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Wikipedia talk:Article rescue contest

Origin
Proposed after some bitching on IRC about people who vote "keep and cleanup, encyclopedic topic" but never actually do any work on the article, and because it's terribly difficult to be an impatient eventualist. :-) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:58, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Focus resources elsewhere
Just one thought about this contest...very few visitors read articles that are the sort that end up on VfD. It seems strange to concentrate quality-improvement efforts on articles that would likely receive only a handful of hits each year, when there are articles that receive thousands of hits that are also in great need of attention. — Matt Crypto 00:29, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Vicious circle: if we focus our efforts on "popular" articles, why ever spend time on the nooks and crannies other encyclopedias don't cover, right? Wikipedia is a big place. There will be people taking care of those big hitters too, don't worry. JRM 06:49, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
 * Sure, but I think it's fair to say that if you want to improve Wikipedia as a whole, you should concentrate on improving popular articles, not on articles that might be visited once a year. Of course, as a volunteer/hobby project, people are entirely free to invest their resources on Wikipedia as they see fit. However, if we're making contests to encourage the community to focus their efforts, then I don't think it's wise to focus on the least popular articles (which VfD candidates tend to be). There may be people taking care of the "big hitters", but it would be better to have more. — Matt Crypto 15:28, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've always felt that the strength of Wikipedia is that editors work in areas where they have knowledge and/or interest. Every major or minor topic of interest will eventually be created, and so will a whole lot of trivial topics.  This is a method of generating further interest in editing a variety of articles in general.  There will be people interested in this contest, so I approve.  ;-)   Un  focused  17:31, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Copyright Violations
expand candidates to include copyvio re-writes.--Duk 01:13, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Great idea!
I love this idea. I've done a little VfD saving in the past, even when it meant rewriting the article, and it gives a feeling of satisfaction to yank the article from the very jaws of death and see all the VfD voters admire it and change their votes. I suggest that in the same manner barnstars are awarded for cleanup, we award an endangered species badge for every rescue. There are so many endangered species we could have a bunch of them, for variety. Deco 23:46, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This would be an even better idea if we could somehow force uberinclusionists who vote "keep" for everything no matter what to be the ones who have to rewrite the articles. Cattle prods, maybe. . . . . . . No, seriously, great idea. This definitely goes on my watchlist. Soundguy99 06:15, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Searching
Is there a way of searching through all of the subpages of AFD (or VFD)? I would like to find an article to work on that I know something about or am interested in. I'll definately do something but I have no idea what yet... --Cel e stianpower hablamé 20:51, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've never tried this, but you could say, use google, and type in the search bar "site:en.wikipedia.org ". This restricts the search to English Wikipedia, perhaps serching for AfD will help? Let us know! --HappyCamper 20:55, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, although not perfect, I went to the search capability and at the bottom found a little search box with lots of checkboxes above it. If you uncheck all but Wikipedia and then type in the box, Articles for deletion/foo then it will display articles for deletion pages with foo at the beginning of the title. I really would like a better solution though... --Cel e stianpower hablamé 21:10, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Or, if the particular topic has a specific term used for it then searching just the wikipexia namespace with that term gets plenty of relevant hits. Eg, . --Cel e stianpower hablamé 21:25, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not comprehensive, but if you're just looking to browse a general subject area, you can check out WikiProject Deletion sorting/Beta and the various subpages of that project. — Laura Scudder | Talk 05:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * To see all deletion debates ever, use Special:Allpages like this: . AllyUnion maintains an AfD List updated with a bot which has a list of the last seven days of debates. --bainer (talk) 09:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Signpost?
Perhaps we should attract attention to this via the WP:POST? --HappyCamper 13:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I already sent a message to Ral. - 131.211.210.17 09:23, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Isn't this wonderful?
Look, we have a good collection of submissions on the page now! --HappyCamper 01:50, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Stats for Article rescue contest
If you like, I can generate a list of stats of articles that were kept. Let me know. --AllyUnion (talk) 05:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If you could, and if it's simple to do, sure :-) It would be interesting to see for informational purposes too. But if it takes too much time then forget about it. --HappyCamper 21:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Signpost
Let me know when you guys figure out the winner; I'll make sure and mention it. Ral315 (talk) 03:25, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Checks and Balances in the Articles for Deletion Nomination Process
There needs to be better checks and balances in the process of how articles are currently nominated for deletion, to prevent notable topics from being deleted without actual qualification per Wikipedia article deletion guidelines. This is a significant problem, because it is very likely that notable topics are being injustly deleted. It's easy to nominate an article for deletion and then type five or six words and wait to see if an article will be deleted, whereas it takes more time to refute nominations. Perhaps there should be more sophisticated criterion to nominate articles for deletion. As it is now, anyone can nominate any article without providing a just rationale for doing so, and can instead simply base the nomination upon basic, generic and inspecific statements such as "doesn't pass general notability guidelines", while not specifically stating which parts of the guidelines they are supposedly referring to. If nobody comes along to correct an injust or baseless nomination, the article is then deleted based upon unqualified, general statements that don't actually correspond with the required source searching per WP:BEFORE prior to nominating an article for deletion. This definitely makes it very easy for people to censor Wikipedia, for whatever subjective reasons. Here's how it's done: an article is nominated for deletion and an AfD entry is created, a generic rationale is provided to misqualify the deletion without actually checking for reliable sources to establish topic notability. Afterward, if nobody comes along to correct the faulty nomination, the article is deleted. It's also easy for people to message one-another to delete articles, often per an "as per nom" rationale, while disregarding the actual notability of topics. If nobody comes along and provides an objective analysis to refute the deletion of an article in which the topic is actually notable, nominated per generic statements and without the required source searching prior to nomination, then the article disappears. Hopefully Wikipedia can introduce better checks and balances to prevent this type of easily accomplished, simple censorship. One idea is to include a requirement prior to article nomination for deletion in which the nominator has to state, or check-box on a template, that they've performed the required minimum search in Google Books and in the Google News Archive required by WP:BEFORE, and in Google Scholar for academic subjects, as suggested in WP:BEFORE. This would be a simple addition to the AfD nomination process that would add significant integrity to the process, and would also encourage users to follow the proper procedures.

Please place responses regarding this matter here on this Article rescue contest Discussion page below, rather than on my personal talk page. In this manner, other users can view and respond to responses. Thank you. Northamerica1000 (talk) 08:04, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Article rescue contest


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John Middleton (architect)

John Middleton (1820–1885) was an English architect of the 19th century. He was born in York, in August 1820.

Career
Though only 24, in August 1844 Middleton gained his first contract and was asked to design Cleveland Lodge, an impressive mansion situated directly beneath Roseberry Topping. He was then employed as a retained architect for the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR), and built stations and railway buildings for a number of lines, including the Wear and Derwent Junction Railway (1845), the Middlesbrough and Redcar Railway (1846) and finally the recently re-opened Weardale Railway (1847).

He moved to Cheltenham in 1859 where he designed five Anglican churches, which were All Saints', Holy Apostles, St. Mark's, St. Philip & St. James and St. Stephen's Churches. This move to Cheltenham brought Middleton to the attention of a number of landed gentry in Wales. It was Middleton who designed the Cilgwyn Mansion in Newcastle Emlyn for the Fitzwilliam family in 1884 and it was at Cilgwyn that he died in 1885. It is said locally that his death occurred at the mansion whilst disputing some aspect of the building work on the mansion. It was also Middleton's company that was contracted to build the Canterbury building at the University of Wales, Lampeter, though this was opened in 1887, and as such it is unlikely that Middleton had a great deal direct input on this building, since he died in Wales in 1885.

Personal life
Middleton married Maria Margaret Pritchett, daughter of James Pigott Pritchett, architect of York, and his first wife Peggy Maria Terry. Their only surviving child John Henry Middleton (1846–1896) was appointed director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1893.

Works

 * Central Hall, Darlington 1846
 * St John's Church, Darlington 1847-50
 * Middlesbrough railway station 1847
 * St. Mark's Church, Cheltenham 1860-66
 * All Saints' Church, Cheltenham 1865-68
 * Holy Apostles Church, Cheltenham 1865-71
 * Mortuary Chapel, High Street, Clearwell, Gloucestershire 1867
 * Holy Apostles Old School, London Road, Cheltenham 1872-73
 * St. Stephen's Church, Cheltenham 1873-83
 * St Philip and St James Church, Leckhampton 1885 (with Prothero and Phillot)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Middleton (architect)


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Talk:Minister of Militia and Defence

Ideally a description and history of the Ministry of Militia and Defence should be here, whereas the actual names of past ministers should be on its own "List of Canadian Ministers of Militia and Defence" page.Trapper 07:58, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think that's necessary, really, as the main article can contain the list. violet/riga (t) 10:35, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minister of Militia and Defence


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Glycerophospholipid

Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes in eukaryotic cells. They are a type of lipid, of which its composition affects membrane structure and properties. Two major classes are known: those for bacteria and eukaryotes and a separate family for archaea.

Structures
Glycerophospholipids are derived from glycerol-3-phosphate in a de novo pathway. The term glycerophospholipid signifies any derivative of glycerophosphoric acid that contains at least one O-acyl, or O-alkyl, or O-alk-1'-enyl residue attached to the glycerol moiety. The phosphate group forms an ester linkage to the glycerol. The long-chained hydrocarbons are typically attached through ester linkages in bacteria/eukaryotes and by ether linkages in archaea. In bacteria and procaryotes, the lipids consist of diesters commonly of C16 or C18 fatty acids. These acids are straight-chained and, especially for the C18 members, can be unsaturated. For archaea, the hydrocarbon chains have chain lengths of C10, C15, C20 etc. since they are derived from isoprene units. These chains are branched, with one methyl substituent per C5 subunit. These chains are linked to the glycerol phosphate by ether linkages. The two hydrocarbon chains attached to the glycerol are hydrophobic while the polar head, which mainly consists of the phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol backbone, is hydrophilic. This dual characteristic leads to the amphipathic nature of glycerophospholipids.

They are usually organized into a bilayer in membranes with the polar hydrophilic heads sticking outwards to the aqueous environment and the non-polar hydrophobic tails pointing inwards. Glycerophospholipids consist of various diverse species which usually differ slightly in structure. The most basic structure is a phosphatidate. This species is an important intermediate in the synthesis of many phosphoglycerides. The presence of an additional group attached to the phosphate allows for many different phosphoglycerides.

