre.


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Dicyclopentadiene

Dicyclopentadiene, abbreviated DCPD, is a chemical compound with formula C10H12. At room temperature, it is a white brittle wax, although lower purity samples can be straw coloured liquids. The pure material smells somewhat of soy wax or camphor, with less pure samples possessing a stronger acrid odor. Its energy density is 10,975 Wh/l. Dicyclopentadiene is a co-produced in large quantities in the steam cracking of naphtha and gas oils to ethylene. The major use is in resins, particularly, unsaturated polyester resins. It is also used in inks, adhesives, and paints.

The top seven suppliers worldwide together had an annual capacity in 2001 of 179 kilotonnes (395 million pounds).

DCPD was discovered as a C10H12 hydrocarbon among the products of pyrolysis of phenol by Henry Roscoe, who didn't identify the structure (that was made during the following decade) but accurately assumed that it was a dimer of some C5H6 hydrocarbon.

History and structure
For many years the structure of dicyclopentadiene was thought to feature a cyclobutane ring as the fusion between the two subunits. Through the efforts of Alder and coworker, the structure was deduced in 1931.

The spontaneous dimerization of neat cyclopentadiene at room temperature to form dicyclopentadiene proceeds to around 50% conversion over 24 hours and yields the endo isomer in better than 99:1 ratio as the kinetically favored product (about 150:1 endo:exo at 80 °C). However, prolonged heating results in isomerization to the exo isomer. The pure exo isomer was first prepared by base-mediated elimination of hydroiodo-exo-dicyclopentadiene. Thermodynamically, the exo isomer is about 0.7 kcal/mol more stable than the endo isomer. The exo isomer also has a lower reported melting point of 19°C. Both isomers are chiral.

Reactions
Above 150 °C, dicyclopentadiene undergoes a retro-Diels–Alder reaction at an appreciable rate to yield cyclopentadiene. The reaction is reversible and at room temperature cyclopentadiene dimerizes over the course of hours to re-form dicyclopentadiene. Cyclopentadiene is a useful diene in Diels–Alder reactions as well as a precursor to metallocenes in organometallic chemistry. It is not available commercially as the monomer, due to the rapid formation of dicyclopentadiene; hence, it must be prepared by "cracking" the dicyclopentadiene (heating the dimer and isolating the monomer by distillation) shortly before it is needed.

The thermodynamic parameters of this process have been measured. At temperatures above about 125 °C in the vapor phase, dissociation to cyclopentadiene monomer starts to become thermodynamically favored (the dissociation constant Kd = [cyclopentadiene]2 / [dicyclopentadiene] > 1). For instance, the values of Kd at 149 °C and 195 °C were found to be 277 and 2200, respectively. By extrapolation, Kd is on the order of 10–4 at 25 °C, and dissociation is disfavored. In accord with the negative values of ΔH° and ΔS° for the Diels–Alder reaction, dissociation of dicyclopentadiene is more thermodynamically favorable at high temperatures. Equilibrium constant measurements imply that ΔH° = –18 kcal/mol and ΔS° = –40 eu for cyclopentadiene dimerization.

Dicyclopentadiene polymerizes. Copolymers are formed with ethylene or styrene. The "norbornene double bond" participates. Using ring-opening metathesis polymerization a homopolymer polydicyclopentadiene is formed.

Hydroformylation of DCP gives the dialdehyde called TCD dialdehyde (TCD = tricyclodecane). This dialdehyde can be oxidized to the dicarboxylic acid and to a diol. All of these derivatives have some use in polymer science.

Hydrogenation of dicyclopentadiene gives tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, which is a component of jet fuel JP-10, and rearranges to adamantane with aluminium chloride or acid at elevated temperature.

title: Dicyclopentadiene


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Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich

Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich is a real-time tactical role-playing game developed and published by Irrational Games. The sequel to Freedom Force, the player guides a team of superheroes as they travel back in time, and help overthrow Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II. In the game, players take control of a team of up to four characters and battle their way through completely destructible 3D maps in a series of missions based on classic superhero comics.

Plot
Supervillain Nuclear Winter steals Time Master's inert body and uses it to steal nuclear missiles from the Cuban Missile Crisis in an effort to start a nuclear war between the United States and the USSR. The Freedom Force foils his plot, but on the return trip, the timeline changes and Freedom Force finds that the Axis powers achieved victory in World War II. Using the disturbance in the timeline to guide them, Mentor projects the heroes back in the time-stream to battle the villainous Blitzkrieg, who created the disturbance. These superheroes meet and team up with the heroes of that age. In the course of Blitzkrieg's defeat, Alchemiss gains powers from Time Master's body and frees Man-Bot from the Celestial Clock, but goes insane over the sudden expansion of her powers and becomes Entropy, who threatens time and space. Entropy is eventually defeated by Freedom Force with the help of the awakened Time Master. Briefly asserting her original personality, Alchemiss prevents herself from ever existing so she cannot become Entropy, but suddenly finds herself face to face with Energy X.

Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews", albeit slightly less than the original Freedom Force's "universal acclaim", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich was a runner-up for Computer Games Magazine's list of the top 10 computer games of 2005.

Legacy and modifications (mods)
Freedom Force vs the Third Reich followed its predecessor title, Freedom Force, by providing a game engine that could play campaigns (adventures consisting of multiple missions) other than the one released with the game. The developers released a suite of mod tools to allow fans to design their own campaigns and add their own art assets for use in the game. This approach, using a format that was highly modifiable and open to third-party editing, has attracted a strong online community of modding enthusiasts, centered around a discussion board called Freedom Reborn, where modders have taken to creating their own content for the game. Subject matter for fan-created game mods ranges from new original characters and stories to characters from other franchises.

The game's modding community has created a wide variety of content, including new art assets like textures (called skins), 3D models (called meshes), visual effects (FX) and maps. Contributors have also created voice packs, new Rumble Room (a combat sandbox) missions and dozens of entire campaigns. Custom content is often hosted at independent creator sites and many popular mods from the last few years can be found at ModDB. One such modification resulted in the unofficial expansion pack, called Freedom Force X, or FFX, originally created for the Freedom Force and later expanded for Freedom Force vs the Third Reich. FFX adds artistic content and scripting to enable dozens of new powers, attributes and customization options for game characters.

title: Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich


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Abilov

Abilov is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Atakhan Abilov (born 1965), Azerbaijani lawyer and activist
 * Bulat Abilov (born 1957), Kazakhstani politician
 * Fetislyam (Anatoly) Abilov (1915–2005), World War II commander
 * Ismail Abilov (born 1951), Bulgarian sport wrestler

title: Abilov


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La Cienega Boulevard

La Cienega Boulevard is a major north–south arterial road in the Los Angeles metropolitan area that runs from El Segundo Boulevard in Hawthorne to the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood to the north. It was named for Rancho Las Cienegas, literally "The Ranch Of The Swamps," an area of marshland south of Rancho La Brea.

Route description
From south of Fairview Boulevard and from north of Obama Boulevard (formerly Rodeo Road), La Cienega Boulevard is a regular surface street. Offices for A&E Network, The History Channel and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences are located on La Cienega as were the studios of Citadel Broadcasting flagships KABC and KLOS, two of Los Angeles' biggest radio stations, which were demolished for an apartment and shopping complex, currently under construction. La Cienega Boulevard was formerly the location of the headquarters of the defunct book publisher Price Stern Sloan. A portion of La Cienega in and adjacent to Beverly Hills is known as "Restaurant Row" for its large number of upscale restaurants. South of Olympic, La Cienega through between the Pico-Robertson and South Carthay neighborhoods in West Los Angeles and through the Crestview neighborhood in West Los Angeles into Culver City and is known for its large number of automotive-related business including several used car dealerships and many body shops and auto mechanics.

It continues south passing Interstate 10, and the Metro E Line.

Unusually for Southern California, south of the Santa Monica (10) Freeway, La Cienega was built to freeway standards in the late 1940s as part of the proposed Laurel Canyon Freeway, part of State Route 170. The SR 170 freeway was never completed south of U.S. Route 101, and the stretch of La Cienega from just north of Fairview Blvd in Inglewood, through Baldwin Hills and along the Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area to Obama Boulevard in Los Angeles is a divided, limited access expressway with few traffic signals. As such, emergency call boxes like those found along the area's freeways were installed along that stretch in the early 1970s.

South of Fairview Boulevard, La Cienega runs parallel to the San Diego (405) Freeway and terminates at El Segundo Boulevard in Del Aire along the west side of the freeway. A non-contiguous segment also named La Cienega Boulevard runs along the east side of the 405 freeway, roughly between El Segundo Boulevard and Rosecrans Avenue in Del Aire.

La Cienega Design Quarter
The area of La Cienega Boulevard, from Beverly Boulevard to Santa Monica Boulevard, and its satellite streets is known as the La Cienega Design Quarter. Its shops and galleries house many antiques, furniture, rugs, accessories and art. Art dealer Felix Landau operated his trend-setting gallery there in the 1960s.

Restaurant Row

La Cienega in Beverly Hills, north of Wilshire Boulevard, is known as Restaurant Row because it features many upscale restaurants. From Wilshire in Beverly Hills traveling north the best known establishments include Benihana, The Stinking Rose, Darioush, the original Lawry's the Prime Rib, Hakobe, Tokyo Table - Tokyo City Cuisine, Matsuhisa, Fogo de Chão, Gyu-Kaku, Woo Lae Oak, The Bazaar by José Andrés, and Morton's.

Etymology
La Cienega Boulevard is named after Rancho Las Cienegas Mexican land grant roughly in the region now called "West Los Angeles." The Spanish phrase la ciénaga translates into English as "the swamp" and the area named "Las Ciénegas" was a continual marshland due to the course of the Los Angeles River through that area prior to a massive southerly shift in 1825 to roughly its present course. The difference in spelling in Los Angeles between the Castilian Spanish word ciénaga and the name of the thoroughfare, which is common in other Iberian languages like Extremaduran, originated with the name of the ranch.

