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Calico Early Man Site

The Calico Early Man Site is an archaeological site in an ancient Pleistocene lake located near Barstow in San Bernardino County in the central Mojave Desert of Southern California. This site is on and in late middle-Pleistocene fanglomerates (now-cemented alluvial debris flow deposits) known variously as the Calico Hills, the Yermo Hills, or the Yermo formation. Holocene evidence includes petroglyphs and trail segments that are probably related to outcrops of local high-quality siliceous rock (primarily chalcedony in freshwater limestone).

The Calico Early Man Site includes:
 * Artifacts of the Lake Manix Lithic Industry (LMLI) found on and just below the surface at elevations greater than 543 m, the shoreline elevation of a 236 km2 freshwater Pleistocene lake which emptied approximately 18,000 years ago.
 * Material recovered from nested Pleistocene alluvial deposits stratigraphically beneath a 100,000-year-old soil profile: a 'rock ring' (not a fire hearth) dated to 135,000 years by thermoluminescence (TL), about 200,000 years by uranium-series analysis, and about 197,000+/- 20,000 years by surface beryllium-10 (10Be) dating.
 * The Rock Wren Biface, a large well-formed biface tool recovered from a younger nested-inset alluvial deposit at Calico: dated by sediment thermoluminescence (sediment TL) to 14,400 ±2,200 years ago. A test pit located near the discovery location is currently being excavated and is yielding artifactual material.

The tools and flakes of LMLI and those found in the nested inset known as the Rock Wren Locality were probably made by modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens).

Introduction
The stone tools of these industries, along with preforms, lithic core, technical flakes, and pieces of angular debitage, mainly of chalcedony, are found on and in late middle Pleistocene-age fanglomerates and younger inset alluvial terraces in the Calico Hills (also known as the Yermo Hills) east of the Calico Peaks and the Calico Mountains. The location is in the central portion of southern California's Mojave Desert. Historically, this archaeological project has also been known as "The Calico Mountains Archaeological Site" and "The Calico Hills Archaeological Site". Today, it is called "The Calico Early Man Site".

Manix Basin
In most of the Great Basin region, Late Pleistocene and Holocene alluviation has effectively buried and sealed earlier Pleistocene sediments and possible evidence of pre-Clovis cultures. In the Manix Basin (Lower Mojave Valley) of San Bernardino County, California a fortuitous ensemble of environmental factors relating to mountain building, climatically controlled conditions for lake formation, alluviation, and erosion, faulting and folding and significant erosion of ancient lacustrine plain sediments by the modern drainage have rendered relatively accessible for archaeological investigation a series of deposits that represent more than 350,000 years of Quaternary history.

The Manix Basin, a structural basin in the central Mojave Desert, is the third and lowest major valley of the Mojave River, presently an exotic stream with episodic flow, which has its source in the San Bernardino Mountains, some 200 km to the southeast.

A freshwater lake developed in the basin about 400,000 – 500,000 years ago near the Calico Archaeological Site. The lake was present until the late Pleistocene. The last high stand of Lake Manix was at 543 m and had a surface area of approximately 236 km2. This lake drained, probably catastrophically, approximately 18,100 years ago, probably as a result of a major increase in river inflow or tectonic movement on the Manix fault.

Fossils
The lacustrine, fluvial, and alluvial sediments of the Pleistocene Manix Formation contain remains of numerous Rancholabrean animals ranging in age from approximately 20,000 years to well in excess of 350,000 years before present. Fossils recovered from the section include: camel, horse, mammoth, saber-tooth cat, dire wolf, short-faced bear, coyote, flamingo, pelican, eagle, swan, geese, mallard duck, ruddy duck, canvas backed duck, double-crested cormorant, grebe, crane, seagull and stork.

Prehistoric tools
Thousands of rocks that bear a strong resemblance to prehistoric tools have been found at the site, both on the surface, and up to 8 m below the surface. A stone from the Master Pit had been dated to over 200,000 BP. This date could have been the result of contamination from other elements in the soil, so currently there is an effort to date verified lithics through thermoluminescence dating. While the results are still pending, the styles suggest 20,000 to 30,000 BP.

The debate centers on whether the "tools" were made by humans (i.e., artifacts), or through typical geological processes (i.e. geofacts). The general scientific consensus is that the subsurface items are geofacts.

Artifacts or geofacts?
The artifactual character of the Calico lithic assemblage has been questioned (Haynes 1973; Payen 1982a, 1982b; Taylor and Payen 1979; Duvall and Venner 1979). Haynes (1973) postulated that rock fracturing by tectonic stresses, weather, rock-on-rock percussion in streams and mudflows, pressure retouch of buried cobbles, and successive generations of flake removal and separation from cores through cycles of erosion and redeposition could have occurred during deposition of the alluvial deposits at Calico and produced specimens indistinguishable from artifacts.

Specimens collected from earlier excavations up to the present are under analysis by archaeologists volunteering at the Calico site. Many have been confirmed to be geofacts, but some are believed to be potential artifacts and have been cataloged and submitted for thermoluminescent dating. Currently work is being done on compiling and publishing the most recent finds at the site to be submitted to the local tribes, community and journals for peer review.

Flake scar angles
Payen (1982) studied flake scar angles as traits for distinguishing artifacts from geofacts. He tested a method developed by Barnes (1939) who had compared frequency of obtuse angles on eoliths, natural fractures, and artifacts. Barnes found obtuse angles on 72% of eoliths, 75% of natural fractures, and 18% of artifacts and concluded that “The flaked tools of an industry…may be considered to be of human origin if not more than 25% of the angles scar-platform are obtuse (90° and over)” (Barnes 1939:111). Payen measured all flake angles on each Calico specimen in his sample. It is conceivable that flake scars were confused for striking platforms. Flaking from one side of a specimen can often remove earlier platform areas on the other side. Angles between two flake scars are different from angles between platforms and derivative flake scars.

Payen compared mean angle values for Calico specimens with those on specimens selected as representing controlled and uncontrolled fracture. He found that “Statistically, there is no significant difference between the sample of alleged tools and the uncontrolled fracture series.” (Payen 1982:200).

Duvall and Venner (1979:462) examined a sample of Calico artifacts and concluded they were form-selected examples of naturally flaked rocks. Their assessment was based on variances in seven attributes (length, width, thickness, flake angle, medial axis angle, lateral edge angle, and distal edge angle) and comparison with comparable attributes on specimens in eight Paleoindian collections reported by Wilmsen (1970).

Current consensus
Both the Duvall/Venner and the Payen papers have been criticized on a number of levels, and analyses supporting the pro-artifact argument have been published. The present consensus is that there is no evidence of human activity at the Calico Early Man site. This consensus developed based on a number of factors, including:

 * The lack of other evidence of human activity (e.g. human or animal remains, or non-tool artifacts).
 * The deep antiquity of the site (the next oldest date for human artifacts in the Americas is 30,000 BP, and that date itself is controversial).
 * The sheer number of possible tools, up to 60,000 by one account.
 * The research by Duvall/Venner, Payen, and others providing possible natural explanations for the stone objects.

History of excavations
In 1959 Louis Leakey, while at the British Museum of Natural History in London, received a visit from Ruth DeEtte Simpson, an archaeologist from California. Simpson had acquired what looked like ancient scrapers from a site in the Calico Hills and showed it to Leakey.

Leakey viewed it as important to study the Calico Hills site, as he was convinced that the number and distribution of native languages in the Americas required more time than 12,000 years to evolve and acquire their current distribution. In 1963, Leakey obtained funds from the National Geographic Society and commenced archaeological excavations with Simpson. Excavations in an area stratigraphically separate from a verified 10,000-year-old Paleoindian site were carried out by Leakey and Simpson, who believed that they had located stone artifacts that were dated 100,000 years or older, suggesting a human presence in North America much earlier than estimated.

The archaeologist Jeffrey Goodman who worked at the site with Leakey had also claimed the stone artifacts to be human made. Goodman has also made controversial statements that the artifacts found at Calico Hills may be as old as 500,000 years and if proven would be the oldest human artifacts in the world, which would place human origins in the Americas. However, the majority of scientists have rejected these claims. According to Kenneth Feder, "Goodman's claims were not backed up with even a shred of evidence."

The geologist Vance Haynes had made three visits to the site in 1973 and had claimed that the artifacts of Leakey were naturally formed geofacts. According to Haynes, the geofacts were formed by stones becoming fractured in an ancient river on the site.

In her autobiography, Louis' wife Mary Leakey wrote that because of his involvement with the Calico Hills site she had lost academic respect for him, and that the Calico excavations was "catastrophic to his professional career and was largely responsible for the parting of our ways". She did not share his visionary views about the Calico site. She regarded Louis as often slipping into incompetence and often publicized that opinion. Louis Leakey continued to visit the site several times a year and was connected with the project until his death in 1972. The site was taken over by the Bureau of Land Management and was opened to the public.

