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Alfredo Bonanno

Alfredo Maria Bonanno (4 March 1937 – 6 December 2023) was an Italian anarchist, recognized as a prominent theorist and proponent of contemporary insurrectionary anarchism. A long-time anarchist, he was imprisoned multiple times. Bonanno was an editor of Anarchismo Editions, among many other publications, only some of which have been translated into English. He was involved in the anarchist movement for over four decades. Bonanno died on 6 December 2023, at the age of 86.

Political life
In the 1960s a tendency within Italian anarchism which did not identify either with the more classical synthesist Italian Anarchist Federation or with the platformist inclined GAAP (Anarchist Groups of Proletarian Action) started to emerge as local groups. These groups emphasized direct action, informal affinity groups and expropriation for financing anarchist activity. It is from within these groups that Bonanno emerged, particularly influenced by the practice of the Spanish exiled anarchist Josep Lluís i Facerias.

The Magazine Do or Die reports that "Much of the Italian insurrectionary anarchist critique of the movements of the '70s focused on the forms of organisation that shaped the forces of struggle and out of this a more developed idea of informal organisation grew. A critique of the authoritarian organisations of the '70s, whose members often believed they were in a privileged position to struggle as compared to the proletariat as a whole, was further refined in the struggles of the '80s, such as the early 1980s struggle against a military base that was to house nuclear weapons in Comiso, Sicily. Anarchists were very active in that struggle, which was organised into self-managed leagues." A main theorizer of these ideas was Bonanno and his publication Anarchismo.

In 1993 Bonanno wrote For An Anti-authoritarian Insurrectionalist International in which he proposes coordination between Mediterranean insurrectionists after the period of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and civil war in the former Yugoslavia.

Bonanno was one of hundreds of Italian anarchists arrested on the night of 19 June 1997, when Italian security forces carried out raids on anarchist centres and private homes all over Italy. The raids followed the bombing of Palazzo Marino in Milan, Italy on 25 April 1997. On 2 February 2003 Bonanno was sentenced to 6 years in prison plus a €2000 fine (first degree 3 years, 6 months) for armed robbery and other crimes. These charges were related to the "Marini Trial", in which Italian anarchists were convicted of belonging to a subversive armed group whose ideological leader was Bonanno.

Bonanno spent a year and a half in jail for publishing Armed Joy.

On 4 October 2009, Bonanno was arrested with Greek anarchist Christos Stratigopolous in Trikala, Central Greece on suspicion of having carried out an armed robbery at a local bank. 46,900 euros in cash were found in the car.

Bonanno was denied entry into Chile on 13 December 2013. Bonanno had planned to participate in a series of conferences in Chile. Having arrived in Chile with Sky Airlines from Argentina he was flown back to Argentina by the same airline two hours after arrival. The Investigations Police of Chile said the denial of entry was due to Bonanno's penal record.

Thought
Regarding national liberation struggles, he said that anarchists: "...refuse to participate in national liberation fronts; they participate in class fronts which may or may not be involved in national liberation struggles. The struggle must spread to establish economic, political and social structures in the liberated territories, based on federalist and libertarian organisations."

Bonanno rejected formal organizations in favour of affinity groups, although this should however not be confused with a rejection of large groups of people working together to achieve a goal. Regarding this, Bonanno said: "One single affinity group cannot necessarily carry out such an intervention on its own. Often, at least according to the (few and controversial) experiences to date, the nature of the problem and complexity of intervention, including the extent of the area as well as the means required to develop the project and the ideas and needs of the people involved, require something more. Hence the need to keep in contact with other affinity groups so as to increase the number of comrades and find the means and ideas suited to the complexity and dimension of the problem that is being faced."

Bonanno also rejected syndicalism, and contrasted his critique to that of Errico Malatesta, rejecting it not just as an end, but also as a means: "As we shall see further on, Malatesta’s position is a radical one, but we do not agree with him completely. There can be no doubt that syndicalism is not an end in itself but the fact that it can be considered a means must imply a means for preparing the revolution, not for continuing exploitation, or worse still, preparing the counter-revolution. That is the problem."

While he rejected formal organization, he did not think praxis should be restricted to mere anarchists. For this, he used the term 'autonomous base nuclei', which includes anarchists and non-anarchists struggling together: The essential element in the insurrectional project is therefore mass participation. And, as we started from the condition of affinity among the single anarchist groups participating in it, it is also an essential element of this affinity itself. It would be no more than mere camaraderie d’elite if it were to remain circumscribed to the reciprocal search for deeper personal knowledge between comrades.

But it would be nonsense to consider trying to make other people become anarchists and suggest that they enter our groups during the struggle. Not only would it be nonsense, but it would be a horrible ideological forcing of things that would upturn the whole meaning of affinity groups and the eventual informal organisation that might ensue to face the specific repressive attack.

But here we are faced with the need to create organisational structures that are capable of regrouping the excluded in such a way as to begin the attack on repression. So we come to the need to give life to autonomous base nuclei, which can give themselves any other name that indicates the concept of self-organisation.

We have now reached the crucial point of the insurrectional project: the constitution of autonomous base nuclei (we are using this term here to simplify things).

The essential, visible and immediately comprehensible characteristic of the latter is that they are composed of both anarchists and non-anarchists.

title: Alfredo Bonanno


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Talk:Video coding

Is this page useful?
The page seems redundant with (and inferior to) the video codec page. Cat5nap 05:40, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * With some editing, this page could give a good description of video coding. The page you mention is a mix of coding and compression with a heavy bias on computer software. Kegon (talk) 00:43, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Started to Tidy up
I removed most of the irrelevant details and added some relevant ones. Some topics need more expansion but I've left that for a later date. Kegon (talk) 06:39, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Compression
There was a section on compression. It was generic and had no specific relevance; there is already a wiki page on video compression. Kegon (talk) 06:38, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Audio
I removed the details about audio. This page is about video; audio is not part of video! Kegon (talk) 06:38, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation needed?
There should be at least another meaning for "video coding", used in the field of conveyors and process belts, as in the following sentence: "mail sorting machines (OCR and video coding)" --Termofused (talk) 21:27, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Video coding


text:
Lis Wiehl

Lis Wiehl (born August 19, 1961) is a New York Times bestselling American author of fiction and nonfiction books, and a legal analyst. She is the author of twenty books, including, most recently, A Spy in Plain Sight: The Inside Story of the FBI and Robert Hanssen―America's Most Damaging Russian Spy, published by Pegasus Books.

After working at NBC News and National Public Radio's All Things Considered, Wiehl moved to the Fox News Channel (FNC) where she served as a legal analyst and reporter for over fifteen years, appearing on numerous FNC shows. She is a regular commentator for CNN and also appears often on CBS, NPR and other news outlets.

Wiehl earned her Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School, her Master of Arts in Literature from the University of Queensland, and a bachelor's degree from Barnard College, Columbia University.

Early life and education
Wiehl was born in Yakima, Washington, and graduated from West Valley High School in Yakima. She received a bachelor's degree from Barnard College, Columbia University in 1983, a Master of Arts in Literature from the University of Queensland in 1985, and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1987.

Career
After graduating from Harvard Law School, Wiehl practiced law at Perkins Coie, a private law firm in Seattle where she also wrote by-lined articles on legal issues for the New York Times. From there she went on to become a third generation federal prosecutor (her grandfather and her father — an FBI agent — were also federal prosecutors) in the US Attorney's Office in Seattle. She served as the Deputy Chief Investigative Counsel for Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee during President Clinton's impeachment. From 1995 to 2001, she was a tenured law professor at the University of Washington School of Law in Seattle, where she ran the Trial Advocacy Program, which won several national awards during her tenure.

During her time at the University of Washington, Wiehl also stepped deeper into journalism by working as a reporter and legal analyst for NPR's All Things Considered and NBC News. She soon came to be in high demand for her commentary.

From 2001 to 2017, Wiehl was a legal analyst for The Fox News Channel; she appeared weekly on The O'Reilly Factor, Your World with Neil Cavuto, The Kelly File with Megyn Kelly, Lou Dobbs Tonight, and the Imus morning shows. Wiehl also hosted the Legal Lis radio show and the Wiehl of Justice podcast.

In 2005, Wiehl released her first book, Winning Every Time: How to Use the Skills of a Lawyer in the Trials of Your Life. Two years later she released The 51% Minority: How Women Still Are Not Equal and What You Can Do About It which was awarded the 2008 award for Books for a Better Life in the motivational category. Since then, Wiehl has continued to write best-selling books of fiction and non-fiction including, in 2022, A Spy in Plain Sight: The Inside Story of the FBI and Robert Hanssen―America's Most Damaging Russian Spy.

Wiehl was the co-host of WOR Tonight With Joe Concha & Lis Wiehl on 710 WOR and she was also an adjunct professor of law at New York Law School. She continues to appear in the media as a legal expert and commentator for organizations including CNN, CBS, NBC, and NPR among others. Lis Wiehl lectures at colleges and universities, appears as a keynote speaker, and speaks at bookstores, conferences, and literary festivals.

Bill O'Reilly settlement
Wiehl made sexual harassment allegations against Bill O'Reilly in early 2017 and received a $32 million settlement from him. Fox News was not a party to this settlement and regarded it as a personal issue between O'Reilly and Wiehl. They claim they were not informed of the amount of money involved. Wiehl signed an affidavit on January 17, 2017, stating that she and O'Reilly had settled their dispute. Her allegations and affidavit referred to repeated sexual harassment, a nonconsensual sexual relationship, and sexually explicit e-mails that O'Reilly had sent to her. O'Reilly claims that he forwarded these e-mails to Wiehl, who was working as his personal lawyer, as part of a process where he would forward any threatening e-mails he received to his lawyers.

