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Dresden Codex

The Dresden Codex is a Maya book, which was believed to be the oldest surviving book written in the Americas, dating to the 11th or 12th century. However, in September 2018 it was proven that the Maya Codex of Mexico, previously known as the Grolier Codex, is, in fact, older by about a century. The codex was rediscovered in the city of Dresden, Germany, hence the book's present name. It is located in the museum of the Saxon State Library. The codex contains information relating to astronomical and astrological tables, religious references, seasons of the earth, and illness and medicine. It also includes information about conjunctions of planets and moons.

The book suffered serious water damage during World War II. The pages are made of amate, 20 cm high, and can be folded accordion-style; when unfolded the codex is 12 ft long. It is written in Mayan hieroglyphs and refers to an original text of some three or four hundred years earlier, describing local history and astronomical tables. Like all other pre-Hispanic books from Mesoamerica, the Dresden Codex takes the form of a screenfold. The pages consist of a paper made from the pounded inner bark of a wild species of Ficus (hu'un in Maya—a word that became semantically equivalent to “book”).

Description
The Dresden Codex contains 78 pages with decorative board covers on the front and back. Most pages have writing on both sides. They have a border of red paint, although many have lost this framing due to age deterioration. The pages are generally divided into three sections; students of the codex have arbitrarily labeled these sections a, b, and c. Some pages have just two horizontal sections, while one has four and another five sections. The individual sections with their own theme are generally separated by a red vertical line. Sections are generally divided into two to four columns.

The Dresden Codex is one of four hieroglyphic Maya codices that survived the Spanish Inquisition in the New World. Three, the Dresden, Madrid, and Paris codices, are named after the city where they were ultimately rediscovered. The fourth is the Grolier Codex, located at the Grolier Club in New York City. The Dresden Codex is held by the Saxon State and University Library Dresden (SLUB Dresden, Saxon State Library) in Dresden, Germany. The Maya codices all have about the same size pages, with a height of about 20 cm and a width of 10 cm.

The pictures and glyphs were painted by skilled craftsmen using thin brushes and vegetable dyes. Black and red were the main colors used for many of the pages. Some pages have detailed backgrounds in shades of yellow, green, and the Mayan blue. The codex was written by eight different scribes, who all had their own writing style, glyph designs, and subject matter.

History
The Dresden Codex is described by historian J. Eric S. Thompson as writings of the indigenous people of the Yucatán Peninsula in southeastern Mexico. Maya historians Peter J. Schmidt, Mercedes de la Garza, and Enrique Nalda confirm this. Thompson further narrows the probable origin of the Dresden Codex to the area of Chichen Itza, because certain picture symbols in the codex are only found on monuments in that location. He also argues that the astronomical tables would support this as the place of origin. Thompson claims that the people of the Yucatán Peninsula were known to have done such studies around 1200 A.D. Thompson also notes the similar ceramic designs in the Chichen Itza area which are known to have ceased in the early thirteenth century. British historian Clive Ruggles suggests, based on the analyses of several scholars, that the Dresden Codex is a copy and was originally written between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. Thompson narrows the date closer to 1200 to 1250. Maya archaeologist Linton Satterthwaite puts the date when it was made as no later than 1345.

Johann Christian Götze (1692–1749), German theologian and director of the Royal Library at Dresden, purchased the codex from a private owner in Vienna in 1739 while traveling to Italy. Thompson speculates that the codex was sent as a tribute to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor by Hernán Cortés, governor of Mexico, since examples of local writings and other Maya items were sent to the king in 1519 when he was living in Vienna. The codex was eventually catalogued into the Royal Library of Dresden in 1744, where it remained relatively obscure until the early twentieth century.

Alexander von Humboldt published pages 47, 48 and 50–52 from the Dresden Codex in his 1810 atlas Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples Indigènes de l'Amérique, the first reproduction of any of its pages. The first copy of the codex was published by Lord Kingsborough in his 1831 Antiquities of Mexico. In 1828 Constantine Samuel Rafinesque had identified this book as being of Maya origin based on its glyphs looking like those found at Palenque. Historian Cyrus Thomas made a connection between the codex and the 260 year cycle ("Ahau Katun") of the Maya calendar and the 365 days in a year. Ruggles shows that in the codex the Maya related their 260-day calendar to celestial bodies, especially Venus and Mars.

The codex has played a key role in the deciphering of Mayan hieroglyphs. Dresden librarian Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann published the first complete facsimile in 1880. He deciphered the calendar section of the codex, including the Maya numerals used therein. Förstemann determined that these numbers, along with deities and day names, related to the Mayan calendar and the Mayan Long Count calendar. In the 1950s Yuri Knorozov used a phonetic approach based on the De Landa alphabet for decoding the codex, which was followed up in the 1980s by other scholars that did additional deciphering based on this concept.

Paul Schellhas in 1897 and 1904 assigned letters to gods for specific glyphs since they had several possible names. For example God D could be Hunab Ku Itzam Na among several other names and God A could be Cizin (god of death) among others. The Schellhas system of assigning letters for the gods represented by certain glyphs as a noncommittal system was adopted by later researchers of Maya codices.

The Dresden Codex contains accurate astronomical tables, which are recognized by students of the codex for its detailed Venus tables and lunar tables. The lunar series has intervals correlating with eclipses, while the Venus tables correlate with the movements of the planet Venus. The codex also contains astrological tables and ritual schedules. The religious references show in a cycle of a 260-day ritual calendar the important Maya royal events. The codex also includes information on the Maya new-year ceremony tradition. The rain god Chaac is represented 134 times.

Deterioration and pagination

Italian artist and engraver Agostino Aglio, starting in 1826, became the first to transcribe and illustrate the codex completely for Irish antiquarian Lord Kingsborough, who published it in his nine volumes of Antiquities of Mexico in 1831–48. The codex then had some damage due to handling, sunlight, and moisture.

It received direct water damage that was significantly destructive, from being kept in a flooded basement during the World War II bombing of Dresden in February 1945. German historian G. Zimmerman later noted that the damage was extreme on pages 2, 4, 24, 28, 34, 38, 71 and 72. Certain details of the glyph images have been lost because of this. The damage is apparent when the current codex is compared to the Kingsborough copies of 1831–48 and the Förstemann facsimile editions from 1880 and 1892.

Today's page numbers were assigned by Aglio when he became the first to transcribe the manuscript in 1825–26. For this, he divided the original codex into two parts, labeled Codex A and Codex B. He sequenced Codex A on the front side followed by its back side, with the same order on Codex B.

Today, historians such as Helmut Deckert and Ferdinand Anders understand that a codex reading should traverse the complete front side followed by the complete back side of the manuscript, i.e., pages 1–24 followed by 46–74 and 25–45. The librarian K. C. Falkenstein adjusted the relative position of pages for “esthetical reasons” in 1836, resulting in today's two similar length parts. While deciphering the codex, the librarian E. W. Förstemann noticed an error in Aglio's page assignment of the sheets 1/45 and 2/44, so he correctly reassigned Aglio's pages 44 and 45 to become pages 1 and 2. The reversal of the sheets 6/40, 7/39 and 8/38 is due to an error when the sheets were returned to their protective glass cabinet after drying from the water damage due to the bombing of Dresden in 1945.

title: Dresden Codex


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Talk:HMS Kelly (F01)

Loss
After the loss of the Kelly the British Admiralty wanted to court-martial Mountbatten for losing her through his own incompetence and poor judgement, but they were overruled. This was naturally not made public, but was fairly widely-known in the Navy at the time. After the Kelly he wasn't given another ship.

 * Sounds a bit rough given the situation, but if you can find a source for the above could you insert it into the article. It's a valid point. Wiki-Ed 10:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * A bit rough and not true. He was given command of the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious. Philip Ziegler's biography of Mountbatten makes this quite clear. -- TinaSparkle 08:50, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * AFAIK, any RN officer who loses a ship is subjected to a court of inquiry to determine the circumstances under which it was lost. I could understand how this might be misconstrued as a "court martial", but unless there is a valid source (rather than hearsay), I'd take this with a pinch of salt. --Davidbober 18:23, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Like alot of the information on the HMS Kelly page was, this is not accurate.

Displacement
I've upped the displacement figures, as my source (G.G Connell's book) said the J and K flotilla leaders were that much heavier, due to the extra equipment and facilities needed for that role. Does anyone know the source of the original figure? Was it just taken from a generic K class figure? Xyl 54 08:37, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Interview with german Stuka pilot
Hello,

I am from Germany. I found this interview       http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0vfNVhAc9A&feature=context-vrec       on youtube. It is in english.

The german pilot http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Georg_Wilhelm_Migeod tells about the attack of the german dive bombers at the ship Kelly.

Rainer E.  84.150.23.175 (talk) 14:06, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry I made a mistake. I meant this part of his interviews http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ylnz7lmlQt8&feature=relmfu.

 * Rainer E. 84.150.23.175 (talk) 14:16, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Another Reference
http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-38K-HMS_Kelly.htm - there the Penant Number is G01...! 80.151.9.187 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 11:54, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:HMS Kelly (F01)


text: User talk:81.151.16.63

title: User talk:81.151.16.63


text:
Category:Liberatrix asteroids

See parent category for proper sortkey usage instructions.

title: Category:Liberatrix asteroids


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Agile manufacturing

Overview
Agile manufacturing is an emerging strategic approach that focuses on a few key principles. These include flexibility, rapid response, collaboration and continuous improvement. Agile manufacturing is a term applied to an organization that has created the processes, tools, and training to enable it to respond quickly to customer needs and market changes while still controlling costs and quality. It is mostly related to lean manufacturing.

