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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coprography

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was deleted as a copyvio. — Xezbeth 18:36, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

Coprography
Text in full is: Coprography is writing obscene words or phrases, usually in public toilets.

Dictionary definition. Recommend transwiki to wikidictionary. (does not already have this word) RJFJR 03:58, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, has potential to explore the reasons for coprophagy coprography, its content and its consequences. Kappa 05:31, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The reasons, content, and consequences of coprophagy are already discussed in our pre-existing coprophagia article (which coprophagy redirects to). I thought this was a misspelling at first glance, too, though.  —Korath (Talk) 08:56, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Never mind, copyvio anyway. Kappa 11:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dictionary definition. Megan1967 08:16, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary (if they want it).   [  +t,  +c  ] 08:25, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I take that back, now that we know it's a copyvio.   [  +t,  +c  ] 22:13, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wiktionary doesn't want copyvios.  (See google results.)  If they want this word (and I'm not convinced it's sufficiently widespread use), they can make a better definition on their own anyway. —Korath (Talk) 08:56, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep graffiti made it to FAC, Coprography is a notable sub type. Klonimus 06:34, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There's actually a name for writing on a crapper stall? Well, I'll be damned. Technically, however, wouldn't the "copro-" prefix indicate the graffiti is actually written in feces? Iconoclast 15:06, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if copyedited (so there will be no copyvios). --Eleassar777 22:44, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Radville

Radville is a small town in Canadian province of Saskatchewan, in the RM of Laurier No. 38. It was incorporated in 1911 after being settled in 1895. Highway 28 and Highway 377 pass through the town. Nearby communities include the village of Ceylon, 23 km to the west, and the city of Weyburn, 51 km to the north-east. Major nearby urban centres include Regina, which is 148 km to the north, and Moose Jaw, which is 143 km north-west.

A small river, Long Creek, runs along the northern and eastern side of the town, providing fishing and recreation to the locals. To the south of town, a second dam is located for the water supply pumphouse.

History
Radville used to be a major hub of activity throughout the 1920s to 1970s with a livery, the Canadian National Railway (CN), and five grain elevators. Radville was also a CN divisional point. It had a roundhouse with turntable, water tank, sand house, coal dock, ice house, bunkhouse, Roadmaster office, stores, stockyard, loading platform, freight, and express service. The Radville railway station still remains, though now used as a museum. At one time in the town, there was a blacksmith shop, four general stores, a dress shop, bakery, appliance store, Credit Union, jeweller, and two barber shops. This diminished when Highway 28 was upgraded in about 1975. The next largest urban centre of Weyburn received more and more of Radville's local and regional commerce.

Notable buildings
One of the historic buildings in Radville is the local restaurant. The building started as the Bon Ton Barber Shop and the first doctor in Radville, Dr. Joseph P. O'Shea's office, which later became the home of numerous subsequent restaurants.

Radville has had several theatres. The last one, the Oasis Theatre, closed its doors in 1977, showing Star Wars as one of its last movies. After standing empty for a few years, the Oasis was bought by local entrepreneur George Hays and converted into the Alley Oops bowling alley. The newspaper South Saskatchewan Star was owned and operated by Oscar Stitt. A few years afterwards, George Hays purchased the local newspaper, the Radville Star, and moved the publication into the same building. The Princess Theatre, owned by Ham Ferris, closed much earlier and was converted into a senior citizens hall in 1972.

The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, originally the Bank of Commerce, was built in the early 1920s and closed in 2017. The Empire Hotel was built in the early 1920s and is still in operation.

Eva McNaught, who was wife to the fire chief and drayman Harold, ran Eva's Popcorn stand for many years. Due to the warm long languishing summer nights typical of southern prairie towns, many people stayed out in the evenings and enjoyed the Saskatchewan summer weather. A replica of Eva's Popcorn Stand was built in 2010 and runs entirely by volunteers, in the evenings of the summer months.

The Radville CN Station was completely restored in 2010 and is now a museum. Artifacts from local settlers have been collected and are displayed throughout the station. Many activities are hosted at the Museum throughout the year, including the annual "Harvest Day" where locals enjoy an old fashioned outing with live music, a car show, pie contest, silent auction, Soap Box Races on main street, BBQ supper, and beer gardens. This event is usually held in late September.

Education
The Radville Public School, a traditional 3-storey cube-shaped red brick building, burned to the ground on January 16, 1977. A mimeograph machine with its alcohol-based image transfer fluid created an explosion in the staff office on the second floor. Picture windows across the street were cracked as a result of the explosion. The new Radville Elementary School opened a few years later. In the interim, the students were sent to classrooms in the high school, and the younger students were sent to the Catholic school.

The high school was called the Radville Regional High School. The Catholic school, commonly called the Separate School, is named St. Olivier School. There was also the Christian College, Western Christian College, located on the east side of Long Creek.

Larsen Dam
About a mile north of the town is a dam on the creek, commonly referred to as the Radville Dam or the Larsen Dam. This water reserve was used as the primary water reservoir for Radville until approximately 1984, at which time the town decided to use deep drilled water wells. The dam is stocked by the wildlife and fisheries department of the government. In the 1970s and the earlier 1980s, the dam was stocked with northern pike (or "jackfish") and fresh water perch. Later it was stocked with pickerel (or "walleye") and then with trout.

Radville-Laurier Regional Park
Radville-Laurier Regional Park (49.4576°N, -104.3027°W) is a regional park that was originally established in 1965. It was renamed in 1975 to its current name to reflect the partnership between the RM and the town. The park is located adjacent to the town and features most of the recreational facilities for the region. There are 42 campsites, 12 of which are electrified, ball diamonds, playgrounds, an outdoor swimming pool, golf course, and a recreation centre.

The recreation centre has a community hall, skating rink (which is home to the Radville Nationals hockey team), curling rink, the aforementioned swimming pool, seasonal concession, and the registration offices. The golf course, called Robertdale Golf and Country Club, is a 9-hole sand greens golf course named in honour of A.R. Robertson, who had devoted many hours to the club. It is a par 35 course with a total of 2,953 yards.

Transportation

 * Highway 28
 * Highway 377
 * Radville Airport

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Radville had a population of $778$ living in $331$ of its $392$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $807$. With a land area of 2.95 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Notable people

 * Darcy Verot, professional ice hockey player
 * Roy Bailey (politician)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Radville


text:
Never Too Far

"Never Too Far" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey for her first soundtrack and eighth studio album Glitter (2001). It was written and produced by herself and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. The song was released as the album's second single on August 14, 2001 by Virgin Records. The song is a mid-tempo ballad which lyrically deals with heartbreak. "Never Too Far" was used on the charity single "Never Too Far/Hero Medley", which combines the first verse of the song with a re-recorded version of the first verse and bridge of Carey's previous single "Hero" (1993).

The single did not make much impact on the US charts; however, it did reach the top forty in the UK and Australia, as part of a double A-side with "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)". A radio edit of "Never Too Far" was released and found as the opening track of the song's release. Carey was unable to film a music video for the single as she was recovering from a breakdown. Instead, a video was created using a scene taken directly from the film Glitter, where Billie Frank (played by Carey) sings the song at Madison Square Garden during a concert. Carey promoted "Never Too Far/Hero" medley through live performances at the 2001 Radio Music Awards, her A Home For The Holidays With Mariah Carey TV special, and "Never Too Far" during a Glitter medley 18 years later on her Caution World Tour.

Background
In April 2001, Carey signed a US$100 million record deal with Virgin Records (EMI Records). Following commencement for Glitter — her first album under the new label — and the film of same name, Carey embarked on a short promotional campaign for the project. On July 19, 2001, Carey made a surprise appearance on the MTV program Total Request Live (TRL). She came out onto the filming stage, pushing an ice cream cart while wearing an oversized shirt. Seemingly anxious and exhilarated, Carey began giving out individual bars of ice cream to fans and guests on the program, while waving to the crowd down below on Times Square, while diverging into a rambling monologue regarding therapy. Carey then walked to Daly's platform and began a striptease, in which she shed her shirt to reveal a tight yellow and green ensemble, leading him to exclaim "Mariah Carey has lost her mind!".

Following other appearances on which her publicist Cindy Berger said the singer was "not thinking clearly", on July 26, she was hospitalized, citing "extreme exhaustion" and a "physical and emotional breakdown". Following her induction at an un-disclosed hospital in Connecticut, Carey remained hospitalized and under doctor's care for two weeks, followed by an extended absence from the album's promotion. However, her record company had begun promoting "Never Too Far" as the second single from the soundtrack, but Carey was not able to promote it due to still recovering from her breakdown. The song was sent to multiple radio formats in the United States on August 14, 2001.

Usage in Glitter
In the film, Carey's character Billie Frank argues with her boyfriend and producer Dice (Max Beesley) and they break up. Her emotional pain leads her to solo songwriting. Dice also misses Billie, and also begins writing a song. Billie goes to Dice's apartment in an attempt to reconcile. He was not home, but the music he has written is and Billie realizes they wrote the same song: "Never Too Far". She kisses the sheet music, leaving a lipstick imprint, which Dice later discovers. Dice plans a reconciliation, but is killed by Billie's former producer Timothy Walker (Terrence Howard) after Dice did not pay the US$100,000 from their agreement to release Billie from Walker's contract. At Billie's first show at Madison Square Garden, her management and support crew see a report of the murder on television. They wonder if Billie was with him, they see that she is there and has seen the report. Billie onstage commands the band to stop playing "Loverboy", tells the crowd never to take someone for granted, and that if you love them, you should tell them, because you might never have the chance to tell them how you really feel. She then starts to sing "Never Too Far".

Composition
"Never Too Far" is a mid-tempo ballad. The song was written and produced by Carey and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis; it was released as the second single from her first soundtrack album, Glitter (2001). It incorporates music from several musical instruments, including the piano, guitar and organ. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing, the song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 60 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of C major with Carey's vocal range spanning from the low-note of D♯3 to the high-note of Ab5. The song's chorus has a basic chord progression of Gsus2–G–G/F♯–Em7–G/D–C-G/B–Am7. Described as an "adult-contemporary, slow-jam love song", the song's lyrics read "Too painful to talk about it, so I hold it in / So my heart can mend and be brave enough to love again", speaking of emotions felt by the protagonist in the film. "Never Too Far" features "a bed of synthesized strings, gentle drums and Spanish-style guitar" as its primary instrumentation, and incorporates violin and keyboard notes prior to the first verse. According to Chuck Taylor from Billboard, Carey sings the lyrics with "appreciable subtlety, gliding effortlessly" through the song. It ends with a 15-second note that would "evoke a satisfied sigh".

