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Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick

Frances Evelyn "Daisy" Greville, Countess of Warwick (née Maynard; 10 December 1861 – 26 July 1938 ) was a British socialite and philanthropist. Although embedded in late-Victorian British high society, she was also a campaigning socialist, supporting many schemes to aid the less well-off in education, housing, employment, and pay, and was often known as the "Red Countess". She established colleges for the education of women in agriculture and market gardening, first in Reading, then in Studley. She established a needlework school and employment scheme in Essex as well as using her ancestral homes to host events and schemes for the benefit of her tenants and workers. Greville was a long-term confidant or mistress to the Prince of Wales, who later became King Edward VII.

She was said to be referenced in the popular music hall song "Daisy, Daisy", owing to her rather unorthodox conduct.

Early life

Born at 27 Berkeley Square, London, she was the elder of two daughters of Colonel Charles Maynard (1814 – 2 January 1865) and his second wife, Blanche FitzRoy (1839 – 8 December 1933). Frances would always be known as Daisy. The Maynards' younger daughter and Daisy's sister was named after her mother and was always known as Blanchie. Blanchie later married Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox and was the mother of Ivy Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland.

Blanche FitzRoy's paternal great-grandfather was Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton. Her maternal grandmother, Emily Charlotte Ogilvie, was the youngest daughter of Lady Emily Lennox (one of the Lennox sisters) by her second marriage.

Charles Maynard was the son and heir apparent of Henry Maynard, 3rd Viscount Maynard. As Charles died five months before his father, it was Daisy who inherited the Maynard estates in 1865, including the ancestral home of Easton Lodge in Little Easton, Essex. Two years after her father's death, her mother married Lord Rosslyn, a favourite courtier of Queen Victoria. They had five children, Daisy's half-sisters including the noted Millicent Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland, Sybil Fane, Countess of Westmorland and Lady Angela Forbes.

Marriage

Frances Maynard was considered a possible wife for Queen Victoria's youngest son, Prince Leopold (later Duke of Albany). The Queen desired this and used Lord Beaconsfield to influence the Maynard family to this end. However, the match fell through, and by mutual choice, in 1881 Frances married Francis Greville, Lord Brooke, the eldest son and heir of George Greville, 4th Earl of Warwick, although her parents did not initially approve.

Lord Brooke succeeded to the earldom in 1893, and the family moved to Warwick Castle. Daisy's first child, and probably the only one fathered by her husband, was Leopold Guy (1882–1928), who later became the sixth Earl of Warwick. Marjorie Blanche (1884–1964), born three years after the marriage, was Daisy's second child. Daisy, in a 1923 conversation with Basil Dean, the husband of Mercy, stated that Marjorie was fathered by Lord Charles Beresford. The third, Charles Algernon (1885–1887), died aged 16 months, and may also have been fathered by Charles Beresford.

Daisy's fourth child was a son, Maynard (1898–1960), and the fifth, a daughter, Mercy (1904–1968). These were fathered by Joseph Frederick (Joe) Laycock, a millionaire bachelor with whom Daisy was infatuated despite his faithlessness to her. Mercy was fathered by Laycock after he had married Katherine Mary (Kitty), the Marchioness of Downshire, on 14 November 1902, after she had been divorced by Arthur Hill, 6th Marquess of Downshire, citing adultery with Laycock.

Personal life
Following Daisy's marriage, she became a celebrated hostess and socialite, often hosting or attending lavish parties and gatherings. She and her husband were members of the 'Marlborough House set', headed by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII). Beginning in 1886, as was the unspoken 'code' for aristocrats of her set, she became involved in affairs with several powerful men, most notably the Prince of Wales.

Lady Warwick was a favourite of the Prince of Wales and entertained him and his entourage lavishly. As a royal favourite, others would 'prove their worth' by assisting those favourites. Cecil Rhodes made sure that her investments in Tanganyika Concessions were successful. Tanganyika Concessions Ltd was notorious for stock manipulation — during one period of a few days the price went from 2$1/4$ pence to 13 pounds per share and then crashed.

Lady Warwick had a passionate affair with Lord Charles Beresford and was outraged to learn of Lady Charles Beresford's pregnancy during this time. Questioning Lord Charles's loyalty to her, she dispatched a letter to him over the matter. Daisy was unaware that Lord Charles had instructed his wife to open his mail whilst he was away on campaign and thus Lady Charles became aware of the affair.

The letter became a point of dispute and was the reason Daisy acquired the epithet "Babbling Brooke." Others who read the letter, including Charles's brother, Lord Marcus Beresford, agreed it "ought to have never seen the light of day". Lady Charles handed the letter to Sir George Lewis, 1st Baronet, a solicitor who acted for many society figures, for safekeeping. Lady Warwick attempted to pull rank and appealed to the Prince of Wales.

Arguably, the incident effectively cemented Lady Warwick's superior social standing, as the Prince acquired the Countess as his own semi-official mistress. The Prince hoped to convince Lady Charles to give up the letter for its destruction, but she gave Lady Warwick an ultimatum: stay away from London that season and the letter would be returned. Lady Warwick refused, and the Prince of Wales made the situation worse by hinting to Lady Charles that the position she and her husband held in society would be endangered. This angered Lord Charles enough to push the Prince of Wales against a sofa. The Prince forgave Lord Charles for his actions, but the scandal placed a strain on the friendship of the two men. The quarrel lasted until Prime Minister Lord Salisbury intervened and both parties reached an agreement. Nevertheless, the relations between Edward VII and Lord Charles remained weak for the remainder of their lives.

For almost a decade Daisy was a favourite of the Prince of Wales. She nevertheless formed her own attachments elsewhere. She fell hopelessly in love with a faithless millionaire bachelor, Joseph Laycock, who served as an army officer in the Boer War, and was the natural father of two of Daisy's children, Maynard (born 21 March 1898), and Mercy (born 10 April 1904). When she became pregnant with Laycock's child, the Prince of Wales, although still fond of her, insisted that a distance be kept between them. However, Laycock was also in an affair with Kitty, the Marchioness of Downshire. When the Marquess of Downshire threatened divorce over her affair, this menage-à-trois caused scandal. Laycock married Lady Downshire after her divorce.

At this time Daisy concentrated on the schemes which she had begun to address social inequality, including the education and feeding of the children of the poor and the education and employment of women. She formally joined the Social Democratic Federation and campaigned in support of candidates from both the SDF and the Independent Labour Party. Nevertheless, her lifestyle, money spent on charitable projects and years of lavish entertainment and socialite pursuits had depleted the immense fortune she had inherited from her grandfather.

Later life

Following the death of Edward VII, and having found herself facing increasingly large debts as a result of her unmanaged philanthropy and carelessness in money matters, an attempt was made to secure the private sale of the late King's letters to Daisy to the new king George V. The letters demonstrated the extent of Edward VII's infidelities and would have scandalised society if they had been made public. It was on the intervention of Lord Stamfordham that the scheme was halted as he argued their copyright belonged to the King. After the High Court restrained her from publishing the letters in Britain, she threatened to sell them to the American media. British industrialist and politician Arthur Du Cros offered to pay £64,000 worth of Daisy's debts in return for the love letters and, for his generosity, he was created a baronet in 1916.

In 1928, Daisy was facing imprisonment in HM Prison Holloway for her debts but was released on condition that if and when she published her memoirs she would "undertake to submit it to a literary man". When her memoir manuscript was eventually submitted, it was censored, but Daisy's daughter still called it so vulgar that it could only be described as "muck". Titled "Life's Ebb and Flow," today it is considered one of the best-written memoirs on Edwardian society and is often cited. Copies of the love letters were later released to the public by Daisy's daughter; rather than being the passionate love letters claimed by Daisy, they were found to be a mix of gossip and "affectionate banter".

Politics and philanthropy

Robert Blatchford wrote a critique of Lady Warwick's lifestyle in the 1890s, and this led her to seek him out to discuss socialism. His lengthy and reasoned riposte to her had a lasting impact and from then on, she determinedly sought to find out more about the lives of the poor. She joined the Social Democratic Federation in 1904. She donated large amounts of money to the organisation and in particular supported its campaign for free meals for schoolchildren alongside her secretary Mary Bridges-Adams. As a patron of several parishes, she presented socialist clergy including Conrad Noel to their livings despite the controversy caused. As a socialist, she opposed World War I as a "capitalist imposition" and supported the October Revolution. After the war, she joined the Independent Labour Party. She stood as Independent Labour Party candidate in 1923 for the Warwick and Leamington constituency against Anthony Eden who was the eventual winner.