Origins
Originally based on agile development from the software development industry, it seeks to draw inspiration into the realm of production and operations management. The goal is to create a manufacturing system that can quickly and efficiently respond to changes in customer preferences, market trends and other external factors. It originated from the Iacocca Institute of Lehigh University in 1991.

An enabling factor in becoming an agile manufacturer has been the development of manufacturing support technology that allows the marketers, the designers and the production personnel to share a common database of parts and products, to share data on production capacities and problems—particularly where small initial problems may have larger downstream effects. It is a general proposition of manufacturing that the cost of correcting quality issues increases as the problem moves downstream, so that it is cheaper to correct quality problems at the earliest possible point in the process. Another enabling factor for it is the increase in global competition amid market changes and diminishing national barriers.

Agile manufacturing is seen as more than just a hybrid methodology of its predecessors. It is often misinterpreted as a follow up to Lean manufacturing. The key difference between the two is like between a thin and an athletic person, agile being the latter. One can be neither, one or both. In manufacturing theory, being both is often referred to as leagile. According to Martin Christopher, when companies have to decide what to be, they have to look at the customer order cycle (COC) (the time the customers are willing to wait) and the leadtime for getting supplies. If the supplier has a short lead time, lean production is possible. If the COC is short, agile production is beneficial.

Agile manufacturing is an approach to manufacturing which is focused on meeting the needs of customers while maintaining high standards of quality and controlling the overall costs involved in the production of a particular product. This approach is geared towards companies working in a highly competitive environment, where small variations in performance and product delivery can make a huge difference in the long term to a company's survival and reputation among consumers. Agility has been defined, in terms of outcomes, as “dynamic, context specific, aggressively change embracing and growth oriented…succeeding winning profits, market share and customers”

Core concepts of agile manufacturing
Agile manufacturing involves 4 major concepts that make up the gist of it. These are

 * 1) Core competence management
 * 2) Virtual Enterprise
 * 3) Capability for Reconfiguration
 * 4) Knowledge-driven Enterprise

Core competence management
Core competence is associated with the workforce and the product and it is identified at two related levels: the individual and the firm. The individual's core competences include skills, knowledge, attitude and expertise. These can be upgraded and refined via investments in training and education. The people of an organization are considered to be critical resources in an organization.

Core competence is derived from corporate wide learning process, integration of diverse skills and streams of technologies, work organization, creation and delivery of value and capability of inter organizational cooperation. For strategic importance and long-term benefits, core competence should provide multi-venturing capability, access to a wide market spectrum, enrich customer valuing, and be difficult for competitors to copy.

It is challenging to build core competencies but it is up to the management to do so. The management should list the company's main capabilities and identify missing links. They should then either in source them or acquire them thru alliances (even if it has to be with competitors). Cooperation and competitors are compatible in the agile framework. Cooperation is of the utmost importance since it provides a platform that enables rapid response times. The advent of the internet allows for physically dispersed personnel to collaborate with ease via virtual corporations. These virtual corporations also help with the availability and velocity of competence carriers in alliances.

Virtual Enterprise
The virtual enterprise is different from the traditional corporate alliance. There are three levels of cooperation among enterprises lead to virtual partnership. The stages are as follows

 * 1) Stage one: Enterprises operate as isolated islands.
 * 2) Stage two: Corporate-level interactions with little operational-level liaison.
 * 3) Stage three: Agile organizations form virtual enterprises, cooperating at both corporate and operational levels. Agile teams work across company partners.

A virtual partnerships enables harnessing and coordination of resources and diverse skills for manufacturing products quickly and facilitates customer involvement in the web of firms. But there are challenges in achieving the 3rd stage. Some key business processes are still poorly understood and ill defined, despite the availability of technology. Furthermore there is a need for techniques to manage companies promoting workforce initiative and performance measures for self-directed, inter-enterprise project teams.

The method to operationalize virtual enterprise is different for each scale of company. Big corporations can reorganize business units and refocus on core competences to operate as a virtual enterprise. Small companies can collaborate to deliver quality, scope and scale collectively. SMEs can potentially exploit agile principles thru rapid partnership formation.

But this is easier said than done. There is still a lack of clarity on how to become agile, with insufficiently developed mindset, underdeveloped business practices, processes, methods and tools.

Capability for Reconfiguration
Agile enterprises need to be able shift focus, diversify and configure and re align their business to serve a particular purpose rapidly since windows of opportunities do not stay open for long. In order to do that they need to develop a strategic architecture that includes a corporate wide map of core skills. This will enable it to be swift by getting the market before competitors with new products and pro activity. For this operational reconfiguration is necessary to capitalize on the strategic architecture. Management must nurture operational flexibility at the plant level. But this should not be at the cost of excessive premium on technology. Managers should not consider new technology to provide a competitive advantages just because it is new.

Knowledge-driven Enterprise
Knowledge includes include experiences of people in the organization, company reports, case histories, databases and other repositories In order for organizations to become agile, organizations, they need to focus on building knowledge bases and cultivating a well trained and motivated workforce. Such an organization is driven by knowledge and information available and possessed by the workforce. This epitomizes the notion that `knowledge is power'. "The ability to control the new product introduction process from the conceptualization and design stages through manufacturing to shipment and product support requires the exploitation of a knowledge-rich work force and sophisticated information technology in most industrial sectors"

Relevance to lean manufacturing
This concept is closely related to lean manufacturing, in which the goal is to reduce waste as much as possible. In lean manufacturing, the company aims to cut all costs which are not directly related to the production of a product for the consumer. Agile manufacturing can include this concept, but it also adds an additional dimension, the idea that customer demands need to be met rapidly and effectively. In situations where companies integrate both approaches, they are sometimes said to be using "agile and lean manufacturing". Companies which utilize an agile manufacturing approach tend to have very strong networks with suppliers and related companies, along with numerous cooperative teams which work within the company to deliver products effectively. They can retool facilities quickly, negotiate new agreements with suppliers and other partners in response to changing market forces, and take other steps to meet customer demands. This means that the company can increase production on products with a high consumer demand, as well as redesign products to respond to issues which have emerged or will emerge in the open market.

Importance of Agile Manufacturing
Markets can change very quickly, especially in the global economy. A company which cannot adapt quickly to change may find itself left behind, and once a company starts to lose market share, it can fall rapidly. The goal of agile manufacturing is to keep a company ahead of the competition so that consumers think of that company first, which allows it to continue innovating and introducing new products, because it is financially stable and it has a strong customer support base.

Companies that want to switch to the use of agile manufacturing can take advantage of consultants who specialize in helping companies convert and improve existing systems. Consultants can offer advice and assistance which is tailored to the industry a company is involved in, and they usually focus on making companies competitive as quickly as possible with proved agile techniques. There are also a number of textbooks and manuals available with additional information on agile manufacturing techniques and approaches.

Hybrid Lean-Agile Strategy
Another approach was developed combining the attributes of agility together with leanness across one supply chain is the hybrid lean-agile strategy. This blended lean-agile strategy hybridizes attributes of leanness (cost minimization, waste reduction, continuous improvement), agility (speed, flexibility, responsiveness) and leagility (mass customization, postponement) in one supply network. It is more efficient than the either lean or agile manufacturing processes alone. The significance of the hybridized lean aspect is higher upstream the supply chain than the agility dimension in the same supplier node, compared to downstream the supply chain at the distributor node closer to the customers, which operates in a more agile manner.

title: Agile manufacturing


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User:Horgner

see my account in the german wiki Hogner

als:User:Horgner de:User:Horgner

title: User:Horgner


text: Talk:Shadow Zone (Static-X album)

title: Talk:Shadow Zone (Static-X album)


text: User talk:83.217.6.238

title: User talk:83.217.6.238


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Sabino Canyon

Sabino Canyon is a significant canyon located in the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Coronado National Forest north of Tucson, Arizona, United States. Sabino Canyon is a popular recreation area for residents and visitors of Southern Arizona, providing a place to walk, hike or ride. Minutes away from the desert are large waterfalls along Sabino Creek with minor bridges constructed over them. Wildlife in the canyon includes a range of animals. Some of which are deer, javelina, skunks, tortoises, rattlesnakes and mountain lions. Like most places in Arizona, there are also owls, and scorpion which are very common in Tucson hiking trails.

History and formation
The history of Sabino Canyon began with the formation of the Santa Catalina Mountains over 12 million years ago. Around 5 million B.C., the mountains ceased formation around the Tucson valley. Present-day varieties of plant life first appeared between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago, and some of the earliest human occupants of Sabino Canyon were the Native American Hohokam people.

The 1887 Sonora earthquake dislodged massive boulders lining the canyon walls, which came to rest in the valley below. In 1905 the newly created U.S. Forest Service began administering Sabino Canyon. During the Great Depression, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) built Sabino Dam and nine bridges over Sabino Creek in an attempt to build a road to the top of Mount Lemmon. The road travels about 4.5 miles into the canyon, but was not completed due to the steep terrain at the end of the canyon.

