text:
Talk:Single-board computer

Have all SBCs actually been µcomputers?
Currently, the article states that all SBCs have to be microcomputers. But how about the Data General Nova? Please comment. --Wernher 00:06, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The original Nova series was very close to the modern SBC, but still needed separate core on the backplane. It would be a few more years before RAM was adequately compact to produce a true SBC. --Eponymous Coward 09:51, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Apart from stunts like the "Kenbak", was there ever a single board computer build with random SSI logic (no LIS, no microprocessor)? Kind of the point that microprocessors made it not only possible, but advantageous to put the whole computer on one board. --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:23, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Given the gate count of even a 4004 or 6502, probably not. If it is possible, you will most likely find it here. --Guy Macon (talk) 20:41, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Cleanup
Have cleaned up and expanded the article a bit, but it could use a picture of a embedded SBC, anyone know where to get a copyright-free one? Have removed the cleanup and stub tags since I think the article is OKish now, but anyone disagrees feel free to replace then and I'll take another shot at it. Astaroth5 16:23, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * there ya go, not a great photo, but good enough for ebay. Taken by me and released into PD. Sweavo 15:27, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

More Cleanup
Added some current information and the photo of the SBC in a backplane. Chassisplans 15:43, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Beagleboard vs BeagleBone
I am putting this in the talk section because every time I edit the article it is removed (like three times I think; doesn't this authortarian editting get old for you guys?). I would think the "authors" (although this is supposed to be owned by the "public") would want the references section to include as many SBCs as exist in the real world as a more complete and through handling of the topic. But none the less it appears not to be the case. So here is my list of the two board configurations and they aren't even close to being just "variants" anymore than the other SBCs in the reference list are. I give up and will go away because this article, like so many in wikipedia are "OWNED" by specific individuals who will NOT accept any other view of the material even when presented with the facts:

My assertion is that BealeBoard and BeagleBone are two essentially different products. So lets start with a list of differences:

- the PCB boards are different sizes and shapes

- DRAM technology

- bone: 10/100 ethernet with RJ-45 connector

- board; 4-port USB 2.0 hub; bone: 1-port USB 2.0 host

- board: db-9 and 14-pin JTAG connectors; bone: usb to jtag, jtag header (not populated)

- board: 1.8-V 28-pin expansion header (not populated), 2 20-pin LCD expansion headers (not populated)

--bone: 3.3-V 2x46-pin expansion headers

- board: audio codec

- bone: LiOn battery charger, LED backlight driver

- board: audio line out and in connectors

- board: S-video and DVI-D video connectors

- board: seral port header

- board: reset and user buttons; bone: reset button

- board: SD/MMC slot; bone: microSD slot

- plus lots more

then things that are the same:

- client USB connector

- power connector (5.0-V)

- host USB connector

My guess is that they will delete this entire topic right out of the talk section since it doesn't agree with their "view" of the real world. It will only live on in the immutable history of wikipedia.

75.134.135.128 (talk) 15:18, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * It's a basic empirical observation of Wikipedia that Andy Dingley is never going to agree with Wtshymanski. Now if you do happen to see the two of us agreeing on something, then it's a fair bet that someone else is pushing the view that 2+2=5.
 * What's a BeagleBone? What's a BeagleBoard? Now what you failed to mention in your list above is that both of them are developed by the same people, to be a demo system for OMAP and are based on an ARM Cortex processor. In the vast world of "single board computers", that's pretty damned narrow.
 * WP articles aren't either supposed to just be lists of parts. That would make for a very, very dull article. A See also section at all is a bit of an admission that the article has failed to give the useful narrative it out to to some linkable items that are too important to miss out otherwise. Yet the See also list is not there to be a list of related products! Can you imagine how vast this would end up?
 * As a naive reader of Single-board computer I just about know what an ARM Cortex is, but not at all what OMAP is. It might be useful to link OMAP here (if it's really interesting for modern developments) and to explain how it changes the world of the SBC. It's tenuous though to even link BeagleBoard. No-one reading SBC backgrounders needs to know what a BeagleBoard is: it's just one of many, many tech demonstrators. It belongs in List of single-board computers and its variants, it certainly ought to be categorised as such, so that MediaWiki can auto-make such a list for us, through categorization (this is usually so much better than updating list articles). As a See also though, it (and all the other SBC examples) are barely justified for any of them being listed here, in this fashion. The last thing the article needs is one of them to be duplicated, especially when one of those terms is still unlinked, and when the two terms are indistinguishable at the level a reader of the SBC article cares about. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:03, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * So let me get this straight. You don't like the "See Also" SBC list as is. It certainly isn't organized as "technology" references (nor documented as such). There is NO "list of single-board computers" article (which list I thought this was and would be very useful for novice and experienced embedded designers). The list can't have two things because they are designed by the same person/team (didn't see that mentioned anywhere; but oh well). They both can't be listed because the two processors are designed by the same company (didn't see that rule anywhere either). (The referenced article does mention the BeagleBone; albeit only in passing.) But given all that, it is my single small contribution to clarity and visibility that MUST, BEFORE ANYTHING ELSE, be removed; over and over. (The "you are not welcome" sign is clearly out; or maybe the "go away" sign.) If you guys feel so strongly then you should have initiated this dialog first and argued your case to a conclusion before starting a "two word" edit battle. Oh, and by the way, I don't think you have made even a small case for removing my simple addition to the article.
 * And, by the way, I wasn't trying to obfuscate the processor difference issue. The "board" has a "DM3730 Digital Media Processor" conforming to OMAP 3 Architecture, and the "bone" has an "AM3359" MPU; yes both are ARM Cortex-A8 but the AM3359 is not listed on the Texas Instruments web site as OMAP compliant. The AM3359 has "High Performance Image, Video, Audio (IVA2.2) Accelerator Subsystem; Advanced Very-Long-Instruction-Word (VLIW) TMS320C64x+ DSP Core; Camera Image Signal Processing (ISP) subsystems... And I would submit that even if the processors were identical, which they are NOT, they are still very different SBCs -- the title of the article.

75.134.135.128 (talk) 17:36, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Did you not notice that none of the other single-board computers have all their marketing variations listed? And you are quite welcome to start List of single board computers, if you think it would be useful; at least it has the great merit of being about *real* objects that presumably can be referenced by reliable independent non-trivial sources. WP:NOT says that Wikipedia is not a substitute for directories or other miscellaneous collections of information. We're not supposed to be compiling a shopper's guide here, but instead an encyclopedia. The purposes are different. --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:15, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Related discussion
There is a discussion at Talk:List of single-board computers that may be of interest to editors of this page. --Guy Macon (talk) 02:05, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Written before the SBC revolution?
The market for SBCs have exploded, yet this article paints a picture from the old days! It does not mention the most defining concepts of modern SBCs, like SoC, SoM, GPIO, shields, developer boards, home automation, android, linux, u-boot…

The way it defines «single-board computer» is also problematic — if «two distinct architectures» wasn't a poor enough justification for not counting backplanes as boards, it hardly facilitates any more discussion of >1 board scenarioes, like:
 * A SoM makes up 1 board in a 2-board computer, the other being the connecor board that exposes (different subsets of) the SoM's connectors. A great example is the Wandboard — very similar to the Nitrogen6x, except being 2 boards.
 * Shields / accessory modules: Some SBCs have attachable hardware peripherals. Examples range from the big expensive Arndale board, to the cheap small pcDuino.

In defining SBC, we should require only the general purpose computer to be on a single board — this is the embedded part of the embedded computer. There are too many examples where peripherals (aka special purpose, or application specific parts of the embedded system) are made as separate boards. Especially among those with a "board" form factor (in my opinion, the most genuine representants of the SBC revolution). The exact number of boards is an implementation detail. 84.209.119.158 (talk) 22:57, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Single-board computer


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WUDT-LD

WUDT-LD (channel 23) is a low-power television station in Detroit, Michigan, United States, owned and operated by the Daystar Television Network. The station's transmitter is located at 8 Mile and Meyers Road in suburban Oak Park.