Stand-alone Non-fiction

 * A Spy in Plain Sight, Pegasus Books (May 3, 2022) ISBN 978-1639361717

The Hunting Series (Non-fiction Series)

 * Hunting The Unabomber, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (April 28, 2020) ISBN 978-0718092122
 * Hunting Charles Manson, HarperCollins (June 5, 2018) ISBN 978-0718092085

Erica Sparks Series

 * The Separatists, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (June 27, 2017) ISBN 978-0718037697
 * The Candidate, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (October 4, 2016) ISBN 978-0718037680
 * The Newsmakers, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (January 19, 2016) ISBN 0718037677

Stand-alone fiction

 * Snapshot, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (January 14, 2014) ISBN 1401689523

Triple Threat Series

 * Face of Betrayal, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (April 7, 2009) ISBN 1595548173
 * Hand of Fate, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (April 6, 2010) ISBN 1595547061
 * Heart of Ice, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (April 5, 2011) ISBN 159554707X
 * Eyes of Justice, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (April 3, 2012) ISBN 1595547088

The East Salem Trilogy

 * Waking Hours, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (October 4, 2011) ISBN 1595549404
 * Darkness Rising, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (October 2, 2012) ISBN 1595549439
 * Fatal Tide, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (September 17, 2013) ISBN 1595549463

Mia Quinn Mysteries

 * A Matter of Trust, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (March 19, 2013) ISBN 159554903X
 * A Deadly Business, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (June 10, 2014) ISBN 1595549048
 * Lethal Beauty, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers-Fiction (March 3, 2015) ISBN 1595549056

Nonfiction

 * Winning Every Time: How to Use the Skills of a Lawyer in the Trials of Your Life, New York: Ballantine Books (April 26, 2005) ISBN 0345469208
 * The 51% Minority: How Women Still Are Not Equal and What You Can Do About It, New York: Ballantine Books (February 27, 2007) ISBN 0345469216
 * The Truth Advantage: The 7 Keys to a Happy and Fulfilling Life, Wiley (November 29, 2011) ISBN 1118025156

title: Lis Wiehl


text: Category:Megastructures

title: Category:Megastructures


text:
Talk:William Westmoreland

Concern about the impartiality of this page
The writing on this page seems jingoistic. Can it be reviewed with a less partial pen? Hu Gadarn 04:03, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Fourteen years after the above comment, this page is still jingoistic. That the war was fought was the responsibility of politicians. But the way it was fought was the responsibility of the generals, especially Westmoreland. Under his leadership, civilian casualties were enormous, war crimes were routine, and ignoring war crimes was also routine. Westmoreland personally congratulated the unit responsible for the horrifying Mỹ Lai massacre of hundreds of defenseless civilians (he backtracked later after the cover-up failed). Westmoreland's attitudes survive in some Americans to this day, and that's the most serious problem the country has. Longitude2 (talk) 07:55, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

I'd like to see evidence to back up the claim that "NVA General Vo Nguyen Giap orchestrated negative media coverage[citation needed] shook public confidence in Westmoreland's previous assurances about the state of the war." The Tet offensive, as disastrous as it was for the NVA and NLF in military terms, did undercut Westmoreland's optimism. The media came to its own conclusions, and was not orchestrated by Giap or anyone else. Entenman (talk) 16:27, 24 January 2008 (UTC)entenman

General
Westmoreland was named "Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1965; this should really be mentioned.

--

Militarily, the Tet Offensive was a disaster for the NVs and Viet Cong, not for the US troops on the ground and the ARVN - so I'm not sure what they mean by "disasterous Tet Offensive," as the Tet Offensive was actually begun by the Communists.

- K

 * As far as I know, it was "disastrous" to the U.S. war effort, inasmuch as it sapped public support for the war.  —thames 15:53, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It probably should be put in that context explicitly, then. Militarily, the Tet Offensive was a victory for the US - as Westmoreland himself stated, the US didn't lose the war.  They merely packed up and went home.

 * After all, this is a biography of a military man....

 * - K

 * Define victory and losing. We could have continued to feed that meat grinder for another 20 years easily. Westy was following orders from a corrupt administration. As a soldier he was good. As a commander ,I feel, he did not fight enough for his troops. The ROE in the SE Asia theater were very constricting. In a war you either fight to win or it's worthless. In Westy's position I would have resigned rather than have my name attached to that quagmire. The last great General we had is MacArthur. He was not afraid to tell it like it is and let the chips fall where they may. If Westy had been more like this perhaps we would have wasted a few thousand less young American lives.OZ 11:17, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

How many kids did he have??
The article currently says: "They had three children: Katherine, Margaret, Julie and James Ripley." I count 4, although who "James Ripley" is, is a bit of a question mark. Why does he get a middle name when the daughters don't? Or is Ripley a surname? In which case, is James Ripley his wife's son from a previous marriage, or something like that? In any event, as it stands it is confusing and ambiguous. Does anybody know the truth? The truth is out there. JackofOz 23:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Three, according to all obituaries I have checked. "Julie" is a figment of someone's imagination, added by the IP 65.35.229.53 without giving a source. His children are Kathryn, Margaret, and James Ripley (seems to be a middle name). Or maybe the anon meant that Margaret was called "Margaret Julie"? Anyway, out she goes. Lupo 11:17, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Katherine is actually his wife and not a daughter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Steps67 (talk • contribs) 00:00, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

very intriguing man
Though I never knew him, my family talked about him quite often. I always admired his accomplishments in the military and have studied him thoroughly. I was devastated to hear of his death last year, he will always hold a place in my heart. Here's to the Westmoreland tradition!

Sarah Westmoreland Louisville, KY

- What is his military accomplishments in Vietnam? He was defeated badly by those men he thought they were inferior to him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.122.158.109 (talk) 15:46, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

encounter with Westmoreland

 * ''This text was added to the article space by User:Hardy Parkerson and has been moved here by --rogerd 17:55, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

This person says, "I saw a large man in a business suit... ." Westmoreland was not "large" by anyone's standards. Lean, medium build, and certainly shorter than 5'10 or 5'11' So her encounter cannot be taken as fact. (May 20, 2006)

Addendum:

