text:
Talk:Biogenesis

This is very bad "Law of Biogenesis and Creationism"
I agree. The section of Law of Biogenesis and Creationism is purely opinion, and uses too broad of a paint brush. As it comes off as hateful or vindictive and a chip on ones shoulder. I can't believe such a part would still exist in Wikipedia for as long as it has. As being quite clearly written by a creationist, puhlease. That last part was pretty "partisan" and spoke for all creationists that support biogenesis when he wasn't even close.

Kevindk 19:30, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The section is now simply title "Law of Biogenesis" and reads like a typical Creationist tract. This should be changed to...

 * The law states that life forms such as mice, maggots, and bacteria cannot appear fully formed. The law says nothing, however, about the biogenesis of very primitive life from increasingly complex molecules. TheDevilYouKnow (talk) 14:12, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Quite clearly written by a creationist
As if it wasn't clear enough, the last sentence gives it away,

"Finally, they argue that once it has been conceded (as is conceded by theistic evolution) that the original cell was created by a divine being, there is no reason to believe He could not have created life in a variety of forms."

This whole article needs a rewrite.
 * You do something about it, then. Infraredeclipse 15:35, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.116.11.90 (talk) 16:10, 31 March 2007 (UTC).

 * If you ask me, what was there originally seemed perfectly reasonable as biogenesis itself can either be disproof once and for all of the Big Bang theory or proof that God exists (for those who need a prod in the right direction...) Lowri (talk) 14:05, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Nah. Biogenesis is a law, not a fact.Gralgrathor (talk) 10:03, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Biased, faaar too little CITING
Several claims in this article do not resonate with what is in the biology textbook sitting in front of me. Especially claims that "the earth's early atmosphere is pure speculation without basis" and "the most basic amino acids were formed in Miller's test tube but the atmosphere required to make them killed them soon after." I don't believe that Campbell's Biology (the textbook) is the "one truth", but I would like to see a citation before I write off what is widely accepted scientifically. Large parts of this article were CLEARLY written by a creationist or proponent of intelligent design. It just reeks of bias. There are whole paragraphs of assertions that are UNCITED. THIS SHOULD HAVE A TAG FOR BEING AN ARTICLE WITHOUT SOURCES and NOT HAVING A NEUTRAL POINT OF VIEW. It should be examined thoroughly by people with actual scientific knowledge that can back it up with sources.

I thought people had given up trying to use logic to prove the existence of God. It can't be proven logically, that's why FAITH is a big deal. Believing when there is no reason to believe other than faith. People who embrace logic won't be swayed by the skewing of scientific principles carried out by proponents of intelligent design, who have neither the guts to conclude that they're alone nor the faith to turn to God without logic. Either life is a miracle (which is defined by the property of being outside what makes sense in the normal world, such as gravity, the scientific method, etc), or it's not (and can be explained by what makes sense in the normal world).

Sorry for the rant, but CITE! Even if you're going to only show one side, at least provide evidence for your own arguments! (if there is any evidence... see I won't believe you if you don't CITE!) arghhh!

Inaccuracy
I will remove this sentence: (although the same criteria also discount anyone who is impotent, for the same reasons). If you look at the [Life] page, the criteria apply to lifeforms (species) not individuals. That's why mules, ants and impotent people are considerd alive and virusus not, as stated on the Life page. Anonymous, 12 Dec 11:53 PM, December 12, 2005

This is very bad
1. Irrelevant mentions ( ex: "life was never seen comming from dead matter" ) 2. No such thing as "creationist biology", creationists just say life was the result of a miracle and came out of nothing, which is a non-falsifiable hypothesis

Please, clean this article

 * What exactly do you mean? Creationist biology is the creationist view on biology.(A few biologists adhere to that view)  Creationists don't neccesarily say life was a result of a miracle. Keep in mind this is the Young-Earh creationist viewpoint on the article or an Intelligent Design. And Yec's believe life was created  but then followed(and continues) adapatation etc, just not leaps in evolution.(Dinosaur-->bird, etc) So could you please clarify your points  a bit more.  Keep in mind this an online dictionary that expresses the views but doesn't delcare a fact unless it is which this article doesn't. If you like you can add to the Controversy sectionFalphin 19:54, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Leaps? Gralgrathor (talk) 08:36, 20 November 2008 (UTC)
 * That might refer to Punctuated equilibrium. I agree, however, that there is no "creationist biology" - creationist views range from rejection of: any changes, Speciation, complexity increase, or just Abiogenesis. Belief in "a miracle" is an accurate way to describe what they have in common.Grey.dreyk (talk) 12:28, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

The term "creationist biology" makes as such sense as "plumber's biology". Creationists are not scientists doing scientific research.203.71.28.216 04:52, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

CITE
Does anyone have any sources for any of the claims on this article? KillerChihuahua?!? 18:08, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Spurious Statement
I corrected a possibly misleading statement and a number of grammatical errors. I believe that I was fair in portraying the intention of the statement; however, in it's form it was not appropriate. Feel free to return the concept or corrected argument to the article, addressing the following criticism.

Removed portion: "The organic makeup of life and the makeup viruses are not the same. Viruses feed of life and rarely live outside it's host for long."

1. Is the first statement refering to organic (chemical) makeup, or organic (physiological) makeup? It does posess much of the same chemical makeup (RNA, often DNA, protiens). Physiologically, life does not require organs (physiologically), There is a requirement for the life to be encapsulated in a cell; however this may be a falacy of accident.

2. "Viruses feed of[f] life..." This arguement is spurious and incomplete. Any organism that is not a producer is a consumer. Consumers feed off life. If you intend to state that viruses require a host in order to have the mechanisms required to reproduce, then you must state that.

3. Your claim is that a virus does not live, yet then you claim they do by stating: "viruses rarely live outside..." A possible correction: "Viruses are rarely viable if excluded from a host cell for an extended period of time"

rmosler 12:19, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Categorize and clarification
"The spontaneous generation that Pasteur and others disproved was the idea that life forms such as mice, maggots, and bacteria can appear fully formed. They disproved a form of creationism. There is no law of biogenesis saying that very primitive life cannot form from increasingly complex molecules."

I believe this should be added to the entry to clarify what Pasteur and others were actually addressing with their law of biogenesis. Furthermore this article should be included in Biology, which I'll do now... but perhaps it should also be included in Creationism as well given their interest in adopting it. - RoyBoy 800 17:55, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * good stuff, as long as it's attributed. reasonable minds can disagree on the interpretation of the law, so we can attribute it, but not state it as fact.  Ungtss 18:03, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Nah, it's outside of the scope of the article. The purpose is not to debate creation vs. evolution, but to provide information on the term biogenesis. While creationists do compare abiogenesis to generatio spontanea, I believe that comparison is better addressed in the Abiogenesis article than here, if at all. Gralgrathor (talk) 08:41, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Problem with "human attempts to create life"
In particular, I have a problem with the following quote: "Additionally, some point to lesser-known and controversial experiments such as those performed by Andrew Crosse as examples of abiogenesis." I looked up this link and found that Andrew Crosse produced an experiment in the 1800's in which he discovered the creation of insects in the lab, but later he concluded that he likely had an experiment contaminated with insect eggs. This experiment is lesser known for a reason, and I don't know of anybody who is pointing to it presently as an example of abiogenesis. I won't edit the statement because by some chance I may be mistaken and that some proponents of abiogenesis in fact are using Crosse's experiment as an argument. However, combined with some of the problems of above, I suspect that the article is written poorly and perhaps with bias (although I can see an attempt at neutrality). I advocate it's omission from Wikipedia. 16:39, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

