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Passive optical network

A passive optical network (PON) is a fiber-optic telecommunications network that uses only unpowered devices to carry signals, as opposed to electronic equipment. In practice, PONs are typically used for the last mile between Internet service providers (ISP) and their customers. In this use, a PON has a point-to-multipoint topology in which an ISP uses a single device to serve many end-user sites using a system such as 10G-PON or GPON. In this one-to-many topology, a single fiber serving many sites branches into multiple fibers through a passive splitter, and those fibers can each serve multiple sites through further splitters. The light from the ISP is divided through the splitters to reach all the customer sites, and light from the customer sites is combined into the single fiber. Many fiber ISPs prefer this system.

Components and characteristics
A passive optical network consists of an optical line terminal (OLT) at the service provider's central office (hub), passive (non-power-consuming) optical splitters, and a number of optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs), which are near end users. There may be amplifiers between the OLT and the ONUs. Several fibers from an OLT can be carried in a single cable. A PON reduces the amount of fiber and central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architectures with dedicated connections for every user. A passive optical network is a form of fiber-optic access network. Bandwidth is shared among users of a PON.

In most cases, downstream signals are broadcast to all premises sharing multiple fibers. Encryption can prevent eavesdropping.

Upstream signals are combined using a multiple access protocol, usually time-division multiple access (TDMA).

History
Passive optical networks were first proposed by British Telecommunications in 1987.

Two major standard groups, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), develop standards along with a number of other industry organizations.

The Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) also specified radio frequency over glass for carrying signals over a passive optical network.

FSAN and ITU
Starting in 1995, work on fiber to the home architectures was done by the Full Service Access Network (FSAN) working group, formed by major telecommunications service providers and system vendors. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) did further work, and standardized on two generations of PON. The older ITU-T G.983 standard was based on Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and has therefore been referred to as APON (ATM PON). Further improvements to the original APON standard – as well as the gradual falling out of favor of ATM as a protocol – led to the full, final version of ITU-T G.983 being referred to more often as broadband PON, or BPON. A typical APON/BPON provides 622 megabits per second (Mbit/s) (OC-12) of downstream bandwidth and 155 Mbit/s (OC-3) of upstream traffic, although the standard accommodates higher rates.

The ITU-T G.984 Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON, G-PON) standard represented an increase, compared to BPON, in both the total bandwidth and bandwidth efficiency through the use of larger, variable-length packets. Again, the standards permit several choices of bit rate, but the industry has converged on 2.488 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) of downstream bandwidth, and 1.244 Gbit/s of upstream bandwidth. GPON Encapsulation Method (GEM) allows very efficient packaging of user traffic with frame segmentation.

By mid-2008, Verizon had installed over $800,000 lines$. British Telecom, BSNL, Saudi Telecom Company, Etisalat, and AT&T were in advanced trials in Britain, India, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and the US, respectively. GPON networks have now been deployed in numerous networks across the globe, and the trends indicate higher growth in GPON than other PON technologies.

G.987 defined 10G-PON with 10 Gbit/s downstream and 2.5 Gbit/s upstream – framing is "G-PON like" and designed to coexist with GPON devices on the same network.

50G-PON was approved by the ITU in September 2021, and symmetrical 50G-PON was approved in September 2022. 100G-PON and 200G-PON have been demonstrated.

Security
Developed in 2009 by Cable Manufacturing Business to meet SIPRNet requirements of the U.S. Air Force, secure passive optical network (SPON) integrates gigabit passive optical network (GPON) technology and protective distribution system (PDS). Changes to the NSTISSI 7003 requirements for PDS and the mandate by the US federal government for GREEN technologies allowed for the US federal government consideration of the two technologies as an alternative to active Ethernet and encryption devices. The chief information officer of the United States Department of the Army issued a directive to adopt the technology by fiscal year 2013. It is marketed to the US military by companies such as Telos Corporation.

GPON used in Fiber to the x deployments may face vulnerability to Denial-of-service attack via optical signal injections, unresolved based on current commercially available technologies.

IEEE
In 2004, the Ethernet PON (EPON or GEPON) standard 802.3ah-2004 was ratified as part of the Ethernet in the first mile project of the IEEE 802.3. EPON is a "short haul" network using Ethernet packets, fiber optic cables, and single protocol layer. EPON also uses standard 802.3 Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 gigabit per second upstream and downstream rates. EPON is applicable for data-centric networks, as well as full-service voice, data and video networks. 10 Gbit/s EPON or 10G-EPON was ratified as an amendment IEEE 802.3av to IEEE 802.3. 10G-EPON supports 10/1 Gbit/s. The downstream wavelength plan support simultaneous operation of 10 Gbit/s on one wavelength and 1 Gbit/s on a separate wavelength for the operation of IEEE 802.3av and IEEE 802.3ah on the same PON concurrently. The upstream channel can support simultaneous operation of IEEE 802.3av and 1 Gbit/s 802.3ah simultaneously on a single shared (1310 nm) channel.

In 2014, there were over 40 million installed EPON ports, making it the most widely deployed PON technology globally. EPON is also the foundation for cable operators' business services as part of the DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE) specifications.

10G EPON is fully compatible with other Ethernet standards and requires no conversion or encapsulation to connect to Ethernet-based networks on either the upstream or downstream end. This technology connects seamlessly with any type of IP-based or packetized communications, and, thanks to the ubiquity of Ethernet installations in homes, workplaces, and elsewhere, EPON is generally very inexpensive to implement.

Network elements
A PON takes advantage of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), using one wavelength for downstream traffic and another for upstream traffic on a single mode fiber (ITU-T G.652). BPON, EPON, GEPON, and GPON have the same basic wavelength plan and use the 1490 nanometer (nm) wavelength for downstream traffic and 1310 nm wavelength for upstream traffic. 1550 nm is reserved for optional overlay services, typically RF (analog) video.

As with bit rate, the standards describe several optical power budgets, most common is 28 dB of loss budget for both BPON and GPON, but products have been announced using less expensive optics as well. 28 dB corresponds to about 20 km with a 32-way split. Forward error correction (FEC) may provide for another 2–3 dB of loss budget on GPON systems. As optics improve, the 28 dB budget will likely increase. Although both the GPON and EPON protocols permit large split ratios (up to 128 subscribers for GPON, up to 32,768 for EPON), in practice most PONs are deployed with a split ratio of 1:64, 1:32 or smaller. XGS-PON networks support split ratios of up to 1:128 and 50G-PON supports split ratios of at least 1:256 depending on the OLT.

Splitters may be cascaded, such as in areas with a low population density and thus a low number of subscribers in a given area. This can also be done to facilitate reducing the number of subscribers in a PON in the future. Thus, PONs can have a tree network topology. In rural areas, remote OLTs with capacity for only a few users can be used. Splitters can be made with either planar lightwave circuit (PLC) or fused biconical taper (FBT) technologies: PLC creates optical waveguides in a flat substrate made of silica to split light, and FBT fuses optical fibers together to create a splitter.

A PON consists of a central office node, called an optical line terminal (OLT), one or more user nodes, called optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs), and the fibers and splitters between them, called the optical distribution network (ODN). "ONT" is an ITU-T term to describe a single-tenant ONU. In multiple-tenant units, the ONU may be bridged to a customer premises device within the individual dwelling unit using technologies such as Ethernet over twisted pair, G.hn (a high-speed ITU-T standard that can operate over any existing home wiring - power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables) or DSL. An ONU is a device that terminates the PON and presents customer service interfaces to the user. Some ONUs implement a separate subscriber unit to provide services such as telephony, Ethernet data, or video.

An OLT provides the interface between a PON and a service provider's core network. These typically include:
 * IP traffic over Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, or 10 Gigabit Ethernet;
 * Standard TDM interfaces such as SDH/SONET;
 * ATM UNI at 155–622 Mbit/s.

The ONT or ONU terminates the PON and presents the native service interfaces to the user. These services can include voice (plain old telephone service (POTS) or voice over IP (VoIP)), data (typically Ethernet or V.35), video, and/or telemetry (TTL, ECL, RS530, etc.) Often the ONU functions are separated into two parts:

 * The ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface—such as DSL, coaxial cable, or multiservice Ethernet—toward the user;
 * Network termination equipment (NTE), which receives the converged interface and outputs native service interfaces to the user, such as Ethernet and POTS.

A PON is a shared network, in that the OLT sends a single stream of downstream traffic that is seen by all ONUs. Each ONU reads the content of only those packets that are addressed to it. Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping on downstream traffic.

An OLT can have several ports, and each port can drive a single PON network with split ratios or splitting factors of around 1:32 or 1:64, meaning that for each port on the OLT, up to 32 or 64 ONUs at customer sites can be connected. Several PON standards can co-exist on the same ODN (optical distribution network) by using different wavelengths.