In the early 1980s I saw a large man in a business suit standing beside a taxi-cab on Canal Street in New Orleans in front of the Marriot Hotel. I asked him if I and my traveling companion could share a cab with him to the Airport. He took one look at my traveling companion who was a beautiful woman and promptly said, "Jump in!" So she and I both got into the back seat of the cab and waited for the tall, impressive-looking man to get in himself. I noticed that many likewise impressive looking people were shaking his hand and seeing off from in front of the Marriot on Canal Street; and when he finally got into the cab, he got into the passenger side of the front seat of the cab. As the cab pulled out, he reached over the back of the front seat and offered his hand and said, "I am General Westmoreland." As the cab continued to the airport, in order to keep him talking I said, "Sir, you mean you don't travel with body guards?" He abruptly said, "No and I don't want any!" Still to keep him talking, I said, "Sir, isn't it wonderful that Haig has just been appointed Secretary of State?" to which he gruffly responded, "Yeah! Yeah! Haig was one of my field commanders in Viet Nam. Nixon called him back to Washington and promoted him from the rank of Colonel to Four Star General in the matter of about two years. Made a lot of the career Army officers angry!" I knew I had said the wrong thing. Next I said, "Sir, I just finished reading Nguyen Kao Ky's book," to which he again gruffly responded, "Yeah! Yeah! That was a bunch of baloney! He made the Diem Family look bad. Those were fine people!" Again, I knew I had said the wrong thing. He then asked me, "Have your read my book?" To which I responded that I did not know he had written one. I asked him the title of it and he told me that the title of it was A SOLDIER REPORTS. To which I told him that I would have to get it and read it. He said, "Give me your card, and I will send you a copy! It will be the paper-back edition. Now if you want the hard-back edition, you will have to buy it yourself at the local bookstore." I gave him my card, and sure enough, he sent me an autographed paperback copy of his book. To keep him talking, I asked him, "Sir, who were some of the great leaders that you have known and dealt with during your career?" He started off by telling me that it was General John J. Pershing had been the one who pinned his second lieutenant bar on him. Then he talked about President Nixon. He said that he had dealt with President Nixon during the Viet Nam War, and--exact words--"If Nixon had listened to me, we would have won that war!" I told him that I was a Lieutenant in the Louisiana Army National Guard, and he wanted to know the name of my unit, for he wanted to mention it when he autographed the book he was to send to me. Then, again, to keep him talking, I said, "We have a general from Lake Charles, General Leonard Pauley." To which he promptly said, "Yes, I know Pauley!" Then he said, "You had another one from Lake Charles, General Eddleman." He probably called his first name, I don't recall. Since I had never heard of General Eddleman before, when I got back to Lake Charles, I mentioned this General Eddleman to my wife's grand-mother who was born in 1904 and had lived in Lake Charles most all of her adult life; and she advised me that she remembered him well. (A GOOGLE search shows the grave marker of a General Clyde David Eddleman, who is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.) I did my best to keep him talking, and I did a pretty good job of it; but I do not recall much more that he said. When we got to the airport, he would not let me pay the fare for the cab for the three of us, insisting that he pay it himself, which he did. Kinda hard to argue with a Four Star General! When he sent me the autographed paper-back edition of his book, he had a nice letter with it in which he referred to my traveling companion as "your lovely wife." He had noticed too, for she was indeed a beautiful woman. I found it amazing, and my friend did too, that ones so insignificant as us, particularly while we both were still in our 30's, would have such an interesting experience and be able to ride along and talk with such a great American military leader. That was an experience that I shall never forget. When I got home, I went across the street from my house to visit with my neighbor who was a ranking Army officer and Viet Nam veteran to tell him about this experience; and when I told him about saying to General Westmoreland, "Sir, isn't it great that Haig has been appointed Secretary of State?" before I could even report what General Westmoreland had responded, my neighbor, the ranking Army officer, immediately responded, "Boy, that was the wrong thing to have said!" To which I immediatly responded, "And so I promptly learned!" This is a true story, as true as my memory recalls it these twenty-five or so years later. -Hardy Parkerson, Atty. - Lake Charles, LA —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hardy Parkerson (talk • contribs) 01:46, March 20, 2006 (UTC) - I have added the weasel tag to the first paragraph.Bharatveer 07:25, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Is the "Quotation" absolutely necessary?
While it is essential to show general views of the man, I being an Asian/Indian, find this quote to be positively offensive and deriding. I am sure I speak for many others like me. I hope it is clear by now to the "we won/we lost" contributors to this page, that we Orientals do place the same value to human life as any other human being. This quote is prominently displayed, as if it is a great musing, without any explanations given. It immediately brings to mind the horror that was Vietnam, almost a justifications for the 7 million tons of bombs dropped. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shanksinha  (talk • contribs)  03:23, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree delete his sorry *ss loser pathetic quote. 71.237.70.49 (talk) 08:46, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The quote is necessary. We must never forget the past. We must never forget Vietnam, Nazi Germany, slavery and so on. Uncle Tom's Cabin will offend anyone today. For blacks it's a personal insult. But it is even worse to pretend it never happened. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.253.73.146 (talk) 21:51, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Sorry *ss quote
Don't make this loser a hero by listing all his excuses. Everyone has excuses when he loses the fight. Delete that quotation, which is an excuse for a loser general generally bitter for his loss. Take the defeat like a man, just for reference in the future. Lose like you won it. 71.237.70.49 (talk) 08:47, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Removal
The quotation section discussed above was removed on 08:47, 31 August 2008 by 71.237.70.49. The sourced quotation in question is: "The Oriental doesn't put the same high price on life as does a Westerner. Life is plentiful. Life is cheap in the Orient." -- ToE 02:12, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Dates of rank
What is the distinction between "temporary" and "permanent"? The page lists him as earning "permanent" ranks of Lieutenant General in July 1963 and Major General in August 1965; this is incorrect as Lieutenant General is a higher rank (O-9) than Major General (O-8). Both the obituary in The Independent and his papers, state he was promoted to Lt. Gen. in 1963 and that he was the youngest Maj. Gen. before that; his papers say he became Maj. Gen. in '56 and the Washington Post obituary says he was age 42. We need individual sources for each of these dates. Brlancer (talk) 10:39, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * "Permanent" refers to the date when the rank was granted in the Regular Army. An officer of "temporary" rank can always revert to permanent rank at the convenience of the government.  I believe when an officer retires, it is at the highest "permanent" rank attained.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.32.119.130 (talk) 10:32, 1 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I too am confused, was he demoted at some point? I see he dropped from Major Gen. to Colonel back to Brigadier Gen.? Does this have something to do with the temporary/permanent? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.29.239.251 (talk) 09:21, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Saxon vs. Spartanburg
According to Spartanburg, South Carolina, Saxon is a neighborhood of Spartanburg. Saxon, South Carolina is described as a "census designated place", not necessarily a town in its own right. So I'm guessing that either Saxon or Spartanburg would be correct.--Father Goose (talk) 06:04, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * On the other hand, the official boundary of Spartanburg seems to not encompass Saxon: .--Father Goose (talk) 06:21, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Never lost a battle
The statement that under Westmoreland, the U.S. never lost a battle is nothing more than a lie. Check the Vietnam War battle pages.Canpark (talk) 11:14, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Citation needed - restored
I restored {Citation needed} tags, removed earier without adressing the problem. As far as I was able to find out, Westmoreland commanded 34th Field Artillery Battalion of the US 9th Infantry Division during the World War II and he was never serving with the 82nd Airborne in WWII. If his battalion's fire was ever assigned to support the 82nd Airborne, this should be correctly clarified and referenced. Thanks.78.128.177.162 (talk) 00:34, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Other tags removal
I also restored some other {Citation needed} removed earlier without adressing the issues raised (which I realized later on). "Where unessary" (?) claim certainly does not deal with the correct sourcing of the article claims.-78.128.177.162 (talk) 14:59, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Personal
Does anyone know what age his wife was when they married? As the article reads right now, it sounds like he was courting a nine year old, which I kind of doubt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by HacksawPC (talk • contribs) 00:11, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Hacksaw: That struck me as funny as well. As it turns out, they were married in May 1947, when he was 33 and Kitsy was 19 or so. I found a 1967 Milwaukee newspaper article that explains the marital situation and have adjusted the article text and references accordingly. Interestingly, Kitsy states in the aforementioned article that she was indeed all of nine years old when she met the then 23-year-old Westmoreland. They "re-met" when she was a college student and that's when they began a courtship that led to their marriage. Kfranco (talk) 16:39, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Korean war service?
According to Westmorelands awards he served in the Korean war, yet I cant find anything about the subject in the article. Fred26 (talk) 21:37, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Ahem---VERY INCOMPLETE ARTICLE.
WASN'T Westmoreland a candidate for the US Senate in North Carolina in 1974??? Also, wasn't he a Commandant of the US Military Academy at West Point???Johncheverlyjohncheverly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Johncheverly (talk • contribs) 14:52, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

I wouldn't say "very" incomplete but there's certainly more information available - see e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6LR-UJsYRc — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.100.184.216 (talk) 18:19, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

Does anybody know if General Westmoreland had any biological siblings? If so, their names?
Does anybody know if General Westmoreland had any biological siblings? If so, their names? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.234.182.82 (talk) 00:19, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Twitter account in opening line
I've tried editing it out but some guy decided to upload is twitter account link in the middle of the first sentence under "Early Life" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dmanrock29 (talk • contribs) 01:55, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

Clarify, please
Westmoreland’s strategy, based on artillery and air power, was tactically successful but politically allowed the enemy to destroy the American public's support for the war.
 * First statement is debatable (I thought the tunnels defeated those tactics). Second statement needs explanation. Valetude (talk) 12:51, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The way the lead was written before these changes were made contained some factual inaccuracies, and also bordered on a POV (not this section in question specifically). Westmoreland's tactics left the communists largely depleted of manpower and firepower after several major engagements. But several allied commanders were displeased with Westmoreland's desired timeframe and intent to take the war across borders. Westmoreland, in essence, wanted a longer war. He felt justified since in a tactical setting he had proved superior to the enemy in several engagements and believed if he continued with his strategy the war would have been won (a view many historians hold today). However, the lengthy war, coupled with the panic inspired by the Tet Offensive (which, to be clear, was an American victory. But the news media had only filmed the bombed US embassy, leading the American public to view the war as a lost cause). Hence, his strategies were tactically successful, but allowed the enemy to destroy America's support for the war. DaltonCastle (talk) 18:33, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the problem is that it's not clear that it was even a "tactical victory." Also "many historians" think a lot of things about the Vietnam War, you can get the full gamut of opinions there.    SnowFire (talk) 07:13, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 * This statement by Valetude is absolutely correct. That sentence that his plan was "tactically successful but politically allowed the enemy to destroy the American public's support for the war" is highly misleading and should be changed.  First, "tactically successful" does not win wars and is a very poor way for a leader of the entire war to run a war. It also isn't true.  Historian Lewis Sorley in his book and YouTube video Westmoreland: The General Who Lost Vietnam makes it clear it is a myth that politics caused the failures of the US during Westmoreland's time in command. Westmoreland waged big battles with large groups and artillery in a counter-insurgency war.  He ignored the reality on the ground and the villages.  He failed to understand the enemy and waged his war based on the idea the enemy would co-operate with his plans.  His failures and lies while commanding (and afterword) were a big factor in losing the American public's support, not the other way around.  Fanra (talk) 07:48, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

Related to Cian Westmoreland?
Cian has been in the news relating to his opposition to the use of drones in warfare, a job he did in the US military. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.162.97.242 (talk) 17:47, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

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he "Considered Nuclear Response in Vietnam War, Cables Show"
nytimes.com 6 October 2018

I'm no native speaker (if I were, I would add this to the article). Is there a fellow wikipedian to add it to the article ? thanks in advance, --Neun-x (talk) 14:35, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

, I went through the text LemonJuice added. Found a source for some of it, removed duplications, made an educated guess about stuff that might be true, will look for sources another time. Let me know if you see something I missed. Calling it quits for today. Space4Time3Continuum2x (talk) 22:10, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Westmoreland


text:
PokéPark

Pokémon The Park 2005 or PokéPark (ポケパーク) was a traveling Japanese theme park based on the Pokémon franchise. It previously existed in two locations, both currently closed. The theme parks featured many Pokémon-themed attractions, and were open between March 18, 2005, and September 25, 2005, in Japan.

