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Clarissa

'Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady: Comprehending the Most Important Concerns of Private Life. And Particularly Shewing, the Distresses that May Attend the Misconduct Both of Parents and Children, In Relation to Marriage' is an epistolary novel by English writer Samuel Richardson, published in 1748. It tells the tragic story of a young woman, Clarissa Harlowe, whose quest for virtue is continually thwarted by her family. The Harlowes are a recently wealthy family whose preoccupation with increasing their standing in society leads to obsessive control of their daughter, Clarissa. It is considered one of the longest novels in the English language (based on estimated word count). It is generally regarded as Richardson's masterpiece.

In 2015, the BBC ranked Clarissa 14th on its list of the 100 greatest British novels. In 2013 The Guardian included Clarissa among the 100 best novels written in English.

Plot summary
Robert Lovelace, a wealthy "libertine" and heir to a substantial estate, begins to court Arabella, Clarissa's older sister. However, she rejects him because she feels slighted by his more ardent interest in her parents' approval than in her. Lovelace quickly moves on from Arabella to Clarissa, much to the displeasure of Arabella and their brother James. Clarissa, a virtuous young lady, insists that she dislikes and distrusts the notorious Lovelace, but Arabella grows jealous of Lovelace's interest in the younger girl. James, also, dislikes Lovelace greatly because of a duel the two had once fought. These feelings combine with resentment that their grandfather had left Clarissa a piece of land and lead the siblings to be aggressive to Clarissa. The entire Harlowe family is in favour of her marrying Roger Solmes; however, Clarissa finds Solmes to be unpleasant company and does not wish to marry him, either. This makes her family suspicious of her supposed dislike of Lovelace and they begin to disbelieve her.

The Harlowes begin restricting Clarissa's contact with the outside world by forbidding her to see Lovelace. Eventually they forbid her to either leave her room or send letters to her friend, Anna Howe, until Clarissa apologises and agrees to marry Solmes. Trapped and desperate to regain her freedom, Clarissa continues to communicate with Anna secretly and begins a correspondence with Lovelace, while trying to convince her parents not to force her to marry Solmes. Neither Clarissa nor her parents will concede. They see her protests as stubborn disobedience and communication between parents and daughter breaks down.

Meanwhile, through their clandestine correspondence, Lovelace pressures Clarissa into agreeing to elope with him. He has come to view her famed virtuousness as a challenge for him to conquer, bragging to his best friend John Belford that he intends to put it to "trial". He is also delighted by the idea of spiting the Harlowes for their haughty rejection of his suit for Clarissa's hand.

Increasingly desperate, Clarissa reluctantly agrees to elope with Lovelace, but a few days before the agreed-upon date, she changes her mind. She writes to him, reneging on the plan. However, Lovelace deliberately leaves the letter untouched in its hiding place. Clarissa is distressed to discover that he did not get her message. She goes in person, at the agreed night-time hour of elopement, to tell him of her reversal of decision. Lovelace forcefully compels her towards his carriage, and she at first resists. However, unbeknownst to Clarissa, Lovelace has arranged for his servant, Joseph Leman, to make noises mimicking a disturbance in the Harlowe household. Frightened by the repercussions of being seen to be eloping with the enemy, Clarissa stops resisting Lovelace, and allows herself to be carried off by him to his lodgings.

Now in Lovelace's power, Clarissa becomes increasingly angry and afraid of his intentions. She suspects, rightly, that he wishes to seduce rather than to wed her, although he continues to claim that he loves her, often talking of marrying her, but never actually asking her to do so. He begins a sustained campaign of seduction, using by turns his charm to win her over, and implied menaces to frighten her into submission. But Clarissa resists his manipulative advances, repeatedly urging him to set her at liberty or deliver her into the respectable circles of his relations. She tries to reconcile with her family, but they refuse to listen or forgive her because of the perceived betrayal of her elopement, and Clarissa is deeply shocked by her father invoking a curse upon her, that her disobedience will lead her to ruin in this world and punishment in the next.

Lovelace keeps Clarissa his prisoner for many months. She is held at several lodgings, including unknowingly a brothel, where the women are disguised as high-class ladies by Lovelace so as to deceive Clarissa into believing she is in respectable and safe hands. He introduces her to some of his rakehell friends, including John Belford, who becomes a genuine admirer of Clarissa's purity, beauty and intelligence. Belford urges Lovelace to give up his wicked designs against Clarissa and marry her, but Lovelace simply mocks him.

Lovelace continues his "trial" against Clarissa. Although he puts her under increasing pressure to submit to him, Clarissa does not waver. Under the pretense of saving her from a fire, Lovelace at last gains entry to Clarissa's bedroom but she thwarts his attempted assault with vigorous resistance. She promises, under threat of rape, to forgive and marry him. However, she considers this promise made under duress as void; soon after she makes her first successful escape from Lovelace, concealing herself in lodgings in Hampstead.

Enraged by Clarissa's flight, Lovelace vows to seek revenge. He hunts her down to the lodgings where she is hiding and rents all the rooms around her, effectively trapping her. He hires people to impersonate his own respectable family members to gain her trust. During this time he intercepts a letter to Clarissa from Anna Howe warning her of true extent of his deception and roguery. He commits forgery to put an end to the communication between them.

Eventually, he persuades Clarissa to accompany his imposter-relatives out in a carriage and thus carries her back to the disguised brothel. There, with the assistance of the prostitutes and brothel madam, he first drugs and then rapes her.

After the rape, Clarissa suffers a loss of sanity for several days, presumably brought on by her extreme distress as well as the dose of opiates administered to her. She writes a series of incoherent "mad letters" and verses, blaming herself and him for what has occurred, and begging to be admitted to an asylum to die in peace. (Her temporary insanity is creatively represented by the use of scattered typography.)

When Clarissa recovers her senses, Lovelace anticipates she will finally capitulate to either living with him as his mistress, or consenting to marry him. However, he soon realises that he has failed to "subdue" her; instead she is utterly repulsed by him, refusing his now-genuine offers of marriage despite her precarious situation as a fallen woman. She accuses him of unlawfully detaining her and insists that he set her free. He continues to claim that the impersonators really were his family members and that his crime was simply one of desperate passion. He tries to convince her to marry him, alternating between threats and professions of love. She steadfastly resists and attempts several more escapes.

Lovelace is forced to concede that, despite the rape, Clarissa's virtue remains untarnished, but he begins to convince himself that the "trial" was not properly conducted. Since Clarissa was drugged at the time, she could neither consent nor refuse. He decides to orchestrate a second rape, this time without the aid of stupefying drugs. Pretending to be angered by the discovery that she has bribed a servant to help her escape, Lovelace begins to menace Clarissa, intending to escalate the confrontation to physical violence and then rape, but she threatens to kill herself with a pen-knife should he proceed. Utterly confounded by her righteous indignation and terrified by her willingness to die for her virtue, Lovelace retreats.

More intent than ever to make Clarissa his wife, Lovelace is called away to attend his dying uncle from whom he is expecting to inherit an Earldom. He orders the prostitutes to keep Clarissa confined but well-treated until he returns. Clarissa escapes; however, the brothel madam sends bailiffs to find her, and has her jailed for a few days for unpaid bills. Clarissa becomes wretched in these sordid surroundings, musing that the first part of her father's curse had been fulfilled. John Belford discovers her whereabouts, and bails Clarissa from prison. She finds lodgings with a shopkeeper and his wife. Corresponding with Lovelace's real family, she discovers for herself the true extent of his deception. She lives in constant fear of being found by him again, as he continues to send her marriage offers through his friend, John Belford, as well as through his own family members. Clarissa is determined not to accept. She becomes dangerously ill from the stress, rarely eating, convinced that she will die soon.

Her illness progresses. She and Belford become correspondents. She appoints him executor of her will as she puts all of her affairs in order to the alarm of the people around her. Belford is amazed at the way Clarissa handles her approaching death and laments what Lovelace has done. In one of the many letters sent to Lovelace, he writes, "if the divine Clarissa asks me to slit thy throat, Lovelace, I shall do it in an instance".

Her father's curse still weighing heavily upon her – that she will be punished in the next world – Clarissa reaches out via letter to petition her release from it. Her father does so. Eventually, surrounded by strangers and her cousin, Col. Morden, Clarissa dies in the full consciousness of her virtue and trusting in a better life after death. Belford manages Clarissa's will and ensures that all her articles and money go into the hands of the individuals she desires should receive them. In her will, she asks that her body not be medically examined, leaving open to inference the possibility of her having been pregnant by Lovelace.

Lovelace departs for Europe and continues to correspond with Belford. Lovelace learns that Col. Morden has suggested he might seek Lovelace and demand satisfaction on behalf of his cousin. He responds that he is not able to accept threats against himself and arranges an encounter with Col. Morden. They meet in Trent and arrange a duel. Morden is slightly injured in the duel, but Lovelace dies of his injuries the following day. Before dying he says "let this expiate!"

Clarissa's relatives finally realise they have been wrong but it comes too late. They discover Clarissa has already died. The story ends with an account of the fate of the other characters.

Characters
Major characters:

 * Miss Clarissa Harlowe: The title character of the novel. Clarissa is a young and virtuous woman who ends up falling victim to Robert Lovelace after he convinces her to run away with him and later rapes her. Feeling as though she has entirely lost the will to live after losing her virtue, Clarissa prepares herself for death.
 * Robert Lovelace: The villain of the story and pursuer of Clarissa. Mr. Lovelace is seen as a vile and selfish character who refuses to stop lusting after Clarissa until he gets what he wants.
 * Anne Howe: Clarissa's best friend to whom she continuously writes throughout the course of the story. Anne serves as Clarissa's confidant as the story progresses.
 * John Belford: A close friend of Mr. Lovelace whom he writes to during the course of the story. However, as the story progresses, he slowly begins to side with Clarissa instead of Mr. Lovelace.

