text:
User talk:Ricky T

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 20:23, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:LutherVandross.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:BuickGNX.gif
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Image copyright problem with Image:Hello_Newman.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have questions about copyright tagging of images, post on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags or User talk:Carnildo/images. 04:29, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Doug Heffernan.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Doug Heffernan.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:Newman.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Newman.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 17:05, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Jerry_Stiller.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jerry_Stiller.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 18:56, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Kevin_James.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kevin_James.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 14:21, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ESPN1300.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ESPN1300.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 19:43, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:ESPN1300.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ESPN1300.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 19:43, 17 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 19:43, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:92qjams.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:92qjams.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

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Orphaned non-free image (Image:92qjams.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:92qjams.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 22:05, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:ESPN1300.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ESPN1300.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 02:58, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:KKSF.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:KKSF.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:39, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Kevin & Will in Hitch.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Kevin & Will in Hitch.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 14:41, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Wsmj1043.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Wsmj1043.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 07:56, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

File source and copyright licensing problem with File:WNUA.gif
Thanks for uploading File:WNUA.gif. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, we also need to know the terms of the license that the copyright holder has published the file under, usually done by adding a licensing tag. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged files may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the file will be deleted 48 hours after 11:38, 4 May 2010 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:38, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ricky T


text:
User talk:Neonil~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 20:23, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Neonil. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Neonil~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:07, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:52, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Neonil~enwiki


text:
St Helens, Isle of Wight

St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight.

The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground.

The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's first golf courses), which for a while was almost as famous as the golf course at St Andrews. It is now a popular beach for tourists during the summer season and is protected by the National Trust.

It is linked to other parts of the island by Southern Vectis bus route 8 serving Ryde, Bembridge, Sandown and Newport including intermediate villages.

History
The origin of St Helens seems to revolve around the Cluniac Priory and the monastic church, built circa 1080. In 1340 a French raid landed at St Helens but was repulsed by Sir Theobald Russell. In 1346 Edward III set sail from St Helens to invade Normandy.

After Henry V suppressed the alien priories in 1414 the old church became the parish church. The original church eventually became unsafe and a new one was built further inland. In 1720 a great wave destroyed the old church, though the church tower still stands to this day; the seaward side is painted as a sea mark. It is believed that Admiral Lord Nelson's last view of England was of the St Helens seamark - HMS Victory had anchored nearby to collect drinking water, before setting sail for Cádiz and participation in the Battle of Trafalgar.

In the early 18th Century, the entrance to the harbour was near to the church. Attempts at reclamation of the harbour, which were unsuccessful due to locals removing building materials, resulted in the harbour being moved. The church was undermined by the quarrying of stone from the beach, which accounts for the large dressed blocks leading along the beach to Priory Bay. A small gun battery, which has been lost to the sea, once defended the entrance.

Dressed stones from the walls of the destroyed church, which were soft sandstone, were found to be good for scrubbing the decks of wooden planked warships - hence the terms 'holystone' and 'holystoning the decks'.

The closest Royal Commission sea fort to the island is St Helens Fort, named after St Helens. Historic England has St Helens Fort listed as a Scheduled Monument and Grade II Listed Building.

Geography
St Helens is located to the east of the Isle of Wight on high ground to the north of Bembridge giving it views over the harbour. The nearest town is Ryde, about 3 mi away.

The village is located on the coast, with St Helens Duver nearby at the mouth of the harbour. The area features a sand-dune complex where the first golf course on the island was located, and where there is now a sheltered beach, cafe and beach huts. The Duver is no longer a golf course and is maintained by the National Trust. A promenade stretches along the beach, with the sand dunes at the rear. During the summer season the beach is litter picked, with large amounts of seaweed removed and given to local farmers for composting. In 1997, the beach was given a Seaside Award Flag.

The Eastern Yar, from its source at Niton to the south of the island, runs through the village en route to the Solent.

St Helens' built environment is set around large village greens, which are often claimed to make up the second largest green in England. The greens are split up in some areas to allow for roads, with housing and other development to the north and south sides of the greens.

Amenities
St Helen's Church is the village's Anglican parish church located just outside the main village. It was first built in 1717 but then rebuilt in 1831. The present church is a stone structure with brick dressings, and consists of an aisleless nave, with transepts, a chancel and west tower with one bell.

St Helens Community Centre replaced the old "Tin Tabernacle". This is located on the corner of Guildford Road and Upper Green Road St Helens. Bookings can be made for hire of this Community Centre and it is a popular place for meetings. There is a chapel incorporated within the Community Centre so that people who cannot get to the main St Helens Church can come here.

St Helens Pavilion is a very important amenity especially for sporting events such as cricket and football that take place on St Helens Green.

The Vine Inn is a Public House on Upper Green Road, opposite the village green. It is over 100 years old. Until the late 1960s it was adjoined by a rival pub, the Sailor's Home.

St Helens Post Office is the key shopping centre of St Helens village. It is the "corner shop" on Upper Green Road. This shop sells general groceries and is the local newsagents. More recently it has opened up a café.

Priory Bay Hotel is now the subject of a major planning application as announced in the Isle of Wight County Press. "FORMERLY one of the Island’s top hotels, Priory Bay could be back in businesses following a multi-million pound makeover."

St Helens Primary School Broomlands Close St Helens. For much of 2008, it looked likely that the school would be closed following education reforms to move the island to a two-tier education system, however the village protested with signs displayed across the village stating "We love St Helens Primary School", which in March 2009 prevented the school from closure.

Notable residents

 * Sophie Dawes, Baronne de Feuchères – "adventuress" best known as a mistress of Louis Henry II, Prince of Condé
 * Jeremy Irons – film actor, Oscar and double Emmy winner
 * Alfred Toogood – professional golfer who lived at Eddington Road and played at the Royal Links Club

title: St Helens, Isle of Wight


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eefa

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Eefa
Nominated due to: no content, unlikely to be used or referenced by any other articles. Could be a candidate for speedy deletion. Oliver Keenan 20:36, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, foreign dictionary definition, no encyclopaedic content. Megan1967 21:03, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Arabic dic def, no useful content. Delete. Mgm|(talk) 23:10, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, because MacGyver knows all. --Asriel86 23:23, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eefa


text: User talk:HelenWatt

title: User talk:HelenWatt


text:
User talk:Fantom~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 20:24, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Thanks
Err, thanks. I've actually been visiting this site for ages, making contributions before actually joining, but I've still got a lot to learn. Lucky people are so helpful...=) By the way, anyone feel free to leave any comments here and I'll post on your talk page (unless you don't want me to of course). Fantom 10:01, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Your welcome. One can spot "new" users because they don't yet have talk pages.  So when I check my watchlist, I send welcome messages to registered users without talk pages, as do other users.  Please leave messages to me on my talk page (standard practice, if users wish to be contacted another way they should let you know on their talk page), which notifies me as soon as I log in (or receive it if logged in), as I don't put other's talk pages on my watchlist, and thus never notice.  Happy edits. Hyacinth 18:09, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Djediufankh
Would it be possible for you to get a digital photo of this jar, currently on display at the Royal Pump Room Museum near where you live? -- brian0918 ™  22:36, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It's possible. I'll see what I can do. Fantom 19:57, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia_talk:Censorship
A watered-down version of the proposed policy against censorship is now open for voting. Will you knidly review the policy and make your opinions known? Thank you very much. Loom91 11:34, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Big Brother 2007 citation tags
I know perfectly well that all this was confirmed on launch night, but it still needs a source. This is why I will be putting the cite tags back in, it encourages other users to fill in the sources (which there are plenty of), and I may fill some myself. John Hayes 09:02, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

List_of_songs_about_masturbation is in it's 5th AfD
List_of_songs_about_masturbation is up for it's fifth AfD. You participated in an earlier one. If you wish to participate again, please go to Articles_for_deletion/List_of_songs_about_masturbation_%285th_nomination%29 -- Lentower 03:51, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Image:Weed.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Weed.png, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Jordan 1972 (talk) 00:46, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fantom. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fantom~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:51, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:48, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fantom~enwiki


text:
Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign

The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign is a Las Vegas landmark funded in May 1959 and erected soon after by Western Neon. The sign was designed by Betty Willis at the request of Ted Rogich, a local salesman, who sold it to Clark County, Nevada.