By convention, structures of these compounds show the 3 glycerol carbon atoms vertically with the phosphate attached to carbon atom number three (at the bottom). Plasmalogens and phosphatidates are examples.

Nomenclature and stereochemistry
In general, glycerophospholipids use an "sn" notation, which stands for stereospecific numbering. When the letters "sn" appear in the nomenclature, by convention the hydroxyl group of the second carbon of glycerol (2-sn) is on the left on a Fischer projection. The numbering follows the one of Fischer's projections, being 1-sn the carbon at the top and 3-sn the one at the bottom.

The advantage of this particular notation is that the spatial configuration ( D or L ) of the glycero-molecule is determined intuitively by the residues on the positions sn-1 and sn-3.

For example sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid and sn-glycero-1-phosphoric acid are enantiomers.

Most vegetable oils have unsaturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position, with saturated fatty acids in the 1-sn and/or 3-sn position. Animal fats more often have saturated fatty acids in the 2-sn, with unsaturated fatty acids in the 1-sn and/or 3-sn position.

Examples
Plasmalogens are a type of phosphoglyceride. The first carbon of glycerol has a hydrocarbon chain attached via an ether, not ester, linkage. The linkages are more resistant to chemical attack than ester linkages are. The second (central) carbon atom has a fatty acid linked by an ester. The third carbon links to an ethanolamine or choline by means of a phosphate ester. These compounds are key components of the membranes of muscles and nerves.
 * Plasmalogens

Phosphatidates are lipids in which the first two carbon atoms of the glycerol are fatty acid esters, and the 3 is a phosphate ester. The phosphate serves as a link to another alcohol-usually ethanolamine, choline, serine, or a carbohydrate. The identity of the alcohol determines the subcategory of the phosphatidate. There is a negative charge on the phosphate and, in the case of choline or serine, a positive quaternary ammonium ion. (Serine also has a negative carboxylate group.) The presence of charges give a "head" with an overall charge. The phosphate ester portion ("head") is hydrophilic, whereas the remainder of the molecule, the fatty acid "tail", is hydrophobic. These are important components for the formation of lipid bilayers.
 * Phosphatidates

Phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, and other phospholipids are examples of phosphatidates.

Phosphatidylcholines are lecithins. Choline is the alcohol, with a positively charged quaternary ammonium, bound to the phosphate, with a negative charge. Lecithins are present in all living organisms. An egg yolk has a high concentration of lecithins, which are commercially important as an emulsifying agent in products such as mayonnaise. Lecithins are also present in brain and nerve tissue.
 * Phosphatidylcholines

Phosphatidylinositol makes up a small component of the cytosol in eukaryotic cell membranes and gives molecules a negative charge. Its importance relies in its role in activating sensory receptors that correlate with taste functions.
 * Phosphatidylinositol

Phosphatidylserine is important in cell signaling, specifically apoptosis. Cells will use this phosphatidylserine to enter cells via apoptotic mimicry. The structure of this lipid differs in plants and animals, regarding fatty acid composition. In addition, phosphatidylserine plays an important role in the human brain content, as it makes up 13–15% of the phospholipids in the human cerebral cortex. This lipid is found in a wide range of places. For example, in the human diet, about 130 mg are derived from phosphatidylserine. This has been said to have a positive impact on the brain, as it helps with reduced stress and improved memory.
 * Phosphatidylserine

Sphingomyelin is a type of sphingolipid, which contains a backbone of sphingoid bases. It can be found in the myelin sheath of nerve cell axons in animal cell membranes. Sphingomyelin can be found in eggs or bovine brain. This sphingolipid is synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum and is enriched at the plasma membrane with a larger concentration on the outside.
 * Sphingomyelin

There are many other phospholipids, some of which are glycolipids. The glycolipids include phosphatidyl sugars where the alcohol functional group is part of a carbohydrate. Phosphatidyl sugars are present in plants and certain microorganisms. A carbohydrate is very hydrophilic due to the large number of hydroxyl groups present.
 * Other phospholipids

Functions and use in membranes
Glycerophospholipids are the main structural component of biological membranes. Their amphipathic nature drives the formation of the lipid bilayer structure of membranes. The cell membrane seen under the electron microscope consists of two identifiable layers, or "leaflets", each of which is made up of an ordered row of glycerophospholipid molecules. The composition of each layer can vary widely depending on the type of cell.
 * For example, in human erythrocytes the cytosolic side (the side facing the cytosol) of the plasma membrane consists mainly of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol.
 * By contrast, the exoplasmic side (the side on the exterior of the cell) consists mainly of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, a type of sphingolipid.

Each glycerophospholipid molecule consists of a small polar head group and two long hydrophobic chains. In the cell membrane, the two layers of phospholipids are arranged as follows:
 * the hydrophobic tails point to each other and form a fatty, hydrophobic center
 * the ionic head groups are placed at the inner and outer surfaces of the cell membrane

Apart from their function in cell membranes, they function in other cellular processes such as signal induction and transport. In regards to signaling, they provide the precursors for prostanglandins and other leukotrienes. It is their specific distribution and catabolism that enables them carry out the biological response processes listed above. Their roles as storage centers for secondary messengers in the membrane is also a contributing factor to their ability to act as transporters. They also influence protein function. For example, they are important constituents of lipoproteins (soluble proteins that transport fat in the blood) hence affect their metabolism and function.

Use in emulsification
Glycerophospholipids can also act as an emulsifying agent to promote dispersal of one substance into another. This is sometimes used in candy making and ice-cream making.

Presence in the brain
Neural membranes contain several classes of glycerophospholipids which turnover at different rates with respect to their structure and localization in different cells and membranes. There are three major classes namely; 1-alkyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipid, 1,2-diacyl glycerophospholipid and plasmalogen. The main function of these classes of glycerophospholipids in the neural membranes is to provide stability, permeability and fluidity through specific alterations in their compositions. The glycerophospholipid composition of neural membranes greatly alters their functional efficacy. The length of glycerophospholipid acyl chain and the degree of saturation are important determinants of many membrane characteristics including the formation of lateral domains that are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Receptor-mediated degradation of glycerophospholipids by phospholipases A(l), A(2), C, and D results in generation of second messengers, such as prostaglandins, eicosanoids, platelet activating factor and diacylglycerol. Thus, neural membrane phospholipids are a reservoir for second messengers. They are also involved in apoptosis, modulation of activities of transporters, and membrane-bound enzymes. Marked alterations in neural membrane glycerophospholipid composition have been reported to occur in neurological disorders. These alterations result in changes in membrane fluidity and permeability. These processes along with the accumulation of lipid peroxides and compromised energy metabolism may be responsible for the neurodegeneration observed in neurological disorders.

Metabolism
The metabolism of glycerophospholipids is different in eukaryotes, tumor cells, and prokaryotes. Synthesis in prokaryotes involves the synthesis of glycerophospholipids phosphatidic acid and polar head groups. Phosphatidic acid synthesis in eukaryotes is different, there are two routes, one to the other toward phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Glycerophospholipids are generally metabolized in several steps with different intermediates. The very first step in this metabolism involves the addition or transfer of the fatty acid chains to the glycerol backbone to form the first intermediate, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA then becomes acylated to form the next intermediate phosphatidic acid (PA). PA can be dephosphorylated leading to the formation of diacylglycerol which is essential in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC is one of the many species of glycerophospholipids. In a pathway called the Kennedy pathway, the polar heads are added to complete the formation of the entire structure consisting of the polar head regions, the two fatty acid chains and the phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone. In this Kennedy pathway, Choline is converted to CDP-Choline which drives the transfer of the polar head groups to complete the formation of PC. PC can then be further converted to other species of glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).

title: Glycerophospholipid


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John Middleton

John Middleton may refer to:

Politicians

 * John Middleton (c.1373–1441), MP for Northumberland
 * John Middleton (MP for City of London), represented City of London (Parliament of England constituency)
 * John Middleton (MP for Horsham) (died 1636), English landowner and politician
 * John Middleton (1671–1745), Member for Bramber and Horsham
 * John Middleton (British Army officer) (1678–1739), Brigadier-General, Member for Aberdeen
 * John Myddelton (1685–1747), MP for Denbigh Boroughs 1733–1741 and Denbighshire 1741–1742
 * Sir John Middleton (colonial administrator) (1870–1954), British colonial administrator

Sportsmen

 * John Middleton (baseball) (1900–1986), American baseball player
 * John Middleton (cyclist) (1906–1991), British racing cyclist
 * John Middleton (footballer, born 1910) (1910–1971), English football player for Swansea Town, Darlington, Blackpool and Norwich City
 * John Middleton (footballer, born 1955), English football player for Bradford City and Macclesfield
 * John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) (1956–2016), English football player for Nottingham Forest and Derby County
 * John Middleton (cricketer) (1890–1966), English cricketer
 * John R. Middleton, American football player and coach

Other people

 * John Middleton (giant) (1578–1623), 2.8m tall man from Hale, England
 * John Middleton (explorer), travelled to the East Indies with James Lancaster, 1601–1603
 * John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton (1608–1674), general in the Battle of Cropredy Bridge during the English Civil War
 * John Izard Middleton (1785–1849), American archeologist and artist
 * John Middleton (architect) (1820–1885), English architect
 * John Middleton (artist), Northern Irish artist, see The Honest Ulsterman
 * John Henry Middleton (1846–1896), archaeologist and museum director
 * John Middleton (cowboy) (1854–1885), member of the Regulators alongside Billy the Kid during the Lincoln County War
 * John Francis Marchment Middleton (1921–2009), British anthropologist
 * John Middleton (actor) (born 1953), English actor
 * John Powers Middleton (born 1984), American film and television producer
 * John S. Middleton, American businessman and philanthropist
 * John Middleton (Norfolk artist) (1827–1856), English artist
 * John Middleton, fictional character in Virgin River (TV series)

Other uses

 * John Middleton Co., a tobacco manufacturer and subsidiary of Altria

title: John Middleton


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Stadio Olimpico

Stadio Olimpico (Olympic Stadium), colloquially known as l'Olimpico (The Olympic), is an Italian multi-purpose sports venue located in Rome. It is the largest sports facility in Rome and the second-largest in Italy, after Milan's Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, seating over 70,000 spectators. It formerly had a capacity of over 100,000 people, and was also called Stadio dei Centomila (Stadium of the 100,000). It is owned by Sport e Salute, a government agency that manages sports venues, and its operator is the Italian National Olympic Committee.

