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Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama

Thubten Choekyi Nyima (1883–1937), often referred to as Choekyi Nyima, was the ninth Panchen Lama of Tibet.

Thubten Choekyi Nyima is the 9th in his lineage, as recognized by Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, the traditional seat of Panchen Lamas.

In 1901, Choekyi Nyima was visited by the Mongolian Lama, Agvan Dorzhiev. Although he only stayed for two days at Tashilhunpo, Dorzhiev received some secret teachings from the Panchen Lama, as well as readings of the Prayer of Shambhala, written by Lobsang Palden Yeshe, the sixth (or third) Panchen Lama, concerning the Buddhist kingdom of Shambhala, which were of great importance to Dorzhiev's developing understanding of the Kalachakra ('Wheel of Time') tantric teachings. Choekyi Nyima also gave Dorzhiev gifts including some golden statues.

In 1906, Sir Charles Alfred Bell, was invited to visit the 9th Panchen Lama at Tashilhunpo, where they had friendly discussions on the political situation.

He fled to Inner Mongolia, China in 1924 after a dispute with the thirteenth Dalai Lama when he sensed that he might face threat after his own monastery’s monks were prohibited from holding any office in the Central Tibetan government and his officials were locked up in Lhasa. Among the Mongols, the 9th Panchen Lama became a well liked figure. At the same time, study of documents did not confirm widespread claims that rebellions in the 1930s Mongolia were inspired or supported by the 9th Panchen Lama. The Dalai Lama was attempting to collect revenue from the Panchen Lama's estate to cover a fourth of Tibet's military expenses, and to reduce the power of the Panchen Lama, who at the time enjoyed rule over an effectively autonomous region around Shigatse.

In China, the ninth Panchen Lama worked on plans to develop Tibet along modern lines. He also held a position in the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission.

The Panchen Lama was considered extremely "pro-Chinese", according to official Chinese sources.

Choekyi adopted the ideas of Sun Yatsen like the Kham revolutionary Pandatsang Rapga. It has been suggested he read the works of Sun Yatsen which were translated by Rapga.

In 1936, a team of monks from Lhasa were on the way to north-eastern Tibet to search for the new reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama, who had died in 1933. First, because of the historical close relationship between the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, they visited the Panchen Lama in Kham, eastern Tibet, to seek his advice. He was staying in Jyekundo, a district of eastern Kham that had been annexed from Tibetan government control by the Chinese "during their invasion". The Panchen Lama, being under Chinese power, was being held up there in his attempt to return to Central Tibet due to Chinese interference and insistence that he must be accompanied by a force of 500 armed Chinese soldiers; naturally this condition was not at all acceptable to the Tibetan Government in Lhasa. While negotiations were going on between the Lhasa Government, the Panchen Lama and the Chinese authorities about this escort issue, he was stuck in Jyekundo. He had therefore been busy investigating reports of unusual children born in the area, who might be the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama; the deep spiritual link between the two Lamas had never wavered despite apparent political difficulties and attempted Chinese interference.

In fact, when the search team arrived to see him, the Panchen Lama had already identified three potential candidates. He gave their details to the search party leader, Kewtsang Rinpoche, who then investigated further. One of these three candidates was already dead and another ran away crying when shown the objects belonging to the late Dalai Lama. The third candidate, who lived in Taktser, was characterised as "fearless" and he was indeed found to be the true incarnation. Thus, it was this Panchen Lama Thubten Choekyi Nyima who first discovered and identified the 14th Dalai Lama.

In 1937, the Panchen Lama died in Gyêgu (Tibetan: Jyekundo; Chinese: Yushu) in Qinghai Province without being able to return to Tsang.

The tombs of the fifth through the ninth Panchen Lamas were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and have been rebuilt by the tenth Panchen Lama with a huge tomb at Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse, known as the Tashi Langyar.

title: Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama


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User talk:James507026

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Many thanks for including the pictures of the Merseyrail class 507 and 508 units. I notice that you didn't include any copyright information with the photos -- this is OK for now, but sooner or later someone will ask you about it, and may put the photos up for deletion if it's not clarified, so I may as well give you a few tips so the problem can be avoided! Assuming you took the pics yourself, you could either release them into the Public Domain, which would let anyone copy them, or release them under the GNU Free Documentation Licence - the same as article texts are released under, which lets anyone copy them as long as they give proper credit to where the pictures came from and don't allow anyone else to use the photos except under a similar licence. If you go to Image:507026.jpg and Image:508125.jpg and click on "edit this page", you can type or  to include the appropriate permissions with the photo. If you could include information like where the photo was taken (Southport and Liverpool Central, if I'm not mistaken?), when and by whom, even better - the more information, the merrier! Again, thanks for your contributions! -- Arwel 20:25, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:James507026


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Talk:Function generator

Sine wave shaping
diode-shaping from triangle --> sine?? how does that work? - Omegatron 20:26, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't draw you a schematic, but the way it works is essentially as follows:

 * Imagine that we have our triangle wave and it's coming from some low but non-zero impedance. And for our discussion, lets say the triangle sweeps between +10 to -10 volts. Also imagine a series of voltages developed from a number of voltage dividers set to Thevenin voltages of, say, +/-1.5 volts, +/-3.5 volts, +/-4 volts, and +/-4.5 volts.

 * Now, connect these voltage dividers to the triangle source through diodes that only allow the connection of the (positive) voltage dividers when the triangle waveform is above the voltage set by the various positive dividers or the connection of the (negative) voltage dividers when the triangle waveform is below the voltage set by the various negative dividers. The end result is that the triangle wave is subject to more and more load (a lower load resistance, provided by the Thevenin resistances of the various voltage dividers) as its voltage moves towards the positive or negative extremes and additional voltage dividers become "connected" through the diodes.

 * The end result is that slope of the triangle waveform becomes shallower and shallower as it moves towards the extreme voltages. So what we might get out of this shaper is a waveform that swings between (say) +5 to -5 volts and has 5 different "slope steps" (no dividers in parallel, one divider in parallel, etc.). Do this carefully enough and with enough "slope steps" and the waveform becomes a reasonable approximation of a sine wave. It doesn't take too many steps to make it "good enough", and nowadays, this kind of circuitry integrates really well into a monolithic or hybrid integrated circuit; laser trimming can tune the voltage dividers for lowest sine-wave distortion.

 * Atlant 23:30, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That sounds like the beginnings of an interesting article on its own, go for it! :)  --Hooperbloob 02:39, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, but I think I'd better "SPICE" it first; overnight, I decided my breakpoint voltages were way off. :-) I've edited them to be more-realistic, but some simulation would still be a good idea. And the article referenced below by Omegatron describes several other techniques that should be incorporated into any article that claimed "completeness".

 * Atlant 11:41, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool! This page has a schematic of diode shaping: Sine wave generation techniques - Omegatron 02:54, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the referenced article!

 * Atlant 11:41, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Waveform pictures
"Thanks!" to Omegatron for adding the image of the waveforms; that was something this article really needed for completeness!

Atlant 15:40, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * :-) — Omegatron 23:33, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge
It has been suggested that this article be merged with Signal generator.

I believe this would be a mistake. "Function generators" are a very specialized portion of the vastly-larger world of generic signal generators. Besides function generators, signal generators include such beasts as low distortion audio generators, noise generators, microwave generators, sweepers, synthesized signal generators, and so on.

I beleieve that the articles are correctly factored as they stand.

Atlant 14:45, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that some words (possible those supra) in the respective articles to compare and contrast the two types of instruments would benefit the reader and prevent a future attempt to merge. Cutler 23:46, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

I rewrote signal generator, so the merge tag is no longer appropriate--hence I removed it. If someone disagrees, please let us know. --EngineerScotty 01:17, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Manufacturers
Hi All (especially Requestion)

A question concerning the "Manufacturers of Function Generators" section of the Function Generator page.

I was given notice that adding another company to the list was Spam.

My question, is if adding another company to a list of Manufacturers is Spam? What is the purpose of the list of manufacturers? I thought Wikipedia was for information..... Restricting the information on a page is either a form of censorship, or indirectly can be interpreted as select group of people who edit this page of being in the back pocket of the companies that are listed, as this list can be considered a form of free advertising, especially as it is a "closed" list.

Thanks

Lopatg

 * National Instruments is a bit of a touchy subject around here. Every so often, someone (usually an anonymous "IP" editor) comes around and spams NI links into a lot of electronics articles. I think for this reason, most people rapidly dismiss any NI link as spam.

 * Me, I'm mostly on the fence, but I really don't think NI is up there in the same class as Agilent, Tek, Anritsu, etc.

