text:
Disc Filing System

The Disc Filing System (DFS) is a computer file system developed by Acorn Computers, initially as an add-on to the Eurocard-based Acorn System 2.

In 1981, the Education Departments of Western Australia and South Australia announced joint tenders calling for the supply of personal computers to their schools. Acorn's Australian computer distributor, Barson Computers, convinced Joint Managing Directors Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry to allow the soon to be released Acorn BBC Microcomputer to be offered with disk storage as part of the bundle. They agreed on condition that Barson adapted the Acorn DFS from the System 2 without assistance from Acorn as they had no resources available. This required some minor hardware and software changes to make the DFS compatible with the BBC Micro.

Barson won the tenders for both states, with the DFS fitted, a year ahead of the UK. It was this early initiative that resulted in the BBC Micro being more heavily focused on the education market in Australia, with very little penetration of the home computer market until the arrival of the Acorn Electron.

The DFS shipped as a ROM and Disk Controller Chip fitted to the BBC Micro's motherboard. The filing system was of extremely limited functionality and storage capability, using a flat directory structure. Each filename can be up to seven letters long, plus one letter for the directory in which the file is stored.

The DFS is remarkable in that unlike most filing systems, there was no single vendor or implementation. The original DFS was written by Acorn, who continued to maintain their own codebase, but various disc drive vendors wrote their own implementations. Companies who wrote their own DFS implementations included Cumana, Solidisk, Opus and Watford Electronics. The Watford Electronics implementation is notable for supporting 62 files per disc instead of the usual 31, using a non-standard disc format. Beyond that, the Solidisk implementation introduced proprietary "chained" catalogues which allowed unlimited files per disc (only constrained by the disk size). Other features in third-party implementations included being able to review free space, and built-in  and   commands, which were shipped on a utility disc with the original Acorn DFS.

Acorn followed up their original DFS series with the Acorn 1770 DFS, which used the same disc format as the earlier version but added a set of extra commands and supported the improved WD1770 floppy drive controller chip.

Physical format
DFS conventionally uses one side of a double-density 5¼" floppy disc. Discs are formatted as either 40 or 80 track, giving a capacity of 100 or 200 KB per side (ten 256-byte sectors per track, with FM encoding).

The capacity is limited by the choice of the Intel 8271 controller in the original BBC Micro, which only supports FM encoding, not the MFM encoding which was already in common use by the time of the BBC Micro's launch. FM encoding gives half the recording capacity of MFM for a given physical disc density.

FM and MFM encoding are commonly referred to as "single density" and "double density", although the discs and drives are the same, unlike "high density", which uses different drives and discs.

Double-density 3½" discs can be formatted and used with 1770 DFS (the Intel 8271-based DFS has problems with many 3½" drives), giving the same "single-density" capacity with FM encoding, but this was not originally standard practice. 3½" discs were normally formatted as MFM "double density" using the later Advanced Disc Filing System, as this is present in all Acorn machines supplied with 3½" drives. As of 2009, 3½" drives are more commonly used with BBC Micros than in the past, including use with DFS, due to their greater availability and easier data interchange with more recent computers.

High-density 5¼" and 3½" discs are not supported by DFS.

Single- and double-sided operation
The DFS does not directly support double-sided discs; instead, the two heads of a double-sided drive are treated as two separate logical drives. The DFS can support up to four volumes, numbered from 0 to 3. Drive 0 is the default with drive 1 representing a second drive attached to the cable. "Drive" 2 referred to the reverse side of drive 0, and "drive" 3 was the reverse of drive 1. There is no support for more than two physical drives.

Due to the installed base of single-sided drives, commercial software was normally provided on single-sided discs, or as "flippy discs" that were manually reversed to access the other side.

40- and 80-track compatibility
Discs can be formatted using 40 or 80 tracks, using the  or   commands, and drives can be either 40 or 80 track. This is the most common compatibility issue for DFS users: 40-track discs were the norm for commercial software distribution, due to the installed base of 40-track drives, but 80-track drives became more common as prices dropped, allowing users to store more data. An 80-track drive will not automatically read 40-track discs.

The disc capacity is stored as a sector count in the catalogue on track zero. Track zero is located in the same place on both 40- and 80-track discs, allowing a disc file system to set the motor stepping accordingly. However, the Intel 8271-based Acorn DFS does not do so, and so dual-format capability was addressed in a number of ways:
 * by simply attaching both a 40-track drive and an 80-track drive to the BBC Micro, although this was costly for the home user;
 * some disc drive resellers, notably UFD (User Friendly Devices) and Akhter Computer Group, offered drive assemblies fitted with switches to select 40- or 80-track operation;
 * magazines such as The Micro User offered kits to build circuit boards that could be wired into the disc drive cable, optionally 'double-stepping' the attached drives;
 * The Micro User also published an article on creating dual-format discs, with 21 tracks' worth of data stored in both formats so that either type of drive could access the contents; however these had limited capacity and once created were read-only;
 * Acorn User magazine distributed 40-track cover discs with a small utility program on track zero, so that owners of 80-track drives could reformat them into 80-track discs with the original contents on the first 40 tracks; or
 * the user could upgrade to a WD1770 or similar controller. Acorn 1770 DFS and some third-party controller systems provided dual-format capability in software by reprogramming the controller during track seeks; as a bonus, third-party systems offered proprietary MFM (so-called "double-density") formats for even greater disc capacity.

Failure to use the correct setting would result in errors from the DFS such as, or damage to the disc drive by trying to step the heads beyond the physical end of the disc surface.

Switching to 80 tracks did not extend the catalogue in any way, leaving the user prone to running out of filename slots before running out of space on the disc. This situation resulted in a  error.

Filenames
DFS is case-preserving but not case-sensitive. The prevalence of all-capitals filenames is most likely due to the BBC Micro defaulting to caps lock being enabled after a hard or soft reset. The character set is quite permissive, and all printable characters of 7-bit ASCII are allowed, including spaces, but excluding:
 * The single wildcard character.
 * The multiple wildcard character.
 * Control codes generated by the shell escape character, although the sequence   can be used to represent a single   character in the filename.
 * The drive specifier character  as the first character of a leaf name (the file's name proper).  This causes a   or   error.  Where the colon is unambiguous, for example in , then it is allowed as part of the leaf name.
 * The directory specifier character  as the first or second character of a leaf name.    cannot be used as a directory character.  Where the dot is unambiguous, such as in , then it is allowed as part of the leaf name, and is not treated as a directory specifier (whereas   would be a file   in directory  ).

For the sake of portability to third-party DFS implementations, it is best to avoid  and   in leaf names.

Quotation marks are allowed, although BBC BASIC requires them to be escaped twice:
 * passes the string  to the DFS, which then saves a file named.
 * Conversely  saves a file named.
 * The same technique is used to insert spaces:  saves a file named.

A fully qualified filename, or "file specification" ("fsp" for short) contains a colon then the drive number, a dot, then the directory letter, another dot, and the name. For example, a file in the default directory of "drive" 2 called  would have a complete specification of. The drive and directory specifiers are both optional.

Directories
"Directories" in the DFS are single character prefixes on filenames - such as  in   - used to group files. The arrangement is flat and a default directory of  is used instead of a root directory. On requesting a catalogue of the disc (with the  or   commands), files in the current directory are shown with no directory prefix in one block, and below that are listed all other files in a second block, with their directory prefixes visible. For example, (from Acorn DFS - third party DFS implementations may vary slightly):

PROGRAM (12) Drive 0            Option 2 (RUN) Dir. :0.$          Lib. :0.$

!BOOT              HELLO SUMS               TABLE TEST               VECTORS ZOMBIE

A.HELLO  L         B.SUMS F.BankLtr

The top seven files are all in the current directory which is  on drive 0. Below that are all the files in other directories, in this case,   and. An  after a filename (as with , above) shows the file is locked against modification or deletion. The first line contains the disc title and the modification count.

The DFS provides a working space, divided up into the directory and the library. The "directory" is the working directory on the current volume, much like the working directory on any other command line system. The "library" is a second, alternative working directory that functions more like PATH and had the benefit of being able to be on any volume. Requests to open files with unqualified names, will first be searched for in the working directory; failing this, the library directory will also be searched. The directory and library both default to the same directory.

Disc structure
The catalogue (file table) occupies the first two disc sectors: one for the names and directories of each file, and a matching sector holding the file locations, sizes and metadata. Eight bytes of each sector are used for each file. With a further eight bytes from each sector reserved for the 12-byte disc title and the volume information, the total number of files on the disc (irrespective of which directory each file is in) is limited to 31. In the interests of saving space, the most significant bit of the directory letter for a file is used as the locked (read-only) flag.

Volume size
Although physical disks are usually formatted as either 100 KB or 200 KB, DFS supports volume sizes up to 256 KB.

The largest DFS file size allowed is the volume size minus ½ KB for the catalogue, as file sizes are stored as an 18-bit quantity.

