text:
Alliance for Democracy (Malawi)

The Alliance for Democracy is a political party in Malawi that marked its history as laying the foundation for multi-party rule in Malawi. It began as an underground political movement during the Kamuzu Banda era and later evolved to a political party during the multi-party era under the leadership of trade union activist, Chakufwa Chihana. AFORD has a stronghold in the northern region. The president is Godfrey Shawa.

History
AFORD began as an underground political movement under Banda's dictatorship under the leadership of trade unionist and political activist Chakufwa Chihana. He led an underground political movement that aimed at democratic multi-party rule. He was the first person to openly challenge the system. Therefore, he is known as the 'father of Malawian democracy' for his role in ushering in multi-party rule in Malawi. Many would argue that AFORD was officially registered and active "...21.07.93." The AFORD or Alliance for Democracy is now a political party whose mission under the leadership of Chihana was to reconstruct the economy, attract investors, and improve Malawi's infrastructure. The AFORD was opposed to furthering the reign of the autocratic leader Banda and sought rather to promote the idea of true democracy. Under Chakufwa Chihana's influence, the AFORD political party began initially as a pressure group because political parties were illegal for some time under the dictatorial reign of Hastings Banda. Though Malawi is located in the southeastern portion of Africa, a majority of the AFORD's power is concentrated in the northernmost regions of Malawi. AFORD's support is concentrated in the northernmost parts of Malawi for many reasons, including the fact that trade union leader Chakufwa Chihana was born in the Mhuju village. The combination of the MCP attacking the national credibility of AFORD by branding Chihana as a regional advocator and the momentary restriction of Chihana to Rumphi also contributed to why AFORD ‘s political strength lay almost singularly in northern Malawi One of the problems AFORD encountered in an attempt to expand its 33 constituencies in 1993 was its inability to collect enough signatures for its parliamentary candidates nor did there seem to be any “...suitable and credible candidates to run its platform outside the northern region...”. Multiparty general elections began in 1993. After the legislative elections concluded in the years 1993-1994, multiparty elections likely occurred in Malawi during the month of May in the year 1994 after Muluzi's United Democratic Front prevailed against Banda's Malawi Congress Party. Chihana was able to secure roughly 18.9 percent of the vote for multi-party elections and roughly 36 seats, arguably the entire northern region, for the parliamentary elections. AFORD has not won any of the presidential elections that took place after the 1993 referendum. The AFORD party suffered a unilateral split when Chakufwa Chihana loss faith in Malawi's government after accusing it of corruption during his vice presidency in 2003-2004. Gowa Nyasula took up the role as AFORD's president in the 2004 race for the election which led to him shouldering the bulk of the funding for the party. Gowa Nyasula resigned his role as president of the AFORD which led to Godfrey Shawa being appointed by the party's politburo in 2013 Ultimately Mweinfumbo decided after the year 2014 to accept the request to contest Enoch Chihana for the role of party president in the elective national convention on December 17, 2018 in order to run in 2019 general elections as AFORD's candidate

Internal politics
AFORD as a political party began to decline due to internal politics within the party. AFORD's influence slowly became increasingly isolated to the Northern Region.

Results of Elections 1994 - Present
Of the 3,775,256 registered voters in Malawi, 562,862 votes were in favor of the AFORD party's candidate, Chakufwa Chihana (TRIPOD). AFORD managed to rank 3rd with 18.89 percent of the votes in the 1994 presidential election.

Of the 5,071,822 registered voters in Malawi, 2,106,790 votes were in favor of the AFORD party's candidate, Gwanda Chakuamba (TRIPOD). Gwanda Chakuamba represented the alliance between AFORD and the MCP political parties during the 1999 general elections (commonwealth). AFORD managed to rank 2nd with 45.17 percent of the votes, losing to Muluzi who won 52.38 percent of the votes in the 1999 presidential election .

The AFORD party did not have any representation in the 2004 presidential election considering Chihana was led to pull out of the alliance established in 1997 between AFORD and the MCP in the year 2002. However, Chihana was permitted to be second vice-president of the Republic, while his colleagues were given ministerial positions ultimately leading to a split within the party in 2003. Some AFORD members branched off to begin the Movement for Genuine Democracy. During the general election of 2004, Chihana signed a coalition agreement on behalf of the AFORD party with the UDF political party of Malawi The number of seats won by the AFORD political party in Parliament also decreased substantially over time with 36 seats won in 1994, 29 seats won in 1999, and 6 seats won in 2004.

Of the 5,871,819 registered voters in Malawi, 20,150 votes were in favor of the AFORD party's candidate, Dindi Gowa Nyasula. AFORD managed to rank last losing to the DPP's candidate, Bingu wa Mutharika, in the 2009 presidential election by acquiring .45 percent of the votes in 2009. With the death of Chihana in 2006 and the results of the 2009 election, Joyce Banda is the 2009 vice president.

In the year of 2014 Malawi's first tripartite elections were held making it the first time Malawians were able to vote for their local governments, members of parliament and president in a single election (commonwealth). The AFORD's political support is divided between Enoch Chihana, the son of AFORD's founder Chakufwa Chihana, and Frank Mwenefumbo. Of the 7 470 806 registered voters in Malawi, the DPP's presidential candidate Bingu wa Mathrika won with little to no opposition from the AFORD party. Secretary-General Gridezer Jeffrey argued that AFORD has lacked political representation in the 2014 election and possibly the upcoming 2019 election because AFORD can be described as an outdated party whose political support is concentrated in the small northern population of Malawi. The AFORD political party has garnered more support in the years following the 2014 elections in the north specifically with Mwenifumbo as the head of the political party. Mwenifumbo's decision to join AFORD as opposed to the ruling party, DPP, was because “...he wanted to suffer together with Malawians...” led to a vow in 2017 to continue defending the welfare of Malawians in relation to the constitution .