Transportation
Metro Local lines 105 runs on La Cienega Boulevard. An elevated light rail station for the Metro E Line is located at Jefferson Boulevard. An underground station for the Metro D Line at Wilshire Boulevard is currently under construction.

title: La Cienega Boulevard


text:
Talk:Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich

Mods
I liked the mods on this game, the sound never played in dcug for instance. How can I get the sound to work? Tinks its a service pack problem. Was trying to do marvel vs dc until it broke (sounds) somehow. gbtm. l8er. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.255.42.105 (talk) 15:34, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Characters as Cruft?
The characters in this game were recently deleted as gamecruft. This confuses me, since similar game articles are fairly consistent about listing prominent characters, especially the playable ones (e.g. Marvel Ultimate Alliance, Street Fighter II). My question is, are those other articles bad examples that need to be corrected on their respective pages? Or perhaps the characters in this article can be placed back in, only with less detailed descriptions? What's the policy we're referencing here? Thanks! -BaronGrackle (talk) 16:15, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich


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Ottmar Hitzfeld

Ottmar Hitzfeld (born 12 January 1949) is a German former professional football player and a former manager. He accumulated a total of 18 major titles, mostly in his tenures with Grasshopper Club Zürich, Borussia Dortmund and Bayern Munich.

A striker in his playing days, Hitzfeld won two Swiss Super League titles (1971–72, 1972–73) with Basel. He was top goalscorer in the league for the 1972–73 season. He earned six caps for the West Germany national team, all at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.

A trained mathematician and sports teacher, Hitzfeld is one of the most successful coaches of German and international football. As manager, he won two Bundesliga titles with Dortmund and five Bundesliga titles with Bayern Munich. He won the 1996–97 Champions League with Dortmund, beating a star-studded Juventus team in the final. He won the 2000–01 Champions League with Bayern, defeating Valencia in the final.

He has been elected "World Coach of the Year" twice; he is one of only six managers to win the European Cup/UEFA Champions League with two clubs, along with Ernst Happel, Pep Guardiola, José Mourinho, Jupp Heynckes, and Carlo Ancelotti.

Playing career
Born in Lörrach, Hitzfeld started playing football in the late 1960s with TuS Stetten and FV Lörrach in the lower German leagues before he captured the attention of Swiss first division team FC Basel. He joined the club, located on the other bank of the Rhine, in 1971. With this club the forward won the Swiss championship in 1972 and 1973, in the latter season even contributing as the top striker in Switzerland. In 1975, he also won the cup with Basel.

In 1973, while playing at Basel, he graduated from nearby Lörrach College as a teacher of mathematics and sports. He retained his amateur status to be able to participate in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. There, he played amongst others with Uli Hoeneß, the later Bayern Munich player and general manager who would hire him as coach in the late 1990s. One of the highlights of this tournament was the first encounter between the national sides of West and East Germany on the football pitch. West Germany lost this match 2–3, and thus failed to reach the semifinals. In this match, Hitzfeld scored one of his five goals in the tournament. In 1975, the 26-year-old Hitzfeld accepted an offer by the then German second division side VfB Stuttgart. At the Swabian side, he was part of a legendary "100 goal offense" (the goal difference that season being 100:36) and in one match against SSV Jahn Regensburg he scored six goals, still the record for a 2. Bundesliga player. After two years, in 1977, the team achieved promotion to the first division, the Bundesliga. Hitzfeld had by that time scored 33 goals in 55 league matches. In the Bundesliga, the club finished the season a remarkable fourth. Hitzfeld contributed five goals in 22 matches. After three years with Stuttgart, Hitzfeld returned to what by then had become his second home, Switzerland. There, he played from 1978 to 1980 with FC Lugano before joining FC Luzern, where he finished his playing career in 1983, aged 34.

1983–1991: Coaching in Switzerland
During the summer of 1983, Hitzfeld signed his first coaching contract with SC Zug, in the second tier of Swiss football. The team ended the 1983–84 season as Nationalliga B champions. Thus Hitzfeld and his team achieved immediate promotion to the Nationalliga A, for the first and only time in the clubs history. In 1984, he followed an offer to coach FC Aarau, where he settled for four years. His tenure there was crowned with his first title as coach, the 1985 Swiss Cup. Soon he attracted also the attention of the major Swiss club Grasshopper in Zürich. Between 1988 and 1991, he gained another four trophies there, starting with a repeat of his cup victory by the end of his first season. The next year, he followed up with the double before finishing his engagement with the defence of the Swiss Championship in 1991.