The sign is located in the median at 5100 Las Vegas Boulevard South, north of the historic stone pillars of the old McCarran Field on the east side, and level with the Bali Hai Golf Club on the west side. Some consider the sign to be the official southern end of the Las Vegas Strip. The sign, like most of the Strip, sits in Paradise and is located roughly 4 miles south of the actual city limits of Las Vegas. Such distinctions are usually ignored by both locals and tourists, who refer to the entire metro area as "Las Vegas".

Design
The sign is a 25 ft classic roadside pole design, mounted offset on two flat poles which are joined by a cross piece at the top. The poles extend above the top of the sign. The sign is a horizontally stretched diamond shape, with the top and bottom angles pointed while the side angles are rounded. It is double-backed, internally lit, with a border of flashing and chasing yellow incandescent bulbs outside around the perimeter. In a nod to Nevada's nickname as "the Silver State," across the top of the sign are white neon circles, designed to represent silver dollars. The circles each contain a red painted letter, outlined in neon, which together form the word "Welcome." Crowning the sign, located between the two poles and just under the crosspiece is an eight-pointed, red-painted metal star outlined with yellow neon.

The intersecting vertical and horizontal lines of the star extend over and wrap around the frame that is created by the two poles and the cross piece, which give the star a dynamic, explosive appearance. The cabinet is faced with translucent white plastic and covered with blue and red painted text. The south side of the sign reads "Welcome" inside the silver dollars, with "to Fabulous" in blue, in a 1950s-style cursive, underneath. The words "Las Vegas" are on the next line in red, all capitalized, and large, almost filling the width of the sign. Under "Las Vegas" is the word "Nevada" in blue, all capitalized, in a much smaller font. On the back or north side, which is less frequently photographed and thus is lesser known, the sign reads "Drive" on the top line and "Carefully" on the second in red capital letters, with "Come Back" in blue on the third line, in script, and "Soon" all capitalized in blue on the fourth line. The design is characteristic of the Googie architecture movement.

History
The sign was built and installed in 1959 by Las Vegas-based Western Electric Displays (aka Western Neon) under contract with Clark County. Betty Willis, an employee of Western Neon, designed the sign. It cost $4,000 to build the sign.

Legend has been written that "Willis considered this her gift to the city and wanted it to be in the public domain." She has been quoted in saying, "If I had copyrighted the sign, it probably wouldn't have been used as much and wouldn't be as famous. But, it would be nice to have a dime for every time it's been used." However, the Young Electric Sign Company (YESCO) has owned the sign since their purchase of Western Neon in the early 1960s, and the company leases the sign to Clark County. In 2007, Clark County installed decorative artificial turf underneath the sign. In late 2008, Clark County employees sought to have the sign listed on the National Register of Historic Places; the Nevada State Historic Preservation Office officially nominated it, and the National Park Service approved the designation on May 1, 2009. On December 6, 2013, the State Historic Preservation Office for the State of Nevada announced that the "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign had been added to the State Register of Historic Places. After Willis died on April 19, 2015, Clark County commissioners declared May 5, 2015, "Betty Willis Day" and issued a proclamation to her daughter Marjorie Holland.

Site improvements
Prior to 2008, access to the iconic sign for photo opportunities was risky. There was no legal place for visitors to park, and visitors had to cross travel lanes of Las Vegas Boulevard and hop up onto a median to reach the sign. Although there had been no known traffic fatalities involving pedestrians attempting to access the sign, rising traffic at the south end of the Strip presented an increasingly dangerous situation.

After control of Las Vegas Boulevard was transferred from the state to Clark County, county officials decided to improve access and increase safety around the sign for photo-seekers. On December 8, 2008, site improvements were completed in the median allowing official public access to the welcome sign for the first time. The $400,000 project included a parking lot with 12 parking spaces and two loading areas for buses and limousines, as well as a paved walkway leading from the parking to the sign viewing area.

The improvements were successful, and the small parking lot was soon overwhelmed by an ever-increasing number of visitors to the sign. In April 2012, the Clark County Commission authorized the expenditure of $500,000 to add 20 more spaces to accommodate visitor traffic.

On April 23, 2015, a second site enhancement project was completed at a cost of $900,000. This project added 21 additional parking spaces to the parking lot and completed additional cosmetic and safety improvements, including new marked crosswalks with traffic signals to allow safer pedestrian access to the sign.

Notable events involving the sign
On January 31, 2008, the sign turned red in support of National Wear Red Day. The American Heart Association's Go Red for Women campaign sought to educate the public on women's risk of cardiovascular disease and promote the importance of women getting screened for heart disease.

On March 28, 2009, the sign along with much of the Las Vegas Strip was darkened for one hour as the city took part in Earth Hour.

On May 14, 2009, Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman and the Playboy personality Holly Madison coincided the start of summer with the sign's 50th anniversary. Part of the celebration was making it in the Guinness Book of World Records for the largest bikini parade, followed by pool parties throughout the city. The event kicked off in front of the sign with a runway-style retrospective featuring bathing suits from the 1950s to today.

April 28, 2010, marked the first time the text of the sign has ever been changed. Mayor Oscar Goodman unveiled the new marketing campaign "Camp Vegas." The sign was adorned with a cover that read "Welcome to Fabulous Camp Vegas." The event was hosted by Holly Madison, Wayne Newton, Oscar Goodman, and a slew of showgirls and skydivers. The Camp Vegas cover remained over the sign for 36 hours.

On October 5, 2017, following a mass shooting four days earlier, 58 crosses with hearts on them, all made by Greg Zanis, were placed behind the sign. Each cross represented a victim killed in the shooting.

On August 18, 2020, the sign was the site of the Nevada delegation's state roll-call at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.

Replica signs
In 2002, the Las Vegas City Council erected a similar sign for the city proper reading "Welcome to Fabulous Downtown Las Vegas" at Las Vegas Boulevard and 4th Street, just within the city limits of the City of Las Vegas. This sign was destroyed in 2016 when a pickup truck crashed into it. After much debate over whether to replace the sign, the city council decided that the city needed its own unique entrance marker. The Gateway Arches, featuring a 7-ton (6,350 kg) "City of Las Vegas" YESCO sign over Las Vegas Boulevard, opened next to the Strat on November 18, 2020.

On March 6, 2007, another replica of the sign was installed on Boulder Highway just north of Tropicana Avenue, the result of casinos along the "Boulder Strip" uniting to have their own welcome sign. Like the original, it does not mark the border with Las Vegas; instead, it "represents the understood gateway from the Boulder Highway to Las Vegas" according to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

In 2013, the SlotZilla Zipline attraction was built at the Fremont Street Experience. A "Welcome to Fabulous Downtown Las Vegas" sign was added to one of its towers.

In 2022, the Chapel of the Flowers erected a sign reading "Married in Fabulous Las Vegas" to celebrate the five million couples who were married in Las Vegas. The city of Las Vegas, Clark County, and the LVCVA launched a ten-month-long campaign promoting couples who were married in Las Vegas to take a photo in front of the sign to win monthly prizes and one grand prize,

Use in souvenirs
In 2004, souvenir replicas of the sign that light up were sold to benefit the Nevada Cancer Institute.

In 2005, the image of the sign was featured on the Nevada license plate that was issued to commemorate the centennial of the City of Las Vegas.

On March 1, 2012, a business selling photos in front of a replica of the sign opened at Harry Reid International Airport in Las Vegas. This features an actual, physical sign located in the airport.