History
The station took to the air on January 4, 1989, as low-power W05BN on channel 5. It then became WBXD-LP on September 1, 1995, reflecting its affiliation with, and ownership by, The Box, which was acquired by Viacom in 1999 and merged into its MTV2 in 2001. The sale to Viacom put WBXD under the same ownership as UPN station WKBD (channel 50) and, after Viacom's merger with CBS, WWJ-TV (channel 62).

On January 30, 2001, the station moved to channel 35 and then to channel 23 on July 12, 2001. Then on June 27, 2002, the station began operating at class A status, giving it the call sign WBXD-CA.

Viacom sold WBXD-CA to Equity Broadcasting in November 2004. The new owners renamed the station WUDT-CA, and made the station an affiliate of Univision. In 2007, Equity Broadcasting was renamed Equity Media Holdings Corporation. WUDT-CA was the first Spanish-language television station to take to the air in the state of Michigan since W66BV, Detroit's prior Univision affiliate, became a TBN translator in the early-1990s.

During its time with Univision, WUDT was also one of only three stations affiliated with the network (along with KUNS-TV in Seattle and Univision O&O WQHS-TV in Cleveland) in markets bordering Canada. Univision's over-the-air presence in Detroit made Detroit/Windsor the only market in the United States or Canada with terrestrial stations in English, Spanish and French—the French station was Radio-Canada owned-and-operated station CBEFT on channel 35, a former originating station which rebroadcast Toronto's CBLFT-DT before going dark in 2012.

WUDT's master control was remotely originated via satellite from Equity's headquarters in Little Rock, Arkansas. Equity maintained a local news and advertising sales office at 5600 King Street in Troy. The station had limited backup signal transmission arrangements; during several instances of bad weather, WUDT-CA often broadcast either a black screen or a "NO SIGNAL" message.

On March 28, 2007, Comcast added WUDT to its Detroit lineup on channel 65, replacing the network's national East Coast feed, which had been carried since the 1980s when Comcast in the Detroit area was split up between several companies (for example, it was known as Barden Cablevision in Detroit proper and Inkster; Cablevision Industries in Dearborn; Continental Cablevision in Southfield, Dearborn Heights, Madison Heights and Hazel Park; Harron Cable in Port Huron; Omnicom in far western Wayne County (including Canton Charter Township) and Hamtramck; Maclean Hunter in many Downriver communities; and TCI in several Oakland County suburbs and the Downriver communities of Lincoln Park, Riverview, Woodhaven, Trenton and Gibraltar), and when Univision was known as the Spanish International Network (SIN). However, it was never available on WOW! Detroit, Bright House Livonia, Wyandotte Municipal Services or Cogeco Windsor; WOW continued to carry the national feed instead, while Bright House does not have the station or the network on any of its lineups in Livonia, Farmington, Novi or Redford, and Wyandotte Municipal Services also does not carry the station or the network on its lineup in the city of Wyandotte. Cogeco Windsor does not carry Univision in any form due to restrictions set by the CRTC. Comcast later moved the station to channel 18 in Detroit to make room for the Michigan feed of the Big Ten Network, which now occupies channel 65.

Due to the 2008 bankruptcy of Equity Broadcasting, WUDT was sold at auction to the Daystar Television Network on April 16, 2009; the sale closed in July 2009. In August 2009, the station began to show only a slide with the Univision logo and station identification. Comcast immediately removed WUDT from its lineup and reverted to carrying the national Univision feed. On August 26, at about 5 p.m., WUDT switched to Daystar. This left Detroit without a full-time Spanish-language outlet.

On April 6, 2010, WUDT switched off its analog signal and broadcast on digital channel 8. At some point in mid-June 2010, WUDT-LD went silent, returning to the air as of July 27, 2010.

Daystar reached a deal to sell WUDT-CD, along with WSVT-CD in Tampa, Florida, to LocusPoint Networks in December 2012. The deal will make it a sister station to two other Detroit stations, WDWO-CD (which LocusPoint acquired in March 2013) and W33BY (which LocusPoint acquired in April 2014). In the meantime, in May 2013, Daystar surrendered the class A status for WUDT and three other stations.

On December 15, 2014, Ion Media Networks, the owners of WPXD-TV, reached a deal to donate its translator station W48AV (channel 48) in St. Clair Shores to Daystar. As part of the transaction, Daystar requested a special temporary authority for it to relocate to UHF 23, the same channel as WUDT-LD; this was granted.

News
From 2005 until June 2008, the station presented a nightly newscast, produced and anchored in Denver, Colorado, with stories produced in the Detroit area originating from the station's offices in Troy. On June 6, 2008, Equity discontinued local newscasts at its six Univision affiliates, including WUDT.

Trivia

 * WUDT was the largest of Equity's three television stations in Michigan. Equity also owned and operated Retro Jams affiliate WUHQ-LP in Grand Rapids and dual-Fox/MyNetworkTV affiliate WMQF in Marquette (now WZMQ). WUHQ would also be sold to Daystar, with WMQF being sold to a Wisconsin company, MMMRC, LLC.
 * Equity would also acquire another former MTV2 station, WBWX-CA, now WUMN-LP channel 13 in Minneapolis, also a Univision affiliate. WUMN, along with its sister station, Telefutura affiliate WTMS-CA, channel 7, would be sold to Silver Point Capital. WUMN is owned today by the Media Vista Group, while WTMS had ceased operations.
 * Equity's presence was felt elsewhere in Detroit as ABC affiliate WXYZ-TV began its service of the Retro Television Network, which began broadcasting starting in the spring of 2008 as RTN7. Equity (which once owned RTN) and the E. W. Scripps Company made the deal official on September 21, 2007. Shortly after WXYZ launched RTN7, the network was sold to Luken Communications, LLC (now Get After It Media). RTN, later reacronymed "RTV", was seen on WXYZ-TV until 2011, when it was replaced with the Live Well Network.

Technical information
The station operates with an effective radiated power of 15 kilowatts with a directional antenna, covering the immediate Detroit and Windsor areas, plus large parts of southern Oakland and Macomb counties and small portions of Wayne and Essex counties.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

The station applied for a license to operate digitally on VHF channel 8. The application was filed and a construction permit was granted on October 10, 2007 and it expires on October 11, 2010. The station went on air shortly after. WUDT's digital signal was between the digital signals of WJBK-TV on channel 7 and CBET-DT on channel 9, which may cause some interference. This may also cause interference with Cleveland's WJW in the southeastern areas of Essex County, which has its digital signal on channel 8 as well.

Analog-to-digital conversion
Because of reception challenges, Daystar subsequently filed an application to permit WUDT to broadcast its digital signal on channel 23, its old analog frequency, at 15 kW, directional. The application was granted by the FCC on January 17, 2012, with the construction permit expiring September 1, 2015. As a low-power station, WUDT was not required to transition to digital television when full service stations were required to do so in 2009; however, all low-powered stations, including WUDT, must make the transition by September 1, 2015. On May 3, 2012, the station moved back to UHF 23, increasing power substantially from 300 to 15,000 watts. On May 10, 2012, the station upgraded to class A digital status, becoming WUDT-CD; a year later, Daystar elected to revert the station to a traditional low-power license.