1991–1998: Borussia Dortmund
In 1991, Hitzfeld became manager of Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund. In his first year, he and his assistant Michael Henke, with whom he would collaborate for the next 13 years, took the team to second spot in the league, securing a 1992–93 UEFA Cup place. The following season, Dortmund reached the finals of this competition, but both matches were lost against Juventus. In 1995, he gained his first Bundesliga title with Dortmund, their first trophy since the DFB-Pokal in 1989, and Hitzfeld's first trophy in Germany. In 1995–96, he had a successful defence of the title, but the great triumph had to wait for another year: in 1997, Dortmund finished third in the league, but reached the UEFA Champions League final, where another encounter with Juventus was due. This time, Borussia prevailed 3–1 in Munich's Olympiastadion against the team from northern Italy which featured Zinedine Zidane, Didier Deschamps, and Christian Vieri, amongst others. For his success, Hitzfeld was rewarded for the first time with the "World Coach of the Year" award, but as frictions with the team had come to a head, he was promoted out of the firing line to the position of sports manager with the club, where he witnessed his successor, Nevio Scala, taking Borussia Dortmund to win the 1997 Intercontinental Cup against Cruzeiro from Brazil. He finished with a record of 144 wins, 63 draws, and 65 losses.

First spell
In 1998, Hitzfeld was hired by Germany's most successful club, Bayern Munich. In his first year, he led the club to renewed championship glories, winning the league title by 15 points, a record margin. However, the club lost the DFB-Pokal final to Werder Bremen on penalties. Most important was their run to the Champions League final. The final is remembered for the dramatic Manchester United comeback inside the injury time period. Trailing 1–0, United scored two goals in stoppage time, condemning Bayern to a stunning defeat. They had also won the DFB-Ligapokal.

In the next season, domestic success was improved upon with Bayern winning the double. After winning by a record margin last season, Bayern won on a heartbeat finish this season. They had won the league on a tiebreaker. Hitzfeld's team depended on the neighbours from Unterhaching, a suburb of Munich, to beat Bayer Leverkusen on the last day play to secure the title. The DFB-Pokal final was won against Bremen, the team which beat Bayern in the previous final. In the Champions League, Bayern was stopped in the semifinal by eventual winners Real Madrid.

In the 2000–01 season, Hitzfeld led Bayern not only to the league championship hat-trick, but once again into the Champions League final, defeating winner in previous two editions: Manchester United and defending champions Real Madrid en route (1-3 on aggregate, 1-0 away, 2-1 home). This time, the side from Munich prevailed, though it took a penalty shoot-out against Valencia. This made Hitzfeld only the second coach after Ernst Happel to win the major European trophy with two teams.

Again, he was recognized with the honour of "World Coach of the Year", but this time he remained in control over his team in the ensuing 2001 Intercontinental Cup final against Boca Juniors from Argentina. A sole goal by Ghanaian defender Samuel Kuffour in extra-time made it an evening to celebrate for Hitzfeld and his team. By then, the team had a tendency to put in lacklustre performances and in the end had to make do with third place in the league.

The 2002–03 season started on 25 July 2002 when Bayern were knocked out of the DFB-Ligapokal in a shootout by Hertha BSC. In the 2002–03 season, Bayern once more dominated German football, claiming the league title four matches before the end of the Bundesliga season. Bayern won with a 16-point lead over second-place Stuttgart. With a 3–1 win over Kaiserslautern in the 2003 DFB-Pokal final, Hitzfeld's team secured another double.

Bayern started the 2003–04 season by getting knocked out of the DFB-Ligapokal in the semi-finals after losing a shootout Hamburger SV on 22 July 2003. The 2003–04 season yielded no titles after Bayern finished in second place, and getting knocked out of the DFB-Pokal in the quarter-finals by Alemannia Aachen, and getting knocked out of UEFA Champions League by Real Madrid in the round of 16. The club sacked Hitzfeld with a year remaining year of the contract of the 55-year-old coach. His final match was a 2–0 win against SC Freiburg on 22 May 2004. Hitzfeld finished with a record of 193 wins, 73 draws, 53 losses.

Second spell
Hitzfeld had an offer to take over the reins of the Germany national team, but preferred to take a break from the game. On 1 February 2007, following the sacking of Felix Magath, he returned to Bayern Munich. His first match back was a 3–0 loss against 1. FC Nürnberg. Hopes that he might lead Bayern to another championship, despite trailing by eight points with 15 games remaining, were not fulfilled, though. Eventually, Bayern finished fourth, thereby failing to qualify for the Champions League for the first time in more than a decade. A multimillion spending spree before the new season helped Hitzfeld to lead the club to a new phase of domestic dominance, winning the DFB-Ligapokal, the DFB-Pokal, and the league championship. After several high wins and many draws, Bayern's UEFA Cup campaign ended in the semifinal with a humbling 4–0 defeat by eventual winner Zenit St. Petersburg. During the season, Hitzfeld had announced that he would not be available for another season at the helm and Jürgen Klinsmann became his successor at Bayern. His final match was a 4–1 win against Hertha BSC.

