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Talk:Vestment

Untitled
None of the things listed under this section are really vestments at all. Yes they're distinctively clerical garments, but they're street wear and not clothing reserved specifically for services. One does not "vest" in a podryasnik, one simply puts it on.

In Orthodoxy, at least, a useful distinction is that if you have to bless it, or have it blessed, before you can wear it, it's a vestment. Otherwise, it's just clothes. Csernica 20:36, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point; I've moved those items to a new Clerical clothing page, which can also be used for non-Orthodox. I will try to integrate your comment into that article; you make a useful distinction.  JHCC 14:07, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I've just made an update to the article, and in the process it seemed to me that we ought not include anything not actually a vestment even if appears to be of interest, like the staff ("crozier") or the orlets. The article says they're not "strictly speaking" vestments, but they're not even vestments loosely speaking! I'm therefore cutting this material from the article, but I'm pasting it in here so as not to lose it.  Someone more enterprising than myself can insert it into a more appropriate article. Csernica 07:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've added some Greek where I could find definitive spellings, but since I have no Greek to speak of I'm unsure of the grammar. I suppose these should all be in the nominative case. If I got any of them wrong, I invite anyone who knows better to make corrections. Csernica 20:07, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cut from article
The bishop also uses the following items during services, even though they are not, strictly speaking, vestments:

 * Orlets
 * Pateritsa (патерица)/Zhezl(жезл)/Crozier - the staff; may be tau-style (T-shaped), with the crossbeam bent and surmounted by a cross, or serpent-style, showing two intertwined serpents, also surmounted by a cross.

Some of the descriptions contained explanations that are derived from sentimental/devotional explanations rather than the simple descriptions. For example, explaining the significance of a maniple as "living a life of tears" is strictly sentimental and has no basis in fact; it merely began as a cloth to wipe away sweat and gradually became more and more decorative as its original function was forgotten. I removed these "ferverinos."

Reorganization
I just reorganized the Eastern Orthodox section so that the different vestments are not broken out by clerical rank. This is partly to reflect that, absent an anomaly or two, vestments are generally added atop old ones or "reconfigured" as new ranks are attained. (For example, to move from deacon to priest the orarion is theoretically thrown about the neck, belted down with the zone, and a phelonion is thrown over the top of it all.) It's also partly to conform better with the style instituted in the previous section, and to eliminate redundant entries.

However, I wonder if there's not just too much material here. I think we'd be better off with one-line definitions as in the section for Western vestments and save the lengthier explanations for full articles. There are, after all, plenty of red links there. At the moment I don't have the time to undertake this, but perhaps if someone else agrees with me he or she can begin the process. Csernica 19:26, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've made a start; let me know what you think. JHCC 20:01, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, you did quite a bit! I'm impressed.  Csernica 20:20, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Amazing what you can do with a little cut-and-paste. JHCC 22:39, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but that's exactly the kind of thing I find too tedious to even think about doing most days. Csernica 06:13, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Eastern -> Orthodox
I'm not going to change it back since I don't feel all that strongly about it, but "Eastern" was used to be inclusive of the Uniates who use the same style vestments as the Orthodox. Csernica 21:00, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Orthodox "Rank"
In treating Eastern Church vestments, the article states, "The three forms of stole (Orarion, Epitrachelion, and Omophorion) are marks of rank." I think this is incorrect. Rank refers to an individual's place within the order of precedence. Rank is determined by date of Ordination and any honors presented (Gold Cross, Archpriest, etc.). Even the article linked-to by the word "rank" (Catholic Church hierarchy) treats its subject matter accordingly. Rather than rank, it seems a better term would be "office" or "order," which refer to the three-fold ministry found in Scripture: Bishop, Presbyter, and Deacon. Within each of these orders multiple ranks or honorary titles may be given; but ultimately, a Bishop is a Bishop, whether he is styled "Patriarch" or "Diocesan." MishaPan 17:09, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Rite of Versailles?
What is the Neo-Gallican of Versailles? I have studied the liturgical rites of both the East and the West for over thirty years and have even had my own work on the Christian liturgy published in theological journals and I have never heard of any Neo-Gallican Rite of Versailles. Versailles was only a small village until Louis XIV rebuilt his father's hunting lodge into the greatest of European royal palaces--long after Charlemagne imposed the Roman Rite on his empire. With the exception of Rite of Lyons what was later known as the Gallican rites were little more than a few local diocesan customs such the bishop's blessing given before Communion (never a part of the Roman mass outside of France) that Pope John Paul II's allowed to be restore in those French dioceses that had had them before they had been suppressed in 17th century because of their unfortunate associations with French antimontanism. In any case there was never any ancient French diocese in Versailles for any medieval traditions to survive from to be repressed and therefore, restored.67.52.199.50 (talk) 04:56, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Mormonism
If Mormons wear no vestments, and if the Temple garments are "not strictly vestments", then why mention them here? Garments that are not vestments are irrelevant to an article about vestments, no? The only possible reason I can think of for this section is to promote Mormonism. I have therefore cut it. 192.35.35.34 (talk) 00:28, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

article name
Do people wear a "Vestment" or do they wear "Vestments"? If "Vestment" is not used (except for an adjective, status, or event) then the article should be named "Vestments" in the same way that we name the articles for pants or shorts. tahc chat 16:42, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 20 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move. Perhaps if the move is re-raised later, more people will respond. Red  Slash  23:42, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

Vestment → Christian vestments – WP:PRECISION; as in "vestments in Christianity". Wiktionary:vestment indicates a pretty broad term. Not sure the precurrent article content necessarly reflects WP:PRIMARYTOPIC? Could vestment as well as vestments be considered for redirects to clothing? Chicbyaccident (talk) 20:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC) --Relisted. –Ammarpad (talk) 03:54, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The broad sense is now rare. Srnec (talk) 21:07, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support but only with a PRIMARY REDIRECT to Christian vestments. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:22, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Extremely poor introduction
The article begins by referring to "liturgical garments" without any explanation of what the word "liturgical" means in this context.

The word "liturgical" here is linked to the Wikipedia article liturgy.

But that article gives no clue about what a "liturgical garment" means. 2601:200:C000:1A0:F007:806E:297C:D6EA (talk) 00:18, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vestment


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Robinia hispida

Robinia hispida, known as the bristly locust, rose-acacia, or moss locust, is a shrub in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae. It is native to the southeastern United States, and it is present in other areas, including other regions of North America, as an introduced species. It is grown as an ornamental and can escape cultivation and grow in the wild.

Description
This deciduous shrub grows to 3 meters tall, often with glandular, bristly (hispid) stems. The leaves are pinnate with up to 13 leaflets. The pink or purplish pealike flowers are borne in hanging racemes of up to 5. The fruit is a flat pod.

Ethnobotany
The Cherokee had several uses for the plant. They used the root medicinally for toothache. They fed an infusion of the plant to cows as a tonic. The wood was useful for making fences, bows, and blowgun darts, and for building houses.

Subtaxa
There are at least 5 varieties:
 * Robinia hispida var. fertilis - Arnot bristly locust (North Carolina, Tennessee)
 * Robinia hispida var. hispida - Common bristly locust (Originally endemic to the Southern Appalachian Mountains but now escaped from cultivation throughout much of eastern North America)
 * Robinia hispida var. kelseyi - Kelsey's locust (North Carolina, sometimes considered to have arisen as a horticultural variety, sometimes considered a distinct species)
 * Robinia hispida var. nana - Dwarf bristly locust (Found in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain from North Carolina south to Alabama, typically in dry, sandy soils such as those in the Sandhills region; sometimes considered a distinct species as R. nana)
 * Robinia hispida var. rosea - Boynton's locust (North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama)

title: Robinia hispida


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Charles Gardiner (disambiguation)

Charles Gardiner (1720–1769) was an Irish landowner and politician.

Charles or Charlie Gardiner may also refer to:
 * Charlie Gardiner (Australian footballer) (born 1983), Australian rules footballer
 * Charlie Gardiner (footballer, born 1915) (1915–1973), Scottish footballer
 * Charlie Gardiner (ice hockey) (1904–1934), ice hockey goalie with Chicago
 * Charles Gardiner, 1st Earl of Blessington (1782–1829), Irish earl

title: Charles Gardiner (disambiguation)


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Reverse of St Helena £2 coin

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User talk:Wikinator7

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Zach Hill

Zachary Charles Hill (born December 28, 1979) is an American multi-instrumentalist and visual artist. He is best known as the drummer and co-producer of the groups Death Grips and the I.L.Y's, and as the drummer of math rock band Hella.

Early life
Zach Hill was born in Sacramento, California on December 28, 1979. He spent most of his adolescence at his father and uncle's press printing shop, where he was first exposed to classic rock music.

Hill claims that he "started hearing voices in his head telling him to play the drums" when he was about 14 or 15 years old, and bought his first drum set with money he raised with a friend from a garage sale. He dropped out of high school at age 15 and moved to Nevada City, California, where he started the band Legs on Earth with Julian Imsdahl, Spencer Seim, and cousin Josh Hill. Hill later moved to San Francisco, California in 2000, where he played drums in the band Crime in Choir before starting Hella in 2001.

Art
In addition to music, Hill is also a visual artist. He published a fully illustrated book, Destroying Yourself is Too Accessible, which included the Zach Hill and Holy Smokes album Masculine Drugs released in 2004 on TNI Books and Suicide Squeeze Records.

The Sacramento, California, art space Fools Foundation ran an exhibition of Hill's art, titled "Poltergeist", from April 1 to April 29, 2006. Parts of the exhibit are visible in the photos accompanying Hill's article in the August 2006 issue of Modern Drummer and on the Fools Foundation website.