Secondary characters:

 * James Harlowe Sr.: Clarissa's father
 * Lady Charlotte Harlowe: Clarissa's mother
 * James Harlowe Jr.: Clarissa's brother, bitter enemy of Robert Lovelace.
 * Miss Arabella Harlowe: Clarissa's older sister
 * John Harlowe: Clarissa's uncle (her father's elder brother)
 * Antony Harlowe: Clarissa's uncle (her father's younger brother)
 * Roger Solmes: A wealthy man whom Clarissa's parents wish her to marry
 * Mrs. Hervey: Clarissa's aunt (Lady Charlotte Harlowe)'s half-sister
 * Dolly Hervey: Daughter of Mrs. Hervey
 * Mrs. Norton: Clarissa's nurse, an unhappy widow
 * Colonel Morden: A man of fortune, closely related to the Harlowe family
 * Mrs. Howe: The mother of Miss Howe
 * Mr. Hickman: Miss Howe's suitor
 * Dr. Lewin: One of Clarissa's educators, a divine of great piety and learning
 * Dr. H: A physician
 * Mr. Elias Brand: A young clergyman
 * Lord M.: Mr. Lovelace's uncle
 * Lady Sarah Sadleir: Half-sister of Lord M., widow, lady of honour and fortune
 * Lady Betty Lawrance: Half-sister of Lord M., widow, lady of honour and fortune
 * Miss Charlotte: Niece of Lord M., maiden lady of character
 * Patty Montague: Niece of Lord M., maiden lady of character
 * Richard Mowbray: Libertine, gentleman, companion of Mr. Lovelace
 * Thomas Doleman: Libertine, gentleman, companion of Mr. Lovelace
 * James Tourville: Libertine, gentleman, companion of Mr. Lovelace
 * Thomas Belton: Libertine, gentleman, companion of Mr. Lovelace
 * Capt. Tomlinson: The assumed named of a pander that aids Mr. Lovelace
 * Mrs. Moore: A widowed gentlewoman, keeping a lodging-house at Hampstead
 * Miss Rawlins: A notable young gentlewoman in Hampstead
 * Mrs. Bevis: A lively widow in Hampstead
 * Mrs. Sinclair: The pretended name of a private brothel keeper in London; pretends to be Lady Betty
 * Sally Martin: Assistant of, and partner with, Mrs. Sinclair
 * Polly Horton: Assistant of, and partner with, Mrs. Sinclair
 * Joseph Leman: Servant
 * William Summers: Servant
 * Hannah Burton: Servant
 * Betty Barnes: Servant
 * Dorcas Wykes: Servant

Response
Clarissa is generally regarded by critics to be among the masterpieces of eighteenth-century European literature. Influential critic Harold Bloom cited it as one of his favourite novels that he "tend[ed] to re-read every year or so". The novel was well-received as it was being released. However, many readers pressured Richardson for a happy ending with a wedding between Clarissa and Lovelace. At the novel's end, many readers were upset, and some even wrote alternative endings for the story with a happier conclusion. Some of the most well-known ones included happier alternative endings written by two sisters Lady Bradshaigh and Lady Echlin. Richardson felt that the story's morals and messages of the story failed to reach his audience properly. As such, in later editions of the novel, he attempted to make Clarissa's character appear purer while also Lovelace's character became more sinister in hopes of making his audience better understand his intentions in writing the novel.

The pioneering American nurse Clara Barton's full name was Clarissa Harlowe Barton, after the heroine of Richardson's novel.

Radio and television adaptations
The BBC adapted the novel as a television series in 1991, starring Sean Bean, Saskia Wickham, and Sean Pertwee.

BBC Radio 4 released a radio adaptation in March and April 2010, starring Richard Armitage and Zoe Waites.

General sources
Most entries below from the Richardson Bibliography by John A. Dussinger

 * John Carroll, "Lovelace as Tragic Hero", University of Toronto Quarterly 42 (1972): 14–25.
 * Anthony Winner, "Richardson's Lovelace: Character and Prediction", Texas Studies in Literature and Language 14 (1972): 53–75.
 * Jonathan Loesberg, "Allegory and Narrative in Clarissa", Novel 15 (Fall 1981): 39–59.
 * Leo Braudy, "Penetration and Impenetrability in Clarissa", in New Aspects of the Eighteenth Century: Essays from the English Institute, ed. Phillip Harth (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1974).
 * Terry Eagleton, The Rape of Clarissa: Writing, Sexuality, and Class Struggle in Samuel Richardson (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982).
 * John Traugott, "Molesting Clarissa", Novel 15 (1982): 163–170.
 * Sue Warrick Doederlein, "Clarissa in the Hands of the Critics", Eighteenth-Century Studies 16 (1983): 401–414.
 * Terry Castle, "Lovelace's Dream", Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 13 (1984): 29–42.
 * Sarah Fielding, "Remarks on 'Clarissa'", introduction by Peter Sabor (Augustan Reprint Society, 231–232). Facsimile reprint 1749 (Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 1985).
 * Florian Stuber, "On Fathers and Authority in 'Clarissa'", 25 (Summer 1985): 557–574.
 * Donald R. Wehrs, "Irony, Storytelling and the Conflict of Interpretation in Clarissa", ELH 53 (1986): 759–778.
 * Margaret Anne Doody, "Disguise and Personality in Richardson's Clarissa", Eighteenth-Century Life n.s. 12, no. 2 (1988): 18–39.
 * Jonathan Lamb, "The Fragmentation of Originals and Clarissa", SEL 28 (1988): 443–459.
 * Raymond Stephanson, "Richardson's 'Nerves': The Philosophy of Sensibility in 'Clarissa'", Journal of the History of Ideas 49 (1988): 267–285.
 * Peter Hynes, "Curses, Oaths, and Narrative in Richardson's 'Clarissa'", ELH 56 (1989): 311–326.
 * Brenda Bean, "Sight and Self-Disclosure: Richardson's Revision of Swift's 'The Lady's Dressing Room'", Eighteenth-Century Life 14 (1990): 1–23.
 * Thomas O. Beebee, "Clarissa" on the Continent: Translation and Seduction (University Park: Pennsylvania State Univ., 1990).
 * Jocelyn Harris, "Protean Lovelace", Eighteenth-Century Fiction 2 (1990): 327–346.
 * Raymond F. Hilliard, "Clarissa and Ritual Cannibalism", PMLA 105 (1990): 1083–1097.
 * Nicholas Hudson, "Arts of Seduction and the Rhetoric of Clarissa", Modern Language Quarterly 51 (1990): 25–43.
 * Helen M. Ostovich, "'Our Views Must Now Be Different': Imprisonment and Friendship in 'Clarissa'", Modern Language Quarterly 52 (1991): 153–169.
 * Tom Keymer, Richardson's "Clarissa" and the Eighteenth-Century Reader (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992). Probably the most important book-length study of Richardson after the first wave of Kinkead-Weakes, Doody, Flynn, and others in the 1970s and 1980s.
 * David C. Hensley, "Thomas Edwards and the Dialectics of Clarissa's Death Scene", Eighteenth-Century Life 16, no. 3 (1992): 130–152.
 * Lois A. Chaber, "A 'Fatal Attraction'? The BBC and Clarissa", Eighteenth-Century Fiction 4 (April 1992): 257–263.
 * Mildred Sarah Greene, "The French Clarissa", in Man and Nature: Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies, ed. Christa Fell and James Leith (Edmonton: Academic Printing & Publishing, 1992), pp. 89–98.
 * Elizabeth W. Harries, "Fragments and Mastery: Dora and Clarissa", Eighteenth-Century Fiction 5 (April 1993): 217–238.
 * Richard Hannaford, "Playing Her Dead Hand: Clarissa's Posthumous Letters", Texas Studies in Literature and Language 35 (Spring 1993): 79–102.
 * Lois E. Bueler, Clarissa's Plots (Newark, DE: Associated Univ. Presses, 1994).
 * Tom Keymer, "Clarissa's Death, Clarissa's Sale, and the Text of the Second Edition", Review of English Studies 45 (Aug. 1994): 389–396.
 * Martha J. Koehler, "Epistolary Closure and Triangular Return in Richardson's 'Clarissa'", Journal of Narrative Technique 24 (Fall 1994): 153–172.
 * Margaret Anne Doody, "Heliodorus Rewritten: Samuel Richardson's 'Clarissa' and Frances Burney's 'Wanderer'", in The Search for the Ancient Novel, ed. James Tatum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1994), pp. 117–131.
 * Joy Kyunghae Lee, "The Commodification of Virtue: Chastity and the Virginal Body in Richardson's 'Clarissa'", The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation 36 (Spring 1995): 38–54.
 * Mary Vermillion, "Clarissa and the Marriage Act", Eighteenth-Century Fiction 10 (1997): 395–412.
 * Daniel P. Gunn, "Is Clarissa Bourgeois Art?" Eighteenth-Century Fiction 10 (Oct. 1997): 1–14.
 * Brian McCrea, "Clarissa's Pregnancy and the Fate of Patriarchal Power", Eighteenth-Century Fiction 9 (Jan. 1997): 125–148.
 * Mary Patricia Martin, "Reading Reform in Richardson's 'Clarissa' and the Tactics of Sentiment", SEL 37 (Summer 1997): 595–614.
 * Paul Gordon Scott, "Disinterested Selves: Clarissa and the Tactics of Sentiment", ELH 64 (1997): 473–502.
 * Donnalee Frega, Speaking in Hunger: Gender, Discourse, and Consumption in "Clarissa" (Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998).
 * Laura Hinton, "The Heroine's Subjection: Clarissa, Sadomasochism, and Natural Law", Eighteenth-Century Studies 32 (Spring 1999): 293–308.
 * Murray L. Brown, "Authorship and Generic Exploitation: Why Lovelace Must Fear Clarissa", SNNTS 30 (Summer 1998): 246–259.
 * Derek Taylor, "Clarissa Harlowe, Mary Astell, and Elizabeth Carter: John Norris of Bemerton's Female 'Descendants'", Eighteenth-Century Fiction 12 (Oct. 1999): 19–38.
 * Townsend, Alex, Autonomous Voices: An Exploration of Polyphony in the Novels of Samuel Richardson, 2003, Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt/M., New York, Wien, 2003, ISBN 978-3-906769-80-6
 * Hou, Jian. "Haoqiu Zhuan yu Clarissa: Liangzhong shehui jiazhi de aiqing gushi" (A Tale of Chivalry and Love and Clarissa: romantic fiction based on two distinct social value systems), Zhongguo xiaoshuo bijiao yanjiu, pp. 95–116.
 * Townsend, Alex, Autonomous Voices: An Exploration of Polyphony in the Novels of Samuel Richardson, 2003, Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt/M., New York, Wien, 2003, ISBN 978-3-906769-80-6
 * Hou, Jian. "Haoqiu Zhuan yu Clarissa: Liangzhong shehui jiazhi de aiqing gushi" (A Tale of Chivalry and Love and Clarissa: romantic fiction based on two distinct social value systems), Zhongguo xiaoshuo bijiao yanjiu, pp. 95–116.

title: Clarissa


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BelgiumExel

BelgiumExel was an airline based in Brussels, Belgium. It operated charter flights to Africa, Asia and the Caribbean as part of holiday packages for Thomas Cook AG. The airline was the sister airline of HollandExel.