Upstream bandwidth allocation
The OLT is responsible for allocating upstream bandwidth to the ONUs. Because the optical distribution network (ODN) is shared, ONU upstream transmissions could collide if they were transmitted at random times. ONUs can lie at varying distances from the OLT, meaning that the transmission delay from each ONU is unique. The OLT measures delay and sets a register in each ONU via PLOAM (physical layer operations, administrations and maintenance) messages to equalize its delay with respect to all of the other ONUs on the PON.

Once the delay of all ONUs has been set, the OLT transmits so-called grants to the individual ONUs. A grant is permission to use a defined interval of time for upstream transmission. The grant map is dynamically re-calculated every few milliseconds. The map allocates bandwidth to all ONUs, such that each ONU receives timely bandwidth for its service needs.

Some services – POTS, for example – require essentially constant upstream bandwidth, and the OLT may provide a fixed bandwidth allocation to each such service that has been provisioned. DS1 and some classes of data service may also require constant upstream bit rate. But much data traffic, such as browsing web sites, is bursty and highly variable. Through dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA), a PON can be oversubscribed for upstream traffic, according to the traffic engineering concepts of statistical multiplexing. (Downstream traffic can also be oversubscribed, in the same way that any LAN can be oversubscribed. The only special feature in the PON architecture for downstream oversubscription is the fact that the ONU must be able to accept completely arbitrary downstream time slots, both in time and in size.)

In GPON there are two forms of DBA, status-reporting (SR) and non-status reporting (NSR).

In NSR DBA, the OLT continuously allocates a small amount of extra bandwidth to each ONU. If the ONU has no traffic to send, it transmits idle frames during its excess allocation. If the OLT observes that a given ONU is not sending idle frames, it increases the bandwidth allocation to that ONU. Once the ONU's burst has been transferred, the OLT observes a large number of idle frames from the given ONU, and reduces its allocation accordingly. NSR DBA has the advantage that it imposes no requirements on the ONU, and the disadvantage that there is no way for the OLT to know how best to assign bandwidth across several ONUs that need more.

In SR DBA, the OLT polls ONUs for their backlogs. A given ONU may have several so-called transmission containers (T-CONTs), each with its own priority or traffic class. The ONU reports each T-CONT separately to the OLT. The report message contains a logarithmic measure of the backlog in the T-CONT queue. By knowledge of the service level agreement for each T-CONT across the entire PON, as well as the size of each T-CONT's backlog, the OLT can optimize allocation of the spare bandwidth on the PON.

EPON systems use a DBA mechanism equivalent to GPON's SR DBA solution. The OLT polls ONUs for their queue status and grants bandwidth using the MPCP GATE message, while ONUs report their status using the MPCP REPORT message.

TDM-PON
APON/BPON, EPON and GPON have been widely deployed. In November 2014, EPON had approximately 40 million deployed ports and ranks first in deployments.

As of 2015, GPON had a smaller market share, but is anticipated to reach $10.5 billion US dollars by 2020.

For TDM-PON, a passive optical splitter is used in the optical distribution network. In the upstream direction, each ONU (optical network units) or ONT (optical network terminal) burst transmits for an assigned time-slot (multiplexed in the time domain). In this way, the OLT is receiving signals from only one ONU or ONT at any point in time. In the downstream direction, the OLT (usually) continuously transmits (or may burst transmit). ONUs or ONTs see their own data through the address labels embedded in the signal. XGS-PON is popular among fiber ISPs in the US.

DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE)
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) Provisioning of Ethernet Passive Optical Network, or DPoE, is a set of CableLabs specifications that implement the DOCSIS service layer interface on existing Ethernet PON (EPON, GEPON or 10G-EPON) media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) standards. In short it implements the DOCSIS Operations Administration Maintenance and Provisioning (OAMP) functionality on existing EPON equipment. It makes the EPON OLT look and act like a DOCSIS Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS) platform (which is called a DPoE System in DPoE terminology). In addition to offering the same IP service capabilities as a CMTS, DPoE supports Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) 9 and 14 services for the delivery of Ethernet services for business customers.

Comcast Xfinity and Charter Spectrum use 10G-EPON with DPoE in newly-deployed areas, including new construction and rural expansion.

Radio frequency over glass
Radio frequency over glass (RFoG) is a type of passive optical network that transports RF signals that were formerly transported over copper (principally over a hybrid fibre-coaxial cable) over PON. In the forward direction RFoG is either a stand-alone P2MP system or an optical overlay for existing PON such as GEPON/EPON. The overlay for RFoG is based on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)—the passive combination of wavelengths on a single strand of glass. Reverse RF support is provided by transporting the upstream or return RF onto a separate wavelength from the PON return wavelength. The Society of Cable and Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) Interface Practices Subcommittee (IPS) Work Group 5, is currently working on IPS 910 RF over Glass. RFoG offers backwards compatibility with existing RF modulation technology, but offers no additional bandwidth for RF based services. Although not yet completed, the RFoG standard is actually a collection of standardized options which are not compatible with each other (they cannot be mixed on the same PON). Some of the standards may interoperate with other PONs, others may not. It offers a means to support RF technologies in locations where only fiber is available or where copper is not permitted or feasible. This technology is targeted towards Cable TV operators and their existing HFC networks, but is also used by Verizon, Frontier Communications and Ziply Fiber to deliver pay TV services over fiber despite these companies never having owned or deployed a HFC network.

WDM-PON
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing PON, or WDM-PON, is a non-standard type of passive optical networking, being developed by some companies.

The multiple wavelengths of a WDM-PON can be used to separate Optical Network Units (ONUs) into several virtual PONs co-existing on the same physical infrastructure. Alternatively the wavelengths can be used collectively through statistical multiplexing to provide efficient wavelength utilization and lower delays experienced by the ONUs.

There is no common standard for WDM-PON nor any unanimously agreed upon definition of the term. By some definitions WDM-PON is a dedicated wavelength for each ONU. Other more liberal definitions suggest the use of more than one wavelength in any one direction on a PON is WDM-PON. It is difficult to point to an un-biased list of WDM-PON vendors when there is no such unanimous definition. PONs provide higher bandwidth than traditional copper based access networks. WDM-PON has better privacy and better scalability because of each ONU only receives its own wavelength.

Advantages: The MAC layer is simplified because the P2P connections between OLT and ONUs are realized in wavelength domain, so no P2MP media access control is needed. In WDM-PON each wavelength can run at a different speed and protocol so there is an easy pay-as-you-grow upgrade.

Challenges: High cost of initial set-up, the cost of the WDM components. Temperature control is another challenge because of how wavelengths tend to drift with environmental temperatures.

TWDM-PON
Time- and wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON) is a primary solution for the next-generation passive optical network stage 2 (NG-PON2) by the full service access network (FSAN) in April 2012. TWDM-PON coexists with commercially deployed Gigabit PON (G-PON) and 10 Gigabit PON (XG-PON) systems. While G-PON, XG-PON, and XGS-PON only support one wavelength per direction, NG-PON supports 4 or 8 wavelengths per direction, and 10 Gbps per wavelength for up to 80 Gbps of downstream and upstream bandwidth.

Long-Reach Optical Access Networks
The concept of the Long-Reach Optical Access Network (LROAN) is to replace the optical/electrical/optical conversion that takes place at the local exchange with a continuous optical path that extends from the customer to the core of the network. Work by Davey and Payne at BT showed that significant cost savings could be made by reducing the electronic equipment and real-estate required at the local exchange or wire center. A proof of concept demonstrator showed that it was possible to serve 1024 users at 10 Gbit/s with 100 km reach.

This technology has sometimes been termed Long-Reach PON, however, many argue that the term PON is no longer applicable as, in most instances, only the distribution remains passive.

Enabling technologies
Due to the topology of PON, the transmission modes for downstream (that is, from OLT to ONU) and upstream (that is, from ONU to OLT) are different. For the downstream transmission, the OLT broadcasts optical signal to all the ONUs in continuous mode (CM), that is, the downstream channel always has optical data signal. However, in the upstream channel, ONUs can not transmit optical data signal in CM. Use of CM would result in all of the signals transmitted from the ONUs converging (with attenuation) into one fiber by the power splitter (serving as power coupler), and overlapping. To solve this problem, burst mode (BM) transmission is adopted for upstream channel. The given ONU only transmits optical packet when it is allocated a time slot and it needs to transmit, and all the ONUs share the upstream channel in the time-division multiplexing (TDM) mode.

The phases of the BM optical packets received by the OLT are different from packet to packet, since the ONUs are not synchronized to transmit optical packet in the same phase, and the distance between OLT and given ONU are random. Since the distance between the OLT and ONUs are not uniform, the optical packets received by the OLT may have different amplitudes. In order to compensate the phase variation and amplitude variation in a short time (for example within 40 ns for GPON ), burst mode clock and data recovery (BM-CDR) and burst mode amplifier (for example burst mode TIA) need to be employed, respectively.

Furthermore, the BM transmission mode requires the transmitter to work in burst mode. Such a burst mode transmitter is able to turn on and off in short time. The above three kinds of circuitries in PON are quite different from their counterparts in the point-to-point continuous mode optical communication link.

