text:
INSAS rifle

The INSAS, or Indian Small Arms System, is a family of infantry arms consisting of an assault rifle and a light machine gun (LMG). These weapons were developed in India by the Armament Research and Development Establishment and manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Board at its various factories. It was the standard infantry weapon of the Indian Armed Forces for almost three decades.

History
The development of the INSAS began in the mid-1980s, when the Indian Army released a general staff qualitative requirement for a new assault rifle to replace locally produced licensed copies of the L1A1 self-loading rifles, which the Army was using since 1961. The new assault rifle was to chamber it in 5.56×45mm NATO, unlike the L1A1 SLR rifle which is chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO.

After studying a number of designs, the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) in Pune undertook the task to design and develop India's first assault rifle. The development and user trials of the new rifle – INSAS was completed by 1989 and entered into service in 1990.

Originally, three variants were planned in the INSAS system, a rifle, a carbine and a squad automatic weapon (SAW) or Light machine gun (LMG). In 1997, the rifle and the LMG went into mass production. In 1998, the first INSAS rifles were displayed at the republic day parade. The introduction of the rifle was delayed due to the lack of adequate 5.56×45mm ammunition, large quantities of the same were bought from Israel Military Industries.

The first combat use of the rifle was during the Kargil War in 1999.

The INSAS rifle saw limited use in the Indian Army's counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir, but was extensively used by Central Armed Police Forces in combating Maoist insurgency.

Replacement
The INSAS assault rifles are being replaced in the army with the AK-203 assault rifles and the SIG 716i designated marksman rifles. The LMG variant is being replaced with the IWI Negev.

However, these rifles will remain in service with the police and other paramilitary forces and are being used as a replacement for the decades old bolt action Ishapore 2A1 rifles.

Design
The INSAS is primarily based on the AKM but incorporates features from other rifles. It has a chrome-plated bore. The barrel has a six-groove rifling. The basic gas operated long stroke piston and the rotating bolt are similar to the AKM/AK-47.

It has a manual gas regulator, similar to that of FN FAL, and a gas cutoff for launching grenades. The charging handle is on the left instead of on the bolt carrier, similar in operation to the HK33. The fire selector is placed on the left side of the receiver above the pistol grip, it can be set to semi–auto, three round burst and full auto. To set it to safe, the selector has to be rotated all the way up, which will block the sear and prevent the rifle from firing. It has three modes of fire – semi-automatic, three-round burst and full automatic modes.

The cyclic rate averages at 650 rpm. The rear sight lies on one end of the breech cover and is calibrated to 400 meters.

The furniture is either made of wood or polymer. The polymer butt and forend assemblies differ from the AKM and are more similar to that of IMI Galil. Some variants have a folding butt. A bayonet can also be attached to it.

The guns take 20- or 30-round magazines; there are made like the Steyr AUG and are made out of polymer. The 30-round magazine is made for the LMG version, but can be also used in the rifle. The flash suppressor also accepts NATO-specification rifle grenades.

In 2023, it was reported that Star Aerospace has offered parts for modernizing INSAS rifles, which are approved by the Ministry of Home Affairs. Among the upgrades included by SA consist of picatinny rails for sights and attachments, folding stock and rubber fore and pistol grips.

Performance
The INSAS assault rifle was battle tested in the 1999 Kargil War. The three month long war was fought in the high altitudes of the Himalayas, where temperature would go as low as –20 degrees Celsius.

During the conflict, the rifle encountered some problems such as occasional often serious stoppage, cracking of polymer magazine due to the cold weather and some other reliability issues such as firing in full auto when set for 3 shot burst. Similar complaints were also received from the Nepalese Army. In the Kargil war, neither the INSAS proved reliable nor the Army was satisfied with the new rifle.

The Indian Army, which was used to the 7.62×51mm NATO round for almost three decades, was dissatisfied with the stopping power of 5.56×45mm NATO rounds.

Assault rifle
The AR variant can be fired in single round or three-round burst mode. A telescopic sight or a passive night sight can be mounted on it. It can take NATO-standard 5.56×45mm SS109 and M193 ammunition. It comes with a bayonet. It has a mount point for the ARDE Under Barrel Grenade Launcher, along with a gas-block for launching grenades and grenade iron-sights.

The flash suppressor has a blank-firing adaptor. It also has a foldable butt version.

It is being replaced in Indian service by the AK-203.

The AR has four subvariants:

 * INSAS 1A
 * INSAS 1A1
 * INSAS 1B
 * INSAS 1B1: Further improved variant introduced in 2001 based on Indian Army feeback.

LMG
The LMG (Light Machine Gun) differs from the standard rifle in possessing a longer range of 700 m, as compared to 400 m range for their assault rifle counterparts. It has a longer and heavier barrel with revised rifling and bipod. The LMG version uses 30-round magazines and can also accept the 20-round INSAS AR magazine. This model fires in semi and full-auto. It also has a foldable-butt version.

The LMG will be replaced with the IWI Negev Ng7.

Kalantak
The Kalantak micro-assault rifle, with a range of 300 m, is for close combat and personnel defence weapon roles.

Prototype Bullpup
Lieutenant Colonel Prasad Bansod, of Army School Mhow reverse-engineered an INSAS rifle to produce a bullpup carbine variant. Lt. Col. Bansod caught the attention of high-ranking Indian Army officers when he made the rifle in 2019.

He reportedly did this in his spare time. The rifle was only made as a prototype example.

Operators

 * 🇧🇹 Bhutan: Used by the Royal Bhutan Army.
 * Eswatini
 * 🇮🇳 India: Assault rifle and LMG variants in use.
 * Indian Armed Forces, to be replaced by 670,000 AK-203 rifles and 72,400 SIG-716i Patrol rifles as per the latest contract. INSAS LMGs using 5.56×45mm to be replaced by IWI Negev NG5, and the ones using 7.62×51mm will be replaced by the IWI Negev NG7 as per latest contract for 16,479 NG7s.
 * Border Security Force
 * Central Armed Police Forces
 * Central Industrial Security Force
 * State Police Services
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal: The Nepalese Army had received about 26,000 rifles since 2001, supplied at a 70% subsidy by India. As of July 20, 2020, the Nepali Army transferred 600 INSAS rifles to the Nepali Armed Police Force.
 * 🇴🇲 Oman: In 2010, the Royal Army of Oman started using the INSAS rifles sent to them as per a defence agreement signed in 2003 between India and Oman.

Non-state actors

 * Communist Party of India (Maoist): Use INSAS rifles looted from killed Indian police officers or stolen from police stations. Others secretly acquired from Rifle Factory Ishapore by corrupt officials.
 * Flag_of_PDF_Myanmar.svg Myanmar People's Defence Force: 1B1 variant.

title: INSAS rifle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lauren Greaves

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 02:47, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lauren Greaves
Unencyclopaedic. Deb 19:55, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Is "Sweetheart" really a genuine title? jni 20:01, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity entry. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:04, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, delete. Fire Star 20:12, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes, Stock Show Queen and sweetheart are electable positions
 * Yes, but at a high school level, is it significant? Delete. Silly Dan 22:53, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Shailendra dynasty

Kalinga
I edited writing Kalinga was an eastern kingdom of India which is presently Odisha.And Odisha is considered as eastern state in India not an south eastern state.User:diptiprakashpalai —Preceding undated comment added 17:41, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

earlier comments
There is no really evidence, that 2 different kingdoms had existed on java at this time. sanjaya is just the name of a king and maybe the ancestor sailendras. later were Singhasari and Majapahit - nothing is written, that they had ruled on java meanwhile. --Lofor 20:05, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * So far as I can see, neither of the two external links from this page have information about Saliendra 87.194.56.187 19:04, 12 July 2007 (UTC)Willow4

 * Sanjaya dynasty was founded by King Sanjaya, it's pretty obvious that the article about Sailendra refers to Sanjaya the dynasty, so I don't get your point, Lofor. I don't get why you raise the issue about Singhasari and Majapahit either. Both of these kingdoms were established much later. You should brush up your knowledge. 203.82.80.27 (talk)

"external links are not sources"
Yes they are. Paul Beardsell 10:53, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Did you check them? If you look at the history you will see that the external links were added after the article was written. Either way, the article is badly referenced. Can you dispute that? --Merbabu 12:48, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

No I did not check them. If you look at the history you will see that the external link was there when I removed the template that said there wasn't one. And, yes, I agree, the article needs improvement. But what point are you trying to make? Paul Beardsell 15:49, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Sailendra, king? prince? or a Buddhist refuge?
It is stated in the text "At its peak the Sailendra kingdom ruled the eastern two-thirds of Java, Bali, Lombok, coastal areas of Kalimantan, southern Sulawesi, and the Funanese successor state of Water Chenla." I doubt that Sailendra ever gained power in central Java. I just read this:, and at page 41 here what it says: The simple facts that stand out with clarity are that the guru asked and received permission to build a temple and were granted the village of Kalasan (by Panangkaran) as a freehold. This simple message became complicated, however, by a mass of flowery language about an unnamed gem of a mysterious Sailendra dynasty reigning in some unspecified country. This gem may have been connected with the Sailendra who was not able to finish his inscription on the Ligor stone (before 755), probably because he had to flee from the Malay Peninsula in connection with a con- flict with Srivijaya. In any case this is the only Sailendra king known to history before the Kalasan inscription. He may have found refuge with the Buddhist community in Java, bringing his royal title, some followers, a resolve to return and not much else. He would of course have been accepted by the Buddhists as their leader, and also have been recognized by the Amrati king (the first four Sanjaya kings) as such, the latter being inclined to a laissez-faire policy and not sufficiently aware of the eventual political implications. We need to rewrite this article based on reliable sources. — Indon ( reply ) — 11:19, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The Sail.article can be improved at several points. Regarding controversial points, it's good not to rely on pers. suggestions of particular historians but concentrate on evidence.