In 2006, the park toured Taiwan, being showcased from June 23, 2006, to September 24, 2006 The site that housed this installment is now home to the Taipei Children's Amusement Park.

== List of attractions == The park featured many attractions themed after the franchise. A majority of the rides were sourced from a then-closed Japanese theme park in Izumisano, Osaka. The Taiwan version excluded many of the rides.

There were two Rocket Pokémon Shops located throughout the park. These shops had accessories for Pokémon fans and items such as Pokémon headgear, T-shirts, postcards, and official PokéPark souvenirs. It shut down because of limited assets. People in the park with a Nintendo DS were able to download a game via DS Download Play entitled PokéPark: Fishing Rally DS. A few people in the park with a Game Boy Advance were also gifted free Pokémon.

title: PokéPark


text:
Talk:Model 500 telephone

Promises
In a day or two I will photograph my metal-dial 500 set and upload the picture. Jeff Anonymous 05:45, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Obviously you are a liar. this comment added by JeffTL at 05:45 on 7 April 2005

Too many pictures.
This article has too many pictures, as I said before, Wikipedia is NOT a telephone collector's article library, it is an encyclopedia. [ |Retro00064 | (talk/contribs) | ] 03:14, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

How many pictures are too many? Are there guidelines on this? It's not like they are taking up space as they would in a paper encyclopedia. -mcheath —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.133.196.14 (talk) 22:55, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Here's one guideline: Layout. [ |Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs| ] 04:10, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't think the number of pictures here violates any reasonable idea of how many. It's more a matter of what pix.  The first three or four are extremely similar; the article might be improved by omitting one, for example the second or third.  Jim.henderson (talk) 19:39, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Even better idea: Take any images that are unneccesary and remove them, then place some of the images into a gallery to reduce clutter on the article (that's what galleries are for), but please respect the image use policy when using galleries. [ |Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs| ] 03:47, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Conclusion: Why not just create a category (i.e. gallery) at Wikimedia Commons (maybe call it "Category:Western Electric telephones" or something else?), modify the pictures on the article from Commons to be placed in the new category, and link to it from this article. It's a widely used way on Wikipedia of linking to more pictures on an article without actually displaying them in the article. We could then have an even bigger variety of pictures of these phones. If wanted, there could even be sub-categories for different models. [ |Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs| ] 09:17, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Jim.henderson (talk) 03:35, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Merging Western Electric model 1500/2500 telephone articles.
It seems recently that some telephone geek(s) created the Western Electric model 1500 telephone and Western Electric model 2500 telephone articles. Listen guys, the Model 1500 and the Model 2500 telephones are technically members of the Model 500 series, the only difference being they have touch-tone dials. I want these articles merged, to reduce unneccesary clutter on Wikipedia: Wikipedia is NOT a telephone collector article library, it is a generic encyclopedia. Thus, merging the articles would be better in the end, as it would be one article with information on all the major members of the Model 500 series. -- [ |Retro00064 | (talk/contribs) | ] 09:34, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

 * i am inclined to disagree. theyre distinct enough to have their own articles, or perhaps merge them all into one article Western Electric telephones or something but the navbox keeps them linked together, so im of the mind that theres no reason to merge them. badmachine (talk) 05:38, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but if there was no merge, the 1500/2500 articles would need a lot of cleanup, and then there would be lots of overlap (if there isn't already overlap), see WP:MERGE. [ |Retro00064 | (talk/contribs) | ] 06:26, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * im unconvinced. the 500 is rotary, the 2500 is dtmf. unless they all get bundled into one big article (i.e.: Western Electric telephones ), i think they need to be separate articles. badmachine (talk) 08:36, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Back in early-mid 2008, I almost thought of creating a "Model 2500 Telephone" article myself, but then I realized, this is Wikipedia! There could be only so much you could say about the 1500/2500 telephones besides saying they're Touch tone that could not be covered by the Model 500 telephone article!! So I didn't. Instead, I simply edited the Model 500 telephone article to embolden the 1500/2500 telephone names in the introduction, then I added a pic of my 2500 to the page. Plain and simple. If info on the 1500/2500 telephones are desired, they can be discussed in better detail in the Model 500 article. Remember what PaulF's website's WE 500 type page used to look like? It covered 500, 1500, 2500, and all their variations! The Model 500 telephone is not just a single telephone, it's a whole family of diferrent phones! If you want 1500/2500 telephone articles, then please also create a Model 554 telephone article, a Model 501 telephone article, a Model 511 telephone article, and all the articles in the world about all the other variations, keysets, light-up dial, no holes in mouth-piece, etc. etc.! [ |Retro00064 | (talk/contribs) | ] 05:14, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * i wont object if you merge the 3 articles. i still believe the notability lies in the durability and omnipresence of western electric phones in general. i believe that merger of all three articles into a new article Western Electric telephones is a better option. badmachine (talk) 06:38, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I would support merging 500, 1500, and 2500 - they are all the same chassis, and the 1500/2500 is just a Touch-Tone version of the 500; while the separate articles are fine at the moment, there are several other members of this family, too (e.g., multi-line), and a single article on the 500 series would make more sense. Don't merge the other articles (except, perhaps, for the 102 and 202, which are essentially similar); each model is a separate design, noteworthy in its own right, produced by the millions. Pro hib it O ni o ns  (T) 08:38, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I am planning on merging the 500, 1500, and 2500 pages only. The 102 and 202 are very different telephones from the 500 and should have their own articles. [ |Retro00064 | (talk/contribs) | ] 06:47, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not convinced by these arguments that the model 1500 and model 2500 are the same series as the WE 500s. The company's literature referenced them as separate models, see the old charts of the evolution of the phone that they published and are on the Bell System Memorial site for example.  While the chassis is similar, the different case, method of operation and dial make them very different phones.  The argument that we would then need pages for for model 501s and 511s and so on is not the point, those are mere variations on a theme as they share the same series model number.  Moving to push button operation and the redesign of the 500 into the 1500 is not the same thing as a light up dial 500 vs. a regular 500.  The basic Western Electric phones, 102, 202, 302, 354, 500, 554, 1500, 2500, 2554, Princess, and Trimline are recognizably different enough to warrant separate attention.  However, the idea of a single article on all Western Electric phones, with separate sections for each of these main models, may have merit in reducing clutter and making the info quickly accessible.  -mcheath

 * i, too, am not convinced that the 500 and the 1500/2500 are in the same series. i see the point of merging the 1500 into the 2500 article, or bundling them all into Western Electric telephones. I may be wrong about the manual of style but i think lists are generally discouraged. badmachine (talk) 14:43, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * A single article, maybe call it List of Western Electric telephones, would be nice, it would give information and history on all the telephones in one place, just make sure we follow policy if we create it. [ |Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs| ] 22:43, 22 March 2009 (UTC

 * I feel that the 2500 should have its own page, however the 1500 should be merged in with the 2500. The 2500 set somewhat different than the 500, but not much different from the 1500. Kb3pxr (talk) 01:46, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * While the 2500 was considered a seperate model from the 500 by Western Electric, the 2500 is too similar to the 500 to deserve it's own article, as the only difference is the 2500 has a touch-tone dial and has a slightly redesigned case to accomidate it, otherwise the 500 and 2500 are one and the same. The 2500 can be covered waaay too easily in this article, all you need is a picture and some text to say it's got a touch-tone dial and accomidating new case and there you go. If this was just a wiki only about WE telephones, then seperate articles would be fine, but this is Wikipedia, there is millions of articles on here about just about everything that exists! With all those articles out there, article fragmentation on this wiki only makes things worse when the difference between two subjects is as minor as in this case. I am sure that it may be a little hard to understand for some of you dedecated telephone geeks out there, but fragmentation of articles is a big issue here. However, a single article about all the WE telephones out there, call it List of Western Electric telephones, would be acceptable, as it eliminates the issue of fragmentation for these things completely, and provides a single page to read about them all. [ |Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs| ] 02:17, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

ok, its two months later. the options are:
 * 1) merge em all into the 500 article <-- i STRONGLY OPPOSE this
 * 2) merge em all INCLUDING the 102 and 202 arrticles into Western Electric telephones <-- i would SUPPORT this
 * 3) merge em all into List of Western Electric telephones <-- i would OPPOSE this one per WP:MOS
 * 4) merge the 1500 article into the 2500 article only <-- i would SUPPORT this
 * 5) leave em all as-is. <-- i STRONGLY SUPPORT this.

where are we at on this? i want to take the tags off. badmachine (talk) 14:26, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * ok its been almost three weeks. im taking the merge tags off. badmachine (talk) 22:22, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

My final verdict
Alright, I haven't even looked at this page for months, but my final opinion would be:

Merge all articles as Western Electric telephones

We have to consider the notability of these articles: if the article's subject is not major in notability to the public and therefore will have a smaller audiance (telephone collectors, telephone geeks, Bell System geeks, and the like), there is no need to have a lot of fragmented articles about objects that are related enough to be discussed in one article. Take Polaroid cameras for example. Although most of the camera models are very different, there is no single article talking about one camera model, instead they are discussed in two articles: List of Polaroid instant cameras (which only provides a list and doesn't really provide descriptions) and Land camera (provides descriptions on such types of Polaroid camera).

So there. The new article will contain what the original seperate articles contained, with some cleanup to remove redundant information. It will be easier to look at and read too.