Fiber to the premises
Passive optical networks do not use electrically powered components to split the signal. Instead, the signal is distributed using beam splitters. Each splitter typically splits the signal from a single fiber into 16, 32, or up to 256 fibers, depending on the manufacturer, and several splitters can be aggregated in a single cabinet. A beam splitter cannot provide any switching or buffering capabilities and does not use any power supply; the resulting connection is called a point-to-multipoint link. For such a connection, the optical network terminals on the customer's end must perform some special functions which would not otherwise be required. For example, due to the absence of switching, each signal leaving the central office must be broadcast to all users served by that splitter (including to those for whom the signal is not intended). It is therefore up to the optical network terminal to filter out any signals intended for other customers.

In addition, since splitters have no buffering, each individual optical network terminal must be coordinated in a multiplexing scheme to prevent signals sent by customers from colliding with each other. Two types of multiplexing are possible for achieving this: wavelength-division multiplexing and time-division multiplexing. With wavelength-division multiplexing, each customer transmits their signal using a unique wavelength. With time-division multiplexing (TDM), the customers "take turns" transmitting information. TDM equipment has been on the market longest. Because there is no single definition of "WDM-PON" equipment, various vendors claim to have released the 'first' WDM-PON equipment, but there is no consensus on which product was the 'first' WDM-PON product to market.

Passive optical networks have both advantages and disadvantages over active networks. They avoid the complexities involved in keeping electronic equipment operating outdoors. They also allow for analog broadcasts, which can simplify the delivery of analog television. However, because each signal must be pushed out to everyone served by the splitter (rather than to just a single switching device), the central office must be equipped with a particularly powerful piece of transmitting equipment called an optical line terminal (OLT). In addition, because each customer's optical network terminal must transmit all the way to the central office (rather than to just the nearest switching device), reach extenders would be needed to achieve the distance from central office that is possible with outside plant based active optical networks.

Optical distribution networks can also be designed in a point-to-point "homerun" topology where splitters and/or active networking are all located at the central office, allowing users to be patched into whichever network is required from the optical distribution frame.

Passive optical components
The drivers behind the modern passive optical network are high reliability, low cost, and passive functionality.

Single-mode, passive optical components include branching devices such as Wavelength-Division Multiplexer/Demultiplexers (WDMs), isolators, circulators, and filters. These components are used in interoffice, loop feeder, Fiber In The Loop (FITL), Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable (HFC), Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) systems; and other telecommunications networks employing optical communications systems that utilize Optical Fiber Amplifiers (OFAs) and Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexer (DWDM) systems. Proposed requirements for these components were published in 2010 by Telcordia Technologies.

The broad variety of passive optical components applications include multichannel transmission, distribution, optical taps for monitoring, pump combiners for fiber amplifiers, bit-rate limiters, optical connects, route diversity, polarization diversity, interferometers, and coherent communication.

WDMs are optical components in which power is split or combined based on the wavelength composition of the optical signal. Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexers (DWDMs) are optical components that split power over at least four wavelengths. Wavelength insensitive couplers are passive optical components in which power is split or combined independently of the wavelength composition of the optical signal. A given component may combine and divide optical signals simultaneously, as in bidirectional (duplex) transmission over a single fiber. Passive optical components are data format transparent, combining and dividing optical power in some predetermined ratio (coupling ratio) regardless of the information content of the signals. WDMs can be thought of as wavelength splitters and combiners. Wavelength insensitive couplers can be thought of as power splitters and combiners.

An optical isolator is a two-port passive component that allows light (in a given wavelength range) to pass through with low attenuation in one direction, while isolating (providing a high attenuation for) light propagating in the reverse direction. Isolators are used as both integral and in-line components in laser diode modules and optical amplifiers, and to reduce noise caused by multi-path reflection in high-bitrate and analog transmission systems.

An optical circulator operates in a similar way to an optical isolator, except that the reverse propagating lightwave is directed to a third port for output, instead of being lost. An optical circulator can be used for bidirectional transmission, as a type of branching component that distributes (and isolates) optical power among fibers, based on the direction of the lightwave propagation.

A fiber optic filter is a component with two or more ports that provides wavelength sensitive loss, isolation and/or return loss. Fiber optic filters are in-line, wavelength selective, components that allow a specific range of wavelengths to pass through (or reflect) with low attenuation for classification of filter types.

title: Passive optical network


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Excess reserves

Excess reserves are bank reserves held by a bank in excess of a reserve requirement for it set by a central bank.

In the United States, bank reserves for a commercial bank are represented by its cash holdings and any credit balance in an account at its Federal Reserve Bank (FRB). Holding excess reserves long term may have an opportunity cost if higher risk-adjusted interest can be earned by putting the funds elsewhere.

For banks in the U.S. Federal Reserve System, excess reserves may be created by a given bank in the very short term by making short-term (usually overnight) loans on the federal funds market to another bank that may be short of its reserve requirements. Banks may also choose to hold some excess reserves to facilitate upcoming transactions or to meet contractual clearing balance requirements.

The total amount of FRB credits held in all FRB accounts for all commercial banks, together with all currency and vault cash, forms the M0 monetary base.

Impact on inflation of excess reserve balances
Research by personnel at the Fed has resulted in claims that interest paid on reserves helps to guard against inflationary pressures. Under a traditional operating framework, in which central bank controls interest rates by changing the level of reserves and pays no interest on excess reserves, it would need to remove almost all of these excess reserves to raise market interest rates. Now when central bank pays interest on excess reserves the link between the level of reserves and willingness of commercial banks to lend is broken. It allows the central bank to raise market interest rates by simply raising the interest rate it pays on reserves without changing the quantity of reserves thus reducing lending growth and curbing economic activity.

Nobel-prize winning economist Eugene Fama contends that paying interest on reserves has (in effect) increased the supply of short-term debt, which through standard demand/supply effects would increase bond yields. The post-GFC low interest-rate environment has therefore persisted in spite of, not because of the actions of the Federal Reserve. Specifically, the demand for risk-free assets (caused by the post-crisis 'flight to quality') has dominated the effect of paying interest on reserves on overall interest rates. He has also argued that paying interest on reserves has protected against hyperinflation of the US dollar.

In the United States (2008–present)
The Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2006 authorized the Federal Reserve Banks to pay interest on balances held by or on behalf of depository institutions at Reserve Banks, subject to regulations of the Board of Governors, effective October 1, 2011. The effective date of this authority was advanced by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.

On October 3, 2008, Section 128 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 allowed the Federal Reserve banks to begin paying interest on excess reserve balances ("IOER") as well as required reserves. The Federal Reserve banks began doing so three days later. Banks had already begun increasing the amount of their money on deposit with the Fed at the beginning of September, up from about $10 billion total at the end of August, 2008, to $880 billion by the end of the second week of January, 2009.

In comparison, the increase in reserve balances reached only $65 billion after September 11 attacks before falling back to normal levels within a month. Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson's original bailout proposal under which the government would acquire up to $700 billion worth of mortgage-backed securities contained no provision to begin paying interest on reserve balances.

The day before the change was announced, on October 7, 2008, Chairman Ben Bernanke of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System expressed some uncertainty about it, saying, "We're not quite sure what we have to pay in order to get the market rate, which includes some credit risk, up to the target. We're going to experiment with this and try to find what the right spread is." The Fed adjusted the rate on October 22, after the initial rate they set October 6 failed to keep the benchmark U.S. overnight interest rate close to their policy target, and again on November 5 for the same reason.

The Congressional Budget Office estimated that payment of interest on reserve balances would cost the American taxpayers about one tenth of the present 0.25% interest rate on $800 billion in deposits:

Beginning December 18, 2008, the Federal Reserve System directly established interest rates paid on required reserve balances and excess balances instead of specifying them with a formula based on the target federal funds rate. On January 13, Ben Bernanke said, "In principle, the interest rate the Fed pays on bank reserves should set a floor on the overnight interest rate, as banks should be unwilling to lend reserves at a rate lower than they can receive from the Fed. In practice, the federal funds rate has fallen somewhat below the interest rate on reserves in recent months, reflecting the very high volume of excess reserves, the inexperience of banks with the new regime, and other factors. However, as excess reserves decline, financial conditions normalize, and banks adapt to the new regime, we expect the interest rate paid on reserves to become an effective instrument for controlling the federal funds rate."

Also on January 13, 2009, Financial Week said Mr. Bernanke admitted that a huge increase in banks' excess reserves is stifling the Fed's monetary policy moves and its efforts to revive private sector lending. On January 7, 2009, the Federal Open Market Committee had decided that, "the size of the balance sheet and level of excess reserves would need to be reduced." On January 15, 2009, Chicago Federal Reserve Bank president and Federal Open Market Committee member Charles Evans said, "once the economy recovers and financial conditions stabilize, the Fed will return to its traditional focus on the federal funds rate. It also will have to scale back the use of emergency lending programs and reduce the size of the balance sheet and level of excess reserves. Some of this scaling back will occur naturally as market conditions improve on account of how these programs have been designed. Still, financial market participants need to be prepared for the eventual dismantling of the facilities that have been put in place during the financial turmoil"

At the end of January 2009, excess reserve balances within the Federal Reserve System stood at $793 billion but less than two weeks later on February 11, 2009, total reserve balances had fallen to $603 billion. On April 1, 2009, reserve balances had again increased to $806 billion. By August 2011, they had reached $1.6 trillion.