 * concentrating on the claimed territories, for now ; The Kalimantan, Bali, Sulawesi , Chenla etc part can surely be deleted. No historical evidence  for this (atleast not during  the Javanese period of the 800s).There is evidence that Chenla was under suzerainity of Java for some time,but we dont know if the sailendras were involved.That the sailendra 's became prominent in the Srivijaya kingdom after the 800s is recorded in inscriptions.A. Post-Muller 00:03, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 17:08, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Updated
The unsourced info is removed ( also the talk about Deva raja and ricefields) Its shorter now but many in text-citations are added ; the content is backed up by studies and its the most common version. A. Post-Muller (talk) 21:26, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Shailendra vs. Sailendra
Hi, the article was previously using the IAST spelling of Śailēndra which IMO, is confusing. Ś is romanised further to Sh which is also used by reliable sources instead of Śailēndra. Thanks. --Cpt.a.haddock (talk) (please ping when replying) 16:54, 11 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes the Shailendra is also correct and used in Brittanica. Yet, the common spelling of this dynasty in most of english language sources (books, journals, news etc.) is Sailendra without any "h" or written in "Ś". In Indonesian we even have also equally valid spelling as Syailendra, yet I think we should stick to common most simple spelling instead of favouring certain Indian/Sri Lankan/or certain Indonesian versions/spellings (Sh or Sy). Plus, I think it is weird to have Sailendra dynasty article, but having the Shailendra spelling all throughout the article.  Gunkarta  talk 18:18, 11 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Other user already moved the page from Sailendra to Shailendra. And after careful thought, I think the spelling Sh (although less common in most of literatures) is actually right, more close to the original Sanskrit spelling. Cheers.  Gunkarta  talk 11:04, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Shailendra dynasty. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131101014301/http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/nscwps012.pdf to http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/nscwps012.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:30, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shailendra dynasty


text: Category:Swedish paleontologists

title: Category:Swedish paleontologists


text:
Postage meter

A postage meter or franking machine is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage (or franking) to mailed items. Postage meters are regulated by a country's postal authority. A postage meter imprints an amount of postage, functioning as a postage stamp, a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one. The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps.

History

Since the issuance of adhesive stamps in 1840, postal officials have been concerned about security against stamp theft and how to process mail in a timely fashion. One solution was a postage stamp affixing machine, introduced in the 1880s.

The earliest record of a franking machine was by Frenchman Carle Bushe who in 1884 obtained a British Patent for a device that would print a stamp on an envelope and record postage via a counting device. However, Bushe's device is not known to have existed, and the idea was not pursued. The first franking machine known to have been placed into use was a coin operated machine invented by Charles A. Kahrs. It was installed in the lobby of the General Post Office in Christiana, Norway, on August 24, 1900, but was removed in December that same year.

Working independently, a young Chicago inventor, Arthur Pitney, obtained his first mailing system patent in 1902. Shortly after, he formed the Pitney Postal Machine Company, which became the American Postage Meter Company in 1912. Pitney's first machine consisted of a manual crank, chain action, printing die, counter, and lockout device.

Pitney's company (and its various partners) directly rivalled Edwards Franks' Franking Company of America which was founded in 1911. Franks' company manufactured and distributed a machine much like the one Franks had presented in 1886 at the Worlds Fair. However, the machinations had been streamlined and controls simplified for ease of use. Sales to small and large businesses were good for both Franks' company and the Pitney Postal Machine Company.

In 1919, Pitney joined forces with Walter Bowes, an entrepreneur who had achieved prominence in postal circles through his company, the Universal Stamping Machine Company, which manufactured post office canceling machines. In 1920, the two companies merged to create the Pitney-Bowes Postage Meter Company. In 1926, PBPM Co. (as it was then known) merged with Edward Franks' Franking Company of America and was consolidated and renamed as the Franks Universal Postage Company, or sometimes referred to as The Universal Postage Trust.

In the 1930s Franks Universal entered the European postage market through a partnership with Albert H. Girling (founder of Girling Ltd, a brake manufacturing company) which saw them trade as Franks Consolidated Postage. This investment's success allowed Franks and business partner, Girling, to enter into other postage markets around the world.

The year 1938 continued to be turbulent for Franks, as Franks Universal came under investigation for breaches of the Sherman Antitrust Act, much like the tobacco and oil industries had experienced previously. The trust was dissolved and the assets were split among four companies: Wright Post, Evans Roberts Godkin Inc, Franks-Girling Universal Postage, and Pitney-Bowes Co.

The Model M Postage Meter was authorized on September 1, 1920, and was put into commercial use in Stamford later that year. (In 1986, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers designated the Model M as an International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark.)

Function
The postage meter normally consists of a keyboard for entering the postage, three seals, and a stamping mechanism. Years ago, users needed to take their meter to a postal office in order to add additional postage (sometimes called a "reset" or "refill"). That changed in 1979 when Pitney Bowes invented remote meter resetting, otherwise known as Postage by Phone. Today, users can add to their postage balance by telephone, prepaid cards, via the web or through a direct connection over the Internet. The first counter shows the remaining balance. The second counter shows the total postage of the franked consignments. The third one counts the number of prints and is for statistic purposes only.

If the integrated scales are disabled, the postage has to be entered manually via the keyboard. Otherwise the machine calculates the postage regarding the dimensions and the weight of the consignment. Afterwards the letters are automatically run through an aperture, which is limited to the largest allowed dimensions, and the postage is imprinted. The balance-counter subtracts the imprinted value from the balance, the counter of the total adds the same value, and the printing-counter adds one. If the desired postage is no longer topped up, imprinting is denied. After running through, the consignment arrives at the collect pan orientated "postmark up/front". For thicker consignments there are peelable postage strips, which are manually inserted into the machine via an entry on the side.

Mechanical, manual and rotary-print head meters
Mechanical meters are letterpress meters that had to be taken to the post office and physically reset by a postal official. These meters were decertified and taken out of circulation by the USPS in 1999.

Manual Set and Rotary Print Head meters were decertified by the USPS in 2008. While more advanced, including remote meter resetting capabilities, this early technology was deemed susceptible to tampering.

Digital meters
With Digital Print Meters, postage is added either through a telephone modem or through a network connection to the internet. The telephone connection option is gradually being phased out. Postage is printed through an inkjet cartridge using special postage ink. The most advanced systems print Information Based Indicia (IBI), a two-dimensional Data Matrix or bar code combined with visually identifiable characters and symbols. The data matrix contains such information as amount of postage, origin zip code, destination, mail class, weight, and confirmation/tracking numbers. Examples include: USPS Intelligent Mail barcode, Royal Mail Mailmark and Canada Post Postal Indicia.

There are a number of companies offering postage meters, also called franking machines.

Internet- and stamp-based meters
While most mailers use mailing systems, new technologies are making metered mail accessible to even the smallest of businesses.

eBay and PayPal users can print labels with postage using eBay's online postage solution and pay using their PayPal account. This technology, powered by Pitney Bowes, provides for a completely browser-based online postage solution.

Other technologies allow the user to print postage from a computer, or from small stamp printers. In the first consumer application for postage meters, customized stamps are also possible.

In 1999, Stamps.com became the first organization to be licensed by the United States Postal Service to print valid postage from a traditional PC printer. Their system allows the user to automatically download and print postage directly onto an envelope or "Netstamp".

