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Franz Nissl

Franz Alexander Nissl (9 September 1860, in Frankenthal – 11 August 1919, in Munich) was a German psychiatrist and medical researcher. He was a noted neuropathologist.

Early life
Nissl was born in Frankenthal to Theodor Nissl and Maria Haas. Theodor taught Latin in a Catholic school and wanted Franz to become a priest. However Franz entered the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich to study medicine. Later, he specialized in Psychiatry.

One of Nissl's university professors was Bernhard von Gudden. His assistant, Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser suggested that Nissl write an essay on the pathology of the cells of the cortex of the brain. When the medical faculty offered a competition for a prize in neurology in 1884, Nissl undertook the brain-cortex study. He used alcohol as a fixative and developed a staining technique that allowed the demonstration of several new nerve-cell constituents. Nissl won the prize, and wrote his doctoral dissertation on the same topic in 1885.

Career in medical research and education
Professor von Gudden was the judge in Nissl's college-essay competition, and he was so impressed with the study that he offered Nissl an assistantship at the Furstenried castle southwest of Munich, where one of his responsibilities would be to care for the mad Prince Otto. Nissl accepted, and remained in that post from 1885 until 1888. There was a small laboratory at the castle, which enabled Nissl to continue with his neuropathological research. In 1888 Nissl moved to the Institution Blankenheim. In 1889 he went to Frankfurt as second in position under Emil Sioli (1852–1922) at the Städtische Irrenanstalt. There he met neurologist Ludwig Edinger and neuropathologist Karl Weigert, who was developing a neuroglial stain. This work motivated Nissl to study mental and nervous diseases by relating them to observable changes in glial cells, blood elements, blood vessels and brain tissue in general.

In Frankfurt Nissl became acquainted with Alois Alzheimer, and they collaborated over seven years. They became close friends, jointly editing the Histologische und histopathologische Arbeiten über die Grosshirnrinde (1904–1921).

In 1895 Emil Kraepelin invited Nissl to become assistant physician at the University of Heidelberg. By 1904 he was a full professor at that institution, and became director of the Department of Psychiatry when Kraepelin moved to Munich.

Later life and death
The burden of teaching and administration, combined with poor research facilities, forced Nissl to leave many scientific projects unfinished. He also suffered from a kidney disease. During World War I he was charged with administering a large military hospital.

In 1918 Kraepelin again invited Nissl to accept a research position at the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie in Munich. After one year at that position, where he performed research alongside Korbinian Brodmann and Walther Spielmeyer, he died in 1919 of kidney disease.

Personal
Nissl was of small stature, with poor posture. He had a birthmark on his left face. He never married, and his life revolved entirely around his work.

One day, for a practical joke, Nissl (who was an active campaigner against human consumption of alcohol) placed a row of empty beer bottles outside his laboratory and made sure that Kraepelin heard that he could be found lying under his desk, dead drunk.

Nissl was a competent pianist. Nazi physician Hugo Spatz (1888–1969) told of his first meeting, when Spatz applied for a position in Nissl's laboratory. Nissl was busy that morning and asked the student to come to his home at twelve. When Spatz came to the house at noon, Nissl was not there, and the housekeeper finally opined that the Professor must have meant twelve midnight, so Spatz returned that night. Nissl was at home then, but Spatz had to wait in the anteroom for half an hour until Nissl had finished the piano sonata that he was playing. The conversation lasted until daybreak.

Legacy
Nissl was possibly the greatest neuropathologist of his day and also a fine clinician who popularised the use of spinal puncture, which had been introduced by Heinrich Quincke.

Nissl also examined the neural connections between the human cortex and thalamic nuclei; he was in the midst of this study at the time of his death.

An example of his research philosophy is taken from his 1896 writings:
 * As soon as we agree to see in all mental derangements the clinical expression of definite disease processes in the cortex, we remove the obstacles that make impossible agreement among alienists.

Named histology concepts
The Nissl method is the staining of the cell body, and in particular endoplasmic reticulum. This is done by using various basic dyes (e.g. aniline, thionine, or cresyl violet) to stain the negatively charged RNA blue, and is used to highlight important structural features of neurons. The Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum) appears dark blue due to the staining of ribosomal RNA, giving the cytoplasm a mottled appearance. Individual granules of extranuclear RNA are named Nissl granules (ribosomes). DNA present in the nucleus stains a similar color.

title: Franz Nissl


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User talk:Terror5ft3

I thought Valdosta was home of the biggest sewer plant in Georgia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Terror5ft3


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USS McKee (AS-41)

USS McKee (AS-41), named after Andrew McKee, was the third Emory S. Land-class submarine tender built by the Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company of Seattle, Washington for the United States Navy.

The USS McKee was a mobile support and repair facility with the capability of providing simultaneous repairs to 12 nuclear-powered & diesel, fast-attack submarines. A versatile and complex ship, she provided everything a submarine might need: full medical and dental facilities; cranes, elevators and conveyors to move material on and off the ship as well as between decks; large storage areas for refrigerated and dry food; nuclear system repair and testing; electrical and electronics repair; hull repair; sheet metal and steel work; pipe fabrication; foundry work; woodworking; printing; underwater diving and rescue; hazardous material management; and propulsion and weapons systems repair.

USS McKee was one of the first warships in the U.S. Navy to integrate female sailors.

1981–1989
The ship was commissioned on 16 August 1981. After a series of sea trials, McKee replaced the USS Sperry (AS-12) and joined the USS Dixon (AS-37) at Point Loma (San Diego) to support Pacific Fleet submarines. Upon the commissioning of Submarine Squadron 11 (COMSUBRON11) in July 1986, she became the squadron's Command Ship.

Early in 1984, McKee became the first submarine tender certified to support the new Tomahawk cruise missile system. McKee earned three consecutive Battle Efficiency "E" awards in 1985, 1986 and 1987. In addition to the Battle "E" in 1986, McKee was honored with the Golden Anchor Award for retention excellence and her first Meritorious Unit Commendation.

In 1989, the McKee was the first submarine tender to visit Cold Bay, Alaska since World War II, and conducted the first nuclear submarine upkeep at this remote location. 1988 saw McKee become the first submarine tender certified to handle the Tomahawk Vertical Launch System (VLS).

In February 1989 the McKee performed the first at-sea weapons transfer to a submarine since World War II, to the USS Ohio (SSBN-726).

1990–1999
In March 1990, the McKee continued leading the way for submarine tenders by participating in the first underway fuel replenishment (UNREP) by a Pacific Fleet submarine tender. This fuel was in preparation for deployment to the Persian Gulf in January 1991.

When Operation Desert Storm began, the McKee deployed to the Persian Gulf and spent six months providing support to submarines and surface combatants in Jebel Ali, just outside Dubai, United Arab Emirates. McKee was awarded a second Meritorious Unit Commendation and the Southwest Asia Service Medal. Following Desert Storm, McKee was awarded a fourth Battle Efficiency "E" Award.

In 1995, after the decommissioning of USS Dixon, McKee provided all support to San Diego based submarines. Assistance was also provided to many Allied submarines while they visited Point Loma.

In 1998, McKee earned a third Meritorious Unit Commendation following a six-month deployment to Pearl Harbor. During this deployment, McKee provided services and conducted repairs to both U.S. and Allied submarines and surface combatants. Upon returning to San Diego, the ship took the lead in establishing shore-based services that will support the submarines after McKee's departure.

In November 1998, the weapons department of the USS McKee loaded Tomahawk cruise missiles onto HMS Splendid (S106). These were the first of 67 Tomahawk cruise missiles sold to the Royal Navy and the first British submarine to receive the Tomahawk missiles. They were later used by HMS Splendid in offensive operations against Serbian targets during the Kosovo War.

On 1 October 1999, McKee was decommissioned from service and moved to the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility (NISMF), located in Portsmouth, Virginia. She was struck from the Naval Register on 25 April 2006.

In popular culture

 * McKee is a submarine support vessel in the book SSN by Tom Clancy, playing an active role in battling the People's Liberation Army Navy in a fictional war over the Spratly Islands. USS Cheyenne (SSN-773) is the namesake submarine.

title: USS McKee (AS-41)


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BHÉV

BHÉV (Budapesti Helyiérdekű Vasút, "Budapest Railway of Local Interest") is a system of four commuter rail lines (Szentendre HÉV, Gödöllő HÉV, Csömör HÉV and Ráckeve HÉV) and rapid transit (Csepel HÉV and Békásmegyer HÉV (part of the Szentendre HÉV)) lines in and around Budapest, Hungary. The BHÉV operates on standard gauge, and is electrified at 1100 V DC.

The BHÉV lines were constructed as branch lines of the Hungarian State Railways. Helyiérdekű vasút (HÉV), literally "railway of local interest", is a general term in Hungarian traffic. Therefore, like internationally with the term metro, the stations are only marked with H or HÉV, though this is not the full name of the system. The five BHÉV lines are operated by the public transport company MÁV-HÉV Zrt., a subsidiary of Hungarian State Railways. Inside Budapest, standard BKK tickets and passes are valid on the BHÉV. Outside Budapest, a separate ticket must be purchased.

Network
The BHÉV lines connect Csepel (south), Ráckeve (far south), Gödöllő (northeast), and Szentendre (north) with various points of central Budapest. The four BHÉV lines are not connected directly, each originating from a different terminus, but all of them are connected to the national network enabling transfers of rolling stock. The BHÉV is a hybrid between a commuter rail and a rapid transit. Although most of its stations are above ground and outdoor, two are located underground (Batthyány tér and Margit híd, budai hídfő).