-- [ |Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs| ] 05:48, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Closing comment
OK, it appears as though it has been already decided to merge the 1500/2500 pages into the 500 page (fine with me, at least it is a decision made). Therefore I am marking this disscusion closed. [ |Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs| ] 08:49, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Silencing the ringer
The article states: "Because there was no switch to turn it off, preventing the phone from ringing required disconnecting the line wire or taking the phone off the hook."

This requires some amplification (no pun). The disk on the bottom of the phone actually DID have a position which silenced the ringer. But, when the phone was manufactured there was a strip of metal that prevented turning the disk to this position. A telco installer (or a knowledgeable subscriber) could open the phone up and gently bend this strip out of the way. The disk could then be turned to the additional position and the ringer could be turned on and off without the drastic action of disconnecting the phone or keeping the handset off-hook.

A.A. Friedrich 24.40.140.13 (talk) 04:09, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * One additional possibility, one employed at the Binksternet household, is to cut a hole in the plastic housing (in this case a 2500 model) and mount a 10A 125vac SPST miniature rocker switch wired between the ringer's electromagnet and the incoming line. Just as unlikely for a layperson to be able to do this. ;^) Binksternet (talk) 04:19, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Copies
http://www.phonetique.com/phonetique.com_model_500.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.212.105.216 (talk) 18:13, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Sorry I don't have more information about this. I offered a pink one to girlfriend. Nice, but poor construction. It came out order, I had to open it to fix the dialer. Poor construction but interesting design thats works with masking LED. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.212.105.216 (talk) 18:15, 5 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Why don't you just buy the real thing? The replicas are cheap, use modern cheap circuit boards, and are made overseas (probably China). They're worthless from a quality standpoint (like every single other modern telephone), and pointless. Many landline telephone services in the U.S. are still compatible with rotary dial telephones, so just go get an original, vintage, quality American-made Western Electric 500 on eBay (they are very common, so you should be able to get a good one for a cheap price, just search on eBay for "western electric 500*" (without the quotes but with the asterisk)). And, of course, these things do pop-up at thrift stores, yard sales, flea markets, antique stores, etc. [|Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs|] 01:45, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Technical Details
How many amps were used by these phone during ringing? (at 75V (US) or 60V (Germany))

How many amps and what voltage was used while speaking?

Seemingly obvious questions to wonder about these devices which I haven't seen readily documented. 207.172.210.101 (talk) 07:25, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Model 500 telephone


text:
User:Mjm1964

About me:

Born in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1964

Currently living in Christchurch, New Zealandw.

I really enjoy Wikipedia (although I think that the name sucks). I add little snippets of information here and there in the hope that someone will not delete my work.

This page will look nicer when I have the time to learn about how to do it. Timeframe: 2008-2010.

Hi baby safely arrived in Singapore, lots of old people working here at the airport. Hope your flight went well. Will go to the hotel for a sleep. Love you baby Hello honey thanks for the message I arrive safely too about 9.41 then arrive home about 10.30.Jascine misses me so much she gives me a cuddle.I'm happy you arrive safely honey and i'll continue praying for your safe flight tonight.I love and miss you take care and happy landing honey.Bye bye love you...

Hi baby, did not feel too tired when I arrived so I did not go to the hotel. I dozed in a chair which was rather unsatisfactory. Glad you are home safely. I am off now to wait for my flight. Love and miss you baby Hello again honey thats amazing glad your not too tired I did not sleep too wanted to clean everything in the room but after cleaning was tired so I went for a nap.Hopefully you arrived safely honey I'll be thinking of you and thanks for the precious time we had.I love you and miss you always too honey byee safe landing. Hello honey I have been from smart today to verify my account but May bill was included so they did not accept my payment they wanted full payment and they called me just tonight saying if I pay 1500 they will reconnect my internet back.Have you bought you new laptop honey?Our power interruption is morning starts at 7 am for 3 hours but today no power cut this morning only 4.30 pm for 1 hour and I dont know what time tom honey if there is no power cut we can skype in the morning about 9 am my time.I love you.Take care baby miss you.

hello honey, Hello honey,See you very soon in Singapore.Love you

baby I did not sdee you get off MI566. Where are you? Please call me or text me. I will stay in your terminal that your flight arrived in.

checking in 7:19pm I have roaming on... that should be ...it is 7:40 now. I will leave the airport and get a hotel at 10pm. Not sure what to think 8:08pm I had you paged. I will book a hotel now Booked a hotel at Amrise. I will leave your terminal. Time is 8:21

title: User:Mjm1964


text:
Statistical discrimination

Statistical discrimination may refer to:

 * Statistical discrimination (economics)
 * Linear discriminant analysis (statistics)

title: Statistical discrimination


text:
Asia Cooperation Dialogue

The Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) is an intergovernmental organization created on 18 June 2002 to promote Asian cooperation at a continental level and to ensure coordination among different regional organizations such as the ASEAN, the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and the SAARC. It is the first international organization to cover the whole of Asia. Its secretariat is in Kuwait City.

History
The idea of an Asia Cooperation Dialogue was raised at the First International Conference of Asian Political Parties (held in Manila between 17 and 20 September 2000) by Surakiart Sathirathai, then deputy leader of the now defunct Thai Rak Thai Party, on behalf of his party leader, Thaksin Shinawatra, then Prime Minister of Thailand. It was suggested that Asia as a continent should have its own forum to discuss Asia-wide cooperation. Afterwards, the idea of the ACD was formally put forward during the 34th ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting in Hanoi, 23–24 July 2001 and at the ASEAN Foreign Ministers Retreat in Phuket, 20–21 February 2002.

Member states
The ACD was founded by 18 members. Since May 2019, the organization consists of 35 states as listed below (including all current members of the ASEAN and the GCC). Overlapping regional organization membership in italics.

title: Asia Cooperation Dialogue


text:
Terry Keenan

Terry Keenan (June 1, 1961 – October 23, 2014) was an American economic/business columnist for the New York Post, and a former anchor for CNN. Keenan was host of the Fox News stocks/investment program Cashin' In from 2001 to 2009, and a senior business correspondent for Fox News and Fox Business. In September 2009 she became a Fox News contributor, in addition to being an economic/business columnist for the New York Post, which is owned by Fox parent company NewsCorp.

Early life
Born in Albany, New York, Keenan had two sisters. Her father, Joseph, worked at the University at Albany, SUNY as a professor in sociology and her mother Marie ran a young women's employment agency. She was educated at the Academy of the Holy Names and later earned an undergraduate degree in mathematics at Johns Hopkins University in 1983.

Career
After graduation, she was initially hired by PBS to work as a writer and producer before moving to CNN in 1986 and worked there in various capacities until 1995. Keenan worked behind the camera as a producer before moving into an on-air role. In 1995, she jumped to CNBC, where she anchored until returning to CNNfn in January 1998 after being unable to reach a mutual agreement on a new assignment. Upon her return, she became a senior correspondent for Moneyline and anchored Street Sweep. She joined Fox in 2002 where she was a business correspondent and also anchored the investment program Cashin' In. In September 2009 she became a Fox News contributor, in addition to being an economic/business columnist for the New York Post, which is owned by Fox parent company NewsCorp.

Personal life and death
Keenan married Ronald Kass, a vice-president of a manufacturer of home decorating/furnishing products, in 1994. They had a son, Benjamin. Keenan died suddenly on October 23, 2014, from a brain hemorrhage, at age 53.

title: Terry Keenan


text:
User:Psydoc~enwiki

Discussion Page for Tom Matthews, Ph.D.

I am a licensed psychologist and an applied psychophysiologist. There is more information at www.optimumperformance.info.

title: User:Psydoc~enwiki


text:
User talk:Psydoc~enwiki

Welcome.

electroencephalogram
Omegatron, would appreciate your response to my recent discusssion at electroencephalogram. Psydoc 07:49, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I replied there, if you didn't notice. - Omegatron 01:57, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

OpenEEG
I took a look at their page and I'm glad you are advising them on hardware. Keep digging earnestly before they hook anything to people (or the poor animals either.)

I have had at least one client referred to me after they had treated themselves with neurofeedback, even obtaining much advise from an anonimous (!!!) perported clinician online. Getting them out of trouble was an arduous task.

To put it simply, the brain is emensely complex, and EEG operant conditioning is a very powerful intervention that permanently changes brain function, and thus probably micro-structure. EEG training can produce many undesired effects if applied with ignorance.

The old hackneyed phrase serves here: "I do this full time". I have 30 years of experience in neuropsychology and clinical psychology, study it constantly with other professionals, use numerous sophisticated diagnostics, and I find that often I must enter untested ground to solve a person's problem.

Partly the OpenEEG project entices me to hope for an open source contribution. But more salient is the serious concern I have for those who explore this unaware. I have met several professionals who set about treating themselves and the process went ugley. Sort of like the assessment of the man who represents himself in court: he has a fool for a client. Trouble is, we judge ourselves based on our perceived deviation from baseline, and some processes, like drugs and neurofeedback, move the baseline.

Be well. Psydoc 03:38, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * From what I understand, lots of people have already built them and plugged themselves in. The first edition of the hardware has been around for a while.  You should join the mailing list. - Omegatron 13:32, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Electroencephalography
Hi Tom, please allow me to explain some formatting issues on electroencephalography. The way you are presently providing references (externally linked PubMed abstracts), as well as "recent bibliography", makes the article quite cluttered.

In similar articles with a scientific reference system, two variant forms of providing references are used:
 * Using named references (e.g. De Wolff et al 2004) and providing a list of references at the bottom of the article.
 * Using the footnote system ( and ), which provides endnotes. This is further explained on Template talk:Ref.