Sources and further reading

 * Bischoff, J.L., R.J. Shlemon, T.L. Ku, R.D. Simpson, R.J. Rosenbauer, & F.E. Budinger, Jr., "1981 Uranium-series and Soils-geomorphic Dating of the Calico Archaeological Site, California", Geology V9 (12), pp. 576–582.
 * Budinger Jr., Fred E., Oberlander, Theodore Calicodig.org "This web site describes and analyzes the Calico Archaeological Site and the Calico Lithic Industry". With many stone object photos.
 * Debenham, N., (1998) Thermoluminescence Dating of Sediment from the Calico Site (California) (CAL1), Quaternary TL Surveys, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 1998.
 * Duvall, James G., and Venner, William Thomas, “A Statistical Analysis of the Lithics from the Calico Site (SBCM 1500A), California”, Journal of Field Archaeology, Winter 1979: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 455–462.
 * Haynes, Vance (1973) "The Calico Site: Artifacts or Geofacts?", Science, vol. 181, no. 4097, July 27, 1973, pp. 305–310.
 * Morell, Virginia (1995) Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings, Simon & Schuster, pp. 266–267.
 * Payen, L., “Artifacts or geofacts at Calico: Application of the Barnes test,” in Peopling of the New World, Ericson J., Taylor, R., and Berger, R., eds. Los Altos, California: Ballena Press, 1982, pp. 193–201.
 * Patterson, Leland W.; Hoffman, Louis V.; Higginbotham, Rose Marie; Simpson, Ruth D. (1987) "Analysis of Lithic Flakes at the Calico Site, California", in Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), pp. 91–106.
 * AmericanWest's North American Archaeology Section, Calico Site Update. ". . .over 60,000 tools and flakes have been collected".
 * Friends of Calico Early Man Site; 2024 Orange Tree Lane, Redlands, CA 93474. (accessed 6/2010)
 * Calico Mountains Archaeological Site. (2015). ""...Current Consensus.

title: Calico Early Man Site


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Ekeren

Ekeren is a northern district of the municipality of Antwerp in the Flemish Region of Belgium. The suburb celebrated its 850th birthday in 2005; the name of the town was first mentioned in 1155, as "Hecerna". The name possibly originates from Vikings who settled there in the ninth century after using the oak trees.

Ekeren used to be the home town of the Germinal Ekeren football club until Germinal merged with K. Beerschot V.A.C. into K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot (in 1999). The new club is based in the Olympisch Stadion in Antwerp.

Ekeren is home to the Jozef Pauly municipal academy for music and diction, which has around 2000 pupils as of 2004 (also counting branches in some other districts of the city of Antwerp, and one in the nearby municipality of Kapellen). The academy hosts many musical ensembles; the Jozef Pauly flute ensemble has made concert tours to Australia and the United States. Municipal music academies in Belgium are distinct from the public educational system; attending these academies is entirely optional, and merely a hobby for most of the students.

The 1 square kilometre large domain of the Oude Landen is a unique and extremely diverse natural sanctuary situated near the border with the Antwerp city district. Since it was a military area until 1972 (but not often used as such) where trespassing was strictly forbidden, nature was allowed to have its way for decades; the area now contains a rich mixture of plants and animals in eight more or less separate miniature ecosystems.

The border between Ekeren and the Antwerp district was changed per 1 January 2019, which transferred several Antwerp neighbourhoods with about 5,000 inhabitants to Ekeren.

Ekeren is also the hometown of well known Belgian/American musician Christian Olde Wolbers of legendary American music group Fear Factory

History
In 1703, Ekeren was the site of a battle in the War of the Spanish Succession, known as the Battle of Ekeren. Some street names in Ekeren (for example, the "Successiestraat", "Vierkerkenstraat", and "Tweekronenstraat") still refer to this historical event.

During the Liberation of Belgium, Ekeren was liberated on 4 October 1944 by the Essex Scottish Regiment and the Royal Regiment of Canada. The last V-Bomb to land in the area of Antwerp was in Ekeren, on 28 March 1945.

Government
Ekeren was a distinct municipality with its own town hall, mayor, and city council until 1983, when most of it, along with 8 other municipalities was merged into the city of Antwerp. In 2000 the Antwerp city council initiated additional district councils with responsibilities including sports, culture, youth and elderly people. Since this decentralization, the Antwerp municipality consists of nine districts (the old city, seven former municipalities at its borders, and the Bezali merger of three towns). The first district council of Ekeren, elected in 2000, was led by Christophe Thomas (Open Vld); the second district council, elected in 2006, by Ronny Kruyniers (sp.a). The current district council chairman is Koen Palinckx (N-VA) (elected in 2012). The district council gathers in the 16th century-era Hof van Veltwijck, which had seen major restructuring works around 2000; this complex also houses local administrative offices.

Notable residents

 * Vlaams Belang politician Filip Dewinter (1962–)
 * Libera Carlier, writer (1926–2007)
 * Georges Morren, painter, sculptor, engraver (1868–1941)
 * Sanne Cant, Belgian Cyclo-cross racing cyclist, three times world champion (1990–)

Sister cities

 * Andernach, Germany
 * Newry, Northern Ireland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ekeren


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Chiara Lubich

Chiara Lubich (born Silvia Lubich; January 22, 1920, Trento – March 14, 2008, Rocca di Papa), was an Italian teacher and author who founded the Focolare Movement, which aims to bring unity among people and promote universal family.

She was a charismatic figure who broke with many female stereotypes as early as the 1940s, opening a previously unheard of role for women in society and the Roman Catholic Church.

Lubich is considered a notable figure in ecumenical, interreligious and intercultural dialogue, as recognized by UNESCO, which awarded her the Prize for Peace Education in 1996; and the Council of Europe, with the Human Rights Award in 1998; among others.

She took her place in the history of contemporary spirituality among teachers and mystics for the authentic Gospel-based inspiration, universal outlook, and cultural and social influence that distinguish her charism, spirituality, and work.

Early life
The second of four children, Lubich was baptised Silvia. Her mother Luigia Marinconz, was a fervent Catholic, while her father Luigi, was a socialist and convinced anti-fascist. She later took the religious name Chiara upon entering the Franciscan Third Order (1942-1949).

Luigi Lubich worked as a typesetter for the socialist newspaper Il Popolo, directed by Cesare Battisti. After the suppression of the newspaper by the Italian fascist regime, he opened an export business of Italian wines into Germany, but due to the crisis of 1929, he was forced to close it. Having refused to become a member of the National Fascist Party, he found it impossible to get work and had to resort to doing odd jobs to support his family. Thus, the family lived in financial hardship for years. Her mother and the local Sisters of the Child Mary provided her with a solid formation in the Christian faith. She developed a strong sense of social justice from her father; her brother Gino, who was also a socialist; and the family's life of poverty, becoming very sensitive to the needs of the poor. At the age of 15, she joined the ranks of Catholic Action in Trento and soon became a diocesan youth leader.

Education and teaching career
Chiara attended a teachers' college and became a passionate student of philosophy. Her great desire was to attend the Catholic University of Milan, but she failed to win a scholarship. Initially deeply distressed, she suddenly felt consoled by an inner certainty from God: "I will be your teacher". As soon as she graduated, she took jobs teaching in elementary schools in the valley regions around Trento (1938–39), and then in Cognola (1940-1943), a town close to Trento, in a school for orphans run by the Capuchins. In the autumn of 1943, she left teaching and enrolled at the Ca'Foscari University of Venice, continuing to give private lessons. However, due to the circumstances of the war, at the end of 1944, she had to interrupt her studies.

Founding Focolare: 1942-1951
Focolare was founded against the backdrop of the horrors of World War II. In the midst of this, Chiara discovered the life-giving alternative: God, who is Love. It would become the inspiring spark for the movement for peace and unity that would later emerge. In autumn of 1942, in the wake of a simple conversation about the love of God with a Capuchin friar, Casimiro Bonetti, he proposed that Silvia enter the Franciscan Third Order. Attracted by Clare of Assisi's radical choice of God, she took the name Chiara, which is Italian for Clare. Her experience of God's love was the topic of conferences she gave to the young women of the Third Order. Among them was Natalia Dallapiccola, who, at the age of 18, was the first to follow Lubich.

Lessons from the war
On September 2, 1943, Anglo-American forces began bombing Trento. As she and her first companions ran to the air-raid shelters, they took only a copy of the Gospel, which they read and tried to put it into practice. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allies, the territory around Trento was occupied by Nazi forces and annexed to the Third Reich. Her brother Gino joined the communist partisans and fought against the Nazi-fascist regime. In the summer of 1944, he was arrested and tortured. Amidst the uncertainty about the future and fear for life itself caused by the war, Chiara realized how everything passes, everything collapses, everything is "vanity of vanities" (Eccl. 1:1) and "only God remains". She became convinced that "the salvation of the twentieth century is love". She shared this great news with "letters of fire" that she wrote to her relatives, to the young women of the Third Order, and to her colleagues. Soon other young women joined her in living what they called a "divine adventure".

On December 7, 1943, in the chapel of the Capuchin College, she pronounced her total “Yes, forever” with a vow of perpetual chastity.

A revolution born from the Gospel
Chiara and her early friends dedicated themselves to the people in the poorest sections of Trento, recognizing in them the presence of Jesus. Thanks to a growing number of people being involved, food, clothing and medicine arrived with unusual abundance. Chiara made a plan, with the goal of “solving the social problems of Trento”. In 1947, it took shape as “Fraternity in action". In 1948 she wrote: "We have understood that the world needs to be healed by the Gospel because only the Good News can give back to the world the life it lacks. This is why we live the Word of Life (…). We have no other book except the Gospel, no other science, no other art. That is where life is!"

In February 1948, in an editorial signed by Silvia Lubich, which appeared in L'Amico Serafico, the magazine of the Capuchin Fathers, she announced the communion of goods to all those around her, following the example of the first Christians. After only a few months, close to 500 people were involved in a widespread sharing of material and spiritual goods.

