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Appendix Vergiliana

The Appendix Vergiliana is a collection of Latin poems traditionally ascribed as being the juvenilia (work written as a youth) of Virgil (70–19 BC).

Many of the poems in the Appendix were considered works by Virgil in antiquity. However, recent studies suggest that the Appendix contains a diverse collection of minor poems by various authors from the 1st century AD.

Scholars are almost H. Rushton Fairclough: "The Poems of the Appendix Vergiliana", Transactions of the American Philological association, 1922: "In the light of nineteenth-century criticism all of these poems were pronounced non-Virgilian, and Gudeman voices the general verdict of the age when he says that 'their spuriousness is established by incontrovertible proofs' (cited by Rand). With the twentieth century the pendulum has swung in the other direction". The discussion is ongoing, see e.g. F. Moya del Baño (1984), "Virgilio y la Appendix Vergiliana" in Simposio virgiliano commemorativo del bimilenario de la muerte de Virgilio (Murcia), 59-99, concerning authorship: "Hay un tercer grupo que adopta una postura intermedia, aceptan unas y rechazan otras", eng.:"There is a third group of scholars that adopt an intermediate position, accepting some and rejecting others". Regarding Culex, St. Louis, Lisa. "Laying the Foundation for a New Work on the Pseudo-Virgilian Culex" Comparative Literature and Culture 8.1 (2006):"In my view, it seems likely that Virgil did not write the Culex which has come down to us, and, in fact, never wrote a Culex at all. Most believes that the forger 'knew that Virgil had written the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid, in that order and nothing else, and was making reference to that fact in the structure of his poem.' According to Most, if one defends Virgilian authorship of the Culex, then one is making the ludicrous claim that 'Virgil ... as a young man unknowingly anticipated his whole future career' (208-09). It is impossible to be certain when the poem was written, but one can safely rule out the lifetimes of Virgil, his executors, and Augustus. That puts us at least in the reign of Tiberius (began A.D. 14) on the early end of the scale." Still, the recent graphometric analysis by Stephan Vonfelt, referenced below, supports Vergilian authorship: "Le Culex, authentifié par les témoignages les plus anciens, ressort du corpus et se voit attribué à Virgile." eng.:"Culex, authenticated by the oldest witnesses, stands out from the corpus and is thus attributed to Vergil." unanimous in considering the works of the Appendix spurious, primarily on grounds of style, metrics, and vocabulary.

Composition
The collection most likely formed in Late Antiquity. The individual components are older: ancient authors considered the Culex to be a youthful work of Virgil's and the Ciris is ascribed to Virgil as early as Donatus' Vita. Quintilian quotes Catalepton 2 as the work of Virgil. The Elegiae in Maecenatem cannot possibly be by Virgil, as Maecenas died eleven years after Virgil in 8 BC. The poems are all probably by different authors, except for the Lydia and Dirae which may have a common author, and have been given various, nebulous dates within the 1st century AD. The Culex and the Ciris are thought to have been composed under the emperor Tiberius. Some of the poems may be attempts to pass works off under Virgil's name as pseudepigraphia, such as the Catalepton, while others seem to be independent works that were subsumed into the collection like the Ciris which is influenced more by the late Republican neoterics than Virgil.

Culex ("The Gnat")
This is a pastoral epyllion in 414 hexameters which evokes the world of Theocritus and employs epic conventions for comic effect in a parody. The poem opens with an address to the young Octavian, a promise of more poems, an invocation of Apollo, and a prayer for Octavian's success. The poet has a priamel in which he rejects the Battle of the Gods and Giants and historical epic. It is noon, and a poor but happy shepherd, who lacks the refinements of classical luxury, is tending his flocks when he sees a grove of trees, a locus amoenus, and lies down to rest. The mythical metamorphoses of the trees in the grove are described. As he sleeps, a snake approaches him and is ready to bite when a gnat lands on his eyes. Reflexively killing the gnat he awakes, sees the snake and kills it. That night, the gnat appears to the shepherd in a dream, laments its undeserved fate, and gives a long description of the underworld and the souls of the dead mythological heroes there, allowing it to digress. The gnat especially focuses on the story of Eurydice and the Trojan War. The gnat goes on to describe famous Roman heroes and then his audience before Minos to decide his fate. When he awakes, the shepherd constructs a heroön (shrine) to the gnat in the grove and the poet has a flower-catalogue. The shepherd inscribes it with the inscription "Little gnat, to you deservedly the guard of the flock repays his funeral duty for your gift of life." The Culex cannot be one of Virgil's juvenilia because it alludes to the full body of his work; thus, it is usually dated to sometime during the reign of Tiberius. Moreover, Suetonius in his Lives of the Poets (18) writes, "the Culex... of his (Virgil's) was written when he might have been sixteen years old", so it is therefore possible that the extant version which has come down to us may be a later copy that had been modified. The poem has been variously interpreted as a charming epyllion or as an elaborate allegory in which the shepherd symbolizes Augustus and the gnat Marcellus.

Ciris ("The Sea-Bird")
The Ciris is an epyllion in 541 hexameters describing the myth of Nisus, the king of Megara and his daughter Scylla of Megara. The epyllion was a popular style of composition which seems to have developed in the Hellenistic age; surviving examples can be found in Theocritus and Catullus. The poet begins his hundred line prologue by invoking the Muses and Sophia, despite the fact that he is an Epicurean, and describes his poem as a gift to Messalla like the robe given to Minerva in the Panathenaia. The poet differentiates the Scylla of his poem from the sea-monster Scylla and describes the monster's birth and metamorphosis. He starts by describing Minos' siege of Megara and the lock of purple hair on the head of Nisus which protected the city. While playing ball, Scylla is shot by Cupid and falls madly in love with Minos. As a prize for Minos, she tries to cut the lock of her father, but her nurse, Carme, asks Scylla why she is upset. After Scylla tells her she is in love with Minos, Carme says that Minos earlier had killed her daughter Britomartis and convinces Scylla to go to bed. In the morning, Scylla tries to talk Nisus into making peace with Minos, and the nurse brews a magical potion, but nothing works and Scylla cuts off the lock. The city falls and Scylla, lamenting Minos' refusal to marry her, is taken prisoner on the Cretan ships which sail around Attica. The poet describes her metamorphosis in detail; by the pitying Amphitrite she is transformed into the ciris bird, supposedly from the Greek keirein ("cut"). Jupiter transforms Nisus into a sea-eagle, which pursues the ciris like Scorpio pursues Orion. Based on composition, the poem must be placed after Ovid and before the 2nd century. A Tiberian date seems likely for its composition.

Copa ("The Barmaid")
This poem in 38 elegiac couplets describes the song of the barmaid Syrisca. She describes a lush, pastoral setting and a picnic laid out in the grass and invites an unnamed man to spend time with her, stop thinking about the future, and live for the present.

Moretum ("The Pesto")
The Moretum in 124 hexameter lines describes the preparation by the poor farmer Simylus of a meal. The poem is in the tradition of Hellenistic poetry about the poor and their diet and has a precedent in Callimachus' Hecale and poems that describe theoxeny. Waking before dawn, he starts the fire, grinds grain as he sings and talks to his African slave Scybale, and starts baking. His garden and its products are described. Simylus fashions from garlic, cheese, and herbs the moretum, a type of pesto, eats, and goes out to plow. The poem is notable for its use of the phrase "e pluribus unus".

Dirae ("Curses")
This poem in 103 hexameter lines is a series of curses by a dispossessed farmer on the veteran who has usurped his land. The tradition of curse poetry goes back to the works of Archilochus and Hipponax. The poem may have connections to the Hellenistic Arae of Euphorion of Chalcis, but it is also very much in the pastoral tradition of Theocritus and the Eclogues. The poem opens pastorally by addressing Battarus, a friend whose farm has also been confiscated and describing the actions of the soldier called Lycurgus. First the speaker curses the plants on the farm with bareness and then asks the forests to burn before Lycurgus destroys them with his axe. He then prays to Neptune for a flood to destroy the farm and for the land to turn into a swamp. The poem ends with a farewell to his farm and his lover, Lydia.

Lydia
This hexameter lament in 80 lines was connected to the Dirae because of the mention of Lydia in that poem but is probably an independent piece. It also has a pastoral setting and is in the tradition of Theocritus' amatory idylls and Latin love elegy. It begins with the poet saying he envies the countryside which a woman named Lydia inhabits and describes his pain at his separation from her. He looks to the animal world and the astronomical world with their amorous pairings and feels despair at the passing of the golden age. He describes the love of Jupiter and Juno, Venus and Adonis, and Aurora. He ends with the impossible wish to have been born in a better age.

Priapea ("Priapus Poems")
This is a collection of three poems, each in a different meter, with the god Priapus as the speaker. Priapea are a traditional subgenre of Greek poetry and are primarily found in Greek epigrams. A notable piece of Priapic poetry can be found in Theocritus 13 and Roman examples can be found in Horace and Tibullus as well as the 80 epigrams of the Carmina Priapea. The first poem in two elegiac couplets is a mock-inscription in which the god describes the setting of his statue at different seasons and his dislike of winter and fear of being made into firewood. The second poem is in 21 iambic trimeters. Priapus addresses a passer-by, describes how he protects and nourishes the farm through the seasons, and demands respect, as his wooden phallus can double as a club. The third poem is composed of 21 lines in Priapean metre (– x – u u – u – | – x – u u – x). In it, the Priapus statue addresses a group of boys who want to rob the farm. He describes his protection of the farm and the worship the owners give it. He ends by telling the boys to rob a neighbor's farm whose Priapus is careless.