On March 20, 2013, excess reserves stood at $1.76 trillion. As the economy began to show signs of recovery in 2013, the Fed began to worry about the public relations problem that paying dozens of billions of dollars in interest on excess reserves (IOER) would cause when interest rates rise. St. Louis Fed president James B. Bullard said, "paying them something of the order of $50 billion [is] more than the entire profits of the largest banks." Bankers quoted in the Financial Times said the Fed could increase IOER rates more slowly than benchmark Fed funds rates, and reserves should be shifted out of the Fed and lent out by banks as the economy improves. Foreign banks have also steeply increased their excess reserves at the Fed which the Financial Times said could aggravate the Fed’s PR problem.

By October 2013, the excess reserves at the Federal Reserve had exceeded $2.3 trillion. When there are excess bank reserves fed funds are naturally near 0%. The Federal Reserve Bank was paying 0.25% in IOER very much within the requirements of the Sec. 201 of the Financial Services Regulatory Act of 2006. (A) IN GENERAL. - Balances maintained at a Federal Reserve bank by or on behalf of a depository institution may receive earnings to be paid by the Federal Reserve bank at least once each calendar quarter, at a rate or rates not to exceed the general level of short-term interest rates.

By July 2018, excess bank reserves had fallen to $1.8 trillion as the Federal Reserve Bank reduced its balance sheet and demand from the economy picked up. However, the Federal Reserve Bank was now paying 1.95% on IOER which was no longer within the requirements of paying a rate or rates not to exceed the general level of short-term interest rates. Paying 1.95% in IOER when fed funds are naturally near 0% was far more than Congress had ever intended. One of the unintended consequences were banks were no longer lending out their excess bank reserves but rather choosing to receive over $35 billion a year of risk-free interest from the Federal Reserve Bank.

In Scandinavia (2009–present)
Sweden and Denmark have paid negative interest on excess reserves (effectively taxing banks for exceeding their reserve requirements) as an expansionary monetary policy measure. The Swedish Riksbank had previously paid positive interest rates on all overnight deposits.

In the United Kingdom (2009–present)
The Bank of England started to pay interest of 0.5% on reserves on 5 March 2009. Technically these are not excess reserves, because the United Kingdom does not have reserve requirements.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Excess reserves


text:
Kuklen

Kuklen (Куклен ) is a town in southern Bulgaria, part of Plovdiv Province. It is located 7 km to the south of the nearest major city, Plovdiv, and is approximately 140 km south east of the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. Kuklen was proclaimed a town on 23 May 2006, and had a population of 6,877. It is the center of Kuklen Municipality.

Kuklen is notable for having, despite its low population, not only a majority Bulgarian Orthodox population with several Orthodox churches, but also Muslim residents and a mosque, as well as a Greek Catholic community and a Catholic place of worship, with all three religious communities living on good terms with each other.

Geography
Kuklen is located in the plains of the Rhodopes, 7 km. east of Plovdiv.

Population
The number of permanent residents in Kuklen is 6,881, and 6,000 more are temporary.

As of February 2011, Kuklen has 5,858 residents.

Born in Kuklen

 * Recep Küpçü, Bulgarian poet of Turkish origin

Honor
Kuklen Point on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands is named after Kuklen.

title: Kuklen


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Redang Island

Redang Island (Pulau Redang, Terengganu Malay: Pula Redang) is an island in Kuala Nerus District, Terengganu, Malaysia. It is one of the largest islands off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and one of the most beautiful islands in the world. It is famous for its crystal clear waters and white sandy beaches. It is one of nine islands, which form a marine sanctuary park offering snorkeling and diving opportunities for tourists.

Archipelago
The Redang archipelago comprises Pulau Redang, Pulau Lima, Pulau Paku Besar, Pulau Paku Kecil, Pulau Kerengga Kecil, Pulau Kerengga Besar, Pulau Ekor Tebu, Pulau Ling and Pulau Pinang. Pulau Redang is the biggest of all the islands in the Marine Park, measuring about 7 km long and 6 km wide. Its highest peak is Bukit Besar at 359 m above sea level. The boundary of the Pulau Redang Marine Park is established by a line linking all points 2 nmi from the shores of Pulau Redang, Pulau Lima, Pulau Ekor Tebu and Pulau Pinang. The other nearby islands of Pulau Perhentian Besar, Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Pulau Lang Tengah, Pulau Kapas and Pulau Susu Dara are also gazetted and protected as Marine Parks. Today, only the bigger islands like Redang, Lang Tengah, Perhentian and Kapas have resort facilities for visitors. The management of Marine Parks primarily involves protection of the sensitive marine and terrestrial ecosystems by controlling the impact from human activities. These include waste pollution management and conservation of coral reefs and terrestrial habitats.

Tourism

In contrast to the neighbouring Perhentian Islands, Redang has a more upmarket image, as almost all accommodation on the island is resort-based. The largest beach is Pasir Panjang on the east side, featuring half a dozen resorts. The beach is covered with soft white sand. Coral and fish can be seen just a few metres from the beach. The other beach resorts are located in Teluk Dalam on the north and Teluk Kalong to the south. The 2000 film, Summer Holiday was filmed on the Laguna Redang Island Resort, and a replica of the tea house now serves as the resort's gift shop.

Summer Collection is one of the most popular oldest souvenir, beachwear, and swimwear seller on the island after the island became famous through the film. They started their business about 20 years ago at Redang Pelangi Resort.

The island is a turtle nesting site, and these turtles serve as a draw for ecotourism.

Climate
Redang has a tropical climate with temperatures steadily around 30 C and frequent but brief thunderstorms. Like the rest of Malaysia's east coast, Redang is affected by the northeast monsoon from the South China Sea, so most resorts are closed and ferry transport schedules are severely restricted between October and March. The amount of monthly rainfall varies throughout the year, with November to February being the wettest months, whilst April to August being the driest. The island experiences on average about 2600 mm of rain per year.

Transportation
Access is from Merang or Shahbandar jetty on boats operated by the resorts. If opting for air travel, SKS Airways also provides daily scheduled flights from Subang Airport. Berjaya Air is also available for charter flights to the island from both Subang Airport and Singapore's Seletar Airport.

title: Redang Island


text:
User:Melenchukishere

This user was blocked indefinitely as a reincarnation of hard-banned User:JoeM. Meelar (talk) 06:43, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Melenchukishere


text:
User:Bozu

Hey folkers..

Just a reg wiki surfer trying in my free time to help out the site.

Bozu

title: User:Bozu


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A. H. Wheeler

A. H. Wheeler & Co. Pvt. Ltd., commonly known as A. H. Wheeler or simply Wheeler, is an Indian-owned company that owns a bookstore chain. Co-founded by Émile Moreau, a French businessman, T. K. Banerjee, an Indian businessman, and others, in Prayagraj in 1877, it mainly operates from railway stations.

A. H. Wheeler borrowed its name from the then-successful London bookstore and its owner, "Arthur Henry Wheelers", who was also a friend of Emile Moreau and helped him financially.

History
After its foundation in 1877, the company grew to have stores at railway stations all over India, especially in the north. The first store was opened at Prayagraj railway station in 1877. In 1888 the company began publishing a series of booklets known as the Indian Railway Library.

The Banerjees took over the company in 1950 and it was registered with the Registrar of Companies on 31 October 1953. In 2004 it had bookstores at 258 railway stations all over India. It contributed to about 80% of the revenue earned by the Indian Railways from book sales. Up to 2004, it had a monopoly on selling books at railway stations. it is headquartered in Prayagraj and the distribution network is also managed from there.

A 2004 Indian Railways circular stated: "At present M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. is enjoying sole selling rights for running bookstalls at platforms on which this company had been running the same till 01.01.1976. It has now been decided that M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. shall not have any sole selling rights henceforth and their rights are brought at par with others.  The number of bookstalls held by M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. and M/s. Higginbothams Ltd. are at present frozen.  Since, the sole selling rights of M/s.A.H. Wheeler & Co. have been withdrawn and their rights have been brought at par with others, the freezing on the holding of stalls by M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. and M/s. Higginbothams Ltd. is also removed.  In view of the need for decongesting the platform, any fresh allotment of any new bookstall to any category at the stations where railways had frozen the holding of M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. and M/s. Higginbothams Ltd. should have to be amply justified before any such decision is taken. The allotment at such stations should be done only with the personal approval of General Manager, irrespective of the type of station."