Film
Hill was said to be working on an original feature film in 2013, which was confirmed to feature late actress Karen Black in a leading role. However, she had died before the film could come into full fruition. A shortened excerpt of the footage was posted on the Death Grips YouTube account in October 2015 in a 15-minute video entitled "Bottomless Pit". It has been rumored that either Death Grips or Hill's side-project, the I.L.Y's, would be involved with the soundtrack of the film as well.

Solo releases

 * Astrological Straits (2008)
 * Face Tat (2010)

 * as Xach Hill
 * Lil Scuzzy (2011)

Albums

 * Hold Your Horse Is (2002)
 * The Devil Isn't Red (2004)
 * Church Gone Wild/Chirpin' Hard (2005)
 * There's No 666 in Outer Space (2007)
 * Tripper (2011)

Extended plays

 * Leather Diamond (2001)
 * Falam Dynasty (2002)
 * Bitches Ain't Shit but Good People (2003)
 * Total Bugs Bunny on Wild Bass (2003)
 * Acoustics (2004)
 * Concentration Face & Homeboy (2005)
 * Acoustics (2006)
 * Santa's Little Hella (2013)

DVDs

 * Portals (2008)

Split albums

 * with Dilute
 * Live (2003)
 * with Four Tet
 * Split Seven Inch Divorce Series 1 (2004)

With Flössin

 * Lead Singer (2004)
 * Live at Overlap 01 (2006)
 * Serpents (2009)
 * White Anaconda and the Rainbow Boa (2011)

With Holy Smokes

 * as Zach Hill & Holy Smokes
 * Masculine Drugs / Destroying Yourself Is Too Accessible (2004)

 * as Holy Smokes
 * Talk to Your Kids About Gangs (2006)

With Team Sleep

 * Team Sleep (2005)

With Mick Barr

 * Shred Earthship (2006)
 * Volume 2 (2007)
 * Volthree (2020)

With Marnie Stern

 * In Advance of the Broken Arm (2007)
 * This Is It and I Am It and You Are It and So Is That and He Is It and She Is It and It Is It and That Is That (2008)
 * Marnie Stern (2010)

With Bygones

 * By- (2009)
 * Spiritual Bankruptcy (2010)

With Omar Rodríguez-López

 * Mantra Hiroshima (2010)
 * Telesterion (2011)

 * as El Grupo Nuevo de Omar Rodriguez Lopez
 * Cryptomnesia (2009)

Albums

 * The Money Store (2012)
 * No Love Deep Web (2012)
 * Government Plates (2013)
 * Fashion Week (2015)
 * The Powers That B (2015)
 * Bottomless Pit (2016)
 * Year of the Snitch (2018)

Mixtapes

 * Exmilitary (2011)

Extended plays

 * Death Grips (2011)
 * Interview 2016 (2016)
 * Steroids (Crouching Tiger Hidden Gabber Megamix) (2017)
 * Gmail and the Restraining Orders (2019)

With Spoek Mathambo

 * Put Some Red on It (2011)
 * Father Creeper (2012)

With the I.L.Y's

 * I've Always Been Good at True Love (2015)
 * Scum With Boundaries (2016)
 * Bodyguard (2017)

With Undo K From Hot

 * G.A.S. Get a Star (2021)
 * Dumb Little Fucker (2021)
 * Remnants of Chris (2022)

Other appearances

 * Various Artists (Hella) – If the Twenty-First Century Didn't Exist It Would Be Necessary to Invent It (2002)
 * Various Artists (Team Sleep) – The Matrix Reloaded (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture) (2003)
 * Various Artists (Hella) – You've Got Your Orders – Volume One (2003)
 * Various Artists (Les Claypool) – Under the Influence: A Jam Band Tribute to Lynyrd Skynyrd (2004)
 * Various Artists (Hella) – Slaying Since 1996 (2006)
 * Various Artists (The Ladies) – Thankful CD (2006)
 * Various Artists (Diamond Watch Wrists) – Warp20 (Recreated) (2009)
 * Various Artists – Revival Drum Comp (2010)
 * Various Artists – Zum Audio Vol 4 Digital (2021)

title: Zach Hill


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Emperor Daozong of Liao

Emperor Daozong of Liao (14 September 1032 – 12 February 1101), personal name Chala, sinicised name Yelü Hongji, was the eighth emperor of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China.

Life

Emperor Daozong succeeded his father, Emperor Xingzong, in 1055. He was notable for reviving the official dynastic name "Great Liao" in 1066, a designation first given the empire by the Emperor Taizong in 947. Other noteworthy achievements made during his reign include the completion of a Liao edition of the Buddhist Tripitaka and the construction of the Sakyamuni Pagoda in 1056.

Emperor Daozong faced a number of assassination attempts throughout his life. In 1063, a group of Khitans, angry that their system of tribal justice had been put under local administration by ethnic Han, ambushed the emperor while he was on a hunting trip. Emperor Daozong survived the attack and the rebels were executed. However, in order to reassert his legitimacy as emperor, he was forced to perform a traditional "rebirth" ceremony. In 1070, he restructured the Liao legal system to reflect the differences in Han and Khitan customs.

Emperor Daozong's wife, Xiao Guanyin, was said to have been a virtuous woman who would persuade him to be a good leader and to purge corrupt officials. However, Daozong was not interested in ruling the empire and did not take her advice seriously. Xiao Guanyin would stay in her chambers and write poetry to pass the time. A corrupt official by the name of Yelü Yixin (耶律乙辛) feared the influence she had on the emperor and plotted to have her removed. Yelü Yixin conspired with a palace maiden into tricking the empress into writing a love poem. When Xiao Guanyin had finished writing the poem, Yelü Yixin presented the poem to Emperor Daozong, and insisted that the poem contained hidden messages that the empress was having an affair with another man. Emperor Daozong believed Yelü Yixin, and executed the empress in 1075. Yelü Yixin then went on to execute the crown prince and any other officials he did not like. Eventually, Emperor Daozong caught on, and began to take away Yelü Yixin's privileges one by one. Yelü Yixin then attempted to defect to Song, but was caught in the process; he was finally executed in 1083 AD, but the damage he had done to the empire was already done.

Emperor Daozong's reign was fraught with corruption. He spent lavishly on his palaces and his Buddhist worship. Many people under his rule were angered by the high taxes and began to rebel against the Liao dynasty, most notably the Jurchen tribes which would eventually establish the Jin dynasty and overthrow the Liao dynasty.

Family
Consort and issue(s):
 * Empress Xuanyi, of the Xiao clan (宣懿皇后 蕭氏, 1040–13 December 1075), personal name Guanyin (觀音), first cousin once removed
 * Yelü Jun, Crown Prince Zhaohuai (耶律濬 昭懷太子, 1058 – 1077), 1st son. Father of Emperor Tianzuo
 * Princess of Wei (魏國公主), personal name Sagezhi (撒葛只), 1st daughter
 * Married Xiao Xiamo (蕭霞抹)
 * Princess of Zhao (趙國公主, d. 1089), personal name Jiuli (糾里), 2nd daughter
 * Married Xiao Tabuye, Prince of Lanling (蘭陵郡王 蕭撻不也)
 * Imperial Princess Liang of Song (梁宋國大長公主), personal name Teli (特里), 3rd daughter
 * Married Xiao Chouwu (蕭酬斡)
 * Married Xiao Temo (蕭特末) and had issue (two sons)
 * Grand Consort Dowager Feng, of the Xiao clan (太皇太妃 蕭氏, d. 1181), personal name Tansi (坦思) – No issue.
 * Lady, of the Xiao clan (蕭氏), personal name Wotelan (斡特懶) – No issue.

title: Emperor Daozong of Liao


text: Template:Amendments of the Constitution of Ireland


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Roridula

Roridula (from Latin roridus "dewy") is a genus of evergreen, insect-trapping shrubs, with two species, of about 1⅓–2 m (4–6⅔ ft). It is the only genus in the family Roridulaceae. It has thin, woody, shyly branching, upright, initially brown, later grey stems, with lance- to awl-shaped leaves crowded at their tips. The star-symmetrical flowers consist from the outside in of five, green or reddish, free sepals, alternating with five white, pink or purple, free petals. Further to the middle and opposite the sepals are five stamens with the anthers initially kinked down. These suddenly flip up if the nectar-containing swelling at its base is being touched. The center of the flower is occupied by a superior ovary. The leaves and sepals carry many sticky tentacles of different sizes, that trap insects. Roridula does not break down the insect proteins, but bugs of the genus Pameridea prey on the trapped insects. These later deposit their feces on the leaves, which take up nutrients from the droppings. The species can be found in the Western Cape province of South Africa. They are commonly known as dewstick or fly bush in English and vlieëbos or vlieëbossie in Afrikaans.

Description
The two species in the genus Roridula are slender evergreen shrubs up to 1⅓ m (4 ft) or 2 m (6⅔ ft) high. They grow from a taproot with few side roots. The perennial, upright, shyly branching stems are leafless, except near the top. The leaves are arranged alternately, crowded at the tip of the branches, almost as if in a rosette. The leaves are awl-shaped, lack both stipules and a leaf stalk, either with entire margins or with distanced line-shaped lobes. The leaves and calyx are set with different sizes stalked glands or tentacles that secrete a resin.