At some point in May 2015, WUDT-LD went silent, having been merged into its now-sister station, W48AV-D, which has since switched to digital operations as a Daystar station. While WUDT-LD's license remains active (and both remain owned by Daystar via its Word of God Fellowship subsidiary), though W48AV-D's license would be cancelled in 2016, with the station re-assuming the identity of WUDT-LD.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WUDT-LD


text:
Talk:Mall of Arabia (Dubai)

Untitled
The mall is supposed to have 1,400 shops, 10,400 car park spaces and 5.6 million sq ft leasable space in phase 1 alone! Customers per year and sales turnover are yet to be determined. Given that it is part of a Dubailand project with an estimated local population of 2.5 M, and the world's largest theme park phase 1 should proceed as planned, as should phase 2. Opening in early/mid 2008. However three other huge malls are also being built in Dubai in 2007 so the developers will modify things if they can't lease space or want to stay as Nos 1.

see http://archive.gulfnews.com/megaprojects/index.html http://continentalrst.com/MallOfArabia.htm

+++++++++++++++++ —Preceding unsigned comment added by MikeNaylor (talk • contribs) 23:30, 7 October 2007 (UTC) How many stores will it have? West Edmonton Mall is pretty big with over 800 stores.

This is going to end up like the debates on the world's tallest building... will the Mall of Arabia be the largest mall in the world based on retail space? number of stores? customers per year? sales turnover? --Madchester July 7, 2005 06:16 (UTC)

i think the mall' don't started yet.

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title: Talk:Mall of Arabia (Dubai)


text:
Military Geology Unit

The Military Geology Unit was a unit in the United States military during World War II. It was established on June 24, 1942, six months after Pearl Harbor. People in the US Geological Survey wanted to get involved in the war effort, either for patriotism or prestige or both, and provided a geological intelligence report for a randomly chosen country, Sierra Leone.

The Sierra Leone report described the terrain, locations of water supplies and road-building materials, and other facts useful for military operations. The US military bought the idea and so the Military Geological Unit was formed, starting out with six people but quickly expanding.

The USGS continued to operate a Military Geology Unit through 1975, providing the US Department of Defense with research and documentation necessary for military operations.

Staff
The entire Military Geology Unit wartime roster was 88 geologists, 11 soil scientists, 6 bibliographers, 5 engineers, three editors, one forester and 43 assisting staff. Most of the reports prepared by the Unit were prepared by teams made up mainly of geologists but commonly included soils scientists, botanists, climatologists, and geographers. Nearly all of the soils scientists and climatologists were members of the US Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service.

"During World War II geology won its spurs as an important tool in both planning and operations in the US Army. This growth of geology was due to the increased appreciation on the part of our military leaders of the importance of scientific techniques and information, and to the increased appreciation on the part of our scientists of the usefulness of their abilities in the solution of a large variety of very practical problems."

Normandy Invasion
The geological conditions of the Normandy beaches for the Invasion of Normandy were investigated by the American and British MGU. Some of the civilian scientists were sent ashore months before the invasion. "...civilian scientists, not all of them young or signally muscled, landed on the beaches ... wriggling along on their bellies, within range of German guns, they obtained samples of sand soil so when the tanks and trucks bustled ashore the drivers would be prepared for the terrain the equipment would be on hand to bridge the worst spots."

Research in 17th and 18th century French geological reports showed the land had clay underneath the sand which would bog down tanks and other vehicles. To find out the truth, geologists went ashore before the invasions with boring tools to find out if the old reports were correct, and special equipment was developed to overcome the problem.

For the invasion, large scale maps, in three editions, of the Normandy beach conditions of 1:5,000 were printed in great secrecy, with each map numbered for controlled use. Few copies of these maps survived the war. Other maps were prepared to show the best areas suitable for building airfields, and of water supply locations.

Origin of Balloon Bombs
The Military Geology Unit was key in determining the origin of Japanese Fu-Go balloon bombs. Working with Colonel Sidman Poole of US Army Intelligence, the researchers of the Military Geological Unit began microscopic and chemical examination of the sand from the sandbags to determine types and distribution of diatoms and other microscopic sea creatures, and its mineral composition. The sand could not be coming from American beaches, nor from the mid-Pacific. It had to be coming from Japan. Ultimately the geologists determined the precise beaches in Japan the sand had been taken from. By this time, it was mostly irrelevant, since by early spring the balloon offensive was almost over.

Planetary Geology
A number of reports were produced by the Military Geologists covering the moon, including the first photogeologic map of the near side.

Permafrost
Under the aegis of the Military Geology Unit, some of the earliest research and documentation on permafrost was published in English. Research on the topic had only been previously published in Russian.

title: Military Geology Unit


text:
Category talk:American trade union leaders

Untitled
More people should be put on this page.

Would it not be more helpful if we added the initials of the union with which a person was primarily involved? ie. USW, IBEW, IWW —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212Mike (talk • contribs) 17:54, 25 April 2009 (UTC)


text:
Gargoyle Humor Magazine

The Gargoyle Humor Magazine or The Gargoyle is the official student-run humor magazine for the University of Michigan. It has been satirizing both local and national events for more than one hundred years. The magazine is part of the university's Student Publications, which also includes the campus newspaper, The Michigan Daily, as well as the yearbook, the Michiganensian.

To current and former editors and staff, the magazine is often known simply as The Garg.

Location
The Gargoyle's office is located on the second floor of the Student Publications Building at 420 Maynard Street in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The office serves as the staff's production area; it is also home to a number of relics, including two bombshells obtained from the local army surplus and a poster from popular film Whore 2.

History
The Gargoyle was founded in 1909. Its first editor in chief, Lee A. White, eventually became editor of the Detroit News and helped found La Choy Foods. Gargoyle was initially a literary magazine featuring stories, articles and pictures with a back section devoted to comedy.

In the 1920s and 1930s, a period during which it was selected as America's Outstanding College Comic Magazine, Gargoyle was published monthly during the school year. The decrease in male students brought about by World War II resulted in the first woman, Olga Gruhzit, becoming editor of Gargoyle in 1942. In 1944, at the height of the war, Gargoyle briefly ceased publication, only to return in the fall of 1945.

Gargoyle was declared dead in 1950 when the Board in Control of Student Publications took offense to the issue "The Smooth Gargoyle". Publication continued off campus for a year, and when Gargoyle returned the next year, literary pieces were discontinued and the focus became solely humor. During the 1950s the magazine acquired a counterculture reputation, promoting everything from co-ed housing in the 1950s to Vietnam War protests in the 1960s. In response to the advent of Playboy in the 1950s and the sexual revolution of the 1960s, Gargoyle became progressively more risque. While sex, illegal drugs, and otherwise raunchy jokes have been common fare in issues of the Gargoyle since the 1970s, the magazine has generally tried to maintain a level of intelligence and artistry in its humor.

Art editor Phil Zaret's satirical cartoon, "Kill a Commie for Christ", originally published in the Gargoyle in 1967, became extremely popular during the Vietnam War and was re-published by college publications throughout the United States.

Though the Gargoyle was very successful in the '60's, it struggled to publish in the early 1970s, returned for a few issues in 1974–75, and returned to consistent publication in 1979. The magazine has been forced off-campus (in 1950) and shut down completely (1960–61, 1997) as the result of editorial and financial conflicts with the Board for Student Publications (previously the Board in Control of Student Publications). At one time the magazine was sold for prices varying from fifty cents to two dollars, but for the last five years, it has been free, all revenue being generated by advertisements.

In 1962, cartoonist Charles M. Schulz responded to a request for a Peanuts cartoon by drawing Snoopy with his nose perched over the end of his dog house in the manner of a gargoyle—this became a standard Snoopy pose.

In March 2020, the Gargoyle entered exclusively digital circulation as the COVID-19 pandemic raged. Intrepid Editor-in-Chief Maddie Eberstein and Business Manager Nick Dabagia orchestrated the magazine's return to print in Fall 2021 with the Unwelcome Back issue. Dabagia became Editor-in-Chief following Eberstein's graduation in April 2022. Under his direction, the Gargoyle staff grew to pre-pandemic levels, and the print magazine underwent an expansion from 16 to 24 pages. Art Director Ruth Marks has also facilitated an artistic revival in the magazine, in no small part due to the recruitment and loyalty of numerous artists and illustrators from the Penny W. Stamps School of Art and Design.

