text:
Justinian (1787 ship)

Justinian was launched in 1787 at Rotherhithe as a West Indiaman. Between 1789 and 1791 she served as a storeship, carrying provisions to the convict settlement at New South Wales. From there she sailed to China via Norfolk Island. She returned to England from China.

Career
Justinian first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1790 with Maitland, master, Hamilton, owner, and trade London–Botany Bay.

Transport to NSW and EIC voyage
Justinian left England on 29 July 1789 for Jamaica. She arrived there, unloaded her cargo, loaded a cargo of sugar, and returned to England. There the government hired her to carry stores to New South Wales. She had left for Jamaica on the same day that Lady Juliana left for Port Jackson, carrying convicts.

Captain Benjamin Maitland sailed Justinian on 29 December 1789, and she left Falmouth, England, on 20 January 1790, bound for New South Wales and China. After calling at Madeira and St Jago, she arrived at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson on 20 June, having been driven off from the harbour heads on 2 June. She had arrived at the Sydney Heads one day before Lady Juliana and only ill winds had prevented her from entering.

One week after Justinian's arrival, the three ships of the infamous Second Fleet arrived. After unloading, she departed for China on 28 July 1790, to load tea for the EIC for the return journey to Britain.

On the way, Justinian called at Norfolk Island, arriving there on 28 August in company with Surprize.

Justinian arrived at England on 8 October 1791. She then returned to the West Indies trade. She was last listed in Lloyd's Register in 1796.

title: Justinian (1787 ship)


text: Category:Glaciers of France

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Glaciers of France


text:
Talk:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

note
The term PEG seems to get missused a lot (not just on wikipedia) to refer to any G-tube. PEG properly refers to a procedure to place the tube, but not the tube itself. A G-tube placed with an open procedure may be functionaly equivilant to one placed percutaneously. Clearly refering to a tube so placed as a "PEG" is incorrect, yet one often hears this. I tried to adjust the article to reflect this distinction. I also emphasised the fact that a gastrostomy involves the stomach. Osmodiar 10:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I haven't found any mention of a RIG (Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy) on Wikipedia so I thought I'd just mention it here for anyone who knows more about it than me to pick up on.

Expert's corner
- don't know if it's useful. JFW | T@lk  15:49, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

I have expanded some of the article, and will expand the introduction and indications sections when I have a little more time. I hope to be able to provide some images for this article (both endoscopic and external) to illustrate the technique of PEG insertion soon. Gilo1969 (talk) 00:20, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

I would like to know if I qualify as an expert. Where do I find the criteria for a self-assessment prior to my suggesting or making edits? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Albinoowl2015 (talk • contribs) 14:47, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Dementia
Despite near-total consensus that advanced dementia is a contraindication for PEG, seems to show that dementia in itself does not lead to worse outcomes, but low serum albumin, CCF or a partial gastrectomy predict worse results. JFW | T@lk  07:58, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

It should not be surprising that inserting a PEG tube into a patient with advanced dementia does not improve the severity of dementia. I do not know of any intellectually honest doctor who inserts a PEG into a patient with dementia for the purpose of improving the dementia. Doctors do not insert a PEG tube for that reason. The statement that "advanced dementia is a contraindication for the insertion of a PEG" would mislead those who do not understand "advanced dementia", "contraindication" and gastrostomy tube. Albinoowl2015 (talk) 09:30, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Gastrostomy page
I suggest merging this with the stub page for Gastrostomy. Medicalmom (talk) 14:25, 13 December 2012 (UTC)Medicalmom

Moved from "history" section
Since 1985, two PEGs per patient have been employed to treat gastric volvulus. In 2006, a variation, the loop-PEG, was used in Singapore illegally by Dr Pang Ah San without prior clinical trials. Dr Pang was fined $10,000 and censured by the Singapore Medical Council (SMC) in 2012 following the death of one of the patients. Dr Pang was further suspended for six months, fined S$10,000, censured and ordered to pay the full costs of the proceedings by the High Courts in 2014 for his "complete lack of remorse”. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/two-surgeons-suspended/1559552.html The treatment supposedly decreased the risks of accidental tube dislodgement, and the risks during tube exchange, the loop-PEG gives a better risk-benefit ratio.

The above is not "history" but an entirely different indication. I think it needs to be rewritten and placed in the right section. JFW | T@lk  20:36, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

Yes, it should be rewritten to remove sensational news reports. History or not, it might be prudent to hear both sides of the story. Dr Pang has blogged about his troubles with the Singapore Medical Council (SMC) at http://pangahsan-v-smc.blogspot.sg and http://loop-gastrostomy.blogspot.sg — Preceding unsigned comment added by Albinoowl2015 (talk • contribs) 14:44, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

I am Dr Pang Ah San. I do respect the right of a person to hold an opinion in the matter between the Singapore Medical Council and me. I may disagree with the opinion held, and I would love to correct a wrong opinion, but I am mature enough to know that it would be a futile exercise unless that person is intellectually honest. The Singapore High Court of Three Judges, having considered my appeal and dismissing it, released its written grounds of decision about 6 months later. I have given my side of the story in my blogs, for example, http://drpangahsan.blogspot.sg/2014/08/points-oflaw-1-it-would-be-pure-humbug.html

For my opinion of why I was suspended, the interested person may visit http://pangahsan-v-smc.blogspot.sg/

I am not a historian, and would not be dogmatic about whether the dual-PEG and later loop-PEG qualify for inclusion into the "History" section. So I shall leave it for others to decide.

Since 1985, two PEGs per patient have been employed to treat gastric volvulus. In 2006, a variation, the loop-PEG, was used in Singapore by Dr Pang Ah San. The loop-PEG gives a better balance between the tube security and ease of tube change.

The above is factually accurate.Albinoowl2015 (talk) 10:05, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Incorrect redirect from RIG (radiologically insterted gastrostomy) on the rig disambiguation page
There is no mention of radiologically insterted gastrostomy on this page; could someone remove the link please? (one day I'll learn how). Thank you DavidCh0 (talk) 11:18, 21 July 2016 (UTC)


text: Category:Thelonious Monk albums

title: Category:Thelonious Monk albums


text:
Cherax tenuimanus

Cherax tenuimanus, known as the Hairy marron or Margaret River marron, is one of two species of crayfish in Southwestern Australia known as marron. It occupies a narrow range within the southwestern biogeographical region of Margaret River. It is currently listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List, because of the threat from the yabbie, Cherax albidus, which was introduced to its habitat.

Recent studies have shown that adding mannanoligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) to the diet of Cherax tenuimanus can increase their immunity and rate of survival.

Description
The hairy marron ranges in colour from olive green to brown to black, with females sometimes having red or purple patches on their undersides. Adult hairy marrons grow to between 300 and 400 mm with a body consisting of a head and thorax that are protected by a carapace. The body eventually extends into an abdomen that ends in a muscular tail, and the body is bracketed by 5 pairs of legs including two pairs of pinchers; a larger pair for capturing prey and defense and a second, smaller pair for fine manipulation of food. The hairy marron can be differentiated from the smooth marron by the hairy bristles that are known to sometimes cover its carapace and other body parts, although these bristles can be difficult to observe in juveniles.

Diet
The hairy marron is an omnivore whose diet mainly consists of small invertebrates, fish eggs and larvae, and algae. It is also a cannibal that will potentially eat its own young.

Habitat
The hairy marron lives in exclusively freshwater habitats, specifically in clear, oxygen-rich water in the Margaret River in Southwestern Australia. Its range has become limited to 3 major pools in the upper portion of the river due to competition with the smooth marron. Exact environmental parameters needed for the survival of the hairy marron are unknown due to the low number of individuals in natural settings. However, studies performed in aquaculture settings have shown that hairy marron survive best in water that is about 25 degrees Celsius and that with a salinity of at least 100 mg/L. They also prefer habitats with debris or other structures they can use as shelter or as food sources if the material is organic.

Reproduction
Hairy marrons begin to mate when they reach sexual maturity during the second and third years of their lives, with their mating season occurring between July and October. During reproduction, the females typically incubate 200-400 eggs inside of them for almost 6 months, although larger females have been known to produce up to 800 eggs. The female then lays the eggs on her swimmerets, and reproduction takes place when a male passes a sperm packet to the female, which the female then uses to fertilize the eggs in a process nearly identical to that used by the smooth marron. The eggs are then held under the female's tail for several weeks, hatching at or just after the end of the mating season, and the juveniles remain on the mother's swimmerets until they have finished consuming their yolk sacs and are mature enough to feed on their own, which is usually by November or December. The smooth marron is known to follow a similar reproductive pattern, but there is some evidence that their breeding season occurs earlier in the year than that of the hairy marron. This difference in timing is theorized to result in the juvenile smooth marron reaching larger sizes before juvenile hairy marron, granting the smooth marron a competitive advantage.

Invasion by smooth marron
One of the greatest threats to wild populations of hairy marron is invasion by the closely related smooth marron, which was introduced into the Margaret River in the 1980s, and which progressively replaced the hairy marron in the lower regions of the Margaret River from 1980 to 1992. Although the replacement of the hairy marron by the smooth marron in the middle portion of the river is not very well documented, the hairy marron was observed to be completely gone from the middle of the river in 2000. Beginning in the same year, smooth marron have always been observed living alongside all hairy marron populations in the upper portion of the Margaret River. Marron populations in the Margaret River follow the general trend of increasing in hairy marron and decreasing in smooth marron for regions further up the river. This trend has led scientists to conclude that smooth marron were most likely introduced in the lower portions of the river and spread to the middle and upper regions over time, replacing hairy marron through several processes including competition and hybridization.

