text:
Talk:Audrey Tang

Significance
Autrijus's Pugs project is currently expected to bootstrap Perl 6; as such, she's likely to remain a footnote to that language's history. I don't know if that's Wikipedia-worthy, but it's something. —Brent Dax 07:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I do not see the merit of this article - it seems like a promo page complete with a photo that reflects the lack of merit of the article. I will propose deletion. Thanks, Hu Gadarn 20:55, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * First off, there was already a debate about the deletion of this article, and the consensus was that it should be kept. If you wish to suggest deletion again, you should at least have a rationale as to how and why the previous discussion has been obsoleted. Second, the quality of the picture (which I think is actually so inappropriate as to merit having no picture on this article at all) has nothing to do with the relevance of the article, or its value to an encyclopedia. Third, Audrey Tang is one of the 3-4 most notable people in the Perl community today - a community which is global; has a direct impact on thousands of programmers; and will likely continue to have an influence on programming for years to come. Fourth, Audrey Tang has been one of the primary motivators for the broad interest in the Haskell language by previously procedural programmers in the last few years. Five... and I mean no disrespect at all here, Audrey tends to draw some ... detractors. In order to help us all assume good faith, it would help if you could bring such topics up for discussion before invoking Wikipedia-wide procedures. I'm all for deleting any article that a reasonable non-notability case can be made for, and would be happy to discuss the notability of any article. I'm also all for improving this article, so please feel free to be bold and improve it, or suggest ways to do so. -Harmil 18:17, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I wholeheartedly agree with the comment above. I am a Perl programmer and Audrey's contributions cannot be underestimated in that and in other areas, also described in the article itself. Actually, I stumbled upon this Wikipedia entry because I was looking for it, since wp is a common starting point of mine for anything I'm interested in - and the person in question is notable enough to deserve being in an encyclopedia. Indeed, I am about to translate it in Italian. As far as the picture goes, AFAICT it's the kind of picture she likes to show of herself, so in this sense it is appropriate. Blazar 15:23, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I have to agree with Hu Gadarn in that this article looks like self-promotion. I think rather than listing Audrey's accomplishments, we should ask ourselves what is the difference between a Wikipedia article and a private homepage.  And articles like these seem to blur the distinction (or should there be a distinction?).  As for looking for it, I think if this article was removed and replaced with a private homepage, that homepage would be highly ranked by search engines and would be just as easy to find.  That said, I actually do not think it should be deleted.  In this case, I would like to see an article listing notable contributors to Perl, having people like Audrey listed, and at the bottom, a link to Audrey's homepage that is outside Wikipedia.  But this doesn't seem like it will happen and there does not seem to be rules within Wikipedia (yet) that separate (say) what should or should not be a private homepage instead.  It seems unfair to pick this article for deletion when the "flood gates" have already opened and it is one out of many articles that reads more like a private homepage.  And for what it's worth, I think just because this was discussed previously doesn't mean it can be discussed now and again with different people; I think Wikipedia's policies evolve as well as people's view of Wikipedia so this topic may come back again and again.--Rayjapan (talk) 04:15, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * If you think the article looks like a personal home page, the right thing to do is to edit it to bring it in line with Wikipedia style. If you think that Audrey Tang is not notable according to our definitions of notability, the right thing to do is to nominate the article for deletion. These two issues are orthogonal to each other. Moreover, we've had two deletion discussions already, so I think that it would be a better use of our collective time and energy to improve the article rather than arguing the point further. SparsityProblem (talk) 06:02, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I totally support Harmil's comment from a year ago - Audrey is one of the most notable persons in the very big community of Perl programmers. She is prominent on many Perl and Haskell websites and mailing lists. She speaks in conferences all over the world. She participated in the writing of several printed books, and has been covered non-trivially in at least one book - Perl Hacks (O'Reilly 2006), and there are probably more. Even though she has been quiet in the recent months, notability is not temporary.
 * Sources and wording of this and every other article can always be improved, but there's no doubt about her notability. --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 09:20, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Alternate profile
According to a profile on Amazon.com, Audrey Tang "Work at Microsoft. Spent 6 years at Amazon.com. Originally from Kansas." http://www.amazon.com/gp/pdp/profile/A2HONNCE6M02GC. Or is this another Audrey Tang? I found it when I was asked to review or provide customer images for a book on Haskell, so it seemed to be on-topic. But perhaps it was just a coincidence. --HelgeStenstrom 07:32, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably someone else with the same name. SparsityProblem 07:47, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Right, that would be this Audrey Tang —Piet Delport 03:11, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Sex change, etc
Most people who follow Pugs and Perl 6 know that Audrey was born male, her self-identified gender notwithstanding. She has said as much on her blog, and Wikipedia has her in the "Transgender and transsexual people" category; several of the references currently on the page are explicit in this ( 別叫我「先生」！電腦怪傑唐宗漢變性改名唐鳳, for example). However, the actual article doesn't mention her decision to bring her sex and gender into line and live her life as a woman -- which, frankly, is surprising! A quick glance at the history of this article shows that Audreyt seems to remove any references to her sexual reassignment. Based on her profile, Audreyt appears to be Audrey Tang, so perhaps there is some sensitivity there. However, this is not Audrey's personal home page, this is an encyclopedia article, and I am left wondering why we categorize her as a transgender or transsexual person, link to references that make her sex change explicit, and yet don't mention that she no longer lives her life as a man?

Because she was formally referred to as Autrijus or 唐宗漢, depending on the context, lots of people were and perhaps are confused about this. We don't need to get all bagua about it, but something in the article noting that she was born male and roughly when she decided to live her life as a woman would be appreciated. Audrey, I understand that it's your private life, but since you've publicly addressed this issue on your blog, and that it's already obvious from the article if you read between the lines, why not make it explicit? It would help clear up confusion. I know I was confused when your name changed suddenly. 70.132.14.22 07:55, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you are mistaking Audreyt's action and intent: i see only one removal, correcting the claim of having underwent reassignment surgery.
 * There should be no problem with a more substantial mention of her gender change, as long as it is sourced (unsourced statements may always be removed without comment) and brief (Tang's encyclopedic relevance is as a programmer, not a transwoman) . —Piet Delport 03:38, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

I just want to say that she signifies a female, and does not correspond to the gender of this man, even if he wants to call himself that. Thus I regard the article flawed, and even though I reckon I will be a target of much flaming (internet) from people who call themselves "transexual" (and are regarded as such in the Wikipedia community) and their "supporters", I stand by my decision to correct false references to the person's sex. In the species of homosapiens, there are really only two sexes, (as linked article says) determined by reproductive organs (hermaphrodites are both, and do not apply to this case). Unless a person who deletes my changes (I'm sure that will happen) proves me wrong, you are simply taking sides, and, in my opinion, just doing more harm. Tang, this is nothing personal. I hope you'll understand (even though I can understand if you don't). Thank you for reading. --Paxcoder (talk) 23:58, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Regardless of your personal opinion, we must follow Wikipedia guidelines, which say that we respect individuals' self-identification as to their gender: MOS:IDENTITY. This is not a matter of "taking sides", but of following policy.
 * And speaking as an individual rather than a Wikipedia editor for the moment, I really recommend that you read Evolution's Rainbow by Joan Roughgarden and Whipping Girl by Julia Serano if you're interested in educating yourself about the diversity of sexual and gender roles that exist in all species, including humans. SparsityProblem (talk) 23:47, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't call it my personal opinion, it's only logical. But I thought you might have made some guidelines to support the (false) gender referral. Gotta love wiki-mockracy. The history is written by the majority here, it seems. Oh... unless there are guidelines. Admin's word is still more valid (the Ubuntu CE controversy). Hmmm... Either way you turn it, seems like Wiki is really only good for science, where I suppose you can't be bias (at least I hope).
 * And I'm sorry but no book can convince me that gender is a role (of choice) that doesn't correspond with nature. Thanks for a reply with no hatred, tho. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paxcoder (talk • contribs) 14:25, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry you're not interested in reading books that might encourage you to think critically about your own beliefs, whether or not you end up changing those beliefs as a result. That's off-topic, but I really have nothing more to say about the point of disagreement here. SparsityProblem (talk) 21:15, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * You've misused the word "logical", and it's particularly odd to see it used to refer to so much irrationality. Reading books might educate you to the fact that the meanings of words are changeable, and so the views that anything expressed in natural language might be "only logical", and that reading books cannot change someone's view on what a word means, are seriously mistaken. -- 98.108.197.75 (talk) 10:54, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * One more thing: I find it funny how a person who changed it back called it vandalism, yet changed it anonymously. --Paxcoder (talk) 14:29, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * There is nothing inconsistent about this. Wikipedia welcomes anonymous editing and anon editors are held to the same standards as named editors. I do think it was unfair for the anon editor to label your edit as "vandalism", since you were at least willing to discuss it on the talk page. SparsityProblem (talk) 21:17, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, I didn't say it was "against the rules". I'm just saying it's interesting. --Paxcoder (talk) 18:02, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Your saying and finding are quite illogical since, as noted, vandalism and anonymity are independent. -- 98.108.197.75 (talk) 10:54, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Important information
I was also confused when reading it. It discusses, "decided to live as a woman" but it could mean as compared to a child prodigy. The wording needs to be more explicit. Długosz (talk) 11:55, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * If you can think of a clearer way to say it, then feel free. But you must provide citations for whatever wording you choose. SparsityProblem (talk) 07:15, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Non-binary gender, postgender, and pronouns
Tang's most recent self-identification is non-binary or "postgender," and Tang has stated that the pronouns don't matter so much as the experience behind them. Given this, I've added some information and sources so that the article can accurately reflect Tang's gender, and modified some pronouns to include gender neutral ones. Greente28 (talk) 18:41, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Almost all sources use "she" as Tang's pronouns. What is the basis in reliable sources for using "they" in our article? czar  04:07, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
 * It's certainly nonstandard that our article used a mix of he, she, and they! I see someone else standardized one of the hims to her in diff, and I've standardized the rest of the pronouns on she, since that's one of the pronouns Tang accepts and it's the one that is most commonly used, as Czar notes. -sche (talk) 09:18, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