Future
The BHÉV lines are planned to become integrated into the metro network. The Szentendre, Ráckeve and Csepel lines are slated to be merged into what is called the metro line 5 (North-South Regional rapid railway). The connection will be made by an underground line between the Kaszásdűlő and Lágymányosi bridge stations, and extended in order to reach the center of Pesterzsébet. The Urban and Suburban Transit Association (Városi és Elővárosi Közlekedési Egyesület) has presented a plan to merge line 2 with the HÉV from Gödöllő. The city government did not totally accept the plan, but it still may be built after 2021.

Former lines
Today there are four (plus one branch line to Csömör) BHÉV lines in and around Budapest, although other HÉV lines around Budapest have existed in the past.

Now integrated to MÁV's (Hungarian State Railways) network:
 * Esztergom HÉV (today suburban railway, since 1931 owned by Hungarian State Railways)
 * Lajosmizse HÉV (suburban railway, a.k.a. Budapest-Tiszai HÉV, 1909)
 * Vác–Budapest–Veresegyház–Gödöllő HÉV (partially abandoned, but the Vác–Veresegyház–Budapest line is still in operation)

Owned by the local tramway operators and abandoned or integrated to the actual tramway network:
 * Budafok HÉV (today tram route 47; branch of Budapest-Budafok HÉV, owned by BKVT)
 * Törökbálint HÉV (mostly demolished), the remaining line is tram no. 41
 * Nagytétény HÉV line (from Budafok to Budatétény and Nagytétény; converted to tram line 43 in 1963, later withdrawn)

Withdrawn BHÉV lines:
 * Pesterzsébet (converted to tramway and radically reduced)
 * Rákosszentmihály (a line connected to Budapest-Gödöllő branch, replaced by bus)
 * The BVKV (Budapestvidéki Közúti vasút – Budapest Suburban Tramway, owned by BKVT) is almost totally withdrawn and has been replaced by bus service, although the first stop has been converted to a tram stop.

Branch of Budapest-Szentlőrinci HÉV (owned by BLVV):
 * Pestszentlőrinc line (now tram line 50)
 * Kispest line (now tram line 42)

title: BHÉV


text:
User talk:Rabarberski

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Copyright violations in optical burst switching
Please read Talk:Optical burst switching. The content you have re-added to the article is copied verbatim from published sources, which do not appear to be in the public domain. This material must be removed according to Wikipedia editing guidelines. Kbrose (talk) 16:22, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

copyright violations in Wavelength-division multiplexing
Content you have added to the article Wavelength-division multiplexing has been identified as verbatim copy from other websites or sources that are not in the public domain. Your additions have been removed. Please do not copy material from other sources. Please familiarize yourself with Copyright violations, one of the principles of WP editing. Kbrose (talk) 16:46, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rabarberski


text:
Mo Collins

Maureen Ann Collins (born July 7, 1965) is an American actress and comedian who was a member of the ensemble on FOX's sketch comedy series Mad TV. Collins became well known for several characters during her tenure on the show.

She was a cast member from the 4th season (1998) through the 9th season (2004); she only appeared in fourteen episodes during season nine due to contractual reasons. She returned to Mad TV in the 10th season for one episode, and again when she made an appearance on the 300th episode doing her popular character Lorraine Swanson. Her best known role following her departure from Mad TV was as morning talk show host Joan Callamezzo on the sitcom Parks and Recreation.

The nickname Mo was first given to Collins by the football/drama coach of her junior high school whom she credits with introducing her to improv comedy.

Mad TV
Collins joined the cast of Mad TV at the beginning of season four and stayed until the end of season nine, though only appeared in 14 episodes during the ninth season. Her popular stint on the show led her to come back to guest star in 2005 during Season 10, in 2007 during the 300th episode on season 13, the final episode of season 14 in 2009 and the 20th anniversary reunion special in 2016.

Her most featured and arguably most popular characters were Doreen, the screechy-voiced mother of overgrown toddler Stuart (when Mo Collins left the show, Doreen was written off as being asleep after her latest alcoholic bender or never mentioned); the odd, annoying, confused middle-aged woman Lorraine, and the perpetually unlucky Trina.

Collins also did a multitude of celebrity impressions, including Pamela Anderson, Sandra Bullock, Barbara Bush, Bobbie Battista, Cher, Hillary Clinton, Courteney Cox, Paige Davis, Celine Dion, Melissa Etheridge, Judy Garland (as Dorothy Gale from The Wizard of Oz), Jennifer Garner, Jenilee Harrison,  Mary Hart, Teri Hatcher, Goldie Hawn, Jennifer Love Hewitt,  Anne Heche, Catherine Hicks (as Annie from 7th Heaven), Paris Hilton,  Kate Hudson, Allison Janney, Jennifer Lopez, Angelina Jolie, Jenny Jones, Jane Kaczmarek (as Lois on a Malcolm in the Middle parody called Malcolm X in the Middle), Alex Kingston,  Andrea Koppel, Jewel, Dina Lohan, Andie MacDowell, Madonna, Penny Marshall (as herself and as Laverne DeFazio from Laverne & Shirley), Audrey Meadows, Mary Tyler Moore (in several "modern-day spin" parodies of The Mary Tyler Moore Show), Alanis Morissette, Cynthia Nixon, Sharon Osbourne, Pink, Diane Sawyer, Maria Shriver, Shakira, Martha Stewart, Emily Strayer, Vonda Shepard, Sally Struthers, Concetta Tomei, Marisa Tomei, Shania Twain, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Tina Wesson.

Other work

 * She has performed her one-woman show, Mo vs. Mo, in various cities, including Los Angeles and Chicago.
 * Collins played in the fourth Hollywood Home Game edition of the World Poker Tour for the weSPARK Cancer Support Center. She placed 4th and won $2,500.
 * She performed with Streetmosphere at the (formerly named) Disney-MGM Studios in the Hollywood Public Works.
 * She voices Jan Ors in the Star Wars: Dark Forces: The Collector's Trilogy audio drama.

Personal life
While attending St. Catherine University for visual arts, Collins was asked to leave in response to an act of graffiti she and her fellow art program friends had committed.

Collins is in remission from a rare form of cancer known as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). She was diagnosed in spring 2011 when she noticed an odd lump in her abdomen. Collins said, "I would have done nothing about it. I was 44, feeling healthy, everything was going great for me, but my fiancé, Alex said, ‘You need to get it checked out’". Collins learned she had a primary tumor in her duodenum and was able to find a doctor who knew enough about GIST to know that she needed to see a specialist.

title: Mo Collins


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Wellington Steel Tube Co. Ltd.

The '''Wellington Steel Tube. Co.Ltd''' was a family business mainly based on the borders of West Bromwich and Tipton, Staffordshire, England and which closed in 1969. Owned by the Turner family - who also owned the Upper Arley estate in Worcestershire and created many in-jokes about Wellington there - it employed generations of Black Country people in hot rolled sections and tubes amongst other areas.

The site was later sold to the British Steel Corporation, Babcock International and other concerns before in 1998 or 1999 being sold to Asda Stores. It now holds a superstore and petrol station. The site is officially called Wellington Park; and a canal bridge provided by Asda is marked as Wellington Bridge on maps.

title: Wellington Steel Tube Co. Ltd.


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User talk:Fyrn

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Sam Spade 13:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fyrn


text:
File:YMO - BGM album cover.jpg

{{{Non-free use rationale album cover| Article =BGM (album) | Use = Infobox | Source = Picture scanned by Ian Dunster from original UK LP album.}}

title: File:YMO - BGM album cover.jpg


text: User talk:151.29.75.115

title: User talk:151.29.75.115


text: Template:Amusement-ride-stub

title: Template:Amusement-ride-stub


text:
User talk:Rajprem

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

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For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 13:36, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

M. Night Shyamalan
Just guessing that the removal of the M. Night spellings were due to the fact that many Westerners don't have the proper fonts (I for instance only had one of the two on my system, the other was just garbage characters) --FilmFan69 (talk) 21:27, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

United States Bill of Rights has been selected as the United States Wikipedians' Collaboration of the Month for June 2011
As one of the editors who has made improvements to the United States Bill of Rights article recently this notice has been left to inform you that it has been selected as the United States Wikipedians' Collaboration of the Month for June 2011. The goal this month is to get this article to Good Article standards or better by July 4th, 2011. You can also vote for next months article of the Month or submit a candidate for article of the month here. --Kumioko (talk) 16:21, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rajprem


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List of Budapest HÉV stations

This is a list of the stations of BHÉV, Budapest suburban railway system (Hu.: Budapesti Helyiérdekű Vasút) in and around the Hungarian capital.

Termini and interchange stations are in bold.

H5 (Szentendrei HÉV)
Length: 21 km, running time: 38 min. Its downtown terminus is available with Metro 2. It runs northwards. Some of the trains go only as far as Békásmegyer station; it is marked on them clearly. Many places of particular interest are along this route, including the Roman Ruins in Aquincum, the thermal baths in Rómaifürdő, and the seasonal pumpkin festival in Szentendre.

 * Batthyány tér M
 * Margit híd, budai hídfő
 * Szépvölgyi út
 * Tímár utca
 * Szentlélek tér (formerly: Árpád híd)
 * Filatorigát
 * Kaszásdűlő
 * Aquincum
 * Rómaifürdő (Roman Bath)
 * Csillaghegy
 * Békásmegyer
 * Budakalász
 * Budakalász, Lenfonó
 * Szentistvántelep (Saint Stephen Estate)
 * Pomáz
 * Pannóniatelep (Pannonia Estate)
 * Szentendre

H6 (Ráckevei HÉV)
Length: 40 km, running time: 1 h 9-14 min. Its downtown terminus is available with the tram line 1 from the Népliget station of Metro 3. It runs southwards. Some stops are seasonal which means that only a few number of trains stop there.