2008–2014: Swiss national team
Hitzfeld took over as coach of the Swiss national team in summer 2008. His first match at the helm was a friendly match that finished as a 4–1 win for Switzerland against Cyprus on 20 August 2008. His first competitive match was a 2–2 draw against Israel on 6 September 2008 in qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Switzerland finished FIFA World Cup qualifying with a 0–0 draw against Israel on 14 October 2009. Switzerland finished top of its qualifying group to reach the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Switzerland played Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Italy in friendlies leading up to the FIFA World Cup. Switzerland lost 3–1 to Uruguay on 3 March 2010, lost 1–0 to Costa Rica on 1 June 2010, and drew Italy 1–1 on 5 June 2010. Although Switzerland won their opening match 1–0 against eventual champions Spain, they went on to lose 1–0 against Chile and get a 0–0 draw against Honduras which eliminated their chances of qualifying from Group H.

Switzerland failed to qualify for Euro 2012, finishing third behind England and Montenegro in their qualifying group. Switzerland started qualifying with two consecutive losses to England and Montenegro. Then they defeated Wales in their final qualifier of 2010. They stretched their undefeated streak to four matches after a draw against England and a draw and a win against Bulgaria. The undefeated streak ended when Switzerland lost to Wales before defeating Montenegro in their final qualifying match. Switzerland started 2012 with a 3–1 loss to Argentina on 29 February 2012 and a 5–3 win against Germany on 26 May 2012. Then Switzerland lost to Romania four days later. Switzerland defeated Croatia on 15 August 2012.

Hitzfeld led Switzerland to a second successive FIFA World Cup as his team remained unbeaten throughout the qualifying campaign. Switzerland started qualifying with a pair of 2–0 wins against Slovenia on 7 September 2012 and Albania on 11 September 2012. Then they drew Norway 1–1 on 12 October 2012 and defeated Iceland 2–0 four days later. In the final match of 2012, Switzerland defeated Tunisia 2–1 in a friendly match. Switzerland started 2013 with a 0–0 draw against Greece on 6 February 2013. Switzerland's next two matches were against Cyprus. The match on 23 March 2013 finished in a 0–0 draw and the match on 8 June 2013 finished in a 1–0 win for Switzerland. Switzerland beat Brazil on 14 August 2013. Switzerland finished out qualifying with a 4–4 draw against Iceland and three consecutive wins against Norway, Albania, and Slovenia. On 17 October 2013, Hitzfeld announced that he would be retiring after the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Switzerland finished 2013 with a 2–1 loss against South Korea in a friendly match. Leading into the FIFA World Cup, Switzerland drew 2–2 with Croatia and defeated Jamaica and Peru. Switzerland defeated Ecuador, lost to France, and defeated Honduras to finish second in Group E. Hitzfeld's final match was a 1–0 extra time loss against Argentina in the round of 16 at the FIFA World Cup on 1 July 2014. Vladimir Petković succeeded Hitzfeld.

Retirement
He announced his retirement from coaching after the World Cup with Vladimir Petković taking over on 1 July 2014.

It was said that Chinese Super League club Guangzhou Evergrande once offered Hitzfeld an 18–month-long contract, with a value of 24 million euros. However, he turned it down.

Personal life
Hitzfeld was born in Lörrach in the valley of the Wiese in southwest Germany, close to the Swiss border. He grew up there and is the youngest of five children. Hitzfeld said that when he first left Bayern in 2004 he 'felt burnt out' and 'was a bit depressed', and 'it took me two years to recover.' He then had 'the best years at Bayern' on his return. He stated his views that people should not get too excited about things, not get too down about things, and treat each situation individually. His uncle was the World War II general Otto Hitzfeld.

Hitzfeld is married to Beatrix Hitzfeld. They have one child and three grandchildren.

The Ottmar Hitzfeld Arena, the highest in Europe, is named after him.

Player
Basel
 * Swiss Super League: 1971–72, 1972–73
 * Swiss Cup: 1975

Individual

 * Swiss Super League top goalscorer: 1972–73 (18 goals, shared with Ove Grahn)

Manager
SC Zug
 * Nationalliga B champions: 1983–84

Aarau
 * Swiss Cup: 1985

Grasshopper
 * Swiss Super League: 1989–90, 1990–91
 * Swiss Cup: 1988–89, 1989–90
 * Swiss Super Cup: 1989

Borussia Dortmund
 * Bundesliga: 1994–95, 1995–96
 * DFB-Supercup: 1995, 1996
 * UEFA Champions League: 1996–97

Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2007–08
 * DFB-Pokal: 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2007–08
 * DFB-Ligapokal: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007
 * UEFA Champions League: 2000–01; runner-up: 1998–99
 * Intercontinental Cup: 2001

Individual

 * German Football Manager of the Year: 2008
 * IFFHS World's Best Club Coach: 1997, 2001
 * World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year: 1997
 * UEFA Coach of the Year: 2001
 * ESPN 13th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
 * World Soccer 17th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
 * France Football 19th Greatest Manager of All time: 2019

title: Ottmar Hitzfeld


text:
Pendlebury

Pendlebury is a town in the City of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The population at the 2011 Census was 13,069. It lies 4 mi north-west of Manchester, 3 mi north-west of Salford and 6 mi south-east of Bolton.

