text:
B(if)tek

B(if)tek was an Australian electronic music duo comprising Kate Crawford and Nicole Skeltys, which formed in Canberra in 1994. They released three albums, Sub-Vocal Theme Park (1996), 2020 (2000) and Frequencies Will Move Together (2003) before disbanding in 2003. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1999, B(if)tek were nominated as Best Dance Release for the track "Bedrock", which appeared on their second album. The group also composed a four-minute soundtrack for the Kspace exhibition at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra.

1994-2003: B(if)tek
In 1994, in Canberra Kate Crawford and Nicole Skeltys formed B(if)tek as an electronic music group, and began writing material for their first album, Sub-Vocal Theme Park (1996). Biftek comes from French le biftek, which is borrowed from the English "beefsteak", while the English "beef" is originally from the French le bœuf. It was sourced from Jean-Luc Goddard's 1961 film, Une femme est une femme. According to the band's website, the album was recorded by the duo during 1995 and 1996 in a local suburban garage and was released as a limited edition of 500 copies on the independent Geekgirl label.

Blatant Propaganda's reviewer felt that Sub-Vocal Theme Park showed "a range of cruisey analogue-synth based tracks... Trippy listening music, with lots of burbling bass, mellow grooves, occasional samples, and spluttering filtered percussions." B(if)tek had a close association with the Clan Analogue collective.

By 2000, the duo were based in Melbourne, they had signed with the Murmur label, distributed by Sony Music Australia.

For their 2003 album, Frequencies will move together, the band received a grant from the Federal Government to investigate the effects of low frequency sounds on people.

2004-present: After break-up
After the split, Nicole Skeltys changed musical direction, forming the psychedelic folk band Dust and releasing the album Songs in 2007. In late 2007, she formed the band The Jilted Brides and released the album Larceny of Love. Since 2008, she has been based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

In 2006, Kate Crawford began hosting an experimental music television show Set on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. She is also an author and academic and lives and works in Sydney.

In 2019, Kate Crawford, as one half of a duo named Metric Systems, released an album on Best Effort Records, named People in the Dark. Metric Systems is a collaboration with Bo Daley of Dark Network. The eight songs that make up 'People in the Dark' were recorded in studios across Sydney, Melbourne, Berlin, and New York over a sixteen-year span. The album draws from a large archive of recordings that move between minimal techno, modular downtempo, and more abstract electroacoustic experimentation.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. B(if)tek were nominated for one award.

 * 1999
 * "Bedrock"
 * Best Dance Release
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: B(if)tek


text:
Low Thia Khiang

Low Thia Khiang (born 5 September 1956) is a Singaporean former politician. A member of the Workers' Party (WP), Low was one of the two opposition MPs in Parliament between 1997 and 2011 and served as Secretary-General of the WP between 2001 and 2018. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Hougang SMC between 1991 and 2011, and also Aljunied GRC representing Bedok Reservoir — Punggol division between 2011 and 2020.

Low made his political debut in the 1991 general election where he contested in Hougang SMC as a WP candidate. He was appointed Secretary-General of the Workers' Party since 27 May 2001.

During the 2011 general election, Low decided not to seek re-election in Hougang SMC and instead contested in Aljunied GRC and led the party into a historic breakthrough when his team won the first group representation constituency (GRC) from the governing People's Action Party (PAP). Low became one of five elected opposition MPs for Aljunied GRC in the 13th Parliament and represented the Bedok Reservoir–Punggol division between 2011 and 2020. He was the de facto Leader of the Opposition after the 2015 general election after his team won Aljunied GRC and retained back Hougang SMC. He served as the de facto Leader of the Opposition between 2006 and 2018.

As part of a leadership renewal, Low was succeeded by Pritam Singh as Secretary-General in 2018, and also stepped down as the MP for Aljunied GRC prior to the 2020 general election, making him Singapore's longest-serving opposition Member of Parliament with 29 years in service. He has indicated his desire to remain active in politics.

Early life
Low studied at Lik Teck Primary School and Chung Cheng High School before he attended Nanyang University, where he majored in Chinese language and literature, and government and public administration. In 1981, he completed a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Chinese studies at the National University of Singapore. In 1982, he completed a diploma in education. He worked as a teacher for a few years before starting his own business.

Political career
Low joined the Workers' Party (WP) in 1982, and was subsequently appointed as its Organising Secretary. At the 1984 general election, he was the election agent for the party's secretary-general, J. B. Jeyaretnam, in his successful campaign to win Anson constituency.

Low is well known for giving speeches in Teochew, which have won him much support from a large number of Teochew-speaking residents in Hougang SMC.

In the 2016 Workers' Party Central Executive Committee (CEC) elections, Low's position of secretary-general was contended by fellow Aljunied MP Chen Show Mao. This was the first time Low was challenged for the post since he took it up in 2001. Low retained his seat with 61 votes, to Chen's 45. Chen remains in the CEC as a member.

Low announced at his party's 60th anniversary dinner that he would not be contesting for the post of secretary-general for the 2018 party elections and would step down to renew leadership in WP after being at its helm for 17 years. Low formally stepped down as WP chief on 8 April 2018. Chan Chun Sing, the Minister for Trade and Industry, subsequently praised Low at a Parliament sitting on 15 May 2018 for the role he played in Parliament, acknowledging him as "a fellow Singaporean and very much part of Team Singapore", and that while the PAP may not always agree with Low's perspectives or methods, the PAP nevertheless appreciate(d) his efforts to work together to build a better Singapore.

1988 General Election
In 1988, Low represented the WP in a televised debate with the PAP government on proposals to create an elected Presidency for Singapore, during which he engaged Ong Teng Cheong and Lee Hsien Loong, who later became the President and Prime Minister of Singapore respectively. In the general election later that year, Low, together with Gopalan Nair and Lim Lye Soon, contested Tiong Bahru GRC against the PAP and won 42.2% of the vote while the PAP won 57.8% of the vote.

1991 General Election
In 1991, Low, as the Workers' Party's assistant secretary-general, won the single-member constituency (SMC) of Hougang in the 1991 general election and entered Parliament. In 1992, Low was appointed by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong as a member of the Cost Review Committee. After a year of intensive study, Low decided to produce his own independent report as he had a different perspective from the other members of the committee.

1997 General Election
Low was re-elected as the MP for Hougang SMC at the 1997 general election, his second election victory in Hougang.

2001 General Election
On 27 May 2001, Low became the secretary-general of the Workers' Party, replacing J. B. Jeyaretnam. He was re-elected again as the MP for Hougang at the 2001 general election.

2006 General Election
At the 2006 general elections, Low won his fourth straight term for the Hougang constituency. He received 13,987 of the votes cast, a 62.74 per cent victory margin which was an increase of 7.74% from the last general election in November 2001. His opponent from the People's Action Party, Eric Low, received 8,306 votes.

2011 General Election
Between 1997 and 2011, Low from WP and Chiam See Tong from the Singapore People's Party (SPP) were the only elected opposition Members of Parliament (MP) in Parliament.

During the 2011 general election, Low and Chiam left their respective strongholds in Hougang and Potong Pasir SMC to challenge the ruling PAP in Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs). Low's team along with Pritam Singh, Sylvia Lim, Muhamad Faisal Manap and Chen Show Mao would challenge the ruling PAP in Aljunied GRC, while Chiam would contest the Bishan–Toa Payoh GRC. In so doing, Low and Chiam risked a situation where there would be no elected opposition MPs in Parliament had they lost.

Low's gambit paid off as he led the Workers' Party to a historic breakthrough in the election, with a victory in Aljunied GRC but Chiam lost in Bishan–Toa Payoh GRC. The win marked the first time that an opposition party won a GRC. As a result of the victory, the Workers' Party had a total of six elected MPs in Parliament, including the seat in Hougang SMC (which was retained by Low's party member, Yaw Shin Leong).

2015 General Election
At the 2015 general election, Low's team along with Pritam Singh, Sylvia Lim, Muhamad Faisal Manap and Chen Show Mao won and retained their seats in Aljunied GRC. However, the team's votes share decreased to 50.96%, a drop of 3.76%, with a narrow margin of 1.9% (2,626 votes). As the margin was within the 2% range, there was a recount. This was Low's sixth continuous win as an elected opposition MP (four in Hougang SMC and two in Aljunied GRC). He is one of few elected opposition MPs to successfully defend a GRC as an incumbent; he also tied with Chiam for electing the most number of times for an opposition candidate, with six terms.

2020: Post-political career
On 30 April 2020, Low was hospitalised at an intensive care unit in Khoo Teck Puat Hospital as a result of a head injury. While still recuperating, Workers' Party announced that Low would not contest in the 2020 general election in a move to "broaden its leadership base and also remain in touch with the ground as Singapore's population changes".

In interviews following the decision not to contest, Low stated that it is unlikely he would make a political comeback in the future. Low felt that he had achieved his goals of securing a group representation constituency, which he did with the 2011 general election, and to renew the party leadership. Pritam Singh succeeded Low as the secretary-general. Low would remain involved with the party in a mentoring role, advising the present leadership when asked.

Personal life
Low first met Han Mui Keow while they were students at Chung Cheng High School in 1973. They were married in 1982 and had two sons and a daughter. He is a Buddhist.

