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71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 71st Infantry Division Kleeblatt ("Cloverleaf Division", "Lucky One") (71. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Army, raised on 26 August 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, as a division of the 2nd wave of deployment by Infantry Commander 19 (Infanterie-Kommandeur 19) in Hildesheim. It fought in Verdun, Stalingrad and Monte Cassino, among others.

The division's symbol was the four-leaf clover and after congratulations on the victory in Verdun in June 1940, the division was henceforth called the "lucky one". The same action also earning Generalleutnant Karl Weisenberger the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 June 1940 by Generalfeldmarschall Ernst Busch.

Divisional history
In the divisional history of the 71st Infantry Division, a distinction is made between the line-up and personnel composition up to the Battle of Stalingrad as a caesura on the one hand, and the complete new line-up after the annihilation in 1943 on the other. Divisional strength was 15,000 men.

Deployment

 * Siegfried Line (September 1939 – May 1940)
 * France (May 1940 – June 1941)
 * Eastern Front (June – October 1941)
 * France (October 1941 – April 1942)
 * Eastern Front (April – August 1942)
 * Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 – January 1943)
 * Denmark (March – August 1943)
 * Slovenia (August – September 1943)
 * Italy (September 1943 – December 1944)
 * Hungary and Austria (December 1944 – May 1945)

Mobilization in 1939
In August 1939, the 71st Infantry Division was set up in Military District XI (Wehrkreis XI) and was mainly recruited from soldiers from what is now Lower Saxony: Hanover, Hildesheim, Braunschweig and the western Harz. Mainly those born between 1910 and 1920 were drafted, with a divisional strength of 15,000 men. Mobilization took place on 25/26 August 1939 by Infantry Commander 19 (Infanterie-Kommandeur 19) in Hildesheim under the code word "Sigurd 9757". In spring 1939, under Colonel Wolf, Infantarie-Regiment 211 (IR 211) was already prepared for combat operations as Training Infantry Regiment 1 (Übungs-Infanterie-Regiment 1) at the Bergen military training area and was assigned a section on the Siegfried Line. The training in the army's rear area consisted mainly of weapon operation, combat field training, silent approach, movement in the dark and shooting. The first division commander was Generalmajor Wolfgang Ziegler in Hildesheim, former commander of the 19th Infantry Division. The positions of regimental commanders were filled with experienced officers from the First World War. Shortly after the general mobilization, the remainder of the 71st Infantry Division was moved to Pirmasens in night marches to secure the border, in order to move into their deployment zone for the Western campaign in France.

Western Front 1940
After the 71. ID had marched southwest through Luxembourg and southern Belgium, they crossed the Chiers River and followed into the Maginot Line. The fighting accumulated in the attack on the tactically significant Height 311. This made the 71st Infantry Division one of the first units to surmount the Siegfried Line. On May 18, 1940, the division continued its advance in cooperation with engineers and tank hunters (panzerjäger) by taking the village of Villy, the 505 tank factory and other fortifications in the La Ferté area (Maginot Line).

Together with the IR 188 subordinated to the 71st Infantry Division, Olizy and the Height 342 were captured. The period between May 21 and June 10, 1940, was characterized by defensive battles on the Maginot Line, which was further expanded to protection against counter-attacks. By May 22, 1940, seven officers and 170 NCOs and rankers had been reported dead. At the beginning of June 1940, in the Bois d'Inor forest, also known as the “Green Hell” (Grüne Hölle), numerous counter-attacks by Moroccan Tirailleurs and Foreign Legionnaires had to be fought off before the division could move east of the Meuse into the Verdun area. On June 15, 1940, the 71st Infantry Division was ordered to take Fort Vaux and Fort Douaumont, with IR 211 bearing the brunt of the attack. The attack succeeded under the leadership of the battalion commander Hauptmann Corduan, who fought in Verdun during the First World War. The fall of the two fortresses opened the way to the Verdun citadel, which fell after Fort Froide Terre was taken.

In the course of June 1940 the 71st Infantry Division pursued the retreating enemy across the Moselle to Nancy. The mission on the Western Front ended with the bestowal of numerous awards: the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to Generalleutnant Karl Weisenberger, Oberst Hans-Karl von Scheele (commander of Infanterie-Regiment 191), Oberleutnant Germer and Unteroffizier Pape.

Between 1940 and 1941 the 71st Infantry Division served as a training division (Lehr-Division) at the Königsbrück military training area.

Eastern Front 1941–42
From June 1941 the 71st Infantry Division took part in the attack on the Soviet Union and surprisingly broke into the Soviet border fortifications near Niemstow on June 22, 1941. On June 24, 1941, a defensive battle against 50 Soviet tanks developed near Niemirow, with them firing from hidden positions against the German infantrymen. Further positions of the Red Army on the Wiszenka military training area were cleared up and defeated. At the end of June 1941 the breakthrough on the northern positions of Lemberg was achieved. For almost the entire month of July 1941, the division managed a lengthy period of marching through the Ukraine within the framework of the army reserve (Armeereserve), which was made difficult by bad weather and unfavorable terrain.

Battle of Kiev 1941
As part of the 6th Army, the 71st Infantry Division was to form the focal point (Schwerpunkt) of the offensive on Kiev, which expanded into the Battle of Kiev. Long periods of rain made the roads impassable and thus delayed the advance. The battle for Kiev was initiated by taking the towns of Ksawerowka (IR 211), Marjarowka (IR 194) and Gelenowka (IR 191). Between the divisional borders of the 99th Light Division and the 95th Infantry Division, the 71st Infantry Division stormed the southern sector off Kiev. The attack was delayed by a line of bunkers along the river Weta, which were penetrated in stubborn fighting in early August 1941 and the XXIX Army Corps opened access to Kiev. Between August 10 and 24, 1941, the Red Army carried out major counter-attacks against the lost Vasa position, but they all failed.

Here the 71st Infantry Division was replaced by the 296th Infantry Division and received a new 60-kilometer-wide combat section in the western sector of the heavily fortified city of Kiev on the banks of the Irpen River. On September 16, 1941, the XXIX Army Corps launched a major attack on Kiev, which ended three days later with the encirclement of the Red Army and the capture of the city. The 71st Infantry Division itself was not involved in the capture and was transported to its new operational area.

Battle of Kharkov 1942
On April 5, 1942, the Order No. 55616/42 of the OKW/WFSt opened the summer offensive on the Eastern Front. To this end, the 71st Infantry Division, which was relocated from France back to the Eastern Front in April 1942, received the order in conjunction with the 6th Army to push in the Soviet frontline south of Kharkov and to relocate the main battle line to the Donets area in order to create a new starting position for Army Group South.

While IR 211 supported the 294th Infantry Division in defensive tasks in Ternowaja, the other two regiments moved into their starting lines. Meanwhile, the Red Army broke through with a massive infantry and tank deployment as well as numerically superior deployment of personnel and materials near Peremoga east and southeast of Kharkov and tied up large parts of the German units. Units of the 71st Infantry Division defended the area north of Izium on the Donets. The German formations succeeded, inter alia, to encircle the 6th and 57th Soviet Armies. The resulting spring battle of Kharkov from May 17 to 24, 1942 ended with the defeat of the Red Army.

This was followed by taking up the defensive positions on the babka. Then the division advanced through Nikolayevka into the Oskol sector. The unit took part in pursuit battles via Belovodsk, Morozovskaya, the Tschir to the Don at the Generalow sector. Further defensive battles developed to the west of Kalatsch. From August 1942 the infantrymen of the 71. ID crossed the Don, took Karpovka and Rossoschka until they finally reached Stalingrad.

Advance on Stalingrad 1942
On September 3, 1942, General Friedrich Paulus had the following armed forces available for the conquest of Stalingrad: 30,000 soldiers of the LI. Army Corps (389th, 295th and 71st Infantry Divisions) and 50,000 soldiers of the 4th Panzer Army, XXXXVIII. Panzer Corps and IV Army Corps (24th Panzer Division, 14th PD, 29th Motorized Infantry Division, 94th Infantry Division and the Romanian 20th Infantry Division); a total of 80,000 soldiers. The LI. Army Corps with the 71st Infantry Division under Major General Alexander von Hartmann was to fight its way through the western and northwestern suburbs to Stalingrad. This route was the shortest and easiest from the outer to the inner defensive ring of Stalingrad. On the evening of September 3, 1942, the 71st and 295th Infantry Division moved east, capturing Gumrak station in the fight against the Soviet 2nd Tank Corps (Major General Andrey Kravchenko) and the Soviet 112th Rifle Division (Colonel Ivan Yermolkin). They drove the 23rd Tank Corps under Major General A. F. Popov and the 399th Rifle Division under Colonel Nikolai Grigoryevich Travnikov to the east towards Konnaia station. The aim was to concentrate the main forces for the attack on the Gorodishche and Mamayev Hills. Infantry Regiments 211 and 194 broke through the defensive lines of the Soviet 112th RD, while on the right wing IR 191 overran the trenches of the 196th RD under Colonel Polikarpov and captured Talowoi and the Opytnaia and Eschowka stations.

This led to great losses on the part of the Red Army, which responded to the German advance with a counterattack at the Stalingrad hospital. The impact wedge of the 71st Infantry Division fought its way deep into the lines of the 62nd Army south of Gunmrak and "literally wiped the 87th and 196th RD out of the battle line of the Soviet troops". In the region around Gumrak there were then a number of other defensive battles against the remnants of the 112th RD, 196th RD and 87th RD.

On September 4, 1942, Major General Anton Lopatin ordered a counterattack to prevent the 71st Infantry Division from gaining a foothold on the eastern bank of the Tsaritza. The Soviet 244th RD encountered Infantry Regiment 191, which had occupied the surrounding heights and had approached the city center along the Tsaritza for 4 km. Lopatin falsely reported that Afanasiev's troops had destroyed a large part of the IR 191. On September 8, 1942, 295 ID and 71 ID continued their advance from Gorodishche and Razgulaewka on the main road from Gumrak to Stalingrad and pushed back hundreds of Red Army soldiers of the 87th RD, 42nd RB and a regiment of the 244th RD to the vicinity of the hospital and the motor tractor station north of the Tsaritza; heavy fighting developed around Razgulaewka. As a result, the 87th Rifle Division soon had only 140 soldiers. Hartmann's 71st Infantry Division recorded only minor terrain gains between the hospital and the Tsaritza. In the meantime the three infantry regiments of the division had to muster all their strength to cover the trenches of the 42nd RB and 244th RD, ready for the assault.

