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Music of Chrono Trigger

The Chrono series is a video game franchise developed and published by Square Enix (formerly Square). It began in 1995 with the time travel role-playing video game Chrono Trigger, which spawned two continuations, Radical Dreamers and Chrono Cross. The music of Chrono Trigger was composed primarily by Yasunori Mitsuda, with a few tracks composed by regular Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu. The Chrono Trigger soundtrack has inspired four official album releases by Square Enix: a soundtrack album released by NTT Publishing in 1995 and re-released in 2004; a greatest hits album published by DigiCube in 1999, published in abbreviated form by Tokyopop in 2001, and republished by Square Enix in 2005; an acid jazz arrangement album published and republished by NTT Publishing in 1995 and 2004; and a 2008 orchestral arranged album by Square Enix. Corresponding with the Nintendo DS release of the game, a reissued soundtrack was released in 2009. An arranged album for Chrono Trigger and Chrono Cross, entitled To Far Away Times, was released in 2015 to commemorate the 20 year anniversary of Chrono Trigger.

The original soundtrack has been hailed as one of the best video game soundtracks ever made, and the Original Sound Version album met with similar applause. The reception for the other albums has been mixed, with the releases finding both fans and detractors among reviewers. Pieces from the soundtrack have been played at various orchestral concerts, such as the personal arrangements by Mitsuda for the Play! A Video Game Symphony concert series. Chrono Cross music has also been extensively remixed by fans, and such remixes have been included in both official and unofficial albums.

Creation and development
Chrono Trigger was scored primarily by Yasunori Mitsuda, with assistance by veteran Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu. A sound programmer at the time, Mitsuda was unhappy with his pay and threatened to leave Square if he could not compose music. Final Fantasy developer Hironobu Sakaguchi, one of the three designers for the upcoming Chrono Trigger, suggested he score the game, remarking, "maybe your salary will go up." Mitsuda reflected, "I wanted to create music that wouldn't fit into any established genre...music of an imaginary world. The game's director, Masato Kato, was my close friend, and so I'd always talk with him about the setting and the scene before going into writing." Mitsuda has said that he was unsure of how to start, saying that he "must've tried to start writing the music 4 times" and that it took "a month and a half" before he knew how to compose the music for Chrono Trigger.

Mitsuda slept in his studio several nights, and attributed certain tracks, such as "To Far Away Times", to inspiring dreams. He later attributed this track to an idea he was developing before Chrono Trigger, reflecting that the piece was made in dedication to "a certain person with whom I wanted to share a generation." Mitsuda tried to use leitmotifs of the Chrono Trigger main theme to create a sense of consistency in the soundtrack. He also suffered a hard drive crash that lost around forty in-progress tracks. After Mitsuda contracted stomach ulcers, regular Final Fantasy series composer Nobuo Uematsu joined the project to compose ten tracks and finish the score. Mitsuda returned to watch the ending with the staff before the game's release, crying upon seeing the finished scene. Mitsuda considers Chrono Trigger a landmark title which helped his talent mature. While Mitsuda later held that the title piece was "rough around the edges," he maintains that it had "significant influence on my life as a composer." At the time of the game's release, the number of tracks and sound effects was unprecedented, causing the soundtrack to span three discs in its 1995 commercial pressing.

Chrono Trigger Original Sound Version
Chrono Trigger Original Sound Version is a soundtrack of the music from Chrono Trigger, produced by Yasunori Mitsuda and Mitsunobu Nakamura. The soundtrack spans three discs and 64 tracks, covering a duration of 2:39:52. It was published by NTT Publishing on March 25, 1995 and re-published on October 1, 2004.

The majority of the tracks were composed by Yasunori Mitsuda, while ten tracks were contributed by Nobuo Uematsu after Mitsuda contracted stomach ulcers. Noriko Matsueda composed one track, "Boss Battle 1", which was arranged by Uematsu. The soundtrack tunes have been described as covering a wide variety of moods, from "simple, light-hearted tunes" like "Spekkio" to "sad themes" like "At The Bottom of Night" and "darker themes" like "Ocean Palace".

The album was well received by reviewers such as Liz Maas of RPGFan, who termed it "well worth its price" and noted that the tracks were very memorable and "always fit the mood in the game". IGN termed it "one of the best videogame soundtracks ever produced" and said that the music was a large part of the game's ability to "capture the emotions of the player". It furthermore called the soundtrack "some of the most memorable tunes in RPG history". The game itself won the "Best Music in a Cartridge-Based Game" award in Electronic Gaming Monthly's 1995 video game awards.

The original CDs for both releases were only published in Japan and include only Japanese track names. The official English track names were later released on Chrono Trigger Official Soundtrack: Music from Final Fantasy Chronicles and Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack [DS Version].

Chrono Trigger Arranged Version: The Brink of Time
Chrono Trigger Arranged Version: The Brink of Time is an album of acid jazz rearrangements of the music from Chrono Trigger, arranged and performed by GUIDO (Hiroshi Hata and Hidenobu Ootsuki). The soundtrack spans one disc and 10 tracks, covering a duration of 52:47. It was published by NTT Publishing on June 25, 1995, and reprinted on October 1, 2004.

The Brink of Time came about because Mitsuda wanted to do something that no one else was doing, and he noted that acid jazz and its related genres were uncommon in the Japanese market. It was the first album for which Mitsuda had to work with live recordings. The cover art of the album depicts a plate of fried eggs between a fork, knife and glass, while the inside booklet depicts a rooster which was specifically brought into the studio for the photo shooting. Several eggs had to be fried before the designers could settle on the correct shape. Mitsuda has stated that Ootsuki's arrangement technique left a strong impact on him and notably influenced his next score, the soundtrack to Front Mission: Gun Hazard.

The album received mixed reviews from critics. Freddie W. of RPGFan, while calling the album "pretty good" overall, said that several of the tracks including "Zeal Palace" and "Warlock Battle" were "absolutely horrible" due to the "disgustingly bad" distorted guitars. He cited the overuse of guitars as the worst part of the album. Simon of Square Enix Music Online had a different reaction; he enjoyed the guitars in the tracks and said that the album had "skill, class, and a feel that's relatively original". He concluded, however, that he could not seem to "connect" with the album, and that the CD was "very much down to personal taste — a love or hate arrangement".

Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack
Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack, also referred to as "Chrono Trigger '99" or "Chrono Trigger PSX OST", is a greatest hits album featuring 21 tracks from Chrono Trigger Original Sound Version and nine arranged tracks from the release of Chrono Trigger for the PlayStation. The arranged tracks come from the cutscenes added to the game, while Tsuyoshi Sekito composed four new pieces for the game's bonus features that weren't included on the soundtrack. The album was released by DigiCube on December 18, 1999 to coincide with the PlayStation release and re-released by Square Enix on February 23, 2005. The album is 1:14:12 long and spans 30 tracks.

A version of the album was re-published by Tokyopop in North America as Chrono Trigger Official Soundtrack: Music From Final Fantasy Chronicles on August 21, 2001, to coincide with the release of the Final Fantasy Chronicles collection of Final Fantasy IV and Chrono Trigger. The first 21 tracks of the album out of 25 were identical to Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack, while the next three tracks corresponded to tracks 22, 23, and 29 of the Original Soundtrack and the final track was the same as the first track of Brink of Time. This version of the album is 1:13:03 long.

Original Soundtrack received mixed reviews by critics. Ryan Mattich of RPGFan termed it "an excellent selection of music", primarily due to the arranged tracks, saying that the Original Sound Version album's tracks were better than this version's as they were looped and thus played longer. Patrick Gann was disparaging of the North American version of the CD, however, saying that its shortened track list destroyed the main reason to buy the album. Don Kotowski of Square Enix Music Online was dismissive of the Original Soundtrack album, saying that while the Original Sound Version tracks truly represented the "best of" the game's soundtrack, the arranged tracks were "either too short, too much like the original, or lifeless compared to the original", giving no incentive to purchase the album over the Original Sound Version.

Chrono Trigger Orchestra Extra Soundtrack
Chrono Trigger Orchestra Extra Soundtrack is an album of orchestral arrangements of Chrono Trigger pieces, arranged by Natsumi Kameoka. Published by Square Enix on November 20, 2008 exclusively as a pre-order bonus of the Nintendo DS port of Chrono Trigger, this soundtrack consists of two tracks, "Chrono Trigger ~Orchestra Version~" and "Chrono Trigger Medley ~Orchestra Version~", the latter spanning the pieces "A Premonition", "Guardia's Millennial Fair", "Yearnings of the Wind", "Frog's Theme", "Battle with Magus", "Epilogue ~To Good Friends~", and "To Far Away Times". Mitsuda expressed difficulty in selecting the pieces for the orchestral medley, eventually picking a track from each era and certain character themes. While both tracks involve a full orchestra, "Chrono Trigger" is more heavily horn-based, while "Medley" relies more on stringed instruments. The CD itself came in a single sleeve with a short note from primary composer Yasunori Mitsuda. The album as a whole has a length of 6:18, with "Chrono Trigger" lasting 2:07 and "Medley" having a length of 4:11.

The album has been described as showing that Mitsuda was "well ahead of the curve" when he composed the Chrono Trigger soundtrack. IGN described "Chrono Trigger ~Orchestra Version~" as having a heavy 1970's influence and as being "a testament to Mitsuda's compositional skills", while calling "Chrono Trigger Medley ~Orchestra Version~" "playfully romantic" with "a fairy tale element" in the beginning of the piece that later transforms into "an entirely more grandiose arena". Patrick Gann described the soundtrack as "awesome" and said that "Kameoka is really good at orchestral arrangement". His primary complaint was the length of the album, as he wished it had been a full album instead of a "mini-album" of only two tracks.

Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack (2009 release)
Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack is a Square-Enix re-release of the Chrono Trigger Original Sound Version soundtrack that was made available for purchase on July 29, 2009. This soundtrack corresponds to the Nintendo DS version of Chrono Trigger, with different instrumentation from the original Super NES version. This 3 disc soundtrack contains additional tracks that were not included on the original release, as well as a bonus DVD.