 * Közvágóhíd
 * Kén utca
 * Pesterzsébet felső (Upper Pesterzsébet)
 * Torontál utca
 * Soroksár felső (Upper Soroksár)
 * Soroksár, Hősök tere (Soroksár, Heroes' Square)
 * Szent István utca (Saint Stephen Street)
 * Millenniumtelep (Millennium Estate)
 * Dunaharaszti felső (Upper Dunaharaszti)
 * Dunaharaszti külső (Outer Dunaharaszti)
 * Szigetszentmiklós
 * József Attila-telep (Attila József Estate)
 * Szigetszentmiklós alsó (Lower Szigetszentmiklós)
 * Szigetszentmiklós, Gyártelep (Szigetszentmiklós-Works)
 * Szigethalom
 * Szigethalom alsó (Lower Szigethalom)
 * Tököl
 * Szigetcsép
 * Egyetemi Tangazdaság (seasonal)
 * Szigetszentmárton-Szigetújfalu
 * Horgásztanyák (seasonal)
 * Angyalisziget (seasonal)
 * Ráckeve

H7 (Csepeli HÉV)
Length: 7 km; running time: 13 min. Its downtown terminus is available with the 4 or 6 tram from Corvin-negyed station of Metro 3. It runs southwards.

 * Boráros tér
 * Müpa – Nemzeti Színház (Müpa – National Theatre; formerly: Lágymányosi híd and Közvágóhíd)
 * Szabadkikötő (Free Port)
 * Szent Imre tér (Saint Emeric Square)
 * Karácsony Sándor utca
 * Csepel

H8 (Gödöllői HÉV)
This line goes to Gödöllő on a length of 46 minutes and 26 kilometers. Many places of interest are accessible via this line, including the palace in Gödöllő and the water park at Mogyoród. It is accessible from the city via Metro 2, which has its terminus on Örs vezér tere as well.

 * Örs vezér tere M
 * Rákosfalva
 * Nagyicce
 * Sashalom (Eagle Mound)
 * Mátyásföld, repülőtér (Matthiasfield-Airport)
 * Mátyásföld, Imre utca (Matthiasfield-Emeric Street)
 * Mátyásföld alsó (Lower Matthiasfield)
 * Cinkota
 * Ilonatelep
 * Kistarcsa, kórház (Hospital)
 * Kistarcsa
 * Zsófialiget
 * Kerepes
 * Szilasliget
 * Mogyoród
 * Szentjakab
 * Gödöllő, Erzsébet park (Elisaberth Park)
 * Gödöllő, Szabadság tér (Liberty Square)
 * Gödöllő, Palotakert (Palace Garden)
 * Gödöllő

H9 (Csömöri HÉV)
This railway is a branch of the Gödöllői HÉV. Its length is 11 km, running time is 23-24 min. Although not many in number, but some places of interest are accessible via this line, like the swimming pool in Mátyásföld. It is accessible via the Metro 2, which shares the terminus in Budapest with it (Örs vezér tere). There is a connection between the terminus in Csömör and the first stop in Kistarcsa in case of emergency.

 * Örs vezér tere M
 * Rákosfalva
 * Nagyicce
 * Sashalom
 * Mátyásföld, repülőtér
 * Mátyásföld, Imre utca
 * Mátyásföld alsó
 * Cinkota
 * Cinkota alsó
 * Árpádföld (Árpádfield)
 * Szabadságtelep (Liberty Estate)
 * Csömör

The planned connector line, M5
A planned suburban railways' connector line, known as M5, or Észak-déli Regionális Gyorsvasút in Hungarian ("North-South Regional Rapid Railway") will replace and connect the lines of the existing HÉV lines between Szentendre, Csepel and Ráckeve, through Budapest downtown, making the present Szentendrei HÉV and Ráckevei HÉV redundant. It will also provide connection for the railway stations in the city.

 * See also Metro 5, List of M5 metro stations

title: List of Budapest HÉV stations


text:
Barton Swing Aqueduct

The Barton Swing Aqueduct is a moveable navigable aqueduct in Barton upon Irwell, Greater Manchester, England. It carries the Bridgewater Canal across the Manchester Ship Canal. The swinging action allows large vessels using the ship canal to pass through and smaller craft, both narrowboats and broad-beam barges, to cross over the top. The aqueduct, the first and only swing aqueduct in the world, is a Grade II* listed building, and considered a major feat of Victorian civil engineering. Designed by Sir Edward Leader Williams and built by Andrew Handyside and Company of Derby, the swing bridge opened in 1894 and remains in regular use.

History
The Barton Swing Aqueduct is a direct replacement for the earlier Barton Aqueduct, a masonry structure crossing the River Irwell and completed in 1761. The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal in the 1890s necessitated the replacement of this structure, as the height of ships using the new ship canal was too great to pass under the old aqueduct. An alternative scheme involving the use of a double lock flight was rejected, because of the need to conserve water in the Bridgewater Canal above.

The new aqueduct was designed by Sir Edward Leader Williams, engineer to the Manchester Ship Canal Company, and was built by Andrew Handyside and Company of Derby. The first barge crossed the new aqueduct on 21 August 1893, and it opened to commercial traffic on 1 January 1894. Williams was also involved with the Anderton Boat Lift, another moving canal structure in the region.

Construction
Construction work began in 1890, with the demolition of a Roman Catholic school on the south bank of the ship canal. The scale of the operation meant that the course of the River Irwell had to be temporarily diverted around the site, so that the central island could be built on dry land.

Operation
The aqueduct is a form of swing bridge. When closed, it allows canal traffic to pass along the Bridgewater Canal. When large vessels need to pass along the ship canal underneath, the 1450 tonne and 330 ft long iron trough is rotated 90 degrees on a pivot mounted on a small purpose-built island. Gates at each end of the trough retain around 800 tonnes of water; additional gates on each bank retain water in their adjacent stretches of canal. The aqueduct originally had a suspended towpath along its length, about 9 ft above the water level of the Bridgewater Canal, which has now been removed.

The structure is adjacent to, and upstream of, the Barton Road Swing Bridge. Both bridges are operated from a brick control tower on an island in the centre of the ship canal. When in the open position, the aqueduct and road bridge line up along the length of the island, allowing ships to traverse each side. To avoid the risk of collision, the aqueduct is opened half an hour before traffic on the Manchester Ship Canal is scheduled to pass.

Turning mechanism
The turning mechanism built into the central island consists of a 27 ft race plate embedded in granite blocks. Sixty-four tapered cast iron rollers sat on top of the race plate, held in position by a spider ring. On top of that an upper race plate supports the aqueduct and its circular gear rack, which was powered by a hydraulic engine manufactured by Sir W. G. Armstrong Mitchell of Newcastle.

To reduce the pressure on the turning mechanism, a hydraulic press was installed in the pivot. When water was admitted to the press it took up to half the weight. So successful was this system of hydraulic assistance that Leader Williams retrofitted it to several road swing bridges being built over the Ship Canal including the ones at Stockton Heath and Knutsford Road in Warrington.

The weight of the structure meant that the design was pushing the limits of the possible. This became clear when the sixty-four 35.5 cm (14 inches) mean diameter hollow cast-iron rollers started to deform. By 1927 the structure had dropped by 8.89 cm ($3 1/2$ inches). In 1928 the iron rollers were replaced with steel and since then the bridge has dropped by only 2.4mm (3/32-inch). Once the iron rollers were replaced the hydraulic press assistance was dispensed with.

Hydraulic power was originally supplied by steam from two Lancashire boilers housed in a pumping station on the Eccles bank of the ship canal; a service culvert beneath the bed of the canal conveyed the water under pressure to the control tower on the island. In 1939 the original hydraulic engines were replaced by a pair of radial three-cylinder engines manufactured by the Hydraulic Engineering Company of Chester, and the following year a power house was built on the island to house two electrically driven pumps. The old steam pumping station was demolished after the Second World War.

title: Barton Swing Aqueduct


text:
User talk:Alcedo

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Proposed deletion
Hi there. I've added the "prod" template to the article St. Hilda's College, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Importance). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree, discuss the issues raised at Talk:St. Hilda's College. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. --WikiCats 08:44, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

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User talk:Jamesproud

Me

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Sydney Omarr

Sydney Omarr (August 5, 1926 – January 2, 2003) was an American astrologer and an astrology consultant to the rich and famous. His daily Sun Sign Horoscope column appeared in more than 200 newspapers and his annual forecast books for each sign of the zodiac sold over 50 million copies.

Early life
Omarr was born Sidney Kimmelman in Philadelphia to a middle class Jewish family. His father worked as a grocer. In elementary school, he had a strong interest in magic performances, and he performed at talent shows and magic shops.

Omarr decided to change his name when, at age 15, he saw a movie called Shanghai Gesture starring Victor Mature as a character named Omar, with one "r." He had a strong interest in numerology, which led him to change Sidney to Sydney, and add an extra "r" to Omarr. From this interest in numerology he wrote several books, including Thought Dial, on the topic, but was unable to earn a living as a numerologist so he pursued astrology.

During World War II, Omarr, 17, joined the United States Army; he claimed he chose April 4, 1944 as the day to sign due to the numerological benefit of a date composed of "all fours." Approximately a year later he was transferred to the Air Force at a base located in Ontario, California, approximately 35 miles east of Los Angeles and referred to as 'Camp Hollywood.'

Omarr said that he was posted to Okinawa, Japan within a year of joining the army, and was able to specialize in astrology with his weekly Armed Forces Radio Program Sydney Omarr's Almanac, broadcast throughout the Pacific Theatre. He attempted to predict the results of various sporting contests and events. After gaining transfer to Camp Ontario in April 1945, Omarr was profiled by Wings, the Air Force's official counterpart to Stars and Stripes. In this semi-satirical profile, Omarr is quoted as predicting the Japanese defeat in "mid-August, 1945." Although the author of this piece subsequently stated that this quote was apocryphal and was part of the general satire, Omarr subsequently used it to promote his astrology career, ultimately gaining an influential column at the Los Angeles Times. Omarr also claimed he wrote the horoscope column for the U.S. Army's Stars and Stripes newspaper.