At the last general elections, 20 May 2004, the party won 6 out of 194 seats.

Presidents

 * Godfrey Shawa 2012–present
 * Dindi Gowa Nyasulu x - 2012 (retired)
 * Chakufwa Chihana 1992-

Notable AFORD members

 * Chakufwa Chihana
 * Enoch Chihana
 * Bazuka Mhango
 * Geoffrey Mhango

title: Alliance for Democracy (Malawi)


text:
Malawi Congress Party

The Malawi Congress Party (MCP) is a political party in Malawi. It was formed as a successor party to the banned Nyasaland African Congress when the country, then known as Nyasaland, was under British rule. The MCP, under Hastings Banda, presided over Malawian independence in 1964, and from 1966 to 1993 was the only legal party in the country. It has continued to be a major force in the country since losing power.

Following a court order to have a rerun of the 2019 Presidential election, a fresh Presidential election was held on 23 June 2020 which resulted in the MCP and its Tonse Alliance partners receiving approximately 60% of the national vote ushering the party back into government.

History
The Malawi Congress Party was the successor to the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) party, which was banned in 1959. The MCP was founded in 1959 by Orton Chirwa, Nyasaland's first African barrister, soon after his release from Gwelo Prison, and other NAC leaders including Aleke Banda and S. Kamwendo, in agreement with Hastings Kamuzu Banda, who remained in prison. The purpose for dashing the original NAC to form the MCP was the need for free operation since NAC was a banned party by that time.

Orton Chirwa became the first MCP president and later was succeeded by Hastings Banda after he was released from Gwelo Prison. Banda continued to hold the Presidency until his death in 1997.

In the 1961 Nyasaland elections, the MCP won all the seats in the legislature and later led Nyasaland to independence as Malawi in 1964. When Malawi became a republic in 1966, the MCP was formally declared to be the only legal party. For the next 27 years, the government and the MCP were effectively one. All adult citizens were required to be party members. They had to carry "party cards" in their wallets at all times.

The MCP lost its monopoly on power in a 1993 referendum and was roundly defeated in the country's first free elections the next year. It remains a major force in Malawian politics. It is strongest in the central region, populated by ethnic Chewa and Nyanja people.

Affiliates
The current MCP set up has seen the sprung up of affiliate groups  that are all working to strengthen the party. Among them are Kokoliko, Mighty Tambala Graduates, Born Free and Malawi Congress Party Diaspora Network (MCPDN). The MCP Diaspora Network has seen all MCP members and supporters living outside Malawi working together  in support of the mother party back home. It has Regional Wings in countries like UK, RSA, USA, Republic of Ireland, Canada, and the Gulf Region. The MCPDN current leader is UK based Chalo Mvula

Presidents

 * Orton Chirwa 1959–1960
 * Kamuzu Banda 1960–1994
 * Gwanda Chakuamba 1994–2003
 * John Tembo 2003–2013
 * Lazarus Chakwera 2013–present

MCP members

 * Kamuzu Banda
 * Gwanda Chakuamba
 * John Tembo
 * Lazarus Chakwera
 * Felix Mlusu
 * Sidik Mia
 * Catherine Gotani Hara
 * Eisenhower Mkaka
 * Maurice Munthali
 * Gerald Mzaza
 * Sam Kawale
 * Ezekiel Chingoma
 * Tricia Saidi
 * Rhoda Kamchacha
 * Harry Mkandawire
 * Khumbize Kandodo
 * Dennis Chikumbutso Amadi
 * Akefe Kufa Mviza
 * Chalo Mvula

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Malawi Congress Party


text:
Malawi Democratic Party

The Malawi Democratic Party is a political party in Malawi. The party was founded by Kamlepo Kalua and others. At the 20 May 2004 general election, the party was part of the Mgwirizano Coalition that won 27 out of 194 seats.

title: Malawi Democratic Party


text:
Malawi Forum for Unity and Development

The Malawi Forum for Unity and Development (MAFUNDE) is a political party in Malawi. In the general elections on 20 May 2004, the party was part of the Mgwirizano Coalition, that won 27 out of 194 seats.

MAFUNDE was part of the Tonse Alliance to support Lazarus Chakwera for the 2020 Malawian presidential election.

title: Malawi Forum for Unity and Development


text:
Movement for Genuine Democratic Change

The Movement for Genuine Democratic Change is a political party in Malawi. At the last general elections, 20 May 2004, the party was part of the Mgwirizano Coalition, that won 27 out of 194 seats.

title: Movement for Genuine Democratic Change


text:
National Unity Party (Malawi)

The National Unity Party is a political party in Malawi founded in August 1995. In the last general elections, (20 May 2004), the party was part of the Mgwirizano Coalition, that won 27 out of 194 seats.

title: National Unity Party (Malawi)


text:
People's Transformation Party

The People's Transformation Party (PETRA) is a political party in Malawi. In the last general elections on 20 May 2004, the party was part of the Mgwirizano Coalition, that won 27 out of 194 seats.