As of 2023, YESCO provides maintenance of the sign, and sells the replaced light bulbs as Official Las Vegas Lights, packaged in a wood box along with a letter of authenticity indicating the date lit.

title: Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign


text: User talk:64.228.149.140

title: User talk:64.228.149.140


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Vietic languages

The Vietic languages are a branch of the Austroasiatic language family, spoken by the Vietic peoples in Laos and Vietnam. The branch was once referred to by the terms Việt–Mường, Annamese–Muong, and Vietnamuong; the term Vietic was proposed by La Vaughn Hayes, who proposed to redefine Việt–Mường as referring to a sub-branch of Vietic containing only Vietnamese and Mường.

Many of the Vietic languages have tonal or phonational systems intermediate between that of Viet–Muong and other branches of Austroasiatic that have not had significant Chinese or Tai influence.

Vietnamese, today, has had significant Chinese influence especially in vocabulary and tonal system. Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary accounts for about 30–60% of Vietnamese vocabulary, not including calques from Chinese.

Origins
The ancestor of the Vietic language is traditionally assumed to have been located in today's North Vietnam.

However, the origin of the Vietic languages remains a controversial topic among linguists. Another theory, based on linguistic diversity, locates the most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern-day Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province in Laos as well as parts of Nghệ An Province and Quảng Bình Province in Vietnam. The time depth of the Vietic branch dates back at least 2,500 years to 2,000 years (Chamberlain 1998); 3,500 years (Peiros 2004); or around 3,000 years (Alves 2020). Even so, archaeogenetics demonstrated that before the Đông Sơn period, the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from Phùng Nguyên culture's Mán Bạc burial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the Mlabri and Lua from Thailand, the Nicobarese from India (Nicobar Islands), and the Khmer from Cambodia; meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from Đông Sơn culture's Núi Nấp site showed affinity to "Dai from China, Tai-Kadai speakers from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the Kinh"; therefore, "[t]he likely spread of Vietic was southward from the RRD, not northward. Accounting for southern diversity will require alternative explanations."

Vietnamese
The Vietnamese language was identified as Austroasiatic in the mid-nineteenth century, and there is now strong evidence for this classification. Modern Vietnamese has lost many Proto-Austroasiatic phonological and morphological features. Vietnamese also has large stocks of borrowed Chinese vocabulary. However, there continues to be resistance to the idea that Vietnamese could be more closely related to Khmer than to Chinese or Tai languages among Vietnamese nationalists. The vast majority of scholars attribute typological similarities with Sinitic and Tai to language contact rather than to common inheritance.

Chamberlain (1998) argues that the Red River Delta region was originally Tai-speaking and became Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD as a result of emigration from the south, i.e., modern Central Vietnam, where the highly distinctive and conservative North-Central Vietnamese dialects are spoken today. Therefore, the region of origin of Vietnamese (and the earlier Viet–Muong) was well south of the Red River.

On the other hand, Ferlus (2009) showed that the inventions of pestle, oar and a pan to cook sticky rice, which is the main characteristic of the Đông Sơn culture, correspond to the creation of new lexicons for these inventions in Northern Vietic (Việt–Mường) and Central Vietic (Cuoi-Toum). The new vocabularies of these inventions were proven to be derivatives from original verbs rather than borrowed lexical items. The current distribution of Northern Vietic also corresponds to the area of Dong Son culture. Thus, Ferlus concludes that the Northern Vietic (Viet-Muong) is the direct heir of the Dongsonian, who had resided in the southern part of the Red River Delta and North Central Vietnam from the 1st millennium BC.

Furthermore, John Phan (2013, 2016) argues that “Annamese Middle Chinese” was spoken in the Red River Valley and was then later absorbed into the coexisting Proto-Viet-Muong, one of whose divergent dialects evolved into the Vietnamese language. Annamese Middle Chinese belonged to a Middle Chinese dialect continuum in southwestern China that eventually "diversified into" Waxiang Chinese, the Jiudu patois 九都土話 of Hezhou, Southern Pinghua, and various Xiang Chinese dialects (e.g., Xiangxiang 湘鄉, Luxi 瀘溪, Qidong 祁東, and Quanzhou 全州). Phan (2013) lists three major types of Sino-Vietnamese borrowings, which were borrowed during different eras:
 * Early Sino-Vietnamese (Han dynasty (ca. 1st century CE) and Jin dynasty (ca. 4th century CE) layers)
 * Late Sino-Vietnamese (Tang dynasty)
 * Recent Sino-Vietnamese (Ming dynasty and post-Ming dynasty)

Distribution
Vietic speakers reside in and around the Nakai–Nam Theun Conservation Area of Laos and north-central Vietnam (Chamberlain 1998). Many of these speakers are referred to as Mường, Nhà Làng, and Nguồn. Chamberlain (1998) lists current locations in Laos for the following Vietic peoples. An overview based on first-hand fieldwork has been proposed by Michel Ferlus.

 * Nguồn: Ban Pak Phanang, Boualapha District, Khammouane; others in Vietnam
 * Liha, Phong (Cham), and Toum: Khamkeut District; probably originally from the northern Nghe An / Khamkeut border area
 * Ahoe: originally lived in Na Tane Subdistrict of Nakai District, and Ban Na Va village in Khamkeut District; taken to Hinboun District during the war, and then later resettled in Nakai Tay (39 households) and in Sop Hia (20 households) on the Nakai Plateau.
 * Thaveung (Ahao and Ahlao dialects): several villages near Lak Xao; probably originally from the Na Heuang area
 * Cheut: Ban Na Phao and Tha Sang, Boualapha District; others probably also in Pha Song, Vang Nyao, Takaa; originally from Hin Nam No and Vietnam
 * Atel: Tha Meuang on the Nam Sot (primarily Malang people); originally from the Houay Kanil area
 * Thémarou: Vang Chang on the Nam Theun; Ban Soek near the Nam Noy
 * Makang: Na Kadok, Khamkeut District (primarily Saek people); originally from the Upper Sot area
 * Malang: Tha Meuang on the Nam Sot
 * "Salang": Ban Xe Neua, Boualapha District
 * Atop: Na Thone, Khamkeut District (primarily Tai Theng people); originally from the Upper Sot area
 * Mlengbrou: near the Nam One; later relocated to the Yommalath District side of the Ak Mountain, and now living in Ban Sang, Yommalath District (primarily Yooy people)
 * Kri: Ban Maka

In Vietnam, some Vietic hill-tribe peoples, including the Arem, Rục, Maliêng, and Mày (Cươi), were resettled at Cu Nhái (located either in western Quảng Bình Province or in the southwest of Hương Khê District in Hà Tĩnh Province). The Sách are also found in Vietnam.

The following table lists the lifestyles of various Vietic-speaking ethnic groups. Unlike the neighboring Tai ethnic groups, many Vietic groups are not paddy agriculturalists.

Languages
The discovery that Vietnamese was a Mon–Khmer language, and that its tones were a regular reflection of non-tonal features in the rest of the family, is considered a milestone in the development of historical linguistics. Vietic languages show a typological range from a Chinese or Tai typology to a typical Mon-Khmer Austroasiatic typology, including (a) complex tonal systems, complex phonation systems or blends; (b) C(glide)VC or CCVC syllable templates; monosyllabic or polysyllabic and isolating or agglutinative typology.

 * Arem: This language lacks the breathy phonation common to most Vietic languages, but does have glottalized final consonants.
 * Cuôi: Hung in Laos, and Thô in Vietnam
 * Aheu (Thavung): This language makes a four-way distinction between clear and breathy phonation combined with glottalized final consonants. This is very similar to the situation in the Pearic languages in which, however, the glottalization is in the vowel.
 * Ruc, Sach, May, and Chưt: A dialect cluster; the register system is the four-way contrast of Aheu augmented with pitch.
 * Maleng (Bo, Pakatan): Tones as in Ruc-Sach.
 * Pong, Hung, Tum, Khong-Kheng
 * Việt–Mường: Vietnamese and Mường. These two dialect chains share 75% of their basic vocabulary, and have similar systems of 5–6 contour tones. These are regular reflexes of other Vietic languages: The three low and three high tones correspond to voiced and voiceless initial consonants in the ancestral language; these then split depending on the original final consonants: Level tones correspond to open syllables or final nasal consonants; high rising and low falling tones correspond to final stops, which have since disappeared; dipping tones to final fricatives, which have also disappeared; and glottalized tones to final glottalized consonants, which have deglottalized.