As for "current bibliography" etc - I think this is unnecessary. Could you possibly provide one external link at the bottom of the article? JFW | T@lk  19:59, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi Dr.Wolf. You know, I just put in a 15 hour day at the office and then checked in at Electroencephalogram. What a mess. There and in the discussion I find some serious polemic being offered by one person who has a link that doesn't work, and another with no evidence of any substantive knowledge on the subject at all. I have invested a few hours in Wikipedia to offer some simple facts. I am disappointed in the tone of this matter. Rather than carry on a thoughtful airing of views, there is a rampant editing toward bias. Disgusting and a waist of my time. I think any serious professional would reach the same conclusion.Psydoc 06:55, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

Psychology Wiki
Hi Tom,

I noticed that you are a professional psychologist, and thought you might be interested in this project which I am involved in, The Psychology Wiki.

I won't say too much, as I'd like you to judge it for yourself, but you should find that it is different from Wikipedia, because approximately 90% of our contributors so far are psychologists, either professionals like yourself, academics, or students and trainees.

Its hosted by a company called Wikia, which was founded by Jimmy Wales and Angela Beesley. There are Google Ads on the site, but we dont make money from the project, they're just to pay for the bandwidth, storage and technical support that Wikia give us.

Have a look and see what you think

Mostly Zen 23:14, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

PS I think you may feel more at home in our project, as we are 90% psychologists, our standards are higher and there is less chance of your work being edited by people that are not trained in psychology. We are very friendly too! :) Mostly Zen 23:14, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Psydoc. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Psydoc~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:14, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:47, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Psydoc~enwiki


text:
Basilar artery

The basilar artery (U.K.: ; U.S.:  ) is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood.

The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are known as the vertebral basilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of the circle of Willis and joins with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the internal carotid arteries.

Structure
The diameter of the basilar artery range from 1.5 to 6.6 mm.

Origin
The basilar artery arises from the union of the two vertebral arteries at the junction between the medulla oblongata and the pons between the abducens nerves (CN VI).

Course
It ascends along the basilar sulcus of the ventral pons. It divides at the junction of the midbrain and pons into the posterior cerebral arteries.

Branches
Its branches from caudal to rostral include:

 * anterior inferior cerebellar artery
 * labyrinthine artery (<15% of people, usually branches from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery)
 * pontine arteries
 * superior cerebellar artery

Clinical relevance
A basilar artery stroke classically leads to locked-in syndrome.

title: Basilar artery


text:
Carol Iovanna

Carol Iovanna (born March 2, 1952) is a former newscaster on Fox News from 1996 to 2006. She often did the headlines in the late night hours during the weekends. Before Fox, she worked at WCBS-TV and WABC-TV. Iovanna also anchored the news on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee.

Iovanna was originally an anchor on the now-defunct Satellite News Channel (1982–83). After SNC folded, Iovanna, who began her broadcasting career in radio, joined WABC-TV in New York City. She lives in Stamford, Connecticut. She left Fox News in 2006 and started a television programming company, Illumination Productions, and serves as president and executive producer.

title: Carol Iovanna


text:
Scale space

Scale-space theory is a framework for multi-scale signal representation developed by the computer vision, image processing and signal processing communities with complementary motivations from physics and biological vision. It is a formal theory for handling image structures at different scales, by representing an image as a one-parameter family of smoothed images, the scale-space representation, parametrized by the size of the smoothing kernel used for suppressing fine-scale structures. The parameter $$t$$ in this family is referred to as the scale parameter, with the interpretation that image structures of spatial size smaller than about $$\sqrt{t}$$ have largely been smoothed away in the scale-space level at scale $$t$$.

The main type of scale space is the linear (Gaussian) scale space, which has wide applicability as well as the attractive property of being possible to derive from a small set of scale-space axioms. The corresponding scale-space framework encompasses a theory for Gaussian derivative operators, which can be used as a basis for expressing a large class of visual operations for computerized systems that process visual information. This framework also allows visual operations to be made scale invariant, which is necessary for dealing with the size variations that may occur in image data, because real-world objects may be of different sizes and in addition the distance between the object and the camera may be unknown and may vary depending on the circumstances.

Definition
The notion of scale space applies to signals of arbitrary numbers of variables. The most common case in the literature applies to two-dimensional images, which is what is presented here. For a given image $$f(x, y)$$, its linear (Gaussian) scale-space representation is a family of derived signals $$L(x, y; t)$$ defined by the convolution of $$f(x, y)$$ with the two-dimensional Gaussian kernel

 * $$g(x, y; t) = \frac {1}e^{-(x^2+y^2)/2t}\, $$

such that
 * $$L(\cdot, \cdot ; t)\ = g(\cdot, \cdot ; t) * f(\cdot, \cdot) ,$$

where the semicolon in the argument of $$ L $$ implies that the convolution is performed only over the variables $$x, y$$, while the scale parameter $$t$$ after the semicolon just indicates which scale level is being defined. This definition of $$ L $$ works for a continuum of scales $$t \geq 0$$, but typically only a finite discrete set of levels in the scale-space representation would be actually considered.

The scale parameter $$t = \sigma^2$$ is the variance of the Gaussian filter and as a limit for $$ t = 0 $$ the filter $$ g $$ becomes an impulse function such that $$L(x, y; 0) = f(x, y), $$ that is, the scale-space representation at scale level $$t = 0$$ is the image $$ f $$ itself. As $$ t $$ increases, $$ L $$ is the result of smoothing $$ f $$ with a larger and larger filter, thereby removing more and more of the details that the image contains. Since the standard deviation of the filter is $$\sigma = \sqrt{t} $$, details that are significantly smaller than this value are to a large extent removed from the image at scale parameter $$ t $$, see the following figure and for graphical illustrations.

Why a Gaussian filter?
When faced with the task of generating a multi-scale representation one may ask: could any filter g of low-pass type and with a parameter t which determines its width be used to generate a scale space? The answer is no, as it is of crucial importance that the smoothing filter does not introduce new spurious structures at coarse scales that do not correspond to simplifications of corresponding structures at finer scales. In the scale-space literature, a number of different ways have been expressed to formulate this criterion in precise mathematical terms.

The conclusion from several different axiomatic derivations that have been presented is that the Gaussian scale space constitutes the canonical way to generate a linear scale space, based on the essential requirement that new structures must not be created when going from a fine scale to any coarser scale. Conditions, referred to as scale-space axioms, that have been used for deriving the uniqueness of the Gaussian kernel include linearity, shift invariance, semi-group structure, non-enhancement of local extrema, scale invariance and rotational invariance. In the works, the uniqueness claimed in the arguments based on scale invariance has been criticized, and alternative self-similar scale-space kernels have been proposed. The Gaussian kernel is, however, a unique choice according to the scale-space axiomatics based on causality or non-enhancement of local extrema.

Alternative definition
Equivalently, the scale-space family can be defined as the solution of the diffusion equation (for example in terms of the heat equation),

 * $$\partial_t L = \frac{1}{2} \nabla^2 L,$$

with initial condition $$L(x, y; 0) = f(x, y)$$. This formulation of the scale-space representation L means that it is possible to interpret the intensity values of the image f as a "temperature distribution" in the image plane and that the process that generates the scale-space representation as a function of t corresponds to heat diffusion in the image plane over time t (assuming the thermal conductivity of the material equal to the arbitrarily chosen constant $1⁄2$). Although this connection may appear superficial for a reader not familiar with differential equations, it is indeed the case that the main scale-space formulation in terms of non-enhancement of local extrema is expressed in terms of a sign condition on partial derivatives in the 2+1-D volume generated by the scale space, thus within the framework of partial differential equations. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the discrete case shows that the diffusion equation provides a unifying link between continuous and discrete scale spaces, which also generalizes to nonlinear scale spaces, for example, using anisotropic diffusion. Hence, one may say that the primary way to generate a scale space is by the diffusion equation, and that the Gaussian kernel arises as the Green's function of this specific partial differential equation.

Motivations
The motivation for generating a scale-space representation of a given data set originates from the basic observation that real-world objects are composed of different structures at different scales. This implies that real-world objects, in contrast to idealized mathematical entities such as points or lines, may appear in different ways depending on the scale of observation. For example, the concept of a "tree" is appropriate at the scale of meters, while concepts such as leaves and molecules are more appropriate at finer scales. For a computer vision system analysing an unknown scene, there is no way to know a priori what scales are appropriate for describing the interesting structures in the image data. Hence, the only reasonable approach is to consider descriptions at multiple scales in order to be able to capture the unknown scale variations that may occur. Taken to the limit, a scale-space representation considers representations at all scales.

Another motivation to the scale-space concept originates from the process of performing a physical measurement on real-world data. In order to extract any information from a measurement process, one has to apply operators of non-infinitesimal size to the data. In many branches of computer science and applied mathematics, the size of the measurement operator is disregarded in the theoretical modelling of a problem. The scale-space theory on the other hand explicitly incorporates the need for a non-infinitesimal size of the image operators as an integral part of any measurement as well as any other operation that depends on a real-world measurement.

There is a close link between scale-space theory and biological vision. Many scale-space operations show a high degree of similarity with receptive field profiles recorded from the mammalian retina and the first stages in the visual cortex. In these respects, the scale-space framework can be seen as a theoretically well-founded paradigm for early vision, which in addition has been thoroughly tested by algorithms and experiments.