The unity of the human family
In that dark time without much hope for the future, a universal project opened up for Chiara:

"One day I found myself with my new companions in a dark, candle-litcellar, a book of the Gospel in hand. I opened it at random and found the prayer of Jesus before he died: ‘Father (...) that they may all be one’ (John 17:11). It was not aneasy text for us to start with, but one by one those words seemed to come to life, giving us the conviction that we were born for that page of the Gospel."

For Chiara, "that they may all be one" could mean nothing less than the unity of all humankind. Unity with God and among human beings could be achieved on one condition: by embracing the cross. Chiara focused on “Jesus Forsaken”. Gradually she and her companions realized that in that moment Jesus had transformed all forms of pain and suffering into "new life" and healed all the traumas of division. Years later,she would affirm: Jesus Forsaken won every battle in us, even the most terrible ones (...). But it is necessary to be madly in love with him, who is the synthesis of every physical or spiritual suffering, the remedy (...) for every pain of the soul".

"We experienced joy, new peace, the fullness of life, an unmistakable light. Jesus was fulfilling his promise: 'Where two or more are gathered in my name, I am there among them' (Matt 18:20). He is the one who binds us into unity with the Father, and into unity among us, the unity which had been impossible until now."

Chiara understood that the unity that she and her first companions were experiencing was destined for the whole world. In 1946 she already proposed that they aim at universal brotherhood, indicating the way that this can be done. "Look at all people as children of the one Father. Let our thoughts and the affection of our hearts go beyond the barriers imposed by our human vision of life, and develop the habit of constantly opening ourselves to the reality of being one human family in only one Father: God".

While Chiara and her first companions believed they were simply living the Gospel, the phrases that were coming into relief formed the basic principles of a spirituality of unity or "spirituality of communion". Chiara gradually deepened these principles in her spiritual writings. The spirituality of unity developed as a rich and solid synthesis of Christian experience, a remarkable patrimony of ideas and life experiences, with a distinctly communitarian character. Twenty years later, it proved to be in total harmony with the documents of the Second Vatican Council. It has also had a social, cultural, political and economic impact on society.

A decisive choice
On May 13, 1944, the city of Trento was subjected to heavy bombing. The Lubich home was also damaged to the point of being uninhabitable. The family decided to look for shelter in a mountain village, while Chiara made the difficult choice to stay in the city to support the increasingly numerous group of young women who were inspired by her actions and her words. While she was going through the streets, looking for her friends, a woman, distraught with grief, grabbed her by the shoulders, shouting at her that four of her family members had been killed. For Chiara, this was a call to set aside her own pain to take on the pain of humanity.

In the autumn of 1944, Chiara was offered a small apartment in Piazza Cappuccini, where she went to live with some of her companions. This would be the seed of a small and rather unique community. The warmth of their love earned them the nickname "focolare", the Italian word for hearth. Even though they had no intention of starting anything, this small household marked the first basic structure of the newly born Movement. It would constitute its heart, its backbone. In the autumn of 1948, a young electrician, Marco Tecilla, and a merchant, Livio Fauri, decided to follow Chiara's new communitarian way and formed the first men's focolare community. In 1953, the focolare household would acquire its definitive form when also married people became full members of the community while remaining faithful to the obligations of their married life. The first to follow this path was Igino Giordani, the pioneer for a vocation that would be followed by numerous married people who are eager for spiritual perfection.

Years of difficult trials
“Whoever listens to you listens to me” (Luke 10:16). This sentence from the Gospel of Luke motivated Chiara to go with her companions to see the bishop of Trento, Carlo De Ferrari. He listened to them, got more information about their life and then reassured them. He also confirmed that this was something new that was developing and should be separate from the Franciscan Third Order. In fact, on May 1, 1947, Archbishop De Ferrari approved the Statute of the Focolare of Charity - Apostles of Unity. In March 1949, a decree of the Vatican department for religious ratified the distinction of the Focolare of Charity from the Franciscan Third Order. The charges against them, however, did not cease. During the 1950s, when movements were a new phenomenon in the Church, certain Vatican offices regarded the Focolare Movement with suspicion. In 1951, the Holy Office (now known as the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith) began a long study and a series of interviews to test the young founder. During this time, it was uncertain whether the movement would be disbanded or approved.

Papal approvals
The trial came to an end gradually, starting with the first pontifical approval ad experimentum in 1962, during the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, at about the same time that he opened the Second Vatican Council. Further approval was given by Pope Paul VI in 1964. In 1990, Pope John Paul II approved the Statutes that outline the composite physiognomy of the Focolare Movement as it developed over the years. As early as 1984, John Paul II recognized in the charism of Chiara a "radicalism of love", juxtaposing it with that of Ignatius of Loyola and other founders. The following year, in answer to a question posed to him by Chiara, he gave his support to the idea that in the future the head of the Movement would always be a woman, even though Focolare includes priests, men and women religious, and bishops. His answer was: "Indeed! I see you [the Focolare] as an expression of the Church’s Marian profile". In that same year, John Paul II named her as a consultant for the Pontifical Council for the Laity. Chiara addressed the synods of the bishops in 1985, 1987 and 1999.

The meeting with Igino Giordani
Various circumstances led Chiara to move from Trento to Rome. Looking for help to find an apartment in postwar Rome, she asked for an appointment with Igino Giordani (1884-1980), a prominent figure in Parliament. The meeting took place on September 17, 1948. Giordani, who was married and father of four children, was a prolific author, journalist, pioneer of ecumenism, scholar and expert in the history of the Church, and therefore able to understand the novelty that the spirituality offered. At the age of 56, he decided there and then to follow her, while remaining with his family, but becoming a spiritual member of the community of consecrated virgins. He was the first in this vocation of “married Focolarini”, an original way of consecration open to married people, as individuals or as a couple. Giordani would also contribute greatly to the development of ecumenism within the Movement, as well as to the civic and social dimension of the spirituality, so much so that he was considered by Chiara co-founder of the Movement. The process of his beatification is currently underway.

A special period of light
After years of intense activity, in the summer of 1949, Chiara went with her companions for a period of rest to a town near Trento called Tonadico. It was a mystical experience and has since been referred to simply as "Paradise ’49". She understood more about God's plans for the Focolare Movement and its future developments. During those few months, Chiara constantly communicated with Igino Giordani, who had returned to Rome for his work. She would immediately share whatever she understood with the young women who were with her, in such a vital way that they had the impression of participating with her in the same experience. It was the founding experience of the new communitarian spirituality and the ecclesial reality that it would generate.

Development
In September 1949, Chiara returned to Rome from the mountains and a new stage began. Before the year end, she met a young man from Pistoia (central Italy), Pasquale Foresi (1929-2015). He was destined to become one of Chiara's closest collaborators, whom she considered a co-founder, alongside Igino Giordani.

Mariapolis
Every summer between 1950 and 1959, in the mountain villages near Trento, people from all walks of life joined Chiara and the members of the movement to live this new lifestyle, while enjoying a holiday atmosphere together. They came from Italy, France and Germany, from other countries of Europe and other continents. The first multicultural scale model of a society renewed by the Gospel took shape spontaneously and was given the name "Mariapolis" ("city of Mary"). In 1953, among other politicians, Alcide De Gasperi, then Prime Minister of Italy, attended the Mariapolis. In 1959, over 10,000 people came to the Valley of Primiero from 27 nations,including Czechoslovakia, Brazil, and Taiwan. The following year, at the Mariapolis in Fribourg, Switzerland, Chiara spoke to a group of politicians of the day when all nations would live in unity, foreseeing "a new era": "The time has come when the homeland of others has to be loved as one’s own. Today the times require us to have the social responsibility to build up, not only our own country but that of others, too."

A work "under construction"
Chiara often described herself as a simple instrument in the hands of the artist. After the pontifical approval in 1962, the movement began to develop at a surprisingly rapid rate, resulting in the formation of various branches for more committed members and of movements for wider outreach. Chiara repeated several times that she never had a plan or an agenda: "Yes, because the pen does not know what the author wants to write ... So, when God takes a person in his hands to produce a particular work within the Church, that person does not know what he or she will have to do. They are merely the tool, the instrument ... When this life started in Trento, I had no plan, no program. The idea of this Movement was in the mind of God, the project was in heaven. That’s how it was in the beginning, and that’s how it has been over all the years the Movement has developed."

Youth and the gospel revolution
In 1967, Chiara proposed to young people a revolution of love, based on the Gospel. She issued a strong appeal for young people of the world to unite. She pointed to a new model of person needed for this era, the "global person" with the whole world in their heart. In 1985, an even broader youth movement began, called "Youth for a United World" for young adults, while a year before, in 1984, Chiara had started "Teens for Unity", for teens and children to build peace everywhere and to spread a culture of giving.

New Families Movement
On July 19, 1967, Chiara announced the beginning of a movement for families. She asked couples who were living the spirituality of unity to reach out to all couples, but especially to focus on those who most reflected the suffering of Jesus abandoned on the cross. Groups formed all over the world, and hundreds of social projects to support family life, providing concrete help for those in need and sponsoring children with their "Adoptions-at-a-Distance" project, and international adoptions.

Towards the Church as communion
Ever since the early years of the movement in Trento, Chiara had frequent contacts with men and women religious of various congregations as well as diocesan priests. She encouraged them to implement in their communities and parishes the last desire of Jesus, "Father, that they may all be one". This led to a widespread movement among religious and priests at large, while branches developed for those who wanted to commit to living the spirituality according to their vocation and their founder's spirit.