Mascots
Over the decades it has been a Gargoyle tradition for the mascot to periodically change at the whims of the current editor and artists on staff.

Notable alumni
In the 1999 book, Gargoyle Laughs at the 20th Century, editor John Dobbertin compiled all Gargoyle staff members credited in the masthead to date. This list includes several University of Michigan alumni before they became famous, including the following:

 * Lee Blaser, cartoonist.
 * Lloyd Dangle, cartoonist (Troubletown).
 * Jerry Ellison, cartoonist.
 * Larry Brilliant, philanthropist
 * Max Hodge, television writer/director/producer
 * Lawrence Kasdan, screenwriter/director.
 * Terry LaBan, cartoonist (Edge City).
 * George Lichty (under the name Maurice Lichtenstein), cartoonist (Grin and Bear It).
 * Janet Malcolm, essayist, journalist, and critic.
 * Allen Milgrom, cartoonist/editor (Marvel Comics).
 * Arthur Miller, playwright.
 * David Newman, screenwriter.
 * Robert Shaye, producer (New Line Cinemas).

title: Gargoyle Humor Magazine


text:
List of entomology journals

The following is a list of entomological journals and magazines:

title: List of entomology journals


text:
List of forts in Vermont

The following is a list of forts in the U.S. state of Vermont.

List of forts

 * Battery Redoubt
 * Brattleboro Barracks
 * Camp Baxter (also known as Baxter Barracks)
 * Champlain Arsenal
 * Chimney Point
 * Cooke's Hill Fort
 * Fort Cassin
 * Fort Defiance
 * Fort Dummer
 * Fort Ethan Allen
 * Fort Frederick
 * Fort Independence, located on Mount Independence
 * Fort Loyal
 * Fort Mott
 * Fort New Haven
 * Fort Putney
 * Fort Ranger
 * Fort Rutland
 * Fort Sainte Anne
 * Fort Warren
 * Josiah Sartwell's Fort
 * Orlando Bridgman's Fort

title: List of forts in Vermont


text:
Talk:Cunife

Is/was Cunife a trademark?
Cunife isn't in the USPTO database. It might be an unregistered or unenforced trademark. But we should have more than somebody's vague recollection of this before we assert it in Wikpedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Isaac Rabinovitch (talk • contribs) 00:18, 18 April 2005 (UTC)

 * This patent from 1959 asserts that it is a trademark, but does not say whose.  Possibly it is A. C. Cossor, the assignor of the patent.  I don't think we can take a patent as a reliable source for this information in any case. SpinningSpark 16:12, 3 December 2016 (UTC)

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Young Women's Leadership Charter School of Chicago

Young Women's Leadership Charter School (YWLCS) was a grade 9-12 charter high school for girls in Douglas, Chicago, Illinois.

The school was established in 1999. it had almost 350 students; it was Chicago's only public school only for girls.

The school used a lottery to determine admission. The school is diverse, drawing from many neighborhoods.

The school closed in June 2019 due to lack of enrollment and financial issues.

History
YWLCS opened its doors in August 2000, as part of an effort to provide better education for disadvantaged young women on the South Side of Chicago. The charter school focuses on teaching math, science and technology - in response to statistics showing women are underrepresented in these fields. The YWLCS runs from ninth through grade twelve; providing a single sex education meant to ameliorate gender inequities in the classroom.

First located on the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, YWLCS has since moved into its own building nearby. Their first class graduated in June 2004; media personality Oprah Winfrey was the guest speaker. In 2005, the guest speaker at graduation was Michelle Obama.

The YWLCS founders drew inspiration from The Young Women's Leadership School of East Harlem, and the school maintains a loose affiliation with the network of Young Women's Leadership Foundation schools (TWYLS). Another TYWLS network school, The Young Women's Leadership School of Queens (New York) opened in September 2005, in the Jamaica neighborhood with a register of 81 students, under the leadership of new principal Avionne Gumbs.


text:
User talk:Bf0189

Hahaha

I am a lurker here, o_o;

title: User talk:Bf0189


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aardvarks (band)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete Aardvarks (band) CDC   (talk)  18:59, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Aardvarks (band)
Notability. Vanity/advertising. Amateur church band. Delete along with Jamming in the Aattic (2004) and Written & Recorded (2003) --The JPS 00:21, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC) Redirect to Aardvark. The JPS 08:37, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to aardvark like the first edit on the page. Shiri — Talk 02:54, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Aardvark. Not notable band vanity. Megan1967 07:49, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the redirect already existed in the edit history, this does not require a VfD, I have been Bold and reverted to the redirect. Dsmdgold 15:05, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, sorry I didn't realise that. Unfortunately someone else has since been bold and reverted it back again. I've done the honours. The JPS 15:50, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've moved this page to Aardvarks (band) and will make Aardvarks a redirect, this should keep the anon. editor who reverted the redirect happy. As for the bands page Delete Dsmdgold 17:20, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Aardvarks (band) per WP:NMG. (Keep the redirect at Aardvarks.) —Korath (Talk) 19:24, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * oh, the vfd is getting complicated. Agree with Korath. The JPS 20:16, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Aardvarks (band) as nonnotable per Korath. (Closing admin should note that the original VfD was for Aardvarks, hence the "redirect" votes at the top of the VfD.) --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 22:16, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Assuming that this the consensus is for deletion, the references in List of songs whose title does not appear in the lyrics and List of protest songs need to be rooted out. Dsmdgold 23:36, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
José García Villa

José García Villa (August 5, 1908 – February 7, 1997) was a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter. He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines title for literature in 1973, as well as the Guggenheim Fellowship in creative writing by Conrad Aiken. He is known to have introduced the "reversed consonance rhyme scheme" in writing poetry, as well as the extensive use of punctuation marks—especially commas, which made him known as the Comma Poet. He used the pen name Doveglion (derived from "Dove, Eagle, Lion"), based on the characters he derived from his own works. These animals were also explored by another poet, E. E. Cummings, in "Doveglion, Adventures in Value", a poem dedicated to Villa.

Early life
Villa was born on August 5, 1908, in Manila's Singalong district. His parents were Simeón Villa (a personal physician of Emilio Aguinaldo) and Guia Garcia (a wealthy landowner). He graduated from the University of the Philippines Integrated School and the University of the Philippines High School in 1925. Villa enrolled on a Pre-Medical course in the University of the Philippines, but then switched to Pre-Law course. However, he realized that his true passion was in the arts. Villa first tried painting, but then turned into creative writing after reading Winesburg, Ohio by Sherwood Anderson.

Writing career
Villa's art poetic style was considered too aggressive at that time. In 1929 he submitted Man Songs, a series of erotic poems, in The Philippines Herald magazine supplement, which the administrators in the University of the Philippines found too bold and was even fined for obscenity by the Manila Court of First Instance. In that same year, Villa won Best Story of the Year from The Philippines Free Press magazine for Mir-I-Nisa. He also received P1,000 prize money, which he used to migrate to the United States.

He enrolled at the University of New Mexico, wherein he was one of the founders of Clay, a mimeograph literary magazine. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and pursued post-graduate work at Columbia University. Villa had gradually caught the attention of the country's literary circles, one of the few Asians to do so at that time.

After the publication of Footnote to Youth in 1933, Villa switched from writing prose to poetry, and published only a handful of works until 1942. During the release of Have Come, Am Here in 1942, he introduced a new rhyming scheme called "reversed consonance" wherein, according to Villa: "The last sounded consonants of the last syllable, or the last principal consonant of a word, are reversed for the corresponding rhyme. Thus, a rhyme for near would be run; or rain, green, reign."