On 30 April 2020, Low was hospitalised at an intensive care unit in Khoo Teck Puat Hospital as a result of a head injury. On 4 May, Low was transferred to the general ward, and remained until he was discharged on 21 May. The fall affected his olfactory nerve centre, robbing him his sense of smell.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Low Thia Khiang


text: Category:489 BC deaths

title: Category:489 BC deaths


text:
Gateway Bridge (disambiguation)

Gateway Bridge may refer to:
 * Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges or Gateway Bridge, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 * Gateway International Bridge, a bridge between Brownsville, Texas, United States and Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico
 * Thames Gateway Bridge, a proposed new crossing of the River Thames, in east London, England
 * Gateway Bridge (Illinois-Iowa), over the Mississippi River, in Clinton, Iowa, United States
 * Gateway Bridge (Michigan), in Taylor, Michigan
 * Korean War Veterans Memorial Bridge or Gateway Bridge, in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.

title: Gateway Bridge (disambiguation)


text:
Yukmouth

Jerold Dwight Ellis III (born October 18, 1974), better known by his stage name Yukmouth, is an American rapper. He is the founder of The Regime, Smoke-A-Lot Records and Godzilla Entertainment.

Career
Yukmouth is a member of the rap duo Luniz, along with Numskull. Luniz recorded the weed anthem, "I Got 5 on It". Yukmouth signed a solo record deal at J-Prince's Rap-a-Lot Records, releasing four albums. His double album debut on the label, entitled Thugged Out: The Albulation, went gold. Under his own label, Smoke-a-Lot Records, he has released DVDs and compilation albums, such as the United Ghettos of America series.

Smoke-A-Lot
Yukmouth is CEO of Smoke-A-Lot, which is distributed by Rap-a-Lot Records. The label is home to established artists such as Luniz, Dru Down, Thug Lordz (Yukmouth, C-Bo and Spice 1), The Regime, and Yukmouth himself.

Godzilla Entertainment
Godzilla Entertainment was an American record label founded and owned by rapper Yukmouth of the popular 1990s rap group The Luniz, and operated by both Yukmouth and Kat Gaynor (who also acts as Yukmouth and The Regime's manager). The name comes from Yukmouth's popular 2003 album, Godzilla. It was initially created to serve as an independent record distribution company for official mixtapes released on Smoke-A-Lot Records. The first few releases through Godzilla was the heavily popular All Out War mixtape series which were done as a joint venture with the Cali Untouchable DJs and Rapbay.com. The initial logo featured an edited version of the Aston Martin logo which was later replaced by a more independent logo which features the Smoke-A-Lot Records dragon logo encircled by the words "Godzilla Ent.". In May 2007 Yukmouth closed down the label and merged all of its duties with the parent Smoke-A-Lot Records after pressure from Toho Co. Ltd., the owners of the name Godzilla.

Closure
Upon receiving pressure from the owners of the copyright to the name Godzilla, Yukmouth closed down the Godzilla subset label and now releases projects solely on the Smoke-A-Lot Records imprint. All media pertaining to the name Godzilla, including logos, t-shirts and other media were removed from the official Smoke-A-Lot website shortly after.

Releases

 * The Regime - All Out War Vol. 1
 * The Regime - All Out War Vol. 2
 * The Regime - All Out War Vol. 3
 * Ampichino - AK-47 Soundtrack to the Street
 * Young Skrilla - Superheroes: Hot az a Heata Vol. 2
 * Yukmouth - Million Dollar Mixtape
 * Yukmouth - The City of Dope Vol. 1

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Thugged Out: The Albulation (1998)
 * Thug Lord: The New Testament (2001)
 * Godzilla (2003)
 * Million Dollar Mouthpiece (2008)
 * The West Coast Don (2009)
 * Free at Last (2010)
 * The Tonite Show: Thuggin' & Mobbin' (2011)
 * Half Baked (2012)
 * GAS (Grow and Sale) (2014)
 * JJ Based on a Vill Story (2017)
 * JJ Based on a Vill Story Two (2017)
 * JJ Based on a Vill Story Three (2018)

Filmography

 * Original Gangstas (1996)
 * Mexican Blow (also released as Warrior) (2002) - The Midnight Sun
 * United Ghettos of America vol. 1 (2002)
 * United Ghettos of America vol. 2 (2004)
 * T9X: The Tech N9ne Experience (2004)
 * United Ghettos of America: Eye Candy (2007)
 * Yukmouth Uncut (2007)
 * Million Dollar DVD (2007)

title: Yukmouth


text:
India at the 1988 Summer Olympics

India competed in seven events at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, winning no medals.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
In India's first appearance in Olympic archery, the nation was represented by three men.

Men

Hockey
The results of the Indian Olympic field hockey teams are as follows:

Team Roster

 * Maneypandu Somaya (captain)
 * Rajinder Singh (goalkeeper)
 * Pargat Singh
 * Ashok Kumar
 * Mohinder Pal Singh
 * Vivek Singh
 * Sujit Kumar
 * Subrami Balanda Kalaiash
 * Mohammed Shahid
 * Sebastian Jude Felix
 * Balwinder Singh
 * Mervyn Fernandis
 * Thoiba Singh
 * Gundeep Kumar
 * Jagbir Singh
 * Mark Patterson (goalkeeper)

 * Head coach: Ganbash Mollera Poovaiah

Preliminary round
Group B

Classification round
5-8th Place Play-off 5th Place Play-off

title: India at the 1988 Summer Olympics


text:
Brazil at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Brazil competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. 160 competitors, 127 men and 33 women, took part in 106 events in 21 sports. Brazilians conquered 6 medals in Seoul, but only one gold medal.

Aurelio Miguel Fernandez became the first Brazilian judoka to win a gold medal. He defeated Marc Meiling from West Germany in men's 95 kg category.

The previous Olympic champion runner Joaquim Cruz won the silver medal in men's 800 metres.

Men's Brazil Olympic football team was silver medalist led by Romário and Bebeto. They lost the final by 2 - 1 at extra time against Soviet Union

Robson Caetano was the first Brazilian sprinter to win an Olympic medal, a bronze in the men's 200 metres.

The other two bronze medals were obtained in sailing. Together with Nelson Falcão, Torben Grael won the medal at Star class. It was Torben Grael's second olympic medal. Torben's brother Lars Grael and Clinio Freitas obtained the bronze at Tornado class.

Medalists

 * width=78% align=left valign=top |

 * style="text-align:left; width:22%; vertical-align:top;"|

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
In its third Olympic archery competition, Brazil sent two men.
 * Men

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

 * Women
 * Track & road events
 * Combined events – Heptathlon

Basketball

 * Summary

Men's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Quarterfinals

 * Classification round 5–8

 * Classification round 5/6

Boxing

 * Men

Cycling
Eight cyclists, all men, represented Brazil in 1988.

Track

 * 1000m time trial
 * Points race
 * Pursuit

Diving

 * Women

Fencing
Four fencers, all men, represented Brazil in 1988.

 * Men's foil
 * Antônio Machado
 * Roberto Lazzarini
 * Douglas Fonseca

 * Men's épée
 * Antônio Machado
 * Douglas Fonseca
 * Roberto Lazzarini

Team Roster

 * Claudio Taffarel
 * Zé Carlos
 * Jorginho
 * Luís Carlos Winck
 * André Cruz
 * João Santos Batista
 * Ademir
 * Mazinho
 * Edmar
 * Andrade
 * Careca Souza
 * Milton de Souza Filho
 * Geovani
 * Neto
 * Sergio Donizete
 * Bebeto
 * Aloísio
 * Romário

Judo

 * Men

Rowing

 * Men

Sailing

 * Men
 * Women
 * Open

Shooting

 * Men
 * Women
 * Open

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Synchronized swimming
Three synchronized swimmers represented Brazil in 1988.
 * Women

Preliminary round

 * Pool A

Team roster
Head coach: Paulo Freitas
 * Maurício Lima
 * Wagner Rocha
 * Paulo Rose
 * José Montanaro Junior
 * Paulo da Silva
 * Renan dal Zotto
 * William Silva
 * Amauri Ribeiro
 * Antônio Carlos Gouveia
 * Domingos Lampariello Neto
 * Leonidio de Pra Filho
 * André Ferreira

Preliminary round

 * Group B

Team roster
Head coach: Jorge de Barros
 * Kerly Santos
 * Ana Moser
 * Vera Mossa
 * Eliani Costa
 * Ana Richa
 * Dora Castanheira
 * Ana Claudia Ramos
 * Marcia Cunha
 * Ana Lucia Barros
 * Sandra Suruagy
 * Fernanda Venturini
 * Simone Storm

Weightlifting

 * Men

Wrestling

 * Men's freestyle

 * Men's Greco-Roman

title: Brazil at the 1988 Summer Olympics


text:
Tandem repeat locus

Variable number of tandem repeat locus (VNTR locus) is any DNA sequence that exist in multiple copies strung together in a variety of tandem lengths. The number of repeat copies present at a locus can be visualized by means of a Multi-locus or Multiple Loci VNTR Analysis (MLVA). In short, oligonucleotide primers are developed for each specific tandem repeat locus, followed by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. When the length of the repeat and the size of the flanking regions is known, the number of repeats can be calculated. Analysis of multiple loci will result in a genotype.

title: Tandem repeat locus


text:
China at the 1988 Summer Olympics

The People's Republic of China competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. 273 competitors, 149 men and 124 women, took part in 150 events in 25 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
The People's Republic of China sent three men and three women to Seoul for archery. The women were the more successful squad, taking ninth place in the team round.

