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Government of New Hampshire

The State of New Hampshire has a republican form of government modeled after the Government of the United States, with three branches: the executive, consisting of the Governor of New Hampshire and the other elected constitutional officers; the legislative, called the New Hampshire General Court, which includes the Senate and the House of Representatives; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire and lower courts.

The New Hampshire state capital is Concord. The capital was Portsmouth during colonial times, and Exeter from 1775 to 1808. The Governor's office, some other executive offices, and both legislative chambers are in the State House. The Legislative Office Building is behind the State House in this photograph; the state Supreme Court and other agencies are in an office park on the other (east) side of the Merrimack River.

Federal representatives
Like all states, New Hampshire has two senators in the US Senate. Based on U.S. census data, New Hampshire has two members of the House of Representatives.

Congressional districts
The 1st congressional district consists of the Carroll and Strafford counties: Alton, Barnstead, Belmont, Center Harbor, Gilford, Gilmanton, Laconia, Meredith and New Hampton in Belknap County; Bedford, Goffstown, Manchester and Merrimack in Hillsborough County; Hooksett in Merrimack County; and all of Rockingham County, except Atkinson, Salem and Windham.

The 2nd congressional district is the remainder of the state, lying to the west and north of the 1st district.

Electoral College
Based on the total number of its Congressional delegation, New Hampshire has four votes in the Electoral College. The state awards its electoral votes on a winner-take-all basis.

Federal judiciary
New Hampshire is part of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire in the federal judiciary. The district's cases are appealed to the Boston-based United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.

State constitution

New Hampshire is governed by its constitution of 1783. The constitution is in two parts, a Bill of Rights and a longer Form of Government. Unlike the United States Constitution, amendments to the New Hampshire Constitution are not set out afterward but edit the text. It is one of the few state constitutions that acknowledge the right of revolution.

The state constitution is one of the few that do not expressly require public schools. However, in 1993, the state Supreme Court ruled in the first Claremont suit that a constitutional duty to "cherish the interest of...public schools" required the state to define and fund equal public schools statewide. The legislature complied slowly; in 2008, the Court ended its supervisory role because the original laws had been replaced, but it did not reverse its earlier finding.

The state constitution has many expressions concerning the character of the people and the criteria that should guide their election of officials. It also forbids the legislature from appropriating pensions for longer than the current year, although state employees now do have conventional employment contracts and a retirement system deemed "deferred compensation."

State law
The current codification of state law under the constitution is the New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated of 1955.

New Hampshire is the only state with no law requiring wearing of seat belts nor use of motorcycle helmets. (The law now does make these demands of those under 18.) A driver does not need to have vehicle insurance but must provide "proof of financial responsibility" to the state after an accident. Failure to do so can result in loss of driving privileges until the injured party is paid in full for their loss. Unlike the neighboring states, New Hampshire has no "bottle bill."

New Hampshire had no law against having an open container of alcohol in a car until 1990, though it has since cracked down on alcohol in numerous ways, including a 2008 enactment that makes underage possession of alcohol include possessing it inside one's body.

New Hampshire is a constitutional carry state, allowing open and concealed carry of all guns while not requiring any permits. New Hampshire also allows the protection of oneself or property with stand your ground laws expanding the castle doctrine.

Civil unions became legal in New Hampshire at the start of 2008, giving all the rights associated with marriage in the state to same-sex couples. On January 1, 2010, same-sex marriage became legal in New Hampshire, overriding the civil union law.

The state had the death penalty for specific categories of homicide. The last execution was conducted in 1939. In 2008, a jury voted to impose the death penalty for the first time since 1959 in the Addison case. However, in 2019, the death penalty was repealed. Some advocates of repeal claimed the act would not affect the Addison case, but some opponents asserted that Addison would be spared by asserting his due process rights.

New Hampshire was the last state in the country to require public kindergarten, which was mandated in 2007.

Administrative rules
Rules that agencies issue, as authorized by statute, are collected in the New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules.

Legislative
The legislature is called the General Court. It consists of the House of Representatives (400 members) and the Senate (24 members).

The General Court is the fourth-largest legislature in the English-speaking world, behind only the British Parliament, the United States Congress, and the Parliament of Canada respectively; and the New Hampshire House of Representatives is also the fourth-largest individual chamber (exceeded in number by the United States House of Representatives, the British House of Commons and the British House of Lords). The legislature at one time grew to 443 members due to population growth, but a 1942 constitutional amendment set its size at from 375 through 400 members. There is one representative for about every 3,300 residents. In order for the U.S. Congress to have the same representation, there would need to be approximately 99,000 representatives.

The legislature apportions legislative seats based on the decennial U.S. Census. The problem of allocating 400 legislators to 259 municipalities and ensuring equal representation is solved with floterial districts. For example, a city due more than five representatives but not quite six might elect five representing the city itself, and one more in a floterial district that includes some neighboring towns.

State legislators are paid $200 for their two-year term, plus mileage, effectively making them volunteers. The only other benefits are free use of toll roads and of state-owned resorts. A 2007 survey found that nearly half the members of the House are retired, with an average age over 60.

Executive
The executive branch consists of the Governor, Executive Council, and state agencies. The executive branch implements and enforces the laws of the state. The Governor is the supreme executive and is afforded the title of His or Her Excellency, though the Constitution only provides for "His Excellency".

The Governor of New Hampshire is Chris Sununu (R).

Unlike most other states, the Governor shares executive power with the Executive Council, which the Governor chairs. The Governor and Executive Council must concur on state contracts over $5,000, high-level agency appointments, and pardons. The Governor's veto power and command of the National Guard are not dependent on the Executive Council. The Governor and Councilors are elected to two-year terms. New Hampshire and Vermont are the only states that still elect governors to two-year, rather than four-year, terms. Agency appointments are generally for terms of four or five years, which means that a New Hampshire governor is unable to form a new cabinet when first taking office.

New Hampshire does not have a Lieutenant Governor as most states do. The Senate President serves as Acting Governor whenever the governor is out of the state or otherwise unable to perform the duties of the office. After the Senate President, the Speaker of the House, Secretary of State and State Treasurer are next in line to serve as Acting Governor.

Judicial
The state's highest and the sole appellate court is the New Hampshire Supreme Court. The Chief Justice is the head of the judiciary and, with the other justices of the supreme court, oversees the judicial branch. New Hampshire has three additional courts and one division:
 * The Superior Court is the court of general jurisdiction and the only which provides for jury trials in civil and criminal cases.
 * The state's Probate Court has jurisdiction over trusts, wills and estates, adoptions, termination of parental rights, name changes, guardianship of incapacitated persons, guardianship of minors, partition of property and involuntary admissions.
 * The District Court hears cases involving families, juveniles, minor crimes and violations, and civil matters under $25,000.
 * The Family Division has jurisdiction over divorce, child custody, child support, domestic violence, guardianship of minors, termination of parental rights, abuse/neglect, children in need of services (CHINS), juvenile delinquency, and some adoptions in Belknap, Carroll, Coos, Grafton, Merrimack, Rockingham, Strafford, and Sullivan Counties. In the future, the Family Division will expand to Hillsborough, and Cheshire counties.

Registration
The Democratic Party and the Republican Party are the only official parties, for which the state lets a voter register, holds a primary election, and gives a column on the general-election ballot. Minor parties must poll 4% in a statewide or Congressional election to become official parties, and they lose that designation if they cease to poll 4%. The Libertarian Party had official party status from 1990 to 1994, and again from 2016 to 2018.

A voter who is registered in an official political party cannot vote in a different party's primary election. Voters registered as "independent" can vote in any party's primary, but would be automatically registered as a member of that party. The voter can change registration at the polls after voting, and can also change registration in periodic meetings of a town's Supervisors of the Checklist or at the City Clerk's office. These rules are designed to impede the casting of a cross-over vote for a different party, which may have the goal of sabotaging its nomination. Registering in a party constrains a voter's choice of ballot, but demonstrates support for the chosen party, and is a prerequisite to being a candidate of that party.

Primary elections
The famous New Hampshire primary is summarized in the article on New Hampshire.

Nominations for all other partisan offices are decided in a separate primary election held in September of election years. In Presidential election cycles, this is the second primary election held in New Hampshire.

Municipalities
New Hampshire comprises 13 cities and 221 towns, plus 25 unincorporated places. These governments conform to Dillon's Rule; that is, they are creatures of the state whose powers are limited to those expressly granted to them by law (NH RSA Title III). Municipalities also have powers necessarily implied by those express powers, and those essential to the local government's existence, but this authority is narrowly construed, in contrast to the practice in most of New England. For statistics on New Hampshire municipalities and comparisons to municipalities elsewhere in New England, see New England town.