Catalepton ("Trifles")
The Catalepton is a collection of fifteen or sixteen poems in various meters. The first elegiac poem is addressed to Tucca and describes the poet's separation from his lover. The second makes fun of a fellow writer for his obsession with Attic dialect. The third elegiac piece is a description of a successful general – possibly Pompey the Great – who fell from power. Poem 4 in elegiacs is on the poet's friendship and admiration for Octavius Musa. Poem 5 describes a poet's giving up of rhetorical study to learn philosophy with Siro. The elegiac sixth poem criticizes Noctuinus and his father-in-law for some scandal with a girl. Poem 7 in elegiacs talks about love and plays with Greek words in Latin poetry. The eighth elegiac poem addresses the farm of Siro as being dear to the poet as his Mantuan and Cremonan estates. Poem 9 is a long elegiac piece which is an encomium to Messalla describing the poet's pastoral poetry, praising Messalla's wife, Sulpicia, and recounting his military achievements. Poem 10 is a parody of Catullus 4 and describes the career of the old muleteer Sabinus. The elegiac poem 11 is a mock lament for the drunken Octavius Musa. Poem 12 makes fun of Noctuinus for his two lovers. Poem 13 is in iambics and attacks a certain Lucienus or Luccius for his love affairs and seedy living. Poem 13a is an elegiac epitaph on an unknown scholar. Poem 14 is an elegiac prayer to Venus to help him complete the Aeneid and a promise to pay his vows to her. The final poem is an elegiac epigram for Virgil's tomb signed by Varius. Scholarly support for a Virgilian authorship of the Catalepton remains significant.

Elegiae in Maecenatem ("Elegies for Maecenas")
The Elegiae are two poems on the death of Gaius Maecenas (died 8 BC) in elegiac couplets whose ascription to Virgil (who died eleven years earlier) is impossible. It has been conjectured by Scaliger that they are the work of an Albinovanus Pedo, who is also responsible for the Consolatio ad Liviam. They were formerly transmitted as one long poem. The first poem opens with the author saying he has just written a lament for a young man, perhaps Drusus who died in 9 BC. The poet describes his first meeting with Maecenas introduced by Lollius, praises his art, and defends his wearing of loose clothes (criticized later by Seneca). Maecenas' life spent on culture rather than war is praised, as is his service at Actium; a long mythological section compares Maecenas to Bacchus and describes the labors of Hercules and his service to Omphale. The death is compared to the loss of Hesperus and Tithonus and ends with a prayer that the earth rest lightly on him. The second poem was separated by Scaliger and is far shorter, encompassing the dying words of Maecenas. First he wishes he had died before Drusus and then prays that he be remembered, that the Romans remain loyal to Augustus, that he have an heir, and that Augustus be divinized by Venus.

title: Appendix Vergiliana


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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User talk:David of Broadway

Welcome!

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title: User talk:David of Broadway


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Bulldog Drummond's Revenge

Bulldog Drummond's Revenge is a 1937 American adventure mystery film directed by Louis King, produced by Stuart Walker, written by Edward T. Lowe Jr. and Herman C. McNeile (novel), and featuring John Barrymore. The picture stars John Howard in his second appearance as Bulldog Drummond; Howard previously appeared as Ronald Colman's (who had made the first talkie Bulldog Drummond)  brother in Lost Horizon. Top-billed John Barrymore portrays his friend Colonel Nielsen.

Plot
The film tells the story of Captain Hugh "Bulldog" Drummond, a British officer who, while on a drive with his friend Algy Longworth and valet Tenny, is the first to discover a mysterious suitcase that has been parachuted from an aircraft above, minutes before the plane crashes. The case is found to contain the highly explosive chemical hexanite, the plans for which have been stolen. Despite the urging of his fiancee Phyllis Claverling, Drummond is dragged into the mystery surrounding the whole affair, traveling by both train and ship to recover the formula.

Cast

 * John Barrymore as Col. J.A. Nielson
 * John Howard as Capt. Hugh Chesterton 'Bulldog' Drummond
 * Louise Campbell as Phyllis Clavering
 * Reginald Denny as Algy Longworth
 * E. E. Clive as "Tenny" Tennison
 * Frank Puglia as Draven Nogais
 * Nydia Westman as Gwen Longworth
 * Robert Gleckler as Hardcastle
 * Lucien Littlefield as Mr. Smith
 * John Sutton as Jennings, Nielson's Secretary
 * Miki Morita as Sumio Kanda
 * Benny Bartlett as Cabin Boy
 * Matthew Boulton as Sir John Haxton

title: Bulldog Drummond's Revenge


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Villahermosa (disambiguation)

Villahermosa is a city in Mexico and the capital of Tabasco state.

Villahermosa may also refer to:
 * Villahermosa, Ciudad Real, a town in Castile-La Mancha, Spain
 * Villahermosa del Campo, a town in Teruel, Aragon, Spain
 * Villahermosa del Río, a town in Castellón, Valencia, Spain
 * Villahermosa, Tolima, a town and municipality in Colombia
 * Villa Hermosa, a town in the La Romana province of the Dominican Republic
 * Villa Hermosa (Palm Springs), California, a private residential complex designed by Albert Frey

title: Villahermosa (disambiguation)


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Defense Contract Audit Agency

The Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense under the direction of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller). It was established in 1965 to perform all contract audits for the Department of Defense. Previously, the various branches of military service were responsible for their own contract audits.

The DCAA's duties include financial and accounting advisory services for the Department of Defense in connection with negotiation, administration and settlement of contracts and subcontracts.

Early history
The Defense Contract Audit Agency was established on January 8, 1965. Previously, the various branches of the military were responsible for their own contract audits and there was little consistency in contract administration and auditing.

The first efforts to perform joint audits began with the U.S. Navy and Army Air Corps in 1939. Audit coordination committees were formed by the Navy and Army Air Corps in December 1942 for contracts involving more than one service branch. A single contract audit manual was issued on June 18, 1952, serving the three military service branches existing at that time. However, writing standard guidelines was difficult, due to differences in the organization and practice of procurement between the services.

Defense contract audits became the responsibility of a single agency, the DCAA, in response to a feasibility study directed by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara in 1962. William B. Petty, former Deputy Comptroller of the U.S. Air Force, was appointed in 1965 as the new agency's director and Edward T. Cook, former Director of Contract Audit for the Navy, was selected as the deputy director.

Recent history
As of September 30, 2013, the Defense Contract Audit Agency had 4,933 employees, located at more than 300 offices throughout the United States, Europe, Asia, and in the Pacific. This workforce consisted of 4,334 auditors and 599 support staff.

The Agency provides standardized contract audit services for the Department of Defense, as well as accounting and financial advisory services regarding contracts and subcontracts to all DoD components responsible for procurement and contract administration. DCAA Contract Audit Manual requires its audit staff to conform to zero-based budgeting in the performance of its audits. In practice, this requires the audit team to account for its time spent performing audits. These services are provided in connection with negotiation, administration, and settlement of contracts and subcontracts. DCAA does not provide consulting and advisory services to contractors due to independence requirements.

Prior to 2015, DCAA also provided contract audit services to other government agencies, as well as other countries under the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program, on a reimbursable basis. The largest non-DoD agency for which DCAA performed audits was NASA—primarily since the same government contractors do substantial business with both DoD and NASA, especially on major programs. However, Congress banned DCAA from performing non-Defense audits in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016.

Agency structure
DCAA's organizational structure consists of four Corporate Audit Directorates organized by major contractors, three geographical regions primarily focused on other large, mid-sized, and small contractors, and a Field Detachment focused on classified work. DCAA has about 300 offices located throughout the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. With the exception of Field Detachment and supervisory positions, DCAA employees are represented by American Federation of Government Employees Union (AFGE).

 * Headquarters is at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Principal elements are the Director, Deputy Director, General Counsel, Office of Inspector General, and the Assistant Directors for Operations, Policy and Plans, Integrity and Quality Assurance, and Human Capital and Resource Management.
 * Regional Offices/Field Detachment are located in Smyrna, Georgia; Irving, Texas; La Palma, California; and Reston, Virginia. Each region directs and administers the DCAA audit mission at locations near the contractor base. Each region is staffed with 800 to 1000 employees and serves 2000 to 3000 contractors. The Field Detachment has 400 employees to serve 750 contractors.
 * Corporate Audit Directorates (CAD) are located in Lowell, Massachusetts (Raytheon, General Dynamics, BAE); McLean, Virginia (Northrop Grumman); Hazelwood, Missouri (Boeing, Honeywell); and Fort Worth, Texas (Lockheed Martin). Each CAD directs and administers the DCAA mission at its major defense contractors.
 * Branch Offices are strategically situated within the regions and are responsible for the majority of contract audit services within their assigned geographical areas. Branch offices often have smaller suboffices to ensure adequate audit coverage.
 * Resident offices are established at specific contractor locations of both regions and CADs where the audit workload justifies the assignment of a permanent staff of auditors and support staff. These offices allow auditors to work on location with the largest major industrial manufacturers that the government buys from, such as Lockheed Martin, DynCorp, and General Dynamics.
 * DCAA liaison activities are conducted at DoD acquisition or contract administration offices to directly communicate and coordinate audit processes.

The DCAA also operates the Defense Contract Audit Institute (DCAI), located in Sandy Springs, Georgia. Its teaching staff maintain a library of self-study courses as well as providing seminars by live instructors to meet the training requirements of DCAA employees. On a limited basis, the institute also provides training for other government agencies and foreign military employees.

Defense contract audits
Defense contract audits are required to be performed in accordance with Government Auditing Standards. These standards, commonly referred to as the "Yellow Book", are published by the Comptroller General of the United States. Policies and guidelines more specific to defense contract auditing are detailed in the Defense Contract Audit Manual, a continuously updated online publication of the DCAA.

The objective of a contract audit is to express an opinion, in the form of an auditor's report, on a contractor's cost estimates or cost claims, depending on the type of contract. This involves evaluation of the contractor's policies, procedures and other internal controls over contract costs, and examining samples of supporting records for individual transactions. Government Auditing Standards require the contract auditor to maintain strict independence during audits, avoiding relationships and situations that would look questionable to third parties.

Contractor responsibility
The Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) assign responsibility to the contractor for maintaining sufficient records to support claimed costs. FAR 31.201-2(d) requires the contractor to keep "records, including supporting documentation, adequate to demonstrate that costs claimed have been incurred, are allocable to the contract, and comply with applicable cost principles". The same FAR provision allows a government agency's contracting officer to "disallow all or part of a claimed cost that is inadequately supported."