The battle for the Stalingrad suburbs reached its climax on September 12 and took place mainly around the 1.5 to 3 km wide hilly terrain in the west and north of the city between Gorodishche, Alexandrowka, the Razgulaewka station and the hospital. On the evening of September 12 the fighting subsided, the 6th Army was in possession of the tactically important mountain ranges, while the Soviet 62nd and 64th Armies in particular suffered heavy losses in the defensive battle.

Organization of the 71st Infantry Division on September 12, 1942
Before the offensive on the city of Stalingrad, the 71st Infantry Division had its starting position west of the "Red October" steel factory and the Tsaritza River, opposite it the 6th Tank Brigade, the 42nd Rifle Brigade and a rifle regiment of the 244th RD. The 295th ID and 71st ID received orders from the hospital to advance directly to downtown Stalingrad. Colonel Friedrich Roske issued the order to his unit that a quick capture of the Volga and a victorious conclusion of the fight against the Red Army would also mean an early termination of the Eastern campaign: “We stand in this phase of the struggle, which is of exceptional importance for the war and especially for the Eastern campaign. The whole world looks at the troops from Stalingrad and besides, the quick and victorious conclusion of the battle with the reaching of the Volga also means a conclusion for the regiment. The troops are to be advised of this. I expect the whole regiment to be extremely strained, which will be worthy of the achievements of the IR 194 so far."

– Colonel Friedrich Roske, Regiment Commander 194th Infantry Regiment. A similar order of the day was issued for the soldiers of the 191st Infantry Regiment: “Soldiers of the 71st Division! We are approaching the climax of the Battle for Stalingrad. Forward to the Volga! Everything for Germany! Then we will take Stalingrad!"

– Captain Fricke, battalion commander 2nd Battalion/191st Infantry Regiment.

Deployment in the city center of Stalingrad September 1942
The 71st Infantry Division, together with the 295th Infantry Division, was one of the first large formations to reach their destination on the Volga. Due to the concentric waves of attack on the city center, the wedges of the 71st Infantry Division were greatly thinned out and thus predestined targets for Soviet snipers. The first target was reached by reaching the ridge around the "brickworks" and the starting position was created for a rapid advance into the city center. In the city of Stalingrad itself, the division quickly became involved in the heavy house-to-house fighting in the city center and had to learn local combat under difficult combat conditions, which led to heavy losses. The 71st Infantry Division pressed the Soviet defending units against the hills of the city and south towards the Tsaritza. At nightfall, IR 194 took Aviagorodok, approached 2 km of the railway line and reached the entrances from Hill 112.5 while IR 211 and 191 pushed the Red Army into a promontory northwest of the Tsaritza. On September 13, 1942, the 71st Infantry Division advanced with massive air support from dive bombers in the direction of the main station and the next day they reached the city center of Stalingrad north of the Tsaritza. The struggle for the inner city developed into a merciless and extremely confusing battle, which was fought with great fanaticism on both sides around the main station, the government and party buildings and the Red Square with mutual successes. In the afternoon, a series of Soviet counter-attacks with the support of 3 Katyusha rocket launcher regiments south of the Razgulyaevka station as far as the Tsaritza were supposed to defuse the situation, as 295. ID and 71. ID were in position just before the city center and the Mamayev Kurgan.

Artillery support and air strikes by more than 60 dive bombers brought the Soviet counter-offensive to a complete standstill at dawn on September 14, 1942. At the same time, Infantry Regiments 194 and 211 broke the resistance of the 42nd Rifle Battalion Batrakov and captured Hill 112.5. Shock troops from IR 194 broke into the streets of the city center and stood in front of Stalingrad Central Station at around noon. Chuikov reported:"'Individual groups of submachine gunners moved east in the Balkas around Hill 112.5, infiltrated the city center from 2 p.m. and stood in front of the main station at 4 p.m.'" The rapid advance of the 71. ID seemed to take the 62nd Army completely by surprise and forced them to mobilize all available reserves and throw them into the decisive battle. Important communication links were cut and supplies were cut off, and yet the German soldiers only reached the Volga for a short time. IR 194 threatened the ferry terminal and sank 2 Volga ferries. The fact that Stalingrad did not fall on September 14, 1942, was among other things owed to the resistance of the 35th Guards Rifle Division in the south of the city, which effectively stopped the 29th Motorized Infantry Division during their advance on the center. The 13th Guards Rifle Division, which arrived on the night of 14 to 15 September 1942, prevented the complete conquest of the city center by reclaiming the streets and buildings (railway depot, state bank) east of the main station and intervening in the battle on the Mamayev Kurgan. The 1st Battalion from Colonel Elin's 42nd Guards Rifle Regiment occupied the main station again, while Panikhin's 34th GRR failed to take the house of specialists. The combat strength of the 71st Infantry Division was numbered as follows on September 14, 1942: 8 infantry battalions, all in weak condition (300–400 men), 1 engineer battalion (PiBtl. 171) on average (300–400).

On September 15, 1942, bitter fighting developed around Stalingrad Central Station against the 42nd Guards Rifle Regiment of the 13th Guards Rifle Division. On the same day, IR 194 continued the fight for the main station and IR 191 and 211 advanced further on the north bank of the Tsaritza. The 24th Panzer Division tried to unite with the 71st ID near the Tsaritza on September 16, 1942, and 3 tanks were mistakenly shot by PaK guns of the 71st ID. Parts of the IR 194 in association with the 295th Infantry Division fought for possession of the Krutoi and Dolgii-Balka, but without being able to drive the enemy from his well-developed positions. In the center of Stalingrad, the main forces of 71st Infantry Division (IR 194 and 211) rubbed each other in a turbulent, completely chaotic and for both sides confusing battle from house-to-house and street-to-street over a width of 3.5 kilometers with the 13th Guards Rifle Division. The fighting reached its point of culmination on September 16, 1942, in the area around Red Square between IR 194 and 2nd Btl./34th GRR and 2nd Btl./42nd GRR, in particular about the ownership of the massive buildings (Univermag department store, Gorki Theater, party building) that flanked the square as well as the main train station and Kommunisticheskaia Street:"“And farther south, the main forces of 71st Division’s 194th Regiment, with the bulk of the division's 211th Regiment on its right, engaged in a swirling and confused street-to-street and building-to-building fight with the bataillons of 13th Guards Rifle Division's 34th and 42nd Regiments in a 3.5-kilometer-wide swath of rubbled buildings and bomb-pocked streets extending from the Dolgii Ravine southward past Railroad Station No. 1 to the Tsaritza River. The heaviest fighting occurred in the vicinity of 9 January Square, where 194th Regiment's lead battalions dueled furiously with 2nd Battalion, 34th Guards Regiment, and 2nd Battalion, 42nd Guards Regiment, for possession of the hulks of buildings flanking the square, and near railroad station, where 1st Battalion, 42nd Guards Regiment, clung resolutely to the station and adjacent ruined buildings around Kommunisticheskaia street.”"The 71st Infantry Division was unable to send reinforcements to Kampfgruppe Edelsheim (24th PD) at their bridgehead at the mouth of the Tsaritza, as all divisions in Stalingrad were tied up in exhausting house-to-house fights with heavy losses. On September 17, 1942, the guardsmen gave up their positions in the main station for the time being and tried again to recapture the house of the specialists in the technicians' building. The fighting over the accesses to the Krutoi and Dolgiischlucht in the north continued, further south IR 211 and 191 with the 34th and 42nd GRR were incessantly fighting for the parks and key buildings along and east of Kommunisticheskaia Street, the firefights around the main station flickered again and the January 9th Square, only 3 blocks away from the Volga, remained a vital defense node of the 62nd Army. When dusk fell, the 1st Btl./42nd GRR penetrated the main train station and all counterattacks on the house of the specialists repulsed. In the evening, the Red Army again proclaimed victory over the German attack formations at the main station and claimed to have counted 100 dead German soldiers who had fallen on the station premises. Finally, IR 211 was able to unite with the combat groups Hellermann and Edelsheim in the Tsaritza and bring the railway bridge over the river under control. During the night, IR 191 shifted eastwards behind IR 211 and was thus able to intervene together with IR 194 in the battle for the city center. The author William Craig describes the severity of the fighting for Red Square in September 1942:"“In this square the dead lay in grotesque contortions on the lawn and the sidewalks in dark red puddles. The traces of blood from the wounded, who had dragged themselves somewhere else, formed intertwined patterns on the pavement. The 'Univermag' was just an empty ruin. Mannequins riddled with bullets lay all over the place. Dead Germans and Russians, as they had fallen, lay next to each other in the corridors. The whole department store had become a morgue. The 'Pravda' building collapsed during the air raids on August 23, 1942. There was no longer anyone in the houses of the City of Soviets and the Red Army Club or in the Gorky Theater, empty window sockets and ugly black holes yawned in the walls. The shops in the side streets were also no longer open. Rotten tomatoes and mashed watermelons lay on the sidewalks, with parts of human bodies in between, swarmed around by swarms of flies.'"On September 18, 1942, the Gorokhov group's offensive in northern Stalingrad failed, so that the 6th Army could focus on fighting with the 62nd Army around the Mamayev Kurgan and the city center. Three regiments were embroiled in a swaying battle with the 13th GRD over the main station and the January 9th Square. Batrakov's 42nd RB withdrew to a defensive position west of the railway on the Tsaritza and thus tied the IR 211 again, which further exacerbated the precarious personnel situation of Hartmann's division.