Digital Minister?
Recent news articles describe AT as 'Digital Minister' whereas this article says she is 'minister without portfolio' ... wondering whether this needs to be updated? merlinVtwelve (talk) 20:18, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Deadname
There seems to be quite a lot of prominence given to her deadname, despite that she doesn't seem to be especially notable under it (a bunch of FLOSS contributions and, strangely, the name of her IMDb profile despite that her credits are both using her chosen name).

Given MOS:DEADNAME, should we be listing her birth name at all? — OwenBlacker (he/him; Talk) 09:07, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I've removed her deadname from the body of the article to reduce its prominence. I assume it should also be removed from the infobox but I'll wait for consensus on that. A note regarding "Autrijus": as far as I can tell from reading the article's sources, this was only an old username she went by before her transition, not part of her birth name name. So I believe those parts of the article were factually incorrect.
 * I've also reverted the first sentence of the article to refer to her as Audrey Tang. No reasoning was given for the change to "Audrey Tang Feng," and the change seems unsupported by the cited sources, nor is it consistent with Wikipedia's general guidance for Chinese names, as far as I can tell. Iltjp (talk) 09:43, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

GA ready?
Hey I just noticed that you are the main contributor to this article, and looking over it now it looks very nice and seems to more or less meet our standards for completeness. Have you considered submitting it as a good article nomination? Figured I'd ask, as Women in Green's 5th Edit-a-thon is ongoing. --Grnrchst (talk) 15:02, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I had done some expansion but didn't know I was the main contributor. I'd have to look in greater depth to be sure that it's complete and I likely won't get to that in time for the edit-a-thon but thanks for the note! czar  11:18, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Audrey Tang


text: Category:Croatian physicists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Croatian physicists


text: User talk:167.202.196.72

title: User talk:167.202.196.72


text:
USS Skylark

USS Skylark may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Skylark (AM-63), an Auk-class minesweeper, launched in 1942. On 28 April 1945, she struck a mine off Okinawa, and sank.
 * USS Skylark (ASR-20), a Penguin-class submarine rescue ship. Fleet tug USS Yustaga (ATF-165) was redesignated and renamed Skylark (ASR-20) on 7 November 1945. Decommissioned in June 1973, Skylark was sold to Brazil, in whose navy she served under the name Gastao Moutinho until about 1988.

title: USS Skylark


text:
User:A-sa-

My name is A-sa- from Japan Japan(Japanese).Nice to meet you.

Foreign language version A-sa- (外国語版ウィキペディア/외국어판위키백과)

 * 1) Japanese version Wikipedia(日本語)
 * 2) Korean version Wikipedia(한국어)

title: User:A-sa-


text:
George Gipps

Sir George Gipps (23 December 1790 – 28 February 1847) was the Governor of the British Colony of New South Wales for eight years, between 1838 and 1846. His governorship oversaw a tumultuous period where the rights to land were bitterly contested in a three way struggle between the colonial government, Aboriginal people and wealthy graziers known as squatters. The management of other major issues such as the end of convict transportation, large immigration programs and the introduction of majority elected representation also featured strongly during his tenure. Gipps is regarded as having brought a high moral and intellectual standard to the position of governor, but was ultimately defeated in his aims by the increasing power and avarice of the squatters.

Early life
Gipps was born in December 1790 at Ringwould, Kent, England, the son of Rev George Gipps and Susannah Bonella Venn. Both his parents were from wealthy families, with his maternal grandfather having been an estate and slave owner in Jamaica. He was educated at The King's School, Canterbury, and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.

Peninsular War
In 1809 he joined the Royal Engineers and was initially posted to Ireland before being transferred in 1811 to serve in the Peninsular War. Gipps took part in the Siege of Badajoz in 1812 where he was wounded in the arm leading an assault on the fort of La Picurina. He was deployed to other cities in Spain as well as elsewhere in Europe (although he missed the Battle of Waterloo due to his posting in Ostend, Belgium where he was preparing fortifications).

West Indies
In 1824 he joined the Colonial Service and served in the West Indies, where he was appointed as Commander of Engineers in the colonies of Demerara and Berbice. Gipps was in charge of the construction of public works and had control over a few hundred slaves who were utilised as labourers. He proposed a scheme of removing these labourers from slavery after their work for the government had ceased. However, a minor scandal surfaced. Gipps fathered a child to his slave mistress named Louisa, after which he attempted to purchase her freedom. This scandal prevented the implementation of his plan. This caused an embarrassment to Gipps who returned to England in 1829. He married Elizabeth Ramsay, the daughter of Major-General George Ramsay, RA, in 1830.

Lower Canada
After a few years serving as a commanding engineer for the government in the town of Sheerness, Gipps became Private Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Auckland in 1834. A year later, on Auckland's recommendation, Gipps was knighted and sent to Lower Canada as a Commissioner, together with the Earl of Gosford and Sir Charles Edward Grey, to examine grievances against colonial rule there. Although the commission was a complete failure which helped to ignite the 1837 Lower Canada Rebellion, Gipps gained a reputation for political negotiation and colonial administration. On returning to England in April 1837, he found that he was promoted to the rank of major and was being considered for the role of Governor of New South Wales. He accepted and was officially appointed to the position on 5 October 1837.

Governor of New South Wales
Gipps arrived in Sydney aboard the Upton Castle in February 1838. He entered into the colony at one of its most turbulent periods during which drought, economic depression, cessation of convict transportation, frontier conflict with Aboriginal people, the rise of semi-elective government, and bitter contests with powerful squatters over land seizure would all create immense difficulties for him. Gipps' salary of £5,000 a year, the highest in the Empire for a colonial governor, was to be hard earned.

Policies toward Aboriginal people
When Gipps arrived in 1838, he was immediately faced with the issue of two major massacres of Aboriginal people: the Waterloo Creek massacre perpetrated by Major James Nunn and his detachment of New South Wales Mounted Police, and the Myall Creek massacre perpetrated by squatter John Henry Fleming and his ten stockmen. The British government at this time was interested in reducing the exterminatory effects of colonisation on Indigenous peoples, and in 1837 a select committee had produced a report suggesting ways to do this. As Governor, Gipps was obligated by this report at least to attempt to protect Aboriginals under his jurisdiction. He ordered inquiries into both incidents with the Myall Creek massacre inquiry resulting in a judicial trial that saw seven stockmen being sentenced to death and hanged for the massacre. Although these actions upheld Gipps in the eyes of those concerned for Indigenous protection, the powerful squatters marked him as a dangerous enemy who interfered with their acquisition of vast tracts of Aboriginal land.

Gipps attempted twice to introduce legislation that allowed for Aboriginal evidence to be given in the courts. In 1839, an Act was passed in the NSW legislature but was later vetoed by the British government. In 1844, Gipps tried again but the proposed Aboriginal Evidence Bill was defeated by the squatters in the NSW Legislative Council.

Additionally, the British government requested Gipps to oversee the introduction of an Aboriginal Protectorate in the Port Phillip District of the colony. Although it provided important documentary evidence of widespread abuses toward Aboriginal people, the Protectorate suffered from under-funding and financial mismanagement. Despite strong pressure from the squatters in the region to disband the scheme, Gipps kept it going during his time as governor. It failed, however, in providing protection to the Aboriginal people.

Land managements
One of Gipps' major tasks was to try to bring some control over the "squattocracy" spreading outside the "boundaries of location" and to minimise conflict between them and the Aboriginal people who resided in these lands. In 1839, Gipps amended an Act brought in by Governor Richard Bourke three years earlier that attempted to restrain the unauthorised occupation Crown Lands. Gipps' amendment allowed for the formation of the Border Police of New South Wales, which were paramilitary units controlled by various Commissioners of Crown Lands that enabled the enforcement of the land laws in the frontier regions. The Border Police were also meant to control the violence between the squatters and Aboriginals, but in reality this force were often utilised to kill Aboriginal people in large numbers.