Mailing system components
A postage meter is only one component of a mailing system. Other elements include:
 * Base (the hardware on which the postage meter sits)
 * Feeder (sends envelopes through the meter)
 * Postage Scale (which weighs postage)
 * Sealer (moistens the flaps of envelopes)
 * Stacker (stacks envelopes)
 * Tape Dispenser (when postage cannot be printed directly on the mail piece)

For high-volume mailers, a postage meter may also be incorporated into an inserting system which prepares mail end-to-end.

title: Postage meter


text:
Walt Disney Studios

(The) Walt Disney Studios may refer to:
 * Walt Disney Studios (division), the Walt Disney Company's primary entertainment unit consisting of its film studio divisions, music labels, theatrical production and distribution companies.
 * Walt Disney Studios (Burbank), a film studio and business complex in Burbank, California, United States built in 1939 and as the corporate headquarters for The Walt Disney Company.
 * Walt Disney Studio (1926–1929), the second name of The Walt Disney Company
 * Walt Disney Animation Studios, the main animation division of The Walt Disney Company
 * Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, the primary theatrical film distributor of The Walt Disney Company who releases films released under the Walt Disney Pictures label
 * Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, the primary home video media distributor of The Walt Disney Company
 * Walt Disney Television Studios, the former incarnation of Disney Television Studios, the television studios arm of The Walt Disney Company

title: Walt Disney Studios


text:
Mongolia at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Mongolia competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 43 competitors, 39 men and 4 women, took part in 41 events in 8 sports.

Silver

 * Tsendiin Damdin — Judo, Men's Half Lightweight (65 kg)
 * Jamtsyn Davaajav — Wrestling, Men's Freestyle Welterweight

Bronze

 * Ravdangiin Davaadalai — Judo, Men's Lightweight (71 kg)
 * Dugarsürengiin Oyuunbold — Wrestling, Men's Freestyle Bantamweight

Archery
In the third time they competed in archery at the Olympics, Mongolia entered two men and two women. Both of the men were returning veterans from the 1976 games while both of the women were Olympic rookies. The men both improved upon their scores and ranks from four years before. Women's Individual Competition: Men's Individual Competition:
 * Chagdar Biambasuren — 2216 (→ 23rd place)
 * Tsedendorj Bazarsuren — 2112 (→ 29th place)
 * Niamtseren Biambasuren — 2361 points (→ 19th place)
 * Tserendorjin Dagvadorj — 2318 points (→ 23rd place)

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
 * Vandui Bayasgalan
 * First Round — Lost to Gilberto Sosa (Mexico) on points (1-4)

Men's Flyweight (– 51 kg)
 * Nyama Narantuya
 * First Round — Lost to Ramon Armando Guevara (Venezuela) on points (0-5)

Men's Bantamweight (– 54 kg)
 * Tseden Narmandakh
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Lost to Joseph Ahanda (Cameroon) after referee stopped contest in third round

Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg)
 * Ravsal Otgonbayar
 * First Round — Defeated Abdulzhava Jawad Ali (Iraq) on points (4-1)
 * Second Round — Lost to Carlos González (Mexico) on points (2-3)

Men's Lightweight (– 60 kg)
 * Galsandorj Batbileg
 * First Round — Defeated Alberto Mendes Coelho (Angola) on points (5-0)
 * Second Round — Defeated Jesper Garnell (Denmark) on points (4-1)
 * Quarter Finals — Lost to Angel Herrera (Cuba) on points (0-5)

Men's Light-Welterweight (– 63,5 kg)
 * Khast Jamgan
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Lost to William Lyimo (Tanzania) on points (0-5)

Cycling
Five cyclists represented Mongolia in 1980.

 * Individual road race
 * Luvsandagvyn Jargalsaikhan
 * Batsükhiin Khayankhyarvaa
 * Dorjpalamyn Tsolmon
 * Dashjamtsyn Tömörbaatar

 * Team time trial
 * Luvsandagvyn Jargalsaikhan
 * Batsükhiin Khayankhyarvaa
 * Damdinsürengiin Orgodol
 * Dashjamtsyn Tömörbaatar

title: Mongolia at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text:
Physical change

Physical changes are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not its chemical composition. Physical changes are used to separate mixtures into their component compounds, but can not usually be used to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds.

Physical changes occur when objects or substances undergo a change that does not change their chemical composition. This contrasts with the concept of chemical change in which the composition of a substance changes or one or more substances combine or break up to form new substances. In general a physical change is reversible using physical means. For example, salt dissolved in water can be recovered by allowing the water to evaporate.

A physical change involves a change in physical properties. Examples of physical properties include melting, transition to a gas, change of strength, change of durability, changes to crystal form, textural change, shape, size, color, volume and density.

An example of a physical change is the process of tempering steel to form a knife blade. A steel blank is repeatedly heated and hammered which changes the hardness of the steel, its flexibility and its ability to maintain a sharp edge.

Many physical changes also involve the rearrangement of atoms most noticeably in the formation of crystals. Many chemical changes are irreversible, and many physical changes are reversible, but reversibility is not a certain criterion for classification. Although chemical changes may be recognized by an indication such as odor, color change, or production of a gas, every one of these indicators can result from physical change.

Heating and cooling
Many elements and some compounds change from solids to liquids and from liquids to gases when heated and the reverse when cooled. Some substances such as iodine and carbon dioxide go directly from solid to gas in a process called sublimation.

Magnetism
Ferro-magnetic materials can become magnetic. The process is reversible and does not affect the chemical composition.

Crystalisation
Many elements and compounds form crystals. Some such as carbon can form several different forms including diamond, graphite, graphene and fullerenes including buckminsterfullerene.

Crystals in metals have a major effect of the physical properties of the metal including strength and ductility. Crystal type, shape and size can be altered by physical hammering, rolling and by heat

Mixtures
Mixtures of substances that are not soluble are usually readily separated by physical sieving or settlement. However mixtures can have different properties from the individual components. One familiar example is the mixture of fine sand with water used to make sandcastles. Neither the sand on its own nor the water on its own will make a sand-castle but by using physical properties of surface tension, the mixture behaves in a different way.

Solutions
Most solutions of salts and some compounds such as sugars can be separated by evaporation. Others such as mixtures or volatile liquids such as low molecular weight alcohols, can be separated by fractional distillation.

Alloys
The mixing of different metal elements is known as alloying. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Separating individual metals from an alloy can be difficult and may require chemical processing – making an alloy is an example of a physical change that cannot readily be undone by physical means. Alloys where mercury is one of the metals can be separated physically by melting the alloy and boiling the mercury off as a vapour.

title: Physical change


text:
Dick Cook

Richard W. Cook is an American film entertainment executive, and has served on the Board of Directors of Legendary Pictures since 2011. Prior to joining Legendary Pictures, he was the Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios from 2002 to 2009. At the time of his separation from the company, he was the only remaining top Disney executive who had worked for the company since before Michael Eisner took charge in 1984. Cook holds a degree in political science from the University of Southern California (USC).

Career
Cook began his career with Disney in 1970 as a monorail and steam locomotive amusement park ride operator at Disneyland and moved to the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank in 1977 to manage pay television and non-theatrical releases. In 1980, he moved to the company's film distribution department, eventually heading both its distribution and marketing efforts. He earned a reputation there by his marketing of Disney's home video collection and hosting media-worthy movie premieres, for example securing a United States Navy aircraft carrier based in Pearl Harbor to host the debut of the film Pearl Harbor. In 1994, Cook was promoted to president of Buena Vista Pictures Distribution.

Cook was appointed in 1996 chairman of Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group, tasked with domestic and international theatrical marketing and distribution, feature film acquisition, and worldwide home video. In February 2002, Eisner named him as Peter Schneider's replacement as chairman of studios, popularly called the studio chief. Cook, described by BusinessWeek in 2003 as "the nicest guy in Disney's jungle", is known for his down-to-earth personality and his good relations with Disney's partners, including Jerry Bruckheimer. In 2005, Cook negotiated the exit of Harvey and Bob Weinstein from Disney's Miramax unit.

In 2005, Cook was awarded the Walt Disney Man of the Year Award, in recognition of "inspiring and positive role models for young people" from within the entertainment community, by Big Brothers Big Sisters of Greater Los Angeles & the Inland Empire. On July 17, 2006, Cook fired Disney executive Nina Jacobson over the telephone, immediately after the birth of her third child, while she was still in the delivery room.

On September 18, 2009, Cook stepped down as chairman of Walt Disney Studios, allegedly having been asked to do so by Bob Iger, president/CEO of the Walt Disney Company. He was then replaced by Disney Channel president Rich Ross.