The track lengths for a number of tracks on all three discs are different than the Original Sound Version release. On the first disc, tracks 24-27 are new arranged version tracks that were included as the music from those tracks corresponded to the video animated sequences that were added originally on the PlayStation version. The same applied to tracks 25–27 on the second disc and tracks 18–24 on the third disc.

The Bonus DVD included a special Mitsuda interview and two music videos for the tracks that were on the Orchestra Extra album: "Chrono Trigger ~Orchestra Version~" and "Chrono Trigger Medley ~Orchestra Version~".

The asterisk indicates the additional tracks that were not in the original Original Sound Version.

To Far Away Times: Chrono Trigger & Chrono Cross Arrangement Album
On a live performance at the Tokyo Dome in July 2015 commemorating the 20 year anniversary of Chrono Trigger, Mitsuda announced that the long requested Chrono series arrangement album, entitled To Far Away Times: Chrono Trigger & Chrono Cross Arrangement Album would be released. This was eventually released by Square Enix Music on October 14, 2015.

Chrono Orchestra
In 2019, Square Enix held a pair of concerts by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra in Osaka on September 7 and in Tokyo on October 27, featuring music from Chrono Trigger and Chrono Cross. On September 4, 2019, Square Enix released the album Chrono Trigger Orchestral Arrangement, containing eight tracks arranged by Kosuke Yamashita, Mariam Abounnasr, Daisuke Shinoda, and Tomomichi Takeoka, and performed by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra. A box set containing the album, a similar album of orchestral arrangements for Chrono Cross, and a bonus disc of two piano duet arrangements for each game was also released. The album and box set were reviewed by Tien Hoang of VGMOnline, who found it to be a short album of "pleasant but unambitious" arrangements that stuck closely to the original compositions. He found the piano arrangements in the box set to be better, but uneven.

Covers and adaptations
Music from Chrono Trigger Original Sound Version has been arranged for the piano and published as sheet music by DOREMI Music Publishing. Chrono Trigger soundtrack has been heavily remixed by fans, sparking several albums. These include the officially licensed Time & Space - A Tribute to Yasunori Mitsuda, released by OneUp Studios on October 7, 2001 and containing 18 remixes over a span of 1:00:58, with a second version of the album released on June 17, 2003. In 2009, another album, "Chronotorious", was released by the same band under the name "Bad Dudes". Another album release was Chrono Symphonic, an unofficial download-only album release by the remix website OverClocked ReMix on January 3, 2006 containing 25 remixes over 2 "discs". Selections of remixes also appear on Japanese remix albums, called Dōjin, and on English remixing websites such as OverClocked Remix. In 2013, Video game composer Blake Robinson officially licensed the compositions and released his new arrangements as "The Chrono Trigger Symphony". Volume 1, 2 and 3 are available for paid download from iTunes and Loudr. Video game cover artist Malcolm Robinson also licensed and released arrangements of 30 pieces from the soundtrack as "Chrono Trigger: Orchestral Selections". Volume 1 and 2 (Published in 2015 and 2019, respectively) each contain 15 remixes, and are available from iTunes and Spotify.

Live performances
The main theme of Chrono Trigger was played at the fifth of the Orchestral Game Music Concerts in 1996, and released on an accompanying album. Mitsuda has arranged versions of music from Chrono Trigger for Play! A Video Game Symphony video game music concerts in 2006, presenting the main theme, Frog's Theme, and To Far Away Times. Music from the game has also been performed in other video game concert tours such as the Video Games Live concert series and in concerts by the Eminence Orchestra. Music from Chrono Trigger and Cross made up one fourth of the music in the Symphonic Fantasies concerts in Cologne in September 2009 which were produced by the creators of the Symphonic Game Music Concert series and conducted by Arnie Roth. The concerts featured a suite of music from both games interspersed together with the pieces from Trigger comprising "A Premonition", "Battle with Magus", "Chrono Trigger", "Peaceful Days", "Outskirts of Time", "Frog's Theme", and "To Far Away Times", as well as a boss battle suite that featured "Lavos’ Theme". "Crono's Theme" was performed at the Press Start -Symphony of Games- 2007 concerts in Yokohama and Osaka, Japan, and a suite comprising music from Chrono Trigger and Cross was performed at the Press Start -Symphony of Games- 2008 concerts the following year in Tokyo and Shanghai. An arrangement of "Light of Silence" was performed on July 9, 2011 at the Symphonic Odysseys concert, which commemorated the music of Uematsu.

For the 20th anniversary in 2015, Mitsuda, along with his performing group Millennial Fair, performed tracks from the game at the Tokyo Globe in Tokyo, Japan on July 25 and 26. The event, titled "The Brink of Time", included Mitsuda performing on the piano, guitar, and Irish bouzouki. "Frog's Theme" and "Robo's Theme" were among the video game music performed during the 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.

title: Music of Chrono Trigger


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User:Hansjörg~enwiki

I am Hansjörg from the German Wikipedia.

Articles:

Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center

 * Flunetwork

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Hansjörg~enwiki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eye of Skadi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 02:07, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Eye of Skadi
An item from a video game, nuf said. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 09:06, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Isn't there a policy on these somewhere? Anyway, merge or keep it, game fans might want to look it up. Kappa 09:27, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, there's a policy. It's called gamecruft. Delete. Oh, and it's a custom item from a custom map for Warcraft 3. That makes it less important. Nestea 11:10, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a sad day when wikipedia has a policy with a name that's inherently POV and uncivil. Kappa 12:32, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Then cheer up. Category:Wikipedia official policy and Category:Wikipedia semi-policy reveal no such name for a policy.  ☺ Uncle G 19:02, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * That would make it fan fiction, which I do believe is excessively not notable. Writing an article on it is basically vanity. Delete. Radiant_* 12:13, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually that does make it reasonably non-notable. Wish people would say these things in their nominations. Kappa 12:26, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * "gamecruft" is a description used by some people, and not the name of a policy. We have WP:FICT, which is a semi-policy.  Perhaps that was what you were thinking of. Uncle G 19:02, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-canonical. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:30, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete along with the rest of the DOTA articles being flooded upon us. Wikipedia is not GameFAQs. --InShaneee 19:17, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unencyclopedic. Dave the Red (talk) 19:36, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Cruft. Unencyclopedic. Etcetera. --Bucephalus talk to me  19:56, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Who cares about the in-game items?--sometimes they change with every version of the map.  (For my money, I'd rather have a Burize do Kyanon anyway.)  (PS I'm new to the whole VfD thing, apologies if it's somehow not appropriate for me to comment.) Marblespire 07:56, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Stacey Blades

Stacey David Blades is a guitarist originally from Calgary, Alberta, Canada, who has played with such bands as Fraidy Katt, Roxx Gang, Supercool, L.A. Guns, and Electric Radio Kings. He has played on the L.A. Guns studio albums Rips the Covers Off, Tales from the Strip, Covered in Guns, and Hollywood Forever, and the L.A. Guns live album Loud and Dangerous: Live from Hollywood. He authored a book Confessions of a Replacement Rockstar in 2009 Via Booksurge and Amazon.

In 2009, Blades released his first guitar instrumental solo album called Symphonic Slam on Cleopatra Records.

At the end of 2012, Blades decided to leave L.A. Guns to pursue more personal opportunities for performing and songwriting. He worked with Sony Music designing and writing guitar loop packages. Blades was also the last artist to work with producer Andy Johns before his death in April 2013. From 2017 to 2020 Blades achieved some success with his active rock band "Electric Radio Kings" charting No. 28 on Billboard Mainstream Rock charts with their remake of Amy Winehouse's "Back To Black" and released a full-length album Purrr produced by longtime Metallica engineer Michael Gillies. The album was released via MI5/Universal. The band however imploded and turned into the alternative "Crashing Wayward" who released their first single "Breathe" on February 12, 2021, again produced by Mike Gillies (Metmixer).

With Fraidy Katt
Scratched - FNA Records -Reissue (1990/91)

With Roxx Gang

 * High Five - 5 song EP (1993)
 * The Voodoo You Love (1995)
 * Old, New, Borrowed, and Blue (1998)
 * Drinkin' T.N.T. And Smoking' Dynamite (Available as both a Roxx Gang album and a Mojo Gurus album) (2000)
 * Bodacious Ta Tas (2001)

With Supercool

 * Live At The Wilcox Hotel (2001)

With L.A. Guns

 * Rips the Covers Off (2004)
 * Tales from the Strip (2005)
 * Loud and Dangerous: Live from Hollywood (2006)
 * Covered in Guns (2010)
 * ''Hollywood Forever (2012)

Solo

 * Symphonic Slam

With Electric Radio Kings

 * Purrr (2019)

title: Stacey Blades


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Talk:Catullus 29

I think this should be transwikied to wikisource.--MaxMad 09:07, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

translation
line two of the translation (and in repetitions) the translation omits the conjunction et (and) in the original text. Instead of 'shameless insatiable gambler', perhaps shameless and a glutton and a gambler, which is closer to the true meaning... Kenneth Charles 13:55, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Being Prudish?
"so that worn-out organ of yours, Mentula"

"mentula", as far as I know, is Latin for "cock"; Mamurra is likened to one, it is not a name he goes by so as for it to be retained and capitalized in translation. The accurate translation for "ut ista vestra diffututa mentula" is "so that worn out cock of yours" simply. Lucius Domitius 04:25, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree, also diffututa means "fucked"; I have made the appropriate (or inappropriate...) corrections. Avraham 02:49, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Was his father a banker?
I don't know of any ancient source which says that Catullus' father was a banker. Pending a reference for this, I have reworded the relevant passage. El barty 10:32, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Catullus 29


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Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh

The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (translation: Indian Workers' Union) is a trade union in India. It was founded by Dattopant Thengadi on 23 July 1955.