In 1949, Villa presented a poetic style he called "comma poems", wherein commas are placed after every word. In the preface of Volume Two, he wrote: "The commas are an integral and essential part of the medium: regulating the poem's verbal density and time movement: enabling each word to attain a fuller tonal value, and the line movement to become more measured."

Villa worked as an associate editor for New Directions Publishing in New York City from 1949 to 1951, and then became director of poetry workshop at City College of New York from 1952 to 1960. He then left the literary scene and concentrated on teaching, first lecturing in The New School for Social Research from 1964 to 1973, as well as conducting poetry workshops in his apartment. Villa was also a cultural attaché to the Philippine Mission to the United Nations from 1952 to 1963, and an adviser on cultural affairs to the President of the Philippines beginning 1968.

Death
On February 5, 1997, at the age of 88, José was found unconscious in his New York apartment and was rushed to St. Vincent Hospital in the Greenwich Village area. His death two days later, February 7, was attributed to "cerebral stroke and multilobar pneumonia". He was buried on February 10 in St. John's Cemetery in New York, wearing a barong tagalog.

New York Centennial Celebration
On August 5 and 6, 2008, Villa's centennial celebration began with a poem reading at the Jefferson Market Library. For the launch of Doveglion: Collected Poems, Penguin Classics’ reissue of Villa's poems edited by John Edwin Cowen, there were readings of his poems by Cowen, by book introducer Luis H. Francia, and by scholar Tina Chang. Then, the Leonard Lopate Show interviewed Cowen and Francia on the "Pope of Greenwich Village's" life and work, followed by the Asia Pacific Forum show.

Personal life
In 1946 Villa married Rosemarie Lamb, with whom he had two sons, Randall and Lance. They annulled their marriage ten years later. He also had three grandchildren, Jordan Villa, Sara Villa Stokes and Travis Villa. Villa was especially close to his nieces, Ruby Precilla, Milagros Villanueva, Maria Luisa Cohen, and Maria Villanueva.

Works
As an editor, Villa first published Philippine Short Stories: Best 25 Short Stories of 1928 in 1929, an anthology of Filipino short stories written in English that were mostly published in the literary magazine Philippine Free Press for that year. It is the second anthology to have been published in the Philippines, after Philippine Love Stories by editor Paz Márquez-Benítez in 1927. His first collection of short stories that he had written were published under the title Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others in 1933; while in 1939, Villa published Many Voices, his first collection poems, followed by Poems by Doveglion in 1941. Other collections of poems include Have Come, Am Here (1942) and Volume Two (1949; the year he edited The Doveglion Book of Philippine Poetry in English from 1910). Three years later, he released a follow-up for The Portable Villa entitled The Essential Villa. In 1958 he brought out Selected Poems and New, in which he retained "only those poems that I can still care about" from Have Come, Am Here and Volume Two. There was, in addition, a section of early poems, "comprising what I deem to be the best of the work done in my early youth," published for the first time. With this volume "Villa abandoned poetry" (Cowen). Villa, however, went under "self-exile" after the 1960s, even though he was nominated for several major literary awards including the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. This was perhaps because of oppositions between his formalism (literature) formalist style and the advocates of proletarian literature, who misjudged him as a petty bourgeois. Villa only "resurfaced" in 1993 with an anthology entitled Charlie Chan Is Dead, which was edited by Jessica Hagedorn.

Several reprints of Villa's past works were done, including Appassionata: Poems in Praise of Love in 1979, A Parliament of Giraffes (a collection of Villa's poems for young readers, with Tagalog language Tagalog translation provided by Larry Francia), and The Anchored Angel: Selected Writings by Villa that was edited by Eileen Tabios with a foreword provided by Hagedorn (both in 1999).

His popular poems include When I Was No Bigger Than A Huge, an example of his "comma poems", and The Emperor's New Sonnet (a part of Have Come, Am Here) which is basically a blank sheet of paper.

Writing style
Villa described his use of commas after every word as similar to "Seurat's architectonic and measured pointillism—where the points of color are themselves the medium as well as the technique of statement". This unusual style forces the reader to pause after every word, slowing the pace of the poem and resulting in what Villa calls "a lineal pace of dignity and movement". An example of Villa's "comma poems" can be found in an excerpt of his work #114:

In, my, undream, of, death,

I, unspoke, the, Word. Since, nobody, had, dared, With, my, own, breath, I, broke, the, cord!

Villa also created verses out of already-published proses and forming what he liked to call "Collages". This excerpt from his poem #205 was adapted from Letters of Rainer Maria Rilke, volume 1:

And then suddenly, A life on which one could Stand. Now it carried one and Was conscious of one while it
 * Carried. A stillness in which

Reality and miracle Had become identical - Stillness of that greatest Stillness. Like a plant that is to Become a tree, so was I Taken out of the little container, Carefully, while earth

While Villa agreed with William Carlos Williams that "prose can be a laboratory for metrics", he tried to make the adapted words his own. His opinion on what makes a good poetry was in contrast to the progressive style of Walt Whitman, concerning which he said: "Poetry should evoke an emotional response. The poet has a breathlessness in him that he converts into a breathlessness of words, which in turn becomes the breathlessness of the reader. This is the sign of a true poet. All other verse, without this appeal, is just verse."

He also advised his students who aspire to become poets not to read any form of fiction, lest their poems become "contaminated by narrative elements", insisting that real poetry is "written with words, not ideas".

Critical reception
Villa was considered as a powerful literary influence in the Philippines throughout much of the 20th century, although he had lived most of his life in the United States. His writing style, as well as his personality and staunch opinions on writing, has often made him considered as an eccentric. Francia explained in Asiaweek magazine, "In a world of English-language poetry dominated by British and Americans, Villa stood out for the ascetic brilliance of his poetry and for his national origin." Fellow Filipino writer Salvador P. López described Villa as "the one Filipino writer today who it would be futile to deride and impossible to ignore ... the pace-setter for an entire generation of young writers, the mentor laying down the law for the whole tribe, the patron-saint of a cult of rebellious moderns." However, Villa was accused of having little faith in Filipinos' ability to write creatively in English, saying that "poetry in English has no prospects whatsoever in the Philippines—i.e., ... that it cannot be written by Filipino writers. An exception or two may arise after a long period of time, but these writers will remain exceptions. The reason why Filipino writers are at a disadvantage in the writing of English poetry—is that they have no oneness with the English language."

In a review to Footnote to Youth, The New York Times wrote, "For at least two years the name of José Garcia Villa has been familiar to the devotees of the experimental short story... They knew, too, that he was an extremely youthful Filipino who had somehow acquired the ability to write a remarkable English prose and who had come to America as a student in the summer of 1930." This comment brought out two opposing impressions of him: as a literary genius, and merely as a writer of English as a second language.

During the United States' Formalist period in literature, American writers admired Villa's work. Mark Van Doren wrote in reaction to Selected Poems and New that it is "...So natural yet in its daring so weird, a poet rich and surprising, and not to be ignored". Babette Deutsch wrote in The New Republic that Have Come, Am Here reveals that Villa's concern for "ultimate things, the self and the universe. He is also on visiting terms with the world. He is more interested in himself than in the universe, and he greets the world with but a decent urbanity." Although she viewed Villa's range as somewhat narrow, he "soars high and plunges deep". British poet Edith Sitwell revealed in the preface of Villa's Selected Poems and New that she experienced "a shock" upon reading Have Come, Am Here, most notably the poem "#57", "a strange poem of ineffable beauty, springing straight from the depths of Being. I hold that this is one of the most wonderful short poems of our time, and reading it I knew that I was seeing for the first time the work of a poet with a great, even an astonishing, and perfectly original gift." Meanwhile, noted American poet Garret Hongo described Villa as "one of the greatest pioneers of Asian American literature...our bitter, narcissistic angel of both late Modernism and early post-colonialism." In his introduction to Footnote to Youth, American writer Edward J. O'Brien—who dedicated his collection Best American Short Stories of 1932 to Villa—hailed the poet as "one of a half-dozen American short-story writers who count". Meanwhile, in reaction to Villa's poems, e.e. cummings wrote, "and i am alive to see a man against the sky".