Hybridization
The hairy marron and the smooth marron have been classified as two separate species in past studies based on their morphology and genetics. However, further research has found that smooth marron and hairy marron are able to interbreed and that interbreeding can produce reproductively viable hybrids. Debate as to whether the hairy marron and the smooth marron are the same or different species is currently ongoing within the scientific community. Even though interbreeding of the two species has been observed, it has been hypothesized that there is some sort of barrier between the two marrons that prevents them from interbreeding easily. This hypothesis is based on some research that suggests interbreeding is less frequent than it would be if the smooth marron and the hairy marron belong to the same species.

Aquaculture and conservation
The aquaculture of hairy marron is a small-scale industry in Australia, which is also being utilized by the Australian Government to conduct a captive breeding program in an attempt to preserve the species. Efforts were also undertaken between 2013 and 2017 to regularly remove smooth marron from the few pools inhabited by hairy marron, but it was eventually decided that these fish outs were not having a pronounced enough effect to preserve wild populations. Conservation efforts have now turned toward expanding the captive breeding program and finding other sites where the captive marron could potentially be reintroduced to native water systems.

title: Cherax tenuimanus


text:
National Communication Association

The National Communication Association (NCA) is a not-for-profit association of academics in the field of communication.

Organization
NCA is governed by the Legislative Assembly, which meets during the NCA Annual Convention. Between annual meetings of the Legislative Assembly, the association is governed by the executive committee. In addition, NCA has standing committees and councils: the Convention Committee, the Nominating Committee, the Leadership Development Committee, the Resolutions Committee, the Teaching and Learning Council, the Finance Committee, the Publications Council, the Research Council, and the Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Access Council.

NCA is composed of 49 divisions, which cover various areas of study; seven sections, which address professional settings; and six caucuses, which represent specific demographic or socially defined segments of the NCA membership. It supports two national student organizations: Lambda Pi Eta (LPH) and Sigma Chi Eta (SCH).

Convention
NCA sponsors an annual convention on communication research and teaching. The NCA Annual Convention has been held every year since 1915, except for 1918, when it was cancelled because of the U.S. involvement in World War I. The site of the convention changes every year and is determined five to seven years in advance. The convention site rotates among the western, midwestern, and eastern regions of the United States.

Publications
With its publishing partner, Taylor and Francis, NCA publishes 12 academic journals:

 * Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies
 * Communication and Democracy
 * Communication and Race
 * Communication Education
 * Communication Monographs
 * Communication Teacher
 * Critical Studies in Media Communication
 * Journal of Applied Communication Research
 * Journal of International and Intercultural Communication
 * Quarterly Journal of Speech
 * Review of Communication
 * Text and Performance Quarterly

NCA regularly publishes Communication Currents essays, which summarize recent research published in NCA's journals. In 2020, NCA's quarterly magazine, Spectra, transitioned from a print magazine to an online magazine. Spectra includes summaries of recently published research articles, announcements from the Association, job advertisements, news about members, and news from affiliated organizations. NCA launched Communication Matters: The NCA Podcast in 2020.

title: National Communication Association


text:
Talk:Game Freak

Can someone fix the formatting on Scarlet and Violet?
Since their announcement I, and a few other users, have tried to edit the game list to make Scarlet and Violet's background color match the rest of the list, but can't seem to do so without breaking the table. Does anyone know how to fix it? TheHumanIntersect (talk) 08:18, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I couldn't fix with scope="row" either, so I just gave it a background color. The end result is the same. :P -Vipz (talk) 20:36, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Pokemon sword and shield
I need you I need you to explain why Venusaur won't gigantamax when I gave it the max soup 2600:6C5E:6C00:2EE:A98E:4C49:6884:B6B5 (talk) 19:18, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

Publishing Pokémon
I want to see if i could get something published as an actual Pokémon, i created it at school in my free time. I'm 10 years old and in grade 5, I even created my own type thingy's 197.184.168.38 (talk) 10:58, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Paradox
Can we add some new paradox pokemon 65.126.126.186 (talk) 02:29, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

Will there be more pokemon games on the nintendo switch
Because I would like a dragon typ Evolution of Evie. 2603:7081:337:B5C0:2FFB:4E8F:649:B7FF (talk) 18:45, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

== I want to be able to have a chance to make a new and final Pokémon region for the Nintendo Switch and I want to call it the all connected Pokémon with all of the other old Pokémon and Pokémon trainers, frenzied Pokémon, titan, and all of the both bad and school bullies from all of the other Pokémon video games are what I would like to see and have a chance to see them all ==

And my name is Lucas Charles Owen Luke,Lukey,lukely pokey and I hate the colors pink purple gold and silver and the colors that I love are red orange yellow green blue gray white brown and then black and those are the colors that I love and then the kind one kind of food that I a least is and are cheese pizza and I also even like Pokémon go and all of the other different kinds video games of all of the Pokémon video games 73.190.95.161 (talk) 23:19, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Game Freak


text:
Chitgar Park

Chitgar Park is a forest park situated in western Tehran, Iran. It covers an area of about 14.5 square kilometer.

Geography
Chitgar Park lies within the borders of District 22 of the city of Tehran. The park is served by a highway and a metro line. The metro station is also called Chitgar.

title: Chitgar Park


text:
Seaweed Rebellion

The Seaweed Rebellion is an informal marine environmentalist activist movement in the United States. Deriving its name from an analogy with grassroots democracy, the movement comprises disparate organizations with the common aim of protecting the oceans, seas and coasts of the United States.

The Blue Frontier Campaign is an umbrella organization aiming to coordinate these groups into a common voice to achieve effective lobbying of federal and state policy makers.

The name was first applied to a 1947 court case between the United States and California over who owned the sea bed, and the associated oil deposits, off the state coast but is now heard rarely in that context.

title: Seaweed Rebellion


text:
Martin Ransohoff

Martin Nelson Ransohoff (July 7, 1927 – December 13, 2017) was an American film and television producer, and member of the Ransohoff family.

Early life and education
Ransohoff was born on July 7, 1927, in New Orleans, Louisiana the son of Babette (Strauss) and Arthur Ransohoff. His mother was a former Republican National Committeewoman. He had one sister Barbara Burnett (married to a former Washington & Jefferson College president Howard J. Burnett) and one brother Jack, a nuclear engineer. He attended Wooster School in Danbury, Connecticut and graduated with a B.A. in History and English from Colgate University in 1948.

Career
After school, Ransohoff worked at several jobs (peddling housewares door-to-door, selling autos, and working at an advertising agency), before joining Caravel Films (later Transfilm-Caravel) in 1950 in New York City, where he worked as a salesman, writer, and producer.

Filmways
In 1952, Ransohoff co-founded the film production company Filmways, Inc. with Edwin Kasper (Kasper left the firm in 1957). The firm listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1959. Filmways started making TV commercials, moved into documentaries, then sitcoms; by 1963 Filmways was making $13 million a year. Mister Ed and The Beverly Hillbillies brought Ransohoff his first successes in 1960 and 1962. Thereafter he turned his attention to films.

MGM
Ransohoff's first film as producer was Boys' Night Out (1962) starring James Garner and Kim Novak and distributed by MGM. Garner was also in Ransohoff's next two films, both of which were directed by Arthur Hiller: The Wheeler Dealers (1963) and The Americanization of Emily (1964); the latter, based on a script by Paddy Chayefsky, was particularly praised.

Ransohoff found commercial success with The Sandpiper (1965), based on a story by the producer and starring Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor. He produced The Cincinnati Kid (1965), firing Sam Peckinpah as director during filming and replacing him with Norman Jewison; the movie received strong reviews. Less popular was The Loved One (1965). Eye of the Devil (1967) was a thriller originally starring Kim Novak, David Niven, and a young actor Ransohoff put under personal contract, Sharon Tate. Novak was injured during filming and was replaced by Deborah Kerr. Tate was in Ransohoff's next films, The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967), directed by Roman Polanski, whom she would marry (Ransohoff was executive producer), and Don't Make Waves (1967). He executive produced Our Mother's House (1967) in England and produced Ice Station Zebra (1968).

Post-MGM
Ransohoff then signed a deal with Columbia, who distributed his A Midsummer Night's Dream (1968), Castle Keep (1969), and Hamlet (1969). He made Catch-22 (1970) at Paramount, The Moonshine War (1970) at MGM, and 10 Rillington Place (1971) and See No Evil (1971) at Columbia. King Lear (1971) was released by a smaller company. He also made Fuzz (1972) and Save the Tiger (1973). His last film for Filmways was The White Dawn (1974).

Post-Filmways
In 1972, Ransohoff became an independent producer. He signed a contract with Paramount to make movies for them. Ransohoff went on to produce such films as Silver Streak (1976), Nightwing (1979), and The Wanderers (1979). He made a short lived TV series Co-Ed Fever (1979) but focused on features: A Change of Seasons (1980), American Pop (1981), Hanky Panky (1982), and Class (1983).