Sidwell & Alves (2021)
Sidwell & Alves (2021) propose the following classification of the Vietic languages, which was first proposed in Sidwell (2021). Below, the most divergent (basal) branches listed first. Vietic is split into two primary branches, Western (corresponding to the Thavung–Malieng branch) and Eastern (all of the non-Thavung–Malieng languages).

 * Vietic
 * Thavung–Malieng (Western Vietic): Kri, Maleng, Malieng; Ahao/Ahlao, Thavung
 * Eastern Vietic
 * Chut: Arem; Sach, Ruc, May
 * Phong–Liha (Pong–Toum ): Phong, Toum, Liha
 * Cuoi–Tho: Cuoi, Tho
 * Viet–Muong: Vietnamese, Muong, Nguon

The Thavung-Malieng group retains the most archaic lexicon and phonological features, while the Chut group merges *-r and *-l finals to *-l, along with the other northern languages.

Sidwell & Alves (2021) propose that the Vietic languages had dispersed from the Red River Delta, based on evidence from loanwords from early Sinitic and extensive Tai-Vietic contact possibly dating back to the Dong Son period.

Chamberlain (2018)
Chamberlain (2018:9) uses the term Kri-Mol to refer to the Vietic languages, and considers there to be two primary splits, namely Mol-Toum and Nrong-Theun. Chamberlain (2018:12) provides the following phylogenetic classification for the Vietic languages.

 * Kri-Mol
 * Mol-Toum
 * Việt-Mường
 * Vietnamese
 * Mường, Nguồn
 * Toum-Ruc
 * Toum, Phong, Liha
 * Ruc, Chứt, May, Sach, Malieng
 * Nrong-Theun
 * Kri-Phoong
 * Kri, Phoong
 * Mlengbrou
 * Ahlao-Atel
 * Ahoe-Ahlao
 * Ahoe
 * Ahlao, Ahao
 * Atel-Maleng
 * Thémarou
 * Atel, Atop, (Makang), Arao, Maleng, Malang, To-e (Pakatan)

Sidwell (2015)
Based on comparative studies by Ferlus (1982, 1992, 1997, 2001) and new studies in Muong languages by Phan (2012), Sidwell (2015) pointed out that Muong is a paraphyletic taxon and subgroups with Vietnamese. Sidwell's (2015) proposed internal classification for the Vietic languages is as follows.

 * Vietic
 * Viet-Muong: Vietnamese, Mường Muốt, Mường Nàbái, Mường Chỏi, etc.
 * Pong-Toum: Đan Lai, Hung, Toum, Cuôi, etc.
 * Chut
 * East: Mãliềng, Maleng, Arem, Kri, Chứt (Mày, Rụt, Sách, Mụ Già), etc.
 * West: Thavung, Pakatan, etc.

Chamberlain (2003)
The following classification of the Vietic languages is from Chamberlain (2003:422), as quoted in Sidwell (2009:145). Unlike past classifications, there is a sixth "South" branch that includes Kri, a newly described language.

 * Vietic
 * North (Viet–Muong)
 * Vietnamese
 * Mường (according to Phan (2012), Mường is paraphyletic )
 * Nguồn
 * Northwest (Cuoi)
 * West (Thavưng)
 * Ahoe
 * Ahao
 * Ahlao
 * Southeast (Chut)
 * Cheut
 * Rục
 * Sách
 * Mày
 * Malieng
 * (Arem ?)
 * (Kata)
 * Southwest (Maleng)
 * Atel
 * Thémarou
 * Arao
 * Makang
 * Malang
 * Maleng
 * Tơe
 * South (Kri)
 * Kri
 * Phóng
 * Mlengbrou

Animal cycle names
Michel Ferlus (1992, 2013) notes that the 12-year animal cycle (zodiac) names in the Khmer calendar, from which Thai animal cycle names are also derived, and were borrowed from a phonologically conservative form of Viet-Muong. Ferlus contends that the animal cycle names were borrowed from a Viet-Muong (Northern Vietic) language rather than from a Southern Vietic language, since the vowel in the Old Khmer name for "snake" corresponds to Viet-Muong /a/ rather than to Southern Vietic /i/.

title: Vietic languages


text: User talk:65.48.113.15

title: User talk:65.48.113.15


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Microwave chemistry

Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave radiation to chemical reactions. Microwaves act as high frequency electric fields and will generally heat any material containing mobile electric charges, such as polar molecules in a solvent or conducting ions in a solid. Polar solvents are heated as their component molecules are forced to rotate with the field and lose energy in collisions. Semiconducting and conducting samples heat when ions or electrons within them form an electric current and energy is lost due to the electrical resistance of the material. Microwave heating in the laboratory began to gain wide acceptance following papers in 1986, although the use of microwave heating in chemical modification can be traced back to the 1950s. Although occasionally known by such acronyms as MAOS (microwave-assisted organic synthesis), MEC (microwave-enhanced chemistry) or MORE synthesis (microwave-organic reaction enhancement), these acronyms have had little acceptance outside a small number of groups.

Heating effect
Conventional heating usually involves the use of a furnace or oil bath, which heats the walls of the reactor by convection or conduction. The core of the sample takes much longer to achieve the target temperature, e.g. when heating a large sample of ceramic bricks.

Acting as internal heat source, microwave absorption is able to heat the target compounds without heating the entire furnace or oil bath, which saves time and energy. It is also able to heat sufficiently thin objects throughout their volume (instead of through its outer surface), in theory producing more uniform heating. However, due to the design of most microwave ovens and to uneven absorption by the object being heated, the microwave field is usually non-uniform and localized superheating occurs. Microwave volumetric heating (MVH) overcomes the uneven absorption by applying an intense, uniform microwave field.

Different compounds convert microwave radiation to heat by different amounts. This selectivity allows some parts of the object being heated to heat more quickly or more slowly than others (particularly the reaction vessel).

Microwave heating can have certain benefits over conventional ovens:
 * reaction rate acceleration
 * milder reaction conditions
 * higher chemical yield
 * lower energy usage
 * different reaction selectivities

Microwave chemistry is applied to organic chemistry and to inorganic chemistry.

Selective heating
A heterogeneous system (comprising different substances or different phases) may be anisotropic if the loss tangents of the components are considered. As a result, it can be expected that the microwave field energy will be converted to heat by different amounts in different parts of the system. This inhomogeneous energy dissipation means selective heating of different parts of the material is possible, and may lead to temperature gradients between them. Nevertheless, the presence of zones with a higher temperature than others (called hot spots) must be subjected to the heat transfer processes between domains. Where the rate of heat conduction is high between system domains, hot spots would have no long-term existence as the components rapidly reach thermal equilibrium. In a system where the heat transfer is slow, it would be possible to have the presence of a steady state hot spot that may enhance the rate of the chemical reaction within that hot zone.

On this basis, many early papers in microwave chemistry postulated the possibility of exciting specific molecules, or functional groups within molecules. However, the time within which thermal energy is repartitioned from such moieties is much shorter than the period of a microwave wave, thus precluding the presence of such 'molecular hot spots' under ordinary laboratory conditions. The oscillations produced by the radiation in these target molecules would be instantaneously transferred by collisions with the adjacent molecules, reaching at the same moment the thermal equilibrium. Processes with solid phases behave somewhat differently. In this case much higher heat transfer resistances are involved, and the possibility of the stationary presence of hot-spots should be contemplated. A differentiation between two kinds of hot spots has been noted in the literature, although the distinction is considered by many to be arbitrary. Macroscopic hot spots were considered to comprise all large non-isothermal volumes that can be detected and measured by use of optical pyrometers (optical fibre or IR). By these means it is possible to visualise thermal inhomogeneities within solid phases under microwave irradiation. Microscopic hot spots are non-isothermal regions that exist at the micro- or nanoscale (e.g. supported metal nanoparticles inside a catalyst pellet) or in the molecular scale (e.g. a polar group on a catalyst structure). The distinction has no serious significance, however, as microscopic hotspots such as those proposed to explain catalyst behaviour in several gas-phase catalytic reactions have been demonstrated by post-mortem methods and in-situ methods. Some theoretical and experimental approaches have been published towards the clarification of the hot spot effect in heterogeneous catalysts.