Cities are governed by Boards of Aldermen (in Manchester and Nashua) or City Councils (all other cities).

In towns, the executive power is the Board of Selectmen, except that some towns, especially larger ones, are governed by a Town Council. The Town Meeting is effectively the municipal legislature, of which every registered voter is a member. Town Meeting approves, amends, or rejects the items on the warrant, which must be published in advance. Articles can be placed on the warrant by the town's executive board or by citizen petition.

Town Meeting meets annually, normally on the second Tuesday in March, to set the year's budget. Special Town Meetings can be called to deal with urgent transactions. The municipal election, which selects town officers for the coming year and may approve changes to local law such as the zoning ordinance, is thought of as a session of the Town Meeting.

Government by referendum (SB 2)
Since 1995, a town may elect to govern itself by Official Ballot Referenda. This procedure is known as SB 2. In such towns, Town Meeting is a "deliberative" session that decides the wording of each warrant article; the binding decision is taken by secret ballot at the same time that the officers for the next year are elected. A three-fifths majority is required to adopt or to drop the SB 2 procedure.

School districts
School districts are separate from municipalities and, if governed by a Town Meeting, have a separate budget and agenda and an elected moderator, who may be different from the municipal moderator.

A school district can be governed by Official Ballot Referenda just as a town can.

Towns often combine into School Administrative Units (SAUs), at least for the management of high schools and sometimes for all the schools. If a town is a member of an SAU but operates its own elementary school, voters have a say in both organizations.

Counties
New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties. Counties have a sheriff's department for rural law enforcement and a jail, and may have a nursing home, an extension service for farmers, social services, and other services. In the smaller towns and unincorporated places, the county may provide services that are usually municipal, such as health inspection of restaurants.

The legislature of a county is the County Convention, a single chamber consisting of the "delegation" of all the state representatives elected from that county. The county's executive power is an elected Board of Commissioners.

From time to time, it is proposed that county government be abolished and its functions transferred to the state or to municipalities.

Funding
All of the above local governments are funded primarily by a property tax. The government budget, as voted by the county legislature, the Board of Aldermen or City Council, or the town or school-district town meeting, is divided into the assessed value of all property in the respective region, so that each property owner pays a share based on the property value. Some or all of the tax is waived for certain types of property (for example, through religious, educational, and charitable exemptions) and for certain classes of taxpayer (such as the poor, elderly, and veterans). Large parcels are assessed on their current use rather than their "best and highest use" if the owner cedes development rights. A property owner receives a tax bill that breaks out millage rates that apply to the following:
 * The municipality.
 * Any precinct subject to a higher tax to fund local projects.
 * The school district(s).
 * The county.
 * A statewide property tax. New Hampshire instituted this tax in 2002, in response to court-ordered statewide equalization of education funding (see Claremont suits).  The tax, which was lower than the amount previously assessed by school districts, is in theory returned to the school districts, though adjustments by the state legislature create "donor towns" and "recipient towns."

The appraisal of a property directly affects the property tax. The state requires town-wide reappraisal at least every five years, typically conducted by professional consultants, to ensure that the valuations follow changes in the real estate market and the general price of real estate. A property owner may challenge a reassessment.

Budget
New Hampshire's operating budget is set on a two-year basis, the latest period, July 1, 2007 through June 30, 2009, being FY (Fiscal Year) 2008 and FY2009. The FY2008 summary is as follows:

Taxation
New Hampshire does not have a general income tax nor a general sales tax like many other U.S. states. It does have the following taxes:

 * Interest & Dividends Tax - 4% for tax year 2023, set to drop 1% each subsequent year until repealed
 * Inheritance and Estate Tax
 * Business Profits Tax
 * Business Enterprise Tax - 0.75% - an income tax on sole proprietors
 * Communications Services Tax
 * Electricity Consumption Tax
 * Meals and Rentals Tax - 8.5% sales tax on meals, vehicle rentals, and hotel rooms
 * Tobacco Tax
 * Real Estate Transfer Tax
 * Timber Tax
 * Gravel Tax
 * State Education Property Tax
 * Utility Property Tax
 * Local Property Tax
 * Fuel Tax

title: Government of New Hampshire


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Second Fleet (Australia)

The Second Fleet was a convoy of six ships carrying settlers, convicts and supplies to Sydney Cove, Australia in 1790. It followed the First Fleet which established European settlement in Australia in the previous year.

The Second Fleet has achieved a historical notoriety for the poor conditions aboard the vessels, and for cruelty and mistreatment of its convicts. Of the 1006 convicts transported aboard the Fleet, one quarter died during the voyage and around 40 per cent were dead within six months of arrival in Australia. The captain and some crew members of one vessel were charged with offences against the convicts, but acquitted after a short trial.

The ships were supposed to travel together to Australia, arriving in Sydney Cove in 1789. However, one was disabled en route and failed to make the destination, while another was delayed and arrived two months after the other ships. The colony had expected that the Fleet would contain fewer unskilled convicts and more supplies: the arrival of so many sick and dying and so few additional provisions brought the settlement close to starvation before the Third Fleet reached Sydney Cove in 1791.

Origins and history
Lady Juliana sailed before the other convict ships and is not always counted as a member of the Second Fleet. It carried female convicts. The storeship Justinian did not sail with the convict ships and arrived before them (excepting Lady Juliana). HMS Guardian (1784) set out before the convict ships but struck ice after leaving the Cape of Good Hope, returned to southern Africa, and was wrecked on the coast.

Surprize, Neptune, and  Scarborough were contracted from the firm Camden, Calvert & King, which undertook to transport, clothe and feed the convicts for a flat fee of £17 7s 6d, or GB£ 1790 per head, whether they landed alive or not. This firm had previously been involved in transporting slaves to North America. The only agents of the Crown in the crew were the naval agent, Lieutenant John Shapcote, and the Captain of the Guard; Camden and Calvert supplied all other crew..

The three vessels left England on 19 January 1790, with 1,006 convicts (928 male and 78 female) on board. They made only one stop on the way, at the Cape of Good Hope. Here 20 male convicts, survivors from HMS Guardian, were taken on board. The three vessels made a faster trip than the First Fleet, arriving at Port Jackson in the last week of June 1790, three weeks after Lady Juliana, and one week after the storeship Justinian.

The passage was relatively fast, but the mortality rate was the highest in the history of transportation to Australia. Of the 1,038 convicts embarked, 273 died during the voyage (26%) and 486 landed sick. This sits in stark contrast to the mortality rates reported on the First Fleet where "with nearly an equal number of persons, only 24 had died and not thirty landed sick. The difference can be accounted for only by the comparing the manner in which each fleet was fitted out and conducted."

On Neptune the convicts were deliberately starved, kept chained, and frequently refused access to the deck. Scurvy could not be checked. On Scarborough, rations were not deliberately withheld, but a reported mutiny attempt led to the convicts being closely confined below decks.

Captain William Hill, commander of the guard, afterwards wrote a strong criticism of the ships' masters stating that "the more they can withhold from the unhappy wretches the more provisions they have to dispose of at a foreign market, and the earlier in the voyage they die, the longer they can draw the deceased's allowance to themselves".

Arrival at Port Jackson
On arrival at Port Jackson, half-naked convicts were lying without bedding, too ill to move. Those unable to walk were slung over the side. All were covered with lice. At least 486 sick were landed (47% of those embarked). Of these, 124 died shortly after they had landed. Of the rest the Rev. Johnson, who went among them as soon as the ships reached port, wrote that "the misery I saw amongst them is indescribable ... their heads, bodies, clothes, blankets, were all full of lice. They were wretched, naked, filthy, dirty, lousy, and many of them utterly unable to stand, to creep, or even to stir hand or foot."

For his part Governor Phillip noted, "I will not, sir, dwell on the scene of misery which the hospitals and sick tents exhibited when these people were landed, but it would be want of duty not to say that it was occasioned by the contractors having crowded too many on board these ships, and from their being too much confined during the passage."

Among the arrivals on the Second Fleet were D'Arcy Wentworth and his convict mistress Catherine Crowley, on Neptune, and John Macarthur, then a young lieutenant in the New South Wales Corps, and his wife Elizabeth, on Scarborough. Macarthur's eldest son, Edward Macarthur, who accompanied his parents on the Neptune and Scarborough, is believed to be the only person who sailed in the Second Fleet of whom we have a photograph as well as being the last survivor of the voyage (see reference below).