Shuttle
The first Shuttle in Sabino Canyon began operating in October, 1978. From that point forward, access by cars was restricted to allow visitors to reach Upper Sabino Canyon by foot, bicycle or Shuttle. Sabino Canyon Tours was founded in May 1985 and provides visitors the opportunity to experience the noted beauty of Sabino Canyon. The Shuttle was cancelled by the current US government in 2018 and reopened in March 2019, with closed-in electric shuttlebuses set to replace the former open scenic Shuttles. Summer/Fall 2019 is expected to see the return of new open scenic Shuttle all electrically run.

Flooding
On July 31, 2006, flooding from a thunderstorm washed out the bridge at Rattlesnake Creek (just beyond mile marker 1 and shuttle stop #1), restricting the tram to the road below this point. Many portions of the roadway above Rattlesnake Creek also received damage from the flooding, including silt and debris scattered onto it. Tram service was completely restored, with the tram being able to complete all nine stops.

Funding
Federal funding has increasingly not kept pace with the pressures that urbanization and over a million visitors a year have placed on Sabino Canyon. Friends of Sabino Canyon, an independent non-profit organization, was founded in 1993 to raise additional funds to preserve and enhance Sabino Canyon.

Friends of Sabino Canyon has provided nearly $500,000 for projects in Sabino Canyon, including trail rehabilitation in the aftermath of the Aspen Fire, a water well, educational exhibits in the visitor center, new entrance plaza facilities, research into bats, amphibians and reptiles, and the restoration of the original Lowell House Ranger Station and the historic depression-era bridges and other stonework.

Friends of Sabino Canyon holds an outdoor holiday concert, Music in the Canyon, every year to raise funds for its work, and its major donors are recognized on hand-painted tiles at the entrance to Sabino Canyon, reflecting a variety of southwestern themes.

title: Sabino Canyon


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User talk:TigerShark

Archives:
 * 2005 - 17th April
 * 2006 - 4th April - 22nd May - 11th June - 23rd June - 15th July
 * 2007 - 3rd February - 10th March - 31st August - 8th September - 7th November
 * 2008 - 14th February - 4th May - 10th October
 * 2009 -  16th May
 * 2011 -  15th December
 * 2015 -  12th May
 * 2021 -  19th April
 * 2023 -  28th May

****** Please place new discussions below this line ******
Scott Haze's birthday is incorrect. Please remove it from his page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.208.5.129 (talk) 22:49, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

help me
hey help for protect my user page from anonymous edits. thanks Jhonblvk (talk) 17:15, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:TigerShark


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Bugle Boy

Bugle Boy Industries, Inc. was a clothing company founded by Vincent Nesi and William Mow in 1977. It is best known for its namesake brand of denim jeans that were popular in the 1980s. The company declared bankruptcy in 2001. Mr. Nesi was in charge of all operations, production, and design.

History
This company was started by Vincent Nesi and he got funding from Bill Mow. The success is attributed to Mr Nesi and the demise is attributed to Bill. Long Live Bugle Boy.

Continue….William C. W. Mow (Traditional Chinese: 毛昭寰) was born in Hangzhou, China, and later moved with his family to the United States. He graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1959 and then earned an MSEE from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Purdue University in 1967. He worked for Litton Industries for two years before venturing out on his own. Mow founded Macrodata based on his invention of a method of testing large-scale integrated chips and the company went public in 1973. Around 1976, Mow sold his shares and left the company due to an investigation by the SEC. Although he was later cleared, he had to stay out of the electronics design industry for a few years due to a non-competition clause he had signed with Macrodata.

In 1977, Mow founded Bugle Boy Industries. During the 1980s, the company enjoyed continued growth. Sales approached $1 billion, making Bugle Boy one of the largest privately owned apparel companies in the United States, but the company fell into troubled times in 2001, declared bankruptcy, and was sold that year for $68.6 million. The Bugle Boy brand was purchased in 2001 by Schottenstein Stores Corp., owner of Retail Ventures and several retail chains.

Bugle Boy featured men's and boys' clothing, often with a denim theme. Elastic cuffs at the bottom of the jeans and cross-stitching patterns were also a major part of the Bugle Boy style, with brands such as Pilot and Cotler being its contemporaries. They also popularized parachute pants during the breakdancing fad of the early 80s, in a line called Countdown. Bugle Boy also produced men's and boys' tops, but was best known for its varieties of jeans and jean shorts.

In 2001, Bugle Boy closed all 215 of its U.S. outlet stores in an agreement with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court. All the operation centers in China, Taiwan, Singapore were also closed. Their store at Gurnee Mills remained open to sell off remaining inventory.

As of 2018, the Bugle Boy brand is no longer in use.

title: Bugle Boy


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Talk:Venstre (Denmark)

Requested move
I know that the name 'Liberal Party' is sometimes used to put Venstre in its international context, but actually the name 'Liberale Parti' is not mentioned once in Venstres webiste nor is it ever mentioned on the Danish version of the article. This article ought to be moved to 'Left (Denmark)'. Of course the origin and meaning of the name ought to be throughly explained. --Soman 16:42, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I suggest to move this party according to the naming conventions to 'Venstre (Denmark)', since in English this name is usually not translated into English. Please compare Det Radikale Venstre, where discussions led to the conclusions that the page should have the name in Danish. The literally translation is never used in any international context. Electionworld 07:11, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Do note that the party uses the Danish name Venstre on the English version of their website. The phrase 'Denmark's Liberal Party' is not given as a proper name, but just as a description following the Danish name.--Soman 17:14, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The last entry is not completely correct. The party is usually referred to as plain Venstre, but the official name was changed in the 1960s to Venstre, Danmarks Liberale Parti. This is the name used on the ballot paper, on the website of the Danish Parliament etc. Valentinian (talk) 00:01, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Support move to Left (Denmark)

 * 1) Support Soman 06:01, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Support move to Venstre (Denmark)

 * 1) Support, but strongly oppose the move to Left (Denmark) Electionworld 07:11, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support - SoM 17:02, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support - Peregrine981 02:52, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support - Changed my mind on this one. The party's own naming should be more relevant in this case. Peter Isotalo 14:46, May 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support - Agree with mr Isotalo. Jebur 16:36, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

 * 1) Support, according to Wikipedia policy to use the most common name in an English context, see my comment below. / Alarm 19:02, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support, agree with Alarm, see discussion. Peter Isotalo 12:18, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * I suggested at Liberal Party (Norway) to follow there the vote made here Venstre (Norway) Electionworld 07:11, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * According to well-established Wikipedia policy, articles should use the most common name in an English context. Although a Google test obviously has several problems, the margin I get trying what seems to be the best approach is rather convincing, IMO: "liberal party" denmark gets 55,400 English language hits while venstre denmark only gets 8,890. Also, note that the CIA World Factbook uses "Liberal Party" and nothing else. / Alarm 19:02, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't want to dump the responsibility of other editors' decisions in other issues on you guys, but there is definetly far too much quirky naming of articles going on with Scandinavian articles. Just have a look at the provinces of Sweden for some truly bizarre article naming. There is too much of a tendency to make straight translations of purely Danish/Norwegian/Swedish words, terms and names and expect them to work in English without any regard to actual usage. The most common terms as established by Googling and checking other reliable sources should be used, no question about it. The Left (Denmark) is especially poorly suited for an English language article and merely confusing for the purposes of a Wikipedia. Peter Isotalo 12:18, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, the google search quantity method is to some extent a tautology, since many of the articles containing "liberal party" denmark are either copies of the wikipedia or the CIA Factbook. Also, I think the issue of the Swedish provinces is an entirely different problem. "The Left" is a well-used English term. In either case the name needs to be explained to the reader, no matter were the article is shifted. --Soman 13:14, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * In a political context though, "The Left" or "Left Wing" is always used as a general term in English - "Labour is the party of the Left", "He's on the Left Wing" of his party, etc. - SoM 18:56, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm convinced. I vote for moving it to Venstre (Denmark). The offical name is more relevant in this case, but with a redirect from Liberal party (Denmark), of course. Peter Isotalo 14:46, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

Decision
This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. Venstre (Denmark) was the preferred choice. violet/riga (t) 18:05, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Biggest party?
Is it possible to substantiate the claim that Venstre is the biggest party in Denmark? I know it received the highest number of votes in the last elections, but is it larger than the Social Democrats in terms of membership? - Soman