According to The Financial Express this loss of monopoly was a result of a "New Book policy" being implemented by the Indian Railways. It also carries Wheeler's claims that it was the first Indian company to be granted "total rights of any business" by the British, which it gained in 1937.

The following restrictions have been introduced by the Indian Railways on the nature of books sold on its platforms: "Sale of all types of obscene, scurrilous, smutty, pornographic, offensive or objectionable publications including pirated books is prohibited at all bookstalls. Zonal railways should exercise strict supervision and in case any licensee is found indulging in sale of such literature serious view should be taken including termination of licence."

Notable publications
Plain Tales from the Hills written by Rudyard Kipling were issued as the "Indian Railway Library Series" by Wheeler. These were the first publications of Kipling's collection of stories. These books were sold on railway stations. They cost One rupee, then fifteenth part of a pound. Richard Jaffa considers them "amongst the early paperbacks".

title: A. H. Wheeler


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Derek Cheater

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 02:07, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Derek Cheater
Yet another nonsensical article written on the talk page (compare Talk:Specie paradox, Talk:Single-vowel alphabet, Talk:New York conspiracy theory). Unlike the first two (which I've listed for speedy deletion), this one might have an ounce of relevance to reality that would cause people to vote to merge. Maybe. But I say delete. -- Perey 06:47, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, a stub on a Talk page. Megan1967 07:39, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I suspect it's nothing more than an attack page. Do all these talk page articles come from the same person? Mgm|(talk) 07:49, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure, they all come from (multiple) anonymous IPs. The person or people behind Talk:Specie paradox have also done assorted vandalisms, reverted some of them, and commented on the VfD for Talk:New York conspiracy theory to point out this page and Talk:Single-vowel alphabet! -- Perey 15:18, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Mwanner 12:19, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Talk pages which have no accompanying article pages should be speedy deleted.  RickK 18:39, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN - 68.72.118.244 21:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. I added a Patent Nonsense header to the page. Firebug 03:05, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I would have speedied this, except that since it's already being voted on here, I'll let it run its course. Accordingly, I removed Firebug's header.-gadfium 09:45, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Accordingly I have edited the article to read the following: "Derek Cheater is a derogatory nickname for New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter." IMO, it still should be removed. First of all, it is an orphaned Talk page. Secondly, this nickname doesn't have enough currency to deserve a redirect, much less a page of its own. Google shows only 117 hits. Compare to derisive Bush nicknames Commander Codpiece and Whistle Ass each of which shows well over a thousand hits and both of which the consensus on WP:RFD was to delete rather than redirect to List of U.S. Presidential nicknames. Firebug 10:46, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, crap like this should be speedied, Bluemoose 15:39, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Should have been speedied for having no parent article, but might as well leave it until 06:47, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC) now that it's been listed here, then delete. Niteowlneils 04:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN - 68.72.114.32 21:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN - 68.23.101.9 04:04, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: no argument here

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oral sex (no pictures)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:31, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oral sex (no pictures)
Not a fork, just an autocensored version of Oral sex, database cruft without encyclopedic merit. Gmaxwell 06:48, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Original article says something like: "If you don't want images, turn them off on your browser". Wikipedia isn't censored.  Keep . Mgm|(talk) 07:53, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops. I meant delete of course. You may not call it a fork, but duplicating articles with the aim to autocensor is still forking. Mgm|(talk) 10:29, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, the original warning said "This article contains photographs of sex acts. For a version without photographs, see Oral sex (no pictures)." before Gmaxwell vandalized Template:Photo warning. Keep, per precedent at Votes for deletion/Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse (censored). —Korath (Talk) 10:07, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Vandalized? That is a little rude. I justified my changes in my edit summary, and my edits were in good faith. Abu Ghraib didn't orignally use Template:Photo warning, but rather Template:Morbid warning, which is the same as the current Photo warning, but it was deleted. The consensus was that the Abu Ghraib article would not use a template for its link to the censored version. A primary argument was that the existance of the template would encourage the creation of other censored articles. I did not realize that the link in Abu Ghraib had been replaced with the template in violation of that decision. --Gmaxwell 14:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See Template talk:Photo warning. See also WP:TFD, which is currently chock-full of the uselessness you edited the template into.  If you want something gone, you nominate it for deletion; you don't try to ruin it and sit back and wait for someone else to nominate it. —Korath (Talk) 15:22, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Would you please discontinue your overt hostility towards me, I'd prefer a civil discussion. I think it is probably useful to have a warning of the explicit nature of such pages, and I believe there was such a warning on on the article before that template was used. I was not attempting to ruin it so that it would be deleted but rather, I made two changes which I believed would improve it.  I changed the wording to reduce a POV slant, and I removed the no pictures link because disabling images is the only sure way to not see naked pictures. I'm well aware of the TFD page, and would have nominated it myself if I felt that was clearly the best path at this time. --Gmaxwell 15:48, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.Precedent disallows forks, even for censorship. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  09:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a fork. Look at the article source. —Korath (Talk) 10:07, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Turning off pictures is too technical for most users to accomplish. DDerby 09:11, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There was a proposed addition to mediawiki in the past to provide a navigation button to disable images easily (eh, well I can't find the cite, but other people tell me I am remembering correctly). It was overwhelmingly denied. The process of creating a (no pictures) version of Oral sex is a substantially POV pushing action because it says that the encyclopedia has an opinion of what content is 'right' and what is 'wrong'. I would support an easy to use hide image button in the main navigation, but the creation of special no images pages is harmful (encourages forking and censorship, since the *text* is explicit as well so a Oral sex (no thought crime) is the obvious next step. I also oppose the semi-fork as it cruds the database, and because it encourages POV pushing in links (changing links to the censored version)). Also the (no pictures) version would be a huge target for vandalism, as someone could easily stick a shocking picture at the top and really surprise people who though they were safe. Finally, since it is not possible to edit Oral sex without looking at the pictures, we are effectively telling people that don't want to see nudies that we don't want them editing wikipedia. --Gmaxwell 15:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As per DDerby. I wouldn't know how to turn off pictures in my browser.  And as long as we've got the proper Oral Sex article as well, there's no real censorship.  P Ingerson 09:13, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There's only one picture anyway and the article itself is pretty explicit without it. Robinoke 10:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unnecessary duplication of content already at another article. --Angr/comhrá 11:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unnecessary duplication. Anyone who would be offended by the photos would be offended by the text.  How many other  articles with nude photos would have to be duplicated if we go this route? Mwanner 12:02, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote. Comment: The reason anyone would want this is not to prevent themselves from being offended, but so that it is safe to view in a public or semi-public place (school, library, work, at home with young children or paranoid parents). And while people can browse with images off, some people may not know how to, and in any case it's inconvenient. On the other hand, having it for an individual article is an ugly hack and perhaps bad precedent. I personally think there should be an option when browsing Wikipedia to not view any images inline, which would be much cleaner (no pun intended) and more effective. Nickptar 12:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unnecessary duplication. Keeping images that may seem objectionable to some seems to be policy, see talk:autofellatio, image polls and discussion--nixie 13:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Delete is it me, or have the puritans started coming out in droves? Burgundavia 15:20, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Not useful. I favour deleting this page, as well as removing the photo from Oral sex (at minimum, changing it into a link). This is an encyclopedia; such explicit images do not belong here. Does any other encyclopedia prominently feature similar material? Should goatse.cx contain the infamous "hello.jpg" image? - Mike Rosoft 15:38, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid removing the photos from Oral sex won't ever get consensus; I, for one, would oppose, and the very existence of this vfd shows that people still want to shove these pictures in people's faces whether they want to see them or not. See also Talk:Goatse.cx/Vote. —Korath (Talk) 15:53, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote, not a fork because of the way it's done, could be replaced with a software option like the hide/show for tables of contents. --SPUI (talk) 16:00, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Right which is why I pointed out in the VFD that it's not technically a fork... although the practice encourages forking as now Woman on top sex position (no pictures) which is actually a fork, and even fails to link back to the orignal and is biased in what pictures it removes. Creating no pictures links for some articles and not others is POV. People who want a no pictures option need to start a vote for that feature. --Gmaxwell 16:06, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * End-user image suppression is currently on hold because of technical and design problems. Articles like this, where someone has identified a problem and gone to the trouble of fixing it, and has done so without forking, should be kept as stopgap measures until the software solution is in place.  ( And if you nominate the fork or point me at its vfd, I'll be the first to vote delete.) —Korath (Talk) 16:35, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC) (I will in fact nominate Woman on top sex position (no pictures) for deletion myself; I was replying to an earlier version of your comment. —Korath (Talk) 16:38, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep delete this article, but I'd support a no-pictures option - not for censorship reasons - but to help those of us addicted enough to browse (and edit) WP over GPRS and/or Wireless Application Protocol. If someone starts or finds such a proposal please could they put a link on my talk page, thanks. Thryduulf 16:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You might want to change your vote, because you can't actually edit the article from the no pictures page. --Gmaxwell 16:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Section edit links work just fine. —Korath (Talk) 16:35, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * vote changed to what I acutally meant to write (note to self: don't try to edit WP while completely frustrated at printers refusing to work). Thryduulf 16:47, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV fork. RickK 18:40, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quote from the Wikipedia:Schools' FAQ "Wikipedia is not bowdlerized or censored." Dave the Red (talk) 19:32, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: My suggestion is that on the main Oral Sex page, we can provide a link to the photo in question, just like what we have done in the autofelatio page. Zscout370 19:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV fork. --cesarb 21:47, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV fork. Jayjg (talk) 22:54, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Fork. K1Bond007 23:44, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:WIN censored for the protection of minors. Radiant_* 08:05, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the idea makes my skin crawl. Can anyone in his or her right mind -- even a pitchfork-wielding peasant -- seriously go to a page on "Oral sex" in an illustrated encyclopedia and not expect an illustration? — Xiong 熊 talk 09:58, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)
 * ANNIHILATE! —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 14:08, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV fork. --Carnildo 18:21, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Eugene van der Pijll 17:02, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Destroy. Dmn / Դմն 19:46, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 22:27, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pov fork! RustyCale 00:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV fork. Wmahan. 14:42, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)
 * Delete POV fork. And I'm genuinely offended that anyone would compare depictions of oral sex to depictions of prisoners being tortured—I think it takes a pretty skewed value system to find them both equally distasteful.  Perhaps I should create a fork of this VfD page so I don't have to look at the comment that offended me.  Postdlf 15:57, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete I am not sure how thinking the pictures are inappropriate is in anyway more POV than saying tht they are not. However, I do see it as something of a fork unless the content updates in both locations with a single edit, and even this its ugly.  MediaWiki should support some sort of navagation bar to turn them off, though from the comments above that does not look likley. Dalf | Talk 02:07, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * NPOV requires us not to consider the issue of "appropriateness" at all—only how relevant and informative it is to the article. Postdlf 02:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Quixotic keep, although I would prefer linking even more still. Cool Hand Luke  08:54, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV — Davenbelle 11:17, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV — Davenbelle 11:17, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Comments