What the heck's wrong with I.D.? Just because there's proof for I.D doesn't mean that people have to get all mad about it, saying that the article was "quite clearly written by a creationist". For all I know, most science text books are quite clearly written by an evolutionist! Anyway, I think those that don't teach the debate in biology class are dangerously violating our right to free speech. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.103.247.124 (talk • contribs) 20:07, 16 May 2007
 * Proof for ID? Well, you must have your work ahead of you correcting the wiki article on that!  68.227.169.133 (talk) 12:46, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

I am unsure as to whether the "atmosphere" in Urey and Miller's experiment is now scientifically accepted as the correct one. Does anyone know? Wikiisawesome 16:00, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The "atmosphere" in Urey and Miller's experiment is no longer scientifically accepted as the correct one. It has been since discovered that the atmosphere at the proposed time of abiogenesis was similar to that of a recently erupted volcano.  If someone could edit that, that would be fantastic. --SJHAGoalie (talk) 00:43, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

"Anyway, I think those that don't teach the debate in biology class are dangerously violating our right to free speech."
 * Maybe in a politics class —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.14.231.238 (talk) 03:03, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Speak freely wherever you wish, except during mandatory, graded lectures, and on rather off-topic talk pages. Also, be ready to give the same lecture time to any debated claims of any religion.Grey.dreyk (talk) 12:48, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

Law of Biogenesis
Why is the law of biogenesis section so short with no link to scientific material, nor a link to how the law is actually written? It was also my understanding that the law of biogenesis deals with macro organisms such as rats and maggots. http://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB000.html

In general Laws apply to all time, but they do not necessarily apply to all circumstances. Why do you put "modern organisms" when I am pretty sure it should be multicellular lifeforms?

Jaydstats (talk) 13:53, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The distinction "modern organisms" includes single celled organisms. Even bacteria have a variety of complex features (e.g. cell walls) unlikely to have been present at the start of life. Novangelis (talk) 14:40, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Nonetheless, the term used in the site I've given above of "very primitive life" would be a much better way to phrase this, because it does not have the concept of time as its motivation of difference between the law and the first lifeform. It is the level of complexity that is the difference, not the time at which it occurred. Laws sometimes do not apply in differing scopes (e.g. Einstein's correction to Newton Law of Motion), but they do apply to all time (at least to the starting of the universe and this was ~10 billion years after the start of the universe).Jaydstats (talk) 17:10, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * How is "very primitive life" anything more than a vague opposite of "modern organisms"? Modern, as in currently existing forms, is fairly distinct. Primitive can refer to currently living organisms with systems reduced to remnants, so complexity (which is a challenge to assess) is not the only measure. Primative has definitions that refer to early times, so time is an element. Concise and precise terminology is a challenge here; for example, "fully-formed" could imply adult. The exceptions to the modern interpretation of cell theory create a context.Novangelis (talk) 19:03, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that using precise terminology is a challenge in this case. It actually seems to be a challenge in this field.  Presumably, a less complex primitive lifeform would be able to be produced now using the environment of early earth in which case we would have modern primitive life. I'm not sure if there is that perfect terminology.Jaydstats (talk) 13:09, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

THIS IS NOT CONSEVAPEDIA or a CREATIONWIKI
Reading the section Law of Biogenesis we see the classic creationist and fundamentalist language of "life from non-life". The clarification of spontaneous generation of fully formed life is also gone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.188.116.156 (talk) 16:52, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually... Check this,  I agree that it's (both) somewhat a mischaracterization overall, though, I just can't seem to find a source (not that I looked much) that says much more in depth.  68.227.169.133 (talk) 12:49, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

"Omne vivum ex vivo", "omne vivum ex ovo" and "omne ovum ex vivo"
Dear Wikipedia contribuitors,

receive a very respectful greeting. I would like this article to have more information about certain latin phrases associated with the origin of life such as those in the title of this section. I have made a similar request on the article about Abiogenesis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Abiogenesis.

Thanks in advance for your help!George Rodney Maruri Game (talk) 18:32, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Brett Nortje 07:46 30 August 2011 (GMT+2) If the known periodic table does not produce life, then what on earth could? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brett Nortje (talk • contribs) 05:48, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

Christian Schwabe
This has been deleted as "fringe".

Biochemist Christian Schwabe argues that chemistry is the driving force of the assembly of life, he further contends that the process of biogenesis was so fast that less than a billion years after accretion the Earth contained microorganisms, he claims that the Miller experiment has not proven abiogenesis but has proven biogenesis as the molecules which were discovered in the experiment have been found throughout the universe. He further contends that life in the universe has always existed as a manifestation of matter and energy. He also claims that all species on earth have an independent origin from pools of nucleic acids, according to his theory life is widespread throughout the whole universe. Genomic potential hypothesis of evolution: A concept of biogenesis in habitable spaces of the universe, Christian Schwabe, The Anatomical Record, Volume 268, Issue 3, pages 171-179, 1 November 2002 Online PDF Link

But as you can see it has been published in a notable journal. Chemistryfan (talk) 21:41, 18 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It's a notable and even very respectable journal, but I'm absolutely flabbergasted that an anatomical journal would publish any article on a subject like this, as it is completely beyond their usual scope. I'm sure that there's a story behind this, perhaps someone can find the sources. --Crusio (talk) 17:14, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The current full title of the journal is "The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology". It had a special issue on astrobiology. This is undue weight to a singular fringe usage of the term "biogenesis" which relies an unaccepted alternate definition of life. The personal rebranding of the molecular origin of life, abiogenesis, as biogenesis by redefining life back to the chemical constituents does not qualify this material for inclusion in this article as that, too, is a fringe position. Most importantly, many of the claims cannot be found in the two sources, one primary.Novangelis (talk) 18:15, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The paper by Schwabe on biogenesis, can be found here Link he argues that the laws of chemistry are universal and that life has always existed in the universe. Chemistryfan (talk) 19:08, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

WHAT LAW???
I notice that the section regarding the law of biogenesis always seems to have the mentions of Creationists removed. The "law of biogenesis" is not recognized. It's an invenstion by creationists so they can then claim evolution violates it. I'm paraphrasing PZ Meyers on that last bit.75.92.195.155 (talk) 19:12, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Biogenesis a fact confirmed by the entire history of biology and the life sciences. Every bit of relevant data unequivocally supports it.  If Biogenesis isn't a law of nature, than nothing is. 76.179.130.102 (talk) 03:18, 5 August 2013 (UTC)
 * So many things wrong with that comment... It is a "process". Now, the law of biogenesis, too vaguely defined to be a Scientific law, is a statement that holds increasingly more true the more complex an organism is.Grey.dreyk (talk) 13:14, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
 * There is nothing vague about it. Life only comes from life.  It is a simple fact of nature, no different than Mendelian laws of inheritance. There are no "less complex" organisms that show evidence of defying this.  70.16.207.189 (talk) 21:59, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Today, yes, but billions of years ago, the situation was drastically different. Having said that, there is no official "(scientific) law of biogenesis."--Mr Fink (talk) 22:37, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Because you say so? See "Sir William Thomson on the Law of Biogenesis and The Law of Gravitation 1871." It's considered a law then just as it is now. Being a fundamental part of biology means that it being called "the law of biogenesis" makes it a scientific law. Indeed all dictionaries call it a scientific principle. I've encountered nothing but opinion disputing this fact. --Hskian (talk) 17:27, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Can you provide some sources that declare biogenesis a scientific law, or are you just cranky from running from soapbox to soapbox, trying to pick fights all day?--Mr Fink (talk) 21:19, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