File allocation
The DFS does not support data fragmentation, meaning a file's data must be stored in a single run of consecutive sectors, but free space is prone to becoming fragmented. Random-access file writes fail when the end of the file reaches the beginning of the next, even though there may be free sectors elsewhere on the disc. In such cases the DFS aborts with a  error. is also unable to split a file to fit the available space, but as the failure occurs at the sector allocation stage, the error returned is.

The  command is provided to relocate all files on disc to a solid block, placing all the free space after it in a second block. This allows the next file created to fill the disc, but only the last existing file can be extended without being moved. deletes any existing file and copies the specified block of memory to wherever there is space on the disc. In contrast the  command uses program memory as a buffer to relocate the files, overwriting any program and data in memory.

Metadata
Like the cassette filing system, the Acorn DFS supports the BBC Micro's standard file metadata: load address and execution address, required because Acorn MOS (the operating system used by the BBC Micro) does not support relocation of binary code. A file should be loaded to the address the programmer intended, as the contents may refer to internal locations by absolute addresses. An execution address is also recorded as the entry point is not necessarily at the beginning, or even within the file.

File attributes are limited to a single bit: Locked. When set, an  appears to the right of the file's name in the catalogue and the file may not be altered, overwritten or deleted.

Dates
DFS discs do not track any dates (because Acorn MOS prior to version 3 did not maintain a real-time clock) but instead offer a peculiar feature: a modification count. Every time the catalogue is updated, the count increments. The count is shown in parentheses after the title in the first line of the disc catalogue, such as the  in the catalogue listing shown earlier.

Other features
The DFS also supports a means to start up disc software based on a key sequence. If the shift key is held while the machine is soft or hard reset, the DFS checks drive 0 for a disc containing a positive boot flag. The boot flag is either 0 (ignore), 1 (load file), 2 (run machine code file) or 3 ("execute" script). If the boot flag is positive, a file called  is looked for and loaded into memory (1), loaded and executed as machine code (2) or fed into the keyboard buffer (3). Option 3 reads "EXEC" files, text macro files used as primitive shell scripts. These are not true shell scripts but simply a series of keys to be typed, like a recording to play back. Thus, they cannot loop or branch unless they input such code into the BASIC interpreter. As well as being used during a reset, they can be executed at any time with the operating system's  command. EXEC files are file system independent.

Alternatives
There was a variant of the DFS called the DNFS, or Disc/Network Filing System, that contained the Econet Network Filing System (NFS), standard Disc Filing System and Tube co-processor support software on a single ROM; this ROM installed two filing systems into the OS at once.

The initial design for the DFS was based around an Intel Corporation FDC 8271 disc drive controller, the immediate predecessor of the 8272 design found in the IBM Personal Computer. The 8271 controller was of limited functionality and obsolete, and later versions of the file system from various vendors including Solidisk, Acorn and Watford Electronics were based on the later WD1770 and WD1772 drive controllers. The 1770 controller quickly became the standard controller in the Acorn range following the advent of ADFS.

The DFS was superseded by the Advanced Disc Filing System (ADFS) which was fully hierarchical and was suitable for running hard drives on the BBC Micro. The ADFS was the default filing system on the BBC Master but most users are likely to have reverted to the DFS for compatibility reasons; ADFS could not read DFS discs. The ADFS was also chosen as the standard filing system for RISC OS.

title: Disc Filing System


text: Category:Czech biologists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Czech biologists


text:
Talk:Mandingo

I think it's notable (specially if you look at Mandingo_(pornstar) ). Why not list one of the most popular male pornstars of this time?

u r dumb

title: Talk:Mandingo


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Honduras

VFD
On 31 March 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/List of political parties in Honduras for a record of the discussion. – ABCD 21:02, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What happened
Since I ended up being involved in this minor confusion, here's my account of what happened: I believe this is not a VfD problem; it's just a normal discussion about where the content should go. The unanimous consensus was to keep (redirect and merge are just special cases of keep). If needed, the discussion can go to the talk pages. Wilfried Derksen did nothing wrong by reverting; there was no consensus then, since the VfD had been (albeit implicitly) withdrawn. --cesarb 00:26, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) SqueakBox nominated this article for deletion, saying it's redundant with Politics of Honduras.
 * 2) I pointed out there was no need to use VfD for that — SqueakBox could simply do a redirect.
 * 3) SqueakBox agreed, did the redirect, and withdrawed his nomination (by asking for an admin to close the discussion).
 * 4) I closed the VfD, since it was withdrawn (AFAIK admins are not needed to close simple cases).
 * 5) Wilfried Derksen reverted the page to a version without the redirect.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of political parties in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:21, 29 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:-lulu-

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 21:02, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:-lulu-


text:
Prince of Girona

The Prince or Princess of Girona (Príncep o Princesa de Girona, Príncipe o Princesa de Gerona) is one of the titles of the heir of the Crown of Spain. The title was historically accorded to the heir apparent or heir presumptive to the Crown of Aragon. Current legislation mandates the title of Prince of Asturias to the heir of the Spanish throne but allows for the use of other traditional titles; the current title-holder, therefore, is Leonor, Princess of Girona.

Origin of the title
It originated in 1351 when King Peter IV of Aragon named his successor, to whom he conceded the title of Duke of Girona; the title embraced territories of the counties of Girona, Besalú, Empúries and Ausona.

In part I of the Constitucions i Altres Drets de Cathalunya, the section headed Genealogia dels Reys d'Aragó i Comtes de Barcelona speaks of the genealogy of John I of Aragon, son of Peter IV, saying that John and Violant had a son named James, "lo qual intitularen Delphi [Dauphin] de Girona". On 19 February 1416, Ferdinand I of Aragon, considering the title of duke insufficient, raised it to the rank of Principality of Girona. However, these titles fell into gradual disuse until the 20th century as the heir of the King of Spain became better known by the hereditary title of the Crown of Castile, "Prince of Asturias."

Modern usage
In 1961, when announcing the wedding the future Juan Carlos I of Spain and Sofia of Greece, the Spanish Royal House issued the young prince, as titles of pretense, the style of "Prince of Asturias," "Prince of Girona," and "Prince of Viana" — these three titles referring to his status as heir apparent to the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon and Navarre respectively. He started using the titles of "Prince of Girona" on his passport during the rule of caudillo Franco, to avoid the more contentious title Prince of Asturias which was well known to be reserved for the heir of the throne of Spain. His father had adopted a similar tactic, styling himself Juan, Count of Barcelona; using the title of King of Spain would have been seen as directly subversive of the Francoist state. However, calling himself Count of Barcelona was a clear attempt at asserting his hereditary rights to then defunct Spanish throne, as there had been no Count of Barcelona who was not either King of Aragon or of Spain since the Middle Ages.

When Juan Carlos was finally given an official capacity in the Spanish state as heir to the kingdom by General Franco, he received the title of "Prince of Spain" and thus began to use this until he became King of Spain. On 21 January 1977 his son, Felipe, would be the first to use all of these titles in any official capacity for over 250 years.

With the accession of Felipe to the throne in 2014, his elder daughter Leonor became Princess of Girona, as heiress presumptive to the throne of Aragon. The Princess of Girona Foundation was created in 2009 and is now run on behalf of Princess Leonor: it funds programmes to aid young people.

title: Prince of Girona


text: Category:Czech geologists

title: Category:Czech geologists


text:
Gamma-Butyrolactone

Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone is an organic compound with the formula O\dCO(CH2)3. It is hygroscopic, colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak, characteristic odor. It is the simplest 4-carbon lactone. It is mainly used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

In humans, GBL acts as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and is often used as a recreational drug. GHB acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates.

Occurrence
GBL has been found in extracts from samples of unadulterated wines. This finding indicates that GBL is a naturally occurring component in some wines and may be present in similar products. The concentration detected was approximately 5 μg/mL and was easily observed using a simple extraction technique followed by GC/MS analysis. GBL can be found in cheese flavorings but typically results in a content of 0.0002% GBL in the final foodstuff.

Production and synthesis
γ-Butyrolactone is produced industrially by dehydrogenation of 1,4-butanediol at a temperature of 180–300 °C and atmospheric pressure in the presence of a copper catalyst.

 * Industrial synthesis of gamma-butyrolactone.svg

The yield of this process is approximately 95%. The purification takes place with a liquid-gas-phase extraction.

In the laboratory, it may also be obtained via the oxidation of tetrahydrofuran (THF), for example with aqueous sodium bromate. An alternative route proceeds from GABA via a diazonium intermediate.

Reactions
As a lactone, GBL is hydrolyzed under basic conditions, for example in a sodium hydroxide solution into sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate, the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. In acidic water, a mixture of the lactone and acid forms exists in an equilibrium. These compounds then may go on to form the polymer poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) as well as the dimer 1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione. When treated with a non-nucleophilic base, such as lithium diisopropylamide, GBL undergoes deprotonation of the alpha carbon atom to the carbonyl. The related compound caprolactone can be used to make a polyester in this manner.