A different specific application in synthetic chemistry is in the microwave heating of a binary system comprising a polar solvent and a non-polar solvent obtain different temperatures. Applied in a phase transfer reaction a water phase reaches a temperature of 100 °C while a chloroform phase would retain a temperature of 50 °C, providing the extraction as well of the reactants from one phase to the other. Microwave chemistry is particularly effective in dry media reactions.

Microwave effect
There are two general classes of microwave effects:
 * Specific microwave effects.
 * Non-thermal microwave effects.

A review has proposed this definition and examples of microwave effects in organic chemistry have been summarized.

Specific microwave effects are those effects that cannot be (easily) emulated through conventional heating methods. Examples include: (i) selective heating of specific reaction components, (ii) rapid heating rates and temperature gradients, (iii) the elimination of wall effects, and (iv) the superheating of solvents. Microwave-specific effects tend not to be controversial and invoke "conventional" explanations (i.e. kinetic effects) for the observed effects.

Non-thermal microwave effects have been proposed in order to explain unusual observations in microwave chemistry. As the name suggests, the effects are supposed not to require the transfer of microwave energy into thermal energy. Such effects are controversial.

Catalysis
Application of microwave heating to heterogeneous catalysis reactions has not been explored intensively due to presence of metals in supported catalysts and possibility of arcing phenomena in the presence of flammable solvents. However, this scenario becomes unlikely using nanoparticle-sized metal catalysts.

title: Microwave chemistry


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Hausmania

Hausmania is a self-managed social centre and cultural house (Norwegian: Kulturhus) in Oslo, Norway. It was squatted in 1999 by a group of artists and run based on collectivist ideology. It is located alongside other squats at Hausmannsgate 34, in a zone designated as a cultural quarter. Hausmannsgate 42 was evicted in 2016. The centre hosts artist ateliers, a theatre, galleries, an internet space, a vegan café and a legal graffiti wall. Nearby are Kafe Hærverk and Vega Scene.

History

From 1999 onwards, several buildings in the area were squatted. A group of artists began to use the Hausmannsgate 34 in winter 2000, and it was later rented from the state property owner Statsbygg in 2003. After some problems with the municipality in 2004, the centre became established as a cultural centre and made plans alongside the Vestbredden squat (at Hausmannsgate 40) to be a "pilot project in inner city ecology, local governance, housing and culture". Around 30 people live at the project.

In 2010, Hausmannsgate 42 was ordered to be closed by fire regulations. It was evicted in 2016, along with Brenneriveien 1. The city council, which had bought the complex from Statsbygg in 2004, then decided to sell the buildings in the complex. The squatters presented a plan to develop Hausmannsgate 40 in line with the designation of the area as a cultural quarter, after working on a plan for two years with the property developers Anthon B. Nilsen Eiendom. In 2016, the development corporation Urbanium bought Hausmannsgate 40 as part of a package of plots costing NOK 30 million. At first, it demanded the eviction of the housing cooperative and then decided to offer to sell the nine apartments back to the people living there for NOK 10 million. Construction began in 2017 on Vega Scene, a new culture house for film and theatre at Hausmannsgate 28, next to Hausmania.

Activities
The 5000 m2 centre provides space for artists' ateliers, practice rooms, exhibitions and other events. There are three galleries, a cinema, a skate hall and an internet café. There is a non-commercial vegan café called Blackeyedbean which serves mainly organic and fair trade products, and the Grusomhetens Teater (Theatre of Cruelty) is managed by Lars Øyno.

Outside, there is a legal graffiti wall. In 2017, Kafé Hærverk opened as a venue for experimental and independent music. It won the Oslo Prize that year. Alongside Blitz in Oslo and UFFA in Trondheim, Hausmania is a centre for anarchism in Norway.

title: Hausmania


text: Talk:Longbridge plant

title: Talk:Longbridge plant


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Derby Scheme

The Derby Scheme was introduced during World War I in Britain in the autumn of 1915 by Herbert Kitchener's new Director General of Recruiting, Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (1865–1948) after which it was named.

It used strong pressure tactics to try to pressure men regarded as eligible to serve in the military to voluntarily enlist. In spite of persuading nearly 2/3 of single men and almost half of married to do so, wartime manpower needs were sufficiently great that by 1916 the Military Service Act would be passed instituting compulsory conscription.

History
By mid-1915, the war was lasting longer than had been anticipated and the British military required more recruits; 'Derby's scheme' was a survey to determine how many could be obtained, via the use of appointed canvassers visiting eligible men at home to persuade them to 'volunteer' for war service.

Every eligible man, aged 18 to 41, who was not in a "starred" (essential) occupation was required to make a public declaration of whether he would enlist immediately or defer his service to a later date, to appear when called. When the scheme was announced, some went to the recruiting office immediately, rather than wait for the inevitable. The process began with each eligible man’s registry card from the August 1915 National Registry being copied onto another card which was sent to his local constituency's Parliamentary recruiting committee. This Committee appointed 'canvassers' who they considered "tactful and influential men", and not themselves liable for service, to visit the men at their homes. Many canvassers were experienced in politics, though discharged veterans and the fathers of serving soldiers proved the most effective, while some just used threats to persuade. Although women were not allowed to canvas, they did contribute by tracking men who had moved address.

Each man would be given a copy of a letter from the Earl of Derby, explaining the programme and rather dramatically stating that they were in "a country fighting, as ours is, for its very existence". Faced with the canvasser, each man had to say whether or not he would attest to join the forces; no one was permitted to speak for him.

Those who did agree to attest had to promise to present themselves at their recruiting office within 48 hours, while some were accompanied there immediately to make sure. If they passed a medical examination, they were sworn in and paid a 'signing bonus' of 2s 9d. The next day, men who chose to defer their service until called at a later date ("Class A") were transferred to Section B Army Reserve. A khaki armband bearing the Royal Crown was provided to all who had enlisted, or who had been rejected, as well as to starred and discharged men, pictured here: (This ceased once conscription was introduced, Jan.1916). The data of each Class A enlistee was copied onto a white card, used to assign him to one of 46 married or unmarried age groups. It was promised that only entire groups would be called for active service, after 14 days prior notice. Single men's groups would be called before married, any who wed after the day the scheme began were still classified as single. Married men were assured their group would not be called if too few single men attested - unless conscription was introduced.

The scheme was undertaken during November and December 1915 and obtained 318,553 medically fit single men. However, 38% of single men and 54% of married men had resisted the mass orchestrated pressure to enlist in the war, so the British Government, determined to ensure a supply of replacements for the mounting casualties overseas, had to pass the Military Service Act 1916, which authorized conscription, on 27 January 1916.

title: Derby Scheme


text:
Hilary Lunke

Hilary Laura Lunke (née: Homeyer; born June 7, 1979) is a retired American professional golfer best known for winning the 2003 U.S. Women's Open.

Homeyer was born in Edina, Minnesota. She attended Stanford University and became a member of the LPGA Tour in 2002. On July 7, 2003, Lunke defeated Kelly Robbins and Angela Stanford in an 18-hole playoff to win the U.S. Women's Open for her first and only LPGA win. Lunke was also the first player to win the U.S. Open after advancing through local and sectional qualifying.