The 5-merous bisexual flowers are set with several in racemes amidst the crowded leaves at the tip of the branches. The free sepals and petals are well-developed and star-symmetrical. The broadly inverted egg-shaped petals are white, reddish pink or bright purple and are overlapping in a circle in the bud. Inside the petals are five stamens that sit opposite the sepals and below the ovary. The filaments are free, line-shaped, topped by anthers that are connected with the filament near their base. These anthers have two pollen-containing cavities that open inwards through four short slits near the top. The anthers are initially flipped downward on the outside. They are subtended by a swelling that contains a cavity that contains nectar. When the swelling is touched, the anther explosively swings up, releasing the pollen through the slits. The superior ovary in the center of the flower consists of three merged carpels, that together protect three cavities within which are one to four anatropous ovules each of which is covered by a single layer. The upright style tapers towards the top and carries a small globe-shaped stigma or expands towards the top into an inverted cone-shaped stigma, covered in small grains. The smooth, cartilaginous, dehiscent fruit opens with three valves. The small, dark reddish brown seeds are ellipsoid in shape either with a smoothed netted structure or angular with three sutures and with prominent warts or a honeycomb-like structure.

Both species are diploids having six sets of homologue chromosomes (2n=12).

Differences between the species
R. dentata can be distinguished by its larger habit of up to 2 m, the line-shaped lobes along its leaves and the umbel-like inflorescences, whereas R. gorgonias is smaller, up to 1⅓ m, has entire leaves and spike-like inflorescences.

Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus described Roridula in 1764. The name Roridula derives from roridus, a Latin word meaning “dewy”, which refers to the fine drops of liquid on the tentacles that give the leaves a dewy appearance.

Over time, different botanists have held different views on the affinities of the genus Roridula. Jules Émile Planchon thought it should be assigned to the Ochnaceae in 1848. George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker, two of the nineteenth century's most influential British botanists however, included it in 1867 in the Droseraceae. In 1912, Johannes Gottfried Hallier regarded Roridula as a specialized member of the Clethraceae. Hutchinson in 1959, and Arthur Cronquist in 1981 included it in the Byblidaceae. Current insights in the relationships of the Roridulaceae, based on a 2015 DNA-analysis, are summarized in the following tree.

Distribution, habitat and ecology
The genus Roridula is endemic to parts of the mountains in the west and southwest of the Western Cape province of South Africa. R. dentata can be found in the mountains of Tulbagh, Clanwilliam and Ceres. R. gorgonias occurs between Somerset West and Swellendam. Both species grow on acidic and nutrient-poor, sandy soils, in locations that are relatively moist, at altitudes of 900–1200 m (2950–3950 ft) for R. dentata and 150–925 m (500–3000 ft) for R. gorgonias.

The seeds of Roridula dentata germinate shortly after a fire has destroyed the vegetation. Flowering mostly occurs in September and December.

Like many other carnivorous plants, Roridula has a rather poorly developed root system, and grows on acidic and leached soils in humid locations. Roridula shares its habitat with several Drosera species. Like Drosera, R. gorgonias strongly absorbs UV and this is assumed to attract flying insects. Both Drosera and Roridula trap large numbers of various flying insects. Unlike Drosera, Roridula gorgonias secretes a very sticky resinous substance, mainly containing acylglycerides and triterpenoids that are insoluble in water. This implies that insects can even be trapped during rainy weather.

Roridula does not respond by bending tentacles to struggling insects, unlike Drosera, that secrete a sticky mixture of saccharides or proteins. Instead, it carries three types of glandular hairs that differ in size: long, medium, and short. The long tentacles are less sticky, and by struggling, the insect comes in contact with the much more sticky medium and short glands, which completely immobilize it.

Carnivorous plants like Drosera secrete enzymes that break down proteins (so-called proteases) from the captured insects, and so make available nitrates to these plants, that grow in soils with low ammonium and nitrate content. R. gorgonias however lacks proteases and is thus unable to extract these nutrients from trapped prey directly. Instead, each plant houses individuals of the bug Pameridea roridulae, which quickly close in on the trapped insects and feed on them. The bugs consequently defecate on the leaves. In a nitrogen-15 tracing experiment, where prey insects enriched with the rare heavy nitrogen isotope were eaten by Pameridea bugs, the share of N15 increased, showing that the plant had taken up nitrogen nutrients from the captured insects.

Pameridea was shown to have a thick greasy layer that prevents direct contact between the resin on Roridula tentacles and the insect's cuticle, this allows them to roam freely across the plants.

R. dentata also has a hemipteran resident, Pameridea marlothi, and may receive nitrogen nutrients in much the same way. In addition, several crab spider species of the genus Synema can be found on the plant and these may both prey on the captive insects as well as on the resident bugs. The unrelated Australian genus Byblis resembles Roridula in having sticky tentacles, which do not secrete digestive enzymes and also lives together with hemipteran bugs in much the same way.

Pameridea is assigned to the Miridae, a family of bugs that further live from sucking plant juices. Although Pameridea depends on insects with their high protein content that have been captured by Roridula for completing its life cycle, it can survive on plant juices. In case of a fire, the bugs probably evacuate their home plant and fly off. Even if they do not find another Roridula specimen, the bugs can sit out the period until Roridula plants have germinated and sufficiently grown, by sucking juices of other plant species.

Fossil record
Fragments of fossil leaves, morphologically very close to extant Roridula, have been found in two pieces of amber of Eocene age (35–47 million years old), from the Yantarny mine near Kaliningrad. These leaf tips are set with both non-glandular hairs and stalked glands (or tentacles), and have a linear-triangular shape that narrows to a terminal stalked gland. The hairs are on both surfaces and the margins, consist of a single cell, taper to a point, and are 10 to 80 μm long. The stalked glands are restricted to the margins and lower surface. The glands consist of many cells, forming a tapering stalk and a thick, hoof-shaped or egg-shaped head, with a small pore at its very tip. The stalks are 20–350 μm long (one stalk reaching 1.4 mm), the heads 20–120 μm long and 10–40 μm wide. Organic remains and hairs of other plant species are positioned on the heads, suggesting these were sticking to a secretion from the heads. The surface of the leaf consists of small six-sided cells at the base of the leaf and long, larger cells from the center to the tip of the leaf. These epidermal cells are 3–54 μm long and 6–18 μm wide. Stomata of 20–38 μm long and 15–25 μm wide are restricted to the underside of the leaf. Leaf shape, size and shape of the stomata and epidermal cells, the presence of non-glandular hairs, and of stalked glands that strongly differ in size on the lower leaf surface and on the margins including a terminal tentacle, as well as the head of the tentacle having an apical pore, are all characters shared with extant Roridula species. These fossils differ from today's dewsticks in having smaller tentacles, and in lacking a prominent midrib on the underside of the leaf.

The pieces of amber with the roridulid remains were found in a deposit formed in a forested swamp on a nutrient-poor and carbonate-free soil in a coastal area, with both angiosperm and conifer trees in a warm-temperate or subtropical climate. The presence of roridulids in the northern hemisphere during the Eocene questions the assumption that the family originated in Gondwana, about 90 million years ago.

Use
Early settlers in parts of the Cape used to hang Roridula branches from the ceiling to catch flies.

title: Roridula


text:
Pief Panofsky

Wolfgang Kurt Hermann "Pief" Panofsky (April 24, 1919 – September 24, 2007), was a German-American physicist who won many awards including the National Medal of Science.

Early life
Panofsky was born in Berlin, Germany to a family of art historians Dorothea and Erwin Panofsky. His ancestors were of Jewish descent. He spent much of his early life in Hamburg, where his father was a professor of art history. From the age of 10, he attended the Johanneum, where he received a classical education involving Latin and Ancient Greek, but little science. At the age of 15, he moved with his family to the United States and entered Princeton University. He graduated with an A.B. in physics from Princeton University, as salutatorian of his class, in 1938 after completing a senior thesis, titled "The construction of a high pressure ionisation chamber", under the supervision of Walker Bleakney. He then received his Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1942 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "A measurement of the value of h/e by the determination of the short wavelength limit of the continuous x-ray spectrum at 20 kV", under the supervision of Jesse W. M. DuMond. In April 1942 he was naturalized as a U.S. citizen.

Academic career
From 1945 to 1951, Panofsky held an assistant and then associate professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, before permanently establishing himself as professor of physics at Stanford University. Between 1961 and 1984, he was the director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and continued to serve as director emeritus until his death. He was also on the board of directors of the Arms Control Association from 1996 until 1999.

Panofsky was a member of the board of sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and won the Matteucci Medal in 1996 for his fundamental contributions to physics. He was also a recipient of the National Medal of Science, the Franklin Medal (1970), the Ernest O. Lawrence Medal, the Leo Szilard Award and the Enrico Fermi Award.

Personal life
During his college days, Panofsky was called "Pief" by fellow students who found his full name unpronounceable. The childhood nickname seemed to suit the ebullient physicist, and it stayed with him throughout his long life. His elder brother, Hans A. Panofsky, was "an atmospheric scientist who taught at Pennsylvania State University for 30 years and who was credited with several advances in the study of meteorology".

Panofsky married Adèle Irène DuMond, daughter of his PhD advisor in 1942. Adèle Panofsky was also known at SLAC for her role in the building of the mounted Paleoparadoxia fossil skeleton display at the SLAC Visitors Center.

Awards and honors
Panofsky has received the following rewards and honors:
 * Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award (1961)
 * California Institute of Technology Alumni Distinguished Service Award (1966)
 * California Scientist of the Year Award (1967)
 * Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1968)
 * National Medal of Science (1969)
 * Franklin Medal (1970)
 * Elected to the National Academy of Sciences (1971)
 * Annual Public Service Award, Federation of American Scientists (1973)
 * Enrico Fermi Award (1979)
 * Leo Szilard Award (1982)
 * Shoong Foundation Hall of Fame in Science (1983)
 * Elected to the American Philosophical Society (1985)
 * Hilliard Roderick Prize (AAAS-1991)
 * Honorary doctorates from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University, Sweden, and from Princeton University
 * Matteucei Medal (Rome, 1997)
 * International Scientific and Technological Award from the People's Republic of China (2001)

Death
Panofsky died at the age of 88 on September 24, 2007, in Los Altos, California, from a heart attack. Panofsky stayed active at SLAC until his last day of life. He was survived by his wife of 65 years, Adele Panofsky, their five children, 11 grandchildren and 3 great-grandchildren.