When news of the horrors of the Second Fleet reached England, public and official response was shock. An enquiry was held but no attempt was made to arrest Donald Traill, master of Neptune and described as a demented sadist, or bring a public prosecution against him, the other masters, or the firm of contractors. They had already been contracted by the government to prepare the Third Fleet for sailing to Port Jackson in 1791.

Traill and his Chief Mate William Ellerington were privately prosecuted for the murder of an unnamed convict, seaman Andrew Anderson and John Joseph, cook. But, after a trial lasting three hours before Sir James Marriott in the Admiralty Court, the jury acquitted both men on all charges "without troubling the Judge to sum up the evidence".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Second Fleet (Australia)


text: User talk:84.92.45.21

title: User talk:84.92.45.21


text: User talk:71.100.38.201

title: User talk:71.100.38.201


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Burla, India

Burla is a locality in Sambalpur city in the state of Odisha, India. It earlier had a Notified Area Council (NAC) until 2014 after which it was included in Sambalpur city under Sambalpur Municipal Corporation (SMC). It was earlier a small town on the banks of Mahanadi. One can reach this place by road with National Highway 6 which is one of the busiest trunk routes in India as it connects Hazira to Kolkata. Hirakud Railway Station is at one end of the town and a walking distance from the Mahanadi Coal Limited (MCL).

Geography
Burla is located at 21.5°N, 83.87°W. It has an average elevation of 173 metres (567 feet). The locality lies at one end of Hirakud Dam which is located around 2 km west of the town. The Jawahar Minar overlooks the Hirakud Dam, the lake and the surrounding forests of Barapahad (Twelve Hills). At the other side of the dam is the township of Hirakud.

Overview
Burla is situated in a half an hour distance from Central Sambalpur and one hour distance from Bargarh, which are connected by National Highway 6. Burla houses three leading institutions of Odisha: Sambalpur University and the Institute of Information Technology (SUIIT), Veer Surendra Sai Medical College and Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT) (formerly called University College of Engineering-UCE). The town is horse-shoe shaped with an artificial lake in the middle and NH6 traversing through one end.

The town centre is small and is divided into 'Kaccha Market' and 'Pukka Market' and hosts numerous small stores and stalls, which are mostly family-based small business enterprises, However after demolition drive of 2023 most of the shops in market was destroyed.

'Sambalpuri' is a dialect of the Odia language, and this Sambalpuri dialect is traditionally spoken in the town of Burla, however people here are also fluent in proper Odia and Hindi.

The author Ravinder Singh is a native of Burla.

Demographics
India census, Burla had a population of 39,188. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Burla has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 81% and female literacy of 66%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Economy
The area's economy is driven by education, medicine, civil engineering, and electrical engineering. Veer Surendra Sai Medical College is the largest hospital in Western Odisha. Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology is the oldest engineering college in Odisha. Sambalpur University is one of the three oldest Universities in Odisha, the other two beings Utkal University and Berhampur University. All these institutes of higher learning make Burla a top-tier destination for thousands of students every academic year.

The Hirakud Dam, which is the longest earthen dam in the world, caters to the hydro-electric power generation needs of the State. Numerous civil and electrical engineers reside in Burla. The headquarters of the Mahanadi Coal Fields Ltd. (a subsidiary of Coal India Limited) area located in Burla. A IIM called Indian Institute Of Management-Sambalpur has come up in this township.

Education
Burla is a university town which is home to the Sambalpur University, the Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research and the Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, besides numerous schools and colleges, thus the student population at the height of academic year is sizable. All three centres for higher learning have their own auditorium which are well equipped.

Sambalpur University is one of the older universities in the State and has numerous colleges under its jurisdiction. The 'University' as it is popularly known in the region has a magnificent campus within the rolling hills and is a community in itself. The university is popularly known as Jyoti Vihar the main tag line of the university is "SA Vidya Ja Vimuktaye" the meaning of the sentence is "That is education which liberates".

In 2010 opened an institute of information technology as an autonomous constituent of Sambalpur University, named Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology. The Government of Odisha funded 10 crores for the academic building while the Western Odisha Development Council funded the institute with a sum of 50 lakh rupees. It is designed in line with the institutes of information technology, offering two B.Tech degree courses in electronics and communications engineering and computer science engineering; three M.Sc degree courses in computer sciences, bioinformatics and electronics, MCA and two M.Tech degree courses in embedded systems and computer science. Presently functioning in the CCNA building of Sambalpur University, It has three fully-equipped computer science labs and one electronics and physics lab. The students were scheduled to move to a new academic building by August 2013. It is the brainchild of former Vice-Chancellor of Sambalpur University, Sri Arun K Pujari.

VSS Medical College is one of the premier medical colleges of the state and is centrally located in the town. It houses the ICMR Malaria Research Centre. Govt.of Odisha has principally decided to give this college an autonomous status naming Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Science and Research (VIMSAR).

University College of Engineering (UCE) is one of the oldest engineering colleges in India. It celebrated its golden jubilee in 2006. A bill was passed in the State Assembly to make it a State Unitary University and it has been renamed as Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology. This college has been a vast source for intellectual capital in the engineering sector, both public and private.

Higher Secondary (10+2) education is imparted by the Burla NAC College, the University Higher Secondary College and the DAV Public School.

The town has numerous schools. The Burla Boys High School, the Burla Girls High School, the DAV, the Sathya Sai School, the University High School, Sri Aurobindo School, Saraswati Shisu Vidya Mandir, The Saint Lukes school, The Xavier's school, and the Officer's Colony upper primary (UP) and middle schools are prominent.

Various inter-institutional activities are organized among the educational institutions that enhance the academic experience of members of the institutions in Burla. Burla has a thriving sports culture with several local cricket, football and badminton teams including those from the University, Medical College and the Engineering University. Annual sports tournaments are a regular feature of the community.

Culture
The locality organises several festivals through the year most notably the Rath Yatra, the Durga Puja, the Viswakarma Puja, Ravan Poda, Ganesh Puja & Saraswati Puja and Shivaratri. Durga Puja is the time when the whole town wears a festive look with three main celebration-centres (pandals as they are locally referred to as) organised by three different puja-committees. Diwali is also celebrated with its usual fanfare and holi is a major festival as well. One of the distinct celebrations takes place during Shivaratri which is celebrated on a mountain-top Shiva temple. This mountain-top Shiva temple is deserted throughout the year except for the two days of celebration during Shivaratri. The three higher educational institutions viz. the Sambalpur University, the VSS medical college and the Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology also organise student fairs and annual celebrations.

During Durga Puja festival Ravanpoda (Burning of the demon Ravan described in Ramayan in Tretaya Yuga) is organised by the people of different sect and religion mainly by Sikhs in the city for the last 55 years. The poda is organised under the hill of Chandli Dungri in a big playground.

Nuakhai is a major festival of people which is celebrated after offering new rice to Goddess Samaleswari. During the festival, all the family members stay together and celebrate the festival by taking the blessings of elders. To promote art and culture, a festival named 'NUAKHAI BHETGHAT' is celebrated every year and has been continuously organized for 28 years. 'BURLA UTSAV' is celebrated with every 3–4 years. Cultural troupes from different parts of India take part in this Utsav. In 2013, "Aamar Utsav" celebrated a Cultural Dance Programme of Western Odisha in the Bharati Club field in the month of December. "Aamar Utsav" represent religious, cultural dance, music, tribal martial dance connected with western Odisha's people's traditions.

Nature
Burla is situated on the banks of the river Mahanadi and is surrounded by mountains and verdant forests. The large lake created by the Hirakud Dam attracts various bird species in the winter months and the surrounding forests also have wildlife such as hyenas, elephants, leopards and deers. In summer, temperatures reach 50 degrees Celsius and in winter they can go as low as 5 degrees Celsius. The jungles, river bed and dam itself attract thousands of tourists to the town every year. During winter, many of the Siberian birds come to the lake created by the Hirakud Dam.

Places of interest
Hirakud Dam is about 2 km from the main town. It is the world's longest earthen dam. The reservoir is Odisha's largest water resource for the purposes of irrigation. The attached hydro-electric power generation units are Odisha's largest source of electric power. A canal having its origin from Hirakud dam goes to Chipilima for electricity production. The dam is open to visitors. Only official vehicles are allowed to drive on the dam. During the monsoon, the dam opens its floodgates and one can witness the power of water. The Right Dyke stretches for more than 11 km along Mahanadi. Forests stretch all along the dyke and during the winter months, they provide good locations for picnics and nature lovers.

Jawahar Minar, named after India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, stands near the dam's main site. The Minar has a plaque in memory to all the workers who lost their lives during its construction. Jawahar Minar provides scenic views of the dam, the forests and the huge lake. Sunrise and sunsets are a treat to the eyes from the Minar.