History

The airline was established and started operations on 15 February 2004. It was owned by ExelAviation Group, and services ceased on 31 January 2005. In May 2005, ExelAviation Group declared bankruptcy.

Fleet
The BelgiumExel fleet consisted the following aircraft:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BelgiumExel


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Anak Krakatoa

Anak Krakatoa (Anak Krakatau) is a volcanic island in Indonesia. On 29 December 1927, Anak Krakatoa first emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 by the explosive volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of Krakatoa. There has been sporadic eruptive activity at the site since the late 20th century, culminating in a large underwater collapse of the volcano, which caused a deadly tsunami in December 2018. There has been subsequent activity since. Owing to its young age the island is one of several in the area that are of interest to, and the subject of extensive study by, volcanologists.

Background
After the cataclysmic eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, Krakatoa Island lost approximately two-thirds of its mass on the northwest side, obliterating the peaks of Perboewatan and Danan, and leaving only the southern half of the island, including the Rakata volcano, as the last remnant of the original island. The lost area became a shallow sea.

Regrowth

In early 1927 volcanic activity began to appear at the point located between where the former peaks of Mount Perboewatan and Mount Danan had been. This was a short-lived appearance of a small island that was sunk by sea waves within a week. Several months later volcanic activity began to create a more permanent land formation which, owing to rain and waves, once again collapsed under the sea after its volcanic activity stopped. This process recurred several times during the next three years. On 11 August 1930 the volcanic island permanently rose above sea level and was locally named Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatoa). It has been the site of repeated eruptive episodes ever since. Anak Krakatoa's highest point increased at an average rate of 7–9 meters per year through September 2018.

Geography

Anak Krakatoa is located in the Sunda Strait—between the islands of Java and Sumatra—in the Indonesian province of Lampung. The volcano is contained within the Ujung Kulon National Park, and is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Geology
The island is situated approximately 700 km north of the Sunda Trench marking the subduction zone separating the Australian Plate and the fixed Sunda Plate, atop an oceanic crust of less than 25 km in thickness. In geologic terms, it has recently formed within the caldera of the Krakatoa volcanic eruption. The entire island comprises a Somma-stratovolcano system of the late Holocene epoch, and features a pyroclastic cone. The major rock-type components of Anak Krakatoa include andesite, dacite, and basalt; with minor indications of trachyte.

The island had reached a maximum elevation of 338 m before its collapse during the 2018 eruptive event.

Volcanic activity
The volcano's most recent eruptive episode began in 1994. Quiet periods of a few days have alternated with almost continuous Strombolian eruptions since then. Hot gases, rocks, and lava were released in an eruption in April 2008. Scientists monitoring the volcano warned people to stay out of a 3 km zone around the island.

On 6 May 2009, the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia raised the eruption alert status of Anak Krakatoa to Level 3. An expedition to the volcano revealed that a 100 m wide lava dome was growing in its crater. In January 2012, volcanologists at the University of Oregon warned that a tsunami caused by flank collapse of Anak Krakatoa was likely, as it had formed on the steep eastern slope of the large caldera formed by the 1883 explosive eruption.

2018 eruption and aftermath
A new eruptive phase was observed starting in June 2018; and on 15 October 2018, Anak Krakatau had a strong Strombolian to weak Vulcanian eruption that sent lava bombs into the water.

An eruption of the volcano on 22 December 2018 caused a deadly tsunami, with waves up to five meters in height making landfall. On 31 December 2018, the disaster agency stated the tsunami's death toll was 437, with 14,059 injured. The tsunami affected more than 300 kilometers (186 mi) of coastline in Sumatra and Java and 40,000 people were displaced. This made the eruption the second deadliest volcanic eruption of the 21st century to date. Cone collapse—with tsunami generation—was considered a potential hazard immediately before the eruption. Scientists had modeled the possibility six years before the event, and had identified the western flank as the section of the volcano most likely to fail.

Following the December 2018 eruption, it was believed that the southwest sector of the volcano, including the summit, had collapsed during the eruption, triggering the tsunami. On 23 December, this was confirmed by satellite data and helicopter footage, with the main conduit seen erupting from underwater, producing Surtseyan-style activity. The volcano lost over two-thirds of its volume due to this event, and its elevation above sea level was reduced from 338 m to just 110 m.

Satellite radar observations showed that by 10 January 2019, the volcano had continued to form, with further eruptions beginning to re-model the remnant structure. The crater, which had become open to the sea immediately after the eruption, had a complete rim above sea level. In May 2019, phreatomagmatic activity was observed around the newly reconstructed crater as the volcano continued to increase in height and remodel the areas destroyed in 2018.

2020 eruption
Anak Krakatoa began erupting again on the morning of 10 April 2020. The first eruption could be heard in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta, over 150 km away, and was spewing out a 200 m high column of ash and smoke according to the Center for Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation's (PVMBG) magma volcanic activity report, which also said that the first eruption lasted one minute and 12 seconds starting at 9:58 p.m. The eruption spewed ash to about 14 km and a secondary ash plume made it to about 11 km. The eruption was largely magmatic with lava fountains visible. No widespread damage was reported, and the eruption ended several hours later.

2022 eruption
Anak Krakatoa presented a minor eruption on 4 to 5 February 2022. At 8:20 PM on 24 April 2022, Anak Krakatoa once again erupted, sending a massive plume of ash 3,157 metres (10,358 ft) above the sea level. The volcano had erupted 21 times in the first four months of 2022, with the 24 April eruption being the biggest. On 26 April, Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) increased the alert level for Anak Krakatoa from level 2 to level 3. The agency warned of possible high waves and tsunami following any eruptive event.

2023 eruption
Anak Krakatoa began another eruption cycle on 15 September 2023, with white gas-and-steam plumes as high as 100 m above Krakatau’s summit on most days during 15–21 September and drifting NW, N and NE. White-and-gray plumes rose as high as 100 m and drifted NW on 21 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater.

title: Anak Krakatoa


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Esnault-Pelterie (crater)

Esnault-Pelterie is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, named after French rocketry and astronautics pioneer Robert Esnault-Pelterie. It is located in the northern hemisphere, to the south of the crater Carnot. Esnault-Pelterie overlies the western side of the crater Schlesinger. To the south is the crater Von Zeipel and to the southwest is Fowler.

The rim of this crater are somewhat worn, but still retain some structure and a relatively clear edge. There is a small crater attached to the southern rim that cuts into the interior through a narrow gap. Within the interior are several small craterlets, and a small rise offset to the north of the midpoint. There is a level region to the northeast of the central rise, and a smaller one to the southwest.

title: Esnault-Pelterie (crater)


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Milne Bay Province

Milne Bay is a province of Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Alotau. The province covers 14,345 km2 of land and 252,990 km2 of sea, within the province there are more than 600 islands, about 160 of which are inhabited. The province has about 276,000 inhabitants, speaking about 48 languages, most of which belong to the Eastern Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Economically the province is dependent upon tourism, oil palm, and gold mining on Misima Island; in addition to these larger industries there are many small-scale village projects in cocoa and copra cultivation. The World War II Battle of Milne Bay took place in the province.

Culturally the Milne Bay region is sometimes referred to as the Massim, a term originating from the name of Misima Island. Massim societies are usually characterized by matrilineal descent, elaborate mortuary sequences and complex systems of ritual exchange including the Kula ring. From island group to island group and even between close lying islands, the local culture changes remarkably. What is socially acceptable on one island may not be so on another.

History
The Milne Bay Province became a major base in World War II. The Australian Armed Forces operated HMAS Ladava base that won the Battle of Milne Bay in 1942. The US Navy built a large base in Milne Bay Province, Naval Base Milne Bay.

Geography
The coral reef systems of Milne Bay are some of the most biodiverse in the world, and as such attract equal attention from dive operators and conservation groups. The D'Entrecasteaux Islands still have volcanic activity, especially around Dobu and Fergusson Islands.

The waters from the Amphlett group to the Trobriand Islands are poorly charted, and, as a result, are rarely visited by tourists or yachts passing through. On the other hand, the Louissiade Archipelago is a stopover for yachts travelling around the world and ones visiting from Australia. However, the area sees few general tourists. The gold mine at Misima is no longer operational; mining there ended in 2001, with stockpile milling continuing into 2004. During its life, Misima produced over 3.7Moz of gold and 18Moz of silver. Operations now are mainly focused on mine closure requirements and environmental rehabilitation. There is also on-going prospecting in Woodlark Island and Mwatebu, Normanby Island.

Islands
Islands in Milne Bay Province include:
 * The D'Entrecasteaux Islands including Goodenough (Nidula), Fergusson (Moratau), Sanaroa, Dobu and Normanby (Duau)
 * The Trobriand Islands, including Kiriwina, Kaileuna, Vakuta and Kitava
 * The Amphlett Islands
 * Woodlark Island (Muyuw, Murua)
 * The Louisiade Archipelago, including Rossell (Yela), Tagula (Sudest, Vanatinai), Misima
 * Samarai, prior to the Second World War a major shipping centre for expeditions between Australia and Southeast Asia, amply described in books by Margaret Mead and her anthropologist second husband Reo Fortune, location of the colonial District Headquarters until 1969 when the new Provincial Capital was moved to Alotau
 * Kwato, Deka Deka Islands, Logea, Saliba, Basilaki, and Sideia
 * The Engineer Islands, including Tubetube and Kwaraiwa

Administratively, there are four districts:
 * Alotau District: Alotau town and mainland areas,
 * Esa'ala District: Normanby, Fergusson, Dobu, Sanaroa and other islands
 * Kiriwina-Goodenough District: Goodenough Island and Trobriand Islands
 * Samarai-Murua District: Samarai, Engineer Islands, Louisiade, Calvados Chain and Woodlark Island.