On September 19, 1942, the 71st Infantry Division changed their fighting technique because the main battle line could no longer be maintained due to the heavy losses and the peculiarities of the terrain of the Balkas, as platoons and companies were reshaped like assault troops in small groups. So it was possible to attack Soviet house fortresses and defense nodes in isolation and break out of the defensive barrier. The landing of parties of the 284th RD on September 19, 1942, significantly relieved the difficult situation for the badly battered 13th GRD in the Stalingrad center and set new forces free. The high losses around Red Square and the main train station had meanwhile increased threateningly. Batrakov's 42nd RB and Afanasiev's 244th RD (fewer than 200 soldiers each) retreated to the ruined houses east of the railway line and around 1 May Square. The entire 62nd Army was in an unstoppable retreat house by house and street block by street block to the Volga during September 19. On September 20, 1942, the 13th GRD only had small isolated “defense islands” east of the main station, 42nd GRR on the left, 39th GRR in the center and 34th GRR on the right flank. The next day the fighting concentrated on local areas in Kommunisticheskaia, Respublinskaia, Krasnopiterskaia, Stalinskaia and Naberezshnaia streets. During the fighting, an ad hoc combat group (Kampfgruppe) of around 150 submachine gunners with around 10 assault troops displaced the 1st Btl./42nd GRR from a block east of the main train station and enclosed it halfway in another block on the corner of Krasnopiterskaia/Komsomoskaia Street. In the north, another combat group of 71st Infantry Division broke through the barricades of 2nd Btl./34nd GRR and got to January 9 Square, where it was only stopped by a counterattack from Vologodskaia Street. The 42nd RB and 244th RD fought off several attacks by the IR 211 in Pushkinskaia Street; after the almost complete capture of the grain silo on September 20, 1942, they were the last active fighting troops of the Red Army in the southern part of Stalingrad.

On September 21, 1942, the grenadiers were able to successfully take a tactically important group of houses and effectively fight their way into the central ferry terminal in Stalingrad. An unknown participant reported on the final phase of the battle for downtown Stalingrad:"“Elite divisions were called in to stop the assault of the 71st. Next to the south station there was a lot of fighting for days over the grain storage facility filled with wheat [captured by the 94th Infantry Division]. In the smoke and stench of the smoldering wheat, each floor had to be conquered individually in the huge concrete block, and there was also the fact that a Soviet defensive position extended from the southern landing of the ferry to the high silo. In the division section, on October 3rd, the enemy forces fighting in the ruins of the house were so much destroyed that further neighboring sections could be taken over.'"September 22, 1942, brought a renewal of the German attack on the city, against the Dolgiischlucht, the oil refinery and January 9 Square, where the Volgaufer was also reached. The guardsmen lost 200 soldiers and reoccupied Krutoi Gorge, January 9 Square, Naberezshnaia, Solnechnaia, Kurskaia, Orlowskaia, Proletarskaia, Gogolia and Kommunisticheskaia streets. After a week of street fighting, the 13th GRD only had 1,000 combat-ready soldiers; their units consisted almost entirely of small isolated units that had withdrawn in a few bombed-out houses. IR 211 used a sewer ditch to successfully reach the Volga east of the main train station and had to retreat again at night. The 1st Btl./42nd GRR was locked up in the Univermag department store on Red Square and completely destroyed; the left wing of the 13th GRD had already completely collapsed. The unabated pressure of the 71st Infantry Division caused the guardsmen to collapse all along the line. Almost the entire center, with the exception of a few pockets of resistance, had to be abandoned; only a 500 to 1000 meter wide bank could be maintained. According to the Red Army, however, 500 Germans were killed and 43 tanks (presumably assault guns) destroyed.

On September 25, 1942, the 71st Infantry Division was again involved in heavy fighting around the Stalingrad center north of the Zariza Gorge and found itself in a stalemate with the Red Army. North of the Tsaritsa, the 71st Infantry Division took possession of parts of the houses east of the party buildings as far as the Volga. In very bitter street and house-to-house fighting, the infantrymen won the ground step by step with flamethrowers, hand grenades and explosive charges, and on September 26, 1942, the 71st Infantry Division hoisted the Reich war flag on the party building on the Red Square. The 71st Infantry Division was the only one of the 6th Army in the entire division width to reach the Volga in the south of Stalingrad at the end of September 1942. The 211 Infantry Regiment was deployed on the right flank of the division between the rivers Zariza and Minina respectively. The units were therefore in well-developed and secure positions for a while, albeit heavily decimated in the city center in the September fighting.

Three infantry battalions of the 71st ID were severely exhausted and bloodied (fewer than 300 soldiers each) after the protracted and bloody fighting around the Stalingrad center on September 28, 1942, and by mid-October 1942 all infantry battalions of the 71st ID were already in the state of hors de combat and no longer able to take the remaining Soviet house-fortresses. From 14 to 26 September 1942, the 71st ID, 295th ID and 389th ID had 1,000 dead, 3,000 wounded and 100 missing.

After the fighting in the Stalingrad center had subsided, the 71st Infantry Division broke away from the concentrated attack formation and expanded into wider sections in the defensive positions on the Volga. In doing so, they were largely able to take over the existing Soviet defensive positions. IR 191 was now in the middle of the division between the Tsaritza and Minnina gorges, south of it IR 211 with the border with the 371st Infantry Division and in the north IR 194 following the 295th Infantry Division. Major General von Hartmann was given overall responsibility for the south and center sectors from the Dolgiischlucht to the Elschanka River on September 27, 1942, after the 94th Infantry Division was withdrawn for the fighting in the north. IR 211 was used from the Elschanka river to Kuporosnoe, IR 191 from the Tsaritza to the Elschanka and IR 194 from the Tsaritza to the Dolgiibalka. However, IR 194 was too weak to make any significant progress against Pavlov's House and the positions of the Red Army on the banks of the Volga and their fortresses on Krutoi and Dolgii. The impenetrable defenses of Rodimtsev in a dense network of buildings and fortresses north and south of 9 January Square were unbreakable for a single, severely weakened regiment. From September 28 to October 1, 1942, a series of unsuccessful attacks in multiple company and battalion strengths were carried out in conjunction with the 295th Infantry Division, all of which failed. On October 5, 1942, the combat strength of the 71st Infantry Division worsened to 1 weak (300–400 men) and 7 fully exhausted (300) infantry battalions.

Between October 25 and November 1, 1942, the 64th Army launched a counterstrike in the south of Stalingrad, which, however, would be repulsed. During Operation Hubertus in November 1942, the 71st Infantry Division was only able to carry out smaller raid operations.

Destruction in the Stalingrad pocket in 1943
On November 21, 1942, the Stalingrad pocket closed as part of Operation Uranus, when Soviet tanks took German positions near Kalach. The 71st Infantry Division received the order to entrench themselves in the city. In the urban area, Colonel Roske assigned the following defensive sections to Grenadier-Regiment 194:

 * Prison: Leutnant Schölermann
 * Jägerpark: Stabsfeldwebel Raboldt
 * Official base: Oberfeldwebel Fraust
 * Univermag department store: Leutnant Drewes
 * Bazaar: Hauptfeldwebel Moser
 * Riegel: Leutnant Meyer
 * Children's home: Leutnant Brandenburg
 * Pitomnik regimental command post: Hauptmann Röse

The bases were set up for all-round defense according to a specific fire plan, in order to maintain communications between the positions, scouting parties shuttled between the individual fighting positions connected by trenches. Landings of Soviet troops across the Volga should be prevented by chevaux de frise and mines.

On December 11, 1942, when the supply situation of the enclosed 6th Army was already very critical, the Red Army undertook further attacks in order to push the German defensive ring further inwards. On January 26, 1943, the division commander Lieutenant General Alexander von Hartmann, Lieutenant Colonel (posthumously Colonel) Kurt Wilhelm Ernst Corduan (Regimental Commander IR 191) and Major (posthumously Lieutenant Colonel) August Friedrich Wilhelm Bayerlein (Regimental Commander IR 211) were killed in a firefight at a railway embankment in the southern sector near Tsaritza. At this time, the staff of the sub-units on site was composed of 3 officers, 7 NCOs and 183 rankers. The division secured, among other things, the section between Yelschanka and Voroponovo and often had to fight with the last remaining battalions at infiltration sites. Colonel Roske, who took command of the division after the death of Hartmann, entrusted the only available officer, Captain Hindenlang, with these special tasks. In his personal notes (printed in the divisional history of the 71st Infantry Division) Roske mentioned that a total of 17,000 soldiers were found in the southern basin, of which about 2000–3000 were able to fight (kampffähig). On January 26, 1943, Paulus moved with the staff of the 6th Army into the Univermag department store, where Colonel Roske commanded the 194th Grenadier Regiment (GR 194). The remaining battalion commanders of the GR 194 were Major Dobberkau and Captain Hindenlang.

The 6th Army was divided into two parts, the north and south basins collapsed between January 27 and February 3, 1943. The 71. ID was one of the last units that was still able to fight Soviet tanks under certain conditions in January 1943. The last line of resistance of the German southern basin ran from the main station to the Tsaritza. On January 30, 1943, the Red Army captured the station area and approached the last defensive ring, which was placed within 300 meters of Red Square. Colonel Ludwig of the 14th Panzer Division surrendered around 6:00 p.m. in a corner building at the western end of Red Square in order to save the 2,000 wounded lying there. Towards evening the resistance of the GR 194 ended due to a lack of ammunition and Major General Roske (promoted 27 January) ordered the cessation of all fighting. On January 31, 1943, the remnants of the 6th Army surrendered, from the 71st Infantry Division present, Major General Roske, Major Dobberkau, Captain Hindenlang, First Lieutenant Fritz Hossfeld surrendered, and the seriously injured First Lieutenant Wegener in the Univermag department store and a little later the battery of First Lieutenant Wüster in the area of the Bathhouse on Dvinskaya Street/Karskaya Street also surrendered.

Italy 1943-45
From March to July 1943, the 71st Infantry Division was completely reorganized in Denmark from Grenadier Regiments 883 and 885 and replacements from Wehrkreis XI, including the WK XI Unterführer course.

In August 1943, the 71st Infantry Division was transferred to Carinthia with the assignment to help disarm the Italian troops in the Treviso - Gorizia - Trieste and Fiume areas during Operation Achse. This was followed by coastal protection and partisan fighting in the Monfalcone and Fiume areas. Participation in the Battle of Monte Cassino from January to May 1944 was also significant.

Here the IR 211 defended a 4 km long section of the front in the town of Cassino and fought in hand-to-hand combat with New Zealand units for possession of the station under the command of Colonel Barnbeck. IR 194 was used in front of the US beachhead of Anzio-Nettuno until mid-February 1944. In May 1944 Major Knuht and the IR 211 fought in the Third Battle of Monte Cassino for the foothills of Monti Aurunci, at Castelforte and Esperia.