Medley
Following the weak commercial success of Glitter, Carey's other label, Columbia Records, planned to release a compilation album of her biggest hits, titled Greatest Hits (2001). As they had one more album to release from Carey under her old contract, they began assembling content for its release. Though still signed to Virgin, Carey composed a charity single in which all proceeds would go towards helping rebuild America, following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Consequently, she re-recorded her 1993 song "Hero", and made a medley of it with "Never Too Far". The song features a different instrumental introduction, and begins with the first verse and chorus of "Never Too Far", and blends into the bridge of "Hero". Several writers for the medley are credited, with Carey having written "Never Too Far" with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and the latter with Walter Afanasieff. Aside from Jam and Lewis, Randy Jackson assisted Carey in the song's production. In an interview with MTV, Carey described the single and its conception:  I started doing different charity events where I did a combination of 'Never Too Far' and 'Hero'. We made it into a medley and put them in the same key and made it work. People responded really well to it. It's been interesting for me, since the events of September 11, the way people have been playing 'Hero' and really even talking to me about 'Never Too Far', 'cause that song is also about loss. I figured that it would be a nice thing to do, to put them both out for Christmas. There's also an unreleased track on the B-side, which is called 'There for Me' which kind of has the same sentiment. The proceeds from 'Never Too Far' and 'Hero' and 'There for Me' are going to go to the Heroes Fund, and it's going to benefit police officers' families, relief workers' families.

Critical reception
"Never Too Far" received positive reviews from critics. Mark J. Marraccini from Albumism described it as "a classic Carey requiem full of big emotion". Billboard's Chuck Taylor called it a "shimmering ballad", that showcases the singer excelling at what made her a famous: "singing the hell out of a straight ahead love song free of gimmicks, gymnastics and self-conscious attempts at targeting any particular demographic"; he also said that "Never Too Far" would relieve fans that think Carey had been "relying more upon samples and guest vocalists lately than melody and artful performing". A writer from BET network included the track on their list of "Mariah Carey Singles That Deserved to Be No. 1 (But Didn't Get There)", calling it "an absolute stand out among a slew of songs draped in 80s garb". Can't Stop the Pop stated that it "remains a hugely underappreciated ballad", adding that this is "classic Mariah territory; a dramatic, sweeping that could comfortably segue into most of her signature ballads". James Salmon from Dotmusic felt that "there's not much you can really say. It's a slow number with all the vocal showboating you'd expect from her".

Kara Brown of Jezebel called it the album's strongest ballad. Harry Guerin from Raidió Teilifís Éireann wrote that "Never Too Far" showcased "her four octave range but sound[s] roughly like everything else she's committed to tape during her career". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the song another "syrupy-sweet" ballad on the album and that it "harbors over-the-top performances worthy of "Star Search" (more than fitting considering the film's '80s-era rags-to-riches storyline)". Writing for Variety, Danielle Turchiano said it was the song that "transcended Carey’s catalogue and deserved to become an anthem". Turchiano said that the song's lyrics, which talk about a lost loved one, "held against the backdrop of Sept. 11" and transmitted the message "most needed to hear" at the time; "inspire[d] everyone [who had been through the trauma of the attacks] to look inward to find strength to push through". While reviewing the soundtrack on its 20th anniversary, Albumism's Mark J. Marraccini highlighted "Never Too Far" as a "classic Carey requiem full of big emotion" that "stuns in its simplicity".

Chart performance
Due to the September 11 attacks, radio stations began playing "Never Too Far" before its official add date to rotation. However, it failed to enter the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. It also reached number 17 on the US Adult Contemporary component chart. Worldwide, "Never Too Far" was released as a double A-side with "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)", and failed to reach the top-forty in most countries. In the United Kingdom, the release however reached a position of number 32. In contrast, "Never Too Far/Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" reached numbers 67 and 65 in the Netherlands and Switzerland, respectively. It managed to reach peaks of numbers 36 and 16, in respective countries Australia and Spain. The double A-side single enjoyed moderate success in both the Flemish and Wallonian territories in Belgium, peaking at numbers 4 and 1 respectively on the equivalent of the "bubbling under" charts, registering songs just below the main charts. As a solo single, "Never Too Far" performed weakly in Germany reaching number 97 on the German Singles Chart, while in Sweden it peaked at number 56.

Music video and live performances
Carey was unable to film an accompanying music video for the single; at the time of its release, she was recovering from a physical and emotional breakdown that left her hospitalized in August 2001, and caused her to cancel all public appearances to promote Glitter. She said, "When I was asked about the video I said, 'I can't do it today'. And nobody could accept that answer. And that's when I started to get mad. I was, like, look, I am too fatigued. I'm overly-tired, I can't do it as a human being. And nobody was hearing those last two words — human being. They were used to the Mariah that always says, 'Come on, let's fight, let's go'. They just weren't used to me ever saying no. I never said no before". Instead, a video was created using a scene taken directly from the film, where Billie Frank (played by Carey) sings the song at Madison Square Garden during her first sold-out concert. Frank's performance of the song in the film omits its entire second verse, and the song's development runs in parallel with the film's love story.

Though having not promoted "Never Too Far" during the time of its release, Carey embarked on a short promotional campaign for "Never Too Far/Hero" medley, as well as charity benefits for the September 11 attacks victims. At the 2001 Radio Music Awards, Carey made her second public appearance following her breakdown, the first being a performance of "Hero" at the America: A Tribute to Heroes telethon on September 21, 2001. Entering the stage in a long black evening gown, Carey performed the medley live, followed by a standing ovation from the audience. On October 21, 2001, a benefit titled United We Stand: What More Can I Give was held at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C., accompanied by the charity single "What More Can I Give", in which Carey participated. Carey donned a black open-back dress with a plunging neckline, and performed "Never Too Far/Hero", followed by a live rendition of "What More Can I Give".

On November 16, 2001, Carey taped a special titled A Home For The Holidays With Mariah Carey, which aired on CBS on December 21 of that same year. The special featured additional performances by Destiny's Child, Josh Groban, Enrique Iglesias and Mandy Moore. Carey opened the special, with a performance of "Never Too Far/Hero" while wearing a form-fitting red evening gown. Aside from the medley, Carey performed "I'll Be There" and "Reflections (Care Enough)", also a single from Glitter. 18 years later, Carey included "Never Too Far" as part of the #JusticeForGlitter medley on her Caution World Tour.

Formats and track listings
European CD single
 * 1) "Never Too Far" (Edit)
 * 2) "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (featuring Mystikal)

Australian/European CD maxi-single
 * 1) "Never Too Far" (Edit)
 * 2) "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (featuring Mystikal)
 * 3) "Loverboy" (Drums Of Love)
 * 4) "Never Too Far" (The Video)

Credits and personnel
Credits for Glitter adapted from the album's liner notes.

 * Mariah Carey – songwriting, producer, vocals, background vocals
 * James Harris III – songwriting, producer
 * Terry Lewis – songwriting, producer
 * Lee Blaske – string arrangements
 * Kuy-Young Kim – violin
 * Leslie Shank – violin
 * John Kennedy – violin
 * Brenda Mickens – violin
 * Carolyn Gunkler – violin
 * Michal Sobieski – violin
 * David Mickens – violin

 * Alice Preves – viola
 * Tamas Stresser – viola
 * Sarah Lewis – cello
 * Pitnary Chin – cello
 * Gutav Highstein – English horn
 * Xavier Smith – Pro-Tools, assistant
 * Dana Jon Chappelle – engineer
 * Steve Hodge – mixing
 * Patrick Webber – assistant
 * Troy Gonzales – assistant

title: Never Too Far


text:
The Golden Goose

"The Golden Goose" (Die goldene Gans) is a fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm (KHM 64).

Story
A man and his wife have three sons, the youngest of whom is named Dummling because he is neither handsome nor strong like his elder brothers. The eldest brother is sent into the forest to chop wood, equipped with a rich cake and a bottle of wine. He encounters a little gray man who asks for food and drink but is rudely refused. The eldest brother later injures his arm while cutting a tree and is taken home. The second brother suffers a similar fate, injuring his leg. Dummling, sent out with a burned biscuit and soured beer, generously shares his meager meal with the little old man, who transforms the biscuit and beer into a fine cake and wine. For his kindness, Dummling receives a golden goose found within the roots of a tree he cuts down, guided by the little gray man.

Dummling brings the golden goose to an inn for the night. Upon seeing the goose, the innkeeper's three daughters decide to steal some golden feathers when Dummling goes to sleep. While Dummling is sleeping, the eldest daughter tries to pluck one golden feather but becomes stuck to the goose. The second daughter also tries plucking a feather, but gets stuck to her sister. The youngest daughter tries to help her sisters and becomes stuck as well. The next morning, Dummling departs with the golden goose under his arm, followed by the innkeeper's three daughters. A parson, his sexton, and two labourers interfere, only to get stuck to the parade too.

In a nearby castle, there lives a King whose daughter has never smiled nor laughed. The king promises her hand in marriage to anyone who can make her laugh. Sitting by the window, the Princess sees the parade staggering after Dummling and his golden goose and bursts out laughing.

In another version the King, not wanting his daughter to marry a woodcutter, sets Dummling to three additional tasks: to find someone who can drink all the wine in the cellar, someone who can eat a mountain of bread, and a ship that can sail on both land and sea. Dummling, with the little gray man's help, succeeds in all the tasks. Seeing that he has been bested, the King promptly agrees to give Dummling the Princess's hand in marriage.

Variations
Folklorist D. L. Ashliman has pointed out other versions of a Golden Fowl theme: The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs (Aesop); The Golden Mallard (from the Jataka stories of the Buddha's former births); the Huma bird (Persia).

Modern interpretations
A musical version of The Golden Goose, written by Dieter Stegmann and Alexander S. Bermange was presented at the Amphitheater Park Schloss Philippsruhe, Hanau, Germany as part of the Brothers Grimm Festival in 2006.