Career as writer and media astrologer
When Omarr completed his stint in the Army, he studied journalism at Mexico City College. This led to a decade as a reporter for the United Press, followed by employment with CBS Hollywood as an editor and radio news director. A journalist colleague at UP, Benson Srere, stated that Omarr was valued by his readers "not because they believe every word he wrote, but because it always contained threads of hope and encouragement."

Toward the end of his life, Omarr wrote a series of astrological guides published by Penguin called Sydney Omarr's Day-By-Day Astrological Guide. While he authored the books up until his death, his proteges have taken over the work, and Signet continues to publish the series. He believed he had been an astrologer in many previous lifetimes, and he was able to do full planetary horoscopes in his head when given an individual's birth coordinates and birth time. For his Los Angeles Times syndicate columns, he wrote each and every daily horoscope column personally, usually three weeks in advance.

Omarr's first book was entitled Sydney Omarr's Private Course on Numerology, which he self-published and sold for $2.00. While he wrote numerous books on the subject of astrology, including My World of Astrology and his autobiography Answer in the Sky, he is probably the most widely known for his books on the popular sun sign astrology. This entailed a daily Sun Sign Horoscope column which appeared in more than 200 daily newspapers of the Los Angeles Times syndicate. Each year, Omarr wrote 12 annual forecasts – one for each sign of the zodiac and one overall book. These popular titles sold 50 million copies.

Sydney Omarr wrote a short pocket book, "Secret Hints... For Men and Women", published by General Features Corporation.

By the 1970s, Omarr appeared on various radio and television shows such as The Merv Griffin Show and Tonight Live with Johnny Carson. He was friendly with famous movie actresses like Mae West and associated with authors like Henry Miller and Aldous Huxley. In 1966, he was married for eight months to Jeraldine Saunders, a former model, cruise director, and the creator of the Love Boat book and subsequent TV series concept for ABC Television.

Later years
In 1971, Omarr was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, and as the disease impacted his body he lost his sight in the early 1990s and became paralyzed from the neck down. He died from a heart attack on January 2, 2003, at the Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. He is buried in Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California.

Omarr is mentioned in Thomas Pynchon's 2009 novel Inherent Vice (p. 34).

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BGM (album)

BGM is the fourth studio album by Yellow Magic Orchestra, released on March 21, 1981. The title stands for "Background music", though Japanese TV and press advertising alternately used "Beautiful Grotesque Music". This album was produced by Haruomi Hosono. Recording started on January 15, 1981, in an effort to release the album by March 21, 1981. The album was the first of any kind to feature the Roland TR-808, one of the earliest programmable drum machines; YMO had already been the first band to use the device, featuring it on-stage as early as 1980. In addition to the TR-808, this was also their first studio album recorded with the Roland MC-4 Microcomposer.

Overview
Alfa Records, YMO's record company, had installed a 3M 32-track digital recorder in its studio shortly before YMO started recording BGM. Since Hosono was not fond of its overly sharp sound quality, he recorded all the rhythm sections for BGM on a TASCAM 80-8 analog recorder first and copied them with the 3M machine, resulting in the fuller, much compressed rhythm tracks. Unfortunately, no known working samples of the 3M recorder exist in Japan today, making it quite difficult to play the master tape.

One of the earliest uses of the TR-808 for a live performance was by Yellow Magic Orchestra in 1980 for the song "1000 Knives", an electro rendition of member Ryuichi Sakamoto's "Thousand Knives" (1978). The hand-clap sound was later publicized on this album, being used again on "1000 Knives" and in "Music Plans", another of Sakamoto's songs.

Peter Barakan debuts as YMO's co-lyricist, replacing Chris Mosdell. Barakan had previously provided lyrics for Ryuichi Sakamoto's solo track "Thatness and Thereness". Sakamoto himself was often absent from the BGM recording sessions due to creative differences with Hosono; he notably refused to play on "Cue", and his distaste of the song was so strong that he refused to play the song's keyboard parts live, instead switching to drums while Takahashi played keyboards. Sakamoto turns in "Music Plans" as his only new composition for the album, since "1000 Knives" (from his 1978 debut album Thousand Knives of Ryuichi Sakamoto) and "Happy End" were new recordings of his earlier materials. Sakamoto's version of "Happy End" was released as the B-side to his solo single "Front Line" in April 1981. Another song, "Rap Phenomena", was an early attempt at electronic rap. "Loom" is a re-working of "The Infinite Space Octave" by YMO computer programmer Hideki Matsutake, and features a slow, upward Shepard tone glissando similar to the Deep Note, THX's audio logo. A similar sound was previously used by YMO members Haruomi Hosono and Ryuichi Sakamoto for their 1978 album Cochin Moon. Like most YMO albums, song titles were printed in both Japanese and English, as listed below. "来たるべきもの" more accurately translates to "What should come".

Reception
When released in 1981, the album's reception was positive. Stereo Review described the recording as "crystalline" and the performance as "the twain meet", praising the album for its "remarkable" blend between "East and West", its "catchy tunes", its "ambitious collection of electronics" and for "pushing at the frontiers of electronic rock", but noted that this affected the album's accessibility.

Track listing

 * All CDs released between 1984 and 1998 feature an alternate take of "Happy End", with audible differences throughout the second half of the track. The original version appears on all CD and later vinyl releases from 1999 onwards.

Personnel
Yellow Magic Orchestra – Arrangements, Electronics, Vocals, Voices on "U•T", Mixing engineers
 * Haruomi Hosono – Bass, Synth Bass, Keyboards, Delays & Harmonizer on "U•T", Production
 * Ryuichi Sakamoto – Keyboards, Vocoder
 * Yukihiro Takahashi – Drums, Electronic drums

Guest musicians
 * Hideki Matsutake – Programming
 * Takeshii Fujii, Don Nagata & Tomoki Miyadera – Equipment Coordination
 * Peter Barakan – Lyrics, spoken words on "Mass"
 * Tomoko Nunoi (uncredited) – French Narration on "Ballet"

Staff
 * Kunihiko Murai & Shōrō Kawazoe – Executive Producer
 * Mitsuo Koike – Recording & Mixing engineer
 * Yoshifumi Īo – Recording Engineer
 * Kazusuke Obi – A&R Coordinator
 * Plan-New Werk & Tsukuitoshinao – Creative Services
 * Masayoshi Sukita – Photography

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Karoonda

Karoonda may also refer to:

 * Karoonda, South Australia, a town and locality
 * Karoonda Highway, a road in South Australia
 * Karoonda Magpies, an Australian rules football club in South Australia
 * Karoonda meteorite, a meteorite found in South Australia
 * District Council of Karoonda, a former local government area in South Australia; now part of the District Council of Karoonda East Murray

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Kenny Irwin Jr.

Kenneth Dale Irwin Jr. (August 5, 1969 – July 7, 2000) was an American stock car racing driver. He had driven in all three NASCAR national touring series, and had two total victories, both in the Craftsman Truck Series. Before that, he raced in the United States Auto Club against Tony Stewart, who was one of his fiercest rivals. He died as a result of injuries suffered in a crash during a practice session at New Hampshire Motor Speedway.

Early life
Irwin grew up in Indianapolis and was the third youngest of four children. He began racing quarter-midgets before he was in the second grade. He graduated from Lawrence North High School in 1988 where he played varsity soccer, while continuing his career as a driver. Between 1988 and 1991, he earned his SCCA competition license and competed in the GT1 category, driving a turbocharged Buick Grand National, then raced for his father in the IMSA American Challenge (road racing) stock car series, all while he was still a teenager.

Irwin then went on to race in USAC. He began open wheel racing in 1991. He had 7 career USAC Sprint Car Series wins, and was the series Rookie of the Year in 1993. In 1994 he was the USAC Silver Crown Series Rookie of the Year and finished second in the 1995 USAC standings. In 1996 he was the USAC National Midget Series champ. After his successful run in USAC, many open-wheel enthusiasts began comparing him to NASCAR star Jeff Gordon.

NASCAR
Irwin began his major-league NASCAR career in the Craftsman Truck Series. He made his debut in that series in 1996 at Phoenix International Raceway, driving the No. 26 Ford F-150 for MB Motorsports. He started and finished 32nd after an engine failure. In his second start at Richmond International Raceway, he won the pole in the No. 62 Raybestos Ford for Liberty Racing, finishing fifth in the event.

He moved up to drive full-time in 1997, driving the No. 98 Ford for Liberty Racing. He had 2 wins, 7 Top 5, and 10 Top 10 finishes that season, on his way to a 10th-place finish in the final point standings. He also won Rookie of the Year honors that season. Irwin also made his debut in the Winston Cup Series in 1997 with David Blair Motorsports at Richmond. He qualified on the outside pole and led for twelve laps, finishing in eighth place. He ran three more races with Blair that season, qualifying no worse than eleventh.

"'Everyone has been hoping to find the next Jeff Gordon, I think we found him.'"

Irwin won the 1998 Rookie of the Year award in the Cup Series driving the Robert Yates Racing No. 28 car, replacing Ernie Irvan. Irwin started the 1998 season by winning the Automobile Racing Club of America race in Daytona in February in a car owned by Yates. During that season, he had one pole, 1 Top 5, and 4 Top 10 finishes on his way to a disappointing 28th-place finish in the final points standings. In 1999 he had 2 poles, 2 Top 5 and 6 Top 10 finishes and finished 19th-place finish in the final points standings.