Historically in Lancashire, Pendlebury, together with the neighbouring settlements of Swinton and Clifton, formed the municipal borough of Swinton and Pendlebury. Pendlebury saw extensive coal extraction from several collieries until the closure of Agecroft Colliery in the 1990s.

Early history
Pendlebury is formed from the Celtic pen meaning hill and burh a settlement. The township was variously recorded as Penelbiri, Pennilbure, Pennebire and Pennesbyry in the 13th century, Penilburi in 1300, Penulbury in 1332; Penhulbury in 1358, Pendulbury in 1561 and Pendlebury after 1567.

In 1199 King John confirmed a gift of a carucate of land called Peneberi to Ellis son of Robert. He had made the grant when he was Count of Mortain (1189–99) and confirmed it when he became king in a deed signed at Le Mans in France. Ellis was described as Master Sergeant of Salford and a benefactor of Cockersand Abbey.

In 1201 Pendlebury was linked to the manor of Shoresworth to the south (described as "one oxgang of land") before Shoreworth became part of Pendleton. The manors of Pendlebury and Shoresworth were held of the king in thegnage by a rent of 12 shillings in 1212. Ellis died in or about 1216, and his son Adam succeeded to his manor and serjeanty. In 1274 Ellis, son of Roger came to a violent death, and Amabel, his widow claimed dower in various lands against Roger de Pendlebury. A short time afterwards, Amabel having received her dower, she and Roger de Pendlebury had to defend a suit brought by Adam de Pendlebury, who satisfied the jury of his title to the manor. Ellis had a brother, William and daughters Maud, Lettice and Beatrice. Maud married Adam son of Alexander de Pilkington of Pilkington, and had a daughter Cecily. The manor was sold before 1300 to Adam de Prestwich. The new lord of Pendlebury married Alice de Woolley daughter of Richard son of Henry de Pontefract, the eventual heir was his daughter Alice, wife of Jordan de Tetlow. Her heir was her daughter, Joan, who married Richard de Langley, and the manor descended with the Langleys until the end of the 16th century. Robert Langley died 19 September 1561, leaving four daughters as co-heirs. On the division of the estates, Agecroft, and lands in Pendlebury, became the portion of Anne, who married William Dauntesey, from Wiltshire. The manor of Pendlebury was claimed by the Daunteseys for some time, but was afterwards held with Prestwich, descending in the Coke family until about 1780, when it was sold to Peter Drinkwater of Irwell House, Prestwich.

Agecroft Hall
Agecroft Hall, the Tudor home of the Lord of the Manor of Pendlebury, stood on rising ground on the west side of the River Irwell, where it flows southwards towards Salford and Manchester between the high ground of Kersal and Prestwich to the east and north, and Irlams o' th' Height and Pendlebury on the west. Building probably began towards the end of the reign of Henry VII. In 1666, of the thirty-five hearths liable for tax in Pendlebury, Agecroft Hall the only large house had eleven hearths.

At the end of the 19th century, industrialisation swept through the Irwell Valley. Collieries were sunk around Agecroft Hall, railway tracks cut across the manor and a dirty lake formed on the edge of the estate. The house fell into disrepair and was sold at auction in 1925 to Mr and Mrs Thomas C Williams. The structure was dismantled, crated, shipped across the Atlantic, and painstakingly reassembled in Windsor Farms, Richmond, Virginia, United States. Agecroft Hall is re-created as a tourist attraction on the banks of the James River, in a setting chosen to be reminiscent of its original site at Agecroft near the River Irwell.

The Langley name is remembered locally by having several streets, Langley Road, Langley Mill and Langley housing estate in Middleton named after the family. Agecroft Hall Estate is a recently built housing estate on Agecroft Road (A6044), named after the hall.

Industrial development
Pendlebury saw extensive coal extraction until the closure of Agecroft Colliery in the 1990s. Wheatsheaf Colliery was on Bolton Road between Carrington Street and City Walk on what is now the Wheatsheaf Industrial Estate and Newtown Colliery (on the Clifton/Newtown, Pendlebury boundary, bounded by Manchester Road/Bolton Road (A666), Billy Lane, Rake Lane and the pit lodge ('the Dam'), which later became known as "Queensmere"). Agecroft Colliery reopened in 1960 following an investment of £9,000,000 and seven years of establishment works. Agecroft stood on the site of Lumn's Colliery which had an unusual arrangement of winding gear concealed in three huge towers – the tallest of which was 174 ft high and which was abandoned in 1932. After 1947 Agecroft Colliery sent much of its coal to the CEGB's Agecroft Power Station, via a conveyor belt system that crossed a bridge over Agecroft Road. Mining finished in 1990, and the Agecroft Colliery site is now home to the Agecroft Commerce Park.