It changes from time to time. Venstre is the largest some periods, Social Democrats some periods. Polkaface (talk) 22:58, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Historical basis for the name
Right now, the article says: "Venstre occupied the more leftist position in the then Danish parliament" in the paragraph about the historical basis for the party. Actually, at that time, elected representatives were only meant to represent themselves in the parliament (and not parties), and the party name was therefore not official for a long time. At the time, it was not allowed to speak of political parties, so when legislative suggestions were made, the politicians would say something along the lines of "I and some of my friends have made this suggestion", instead of referring to a political party. People sat next to the people they agreed with in the actual Folketing chamber, the people later involved in founding Venstre were seated in the left side of the chamber, them being more or less "left wing" was only a part of the debate much later --Jakob mark 14:17, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Ideology?
Since Venstre supports a welfare state quite like the one currently in place in Denmark (at least that's their official façade), I'd say they are more social liberalists. What do you think? Ghent 18:49, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Social liberalism is not the ideological basis for the current party. Both social liberalism and classical liberalism were mainstream views in "The United Venstre" formed in 1870, however classical liberalism dominated. The minority social liberal wing broke away in 1905 forming the Danish Social Liberal Party (Det Radikale Venstre). The classical liberalist majority stayed and changed the party name to the "Venstre Reform Party" and in 1910 plain "Venstre". Supporting a welfare state is not a "facade" it is the opinion held by every single party represented in the Danish Parliament, so by that token, they could all be labelled as "socialists" or "social liberals" (which makes very little sense). Regarding this issue, the main difference between the parties is merely how big such a system should be and how it should be structured. The definition should stay as it is. Valentinian (talk) 20:04, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * What does make them classical liberals then? It seems that Anders Fogh Rasmussen has followed the same ideological path of Guy Verhofstadt, for example. Intangible 17:45, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * They claim to be so, and they have cut back on the welfare state when they have been in power.Polkaface (talk) 23:00, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Classical liberalism
Freedom of speech and a distrust of government are not defining characteristics of classical liberalism. Intangible 18:29, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I admit, my edit was rather short. I'm no philosopher, but I can at least list a few important characteristics of Venstre's traditional ideology. 1) The core value is the individual and consequently a mistrust of the state. An often used catch-phrase is "Frihed under ansvar", i.e. Freedom with responsibility. The meaning is that civil and economic liberties should be very wide, but they should be paired with a strong sense of responsibility from all citizens, but voluntarily, not because of legislation. 2) State sovereignty is seen as derived from a sum of individuals, and the state/society is thus a human-made intervention. 3) Everybody should be entitled to enjoy the fruits of his own labour. Such rewards belong to the individual, not the state or community. 4) Other important values are free trade, deregulation, a curb on monopolies and a reduction of government intervention in the operations of private enterprises. A small ideological dilemma is the EU's agricultural subsidies. Venstre's ideology is clearly against them, and they are often critized by Venstre politicians - although almost all farmers vote Venstre - but as might be expected, a segment of the party is quite pleased with keeping the subsidies, but that is the view of the minority. Unfortunately, I am not able to provide you with a single good reference about Venstre's ideology, since party literature is close to non-existent in this respect. As I understand the purpose of the infobox, they describe the (traditional) ideological basis behind the individual parties. Otherwise, all but two political parties in Denmark could be labelled as centre-something (in an international context) but I don't think that would be a good idea. Hmm, I don't have a copy of the "History of Venstre", but I might be able to find a copy of "Kort og godt om Venstre" which is a 100-page leaflet given to party members. I might be able to find more information there (if only I could remember where I had my copy). I'll try to find better sources. Regards. Valentinian (talk) 19:14, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Liberalism is a very broad ideology and you need to be careful when trying to categorize someone as a social liberal or classical liberal. In short, a social liberal believes that the government can exist to secure individual freedom whereas a classical liberal believes this is a contradiction. But even that is a generalization and one can easily argue against such a categorization. However, the vast majority of modern liberalists including Venstre do believe that the role of the government is to ensure personal freedom and that this role can be achieved by the government if nothing else then by making sure it sticks to its core duties such as keeping law and order. I have yet to hear of a contemporary liberal prty that supports privatization of the police and army. Very few if any notable liberal parties today truly belives that the state should be completely abolished. The discussion also gets blured by the fact that most people seem to be misled when it comes to the orign of liberalism. In particular there seems to be a widespread confusion about the fundamental differences between conservatism (which is pro-state/elite) and classical liberalism (which is very much against anyone having any direct power over others). Liberalism is not about wanting an unequal society rather it is about the belief that one can only achieve the desired social status by having what is considered to be true personal freedom. The state is seen as an obstacle in that regard. From that point of view the ideology and policies of Venstre can easily be seen as those of a classical liberal party. MartinDK 18:30, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * No classical liberal would ever support the welfare state, as Venstre and other parties in Denmark do. Venstre pretty much looks like the Dutch VVD, which is also not classical liberal. Intangible 19:17, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know enough about the Dutch situation, but in Denmark all political parties support the welfare state. But if this is the only criterium applied it would pretty much classify all Danish parties as "social democrats" which would be off the mark (the ideological base of the Red-Green Alliance is Communism, so they *do* stick somewhat out from the rest.) When the Social Liberal wing fraction broke out of the United Venstre in 1905 and formed the Danish Social Liberal Party the two remaining wings of the old partywere primarily based by classical Liberal values. However, in the traditional Danish "four-party-state" system, political ideology played a secondary role, a function which has only decreased since then. To greatly simplify the picture: Workers in industry voted Social Democrat (a minor share voted Communist); industrialists/capitalists, military people and small-scale businessowners voted Conservative; well-to-do farmers voted Venstre, and intellectuals and farmers who owned too little land to live of this alone voted for the Social Liberals. At this point in time, Venstre's (and the average farmer's) views were that the government should mind its own business and stay out of ordinary peoples' lives. the hostility towards high taxes was only part of the picture. Just to quote a poster from the 50s or 60s: "We don't want the State as a nanny". (Vi vil ikke have staten til barnepige).

 * In my ears, these values sound pretty much like classical liberalism, but it is also a fact that the last time any Danish political party seriously tried to launch a crusade against welfare rights was during the Venstre administration of Madsen-Mygdal during the 1920s. To say that his staunchness seriously hurt the party would be an understatement. Even in the elections of 2001, the Social Democrats used Madsen-Mygdal as a "scarecrow" in their campaign against Venstre. I stood as a candidate for Venstre back then and I know from personal experience.

 * Regarding the infobox, I think it would be better if it used the phrase "ideological roots" rather than "ideology". Given that we live in a media age and political parties look more and more like each other both on a national and international level, I believe such a description would make classification a little easier. I don't think this is kind of classification is just a Danish (or Dutch) problem, it no doubt applies to the politics of many nations. Valentinian (talk) / (contribs) 20:32, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Classical liberalism does not imply that people cannot on a voluntary basis form a welfare state. Infact classical liberalism is bsed on the idea that people take care of each other on a voluntary basis. What sets classical liberalism apart form other ideologies is the undisputed respect for the individual and its possesions as well and most importantly the individuals right to express and unfold himself in any way he desires as long as this does not violate others right to do the same. Let's think about that for a moment.. if the Danish people consider themselves as a tribe (which they do) there is absolutey nothing that prohibits them from forming a welfare state as long as it does not imply that people are involuntarily deprived of their personal freedom. Also, classical liberalism means that you cannot be the judge of what others decide to do as long as it does not affect yourself.

 * It is a common and unfortunate misunderstanding that classical liberalism should imply that everyone can just do as they wish and not care about others. That has nothing to do with liberalism, it is an idea imposed upon liberalists by socialists and conservatives in certain countries around the world...

 * Also, it makes it very difficult to discuss this when you only reply with two lines. Could you guide me to some of your sources so I can get a better understanding of your point of view?MartinDK 07:24, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Ideology
Just to prevent an edit war, I'm starting a discussion about what should be in the "ideology" section. Valentinian and Karmus have been rv'ing eachother's edits about this. Personally, I agree with Valentinian. The ideology should be just liberalism. Neither centrism nor centre-right are really ideologies, just positions. In any case, we should try and agree on what to put in the article rather than starting an edit war. If anyone can cite an official Wikipedia policy for their opinion, that would be the best thing, I believe. User: (talk • contribs • count) 09:53, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The reason why I state Venstre as a center-oriented party, is because of their current politics and equalness with the Social Democrats as stated by numerous public medias of Denmark. And based on the fact that Anders Fogh (the leader) has expressed that 'liberalism is an outdated ideology' in one of the sources in the article. If liberalism is an 'outdated ideology' according to him, how come it is the only ideology in the fact-box? And if you look at the other parties, for instance Enhedslisten, you see that there are different ideologies listed in theirs. Furthermore, I can't see why it is disallowed to mark where the party stands on the political scale. The rubrique clearly says Official ideology/political position, which must mean that the position is not filled out. Can you see my point? As long as Valentinian is not an Wikipedia-admin, I pretend this as censoring buddies as he apparently cuts everything out he does not agree with. As you can see at his profile page, he is a member of Venstre himself and tries to put his own strong faith in his party politics on the agenda, killing opinions of those who look at Venstre with neutral eyes. Karmus (talk) 10:23, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I'll have to agree with you on the "political position" thing, of course; I hadn't really noticed that. However, we should still stick to the "official" thing. Their official ideology, regardless of what commentators have said or Rasmussen's claim about liberalism, is certainly still liberalism. Indeed, their official Danish name, when translated, is "Venstre - Denmark's Liberal Party". As for the official political position, I guess it can be included if you can find a source on their official political position. Until you can do so, I'll have to trust Valentinian's claim that their website mentions nothing about an official political position, as my brief investigation has led me to the same conclusion. User: (talk • contribs • count) 10:29, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree with the political position. It can be described in the text. The problem is that the position is specific to the Danish political scale and doesn't make sense outside Denmark. Besides it is an info-box, it should list the official data. If you have links to critics explaining that Venstre no longer follows their officially stated politics, please add it somewhere in the article. It is relevant, just not an official description. Carewolf (talk) 11:24, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Karmus, administrators have no authority over the content of articles, and personal attacks are not allowed on Wikipedia. I'm here as an editor, and I've personally *chosen* to state publicly that I am a member of this party, ok? In fact, I've also studied its roots, and I've over the course of 10 years spoken to hundreds of Venstre members about all sorts of policy issues, so I am entitled to draw my own conclusion about Venstre's position based on these observations. You have every right to disagree with my conclusions but not to attack me simply because I draw different conclusions than you. And at the end of the day, both of our personal analyses of Venstre's ideology are irrelevant. Both are the products of our two brains and can be disputed by others. What can be proven beyond reasonable doubt is that Venstre's official party programme passed in 2006 by the party convention, uses the word "Liberal" 14 times, and "Liberal" is included in the official party name. "Centre-right" is not used at all in the party programme. Fogh's one-time statement is interesting, but only the annual party convention has the authority to decide Venstre's long-term policy. Carewolf is right that "Centre-right" only makes sense in a Danish context. This is an international project, and we have readers from around the world but primarily from the United States. From the point of view of a person used to the political system in the United States, all Danish political parties are left-wing / Socialist, and I would also oppose if an American decided to go through all articles about Danish political parties changing the description of their relevant ideologies to "Socialist". In contrast, describing political parties using their official ideologies is a straightforward solution, since such descriptions can be easily documented, and I support this solution for the articles about all political parties. Valentinian T / C 01:07, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with Valentinian. centre-right is not useful as a description since that depends on where the center is currently located. Venstre does not describe themselves as a right-centrist party and neither should we. ·Maunus· · ƛ · 16:47, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Liberal conservatism?
In what meaning is liberal conservatism listed here? As Conservative on moral and social issues, or as more libertarian, promoting individual liberty with economic freedom? Thanks --Novis-M (talk) 01:24, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