A major area of emphasis in a DCAA audit is determining the adequacy and reliability of the contractor's records to prove the accuracy and reasonableness of contract costs. FAR 4.703(a) requires contractors to "make available records, which includes books, documents, employee time & attendance records, accounting procedures and practices, and other data ... to satisfy contract negotiation, administration, and audit requirements".

2008 allegations of intimidation, retaliation, lax oversight, and poor performance
A report released by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) on July 23, 2008, alleged that DCAA managers threatened a senior auditor with personnel action if he did not remove negative findings from a report criticizing a large federal contractor. The report found a too-cozy relationship between management at the DCAA and some of the contractors they are assigned to audit, including Boeing. GAO also said auditors who complied with the investigation were subject to harassment and intimidation from their supervisors.

The DCAA responded on July 25 that it had asked the US Department of Defense's (DoD) Inspector General (IG) office to investigate the GAO's claims. "We take the GAO report very seriously," said April Stephenson, DCAA's director. US Senator Claire McCaskill said GAO may have uncovered the "biggest auditing scandal in the history of this town," and asked the DoD to immediately fire the supervisors cited in the report.

An Associated Press report on November 10, 2008, revealed that DCAA challenged $4.6 billion, or only 1.2 percent, of the contracts it audited as lacking necessary documentation. The agency has not used its subpoena authority in over 20 years to produce the required paperwork from defense contractors under audit. According to the Associated Press, in contrast to the GAO, which saves taxpayers $94 for every dollar it spends, DCAA's return on investment is only $7. As an example, the Associated Press reported that a May 2008 audit of Bechtel Group, supervised by DCAA regional director Christopher Andrezze, showed a "chronic failure" by Bechtel to produce the required documentation for the audit. In spite of this, DCAA issued a report rating Bechtel's internal accounting procedures as "adequate," a passing grade which meant DoD auditors could ease up on the company. The DCAA report did not mention the company's failure to produce the required documentation.

A Government Accountability Office (GAO) report in September 2009 found that agency auditors failed to follow "basic auditing standards" in 65 of 69 audits. In its report, the GAO noted that the agency lacks sufficient independence from the contractors and the DoD agencies doing business with those contractors. The GAO concluded that pressure from outside groups creates a hostile work environment in which audit reports are falsified to appease contractors. In response to the GAO report, Senator Joe Lieberman said, "Perhaps it's time for us to consider separating DCAA from the Department of Defense and … making it an independent auditing agency."

The DoD IG released a report of its investigation into the agency on August 31, 2009. It found that the DCAA has an "environment not conducive to performing quality audits." An audit of Boeing was cited in which the company was allowed to keep $217 million in taxpayer's money, because a DCAA regional auditor did not perform his/her duties properly. When Boeing was unresponsive to a request for information, the regional auditor ordered a subordinate to change the audit report in Boeing's favor. Said Senator Tom Coburn about the agency in response to the report, "It's atrocious. Several of those people ought to be fired." Added Senator Claire McCaskill, "This report is just further confirmation that DCAA is fundamentally broken. I certainly hope the Department of Defense takes these accusations seriously. As I said before, if somebody is not held accountable for the shoddy audits the DCAA has produced, nobody should take this agency or their work seriously in the future." DCAA director Stephenson stated in the IG report that her agency concurred with the IG's recommendations.

In the wake of the investigations, Stephenson was removed from her position as director of the agency by DoD comptroller Robert Hale and reassigned to Hale's staff effective November 9, 2009. She was replaced by Patrick Fitzgerald, previously the Auditor General of the United States Army Audit Agency.

title: Defense Contract Audit Agency


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User talk:RedChocobo

Welcome!

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Happy editing! → Jarlaxle Artemis   04:19, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

RfD nomination of The dad from American Pie
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Jevansen (talk) 10:57, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

A page you started has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Blackfin snapper, RedChocobo!

Wikipedia editor Andrew Gray just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"Thanks for the blackfin snapper article - looks good! Andrew Gray (talk) 20:08, 15 March 2013 (UTC)"

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Jamie McMurray

James Christopher McMurray (born June 3, 1976), nicknamed "Jamie Mac", is an American retired professional stock car racing driver and currently an analyst for Fox NASCAR. He raced in the NASCAR Cup Series on a full-time basis from 2003 to 2018 before shifting to a Daytona 500-only schedule in 2019 and 2021.

McMurray earned his first win in just his second career start in October 2002. He is also known for winning the 2010 Daytona 500 for Chip Ganassi Racing, and is one of only three drivers to win both the Daytona 500 and Brickyard 400 in the same year.

Craftsman Truck and Busch Series (1999–2002)
In 1999, McMurray made five starts in the Craftsman Truck Series. In 2000, he ran 16 Truck races and posted one top-five and four top-ten finishes. During 2001 and 2002, he competed full-time in the Busch Series; driving the No. 27 Williams Travel Centers Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Brewco Motorsports. The latter year was better for McMurray, as he won two races and finished sixth in the overall points standings.

After his surprise win at Lowe's Motor Speedway in Charlotte in the 40 Winston Cup car, he won his first NASCAR Busch Series win at the Aaron's 312 at the Atlanta Motor Speedway in October by beating Joe Nemechek and Michael Waltrip on fuel mileage. McMurray only led 1 lap total and became the 100th different driver to win in the Grand National Series. He then won the next weekend at the Sam's Club 200 at North Carolina Motor Speedway by leading only the last two laps as leaders Jeff Green and Michael Waltrip wrecked each other on the last lap. McMurray finished the year 6th in final points, 772 points behind champion Greg Biffle who would end up being his rookie rival in 2003.

First stint with Chip Ganassi Racing (2002–2005)
McMurray's entry into Cup racing did not go as planned. McMurray was scheduled to drive a limited schedule in a No. 42 Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge in 2002, in preparation for a full-time 2003 rookie of the year campaign in the No. 42 with new sponsor Texaco/Havoline. However, he was instead tapped as interim replacement for injured Ganassi Cup driver Sterling Marlin, who fractured a vertebra in a crash at Kansas Speedway. Thus, McMurray made his Cup debut in the No. 40 Coors Light Dodge at Talladega. One week later, at Charlotte, in just his second career NASCAR Winston Cup and first non-restrictor plate start, McMurray outraced the Joe Gibbs Racing Pontiacs of Bobby Labonte and Tony Stewart to win the UAW-GM Quality 500. McMurray had been consistent the entire night, and led 96 of the final 100 laps to score the win. It is considered one of the biggest upsets in NASCAR history. This win set a modern-era record for fewest starts before a win (since tied by Trevor Bayne in the 2011 Daytona 500, and eclipsed by Shane van Gisbergen winning his Cup Series debut in 2023), and it was also the first time a driver won in their first start at a 1.5-mile track. McMurray drove for six of the remaining seven races, except for the Old Dominion 500 at Martinsville, with Mike Bliss driving as scheduled in the No. 40.

In 2003, McMurray joined the Cup Series full-time. He won Rookie of the Year honors by 37 points over Greg Biffle. McMurray had five Top 5's, 13 top tens and finished 13th in the overall standings. He began competing part-time in the Busch Series.

In 2004, McMurray and his team were penalized 25 points after the Food City 500 for an incorrect "x-measurement," a method of comparing the center of the roof with the center of the chassis, which proved costly when later in the year, McMurray missed the Chase for the Cup by 15 points. If he had made the playoff field, McMurray would have finished the year 4th in points due to strong performance in the Chase races. The same weekend of the penalty, McMurray was fined $15,000 by NASCAR for intentionally causing a wreck after the race was over.

He had 23 Top 10s during the season, including 12 in the last 14 races, and finished eleventh in the points standings, which earned him a $1 million bonus. In the same year, he won a Truck Series race; joining 20 other drivers that have won a race in all three of NASCAR's top touring series. In 2005 McMurray scored four top fives and ten top tens to finish 12th in points. McMurray came in tenth in points with a one-point cushion over Ryan Newman in the final race before the chase at Richmond International Raceway. McMurray was wrecked by Tony Raines later in the race ending his chase hopes.

McMurray left the No. 42 team after the 2005 season to drive for Roush Racing. Owner Chip Ganassi was initially adamant that McMurray would be held to his contract, but on November 7, 2005, McMurray was released when Ganassi and partner Felix Sabates learned that McMurray signed a contract with Roush already before the season ended. McMurray was originally to go to the No. 6 Ford in 2006, but since Mark Martin announced he would race for another year, McMurray instead took over for Kurt Busch in the No. 97 Crown Royal/IRWIN Tools Ford (which was then renumbered No. 26).

Stint with Roush Fenway Racing (2006–2009)
In April 2006, Jack Roush moved Jimmy Fennig from crew chief of the No. 26 Ford to head Roush's Busch operations. Bob Osbourne, who had been crew chief for Carl Edwards, moved to head the crew for McMurray. 2006 was a hard season for McMurray. McMurray's best finish of the 2006 season came at Dover International Speedway, where he finished second after leading the most laps. McMurray would record three top fives, seven top tens and finish a disappointing 25th in points.

McMurray began the 2007 season with crew chief Larry Carter. On June 22, 2007, he won his third career Cup pole, for the Toyota Save/Mart 350. On lap 1, he was passed by Robby Gordon for the lead but he spent the first quarter of the race holding off Boris Said and Jeff Burton for second place. When Robby Gordon pitted after 34 laps, McMurray traded the lead repeatedly. With about 45 laps left, McMurray took the lead and dominated the final laps, but with 7 to go Cup rookie and his future teammate Juan Pablo Montoya passed him and held him off until McMurray eventually ran out of gas with 2 to go and resulted 37th. On July 7 at the Pepsi 400, McMurray led a few laps in the first stages. However, on lap 30, McMurray was then black-flagged by NASCAR for slipping out of bounds. He then spent the rest of the race charging back through the field eventually getting back to the front on lap 155. McMurray then led the final stages but battled Kyle Busch for five laps. On the last lap, Busch was the leader next to McMurray and charged to the finish, but at the last second, McMurray charged one last time and barely beat Busch to win the Pepsi 400 for his second career Cup win. The margin was 0.005 of a second, and the finish resembled the Daytona 500 of the year's finish when Kevin Harvick beat Mark Martin at the last second of the race that year. The photo finish, at that time, was the closest in Daytona International Speedway history and tied for the second closest finish (1993 DieHard 500) since the advent of electronic scoring in 1993. McMurray finished the year 17th in the point standings.