Publications

 * Classical Electricity and Magnetism by Wolfgang Panofsky and Melba Phillips (1955, 1962, 1983, 1990)

title: Pief Panofsky


text: User talk:81.77.155.105

title: User talk:81.77.155.105


text: User talk:195.93.21.8

title: User talk:195.93.21.8


text:
User:Oleg Alexandrov/To do

To do

 * Add picture at Berryessa Creek
 * Write an article about off-axis illumination
 * Add animation at Total variation
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/GraphOfInequalities/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/TwoDimensionalLinearSystems/ -- could be a good ode picture
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/NonlinearWaveEquations/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PowersOfComplexNumbers/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/AnIllustrationOfTheArgumentPrinciple/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/VoronoiDiagrams/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/GaussianQuadrature/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PadeApproximants/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/EigenfunctionsOfTheHelmholtzEquationInARightTriangle/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ConformalMaps/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ArcLengthApproximation/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/LinesOnACubicSurface/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/TheModifiedDirichletFunction/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/CantorFunction/ (our picture is not so good)
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ThreeDimensionalLinearSystemOfDEs/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/DihedralGroupNOfOrder2n/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/VibratingCircularMembrane/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectricDipolePotential/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/BernoulliInequality/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/StableEquilibria/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/TotalInternalReflection/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/NonlinearWaveEquations/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SnellsLawOfRefractionWaveFronts/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/WaveInterference/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/EigenfunctionsOfTheHelmholtzEquationInARightTriangle/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/StableEquilibria/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/RevolutionaryCup/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/InstabilityOfLaplacesEquation/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/TwoDimensionalLinearSystems/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/LipschitzContinuity/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/GaussianQuadrature/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/NonlinearWaveEquationExplorer/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/EvenAndOddFunctions/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/CatenaryTheHangingChain/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/EigenvectorsIn2D/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/MoirePatternOfTwoEquallySpacedCircularRingPatterns/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/StreamlinesForLaminarFlowPastARotatingSolidCylinder/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ArcLengthApproximation/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ZernikePolynomialsAndOpticalAberration/
 * http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/LaplacesEquationOnASquare/
 * Look at http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/FixedPointOfA2x2LinearSystemOfODEs/
 * See http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectricPotentialOfAMetallicCylinderSurroundedByADielectricI/
 * Look at flow by an airplane wing, see http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PotentialFlowOverANACAFourDigitAirfoil/

and others at Wolfram
 * Add antenna far field pattern (see the Balanis book)
 * Add pendulum animation
 * Make a picture of a torus obtained from a rectangle
 * Look at Image:LISA-waves.jpg
 * Look at pictures by Kieff
 * Look at http://spinor.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/phong.jpg
 * Add a better spherical wave picture
 * Look at and copy to commons.
 * Add a more sophisticated tesselation picture.
 * Write an article on spherical wave with the picture from wave equation.
 * Add refs to Hahn decomposition theorem
 * Add a plain example of usage of Richardson extrapolation
 * Expand Statistical distance
 * Add refs to Banach space, eigenfunction, Line (mathematics), rotation and reflection (mathematics), Weak operator topology
 * Very nice animations at http://www.falstad.com/mathphysics.html
 * See User:Jim.belk/Image Gallery
 * Look at Image:Dipole.gif
 * Add picture at Dirichlet boundary condition Laplace's equation (membrane). Something with the finite element method. Add picture at Neumann boundary condition
 * Add more rectangular drum pictures. Add pictures at uniform convergence and pointwise convergence if not there.
 * Fix Image:Diffraction_geometry.svg, by adding the arrows
 * Add a picture at domain, range, and image, similar to Image:Function illustration.svg and illustrating everything
 * Add a picture at exponential map
 * Add pictures at Gauss's law, Equipotential surface, and linear least squares
 * Make an animation of a double spring, see Image:SpringsInSeries.svg
 * Add a wave propagating through a slit animation (Fresnel diffraction perhaps), if not there yet.
 * Add animation at scattering theory
 * Write a vibrational modes of a drum article
 * Add pic at Newton-Cotes formulas
 * Add pictures at the Dirichet and Neuman bd.
 * Deal with information theory cats, per here.
 * Add a Double pendulum animation
 * Add a reflection (flip flop) animation, that can also be used at the involution article.
 * A Zernike polynomials picture
 * Read KSmrq's comment about software for creating math diagrams on WT:WPM
 * Expand Bump function, add references
 * Add a graph at Dym equation
 * Add a picture at real number
 * Expand dual cone and polar cone
 * Look at Wing shape optimization
 * Cleanup Galerkin method
 * Look up references for partial derivative and the order of the variables
 * Fix Complete metric space
 * Read carefully limit superior and limit inferior
 * Expand Oscillation (mathematics)
 * Add references to Classification of discontinuities
 * Rewrite Discrete probability distribution
 * Fork Lax–Milgram theorem to its own article, it is important enough for that. Add a proof too.
 * Add to Galerkin method (application for the Poisson problem)
 * Fix Topological derivative
 * Merge Clairaut's theorem with the symmetry article
 * Write Vector component, now a redirect
 * Mittag-Leffler summation method
 * Write Duhamel's formula
 * Work on Multiple integral
 * Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem needs copying from PlanetMath
 * Complete the example at bounded variation
 * Work on Euler integration
 * Fill in Lax-Wendroff method
 * WikiProject Mathematics/PlanetMath Exchange/26-XX Real functions, finished
 * WikiProject Mathematics/PlanetMath Exchange/28-XX Measure and integration looked at
 * WikiProject Mathematics/PlanetMath Exchange/30-XX Functions of a complex variable looked at
 * WikiProject Mathematics/PlanetMath Exchange/31-XX Potential theory looked at
 * Deal with User:Mathbot/Possible redirects

Lists

 * Maths10
 * Maths11
 * Maths12
 * Maths13
 * Maths14
 * Maths15

 * Maths16
 * Maths17
 * Maths18
 * Maths19
 * Maths20
 * Maths21
 * Maths22
 * Maths23
 * Maths24
 * Maths25
 * Maths26
 * Maths27
 * Maths28
 * Maths29
 * Maths30

 * Good link for edit counts: Wannabie Kate.

title: User:Oleg Alexandrov/To do


text:
Émil Goeldi

Émil August Goeldi (var. Göldi, Portuguese var. Emílio Augusto Goeldi) (28 August 1859 – 5 July 1917 in Bern), was a Swiss-Brazilian naturalist and zoologist. He was the father of Oswaldo Goeldi, a noted Brazilian engraver and illustrator.

Biography
Goeldi studied zoology in Jena, Germany with Ernst Haeckel, and in 1884 he was invited by Ladislau de Souza Mello Netto, the influential director of the Brazilian Museu Imperial e Nacional, to work at that institution. Goeldi arrived in Rio de Janeiro in 1885 to work in the National Museum (now the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. In May 1890, he was fired, due to political circumstances related to the proclamation of the republic and the exile of his principal benefactor, Emperor D. Pedro II.

He was then invited by the governor of the state of Pará, Lauro Sodré, to reorganize the Pará Museum of Natural History and Ethnography, in Belém, which had been founded in 1866 by Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna. He arrived on 9 June 1894 in Belém. In his pioneering work, Goeldi was helped by several other foreign researchers, such as the Swiss botanist Jacques Huber (1867–1914), zoologist Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), geologists Friedrich Katzer (1861–1925), and Alexander Karl von Kraatz-Koschlau (1867–1900), and Adolpho Ducke (1876–1959), entomologist, ethnographer and botanist.

In 1902, the Museu Paraense de História Natural e Ethnography was renamed in his honour. It is now called the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. In 1905 Émil Goeldi renounced his post, due to ill health, and returned to Switzerland where he died in Bern, in 1917, at age 58. Hüber, then Snethlage and Ducke succeeded him as general directors of the Goeldi Museum in Belém.

Contributions
Goeldi was primarily a zoologist and described many new Brazilian species of birds and mammals. Some of the species which bear his name are:

 * Goeldi's antbird - Myrmeciza goeldii
 * Goeldi's marmoset - Callimico goeldii
 * Goeldi's frog - Flectonotus goeldii

Several other species were named in honour of Émil Goeldi, such as:
 * Acropyga goeldii, Camponotus goeldii, Azteca goeldii, Pachycondyla goeldii, Crematogaster torosa goeldii, Mycocepurus goeldii, Procryptocerus goeldii, Acanthoponera goeldii, Brachymyrmex goeldii, Dorymyrmex goeldii dubius, Paratrechina goeldii, Megalomyrmex goeldii, Myrmelachista goeldii, Neivamyrmex goeldii, Solenopsis goeldii, Pheidole goeldii and Cephalotes goeldii, all species of South American ants described by Auguste Forel;
 * Protambulyx goeldii, a moth;
 * Dubioniscus goeldii, a garden pillbug (isopod);
 * Metazygia goeldii, a Brazilian species of orb-weaver spider;
 * Megaelosia goeldii and Fritziana goeldii, frogs;
 * Trichomycterus goeldii, a pencil catfish;
 * Cynopotamus goeldii, a Characidae fish;
 * Goeldi's pimelodid, Duopalatinus goeldii, a Pimelodidae freshwater fish;
 * Goeldi's hemiodus, Hemiodus goeldii, a Hemiodontidae freshwater fish.
 * Cheirocerus goeldii, also a catfish;
 * Simulium goeldii, a blackfly from the Amazon Rainforest;
 * Philodendron goeldii, a philodendron plant.