Columbia and later films
Ransohoff had success with Jagged Edge (1985) based on a script for Joe Eszterhas. It was made by Columbia who also distributed Ransohoff's The Big Town (1987), Switching Channels (1988), Physical Evidence (1989), and Welcome Home (1989). It was around that time that his company Albacore Productions had inked pacts with Columbia Pictures, which covered domestic theatrical distribution, British film distributor Rank Film Distributors, which covered international distribution and Vestron Video, which covered home video distribution for a three-film agreement. Ransohoff's later films included Guilty as Sin (1993) and Turbulence (1997).

Personal life
Ransohoff was married twice. His first wife was Nancy Hope Lundgren; they had four children Peter (born 1952), Karen (born 1954), and twins Steven and Kurt (born 1957). His second wife was Joan Marie Ransohoff, an artist. Ransohoff died on December 13, 2017, at his Bel Air home in Los Angeles. He was 90.

Selected filmography

 * Boys' Night Out (1962) – producer
 * The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–71) (TV series) – executive producer
 * The Wheeler Dealers (1963) – producer
 * The Americanization of Emily (1964) – producer
 * Topkapi (1964) – producer
 * The Sandpiper (1965) – story, producer
 * The Cincinnati Kid (1965) – producer
 * The Loved One (1965) – executive producer (uncredited)
 * Eye of the Devil (1967) – producer
 * The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967) – executive producer
 * Don't Make Waves (1967) – producer
 * Our Mother's House (1967) – executive producer
 * Ice Station Zebra (1968) – producer
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream (1968) – executive producer
 * Castle Keep (1969) – producer
 * Hamlet (1969) – producer
 * Catch-22 (1970) – producer
 * The Moonshine War (1970) – producer
 * 10 Rillington Place (1971) – producer
 * See No Evil (1971) – producer
 * King Lear (1971) – producer
 * What's the Matter with Helen? (1971) – presenter
 * Fuzz (1972) – producer
 * Save the Tiger (1973) – producer
 * The White Dawn (1974) – story, producer
 * Silver Streak (1976) – executive producer
 * Nightwing (1979) – producer
 * The Wanderers (1979) – producer
 * Co-Ed Fever (1979) (TV series) – executive producer
 * A Change of Seasons (1980) – story, producer
 * American Pop (1981) – producer
 * Hanky Panky (1982) – producer
 * Class (1983) – producer
 * Jagged Edge (1985) – producer
 * The Big Town (1987) – producer
 * Switching Channels (1988) – producer
 * Physical Evidence (1989) – producer
 * Welcome Home (1989) – producer
 * Guilty as Sin (1993) – producer
 * Turbulence (1997) – producer

title: Martin Ransohoff


text: User talk:167.115.127.20

title: User talk:167.115.127.20


text:
NCA

NCA may refer to:

Australia

 * National Capital Authority, a government authority for development planning of the Capital Territory
 * National Crime Authority, defunct investigative agency

European Union

 * National Competent Authorities, referring to the country-level agencies participating in EU policy frameworks such as European Union competition law or European Banking Supervision

India

 * Nuclear Command Authority (India)
 * National Cricket Academy

Ireland

 * National Consumer Agency, a defunct government body
 * National Cycling Association, a defunct sports governing body

Norway

 * Norwegian Church Aid, a charity
 * Norwegian Coastal Administration, a government agency

Pakistan

 * National College of Arts, Lahore
 * National Command Authority (Pakistan)

United Kingdom

 * National Campaign for the Arts, a lobbying group
 * National Character Area, a type of region in England
 * National Crime Agency, a law-enforcement agency
 * The Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, a health-care organisation for Greater Manchester

United States

 * National Climate Assessment, a governmental interagency
 * National Cheerleaders Association, an organization that holds cheer camps and competitions
 * National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel, a professional association for medical laboratory professionals.
 * National Coffee Association, a coffee industry body
 * National Command Authority (United States), a military doctrine
 * National Communication Association, an organization to promote communication studies as a discipline
 * National Conservation Area, a class of region managed by the Bureau of Land Management
 * North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, one of six organizations that provide higher learning accreditation

Elsewhere

 * National Citizens Alliance, federal political party in Canada
 * National Computerization Agency, a Korean statutory agency for informatization
 * Network of Concerned Anthropologists, an independent ad hoc network of anthropologists seeking to promote an ethical anthropology
 * National Conscription Agency, an agency in Taiwan
 * New Classical Adventure, a record label for classical music based in Hamburg, Germany
 * Nigerian College of Accountancy, training institution in Jos, Nigeria
 * Nippon Cargo Airlines, a cargo airline of Japan
 * Nuevo Central Argentino, an Argentine railway company

Chemistry

 * Amino acid N-carboxyanhydride
 * Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides, a group of lithium-ion battery cathode materials

Computing

 * Network Computing Architecture (disambiguation)
 * Neighbourhood components analysis, a supervised classification technique
 * Nexus Computing Agents, trusted software programs in Microsoft's delayed Next-Generation Secure Computing Base initiative
 * Nortel Certified Architect, the highest Nortel certifications
 * .nca-File ( Nintendo Switch Content Archive- or Nikon Camara Color Adjustment-File)

Law

 * Nature Conservation Act 1992, Queensland, Australia
 * Noise Control Act, a U.S. law more formally known as the Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972
 * Non-compete agreement, an agreement between an employer and employee prohibiting an employee from working for a competitor after separation

Places

 * New Caledonia, French overseas territory, UNDP country code
 * Nicaragua, by IOC country code
 * Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur, the intercommunal structure gathering the city of Nice, France and some of its suburbs
 * Ngorongoro Conservation Area, a protected area and World Heritage Site Arusha, Tanzania
 * North Caicos Airport, Turks and Caicos Islands (by IATA code)

Other uses

 * Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement, a landmark ceasefire agreement in Myanmar commonly known by its abbreviation
 * NC.A (born 1996), Korean singer
 * News Channel America, an American television news and entertainment network
 * Necessary Condition Analysis, a data analysis method

title: NCA


text:
User:B.Snuffles

So, let's see what all the fuzz is about ...

title: User:B.Snuffles


text:
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is an aromatic diisocyanate. Three isomers are common, varying by the positions of the isocyanate groups around the rings: 2,2′-MDI, 2,4′-MDI, and 4,4′-MDI. The 4,4′ isomer is most widely used, and is also known as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. This isomer is also known as Pure MDI. MDI reacts with polyols in the manufacture of polyurethane. It is the most produced diisocyanate, accounting for 61.3% of the global market in the year 2000.

Production
Total world production of MDI and polymeric MDI is over 7.5 million tonnes per year (in 2017).

As of 2019, the largest producer was Wanhua Chemical Group. Other major producers are Covestro, BASF, Dow, Huntsman, Tosoh, Kumho Mitsui Chemicals. All major producers of MDI are members of the International Isocyanate Institute, whose aim is the promotion of the safe handling of MDI and TDI in the workplace, community and environment.

The first step of the production of MDI is the reaction of aniline and formaldehyde, using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst to produce 4,4'-Methylenedianiline and other diamine precursors, as well as their corresponding polyamines:

Then, these diamines are treated with phosgene to form a mixture of isocyanates, the isomer ratio being determined by the isomeric composition of the diamine. Two different reaction mechanisms for this transformation are possible, namely "phosgenations first" and "step-wise phosgenations".

Distillation of the mixture gives a mixture of oligomeric polyisocyanates, known as polymeric MDI, and a mixture of MDI isomers which has a low 2,4′ isomer content. Further purification entails fractionation of the MDI isomer mixture.

Reactivity of the isocyanate group
The positions of the isocyanate groups influences their reactivity. In 4,4′-MDI, the two isocyanate groups are equivalent but in 2,4′-MDI the two groups display highly differing reactivities. The group at the 4-position is approximately four times more reactive than the group at the 2-position due to steric hindrance.

Applications
The major application of 4,4′-MDI is the production of rigid polyurethane. These rigid polyurethane foams are good thermal insulators and used in nearly all freezers and refrigerators worldwide, as well as buildings. Typical polyols used are polyethylene adipate (a polyester) and poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (a polyether).

4,4′-MDI is also used as an industrial strength adhesive, which is available to end consumers as various high-strength bottled glue preparations.

Safety
MDI, like the other isocyanates, is an allergen and sensitizer. Persons developing sensitivity to isocyanates may have dangerous systemic reactions to extremely small exposures, including respiratory failure. Handling MDI requires strict engineering controls and personal protective equipment. It is a potentially violently reactive material towards water and other nucleophiles.

title: Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate


text:
945 Barcelona

945 Barcelona is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the Asteroid belt. It was discovered 3 February 1921 from Barcelona by the Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Solà (1868–1937) and named for the city of Barcelona (Spain), the birthplace of the discoverer. It has an estimated diameter of 25.5 km.

This object is the namesake of a Barcelona family of approximately 300 stony asteroids that share similar spectral properties and orbital elements; hence they may have arisen from the same collisional event. All members have a relatively high orbital inclination.

title: 945 Barcelona


text:
File:PaanShop.jpg

A Paanshop in Kanpur clicked during vacation.