In the beginning of the 2008 season, McMurray encountered a string of poor finishes that relegated him to 36th in points and thus not guaranteed a spot when NASCAR reached the spring Martinsville race. When the current points went into effect to determine those who were locked in the race, McMurray was required to qualify for the race based on his time around the track. He qualified 5th, locking himself into the field as the fastest of the teams not locked into the race. He earned an 8th-place finish in the race, securing himself a spot in the Top 35 in points and thus a guaranteed starting position for the next race. Throughout the remainder of the season, he steadily climbed in the standings and reached the Top 20 in points. On October 11, 2008, McMurray rallied to finish 5th in the Bank of America 500 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. It was his first Top 5 finish since his victory at Daytona in July of the previous year. McMurray finished 16th in the standings.

McMurray reunited with former crew chief Donnie Wingo in 2009. Crew chief Larry Carter moved to Yates Racing to be crew chief for Paul Menard. McMurray started the 2009 season by dominating the final stages of the Budweiser Shootout, but finished second when he lost the lead to Kevin Harvick on the last lap. McMurray had an excellent Speedweeks, finishing 9th in his Gatorade Duel. In the Daytona 500, McMurray ran up front and was a contender, but was involved in the big one, and his teammate Matt Kenseth won the race. Later in the year, Roush Fenway Racing informed McMurray he would be allowed to leave the team as they needed to cut their teams down to the NASCAR-mandated four. On November 1, 2009, McMurray won the AMP Energy 500 at Talladega after leading over 20 laps and passing David Stremme with 8 laps to go. He then survived a green-white checkered finish to earn his second restrictor-plate win. Roush released him and the No. 26 team at the end of the season due to NASCAR's four team limit and the expiration of Roush Fenway Racing's exemption that allowed a 5th team. McMurray decided to ask former boss Chip Ganassi for another chance following his disappointing era on Roush-Fenway Racing and Ganassi granted him a contract to let him drive for his merged team with Dale Earnhardt Inc., Earnhardt Ganassi Racing.

Return to Ganassi (2010–2018)
In 2010, McMurray moved over to Earnhardt Ganassi Racing in the No. 1 car, replacing Martin Truex Jr. McMurray reunited with Chip Ganassi when he participated in the 2010 24 Hours of Daytona; it was the first time he has been with Ganassi since 2005.

Milestone season
On February 14, 2010, McMurray would start the year off with a bang when, in just his first start for Ganassi since 2005, McMurray won the Daytona 500. He led for only two laps, the least in Daytona 500 history at the time, passing Kevin Harvick with 2 to go before holding off Greg Biffle and a rapidly charging Dale Earnhardt Jr. McMurray cried in victory lane and thanked Ganassi and his new sponsors for giving him another chance. McMurray accidentally crashed into new teammate and former rival Juan Pablo Montoya at Las Vegas. McMurray apologized but Montoya said after the race that he felt like McMurray wasn't helping the team much although later they made up. McMurray almost won the Aaron's 499 that spring, but Kevin Harvick beat him in a .011-second drag race to the finish line. McMurray led 27 laps. It was speculated by McMurray's car owner Felix Sabates that Harvick went below the yellow line when he made the pass but this was denied by NASCAR.

In May, McMurray ended up second to Kurt Busch in the Coca-Cola 600 and had several more top ten finishes before in July, McMurray held off Harvick again to win the Brickyard 400, which made him one of only three drivers to win the Daytona 500 and the Brickyard 400 in the same year, the feat previously having been accomplished by Jimmie Johnson in 2006 and Dale Jarrett in 1996. Chip Ganassi became the first owner to win both races (with McMurray) and the Indianapolis 500 (with Dario Franchitti) in the same year. In September, McMurray held off Kyle Busch to win the Great Clips 300 in the Nationwide Series at Atlanta. Although he did not make the Chase, he did win the Bank of America 500 at the site of his first win — Charlotte Motor Speedway. McMurray finished 14th in the standings with three wins nine Top 5s and 12 top tens

Contract extension

On January 19, 2011, McMurray signed a multi-year extension with Earnhardt Ganassi Racing to continue driving the No. 1 Chevrolet. He won the pole for the Goody's Fast Relief 500 at Martinsville, where he finished 7th. Following the massive tornado that went through McMurray's home city Joplin, Missouri, McMurray listed Joplin as one of his racing sponsors to help his town. He blew his engine during the Coca-Cola 600 while battling Matt Kenseth for the race lead. In July, McMurray came close to winning the Brickyard 400 by passing Paul Menard with nine laps left but with four laps remaining, Menard took back the lead and while Menard charged to his first Cup victory, McMurray ended up 4th as a good record of July. McMurray congratulated Menard publicly after the race when he was interviewed about his finish. However, McMurray's second season with Earnardt Ganassi Racing was a disappointment compared to his first; he earned just four Top 10s that year, and finished the season 27th in points.

2012 was not much better for McMurray. He started the season with a crash in the Daytona 500. The next week, in Phoenix, McMurray had an accident before blowing an engine; he then posted two straight 7th-place finishes at both Las Vegas and Bristol. He would not post another top ten until the Pocono race in June. McMurray contended to win at Talladega in the fall race, but Harvick spun McMurray in the final laps; thus, McMurray finished the season with only three Top 10s and no victories.

Final wins
McMurray started his season on a low note, crashing in the Daytona 500 on lap 33, relegating him to a 32nd-place finish, followed by a 22nd-place finish at Phoenix. At Las Vegas, the third race of the year, McMurray improved, with a 13th-place finish. The following week, at Bristol, he scored a 10th-place finish; this was his first Top 10 of the season, despite spinning out in the middle of the race. Then, after a 19th-place finish in Fontana, McMurray finished a season-best 7th place in Martinsville, despite being involved in an early collision with Clint Bowyer. McMurray then had a 16th-place finish at Texas, and took another 7th-place finish at Kansas, bringing him up to three Top 10 and six Top 20 finishes.

McMurray took home first place in the non-points-paying 2013 Sprint Showdown at Charlotte Motor Speedway. Leading all 40 laps, the Cup win was his first since the 2010 Bank of America 500, which also came at Charlotte. He would go on to finish 8th in the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race. McMurray would hit a low stretch, with a 19th-place finish in the Coca-Cola 600 and a 33rd-place finish at Dover. He then had a 13th-place finish at Pocono. At Michigan, McMurray led 21 laps but finished 33rd after a late accident. The following week at Sonoma, McMurray narrowly beat Marcos Ambrose to win his first pole of the season.

McMurray then had two strong runs - a runner-up finish to Matt Kenseth at Kentucky, followed by the Coke Zero 400, where he led 10 laps and finished seventh. He followed that up with a solid 12th-place finish at New Hampshire.

In October, McMurray held off Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Ricky Stenhouse Jr. to win at Talladega, snapping a 108-race winless streak. This was his seventh career victory and fourth on a restrictor plate track (with wins at Daytona in 2007 and 2010 and Talladega in November 2009).

McMurray had a slow start to the 2014 season, finishing 14th at Daytona after a last lap crash, though he posted a Top 10 at Fontana. His performances improved at the All-Star Race. After starting in the Top 10, McMurray controlled 40% of the 90 lap race, passed leader Carl Edwards on the final restart, and held off Kevin Harvick for $1,370,400. He was very emotional about his win and gave credit of the win to his pit crew thanking his new crew chief Keith Rodden.

On lap 165 of the FedEx 400, McMurray drove into a chunk of concrete, causing his car to turn sideways. The resulting pothole, which was 8 in.x 10 in., led to a red flag which lasted 22 minutes and 22 seconds.

On June 21, 2014, McMurray won the pole for the Toyota/Save Mart 350 for his first pole of the 2014 season and the tenth of his career. McMurray finished 16th at New Hampshire, after a solid 5th place start. At the Irwin Tools Night Race, McMurray had a car to beat, led the most laps (148), and had the lead with 67 laps to go, but faded towards the end of the race and finished 8th. McMurray had a good end to the season, grabbing a Top 10 at Homestead Miami. He finished in 18th in the overall standings, seventy-three points behind his teammate Kyle Larson.

2015–2018
McMurray had another crew chief change entering 2015, his second swap in 2 years. His new crew chief is former RCR Engineer Matt McCall. McMurray started the year out poorly with finishes of 27th and 40th at Daytona and Atlanta after being involved in two crashes. He then scored an 11th at Las Vegas. Coming to the fourth race of the season (Phoenix), he contended with Kevin Harvick for the win, but ended in 2nd. He finished 21st at Auto Club. However, he experienced a good streak of races, a 10th at Martinsville, a sixth at Texas, a 14th at Bristol, and a fourth at Richmond where it looked like McMurray was one of the only drivers who could challenge winner Kurt Busch. He finished 11th at Talladega. After ten races McMurray was 7th in the standings - the highest he had ever been since the second race of 2010. He had a 44-point cushion over 17th place.