Lady Warwick founded a secondary and technical science school and school of agriculture at Bigods, Dunmow, near to her Essex property Easton Lodge. Her intention in creating the school was to encourage the development of intelligent workers who could make use of their skills to develop British agriculture. She perceived British agricultural workers to be poorly educated and inferior to those in continental Europe. The school ran for roughly 10 years with financial support from her between 1897 and 1907. She founded a needlework school at Easton for girls whom she recognised had excellent hand skills that would enable them to gain meaningful and well-paid employment. She set up a hostel for women students of agriculture at Reading, which was succeeded after six years by a bigger all-inclusive college, land and accommodation scheme at Studley Castle and park, Studley Agricultural College for Women. She wanted to gift Easton to the Independent Labour Party and then to the TUC as a college for socialism, but neither scheme progressed beyond initial acceptances that led to the holding of the ILP's annual summer school in August 1925 and a series of weekend conferences over the same summer. She created and extended the gardens both at Warwick Castle and at Easton Lodge and was President of the National Chrysanthemum Society. She commissioned Harold Peto to create gardens over 10 acres of the parkland at Easton which included creating a sunken garden, a lily canal, and a rose arbour, all laid out in an Italianate style. The scheme was put into effect through the labour of men from the Salvation Army Colony at Hadleigh. She kept a menagerie of birds and animals at Easton, and a set of former circus ponies at Warwick Castle; amongst the creatures kept was a famous white peacock. The novelist H. G. Wells was a resident of her Easton estate, leasing Easton Glebe from 1910 to 1928.

She threw parties to raise funds to provide the chapel which is now a part of Warwick Boys' School with a pulpit, known as "Daisy's Pulpit".

During the 1890s, Lady Warwick became acquainted with the novelist Elinor Glyn, whom she introduced into British society.

The Warwick Circle
From 1912 Daisy began acting as leader and hostess of the 'Warwick Circle' at Easton Lodge, often based around select garden parties and largely dedicated to a reinvention of supposed folk traditions, pageants, dances and dialect plays, under the banner of the Dunmow and District Progressive Club, with newly written 'vernacular' plays performed at Lady Warwick's Barn Theatre at Little Easton. The purpose of the enterprise was the enlightenment of the local lower classes, although these were not part of the 'Warwick Circle' or its social gatherings. Daisy commented on the coming endeavour in a 1911 letter to R. D. Blumenfeld with: "We shall be a little group of the Salt of the Earth in the Dunmow District soon!" Conrad Noel, the 'Red Vicar' of Thaxted, whom Daisy had appointed to his incumbency, was a critical supporter stating that this "...smacked of [the] Bloomsbury" set.

Members of Cecil Sharp's English Folk Dance Society performed at the inaugural event at The Barn Theatre and Sharp noted that Daisy's vote of thanks contained a vision of "merry dancers on village greens and the people of Easton dancing to meet the people of Dunmow". Those who contributed and gravitated to be entertained in the 'Warwick Circle' were fellow socialist political proponents and literary figures, including H. G. Wells, Launcelot and Hugh Cranmer-Byng (playwrights and scions of the Torrington baronetcy), Samuel Levy Bensusan (dialect playwright and writer), Ramsay MacDonald, J. W. Robertson Scott, Howell Arthur Gwynne, Sir Walter Gilbey, Henry De Vere Stacpoole, J. M. Barrie, George Bernard Shaw, Cecil Sharp, Arnold Bennett and Harold Monro (poet).

Cultural Depictions

 * Actress Virginia McKenna portrayed Daisy Greville in the 1972-1973 miniseries The Edwardians.
 * Carolyn Seymour portrayed Greville in the 1975 miniseries Edward the Seventh.

title: Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick


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Wikipedia talk:News sources/Print/North America

Please note: This page is a subpage of news sources. This page uses a heirarchical system to present news sites in a way which more closely reflects the people of the world. This should hopefully further NPOV within wikipedia. As such there will for some considerable time be subpages with very few links on them. In fact often those subpages will be the most important as they represent countries which are often ignored. Barnaby dawson 18:52, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Kenny Chesney

Deleted derogatory comments
Derogatory comments on this talk page have been deleted. Please remember to abide by policies regarding Biographies of Living People. BLP policy applies to all material about living persons anywhere on Wikipedia, including talk pages, images, and categories. Cindamuse (talk) 15:39, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Edit request
editsemiprotected - - - - the articles leaves out "Anything But Mine" as a single on When the Sun Goes Down. Excellent song, not sure where it landed on the charts but I'm sure it was up there. Should be in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.26.166.162 (talk) 19:57, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Chensney breaks foot on Poets & Pirates tour
Just returned from Williams-Brice Stadium. Chesney broke his foot during the first bars of his opening song. Chesney began talking into his microphone while rising up from below the stage on a hydraulic lift. But he was standing too close to the lip and the toes on his right foot got crushed. Chesney collapsed in pain and remained trapped until stagehands lowered the lift to free his foot. He refused medical treatment and continued the concert. He limped, winced, and often stopped to catch his breath throughout the show. Rob Rosenberger (talk) 06:16, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Austin City Limits - 2009
Kenny Chesney will be featured on the hit PBS show, "Austin City Limits" on October 24th, 2009. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mayorofcoolcity (talk • contribs) 20:01, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Arrest?
It was a pretty big deal when he got arrested in 2000, and then got Tim McGraw arrested as a result. In fact, to me, that's what I know Kenny Chesney for - I can't name a single Chesney song, but I know him as the country music singer who allegedly tried to steal a police horse. McGraw has a section in his article about his arrest (as does every other famous person who's been arrested ever). I think Chesney should too. Thoughts?--CastAStone//₵₳$↑₳₴₮ʘ№€ 16:56, 1 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree! This sounds hilarious! I do know Kenny Chesney songs but I was never inspired to wiki him until I heard out about the horse. 66.108.94.198 (talk) 15:42, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Edit request
In the bio box Chesney is listed as "Origin: Johnson City, Tn." Kenny Chesney is from Luttrell, TN (the article even points this out). The only reason he was born in Knoxville (which is ~20-30 mins away is because there are no hospitals in Union Co. where Luttrell is located). A lot of his family still lives here in Union Co.

Also, just FYI: it's common for East Tennesseans regardless of where they are really from to list their origin as Knoxville out of habit simply because no one has heard of places outside Knoxville and have barely heard of Knoxville. And Luttrell is about as small as it gets.

I know this because I reside in Union County where everyone grew up with Chesney.

174.49.48.214 (talk) 05:28, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * In the body of the article, it cites bandbiographies, which states, "Kenny Chesney, born and raised in tiny Luttrell, Tennessee". This is almost certainly wrong, and I doubt that it is a reliable source - however, you have not supplied a source to make the change. Please could you reinstate your request, supported by reliable source(s) - for example, a book or a newspaper article that allows us to verify the facts. Thanks,  Chzz  ►  07:05, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Ariellemclean7, 11 April 2010
{{tn| Kenny Chesney is currently in a relationship with Amy Colley, a Nashville nurse, since 2008. They have NOT broken up as stated in the article.

http://omg.yahoo.com/news/kenny-chesney-on-taking-time-off-his-new-love-what-went-wrong-with-renee/38984;_ylt=AjEU25UdGLKyxF92NF_cKNoPpxx.;_ylv=3

Ariellemclean7 (talk) 02:56, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks  Chzz  ►  13:13, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

{{done}}

How about you leave out any mention of who girlfriend is or is not, since no one knows for sure and he's not talking about it. There are many different rumors floating around and as far as i know, Wikipedia doesn't do rumors, just verified info.

Edit request from Linz55, 18 April 2010
Kenny Chesney has recently finished his "Kenny Chesney Summer in 3D" movie, there is no mention of the movie in the article. The movie was filmed in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, San Francisco,Seattle, and Boston during Kenny's 2009 sun city carnival tour. The movie was filmed in 3D, and also includes many personal stories from Kenny. It was/is to be released on April 21, 2010 and run only two weeks at select theater,and put out by HotTicket.