Men

Women

Athletics
Men's Marathon
 * Cai Shangyan
 * Final — 2:17.54 (→ 26th place)
 * Zhang Guowei
 * Final — 2:22.49 (→ 38th place)

Men's Long Jump
 * Pang Yan
 * Qualification — 7.79m
 * Final — 7.86m (→ 9th place)
 * Chen Zunrong
 * Qualification — 7.66m (→ did not advance)

Men's Shot Put
 * Ma Yongfeng
 * Qualification – 18.27m (→ did not advance)

Men's Decathlon
 * Gong Guohua — 7213 points (→ 31st place)
 * 100 metres — 11.43s
 * Long Jump — 6.22m
 * Shot Put — 13.98m
 * High Jump — 1.91m
 * 400 metres — 51.25s
 * 110m Hurdles — 15.88s
 * Discus Throw — 46.18m
 * Pole Vault — 4.60m
 * Javelin Throw — 57.84m
 * 1.500 metres — 4:54.99s

Men's 50 km Walk
 * Li Baojin
 * Final — 4'00:07 (→ 28th place)

Women's Marathon
 * Zhao Youfeng
 * Final — 2"27.06 (→ 5th place)
 * Zhong Huandi
 * Final — 2"36.02 (→ 30th place)
 * Li Juan
 * Final — 2"53.08 (→ 54th place)

Women's Discus Throw
 * Hou Xuemei
 * Qualification – 62.64m
 * Final – 65.94m (→ 8th place)
 * Yu Hourun
 * Qualification – 62.86m
 * Final – 64.08m (→ 9th place)
 * Xing Ailan
 * Qualification – 59.26m (→ did not advance)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Li Baolian
 * Qualification – 58.92m (→ did not advance)
 * Zhou Yuanxiang
 * Qualification – 56.36m (→ did not advance)

Women's Shot Put
 * Li Meisu
 * Qualification – 20.30m
 * Final – 21.06m (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)
 * Huang Zhihong
 * Qualification – 19.71m
 * Final – 19.82m (→ 8th place)
 * Cong Yuzhen
 * Qualification – 19.56m
 * Final – 19.69m (→ 9th place)

Women's Heptathlon
 * Dong Yuping
 * Final Result — 6087 points (→ 16th place)

Men's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Classification round 9–12

 * Classification round 11/12

Women's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Classification 5–8

 * Classification 5/6

Canoeing
Men

Road
Men

Women

Track
Sprints

Fencing
15 fencers, 10 men and 5 women, represented China in 1988.

 * Men's foil
 * Liu Yunhong
 * Zhang Zhicheng
 * Lao Shaopei

 * Men's team foil
 * Lao Shaopei, Liu Yunhong, Ye Chong, Zhang Zhicheng

 * Men's épée
 * Du Zhencheng
 * Ma Zhi

 * Men's sabre
 * Zheng Zhaokang
 * Jia Guihua
 * Wang Zhiming

 * Men's team sabre
 * Jia Guihua, Wang Ruiji, Wang Zhiming, Zheng Zhaokang

 * Women's foil
 * Sun Hongyun
 * Jujie Luan
 * Zhu Qingyuan

 * Women's team foil
 * Li Huahua, Jujie Luan, Sun Hongyun, Xiao Aihua, Zhu Qingyuan

Modern pentathlon
One male pentathlete represented China in 1988.

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Zhang Bin — 4081pts (→ 59th place)

Men's Team Competition:
 * Zhang — 4081pts (→ 24th place)

Swimming
Men's 50 m Freestyle
 * Shen Jianqiang
 * Heat – 23.41
 * B-Final – 23.40 (→ 12th place)
 * Feng Qiangbiao
 * Heat – 23.47 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Men's 100 m Freestyle
 * Shen Jianqiang
 * Heat – 51.40 (→ did not advance, 27th place)
 * Feng Qiangbiao
 * Heat – 52.45 (→ did not advance, 38th place)

Men's 200 m Freestyle
 * Xie Jun
 * Heat – 1:55.04 (→ did not advance, 39th place)

Men's 1500 m Freestyle
 * Wang Dali
 * Heat – 15:45.96 (→ did not advance, 24th place)

Men's 100 m Backstroke
 * Lin Laijiu
 * Heat – 57.74 (→ did not advance, 18th place)
 * Huang Guoxiong
 * Heat – 59.36 (→ did not advance, 35th place)

Men's 200 m Backstroke
 * Lin Laijiu
 * Heat – 2:08.28 (→ did not advance, 30th place)

Men's 100 m Breaststroke
 * Chen Jianhong
 * Heat – 1:04.09
 * B-Final – 1:04.72 (→ 16th place)
 * Jin Fu
 * Heat – 1:05.02 (→ did not advance, 30th place)

Men's 200 m Breaststroke
 * Chang Qing
 * Heat – 2:24.45 (→ did not advance, 35th place)
 * Jin Fu
 * Heat – 2:26.05 (→ did not advance, 38th place)

Men's 100 m Butterfly
 * Zhan Jiang
 * Heat – 54.69
 * B-Final – 54.50 (→ 9th place)
 * Zheng Jian
 * Heat – 54.86
 * B-Final – 55.05 (→ 15th place)

Men's 200 m Butterfly
 * Zhan Jiang
 * Heat – 2:02.29 (→ 18th place)

Men's 200 m Individual Medley
 * Xie Jun
 * Heat – 2:10.52 (→ did not advance, 31st place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Shen Jianqiang, Li Tao, Xie Jun, and Feng Qiangbiao
 * Heat – DSQ (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Lin Laijiu, Chen Jianhong, Zhan Jiang, and Shen Jianqiang
 * Heat – 3:48.18 (→ did not advance, 9th place)

Women's 50 m Freestyle
 * Yang Wenyi
 * Heat – 25.67
 * Final – 25.64 (→Silver medal.svg Silver Medal)
 * Xia Fujie
 * Heat – 26.66 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Women's 100 m Freestyle
 * Zhuang Yong
 * Heat – 55.84
 * Final – 55.47 (→Silver medal.svg Silver Medal)
 * Lou Yaping
 * Heat – 57.79 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Women's 200 m Freestyle
 * Zhuang Yong
 * Heat – 2:02.40
 * B-Final – 2:14.23 (→ 16th place)
 * Qian Hong
 * Heat – 2:12.44 (→ did not advance, 40th place)

Women's 400 m Freestyle
 * Yan Ming
 * Heat – 4:18.58 (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Women's 800 m Freestyle
 * Yan Ming
 * Heat – 9:00.81 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

Women's 100 m Backstroke
 * Wang Bolin
 * Heat – 1:05.15 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Women's 200 m Backstroke
 * Lin Li
 * Heat – 2:18.11
 * B-Final – 2:16.68 (→ 11th place)
 * Wang Bolin
 * Heat – 2:21.70 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Women's 100 m Breaststroke
 * Huang Xiaomin
 * Heat – 1:10.78
 * Final – 1:10.53 (→ 7th place)
 * Chen Huiling
 * Heat – 1:13.65 (→ did not advance, 27th place)

Women's 200 m Breaststroke
 * Huang Xiaomin
 * Heat – 2:30.03
 * Final – 2:27.49 (→ Silver medal.svg Silver Medal)
 * Chen Huiling
 * Heat – 2:45.87 (→ did not advance, 40th place)

Women's 100 m Butterfly
 * Qian Hong
 * Heat – 1:00.66
 * Final – 59.52 (→Bronze medal.svg Bronze Medal)
 * Wang Xiaohong
 * Heat – 1:01.16
 * Final – 1:01.15 (→ 8th place)

Women's 200 m Butterfly
 * Wang Xiaohong
 * Heat – 2:13.05
 * Final – 2:12.34 (→ 7th place)
 * Mo Wanlan
 * Heat – 2:19.56 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Women's 200 m Individual Medley
 * Lin Li
 * Heat – 2:17.09
 * Final – 2:17.42 (→ 7th place)

Women's 400 m Individual Medley
 * Lin Li
 * Heat – 4:48.89
 * Final – 4:47.05 (→ 7th place)
 * Yan Ming
 * Heat – 4:49.04
 * B-Final – 4:55.92 (→ 16th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Xia Fujie, Lou Yaping, Yang Wenyi, and Zhuang Yong
 * Heat – 3:46.36
 * Xia Fujie, Yang Wenyi, Lou Yaping, and Zhuang Yong
 * Final – 3:44.69 (→ 4th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Yang Wenyi, Huang Xiaomin, Qian Hong, and Zhuang Yong
 * Heat – DSQ (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Synchronized swimming
Three synchronized swimmers represented China in 1988.

 * Women's solo
 * Zhang Ying
 * Luo Xi
 * Tan Min

 * Women's duet
 * Luo Xi
 * Tan Min

Tennis
Men's Doubles Competition
 * Liu Shuhua and Ma Keqin
 * First Round – Lost to Miloslav Mečíř and Milan Šrejber (Czechoslovakia) 5-7 1-6 4-6

Women's Team Competition

 * Preliminary round (group B)
 * Defeated United States (3-0)
 * Lost to Peru (2-3)
 * Defeated Brazil (3-1)
 * Semi Finals
 * Lost to Soviet Union (0-3)
 * Final
 * Defeated Japan (3-0) → Bronze medal.svg Bronze Medal
 * Team Roster
 * Li Guojun
 * Hou Yuzhu
 * Yang Xilan
 * Su Huijuan
 * Jiang Ying
 * Cui Yongmei
 * Yang Xiaojun
 * Zheng Meizhu
 * Wu Dan
 * Li Yueming
 * Wang Yajun
 * Zhao Hong

Water polo
Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary round (group B)
 * Lost to Spain (6-13)
 * Lost to Greece (7-10)
 * Lost to United States (7-14)
 * Lost to Hungary (4-17)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (7-17)
 * Classification Round (Group E)
 * Lost to France (4-11)
 * Defeated South Korea (14-7) → Eleventh place
 * Team Roster
 * Ni Shiwei
 * Wang Minhui
 * Yang Yong
 * Yu Xiang
 * Huang Long
 * Huang Qijiang
 * Cui Shiping
 * Zhao Bilong
 * Li Jianxiong
 * Cai Shengliu
 * Wen Fan
 * Ge Jianqing
 * Zheng Qing
 * Head coach: Peng Shaorong

title: China at the 1988 Summer Olympics


text:
Ballad of Easy Rider (album)

Ballad of Easy Rider is the eighth album by the American rock band the Byrds and was released in November 1969 on Columbia Records. The album was named after the song "Ballad of Easy Rider", which had been written by the Byrds' guitarist and singer, Roger McGuinn (with help from Bob Dylan), as the theme song for the 1969 film, Easy Rider. The title was also chosen in an attempt to capitalize on the commercial success of the film, although the majority of the music on the album had no connection with it. Nonetheless, the association with Easy Rider heightened the Byrds' public profile and resulted in Ballad of Easy Rider becoming the band's highest charting album for two years in the U.S.