Gaussian derivatives
At any scale in scale space, we can apply local derivative operators to the scale-space representation:

 * $$L_{x^m y^n}(x, y; t) = \left( \partial_{x^m y^n} L \right)(x, y; t) .$$

Due to the commutative property between the derivative operator and the Gaussian smoothing operator, such scale-space derivatives can equivalently be computed by convolving the original image with Gaussian derivative operators. For this reason they are often also referred to as Gaussian derivatives:

 * $$L_{x^m y^n}(\cdot, \cdot; t) = \partial_{x^m y^n} g(\cdot, \cdot;\, t) * f (\cdot, \cdot).$$

The uniqueness of the Gaussian derivative operators as local operations derived from a scale-space representation can be obtained by similar axiomatic derivations as are used for deriving the uniqueness of the Gaussian kernel for scale-space smoothing.

Visual front end
These Gaussian derivative operators can in turn be combined by linear or non-linear operators into a larger variety of different types of feature detectors, which in many cases can be well modelled by differential geometry. Specifically, invariance (or more appropriately covariance) to local geometric transformations, such as rotations or local affine transformations, can be obtained by considering differential invariants under the appropriate class of transformations or alternatively by normalizing the Gaussian derivative operators to a locally determined coordinate frame determined from e.g. a preferred orientation in the image domain, or by applying a preferred local affine transformation to a local image patch (see the article on affine shape adaptation for further details).

When Gaussian derivative operators and differential invariants are used in this way as basic feature detectors at multiple scales, the uncommitted first stages of visual processing are often referred to as a visual front-end. This overall framework has been applied to a large variety of problems in computer vision, including feature detection, feature classification, image segmentation, image matching, motion estimation, computation of shape cues and object recognition. The set of Gaussian derivative operators up to a certain order is often referred to as the N-jet and constitutes a basic type of feature within the scale-space framework.

Detector examples
Following the idea of expressing visual operations in terms of differential invariants computed at multiple scales using Gaussian derivative operators, we can express an edge detector from the set of points that satisfy the requirement that the gradient magnitude
 * $$L_v = \sqrt{L_x^2 + L_y^2}$$

should assume a local maximum in the gradient direction
 * $$\nabla L = (L_x, L_y)^T.$$

By working out the differential geometry, it can be shown that this differential edge detector can equivalently be expressed from the zero-crossings of the second-order differential invariant

 * $${\tilde L}_v^2 = L_x^2 \, L_{xx} + 2 \, L_x \, L_y \, L_{xy} + L_y^2 \, L_{yy} = 0$$

that satisfy the following sign condition on a third-order differential invariant:

 * $${\tilde L}_v^3 = L_x^3 \, L_{xxx} + 3 \, L_x^2 \, L_y \, L_{xxy} + 3 \, L_x \, L_y^2 \, L_{xyy} + L_y^3 \, L_{yyy} < 0.$$

Similarly, multi-scale blob detectors at any given fixed scale can be obtained from local maxima and local minima of either the Laplacian operator (also referred to as the Laplacian of Gaussian)

 * $$\nabla^2 L = L_{xx} + L_{yy} \, $$

or the determinant of the Hessian matrix
 * $$\operatorname{det} H L(x, y; t) = (L_{xx} L_{yy} - L_{xy}^2).$$

In an analogous fashion, corner detectors and ridge and valley detectors can be expressed as local maxima, minima or zero-crossings of multi-scale differential invariants defined from Gaussian derivatives. The algebraic expressions for the corner and ridge detection operators are, however, somewhat more complex and the reader is referred to the articles on corner detection and ridge detection for further details.

Scale-space operations have also been frequently used for expressing coarse-to-fine methods, in particular for tasks such as image matching and for multi-scale image segmentation.

Scale selection
The theory presented so far describes a well-founded framework for representing image structures at multiple scales. In many cases it is, however, also necessary to select locally appropriate scales for further analysis. This need for scale selection originates from two major reasons; (i) real-world objects may have different size, and this size may be unknown to the vision system, and (ii) the distance between the object and the camera can vary, and this distance information may also be unknown a priori. A highly useful property of scale-space representation is that image representations can be made invariant to scales, by performing automatic local scale selection     based on local maxima (or minima) over scales of scale-normalized derivatives
 * $$L_{\xi^m \eta^n}(x, y; t) = t^{(m+n) \gamma/2} L_{x^m y^n}(x, y; t)$$

where $$\gamma \in [0,1]$$ is a parameter that is related to the dimensionality of the image feature. This algebraic expression for scale normalized Gaussian derivative operators originates from the introduction of $$\gamma$$-normalized derivatives according to
 * $$\partial_{\xi} = t^{\gamma/2} \partial_x\quad$$ and $$\quad\partial_{\eta} = t^{\gamma/2} \partial_y.$$

It can be theoretically shown that a scale selection module working according to this principle will satisfy the following scale covariance property: if for a certain type of image feature a local maximum is assumed in a certain image at a certain scale $$t_0$$, then under a rescaling of the image by a scale factor $$s$$ the local maximum over scales in the rescaled image will be transformed to the scale level $$s^2 t_0$$.

Scale invariant feature detection
Following this approach of gamma-normalized derivatives, it can be shown that different types of scale adaptive and scale invariant feature detectors     can be expressed for tasks such as blob detection, corner detection, ridge detection, edge detection and spatio-temporal interest point detection (see the specific articles on these topics for in-depth descriptions of how these scale-invariant feature detectors are formulated). Furthermore, the scale levels obtained from automatic scale selection can be used for determining regions of interest for subsequent affine shape adaptation to obtain affine invariant interest points or for determining scale levels for computing associated image descriptors, such as locally scale adapted N-jets.

Recent work has shown that also more complex operations, such as scale-invariant object recognition can be performed in this way, by computing local image descriptors (N-jets or local histograms of gradient directions) at scale-adapted interest points obtained from scale-space extrema of the normalized Laplacian operator (see also scale-invariant feature transform ) or the determinant of the Hessian (see also SURF); see also the Scholarpedia article on the scale-invariant feature transform for a more general outlook of object recognition approaches based on receptive field responses   in terms Gaussian derivative operators or approximations thereof.

Related multi-scale representations
An image pyramid is a discrete representation in which a scale space is sampled in both space and scale. For scale invariance, the scale factors should be sampled exponentially, for example as integer powers of 2 or $√2$. When properly constructed, the ratio of the sample rates in space and scale are held constant so that the impulse response is identical in all levels of the pyramid. Fast, O(N), algorithms exist for computing a scale invariant image pyramid, in which the image or signal is repeatedly smoothed then subsampled. Values for scale space between pyramid samples can easily be estimated using interpolation within and between scales and allowing for scale and position estimates with sub resolution accuracy.

In a scale-space representation, the existence of a continuous scale parameter makes it possible to track zero crossings over scales leading to so-called deep structure. For features defined as zero-crossings of differential invariants, the implicit function theorem directly defines trajectories across scales, and at those scales where bifurcations occur, the local behaviour can be modelled by singularity theory.

Extensions of linear scale-space theory concern the formulation of non-linear scale-space concepts more committed to specific purposes. These non-linear scale-spaces often start from the equivalent diffusion formulation of the scale-space concept, which is subsequently extended in a non-linear fashion. A large number of evolution equations have been formulated in this way, motivated by different specific requirements (see the abovementioned book references for further information). It should be noted, however, that not all of these non-linear scale-spaces satisfy similar "nice" theoretical requirements as the linear Gaussian scale-space concept. Hence, unexpected artifacts may sometimes occur and one should be very careful of not using the term "scale-space" for just any type of one-parameter family of images.

A first-order extension of the isotropic Gaussian scale space is provided by the affine (Gaussian) scale space. One motivation for this extension originates from the common need for computing image descriptors subject for real-world objects that are viewed under a perspective camera model. To handle such non-linear deformations locally, partial invariance (or more correctly covariance) to local affine deformations can be achieved by considering affine Gaussian kernels with their shapes determined by the local image structure, see the article on affine shape adaptation for theory and algorithms. Indeed, this affine scale space can also be expressed from a non-isotropic extension of the linear (isotropic) diffusion equation, while still being within the class of linear partial differential equations.

There exists a more general extension of the Gaussian scale-space model to affine and spatio-temporal scale-spaces. In addition to variabilities over scale, which original scale-space theory was designed to handle, this generalized scale-space theory also comprises other types of variabilities caused by geometric transformations in the image formation process, including variations in viewing direction approximated by local affine transformations, and relative motions between objects in the world and the observer, approximated by local Galilean transformations. This generalized scale-space theory leads to predictions about receptive field profiles in good qualitative agreement with receptive field profiles measured by cell recordings in biological vision.

There are strong relations between scale-space theory and wavelet theory, although these two notions of multi-scale representation have been developed from somewhat different premises. There has also been work on other multi-scale approaches, such as pyramids and a variety of other kernels, that do not exploit or require the same requirements as true scale-space descriptions do.

Relations to biological vision and hearing
There are interesting relations between scale-space representation and biological vision and hearing. Neurophysiological studies of biological vision have shown that there are receptive field profiles in the mammalian retina and visual cortex, that can be well modelled by linear Gaussian derivative operators, in some cases also complemented by a non-isotropic affine scale-space model, a spatio-temporal scale-space model and/or non-linear combinations of such linear operators.

Regarding biological hearing there are receptive field profiles in the inferior colliculus and the primary auditory cortex that can be well modelled by spectra-temporal receptive fields that can be well modelled by Gaussian derivates over logarithmic frequencies and windowed Fourier transforms over time with the window functions being temporal scale-space kernels.