Is biogenesis a belief or scientific theory?
Is biogenesis a belief or scientific theory? The Pasteur experiments imply the latter. --beefyt (talk) 20:09, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

It's a scientific law. Although clearly some here dispute that. --Hskian (talk) 17:27, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

maybe it would be adequate...
in consideration of the lay public, perhaps it would be commendable for this article to include a brief section that pertains to secondary and tertiary sources that critically analyse the topic (by this I am referring to scientific sources, including but not exclusively journal articles). FoCuSandLeArN (talk) 21:48, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Opening paragraph statement
The generation of life from non-living material is called abiogenesis, and it has occurred at least once in the history of the Earth, when life first arose

Sophie means wisdom said

do we need to cite statements of the obvious?

How this statement is allowed i dont know, we are talking science here, not what some users may 'believe', to the people who think this has been demonstrated claim your $3,000,000 worth of prizes and cite the relevant literature. Until you find the literature (go to NCBI) i will add 'hypothesized to have occurred'. This is science, NOT OPINION.

http://www.originlife.org/

http://www.us.net/life/

From abiogenesis page (even that has it accurate in that it says 'may' and thats the main page).

In particular, the term usually refers to the processes by which life on Earth may have arisen. I

I have added 'hypothesized to have'.

My name IS NOT jinxmchue either.

Jinx69 (talk) 02:57, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * And yet, it is by your opinion that you insist on inserting the weasel word phrase of "hypothesized to have".--Mr Fink (talk) 03:50, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, Jinx69, you are the one who initiates all of these edit wars, as you're the one who makes edits without trying to achieve consensus from other editors, insert weasel words, and trying to browbeat other editors into accepting your edits without question, all while ignoring everything other editors have to say.--Mr Fink o(talk) 13:03, 10 September 2012 (UTC)ppl
 * This statement seems to be out of place. This is an article on biogenesis, not abiogenesis. As such I would suggest we leave the sentence at: 'The generation of life from non-living material is called abiogenesis.' Thereby linking to the Abiogenesis page where a person can get the full picture instead of a small piece of information that is not directly related to biogenesis.--YK102 (talk) 21:18, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

AFAIK at the moment, the current sentence ("The generation of life from non-living material is called abiogenesis, and has occurred at least once in the history of the Earth, or in the history of the Universe (see panspermia), when life first arose."), with citation and related relevant wikilinks, seems scientifically sound and acceptable - and entirely appropriate to a scientific article on "Biogenesis" - in any case - Enjoy! :) Drbogdan (talk) 23:20, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

Kneejerk
I am desperately trying to understand the kneejerk reaction around an edit concerning whether abiogenesis "has" occurred as opposed to "is speculated to have" occurred. While I am beginning to understand why I was told 3 years ago at the beginning of my Ph.D. program NOT to trust Wikipedia as a credible academic resource, I still thought that the people editing the articles would use some type of credible scientific approach in editing information. The article by Spiegel and Turner (2012) does not "prove" abiogenesis. It is simply a probability model that incorporates speculated data for a probability outcome of life by abiogenesis on earth-like planets, if such a thing occurred on earth. The authors themselves say, "The early emergence of life on Earth has been taken as evidence that the PROBABILITY [emphasis added] of abiogenesis is high, if starting from young Earth-like conditions" (p.395) Lest we assume that they do not in fact mean that abiogenesis on Earth is  undisputed, they also add the following, "However, knowledge of the actual origin of life on Earth, to say nothing of other possible ways in which it might originate, is so limited that a more complex model is not yet justified." (p.396) Using this or any research that fails to prove abiogenesis, while it explicitly states it is invoking probability is a breach of scientific integrity. One of the main reasons certain groups of people now doubt our work as researchers and scientists is because of this type of pseudoscience demonstrated by the contributors of Wikipedia that purports to be both scientific and factual, while in reality it is closely linked itself to pure ideology as opposed to empirical evidence. Feel free to change it back from my edit, knowing that I will not only support my most esteemed professors' advice concerning the lack of academic credibility at Wikipedia but will also share my newfound knowledge with colleagues, learners, friends, and any other group of people that I may encounter, which is simply validating the comments made by my professors that the site lacks any real academic credibility. This is quite easy to see as I go back and look at how many times this wording has been changed to satisfy ideology instead of science. Since the authors of the article being cited for proof do indeed state themselves that there is no proof, how can one possibly take this article or any article seriously, for there is apparently a war of ideologies on this website as opposed to actual scientific inquiry. BKH — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.189.56.188 (talk) 07:18, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The world was lifeless, then it had life. There is nothing controversial about that.Novangelis (talk) 13:23, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

My apologies for editing the last comment on the talk page. I thought I was on the article page. However, saying life wasn't here and then it was is not a credible address to the points raised. If the researchers of the study you cite do not see the answer as being that simple, I hardly think it is appropriate to use them as a citation for your opinion. You're basically making a faith claim, so before you criticize other ideologies, make sure you're not committing the same offense. Back it up with a credible reference that supports your stated point with empirical evidence. If not, at least don't use a research study that states the opposite--that there is no certainty about the origin of life on Earth. BKH — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.189.56.188 (talk) 14:54, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Please be aware that the Wikipedia editors who edit and patrol science pages often have to deal with Creationist trolls who try to covertly and overtly insert anti-science propaganda into science articles on a semi-daily, if not semi-hourly basis. Some of the more eloquent trolls often embroil themselves in long edit wars trying to insert weasel words with the deliberate intent to cast unreasonable doubt on scientific theories.  That is why Novangelis and I reverted your edits: i.e., that we wrongly assumed that you were trying to cast unreasonable doubt on Abiogenesis.  Having said that, if you think that Wikipedia is such an extremely untrustworthy information source, then why are you here trying to defend your edits?--Mr Fink 15:22, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

Mr. Fink, I can appreciate someone genuinely being concerned about scholarly work, and if you or Novangelis are seriously concerned about quality, I would ask why neither of you has addressed the fact that you are using a reference to imply a statement is true when the reference does not say that at all. This is far from a matter of trolling, for although I have used Wikipedia in the past to look up various topics, I liked to think that it reflected true scholarship and integrity. This is not a matter of creationism or evolution as far as I can see. The matter is one of integrity as a scholar. It seems quite pointless to state the obvious once again, but let me try. The authors of the cited study plainly state that they are uncertain as to how life originated. This does not imply creationism unless you're blind to all other possibilities. They do, however, speculate that abiogenesis happened on Earth, so the wording has integrity that way. If you're going to falsify information, would it not be better to remove the reference and simply state an unsubstantiated claim. Once again, this is not a matter of whether abiogenesis is or isn't true, but if you are going to cite an article stating that it is, at least have the scholastic integrity to pick one that states such a proposition as fact. I have defended the edits because it makes the sentence viable, but if all you're looking for is making your point whether you can find a viable article or not, go for it. I will leave the integrity of the edit up to you and Novangelis, because it is obvious that you are so protective of an ideology that valid objections are meaningless. Creationism or evolution were the fartherest things from my mind, since I actually read the article. The issue was bad scholarship, and no university I attended for any of my degrees would have tolerated such falsification of references. Perhaps your is different. There has been no credible discussion of this reference and the subsequent wording, and yes, I do think it reflects on all of Wikipedia. Rest assured that I will not seek to correct the mistake again. BKH — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.189.56.188 (talk) 15:44, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