Linz55 (talk) 22:17, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * We need a reliable source to verify this.  fetch  comms  ☛ 22:27, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Linz55, 22 April 2010
Kenny Chesney has recently finished his "Kenny Chesney Summer in 3D" movie, there is no mention of the movie in the article. The movie was filmed in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, San Francisco,Seattle, and Boston during Kenny's 2009 sun city carnival tour. The movie was filmed in 3D, and also includes many personal stories from Kenny. It was/is to be released on April 21, 2010 and run only two weeks at select theater,and put out by HotTicket.http://www.thehotticket.net/kennychesney/

Linz55 (talk) 03:45, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: This is not a specific request in the form of "change X to Y" as described by the template. Next time, please state exactly what you want to add and where to place it. Furthermore, the protection on this article expires April 28 after which all unregistered users will be free to edit. -- œ ™ 09:48, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Kenny Chaseney,
He is an awsome guy and my best singer in the world, but i didn't know that he got arrested for stealing a horse fom a police officer. I still like him as a singer though. I heard on youtube that he broke up with his girl friend because she thought he was gay, but he said he wasn't. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.92.210.237 (talk) 20:51, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

It's well-known in Nashville that he is gay. It's just not spoken of. 2601:140:8302:E260:9CAE:45AA:D927:5B2A (talk) 21:46, 12 July 2016 (UTC)

Sirius/XM radio channel
On 12 April 2016, at 6PM ET, Kenny's Sirius/XM radio channel, No Shoes Radio (Sirius channel 62), went on the air with an eclectic mix of country, rock, rap, pop, reggae, folk, 80s and oldies music.

137.200.1.109 (talk) 13:42, 14 April 2016 (UTC) Keith Brinegar

No Shoes Nation
I think a section should be added explaining how Kenny Chesney refers to his fans as "No Shoes Nation" and how he announced this title on tour in Foxborough, MA in 2014. This is important to the article because it has become an integral part of Chesney's identity as an artist. Bm2004 (talk) 19:56, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

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Hi there. I sometimes help out at the Reference_Desk, and contribute to articles about American folk music, contemporary poets, and the Blue Ridge mountains.

I only check in here occasionally, so if you'd like to contact me, please do so via email at amysayrawr@gmail.com.

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Frazer Hines

Frazer Simpson Frederick Hines (born 22 September 1944) is an English actor. He began his career as a child actor and appeared in A King in New York (1957) with Charlie Chaplin. He later played Jamie McCrimmon in Doctor Who, appearing in more episodes than any other companion. He was a regular in the series alongside Patrick Troughton as the Second Doctor between 1966 and 1969, and made guest appearances in the 1980s stories "The Five Doctors" and The Two Doctors. He also had a long-running role as Joe Sugden in Emmerdale Farm between 1972 and 1994.

Early life and career
Hines was born in Horsforth, a north-west suburb of Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the third son of Bill and Molly Hines. His mother was Scottish and came from Port Glasgow. Shortly after Hines was born, the family moved to Harrogate where his mother ran a boarding house. As a child, Hines went to the Western Board Primary School and then Norwood College. Through his parents attending a local amateur dramatics group and regularly visiting the cinema, Hines discovered a love for performing and began attending the Margery Newbury School of Dancing every Saturday morning. It was here that during a performance aged seven at the Royal Hall in Harrogate that Hines sang the song Louise while doing an impersonation of Maurice Chevalier which generated newspaper headlines reading "A young star is born here tonight at the Royal Hall Harrogate".

Because of this success, Hines began attending Corona Theatre School in London where his classmates included Richard O'Sullivan, Dennis Waterman, Jeremy Bulloch and Francesca Annis. Making his debut in the film John and Julie (1955) as an extra in a crowd scene, Hines went on to have minor roles in Moby Dick, The Weapon and X the Unknown (all 1956). Hines' breakthrough role was in 1957 where he performed the role of Napoleon in a six-part television adaptation of John Buchan's 1922 novel Huntingtower. That same year, Hines appeared alongside Charlie Chaplin in the film A King in New York. From 1957 and throughout the 1960s, he performed a steady stream of roles in various television series, such as Jan in The Silver Sword (1957–58), Tim Birch in Emergency Ward 10 (1963–64), and Roger Wain in Coronation Street (1965). He appeared in a 1964 serial, Smuggler's Bay, with Patrick Troughton. With a well-established career in television, Hines appeared in feature films less frequently, however he did appear in I Could Go On Singing (1963) with Judy Garland and the James Bond film You Only Live Twice (1967).

Doctor Who
Hines auditioned for the part of Ben Jackson in Doctor Who in 1966 but was unsuccessful. His debut came in the same year, when he was cast to play the part of Jamie McCrimmon, the companion of the Second Doctor (played by Patrick Troughton). Originally intended as a one-off guest character, Jamie joined the regular cast and appeared in the series from 1966 to 1969. Hines reprised the role in a cameo in the 20th anniversary serial "The Five Doctors" (1983) and as a guest star in The Two Doctors (1985). Hines appeared in more episodes than any other "companion" actor in the history of the series. The only actors appearing in more episodes are those who played the first four Doctors. Many of the episodes featuring Jamie no longer exist in the BBC's collection.

In 1968, during his third year on the show, Hines released with Major Minor Records the novelty record "Who's Dr. Who?" Esteemed songwriters Barry Mason and Les Reed composed the music and lyrics, but the record was a commercial failure. Hines later called it the only flop Mason and Reed ever wrote.

Hines and his fellow lead actors Patrick Troughton and Wendy Padbury (who played the Doctor's other companion Zoe Heriot) decided collectively that the workload of Doctor Who was exhausting them. Frazer was the first of the three to announce his intention to leave. Troughton asked him to stay a few more months, to the end of the sixth series, as this was when Troughton planned to relinquish his role. The three actors remained with the show until the conclusion of the final Season 6 serial The War Games (1969). In a documentary about Patrick Troughton, Hines reported that they all left with smiles on their faces, feeling that their job was done and that it was well done. Frazer attested that he remained in contact with Troughton afterward.

Author Diana Gabaldon credits watching Frazer Hines in the Doctor Who serial The War Games (and finding him attractive in a kilt) as the inspiration for her first novel, Outlander, a time travel story set in 18th century Scotland. Consequently, she named the novel's male protagonist Jamie. She says that the character's surname, Fraser, is a coincidence, as the PBS station on which she watched Doctor Who habitually cut off the episode's credits. She did not learn Hines' name until several years after Outlander was published. Up until 2007, Hines was the only surviving Second Doctor companion actor not to have acted in a Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audio play. (The others have played characters other than their television roles.) In November 2007, he starred as Jamie in Helicon Prime, the second instalment in Season 2 of Big Finish's Companion Chronicles. Since then he has appeared in many more Companion Chronicles, where his uncanny ability to mimic Patrick Troughton's Second Doctor has been welcomed by fans of the show. Hines has also recorded linking narration for many Second Doctor serials which no longer exist in video form; the soundtracks, along with Hines' narration, have been released on CD by BBC Audio. He also appeared in an audio trilogy with Colin Baker's Sixth Doctor as an older Jamie. In 2013, Hines portrayed both Jamie and the Second Doctor in the Big Finish audio play The Light at the End, produced to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Doctor Who.

In 2023, he reprised his role as Jamie in the series Tales of the TARDIS.

Emmerdale
After his tenure as Jamie in Doctor Who, Hines resumed the life of a jobbing actor, appearing in several films such as The Last Valley and Zeppelin (both 1971), until 1972 when he was cast in the soap opera Emmerdale Farm as Joe Sugden, a role he played until 1994. In between making episodes of Emmerdale, as it was renamed in 1989, he has continued a career in the theatre and made occasional appearances in other TV shows. Hines was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1992 after Michael Aspel surprised him during the filming of Emmerdale. He stated in a 2019 interview, "I left Emmerdale because I got sick of going to work when it was dark and coming home when it was dark. I'd just got married and owned a stud farm, and so I said I would leave." He stated he was asked back to the show the following year but refused and was later killed off. Despite his off-screen death, Hines confirmed that he would like to return to the soap.

After Emmerdale
Straight out of Emmerdale, in 1995 Hines toured the UK in a production of Doctor in the House with Vicki Michelle, Robin Askwith and Windsor Davies. In 1998, he starred as Inspector Lord in a touring production of Spider's Web. Hines appeared with Kate O'Mara in a tour of The Hollow later that year. Hines appeared in Peter Kay's Comic Relief video of 2007, as one of the many guests dancing to the song I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) by the Proclaimers. In 2011, he toured in the play Five Blue Haired Ladies Sitting on a Green Park Bench with Shirley Anne Field and Anita Harris. In 2014, Hines appeared in the film Two Days in the Smoke. He also appeared as Daddy Warbucks in the stage musical Annie in 2014.