Appears to be created by the uploader--nixie 12:14, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Original caption by uploader "A Pan shop is a regular feature of Kanpur, owing to its prominence in the industry. Kothari Products from this city were the pioneers in Pan Masala pouches appearing in late 80s - their brand Pan Parag being a first"

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:PaanShop.jpg


text:
Talk:List of radars

Israel should be included
What I said above. Israel is a fairly major producer of radars for military applications, more so than many other countries listed here. Why are they not listed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:9001:3C05:A088:3D5E:FA22:63D0:E976 (talk) 00:35, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This is a very, very incomplete list of radars. And to make it complete is almost impossible. How many different radars are there world wide for all different kind of applications? Personally, I wouldn't even think about setting up such a list. It would suggest a completeness which cannot nearly ever be established. Lexw 10:34, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What's up with the entry: "S Sex Channel, for bored militants " ??? Davidl9999 (talk) 21:56, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

JETDS
This page gives a pretty extensive list of "Multiservice classifications", however, I feel the provided description of the system would be better handled by delegation to the existing page describing the Joint Electronics Type Designation System. I'm going to include a link, so that the industrious soul that created these lists can replicate their work on that article. 70.251.148.89 (talk) 00:31, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

A bit awkward.
I realize that it took a lot of work to maker this, but would it have been so difficult to add commas in the long lists of platforms? "AN/APS-20 S band search and early warning radar by Hazeltine Corporation and General Electric for TBM-3W PB-1W EC-121 ZPG-2W(EZ-1) AF-2W HR2S-1W P-2 WB-29 RC-121C Fairey Gannet CP-107 Argus Lockheed Orion WP-3A and Avro Shackleton" Would look much better and be easier to read if it looked like this: "... for TBM-3W, PB-1W, EC-121, ZPG-2W(EZ-1), AF-2W, HR2S-1W, P-2, WB-29, RC-121C, Fairey Gannet, CP-107 Argus, Lockheed Orion WP-3A and Avro Shackleton." That IS, after all, the proper way to write a list. If it wasn't for the fact you can hover over a link and highlight it, it would be difficult to tell which designations are what and how many aircraft are actually listed. I mean, is it on a "Lockheed Orion P-3A", or on a "Lockheed Orion" AND a "P-3A"? (Which, BTW, I believe ought to be written "Lockheed P-3A Orion", no? Or better yet, just "Lockheed P-3A, since none of the other planes have their names included, except the Brit planes, since those ARE their official designations.).45Colt 18:20, 1 March 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by .45Colt (talk • contribs)

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Radar identification
Can someone please help dentify the radar system in the following photograph? The equipment is identified as an "AN ASR-547 radar" in the original caption, but this system is not in the list in this article.

File:Lot-2292-7 (39543281205).jpg

I'm preparing to rename the photograph to something more meaningful, but I want to be sure that it is named accurately before updating the name. Thanks for your help! Zcarstvnz (talk) 08:52, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

 * It may not help but was probably an "SCR-547" per https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/311100286731014175/ MilborneOne (talk) 09:09, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Just noted your image is an a commons category "SCR-547 radar" ! Lots of info if you search for "SCR-547". MilborneOne (talk) 09:14, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

Turkey
I found radar information on Turkey but I am in the middle of some things and will try to add it later. Otr500 (talk) 06:51, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Dubious: AN/APS-32 and AN/APS-70 usage
It is well documented that the AN/APS-70 radar (with a massive 42 ft / 12.8 m antenna) was specially designed and built for the 4 Goodyear ZPG-3W blimps, so the identification of this as intended for the for the EC-121 Warning Star and P-2V-6 is extremely dubious. These aircraft simply could not hold a 42 ft rotating antenna.

Likewise, it is unlikely that the AN/APS-32 radar was developed for the obsolete "Guardian" TBM-3 Avenger (and note that the use of Guardian for the TBM is a misnomer). There is documentation that this radar was developed for the 2 Sikorsky HR2S-1W helicopters, and it is obvious from photos of the helicopter that the radome was much larger than what could be carried by the TBM, so again this is a dubious inclusion.

Thank you Tfdavisatsnetnet (talk) 18:02, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

Additional details on U.K. Airborne Radar
1) The AI 24 Foxhunter system was made by GEC-Marconi with the Transmitter and Scanner components made by Ferranti in Edinburgh.

2) The list omits the Seaspray system for the Westland Lynx helicopter.

3) AI Mark IV Radar was fitted to the Boulton Paul Defiant, Bristol Blenheim and Beaufighter and the de Havilland Mosquito.

4) AI Mark VI was also fitted to the Defiant and (experimentally) on a Hawker Typhoon.

5) AI Mark VII and VIII were fitted onto some Bristol Beaufighters.

6) AI Mark IX and X sets were fitted to Mosquitos.

7) The AI Mark X system was a modified American SCR720 OR an SCR729.

3) - 7) were found in the book "Warplanes of the Second World War - FIGHTERS, Volume two" by William Green. Taff Hewitt (talk) 13:39, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of radars


text:
Talk:Neo-Latin/Archive 1

Web comics
I am afraid we must consider the removal of the link to those web comics. They are not entirely in correct Latin. Caesarion 10:34, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, because we count on web comics to provide us our grammatical models? ;) —Muke Tever 15:05, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * But the English used in British and American graphic novels is often far from grammatically correct in the strict sense of the word. Are they then to be considered invalid as works of art and literature? The same variance from scholarly norms is likewise to be found in comics in other languages, such as French bande dessinee, Italian fumetti, and Japanese manga, yet these are often elevated to the level of high art. Nuttyskin 17:27, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, comics have been quite a vulgar medium even since their origins in the 18th-19th-20th century... 惑乱 分からん 23:23, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Greek equivalent
Is there a Greek equivalent to New Latin? Considering how scholars make up new words from classical Greek roots? 惑乱 分からん 13:37, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * New Italic text latin may be very difficult sometimes. The founder of it Italic textCharles Wegburg was always coparing it to clasic and old latin.

 * There is no need for such an equivalent, as the modern idiom is sufficiently similar to the Classical as to render its most ancient texts within the capability of readers with only a little specialist training. Nuttyskin 17:27, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I heard that, but I'm not sure on how true it is. What about the differences between Street Greek and Katharevousa? 惑乱 分からん 23:23, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Abandoning Latin
I'm definately no historian by profession, and I guess I wouldn't really know much about this, but I make a connection between protestantism abandonning latin as the preferred language of the church, and the overall decline in popularity. And I'm somewhat surprised to see no mention of this possible connection in this article. Now, as I said, I'm not sure I'm right, so I'm not editing the article, but hopefully someone who knows will pick up this little lead and deal with it. 85.224.199.36 11:33, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Educated Protestants and Catholics both used Latin for many public purposes for about 200 years after the Reformation. Even early Protestant creeds, like the Confessio Augustana, were written in Latin. It's true that the Protestants preferred a vernacular liturgy in Protestant Churches, but they used Latin for secular purposes more than ever in the centuries following, indeed, some of the most notable examples of New Latin come from Protestant countries like Sweden, the Netherlands, Scotland and others. The Catholics used a Latin liturgy until very recent times (down to the mid-20th century); it doesn't seem to have affected the level of Latin education one way or another. In diplomatic correspondence, which is well-preserved and easy to trace (and where Latin had obvious utility when all parties were familiar with the language), the leader in the abandonment of Latin was France -- a Catholic country.

 * If there's a relationship, I think that it's more that the Protestant use of vernacular languages in religion was a symptom (not the cause) of the general increase in production of books in the vernaculars, including translations from other languages, which ultimately could contribute to a sense that Latin was unnecessary. But at the beginning of this period (c. 1500-1700) the increase in vernacular books went side by side with an equally great increase in the publication of Latin books, so the transition ended up being quite slow, and took place in Catholic and Protestant countries alike.RandomCritic 14:10, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * There you go again with your head out of sight in the clouds. I hate to belabor you with logic but when we abstract, or generalize, we do so from particulars and specifics; otherwise, it is not generalization, but innovation. What you say gives me plenty of confidence that you can innovate and none that you can generalize. On Wikipedia the generalizations without the details are treated as original research. We use the generalizations and the specifics of credible sources, the experts, if you will. Who made you an expert and why do you think you should be accepted as such? References are easy: first you look up the concept either electronically or in paper. Then you summarize it (that calls for a little ability) then you work it into the article and at a suitable pause you put ref and /ref in angle brackets. Between them you put a cite book or cite journal or whatever template (you can find them under help - check my user page if you wish) and give the reference including page number. I think this article has a set-up for the notes you can follow. Without that process your generalizations have no validity and cannot stand when questioned. I guess you might say by working on this article I am questioning all your generalizations (or innovations). Why don't you get busy and put them in just to prove you can do it, hey? I am sure you are not going to like it a bit when I start removing them all as unreferenced, because I disagree with most of them. Sorry, it is reality-facing time.Dave (talk) 23:27, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

French immersion
You may find interesting this quotation from Latin or the Empire of a Sign about the proposal of a "Latin village" ad usum Delphini in 1620. --84.20.17.84 12:25, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Split
This article discusses two very different types of Latin; the post-Humanist Latin of educated writers, which was still flourishing in the 17th and 18th centuries, but was dying out (or reduced to a system of stereotyped tags) by the mid-19th century; and modern exercises in Latin translation of the Winnie-ille-Pu variety. The gap between Alexander Lenard and, say, Linnaeus is far greater than that between Linnaeus and Erasmus. I suggest splitting this article into two to reflect this gap. The question then is, what name is to be given to the "newer" New Latin? RandomCritic 13:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Factual Accuracy Tag
Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated, as Mark Twain said.

This article is being personally opinionated and polemical in "declaring New Latin dead" with an arbitrary date. Check your dictionary — New Latin or Modern Latin is 1500 to "present".

It should be thoroughly re-worked, simply describing a decline in New Latin study and scholarly use through the 20th Century.