 * FWIW - I entirely agree - better refs re article content are always welcomed - one possibly relevant ref to the lede sentence at issue has been posted => < ref name="NIH-20060612"> - if interested, related refs may be found HERE - please feel free to rv/mv/ce of course - in any case - Enjoy! :) Drbogdan (talk) 16:45, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

It looks like I'll have to keep this article on my watchlist permanently. :-) "The authors of the cited study plainly state that they are uncertain as to how life originated" - yes, but how life originated is a very different question than whether life originated. The article clearly states (among other things), "we can try to use our knowledge that life arose at least once in an environment (whatever it was) on the early Earth..." so I can't see how this fails to support the statement. I have reinserted the change, but (of course) I am happy to discuss. Arc de Ciel (talk) 00:40, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that there's a "war" going on here where anyone who doubts the hypothesis of abiogenesis is instantly branded as a creationist, a troll or non-scientific despite the fact that it's very reasonable to doubt abiogenesis given that we can't test it or prove it. 67.189.56.188 is right in what they say. --Hskian (talk) 17:27, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

Irrelevant
What does the this have to do with Biogenesis?

 * "but proponents of abiogenesis claimed that this did not apply to microbes and continued to hold that these could arise spontaneously."

No citation and it also contradicts the abiogenesis and the spontaneous generation article. Spontaneous Generation means that ordinary living organisms like mice and maggots can be formed often and spontaneously. It was believed that specific organisms came from specific non living matter other than eggs and seeds. One example used in the Spontaneous Generation article is the "recipe" for mice:

 * "a piece of soiled cloth plus wheat for 21 days"

Another "recipe" for scorpions:

 * "basil, placed between two bricks and left in sunlight"

If you honestly think that disproving the fact that mice can be created with cloth and wheat proves "the law of biogenesis" you are sadly mistaken. I will remove it if a citation isn't provided within a few days.

At first I didn't think there was a problem including Spontaneous Generation in the article but after some more reading I would really like to know why it is included. Like I said before I don't see how disproving the ridiculous idea of Spontaneous Generation has anything at all to do with biogenesis. Please explain to me how it has anything to do with biogenesis. К wiztas  (talk) 09:40, 24 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Geez...I started reading citations. The citations for:

 * "That is, life does not arise from non-living material, which was the position held by spontaneous generation."

 * I couldn't find that at all on the page used as a "citation" . I read for about 1 hour and then decided I wasn't getting anywhere and tried a search. I tried mixtures of words; looked at every location where spontaneous and life/living were mentioned. I think someone used the link because it is like 20000 words and is about Pasteur so it is kinda relevant but does not at all say what it is cited for. I really think whoever posted it didn't think it would be read.
 * http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm
 *  К wiztas  (talk) 13:45, 24 March 2014 (UTC)

Room for improvement
I think it's still necessary to elaborate on the distinction between life in general and complex, modern life. I also think this article could do with a phrase or to, or at least a link to an article, describing how the fact that the "law of biogenesis" is generally called a law does not mean that it must hold without exception. Since obviously it cannot. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gralgrathor (talk • contribs) 14:36, 13 June 2016 (UTC)

Organelles?
The very first sentence should not have the word "organelles" but should end with the word "organisms." Biogenesis refers to whole organisms, not parts of organisms. . Nowhere in the article are organelles discussed. The word should be removed from the first sentence. Rubiks6 (talk) 11:59, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Dicdef
The article consisted basically of a rehash of the history of spontaneous generation and Pasteur's refutation of that theory, leaving the only "new" bit the dictionary definition that biogenesis = getting life from life, i.e. normal biology (reproduction, or at a stretch a bit of evolution). In other words, there's nothing there (per WP:DICDEF) for an article: we can't have an article which just says that a term is defined as such-and-such, as Wikipedia is not a dictionary. I've created a short section in spontaneous generation that describes the historic usage (now obsolete, as modern biologists say "reproduction" when they are talking about getting life from life), and redirected to that new section. I do hope this is clear and fine with everyone. Otherwise, happy to discuss. Chiswick Chap (talk) 17:50, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Pathetic lack of historical perspective -> confusion, errors
The words Biogenesis and Abiogenesis were introduced to the world by Thomas H Huxley in 1870, calling on previous work by Francesco Redi in a Presidential Address to the BAAS. Huxley's definitions were:

"the hypothesis that living matter always arises by the agency of pre-existing living matter ... I shall call ... the hypothesis of Biogenesis ... and ... that living matter may be produced by not living matter [I shall call] the hypothesis of Abiogenesis" BAPhilp (talk) 07:51, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

A little later Huxley, attributing earlier work to Francesco Redi, said this, which hastily misread may have led to the idea behind the redirect:

(quote) Against all odds, however, Redi, strong with the strength of demonstrable fact, did splendid battle for Biogenesis; but it is remarkable that he held the doctrine in a sense which, if he had lived in these times, would have infallibly caused him to be classed among the defenders of "spontaneous generation." "Omne vivum ex vivo," "no life without antecedent life," aphoristically sums up Redi's doctrine; but he went no further. (end quote)

Thomas H. Huxley, Discourses — Biological and Geological Essays, 1894 Project Gutenberg EBook #10060 — Preceding unsigned comment added by BAPhilp (talk • contribs) 21:36, 13 June 2023 (UTC) Thanks, bot, sorry. BAPhilp (talk) 21:51, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

 * more work required -- see above re Henry Charlton Bastian BAPhilp (talk) 22:11, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biogenesis


text: User talk:218.102.223.226

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:218.102.223.226


text:
User:Katefan0/Desk

'''Note: User has left the project. Please do NOT assign tasks to her. Thanks'''

title: User:Katefan0/Desk


text: User talk:151.198.186.10

title: User talk:151.198.186.10


text:
Ivo Belet

Ivo Maria Robert Belet (born on 7 June 1959 in Sint-Truiden), is a Belgian politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for Flanders with the CD&V, part of the European People's Party. He is a former news anchor of VRT, the Flemish public broadcaster.

Education and early career

 * 1981: Degree in Germanic philology from KU Leuven
 * 1983: Trainee at the European Parliament and the European Commission
 * 1984: Assistant to an MEP
 * 1985: Editor at Concentra NV
 * 1988: Degree in economics
 * 1989: Journalist with VRT-TV (Flemish Radio and Television Company)
 * 1996: MBA from Hasselt University

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2019
During his time as Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2019, Belet served on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (2004-2006, 2009-2014), the Committee on Culture and Education (2006–2009) and the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (since 2014). From 2008 until 2009, he was a member of the Temporary Committee on Climate Change. From 2017 until 2019, he also served on the Special Committee on Terrorism, a temporary body to address the practical and legislative deficiencies in the fight against terrorism across the EU.

Belet was a substitute for the Committee on Transport and Tourism. He was also a member of the delegation for relations with India. In addition to his committee assignments, he served as a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Children's Rights.