The Olimpico is located in northwestern Rome in the Foro Italico sports complex. Construction began in 1928 with Enrico Del Debbio and the venue was expanded in 1937 by Luigi Moretti. World War II interrupted further expansions; after the Liberation of Rome in June 1944, the stadium was used by the Allies as vehicle storage and as a location for Anglo-American military competitions. After the war, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), appointed as operator of the venue, completed construction of the stadium, which was opened on 17 May 1953 with a football game between Italy and Hungary. Since opening, the stadium has been home to the city's principal professional football clubs, S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma. It changed its name to Olimpico in 1955, when Rome was awarded responsibility for the 17th Summer Olympics, to take place in 1960. Before 1990, the venue was almost entirely unroofed, except for the Monte Mario Grandstand (Tribuna Monte Mario). In 1990, the Olimpico was rebuilt and roofed for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

The Olimpico was the principal venue for the 1968 and 1980 European Championships as well as the 1990 FIFA World Cup, hosting the grand final for each competition, as well as a group stage and one of the quarter-finals of the 2020 European Championship. The venue hosted two finals of the European Cup, in 1977 and 1984, and two UEFA Champions' League finals, in 1996 and 2009. Since 2008, the Olimpico hosts the Coppa Italia final. The Olimpico hosted the opening and closing ceremonies and track-and-field events of the 1960 Olympics, the 1974 European Athletics Championships, the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and the 1975 Universiade. In 2024, it will host the European Athletics Championships. It has hosted the Golden Gala since 1980 and, since 2012, is the usual venue of the Italian rugby union team in the Six Nations championship.

After its 1990 reconstruction, the stadium is also a venue for concerts. The highest attendance for a musical event at the stadium was set in 1998 when 90,000 spectators attended a concert of Claudio Baglioni.

Stadio dei Cipressi
The 1909 plan for the city, designed by the architect and urban planner Edmondo Sanjust, had no sports venues planned in the northwestern sector of Rome. In 1926, the fascist regime, which saw sport as an effective propaganda tool, imposed changes to the plan to include an area where to build a sports complex. The 85-hectare area was a swamp at the bottom of a hill called Monte Mario, on the right bank of the river Tiber, in the Della Vittoria quarter.

The Foro Italico sports complex was commissioned by the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), a youth organisation established by the Fascist government. Work commenced in 1928 under the supervision of the architect Enrico Del Debbio, and the Stadio dei Cipressi was one of the venues partially completed in time to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the establishment of fascism in Italy. The stadium was opened to the public on 22 October 1932, though without the planned capacity of 100,000. Its main terrace was located on the slope of Monte Mario; because the ground was marshy due to the rainwater that came down the hill, the playing field was created by raising the ground by 4 meters with the 2 million cubic meters of soil excavated for the foundations. The facility was suitable for both sporting competitions and large gatherings due to the area of its pitch of ~20,000 square metres (approx. 200 m length × 100 width).

The official opening took place on the 14th anniversary of the Italian victory in World War I, with a gymnastics exhibition organized by the various youth Fascist associations.

Since the regime intended to apply to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, starting from 1933 the Stadio dei Cipressi was extended. The project was entrusted to the architects Luigi Moretti, Angelo Frisa and Achille Pintonello, who designed a concrete structure which hosted a main football pitch and secondary pitches for basketball and weightlifting. The expanded stadium was opened on 9 May 1937, the first anniversary of the Italian Empire. The capacity of the stadium of the time was less that 60,000, but there were plans to raise it to 100,000 later on. After the absorption of the ONB by the National Fascist Party's youth branch, the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), the GIL became the owner of the stadium and the rest of the sports complex.

Despite becoming a multisports venue, the stadium was never used for anything other military exhibitions and mass gatherings. In 1938, it hosted a parade to welcome German dictator Adolf Hitler during his state visit in Rome and, later, to host a gymnastics exhibition organized by GIL.

During the Second World War, in September 1941 the stadium hosted a military celebration of the Tripartite Pact, the political and military alliance between Italy, Germany and Japan.

Planned extensions of the stadium were interrupted by the Italian campaign in WWII and the subsequent fall of Fascism in Italy. When Allied forces entered Rome in 1944, the stadium was used by the Allied troops as vehicle storage and as for military sports events.

Stadio dei Centomila
After World War II, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) was appointed the operator of the site. CONI chairman Giulio Onesti announced that renewal works would finish in 1950.

The renewal project was led by engineer Carlo Roccatelli and architect Cesare Valle.

After the fall of Fascism regime in Italy, the Badoglio government abolished existing Fascist organizations and reassigned their assets to a new agency, called Commissariato della Gioventù Italiana (Commission for the Italian Youth), with the provision that after the end of World War II, the Commission's assets would be absorbed into either the Defence Office or the Education Department, depending on their purpose. However, the Commission was never abolished and it retained ownership of the Foro Italico, including the stadium.

The stadium's governance was the subject of a fierce political battle. The Communist Party, through its newspaper, l'Unità, accused the Commission for the Italian Youth, led by Giovanni Valente – a member of the Christian Democracy party – of the misuse of the complex to establish a sports organization parallel to CONI, meant to favour the sports clubs close to Azione Cattolica, a lay Catholic association. Later on in the decade, l'Unità also accused Valente of mortgaging the complex for three billion lire (approx. 1,500,000 € or 1,600,000 $), to finance ENAL that Valente directed in establishing an alternative betting pool to the Totocalcio (organized by CONI). In 1976, the Commission was abolished, and all of its assets were absorbed by the Italian government.

Annibale Vitellozzi replaced Roccatelli in 1951 after the latter's death. In 1952, the stadium's reconstruction was completed, at a cost of 3,400,000,000 lire (approx 1,700,000 €).

The new stadium was a 33,500 square-metre concrete structure clad with travertine. It was composed of two parallel stands of approximately 140 metres each, being the Tevere Grandstand (Tribuna Tevere) on the eastern side and the Monte Mario Grandstand (Tribuna Monte Mario) on the western side, and the northern and southern stands, (respectively, in Italian, Curva Nord and Curva Sud), shaped as two hemicycles with a radius of 95 metres. The athletics track was 507 metres long. The stadium was 319 metres long and 189 wide. The height from the pitch to the top of the grandstands was about 18 metres, however the top of the grandstand were only 13 metres above surface level, with the pitch about 4.5 metres below surface level. The sinking of the pitch was done to prevent the stadium from dominating the Foro Italico's skyline, and to match with the other buildings.

Visitors could access the stadium through 10 gates, two per each hemycicle stand and three for each straight stand. The whole stadium was unroofed except for the Monte Mario Grandstand. Atop the grandstand was an 80-meter long steel structure, composed off 40 2-meter wide cubicles, for use by radio and TV commentators. There was also a press room, equipped with 54 phone booths, and teletype, wirephoto and telegraph facilities. 572 seats were reserved for the press.

The Stadio dei Centomila (Stadium of the 100,000), named after its expected capacity, was officially opened on 17 May 1953 by the President of Italy, Luigi Einaudi. An International Cup's football match between Italy and Hungary was held, as well as the finish line of the sixth stage (from Naples to Rome) of the Giro d'Italia. Hungary won 3–0, with a goal by Nándor Hidegkuti, the first ever scorer in the stadium, and two goals from Ferenc Puskás. The sixth leg of the Giro d'Italia was won by Giuseppe Minardi, with the crowd from the football game watching the finish line.

The following Sunday, the stadium hosted its first ever club football match, a Serie A match between SS Lazio and Juventus FC, won by Juventus 1–0, with a goal from Pasquale Vivolo. The next matchday, AS Roma debuted in the stadium, with a draw 0–0 against SPAL.

In 1954, Italy hosted the fifth Rugby Union European Cup. The stadium was the venue for the final, between Italy and France. France won 39–12 in front of an estimated crowd of about 25,000.

1960 Olympics
In 1955, the International Olympic Committee appointed Rome the host city of the 17th Summer Olympics, to be held in 1960. The decision made works to make the stadium compliant for the event more urgent. By this point, the name 'Dei Centomila' was being slowly replaced by 'Olimpico'. Works were relatively minimal, considering the low age of the stadium. Reserved press seats were raised from 572 to 1,126, and four lighting towers were constructed for evening events. Two electronic scoreboards were also installed atop of the northern and southern stands, starting operation on 18 October 1959 with an association football league match between SS Lazio and AS Roma, the two tenant clubs of the venue, won 3-0 by the latter. The stadium was also provided with an autonomous power plant able to produce 375,000 watts.

On 25 August 1960, the stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 17th Summer Olympics. Three gold medals were won by American sprinter Wilma Rudolph, in the 100 metres, also a world record at the time, 200 metres, with a world record in the semi-final heat, and 4 × 100 relay, also with a world record and together with her team mates Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams and Barbara Jones.

Other events in track-and-field at the stadium included the 400 metres, won with a world record by American Otis Davis, the 1500 metres, won by Australia's Herb Elliott, the men's 4×100 relay, won by the Unified German Team, consisting of Bernd Cullmann, Armin Hary, Walter Mahlendorf and Martin Lauer, and the women's 800 meters, won by Soviet Lyudmila Shevtsova, equalling the world record she already held.

After the Olympics
After the games, the Olimpico was used primarily as an association-football venue. In addition to hosting the home games of SS Lazio and AS Roma, the stadium had the first (and, to date, only) play-off for the scudetto in 1963–64; Bologna FC and FC Inter had ended the Italian League season level on points, and a tie-breaker was needed to determine the title. Bologna won their seventh (and most recent) Scudetto, defeating Inter 2–0 with an own goal by Giacinto Facchetti and a goal by Harald Nielsen.