Further to this, in April 1844 Gipps introduced legislation that expanded the annual licensing fee for squatters, demanding £10 a year for every station they had taken up. Each property was to be limited to 20 sqmi with no more than 500 head of cattle and 7000 sheep. Although the bill also allowed for a longer term 8 year tenancy of a small part of each property, the squatters were infuriated by these restrictions. This storm of protest from the squatters led to the foundation of the Pastoral Association of New South Wales and added to the already toxic resentment felt toward Gipps by the wealthy colonists which continued until his departure.

Expansion of the colony
Despite Gipps' attempts to rein in the squatters, the expansion of the frontiers of British colonisation increased dramatically under his governorship. The Moreton Bay region (later known as Brisbane) and the Darling Downs were opened up to the colonists in the north, while the Portland Bay District in the south was quickly overrun with graziers. Gipps was commemorated during this period of growth through the naming of Gippsland in 1840. This acceleration of invasion of Aboriginal lands led to even more frontier conflict and massacres during the early 1840s. After feeling the wrath of the squatters around the Myall Creek affair, Gipps was no longer willing or able to make a meaningful intervention into the violence. Well connected colonists and squatters such as Angus McMillan, Patrick Leslie and Arthur Hodgson were in large part a law unto themselves in how they took up land and how they dealt with the Aboriginal residents.

New Zealand
In 1839, two groups of British colonists had been attempting to acquire large amounts of land in New Zealand by duping the resident Māori people. The New Zealand Company, led by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, and a consortium of Sydney speculators led by William Wentworth, had each laid claim to around 8 million hectares which amounted to nearly two thirds of the entire New Zealand land mass. The British government wished to prevent this transaction and declared sovereignty over New Zealand, altering Gipps' jurisdiction as governor by Letters Patent to include both the territory of New South Wales and New Zealand.

In 1840, Gipps proclaimed all previous and future land purchases in New Zealand invalid unless they were approved by the Crown. The Treaty of Waitangi was completed soon after, which induced the Māori to cede their lands without reservation to the Queen of England. Gipps openly accused Wentworth of a massive fraud in his attempts to acquire huge tracts of New Zealand land from the Māori. This heightened the fierce enmity between the squatters and Gipps, with Wentworth, a leading member of the "squattocracy", swearing "eternal vengeance" against Gipps for his interference.

Most of the administration in New Zealand was carried out by Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson, while Gipps retained control only of matters to do with the Imperial Prerogative. This arrangement ended in May 1841, when New Zealand became a Crown Colony in its own right.

He advanced to the regimental rank of lieutenant colonel on 23 November 1841.

Elected representation
In 1842, the British government passed the Constitution Act for New South Wales. This act allowed, for the first time, elected representatives to outnumber those nominated by the Crown in the Legislative Council of New South Wales. The following year, Gipps implemented the changes with him nominating 12 members, and another 24 being elected by eligible land-holding male citizens of the colony. Although these changes seemed to increase democratic governance in New South Wales, it in fact markedly increased the influence of the wealthy land-holding squatters due to the prerequisite of owning at least £2,000 worth of land in order to be a candidate.

Although Gipps still had the power of veto, this new legislature made his ability to restrain the squattocracy from their land-grabbing almost impossible. Elected squatters such as William Wentworth, Hannibal Macarthur, Richard Windeyer and William Foster attacked Gipps consistently for his Aboriginal protection and land policies that worked against their exclusive claims on property. When Gipps was removed from the governorship in 1846, he was the last obstacle to the squattocracy, who were then able to introduce favourable pastoral leasing laws that entrenched their power and wealth for at least the next fifty years.

Immigration and the end of convict transportation
In the late 1830s the British criminal system was undergoing major reform and as a result, transportation of convicts to mainland New South Wales ceased in 1840. These convicts provided slave labour for the squatters, some of whom like James Macarthur and Benjamin Boyd tried to replace them with cheap Chinese and Indian coolie or blackbirded Pacific Islander labourers. Gipps was indifferent to these ideas and instead promoted the program of paying British and German people to emigrate to the colony. Gipps presided over the implementation of this scheme and, influenced by the pro-immigration colonist John Dunmore Lang, funded it through revenue acquired by the sale of Crown Lands.

Although many squatters disliked Gipps' scheme because it collected tax off them and resulted in a more expensive workers, Gipps was successful in transforming the penal colony toward a free society of worker immigrants with the European population of New South Wales nearly doubling to 190,000 people by 1846.

Drought and economic depression
From Gipps' arrival in the colony there was a devastating three-year drought, which resulted in the economic depression of the early 1840s. Wool prices and land values plummeted while unemployment rose and graziers went bankrupt. Financial institutions such as the Bank of Australia, failed and many colonists lost their fortunes. Revenues to fund policies such as the assisted migration scheme dried up and Gipps was forced to borrow large amounts of money to finance government spending. The drought ended in 1843 and the economic recovery was assisted by the new profitable industry of boiling down, where excess livestock were killed, cut up and placed in huge boiling vats to make tallow.

Education in the colony
Gipps was a vociferous advocate for a secular government school system and wished to improve the situation in the colony where in 1844 fewer than half of the children received any form of education, whether public or private. With the Attorney-General John Plunkett, Gipps proposed a strong public school system to be funded alongside the denominational system. Although their plan was unresolved during Gipps' tenure, it paved the way for the passing of the National Education Board Act of 1848. This Act established the secular public school system that exists today in New South Wales.

Return to England
While being extremely conscientious and fair-dealing in his governorship, Gipps' health was broken down by overwork and the constant invective from the squatters. His appointment had been extended for another two years after the original six, due to the high regard the Colonial Office held him in. By the end of this term, Gipps was troubled by breathing difficulties, the cause of which was being misdiagnosed as asthma by colonial doctors. Gipps did not wait for his successor, Charles Augustus FitzRoy, to arrive, departing Sydney in July 1846 in poor health. He arrived in England that November, and died at Canterbury of a massive heart attack on 28 February 1847.

Legacy
Gipps and his wife had a son, Reginald Ramsay Gipps, who later became a general in the British Army.

Gippsland was named in Gipps' honour by his close friend the explorer Paweł Edmund Strzelecki. He is also commemorated by Gipps Street, Waverley, NSW; Gipps Street, Wellington, New Zealand; Gipps Street, Barton, ACT; and Gipps Street, East Melbourne, Victoria. There are several streets in suburban Sydney named after Gipps.

title: George Gipps


text:
Lowthian Bell

Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, 1st Baronet, FRS (18 February 1816 – 20 December 1904) was a Victorian ironmaster and Liberal Party politician from Washington, County Durham, in the north of England. He was described as being "as famous in his day as Isambard Kingdom Brunel".

Bell was an energetic and skilful entrepreneur as well as an innovative metallurgist. He was involved in multiple partnerships with his brothers to make iron and alkali chemicals, and with other pioneers including Robert Stirling Newall to make steel cables. He pioneered the large-scale manufacture of aluminium at his Washington works, conducting experiments in its production, and in the production of other chemicals such as the newly discovered element thallium. He was a director of major companies including the North Eastern Railway and the Forth Bridge company, then the largest bridge project in the world.

He was a wealthy patron of the arts, commissioning the architect Philip Webb, the designer William Morris and the painter Edward Burne-Jones on his Yorkshire mansions Rounton Grange and Mount Grace Priory.

Early life
Bell was the son of Thomas Bell, one of the founders of the iron and alkali company Losh, Wilson and Bell, and his wife Katherine Lowthian. He was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne and educated at Dr Bruce's academy in Percy Street, Newcastle, followed by studying physical science at Edinburgh University and the Sorbonne University, Paris. He gained experience in manufacturing alkalis at Marseilles before returning to Newcastle in 1836 to work in his father's Walker iron and chemical works.

Industry

Bell's industrial life was complex: involvement in up to three different partnerships at the same time created a conflict of loyalties, causing allegiances to each to vary over the years. Inspired to become an entrepreneur he took over the Walker ironworks on his father's death in 1845. In 1850 at Washington, County Durham, Bell made a breakthrough discovering a new process for manufacturing lead oxychloride. His partners and co-founders of the Washington chemical company, named after his home, were his brother-in-law Robert Benson Bowman and his father-in-law Hugh Lee Pattinson. Pattinson was the inventor responsible for the process separating silver from lead that bears his name. Under an 1850 Indenture, Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, Pattinson and Bell declared themselves "chemical manufacturers and co-partners in trade". Bell decided the partnership might be incompatible with his continued involvement in the running of Losh, Wilson and Bell. In September 1849 he wrote to Losh and Wilson informing them that the partnership with Pattinson "would necessitate my relinquishing the office I at present hold in your firm".