It was also featured as an episode of the PC game American McGee's Grimm where the goose is 10 times its size and its victims have their bodies completely stuck to the goose rather than falling in a conga line as in the story.

The Jataka
The Buddha (Bodhisatta) was born, grew up, and got married. During his life, he was a member of the Hindu caste group of hereditary priests and scholars. He also had three daughters named Nanda, Nandavati, and Sundarinanda. When he died, he was reincarnated as a golden goose with golden feathers, and after discovering his wife and daughters were being taken care of by others, he decided to give them some of his feathers; he hoped the feathers would help them live comfortably.

Over time, he brought them more feathers to sell, and they were living in a continuous state of comfort and peace; until one day, when his wife became greedy and decided to formulate a plan to steal all of his feathers for money. His daughters did not like the idea of stealing his feathers, so they did not agree to the idea. Alas, the next time the golden goose came back, his wife plucked all of his feathers. When she did this, the feathers immediately changed from golden feathers to white crane feathers. The wife waited for the golden feathers to grow back, but they never did; they grew back white, and the goose flew away, never to return again.

Classification
"The Golden Goose" falls in Aarne-Thompson type 571 (All Stick Together); the appended episode is of A-T Type 513B (The Land-and-Water Ship).

Literary examination
The hero is the youngest of three brothers, given the nickname "Dummling" (Simpleton). His eldest brother is sent into the forest to chop wood (the Task), fortified with a rich cake and a bottle of wine. He meets a little gray man (the Disguised Helper) who begs a morsel to eat and a drop to drink but is rebuffed. The eldest brother meets an accident and is taken home. The second brother meets a similar fate. Dummling, sent out with a biscuit cooked in the ashes of the hearth and soured beer, is generous with the little old man and is rewarded with a golden goose (the Fairy Gift).

The goose has been discovered within the roots of the tree chosen by the little gray man and felled by Dummling. Tellers of this tale could not have been aware of the imprisonment of Osiris. For archaic Greek spirits within oak trees, see dryads.

With the goose under his arm, Dummling heads for an inn, where, as soon as his back is turned, the innkeeper's daughter attempts to pluck just one of the feathers of pure gold, and is stuck fast (Greed A-T Type 68A; Justice is Served). Her sister, coming to help her, is stuck fast too. And the youngest (Least of Three), determined not to be left out of the riches, is stuck to the second. Dummling makes his way to the castle, and each person who attempts to interfere is joined to the unwilling parade: the parson, his sexton, and two laborers.

In the castle lives the King with the Princess (the Princess Prize) who has never laughed. But the despondent Princess, sitting by the window and glimpsing the parade staggering after Dummling and his golden goose, laughs so hard. Dummling, after three more impossible trials including finding a ship that sails on land and sea, sometimes inserted in the tale, in each of which he is assisted by the little gray man, wins the Princess and everyone lives happily ever after.

title: The Golden Goose


text:
San Francisco Public Library

The San Francisco Public Library is the public library system of the city and county of San Francisco. The Main Library is located at Civic Center, at 100 Larkin Street. The library system has won several awards, such as Library Journal ' s Library of the Year award in 2018. The library is well-funded due to the city's dedicated Library Preservation Fund that was established by a 1994 ballot measure. The Preservation Fund was renewed twice, by ballot measures in 2007 and 2022.

History
In August 1877 a residents' meeting was called by state senator George H. Rogers and Andrew Smith Hallidie who advocated the creation of a free public library for San Francisco. A board of trustees for the Library was created in 1878 through the Free Library Act, signed by Governor of California William Irwin on March 18, which also created a property tax to fund the Library project. The San Francisco Public Library (then known as the San Francisco Free Library) opened on June 7, 1879, at Pacific Hall on Bush Street at Kearny Street and hired Albert Hart as the first librarian. In 1888 the Library moved to the Larkin Street wing of City Hall at Civic Center. The first three branches opened from 1888 to 1889, in the Mission, in North Beach, and in Potrero Hill. In 1889 the Library became a Federal depository by nomination of Senator George Hearst.

In 1905, architect Daniel Burnham presented his plans for a new Civic Center for San Francisco, including a new library building. These plans were put on hold after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which destroyed about 140,000 volumes, nearly 80% of its holdings. The library moved to temporary quarters while a new building was designed and built. In 1917, the new main library building, designed by George W. Kelham, opened in the Civic Center. Ten major murals by California Tonalist Gottardo Piazzoni were installed in 1931–1932; four more were completed in 1945, but left uninstalled until the 1970s.

New Main Library
In 1986, a task force was set up to complete the design of the Civic Center, including the use of Marshall Square, next to the main library at the time, for a new main library. The building was completed in 1995 and opened a year later on April 18, 1996. The old main library, which was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, was rebuilt as the new Asian Art Museum. The Piazzoni murals moved to the de Young Museum in 1999.

History from 1990s to present
In 2018 Library Journal awarded it the Library of the Year award.

In March 2019, the San Francisco Public Library Commission voted to remove standing library fines and completely wipe out future fines because the fines serve as an impediment to access for community patrons who would otherwise use and visit one of San Francisco's twenty-seven public libraries. The vote needed to be approved by a Board of Supervisors and the mayor of San Francisco, Mayor London Breed was supportive of this action. It was approved and September 15, 2019, was the first day all fines were cleared.

Under the "Browse and Bounce” program, the public library began reopening its doors to visitors on May 3, 2021, for the first time since its shutdown in March 2020 due to the stay-at-home order issued during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The first floor of the Main Branch was the first to open with adjusted guidelines, such as an hour time limit and plexiglass between computers.

Branch libraries
In addition to the Main Library, the San Francisco Public Library has 27 branch libraries.

 * Anza
 * Bayview
 * Bernal Heights
 * Chinatown
 * Eureka Valley
 * Excelsior
 * Glen Park
 * Golden Gate Valley
 * Ingleside

 * Marina
 * Merced
 * Mission
 * Mission Bay
 * Noe Valley
 * North Beach
 * Ocean View
 * Ortega
 * Park

 * Parkside
 * Portola
 * Potrero
 * Presidio
 * Richmond
 * Sunset
 * Visitacion Valley
 * West Portal
 * Western Addition

Anza
In 1930, San Francisco voters approved a charter amendment to increase taxes to fund the construction of the Anza Branch Library. Using the site of the old Lafayette School, architect John W. Reid Jr. designed and landscaped the new branch building. The new branch was dedicated on April 10, 1932, with 11,823 new books on the shelves. Total cost for the building and its furnishings was $57,117.29. Anza Branch Library was the 17th branch established in the San Francisco Public Library system. The branch closed temporarily for renovation in May 2009. The Anza Branch reopened on Saturday June 18, 2011.

Bayview
The new Bayview Library opened February 23, 2013. The original Bayview/Anna E. Waden Branch Library was opened as a storefront facility in 1927. It was the 13th branch in the San Francisco Public Library system, replacing a "library station" that had been established in 1921. In 1969, a red brick building was built on the corner of the 3rd Street and Revere Avenue in the Bayview/Hunters Point district with a bequest from Anna E. Waden, a clerical employee of the City of San Francisco. Miss Waden's gift of $185,700 paid for the development of this cooperative community project. The building was completed in February 1969, and the formal dedication took place on July 12, 1969. The architect was John S. Bolles & Associates and the contractor was Nibbi Brothers. The façade included a sculpture by Jacques Overhoff.

In 2014, the library was renamed in honor of Linda Brooks Burton who served as the branch’s manager for over 20 years and a champion for the community even after being promoted to district manager. During the library’s remodel in 2012, she fought for the opportunity of constructing the site be given to a locally led crew/company from the Bayview Community. Upon her passing, the community came together and campaigned for the name change. Many patrons who had essentially grown up in the library spoke at the many community meetings, fighting for the change and attributed their continued education or love of reading and learning to the involvement, presence, care and compassion of Mrs. Burton and felt the honor befitting.

Bernal Heights
The Bernal Heights Renovation was completed on January 30, 2010. A “library deposit station” was established in 1920 at 303 Cortland Avenue. As the neighborhood and library grew, it was moved, in 1936, to 324 Cortland. When that proved inadequate the neighbors lobbied for a new building. The one floor branch library at 500 Cortland, was the 21st in the system and built on the site of the original Bernal School at a cost of $94,600. It was designed by Frederick H. Meyer, one of the most prolific and versatile architects in San Francisco at the turn of the 20th century, funded by the Work Projects Administration and dedicated on October 21, 1940.

Chinatown
Chinatown Branch Library, built in 1921 by architect G. Albert Lansburgh is a Carnegie library originally named the North Beach Branch. It is the third branch in the system. Located in Chinatown on Powell Street between Washington and Jackson, the name was changed in 1958 to more accurately reflect the community served. In 1972, the Chinese language, and the Chinese American Interest collections were started in response to the needs and interests of the Chinatown community. In 1991, public and private funds were obtained for a major renovation and expansion of the Chinatown Branch Library. The branch was seismically retrofitted and expanded to twice its original size with a community meeting room and story-room available to use for programs and special events. The Grand Reopening of the Chinatown Branch Library was held on June 15, 1996.

Eureka Valley/Harvey Milk Memorial
The Eureka Valley Renovation was completed on October 24, 2009. The first branch building was the second branch in the system and opened on January 2, 1902. It was named the McCreery Branch in honor of Andrew McCreery who donated the land and paid for construction. It was damaged in the Daly City earthquake of 1957 and demolished. The site was used to construct a new building designed by Appleton and Wolford at a cost of $192,335 and opened on December 20, 1961. It was named the Eureka Valley Branch. In 1981 the Library Commission officially changed the name of the branch to Eureka Valley/Harvey Milk Memorial Branch Library to honor Harvey Milk, the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California. Harvey Milk served as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors until he was assassinated along with Mayor George Moscone on November 27, 1978. In 2006 the City honored José Sarria, the first openly gay man to run for Supervisor (in 1961) by renaming the section of 16th Street adjacent to the branch as José Sarria Court. José Sarria is best known for founding the Imperial Court System, one of the cornerstones of the GLBT community.