Demographics
As of the early 20th century, Milne Bay peoples lived in small hamlets, which were dominated by clans. Most clans consisted of relatives, with an integration of adopted and individuals who married into the clan from other clans. Relocation of hamlets was commons, where one, two or three hamlets might combine and relocate together. The culture was matrilineal. Each clan had a totem animal it identified as its own. Totems included snakes, a lizard, a fish, or a bird. One clan, the Tubetube clan, had a non-animal, with a plant as its totem. The snake was identified as one of the most powerful of the totems, as is the bird. People were known for asking "what is your bird?" in reference to what clan someone was a member of. Clans did not build shrines to represent their totems, and people didn't believe to have special power or influence over the animals representing their totems. As of 1904, people were occasionally maintaining the creatures representing their clans as pets, which may have been introduced by Europeans. Bird totem creatures are not considered food.

Historically, community members practiced exogamy, which protected clan members from having sexual relations with members of the same clan.

Arts and culture
Wood carving, historically, has been an important art of the Milne Bay area. The Milne Bay peoples created canoes, called waga. When Charles Gabriel Seligman visited the area in 1904, he described the waga as playing "such an important part in the life of the district," and being a "decorative art" that has "reached its highest expression in the carvings of the ornaments for the prows of the waga." He also noted that they used similar designs on gourds from lime trees.

Basket weaving was also common, with baskets called sinapopo being particularly representative of wealth in the region, to the point where they are buried with their owners upon death. Pottery was also common, specifically amongst the Tubetube, Ware and other tribes. Adze and axes were also common, for functional and ceremonial purposes. The people of Woodlark Island were known for their axes. Spears and arrows were also used for weapons.

Districts and LLGs
Each province in Papua New Guinea has one or more districts, and each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units.

Provincial leaders
The province was governed by a decentralised provincial administration, headed by a Premier, from 1978 to 1995. Following reforms taking effect that year, the national government reassumed some powers, and the role of Premier was replaced by a position of Governor, to be held by the winner of the province-wide seat in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea.

Members of the National Parliament
The province and each district is represented by a Member of the National Parliament. There is one provincial electorate and each district is an open electorate.

Popular culture
Miriam Kahn's Always Hungry Never Greedy: food and the expression of gender in a Melanesian society is set in a village in Milne Bay.

title: Milne Bay Province


text:
User:Harmil

Harmil's focus these days is on his own site, including his World of Warcraft pricing database. I've pretty much given up on Wikipedia at this point. Until contributions that I make are reasonably safe from changes in policy that lead to deletion, or simply over-zealous deletionists, there's really no point in continuing to contribute into what will become a vacuum. -Harmil (talk) 13:53, 18 March 2008 (UTC) "He's on a mission from God, but he don't know whose and he don't know why." -Shriekback

Welcome to Harmil's home on Wikipedia. I've been working on a varied list of things. Feel free to look around and leave a message on my talk page if you want to communicate.

Pages I've created
Here is a short list of the pages I'm most proud of: And here is the full list:
 * Perl 6 rules
 * Lovecraftian horror
 * Round Hill, Massachusetts
 * Waldo K. Lyon

Lists
List of Native Alaskan Tribal Entities (re-named "Alaska Native" later), List of Native American Tribal Entities

Stubs
1-2-3 rule, ACCO Brands, Adventure Path, Aerial tissu, Ahtna Incorporated, Ak-Chin Indian Community, Madame Albani, Alhama de Granada, Alluvion, Apollo (comics), Battle of Bloody Marsh, Bon Appétit, Bootstrapping (compilers), Cauldron (Shackled City), Cauliflory, CHN analyzer, Coa de jima, Coa river, Corpus callosotomy, David J. Eagle, The Future of Children, General Binding Corporation, Le Groupe Dance Lab, Hannahville Indian Community, HMS Renown (S26), HMS Repulse (S23), HMS Revenge (S27), International Organization of Legal Metrology, Inupiat Heritage Center, Jimadore (and later, Jimador, which the former now links to), Lobster mushroom, Native Village of Kluti Kaah, New Bedford Regional Airport, New Bedford Whaling Museum, Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi, Plantation era, Pleurotus, Poppykettle Festival, The Poppykettle Papers, La Posta Astro-Geophysical Observatory, Precedence Entertainment, The Quarterly Review of Biology, Rasmussen's encephalitis, Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Resighini Rancheria, The Sacrifice (2005), Savage Tide, Schooner Ernestina, Sea Island Cotton, Seamen's Bethel, Shangalla, St. Simons Sound, Straight Out of Brooklyn, Tabby (cement), Ten bagger, Toba (tribe), USS Charleston (LKA-113), The Voyage of the Poppykettle, Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo

Former stubs, which I expanded
Acrobatics, Campaign setting, Flight suit, Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure, Poison Sumac, Sexual characteristics

Disambiguation
Afghani, Arborea (disambiguation), Case knife, d20, The Dragon (disambiguation), Duergar, Frig, Fuck, Greyhawk, Magic item, Round rock, Terrorvision, Tribe

Templates
Adventure Path

Complete articles
Some of these are listed as "stubs", but they are the articles which I put at least some non-trivial research and detail into.

History, Geography and Politics
Alaska Native Regional Corporations, Arctic Submarine Laboratory, James Bevel, Chacchoben, Children's Crusade (civil rights), Dyke (lesbian) (based on an existing disambiguation entry at Dyke), Electronics Research Center, Feast of the Ass, Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, Gascoigne Bluff, Edward Howland Robinson Green, Harry S. Truman Dam and Reservoir, Irving Friedman, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Waldo K. Lyon, Middlesex Fells Reservation, Mono language (Native American), Native Village of Afognak, Native Village of Barrow, Naval Electronics Laboratory, New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park, NSA call database, Packet trade, Round Hill, Massachusetts, Saint Paul Island, Alaska, Sandra Scoppettone, Tanadgusix Corporation, Two flue harpoon, Wamsutta, Wamsutta Club, West Florida Controversy, World War II: Aleutian Islands

Computer science
Parser Grammar Engine, Perl 6 rules (split off from Perl 6 and expanded)

Natural sciences
American toad, Hundred-Dollar, Hundred-Digit Challenge problems, Lycoperdon perlatum, Obsidian hydration dating, Penicillium glaucum, Powderpost beetle, Radiant (meteor shower), Rana palustris, Swamp beacon

Fiction
General: Brave New World in popular culture and List of quotes from Shakespeare in Brave New World (based on a re-structuring of Brave New World), Gaylactic Spectrum Awards, Lovecraftian horror (based on a re-structuring of H. P. Lovecraft)

Gaming: Bright Desert, Canonfire!, Castle Greyhawk, Duergar (Dungeons & Dragons), Eli Tomorast, Free City of Greyhawk, Living Greyhawk, Olman, Psionics (role-playing games), ShowEQ, Steel dragon

Misc
Fortune Brands, Gaylaxicon, Kinesis (keyboard), Tench (EP), ThinThread

Disputes
If something is currently contested, I try to avoid edit warring. Rather, I bring those items here to see how they play out over time, and allow other editors to look in and contribute:
 * reversion to Magic_item (disambiguation) - An editor seems to have strong opinions that "see also" sections don't belong on disambiguation pages... or that Artifact (a disambiguation page) should not appear on this particular dab's See also. I've backed off for a bit to see if he improves the disambiguation any, and/or provides some access to the extended information.

Referencing
A number of articles have required extensive citations, rather than any structural changes:
 * Thou -

Ongoing or completed projects
In some cases, these projects are still ongoing, but significant portions have been accomplished.
 * Previous 500 patrol: I review some of the newest articles starting from the 500th most recent. This helps to catch some of the items that the typical RC-patroler might have missed.
 * Historical information regarding New Bedford, Massachusetts and University of Massachusetts Dartmouth.
 * An overhaul of Drought with respect to historical droughts.
 * Work related to the List of Native Alaskan Tribal Entities and List of Native American Tribal Entities still rages on:
 * Created both lists, and auto-generated links to tribal names.
 * Creating new articles (such as Native Village of Afognak) to complete coverage of the lists.
 * Helping to resolve dispute over Native Americans renaming
 * Wrote a new, simpler example version of The Aristocrats joke.
 * Addition of the history of Western performing arts to Performing arts.
 * Citation projects:
 * Greyhawk
 * Lovecraftian horror
 * List of deities of Dungeons & Dragons
 * WikiProject Greyhawk - The quest to bring as much detail about Greyhawk (both fictional and historical) as possible.
 * Overhaul of Dynamic programming language.

Off-Wiki
When I'm not working here, I do things like this d20 treasure generator for the d20 System and other gaming related fun. Or working on my own MediaWiki site.

I also contribute to the Perl 6 design and development effort where I can. Right now, I'm working on the "synopsis" process, which is essentially the summarization of non-existant specs, based on ephemeral communications gathered from the Web, mailing lists and IRC ;-)

Conservapedia
I contribute to Conservapedia (http://www.conservapedia.com) for now, in an attempt to see if the folks running it are truly interested in being encyclopedic. I welcome you to join me in contributing to it in good faith.

That said, comments like this one (that was left on my Conservapedia talk page) make me wonder how it could all turn out to be anything but the Fox News of online encyclopedias:

I know that other sources are much more scholarly in normal use, and after review, I realize that your edits to Atheism were quite well done. However, for future reference, if the Bible sheds any light on any subject, it should be included first, and be considered authoritative. I don't agree with it, but it's the rule.

Dumpster diving
These are articles I've saved (or am trying to save) from the VfD trash bin. I usually re-write the stub (or replace blatant ads or resumes) and fill in any needed supplemental pages in order to make the case for the topic. For some (e.g. The Poppykettle Papers) this results in some fun research finds (Poppykettle Festival). For others like Acushnet Company, I do it because I started out knowing that a poorly written article was actually about a notable topic.

Pending
I am no longer working on the AFD/VFD process. It just got too political and too many people were complaining that any time spent on such articles was a waste of time.

Success
Acushnet Company, Adidas 1, Michael Carter, Galaxy Desserts, Innate bisexuality, LSOL.com, Release Management (moved to transwiki), Ruth Parasol, PBS Kids, The Poppykettle Papers, Protein ontology, Rick Schmidlin, Sandra Scoppttone/Sandra Scoppettone, Trudi LeCaine

Deleted
None so far, knock on wood....

Real world
Harmil is Aaron Sherman <[mailto:ajswiki@ajs.com ajswiki@ajs.com]> and has a Wikia Search page.

Harmil finds the phrase, "contemporary hit-driven Dance music product," amusing.

Harmil also finds this edit to be the funniest edit ever.