The name of the party
if venstre is a centre-right party then why on earth is it called venstre?(left) --Infestor (talk) 14:41, 4 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Because the political landscape in the second half of the 19th century (when the party was founded) was vastly different than it is today. Like in Norway, Denmark was then dominated by two main parties, namely Venstre or "Left" (the liberals) and Højre or "Right" (the conservatives). With the emergence of the Social Democratic parties, liberalism and conservatism now became centre to centre-right in the European context, while socialism/social democracy became "the left". – Bellatores (t.) 16:57, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

 * thanks --Infestor (talk) 17:02, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Change the title of the party "Venstre (Denmark)" to "Liberal Party (Denmark)"Marxistfounder (talk) 04:06, 4 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Nope. Because that is not its name. And there are two other liberal parties, one called Liberal Alliance, and the Social Liberal party called Radical Left.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 09:13, 4 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't have objections to retitling the article Liberal Party (Denmark), but first we have to agree upon whether or not most English language sources title the party as Liberal Party rather than the Venstre (see WP:COMMONNAME). Personally, I have seen English language scholarly sources call it the Liberal Party, but they may not be the majority.--Autospark (talk) 15:57, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

 * In 2005 it was moved from Liberal Party (Denmark) to the current title Venstre (Denmark) at . A new move would require a new requested move process. PrimeHunter (talk) 16:19, 4 July 2015 (UTC)
 * i am harshly against any mistraslations (which is in my opinion for to common in nordic countries) Braganza (talk) 18:58, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

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New naming suggestion
I suggest renaming the Venstre party to The National Liberal party. This is because that they are a mildy nationalist and right leaning party, so it would make sense calling them National Liberals. Hifnakia (talk) 06:39, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * We don't give parties names based on what we think of them. ― Heb the best (talk) 07:20, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * You would have to send that suggestion to the party organization. ·maunus · snunɐɯ· 07:29, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * no we shouldnt Braganza (talk) 10:39, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

Liberal conservative
a clear "liberal" and "conservative" divide does not exist in the Nordic countries, generally the members of the conservative group are fairly socially liberal and Finnish KOK is even a merger of the two groups. Venstre is also a merger of agrarian and liberal groups with the radicals leaving in the early 20th century and forming B and has since become very similar to the Conservatives. German media almost exclusively calls them liberal conservative and the new right-wing Denmark Democrats is a split from Venstre which shows that they have some very right-wing socially conservative factions (they were involved in governments with support from national liberal Z and right-wing populist DF after all). Braganza (talk) 11:32, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Venstre is more aligned with liberal organizations than with conservative organizations internationally. 'Renew Europe' or 'Centre Group' are representative. And even though the VVD in the Netherlands is a conservative party by Dutch political standards, the infobox only states "conservative liberalism".
 * In modern politics, the standard left is socialism, and the standard right is conservatism. But even if the Republican Party is on the right and the Democratic Party is on the left in the context of American politics, we do not regard the Democratic Party as a socialist party. Likewise, I don't think there's a need to refer to Venstre as a "conservative party", even if he's right (conservative) by Danish standards. Venstre is progressive in many respects, including cultural issues, than in other countries' mainstream conservative parties. Mureungdowon (talk) 11:41, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Braganza (talk) 12:40, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I'd keep the infobox how it currently is. Vacant0 (talk) 12:52, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

By European standards, Venstre's main ideology is conservative liberalism. Of course, there is some overlap between conservative liberalism and liberal conservatism, but Venstre is part of the liberal movement and sits at its right-wing end. "Agrarianism" is mostly a reference to the party's past and no longer a current feature of the party, even though it is still broadly part of the Nordic Agrarian tradition. This said, I would also keep the infobox as it is: liberal conservatism and agrarianism. I am also glad that "pro-Europeanism" is not mentioned—Euroscepticism and pro-Europeanism are policies, not ideologies, and should never be mentioned in infoboxes. --Checco (talk) 16:54, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree with both Vacant0 and Checco; keep the Infobox as it is.--Autospark (talk) 17:15, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:26, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
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Talk:Graviscalar

Is the Radion or Graviscalar the same as the Dilaton? If so, should the articles be merged?

Should not the graviscalar act as though it had spin 0 instead of 1? Rmrfstar 16:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

a scalar field is today known as the HIGGS field from Peter Higgs in 1964. is that true

>>No, it seems they cannot be the same scalarfields, though both indeed are scalars.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.75.219.103 (talk) 22:41, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Converted the word 'graviphoton' into a hyperlink pointing to it's article page.--Netsight (talk) 11:41, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Mass
Does the Graviscalar have a mass? Pyotrveep (talk) 21:11, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graviscalar


text:
Talk:Group of Six

Fixed the merge tag. Should work now. :D --Kross 16:44, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Group of Six


text:
Talk:Seth (disambiguation)

Seth Ilys
Did the Wikipedian named Seth Ilys get his name from any of these?? Georgia guy 16:45, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Seth Green
I can't believe that this didn't have a link to Seth Green! Anyway, fixed now. User Calibanu 14:02, 29 May 2006

Seth MacFarlane
This link should be here so I added it. smithjacob 17:42, 8 September 2006

Seth the Cartoonist?
Why isn't his Wikipedia page referenced here? Some confusion with his non-pen name? Shanen (talk) 09:58, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seth (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Chinese Cuisine

Untitled
Given the inclusion of Taiwanese cuisine and Chinese American cuisine, it is only appropriate to call this article "Chinese Cuisine" and not "Cuisine of China" since America is not a part of China and many people in Taiwan would consider themselves Chinese but not a part of China.--Amerinese 16:46, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Please see how to move a page and requested moves. c/p moves are illegal and the 'c' in cuisine shouldnt be capitalized --Jiang 02:34, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Sfung98.

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title: Talk:Chinese Cuisine


text:
Talk:Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue

I assume "delta-v" means change in velocity. In which case, shouldn't the units be ms^-2 (ie metres per second per second)?

No, it's not a change in velocity per unit time. It's the change in velocity which results, in the absence of outside forces, from the expenditure of some propellant. In this case, the Δv is that due to expending all of the propellant available in the SAFER pack. (Perhaps the best units would be "m s^-1 recharge^-1." :)

SAFER is also used on the ORLAN suit
I believe there's a good image of it in the book U.S. Space Gear. Having trouble finding many online sources for it but here's two. &  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Craigboy (talk • contribs) 04:54, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Here's another source confirming the existence of SAFER for orlan suits --Craigboy (talk) 21:26, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Started looking at some Russian EVA photos and they don't seem to be using it(instead they use the hooks), not sure what the deal is. --Craigboy (talk) 04:49, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

All the expeditions' EVAs from 1998-2010 used tethers. Didn't see SAFER being used Gallery Index --Craigboy (talk) 06:26, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

I've come to the conclusion that SAFER was intended to be used on the Orlan but for some reason it's not. --Craigboy (talk) 04:07, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

Confirmation that Orlan doesn't use SAFER - At about 1:50.--Craigboy (talk) 10:02, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Found some info in the book US Spacesuits (page.321), in 1995 NASA and RSA agreed the ISS safety requirements necessitated a Russian version of SAFER to be developed. Concepts were drawn up on how SAFER would fit on the Orlan-DMA suit. Several different iterations of mock-ups were made in the US. In 2002, Zvezda completed the development of a Russian SAFER system to be used on a Orlan-M suit. It [was] expected to go into use in 2006. But that's where information stops and since the book was published in 2006, it doesn't offer any explanation on why this didn't happen. --Craigboy (talk) 11:09, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

I found two images, to give you an idea of what it looked like and for one one it looks completely different from the American SAFER. and --Craigboy (talk) 11:25, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Found more info but apparently it's refereed to as the USK. --Craigboy (talk) 12:31, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Essential it was scrapped due to lack of funds. http://www.militarynews.ru/excl.asp?ex=44 --Craigboy (talk) 02:06, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

Images
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Durham Coast Line

The Durham Coast Line is an approximately 39.5 mi railway line running between Newcastle and Middlesbrough in North East England. Heavy rail passenger services, predominantly operated Northern Trains, and some freight services operate over the whole length of the line; it provides an important diversionary route at times when the East Coast Main Line is closed. Light rail services of the Tyne and Wear Metro's Green Line also operate over the same tracks between a junction just south of Sunderland station and Pelaw Junction (just east of Pelaw Metro station).