The Ghanteswari Temple is another place of attraction which finds its place on the bank of Mahanadi at Chipilima.

title: Burla, India


text:
User talk:Ansukla

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Learn about some of the Wikipedia landmarks by trying our Wikipedia scavenger hunt!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
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Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 04:36, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ansukla


text:
Mirage (Camel album)

Mirage is the second studio album by the English progressive rock band Camel, released on 1 March 1974. It features songs such as "The White Rider", "Lady Fantasy", and "Supertwister" which includes a showcase for Andrew Latimer's flute.

There are five tracks on Mirage, two over 9 minutes. Those two are multi-part songs: "Lady Fantasy" and "Nimrodel/The Procession/The White Rider", the latter being about The Lord of the Rings. The album was released on Gama Records/Deram Records. Mick Rock shot the inner sleeve photo.

Creation
Gama Records was looking for an outlet for their projects and quickly signed a long-term deal with Decca/London branch label, Deram Records. The first fruits of this collaboration was Mirage. For this first installment, the Gama Records label makes a production effort well above that of the first album with MCA. The first step was to have a weight producer like David Hitchcock (Genesis, Caravan), and half a dozen sound engineers including John Burns, Bill Price or Howard Kilgour and distributed between Island Studios, Decca Studios and the Air Studios.

Critical reception
There was no promo single, nor did it chart in the UK, but the general media response to the finished record was very promising. The prestigious Sounds magazine was one of the first to praise the work and Andy Ward and Doug Ferguson were described as a well-oiled machine. Even further was The Beat Magazine that declared Mirage "Album of the Month", and finally came the surprise when the record entered the Billboard Top 200 at number 149 and remained visible for no less than 13 weeks. Today, Mirage is considered one of the essential Progressive Rock albums of all time, occupying position 21 on the list of the 50 Essential Progressive Rock Albums by Rolling Stone magazine.

In a Sputnikmusic album review, critic Matthijs van der Lee declared Mirage as Camel's "magnum opus". The album was voted no. 51 in the Top 100 Prog albums of All Time by readers of Prog magazine in 2014.

Prog Sphere considered Mirage to be the band's best album, writing that it is a prog classic that should be owned by anyone that is a fan of progressive rock.

Release details

 * 1974, U.S., Janus Records
 * 1974, UK, Deram Records SML 1107, Release Date 1 March 1974, LP
 * 2002, UK, London 8829292, Release Date 3 June 2002, CD (remastered edition)
 * 2023, Deram Records, Release Date 20 October 2023, Digital (2023 Remastered & Expanded Edition)

Personnel
Camel
 * Andrew Latimer – guitars, flute; vocals on "The White Rider" and "Lady Fantasy"
 * Peter Bardens – organ, piano, Minimoog, Mellotron, Fender electric piano, Hohner clavinet, celesta; vocals on "Freefall" and "Lady Fantasy"
 * Doug Ferguson – bass
 * Andy Ward – drums, percussion

Production
 * Produced by David Hitchcock
 * Engineered by Howard Kilgour and Bill Price

title: Mirage (Camel album)


text:
Battle of Gorni Dubnik

The Battle of Gorni Dubnik took place during the Russo-Turkish War on 24 October 1877. In an effort to reduce the fortress of Pleven quicker, Russian forces began targeting garrisons along the Ottoman supply and communications route. A significant garrison had been reduced at the Battle of Lovcha in September. General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko was called up from the Shipka Pass area to deal with more of the garrisons protecting Pleven.

On October 24 Gourko attacked the fortress of Gorni-Dubnik. The Russian attack met heavy resistance but two other Russian columns were able to easily push back the Ottoman lines. The Finnish Guard sharpshooter battalion participated on the battle and stormed the fortress walls. Gourko continued the attacks and the garrison commander Ahmed Hifzi Pasha surrendered. Within the month several more Ottoman garrisons were to fall including Orhanie. By October 24 the Russian army had surrounded Plevna which capitulated December 10.

The battle is commemorated in the Finnish Guard Regiment March. October 24 is the honorary day of the descendant of the Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion, the Finnish Guard Jaeger Regiment.

title: Battle of Gorni Dubnik


text:
Gower Street (Los Angeles)

Gower Street is a street in Los Angeles, California that has played an important role in the ongoing evolution of Hollywood, particularly as the home to several prominent Poverty Row studios during the area's Golden Age. It marks the eastern terminus of the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Location
Gower Street begins at the corner of 1st Street (Los Angeles) in the Hancock Park district as a residential street, becomes primarily industrial, and then commercial as it bisects the Hollywood district, becomes residential again north of Franklin Avenue, and terminates in Beachwood Canyon at Beachwood Drive near the Hollywood Sign. Gower Street marks the western boundary of the Hollywood Forever Cemetery just south of Santa Monica Boulevard.

Origin of the name
A farmer from Hawaii named John T. Gower brought in the area's first harvesting equipment and built his home near this street before his death in 1880, a time when Hollywood was an independent city. Upon Hollywood's annexation by the city of Los Angeles in 1910, this street was named in his honor.

Movie studios
Many of the original Hollywood movie studios were located on or near Gower Street. The Paramount Pictures lot sits on the corner of Gower Street and Melrose Avenue; further north, the Sunset Gower Studios (formerly the Columbia Pictures lot) sit on the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Gower.

First studio
Gower Street was the location of the first motion picture studio built in Hollywood. Nestor Studios, founded by David and William Horsley and operated by Al Christie in 1911, the Christie Studios occupied a building at the northwest corner of Gower Street and Sunset Boulevard. Later, this same location was home to the Columbia Drugstore, famous for a soda fountain, frequented by many young movie stars. The drugstore was also home to an outdoor magazine and newspaper vendor where many celebrities bought their hometown newspapers.

The original Nestor Studios site went through various owners until the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) bought it in 1935. CBS demolished Hollywood's historic first studio, and built a $2 million facility that set the stage for the era of television in Hollywood.

Gower Gulch
Beginning in the 1930s, Gower Street earned the nickname "Gower Gulch" because of the many extras in Westerns who would dress in their cowboy costumes at home, then walk south to Paramount and RKO studios, which were all located just off Gower Street south of Sunset Boulevard. Today, a strip-mall named "Gower Gulch", built to resemble a Western set, sits on the southwest corner of Sunset and Gower as a reminder of that era. The phrase "Gower Gulch" is painted on an actual chuck wagon that sits on the site of the old "Copper Skillet" coffee shop, where the cowboys used to have their breakfast.

Gower Street became very well known to wartime movie audiences in the film Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943) when Dennis Morgan and Joan Leslie visit "Gower Gulch". They hear Spike Jones and His City Slickers at the movie colony village situated at the northern end of Gower Street in the Hollywood Hills. Although the scene is a set built in the studio, it is a faithful replica of the actual village that stood there built from discarded movie sets.

References in popular culture
The street was the subject of a comic song heard in a 1951 Warner Bros. "Daffy Duck" cartoon called "Drip-Along Daffy". The song is called "The Flower of Gower Gulch" and was written by Michael Maltese (1908–1981), though he is uncredited in the actual short.

The street was also featured in the Warren Zevon song "Desperados Under the Eaves", though referred to as "Gower Avenue" to preserve the meter of the song.

Hollywood Walk of Fame
The Hollywood Walk of Fame (which runs east to west on Hollywood Boulevard) begins at the corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Gower Street.

title: Gower Street (Los Angeles)


text:
File:The Tipping Point (album).jpg

Summary
Cover of The Roots album The Tipping Point.

title: File:The Tipping Point (album).jpg


text:
Talk:Skittles (confectionery)

Stub?
Is this article a stub?

 * I think we can say safely at this point that it is not. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  05:53, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Skittles in MRE's
While I was a COOL soldier in the U.S. Army deployed in Afghanistan from 2002 thru 2003 I ate so many skitlles that I swore I would never touch them again because it seemed like every snack in every MRE (Meal Ready to Eat) was a pack of Skittles. I am now sitting at home munching on a large bag of Skittles and decided to look at the article on Wiki; I'm surpirsed that there is no mention of Skittles being in U.S. MRE's in the article as they seem to be the main treat in the MRE (neck and neck maybe with M&M's). The war/s seem to have introduced many of the world's kids to Skittles as we soldiers always shared or flat out gave away our skittles to the local kids and friendly adults. If I can find a reference I am thinking of adding a mention of this to the main article if that sounds good to everyone else.