Irwin made his debut in the NASCAR Busch Series in 1999, driving the No. 11 Ford Taurus owned by his teammate, Dale Jarrett, and then-Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre. He had two fifth-place finishes in five starts in the series during the 1999 season, at Texas Motor Speedway and Dover International Speedway, respectively.

He is also known for one incident where he bumped the car of Tony Stewart, a former rival of his in USAC open-wheel competition, into the wall in the NAPA Autocare 500 at Martinsville Speedway. After Stewart wrecked Irwin twice in the same race in turn 4, Irwin retaliated against Stewart by spinning him in turn 1 on the restart. Stewart exited his wrecked car, clapped at Irwin, threw his gloves at his car, and tried to enter Irwin's car as it was driving under the caution flag in a show of displeasure.

For the 2000 season Irwin was tabbed by Felix Sabates to replace Joe Nemechek in Team SABCO's No. 42 Chevrolet. He had a single Top 10 finish, 4th at Talladega Superspeedway, in his first 17 races with the team. He made nine starts in the Busch Series for SABCO as well, posting a best finish of ninth at Talladega. His final race for the team was at Daytona International Speedway in the Pepsi 400, finishing 22nd; he was seen as having a bright future with the team, which had just had a majority interest purchased by Chip Ganassi.

Death
During practice for the thatlook.com 300 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway on July 7, 2000, Irwin slammed head on into the wall, causing his car to flip onto its side. According to fellow driver Brett Bodine speaking to CNN, the car slid along its side for a long time before rolling on its roof. Irwin likely died instantly of a basilar skull fracture. He was 30 years old. Fellow Indiana native (and rival) Tony Stewart would win the race that Sunday, and donate the trophy to Irwin's parents. Irwin's accident was blamed on a stuck throttle, which was the same cause of the accident that had killed Adam Petty at nearly that exact spot on the track just two months prior. Ted Musgrave drove the renumbered No. 01 car for the remainder of the 2000 season. The car was renumbered to 41 in 2002 and Sabates brought back the 42 number in 2003 with driver Jamie McMurray.

Irwin's parents founded the Kenny Irwin Jr Foundation and the Dare to Dream Camp for underprivileged children located in New Castle, Indiana in his honor. The 2000 Brickyard 400, held on what would have been Irwin's 31st birthday, was dedicated in his memory.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Kenny Irwin Jr.


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Monte Carlo methods for option pricing

In mathematical finance, a Monte Carlo option model uses Monte Carlo methods to calculate the value of an option with multiple sources of uncertainty or with complicated features. The first application to option pricing was by Phelim Boyle in 1977 (for European options). In 1996, M. Broadie and P. Glasserman showed how to price Asian options by Monte Carlo. An important development was the introduction in 1996 by Carriere of Monte Carlo methods for options with early exercise features.

Methodology
In terms of theory, Monte Carlo valuation relies on risk neutral valuation. Here the price of the option is its discounted expected value; see risk neutrality and rational pricing. The technique applied then, is (1) to generate a large number of possible, but random, price paths for the underlying (or underlyings) via simulation, and (2) to then calculate the associated exercise value (i.e. "payoff") of the option for each path. (3) These payoffs are then averaged and (4) discounted to today. This result is the value of the option.

This approach, although relatively straightforward, allows for increasing complexity:

 * An option on equity may be modelled with one source of uncertainty: the price of the underlying stock in question. Here the price of the underlying instrument $$ \ S_t \,$$ is usually modelled such that it follows a geometric Brownian motion with constant drift $$ \mu \,$$ and volatility $$ \sigma \,$$. So: $$ dS_t = \mu S_t\,dt + \sigma S_t\,dW_t \, $$, where $$ dW_t \,$$ is found via a random sampling from a normal distribution; see further under Black–Scholes. Since the underlying random process is the same, for enough price paths, the value of a european option here should be the same as under Black–Scholes. More generally though, simulation is employed for path dependent exotic derivatives, such as Asian options.

 * In other cases, the source of uncertainty may be at a remove. For example, for bond options the underlying is a bond, but the source of uncertainty is the annualized interest rate (i.e. the short rate). Here, for each randomly generated yield curve we observe a different resultant bond price on the option's exercise date; this bond price is then the input for the determination of the option's payoff. The same approach is used in valuing swaptions, where the value of the underlying swap is also a function of the evolving interest rate. (Whereas these options are more commonly valued using lattice based models, as above, for path dependent interest rate derivatives – such as CMOs – simulation is the primary technique employed. ) For the models used to simulate the interest-rate see further under Short-rate model; "to create realistic interest rate simulations" Multi-factor short-rate models are sometimes employed. To apply simulation to IRDs, the analyst must first "calibrate" the model parameters, such that bond prices produced by the model best fit observed market prices.

 * Monte Carlo Methods allow for a compounding in the uncertainty. For example, where the underlying is denominated in a foreign currency, an additional source of uncertainty will be the exchange rate: the underlying price and the exchange rate must be separately simulated and then combined to determine the value of the underlying in the local currency. In all such models, correlation between the underlying sources of risk is also incorporated; see . Further complications, such as the impact of commodity prices or inflation on the underlying, can also be introduced. Since simulation can accommodate complex problems of this sort, it is often used in analysing real options where management's decision at any point is a function of multiple underlying variables.

 * Simulation can similarly be used to value options where the payoff depends on the value of multiple underlying assets such as a Basket option or Rainbow option. Here, correlation between asset returns is likewise incorporated.

 * As required, Monte Carlo simulation can be used with any type of probability distribution, including changing distributions: the modeller is not limited to normal or log-normal returns; see for example Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation. Additionally, the stochastic process of the underlying(s) may be specified so as to exhibit jumps or mean reversion or both; this feature makes simulation the primary valuation method applicable to energy derivatives. Further, some models even allow for (randomly) varying statistical (and other) parameters of the sources of uncertainty. For example, in models incorporating stochastic volatility, the volatility of the underlying changes with time; see Heston model.

Least Square Monte Carlo
Least Square Monte Carlo is a technique for valuing early-exercise options (i.e. Bermudan or American options). It was first introduced by Jacques Carriere in 1996.

It is based on the iteration of a two step procedure:

 * First, a backward induction process is performed in which a value is recursively assigned to every state at every timestep. The value is defined as the least squares regression against market price of the option value at that state and time (-step). Option value for this regression is defined as the value of exercise possibilities (dependent on market price) plus the value of the timestep value which that exercise would result in (defined in the previous step of the process).
 * Secondly, when all states are valued for every timestep, the value of the option is calculated by moving through the timesteps and states by making an optimal decision on option exercise at every step on the hand of a price path and the value of the state that would result in. This second step can be done with multiple price paths to add a stochastic effect to the procedure.

Application
As can be seen, Monte Carlo Methods are particularly useful in the valuation of options with multiple sources of uncertainty or with complicated features, which would make them difficult to value through a straightforward Black–Scholes-style or lattice based computation. The technique is thus widely used in valuing path dependent structures like lookback- and Asian options and in real options analysis. Additionally, as above, the modeller is not limited as to the probability distribution assumed.

Conversely, however, if an analytical technique for valuing the option exists—or even a numeric technique, such as a (modified) pricing tree —Monte Carlo methods will usually be too slow to be competitive. They are, in a sense, a method of last resort; see further under Monte Carlo methods in finance. With faster computing capability this computational constraint is less of a concern.

title: Monte Carlo methods for option pricing


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Trailer (computing)

In information technology, a trailer or footer refers to supplemental data (metadata) placed at the end of a block of data being stored or transmitted, which may contain information for the handling of the data block, or simply mark the block's end.

In data transmission, the data following the end of the header and preceding the start of the trailer is called the payload or body.

It is vital that trailer composition follow a clear and unambiguous specification or format, to allow for parsing. If a trailer is not removed properly, or part of the payload is removed thinking it is a trailer, it can cause confusion.

The trailer contains information concerning the destination of a packet being sent over a network so for instance in the case of emails the destination of the email is contained in the trailer

Examples

 * In data transfer, the OSI model's data link layer adds a trailer at the end of frames of the data encapsulation.

title: Trailer (computing)


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Talk:Subject (grammar)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 9 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): HenryJPalmer.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Semantic subject?
I don't like this, really:

 * In English, verbs actually have two subjects: the semantic subject, which is the doer of the verb according to meaning, and a syntactical subject, which is what the verb agrees with, and it determines which case a pronoun gets.

 * In the second half of the nineteenth century, there came to be used the following terms: 1) Psychological Subject as that which is the concern of the message, 2) Grammatical Subject as that of which something is predicated and 3) Logical Subject as doer of the action (see Halliday, Towards a Functional Grammar, 2005 - page 56). So please, do not use "Semantic", because every interpretation of a clause is semantic. I guess that's what the anonymous complainer is talking about. And it is not the "doer of the verb" but the "doer of the action". Daniel Vortisto 00:41, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

In my view, while it's fine to mention the idea of "semantic subject" (as in the opening paragraphs), this confuses subject and agent/undergoer. The problem with the category of "subject" is that it is often circularly defined, or defined as a universal category (many claim Chinese has no such category), or defined disregarding the problems the concept has with ergative-absolutive languages.

The article also needs a little less emphasis on English, too (see WP:CSB).

I'd like to see if anybody has any opinions on this, before I get to the matter myself.

