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Dunman High School

Dunman High School (DHS) is a co-educational government autonomous secondary school located in Kallang, Singapore, offering the Integrated Programme and the Special Assistance Plan (SAP). It was originally located in West Kallang.

Since adopting the Integrated Programme in 2007, it has produced three President's Scholars. It is also one of the largest government schools in Singapore by physical area.

Kallang West Government Chinese Middle School
On 14 October 1956, during the Chinese middle school riots, the Ministry of Education established the predecessor of Dunman High School, Kallang West Government Chinese Middle School, along with other schools like River Valley High School and Hua Yi Secondary School. It was renamed Dunman High School after Thomas Dunman.

In the 1956 riots, Chinese middle-school students who subscribed to the communist ideology staged sit-ins and demonstrations, disrupted classes, and in effect shut their schools down. The function of the newly established Kallang West Government Chinese Middle School was to allow students who had no wish to be embroiled in communism to have a place to study. The premises of a newly built primary school at Mountbatten Road were loaned, and the initial enrolment included about 100 boys from The Chinese High School, with 10 teachers. In December 1957, the school moved to Dunman Road and was renamed "Dunman Government Chinese Middle School".

Designation of Special Assistance Plan
In 1979, the school was selected to be one of the nine Special Assistance Plan (SAP) secondary schools. It was renamed "Dunman High School" and began to offer both English and Chinese languages at the first-language level. When the Music Elective Programme (MEP) was introduced by the MOE in 1982, DHS was selected to implement the programme for musically gifted students.

In 1990, the school expanded by taking over the neighbouring former premises of Dunman Secondary School at Dunman Road. It then became a single-session school (previously the school was divided into the "morning session" and "afternoon session" so that two classes of students could share a classroom). It was one of six schools to go autonomous in 1994. The school moved to its current location in Tanjong Rhu on 27 May 1995. It was made the 7th Gifted Education Programme centre in Singapore in 1997.

50th Anniversary
A time capsule was launched on the opening ceremony of DHS's 50th anniversary celebrations on 31 March 2006. It is meant to be opened in 2031, on the school's 75th anniversary. Items such as the DHS uniform and the 2006 student handbook were placed in it. A letter by the current principal of the school was also included. In addition, a Heritage Run was organised that day. There were also performances, including a dance by the school's Chinese Society, and a drumming performance by the percussionists from Chinese Orchestra and Symphonic Band. A 50th anniversary song, written by Kelvin Ang Chin Yuan, was played by Clara Ng Yi Wen and sung by the school.

Incorporation of Dunman High Programme
From 2005, the school offered implemented a customised version of the six-year Integrated Programme called the Dunman High Programme (DHP), which allows all students to bypass the O-Level examinations and directly take the A-Level examinations. To meet the needs of the Integrated Programme, the school moved to a holding school in the former Raffles Junior College campus at Mount Sinai in December 2006 to allow for upgrading of the current site at Tanjong Rhu.

The land area of the expanded campus increased from four hectares to seven hectares, making Dunman High School one of the biggest government-aided schools in Singapore. In December 2008 the classrooms, general office and staff rooms of the Tanjong Rhu campus were completed, and the school moved back to the Tanjong Rhu campus. On 2 January 2009 the school opened to a new year with an opening ceremony named "Homecoming" (回家) to welcome students and staff to the upgraded campus.

On 5 September 2017, Dunman High was featured in an episode of Channel 8's "When The Bell Rings" documentary series. This eight episode documentary series featured eight Special Assistance Plan (SAP) Schools in Singapore, and told stories of their transformation through the times. The episode on Dunman High was the last episode to be aired.

Joint Admissions Exercise
On 21 September 2018, the Ministry of Education announced that the final two remaining schools offering the IP - Dunman High School and River Valley High School - would be participating in the Joint Admissions Exercise in future. The following year in 2019, Dunman High School took in its first batch of O-level JAE students.

School identity and culture
Dunman High School's Chinese name Démíng (德明) is a transliteration of "Dunman". The meaning of its name in Chinese is derived from a line in the Book of Rites (大学之道，在明明德) which is a statement that has influenced the Emperors of the Han, Tang and Song dynasties in Imperial China. It can be roughly translated as "the Dao (path) to the greatest learning lies in understanding the brightest virtues".

School crest
The school crest of Dunman High School was designed by Chen Jen Hao, its second principal, and Liu Kang, a pioneer in local fine art and former art teacher of the school. The two Chinese characters read, from right to left, "Dé míng", the Chinese name of the school. The characters are written in seal script.

The red colour symbolises passion and the drive for success. The blue colour signifies peace and dignity, while the circular border represents wholeness and unity, as well as the pursuit of universality, as defined in the Confucian classic Book of Rites.

School song
Dunman High School preserved its school song in Mandarin Chinese. The lyrics were originally written as prose by a chemistry teacher of the school in 1953.

Houses
Year 5 and 6 students of Dunman High School are sorted into 4 houses, namely:

 * 1) Drakon, represented by the colour blue and the house mascot of a dragon.
 * 2) Kirin, represented by the colour green and the house mascot of a pegasus.
 * 3) Homa, represented by the colour orange and the house mascot of a griffin.
 * 4) Bennu, represented by the colour red and the house mascot of a phoenix.

Together, the houses collectively form the portmanteau Drakihonnu, a moniker for the house system in Dunman High.

Campus
Dunman High School is currently one of the largest government schools in Singapore in terms of physical area.

Academic information
Incorporated within the six-year Dunman High Programme (DHP) are the Junior High (JH) and Senior High (SH) sections, which leads to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examination. The school-wide Integrated Programme offered enables students to bypass the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examination that is taken in the Special/Express course. Dunman High Junior High uses a Grade Point Average scoring system, with the following scoring system. As of 2019, the scoring system for Junior High students has been updated to include B+ and C+ grades.

DHS also organises academic competitions and conferences, both for its students and external participants. A variety of academic programmes, hosted by both the school as well as the Ministry of Education, are offered to students with the potential to excel.

Special programmes
Various special programmes are offered in the school, such as the Bicultural Studies Programme (BSP), the Art Special Programme (ASP) and the Music Elective Programme (MEP). These programmes offer a degree of specialisation that is generally not attainable in the standard curriculum, enabling students in the school to explore respective fields to a greater degree. On top of these programmes, Dunman High also offers a wider variety of GCE 'A' Level Examination subjects, including the newly included subject H2 Translation, as well as courses like H2 China Studies in Chinese. Extensive support and guidance is available for students who are interested in furthering their interests with H3 subjects.