"Operation Africa"
In 1964, during the Second Vatican Council, Bishop Julius Peeters from Cameroon asked Chiara about the possibility of sending medical help to a region of his country where the people were at risk of disease. She requested some of the Focolare members who were doctors or nurses to go to the village of Fontem. They discovered that vaccinating the population helped immensely to improve their situation. Seeing their great need, Chiara launched "Operation Africa" among the youth of the movement, who raised money to build a hospital and then schools for the village. She went in person to visit the Bangwa people in Fontem in 1966, 1969 and 2000. Fontem is the site of Mary Health of Africa mission hospital. a 120-bed hospital that also has an extensive outpatient service and runs a dispensary in nearby Fonjumetaw.

Eastern Europe
Starting in 1955, with the encouragement of Pope Pius XII and the German bishops, some men and women members of the Focolare moved to Czecho-Slovakia and then into East Germany and other neighboring countries. Chiara gave them precise directions - be perfect workers; live mutual love and love each neighbor without speaking about it; respect the laws of the country. She traveled to Berlin nine times, both before and after the wall had been constructed. In 1990, when travel outside their countries was permitted, several hundred youths from eastern Europe were able to participate in the GenFest in Rome. In August 1991, in Katowice, Poland, 6,500 members of the Focolare Movement, coming from Eastern European countries belonging to the communist bloc, met for the first time with Chiara and with one another.

For an economy of communion
In May 1991, Chiara arrived in São Paulo, Brazil, to meet with the members of the movement there. The idea emerged for a project called the "Economy of communion" (EOC) in which businesses would, first of all, live the spirit of unity among their employees, competitors, and customers, and then share part of their profits to raise people out of poverty and form a "culture of giving" rather than of "having". It stimulated the interest of academics who have studied the praxis being used and are presenting a new economic theory in universities worldwide. Chiara was awarded several honorary doctorates in economics and, in 1999, presented the Economy of Communion at the 50th anniversary of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France. In October 1998, Fernando Cardoso, president of the Federal Republic of Brazil presented Chiara with the highest award of his country, the “National Order of the Southern Cross, "recognizing the EOC as an innovative and effective weapon in the struggle against poverty and exclusion"

Politics for unity
Chiara was invited to speak to a meeting of Italian politicians of various parties. It was May 2, 1996, in Naples. Her proposal to them was that, first of all, they should live fraternity among themselves and then bring this spirit to all their relationships with other politicians of different parties, with the goal that together they might achieve the common good. This gave shape to the Movement of Politics and Policy for Unity (MppU). Chiara outlined its fundamental features on several occasions when she met members of the government in Slovenia, Spain, France, the Czech Republic, Brazil (1998) and Italy (2000).

During her visit to Ireland in 2004, she met President Mary McAleese. Visiting the focolare center near Dublin in 2008, McAleese spoke of Lubich's "simple and beautiful idea of love as a lived reality leading to unity. Ideas such as hers". She added "provide an antidote to the negative ideas that spread so easily, causing damage, breaking hearts and lives". That same year (2004) Chiara visited England and spoke in the House of Commons in Westminster on the topic "Liberty and equality ... What happened to fraternity". She also addressed a symposium at the United Nations in New York, sponsored by the Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See in conjunction with the World Conference of Religions for Peace (WCRP) with the title A Unity of Nations and a Unity of Peoples. In November 2001, she was invited to a major conference held in Vienna, Austria, entitled "1,000 cities for Europe", where she proposed "the spirit of universal brotherhood in politics as a key to the unity of Europe and the world". On September 12, 2004, she gave was to be her last public address, in Rome, on the occasion of the second international Interdependence Day.

An interdisciplinary culture
At the beginning of the 1990s, at the urging of Bishop Klaus Hemmerle, Bishop of Aachen in Germany, Chiara gathered together scholars in a variety of disciplines who had been living the Focolare spirituality for some years. They formed what is called the Abba' School, an interdisciplinary study center, to draw out a doctrine from the illuminations received during the summer of 1949. In December 2007, the pontifically approved Sophia University Institute was established in the Movement's small town of Loppiano, near Florence, offering interdisciplinary graduate programs based on the culture of unity.

"A Woman of Dialogue"
Throughout her life, Chiara became a protagonist and often a forerunner of a 360-degree dialogue among civil and religious leaders, movements and individuals within the Catholic Church, with Christians of different Churches, with followers of other religions and also with people without a religious affiliation. A "dialogue of life" helps people to meet and, even though they have different ideas, to speak with a sincere love for the other person, to find some point of agreement that can clarify misunderstandings, calm disputes, resolve conflicts, and even at times eliminate hatred.

Chiara had many practical ideas about how to develop a fruitful dialogue. She explained:

"We have to love the other person, but not with words or feelings. We have to be concrete in our love and the best way to do this is to‘make ourselves one’ with them,‘live the life of the other’ in a certain way, sharing their sufferings and their joys, understanding them, serving and helping them in practical ways. ‘Making ourselves one’ is the attitude that guided the apostle Paul, who wrote that he made himself a Jew with the Jews, Greek with the Greeks, all things to all people (cf. 1Cor 9:19-22). We must follow his example so that we can establish a sincere, friendly dialogue with everyone." This attitude suggested by Chiara also eliminates any idea of winning the other person over to one's religion or point of view. Instead, it leads people who were strangers to discover that they are all brothers and sisters in the one human family. Pope John Paul II defined the members of the Focolare Movement as “apostles of dialogue”

Reconciliation among Christians
As everything in Chiara's experience, the ecumenical stage of the Movement began with a personal contact. In 1961, a group of Lutheran nuns invited her to Darmstadt in Germany to share with them the principles of her spirituality. Some Lutheran pastors were also present and were so struck by her radical evangelical lifestyle that they expressed the desire to spread this spirituality among Lutherans. In 2008, in his tribute to Chiara, the General Secretary of the World Lutheran Federation (LWF), Rev. Dr. Ishmael Noko, said: "Many in the Lutheran communion have drawn inspiration from this laywoman". ” In 1966, in London, Chiara had an audience with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey, Primate of the Anglican Communion, and subsequently with his successors. The former Archdeacon of Canterbury, Bernard Pawley, once described the Focolare as having "burst forth in the Church like a fountain of living water from the Gospel".

From 1967 to 1972, she traveled to Istanbul eight times, where she engaged in a deep fraternal dialogue with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Athenagoras I, with whom she had 24 audiences over the years. This dialogue continued with his successors, DemetriosI and Bartholomew I. Chiara also formed a deep and lasting friendship with Frère Roger Schutz, founder of the ecumenical community of Taizé.

Since 1967, she had contacts with the Ecumenical Council of Churches based in Geneva, Switzerland. Samuel Kobia, General Secretary of WCC in 2008, wrote in testimony of Chiara's life: "Chiara Lubich had a profound impact on the ecumenical movement and helped significantly to foster viable relationships between churches of different Christian traditions. (…) Our love for Chiara and immense gratitude for the gift of God she has been to the ecumenical movement will continue to motivate and inspire us in our work for the visible unity of the Church".

In all of these contacts, Chiara referred her activities to the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, where she received full support. She also felt confirmed in this work by all the modern Popes, beginning with Pope John XXIII who had placed Christian unity as one of the first goals for the Second Vatican Council.

Communion with Catholic ecclesial movements and new communities
On the eve of Pentecost 1998, in St. Peter's Square in Rome, Pope John Paul II held the first large meeting of ecclesial movements and new communities, with the presence of 250,000 people from many nations of the world. In his address, he said: "The institutional and charismatic aspects are co-essential in the Church’s constitution. They contribute, although differently, to the life, renewal, and sanctification of God’s People. It is from this providential rediscovery of the Church’s charismatic dimension that, before and after the Council, a remarkable pattern of growth has been established for ecclesial movements and new communities". And he added: "The Church expects from you mature fruits of communion and commitment. Chiara addressed the Pope with three other founders, Fr. Luigi Giussani (Communion and Liberation), Jean Vanier (L’Arche) and Kiko Argüello (Neocatechumenal Way) and she assured him that she would work for the unity among the movements." From then on, she dedicated herself with a particular passion to increasing the communion among the founders, directors, and members of movements and new communities.

"Together for Europe"
The experience of Catholic movements coming together inspired members of other Christian movements who asked to join them. Since 1999, a network of collaboration among Catholic and Lutheran movements and communities was formed and gradually spread to many other groups and movements in Christian Churches throughout Europe. The result has been an ongoing project of working together called "Together for Europe". It is ecumenical, but also includes political leaders, and the goal is to contribute toward giving "a new soul to the old continent", considering the difficult process of integrating eastern and western Europe. The first major event took place in Stuttgart in 2004 with Chiara as one of the main speakers. 9,000 people participated while 163 similar events were held simultaneously in other locations.

Dialogue with members of other religions
The door to interreligious dialogue opened, quite unexpectedly, in London, 1977, when Chiara received the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion (also known as the Templeton Prize). In her acceptance speech, she outlined her Christian experience and mentioned that the Focolare Movement also had contacts with Jews, Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists, since friendships had developed in countries where these religious groups are present. She also quoted some of the great mystics of other religions who exalt love as the essence of all being. The response from religious leaders present was beyond anything she would have expected and for her was a sign that the Movement had to develop its interreligious dialogue.

In 1981, Chiara was invited to Tokyo by Nikkyo Niwano, the founder of Risshō KōseiKai, a lay Buddhist movement, to offer her spiritual experience to 10,000 Buddhists gathered in a prestigious Buddhist temple. It was the first time a Christian woman had spoken there. The impact was great and many of those present said that it helped them to appreciate the basic tenets of Christianity.