PETRA was part of the Tonse Alliance to support Lazarus Chakwera for the 2020 Malawian presidential election.

title: People's Transformation Party


text:
Republican Party (Malawi)

The Republican Party is a political party in Malawi. It was founded by Stanley Masauli and Gwanda Chakuamba in 2004. At the general election of 20 May 2004 its candidate for president (Gwanda Chakuamba) won 25.7% of the vote, and the party was part of the Mgwirizano Coalition, which won 27 out of 194 seats.

title: Republican Party (Malawi)


text:
National Democratic Alliance (Malawi)

The National Democratic Alliance is a political party in Malawi. At the last general elections, 20 May 2004, the party won 8 out of 194 seats.

title: National Democratic Alliance (Malawi)


text:
People's Progressive Movement (Malawi)

The People's Progressive Movement (PPM) is a political party in Malawi. At the elections of 20 May 2004, its candidate for president Aleke Banda won 2.5% and the party was part of the Mgwirizano Coalition, that won 27 out of 194 seats. Aleke Banda was the close friend of hastings Kamuzu Banda in 1956. He was among the people who founded the Nyasaland Congress Party. He was also saved as Ministry of Agriculture in the United Democratic Front (UDF) during Bakali Muluzi's time. He left UDF together with Mark Katsonga Phiri and formed their party after there was disagreement with Muluzi about the Presidency of Bingu wa Munthalika.

The PPM was part of the Tonse Alliance to support Lazarus Chakwera for the 2020 Malawian presidential election.

title: People's Progressive Movement (Malawi)


text:
Robert Patterson

Robert Patterson (January 12, 1792 – August 7, 1881) was an Irish-born American military officer who served as a United States Army major general during the Mexican–American War, and a Union Army major general during the American Civil War. During the Mexican-American War, he served as second in command to Winfield Scott and fought at the Siege of Veracruz and the Battle of Cerro Gordo.

At the start of the Civil War, he was 69 years of age and the oldest commissioned major-general. He served only three months due to his failure to attack Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston's troops after the Battle of Hoke's Run. This allowed Johnston to support P. G. T. Beauregard and give the Union Army their first defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run. He was widely blamed for the Union loss at Bull Run and defended his Civil War performance with his book, A Narrative of the Campaign in the Valley of the Shenandoah, in 1861, published in 1865.

He served as an officer in the Pennsylvania Militia and United States Army during the War of 1812 and as commander of the Pennsylvania Militia during the Philadelphia nativist riots. He was politically active in Pennsylvania as a Jacksonian Democrat. He was a wealthy businessman and owned 30 cotton mills in Pennsylvania, a sugar plantation in Louisiana and other investments in railroads and steamships.

Early life and education
Patterson was born on January 12, 1792, in Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, to Francis Patterson and Ann Graham. His father was associated with Wolfe Tone and Robert Emmet and participated in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 against the British. Francis Patterson was convicted for his part in the rebellion and sentenced to be hanged, however his family connections intervened and the sentence was commuted and he was banished from Ireland instead.

In the fall of 1798, Patterson and his family emigrated to the United States and settled in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. He received his education in public schools and in 1807, worked in a counting room of a business involved in trade with East India.

War of 1812
He volunteered for service during the War of 1812 and rose to the rank of colonel in the Pennsylvania Militia and captain in the United States Army.

He served as an assistant quartermaster general and on the staff of brigadier general Joseph Bloomfield. He was discharged in 1815 as a captain.

Pennsylvania Militia
Patterson served as major general in the Pennsylvania State militia. He helped quell rioting in Philadelphia in 1838. In July 1844, in preparation for a planned July 4 nativist parade, Pennsylvania Governor David R. Porter assigned Patterson to provide protection to Irish churches in case of a nativist attack. Patterson helped quell the Philadelphia nativist riots against Irish Catholics, which resulted in the destruction of St. Michael's and St. Augustine's Churches. The first riot took place in Kensington in May, and another took place in the Southwark section of the city in July. Patterson led militia into combat with rioting civilians, leading to loss of life on both sides.

Mexican-American War
At the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, Patterson was commissioned a major general of volunteers and given command of the 2nd division of the Army of Occupation under brigadier general Gideon J. Pillow. He was considered for command of the overall expedition by President James K. Polk, however it was given to Winfield Scott instead. He was Scott's second in command and was placed in command of the expedition's Volunteer Division. He arrived before Scott at the Siege of Veracruz and overruled a proposed frontal attack of the fortifications by general David E. Twiggs. He fought at the Battle of Cerro Gordo along with the future Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard and was wounded.

In a book on his service in the Mexican-American War, J. Jacob Oswandel praised Patterson for his service as Quartermaster, ensuring the troops were well supplied. However, he also reports that some troops did not think highly of him and that "They think, like a good many others, that he is braver before going into the battle than in the midst of the battle."

Patterson led the American pursuit of the Mexican Army and was the first to enter Jalapa. While the U.S. Army was stationed at Jalapa, Patterson returned to the U.S. with other volunteer units whose enlistment time had expired.

American Civil War
In April 1861, he was mustered into service for the American Civil War as a Union Army major general of Pennsylvania volunteers and commanded the Department of Pennsylvania and the Army of the Shenandoah under the command of Winfield Scott. He was the oldest major general by commission at the start of the Civil War.

His son Francis Engle Patterson and his son-in-law John Joseph Abercrombie also served as Union Army generals during the Civil War.

In June, Patterson took command of the Pennsylvania volunteers at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, with orders to retake Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. He received guidance from Scott to await additional reinforcement and then proceed with caution. While underway, he received additional communication from Scott that Johnston was prepared to make "a desperate stand" at Harper's Ferry.

On July 2, Patterson encountered Confederate Brigadier general Thomas J. Jackson at the Battle of Hoke's Run and forced his troops into retreat. Jackson was ordered to slow the advance of Patterson's troops and did so with a fighting retreat. On July 3, Patterson occupied Martinsburg, West Virginia, but remained inactive until July 15 when he marched to Bunker Hill. Instead of continuing to Winchester, Virginia, Patterson turned east and then retreated to Harpers Ferry. This took pressure off of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley and he was able to march his troops and reinforce the Confederates under P.G.T. Beauregard at the First Battle of Bull Run.