Special programmes offered in school are listed below:
 * Bicultural Studies Programme (BSP) (C)
 * Chinese Language Elective Programme (CLEP) (C)
 * School-Based Gifted Education (SBGE)
 * Thinking Research Programme (TRP)
 * Malay Special Programme (MSP)
 * Music Elective Programme (MEP)
 * Art Special Programme (ASP)
 * Dunman High Leadership Programme (DHLP)
 * Future Problem Solving Programme (FPSP)
 * Young Writers' Programme (YWP)

Co-curricular activities
Dunman High School offers Co-curricular Activities (CCAs), including competitive sports, uniformed groups, musical groups and clubs and societies. The school's traditional forte has been Chinese orchestral music. The Uniformed Groups have a strong presence in Dunman High School, with Saint John Ambulance Brigade, Scouts, Girl Guides and National Police Cadet Corps achieving honours.

The Co-curricular Activities (CCAs) offered by Dunman High School is listed below:

Sports and Games

 * Air Weapons Club
 * Badminton
 * Basketball
 * Softball
 * Table Tennis
 * Track & Field
 * Volleyball
 * Wushu
 * Sailing Club (Senior High)
 * Bowling (Senior High)
 * Golf (Senior High)
 * Netball (Senior High)
 * Outdoor Activities Club (Senior High)
 * Singapore Youth Flying Club (SYFC) (Senior High)
 * Soccer (Senior High)
 * Taekwondo (Senior High)

Performing Arts

 * Chinese Society
 * Beijing Opera
 * Dance
 * Drama
 * Chinese Orchestra
 * Guzheng Ensemble
 * Choir
 * English Drama Society
 * Dance
 * Drama
 * String Ensemble (Junior High)
 * Symphonic Band

Uniformed Groups (Junior High)

 * Girl Guides
 * National Police Cadet Corps
 * Scouts
 * St John's Brigade

Clubs and Societies

 * Art Club
 * Chinese Society
 * Literary
 * Calligraphy
 * Community Service Club
 * STEAM Collective (Junior High)
 * Infocomm Club (Senior High)
 * Library Society
 * Lion Dance (Scout) (Junior High)
 * Mathematics Society
 * Mind Sports Club
 * Oratorical Society
 * Photographic Society
 * Robotics Club (Senior High)
 * Science Society
 * Anime, Comics and Gaming (Senior High)
 * Culinary Club (Senior High)
 * Environmental Club (Senior High)
 * International Strategic Affairs Council (ISAC) (Senior High)
 * Publications (Senior High)
 * Mass Communications Society (Senior High)

Student Interest Groups (Senior High)

 * Beijing Opera
 * Japanese Cultural Club
 * Malay Society
 * Medical Society
 * Music Society
 * The Crew (AV Support for Events)
 * Touch Rugby
 * Uniformed Group (UG) Council

Student Council
The student council is the student welfare body that work closely with the school committee to bring forth initiatives and changes for the school. They are also responsible for the daily functions of the school.

Relations with other schools
It is not officially affiliated with any other school. However, it holds an annual sports meet with Chung Cheng High School (Main), Ngee Ann Secondary School and Temasek Secondary School called the Four-School Combined Athletics Meet since 1980, in which students aged 13 to 16 from the four schools compete in Track & Field events. The original four schools were Dunman, Chung Cheng High School (Main), Chung Cheng High School (Branch) (now Chung Cheng High School (Yishun)) and Yuying Secondary School.

Notable alumni

 * Sam Goi, Executive Chairman of Tee Yih Jia, 23rd Richest in Singapore ($1.7Bn)
 * Chua Thian Poh, Chairman & CEO of Ho Bee Land, 34th Richest in Singapore ($1.3Bn)
 * Ng Ser Miang, Vice President of the International Olympic Committee, Founder of Trans-Island Bus Services
 * Douglas Foo, Founder & Chairman, Sakae Holdings and Nominated Member of Parliament (2018–2020)
 * Thomas Chua, Chairman & Managing Director, Teckwah Industrial, Past President, SCCI, former Nominated Member of Parliament.
 * Low Yen Ling, Member of Parliament for Chua Chu Kang GRC
 * Poh Li San, Member of Parliament for Sembawang GRC
 * Josephine Teo, Minister for Communications and Information
 * Alex Yam, Member of Parliament for Marsiling-Yew Tee GRC
 * Dr Ong Seh Hong, Member of Parliament (2001–2011)
 * Vincy Chan, Hong Kong singer and artiste
 * Curley G, Chinese singer-songwriter and member of BonBon Girls 303
 * Kuo Pao Kun, playwright, theatre director and arts activist

title: Dunman High School


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David VIII

David VIII (Georgian: დავით VIII; 1273–1311), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was king (mepe) of Central and Eastern Georgia in 1292–1302 and 1308–1311.

Eldest son of Demetrius II of Georgia by his Trapezuntine wife, he was appointed by the Ilkhan ruler Gaykhatu as king of Georgia as reward for his military service during the Rümelian uprising in 1293. Succeeding his cousin Vakhtang II, David's rule actually extended only over the eastern part of the kingdom, whereas western Georgia had been under the Imeretian branch of the House of Bagrationi since 1259.

In 1295, he supported Baydu in an internal conflict in the Ilkhanate. However, Baydu was killed and Ghazan became a khan. Ghazan ordered the Georgian king to arrive to his capital Tabriz. Remembering the fate of his father, David refused to comply and began preparations for war. Ghazan Khan responded with a punitive expedition, and ravaged the country. Supported by the Mongols, Ossetians attacked Shida Kartli province and occupied the Liakhvi River gorge. David entrenched himself in the Mtiuleti mountains and defeated a large Mongol force in a desperate guerilla fighting at Tsikare. Then, the Khan declared him deposed and appointed David's younger brother George V as king in 1299.

Although backed by the Mongol forces, the power of George did not extend out of the Georgian capital Tbilisi, and the Khan replaced him by another brother, Vakhtang III, in 1302. The new king led a Mongol army against David, but could not penetrate deeply into the largely mountainous provinces held by the rebels, and a truce was negotiated. David was recognized as joint sovereign with his brother and received the princedom of Alastani in the southern province of Javakheti. He developed friendly relations with the Egyptian Mamluks, the traditional rivals of the Ilkhanate, and, mediated by Byzantium, achieved the restoration of the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem to the Georgian Orthodox Church in 1305.

He was succeeded by his son George VI in 1311.

Family
David VIII married in 1292 the Mongolian princess Oljath, daughter of Abaqa Khan and widow of King Vakhtang II, their sons were: And then to a daughter of the Georgian nobleman Hamada Surameli, by whom he had a son:
 * Melchizedek
 * Andronicus
 * George VI of Georgia, King of Georgia

Coinage
Two types of coins issued in David's name survive, silver and copper coins, stuck in 1297 and 1310, respectively. The gap between these two periods is filled with the emissions of David's brother Vakhtang III.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: David VIII


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USS Bainbridge (DD-246)

The third USS Bainbridge (DD-246) was a united States Navy Clemson-class destroyer in commission from 1921 to 1930, from 1932 to 1937, and from 1939 to 1945. She served during World War II. She was named for Commodore William Bainbridge, who served in the War of 1812 and the First and Second Barbary Wars.