Establishing a partnership with Robert Stirling Newall in 1850, Bell set up the first factory in the world with machines able to manufacture steel rope and submarine cable. Two years later his brothers Thomas Bell and John Bell joined him to build a major iron works at Port Clarence, Middlesbrough on the north bank of the River Tees. By 1853 there were three blast furnaces, each with a capacity of just over 6000 cubic feet, making them the largest in Britain at the time. The works produced iron for bridges and steel rails for railways across the British Empire including the North Eastern Railway company, of which Bell was a director from 1864 onwards, and deputy chairman from 1895 until his death. The Bell brothers' company operated its own ironstone mines at Normanby and Cleveland, and its own limestone quarries in Weardale, employing about 6000 men in mining and manufacturing. By 1878 the firm was producing 200,000 tons of iron per annum. Bell was a professional metallurgist and industrial chemist, constantly pioneering processes such as the recycling of heat from escaping flue gases, and trialling many process improvements.

In 1859 Bell opened Britain's first factory able to manufacture aluminium, a metal which had been as costly as gold because of the difficulty of chemically reducing the metal from an oxide. On the day it opened at Washington, Bell toured Newcastle in his carriage, saluting the crowds with an aluminium top hat. The plant used the new Deville sodium process. he described how critical it was to make aluminium pure in The Technologist:

"Now, it happens, that the presence of foreign matters, in a degree so small as almost to be infinitesimal, interferes so largely with the colour, as well as with the malleability of the aluminium, that the use of any substance containing them is of a fatal character. Nor is this all, for the nature of that compound which hitherto has constituted the most important application of this metal — aluminium-bronze — is so completely changed by using aluminium containing the impurities referred to [silica, iron, or phosphorus] that it ceases to possess any of those properties which render it valuable."

- Isaac Lowthian Bell

In 1863, Bell exhibited "several pounds" of the recently discovered element thallium when the British Association met in Newcastle that autumn. The metal was obtained from the flue deposits (mainly lead sulphate) from the manufacture of sulphuric acid from pyrites, one of the products of the Washington works. All the credit was given to researcher Henri Brivet, who was "chief" of the laboratories at Washington, having experienced "languor and headache" then known to be caused by breathing thallium fumes.

The Cleveland ironstone had been considered inferior for steelmaking, as it contained a relatively high percentage of phosphorus at 1.8 to 2.0%, weakening the resulting iron. Bell directed large-scale experiments at a cost of up to £50,000, resulting in a basic steel process which produced steel rails containing no more than 0.07% phosphorus. His obituary in The Times of 1904 noted, as a sign of the progress that Bell himself had brought about, that Bell could recall "seeing wooden rails in use on the tramroads by which coal was brought down to the River Tees".

In 1867 and 1868, Bell gave papers on the state of the manufacture of iron and that of foreign competitors, in particular France, Belgium and Germany. Britain's great strength lay in its "incomparable fields of coal which constitute so important a feature in our mineral wealth". He stated that although the price and quality of coal were better in Britain, the cost of labour could be as much as 20–25% lower, particularly in Germany. In 1882, Bell successfully drilled for salt at Port Clarence, finding an exploitable salt bed at a depth of 1200 feet. He used the salt for making soda, but the borehole was sold to the Salt Union in 1888.

In 1875, Bell began to move out of working in industry by retiring from his partnership with Robert Benson Bowman and Robert Stirling Newall, leaving the two of them to continue to run the chemical works until 1878, when Newall bought out Bowman. He continued to own shares in Bell companies and the North Eastern Railway. In 1901, at age 85, after a long period of difficulty for heavy industry and with fears of worse to come as manufacturing grew in Germany, America and Japan, he made a decisive move to guard the family's wealth. He sold his railway interests to the North Eastern Railway company, and the sale of a majority holding in his manufacturing companies to rival Dorman Long was completed in 1903. From the fortune thus released, he gave £5,000 to each of his many nephews, nieces and grandchildren.

Politics
For 30 years from 1850, Bell was active on the town council of Newcastle upon Tyne. He became sheriff of the town in 1851, mayor in 1854 and alderman in 1859. Once again he was elected mayor for Newcastle in 1862.

Bell was elected as the Member of Parliament for North Durham from February to June 1874, and for The Hartlepools from 1875 to 1880. He lost his seat in North Durham in 1874 on the grounds that his agents were guilty of intimidation.

Honours, awards and achievements
Bell founded the Iron and Steel Institute and was its president from 1873 to 1875. In 1874 he became the first recipient of the gold medal instituted by Sir Henry Bessemer. Bell became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1874 for his distinction in chemistry and metallurgy, especially of iron.

An international figure with a scientific profile, he was invited to serve as a juror at International Exhibitions in Philadelphia in 1876, and again in Paris in 1878. He was accordingly made an honorary member of the American Philosophical Institution and an officer of the Legion d'Honneur. In 1877 he founded the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain (later the Royal Institute of Chemistry). being nominated a fellow of the Chemical Society of London, and president of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1889-90.

During the 1881 Census, taken on 3 April, Bell was recorded as a visitor at his daughter Maisie's house. Her husband the Hon. Edward L. Stanley, M.P. in Harley Street, London was the Head of the Household, recording Bell's occupation as "Magistrate, Deputy Lieutenant, Iron Master". In 1882 he became a director of the Forth Bridge company. At that time this was the world's largest bridge project. Bell became president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1884 and was made a baronet in 1885. With an inherited title he adopted the motto Perseverantia (perseverance) and the arms "Argent on a Fess between three Hawk's Lures Azure as many Hawk's Bells of the first".

In 1886 Bell became the 10th president of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. He was awarded the George Stephenson Medal from the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1890, and the Telford Medal (then called the Telford Premium) from the same institution, both for papers that he presented there. In 1895 Bell was awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, in recognition of the services he has rendered to Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, by his metallurgical researches and the resulting development of the iron and steel industries.

Works
Bell wrote many papers on chemistry and metallurgy. In his Iron Trade, he correctly predicted the outstripping of Britain by Germany in industrial production, unsuccessfully urging government action to avoid this. His major works include:
 * The Manufacture of Iron in connection with the Northumberland and Durham Coalfields, The Industrial resources of the District the three northern rivers, the Tyne, Wear and Tees: including the reports on the local manufactures, read before the British Association.
 * On the Manufacture of Aluminium, The Industrial resources of the District the three northern rivers, the Tyne, Wear and Tees: including the reports on the local manufactures, read before the British Association. (pp 73–119) Baron William George Armstrong, 1863.
 * The Manufacture of Aluminium, The Technologist, July 1864.
 * The Manufacture of Thallium, British Association, 1864.
 * The present state of the manufacture of iron in Great Britain, and its position as compared with that of some other countries (from the report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1867), M & M.W. Lambert, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1867.
 * The Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting: An Experimental and Practical Examination of the Circumstances Which Determine the Capacity of the Blast Furnace, the Temperature of the Air, and the Proper Condition of the Materials to Be Operated Upon (collection of papers published as a book, 435pp), Routledge, London, 1872.
 * The Iron Trade of the United Kingdom Compared with that of the Other Chief Ironmaking Nations, Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1875.
 * Mr I Lowthian Bell and the Blair Direct Process. James M'Millin, 1875.
 * Sir Lowthian Bell and his presidential address. North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (vol. 36) 1875.
 * On the Hot Blast, with an explanation of its Mode of Action in Iron Furnaces of Different Capacities. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (vol. V pp 56–81) May 1876 to February 1877.
 * The Principles of the Manufacture of Iron and Steel with some notes on the economic conditions of their production , George Routledge & Sons, London, 1884.
 * On the manufacture of salt near Middlesbrough (with James Forrest). Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 1887.
 * On the Probable Future of the Manufacture of Iron.
 * Memorandum as to the wear of rails, Ben Johnson, 1896.
 * Memorandum(No.2) as to the wear of rails & broken rails, Leeds Chorley & Pickersgill 1900.

Family life
On 20 July 1842 Bell, known as Lowthian, married Margaret Pattinson, daughter of his business partner Hugh Lee Pattinson and Phebe Walton. Margaret's younger sisters married Bell's business partners Robert Benson Bowman and Robert Stirling Newall: all three brothers-in-law were members of Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club and the Natural History Society of Northumberland.

Their children were Sir Thomas Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet, known as Hugh, who was father of the explorer and diplomat Gertrude Bell, Florence, Mary Katherine, known as Maisie, who in 1873 married Edward Stanley, 4th Baron Stanley of Alderley, Ada, Charles, and Ellen (who died in infancy). He had about 60 grandchildren.

In 1854, he built Washington New Hall, a few miles south of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1872 an illegally young chimney sweep, aged 7, died in a chimney in the Hall. Bell promptly moved into the newly built Rounton Grange near Northallerton, leaving Washington Hall empty for nineteen years until he donated it as a home for poor children, named at his request "Dame Margaret's Hall". According to his granddaughter's biographer Georgina Howell, he was "a formidable giant of a man" and somewhat abrasive. The family prepared a Christmas alphabet in 1877 at Rounton Grange, including "C is the Crushing Contemptuous Pater", which Bell's daughter Elsa later annotated "Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell". In Howell's view, another event also hinted at Bell's character: one cold winter's night, his coachman was found, according to some papers found in Mount Grace Priory, "frozen stiff on the box-seat of his carriage". Howell notes that the coachman could simply have had a heart attack, and not have died of exposure at all, but still, in her view "consideration for others was not, perhaps, Lowthian's principal quality".