Hines was cast in a 2015 episode of the television adaptation of Outlander, which he had helped to inspire. In the May 2015 episode "Wentworth Prison", Hines portrayed Sir Fletcher Gordon, an English prison warden. From 2016 to 2017, Hines starred as Albert Blunderstone in the tour of the play Seriously Dead.

In 2019, Hines starred in an audio film of Up Pompeii!, celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the series, appearing alongside original cast members including Madeline Smith and Tim Brooke-Taylor. Hines appeared as Sonny Troughton, a former criminal, in two episodes of Doctors in 2020 and starred in the romantic-comedy film Lost at Christmas set in the Scottish Highlands later that same year.

Personal life
Hines has dated Jill Haworth, Pamela Franklin, Susan George, Liza Goddard and Deborah Watling. He also had a three-year relationship with Michael Caine's daughter Dominique. Hines has been twice married, first to Irish actress Gemma Craven from 1981 to 1984, and second to waterskiing champion Liz Hobbs (with whom he lived in Coddington, Nottinghamshire) from 1994 to 2003.

Boxtree, an imprint of Macmillan Publishers, published Hines' autobiography in 1996. This work, titled Films, Farms and Fillies, first appeared in a paperback edition. Thirteen years later, in December 2009, Telos Publishing released a revised hardcover edition, titled Hines Sight.

In July 2010, Hines disclosed that he suffered from colorectal cancer for eleven years, explaining that he kept his illness a secret for fear of professional alienation. Since his recovery, Hines has openly promoted cancer awareness through Cancer Research and the Bobby Moore Cancer Foundation. His older brother Roy Hines (1942–1982) was also an actor and died of cancer aged 40.

Hines later toured Northern England in a solo performance covering his career.

Hines is a member of the Grand Order of Water Rats.

title: Frazer Hines


text:
User:IanHarvey

IH's To-Do list

 * Stuff as discussed on Talk:Technology_of_Television
 * Write an article on general pin multiplexing (displays, processor buses, etc)
 * Add useful stuff in loudspeakers on enclosure design
 * Sort out Filter & friends if others don't get there first
 * Bike spannering articles - http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bicycles/Maintenance_and_Repair

Pin Multiplexing
Pin Multiplexing is a widely-used technique in electronics where a number of signals are multiplexed in order to reduce the number of interconnections needed, typically in an integrated circuit or computer bus.

The technique was essential to the development of LSI devices in the 1970s, when the functionality which could be placed on a single chip began to outstrip the ability of the available IC packaging to connect all the required signals to the outside world. For example, a typical pocket calculator may have used 20 keys for inputs, and over 60 seven-segment display outputs, yet the largest DIP packages at the time offered at most 40 pins (of which some were necessarily used for power supplies and clock signals).

Multiplexed Computer buses
PCI bus

8086 pinout

title: User:IanHarvey


text:
User talk:Petkr

Hi! For future reference, please don't cut and paste information directly from other sites. That's a violation of copyright law. Other than that, welcome!! - Lucky 6.9 18:53, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Offically welcome with the full welcome message! Samw 03:15, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Function Means Tree
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Function Means Tree, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of Function Means Tree. Redfarmer (talk) 19:49, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Petkr


text:
Stranger churches

Strangers' church was a term used by English-speaking people for independent Protestant churches established in foreign lands or by foreigners in England during the Reformation. (The spelling stranger church is also found in texts of the period and modern scholarly works.)

English churches on the European continent
Many English churches sprang up in the Low Countries and Rhineland during the English Reformation. The most famous of these were established by the Marian exiles who fled Catholic persecution under Mary Tudor. Among these was the English Reformed Church, Amsterdam.

The Stranger Churches in England
The first Stranger Church to be set up in England was that led by the Italian reformer, Bernardino Ochino in 1547 (Cranmer's permission coming in January 1548). Although set up for the Italian community in London, it welcomed reformed Protestants of other nationalities as well. Cranmer made it quite clear that this was an example of how he wanted the reformation in England to proceed by forcing the traditionalist Bishop Edmund Bonner to attend Ochino's inaugural sermon. In 1550, there were three congregations - Dutch, French and Italian. To the dismay of bishop of London Nicholas Ridley, the fully independent congregations - from now known as one Stranger's Church received a royal charter and was incorporated by letters patent on 24 July 1550. The founder and first superintendent was Polish reformer John a Lasco. For the new community he wrote two fundamental writings - Confessio Londinensis, containing principles of faith, and Forma ac ratio, containing structure and rites.

They received help of Protestant aristocrats such as William Cecil and Katherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk.

The congregation received a grant of the Austin or Augustinian Friars Church which remains the site of the city's Dutch Protestant Church, the church itself having been destroyed in World War II. Upon incorporation, the church was renamed the "Temple of the Lord Jesus" and given four pastors: two for the Dutch church, and two for the French/Walloon church meeting in St. Anthony's Chapel.

Cranmer's main purposes in giving official sanction to the Churches seem to have been two-fold. Firstly, they provided a glimpse of how a reformed Protestant Church might work in England, within the episcopal system which many of the "hotter" reformers wished to abolish. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, they helped Cranmer and his allies in the suppression of heretical strains of religion, such as the non-Trinitarian George van Parris.

Members of London's Dutch Stranger Church

 * John a Lasco, first superintendent of the church
 * Marten Micron, first pastor of the church
 * Steven Mierdman, printer (pseud. Niclaes van Oldenborch), joined the church in 1550
 * Justus Velsius, dissident, joined the church in 1563 until expelled from the kingdom

title: Stranger churches


text:
Monarchy of Monaco

The sovereign prince (prince de Monaco) is the monarch and head of state of the Principality of Monaco. All reigning princes and princesses have taken the name of the House of Grimaldi. When Prince Rainier III died in 2005, he was Europe's longest reigning monarch. The Grimaldi family, which has ruled Monaco for eight centuries, is Europe's longest-ruling royal family.

The reigning prince is Albert II, who ascended in April 2005.

Powers of the prince
Monaco, along with Liechtenstein and Vatican City, is one of only three states in Western Europe where the monarch still plays an active role in day-to-day politics.

The Prince of Monaco exercises his authority in accordance with the Constitution and laws. He represents the principality in foreign relations, and any revision, either total or partial, of the Constitution must be jointly agreed to by the monarch and the National Council.

Legislative power is divided between the Prince who initiates the laws, and the National Council which votes on them. Executive power is retained by the monarch, who has veto power over all legislation proposed by the National Council.

The minister of state and the Government Council are directly responsible to the Prince for the administration of the principality.

Judiciary powers also belong to the monarch. The present Constitution states that the prince has full authority in the courts and tribunals which render justice in his or her name.

Pursuant to Article 16 of the 1962 Constitution, the Prince confers orders, titles and other distinctions (see Awards and decorations of Monaco) as the fons honorum of the Principality of Monaco.

In 2005, The New York Times reported that loyalty to the princely family is fierce; few residents of Monaco want to be quoted saying anything negative about the monarchy.

Compensation
The princely family receives annual allocation from the budget of Monaco, €43.5 million in 2015.

Titles and styles
The Prince is styled His Serene Highness. Although used only formally, the Prince also bears several other hereditary titles, some of which are occasionally bestowed on his relatives or their spouses. Some of these titles have merged with the Crown of Monaco as a result of the Grimaldi family's acquisition of various fiefs; they no longer imply ownership or territorial authority, although the princes of Monaco have long been substantial owners of land and in France. Most were granted or recognised by the Kingdom of France or the Papal States and could only pass through the male line; they therefore became extinct as French dignities on the death of Albert's great-grandfather Prince Louis II in 1949. Thereafter, some of these titles were implicitly re-created as distinctly Monegasque titles.