 * Atlant 15:53, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Lately my response to these lists of manufacturers is to delete them utterly. Those manufacturers already have their own articles, and I see little point in enumerating even the major manufacturers unless they have had some significant impact on the industry (and it could be argued that companies like Tek and HP/Agilent have).  Lists of equipment manufacturers rarely, if ever, improve an article, and I find that removing them helps reduce the temptation for spam. -- mattb
 * In fact, in the spirit of boldness, I've deleted these manufacturer lists from this and two other similar pages. -- mattb

 * In the spirits of boldness, I felt that it was necessary to add the deleted content back to the article. Two of the manufactures were actually wiki-links.  Jerry G. Sweeton Jr. 19:10, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have a particular reason to re-add the list? Does it enhance the article in any way?  You'll note that prose is almost universally preferred over lists per WP:EMBED, and if something cannot easily be turned into useful prose it is listcruft in my mind. -- mattb

 * In terms of class, I would argue the point of whether National Instruments is in the same class or not. It seems Agilent may think so as they recently purchased a few months back a competitor of NI that manufactures PXI based digitizers.  There may have been an argument in the past about whether a PXI based digitizer can be compared to a box oscilloscope, but the fact is that Agilent has lost a sale or two of box oscilloscopes to National Instrument's digitizers (and the reverse).  Agilent knows they are loosing sales to customer who are demanding PXI and are no competing directly.  As for function generators, National Instrument's customers are not purchasing them because they are cheaper than Agilent's 33250/33220.

Second, in terms of whether TEK and Agilent add something to the page that National Instruments does not, who decides that? I have no proof that the person who keeps Agilent and TEK there does not have any other ulterior motive.

So, in the spirit of BOLDNESS, I’m adding the WIKI page for National Instruments. Although, in fairness, to keep Wikipedia “clean”, I do not agree with having this either.

Last, I admit I am a fan of National Instruments products, I have used them and I believe they offer me greater flexibility in their use. --Jerry Lopato 23:58, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Use

 * So... What is a Function Generator used for? It doesn't say at all in the article. Whynotbeme2 (talk) 22:11, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

India Education Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment supported by Wikipedia Ambassadors through the India Education Program.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 19:58, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Function generator


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Division of Wide Bay

The Division of Wide Bay is an Australian electoral division in the state of Queensland.

Geography
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

History
The division was proclaimed in 1900, and was one of the original 65 divisions to be contested at the first federal election. Wide Bay is located in south east Queensland and includes the cities of Maryborough, Gympie, Noosa, all of Fraser Island, and inland areas extending west to Murgon.

Notable representatives have included three time Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, who was the seat's first member. However, it has been a conservative seat for most of its history; only one other Labor member has ever won it. Warren Truss, former leader of the National Party and Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, held the seat from 1990 to 2016.

title: Division of Wide Bay


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Ecological Society of America

The Ecological Society of America (ESA) is a professional organization of ecological scientists. Based in the United States and founded in 1915, ESA publications include peer-reviewed journals, newsletters, fact sheets, and teaching resources. It holds an annual meeting at different locations in the USA and Canada. In addition to its publications and annual meeting, ESA is engaged in public policy, science, education, and diversity issues.

ESA's 9,000 members are researchers, educators, natural resource managers, and students in over 90 countries. Members work on a wide range of topics, from agroecology to marine diversity, and explore the relationships between organisms and their past, present, and future environments. the society has 32 topical sections, six regional chapters, and ten committees.

History
The first discussions on the formation of the society took place in 1914 in the lobby of the Hotel Walton in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at a meeting of animal and plant ecologists organized by Henry Chandler Cowles. On December 28, 1915, in Columbus, Ohio, at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a group of about 50 people voted to form the Ecological Society of America, adopted a constitution, and set the next meeting. Dr. Victor E. Shelford of the University of Illinois served as the first president.

The society was founded to unify the science of ecology, stimulate research in all aspects of the discipline, encourage communication among ecologists, and promote the responsible application of ecological data and principles to the solution of environmental problems. The society has grown to 10,000 members worldwide.

In the 1940s, the society decided that it should focus on research and not pursue an activist or political focus on ecological preservation, leading Shelford to found what became The Nature Conservancy.

Divisions
The Public Affairs Office works to engage in environmental and science policy, share ecological science with the media and the public, and inform the ecological community about opportunities to participate in public policy or media interactions. ESA's Rapid Response Team experts play a key role in these activities, serving as a resource for ESA, policymakers, and the media.

The Science Programs Office promotes the continued development of ecological science and its integration into decision-making and education, linking the ecological research and management communities.

The Education and Diversity Programs Office works to increase diversity within ecology-related professions, to engage the public in a dialogue on ecological research and issues, and to improve the quality of ecology education at all levels.

ESA Journals – The society publishes the scientific, peer-reviewed journals Ecology, Ecological Monographs, Ecological Applications, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, and most recently added, Ecosphere. Madhusudan Katti is the Executive Editor of the quarterly Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. Among others, research featured in ESA's journals has included articles on white-nose syndrome in bats, marine protected areas, migration systems of New World birds, the indirect ecological effects between parasitoid wasps and rhizobacteria, and the range expansion of cougars.

Blog
EcoTone is a blog produced by the Ecological Society of America. The blog showcases ecology and ecologists, focusing on ecological science in the news and its use in policy and education. EcoTone welcomes guest submissions and suggestions of timely, relevant news of importance to the broad ecological community.

Podcasts
Beyond the Frontier – features interviews with the authors of selected articles appearing in recent print issues of the ESA journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Beyond the Frontier also aspires to make the subject matter accessible and interesting to listeners from a variety of scientific disciplines and to non-specialists as well. Listeners are encouraged to continue the discussion online, using the “add comment” functionality underneath each podcast to post their thoughts and ideas.

The Ecologist Goes to Washington – features the stories and reflections of scientists who have engaged their local, state, or federal governments in addressing the broader implications of their research.

Field Talk – features the field experiences of ecologists including interviews exploring the work of those who have published in the society's journals.

Membership
Membership of this society consists of persons and institutions interested in ecology and in the promotion of ecological research. The following classes of members are recognized: Regular members, Student members, Life members, Emeritus members, and Institutional members.

Officers and elections
The officers are the president, the vice president for science, the vice president for public affairs, the vice president for finance, the vice president for education and human resources, and the secretary. The president serves consecutive one-year terms as president-elect, president, and past president. A member may hold the office of president for only one term, in addition to such time as may be served to fill the office following the death or resignation of a president.

The vice presidents and the secretary serve three-year terms and are eligible for reelection for up to one additional term. The terms of the vice presidents and the secretary shall be overlapping so that no more than two of these officers shall normally be elected in any given year.

The officers and other positions filled by society elections are selected by electronic ballot. The official terms of the officers commence with the close of the annual meeting and continue until their successors assume office. Only Regular, Student, and Life members are eligible to hold office in the society. No employee or member of the immediate family of an employee of the society may be nominated for or hold elected office within the society.

Governing board
The governing board consists of the president, the president-elect, the past president, the four vice presidents, the secretary, and three members-at-large. The three members-at-large are elected by the voting membership for two-year terms, with generally no more than two being elected in any one year.

The president chairs the governing board and the council and presides at their meetings. In the president's absence, the president-elect presides; if the president-elect is also not present, the past president presides, and if the past president is also not present, the governing board shall elect a chair from among those members of the governing board who are present.

ESA Awards
ESA presents several awards as recognition of the efforts and achievements of the community.

 * Commitment to Human Diversity in Ecology Award (inception 2010)
 * Distinguished Service Citation (inception 1975)
 * Eminent Ecologist Award (inception 1953)
 * ESA Early Career Fellow
 * ESA Fellow
 * Eugene P. Odum Award for Excellence in Ecology Education (inception 2000)
 * Forrest Shreve Award
 * George Mercer Award (inception 1948)
 * International Ecology Award (inception 2015)
 * Murray F. Buell Award for Excellence in Ecology (inception 1977)
 * Lucy Braun Award for Excellence in Ecology (inception 1988)
 * Robert H. MacArthur Award (inception 1983)
 * Robert H. Whittaker Distinguished Ecologist Award (inception 2014)
 * Sustainability Science Award (inception 2004)
 * W.S. Cooper Award (inception 1985)

Additional awards are presented by the chapters and sections.

title: Ecological Society of America


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Rompetrol

Rompetrol is a crude oil development, producer, and refiner based in Romania. It also markets and distributes refined petroleum products through its chain of gasoline and diesel fuel stations. Established as a state-owned company in 1974, it was privatized in 1993 and became a subsidiary of KMG International in 2007. It has operations in 12 countries, where it is known as The Rompetrol Group N.V.

History
Rompetrol was established in 1974 as the operator of the Romanian oil industry.

The company was privatized in 1993 through a Management and Employee Buyout (MEBO), and turnover subsequently reduced to below $6 million by 1998. In 1998, Rompetrol was purchased by a local investor group led by Dinu Patriciu, thus increasing company capital and contributing into a substantial turnover growth. In 1999, the company's new holding was established as The Rompetrol Group N.V.(TRG) in the Netherlands. The new group made its first major acquisition: Vega refinery - located in Ploieşti - which doubled its revenues in the first nine months after takeover.

In 2000, Rompetrol took over Petros (renamed Rompetrol Well Services), then Romania's principal oilfield operator. The Group's largest acquisition, Petromidia S.A., was also Romania's largest and most sophisticated oil refinery. Rompetrol committed itself to a sustained modernization process to make Petromidia a state-of-the-art facility in Eastern and Central Europe. In 2001, Rompetrol created Rominserv S.A., Romania's first Engineering Procurement Construction & Maintenance (EPCM) company focused on the oil industry. In 2002, the Petromedia refinery resumed its petrochemicals production under the management of the newly-founded Rompetrol Petrochemicals.