Gaming
I try to maintain several sets of articles related to gaming where I consider my gaming hobbies to be specifically notable. Here are some areas in which I think that's true:

D&D

 * Image:PZO1000 180.jpeg: Shackled City Adventure Path
 * Image:Dungeon AoW TSR82124 180.jpeg: Age of Worms Adventure Path
 * Image:TSR82139 180.jpeg: Savage Tide Adventure Path
 * Image:WG5ModuleCover.jpg: Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure
 * Image:Dungeon cover 112.jpg: Maure Castle

title: User:Harmil


text:
Illinois Route 37

Illinois Route 37, Illinois 37 or IL 37, is a 155.07 mi north–south state highway in southern Illinois. IL 37's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 51 (US 51) and IL 3 in Cairo and the northern terminus is at US 45 in Watson.

Route description
Between Effingham and a point near Watson, a segment in which it shared a route with U.S. Route 45, Illinois 37 has been decommissioned in favor of US 45. Between Watson and just north of Salem, it angles westward and toward the south before meeting US 50 at Salem, Illinois 15 and Illinois 142 at Mount Vernon, Interstate 64 south of Mount Vernon, Illinois 14 and Illinois 34 at Benton, Illinois 149 at West Frankfort, Illinois 13 at Marion, and US 51 and Illinois 3 at its current southern terminus at Urbandale. Both of Illinois Route 148's termini branch from Route 37, the north terminus at Mount Vernon, and the southern terminus just north of Pulley's Mill. It has no direct connection to Interstate 24, which is far better approached from Interstate 57.

All of Illinois 37 is an undivided surface route.

History
Originally connecting Effingham to Cairo, it was a heavily-traveled highway before Interstate 57 was opened. That Interstate, which lies very close to most of Illinois 37 (indeed the entire route north of Pulleys Mill), supplanted it as a through route. Illinois 37 was long a part of the most direct route between Chicago and Memphis. Illinois 37 has become a route of local significance instead of the busy, long-distance, inter-city highway that it was until the 1970s. As a town-to-town route, it especially serves communities which have no access to Interstate 57.

title: Illinois Route 37


text:
Greig Nori

Greig Andrew Nori (born November 21, 1962) is a Canadian producer and musician from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and is well known as the frontman, co-lead vocalist and guitarist of the pop punk band Treble Charger. In the late 1990s, he began working as a producer with Sum 41 and was their in-house producer and manager until 2004. In 2007, Greig went back to the studio to produce for the pop punk bands Cauterize and Hedley, for their albums Disguises and Famous Last Words, respectively.

Nori is one of the heads of Bunk Rock Music, a Canadian artist management company. He manages bands including Surplus Sons and The New Cities. He is currently signed as producer by Nettwerk. From 2008 to 2009, Nori was featured as the Musical guru on the show DisBAND.

Treble Charger
Arrangements, songwriting, vocals and guitar throughout all albums:
 * nc17 (1994)
 * self=title (1995)
 * Maybe It's Me (1997)
 * Wide Awake Bored (2001)
 * Detox (2002)

title: Greig Nori


text:
Noord-Scharwoude

Noord-Scharwoude (West Frisian: Noôrd-Skerwou) is a village in the municipality of Dijk en Waard in the province of North Holland, Netherlands.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1094 as Bernardeskercha. The current name means "northern forest belonging to Schoorl". Noord (north) was added to distinguish from Zuid-Scharwoude. Noord-Scharwoude developed in the 11th century as a linear settlement on a dike.

The Catholic John the Baptist church is a three aisled basilica-like church built between 1905 and 1906 as a replacement of an 1856 church.

Noord-Scharwoude was home to 634 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1941, when the new municipality Langedijk was created. There used to be a tram line to Alkmaar which was used to transport vegetables to the auction in the village. In 1934, the tram line closed and was reconstructed as a road. The auction no longer exist, and has been converted in apartment buildings. In 2022, Noord-Scharwoude became part of the new municipality of Dijk en Waard.

title: Noord-Scharwoude


text:
Espin (crater)

Espin is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the northeastern limb. It lies to the west-southwest of the larger crater Seyfert, and northwest of Deutsch.

This is a worn formation with heavy damage along the northern rim. Several small craters lie along the northern edge, and a crater lies across the southern rim. The northern part of the interior floor is somewhat irregular, but it is more level to the south. A ray from the crater Giordano Bruno to the north-northwest reaches the western interior of Espin.

It is named after Thomas Henry Espinell Compton Espin, an amateur astronomer who was a vicar of Tow Law.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Espin.

title: Espin (crater)


text:
Birdy Airlines

Birdy Airlines was an airline based in Belgium that offered long-haul flights from Brussels to Africa on behalf of SN Brussels Airlines using a fleet of three Airbus A330-300 aircraft. The airline was founded in 2002 and ceased its operations in 2004 when it was merged into SN Brussels Airlines.

title: Birdy Airlines


text:
Kymograph

A kymograph (from Greek κῦμα, swell or wave + γραφή, writing; also called a kymographion) is an analog device that draws a graphical representation of spatial position over time. The graphical representation is a graph in which the y axis shows position and the x axis shows time. A kymograph consists of a revolving drum wrapped in paper on which a stylus draws to record measured changes of phenomena such as motion or pressure.

The kymograph was initially a mechanical and hydraulic device, invented by German physiologist Carl Ludwig in the 1840s, and found its first use as a means to monitor blood pressure. The blood pressure was conveyed by hydraulics and levers to move a stylus that scratched a white trace into soot-covered paper on the revolving drum. Time is represented by the drum's rotation rate, and was recorded by a second stylus driven by a clock or tuning fork. The kymograph almost immediately became the central instrument in physiology and physiology education. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, researchers and technicians devised many improvements to the device, plus numerous new sensory components to measure a wide range of physiological phenomena such as breathing, muscle movement, and speech. New detection and registration systems included electrical and electronic methods, and plotted in ink. Kymographs were also used outside medical science to measure atmospheric pressure, tuning fork vibrations, the functioning of steam engines, animal habits, and the movement of molecules in cells.

Kymography in experimental physiology
The kymograph is generally used to study the effects of xenobiotics on tissue preparations. It is a standalone recording apparatus used alongside other apparatuses such as organ baths. Writing levers are used to trace the recording from muscle contractions. Some of the commonly used writing levers are the simple lever, the frontal writing lever and the starling heart lever. These writing levers are connected to a fulcrum which is found on a secondary apparatus.

title: Kymograph


text:
Democratic and Social Movement (Algeria)

The Democratic and Social Movement (الحركة الديمقراطية والاجتماعية; Mouvement Démocratique et Social, MDS) is a political party in Algeria that was founded in 1966.

History
The party was founded in 1966 as the Socialist Vanguard Party (French: Parti de l'Avant-Garde Socialiste, PAGS) by Bachir Hadj Ali. Although not legally recognized, it persisted as a political opposition party throughout the one-party period in Algeria. As an outgrowth of the Algerian Communist Party (Parti Communiste Algérien), which disappeared soon after Algerian independence, the PAGS has consistently opposed the government, offering sharp criticism of all political leaders and most of their programs. Its members, referred to as "Pagsistes", had infiltrated almost every legally recognized mass association despite their unofficial status. The Pagsistes were especially prominent in such organizations as the UNJA and General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) encouraging leftist tendencies.

The PAGS coalition relationship with the regime ended when Chadli Bendjedid came to power, who sought to purge pagistes from positions of power within the state-party apparatus, and moved toward economic liberalization.

The party was legalized in 1989.

In 1993, PAGS was reconstructed as Ettehadi by El Hachemi Chérif. A group who wanted to retain the communist legacy of the party broke away and formed the Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism. During the Algerian Civil War, Ettehadi strongly opposed the Islamists and supported the banning of Islamic Salvation Front, (FIS).

In 1999, Ettehadi was reconstructed as the Democratic and Social Movement (Mouvement Démocratique et Social). In the 17 May 2007 People's National Assembly elections, the MDS won 0.89% of the vote and 1 out of 389 seats.

On 9 January 2022, MDS's national co-ordinator, Fethi Ghares, was given a two-year prison sentence and a 200, 000 DA fine for "undermining national unity", as part of what Human Rights Watch called a wider "assault on fundamental freedoms" by the Algerian government.

Regional strength
In the Algerian legislative election, 2007, support for the MDS was higher than its national average (0.89%) in the following provinces:
 * Mascara Province 6.73%
 * Tissemsilt Province 3.89%
 * Béjaïa Province 3.55%
 * Béchar Province 2.66%
 * Saïda Province 2.42%
 * Tébessa Province 2.19%
 * Mila Province 2.16%
 * Relizane Province 2.13%
 * Chlef Province 2.06%
 * Sidi Bel Abbès Province 1.81%
 * Tlemcen Province 1.43%
 * Souk Ahras Province 1.39%
 * Boumerdès Province 1.35%
 * Skikda Province 1.23%
 * Annaba Province 1.13%


text:
Talk:Zizhi Tongjian

I would recommend reading | this for a little more infomation on the subject. Jack 21:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

鑑 or 鑒 ?
According to the book Rediscovering Confucianism by the Swedish sinologist and philosopher Torbjörn Lodén, the title of this work is to be spelled 資治通鑑 in Chinese. Both the character 鑑 and the character 鑒 are simplified to 鉴, so the difference is subtle (actually just a matter of where you place the radical and different parts of the phoneticum), but which character is the original? Yenx 21:21, 7 November 2006 (UTC) Edit: The Wikisource article also uses the character 鑑. Yenx 21:25, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

I think that are the same words, but the book in my home is 資治通鑒. and also, some books may say that the real name of "Zizhi Tongjian" is "Reflections for Reference of ruling". Should we use this name? -- King of King Chaplin  ♨Discuss with me please! 04:00, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Both are variations of the same character, I think. Meanwhile, it is my opinion that since the meaning of Zizhi Tongjian is not completely unambiguous, the title should remain untranslated, although the implications can be explained in the article.  --Nlu (talk) 05:19, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

I think that most Chinese speakers, in this context, understand 鑒 to mean "Reflections" rather than "Mirror". 16 December 2017 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.30.114.97 (talk) 16:12, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

 * @Professor Chaplin, @Nlu, Regarding the issue on the translation mentioned, I have added two inline citations (same but cited at different parts of the article) noting the figurative meaning of the word “mirror” (鉴). Diff here and here. Please review it and feel free to correct me if there is any mistake, thank you! -Colathewikian (talk) 10:37, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Category:Historiography by country vs. Category:Historiography of China vs. Category:Chinese history texts
Category:Chinese history texts is itself a category within Category:Historiography of China which is in turn a category within Category:Historiography by country which is in turn a category within Category:Historiography. — Robert Greer (talk) 20:17, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Zizhi Tongjian. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071011132303/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/tongjiangangmu.html to http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/tongjiangangmu.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:48, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zizhi Tongjian


text: User talk:80.45.153.184

title: User talk:80.45.153.184


text:
Buttonville, Markham

Buttonville is a suburban neighbourhood and former hamlet in the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada, bordering the larger Unionville district. The hamlet was named after its founder, John Button.