The Prince's complete titles and styles are, in precedent order of rank:

All palace correspondence features capitalized pronouns when referring to the prince.
 * Sovereign Prince of Monaco
 * Duke of Valentinois
 * Duke of Estouteville
 * Duke of Mazarin
 * Duke of Mayenne
 * Prince of Château-Porcien
 * Marquis of Baux (Title now used by Hereditary Prince Jacques)
 * Marquis of Chilly-Mazarin
 * Marquis of Guiscard
 * Marquis of Bailli
 * Count of Polignac
 * Count of Carladès (Title now used by Princess Gabriella)
 * Count of Ferrette, Belfort, Thann and
 * Count of Torigni
 * Count of Longjumeau
 * Count of Clèdes
 * Baron of Calvinet
 * Baron of Buis
 * Baron of La Luthumière
 * Baron of Hambye
 * Baron of Altkirch
 * Baron of Saint-Lô
 * Baron of Massy (Title now used by Christian Louis de Massy, son of Princess Antoinette)
 * (Lord) of Issenheim
 * Seigneur of Saint-Rémy
 * Sire of Matignon

The tradition of the monarchy of Monaco was that the flag flying from the staff on the tower above his office be hoisted when the prince was present in Monaco. The current prince flies the flag whether he is present or not, preferring to keep his location private.

Monaco is officially protected by France, according to terms set forth in the Treaty of Versailles in 1918.

title: Monarchy of Monaco


text:
User:TeRanEX

(waiting for a moment with more inspiration to write some more info...)

 * My Weblog
 * My C.V.

title: User:TeRanEX


text:
Wikipedia talk:News sources/Internet/No specific region

Please note: This page is a subpage of news sources. This page uses a heirarchical system to present news sites in a way which more closely reflects the people of the world. This should hopefully further NPOV within wikipedia. As such there will for some considerable time be subpages with very few links on them. In fact often those subpages will be the most important as they represent countries which are often ignored. Barnaby dawson 18:56, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Removed *News and articles on Nepal as it leads to non-accessible virtual directory --65.57.106.37 12:22, 30 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Ianharvey

'Filter' reorganisation
Hi,

I've just come across the mess that is Filter and was planning to get stuck in, then noticed you'd just started a few edits. Do you have a Grand Plan for this? Shall I hold off?

--Ianharvey 18:51, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * knock yourself out. :-) - Omegatron 18:56, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * What is your plan? - Omegatron 21:43, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

I've basically finished a first cut - Filter should probably not be too big and baffling. The best page on filters in the signal processing sense seems to be electronic filter, which most sub-pages should probably refer back to. I want to make sure everything's in the 'Electronic Filters' category, to avoid massive link farms between each of the pages.

--Ianharvey 21:52, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * ok. just looked like you deleted a lot of links.  not sure how many of them are real articles and how many should just be linked from other articles... - Omegatron 23:03, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

A lot of the stuff that was there linked to 'electronic', 'algorithm', 'sound effects' and so on which looked to me like clutter; it's very unlikely you'd type in Filter if that's what you wanted to know about. Also, I wanted to make it clear that 'active filter', 'digital filter' are all subclasses of 'signal-processing filter'; in fact electronic filter seemed the best page to cover the concept.

--Ianharvey 14:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ianharvey


text:
Ding Ruchang

Admiral Ding Ruchang (18 November 1836 – 12 February 1895) was a Chinese military officer in the late Qing dynasty.

Early life
Ding was a native of what is now part of Chaohu City in Anhui Province, China. He joined the Taiping Rebellion in 1854, but he later surrendered with Cheng Xueqi in the Battle of Anqing in 1861, and defected to the imperial cause. He joined Li Hongzhang’s Huai Army as a cavalryman to help suppress the Taiping Rebellion, serving with Liu Mingchuan. Afterwards, he was active in helping suppress the Nian Rebellion, and was awarded with the equivalent in rank to colonel. In 1874, he protested against the Qing dynasty government's decision about reduction of the army size. He went back to his hometown to avoid being killed.

Self-strengthening movement
In 1875, Li Hongzhang recruited Ding to be a commander of the Beiyang Fleet, the most modern of China's regional navies. In 1880, he travelled to Newcastle upon Tyne in Great Britain to accept delivery of the cruiser Chaoyun by Newcastle-based photographer H.S. Mendelssohn. He also visited Germany and France to familiarize himself with their shipbuilding techniques. Ding was a supporter of the Self-Strengthening Movement in China, and urged Li Hongzhang to create shipyards in China able to build modern armored cruisers, rather than relying on foreign imports. Ting took an active role in the creation of the naval bases at Weihaiwei and Lushunkou.

In 1882, Ding was an observer during the negotiations resulting in the normalization of trade between Korea and the United States. He later helped suppress the Imo rebellion, with his marines arresting Heungseon Daewongun, the father of King Gojong, after arriving at Incheon with a fleet of seven ships.

During the Sino-French War of 1884, Ding was awarded the Yellow Riding Jacket by the Qing Emperor, traditionally the highest military awards in the Qing Empire.

Nagasaki incident
In 1886, Ding participated in a show of force, with the Beiyang Fleet touring Hong Kong, the Japanese port of Nagasaki, the Korean ports of Busan and Wonsan, and the Russian naval base of Vladivostok. While in Nagasaki on 13 August 1886, a number of drunken sailors from Zhenyuan became involved in a brawl in a local brothel, during which a Japanese police officer was fatally stabbed. In what came to be called the Nagasaki incident two days later in a riot between locals, police and Ding's sailors, six sailors were killed and 45 wounded, along with five Japanese policemen killed and 16 wounded. The riot resulted in a diplomatic incident, but Ding was able to make a second trip to Japan with the Beiyang Fleet in 1891.

Ding was promoted to admiral and commander of the Beiyang Fleet from 1888 to 1894, and was promoted to the position of vice naval minister in 1894.

Sino-Japanese War
During the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, Ding pushed for a direct confrontation with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but was ordered by Beijing not to operate east of the mouth of the Yalu River, for fear that China's prized modern warships would be damaged or destroyed. However, this is what happened at the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894, during which Ding lost five of the ten ships in his fleet. He also became a casualty of the battle from the opening shot of his own vessel, Dingyuan, which had a construction defect, along with a number of officers also present on the bridge. An alternative theory is that the incident occurred due to the deliberate misfiring of the ship's main battery by the commanding captain.

Death
During the Battle of Lushunkou, Ding was ordered to withdraw his ships to the safety of Weihaiwei without giving battle to the Japanese. During the subsequent Battle of Weihaiwei, his ships were kept within the protective confines of the harbor, but the situation proved hopeless once the Imperial Japanese Army had seized the shore fortifications and lowered the boom enclosing the harbor to permit attacks by Japanese torpedo boats. Ding refused offers of political asylum by Japanese admiral Itō Sukeyuki and committed suicide by an overdose of opium in his office at his Liugong Island headquarters. His deputy, Admiral Liu Buchan, after ordering that his warship be scuttled by explosives, also committed suicide. The remnants of the Beiyang Fleet surrendered to the Japanese.

After his death, Ding was blamed by the Qing government for the defeat, and posthumously stripped of all ranks and positions. However, the manner of his death earned him the respect of the Japanese as well as of many members of the Chinese military. At the request of surviving generals in 1911, he was restored to all of his ranks, and his family was able to give him a proper burial in 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty.

title: Ding Ruchang


text: User talk:24.172.251.103

title: User talk:24.172.251.103


text:
United States District Court for the Western District of Texas

The United States District Court for the Western District of Texas (in case citations, W.D. Tex.) is a federal district court. The court convenes in San Antonio with divisions in Austin, Del Rio, El Paso, Midland, Pecos, and Waco. It has jurisdiction in over 50 Trans-Pecos, Permian Basin, and Hill Country counties of the U.S. state of Texas. This district covers over 92000 sqmi and seven divisions.

Along with the District of New Mexico, Southern District of Texas, and District of Arizona, it is one of the busiest district courts in terms of criminal felony filings.

History
The first federal judge in Texas was John C. Watrous, who was appointed on May 26, 1846, and had previously served as Attorney General of the Republic of Texas. He was assigned to hold court in Galveston, at the time, the largest city in the state. As seat of the Texas Judicial District, the Galveston court had jurisdiction over the whole state. On February 21, 1857, the state was divided into two districts, Eastern and Western, with Judge Watrous continuing in the Eastern district. Judge Watrous and Judge Thomas H. DuVal, of the Western District of Texas, left the state on the secession of Texas from the Union, the only two federal judges not to resign their posts in states that seceded. When Texas was restored to the Union, Watrous and DuVal resumed their duties and served until 1870.