Construction and commissioning
Bainbridge was launched on 12 June 1920 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden, New Jersey, sponsored by Miss Juliet Edith Greene, great-great-granddaughter of Commodore Bainbridge. Bainbridge was commissioned on 9 February 1921 with Lieutenant Commander Leo H. Thebaud in command.

1921–1930
After commissioning, Bainbridge reported to the United States Atlantic Fleet. She operated along the United States East Coast and in the Caribbean with the fleet, carrying out tactical exercises and maneuvers until October 1922. She departed for Constantinople to join the Naval Detachment in Turkish waters. On 16 December 1922 she rescued approximately 500 survivors of the burning French military transport Vinh-Long about 10 nmi off Constantinople. For extraordinary heroism during the rescue Lieutenant Commander Walter A. Edwards received the Medal of Honor.

In 1923, at Newport, Rhode Island, Bainbridge served temporarily as flagship of Commander, Scouting Fleet. She then joined Squadron 14, Scouting Fleet, in the Atlantic Fleet.

Between 1923 and 1928 Bainbridge participated in annual fleet concentrations, tactical and joint maneuvers, and fleet and destroyer competitions. In 1927 she was assigned temporary duty with the Special Service Squadron for patrol duty off Nicaragua during internal disturbances there. During several summers Bainbridge participated in the training program of the Scouting Fleet, making summer cruises with reservists. On 23 December 1930 she was placed out of commission in reserve at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1932–1937
On 9 March 1932 Bainbridge was placed in reduced commission and attached to Rotating Reserve Division 19, taking part in United States Naval Reserve training cruises. She was placed in full commission on 5 September 1933 and assigned to Destroyer Division 8, Scouting Force. For a short period she served with the Special Service Squadron in the Florida Keys and at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and later was assigned to the Pacific, arriving at San Diego, California, on 5 November 1934. While serving on the United States West Coast, Bainbridge made cruises to British Columbia in Canada, the Alaska, and Hawaii. She was placed out of commission in reserve at San Diego on 20 November 1937.

1939–1941
Recommissioned on 26 September 1939 Bainbridge was as signed to Division 62 and operated on the Neutrality Patrol in the Panama Canal Zone until the summer of 1940 when she reported to Key West, Florida, for patrol duty. During the early part of 1941 she cruised along the northeast coast and between May and November 1941 made three convoy escort voyages to Newfoundland and Iceland.

World War II
The United States entered World War II with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Between December 1941 and July 1945 Bainbridge operated as a convoy escort in the waters off the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts and in the Caribbean with the exception of five trans-Atlantic escort crossings to North Africa between February and December 1943.

Decommissioning and disposal
World War II ended in Europe on 8 May 1945. Commencing her inactivation on 1 July 1945, Bainbridge was decommissioned on 21 July 1945 at Philadelphia and sold on 30 November 1945.

Honors and awards

 * Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal ribbon.png Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal
 * American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg American Defense Service Medal
 * European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one battle star
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal

Bainbridge received one battle star for her service as a convoy escort between 13 June and August 1943.

title: USS Bainbridge (DD-246)


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Saxony Mill

The Saxony Mill was a historic textile mill complex at 66 West Street in Rockville section of Vernon, Connecticut. With a construction history dating to 1836, it was one of the oldest surviving wood-frame textile mills in the state prior to a 1994 fire which led to its demolition. The mill complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Description and history
The Saxony Mill complex stood at the western end of Rockville's industrial area, occupying the lowest water privilege in the town on the Hockanum River. It was located at the western end of West Main Street, at its junction with West Street. The site is now a public park. The mill consisted of seven connected structures, most of brick and masonry, built between 1836 and the 1970s. The main (original) mill building was a $2 1/2$-story wood-frame structure with a distinctive five-story bell tower rising from the center of its front facade. The remaining structures, all built with load-bearing masonry walls, were added after c. 1870.

The oldest portion of the mill, the northern section of the main building, was built in 1836. The Saxony Mill Company was founded in 1838 as a joint-stock company organized by that mill's proprietors. The mill at first produced satinet, a woolen material developed as a less-expensive alternative to fine woolens which were then only available from England. The mill went through a series of owners who used the complex in different aspects of textile production until 1951, when most of Rockville's mills were closed. The main mill was enlarged in 1861, and various additions were made in the early decades of the 20th century. Most recently operated by Plastifoam, a suspicious fire on July 25, 1994, did extensive damage to the then-vacant building and surrounding buildings, and disrupted power to thousands of people. The remaining structure was demolished a short time later. The site is now a municipal park.

title: Saxony Mill


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Albergaria-a-Velha

Albergaria-a-Velha is a town and a municipality in the Aveiro District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 25,252, in an area of 158.83 km2. It had 19,687 eligible voters in 2006.

History
In 1117, D. Teresa, Countess of Portucale, and mother of Afonso Henriques the first king of Portugal, donated to the nobleman Gonçalo Eriz the lands that constitute Albergaria-a-Velha. As part of the donation the nobleman was obligated to maintain open a hospice for poor travels. The document referred to this shelter for the travelling poor, or albergaria, and thus the area was known as Albergaria.

Later, the Carta do Couto de Osselôa was discovered that definitely identified both the first document to refer to Portugal as a Kingdom and at the same figured in the identification of Albergaria-a-Velha as an administrative unit of the country. The Bishop of Coimbra, D. Egas, in 1258, ordered this document to be transcribed in order to conserve it. Also, because it was the older Albergaria, owing to the existence of Albergaria-a-Nova, the community began to be referred to as Albergaria-a-Velha (meaning Portuguese for older).

The first references to Albergaria as town, developed in the 16th century, with the erection of an obelisk in the municipal square, around the location of the first hospital. It was ordered erected at the hospital by the Lisbon government on 27 May 1629.

The municipality was created in 1834, when the older municipality of Aveiro was dismembered, and the new administrative divisions Loure, Albergaria-a-Velha and Vale Maior reconstituted. Just after this reconstitution, the parish of Alquerubim (Paus) was annexed to Albergaria-a-Velha, and later the parishes of Branca, Ribeira de Fráguas ( both around 1855), Angeja and Frossos (in 1854) were incorporated.

Geography
The municipality of Albergaria-a-Velha is located in the transition zone between the coastal municipalities of Murtosa, Aveiro, Estarreja and Ílhavo and the more mountain communities in the interior.