The correlation of forces consisted of 6 heavily exhausted battalions of the 71. ID against 4 full-fledged divisions of the Free French Expeditionary Corps, under General Alphonse Juin, that included Moroccan mountain troops. The German resistance collapsed due to the Allied pressure and the infiltration and flanking maneuver of the French forces on the Garigliano River.

General Mark W. Clark described in his memoirs how the French broke through the Gustav Line in May 1944: Meantime, the French forces had crossed the Garigliano (River) and moved forward into the mountainous terrain lying south of the Liri River. It was not easy. As always, the German veterans reacted strongly and there was bitter fighting. The French surprised the enemy and quickly seized key terrain including Mounts Faito Cerasola and high ground near Castelforte. The 1st Motorized Division helped the 2nd Moroccan Division take key Mount Girofano and then advanced rapidly north to S. Apollinare and S. Ambrogio In spite of the stiffening enemy resistance, the 2nd Moroccan Division penetrated the Gustav Line in less than two days' fighting. The next 48 hours on the French front were decisive. The knife-wielding Goumiers swarmed over the hills, particularly at night, and General Juin’s entire force showed an aggressiveness hour after hour that the Germans could not withstand. Cerasola, San Giogrio, Mt. D’Oro, Ausonia and Esperia were seized in one of the most brilliant and daring advances of the war in Italy, and by May 16 the French Expeditionary Corps had thrust forward some ten miles on their left flank to Mount Revole, with the remainder of their front slanting back somewhat to keep contact with the British 8th Army.

Only the most careful preparations and the utmost determination made this attack possible, but Juin was that kind of a fighter. Mule pack trains, skilled mountain fighters, and men with the strength to make long night marches through treacherous terrain were needed to succeed in the all-but-impregnable mountain ranges. The French displayed that ability during their sensational advance which Lieutenant General Siegfried Westphal, the chief of staff to Kesselring, later described as a major surprise both in timing and in aggressiveness. For this performance, which was to be a key to the success of the entire drive on Rome, I shall always be a grateful admirer of General Juin and his magnificent FEC. The 8th Army’s delay made Juin’s task more difficult because he was moving forward so rapidly that his right flank---adjacent to the British---constantly was exposed to counter-attacks. After the abandonment of the Cassino positions, the Abruzzo region was lost and defensive battles continued in central Italy until September 1944. Further combat missions followed in Carinthia, Italy and Hungary until the end of the war. In northern Italy, the 71st Infantry Division was stationed on the Metauro River opposed to the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and the Gothic Line, where it suffered heavy losses in attritional operations. Following this, the 71st Division fought in Hungary as part of the 2nd Panzer Army in Operation Spring Awakening, the Battle of Lake Balaton from 6 to 15 March 1945.

The 71st Infantry Division surrendered to the British near Sankt Veit an der Glan in Austria.

War crimes
The division has been implicated in the Tićan massacre (Višnjan, now in Croatia), on 11 September 1943, when 84 civilians were executed.

Casualties
The losses reported after the Battle of France were 22 officers, 608 NCOs and 1,847 rankers.

Statistics show that this unit already suffered the heaviest losses of all units fighting in Stalingrad on September 19, 1942, on the Eastern Front. Up to that day the 211th Infantry Regiment had lost 392, the 191st Infantry Regiment 377 and the 194th Infantry Regiment 304 men. The fighting companies suffered the greatest losses, as they were worn out in house-to-house combat and could no longer be replaced. Due to the lack of official casualty reports during the entire Stalingrad campaign, the exact numbers cannot be substantiated, being estimated at 5,000 dead and 15,000 wounded.

Organization
The personnel in 1939 consisted of the following divisions of the General Command XI: 19th Division Hanover, 31st Division Braunschweig and 13th Infantry Division (motorized) Magdeburg. The personnel consisted of 6% active personnel, 83% reservists I, 8% reservists II and 3% conscripts of the Landwehr. Divided into ranks, the 71st Infantry Division had a total war strength of 15,273 people, including 491 officers, 98 civil servants, 2,273 NCOs and 12,411 men. Transportation consisted in 4,854 horses, 823 horse drawn vehicles, 393 cars, 509 trucks, 3 armored vehicles, 497 Wehrmacht motorcycles and 190 sidecars.

Each of the three battalions of an infantry regiment consisted of three rifle companies with nine light machine guns each and one heavy machine gun company with twelve heavy machine guns. From April 1941 the rifle companies were upgraded to twelve light machine guns and three grenade launchers, the machine guns to twelve heavy machine guns and six medium grenade launchers.

Structure of the division:

 * Headquarters.
 * 191st Infantry Regiment (renamed Grenadier-Regiment 191 from October 15, 1942), stationed in Hanover-Bothfeld.
 * 1st battalion from IR 59, Hildesheim.
 * 2nd battalion from IR 73, Celle.
 * 3rd Battalion from IR 74, Hameln.
 * 194th Infantry Regiment (renamed to Grenadier-Rgmt. 194 from October 15, 1942), stationed in Halberstadt.
 * 1st battalion from IR 12, Quedlinburg.
 * 2nd Battalion (III. Jäger-Bataillon) from IR 17, Goslar and Blankenburg.
 * 3rd Battalion from IR 82, Northeim.
 * 211th Infantry Regiment (renamed to Grenadier-Rgmt. 211 from October 15, 1942), Burg bei Magdeburg.
 * 1st battalion from IR 33, Dessau.
 * 2nd battalion from IR 66, Burg bei Magdeburg.
 * 3rd Battalion from IR 93, Stendal and Salzwedel.
 * 171st Artillery Regiment, stationed at the II. Abteilung AR 31 in Halberstadt.
 * four battalions from regular contingents AR 19, AR 31, AR 55 and AR 67.
 * 171st Reconnaissance Battalion (Aufklärungs-Abteilung 171)
 * from General Command XI, Cavalry Regiment from Ludwigslust and Parchim.
 * 171st Anti-Tank Battalion (Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 171)
 * from Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 19, stationed in Engelbostel, near Hanover.
 * 171st Engineer Battalion (Pionier-Bataillon 171), from PiBtl. 19, stationed in Holzminden.
 * personnel from PiBtl. 4 in Magdeburg and PiBtl. 51 (mot.) from Dessau-Roßlau.
 * 171st Signal Battalion
 * Infantry Division News Department 171 (Infanterie-Divisions-Nachrichten-Abteilung 171)
 * 171st Divisional Supply Group (Kommandeur der Infanterie-Divisions-Nachschubtruppen 171)

Commanders
The following officers commanded the 71st Infantry Division:
 * (26 August 1939 - 15 October 1939) Generalmajor Wolfgang Ziegler
 * (15 October 1939 - 15 February 1941) General der Infanterie Karl Weisenberger
 * (15 February 1941 - 28 March 1941) General der Infanterie Friedrich Herrlein
 * (28 March 1941 - 25 January 1943) General der Infanterie Alexander von Hartmann
 * (25 January 1943 - 14 March 1943) Generalmajor Fritz Roske
 * (14 March 1943 - 1 January 1945) Generalleutnant Wilhelm Raapke
 * (1 January 1945 - 8 May 1945) Generalmajor Eberhard von Schuckmann

Personalities

 * Colonel Johannes "Hans" Schmidt, regimental commander IR 191 (born March 30, 1895, in Stettin † December 3, 1943, in Vinnitsa / Ukraine).
 * Colonel Hugo Günter von Below, Ia staff officer.
 * Captain Gerhard Münch, battalion commander III. Btl./IR 194.
 * Major Konrad Hermann Reinhard Fredebold, battalion commander III. Btl./IR 191 (* April 20, 1896, in Hanover-Stöcken † April 1, 1976, in Hanover).
 * First Lieutenant Wigand Wüster, AR 171 (born August 11, 1920, in Göttingen † January 29, 2017).
 * Wüster became known through his watercolors and war memories from the Battle of Stalingrad.

title: 71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)


text:
John B. Simpson

John Barclay Simpson (born June 8, 1947) is a former president of the University at Buffalo (UB), part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. He assumed this position on January 1, 2004, after leaving his position as executive vice chancellor and provost of the University of California, Santa Cruz. On August 30, 2010, Simpson announced his retirement from the post of UB President effective January 2011.

A research scientist specializing in neuroendocrinology, physiology, and behavior, Simpson was named to the faculty of UB's Department of Physiology and Biophysics. He guided the campus through significant curricular developments, overseeing the creation of new graduate programs in digital arts and new media, bioinformatics, electrical engineering, and politics.

Education
Simpson received his master's and doctoral degrees in neurobiology and behavior from Northwestern University in 1972 and 1973, respectively. He received his bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Honorary degrees
In 2007, Simpson also received an honorary doctorate degree from Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, in recognition of his commitment to leadership regarding international education partnerships through UB.

Early career
Simpson spent two years at the University of Pennsylvania as a research associate of the Institute of Neurological Sciences in the Department of Biology. He has been a visiting professor of physiology at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, and at the Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine at the University of Melbourne in Australia where he bred and raised kangaroos.

University of Washington in Seattle
For 23 years, Simpson was a member of the faculty of psychology at the University of Washington (UW) in Seattle, serving as director of the university's joint physiology-psychology program for four years from 1984 to 1988, and as head of the physiological psychology area from 1986 to 1990 before his appointment as associate dean for computing, facilities and research in the UW College of Arts and Sciences in 1991. Subsequently, he was appointed dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1994.

Research
Simpson's research is in neuroendocrinology, the study of brain and hormone interaction. He received research support for his laboratory from the National Institutes of Health, and has published widely on the subjects of brain controls of body fluid and cardiovascular regulation, the renin–angiotensin system, and the brain's circumventricular organs.

University of California, Santa Cruz
In 1998, Simpson assumed the post of executive vice chancellor at University of California, Santa Cruz, and served for five years.