The BMS itself claims to have more than 10 million members. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, the BMS had a membership of 6,215,797 in 2002. The BMS is not affiliated to any International Trade Union Confederation. It is the labour wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and forms part of the Sangh Parivar.

BMS protested against the anti-labour policies of the Narasimha Rao Government of the Congress, leftists supported Deve Gowda Government and Gujral Government. During the tenure of the NDA Government also which had “friends” of BMS in it, BMS had to oppose the anti-labour policies. Now in Modi Government tenure, called for nationwide movement on 10 June 2020 to protest privatization in PSUs.

title: Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh


text: Category:Transport in Norfolk

title: Category:Transport in Norfolk


text:
User talk:Ancheta Wis/w

I propose to organize more of the Talk:Physics/wip/development article section around some selections from the list of Latin phrases. My motivation is the Born-Einstein letters, where the two physicists wrote to each other over a span of decades. Some of the Latin phrases they used over and over again include --Ancheta Wis 10:02, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * mutatis mutandis when reasoning by analogy
 * ceteris paribus when speaking about a specific factor in an array of possibilities

Regularities
The search for regularities in nature serves to motivate our search for principles of physics. Thus Kepler's discovery of the inscribed Platonic solid model of the solar system seemed to him his greatest achievement. Of course, Kepler's laws, which he derived over a period of twenty years, were the mathematical relations which Newton was able to incorporate into his system of the world.

The nature of matter
Matter is a mass noun which can refer to ensembles of atoms and molecules as well as their constituent subatomic particles. Einstein believed that fields were more fundamental than particles, which illustrates that matter is not the simple topic it appears to be. Newton treated matter as points endowed with mass. This of course allowed mechanics to be reduced to geometry, as illustrated in Galileo's Two New Sciences.

Feynman started out the Feynman Lectures on Physics with the atomic hypothesis, which he considered to be the most compact statement of physics, from which the science could be rebuilt, were we to lose all our knowledge but that. By modeling matter as collections of hard spheres, much like Galileo's bronze ball, with which the law of falling bodies was measured, it is possible to describe statistical mechanics.

Statistical mechanics, and the assumption that gases can be modelled by the collisions of hard spheres, can be used to derive the laws of thermodynamics. Liouville's theorem for statistical and Hamiltonian mechanics is a classical nineteenth century result which describes the behavior of the phase space distribution function. Liouville's theorem  has a suggestive formulation, the Poisson bracket, which encodes Hamilton's equations of classical mechanics. The Poisson bracket is in form much like the commutator of quantum mechanics. The laws of nature appear to follow the postulates of quantum mechanics, and the theories that follow these postulates are said to have been quantized.

Matter and its motion
The special theory of relativity enjoys a relationship with electromagnetism and mechanics; that is, the principle of relativity and the principle of stationary action in mechanics can be used to derive Maxwell's equations, , and vice versa.

Relativity and quantum mechanics can describe the physics of the extremely small (atoms, nuclei, fundamental particles), the extremely large (the Universe), and the extremely fast (relativity). But no complete theory yet exists. The Schrödinger picture of quantum mechanics and the Heisenberg picture can be connected by the Ehrenfest theorem, the analog of Liouville's theorem noted above.

The principle of least action
While physics deals with a wide variety of systems, there are certain theories that are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of Nature (within a certain domain of validity). For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research; for instance, a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642—1727). These "central theories" are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them.

Major topics of physics

Contemporary research in physics is divided into several distinct fields that study different aspects of the material world. Condensed matter physics, by most estimates the largest single field of physics, is concerned with how the properties of bulk matter, such as the ordinary solids and liquids we encounter in everyday life, arise from the properties and mutual interactions of the constituent atoms. The field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics deals with the behavior of individual atoms and molecules, and in particular the ways in which they absorb and emit light. The field of particle physics, also known as "high-energy physics", is concerned with the properties of submicroscopic particles much smaller than atoms, including the elementary particles from which all other units of matter are constructed. Finally, the field of astrophysics applies the laws of physics to explain celestial phenomena, ranging from the Sun and the other objects in the solar system to the universe as a whole.

Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and nowadays it is not uncommon for physicists to work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" like Albert Einstein (1879—1955) and Lev Landau (1908—1968), who were comfortable working in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.

Current Research
Research in physics is progressing constantly on a large number of fronts, and is likely to do so for the foreseeable future.

In condensed matter physics, the biggest unsolved theoretical problem is the explanation for high-temperature superconductivity. Strong efforts, largely experimental, are being put into making workable spintronics and quantum computers.

In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost amongst these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem in solar physics. The physics of massive neutrinos is currently an area of active theoretical and experimental research. In the next several years, particle accelerators will begin probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the Higgs boson and supersymmetric particles.

Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet borne fruit. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.

Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.

Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena, involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics, such as the formation of sandpiles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, or self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections are unsolved. These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, not least of which has been the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. The interdisciplinary relevance of complex physics has also increased, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics or the observation of pattern formation in biological systems. In 1932, Horace Lamb correctly prophesized: ''I am an old man now, and when I die and go to heaven there are two matters on which I hope for enlightenment. One is quantum electrodynamics, and the other is the turbulent motion of fluids. And about the former I am rather optimistic.''

Applications and Influence
Applied physics is a general term for physics which is intended for a particular use; thus happiness can come from a successful application of the science. "Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of the relationship to the technology or science that may be affected by the work. It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem. The approach is similar to that of applied mathematics. Applied physicists can also be interested the use of physics for scientific research. For instance, people working on accelerator physics might seek to build better particle detectors for research in theoretical physics. Physics is used heavily in engineering. Statics, a subfield of mechanics, is used in the building of bridges or other structures; the simple machines such as the lever and the ramp had to be discovered before they could be used; today, they can be taught to schoolchildren. The understanding and use of acoustics will result in better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices. An understanding of physics makes for more realistic flight simulators, video games, and movies, as well as in forensic investigations (what do we know and when do we know it; what did the subject know and when did the subject know it).

There are many fields of physics which have strong applied branches, as well as many related and overlapping fields from other disciplines that are closely related to applied physics. Engineering utilizes physics in service of technology rather than science.
 * Acoustics, the study of sound waves, is used everywhere we wish to hear, for example in music, speech, and audible alarms.
 * Agrophysics is the study of the physics in agronomy.
 * Biophysics is the interface of biology and physics.
 * Chemical physics studies the structure and dynamics of ions, free radicals, polymers, clusters, and molecules, using both classical and quantum mechanical viewpoints.
 * Communications has used physics extensively, for example in the Bell Laboratories. The first communications satellite appeared 300 years after Newton.
 * Econophysics is the interface of economics and physics.
 * Engineering physics graduates specialists in optics, nanotechnology, control theory, aerodynamics, or solid-state physics.
 * Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids (liquids and  gases) at rest and in motion. The Navier-Stokes equations are used in supercomputers to model Earth's weather.
 * Geophysics is the physics of Earth.
 * Lasers and radar were developed in the laboratories, used by the military, and now have extensive peacetime uses. Quantum electronics includes the study of lasers.
 * Medical physics includes the standards for radiation exposure and infrastructure for radiology.
 * Optics has existed as a science for over 1000 years. Like acoustics, it has its own journals, practioners, and university departments, as well as industries which utilize those graduates.
 * Plasma physics is the physics of an ionized gas.
 * Physics of computation must rely upon the state of the art. For example, the accuracy of a computation depends on the ability to manufacture to tolerance, which was the undoing of Babbage's difference engine. Babbage's design worked when built with twentieth century technology.
 * Solid state physics, including the material properties of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits.
 * Materials science is the systematic study of the properties of materials.
 * Nanotechnology studies the creation of machines less than a micrometer in size.
 * Optoelectronics creates devices which use light rather than current.
 * Photovoltaics, or solar cells, promise to generate current from light.
 * Physical chemistry
 * Quantum chemistry models matter using quantum mechanics.
 * Quantum information science applies qubit devices.
 * Vehicle dynamics is a form of kinematics.

Varieties of physics

 * Physics (Aristotle) - an early book on physics, which attempted to analyze and define motion from a philosophical point of view
 * Philosophy of physics
 * Perfection in physics and chemistry
 * Classical physics
 * Glossary of classical physics
 * List of physics topics
 * List of basic physics topics
 * Unsolved problems in physics

Related fields

 * Mathematics
 * Astronomy
 * Chemistry
 * Engineering

General

 * Aristotle's Physics, trans. by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye
 * Physics and Math Textbooks Numerous online textbooks on Physics and Mathematics
 * Usenet Physics FAQ. A FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups.
 * Physics.org - Web portal run by the Institute of Physics.
 * World of Physics. An online encyclopedic dictionary of physics.
 * Website of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * The Physics Network Official Physics Network
 * Physics Today - Your daily physics news and research source
 * The Skeptic's Guide to Physics
 * PlanetPhysics Online Physics
 * Physics 2005: Website of the World Year of Physics 2005
 * Physicsweb.org
 * The Physics Community accepts contributions from those knowledgeable in physics
 * Contemporary Physics

Organizations

 * AIP.org Website of the American Institute of Physics
 * IOP.org Website of the Institute of Physics
 * APS.org Website of the American Physical Society
 * SPS National Website of the Society of Physics Students
 * Physics & Math Forums
 * Royal Society Website of the Royal Society. Although not exclusively a physics institution, it has a strong physical history.