Political positions
In May 2011, as rapporteur on the future of professional football, with Syed Kamall, Chairman of the Parliamentary Sports Intergroup, he called for a reform of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association: "FIFA is facing a series of corruption scandals, dragging professional football through the mud. It is time for a big clean-up. We, in the European Parliament, therefore support a thorough reform of FIFA. A transparent and independent committee needs to lead an enquiry into the malpractices".

title: Ivo Belet


text:
Keyswitch

 * A keyswitch is a type of small switch used for keys on keyboards.
 * Key switch is also used to describe a switch operated by a key, usually used in burglar alarm circuits. A car ignition is also a switch of this type.

title: Keyswitch


text:
Mark Leyner

Mark Leyner (born January 4, 1956) is an American postmodernist author.

Biography
Mark Leyner was born in Jersey City, NJ to a Jewish family. He is the son of Joel and Muriel (née Chasan) Leyner, who had divorced by 1997. Leyner received a B.A. from Brandeis University in 1977 and a M.F.A. from University of Colorado in 1979. He was briefly married to Arleen Portada, before marrying his second wife, Mercedes and having a daughter, Gabrielle.

Leyner employs an intense and unconventional style in his works of fiction. His stories are generally humorous and absurd, with bizarre juxtapositions of people, places and things reminiscent of a Mad Lib. Leyner incorporates many medical references throughout his work.

In The Tetherballs of Bougainville, Mark's father survives a lethal injection at the hands of the New Jersey penal system, and so is freed but must live the remainder of his life in fear of being executed, at New Jersey's discretion, in any situation and regardless of collateral damage. They frequently incorporate elements of meta-fiction: In the same novel, an adolescent Mark produces a film adaptation of the story of his father's failed execution, although he reads a newspaper review of the movie to the prison's warden, and then dies, before even leaving the prison. At the sentence level, Leyner uses sprawling imagery and an extravagant vocabulary, bordering on prose poetry.

Leyner has also worked as a columnist for Esquire and George magazines, and as a writer for the MTV program Liquid Television. He also co-wrote and voiced a short-lived series of audio fiction called Wiretap.

Leyner also studied with noted post-modern author Steve Katz at the University of Colorado-Boulder.

During the 1990s, Leyner was a resident of Hoboken, New Jersey, together with his dog Carmella.

In the mid-to-late 2000s, Leyner collaborated with Dr. Billy Goldberg on three humorous, though fact-based, books on medicine.

Filmography
He is credited with co-authoring the screenplay of War, Inc.

Selected works

 * Novels
 * Et Tu, Babe (1992)
 * The Tetherballs of Bougainville (1998)
 * The Sugar Frosted Nutsack (2012)
 * Gone with the Mind (2016)
 * Last Orgy of the Divine Hermit (2021); reprinted as Daughter (Waiting for Her Drunk Father to Return from the Men's Room) (2022)
 * Short story collections:
 * I Smell Esther Williams and Other Stories (1983)
 * My Cousin, My Gastroenterologist (1990)
 * Tooth Imprints on a Corn Dog (1996)
 * Non-fiction
 * Why Do Men Have Nipples? Hundreds of Questions You'd Only Ask a Doctor After Your Third Martini (2005)
 * Why Do Men Fall Asleep After Sex? More Questions You'd Only Ask a Doctor After Your Third Whiskey Sour (2006)
 * Let's Play Doctor: The Instant Guide to Walking, Talking, and Probing like a Real M.D. (2008)

title: Mark Leyner


text:
Talk:Four-frequency

I thought that the wave four-vector at least deserved a mention. Mpatel

"The wave four-vector is more often used in practice than the four-frequency,"

Seems a little unverifiable.163.1.62.20 (talk) 23:24, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Four-frequency


text:
Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra

The Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra is an orchestra based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The orchestra gives the majority of its performances in the Jack Singer Concert Hall at Arts Commons. It is also the resident orchestra for the Calgary Opera, Alberta Ballet Company, and the Honens International Piano Competition.

History
The Orchestra has a relatively short history, which began in 1910 with the founding of the First Calgary Symphony by violinist A.P. Howell. Max Weil was this early orchestra's conductor in 1912-1914. In 1947, the New Calgary Symphony was formed by Clayton Hare with members of the Mount Royal Orchestra and the previous Calgary Symphony.

In 1955, the Dutch conductor Henry Plukker created the Alberta Philharmonic, which in the same year merged with the Calgary Symphony. The new name for the combined orchestra was the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra. Prelude, the orchestra's program magazine, began publication in October 1975 and continues to be their official concert programme. The Orchestra often features the Calgary Philharmonic Chorus, a chorus of over 120 members.

In 2001, management of the orchestra initiated a lockout and salaries of the players were cut by an average of 20 percent. In 2002, the orchestra had declared bankruptcy. In 2003, the orchestra came out of receivership, and Mike Bregazzi became their CEO and president. He retired from these posts in 2005. Ann Lewis Luppino became the orchestra's next CEO. Lewis Luppino retired in June 2015, and Paul Dornian was named the new President & CEO. Hans Graf, music director from 1994 to 2003, is currently music director laureate of the orchestra. Roberto Minczuk, who was named to the post in July 2005, served as music director from 2006 to 2016. Minczuk now has the title of music director laureate, shared with Graf.

In March 2016, Rune Bergmann made his first guest-conducting appearance with the orchestra. Based on this appearance, in July 2016 the orchestra named Bergmann its next music director, effective with the 2017–2018 season. Rune Bergmann announced that the 2024-2025 season would be his last as the Music Director at the Calgary Philharmonic.

Live stream
The CPO began live streaming some of their concerts during the 2017/2018 season.

Music directors

 * Henry Plukker (1955–1962)
 * Haymo Taeuber (1963–1968)
 * José Iturbi (1968–1969)
 * Maurice Handford (1970–1975)
 * Arpad Joó (1977–1984)
 * Mario Bernardi (1984–1992)
 * Hans Graf (1995–2003)
 * Roberto Minczuk (2006–2016)
 * Rune Bergmann (2017 – )

Recordings
The orchestra has made over 10 recordings for CBC Records, including the following works:
 * Piano Concerti of Bartok, Prokofiev and Malcolm Forsyth (Jane Coop, piano/Mario Bernardi, conductor)
 * Franz Liszt Piano Concertos (Janina Fialkowska, Piano)
 * Cello Concerti of Elgar & Saint-Saëns (Shauna Rolston, Cello)
 * Mozart – 12 Overtures (Mario Bernardi, Conductor)
 * Mendelssohn – Symphonies 1 & 5 (Mario Bernardi, Conductor)
 * Schumann – Symphonies No. 1, 2, 3 & 4 (Mario Bernardi, Conductor)
 * Mahler – Symphony No. 1 (Hans Graf, Music Director)
 * Tchaikovsky – Piano Concerto No. 1 with Pavel Kolesnikov (Roberto Minczuk, Music Director and Pavel Kolesnikov, piano)
 * Rhapsody in Blue: The Best of George Gerswhin (Roberto Minczuk, Music Director)
 * Beethoven Symphonies Nos. 1 & 3 (Roberto Minczuk, Music Director)
 * Beethoven Symphonies Nos. 5 & 8 (Roberto Minczuk, Music Director)

title: Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra


text:
City Brewing Company

City Brewing Company (also known as City Brewery) is a large brewery located in La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA. It is the former flagship facility of the Heileman Brewery, and can brew up to 7 million barrels of beer a year. Its twin-stream brewhouse can manage 16 brews of 1,100 barrels per day at the same time.