The album peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Top LPs chart and number 41 on the UK Albums Chart. The title track was released as a preceding single in October 1969, achieving moderate success on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A second single taken from the album, "Jesus Is Just Alright", was released in December 1969, but only managed to reach number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The album was the second to be recorded by the Roger McGuinn, Clarence White, Gene Parsons, and John York line-up of the Byrds, although York would be fired shortly after its completion. Upon release, Ballad of Easy Rider was met with mixed reviews, but is today regarded as one of the band's stronger albums from the latter half of their career.

Background and Easy Rider film
Recording sessions for Ballad of Easy Rider were produced by Terry Melcher, who had also worked as the Byrds' producer during 1965, on their Mr. Tambourine Man and Turn! Turn! Turn! albums. The band decided to work with Melcher again as a result of their dissatisfaction with Bob Johnston's production on their previous album, Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde, and on their recent single, "Lay Lady Lay". Melcher was happy to accept the band's invitation to produce the album, but his one stipulation was that he would also take on management duties for the Byrds, not wishing for a repeat of the conflict he had experienced with Jim Dickson, the group's original manager, in 1965. Melcher's return to the producer's chair began an association with the band that would last until Byrdmaniax in 1971, much longer than his first tenure as the Byrds' producer.

In early 1969, the script writer and leading actor of Easy Rider, Peter Fonda, asked Bob Dylan to compose a theme song for the film. Dylan declined, but as a consolation he offered the lines, "The river flows, it flows to the sea/Wherever that river goes, that's where I want to be/Flow, river, flow"—which he hurriedly scribbled onto a napkin, telling Fonda to "give that to McGuinn." The fragment was dutifully passed on to Roger McGuinn, the Byrds' lead guitarist, who added his own lyrical and musical contributions to complete the song, which he titled "Ballad of Easy Rider".

After seeing a private screening of Easy Rider and realizing that he had been named as co-writer of the film's theme song, Dylan demanded that his writing credit be removed, leading McGuinn to theorize in later years that Dylan had disliked the film's ending and anti-hero motif. In 2000, McGuinn recounted to Jud Cost the story of how Dylan disowned credit for the song: "I got a call from Dylan at three o'clock in the morning going 'What's this? I don't want this credit. Take it off. Another possible reason for Dylan insisting that his name be removed from the song's credits may have been a suspicion that his name was being exploited to boost the film's credibility. Two versions of the song "Ballad of Easy Rider" were released. The first was the version included on the Easy Rider soundtrack album, which was listed as a solo performance by McGuinn, although it also featured fellow Byrd Gene Parsons on harmonica. The second was the recording by the Byrds, which was included on the Ballad of Easy Rider album and released as a single. The version of the song found on the soundtrack album and used in the film is a completely different recording to the one released by the Byrds.

As recording sessions for the Ballad of Easy Rider album continued throughout July and August 1969, public interest in the band mounted as a result of their involvement with the Easy Rider film. This prompted McGuinn to announce that the title of the Byrds' forthcoming album would be Captain America (the name of Fonda's character in Easy Rider). Ultimately, this working title would not be used and the album was instead named after the film's theme song in an attempt to emphasize the connection with Easy Rider.

Following completion of the album, the Byrds' bass player, John York, was asked to leave the band in September 1969. York had become increasingly disenchanted with his position in the Byrds, and had been vocal about his reluctance to perform material that had been written and recorded before he had joined the band, believing it was spurious of him to do so. The rest of the Byrds had begun to doubt York's commitment and so a consensus was reached among the other three members that York should be fired. He was replaced, at the suggestion of drummer Gene Parsons and lead guitarist Clarence White, by Skip Battin, a freelance session musician and one-time member of the duo Skip & Flip.

Music
The album opens with the McGuinn and Dylan penned title track, which is performed at a substantially quicker tempo than McGuinn's solo version from the Easy Rider soundtrack. The Byrds' version of the song also features the addition of an orchestra, which had been added by Melcher in an attempt to emulate the then-recent hit singles "Gentle on My Mind" by Glen Campbell and "Everybody's Talkin'" by Harry Nilsson. "Ballad of Easy Rider" was McGuinn's only songwriting contribution to the Ballad of Easy Rider album, due to his being preoccupied with composing music for a country rock adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's Peer Gynt, which was anagrammatically re-titled as Gene Tryp.

The remaining ten tracks on Ballad of Easy Rider mostly consisted of cover versions and interpretations of traditional material. Among these non-original songs was a cover of Dylan's "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue", which the band had attempted to record twice before in June and August 1965, during the sessions for their second album, ''Turn! Turn! Turn!''. These earlier recordings had gone unreleased at the time and McGuinn decided to revisit the composition in 1969, slowing down the tempo and radically altering the arrangement to fashion a more somber and serious version than those recorded in 1965. The Byrds' 1969 rendition of "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" was released as the B-side of the "Jesus Is Just Alright" single.

Other covers on the album included Woody Guthrie's "Deportee (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos)", a poignant account of a plane crash involving migrant farm workers; the gospel-styled "Jesus Is Just Alright", which went on to influence The Doobie Brothers' hit recording of the song; and Pamela Polland's "Tulsa County Blue", which would become a moderate country hit for Anita Carter in 1971. Although "Tulsa County Blue" had been brought to the album sessions by John York and had also been sung by him in concert, the album version features McGuinn on lead vocals. An outtake recording of "Tulsa County Blue" with York singing was finally released as a bonus track on the 1997 Columbia/Legacy reissue of Ballad of Easy Rider.

Another cover included on the album was "There Must Be Someone (I Can Turn To)", a song principally written by country singer Vern Gosdin, after he returned home one evening to find that his wife had left him and taken their children with her. The final track on the album was a meditation on the July 20, 1969 Apollo 11 Moon landing, titled "Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins", which continued the tradition of ending Byrds' albums on a quirky, tongue-in-cheek note.

The Byrds also recorded a number of traditional songs for the album: the sea shanty "Jack Tarr the Sailor", which McGuinn sang in an approximation of an English accent; a harmony-laden arrangement of the Baptist hymn "Oil in My Lamp"; a rendition of "Way Beyond the Sun", which had been inspired by the song's appearance on the debut album by Pentangle; and a Moog synthesizer dominated version of "Fiddler a Dram". Ultimately, "Way Beyond the Sun" and "Fiddler a Dram" would not be included in the album's final track listing and would remain unreleased until the former appeared on The Byrds box set in 1990, and the latter was included on the 1997 reissue of Ballad of Easy Rider.

The album also featured the John York composition "Fido", a song written about a stray dog that the bass player had encountered in a Kansas City hotel room while on tour. The inclusion of the song made Ballad of Easy Rider the second Byrds' album in a row to feature a paean to a canine companion (the first being Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde, which had included the song "Old Blue"). A third song about a dog, "Bugler", would appear on the band's 1971 album, Farther Along. "Fido" is notable for featuring a drum solo, the only example of such a solo on any of the Byrds' studio albums. Drummer Gene Parsons also contributed the song "Gunga Din", which related the story of two separate incidents: the first being the Byrds' appearance at a concert in Central Park where Chuck Berry had been billed to perform but had failed to appear; and the second involving John York and his mother being refused admittance to a restaurant, due to York wearing a leather jacket.

Release and reception
Ballad of Easy Rider was released on November 10, 1969 in the United States (catalogue item CS 9942) and January 16, 1970 in the United Kingdom (catalogue item S 63795). The album is notable for being the first Byrds' album to be commercially issued exclusively in stereo in both the U.S. and the UK, although there is some evidence to suggest that mono promo copies of the album were distributed in the United Kingdom. To emphasize the connection between the album and Easy Rider, the back cover of the LP featured liner notes written by Fonda. His musings were written in a free-form, stream of consciousness style and optimistically opined (in a manner reminiscent of the chorus of "Jesus Is Just Alright") that "whoever the Byrds are is just alright. OH YEAH!"

The album peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Top LPs chart, during a chart stay of seventeen weeks, which was a substantial improvement over its predecessor, Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde. The reverse was true in the United Kingdom, however, where the album reached number 41 on the UK Albums Chart, while Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde had reached number 15. The "Ballad of Easy Rider" single was released ahead of the album on October 1, 1969 (b/w "Oil in My Lamp") and reached number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Although this single was issued in most international territories, it was not released in the United Kingdom. A second single taken from the album, "Jesus Is Just Alright", was released on December 15, 1969 and reached number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100, but failed to chart in the UK. Upon release, the Ballad of Easy Rider album somewhat revived the Byrds' commercial fortunes, giving them their first U.S. Top 40 album since Younger Than Yesterday in 1967. This renewed success was, in part, due to the band's public profile having been increased as a result of their involvement with Easy Rider and the inclusion of three Byrds-related songs on the film's soundtrack album. Columbia Records was eager to capitalize on this newfound popularity and launched an advertising campaign for the Ballad of Easy Rider album, proclaiming "The movie gave you the facts, the Ballad interprets them." However, as Byrds expert Tim Conners has stated on his website, with the exception of the title track, none of the songs on the album had much to do with the film. In fact, the Byrds' biographer Johnny Rogan has remarked that the album cover's sepia-toned photograph of Lemuel Parsons (Gene Parsons' father) sitting astride an archaic 1928 Harley-Davidson could almost be seen as a parody of the film's biker ethos.