Lunke's husband, Tylar, was her caddie on that July day. They married on November 2, 2002. Lunke gave birth to her first child, Greta, in November 2007. She had her second child, daughter Marin, in October 2009. Then she had her third child in 2012, Linnea.

Lunke joined the LPGA Player Executive Committee in 2006, and was selected vice president in 2007 and president in 2008. At the end of 2008, she was named the winner of the William and Mousie Powell Award, given to an LPGA member "who, in the opinion of her playing peers, by her behavior and deeds, best exemplifies the spirits, ideals and values of the LPGA."

Lunke retired at the end of the 2008 season.

LPGA Tour wins (1)
LPGA Tour playoff record (1–0)

Wins (1)
1Defeated Stanford and Robbins in an 18-hole playoff: Lunke 70, Stanford 71, and Robbins 73.

Results timeline
^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut WD = withdrew "T" = tied for place

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
 * Espirito Santo Trophy: 2000
 * Curtis Cup: 2000 (winners)

title: Hilary Lunke


text:
Wavefront .obj file

OBJ (or .OBJ) is a geometry definition file format first developed by Wavefront Technologies for its Advanced Visualizer animation package. The file format is open and has been adopted by other 3D graphics application vendors.

The OBJ file format is a simple data-format that represents 3D geometry alone — namely, the position of each vertex, the UV position of each texture coordinate vertex, vertex normals, and the faces that make each polygon defined as a list of vertices, and texture vertices. Vertices are stored in a counter-clockwise order by default, making explicit declaration of face normals unnecessary. OBJ coordinates have no units, but OBJ files can contain scale information in a human readable comment line.

File format
Anything following a hash character (#) is a comment.

 * 1) this is a comment

An OBJ file may contain vertex data, free-form curve/surface attributes, elements, free-form curve/surface body statements, connectivity between free-form surfaces, grouping and display/render attribute information. The most common elements are geometric vertices, texture coordinates, vertex normals and polygonal faces:

v 0.123 0.234 0.345 1.0 v ... ... vt 0.500 1 [0] vt ... ... vn 0.707 0.000 0.707 vn ... ... vp 0.310000 3.210000 2.100000 vp ... ... f 1 2 3 f 3/1 4/2 5/3 f 6/4/1 3/5/3 7/6/5 f 7//1 8//2 9//3 f ... ... l 5 8 1 2 4 9
 * 1) List of geometric vertices, with (x, y, z, [w]) coordinates, w is optional and defaults to 1.0.
 * 1) List of texture coordinates, in (u, [v, w]) coordinates, these will vary between 0 and 1. v, w are optional and default to 0.
 * 1) List of vertex normals in (x,y,z) form; normals might not be unit vectors.
 * 1) Parameter space vertices in (u, [v, w]) form; free form geometry statement (see below)
 * 1) Polygonal face element (see below)
 * 1) Line element (see below)

Geometric vertex
A vertex is specified via a line starting with the letter. That is followed by (x,y,z[,w]) coordinates. W is optional and defaults to 1.0. A right-hand coordinate system is used to specify the coordinate locations. Some applications support vertex colors, by putting red, green and blue values after x y and z (this precludes specifying w). The color values range from 0 to 1.

Parameter space vertices
A free-form geometry statement can be specified in a line starting with the string. Define points in parameter space of a curve or surface. only is required for curve points,  and   for surface points and control points of non-rational trimming curves, and ,   and   (weight) for control points of rational trimming curves.

Face elements
Faces are defined using lists of vertex, texture and normal indices in the format vertex_index/texture_index/normal_index for which each index starts at 1 and increases corresponding to the order in which the referenced element was defined. Polygons such as quadrilaterals can be defined by using more than three indices.

OBJ files also support free-form geometry which use curves and surfaces to define objects, such as NURBS surfaces.

Vertex indices
A valid vertex index matches the corresponding vertex elements of a previously defined vertex list. If an index is positive then it refers to the offset in that vertex list, starting at 1. If an index is negative then it relatively refers to the end of the vertex list, -1 referring to the last element.

Each face can contain three or more vertices.

f v1 v2 v3 ....

Vertex texture coordinate indices
Optionally, texture coordinate indices can be used to specify texture coordinates when defining a face. To add a texture coordinate index to a vertex index when defining a face, one must put a slash immediately after the vertex index and then put the texture coordinate index. No spaces are permitted before or after the slash. A valid texture coordinate index starts from 1 and matches the corresponding element in the previously defined list of texture coordinates. Each face can contain three or more elements.

f v1/vt1 v2/vt2 v3/vt3 ...

Vertex normal indices
Optionally, normal indices can be used to specify normal vectors for vertices when defining a face. To add a normal index to a vertex index when defining a face, one must put a second slash after the texture coordinate index and then put the normal index. A valid normal index starts from 1 and matches the corresponding element in the previously defined list of normals. Each face can contain three or more elements.

f v1/vt1/vn1 v2/vt2/vn2 v3/vt3/vn3 ...

Vertex normal indices without texture coordinate indices
As texture coordinates are optional, one can define geometry without them, but one must put two slashes after the vertex index before putting the normal index.

f v1//vn1 v2//vn2 v3//vn3 ...

Line elements
Records starting with the letter "l" (lowercase L) specify the order of the vertices which build a polyline.

l v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6 ...

Other geometry formats
Obj files support higher-order surfaces using several different kinds of interpolation, such as Taylor and B-splines, although support for those features in third party file readers is far from universal. Obj files also do not support mesh hierarchies or any kind of animation or deformation, such as vertex skinning or mesh morphing.

Reference materials
Materials that describe the visual aspects of the polygons are stored in external .mtl files. More than one external MTL material file may be referenced from within the OBJ file. The .mtl file may contain one or more named material definitions.

mtllib [external .mtl file name] ...

This tag specifies the material name for the element following it. The material name matches a named material definition in an external .mtl file.

usemtl [material name] ...

Named objects and polygon groups are specified via the following tags.

o [object name] ...  g [group name] ...

Smooth shading across polygons is enabled by smoothing groups.

s 1 ...  # Smooth shading can be disabled as well. s off ...

Relative and absolute indices
OBJ files, due to their list structure, are able to reference vertices, normals, etc. either by their absolute position (1 represents the first defined vertex, N representing the Nth defined vertex), or by their relative position (-1 represents the latest defined vertex). However, not all software supports the latter approach, and conversely some software inherently writes only the latter form (due to the convenience of appending elements without needing to recalculate vertex offsets, etc.), leading to occasional incompatibilities.

Material template library
The Material Template Library format (MTL) or .MTL File Format is a companion file format to .OBJ, also defined by Wavefront Technologies, that describes surface shading (material) properties of objects within one or more .OBJ files. A .OBJ file references one or more .MTL files (called "material libraries"), and from there, references one or more material descriptions by name. .MTL files are ASCII text that define the light reflecting properties of a surface for the purposes of computer rendering, and according to the Phong reflection model. The standard has widespread support among different computer software packages, making it a useful format for interchange of materials.

The MTL format, although still widely used, is outdated and does not fully support later technologies such as specular maps and parallax maps. However, due to the open and intuitive nature of the format, these can easily be added with a custom MTL file generator.

The MTL format defines a number of formats.

Basic materials
A single  file may define multiple materials. Materials are defined one after another in the file, each starting with the  command:

newmtl Colored
 * 1) define a material named 'Colored'

The ambient color of the material is declared using. Color definitions are in RGB where each channel's value is between 0 and 1.

Ka 1.000 1.000 1.000
 * 1) white

Similarly, the diffuse color is declared using.

Kd 1.000 1.000 1.000
 * 1) white

The specular color is declared using, and weighted using the specular exponent.

Ks 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ns 10.000
 * 1) black (off)
 * 1) ranges between 0 and 1000

Materials can be transparent. This is referred to as being dissolved. Unlike real transparency, the result does not depend upon the thickness of the object. A value of 1.0 for "d" (dissolve) is the default and means fully opaque, as does a value of 0.0 for "Tr". Dissolve works on all illumination models.

d 0.9 Tr 0.1
 * 1) some implementations use 'd'
 * 1) others use 'Tr' (inverted: Tr = 1 - d)

Transparent materials can additionally have a Transmission Filter Color, specified with "Tf".