University at Buffalo
Simpson assumed the post of UB President in 2004. He had a vision for UB to become the premier public research university in the northeast. Simpson's plan included expanding UB's student population by 10,000 and increasing the faculty by 750 over the course of 13 years. Simpson lobbied lawmakers with his plans, but ultimately needed additional monies for the expansion from government leaders in Albany that did not come through. UB's fundraising efforts through philanthropy could have provided $30 million for the expansion. However, the New York State Legislature did not pass the Public Higher Education Empowerment and Innovation Act. The Act would have provided UB with the opportunity to generate needed funding to forward the UB 2020 plan, following $60 million in state budget cuts to the school.

Retirement
On August 30, 2010, Simpson notified the University at Buffalo Council that he would retire. On January 5, 2011 Simpson said that he would remain on as President until a successor was announced. He extended his retirement date by two weeks, retiring on January 15, 2011, at the request of the Council. He stated that he and his wife were going to return to their "West Coast home."

Of his decision to retire as UB President, Washington, DC's Targeted News Service quoted Simpson stating, in part, on August 30, 2010:"It is one I have made with great satisfaction in all that this university community has achieved together over the past several years, in those areas we control. I retain full confidence that UB can become the premier public research university we have been working together to build."

Simpson was succeeded by Satish K. Tripathi as UB President.

Current and former memberships

 * Board of Directors of the SUNY Research Foundation
 * Buffalo Niagara Partnership Board of Directors
 * Buffalo Niagara Enterprise
 * American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * Society for Neuroscience
 * Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior
 * Board of directors of the Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, the governing body of the Albright-Knox Art Gallery
 * Pilchuck Glass School, Trustee
 * Council on Competitiveness
 * Erie County Rare Books Commission
 * New York State Commission on Higher Education
 * American Council on Education's Commission on International Initiatives
 * Commissioner of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
 * Intiman Theater Company, Seattle
 * Henry Art Gallery, Seattle

Honors

 * 2009 Theodore Roosevelt Award for Exemplary Citizenship and Service from the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Site Foundation.
 * 2013 Charles P. Norton Medal from UB

Personal life
A native of Oakland, California, Simpson is married to his wife, Katherine, and they have two adult children. In his spare time, Simpson enjoys skiing, biking, and fishing; and he is an art enthusiast.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John B. Simpson


text:
User talk:Miss Double U

Testing
Working? Hoorah.

-Miss Double U

Nomination of Marita Covarrubias for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Marita Covarrubias is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Marita Covarrubias until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. IlluminatingTrooper (talk) 17:53, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Miss Double U


text:
Luce (band)

Luce is a rock band based in San Francisco, California. The band was founded in 2000 by lead singer Tom Luce and is made up of keyboardist/producer Adam Rossi, drummer Brian Zalewski, bassist Alex Cordrey, and lead guitarist Dylan Brock.

Luce's self-titled first album, released in 2001, met with success in the San Francisco Bay Area, winning the California Music Award for Outstanding Debut. It was promoted heavily on the San Francisco radio station KFOG; a single from the album entitled "Good Day" peaked at #39 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart. "Good Day" was heard in the movies 13 Going on 30 and How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days and TV shows The O.C. and Alias, and was also featured in commercials for American Leather. The band makes appearances all over Northern California and the U.S.; one notable appearance was at Golden Gate Park for the finish of the 2005 Bay to Breakers race.

Luce's second album, Never Ending, was released April 19, 2005, and the first single, "Buy A Dog", was the most played song on at least 13 radio stations, including KFOG and WRLT in Nashville. On Nov. 6 of '05, Tom Luce and Adam Rossi sang the national anthem at Arrowhead Stadium before the Kansas City Chiefs hosted the Oakland Raiders.

In 2007 the band suffered from two setbacks; Tom Luce's house burnt to the ground and the trailer containing all their equipment was stolen while they were touring. For a short time the band broke up before regrouping and reassembling. In September 2008, Luce went back into the recording studio to record an EP of cover songs; this exercise was a way for the band to improve their musicianship and to rejuvenate and inspire the band. Also in 2008, Luce signed with Opus Music Ventures, a Bay Area record label and in 2009 they released their third album titled "Corner of the World".

On January 22, 2010 Tom Luce and his two brothers created an album titled "Luce Brothers." In April 2010, Luce released "The Year We'll Have." Luce's most recent studio album is "Fall to Fly" which was released in February 2013. 2016 brought the band back to performing locally and recording as they participated an original song to the Notes4Hope CD that brings artist together to raise money for breast cancer research and education. The band is currently in the studio working on their 5th full-length CD as lead singer Tom Luce completes a musical endeavor with former Train founder Charlie Colin.

Members

 * Current
 * Tom Luce (vocals, guitar)
 * Adam Rossi (keyboards)
 * Brian Zalewski (drums)
 * Alex Cordrey (bass guitar)
 * Dylan Brock (lead guitar)

 * Former
 * Kevin White - bass
 * Kyle Wheeler - trumpet
 * Johnathon Moe - drums
 * Brian Kroll - guitar
 * Matt Blackett - guitar
 * Steve Bowman - drums
 * Larry Riggs - bass guitar

Discography

 * Luce (2001 - What Are Records?)
 * 1) Long Way Down
 * 2) Good Day
 * 3) Numb
 * 4) Electric Chair
 * 5) Life
 * 6) In the Middle There
 * 7) Sunniest of Weekends
 * 8) Bring Her In
 * 9) Here
 * 10) After Tomorrow
 * Luce (2002 - Nettwerk Records)
 * 1) Long Way Down
 * 2) Good Day
 * 3) Numb
 * 4) Electric Chair
 * 5) Life
 * 6) In the Middle There
 * 7) Sunniest of Weekends
 * 8) Bring Her In
 * 9) Here
 * 10) After Tomorrow
 * 11) If I Had the Wind
 * 12) Hidden Track (Waiting)
 * Never Ending (2005)
 * 1) From the World of the Lonely
 * 2) Buy a Dog
 * 3) Amsterdam
 * 4) The Sweetest Smile
 * 5) Fortunately, I
 * 6) Worth the Wait
 * 7) Wanna Be
 * 8) Interlude One
 * 9) Never Ending
 * 10) Outside of it All
 * 11) With a Kiss
 * 12) Diamond Lights (a.k.a. "Good Thing")
 * 13) Interlude Two
 * 14) Maria
 * Songs from the Covers Catalogue (2007)
 * 1) Eleanor Rigby
 * 2) Anytime
 * 3) Somebody More Like You
 * 4) Bridge Over Troubled Water
 * 5) Better Things
 * 6) In Every Sunflower
 * Corner of the World (2009)
 * 1) Corner of the World
 * 2) Always Will
 * 3) My Life Alone
 * 4) Gotta Live
 * 5) Tidal Waves
 * 6) Blue Violet Fade
 * 7) Empty Rooms
 * 8) Life for a Life
 * 9) Awake
 * 10) For You
 * Live At The Broderick House (2010)
 * 1) Trumpet Intro
 * 2) In The Middle
 * 3) Worth The Wait
 * 4) Buy A Dog
 * 5) Diamond Lights
 * 6) Corner of the World/Acid Rain
 * 7) Change A Thing
 * 8) Waiting
 * 9) Good Day
 * 10) 50 Ways feat. Elliot Cahn
 * 11) Sunniest of California
 * 12) The Year We'll Have
 * 13) After Tomorrow
 * The Year We'll Have (2010)
 * 1) Won't Change A Thing
 * 2) Good Day
 * 3) The Year We'll Have
 * 4) Willing to Try
 * 5) Gotta Live
 * 6) Corner of the World
 * 7) After Tomorrow
 * 8) All That I've Been Waiting For
 * Fall to Fly (2013)
 * 1) Something Came Around
 * 2) Fall to Fly
 * 3) Ruby
 * 4) Safe and Sound
 * 5) Many Miles Away
 * 6) Wait and See
 * 7) The Greatest Sword
 * 8) Windowsill
 * 9) Found
 * 10) Cool Life

Other contributions

 * Live at the World Café: Vol. 15 - Handcrafted (2002, World Café) - "Long Way Down"

title: Luce (band)


text:
Henry Bibby

Charles Henry Bibby (born November 24, 1949) is an American former professional basketball player who played for the New York Knicks, New Orleans Jazz, Philadelphia 76ers, and San Diego Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also spent a season as a player-assistant coach for the Lancaster Lightning of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA).

His brother, Jim Bibby, was a Major League Baseball pitcher, and his son, Mike Bibby, is a former NBA point guard.

Playing career
In 1969, Bibby shared MVP honors on the UCLA freshman team with guard Andy Hill, as Bibby was the squad's leading scorer (26.8 ppg).

Bibby was a starting point guard as the UCLA Bruins won three straight national championships in 1970, 1971 and 1972, the Bruins' sixth consecutive under head coach John Wooden. Bibby helped lead the Bruins through the first 47 games of an 88-game winning streak and was named an All-American his senior year. He was one of only four players to have started on three NCAA championship teams; the others all played for Wooden at UCLA: Lew Alcindor, Curtis Rowe, and Lynn Shackelford.

In the 1972 NBA draft, Bibby was drafted in the fourth round by the New York Knicks and in the second round of the 1972 ABA Draft by the Carolina Cougars. Bibby opted to play for the Knicks and was with the team for two-and-a-half seasons, which included an NBA title in 1973.

Bibby spent nine seasons in the NBA, and was a part of the 1977 and 1980 Philadelphia 76ers teams that made the NBA Finals but lost both times.

Coaching career
Bibby started his coaching career in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) and won two championships in 1982 and 1989. He coached the Winnipeg Thunder.

In 1996, he was named coach of the men's basketball team at the University of Southern California (USC), and kept that position for nine seasons. Bibby had an overall won-loss record of 131–111 at USC. He led his 1997, 2001 and 2002 teams to the NCAA tournament, including an "Elite Eight" appearance in 2001. He was fired four games into his ninth season.

In April 2005, he was named head coach of the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). After 28 games, he was replaced by his assistant coach, Joe Bryant.

On January 17, 2006, Bibby was hired by the Philadelphia 76ers as an assistant coach on Maurice Cheeks' staff and remained there until the end of the 2007–2008 season, when his contract was not renewed. In February 2009 he was hired by the Memphis Grizzlies as an assistant coach. He remained with the team until 2013, when he joined the Detroit Pistons' coaching staff.