Starting the summer part of the season, McMurray posted a 13th-place finish at Kansas. He posted a 16th at the All-Star race after leading Segment 3. He finished 19th in the Coco-Cola 600. McMurray had a strong run afterward, coming seventh at Dover, Pocono, and Michigan consecutively. He then finished 11th at Sonoma after a tire issue early threw a wrench in the team's plans. The next week, McMurray's car was involved in a nine-car practice crash and was forced to a backup car for the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona; the backup car was slow during the race, and he was involved in multiple large accidents. Still, due to the majority of the field being involved in wrecks, McMurray was able to hang on to finish 15th. After 17 races, McMurray was 6th in points, the highest winless driver in the points. He also had an 85-point cushion over Aric Almirola. McMurray finished 14th at Kentucky after starting 7th. McMurray lost one spot in the standings to 7th. McMurray looked to grab a top 10 at New Hampshire until he lost a cylinder in his engine and finished 26th. As a result, he dropped to 9th in the standings. Over the next few races he didn't pick up many points due to a 40th at Watkins Glen. At Bristol, he rallied back for an 11th, which kept him in 10th place in the driver standings. He went on to make the Chase for the first time in his career, seeded 12th in the standings.

At Chicagoland, McMurray started 13th and finished 16th. At New Hampshire, he started 23rd and finished 14th. Heading into Dover, he started 11th due to rain washing out qualifying. He was 11th in the points, just two points above the cut line for who would be eliminated from the Chase going into the Contender Round, and one point above Dale Earnhardt Jr., who marked the cutoff line. During the race, McMurray would be locked in a constant battle with Earnhardt for control of the final transfer spot. Ultimately, Earnhardt finished third and McMurray finished fourth, which tied them in points, which was broken in favor of Earnhardt, which cut McMurray from the Chase.

On September 19, 2015, McMurray joined NASCAR on NBC for the Xfinity Series race at Chicagoland as a guest analyst.

At Martinsville, McMurray looked to be set to finish 1 lap down in 24th place. However, after a caution with less than 50 laps to go, caused by Matt Kenseth intentionally wrecking Joey Logano, McMurray got back on the lead lap and after a pit stop, had the fastest car in the field. McMurray, with the fastest car, charged through the field after a restart, to finish second behind Jeff Gordon.

McMurray started out the 2016 season with a 17th place at Daytona. During the next 3 races he finished 16th, 16th, and 21st, before getting his first top ten - a tenth at Fontana. McMurray would spin at Martinsville, and finish outside the top 20. After finishing inside the top 20 over the next 3 races, McMurray would be involved in the big one at Talladega. However, he would rally back for a fourth place, his first top five, and second top ten of the year.

The next two weeks were rough for McMurray, as at Kansas, he was penalized by NASCAR and forced to repair damage from a crewman who body-slammed the car (NASCAR determined this was an illegal body modification). He spent the rest of the race trying to catch up and ultimately finished 26th. At Dover, he got caught up in the big one and finished several laps down in 21st. Three races later, McMurray would finish 9th at Michigan. After a seventeenth at Sonoma, McMurray would contend at Daytona, but contact from Kyle Larson, and Jimmie Johnson would cause him to spin, causing the big one.

As the summer began to wound down, McMurray would heat up. He finished seventh at Kentucky in a fuel mileage race. A good 6th place at New Hampshire would allow him to slip further ahead of his competition. However a spin at Indy, and Chris Buescher winning at Pocono didn't help, although McMurray still finished in the top 20 for both races. He would then score three eighth-place finishes in row, at Watkins Glen, Bristol, and Michigan, allowing McMurray to slip past Ryan Newman in the chase standings. This would be good, as when Kyle Larson won at Michigan, McMurray would find himself 15 points in, ahead of Newman. Eventually, Newman still looked to be in contention before he was penalized for failing an inspection and docked a significant number of points, giving McMurray a big advantage over Newman going into the Fall Richmond race, which Denny Hamlin won, and McMurray finished seventh, narrowly clinching the 16th and final Chase spot. Poor finishes at Chicagoland and New Hampshire put him in a must-win situation at Dover, unfortunately, McMurray's engine exploded midway through the race, ending his Chase hopes.

McMurray served as a Fox NASCAR analyst for the Xfinity Series race at Las Vegas. McMurray's first top 5 came at the GEICO 500 when he managed to avoid the Big One and finish 2nd to Ricky Stenhouse Jr. in an overtime finish. McMurray jumped up to fifth in the standings after Dover, the highest he had ever been in the standings at the point in the year. McMurray racked up nine top-ten finishes in the first 16 races of the year, posting another top-five effort at Michigan. McMurray would survive the night race at Daytona to finish 14th, ahead of all drivers in front of him in the points with the exception of Jimmie Johnson. At Kentucky, he managed to score his eleventh top-ten of the year. As the regular season ended, McMurray began falling closer to the cut line of the newly renamed Playoffs, though he ultimately managed to clinch a Playoff spot for the third year in a row. McMurray continued to excel, making it past the first round of the Playoffs for the first time in his career. He posted a top-five at Charlotte, before consecutive wrecks caused by Erik Jones at Talladega and Kansas knocked him out. McMurray finished out the year 12th in the standings, and racked up 17 top tens and three top-fives.

The 2018 season became McMurray's worst since 2011 and 2012, having scored top-fives at the 2018 O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 at Texas in April, and the Charlotte Roval, along with 8 top-10s. He also missed the playoffs, finishing 20th in the points standings. The 2018 season also saw McMurray involved in a seven-flip rollover accident at Talladega Superspeedway during practice for the GEICO 500, leading to NASCAR attempting to reduce speeds for the race by changing the restrictor plates used. At the end of the season, it was announced Kurt Busch would take over the #1 from Jamie McMurray after leaving Stewart-Haas Racing.

Daytona 500 (2019, 2021)
On September 10, 2018, McMurray announced that he will not return to Chip Ganassi Racing in 2019. CGR had offered McMurray a contract to drive at the 2019 Daytona 500 before moving to a leadership position with the team.

McMurray would ultimately retire from full-time Cup Series racing and later signed a contract with Fox Sports to appear on their weekday and raceday NASCAR programs, in addition to his leadership role with Ganassi. In January 2019, Chip Ganassi Racing formed a partnership with Spire Motorsports to field the No. 40 for McMurray at the Daytona 500. McMurray led a few laps in the race but finished 22nd. He returned to the Daytona 500 in 2021 with Spire, driving the No. 77. He finished 8th after starting 19th, in only his second Top 10 finish in the Daytona 500.

Other racing
On January 4, 2014, Chip Ganassi Racing announced that McMurray will run the 24 Hours of Daytona for the team in the No. 01 car alongside Scott Pruett, Memo Rojas and Sage Karam. At the team's announcement, McMurray stated, "It's the most fun race I get to run all year long. There's no points for us and it's all about being able to win. What makes it such a good time, you'll see guys all year long and they'll be here, so you can eat lunch with them, hang out and things like that. It’s fun to be a part of it." McMurray returned to the 24 Hours of Daytona in 2015 in the No. 02 car with Tony Kanaan, Scott Dixon, and Cup teammate Kyle Larson. The team would win the event, and McMurray joined A. J. Foyt and Mario Andretti as the only drivers to win the Daytona 500 and 24 Hours of Daytona (they would be joined by Jeff Gordon two years later). McMurray would also drive for the team in the 2016 24 Hours of Daytona.

Broadcast career
Following his departure from Chip Ganassi Racing at the end of the 2018 season, McMurray signed with Fox Sports to be an analyst for their Fox NASCAR broadcast team starting in 2019. He will appear in the NASCAR RaceDay pre-race show and the NASCAR Race Hub midweek news show.

Personal life
McMurray was born in Joplin, Missouri. He grew up racing go-karts and competed in nearly every form of karting around the country before moving to late-model stock cars. In 2007, McMurray returned to the karting ranks and still competes in World Karting Association races on many of his open weekends. He races annually at the World Karting Association's Daytona KartWeek in late December.

McMurray married Christy Futrell in July 2009. Their first child Carter Scott McMurray was born Thanksgiving morning, November 25, 2010. Their second child, a daughter named Hazel, was born February 11, 2013.

Through his trouble-filled 2009, and his contrasting 2010, McMurray found the power of prayer. Following his win at Charlotte in 2010, McMurray said in his post-race interview, "As those laps were winding down, I was thinking about Daytona and why I cry and the power of prayer. I had a tough year last year. I found out the power of prayer and what that can do for you. When you get to victory lane, and you get to experience this, it just makes you a believer."

Throughout 2017, McMurray has also been actively running and cycling with other drivers. McMurray completed the Assault on Mt. Mitchell on May 5, and on December 12, competed in his first marathon, the Kiawah Island Golf Resort Marathon.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

Craftsman Truck Series
$$ Season still in progress $1$ Ineligible for series points

Grand-Am
(key) Bold – pole position (overall finish/class finish).

Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Jamie McMurray


text:
Defense Contract Management Agency

The Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) is an agency of the United States federal government reporting to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment. It is responsible for administering contracts for the Department of Defense (DoD) and other authorized federal agencies. Its headquarters is located at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia. DCMA also administers Foreign Military Sales contracts.

History
Contract administration within DoD has been studied and modified for many years. In the early 1960s, a study was commissioned by the Secretary of Defense to examine the entire DoD contracting process. Known as "Project 60," the findings pointed to numerous benefits of consolidating contract administration and audit. At that time, each defense agency and military service was administering and auditing its own contracts, which resulted in a great amount of duplicate effort. Many of the contract administration responsibilities were eventually moved to the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA). However, the military services continued to retain oversight of the major weapon systems acquisition programs.

Defense Contract Management Command
The contract administration process was again reviewed in 1989. Citing continued problems with the manner in which the services were administering contracts, a Defense Management Review Decision (DMRD) 916 recommended the establishment of a joint command to administer defense contracts, to ensure that consistent policies and standards were applied to the defense acquisition process. Defense Contract Management Command (DCMC) was established as a command within the Defense Logistics Agency in February 1990 to satisfy the findings of DMRD 916.

DCMC transition to DCMA
On March 27, 2000, DCMC was renamed as the Defense Contract Management Agency and established independently from DLA. In DoD Directive 5105.64, the Deputy Secretary of Defense formally established the mission, responsibilities and functions of DCMA; save for 18 specific exceptions detailed in the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, DoD activities normally delegate a wide variety of contract administration functions to DCMA.