New Latin is still the official language of an internationally-recognized state, Vatican City, and New Latin is not just "preserved" in binomial nomenclature, it is "the language of" binomial nomenclature.

(New) Latin names and phrases are also still used for other academic/scientific purposes, such as the names of journals, and mottos.

A separate point is that the article should clarify the distinction between the use of New Latin, and Classical Latin, during the period 1500-present — with Classical Latin being the form used in language instruction from the (late) 19th Century to present. (There is even reputedly something of a revival of interest in Classical Latin among students in recent years.)

76.202.197.37 (talk) 00:54, 5 August 2008 (UTC)Complainer

 * OK I have removed the Factual Accuracy tag, and put in a big intro section that clarifies everything. I don't have time to rewrite the whole article though, so the following sections need to be reworked to reflect what has been stated supra.

76.202.197.37 (talk) 00:54, 5 August 2008 (UTC)Doer (formerly known as Complainer)

 * I think there was a misunderstanding of the thrust of the article. There is no claim that "New Latin is dead" -- only that it is misleading to consider recent Latin productions (mostly dating from 1960 on) under the same rubric with Latin texts of the 16th-19th centuries.  Obviously, Latin has continued to be taught continuously to the present day, but there is a discontinuity in production, with the exception of Ecclesiastical Latin which is sui generis and has its own article.
 * It's misleading to claim that "Classical Latin" is what is being taught or used by Living Latin enthusiasts of today. Classical Latin should be restricted to the language actually used by the Romans as a living language.  People who wish to use Latin in modern contexts must use a modified 'dialect' of the language, or they'll be restricted to pseudo-classical pastiche.  Using Latin as a spoken language for the 20th century necessarily requires the re-creation of the language to deal with things unknown to the Romans, even if, in principle, the grammar, syntax and pronunciation are identical to those of the Romans (which is not really the case -- the substrate native languages exert a strong influence).  That's what the Recent Latin article is about -- merging it with this article would obfuscate the unique characteristics that distinguish recent Latin from both New Latin and Classical Latin.

RandomCritic (talk) 22:59, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Merge Recent Latin Article with New Latin
"Recent Latin" is not a well-accepted concept (check your dictionary). That article has been tagged for merger with New Latin.

The Recent Latin content is also somewhat opinionated — "it is primarily used as a form of entertainment" (Church Latin?); "intending to shrink readership, not expand it" (who's given the mandate readership should be expanded?). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.147.195 (talk) 19:34, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Why not split, and create new page; 'Living Latinity' for recreational usage?
 * Neo-Latin survives in the fields of botany & within the Catholic Church, where the new pronunciations have no accepted standing, even though such reforms in pronunciation were initiated by such historical figures as Erasmus at the dawn of Neo-Latin. The term 'Neo-Latin' itself was only invented in the mid 19th Century, and at the time that referred to Latin from the Renaissance revisionists to the present. The use of Latin for sensitive subjects surely is a mere, insular remnant of scientific Neo-Latin. The Latin version of 'Recent Latin' simply refers to 'latinitas viva' - living latinity.

 * Perhaps this spurious term 'Recent Latin' should be split; the recreational use of Latin, renamed 'Living Latinity' which could be regarded as a movement from the beginning of the 20th Century, attempting to revive Latin or restore its former vehicular applications, within new and entertaining dialogues and publications in the Neo-Latin medium. All surviving, official applications of Latin today, ought to be acknowledged as integral to the Neo-Latin tradition (which is precisely what they are (they clearly did not die in the 19th Century) irrespective of the trends of official establishments largely abandoning Neo-Latin for vehicular publications) i.e. Neo-Latin should extend to the present, when discussing Latin used in such officially endorsed contexts, especially when such applications survive from Renaissance times.

Homoproteus (talk) 14:24, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Romanian
It would be interesting to include the romanian pronunciation of latin, and also references to the language's usage. Latin is still being taught in secondary school there as a compulsory subject as far as i know. The ministry of education in Romania view the learning of latin as essential in the comprehension and study of all neo-latin languages, as a means to understand each other's common substratum.

http://www.anidescoala.ro/view/Programe-scolare/Ciclul-secundar-inferior/Limba-si-comunicare/Limba-latina/Progr.Lat.VIII_rev+cu+explicatii.doc.pdf

83.103.179.12 (talk) 14:23, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

"naturalized in European languages"
I don't understand the intended meaning of the word "naturalized" in the following sentence from the article: "New Latin has also contributed a vocabulary, to some extent naturalized in European languages, for specialized fields such as anatomy and law."

The phrase may be intended to mean something like "... to some extent converted into local language," but that is only a guess on my part. I would like to improve the wording, but cannot accomplish that since I don't understand what the sentence is supposed to mean. Can anyone explain? Dratman (talk) 15:42, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

New Latin reform needed
As everyone can see the unreferenced generalities of the article are below standard. It's on Wikipedia, it belongs on Wikipedia, so thanks for putting it in. That raises the question whether it is better to throw in a thousand place holders of pure baloney or only to put in articles you can do a decent job on. It's immaterial now; the article is there. I'm generally going to stay with these Latin place holders until they start to say something truthful. Meanwhile, until I can get to it (or you can get to it) don't take anything at all seriously unless you see a little superscript number at the end of it (and then with reticence). All the arguments above are sort of pointless as this is mainly a wrong article and if the wrongness goes away there won't be any point in arguing. Sometimes it is hard to understand, this is not an "I think" game. I think the moon is made of green cheese. So what. If I tell that to 4.3 million people 535000 or so will think the moon is made of green cheese. Don't start chanting "four legs good, two legs bad" until you see the little numbers. This article by the way is mildly anti-Catholic.Dave (talk) 22:37, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * What on earth are you talking about? RandomCritic (talk) 03:04, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I explained that below. For instance, "Medieval Latin had been the practical working language of the Roman Catholic Church, taught throughout Europe to aspiring clerics and refined in the medieval universities." Not true. By the time New Latin arrived medieval Latin was long gone and moreover a lot of the humanists were Catholic. You're writing in chiaroscura, drawing sharp lines, casting the church as medievalist and therefore backward. It's true, some decisions of the church were not too propitious but they were not characteristic of the church diachronically or over all geography, any more than the current troubles in my part of the country are "catholic" per se. That is what I am talking about, categorization of the church. I think you will find elements of the church were present in just about every major cultural development including humanism, if that is what you call it. I would have thought the humanism went with the Renaissance rather than with New Latin. I don't know what YOU mean there, which is why I would like you to reference and expand it. Adequate explanation is not wordiness and two unclear and inaccurate sentences are not a satisfactory introduction. The introduction is unsat, the article is unsat. Either get busy or back out.Dave (talk) 19:04, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * User:Botteville is imputing meanings that have absolutely no foundation in the text. Nobody said that the humanists were not Catholic; nobody disputes that they were.  To the best of my knowledge, nobody who has contributed to this article has problems with either Catholics or the Latin used by Catholics.  The sentence that he refers to was far from bashing medieval Latin (apparently Botteville is of the opinion that 'medieval' is equivalent to 'backward', which is entirely wrong).  Medieval Latin was, of course, not "long gone" by the end of the 15th century; the humanistic movement had been largely confined to Italy, and you can find medieval traits in the Latin used throughout northern Europe (which Botteville may note was largely Protestant).  But the point of the sentence Botteville has problems with is that the medieval language was a very rich and flexible one; and that Neo-Latin retained a great deal of that flexibility.  The anti-Catholicism Botteville sees is a pure figment of his imagination. RandomCritic (talk) 00:37, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Intro
The Intro is supposed to be a brief statement of the subject-matter of the article, not a long essay aimed at arguing a point of view. I have deleted User:Botteville's latest edit to the introduction, since it fails at doing the job an introduction is supposed to do. There are a few good points in it which should go back in the body, but there are also a host of bad generalizations and some very bad writing which make the article worse and less encyclopedic. I list my objections below:
 * How are you buddy. Sorry, I'm not through with this article or this introduction. It is not badly written, it is well-written.
 * I'm afraid it really is badly written. That's not a value judgment, just a fact; you cannot write articles with this style or tone and expect them to be accepted as encylopedic material.  You just need a lot of practice in writing, and you need to accept that until you come up to at least an average standard, you are going to see very major edits to your contributions.RandomCritic (talk) 00:41, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * The problem is, I did not yet put in any references. Everything I said has references. The generalizations are NOT my generalizations. From your tone I would say you are an angry young man and this a form of vandalism. You don't like my criticisms. However, you have the privilege of removing unreferenced material. I am therefore going to put this back sentence by sentence with adequate references. I apologize for being slow. You took me for a person who wants to put his own unreferenced opinion in place of your unreferenced opinion. I didn't mean to mislead you. I'm going to fix the problem over the next few days. I've worked this way often but every once in a while a reader like you moves faster than I do. When I do put the references in, you must come up with other references or show that they are not adequate references. Play the game please. I will work with you until your anger abates but keep in mind you must have good reasons for deleting referenced material (which so far mine has not been, but will be.)Dave (talk) 16:24, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

New Latin, Neo-Latin and Modern Latin according to the English dictionary definition refer to a form of the Latin language used from about 1500 AD to the present.