In April 2011, Cook joined the Board of Directors of Legendary Pictures, and served as one of the executive producers of Legendary Pictures' Jackie Robinson biographical film 42. In August 2013, Cook was made Chairman of KCETLink's Board of Directors.

On April 19, 2015, Cook announced the formation of Dick Cook Studios, with an expected investment of $150 million by Citic Guoan Group Co. Ltd., a Chinese state-owned company and the largest subsidiary of conglomerate Citic Group. As of March 2016, the deal had closed, but no funding had yet been received under the arrangement. On the weekend of March 19, 2016, Cook Studios signed a production financing deal with Film Carnival, a Zhejiang, China-based company, for $500 million, covering 100% of movie costs. The announcement was made on March 29, after the Cook Studio and Film Carnival hosted the inaugural China–U.S. Motion Picture Summit on March 25 in Grand Epoch City, China. The first film using the financing is expected to be "Ranger's Apprentice" from director Paul Haggis, and the second, The Alchemyst. Both are to be filmed at Docklands Studios Melbourne, where its Asia-Pacific base would be set up under Melbourne-native managing director Kate McLean. The Australian and Victoria region governments granted incentives up to $20.5 million (AUS$30 million).

title: Dick Cook


text:
Talk:Second anointing

Old
"more sure word of prophecy" or having your "calling and election made sure" as well as a reference to Peter and JS to support the different phrases that refer to the Second Anointing. --Dvhatwiki 19:59, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Temple ordinance?
How can an ordinance in a temple as stated in the first paragraph possibly deliver on all that is mentioned scripturally and otherwise in the remainder of the article? Is this article implying that the President of the Church sends a letter to elderly Mr. and Mrs. Mfala Ndongo of Kenya and invites them to Salt Lake to receive the Second Anointing from him? Do we have references for this assertion? We certainly can't make this stuff up. Is it possible that this article should have a duality of presentation similar to the Kolob article, in which the Second Anointing alternately meanse a temple ordinance or a direct personal inward spiritual blessing. Tom Haws 20:57, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

McConkie Citation
Article cites Mormon Doctrine, pg. 109-110, for reference to Second Anointing. In actuality, this falls under the heading of “Calling and Election Sure.” While it could be assumed that E. McConkie was covering the topic of “Second Anointing,” he in now way refers to it directly [or even indirectly for there is no heading in Mormon Doctrine for “Second Anointing,” to include a redirect to “Calling and Election” or any other topic).  It is misleading to state: According to prominent 20th century Latter-day Saint Apostle Bruce R. McConkie, those who receive the Second Anointing "receive the more sure word of prophecy, which means that the Lord seals their exaltation upon them while they are yet in this life. . . . [T]heir exaltation is assured.”  In the preface to the quote, it should state “Calling and Election made sure” instead of “Second Anointing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rojerts (talk • contribs) 21:37, 10 July 2006

 * IMHO the reference should not be there at all without another source to connect the two. Objections? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.174.97.64 (talk • contribs) 04:13, 10 August 2006

 * I agree that "calling and election made sure" is not necessarily the second anointing in 20th Century Mormon theology. I don't know if this doctrine existed before McConkie, but today, if someone says "calling and election made sure" in an LDS Sunday School, you know they definitely aren't talking about the Second Anointing, but rather about a special type of theophany. So the quote might have a place here, but there should at least be some explaination. CO GDEN  06:20, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Please expand and correct using these sources
forum.newordermormon.org/viewtopic.php?t=6223

www.exmormon.org/boards/w-agora/view.php?bn=exmobb_recovery&key=1200929251&newest=1200937409

www.exmormon.org/mormon/mormon508.htm

 * A man who says he received the second anointing "at the Preston England Temple on Sunday 19th May 2002" from "Elder M. Russell Ballard, of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles" said that:
 * Elder Harold G. Hillam of the First Quorum of Seventy told him "the ordinance was performed in Joseph Smith’s time but had been discontinued during President David O. McKay’s time. This resulted in only 2 of the then apostles, Harold B. Lee and Spencer W. Kimball, having had this ordinance on the death of President Joseph Fielding Smith. It was therefore re-introduced and is still practised today. (I have seen no source that quotes this suspension of the ordinance, only Elder Hillam’s word)."
 * Hillam "recommended I read all that Elder Bruce R. McConkie had written on the subject of “making your calling and election sure”."
 * After the ordinance, Hillam "asked me to nominate 2 couples I knew to receive this ordinance."
 * A person who says he/she worked at the BYU archives as a collections processor said yesterday forum.newordermormon.org/viewtopic.php?p=76868#76868
 * the library "received the papers of a man who had been one of the original Regional Representatives. If I recall correctly, this was in the 60s--possibly very early 70s. Concurrent with his call, he received a letter from one of the twelve (I don't recall which one) which invited him to come to the temple with his wife on such and such a date and receive his second endowment wherein his calling and election would be made sure. It was very similar to what this guy described and they very specifically told him to tell no one in his family what they would be doing, and suggested that they just tell their family that they would be going to a "meeting at the temple." I saw the original letter, with the GA signature. It was the first time I'd ever heard of the second anointings. If I have the dates right, it puts the date back earlier than the Harold B. Lee years--and at a lower level than apostle."
 * When his/her "dad was in the high council about 10 years ago, they had a fireside for just the stake presidency, the high councillors and their wives...." "The SP then told the group that people were quietly getting this done on an ongoing basis and that several people in our stake had done so."

Agape bright (talk) 18:34, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * These do not meet wp:RS and so do not make sense to incorporate into the article. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 15:33, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree these forum postings are not reliable sources. If a journalist or scholar were to interview these people and publish an article, then it would be a different story. CO GDEN  23:05, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Tom Phillips interview
There is new primary source information available about this topic. Agape bright (talk) 16:57, 13 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Absolutely: seems that the 4+ hours of John Dehlin interview should be enough to add some really interesting stuff to this article. You want to, or shall I? I've listened to it, but I'd have to skim back through to get quotations. --Chronotopian (talk) 17:50, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Tom Phillips info
How does exmormon.org meet wp:RS for use in this article? How are unsupported POV statements characterizing Tom Phillips &/or mormonthink.com pertinent to this article? -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 21:44, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Tom Phillips self published account on mormonthink.com is still not a wp:reliable source. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 20:03, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

 * It does meet the criteria as a reliable source AND the information in the article is valid. PRONIZ (talk) 21:20, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

 * And how is that exactly? It's not wp:SCHOLARSHIP nor wp:NEWSORG. The source is wp:SELFPUBLISH and the author is not an "established expert on the subject matter, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable third-party publications". The source is not valid under wp:SELFSOURCE (the reference appears on the Second anointing page, not a wp:BLP about Tom Phillips and Tom Phillips as a subject would also not meet wp:Notability (people), or even wp:BLP1E; the source involves claims about specifically named third parties and there is a reasonable doubt as to its authenticity; materiel at that source reasonably demonstrate that it is a "biased or opinionated source", but not that it has editorial controls nor a reputation for fact-checking). The claim this is trying to support is not otherwise wp:Verifiable, as there are no other published accounts in reliable, third party sources of this incident, or even other directly related modern reports in RS which are substantially the same. wp:COPYWITHIN might possibly also apply, as on http://www.mormonthink.com/glossary/secondendowment.htm the site reproduces the text of the Second anointing Wikipedia page from March 9, 2011. The site may also be committing a copyvio in relation to WP, as there is no CC-BY-SA 3.0 notice at that page, and instead the page claims full copyright at the end of that page, using an incorrect date (maybe some time travel was involved to have WP text from 2011 copyrighted by MormonThink.com in 2008). -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 22:09, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Please answer this - what would it take to add this information? It is clearly relevant to the discussion.  It is a modern explanation of the ceremony.  It is information that needs to be in the article.  Please help IMPROVE the article.  I want to work with you.  It would be much easier if you would get a username.  PRONIZ (talk) 22:06, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately there is nothing you can do. No wp:SCHOLARSHIP or wp:NEWSORG sources are willing to publish this material so it can't be included. Secondly using your IP is actually more disclosing of who you are then using the anonymity of a username. -- Trödel 13:42, 12 April 2013 (UTC)
 * This request wasn't about "anonymity" at all. This was about having the ability to discuss a subject or send a PM and having a little more confidence that it would be seen by the party represented by the IP rather than just posting it here and possibly never getting a response. PRONIZ (talk) 16:18, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