History
In 1999 the old G. Heileman Brewing Company's former brewery buildings in La Crosse were bought by a group of investors who founded the City Brewing Company. This brought the brewing facility back in name only to 1858 when German immigrants John Gund and Gottlieb Heileman originally founded the G.Heileman Brewing Company in La Crosse.

In September 2006, the company agreed to purchase the Latrobe Brewery in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, former makers of Rolling Rock. The new City Brewery Latrobe entered into an agreement with Boston Beer Company in April 2007, and began producing that company's Samuel Adams beer that spring. In March 2011, the company bought a brewery in Memphis, Tennessee, originally built by Schlitz in 1971 and later owned by Coors for $30 million.

Purchase of Latrobe Brewery
As Anheuser-Busch moved production of Rolling Rock to New Jersey in 2006, an owner was sought for the original Latrobe Brewing Company in Pennsylvania. City Brewery completed the purchase and in March 2007, the Latrobe brewery reopened its doors and to produce Samuel Adams for the Boston Beer Company. Boston Beer had pledged 3 to 7 million dollars to upgrade the plant. It was estimated that 200,000 to 250,000 barrels of beer would be produced in the plant during the remainder of 2007.

In late October 2008 City Brewery-Latrobe laid off 70 workers, forcing a temporary shutdown, then stopped brewing beer at the plant in November. Boston Beer Co. moved their operations to an old Schaefer brewery it had purchased in the Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania. In May 2009 Iron City Brewing signed a deal with City Brewing Co to begin producing beer at the plant in June, with bottling/kegging production resumed in July, 2009.

In July 2009 some Southampton brands (Double White, IPA, Altbier, Pumpkin, Imperial Porter) were moved to Latrobe from Lion Brewing, of Wilkes-Barre, PA.

In addition to Iron City Beer, City Brewing also produces Stoney's and Stoney's Light in Latrobe.

In 2009, the Latrobe plant installed a can line and started canning in 12- and 16-ounce packages. A 24-ounce can line was added later.

Other uses of "City Brewery"
City Brewery was also the name of another Wisconsin company founded by Johann Braun in 1846, which merged into the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company of Milwaukee.

City Brewery was also the name of a brewing company founded in 1855 in Dunkirk, NY by George Dotterweich, an immigrant from Germany. George Dotterweich died in 1884 and the brewery was taken over by his brother, Andrew J. Dotterweich. In 1900, Andrew J. died and the brewery was taken over by his son Andrew C. Dotterweich. The company name was then changed to the A. Dotterweich Brewing Company, and operations continued until the start of Prohibition.

Other brands brewed
A number of other breweries and beverage companies contract or have contracted out to City Brewing Company. Among the other brands:
 * Arizona Tea
 * Monster Energy
 * Zima
 * Schneider's Tea
 * Shaq Soda
 * Angry Orchard
 * Iron City
 * IC Light
 * Atwater IPA
 * Founding Fathers Lager & Light
 * Milwaukee Lager & Light
 * Narragansett
 * Mike's Hard Lemonade
 * Lucky Number 7 Malt Liquor
 * Potosi Light
 * Kronik Energy Drink
 * Smirnoff Ice
 * Samuel Adams
 * Drink Four Brewing Company
 * Blue Point Brewing
 * Duquesne Pilsner
 * Milwaukee Premium Classic Lager and Light
 * Kül Lite
 * Red Stripe
 * Crazy Stallion
 * The Bronx Brewery
 * Sapporo
 * William K Busch Brewing Co
 * Montucky Cold Snacks
 * Sixpoint
 * Guinness Blonde American Lager
 * Camo Brewing Company

title: City Brewing Company


text:
Casting couch

The casting couch is a euphemism for the practice of soliciting sexual favors from a job applicant in exchange for employment in the entertainment industry, primarily acting roles. The practice is illegal in the United States. Predominantly male casting directors and film producers use the casting couch to extract sex from aspiring actors in Hollywood, Bollywood, Broadway, and other segments of the industry. The term casting couch originally referred to physical couches in the casting office, but is now a metonym for the phenomenon as a whole. Depictions of casting couch sexual encounters have also become a genre of pornography.

Legality
The casting couch is illegal under United States and California law. In the United States, the majority of lawsuits related to the practice are settled, resulting in a lack of case law.

Etymology
In The Atlantic, linguist Ben Zimmer described the casting couch as "a metonym for the skewed sexual politics of show business", which has been normalized into a cliché due to the prevalence of sexually aggressive men with positions of authority in Hollywood cinema and Broadway theatre.

Economics
According to economists Thomas Borcherding and Darren Filson, the high risk and returns in Hollywood cinema encourage the casting couch phenomenon. The possibility of high returns incentivizes unestablished actors to accept minimal wages in exchange for roles. With the exception of a few extremely talented actors, producers are unable to evaluate the aptitude of the vast majority of qualified actors due to uncertainty. As a result, some actors give sexual favors to producers to obtain a perceived advantage in the casting; the casting couch functions as a counterpayment that effectively reduces their wages. This creates a conflict of interest in which corrupt producers substitute aptitude (an unquantifiable variable) with sexual activity in their decision-making.

Actors who submit to the casting couch are not guaranteed roles, as there is an abundance of actors who participate in the practice. An actor's decision of whether to provide sex is comparable to the prisoner's dilemma, and results in a tragedy of the commons in which sex is needed to obtain film roles from producers who demand it, but fails to provide an advantage relative to other actors who offer sexual favors. The practice is illegal in the United States and likely involves some degree of sexual exploitation or sexual harassment. Actors who do not participate in the casting couch are subject to externalities, including reduced employability.

Borcherding and Filson argue that the casting couch became less prominent after the Hollywood studio system, which enforced long-term employment contracts for actors, was eliminated on antitrust grounds in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948). Long-term contracts gave producers stronger bargaining power, which was used by corrupt producers to extract sex from actors more effectively.

Pornography
The Casting Couch (c. 1924), a classic title in the stag film genre, was an early depiction of the casting couch as a pornographic trope that later became mundane as it grew in popularity. In the sixteen-minute film, a casting director tells a young actress to wear a swimsuit during an audition, spies on her in a voyeuristic manner while she undresses in a different room, and enters the room to solicit sex from her. The actress initially rebuffs his advances with disgust, but returns to the director after taking advice from a book titled How to Become a Movie Star. She performs fellatio and vaginal intercourse in exchange for a role in his film; the latter takes place on a couch. The Casting Couch concludes with an intertitle that states, "the only way to become a star is to get under a good director and work your way up". Zimmer credited the film with popularizing the term casting couch.

The trend of casting couch scenarios used on pornography websites began with Backroom Casting Couch in 2007.