In other scientific fields
Goeldi was also recognized as an important early figure in public health and epidemiology in Brazil, because he studied the mechanism of transmission of yellow fever and advocated the importance of fighting the mosquito as the vector of the disease, several years before Oswaldo Cruz did so. His extensive scientific research on the geography, geology, flora, fauna, archaeology, ethnography and socio-economical conditions of the present day region of Amapá was very important to end the Contestado territorial litigation between France and Brazil, ceding the territory to Brazil on 1 December 1900, by the international decision of the court of Bern.

Publications

 * Goeldi, E. A. (1886). Bericht über zwei ältere, unbekannt gebliebene illustrierte Manuskripte portugiesisch-brasilianischer Naturforscher. I. Die zoologischen Zeichnungen von Alexander Rodriguez Ferreira. II. Die zoologischen Zeichnungen von Arruda da Camara. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Jena, 2, 175-184
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1892). Zur Orientierung in der Spinnenfauna Brasiliens. Mitteilungen aus dem Osterlande (Neue Folge), 5, 200-248
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1897). A lenda amazônica do "cauré". Bol. Mus. Paraense, 2, 430-441
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1897). On the nesting of Cassicus persicus, Cassidrix oryzivora, Gymnomystax melanicterus and Todirostrum maculatum. Ibis, 7(3), 361-370
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1898 (1897)). A lenda amazônica do "cauré". Bol. Mus. Paraense, 2, 430-441
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1900). Sobre a nidificação do Cassicus persicus (japim), do Cassidix oryzivora (graúna), do Gymnomystax melanicterus (aritauá) e do Todirostrum maculatum (ferreirinho). Bol. Mus. Para. Hist. Nat. Ethnogr., (Mus. Para.), 3, 203-210
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1904). Against the destruction of white herons and red ibises on the lower Amazon, especially on the Island of Marajó(2 ed.). Belém: Pará
 * Geoldi, E. A. (1905). Myrmecologische Mitteilung das Wachsen des Pilzgartens von Atta cephalotes betreffend. Paper presented at the C.r. 6th Congr. Int. Zool., Berne
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1905). Beobachtungen über die erste Anlage einer neuen Kolonie von Atta cephalotes. Paper presented at the C.r. 6th Congr. Int. Zool., Berne
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1905). Os mosquitos do Pará. Reunião de quatro trabalhos sobre os mosquitos indígenas, principalmente as espécies que molestam o homem. Mem. Museu E. Goeldi, 4, 1-152
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1908 (1909)). Microtrogon novo nome genérico proposto para Trogon ramonianus Des Murs. Bol. Mus. Para. Hist. Nat. Ethnogr., (Mus. Pará), 5(1), 92-95
 * Goeldi, E. A. (1911). Der Ameisenstaat, seine Entstehung und seine Einrichtung, die Organisation der Arbeit und die Naturwunder seines Haushaltes. Leipzig & Berlin: Teubner

title: Émil Goeldi


text:
Nurcan Taylan

Nurcan Taylan (born 29 October 1983 in Ankara, Turkey) is a Turkish Olympic, world and European champion in weightlifting. She holds six European and one world record (and tied two more world records). She was banned by the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) after she tested positive for the anabolic steroid Methandienone for two years starting on 26 October 2011.

Career
She was born in Mamak, Ankara as the third child of a poor family from the town of Hafik in Sivas, Central Anatolia. Taylan was discovered aged 11 by the Turkish national athlete and her later coach Mehmet Üstündağ as he was her teacher in physical education at the Mamak Secondary School in Ankara.

Only 1.52 m tall, she lifted two World and five Olympic records in the women's 48 kg category at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Taylan is Turkey's first ever female Olympic gold medalist.

Scandals
In September 2004, a Turkish court ordered the arrest of the coach of the Turkish women's weightlifting team, Mehmet Üstündağ, after three female athletes filed complaints of sexual harassment against him. In court, Üstündağ denied allegations of repeated physical sexual molestation going back several years, fielded by Sibel Şimşek, Aylin Daşdelen and Şule Şahbaz, all of them members of the Turkish women's team at the 2004 Athens Olympics.

But the court ordered him to be placed under detention in view of the "alleged crime's nature, the evidence collected and feelings of anger it has inspired in the public". The allegations first hit the media in early September when the three athletes gave extensive interviews to newspapers and television channels. Daşdelen told a television news program that Üstündağ also made it a habit of "beating" his charges, going so far as to blame the trainer for the 1999 suicide of teammate Esma Can. The only support for Üstündağ came from Taylan, who in turn "accused" her three teammates of being lesbians. Turkish sports officials immediately launched an official investigation. Üstündağ had come under investigation on similar charges four years ago, but the evidence was inconclusive. The Turkish Weightlifting Federation did not allow Taylan to participate at the 2005 European Weightlifting Championship held in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Doping case
She was banned by the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) after she tested positive for the anabolic steroid Methandienone for four years starting on 26 October 2011. Taylan missed the London Olympics.

In October 2012, her suspension was shortened to two years that would allow her to return to action on 26 October 2013.

DQ and change results
Taylan was disqualified (DQ) and all results were invalidated from 2008 Summer Olympics to 2016 Summer Olympics.

Major results
https://iwf.sport/weightlifting_/athletes-bios/?athlete=taylan-nurcan-1983-10-29&id=91

 * Team Points: 28-25-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 points are distributed for the 1st to 25th place for the individual lifts and the total.

Disqualified from 24 Medals:

 * 2G,5S,1B (8 Medals) in World Championships
 * 1) 10G,2S,2B (14 Medals) in Euro Championships
 * 2) 2G (2 Medals) in Mediterranean Games

Achievements
 Mediterranean Games
 * Olyimpic Games:
 * World Championships:
 * European Championships:

 * J: Junior
 * CWR: Current world record
 * WR: World record
 * ER: European record
 * MR: Mediterranean record

World rank
2004 World ranking list for the category "Women 48 kg" is as following:

title: Nurcan Taylan


text:
Echo Mountain

Echo Mountain is a mountain promontory of the San Gabriel Mountains, in the Angeles National Forest above Altadena, in Los Angeles County, California.

Geography
Echo Mountain was shaped from an alluvial fan between Rubio and Las Flores canyons. It is geographically defined by Castle Canyon to its leeward side, Rubio Canyon at its foot, and Las Flores Canyon on its windward side. Echo has a mean elevation of 3207 ft. It is most visible as a short mountain extension whose ridge protrudes below the peak of Inspiration Point.

Echo Mountain's name is derived from the number of repetitions one's voice could emit into Castle Canyon. Boy Scout projects were made to find the "sweet spot" where the largest number of repetitions could be heard. During the days of the Mount Lowe Railway "echophones" were set up to assist in voice projections near the best sweet spots.

History
On January 6, 1993, Echo Mountain, also referred to as Mount Echo, was delineated as part of the Mount Lowe Railway monument area listed by the U.S. Forest Service on the National Register of Historic Places. On top of the mountain are the ruins of "White City", a resort along the scenic Mount Lowe Railway, which could easily be seen from the valley below. From its point and down an incline to its foot in Rubio Canyon was the Great Incline funicular of the Mount Lowe Railway, whose white cars could be seen ascending and descending Echo.

Trail access
Echo Mountain can be reached by the Sam Merrill Trail located at the top of Lake Avenue, or via the fire road which extends from Millard Canyon to a point along the old right of way, which will lead to the backside of the promontory.

title: Echo Mountain


text:
Urban Latino

Urban Latino magazine is an American lifestyle publication and website geared toward male and female Hispanic and Latino Americans ages 18–34. It was started in 1994 by a member of an art collective called Sol Concepts and a New York University student. Jorge Cano-Moreno and Rodrigo Salazar are the founders of the magazine, which is based in New York City.

title: Urban Latino


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Elmo Makil

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:32, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Elmo Makil

 * I don't know what to call this, but I think it falls under vanity. Linuxbeak 20:44, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if it is not vanity, it is not an enciclopedic article... José San Martin 21:03, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and stubify. The author appears to have no writing skill and only a theoretical understanding of the English language. But it's the notability of the subject that's at issue -- and Google seems to indicate that Makil was a fairly well-known Filipino singer and actor. ---Isaac R
 * Comment about Isaac R's vote; Google pulls up Makil as a late music professor and musician. There was only one page that I saw that was relevant enough to be considered, and that was the UP's obituary of him (http://www.up.edu.ph/makil.htm). I'm not saying he wasn't a great musician, but so is my band director and my euphonium teacher. Linuxbeak 00:13, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not only is his English skills questionable but the anonymous author of this article (User:203.177.186.11) also vandalised the 1950s article by deleting existing entries and replacing them with Filipino ones, . Megan1967 02:07, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV, notability not established, no allmusic.com entry, no imdb.com entry, no publications, Wikipedia is not a memorial, see What Wikipedia is not. Megan1967 02:04, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment about Megan1967's comment: I just noticed that. He DID vandalise the 1950s article. This should most assuredly be taken into consideration.
 * Delete, a combination of non-notability/vanity (~50 Google hits) and other-page(s) vandalism make this a ripe picking. Now it could be two completely different people happened to share that very IP, but what are the odds? Master Thief Garrett 07:37, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Freaks Mailinglist

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:01, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