 * I find it most disturbing that Cool Hand Luke has responded to this VfD by changing the inlined image on the Oral sex page to a link. This in my opinion is blatantly against the sense expressed by most of those who have voted to delete the bowdlerized page. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 10:34, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong concur with Tony Sidaway. I am at work at the moment, and so viewing the Oral sex article would not be apropriate, but this is no reason to remove pictures - I would expect it to have pictures and thus not be suitable for work. If I want to read about sex-related topics then I can do that at home. Tony, if you haven't done already please revert (do so in my name and/or cite this comment if you want). Thryduulf 10:41, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I find it more disturbing that Gmaxwell has, several times, improperly orphaned this page (both via the template, and removing the template from Oral sex). Not to mention all the ignorant "fork" votes, none of which have grasped the fact this is not a fork by any reasonable definition of the word.  Entire contents below. —Korath (Talk) 13:57, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is a second article on the subject of oral sex. It is based on the article oral sex.  It is not exactly the same as the article oral sex.  Therefore, it is a fork of the original article. --Carnildo 18:27, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's not. It transcludes oral sex. Any modification to oral sex will also be reflected in this article. It may or may not be a good idea, but it's not a 'fork'. Nickptar 20:13, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The only time I edited Oral Sex was after this page was voted Delete here and I'd spoken to an administrator about archiving the discussion. Had it been my intention to orphan it in bad faith, I would have not let it sit for a week.  My edit to the template was made without complete understanding of the template, and without realizing it was in use elseware because I was in the middle of doing RC patrol. For that I am sorry. I have left it alone since that discussion. I think it is wrong to force decisions on articles by deleting their content via TFD and IFD, or to hide  something that should be deleted by removing a link. As far as the fork issue, I was clear in the nomination that it is not a true fork. ... I imagine those voting delete because it is a fork voted that way because it is a fork in spirit if not technically--Gmaxwell 20:52, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Korath. Gmaxwell's behavior could be interpreted as somewhat trollish, and I am sure that isn't the impression he wants to give.  I hope he will reconsider his actions. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:35, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I would to suggest, without the intention of offending, that you have failed to completely investigate the timeline of the events here before drawing your conclusion.  I ran across the article on recent changes, saw the template directing to the no pictures version.  I found the previously TFDed morbid photo warning template (by searching for the content of the template to figure out how it worked) and saw that it was deleted because (in part) it encouraged making forks/quasi forks. I adjusted the template to fit that concern (and did not remove it because I thought the warning was useful on the page).  I then noticed that the Oral Sex (no pictures) page was actually a real page (I had previously thought it was a sideeffect for the template).  I put it up for VFD.  I was then told that the prisoner abuse used the template too... I'd missed that because when morbid warning was TFDed it was decided not to use a template by rather to include the text in the article. After that point I allowed the template to be reverted and left it alone. After this articles VFD timer expired with a clear delete decision, I talked to an admin about closing the VFD and I went and removed the template from the Oral Sex page. I presume this VFD has yet to be closed and archived because the debate restarted today after I yanked the template last night.  After removing the template from Oral sex, I went to see if anything else was still using it, and then followed the link to the prisoner abuse article to read up on the discussion there.. After being confused by the history page, I realized that it was a copyright violation and followed the procedure for reporting it. In further discussion with Korath, I have discovered that it's possible to fix the copyright issue without removing the page... but I have to impliment that change because I am concerned by the fact that my intentions are being questioned. --Gmaxwell 20:28, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, firstly I'm sorry if I've misrepresented what you did. Secondly, I've no idea what you did or what state the whole silly thing is in now--which templates exist or do not exist, or whatever.  Thirdly couldn't we just revert the whole silly thing to the way it was a week or two ago and pretend it never happened? This is getting embarrassing. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Kirtland Air Force Base

Untitled
The National Atomic Museum was on the base when I visited it in 1996. I think the museum now has it's own building off base, which is a shame as it was a good excuse for a foreign national like me to go and check out a USAF base.

I'm not sure that copying wholesale the entire text of the Kirtland history page maintained on the Kirtland AFB webspace really qualifies as a terrific idea. Perhaps there is value in being concise and including only notable events? The Kirtland history maintained by the Air Force is quite long and when placed into the encyclopedia article, looks quite disorganized. Either we need to trim the material somewhat, or I'd say the text should be reverted. --ABQCat 17:57, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

I can trim it down a bit more. It already has had some of information removed, but I agree that it doesn't look good Muj0 19:13, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

The New Address for The National Atomic Museum
The National Atomic Museum is now located at 1905 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque New Mexico 87104. Located 2 blocks east of Rio Grande Boulevard and just north of Old Town, Albuquerque. The phone number is (505) 245-2137. Website - http://www.atomicmuseum.com/
 * Pretty sure this is a temporary location for the museum. The planes, some missiles, etc are all still located at the old museum site and the new location is significantly smaller than the old.  Last I had heard, they're going to try to put the museum down near the balloon fiesta grounds.  Some argument from local residents of the new site about the large, upright missile located at the new location, also.  --ABQCat 06:36, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It isn't there anymore. We were at the Mountain Road location on Monday and it has been vacated and the sign removed. I believe that it is at 601 Eubank SE as of 4 April, but we were on our way out of town and didn't check. Jim (talk) 06:06, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Additional units
In the 2007 book Apocalypse 2012 author Lawrence E. Joseph mentions several units located at the AFB which are not mentioned in this article: This is mentioned on page 2 of this book. __meco (talk) 15:43, 19 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory (where Joseph's own company Aerospace Consulting Corporation leased/leases office space)
 * Electromagnetic Pulse Testing Center
 * Big Melt Laser Laboratory

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title: Talk:Kirtland Air Force Base


text:
Intarsia

Intarsia is a form of Arab wood inlaying that is similar to marquetry. The start of the practice dates from before the seventh century AD. The technique of intarsia inlays sections of wood (at times with contrasting ivory or bone, or mother-of-pearl) within the solid wood matrix of floors and walls or of tabletops and other furniture; by contrast marquetry assembles a pattern out of veneers glued upon the carcass. The word intarsia may derive from the Latin word interserere (to insert).

Certosina is a variant also using pieces of ivory, bone or mother of pearl. Intarsia is mostly used of Italian, or at least European work. Similar techniques are found over much of Asia and the Middle East.

History
When Egypt came under Arab rule in the seventh century, indigenous arts of intarsia and wood inlay, which lent themselves to non-representational decors and tiling patterns, spread throughout the Maghreb. The technique of intarsia was already perfected in Islamic North Africa before it was introduced into Christian Europe through Sicily and Andalusia. The art was further developed in Siena and by Sienese masters at the cathedral of Orvieto, where figurative intarsia made their first appearance, c. 1330 and continuing into the 15th century and in northern Italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, spreading to German centers and introduced into London by Flemish craftsmen in the later sixteenth century. The most elaborate examples of intarsia can be found in cabinets of this period, which were items of great luxury and prestige. Multiple colors could be used by exploiting differently-colored spalted woods. After about 1620, marquetry tended to supplant intarsia in urbane cabinet work.