The website GirlsDoPorn, which operated between 2009 and 2020, was described as a casting couch site. The depicted women were manipulated, coerced, lied to, given marijuana or other drugs or physically forced to have sex, according to the accounts of victims and material from a lawsuit against the company. Six people involved in the website were charged with sex trafficking by force, fraud and coercion in November 2019.

title: Casting couch


text:
Talk:Harmala alkaloid

merged in material from Telepathine--Heah 18:00, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why should all the individual chemicals redirect here?
Noticed that Harmine, Harmaline, Tetrahydroharmine, Harmalol and Tetrahydroharmol are all just redirects to this article. I don't think this is a good idea personally, as these are all different chemicals and could easily have their own articles (including links here). I'm going to work on creating articles on these topics, so if anyone wants to help out, great.--Eloil 00:48, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Harmine is a pretty good-sized article now, getting out of the stub range.--Eloil 06:31, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

This is still a good question. Moreover, why is there so little about P. harmala? A lot of B. caapi and ayahuasca stuff here could simply be redirected to those articles, by someone else perhaps? Jace1 (talk) 07:47, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. Just had tetrahydroharmine loop back to the same page.67.167.106.3 (talk) 16:47, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

'some' harmala alkaloids?

 * "Some harmala alkaloids, particularly harmine and harmaline, are found in the seeds of the Middle Eastern plant Harmal (Peganum harmala..."

Aren't all harmala alkaloids found in Peganum harmala by definition? Unless there are some found in the plant but not the seeds (which ones?)--Eloil 02:29, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Why not combine this with beta carboline?

Also, interaction between tyramine and harmine is not significant enough to cause problems; the author of this must be assuming that since pharmaceutical MAOI's interact with tyramine, that all MAOI's must as well. 68.81.5.211 02:07, 4 June 2007 (UTC)anon

Not all harmala alkaloids are found in P. harmala. Tetrahydroharmine, for example, is not. I'll fix this in the article now. Jace1 (talk) 07:32, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A
Both Harmal and Harmaline articles states that the MAO-inhibiting effects restricts only to MAO-A so "cheese syndrome" isn't such a big concern. It's a bit confusing when this article states that "cheese syndrome" is associated with monoamine oxidase A inhibitors, but not monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. I think that sentence should be rewritten to inlcude the RIMA information. Ahabvihrea (talk) 10:25, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Ahabvihrea is absolutely correct! I will also take just a bit of time to clean this up a bit.Jace1 (talk) 07:33, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Ugh! What a daunting task! I've done some minor editing on this article now, but a lot of this stuff can be deleted and/or redirected to other articles. Still, this article is lacking good info on P. harmala. Jace1 (talk) 07:50, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

regarding the "cheese syndrome" i reversed mao-a and mao-b as mao-b inhibition to my knowledge is responible for "cheese syndrome" where as mao-a inhibition is not. maybe it should be mentioned that large doses of harmala alkaloids may begin to cause some mao-b inhibition. -some guy on 5 February 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.36.152.220 (talk) 09:18, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

Formatting of example chemicals
It'd be useful if someone who's familiar with wiki formatting could clean up the example chemicals at the bottom of this article, they could definitely use a reformatting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Exercisephys (talk • contribs) 17:44, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harmala alkaloid


text:
Aztec Ace

Aztec Ace is an American creator-owned science fiction comic book formerly published by Eclipse Comics. Created by writer Doug Moench, 15 issues appeared from 1984 to 1985. Amazing Heroes would describe the series as "a strange cross between Dr. Who and the Illuminati trilogy".

Publication history
The series kept an irregular schedule due to main artist Dan Day's meticulous approach; by 1985 the book was aiming for a six-weekly schedule, with Eclipse editor-in-chief Cat Yronwode hoping for nine or ten issues a year. Other contributors to Aztec Ace included Mike Harris and Mike Gustovich. The Aztec Ace logo was created by Denis McFarling.

Aztec Ace featured appearances from numerous historical figures, including Amelia Earhart, Glenn Miller and Ambrose Bierce. The series ended abruptly, leaving several storylines unresolved. This was announced as being due to the difficulty in finding adequate fill-in artists. In 1988, a copy of Aztec Ace #13 - featuring Bridget dressed as Cleopatra - was part of an Egyptology exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum.

For Eclipse's 10th anniversary in 1988, they commissioned the crossover mini-series Total Eclipse, and the creators of Aztec Ace gave permission for Marv Wolfman to use the characters in the series. The characters had sizeable roles in the series, with Nine-Crocodile the overarching villain, while Moench contributed a short "Interlude" story centred on Aztec Ace for the second issue, with art by Tim Sale. This led to the announcement of plans to collect the earlier material as a trade paperback and to continue the story as a three-issue mini-series - tentatively titled Aztec Ace - Time Tripper - in 1992 with artist Doug Heinlein; however, these plans would not come to fruition.

Synopsis
The story revolves around a time traveller named Ace (real name: Caza), whose goal is to save the timestream from unravelling through various intricate adventures. Ace is from the 23rd century, with his base in pre-contact Aztec Mexico; he often visits ancient Egypt.

Caza is aided by Head - formerly his assistant Tempus Fugit, reduced to a disembodied head after an accident - and Bridget Kronopoulous, Ace's girlfriend from 1940 who may or may not be the Queen of Egypt. They travel through time in a time machine called the ACE (Azure Crosstime Express, though the characters often call it 'the Egg' due to its distinctive shape), which Head controls.

Ace's main enemy is Nine-Crocodile, who creates time paradoxes in an attempt to save his own dimension at the expense of other realities - especially the modern day planet Earth; his minions include the Nightgaunt and the Ebonati.

title: Aztec Ace


text:
Talk:Rock Bottom Restaurants

Fair use rationale for Image:Gnav rbi logo.gif
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BetacommandBot (talk) 17:24, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ua rbi restaurants ch.gif
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Fair use rationale for Image:Ua rbi restaurants rbr.gif
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Fair use rationale for Image:Ua rbi restaurants wb.gif
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:38, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rock Bottom Restaurants


text: User talk:68.192.89.42

title: User talk:68.192.89.42


text:
Talk:BJ's Restaurants

Written like an advertisement
The history section could pretty much be a duplicate of the back of their menu for all i know. it reads alot like an ad would. please fix this ! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.149.73.211 (talk) 08:58, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 07:54, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Naming
This is kinda silly... I went to BJ's Restaurant and it didn't redirect here. The name first in bold in the article is BJ’s Restaurants, Inc.. The title of the article is BJ's Restaurant & Brewery. In the sidebar box the title is BJ's Restaurant & Brewhouse. Consistency please, and create the appropriate redirects. 72.177.54.190 (talk) 23:17, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. Sign My Guestbook! User:Sumsum2010 23:52, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Refernences
Would it be adequete to refernce some stuff in the article with "Inside cover of menu"?Sign My Guestbook! User:Sumsum2010 23:55, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://investors.bjsrestaurants.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=99411&p=irol-homeProfile&t=&id=&. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 07:41, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://investors.bjsrestaurants.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=99411&p=irol-homeProfile&t=&id=&. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 23:28, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:BJ's Restaurants


text:
User:Antidoter

ME

Hi, just a newbie from the UK (aged 60) who has a wide range of interests and has been a writer for the last 20 years and an editor (print and online) for the last 10. Looking forward to getting the hang of things and contributing! Will add more when anything worthwhile to say...

Likely projects More on Old Garden (or Old Fashioned) Roses, Additions to NZ War History, More on Peter Drucker in Business, other bits and bobs...

title: User:Antidoter


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Will Mellor

William Mellor (born 3 April 1976) is an English actor, singer and model. He is known for his roles as Jambo Bolton in Hollyoaks, Gaz Wilkinson in Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, Warren Stamp in EastEnders, DC Spike Tanner in No Offence, Steve Connolly in Broadchurch, Georgie in Barking! and Ollie Curry in White Van Man. He appeared in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street as Harvey Gaskell (2021-2022, 2024). In 2024, he appeared as sub-postmaster Lee Castleton in the ITV drama Mr Bates vs The Post Office, about the British Post Office scandal.