The DCMA headquarters moved from a northern Virginia location to Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia, as part of the federal 2005 Base Realignment and Closure process. The new headquarters was dedicated as Herbert Homer Hall on September 15, 2011. Homer was a DCMA employee killed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

According to the DoD's Fiscal Year 2015 Budget Estimate, DCMA had 10,637 civilian and 472 military personnel, located in over 740 locations, managing over 19,000 contractors and nearly 350,000 active contracts. The operations and maintenance budget estimate for fiscal year 2015 was approximately $1.3 billion. By 2019, those numbers changed slightly. As of 14 January 2019, DCMA had 11,641 civilians and 552 military assigned. Number of contractors and number of active contracts remained roughly constant. Total contracts serviced were valued at $5.2 trillion and authorized contractor payments per day was valued at $678 million.

DCMA Seal, Duty Badge, and Lapel Pin

The DCMA Seal is pictured above. The eagle represents courage, honor, and dedicated service to the United States, represented by the shield of thirteen pieces. The thirteen pieces of the shield represent the original thirteen colonies that became the first thirteen states. The thirteen pieces are joined together by the blue chief, representing Congress. The eagle is clutching thirteen arrows and an olive branch with thirteen leaves and thirteen olives, similar to the Great Seal of the United States. The eagle is superimposed atop a map of the world, representing DCMA's global mission. The rays emanating from the center to the thirteen stars represent glory. The color blue matches the canton of the American flag and signifies vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The circle shape and blue color are also reminiscent of the official seal of the Department of Defense.

In 2018, DCMA and the military services (the US Army, US Navy, US Air Force, and US Marine Corps—as the US Space Force did not exist in 2018) approved a duty badge for military personnel to wear while assigned to DCMA. A similar lapel pin version is also available for civilian employees (and military not in uniform). The badge and lapel pin were designed by The Institute Of Heraldry (TIOH), working at the direction of military officers assigned to DCMA. Those officers directed the badge and lapel pin be reminiscent of the DCMA Seal and they wrote the heraldry of the Seal (above) as part of the badge/pin approval process. Then-Director of DCMA, United States Air Force Lieutenant General Wendy M. Masiello approved the badge and pin for DCMA. Ultimately, TIOH approved the badge and pin as an official insignia for the US military and the individual Services approved the badge for wear on military uniforms.

title: Defense Contract Management Agency


text:
Andrew Lewis (soldier)

Andrew Lewis (October 9, 1720 – September 26, 1781) was an Irish-born American surveyor, military officer and politician. Born in County Donegal, he moved with his family to the British colony of Virginia at a young age. A colonel in the Virginia militia during the French and Indian War, and brigadier general in the American Revolutionary War, his most famous victory was the Battle of Point Pleasant in Dunmore's War in 1774, although he also drove Lord Dunmore's forces from Norfolk and Gwynn's Island in 1776. He also helped found Liberty Hall (later Washington and Lee University) in 1776.

Early life
Andrew Lewis was born in County Donegal, Ireland on October 9, 1720. His parents were John Lewis and Margaret Lynn. In 1720, John fled to the British colony of Virginia with two of his sons after killing the family's landlord, Sir Mungo Campbell, in an altercation. The Lewis' were among the first white settlers in Augusta County, Virginia after John was given a large land grant in the county by the colonial authorities in 1732. Lewis received a basic education and learned the skills of a surveyor. He spent at least fifteen years farming and working as a surveyor in southwestern Virginia. In 1751 he and his father explored much of the Greenbrier District of Augusta County (which much later became later Greenbrier County, West Virginia). John Lewis named the Greenbrier River after getting stuck in a patch of the thorny plant. Andrew Lewis also served as county lieutenant and later captain in the Augusta County militia.

Early in the 1740s, Andrew Lewis married Elizabeth Givens, daughter of Samuel and Sarah (Cathey) Givens, formerly of County Antrim, Ireland. They established their own home, called Richfield, in what later became Roanoke County near Salem. Their children included: Samuel (c.1748-1763), John (1750–1788), Thomas (1752–1800), Andrew Jr. (1759–1844), Anna (who married Andrew Lambert (1768-1845)) ), William (1764–1812) and Charles (c.1768-1781). Their granddaughter Agatha Strother (1779-1852), married Elijah McClanahan.

French and Indian War
The Virginia frontier became a battleground in the French and Indian War, as did the frontiers of the more northerly colonies of Pennsylvania (which like Virginia also claimed land west of the Appalachian Mountains) and Maryland (whose boundary ended at the Appalachians). Virginia organized provincial troops to defend settlers subject to attacks by Indians upset at encroachments into their territories; Lewis became a captain in George Washington's Virginia Regiment. After the loss at the Battle of Great Meadows in 1754, Washington was forced to surrender to the French. Lewis was then at Fort Necessity (now in Pennsylvania) and likewise retreated eastward across the Appalachians.

Washington proposed a series of frontier fortifications to protect settlers east of the Appalachians. Lewis initially built Fort Dinwiddie on the Jackson River of present-day Bath County, but was relieved of his command September 21, 1755. The Virginia assembly soon approved Lewis' promotion to major and assigned him to oversee the region along the Greenbrier River. On February 18, 1756, Lewis led the Sandy Creek Expedition from Fort Frederick with a mixed force of militiamen and Cherokees to raid the Shawnee towns along the Big Sandy and Ohio rivers to retaliate for Shawnee attacks. Lewis led several expeditions against both Indian settlements and French outposts. During the Forbes Expedition, Lewis was captured during Major James Grant's attack on Fort Duquesne in September 1758. Taken to Quebec, Lewis remained a prisoner until late 1759.

Between wars
The Proclamation of 1763 officially restricted Virginia's western expansion across the Appalachians, but Lewis continued his hunting and exploration trips into what later became West Virginia. When relative peace returned, Lewis entered politics. Three years after the formation of Botetourt County from Augusta County in 1769, Botetourt County voters elected Lewis and John Bowyer as their part-time representatives in the House of Burgesses and reelected the pair several times before 1780, though the grueling travel to Williamsburg or later Richmond, as well as the American Revolution precluded much attendance in later years.

In 1774, Virginia's Governor Dunmore led a force to Fort Pitt and into the Ohio Country, in what became known as Dunmore's War. Lewis, now promoted to colonel, led a second force by a more southern route. Shawnee Chief Cornstalk attacked Lewis' force while it was camped at the Ohio River crossing at Point Pleasant. Lewis' victory in the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10, 1774, secured his military reputation.

Lewis became one of the founding trustees of Liberty Hall, formerly the Augusta Academy, along with his brother Thomas Lewis, Samuel McDowell, Sampson Mathews, George Moffett, William Preston, and James Waddel. In 1776 the academy was renamed in a burst of revolutionary fervor and relocated to Lexington, Virginia. Chartered in 1782 by the new Commonwealth of Virginia, Liberty Hall was again renamed, to Washington College. After the American Civil War it became Washington and Lee University, and is now the nation's ninth oldest institution of higher education.

American Revolution
When the American Revolution began, Governor Dunmore suspended Virginia's legislature. The Whigs (soon to become American rebels) formed a provisional Virginia legislature, which included both Andrew Lewis (from Botetourt County) and his brother Thomas (from Augusta County) as delegates. When the Continental Congress created a Continental Army in 1775 and made George Washington its commander, he asked that Lewis be made a brigadier general. Initially the Continental Congress had decided there should be only one general from each state, and the more experienced Charles Lee became Virginia's only commissioned Brigadier General.

In March 1776, Lewis became a brigadier general, overseeing Virginia's defense and raising men for the Continental Army. Virginia's Committee of Safety called on Lewis to stop Governor Dunmore's raids along the coast from his last stronghold, a fortified position on Gwynn's Island in the Chesapeake Bay. On July 9, 1776, Lewis led Virginia's forces which captured the island as Lord Dunmore escaped by sea, sailing to the Caribbean, never to return. Thus Lewis protected Norfolk and the Hampton Roads area.

On April 15, 1777, Lewis resigned his commission, citing poor health. He also faced discontent among his men as well as in the army as a whole. Lt. Thomas Townes, present at Gwynn's Island, wrote, "Lewis who after the enemy (Lord Dunmore) were vanquished proved a traitor & suffered them to escape". Moreover, Lewis was bypassed when promotions were announced for Major General in early 1777. George Washington, in need of every able officer, expressed his disappointment to Lewis, who replied, "In my last I intimated to your Excellency the impossibility of my remaining in a disagreeable situation in the army. My being superseded must be viewed as an implicit impeachment of my character. I therefore requested a court of inquiry into my conduct. I believe the time is now at hand, when I can leave this department without any damage to the public interest. When that is the case, I will wait on your Excellency, not doubting my request will be granted, and that I shall be able to acquit myself of every charge, which malice or envy can bring against me." March 17, 1777.

Later years and death
Botetourt County voters continued to support Lewis and in 1780 elected him to the Virginia House of Delegates following formation of the Commonwealth, though his service proved brief because later that year, Governor Thomas Jefferson appointed him to the Executive Council. The following year, Lewis fell ill while returning home from a council meeting; he died of fever in Bedford County near Lynchburg on September 26. His remains were returned for burial in the family plot at his home, where his grave site was unmarked. Colonel Elijah McClanahan, who married Lewis' granddaughter, Agatha Lewis McClanahan, attended his funeral as a young man, and later identified his grave to Roanoke County's Clerk of the Court. In 1887 General Lewis' remains were re-interred in the East Hill Cemetery at Salem, Virginia.