Divisions
Appeals from cases brought in the Western District of Texas are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The divisions of the Western District of Texas are:
 * Austin Division comprises the following counties: Bastrop, Blanco, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Gillespie, Hays, Kimble, Lampasas, Lee, Llano, Mason, McCulloch, San Saba, Travis, Washington and Williamson.
 * Del Rio Division comprises the following counties: Edwards, Kinney, Maverick, Terrell, Uvalde, Val Verde and Zavala.
 * El Paso Division comprises the following counties: El Paso and Hudspeth.
 * Midland-Odessa Division comprises the following counties: Andrews, Crane, Ector, Martin, Midland and Upton.
 * Pecos Division comprises the following counties: Brewster, Culberson, Jeff Davis, Loving, Pecos, Presidio, Reeves, Ward and Winkler.
 * San Antonio Division comprises the following counties: Atascosa, Bandera, Bexar, Comal, Dimmit, Frio, Gonzales, Guadalupe, Karnes, Kendall, Kerr, Medina, Real and Wilson.
 * Waco Division comprises the following counties: Bell, Bosque, Coryell, Falls, Freestone, Hamilton, Hill, Leon, Limestone, McLennan, Milam, Robertson and Somervell.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Western District of Texas represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. the United States Attorney is Jaime E. Esparza.

Notable cases

 * Kocurek Assassination Attempt: Judge Lee Yeakel presided over the case of Chimene Onyeri, an aspiring Houston rapper who in 2015 attempted to assassinate Travis County District Judge Julie Kocurek after she previously sentenced him for probation violation, having shot her as she and her son were returning home from a football game at his high school before she was about to sentence him. The investigation of the attempt revealed a criminal theft and fraud enterprise he ran. After his many associates testified of his schemes, a federal jury convicted Onyeri on 17 counts of fraud, theft, racketeering and attempted murder and sentenced him to life in prison.


text:
Mummu

Mummu (Cuneiform: dumum,  dmu-um-mu) is a Mesopotamian deity. His name is an Akkadian loanword from Sumerian "umun", which translates as "main body, bulk, life-giving force" and "knowledge", as the active part, in contrary to the more lethargic primordial forces of Tiamat and Apsû (Sumerian Abzu).

He appeared in the Babylonian creation myth, the Enuma Elish, as the vizier of the primeval gods Apsû, the fresh water, and Tiamat, the salt water. and sometimes referred to as their son. Towards the middle of Enuma Elish, Ea locks Mummu and Apsu away.

Mummu is also one of the names given to Marduk, the ultimate victor over Tiamat. Mummu was sometimes also identified with Papsukkal and Ilabrat.

Mummu is a craftsman, the personification of practical knowledge and technical skill. As the third of the primordial gods, Mummu is said to symbolize the mental world, the logos, according to the Neo-Platonist Damascius. Franz Böhl arrived at this association as well, deriving mummu as a participle of the root "to speak" and calling it a precursor of the Hellenistic logos, although Heidel disputed this etymology.

Name
In addition to being the name of the vizier of the primordial gods and an epithet of several major deities (such as Ea, Marduk, Tiamat, and Ishtar), the word "mummu" also has several other definitions. It can be an indefinite pronoun meaning "someone, something"; as well as a noun meaning "craftsman, creator"; "a school for scribes, workshop"; and "a curved stick or beam".

N. K. Sandars' suggests that the meaning of the name could be interpreted as "mist or cloud", and, based on an episode in the Myth of Zu, Sandars argues that the term "mummu" could be understood in terms of the second law of thermodynamics as "entropy", although this reading is idiosyncratic and not supported by other sources, which translate this occurrence as "frame [of the bow]".

Sandars relates:

"In the battle between them Ningirsu and Zu] an arrow speeding from the bow is ordered to return to its mummu, which means that the shaft becomes again part of the living cane from which it was cut, the gut returns to the animal's rump and the feathers to the bird's winds."

Whereas the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary has: "mu-um-mu qashti ana qisatiki (return) frame of the bow, to your forests (beside: arrow to the canebrake, bowstring to the sheep's back, feather to the birds) RA 46 36:42 also ibid. 34:26, dupl. STT 19:79 (Epic of Zu), also RA 46 32:12."

In popular culture

 * In Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson's Illuminatus! Trilogy, Mummu is the patron of an ancient anarchist faction, the Justified Ancients of Mummu, that first rebels against and later joins the Illuminati. This inspired The KLF, a British 1980s acid house band, to adopt "The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu" as an alias.

title: Mummu


text:
Portrane

Portrane or Portraine is a small seaside village located three kilometers from the town of Donabate in Fingal, County Dublin in Ireland. It is in the barony of Nethercross in the north of the county.

Portrane has an approximately 2 km long sandy beach backed by sand dunes in places on the north end. There is a small carpark and access to the beach is restricted to pedestrians. At the very north end of the beach is a National Heritage Area which is visited by various migratory birds during winter time.

Built heritage
There are several notable historic buildings in Portrane including a 19th-century martello tower. Other notable examples include;

St. Ita's Hospital
Portrane's most prominent feature is Tower Bay, and Portrane asylum, more commonly known as St. Ita's Hospital. Built in the early 1900s, the asylum is made up of a number of Victorian red brick buildings which dominate the peninsula. Features within the main asylum building include two churches and an imposing clock tower. The building operated as a mental hospital for many years with it finally closing to inpatients in 2011 and outpatients in 2014 before being refurbished and repurposed as a modern mental health facility. Following the sale of the Central Mental Hospital in Dundrum in 2012 it was announced that it would relocate to the updated St.Ita's facility in Portrane.

In the hospital grounds is a monument to George Hampden Evans, a replica of an Irish Round Tower.

Portrane castle
Portrane Castle (sometimes called Stella's Tower) is a 3-storey late medieval castellated tower house adjacent to St. Catherine's housing estate. Jonathan Swift's 'Stella', Esther Johnson is said to have stayed there and given the castle its unusual nickname. The inquisition of 1541 mentions the castle as being a substantial structure with associated outbuildings including a threshing house and hemp yard while the Civil Survey of 1655 describes this site as an old castle with a thatched hall adjoining owned by the parsonage of Portrane. A later brick chimney can also be seen at the top of the tower. Samuel Lewis describes the castle as long since deserted in his Topographical Dictionary of Ireland in 1837 and notes the last occupant was Lady Acheson.

Today the castle sits in a field of privately owned tillage land.

St. Catherine's Church and Graveyard
The Church in Portrane was granted to the Convent of Grace Dieu in the 12th century. Originally called St. Canice's, a new church was built in the 14th century and renamed St. Catherine's. St. Catherine's was coupled with St. Patrick's, Donabate, with the Vicar of Donabate serving in Portrane, with the decline of St. Catherine's the parish was linked to Donabate in the 17th century, and only eventually merged in 1835. Many of the Evans family from Portrane Castle are buried in the graveyard.

Erosion
The coast in this area is subject to erosion, and since the 1980s, 100 acre of beach at Portrane has been lost. Many houses on the peninsula were demolished in the 1960s due to the dangers of erosion. A storm in March 2018 caused erosion of low cliffs backing the beach, and one home was destroyed. Concrete structures known as sea bees have been placed below the cliffs, but the erosion continues and further houses are threatened.

Music
Members of the band U2 owned a caravan in a field in Portrane where they composed some of the music and lyrics for their 1981 album, October. Lead singer Bono was baptized at Portrane beach by the Shalom religious group which all but Adam Clayton were a member of. Rock band the Delorentos are Portrane natives.

Television
Portrane has been used as a location for a number of film and television shoots. Parts of the Channel 4 television series Father Ted were filmed in Portrane, most notably Funland in the first episode "Good Luck, Father Ted" was filmed in Tower Bay. It also featured in the BBC series "Murphy's Law" starring James Nesbitt.

title: Portrane


text:
Hereditary Prince of Monaco

The Hereditary Prince(ss) of Monaco is the title given to the heir apparent or heir presumptive of the Monegasque throne, since its official creation on 15 May 1882. Traditionally, a male Hereditary Prince is also given the title Marquis of Baux. Like the Reigning Sovereign Prince and all other members of the Princely Family, the Hereditary Prince or Hereditary Princess is styled His or Her Serene Highness.

title: Hereditary Prince of Monaco


text:
Republican Party of Guam

The Republican Party of Guam, commonly referred to as Guam GOP (abbreviation for Guam Grand Old Party), is a political party in Guam affiliated with the United States Republican Party.

In the 2022 general election, Republican Party candidates won 6 out of 15 seats in the Guam Legislature.