Tod, Oxford, Weyl Curvature Hypothesis Paul Tod (paul.tod@st-johns.oxford.ac.uk) 8 Aug - 23 Dec 2005

The hypothesis
According to a public lecture by Roger Penrose 18 August 2006  at University of British Columbia, Vancouver B.C., the Weyl curvature hypothesis is that the normal derivative of the Weyl curvature of a previous universe is equal to the  normal derivative of the Weyl curvature in the succeeding universe even at the moment of the Big Bang. This result follows by analytic continuation. --Ancheta Wis 05:39, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Archimedes Eratosthenes Charles Peirce George Boole Jan Łukasiewicz Ludwig Wittgenstein Bertrand Russell zero recursion iteration Ralph Bunche Abraham Lincoln Thomas Jefferson Ferdinand Magellan astrolabe outrigger hourglass Galileo Francis Bacon William of Occam Isaac Newton Benjamin Franklin Michael Faraday Kurt Lehovec Max Born Richard Feynman Quantum Mechanics Andrew Joseph Galambos Larry Wall Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie History of computing hardware Stanislaw Ulam Brolga Space Race

A Syntopicon: An Index to The Great Ideas Answers.com Bayesian inference Cosmological decade Covariant derivative Diabetes mellitus Double negative Eigenface Electrical resistance Fabrication (semiconductor) Field-programmable gate array Fluid dynamics Franklin Mountains Gravity Great Books of the Western World Ground (electricity) Harvard Classics Heuristic Hidden variable theory History of Southeast Asia History of computing hardware History of science How to Solve It Hughes Aircraft Hypothetico-deductive method Ilocano Integrated circuit Kilbourne Hole Knowledge representation Law of physics List of Philippine-related topics List of equations List of topics (scientific method) Logarithmic timeline M-theory (simplified) Malay people Mathematical notation Maxwell's equations Mist Trail Model Negrito Noether's theorem OS-tan Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Physical constant Principia Mathematica Process Propaedia Pueblo people Quantum mechanics Ralph Bunche Recognition Richard Feynman Rodina (disambiguation) Scientific method Semiconductor device fabrication Soundness Syllogism Task Test Thinking Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (5.101) Truth Tyrannosaurus rex Unsolved problems in governance Validity Wisdom User:Ancheta Wis Press coverage Wikiportal/Culture Wikiportal/History of science Wikiportal/Science Wikiportal/Scientific method Wikiportal/Society Wikiportal/Technology Category:Culture Category:Human societies Category:Science

 * 1) Wikipedia:Meetup/Chicago
 * 2) Tambayan Philippines
 * 3) Wikipedia Signpost/2006-07-31/Wikimania series
 * 4) Wikiportal/Gravitation
 * 5) Wikiportal/History of science
 * 6) Wikiportal/Scientific method
 * Image:100 1915.jpg
 * 1) Template:Portal:Personal life/Intro
 * 2) Template:Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Personal life/Intro
 * Category:B-Class physics articles
 * Category:Bayesian statistics
 * Category:Cognition
 * Category:Diabetes
 * Category:Fundamental
 * Category:Integrated circuits
 * Category:Measurement
 * Category:National personifications
 * Category:Personal life
 * Category:Physical cosmology
 * Category:Problem solving
 * Category:Scientific method
 * Category:Scientific modeling
 * Category:Semiconductor device fabrication
 * 1) Portal:Gravitation
 * 2) Portal:Scientific method

Return
In the battle in which Magellan was killed in Mactan, Philippines, Pigafetta also was hurt. Nevertheless, he managed to recover and was among the 17 on board the Victoria, who accompanied Juan Sebastián Elcano in his return Spain.

After reaching port in Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cadiz) in September of 1522, three years after his departure, he recollected his experiences in Relazione del Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Mondo (Relations of the First Round-the-world Trip), composed in Italian, and was published in Venice in 1536. The original document, regretably, is not preserved.

Pigafetta returned to Italy after the trip. He died in his native city in 1534.

Beinecke MS 351
Beinecke manuscript 351 of Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript library is a fair copy of Pigafetta's Journal of Magellan's Voyage in French translation: de Malucque ou naissent les cloux de Girofle faicte par Anthoine Pigaphete, dated about 1525. Four copies are known to have been made.
 * Navigation et descouurement de la Inde superieure et isles

The first owener was likely Vincentin Cheuallier de Rhodes Commanceant en lan Mil V^^cc et xix. [dedication, in red:] Anthoyne Pigaphete Patricie Vincentin et Cheuallier de Rhodes a Illustrissime et tres excellent Seigneur Philippe de Villers L [erasure] leadam inclite grand Maistre de Rhodes son seigneur esserueratissime. f. 2v blank

2. ff. 3r-98vPrologue de Anthoine Pigaphete sur le present liure sien traictant. La nauigation des isles de Malucque...Chapitre Premier. Pource quil y a plusieurs gentz curieux (tres illustre et tres reuerend Seigneur) qui non seullement se contentent descoutter et scauoir...au tres illustre et noble seigneur Philippes de Villiers Lisleadan tres digne grand maistre de Rhodes. Fin. f. 99r ruled, but blank; f. 99v continues notes from f. 1r

A journal of Ferdinand Magellan's voyage around the world in 1522, written by Antonio Pigafetta (ca. 1480/91 - ca. 1534), an Italian gentleman from Vincenza who survived the trip. Beinecke MS 351, the text of which is divided into 57 numbered chapters, is the most complete and most handsomely produced manuscript of the four surviving witnesses to the text; the original, probably in Italian, is now lost. The two other French manuscripts, also copied in the first half of the 16th century, are Paris, B. N. MSS fr. 5650 and fr. 24224; the only manuscript extant from the Italian tradition is Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana MS L. 103 Sup., of approximately the same date as the French manuscripts. An abridged French text was printed at Paris for Simon de Colines, Le voyage et navigation faict par les Espaignolz es Isles de Mollucques (no date, probably ca. 1526-36); for a modern edition see J. Denuce, Pigafetta: Relation du premier voyage autour du monde par Magellan 1519-22, Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir a l'histoire de la geographie 24 (Antwerp and Paris, 1923) pp. 29-225 (MS 351 = C), with a description of the Beinecke manuscript on pp. 11-14.

Parchment (fine), ff. i (paper) + ii (parchment) + i (original parchment flyleaf) + 98 (foliated 2-99) + ii (parchment) + i (paper), 276 x 184 (195 x 122) mm. 27 long lines, or in 2 columns for vocabulary lists (ff. 19v-20r, 51v-53r, 83r-84v). Ruled faintly in red ink; single inner vertical and horizontal bounding lines; double outer vertical bounding lines; additional ruling in outer margins for notes; all bounding lines full length and full across. I-XII^^8, XIII^^2. Written in elegant humanistic bookhand with script often resting above the rulings; marginal notes and headings in a more cursive script that inclines toward the right. Twenty-three beautifully drawn and illuminated maps, mostly full-page, surrounded by gold frames, and with scrolls superimposed that contain the identifying legends for islands and land masses. Subjects of maps are as follow; we give the title as it appears in the text of the manuscript: f. 21r figure du destroict Pathagoniques. De la region de Pathagonie, Mer ocean, De la mer Pacifique, Et aultres Capz; f. 23r figure des isles infortunees; f. 25v figure de lisle des larrons et leurs barquettes [with two figures in a boat]; f. 29r figure de lisle des bons signes. Et des quatre aultres isles Cenalo, Hinnangar, Ibusson, Abarien; f. 35v figure du cap de Gatighan, Des isles de Mazzaua, Bohol, Ceilon, Baibai, Polo, Canighan, Tigobon, et Pozzon [legends on scrolls not filled in]; f. 53v Cy apres sont figurees les isles de Zzubu, Mattan, et Bohol; f. 54r En lautre figure est lisle de Panilonghon; f. 56r figure de lisle de Caghaian; f. 57r [no title] Isle of Pulaoan; f. 62v figure de lisle de Burne et du lieu ou sont les fueilles vifues; f. 65r figure des cinq isles Benaian, Calagan, Butuan, Cippit et Maingdanao; f. 66r figure des isles Zzolo, Cauit, et aultres; f. 67v figure des isles Ciboco et aultres; f. 68r figure des isles Sanghir, Nuzza, Cheai, Camanuzza, Cheaua, Lipan, Cabaluzzar, Cabiao, Cauiao; f. 69r figure des isles Meau, Paginzzara, Zzoar, etc.; f. 85r figures des isles Giailolo, Mutara, Tarenate, et Chir; [cartouche on map:] Toutes les isles en ce liure mises. sont en laultre Emispere du monde aux Antipodes; f. 85v figure des cinq isles ou naissent les cloux de girofle et de leur arbre [with drawing of clove tree]; f. 87r figure de isles de Bacchian, etc.; [legend on map:] En ceste isle habitent les Pigmei; f. 87v Aultre figure des isles Ambalao, Ambon, Tenetun, Lumatola, et Sullach; f. 88v figure des isles Bandan, Zzorobua, Rossonghin, et aultres; f. 90r figure des isles Zzolot, Nocemamor, et aultres; f. 92r figure des isles Timor, Cabanaza, et aultres; f. 93r figure de la grand mer. Decorative initials, 4- to 3-line, rose or blue highlighted with white, on gold rectangular grounds edged in black, contain flowers in contrasting colors or strawberries and green and chartreuse leaves. Gold initials, 2-line, on red rectangular grounds or on red and blue grounds (divided diagonally or horizontally) with gold highlights. Gold paragraph marks, 1-line, on rectangular grounds that alternate red and blue, with gold highlights; rectangular line-fillers in red and gold, also highlighted with gold. Headings for chapters and titles for maps within text, as well as notes in margin entered by same scribe, in red or blue. Binding: s. xix. Red goatskin, gold-tooled. Bound by Duru in 1851 (note on f. i verso). Disbound and mounted for photographic reproduction for the facsimile edition by Harold Tribolet at the Extra Bindery of the Lakeside Press. Rebacked with extraordinary skill.