Critics were divided about Villa's "comma poems". On one side, they were irritated by them, calling them "gimmicky". Leonard Casper wrote in New Writings from the Philippines that the technique of putting commas after every word "is as demonstrably malfunctional as a dragging foot". Ten years later, Casper continued to criticize Villa because he "still uses the 'commas' with inadequate understanding and skill". On the other hand, Sitwell wrote in The American Genius magazine that the comma poem "springs with a wild force, straight from the poet's being, from his blood, from his spirit, as a fire breaks from wood, or as a flower grows from its soil".

Despite his success in the United States, Villa was largely dismissed in mainstream American literature and has been criticized by Asian American scholars for not being "ethnic" enough.

Poetry collections

 * Many Voices (Philippine Book Guild, 1939)
 * Poems by Doveglion (The Philippine Writers' League, 1941)
 * Have Come, Am Here (Viking Press, 1942); finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1943)
 * Volume Two (New Directions, 1949)
 * Selected Poems and New (McDowell Obolensky, 1958)
 * Poems 55 (A. S. Florentino, 1962)
 * Appassionata: Poems in Praise of Love (King and Cowen, 1979)

Short stories

 * Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933)

Anthologies

 * Philippine Short Stories: Best 25 Short Stories of 1928 (Philippines Free Press, 1929)

Editions

 * A Celebration for Edith Sitwell (New Directions, 1948)

Awards and honors
Villa was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship in Creative Writing by American writer Conrad Aiken, wherein he was also awarded a $1,000 prize for "outstanding work in American literature", as well as a fellowship from Bollingen Foundation. He was also bestowed an Academy Award for Literature from The American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1943. Villa also won first prize in the Poetry Category of UP Golden Jubilee Literary Contests in 1958, as well as the Pro Patria Award for literature in 1961, and the Heritage Award for poetry and short stories a year later. He was conferred with a honoris causa doctorate degree for literature by Far Eastern University in Manila on 1959 (and later by University of the Philippines), and the National Artist Award for Literature in 1973.

He was one of three Filipinos, along with novelist José Rizal and translator Nick Joaquin, included in World Poetry: An Anthology of Verse from Antiquity to Our Time published in 2000, which featured over 1,600 poems written by hundreds of poets in different languages and culture within a span of 40 centuries dating from the development of early writing in ancient Sumer and Egypt.

He was nominated for the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature by Pacita Habana and other professors from Far Eastern University, and Alejandro Roces, chair of the UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines. In 1973, he was nominated once again by Purita Kalaw Ledesma, founder of the Art Association of the Philippines. Though nominated for the prize, the Nobel Library of the Swedish Academy only owns two of his poetry collections, Selected Poems and New and Poems 55, used for deliberations.

Works in English

 * Poems in praise of love : the best love poems of Jose Garcia Villa. A.S. Florentino: National Book Store, 1973,
 * (E. Tabios, Ed.) The Anchored Angel: Selected Writings. New York: Kaya. 1999. ISBN 9781885030283
 * (J. Chua, Ed.) The Critical Villa: Essays in Literary Criticism, Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 2002. ISBN 9789715504164
 * (J. E. Cowen, Ed. & L. H. Francia, Intro.) Doveglion: Collected Poems. London: Penguin Classics. 2008. ISBN 9780143105350

title: José García Villa


text:
Talk:Matlock, Derbyshire

1
Would it not be better to separate Matlock and Matlock Bath into different articles? (Our Phellap 00:21, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC))

2
Need to back up claim that Matlock has a growing reputation for the Arts if the claim is to be credible - otherwise the statement is just opinion.

This should be named "Matlock, England". "Matlock" should be the "Matlock (disambiguation)" article.--Will 17:20, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Matlock does have a growing reputation for arts! Highfields (talk) (contribs) 14:31, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

3
Whats with the reference to "Matlock Bridge" as a part of Matlock?

When I lived there (18 years) everyone called it "Matlock" - it does have the town centre in it anyway.

BTW The major employer is the county council on Smedley Street.

 * The railway station was called "Matlock Bridge" when it opened. Chevin 08:32, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

--JeremyBoden 01:50, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Whell I live there and Matlock Town, Matlock Bridge, and Matlock Green are all districts of the same town, however Matlock Bath is a seperate town... Highfields (talk) (contribs) 09:29, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Sheffield City region
Is this really true? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 666ph666 (talk • contribs) 07:58, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

I have live here for the last 14 years and I've never heard anything about it. Highfields (talk) (contribs) 19:32, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Highfields School
Would it be a good idea to create a seperate article for Highfields School? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 666ph666 (talk • contribs) 08:05, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree; it seems to be one of few secondary schools in Derbyshire not to have its own article. Rachel Pearce 11:57, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It has one (Highfields School) 82.27.31.211 18:42, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
 * So it has. Funny, when I searched for it the other day I just kept getting linked back to this article. Rachel Pearce 20:33, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It's new. I created it on Monday. Highfields (talk) (contribs) 18:05, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Matlocklivelogo.gif
Image:Matlocklivelogo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:35, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Matlocktowncouncillogo.jpg
Image:Matlocktowncouncillogo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:36, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Image:Matlock 2.jpg/Image:Matlock 1.jpg
I had full permission form the owner of the site cited as the source, what makes you think otherwise? Highfields (talk) (contribs) 07:52, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

The images you are using were lifted from a Matlock website and are actually hosted at images.matlockweb.com, As I own that domain and I scanned the images in the first place I know you have no permission to lift them. The webmistress of the website concerned is the one who alerted me to the fact that you'd lifted the images and is highly annoyed about it. You DO have permission to use some of the other images which is why I didn't remove those. 87.194.40.200 (talk) 09:32, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Sorry, forgot to log in before I left that comment Antsnest (talk) 09:34, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I am very sorry and have contacted the webmistress via the source website to apologise and ask permission to use the pictures in question Highfields (talk) (contribs) 09:45, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Which will be denied. Antsnest (talk) 09:14, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Peakraillogo.gif
The image Image:Peakraillogo.gif is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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Timeslip
Apparently Smedley's Hydro closed in 1955 and reopened (as The County Offices) in 1954. This doesn't sound right. Salocin-yel (talk) 12:54, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1954 now corrected to 1956 - opened as County Offices by Charles White on 28 April 1956 Davebevis (talk) 16:06, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Matlockite
May be worth a mention - it will be one wiki front page with matlock in about 7-10 days Victuallers (talk) 19:35, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I understand. What's being featured, when and why? -  H IGHFIELDS  ( TALK    •   CONTRIBUTIONS  ) 19:44, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Matlockite was omn the main page as DYK.