History
The Republican Party of Guam stems from the old Territorial Party of Guam, which existed from 1956 through 1968. The Territorial Party was established in 1956 by discontented former Popular Party members, including Frank D. Perez, Pedro Leon Guerrero, Edward T. Calvo, Cynthia Torres, B. J. Bordallo, Vicente Reyes, Felix Carbullido, and Antonio Duenas. The Territorial Party had only one successful election, in 1964, when it won a majority in the Guam Legislature with 13 thirteen of the 21 twenty-one seats.

This changed during the 1966 election, when the Territorials lost all twenty-one seats to the Democrats. The Territorials' demise came after they blocked a popular urban renewal plan, which was supported by the Democrats, as the Territorials backed private investment. The Territorial Party dissolved soon after.

On November 21, 1966, a few weeks after the general election of that year, former Governor Joseph Flores, along with former Territorial senators Carlos Garcia Camacho, Kurt S. Moylan, and Vicente C. Reyes, officially formed the Republican Party of Guam. Other Territorials soon became active, including Senators G. Ricardo Salas and Frank D. Perez. The new Republicans were careful not to portray their new party as a criticism of the Territorial Party, whose members they hoped to attract.

Republican governors of Guam
At the young age of forty-four, Carlos Camacho succeeded Governor Manuel F.L. Guerrero as Governor of Guam, with Kurt Moylan appointed as lieutenant governor. Camacho's term as appointed governor lasted only eighteen months, due to the Elective Governor Act that was signed into law by the US Congress in 1968, allowing for Guam's citizens to choose their governor. The act took effect in 1970 when Guam's first election was held. Camacho's term was best remembered for his Christmas 1969 visit to the troops from Guam who were fighting in Vietnam.

Camacho–Moylan administration
Camacho first selected senator G. Ricardo Salas as his running mate but later announced that Kurt Moylan would be the Republicans' candidate for lieutenant governor. The Democratic primary was a close race between former governor Manuel F. L. Guerrero, senator Ricardo Bordallo and attorney and former speaker Joaquin C. "Kin" Arriola. After a close primary and a contentious runoff election, Guerrero defeated Bordallo, and in the general election Camacho–Moylan defeated Bordallo–Taitano.

Camacho and Moylan's historic inauguration was held on January 4, 1971, at the Plaza de España in Agana. He uses the resources of the government to enhance economic opportunities by granting incentives through the Guam Economics Development and offering various forms of assistance to the private sector. During his entire five and a half years in office, Camacho presided over one of the largest eras of hotel construction activities on Guam, with construction finishing or starting on the Kakue Hotel, Reef Hotel, Hilton Hotel, Okura Hotel, Fujita Tumon Beach, Continental Travelodge, and Guam Dai Ichi Hotel.

Camacho also initiated massive road projects that were continued by his successors, including the widening of Marine Drive (now Marine Corps Drive) from Hospital Road north to Route 16 in Harmon, and the reconstruction of other major highways in the villages of Agat, Dededo, and Tamuning, among others.

He is also credited with enticing many educated Chamorros back to Guam, to reverse what was seen as a "brain drain" at the time, including Tony Palomo, Greg Sanchez, Mary Sanchez, Tony Unpingco, Dr. Pedro Sanchez, Dr. Katherine Aguon, Juan C. Tenorio, Bert Unpingco, Ben Perez, Eddie Duenas, Joseph F. Ada and Frank Blas. Many of them took jobs with the government of Guam as administrators and later became senators. Camacho also kept on other able administrators even if they were not of his party affiliation which served to stabilize the government.

As a team, Camacho and Moylan worked to develop economic opportunities by creating incentives to attract business and encourage local participation in business. At the time Guam elected its first governor the federal government still had control over much of the island's utilities and roads. They struggled to work toward gaining more self-government and self-determination.

In the 1974 gubernatorial election, Camacho withstood a primary challenge by Paul McDonald Calvo, but was defeated for reelection in a re-match with Senator Ricardo Bordallo, who won the election. An election challenge by the Bordallo–Sablan campaign went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. Following his unsuccessful bid for reelection as governor, Camacho resumed his career as a dentist.

Calvo-Ada administration
Calvo ran for governor again in 1978, this time with popular senator Joseph F. Ada. Calvo's image of a successful business executive resonated well with the voters as he ran on a "balance-the-budget" campaign and attacked the Bordallo administration for the huge jump in the budget deficit and high crime rate. Calvo built a strong political organization, complete with regional and village groups, and had the financial backing not only of Calvo's Enterprises but of supporters in the business community. Bordallo, meanwhile, was hurt as his running mate, Sablan, ran against him in the primary, and Calvo-Ada won the election with 52 percent of the votes.

During his first year as governor, Calvo reduced the government of Guam's deficit by $27 million, but the deficit continued to climb for the rest of his term due mainly to long-standing problems with tax collections.

Guam's economy began to regain health under Calvo's administration, as he sought to attract new businesses to Guam, including a tuna-fishing fleet, a garment manufacturer, and hotel construction. Visitor arrivals also registered sharp increases.

But Calvo's term as governor was marred by the teacher's strike of 1981, which lasted many months and caused deep divisions in Guam's education system. He lost to Bordallo in the 1982 election.

First term
His running mate and lieutenant governor was former senator Frank Blas. Ada served numerous terms in the Guam Legislature, becoming the first Republican speaker of the Legislature when the Republicans captured control of the body from the Democratic Party. Ada was elected Lt. Governor of Guam with running mate Paul McDonald Calvo in 1978, but declined the opportunity to serve as Calvo's running mate for re-election in 1982 and instead returned to the Legislature. Calvo lost the subsequent election to Ricky Bordallo. Ada is the only Guam political leader to serve as Speaker, lieutenant governor and governor. He stewarded Guam's economic expansion and pushed, successfully, for the return of land held by the US military.

When Ada began his first term Guam was in the throes of an economic recession with the government suffering under a crushing deficit. Ada put all his administration's efforts toward Guam's economic recovery, and eventually, he presided over one of the fastest-growing and strongest economies in the island's history due in part to a growth in tourism from a booming Japanese economy. He launched an austerity program at the start of his term and followed it with a program to encourage investment and trade from Asia. He eliminated the government deficit in three years. Despite a decrease in federal spending, Guam's economy doubled and some 25,000 new jobs were created. A majority of these jobs were in Guam's growing private sector. During Ada's first term, private sector employment outstripped public sector employment in Guam's economy for the first time in the modern era.

As chairperson of the Commission on Self-Determination, established in 1980 to lead the way toward determining a new political status for Guam, Ada presided over the completion of the Guam Commonwealth Act and presented to the people of Guam for approval in a plebiscite. Upon the Act's approval, Ada took it to US Congress. A strong advocate for self-government and self-determination for Guam, he called for an end to Guam's colonial status and pushed for the liberation of Guam's economy from federal regulations. Congress, however, did not act on the Guam Commonwealth Act and Guam's political status remains unresolved.

Ada believed that Guam needed to be financially healthy and not dependent on the US government in order to move forward politically. He said the federal government has tied Guam's hands more than once pointing to postwar security clearance, federal land takings for US bases, and the Jones Act which puts Guam at a financial disadvantage for shipping.

To address those concerns Ada said he supported the newly developed qualifying certificate program at the Guam Economic Development Authority to bring in foreign investment, pushed for good fuel rates and port lease fees to bring tuna transshipment to Guam, and worked on getting a visa waiver for visitors to Guam from Korea and Taiwan, all of which helped move Guam away from being dependent on US federal dollars. He also directed floating the first bond for infrastructure rather than ask for more federal funds.

Second term
In his second term, Ada capitalized on the fruits of his economic recovery program and made the largest investment in education in Guam up to that time. He directed the floating of a bond which made some $170 million available for the construction of a new high school in southern Guam (now Guam Southern High School), new elementary schools in Tamuning, Inarajan and Dededo, and reconstruction of schools in Upi and Ordot-Chalan Pago. Additionally, many new classrooms were built to relieve overcrowding in schools around the island. Operating budgets for the public schools were increased annually. Under Ada computers and computer classes were introduced in all Guam schools. At the end of his term, every grade level in every school had access to computer classes.

Guam suffered from a string of natural disasters during the second Ada administration. Four typhoons, one after another, hit Guam in 1991, with Typhoon Omar causing the most damage. On 8 August 1993 Guam was rocked by a very large earthquake. Measuring 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale, the shock had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Damage ran into millions of dollars, though only two buildings were destroyed. These disasters, combined with a recession in Japan, caused the tourism industry to suffer for a time.