 * The recent attempts may not be allowable, but that doesn't mean that it will always be impossible for material describing Second anointing practices in the modern post-David O. McKay era to be added to the article; it just means that a significant amount of off-wiki work must happen first. Because of wp:EXCEPTIONAL, the most ironclad way for this to happen would be for the Phillips experience to be both described in detail (not just in passing) and also critically analyzed by two or more academics who are notable in Mormon studies; academics like Jan Shipps (who has never been a member of any Latter Day Saint movement denomination but who is very well respected in the Mormon studies field) would be ideal authors of such papers, but really anyone listed in Category:Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement would be just fine, as would other scholars notable in this field who don't yet have WP articles. These academic papers would also ideally be published in separate journals for Mormon studies, such as Sunstone Magazine, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Journal of Mormon History and/or the John Whitmer Historical Association Journal; journals involved with apologetics such as BYU Studies and Mormon Studies Review would likely not initially publish on this topic, and would only come late in discussing it. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 16:25, 12 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the explanation. PRONIZ (talk) 16:18, 13 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment - While I find Tom Phillips statements personally interesting, I think his credibility just took a nose dive. He is suing the LDS Church for fraud based on there belief in Adam and Eve.  His actions make him even less credible and he seems to have a personal agenda. See 1, 2, and 3. --ARTEST4ECHO (talk/contribs) 20:34, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Tom Philips
It's not clear and I think it should be that Tom Philips claims to have actually witnessed, his own, second anointing. Currently it reads as if he just believes in it--it's a big difference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.185.2.211 (talk) 06:36, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Nothing has changed, his accounts and claims are NOT RELIABLE. Tom Philips claims do not have wp:SCHOLARSHIP or wp:NEWSORG sources backing his claim.  All his information are from self published sources.  His claims to not not meet wp:Notability (people), or even wp:BLP1E.  Tom Philips credibility is sorely lacking and he has a clear WP:POV. See 1, 2, and 3.
 * This has already been discussed over and over again, and rejected over and over again. Nothing has changed and I still see no reason to include any information on Tom Philips.--- ARTEST4ECHO(Talk) 15:05, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This is the problem with Wikipedia. Tom Philips makes a claim, it's covered and discussed on numerous websites. Users suggest including it, AS A CLAIM. The fact that he's filed a law suit against the church being discussed cannot in any way discredit him. It's a lawsuit, not slander. Perhaps this article should be marked an neutrality disputed since it appears a single editor has taken control of it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.185.2.211 (talk) 10:04, 5 March 2015 (UTC)
 * You may call it whatever you want, Tom Philips claims do not have wp:SCHOLARSHIP or wp:NEWSORG sources, as they are all self published. I can say I witnessed Elvis Presley eating a doughnut last weekend, that doesn't make my claims RELIABLE.  As for "it appears a single editor has taken control of it.", I have only ever edit this page to correct misspelling in names and reverting IP vandalism.  I have never edit it for "Substance".  The decision to excluded Tom Philips claims came from the above discussion TWICE, by multiple editors.--- ARTEST4ECHO(Talk) 21:32, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

John Dehlin and Tom Philips
I have removed the current sentences referring to John Dehlin and Tom Philips for the following reasons.

From a wp:Identifying reliable sources point of view:
 * 1) As John Dehlin's blog and podcast are Self-published sources.  Per Self-published sources Podcastes are not reliable sources. Self-published sources reads, "self-published media—whether books, newsletters, personal websites, open wikis, blogs, personal pages on social networking sites, Internet forum postings, or tweets—are largely not acceptable.  Therefore it cannot be used as a citation.
 * 2) Tom Philips isn't a reliable sources as his claims are Self-published to begin with, therefore the interview isn't reliable.
 * 3) Tom Philips claims are Exceptional claims and therefore require "multiple high-quality sources".

From a confusing sentence point of view:
 * 1) The sentence are completely misleading. John Dehlin dose not back the statement as it is written.  Dehlin interview Tom Philips, giving him a chance to make his claims.  It is no different then if CNN interviewed the KKK.  CNN doesn't agree with the KKK's stance, nor dose it agree with the KKK's claimed, it only reported those claims.  All mentioning John Dehlin is doing is allowing Tom Philip's Self-published climes to be used twice to back up his own claim.

From a general What is not allowed on Wikipedia point of view: I see absolutely no reliable sources backing Tom Philips claims, not even John Dehlin. Additionally Tom Philips blog is rumor and opinion pieces and rumors and opinion pieces have place on Wikipedia.--- ARTEST4ECHO(Talk) 18:32, 23 April 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) Reporting of rumors is not allowed on Wikipedia.  Per WP:NEWSORG.  It reads "The reporting of rumors has a limited encyclopedic value, although in some instances verifiable information about rumors may be appropriate (i.e. the rumors themselves are noteworthy, regardless of whether or not they are true). Wikipedia is not the place for passing along gossip and rumors."
 * 2) Links to Tom Philips claims, even on John Dehlin blog, cannot even be linked anyway.  Per Links normally to be avoided - # 11 read that we should avoid  "Links to blogs, personal web pages and most fansites, except those written by a recognized authority. (This exception for blogs, etc, controlled by recognized authorities is meant to be very limited; as a minimum standard, recognized authorities always meet Wikipedia's notability criteria for people.)
 * 3) WP:NOTADVOCATE clearly states that Wikipedia is not a place to advocacy or for opinion pieces. Tom Philips claims are his personal views on the LDS Church and he is trying to push is own agenda (i.e. advocacy for his own group). His  opinion piece has no place on Wikipedia.
 * 4) Tom Philips claims are "supported purely by primary or self-published sources" and he has an "apparent conflict of interest", therefore they are not allowed on Wikipedia.  Therefore per Exceptional claims, his claims have no place on Wikipedia.

 * I think you are misapplying our policies, ARTEST4ECHO. Tom Haws (talk) 22:30, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

 * 1) The Mormon Stories interview at the Mormon Stories web site is not self-published.  Tom Phillips is not affiliated with Mormon Stories; he is simply one of many guests on the show.  It looks like initially Mormon Stories declined to publish the interview, and Tom Phillips did indeed self-publish it.  However, that is no longer the case. Tom Haws (talk)
 * 2) I am not sure how you are calling the claims of Tom Phillips exceptional claims.  He isn't claiming anything particularly unbelievable or exceptional, especially in the context of this article.  He is simply a guest on a podcast offering corroboration for a practice already abundantly referenced in this article. Tom Haws (talk)
 * However we end up referring to the Tom Phillips information in this article, the fact is that the information and the Tom Phillips story are noteworthy and were widely reported. The article is incomplete without some sort of reference to the affair. Tom Haws (talk) 22:47, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The policies I have listed apply as shown.
 * I never said Tom Phillips was affiliated with Mormon Stories. I said the Mormon Stories web site is self-published by John Dehlin making anything posted there Not reliable per Self-published.  However, John Dehlin's blogs are also self-published and Not reliable.
 * The claims of Tom Phillips meet numbers 1, 2, and 4 of the 4 "Red Flags" for exceptional claims (no you don't have to meet all four) I don’t see how you can claim they aren’t.
 * User:208.81.184.4, User talk:Trödel, and User:COGDEN, have all said similar things as I have in the 4 above discussions, and all have rejected his clams as Not reliable for one or all the reasons I have given. I have only summarized all the reasons his claims are not reliable into one discussion.  Tom Philips claims have no place on this page.--- ARTEST4ECHO(Talk) 15:20, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The real issue here is WP:Verifiability. And per the discussion on that page at WP:QS, the key of whether a source is questionable or not is whether there is editorial oversight and if there is an apparent conflict of interest. The site in question and the author of the article share a common interest/goal and the publication of the material seems to be done to advance that goal. Additionally, it appears that the website just reproduces whatever is submitted, there is no fact checking or any kind of editorial oversight of the material. Therefore I don't think it should be included - the whole second anointing thing is not well documented, and I personally don't think it matters if there exists such an ordinance or not. I do think that if we are to include specific details describing what it entails and whether it is still practiced they should be well documented by multipple, independent, and verifiable sources - not a bunch of rumors that disaffected people keep telling each other. -- Trödel 17:29, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Mormon Stories website is technically not a self-publishing effort by John Dehlin. Mormon Stories podcast is owned by the Open Stories Foundation which is a registered 501(c)3 not-for-profit corporation governed by a board of directors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kornbelt888 (talk • contribs) 11:09, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Mormon Stories podcast... again
It appears that this has been brought up in the past, but I'm not seeing a clear consensus above about this source in particular and there has been a renewed interest by one editor in using it as a source. IMO Dehlin's podcast fails the requirements in WP:SPS - the podcast is essentially a self-published blog in audio form, which is largely not a reliable source per that policy. The only exception for this, according to the policy, is if it is self-published by an expert in the field who has previously published on the subject in reliable, third-party sources. Mormon Stories podcast simply does not satisfy this criteria. I also don't see the use here as satisfying the conditions for use outlined in WP:SELFPUB. I would remind User:Deroque49 about the WP:V policy as well as WP:3RR, which they violated last night, and of WP:AGF, which this edit summary violates. Please explain how the source meets the WP:SPS policy in your view. Consensus needs to be reached here through the usual dispute resolution processes before reinserting the challenged text. --FyzixFighter (talk) 12:42, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Second Anointing terminology
I understand that private may not be exactly synonymous with secret. Might I suggest "confidential" as a good substitute? My concern with secret is that secret is often used by church critics to deride things relating the Latter-day Saint temple worship. 2601:681:8800:E4D0:80AD:7B1:C258:7625 (talk) 01:24, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