Tf 1.0 0.5 0.5 Tf xyz 1.0 0.5 0.5 Tf spectral .rfl A material can also have an optical density for its surface. This is also known as index of refraction.
 * 1) Transmission Filter Color (using R G B)
 * 1) Transmission Filter Color (using CIEXYZ) - y and z values are optional and assumed to be equal to x if omitted
 * 1) Transmission Filter Color from spectral curve file (not commonly used)

Ni 1.45000
 * 1) optical density

Values can range from 0.001 to 10. A value of 1.0 means that light does not bend as it passes through an object. Increasing the optical density increases the amount of bending. Glass has an index of refraction of about 1.5. Values of less than 1.0 produce bizarre results and are not recommended.

Multiple illumination models are available, per material. Note that it is not required to set a transparent illumination model in order to achieve transparency with "d" or "Tr", and in modern usage illum models are often not specified, even with transparent materials. The illum models are enumerated as follows:

0. Color on and Ambient off 1. Color on and Ambient on 2. Highlight on 3. Reflection on and Ray trace on 4. Transparency: Glass on, Reflection: Ray trace on 5. Reflection: Fresnel on and Ray trace on 6. Transparency: Refraction on, Reflection: Fresnel off and Ray trace on 7. Transparency: Refraction on, Reflection: Fresnel on and Ray trace on 8. Reflection on and Ray trace off 9. Transparency: Glass on, Reflection: Ray trace off 10. Casts shadows onto invisible surfaces

illum 2

Texture maps
Textured materials use the same properties as above, and additionally define texture maps. Below is an example of a common material file. See the full Wavefront file format reference for more details.

newmtl Textured Ka 1.000 1.000 1.000 Kd 1.000 1.000 1.000 Ks 0.000 0.000 0.000 d 1.0 illum 2 # the ambient texture map map_Ka lemur.tga # the diffuse texture map (most of the time, it will be the same as the   # ambient texture map) map_Kd lemur.tga # specular color texture map map_Ks lemur.tga # specular highlight component map_Ns lemur_spec.tga # the alpha texture map map_d lemur_alpha.tga # some implementations use 'map_bump' instead of 'bump' below map_bump lemur_bump.tga # bump map (which by default uses luminance channel of the image) bump lemur_bump.tga # displacement map disp lemur_disp.tga # stencil decal texture (defaults to 'matte' channel of the image) decal lemur_stencil.tga

Texture map statements may also have option parameters (see full spec).

# texture origin (1,1,1) map_Ka -o 1 1 1 ambient.tga # spherical reflection map refl -type sphere clouds.tga

Texture options
-blendu on | off                      # set horizontal texture blending (default on) -blendv on | off                      # set vertical texture blending (default on) -boost float_value                    # boost mip-map sharpness -mm base_value gain_value             # modify texture map values (default 0 1) #    base_value = brightness, gain_value = contrast -o u [v [w]]                          # Origin offset             (default 0 0 0) -s u [v [w]]                          # Scale                     (default 1 1 1) -t u [v [w]]                          # Turbulence                (default 0 0 0) -texres resolution                    # texture resolution to create -clamp on | off                       # only render texels in the clamped 0-1 range (default off) #  When unclamped, textures are repeated across a surface, #  when clamped, only texels which fall within the 0-1 #  range are rendered. -bm mult_value                        # bump multiplier (for bump maps only)

-imfchan r | g | b | m | l | z        # specifies which channel of the file is used to                                        # create a scalar or bump texture. r:red, g:green, # b:blue, m:matte, l:luminance, z:z-depth.. # (the default for bump is 'l' and for decal is 'm') For example, bump -imfchan r bumpmap.tga
 * 1) says to use the red channel of bumpmap.tga as the bumpmap

For reflection maps... -type sphere                          # specifies a sphere for a "refl" reflection map -type cube_top   | cube_bottom |      # when using a cube map, the texture file for each cube_front | cube_back   |      # side of the cube is specified separately cube_left  | cube_right

Vendor-specific alterations
Because of the ease in parsing the files, and the unofficial spreading of the file format, files may contain vendor specific alterations.

According to the spec, options are supposed to precede the texture filename. However, at least one vendor generates files with options at the end.

bump texbump.tga -bm 0.2
 * 1) bump multiplier of 0.2

Physically-based rendering
The creators of the online 3D editing and modeling tool, Clara.io, proposed extending the MTL format to enable specifying physically-based rendering (PBR) maps and parameters. This extension has been subsequently adopted by Blender and TinyObjLoader. The extension PBR maps and parameters are:

Pr/map_Pr    # roughness Pm/map_Pm    # metallic Ps/map_Ps    # sheen Pc           # clearcoat thickness Pcr          # clearcoat roughness Ke/map_Ke    # emissive aniso        # anisotropy anisor       # anisotropy rotation norm         # normal map (RGB components represent XYZ components of the surface normal)

Further proposed extensions come from the DirectXMesh toolkit for Microsoft's DirectX engine, allowing the ability to define a model's pre-compiled RMA material.

map_RMA      # RMA material (roughness, metalness, ambient occlusion) map_ORM      # alternate definition of map_RMA

title: Wavefront .obj file


text:
Institutional dichotomy

Institutional dichotomy, according to John Wolfenden (responsible for the Wolfenden Report), in his essay The Gap — The Bridge, states that the dichotomization of intellectual disciplines by educational institutions, specifically collegiate institutions, is to blame for the communication gap between specialists in different fields.

Forced to pursue contrasting disciplines in college, students diverge from the broad educational background established in high school and pursue narrower studies. As a result, these students lose contact with the shared basis of their education as they venture into separate abstract studies. In effect, the communication gap of collegiate students widens as they become saturated with a curriculum of abstractions that relate to a single area of study.

For instance, a college freshman chooses mathematics as his field of study while another chooses English. As they study, the two students become grossly out of touch as they adapt to new languages which will soon serve as a code in their future careers. The mathematics student becomes consumed by symbols and numbers while the English student immerses himself in a sea of classical literary styles and grammatical mechanics. Consequently, the students soon become ill-equipped to communicate with each other. The mathematics student now becomes "illiterate" by standards of the English major and the English major becomes "innumerate" by standards of the mathematics major.

Because knowledge is increasing, some fragmentation of disciplines is inevitable. The problem with fragmentation is that students are forced to live in ignorance of studies outside of their fields.

title: Institutional dichotomy


text:
Category:Boston University

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Boston University


text: Category:Gambian politicians

title: Category:Gambian politicians


text:
USS Simpson (DD-221)

USS Simpson (DD-221/APD-27/AG-97) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the first ship named for Rear Admiral Edward Simpson.

Simpson was laid down on 9 October 1919 by William Cramp & Sons; launched on 28 April 1920; sponsored by Miss Caroline Sterett Simpson, daughter of Rear Admiral Simpson; and commissioned on 3 November 1920.

Service history
Simpson conducted training exercises with the Pacific Fleet during her first year of service, including a cruise to Valparaíso, Chile. She then transited the Panama Canal on 12 December 1921, and after overhaul at Philadelphia, she sailed from Newport, Rhode Island, for the Mediterranean on 6 June 1922. Between 29 June 1922 and 26 February 1924, Simpson served as a unit of the United States Naval Detachment in Turkish waters under Rear Admiral Mark L. Bristol, protecting American interests during the unrest in the Near East following World War I. Simpson was involved in protecting United States citizens, and aiding the work of the American Relief Association in the Black Sea and rescued mainly hundreds of Americans after the great fire of Smyrna on 13 September 1922. After a tour of ports in the western Mediterranean and the English Channel, Simpson departed Southampton, England, on 1 July 1924 for overhaul at Norfolk, Virginia. She then underwent training in the Caribbean and on the United States West Coast before crossing the Pacific for duty with the Asiatic Fleet.