Written in France ca. 1525. Although some scholars have suggested that Beinecke MS 351 is the dedication copy presented to the Grand Master of Rhodes by Pigafetta, there is no firm evidence to support this hypothesis; all four extant manuscripts contain the dedicatory inscription to the Grand Master (see art. 1). First known owner is Jean Cognet, gentleman of the chamber and apothecary of Jean de Guise (1498-1550), Cardinal of Lorraine (f. 2r: anagram of Cognet:  "Ne age cito"; arms on f. 1v:  azure, a chevron or between three lilies argent); his presentation to Christophe de Gastinois, the Cardinal's secretary (inscription on f. 1v: "Viro clarissimo, eruditissimo, et integerrimo, Christophoro Gastynaeo, Illustrissimi Cardinalis a Lotharingia ex consilijs secretioribus Senatori, et libellorum supplicum Magistro dignissimo Ioannes Cognetius eidem Principi a Pharmacis et Cubiculis hunc librum D. D." with Gastinois arms in wreath above:  azure, a fess argent, in chief 3 estoiles or, in base a phoenix or rising from flames proper). Belonged to the Abbey of St. Leopold at Nancy; inscription in upper margin of f. 1v: "Sancti Leopoldi Nanceiani an. 1720." Unidentified notes of s. xix on ff. 1v and 99v discuss the possibility that MS 351 is the original dedication copy. In 1841 the French geographer R. Thomassy ("La relation du premier voyage autour de monde a-t-elle ete composee en francais par Antoine Pigaphete...," Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie, 2nd ser. 20 [1843] pp. 165-83) examined the manuscript when it was in the library of a certain M. Beaupre, a judge at Nancy, presumably Jean-Nicolas Beaupre, (1795-1869; Dictionnaire de Biographie Francaise, v. 5, p. 1163). Sold by Potier in Paris, March 1851 (no. 506); Felix Solar sale (Paris, Techener, April 1861, no. 3238). From the collection of Guglielmo Libri (1802-69); his sale (Sotheby's, 25-29 July 1862, no. 456) where it was acquired by Sir Thomas Phillipps (no. 16405; tag on spine, note on f. i verso). Robinson sale (Cat. 83, 1953, pp. 96-105); purchased from the Robinsons in 1964 by Edwin J. Beinecke for the Beinecke Library.

Bibliography: H. Harrisse, Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima... Additions (Paris, 1872) p. xxxii. J. A. Robertson, Magellan's Voyage around the World (Cleveland, 1906) v. 2, pp. 260-64. T. E. Marston, "Around the World in 1080 Days," Gazette 39 (1965) pp. 101-04. R. A. Skelton, Magellan's Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation by Antonio Pigafetta (New Haven, 1969) v. 1: Introduction and translation of text, v. 2: facsimile, in color, of Beinecke MS 351. L. Peillard, Pigafetta: Relation du premier voyage autour du monde par Magellan 1519-22 (Geneva, 1970) pp. 52-56.

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 * One of the viewpoints of those who study Culture is respect for the values of others. Thus a man who might be imbued with the innate superiority of cricket may find it unacceptable to learn that football or soccer is favored by others on the Planet. Hence a ground rule not to favor Cricket at the expense of Curling, say, would tend to be good governance for the Encyclopedia. By this analogy, I hope it is clear that we cannot reasonably expect to include Cricket in the eight main categories on the Main Page. The rationale for the existing 8 categories can be found on Main Page talk. Ancheta Wis 21:39, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It should be clear that we need to talk about governance on a big scale before we can talk about something as personal as Religion. Good manners, civility, and the Higher Things kind of go out the window, in a crisis, until we have a sense of the political power behind an institution in the face of a crisis. In other words, political power rules our world today. Unfortunately, Human beings tend to ignore the Higher Things until they are good and ready. It ought to be crystal clear that Religion cannot be one of the things imposed on one person by another; it has to come from within that person, or else it is another name for Hypocrisy. Ancheta Wis 21:39, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * But I need to retreat to some sports analogies in the face of the looting etc. as the aftermath of disasters like hurricane Katrina; no matter whether it be cricket or football we better listen to the coaches and the umpires for the governance of the institution.
 * Upon re-reading this, I may have just constructed an argument for making Category:Religion a sub-category of Category:Personal life. I am not sure if that was the intention of the editor above. Ancheta Wis 01:01, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * And yes, if today's politics dictates that one love cricket at the expense of football (insert favorite institution here) these are indictments of the institutions. Ancheta Wis 01:01, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * One of the rules for the study of the sub-categories within Category:Culture is respect for the value. Please bring up any issues within the category if you find that some value is not properly treated by an editor. I will put a watch on Category:Culture/governance to do what I can for any entries which might require mediation. My motivation for this watchlist item is that we do not intrinsically know just what constitutes a survivable value or behavior for our civilization. Thus for us to label an item with a pejorative is culture-bound behavior. That may or may not be useful for the future.

 * No implication meant. Jefferson's 3 categories are independent of the 3 color-coded groups on the Main Page. It is just that 3 is a lot simpler than 8. 8 is good because it is a barrier to the temptation to add just one more category, that's all we need is one more category. 8 just starts to overflow the small brains of Homo sapiens sapiens.
 * On a related note, our current programming languages and other conceptual structures are way too complicated for the small brains of Homo sapiens sapiens. We need help. Creeping featuritis is one of the enemies of small-brained man. We need to protect ourselves from ourselves, to quote from the TV ad. Ancheta Wis 22:35, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * While we are in the water, so to speak, it occurs to me that 8=2^3 so we could have a hypercube on the main page. 3 of the categories could be the index on a base of 2. Thus we could have, for example 2 orthogonal dimensions be fundamental categories, say for example Space and Time. If we take the values of the index to be 0, +1, +2 then that could an index into, for example

 * EarthSpace=Geography or
 * EarthTime=History, if we were to have index=0 for Earth. Also,
 * ThingsSpace=Mathematics (especially Geometry), and you might stretch a point to make
 * ThingsTime=Science, if we were to take index=1 for Things. Finally,
 * PeopleSpace=Society and
 * PeopleTime=Culture, if we were to take index=2 for People.

 * Disambiguating this is hard work. I have no insights other than the general statement which you are critiquing. The only thing I can think of to approach this is to rework some of the text from the Ethics article, but substitute values/goals for each instance of the word Ethics: --

Ancheta Wis 22:52, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Assumptions about values or goals which underpin human behaviour are reflected in every social science, including:
 * anthropology because of the complexities involved in relating one cultural value to another,
 * economics because of its role in the distribution of scarce resources,
 * political science because of its role in allocating power,
 * sociology because of its roots in the dynamics of groups,
 * law because of its role in codifying constructs like mercy and punishment,
 * criminology because of its role in rewarding valued behaviour and discouraging unethical goals, and
 * psychology because of its role in defining, understanding, and treating unethical values or goals.
 * Values or goals have also been extended to the hard sciences, such as biology (as bioethics) and ecology (as environmental ethics). As these fields become more complex and deal with more situations, the application of values/goals in those fields can also become more complex.
 * Yes! I absolutely agree that mathematics seeks something different from science -- even an epistemic difference. I mean proof rather than evidence -- mathematicians seek true statements, scientists seek plausible statements which can be reliably depended upon. But mathematicians have learned from scientists who were forced to do mathematics to get their concepts straight. Just like what has been going on in the foundations of quantum mechanics. (But I have been taught that religion seeks certainty (i.e. Truth) of the same "type" as mathematical truth. I do not speak with authority here. It just seems as if that is the impulse behind the search for religion.) And in law, the Truth is that which can be paid for or punished. (I am not speaking from knowledge here. These are impressions.) So what does it mean to label the impulse for Truth? I am not qualified to speak. It is clear that we all seek it. Especially Wikipedians. Like Goodness, and Beauty, Truth is tempting, comforting. Certainly truth for its own sake can be damaging, like the type of truth a "friend" tells another, which might do damage.
 * It appears that you are countering the statement because each person is different, their values are different, their goals are different, and therefore no general statement can be made. But I repeat, that if the conditions are made precise, as I attempted to sketch above, it should be possible to isolate just where our differences in definitions, values, and goals lie, and to lay out an ecology where the fields can coexist peacefully.

If I may be allowed to give some example cases:

Law and Mathematics. When Kurt Goedel was taking his U.S. Citizenship exam, he felt compelled to disclose the bug in the U.S. Constitution which allows for the installation of a dictatorship in the government. Einstein attempted to shush him, and the bemused Judge let the statement pass, but nothing was served by Goedel expressing the Truth. If we examine the interrelationships critically, it appears that these fields are independent of each other, and that one deals with political power, and the other one proof. So in this example, it appears that your position is that the fields should not be allowed to use the same word in the different contexts of their respective fields. (I am not comfortable with this logical conclusion, which is irrelevant, of course.)

Law and Science.
 * The nuclear waste disposal systems which have been under development since 1990 have been specified to hold for 1 million years. The salt reservoirs which are meant to hold the nuclear waste are meant to seal over the waste drums. Since no seawater has existed in the regions of the U.S. since the time of the North American Inland Seaway 100 million years ago, the waste disposal appears to be safe for a period l00 times longer than the existence of humankind, but that future lifeforms are at risk. Since the waste fields will exist longer than the projected period of existence of the U.S., plans have been laid to mark the waste fields with terrifying sculptures to mark them as areas to be avoided. Truth in both fields appears to be able to coexist.
 * Global warming. No one seems to agree, according to Wikipedia.

Computers. The initial grammar for the C Programming Language was not logically complete and a hack had to be inserted to get the parser to compile all the constructs of the language. Nonetheless, C survived in this partial state of logical validity for a decade before it was cleaned up. But in the interim, some terrific progress was made in computation, world-wide, irregardless of the mathematical perfection of the language. So the Truth loses here too.

Religion and Science. When the Catholic Church held hegemony 500 years ago in Europe, and no sailor could stich a sail without uttering a prayer, Magic was forbidden and no Scientific community was allowed to exist under suspicion of sorcery. Thus Giambattista della Porta's society was dissolved. Eventually Truth won out here.

The picture that is emerging is that partial Truth is the condition in each of these cases, and that evolution of understanding is the norm. Thus the statement that "Truth is sought (etc.)" seems to hold.

Ancheta Wis 22:29, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 Culture | Geography | History | Life | Mathematics | Science | Society | Technology|→

Truth and Myth
While it is true that truths can be believed, myths can also be believed. But a myth can be believed for the power of its story. Is the big-tent philosophy to hold here? Or does a story have to pay a price for admission to the article? Or can anything come in just because it was a member of the family?