Excelsior
The Excelsior Branch Library was the 10th branch established in the San Francisco Public Library system. Initially a "library station", the first branch library was installed in rental quarters at 7 Bauer Street. In 1925 the branch was located on Ocean Avenue and later at 4465 Mission Street. The current building at 4400 Mission Street was opened to the public October 1, 1967. The branch was designed by architects Appleton and Wolfard and built for $248,000. The Excelsior Branch was the first to be renovated under the Branch Library Improvement Program and reopened on July 8, 2005.

Glen Park
Glen Park Branch Library first opened in January 1927, at 700 Bosworth Street. The branch was located at that site for almost 38 years, until the building that housed it was demolished during construction of Interstate 280. Glen Park Branch was then housed in several different locations over the course of 42 years until a multiuse building was constructed in the neighborhood at 2825 Diamond Street. Part of the new building was designated just for the library. The branch opened on October 13, 2007, and became the sixth branch to be renovated through the Branch Library Improvement Program.

Golden Gate Valley
In June 1917, to serve residents of the growing Golden Gate Valley, Cow Hollow, and Marina neighborhoods, construction of the Golden Gate Valley Branch Library was begun at a site on the southwest corner of Green and Octavia Streets that had been purchased by the city for $7,500. The resulting brick and terra cotta Beaux-Arts structure was designed in the shape of a basilica by local architect Ernest Coxhead. Though Carnegie grant funds paid for the building, City funds were used for the furnishings. The total cost of the building and furnishings came to $43,000, and on May 5, 1918, the branch was opened to the public. Golden Gate Valley Branch was the ninth branch established in the San Francisco Public Library system.

Ingleside
The new Ingleside Branch opened on September 12, 2009. Ingleside Branch, the 11th in the system, opened in 1925. The neighborhood was served by "library station" at several locations, including 422 Holloway Avenue, 1612 Ocean Avenue and 387 Ashton Avenue. On May 30, 2001, the library moved to a leased facility—the former Bank of America building, at 1649 Ocean (at Faxon). The eagerly anticipated new branch building at 1298 Ocean Avenue (at Plymouth) opened in 2009.

Richmond
The Richmond Renovation was completed on May 16, 2009. Richmond/Senator Milton Marks Branch was the fourth branch established within the San Francisco Public Library system. The first location of the branch, in 1892, was at 809 Point Lobos Avenue (now Geary Boulevard) and Parker Avenue. In 1914 a new Richmond Branch opened at the current location, the first library building in San Francisco constructed with Andrew Carnegie grant funds. In December 2000, the San Francisco Landmarks Board nominated Richmond Branch Library for designation as a city landmark. Funded by both a City bond measure and $6 million in Proposition 14 State bond funds, a newly renovated, seismically safe, accessible and technologically updated building opened in 2009.

Services
The San Francisco Public Library offers a "homeless and poverty outreach library team" with the help of the Department of Public Health that helps find housing and other services for homeless patrons who set up camp among the stacks. In 2009, in the San Francisco Public Library's Main Library, Leah Esguerra became the first library-based social worker.

title: San Francisco Public Library


text:
User:Yanfeng

I am Yan Feng.

http://yanfeng.org

title: User:Yanfeng


text:
Claveria, Cagayan

Claveria, officially the Municipality of Claveria (Ili nat Claveria; Ili ti Claveria; Bayan ng Claveria), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 31,900 people.

Claveria is 176 km from Tuguegarao and 611 km from Manila.

History
Claveria was officially established as a Spanish mission called Cabicungan on 17 April 1633. It was made into a civil town on 9 March 1865. Initially named after the Cabicungan river that runs through the town, it was renamed Claveria in the 19th century after the Spanish Governor-General Narciso Clavería. In 1661, the town was attacked by rebels from the Ilocos led by Pedro Almazan, resulting in the death of the resident missionary, Jose Navarro de Santa Maria. In the 18th century, the Spanish established a military garrison in the town to launch expeditions against the unconquered Isneg tribes of Apayao and guard the mountain route to the Ilocos.

Barangays
Claveria is politically subdivided into 41 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios. • Alimoan

• Bacsay Cataraoan Norte

• Bacsay Cataraoan Sur

• Bacsay Mapulapula

• Bilibigao

• Buenavista

• Cadcadir East (former brgy of Santa Praxedes)

• Cadcadir West (former brgy of Santa Praxedes)

• Camalagaoan/D. Leaño

• Capannikian

• Centro I (Poblacion)

• Centro II (Poblacion)

• Centro III (Poblacion)

• Centro IV (Nangasangan)

• Centro V (Mina)

• Centro VI (Minanga)

• Centro VII (Malasin East)

• Centro VIII (Malasin West)

• Culao

• Dibalio

• Kilkiling (former brgy of Santa Praxedes)

• Lablabig (former brgy of Santa Praxedes)

• Luzon

• Mabnang (former brgy of Santa Praxedes)

• Magdalena

• Malilitao

• Nagsabaran

• Pata East

• Pata West

• Pinas

• Santiago

• San Antonio (Sayad/Bimmokel)

• San Isidro

• San Vicente

• Santa Maria

• Santo Niño (Barbarnis)

• Santo Tomas

• Tabbugan

• Taggat Norte

• Taggat Sur

• Union (former brgy of Santa Praxedes)

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Claveria, Cagayan, was 31,900 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Claveria, belonging to the second legislative district of the province of Cagayan, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

Education
The Schools Division of Cagayan governs the town's public education system. The division office is a field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and public and private high schools throughout the municipality.

Notable personalities

 * Arthur Tugade is a cabinet member and secretary of the Department of Transportation under the Duterte administration also serve as government-owned Bases Conversion and Development Authority under the late President Benigno Aquino III. a native of claveria.

title: Claveria, Cagayan


text:
Giuseppe Bossi

Giuseppe Bossi (11 August 1777 – 9 November 1815) was an Italian painter, arts administrator and writer on art. He ranks among the foremost figures of Neoclassical culture in Lombardy, along with Ugo Foscolo, Giuseppe Parini, Andrea Appiani or Manzoni.

Biography
He was born in the town of Busto Arsizio, near Milan. He was educated at the college of Monza; and his early fondness for drawing was fostered by the director of the college. He then studied at the Brera Academy of Fine Arts at Milan, and spent the years 1795 to 1801 in Rome, where he drew Roman remains and honed his skills in drawing anatomy at the morgue of a hospital and formed an intimate friendship with Canova, who made a portrait bust of Bossi. He met Jacques-Louis David in Lyon in 1802, though his own style employed a less rigorously classicizing technique.

On his return to Milan he fell in with the circle of progressive young artists that formed the Cameretta Portiana. He became assistant secretary, and then secretary (1802–1807) of the Brera Academy, whose collection of paintings, the Pinacoteca he essentially founded. In 1804, in conjunction with Barnabo Oriani, he drew up revised organizational rules for the three academies of art of Bologna, Venice and Milan, which lent weight to the need for public collections of great examples of the arts, which were being supplied from the dissolved monasteries and secularized churches of Lombardy, under Napoleonic administration. He was rewarded with the Order of the Iron Crown. On the occasion of the visit of Napoleon to Milan in 1805, Bossi exhibited at the Pinacoteca a drawing of the Last Judgment of Michelangelo, and paintings representing Aurora and Night, Oedipus and Creon, and the Italian Parnassus.

By command of prince Eugène de Beauharnais, viceroy of Italy, Bossi undertook to make a copy of The Last Supper of Leonardo da Vinci, then almost obliterated, for the purpose of getting it rendered in mosaic. The drawing was made from the remains of the original with the aid of copies and the best prints. The mosaic, 9.18 m in length, was executed by the Roman mosaicist Giacomo Raffaelli, and was placed in the Minoritenkirche, Vienna. Bossi made another copy in oil, which was placed in the Pinacoteca Brera. The Brera Academy owed to him its fine collection of casts of great works of sculpture acquired at Paris, Rome and Florence. For himself, Bossi collected books, drawings, prints, paintings, coins, sculptures, and antiquities. Bossi devoted a large part of his life to the study of the works of Leonardo, whose drawing manner he imitated accurately enough for his productions to have passed as Leonardos. and his last work was a series of drawings in monochrome representing incidents in the life of that great master. He left unfinished a large cartoon in black chalk of the Dead Christ in the bosom of Mary, with John and the Magdalene. In 1810 he published a special work in large quarto, entitled Del Cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci, which had the merit of greatly interesting Goethe, who shared Bossi's urgent dream of saving Leonardo's fresco.

Bossi's other publications were Delle Opinioni di Leonardo intorno alla simmetria de corpi umani (1811), and Del Tipo dell'arte della pittura (1816). His diary, 1807–1815, is a useful guide to the official artistic life of Napoleonic Milan.

Bossi died at his home in via S. Maria Valle, Milan. A monument by Canova was erected to his memory in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, and a bust was placed in the Brera.

title: Giuseppe Bossi


text:
Cinergy

Cinergy Corp. was an energy company based in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, from 1994 to 2006. Its name is a play on the words "synergy", "energy", and "Cincinnati".

History
Cinergy was created on October 24, 1994, from the merger of the Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company (CG&E) and Kentucky subsidiary Union Light, Heat & Power (ULH&P) with Plainfield, Indiana–based PSI Energy (Public Service Indiana).

In 1996, Riverfront Stadium in Downtown Cincinnati was renamed Cinergy Field in a sponsorship deal with Cinergy. The stadium was demolished by implosion in December 2002 to make way for Great American Ball Park.

In 2005, Cinergy announced a friendly acquisition by the larger Charlotte, North Carolina–based Duke Energy. The acquisition was completed on April 3, 2006. The combined company retains the Duke Energy name. Until the acquisition, Cinergy still operated under the names of the three local utilities (e.g., Cinergy/CG&E in Cincinnati); since the acquisition, the names of the three former Cinergy utilities and Duke Power, the former Duke Energy utility subsidiary, have been phased out, although signs bearing the former logos still remain at some substations.

Environmental record
In May 2006, Cinergy was flagged as a key contributor to major pollution in the American Midwest, prompting the New York State government to sue the company and forcing the company to install modern pollution control equipment. The Ontario government, across the border in Canada, followed suit at the request of New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer.

Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have identified Cinergy as the 49th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 29 million pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air. Major pollutants indicated by the study include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, chromium compounds, and manganese compounds.

Holiday model train display
Under its various operating names, the company operated a holiday model train display that has attracted over 9 million visitors since the event's inception in 1946. The authentic display measures 36+1/2 x long and imitates an O gauge, in which a quarter-inch on the model is equivalent to one foot on a real train.