In 2002, Rompetrol opened subsidiaries in neighboring Moldova (Rompetrol Moldova) and Bulgaria (Rompetrol Bulgaria). The following year, in Romania, Rompetrol started to expand its gas station network. As part of its strategy, the company unified the quality standards for its entire petrol station network. To expand its network and make the process of distributing fuel easier, Rompetrol created a network of oil depots in various regions of the country (Arad, Craiova, Șimleu Silvaniei, Zarnesti, Vatra-Dornei, Constanta, Mogosoaia). In 2004, Rompetrol Rafinare S.A. was listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB). In 2005, Rompetrol started operations in Georgia and announced the acquisition of 100% of the French company Dyneff S.A. In 2006, Rompetrol opened a subsidiary in Ukraine (Rompetrol Ukraine).

In August 2007, the Kazakh company KazMunayGas acquired 75% of the Rompetrol shares from Rompetrol Holding Switzerland, and the remaining 25% stake in Rompetrol in 2009. In 2008, Rompetrol and KazMunayGas launched Media Marine Terminal for crude oil in the Media Black Sea port. In August 2009, Rompetrol opened its first two fuel stations on the A2 motorway in Romania, designed as the new premium brand of the group

In 2009, the company decided to outsource its IT needs but contracted only a single outsourcer with a multimillion dollar deal. In 2010-2011, Rompetrol was established in Turkey (RG Petrol A.S.). The Petromidia refinery modernization process was completed in 2012 following an investment of US$380 million. A new filling station concept was launched in 2013.

In 2014, the Rompetrol Group N.V. was renamed into KMG International N.V. as part of a strategy to promote the brand KazMunayGas. Although the name was changed into KMG International, the Rompetrol brand continues to be used in the distribution segment of the entire company. The company's retail network that operates under the “Rompetrol” brand incorporates over 1,100 fuel distribution points in Romania, Georgia, Bulgaria, Moldova, in France and Spain, where the company operates also under Dyneff brand.

In 2015-2016, CEFC China Energy and KazMunayGaz agreed for CEFC China Energy to take over 51% stake in KMG International, the former Rompetrol Group, but by July 2018 the deal fell apart due to the difficult financial situation of the Chinese company.

In May 2017, Rompetrol invested $10 millions to develop hybrid gas stations.

By March 2018, KazMunayGaz's international business, KMGI, owned Petromidia (Rompetrol Rafinare), which in turn operated the biggest refinery in Romania, as well as Romanian gas stations as well as in other countries. Also in March 2018, it was reported that a deal for KazzMunayGaz to sell a majority stake in Rompetrol to CEFC, a Chinese energy company, had "fallen apart." Shares of Rompetrol Rafinare were suspended on the Bucharest Stock Exchange after dropping 4.6% at the news. Previously, the deal to sell 51% of the company had been agreed on in December 2016, with the deal still on in early March 2018 despite the chairman of CEFC being under investigation for suspected economic crimes.

On March 6 or 7, 2022, according to a note to investors, Rompetrol faced a "complex cyber attack," although it stated operations at the Petromidia refinery were not affected. In May 2022, Rompetrol was the largest company in Georgia's fuel market. Its network of gas stations operated in Georgia, Romania, the Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria, and Georgia.

After having a loss of USD$129 million in 2021, Rompetrol Rafinare had a profit of USD$90 million in 2022. It was the largest refinery in Romania at that time, and was controlled by KazMunaygas through KMG International. In March 2023, Rompetrol opened three KFC restaurants in its gas stations on the A1 highway in Romania. They were the first KFC restaurants in Rompetrol stations through a franchise system operated by Sphera Franchise Group.

title: Rompetrol


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Spidey Super Stories

"Spidey Super Stories" is a live-action, recurring skit on the original version of the Children's Television Workshop series The Electric Company.

Overview
Episodes featured the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, provided to the Children's Television Workshop free of charge, and was played (always in costume) by puppeteer and dancer Danny Seagren. It premiered during the first show of The Electric Company's fourth season (1974–1975), which was given the production number 391. It predated the pilot film of the series The Amazing Spider-Man by three years, becoming the first recorded live-action rendition of Spider-Man, and was the first recorded live-action rendition of a Marvel character in any medium since the Captain America serial of 1944. (There was a live stage show travelling the country in 1972/1973, "The Bullwinkle Show", produced by Jay Ward/Fun Time Productions, featuring costumed cartoon characters, including Spider-Man, which was the first entertainment featuring a live-action Spider-Man)

Stories involved the masked superhero foiling mischievous characters who were involved in petty criminal activities, although sometimes the crooks would commit more serious crimes such as assault or larceny. The cast of The Electric Company played the roles of the various characters in each story, with another serving as narrator. In many of these sketches, in keeping with Stan Lee's writing style, viewers were addressed as "true believers".

Unlike other live-action and cartoon productions of Spider-Man, this version of the web-slinging hero did not speak out loud, instead communicating only with word balloons (having a similar role to Clarabell the Clown of Howdy Doody), in order to encourage young viewers to practice their reading skills. Due to the series' budget limitations, comic book panels were interspersed through each skit in lieu of special effects. Aside from Spider-Man himself, no characters from the comic series ever appeared on "Spidey Super Stories".

Theme song
The theme song that plays at the beginning and end of the shorts was written by Gary William Friedman. The lyrics are as follows:

 * Spider-Man, where are you coming from?
 * Spider-Man, nobody knows who you are!
 * Spider-Man, you've got that Spidey touch
 * Spider-Man, you are a web-slinging star!

Episodes
Approximately one dozen "Spidey Super Stories" segments were produced during The Electric Company's 1974–1975 season, with another twelve or so during the 1975–1976 season, and further episodes during the series' final season.

A 4-DVD boxed set was released by Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment on February 7, 2006, named The Best of Electric Company. It featured 20 episodes from 1971–1977 (D4D 34121), three of which contained Spidey segments.

A second 4-DVD boxed set with 20 shows from 1971–1976 was released on November 14, 2006 (82666-31014). Two of the episodes in this boxed set featured Spidey segments; however, in several of the other episodes, the Spider-Man segments were edited out to minimize the appearance of the character because of rights issues. Episode 60A, from season five, which featured a Spider-Man sketch as the sketch of the day, was altered drastically from the version that originally aired on television.

Another DVD named The Best of the Best of Electric Company, a truncated version of the volume-one boxed set, was released on March 7, 2006 (DD 31006).

1974–75
A number of episodes from season 1 (season 4 of The Electric Company) featured Spidey battling the villain in the screenshot of the comic book cover. Others only had a stock picture of Spidey alone.

Comics
From 1974 to 1982, Marvel Comics published a comic book called Spidey Super Stories, which was aimed at children ages 6–10. A total of 57 issues were produced, the first 15 of which were written by Jean Thomas (previously writer of Night Nurse). Jim Salicrup succeeded her as the series writer, and most issues were drawn by Win Mortimer. Thomas and Salicrup remarked that the comic was subject to an exceptionally high level of editorial scrutiny, as staff from both Marvel Comics and the Children's Television Workshop reviewed the stories to ensure they were faithful to the Electric Company and Marvel Comics casts, featured age-appropriate content and reading level and gave significant roles to female characters. Spider-Man signature artist John Romita, Sr. was the Marvel editor of the book and drew some of the covers. During the early years, a comic book version of one of The Electric Company Spidey skits was included. A truncated version also appeared in The Electric Company Magazine. In contrast to the live-action segments on The Electric Company, Spidey often appeared out of costume as Peter Parker.

Every issue of Spidey Super Stories featured at least one story where Spidey would team up with an established Marvel Comics superhero and/or fight an established Marvel villain. This served to introduce other Marvel characters to new readers who were unfamiliar with the company's characters prior to seeing Spider-Man on The Electric Company. Most of these stories would feature quick origins, usually taking up a single page or less, of both the featured hero and villain. Guest heroes included Iron Man, Captain America, Iceman, Doctor Strange, Spider-Woman, Nova, The Cat and Ms. Marvel. Guest villains included the Green Goblin, the Doctor Doom, Jack O'Lantern, and Thanos.

Other stories in the issue would feature regular characters from The Electric Company, such as Easy Reader and detective Fargo North, Decoder, with Spidey as a supporting character; conversely, The Electric Company characters would sometimes appear as supporting characters in the Spidey-centric stories. Supporting characters from other Spider-Man comics made regular appearances as well, such as Peter Parker's girlfriend, Mary Jane Watson, and the staff of Parker's workplace, the Daily Bugle, most notably publisher and editor J. Jonah Jameson.

Marvel parodied Spidey Super Stories in a humorous issue of What If...? For two pages, an alternate universe is shown where Marvel had instead teamed up with the National Endowment of the Arts to produce Spidey Intellectual Stories, where Spider-Man defeats the Mad Thinker by debating philosophy. The Watcher notes that it "is for a [yawn] select audience, to be sure".

Film
A variant of Thumper, an original character, makes a brief visual cameo in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse as a prisoner in Spider-Society' headquarters. A variant of The Wall was also supposed to appear, but was cut along with many other villains and Spider-Man/Woman variants.