In 1960, UEFA established the European Championship. Its final's host would be chosen from the four countries who reached the semi-finals. Italy did not reach that stage in the first two editions, but in 1968 it reached the "Final Four" with England, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union and was chosen by UEFA to host the final tournament. Florence and Naples hosted the semi-finals and the Olimpico hosted the title game, which saw the home team facing Yugoslavia. For the first (and only) time in the history of the tournament, a replay was necessary; on 8 June 1968 the match ended 1–1, with a goal by Dragan Džajić equalled in the final minutes by the Italian Angelo Domenghini. Italy defeated Yugoslavia 2–0 two days later, with goals by Luigi Riva and Pietro Anastasi, and became the European champions.

Juventus FC, runner-up in the 1972–73 European Cup, was invited to represent UEFA in the 1973 Intercontinental Cup against the Argentine CA Independiente after European champions AFC Ajax refused to participate in the tournament. Since both teams' schedules were too full for a two-leg match, the Italian football federation suggested a one-off game at the neutral Olimpico; both clubs agreed.

On 28 November 1973, before 22,000 spectators, Independiente won 1–0 with a goal by Ricardo Bochini. In 1974, the stadium hosted the 11th European Athletics Championships. The event showcased two world-class Italian athletes: sprinter Pietro Mennea (winner of the 200 metres and runner-up in the 100 metres and the 4×100 relay) and high-jumper Sara Simeoni, bronze medalist in the high jump at 1.89 metres.

The Olimpico was chosen in 1975 for the 8th University Games, originally awarded to Belgrade (which was unable to host the games because of financial issues in Yugoslavia in late 1974). Since there was no time to organize a full multi-sport games, the Rome edition consisted only of track-and-field events. Pietro Mennea was again amongst the leading athletes, winning the 100 and 200 metres, and Franco Fava won the 5000- and 10,000-metre runs.

In 1977, Rome hosted its first European Cup final. The match was between Borussia Mönchengladbach and Liverpool FC, both seeking their first-ever title. Liverpool won 3–1, with one goal each by Terry McDermott, Tommy Smith and Phil Neal, and the Dane Allan Simonsen scored a temporary equaliser for the German team. At the Olimpico, Liverpool was the second English and the third British side to be crowned European champion.

The 1980 edition of the European Championship was an eight-team tournament whose host country was chosen by UEFA before the qualifying round. Italy hosted the first edition of the renewed competition. The Olimpico held the opening ceremony, which featured an exhibition of calcio storico fiorentino (a medieval form of association football played in Florence) followed by the first game between European champions Czechoslovakia and West Germany; Germany won 1–0, with a goal by Karl-Heinz Rummenigge. Czechoslovakia played well in the group stage, with a 3–1 victory against Greece. Italy drew 0–0 against Belgium, preventing the home side from reaching the final. The fourth game at the Olimpico was the championship final on 22 June 1980, when Belgium faced West Germany. Germany won the match 2–1, with a double by Horst Hrubesch; the Belgian goal was scored by René Vandereycken.

The 1980s were the last decade of the roofless Olimpico. It hosted the third IAAF World Cup in 1981 (an international track-and-field event with national and continental teams) and the 1987 second World Championships in Athletics, when American sprinter Carl Lewis bettered his 100-metre 9.93-second world record and Stefka Kostadinova set a record in the women's high jump of 2.09 m; the latter remains amongst the longest-lasting sports records.

Mid-way between the athletics events was the 1984 European Cup final, well-attended since AS Roma was one of the contestants for the title; the other was Liverpool, the winners at the same venue in 1977. The game, played on 30 May 1984 before 69,000 spectators, was the first European Cup final decided by a penalty shootout. After extra time, the match was still level at 1–1 with goals by Phil Neal and Roberto Pruzzo. Liverpool won the shootout 4–2 for their fourth European Cup.

One week before the final, FIFA chose Italy to host the 14th World Cup in 1990. In the bid submitted by the Italian football federation to FIFA, Rome was proposed for the tournament's final.

1990 World Cup renovation
In the five years after the choice of Italy as World Cup host, the future of Rome's stadiums sparked a mostly-political dispute. The three main proposals were the expansion of Stadio Flaminio, a new stadium in south-western Rome near EUR, or renovation of the Olimpico. The Stadio Flaminio expansion was quickly dropped due to lack of space, and a new stadium would have taken too long; architects opposed hasty construction and poor urban planning. The only feasible proposal was to renovate the Olimpico, and the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) hired architects Vitellozzi (designer of the 1953 stadium) and Clerici and engineers Teresi and Michetti. The plan, presented in early 1987, consisted of a covered stadium with a capacity of 85,825 via a 6 m rise of the Tevere and Monte Mario grandstands and rebuilding the Northern and Southern stands. The light towers would be replaced by a light plant integrated into the roof frame. The estimated cost of the renovation was ₤35–40 billion (€17.5–20 million).

CONI appointed the joint venture CO.GE.FAR. as the general contractor ready to begin work. In November 1987, three Italian environmental organizations (Italia Nostra, Legambiente and WWF Italia) filed an appeal in Lazio's Administrative Regional Court that the planned 40 m roof pillars would cause landscape and environmental damage. In January 1988 the Court upheld the appeal and ordered to stop the works.

Fearing other court appeals, CONI stopped work on the Olimpico. New judicial issues slowed the work; the Southern Stand worksite was seized by the court, which suspected non-compliance with work-safety rules. The Ministry of Culture demanded a new project which took into account issues raised by the environmental organizations. The architects lowered the pillars and created helical stairs inside each to reach the highest stands, and the appeal was rescinded. Work resumed with a little more than 18 months before the World Cup.

Work continued slowly over the following months, since SS Lazio and AS Roma were still playing there during the 1988–89 season; at the end of the season, both clubs moved for a year to neighbouring Stadio Flaminio. Their final match at the old stadium was the 30th match day derby, which ended goalless before 41,633 spectators; ticket revenue was about ₤1.15 billion (about €590,000).

The renovated stadium, completed in April 1990, seated 85,000 and was released to FIFA at the end of May (two weeks late and ten days before the start of the World Cup). Little was left of the old Olimpico except for a portion of the façade of the Tevere grandstand. The Northern and Southern stands were rebuilt 9 m closer to the short sides of the pitch; the Monte Mario grandstand was extended, replacing the press centre built for the 1987 World Championships in Athletics.

The roof consists of a 13 m outer steel ring which is 29 m above the ground on 12 steel pillars and four external concrete stair blocks which are also pillars; radial bearing and stabilizing cables hold an inner steel ring. The roof itself is a Teflon-(polytetrafluoroethylene) and-fiberglass membrane which is hung from the 88 steel radial cables linking the external and internal rings. The roof, which cost approximately ₤160 billion (about €80,000,000), was designed by the Majowecki engineering firm in Bologna.

A later analysis determined that the total cost for the Olimpico renovation was about ₤450 billion (€225,000,000). According to experts appointed by judges at Rome's Court of Appeals, the figure was tainted by possible irregularities in the tender; the contract was awarded to the provider with the highest bid.

Italia '90 and post-World Cup
During the 1990 World Cup, the Olimpico hosted six games in the group and the knockout stages. Italy won three group-stage matches, against Austria, the United States, and Czechoslovakia. The "Azzurri" then played at the Olimpico in the round of 16, defeating Uruguay 2–0 and Ireland in the quarter-final before losing to Argentina in the semi-final at Naples.

In the 8 July 1990 final at the Olimpico, West Germany defeated Argentina with an Andreas Brehme penalty kick with six minutes remaining. The Olimpico was the first venue to see a player sent off during a World Cup final; red cards were issued to Argentine players Pedro Monzón and Gustavo Dezotti.

At the end of its first season at the renovated Olimpico, AS Roma reached the 1990–91 UEFA Cup final (an Italian derby against Inter). At the time, the UEFA Cup was the only European competition with a two-leg final. Inter won the first leg, 2–0, at the San Siro in Milan. AS Roma won 1–0 at the Olimpico before a crowd of 70,900, but Inter won the cup 2–1 on aggregate. Five of the German players who had won the World Cup the year before on the same pitch played in the UEFA Cup final: Andreas Brehme, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Inter, and Thomas Berthold and Rudi Völler for AS Roma.

In September 1995 the Olimpico hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the First Military World Games and the games' track-and-field events. It hosted the Italian rugby union team later that year for the third time (and the first since 1986), against world champions South Africa. In addition to the 1954 European Cup final, Italy played at the Olimpico in 1986, when the team drew 15–15 against England XV in front of 40,000 spectators. Although the Stadio Flaminio was their usual venue in Rome, Italy played at the Olimpico because the match was a fundraiser for children's aid organizations which wanted a larger stadium. South Africa won their first match after their World Cup victory 40–21, after Italy led 21–17 with 15 minutes left. Attendance was about 40,000, and ticket prices were between 5,000 and 30,000 lire (€2.5–15).

Rome hosted the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) final for the third time several months later, with the Italian club Juventus FC facing the Dutch side AFC Ajax. The match ended in a 1–1 draw, with goals by Fabrizio Ravanelli and Jari Litmanen, necessitating a tie-breaker from the penalty spot. Juventus won the shootout 4–2 (as Liverpool had in 1984) for their second European championship.

In the new millennium, the issue of the stadium's ownership was resolved. The Olimpico had been owned since 1976 by the Ministry of Finance (later the Ministry of Economy and Finance), which established Coni Servizi (a government agency to manage public sports venues) in 2002. Subsequently, the Ministry transferred to the newborn entity the ownership of the whole Foro Italico on 3 February 2004. Coni Servizi, renamed Sport e Salute in 2019, is the owner of the stadium.

2007–2008 renovation
In October 2006, Rome was chosen to host the 2009 Champions League final. Rome's fourth selection spurred CONI to speed up the Olimpico's planned maintenance and renovation, 16 years after the last project.

Although the stadium's shape and structure were unaffected, changes were made to the Authority Room in the Monte Mario grandstand and more-comfortable seats were installed: 48 cm wide in the Northern and Southern stands, 50 cm in the Tevere grandstand and 54 cm in the hospitality area of the Monte Mario grandstand). VIP areas were installed in the Monte Mario grandstand. The renovation reduced the Olimpico's capacity by about 5,000 seats. A 600 m2 press room was built, and the locker-room area was doubled. Two brand new scoreboards were also installed atop of The Northern- and Southern-stand scoreboards were replaced by digital, high-definition versions; the benches were moved slightly back from the pitch, and the plexiglas barriers between the stands and the pitch were partially removed. The Olimpico now had a capacity of 70,634, making it Italy's second-largest stadium (after Milan's Stadio Giuseppe Meazza).