The line developed from several small competing independent railway companies during the first half of the 19th century which ultimately came under the control of the North Eastern Railway. It was under their direction that these lines were gradually linked together to eventually create the Durham Coast Line in 1905.

Origins
The current route of the Durham Coast Line has its origins in some of the earliest locomotive-operated railways in North East England. The oldest section of the line in use today is that between North Shore Junction and Norton South Junction, constructed by the Clarence Railway. As with many of the early railways, this line was constructed primarily for the transportation of coal from western and central areas of the Durham Coalfield to the River Tees at North Shore (in Stockton), and Port Clarence. Despite major financial difficulties, this line was opened to mineral traffic in 1833, but did not carry passengers until July 1835, when a service was introduced between Coxhoe and Stockton (Clarence).

The opening of the Clarence was closely followed by the Hartlepool Dock & Railway, a similar concern, intended to link the collieries surrounding the City of Durham, to the coast at Hartlepool (rather than the River Tees). The HD&R was first authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained on 1 June 1832 to construct a 14-mile railway from Moorsley (near Houghton-le-Spring) to Hartlepool with several short branches to serve collieries surrounding the line. The company obtained a further Act of 16 June 1834 which permitted construction of an additional branch to Gilesgate in the City of Durham. However competition from other railways meant that the H&DR main line only reached as far as Haswell and most of its branches were either cut short or left unbuilt; the curtailed line opened for mineral traffic on 23 November 1835 and passengers four years later.

The Durham & Sunderland Railway opened to both passenger and mineral traffic between Sunderland Town Moor, and collieries at Hetton-le-Hole and Haswell in 1836, competing directly with the HD&R for coal traffic from the latter. However, it was the D&SR which constructed the first significant north–south section of the Durham Coast Line, that between Ryhope Grange Junction and Ryhope. In conjunction with the HD&R, the D&SR thus enabled passengers to travel between Sunderland and Hartlepool for the first time by rail, although passengers had to change stations at Haswell at the time.

Tyne to Tees rail passenger travel then quickly became possible (with three changes of station) following the opening of Brandling Junction Railway between Oakwellgate (Gateshead) and Wearmouth (Monkwearmouth) on 5 September 1839 and the Stockton & Hartlepool Railway between the Clarence at Billingham-on-Tees, and a new terminus near West Hartlepool docks on 10 February 1841. The opening of the High Level Bridge over the River Tyne on 27 September 1849 subsequently extended this route through to Newcastle.

On its opening on 15 May 1852, the Leeds Northern Railway linked directly to the Clarence and, in doing so, provided the route with a link to the south. One year after the LNR reached Stockton, the newly created West Hartlepool Harbour & Railway (now owners of the Clarence lines) began to share the LNR station at North Stockton.

The last of the independent railways that became part of the modern DCL was the Londonderry, Seaham & Sunderland Railway of 1854, constructed, primarily, to enable coal traffic from the extensive Londonderry Railway colliery railway network to be diverted from Seaham Harbour (which had become unable to handle the large volumes of coal passing through it) to the recently constructed South Dock at Sunderland and thus followed route which parallel the D&SR north of Ryhope. Like the rest of the railways discussed here, the LS&SR later introduced a passenger service on 2 July 1855 between Seaham and Hendon Burn.

Amalgamations and the creation of a through route
The Clarence had struggled financially, almost continuously since its construction began, and so the more successful Stockton & Hartlepool Railway took out a 21-year lease on it in 1844 which became permanent in 1851. The two companies were then formally amalgamated together and with the West Hartlepool Harbour & Dock Company on 17 May 1853, to form the West Hartlepool Harbour & Railway.

Meanwhile, as part of its expansion, Newcastle & Darlington Junction Railway had taken over the BJR on 1 September 1844, and then purchased the D&SR in 1846. Following its amalgamation with the Great North of England Railway, the Newcastle & Darlington Junction Railway became the York & Newcastle Railway, and took out a lease on the HD&R before both became part of the York, Newcastle & Berwick Railway under an Act of 22 July 1848. Finally, in 1854, the YN&BR, LNR, and York & North Midland Railway were amalgamated to form the North Eastern Railway which eventually absorbed the WHH&R in 1865. Thus, from 1865, one company was in control of the whole through route between Middlesbrough, Hartlepool, Sunderland and Newcastle, although the lines remained largely unconnected.

Thus a series of improvements were initiated by the NER to better integrate is fragmented network. For the DCL, one of the first of these saw the construction of a new curve to link the ex-LNR Stockton branch to the former network of Stockton & Darlington Railway (absorbed by the NER in 1863), which linking Middlesbrough to lines towards Stockton and Hartlepool. Combined with the 1873 realignment of the south to east curve at Norton Junction, which eased the severity of its curvature, this massively improved the connections between Hartlepool and the rest of the Teesside region.

The rope-worked 1 in 34 incline at Hesleden Bank was realigned in 1874 to reduce the gradient to that of 1 in 52 and thus enable locomotive working over the entire Hartlepool-Sunderland route.

In 1877, the NER constructed a new chord between the ex-HD&R and ex-D&SR lines at Haswell and replaced the previously separate terminus stations with a new through station. In the same year, at Hartlepool, they also constructed a direct link between the ex-HD&R and former Stockton & Hartlepool Railway lines which skirts around the western edge of the docks and replaced a more circuitous link through them. Both the ex-Stockton & Hartlepool Railway and ex-HD&R termini were replaced by new stations at West Hartlepool (in 1880) and Hartlepool (in 1878), respectively.

However, of these links constructed by the NER, arguably the most significant was the Monkwearmouth Junction Line of 1879 which linked the ex-D&SR lines at Ryhope Grange Junction to the ex-BJR lines at Monkwearmouth. This involved the construction of the Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge over the River Wear, a new station at Sunderland Central, and tunnels on either side of the station. Following the opening of Sunderland Central station, NER and LS&SR services were diverted away from the earlier termini and focussed in one location for the first time.

Following the completion of the improvements of the 1870s, the Durham Coast Line could be operated as a through route but, having not been constructed for such a purpose, doing so it remained challenging. One major issue was that any services running between Hartlepool and Sunderland still had to ascend or descend both the 1:44 incline at Seaton Bank, and the aforementioned incline at Hesleden Bank. To alleviate this, the NER developed plans to construct a new, more direct, line along the coast. Construction of this new line between Seaham Colliery on the LS&SR, and Hart Junction on the ex-HD&R route was sanctioned in 1894–95. However its construction was contingent on the NER purchasing the Londonderry Railway's Seaham to Sunderland route and this was not agreed until 1900 when the NER agreed to pay £387,000 for it. This new coastal line had to cross the denes at Hawthorn, Castle Eden and Crimdon, each requiring a substantial viaduct; one of the most imposing of these, Horden Viaduct (spanning Castle Eden Dene), is 141 ft from ground to rail level, and consists of 10 arches, each with a span of 60 ft. The construction of these viaducts required the opening of a special brickfield and, in the case of Horden Viaduct, the creation of a temporary 800 ft cableway spanning valley.

The line opened on 1 April 1905, with new stations constructed at Blackhall Rocks, Horden and Easington, to serve the new villages that had been created to house workers from the new coastal collieries which came into existence thanks to the provision of the railway.

The NER became part of the London and North Eastern Railway, as part of the 1923 grouping. Despite them having already begun to experience a decline in traffic due to competition from road transport, the LNER did provide some improvements to the line. One notable improvement implemented by the LNER was the electrification of today's DCL between Newcastle and Pelaw Junction, using the 600 V DC third rail system, as part of an extension of the Tyneside Electrics system to South Shields, inaugurated on 14 March 1938. The other notable improvement during this period was the opening of additional stations at Blackhall Colliery on the NER-built Seaham to Hart line in 1936, and at Seaburn on the former Brandling Junction Railway in 1937.

Decline
On 1 January 1948, the London & North Eastern Railway became part of the nationalised British Railways, and, along with other lines in the North East, the Durham Coast Line originally became part of its North Eastern Region. The North Eastern Region would, itself, later be merged into the BR's Eastern Region on 2 January 1967.

By the 1950s, passenger and goods traffic across the country was in decline due to completion from road transport, and as a consequence, most of the earlier east–west lines from which the DCL had developed began to lose passenger services. These closures included the inland West Hartlepool to Sunderland route through Haswell (the main line between the two towns until 1905), which lost its passenger service on 9 June 1952.

However the DCL itself was not seriously affected by the closures, until it began to lose stations from 1960 onwards. Even the Beeching Report only recommended the closure of the remaining three intermediate stations between West Hartlepool and Seaham. This occurred on 4 May 1964, when stopping passenger services along this section of the line were withdrawn. Elsewhere, the Newcastle—Pelaw—South Shields route was de-electrified in January 1963 and, later, stopping passenger services on this route, and the wider DCL north of Sunderland, were downgraded to Paytrain services, resulting in most intermediate stations becoming unmanned from 5 October 1969.