Record
Spidey Super Stories also appeared as a special vinyl record in the 1970s licensed by Children's Television Workshop to Peter Pan Records. Included on the record are two stories from The Electric Company: "Spidey Versus Mr. Measles" and "The Queen Bee". Other stories include Spidey versus an evil toy-wielding criminal called the Jester in "The Last Laugh", The Purple Pirates and Evil MacWeevil in "The Leader of the Pack" (which includes a cameo of Fargo North, Decoder), and Spidey's origin story. Three other stories feature Spidey with members of the Short Circus, and Pedro and his guard-plant Maurice fighting the Mole Man in "20,000 Feet Under the Ground"; and the group tackling more traditional Marvel Comics villains in "Deadly is the Doctor Called Doom" and "Spidey Versus the Sandman". Due to the lack of a visual presentation, Spidey/Peter Parker would speak with audibly, as voiced by Jim Boyd. However, the album's artwork featured the traditional Spidey-talking technique of having his words in word balloons. Elements such as Spidey's spider-sense and the spider-tracer are used in these stories as well.

title: Spidey Super Stories


text:
Folk punk

Folk punk (known in its early days as rogue folk) is a fusion of folk music and punk rock. It was popularized in the early 1980s by The Pogues in England, and by Violent Femmes in the United States. Folk punk achieved some mainstream success in that decade. In more recent years, its subgenres Celtic punk and Gypsy punk have experienced some commercial success.

Characteristics
Folk punk is related to and/or influenced by various styles such as Celtic punk, gypsy punk, anti-folk, and alternative country. Folk punk is also linked with DIY punk scenes, and bands often perform in house venues in addition to more traditional spaces.

Folk-punk musicians may perform their own compositions in the style of punk rock, but using additional folk instruments, such as mandolins, accordions, banjos, and/or violins. Folk punk possesses a rich history of progressive and leftist political views, involving topics like race, class, feminism, anti-fascism, animal rights, queerness, and anarchism.

Precursors
The earliest known relationship between punk rock and folk music is that of Woody Guthrie, often known as one of the first punks, who sung songs about anti-fascism and the conditions faced by working-class people in the 1950s and 1960s.

Many proto-punk bands, including the Velvet Underground and T. Rex were influenced by such folk artists as Bob Dylan, Donovan, and the Fugs.

1970s
In 1977 London-born singer-songwriter Patrik Fitzgerald released his first EP titled Safety-Pin Stuck in My Heart which was subtitled "a love song for punk music". The titular song from the EP still remains Fitzgerald's most famous work and acted as one of the pioneering releases for folk punk by combining punk rock imagery with acoustic guitar and vocals.

1980s
Formed in Milwaukee in 1981, Violent Femmes was one of the first and most commercially successful bands to fuse punk and folk, though much of their influence came more from early art rock acts like the Velvet Underground. During the 1980s other punk and hardcore bands would pepper their albums with acoustic tracks or inject folksier sounds, notably the Dead Milkmen, Hüsker Dü, and Articles of Faith. An influential album was the punk-inflected folk-country album released in 1984 when psychedelic hardcore band the Meat Puppets switched their style for their seminal release Meat Puppets II.

In the UK, the fusion of folk and punk was pioneered by the London-based Irish band the Pogues, formed in 1982, whose mixture of original songs and covers of established folk singers, many performed in a punk style, led to three top ten albums in the UK, a number two single in "Fairytale of New York" (1987) with Kirsty McColl, and a string of top ten singles and albums in Ireland. The Pogues' lead singer Shane MacGowan had played in London punk outfit the Nips, originally known as the Nipple Erectors.

The pioneers of a more distinctively English brand of folk punk were the Men They Couldn't Hang, founded in 1984. Also important was the Oysterband, who developed from playing English Céilidh music with a fast and harder rock sound from around 1986. The Levellers, founded in 1988, made less use of traditional melodies but more use of acoustic instruments, including violins. Several other prominent members of the English punk scene in the early 1980s were also experimenting with folk influences. Early demos by Chumbawamba feature the accordion and the trumpet, though it would take them over 20 years to transition into a full-fledged folk act. Attila the Stockbroker began entertaining punk audiences accompanied by mandola in 1986, and is still performing. Probably the most successful figure associated with English 1980s folk punk is singer-songwriter Billy Bragg, who enjoyed a series of hits in the 1980s and became a distinct influence on later folk punk acts.

1990s
The early nineties saw a general lull of interest in folk-influenced punk, but there were a few acts touring. Formed in 1990, Austin-based experimental bluegrass band Bad Livers is one example, though the band used punk more as a cultural reference point than a musical one, often appearing wearing Misfits shirts and occasionally covering Iggy Pop's "Lust for Life".

1994 saw the creation of Plan-It-X Records. which would later go on to release some of the most quintessential folk punk acts of the late 90s/early 2000s and have a large influence on the genre.

Another genre-defining act, the Moldy Peaches formed in 1994 featuring Adam Green and Kimya Dawson. singing and playing acoustic guitars. The band labeled themselves as Anti-Folk.

Formed in 1995, the World/Inferno Friendship Society is a large ensemble that came to be influential in the later New York Gypsy Punk scene. They combined elements of Cabaret, Punk, and Klezmer into their grandiose and theatrical performances.

At the close of the 1990s, Celtic punk had a revival as bands like Dropkick Murphys, Flogging Molly, Greenland Whalefishers, and the Real McKenzies started to experience a wider commercial notice. This wave of bands, who often mixed Pogues-derived sounds with those of street punk bands like Cockney Rejects, spawned imitators worldwide.

2000s
In the early 2000s, a Plan-It-X Records sound, heavily influenced by underground 1990s pop punk and classic DIY ethic began to take shape. For many in the punk community, the record label has become synonymous with folk punk, though they have also released electric acts with little or no folk influence. At the same time in New York a Gypsy Punk sound began to coalesce around Gogol Bordello, Golem, Insomniac Folklore, and other groups. These bands took eastern European instrumentation and fused it with the rhythms of punk, ska, and rock. Many of these bands adopted a very recognizable aesthetic influenced by campy references to Soviet art, burlesque aesthetics, and the classic punk style of the Clash. Gogol Bordello, in particular, achieved a degree of mainstream success.

In the Northeastern US, yet another community was emerging around the band Mischief Brew and Fistolo Records. These acts merged the DIY punk underground with '60s radical folk in the vein of Phil Ochs and contemporary anarchist folk musicians like David Rovics. Notable artists from the Northeast at this time were punk/appalachian hybrids the Can Kickers, and influential singer/songwriter Pat the Bunny under the name Johnny Hobo and the Freight Trains. Pat later went on to form Wingnut Dishwashers Union in the late 2000s. He is considered by many to be a highly definitive folk punk artist.

During this period, the genre gained increased attention as Against Me! from Gainesville, Florida achieved mainstream success; however, this coincided with a shift away from their original folk sound.

In the mid-2000s, the west coast began to produce its own DIY scene of folk punk artists with a different sound, connected with Santa Cruz's Blackbird Raum who feature a completely acoustic lineup based entirely around traditional instruments, but with fast punk rhythms and bleak, political lyrics influenced by crust punk. They are closely associated with the all-acoustic hardcore band Hail Seizures and the Northwest Folklife festival folk-punk stage. These west coast bands play acoustically in order to busk. This time also hosted the rise of folk punk created in the Southwest United States. AJJ began in 2004 in Phoenix, AZ drawing inspiration from and collaborating with artists around the country.

In 2004, the Moldy Peaches split up and Kimya Dawson began releasing solo work. In 2007, her music was featured extensively in the soundtrack for the film Juno. This soundtrack went on to win a Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack in 2009.

In 2006, Brian Sella and Mat Uychich formed the Front Bottoms. Their first two albums, I Hate My Friends and My Grandma vs. Pneumonia, as well as their first EP, Brothers Can't Be Friends, featured them as well as Mat's brother, also named Brian.

2010s and 2020s
In 2011, Pat the Bunny and others started Ramshackle Glory in Tucson, Arizona. This turned out to be his last larger collaborative project, as in 2016, revered by many as an integral part of the community, he announced his retirement from folk punk altogether. He cited a dramatic change in his viewpoints, shifting away from anarchism in politics and punk music.

2016 saw also the death of Erik Petersen, member and founder of Mischief Brew, and the subsequent groups disbanding.

One of the most notable disruptions within the community occurred in 2017 when Chris Clavin, founder of Plan-It-X Records and member of several bands including Ghost Mice, was accused of sexual misconduct by several individuals. While he was defended by some close to him, bands he has collaborated with including Kimya Dawson, AJJ, Waxahatchee, Spoonboy, and Ramshackle Glory have condemned his actions, left Plan-It-X Records, and removed their work from future printings of split albums.

The continued rise in popularity of several folk-punk acts during this decade was aided by the emergence and spread of musical videos on websites like YouTube. Some of these videos gained widespread recognition, as exemplified by Days N' Daze's Misanthropic Drunken Loner, reaching well past 5 million views to date. Notably, three channels have emerged over the years, featuring folk punk acts in various formats: A Fistful of Vinyl is a Los Angeles radio show with live sessions every Thursday night on KXLU 88.9 FM. AFoV releases videos of their studio sessions since 2012 periodically on YouTube. Shibby Pictures is a YouTube channel that features mostly indie music videos, short movies and documentaries since about 2010.