The album was met with mixed reviews at the time of its release, with Ed Leimbacher, in the December 1969 issue of Rolling Stone magazine, criticizing the music on the album as "only intermittently successful" and concluding that "the Byrds are still on the wing, but seem a little woozy and wobbly." Todd Selbert, writing in Jazz & Pop magazine, was more positive, describing the album as "Pretty good Byrds—their best effort since the stunning The Notorious Byrd Brothers." In more recent years, music critic Robert Christgau has dismissed Ballad of Easy Rider as "the poorest Byrds album", but also admitted that the album "improves with listening." AllMusic's Mark Deming was more positive: "Ballad of Easy Rider sounds confident and committed where Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde often seemed tentative. The band sounds tight, self-assured, and fully in touch with the music's emotional palette, and Clarence White's guitar work is truly a pleasure to hear."

Ballad of Easy Rider was remastered at 20-bit resolution as part of the Columbia/Legacy Byrds series. It was reissued in an expanded form on March 25, 1997 with seven bonus tracks, including the outtakes, "Way Beyond the Sun", "Fiddler a Dram (Moog Experiment)", a rendition of "Tulsa County Blue" with John York singing lead vocals and "Mae Jean Goes to Hollywood"; written by the then little-known Jackson Browne.

Side one

 * 1) "Ballad of Easy Rider" (Roger McGuinn, Bob Dylan) – 2:01
 * 2) *Bob Dylan is not officially credited as a songwriter.
 * 3) "Fido" (John York) – 2:40
 * 4) "Oil in My Lamp" (traditional, arranged Gene Parsons, Clarence White) – 3:13
 * 5) "Tulsa County Blue" [aka "Tulsa County"] (Pamela Polland) – 2:49
 * 6) "Jack Tarr the Sailor" (traditional, arranged Roger McGuinn) – 3:31

Side two

 * 1) "Jesus Is Just Alright" (Arthur Reid Reynolds) – 2:10
 * 2) "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" (Bob Dylan) – 4:53
 * 3) "There Must Be Someone" (Vern Gosdin, Cathy Gosdin, Rex Gosdin) – 3:29
 * 4) "Gunga Din" (Gene Parsons) – 3:03
 * 5) "Deportee (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos)" (Woody Guthrie, Martin Hoffman) – 3:50
 * 6) "Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins" (Zeke Manners, Scott Seely) – 1:41

1997 reissue bonus tracks

 * 1) "Way Beyond the Sun" (traditional, arranged Roger McGuinn) – 2:57
 * 2) "Mae Jean Goes to Hollywood" (Jackson Browne) – 2:44
 * 3) "Oil in My Lamp" [Alternate Version] (traditional, arranged Gene Parsons, Clarence White) – 2:02
 * 4) "Tulsa County Blue" [Alternate Version] (Pamela Polland) – 3:39
 * 5) "Fiddler a Dram (Moog Experiment)" (traditional, arranged Roger McGuinn) – 3:10
 * 6) "Ballad of Easy Rider" [Long Version] (Roger McGuinn, Bob Dylan) – 2:26
 * 7) "Build It Up" [Instrumental] (Clarence White, Gene Parsons) – 5:34
 * 8) *Ends at 2:35; at 3:35 begins "Radio Spot: Ballad of Easy Rider Album #1", which ends at 4:30; at 4:38 begins "Radio Spot: Ballad of Easy Rider Album #2".

Personnel
Sources:

The Byrds
 * Roger McGuinn – guitar, vocals, plus Moog synthesizer and banjo on "Fiddler a Dram (Moog Experiment)"
 * Clarence White – lead guitar, vocals
 * John York – electric bass, vocals
 * Gene Parsons – drums, guitar, banjo, vocals

Additional personnel
 * Byron Berline – fiddle on "Tulsa County Blue" (and on "Mae Jean Goes to Hollywood")
 * Glen D. Hardin – organ on "Gunga Din"
 * Terry Melcher – backing vocal on "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue"
 * string section on "Ballad Of Easy Rider" and "Jesus Is Just Alright"

title: Ballad of Easy Rider (album)


text:
Talk:Governor of South Australia

Gap in timeline
There seems to be a gap 1848-1855. Port Augusta, South Australia suggests it might be filled by Sir Henry Edward Fox Young. History_of_Tasmania has a similarly-named Sir Henry Fox Young as governor from 1855. I don't know if they are the same person. Anyone know? --ScottDavis 03:56, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There is another gap. The list leaves out Sir William Wellington Cairns CMG, who held the position for about eight weeks (April-May?) in 1877 between governors Musgrave and Jervois. He is sometimes dismissed as "Acting Governor" ostensibly because he was never sworn in at a public ceremony, but more probably because he was unpopular, and resigned because of ill-health. However, his appointment by the Secretary of State for the Colonies was as formal as that of any of his predecessors. Peter Bell (talk) 23:36, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

table reformatted
I've reformatted the list as a table, using the data from http://www.governor.sa.gov.au/html/governor.html I've kept the name format exactly as found on that site, and kept the wikilink names exactly as I found them on this page for compatibility. There are a few (Weigall, Bridges, Barclay-Harvey, Norrie) that now have a link not very similar to the displayed name. I don't want to change the names, as the Governor's website is likely to reflect what they were actually called. Were the original names set by a usual biography standard? --ScottDavis 11:42, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Lieutenant governor
It would be good if there was a link here to Lieutenant governors of South Australia, but I don't think this page exists ROxBo 16:35, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Non-free file problems with File:Douglas nicholls.jpg
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Governor of South Australia


text:
User talk:Microchip

MICROCHIP: This Talk Is About Computers and Technology. If You Have Any Questions, Comments, or Even Rants About Computers and Technology, You've Come To The Right Place!

title: User talk:Microchip


text:
Karel Traxler

Karel Traxler (1866 – 1936) was a Czech chess master and composer of chess problems. He is best known for the hyper-aggressive variation named after him, the Traxler Variation in the Two Knights Defense.

Traxler Variation
The Traxler Variation was first shown in the following game against Reinisch, played in Hostouň in 1890:

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5.Nxf7 (modern theory suggests that 5.Bxf7+ is better) Bxf2+! 6.Ke2 (Traxler recommends 6.Kf1! Qe7 7.Nxh8 d5 8.exd5 Nd4, where Black has a strong attack but White may nonetheless hold) 6...Nd4+ 7.Kd3 b5! 8.Bb3 Nxe4 9.Nxd8 Nc5+ 10.Kc3 Ne2+! 11.Qxe2 Bd4+ 12.Kb4 a5+ 13.Kxb5 Ba6+ 14.Kxa5 Bd3+ 15.Kb4 Na6+ 16.Ka4 Nb4+ 17.Kxb4 c5

Problem composer
Because Traxler was a Roman Catholic priest, he rarely played chess in serious competitions. As a composer of chess problems he pursued the style of Bohemian school. He wrote under a number of pseudonyms: Anonymus z Tábora, Karel Kaplan, Vis Maior und Karel Zboněk. From 1896 to 1899, he edited, in part, the journal České listy šachové (Czech chess letters). He composed over 900 chess problems, mainly 2-, 3-, and 4-move problems, but also multiple-move ones, and more rarely, selfmates. With his brother-in-law, Jan Kotrč, he published a selection of 247 problems that he'd composed by 1910.

title: Karel Traxler


text:
User:Microchip

::How to Keep an Idiot busy::
1: See Number 2 2: See Number 3 3: See Number 6 4: See Number 7 5: See Number 8 6: See Number 5 7: See Number 1 8: See Number 4

title: User:Microchip


text:
CNA (TV network)

CNA (stylised as cna; an initialism derived from the previous name, Channel NewsAsia) is a Singaporean multinational news channel owned by Mediacorp, the country's state-owned media conglomerate. CNA broadcasts free-to-air domestically in Singapore, and internationally as a pay television channel to 29 territories across the Asia-Pacific. It also streams on Mediacorp's domestic meWatch platform, and on free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) platforms and YouTube internationally.

The network has been positioned as an alternative to Western-based international media in presenting news from "an Asian perspective". Alongside its main focus as an English-language news television channel, CNA also produces news and current affairs content in Singapore's other official languages of Chinese, Malay, and Tamil, which is distributed via digital outlets and Mediacorp's local channels in the languages. Mediacorp's Channel 5 previously aired a simulcast of CNA during the daytime hours until 1 May 2019, when it was replaced by an Okto block.

The CNA brand also encompasses digital media properties, including its website and social media outlets, as well as a co-branded news radio station in Singapore, CNA938.

History
Despite the economic recession the region was facing at the time, Mediacorp, then known as Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) was suggesting the creation of a news channel (initially rumoured to be a business channel) in 1998. Under the initially-planned format, the channel was set to provide business news mirroring CNN and CNBC, with a tentative launch date of 1 January 1999.

In October, TCS announced the name of the new service, Channel NewsAsia, and that its cost would be of $20 million in the first year, and $100 million at the long-term period of five years. With the then-upcoming launch of the channel, it was decided that all of Channel 5's current affairs programmes were to move to CNA, leaving only the main news (News 5 Tonight) with only one edition at 9:30pm.