In January 1997, she went to Chiang Mai in Thailand, where she had been asked to address 800 Buddhist monks and nuns. Again, she was the first Christian and the first laywoman to address them. Their Great Teacher, Ajahn Thong, explained, "The wise person is neither male nor female. When someone turns on a light in the darkness, one does not ask if the one who lit it was a man or a woman. Chiara is here to give us the light she has experienced". In May of that same year, she was invited to the Malcolm Shabazz Mosque in New York, where once again she simply shared her Christian experience with 3,000 Muslims, referencing quotes from Islam that were similar to the Gospel, to which the crowd responded, "God is great!" At the end of the meeting, she made a pact of fraternity with their leader, Imam Warith Deen Mohammed.

Three years later, they met again in Washington DC, with 6000 Christians and Muslims to celebrate an event called "Faith Communities Together". Since then, this initiative has been repeated throughout the United States in many cities, bringing together the two communities for fellowship and common concrete projects.

In Buenos Aires, in April 1998, Chiara met members of the Jewish community of Argentina and Uruguay at the invitation of the B'nai B'rith and other Jewish organizations.

In 2001, she took her first trip to India invited by Kala Acharya, director of the Bharatiya Sanskriti Peetham University in Mumbai, who said, "It is time to break down the walls of separation and discover the garden of the other". Two prestigious Hindu-Gandhian institution sin Tamil Nadu conferred on her the Defender of Peace Award. She returned in 2003 on the invitation of the leader of a vast Hindu movement, the Swadhyaya Movement.

In 2002, among the official testimonies for peace offered by the representatives of the various churches and religions at the Day of Prayer for Peace in Assisi, presided over by Pope John Paul II, Chiara and Andrea Riccardi, founder of the Saint Egidio Community, gave the address on behalf of the Catholic Church. In 2004, at Westminster Central Hall in London, Chiara, speaking to a large audience of people of various religions and cultures, proposed a strategy of fraternal love that could mark a turning point for international relations, "because fraternity is God’s plan for the whole human family".

Dialogue with persons with no religious affiliation
In 1978, Chiara inaugurated the Focolare center for dialogue with persons who profess no particular faith, but who follow their conscience and are committed to living and spreading the great common values of humanity. Groups were formed of persons with religious faith and those of other convictions, but who all share the same desire to work for universal brotherhood in the world and to recompose the unity of the human family. On the occasion of their first congress in 1992, Chiara told them: “You are an essential part of the Focolare Movement because the values of solidarity and justice that you promote contribute to the project of unity which is the goal of this Movement ”.

Dialogue with contemporary culture
Chiara soon realized that the spirituality of unity has something to offer to every profession and area of engagement in society. People began to meet with others in their field of work so that groups formed to increase unity and fraternal love within their profession or area of work. They promote scholarly research to bring the values of love of neighbor and unity to bear on the normal practice of medicine, education, art, sports, ecology, psychology, economics, politics, etc. and also sponsor conferences, training courses and various publications on these topics.

The "night of God" and the "night of our age"
For Chiara, as for Mother Teresa of Calcutta and other persons of great spiritual depth, a biography cannot keep silent about a “hidden” side of their life, a mysterious aspect, but of considerable importance. Since the time of Saint John of the Cross, these have been called "nights" of the soul in the language of mysticism. Chiara said that her life was marked by "luminous peaks of love and the dark depths of pain". A climax came for her when she experienced the "night of God", the last serious trial at the end of her life, from 2004 to 2008. It seemed to her that "God had disappeared, like the sun disappearing over the horizon and no longer seen". ” It was a personal "night", but she also saw it projected onto the "night of our age". Once again, Chiara found the way out of this trial by embracing Jesus on the cross, who in the "darkest possible night" felt abandoned by his Father. She pointed out "signs of the resurrection" in many aspects of her work, particularly in the fields of politics, economics, communication, interreligious and cultural dialogue. She felt that these "resurrections" came from the faithful love for Jesus forsaken amid pain and darkness. This was her last public message, concluding with: "If we walk forward in these ways we can say: ‘My night has no darkness’, but all things shine in the light."

The last greeting
After a long period (from September 2004) in which her health failed, at the beginning of February 2008, Chiara was admitted to the Agostino Gemelli University Hospital in Rome. During her stay, she received a visit from the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Bartholomew I, and a letter from Pope Benedict XVI. On March 13, 2008, since nothing more could be done for her medically, she was discharged and returned to her home in Rocca di Papa, where she peacefully died the next day, March 14, at the age of 88.

Her funeral was celebrated in Rome, on March 18, at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Thousands of people packed the church and overflowed outside where large screens had been set up to allow them to follow the service. Civic leaders as well as prominent figures from the Catholic Church, many other Christian churches and other religions, attended and offered their testimony to her life. An eminent Thai Buddhist monk, Phara-Maha Thongratana, commented: "Now Chiara and her great Ideal are the legacies of the whole of humanity". News of her funeral was reported internationally. Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, then-Secretary of State of the Vatican, read the letter from Pope Benedict XVI, who said among other things:

"The continuous link with my venerable predecessors, from the Servant of God, Pius XII, to Blessed John XXIII and the Servants of God, Paul VI, John Paul I and John Paul II, was concrete testimony that the thought of the Pope was for her a sure guide. Moreover, looking at the initiatives she accomplished, one could even affirm that she had an almost prophetic capacity to perceive and anticipate it. ”"

On January 27, 2015, the cause for her beatification and canonization was opened with a message from Pope Francis which highlights its motivation "to make known to the people of God the life and works of one who, by accepting the invitation of the Lord, has turned on a new light for the path to unity in the Church". November 10, 2019, marked the end of the diocesan phase, with the cause being transferred to the Congregation of the Cause of Saints at the Vatican.

From civil institutions and heads of state

 * UNESCO:1996 Prize for Peace Education, December 1996
 * Council of Europe:1998 Human Rights Prize, September 1998
 * Brazil: National Order of the Southern Cross, the Federal Republic of Brazil, presented by the President of the Republic, Fernando Henrique Cardoso,October 1998
 * Germany: Grand Merit Cross from the Federal Republic of Germany, presented by the President of the Republic, Johannes Rau, June 2000
 * Taiwan: Order of the Brilliant Star of the Republic of China, February 2001
 * Italy: Knight of the Great Cross Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, presented by the President of the Republic, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, March 2004

Honorary citizenships

 * Italy: Rocca di Papa, 1995; Pompei, 1996; Rimini, 1997; Palrmo,1998; Rome, 2000; Florence, 2000; Incisa Valdarno, 2000; Rovigo, 2000; Genoa, 2001; Turin, 2002; Milan, 2004; La Spezia, 2006
 * Brazil: Vargem G. Paulista, 1998; Manues Amazonia, 1998; Paragominas Parà, 1998; Bela Vista do Toldosc, 1998; Amanindena Parà, 2002
 * Argentina: Buenos Aires, 1998; Chacabuco, 1998; Santiago de Estero, 1998
 * Philippines: Tagaytay, 1997
 * Hungary: Janoshalma, 2008

Significant awards

 * Italy: Sienna, Silver Cateriniana Plaque from St. Catherine Center, September 1987
 * Italy: Florence, Casentino Literary Award from the Michelangelo Cultural Center, July 1987
 * Italy: Trento, Burning Eagle of St. Wenceslaus, January 1995; Gold Medal of St. Virgilius, 1995
 * Italy: Milan, Author of the Year Award from the Union of Italian Catholic Publishers and Booksellers, March 1995
 * Italy: Bologna, Silver Turret Award, September 1997
 * Argentina: Illustrious Visitor, Government of the City of Buenos Aires, April 1998
 * Brazil:Coat of Arms of the city of Belém,December 1998
 * Slovenia: Medal of Saints Cyril and Methodius,April 1999
 * Republic of Cameroon: Conferral of title, MafuaNdem (Queen sent by God) by the Fon of Fontem, king of theBangwa, Lucas Njifua, Fontem, May 2000
 * Italy: Liguria Region, Award for peace and solidarity, December 2001
 * Italy: Lombardy Region, Rosa Camuna Award, November 2003
 * Italy: Brescia, Paul VI Goodness Award, 2005
 * USA: Lifetime Achievement Award, Family Theater Productions, Hollywood, July 2006

For interreligious dialogue

 * England: Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, from the Templeton Foundation, London, April 1977
 * Italy:“An olive tree for peace,”Jewish Community of Rome, planted in Rocca di Papa, October 1995
 * Italy: Civilization of Love award for interreligious dialogue, from the International Civilization of Love Forum, Rieti, June 1996
 * Brazil: Plaque for Promoting Interreligious Dialogue and a Culture of Peace, Respect and Fraternity, from the Christian-Jewish Fraternal Council, Sao Paulo, April 1998
 * USA: Plaque for Love of Neighbor and Solidarity with Muslim communities of Imam W.D. Mohammed, Malcolm Shabazz Mosque in Harlem, New York, May 1999
 * India: Defender of Peace Award, Gandhian-Hindu movements, Shanti Ashram and Sarvodaya, Coimbatore, January 2001
 * India: Citation in honor of Chiara Lubich,SomayiaBharatiyaSanskritiPeethamUniversity,Mumbai, January 2001
 * USA: Crystal of recognition for excellent service to humanity in the field of religion,the Muslim community, Chicago, May 2004

The Anglican Communion

 * Cross of the Order of St. Augustine of Canterbury from the Primate of the Anglican Church, Archbishop Robert Runcie, London, 1981;
 * Golden Cross of the Order of St. Augustine of Canterbury from the Primate of the Anglican Church, Archbishop George Carey, London, 1996.