Intarsia gained popularity in the United States in the 1980s as a wooden art technique using a band saw or scroll saw. Early practitioners made money both by selling their art, and by selling patterns for others to use. In France Georges Vriz proposed a new method for marquetry. Contrary to other techniques, based on a decoration "flat" made of wood or other material, George Virz superimposed the layers of wood using thin, transparent elements that impart color and depth.

Process
Intarsia uses varied shapes, sizes, and species of wood fitted together to create a mosaic-like picture with an illusion of depth. Intarsia is created through the selection of different types of wood, using their grain pattern and coloring to create variations in the pattern. After selecting the specific woods for the pattern, the woodworker cuts, shapes, and finishes each piece. Some areas of the pattern may be raised to create more depth. The completed individual pieces fit together like a jig-saw puzzle, glued to a wooden backer-board cut to the outline of the pattern. This typically creates a three-dimensional effect as seen in the studiolo of the Palazzo Ducale, Urbino.

Today intarsia can be made from purchased patterns. To make intarsia from a pattern, first wood is chosen based on color and grain pattern. Next the pattern is transferred onto the wood and individual pieces are precisely cut out on the band saw or scroll saw. The pieces are then sanded individually or in groups to add depth to the piece. Once the sanding is completed, the wood pieces are fitted together to form the final result. A finish (for example a clear gel stain) can be applied to the individual pieces before gluing, or to the glued final version.

title: Intarsia


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Mokoia Island

Mokoia Island
Okay, so it's a self-nom, but I'm pretty pleased with this image. It captures the broodiness of the storms that can quickly form over Lake Rotorua and the odd colour of the caldera's sulphurous waters. It's used on the articles for both Lake Rotorua and Mokoia Island.- Grutness|hello? 06:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

+2 / -7 -- Solipsist 16:07, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support.  Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 06:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Jonas Olson 10:01, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose image is copyrighted and far to low-res, otherwise very nice --Bricktop 10:07, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: would support the high-res version, but only under a free licence. Sorry. --Bricktop 23:59, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Non-commercial use licenses are non-free, and aren't suitable for Wikipedia at all.  While this isn't a big problem, since Grutness can relicense it, the image is still a bit on the small side (though "far too low-res" is an exaggeration), and overall sharpness isn't feature quality. —Korath (Talk) 10:54, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's a very similar res to the previous nomination on this page, which is receiving support votes. If needed I can upload a larger version, but at the time I uploaded this image I believed that 90 k was the maximum allowable for a picture upload. It is free use for any non-commercial purpose, but for legal reasons licensing it for commercial use is out of the question (I am a professional photographer and artist, and this particular picture is in use elsewhere in commercial applications). Since Wikipedia is a non-commercial enterprise, it is free for Wikipedia - the only time this license should come into consideration is for third-party users. Ah well, at least it's prompted me to upload a higher res copy of the picture. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 12:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the max allowed on Wikipedia is 5MB. I upload images that large all the time. (see User:Brian0918/Free images).  If you uploaded a much larger version (with low jpeg compression) I'll support it. -- brian0918  ™  20:22, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - sorry, out of focus - Adrian Pingstone 12:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Bad license. Neutralitytalk 22:04, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. There's a bit of motion blur, but it is in focus, admirably straight, and has excellent contrast and vivid color. The sunny water/dark sky is what does it, I think. Matthewcieplak 06:14, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Bad license. Junes 13:51, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. not valid license for featured pic. Cavebear42 00:09, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Lehel

Lehel (Lehel or Lél; died 955), a member of the Árpád dynasty, was a Magyar chieftain and, together with Bulcsú, one of the most important figures of the Hungarian invasions of Europe. After the Magyar defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld, he was executed in Regensburg.

Origin
The medieval chronicler Anonymus calls Lehel the son of Tas, who was one of the "seven chieftains of the Magyars", and a descendant of late Grand Prince Árpád. Most historians agree that there is a mismatch in the timing, though he should be the son of Tas, who is mentioned as a grandson of Árpád by Emperor Constantine VII.

Lehel's dukedom from about 925 was the Principality of Nitra, where he ruled in the former Kabarian lands. The historic cities of Alsólelóc and Felsőlelóc (in present-day Slovakia) kept the name of Lél. His dukedom could also refer to the status of Lél being a crown-prince and duke-to-be.

Battle of Lechfeld
In the military conflict with East Francia, Lehel, together with Bulcsú, who presumably was not a descendant of Árpád, and Súr, led the Magyar forces under Grand Prince Zoltán into the Battle of Riade in 933. When, in Spring of 954, the Magyars again attacked the Duchy of Bavaria, Lehel also led the Nitrian Kabars. The Hungarian troops advanced up to Lotharingia, where they signed an armistice with the Salian prince Conrad the Red and fought against his rival Duke Bruno the Great. The next year, they met with the united East Frankish forces under King Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld near Augsburg.

The battle ended with the decisive defeat of the Hungarians. According to the Annales Sangallenses maiores, the three Hungarian military leaders were captured by Bohemian troopers. With Bulcsú and Súr, Lehel was arrested, handed over to King Otto's brother, Duke Henry of Bavaria, and hanged at his residence in Regensburg. By his victory, Otto put an end to the Hungarian invasions; he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962.

Lehel's Horn myth
The 14th-century Chronicon Pictum, written in Latin by Marci de Kalt, tried to picture Lehel as a Hungarian hero who was defiant even in captivity: "In 955, (...) the Hungarians reached the city of Augsburg. Close to the city, at the Lech field, the Germans smashed the Hungarians, part of them were killed brutally, some others were imprisoned. At that place Lehel and Bulcsú were also imprisoned, and taken in front of the emperor. When the emperor asked, why the Hungarians are so cruel against the Christians, they replied, 'We are the revenge of the highest God, sent to you as a scourge. You shall imprison us and kill us, when we cease to chase you.' Then the emperor called them: 'Choose the type of death you wish'. Then Lehel replied, 'Bring me my horn, which I will blow, then I will reply'. The horn was handed to him, and during the preparation to blow it, he stepped forward, and hit the emperor so strongly he died instantly. Then he said: 'You will walk before me and serve me in the other world', as it is a common belief within the Scythians, that whoever they killed in their lives will serve them in the other world. They were taken to custody and were hanged quickly in Regensburg." This fiction cleverly re-interpreted the fact that Duke Henry of Bavaria died shortly after the battle of disease, in Lehel's favour. It may also refer to Lehel's former ally Conrad the Red, who, according to Widukind of Corvey, was killed in the battle, when an arrow pierced his throat.

The legend was already rendered in the 13th-century chronicles by Magister Ákos and then depicted in the Chronicon Pictum, compiled about 1360 under the rule of King Louis the Great. Nowadays there is a horn described as "Lehel's Horn" on display at Jászberény, in the Museum of Jász. This is a Byzantine ivory horn from the 10th to 11th centuries.

title: Lehel


text:
Theology of the body

The theology of the body is a term used in Christian theology to refer to the teaching of various Christian denominations on the human body as it relates to God and the church.

Church Fathers
The Early Church Fathers wrote extensively on the theology of the body, especially with regard to Christian marriage.

Saint Ignatius of Antioch (died A.D. 108) taught that "It is right for men and women who marry to be united with the bishop's approval. In that way their marriage will follow God's will and not the promotings of lust. Let everything be done so as to advance God's honor." He emphasized marriage as a component of the baptismal commitments of Christian couples.

The Shepherd of Hermas, authored in the second century, forbids spouses to remarry after a divorce has occurred. It furthermore encouraged reconciliation among divorced spouses in cases of adultery. While permitting marriage after the death of a spouse, it taught that a widow/widower who remained single "gains...more extraordinary honor and great glory with the Lord."

Saint Justin Martyr (A.D. 100–165) distinguished between the sexual promiscuity of the pagan Romans and "the behavior of Christians whom he said only marry for the sake of bringing up children." In this era, Christians who did not wish to have children "renounced marriage" and lived in "perfect continence".

Saint Athenagoras of Athens (A.D. 133–190) taught that "According to our laws, each of us thinks of the woman he has married as his wife only for the purpose of bearing children. For as the farmer casts his seed on the soil and awaits the harvest without sowing over it, so we limit the pleasure of intercourse to bearing children."

The views held by Saint Justin Martyr and Saint Athenagoras of Athens were held by the early Christians, who held that the purpose of marriage "was the procreation and education of children", opposing "engaging in sexual activity for the hedonistic pursuit of pleasure."

Lactantius (A.D. 240—320) "extolled marriage as a sublime and essential expression of Christian love":

Lactantius' views were characteristic of other contemporary Church Fathers, such as Clement of Alexandria.

Catholicism
In Catholic theology, "God intends for sex to express the mutual self-giving of a man and woman joined in marriage." Pope John Paul II, in his Theology of the Body, taught that the Bible encourages Christians to "experience the joys of physical union as a sign of the deeper spiritual union of marriage".