 * My recommendation is to use the term given by scholars in the literature. "Secret" seems to be used frequently. I would agree that "secret" doesn't apply to most of the Latter-day Saint temple worship, with the exception of the new name, signs and symbols. With the second anointing it is genuinely a secret, that those who have received it don't reveal even to their close family members. I'm ok with "confidential" every now and again, but think "secret" is ok too. Epachamo (talk) 16:36, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Point taken, I may be right or I may be wrong or somewhere in between. I understand that information on this particular topic isn't very abundant made more difficult due to the fact that there is complete radio silence from the church on this matter. So people are working with what they have. As for terminology, I think we can agree to disagree there. I appreciate the opportunity to clarify our points of view. Thanks. 2601:681:8800:E4D0:8090:4298:5DA5:BCC9 (talk) 18:31, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Second anointing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nathan Wickline

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (blk-cmp error). – ABCD 02:47, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Nathan Wickline
This looks like vanity to me. Rje 19:59, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV non-notable or vanity bio-stub. Fire Star 20:09, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 06:26, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Benjamin Church (ranger)

Colonel Benjamin Church (c. 1639 – January 17, 1718) was a New England military officer and politician who is best known for his role in innovative military tactics notably developing Unconventional warfare. He is also known for commanding the first ranger units in North America. Born in the Plymouth Colony, Church was commissioned by Governor Josiah Winslow to establish a company of Rangers called after the outbreak of King Philip's War. Church participated in numerous conflicts which involved the New England Colonies. A force of New Englanders led by him was responsible for tracking down and killing Wampanoag sachem Metacomet, which played a major role in ending the conflict.

During the French and Indian Wars, Church participated in asymmetric warfare against the French and their indigenous allies. He led troops to raid the French colony of Acadia during King William's War and Queen Anne's War. Starting his military career at the rank of captain, he was promoted to major and subsequently to the rank of colonel.

Church paid special care to outfitting, supplying and instructing his troops in ways inspired by indigenous methods of warfare and ways of living. He emphasized the adoption of indigenous techniques, which prioritized small, mobile and flexible units which used the countryside for cover, in lieu of massed frontal assaults by large formations. Church also pioneered the use of indigenous warriors as auxiliaries to bolster and educate his soldiers. In 1716, his memoirs, entitled Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War, was published and is considered by some to constitute the first American military manual.

Early life
Benjamin Church was born in the Plymouth Colony c. 1639, the son of Richard Church and Elizabeth Warren. The maternal grandson of Richard Warren, one of the passengers on the Mayflower, he was brought up according to colonial practices on the American frontier. Church married Alice Southworth on December 26, 1667 in Duxbury, Massachusetts. He resided for a period of time in Duxbury before moving to Bristol, Rhode Island. Church later moved to Little Compton, Rhode Island, where he and his wife were eventually buried. Her gravesite is marked by a historically significant gravestone known as a table grave.

King Philip's War
During King Philip's War, Church was the principal military aide to Governor Josiah Winslow of Plymouth Colony. Commissioned by Winslow as a captain on July 24, 1675, he fought during King Philip's War (1675–1678) on the New England frontier against the Wampanoag, Nipmuck and Podunk tribes of Indians. He is best known during this time for commanding a company of Englishmen and Native Americans independently of the governor's direction. Church's men were the first colonial force to be successful in raiding the hostile Indians' camps in forests and swamps. During previous decades, colonists had been on the defense against the Natives, who knew their territory intimately. Relations were generally peaceful until 1675, but tensions had been growing as the colonists and their views of property encroached on Indian territory and hunting grounds.

Church was allowed to recruit Native Americans after he and other leaders realized that traditional European military tactics were ineffective in frontier warfare. He also persuaded many neutral or formerly hostile Indians to surrender and join his unit, where they operated skillfully as irregular troops. Some of these men had converted to Christianity in settlements before the war. They were known as Praying Indians. After being organized by Church, these troops tracked hostile Indians into the forests and swamps, and conducted effective raids and ambushes on their camps.

Great Swamp Fight

During the Great Swamp Fight on December 19, 1675, Church was wounded while serving as an aide to Governor Winslow, the commander of the colonial forces in the battle. Forces of the colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connecticut killed an estimated 300 Narragansett warriors and an unknown number of women and children of the Narragansett Tribe. The surviving Narragansetts fled and remained in hiding for the remainder of the war.

After the Great Swamp Fight, Church and the colonial army were 15 miles from their base in North Kingstown and had to endure a long march encumbered by dragging their dead and wounded and severe cold.

The war ended eight months later following an operation by Church's company on August 12, 1676. John Alderman, one of Church's Indian allies, killed King Philip (also known as Metacomet), leader of the Wampanoag tribe. Upon inspection of Philip's body, Church is quoted as saying "a doleful, great, naked, dirty beast." Metacomet's body, was in accordance with the standard punishment for treason, hung, drawn and quartered.

King William's War
During King William's War (1688–97), Church led four New England raiding parties into Acadia (which included most of Maine) against the ethnic French Acadians and hostile Native Americans, including the Abenaki. On the first expedition into Acadia, on September 21, 1689, Major Church (who was promoted to major and given command of the expedition by the Council of War of Plymouth Colony on September 6) and 250 troops defended a group of English settlers in the Deering Oaks at the Battle of Brackett's Wood. The British were trying to get established at Falmouth, Maine (present-day Portland, Maine). Although 21 of his men were killed, Church was successful and the hostile natives retreated.

Church returned to Boston, leaving the small group of English settlers unprotected. (The following spring, May 1690, over 400 French and native troops under the leadership of Castin returned to Falmouth and massacred all the English settlers in the Battle of Fort Loyal. When Church returned to the village later that summer, he buried the dead.)

In Church's second expedition a year later, on September 11, 1690, he commanded 300 men at Casco Bay. His mission was to relieve the English Fort Pejpescot (present day Brunswick, Maine), which had been taken by natives. He went up the Androscoggin River to Fort Pejepscot. From there he traveled 40 miles up river to Livermore Falls, Maine, where he attacked an Androscoggin native village. Church's men shot three or four native men as they were retreating. Church discovered five English captives in the wigwams. Church killed and butchered six or seven prisoners, and took nine prisoners. A few days later, in retaliation, the Androscoggin attacked Church at Cape Elizabeth on Purpooduc Point, killing seven of his men and wounding 24 others. On September 26, Church returned to Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Church's third expedition during the war was in 1692, when he raided the Penobscot territory of (present-day Indian Island, Maine) with 450 men. Church and his men went on to raid Taconock (superseded by Winslow, Maine).

Four years later, Major Church conducted a fourth expedition. He carried out the Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696) (present-day Fredericton, New Brunswick), which was then the capital of Acadia, and the Raid on Chignecto (1696) in Acadia. He was described as weighing approximately 250 pounds, but personally led his troops. They killed the inhabitants of Chignecto, looting their household goods, burning their houses, and slaughtering the livestock.

Queen Anne's War
During Queen Anne's War, Church went on his fifth and final expedition into Acadia. The Deerfield Massacre had taken place in western Massachusetts on February 29, 1704, believed conducted by Indians provoked by the French. In addition to killing many settlers, the Abenaki and allies took more than 100 captives overland to Montreal and the Mohawk village south of the river. The captives were often held for ransom by families and communities; some of the younger ones were adopted by Mohawk families.

On March 18, 1704 Church was commissioned as a colonel by Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley and placed in command of a force to raid French settlements in Acadia in retaliation for Deerfield. This expedition included the following actions: the Raid on Castine, Maine, Raid on St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Raid on Grand Pre, Raid on Pisiguit (present day Falmouth and Windsor), and the Raid on Chignecto.

Church meticulously planned the expedition. He specified the design of whaleboats to be used in the raids and what kind of hatchets his soldiers were to carry. Church took John Gyles, formerly held as a captive by the Maliseet, as his translator. Church took prisoners and claimed to have left only five houses standing in Acadia. In the Raid of Pisiguit (1704), he took the leader Noel Doiron as prisoner.