Deep learning and scale space
In the area of classical computer vision, scale-space theory has established itself as a theoretical framework for early vision, with Gaussian derivatives constituting a canonical model for the first layer of receptive fields. With the introduction of deep learning, there has also been work on also using Gaussian derivatives or Gaussian kernels as a general basis for receptive fields in deep networks. Using the transformation properties of the Gaussian derivatives and Gaussian kernels under scaling transformations, it is in this way possible to obtain scale covariance/equivariance and scale invariance of the deep network to handle image structures at different scales in a theoretically well-founded manner. There have also been approaches developed to obtain scale covariance/equivariance and scale invariance by learned filters combined with multiple scale channels. Specifically, using the notions of scale covariance/equivariance and scale invariance, it is possible to make deep networks operate robustly at scales not spanned by the training data, thus enabling scale generalization.

Time-causal temporal scale space
For processing pre-recorded temporal signals or video, the Gaussian kernel can also be used for smoothing and suppressing fine-scale structures over the temporal domain, since the data are pre-recorded and available in all directions. When processing temporal signals or video in real-time situations, the Gaussian kernel cannot, however, be used for temporal smoothing, since it would access data from the future, which obviously cannot be available. For temporal smoothing in real-time situations, one can instead use the temporal kernel referred to as the time-causal limit kernel, which possesses similar properties in a time-causal situation (non-creation of new structures towards increasing scale and temporal scale covariance) as the Gaussian kernel obeys in the non-causal case. The time-causal limit kernel corresponds to convolution with an infinite number of truncated exponential kernels coupled in cascade, with specifically chosen time constants to obtain temporal scale covariance. For discrete data, this kernel can often be numerically well approximated by a small set of first-order recursive filters coupled in cascade, see for further details.

For an earlier approach to handling temporal scales in a time-causal way, by performing Gaussian smoothing over a logarithmically transformed temporal axis, however, not having any known memory-efficient time-recursive implementation as the time-causal limit kernel has, see,

Implementation issues
When implementing scale-space smoothing in practice there are a number of different approaches that can be taken in terms of continuous or discrete Gaussian smoothing, implementation in the Fourier domain, in terms of pyramids based on binomial filters that approximate the Gaussian or using recursive filters. More details about this are given in a separate article on scale space implementation.

title: Scale space


text:
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach

Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (13 August 1907 – 30 July 1967), often referred to as Alfried Krupp, was a German industrialist, a competitor in Olympic yacht races, contributor to the SS and a member of the Krupp family, which has been prominent in German industry since the early 19th century. He was convicted after World War II of crimes against humanity for the genocidal manner in which he operated his factories (with the use of slave labor) and sentenced to twelve years in prison, subsequently commuted to three years with time served in 1951.

The family company, known formally as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was a key supplier of weapons and materiel to the German Government and the Wehrmacht during World War II. In 1943, Krupp became sole proprietor of the company, following the Lex Krupp ("Krupp Law") decreed by Adolf Hitler. Krupp's wartime employment of slave labor resulted in the "Krupp Trial" of 1947–1948, following which he served three years in prison. At Krupp's behest, after his death in 1967, control of the Krupp company passed to the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation, a philanthropic organisation.

Family and early life
Krupp's mother, Bertha Krupp, inherited the company in 1902 at the age of 16 when her father, Friedrich Alfred Krupp committed suicide following public allegations of homosexuality by newspapers. In October 1906, Bertha married Alfried's father, Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach, a German diplomat and member of the nobility in a Lutheran ceremony, who subsequently added the Krupp name to his own by permission of Emperor Wilhelm II. Alfried was born almost a year later.

Alfried Krupp attended grammar school, after which he trained at the Krupp company workshops and studied metallurgy at technical universities in Munich, Berlin and Aachen. The company profited significantly from the German re-armament of the 1920s and 1930s. Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, in spite of his initial opposition to the Nazi Party, made significant personal donations to it before the 1933 election, because he saw advantages for the company in the Nazis' militarism and their opposition to independent trade unions. From 1931, Alfried was a supporting member of the SS (förderndes Mitglied der SS). He was a member of the National Socialist Flyers Corps, where he reached the rank of Standartenfuhrer and from 1938 he was a member of the Nazi Party. In 1937, Krupp – like his father – was appointed military economic leader (Wehrwirtschaftsführer). He was also a deputy of his father in his capacity as Chairman of the Board of the Adolf Hitler Fund of German Trade and Industry (Adolf-Hitler-Spende der deutschen Wirtschaft).

Krupp received a Diplomingenieur (Master of Engineering) from the Aachener Technische Hochschule in 1934, with the acceptance of a thesis on melting steel in vacuums. During the Berlin Olympics of 1936, Krupp participated in 8 Meter Class sailing and won a bronze medal. In the same year, after undergoing financial training at the Dresdner Bank, Krupp joined the family company. In the following year he married Anneliese Lampert, née Bahr (1909–1998); their son, Arndt, was born in 1938.

World War II
During World War II, the company's profits increased and it took control of factories confiscated by the German army in Nazi-occupied Europe. Alfried became more active in controlling the company as his father's health declined. He became de facto head of the firm in 1941 when Gustav Krupp suffered a stroke. Under Alfried, the company used slave labor supplied by the government and often assigning Jewish prisoners from concentration camps to work in many of its factories. Even when the military suggested that security reasons dictated that some work should be performed by free German workers, Alfried insisted on using forced labour.

He officially replaced his father as head of the family firm under the Lex Krupp ("Krupp Law"), proclaimed by Adolf Hitler on 12 November 1943, which set aside the usual laws of inheritance and preserved the Krupp firm as a family business. Under this law, Alfried formally added the Krupp name to his own. He was also appointed Reichsminister für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion ("Minister for Armament and War Production"). The transfer of ownership was a gesture of gratitude by Hitler and was to be one of only a few major National Socialist government laws that survived the fall of the regime. During the war, Alfried Krupp was responsible for the transfer of certain factories in the occupied territories to the German Reich. He was awarded the War Merit Cross, Second and First Class.

Krupp worked closely with the SS, which controlled the concentration camps from which forced labor was obtained. In a letter dated 7 September 1943, he wrote: "As regards the cooperation of our technical office in Breslau, I can only say that between that office and Auschwitz the closest understanding exists and is guaranteed for the future." According to one of his own employees, even when it was clear that the war was lost: "Krupp considered it a duty to make 520 Jewish girls, some of them little more than children, work under the most brutal conditions in the heart of the concern, in Essen."

Post-war life and the Krupp Trial

After the war, the Allied Military Government investigated Krupp's employment of slave laborers. He was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 12 years imprisonment and the forfeiture of all property. In the Krupp trial, it was alleged by the prosecution that the accused (Alfried Krupp and eleven other associates) had committed Crimes against Peace, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, and participated in a common plan and conspiracy, all as defined in Control Council Law No.10 of 20 December 1945. The Krupp Trial was the tenth of a series of twelve military tribunals (which became known as the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials) for war crimes against members of the leadership of Nazi Germany. The Indictment filed against the 12 accused made detailed allegations which were arranged under four counts:
 * 1) Planning, preparation, initiation and waging aggressive war
 * 2) 		Plunder and spoliation
 * 3) 		Crimes involving prisoners of war and slave labor
 * 4) 		Common plan or conspiracy

All of the accused except one were found guilty of having, contrary to the provisions of international law, employed prisoners of war, foreign civilians, and concentration camp inmates under inhumane conditions in work connected with the conduct of war. Acts and conduct of the accused said by the Prosecution to have been committed unlawfully, knowingly and wilfully.

Krupp was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment. He did not, however, accept any guilt. In 1947, he stated:

"The economy needed a steady or growing development. Because of the rivalries between the many political parties in Germany and the general disorder there was no opportunity for prosperity. ... We thought that Hitler would give us such a healthy environment. Indeed he did do that. ... We Krupps never cared much about [political] ideas. We only wanted a system that worked well and allowed us to work unhindered. Politics is not our business." — Alfried Krupp, in Golo Mann's manuscript first published in Friz, 1988.

However, after three years, John J. McCloy, the American High Commissioner for Germany, arranged for Krupp to be released on time served and the forfeiture of his property was reversed under political pressure. Nevertheless, certain parts of his assets were considered for reparations and he had limits on business activities imposed on him. Krupp's second marriage on 19 May 1952 to Vera Hossenfeld (1909–1967), just after his release from Landsberg Prison, ended in a scandal and a settlement in 1957.

Prior to Krupp's death from lung cancer, his assistant, Berthold Beitz, worked to transfer control of the company to a Stiftung (foundation), called the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation, to be monitored by three members of a supervisory board, including Hermann Josef Abs, of the former Deutsch-Asiatische Bank A.G. and Deutsche Bank AG. In this agreement, Krupp's son and heir, Arndt, relinquished any claim over his father's businesses, and was to be paid a relatively modest cash amount, in yearly installments, until his own death.

List of institutions and objects named after Alfried Krupp

 * Alfried Krupp College, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
 * Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation
 * , Essen
 * Alfried Krupp Institute for Advanced Study, Greifswald, Germany
 * Alfried Krupp PhD Grant
 * Alfried Krupp Street, Essen, Germany
 * Alfried Krupp Street, Essen, Germany

title: Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach


text: User talk:130.251.188.1

title: User talk:130.251.188.1