Duke, in partnership with railway company CSX, continued to host the annual train display in Cinergy's former headquarters until 2011, when the display was donated to the Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal.

title: Cinergy


text: Category:Infectious Grooves albums

title: Category:Infectious Grooves albums


text:
The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move... It's the Infectious Grooves

The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move... It's the Infectious Grooves is the debut album by Infectious Grooves, released in 1991. The song "Therapy" featured vocals from Ozzy Osbourne. The album introduces the character Sarsippius.

Reception
Some of the songs received airplay on MTV, including "Therapy" and "Punk It Up". Steve Huey from AllMusic praised the album, calling it "an unabashed good-time party record". The album charted at 198 on the Billboard 200 and 6 on the Billboard Heatseekers.

Track listing

 * 1) "Punk It Up" (Muir/Trujillo) – 3:51
 * 2) "Therapy" (Muir/Trujillo) – 3:25
 * 3) "I Look Funny?" (Muir/Sarsippius) – 0:26
 * 4) "Stop Funk'n with My Head" (Dunn/Muir/Trujillo) – 3:23
 * 5) "I'm Gonna Be My King" (Dunn/Muir/Trujillo) – 5:23
 * 6) "Closed Session" (Muir/Sarsippius) – 1:19
 * 7) "Infectious Grooves" (Dunn/Muir/Trujillo) – 4:13
 * 8) "Infectious Blues" (Muir/Trujillo) – 0:43
 * 9) "Monster Skank" (Muir/Trujillo) – 3:42
 * 10) "Back to the People" (Infectious Grooves) – 2:46
 * 11) "Turn Your Head" (Muir/Sarsippius) – 1:19
 * 12) "You Lie...And Yo Breath Stank" (Muir/Trujillo) – 2:55
 * 13) "Do the Sinister" (Muir/Trujillo) – 4:15
 * 14) "Mandatory Love Song" (Muir) – 0:09
 * 15) "Infecto Groovalistic" (Muir/Trujillo) – 5:05
 * 16) "Thanx But No Thanx" (Muir/Sarsippius) – 1:54

Credits

 * Greg Calbi – mastering
 * Scott Crago – percussion, conga, drums
 * Mark Dodson – producer, mixing
 * Dave Dunn – keyboards
 * Rocky George – guitar
 * Phil Kettner – guitar
 * Kenny Komisar – executive producer
 * Dave Kushner – guitar
 * Mike Muir – vocals, producer
 * Ozzy Osbourne – vocals on "Therapy"
 * Stephen Perkins – percussion, drums, timbales
 * Dean Pleasants – guitar
 * Adam Siegel – guitar, artwork
 * Robert Trujillo – bass, producer
 * Joel Zimmerman – art direction


text:
User talk:Sidmeister78

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -  BanyanTree 04:04, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

HKWNB, HKCOTW, Current events
Hi. Thanks for your contributions to some Hong Kong-related articles. You might be interested to take a look at HK wikipedians' notice board, HK Collaboration of the Week and Current events in Hong Kong and Macao. Happy editing! — Instantnood 09:30, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Commons
Thanks a lot for the pictures of Sheung Wan Station. You can, alternatively, upload the pictures at Wikimedia Commons, so that other language versions of Wikipedia can also use it. And by the way please add copyright information of the pictures on the image description pages. — Instantnood 16:39, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

Super Bowl XLI
I removed the only ... in the rain statement from this article. Without debating what percent of the game would need rain, I seem to recall rain in other games. Please fee free to re-add the statement, but consider citing your source (other then original research. Thank you, —  xaosflux  Talk  00:24, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Image:Dustin Penner2007.jpg
Hi, this image has been uploaded to wikimedia commons. It lacks information about the author, however. Did you take it yourself? Best regards, -- rimshots talk 12:48, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I see that you have been uploading some images that way, could you add author or source information to all of them? -- rimshots talk 10:36, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes I took all the pictures myself. I should've uploaded the pics to Wikimedia Commons first.  Sidmeister78
 * The CommonsHelper should make it easier to move your existing images to Commons. -- rimshots talk 12:53, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:59, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sidmeister78


text: Talk:The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move... It's the Infectious Grooves


text:
SuperPower 2

SuperPower 2 is a real-time strategy wargame developed by Canadian based GolemLabs and published by DreamCatcher Interactive in 2004, following SuperPower. It was released between October 12 and November 19, 2004, in North America and Europe, respectively. On April 18, 2014, Nordic Games officially released SuperPower 2 on the Steam Store.

Players may join a game as any of the 193 nations recognized by the United Nations at the time of its development. All standard games start in the year 2001, with the player taking control of their nation. They then must work toward their predefined goals, such as achieving world peace, balancing their nation's resources, or conquering the world, or, if they did not set any predefined goals, they have the opportunity to work toward developing their nation's infrastructure, increasing their military strength through new unit designs and development, and encouraging the economic and cultural growth of their nation.

Any nation not controlled by a player is considered an AI nation. If there are predefined objectives, the player will attempt to reach this objective to win the game. The AI will have their own objectives, which they will try to reach as well. If and when the player and the AI have conflicting goals, it is up to the player, and occasionally the AI, to decide if diplomacy is the way to go, or if war is the answer to their problems.

Because SuperPower 2 is a real-time game, there is no preset end date. This means that a single game can, in theory, run indefinitely.

SuperPower 2 was released in English, French, German, Spanish, Korean, Chinese and Russian.

Political sphere

 * Political sphere (menu structure)
 * Constitutional
 * Internal Laws
 * Treaties
 * New Treaty
 * View Selected

Political sphere consists of all political activity, domestic and international, of the selected nation. This sphere allows players to see (and modify if own nation is selected) internal laws, government type, and diplomatic agreements.

Military sphere

The Military sphere consists of all military and covert operations. This sphere allows players to buy, sell, build, train, deploy, disband a variety of military units. It also allows players to train intelligence cells and conduct covert warfare. In addition, strategic warfare is controlled from this sphere.

Strategic warfare
Strategic warfare consists of nuclear missiles being launched from land based locations, or from submarines. Nuclear warfare is devastating for both the attacker and the victim. When a nuclear missile is launched and detonates in another nation, relations with nations around the world decline, depending on the importance of the nation attacked. The attacker's nation also becomes less stable, increasing chances of a revolution.

Economic sphere
The economic sphere consists of all financial activity. From this sphere player can view (and control if the selected nation is the same as the player's) income and expenses as well as trade and taxes. Players can set national interest rates, income tax levels, tariffs, and spending levels in this sphere. Players can also nationalize or privatize portions of their economy. This is also where the "Autarky" bug does most damage because in the game trade is almost always the most income generating source and when the bug sets in, this well of wealth inevitably dries up when no other nations buy your goods. However, playing a country with high levels of raw resources like South Africa with precious metals, seems to not fall victim to the bug as quickly as countries relying on services and agriculture. Also, by invading nearby countries followed by annexation and high levels of taxes can also stave off autarky. At this point however, convincing the rest of the world not to invade is a bigger problem.

Reception
Although slightly improved over the original SuperPower, the sequel received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Many critics referred to the game as highly ambitious but critically flawed. One of the most positive reviews, from GameZone, said that "The number of options, the good graphics for the globe and almost limitless gameplay adds up a game that is worthy of United Nations attention."

However, many high-profile gaming publications panned the game, with common criticisms including frequent crashes, a poorly designed user interface, features that were either not implemented or apparently ineffective, and frequent implausible, nonsensical, and unexplained events occurring during the game (such as Poland declaring war on Burkina Faso for unclear reasons). A reviewer for GameSpy described SuperPower 2 as "a bunch of pointless hand-waving in a half-hearted attempt to pawn off a ponderous spreadsheet as a game", also stating that "...because the game is so devoid of personality, it's not even engaging as a way of experimenting with nightmare scenarios. There's nothing satisfying about taking control of the U.S. and changing it to a military dictatorship without freedom of speech or women's suffrage, only to see your political standing inch to the right and maybe your approval rating dip for a while." IGN was also critical of the game, giving it a score of 4.5 out of 10 and stating, among other things, that "The art of international war itself is conducted here according to principles that would make Sun Tzu burn his book and restart life as a caterer." The game also features plenty of mods to choose from which change and edit the game play to specific real time or fictional settings.

Steam release
After nearly 10 years from the original release date, the game was released on the PC game distribution platform Steam on April 18, 2014, after a successful Steam Greenlight campaign. The Steam version features updated code and patches for bugs that were long neglected in the older version. However, this version also came with its share of problems, such as fullscreen mode not being an option, and the updated code breaking user-made modifications from the older version. The former was fixed however. Steam achievements were also added, as well as a new authentication system and server browser, which replaced GameSpy, its former server browser service that discontinued the game earlier in the year.

GOG release
Remastered DRM-free version of the game was released on the PC game distribution platform GOG.com on August 13, 2015, with a 4 day -50% launch discount. Game is sold with additional manual, design document, concept arts and team photographs. Much like Steam version it lacked full screen mode. Remastering included support for widescreen resolutions, new multiplayer matchmaking with modified multiplayer user interface, and an updated source code to offer support for modern operating systems. Initial reviews were mixed.

Bugs
After playing for a long period (the exact amount varies from game to game), a bug called Autarky sets in. The Autarky bug will always happen if the game is going on for a long period. It makes it nearly impossible for a nation to trade because everyone has a surplus of many of the items they trade. This causes nations to begin to lose money, since they can no longer make money from trade. While in most cases the bug eventually occurs, the use of extensive measures within player controlled countries- such as explosive population growth manipulation, severe limiting of human development and minimal infrastructures and telecommunications development- can maintain a permanent, large, and increasing resource deficit, which results in permanent importing for the player country, and massive export growth for virtually all other countries. With extreme population manipulation through the building and canceling of large numbers of soldiers while paused, it is possible to sustain a pan-global computer nation export economy with one underdeveloped, vastly overpopulated nation.

There are several patches made by the modding community fixing bugs, but the Autarky bug has never been fully patched out.

Sequel
GolemLabs announced a sequel to the game, SuperPower 3, on September 17, 2021, during the THQ Nordic 10th Anniversary Showcase. The preview showed no gameplay but was stated by GolemLabs to be a "direct message" to those who have waited for the game, with the President of the United States stating "Because we've all had to wait, and for much too long, to be finally heard." in the showcase.