The 2009 Champions League final was held on 27 May 2009 between FC Barcelona and Manchester United. Barcelona won the game 2–0 before 62,467 spectators, with goals by Samuel Eto'o and Lionel Messi. The single-leg Coppa Italia final has been played at the Olimpico since 2008 except for 2021, when it was played in Reggio Emilia because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

To celebrate the 60th anniversary of the European Championship, UEFA said that the 2020 edition would have no host country and the tournament would be played in 11 UEFA-member cities. Rome hosted three group stage matches (including the opener) and a quarter-final game.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament was postponed until June and July 2021. The 11 June 2021 opening ceremony at the Olimpico was followed by a game between Italy and Turkey. The Azzurri won 3–0 before 16,000 spectators, a smaller crowd for public-health reasons. After their first win, Italy defeated Switzerland 3–0 and Wales 1–0. The fourth Olimpico match was the quarter-final between Ukraine and England; England won 4–0, with goals by Jordan Henderson and Harry Maguire and a double by Harry Kane.

The European Athletic Association chose Rome in August 2022 for the June 2024 26th European Athletics Championships, 50 years after the Olimpico last hosted the event. On 22 March 2023, the Women's Champions League quarter-final between AS Roma and FC Barcelona was played before a crowd of 39,459, setting an attendance record for a women's association football match in Italy. The Italy national football team had played 53 matches at the Olimpico in 70 years by December 2023, the most recent of which was a 5–2 win in the EURO 2024 qualifying game against North Macedonia.

Golden Gala
Italian Athletics Federation president Primo Nebiolo created the Golden Gala, a recurring summer athletics event at the Olimpico, in 1980. The event was held in the middle of a heated political debate at the international level, because several domestic Olympic boards were divided about whether to follow the U.S. Olympic Committee in their boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics because of Soviet involvement in the Afghan war Aware of those political controversies, Nebiolo said that his event should not be seen as an "alternative Olympiad", although it featured world-class athletes from both of the era's geopolitical blocks.

The first Golden Gala took place on 5 August 1980, a few days after the closing of the Soviet Olympics, and featured many first-class Italian athletes prevented from going to Moscow because of their status as enlisted in the armed forces; this included Mariano Scartezzini, a Guardia di Finanza constable who won the 3000-metre steeplechase and set an Italian record. Amongst the civilian athletes who also competed in Moscow was Pietro Mennea, who won the 200-metre dash with a faster time than his gold-medal final in the Soviet Union few days before. About 74,000 spectators attended the event, of whom 54,000 paid. The difference in attendance was due to the fact that several hours into the event, its organizers opened the gates of the Olimpico's two curved stands to those without tickets.

The Golden Gala did not take place in 1981 because of the IAAF World Cup. It returned in 1982, and has been part of the international calendar ever since. The event was not held at the Olimpico early in the stadium's renovation for the 1990 World Cup, and was held in Florence and Verona. The Golden Gala was renamed in 2013 for Pietro Mennea, who died in March of that year. In addition to being a key Italian athletics event, the Golden Gala has been part of the Diamond League (the World Athletics world tour) since 2010.

Six Nations Championship and rugby union
Italy played its Six Nations Championship home matches at Stadio Flaminio for 11 seasons after 2000, a 24,000-seat city-owned venue built for the football tournament of the 1960 Olympics across the Tiber a few hundred metres from the Olimpico. However, it did not meet Six Nations Rugby's stadium guidelines. The Italian Rugby Federation first planned to expand Stadio Flaminio to 40,000 seats, using the Olimpico in 2012 as temporary venue.

The renovation never began, however; Pier Luigi Nervi's heirs received the Flaminio's legalintellectual property rights, giving them veto power over any changes. The Italian Rugby Federation then decided to return the Flaminio's management rights to Roma Capitale and request permanent use of the Olimpico.

The stadium first hosted the Six Nations Championship on 11 February 2012 during an unusual icy weekend, on a pitch frozen after snow fell on Rome the day before. England won, 19–15, after trailing for almost one hour.

By the end of the 2023 Six Nations tournament, 39 test matches had been played by Italy in the venue since their first in 1954. In addition to the 30 in the 12 tournament seasons played so far, Italy played four matches at the Olimpico before their admission to the Six Nations and five more after 2000. Apart from the Six Nations sides, the most frequent guests at the Olimpico are New Zealand's All Blacks, whom have played four test matches there.

Music events
With its roof, the Olimpico became a suitable venue for concerts. Its first performers were Miles Davis and Pat Metheny in July 1991, who played to a crowd estimated at 20,000. The first Italian artist at the Olimpico was Zucchero Fornaciari in June 1993 during his l'Urlo tour, who played to an audience of 10,000.

The record attendance for musical events is held by Claudio Baglioni during his Da me a te tour. On 6 June 1998, the first of Baglioni's two concerts in Rome sold 82,000 tickets; 8,000 people were also admitted free of charge. The record was possible because CONI president Mario Pescante allowed Baglioni to install a 112 m, 72 m stage on the pitch, and CONI had planned to replace the turf soon after the concert. The audience did not sit only in the southern stand, as usual, but throughout the stadium.

The Olimpico's most-frequent performer is Italian singer-songwriter Vasco Rossi, with 23 concerts between 1991 and 2023. Luciano Ligabue performed 13 times at the stadium between 1996 and 2023.

The record number of concerts at the Olimpico by non-Italian acts was held in 2023 by the British group Depeche Mode, who performed there five times between 2006 and 2023; their most recent appearances were during their Global Spirit and Memento Mori World Tours. The Irish band U2 has played four concerts at the stadium since 2005, most recently as part of their 2017 Joshua Tree Tour. David Bowie and Tina Turner performed at 1996 Rome's Live Rock Festival in the Olimpico's southern stand, and R.E.M. appeared during the band's 2005 Around the Sun Tour.

Competitions

 * 1960 Summer Olympics
 * UEFA Euro 1968
 * 1974 European Athletics Championships
 * 1975 Summer Universiade
 * UEFA Euro 1980
 * 1981 IAAF World Cup
 * 1987 World Championships in Athletics
 * 1990 FIFA World Cup
 * 1995 Military World Games
 * 2001 Summer Deaflympics
 * Six Nations Championship
 * UEFA Euro 2020
 * 2024 European Athletics Championships

Matches

 * UEFA Euro 1968 final (Italy vs. Yugoslavia 2–0)
 * 1973 Intercontinental Cup (Juventus FC vs. CA Independiente 0–1)
 * 1977 European Cup final (Liverpool F.C. vs. Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–1)
 * UEFA Euro 1980 final (West Germany vs. Belgium 2–1)
 * 1984 European Cup Final (Liverpool F.C. vs. AS Roma 5–3 after penalty shootout)
 * 1990 FIFA World Cup Final (West Germany vs. Argentina 1–0)
 * 1991 UEFA Cup final (2nd leg, AS Roma vs. Inter 1–0)
 * 1996 UEFA Champions League final (Juventus FC vs. AFC Ajax 5–3 after penalty shootout)
 * 2009 UEFA Champions League final (FC Barcelona vs. Manchester United 2–0)
 * 2013 Six Nations match Italy vs. France 23–18 (first victory against France in the championship)
 * 2013 Six Nations match Italy vs. Ireland 22–15 (first victory against Ireland in the championship)

Attendance
The table below reports the average season attendance at league matches held at the Stadio Olimpico for Lazio and Roma. The stadium's attendance record is 78,886, set on 12 May 1974 for the 29th matchday of the 1973–74 Serie A between Lazio and Foggia. The home side won 1-0 for their first scudetto, one matchday in advance. SS Lazio's season-ticket holders for that season were 18,392; paying spectators for that matchday numbered 60,494, for a total attendance of 78,886.

title: Stadio Olimpico


text:
Santa Cruz, Madeira

Santa Cruz ("Holy Cross") is a municipality, a parish and a city in the eastern part of the island of Madeira. It is the second most populous municipality, behind Funchal. The population in 2011 was 43,005, in an area of 81.50 km².

History
"...passing a turn in the land, they entered a cover in the beach, in which they saw a deliteful valley covered in the trees in order, where they found on land a few older fallen columns, from whom the captain ordered the construction a cross, which they raised to the heights of a tree, giving the place the name of Santa Cruz, where later that founded the noble village."

To commemorate the construction of this cross, a second cross was raised, of marble, but was later destroyed, around 1889.

Geography
It is located southeast of Santana, southwest of Machico and northeast of the regional capital (Funchal); it is linked by an expressway to Funchal and Machico, as well as an ancillary road linking it to Santana. Urban sprawl from Funchal extends along Santa Cruz's western frontier, while the eastern part of the municipality is the base for Madeira's international airport.

Five parishes comprise the municipality of Santa Cruz:

 * Camacha
 * Caniço (city)
 * Gaula
 * Santa Cruz (city) (includes the offshore Desertas Islands)
 * Santo António da Serra

Economy
Agriculture and fishing are still considered the primary industries in this region, although widespread expansion of tourism in the south, and the development of the international airport has increased the number of commercial and tourist-related activities (primarily in the city of Santa Cruz).