--Pablo D. Flores 13:51, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not a grammarian, so I can't comment on your first point, but about your second point--this is the English Wikipedia; I'd expect the Japanese WP to focus on the subject in Japanese. Meelar (talk) 13:53, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * I made a range of changes, including mention of ergative languages as requested above. I agree with Meelar that the English wiki would be written mainly for an English-speeking audience, but in the case of concepts from grammatical theory, it would not do justice to them to restrict their discussion to one language, since grammatical theory by no means is restricted to English. My inclination is that one should exemplify things with English as far as possible, but not exclusively, and certainly not exclude discussion of phenomena that don't occcur in English.--Neither 3 July 2005 17:07 (UTC)

 * I agree with Neither. The Subject is not a property of the English Grammar, it is a property of Natural Language (Human Adult Language). So, as far as I'm concerned, it would do much good service to the English Speaking Community - half of which having English as a second language - if we could give some examples in other languages too. It won't do you harm and it will be very helpful for the rest of the world. Daniel Vortisto 00:41, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Introduction (Sentence 3)
Grammatical function (page was missing). Started. Please see talk:grammatical function Ken H 03:04:27, 2005-08-05 (UTC)

Error
This is wrong: "In many languages, the subject triggers agreement morphology on the verb or auxiliary of a sentence. For example, in English one uses the form has for sentences with a singular subject, and have in sentences with a plural subject. This is a morphosyntactic definition.

She has left. They have left."

What about 'I have left', 'you have left'? These have singular subjects.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 61.106.197.20 (talk • contribs).

 * That's because in English, verbs (theoretically) agree with their subjects both in number and in person. —RuakhTALK 15:52, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

It doesnt matter —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

This error has been fixed and the part where this was said was severely modified. Still, someone else should revise it for this is a high hit article. 201.17.243.237 (talk) 06:21, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Error - Definition of constituent
The second paragraph reads "The subject has the grammatical function in a sentence of relating its constituent (a noun phrase)".

The constituent is not always a "(noun phrase)". Consider the sentence "Driving drunk is dangerous." This sentence has no noun type. Neither does the variation, "Driving fast while drunk is very irresponsible.". In these two cases the constituents are actually verb phrases.

John Springer johnbspringer@yahoo.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.64.0.252 (talk) 18:45, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

hello my nam is,BRB. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.95.56.45 (talk) 21:44, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Implied Subject
Can the subject also be implied in a non-imperative mood?

Look forward to meeting you in person.

Need to try harder next time.

--173.33.160.82 (talk) 08:57, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

I find the terminus technicus subject for the grammatical subject amazingly inappropriate. After all, the subject is not subordinate to any other element in a sentence, as this name implies, but, to the contrary, the highest-ranking element. It would be helpful to add a paragraph on the etymology of the term subject.

Alexander Senning, alexander.senning@gmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.52.33.164 (talk) 08:21, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Sentence Pattern
Sentences -- the Steps of Writing

Sentences are the first goal in writing, and although they may be compared to baby steps, they are not just for the young grades. Even adult authors need to know the different ways to craft sentences and to combine sentences.

There are rules that govern sentence building, and amazingly there are actually only a few basic sentence patterns. Master these five sentence types, and you can write anything -- correctly! Independent Clauses and Dependent Clauses Before Sentences Come the Clauses

Sentence writing is built on a foundation of understanding what independent clauses and a dependent clauses are. Most people, even if they can't give a grammatical definition, have a sense of what these two types of clauses are.

Simply put, an independent clause can stand alone. It conveys a complete thought and has both a subject and a verb. A dependent clause, on the other hand, cannot stand alone. It does have a subject and a verb, but it leaves you thinking, "huh?"

Example

Batik is a popular handicraft purchased by tourists. Although I washed my new batik in cold water.

You intuitively know that the first is an independent clause and can stand alone whereas the second one is not complete; the second clause is a dependent one.

So this is step one in teaching sentence writing. Make sure your child can identify independent clauses and dependent clauses. You don't necessarily have to use those exact terms. You can call them complete sentences and fragments. But the instruction on this page will use the terms independent and dependent clauses.

Here is a 7th grade set of worksheets on the topic of clauses. Learning the Patterns

Once you understand independent and dependent clauses, you can learn the rules to putting them together to make sentences. There are five main sentence patterns.

sentence patterns mini poster

Click on the image to download your own PDF mini poster. Print it out to use as reference. Or better yet, use mine as a model and have your child create his own reference poster of the sentence patterns.

Don't overload your child with all five patterns. Take them one a time!

Each sentence pattern will likely take several lessons to master. Be sure that one pattern is firmly understood before introducing another one. As you're studying a particular sentence pattern, use every opportunity to reinforce it. When you see that sentence pattern used in your reading, point it out and analyze it. When your child has writing to do for other academic areas, require him to use the new sentence pattern a set number of times in the assignment. Simple Sentences Sentence Pattern Number One

So you know that if you have an independent clause, it can be a sentence. You capitalize the first word and use punctuation at the end. A simple sentence like that is called, amazingly, a simple sentence. Brilliant name, isn't it?

Simple sentences are important in writing because they are the building blocks. But you don't want each and every sentence in your paragraph or essay to be a simple one. Simple also means foolish, and a paragraph full of simple sentences sounds childish.

Exercise idea -- Write ten simple sentences. Make sure each one is a single independent clause (sentence pattern #1), punctuated and capitalized correctly. And make them interesting because you'll be using these again later.

EXAMPLES -- I am learning Chinese painting. Last Friday I learned to paint a sparrow. The supplies are inexpensive.

Hint for mom -- Give your child some spelling or vocabulary words to make sentences with. Or give a theme to write about. Compound Sentences Sentence Pattern Numbers Two and Three

What if you want to join two independent clauses together? Can that be done? Yes! It can. And there are two main ways.

1. Use a semicolon between the two independent clauses. To use a semicolon, the sentences should be very closely related in meaning. But I hope that you wouldn't try to connect two sentences that weren't related anyway!

2. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction between the two independent clauses. This rule is so simple, yet people will ruin it by forgetting the comma or by forgetting the coordinating conjunction. You have to have both!

coordinating conjunctions mini posterI call this rule "comma but." You can think of it as "comma butt" -- a terrible disease that infects the bottom. Actually you can use FOR, AND, NOR, OR, YET, or SO as well as BUT.

An easy way to remember these coordinating conjunctions is FANBOYS. Click on the image for a PDF mini poster. (But better yet, have your child create his own FANBOYS poster!)

A sentence that has two independent clauses joined together correctly is called a compound sentence. Try to use some of these in your writing. But don't overdo it! You don't want to have too much of a good thing.

Exercise idea -- Look at the ten simple sentences you wrote earlier. Rewrite them, but this time add a semicolon and another closely related independent clause at the end to form a compound sentence (sentence pattern #2).

EXAMPLES-- I am learning Chinese painting; last Friday I learned to paint a sparrow. The supplies are inexpensive; I paid less than ten dollars for paint, paper, and brushes.

Now take your newly written compound sentences and rewrite them using sentence pattern #3. That means you'll take out the semicolon and add in a comma and one of the FANBOYS. Make sure to use both the comma and the conjunction. And of course, choose a logical conjunction.

EXAMPLES-- I am learning Chinese painting, and last Friday I learned to paint a sparrow. The supplies are inexpensive, so I think this is a good hobby for me.

Hint for mom: Carefully check for semicolons and a lowercase letter after the semicolon. Carefully check for both a comma and a conjunction. If one is missing, it's wrong!

Want some worksheet practice? Here are some PDF exercises: Simple Sentences & Compound Sentences Compound Sentences from ABC Teach Glencoe Practice with Simple and Compound Sentences Commas in Compound Sentences Sentence Bad Guy #1 Mr. Run-on Also Known as a Comma Splice

Evil Mr. Runon Not even brick walls stop Mr. Runon. He keeps running on and on. Drawing by Sprite, my daughter.

What happens when you put two independent clauses together and do not use a semicolon or the "comma but" rule?

You've created a run-on sentence.

And that's a huge writing no-no.

Avoid run-on sentences! Learn how to join independent clauses. Sentence Bad Guy #2 Ms. Fragment

Ms. Fragment loves destroying perfectly good sentences. Drawing by Sprite, my daughter.

If you've got a dependent clause standing alone, it's got a fancy name -- a fragment. And that's a pretty major writing error.

What's the best way to find fragments? Read your draft backwards sentence by sentence. Not word by word, but read the last sentence. Then the next to the last sentence and so on. Usually you will find the fragments this way. The Sentence No-No's

There are two bad guys when it comes to writing sentences -- Mr. Fragment and Ms. Run-on. a%3A3%3A%7Bs%3A7%3A%22options%22%3Bs%3A337%3A%222a795b13c047bf1b5f7e17b130adb8d8%2CFragments%21+Lots+of+them.+Always+make+them.%2Cc88000ad432ff19e3ba8c8e6148ec271%2CRun-ons+are+my+problem+I+just+write+and+write+and+I+don%27t+know+where+to+stop.%2Ca24ee9be59e02c4db5350c43a46b4292%2CI+am+a+perfect+writer.+I+never+make+mistakes.%2C017f6db2588eccf64eae698757658883%2CI%27m+not+sure+which+is+my+main+problem.%22%3Bs%3A6%3A%22period%22%3Bs%3A2%3A%2260%22%3Bs%3A8%3A%22question%22%3Bs%3A39%3A%22Which+do+you+tend+to+create+more+often%3F%22%3B%7D

Which do you tend to create more often? Fragments! Lots of them. Always make them. Run-ons are my problem I just write and write and I don't know where to stop. I am a perfect writer. I never make mistakes. I'm not sure which is my main problem. Vote

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About Commas

Commas are tricky because there are so many uses of them! This lesson is not a comprehensive primer on commas. I'm only sharing ONE of the many ways commas are used. Complex Sentences Sentence Pattern Numbers Four and Five

Now we can start using dependent clauses in our sentences. We know that a dependent clause needs to be attached to something -- specifically to an independent clause. And there are two ways to do that. You can put it before an independent clause or behind one. And the punctuation is different in either case.

The rule is

Independent clause dependent clause. Dependent clause COMMA independent clause.