Personal life
Bibby is the brother of the late Jim Bibby (1944–2010), a former Major League Baseball pitcher, and is the father of Mike Bibby, who played in the NBA. Bibby and his son are one of four father-son duos to each win an NCAA basketball championship. They were initially estranged after he divorced from his wife, leading Mike to publicly state "My father is not part of my life" after winning the NCAA title in 1997, but they later reconnected starting in 2002, the peak of Mike's NBA career.

title: Henry Bibby


text:
Weird

Weird may refer to:

Places

 * Weird Lake, a lake in Minnesota, U.S.

People

 * "Weird Al" Yankovic (born 1959), American musician and parodist

Literature

 * Weird US, a series of travel guides
 * The Weird, a 2012 anthology of weird fiction
 * Weird fiction, speculative literature written in the late 19th and early 20th century

Music

 * "Weird" (Hanson song), 1998
 * "Weird", a song from Hilary Duff's album Hilary Duff
 * Weird!, a 2020 album by Yungblud
 * New Weird America, a subgenre of psychedelic folk music of the mid-late 2000s
 * "Weird", a song from Lizzy McAlpine's album Five Seconds Flat (2022)

Other art, entertainment, and media

 * Weird (character), a fictional DC Comics character
 * Weird: The Al Yankovic Story, a biographical comedy

Other uses

 * WEIRD, an acronym for "Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic", cultural identifier of psychology test subjects
 * Weird number, a natural number that is abundant but not semiperfect

title: Weird


text:
24 Hours (newspaper)

24 Hours (24 Heures), is a group of English-language and French-language free daily newspapers published in Canada. It was published in French in Montreal and Gatineau, and in English in Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, Toronto, and Vancouver. The Gatineau edition was discontinued in 2008 and the Calgary, Edmonton, and Ottawa editions ceased publication in 2013. The Toronto and Vancouver editions were sold to Postmedia Network as part of Quebecor's divestment of English-language news, and they were later acquired by Torstar in an asset swap on November 27, 2017 and immediately shut down in favour of the Torstar-owned Metro papers in those cities (rebranded StarMetro the following year).

The French-language Montreal edition, originally called Metropolitain, became 24 heures in 2005. It is published weekly by Quebecor Media and is the only survivor under the name after folding of all the other Canadian editions. In 2021, it re-launched as a print weekly. The newspaper also underwent a major redesign with the title change to 24, and in early February 2021, its website and logo were redesigned.

History
In 2000, Metro International launched its free daily Metro newspaper in Toronto, eventually expanding with local editions across Canada. In Toronto, the Toronto Sun and Toronto Star scrambled to launch their own free dailies, Sun Media's FYI Toronto and Torstar's GTA Today. In mid-2001, GTA Today had merged with Metro and in October of the same year Sun Media ceased publication of FYI Toronto. However, as the Toronto Sun itself had been largely dependent on sales to commuters the success of Metro ate into its market share and in 2003, Sun Media re-entered the giveaway market with the launch of 24 Hours in Toronto.

The Montreal French-language paper was originally called "Metropolitain" (English: "Metropolitan") and had a large lowercase "m" as its logo, before becoming 24 Heures in 2005.

On November 14, 2006, 24 Hours launched two new editions in the Ottawa–Gatineau area—an English edition published in Ottawa, and a French edition published in Gatineau. The Gatineau version stopped publishing on May 9, 2008.

The Vancouver edition of 24 Hours was a joint venture of Sun Media and the Jim Pattison Group; Pattison sold his share of the Vancouver edition in 2007.

In fall 2009, 24 Hours and 24 Heures were given an extensive makeover. The paper was given the alternative name 24H; while 24H is short-form for "24 Hours" in French, the name was applied to all editions. The paper's colour scheme changed for the Montreal edition, from black and yellow to blue and orange, to match the other editions' colours.

As of January 3, 2011, the Montreal edition of 24 H had reached an agreement with the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) for exclusive distribution in the underground Montreal métro network, replacing the Metro newspaper.

On November 27, 2017, the Toronto and Vancouver editions were acquired by Torstar during Torstar-Postmedia swap deal and were immediately shut down and merged into the Torstar owned Metro. The sale was part of a trade between Torstar and Postmedia, in which more than forty local newspapers changed ownership, with several closing. As a result of the trade and closures, the Competition Bureau began an investigation into violations of the Competition Act and raided the offices of Postmedia and Torstar to search for evidence.

title: 24 Hours (newspaper)


text:
Talk:Art Gallery of Ontario

Choice of photographs
If the entrance is "seldom used" followed by a lesser used fire escape, why is this the most prominent photograph in the article?

Changes "would destroy several galleries"
This seem POV, and is certainly unclear. What is actually meant? That several exhibition chambers would be removed, I presume. But would new ones be provided? Would the items there go into storage or be distributed into other rooms? Is there anything special about those chambers? Mr. Jones 10:55, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Outdated
Some of the information and all of the visible photographs of the AGO are outdated. There could be more information about the many galleries as well.
 * It is definitely outdated. Johnny Au  (talk/contributions) 02:36, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

Information
There is not much information on this site and I would like to see someone come on and place more information on here because I myself am not very good at putting information on sites and what to put on them. If I was to think of going to this gallery I would not know much about it before I got there and may not even want to go. 71.117.182.142 21:24, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

10th largest art museum in North America?
The reference given for this doesn't seem to support the 10th largest claim. (If anything, I would guess the AGO is now higher up the list.) Can anyone explain? Am I missing something? Robertbyrne (talk) 18:59, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

 * No response, so I have removed the 10th largest claim. If you have a good reference, please put a reference to the relative size ranking (North America or otherwise) back into the article. Robertbyrne (talk) 05:49, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

Mostly unreferenced
The article keeps expanding (good), but the expansions do not appear to be sourced in accordance with WP:V and WP:OR (bad). The "Transformation AGO" is the only section to be meaningfully referenced. Presumably, sections such as "History" and "Permanent Collection" would not be that difficult to appropriately reference. If I find time in the next few months, I will take a crack at adding references to those sections that are devoid of cites. In the meantime, to anyone expanding article, please add references as you go. Thanks. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 17:38, 22 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Why don't you draw it to the attention of the contributor who has added the information. I have noticed a slight lack of Wikipedia awareness in other edits and they may benefit from mentoring. As a newbie they also may not have this on a watch list. Secondarywaltz (talk) 20:58, 22 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Good point.--Skeezix1000 (talk) 23:58, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Collection of Canadian art
AGO article: "Significant collections include the largest collection of Canadian art"

National Gallery of Canada article: "The Canadian collection, the most comprehensive in Canada ..."

Is this contradictory? Torontonian1 (talk) 15:47, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

 * To me that means that the AGO would be the largest in quantity and the NG has more complete coverage in the quality of its content. Secondarywaltz (talk) 17:33, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

Separate article instead of image gallery
It would be great if there were a separate article for notable works of art in the AGO's collection instead of an image gallery in the main article.

This would reduce clutter, as well as showcasing them with descriptions. Johnny Au (talk/contributions) 12:43, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Gallery makes mobile view a scrolling nightmare. Makes the page overwhelming long that will lead to loss of readers. This is why we have guidelines for just this.--Moxy (talk) 14:36, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The outlines in the MoS do allow for the use of image galleries should if they assist in conveying article (and most articles regarding art galleries incorporate image galleries). I also wouldn't recommend a article split, as the article (gallery included) isn't something that Wiki's MoS considers long. Generaly, the MoS recommends article splits when the article's readable prose goes past 60-100kb (in contrast, the combined size of this article, both readable and hidden, is 40kb). I did emphasize with the clutter sentiment, so I actually edited out the works that didn't have specific Wikipedia articles about them as a compromise (it effectively reduces the gallery size by 40-50%). That said, reverted that edit to restore the larger gallery, so you may also want to ask him about it. Leventio (talk) 16:38, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Indeed, works such as the 1915 Modigliani, the c.1621 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, the Picasso of 1902-03, the Gauguin of 1893–94, are all notable artworks (clutter perhaps for others), with or without Wikipedia articles. That is why I restored them back into the article. Note, by definition, the Art Gallery of Ontario is a place where people go to see artworks (just as Museum of Modern Art, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Art Institute of Chicago, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and other museum articles, such as the Louvre, Uffizi, Hermitage Museum). Nothing speaks better than seeing a selection of works in the collection. It is unfortunate for mobile telephone users that they have to scroll down a lot, but for those on iPads, laptops and desktops that problem is virtually nonexistent. This gallery is by no means large (like those of the The Met article), nor small like Vatican Museums gallery section. It is just about right. Coldcreation (talk) 17:26, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Why would we want 50 percent of our readers to have such problems....article split is a good idea. Real need to think of the 50 percent of views by mobile devices.--Moxy (talk) 04:01, 7 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Can we list the pros and cons of article split? I would rarely use a mobile view if I was interested in taking in as much as possible of the experience of viewing for instance a painting, but I might use a mobile view just to get a gist of what a work of art is all about. I consider the idea of separate articles just for images of artwork to be a potentially good idea. Switching between articles on a desktop is effortless. But I think it is a little more cumbersome on a small mobile phone's display, but as I say, I generally would avoid viewing art on a phone, if a lager device were available. What other pros and cons am I failing to consider? Bus stop (talk) 16:01, 7 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Subdivisions work better...Modernist (talk) 18:01, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a good idea; divide the gallery into smaller groups (subdivisions), as in the Claude Monet article. Coldcreation (talk) 00:26, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * That is an excellent compromise. Johnny Au  (talk/contributions) 03:29, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree with this. The lower sections of the article have no pics and some could be spread there. There is a case for not including the Durer print, which most big museum collections will have, but also one for including it, as prints tend to be neglected in our article. Johnbod (talk) 09:45, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree, if we are concerned with space, the Durer could be removed. As great as Durer is, that image is likely to have been seen by most. The Chardin would benefit from a better presentation, probably taking up more space and including more detail. While it is just opinion, Chardin warrants this showcasing. Bus stop (talk) 10:04, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with the removal of Albrecht Dürer, as much as I enjoy his work. Johnny Au  (talk/contributions) 03:36, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Art Gallery of Ontario


text:
24 Heures

24 Heures (French for "24 hours") may refer to:

Events

 * 24 Heures du Mans, the French-language name of 24 Hours of Le Mans, an annual sports car race held near Le Mans, France
 * 24 heures vélo de Louvain-la-Neuve (English: The 24-Hour Bike Ride of Louvain-la-Neuve), an annual bicycle festival held in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Publications

 * 24 heures (Switzerland), a regional daily newspaper published in Lausanne, Switzerland
 * 24 heures (Abidjan), a daily newspaper published in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
 * 24 Heures, the French-language edition in Montreal, Canada, of 24 Hours (newspaper), a chain of free daily newspapers published in Canada

title: 24 Heures


text:
Talk:Proto-Mongols

Spelling
I notice that his name is spelt like this here but it is spelt Genghis in this article an in the Mongol Empire. We should have consistency within Wikipedia. --Peacenik 10:55, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article talks about groups like Turks, or the Shiwei, yet does very little to mention the "Mongols" in any actual document before Genghis Khan's time.