Johnston declared that Patterson's army had largely deterred him from pursuing the shattered and disorganized Union troops as they retreated back to Washington, D.C. following the battle. After multiple messages encouraging Patterson to attack, Scott replaced Patterson with general Nathaniel P. Banks on July 19, 1861. Patterson was criticized for his failure to contain the Confederate forces. He was honorably discharged and mustered out of the Army on July 27, 1861.

Business career
Patterson had multiple business interests including 30 cotton mills in Pennsylvania, a sugar plantation in Louisiana and investments in railroad and steamship businesses.

After the Civil War, Patterson defended his Civil War performance with his book, A Narrative of the Campaign in the Valley of the Shenandoah, in 1861, published in 1865.

Political career
Patterson was influential in Pennsylvania politics as a Jacksonian Democrat. He was one of the five Col. Pattersons in the Pennsylvania Convention who nominated Andrew Jackson for the presidency and in 1836 was President of the Pennsylvania Electoral College that cast the vote for Martin Van Buren.

During the contested election of President Rutherford B. Hayes, Patterson was asked by President Ulysses S. Grant to travel to Washington, D.C. and negotiate with congressional members from the South.

Personal life
In 1817, he married Sarah Engle of the Germantown neighborhood of Philadelphia.

He was appointed president of the board of visitors to West Point twice - the first time by General Andrew Jackson in 1835 and the second time by President Rutherford B. Hayes.

He was president of the Aztec Club of 1847 from 1867 to 1881 and was a Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. During his tenure as President of the Aztec Club, the club successfully changed from a military society to a hereditary one.

He was a member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, a trustee of Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, from 1826 to 1835, and president of the college's board of trustees from 1876 to 1881.

Death and legacy
Patterson died in Philadelphia on August 7, 1881, at age 89, and was interred in Laurel Hill Cemetery. At his funeral, his pallbearers included Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, Fitz John Porter and Winfield Scott Hancock.

Patterson's mansion at the southwest corner of 13th and Locust Streets in Philadelphia was purchased from John Hare Powel in 1836. After Patterson's death in 1881, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania purchased the mansion to use as the society's headquarters. Between 1905 and 1909, the mansion was demolished, and a new building on the site was dedicated in 1910. Some of the foundation and fireplace mantels from the original mansion still remain.

Published works

 * A Narrative of the Campaign in the Valley of the Shenandoah, in 1861., Philadelphia: Sherman & Co., 1865

title: Robert Patterson


text: Template:User cy-1

title: Template:User cy-1


text:
Talk:Nazi salute

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:22, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
 * British Royal Family performing the Nazi salute in 1933.jpg

Legality in Poland
Statement that the Nazi salute is a criminal offence in Poland not accurate. From what I see the given source doesn't even mention Poland. In reality there is no law in Poland about the Nazi salute itself. It's a criminal offence to "publically propagate fascist or other totalitarian form of government" (Article 256 of Polish Penal Code).Monsieur empereur (talk) 20:43, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

"Sieg Heil!" ('Hail victory!')
The German "Heil" does not carry the same connotations of the English "hail". Whereas "hail" is most commonly used as a greeting or a salute, "Heil" translates more accurately as "salvation" or "good health". A more accurate translation therefore is "Victory brings salvation" or "Victory is salvation". https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sieg_Heil JMGN (talk) 23:59, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
 * English "Hail" also means "good health", as in "hail and hearty". In any case, to make a change of this sort you would need a citations from a reliable source. !Beyond My Ken (talk)

What did Hitler say when saluting? ("Heil Hitler" or something else?)
Apokrif (talk) 20:45, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

no redirect for houthis
There is no redirect to the Houthis wiki page when it mentions them doing the salute. I've only recently used Wikipedia as anything more than an encyclopedia, so excuse me if I am misusing the talk page or something.

Edit: Just did something about it, not really sure what is going to happen now, but here we go. CeasefireNow (talk) 02:07, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

"Heil mein Führer!" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heil_mein_F%C3%BChrer!&redirect=no Heil mein Führer!] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Deauthorized. (talk) 16:08, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nazi salute


text: User talk:68.219.121.158

title: User talk:68.219.121.158


text:
Bill Callahan (American football)

William E. Callahan (born July 31, 1956) is an American football coach who is the offensive line coach for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He was the head coach of the Oakland Raiders in 2002 and 2003, leading them to Super Bowl XXXVII. He was also the head coach for the Nebraska Cornhuskers from 2004 to 2007 and interim head coach for the Washington Redskins in 2019. Callahan is considered to be one of the best offensive line coaches in the NFL. His son Brian is the head coach of the Titans.

College career
Callahan was a four-year starter at quarterback at Illinois Benedictine College in Lisle, Illinois, where he was an NAIA honorable mention All-American in his final two seasons.

Early coaching career
The Chicago native began his coaching career in 1978 with back-to-back year-long stints as an assistant coach at Oak Lawn Community High School and De La Salle Institute. Callahan started his college coaching career shortly after in 1980 as a graduate assistant at the University of Illinois before being promoted to full-time assistant in 1981, coaching tight ends, offensive line, quarterbacks and special teams through 1986.

Callahan served a two-year stint from 1987 to 1988, as offensive line coach at Northern Arizona University and one year as offensive coordinator of Southern Illinois in 1989. From 1990 to 1994, Callahan was offensive line coach at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He has been praised by former Wisconsin coach Barry Alvarez as being one of the primary reasons why the Badgers were able to turn their program around and eventually win three Rose Bowls in the 1990s. Alvarez cited Callahan specifically for his strong recruiting abilities.