Rounton Grange was finished in 1876, under the architect Philip Webb; it was at that time his largest project. The house was five storeys high, of yellow brick with a pantiled roof, enormous mock mediaeval chimneys and "gothic" features. It was set in an estate of 3000 acres with lawns, a wood full of daffodils, a rose garden, and two lakes. Inside was an immense arched gallery that stretched the full width of the house, a wide curved staircase and baronial fireplace. In the main drawing room there was an Adamesque fireplace, and two grand pianos on a vast carpet. There was a large tapestry frieze of Chaucer's Romaunt of the Rose designed by William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones, and made by Lady Bell and her daughters over several years.

Given his huge wealth, Margaret and he lived relatively simply, preferring the relatively humble Arts and Crafts style for his three-year refurbishment of the medieval Mount Grace Priory near Osmotherley, which was in serious disrepair when he purchased it in 1898 as a weekend retreat. The house was decorated by the best designers of the day in the "Aesthetic" style, with William Morris's "Double Bough" wallpaper hand-printed using 22 apple wood printing blocks. For the restoration of 2010 the original blocks were used to produce a close replica of the original wallpaper, each roll taking a week to print by hand. While decorating the great house, Morris spoke of "ministering to the swinish luxury of the rich".

Bell died on 20 December 1904 at his house in London, 10 Belgrave Terrace. He left £750,000 to his son Hugh Bell on his death in 1904.

Legacy
After his death, the Institution of Mining Engineers resolved that

"It is impossible to estimate the value of the services that Sir Lowthian Bell rendered to the Institution of Mining Engineers in promoting its objects, and in devoting his time and energies to the advancement of the Institution."

- Council of the Institution of Mining Engineers

Gertrude Bell's biographer, Georgina Howell, writes of Lowthian Bell that through his writings such as The Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting he was seen as the "high priest of British Metallurgy". She observes that he was noted also for his wealth and for the innovations he made, such as the use of steel-making slag as phosphate fertilizer, and that he was arguably Britain's "foremost industrialist". Among his friends were famous Victorians such as Charles Darwin, Thomas Huxley, William Morris and John Ruskin. However, Howell writes, "Lowthian was admired rather than loved, and appears to have been dictatorial and harsh towards his family." She observes that "There is to this day no biography of the man who was as famous in his day as Isambard Kingdom Brunel."

title: Lowthian Bell


text:
Talk:Mission San Diego de Alcalá

Untitled
It appears that there is not so much confusion regarding the use and meaning of the term Basilica and how it should apply to certain Spanish settlements of the California Mission System. Basilica in its canonical sense refers specifically to a worship space ("a church of very important historical significance") which, in the case of the missions, only applies to one particular element of the outpost. Missions consisted of workshops, kitchens, dormitories, farmlands, etc. in addition to the chapel and ancillary spaces. More specifically:

 * San Diego de Alcalá refers to itself on its website as both a "Mission" and a "Basilica."
 * San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo specifically uses the term only in reference to one of its worship spaces, and it makes a clear distinction between the "Basilica" and the "Blessed Sacrament Chapel."
 * San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) does not use the term on its website, and the "Basilica" there specifically consists of an adjacent structure that was not in existence until relatively recently.
 * San Juan Capistrano maintains separate websites for the Mission and the adjacent parish church and only uses the term on the parish website. As with San Francisco de Asís, the "Basilica" there specifically consists of an adjacent structure that was not in existence until relatively recently.  Though both sites are owned by the Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles, they are legally separate entities.

According to The Catholic Encyclopedia, "…the word mission is confined to the work of bringing pagans into the Church" which is clearly not the function of these modern churches. The facilities in question were established as temporary outposts, and the four listed above received the "Basilica" designation only after they had served their original purpose and had been "resurrected" by the Catholic Church many years later—each of the articles states as much.

These are all negative POV statements.

--Lordkinbote 07:53, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why the prehistory of the native American peoples?
This discussion has been moved to Talk:Spanish missions in California. Mdhennessey (talk) 06:03, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Rancho Period
The section covering the Rancho Period is a little unclear, and the dates may be off as well. To begin with, the U.S. had not yet "annexed" California in 1846. The Mexican-American War was still under way. The Mission website lists the date of U.S. military use as 1853-1858. The article relies heavily on Engelhardt. I don't have his book handy, so I'm wondering if anyone can double check the dates reflected in there. I'd like to get the info right before editing it. Any input appreciated. --Anietor (talk) 03:18, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Various church buildings
I note from the article that this is the fourth church at this site. It would be interesting to see a history of the various buildings that have stood there. Thanks! --MelanieN (talk) 18:40, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

I hope somebody will take the time to detail the histories of the various permanent buildings of the missions in their various locations. These are what the visitor sees today. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.111.238.49 (talk) 19:51, 20 February 2012 (UTC)

Editorial bias/POV
The historical section of the article contains considerable and possible offensive editorial bias toward American Indians/Native Americans. They are largely portrayed as antagonists who worked to disrupt the mission, doing little to account for their perspective, that is, people defending their land from foreign invaders. The description of their attitude toward labour and available technology is also offensive. For example, "the illustration depicts the brutal death... At the hands of angry natives..." smacks of imperialism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.191.176.146 (talk) 06:56, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mission San Diego de Alcalá


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/StephTheGeek

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:50, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

StephTheGeek
Tagged for speedy deletion as "Vanity, wiki spam.", but it makes some claims to notability, so I brought it here. No vote. Kappa 07:51, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * StephtheGeek's website has an Alexa ranking of 316, 981. Page is either deilberate vanity or promotion of the site by a fan, delete--nixie 08:00, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Shameless promotion delete--AntiMatterVortex 08:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Edit I firmly agree w/ ANTIMATTERVORTEX, and she has a following which is important. kb6110
 * Keep and EDIT After reading the comments below I'm changing my vote. However this article needs to become less promotional and more informational immediately. Mentioning the web site one time at the bottom of the page should suffice. --AntiMatterVortex 03:31, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm very pleased to see the way this article has developed since it was posted here. I would sincerely like to see this article continue to expand and I hope that everyone that hasn't re-evaluated it would go and take a look. --AntiMatterVortex 08:42, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Self-promotion. jni 10:34, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Article was written by a fan (me), not by Steph herself. You have pages for other internet personalities, such as Drew Curtis, why wouldn't this be allowed too?
 * This vote is the only edit by User:63.240.225.182
 * Instead of deleting, why not move it into the appropriate category of Internet Personalities? Spazholio
 * An article doesn't have to be self-written to be considered vanity, and we have pages and categories for notable internet personalities, but not just everyone (otherwise, any Wikipedian could be considered an internet personality). Sorry but this does get my delete vote. Radiant_* 13:46, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I do see your point, and to a certain extent, agree with it. However, how many Wikipedians have 40,000 unique page views per month and have released their own album.  I understand you have to separate the wheat from the chaff here, and not every bonehead with a website can be included, but for someone who has that many pageviews and actually recorded her own CD, one would think that would take her out of the realm of "some person with a page" to "internet personality", no? Spazholio
 * Not really. Pageviews alone are a weak indicator of notability, and besides that 40K a month isn't really that high.  My website had 50,484 hits last month according to WebTrends, and I certainly don't consider myself either an internet personality or worthy of an article.  Having recorded a CD is nice, but as far as I can tell it seems to be self-released.  Anyone with a CDR drive, some freeware, and a $3 PC microphone could technically record their own CD in a couple of hours if they really wanted to.  Radiant said it best, there has to be some sort of notability before an article on an "internet personality" can be seriously considered. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:24, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment "actually recorded [her/his/their] own [CD, LP, album, EP, single]" has been non-notable for about 20 years now. Trust me on this.  ;-)  Soundguy99 16:59, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, not notable. Subject's website has a current Alexa rank of 316,981 which is pretty low for someone whose claim to notability is internet-related. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:11, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for all the good reasons listed above. CDC   (talk)  16:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, non-notable page. --InShaneee 16:21, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sticking with my speedy delete vote as complete and total spam. The sockpuppets aren't helping. - Lucky 6.9 17:21, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I guess I am the only one here that has actually been to StephTheGeek's website. shows 33,200 pages mentioning the one and only StephTheGeek. This isn't vanity. She isn't as big of a web-celebrity as Wonkette or Drew Curtis, but she does have a following, probably larger than Sollog's. MicahMN | Talk 17:55, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I only get 4,790 hits from that google search (clicking that same link). Kappa 19:14, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Then you're doing something wrong. I get 33,000 hits as well.
 * Hmm safe search is off, not sure what else it could be. Kappa 20:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep She is just as important as many of the other so called "stars" on the Web. EdwinHJ | Talk 18:00, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, so those other so-called "stars" should also be deleted. Only the real Stars should stay. Radiant_* 09:24, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the low alexa rank makes me think that she is not as important as many of the other so called "stars" on the Web. Dave the Red (talk) 19:06, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rewrite. --Chiacomo 20:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I get about 20,000 searching for StephTheGeek OR "Steph The Geek". -- 8^D gab 21:18, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Good enough for me. Changing vote to keep. - Lucky 6.9 22:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I get 311 hits at the link MicahMN referenced.  Note that the 33,200 count is for every reference on every page in the Google search.  There are only 311 unique hits.  RickK 00:25, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * RickK is correct. Google results link. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 00:51, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - since I hadn't explicitly stated it earlier Spazholio 14:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just saw this in my stats. I didn't submit it myself, and the text of the entry is taken from my bio -- maybe it could be edited a bit to be less self-promo-sounding. While I'd like to stay here, this obviously isn't my encyclopedia; it's yours.  So I'll leave you to your voting after I make a few comments.  I'd like to correct that the 40k reference above is unique monthly visitors, not page views, which is roughly half a million.  I was actually down in Cleveland this weekend, giving a presentation on my site at the NotACon conference.  I've been living my life online for nearly five years, and have been on TechTV and in many other publications, and I am to be in an upcoming documentary (look for horrible, horrible photo in this month's American Cinematographer) and book on the webcam phenomenon.  Yes, my album is self-released, but believe me, not with a CD burner!  I've actually even been recognized on the street a good few times.  So anyway... I'll leave you to your voting.  I enjoy a healthy debate  :) Stephthegeek 14:33, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * this obviously isn't my encyclopedia; it's yours I respectuflly disagree.  It is OUR encyclopedia, not simply the private property of a few cabals.  I agree the page needs to sound a bit less self-serving.  I attempted some updates to correct this, but the article does need work.  An article needing work should not instantly qualify as a deletion candidate in my book, though. --Froggy 17:17, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep' this as well please Yuckfoo 16:48, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP and expand. Entry itself needs work, but should not be summarily deleted.  Notability is documented.  My suspicion is that more will be heard of her in the coming months and years. --Froggy 16:54, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep and expand; I think presence in documentaries, books, and American Cinematographer lift this above a vanity entry. Masked Angel 17:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep although she may have started this herself (emphasis on MAY) she is notable and has been for a while.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 18:18, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep. If being featured in an upcoming documentary film, TechTV, CosmoGirl, and a number of other television shows and trade magazines doesn't clear the bar of notability, we've got a lot more de1337ing to do.  ;) —RaD Man (talk) 01:14, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The article has grown nicely since being listed here.  Steph, your notability is not only well-documented, it's now well-written.  Please consider establishing an account and being a regular contributor.  Given the condition of the original article and the number of similar ones that flood this site every day, it's all too easy to overlook a diamond in the rough. - Lucky 6.9 06:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme delete Vanity Ejrrjs | What? 22:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; sufficient notability is now shown. Samaritan 12:25, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Spinboy 16:22, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- article shows notability. Multiple credits in multiple publications. Far more deserving of an article than much of what's in Wikipedia and regularly voted Keep on. DreamGuy 05:10, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Benjamin Bathurst (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral of the Fleet Sir David Benjamin Bathurst, (born 27 May 1936) is a former Royal Navy officer. He is the only living person, apart from King Charles III, holding the rank of Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal Navy since the death of Lord Boyce. After training as a pilot and qualifying as a helicopter instructor, Bathurst commanded a Naval Air Squadron and then two frigates before achieving higher command in the navy. He served as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff from 1993 to 1995: in that capacity he advised the British Government on the deployment of Naval Support including Sea Harriers during the Bosnian War.