 * This article is not about "Modern Latin", i.e. Latin as used in the present day -- that is covered in the Contemporary Latin article, the link to which User:Botteville deleted. I don't know what dictionary Botteville was using, but in any case the usage of one dictionary is not determinative.
 * This article IS about modern Latin. Have you tried a few dictionaries? Modern Latin is NOT the same as contemporary Latin, which is why the author(s) of that article chose contemporary Latin. Contemporary is right on the edge of what is happening more or less now. Modern includes everything up to and including contemporary but contemporary adds a significance not necessarily in modern. This is not a mutually exclusive circumstance; both are right and both articles are justified.Dave (talk) 16:24, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 The essential difference between the preceding Renaissance Latin and Modern Latin is that, while Renaissance Latin aimed at the restitution of correct Latin as it was expressed in the Classical Latin period, or age of the "first class" Latin, Modern Latin attempts to adapt that Latin to scholarly, philosophic and scientific contexts not available to the classical speakers and writers.

 * Vague, poorly written, and not suitable for the intro. Calling Classical Latin "first class Latin" is POV and unencyclopedic in tone. And in fact Renaissance Latin authors had to deal with "contexts not available to classical writers", and used an immense number of neologisms themselves, most of which were retained into the Neo-Latin period.
 * Did you read the article on Classical Latin? Classical MEANS "first-class". I will reference that meaning. Now, for the contexts not available to ancient writers, I got that from a book. Well I am going to go on but right for the moment I got something else to do. I will put the preceding back with references and then we will go on to the next points until it is all back with references. Meanwhile try to get hold of yourself. This is an encyclopedia not a TV show. I will add, if you did not like what I said about the previous, you should have put references in. Since we are only at the start of this article I would suggest you get going and find references for the rest of the article, because this article is on my list and I am going over it with a fine-toothed comb and whatever else is unreferenced and unsupported is coming out. Work with me or butt out. Whatever you say that is referenced I will respect. I will help you where I can. When I find unreferenced generalizations, in contrast to you, I do my best to find references for them and I will continue that. If they fail the Internet test then they have to come out. I am glad actually I have you on hand so I can demand references in person.Dave (talk) 16:24, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 It therefore typically creates a large number of neologisms by re-casting the meanings of ancient words or re-composing quasi-classical new words from authentic classical segments or borrowing segments from relevant contexts in other languages; that is to say, the segments have become newly productive of vocabulary items expressing a modern inventory of concepts.

 * Diffuse and overly verbose; all Botteville is reallly saying is that you can find neologisms in Neo-Latin. That is true, but it is hardly distinctive; Latin had been accruing neologisms from the late Imperial period onward.
 * No, that is NOT all I am really saying. New Latin is characterized by a large number of neologisms, more than any other period. That is standard. What do you think botanical Latin is? You will find only a small percentage of those words in classical Latin, and yet the words you do find comprise most of classical. Botanical Latin is vast and it is mainly neologistic. Statements such as yours reveal the state of your knowledge about the subject, but I am not getting into that. References will be forthcoming. Have you never heard of references on Wikipedia? Why is it you are doing articles without references? Calm down, I'm trying to help, being something of a Latinist myself. Tell you what. YOU come up with some alternatives to what I am going to put back, but make sure they have references, and I would like some quotes please. Also when I put a statement back, if you do not like the way it is written, I challenge you to rewrite it as long as you stick to the point that is being made. Then we can consider different ways to say things. If you say something is verbose, for example, you have to indicate the unnecessary words or rewrite it so as to eliminate them, and then I will take a look at it, and we will come to agreement. Later (not too much).Dave (talk) 16:24, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

''Like any language Latin has always had a spontaneity in the expression of meanings based on the contexts available to the speakers. ''

 * The preceding sentence has no meaning whatsoever.

''The modern effort to restore that innovative spontaneity after a total change of contexts is perhaps first seen in the efforts of Desiderius Erasmus to recast the Late Latin of the Vulgate Bible into classical language. He began with the concept of emending the text. The process of restoring ancient text by comparing the corrupted versions of the existing copies had begun in the Renaissance. Erasmus called his work an "emendation." It was not that; there was no original Latin text to restore. Instead he rewrote the Vulgate in language he considered more correct and more reflective of the original Greek, calling his work a nova versio, "new translation." It was published in 1516.''

 * The above isn't really relevant to the article. The works of Erasmus (like those of other humanists) had, of course, an influence on the way Latin was taught and the kind of style that was considered good; but you'd be hard-pressed to demonstrate that Erasmus' version (which was, of course, not used liturgically) had a major effect on the development of Latin -- it probably was more of an aid and an encouragement to the study of Greek.  The living matter of Neo-Latin is to be found in original Latin works, not in translations.

Subsequently the use of the adjective: novus, nova, novum'', caught on: new dictionary, new grammar, new edition, etc., which recast all the ancient dictionaries, grammars, and editions, especially on topics newly opened to science. ''

 * The above is almost entirely meaningless. What on earth can Botteville mean by saying that "novus, nova, novum caught on"?  It is true that as scholarship in Latin progressed, there were new grammars written and new dictionaries, but these proliferated throughout the period 1500-1900, abetted by the invention of printing and the freer exchange of ideas over long distances.  But that had very little to do with "topics newly opened to science", and more to do with painstaking textual, paleographic, and linguistic analyses.

Linnaeus created a new botanical language redefining and remorphologizing the old, defining new rules and techniques for word formation.

 * "Remorphologizing"? Insofar as the above sentence has any meaning at all, it is highly dubious.  Linnæus didn't "create a new language" -- he created a new system, which demanded the ability to form a large number of novel names and descriptors.  If you've examined botanical (and zoölogical) language closely, you'll know that individual scientists have exploited their privilege of naming in highly unorthodox (linguistically) ways, rather than hewing to any Linnæan "rules and techniques" (which don't really exist).

The physicists moved in the same direction, creating New Latin monographs in language that was never intended to be spoken or written by any class of the population, but were expositions of a new technology.

 * Of course scientific Latin was intended to be both spoken and written by a definite class of the population: by professional scientists and their students. Also, the word "technology" is ill-chosen; the examples given below are not technological at all.

For example, Galileo recast inertia'', "sluggishness", into the property by which all bodies resist change of motion. Newton devised new compounds, centripetus and centrifugus, "center-seeking" and "center-fleeing" to refer to new forces he had discovered, and so on.''

Now, that is interesting and relevant, and could be put in the article (in the section relating to scientific uses of Neo-Latin); but some evidence should be provided that Galileo and Newton were the first Neo-Latin writers to use the words in these terms in these senses.

User:Botteville has a perfect right to make edits, but he needs to be a lot more careful with how and what he writes if he expects them to stick. It's rather troubling to see him declaring that "this is mainly a wrong article", and then immediately follow that declaration up by adding an introductory section, most of which is wrong. And I'm still interested in seeing how he justifies his claim that the article is "anti-Catholic" -- that would seem to be complete fantasy on his part.RandomCritic (talk) 13:48, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll jump ahead a little on this buddy. With refernce to the "beginnings" subsection, you portray the church as backward, working with a backward Latin and holding everyone back (implicitly because if its ignorance and stupidity) until the impled Protestant humanists came along and straightened them out with New Latin.
 * There is actually no implication of that sort in the article. It takes a great deal of imagination to perceive that.  Where do you see a value judgment about different kinds of Latin?  Medieval Latin wasn't backward; it was, however, different in style, orthography, grammar and vocabulary both from Classical Latin and Neo-Latin.  The fact of the (gradual) change isn't disputable; the value judgments are solely Botteville's.RandomCritic (talk) 00:47, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh yeh? Well what about Renaissance Latin? Who do you think invented it? What religion do you think Dante was, hey? Do you think medieval Latin was in use by the church in Dante's time? You're just parroting the most jingoistic of the Protestants, only you don't seem to recognize that fact.
 * This really isn't the kind of tone a Wikipedia editor should be taking (Playground language like "Oh yeh?" and "So there.") This is not a personal matter; we're all working together to improve the articles.  As I noted before, nobody who has worked on this article was trying to express anti-Catholic ideas; the critique of the Catholic Church that Botteville perceives just isn't there. RandomCritic (talk) 00:47, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * The concept that the Catholic church was just a backward old drag on language and civilization (and was corrupt to boot) is an old song sung by the Protestants and although Protestant myself (and from the most troubled diocese in recent times excluding northern Ireland) I certainly reject it. From what I read the pot was calling the kettle black, to make use of an old adage. In any case despite its tag as humanist the Renaissance was as much Catholic as anything else. Luther came in at the END of the Renaissance, not the beginning. So there. But this yes-it-is-no-it-isn't is not getting anywhere. This might as well be a family dispute. We got both religions in our family. I question all of your generalizations in that section (and other sections). They seem factually wrong to an old/new Latinist like me. References please. I have put the tag on since the matter has come up.Dave (talk) 17:16, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Copied from Talk
I'm moving this from my Talk page, where it seems to have been misplaced, as it is a response to my remarks on this Talk page.RandomCritic (talk) 00:50, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