At Southern Illinois in 1989, Callahan led an offense that ran for 1,245 yards and threw for 2,569 yards with 19 touchdowns. As of 2011, the 238 completions and 432 pass attempts were second most in school history in both categories.

At Wisconsin after a 1–10 season in 1990, Callahan helped pave the way for Terrell Fletcher to run for 446 yards in 1991. In 1992, that number jumped to 492 and Brent Moss ran for 739 yards and 9 touchdowns. By 1993, Wisconsin's offensive line paved the way for Moss' 1,637 yards and 16 touchdowns. Fletcher also ran for 996 yards and 9 touchdowns. Quarterback Darrell Bevell was able to throw for 19 touchdowns. In 1994, Bevell would throw 17 touchdowns and Fletcher would run for 1,476 yards and 12 touchdowns while Moss ran for 833 yards and 8 touchdowns. Some of the offensive linemen that Callahan coached during this period include Joe Panos, Joe Rudolph, Steve Stark, Mike Verstagen, and Cory Raymer.

Coaching career
Callahan started his NFL career as the offensive line coach for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1995 to 1997. He then spent four seasons as the Oakland Raiders offensive coordinator before being named the franchise's 13th head coach prior to the 2002 season. Callahan was the head coach of the Oakland Raiders of the NFL during the 2002 and 2003 seasons.

Oakland Raiders
In his first season as a head coach, Callahan led the Raiders to a third consecutive AFC West title and the franchise's first Super Bowl since returning to Oakland, making him just the fourth rookie head coach in NFL history to do so. The Raiders suffered a lopsided defeat in Super Bowl XXXVII losing 48–21 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers coached by his former boss Jon Gruden. It did not help that the Raiders were without starting center Barret Robbins, the leader of their offensive line. Robbins went into a manic episode after not taking his medication, and spent most of the day before the game in Tijuana believing the Raiders had already won. When he finally resurfaced, he was so incoherent that Callahan had no choice but to leave him off the roster.

Callahan is the third Raiders head coach to win an AFC West title and lead his team into the conference championship game in his first full season. Only Art Shell (1990) and John Madden (1969) had accomplished this feat.

Under Callahan's guidance, the Raiders led the NFL in passing for the first time in team history and led the league in total offense for just the second time in team history.

During his tenure as not only head coach but also offensive coordinator for the Raiders, the Raiders offense led the league in rushing in 2000 and led the league in passing in 2002. In 2002, the Raiders became the first team to win games in the same season while rushing at least 60 times (against the Kansas City Chiefs in a 24–0 win) and passing at least 60 times (against the Pittsburgh Steelers in a 30–17 win). The Raiders offense also set many franchise records during this period, including fewest sacks allowed (28) in 2000, a mark that was broken the following year (27).

Despite the success of the 2002 team, the Raiders had a losing record in 2003. After the Raiders got off to a 2–5 start, many of the players, in particular Charles Woodson, publicly criticized Callahan, even suggesting that Callahan was deliberately trying to "sabotage the season". According to Woodson, the Raiders locker room was almost in a state of mutiny against Callahan, a claim corroborated by veteran receiver Tim Brown and others. Callahan, his supporters claim, had recognized that the team was aging and needed younger talent. To get it, he would have to cut existing salaries, an assertion that did not sit well with many of the team's veterans. It did not help that quarterback Rich Gannon was sidelined with injuries for much of the season. On November 30, after a 22–8 loss to the Denver Broncos, Callahan said the Raiders must have been "the dumbest team in America in terms of playing the game." After a lackluster 4–12 season, Callahan was fired by Raiders owner Al Davis. Even though the Raiders had gone all the way to the Super Bowl a year earlier, Davis was not known for being patient with his coaches. Callahan was the last Raiders head coach to post a winning season until Jack Del Rio in 2016.

Controversy surrounding Super Bowl XXXVII
In January 2013, Callahan was publicly accused of sabotaging Super Bowl XXXVII by several former players. According to comments by Tim Brown and others, the Raiders struggled on offense during the Super Bowl because of Callahan changing the game plan from a heavy run attack to a heavy passing one on the Friday before the game. Although some claim this was due to the Barret Robbins incident, Brown offered no proof for the sabotage claim, but said: "this is the problem we have, because of Callahan's relationship with Gruden, because of his disdain for the Raider organization; that's what makes people get to that conclusion." Rich Gannon defended Callahan, but did suggest that Oakland may have been disadvantaged by Callahan's failure to change the terminology for play calls at the line of scrimmage. According to Gannon, the same play names had been used during Gruden's tenure as Raiders coach, and Gruden had taught his Buccaneers defensive players these play names.

Jerry Rice, an NFL Hall of Famer who was a wide receiver for the Raiders at that time, was quoted as saying, "I was very surprised that he waited till the last second and I think a lot of the players they were surprised also so in a way maybe because he didn't like the Raiders he decided 'Hey look maybe we should sabotage just a little bit and let Jon Gruden go out and win this one.'"

Callahan has denied the allegations, stating that, "While I fully understand a competitive professional football player's disappointment when a game's outcome doesn't go his team's way, I am shocked, saddened and outraged by Tim Brown's allegations and Jerry Rice's support of those allegations made through various media outlets over the last 24 hours. To leave no doubt, I categorically and unequivocally deny the sum and substance of their allegations." Callahan further referred to the claim as "ludicrous and defamatory."

Brown backtracked from his comments a day later, denying having said that Callahan sabotaged the game.

Nebraska Cornhuskers
Soon after being fired by the Raiders, Callahan was hired at Nebraska. This would mark the first time in over four decades (since the hiring of Bob Devaney in 1962) that the Cornhuskers would be led by a head coach with no direct ties to the university either as a player or an assistant coach.