Career
Mellor first came to the public's attention in 1990, when he played Ben Rowlingson in the children's programme Children's Ward. In 1992 he played Paul Howard in Brookside. In 1995, he joined the cast of the soap opera Hollyoaks and played James "Jambo" Bolton until 1998. He had a cameo as Jambo in a Christmas edition of Hollyoaks. He released a cover of Leo Sayer's "When I Need You", which reached number 5 in the UK Singles Chart, as well as a follow-up single called "No Matter What I Do", which reached number 23. He also made an appearance in the music video for Boyzone's Comic Relief single "When the Going Gets Tough".

Shortly after, Mellor appeared as Greg in Is Harry on the Boat?. He played Jack Vincent in Casualty from 2001 to 2003, and starred as Gaz Wilkinson in the comedy Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps from 2001 to 2011. Mellor starred as "Barmpot" in the postal worker drama Sorted, and played DC Jed Griffiths in the second series of Murder Investigation Team. In 2004, Mellor provided the voice for Georgie the dog in the CITV series Barking!. He played Tom in the second series of The Street. Mellor won the first series of the BBC singing contest Comic Relief Does Fame Academy in 2003. He made his EastEnders debut on 20 May 2007 playing womanising salesman Warren Stamp.

Mellor was a guest star in the BBC fantasy drama Merlin, playing the villain Valiant in the series second episode of the same name. In October 2008, he starred in The Prisoner, a documentary about prison life. Mellor portrayed Chris in the British horror thriller film The Reeds. Mellor did a brief stint on children's television channel CBeebies, in which he read books for the audience. In 2011, he starred in the BBC Three comedy White Van Man and the BBC One drama Waterloo Road.

From 2011 to 2012, he played Liam Flynn in the BBC One comedy series In with the Flynns, as well as appearing in White Van Man. Mellor had a guest role in the final episode of the BBC Three comedy series Mongrels. In 2013, he played Steve Connolly in the ITV detective drama Broadchurch. In 2014, he appeared on BBC One's Kay Mellor drama series In the Club. In February 2021, it was announced that Mellor would join the cast of Coronation Street as Harvey Gaskell, with his first scenes airing in March. From 24 September 2022, Mellor competed in the twentieth series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with professional dancer Nancy Xu. The couple made it to the semi-finals, but were eliminated on 12 December 2022, finishing in fifth place.

In 2024, he appeared as sub-postmaster Lee Castleton in the ITV drama Mr Bates vs The Post Office, about the British Post Office scandal. He later criticised the Post Office CEO Paula Vennells for a lack of "humanity" during the scandal.

Personal life
Mellor met dancer Michelle McSween when they starred together in the stage musical Oh, What a Night in 1999. They married in 2007, and have two children. In 2020, in a podcast with fellow actor and friend Ralf Little, Mellor discussed his struggle with depression after the death of his sister six years before. Mellor's father Bill died in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, two weeks after being diagnosed with cancer. In week 8 of Strictly Come Dancing, on 12 November 2022, Mellor danced a waltz to the song "Three Times a Lady", as a tribute to his father.

Guest appearances

 * All Star Family Fortunes (2011) – Contestant
 * All Star Mr & Mrs (5 June 2013) – Contestant
 * Big Star's Little Star (4 September 2013) – Contestant
 * I Love My Country (28 September 2013) – Guest
 * Through the Keyhole (2014, 2017) – Homeowner/panellist
 * Celebrity Juice (2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021) – Guest
 * A Question of Sport (2022) – Contestant

title: Will Mellor


text:
Marktl (disambiguation)

Marktl is the name of the following places:

 * Marktl in Upper Bavaria, Germany
 * a cadastral community of the municipality Straden in Styria, Austria
 * a cadastral community of the municipality Lilienfeld in Lower Austria, Austria

title: Marktl (disambiguation)


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Uruli

Uruli ( ഉരുളി) is a traditional cookware extensively used South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and a few neighbouring places. It is also pronounced as Urli and commonly made of clay, copper and bronze. Urulis were used in home for cooking and in ayurvedha to make medicines. Now Urulis are used as a decorative bowl to float flowers which is a part of South Indian tradition.

The uruli can be found in many traditional Tamil and Malayali homes, which show them in several sizes, like the small ones that have a more decorative function or also the very large “varpul”,that are used for cooking in big occasions that require a big amount of food. With its shallow circular shape this vessel is also used to display flower decor in traditional Tamil households and for the kani for the Malayalam New Year Vishu and these days, it is present in many resorts and hotel decorations.

title: Uruli


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Category:London and North Eastern Railway locomotives

This category is for locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway.


text:
Talk:Hitler Youth

Observation Point
Should this section be included within series of 'Nazism'? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nazism

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:23, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Education For Death.ogv

Youngest Hitler Youth fighter in the Battle of Berlin
A private Grebner born in March of 1935 fought the Russians for 4 days April 26 until the surrender of Berlin despite being age 10. 2600:1015:A004:404E:8023:9B7D:943F:FAF7 (talk) 05:41, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Monday - Spring 2024 HIST 401
— Assignment last updated by Jawgarci (talk) 03:21, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

Hitler Youth helmet decals
The helmet decals shown in Ranks and uniforms are fantasy, and the only source provided for their design is a Google search (where there is no photographic evidence of that decal design to be seen). ThomasTheWest (talk) 06:56, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

Colours - formatting
I should've probably asked beforehand, but have gone ahead and fixed the formatting of the colours section; a bunch of new stuff was added below the NSDAP Educational entry (white) a few years back which looks a bit wonky. Do these units also use white, or are their colours currently unknown? Happy to amend as necessary, just figured it could be less confusing than it was... --Vometia (talk) 17:10, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hitler Youth


text: Category:123 BC deaths

title: Category:123 BC deaths


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Renfrew South (provincial electoral district)

Renfrew South was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1867 at the time of confederation and was abolished in 1986 before the 1987 election.


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20-meter band

The 20-meter or 14-MHz amateur radio band is a portion of the shortwave radio spectrum, comprising frequencies stretching from 14.000 MHz to 14.350 MHz. The 20-meter band is widely considered among the best for long-distance communication (DXing), and is one of the most popular—and crowded—during contests. Several factors contribute to this, including the band's large size, the relatively small size of antennas tuned to it (especially as compared to antennas for the 40-meter band or the 80-meter band) and its good potential for daytime DX operation even in unfavorable propagation conditions.

History
The Third National Radio Conference was responsible for opening up the 20-meter band to amateur radio operators in the US on October 10, 1924. The band was allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C., on October 4, 1927. Its frequency allocation was then 14–14.4 MHz. The allocation was reduced to 14–14.35 MHz by the International Radio Conference of Atlantic City, New Jersey 1947.

IARU Region 1
Europe, Africa, Middle East and Northern Asia

IARU Region 2
The Americas

IARU Region 3
Asia-Pacific

United States
Effective 12:01 a.m. EST, February 23, 2007

Canada
Canada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion or guideline.

Japan
Changed on September 25, 2023.

Key

title: 20-meter band


text: Category:96 BC deaths

title: Category:96 BC deaths