What about values? Values drive behavior; myths illustrate values; where does one draw the line for this article? I am told that myths do not have to be true, in order to be believed-in. Just because someone wants something to be true, does not make that something true. Ancheta Wis 21:45, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The ostensive definition article seems to state that we use our experiences as psychological archetypes (myths) which we then prototype (model) for practical uses. For example red things attract our attention, but a red flag cautions us about something. Ironically, when I click on the red flag article, my statement above only covers one meaning. I have observed that skilled communicators, for example, the executives of large corporations, can actually state things that can be interpreted with multiple meanings, all at the same time. Ancheta Wis 00:24, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

A scenario
Several Saturdays ago, I was discussing the article with friends, when a thump occurred on the wall outside. One friend esplained that was merely a mother bird, who had glimpsed her reflection on a sheet of plexiglass outside, interpreted the image as an intruder, and attempted to chase it off from her nest, thus thumping the wall.

There is, of course, a similarity to the the "Allegory of the Cave" (Plato, The Republic, Book VII), with a twist. The bird is not deluded; she is merely acting in accord with her nature. But what about us? Are we wrong to feel superior to the bird, simply because we know "the truth"? Aren't we also in the same fix as the bird, with our partial understanding of a situation? Is it ever realistic to presume that we can ever know the "whole truth"? Are we reduced to following myths, such as the hope that we can indeed attain "the truth"? Or can it only be degrees of truth, ranging from 0 (false) to 1 (true)?.

It would do no good to explain the concept of the difference in the dielectric constants of air and plexiglass, which is the root cause of the reflection of the birds image, to that bird. That type of truth is worthless to the bird. It's not worth much to anyone who isn't interested in it. In other words, there is a degree of marketability in a truth.

I have a modest proposal, which is to funnel all DotSix items as appendices to Archive 6 (mnemonic: 6 for .6). If anyone wishes to correspond with .6, then they can be free to do so on that subpage. If anyone wishes to move .6 items to the end of Archive 6, then they can continue the thread there.

If anyone has updates to Archive 5, then improvements such as the recovery of a more complete history can be made to 5. If .6 wishes to revert, which will probably happen, then that can be noted in the RFC and the RFAr.

If it is not obvious, .6 learned his concepts and manners on the UseNet mailing lists. I can be more specific, but will hold off for now. Suffice it to say that he has made enemies wherever he lands. But the logical fallacy accusations, even the sig or emoticon he uses were laid on him, and he reuses them now. If challenged, I will simply give the URL with the proof that he simply reuses what he has unearthed on UseNet.
 * In addition, it is clear that it doesn't matter what gets written, either to the article or to the talk page. DotSix' agenda is to game the system, and Tit for tat is DotSix' strategy. DotSix' objective is to gain concessions and eventually take control, web page after web page, infecting the entire encyclopedia. No matter what gets on the page, if it is not under DotSix' aegis, it will be gummed up with delaying tactics, non-resolution, confusion. Can you imagine articles filled with pages filled pathetic sentences like his version of True? The world would be the poorer for a DotSix-controlled encyclopedia.

DotSix does not understand that in the Prisoner's Dilemma, Nice Guys finish first and that Trolls finish last, in the long run.

To DotSix: '' [http://www.google.com/search?hs=tXP&hl=en&lr=&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&q=infamous+name+shifting+troll+refered+Dolly+database+AOL+Comcast&btnG=Search Imprecation: Return to those regions of the UseNet from whence you came! (Sprinkle WikiWater here.) Leave this site! (WikiBlessings here.) Live peaceably amongst your kin! Appropriate behavior will reincarnate you as a higher form! Blessings upon you! Blessings upon you! (Sinatra music here.) (WikiIncense.) (Choir.)] ''

DotSix stands before the Arbitrators: (Choir, crescendo. Fade to black.) Wikipedia logo flashes on. Life goes on. .6 returns to the .6 bucket. Truth prevails. Eventually.
 * What say you, .6.
 * Honored Ones, I beseech yon Jimbo, in the name of all that is NPOV, give me one more chance!
 * The others are displeased, .6.
 * Rubs his knuckles, pops one: Sire, they are irrational God-believers, prone to Tyranny. Consign them to a 24-hour ban, as I have so cruelly been treated; let them gnash their teeth and rub their snouts.
 * You are hereby banned for 48 hours, .6. Leave us.

 * No. DotSix, according to your trail on the web, you have made ample numbers of enemies, who have even listed your IP address in proof. Your Internet Trolling behavior merely wastes time for those of us who are committed to a better encyclopedia. Your strategy is clear: Tit for tat but you are not interested in procedure or convention. Your behavior demonstrates that you are simply trying to hijack the encyclopedia. Shall I ask how your money-making schemes are going? I think I have that figured out. Does #1756 mean anything to you, DotSix?

How about writing something that you are expert on, like fine objects from Baluchistan? That should interest the web sniffers. You are already on lists. Keep adding to the evidence against you. Does it make sense to encapsulate the .6 cycles into Archive 6? Lots of repetition. Episodes are instructive examples of types of gaming behavior: .6's strategy is Tit for Tat, gaming the system away from Nash Equilibrium and generally stopping progress on the article.
 * Now that Sasquatch has blocked DotSix for a few days, here is also a systematic list of names used by the DotSix troll, along with proof that this troll resolves down to the DotSix IP address:

Is it alright to consider the RfAr effectively resolved, then? The situation has played out, per Wikipedia policy, and the Arbitration Committee can move this off its urgent list? Ancheta Wis 08:07, 14 August 2005 (UTC) alt.atheism.org #1756 R. Clay Stewart ? 67.182.26.29
 * Database of names: a killfile for an infamous nameshifting troll, called Skeptic, google: phrase Intellectually dishonest, invincibly ignorant clueless troll The posters on alt.atheism have characterized him quite accurately. DotSix's behavior fits this killfile to a T.
 * To prove that DotSix's IP address gets to the same person, google: infamous name shifting troll refered dolly database aol comcast DotSix uses the Comcast IP address listed here.

 * The article on Truth is currently hostage to a gamer. You could the read the edit history for the last 10 days to see how the article is being gamed. Then the reaction of Banno to the edits on Knowledge and the NPOV article becomes understandable. The gamer is very clear about his strategy and goal: The strategy is Tit for Tat and the goal is to force a negotiation. His demands are clear. The gamer's arsenal includes the tools of Rhetoric and he literally has nothing to lose. The best we can hope for is to let him state his agenda, as nothing anyone writes has any hope for survival as long as the gamer has a Save button at his disposal. Ancheta Wis 22:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The history of the Truth article is one of Nash Equilibrium. As long as there is only one gamer, he can always disrupt the equilibrium, using Tit for Tat. (It doesn't matter what the words are in the article; the gamer's observed behavior is clear.) Since there are many altruists on the article, a gamer can always take advantage of each one, using all the tools of Rhetoric, including Shifting the Ground, etc. If there ever get to be more gamers than sincere editors, the game is over. The past 10 days have been instructive in that it exposes issues about the structure of the Encyclopedia. But it will take some cycles of edit/evaluate/administer to ensure some recognition of the character of the gamers.

Statement by Ancheta Wis

 * The article on Truth is currently hostage to a gamer - DotSix. You can the read the edit history from June 10 through to see how the article is being gamed. Then the reaction of Banno to the edits on Knowledge and the NPOV article becomes understandable. The gamer is very clear about his strategy and goal: The strategy is Tit for Tat and the goal is to force a negotiation. His demands are clear. The gamer's arsenal includes the tools of Rhetoric and he literally has nothing to lose.

 * The history of the Truth article is one of Nash Equilibrium. As long as there is only one gamer, he can always disrupt the equilibrium, using Tit for Tat. (It doesn't matter what the words are in the article; the gamer's observed behavior is clear.) Since there are many altruists on the article, a gamer can always take advantage of each one, using all the tools of Rhetoric, including Shifting the Ground, etc. If there ever get to be more gamers than sincere editors, the game is over. The past month and a half have been instructive in that it exposes issues about the structure of the Encyclopedia. But it has taken some cycles of edit/evaluate/administer to ensure some recognition of the character of the gamer(s). It behooves the Encyclopedia to recognize the danger of multiple instances of this behavior, acting in concert. The effect has been clear: no progress on the article since the appearance of the gamer.

 * It ought to be clear that DotSix learned his manner of communication from UseNet, where gunslingers abound, where one-upmanship is paramount, and that DotSix has in fact gained enemies on the Internet, with a database on his behavior, and in fact on his DotSix IP address. Everything is to be gained by banning him. I can in fact show a post where he learned his smirk signature, and no, he did not invent it. He simply copied it from his adversaries, who have bestowed a name on him. Ancheta Wis 02:56, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Infinite truths
Just as the possible amount of knowledge is infinite, there are an infinite number of truths; therefore there are an infinity of possible points of view on both knowledge and truth. This statement is true both from a mathematical basis and from a scientific basis. Dot6's insistence on equal billing for his POV (along with the infinity of others) is thus impossible to implement, in the entire article, as well as in the lead section. If it is impossible, in principle, to give equal billing, Dot6's demands cannot be negotiated. Another basis must be found, in order for the article to progress. As it stands, the article on truth is hostage. One possible line of development is for Dot6 to proclaim that out of the infinity of possibilities, his POV is ... and therefore ... This can be dealt with by defining an article which he can write to, alone. Another possibility is for Dot6 is to proclaim this article is his alone, and that others are holding it hostage. I believe that this will be his line of attack. Ancheta Wis 08:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Sock puppet template example

Wisdom
Wisdom is often meant as the ability and desire to make choices that can gain approval in a long-term examination by many people. In this sense, to label a choice "wise" implies that the action or inaction was strategically correct when judged by widely-held values. However true wisdom cannot be measured in terms of popular consensus.