In his first season at Nebraska (2004), Callahan finished 5–6, giving the Cornhuskers their first losing season in more than 40 years. He had introduced the West Coast offense to a program that had traditionally relied on a strong option running attack.

The Cornhuskers finished 8–4 during his second season and won the 2005 Alamo Bowl by defeating No. 20 Michigan, 32–28. The 7–4 Wolverines were the highest-ranked opponent that Nebraska had defeated since a 20–10 win over No. 2 Oklahoma in October 2001. The Wolverines also were the highest-ranked opponent defeated by Nebraska away from home since a 66–17 win over Northwestern in the 2000 Alamo Bowl.

The 2006 team finished 9–5 and won the Big 12 North for the first time since 1999. The win over then No. 24-ranked Texas A&M marked Nebraska's first ever road win over a ranked Big 12 South team.

Many expected that the 2007 season would be a breakthrough year for Nebraska. However, the team fell well short of expectations. Nebraska was beaten by USC 49–31 in a nationally televised September 15 game, being outrushed by a 313 to 31 margin but outgaining USC in the passing game 389 to 144. A 41–6 thumping by Missouri started a five-game losing streak—the Cornhuskers' first since 1958. On October 15, 2007, Steve Pederson, the athletic director who had hired Callahan, was fired. Pederson was replaced on an interim basis by Nebraska's legendary former head coach, Tom Osborne.

On November 3, the Cornhuskers suffered a 76–39 pounding at the hands of Kansas. It was the most points a Cornhuskers team had ever surrendered at the time. The Cornhuskers followed this performance a week later with a win, scoring 73 points against Kansas State.

On November 24, 2007, a day after a 65–51 loss to rival Colorado, Callahan arrived at the team's practice facility at 6:30 a.m. He met briefly with Osborne and was fired. As he left the complex, he waved to reporters gathered outside. Osborne announced during a press conference held at the school that despite Callahan's ouster, he would still earn $3.1 million as part of his buyout.

While Nebraska's defense struggled during Callahan's tenure, numerous offensive school records were set (some of which could be attributed to the dramatic change in offensive philosophy) and quarterback Zac Taylor was named Big 12 Offensive Player of the Year for 2006. Callahan's tenure as Nebraska's head coach was primarily defined by an emphasis on recruiting (something many Nebraska fans felt was lacking during the previous coach's tenure ). For example, with the assistance of his recruiting coordinator John Blake, Nebraska recruited defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh (2009 AP Player of the Year, Nagurski Trophy winner, Heisman Trophy finalist, etc.) although Suh later stated that he would "probably be at Oregon State right now" had Callahan not been fired. Callahan's 2005 recruiting class was rated as top-five by Rivals and ESPN analyst Tom Lemming said they were "No. 1, without a doubt.".

Despite a 27–22 record, Callahan's tenure is considered to be a failure. He led the Cornhuskers to two losing seasons in four years. He also finished ranked in a major poll only once in four years after the Huskers had only finished unranked once since 1962. Streaks such as 35 straight years in a bowl game and decades of consecutive wins against Kansas were lost in his 4 year tenure. He was 3–10 against teams ranked in the Top 25, 27–2 in games in which he led at halftime, 0–17 in games in which he trailed at halftime, 25–21 against Division I opponents, 15–18 against the Big 12, and coached the program its only two losing seasons (out of 4 seasons at Nebraska) in 46 years. Sports Illustrated named Callahan as the worst coaching hire of the decade in college football. Exacerbating Cornhusker fans' consternation with Bill Callahan's tenure at the university was his insistence that he had "done an excellent job in every area."

New York Jets
On January 18, 2008, Callahan was hired as assistant head coach of the New York Jets. On January 2, 2009 Callahan interviewed for the position of head coach of the New York Jets.

In 2008, three of the offensive linemen (with Bill Callahan as their position coach) from the Jets were named to the Pro Bowl: Nick Mangold, Alan Faneca and D'Brickashaw Ferguson. All three repeated in 2009. Under Callahan's direction of the running game the Jets broke the franchise record in 2009 gaining 2756 yards on the ground through 16 regular season games. They led the National Football League in rushing and averaged 4.5 yards per attempt.

For the 2009 season, Peter King named Callahan the assistant coach of the year.

Dallas Cowboys
The Dallas Cowboys hired Callahan as their offensive line coach during the 2012 offseason. On June 4, 2013, Dallas owner Jerry Jones announced that Callahan would call plays on offense during the upcoming 2013 season, allowing head coach Jason Garrett to focus on game-management. After being the offensive coordinator for the Cowboys during the 2013 season, he was stripped of his play calling duties. During the 2014 off-season, the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens both asked Dallas for permission to interview Callahan for their open offensive coordinator positions, but Dallas declined. Dallas let Callahan's contract as offensive line coach expire after the 2014-2015 season, allowing him to seek other opportunities. At the time, Callahan was considered among the best offensive line coaches in the NFL, and some considered him to be the leading reason behind the success of the Dallas Cowboys offensive line, which had 3 linemen (Tyron Smith, Zack Martin, and Travis Frederick) named to the 2014 All-Pro Team.

Washington Redskins
On January 15, 2015, the Washington Redskins hired Callahan as their offensive line coach. On March 15, 2017, Washington promoted Callahan to assistant head coach in addition to his offensive line duties. On October 7, 2019, following a 0–5 start to their 2019 season, Washington fired head coach Jay Gruden and named Callahan the interim head coach for the rest of the season. Callahan went 3-8 in his stint as interim coach. The Redskins hired Ron Rivera shortly after the conclusion of the season.