Lead mining

 * Lead Mining Museum at Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, Peak District
 * THE GEOLOGY OF THE MATLOCK MINES: A REVIEW

This looks like Matlock was a lead mining center, this should be mentioned in the article, although it also gives the people a clue that lead contamination of soil and water could be everywhere.--Stone (talk) 12:53, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Merge Hall Leys Park into Matlock,_Derbyshire?
The information in this article is fine, but it doesn't really have much organisation and doesn't get very far beyond cataloguing what's in the park. Maybe it should be merged into the Matlock article rather than trying to stand separate? If not, then let's have some more meat in the article please --mcld (talk) 14:16, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Seeing no opposition in three years to this merge, I concur and have merged the pages. WTF? (talk) 15:11, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

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Matlock = County Town?
Matlock is tje seat of Derbyshire County Council, it is the administrative home of the county. Preston is the administrative home of Lancashire. Just as Lancaster is the largest and town,and the City which gives its name to Lancashire, Derby is the county town of Derbyshire. Biofuelsimon (talk) 23:00, 26 August 2022 (UTC)
 * - if you've not already done so, accessing County town may give you some useful info. I've reverted your change to Short description - it should be short, preferrably, but should not contain arguments such as that which you applied: "not County town of Derbyshire, but itis the seat of Derbyshire county Council".--Rocknrollmancer (talk) 23:10, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matlock, Derbyshire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jamming in the Aattic (2004)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 17:45, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Jamming in the Aattic (2004)
Notability. Vanity/advertising. Amateur church band. Delete along with Aardvarks (band) and Written & Recorded (2003) --The JPS 00:22, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 07:50, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, reasoning as said above Master Thief Garrett 22:47, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN Dsmdgold 23:34, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per reasons above. Hermione1980 23:21, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Parental alienation syndrome

Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a term introduced by child psychiatrist Richard Gardner in 1985 to describe signs and symptoms he believed to be exhibited by children who have been alienated from one parent through manipulation by the other parent. Proposed symptoms included extreme but unwarranted fear, and disrespect or hostility towards a parent. Gardner believed that a set of behaviors that he observed in some families involved in child custody litigation could be used to diagnose psychological manipulation or undue influence of a child by a parent, typically by the other parent who may be attempting to prevent an ongoing relationship between a child and other family members after family separation or divorce. Use of the term "syndrome" has not been accepted by either the medical or legal communities and Gardner's research has been broadly criticized by legal and mental health scholars for lacking scientific validity and reliability.

Initial description
Parental alienation syndrome is a term coined by child psychiatrist Richard A. Gardner drawing upon his clinical experiences in the early 1980s. The concept of one parent attempting to separate their child from the other parent as punishment or part of a divorce have been described since at least the 1940s, but Gardner was the first to define a specific syndrome. In his 1985 paper, he defined PAS as"...a disorder that arises primarily in the context of child-custody disputes. Its primary manifestation is the child's campaign of denigration against the parent, a campaign that has no justification. The disorder results from the combination of indoctrinations by the alienating parent and the child's own contributions to the vilification of the alienated parent."He also stated that the indoctrination may be deliberate or unconscious on the part of the alienating parent. Gardner initially believed that parents (usually mothers) made false accusations of child abuse and sexual abuse against the other parent (usually fathers) in order to prevent further contact between them. While Gardner initially described the mother as the alienator in 90% of PAS cases, he later stated both parents were equally likely to alienate. He also later stated that in his experience accusations of sexual abuse were not present in the vast majority of cases of PAS.

Characteristics
Gardner described PAS as a preoccupation by the child with criticism and deprecation of a parent. Gardner stated that PAS occurs when, in the context of child custody disputes, one parent deliberately or unconsciously attempts to alienate a child from the other parent. According to Gardner, PAS is characterized by a cluster of eight symptoms that appear in the child. These include a campaign of denigration and hatred against the targeted parent; weak, absurd, or frivolous rationalizations for this deprecation and hatred; lack of the usual ambivalence about the targeted parent; strong assertions that the decision to reject the parent is theirs alone (the "independent-thinker phenomenon"); reflexive support of the favored parent in the conflict; lack of guilt over the treatment of the alienated parent; use of borrowed scenarios and phrases from the alienating parent; and the denigration not just of the targeted parent but also to that parent's extended family and friends. Despite frequent citations of these factors in scientific literature, the value ascribed to these factors has not been explored with professionals in the field.

Gardner and others divided PAS into mild, moderate and severe levels. The number and severity of the eight symptoms included in the syndrome were hypothesized to increase through the different levels. Recommendations for management differed according to the severity level of the child's symptoms. While a diagnosis of PAS is made based on the child's symptoms, Gardner stated that any change in custody should be based primarily on the symptom level of the alienating parent.

In mild cases, it was alleged that there was some parental programming against the targeted parent, but little or no disruption of visitation, and Gardner did not recommend court-ordered visitation.

In moderate cases, it was alleged that more parental programming occurred resulting in greater resistance to visits with the targeted parent. Gardner recommended that primary custody remain with the programming parent if the brainwashing was expected to be discontinued, but if not, that custody should be transferred to the targeted parent. In addition, therapy with the child to stop alienation and remediate the damaged relationship with the targeted parent was recommended.

In severe cases, in which children were found to display most or all of the eight symptoms and refused to visit the targeted parent, possibly threatening to run away or engage in self-harm if forced to visit the other parent, Gardner recommended that the child be removed from the alienating parent's home into a transition home before moving into the home of the targeted parent.

In addition to modification of custody, Gardner recommended therapy for the child. Gardner's proposed intervention for moderate and severe PAS, which include court-ordered transfer to the alienated parent, fines, house arrest, and incarceration, have been critiqued for their punitive nature towards the alienating parent and alienated child, and for the risk of abuse of power and violation of their civil rights. With time, Gardner revised his views and expressed less support for the most aggressive management strategies.

Reception
Gardner's original formulation, which labeled mothers almost exclusively as the alienating parent, was endorsed by fathers' rights groups, as it allowed fathers to explain the reluctance of their children to visit them and assign blame to their former wives. In contrast, women's groups criticized the syndrome, concerned that it permitted abusers to claim that allegations of abuse by mother or child were reflective of brainwashing. Gardner himself emphasized that PAS only applied in situations where there was no actual abuse or neglect had not occurred, but by 1998, noted an increase in the awareness of PAS had led to an increase in its misapplication as an exculpatory legal maneuver.

PAS has been cited in high-conflict divorce and child custody cases, particularly as a defense against accusations of domestic violence or sexual abuse. The status of the syndrome, and thus its admissibility in the testimony of experts, has been the subject of dispute, with challenges raised about its acceptance by professionals in the field, whether it follows a scientific methodology that is testable, whether it has been tested and has a known error rate, and the extent to which the theory has been published and peer-reviewed.

PAS has not been accepted by experts in psychology, child advocacy or the study of child abuse or legal scholars. PAS has been extensively criticized by members of the legal and mental health community, who state that PAS should not be admissible in child custody hearings based on both science and law.

No professional association has recognized PAS as a relevant medical syndrome or mental disorder. PAS is not listed in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems of the WHO. It is not recognized by the American Medical Association or the American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychological Association declined to give a position on PAS, but raised concerns over its lack of supporting data and how the term is used. The APA's 1996 Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family expressed concern that custody evaluators use PAS as a means of giving custody to fathers despite a history of violence, a concern shared by other commentators. The United States National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges rejected PAS, recommending it not be used for the consideration of child-custody issues.

The admissibility of PAS was rejected by an expert review panel and the Court of Appeal of England and Wales in the United Kingdom and Canada's Department of Justice recommends against its use. PAS has been mentioned in some family court cases in the United States. Gardner portrayed PAS as well accepted by the judiciary and having set a variety of precedents, but legal analysis of the actual cases indicates that as of 2006 this claim was incorrect.

Exclusion from the DSM
PAS is not included in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Gardner and others lobbied for its inclusion in the DSM-V revision. In 2001, Gardner argued that when the DSM-IV was released, there was insufficient research to include PAS, but since then, there have been enough scientific articles and attention to PAS that it merited being taken seriously.