The Freaks Mailinglist
NN --Chill Pill Bill 20:44, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Non-notable. Wikipedia is not a mailing list list. José San Martin 20:59, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability, no useful content. Not even a URL to subscribe or see an archive, or a stub notice! Created by a good contributor, which is a bit of a puzzle, but that was months ago. Andrewa 22:11, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 02:19, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. According to the Declaration of W.A.L.L.A. (Wikipedians against Largely Lame Advertisements) this must not be left standing! And so until the launch of Wikimailout... death! Death I say! ...yes I am being sarcastic... and yes this is my new copy-'n'-paste vote phrase, use it yourself if you wish. Master Thief Garrett 07:32, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CHILIAHEDRON

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Transwiki to wiktionary, and redirect. moink 10:56, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

CHILIAHEDRON

 * Several reasons. First, the title is all caps. Second, I don't think this type of figure deserves an article other than a list of such figures made of regular polygons, the only one I know of is a 998-gonal prism. Third, it needs a lot of cleanup. *Delete if nothing can be done to make it look better. Georgia guy 20:44, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to wiktionary. José San Martin 21:01, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Unsure. It's a dicdef at present, but an interesting term IMO, and the capitalisation is easily fixed. I might have a go at saving it. It's also the first try by a newbie, so we should be a bit gentle. No vote as yet. Andrewa 22:28, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We've had this discussion before. See Votes for deletion/Enneacontakaienneagon and Votes for deletion/Heptacontagon, and Wikipedia articles are not words formed on a predictable numeric system. Uncle G 23:52, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)
 * Comment: More than 9,000 Google hits versus two and 108 puts this in a different class to those previous discussions IMO. Just incidentally, I'd have made the second a redirect to polygon rather than deleting it, but nobody even seems to have suggested that. Still no vote. Andrewa 00:37, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The first two of those hits are dictionaries, the third is a non-existent page, and the 7th is this deletion discussion. Looking further, we find that instead of 9000, Google actually returns only 54 distinct results on your first search. And every single entry on pages 4, 5, and 6 of those search results is a dictionary. Uncle G 09:50, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to wiktionary. Not of any particular mathematical or geometrical importance. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:23, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Agree it's of no particular mathematical significance, but that's an intersting fact in itself as it does seem to have some currency in literature. Still no vote. Andrewa 00:37, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary. Megan1967 02:19, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Wikipedia is big enough and multifaceted enough for all polygons Polyhedra. Klonimus 05:17, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't. There are an infinite number of polygons. (To say nothing of polyhedra). Dpbsmith (talk) 10:01, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thankfully wiki isn't paper, so we dont have to worry about abstract physical constraints. Klonimus 05:17, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete/Merge. Surely this can go SOMEWHERE other than here? Wikitionary? Wikibooks under math? Merged into a "list of geometric shapes" article? Master Thief Garrett 07:34, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary. Wikipedia is not a dictionary --Carnildo 08:11, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary. Wikipedia is not a dictionary, and as far as I know there are no mathematically/aesthetically significant types of chiliahedra. Gazpacho 11:03, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The base ten number system is a deliberate raping of children's minds. --SPUI (talk) 16:00, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary, dicdef. All those Google hits go to word lists and dictionaries. Feel free to mention it at polyhedron, though. FreplySpang (talk) 18:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good solid encyclopedia matter. Wiwaxia 05:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Pun noted. Gazpacho
 * Thank you for not suggesting that the topic was also multifaceted. And Keep. -- 8^D gab 13:59, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
 * Merge with Polyhedron, which has a list of the lot of them. Radiant_* 10:37, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to polyhedron. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:22, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The article was just transwikied. You may now change "transwiki" votes accordingly. --Dmcdevit 00:32, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Paul MacCready

Paul B. MacCready Jr. (September 25, 1925 – August 28, 2007) was an American aeronautical engineer. He was the founder of AeroVironment and the designer of the human-powered aircraft that won the first Kremer prize. He devoted his life to developing more efficient transportation vehicles that could "do more with less".

Early life and education
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, to a medical family, MacCready was an inventor from an early age and won a national contest building a model flying machine at the age of 15. "I was always the smallest kid in the class ... by a good bit, and was not especially coordinated, and certainly not the athlete type, who enjoyed running around outside, and was socially kind of immature, not the comfortable leader, teenager type. And so, when I began getting into model airplanes, and getting into contests and creating new things, I probably got more psychological benefit from that than I would have from some of the other typical school things."

MacCready graduated from Hopkins School in 1943 and then trained as a US Navy pilot before the end of World War II. He received a BS in physics from Yale University in 1947, an MS in physics from Caltech in 1948, and a PhD in aeronautics from Caltech in 1952. His doctoral dissertation Investigation of Atmospheric Turbulence was supervised by Homer Joseph Stewart. In 1951, MacCready founded his first company, Meteorology Research Inc, to do atmospheric research. Some of MacCready's work as a graduate student involved cloud seeding, and he was an early pioneer of the use of aircraft to study meteorological phenomena.

Career and achievements
He started gliding after World War II and was a three-time winner (1948, 1949, 1953) of the Richard C. du Pont Memorial Trophy, awarded annually to the U.S. National Open Class Soaring Champion. In 1956, he became the first American pilot to become the World Soaring Champion. He invented a device that told pilots the best speed to fly a glider, depending on conditions and based on the glider's rate of sink at different air-speeds. Sailplane pilots still use the "MacCready speed ring", and still adjust the "MacCready Number" (abbreviated MC) within their flight instruments, to optimize their flying speed.

In the 1970s, he guaranteed a business loan for a friend, which subsequently failed, leaving him with a $100,000 debt. This was the motivation he needed to compete for the £50,000 Kremer prize for human-powered flight, which had been on offer for 18 years. With Dr. Peter B.S. Lissaman, he created a human-powered aircraft, the Gossamer Condor. The Condor stayed aloft for seven minutes while it completed the required figure eight course, thereby winning the first Kremer prize in August 1977. The award-winning plane was constructed of aluminium tubing, plastic foam, piano wire, bicycle parts, and mylar foil for covering.

Kremer then offered another £100,000 for the first human-powered crossing of the English Channel. MacCready took up the challenge and in 1979, he built the Condor's successor, the Gossamer Albatross, and won the second Kremer prize, successfully flying from England to France. He also received the Collier Trophy, which is awarded annually for the greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics, for his design and construction of the Albatross.

He later created solar-powered aircraft such as the Gossamer Penguin and the Solar Challenger. He was involved in the development of NASA's solar-powered flying wings such as the Helios, which surpassed the SR-71's altitude records and could theoretically fly on Mars (where the atmosphere is thin, with little oxygen). MacCready also collaborated with General Motors on the design of the Sunraycer, a solar-powered car, and then on the EV-1 electric car.

In 1985, he was commissioned to build a halfscale working replica of the pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus for the Smithsonian Institution, following a workshop in 1984, which concluded that such a replica was feasible. The completed remote-controlled flying reptile, with a wingspan of 18 feet, was filmed over Death Valley, California in 1986 for the Smithsonian's IMAX film On the Wing. It flew successfully several times before being severely damaged in a crash at an airshow at Andrews AFB in Maryland. The launch of the pterosaur model came off well but the radio transmitter link failed, perhaps because of the interference from some of the many base communications devices. The model nosed over and crashed at the runway side, breaking at the neck from the force of impact.

MacCready helped to sponsor the Nissan Dempsey/MacCready Prize which has helped to motivate developments in racing-bicycle technology, applying aerodynamics and new materials to allow for faster human-powered vehicles.

He was the founder (in 1971) and Chairman of AeroVironment Inc., a public company (AVAV) that develops unmanned surveillance aircraft and advanced power systems. AV flew a prototype of the first airplane to be powered by hydrogen fuel cells, the Global Observer.

MacCready died on August 28, 2007, from metastatic melanoma. He was an atheist and a skeptic. He was survived by his wife Judy, his three sons Parker, Tyler and Marshall and two grandchildren.