The Steam page for SuperPower 3 went live the same day as the announcement, showing improved graphics and even a character customization kit available before every game. The game is reportedly much larger than the previous edition, requiring 55GB of hard disk space.

SuperPower 3 was released on October 7, 2022. Although following release, it was met with negative reviews.

title: SuperPower 2


text:
IEC 61131-3

 IEC 61131-3 is the third part (of 10) of the international standard IEC 61131 for programmable logic controllers. It was first published in December 1993 by the IEC; the current (third) edition was published in February 2013.

Part 3 of IEC 61131 deals with basic software architecture and programming languages of the control program within PLC. It defines three graphical and two textual programming language standards:
 * Ladder diagram (LD), graphical
 * Function block diagram (FBD), graphical
 * Structured text (ST), textual
 * Instruction list (IL), textual (deprecated in 3rd edition of the standard )
 * Sequential function chart (SFC), has elements to organize programs for sequential and parallel control processing, graphical.

Data types

 * Elementary Data Type
 * Bit Strings – groups of on/off values
 * BOOL - 1 bit (0,1)
 * BYTE –  8 bit (1 byte)
 * WORD – 16 bit (2 byte)
 * DWORD – 32 bit (4 byte)
 * LWORD – 64 bit (8 byte)
 * INTEGER – whole numbers (Considering byte size 8 bits)
 * SINT – signed short integer (1 byte)
 * INT – signed integer (2 byte)
 * DINT – signed double integer (4 byte)
 * LINT – signed long integer (8 byte)
 * USINT – Unsigned short integer (1 byte)
 * UINT – Unsigned integer (2 byte)
 * UDINT – Unsigned double integer (4 byte)
 * ULINT – Unsigned long integer (8 byte)
 * REAL – floating point IEC 60559 (same as IEEE 754-2008)
 * REAL – (4 byte)
 * LREAL – (8 byte)
 * Duration
 * TIME – (implementer specific). Literals in the form of T#5m90s15ms
 * LTIME – (8 byte). Literals extend to nanoseconds in the form of T#5m90s15ms542us15ns
 * Date
 * DATE – calendar date (implementer specific)
 * LDATE – calendar date (8 byte, nanoseconds since 1970-01-01, restricted to multiple of one day)
 * Time of day
 * TIME_OF_DAY / TOD – clock time (implementer specific)
 * LTIME_OF_DAY / LTOD – clock time (8 byte)
 * Date and time of Day
 * DATE_AND_TIME / DT – time and date (implementer specific)
 * LDATE_AND_TIME / LDT – time and date (8 byte, nanoseconds since 1970-01-01)
 * Character / Character string
 * CHAR – Single-byte character (1 byte, limited to characters 0 to 255 of ISO/IEC 10646)
 * WCHAR – Double-byte character (2 byte, limited to characters 0 to 65535 of ISO/IEC 10646)
 * STRING – Variable-length single-byte character string. Literals specified with single quote, 'This is a STRING Literal'
 * WSTRING – Variable-length double-byte character string. Literals specified with a double quote, "This is a WSTRING Literal"
 * Generic Data Types – Only available for the input / output/ in-out variables of system-defined Program Organization Units (POUs, see below)
 * ANY
 * ANY_DERIVED
 * ANY_ELEMENTARY
 * ANY_MAGNITUDE
 * ANY_NUM
 * ANY_REAL: LREAL, REAL
 * ANY_INT
 * ANY_UNSIGNED: ULINT, UDINT, UINT, USINT
 * ANY_SIGNED: LINT, DINT, INT, SINT
 * ANY_DURATION: TIME, LTIME
 * ANY_BIT: LWORD, DWORD, WORD, BYTE, BOOL
 * ANY_CHARS
 * ANY_STRING: STRING, WSTRING
 * ANY_CHAR: CHAR, WCHAR
 * ANY_DATE: DATE_AND_TIME (DT), DATE_AND_TIME(LDT), DATE, TIME_OF_DAY (TOD), LTIME_OF_DAY(LTOD)
 * User-defined Data Types
 * Enumerated data type
 * Enumerated data type with named value
 * Subrange data type – puts limits on value i.e., INT(4 .. 20) for current
 * Array data type – multiple values stored in the same variable.
 * Structured data type – composite of several variables and types.
 * Directly derived data type – type derived from one of the above types to give new name and initial value as a type.
 * References – a kind of strongly typed pointer. Arithmetic operation of the value of this type is prohibited.

Variables
Variable attributes: RETAIN, CONSTANT, AT
 * Global
 * Direct (local)
 * I/O Mapping – Input, Output, I/O
 * External
 * Temporary

Configuration

 * Resource – Like a CPU
 * Tasks – Can be multiple per CPU.
 * Programs – Can be executed once, on a timer, on an event.

Program organization unit (POU)

 * Functions
 * Standard: ADD, SQRT, SIN, COS, GT, MIN, MAX, AND, OR, etc.
 * Custom
 * Function Blocks
 * Standard:
 * Custom – Libraries of functions can be supplied by a vendor or third party.
 * Programs

Configuration, resources, tasks

 * Configuration – processing resources, memory for IO, execution rates, number of tasks.

Object oriented programming (OOP)

 * The 3rd revision of the standard describes how to implement OOP within the application programming

title: IEC 61131-3


text:
Falacer

Falacer, or more fully dīvus pater falacer, was an ancient Italic god, according to Varro. Hartung is inclined to consider him an epithet of Jupiter, since falandum, according to Festus, was the Etruscan name for "heaven."

Although his origin is obscure, he was at one time considered important enough to have his own flamen.

His name may appear in the name of the city of Falacrine (Falacrīnum or Phalacrīna). The name also has a correlation with Falerii and the Falisci, and so it has been suggested that Falacer may have been the eponymous ancestor of these ancient tribes.

title: Falacer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Goh Tat Chuan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. — Xezbeth 18:37, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

Goh Tat Chuan
NN. Given that the team isn't big enough to register on the Wiki radar, why should one of its players? Then again, 570 hits, and he may be a Singaporean international player (not that Singapore are exactly Brazil...) Grutness|hello? 04:08, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 08:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough. Alex.tan 14:09, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Adored by millions, most of which don't speak english or use a roman alphabet. SchmuckyTheCat 14:20, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ, he may be adored by thousands and thousands, but I would hardly put the figure at "millions". There are only 4 million residents in Singapore and I would venture that 3/4 of them won't even bother knowing anymore about him than the fact he exists (Singapore is, after all, well known for having many citizens who know more about the English Premier league than their own soccer league). I would bet hardly anyone outside Singapore is a fan of his. Alex.tan 04:40, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep for the reason given by SchmuckyTheCat. --Eleassar777 22:47, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep He is actually in the Singapore national squard, as well as one of the extremely few ethnic Chinese soccer players here, hence that does raise his profile somewhat.--Huaiwei 09:24, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just its a substub and someone really didn't bother to type in anything distinctive when they created it, so I will work on this later. -- Natalinasmpf 11:15, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Lricci

I'm a new poster. my first posts are under: 24.167.228.147
 * Are you the same lRicci I found in LinkedIn recently?  // Halibutt 12:20, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lricci


text:
Suman Kalyanpur

Suman Kalyanpur (born as Suman Hemmadi; 28 January 1937) is an Indian playback singer who is most notable for her work in Hindi cinema. She recorded songs for movies in several languages besides Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Rajasthani, Odia and Punjabi.

Her voice has often been mistaken to be that of Lata Mangeshkar due to their similar tone and texture. Suman Kalyanpur's career started in 1954 and she went onto become a popular singer in the 1960s and 1970s.

Personal life
Suman Kalyanpur was born as Suman Hemmadi on 28 January 1937 in Dhaka (now in Bangladesh). Suman Kalyanpur's father Shankar Rao Hemmadi hailed from a Saraswat Brahmin family belonging to Mangalore. Hemmadi is a village in Kundapur Taluk of Udupi District, Karnataka. He served on a top post in the Central Bank of India and was posted to Dhaka for a very long period. Apart from father and mother Seeta Hemmadi, there were 5 daughters and one son in the family with Suman being the eldest among her siblings. In 1943, her family moved to Mumbai, where she received her musical training.
 * Early life

Suman had always been interested in painting and music. After completing schooling from Mumbai’s famed St. Columba High School, she got admission in the prestigious Sir J. J. School of Arts for further studies in painting. Simultaneously, she started learning classical vocal from Pune's Prabhat Films' music director and a close family friend, Pandit Keshav Rao Bhole. According to Suman, initially singing was just hobby to her but gradually her interest in music increased and she started learning it professionally from Ustad Khan, Abdul Rehman Khan and Guruji Master Navrang. Suman's younger sister Shyama Hemmady was also a singer.

Suman Hemmady married a Mumbai-based businessman Ramanand Kalyanpur in 1958 and thus, became Suman Kalyanpur from Suman Hemmady. He accompanied her for every recording session after their marriage. She has a daughter named Charul Agni who is settled in the United States after marriage. Her grand daughter Aaishanni Agny returned to India and opened an NGO in Mumbai in her grand mother's name.
 * Married life

Career
According to Suman, "Everybody at home had an inclination towards arts and music but public performances were strictly prohibited. Still, I could not say 'no' to an offer to sing for the All India Radio in 1952. This was my first public performance after which I got a chance to sing for the Marathi film Shukrachi Chandni released in the year 1953. At that time, Sheikh Mukhtar was making the film Mangu whose composer was Mohammed Shafi. Sheikh Mukhtar was so impressed with my ‘'Shukrachi Chandni'’ songs, that he got me to sing 3 songs for the film ‘Mangu’. However, due to some unknown reasons, later O. P. Nayyar replaced Mohammed Shafi and only one of my three songs, a lullaby "Koi Pukare Dheere Se Tujhe" was retained in the film. Thus, I entered Hindi cinema with the 1954 release "Mangu".