About 30,000 residents live in the area, which is located along the Woodbine Avenue corridor from approximately Highway 7 in the south to Sixteenth Avenue in the north, with the historic hamlet itself located roughly midway between the two arterials. The Rouge River flows through the northeast and Highway 404 passes by in the west (forming Buttonville's and the City of Markham's boundary), with two interchanges. The residential area is located in the eastern, northeastern, and the northern sections, and the industrial area is to the west and the south down to Highway 7.

There is talk about renaming the community to the John Button Community after its founder since there has been confusion between Unionville and Buttonville, which is popularly considered to be part of Unionville.

History
The area was first settled by William Berczy who got an original Crown grant of land. It was named after John Button (b. 1772) who bought property in Markham Township there in 1808. The area's name first appeared in 1851 when a post office was granted to John Button and William Morrison. The name was chosen instead of Millbrook, which had been unofficially used since 1834. John Button's descendants owned a number of lots in what is today Buttonville. By 1878 the village had a post office, a gristmill, a wagon maker, a school, a Lutheran church and a Methodist church. Buttonville Community Hall was relocated from L'Amoreaux in Scarborough from what was a Methodist chapel c. 1840s and closed in 1938.

Housing developments began to appear in the 1960s as exurban estate residential near Cachet Woods at Woodbine Avenue and Major Mackenzie Drive, and the industrial area began to develop further south. In the 1980s housing developments came to the western part of Markham along with the industries which later flowed with technological and financial companies including Allstate. Buttonville was first accessed when Highway 404 opened several interchanges in the 1970s. Between 1994 and 1996, more houses continued northeast of Buttonville and a few years later, north of the airport and more housing continued until 2004.

Former airport
Buttonville Municipal Airport was located at 16th Avenue and Highway 404 and was a medium-sized general aviation airport that operated from 1953 to 2023. Weather data was collected there by Environment and Climate Change Canada., but closed along with the airport. The former airfield is planned to be redeveloped for residential and commercial uses.

Geography

 * Population:
 * 1990: about 10,000
 * 2002: about 30,000

Farmlands formerly surrounded Buttonville and between 1980 and 2000, the farmlands were developed. Forests were also found around Buttonville, especially to its south. The area is home to several technology companies in the northeast.

Transportation
One major highway and several arterial roads pass through or near the neighbourhood:

 * Highway 404 runs north–south on the west side of and connected to east-south streets
 * Highway 7 runs east–west on the south side.
 * Sixteenth Avenue runs east–west on the north side.
 * Woodbine Avenue runs north–south through its centre. The historic settlement itself is located along it south of Sixteenth Avenue.

Public transit in Buttonville is provided by:

 * York Region Transit / Viva Rapid Transit routes Viva Purple, 1 Highway 7 (both serving Highway 7), 85 Rutherford-16th (Sixteenth), and 24 Woodbine (Woodbine) operate regular bus service.

Nearby places

 * East Beaver Creek (City of Richmond Hill), west
 * Unionville, east
 * Milliken, south
 * Cachet, north

Education

 * Buttonville PS
 * YRDSB Museum and Archives housed in 1850 Buttonville Schoolhouse

title: Buttonville, Markham


text:
Rausu, Hokkaido

Rausu (羅臼町) is a town located in Nemuro Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. As of September 30, 2016, it has an estimated population of 5,395, and an area of 397.88 km2.

The word "Rausu" originates from the Ainu word Raushi, roughly meaning "Low-land" or "Place of men with beast-like spirit".

The town occupies the southern half of the Shiretoko Peninsula. Kunashir Island, one of the four disputed Kuril Islands, can be seen from the town.

Geography
Rausu is located on the east end of Hokkaido's Shiretoko Peninsula. It is situated on the southeast corner of the peninsula facing the Nemuro Strait. The town stretches along and narrow strip of land, extending 64 km from southwest to northeast. The Shiretoko mountain range extends north on the peninsula to the sea where it forms steep cliffs. The Shiretoko mountain range is the source for myriad rivers, that all empty into the sea. Village communities are found mostly on the coast line at the mouths of these rivers. The "downtown" of Rausu is at the mouth of Rausu River where it joins the sea at Rausu Harbor.

Two access points to Rausu via highway are through Shibetsu in the south or through Shari on the west side of the Shiretoko Peninsula. From Shibetsu, National Highway 335 (the Kunashiri Highway) extends northwards along the coast into Rausu at which point it crosses the peninsula heading west, over the Shiretoko mountain range (the Shiretoko Pass). The Shiretoko Pass leads into Shari and becomes National Highway 334 (Shiretoko Crossing). Some sections of both highways (334 and 335) feature steep precipices just off the shoulder and may prove dangerous. There are also a number of tunnels along both highways. Rausu is about 70 km northeast from Nakashibetsu airport. It is 120 km northeast of Kushiro City.
 * Mountains: Mount Rausu (1,660m/ 1.03 miles); Mount Shiretoko Sulphur Spring (1,563m/ 0.97miles)
 * Major rivers: Rausu River
 * Major lakes and marshes: Lake Rausu

Adjoining municipalities

 * Nemuro Subprefecture
 * Shibetsu

 * Okhotsk Subprefecture
 * Shari District: Shari

History

 * 1901 (Meiji 34) — Uebetsu Village split from Shibetsu.
 * 1923 (Taishō 12) — Uebetsu becomes second-class municipality.
 * 1930 (Shōwa 5) — Uebetsu is renamed Rausu Village.
 * 1961 (Shōwa 36) — Rausu becomes the Rausu Town.

In 2004, there were talks held in Nakashibetsu amongst all the municipalities in the area to form one large township called East Shiretoko. Soon thereafter local residents were polled regarding the proposal. The faction in favor of this change did not receive support and thus abandoned the effort.

Local economy
Rausu's local economy consists of three main sources: the fishing industry, Shiretoko tourism, and local businesses.

Fishing industry
Rausu is primarily a fishing town. One third of residents are supported by the fishing industry. The main intake by the fishing industry consists of kichiji rockfish (Sebastolobus macrochir), Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), konbu kelp, salmon, squid, and sea urchin. Particularly famous is Rausu konbu (Rausu kelp). There is no other place in Japan to harvest sea urchin from winter to summer other than Rausu. As for agriculture, in southern Rausu there is some dairy farming, but no land suitable for growing rice, produce, or other large scale agriculture. The lumber industry does not have much of a presence either (as it does in the rest of Hokkaido). 70% of the town's land is lush mountain forest, but it is mostly a part of the Shiretoko National Park.

Local business
Rausu's second major source of economic income is not any one specific industry, but rather the mix of local retail, municipal employment, food and beverage industry, etc.

Shiretoko National Park
The third major source of revenue for Rausu is related to Shiretoko National Park. The splendor of Shiretoko’s forests and the abundance of aquatic life in the Nemuro Strait form the basis of the local tourist industry. Due to the widening of Kunashiri Highway, in recent years whale and dolphin watching have become popular in the summer, whereas viewing Steller’s sea eagle, white-tailed (sea) eagles, (earless) seals, and drift-ice are popular in the winter. These activities are usually done by chartered cruises that cater to researchers, photographers, and bird watchers. Rausu is known for fresh rockfish, early-season salmon and salmon eggs, Alaskan pollock, squid, and sea urchin. The town has many bed-and-breakfasts, lodges, onsen hotels, restaurants, and bars. There is also a roadside station that sells local Shiretoko-area products.

Local business groups

 * Rausu Deep Ocean Fishing Association
 * Rausu Fisherman’s Association

Financial institutions

 * Daichi Credit Union, Rausu branch
 * Rausu Post Office

Japan Post

 * Rausu Post Office (serves as a distribution point for Nakashibetsu Japan Postal Service Center hub)
 * Misaki-chō annex of the Rausu Post Office
 * Yagihama annex of the Rausu Post Office
 * Minehama limited-service mail center

Police force

 * Rausu Police Department is a sub-station of Nakashibetsu Police Department

Japanese military/Coast Guard presence
Due to the close proximity of Russia and potential fishing-rights disputes, the Japanese Coast Guard maintains a presence in Rausu year round. Coast Guard vessels are regularly docked in Rausu Harbor, with the personnel barracks nearby.

The Japanese Self-Defense Force maintains a permanent presence in the town.

Education system
Like most high schools in Japan, the local senior high school falls under the administration of the prefectural board of education, while the local middle and elementary schools are operated by the local board of education.

Senior high schools

 * Rausu Senior High School

Middle/junior high schools

 * Shunshō Middle School
 * Rausu Middle School
 * Chienbetsu Middle School (Closed Spring 2008 due to low population)
 * Uebetsu Middle School (Closed Spring 2010 due to low population)
 * Tobinitai Middle School (Closed Spring 2010 due to low population)

Elementary schools

 * Shunshō Elementary School
 * Rausu Elementary School
 * Uebetsu Elementary School (Closed Spring 2010 due to low population)
 * Tobinitai Middle School (Closed Spring 2010 due to low population)

The Rausu Board of Education has participated in the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology's (MEXT) Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme since summer 1993. The JET program helps place native English speakers in both prefectural and local boards of education to work as Assistant Language Teachers (ALT) with the goal of developing Japan's foreign language education.

Airports

 * Nemuro-Nakashibetsu Airport (Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido)

Buses

 * There is a regional bus route from Kushiro Eki-Mae Station to the center of Rausu operated by Akan Bus. Service is limited to four round-trip journeys a day.
 * There is a line from Utoro Onsen in Shari to Rausu during the summer operated by the regional Shari Bus and Akan Bus companies.