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Albergaria-a-Velha e Valmaior
 * Alquerubim
 * Angeja
 * Branca
 * Ribeira de Fráguas
 * São João de Loure e Frossos

Economy
The fertile lands of Albergaria-a-Velha have been historically a center of agriculture and cattle-raising, so much so, that it has been erroneously considered an agricultural community. In fact, the secondary sector represents 56.2% of the activity within the municipality, while the primary sector occupies 13.6% of the economic activity. This secondary sector includes basic industrial businesses involved in metallurgy, industrial textiles and lumber industries. These companies are primarily small- to medium-size enterprises with less than 20 employees.

Most of the transformative sectors are concentrated in the parishes of Albergaria-a-Velha and Branca, representing about 90% of the secondary sector. The urbanized are of the parish of Albergaria-a-Velha is the primary beneficiary of these industries; its geo-strategic position in the center of the municipality and industrial zone provides the region with incubator affects. Activities such as metallurgy and fabrication, equipment production, transformation of lumber goods, paper production, the fabrication and restoration of furniture, as well as the production of ceramics, provide Albergaria-a-Velha with a diversified economic base.

Tourism
Water Mills Route

The Water Mills predominate in Albergaria-a-Velha - a municipality with the largest number of inventoried water mills in Europe - constituting one of the most important elements of the rural landscape throughout the entire municipality. These are elements with high patrimonial value that delight the eyes of their citizens and all the visitors that dare to explore them.

Albergaria-a-Velha is a land of traditions made of water, bread and mills. The Water Mills Route is currently made up of 11 clusters in a total of 14 mills with 19 couples of millstones, distributed in different parishes of the county.

The mill was one of the central places in the life of a rural community, where the memories of once, are still very much alive in the daily rituals of the millers and in the endless spinning of their millstones and casters. Although there are mills throughout the municipality, it is along the Rio Caima that we have the units of greatest expression and importance, since the more stable flow allowed permanent work. However, also in the rivers Fílveda and Jardim, in the streams of Albergaria-a-Velha, Fontão, Frias, Fial and Mouquim and in the countless corgas and ditches of all the parishes, there are traces or records of more than three and a half hundred mills, indicating the importance that the mill activity had in the region.

These mills were built mainly in the 18th and 19th centuries, using local construction materials. Situated on the banks of rivers and streams, they took advantage of the water force of the watercourses, diverting it by taking it directly to the cube where the pressure was increased by the effect of gravity, feeding the feathers of the wooden caster and making it rotate.

The force generated by this action is transmitted by the axis, generating the force to move the stone wheels. Many of them were mills of several owners, so they were used according to a schedule previously agreed between all their users.

Here the local crops were mainly ground, with particular emphasis on corn and wheat. These mills were also used for the husking of rice produced in the Baixo Vouga region, using cork slabs that covered the millstones, which reduced their abrasive effect.

Notable people

 * Silvino Vidal (1850–1937), Portuguese-Brazilian writer

title: Albergaria-a-Velha


text:
User:John Quiggin

I have been a longstanding editor of Wikipedia and have created over 100 articles, but I've decided that too much participation in the project is bad for my mental health, so I now do only a little editing.

title: User:John Quiggin


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Anadia, Portugal

Anadia is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 29,150, in an area of 216.63 km2. It had 26,915 eligible voters. The city of Anadia is part of Arcos e Mogofores parish. The city itself had a population of 3,034 in 2001, while Arcos e Mogofores parish has about 5,000.

History
The history of the municipality is poorly documented before the Roman era, although some vestiges of early Paleolithic (Monte Crasto, Carvalhais and Vila Nova de Monsarros), Neolithic (Moita) and Iron Age (Monte Crasto) artifacts have been studied in this area. But remnants of Roman-era artifacts have been isolated in many parts of the municipality, including Aguim, Avelãs de Caminho, Avelãs de Cima, Mogofores, Moita, Óis do Bairro, São Lourenço do Bairro, Vila Nova de Monsarros, Vilarinho do Bairro and, especially, in Anadia (Monte Crasto) and Sangalhos. In addition to domestic ceramic evidence, the early villages in this area existed along the crossroads between the major Roman towns of the time: Olissipo (Lisbon) and Cale (Porto). This continues to be a source of investigation and theories as to the local importance.

Although there may have existed organized communities during this period, it was only during the Medieval Age when documentation began to appear. As such, the villages of São Lourenço do Bairro (883), Arcos (943), Sangalhos (957), Vila Nova de Monsarros (1006), Levira (1020), Vilarinho do Bairro (1020), Samel (1020), Monsarros (1064), Moita (1064), Tamengos (1064), Horta (1064), Anadia (1082), Quintela (1082), Óis do Bairro (1086), Aguim (1101), Mata (1131), Avelãs de Baixo (1132), Figueira (1138), Ferreiros (1138), Ancas (1143), Mogofores (1143), Sá (1143) and Paredes do Bairro (1143), where documented in local land registries and referenced in court records.

With about five centuries of populational existence, the area of Anadia developed over successive mutations in administrative domain. The region, during its formative age, was not developed from the implementation of forals as was the traditional method of instituting land development. But, in the historical Aveiro district, three forals were instituted to promote development: Ferreiros, Fontemanha and Vale de Avim (centers that were part of the older parish of Moita). There have been posterior references to forals conceded in this area (in Avelãs de Caminho, for example), but they were insufficiently explained to indicate that the forals were more than merely local or defensive contracts between the Crown and/or the peoples of the area. Further, there were erroneous references to older forals by contemporary authors, particularly regarding the municipalities of Aguim and Anadia. At the beginning of the 16th century, during the administrative reforms of King Manuel I, the king did not forget the coastal central region and allocated several forals. In 1514, the municipalities of Anadia, Avelãs de Cima, Vilarinho do Bairro, Carvalhais (which included Ferreiros, Fontemanha and Vale de Avim), São Lourenço do Bairro, Aguim, Sangalhos, Pereiro (the parish of Avelãs de Cima), Óis do Bairro, Mogofores, Avelãs de Caminho, Boialvo (parish of Avelãs de Cima) and Vila Nova de Monsarros; in 1519 Paredes do Bairro was granted a writ and then in 1520 forals for Mogofores and Óis do Bairro were established.

Geography and Climate
The municipality of Anadia is located in the Beira Litoral area of the Centro Region, in an area of the Baixo Vouga referred to as the Bairrada, an area traditionally representative of the district of Aveiro. Anadia is situated geographically between the municipalities of Águeda and Oliveira do Bairro (in the north), Mealhada (to the south) and bordered by the municipal borders of Cantanhede (in the west) and Mortágua (in the east).