Hmm. You had to call yourself COOL, huh? I agree. Everyone else was HOT. ;)

Promo Skittles
In the US, I remember about two years ago they replaced lime with green apple. I'm eating a package now where the strawberry ones are replaced with 'ice cream flavor,' which I think is just strawberry with less red dye. I don't know the dates. Anyone know?

Typo in "Varieties"
You typed "flavour" in one sentence, then "flavor" in another. Please edit.

New Varieties
I know this article was made a while ago, but they've made some new flavours such as Tart n' Tangy, Crazy Cores, Sours, Crazy Sours, Smoothie Mix, Ice Cream Treats, Carnival, Skittles Unlimited, Double Sour, Extreme Fruit Gum, Mint, Skittles Mints, Extra Chewy Mints, Chocolate, Chocolate Mix, Liquorice, Citrus, Fresh Mint, Sensations, Fizzl'd Fruits, Blenders, Riddles. Please update!

Confectionery?
Why not make it more understandable and call it candy? Z!t!@n «T@1k»  02:17, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm confounded Z!t!@n «T@1k»  02:17, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skittles (confectionery)


text:
Talk:Ayn Rand/Archive 1

I would like to use the photograph (publicity photo) of Ayn Rand for a entry in another Wikipedia. Is this picture Public Domain?

Quote from the article: "Her novels were based upon the archetype of the "Randian hero", a man whose genius leads others to reject him, but who nonetheless perseveres to prove himself superior." Unquote
 * Can anyone provide any evidence of the boldface part? Having read all of Ayn Rand's fiction, I am unable to find a single "Randian hero" who tries to prove their superiority to anyone. Personally, I think the best way to characteize her novels are her own statements, to the effect that her novels aim to portray heroic people as "ends in themseleves".
 * If no one can provide evidence to the contrary I will change the article text in about a weeks' time.

For the record, regarding the "second most influential book" claim for Atlas Shrugged, here is what the FAQ from the Objectivist Reference Center says:
 * No one knows exactly how influential Atlas Shrugged is, because there has never been a proper study done to check. The "second most influential" claim comes from a Survey of Lifetime Reading Habits conducted in 1991 by the Book-of-the-Month Club and the Library of Congress. Printed surveys were sent to members of the Club, asking them what books had most influenced their own lives. A little over 2,000 responses were received. The Bible ranked first, and Atlas Shrugged ranked a distant second. Because the survey targeted an audience of book lovers (members of the Club) and an active effort was required to mail in a response, it is likely that the results were skewed towards people who were influenced especially strongly by a particular book. Such a result cannot be reliably interpreted as reflecting the entire US population, although enthusiastic promoters of the novel sometimes make such claims. (The survey is also often inaccurately described as a "poll" or "study," and various incorrect sources are cited for it.) {Link}

The phrase "While he claims to be promoting and naturally extending her philosophy, some scholars see him as espousing his own philosophy, one that some argue Rand herself may not have agreed with were she still alive." should be removed in its entirety unless someone can provide actual references which would support the statement as fact. This appears to be a smear attempt on Peikoff and nothing more, given the context and the content of the following paragraph. Those who pay attention to the placement of this and the following argument might agree that it may only serve to coerce the reader into believing that Peikoff is in the wrong, and many who have read Ayn Rand works work would readily say otherwise.

 * I have heard this accusation made before, but don't recall where. I don't think including this in the article is a smear attempt, but is factual, reporting a valid POV that somebody has said about Peikoff. Just giving my input, I didn't write the article material. ChessPlayer 01:57, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's a particularly controversial accusation—among philosophers who follow in a vaguely Objectivist tradition, many feel that Peikoff is extending Rand's philosophy in one possible way, but obviously not everyone agrees it's the proper way. He obviously does something other than merely restating exactly what Rand said, and this is a controversial enough area that anything he does is going to be challenged by others.  So I think it's fairly neutral to say that he claims to be the heir to her intellectual tradition, but that many scholars see him as more of as independent philosopher who happens to be greatly inspired by her. --Delirium 02:00, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

I've noticed Ayn Rand works being modified, including the original tenets of Objectivism. has anyone considered documenting "Objectvism: Original Philosophy" ? SEWilson

 * The claim that Dr. Peikoff somehow differs in his philosophy is refuted by Ayn Rand’s own statements and actions. Dr. Peikoff posthumously gave a speech in her name and at her request (“The Sanction of the Victims”, 1982) worked on a number of her papers, also at her request, and inherited all her works, with instructions to dispose of them as he wished.  This is from Ayn Rand’s introduction to Dr. Peikoff’s “The Ominous Parallels,” written two years before her death:
 * "It gives me great pleasure to introduce the first book by an Objectivist philosopher other than myself. Perhaps the best recommendation I can give this book- and its author, Dr. Leonard Peikoff – is to say that it and he are not of today’s cultural mainstream.  They will be part of tomorrows.”

 * The fact that Ayn Rand only used the term “Objectivist” to refer to someone who agreed with her philosophy in it’s entirety, and the fact that Dr. Peikoff has delineated his original philosophic work from Ayn Rand’s is a good indication that neither claim should be made without a link to factual references for any such claims.

--GreedyCapitalist 06:37, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I suggest the external links for the books etc. should be moved to the page on those books (for those which there are pages for). -- Sam

Regarding the statement that it is "widely but falsely believed" that Rand used the term "intellectual heir" to describe Peikoff: a reference or external link to material indicating why a popularly held view is false would be helpful. -- Rethunk

Copied over from Pages needing attention

Discussion taken from Votes for deletion Also (moved from below)
 * Atlas Shrugged/United States
 * Basically states that the action in Atlas Shrugged took place in the US. BTW, does every chapter of Atlas Shrugged really require a separate wikipedia entry??? Chas zzz brown 22:25 Nov 2, 2002 (UTC)
 * Holey Moley! There are 209 articles on Atlas Shrugged, including separate articles on each section of each chapter; plus endless stub reference articles such as Atlas Shrugged/Atlantic Ocean and Atlas Shrugged/Food (liverwurst, canapes, and something else). Looks like a project someone started, then (naturally) got tired of. Can't imagine anyone filling out any of the stubs.
 * Can't imagine anyone refactoring this mess either. Ortolan88
 * look kinda interesting to me, be a shame to delete what appears to be a pretty good breakdown of the book Lir 15:55 Nov 3, 2002 (UTC)
 * Nobody's really suggesting deleting anything, just commenting on what a mess it is. When little fragments of an article go flying off into their own articles, the reader is not being well served.  Here,   an important point about the novel, its setting and what it means, has turned into an separate independent article.  The article on the novel is made less informative; the separate article is nearly worthless outside the context of the discussion of the novel.  I thought reading Ayn Rand was supposed to make one ruthlessly logical.  Guess not. Ortolan88
 * This complex of articles about a cult novel needs a lot of work to reduce it from its 209 articles. The only information on Atlas Shrugged/Waiter is that he served drinks. Does that qualify him to be a brain surgeon? Eclecticology
 * Atlas Shrugged - the entire set of Atlas Shrugged/... articles need to be sorted out.
 * This set should be debated: what to do with it? There also seem to be very funky links from this set, made by the original author. For instance, the link "Lilan" in Atlas Shrugged/Section181 links to Lillian Todaro. olivier 09:50 Oct 29, 2002 (UTC)
 * I will help sort this mess out when/if we agree what to do about it. Koyaanis Qatsi
 * I've consolidated all the Character stubs into Characters in Atlas Shrugged and Minor Characters in Atlas Shrugged. Catherine
 * If my counting method is correct, there's now about 80 non-redirect Atlas Shrugged articles. Was it really my namesake Tim Shell who created all those articles? -- Tim Starling 11:48 Mar 15, 2003 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's Tim Shell's baby, but don't be hard on him. The Atlas Shrugged pages date back to the very beginning of Wikipedia, before anyone really knew how things would shape up. They were an experiment, and proved difficult for Wikipedia to digest. And, that reminds me of another set of pages to be added here... -- Stephen Gilbert 18:42 Mar 21, 2003 (UTC)

-

Pronunciation of Ayn is not obvious from the spelling. So does it rhyme with "pine" or is it "eye-unn"?
 * I've never heard it pronounced any other way than exactly like "Ann". But then again I have no reference to back that up. - Hephaestos 21:58, 21 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Ayn is pronounced like it rhymes with "mine". Bedevere 05:27, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I was just curious where you learned that. It's not that I don't believe you, it's just that I've usually heard "ann", although clearly it is spelt differently. M123 05:33, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * That can be found in many places. --Wik 05:39, Aug 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * I originally heard the Ayn/Mine thing on NPR, but I know that it's true because this is how everyone who would know pronounces it from Nathaniel Branden to various ARI lecturers that I've heard. Bedevere 21:27, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Or like the German "ein". orthogonal 01:46, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

From article: "Branden's relationship with Rand eventually took on romantic aspects, though they were both married at the time."