Greek Orthodox Church
Byzantine Cross, from the Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople, Dimitrios I, in Istanbul, 1984, and Bartholomew I in Istanbul, 1995.

Evangelical Lutheran Churches

 * Augsburg Peace Prize, “for special achievement ininterconfessional agreements,” at a common celebration of Lutherans and Catholics, Augsburg, Germany, October 1988

Honorary Doctorates Honoris Causa

 * Poland: Social Sciences, Catholic University of Lublin, June 19, 1996
 * Thailand: Social Communications, St. John University, Bangkok, January 5, 1997
 * Philippines: Theology, Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila, January 14, 1997
 * Taiwan: Theology, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, January 1997
 * USA:Humane Letters, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut, promoted by Rabbi Jack Bemporad, director of the Center for Christian-Jewish Understanding at this university, May 21, 1997
 * Mexico: Philosophy,La Salle University, Mexico City, June 6, 1997
 * Argentina: Dialogue with Contemporary Culture,State University of Buenos Aires, April 6, 1998
 * Brazil: Humanities and Religious Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, April 29, 1998; Economics, Catholic University of Pernambuco, May 9, 1998
 * Italy:Business and Economics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, conferred at the Piacenza Campus, January 29, 1999
 * Malta: Psychology, University of Malta, February 26, 1999
 * USA:Education, Catholic University of America, Washington, November 2000
 * Slovakia: Theology, University of Trnava, June 23, 2003
 * Italy: Theology of Consecrated Life, the Claretian Institute of the Theology of the Consecrated Life, a Pontifical Lateran University, Rome, October 25, 2004
 * Venezuela: Art,Cecilio Acosta Catholic University, Maracaibo,November 18, 2006
 * England:Divinity, Liverpool Hope University, delivered by the rector at Lubich's home in Rocca di Papa, January 5, 2008

From cultural institutions

 * Italy: Prize for Dialogue among Peoples, International Franciscan Study Center, Massa Carrara, October 1993
 * Brazil: Medal of Honor,State University of São Paulo (USP), April 1998
 * Argentina: Medal of Honor,Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, April 1998
 * Italy: The Trento Person of the Year Award from the Person-City-Territory Cultural Association, Trento, June 2001
 * Italy: Stefano Borgia Award for intercultural and interreligious dialogue from the International Centre for Borgian Studies, Velletri, November 2001
 * Italy: Honorary member of the Luigi Getta Study Centre, Rome, March 2003
 * Venezuela: Establishment of the “Chiara Lubich”Free Chair of Studies,Cecilio Acosta Catholic University, Maracaibo, February 2005
 * Paraguay: Thomas More Award,Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic University, Asunción, December 27, 2006
 * Brazil: Medal of Honor, State University of Sao Paulo, April 1998; “Chiara Lubich” Chair in Fraternity and Humanism, Recife Catholic University, March 25, 2014

International honors

 * Argentina: Illustrious Visitor, Government of the City of Buenos Aires, April 1998
 * Brazil:Coat of Arms of the city of Belém,December 1998
 * Italy: Telamon International Peace Award, Social Programming Center, Agrigento, July 1999
 * Republic of Cameroon: Conferral of title, MafuaNdem (Queen sent by God) by the Fon of Fontem, king of theBangwa, Lucas Njifua, Fontem, May 2000
 * Italy: City of Peace Award, Castelgandolfo, April 2003
 * Italy: CivisTusculanus Award, Frascati, September 2004
 * Switzerland: Bourgeoisie of honor presented by the Mayor of Mollens, August 2007

Publications
Declared the author of the year 1995 with the UELCI Prize, Chiara Lubich authored 58 books (including bestsellers such as Meditations), translated into 28 languages, with 30 editions, and over 3,200,000 copies. In March 2018, the first volume (Words of Life) was published, a series aimed at presenting systematically the heritage of her thought. Coeditors are Città Nuova Editrice and the Chiara Lubich Center, which was founded in 2008 to preserve her rich patrimony of thought and make it available in various formats to a wider public [88]. A selection:

Cornerstones of the spirituality of unity

 * The Gen Revolution, New City Press, New York, 1972
 * A Little Harmless Manifesto, New City Press, New York, 1973;Manifesto, New City, London, 1975
 * Meditations, New City Press, New York, 1988; New City, London, 2005 (4th edition)
 * Yes Yes No No, New City, London, 1977
 * Charity our Ideal, New City Press, New York, 1977; Charity, New City, London, 1981
 * Where Two or Three, New City Press, New York, 1977; New City, London, 1977
 * Servants of All, New City Press, New York, 1978; New City, London, 1979
 * The Eucharist, New City Press, New York, 1978; New City, London, 1979
 * Knowing How to Lose, New City, London, 1981
 * Our Yes to God, New City Press, New York, 1982; New City, London, 1982
 * When Did We See You, Lord?, New City Press, New York, 1983; Jesus in our Brother, New City, London, 1983
 * Journey: Spiritual Insights, New City Press, New York, 1984
 * Jesus: The Heart of His Message: Unity and Jesus Forsaken, New City Press, New York, 1985; Why Have You Forsaken Me?, New City, London, 1985
 * Diary 1964–65, New City Press, New York, 1987
 * On the Holy Journey: Spiritual Messages, New City Press, New York, 1988
 * A Call to Love.Spiritual Writings, Volume 1, New City Press, New York, 1990
 * When Our Love is Charity. Spiritual writings, Volume 2, New City Press, New York, 1991
 * The Love that Comes from God. Reflections on the Family, New City Press, New York, 1993
 * The Living Presence – Jesus in the Word, in the Eucharist and in our midst, New City Press, New York, 1997; New City, London, 1997
 * Heaven on Earth, Meditations and Reflections, New City Press, New York, 2000
 * The Cry of Jesus Crucified and Forsaken, New City Press, New York, 2001; New City, London, 2001
 * A New Way: The spirituality of unity, New City Press, New York, 2002; New City, London, 2006
 * Mary, Transparency of God, New City Press, New York, 2003;New City, London, 2003
 * Essential Writings – Spirituality Dialogue Culture, New City Press, New York, 2007; New City, London, 2007

Posthumous publications

 * Early Letters: At the origins of a new spirituality, edited by F. Gillet and G. D'Alessandro, New City Press, New York, 2012
 * God is Love, edited by F. Gillet, New City Press, New York, 2011
 * Rays: Short Reflections on living God's will, edited by B. Hartnett, New City Press, New York, 2011
 * God's Word to Us, edited by B. Hartnett, New City Press, New York, 2012
 * Neighbors, Short Reflections on loving the people around us, edited by B. Hartnett, New City Press, New York, 2012
 * The Pearl of the Gospel, Short Reflections on Mutual Love, edited by F. Gillet, New City Press, New York, 2013
 * The Sun that Daily Rises, Short Reflections on the Eucharist, edited by F. Ciardi, New City Press, New York, 2014
 * Unity, edited by D. Falmi, and F. Gillet, New City Press, New York, 201
 * Jesus forsaken, edited by H. Blaumeiser, New City Press, New York, 2016; New City, London, 2016
 * Mary, edited by B. Leahy and J. Povilus, New City Press, New York, 2018; New City, London, 2017
 * The Holy Spirit, edited by R Silva and F. Gillet, New City Press, New York, 2018; New City, London, 2018
 * The Church, edited by H. Blaumeiser and B. Leahy, New City Press, New York, 2019; New City, London, 2018
 * Jesus in our Midst, edited by D. Falmi, and J. Povilus, New City Press, New York, 2019; New City, London, 2019

On various topics

 * Chiara Lubich, Here and Now: Meditations on living in the present, New City Press, New York, 2005; New City, London, 2000, 2014
 * Chiara Lubich, TheArt of Loving, New City Press, New York,2010
 * Chiara Lubich, Living Dialogue: Steps on the way to unity among Christians, New City Press, New York, 2009; New City, London, 2009
 * Chiara Lubich, No Thorn without a Rose:99 Sayings, New City Press, New York, 2008
 * Chiara Lubich, Only at Night We See the Stars, New City Press, New York, 2002; New City, London, 2002
 * Chiara Lubich, From Scriptures to Life, New City Press, New York, 1991
 * Chiara Lubich, Christmas Joy: Spiritual Insights by New City Press, London, New York, Manila, 1998
 * Michel Pochet, Stars and Tears: a Conversation with Chiara Lubich, New City Press, New York, 1985; New City, London, 1985
 * William Proctor, An Interview with Chiara Lubich, New City Press, New York, 1983
 * Armando Tono, Chiara Lubich: A Biography, New City Press, New York, 2012
 * Franca Zambonini, Chiara Lubich: A Life for Unity, New City Press, New York, 2012; New City, London, 1992
 * Florence Gillet, Model of Incarnate Love, Mary Desolate in the experience and thought of Chiara Lubich, New City Press, New York, 2010
 * Marisa Cerini, God who is Love, in the experience and thought of Chiara Lubich, New City Press, New York, 1992
 * Florence Gillet, The Choice of Jesus Forsaken, in the theological perspective of Chiara Lubich, New City Press, New York, 2015
 * Judith Povilus, United in His Name, Jesus in the Midst in the experience and thought of Chiara Lubich, New City Press, New York, 1992
 * Florence Gillet, Fifteen Days of Prayer with Chiara Lubich, New City Press, New York, 2009
 * Luigino Bruni, ed, The Economy of Communion, Toward a Multi-dimensional Economic Culture, New City Press, New York, 2002
 * M. James, T. Masters, A. Uelmen, Educations’ Highest Aim, Teaching and Learning through a Spirituality of Communion, New City Press, New York, 2010
 * T. Masters, A. Uelmen, Focolare: Living the Spirituality of Unity in the United States, New City Press, New York, 2011

title: Chiara Lubich


text:
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Microgramma is a sans-serif typeface which was designed by Aldo Novarese and Alessandro Butti for the Nebiolo Type Foundry in 1952. It became popular for use with technical illustrations in the 1960s and was a favourite of graphic designers by the early seventies, its uses ranging from publicity and publication design to packaging, largely because of its availability as a Letraset typeface. Early typesetters (like the AM Varityper) also incorporated it.