Human geography
Anadia is in the heart of Bairrada, a fertile agricultural and viticulture area, which has recently stagnated in terms of population. Anadia municipality has one city: Anadia (which is in the parish of Arcos) and one town: Sangalhos. Curia, a village in Tamengos parish is a popular tourist spa with hotels, restaurants and a park with a lagoon. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 10 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Amoreira da Gândara, Paredes do Bairro e Ancas
 * Arcos e Mogofores
 * Avelãs de Caminho
 * Avelãs de Cima
 * Moita
 * Sangalhos
 * São Lourenço do Bairro
 * Tamengos, Aguim e Óis do Bairro
 * Vila Nova de Monsarros
 * Vilarinho do Bairro

Notable people

 * António Xavier Machado e Cerveira (1756-1828) a Portuguese Baroque organ builder
 * Maria da Conceição Tavares (born 1930) a Portuguese naturalized Brazilian economist
 * Beatriz Amélia Alves de Sousa Oliveira Basto da Silva (born 1944) history researcher from Macau
 * Paulo Adriano (born 1977) a Portuguese former footballer with 357 club caps
 * Nelson Oliveira (born 1989) a Portuguese road racing cyclist

title: Anadia, Portugal


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title: Template:Election box begin


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Talk:Human Torch

94.4.41.164 (talk) 19:28, 16 January 2015 (UTC)leroy94.4.41.164 (talk) 19:28, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

Human Torch powers
Under powers and abilities, would it be worth mentioning that he is resistant to injury from impacts such as when the silver surfer took him above the atmosphere and he fell back to earth but was uninjured despite colliding with the ground at high speed

Human Torch flight copyright?
Simple question. Is the Human Torch's fire flying technique copyright?
 * I hope not; I've been flying that way for years. --Chris Griswold 14:10, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

First appearance
the human torch first appeared in marvel comics #1 with the submariner and the angel...not fantastic four #1
 * Wrong Torch. See Original Human Torch. - SoM 16:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

why are there two human torches? im sorry i guess i was wrong...my bad
 * Because the original was created during WWII, but disappeared. The concept of a "Human Torch" is too good to pass up.--Kross 23:29, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

- Due to Wikipedia policy, the most well-known and commonly used name for the character is the title of that article. Shouldnt Johnny Storm have the main Human Torch article, since he is the character most people associate with the Torch? --DrBat 23:28, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Requested move (2005)

 * The following discussion is closed. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

This character is what most people associate with the name of "Human Torch". There then would be a disambig notice at the top of the article mentioning the Golden Age character. --Apostrophe 00:09, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support, provided someone else fixes the links. - SoM 00:28, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Evan L. Kester 03:44, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. The other Fantastic Four members do not incl. their character's real name, so why should this one be any different. – AxSkov ( ☏ ) 09:21, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Even Marvel mini-series starring the other guy bill him as the Original Human Torch so Johnny should have the page. Timrollpickering 21:23, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, as per Timroll.--Kross 23:30, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. Dragons flight 00:20, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

 * The above discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

Expansion request
Comparing this article to the other Fantastic Four members, I'm assuming what is most desired to be expanded on is the Character Biography. Cybertooth85 22:17, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Copyvio
As much as I know this article needed the expansion, I've just realised - the entire biography section has been copied verbatim from Johnny's entry in the 2005 Fantastic Four Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe. - Chris McFeely 14:14, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Not Pyrokinesis??
Pyrokinesis, especially in the marvel universe, refers to mental control of fire by those with various psychic abilities. Something along the lines of what Legion's personality Jack could do, or maybe, maybe the mutant Pyro. The Human Torch generates flame from his body, and can move heat around to various effects - but none of this a "mental power" per se...

Pyrokinesis is more like Pyro's ability. Pyro can mentally shape fire into constructs and creatures, as well as move it about. The torch can pretty much just blast plasma and alter temperatures. The only shape I recall Johnny making with fire is a "4." Scrapper 21:14, 9 August 2006 (UTC)Scrapper

I remember him making cages, darts, loads of things with the flame. 86.0.232.60 18:57, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree. Torch has demonstrated this ability in the past.  It's been a long time since I've read a FF comic, though.  So I guess it's possible his abilities have changed since I've followed him, but he has definitely exhibited pyrokinesis in the past.  Check out his run-in with Quasar for clarification.  CPitt76 19:25, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Family Guy
I wouldn't consider that Family Guy episode to be a Human Torch reference. The use of fire as a power is by no means limited to the Human Torch within comics, and also, in that episode Chris doesn't use his powers in a similar way to the Torch - he causes things to spontaneously combust or heat up. If he had burst into flames, then maybe, but to me it doesn't seem to be a Human Torch reference. If anyone can provide proof that it was, feel free. 86.0.232.60 19:02, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Civil War
Aside from being rather poorly written, this paragraph doesn't add a whole lot to an article about the Human Torch. Additionally, the last two sentences are not referenced and sound like speculation. I'm deleting it. CPitt76 19:34, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * ...and it was reverted. Please read this paragraph.  It sounds like it was written by a child, doesn't really add anything important about Torch (are we going to mention every time he's lost a fight?), and contains elements of original research.  As I've already stated the last two sentences are complete speculation.  I'll leave it for now, but we need to address this in a way that doesn't boil down to a revert war.  CPitt76 02:10, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've deleted it. It's more to do with Civil War than Human Torch. The only thing that might possibly matter is that some people got into a slapfight with him; however, we don't know how important that even is at this point. Also, we don't know what side he's on and shouldn't guess. --Chris Griswold 14:04, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * And it was reverted again (with improvements). JQF, your rewrite definitely made the paragraph better, and the speculation was removed, but the fact remains that there isn't a whole lot to Torch's involvement in Civil War to this point.  His getting mobbed on one page doesn't merit a subsection in this article.  Please give a valid reason here before reverting again. Nice work on the headers, by the way.  Big improvement.  CPitt76 01:39, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the compliment. As for the Civil War bit, I think it's important, as Johnny gets beat into a coma, which is a pretty serious thing, and it may have future impact on him. If you fell it's poorly written, then let me take a crack at re-writing so it's more HT centric. JQF 16:00, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Your last rewrite took care of any editorial issues I had, it sounded a lot better than what was there before. But the bulk of that paragraph was still mostly about the Civil War storyline.  There's the fact about Jonny getting mobbed at the club, but the rest of it was pretty much a recap of Civil War.  Go ahead with the rewrite to and we'll discuss again after you add it in.  CPitt76 00:33, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Ok, I put up a new part. JQF 17:07, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Much better. Good edit.  Thanks for the rewrite.  CPitt76 19:14, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem. JQF 21:19, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

No mention of Invisible Man in bio?
I'd like to have some more information about his Invisible Man persona that's mentioned in his noticable aliases. --68.103.154.140 00:57, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

section for personality and character
Does anyone else think there should be a section about the general character as well as promanent personality traits of Johnny Storm which are the key factors to the character especially the way he interacts with the other members of the F4? - RVDDP2501 14:35, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Picture
I don't think a picture of Chris Evans making bambi eyes at the camera really captures the spirit of the comic book hero. Someone please change it, I still don't understand about these image copyrights.Arc Lamps & Signal Flares 10:40, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree - the Chris Evans picture from the horribly subpar FF4 films is a terrible representation of the Human Torch. The origin and the history as well as the present storylines of the character derive from Marvel's comic book depictions, which are the most canonical and reliable source for Human Torch as they continue to publish work featuring him.