Cleveland Browns
On January 31, 2020, Callahan was hired by the Cleveland Browns as their offensive line coach under head coach Kevin Stefanski. He missed the team's Wild Card playoff game against the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 10, 2021, due to COVID-19 protocols, but returned for the next playoff game.

On January 20, 2023, Callahan nixed an offensive coordinator interview he had had with the New York Jets and agreed to contract extension with the Browns.

Tennessee Titans
On February 13, 2024, Callahan was hired by the Tennessee Titans as their offensive line coach to work under his son, Brian, who was hired as the team's new head coach.

NFL
* – Interim head coach

title: Bill Callahan (American football)


text:
Hansville, Washington

Hansville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. Its population was 3,858 as of the 2020 census. The coastal community is located at the northern end of the Kitsap Peninsula and is about 16 mi northeast of Poulsbo, the nearest city.

19th century
Point No Point was first sighted by a European settler, and given its English name, during the United States Exploring Expedition of Puget Sound in 1841. Expedition leader Charles Wilkes gave the site its name because it appears much less of a promontory at close range than it does from a distance.

On January 25, 1855, Isaac Stevens, the governor of the newly organized Washington Territory, summoned a treaty council to Point No Point, which was attended by 1,200 American Indians of the Chimakum, Klallam, and Skokomish tribes, Point No Point being a central midpoint between the tribal centers. The Point No Point Treaty was signed between the United States and the delegates of the tribes the following day. The first non-indigenous residents of Hansville were the lightkeepers of the Point No Point Light, which was constructed in 1879. In 1893 a Norwegian fisherman, the community's first permanent settler not affiliated with the lighthouse, came to the area. He was soon followed by other Norwegian emigres, including Hans Zachariasen, for whom Hansville was ultimately named.

20th century
In 1900 the Hansville Community Church was founded, with the first permanent structure for the congregation built nine years later. Hansville was connected to Point No Point and its lighthouse by a road constructed in 1908. In 1924 another road was built 10 mi south to Kingston, allowing access to the isolated community by means other than boat or trail for the first time. The addition of the road helped develop Hansville into a resort fishing destination, but a decline in the sports fishery in the 1960s led to the closure of the lodges. In 1962 Driftwood Key was platted with 59 lots on the west side of the peninsula, 1.5 mi southwest of the original settlement of Hansville. By 2008 the homeowner association had grown to become the largest neighborhood in Hansville with 732 properties, approximately one-third of the residential lots in the community.

Geography
Hansville is situated at the north end of the Kitsap Peninsula, 10 mi north of Kingston. On the west side of Hansville lies Hood Canal and Coon Bay. The Foulweather Bluff is a small elevated peninsula at the extreme northwest tip of the Kitsap Peninsula, while Point No Point resides to the east, facing Puget Sound. The Columbia Center in Seattle is distantly visible to the southeast.

The Hansville CDP is bordered to the south by the Port Gamble Tribal Community, to the west across Hood Canal by Jefferson County, and to the northeast across Admiralty Inlet by Whidbey Island in Island County.

Demographics
A 2010 survey conducted by Kitsap County found that about 70 percent of residents of Hansville lived in the community full-time, while the remainder maintained homes in the area as weekend or summer properties.

Parks and recreation

The three county parks in Hansville are connected by a network of trails created by conservation easements and collectively known as the Hansville Greenway.

Buck Lake County Park
Buck Lake County Park is a 20 acre park that includes the namesake Buck Lake. The park is owned and operated by Kitsap County and is co-located with the Buck Lake Native Plant Garden, a demonstration garden of plants native to coastal Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia that is curated by a private non-profit association. The garden was established in 2006 and includes more than 100 species of flora.

Norwegian Point County Park
Norwegian Point County Park is a 3 acre waterfront park that overlooks Admiralty Inlet and Whidbey Island. It includes a six-sided gazebo. The preserved remnants of one of Hansville's former fishing resorts is located at the site.

Point No Point Lighthouse and Park
Point No Point Lighthouse and Park, a 60 acre park managed by Kitsap County, includes the historic Point No Point Light, which is operated and maintained by the United States Lighthouse Society. Built in 1879, Point No Point Light is considered the oldest lighthouse on Puget Sound and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Administration
As an unincorporated, rural area, most local government services are provided by Kitsap County in the absence of a municipal authority. The majority of residences in Hansville are located in one of four homeowner associations: Driftwood Key, Shore Woods, Cliffside, and Point No Point View Estates. A locally governed fire protection service was established in 1951 with the creation of North Kitsap Fire District 14, which operated as a volunteer fire department until 1989, when it became a mixed department staffed by both volunteer and professional firefighters. In 2000 the fire district was consolidated into North Kitsap Fire and Rescue, which also serves the communities of Kingston, Eglon, Suquamish, and Indianola, with a total area of 47 sqmi and approximately 18,000 residents. According to the department, it operates four fire engines, one type 6 wildland fire engine, two basic life support ambulances, one advanced life support ambulance, three water tenders, and one 26-foot rescue boat, divided among four stations, one of which, Station 89, is located in Hansville.

Politics
Hansville sits entirely within Washington's 6th congressional district and Washington's 23rd legislative district.

Infrastructure
Water in Hansville is provided by Kitsap Public Utilities, a special government entity whose boundaries are parallel to those of Kitsap County. Kitsap Public Utilities is governed by a three-member board of commissioners, elected by district. Hansville is part of Kitsap Public Utilities' northern district. Residential electricity is provided by Puget Sound Energy.

Media
The only general media sited in the community is the Hansville Log, a monthly newsletter published by the Greater Hansville Community Center.