Notable people

 * Joseph Costa (1909 in Caniço – 1998) a Portuguese American aviator
 * Bishop José Alfredo Caires de Nobrega (born 1951 in Caniço) the bishop of the Diocese of Mananjary in Mananjary, Madagascar
 * José Manuel Coelho (born 1952 in Gaula) a Portuguese politician.
 * João Rodrigues (born 1971 in Santa Cruz) a windsurfer; competed in every Summer Olympic Games from 1992 to 2016
 * Vânia Jesus (born 1979 in Santa Cruz) a Portuguese politician.

title: Santa Cruz, Madeira


text:
Talk:Pulaski

 * Pulaski and Pulaski (disambiguation) developed simultaneously. The page history for Pulaski (disambiguation) now exists at Pulaski and the the page history for Pulaski now exists at Talk:Pulaski/Old history for Pulaski.--Commander Keane 04:47, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Can anyone confirm that there is a Gen. Casimir Pulaski Highway in Utica, NY? I'm pretty sure there is one, needed confirmation before I added it to the list. Sarah 00:01, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pulaski


text:
Category talk:South Gloucestershire District

Untitled
Articles in this section should also be in one of the subject area subcategories of Gloucestershire wherever appropriate as the subdivision of Wikipedia's English articles is based primarily on ceremonial counties. This practice is followed in the vast majority of unitary authority categories. Oliver Chettle 00:01, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Could somebody point me to this policy please? Note also the words "vast majority" <> "all". The thing is, as far as I am concerned, Bristol just isn't Gloucestershire (with the exception of the cricket team). It's culturally different, we have a different accent, and it's a city whereas Glos. is mostly rural. I'd propose to have all the S Glos articles in subcategories of this one, with this being a subcat of Category:Gloucestershire. That's just my opinion of how it should be so, again, please direct me towards the relevant policy or guideline :) --kingboyk 12:18, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Unless I'm mistaken, Naming_conventions_%28places%29 says we use the current administrative counties. Furthermore, the Gloucestershire article says "Historically, Gloucestershire has also included Bristol, but this has not been considered part of Gloucestershire since Bristol became a county corporate in 1373. Today the city is a county both ceremonially and administratively." --kingboyk 13:29, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

See Kingboyk's site for a reply from me. In addition most of South Glos is not the same as the City of Bristol so the argument above is bye the bye (or so the Duke of Beaufort claimed!). Bob aka Linuxlad

The following is pasted in from my Talk page, please make future replies here as I'll leave this page on my watchlist for a while.

 * I've also now created an extensive subcategory tree for South Gloucestershire, and have linked it into Category:Gloucestershire so that our friends and neighbours in the south don't get upset :-) I'm sure it's logically much better; we don't now have little Cotswold villages in the same categories as Bristol suburbs, we have more manageable stub and villages categories, and it's mostly very navigable. --kingboyk 18:41, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I may agree with you,in part, but you're on thin ice! 1) It's a policy so we should respect it (as everyone else has to date)2) It's too absolute - (eg I live in Thornbury, work in Gloucester, used to work in Berkeley - Tytherington (nearby) has a W-u-E  postcode, just up the way in the GL13 (Berkeley) area) - I've known Stroud council officers who wanted to put the RFoD in with Wales. We all have different ideas of where our area and allegiances lie and someone else's more distanced view is probably the best compromise! Bob aka linuxlad —This unsigned comment was added by Linuxlad (talk • contribs).
 * Well first you told me it was guidelines, which I checked - and they say admin counties have it. So why is my change against policy?! The fact is that it was not long ago the county of Avon, and now it (or most of it) is called South Gloucestershire. There's a clear, official border, and South Gloucetershire has been seperate by one name or another for decades. Bristol City hasn't been part of Gloucestershire for over 500 years! There's 104 articles in Glos villages and 87 in South Glos, so it's not even as if South Gloucestershire is too small to care about. Bottom line - we don't categorise by ceremonial county, and South Gloucestershire is functionally a county since it is a unitary authority. Granted, if the government changed their minds tommorow and we were merged into one it would have to change but Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. There's recategorisation bots to take care of that kind of thing should it ever happen. --kingboyk 19:14, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

--kingboyk 19:19, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Another policy discussion, which concludes with saying that ceremonial and traditional counties are deserving of a mention for historical reasons, but that we mainly use the administrative counties and districts: Wikipedia_talk:UK_Wikipedians%27_notice_board. --kingboyk 19:39, 30 March 2006 (UTC) Category:Traditional county of Monmouthshire is interesting but probably overkill for our situation. --kingboyk 23:28, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

My tuppance
South Gloucestershire clearly represents a separate entity from Gloucestershire as far as I'm concerned. There should definitely be a separate category for all things South Glos, as to have them under the incorrect heading of 'Gloucestershire' would be non-factual and misleading. At least I think so anyway.. ;_) Vanky 17:42, 8 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
List of Florida's highest points

This list of Florida's highest points in the state of Florida includes natural and manmade points.

Most of the state's highest named points are in Holmes, Walton, and Washington counties, in the sub-Piedmont highlands of northern Florida. The highest points in peninsular Florida are found along the Lake Wales Ridge, running through the central portion of the peninsula, and the Brooksville Ridge, which parallels the northwestern coast of the peninsula.

Geographic points (permanent earthworks) of human origin are also included, designated as "N/A, Artificial".

title: List of Florida's highest points


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sangsaeng

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge with Jeung san do moink 17:24, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Sangsaeng
I'm sorry, what? This makes no sense. RickK 00:03, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Appears to be a principle of Jeung san do, each of which has been spun out into its own article. Should probably be merged into the main article (which needs serious cleanup), except it may be a copyvio from . Chris Johnson 02:50, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, article as it stands is not encyclopaedic, possible copyright violation. Megan1967 08:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This article contains two quotations which also appear in the above website.  That alone is not copyvio.  SteveW | Talk 22:41, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * My mistake - the paragraph above has been slightly edited so it's not an exact copy. This article still contains more than that, however - the article wants cleaning up and this paragraph should be rewritten.  SteveW | Talk 22:43, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * not sure what to do about it but it isnt really a copyvio Yuckfoo 16:34, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
William Bullokar

William Bullokar was a 16th-century printer who devised a 40-letter phonetic alphabet for the English language. Its characters were presented in the black-letter or "gothic" writing style commonly used at the time and also in Roman type. Taking as his model a Latin grammar by William Lily, Bullokar wrote the first published grammar of the English language, in a book titled Brief Grammar for English, which appeared in 1586.

Works

 * facsimile edition:
 * facsimile in Bullokar (1977)
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 237-330
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 1-212
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 213-235
 * facsimile in Bullokar (1977)
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 331-385
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 386-390
 * facsimile in Bullokar (1977)
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 331-385
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 386-390
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 386-390
 * transcription at Plessow (1906), pp. 386-390

title: William Bullokar


text:
Operation Deliberate Force

Operation Deliberate Force was a sustained air campaign conducted by NATO, in concert with the UNPROFOR ground operations, to undermine the military capability of the Army of Republika Srpska, which had threatened and attacked UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War with the Srebrenica genocide and Markale massacres, precipitating the intervention. The shelling of the Sarajevo marketplace on 28 August 1995 by the VRS is considered to be the immediate instigating factor behind NATO's decision to launch the operation.

The operation was carried out between 30 August and 20 September 1995, involving 400 aircraft and 5,000 personnel from 15 nations. Commanded by Admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr., the campaign struck 338 Bosnian Serb targets, many of which were destroyed. Overall, 1,026 bombs were dropped during the operation, 708 of which were precision-guided. On 19 occasions, depleted uranium munitions were used against targets around Sarajevo and Han Pijesak.

The bombing campaign was also roughly conterminous with Operation Mistral 2, two linked military offensives of the Croatian Army, the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Croatian Defence Council launched in western Bosnia. The campaign also lifted the siege of Sarajevo which led to the way for a negotiated settlement.

Background
The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1 April 1992 and 14 December 1995. After popular pressure, NATO was asked by the United Nations to intervene in the Bosnian War after allegations of war crimes against civilians were made. In response to the refugee and humanitarian crisis in Bosnia, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 743 on 21 February 1992, creating UNPROFOR. The UNPROFOR mandate was to keep the population alive and deliver humanitarian aid to refugees in Bosnia until the war ended.

On 9 October 1992, the UNSC passed Resolution 781, prohibiting unauthorized military flights in Bosnian airspace. This resolution led to Operation Sky Monitor, where NATO monitored violations of the no-fly zone, but it did not take action against violators of the resolution. On 31 March 1993, in response to 500 documented violations, the UNSC passed Resolution 816, which authorized states to use measures "to ensure compliance" with the no-fly zone over Bosnia. In response, on 12 April, NATO initiated Operation Deny Flight, which was tasked with enforcing the no-fly zone and allowed to engage the violators of the no-fly zone. However, Serb forces on the ground continued to attack UN "safe areas" in Bosnia, and the UN peacekeepers were unable to fight back as the mandate did not give them authority to do so. On 4 June, the UNSC passed Resolution 836 authorizing the use of force by UNPROFOR in the protection of specially designated safe zones. Operation Sharp Guard, a naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union, was approved at a joint session of NATO and the WEU on 8 June and began on 15 June.

On 6 February 1994, a day after the first Markale marketplace massacre, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali formally requested NATO to confirm that air strikes would be carried out immediately. On 9 February, agreeing to the request of the UN, NATO authorized the Commander of Allied Joint Force Command Naples (CINCSOUTH), US Admiral Jeremy Boorda, to launch air strikes against artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that were determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets. Only Greece did not support the use of air strikes, but it did not veto the proposal. The council also issued an ultimatum at the 9 February meeting to the Bosnian Serbs, in which they demanded that the Serbs remove their heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20–21 February or face air strikes. There was some confusion surrounding compliance with the ultimatum, and Hungarian Prime Minister Péter Boross announced that Hungary's air space would be closed to NATO aircraft in the event of air strikes. On 12 February 1994, Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty-free day in 22 months since April 1992.

On 28 February, NATO fighters operating under Deny Flight shot down four Bosnian Serb fighters for violating a no-fly zone in what would become known as the Banja Luka incident. This was the first combat operation in the history of NATO.

On 12 March, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) made its first request for NATO air support, but close air support was not deployed, owing to a number of delays associated with the approval process. On 10 and 11 April 1994, UNPROFOR called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F-16 jets. This was the first time in NATO's history it had ever attacked ground targets with aircraft. Subsequently, the Bosnian Serbs took 150 UN personnel hostage on 14 April. On 16 April, a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Bosnian Serb forces. That would become known as the Goražde incident. Around 29 April, a Danish contingent on peacekeeping duty in Bosnia, as part of UNPROFOR's Nordic battalion located in Tuzla, was ambushed when trying to relieve a Swedish observation post that was under heavy artillery fire by the Bosnian Serb Šekovići brigade at the village of Kalesija, but the ambush was dispersed when the UN forces retaliated with heavy fire in what would be known as Operation Bøllebank.