National highways

 * National Highway 334 (Road Closed from approximately mid-November to April, making Rausu only accessible via Shibetsu/ Highway 335)
 * National Highway 335

Prefectural highways

 * Hokkaidō Route 87 (Shiretoko National Park—Rausu Drive)

Roadside stations

 * Shiretoko-Rausu

Festivals/events
Rausu observes most of the same national Japanese traditional holidays found throughout the country, such as Children's Day, Hatsumōde, etc. However, some festivals, like O-bon and Coming of Age Day are celebrated earlier due to the fishing industry and the large number of college students enrolled in schools in Honshū. Other annual festivals/events include:
 * Isaribi Festival 漁火祭り (mid-September)
 * Rausu Ekiden Race (October)
 * Rausu Art and Culture Festival (early to mid-November)
 * Middle School Sports Day (first weekend of June)
 * Elementary School Field Day (second weekend of June)
 * Shiretoko Biraki Festival 知床開き祭り (late June): a fireworks, yosakoi, and traditional dance festival celebrating summer
 * Rausu Shrine Festival 神社祭, jinja-sai (July 1–3): a Shintō mikoshi festival unique to Rausu

World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO)

 * Shiretoko Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
 * Rausu Luminous Moss – roped-off walking path to guide visitors through this natural site
 * Rausu Geyser – marked trail/designated viewing area for visitors
 * Shiretoko Ibuki-Taru Club – percussion group that plays casks made of Chinese juniper, using wooden mallets as beaters (almost like Japanese taiko drums.)
 * Remains of the former Uebetsu Shrine – a Rausu historical site
 * Remains of Kyuuemon Kan (久右衛門の澗)

Sightseeing

 * Rausu National Park
 * Mount Rausu
 * Shiokaze “Sea Breeze” Park – located at Rausu harbor. From here one can view the Northern Territories (now a part of Russia).
 * Luminous Moss (a protected moss-species) – the novel Hikari Goke is about this site
 * Rausu Onsen: kuma no yu, or “bear hot-spring”
 * From the television series, “Kita no Kuni Kara: 2002 Yuigon” (北の国から2002遺言, “From the Northern Country: Last Word 2002”) there is the restaurant Jun no Banya (also known as Kamoiunbe-gawa)
 * Seseki Onsen – an onsen on the coast that is only accessible at low tide (it is submerged at high tide). It was also used as a location in the Japanese TV drama “Kita no Kuni Kara: 2002 Yuigon”.
 * Aidomari Onsen
 * Shiretoko Point
 * Whale and dolphin watching, accessible via a variety of charted tour boats
 * Free campsites

Famous people

 * Toyoshima Yukari 豊島由佳梨 – actress, singer
 * Ishii Eiji 石井英二 - nature & wildlife videographer

title: Rausu, Hokkaido


text:
Talk:Politeness

Unwikified face
Since Goffman's concept of face differs somewhat from the Chinese social concept discussed at face (social custom), I've unwikified it. It would be nice if someone could write an article about Goffman's concept (I'm afraid I know too little about it myself). Cohen the Bavarian 21:07, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've started an article about Goffman's concept. It's at Face (self image). It needs developing, but it's a start. The JPS 00:24, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Expansion request et al
I've just added a section on linguistics mentioning lexicon and morphology as ways to show politeness. The obvious example was Japanese (I tried not to say too much since it can be consulted elsewhere), but there's much to be said still, more examples to be added (different cultures, different languages, maybe strange forms of politeness, a list of polite gestures in our civilization, maybe some references to (n)etiquette, etc.). Besides, there are a lot of red links, and I suspect they should be unwikified and explained right in this article. --Pablo D. Flores 01:45, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This article could become very fragmented and confused. We should be careful to seperate the everyday understanding of the the concept, and the sociolinguistic aspect (which is where we would discuss the current red links). Two articles might be needed; I don't know yet. We're looking at a structure nightmare for this one! The JPS 23:47, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

I would love to see some academic references in the techniques section.

I have added a section called "Criticism of the Theory" where I have included reference to Matsumoto and Ide´s work on wakimae. I also moved the section about Japanese into this new section, where I believe it fits better. --Grape1 17:11, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Figures of speech
I've removed an external link to a certain website. It's called "Figures of speech" and, besides having nothing to do with this article, it's a weblog and the current front page has a lot of U.S. political/partisan material. I've also removed this from Lexical category, where it was even more inappropriate. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 15:18, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

A curious historic insight
An AFD: Articles for deletion/Polite architecture has brought up a scholarly work on the subject (nearly FUTON on googlebooks):
 * pp. 31-50. NVO (talk) 19:03, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

In Our Time
Rich Farmbrough, 03:19, 16 September 2010 (UTC).

Criticism of theory section - irrelevant?
This article is about politeness in general, why is there a full section criticizing this one theory about politeness? At most, it would seem fitting for it to be included in the "types" section, which is where it talks about their politeness theory. I vote to remove the section and incorporate it, in a shorter version, into the "types" section. Megaman en m (talk) 11:11, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

Western centric
Is the term only used in Western societies? Do the Japanese, for example, consider their behaviour (deference etc.) to be “polite” or part of some other tradition of etiquette? Btljs (talk) 06:27, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Politeness


text:
European Air Transport (Belgium)

European Air Transport N.V./S.A. (EAT) was a cargo airline headquartered in Brussels Airport (Building 4-5) and in Zaventem, Belgium, founded in 1971 and dissolved in 2010. It expanded by contracting with DHL Worldwide Express in 1985, became a member of the DHL Group a year later, operating the DHL-branded parcel and express services in Europe. It became a part of the International Air Transport Association in 1993.

After 2002 the airline was owned by Deutsche Post with their takeover of DHL.

In February 2010, European Air Transport Belgium was dissolved and merged with European Air Transport Leipzig.

History

European Air Transport was founded in Belgium in 1971 as an air taxi service by two pilots, Pirlot de Corbion and Dessain. EAT started with two aircraft, a Beechcraft Queen Air and a Gardan Horizon. In response to the need for pilots in the Belgian market, EAT began a pilot training school. In 1973, EAT was the first Piper Flying Centre in Europe.

In 1985, EAT expanded its activities by contracting with DHL Worldwide Express. Previously, DHL had selected Brussels Airport as its European hub. The co-operation between EAT and DHL was so successful that in 1986, DHL decided to make EAT part of the DHL Group, and thus became the major DHL airline with service to Europe and Africa. On January 19, 1993, EAT became a member of the International Air Transport Association. In that same year, EAT obtained the necessary permits to transport various dangerous goods and live animals.

In 2002, Deutsche Post completed the takeover of DHL, making EAT a wholly owned subsidiary.

In October 2004, Deutsche Post announced that Brussels Airport would no longer be DHL's major hub for Europe starting in 2008. This was due to the failure of the Belgian Federal Government and Deutsche Post to reach an agreement on a framework to permit DHL to expand its future flight operations at Brussels airport. Instead, Deutsche Post decided to make Leipzig/Halle Airport in Germany its international hub. EAT's headquarters were re-located in Schkeuditz, with daily flights to all major cities in Europe. EAT obtained a license for scheduled and unscheduled cargo flights all over the world.

Through a merger agreement dated February 10, 2010, European Air Transport N.V. was dissolved, and its assets incorporated by the European Air Transport Leipzig GmbH. They merged in March 26, 2010.

Fleet
European Air Transport had formerly operated the following aircraft:

Accidents and incidents
On November 22, 2003, an Airbus A300B4-200F (registered as OO-DLL) was struck on the left wing tip by a surface-to-air missile shortly after takeoff from Baghdad, Iraq. The damage resulted in a fire and complete loss of hydraulic flight control systems. The crew returned to Baghdad, there were no injuries.

title: European Air Transport (Belgium)


text:
Moussaieff Red Diamond

The Moussaieff Red Diamond (formerly known as the Red Shield Diamond) is a diamond measuring 5.11 carats (1.022 g) with a triangular brilliant cut (sometimes called a trillion or a trilliant cut), rated in color as Fancy Red by the Gemological Institute of America. It is the world's largest known red diamond, the rarest of all diamond colors.

The Moussaieff Red was discovered by a Brazilian garimpeiro named Ze Tatu in a manual digging in the district of Major porto in 1989, in a region known as noroeste de minas in the state of Minas Gerais. The rough stone weighed 13.9 carats (2.78 g). The diamond was purchased and cut by the William Goldberg Diamond Corp., where it went by its original name, the Red Shield. It was purchased in 2001 or 2002 by Shlomo Moussaieff, an Israeli-born jewelry dealer in London. It is currently owned by Moussaieff Jewellers Ltd.

The Moussaieff Red was displayed in 2003 as part of the Smithsonian Institution's "The Splendor of Diamonds" exhibit, alongside The De Beers Millennium Star and The Heart of Eternity.

title: Moussaieff Red Diamond


text:
John Rhŷs

Sir John Rhŷs, (also spelled Rhys; 21 June 1840 – 17 December 1915) was a Welsh scholar, fellow of the British Academy, Celticist and the first professor of Celtic at Oxford University.

Early years and education
He was born John Rees at Ponterwyd in Ceredigion, to a lead miner and farmer, Hugh Rees, and his wife. Rhŷs was educated at schools in Bryn-chwyth, Pantyffynnon and Ponterwyd before moving to the British School, a recently opened institution at Penllwyn, in 1855. Here Rhŷs was enrolled as a pupil and teacher, and after leaving studied at Bangor Normal College from 1860 to 1861. Upon leaving Bangor Normal College, Rhŷs gained employment as headmaster at Rhos-y-bol, Anglesey. It was here that Rhŷs was introduced to Dr Charles Williams, then the Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, in 1865. This meeting eventually led to Rhŷs being accepted into the college, where he studied literae humaniores. In 1869, he was elected to a fellowship at Merton College.

Rhŷs also travelled and studied in Europe during this period, staying in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Göttingen. He attended lectures by Georg Curtius and August Leskien whilst in Leipzig, and it was during this period that his interest in philology and linguistics developed. Rhŷs matriculated from Leipzig in 1871, and it was around this time that he adopted the Welsh spelling of his name. He returned to Wales as a government inspector of schools, covering Flint and Denbigh, and he settled in Rhyl. Rhŷs also began to write, with articles on the grammar of the Celtic language and articles on the glosses in the Luxembourg manuscript being printed, the latter in the Revue Celtique. In 1872 Rhŷs married Elspeth Hughes-Davies.