Despite this apparent degradation of passenger services, British Rail did implement some improvements during this period, including the replacement of the original station at Billingham with a newer one, closer to the modern town centre on 7 November 1966.

Freight traffic on the line continued to thrive, whilst the collieries along the line (and a few short sections of the older east–west lines which had been retained as branches for mineral traffic) were still in operation. Owing to the relatively recent development of the coastal collieries, many of them survived until the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Nonetheless, the decline of the British coal industry meant that this traffic, too, was steadily lost, commencing with the cessation of mining operations at Blackhall Colliery, on 16 April 1981 and culminating with that at Wearmouth Colliery, on 24 November 1993.

In the early 1980s Greatham station saw its services reduced before full closure on 24 November 1991.

Recent history
The former British Rail stations on the Durham Coast Line at Felling and Pelaw were closed on 5 November 1979, in order to enable their conversion for use by the Tyne and Wear Metro. They were replaced by a new station at Heworth, opened on the same day. To give Metro trains dedicated infrastructure British Rail passenger trains services were subsequently diverted onto the previously freight-only relief lines which paralleled the passenger lines between Gateshead and Pelaw Junction. The Metro line between Haymarket and Heworth opened in November 1981, and as a result, the British Rail station at Gateshead was closed just one week later.

In 1996, HM Rail Inspectorate approved plans to extend the Metro between Pelaw, Sunderland and South Hylton, along tracks shared with heavy rail DCL services, subject to funding being raised. A grant of £15 million was awarded by the European Regional Development Fund, but this was subject to the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive (Nexus) being able to obtain £35 million of central government funding. Such funding was awarded in 1999 and, along with £8 million provided by Nexus and a further £40 million invested by Railtrack, enabled construction work to commence in June 2000. As part of this project, three new purpose-built Metro stations were constructed along the Durham Coast Line at Fellgate, Stadium of Light and St Peter's, the latter of which was constructed close to the site of the long-closed Monkwearmouth station. Existing rail stations at Brockley Whins, East Boldon and Seaburn were converted for Metro services.

The project also involved the electrification of the Durham Coast Line between Pelaw Junction and Sunderland South Junction, and an upgrade to signalling on that section of the line. The non-standard electrification system used by the Metro makes this section of the DCL the only Network Rail line to still use the 1,500V DC overhead line system.

Metro services were extended to South Hylton from 31 March 2002 before the extension was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 7 May, as part of her Golden Jubilee celebrations.

Under the supervision of Phase 1 the Tees Valley Rail Strategy, the DCL saw service provision become hourly between Newcastle and Hartlepool from 2000. The ultimate goal of a half-hourly service and new stations (Phase 2) was put on hold when the Strategic Rail Authority came into being and funding disappeared.

After many years of development work undertaken by Durham County Council, £10.5 million of funding was agreed in July 2017 to open a new station at Horden, approximately 200 yd north of the site earlier (1905–1964) station. This included £4.4 million from the second round of the Department for Transport's New Stations Fund and additional contributions from Durham County Council and the North East Combined Authority. After some delay, the new Horden station opened on 29 June 2020.

Passenger services
As of the December 2019 change, Northern Trains run an hourly service along the Durham Coast Line between Newcastle and Middlesbrough. Most trains run through from Hexham (with some from Carlisle), and continue through to Nunthorpe (some run as far as Whitby).

Predominantly, rolling stock on the Durham Coast Line consists of Northern Trains' Class 156 and Class 158 diesel multiple units. These fleets were both introduced in the late 1980s but are currently being fitted with free Wi-Fi, power sockets, on-board passenger information displays, and an interior refresh as part of Northern's ongoing refurbishment programme. Prior to their withdrawal in late 2019, Northern Class 142 Pacer DMUs had also operated on this route.

Between Pelaw Junction and Sunderland, the line is shared with the Tyne and Wear Metro, with Class 599 Metrocars providing up to five local trains per hour, on the South Hylton to Airport Green Line.

Other rolling stock includes Grand Central's Class 180 diesel multiple units, which provide five daily services between Sunderland and London King's Cross, and LNER's Class 800 Azuma used on the once-daily service to and from Sunderland and London King's Cross, previously introduced by Virgin Trains East Coast in December 2015.

Until 2004, First TransPennine Express operated services along the northern section of the Durham Coast Line, using Class 158 diesel multiple units, as part of their service from Sunderland to Liverpool Lime Street.

Freight Services
Despite the decline in the heavy industry in the North East of England, the Durham Coast Line still retains a regular freight service over the line. Steel coil is railed into the Tata Steel plant at Hartlepool, and pipes are then taken out to Leith, and the Far North of Scotland for the North Sea gas and oil industry. Spent nuclear rods are also railed out for re-processing at Sellafield from Hartlepool Nuclear Power Station. Cement is delivered to Seaham Docks, and scrap metal is forwarded from Stockton on Tees to Celsa EAF works in Cardiff. Tyne Dock has a trailing connection to the Durham Coast Line in both directions, near to the Metro station at Brockley Whins.

The docks at Sunderland were recently reconnected by Network Rail, in the anticipation of a return to rail traffic. A fortnightly service has operated since March 2021 transporting scrap metal to Cardiff Tidal Complex.

Despite the wide range of large industrial complexes at Seal Sands, very few of these organisations use rail as a method of transport.

title: Durham Coast Line


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Supercow (dairy)

Supercow (also super cow or super-cow) is a term used in the dairy industry to denote lines or individual animals that have superior milk production: that is, which produce more milk per day, or in some cases produce more fat per gallon of milk.

Until recently, super-cows have been developed through selective breeding – either traditional breeding or, since the 1960s, artificial insemination. Now the term tends to be applied to cows that have been genetically altered or whose genome has been studied in order to improve breeding. By 2023, according to a news report "[i]n many countries, including the United States, farmers breed clones with conventional animals to add desirable traits, such as high milk production or disease resistance, into the gene pool". In that year, Chinese scientists reported the cloning of three so called "super-cows" with a milk productivity "nearly 1.7 times the amount of milk an average cow in the United States produced in 2021" and a plan for 1,000 such super-cows in the near-term.

title: Supercow (dairy)


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User talk:Dbender

Hi, Dbender. Welcome to Wikipedia. I saw that you made a page that had content something like "See Scenar". In Wikipedia, we have something to automatically redirect pages, and it's usually prefered over that. The syntax is " ". I made the change for you. LDan 16:49, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

SCENAR
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on SCENAR, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because SCENAR fits the criteria for speedy deletion for the following reason: Undocumented quackery and reads like a sales brochures To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting SCENAR, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate SCENAR itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 22:16, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbender


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Butser Ancient Farm

Butser Ancient Farm is an archaeological open-air museum and experimental archaeology site located near Petersfield in Hampshire, southern England. Butser features experimental reconstructions of prehistoric, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon buildings. Examples of Neolithic dwellings, Iron Age roundhouses, a Romano-British villa and an early Saxon house are on display. The site is used as both a tourist attraction and a site for the undertaking of experimental archaeology. In this latter capacity, it was designed so that archaeologists could learn more about the agricultural and domestic economy in Britain during the millennium that lasted from circa 400 BCE to 400 CE, in what was the Late British Iron Age and Romano-British periods.

Founded in 1970 by the Council for British Archaeology, in 1972 they recruited experimental archaeologist Peter J. Reynolds to run the site as project director. It was initially located on the site of a Bronze and Iron Age farmstead on Butser Hill, but in 1989 relocated to Hillscombe Down, and in 1991 to Bascombe Copse on the slopes of Windmill Hill.

The farm is open to the public and runs various events throughout the year. Archaeologist Mick Aston commented that "Virtually all the reconstruction drawings of Iron Age settlements now to be seen in books are based" on the work at Butser Farm, and that it "revolutionised the way in which the pre-Roman Iron Age economy was perceived".

History
Butser Ancient Farm was founded in 1970 by the Council for British Archaeology: the driving force behind its foundation was the RCHME archaeologist Collin Bowen. In 1972, they recruited experimental archaeologist Peter J. Reynolds (1939–2001) as director. The farm was named after its original site at Little Butser, a northerly spur of Butser Hill, a few kilometres from Petersfield in Hampshire. In the original Bronze and Iron Ages, a farmstead had been found on Little Butser, whose occupants had farmed the valley to the north and east.

In 1976 a second site, known as the Ancient Farm Demonstration Area (AFDA), was opened at Hillscombe Down on the southern slopes of Butser Hill, about a kilometre away from the main Farm. This was primarily designed to be a public site which could act as an educational resource for schoolchildren, and it was intended that this would take away the visitor pressure from the original site, where the large numbers of visitors (at times over a thousand people turned up to open days) were getting in the way of the experimental archaeology. The first Butser Farm site at Little Butser was subsequently closed down in 1989.

In 1991 the project moved to Bascomb Copse on the slopes of Windmill Hill, Hampshire between Chalton and Clanfield, about 5 km from the original site.

Buildings at the farm include simulated pre-Roman roundhouses and a simulated Roman villa. The 'Longbridge Deverell House' was the first full-sized roundhouse to be built at the latest site, and at the time one of the largest in Europe.

After Peter's death in 2001, the site was run by his partner, Christine Shaw, for a number of years. Under her guidance, one of Peter's projects, a Roman building, was completed, resulting in the first full scale construction simulation of the wing of a Romano-British villa from Sparsholt, near Winchester. It was financed with the support of the Discovery Channel, and was filmed for a ten-part series for television.