On 5 August, at the request of the UNPROFOR, two US A-10 Thunderbolts located and strafed a Bosnian Serb anti-tank vehicle near Sarajevo after the Serbs seized weapons that had been impounded by UN troops and attacking a UN helicopter. Afterwards, the Serbs agreed to return the remaining heavy weapons. On 22 September 1994, NATO aircraft carried out an air strike against a Bosnian Serb tank at the request of UNPROFOR.

On 25–26 May 1995, after violations of the exclusion zones and the shelling of safe areas, NATO aircraft carried out air strikes against Bosnian Serb ammunition depots in Pale. In retaliation, the Bosnian Serbs took 370 UN peacekeepers in Bosnia hostage and subsequently used them as human shields at potential targets in a successful bid to prevent further air strikes. On 2 June, two US Air Force F-16 jets were sent on patrol over Bosnia in support of Operation Deny Flight. While on patrol, an F-16 piloted by Captain Scott O'Grady was shot down by a Bosnian Serb 2K12 Kub surface-to-air missile. O'Grady was forced to eject from the aircraft. Six days later, he was rescued by US Marines from the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit from USS Kearsarge (LHD-3). The event would come to be known as the Mrkonjić Grad incident.

On 11 July, NATO aircraft attacked targets in the Srebrenica area of Bosnia and Herzegovina as identified by and under the control of the United Nations. This was in response to Bosnian Serb forces advancing on the UN-declared Safe Area of Srebrenica. Bosnian Serb warlord Ratko Mladić threatened to kill 50 UN peacekeepers who were seized as hostages and also threatened to shell the Muslim population in Srebrenica if NATO air strikes continued. The UN peacekeepers called off the air strikes and agreed to withdraw from Srebrenica as the Bosnian Serbs promised they would take care of the Muslim population for the peacekeepers to spare their own lives. For two weeks, VRS forces under Mladić killed over 8,000 Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in the Srebrenica massacre, which remains the worst act of genocide in Europe since World War II.

On 25 July, the North Atlantic Council authorized military planning aimed at deterring an attack on the safe area of Goražde, and threatened the use of NATO air power if this safe area was threatened or attacked. On 1 August, the Council took similar decisions aimed at deterring attacks on the safe areas of Sarajevo, Bihać, and Tuzla. On 4 August, NATO aircraft conducted air strikes against Croat Serb air defense radars near Udbina airfield and Knin in Croatia. On 10 August, the Commanders of CINCSOUTH and UNPROFOR concluded a memorandum of understanding on the execution of air strikes.

Campaign
On 30 August, the Secretary General of NATO announced the start of air strikes, supported by UNPROFOR rapid reaction force artillery attacks. Although planned and approved by the North Atlantic Council in July 1995, the operation was triggered in direct response to the second Markale massacre on 28 August 1995.

As many as 400 NATO aircraft participated in the air campaign. Overall, 3,515 sorties were flown and a total of 1,026 bombs were dropped on 338 Bosnian Serb targets located within 48 complexes. NATO aircraft struck 97% of their targets, and seriously damaged more than 80% of them. 708 of the bombs dropped were precision-guided munitions. The aircraft involved in the campaign operated from Italian air bases, such as Aviano Air Base, and from the US aircraft carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) and USS America (CV-66), and French aircraft carriers Foch and Clemenceau in the Adriatic Sea. The VRS integrated air defence network, comprising aircraft and surface-to-air missiles, presented a high-threat environment to NATO air operations.

The German Luftwaffe saw action for the first time since 1945 during Operation Deliberate Force. Six interdictor-strike version Tornados, escorted by eight ECR Tornados, pinpointed Serb targets around Sarajevo for the Rapid Reaction Force artillery to attack.

Rapid Reaction Force
Frustrated by the previous absence of results and the resistance of the Serbian parties to any peace progress, the Western powers, led by French President Jacques Chirac, decided to put a deterrent force in-country to support western diplomatic efforts. France, the United Kingdom and the United States decided to send a multinational brigade to the Mount Igman area, supported by an airmobile brigade and an armored battalion in reserve. The Brigade consisted of 4000 military. It consisted of 2000 French, 1500 British, 500 Dutch. The creation of the force was authorized by UNSC Resolution 998 on 16 June 1995.

Commanded by French General Andre Soubirou, the MN brigade was operational in August 1995 on Mount Igman. The main force consisted of a mixed artillery regiment, that being a French artillery group with eight 155 mm AUF1 howitzers, British artillery group with twelve 105 mm light guns, French and Dutch 120 mm Heavy Mortar company. Although the artillery fired before and after the Markale Market Massacre, the main action was on 28 and 29 August 1995, firing 1070 shells on Serbian positions, which were 305 155 mm shell, 408 120 mm shell, 357 105 mm shells. This artillery group was part of the UNPROFOR deployed on Mount Igman to support the task of NATO's aircraft by pounding Serb artillery positions.

On 30 August, a French Mirage 2000N was shot down by a Bosnian Serb shoulder-fired 9K38 Igla near Pale. On 1 September, NATO and UN demanded the lifting of the Serb's Siege of Sarajevo, removal of heavy weapons from the heavy weapons exclusion zone around Sarajevo, and complete security of other UN safe areas. NATO stopped the air raids and gave an ultimatum to Bosnian Serb leaders. The deadline was set as 4 September. On 5 September 1995, NATO resumed air attacks on Bosnian Serb positions around Sarajevo and near the Bosnian Serb headquarters at Pale after the Bosnian Serbs failed to comply with the ultimatum. On the night of 10 September, the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Normandy (CG-60) launched a Tomahawk missile strike from the central Adriatic Sea against a key air defense radio relay tower at Lisina, near Banja Luka, while US Air Force F-15E and US Navy F/A-18 fighter-bombers hit the same targets with about a dozen precision-guided bombs, and F-16 jets attacked with Maverick missiles.

On 14 September, NATO air strikes were suspended to allow the implementation of an agreement with Bosnian Serbs to include the withdrawal of heavy weapons from the Sarajevo exclusion zone. The initial 72-hour suspension was eventually extended to 114 hours. Finally on 20 September, General Bernard Janvier and Admiral Leighton W. Smith, Jr. agreed that the resumption of air strikes was not necessary, as Bosnian Serbs had complied with the conditions set out by the UN, and so the operation was terminated.

Aftermath
The two French airmen who were captured after their Mirage 2000N was downed by Bosnian Serb forces on 30 August 1995, Lt. Jose Souvignet and Capt. Frederic Chiffot, were released only upon the end of the Bosnian War, on 12 December 1995. Upon being released, they told reporters that they had been treated well while in captivity.

In December 1995, NATO dispatched a 60,000-strong peacekeeping force into Bosnia as part of the IFOR to enforce the Dayton Peace Agreement to secure peace and prevent renewed hostilities between three warring factions. In December 1996, the NATO-led SFOR was established to replace the IFOR to enforce the Dayton Peace Agreement. This lasted up until December 2004, when Operation Althea replaced the NATO-led SFOR.

title: Operation Deliberate Force


text:
Braintree railway station (England)

Braintree railway station is the northern terminus of the Braintree Branch Line in the East of England, serving the town of Braintree, Essex. It is 44 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street via Witham; the preceding station on the route is Braintree Freeport to the south.

Its three-letter station code is BTR. The platform has an operational length for twelve-coach trains. The station is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it.

History
There have been two stations at Braintree. The first, which was the northern terminus of the Maldon, Witham & Braintree Railway, opened on 2 October 1848. That station was closed to passengers with the opening of the Bishop's Stortford, Dunmow & Braintree Railway on 22 February 1869, when the old terminus was replaced by a through-station on the new line. It continued as a goods depot until 1964. The new station was named Braintree & Bocking on 19 October 1910, but reverted to its original name of Braintree between 1948 and 1953. The station once featured in many model railway sets as "Braintree & Bocking" was the printed station name in the Airfix railway accessories. Passenger services on the route between Braintree and Bishop's Stortford ceased on 3 March 1952.

Services
All services at Braintree are operated by Greater Anglia using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service is one train per hour to and from London Liverpool Street via Witham with additional services running to and from station during the peak hours.

On Sundays, services at the station run only as far as Witham.

title: Braintree railway station (England)


text:
User talk:JackBNimble

Wikipedia isn't a collection of external links
Wikipedia is not a mere collection of external links (#12). We really appreciate your contributions as well as your efforts- but please try to add at least a little bit of information on a topic, as well as a link. This ensures that we retain our encyclopedic nature as well as providing an external reference. Even if you write a short stub, it's fine!

Thank you very much for your contributions to Wikipedia, and your anticipated cooperation. -Frazzydee|✍ 00:07, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome but a warning about copyrighted material
Hi,

Welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions, however, please be aware of an essential rule. Edits to Wikipedia may not contain material from copyrighted sources unless used with permission. Entries that do not comply with this rule must be removed.

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. My Talk Page About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Lotsofissues 17:21, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC) ›››Leave Me a Message‹‹‹

title: User talk:JackBNimble


text:
I'm Bout It

I'm Bout It is a 1997 American drama comedy film by rapper Master P. The film stars Master P, Moon Jones, Anthony Boswell, Silkk the Shocker, Mack 10, C-Murder, Mia X and Mr. Serv-On.

Plot
The movie chronicles New Orleans through the eyes of Master P growing up in the notorious Calliope Projects. His brother Kevin Miller played by Anthony Boswell. Master P wrote, directed and acted in the film. It was an independent release.

Release
The film was released directly to video.

title: I'm Bout It


text:
Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)

Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov (Влади́мир Миха́йлович Петро́в; born Afanasii Mikhailovich Shorokhov; 15 February 1907 – 14 June 1991) was a Soviet spy who defected to Australia in 1954 with his wife Evdokia, in what became known as the Petrov Affair.

Early life
Petrov was born Afanasii Mikhailovich Shorokhov (Афанасий Миха́йлович Шорохов) on 15 February 1907 in Larikha, Russia, in what is now Tyumen Oblast in central Siberia.