The songwriting of Matt Pless's has been compared to that of Bob Dylan. In 2014 Bostonian working-class folk-punker Bryan McPherson got banned by Disney from playing Anaheim's House of Blues, due to his political lyrics.

Celtic punk
The Pogues' style of punked-up Irish music spawned and influenced a number of Celtic punk bands, including Nyah Fearties from Scotland, and Australia's Roaring Jack. It has been particularly popular in the US and Canada, where there are large communities descended from Irish and Scottish immigrants. From the US this includes Irish-influenced bands Flogging Molly, the Tossers, Dropkick Murphys, Street Dogs, the Young Dubliners, Black 47, the Killdares, Flatfoot 56, and Jackdaw, and Scottish bands such as Seven Nations. From Canada come the Dreadnoughts, the Real McKenzies and the Mahones; from Australia, the Rumjacks, Roaring Jack and Mutiny; Catgut Mary; from the UK, Neck (featuring a former member of Shane MacGowan's post-Pogues band, the Popes) and Ferocious Dog; from Germany, Fiddler's Green; from the Czech Republic, Pipes And Pints; and from Norway, Greenland Whalefishers. These groups were influenced by American forms of music, and sometimes contained members with no Celtic ancestry and had lyrics sung in English.

title: Folk punk


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I Am... (Ayumi Hamasaki album)

I Am... is the fourth studio album by Japanese recording artist Ayumi Hamasaki. It was released on January 1, 2002 by Avex Trax and was distributed throughout Asia in both physical and digital formats. Hamasaki enlisted long-time collaborator Max Matsuura to assist with the album's creation, and was inspired by the events of the September 11, 2001 attacks to emphasise lighter themes in contrast to her previous work.

I Am... is a J-Pop record with a diverse range of sounds including rock, heavy metal, trance, and dance music. Lyrically, the album touches on themes of hope, peace and love. The album received positive reviews from music critics for its musical direction and Hamasaki's emotional presence, with some citing the album as one of her best. Commercially, I Am... was a success in Japan, reaching number one on the Oricon Albums Chart. It was certified double million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for exceeding two million unit shipments, and is ranked as the fifty-fifth highest-selling album in that region.

I Am... spawned various singles in Japan and internationally; two singles, "M" and "Evolution", sold well over one million units in Japan. To promote I Am..., various songs from the record were promoted in commercial and campaigns in Japan. Moreover, Hamasaki embarked on two concert tours in the same region: her 2002 arena tour, and her 2002 stadium tour. Both tours were commemorated with live DVD releases that were commercially success in the country.

Background and development
On September 28, 2000, Ayumi Hamasaki released her third studio album Duty. It was a critical success upon its release, partially noted for her songwriting abilities and overall production standard. It became Hamasaki's best-selling studio album in Japan, debuting at number one on the Oricon Albums Chart and selling over two million copies. To promote the record, Hamasaki embarked on her 2000 concert tour and eventually her annual Live Countdown concert tour.

Work on new music began after the promotion for Duty concluded, with the release of her single "M" in December 2000. Initially dissatisfied with the original results her team had given her for the track "M," Hamasaki decided to compose the tune herself. She was pleased with the final sound, so she concentrated on writing and producing new material for the album under the alias Crea. During the early stages of development, Hamasaki's record label Avex Trax planned to release a musical retrospective of the singer's career. Despite Hamasaki's refusal, Avex Trax released her greatest hits album A Best in March 2001 as a "competitive strategy" against the release of Japanese recording artist Hikaru Utada's album Distance. Despite its massive commercial success in Japan at the time, this resulted in a minor pause in her new material.

She returned to making music for her new album, initially pursuing a darker and more personal sound similar to her previous records. However, Hamasaki told Time that the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City affected her emotionally. As a result, she decided to abandon her musical direction in order to concentrate on "lighter themes" like faith and peace. Along with this decision, Hamasaki decided to broaden her market by performing outside of Japan; in 2002, she made her international debut at the MTV Video Music Awards in Singapore.

Composition
I Am... is a J-Pop record that incorporates various sounds such as rock, heavy metal, trance, dance, electronic music, and acoustic-driven instrumentation. Writing for AllMusic, Neil Z. Yeung said the record features more "mature content and thrilling genre experimentation". He also noted that the second half of the record has a more "midtempo fare...". Michael McCarthy from Lollipop Magazine noted the variety of sounds and emotional presence from Hamasaki, writing that each track "fits together nicely." The album was produced by long-time collaborator Max Matsuura, and all songs were written by Hamasaki. Tasuku, CMJK, Hal, Dai Nagao (under the alias D.A.I.) and Naoto Suzuki are among the composers and arrangers on the album, while Hamasaki is credited as a composer on ten of the songs.

The album begins with the midtempo title track, opening with acapella and progresses with guitar riffs. "Opening Run" is one of two interludes, and its composition incorporates a breakbeat-inspired sound. "Connected" was produced by Dutch DJ Ferry Corsten, and incorporates a fast trance-inspired beat. "Unite!" and "Evolution" are two fast-paced rock songs with keyboard and piano instrumentation, respectively, while "Naturally" has a "melancholic melody." "Never Ever" is a fast-paced rock song with a guitar solo, while "Still Alone" is a slower rock-influenced track.

"Daybreak" is composed differently than its single release, opting for a mid-tempo rock sound, while "Taskinlude" is the second of two interludes featured on the album. "M" is a "emotionally impactful" song, with the title "M" standing for Maria. A solo version of "A Song Is Born" was included on I Am..., omitting guest vocals by Globe lead vocalist Keiko from the single release. "Dearest" and "No More Words" are slow ballads with different instrumentation, while an alternate version of "Endless Sorrow" titled "Gone With the Wind" was included on the album; a hidden track titled "Flower Garden" is placed at the end of "Endless Sorrow".

Release and artwork
I Am... was released on January 1, 2002, her fourth studio album overall. The album contains 16 songs totalling over 70 minutes in length, and was released in various countries in Asia, with Avex Trax releasing it in China, Hong Kong, and Indonesia, and S.M. Entertainment releasing it in South Korea. In 2012, the album was reissued by Avex Trax in a Playbutton format.

Toru Kumazawa participated in an original photoshoot, which Hamasaki described as having a "darker" vibe than her previous work with him. However, in light of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the subsequent shift in musical direction, she arranged for another shoot with Kumazawa. The finished piece depicted Hamasaki in an outfit covered in leaves and vines, with a dove perched on his shoulder to convey a symbolic message of peace and hope.. She described the overall vibe of the photoshoot as a "peace muse".

Singles and other songs
Eight singles were released in Japan to promote I Am.... "M" was released the album's lead single on December 13, 2000, through Avex Trax. The song peaked at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and was certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for exceeding one million unit shipments. The albums second single, "Evolution", was released on January 31, 2001, through Avex Trax. It peaked at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and was also certified million in Japan. "Never Ever" was released as the albums third single by Avex Trax on March 7, 2001. The song peaked at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and was certified double platinum for exceeding shipments of 500,000 units. "Endless Sorrow" was released as the albums fourth single on May 16, 2001, and peaked at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, achieving a double platinum certification in the country.

The album's fifth single, "Unite!", was released on July 7, 2001, through Avex Trax. It peaked at number one in the country, and was certified Platinum for exceeding sales of 400,000 units. "Dearest" was released as the sixth single on September 27, 2001, and peaked at number one in Japan. Additionally, the track received a double paltinum certification in the region. "A Song Is Born", featuring Globe vocalist Keiko, served as a charity record to the Song Nation soundtrack in order to help raise funds for the September 11 attacks. The song peaked at number one in Japan, and was certified Platinum in the region. "Daybreak" was released as the albums eighth and final regional single on March 6, 2002. It peaked at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, achieving a gold certification for shipment of 200,000 units in the country.

A few songs on I Am... were remixed and released in different regions outside of Japan. "M" was the first remix single released under the pseudonym Ayu. It was re-released in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe, complete with a music video featuring the remix version by Above & Beyond. The Razor's Club mix of "Evolution" was released on vinyl in the United States in August 2001. "Connected" was released in 2002 as a stand-alone single in Germany and Belgium, and featured various remixes. Two CD single's featuring remixes of the album track "Naturally" and the single "Unite!" were issued in Germany, Austria and Switzerland in 2004 and 2005, respectively.

Concert tours
Hamasaki embarked on three different concert tours in Japan to promote I Am.... The first was her 2001-2002 Countdown Live debut on December 31, 2001 at Tokyo's National Yoyogi Stadium First Gymnasium. The show, which featured various album tracks, was filmed and released in conjunction with Hamasaki's box set Ayumi Hamasaki Complete Live Box A (2003). Her 2002 Arena Tour began in her home prefecture of Fukuoka in April 2002 and ended in Yokohama in June of that year. On January 29, 2003, a live release was made available. Her 2002 Stadium Tour began in Fukuoka in early July 2002 and ended in Tokyo at the end of the month. A live release, like its predecessor, was released on the same date of January 29, 2003.