New Latin
Hi random critic. I see the winds of your randomness have wafted in my direction, only I do not think they are random. You didn't like something I said about something YOU wrote. This is something of a surprise attack. You could have questioned me about this or waited until I put the references in but you chose to sweep in and delete before I could reference anything, even though I said, references to follow. But in another sense you are making life interesting for me. This is a little different. You throw down a challenge. I take up the challenge. I wouldn't give you any barn star for your behavior in this article so far or for the article either. The article is not a good article and needs improvement, including all the missing references. I intend to improve it. You caught me with my references down in some sort of Wiki Pearl Harbor. You won't find it so easy from this point on. The stuff is going back in with the missing references, but I invite you to collablorate with me on this. Find references for your own generalizations! Rewrite my stuff! Add things I never thought of! The one thing you aren't going to do from now on is just revert everything I do. That will be vandalism and right now it is only not because you caught me unreferenced by surprise. I invite you, play the game with me, or else yield the ground in this tournament of the New Latin article. See my initial comments in the discussion on the article. Changes will be coming but slow. Forgive me, I move slowly but I hope surely. I got something else to do right now but I will be back. The first step is to do your dictionary work for you, which you evidently didn't do. Why do I have to do everything myself around here?Dave (talk) 16:43, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Well,after all this serious talk I have not yet gotten to restoration with modifications and references. That is because other things in this series of Latin articles seem more important right now. I was gratified to see that Latin failed its evaluation. It should fail. What is the good of labeling trash a good article? So, these other articles are keeping me from this one. Be patient, however. Meanwhile when are you going to make a move to provide some references? You are just going to get even more upset when I start taking out unreferenced material. What I suspect, of course, is that you can't because there are none. Losing your temper with me isn't going to help that I fear. So, I will be back. Why don't you pleasantly suprise me/us?Dave (talk) 14:48, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Dave. What exactly is the purpose of your troll? Who has lost his temper here? Why don't you pleasantly suprise us all by making some referenced improvements of your own? I'm sorry to hear that you have time to troll, but not to work. Rwflammang (talk) 15:02, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Antonio de Nebrija, lost between two disparate classification criteria?
I wanted to include a mention of the Spanish Humanist Antonio de Nebrija either in the article about Renaissance Latin or in this one about New Latin. Nebrija lived 1441-1522 and wrote his famous Introductiones Latinæ in 1481. Now, the Renaissance Latin article lists authors of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries only, and classifies them clearly according to their date of death. This way understood, Nebrija is a sixteenth century author (died 1522) and doesn't fit there. The New Latin article nevertheless lists not autors but works, and does so by their date of issue, starting from 1500. This way understood, Nebrija wrote in the fifteenth century (1481) and his contribution cannot be included there either. Please advise on how to sort out this problem, because Nebrija is one of the best known Latin humanists both in Spain and abroad (cf. Jozef IJsewijn, Companion to Neo-Latin Studies, Part I, 3.2.5. Spain, pp. 104-117) and his contribution cannot be silenced just because of inadequate classification criteria. Aggfvavitus (talk) 12:15, 27 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, Renaissance Latin sorts the authors by date of birth, but they are admitted to the list according to whether they were actually producing Latin works during the relevant period. Since Nebrija wrote during the 15th century, he fits in the Renaissance Latin article (and is actually older than some of the other authors listed there). RandomCritic (talk) 04:59, 28 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply, RandomCritic. I now see what you mean (Filelfo has been put before Alberti because he was born before him although he died after him). What I meant is that, by looking at the list in the Renaissance Latin page, it also appears that authors have been arranged within each century according to the year in which they died, as that would seem to be the only reason why Dante (born 1265) and Ockham (born ca. 1288) can be listed in the 14th century, and Bruni (born cz. 1370), Beccadelli (born 1394) and Filelfo (born 1398) in the 15th. If the sorting is according to date of birth, the first two should be under a new 13th century category, and the second three in the 14th. Now, if they have been distributed per century according to the dates of their publications, then it is those dates (rather than, or at least as well as, those of their births and deaths) that should be given and made explicit in the article, so that the listing criteria are clear. So far that appears nowhere in the Renaissance Latin page. The year of their production is the criterion explicitly used to classify both New Latin authors and Contemporary Latin autors, but the format and thus apparent sorting criterion of the list of Renaissance Latin authors is clearly different to the naked eye. I of course am all in favour of using the same criterion and format for all, and so of listing Renaissance Latin authors also by the dates of their work, but so far this has not explicitly been done that way. If you tell me that Nebrija belongs in the 15th century list, good (I see that you have now added him there); but he will thus be the first one whose date of death is outside of the century under which he is classified. Until dates of production are given, as for New and Contemporary Latin, I'd say the Renaissance listing and its dating criteria remain very puzzling and in no way explicit. Also I think this conversation should be moved to the Renaissance Latin page too. Thanks in any case for your contribution. Aggfvavitus (talk) 14:03, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Height
George I of Great Britain (a Hanoverian) likely communicated with his government in French, not Latin. Is there any cite to accompany the article's claim? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.232.16.141 (talk) 05:06, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Your doubts are unfounded. Although George I spoke French, his Prime Minister did not; and they accordingly carried on their discussions in Latin, as cited. RandomCritic (talk) 12:05, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

New Latin or Neo Latin?
Sorry, I'm fairly new here, but I'm a bit unsure about why the term "New Latin" is heading this page when all of the references use "Neo". "New Latin" is pretty confusing. Is it just because of the definition from the college dictionary? The OED doesn't even seem to list it as a recognised term.

Early Renaissance titles / additional headings
Currently the representation of titles here begins arbitrarily with the Northern Renaissance, omitting the 14th and 15th century antecedents. While Wikipedia possesses a Renaissance Latin article, the relationship between "Neo-Latin" and "Renaissance Latin" is by no means delineated or clarified by the New Latin article. Methinks this is the case because the division between the two articles is arbitrary since post 1500 Latin is fundamentally an extension of Renaissance Latin. See for example how the subject is engaged at the Cambridge University Faculty of Modern & Medieval Languages: What is Neo-Latin?

 * The boundary is not arbitrary, but corresponds to the standardization of Latin usage motivated by the advent of printing, and the much closer contacts between Latin scholars across Europe that began in the last few decades of the 15th century. Prior to that, humanistic Latin had been restricted to Italy and to those scholars who were strongly influenced by Italian humanism.  But by 1500 the new Latin was no longer a local trend, but the standard for all Europe.RandomCritic (talk) 04:08, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the delay in responding. I disagree. The 1500 boundary is arbitrary. The more substantial break is earlier and Neo Latin as it is conventionally defined most everywhere outside of wikipedia embraces the Renaissance developments, especially from the 15th century. E.g., "The purpose of the | American Association of Neo Latin Studies is to promote the study and teaching of Latin and Latin-language literature in their Neo-Latin manifestations, from the beginning of Italian humanism until the present day."

 * The highly regarded |ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ON-LINE NEO-LATIN TEXTS aims to provide an "analytic bibliography of Latin texts written during the Renaissance and later."

 * The German Neo-Latin Society (| Deutsche Neulateinische Gesellschaft) "is concerned with texts which were authored in the Latin language from the beginning of the Humanist movement in the age of Petrarch (14th century) to the present."

 * The OED defines Neo-Latin as: "Of or relating to Latin as used since the late 14th cent. by authors seeking (esp. during the Renaissance) to emulate classical rather than medieval models."

 * It happens to be much easier to separate out authors and works by date than it is to determine whether they are "emulating classical rather than mediæval models". And if you push the date back to the fourteenth century, you are inevitably going to bring in a lot of Latin writers whose Latin is certainly not "neo".  Whereas by restricting the scope of the page to authors writing from 1500 on, there's a near-guarantee that you're going to be looking at Latin that is stylistically influenced by humanist Latin.  But of course the major characteristic of Neo-Latin is not that it's pure humanist Latin (much less Classical Latin), but that it merges elements of mediæval tradition (including the peculiar, non-classical vocabulary of administrators, lawyers, physicians, clergy, philosophers and scientists) with aspects of the humanist reform, practically applied. RandomCritic (talk) 02:06, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the problem is in the general conception of the category. "Neo Latin" as generally employed by scholars of late medieval/early modern Latin certainly embraces Renaissance Latin, whereas "New Latin" in the original intent of this page was more narrowly focused on more modern Latin scientific vocabulary. Gamonetus (talk) 20:42, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't believe that's ever been the principal focus of this page.RandomCritic (talk) 02:06, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

To this end, the works listed on the Renaissance Latin page could be amalgamated into this page's lists.

 * I don't think that's a great idea. The lists are too long anyway, and Humanist/Renaissance Latin deserves its own categorization.  A simple, though not strictly chronological, way of distinguishing renaissance from Neo-Latin books could be to answer the question: was it first published as a manuscript book or a print book?  If the former, it is perhaps better classified as Renaissance Latin.RandomCritic (talk) 04:08, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

On a separate note, the heading Other technical subjects could now be profitably subdivided into Political Theory, Philosophy, History, Theology. Objections?