Petrov was one of three brothers born to a peasant family. His father died when he was seven years old and he entered the workforce at a young age to support the family. He had only three years of formal education and was apprenticed to a blacksmith at the age of fourteen.

In 1923, Petrov established a local Komsomol cell. He subsequently joined the Soviet Navy's cryptographical section where he was a specialist in ciphers. He changed his full name to Vladimir Mikhaylovich Proletarsky (Влади́мир Миха́йлович Пролетарский) in 1929, naming himself after the proletariat.

Intelligence career
According to his recently released secret British MI5 file, Petrov stated during his post-defection interviewing that his intelligence career was as follows:
 * 1929–1933 cypher clerk Soviet Navy.
 * 1933–1938 NKVD Moscow dealing with overseas cypher communications.
 * 1939 NKVD cypher clerk attached to Soviet Army Western China.
 * 1940–1942 NKVD cypher clerk Moscow dealing with Internal communications.
 * 1942–1947 NKVD cypher clerk Sweden with additional Internal Security duties.
 * 1947–1951 MGB Moscow dealing with seamen on the Danube.
 * 1951–1954 MGB controller in Australia.

Petrov also gave information about the defection of Burgess and Maclean of the Cambridge Five. Their escape had been handled by Kislitsyn, an MGB officer who was in Australia when Petrov defected in 1954. Petrov also disclosed that Burgess and Maclean were living in Kuibyshev in 1954. (National Archives Reference:kv/2/3440)

Joining OGPU
He decided to join the Soviet spy organization, the OGPU, in May 1933. He was subsequently admitted to the Special Cipher Section, which was attached to the Foreign Department of the OGPU. It was his status in this section which allowed him to learn many Soviet secrets by reading the top secret ciphers.

Petrov lived through the purges of Stalin under Yagoda, Yezhov, and Beria. Even though a great number of his friends, colleagues, and superiors were arrested and executed, Petrov escaped unscathed.

Australia and defection
Having graduated from cipher clerk to full-fledged agent, Petrov was sent to Australia by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in 1951. His job there was to recruit spies and to keep watch on Soviet citizens, making sure that none of the Soviets abroad defected. Ironically, it was in Australia where events would occur which led to his own defection from the Soviet Union. This came about through his association with Polish-born doctor and musician Michael Bialoguski, who played along in seeming to allow Petrov to recruit him to gather information, while at the same time reporting to Australian Security Intelligence Organisation on Petrov's activities.

Petrov applied for political asylum in 1954, on the grounds that he could provide information regarding a Soviet spy ring operating out of the Soviet Embassy in Australia. Petrov states in his memoirs (ghost written by Michael Thwaites) that his reasoning for defecting lay not in an imminent fear of being executed, but in his disillusionment with the Soviet system and his own experiences and knowledge of the terror and human suffering inflicted on the Soviet people by their government. He witnessed the destruction of the Siberian village in which he was born, caused by forced collectivization and the famine which resulted.

Life after defection
Petrov and his wife were granted Australian citizenship on 12 October 1956. The government imposed a D-Notice, barring reporting of their activities, and established them in a safe house in Bentleigh East over fears that the Soviet government would attempt their assassination. He and his wife adopted the pseudonyms of Sven and Anna Allyson to protect their identities. Although the press agreed not to identify them under the D-notice, the press did not always observe this voluntary protection order. The whereabouts of the Petrovs were still the subject of a D-Notice in 1982.

In 1957, under his assumed identity, Petrov began working for Ilford Photo in Upwey, while his wife worked as a typist for a tractor company. They purchased a house in Bentleigh, living a quiet suburban life. Petrov "enjoyed Australian rules football and rabbit shooting" while his wife did voluntary work for Meals on Wheels.

Petrov suffered a series of strokes in 1974 and was hospitalised at the Mount Royal Geriatric Hospital in Parkville (now part of Royal Melbourne Hospital). He remained hospitalised until his death from pneumonia on 14 June 1991, aged 84. A private funeral was held, "attended only by his wife, a few friends, and ASIO officers" including former director-general Charles Spry.

Fictional representations
Petrov's defection has inspired fictional works.
 * The Case of Colonel Petrov (1956) for American television
 * Defection! The Case of Colonel Petrov (1966) for British television
 * The Red Shoe, a novel by Ursula Dubosarsky which won the New South Wales Premier's Literary Award and the Queensland Premier's Literary Award in 2006.
 * Mrs Petrov's Shoe, a play by Noelle Janaczewska which won the Queensland Premier's Literary Award for drama in 2006.
 * The Safe House, an animation by Lee Whitmore, narrated by Noni Hazelhurst, which won Best Animation at the Sydney Film Festival 2006.
 * Document Z, a novel by Andrew Croome, which won the Australian/Vogel Literary Award in 2008.
 * The Petrov Affair, a 1987 television mini-series.

title: Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)


text:
Eppu Normaali

Eppu Normaali is one of the most popular rock bands in Finland and one of the key representatives of genre called suomirock. The band formed in 1976 in Ylöjärvi, a small town near Tampere. The band is the best-selling music artist in Finland, with certified sales of nearly two million records, and it has also gained success especially in the use of the Finnish language in rock lyrics. In addition to their studio albums, Eppu Normaali also released live records, DVDs, and over 20 singles.

Eppu Normaali's most famous songs include "Vuonna '85" (In the Year '85), "Kitara, taivas ja tähdet" (The Guitar, the Sky and the Stars), "Murheellisten laulujen maa" (The Land of Sorrowful Songs), "Pimeyden tango" (Tango of Darkness), "Suolaista sadetta" (Salty Rain) and "Tahroja paperilla" (Stains on the Paper).

History
The members of the original band were Juha Torvinen (guitar), Mikko Saarela (bass), Aku Syrjä (drums), and brothers Martti Syrjä (vocals) and Mikko "Pantse" Syrjä (guitar). (The brothers are the sons of accomplished writers Kirsi Kunnas and Jaakko Syrjä). In 1979, bassist Mikko Saarela left the band, and Mikko Nevalainen played bass with Eppu Normaali until 1989. The current bassist is Sami Ruusukallio.

The band took its name from a character in the Mel Brooks movie Young Frankenstein, and the subtitler translated the name of the character Abby Normal (abnormal) into the Finnish equivalent Eppu Normaali (epänormaali, roughly 'abnormal'; a Finnish equivalent of the original play with words).

In 1977, the band participated in a local rock music competition. Finnish folk/pop legend Juice Leskinen was present and issued a demand that they "must win", but the judges were unimpressed—the band did not win. The band began sending demos to various record companies and they were soon signed to Poko Rekords.

They initially released albums in a punk pop style that gained favourable reviews, but the band did not gain mainstream acceptance until 1984 with what had evolved into a more AOR-oriented music style. Rupisia Riimejä Karmeita Tarinoita was released in 1984, and it was followed by Kahdeksas Ihme in 1985 and Valkoinen Kupla in 1986. This trio of albums were all hits, with combined sales of over 300,000 copies. Kahdeksas Ihme is their top-selling non-greatest hits record to date.

Although their albums all sold well, the band's pace slowed down after the release of their 10th album, Imperiumin Vastaisku, in 1987. It took 3 years for the release of their 11th studio album, Historian Suurmiehiä, which came out in 1990. Despite this, the album contained several hits, including one of their most well known songs, Tahroja Paperilla. Three more years later, in 1993, they released Studio Etana, which became their last studio album for eleven years. The band came close to breaking up, citing "lacking inspiration" as the primary cause. Their 1996 release Repullinen hittejä, a greatest hits compilation sold over 240,000 copies, reaching the top of the Finnish charts. This record also stayed on the charts for over two years, a duration which is second of all time in Finland. After its release, the band effectively stopped touring or performing live.

In 2004, the band announced they would record a new album, Sadan vuoden päästäkin, which became one of the band's most successful releases. In 2007, they released their most recent album, Syvään päähän.

In 2016, the band celebrated its 40th anniversary with a documentary film, book, photo exhibition and a massive show on Ratina stadium. The stadium concert had over 30 000 spectators.

Studio albums
Source:
 * Aknepop (Acne pop) (1978)
 * Maximum Jee&Jee (1979)
 * Akun tehdas (Aku's Factory) (1980)
 * Cocktail Bar - Musiikkia Rantalasta (Cocktail Bar — Music from Rantala) (1981)
 * Tie vie (The Road Carries) (1982)
 * Aku ja köyhät pojat (Aku and the Poor Boys) (1983)
 * Rupisia riimejä karmeita tarinoita (Scabby Rhymes and Frightening Stories) (1984)
 * Kahdeksas ihme (Eighth Wonder) (1985)
 * Valkoinen kupla (White Bubble) (1986)
 * Imperiumin vastaisku (The Empire Strikes Back) (1988)
 * Historian suurmiehiä (Great Men of History) (1990)
 * Studio Etana (Studio Snail) (1993)
 * Sadan vuoden päästäkin (Even After a Hundred Years) (2004)
 * Syvään päähän (To the Deep End) (2007)

Live album

 * Elävänä Euroopassa (Alive in Europe) (1980)
 * Onko vielä pitkä matka jonnekin? (Is there still a long way to somewhere?) (1994)
 * Ratina (2016)

Compilation albums

 * Pop pop pop (1982)
 * Hatullinen paskaa (A hatful of shit) (1984)
 * Aku, Juha, Martti ja Mikko² - soolot (Aku, Juha, Martti and Mikko² - solos) (1987)
 * Poko-klassikko (Poko-classic) (1987)
 * Lyömättömät (Unbeatables) (1989)
 * Hatullinen paskaa/Soolot (A hatful of shit/Solos) (1990)
 * Paskahatun paluu (Shithat's return) (1991)
 * Repullinen hittejä (A bagful of hits) (1996)
 * Reppu 2 - toinen repullinen kuolemattomia Eppu-klassikoita (Bag 2 - another bagful of immortal Eppu-classics) (2003)
 * Singlet 1978–2003 (Singles 1978–2003) (2003)
 * Jackpot - 101 Eppu-klassikkoa 1978–2009 (Jackpot - 101 Eppu-classics 1978–2009) (6 CD, 2009)
 * Mutala (2011) - Acoustic versions of some of their most famous songs

Filmography

 * The Saimaa Gesture (1981)

title: Eppu Normaali