In 2006/7, a management team was assembled, and with Christine's guidance, took over the running of the Butser Project. The management team consists of Simon Jay and Maureen Page, running the farm under the business "Butser Education CIC".

It was also in 2006 that the 'Longbridge Deverell House' started to collapse, and prompted a programme of redevelopment of the constructions across the farm. A major re-assessment of the techniques of building was undertaken. It was decided to use the opportunity to examine the accumulated information of a further 20 years of excavation evidence.

Following the dismantling of the 'Longbridge Deverell House', the replacement is based on the excavations of the roundhouse at Little Woodbury in Wiltshire. Under the leadership of David Freeman, construction started in February 2007 and finished in December, having gone through one of the wettest summers on record. A visitor centre was added in 2013.

Stone Age houses
The Stone Age area features two structures based on excavations from Durrington Walls near Stonehenge; Durrington 851 and its ancillary building. These are both wattle and daub constructions thatched with wheat straw. Durrington 851 features simple Neolithic furnishings matching the impressions of furniture found during the archaeological excavations at Durrington. In 2019 the construction of the early Neolithic Horton House began, as a replacement to the previous Llandygai house. This house is based on excavations from Kingsmead Quarry, Horton, Berkshire and the house has been built in collaboration with the original excavation team; Wessex Archaeology. As this building showed minimal evidence for internal posts it has been constructed so that the roof rafters are ground fast, in order to provide additional strength to the large structure. Scots Pine, widely available in the Neolithic landscape, has been utilized in the main framework. Ash and Hazel make up the mainstay of the roof timbers over which reed thatch has been laid. Noticeable features of the building are the gable ends, with one representing a typical wattle and daub feature, and the other being made with split oak planks.

Bronze Age house
In 2021 the construction of Butser Ancient Farm's first Bronze Age house began, based on excavations from Dunch Hill on Salisbury Plain. This project is working in collaboration with Operation Nightingale, an initiative to assist the recovery of wounded, injured and sick military personnel and veterans by getting them involved in archaeological investigations. The Operation Nightingale team excavated the structure in 2020 and were then involved in its experimental reconstruction at Butser. The house was completed in October 2021.

Iron Age roundhouses
Situated within the Iron Age enclosure are six Iron Age roundhouse constructions.

The largest of these is the Little Woodbury roundhouse with a diameter of 14.5 metres and a 2 ring posthole construction. Estimated material quantities to build this house include 12 t of oak for the frame and posts, 4 t of Ash and Elder for the rafters, 7 t of thatch, 1.5 t of hazel for the wattle walls and 20 t of daub.

Two houses are based on excavations from Danebury Iron Age Hillfort near Andover. These include CS14, a stake built construction with willow woven between the hazel wall stakes. The second Danebury house is CS1, constructed with oak plank walls in line with the evidence of a slot trench discovered in the excavations. This house is furnished with Iron Age style furnishings.

The Moel Y Gerddi Roundhouse is based on excavations from Harlech in North Wales and is constructed in a two ring style similar to the Little Woodbury Roundhouse. Unusually this house also features a back door. In 2009 the internal posts were shown to be rotten and a successful experiment was conducted in order to replace the posts in situ.

Two houses are based on excavations from Glastonbury Lake Village and constructed to be as lightweight as possible reflecting the building constraints imposed by the marshy ground conditions of the landscape around Glastonbury. House M59 and M74 both feature very thin willow woven walls and reed thatch roofs.

The Iron Age enclosure also features grain pits dug into the chalk earth, an Iron Age toilet construction, a 9 post structure and bread ovens.

Roman Villa
There is also a reconstructed Roman villa at the site. The construction is based on the western wing of Sparsholt Roman Villa which was excavated between 1965 and 1972. The building includes a functioning hypocaust system.

In 2017-18 the Villa was renovated including re-painting the walls based on excavated plaster remains showing original colours and patterns, and installing a replica mosaic floor in the central room. This took over 120,000 tesserae and 1000 hours. The villa has also been furnished with items representative of Roman furniture.

Saxon houses
There are two houses based on excavations from nearby Chalton Saxon Village. Chalton A2 was constructed in 2017 and the house is primarily made of English oak, sweet chestnut and hazel, all sourced from local coppiced woodlands. The roof is panelled wattle hurdles into which the wheat straw thatch was laid using hazel spars to hold it in place. The timber beams were hand hewn and the posts earth fastened into the ground. No nails or screws were used apart from in the Har-hung doors, and the beams are fixed using dovetail joints secured with trunnels.

Chalton A1 is being constructed with alternate walls featuring hit-and-miss boarding and a gable end roof. There is also a small Saxon tree-wrights’ workshop built using Saxon timber jointing techniques which demonstrates a shingle roofing technique.

Experimental archaeology

Peter Reynolds of Butser Ancient Farm was instrumental in the creation and development of experimental archaeology as a discipline, and experimental work has been carried out at Butser Ancient Farm since the site’s inception in 1972. Until his death in 2001, the research work of the farm focused specifically on agriculture, domestic and agrarian life.

In more recent years, the study of buildings has become a key component of the farm’s research. Each building on display to the public today represents the conclusion of an experiment, conducted in response to theoretical hypotheses about archaeological features found in excavation, about construction methods and techniques, or a combination of these.

Other considerations in experimental work on buildings can include variables such as the shape and pitch of roofing, thatching materials and techniques and the use of construction materials including wattle and daub, planking, turf and clunch.

While the first buildings to be experimentally constructed at the farm were based on evidence from the Late Iron Age, the research remit of the farm has expanded to include structures from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age (currently under construction), the Iron Age, the Roman and early medieval periods.

Film and television
The 1986 Doctor Who serial "The Mysterious Planet" was filmed at the farm. An episode of the 2005 BBC Television documentary series What the Ancients Did for Us examining the ideas and inventions of the Ancient Britons was filmed here.

Butser has also been featured in many other archaeological and historical documentaries including Mystic Britain, Digging for Britain and Britain’s Pompeii - A Village Lost in Time with Alice Roberts.

The Farm has also been used as a location in several feature films and television series including Horrible Histories: The Movie - Rotten Romans, Britannia, Arthur and Merlin, The Four Warriors and Gladiatress.

In 2021 Butser Ancient Farm launched a platform of documentaries about their experimental archaeology projects called Butser Plus.

title: Butser Ancient Farm


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Chester (placename element)

The English place-name Chester, and the suffixes -chester, -caster and -cester (old -ceaster), are commonly indications that the place is the site of a Roman castrum, meaning a military camp or fort (cf. Welsh caer), but it can also apply to the site of a pre-historic fort. Names ending in -cester are nearly always reduced to -ster when spoken, the exception being "Cirencester", which (commonly nowadays) is pronounced in full. However, names ending in -ster are not necessarily related, as the Irish province of Leinster, which comes from the tribe Laigin + Irish tír or Old Norse staðr, both meaning "land" or "territory". The pronunciation of names ending in -chester or -caster is regular.

A

 * Acaster Malbis
 * Acaster Selby
 * Alcester
 * Alchester
 * Ancaster

B

 * Bicester
 * Binchester
 * Brancaster

C

 * Caister-on-Sea
 * Caistor
 * Caistor St Edmund
 * Casterton, Cumbria
 * Casterton, Great, Rutland
 * Casterton, Little, Rutland
 * Castor, Cambridgeshire
 * Chester
 * Cheshire, Chester-shire
 * Chester, Little, Derby
 * Chesterfield
 * Chesterford, Great
 * Chesterford, Little
 * Chester-le-Street
 * Chesterton (disambiguation)
 * Chesterwood
 * Chichester
 * Cirencester
 * Colchester

D

 * Doncaster
 * Dorchester
 * Dorset, Dor-chester-seat
 * Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire

E

 * Ebchester
 * Exeter

F

 * Frocester

G

 * Gloucester
 * Godmanchester
 * Grantchester

H

 * Hincaster

I

 * Ilchester
 * Irchester

K

 * Kenchester

L

 * Lancaster
 * Lancashire, Lune-caster-shire
 * Lanchester
 * Leicester

M

 * Mancetter
 * Manchester
 * Muncaster

P

 * Portchester

R

 * Ribchester
 * Rocester
 * Rochester, Kent
 * Rochester, Northumberland

S

 * Silchester

T

 * Tadcaster
 * Towcester

U

 * Uttoxeter

W

 * Winchester
 * Woodchester
 * Worcester
 * Wroxeter

title: Chester (placename element)


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Rattigan

Rattigan is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

 * Alf Rattigan (1911–2000), Australian public servant
 * Benedict Rattigan (born 1965), English writer and filmmaker
 * Billie Rattigan (1932–2019), Irish footballer
 * Colin Rattigan (born 1961), British athlete
 * Cyril Rattigan (1884–1916), English cricketer and British Army officer
 * Errol Rattigan (born 1956), Jamaican cricketer
 * Henry Adolphus Rattigan (1864–1920), British judge
 * Joseph A. Rattigan (1920–2007), American politician
 * Leon Rattigan (born 1987), British wrestler
 * Nick Rattigan (born 1992), American musician
 * Terence Rattigan (1911–1977), British playwright and screenwriter
 * Thomas Rattigan (born 1937), American businessman
 * William Henry Rattigan (1842–1904), British politician
 * Yana Rattigan (born 1987), British wrestler

title: Rattigan