Immediately, after the film "‘Mangu’", Suman sang 5 songs under the baton of composer Naushad for the film Darwaza (1954), which was produced by Ismat Chugtai and directed by Shahid Lateef. Since ‘'Darwaza’' released first, it is generally believed to be Suman Kalyanpur's first Hindi film. In the same year (1954), Suman sang the film version of O.P.Nayyar’s hit ensemble song "Mohabbat Kar Lo Ji Bhar Lo Aji Kisne Roka Hai" with Mohammed Rafi and Geeta Dutt for the film Aar Paar. According to Suman, she had a couple of solo lines to sing and her services were used, more, as a chorus singer in this song. This proved to be the only song she ever sang for O. P. Nayyar.

Suman Kalyanpur's first film song was a duet with Talat Mahmood in Darwaza (1954). Talat Mahmood heard Kalyanpur singing in a musical concert and was highly impressed by her singing. A rank newcomer, her career hit the big league when Talat agreed to sing the duet with her, making the film industry sit up and take notice of her.

She sang for the movie, Mangu (1954), Koi Pukare Dheere Se Tujhe. Kalyanpur provided playback singing for Miyan Bibi Razi (1960), Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962), Dil Ek Mandir (1963), Dil Hi To Hai (1963), Shagoon (1964), Jahan Ara (1964), Sanjh Aur Savera (1964), Noor Jehan (1967), Saathi (1968) and Pakeezah (1971). She sang for composers Shankar Jaikishan, Roshan, Madan Mohan, S. D. Burman, N Datta, Hemant Kumar, Chitragupta, Naushad, S. N. Tripathi, Ghulam Mohammed, Kalyanji Anandji, Vasant Desai and Laxmikant–Pyarelal singing the most songs for the first two in the list. She has sung over 740 movie and non-movie songs. She sang over 140 duets with Rafi in the 1960s.

Suman's first song in Marathi was the super-hit "Bhaatuklichaa Khel Maandila" for Vasant Prabhu, for the film Pasant Aahe Mulgi. After that she never looked back for over 20 years. Putra Vhawa Aisaa, Ekti, Manini and Annapoorna were but a few of her memorable films. But even outside films, her hits are legion and include over 50 timeless gems of Marathi films, bhavgeet and bhaktigeet.

Kalyanpur sang with Lata Mangeshkar the duet "Kabhi Aaj, Kabhi Kal, Kabhi Parson" under the direction of composer Hemant Kumar. She recorded some popular duets with male singers Mohammed Rafi, Manna Dey, Mukesh, Talat Mahmood, Kishore Kumar and Hemant Kumar. Some of her memorable duets with Rafi are "Aajkal Tere Mere Pyaar Ke Charche", "Na Na Karte Pyaar", "Tumse O Hasina", "Rahen Na Rahen Hum", "Parbaton Ke Pedon Par Shaam Ka Basera He", "Ajahuna Aye Balama", "Tumane Pukara Aur Hum Chale Aye", "Bad Muddat Ke Yeh Ghadi Ayee", "Mujhe Yeh Bhool Na", "Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya", "Tujhko Dilbari Ki Kasam" and "Chand Takata Hai Idhar". With Manna Dey, she sang the popular duet "Na Jane Kahan Ham The" under the music direction of Dattaram. With Mukesh she has sung many popular duets like `Yeh Kisne Geet Chheda', "Akhiyon ka noor hai tu", "Mera Pyar Bhi Tu Hai", "Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya", "Shama Se Koi Kehde", etc.

Kalyanpur also recorded some memorable songs with a classical base, including "Manamohan Man Mein Ho Tumhi", "Mere Sang Ga Gunguna" and "Gir Gayi Re More Mathe Ki Bindiya".

Similarity of voice with Lata Mangeshkar
Suman Kalyanpur's voice was very similar to the singer, Lata Mangeshkar. Many of her songs are indistinguishable from Lata's style, because she sang with a quality comparable to Lata. Kalyanpur was very uncomfortable regarding the similarity between her voice and Lata's. She had once answered "I was quite influenced by her. In my college days, I used to sing her songs. Meri aawaaz nazuk aur patli thi (My voice was delicate and thin). What could I do? Also when Radio Ceylon relayed the songs, the names were never announced. Even the records sometimes gave the wrong name. Maybe that caused more confusion." In the era of 1950s and 1960s, the period was referred as the golden era of Hindi film music where the time when female playback singing was dominated by singers like Shamshad Begum and Lata Mangeshkar.

During the similar period, Lata had refused to sing with Rafi over royalty issues and those songs were recorded by Kalyanpur with Rafi. She sang over 140 duets with Rafi in this period.

Hindi songs
Zindagi zulm sahi ( shagun)
 * "Tumse O Haseena Kabhi Mohabbat Na Maine Karni Thi" (Farz (1967 film))
 * "Sathi Mere Sathi" (Veerana)
 * "Na Tum Hamen Jano" (Baat Ek Raat Ki)
 * "Chhodo, Chhodo Mori Baiyann" (Miya Biwi Razi)
 * "Dil Gham Se Jal Raha" (Shama)
 * "Yun Hi Dil Ne Chaha Tha" (Dil Hi To Hai)
 * "Bujha Diye Hain" (Shagoon)
 * "Mere Sang Ga" (Janwar)
 * "Mere Mehboob Na Ja" (Noor Mahal)
 * "Tum Agar Aa Sako To"' and "Zindagi Doob Gai Dard Ke Toofano Mein" (Ek Sal Pehle)
 * "Zindagi imtehan leti hai " (Naseeb)
 * "Jo Ham Pe Guzarti Hai" (Mohabbat Isko Kehten Hain)
 * "Sharabi Sharabi Yeh Sawan Ka Mausam" (Noor Jehan)
 * "Behena Ne Bhai Ki Kalai Main" (Resham Ki Dori), for which she was nominated for the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award in 1975.
 * "Dil Ek Mandir Hai" (Dil Ek Mandir)
 * "Aajkal Tere Mere Pyaar Ke Charche" from Brahmachari, which was one of her most famous songs, is usually thought to be sung by Lata Mangeshkar but it was in fact sung by her. (The confusion results from the fact that the quality of her voice is similar to Lata Mangeshkar's at times).
 * "Aansoo ki ek boond hoon main" (Ek Paheli)
 * "Mera Pyar Bhi Tu Hai Yeh Bahar Bhi Tu Hai" (Saathi)
 * "Na Na Karte Pyar" (Jab Jab Phool Khile)

Marathi songs

 * "Rimjhhim Jharati Shrāwan Dhara"
 * "Shabda Shabda Japun Thhewa"
 * "Re Kshanichya Sangateene Mi Ashi Bharawale"
 * "Keshava Madhava Tuzya Namat Re Godawa"
 * "Omkar Pradhan Roop Ganeshache"
 * "Jethe Sagara Dharanee Milate"
 * "Bhaktichya Phulancha Goad To Suwas"
 * "Navika Re Vara Vahe Re"
 * "Ketakichya Banee Tethe Nachala Ga Mor"
 * "Yaa Laadkya Mulino".
 * "Samadhi Gheun jayee dnyandev".
 * "Mrudul Karani Chhedit Tara".
 * "Savalya Vitthala Tujhya Dari Aale".
 * "Saang kadhi kalnar tula bhav majhya manat la"
 * "Nimbonichya zada mage"

Bengali songs

 * "Ronger Basore"
 * "Ei Chadro Mollikate"
 * "Durashar Baluchare"
 * "Mone Karo Aami Nei"
 * "Sudhu Swapno Niye"
 * "Kande Keno Mon"
 * "Tomar Aakash Theke"
 * "Badoler Madol Baje Guruguru"
 * "Aamar Swapno Dekhar Duti Nayon"
 * "Aakash Ajana Tobu"
 * "Payer Chinho Niye"
 * "Dulchere Mon"
 * "Byatha Hoye Keno Phire Ele Bondhua"
 * "Bhabis Ne Re Kandhchi Bosey"
 * "Ekhane Okhane Jekhane Sekhane"
 * "Dure theko na aaro aaro kache eso"

Kannada songs

 * "Odanadi Bekendu"
 * "Hani Hani Heeri Thani Hareya"
 * "Thallana Nooru bage"

Odia songs

 * " Jaya Jadu Nandan" in Odia movie Gapa Hele Bi Sata(1976)

Assamese Song

 * "Oi Oi Akash Xubo"
 * "Akashore neelai prithivi xabote"
 * "Phool bhora phoolonir"
 * "Jibon ghorir protitu pol"
 * "Milonor ei madhu khyan"
 * "O nayanmoni"

Awards

 * Received three times the prestigious "Sur Sringar Samsad" award for the best classical song in a Hindi movie.
 * 2009 – Lata Mangeshkar Award by the Government of Maharashtra
 * Ga Di Ma Award by Ga Di Ma Pratishthan
 * 2022 – Mirchi Music Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2023 – Padma Bhushan by the Government of India on 26 January 2023
 * 2024 - [Maharashtra Bhushan MaTaa Sanman Puraskar] (Maharashtra Times)

title: Suman Kalyanpur


text:
René Le Bossu

René Le Bossu or le Bossu (16 March 1631 – 14 March 1680) was a French literary critic.

Le Bossu was born in Paris, studied at Nanterre, and in 1649 became one of the regular canons of the Abbey of St Genevieve. His published his first book, Parallèle des principes de la physique d'Aristote et de celle de René Descartes, in 1674. The book aimed to show that the principles of Aristotle and René Descartes were more similar than generally thought. This book was indifferently received.

His second book, Traité du poème épique, was published in 1675 on epic poetry. It was highly praised by Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux. Its leading doctrine was that the subject should be chosen before the characters, and that the action should be arranged without reference to the personages who are to figure in the scene. This book was reprinted in several editions, and was translated into English.

Works

 * English translation:
 * English translation:
 * English translation:

title: René Le Bossu


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Latter Day Saint movement/Articles to Expand

These Latter Day Saint movement articles are in need of expansion. Please read through them and be bold in expanding. When you work on expanding these articles, be sure to cite sources, check facts, keep it NPOV, and wikify, if needed. Remember, we want to have great writing — you are working on a future featured article.