The Kearsley, Clifton, Pendlebury and Pendleton Miners' Association was established in 1888 and became the Pendlebury Branch of the National Union of Mineworkers in 1959. With the decline of the industry, the once popular Pendlebury Miners' Club (at the top of Temple Drive, Swinton) was demolished in the 1990s.

Governance
Pendlebury was joined with Swinton in 1875 to form a local board of health area and was later governed by the Swinton and Pendlebury Urban District Council. Incorporation of Clifton into the Municipal Borough of Swinton and Pendlebury was a result of the abolition of the predecessor, Barton-upon-Irwell Urban District.

Swinton and Pendlebury was a municipal borough of the administrative county of Lancashire, which contained Pendlebury, Swinton and Clifton. It received a Charter of Incorporation from the 18th Earl of Derby on 29 September 1934 at a ceremony in Victoria Park, Swinton when council meetings were held in Victoria House in the park. The new borough council required larger premises and launched a competition to design a new town hall. The winners were architects Sir Percy Thomas and Ernest Prestwich. The site of Swinton Industrial Schools on Chorley Road in Swinton was purchased for £12,500 and the foundation stone of the new town hall laid on 17 October 1936. It opened on 17 September 1938 and since 1 April 1974 has been the administrative headquarters of the enlarged Salford City Council.

The Borough of Swinton and Pendlebury was amalgamated into the City of Salford in 1974 as a result of local government reforms.

In terms of parliamentary representation, the town was until 2010 part of the Eccles constituency. Since then it has been part of the Salford and Eccles constituency.

Geography
Pendlebury is situated on a ridge overlooking the lower Irwell Valley, almost midway between Manchester and Bolton and is neighboured by Irlams o' th' Height, Pendleton and Clifton. Much of the boundary between Pendlebury and Clifton is defined by Slack Brook which was culverted many years ago after the area was used for landfill. Slack Brook eventually empties into the Irwell a short distance upstream from Agecroft Road Bridge (A6044). The surface of the land slopes generally upwards from southwest (Swinton) to northeast (Irwell Valley), from about 120 ft to nearly 300 ft above the ordnance datum. However, the topography of the land around Lumn's Lane has changed due to the dumping of mining waste from the former collieries and the area has been used as a landfill site by the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority since 1982, taking ten percent of Greater Manchester's waste each year.

The town has a mix of industrial and residential areas despite the closure of its mines and most of its cotton mills.

Economy
In the 19th century the manufacture and printing of cottons were the principal industries of the town, although most of these industries have disappeared. The only mill left is the Newtown Mill on Lees Street. It was acquired by Vanguard Holdings Ltd in January 2008 and converted into a business centre.

The Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service (Fire Brigade) has its headquarters on Bolton Road, between the junctions with Agecroft Road and Hospital Road.

Acme Mill was situated south of the Manchester-Wigan railway line on the eastern side Swinton Hall Road. It was demolished in the 1980s to make way for a small housing estate. Swinton Hall Road, between its junction with Bolton Road and the Swinton parish boundary, was originally called Bury Lane, and should not be confused with the original name of Station Road (B5231) – Burying Lane – which is the main road link between Swinton (A6) and Pendlebury (A666). The remaining section of Swinton Hall Road, between the Swinton parish boundary (near junction with Temple Drive) and Station Road, was known as Jane Lane.

The site of the demolished Agecroft Power Station is occupied by Forest Bank Prison. Development of the site of the former Agecroft Colliery into an industrial park has provided some employment in the town.

Roads
Pendlebury is the starting point of the A666 Bolton Road, which runs through the district from its junction with the A6/A580 at the Pendlebury/Irlams o' th' Height boundary. It was the main route between Manchester and Bolton before the opening of the M61 motorway.

Waterways
The Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal opened in 1809 and, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, provided the main means of transporting the coal from the collieries; many of these set up tramway links to the canal. Coal was taken to Bolton, Bury, Radcliffe and Salford, and across the River Irwell to Manchester. In 1905, over half a million tons of coal a year was carried. Lengths of the canal subsided due to mining subsidence; maps from 1881 to 1882 show areas of coal under the canal were bought by the canal company to safeguard it from subsidence.

The canal became disused after 1924 and closed in 1961, though coal was still carried for a short distance to Bury until 1968. A canal restoration society was founded in 1987 and persuaded Bury, Bolton and Salford councils to protect the line of the canal from development; restoration was announced by British Waterways in 2002.

Railway

The nearest railway station is Swinton, which is actually located on the Pendlebury side of the boundary. It is sited on the Manchester to Southport Line between Wigan and Manchester Victoria. Northern Trains operates regular services to Manchester, Wigan North Western, Wigan Wallgate, Blackburn and Leeds.

Pendlebury railway station was also sited on this line for over 80 years, until its closure on Saturday 1 October 1960 by British Railways due to low usage. Irlams o' th' Height railway station, in the eastern extremity of the borough, was closed for similar reasons four years earlier.