To acknowledge the existence of wisdom assumes order and absolutes. Wisdom is recognizing the difference between good and evil and choosing what is good. To acknowledge wisdom is also to acknowledge consequences for unwise or foolish choices.

A wise person is often called a "sage." The technical philosophical term for the opposite of wisdom is "folly."

As with all decisions, a wise decision must be made with incomplete information. But to act wisely, a sage must plan a reasonable future situation, desire the outcome to be broadly beneficial, and then act.

A standard philosophical definition says that wisdom consists of "making the best use of available knowledge."

Many modern authorities on government, religion and philosophical ethics say that wisdom connotes an "enlightened perspective." This perspective is often defined in a utilitarian way, as effective support for the long-term common good.

Insights and acts that many people agree are wise tend to:
 * arise from a viewpoint compatible with many ethical systems,
 * serve life, public goods or other impersonal values, not narrow self-interest
 * be grounded in but not limited by past experience or history and yet anticipate future likely consequences
 * be informed by multiple forms of intelligence – reason, intuition, heart, spirit, etc..

Traditionally, wisdom is related to virtue. It is tautological that it is wise to be virtuous. Some philosophers believe that virtues harmonize, that is, in order to succeed at any virtue, one must succeed somewhat at all of them. In this view, sages must have virtues such as humility, compassion, composure, and being able to laugh at oneself. Many liberals and religions select a wider set of virtues for sages, including impartial love, tolerance for dissonance, paradox, nuance, ambiguity and uncertainty.

Some people say that the most universally and usefully-wise sages sense, work with and align themselves and others to life. In this view, sages help people appreciate the intrinsic wholeness and interconnectedness of life.

Classically, wisdom is considered to come with age. Some religions consider wisdom a gift granted by God. The Jewish book of Proverbs in the Old Testament states `Fear of God is the beginning of Wisdom`. However, the Christian Bible as a whole recognises that wisdom can come both as a gift of God and through man's efforts (study reference).

Mission statement
Some editors have noted that Wikipedia fails to include information which would be useful to inform future generations of the Early History of the World Wide Web. Even today, there are many thousands of individuals who were born after the nascence of the Web, and have no perspective of the heady days of early technology, tight-knit communities, and the early examples of sites that were the forefathers of now commonplace practices like blogging, search engines and others.

To the extent that Wikipedia contains some information on early websites, it is disjointed and unlinked; perhaps a page on the WELL gives a capsule version of its long history, and other examples contain their own, but nothing links and binds these tidbits in a way that could impart an understanding of the paradigmatic change vanguarded by a few websites and a few core technologies which have redefined human interaction.

In addition, due to the ephemeral nature of online electronic communications, many of the artifacts of the Early Web are not available, rendering it as distant and inscrutable to many as the Indus Valley Civilization. In the rapid evolution of technologies and the massive influx of new money and Web participants over less than two decades, servers were upgraded and backup tapes were discarded. Even the Internet Archive project only contains archives for some websites dating back to 1996.

Our bold purpose in this WikiProject is to find and bind much of this dissappearing information, linking together existing articles and writing new and informative articles with fully verifiable sources, to inform children of todays and tomorrow's Web of the history which preceded them.

When we speak of the early Web, it is a concept with a hazy definition which we intend to clarify; one helpful editor noted that it might be demarcated as anything prior the IPO of Netscape in 1995. One of the first intents of this project is to determine a precise scope of time by consensus. However, to those who were there in the Web's pioneer days, it is a time known emotionally to the heart, which is as memorable and thrilling as a first kiss.

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Notability
The following are some suggested' notability guidelines to supplement WP:WEB:

 * Nearly any web content from circa 1991 is inherently notable by being a member of a small and historic set. This notability gradually decreases towards 1994.
 * Media references to a website from approximately 1995 and before should be given heavier weight than at WP:WEB
 * Prominent placement in early web sites already established as notable guides, e.g. the NCSA Mosaic What's New page
 * Firsts (and maybe seconds and thirds) of any kind: first comedy site, first "X of the Day" site, first personal web page, first e-commerce app...
 * Traffic per day reports, compared to some baseline of web traffic over time. That is, it's pretty easy to find someone saying "I get 6000 unique page hits a day now!" We look it up in our timeline and see if that's a lot for its day, or a little.
 * Factoid from a 1995 book I've got on web design: the number of Web servers increased 10,000% between June 1993 and Dec. 1994. In mid-1995, there were two to five million web documents, as opposed to an estimated 500 billion today.

 * }
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Tasks

 * 1) Determine scope of timeframe (From: Tim Berners-Lee's first CERN site in 1991? Establishment of W3C in 1994? To: Netscape IPO in 1995? Perhaps release of Internet Explorer v3.0 in 1996?)
 * 2) Determine scope of subject matter (Early popular sites/communities? Early technologies? (CGI-BIN, early web servers?) Milestones? (when did the White House start their webpage?))
 * 3) Should we expand from just the web to include Usenet, possibly gopher?
 * 4) Lobby for a change to WP:WEB guidelines (as Zompist noted) to clarify notability for websites from the early history of the Web
 * 5) Identify and list existing topical articles
 * 6) Let's do some free association to come up with ideas.
 * 7) Identify missing articles for creation
 * 8) Build the web!

Categories

 * Category:Early Web History

New Wikipedia articles related to Early Web History

 * History of the World Wide Web - Need to get started on this, the info at World Wide Web on Origins ends in 1993! Exactly the sort of facts which Zompist mentions here should go into it, but we must make sure it's great writing so some deletionist doesn't think it's "listcruft".

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Collaboration of the week

 * History of the World Wide Web - Need to get started on this, the info at World Wide Web on Origins ends in 1993! Exactly the sort of facts which Zompist mentions here should go into it, but we must make sure it's great writing so some deletionist doesn't think it's "listcruft".

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Featured list candidates

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Participants

 * KWH
 *  · rodii  ·
 * Zompist

Hierarchy definition
No classification of this project has been defined.

Adopt an article

 * History of the World Wide Web - Need to get started on this, the info at World Wide Web on Origins ends in 1993! Exactly the sort of facts which Zompist mentions Zompist/Early_Web_Info here should go into it, but we must make sure it's great writing so some deletionist doesn't think it's "listcruft".

General strategy and discussion forums

 * /General
 * /Strategy

Infoboxes
Infobox Early Web History
 * e.g.

Stub templates

 * e.g.
 * Early Web History-stub
 * and the associated stub category Category:Early Web History stubs

WikiProject Deletion sorting
WikiProject Deletion sorting is a new effort that attempts to classify various articles nominated for votes for deletion by major categories. The Early Web History-related articles at VFD are listed at WikiProject Deletion sorting/Early Web History.

Archives

 * #1

Early Web History

Quotes

 * The only thing that we know is that we know nothing and that is the highest flight of human wisdom. - Leo Tolstoy

QA
Template messages template:tl test appears as   * Welcome to Wikipedia. Do you have any questions? We welcome your contributions and invite you to join the Wikipedia community. [[Wikipedia:Clueless newbies ]] [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress ]] Please do not blank or vandalize the pages of Wikipedia - Thank you. - ~

IP
Recent Changes by anons
 * ( IP | talk) |   See  contributions for the vandalism. Already warned and reverted. ~

[[Wikipedia:RC patrol ]]

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents ]]

VFD • Deletion log  • Block log  • Protection log  • CSD • Block • VP  • RFA  • Cleanup  • CfD  • BJAODN • COTW • Manual of Style • Directory • Be Bold! • RfC

 * How about using the existing wikipedia articles: The Khoisan are distinct from the Veddahs, who are in turn distinct from the Negritos. The Negritos are Pygmy-sized and are documented to have lived all over Southeast Asia up into Papua New Guinea. But neither the Negritos nor the Veddahs are known to  have the click languages of the Khoisan. vedda cave drawings vedda faces  The Negritos are documented to have been able to communicate with the Malay people as the Malays  migrated into the Philippines, for example. The Malays call the Negritos orang asli (original people). It is possible that the ethnicity of the peoples was determined by multiple waves of migration from Africa to Asia, from Asia to Australia, from India to Asia, etc., in many possible permutations and combinations. It is unlikely for example, that the Negritos are directly descended from the forest Pygmies in Africa; for example, the Negritos did not have the polyphonic music of the forest Pygmies. My personal interest in this page is as preparation for a Wikipedia article on a certain highlander tribe of Papua New Guinea, and this page was  going to be be my starting point. It may probably be more prudent to leave open the possibility that the San were a related part of a larger population stream out of Africa, with  many stops along the way, and with many branches and merges of the ethnic groups. There is more variation in appearance among people within an ethnic group than variation in appearance among people from supposed separate ethnic groups, which makes conclusions based on appearance alone, problematic.
 * What is common to all these groups is that they are getting aced-out in the competition for the use of their ancestral lands. But that certainly does not make them all the same peoples.
 * Another commonality is that these peoples do not call themselves Negritos or Khoi or San or Veddah. They are still tribal, and have no name for themselves as a common people. Thus there is no sense of a common ethnicity among them, only one imposed by others on them. Certainly they do not share the same myths.
 * Headhunting was a common practice among some peoples of Southeast Asia, until the practice was extinguished by colonial authorities from Japan, England, Netherlands, US etc. Cannibalism was practiced in Papua New Guinea, but not in the the highlander tribe I intend to write about, according to the anthropologist who lived among them.