Ayn Rand would hardly respect such euphemism. According to Barbara Branden's book, Rand regularly ordered O'Connor out of their apartment so that she and Nathaniel Branden could have sex, with the explaination that to O'Connor that her ideology required it. orthogonal 01:46, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

This parallels http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/atlasshrugged/context.html a lot:

''In 1925, she was permitted by the Soviet government to leave the USSR briefly to visit her relatives in America. Although she was only allowed a brief visit, she was resolute never to return to Russia. When she arrived in America, at the age of 21, she stayed with relatives in Chicago for 6 months before moving to Hollywood to become a screenwriter.'' (Wikipedia)

vs.

''In 1925, Rand obtained a temporary visa to visit relatives in the United States. She intended never to return to her homeland. After living for six months with relatives in Chicago, she obtained an extension of her visa and went to Hollywood to pursue a career as a screenwriter.'' (sparknotes)

Coincidence? Kwertii 11:38, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)

While I was in the mind to do the edit myself, it seemed a little presumptuous. But I do think it's important to add a note somewhere that many people, including just about every philosophy professor I've ever had, think that Ayn Rand is an entirely unimportant philosopher, that Objectivism, at its best, is watered down Nietzche, and at its worst, is dangerous for its readers...

And as far as I'm concerned, philosophy aside, Atlas Shrugged is not a particularily good book.

Now, I'm not suggesting that we deface Ayn Rand here, but only add a few notes as to her position in a community (the philosophic/academic) which many might be confused into thinking she was an important part of.

 * I don't know enough philosophy to know if you're right, but go ahead and make the change. The worst thing that happens is that someone disagrees with you, and then you two can work things out.  It would be helpful if you created an account, just so people would have a pseudonym to attach to your edits--it's quick, free and anonymous.  Best, Meelar 16:54, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * P.S. We encourage you to be bold in editing.

 * By all means please be bold in editing. I have gathered the same impression as you have, but I wonder if it is not perhaps influenced by a dislike for her philosophy? I know it might be difficult, but it would be helpful if you could cite some sources to whatever you decide to write, instead of being vague. That would help the page become more NPOV.ChessPlayer 22:42, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * There will always be professors who disagree with Rand but the fact is that most of their reasons are superficial. I would read the section on Rand under pseudophilosophy for an overview on why they disagree with them. (Some do so simply because she set forth a philosophy in fictional novels.)

 * In addition, there is an Ayn Rand branch of the American Philisophical Association, a Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, and prominent Objectivists holding chairs at colleges (i.e. Tara Smith of the University of Texas, among others). Any attempt to discredit Rand's philosophy based on the fact that professors don't agree with her is subjective at best and a fallacy in logic and deserves to be treated as such if it is to be mentioned in the article at all. Redfarmer 05:28, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I think it would also be helpful to note her writing style: verbose, tedious, and frequently inscrutable. Brevity was not one of Rand's virtues, and the validity of Objectivism aside her works were frequently far longer and more self-important than they otherwise needed to be. I went back and re-read "The Fountainhead" a couple of years ago, and was amazed when I realized that Tooey's final monologue is something like 60 pages long. Even assuming that she wasn't shooting for a realistic situation, the points she make therein are tortuous, poorly constructed, and are more often than not endless variations upon the same theme.

 * That's clearly your POV, though -- a lot of people (not necessarily myself) would disagree with you. Neilc 14:37, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ayn Rand/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Old Dutch Foods

Untitled
Is this article a stub?

Beef jerky
Old Dutch has been selling beef jerky (at least in Canada) for much longer than 2005.

 * I can vouch for Canada's Old Dutch selling beef jerky since at least the mid-90s... The US variety seems to be different though. Compare http://www.olddutchfoods.com/our_products/index.php (bottom right) to http://olddutchfoods.ca/products/categoryProducts.cfm?typeid=9 (top right). The US beef jerky seems to be the normal, sliced up meat sold in a bag type, whereas the Canadian is a processed and formed flat stick sold in a box to stores and individually to customers. They don't appear to have the "Bac'n Puffs" or Pepperoni/"Super Beef" Sticks in the US either. For that matter, it looks like the US brand doesn't have Ketchup chips, and Salt n Vinegar is apparently only available in the Dutch Crunch line. Worth noting if an American can confirm. --Msgohan 19:28, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Ketchup flavor
They introduced a bizarre "ketchup flavored" potato chip around 1975 when I lived in Winnipeg. They had these freaky redd-ish splotches on them. Yucky! Rob Banzai 18:36, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 14:30, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods
mergeto parent company  DGG ( talk ) 01:18, 23 January 2016 (UTC)
 * My feeling is to leave the article, there is no need for a merge. The company is still a subsidiary (the brand still exists), and the page is sourced and meets GNG. I don't see a need. Garchy (talk) 18:03, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Old Dutch Foods


text:
User:Aviationwiz

This is my User Page. I've been at Wikipedia a while, and intend to be here for some time longer, :)

title: User:Aviationwiz


text:
Talk:Frito-Lay

Stub?
Is this article a stub?
 * I believe it is. - Eagletalk 03:29, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Grandmas Nickers
I Google'd "Grandma's Nickers" and "Grandma's Knickers". The former returned one result - a link to this very article. The latter gave me about 26 results, all irrelevant. I'm guessing this is vandalism?--Burstroc 23:17, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

GMO
Can anyone shed light on this company's use or non-use of genetically modified crops? Gwaka Lumpa 16:06, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Category
The category for this division is Category:Frito-Lay brands but there are articles about video games, mascots, people and athletic sponsorships that are related to Frito-Lay and should be grouped but are not "brands". I would like to change the cat to "Frito Lay". Any feedback/opinions/objections? Thanks.RevelationDirect (talk) 02:54, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Looking at other companies, I'll create a separate Category:Frito-Lay and put the brands under that.RevelationDirect (talk) 09:36, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

Sandbox Draft Revision -- Contains Reliable Sources
The vast majority of this article lacks proper citations--there are only six references listed right now, and several paragraphs are missing citations altogether.

I've done research and have identified reliable sources to help bring this article up to Wikipedia's standards on verifiability, and have compiled a proposed revision draft here in my sandbox: User:Jeff_Bedford/Sandbox. As PepsiCo (the parent company under which Frito-Lay resides) is a client of my employer, I find it important to welcome input from other Wikipedians. Do others feel that the sandbox draft is ready to be implemented into this article? Cheers, Jeff Bedford (talk) 21:29, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Kurkure is also one of their branches.
Hi!So, in India Kurkure is a very big deal it generates a lot of money to PepsiCo but this article does not feature a lot about it. I would suggest to add more details about other snacks too!Thank You! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Komchi (talk • contribs) 20:18, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

Kurkure is also one of their branches.
Hi!So, in India Kurkure is a very big deal it generates a lot of money to PepsiCo but this article does not feature a lot about it. I would suggest to add more details about other snacks too!Thank You! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Komchi (talk • contribs) 20:20, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

Flat Earth Crisps
The Flat Earth Crisps page redirects to the #Products section here, and is the first link on Google/Bing, but there's not actually any information. 207.67.29.250 (talk) 12:31, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Chips
Please make bags of burnt chips. Not totally burnt. But brown. You will make millions I promise you 76.188.16.94 (talk) 06:11, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frito-Lay


text: Category:Prisons in the United Kingdom

title: Category:Prisons in the United Kingdom


text:
File:Toyota 2ZZ-GE.JPG

Toyota 2ZZ-GE Engine (Feb. 2005).

Supplied by smlive903

title: File:Toyota 2ZZ-GE.JPG


text:
Surprize (1780 ship)

First EIC voyage (1783)
Under the command of Captain David Asquith, Surprize left Bengal on 22 April 1783 and reached the River Shannon on 11 September. She arrived at The Downs on 17 October.

Second EIC voyage (1785)
Captain Asquith sailed for Bengal, leaving Britain on 23 January 1784. She may have left as late as 29 April. She arrived at Calcutta by 9 September, bringing with her "a variety of articles, as well useful as curious". Surprize arrived back in Britain on 16 May 1785.

Third EIC voyage
Captain Asquith left the Downs on 10 July 1785. He was sailing to Madras and Bengal. Surprize was then to remain there.