Early life
Bathurst is the son of Peter Bathurst and his wife Lady Elizabeth Ann Bathurst (née Temple-Gore-Langton). Generally known by his middle name of Benjamin, Bathurst was educated at Eton College and Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.

Naval career
Bathurst joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1953 and became a midshipman on 1 September 1955. During his early career he served in the minesweeper HMS Woolaston and, following promotion to sub-lieutenant on 1 January 1957 and to lieutenant on 1 February 1959, he qualified as a pilot in 1960. He next served in the ship's flight on the destroyer HMS Devonshire (D02) and then qualified as a helicopter instructor in 1964. He served as an exchange officer with the Royal Australian Navy in 1965 and, following promotion to lieutenant commander on 1 February 1967, he became senior pilot of 820 Naval Air Squadron on the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle (R05). He was given command of 819 Naval Air Squadron in February 1969 and then joined the Directorate of Naval Recruiting at the Ministry of Defence in early 1970. Promoted to commander on 30 June 1970, he became executive officer on the destroyer HMS Norfolk (D21) in February 1971. He joined the Directorate of Naval Air Warfare at the Ministry of Defence in February 1973.

Promoted to captain on 31 December 1974, Bathurst took command of a Leander-class frigate, HMS Ariadne (F72) in March 1975. He became Naval Assistant to the First Sea Lord in May 1976 and Commanding Officer of HMS Minerva (F45) as well as Captain of the 5th Frigate Squadron in September 1978. He attended the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1981 and became Director of Naval Air Warfare at the Ministry of Defence in January 1982.

Promoted to rear admiral on 10 October 1983, on appointment as Flag Officer, Second Flotilla, Bathurst went on to be Director-General, Naval Manpower and Training at the Ministry of Defence in May 1985. He was promoted to vice admiral on 22 December 1986, on appointment as Chief of Fleet Support. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1987 Birthday Honours, and promoted to full admiral on 21 April 1989, on appointment as Commander-in-Chief Fleet which also carried with it the NATO appointments of Commander-in-Chief, Channel and Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic. Advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1991 New Year Honours, he became Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in March 1991 and First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff in March 1993. As First Sea Lord he advised the British Government on the deployment of Naval Support including Sea Harriers during the Bosnian War. He was promoted Admiral of the Fleet on 10 July 1995 on his retirement.

Later career
In retirement Bathurst became a Non-Executive Director of British International Helicopters. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Somerset on 27 August 1996 and became Vice-Lord Lieutenant on 18 February 1999. He is a younger brother of Trinity House and a Liveryman of Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators. His interests include gardening, shooting and fishing.

Family
Bathurst married Sarah Christian Pandora Peto, daughter of Major John Peto and granddaughter of Sir Basil Peto, 1st Baronet, in 1959. They have one son, Lieutenant General Sir Benjamin Bathurst, and three daughters.

title: Benjamin Bathurst (Royal Navy officer)


text: User talk:132.170.16.121

title: User talk:132.170.16.121


text: Category:Lists of diseases

title: Category:Lists of diseases


text:
Talk:Mission San Juan Capistrano

The Precontact section should be a separate article
This discussion has been moved to Talk:Spanish missions in California. Mdhennessey (talk) 06:24, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

The Mission Industries section is not neutral
I almost edited the section, but being new to Wikipedia, and realizing that this might be controversial, I'm talking first.

This section presents the local Indian people from the viewpoint of the missionaries rather than from their own viewpoint. For historical accuracy, it's important to include the missionaries' point of view, but also to point out that the missionaries' views were ethnocentric (judging the Indian people by the standards of the Spanish culture of the time). A neutral point of view would use cultural relativism, presenting the Indian culture according to its own standards.

For example, the section reads: Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive''. (Bold added to highlight missionary viewpoint.)

A neutral section would read: In view of the missionaries, the native peoples were deficient in not having the use of metal; they knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. (From an anthropological point of view, the indigenous people had a complex material culture using a wide variety of locally available materials.) The missionaries felt that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex citation needed, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive (though the Indians had supported themselves for millennia before the missionaries arrived). (Bold used to show neutral wording.)

A citation for the complexity of the local indigenous culture (Juaneno or Luiseno; originally Acjachemen) would be Bean and Shipek 1978. (Lowell John Bean and Florence C. Shipek, 1978, "Luiseno", Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8, California, Smithsonian, pp. 550-563)

Sabbaticalready (talk) 07:37, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

I completely agree with your analysis and noticed the same neutrality issues. I made two small edits in hopes of bringing more neutrality to the article. Shouldn't be long before somebody comes along and reverts it.

-The Underground —Preceding unsigned comment added by The Underground (talk • contribs) 18:55, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

The Mission Industries section contains unverified statements
Two statements need verification:

A. "the Indians, . . . regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex"

California Indian women did have many more daily duties, but some activities were exclusively or mostly done by males (such as hunting, woodworking, and making nets, cordage, and luxury goods [Wallace 1978:683-684]), and "reports of husbands helping their wives [with plant gathering] are surprisingly numerous" (Wallace 1978: 683). (Edith Wallace, 1978, "Sexual Status and Role Differences," Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8, California, Smithsonian, pp. 683 - 689.)

If indigenous men balked at the tasks assigned to them by the padres, perhaps it was the particular kind of "labor" being assigned? A reference would help clarify this.

B. "Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres"

This statement is suspect since it is absolute and since the indigenous people were self-sufficient before the padres arrived. And since the precontact religion survived in an attenuated form well into the twentieth century, layered with Catholic beliefs and practices (Bean and Shipek 1978:561), it is likely that ritual and shamanic items were made clandestinely or off-site -- not "under the supervision of the padres"!