Polymerization
The ring-opening polymerization of butyrolactone gives polybutyrolactone. The resulting reverts to the monomer by thermal cracking. It is claimed that poly(GBL) is competitive with commercial biomaterial poly(4-hydroxybutyrate), or P4HB. It is further claimed that poly(GBL) is cheaper to make than P4HB, although both are bio-derived.

Uses
Gamma-Butyrolactone is used as a chemical solvent and a cleaning agent, for example in paint stripping or for cleaning graffiti. Butyrolactone is a precursor to other chemicals. Reaction with methylamine gives NMP, and with ammonia gives pyrrolidone. It is also used as a solvent in lotions and some polymers.

Butyrolactone, with its wide liquid range, chemical stability, and high dielectric constant, is used in electrolytic capacitors as the organic solvent. It is frequently mixed with a small ratio of ethylene glycol, "9:1" being common, to vary internal resistivity.

It has been used as a solvent in various laboratory experiments, e.g., the preparation of methylammonium lead halide.

Pharmacology
GBL is not active in its own right; its mechanism of action stems from its identity as a prodrug of GHB.

Pharmacokinetics
GBL is rapidly converted into GHB by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood. Animals which lack these enzymes exhibit no effect from GBL. GBL is more lipophilic (fat soluble) than GHB, and so is absorbed faster and has higher bioavailability. Because of these pharmacokinetic differences, GBL tends to be more potent and faster-acting than GHB, but has a shorter duration; whereas the related compound 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B) tends to be slightly less potent and slower to take effect but longer-acting than GHB.

Nutritional supplement
Due to its property of being a prodrug of GHB which increases sleep related growth hormone (GH) secretion, GBL was sold as a nutritional supplement after the scheduling of GHB, under the names Revivarant and Renewtrient, until they were banned by the FDA.

Recreational drug
GBL is a prodrug of GHB (naturally produced) and its recreational use comes entirely as a result of this. GBL overdose can cause irrational behavior, severe sickness, coma and death.

To bypass GHB restriction laws, home synthesis kits were introduced to transform GBL and/or 1,4-B into GHB. GBL has a distinctive taste and odor, described as being comparable to stale water, synthetic melon aroma or burnt plastic. This differs significantly from GHB, which is described as having a decidedly "salty" taste.

Due to the fact that those with limited chemistry knowledge can make GBL with easy-to-get precursors, it has become quite popular among young people in French nightclubs.

Dangers
If taken undiluted by mouth, GBL can cause esophageal and gastro-intestinal irritation. It is possible for oral ingestion of GBL to cause nausea and other similar problems, possibly more so than with GHB.

GHB has biphasic effects, a euphoric effect at low doses (the reason for the term liquid ecstasy), and a sedative effect at higher doses. As a result of this sedation it can cause unconsciousness. When combined with alcohol the increased sedation and risk of vomiting results in a high risk of fatality. Many harm reduction organisations suggest never mixing the two drugs as a result.

There have been news reports of several deaths associated with GBL, usually in combination with alcohol or other depressants.

Gamma-Butyrolactone is often referred to be used as a date rape drug.

Addictiveness and dependence
Frequent use of GHB or GBL, even when taken long-term and in moderate doses, does not appear to cause significant physical dependency in the majority of its users. In many people, quitting or temporarily abstaining from use of the drugs is achieved with minimal or no difficulty. However, when consumed in excessive amounts with a high frequency of dosing, physical and psychological dependence can develop. Management of GBL dependence involves considering the person's age, comorbidity and the pharmacological pathways of GBL.

GHB and GBL users can adopt a '24/7' dosing regime. This is where the user has become tolerant to the effects of the drug, increasing the dosage and frequency of dosage simply to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

For those users who do report withdrawal symptoms upon quitting the use of GHB or GBL, symptoms seem to depend on the dosage and the length of time the drug was used. Light to moderate users often experience insomnia and sleep-related problems, whereas heavy, prolonged use can cause severe withdrawal symptoms similar to Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome (BWS).

Dose
A milliliter of pure GBL metabolizes to the equivalent 1.65 g of NaGHB, the common form, so doses are measured in the single milliliter range, either taken all at once or sipped over the course of a night.

Legal status
Australia: GBL is not classified as a drug but as a health-endangering substance. Legislation entering into force on 1 April 2011 made it possible to handle narcotics for industrial purposes and enabled GBL and 1,4-Butanediol to be classified as controlled substances. As of 2023 there are penalties for possessing, selling or driving under the influence of the substance.

Canada: GBL is a Controlled Substance under Schedule VI of the "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" in Canada. Schedule VI of the "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" requires vendors to collect information regarding purchases of GBL. The Act also prohibits the import and export of GBL into or out of Canada classifying it as either an indictable offense punishable with up to 10 years in prison or an offense punishable on summary conviction liable to imprisonment for up to eighteen months. It is not illegal for an individual to possess GBL in Canada.

Germany: GBL is not listed in the narcotics law, but its distribution is controlled. Possession is not illegal, but may be punished according to the Medicines Act, when intended to be sold for human consumption or synthesis of GHB. In recent years, an increase of GBL consumption has been observed due to the prohibition of GHB.

Hong Kong SAR: GBL is a dangerous drug controlled under Schedule 1 of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, Cap.134 (with exemption clause at Paragraph 16D). Any person who is found to have in his possession of it not in accordance with this Ordinance can be liable, on conviction upon indictment, a fine of HK$1,000,000 and to imprisonment for 7 years.

Israel: GBL was classified as a proscribed substance from 2007.

Netherlands: GBL is unlike GHB not listed in the narcotics law, but its distribution is controlled. Possession is not illegal but may be punished according to the Medicines Act, when intended to be sold for human consumption or synthesis of GHB.

People's Republic of China: GBL was regulated as a Class III drug precursor since 7 June 2021.

Poland: GBL is classified as a drug. A license is mandatory for the manufacture, processing, reworking, importing, distribution of GBL.

Russia: GBL has been classified as a psychotropic substance since 22 February 2012. Its trafficking is limited, and non-licensed selling, buying or any other use is punishable by imprisonment up to 20 years.

Sweden: GBL is not classified as a drug but as a health-endangering substance. Although recently passed legislation to enter into force on 1 April 2011 will make it possible to handle narcotics for industrial purposes will enable GBL and 1,4-Butanediol to be classified as controlled substances.

United Kingdom: Because of their legitimate uses, regulation 4B of the 2001 regulations makes it lawful to import, export, produce, supply, offer to supply or possess GBL and 1,4-BD, except where a person does so knowing or believing that they will be used for the purpose of human ingestion. Otherwise it is a class B controlled substance.

United States: GBL is regulated as a List I controlled chemical. As a GHB analog, it is also treated as a controlled substance under Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act if intended for human consumption. Sales and distribution of this product for industrial use is tightly regulated and requires quantity tracing, lock and key storage and 24 hour surveillance and is limited to a very few suppliers who have appropriate DEA registrations and as of 2021 included only Ashland, BASF, and Miami Chemical. Lyondell reportedly stopped commercial sales of this product due to increasingly tight regulations and liabilities but still makes it for internal and downstream production use. To purchase this chemical requires special DEA license and end use certificate approved and a site audit by DEA.

title: Gamma-Butyrolactone


text:
List of speakers of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom

This is a list of speakers of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801.

For the 'prolocutors' and speakers of the House of Commons of England, see List of speakers of the House of Commons of England.

House of Commons of Great Britain, 1707–1800
The Kingdom of Great Britain was created by the Acts of Union 1707. At the beginning of 1801, Great Britain was combined with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a single House of Commons serving the whole kingdom.

John Smith, Speaker of the House of Commons of England since October 1705, was elected the first Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain.

House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801. In 1922 the Irish Free State ceased to be part of the UK. The official name of the United Kingdom was changed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in 1927.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James Stannage

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. ugen 64 06:49, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

James Stannage
nonnotable local radio host.--Jonathan Christensen 21:05, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * merge with Key 103 or keep. Kappa 21:31, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * merge. Note, Steve Penk is a much better article, but in exactly the same situation--a presenter on Key 103 who has been given a page. I propose Key 103 is reorganized to include information on both of these articles, and the rest of the presenters are merely mentioned as other presenters. --Halidecyphon 22:00, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, Steve Penk is not in the same situation. He is a presenter on Key 103 with a well-established career on national TV.  VfD tag was removed, I have put it back.  Keep real radio host, unless the Radio KoL folk are given summary deletion.   Chris 01:15, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 06:38, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * merge - with Key 103 But if we merge we have to know where to draw the line. Steve Penk, Timmy Mallett, Chris Evans and JK & Joel (current Radio1 chart presenters) have all come via Key103/Piccadilly - is national status that line. After all Stannage does get quite a large number of listeners and is reasonably well known in the Greater Manchester area. But if we keep the article it does need expanding to include his career. -- Mariocki 22:07, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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John Alderman

John Alderman, also known as Isaac and Antoquan, was a Wampanoag praying Indian who shot and killed the Native American leader Metacomet (King Philip) in 1676, during King Philip's War, while taking part in a punitive expedition led by Captain Benjamin Church. Alderman was a subsachem in the Westport/Dartmouth area of what is now Bristol County, Massachusetts. He was called Alderman because he was considered a close associate and counselor for King Philip. When Philip summarily murdered Alderman's brother in front of him because of his dissension, Alderman changed sides and joined Benjamin Church, an English colonist who had settled in nearby Little Compton.