Legacy

 * Lewisburg, West Virginia, is named after Andrew Lewis.
 * A statue of Lewis is among those honoring Virginia patriots (including Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, George Mason, Thomas Nelson, and John Marshall) on Richmond's Washington Monument in Capitol Square.
 * A memorial at the Salem Civic Center in Salem, Virginia, features a statue of Lewis next to a cannon.
 * Andrew Lewis High School, now Andrew Lewis Middle School, opened in 1931 in Salem. Some residents petitioned unsuccessfully for the new high school in Salem to bear Andrew Lewis' name, but it opened in 1977 as Salem High School.
 * On March 13, 2001, the General Assembly of Virginia designated the portion of Interstate 81 that traverses Rockbridge, Botetourt, and Roanoke Counties, and the city of Salem as the "Andrew Lewis Memorial Highway."
 * The Tri-State Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America named its reservation in Ona, West Virginia (near Huntington) after the general.

title: Andrew Lewis (soldier)


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Lawrence Makoare

Lawrence Makoare (born 20 March 1968) is a New Zealand Māori actor. He is most known for his roles in The Lord of the Rings film series as several prominent antagonists, including Lurtz the Uruk-Hai and the Witch-King of Angmar.

Career
Makoare was a road construction builder who drifted into acting after he accompanied a girlfriend to a drama class and was picked out by the teacher to perform because of his impressive height. He began his career performing as a stuntman. Makoare is best known for his roles in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies. In The Fellowship of the Ring, he portrayed the Uruk-hai leader Lurtz, and in The Return of the King, he portrayed the Witch-king of Angmar as well as Gothmog, the Orc commander at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. In The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, he portrayed the Orc commander Bolg, son of Azog. Due to filming commitments on Marco Polo, Makoare was unavailable during the pick-ups shooting of The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, in which Bolg is portrayed by John Tui instead.

Makoare is also popular among Xena: Warrior Princess fans, having played two memorable characters in the third season: a Barbarian leader in episode "The Quill Is Mightier..."; and Maecanus (a minion of Aphrodite) in episode "Fins, Femmes and Gems". In 2002, he portrayed Mr. Kil in the James Bond film Die Another Day. The director of The Dead Lands, Toa Fraser, was not enthusiastic about using Makoare as the warrior, but was won over by the way he managed, after a few directing hints, to turn in a performance that made him weep.

title: Lawrence Makoare


text:
Voyage of the Beagle (disambiguation)

The voyage of the Beagle typically refers to the second voyage of HMS Beagle, after which Darwin published his theories on evolution.

"Voyage of the Beagle" may also refer to:

 * The Voyage of the Beagle, Darwin's published account of the voyage
 * Other voyages of HMS Beagle

title: Voyage of the Beagle (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Drabble

Other meanings of drabble
I understand that there was a previous article under this title that was deleted from Wikipedia. I don't know the content of that page, but to make knowledge the present version refers to real and veritable facts. There also seems to be a comic strip with the same name, so it might be useful to create Drabble (comic) as well. --Chino 04:26, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * So...

 * Maybe it's best it points to a disambig. page

 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by SwiftGeneration (talk • contribs) 17:20, 14 November 2006

 * The fiction-writing term is the most common meaning. A hatlink ("For the comic strip, see Drabble (comic)") at the top of the page is sufficient. —Lowellian (reply) 01:16, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Source of word "drabble"
So drabble has nothing to do with the English SF-fan Drunken Rabble Project (which emerged (I believe) from Beccon fandom duing the early 1980s ? --62.25.106.209 07:32, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That was the title of a filk songbook, published sometime around 1990. The publisher is Beccon Publications. So there is a very indirect connection, but nothing significant. British SF fandom is small enough that everyone is pretty closely connect. There was also a British writer and broadcaster named Phil Drabble; I think he died a few years ago. All this seems Googleable. 88.110.243.55 12:22, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've always suspected that the Monty Python game was named after novelist Margaret Drabble, but I have no evidence of this. Daibhid C 19:45, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * An unsourced comment was added to Buxton

Lisa Drabble whom inspired Monty Python to create 'The Drabble' - an extremely short work of fiction with exactly 100 words. by User:Drabbinski. Any evidence for that Billlion 21:22, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

James Drabble
I've dumped the ref to James Drabble, not only bcz it is unsupported by the ref its adding editor cited, and not only bcz the term probably comes from "drivel" (that which is deficient of meaning) and "dribble" (a pitifully small flow) and "drab" (unable to stimulate interest): the contributor has an unseemly interest in "James" and "Drabble", and vanity should be suspected. --Jerzy·t 28 June 2005 09:00 (UTC)

Less than a 1,000 words?
I was taught (and this is 30 odd years ago, mind) that a drabble was a short story of exactly 100 words, no more, no less. I talked to my father about this and he was taught the exact same thing during the 1950s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.22.113.222 (talk) 11:52, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Hoax
Seems to me 'Drabble' is a hoax post. I've been reading about fiction for years and have never heard this term before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.233.120.202 (talk) 20:22, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, the term is widely used at least in the context of fanfiction.217.141.200.62 (talk) 09:39, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Exactly. To 71.233.120.202: You've been reading fiction, not fanfiction. The term "drabble" is almost ubiquitous within online fanfiction communities. —Lowellian (reply) 01:08, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

No Cites? Nonsense!
Is it a bad program or a careless human that marks articles with bibliographies but no footnotes as having no citations? GeorgeTSLC (talk) 15:39, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion
At the moment the article is proposed for deletion. The word drabble is, due to ambiguity, unsearchable in the search engines as an idependet concept. However, "drabble fan fiction" gains 3,6 million Google hits and "drabble science fiction" earns 1,6 million hits. The article itself has references which establish the notability of this type of fiction, although more would always be better. I see no reason to delete the article. --Chino (talk) 12:09, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree that some content about the drabble should be retained, either as a separate article or as part of another article such as flash fiction. I've added a few reliable sources attesting to the existence of the genre, but it would certainly help to find more, especially reliable sources for the etymology and history of the term.--Arxiloxos (talk) 14:39, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

The sources currently in the article seem to me to be sufficient to justify a separate article. I'm going to remove the merge and notability templates. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 03:55, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drabble


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Ronald M. George

Ronald Marc George (born March 11, 1940) is an American jurist. He previously served as the 27th Chief Justice of California from 1996 to 2011. Governor Pete Wilson appointed George as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in 1991 and elevated George to Chief Justice in 1996.

Early life and education
George grew up in Beverly Hills, the son of a Hungarian immigrant mother and French immigrant father.

George attended the International School in Geneva, Switzerland from 1952 to 1953 and 1955-1956. He graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1957. He earned an A.B. from Princeton University in 1961 and J.D. from Stanford Law School in 1964.

California Deputy Attorney General
After graduating from Stanford, George served as a Deputy Attorney General of California from 1965 to 1972.

As a Deputy Attorney General, he argued before the United States Supreme Court in Chimel v. California (1969), Hill v. California (1971), McGautha v. California (1971), and Aikens v. California (1972), representing California as an amicus curiae in support of the State of Illinois in Kirby v. Illinois.

In 1972, his final year as a Deputy Attorney General, George unsuccessfully argued before the California Supreme Court in People v. Anderson, involving the constitutionality of the death penalty.

He was successful in defending the conviction of Sirhan Sirhan for the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy

Los Angeles Municipal Court
Governor Ronald Reagan appointed George as a Judge of the Los Angeles Municipal Court on April 20, 1972. George was elected to a full six-year term on November 2, 1976.

Los Angeles County Superior Court
Governor Jerry Brown appointed him to the Los Angeles County Superior Court on December 23, 1977; George was elected to a full six-year term on November 7, 1978, and re-elected on November 6, 1984.

As a Superior Court judge, George presided over the trial of Hillside Strangler Angelo Buono in 1981–83. In that trial, George made the extremely unusual decision to deny the District Attorney's motion to dismiss all 10 counts of murder. The prosecutors felt their evidence against Buono was so weak that it did not justify even an attempt to win at trial, and trial judges rarely second-guess such decisions.

George reassigned the case to the California Attorney General's office, and that office successfully convicted Buono on nine of the 10 counts. Thus, it was recognized that the judge, through his action to deny the earlier motion to dismiss, had ultimately prevented a serial killer from going free. Oddly, Los Angeles County District Attorney John Van de Kamp had been elected California Attorney General during the lengthy trial, so he led both the office trying to dismiss the charges and the office that successfully won conviction.

California Court of Appeal
Governor George Deukmejian appointed him to the California Second District Court of Appeal on July 23, 1987. George was confirmed and sworn in on August 27, 1987, and was elected to a full twelve-year term on November 6, 1990.

Supreme Court of California
Governor Pete Wilson appointed George as an associate justice of the California Supreme Court on July 29, 1991, and he was sworn in on September 3. California voters elected him to a full twelve-year term on November 8, 1994.

Wilson appointed George as the 27th Chief Justice of California on March 28, 1996. George was confirmed and sworn into office on May 1, 1996. He was elected to a full twelve-year term on November 3, 1998, with 75.5% percent of the vote.

Notable Cases
In 1997, Chief Justice George authored the court’s opinion on American Academy of Pediatrics v. Lungren striking down a state statute requiring a minor to obtain parental consent for an abortion as an unconstitutional violation of the state constitutional right of privacy.

In 2008, Chief Justice George authored the opinion in the Supreme Court's 4–3 ruling in In re Marriage Cases legalizing same-sex marriage in California. Citing the court's 1948 decision legalizing interracial marriages, George's opinion found that sexual orientation is a protected class like race and gender, meaning that attempts to ban same-sex marriage would be subject to strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause of the California Constitution. It was the first state high court in the country to do so. Voters would overturn the decision less than six months later by passing Proposition 8 in the November 2008 elections.

Potential U.S. Supreme Court nominee
George was occasionally floated as a candidate for justice of the United States Supreme Court as a conservative acceptable to Democrats, such as when Democratic United States Senator Barbara Boxer suggested George as a potential nominee for the seat on the Court vacated by Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement. Boxer described both George and his fellow California Supreme Court Justice Kathryn Werdegar, as Republicans who "reflect the spirit of Sandra Day O'Connor's tenure—independent and nonideological."

Retirement
On July 14, 2010, Chief Justice George announced he would not seek to be re-elected in 2010 and would therefore retire at the end of his term: January 2, 2011. He was succeeded by Tani Cantil-Sakauye.

In 2013, after his retirement, he published a book of memoirs, Chief: The Quest for Justice in California, about his legal and judicial career.