Novarese later developed Eurostile in 1962, (a normal and condensed typeface variant) very similar to Microgramma. Eurostile added lower-case letters, a bold condensed variant, and an ultra narrow design he called Eurostile Compact.

Microgramma is almost always used in its extended and bold extended forms (pictured). Initially, it was a titling font with only uppercase letters. Later versions, by Linotype and URW/Nebiolo, contain a lowercase as well, making it functionally identical to Eurostile. These digital versions also include accented Latin characters, mathematical symbols, and Latin ligatures. In the URW/Nebiolo version, there are also extended Latin, subscripts and superscripts, and extended Latin ligatures.

Microgramma OnlyShadow
Microgramma OnlyShadow is a variant of Microgramma Bold that contains only the shadows of Microgramma Extended Bold, designed by URW Studio and Aldo Novarese in 1994. Although Alessandro Butti died in 1959, URW credited him as the designer of the new font.

The Euro sign in the font has a different weight, styled from a different font family, and is not shadowed.

In popular culture
Science fiction films and TV programmes quickly started using the typeface. A number of Gerry Anderson productions in the mid/late-1960s applied the Microgramma font decals to the featured futuristic vehicles.

Alien franchise
Microgramma and its related variations are used throughout the original Alien franchise films, as well as the more recent reincarnations. Weyland-Yutani, the primary corporate conglomerate within both the earlier and recent Alien films (including the recent genre crossover Alien vs. Predator franchise films), features use of Microgamma and its Bold Extended typeface in its corporate logo, although not exclusively.

Star Trek
The Microgramma Bold Extended typeface was used extensively in the Star Trek universe, such as Franz Joseph's The Star Trek Star Fleet Technical Manual. The font, in both its original and various altered forms, was incorporated into numerous displays and on ship exteriors in six of the Star Trek motion pictures, as well as depictions of "earlier technology" display screens, particularly for the Enterprise "prequel" series, during the four later television series.

A modified version of Microgramma Bold Extended (sometimes called Starfleet Bold Extended) was used for the main hull registry number for Starfleet ships beginning with Star Trek: The Motion Picture in 1979. Some characters were modified, and all characters have red piping outlining them.

WWE
Following the 2016 WWE Brand Extension Draft and WWE Battleground 2016, WWE Raw unveiled a new logo which used Microgramma font, as did all title cards and graphics. The following night, WWE SmackDown Live also unveiled a new logo - although it did not use Microgramma, all title cards and graphics did.

Movies

 * Cool Hand Luke (1967) (initial credits)
 * THX 1138 (1971)
 * The Andromeda Strain (1971)
 * Convoy (1978)
 * 9 to 5 (1980) (Consolidated Companies branding throughout)
 * 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984)
 * Back to the Future (1985) (Plutonium Chamber label)
 * Aliens (1986) (Acton Power Station)
 * Back to the Future Part II (1989) (Mr. Fusion)
 * The Truman Show (1998)
 * Disney/Pixar's The Incredibles (2004)
 * Disney/Pixar's Lightyear (2022) (lettering on the ship)
 * Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget (2023)

Television

 * DePatie-Freleng's The Inspector (1966-1969) cartoons (Opening Credits)
 * Star Trek (1966-1969) (lettering on the Enterprise ship)
 * The CBS anthology series 'Way Out (1961) was a very early adopter of Microgramma.
 * The Gerry Anderson TV series programmes Thunderbirds, Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, Joe 90, Space: 1999, and UFO.
 * Brazilian television network TV Globo used Microgramma as its corporate font from the mid-60's to 1976, after which it switched to a derivative of ITC Avant Garde.
 * Nickelodeon's Drake & Josh also used this typeface.
 * Red Dwarf
 * NBC News used the typeface in their graphics from 1990 to 1992
 * SportsCenter logo
 * 24 Oras logo from its premiere on March 15, 2004 to December 17, 2023
 * Balita Pilipinas Ngayon logo
 * Deal or No Deal logo
 * The logo of 2014 incarnation of Ipaglaban Mo!
 * ''Judge Mathis logo
 * News TV Quick Response Team logo
 * One Western Visayas logo
 * Saksi logo from 2015 to 2019
 * The Wall logo
 * Used by Network Ten in their logo from 1991 to 2018
 * Used as the title text for the Eurovision Song Contest 1975 and part of the logo from 2004 to 2014
 * Used as the logo for HTV's news programme, Report West during the late 70s to early 80s.

Other

 * Used by Muzak (Airline reels, "Stimulus Progression" sets, More than just music. An Environment album).
 * Used by The Human League band, on all pre-Dare releases ("Being Boiled" through to "Boys And Girls"). Was also used on the cover of their compilations The Golden Hour of the Future, The Very Best Of and Original Remixes & Rarities.
 * Used on The Police album Ghost in the Machine.
 * Used by Eminem for his logo.
 * Both the current and previous logos of Toshiba use variants of Microgramma.
 * The Casio logo.
 * Dell used Microgramma on its products, starting with the OptiPlex GX150 in December 2000, and was used all the way until its 2016 rebrand.
 * Many automobile manufacturers in the 1980s and the 1990s, notably Chrysler, General Motors, Honda and Nissan, use Microgramma on the interior gauges and switches of their vehicles.
 * Abarth uses the font extensively
 * Austin Rover Group used the font for its logos and also its cars such as the Metro, Maestro and Montego.
 * The GEICO logo.
 * The Funimation logo used from 2005-2016.
 * The TRS-80 Color Computer keyboard.
 * The VIC-20 keyboard (early models inherited the keyboard style from previous Commodore computers, especially the 3000/4000/8000 series).
 * The Ampex Corporation logo.
 * The Penn Central (Railroad) wordmark used Microgramma Bold Extended Italic.
 * Shabolovskaya metro station (opened in 1980) has its name, "ШАБОЛОВСКАЯ" in Cyrillic spelling, engraved in Microgramma-like letters.
 * Moog Prodigy front panel inscriptions.
 * The Halliburton logo.
 * The IMAX logo.
 * Used by Japanese post-punk band P-MODEL in their albums Another Game and Scuba.
 * Used on Metallica's Master of Puppets album.
 * Used on Sleater-Kinney's Dig Me Out album.
 * Used on The Future Sound of London's ISDN album.
 * Used by Radiohead in their breakthrough albums, The Bends and OK Computer.
 * The logotype for the US rock band Hurt.
 * The logotype for the band Pendulum.
 * Microgramma is the in-game Doom 3 and Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal font.
 * Most user interface text in the StarCraft and StarCraft II video games.
 * The 1999 video game, Grand Theft Auto 2, uses the Microgramma D font for its logo.
 * Homeworld game series.
 * The Unicamp logo.
 * The call letters in logos for MyNetworkTV affiliates.
 * The Tame Impala band logo.
 * The Embraer logo
 * The KASKUS logo.
 * The Occidental Petroleum (OXY) logo.
 * The Wicked Weasel logo.
 * Used as part of the logos for the games Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver.
 * The logotype for Codemasters, as well as used in the Grid series of games.
 * The Project Gotham Racing 3 heads-up display uses Microgramma.
 * The Halo: Reach heads-up display uses Microgramma.
 * The HUD, the heads-up display of Cyberpunk 2077 also uses Microgramma font.
 * The logo of Turkish company Sabancı Holding.
 * The logo of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II
 * Used for ship registry designs in the original wave of LEGO Classic Space toys in 1978, and in instruction manuals for the theme throughout the 1980s.
 * The logo of DMA Design from 2001 to 2002.
 * The logo of DMA Design from 2001 to 2002.
 * The logo of DMA Design from 2001 to 2002.

According to MasGrafx Racing Graphics, Microgramma is the font of several NASCAR numbers used by Richard Childress Racing and Dale Earnhardt, Inc., such as the #8 (mainly driven by Dale Earnhardt Jr. until 2007), #3 (Dale Earnhardt and Austin Dillon) and #29 (Kevin Harvick). Some of these are in italics. Red Bull Racing also uses the font for their driver numbers in Formula 1.

Microgramma was also the logo font used by Alienware computers until 2016.