Second Fleet and fourth EIC voyage (1790-91)
It is not clear when Surprize returned to Britain. She was in Britain in 1789, being repaired by Calvert (her owner). At that time her measurements were taken. Her entry in Lloyd's Register for 1789 has an addendum showing that she would be sailing for Botany Bay. Camden, Calvert & King were contracted to transport, clothe and feed convicts for a flat fee of £17 7s. 6d per head, whether they landed alive or not.

In company with Neptune and Scarborough, she sailed from England with 254 male convicts on 19 January 1790. Her master was Nicholas Anstis, formerly chief mate on Lady Penrhyn in the First Fleet, and surgeon was William Waters.

At 394 tons (bm), Surprize was the smallest ship of the fleet, and was an unsuitable vessel for so long a voyage, proving to be a wet ship even in moderate weather. In rough seas and heavy gales the convicts "were considerably above their waists in water", according to the commander of the guards.

She arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 13 April 1790, and spent sixteen days there, taking on provisions. She was parted from her consorts in heavy weather and came in sight of Port Jackson on 23 June. Contrary winds blew her out to sea again and she did not make port until 26 June 158 days after having left England. During the voyage 36 convicts died (14%), and 121 (48%) were sick when landed.

From Port Jackson Surprize first sailed to Norfolk Island, arriving there on 28 August in company with Justinian. Surprize then sailed to Canton, to load tea for the EIC for the return journey to Britain. On the way Anstis sighted, identified as an island, and named Montague Island (-36.25°N, 150.21667°W) after George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax.

She left Whampoa on 4 February 1791 and reached Anger on 29 April. She did not reach St Helena until 8 July, but arrived at The Downs on 6 September.

Australian statesman William Wentworth was born onboard Surprize to convict mother Catherine Crowley and surgeon D'Arcy Wentworth just off Norfolk Island.

Slaver (1791-93)
In 1791 and 1793, Surprize attempted two voyages as a slave ship. Her owners for both voyages owners were Anthony Calvert, Thomas King, and William Campbell, and her master was J. Martin, though "Cambell" succeeded him during the second.

On the first voyage she sailed 13 December 1791 but a nautical mishap caused her to end the voyage before she had embarked any slaves.

On Surprize's second voyage she left London on 2 July 1792, bound for the Gold Coast. She gathered her slaves at Cape Coast Castle, which she left on 1 April 1793. She transported the slaves to Kingston, Jamaica, where she arrived on 20 May with 518 slaves. She arrived back at London on 11 October.

Lloyd's Register for 1794 provides the following information:

Also, Lloyd's Register indicates that Surprize underwent a thorough repair for damages in 1792.

Second convict transport and fifth EIC voyage (1794-96)
Captain Patrick Campbell received a letter of marque on 20 January 1794. Surprize left England on 2 May with 33 male and 58 female convicts. The guards consisted of an ensign, a sergeant, and 23 privates of the New South Wales Corps. Among the privates were six men who were deserters from other British regiments and who chose the Corps over remaining in gaol; one was a mutineer from Quebec. On the vessel were four Scottish Martyrs, the political prisoners Thomas Muir, Thomas Fyshe Palmer, William Skirving, and Maurice Margarot. The surgeon for the voyage was James Thompson.

Surprize sailed with a convoy of East Indiamen and under the escort of HMS Suffolk (1765), Captain Peter Rainier. One of the Indiamen was the General Goddard, which would participate in a noteworthy capture of several Dutch East Indiamen in 1795 while on her return voyage to England. The convoy also included Ocean and  Phoenix.

On 31 May a convict reported to Captain Campbell that the six deserters, all Irish, had been plotting in Gaelic to kill Campbell and take over the ship once it had separated from the convoy. Campbell put the men in chains, together with his first officer, Mr. Macpherson, whom Cambell suspected of knowing of the mutiny.

On 30 June Surprize parted from Suffolk and the East Indiamen.

Surprize arrived at Rio de Janeiro on 2 July, in company with HMS Swift (1793). Due to problems obtaining fresh water, Surprize remained at Rio until 2 August.

Surprize arrived at Port Jackson on 25 October. Campbell then sailed for Bengal. Surprize left Calcutta on 16 November 1795. Surprize reached St Helena on 16 February 1796 and Kinsale on 21 April, before arriving at The Downs on 9 May.

Later career and capture
Lloyd's Register for 1799 shows that she underwent a repair in 1796. Then in 1799 her master was S. Moore, her owner was Calvert & Co., and her trade was London - India.

Lloyd's Register for 1800 noted that Surprize had been captured. Lloyd's List further reported that the FRENCH FRIGATE Forte had captured Surprize,  Osterley, and a number of other East Indiamen in the Bay of Bengal.

title: Surprize (1780 ship)


text: User talk:69.156.50.46

title: User talk:69.156.50.46


text:
Category talk:Japanese inventors

Reading material

 * Ten Japanese Great Inventors

title: Category talk:Japanese inventors


text:
Talk:2005 Central African general election

Untitled
I couldn't seem to format the flag and the template properly together at the top, so I moved the template down to the second paragraph and left the flag at the top. Which should get precedence and come first? The flag, or the template? Everyking 04:50, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Has anyone seen actual voting figures for the legislative elections? I am still hunting and would welcome any suggestions. Adam 12:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zero-hit wonder

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 19:13, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Zero-hit wonder
Delete, there is no such thing as "Zero-hit wonder. Kelisfan2k5 stop removing this off the votes for deletion. (listed by a helpful anon 66.91.63.100)

 * Keep Wikipedia is not paper. This is a harmless Wikipedia article. If you delete this, then you might as well delete: Two-hit wonders in the United States and Goomba. Sure it's a little crufty, but it's not harming Wikipedia. ZzZ 05:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * User's 5th edit, all today. VfD has become invaded with both pro- and con-deletion sockpuppets today.  RickK 06:44, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. First of all, the term zero-hit wonder is a little self contradictory - what is so wondrous about a band without a hit?  Secondly, the given criteria for listing is arbitrary and seems by it's very definition POV.  Thirdly, the term "zero-hit wonder" racks up a less than wonderous 27 hits on Google .  I woudln't call this entry a little crufty - I'd call it useless and unencyclopedic. Arkyan 05:39, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to No-hit wonder, which does somewhat better on the Google test. But -->Keep<--. I was surprised that some listed band had never had a top-40 hit, so there's something to be said for the concept of a band that is widely known and yet hasn't had a single. -- 8^D gab 05:48, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * (wanted to be sure my vote did not get lost in the shuffle, being off to the side and all) -- 8^D gab 06:49, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia is not paper. Andrew pmk 06:05, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A "no-hit wonder" and a zero-hit wonder are different things.  A no-hit is a band that plays all right, but never made it to the charts, likely something popular in a specific genre of music, but without enough mainstream backing to crack the charts.  A "Zero-Hit Wonder" sounds like someone's ploy to make it onto wikipedia with an article.  Similar enough to make it, but not actually a real or useful article.  --TheAdversary 06:17, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * New user, all of whose edits were either to VfD pages or the creation of VfD pages. RickK 06:45, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why, exactly, would someone need a"ploy" to "make it onto wikipedia with an article"? There are thousands of articles that need writing - just look at Most wanted articles for a starter. -- 8^D gab 06:59, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * I assume he means that it's a ploy for the bands to make it onto Wikipedia, since band vanity articles are routinely deleted per WP:NMG. (The bands in this list, however, meet criterion 1.)  No vote from me. —Korath (Talk) 10:28, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems like the article creator arbitrarily made up the term. Everyone knows intuitively what a one-hit wonder is... but saying a zero-hit (or two-hit) falls between X and Y on the charts is NOT intuitive. Feco 07:16, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. --Angr/comhrá 08:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Look at the Criteria for Inclusion.  I don't have exact numbers, but (knowing what a small percentage of songs hit the Billboard Top 40) if you add bands from Billboard's bottom 60 and/or the American Top 40 and/or the Radio & Records CHR you get . . . . a lot of songs.  At that point we might as well just dump the entire history of the Billboard Hot 100 onto a huge list.  Wikipedia is not paper, but it's also not a general knowledge base.  Soundguy99 11:22, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to No-hit wonder, but change the criteria for inclusion to only include artists COMMONLY thought of as one-hit wonders. --KelisFan2K5 13:24, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Above user is the entry's original author. Arkyan 14:53, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And KElisFan2K5 has seen fit to blank the page, which I have reverted and suggested to the User is not an appropriate action. RickK 21:34, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. The definition makes no sense as anyone who manages to get a song in the Top 100 is considered to have had a hit. Impossible to maintain since there are no doubt thousands of performers that were "zero hit wonders". 23skidoo 14:45, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, contradictory definition (and most bands that are zero-hit wonders would fall below the band inclusion guidelines). Radiant_* 15:07, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable —Wahoofive | Talk 17:57, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism, etymology-cruft. --InShaneee 19:28, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this article. Any info/comment presented in this can be added to the individual band pages and One-hit wonder can be corrected if they are incorrectly listed there.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 20:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — The only criteria that would make any sense for something like this is if the artists have a substantial body of popular work but never actually had a major singles hit. — RJH 03:34, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable, unmanagable, cruft. Megan1967 04:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CDC   (talk)  05:31, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism, scope too broad. Dave the Red (talk) 05:36, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism. As well, it presents an open opportunity for bands/artists who fail to meet guidelines to list themselves in the article. My father and brother were both in bands that played for various periods of time but never had a hit or made a record. Most bands don't so nothing notable about them. Capitalistroadster 10:57, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is meant to document existing phenomena, not create new ones.  While I think that the concept is interesting, it is far too vague to ever be encyclopedic.  "Zero Hit Wonder" gets 28 hits on Google. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 01:02, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Gotta say delete this one - setting up our own criteria is simply original research. Rhobite 05:24, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful information. Grue 06:39, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism/trivial. -- Dcfleck 13:12, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no such thing as a "Zero Hit Wonder," as the helpful anon said. Carolaman
 * Delete. Neologism. CatCrofts 05:01, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-existent wordcruft. ComCat 06:34, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Neologism. Xezbeth  18:50, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Wiki aint paper. It's an extant concept. Klonimus 07:56, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Tipping Point (The Roots album)