Church was known for his preference of using Indian soldiers to fight other Indians, and later mounted five other expeditions to Maine during Queen Anne's War using Indian soldiers, although no muster roles or records exist of who exactly the Indians were. Cotton and Increase Mather reported that Alderman was subject to Weetamoo, the squaw sachem of Pocasset (present-day Fall River, Massachusetts, and Tiverton, Rhode Island), although this may have just been because his land was in the Pocasset area. In a deed of "100 acres more or less" tendered by Sachem Mamanuah, Alderman was mentioned as residing at Punkatest Pond, present-day Nonquit Pond of Tiverton, Rhode Island, close indeed to the area where the village of Pocasset was located.

Alderman later took the name of Isaac and worked as an Indian minister in Coxit in Dartmouth. He had a son who took the name Isaac Isaac according to the naming tradition of the time, and who witnessed the grant of 100 acres to his father by Sachem Mamanuah. Alderman had a wife named Kate, information which is only mentioned in a land transaction in the Portsmouth, Rhode Island deed book. For his service he was awarded 100 acres of land in Little Compton by Mamanuah, which he later sold to an English colonist. This transaction was recorded in the deed books of Portsmouth, as the English colonist was originally from there. Alderman also visited Portsmouth with Benjamin Church to set up the apprenticeship of an Indian woman and her son to a local weaver. The woman was being punished for her support of Metacomet in the recent hostilities, and was apprenticed to William Wodell, a weaver, for life.

While Alderman is well known by his English nickname, his Wampanoag name is only mentioned once, in the Proprietors Records of Little Compton. The name "Isaac" also appears in a land transaction in Barnstable County from several Sacconett Indians, indicating he may have been detained behind the Sippican line for some time after King Philip's War. His son may have taken the name of either "Isaac Simon" or "Isaac Crocker", after his father's death, but the surname "Isaac" was also used by Indians of Martha's Vineyard who later emigrated to the Brothertown Community of upstate New York.

As a reward, Alderman reportedly received King Philip's head and one hand. Philip's hand was recognizable from the scarring that had occurred from the explosion of an early musket in his grasp. Allegedly, Alderman kept the head and the hand in a bucket of rum and would exhibit them for a fee. The rest of King Philip's body was quartered and hung on trees. Alderman later sold the severed head to Plymouth Colony authorities for 30 shillings, a standard rate for Indian heads during King Philip's War. The head was then placed on a stake atop the fort on Burial Hill in Plymouth, where it remained for the next 20 years. The Mathers contrarily reported that Philip's hands were brought to Boston, rather than given to Alderman.

In 1800, an Indian man named James Thomas died in Milton, Massachusetts, claiming to be Alderman's grandson. Thomas was 94 years old at the time, born in 1706, and his claimed relationship to Alderman may well have been true. The Thomas family was associated with the Titticut Indian village of Middleboro, and an Indian James Thomas donated land there for a meeting house.

title: John Alderman


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Constance Cumbey

Constance Cumbey (born February 29, 1944) is an American lawyer, Christian activist, and writer.

Views
Cumbey offered the first major criticism of the New Age movement from a Christian perspective in The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow: The New Age Movement and Our Coming Age of Barbarism (1983), but quickly lost academic credibility due to her promotion of conspiracy theories linking the New Age movement to Benjamin Creme, Theosophy and Nazism. Scholar of New Age religion James R. Lewis describes this book as containing "a few few insightful criticisms with many accusations of the least responsible sort", and that she is "simply lumping together anything that departs from a rather strict interpretation of Christianity." Cumbey's accusations include that the New Age movement has "infiltrated all of Christianity, as well as Judaism", and that it is the motivating force behind ecumenism, holistic health centers, New Thought, humanistic psychology, Montessori schools, modernism, secular humanism, and zero population growth. She states that Unitarian churches and health food stores become "New Age recruiting centers", that the Guardian Angels become one of the New Age movement's paramilitary organizations and that "the New Age Movement has complete identity with the programs of Hitler". Her contention is that the New Age movement is not simply expressing a naive or unscriptural interest in metaphysics, but that it is an organized conspiracy to overthrow the United States and replace it with a Nazi-like regime.

Cumbey is harshly critical of all religions other than Christianity and Judaism, and those who take an interest in them.

"While there are certain superficial similarities among most religions, orthodox Judaism and Christianity stand in direct opposition to every other belief system. It is safe to say, however, that nearly all non-Judeo-Christian religions are extremely similar because, as the Bible indicates, they come from one source, the 'god of this world'—Satan himself."

title: Constance Cumbey


text: Category:Swiss geologists

title: Category:Swiss geologists


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Brian Dunseth

Brian William “Dunny” Dunseth (born March 2, 1977) is an American television soccer commentator and former player.

College
Dunseth played college soccer at California State University, Fullerton, and was one of the first players to sign a Project-40 contract, in 1997.

Professional
He was assigned to the New England Revolution and spent the next four and a half seasons there, before being traded to the Miami Fusion midway through 2001. The Fusion was contracted next year, and Dunseth was taken by the Columbus Crew in the 2002 MLS Dispersal Draft and spent a year and a half there, before a trade to the Dallas Burn.

Dunseth left Major League Soccer for 2004, playing for Bodens BK in Sweden. He was elected Best Player of the Norrbotten County that season by a major newspaper. He then returned to MLS, signing with Real Salt Lake. He played a year with the club, before a trade to Chivas USA for Douglas Sequeira and Christian Jimenez. Before the 2006 season started, Dunseth was traded again, to the Los Angeles Galaxy for a draft pick. In process, he became the first MLS player to be on the roster of seven different teams (although he never played for Chivas). He was waived by the Galaxy in May 2006. In eight years of MLS, Dunseth scored five goals and six assists. He retired from professional soccer in July 2006.

He played for Los Angeles–based amateur team Hollywood United in the 2008 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup

International
Dunseth was captain of the U.S. team that competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 1997 World Youth Championship.

Personal life
Along with college teammate Ben Hooper and Ace Harrison, Dunseth co-owns a fashion line called Bumpy Pitch and The Original Winger, a soccer-specific lifestyle website.

Sportscasting
After retiring from his professional soccer career, Dunseth worked as a sportscaster for Real Salt Lake. He frequently contributed to various MLS partners for commentary while still working for RSL. He was named one of the commentators for Apple TV's MLS coverage in 2023.

Club
Columbus Crew
 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2002

title: Brian Dunseth


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Musta'li Ismailism

Musta'li Isma'ilism (المستعلية) is a branch of Isma'ilism named for their acceptance of al-Musta'li as the legitimate nineteenth Fatimid caliph and legitimate successor to his father, al-Mustansir Billah ((r. 1036 – 1094/1095)). In contrast, the Nizari—the other living branch of Ismailism, presently led by Aga Khan IV—believe the nineteenth caliph was al-Musta'li's elder brother, Nizar.

The Musta'li originated in Fatimid-ruled Egypt, later moved its religious center to Yemen, and gained a foothold in 11th-century Western India through missionaries.

The Tayyibi and the Hafizi
Historically, there was a distinction between the Tayyibi and the Hafizi Musta'lis, the former recognizing at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim as the legitimate heir of the Imamate after al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah and the latter following al-Hafiz, who was enthroned as caliph. The Hafizi view lost all support following the downfall of the Fatimid Caliphate: current-day Musta'lis are all Tayyibi.

Most Musta'li are Bohras, and the largest Bohra group is the Dawoodi Bohra, who are primarily found in India. The name Bohra is a reinterpretation of the Gujarati word vahaurau "to trade".

Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin was the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra community. After his passing in 2014, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin succeeded him and is serving as the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq of The Dawoodi Bohra community.

History
According to Musta'lī tradition, after the death of al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, his infant son, At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim, about two years old, was protected by Arwa al-Sulayhi who died in 1138, wife of the chief Fatimid Da'i of Yemen. She had been promoted to the post of Hujjat al-Islam long before by al-Mustansir Billah when her husband died and ran the Fatimid dawah from Yemen in the name of Imam At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim. During her leadership At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim went into occultation so she instituted the office of Da'i al-Mutlaq. Zoeb bin Moosa was first to be instituted to this office and the line of Tayyibi Da'is that began in 1132 has passed from one Da'i to another up to the present day. Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah in Yemen from the time of Imam Al-Mustansir Billah. She appointed the Da'i in Yemen to run religious affairs. Isma'ili missionaries Ahmed and Abdullah (in about 1067 AD (460 AH)) were also sent to India in that time. They sent Syedi Nuruddin to Dongaon to look after southern part and Syedi Fakhruddin to East Rajasthan, India.