If the article is called "Mongols before Genghis Khan" maybe contributors should make an effort to find actual references to the Mongols in the period before the empire.

Copyright
The first long section is directly copied and pasted from one of the first websites that pops up when you sear History of Mongolia on Google. Sedonaarizona 05:27, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

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No References - Original Research?
This is beyond the pale. Most of this article has no inline references. Until this article is verified, it's nothing more than Original Research. 50.111.38.72 (talk) 18:21, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

deletion?
this should clearly be deleted, right? 90 percent of this is literally unsourced and from what i can see just made up, just so that mongols(?) can claim all these people as "their" ancestors, which clearly makes no sense, as some of these proto-mongols became turkic/chinese. thus, shouldnt these proto-mongols be called "proto-turkic-chinese-mongolic" or something otherwise? Sakaask (talk) 13:47, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * There are not article called proto-Turks, proto-Chinese, etc. It can be merged into Mongols also, most of the article is simply made up, WP:OR. Beshogur (talk) 15:54, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * WP:GNG is met so the article isn't getting merged into anything else... Horse Eye's Back (talk) 15:19, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Not sure if we're looking at the same article. This article has indeed many problems. Beshogur (talk) 18:04, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proto-Mongols


text:
Talk:Hossein Rezazadeh

Untitled
'He is an ethnic Iranian Azeri, nicknamed "The Iranian doping".' Is this verifiable? Or is it just vandalism? William Parish (talk) 12:02, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

Untitled
i removed the sentence "and the strongest man in the world". firstly weightlifting is about speed-strength/explosive power and technique, he is the best at this in the world. powerlifters, weightlifters and "worlds strongest man" competition winners are not comparable diciplines. --User:Weightshead

His name
His last name is actually only one word in Iranian. It should be Rezazadeh. Many Iranian surnames end in zadeh, which means "son of".87.66.98.250 20:13, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Also "Hossein Rezazadeh" brings up approx. 29000 search results in google. "Hossein Reza Zadeh" only 10000. 87.66.98.250 20:16, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

World records vs. all-time best records
Although Reza Zadeh is the current world record holder in all three categories, his lifts are not the all-time best. The best all-time lifts are as follows (source - http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/8682/training/wl.htm):

 * Snatch - 216 Kg, Antonio Krastev (Bulgaria), 9/13/87
 * Clean and jerk - 266 Kg, Leonid Taranenko (USSR), 11/26/88
 * Total - 476 Kg, Taranenko, 11/26/88

The IWF restructured the weight classes in 1993 and again in 1998. Each time, previous world records were no longer recognized, and they started fresh with a so-called "world standard" as a baseline record. It certainly made sense to do this in the lower weight classes, where class boundaries were shifted, but this was even done with the superheavyweight records. In any case, it is incorrect to say that no man in recorded history has surpassed Reza Zadeh's records. Dsreyn 14:26, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Just for reference, Taranenko's total couldn't have been 476kg because those scores are rounded to 2.5kg intervals. While he in fact lifted 476kg, his record-breaking total from 11/26/88 was 475kg. Jaimalalatetre (talk) 19:30, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Results accuracy
In Taranenko's time, only weights dividible by 2.5 kg were accounted for the totals, so his World Record was 475, not 476 kg.

 * When the weights were in 2.5 kg increments, lifters could lift any weight in a 0.5 kg increment if they were trying to break a record and the actual weight they lifted would count toward the record. In the competition, however, their weight lifted would be rounded down to the next lower 2.5 kg increment.  Therefore, Tarenenko would have been credited for 476 kg for world record purposes, but his score for that meet would have been 475 kg. 67.121.107.219 (talk) 21:43, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Recently this system has changed, however: today weights are recorded by an accuracy of 1 kg (no halves). Reza Zadeh's records according to this system are as follows: snatch 213, clean & jerk 263 and total 472 kg – as you can see from the official IWF World Records page. --Anshelm '77 23:13, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Why is he so fat?
I'm really surprised on how much body fat he has, he could be a sumo wrestler! What advantage is there for him to be that fat? It really surprised me. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.108.200.84 (talk) 06:53, 7 January 2007 (UTC).

Just in case someone is seriously wondering this... He lifts in the superheavyweight class. That means there is no upper limit on his weight. Since by losing fat he could potentially also lose muscle and strength, doing so could only hurt him and would be of no help. 71.68.72.98 (talk) 20:47, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

You have to eat a lot of food to get strong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.15.241.186 (talk) 17:24, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Four reasons: First, "it takes weight to move weight" is a common phrase in the weightlifting community because even dead bodyweight (e.g. fat) gives the lifter more leverage. Second, Rezazadeh competes (competed) in a class without an upper bound on bodyweight, so he and most of his competitors tend to be on the chubby side. Third, dieting can make a body less responsive to muscle training and more prone to injury, so there are very few advantages (as far as the sport is concerned) to reducing one's nutritional allowance. Fourth, Iranian cuisine is delicious. Jaimalalatetre (talk) 19:35, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Weights lifted in training should not be listed unless verifiable!
Specifically his 'and 275.0 on training' as well as 'and 215.0 on training' should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.233.221.58 (talk) 04:38, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Weights
His records in front-and backsquat should be removed until a good reference is offered. I read 3 pages with 3 different numbers of kilos in this exercises. Speculations should not be accepted here! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.9.214.215 (talk) 15:08, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Former Iranian Weightlifter
Saying he's a "former Iranian weightlifter" makes it sound like he's no longer Iranian. 64.231.15.14 (talk) 21:58, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Political Career (new section)?
I see he's involved in politics, but his platform, accomplishments (if any), etc. may deserve more attention. Is he in the Majles (Iranian Parliament) now? I noticed someone of similar name is on the recently announced Judiciary/Legal Committee of the Majles... is this the same person? If someone has enough info it'd be nice to start a section on his political career...G1729 (talk) 13:21, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * He is Only member of city coucil of Tehran. in the past concurrently was member of city coucil and president of the weightlifting federation.- Samək Talk 13:54, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks! so the politician of the same name in parliament on the judiciary committee is a different person?
 * [edit1] see: http://parliran.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=2964&newsview=32574 @ #12 under the judicial/legal committee
 * [edit2] if you have a link or other citation confirming they're different people, the other politician (the one in the Majles) might be worthy of a separate Wikipedia article and disambiguation page G1729 (talk) 14:20, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hossein Rezazadeh


text:
User:Weightshead

.

title: User:Weightshead


text:
Denaturation (fissile materials)

Denaturation of fissile materials suitable for nuclear weapons is the process of transforming them into a form that is not suitable for weapons use and can not easily be reversely transformed. For uranium 235 this is straightforward, by mixing it with uranium 238, but for plutonium it is more difficult and/or less effective, because other plutonium isotopes are either also suitable for weapons or not available and impractical to produce, while mixing with a different element allows chemical separation.

The situation with uranium-233 is more complicated, as U-233 is difficult to store safely, which is both an advantage and a disadvantage. Decay of the associated uranium-232 produces thorium-228 with a radioactive half-life of 1.9 years and several short-lived daughter nuclides; these daughters include some very hard gamma-ray emitters like thallium-208 and lead-212. After approximately one year, the alpha activity of these decay products is several hundred curies per kilogram of U-233, and the penetrating gamma radiation is a thousand times greater than that from plutonium. Aged U-233 is thus radiologically self-protected from all but the most determined misuse.

title: Denaturation (fissile materials)


text:
Clarence Gaines

Clarence Edward "Big House" Gaines Sr. (May 21, 1923 – April 18, 2005) was an American college men's basketball coach with a 47-year coaching career at Winston-Salem State University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Among his numerous honors for his achievements, he is one of the few African Americans to be inducted as a coach into the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Before graduating and becoming a coach, he had an outstanding collegiate career as a football player for Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland.

Early years
Gaines was born in Paducah, Kentucky to Lester and Olivia Bolen Gaines. Clarence helped his family by working in a garage while in high school. He attended local Lincoln High School where he excelled academically, played basketball, was an All-State football player, and played trumpet in the school band. He graduated as class salutatorian in 1941.

Jim Crow Era segregation laws and the suggestions of a family friend led him to attend Morgan State University (then Morgan State College), a historically black college in Baltimore, Maryland. He entered in the fall of 1941 on a football scholarship.

At Morgan State, Gaines was given his nickname of "Big House": a fellow student saw the 6 ft. 3in., 265 lb Gaines and declared: "You're as big as a house." Gaines played as a lineman for the Bears football team, was a member of the basketball team, and participated in track. Gaines was an All-CIAA selection as a lineman in football all four seasons and twice elected an All-American. When it came to basketball, he said he was "a very average basketball player." In 2004, he explained, "I was an All-America in football, but I was just on the basketball team to have something to do."

Gaines graduated from Morgan State in 1945 with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry. He intended to go on into dental school, however his college football coach, Edward P. Hurt, suggested that he temporarily go to what was then known as Winston-Salem Teachers College. At the time, the small southern college had one coach for all sports, Brutus Wilson, who was also a Morgan State graduate; Hurt suggested that Gaines would make a good assistant coach. Gaines agreed and went to Winston-Salem.