Reception
I Am... received positive reviews from music critics. Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic gave the album four and a half stars, calling it one of Hamasaki's best works. Z. Yeung praised Hamasaki's songwriting abilities and overall emotional presence, citing "M" as an example, and stated that she was back "in full force." He chose the title track, "Connected," "Evolution," and "M" as album highlights. Michael McCarthy from Lollipop expresses similar sentiments about Hamasaki's involvement and emotional presence, stating "when she sings ballads, Hamasaki’s delivery is intense and emotional and the music is never generic... Yet all of these songs, which Hamasaki wrote and composed herself, fit together nicely."

Commercially, I Am... was a huge success. I Am... was the first album of 2002 to top the Oricon Albums Chart, marking Hamasaki's fourth consecutive studio album to do so. The album sold over 1.7 million units in its first week, setting a record until it was surpassed that same year by Japanese singer Hikaru Utada's album Deep River. I Am... spent 27 weeks on the chart, and by the end of the year, it was the country's second best-selling record, trailing only Deep Diver, with over 2.3 million units sold. The album was certified douple million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of two million units. In Taiwan, the album was certified by the Recording Industry Foundation in Taiwan (RIT), and sold 114,413 units in the region. Since its release, I am... has ranked as the fifty-fifth best selling album of all time in Japan.

Personnel
Personnel details were sourced from I Am...'s liner notes booklet.

Visuals and imagery

 * Sinichi Hara - art direction
 * Shingeru Kasai - packaging
 * Naoki Ueda - creative coordinator
 * Shinuchi Takahashi - quality control
 * Toru Kumazawa - photographer

Musicians

 * Kiyofumi Onoda - bass
 * Kiku - guitar, keyboards
 * CMJK - guitar, keyboards
 * Hal - Keyboards
 * Naoya Akimoto - guitar
 * Chokkaku - guitar, keyboards
 * Tasuku - bass, guitar, keyboards
 * Tetsuya Komuro - arrangement
 * Junko Hirotani - backing vocals
 * Naoki Hayashibe - guitar

Technical and production

 * Ayumi Hamasaki - composer
 * Tadashi Kikuchi - arrangement
 * Tasuku - arrangement
 * Yasuyuki Tomita - A&R
 * Hiroaki Ito - coordinators
 * Kazuki Muraishi - coordinators
 * Noritoshi Fujimoto - coordinators
 * Shigeru Kajita - coordinators
 * Yumi Kobayashi - coordinators
 * Atsushi Yamamoto - engineer
 * Ryosuke Kataoka - engineer
 * Takayuki Furuta - engineer
 * Taketoshi Nakauchi - engineer
 * Yukie Sugimoto - engineer
 * Yutaka Yamamoto - engineer
 * Atsushi Hattori - audio mixer
 * Ferry Corsten - audio mixer, producer, composer
 * Koji Morimoto - audio mixer
 * Noriki Inada - audio mixer
 * Satoshi Kumasaka - audio mixer
 * Yasuo Matsumoto - audio mixer
 * Yuka Akiyama - production assistant
 * Naoto Suzuki - sound producer
 * Atsushi Hattori - recording assistant
 * Motohiro Tsuji - recording assistant
 * Noriki Inada - recording assistant
 * Satoshi Kumasaka - recording assistant
 * D.A.I. - composer
 * Junichi Matsuda - composer

title: I Am... (Ayumi Hamasaki album)


text:
Journal of the American Chemical Society

The Journal of the American Chemical Society (also known as JACS) is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1879 by the American Chemical Society. The journal has absorbed two other publications in its history, the Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry (July 1893) and the American Chemical Journal (January 1914). It covers all fields of chemistry. Since 2021, the editor-in-chief is Erick M. Carreira (ETH Zurich). In 2014, the journal moved to a hybrid open access publishing model.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: • Biological Abstracts

• BIOSIS Previews

• Chemical Abstracts Service

• Current Chemical Reactions

• Current Contents/Life Sciences

• Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences

• EBSCO databases

• Index Chemicus

• Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed

• ProQuest databases

• Science Citation Index Expanded

• Scopus According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 14.4.

Editors-in-chief
The following people are or have been editor-in-chief: • 1879–1880 – Hermann Endemann

• 1880–1881 – Gideon E. Moore

• 1881–1882 – Hermann Endemann

• 1882–1883 – Editorial Committee

• 1884–1892 – Abram A. Breneman

• 1893–1901 – Edward Hart

• 1902–1917 – William A. Noyes Sr.

• 1918–1949 – Arthur Lamb

• 1950–1962 – W. Albert Noyes Jr.

• 1963–1969 – Marshall D. Gates Jr.

• 1969–1975 – Martin Stiles

• 1975–1981 – Cheves Walling

• 1982–2001 – Allen J. Bard

• 2002–2020 – Peter J. Stang

• since 2021 – Erick M. Carreira


text:
File:GwenJonesBookCoverOne.jpg

Summary
The Cover of the first Guinevere Jones book.

From amazon.ca

Licensing
Asserted to be fair use because:
 * 1) The picture does not infringe on the rights of the copyright holder to sell the book
 * 2) The picture is being used in a non-profit, educational manner
 * 3) The picture is being used only for illustrative purposes

title: File:GwenJonesBookCoverOne.jpg


text:
JACS

JACS or Jacs may refer to:

 * Jewish Alcoholics, Chemically Dependent Persons and Significant Others
 * Joint Academic Coding System, a system to classify academic subjects in the United Kingdom
 * Journal of the American Ceramic Society
 * Journal of the American Chemical Society
 * JACS Au, a monthly online journal published by the American Chemical Society
 * Journal of the American College of Surgeons
 * Jacs Holt, a character in the television series Wentworth

title: JACS


text:
Animal training

Animal training is the act of teaching animals specific responses to specific conditions or stimuli. Training may be for purposes such as companionship, detection, protection, and entertainment. The type of training an animal receives will vary depending on the training method used, and the purpose for training the animal. For example, a seeing eye dog will be trained to achieve a different goal than a wild animal in a circus.

In some countries animal trainer certification bodies exist. They do not share consistent goals or requirements; they do not prevent someone from practicing as an animal trainer nor using the title. Similarly, the United States does not require animal trainers to have any specific certification. An animal trainer should consider the natural behaviors of the animal and aim to modify behaviors through a basic system of reward and punishment.

Principles
During training, an animal trainer can administer one of four potential consequences for a given behavior:

 * Positive reinforcement: Occurs when an animal's behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases occurrences of the behavior in the future.
 * Negative reinforcement: Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, which causes the occurrences of the behavior to increase in the future.
 * Positive punishment: Occurs when a behavior is followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus. This causes a decrease in occurrences of behavior in the future.
 * Negative punishment: Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus. As a result, the occurrences of the behavior decrease in the future.

Behavior analysts emphasize the use of positive reinforcement for increasing desirable behaviors and negative punishment for decreasing undesirable behaviors. If punishment is going to be used to decrease an undesirable behavior, the animal must be able to receive positive reinforcement for an alternative behavior.

Establishing new behavior
Reinforcement should be provided according to a predetermined schedule. Such a schedule of reinforcement specifies whether all responses or only some are reinforced and includes the following:

 * Variable ratio: A reinforcer delivery occurs after a set number of responses, but that number varies around an average number.
 * Fixed ratio: A specific number of responses occur before a reinforcer is delivered.
 * Variable interval: The first response that is emitted after a set but variable amount of time has elapsed is reinforced.
 * Fixed interval: The first response that is emitted after a set time has elapsed is reinforced.

While continuous reinforcement in a fixed ratio schedule may be necessary for the initial learning stages, a variable ratio schedule is the most effective at maintaining behavior over long periods of time.

There are various methods animal trainers can use to prompt an animal to respond to a stimulus in a specific way. For example, shaping is a process by which successive approximations are rewarded until the desirable response topography is attained. An animal trainer can use conditioned reinforcers, like clickers, to bridge the interval between response and positive reinforcement. Some stimuli that is considered discriminative are signals, targets and cues. They can be used to prompt a response from an animal, and can be changed to other stimuli or faded in magnitude. In order to delay satiation, reinforcer size should be as small as possible and still be effective for reinforcement. Also, the timing of the delivery of a reinforcer is crucial. Initially the interval between response and consequence must be minimal in order for the animal to associate the consequence with the response.

Other important issues related to this method are:
 * Stimulus control
 * Motivating operations
 * Desensitization
 * Chaining
 * S-deltas
 * Discrimination
 * Generalization

Other considerations
Certain sub-fields of animal training tend to also have certain philosophies and styles. For example, fields such as:
 * Dog training
 * Companion bird training
 * Hunting bird training
 * Companion dog training
 * Show dog training
 * Dressage horse training
 * Mahout elephant training
 * Circus elephant training
 * Zoo elephant training
 * Zoo exotic animal training
 * Marine mammal training

The degree of trainer protection from the animal and the tasks trained may also vary. They can range from entertainment, husbandry (veterinary) behaviors, physical labor or athleticism, habituation to averse stimuli, interaction (or non-interaction) with other humans, or even research (sensory, physiological, cognitive).