Sabbaticalready (talk) 07:37, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

HDR photos
I have been taking out the HDR high dynamic range photos contributed by User:DDauri and his IP address 68.36.113.140 because I feel they are more about the art of photography than they are about the mission itself. The photographs feature 'pushed'-style color with greater contrast and detail obtained from taking multiple photographs and combining them. I feel that these images are meant to promote the photographer rather than explain the mission—they scream "Look At Me!"

With 31 images in the article before these were added, the article is not at all lacking in graphic representation. There is simply no need for more photos, especially photos that take focus from the text and turn the attention to photographic concepts or works. Binksternet (talk) 15:42, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't wish to do battle with you. I am new to Wiki and have made errors in uploading image sizes.  I added the images to the "gallery" of the Mission page with the exception of one.  I had no idea that a public "gallery" could not show images in different styles.  You have made it clear to me that you have a significant distaste for any photography that has been altered in any way.  You do have a pension for the dramatic!  Every "image or photo" I ever looked at was there to be "looked at".  And even Ansel Adams manipulated his photographs during the printing process.  You have tunnel vision, and overall I believe that this type of editing based on "your preferences" rather than fact will ultimately hurt Wiki.  I have told you once, and I will say it again, I earn my income through the practice of medicine.  Photography is my hobby, but one that I have done for the better part of 40 years.  I will upload larger images in the future and correct the uploads that are not full size (if I can figure out how). I will also no longer make links to my Flickr page so as not to attract attention "to the photographer", as you suggest.  I would appreciate it if someone in the know would fix my gallery since it appears to have been tampered with and no longer functions.  DDauri (talk) 23:23, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

 * A couple of points: Promotion does not have to be about money, yet it can still be promotion. About distorted images... I have uploaded images that are altered—for instance, several of my images are stitched together from multiple snapshots, with visual distortions associated with stitching software, as clearly seen in my File:Hearst Rancho westside pano.jpg. The difference to me is that good article images highlight the subject of the image rather than the nature of the image itself. If the image distracts the reader into thinking about the way it was made, the art of the image, I think it falls down as a useful encyclopedia illustration, except of course for the article about that kind of image. Say, why don't you select one of your favorite HDR images, uploaded at its highest resolution, and place it at the head of the article High dynamic range imaging? That's where it will be welcome, I bet. Binksternet (talk) 00:48, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mission San Juan Capistrano


text:
User:Funtriviafan

Minor Alterations

 * Marge vs. the Monorail
 * Maharaja
 * Pope Linus

title: User:Funtriviafan


text:
Talk:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo

Confusion with Monterey church
There is a church (actually a cathedral) in Monterey with a similar name and vaguely similar appearance. That church was founded in 1770, then the mission was moved to this one in Carmel in 1771, while the original continued to operate as a chapel for the governor--see the Official Websites of each. I'm removing the link to the incorrect photo (of the original mission, which became known as the Royal Presidio Chapel) and re-linking that to the Monterey church where it belongs. I'll correct the historical details here when I get around to it (but I won't be upset if someone else jumps in!).--BillFlis 14:55, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the presence of the George Vancouver sketch here is more of this confusion. The article says the mission moved to Carmel the year after it was founded, which would have been 1771, while this 1792-dated sketch says "Monterrey" [sic].--BillFlis 22:56, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Why the prehistory of the native American peoples?
This discussion has been moved to Talk:Spanish missions in California. Mdhennessey (talk) 06:07, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

coolness!
why why why wgy hn cncxbvjdnsbnsmdbklf    vdnb mrfn hbmr bm,fgnb mf g,nb m  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.175.53.193 (talk) 00:15, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

san calos misson
the san carlos mission was aboned for thirty years and it was roofless.....but the they waited anoter ten years and then they finilly build a a roof for the mission...... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.148.230.231 (talk) 03:52, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Rating and addition to project Catholicism
I have rated the importance of this article as "Top" because of the significance of use as the Alta California headquaters as well as the location of the death and requested site of Father Serra's buriel and tomb.--Amadscientist (talk) 02:47, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The entire Alta California section of the Catholic Church isn't that important. The current rating elevated it above the College of Cardinals and Francis of Assisi in importance to Catholicism. I believe this mission is sufficiently obscure to be properly rated of low importance. Huon (talk) 10:34, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

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Notable internments
Added citation to www.findagrave.com website. Is this a suitable citation for such things?


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Melbourne University ALP Club and Melbourne University Labor Club

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. ugen 64 02:16, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Melbourne University ALP Club and Melbourne University Labor Club
University clubs are not encyclopedic, delete --nixie 07:57, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 08:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, enough information and significance, needs some expantion but very new User:almightyjosh 11 April
 * Vote by User:Almightyjosh, who has a dozen edits and is the author of the article.
 * Delete as vanity, university clubs are NN. Radiant_* 13:47, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * In terms of this, has anyone actually noticed how many university clubs there are on wiki? Just search, there's thousands!  Most entries are much smaller than this one User Almightjosh 13 April
 * Delete. University clubs are not notable. Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Major clubs at major universities are verifiable, and therefore are encyclopedic. "Non-notability" is not a valid deletion criterion according to existing Wikipedia policies and conventions. Keep. --Gene_poole 23:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * On the contrary: non-notability is a de facto criterion by convention. Radiant_* 09:25, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to University of Melbourne. The precedent of all of the Dartmouth College inundation is to put clubs on the school's page.  RickK 00:29, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Significant ALP club around for 80 years at significant university. Capitalistroadster 01:42, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to University of Melbourne. I'm secretary of the University of Queensland Labor club, and I haven't made an article. I can attest that most of the content is factually inaccurate and doesn't deserve to be merged. Slac speak up!  02:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's probably also worth pointing out that all universities in Australia have a ALP club, I would support merging this and information about some of the other prominent clubs to an Australian Labor Party and student activism (or some variant) article. --nixie 04:47, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Is there an ALP equivalent to the Australian Liberal Students Federation which all Liberal clubs and societies throughout Australia? If so, it might be worthwhile creating an article on that and having a redirect to that if it is considered that this article is not worthy of retention in its own right. I will take the informed advice of Slac about the reliability of the information. Capitalistroadster 03:45, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Labor students of the Left and Right have their own separate student bodies, the National Organisation of Labor Students and Student Unity respectively (neither are officially party-affiliated). Thus the reference to separate left and right clubs in the article.  It is possible, I think, to create an article along the lines that Peta has suggested. Slac  speak up!  11:46, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There's very little there that couldn't be said of most Labor Right campus groups in the country (an article on the one at my uni would be basically the same). An article on the student union there (which that club dominates) would be quite useful, though, considering all the recent drama and criminal charges. Ambi 04:15, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge & Redirect to University of Melbourne. I don't believe this club deserves an individual article, but a mention at the university page would be OK. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 15:18, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Melbourne University ALP Club is one of the main actors in Victorian student political activism (in particular with NUS, and has an 80 year club history, although there are factual errors in the article. I agree with nixie; there should be a larger entry on ALP Clubs from around Australia. Theusualsuspect
 * Delete both. University clubs are almost always non-notable.  Is any of this verifiable in any case? Gamaliel 06:18, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The ALSF and its President, as well as other student factions have their own entries. Furthermore, there are archives of MUALP Club records at the University's library.Theusualsuspect 11:11, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The various factions are made up of literally dozens of such clubs. As for Julian, he's a nice enough guy but I don't think he's going to stay current long enough for there to be a reasonable article about him (I could write articles on quite a few past & present NUS OB's, but frankly I don't see the point, especially once they've left office).  And Xtra, yes the club's been controversial, but so have many others. The actual information within the article really isn't all that informative (the controversial activities have taken place outside of the club's framework anyway - it's as if I were to launch into a discussion of the morality of the Iraq war on the Skull and Bones Society article on the basis that George Bush is a member). Slac  speak up!  11:45, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The ALP club has had enough controversy to warrant a page. Xtra 11:41, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC) Abstain. I see Lacrimosus's point. Xtra 11:57, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
William Gray

William, Willie, Bill, or Billy Gray may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * William S. Gray (film editor) (1896–1946), American film editor
 * Billy Gray (comedian) (1904–1978), American comedian, comedy club owner, and actor
 * Billy Gray (actor) (born 1938), American actor who portrayed teenager Bud Anderson on TV's Father Knows Best

Politics and law

 * William Gray (Massachusetts politician) (1750–1825), American politician and merchant
 * William Gray (Conservative politician) (1814–1895), British mill owner and Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Bolton 1857–1874
 * William Gray (Canadian politician) (1862–1916), politician in Ontario, Canada
 * William Gray (Lord Provost) (1928–2000), Lord Provost of Glasgow, 1972–1975
 * William Gray (New Mexico politician) (born 1940), American state legislator in New Mexico
 * William B. Gray (1942–1994), American attorney and politician
 * William Bain Gray, British colonial administrator and civil servant
 * William E. Gray, state legislator in Arkansas
 * William H. Gray (Mississippi politician) (1841–1919), Baptist minister and state legislator in Mississippi
 * William H. Gray (Oregon politician) (1810–1889), American pioneer of Oregon Country
 * William H. Gray III (1941–2013), American Democrat from Pennsylvania
 * Wilfred James "Bill" Gray, Australian government official, specialist in Aboriginal matters
 * William Percival Gray (1912–1992), U.S. federal judge