Pendlebury was on a line between Patricroft, on the Manchester to Liverpool line, and Clifton Junction, until the Black Harry Tunnel collapse of 1953; this caused five deaths when two houses from Temple Drive in Swinton collapsed into the void. The line never reopened and much of its length is now a recreational footpath.

Landmarks
The 45 acre Northern or Agecroft Cemetery opened on 2 July 1903 by the County Borough of Salford (outside its boundaries) on the flood plain between Langley Road and the River Irwell by the border with Kersal. A crematorium was opened in the nonconformist burial chapel in 1957. A fund has been launched, supported by the council and external partners, to restore the unused central burial chapel which has fallen into a state of disrepair.

The architectural highlight of the town is the Grade I listed Gothic style High Anglican St Augustine's Church, designed by the 19th century architect George Frederick Bodley between 1871 and 1874. It is one of six Grade I listed buildings in the City of Salford. The church became known as the miners' cathedral because of its lofty appearance and because many local men were colliers. The churchyard contains a memorial to 178 men and boys who died in a disaster at Clifton Hall Colliery on 18 June 1885. 64 victims are buried at St Augustine's. In May 2006, the church became the focal point of a campaign by English Heritage to save 19 places of worship in Greater Manchester from falling into dilapidation.

The Royal Manchester Children's Hospital built in 1873 closed in 2009 and its functions moved to a site alongside Manchester Royal Infirmary, in Manchester. At the junction of Bolton Road and Agecroft Road stands a stone cross with the inscription "Lest We Forget". Behind it is a stone wall on which is written: "This cross was erected by Andrew Knowles and Sons to the memory of the brave men from their collieries who laid down their lives for their country A.D. 1914–1918" Below the inscription are eight slate plaques inscribed with the names of 24 men who worked for Andrew Knowles and Sons.

Sport
The former home of Swinton RLFC, Station Road, which held numerous internationals and major rugby league matches before its closure in 1992, was located in Pendlebury. Swinton announced its intention to return to a site adjacent to Agecroft Road, Pendlebury, currently known as Agecroft Farm in August 2006. Langworthy ARLFC has been based in Pendlebury, at Rabbit Hills playing fields on Bolton Road, for over 20 years, whilst local rivals Folly Lane ARLFC operate on the Blue Ribbon field off Pendlebury Road.

St. John the Evangelist churchyard is the burial place of Geoff Bent, one of the Busby Babes from Manchester United F.C., who perished in the Munich air disaster on 6 February 1958. St John's is also the burial place of Jim Valentine, captain of Swinton Rugby Club, an England rugby union international in the late Victorian era. His 48 tries for The Lions in the 1888–89 season still stands as a club record.

Pendlebury Coyotes won the amateur World Championship in inline hockey at under-21 level in 2006 and were runners-up in the World Championship at senior level.

Primary

 * Mossfield Primary School, Newtown
 * St Augustine's CE Primary School
 * St John's CE Primary School

Secondary

 * Co-op Academy Swinton

Churches

 * St. Augustine's C of E, Bolton Road, Pendlebury
 * St Mark's RC, Station Road, Pendlebury
 * Christ Church – Assemblies of God (formerly C of E), Bolton Road, Pendlebury
 * Kings Church Salford, Bolton Road, Pendlebury
 * St John the Evangelist C of E, Bolton Road, Pendlebury
 * Salvation Army, Station Road, Pendlebury

Notable people
Pendlebury was home to the painter L. S. Lowry (1887–1976), who lived at 117 Station Road from 1909 to 1948, after his parents moved from Victoria Park in Manchester when he was 22. Here Lowry produced many of his famous works, drawing inspiration from the industrial scenes about him. It has been reported that, having missed a train from Pendlebury railway station, Lowry encountered the changing of shifts at Acme Mill and marvelled at the spectacle – this being the moment he decided that industrial scenes were fitting for further work. Aspects of the locality appear in many of Lowry's paintings; elements of the Acme Mill can be seen in Coming from the Mill (1930); his picture Pendlebury Scene shows an aspect of the Acme Mill from George Street, both now demolished; and in 1953, Lowry painted The Railway Platform, a scene of railway passengers standing on the platform at Pendlebury railway station.

Actor Ben Kingsley, born in 1943 in Snainton, North Riding of Yorkshire, grew up in Pendlebury and was educated at the Manchester Grammar School. Kingsley lived in an adjacent house to Lowry's former home on Station Road.

Television scriptwriter Tony Warren was born in Wilton Avenue in Pendlebury in 1936. He is best known as the creator of the award-winning soap opera Coronation Street, one of the longest-running television programmes in the UK.

Manchester United's Ryan Giggs grew up in Beverley Road in Pendlebury, after moving from South Wales with his family when his father Danny Wilson switched rugby codes to sign for Swinton R.L.F.C. In 2009 Giggs was granted the freedom of Salford.

title: Pendlebury


text: User:Thomas youle

title: User:Thomas youle