Yes, that's right. When the dependent clause is at the end of the sentence you don't need a comma.

The words that introduce dependent clauses are called subordinating conjunctions. Print a PDF list here.

after although as as if as long as as much as as soon as as though because before even if even though if if only inasmuch in order that lest now that once provided (that) rather than since so that than that though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while

Here is a Handout about Conjunctions, featuring both the coordinating conjunction and the subordinating conjunction.

This kind of sentence with a dependent clause and an independent clause is called a complex sentence. Now that name doesn't really matter a whole lot except that complex sentences imply a good understanding of both your topic and of writing. So you need to use these types of sentences when you write.

Need some practice? Here is the same information recapped plus some sentences to combine using this sentence pattern -- Combining with Subordinating Conjunctions. And here is a middle school level set of four pages about independent and dependent clauses. A set of simple activities for Clauses and Complex Sentences.

printable list of subordinating conjunctionsExercise idea -- Convert your original ten simple sentences into complex sentences by adding a dependent clause. (Having a list of the subordinating conjunctions handy is most helpful.)

First add the dependent clause to the beginning of the sentence (sentence pattern #4). Start with one of the subordinating conjunctions in the list above, create the rest of the dependent clause, don't forget your comma, and then finish it with your independent clause (one of the original simple sentences).

EXAMPLES -- Because I want a creative hobby, I am learning Chinese painting. Even though I'm just starting, last Friday I learned to paint a sparrow. If you shop in a local store, the supplies are inexpensive.

Then using the complex sentences you just made, rewrite them by rearranging them. Now put the dependent clause at the end. Don't forget to leave off the comma this time. These are sentence pattern #5

EXAMPLES -- I am learning Chinese painting because I want a creative hobby. Last Friday I learned to paint a sparrow even though I'm just starting. The supplies are inexpensive if you shop in a local store.

Hint for mom -- Be ruthless about checking for commas when the sentence begins with a dependent clause. If there's no comma, it's wrong! Compound-Complex Sentence Get Creative! Mix Up Patterns One Through Five.

There is actually another sentence pattern and that's a combination of at least two independent clauses with at least one dependent clause. Once you've mastered the first five sentence patterns, this one is fun to get creative with. You follow the same rules and join the clauses together.

Try these worksheets on compound-complex sentences if you really love analyzing sentence parts! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.53.122.236 (talk) 06:32, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Ergative/Absolutive languages
In an ergative/absolutive language, would you call the absolutive case the subject (and the ergative the object) because it now is the most core argument to the verb? or would you maintain that the single argument of intransitives and the ergative case together are the "subject", while the absolutive case for transitive verbs is still the object? Or do the words subject and object only have meaning on a nominative/accusative environment? Also btw just fyi guys, the page is kinda messy (look at all those broken links!!!) and could do with a LOT of clean up. And a lot less anglocentrism :P. 58.170.128.162 (talk) 09:15, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Subject, as traditionally used in English, and as the term is used in this article, doesn't necessarily exist in ergative languages. Some split-ergative Indic languages treat ergative arguments like subjects syntactically. Others, like Tibetan, have extremely subtle syntactic tests for subject. It's a category that really does have to be independently identified in every language, and it most certainly isn't an a priori semantic or syntactic category. I'd honestly love to see this article become less anglocentric than it is. Even languages like Russian or German or Spanish have clauses where morphological and syntactic subjects disagree, and I don't see why that information should be excluded, especially since the article as it stands looks like it's from the 40s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Duke Atreides (talk • contribs) 22:21, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Basic definition in the introduction
The introduction, as it stands, doesn't really present any explanation of what exactly a subject is. Instead it is filled with auxiliary, 'more specific' information that isn't especially useful until the basic premise---the definition---has been established. Additionally, for readers like myself who are not in the least bit familiar with linguistics, the current introduction seems overly technical. Perhaps some basic element of the 'definition of subject' section should be included in the introduction. E.g. perhaps one of the very first sentences should be roughly a restructured version of,

"The concept of subject is sometimes mixed with that of actor or agent and other times with that of carrier of attributes. --- From 'definition of subject' ".

Something like, ''The subject (abbreviated sub or su) is one of the two main constituents of a clause usually identified as the 'actor' or 'agent' of the sentence. Sometimes the subject can be better characterized as the 'carrier of attributes'.'' — Preceding unsigned comment added by AllCluesKey (talk • contribs) 22:57, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree. The introduction contains a plethora of technical terms and is far too complicated. The introduction to an article should first state in simple non-technical language what it is about and give a very basic definition. The finer technical points should be left until the body of the article. Kanjuzi (talk) 15:48, 11 January 2016 (UTC) - I have now added an introduction in less technical language, summarising the main points, but without otherwise changing anything in the article. Kanjuzi (talk) 18:01, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

English sentences with no subject?
Is there a subject of the sentence "Cannot download document from Google drive." This type of construction is very common with computer programs and websites. The subject could be thought of as several different things, such as "I (the website), we, it, etc. cannot download..." Document is the direct object. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.112.115.185 (talk) 08:54, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Locative inversion?
This whole paragraph (which is unsourced) is unsatisfactory. For a start, the sentence 'under the bed have been breeding spiders' is not correct English, so we are arguing from a false basis to begin with. Secondly, even supposing the sentence is a correct one, the argument makes no sense. Just because a subject comes at the end of a sentence doesn't make it less of a subject. I have therefore deleted the paragraph. - But there are languages, such as Bantu languages, which really do have a locative subject, e.g. Chichewa m'nyumba mwake muli anthu 'in his house there are people', in which the verb and the adjective mwake 'his' both agree with the locative phrase, not with the word anthu (people). Perhaps something could be said about such languages if it is wished to say something about sentences beginning with a subject. Kanjuzi (talk) 21:38, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Locative inversion is a widely acknowledged phenomenon of English syntax, e.g. Under the tree slept an old dog, On the shelf were located a number of fat books. These sentences contradict one of the criteria for identifying subjects, namely the pre-verbal position that most subjects occupy in English. The reasoning in the paragraph is sound. I'm reverting back. --Tjo3ya (talk) 00:08, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

 * It is well known that a sentence can begin with a topic, especially a time or locative phrase, e.g. ' On Tuesday I went to the shops' or ' In London we went to the theatre' or ' John - I can't stand him!' No one would say that these underlined phrases are the subject of the sentence just because they come at the beginning; clearly topics and subjects must be distinguished, which this current version of the paragraph fails to do. The addition of a tag-question is a better criterion, e.g. 'On the shelf were a number of books, weren't there ?' seems to show that in that sentence there is a deleted 'there' ('On the shelf [there] were a number of books'); perhaps this deleted 'there' would be a better candidate for the grammatical subject. But I think that to confine the discussion merely to English doesn't really capture a general idea about this kind of sentence. The following article: Freeze, Ray (1992). "Existentials and other locatives". Language, Vol. 68, No. 3 (Sep., 1992), pp. 553-595 discusses such sentences in several languages (including Chichewa) and has something useful to say. Perhaps the ideas in this article could be incorporated into the paragraph. If we look at other languages we can see that the criterion that it comes at the beginning of a clause is not in any way a defining characteristic of what a subject is. Even in English we have sentences such as '"Hello," said John' in which the subject comes at the end. Kanjuzi (talk) 07:04, 15 January 2016 (UTC) - But in any case, could we not have a better example than 'Under the bed have been breeding spiders', which doesn't sound idiomatic. What about 'Round the corner came a large man' or something like that? Kanjuzi (talk) 08:49, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Subject (grammar)


text:
Category:Tourist attractions in Derbyshire

See also Category:Tourist attractions of the Peak District


text: Template:User gl

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Template:User gl


text:
Philadelphia Association

The Philadelphia Association is a UK charity concerned with the understanding and relief of mental suffering. It was founded in 1965 by the radical psychiatrist and psychoanalyst R. D. Laing along with fellow psychiatrists David Cooper, Joseph Berke, Aaron Esterson, writer Clancy Sigal as well as John Heaton, Joan Cunnold and Sid Briskin.

Kingsley Hall, the first of a number of community houses, was founded in 1965 (a building dating from 1928).

The Philadelphia Association (PA) came into being to challenge and to widen the discourse around the teaching and practise of psychotherapy and continues to offer a training, an affordable therapy service and two community houses for those seeking retreat.

title: Philadelphia Association


text:
Shoe tree (device)

A shoe tree is a device approximating the shape of a foot that is placed inside a shoe to preserve its shape, stop it from developing creases, and thereby extend the life of the shoe.

Perhaps more important than maintaining the shape, shoe trees also play a crucial part in wicking away moisture caused by sweat - a major cause of lining rot and leather degradation. This is especially important when shoes are worn without socks.

Higher quality shoe trees are made from softwood, usually cedar, which helps control odor and absorb moisture.

Types
Among wooden shoe trees, there are generally three categories, which correspond to price and quality.

Spring shoe trees
The cheapest are a wooden shoe tree without a full heel. Although they help with odour, and will help preserve the original shape at the front of the shoe, the narrow knob on the heel puts excess pressure on one section of the heel and prolonged use may deform the shoe. Notwithstanding, this style of shoe tree is popular with high heels because of its flexibility.

Generic shoe trees
Generic shoe trees are non-lasted shoe trees that are designed to fit a wide range of footwear styles. Generic shoe trees come in many styles; two of the more popular ones are the twin-tube and single-tube shoe trees. The twin-tube shoe tree, cut from a generic last and featuring a fully articulated (round heel), a spring toe, and ventilation holes. This style is most popular in England and Europe. The single-tube, split-toe shoe tree with an overhand handle, works on a spring-spreader mechanism, causing the split toe to expand into the shoe when inserted into the shoe. This style is most popular in the United States.

Lasted shoe trees
At the highest range are lasted shoe trees, which accompany the shoes for which they have the same last.