Training also may take into consideration the natural social tendencies of the animal species (or even breed), such as predilections for attention span, food-motivation, dominance hierarchies, aggression, or bonding to individuals (conspecifics as well as humans). Consideration must also be given to practical aspects on the human side such as the ratio of the number of trainers to each animal. In some circumstances one animal may have multiple trainers, in others, a trainer might attend simultaneously to many animals in a training session. Sometimes training is accomplished with a single trainer working individually with a single animal. In some species, the number of trainers is irrelevant, yet it can usually achieve the wanted outcome.

Service animals
Service animals, such as assistance dogs, Capuchin monkeys and miniature horses, are trained to utilize their sensory and social skills to bond with a human and help that person to offset a disability in daily life. The use of service animals, especially dogs, is an ever-growing field, with a wide range of special adaptations.

In the United States, selected inmates in prisons are used to train service dogs. In addition to adding to the short supply of service animals, such programs have produced benefits in improved socialization skills and behavior of inmates.

Entertainment

Organizations such as the American Humane Association monitor the use of animals such as those used in the entertainment industry, but they do not monitor their training. It is best known for its end credit disclaimer "No Animals Were Harmed" that appears at the end of the credits of films and shows.

The Patsy Award (Picture Animal Top Star of the Year) was originated by the Hollywood office in 1939 after a horse was killed in an on-set accident during the filming of the Tyrone Power film Jesse James. The award now covers both film and television and is separated into four categories: canine, equine, wild and special.

One animal trainer, Frank Inn, received over 40 Patsy awards. While there is a high demand for mammals for film and television, there is also a demand for other animals. Steven R. Kutcher has filled this niche for insects.

Dogs
Basic obedience training tasks for dogs, include walking on a leash, attention, housebreaking, nonaggression, and socialization with humans or other pets. Dogs are also trained for many other activities, such as dog sports, service dogs, and working dog tasks.

Positive reinforcement for dogs can include primary reinforcers like food or social reinforcers, such as vocal ("good boy") or tactile (stroking) ones. Positive punishment, if used at all, can be physical, such as pulling on a leash or spanking. It may also be vocal, such as saying "bad dog". Bridges to positive reinforcement, include vocal cues, whistling, and dog whistles, as well as clickers used in clicker training, a method popularized by Karen Pryor. Negative reinforcement may also be used. Punishment is also a tool, including withholding of food or physical discipline.

Horses
The primary purpose of training horses is to socialize them around humans, teach them to behave in a manner that makes them safe for humans to handle, and, as adults to carry a rider under saddle or to be driven in order to pull a vehicle. As prey animals, much effort must be put into training horses to overcome its natural flight or fight instinct and accept handling that would not be natural for a wild animal, such as willingly going into a confined space, or having a predator (a human being) sit on its back. As training advances, some horses are prepared for competitive sports, up to the Olympic games, where horses are the only non-human animal athlete that is used at the Olympics. All equestrian disciplines from horse racing to draft horse showing require the horse to have specialized training.

Unlike dogs, horses are not motivated as strongly by positive reinforcement rewards as they are motivated by other operant conditioning methods such as the release of pressure as a reward for the correct behavior, called negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement techniques such as petting, kind words, rewarding of treats, and clicker training have some benefit, but not to the degree seen in dogs and other predator species. Punishment of horses is effective only to a very limited degree, usually a sharp command or brief physical punishment given within a few seconds of a disobedient act. Horses do not correlate punishment to a specific behavior unless it occurs immediately. They do, however, have a remarkably long memory, and once a task is learned, it will be retained for a very long time. For this reason, poor training or allowing bad habits to be learned can be very difficult to remedy at a later date.

Birds
Typical training tasks for companion birds include perching, non-aggression, halting feather-picking, controlling excessive vocalizations, socialization with household members and other pets, and socialization with strangers. The large parrot species frequently have lifespans that exceed that of their human owners, and they are closely bonded to their owners. Some birds of prey are trained to hunt, an ancient art known as falconry or hawking. In China the practice of training cormorants to catch fish has gone on for over 1,200 years.

Chickens
Training chickens has become a way for trainers of other animals (primarily dogs) to perfect their training technique. Bob Bailey, formerly of Animal Behavior Enterprises and the IQ Zoo, teaches chicken training seminars where trainers teach poultry to discriminate between shapes, to navigate an obstacle course and to chain behaviors together. Chicken training is done using operant conditioning, using a clicker and chicken feed for reinforcement. The first chicken workshops were given by Keller and Marian Breland in 1947–1948 to a group of animal feed salesmen from General Mills, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Trained chickens may be confined to a display (Bird Brain) where they play Tic-Tac-Toe against humans for a fee, invented by Bob Bailey and Grant Evans, of Animal Behavior Enterprises. The moves were chosen by computer and indicated to the chicken by a light invisible to the human player.

Fish and molluscs
Fish can also be trained. For example, goldfish may swim toward their owners and follow them as they walk through the room, but will not follow anyone else. The fish may swim up and down, signalling the owner to turn on its aquarium light when it is off, and it will skim the surface until its owner feeds it. Fish have also been taught to perform more complicated tasks, such as fetching rings, swimming through hoops and tubes, doing the limbo and pushing a miniature soccer ball into a net. Fish have been taught to distinguish and respond differently to slight differences in human faces displayed on a screen (archerfish ) or styles of music (goldfish and koi ).

Molluscs, with totally different brain designs, have been taught to distinguish and respond to geometric symbols (cuttlefish and octopus ), and have been taught that food behind a clear barrier cannot be eaten (squid ).

Zoological parks
Animals in public display are sometimes trained for educational, entertainment, management, and husbandry behaviors. Educational behaviors may include species-typical behaviors under stimulus control such as vocalizations. Entertainment may include display behaviors to show the animal, or simply arbitrary behaviors. Management includes movement, such as following the trainer, entering crates, or moving from pen to pen, or tank-to-tank through gates. Husbandry behaviors facilitate veterinary care. It can include desensitization to various physical examinations or procedures, such as: Such voluntary training is important for minimizing the frequency with which zoo collection animals must be anesthetized or physically restrained.
 * Cleaning
 * Nail clipping or stepping onto a scale voluntarily
 * The collection of samples (e.g. biopsy, urine)

Marine mammal parks
Many marine mammals are trained for entertainment such as bottlenose dolphins, killer whales, belugas, sea lions, and others.

In a public display situation, the audience's attention is focused on the animal, rather than the trainer; therefore the discriminative stimulus is generally gestural (a hand sign) and sparse in nature. Unobtrusive dog whistles are used as bridges, and positive reinforcers are either primary (food) or tactile (rub downs), and not vocal. However, pinnipeds and mustelids (sea lions, seals, walruses, and otters) can hear in our frequency, so most of the time they will receive vocal reinforcers during shows and performances. The shows are turned into more of a play production because of this, instead of just a run through of behaviors like cetaceans generally do in their shows. Guests can often hear these vocal reinforcers when attending a SeaWorld show. During the Clyde and Seamore show, the trainers may say something like: "Good grief, Clyde!" or "Good job, Seamore". The trainers substitute the word "good" in the place of food or rubdowns when teaching a specific behavior to the animals so that the animals no longer need constant feeding as praise for achieving the appropriate behavior.

Field research
On an experimental basis, wildlife researchers have employed animal trainers in their interactions with animals in the field.

List of notable animal trainers
Known for their influence on the circus:
 * Sylvia Rideoutt Bishop (1920 –2004), first female African American horse trainer.
 * Dolores Vallecita (1877–1925), American vaudeville entertainer, and circus animal trainer.
 * Hanno Coldam (1932–1992) Chief Animal Trainer with the State Circus of East Germany 1960–1990.
 * Brothers Vladimir Durov (1863–1916) and Anatoly Durov (1887–1928) Russian circus animal trainers and founders of the Durov Animal Theater in Moscow.
 * Carl Hagenbeck (1844–1913) a merchant of wild animals who introduced "natural" animal enclosures.
 * Gunther Gebel-Williams (1934–2001) trained animals for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
 * Martin Lacey, (born 1947), animal trainer, owner of the Great British Circus, trained most of the tigers used in the ESSO TV advertisements in the 1970s.
 * Martin Lacey Jr., (born 1977), son of Martin, an animal trainer and performer with Circus Krone in Munich.

Known for scientific research:
 * Ivan Pavlov (1849–1946) studied the psychology of animal training and described the phenomenon of classical conditioning.