 * At best, the movie depiction of Human Torch should be in a subsection of the article related to how he is represented on film.
 * FF7SquallStrife (talk)

Lessening injuries
Doesn't Johnny have the abillity to draw in heat from the burns on other people, thus lessening the severity of the injuries? If so, this should be mentioned.

Lots42 06:59, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:La Antorcha Humana.JPG
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Image copyright problem with Image:Htorch.PNG
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Requested move 16 January 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. There is a consensus that this topic should stay at the primary location for the time being. Jenks24 (talk) 05:05, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Human Torch → Human Torch (Johnny Storm) – Discussion in Talk:Human Torch (android). NeoBatfreak (talk) 20:14, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Precedural objection – This needs to be a multiple RM with a single discussion. Dicklyon (talk) 05:46, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, and as per Talk:Human Torch (android), Human Torch (disambiguation) should be the baseline if neither of these two is a clear absolute majority topic. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:51, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Comment per Dicklyon, this is a badly formatted multimove request -- 70.51.44.60 (talk) 10:10, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Support the base name should be a disambiguation page, move Human Torch (disambiguation) there -- 70.51.44.60 (talk) 10:10, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose and keep everything as it is, the Fantastic Four character is obviously the most notable one in a two dab situation. Cavarrone 23:38, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose and specifically note my opposition to the other move request as well. This is the best-known "Human Torch" character. 64.105.98.115 (talk) 11:20, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Infobox image
The infobox is supposed to use the most commonly seen form of the character. What's there is far from the most common, iconic version of the character and needs to be changed.--Tenebrae (talk) 21:56, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Image deletion nomination(s)
One or more images currently used in this article have been nominated for deletion as violations of the non-free content criteria (NFCC).

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You can participate at the deletion discussion(s) at Files for discussion/2020 April 28. If you are not familiar with NFCC-related deletion discussions, I recommend reading the post linked above first.

Sincerely, The Squirrel Conspiracy (talk) 21:55, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Mister Fantastic which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:01, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human Torch


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Platinum grill

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. moink 12:17, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Platinum grill
appears to be a plug for um .. somethingAndypasto 12:45, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Uh... it appears to be a plug of some sorts, but even if it isn't complete nonsense it would be just an advert. Average Earthman 15:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Advertising --Doc Glasgow 18:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising (unfortunately that's not a speedy criterion) —Wahoofive (Talk) 20:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advert. Megan1967 07:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Write a real article about platinum teeth please! If under a different name, this should be a redirect. - Omegatron 01:53, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Dardanelles operation

The Dardanelles operation was a failed assault by the British Royal Navy against the coastal fortifications of Constantinople. The operation was part of the Anglo-Turkish War.

In 1806, the French envoy Sebastiani had been dispatched to Constantinople with orders to bring about the Ottoman Empire's re-entry into the Napoleonic Wars. Sultan Selim III set about preparations for war with Russia after positively receiving Sebastiani. The Russian emperor, Alexander I, was alarmed by these developments as he had already deployed a significant force to Poland and East Prussia to fight the advancing French forces under Emperor Napoleon I. Alexander requested British assistance in keeping the Ottomans out of the war.

The British army was far too small and inadequate for the request, so it naturally fell to the powerful Royal Navy to meet the demands of Alexander. The ships immediately available for the task were HMS Canopus, HMS Standard, HMS Thunderer, HMS Glatton, and the two bomb ships HMS Lucifer and HMS Meteor, under the command of Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, commander-in-chief of the British Mediterranean Fleet, sailed for the Dardanelles and made preparations for the upcoming assault.

In the meantime, the British ambassador to Constantinople, Arbuthnot, demanded that the Ottoman government evict Sebastiani, and added that should the Ottomans rejects the ultimatum, the Mediterranean fleet would attack.

The actual force that had been chosen by Collingwood to carry out the operation was small, only eight ships-of-the-line and four frigates. In addition, four Russian ships-of-the-line under Admiral Dmitry Senyavin were sent to support the British, but did not join Duckworth until after the exit from Dardanelles was made. Admiral Duckworth, who commanded the British, was under orders to bombard Constantinople and capture the Ottoman fleet.

Background
In anticipation of a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, Britain had sent Sir Thomas Louis from Cadiz on 2 November 1806 into the Mediterranean Sea. He reached Tenedos, near the Dardanelles Strait, on 21 November, made a brief trip to Constantinople and returned to the Straits. The Ottomans had declared war on Russia on 30 December 1806, and Britain sent Admiral Sir John Duckworth in Royal George 100 guns from Cadiz on 15 January 1807 into the Mediterranean Sea. Picking up Windsor Castle 98 guns and Repulse 74 guns from Gibraltar and Pompée 74 and Ajax 74 from Malta as replacements for the Russian fleet under Seniavin, which was still in the Adriatic, Duckworth proceeded to Tenedos. Despite the British ultimatum, on December 22 Selim declared war on Russia. On 29 January 1807, the frigate Endymion of 40 guns left Constantinople, evacuating the British ambassador and all British residents. A formal declaration of war had not yet been sent by London and the two powers were still technically allied.

On February 10, Duckworth's fleet concentrated at the mouth of the Dardanelles. It met Louis's ships and returned to Tenedos on 1 February, where Duckworth's ships met up. Still not technically at war, the Ottomans delayed Duckworth with token negotiations. The presence of British and Russian vessels at the mouth of the Dardanelles caused Sebastiani and his French engineering officers to begin the improvement of the Ottoman shore batteries.

The battle

On 11 February, the fleet, with Duckworth in command, left Tenedos, but for a week could not enter the Straits because of lack of wind. Ajax caught fire on 14 February, ran aground on Tenedos, and blew up on 15 February.

Finally, on 19 February the ships sailed up the Dardanelles, where they were fired on by the forts at the entrance (fire was returned by the bombs), then the castles further up (fire was returned by the fleet). However, the absence of significant numbers of Ottoman troops owing to the end of Ramadan meant the batteries were ineffective and the fleet quickly reached the Sea of Marmara.

Just above the castles lay a 64-gun ship, frigates of 40, 36, 36, and 32 guns, sloops of 22, 18, 10 and 10 guns, 2 brigs and 2 gunboats. As the British fleet approached, one of the brigs left and sailed further up for Constantinople. After Royal George passed, anchoring some 3 miles further up, Pompée, Thunderer, Standard, Endymion and Active attacked the Ottoman ships and a new fortification being built nearby. 1 sloop and 1 gunboat were captured and others forced ashore and destroyed by British boats. Duckworth then ordered marines under Edward Nicolls to land and seize the shore batteries, and as the Ottoman gunners tried to flee from an island they called Brota, the Royal Marines captured two guns.