Plastic shoe trees
Shoe trees may also be made of plastic or stamped sheet metal, with or without a coiled steel spring stem; these are typically cheaper, lighter, and are better suited for traveling. Types lacking a flexing steel spring may use extension springs or adjustable two-piece stems having an over-center mechanical action to wedge them in place. Plastic shoe trees maintain the shape of your shoes but lack the moisture-absorbing qualities of wooden shoe trees. Because wooden shoe trees can damage the leather when stored in luggage, plastic shoe trees are often used when traveling, as well as having the added benefit of being lightweight.

When to use
By absorbing moisture from leather more quickly than evaporation would alone, a shoe tree aims to limit the growth of bacterial colonies that would otherwise thrive by decomposing the sweat-saturated leather. So it is best to insert a shoe tree immediately after the shoe is removed before such colonies develop or while they are as small as possible.

Boot trees
Boot trees are shoe trees for boots. Boot trees are often used on ankle-high boots and are similar to standard shoe trees but have a higher ankle area. Their main function is to support the heel counter, which helps preserve the integrity of the higher heel and prevents it from creasing or folding over. The fore part of the boot tree acts as a standard shoe tree and works to gently stretch out the vamp and prevent creasing.

Creases that form in the calves of boots can affect comfort when walking. For zip boots, creasing may eventually cause the zip to break. By investing in a pair of boot trees a repair like this can easily be avoided.

A boot shaper, on the other hand, has wooden or plastic formers with centre support or wedge that expands to provide the ideal tension for your boots. Some boot shapers come with a trigger that allows easy fitting and hanging.

title: Shoe tree (device)


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Derbyshire


text:
Phill Calvert

Phillip Calvert (born 11 January 1958) is an Australian rock drummer and producer best known for his playing in the post-punk band The Birthday Party with Nick Cave.

History
At the private boys' school Caulfield Grammar in the early 1970s, Calvert met vocalist Nick Cave and guitarist Mick Harvey and formed a rock band with other students, playing parties and school functions. The band picked up Cave's friend Tracy Pew on bass, and after they finished secondary school they named themselves The Boys Next Door in 1977. After making recordings for local independent labels Suicide (a subsidiary of Mushroom Records) and Missing Link, and playing hundreds of live shows, the band left for London in 1980 and renamed themselves The Birthday Party, signing first to 4AD Records and then to Mute Records.

After his split with The Birthday Party in 1982, Calvert joined the UK group The Psychedelic Furs, touring the U.S., but never recorded with them. He left before they recorded Mirror Moves in 1984.

He returned to Melbourne and in 1985 became a founding member of the rock group Blue Ruin. They recorded five LPs with Calvert and travelled to the UK. Calvert split with Blue Ruin in the late '80s. Blue Ruin reformed with Calvert for some shows in 2006.

Guitarist Ben Ling and Calvert have also co-produced the Melbourne band Witch Hats on releases Wound of a Little Horse (2006), Cellulite Soul (2008) and Solarium Down the Causeway (2009). In 2015 Calvert launched the label Behind the Beat Records with associate Ben Ling. The first artist on the label is Seri Vida.

As of 2020 Calvert makes assemblage sculpture in collaboration with his wife Julia under the name "Kitty Calvert".

Albums

 * The Boys Next Door - Door, Door (1979)
 * The Birthday Party - Hee Haw (EP) (1980)
 * The Birthday Party - Prayers On Fire (1981)
 * The Birthday Party - Junkyard (1982)
 * The Birthday Party - It's Still Living
 * The Birthday Party - Live
 * The Birthday Party - John Peel Sessions
 * Blue Ruin - Such Sweet Thunder (1986)
 * Blue Ruin - Flame (1987)
 * Blue Ruin - Strange Things In The Corner (1988)
 * Blue Ruin - Lighthouse Girl (1989)
 * Blue Ruin - I'm Gonna Smile (1990)
 * The Sunday Kind - The Sunday Kind (1993)
 * Sugarhips - Sugarhips (1999)
 * Bulletproof - Exciting Real Life Drama (2002)
 * The Enthusiasts - I Hate Everybody (2006)

DVD

 * The Birthday Party - Pleasure Heads Must Burn

As producer

 * The Enthusiasts - I Hate Everybody (2006)
 * Witch Hats - Wound of a Little Horse (2006)
 * Witch Hats - Cellulite Soul (2008)
 * Witch Hats - Solarium Down the Causeway (2009)
 * Seri Vida - To be Free (2012)
 * Masses - Horde Mentality EP (2014)
 * Seri Vida - The Wait (2015)
 * Masses - Moloch (2016)
 * Astrid Munday - Beauty in the Ordinary (2020)

title: Phill Calvert


text: User talk:62.253.192.37

title: User talk:62.253.192.37


text:
Korean glass art

Korean glass art has a long history. The earliest glass discovered so far is of the 2nd century BCE and was found in Hapsongni, in the Mahan confederacy. Also, in the Tomb of King Muryeong was found the statuine of a shaved child, maybe a buddhist monk. Recent archaeological excavations hint that as early as the 7th century Silla kingdom, glassware was made in Korea. Contemporary glass art principally divides into religious installations of stained glass windows, and glassware. Art schools have had limited success in bringing glass art up to the standards of other Korean art.

title: Korean glass art


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/25 Cats Named Sam (band)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was THAT MANY CATS IS MORE THAN WE CAN HANDLE. Unless they do tricks. Postdlf 02:05, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

25 Cats Named Sam (band)

 * Local Edinburgh punk band. Two released albums.  Very little in the way of relevant Google traffic.  Any attestations of notability are welcome. Slac  speak up!  13:58, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see any reason to call them notable. Typical band vanity.  Their official site does not even come up on the first page of Google hits for the band name, unless you Google it without the spaces (and get only 27 results).  Delete. --Idont Havaname 14:42, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons stated above. Mo0 [ talk ] 17:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Band Vanity Dsmdgold 18:10, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Jayjg (talk) 05:40, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 07:14, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above. Master Thief Garrett 05:06, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. – Quoth 05:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Emblem of Hong Kong

The Regional Emblem of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China came into use on 1 July 1997, after the handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China.

It features the same design elements as the regional flag of Hong Kong in a circular setting. The outer white ring is shown with the caption of the official name of the territory in Traditional Chinese and the English short form, "Hong Kong".

Colonial badge

The colonial badge was in use since 1843 in one version or another until it was replaced by the coat of arms granted in 1959. Throughout several revisions, the idea of the badge remained. It depicted three merchants and a pile of cargo on a wharf on the left in the foreground. In the background there was a square-rigged ship and a Chinese junk in the harbour with a Flag of the Qing Dynasty backed by conical hills. Above was the royal arms of the United Kingdom.

Colonial arms
The arms had been in use in Colonial Hong Kong since it was granted on 21 January 1959 and later adopted on the colonial flag in July of that year. The use of the arms by the Hong Kong Government ended in 1997, when it was replaced by the regional emblem. The arms featured two traditional Chinese junks facing each other, and on a red embattled chief a golden naval crown. The crest was a crowned lion holding a pearl, and the supporters were a crowned British lion and a Chinese dragon. The shield and supporters stood on a compartment, consisting of an island, with a scroll bearing the words 'Hong Kong'.

The two junks symbolise the importance of Eastern-type of trade on the sea surrounding the colony. The naval crown symbolises Hong Kong's links with the Navy and the Merchant Navy, and the crenulated line acknowledges the brief but valiant defence of Hong Kong against the Japanese during World War II.

In the crest, the pearl held by the lion indicates the small but precious nature of the Colony. It also recalls the romanticised phrase "Pearl of the Orient" referring to Hong Kong.

The lion and dragon supporters show the British and Chinese connections of Hong Kong. The island symbolises the beginning of the colony as an island and represents the maritime and hilly geography of Hong Kong.

The small lion standing on the crest alone had featured on the reverse of Hong Kong coinage before the introduction of the Bauhinia design in preparation for the handover in 1997.

The colonial arms has been adopted by a group called the Hong Kong Autonomy Movement (HKAM) as their flag for Hong Kong autonomy. The flag features the old coat of arms against a blue background.

Display
During British rule, the coat of arms were displayed by Government House, the Legislative Council, most courts, and the Central Government Offices. The arms were also in use by aircraft of the Government Flying Service.

Current emblem
The modern emblem came into use on 1 July 1997, after Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China.

Description
The Regional Emblem of the Hong Kong is round in shape. It bears a red circular edge, an outer ring marked with scripts, a red inner ring with a design of a swaying bauhinia with 5 star-shaped stamens. The swaying bauhinia design at the centre of the inner ring of the emblem is white in colour. It is formed by 5 petals, each with a red 5-pointed star and a red style. The petals are evenly arranged around the central point of the emblem in a clockwise direction. The centre of the bauhinia lies on the central point of the emblem.

The outer ring marked with scripts lies between the red circular edge and the red inner ring. The words and characters, on a white background, are red in colour. Evenly arranged in the upper part of the outer ring are the traditional Chinese characters 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 (People's Republic of China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) in the standard format for the regional emblem. The bottom of each character points towards the centre of the regional emblem. The English words "HONG KONG" in the standard format for the regional emblem are evenly arranged further down the outer ring.

Display and use
The regional emblems are displayed at the Central Government Offices. In addition, the regional emblem is displayed at major government offices and buildings, such as Government House, the Executive Council, the legislative council, the law courts of various levels, District Offices, all border control or check points in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong International Airport and the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices overseas.

The official car of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong also bears the emblem of Hong Kong. In addition, the emblem of Hong Kong is displayed on the cover page of important government documents, such as Consultation papers and Policy Address of Hong Kong.

title: Emblem of Hong Kong