Camacho-Moylan administration
Camacho-Moylan went on to defeat Speaker Antonio "Tony" Unpingco with his running mate Eddie Baza Calvo as a future governor in the Republican primary election on August 31, 2002, and ran against Guam Delegate Robert A. Underwood and his running mate, Senator Thomas "Tom" C. Ada for the general election. In 2002, Camacho teamed up with fellow senator Kaleo Moylan to run for Guam's governor and lieutenant governor and defeated Democratic contenders Guam Delegate Robert Underwood and Senator Thomas "Tom" Ada.

Guam was slammed by Super Typhoon Pongsona on 8 December 2003, shortly after Camacho and Moylan were elected into office. They opted not to have a formal inaugural celebration, due to the state of the island and instead chose to be sworn in with a ceremony at the Plaza de España at midnight after a celebratory mass at the Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica in Hagåtña – all under candle light.

The storm, just six months after another strong typhoon Chata’an hit the island, left the island reeling. The hospital, the schools, the airport, the seaport, hotels along with hundreds of homes and businesses, had all been severely damaged. The damages were estimated at $246 million by the Federal Emergency Management Agency-the largest natural disaster in US history, holding that record until Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Fuel tanks at the Cabras Island caught on fire making it unsafe for ships to come into the harbor. The Guam Telephone Authority and A.B. Won Pat International Airport were also shut down for a time. Soon, though, approximately 10,000 tourists who had been on Guam since before the storm were able to go home. Camacho and his administration worked on getting the power, water, communications and transportation systems running again, as well as re-opening the island's schools and getting assistance to people with typhoon damaged homes and businesses. Tourism went down to a minimum and the government was essentially bankrupt.

The Camacho Administration had other challenges to governing Guam as well. Due to concerns about the way the previous administration had handled government affairs, the Guam Legislature enacted legislation to remove power from the Office of the Governor in several ways. For the first time, Guam had an elected attorney general and an elected auditor. There was also an elected school board and appointed superintendent of education who had complete authority over the largest government agency, the Guam Department of Education.

Likewise, for the first time, the people of Guam had elected a board to run the government's utilities. The Consolidated Utilities Commission took management of the power and water out of the governor's hands. The Public Utilities Commission also set utility rates, and the Guam Telephone Authority was sold to a private company in 2005, the last government-owned telephone exchange in the United States, taking even more government responsibility away from the administration.

The court imposed penalties of more than $2.86 million against the government for failing to abide by the mandates of the consent decree. Ultimately, the federal court appointed a receiver to enforce the terms of the consent decree and assume all the functions of the solid waste management division of the Department of Public Works. The court ordered the government to deposit $20 million into an account while the government with the court-appointed receiver worked out a financing option for the consent decree projects. When a viable financing option was not presented to the court, the court ordered the government to deposit $993,700 on a weekly basis into the account. Eventually, the court suspended the weekly payments when the government issued bonds totaling $202 million for the consent decree projects.

In 2001, a group of mentally ill individuals who lived on Guam filed suit against Camacho's predecessor, Governor Gutierrez, for failure to provide community-based living services to the mentally ill. The court found that defendants had discriminated against plaintiffs by requiring them to reside in the adult In-patient units to receive services and that the services provided to Plaintiffs were not appropriate to their particular needs. Additionally, the court found that the Defendants had violated the Plaintiffs' constitutional rights to minimum standards of care and appointed a federal management team in 2010.

In 2004, a class-action lawsuit was filed against Camacho claiming refunds of approximately $112 million as a result of the earned income tax credit. The complaint was amended in 2006 wherein the class asked for approximately $135 million. The parties settled the case for $90 million. In anticipation of the court's approval of the settlement agreement, the Camacho Administration managed to set aside millions of dollars in order to begin payments according to the terms of the settlement agreement.

Camacho-Cruz administration
Due to various disagreements with Moylan during their first term, Camacho picked freshman senator Michael W. Cruz as his running mate in 2006. Camacho again defeated Robert Underwood (this time with senator Frank Aguon Jr. as running mate) to win the governorship for a second term.

In 2006 the news reached Guam that a large contingent of US Marines were to be relocated to Guam from Okinawa. At the same time, Guam was being considered to be a homeport for an aircraft carrier, a defense shield system, and as the host to a larger US Air Force presence. As many as 70,000 new people would possibly move to the island, some only for the buildup period, but many others would make Guam their home permanently.

All of these plans were tentative – requiring studies and analysis. The Camacho Administration began meeting with US defense officials to discuss the implications the buildup would have on the island. Before long those meetings and studies became highly politicized as certain senators wanted to be included in the planning meetings but were not.

Upon receiving news of the Department of Defense agreement with the Government of Japan, Camacho created a civilian-military task force to begin a detailed planning effort that continued throughout his second term. Letters, resolutions, petitions and news releases as well as scoping meetings at various locations around the island brought more attention to the matter than any other issue during Camacho's term. More than 10,000 people turned in comments on the Environmental Impact Statement about the military buildup describing their concerns, a first for Guam.

Calvo–Tenorio administration
On April 30, 2010, Calvo announced that he would leave the Legislature at the end of his present term. In the same speech, Calvo simultaneously told supporters at Chamorro Village that he intended to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Guam in 2010. He chose Senator Ray Tenorio as his running mate. Calvo-Tenorio went on to defeat Lieutenant Governor Michael Cruz in the Republican primary election on September 4, 2010, and ran against former Democratic Governor Carl Gutierrez and his running mate, Senator Frank Aguon. The Calvo-Tenorio ticket won the 2010 gubernatorial election by a slim margin, and although the final count was enough to win the election, it was still within 2% of the Guiterrez Aguon ticket. Immediately after the election, a recount was ordered by the Guam Election Commission.

In March 2012, he endorsed Mitt Romney for president.

The Calvo–Tenorio team ran for a second term in the 2014 general election against the Democratic team of former Governor Gutierrez and Gary "Frank" Gumataotao.

Republican members of the Guam Legislature
The 2020 general election saw the seats of the two incumbent Republican senators taken by returning former senators Tony Ada, Chris Duenas, Frank Blas Jr. and Joanne M.S. Brown.

Republican mayors and vice mayors of Guam
Mayor Kevin J.T. Susuico and Vice Mayor Chris Fejeran have held their positions since they were first elected by the people of Agat in 2016.

After holding the position of Vice Mayor of Yigo since 2013, Anthony "Tony" P. Sanchez was elected as Mayor of Yigo with his running mate Loreto V. Leones in 2020. Likewise, Louise C. Rivera, who held the position of Vice Mayor since the 2012 election, was elected as Mayor of Barrigada with his running mate Albert M. Toves in 2020.

Governors

 * Carlos Camacho (Appointed/1st Governor of Guam)
 * Paul McDonald Calvo (3rd Governor of Guam)
 * Joseph Franklin Ada (5th Governor of Guam/2nd Lt. Governor)
 * Felix Perez Camacho (7th Governor of Guam)
 * Eddie Baza Calvo (8th Governor of Guam)

Lieutenant governors

 * Kurt Moylan (1st Lieutenant Governor of Guam)
 * Frank Blas (5th Lieutenant Governor of Guam)
 * Kaleo Moylan (7th Lieutenant Governor of Guam)
 * Dr. Michael Cruz (8th Lieutenant Governor of Guam)
 * Ray Tenorio (9th Lieutenant Governor of Guam)

Congressional delegates

 * Vicente T. "Ben" Blaz (2nd Representative of Guam)
 * James C. “Tim” Moylan (6th Representative of Guam)

Speakers of the Guam Legislature

 * Carlos P. Taitano (3rd Speaker of the Guam Legislature under the Territorial Party)
 * Joseph Franklin Ada (6th Speaker of the Guam Legislature)
 * Tommy Tanaka (7th Speaker of the Guam Legislature)
 * Antonio R. Unpingco (12th Speaker of the Guam Legislature)
 * Mark Forbes (14th Speaker of the Guam Legislature)

Senators of the Guam Legislature

 * James Espaldon (Former Senator of the Guam Legislature)
 * Tommy Morrison (Former Senator of the Guam Legislature)
 * Tommy Tanaka (Former Senator of the Guam Legislature)
 * Tony Blaz (Former Senator of the Guam Legislature)
 * Tony Palomo (Former Senator of the Guam Legislature)

Mayors

 * John A. Cruz (Mayor of Hagatna)
 * Felix Ungacta (Mayor of Hagatna)

title: Republican Party of Guam