In a surprise move, one of its initial presenters, Christine Tan, left CNA ahead of its launch for CNBC Asia. Two further presenters had left CNA despite heavy promotion for its launch. The launch of the channel was still set to go as planned. The channel's initial slogan was "We know Asia".

Channel NewsAsia launched on 1 March 1999, opening with a speech by Minister of Information and the Arts George Yeo at Raffles Place. The channel initially focused on Singapore. It started to be distributed in other Asian countries and Australia by satellite on 28 September 2000, after a decision taken on 1 March, with the hopes of promoting it as a pan-Asian network. Public opinion was divided over its editorial independence, as the channel was touted as a government mouthpiece.

Jill Neubronner, who was also a newscaster and reporter for TCS since 1995, left CNA in December 2000 for CNN.

In August 2012, CNA agreed to be broadcast in Myanmar through satellite-TV operator Sky Net. CNA opened its Myanmar news bureau in the capital Yangon in October 2013 – the bureau officially opened in January 2014 – as only one of four foreign news organisations licensed to operate in the country at the time.

On 21 January 2013, CNA underwent a major relaunch, introducing a new studio at the Marina Bay Financial Centre, a new Mumbai bureau, an expansion in programming, and the new slogan "Understand Asia". With the changes, CNA added additional news and current affairs programmes focusing on business and the "dynamism and progress" of Asia, and added the new late-night newscast News Pulse (which would feature coverage of international headlines, predominantly involving the Americas and Europe) to expand into a 24-hour service. Managing director Debra Soon explained that "as the focus of the world economy shifts towards Asia, we believe we are well positioned to deliver what we've been doing daily since 1999, and help audiences around the world better Understand Asia."

In July 2014, CNA opened its Vietnam bureau. Other bureaus the channel had opened at the time were Beijing, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Seoul and Tokyo; unofficial offices were also maintained in other cities such as Mumbai, New Delhi and Washington D.C.

In September 2014, the channel announced plans to expand its studio in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, into a fully functional satellite office with high-definition capabilities.

On 26 May 2015, CNA began broadcasting in high definition. In July 2015, CNA's reach was placed at 58 million households in 26 countries. CNA began broadcasting in India on 19 November 2015, through satellite operator Tata Sky. The move extended the network's reach to 14 million households in India.

On 1 August 2018, CNA was launched on Astro in Malaysia. It stayed on Channel 533 and moved to Channel 515 on 1 April 2020.

In March 2019, marking the network's 20th anniversary, Mediacorp announced that Channel NewsAsia would officially rebrand as "CNA" full-time, citing a need to abandon a "TV-centric" identity to emphasise its multi-platform operations. This would include the relaunch of its news radio station 938Now as CNA 938, and the upcoming citizen journalism initiative Tell CNA.

In March 2024, the channel marked its 25th anniversary; CNA announced plans to further expand its presence in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, launch a website in the Indonesian language (which will leverage AI-based translation software developed in partnership with the Agency for Science, Technology and Research), and bringing back the program East Asia Tonight beginning in April. The channel formally launched in the UK on the Channelbox platform on Freeview in late April 2024 as a free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) channel.

Broadcast feeds
CNA's programs are transmitted into two separate broadcast feeds:

 * Domestic – the channel's official feed providing 24-hour news, talk and lifestyle coverage. The Domestic feed also contains Singapore-only content, and the national anthem Majulah Singapura broadcast daily at 06:00 SST. CNA is available to Singapore viewers via over-the-air, StarHub TV, Singtel TV, Mediacorp's over-the-top streaming service meWATCH and Singtel's OTT streaming service Singtel Cast.
 * International – almost identical to the Domestic feed, but also provides more internationally oriented content. It also provides English commentary coverage of Singapore's National Day Parade every year on 9 August. Most cable and satellite systems carry the International feed in Asia and via livestreaming on CNA's YouTube channel worldwide.

title: CNA (TV network)


text:
Category:Music sources

Primary sources for music.

title: Category:Music sources


text:
Antonio D'Amico

Antonio D'Amico (20 January 1959 – 6 December 2022) was an Italian fashion designer and model.

Biography
D'Amico was born in Mesagne, in the Italian province of Brindisi, and later lived in Milan. He was hired as a part-time office administrator for his first job. He met Gianni Versace in 1982, and the couple eventually embarked on a long-term relationship that lasted 15 years, until Versace's murder in 1997. During that time, he worked as designer for the Versace Sport line. D'Amico later ran his own fashion design company.

Versace's will left D'Amico with a pension of 50 million lira a month for life, and the right to live in any of Versace's homes in Italy and the United States. However, since the properties that were left to D'Amico in Gianni's will actually belonged to the company, the homes belonged to Versace's sister Donatella, brother Santo, and his niece, Allegra after his death. After working out agreements with lawyers, D'Amico obtained a fraction of the pension and a restricted right to live in Gianni's properties. D'Amico's relations with the rest of the Versace family were not always easy; Donatella said in March 1999, "My relationship with Antonio is exactly as it was when Gianni was alive. I respected him as the boyfriend of my brother, but I never liked him as a person. So the relationship stayed the same."

D'Amico died on 6 December 2022, at the age of 63.

In popular culture
D'Amico was portrayed by Oscar Torre in the film The Versace Murder (1998), by Stefano DiMatteo in the film House of Versace (2013), and Ricky Martin in the miniseries The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story (2018). Martin was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance.

title: Antonio D'Amico


text:
Zahir

Zahir (ظاهر Ẓāhir) may refer to:

Philosophy

 * Aẓ-Ẓāhir, one of the names of God in Islam, meaning "Evident" or "Outer".
 * Zahir (Islam), in Islam, the exterior, surface, or apparent meaning of things
 * Ẓāhiri, a school of thought in Islamic Jurisprudence

Artistic works

 * "The Zahir" (in the original Spanish, "El Zahir"), a 1949 short story by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges
 * The Zahir (novel) (in the original Portuguese, O Zahir), a 2005 novel from the Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho

People

 * Zahir (surname)

 * Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1005–1036), seventh caliph of the Fātimids
 * Az-Zahir of Aleppo, son of Saladin, leader of Ayyubid dynasty
 * Az-Zahir (Abbasid caliph) (1176–1226), Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1225 to 1226
 * al-Ẓāhir Baybars (ruled 1260–77), Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria
 * az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq (died 1399), first sultan of the Mamluk Burji dynasty
 * Zahir-ud-Din Babur (1483–1531), established the Mughal dynasty in India in 1526
 * Zahir al-Umar, virtual Arab ruler of northern Palestine in the 18th century
 * Zahir Pajaziti (1962-1997), The first Commander of the Kosovo Liberation Army
 * Mohammed Zahir Shah (1914–2007), last king of Afghanistan
 * Zaheer Abbas (born 1947), Pakistani cricketer
 * Zaheer Khan (born 1978), Indian cricketer

Places

 * Zahir Mosque, Kedah's state mosque in Alor Setar

title: Zahir


text:
Talk:Saanich people

Untitled
This is the same language as SENĆOŦEN, right? - Cymydog Naakka 04:00, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. Yes, the Saanich dialect of North Straits Salish is written as  by many in the Saanich community. Thanks for the note. Should put it in the article. peace — ishwar  (S PEAK )  05:47, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)

- This article should be entitled "Saanich, First Nation" while "Saanich, Greater Victoria" should become "Saanich" - more hits on the Saanich City site. Thank you.

 * Actually, I reccomed this become "Saanich First Nation" refering the political indian act gov't, then Wsanec become the ethno/cultural/history article. See Squamish Nation and Sḵwxwú7mesh for an idea of how it would work.  This is a better way to catergorize all of the Indigenous people and slightly easy to understand since the First Nation's term is contreyversial and, refers to the post-contact insitution of the Band Council system of government.  OldManRivers 09:52, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Saanich is much more commonly used to refer to the municipality and the peninsula than the First Nation. This page's name should be Saanich (First Nation) and Saanich should either redirect to Saanich, British Columbia or be a disambiguation page. Korandder 09:17, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I vote for disambig page for all of them. I'll work on it more this week.  OldManRivers 20:14, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

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islands and coasts

 * from the north coast of the Gulf and San Juan Islands,

Should that be from the northern Gulf and San Juan Islands, or did they really shun each island's south shore? —Tamfang (talk) 05:06, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saanich people


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Category:Renaissance music manuscript sources

Primary sources for Renaissance music prior to the invention of the printing press.