Career
In 1874 Rhŷs delivered a series of lectures in Aberystwyth, later published as Lectures on Welsh Philology, which served to establish his reputation as a leading scholar of the Celtic language. This reputation saw him appointed as the first Professor of Celtic at Oxford University in 1877. He was also made a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. Rhŷs was elected bursar of the college in 1881, a position he held until 1895, when he succeeded Daniel Harper as principal.

Rhŷs served on several public bodies.
 * 1881 – Lord Aberdare's departmental committee on Welsh education
 * 1887 – Secretary to the commission on the tithe agitation in Wales
 * 1889 – Royal Commission on Sunday closing in Wales
 * 1893 – Royal Commission on Land Tenure in Wales
 * 1891 – Royal Commission on University Education in Ireland
 * 1907 – Sir Thomas Raleigh's commission on the Welsh university and its constituent colleges
 * 1908 – Chief Baron Palles's commission for a national university of Ireland
 * 1908 – First chairman of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, a post that he held until his death.

Awards
Rhŷs gained his knighthood in 1907, and in 1911 was appointed to the Privy Council. Rhŷs was one of the founding Fellows of The British Academy when it was given its royal charter in 1902, and after his death the academy established an annual lecture in his name, the Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography declares him to be "foremost among the scholars of his time" in his published fields, noting that "his pioneering studies provided a firm foundation for future Celtic scholarship and research for many decades."

Works

 * Lectures on Welsh Philology (1877)
 * Celtic Britain (1882, last edition 1908)
 * Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom (1888, based on lectures delivered in 1886)
 * Studies in the Arthurian Legend (1891)
 * Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx (1901)
 * The Welsh People (with D. B. Jones, 1900)

John Morris-Jones and Rhŷs prepared an edition of The Elucidarium and other tracts in Welsh from Llyvyr agkyr Llandewivrevi A.D. 1346 (The Book of the Anchorite of Llanddewi Brefi), a collection of Medieval Welsh manuscripts in the library of Jesus College Oxford, which they published in 1894. In the 1890s, Rhŷs and his daughter Olwen decoded a Greek and Latin cryptogram in the Juvencus Manuscript.

The "Bangor dispute"
The daughter of Rhŷs and his wife Elspeth, Myfanwy, attended the University College of North Wales in Bangor where she lived at the women's hall. The head of the hall was Frances Hughes and she was concerned that their daughter was leaving the hall to visit Violet Osborn who was a student who had chosen to not live in the hall. She spoke, in confidence, to Elspeth who was a teacher and a prominent campaigner for the education of women. It was against the rules for students staying at the halls to visit students who lived elsewhere and Osborn's character was questioned. News of this conversation spread and Violet Osborn and her supporters were concerned at the implication on her reputation. Frances had expressed doubts about Violet's intentions and her integrity. The hall's governor's asked Frances to explain herself but she refused to reveal her sources. The governors supported Frances when the university senate demanded that the governors should sack her. There was a huge public debate and the senate after issuing an ultimatum withdrew the hall's license and the hall was obliged to close (while it re-negotiated).

title: John Rhŷs


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User talk:Beigeotter

Welcome to Wikipedia! I wanted to let you know that I removed the text representing your point of view because it isn't encyclopedic - you can read more about Wikipedia's policies on NPOV at NPOV. Basically, anything that is more than informative has to appear as a link to an external review. Cheers and hope you stick around! Onlyemarie 21:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
I am brand new. I love CLARISSA though, my mom turned me on to it! I feel if enough people find out about it maybe it will become more popular; most people have no idea what it is!!!

Further Comments
Woah- just noticed that you changed your last addition! Your last addition did violate copyright as it is a direct copy/paste from an existing website. If you look in the How To Edit A Page section, you can see a brief overview of how to provide a link to the review so that we're not violating any copyright here. :)

We should work on a plot summary that doesn't violate any copyrights - want to collaborate?

PS I got your message - if you want to sign your name and timestamp on your messages you can insert four tildes (~ character) and that will automatically add it.

Onlyemarie 21:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Amelia bedilia
All I did to that article was place a redirect to an article that already existed.
 * P.S. Please sign your name and timestamp on your messages by inserting four tildes (~ character). Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:08, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with the page Plot on Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.  Wh e  re  (talk) 00:29, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Indeed, articles like "Edit My Story" are not appropriate for Wikipedia. However, you can put that into your user space, and I may edit it there. Academic Challenger 00:36, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Cillianmurphy.scarecrow.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Cillianmurphy.scarecrow.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr.) 01:56, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Picbook.gif
Thank you for uploading File:Picbook.gif. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their license and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. [midnight comet]  [talk]  19:57, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:GlobalWar.gif
Thank you for uploading File:GlobalWar.gif. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their license and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Closedmouth (talk) 14:34, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Copyright violation
I see from the above that you were told that we don't want copyright violations back in 2005, when you made this edit, copying someone else's book review wholesale into Wikipedia. The four articles that you've created this year — Global War on Liberty, Confronting the Crisis: Writings of Paul Piccone, For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign, For a Critique of the Political Economy — were yet more copyright violations by you. This time you copied the Telos Press advertising blurbs for some of the books that it publishes — advertising blurb with a clear copyright statement, no less. These are your only edits this year, moreover. It seems that after four years you have still not grasped the idea of writing in your own words and not taking other people's writing wholesale and passing it off as your own. For the protection of the project, I have therefore revoked your editing privileges. Uncle G (talk) 21:08, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Copyright policy

title: User talk:Beigeotter


text:
Pottawatomie Rifles

The Pottawatomie Rifles was a group of about one hundred abolitionist (or free state) settlers of Franklin and Anderson County, Kansas, both of which are along Pottawatomie Creek. The band was formed in the fall of 1855, during the Bleeding Kansas period, as an armed militia to counter growing pro-slavery presence: an influx of men known as border ruffians, from the neighboring slave state of Missouri.

Led by John Brown's son John Jr., men from the Pottawatomie Rifles took part in much of the violence known as Bleeding Kansas, including the Battle of Osawatomie and the Pottawatomie massacre. Although John Brown, who was famous for his own raids, such as the raid on Harpers Ferry, frequently accompanied his son, he did not consider himself a member of the group.

Pottawatomie massacre
The Pottawatomie massacre took place during the night between May 24 and 25, 1856. In revenge for the sacking of Lawrence, Kansas, by pro-slavery forces, in which the Douglas County Sheriff Samuel Jones led a mob that trashed newspaper offices and the Free State Hotel, John Brown and various other abolitionist settlers and abolitionist groups, most of whom were Pottawatomie Rifles, killed five pro-slavery settlers. The incident occurred north of Pottawatomie Creek, near its junction to Mosquito Creek, in Franklin County, Kansas. Some sources say that John Brown Sr. led the massacre, beginning from May 22, in a private expedition which consisted of his sons Oliver, Watson, Owen, and Frederick, his son-in-law Henry Thompson, and two men named James Townsley and Thomas Winer who were transporting the men in their wagons, but not his son John Jr.

title: Pottawatomie Rifles


text:
Kabarole District

Kabarole District is a district in Western Uganda. Kabarole District is part of the Tooro Kingdom. Its main town was Fort Portal before 1 July 2020 when it was elevated to a city, separating it from Kabarole district. The new Kabarole district seat is proporsed in Busoro Town Council. Kabarole remains with only one county (Burahya). Bunyangabu county was curved out to form Bunyangabu district in 2017. Fort Portal Municipality constituency became Fort Portal City in 2020 with an independent local Government.

Location
Kabarole District is bordered by Ntoroko District to the north, Kibaale District to the northeast, Kyenjojo District to the east, Kamwenge District to the southeast, Bunyangabu District (which was formerly a county of Kabarole District) to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Bundibugyo District, across the Rwenzori Mountains to the west. Fort Portal, the 'chief town' (Uganda's Tourism City) in the district, lies approximately 320 km, by road, west of Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. The coordinates of the district are: 00 36N, 30 18E (Latitude:0.6000; Longitude:30.3000). The surface area is 1,814 km2.

Overview
Kabarole Districts consists of one city and one county:

(a) Fort Portal City and (b) Buryahya County. Bunyangabu District which was one of the three counties of Kabarole District got a district started effective 1 July 2017 leaving Kabarole District with just two counties.

Population
In 1991, the national census put the population of the district at about 299,600. During the 2002 national census, the district population was about 357,000. In 2012, the population of Kabarole District was estimated at 415,600.

Ethnicities
The Batooro, Batuku, and Basongora ethnicities constitute about 52% of the population. The Bakiga constitute 28%, followed by the Bakonjo and the Bamba. The major languages spoken in the district are Rutooro, Rukiga and Runyankore.

Economic activities
Subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry are the main economic activities in Kabarole District.

The crops grown in Kabarole District include:

 * Soybeans
 * Onions/Obutunguru
 * Cassava/Muhoogo
 * Bananas/Ebyenju
 * Matooke (green bananas)/Ebitooke
 * Maize/Ebicooli
 * Beans/Ebihimba
 * Sorghum/Omugusa
 * Potatoes/Ebilaya
 * Sweet potatoes/Ebitakuli
 * Groundnuts/Ebinyobwa
 * Millet/Oburo
 * Yams/Ebinyonga
 * Coffee/Omwani
 * Tea/Amajani
 * Pineapples/Enanasi
 * Tomatoes/Enyanya
 * Cabbage

Livestock is the second economic activity practiced in the district. In 2005, there were approximately 18,695 heads of exotic/cross bred cattle, 35,199 indigenous cattle, 75,897 goats, 6,442 sheep, 12,162 pigs, 9,776 exotic/cross bred chicken, 131,255 local chicken, 4,467 ducks, 1,040 turkeys, 326 guinea fowl, and 122 geese in the district.

Commercial fishing occurs on about 30 of the 52 crater lakes, scattered in Kabarole District. The main fish species harvested from the crater lakes is the small Haplochromines (Nkejje). Fishing, mainly of Protopterus aethiopicus (Lung fish), is also carried out in a number of wetlands. Some fishing also goes on in the area rivers including:

 * River Kayagi
 * River Kaija
 * River Kahomba,
 * River Sogohi
 * River Muzizi
 * River Rwimi
 * River Kakoko
 * River Kakule
 * River Kabago,
 * River Kizikibi
 * River Yerya

Aquaculture is practiced with increasing frequency in the district, and in 2005, there were over 300 fish ponds stocked with tilapia and mirror carp species.

title: Kabarole District