Awards and honors

 * Induction to the U.S. Soaring Hall of Fame, 1954
 * Otto Lilienthal Medal of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 1956 ("for his decisive victory in earning the title of World Soaring Champion in 1956")
 * California Institute of Technology, Distinguished Alumni Award, 1978,
 * Collier Trophy, 1979, by the National Aeronautics Association
 * Reed Aeronautical Award, 1979, by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ("the most notable achievement in the field of aeronautical science and engineering")
 * Edward Longstreth Medal, 1979, by the Franklin Institute
 * Engineer of the Century Gold Medal, 1980, by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 * Spirit of St. Louis Medal, 1980
 * Inventor of the Year Award, 1981, by the Association for the Advancement of Invention and Innovation
 * Klemperer Award, 1981, Organisation Scientifique et Technique du Vol à Voile, Paderborn, Germany
 * I.B. Laskowitz Award, 1981, New York Academy of Science
 * The Lindbergh Award, 1982, by the Lindbergh Foundation ("to a person who contributes significantly to achieving a balance between technology and the environment")
 * Golden Plate Award, 1982, of the American Academy of Achievement
 * Gold Air Medal, of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
 * Distinguished Service Award, of the Federal Aviation Administration
 * Honorary Doctor of Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology, 1980
 * Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1981
 * Honorary Doctor of Science from Yale University, 1983
 * Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Advance of Applied Meteorology, 1985, American Meteorological Society
 * Public Service Grand Achievement Award, of NASA
 * Frontiers of Science and Technology Award, 1986, first award in this category given by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal
 * The "Lipper Award", 1986, for outstanding contribution to creativity, by the O-M Association (Odyssey of the Mind)
 * Guggenheim Medal, 1987, jointly by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 * National Air and Space Museum Trophy for Current Achievement, 1988
 * Enshrinement in The National Aviation Hall of Fame, July 1991, Dayton, Ohio
 * SAE Edward N. Cole Award for Automotive Engineering Innovation, September 1991
 * Scientist of the Year, 1992 ARCS (Achievement Rewards for College Scientists), San Diego Chapter
 * Pioneer of Invention, 1992, United Inventors Association
 * Chrysler Design Award for Innovation in Design, 1993
 * Honorary Member designation, American Meteorological Society, 1995
 * American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Ralph Coats Roe Medal, November 1998
 * Howard Hughes Memorial Award, Aero Club of Southern California, January 1999
 * Calstart's 1998 Blue Sky Merit Award, February 1999
 * 1999 National Convention of the Soaring Society of America, dedicated to Paul MacCready, February 1999
 * Special Achievement Award, Design News, March 1999
 * Included in Time magazine's "The Century's Greatest Minds" (March 29, 1999) series "on the 100 most influential people of the century"
 * Philip J. Klass Lifetime Achievement Aviation Week Laureate Award, April 1999
 * Commemorated in Palau stamp, 1 of 16 "Environmental Heroes of the 20th Century", January 2000
 * Institute for the Advancement of Engineering William B. Johnson Memorial Award, February 2000
 * Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, National Design Award – Product Design, November 2000
 * Hoyt Clarke Hottel Award, American Solar Energy Society, April 24, 2001 ("lifetime achievement as an inventor, specifically for inventing the world's first two solar-powered aircraft")
 * 2001 World Technology Award for Energy, England, July 2001
 * Prince Alvaro de Orleans Borbon Fund, First Annual Award, October 2001, from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, Switzerland
 * The 2002 Walker Prize, Museum of Science, Boston, March 2002
 * International von Karman Wings Award, Aerospace Historical Society, May 2002
 * Member of the American Philosophical Society, 2002
 * The 9th Annual Heinz Award in Technology, the Economy and Employment, 2003
 * Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science, 2003
 * Honorary Doctorate, Washington & Jefferson College, May 2007
 * Included in the Pantheon of Skeptics of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (Formerly Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal)(April 2011)
 * Included in Flying magazine's list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation" (July 24, 2013)
 * Inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame, 2015

Other interests
MacCready was a secular humanist, which he defined as someone who "does not believe in God, and doesn't steal." He was a laureate of the International Academy of Humanism.

He was involved with scientific skepticism from its early days, being a member of the board of directors of the Southern California Skeptics in 1985. Skeptic and author Michael Shermer credits MacCready with his introduction to the skeptical movement. MacCready was admitted posthumously to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry's Pantheon of Skeptics in 2011.

Since 2013, MacCready has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.

MacCready was also a passionate environmentalist who was concerned about humanity's role in the depletion of natural resources. "Environmentally conscious, technologically clever, and culturally grand, Paul wanted to change the world through reason, intelligence, and creativity", Shermer wrote of him in an obituary.

Appearances
MacCready lectured widely at both industry and educational venues, with an emphasis on creativity. Enthusiastic about spreading his message to as many as possible, he would speak to anyone he thought he could influence, including children. Michael Shermer described his delivery as "completely unpretentious, conversing in the same manner whether he was talking to a room full of undergraduate students or Nobel laureates and Pulitzer Prize winners." In February 1998, MacCready spoke at a TED conference on the topic of nature versus humans, continuing his environmental theme of "doing more with less". And in February, 2003 he delivered another TED talk entitled "A Flight on Solar Wings"

Quotes
"Over billions of years on a unique sphere, chance has painted a thin covering of life -- complex, improbable, wonderful and fragile. Suddenly, we humans, (a recently arrived species, no longer subject to the checks and balances inherent in nature), have grown in population, technology and intelligence to a position of terrible power: we now wield the paintbrush."

"Anyone who's not interested in model airplanes must have a screw loose somewhere"

"I'm more interested in a world that works than what sells"

title: Paul MacCready


text:
Mount Lowe (California)

Mount Lowe is a mountain on the southern fold of the San Gabriel Mountains. Originally named Oak Mountain, it was renamed for Professor Thaddeus S.C. Lowe, who is credited for being the first person to set foot on and plant the American flag at its peak, and who built the Mount Lowe Railway to its foot in 1896. The record of the naming was made official by Andrew McNally, the famous Chicago map printer and summertime resident of Altadena, who promised to print "Mount Lowe" on all his maps. Mt. Lowe was established as an alternate route for the Mount Lowe Railway when attempts to procure rights of way to the more prominent Mount Wilson had failed.

A number of trails stem from it due to the Mount Lowe Tavern which was built at Crystal Springs below the summit and operated from 1895 to 1936. One of the historic trails was the "Mount Lowe Eight" which was a mule ride attraction of the hotel that made a figure eight shaped route starting at the Tavern, ascending the summit of Mt. Lowe, returning to the Tavern, and crisscrossing to a trail that headed down Castle Canyon. From there the trail passed down to the Echo Mountain resort and ascended on the return to the Tavern.

Mount Lowe was the upper terminus of the Alpine Division of the Mount Lowe Railway originally incorporated by Professor Lowe as the Pasadena and Mt. Wilson Railroad Co.

Mt. Lowe is approachable from Echo Mountain or Chaney trail via a fire road which was graded over the old railway right-of-way.

title: Mount Lowe (California)


text:
Talk:Feldenkrais Method

Missing systematic reviews
I'm aware evidence quality matters. Below I offer three systematic reviews, and/or meta-analyses and would balance and improve the definition and efficacy sections. We seem to be excluding sources because they study alternative medicine, kinesiology, or public health when they otherwise conform to methods and standards of evidence quality.

Proposed Additions

 * A 2015 systematic review in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Feldenkrais has "broad application in populations interested in improving awareness, health, and ease of function". Meta-analysis showed significant improvements in both balance and functional reach. The authors noted, "as a body of evidence, effects seem to be generic, supporting the proposal that [Feldenkrais] works on a learning paradigm rather than disease-based mechanisms. Further research is required; however, in the meantime, clinicians and professionals may promote the use of [Feldenkrais] in populations interested in efficient physical performance and self-efficacy."

 * A 2020 review of recent literature in Kinesiology Review studied the effectiveness of Feldenkrais for "improving balance, mobility, and coordination and its effectiveness for management of chronic pain." The authors found that "research clearly supports the effectiveness of the [Feldenkrais Method] for improvement of balance and chronic pain management."

 * A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis in The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health sought to "identify the populations and conditions for which the FM can be used in physiotherapy and to determine the intervention modalities." It found:
 * Elderly people: "Significantly improved gait, balance, mobility and quality of life."
 * Cervical, dorsal, or shoulder pain: "Significantly improved pain, functional balance, and perceived exertion on subjects with cervical, dorsal, or shoulder pain."
 * Chronic low back pain: "Improvements in pain, disability, quality of life and interoceptive awareness."
 * Multiple sclerosis: "Improvement in functional capacity in subjects."
 * Parkinson’s disease: "Significant effects on quality of life and functional tests."
 * It concluded: "Evidence shows that FM has therapeutic effects comparable to other physiotherapy techniques in patients with spine pain. In addition, improvements in mobility and balance were seen in the elderly and people with neurodegenerative diseases." Ocaasit | c 13:43, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Evidence quality does matter. For example, we tend not to use stuff from predatory publishers (like MDPI/IJERP), or from journals that have been stripped of their impact factors due to functioning as paper mills (like both Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine and IJERP). MrOllie (talk) 13:17, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you @MrOllie. I still feel there's a shifting of the goalposts. CAM can't use its own sources, or mere RCTs, so researchers publish recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Then the journals they publish in are deemed predatory, even if those distinctions are themselves controversial and not universal. These are still indexed journals by PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. There is a downgrading by Clarivate, but Impact Factor is itself very disputed. It seems like there's nothing CAM can do to have its worth represented. This is an old concern of mine, dating back to 2009 (!) but I feel like it's raising its head again here. Ocaasit | c 17:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It is not a 'shifting of the goalposts' to note that CAM advocates can't seem to get their stuff published in reputable journals. The goalposts' are where they always have been - CAM advocates just can't get past them. MrOllie (talk) 17:58, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Notifying you of this discussion about the 2nd source, at RSN:
 * Reliable_sources/Noticeboard
 * Cheers, Ocaasit | c 17:16, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Definition: Somatics
I've updated the definition with seven varied sources, from journals, to books, to articles, to websites that broadly locate, or categorize, FM within the field of Somatics. These sources are not superseded by one Australian systematic review, as WP:MEDRS applies to medical claims not definitions, categorizations, types, or kinds of movement practices, some of which, like Yoga and Tai chi, date back thousands of years. FM, by its own definition, and that of many others, is a somatic practice. If there's a dispute in the sources, we describe the debate, we don't ignore it. Ocaasit | c 19:01, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Overciting, especially at the beginning of an article, is a red flag. One good reference is all we need. If none exist, then the content probably should not be at the beginning of the article, nor presented with Wikipedia's voice.
 * Judging by the references, it appears to be an in-world term, so a POV vio. --Hipal (talk) 17:36, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * These are seven broad and varied RS. So, "in-world" compared to what? What do you mean by that term? Ocaasit | c 18:47, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * So, "in-world" compared to what? Compared to a perspective where Wikipedia's voice is valid rather than alt-med viewpoints, especially those where there's a conflict of interest. As I said, I'm concerned about the use of Wikipedia's voice. I'll add that I have FRINGE and NOT concerns with the choice of references and the weight given them. I hope that answers your questions.
 * Two questions for you:
 * Why are seven references needed?
 * Why are sources from within the Feldenkrais world needed? Within the alt-med world? --Hipal (talk) 21:53, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Efficacy Contradiction
This article contains two sentences that can't both be right:

 * 1) "There is no medical evidence that the Feldenkrais method improves health outcomes..." (2015)
 * 2) "There is limited evidence that workplace-based use of the Feldenkrais Method may help aid rehabilitation of people with upper limb complaints." (2019)

Either (2) is inaccurate, insufficient, or unreputable; or (1) can't be stated as a plain fact (especially in the lede). Ocaasit | c 14:42, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * For context, what (2) says is "The Feldenkrais group showed a significant decrease in neck/shoulder complaints, compared with the physiotherapy and control groups...The authors postulated that this could be because Feldenkrais has a stronger focus on participants’ perceptions and experiences than physiotherapy, and that Feldenkrais has some features in common with relaxation and biofeedback techniques, which have been found to be effective at reducing pain...Feldenkrais should be implemented with caution, as only one study supported [this intervention]...more research needs to be conducted on these interventions." Ocaasit | c 14:47, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Don't use Wikipedia's voice, and don't discard DUE points of view. --Hipal (talk) 17:37, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Efficacy Contradiction Part 2: The lede
We now have two superseding studies after the Australian 2015 systematic review which found "no evidence". Now we have n=2 of "yes/some evidence". How do we summarize this mix in the lede? Ocaasit | c 19:30, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) "There is no medical evidence that the Feldenkrais method improves health outcomes..." (2015)
 * 2) "It is concluded that FM proved to be effective [for LBP], but not in all people with musculoskeletal disorders..." (Elsevier, 2017)
 * 3) "There is limited evidence that workplace-based use of the Feldenkrais Method may help aid rehabilitation of people with upper limb complaints." (Springer, 2019)

 * Usual solution is to summarise by saying "no good evidence". Bon courage (talk) 05:21, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree. We need to avoid SYN and POV problems. --Hipal (talk) 17:39, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * But there is limited evidence for benefit from three MEDRS quality sources. We don't just disregard them. Ocaasit | c 18:38, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

RSN thread on Kinesiology Review
Please note, I've posted about the Kinesiology Review at RS/N. Feel free to share comments there:

Reliable_sources/Noticeboard

Cheers, Ocaasit | c 17:15, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

IQWIG report
While responding to the above-mentioned RSN query, I came across this 2022 report on the effectiveness of Feldenkrais Method by the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, which is not currently cited in the wikipedia article. Worth considering. Abecedare (talk) 23:58, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Great find! It concludes:
 * "For patients with Parkinson's disease, there is a hint of greater benefit of the Feldenkrais method in comparison with the passive strategy of an educational programme in the form of lectures. This benefit consists of improved mobility and health-related quality of life at the end of treatment."
 * "In the comparison with active strategies, the available evidence for patients with chronic low back pain is inconsistent. Compared with an educational programme involving trunk stabilization exercises, there is a hint of greater benefit of the Feldenkrais method with regard to improved mobility and health-related quality of life at the end of the 5-week treatment period."
 * "In comparison with back school, there is a hint of greater benefit of the Feldenkrais method with regard to pain reduction, but also a hint of lesser benefit of this method with regard to health-related quality of life after 3 months. However, no differences in effects were found directly at the end of therapy."
 * "There is no hint of either long-term benefit of the Feldenkrais method or for its benefit in other therapeutic indications."
 * "The question about the benefit of the Feldenkrais method in comparison with active strategies such as extensive physiotherapy generally remains open. Overall, little evidence is available. From an ethical perspective, the absence of evidence from RCTs is problematic for informed decision making but does not constitute evidence of an absent benefit."
 * "Further research is needed, particularly regarding long-term effects of the Feldenkrais method, its application in various therapeutic indications, and in comparison with further active comparator therapies typically used in practice, e.g. physiotherapy." Ocaasit | c 01:45, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

"From the IQWiG perspective, the studies included in the benefit assessment do not allow drawing any conclusions on the benefit of Feldenkrais as a therapeutic intervention for treating movement disorders."
 * Thanks for the summary though none of the first three points belong in the wikipedia article since following the "benefit assessment" section in which the finding of the studies are summarized, the reports' authors conclude:

 * As the report spells out in great detail, the quality of the reviewed studies in FM is so poor that any hint of benefits they found cannot be taken seriously. Abecedare (talk) 19:11, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Outdated 2014 Effectiveness Sentence
Paragraph two of the Effectiveness section states:
 * Proponents claim that the Feldenkrais Method can benefit people with a number of medical conditions, including children with autism, and people with multiple sclerosis. However, no studies in which participants were clearly identified as having an autism spectrum disorder or developmental disabilities have been presented to back these claims.

Yet, there is a 2017 Elsevier published RCT of exactly such a study:
 * Title: "The Feldenkrais Method improves functioning and body balance in people with intellectual disability in supported employment: A randomized clinical trial", Journal: Research in Developmental Disabilities, Publisher: Elevier.

As such, the 2nd sentence needs to be augmented or removed to reflect the recent evidence.

Cheers, Ocaasit | c 22:11, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

Ocaasit | c 22:11, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

 * That's a study about people with 'mild to moderate' intellectual disabilities. It does not contradict lack of evidence about autism spectrum disorder or developmental disabilities. The current text is fine. MrOllie (talk) 22:21, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Developmental disability characterizes Intellectual Disability (ID) as a subtype, so I'm not sure it's fine. How could we reword it to be verifiably, medically in line with the available research? Cheers, Ocaasit | c 00:54, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The claims that lack evidence are that Feldenkrais make the disability better somehow or 'benefit' people with severe disabilities.. The cite you've found is about how the exercise improves the gait and balance of elderly people with minor intellectual disability. It's comparing apples and oranges. There is no reason to change the article. MrOllie (talk) 00:57, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Well then perhaps we should say that. "There's no evidence FM benefits people with severe developmental disabilities." That would at least be in line with the newer Elsevier RCT. Cheers, Ocaasit | c 01:07, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If we don't want to update our wording to be verifiable with recent evidence, we can also remove the older 2014 source entirely. That would be appropriate since it's been 10 years and there's a lot of intervening research. Ocaasit | c 01:27, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, can you show me where [...] FM Proponents even claim to cure MS? That is either unquoted (not there) or misattributed (from another uncited source). Ocaasit | c 01:29, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * That you misread a later source does not make the 2014 source invalid. MrOllie (talk) 01:35, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It's a secondary issue; I never made the claim, but Wikipedia is saying FM proponents did. If there's no source for that, we have to take it out.
 * Back to the original issue, the 2014 source is outdated with recent evidence and we're stating in plain language something directly contradicted by the research. That's not "just fine"; it's wrong and verifiably so.
 * Cheers, Ocaasit | c 01:41, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As I said, it is apples and oranges. The two citations do not contradict each other, directly or otherwise. MrOllie (talk) 01:47, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you think ID is not part of DD? Because that's the implication, severe or not. Ocaasit | c 01:52, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think that a cite about improving the gait of elderly people is irrelevant, as I've explained already. But we are now repeating ourselves. I will wait a bit to see if any other editors care to weigh in. MrOllie (talk) 01:54, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Thank you for the discussion. Ocaasit | c 01:56, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Two notes: Clearly the Torres-Unda study shouldn't be cited or given any weight. Abecedare (talk) 19:02, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Just add the qualifier "high-quality" before studies in the existing wikitext quoted above and update the citation to this 2017 re-review by the Wisconsin department of health services that uses that approach.
 * FWIW: The Torres-Unda study is a low-qaulity RCT as attested by the IQWIG report which fults it for using no intervantion as comparator (p. 26), lack of blinding (p. 28), inadequate implemented the intention to treat principle (p. 28), high risk of bias (p. 34) and concluded that the study offers no hint of benefit of the Feldenkrais method (...) versus no intervention at treatment end.

 * I'm fine with that @Abecedare. Ocaasit | c 19:08, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Rewrite of lede
Prior to rewrite: The Feldenkrais Method is a type of exercise therapy devised by Israeli Moshé Feldenkrais (1904–1984) during the mid-20th century. The method is claimed to reorganize connections between the brain and body and so improve body movement and psychological state.

Although there is no medical evidence that the Feldenkrais method improves health outcomes or if it is a cost-effective treatment option, researchers do not believe it poses serious risks.

Rewritten version: The Feldenkrais Method is a form of somatic education      "that integrates the body, mind and psyche through an educational model in which a trained Feldenkrais practitioner guides a client (the ‘student’) through movements with hands-on and verbally administered cues," according to Clinical Sports Medicine. Also studied as an exercise therapy, it was devised by Israeli Moshé Feldenkrais during the mid-20th century. The method is claimed to reorganize connections between the brain and body and so improve body movement and psychological state.

There is limited medical evidence that the Feldenkrais Method improves health outcomes in rehabilitation of people with upper limb complaints and lower back pain. There is very limited evidence FM benefits Parkinson's disease. For other conditions, "there is no solid evidence base on which to make recommendations", and the cost-effectiveness is unknown. Overall, the question of the benefit of FM remains open. Researchers do not believe FM poses serious risks.

Accordingly in 2017 the Australian government identified the Feldenkrais Method as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, saying this step would "ensure taxpayer funds are expended appropriately and not directed to therapies lacking evidence".

I think the lede should be rolled back, and we discuss what changes are needed. --Hipal (talk) 18:03, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree that the old version was superior to what we currently have in the article, which is too focused on jargon, misleading quotes, and unhelpful technicalities. MrOllie (talk) 18:10, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Strong disagree. The old version did not reflect updated evidence, it had a clear skeptical bias rather than an NPOV perspective on non-medical claims, and it was undersourced. It also incorrectly categorized the entire practice, as reflected in seven added RS. Ocaasit | c 18:36, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Feldenkrais Method