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Talk:Izanami

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2019 and 15 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jmkuba. Peer reviewers: Blue993.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Pop culture references
I move the section on pop culture to a proper article, this is for the discussion of Shinto religious figures and not pop references. See: Shinto (pop culture) Takashi Ueki (talk) 05:05, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Cause of death
Just wondered whether you thought the following article would make for inclusion somewhere in this article: | Pubmed. "The death of Izanami, an ancient Japanese goddess: an early report of a case of puerperal fever."GiollaUidir 12:17, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism of this page
I think you should make this page semi-protected from vandalism because I had to remove a major peice of vandalism & restore the page to how it was before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.185.187.241 (talk) 00:02, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Protection is only necessary when vandalism is ongoing, whereas here it was a one-off instance. --DrHacky 02:56, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Isn't there more to this story?
I've read several different versions of Izanagi and Izanami, but they all end after Izanami declares that she'll kill 1000 people each day. To which Izanagi would create 1500 people if she does so. But I could've sworn there was more to this story, like one of the goddesses managed to become the mediator between the two of them, and something else I fail to recall. Am I crazy or was there truly more to the story (and I'm not counting Izanagi purging his body, and thus creating Susano-o and the others). Neo Guyver (talk) 23:31, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Popular Culture
I want to make sure I got the reference in Persona 4 right, is it? I can't read Japanese, and the North American version doesn't come out until December 9th. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tman7776 (talk • contribs) 18:16, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Everything you say is true, so yes, you are correct. Neo Guyver (talk) 03:00, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

I'm removing most of the Popular Culture entry, because the game won't be out in America for several more months, and it'd be a shame people to stumble upon the end-game revelations unawares. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38.7.66 (talk) 23:24, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Is this still believed?
I am under the impression most Japanese seem to accept the evolutionary theory, but I'm not sure. Brutannica (talk) 21:50, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Maths
I am a bit confused by this sentence: one hiro is approximately 182 cm, so the "eight-hiro-palace" would have been 14.56 m². I realize that 8 * 182 cm = 14.56 m (without square!). An eight-hiro-palace should then have an area of 14.56 * 14.56 m² = 212 m², no? bamse (talk) 01:11, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I take it the relevent detail is that the palace would be 128-tatami in size. That is, (8*1.82)^2 / (1.82*(1.82 / 2)). A modestly large hall, not incomparable to the castles in Japan. Cesiumfrog (talk) 07:22, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

The Kojiki section says Citation needed?
I'd like to know if that's real, if it is then all the pieces are there to interpret Izanami as a Sophia figure.

Thing is it arguably is not compatible with also including the Underworld story.--JaredMithrandir (talk) 01:42, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

Orpheus？
The myth of Izanami is similar to the legend of Orpheus in Greek mythology. Let's add that. Kinpa9383 (talk) 12:07, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

hate speech
I love Japan, but I deny discrimination by Japanese people. Japanese gods have never been worshiped in Korea. The god Izanami has never been the origin of the Korean language. This is discriminatory and should be corrected Kinpa9383 (talk) 12:16, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Izanami


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Indonesia at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Indonesia competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. The nation won its first ever Olympic medal. 29 competitors, 26 men and 3 women, took part in 32 events in 11 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
In Indonesia's fourth Olympic archery competition, the women's team won the nation's first Olympic medal of any sport. Their one-point lead over the Soviet Union put them in a tie with the United States for second place behind the dominant Korean team and guaranteeing the Indonesians a medal. A 72–67 shootout victory made it a silver.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Nurfitriyana Saiman – Semifinal (→ 9th place)
 * Kusuma Wardhani – 1/8 final (→ 19th place)
 * Lilies Handayani – Preliminary Round (→ 30th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Syafrudin Mawi – Preliminary Round (→ 48th place)

Women's Team Competition:
 * Nurfitriyana Saiman, Kusuma Wardhani, and Lilies Handayani – Final (→ Silver medal)

Athletics

 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
 * NR = National record
 * N/A = Round not applicable for the event
 * Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

Fencing
Two fencers, one man and one woman, represented Indonesia in 1988.

 * Men's foil
 * Alkindi

 * Women's foil
 * Silvia Koeswandi

Sailing

 * Men

Shooting
Women's Sporting Pistol 25 metres
 * Selvyana Adrian-Sofyan - 568 points, 35th place

Table tennis

 * Men's singles
 * Tonny Maringgi - 6 of 8, Group B

Wrestling

 * Men's freestyle 48 kg
 * Suryadi Gunawan - Group stage

 * Men's freestyle 52 kg
 * Surya Saputra - Group stage

title: Indonesia at the 1988 Summer Olympics


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Talk:McWorld

VfD
On April 12, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/McWorld for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Proposal to merge
I think this article should get merged with McDonaldization. why would two sep articles be needed? Warren (talk) 19:02, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

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McWorld game
Why is the McWorld game here? I think it would be more reasonable for it to have its own article. Have a good one, Cabin0416 (talk) 17:20, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:McWorld


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Oath of the Horatii

Oath of the Horatii (Le Serment des Horaces) is a large painting by the French artist Jacques-Louis David painted in 1784 and 1785 and now on display in the Louvre in Paris. The painting immediately became a huge success with critics and the public and remains one of the best-known paintings in the Neoclassical style.

It depicts a scene from a Roman legend about a seventh-century BC dispute between two warring cities, Rome and Alba Longa, and stresses the importance of patriotism and masculine self-sacrifice for one's country. Instead of the two cities sending their armies to war, they agree to choose three men from each city; the victor in that fight will be the victorious city. From Rome, three brothers from a Roman family, the Horatii, agree to end the war by fighting three brothers from a family of Alba Longa, the Curiatii. The three brothers, all of whom appear willing to sacrifice their lives for the good of Rome, are shown stretching their hands towards their father who holds their swords out of them. Of the three Horatii brothers, only one will survive the confrontation. However, it is the surviving brother who is able to kill the other three fighters from Alba Longa: he allows the three fighters to chase him, causing them to separate from each other, and then, in turn, kills each Curiatii brother. Aside from the three brothers depicted, David also represents, in the bottom right corner, a woman crying while sitting down. She is Camilla, a sister of the Horatii brothers, who is also betrothed to one of the Curiatii fighters, and thus she weeps in the realisation that, whatever happens, she will lose someone she loves. Seeing her weep, the surviving brother, Publius, kills Camilla for weeping over the enemy.

The principal sources for the story behind David's Oath are the first book of Livy (sections 24–26) which was elaborated by Dionysius in book 3 of his Roman Antiquities. However, the moment depicted in David's painting is his own invention.

It grew to be considered a paragon of neoclassical art. The painting increased David's fame, allowing him to take on his own students.

Commissioning the work
In 1774, David won the Prix de Rome with his work Érasistrate découvrant la cause de la Maladie d’Antiochius. This allowed him to stay five years (1775–1780) in Rome as a student of the French government. Upon his return to Paris, he exhibited his work, which Diderot greatly admired; the success was so resounding that King Louis XVI of France allowed him to stay in the Louvre, a privilege greatly desired by artists. There he met Pecoul, the contractor for the actual buildings, and Pecoul's daughter, whom he married. The king's assistant, Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie, commissioned Oath of the Horatii with the intention that it be an allegory about loyalty to the state and therefore to the king. Nevertheless, David departed from the agreed-upon scene, painting this scene instead. Although the painting studies were begun in Paris, it was not painted in Paris, but in Rome, where David was visited by his pupil Jean-Germaine Drouais who had himself recently won the Prix de Rome. Ultimately, David's picture manifests a progressive outlook, deeply influenced by Enlightenment ideas, that eventually contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy. As the French Revolution approached, paintings increasingly referred to loyalty to the state rather than the family or the church. Painted five years before the Revolution, the Oath of the Horatii reflects the political tensions of the period.

In 1789, David painted The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, a picture that was also a royal commission. Shortly afterward, the king went up to the scaffold also accused of treason, as the sons of Brutus, and with the vote of the artist in the National Assembly, which supported the execution of Louis XVI.

Symbolic theme
The painting depicts the Roman Horatius family, who, according to Titus Livius' Ab Urbe Condita (From the Founding of the City) had been chosen for a ritual duel against three members of the Curiatii, a family from Alba Longa, in order to settle disputes between the Romans and the latter city.

As revolution in France loomed, paintings urging loyalty to the state rather than to clan or clergy abounded. Although it was painted nearly four years before the revolution in France, The Oath of the Horatii became one of the defining images of the time. In the painting, the three brothers express their loyalty and solidarity with Rome before battle, wholly supported by their father. These are men willing to lay down their lives out of patriotic duty. With their resolute gaze and taut, outstretched limbs, they are citadels of patriotism. They are symbols of the highest virtues of Rome. Their clarity of purpose, mirrored by David's simple yet powerful use of tonal contrasts, lends the painting, and its message about the nobility of patriotic sacrifice, an electric intensity. This is all in contrast to the tender-hearted women who lie weeping and mourning, awaiting the results of the fighting.

The mother and sisters are shown clothed in silken garments seemingly melting into tender expressions of sorrow. Their despair is partly because one sister was engaged to one of the Curiatii and another is a sister of the Curiatii, married to one of the Horatii. Upon the defeat of the Curiatii, the remaining Horatius journeyed home to find his sister cursing Rome over the death of her fiancé. He killed her, horrified that Rome was being cursed. Originally David had intended to depict this episode, and a drawing survives showing the surviving Horatius raising his sword, with his sister lying dead. David later decided that this subject was too gruesome a way of sending the message of public duty overcoming private feeling, but his next major painting, The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons depicted a similar scene - Lucius Junius Brutus brooding as the bodies of his sons, whose executions for treason he had ordered, are returned home. This was a subject the tragedy Brutus by Voltaire had made familiar to the French.

The painting shows the three brothers on the left, the Horatii father in the center, and the three women along with two children on the right. The Horatii brothers are depicted swearing upon (saluting) their swords as they take their oath. The men show no sense of emotion. Even the father, who holds up three swords, shows no emotion. On the right, three women are weeping—one in the back and two up closer. The woman dressed in the white is a Horatius weeping for both her Curiatii fiancé and her brother; the one dressed in brown is a Curiatius who weeps for her Horatii husband and her brother. The background woman in black holds two children—one of whom is the child of a Horatius male and his Curiatii wife. The younger daughter hides her face in her nanny's dress as the son refuses to have his eyes shielded. According to Thomas Le Claire: "This painting occupies an extremely important place in the body of David’s work and in the history of French painting. The story was taken from Livy. We are in the period of the wars between Rome and Alba, in 669 B.C. It has been decided that the dispute between the two cities must be settled by an unusual form of combat to be fought by two groups of three champions each. The two groups are the three Horatii brothers and the three Curiatii brothers. The drama lay in the fact that one of the sisters of the Curiatii, Sabina, is married to one of the Horatii, while one of the sisters of the Horatii, Camilla, is betrothed to one of the Curiatii. Despite the ties between the two families, the Horatii's father exhorts his sons to fight the Curiatii and they obey, despite the lamentations of the women."