Lutheranism
The Lutheran Churches emphasize the role of the Holy Spirit, who has sanctified the bodies of Christians to be a temple. Amongst His creation was included the human body, which God called "very good".

The importance of the human body was delineated in the bodily resurrection of Jesus, in which Christ arose from the dead in his body, not just in spirit. In Lutheran theology, this is important with respect to the resurrection of the dead at the Last Judgment. It is for this reason that the Lutheran Churches have historically discouraged the practice of cremation.

Methodism
Methodist theology emphasizes seven pillars that substantiate the theology of the body:
 * 1) God's creation is good and therefore trustworthy. In the Book of Genesis, the first book of the Pentateuch in the Bible, God's creation is called good seven times, the Biblical number of perfection.
 * 2) The physical body points to spiritual mysteries, chiefly the incarnation of Jesus, in which Jesus entered the world in the form of a human body. This is emphasized when Jesus declares (from Psalm 40:6) "a body you have prepared for me” (cf. ). The means of grace occur through the human body:

 * 1) Our bodies are designed to be relational. Holy Matrimony points to the mystery of "Christ and the Church". The beginning and end of Sacred Scripture is with marriage, with Adam and Eve being wed in the Garden of Eden and the Revelation of Saint John the Divine culminating "in the marriage supper of the Lamb where Christ is eternally wed to his church".
 * 2) Childbearing points to the mystery of the Holy Trinity. The bearing of children allows humans to synergistically participate with God in the act of creation of new life, with humans being made in the image of God. The threefold nature of the father, mother and children points to the Holy Trinity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost.
 * 3) Celibacy points humans to life in the hereafter as “in the resurrection people will neither marry nor be given in marriage” . In Methodist theology, marriage is not an end in and of itself as the ultimate goal is eternal union with Jesus Christ. Humans who are living the celibate life "are already living out the future reality in the present." As such, Saint Paul teaches Christians to "practice temporary celibacy within the state of marriage (1 Cor. 7:5)."
 * 4) The sacramental nature of the human body is for the evangelisation of the world. This is revealed to others when Christians go out in the world in their baptized bodies. The sacrament of the Lord's Supper "mysteriously transforms us into spiritual bread for a hungry and needy world."
 * 5) The sacramental nature of the human body "transforms the whole of ordinary life." Daily tasks such as washing dishes and folding clothes are the "means by which we can develop liturgical rhythms in our daily lives" and allow Christians to say to others “this is my body, given for you.” It destroys the false dichotomy of the sacred and secular, bringing God into all spheres of human life.

title: Theology of the body


text:
User talk:BAMJ6

Demographics?
Hi, I noticed you changing the demographics for several places. I was wondering why you are doing this and where you got the data from. Please cite your sources. Thank you. --ChrisRuvolo 06:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi BAMJ: where are you getting your figures for Caucasian population?  The numbers, after your edits, no longer add up to 100%.  Keep in mind that the Hispanic totals were counted separately in the 2000 census. Antandrus 02:18, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

To answer the demographic changes i make, i use the "White Alone" percentages of Censuis 2000 exclusively for the white population. I feel the first white percentages are inflated, and that the white alone pecentage is much more accurate.

 * Please do not do this. You cannot just change the U.S. Census numbers for the white population (and only the white population).  It is already explicit that for Census purposes "Hispanic" is considered a cultural or linguistic, rather than a racial category.  Perhaps you may have a different opinion personally, but it is wrong to alter the Census numbers to reflect your personal definition of "whiteness".  I am going to have to revert your changes.  I encourage you to contribute to Wikipedia in some more productive way.  Thanks.--Pharos 02:53, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I really want to keep this, so can i adjust it to say White (Not Hispanic) for Wikipedia purposes? There are some demographics that have that on this site before i came. (Look at California and Texas)

Neutral notice of an RfC
A Request for Comment has been posted for an article on which you have been an editor. If you wish to comment, go to Talk:List of African-American firsts. --Tenebrae (talk) 12:03, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:BAMJ6


text: User talk:205.188.117.66

title: User talk:205.188.117.66


text:
Talk:Darwin/to do

Checklist

 * fix idiosyncratic lead section
 * more photos, and a more recent lead photo
 * split geography and climate section
 * expand history section
 * add demographics section
 * expand economy section
 * expand media section
 * expand/rewrite culture section
 * add tourism section
 * add transport, sport and education sections
 * perhaps a government section?
 * find somewhere to put the "ongoing infrastructure projects" section
 * find a better landscape picture (do we need a landscape anyway?)
 * fix footer mess
 * references

title: Talk:Darwin/to do


text:
User:Mikesherrardjr

Blocked indefinitely for vandalism. Believed to be hard-banned user User:JoeM. Meelar (talk) 06:59, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Mikesherrardjr


text:
Kenyir Lake

Kenyir Lake (Malay: Tasik Kenyir; Jawi: تاسيق كڽير) is an artificial lake located in Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, nestled deep in the Pantai Timur Range. The lake was created in 1985 by the Kenyir Dam on the Kenyir River, the upper stream of the Terengganu River. The lake provides water to the nearby Sultan Mahmud Power Station. It is the largest man-made lake in mainland Southeast Asia with an area of 260,000 hectares.

Flora and fauna
Kenyir Lake is home to numerous species of freshwater fish and exotic wildlife. With a water catchment area of 38,000 hectares, the lake is naturally a haven for freshwater fish. A recent study revealed that there are some 300 species of freshwater fish dwelling in the lake. The presence of dead trees around the lake serves as a perfect breeding ground for these fishes. Algae growing on dead trees and branches serve as the main form of sustenance for the fishes. From studies and observations conducted by the Department of Fisheries, species such as the big Lampam Sungai (barboides), Kelah (Malayan mahseer or Tor tambroides), Toman (snakehead), Tapah (wallagonia leerii) Kawan (Friendly Barb), Kalui (Giant Gouramy) and Kelisa (green arowana) are found in the water and around dead trees.

The jungles surrounding Kenyir Lake are home to some endangered species, such as Asian elephants and Malayan tigers.

Tourism
Although a reservoir, the area has been successfully developed for eco-tourism, and there are many resorts on its shores. Fishing is popular, as are jungle treks, waterfalls and caves. According to the locals, the best season for fishing is August when the water level is lower. Popular spots for jungle trekking are Pengkalan Gawi, Bewah at the Terengganuan section of the Taman Negara, along the rivers of Saok, Lasir, Tembat and Lawit. Kayaking, canoeing, boating, whitewater rafting and rapids shooting are among the many water sports available here.

title: Kenyir Lake


text: User talk:203.109.213.7

title: User talk:203.109.213.7


text:
Nama (department store)

Nama, or NAMA, is the acronym for Narodni magazin 'national store'. This was a chain of department stores in the former SFRY (Yugoslavia) and the first Slovenian department store. Nama owns three stores in Slovenia today:

 * At 1 Tomšič Street (Tomšičeva ulica 1) in Ljubljana. The main facade fronts Slovenian Street (Slovenska cesta), across from the Central Post Office.
 * G-Star Raw store in the BTC City (Citypark), Ljubljana
 * At 14 Capuchin Square (Kapucinski trg 14) in Škofja Loka (facing the main bus station).

In the past, stores also existed in Žalec, Kočevje, Slovenj Gradec, Ravne na Koroškem, Cerkno and Velenje.

Bata Palace
The seven-storey original building of the NAMA store in Ljubljana, originally known as "Service Hall" (Dom službe), was completed in 1939 upon plans by the architect Franjo Lušičić. It was built in the modern style by the construction company owned by Josip Dedek. In 1965, a new building, work by the architects Bogdan Fink and Miloš Lapajne, was added to it at its southern side. In 2002, at the restoration, its facade was redesigned in glass, despite the opposition of the original authors.

Nama in Croatia
Another successor of NAMA in SFRJ is the Croatian company with the same name(in Croatian), formed by nationalization of Kastner & Öhler in 1945.

The company in Croatia today runs two stores, including the one bought by Kastner & Öhler in 1889.

title: Nama (department store)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrew Phipps

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete CDC   (talk)  23:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Andrew Phipps
Non-notable, vanity article. Delete. — J I P | Talk 07:02, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm moving the VfD notice to the top of the page, so it it more noticable. --Jonathan Christensen 07:13, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 07:40, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity Dsmdgold 08:24, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Robinoke 10:21, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've seen vanity pieces before and they are often people wanting self-promotion for having done something non-notable. This doesn't even get that far. Delete. Stombs 10:25, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable CustardJack 00:14, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Rex071404/sigtest

Rex071404 216.153.214.94

Rex071404  216.153.214.94 07:03, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rex the NPOV Watchdog  216.153.214.94 16:14, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rex071404 the NPOV Watchdog  216.153.214.94 16:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rex071404  216.153.214.94 16:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rex071404/sigtest