Branches

 * There is also a community of Sunni Bohra in India. In the fifteenth century, there was schism in the Bohra community of Patan in Gujarat as a large number converted from Musta'li Isma'ili Shia Islam to mainstream Hanafi Sunni Islam. The leader of this conversion movement to Sunni was Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi who also had the support of the Mughal governor of Gujarat.
 * In 1592, a leadership struggle caused the Ṭayyibi Ismailis to split. Following the death of the 26th Dai in 1591 CE, Sulayman bin Hassan, the grandson of the 24th Dai, was wali in Yemen and claimed the succession, supported by a few Bohras from Yemen and India. However, most Bohras denied his claim of nass, declaring that the supporting document evidence was forged. The two factions separated, with the followers of Suleman Bin Hasan becoming the Sulaymanis named after Sulayman ibn Hassan and mainly located in Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and the followers of Syedna Dawood Bin Qutubshah becoming the Dawoodi Bohra. Dawoodi Bohra, found mostly in the Indian subcontinent.
 * A split in 1637 from the Dawoodi Bohra resulted in the Alavi Bohra.
 * The Hebtiahs Bohra are a branch of Musta'li Isma'ili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1754.
 * The Atba-e-Malak community are a branch of Musta'ali Isma'ili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq, under the leadership of Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1840. They have further split into two more branches:
 * Atba-e-Malak Badar – The current leader is Maulana Muhammad Amiruddin Malak Saheb.
 * Atba-e-Malak Vakil – Their current leader is Tayyebhai Razzak.
 * The Progressive Dawoodi Bohra is a reformist sect within Musta'li Ismai'li Shi'a Islam that broke off circa 1977. They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra, as led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq, on doctrinal, economic, and social issues.
 * In 2014, following the passing of Mohammed Burhanuddin, there was a succession dispute. The Bohra Sultan Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin was established as the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq by his father, His Holiness Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin. However, the Qutbi Bohra branch broke off from the original Dawoodi Bohra, falsely claiming the succession as theirs. This dispute was taken to the courts by the Qutbi Bohra, which denounced their claims as false, affirming Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin as the rightful 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq.

Musta'li Imams
According to Musta'li belief, the line of Imams, descendants of Ali and hereditary successors to Muhammad in his role of legitimate leader of the community of Muslim believers, follows:

 * 1) Hasan ibn Ali 625–670 (imam 660–670)
 * 2) Husayn ibn Ali 626–680 (imam 670–680 )
 * 3) Ali al-Sajjad 659–712 (imam 680–712)
 * 4) Muhammad al-Baqir 676–743 (imam 712–743)
 * 5) Ja'far al-Sadiq 702–765 (imam 743–765)
 * 6) Isma'il al-Mubarak 719/722–775 (imam 765–775)
 * 7) Muhammad ibn Isma'il 740–813 (imam 775–813)
 * 8) Abadullah ibn Muhammad (Ahmad al-Wafi) 766–829 (imam 813–829)
 * 9) Ahmad ibn Abadullah (Muhammad at-Taqi) 790–840 (imam 829–840)
 * 10) Husayn ibn Ahmad (Radi Abdullah) (imam 840–909)
 * 11) Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (909–934)
 * 12) al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah (934–946)
 * 13) al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (946–953)
 * 14) al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (953–975)
 * 15) al-Aziz Billah (975–996)
 * 16) al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1021)
 * 17) al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1021–1036)
 * 18) al-Mustansir Billah (1036–1094)
 * 19) al-Musta'li Billah (1094–1101)
 * 20) al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (1101–1130)
 * 21) at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130–1132)

Imams 11–21 were caliphs who ruled the Fatimid Caliphate.

The imams from Muhammad ibn Isma'il onward were occulted by the Musta'li; their names as listed by Dawoodi Bohra religious books are listed above.

Da'is
Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah from the time of Imam Mustansir. She appointed Dai in Yemen to run religious affair. Ismaili missionaries Ahmed and Abdullah (in about 1067 AD (460 AH)) were sent to India in that time. According to Fatimid tradition, after the death of Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah, Arwa al-Sulayhi instituted the Da'i al-Mutlaq in place of Dai to run the independent dawah from Yemen in the name of Imam Taiyab. The Dais are appointed one after other in the same philosophy of nass (nomination by predecessor) as done by earlier imams. It is believed that God's representative cannot die before appointing his true successor. This is being followed from the time of 3rd Imam Ali al-Sajjad, the strong army of Yazid also could not think of killing him, although they did not spare even a child of six months, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn.

On the similar belief, the Musta'li think and their Da'i claim, that one day their Imam Tayyib's heir will again reappear as Imam (as happened with the eleventh Imam, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, who appeared after period of 150 years since the sixth Imam).

Under the fifteenth Imam, Al-Aziz Billah, the fifth Fatimid caliph, religious tolerance was given great importance. As a small Shi'i group ruling over a majority Sunni population with a Christian minority also, the Fatimid caliphs were careful to respect the sentiments of people. One of the viziers of Imam Aziz was Christian, and high offices were held by both Shia and Sunnis. Fatimid advancement in state offices was based more on merit than on heredity.

Al-Aziz Billah rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo near Fustat and encouraged public theological debate between the chief Fatimid qadi and the bishops of Oriental Orthodoxy in the interest of ecumenism.

Profession of faith
As is the case with the majority of the Shia, Ismailis conclude the Shahada with ʿAliyun waliyu l-Lah ("Ali is the successor of God"). Musta'lis recite the following shahada:

"ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā l-Lāh, waʾašhadu ʾan Muḥammadun ʿabduhun warasūlu l-Lāh; ʾanna mawlāna ʿAliyun waṣiyuhu wawazīruhu;

I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Mohammad is God's servant and His Messenger and Ali is his successor and minister."

The first part of this shahada is common to all Muslims and is the fundamental declaration of tawhid. The wording of the last phrase is specific to the Musta'li.

The second phrase describes the principle of Prophecy in Shia Islam.

The third phrase describes the Musta'li theological position of the role of Ali.

title: Musta'li Ismailism


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John MacArthur (American pastor)

John Fullerton MacArthur Jr. (born June 19, 1939) is an American pastor and author who hosts the national Christian radio and television program Grace to You. He has been the pastor of Grace Community Church, a non-denominational church in Sun Valley, California since February 9, 1969. He is currently the chancellor emeritus of The Master's University in Santa Clarita and The Master's Seminary.

MacArthur is a proponent of expository preaching, and has been acknowledged by Christianity Today as one of the most influential preachers of his time. MacArthur has written or edited more than 150 books. His MacArthur Study Bible has sold more than one million copies, receiving a Gold Medallion Book Award.

Early life and schooling
The grandson of Canadian Anglican minister Harry MacArthur (died 1950) and son of Baptist radio preacher Jack MacArthur (born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada) and Irene Dockendorf, MacArthur was born in Los Angeles. During a 1979 interview, Pastor MacArthur stated he is "distantly related to General Douglas MacArthur." He went on to say, "I understand that I’m a fifth cousin, and so it’s quite a distance but nonetheless we are related." MacArthur followed in his father's footsteps to enroll at the fundamentalist Bob Jones College from 1957 to 1959. In 1960, after a year off, he was accepted to the Free Methodist Church’s Los Angeles Pacific College, where in his senior year he observed two games of football, going on field once for one play (see 1962 yearbook statistics). In 1963, he was granted a Masters of Divinity from the Bible Institute of Los Angeles's new Talbot Theological Seminary, in La Mirada, California, with honors.

Career
When at Bob Jones University in South Carolina, MacArthur’s father recruited him to the Voice of Calvary singing quartet, often broadcast on Christian radio in Southern California. From 1964 to 1966, MacArthur was hired by his father as associate pastor at the Harry MacArthur Memorial Bible Church (now Calvary Bible Church in Burbank, California), which his father Jack had planted and named after his own father. From 1966 to 1969, MacArthur was hired as the faculty representative for Talbot Theological Seminary. On February 9, 1969, he was hired as the third and youngest pastor at the nondenominational Grace Community Church of Sun Valley, California.

MacArthur's daily radio and television program, Grace to You was created by the Grace media team to publicize audio cassettes of sermons; in 1977, it was first broadcast in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1985, MacArthur was made President of Los Angeles Baptist College, now The Master's University, a four-year Christian liberal-arts college. In 1986, he was made President of the new Master's Seminary.

A Milestone of 55 years after beginning in the pulpit of Grace Community, MacArthur completed one of his own life goals, that of preaching through the entire New Testament on June 5, 2011.