Polish "Central Anticorruption Bureau" (Centralne Biuro Antykorupcyjne) use font in logo and uniforms. In short: "CBA" in uniforms workers and officers.

title: Microgramma (typeface)


text: Talk:Quill and Dagger

title: Talk:Quill and Dagger


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Three John Hancock Buildings.jpg

Three John Hancock Buildings
I took this photo last winter in order to illustrate the John Hancock Tower article's contention that there are three John Hancock buildings in a row in Boston. After posting it, I heve revieved so many positive comments from people who loved it that I felt it should be listed here. - SFoskett 14:33, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. Self-nomination. - SFoskett 14:33, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Be advised, self-nomination. It's a funny picture, but not really motivated in the article, I would say. It's not even immediately obvious which of the three buildings depicted is described in the accompanying text. Well, perhaps I should not blame the picture for that one. Jonas Olson 14:47, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * FYI, The text on the photo's page clearly states which building is which. This photo was specifically requested by the folks working on the John Hancock Tower page. --SFoskett 14:57, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was thinking that the section in which the picture appears should explain it fully, which I don't think it does, but you are right that if one reads the rest of the article, it becomes clear. As for the request of such a picture, I'm afraid I disagree with the requestors. Jonas Olson 15:23, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I have to disagree with you, Jonas, the text supplied with the photo quickly informed me of what it was about. Quite an interesting coincidence(?). Reminds me of National_Treasure --Fir0002 11:50, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Looks... very odd, i don't know what to make of it. Enochlau 13:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. -- brian0918  ™  19:40, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Its very clever, but not much more than just clever. -- Solipsist 19:38, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with Solipsist. Junes 12:07, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * +3/-4 BrokenSegue 11:48, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:64.30.51.2

title: User talk:64.30.51.2


text:
User talk:Xxlsabratxx

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Hadal 14:34, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xxlsabratxx


text:
Double bottom line

Double bottom line (abbreviated as DBL or 2BL) seeks to extend the conventional bottom line, which measures fiscal performance—financial profit or loss—by adding a second bottom line to measure a for-profit business's performance in terms of positive social impact. There is controversy about how to measure the double bottom line, especially since the use of the term "bottom line" implies some form of quantification. A 2004 report by the Center for Responsible Business (University of California, Berkeley) noted that while there are "generally accepted principles of accounting" for financial returns, "A comparable standard for social impact accounting does not yet exist." Social return on investment has been suggested as a way to quantify the second bottom line, though defining and measuring social impact can prove elusive.

The idea that for-profit corporations have an obligation to support social causes beyond their immediate interest in short-term profits dates back at least to the corporate social responsibility movement that can be traced to the 1960s.

The idea that upholding social responsibilities can help a company sustain its profits in the long term has been "part of mainstream management theory at least since the publication of Edward Freeman's 1984 classic, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach", according to an article by Wayne Norman and Chris MacDonald in 2004. An early reference to the term itself came in Emerson and Twersky's 1996 book New Social Entrepreneurs: The Success, Challenge, and Lessons of Non-profit Enterprise Creation.

One example of a double bottom line enterprise is the Khushhali Bank's microfinance program in Pakistan. While the bank wants to generate profits so that it can grow, it has a second bottom line of reducing local poverty. Its 2004 annual report provides "audited financial statements and indicators of financial performance such as the bank’s credit rating, portfolio at risk and efficiency ratio" but also notes that the bank was "established to mobilize funds for providing micro-finance services to poor persons, particularly poor women for mitigating poverty and promoting social welfare and economic justice..." For an example of a double bottom line in the public sector, California State Treasurer Philip Angelides in 2000 called on state programs "to create economic growth and development in California's communities" by investing in them.

Some cite for-profit corporations contributing money or labor to charities and social causes. A 2006 article on corporate branding points to Nike's support of the "NikeGO" program to encourage and enable physical activity by children, and "Zoneparcs" "to transform playtime at UK primary schools." It also refers to Ben & Jerry's "splitting the traditional financial bottom line into a 'double' bottom line, which included a measurement of the environmental impact of their products and processes." The double bottom line is important for the growth of the firm as evidence suggests that CSR voluntarily taken on by companies will result in opportunities for further profit while creating social welfare.

title: Double bottom line


text:
Mauricio Wright

Wílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born 20 December 1970) is a Costa Rican former professional footballer who played as a defender and current manager of Cartaginés. He was a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.

Club career
Wright started his career at the academies of Saprissa, where in 1992 he was promoted to the first team. He moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also had a brief spell at Herediano. His performances in the World Cup in the summer of 2002 attracted the people of AEK Athens who signed him immediately after alongside his compatriot, Walter Centeno. He performed very well, while also playing in the UEFA Champions League scoring the winner against APOEL on the qualifiers on 28 August 2002. His contract with the club had a duration of 3 years, however he files an appeal and was released after some issues with the administration about his salary. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde. With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.

International career
Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.

His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.

Managerial career
Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.

Honours
International
 * Sarprissa
 * Primera División de Costa Rica: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1997–98, 2006–07
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 1993, 1995
 * Central American Club Championship: 1998, 2007

 * CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2003

Individual

 * MLS All-Star: 1999

title: Mauricio Wright


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RURAL MARKETS

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was move to Rural markets. – ABCD 00:04, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RURAL MARKETS
Original research (doesn't appear to be copyvio) Smoddy (tgeck) 14:35, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC) Move to Rural markets Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 18:01, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. FreplySpang (talk) 15:46, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research --Laura Scudder | Talk 17:42, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Mindmatrix 21:36, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * General comments - The term "Rural Markets" have come into circulation for last 10-15 years in the context of Indian economy, particularly, after economic reforms and the green revolution which created a lot of purchasing power in the hands of rural folks of India. This segement of Indian market, particulary, consumer segment, has attracted the attention of big corporates and even of several multi national corporations operating in India. A re-write of the article is required to make it to conform to wikipedia standard and the points must be made clear. I am not sure, but I do have a feeling that the article has been made / written in a style to look like an original research, whereas the factual position is that most of the points are now well accepted reality of the Indian economy. I will try to do revision / give some inputs, so that a consensus may be made for keeping or deleting this article. Right now, I searched the Google - "Rural Markets" gave me 62,600 hits - naturally, the subject has been engaging the attention of people, and the article should find a place in wikipedia. Even, rural markets of China have been  gaining prominence. If the consensus emerges, the spelling of the article should be like this: Rural Market --Bhadani 21:17, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have done a revision, which include removing a lot of extra materials. In view of the changes, a fresh stand may be taken - to keep or to delete. I am not participating in the voting process, as I have myself done the revision. However, to attract the attention of the 3 Users who have expressed their opinion, I am requesting them to have a relook at the article --Bhadani 07:41, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Thatchers Cider

Thatchers Cider is a family-owned cider maker in Sandford, North Somerset, England.

History
The Thatchers company was founded by William Thatcher in 1904. His son Stanley Thatcher, born in 1910, began selling draught cider to pubs in Somerset and the company's presence in the area grew. The company is still family owned and employs around 200 people. In 1992 Martin took over from his father, John Thatcher, as managing director.

It has 500 acres of its own orchard, as well as using apples from other growers in the area. Alongside its bush orchards, Thatchers has pioneered a method of growing its apple trees in a hedgerow style. Trained on wires, this enables easier harvesting and also helps to ensure the fruit has the optimum combination of sunlight and rain. It has also led to the development of a new bespoke harvester. At the height of season, Thatchers can press 500 tonnes of apples per day. Thatchers also maintains an exhibition orchard in which over 458 different varieties of apple tree are grown. Many of the traditional ciders produced at Myrtle Farm are matured in 100-year-old oak vats, which gives the cider a distinctive taste although much of their range has a higher than average alcohol content.

In addition to its cider production, Myrtle Farm is the UK's biggest processor of blackcurrants, dealing with 90 per cent of the UK's total crop, which it processes on behalf of Ribena.

Sponsorships
Thatchers Cider is available in many sports clubs and events across the South West. They are involved with teams including Winscombe R.F.C., Bath Rugby, Somerset County Cricket Club, Bristol Rugby, Bristol City, Yeovil Town, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, Bristol Rovers, Southampton FC, Plymouth Argyle F.C, Exeter City and Torquay United.

Thatchers are also involved in many local events and festivals including: Glastonbury Festival, Royal Bath and West Show, Bristol International Balloon Fiesta and Cambridge Folk Festival.

Thatcher's lost their ongoing cider sponsorship of the Glastonbury festival in 2019 to Mallets cider.

TV advertisements
Thatchers aired on national TV with Time Stops in 2015, with the concept of showcasing the 12:30 pm tasting that happens every Friday at Myrtle Farm, claiming the cider isn’t released until Martin Thatcher has tasted each batch after arriving in a balloon.

title: Thatchers Cider


text:
Ishim, Tyumen Oblast

Ishim (Иши́м) is a town in the south of Tyumen Oblast, Russia. Population: It was previously known as Korkina Sloboda (until 1782).

History
It was founded in 1670 as the village of Korkina Sloboda. In 1721, by the order of Tsar Peter the Great the village gained the right to establish Nikolskaya Trade Fair which rapidly became one of the most important trade fairs in Siberia. This trade fair took place twice a year on the Saint Nicholas day (19 December and 22 May) until 1919. In 1782, by the order of Empress Catherine the Great, Korkina Sloboda was renamed Ishim and was granted town status. In 1918, Ishim became the administrative center of Ishimsky Uyezd. In 1921-1922 Ishim was the center of the West Siberian rebellion. In 1984, the city began a sister city relationship with Grand Forks, North Dakota in the United States. This relationship terminated in the late 1990s due to economic turmoil in Ishim. In 2017 Ishim began a sister relationship with Surovikino, Volgograd Oblast in Russia.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Ishim serves as the administrative center of Ishimsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the Town of Ishim—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the Town of Ishim is incorporated as Ishim Urban Okrug.

Transport
Ishim is currently designated the eastern terminus of European route E22, a road route crossing Russia, Latvia, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

Notable people

 * Pyotr Pavlovich Yershov, writer
 * Nikolai Nikitin, engineer
 * Nikolay Anikin, Olympic cross country skier
 * Boris Shakhlin, a Soviet gymnast, the 1960 Olympic all-around champion and the 1958 all-around World Champion

title: Ishim, Tyumen Oblast