Religion

 * William Gray (priest) (1874–1960), Anglican clergyman
 * William Crane Gray (1835–1919), American religious figure; first bishop of the Episcopal Church's Missionary Jurisdiction
 * SS William Crane Gray, a Liberty ship
 * William Henry Gray (1825–1908), Scottish minister

American football

 * Bill Gray (offensive lineman) (1922–2011), American offensive lineman for the Washington Redskins
 * Bill Gray (Canadian football) (fl. 1960s), Canadian football running back
 * Bill Gray (American football coach) (fl. 1990s–2000s), American football and tennis coach

Baseball

 * Bill Gray (baseball) (1871–1932), American Major League Baseball player, 1890–1898
 * Dolly Gray (baseball) (William Denton Gray, 1878–1956), American Major League Baseball pitcher for the Washington Senators, 1909–1911
 * Willie Gray (fl. 1920–1937), American baseball player

Other sports

 * William Gray (jockey) (fl. 1870), British Champion flat jockey
 * William Gray (cricketer) (1864–1898), English cricketer
 * Bill Gray (footballer) (1882–1916), Scottish footballer with Partick Thistle and Southampton in the 1900s
 * Bill Gray (rugby union), (1932–1993), New Zealand rugby union player
 * Billy Gray (footballer) (1927–2011), English footballer
 * Billy Gray (horse trainer) (died 2016), horse trainer

Writing and academics

 * William Forbes Gray (1874–1950), Scottish journalist and author
 * William G. Gray (1913–1992), English occultist, author and mystic
 * William M. Gray (1929–2016), American professor of atmospheric science
 * William S. Gray (1885–1960), American academic, authority on the teaching of reading

Other fields

 * William John Gray, 13th Lord Gray (1754–1807), Scottish nobleman and soldier
 * W. H. Gray (William Henry Gray, 1808–1896), pioneer colonist of South Australia
 * William Gray (inventor) (1850–1903), American inventor and entrepreneur, inventor of the payphone and the baseball chest protector
 * William Gray (architect) (1851–1927), American architect
 * William Gray (RAF officer) (1898–?), First World War flying ace
 * one of the founders of William Gray & Company, a British shipbuilding company, established in 1863
 * Bill Gray, co-founder (with his wife) of Bill Gray's, an American chain of fast-food restaurants based in New York State

title: William Gray


text:
User:Raphus Cucullatus

Dodo

title: User:Raphus Cucullatus


text:
York Shire (Province of New York)

York Shire (also known as the Shire of York and Yorkshire) was the first large governmental unit organized in the English Province of New York soon after English control of the area was established in 1664.

History
On August 29, 1664, The Duke of York’s forces captured New Amsterdam from the Dutch, as part of their conquest of New Netherland. They renamed New Netherland as the Province of New York, which included modern New York, New Jersey, Vermont, southeast Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Yorkshire was created soon afterward in 1664. Its jurisdiction included Long Island, Staten Island, Manhattan Island, and the east side of the Hudson River coterminous with today's Bronx and Westchester.

Like the original Yorkshire in England for which it was named, Yorkshire, New York was divided into three ridings: East, West and North. Yorkshire's East Riding consisted of modern Suffolk County, its West Riding contained Staten Island, modern Brooklyn and modern Elmhurst, Queens (also known as Newtown), while its North Riding encompassed the rest of modern Queens, Nassau County, Westchester County and the Bronx, in addition to Manhattan.

On July 21, 1667, the Peace of Breda between England, France and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest of New York from the Dutch in 1664.

As a result of renewed fighting between England and the Netherlands, the Dutch re-captured New York in August 1673. On September 12, 1673, New Netherland reverted the government structure in New Amsterdam.

On February 9, 1674, the Anglo-Dutch War was concluded with the Treaty of Westminster, the terms of which again transferred the territory to British control. The English reverted the organization to the one they previously established plus the take over of the governments the Dutch established in the interim.

On June 29, 1674, King Charles II of England granted the same territory previously granted to the Duke of York on March 12, 1663, including all territory previously in the Province of New York.

Yorkshire was eliminated on November 1, 1683, and the three ridings were converted into counties. The East Riding became Suffolk County, the West Riding became Richmond (Staten Island) and Kings (Brooklyn) counties, and the North Riding into Queens (including today's Nassau County), New York, and Westchester (including today's Bronx) counties.

title: York Shire (Province of New York)


text:
Mariana Pineda

Mariana de Pineda y Muñoz, generally known as Mariana Pineda, (1 September 1804 in Granada – 26 May 1831 in Granada) was a Spanish liberalist heroine. May 26th, the anniversary of her execution, is a local holiday in the city of Granada.

Biography
Mariana Pineda was the daughter of Mariano de Pineda y Ramírez, a Granadan ship captain and knight of the Order of Calatrava, and María de los Dolores Muñoz y Bueno, from Lucena, who was much younger and of lower social status. For unknown reasons, the couple were never married, but lived for a time in Seville, where they had a daughter who died shortly after birth. After moving to Granada, where they lived in separate houses, they had a second daughter, Mariana. Mother and daughter moved into Mariano Pineda's residence for a time, until Pineda denounced María Dolores and the two fled. On 12 November 1805, María Dolores was arrested and forced to return her daughter Mariana into the custody of her father.

After Pineda's death, Mariana Pineda passed into the custody of one of his brothers, and subsequently into that of José de Mesa and Úrsula de la Press, young dependents of her uncle's, under whose charge she remained for most of her childhood.

In October 1819, a fifteen-year-old Mariana married Manuel Peralta Valte, a liberal army officer eleven years her senior. Five months later she gave birth to a son, José María, and the following year to a daughter, Úrsula María. In August 1822, her husband died, leaving her an eighteen-year-old widow with two young children.

It was apparently during those three years of her marriage, which coincide with the Trienio Liberal, that Mariana joined the liberal cause, and after the restoration of absolutism under Fernando VII in 1823, she welcomed persecuted liberals into her home. In those circles she met a military man with a sterling record, Casimiro Brodett y Carbone. The couple wished to marry, but were unable to, as Brodett was denied military dispensation due to his liberal affiliation and was forced to leave the army and Spain for Cuba. For the following two years, Mariana left Granada, and there is no record of what she was doing or where.

After her return to Granada, in 1828 Mariana assisted in Captain Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor's escape from prison by sneaking friar's robes to disguise him. Fernando was a noted liberal who had been condemned to death for taking part in General Rafael Riego's insurrection, and also Mariana's cousin.

In a search of her house in 1831, a flag was discovered with the embroidered slogan "Equality, Freedom and Law" and Mariana was arrested and accused of conspiracy. After a failed escape attempt, she was detained in the Santa María Egipciaca convent in Granada. During the trial, the judge tried to persuade her to betray her accomplices in exchange for leniency, but she refused. Mariana was publicly executed by the garrote on 26 May. Her flag was burned in front of her.

In 1856, Pineda was finally reinterred in Granada Cathedral, where her remains lie under a simple tombstone with the following epitaph:"† D.O.M. Ad perpetuam memoriam. Reliquiæ mortales Marianæ a Pineda, quam, sæva morte, percussit tyrannus, Granatæ septimo kalendas junii, anni millesimi octogentesimi trigesimi primi. Requiescat in pace. Patria grata ejus memoriam colit. Anno M.DCCCLVI."

Legacy
In 1862 both Juan Antonio Vero Calvo and Isidoro Lozano produced oil paintings of Pineda's final walk to the scaffold (Prado collection).

In 1925 the playwright Federico García Lorca based his play Mariana Pineda on her story, propelling the popular heroine into legend and myth. Between 1965 and 1969 the French composer Louis Saguer (1907–1991) composed an opera on the subject. The work premiered in 1970 in Marseille and was awarded the Grand Opera Prize of Monaco (1970).

Another Spanish playwright, José Martín Recuerda, a native of Granada, wrote "Las arrecogías del Beaterio de Santa María Egipciaca" based on the imprisonment of Mariana Pineda. The play was adapted and translated into English by Robert Lima as "The Inmates of the Convent of St. Mary Egyptian" and premiered on 17 March 1980 with a professional cast at Pennsylvania State University. After its inclusion in DramaContemporary: Spain (1985), edited by Marion Peter Holt, Martín Recuerda's play was performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe by the Oxford Theatre Group in 1988.

A 1984 mini-series (5 episodes) was produced by Spanish TV, entitled Proceso a Mariana Pineda, and starring Pepa Flores as Pineda. An English summary of this was made by Patrick Louis Cooney of the Vernon Johns Society (qv).

A hall inside the Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg bears her name.

title: Mariana Pineda