At 5pm the fleet sailed for Constantinople, leaving Active behind to finish up. British casualties in this action were 10 killed and 77 wounded. After suffering extensive damage, Duckworth withdrew without ever attempting a bombardment of Constantinople.

One of the batteries deployed by the Ottomans against the British fleet was armed with a medieval 18.6 ton cast bronze piece with 63 cm diameter stones used for projectiles, known as the Dardanelles Gun. The piece had been cast in 1464 on the model of bombards used in the 1453 Siege of Constantinople and now resides in Fort Nelson.

Aftermath
Duckworth sailed off Constantinople for a week and a half, hoping the Ottoman fleet would come out and fight, but it did not. Releasing the sloop on 2 March, he returned through the Dardanelles to Tenedos on 3 March. On the way, the fortifications again fired on the British, who lost 29 killed and 138 wounded. At Tenedos he was met by Seniavin, who had left Corfu on 22 February.

He did not make a second attempt on the Dardanelles—a decision that earned him criticism, but was probably reasonable considering the powerful shore batteries. An attempt to capture the Ottoman fleet would have probably failed and resulted in much higher British casualties.

The entire operation was a failure, resulting in heavy losses of 42 killed, 235 wounded and 4 missing. Long after France and Russia had made peace and Senyavin had defeated the Ottoman fleet at Dardanelles on 10–11 May 1807, the Ottomans would remain at war with Russia, draining a significant portion of the Russian army, which also became involved in operations against Sweden in the Finnish War, and later in the resumption of hostilities against France in 1812.

Fleet
The Royal Navy fleet included:

Vanguard Division commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Louis
 * HMS Canopus 80-gun third-rate (Flag-Captain Thomas George Shortland)
 * HMS Endymion 40-gun fifth-rate frigate (Captain Hon. Thomas Bladen Capel)
 * HMS Ajax 74-gun third-rate (Captain Hon. Henry Blackwood)

Main Division commanded by Vice-Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth
 * HMS Royal George 100-gun first-rate (Flag-Captain Richard Dalling Dunn)
 * HMS Windsor Castle 98-gun second-rate (Captain Charles Boyles)
 * HMS Repulse 74-gun third-rate (Captain Hon. Arthur Kaye Legge)
 * HMS Active 38-gun fifth-rate (Captain Richard Hussy Moubray)

Rear Division commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Sidney Smith

 * HMS Standard 64-gun third-rate (Captain Thomas Harvey)
 * HMS Thunderer 74-gun third-rate (Captain John Talbot)
 * HMS Pompee 74-gun third-rate (Flag Captain Richard Dacres)
 * HMS Lucifer bomb vessel (Captain Elliot)
 * HMS Meteor bomb vessel (Commander James Collins)
 * HMS Madras (1795) (store ship) 54-gun (Captain Charles Marsh Schomberg)
 * HMS Delight (1806) 16-gun brig-sloop (sloop of war)
 * HMS Juno 32-gun fifth-rate (Captain Henry Richardson)

title: Dardanelles operation


text:
Aquilegia canadensis

Aquilegia canadensis, the Canadian or Canada columbine, eastern red columbine, or wild columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is an herbaceous perennial native to woodland and rocky slopes in eastern North America, prized for its red and yellow flowers. It readily hybridizes with other species in the genus Aquilegia.

Description
The plant is 15 - 90 cm tall. The fern-like leaves are lobed and grouped in threes, growing from the base and off the flowering stems. The flowers are 1-2 in long and have yellow petals with a red spur and red sepals. They appear in late spring (usually in May and June), nodding on stems above the leaves. The round end of the spur contains nectar, which is sought by butterflies and hummingbirds.

The caterpillars of columbine duskywing (Erynnis lucilius) feed on the leaves.

Cultivation
Aquilegia canadensis is a highly decorative plant, valued for its attractive foliage and showy flowers. For this reason it is widely grown outside its native region, in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

The plant is easily propagated from seed, and blooms the second year from sowing. It is relatively long lived in the garden. It grows well in shade, and in sun with proper moisture.

The cultivar 'Little Lanterns' is half the height of the species.

Other uses
Native North American tribes used various parts of red columbine in herbal remedies for ailments such as headache, sore throat, fever, rash caused by poison ivy, stomatitis, kidney and urinary problems, and heart problems. Native American men also rubbed crushed seeds on their hands as a love charm.

Toxicity
Canada columbine contains a cyanogenic glycoside, which releases poisonous hydrogen cyanide when the plant is damaged.

Distribution
USA (AL, AR, CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NM, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA, VT, WI, WV), Canada (MB, NB, ON, QC, SK, BC).

Wetland Indicator Status
Wetland is an extremely valuable but limited resource in the USA. The Wetland Indicator Status is used to determine which native plant species can provide information about the presence of wetland in a given area. Essentially if a plant thrives in a particular area, it means there is a greater likelihood of wetland there. Aquilegia canadensis is one such species.

 * Regions 1-5: Facultative Equally (FAC) likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
 * Region 6: Facultative Wetland (FACW) Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.

title: Aquilegia canadensis


text:
Castelo de Paiva

Castelo de Paiva is a town and a municipality of the Aveiro District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 16,733, in an area of 115.01 km2.

On 4 March 2001 at 9 pm, a 116-year-old metal bridge linking the parish/council of Sobrado (a.k.a. Castelo de Paiva) and Entre-os-Rios (a bridge connecting Castelo de Paiva to Penafiel) collapsed, killing 59 people, including those in a bus from the Asadouro company and three cars that were attempting to get to the other side of the Douro river. The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge disaster prompted accusations of government negligence, and the Public Works minister Jorge Coelho resigned shortly after the disaster. There is a monument near the bridge in honour of the people who died, known as the "Anjo de Portugal" (The Angel of Portugal).

The Mayor is Gonçalo Rocha, elected by the Socialist Party (PS). His term goes until 2021.

The municipal holiday is 24 June, Saint John's day.

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Fornos
 * Raiva, Pedorido e Paraíso
 * Real
 * Santa Maria de Sardoura
 * São Martinho de Sardoura
 * Sobrado e Bairros

Points of interest

 * Câmara Municipal (Municipal Palace)
 * Largo do Conde (Cont's Square)
 * Douro River
 * Passadiços do Paiva (Paiva Walkways)
 * Paiva River

The Legend of Saint Anthony in Castelo de Paiva
Researchers, archeologists and journalists have found documents that proves the connection between Saint Anthony of Padua and Castelo de Paiva. His parents, Martim de Bulhões, and D. Teresa Taveira were born in this council.