 * The lists were never intended to be (and could not possibly be) a complete bibliography of Neo-Latin texts -- they were only intended to suggest the geographic and chronological extent of Neo-Latin, and the variety of subjects covered. But they have grown by random additions by various editors.  They could be more aptly pruned than expanded.RandomCritic (talk) 04:08, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * No argument that the lists are long. Pruning of titles down to the most significant works with the addition of a couple of more specific categories from my perspective would be an upgrade. The current lists favor science and literature over theology and political theory.Gamonetus (talk) 20:42, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Finally, count my voice as a vote for Neo-Latin over New Latin as the most fitting title for the subject. Gamonetus (talk) 15:38, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * On this we agree. I prefer "Neo-Latin" myself, but I think "New Latin" was the form used when I started editing this article.RandomCritic (talk) 04:08, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Let's end on our agreement. "Neo Latin" is certainly the preferred expression. Perhaps this article should be moved to "Neo Latin" and separate, brief "New Latin" article launched corresponding the more narrow intent of the original article to focus on the scientific use of Latin in recent centuries. It wrote: "New Latin or Neo-Latin is a post-medieval version of Latin primarily used in International Scientific Vocabulary cladistics and systematics. The term came into wide-spread use towards the end of the 1890's among linquists and scientists." Gamonetus (talk) 20:42, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't think anybody anywhere considers "New Latin" and "Neo-Latin" to be two distinct entities. I can see a case being made for a "Scientific Latin" article; though I'm not yet convinced the case would be a good one. Scientific Latin -- meaning the Latin that scientists actually wrote in -- has a lengthy history, which includes elements of classical, mediæval, renaissance and neo-Latin.  That history is extraordinarily complex and involved, with interaction between physicians, pharmacists, botanists, zoologists, and others who were all closely tied into the Latin-reading and -writing 'republic of letters' that characterized Europe down to the 19th century.  It certainly covers a whole lot more than "cladistics and systematics".  Whether all that can be extracted from plain Neo-Latin (which, as time goes on, tends to be increasingly scientific in content) seems to me to be doubtful.  Scientific Latin only has a distinct identity after most other forms of neo-Latin have died out -- but its continuity (often amounting to identity) with the scientifically-oriented neo-Latin of preceding centuries is undeniable.RandomCritic (talk) 02:06, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Hungary
During the earlier part of this period, Latin was still to some degree a language of government in Hungary... AnonMoos (talk) 03:25, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Differences from Classical Latin
The article does a good job of presenting differences in pronunciation, but I would like to see a discussion of any differences in structure and grammar. Spoken languages tend to become simplified. Was there a similar trend in New Latin, e.g., a simplification of the strange word order that we see in classical writings, like Vergil's Arma virumque cano Troiae qui primus ab oris Italiam fato profugus Laviniaque venit litora..., where Troiae modifies oris, fato profugus modifies venit, and Lavinia modifies litora? (Apologies if I have parsed this incorrectly; my Latin isn't very good. Also, I cannot recall whether I have seen similar constructions in prose. My point is that classical Latin was more convoluted than it needed to be and certainly more so than the spoken language.) Such sentence structure perhaps would have been difficult even for educated people who learned Latin as a second language. Did they nevertheless use it in their writings? Peter Chastain (talk) 16:31, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I can't think of any substantial syntactic differences between Neo-Latin and Classical Latin -- the syntax was certainly much more Classical than Mediæval Latin. The example you choose is one where the normal word order(s) of Latin have been scrambled to fit the exacting metre of the poem.  It might more normally have run something like "Arma virumque cano, qui primus ab Troiae oris, fato profugus, Italiam Laviniaque litora venit." Neo-Latin is the same: prose order is relatively straightforward -- though words are occasionally displaced, especially to the end of a sentence or clause, as a literary or rhetorical flourish; while Neo-Latin poetry is primarily metrical, and operates under the same constraints as Classical Latin poetry, which result in occasionally very distorted word order.
 * Nonetheless, Neo-Latin syntax was very different from that of the native languages of any of its writers, and it must have taken a considerable amount of practice to achieve fluency in reading, or in writing a polished prose style. RandomCritic (talk) 19:57, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

An omitted case of New Latin use
Is in the editing of Classical texts: in the more serious academic editions of, say, Vergil or Homer, the preface, introduction, notes & commentary are still written in Latin, in part out of tradition, in part because Latin is still the language all Classicists can be expected to read. (Case in point: for an article I've been working on, I've relied on Ladislav Vidman (ed.), Fasti ostienses, second edition, published in Prague in 1982. Had the editor written the critical apparatus in Czech -- which I assume is his native language -- I could not have used it as fully as I had. It was something of a delight to encounter a book written & printed in the last 35-40 years in Latin.) Much of Theodor Mommsen's work in editing inscriptions & historical texts is accompanied with his comments written in Latin, & one reason why the publications of the Loeb Classical Library is looked down upon. However, even in this narrow field New Latin is under pressure for the simple fact even Classicists are in decreasing numbers fluent enough in the language to express themselves, depressing to report. This was pointed out in an article I stumbled across in a German academic publication -- I could find the citation if anyone is interested. Perhaps the next generation of editions of Ovid, Hesiod, & Livy will be published with notes in French & German, which will help defend those languages against growing encroachment of the English language, while abandoning Latin to the Catholic Church & fringe groups. -- llywrch (talk) 21:05, 11 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Predecessor (unclear)
Toward the beginning of the article:

As a language for full expression in prose or poetry, however, it is often distinguished from Contemporary Latin as a predecessor.

I find this wording very unclear. Which is the predecessor of which? New Latin of Contemporary Latin, or the reverse?

Toddcs (talk) 07:04, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

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Too indecent for the lower classes?
About:

The last survivals of New Latin to convey non-technical information appear in the use of Latin to cloak passages and expressions deemed too indecent (in the 19th century) to be read by children, the lower classes, or (most) women.

OK, so I get the part about children and (most) women. But the lower classes? So, in other words, indecent material was not for just any man on the street; rather, you had to be of a sufficiently noble stature to be worthy of reading indecent material.

That is bizarre. But I have no reason to doubt that such could have been the thinking of many members of those "upper" classes. Toddcs (talk) 04:08, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

Modifications and additions
There's a lot that needs to be done to this page I feel: I'm going to have a go at some of this, so this is a heads up that I will try to address the above points. If anyone has other suggestions please do say so. Jim Killock (talk) 21:11, 20 March 2023 (UTC)
 * some of it is a bit opinionated (although not wrong, just strongly stated)
 * references are generally missing from the main section
 * there's a lot missing regarding the kinds of Latin produced, when, where and why; nor on the style or its relation to Classical Latin, eg the influence of vernaculars, disputes on originality and the prevalence of Classical stylistic models
 * there is little explaining the different periods and changes, as it moved from a productive, used and spoken language to a taught, largely written and read language in the eighteenth century, finally forming the basis for the ninetennth century "classics", being mostly learnt for reading, with gradually less emphasis on writing; and by the twentieth century being mostly a grammatical learning exercise.
 * there is not much on teaching of Latin, yet this is extremely important for an entirely learnt language
 * there is some but not much on the differences by region, eg the strength of Latin in Scandinavia or Poland, or Hungary and Croatia, versus the early decline of Latin in the UK and France, for instance
 * attitudes to Latin and its relationship to elitisms could do with expansion, albeit this spills into Contemporary Latin as the periods are currently split
 * it should explain that not everyone sees contemporary Latin as a distinct phase (it may be better to align the articles as history to date and things happening in the last decade or two, IMO, but this won't be a priority and I will bring this back for discussion later if I get that far).

title: Talk:Neo-Latin/Archive 1


text:
UPX

UPX (Ultimate Packer for Executables) is a free and open source executable packer supporting a number of file formats from different operating systems.

Compression
UPX uses a data compression algorithm called UCL, which is an open-source implementation of portions of the proprietary NRV (Not Really Vanished) algorithm.

UCL has been designed to be simple enough that a decompressor can be implemented in just a few hundred bytes of code. UCL requires no additional memory to be allocated for decompression, a considerable advantage that means that a UPX packed executable usually requires no additional memory.

UPX (since 2.90 beta) can use LZMA on most platforms; however, this is disabled by default for 16-bit due to slow decompression speed on older computers (use  to force it on).

Starting with version 3.91, UPX also supports 64-Bit (x64) PE files on the Windows platform. This feature is currently declared as experimental.

Decompression
UPX supports two mechanisms for decompression: an in-place technique and extraction to temporary file.

The in-place technique, which decompresses the executable into memory, is not possible on all supported platforms. It has the advantage of being more efficient in terms of memory, and that the environment set up by the OS remains correct.

The rest uses extraction to temporary file. This procedure involves additional overhead and other disadvantages; however, it allows any executable file format to be packed. The extraction to temporary file method has several disadvantages:
 * Special permissions are ignored, such as suid.
 * will not be meaningful.
 * Multiple running instances of the executable are unable to share common segments.

Unmodified UPX packing is often detected and unpacked by antivirus software scanners. UPX also has a built-in feature for unpacking unmodified executables packed with itself.

Supported formats
UPX supports the following formats:
 * Portable Executable (PE, EXE and DLL files):
 * ARM (Windows CE)
 * 32-bit x86 (Windows Desktop)
 * 64-bit x86-64 (Windows Desktop, still experimental)
 * RTM32 (DOS extender, as generated by Borland C/Pascal compilers)
 * COFF executables, used by DJGPP2
 * a.out format, BSD i386 (removed)
 * Raw 8086/DOS files:
 * DOS/COM (including some binary images)
 * DOS/EXE
 * DOS/SYS
 * Watcom/LE (used by DOS4G, PMODE/W, DOS32A and CauseWay)
 * TMT/adam (as generated by the TMT Pascal compiler)
 * Atari/TOS
 * Linux kernel, i386, x86-64 and ARM
 * Linux Executable and Linkable Format, i386, x86-64, ARM, PowerPC, MIPS
 * PlayStation 1/EXE (MIPS R3000)
 * Darwin Mach-O, ppc32, i386, and x86-64

UPX does not currently support PE files containing CIL code intended to run on the .NET Framework.

title: UPX