Authority of scripture
Central to MacArthur's theology is a very high view of scripture (the 66 books of the Protestant Bible). He believes that scripture is inerrant and infallible because it is "the Word of God" and that God cannot lie. Furthermore, he believes that Christians are obliged to render full submission to scripture above all else and that "[t]o mishandle the Word of God is to misrepresent the One who wrote it. To reject its claims is to call Him a liar. To ignore its message is to snub that which the Holy Spirit inspired."

Cessationism
MacArthur is a cessationist, holding that the "sign gifts" (such as prophecy) described in the Bible were temporarily granted to the apostles to authenticate the origin and truth of the scriptures, and that at the close of the Apostolic Age these gifts had served their purpose and ceased to be granted. He is one of the most prominent voices in American Christianity against the continuationist beliefs of Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement, which assert that God continues to confer sign gifts today. MacArthur has written three books on the subject. In October 2013, his church hosted a conference called "Strange Fire" to mark the launch of a book of the same name. The event featured a number of speakers who argued for cessationist theology and strongly critiqued the Charismatic Movement.

MacArthur argues that modern "visions, revelations, voices from heaven... dreams, speaking in tongues, prophecies, out-of-body experiences, trip to heaven, anointings, miracles [are] all false, all lies, all deceptions attributed falsely to the Holy Spirit." He has remarked that "[t]he Charismatic movement has stolen the Holy Spirit and created a golden calf, and they're dancing around the golden calf as if it were the Holy Spirit."

Christology
In 1983, MacArthur first published his belief in the doctrine of "incarnational sonship." In 1989, after some criticism, he defended his views in a plenary session of the annual convention of the Independent Fundamental Churches of America (IFCA). A decade later, he announced he had retracted this view via an article from Grace to You.

Complementarianism
MacArthur has stated that he opposes both "male chauvinist and feminist views." He has a complementarian view on gender roles and considers that the Bible forbids women to preach to men or to exercise authority over men in churches, and he believes that the Biblical roles of elder and pastor are restricted to men. To this end he cites the biblical passages of 1 Timothy 2:11–12 1 Corinthians 14:34-35.

Dispensational theology
MacArthur describes himself as a "leaky dispensationalist." MacArthur holds to the dispensationalist school of premillennialism, a pre-tribulational Rapture of the Church, and a literal Millennium. He teaches a completely restored Israel shall inherit physical ownership of the land of Canaan on the earth.

Lordship of Christ
MacArthur believes "that if you confess with your mouth Jesus as Lord, and believe in your heart that God raised Him from the dead, you will be saved". This submission to Jesus as Lord when converting to faith in Jesus Christ became known to Arminians as the "Lordship salvation controversy" in the 1980s. MacArthur argues that confessing Jesus Christ as Lord is a necessary component of free grace theology. He states, "You must receive Jesus Christ for who He is, both Lord and Savior, to be truly saved ." Regarding eternal security, he states, "It should never be presented merely as a matter of being once saved, always saved with no regard for what you believe or do. The writer of states frankly that only those who continue living holy lives will enter the Lord's presence." These views raised controversy within American evangelicalism and were challenged in print by Free Grace theologians such as Charles Ryrie and Zane C. Hodges, who argued that MacArthur's ministry was teaching a form of works-based salvation. MacArthur denied the charge, as attested on two tapes recorded in 1989 when he was asked to "reason together with the IFCA man."

Young Earth creationism
MacArthur advocates Young Earth creationism in his book The Battle For the Beginning (2001), and in his sermons. Speaking about evolutionary theory, he writes that Christians "ought to expose such lies for what they are and oppose them vigorously." He argues that "the battle for the beginning is ultimately a battle between two mutually exclusive faiths—faith in Scripture versus faith in anti-theistic hypotheses. It is not really a battle between science and the Bible."

Views on gender and sexuality
MacArthur is a critic of same-sex marriage, the ordination of women, the Roman Catholic Church, and the social justice movement. He has delivered multiple sermons where he discusses these issues.

With respect to sexual orientation, he has asserted that "no one is gay" as "God didn't hardwire anybody" to be gay any more than he "hardwires" individuals to be adulterers or bank robbers. MacArthur compared the assertion that sexual orientation is a born trait to a hypothetical bank robber's protestation, "I keep robbing banks, but I'm a robber. I'm a bank robber. What am I gonna do? I'm a bank robber."

Recognition
MacArthur has received an honorary degree from Grace Graduate School in 1976 and from Talbot Theological Seminary (Doctor of Divinity, 1977).

Comments regarding Steven Furtick and Beth Moore
In 2012, at the annual Shepherd's Conference, MacArthur was participating in a word association questionnaire when the moderator gave the name "Steven Furtick." MacArthur responded "unqualified" and proceeded to argue that Furtick, pastor of Elevation Church, was not qualified, by Biblical standards, to be a pastor. Furtick responded to this comment in his 2016 book Unqualified: How God Uses Broken People to Do Big Things.

In 2019, at the Truth Matters Conference, during another word association questionnaire, MacArthur was given the prompt "Beth Moore". MacArthur responded, "Go home." Reiterating his stance on 1 Timothy 2:12, he went on to state, "There is no case that can be made biblically for a woman preacher. Period. Paragraph. End of Discussion." Moore responded to this stance by stating on her Twitter account, "I did not surrender to a calling of man when I was 18 years old. I surrendered to a calling of God. It never occurs to me for a second to not fulfill it." Pastor Wade Burleson considered that MacArthur comment was misogynistic, contrary to the Bible and the character of Jesus Christ.

Response to and matters surrounding COVID-19
In 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 global crisis, MacArthur contravened orders from Los Angeles County public health officials regarding services at Grace Community Church, and insisted that no one from the church had become seriously ill, despite reports to the contrary. His major contention was that there was no justification for closing down churches over a disease with 94% survival rate according to misinterpreted data from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Los Angeles County sued the church over its refusal to close down, and the church counter-sued, claiming that the County was violating rights to freedom of religion. In August 2021, MacArthur told congregants that "many people" had contracted COVID-19 while it "went through" the church in December 2020 and January 2021, including both him and his wife. Eventually, all lawsuits were settled out of court with the County of Los Angeles and the State of California paying $400,000 each to Grace Community Church.

Accusations of using ghostwriters
In February 2022, Dennis Swanson, former vice president of Master's University and Master's Seminary, accused him of never having written any of his books and that they were allegedly written by ghost writers.

Accusations of improper response to domestic abuse
In March 2022, The Roys Report published an investigation implicating Grace Community Church and John F. MacArthur. Several women victims of domestic violence were reportedly asked to return to their husbands, under threat of excommunication. MacArthur associate pastor Carey Hardy allegedly told a victim to lead by example and “suffer for Jesus” by enduring her husband’s abuse. A church elder, Hohn Cho, allegedly urged MacArthur to reconsider the victim's request, who told him "forget it." The victim was humiliated twice, in May 2002 and August 2002, by MacArthur in front of the congregation for having finally divorced her husband. In 2005, the victim's husband was sentenced to 21 years in prison for aggravated child molestation, corporal injury to a child, and child abuse. After the publication of the affair by Christianity Today in February 2023, the pastoral council denounced “lies”.

Personal life
MacArthur is married to his wife, Patricia. They have four children, fifteen grandchildren, and had two great-grandsons by 2017.

Selected publications

 * Twelve Extraordinary Women: God Shaped Women of the Bible, and What He Wants to Do with You  (October 5, 2008)
 * Twelve Ordinary Men: How the Master Shaped His Disciples for Greatness, and What He Wants to Do with You (May 8, 2006)
 * One Perfect Life: The Complete Story of the Lord Jesus (March 4, 2013)
 * Anxious for Nothing: God's Cure for the Cares of Your Soul (John Macarthur Study) (February 1, 2012)
 * Safe in the Arms of God: Truth from Heaven About the Death of a Child (July 8, 2003)
 * Saved Without A Doubt: Being Sure of Your Salvation (January 1, 2010)
 * The Charismatics: A Doctrinal Perspective hardback (1978)
 * Fundamentals of the Faith: 13 Lessons to Grow in the Grace and Knowledge of Jesus Christ (February 24, 2009)
 * The Charismatic softback (1978)
 * Gospel According to Jesus (1989) ISBN 0-310-28651-4
 * Charismatic Chaos (1993) ISBN 0-310-57572-9
 * Our Sufficiency in Christ (1998) ISBN 1-58134-013-3
 * Ashamed of the Gospel: When the Church Becomes Like the World (2001) ISBN 1-58134-288-8
 * Think Biblically!: Recovering a Christian Worldview (2003) ISBN 1-58134-412-0
 * Fool's Gold?: Discerning Truth in an Age of Error (2005) ISBN 1-58134-726-X
 * The Jesus You Can't Ignore: What You Must Learn from the Bold Confrontations of Christ (2009) ISBN 1-4002-0206-X
 * Strange Fire: The Danger of Offending the Holy Spirit with Counterfeit Worship (2013) ISBN 978-1-4002-0517-2
 * Right Thinking in a Church Gone Astray: Finding Our Way Back to Biblical Truth (2017)
 * The Gospel According to Paul: Embracing the Good News at the Heart of Paul's Teachings (2017)
 * Biblical Doctrine: A Systematic Summary of Bible Truth (2017)
 * None Other: Discovering the God of the Bible (2017)
 * Worship: The Ultimate Priority (2012)
 * Parables (2015)

title: John MacArthur (American pastor)


text:
Butyrolactone

Butyrolactone may refer to:

 * beta-Butyrolactone
 * gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)

title: Butyrolactone


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Rotary Club

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to Rotary International. —Korath (Talk) 01:14, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

The Rotary Club
non-notable local branch of Rotary International, on which we already have an article. By the same guy as the last few I posted; I think there are a few more coming this way, too.--Jonathan Christensen 21:11, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC) Anonymous Cow 21:19, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Rotary International--Rotary Club is a generic name. Meelar (talk) 21:14, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Rotary International. Agree with Meelar's reason.
 * Redirect to Rotary International. José San Martin 23:36, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Rotary International sounds sensible. Mgm|(talk) 08:03, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. The use as per this article doesn't appear to me to be related to R.I., however. I think it's just a subclub within a club, so on its own is not notable. 23skidoo 19:34, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Anaheim Sports

Anaheim Sports, Inc., formerly Disney Sports Enterprises, Inc. (DSE), was a fully owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company based in Anaheim, California and created in 1992 as the ownership group for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim professional hockey team.

Disney Sports Enterprises
Disney Sports Enterprises, Inc. was incorporated in California on December 12, 1986.

Disney purchased a National Hockey League expansion franchise in December 1992 for Anaheim. The team was named Mighty Ducks after a Disney movie, The Mighty Ducks. The movie and the team was due to Disney CEO Michael Eisner interest with hockey which stemmed from his sons playing the game. NHL executives considered it a "coup" and ESPN gave the NHL its best deal to date for TV rights, $600 million for 5 years. As a Disney conglomerate unit, its president reported to Disney vice chairman Sandy Litvack while financial counting as a part of its parks and resorts segment. With the record sales of Mighty Ducks licensed merchandising, the Los Angeles Dodgers in March 1995 turned to Disney to handle its merchandising operation.

Following the Mighty Ducks movie/pro-team marketing formula, first Disney released in 1994 Angels in the Outfield film then offered to purchase the California Angels. In May 1995, DSE agreed to purchase 25% of the Angels from Gene Autry with an option to purchase the remaining ownership. The company then agreed to a new lease with the city of Anaheim, in which it agreed to add the city's name to the name of the baseball club in return for full management of Anaheim Stadium and an increased share of the stadium's revenues. DSE took operational control of the Angels in May 1996 which was renamed the Anaheim Angels.

Anaheim Sports
In December 1996, Disney Sports Enterprises, Inc. was renamed to Anaheim Sports, Inc. for tax purposes and to align with the teams' names. Anaheim Sports teams were then seen as an additional draw for people to visit Disneyland Resort and a key to a potential regional sports channel, ESPN West.

By 1998, the two teams were losing money and the ESPN West channel never got off the ground, which could have justified keeping the teams. The two teams were put up for sale in 1999. From 1995 to 1998, the Angels lost Anaheim on average $16.6 million while only being competitive in three out of five years. While the Ducks were a money maker in the beginning, the team was expected to lose money for its third season. Broadcom Corporation had approached Disney about interactive broadcasting rights for the teams which would have allow viewers at home to purchase Anaheim tickets and merchandise via their remote controls. Instead, Disney offered to sell the Broadcom partners, Henry Samueli and Henry Nicholas, the two teams for $450 million.

President Tony Tavares signed a three-year contract extension in 2000. With the December 31, 2000 retirement of vice chairman Litvack, Anaheim Sports began reporting to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts chairman Paul Pressler. At the time, it was planned that the ESPN Zone restaurant would increase promotional efforts with the two sports teams.

The Lehman Bros. investment bank was hired to sell the two teams, separately or together, in 2002. In May 2003, the company sold the Angels to advertising magnate Arte Moreno. In February 2005, it agreed to sell the Mighty Ducks and the Disney Ice, the team's training facility, to Broadcom co-founder and billionaire Henry Samueli and his wife. The company was later merged out.

title: Anaheim Sports


text:
Peter Thomas Bauer

Peter Thomas Bauer, Baron Bauer, FBA (6 November 1915 – 2 May 2002) was a Hungarian-born British development economist. Bauer is best remembered for his opposition to the then widely-held notion that the most effective manner to help developing countries advance is through state led development planning supported by foreign aid.

Life
Bauer was born Péter Tamás Bauer in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, in 1915. His family was Jewish. He studied law in Budapest before embarking for England in 1934 to study economics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in 1937. After a brief period in the private sector working for Guthrie & Co., a London-based merchant house that conducted business in the Far East, Bauer spent most of his career at the London School of Economics. Bauer started teaching there in 1960 and retired in 1983 as Emeritus Professor of Economics. With the support of his friend and admirer Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, he was created a life peer as Baron Bauer, of Market Ward in the City of Cambridge on 15 February 1983. Lord Bauer was also a fellow of the British Academy and a member of the Mont Pelerin Society, which was founded by his friend Friedrich Hayek.

In 1978, Bauer received an Honorary Doctoral Degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquin for his contributions to economics.

In 2002, he won the Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty; as part of his award, The Cato Institute cited his courage in espousing an approach almost universally opposed in post-World War II international economic circles. Bauer told London's Daily Telegraph: "I am truly honoured. I have long admired The Cato Institute and Milton Friedman, and recognition by both could not be more delightful."

He died on May 2, 2002.

Contributions to economics
Nearly all of Bauer's contributions concerned development economics, international development and foreign aid. Bauer sought to convince other development experts that central planning, foreign aid, price controls, and protectionism perpetuate poverty rather than eliminate it, and that the growth of government intervention politicises economic life and reduces individual freedom.

Bauer influenced thinking about the determinants of economic advance. For example, the World Bank, in its 1997 World Development Report, reflected the point of view Bauer had been advocating for years, stating that the notion that "good advisers and technical experts would formulate good policies, which good governments would then implement for the good of society" was outdated:

"the institutional assumptions implicit in this world view were, as we all realize today, too simplistic... . Governments embarked on fanciful schemes. Private investors, lacking confidence in public policies or in the steadfastness of leaders, held back. Powerful rulers acted arbitrarily. Corruption became endemic. Development faltered, and poverty endured."

For Bauer, the essence of development was the expansion of individual choices, and the role of the state to protect life, liberty and property so that individuals can pursue their own goals and desires. Limited government, not central planning, was his mantra.

He argued that "The exponents of Western guilt... patronize the Third World by suggesting that its economic fortunes past, present, and prospective, are determined by the West; that past exploitation by the West explains Third World backwardness... and that (their) economic future depends largely on Western donations."

Bauer placed himself in the tradition of libertarians. In his many articles and books, including Dissent on Development, Bauer overturned many of the commonly held beliefs of development economics. He refuted the idea that poverty is self-perpetuating and showed that central planning and large-scale public investment are not preconditions for growth.

He criticised the idea that the disadvantaged could not and would not save for the future, or that they had no motivation to improve their condition. He opposed "compulsory saving," which he preferred to call "special taxation," and, like modern supply-side economists, stressed the detrimental effects of high taxes on economic activity. Bauer also saw that government-directed investment funded by "special taxation" would increase "inequality in the distribution of power."

Bauer's experiences in Malaya (now West Malaysia) in the late 1940s and in West Africa influenced his views on the importance of individual effort by small landowners and traders in moving from subsistence to a higher standard of living. Bauer recognised the importance of the informal sector and advocated the "dynamic gains" from international trade – that is, the net gains that result from exposure to new ideas, new methods of production, new products, and new people. He demonstrated that trade barriers, and restrictive immigration and population policies deprive countries of those gains.

For Bauer, government-to-government aid was neither necessary nor sufficient for development, and may actually hinder it. The danger of aid, according to Bauer, is that it increases the power of government, leads to corruption, misallocates resources, and erodes civil society.