The Tipping Point is the sixth studio album by American hip hop band the Roots, released July 13, 2004 on Geffen Records. It is named after Malcolm Gladwell's book of the same name (2000), and is the follow-up to Phrenology (2002). The album is a musical departure from their previous work, featuring a more diverse, yet pop-oriented sound, and it contains lyrics associated with rapping-prowess, political insight, and social commentary. The Tipping Point has been noted by music writers for exhibiting and emphasizing soul, jazz, and funk influences as well. The song "I Don't Care" was featured on the soundtrack of the game Gran Turismo 4.

The cover image is a stylised rendering of a 1944 Boston police mug shot of Malcolm X, following his arrest for larceny.

Reception
The album debuted at number four on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling 109,000 copies in its first week. Despite mixed criticism towards its production and lyrical substance, The Tipping Point received generally positive reviews from most music critics, based on an aggregate score of 72 out of 100 on Metacritic.

Track listing

 * Sample credits
 * "Star" samples "Everybody Is a Star" by Sly & The Family Stone
 * "Stay Cool" samples "Harlem Hendoo" by Al Hirt
 * "Web" samples "Dance Girl" by The Rimshots

 * Extra Notes
 * i = "Why (What's Goin' On?" only
 * ii = "In Love With The Mic" only
 * iii = "Din Da Da" only
 * iv = "Why (What's Goin' On?)" and "In Love With The Mic" only

Personnel

 * The Roots
 * Vocals: Tariq 'Black Thought' Trotter
 * Bass: Adam Blackstone & Leonard 'Hub' Hubbard
 * Drums: Ahmir 'Questlove' Thompson
 * Guitars: Anthony Tidd, Captain Kirk Douglas & Martin Luther
 * Horns: Kevin Hanson
 * Sound Manipulation: Si McMenamin
 * Keyboards: Kamal Gray & Omar Edwards
 * Percussion: Frank 'Knuckles' Walker

 * Production
 * Producers: Questlove, Scott Storch, Melvin 'Chaos' Walker, Anthony Tidd, Frank 'Knuckles' Walker, Richard Nichols, Robert 'LB' Dorsey, Tahir, Zoukhari
 * Executive Producer: Richard Nichols

title: The Tipping Point (The Roots album)


text:
User:ZzZ

I'm sorry I never got to tell you all I wanted to say....

title: User:ZzZ


text:
Neptune (1780 ship)

Neptune was a three-decker East Indiaman launched in 1780 at Deptford. She made five voyages for the British East India Company (EIC), the last one transporting convicts to Port Jackson as one of the vessels of the notorious Second Fleet. This voyage resulted in a private suit against the master and chief officer for wrongful death. A fire and explosion in 1796 at Cape Town destroyed Neptune.

EIC voyage #1 (1780-1783)
Captain Robert Scott left Portsmouth on 3 June 1780, bound for Madras, Bengal, and Bombay. On 29 September she reached Rio de Janeiro, and arrived at Madras on 10 January 1781. From there she sailed to Bengal, arriving at Kedgeree on 12 March. On 7 May she was at Barrabulla, also in the Hooghli River, before returning to Kedgeree on 20 May. Leaving Bengal she was at Barrabulla again on 15 September. On 6 October she reached Madras, on 21 October Negapatam, on 17 December Bombay, on 11 April 1782 Tellicherry, on 27 April Calicut, on 6 May Tellicherry again, and on 28 May Bombay again. Homeward bound, on 31 January 1783 Neptune was at St Helena, and she arrived at The Downs on 8 August.

EIC voyage #2 (1784-1785)
Captain George Scott left The Downs on 26 March 1784, bound for Bombay. By 29 July Neptune had reached Johanna, and she arrived at Bombay on 24 August. She arrived at Tellicherry on 23 October, before returning to Bombay on 9 November. Homeward bound, she reached Cochin on 7 April 1785, and St Helena on 5 July, before arriving at The Downs on 5 September.

EIC voyage #3 (1786-1787)
Captain George Scott left The Downs on 13 March 1786, bound for China. Neptune arrived at Whampoa on 28 August. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 25 December, reached St Helena on 28 April 1787, and arrived at The Downs on 5 July.

EIC voyage #4 (1788-1789)
Captain George Scott left The Downs on 14 April 1788, again bound for China. Neptune arrived at Whampoa on 6 October. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 20 December, reached St Helena on 6 May 1789, and arrived at The Downs on 12 July.

Second Fleet to Australia
Captain Thomas Gilbert started the voyage on 17 November 1789, bound for Botany Bay and China. In company with Surprize and  Scarborough, Neptune finally sailed from England with 421 male and 78 female convicts on 19 January 1790. At some point on the voyage Gilbert died and his replacement as master was Donald Traill; the surgeon was William Gray. She arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 13 April 1790, and spent sixteen days there, taking on provisions, and twelve male convicts from HMS Guardian, which had been wrecked after striking an iceberg. heavy weather resulted in Neptune and Scarborough parting from Surprize, with Neptune arriving at Port Jackson on 28 June, 160 days out from England. During the voyage 147 male and 11 female convicts died, for a total death rate of 31%; 269 (53%) were sick when landed.

The treatment of convicts aboard Neptune was quite harsh. Convicts suspected of petty theft were flogged to death and most convicts remained chained below decks for the duration of the voyage. Scurvy and other diseases were endemic and the food rations were pitiful. Neptune had the second highest death rate among all convict voyages.

Neptune returned to Britain on 27 October 1791.

Trial
Well after their return to England, on 9 June 1792 Donald Traill and Chief Mate, William Ellerington were privately prosecuted for the murder of an unnamed convict, along with a seaman named Andrew Anderson and a cook named John Joseph. After a trial lasting three hours before Sir James Marriott in the Admiralty Court, the jury acquitted both men on all charges "without troubling the Judge to sum up the evidence". There were no public prosecutions as public prosecutions in Britain did not exist until 1880. Later, the lawyer who brought the charge was struck from the Rolls.

Notable arrivals
Amongst the arrivals on this voyage was D'Arcy Wentworth. He had made one of the convicts, Catherine Crowley, pregnant and subsequently William Wentworth was born on Norfolk Island. John Macarthur, his wife Elizabeth, and their son Edward Macarthur left England on Neptune but transferred to Scarborough after a quarrel with the captain. A photograph of Edward Macarthur exists, and is the only known photo of a passenger on Neptune.

Sarah Cobcroft (née Smith), de facto wife of convict John Cobcroft, also arrived aboard Neptune. She was a midwife and later pioneer farmer of Wilberforce, New South Wales.

Molly Morgan, born Mary Jones, was another convict who sailed to Australia on the Neptune.

Fate
Neptune was last listed in Lloyd's Register in 1796 with T. Gilbert, master, and Calvert & Co., owners.

Neptune sailed from Portsmouth on 6 March 1796. She was bound for India to serve there in the coastal trade. However, at Cape Town a fire and explosion destroyed her. She was not carrying any cargo on behalf of the EIC.

title: Neptune (1780 ship)