Other notable people

 * José Nunes (born 1977) a Portuguese former footballer with 501 club caps
 * Pedro Filipe Soares (born 1979) a Portuguese mathematician and politician
 * Sérgio Fernando da Silva Rodrigues (born 1985) known as Serginho, is a Portuguese footballer with over 300 club caps
 * Marco Pereira (born 1987) known as Marco, a Portuguese footballer with over 330 club caps

title: Castelo de Paiva


text: Template:Election box candidate

title: Template:Election box candidate


text:
Bar-Kays

The Bar-Kays are an American funk band formed in 1964. The band had dozens of charting singles from the 1960s to the 1980s, including "Soul Finger" (US Billboard Hot 100 number 17, R&B number 3) in 1967, "Son of Shaft" (R&B number 10) in 1972, and "Boogie Body Land" (R&B number 7) in 1980.

Black rock years
The Bar-Kays began in Memphis, Tennessee, as a studio session group, backing major artists at Stax Records. In 1967, they were chosen by Otis Redding to play as his backing band, and were tutored for that role by Al Jackson, Jr., Booker T. Jones, and the other members of Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Their first single, "Soul Finger", was issued on April 14, 1967, reaching number 3 on the US Billboard R&B Singles chart and number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100.

On December 10, 1967, Redding and four members of the band—Jimmie King (born June 8, 1949; guitar), Ronnie Caldwell (born December 27, 1948; electric organ), Phalon Jones (born 1948; saxophone), and Carl Cunningham (born 1948; drums)—and their partner, Matthew Kelly, died when their airplane crashed into Lake Monona, near Madison, Wisconsin, while attempting to land at Truax Field. Redding and the band were scheduled to play their next concerts in Madison. Trumpeter Ben Cauley was the only survivor of the crash. Bassist James Alexander was on another plane, as the plane carrying Redding held only seven passengers. Cauley and Alexander rebuilt the group.

The re-formed band consisted of Cauley; Alexander; Harvey Henderson, saxophone; Michael Toles, guitar; Ronnie Gorden, organ; Willie Hall, drums; and later Larry Dodson (formerly of fellow Stax act the Temprees), lead vocals. The group backed dozens of major Stax artists on recordings, including Isaac Hayes on his album Hot Buttered Soul.

Cauley left the group in 1971, leaving Alexander, Dodson (vocals, vibes), Barry Wilkins (guitar), Winston Stewart (keyboards), Henderson (tenor sax, flute), Charles "Scoops" Allen (trumpet), and Alvin Hunter (drums) to create the album Black Rock. Lloyd Smith joined in 1973, and the band changed musical direction during the 1970s, forging a successful career in funk music. With the Stax/Volt label folding in 1975, the group signed with Mercury Records.

Funk years
In 1976, Dodson (vocals), Alexander (bass), Lloyd Smith (guitar), Allen (trumpet), Henderson (saxophone), Frank Thompson (trombone), Stewart (keyboards), and Mike Beard (drums) brought their "Shake Your Rump to the Funk" track into the R&B top five. In autumn 1977, the group came out with Flying High on Your Love, an album that featured "Shut the Funk Up", a "near-perfect disco song punctuated by the funky horn triumvirate of Charles 'Scoop' Allen, Harvey 'Joe' Henderson, and Frank 'Captain Disaster' Thompson and dominated by vocalist Larry 'D' Dodson's call to 'get on up or just shut the funk up'". The group peaked as a funk band from the late 1970s to the late 1980s. They released singles such as "Move Your Boogie Body" (1979), "Hit and Run" (1981), "Freak Show on the Dance Floor" (1984), "Certified True" (1987), "Struck by You" (1989).

In 1983, Sherman Guy left the group, and Larry 'LJ' Johnson took his place on vocals and percussion. Charles Allen left the group just before it took a more commercial direction. The Bar-Kays continued to have hits on R&B charts well into the 1980s.

Later years
Guitarist Marcus Price, a member of the band, was murdered in 1984. The crime has never been solved by the Memphis police.

The band took an extended break in the late 1980s but regrouped in 1991, with Alexander once again being the only original member. Since 1991, Larry Dodson, Archie Love, Bryan Smith, and Tony Gentry have been added to the group.

Alexander's son is the award-winning rapper and record producer Phalon "Jazze Pha" Alexander, named after Phalon Jones, who died in the 1967 plane crash. In 2013, the group was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. On June 6, 2015, the Bar-Kays were inducted into the Official Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame in Clarksdale, Mississippi.

Trumpeter Ben Cauley died in Memphis on September 21, 2015, at the age of 67.

In popular culture
The Bar-Kays appeared in the 1973 film documentary, Wattstax.

"Freakshow on the Dance Floor" was featured in the first breakdance scene in the 1984 movie, Breakin'.

In the 1985 movie, Spies Like Us, starring Dan Aykroyd and Chevy Chase, The Bar-Kays' hit "Soul Finger" was being played by the crew of a Soviet mobile ICBM platform on patrol in the Tajik S.S.R. Their songs "Too Hot To Stop" and "Soul Finger" are featured in the 2007 comedy film, Superbad.

The Sugar Hill Gang's 1979 single "Rapper's Delight" (long version, 14:40) contains lyrics about the Bar-Kays, Farrah Fawcett, DJ Frankie Crocker and Johnny Carson.

title: Bar-Kays


text:
User talk:Senzeichi

Estonia-geo-stub
Hi - I note you've recently created a new stub category. Did you realise that stub categories should normally be cleared by WikiProject Stub sorting before creation? It is clearly stated on almost every stub-related page and in almost every stub category that this should be done. That way they can be vetted to check that there are a viable number of stubs (at least 60-100) and that the category does not cross the existing stub hierarchy before the stub is created.

If you can provide any information on why the stub was created, please add a note to entry for the stub at WikiProject Stub sorting/Criteria giving the reason for it. In addition, if there is any Wikiproject associated with the stub add that information. Thanks.

In the case of this stub, it is viable, so there should be no problem. However, given that the vast majority of stubs are sorted by the stub sorting wikiproject, it would have been very useful to have followed the standard procedures, and proposed the stub with them first. Grutness...  wha?  05:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think I was too enthusiastic :( I should've read the Stub article to the end first. Sorry! Senzeichi 22:23, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Estonian geography stubs
I thought you might like to know that "Estonian geography stubs" has been renamed to "Estonia geography stubs" (as per WP:SFD), so that you can update your Contributions page. --TheParanoidOne 13:59, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Communes vs municipalities
What do you think about renaming Estonian "communes" to "municipalities". Commune sounds very strange. Besides, in Estonia vald is usually translated as municipality. Andres 15:19, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Sillamae in Estonia.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:59, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Senzeichi


text: Template:Election box candidate with party link