Tactics and war doctrine
While Church left no formal writings on military doctrine, his memoirs provided considerable detail about his practices. Through the study of his military experiences, scholars have summarized his practices according to the following principles:

 * 1) Planning each operation in advance, not leaving anything to chance.
 * 2) Ensuring that soldiers under his command were properly trained, fed, and equipped.
 * 3) Building alliances with potential allies (i.e. Native Americans), who may have been overlooked or mistrusted by other commanders.
 * 4) Not inflicting unnecessary damage or harm.
 * 5) Using stealth and surprise to tactical advantage.
 * 6) Understanding how a tactical operation fits in with strategic objectives.
 * 7) Leading by example and from the front.
 * 8) Maintaining communications with higher and lower echelons.

Later life
Church was elected to public office as the first representative of Bristol to the Plymouth Colony legislature, serving between 1682 and 1684.

Church died at Little Compton in 1718 and was buried in the Little Compton Common cemetery.

Legacy

Church kept notes on his tactics and operations in 1675-1676. His work was eventually published in 1716 as Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War. Church was the great-grandfather of Dr. Benjamin Church, the first "Surgeon General" (though that title came later) of the Continental Army. Dr. Church, thought to have been a staunch Whig, was later arrested by General George Washington as a suspected spy for British General Thomas Gage.

Rogers Rangers and Gorham's Rangers were militia developed according to the tradition begun by Church.

In 1992, in honor of his innovative tactical methods, Church was inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Fame. A bronze Ranger Tab was affixed to his gravestone to mark this.

The Rhode Island Society of Colonial Wars placed a plaque near Colonel Church's grave in honor of his leadership and bravery during King Philip's War.

title: Benjamin Church (ranger)


text: User talk:66.112.243.138

title: User talk:66.112.243.138


text:
User:Wells 298

Primarily interested in music and literature.

title: User:Wells 298


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam Robb

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 01:13, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Adam_Robb
Obvious vanity page. -DynSkeet 20:00, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * You should have used the speedy delete, vandalism i think. Feydey 20:10, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, definite speedy candidate. If another admin concurs, we should zap it. Fire Star 20:11, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity Dsmdgold 20:28, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur, it's zapped. Mgm|(talk) 21:08, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Austria at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Austria competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 83 competitors, 64 men and 19 women, took part in 51 events in 16 sports.

Archery
In its second appearance in archery competition at the Olympics, Austria again entered only one man.

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Peter Mitterer — 2336 points (→ 21st place)

Athletics
Men's 1,500 metres
 * Robert Nemeth
 * Heat — 3:38.3
 * Semifinals — 3:40.8 (→ did not advance)

Men's 5,000 metres
 * Dietmar Millonig
 * Heat — 13:45.7
 * Semi Final — 13:29.4
 * Final — 13:23.3 (→ 6th place)

Men's Marathon
 * Josef Steiner
 * Final — 2:24:24 (→ 39th place)

Men's 3,000 m Steeplechase
 * Wolfgang Konrad
 * Heat — 8:35.3
 * Semifinals — 8:25.0 (→ did not advance)

Men's 20 km Walk
 * Martin Toporek
 * Final — 1:44:56.0 (→ 21st place)
 * Johann Siegele
 * Final — 1:45:17.8 (→ 22nd place)
 * Wilfried Siegele
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Men's Long Jump
 * William Rea
 * Qualification — 7.74 m (→ did not advance)

Men's Decathlon
 * Georg Werthner
 * Final — 8050 points (→ 4th place)
 * Sepp Zeilbauer
 * Final — 8007 points (→ 5th place)

Cycling
Six cyclists represented Austria in 1980.

 * Individual road race
 * Herbert Spindler
 * Johann Traxler
 * Johann Lienhart
 * Kurt Zellhofer

 * Team time trial
 * Johann Lienhart
 * Peter Muckenhuber
 * Herbert Spindler
 * Johann Summer

Diving
Men's Springboard
 * Niki Stajković
 * Preliminary Round — 521.04 points (→ 12th place, did not advance)
 * Kenneth Grove
 * Heats — 491.94 points (→ 15th place, did not advance)
 * Michael Worisch
 * Preliminary Round — 452.43 points (→ 21st place, did not advance)

Men's Platform
 * Niki Stajković
 * Preliminary Round — 493.89 points (→ 7th place)
 * Final — 725.145 points (→ 8th place)
 * Kenneth Grove
 * Preliminary Round — 447.12 points (→ 12th place, did not advance)

Women's Team Competition

 * Preliminary Round Robin
 * Lost to India (0-2)
 * Defeated Soviet Union (2-0)
 * Defeated Poland (3-0)
 * Lost to Czechoslovakia (0-5)
 * Lost to Zimbabwe (1-4) → 5th place
 * Team Roster:
 * Patricia Lorenz
 * Sabine Blemenschütz
 * Elisabeth Pistauer
 * Andrea Kozma
 * Brigitta Pecanka
 * Brigitte Kindler
 * Friederike Stern
 * Regina Lorenz
 * Eleonore Pecanka
 * Ilse Stipanovsky
 * Andrea Porsch
 * Erika Csar
 * Dorit Ganster
 * Ulrike Kleinhansl
 * Eva Cambal
 * Jana Cejpek

Modern pentathlon
Two male pentathletes represented Austria in 1980.

Individual Competition:
 * Alexander Topay — 4784 points (→ 35th place)
 * Helmut Wieser — 4582 points (→ 38th place)

Sailing

 * Open

Shooting

 * Open

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Herwig Bayer
 * Heats — 52.79 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Men's 100m Backstroke
 * Herwig Bayer
 * Heats — (→ did not advance, 20th place)

Men's 100m Butterfly
 * Kurt Dittrich
 * Heats — (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Women's 100m Freestyle
 * Heidi Koch
 * Heats — (→ did not advance, 19th place)

Women's 100m Backstroke Women's 100m Butterfly Women's 200m Butterfly
 * Marianne Humpelstetter
 * Heats — (→ did not advance, 21st place)
 * Sonja Hausladen
 * Heats — (→ 16th place)
 * Sonja Hausladen
 * Heats — (→ 12th place)

title: Austria at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text: Category:British paleontologists

title: Category:British paleontologists


text: User talk:68.164.190.140

title: User talk:68.164.190.140


text:
User:Fadix/Evidence

Evidence to be presented by User:Fadix
All times UTC

March 15, 2005

 * 16:41, Mar 15, 2005
 * edits Armenian Genocide; justifies it as “grammer” [sic] edit, but changes the meaning by adding “Eastern” before the word Anatolia.

March 17, 2005

 * 15:03, Mar 17, 2005
 * edits Armenian Genocide; justifies it as “You cannot talk as if the majority of the nations accept the dispute as a fact.” But makes a lot of POV pushing edits that have nothing to do with it as well as deleting of informations. See also: Arbitration policy/Precedents re misleading edit summaries.

 * 15:35, Mar 17, 2005
 * edits Armenian Genocide; justifies it as “those are external links. There is a section for those, do not clutter the article with extra sections.” And dump books references as simple “sites(15:39)” when obviously they should have had their section, in “resources.”

 * 21:31, Mar 17, 2005
 * edits Armenian Genocide; and again the same POV pushing as those of 15:03 and deleting of informations.

 * 22:26, Mar 17, 2005
 * edits Armenian Genocide; and again, more than ever POV pushing and deleting informations without justification other than "What Turkey nor Armania nor Academics say is irelevant compared to wikipedia policy." But I guess what he say is the only relevant thing here.

 * 22:59, Mar 17, 2005
 * edits Armenian Genocide; and again, more than ever POV pushing and deleting informations without justification, when I justified mines at the talk page..

 * 23:24, Mar 17, 2005
 * edits Armenian Genocide; and again, more than ever POV pushing and deleting informations without justification other than "If you ask for mediation you leave the articles version dispute for the mod to see. Revering wont give you a better case. let hims see this version first and then yours."

March 18, 2005

 * 18:51, Mar 18, 2005
 * edits Armenian Genocide; The same thing again, after I have again justified in the talk page that his edits were not only POV pushing, but as well simply innacurate. He justified it by referring to Neutral_Point_of_View.

March 23, 2005

 * 05:15, 23 March 2005
 * Genocides in history; modify the reference regarding the Armenian Genocide. by attributing the deaths to armed conflict, disease and famine during the turmoil of World War One. And reducing the minima range of victims.

March 26, 2005

 * 08:00, 26 March 2005
 * edits Armenia change the reference relating to the Armenian Genocide.