Known for earliest commercial application of Skinner's operant conditioning:
 * Keller and Marian Breland, Animal Behavior Enterprises

Known for work in television and film:
 * Nell Shipman (1892–1970) a Canadian film maker in early Hollywood.
 * Frank Inn (1916–2002) trained dogs used in the Benji series.
 * Brothers Frank Weatherwax and Rudd Weatherwax trained the collie Pal, which portrayed the first Lassie.
 * Ralph Helfer
 * Richard (Ric) O'Barry trained dolphins for the original 1960s Flipper television series, now opposes dolphin captivity
 * Boone Narr, one of the most celebrated Hollywood animal trainers.
 * Sled Reynolds, trained for Benji the Hunted, Dances with Wolves and Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book

Other:
 * Warren Eckstein, animal trainer, author and radio personality.
 * Dr. Ian Dunbar, veterinarian, animal behaviorist, and dog trainer.
 * Victoria Stilwell, dog trainer, author and television presenter.
 * Steve Austin dog trainer (particularly detection dogs), and television personality.
 * Brandon McMillan (animal trainer), movie animal trainer, author, executive producer and dog trainer featured in the CBS television series Lucky Dog.
 * César Felipe Millán Favela, dog trainer known for his Emmy-nominated television series Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan.
 * Dave Salmoni, animal trainer, entertainer, and producer.
 * Akbar the Great, third ruler of the Mughal Dynasty in India, reputedly kept thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and trained many himself.
 * Dawn Brancheau, (1969–2010) a Shamu trainer at SeaWorld Orlando. The film Blackfish focuses on orcas in captivity and specifically Tilikum, an orca that has been involved in three deaths.

title: Animal training


text:
Category:Elementary mathematics

Elementary mathematics encompasses topics from algebra, analysis, arithmetic, calculus, geometry and number theory that are frequently taught at the primary or secondary school level.

title: Category:Elementary mathematics


text:
Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics

Ten nations competed in water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

Results
For the team rosters see: Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads.

Preliminary round
The preliminary round consisted of a round-robin tournament held in three groups. Each team played the other teams in its group once.

Group A
28 November
 * 14:00 - Romania def. Australia, 4-2
 * 19:30 - Yugoslavia def. Soviet Union, 3-2

29 November
 * 21:15 - Soviet Union def. Romania, 4-3
 * 22:15 - Yugoslavia def. Australia, 9-1

30 November
 * 10:30 - Yugoslavia def. Romania, 3-2
 * 16:00 - Soviet Union def. Australia, 3-0

Group B
28 November
 * 20:30 - United States def. Great Britain, 5-3

29 November
 * 15:45 - Hungary def. Great Britain, 6-1

30 November
 * 11:30 - Hungary def. United States, 6-2

Group C
28 November
 * 15:00 - Germany def. Singapore, 5-1

29 November
 * 16:45 - Italy def. Singapore, 7-1

30 November
 * 22:10 - Italy def. Germany, 4-2

Final round
The top two teams in each preliminary group advanced to the championship, in which they played each of the four other championship teams they had not previously faced. The results of the preliminary round game against the team from their group carried over into the final round.

The teams that did not advance to the championship played in a consolation tournament.

Championship
The most famous water polo match in history was the semi-finals round match between Hungary and the Soviet Union. As the athletes left for the games, the Hungarian Revolution started and was crushed by the Soviet army. Many of the Hungarian athletes vowed never to return home and felt their only means of fighting back was in the pool.

With only two games left for each team, the Hungarians were leading in the standings, 1 point ahead of Yugoslavia and 2 ahead of the Soviets. A Soviet victory would have put them alongside the Hungarians in the standings, with the final match pairings favoring the Soviets, who would face the last-place Germans while Hungary had to compete with Yugoslavia. A Hungarian victory would ensure at least a silver medal for the team, with a draw or a win against Yugoslavia in the last game meaning gold.

The Hungary-Soviet Union confrontation was extremely bloody and violent, riddled with penalties, and the pool was later depicted as turning red from the blood spilt. The Hungarians led the Soviets 4-0 before the game was called off in the final minute to prevent angry spectators, many of them Hungarian immigrants to Australia, reacting to Valentin Prokopov punching Ervin Zádor's eye open. The Hungarians went on to win the gold medal by defeating Yugoslavia 2-1 in the final. Half of the Hungarian Olympic delegation defected after the Games.

1 December
 * 14:40 - Soviet Union def. Italy, 3-2
 * 22:40 - Yugoslavia def. United States, 5-1

3 December
 * 16:50 - United States def. Germany, 4-3
 * 21:30 - Hungary def. Italy, 4-0

4 December
 * 15:40 - Yugoslavia tied Germany, 2-2
 * 21:00 - Italy def. United States, 3-2

5 December
 * 16:40 - Soviet Union def. United States, 3-1
 * 22:20 - Hungary def. Germany, 4-0

6 December
 * 15:25 - Hungary def. Soviet Union, 4-0
 * 21:55 - Yugoslavia def. Italy, 2-1

7 December
 * 14:00 - Soviet Union def. Germany, 6-4
 * 21:20 - Hungary def. Yugoslavia, 2-1

Consolation

 * Great Britain def. Singapore, 11-5
 * Great Britain def. Australia, 5-2
 * Romania def. Singapore, 15-1
 * Great Britain def. Romania, 5-2
 * Australia def. Singapore, 3-2
 * Romania def. Australia, 4-2

title: Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics


text:
Talk:Ray Mears

Instructors Woodlore Knife
http://i9.photobucket.com/albums/a77/darkcrown_1969/DSC03768.jpg

http://i9.photobucket.com/albums/a77/darkcrown_1969/DSC03766.jpg

http://i9.photobucket.com/albums/a77/darkcrown_1969/DSC03771.jpg

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Darkcrown (talk • contribs) 17:57, 21 June 2009

 * If you own the copyright to those pictures, please upload them to Wikipedia Commons so that they can be included in the article properly. We do not normally link to Photobucket from articles. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 18:08, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Educational role
Just letting you know that I am the mother of Dan Hume and as such assert myself as a reliable source regarding paragraph three of section "Educational role". DebbyH (talk) 14:35, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

WTF
What the HECK happend to this article, it was full a year ago and now , 60% stuff is missing , what the heck is wikipedia doing

Rebuild the article like it was, i won't fix somebody's else crap , where's the part when Ray Mears describes Bear Grylls as a "boy scout" ... I didn't find that on the Bear's article either ... wikipedia will destroy it self with this stupid rules of needing "reliable sources" so much , and those wannabe pick sources from mainstream media who allways lies the most. Xowets (talk) 13:48, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

 * For example this http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1057485/Ray-Mears-IS-tougher-admits-Bear-Grylls.html, you can also see all those mainstream comments about how Bear is "cooler and better" , but those are idiots who watch the show and think it's real , to confirm this , you see overwhelmingly positive comment rating towards Ray Mears(and negative for Bear). Xowets (talk) 13:56, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Unsourced material removed
The article is not in compliance with the Wikipedia policy: Biographies of living persons and as a result, I have removed significant unsourced material -- Senra (talk) 18:31, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

Personal life
I'm listening to him on Radio 4's Desert Island Discs" now, and he's just mentioned his new partner called Ruth.

Meltingpot (talk) 11:49, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ray Mears


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Talk:John Cheke

Untitled
Where does the date of Cheke's appointment as Edward's tutor come from? I've never come across such a specific dating before. Hackloon 20:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Quite possibly from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: "On. the 10th of July 1554, he was chosen as tutor to Prince Edward". Thanks for bringing this to my attention so it can be properly referenced. -Frazzydee|✍ 20:42, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Have edited the statement to bring it in line with the more cautious assesment of the Oxford DNB article, and added a little detail. Hackloon 20:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Have changed that BACK to "confirmed" as the evidence of when he began to teach Edward is confused. He may well have had a role earlier, especially given his close relations with Leonard Cox, and his relations with Henry VIII. It's also the word used by the DNB, and I think their caution is well-placed. Hackloon 21:05, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

But these sources must be mistaken because Edward died in 1553, and everything else in the article points to the fact that he was doing other things by 1554. 1544 is a much more logical date, as the Edward VI article itself says that he began his tutoring at the age of 7, and he was nearly 7 in 1544, so I will change it back to 1544. Academic Challenger 21:42, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sorry - I think we may have been arguing at cross-purposes! Completely agree about it being 1544, was just unhappy with the word "chosen", as I think the evidence suggests he may have been teaching Edward early that 7th July, '44. Sorry about the confusion, Hackloon 21:46, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * (12 years later). The source of the date for his teaching of Edward is Cheke himself. That is what he told Girolamo Cardano in 1552 when having his horoscope drawn up: "Anno 1544 die decima Iunii, in Regium praeceptorum electus est." So he could have begun by 7 July. See the article for the reference. Nichols on the strength of the State Papers puts it a month later . Eebahgum (talk) 09:37, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

Exhibition disambiguation
I've changed the disambiguation link to a scholarship type exhibition. If it should be something more like an art exhibition please correct. Given the funny redirect already there I'm sure this is correct. LeeG 18:24, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

'Known Living Relatives'
Details keep being added by variations of 'Lexy Cheek/ Cheke' (also 'Eliza'; the details at one point gave' Elizabeth 'Lexy' Cheek, so it's clearly the same person). So far I've found the following as having contributed/ modified the same irrelevant information: Lexy_Cheek; Eliza_Cheek; Lexy_Cheke; Lexycheek13. As noted, it seems to be this girl's household, and the clear conclusion is that she is trying to establish some connection to Sir John Cheke. Whether or not this alleged connection exists, these individuals do not appear to be in any way notable, so do not warrant inclusion. The claim is at any rate, additionally, unsubstantiated. Just a note for any editors who come across the details (which will, no doubt, be added again and again given how invested the girl seems to be in including them) and are justifiably confused as to the point; it is unfortunately rather at odds with the work put in by Eebahgum towards making the article a good one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.109.211.161 (talk) 01:24, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Cheke