A survey of American custody evaluators, published in 2007, found that half of the respondents disagreed with its inclusion, while a third thought it should be. A related formulation, named parental alienation disorder, has been proposed, suggesting that inclusion of PAS in the DSM-5 would promote research and appropriate treatment, as well as reduce misuse of a valid and reliable construct. In December 2012, the American Psychiatric Association announced that PAS would not be included in the DSM-V revision. However, there are now diagnoses included in DSM-V that reflect the impact of parental behavior upon children, in particular parent-child relational problem and child affected by parental relationship distress. The key distinction is that the diagnoses listed in the DSM relate to the mental health of the diagnosed individual, as opposed to attempting to describe a disorder of the relationship between different people, whether parent-child or parent-parent.

Scientific status
Gardner's formulation of PAS is critiqued as lacking a scientific basis,  and as a hypothesis whose proponents have failed to meet the scientific burden of proof to merit acceptance. The first publications about PAS were self-published and not peer reviewed, and though subsequent articles have been published in peer reviewed journals, most have consisted of anecdotal evidence in the form of case studies; in addition, the limited research into PAS has lacked evidence of its validity and reliability. The lack of objective research and replication, falsifiability, and independent publication has led to claims that PAS is pseudoscience or junk science. Proponents of PAS concur that large scale systematic controlled studies into PAS's validity and reliability are required, supplementing a single small study in 2004 which suggested practitioners could come to a consensus based on written reports.

The theoretical foundation of PAS has been described as incomplete, simplistic and erroneous for ignoring the multiple factors (including the behaviors of the child, parents and other family members) that may contribute to parental alienation, family dysfunction and a breakdown in attachment between a parent and a child. In this view, PAS confuses a child's developmental reaction to a divorce with psychosis, vastly overstates the number of false allegations of child sexual abuse, ignores the scientific literature suggesting most allegations of child sexual abuse are well founded and thus well-meaning efforts to protect a child from an abusive parent, exaggerates the damaging effects of parental alienation on children and proposes an unsupported and endangering remedy for PAS. Concern has been expressed that PAS lacks adequate scientific support to be considered a syndrome and that Gardner has promoted PAS as a syndrome based on a vague clustering of behaviors. Despite concerns about the validity of testimony regarding PAS, it has been inappropriately viewed as reliable by family court judges. Proponents of PAS and others agree that using the designation of syndrome may be inappropriate as it implies more scientific legitimacy than it currently deserves.

While PAS is not accepted as scientifically valid, the concept of parental alienation has been advanced based upon theories of the "alienated child" and the dynamics that may have contributed to the child's alienation from a parent. Like PAS, parental alienation is not recognized as a diagnosable mental condition.

Clinical status
PAS has been criticized for making clinical work with children who are alienated more confusing and for labeling children with a mental diagnosis who may react angrily to their parents' separation or divorce. Gardner's analysis has been criticized for inappropriately assigning all responsibility of the child's behavior to one parent when the child's behavior is oftentimes, but not always, the result of a dynamic in which both parents and the child play a role.

Gardner disagreed with criticism of PAS as overly simplistic, stating that while there are a wide variety of causes on why a child may become alienated from a parent, the primary etiological factor in cases of PAS is the brainwashing parent, and that otherwise, there is no PAS. Gardner also stated that those initially critical of PAS for being a caricature were not directly involved with families in custody disputes and that criticisms of this nature faded by the late 1980s because the disorder was widespread. However, no scientific study has yet demonstrated that the elements of PAS are unique to alleged parental alienation such that they are useful for diagnosis.

PAS has been criticized by for being sexist, being used by fathers to marginalize legitimate fears and concerns about abuse, and women's groups and others oppose the legitimacy of PAS as a danger to children. After his initial publications, Gardner revised his theory to make fathers and mothers equally likely to alienate or be indoctrinators and disagreed that recognition of PAS is sexist. Gardner later indicated he believed men were equally likely to be PAS indoctrinators. Studies of children and adults labelled with PAS have suggested that mothers were more likely than fathers to be the alienator.

Canada
Early Canadian court cases accepted expert opinions about PAS, used the term "syndrome" and concurred with Gardner's theory that only one parent was fully responsible for it. Gardner testified in one case (Fortin v. Major, 1996) but the court did not accept his opinion, concluding that the child was not alienated based on the evaluation of a court-appointed expert who, unlike Gardner, had met with the family members. More recent cases, while accepting the concept of alienation, have noted the lack of recognition in the DSM-IV, and have generally avoided "syndrome" terminology, emphasizing that changes in custody are stressful for the child and should only occur in the most severe cases. A 2006 research report by the Canadian Department of Justice described PAS as "empirically unsupported" and favored a different framework for dealing with issues of alienation that has more research support. Decisions about possible parental alienation are considered a legal decision, to be determined by the judge based on the facts of the case, rather than a diagnosis made by a mental health professional. There is recognition that rejection of a parent is a complex issue, and that a distinction must be made between pathological alienation and reasonable estrangement.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the admissibility concerning the evaluation of PAS was rejected both in an expert review, and by the Court of Appeal.

United States
On occasion, PAS has been cited as part of the child custody determination process in the United States, and some courts have awarded sole custody to one parent based upon findings of PAS. In some cases a custody court's acceptance of allegations of parental alienation have resulted in children being placed in the custody of an abusive parent.

The admissibility of testimony alleging PAS has been challenged under the Frye test and Daubert standard, to evaluate if it has sufficient scientific basis and acceptance within the scientific community.

Richard Gardner's claims
Although Gardner claimed that PAS was generally accepted by the scholarly community and had passed the Frye test in two states, a 2006 analysis of court cases involving PAS and cited by Gardner concluded that these decisions did not set legal precedent, that PAS is viewed negatively in most legal scholarship, and that Gardner's writings do not support the existence of PAS. Of sixty-four precedent-bearing cases reviewed at that time, only two decisions, both in New York State and both in criminal courts actually set precedents. Both held that the theory of PAS was inadmissible. One of the cases, subsequently upheld on appeal, found that PAS failed the Frye test as the appropriate professional community did not generally accept.

At the time, Gardner listed fifty cases on his website that he claimed set precedents that made PAS admissible. Upon review it was determined that none of the cases set precedents for the admissibility of PAS. forty-six set no precedents or did not discuss admissibility and the remaining four were problematic. In the first the trial court found that PAS passed the Frye test, but that finding was not reviewed on appeal so as to become precedential as the trial court "[threw] out the words 'parental alienation syndrome'" and focused instead on the "willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing relationship between the parents and the child" under the state's child custody best interest factors. In the second case, the appellate court did not discuss PAS. The third case specifically chose not to discuss the admissibility of PAS and the fourth made no decision on PAS.

Case law
In one New York case, Matter of Robert Coull v. Pamela Rottman, 15 N.Y.S.3d 834, 131 AD 3d 964 (2015), child support was suspended based upon a trial court's finding of a parent's alienating behaviors. The court found that the father was prevented from seeing his son by the child's mother through a "pattern of alienation", and child support was suspended on that basis. The decision was not based upon a psychological diagnosis, but was instead based upon a pattern of alienation actions and behaviors by the mother and her conduct during court proceedings.

A focus on parental behavior allows a court to base its decision "upon accepted psychological concepts and diagnoses... without mention of the controversial and potentially inflammatory concept of PAS"; New York has followed this approach, with a court explaining, "PAS, essentially dismissed as 'junk science', is not generally accepted in the scientific community, as it is not an approved term or diagnosis in the field of psychiatry and no New York court has allowed the admission of testimony concerning PAS....

However, New York Courts have embraced parental alienation as a concept. In recognizing that parental alienation can exist, some courts have loosely defined it as a custodial parent's active interference with or deliberate and unjustified frustration of the non-custodial parents' reasonable right of access to the child." That approach treats parental alienation as a descriptive concept, allowing a court to consider parental behavior without the need to determine whether parental alienation is a valid psychological construct.

title: Parental alienation syndrome