 * 19:48, 26 March 2005
 * edits Holocaust (disambiguation); hijack the reference relating to the Armenian Genocide.

March 27, 2005

 * 04:14, 27 March 2005
 * edits Holocaust (disambiguation); hijack again the reference relating to the Armenian Genocide.

March 28, 2005

 * 01:42, 28 March 2005
 * edits World War I; hides the reference to the Armenian Genocide.

title: User:Fadix/Evidence


text:
Donn Tatum

Donn B. Tatum (January 9, 1913 – May 31, 1993) was an American businessman and the first non-Disney family member to be an executive of Walt Disney Productions. Tatum held senior leadership positions with Disney for 25 years, becoming president from 1968 to 1971, when he became CEO from 1971 until 1980. His final position was "Director Emeritus" from 1992 until his death. He played a major role in the creation of Walt Disney World Resort, EPCOT Center and Tokyo Disneyland.

Early life
Tatum was born on January 9, 1913. He grew up in Los Angeles and graduated magna cum laude from Stanford University, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and earned two law degrees from Oxford University. He passed the California bar in 1938 and became involved in entertainment law at Lillick, Geary and McHose.

He held a number of co. positions and served as counsel for RCA, NBC and ABC. He became general manager of KABC-TV in Los Angeles and Western television director for ABC.

Walt Disney Company
Tatum joined Disney as production business manager in 1956 and in 1971, became chief executive and board chairman following the death of Roy O. Disney — becoming the first non-Disney family member to head the company. Tatum served as CEO until November 1976 and as chairman.

On June 3, 1980, he retired as chairman and CEO of Disney Productions turning over the company to Card Walker. He stayed on the Disney board as executive committee chair.

In 1993, Tatum was named a Disney Legend.

Public service
He was CalArts board chairman and president of the Disney Foundation, California Broadcasting Assn., United Cerebral Palsy Assn. and Stanford Club of Los Angeles.

Tatum was a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, London, and an honorary member of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences and Hollywood Radio & Television Society.

He served as a board member of The Huntington Library, California State Fair and Exposition, Los Angeles Philharmonic Association., Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, Better Business Bureau of Los Angeles, the John Tracy Clinic, Western Digital, Union Oil, Bank of America and Greyhound Lines.

Death
Tatum died on May 31, 1993, of cancer at his home in Pacific Palisades. Then Disney CEO Michael Eisner, and President Frank Wells said "He served as a director of the company until his resignation last year, when he was named director emeritus. The world will miss Donn, but we at Disney who looked to him for wisdom, guidance and balance will miss him more."

title: Donn Tatum


text:
The Rapture (audio drama)

The Rapture is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.

Plot
The Seventh Doctor and Ace visit The Rapture nightclub in Ibiza in 1997, where two angels are brainwashing clubgoers, and Ace discovers a secret about her family.

Continuity

 * This story gives Ace's date of birth as 20 August 1970.
 * Ace's parents are named as Audrey and Harry McShane.
 * This story introduces Ace's brother, Liam McShane, who is four years her junior.
 * Following on from tie-in novels, Ace's full name is given as Dorothy Gale McShane (Although, this was never given in the original series).
 * Ace refers to the events of The Curse of Fenric and Colditz

Cast

 * The Doctor — Sylvester McCoy
 * Ace — Sophie Aldred
 * Himself — Tony Blackburn
 * Liam — David John
 * Caitriona — Anne Bird
 * Brian — James Daniel Wilson
 * Gustavo — Carlos Riera
 * Jude — Matthew Brenher
 * Gabriel — Neil Henry
 * Bouncer — Jeremy James

Dating error
At one point in episode 4, the date is given as 'Saturday 15 May 1997'. In reality, 15 May 1997 fell on a Thursday.

title: The Rapture (audio drama)


text:
Juan María Fernández y Krohn

Juan María Fernández y Krohn (born c. 1948) is a convicted Spanish Traditionalist Catholic priest, journalist, and lawyer, who tried to assassinate Pope John Paul II in 1982.

Early life
Fernández y Krohn was born c. 1948 in Madrid, the son of a middle-class Andalusian family with distant Norwegian ancestors. He successfully studied at the Escuelas Pías in Madrid's Argüelles district. At age 17, he began studying economics at the Complutense University of Madrid. At the beginning of his studies he joined the syndicalist and Falangist fraternity Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas (FES) and acted as an activist on the progressive wing of the group. He graduated with very good results. After turning away from his former political activities, he increasingly took on anti-communist and integralist positions and visited various places of Marian apparitions.

Priestly activity
In 1975, Fernández y Krohn came to Écône in the Swiss canton of Valais to contact the Priestly Fraternity of St. Pius X. In Argentina and later Brazil, he continued to come in contact with integralist communities. In 1978, Fernández y Krohn was ordained to the priesthood by the Traditionalist archbishop and founder of the FSSPX Marcel Lefebvre. As a pastor, Fernández y Krohn looked after two congregations of the FSSPX near Paris and in Rouen.

The FSSPX was founded in 1970 to adhere to the rites and disciplines of the Roman Catholic Church from before the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).

In 1979, Fernández y Krohn was expelled for having shown "signs of mental instability" and criticizing Archbishop Lefebvre for his allegedly too weak opposition to the pope. According to the Brotherhood, Fernández y Krohn separated from Lefebvre in 1980 and joined a Sedevacantist group.

In July 1981, he traveled to Poland, trying unsuccessfully to conduct an interview with Lech Wałęsa, the founder of the Solidarity trade union.

Assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II
On 12 May 1982, Fernández y Krohn assaulted Pope John Paul II with a bayonet in Fátima, Portugal, on the occasion of the Pope's pilgrimage to give thanks for his life being spared one year earlier at St. Peter's Square in the attack by the assassin Mehmet Ali Ağca.

Fernández y Krohn arose from the crowd in a cassock, approached the pope from behind, and called out "Down with the Pope, down with the Second Vatican Council". He then stabbed John Paul II with the 40 cm bayonet of a Mauser rifle. An aide of the pope stated that he did wound him, as there was blood on the floor when they returned to the Vatican.

John Paul II survived the attack, and blessed the failed assassin. Fernández y Krohn was arrested by security without resistance.

Prosecution
Juan María Fernández y Krohn had to answer for the murder attempt both under canon law and under Portuguese criminal law.

Fernández y Krohn was convicted of attempted murder, and sentenced to six and a half years imprisonment. He received a further seven months in prison for contempt of court. During his trial, he said that he was opposed to the reforms of Vatican II and that he believed Pope John Paul II had been in league with the Soviet Union, even accusing him of being a secret Communist agent trying to infiltrate the Vatican. He has said he had not hurt the pope. After spending three years in a Lisbon prison, Fernández y Krohn was released in 1985, and deported.

As a member of the Roman Catholic Church, the perpetrator, according to Canons 1331 and 1370 § 1 of the Church code, incurred the Church penalty of excommunication. In the case of the use of force against the pope, the penalty comes into effect directly, without trial. Due to the excommunication, Fernández y Krohn lost the right to receive or confer the sacraments until he could be reconciled in confession.

Other criminal activities
In 1996, Fernández y Krohn was charged with arson in the Brussels branch of the separatist Basque party Herri Batasuna; he was found not guilty of all charges.

In July 2000, during a visit of Juan Carlos I of Spain to King Albert II of Belgium, Fernández y Krohn, as an enraged protester, breached security and attempted to approach the kings. Fernández y Krohn was charged and convicted for disturbing the peace, and was sentenced to four months imprisonment. The subsequent psychiatric study determined that there was no danger and Fernández y Krohn was released.

Personal life
After his expulsion from Portugal, Fernández y Krohn went to Belgium, where he abandoned the priesthood, married a Portuguese journalist, worked as a lawyer, and became a blogger. There he came to additional notoriety where "he gained a bad reputation when he smacked a judge and handed out anti-semitic literature in the Brussels Palace of Justice".

After 2000, he has lived between Belgium and Spain, and is reported to be an expert in art and literature of the post-Spanish Civil War period from 1939–1990. He has a son from a relationship with a Flemish Belgian.

He has described his assassination attempt against the Pope as a "sacrifice" for the salvation of the Church, Spain and his conviction as a "National Catholic". He said he was not insane and did not regret his act, even if he did not repeat it, because he had evolved. He described himself as a sinner, but said he had not committed a crime. He accused the assassin Mehmet Ali Ağca of being anti-Christian and anti-Western and of holding the pope as the leader of the crusades. Fernández y Krohn further said that John Paul II never forgave him, unlike Ağca.

title: Juan María Fernández y Krohn


text: Category:Scottish paleontologists

title: Category:Scottish paleontologists