Winston-Salem State
In 1946, Wilson left for Shaw University, leaving Gaines as the head coach for football and basketball, athletic director, trainer, and ticket manager. He also taught. He served as football coach for three years (1946–49), and in 1948 was named Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) "Football Coach of the Year" after leading his team to an 8–1 season. He dropped coaching football to focus on basketball in 1949. He earned his Master of Arts in Education from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1950.

Gaines coached basketball at Winston-Salem State University (WSSU) from 1946 to 1993, compiling an 828–447 record. He led the Rams to 18 20-win seasons, eight CIAA titles, and in 1967 led WSSU to a Division II NCAA Championship, making the Rams the first basketball program from a historically black college or university to capture an NCAA national championship.

Toward the end of his coaching career, Gaines struggled to recruit student players. The end of the Jim Crow Era laws led to college basketball becoming fully integrated at all levels. This made it difficult to lure star talent to WSSU.

Among Gaines notable student players were Earl Monroe; Cleo Hill, the first African American from an historically Black college or university to be drafted in the first round by the National Basketball Association (St. Louis Hawks, 1961); and Stephen A. Smith, who became a noted commentator and columnist.

Accomplishments and recognition
As of April 2010, Gaines stands ninth on the NCAA men's basketball coaches win list. When Gaines retired from Winston-Salem State University in 1993, only Rupp had amassed more wins. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1982. After winning the national title in 1967, he was named the NCAA Division II College Coach of the Year. Gaines was named the CIAA coach of the year a record six times (1957, 61, 63, 70, 75, 80); received the CIAA Basketball Tournament Outstanding Coach Award eight times (1953, 57, 60, 61, 63, 66, 70, 77); was inducted into the CIAA Hall of Fame (1975), NAIA Helms Hall of Fame (1968) and N.C. Sports Hall of Fame (1978) and received the Silver Buffalo Award from the Boy Scouts of America. In 2006, he was named part of the founding class of the College Basketball Hall of Fame.

The C. E. Gaines Center (built 1976), an athletic complex on the WSSU campus and home of the basketball team, is named after him. WSSU's C.E. "Big House" Gaines Athletic Hall of Fame is also named after him.

Gaines was a member in numerous organizations, including the Sigma Pi Phi ("the Boule") and Omega Psi Phi fraternities, Boy Scouts of America, Forsyth County Heart Association, and United States Olympic Committee. He was a basketball consultant for the United States Air Force (Germany, England, Mexico). He served as president of CIAA Basketball Coaches Association from 1972 to 1976; NAIA District Chairman, 1966–72; president of the National Association of Basketball Coaches in 1989; and was a member of the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame board of trustees.

In January 2005, Gaines was honored during a half-time ceremony at Rupp Arena, home of the University of Kentucky, during a game between the Kentucky and the University of Kansas. Before a capacity crowd of 24,000, he received the designation of "Kentucky Colonel" from Governor Ernie Fletcher, the highest honor a native son of the State of Kentucky can receive.

The Big House Gaines Scholarship was established in 2006 by the Reynolds Rotary Club in recognition of the fact that Gaines was a charter member of that club.

In 2010, the National Sports Media Association (NSMA) established the Clarence "Big House" Gaines College Basketball Coach of the Year Awards for head coaches in NCAA Division I and Division I who might not otherwise receive recognition from "mainstream outlets." The first two awards were presented in 2011.

In 2011, Collegeinsider.com named the Clarence Gaines Award in his honor. It is for the best Division II college basketball coach of each year.

In 2017, the city of Paducah, KY renamed 7th Street Clarence Gaines Street.

Personal
In 1950, Gaines married the former Clara Berry, a teacher of Latin in the local county public school system. They had two children, Lisa Gaines McDonald, a private business consultant and Clarence Edward Gaines Jr., a scout and top advisor for the National Basketball Association's New York Knicks. He and his wife retired to East Winston-Salem.

Gaines died on April 18, 2005, due to complications from a stroke. A large memorial was held at WSSU on April 22, 2005; all conflicting classes were canceled.

title: Clarence Gaines


text:
Architecture tradeoff analysis method

In software engineering, architecture tradeoff analysis method (ATAM) is a risk-mitigation process used early in the software development life cycle.

ATAM was developed by the Software Engineering Institute at the Carnegie Mellon University. Its purpose is to help choose a suitable architecture for a software system by discovering trade-offs and sensitivity points.

ATAM is most beneficial when done early in the software development life-cycle, when the cost of changing architectures is minimal.

ATAM benefits
The following are some of the benefits of the ATAM process:
 * identified risks early in the life cycle
 * increased communication among stakeholders
 * clarified quality attribute requirements
 * improved architecture documentation
 * documented basis for architectural decisions

ATAM process
The ATAM process consists of gathering stakeholders together to analyze business drivers (system functionality, goals, constraints, desired non-functional properties) and from these drivers extract quality attributes that are used to create scenarios. These scenarios are then used in conjunction with architectural approaches and architectural decisions to create an analysis of trade-offs, sensitivity points, and risks (or non-risks). This analysis can be converted to risk themes and their impacts whereupon the process can be repeated. With every analysis cycle, the analysis process proceeds from the more general to the more specific, examining the questions that have been discovered in the previous cycle, until such time as the architecture has been fine-tuned and the risk themes have been addressed.

Steps of the ATAM process
ATAM formally consists of nine steps, outlined below:
 * 1) Present ATAM – Present the concept of ATAM to the stakeholders, and answer any questions about the process.
 * 2) Present business drivers – everyone in the process presents and evaluates the business drivers for the system in question.
 * 3) Present the architecture – the architect presents the high-level architecture to the team, with an 'appropriate level of detail'
 * 4) Identify architectural approaches – different architectural approaches to the system are presented by the team, and discussed.
 * 5) Generate quality attribute utility tree – define the core business and technical requirements of the system, and map them to an appropriate architectural property. Present a scenario for this given requirement.
 * 6) Analyze architectural approaches – Analyze each scenario, rating them by priority. The architecture is then evaluated against each scenario.
 * 7) Brainstorm and prioritize scenarios – among the larger stakeholder group, present the current scenarios, and expand.
 * 8) Analyze architectural approaches – Perform step 6 again with the added knowledge of the larger stakeholder community.
 * 9) Present results – provide all documentation to the stakeholders.

These steps are separated in two phases: Phase 1 consists of steps 1-6 and after this phase, the state and context of the project, the driving architectural requirements and the state of the architectural documentation are known. Phase 2 consists of steps 7-9 and finishes the evaluation

title: Architecture tradeoff analysis method


text:
IVC

IVC can refer to:

Places

 * Invercargill Airport, New Zealand, IATA code
 * Ivory Coast, UNDP country code
 * Oflag IV-C, a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp in Colditz Castle

Education

 * Impington Village College
 * Irvine Valley College
 * Imperial Valley College

Medicine and biology

 * Involuntary commitment
 * Inferior vena cava
 * Inferior vena cava filter
 * Intravenous Vitamin C
 * In vitro compartmentalization

Music

 * International Vocal Competition 's-Hertogenbosch, a competition for opera, oratorio and lied singers

Science and technology

 * Indus Valley Civilisation, a Bronze Age civilisation centralized along the Indus River
 * Internet Video Coding, a "free-of-charge" MPEG video coding standard
 * Inter-vehicle communication

Other uses

 * Ignatian Volunteer Corps
 * International Video Corporation, a manufacturer of videotape recorders in the 1960s and 70s
 * Individually ventilated cage
 * Invacare
 * International Vale Tudo Championship
 * In-vessel composting

title: IVC


text:
Bank of England Museum

The Bank of England Museum, located within the Bank of England in the City of London, is home to a collection of diverse items relating to the history of the Bank and the UK economy from the Bank’s foundation in 1694 to the present day.

The museum is open to the public, free of charge.

History
Initially, access to the Bank’s collection was by appointment only, with visitors escorted through the Bank to a small display area. In the 1980s, the Bank decided to make its collection (and the Bank of England as a whole) accessible to a wider audience. At the time it was confined to the Bank’s Rotunda, but the plan was to extend it to include Sir Herbert Baker’s ‘Soane Hall’, with a separate entrance being created in Bartholomew Lane.

With this in mind a new museum was planned, which was due to open in 1994, the year of the Bank’s tercentenary. However, a fire in 1986 caused severe damage to the area above the proposed site for the museum. It was decided to begin work on the museum then, rather than repair and rebuild at a later date. Designed by exhibition consultants Higgins Gardner & Partners, it took 18 months to complete and the new museum was opened in 1988 by Queen Elizabeth II.

Some of the features of the new museum included:

 * A reconstruction of the 18th-century Stock Office designed by Sir John Soane.
 * The refurbished Rotunda contained a central, raised gold display, surrounded by 12 caryatids acting as guardians of the gold.

In the same year of its opening, it received the City Heritage Award and the Stone Federation Award for Outstanding Craftsmanship.

Exhibitions
In addition to the permanent collection, the museum curates rotating temporary exhibitions.

Current exhibitions include a digital exhibition on the new £50 featuring Alan Turing.

Recent temporary exhibitions include:

 * Feliks Topolski: Drawing Debden (2018)
 * 325 Years, 325 Objects (2019)

Permanent displays
The Bank of England Museum covers around 10,000 square feet (930 m2) and displays a wide-ranging collection detailing the history of the Bank of England from its foundation in 1694 to the modern day.

One of the highlights of the displays is the opportunity to hold a genuine bar of gold (99.79% pure gold), which can be handled from within its perspex box. The value of the gold bar is updated each day and displayed alongside the bar.

Other permanent displays include a Banknote Gallery, history of the architecture of the Bank, and a Modern Economy display.

Collections
The collection contains over 40,000 items including archaeology, banknotes, coins, oil paintings, sculpture, antique furniture, decorative art and social history.

The collection focuses on the role of the Bank as the creator of Bank of England banknotes. Banknotes and items related to their design and production make up around 30,000 items of the collection, with banknotes themselves making up about 10,000 of these. Items in the banknotes collection include:

 * examples of every note the Bank has ever made;
 * printing plates;
 * material samples
 * examples of forgeries and counterfeits.

The museum also has a large collection of political cartoons relating to the Bank's history and oil paintings.

title: Bank of England Museum


text:
User:Kea~enwiki/gallery

A gallery of images uploaded by User:Kea.

title: User:Kea~enwiki/gallery