Upon arrival at Chefoo, China, on 14 June 1925, Simpson entered the routine of the Asiatic Fleet, training at bases in Tsingtao and Chefoo in the summer and Manila in the winter, and visiting Chinese ports during the transit each way. During 1925, unrest in China increased, due to the growth in strength of the Kuomintang forces under Chiang Kai-shek and anti-foreign outbreaks at Shanghai and Canton. Destroyers were detached from the fleet to supplement the normal gunboat patrols on the Yangtze River and along the southern coast of China near Canton. Simpson rescued some missionaries at Deep Bay, China, on 2 and 3 July 1925, and during the next several years, carried out numerous patrols in Chinese waters protecting American lives and property. The destroyer was stationed at Nanking when Japan launched an air and sea attack on Shanghai at the end of January 1932, and she supported American diplomats in the southern Chinese capital during the critical early days of the crisis, as well as sending important reports to Washington. On 11 February, she moved to Shanghai and, on 23 February, to Swatow, where she remained until 2 April 1932. On 18 April, Simpson departed Manila with her squadron to return to the United States.

After overhaul at Mare Island, Simpson joined Destroyers, Battle Force, at San Diego, California on 28 September 1932 and conducted fleet exercises and training along the U.S. West Coast during the next several years. During night exercises in a fleet problem off Guantanamo Bay, Simpson collided with USS Milwaukee (CL-5), on 7 May 1934, and she underwent repairs at the Philadelphia Navy Yard and summer training at Newport before returning to San Diego on 10 November. She then resumed training with the Pacific Fleet and participated in fleet maneuvers ("problems") annually in 1936, 1937, and 1938.

On 6 March 1939, Simpson transited the Panama Canal to the Atlantic, and between 5 June and 30 August 1939, she carried out three training cruises for Naval Academy midshipmen. She then commenced training cruises for Naval Reservists, but at the outbreak of war in Europe, she was assigned Neutrality Patrol duty and sailed for the Caribbean on 6 September. There she carried out patrols and participated in exercises, including a fleet landing exercise at Culebra from 14 February to 10 March 1940. After one training cruise for midshipmen and one for reservists during the summer, she resumed Neutrality Patrol duties in the Caribbean in October.

World War II
Simpson was part of a support force formed on 18 March 1941, after the signature of the Lend-Lease Act, to protect convoys between America and Britain in the North Atlantic. After several months of coastal escort and patrol duties, she escorted two convoys from NS Argentia, Newfoundland, to a rendezvous with British escorts off Greenland between 30 June and 3 September 1941. On 24 September, off Iceland, she joined the first westbound convoy to be escorted by American warships and delivered it safely to Argentia on 4 October. After United States entry into the war in December, her convoy trips were extended to the British Isles, and she remained on transatlantic convoy duty until 28 April 1942, when she entered the Boston Navy Yard for overhaul.

For nearly a year after leaving the yard in May 1942, Simpson escorted convoys up and down the United States East Coast. She made one trip to Casablanca in February 1943, and on 28 April 1943, began overhaul at the New York Navy Yard. At sea again in May, Simpson escorted a convoy from New York to Curaçao in the West Indies, and then made two round-trip voyages between Curaçao and Londonderry Port, Northern Ireland. On 29 August 1943, Simpson joined an escort carrier task group centered on USS Santee (CVE-29) and escorted a convoy from Bermuda to Casablanca. The task group then carried out antisubmarine patrols off the Azores. The group joined a westbound convoy on 22 September but resumed antisubmarine sweeps after a submarine was reported near the Azores on 26 September. Simpson returned to the United States on 12 October but was back in the Azores conducting additional patrols between 28 October and 9 December 1943.

Simpson was designated on 1 December 1943 for conversion to a mode of fast transport, APD-27, but was replaced in January 1944 by USS George E. Badger (DD-196), whose conversion was in turn cancelled. Resuming her convoy duties, Simpson escorted USS Antaeus (AG-67) for over three months from 29 December 1943 to 9 April 1944 as she carried troops up and down the U.S. East Coast. During the remainder of 1944 and early 1945, Simpson escorted new heavy combatant ships on shakedown and training exercises along the U.S. East Coast. Among the ships she served were battleships USS Wisconsin (BB-64) and USS Missouri (BB-63), cruiser USS Alaska (CB-1), and carriers USS Ticonderoga (CV-14) and USS Antietam (CV-36).

Disposal
Simpson was reclassified a miscellaneous auxiliary, AG-97, effective 23 May 1945. All her armament was removed, and she was fitted with racks for exercise torpedoes and a winch for handling towed targets. She arrived at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on 16 June 1945 and provided training services there for nearly a year. On 11 May 1946, the veteran ship arrived at the Philadelphia Navy Yard for inactivation. Struck from the Navy list on 19 June 1946, Simpson was sold on 21 November 1946 to Northern Metals Company, Philadelphia, for scrapping.

title: USS Simpson (DD-221)


text:
Friedrich von Bernhardi

Friedrich Adam Julius von Bernhardi (22 November 1849 – 11 July 1930) was a Prussian general and military historian. He was a best-selling author prior to World War I. A militarist, he is perhaps best known for his bellicose book Deutschland und der Nächste Krieg (Germany and the Next War), printed in 1911. Describing war as a "divine business", he proposed that Germany should pursue an aggressive stance and ignore treaties.

Biography
Bernhardi was born in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire. His family emigrated to Schöpstal, Silesia in 1851.

During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), Bernhardi was a cavalry lieutenant in the 14th Hussars of the Prussian Army, and at the end of that conflict had the honor of being the first German to ride through the Arc de Triomphe when the Germans entered Paris.

From 1891 to 1894, he was German military attaché at Bern and was subsequently head of the military history department of the Grand General Staff in Berlin. He was appointed general in command of the VII Army Corps at Münster in Westphalia in 1907, but retired two years later and busied himself as a military writer. Widespread attention was excited by the memoirs of his father, the diplomat and historian Theodor von Bernhardi, which he published, and still more by his book Germany and the Next War. In Germany and the Next War, Bernhardi stated that war "is a biological necessity," and that it was in accordance with "the natural law, upon which all the laws of Nature rest, the law of the struggle for existence."

Bernhardi served during World War I as a general. He fought with success first in the Eastern Front on the Stochod river, where he stormed the bridgehead of Zarecze on Stochod river, and afterwards on the Western Front, in particular at Armentières. He was awarded the Pour le Mérite on 20 August 1916, for his participation in the German defense against the Brusilov Offensive.

Partial bibliography

 * Videant Consules: Ne Quid Respublica Detrimenti Capiat (1890) (Let the consuls see to it that no harm comes to the republic) (published anonymously)
 * Unsere Kavallerie im Nächsten Kriege. (1899) (Cavalry in Future Wars)
 * Deutschland und der Nächste Krieg. (1911) (Germany and the Next War)
 * Vom heutigen Kriege. (1912) (On War of Today)
 * Vom Kriege der Zukunft, nach den Erfahrungen des Weltkrieges. (1920) (On War of the Future, in light of the lessons of the World War)

Awards and decorations

 * Order of the Red Eagle, First Class with oak leaves
 * Order of the Crown, First Class (Prussia)
 * Iron Cross of 1870, 2nd class
 * Service Cross (Prussia)
 * Commander Second Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion (Baden)
 * Grand Cross of the Albert Order (Saxony)
 * Lippe House Order, 1st class
 * Gold Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
 * Officer's Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Savoy)
 * Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph (Austria-Hungary)
 * Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
 * Grand Cross of Military Merit (Spain)
 * Order of the Medjidie, 3rd class (Ottoman Empire)
 * Iron Cross of 1914, 1st Class
 * Pour le Mérite with oak leaves
 * Pour le Mérite on 20 August 1916
 * Oak Leaves on 15 May 1918

title: Friedrich von Bernhardi