The North Kitsap Herald, which was established in 1901 and whose offices are in Poulsbo, is a weekly newspaper that serves Hansville, Suquamish, Kingston, Indianola, Keyport, and Poulsbo. It has a circulation of 12,700. The community is in the delivery area of two daily newspapers: the Kitsap Sun and the Seattle Times. For television broadcasting, Hansville is located in the Seattle-Tacoma designated market area.

Notable people

 * Allan "Whitey" Snyder, theatrical make-up artist
 * Jim Warren, electronic privacy activist
 * Thomas "Shaggy" Rasmussen, artist

title: Hansville, Washington


text:
Adam Rapacki

Adam Rapacki (24 December 1909 – 10 October 1970) was a leading Polish Communist politician and diplomat from 1947 to 1968. He started in the socialist movement but in 1948 joined the Central Committee of the new Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and became a member of its Politburo. It had very close ties to the Kremlin. He is best known for his 1957 proposal for the creation of nuclear-free zones in Europe; it was never adopted. He maintained good relations with East Germany while warning against West German expansionism. Piotr Wandycz considers that he was well educated, cosmopolitan, pragmatic, liberal and ambitious, and imbued with a sense of patriotism and belief in cooperation with the left in Western Europe.

Biography
Rapacki was born by Marian Rapacki and Maria Rapacka in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (modern Lviv, Ukraine) on 24 December 1909. Due the start of World War I, he and his parents moved to Piotrków Trybunalski, and to Warsaw in 1919. During his early life in the city, he attended gymnasium from 1920 to 1929, and the SGH Warsaw School of Economics from 1929 to 1931. In 1931, he joined the Union of Independent Socialist Youth, a Socialist group operating in Warsaw.

After graduating university in 1932, he joined the 28th Infantry Division, and continuing his career in the Union, he shortly became a member of its council. He often took part in fights with the National Radical Camp and demonstrations. Recruited to the army on the 24 August 1939, he fought in the invasion of Poland by Germany as a second lieutenant and the leader of a platoon in the 36th Infantry Regiment of the Academic League. He was taken into captivity on the 22 September near the Modlin Fortress and spent the rest of World War II in prisoner-of-war camps. Rapacki engaged in many rebellious activities, such as writing anti-Nazi books and secret newspapers, joined leftist groups and learnt Russian. Freed in April 1945, he returned to Poland in July.

He joined the Polish Socialist Party in August 1945 and moved to Warsaw in January 1946. In August, along with a group of Polish socialists, he entered the party's Central Committee. He joined the preparation for the upcoming elections to the Legislative Sejm, and during the 1947 Polish legislative election, he was appointed an envoy. He was appointed Minister of Shipping on 16 April 1947. From 11 January to 15 December 1948, he played an important role in the PSP. He then was elected as part of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party.

During his term as the Minister of Shipping, he focused mainly on rebuilding and expanding the trading fleet. He was Minister of Higher Education (Higher Education and Science to 1951) from 1950 to 1956.

From 1956 to 1968, he was the foreign minister in the cabinet of Józef Cyrankiewicz. As a Foreign Minister, he was especially close to the director-general of the Foreign Ministry, Przemysław Ogrodziński, a man whose background as a socialist turned communist was precisely as same as his. Ogrodziński served as his principal adviser.

As Foreign Minister, Rapacki was considered be one of the leaders of the liberalising wing of the United Workers' Party that was known for favouring an ease of repression and censorship, which gave him a certain popularity.

Radio Free Europe, a radio station owned by the American government had making claims throughout the 1950s that the US stood behind the "rollback" of Communism and promised the peoples of Eastern Europeans that if they rose up against their communist regimes, the Americand would intervene with military force. In 1956, the Hungarians followed the advice of Radio Free Europe and rose up, only to be crushed by the Red Army: the US did not intervene for fear of causing a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. From the Polish perspective, the hollowness of the claims of Radio Free Europe, together with crushing of the Hungarian uprising, showed there was no point in trying to overthrow the communist regime, and the best that could be done at present was to improve the it. At the same time, the Polish October uprising, which seen the Stalinist leadership in Warsaw overthrown by a reformist faction of the United Workers's People over the face of Soviet objections, gave hope that Poland would become more independent.

The principal concerns of Polish foreign policy in the 1950s was the rejection by the West German government of the Oder-Neisse line as Germany's eastern frontier and the claim that all areas of Poland that had been part of Germany in 1937 were being illegally occupied by Poland. In 1955, at a meeting of the NATO Council, the West German government requested for the Bundeswehr to be armed with nuclear weapons, a request that caused much alarm in Warsaw.

The 1956 Suez Crisis revealed the unity of the West were less than what it had proclaimed. That certainly gave Rapacki hope that disagreements between Britain and France with the United States might be exploited by Polish diplomacy to achieve its goals, the most important of which was to prevent West Germany from acquiring nuclear weapons, which might someday be used against Poland.

On 2 October 1957, he presented at the United Nations his plan for a nuclear-free zone in Central Europe (comprising Czechoslovakia, Poland, East and West Germany), known as the "Rapacki Plan". The West rejected the plan because it feared the massive conventional forces in the East.

Rapacki died in Warsaw, aged 60, on 10 October 1970.

Civilian, national and military orders
Rapacki was awarded multiple orders, including the Order of the Builders of People's Poland, the Order of the Banner of Work, the Order of the Southern Cross, and in 1965 the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. He was awarded the Order of the People's Republic of Bulgaria by Todor Zhivkov in 1967.

title: Adam Rapacki


text:
File talk:Act - Snobbery And Decay 45 single picture-cover.jpg

Untitled
Just in case anyone's wondering, Liberace really IS that colour on the sleeve. Ian Dunster 09:32, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)