Articles

 * Emma Hale Smith - I think this is the most embarrassing stub in Mormonism but don't know enough about her later life and Reorganization to make a great article. Cool Hand Luke  08:02, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm reading Lucy's Book and will contribute as I get original data. Tom H. 03:35, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I finally put my shoulder to the Emma wheel and filled out some of the history section. Are we still doing that fortnight effort? --John Hamer 22:50, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Amazing work, John. I edited a bit and dropped a question at Talk.  I invite everybody to read through the article, and then maybe we can go to the next collaboration. Tom Haws 21:48, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry that it took me forever to get back and address the plural marriage question. The last 2 weeks have been incredibly busy for me.  Any how, I rephrased the parts about Emma and her knowledge of plural marriage --- see if you think it answers the concerns.  --John Hamer 06:11, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * King Follett Discourse - does not discuss the doctrines advanced in this important sermon. The full text is in history for reference.
 * Polygamous Mormon fundamentalists - it would be nice to add a few more polygamist groups.
 * History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints - This long-term project badly needs a section on the Mormon exodus and early Utah settlements. There are also numerous other huge gaps. CO GDEN  17:40, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Mormonism and Freemasonry - This can potentially turn into a very interesting and provocative article, but it's just a stub now. A good starting place for information might be The Masonic Moroni. CO GDEN  17:40, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Tales of the Vampires

Tales of the Vampires is a five issue American comic book limited series (later collected in a single trade paperback), published by Dark Horse Comics and set in the Buffyverse. It comprises an anthology of short stories written by Joss Whedon, Jane Espenson, Ben Edlund, and Drew Goddard. Each story tells the tale of one or more Buffyverse vampires, and the otherwise unrelated collection is strung together by a bridging story written by Whedon.

The anthology is presented as a series of stories told by an ancient vampire to a group of young Watchers. Tales of the Vampires is the tale of that storytelling session and functions as a bridge among the other items in the anthology. The stories in this series are generally considered to be an official part of the Buffyverse canon.

Dark Horse published a new one-shot special based on the Tales of the Vampires concept by Becky Cloonan, Vasilis Lolos, Gabriel Bá and Fabio Moon in June 2009. Specifically, this one-shot is a tie-in with the Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight storyline following "Harmonic Divergence" in which vampires become very popular with the public at large.

Drawing on Your Nightmares
Halloween one-shot special (September 10, 2003)

Issue #1
Published (December 10, 2003) cover by John Totleben

Issue #2
Published (January 14, 2004) cover by Ben Templesmith

Issue #3
Published (February 11, 2004) cover by Eric Powell

Issue #4
Published (March 17, 2004) cover by Ben Edlund

Issue #5
Published (April 28, 2004) cover by Ben Edlund

title: Tales of the Vampires


text:
Bostanai

Bostanai (Hebrew: בוסתנאי), also transliterated as Bustenai or Bustnay, was the first Exilarch (leader of the Jewish community of Mesopotamia) under Arab rule. He lived in the early-to-middle of the 7th century, and died about AD 660. The name is Aramaized from the Persian bustan or bostan (Persian : بوستان), meaning "Garden". Bostanai is the only Dark Age Babylonian Exilarch of whom anything more than a footnote is known. He is frequently made the subject of Jewish legends.

According to the Maaseh Beth David, Bostanai was confirmed in his office as exilarch by the Caliph Ali, no earlier then 656. The Caliph granted him the authority to appoint civil judges, and heads of the rabbinical academies at Sura, Pumbedita and Nehardea.

Family of Bostanai
Bostanai was the posthumous son of a former exilarch, Haninai and his wife who is known as 'the daughter of Hananiah' in the Seder Olam Zutta, of whom little to nothing is known historically.

Hai ben Sharira seems to identify Bostanai with Haninai, and tells that he was given for wife a daughter of the Sasanian Emperor Khosrow II (died 628), by the Rashidun Caliph Umar (died 644). Abraham ibn Daud, however, says that it was the last Sasanian emperor, Yazdegerd III (born 624; died 651-652 ), who gave his daughter to Bostanai. But in that case it could have been only Calif Ali (656-661), and not Omar, who thus honored the exilarch. It is known also that Ali gave a friendly reception to the contemporary Gaon Isaac; and it is highly probable, therefore, that he honored the exilarch in certain ways as the official representative of the Jews.

The name of his Jewish wife is unknown in any record, and there are conflicting reports regarding the names of his children. A certain Rabbi Zakkai is mentioned by Benjamin of Tudela as being his son, albeit only in passing. Another son, Hasdai I, is mentioned in the Seder Olam Zutta as succeeding him to the office of exilarch, as well as Baradoi, both children of his Jewish wife. Bostanai allegedly had three children by his Persian wife, at least one son, whose name is given as Shahriyar would go on to be the ancestor of other exilarchs.

Later in life Bostanai would assume the role of Gaon of the rabbinical academy at Pumbedita.

The Dispute among his Heirs
The relation of Bostanai to the Persian princess called "Dara" or "Azdad-war" had an unpleasant familial outcome. The exilarch lived with her without having married her, and according to the rabbinical law she should previously have received her "letter of freedom," for, being a prisoner of war, she had become an Arabian slave, and as such had been presented to Bostanai.

After Bostanai's death, the legitimacy of the children that he had with her was questioned as a matter of inheritance. The children of his Jewish wife insisted that the princess and her son were still slaves and hence, their property. The judges were divided in opinion, but finally decided that the legitimate sons of the exilarch should grant letters of manumission to the princess and her son in order to testify to their emancipation. This decision was based on the ground that Bostanai had probably lived in legitimate marriage with this woman, and, although there were no proofs, had presumably first emancipated and then married her.

Nevertheless, the descendants of the princess were not recognized as legitimate 300 years afterward. The statement in the genizah specimen (see bibliography below) is doubtless dictated by enmity to the exilarch; Abraham ibn Daud's statement is contrariwise prejudiced in favor of the exilarch; but compare genizah fragment published by Schechter.

Rabbinical Legends about Bostanai
The name "Bostanai" gave rise to the following legend: The last Sasanian emperor, Hormizd VI, inimical to the Jews, decided to extinguish the royal house of David, no one being left of that house but a young woman whose husband had been killed shortly after his marriage, and who was about to give birth to a child. Then the king dreamed that he was in a beautiful garden ("bostan"), where he uprooted the trees and broke the branches, and, as he was lifting up his ax against a little root, an old man snatched the ax away from him and gave him a blow that almost killed him, saying: "Are you not satisfied with having destroyed the beautiful trees of my garden, that you now try to destroy also the last root? Truly, you deserve that your memory perish from the earth." The king thereupon promised to guard the last plant of the garden carefully. No one but an old Jewish sage was able to interpret the dream, and he said: "The garden represents the Davidic line, all of whose descendants you have destroyed except a woman with her unborn boy. The old man whom you saw was David, to whom you promised that you would take care that his house should be renewed by this boy." The Jewish sage, who was the father of the young woman, brought her to the king, and she was assigned to rooms fitted up with princely splendor, where she gave birth to a boy, who received the name "Bostanai," from the garden ("bostan") which the king had seen in his dream.

The veracity of this account was disputed by Sherira ben Hanina who claimed his own lineage traces to a pre-Bostanaian branch of the Davidic line.

Bostanai at the Court of the King
The figure of the wasp in the escutcheon of the exilarch was made the subject of another legend. The king had taken delight in the clever boy, and, spending one day with him, saw, as he stood before him, a wasp sting him on the temple. The blood trickled down the boy's face, yet he made no motion to chase the insect away. The king, upon expressing astonishment at this, was told by the youth that in the house of David, of which he had come, they were taught, since they themselves had lost their throne, neither to laugh nor to lift up the hand before a king, but to stand in motionless respect. The king, moved thereby, showered favors upon him, made him an exilarch, and gave him the power to appoint judges of the Jews and the heads of the three academies, Nehardea, Sura, and Pumbedita. In memory of this Bostanai introduced a wasp into the escutcheon of the exilarchate.

The genizah fragment says that the incident with the wasp occurred in the presence of the calif Omar, before whom Bostanai as a youth of sixteen had brought a dispute with a sheikh, who filled his office during the exilarch's minority, and then refused to give it up. Bostanai was exilarch when Persia fell into the hands of the Arabians, and when Ali came to Babylon Bostanai went to meet him with a splendid retinue, whereby the calif was so greatly pleased that he asked for Bostanai's blessing. The calif, on learning that Bostanai was not married, gave him Dara, the daughter of the Persian king, as wife; and the exilarch was permitted to make her a Jew and to marry her legitimately. They had many children, but their legitimacy was assailed after their father's death by the exilarch's other sons ("Ma'aseh Bostanai," several times printed under different titles ). This legend was made known only in the 16th century (compare Isaac Akrish), but the Seder 'Olam Zuṭṭa, composed in the beginning of the 9th century, drew upon the legends of the garden and the wasp (see Mar Zutra II).

The name "Dara" for the Persian princess in Christian sources occurs also as that of Chosroes' daughter. The legend glorifying Bostanai probably originated in Babylon, while the genizah fragment, branding all the descendants of Bostanai as illegitimate, being descendants of a slave and unworthy to fill high office, comes from Palestine. This latter view is of course erroneous, as may be gathered from Hai's remark, above mentioned, for the post-Bostanaite house of exilarchs was not descended from the princess. It is true, however, that the Bostanaites were hated by the scholars and the pious men, probably in part because Anan, founder of the Karaite etc., was a descendant of Bostanai. Benjamin of Tudela says that he was shown the grave of Bostanai near Pumbedita.

Cultural References
There is a street in the Katamon community in the city of Jerusalem named after the exilarch Bostanai.

Descendants of Bostanai

 * Hasdai I ben Bustanai, Exilarch & Gaon (Hebrew) of the Academy at Sura, Syria
 * David II, Exilarch
 * Solomon, ben Hisdai, Exilarch
 * Haninai II ben Baradoi, Exilarch
 * Joseph ben Jacob, Gaon of Sura
 * Anan ben David, founder of Karaite Judaism
 * Hezekiah Gaon, Exilarch and Gaon of Pumbedita
 * Makhir of Narbonne, Jewish Scholar
 * Samuel ibn Naghrillah, Sephardic poet and politician
 * Joseph ibn Naghrela, Vizier of Granada
 * Hiyya al-Daudi, Poet and Gaon of Andalusia
 * Yaish Ibn Yahya, advisor to king Afonso I of Portugal
 * Yahia Ben Rabbi, Portuguese Knight
 * Yahia Ben Yahi III, Chief Rabbi of Portugal
 * Mordecai Meisel, mayor of the Prague Jewish Town in the 16th century

title: Bostanai