Compositional technique
This painting shows the neoclassical art style, and employs various techniques that were typical of it:

 * The background is de-emphasized, while the figures in the foreground are emphasized.
 * Overlapping ranks of profile figures are a common motif in classical art, and that of ancient Near Eastern cultures.
 * The central point of the hand clasping the swords is placed in front of the vanishing point of the perspective scheme, which is emphasized by the straight lines of the edges of the wall blocks and floor slabs of the architectural setting leading to it (see schematic).
 * The use of dull colors is to show the importance of the story behind the painting over the painting itself.
 * The picture is organized, depicting the 3|symbolism of the number three and of the moment itself.
 * The focus on clear, hard details and the lack of use of the more wispy brushstrokes preferred by Rococo art.
 * The brushstrokes are invisible, and the painter's technique is not displayed as a distraction from the subject
 * The men are all depicted with straight lines mirroring the columns in the background signifying their rigidity and strength while the women are all curved like the arches which are held up by the columns.
 * The use of straight lines to depict strength is also demonstrated in the swords, two of which are curved while one is straight, perhaps foreshadowing that only one brother would survive the encounter.
 * The frozen quality of the painting is also intended to emphasize rationality, unlike the Rococo style.
 * That it depicts a morally uplifting story, promoting civic duty over the personal, reflects the values of the Age of Enlightenment and neoclassical idealism.

Reception
David first exhibited the painting in Rome, where even the Pope requested a viewing.

The painting was exhibited in France at the Salon of 1785, but it was delivered late. David's enemies at the Academy took advantage of the delay to exhibit the painting in a poor locale in the gallery. The public's dissatisfaction with the painting's poor viewing conditions obliged the gallery to move it to a more prominent location.

title: Oath of the Horatii


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User talk:AntiochusIII

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Ñetas

The NETA Association (Asociación Pro-Derechos del Confinado, "Association for Prisoners' Rights", Asociación NETA, or simply NETA) is the name of a gang that began in the Puerto Rico prison system and spread to the United States mainland. Although Puerto Rico has many small street gangs claiming its poorer neighborhoods, NETAS is by far the largest and most dominant, controlling the illegal drug trade in the island's prison system.

History
The Asociación Ñeta (Ñeta Association) was founded in 1979 by Carlos Torres Irriarte, also known as "La Sombra" ("The Shadow"), when several pro-independence political prisoners were incarcerated in the maximum security Oso Blanco prison located in Rio Piedras. They formed as a mutual protection group, ostensibly to improve living conditions and defend inmates from abuses committed by guards and other prisoners, as well as to fight the prison gang Grupo 27 ("Group 27"), or the "Insectos" ("Insects"). The G27s called the Ñetas "Gusanos" ("Worms"). The Ñetas became the most dominant gang in the Oso Blanco prison by the early 1980s but their conflict with the G27s continued. On March 30, 1981, Ñetas leader Carlos Torres Irriarte was shot and stabbed to death by the G27s—along with the help of paid-off authorities—as he returned to his cell from the prison chapel. During the investigation of the murder of Irriarte, the correctional authorities found that he was likely betrayed by his lieutenants. His lieutenants wanted to get into the business of drug-trafficking in the prisons, which Irriarte had opposed. After the death of their founder, the Ñetas rioted, taking over several wings of the prison compound and the prison's pharmacy, where they stole narcotic medications. To avenge the murder of Irriarte, Ñeta members stabbed to death and dismembered the G27s leader "Manota" after breaking into his cell. By the middle of 1984, the Ñetas' numbers had multiplied excessively and the gang had taken over seven major prison facilities across the island. The gang threatened the prison administration into improving the living conditions within the facilities. They denounce and punish sexual offenders, pedophiles and abusers, and exile them to solitary confinement where they are not allowed to interact with the rest of the prison population. It became such a force that the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation physically segregated Ñetas and their rivals in separate buildings or facilities within the prisons.

Organization and ideology
The Ñeta Association has an established hierarchical structure; each chapter's hierarchical leadership structure includes a president, vice president, treasurer, disciplinarian, and a coordinator responsible for organizing monthly meetings. The entire gang chapter participates in an election process in order to determine who will hold these six leadership positions. Prospective Ñetas members are required to serve a probationary period before being formally "blessed in" to membership at a meeting of the chapters held on March 30 of each year. Ñetas refer to each other as "hermanitos" and "hermanitas" (brothers and sisters). The gang has a membership of approximately 13,000, with 7,000 members in Puerto Rico and 5,000 in the United States. Ñeta chapters in Puerto Rico exist exclusively inside prisons. In the U.S., chapters exist both inside and outside prisons in 36 cities in nine states, primarily in the northeastern region. The states in which the Ñetas are most active include Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.

Robert Walker of the website GangsOrUs.com has said of the Ñetas, "they use the facade of a cultural organization and see themselves as oppressed people who are unwilling to be governed by the United States." The Ñetas gang identifies with the Boricua Popular Army and their revolutionary philosophy in seeking independence for Puerto Rico. The gang's colors are red, white and blue, the national colors of Puerto Rico.

Criminal activity
The Ñeta Association can be found throughout the prison systems of Puerto Rico and the United States. Operating mainly out of the tri-state and Upstate area, the gang is reported as having up to 6,000 members in the North East Coast of the U.S. alone. The Ñetas' main source of income is derived from the retail distribution of powdered and crack cocaine, heroin, marijuana and, to a lesser extent, LSD, MDMA, methamphetamine, and PCP. Ñeta members commit assault, auto theft, burglary, drive-by shooting, extortion, home invasion, money laundering, robbery, weapons and explosives trafficking, and witness intimidation. The Ñetas' rivals vary throughout territories. These rival gangs include the United Blood Nation, Crips, 20 Luv, Dominican Power, Dominicans Don't Play, MS-13, Los Solidos, Grupo 27 and Latin Kings.

Investigations and prosecutions
In the late 1990s, there were confirmed reports that Joanna Pimentel, known as "La Madrina", had been appointed council and leader of the New York City chapters. In 2001, Pimentel was convicted in a federal court in Brooklyn, New York, of ordering a gang-related killing in 1995 and was sentenced to life in prison. She is currently being held at the Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury, a federal prison in Connecticut.

On June 3, 2003, seven leaders of the Ñeta Association were arrested in Long Island, New York for the stabbing and murder of two MS-13 members.

Ñetas members Amadeo Rodriguez and Christopher Moore were convicted of murder, conspiracy, assault, and the illegal use of firearms on June 18, 2008 in connection with the January 1, 2001 murder of Giovanni Aguilar at a residence in Freeport, New York. Aguilar, a landscaper, was killed because Rodriguez and Moore mistakenly believed that he was a member of the rival MS-13 gang. Rodriguez and Moore were sentenced to life imprisonment on July 27, 2010.

Twelve members of the Ñetas and the Bloods operating in Chelsea, Massachusetts were indicted on federal and state drug and firearm charges on January 8, 2010. The prosecutions were the culmination of Operation Crossroads, a year-long investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Massachusetts State Police (MSP) and local police.

In May 2012, forty-one people were indicted following a nine-month undercover investigation of a heroin ring in Camden, New Jersey led by Noel Gonzalez and Michael Rivera, members of the Ñetas. During the arrests and searches, authorities seized approximately three-quarters of a kilogram of heroin, approximately $52,000 in cash, about $20,000 in counterfeit U.S. currency, a .40-caliber handgun and eight vehicles. Gonzalez died of natural causes in June 2013 with charges pending against him, and Rivera was sentenced to sixteen years in prison in May 2015. Over thirty others charged in the indictment pleaded guilty to charges of racketeering, conspiracy to distribute narcotics, or narcotics distribution, all of which resulted in state prison sentences ranging from five to ten years.

The alleged leader and twenty-nine alleged members and associates of a Perth Amboy, New Jersey-based drug network linked to the Ñetas were charged in August 2012 with first-degree racketeering. The network allegedly trafficked heroin and crack cocaine in Middlesex County and in New Jersey State Prison in Trenton. The indictment stemmed from Operation New Era Taking Action, a joint investigation by the DEA, New Jersey Department of Corrections, local police and other departments.

In Spain, membership of the Ñetas is predominantly Ecuadorian. The main rivals of the Spanish branch of the Ñetas is the Latin Kings. On 11 May 2014, a brawl occurred in Madrid involving Ñetas and Trinitarios which resulted in two injuries and the arrests of twenty-six gang members. Such Latin American gangs spread to the country as a result of mass deportations from the United States of Latin American immigrants with criminal records.

Jason "J-Live" Cabral, leader of the gang's Long Island faction, was sentenced on November 18, 2014 to a term of 37 years' imprisonment as a result of his guilty plea to the 2004 murders of Anthony Marcano and Fabian Mestres. The 17-year-old Marcano and Mestres, members of the Latin Kings, were robbed and killed after being lured to a house in Brentwood on August 10, 2004.

Fifty members and associates of the Ñetas in Puerto Rico were indicted on various Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) charges, including racketeering, drug trafficking and murder, on May 11, 2016. The third trial against the gang concluded on July 25, 2019. Over forty members, including the organization's supreme leader and his main lieutenants, were ultimately convicted.

title: Ñetas