Bauer also debunked what Ralph Raico has termed the "timeless approach" to history. A person commits this fallacy when he ignores the various events and preconditions which existed before and acted as prerequisites for the event or state of affairs being analysed. Quoting Raico: "Rejecting the 'timeless approach' to economic development, Bauer has accentuated the many centuries required for economic growth in the Western world, and the interplay of various cultural factors that were its precondition"

Major works

 * (with Basil S. Yamey)
 * (with F. W. Paish)
 * (with Basil S. Yamey)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Basil S. Yamey)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)
 * (with Amartya Sen)

title: Peter Thomas Bauer


text:
Talk:Japantown, San Francisco

12,000 citizens?
Hi. Is it correct that 12,000 Japanese citizens live within the area? Where did such numbers come from? Thanks. --ChrisRuvolo 21:13, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * U.S. Census data shows 11,410 people of purely Japanese ancestry in the entire city. That does not include people of partial Japanese ancestry, and does not distinguish citizenship.   --ChrisRuvolo 21:34, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The 12,000 figure does seem a bit dubious for an area comprising about "six square city blocks". Also, no reliable source has been cited for this figure, therefore I am removing it from the article. Moksharamana 21:32, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Chinese Restaurants
Where are the Chinese restaurants in Jtown? I must have not noticed them all these years.

I have seen no chinese restraunts within what I see as j-town, e.g. bounded by Geary and Fillmore

Also - I propose removing, or at least recaptioning the photo from Geary, that is not really part of the commercial districts (one shop and some recieving doors) and the description of the pagoda as a border is misleading (the mall continues).

Japantown for sale
See: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/02/10/BUGK5H5NRF56.DTL http://www.sfexaminer.com/articles/2006/02/09/news/20060209_ne01_japantown.txt

--AllyUnion (talk) 08:43, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Photos
The National Archives site has a good collection of photos taken in Japantown during the 1942 forced evacuation. Someone with some free time could improve this article by selecting one and including it here.--Paul 17:47, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Map
A map showing the approximate boundaries of Japantown and location on the SF penninsula would be useful here, if anyone has the means... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Greensheep (talk • contribs) 19:16, 16 February 2007 (UTC).

Recentism?
I wonder why user: Jun-Dai labeled the article under Recentism. The recent events of the neighborhood segment has been fine since August of 2006. Akit 18:08, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with the "Recentism" charge and have removed the "recent history and controversy" section. The article is woefully lacking on the real history of this neighborhood and effort should be applied to beefing that up instead of a big bloated section about recent commercial considerations. Japantown is much more than a mall.--Paul 19:21, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

What I wonder is, wouldn't it be respectful to at least mention about the sale of the properties? It does not have to be a full-blown article. Would that then be considered "recentism?"

I agree, Japantown is much more than a mall, but after redevelopment, the malls and the hotels are now an important symbol to the community. When the sale of the properties did happen, it counted towards 3/4 of the entire neighborhood, doesn't that count as important history as well?

And no offense, being an involved community member within the San Francisco Japantown community, the sales and fight to preserve the property is important to not just me, but to the entire community at large. Akit 23:22, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with the mention of the sales, but it really shouldn't be more than a small part of the history section, much less a whole section of its own representing more than half of the article. If there's any example of recentism, that was it.  Should the controversy be considered significant enough, it should become an article of its own, not dominate the article on a topic that goes back over a hundred years.  Jun-Dai 04:40, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Funayville
Is there a source on this name? Googling it only results in pages that probably reference this article. 98.234.235.118 (talk) 22:20, 10 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this to our attention. The unsourced edit that introduced "Funayville" to the article was originally inserted by an anon edit in February of 2010 (see ).  The only other edit made from that IP was clearly vandalism.  So, since there seems to be no reliable source referring to "Funayville", I'll remove the references to it from the article. — Myasuda (talk) 22:39, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Japantown, San Francisco


text:
User talk:Gluon~enwiki

Please leave a message here! Thank you! --gluon ۸ 21:14, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gluon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gluon~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:21, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gluon~enwiki


text:
User talk:Aislingbronach

I have not logged into this account in probably a couple of years or so and so I starting off fresh again.

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Tradmagcover.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Tradmagcover.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 07:55, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Bob Oswald
Bob Oswald, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but in this particular case an editor does not feel that Bob Oswald satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Bob Oswald and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Bob Oswald during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. -  Jreferee  (Talk) 01:35, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

John Opsopaus
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article John Opsopaus, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of John Opsopaus. B. Wolterding (talk) 20:26, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Litiko Letinyanga
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A page you started (Masters of the Dark Eyes) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Masters of the Dark Eyes, Aislingbronach!

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title: User talk:Aislingbronach


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Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue

The Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue, previously named Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (PCID), is a dicastery of the Roman Curia, erected by Pope Paul VI on 19 May 1964 as the Secretariat for Non-Christians, and renamed by Pope John Paul II on 28 June 1988.

Despite its name, the PCID does not have responsibility for relations with other Christian religions, which are the responsibility of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, which also has oversight of the Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews.

The president of the PCID has been Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot since 25 May 2019.

Mission
The PCID is the central office of the Catholic Church for promoting interreligious dialogue in accordance with the spirit of the Second Vatican Council, in particular the declaration Nostra aetate. It has the following responsibilities:

 * 1) to promote mutual understanding, respect and collaboration between Catholics and the followers of other religious traditions;
 * 2) to encourage the study of religions;
 * 3) to promote the formation of persons dedicated to dialogue.

While the Council is responsible for the promotion of inter-religious dialogue, it does not cover Christian-Jewish relations. This is the responsibility of the entirely separate Pontifical Commission of the Holy See for Religious Relations with the Jews, which reports to the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, and is headed by the Cardinal President of that Pontifical Council, Kurt Koch.

The PCID is the central hub for dialogue in the Catholic Church. However, dialogue is often carried out at the local level by individual churches, many of which are supported by regional or national dialogue commissions. The PCID works closely to support these commissions and encourages their formation in areas where they do not yet exist.

The PCID is restricted to matters of religion and interreligious dialogue. It does not address social or economic issues, which are covered by other departments in the Roman Curia.

The Commission for Religious Relations with Muslims is part of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. The Commission's place within the Council’s structure reflects a degree of independence. The Council's president is ex officio president of the Muslim Commission, but the Commission has its own secretary and its own group of eight consultors.

Current activities
The PCID undertakes a range of activities that support its work of promoting mutual understanding between Catholicism and other religions. It welcomes visitors to Rome, it visits others, runs meetings and participates in many more. It publishes a bulletin called Pro dialogo three times a year, containing "significant Church texts on dialogue, articles, and news of dialogue activities throughout the world" as well as an Interreligious Dialogue Directory.

Creation and later reorganization
The council was created on 19 May 1964 as the Secretariat for Non-Christians by Pope Paul VI with his apostolic letter Progrediente Concilio. It was renamed the Council for Interreligious Dialogue by Pope John Paul II on 12 June 1988.

On 11 March 2006, Pope Benedict XVI altered the status of that Pontifical Council by combining the Council's presidency with that of the Pontifical Council for Culture, then led by Cardinal Paul Poupard, who shared Benedict's skeptical view of interreligious discussions. This organizational change reflected Benedict's view of the nature of dialogue with non-Christians, which he thought could not be theological and needed to focus on shared values, questions not of doctrine but culture. In the tense atmosphere of Catholic-Muslim relations at the time, just months after Benedict’s Regensburg address was met with outraged reactions in the Muslim community, Benedict's organizational move was seen as "downgrading" the significance of Catholic-Muslim relations. After some criticism, Benedict restored the independence of the Pontifical Council distinct from the Council for Culture, separating the presidencies once again and appointing Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue on 25 June 2007, effective 1 September 2007.

Structure
The PCID consists of a decision-making body, an advisory body and executive body.

Decision-making body
The Members of the Council is the PCID’s decision-making body. Around 30 in number, members include Cardinals and Bishops from around the world. Every two or three years, a Plenary Assembly is convened to discuss important issues and to set guidelines for the work of the Council.

Advisory body
The PCID has an advisory body of around 50 advisors, called Consultors, who provide research, advice and information to the Council. The Consultors are specialists in religious studies or in the practice of inter-religious dialogue, hailing from all corners of the world.

Executive body
The PCID’s executive body comprises the President, Secretary, Under-Secretary, bureau chief for Islam, staff members for Africa and Asia, a staff member for new religious movements, as well as administrative and support staff.

Presidents:
 * Cardinal Paolo Marella (1964–1973)
 * Cardinal Sergio Pignedoli (1973–1980)
 * Archbishop Jean Jadot (1980–1984)
 * Cardinal Francis Arinze (1984–2002)
 * Cardinal Michael Fitzgerald, M. Afr. (2002–2006)
 * Cardinal Paul Poupard (2006–2007)
 * Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran (2007–2018)
 * Cardinal Michael Ayuso Guixot, M.C.C.J. (2019–present)

The Secretary of the PCID since 3 July 2019 has been Fr. Indunil Janakaratne Kodithuwakku Kankanamalage. He was previously Undersecretary for seven years. A Sri Lankan, he has taught at the missiology faculty of the Pontifical Urban University. The Under Secretary is Paulin Batairwa Kubuya, S.X. appointed 11 November 2019; he taught at Fu Jen Catholic University and was executive secretary of the commission for interreligious and ecumenical dialogue of the Regional Episcopal Conference of Taiwan.

title: Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue


text:
User talk:Kronius

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Kronius