Paula Brown (1978). Highland Peoples of New Guinea. 258 pp. Index. ISBN 0-521-29249-2

Welcomes
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. ... I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! snoyes 05:24, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Welcome by me, too! Optim 20:35, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Wikireader
Thanks! I don't know much about the Wiki2PDF yet, haven't played much with it. I've basically taken over the project since Sverdrup has been busy. If you or anyone else is interested in the Bard, feel free to join in. Also, perhaps we can work on a model like that for the encyclopedic standards. Ideas? Lyellin 02:30, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)

Waterfall model
All of the methods guiding this field are collations of all of these disciplines. Historically, the waterfall model used them, in order, in a cascade (hence the name). But the author of this method claimed he was misunderstood when the first generation of users followed the steps literally. Currently, it is acceptable practice to admit that coding and design can occur concurrently, and that a methodology can include collaborative disciplines; thus a designer, a tester (sometimes a member of the natural workgroup) and a coder might collaborate on a project, as peers. The following might be listed as the natural sequence, in jest, but which rings painfully true, for practitioners:
 * 1) Buy the T-shirts
 * 2) Write the code
 * 3) Write the specification (thus ensuring that the code and spec match)
 * 4) Hire the manager
 * 5) Release the code (so the user can find the bugs)
 * 6) Start fixing bugs
 * 7) Announce the upgraded version

Wave form of electromagnetic fields
Faraday formulated a physical picture for what are now called electromagnetic fields. Maxwell built upon Faraday's physical picture with an interlinked set of twenty equations in 1864 which explained the interactions between electric and magnetic field (they are the same field, essentially, electric and magnetic fields transforming from one to the other, as they propagate through space). Maxwell realized that light was electromagnetic in its nature. These ideas were confirmed when German physicist Heinrich Hertz discovered radio in 1888 and German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen detected X rays in 1895. Maxwell's equations were later reformulated in vector notation to emphasize their simple structure, as four vector equations.

Eston Hemings Jefferson (1808-c1853)
sally hemings', probable Jefferson son, Professional musician Chillicothe, OH, mv Wisconsin 1852

Eston Hemings (1808-1856) was the youngest son of Sally Hemings. One of only five enslaved men freed in Thomas Jefferson's will, Hemings was trained as a carpenter by his uncle, master joiner John Hemmings. After his mother's death he moved with his wife, Julia Ann Isaacs, to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he was a professional musician and had a popular dance band. After 1850 Eston Hemings moved with his family to Wisconsin, where he changed his name and his racial identity. Julia Isaacs Jefferson was buried in Madison Wisconsin.

Lt. Col. John Wayles Jefferson son of Eston Hemings Jefferson

Windows IE dll components
Seperated? (Score:1) by MimsyBoro (613203) on Wednesday March 22, @04:53PM (#14975885) (Last Journal: Wednesday February 19, @01:29PM) Internet Explorer is made up of lots of DLL's almost all of which will stay in windows:
 * mshtml.dll -- Handles all the HTML rendering, is needed by lots of shell components
 * jscript.dll -- The Javascript engine -- like vbscript is part of Windows Script Hosting
 * wininet.dll -- The API that handles the communications on the Internet -- gotta stay!
 * urlmon.dll -- Implements the IMoniker interface to retrieve things via the Internet -- stays.
 * shdocvw.dll -- Implements the shell (what's inside explorer.exe) and also IE (what's inside of iexplore.exe) this they might actually seperate. But I doubt it, or even if they do there will be a shared library or lots of cross calls.

title: User talk:Ancheta Wis/w


text:
User talk:Orenji728

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! I see that you've been up-loading images; could you add the relevant copyright notices to them please? In all the cases I've looked at, this will be a 'Fair use' tag. (By the way, Wikipedia prefers JPEGs .) Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:10, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Orenji728


text:
Washington meridians

The Washington meridians are four meridians that were used as prime meridians in the United States which pass through Washington, D.C. The four that have been specified are:
 * 1) through the Capitol
 * 2) through the White House
 * 3) through the old Naval Observatory
 * 4) through the new Naval Observatory.

Their longitudes may be reported in three ways:
 * 1) relative to the local vertical used by astronomic observations
 * 2) relative to NAD 27 (North American Datum 1927), an ellipsoid of revolution that is at mean sea level beneath triangulation station Meades Ranch, Kansas (not Earth-centered);
 * 3) relative to NAD 83, an Earth-centered ellipsoid of revolution with dimensions chosen to best fit the undulating (±100 m) geoid (world-wide mean sea level).

NAD83 longitude of the Capitol is about 1.1 arc seconds less than its NAD27 longitude; astronomic longitude there is about 4 arc seconds less than NAD83.

Capitol meridian
Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant specified the first meridian in his 1791 "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States . . ." (see: L'Enfant Plan). (Shortly after L'Enfant prepared this plan, its subject received the name "City of Washington".) His plan stated near its right side that the longitude of the Congress house, now called the Capitol, was 0,0°.

L'Enfant's plan contained the following explanatory note:

"In order to execute the above plan, Mr. Ellicott drew a true meridian line by celestial observation, which passes through the area intended for the Congress-House; this line he crossed by another line due east and west and which passes through the same area. These lines were accurately measured, and made the basis on which the whole plan was executed. He ran all the lines by a transit instrument, and determined the acute angles by actual measurement, and left nothing to the uncertainty of the compass."

The longitude of the center of the Capitol's dome (completed in 1863 during the Civil War) is now given by the National Geodetic Survey as 77°00′32.6″W (NAD 83).

White House meridian
L'Enfant planned Washington around a right triangle, having its 90° vertex at an equestrian statue of George Washington, its eastern vertex at the "Congress house" and its northern vertex at the President's House, now named the "White House". (This would place L'Enfant's statue 0.36 m north of the latitude of the Capitol.)

The west side of L'Enfant's triangle forms a natural prime meridian passing through the center of the President's house. The following ten features on and near this "Washington Meridian" are listed from south to north:

 * The center of the Jefferson Memorial, completed on the meridian in 1943.
 * The Jefferson Pier. In 1793 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson surveyed and marked with a wooden post the southwest vertex of L'Enfant's triangle, establishing the second Washington meridian, the one through the President's house. The wooden post was replaced by the Jefferson Pier in 1804, while Jefferson was President of the United States. After removal and replacement several times, it was permanently replaced in 1889 by a 2 ft, 2-foot-tall, granite pier, now 390 ft WNW of the center of the Washington Monument. NGS gives its longitude as 77°02′11.56258″W (NAD 83) (likely error less than a centimeter). Azimuth to the Capitol is 89.98 degrees, a discrepancy of just under a meter.
 * The German-American Friendship Garden on the Washington Monument grounds, dedicated on November 15, 1988.
 * The Meridian Stone. Set In 1890 at the center of the Ellipse, it was intended to be on the same meridian. It is an 18 in granite post set flush with the ground. NGS gives its longitude as 77°02′11.55880″W (NAD 83) (likely error less than a centimeter).
 * The Zero Milestone. Set in 1923 on the north side of the Ellipse, it was intended to be on the same meridian and to be the zero mileage point for all United States roads (but never was). It is a granite pillar about 18 in square and about 3.5 ft tall. NGS gives its longitude as 77°02′11.57375″W (NAD 83) (likely error less than two centimeters).
 * The center of the White House.
 * Clark Mills' equestrian statue of President Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Park, erected on the meridian in 1853 (see: Andrew Jackson (Mills)).
 * 16th Street Northwest, which extends due north from the White House. The meridian is sometimes identified as the "16th Street Meridian" because of the location of this street.
 * Meridian Hill. In 1804, a small freestone obelisk was placed at the crest of a hill, 1.5 mi north of the President's House. The marker, which no longer exists, was at the northern end of 16th Street, just north of Florida Avenue, before 16th Street was extended northward about 1890, covering it up. The park along the east side of 16th Street where the obelisk once stood still bears the name Meridian Hill Park.
 * District of Columbia entrance marker stone (approximately 66 ft east of this meridian) near Silver Spring in traffic circle (Blair Circle) at intersection of 16th Street Northwest, Eastern Avenue Northwest, N. Portal Drive Northwest and Colesville Road.

Old Naval Observatory meridian
The third meridian was defined on September 28, 1850, by Congress: "[T]he meridian of the observatory at Washington shall be adopted and used as the American meridian for all astronomical purposes and ... the meridian of Greenwich shall be adopted for all nautical purposes." The observatory decided that this meridian passed through the center of the original (small) dome atop the main building of the Old Naval Observatory, now abandoned southwest of the corner of E and 23rd Streets in Foggy Bottom (north of the Lincoln Memorial and west of the White House). The observatory adopted 77°2′48.0″W for its meridian in the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac for the years 1855 to 1869 (as 5h8m11.2s). In 1897, well after the observatory closed in 1892, the Coast and Geodetic Survey reported that its meridian was 77°3′2.3″ west of Greenwich, which was quoted for the next 50 years in the list of observatories in the Almanac (as 5h8m12.15s). When referred to later datums, this meridian has been variously specified as 77°3′6.119″W or 77°3′6.276″W (both presumably NAD 27). If NAD27, the latter would be 77°3′5.194″W (NAD 83) which seems to be within a few meters of the actual longitude, at worst. This meridian was repealed by Congress on August 22, 1912, to allow the Greenwich meridian to become the legal prime meridian of the United States.

Western state borders
Many western states have borders that are meridians of "longitude west of Washington", that is, west of the legal 1850 meridian through the Old Naval Observatory. However, their present boundaries follow the subsequently surveyed boundary, even when inaccurately marked a few miles (kilometers) east or west of the meridian in the statute. Other western states have meridians relative to Greenwich (Alaska, California, Oklahoma, Texas) or relative to a river or lake (Arkansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon, Washington state).

The following meridians west of Washington are listed east to west, along with the appropriate boundary of the present state. The date of the meridian's definition is in parentheses (all in the 1860s). All states were territories of the same name when their meridians were specified except as noted. States without dates have boundaries dependent on the neighboring state with a date listed immediately above it.

New Naval Observatory meridian
The fourth meridian was through the clock room of the new Naval Observatory, 2.3 mi northwest of the White House, at 77°3′56.7″W (1897) or 77°4′2.24″W (NAD 27) or 77°4′1.16″W (NAD 83). The clock room is a small building at the exact center of the 1000 ft radius observatory grounds, whose northern entrance is at 34th Street and Massachusetts Avenue. It was used in the Almanac for the years 1898–1950 as the independent variable of time for a few tables (even though Washington's civil time since 1883 had been that of the standard time zone GMT−5 hours (75°W)).

title: Washington meridians