Personal life
On January 30, 1966, George married Barbara J. Schneiderman in Los Angeles. They have three sons: Eric, Andrew, Christopher as well as three grandchildren, Charlotte, Maya, and Kohl.

George successfully completed the Boston, New York, San Francisco, and Big Sur marathons.

Judicial Awards and Recognitions
President of the California Judges Association (1982-83),

American Judicature Society’s Herbert Hawley Award (1997),

St. Thomas More Law Honor Society’s Medallion Award (1997),

William H. Rehnquist Award for Judicial Excellence (2002),

James Madison Freedom of Information Award of the Society of Professional Journalists (2003),

President of the Conference of Chief Justices (2003-2004),

Chair of the Board of Directors of the National Center for State Courts (2003-2004),

American Judicature Society’s Opperman Award for Judicial Excellence (2006),

American Bar Association’s John Marshall Award (2007),

American College of Trial Lawyers’ Samuel Gates Award (2007),

Induction as Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2009), and Executive Order of the California Governor naming an historic two-building complex in San Francisco’s Civic Center, containing judicial, executive, and legislative branch offices, as the Ronald M. George State Office Complex (2010).

Institutional structural reforms promulgated by Chief Justice George include adoption of state funding for all of the trial courts, merger of the three types of trial courts into a single trial court in each county, and the state’s acquiring ownership from the counties of all of the courthouses in the state.

title: Ronald M. George


text:
Defense Finance and Accounting Service

The Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense (DOD), headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. The DFAS was established in 1991 under the authority, direction, and control of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer to strengthen and reduce costs of financial management and operations within the DOD. The DFAS is responsible for all payments to servicemembers, employees, vendors, and contractors. It provides business intelligence and finance and accounting information to DOD decisionmakers. The DFAS is also responsible for preparing annual financial statements and the consolidation, standardization, and modernization of finance and accounting requirements, functions, processes, operations, and systems for the DOD.

One of the most visible responsibilities of the DFAS is handling military pay. The DFAS pays all DoD military and civilian personnel, retirees and annuitants, as well as major DoD contractors and vendors. The DFAS also supports customers outside the DoD in support of electronic government initiatives. Customers include the Executive Office of the President, Department of Energy, Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Health & Human Services, Department of State, U.S. Agency for Global Media and Foreign partners.

The DFAS is a working capital fund agency financed by reimbursement of operating costs from its governmental customers (mostly the military service departments) rather than through direct appropriations. The DFAS remains the world's largest finance and accounting operation.

In FY 2019, the DFAS:
 * Processed 140.8 million pay transactions (~6.5 million people/accounts)
 * Made 6.2 million travel payments
 * Paid 15.1 million commercial invoices
 * Maintained 98 million General Ledger accounts
 * Managed $1.17 trillion in Military Retirement and Health Benefits Funds
 * Made $558 billion in disbursements
 * Managed $616.6 billion in Foreign Military Sales (reimbursed by foreign governments)
 * Accounted for 1,349 active DoD appropriations

History
Prior to 1990, each of the three military departments (Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, and Department of the Air Force) and the other major governmental agencies developed and implemented their own accounting, budgeting, and financial management systems. This freedom of operation lead to numerous specialized systems that were incapable of communicating with one another. In 1990, there were 878 independent finance and accounting systems maintained within Federal Government Agencies.

In 1991, Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney created the Defense Finance and Accounting Service to reduce the cost of Defense Department finance and accounting operations and to strengthen financial management through consolidation of finance and accounting activities across the department. Since its inception, the DFAS has consolidated more than 300 installation-level finance and accounting offices into 10 sites, and reduced the work force from about 27,000 to about 13,000 personnel.

In 2003, the DFAS was selected by the Office of Personnel Management to be one of four governmental entities to provide payroll services for the U.S. government. In 2004, Nielsen Norman Group named the Defense Finance and Accounting Service's portal (ePortal) among the 10 best government intranets in the world. Experts at the Nielsen reviewed hundreds of intranets before naming the top ten which shared traits like good usability and organization, performance metrics and incremental improvements.

The 2005 round of Base Realignment and Closure cuts required the DFAS to be completely restructured. Many sites were integrated into major centers. Since its inception, the agency has consolidated more than 300 installation-level offices into nine DFAS sites and reduced the number of systems in use from 330 to 111. As a result of BRAC efforts begun in FY 2006, the DFAS has closed 20 sites, realigned headquarters from Arlington to Indianapolis and established a liaison location in Alexandria, Virginia.

Establishing legislation
The Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990 (31 USC 501, Pub. L. 101–576, title I, §101, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2838) and 10 USC 113 laid the groundwork for the Secretary of Defense to establish a more streamlined federal financial management structure. In late 1990, under the guidelines of the Department of Defense Directive (DoDD) 5118.5, the establishment of DFAS was announced in the Federal Register (55 FR 50179 (1990)). These guidelines were later codified in the Code of Federal Regulations in (32 CFR Part 352a).

Related agencies
The United States Department of Defense is the parent agency of DFAS. Defense Finance and Accounting Service Garnishment Operations Center and the Defense Finance and Accounting Service Out-of-Service Debt Management Center are subordinate agencies of DFAS.

Major events in the history of the agency

 * 1991: DFAS founded
 * 1992: Began consolidation of 300 field sites into 26 DFAS centers
 * 1994: Began paying all DoD civilian employees; established centralized disbursing
 * 1995: DoD establishes DFAS as a Fourth Estate Human Resources Regional Service Center
 * 1998: Consolidated military pay operations into one system
 * 2000: First unmodified financial statement audit opinion
 * 2002: Received first unmodified audit opinion for Defense Commissary Agency and Defense Contract Audit Agency
 * 2005: Base Realignment and Closure realigns DFAS into 10 sites
 * 2006: Initiated Wounded-in-Action program providing real-time financial support to wounded service members
 * 2007: Wounded Warrior Family Support Debit Card Program implemented providing funds to families of wounded warfighters
 * 2010: Created Audit Readiness Directorate
 * 2013: Achieved unmodified opinions on Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagement No. 16 for Civilian Pay, Military Pay, and Disbursing
 * 2016: Achieved the 17th unmodified audit opinion for DFAS WCF Financial Statements

Major laws associated with and/or enforced by agency
The DFAS must "establish and enforce requirements, principles, standards, systems, procedures, and practices necessary to comply with finance and accounting statutory and regulatory requirements applicable to the Department of Defense." The DFAS responsibilities and authorities are outlined in DoD 7000.14-R, "DoD Financial Management Regulation (DoD FMR)."

Unsubstantiated Change Actions
A 2013 Reuters investigation concluded that DFAS implements monthly "unsubstantiated change actions"—illegal, inaccurate "plugs"—that forcibly make DOD's books match Treasury's books. Reuters concluded:

"Fudging the accounts with false entries is standard operating procedure... Reuters has found that the Pentagon is largely incapable of keeping track of its vast stores of weapons, ammunition and other supplies; thus it continues to spend money on new supplies it doesn't need and on storing others long out of date. It has amassed a backlog of more than half a trillion dollars... [H]ow much of that money paid for actual goods and services delivered isn't known."

Audit
In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed the Chief Financial Officers Act, which directed all federal departments and agencies to submit to annual audits.

The DFAS is the lead Department of Defense unit in charge of auditing the U.S. military.

Before the audit kicked off, the Pentagon spent tens of billions of dollars to upgrade its technology in preparation for the audit. Many of the new systems failed, however, as they were "either unable to perform all the jobs they were meant to do or scrapped altogether—only adding to the waste they were meant to stop," according to Reuters.

According to contract announcements, substantial audit activity took place during fiscal years 2016–2018, with the DOD's first comprehensive audit concluding at the end of fiscal year 2018. Corporate accounting firms conducted the audit on behalf of the DFAS, with Ernst & Young,         Kearney & Co.,   KPMG,      and PwC    prominent among them. Other firms, such as Cotton & Co.,  Deloitte,   and Grant Thornton, provided audit readiness and financial improvement.

According to the Pentagon, the DOD's first audit covered $2.7 trillion in assets and $2.6 trillion in liabilities.

The DOD did not pass this first audit. Five of the twenty-one units received a passing grade (an 'unmodified opinion'), but the rest of the units failed. David Norquist, the Pentagon’s comptroller, estimated that this first audit cost close to $1 billion: $367 million for military infrastructure to support the audits and for the corporations conducting the audit, and $551 million to fix the problems identified in the audit.

Investigative journalist Dave Lindorff described the situation: the accounting firms eventually concluded that the department's "financial records were riddled with so many bookkeeping deficiencies, irregularities, and errors that a reliable audit was simply impossible."

Deputy Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan asserted, "We failed the audit, but we never expected to pass it."

After the first audit was over, the DOD continued purchasing audit services from accounting firms, including from Ernst & Young,  Kearney & Co., and KPMG. A few months after this audit, David Norquist—the man who, as the Pentagon's comptroller, oversaw the entire audit process—got promoted to Acting Deputy Secretary of Defense. Norquist is a former partner of Kearney & Co., one of the firms that conducted the audit.

In January 2019, the U.S. Air Force contracted Diligent Consulting (San Antonio, TX) to realign "the fielding strategy to match the needs of individual units" and "incorporate two financial processes necessary to be compliant with Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness and the Federal Information System Controls Audit Manual."

The DOD failed its second audit, though DOD officials insisted "progress" was being made.

The DOD failed its third audit, with DOD officials urging patience, asserting that DOD will likely pass its audit sometime around the year 2027.

As of fiscal year 2022, the DOD has still not passed its audit.

Locations

 * Current locations:
 * Major Sites
 * Indianapolis, Indiana (Headquarters) – DFAS is headquartered in the MG Emmett J. Bean Federal Center, a 1600000 sqft building that was part of Fort Benjamin Harrison. A solar panel system was installed on the roof of the building in 2010, allowing the building to generate 1.8-MW. Prior to housing DFAS, this location was known as the Finance Center, U.S. Army (1953–1972); U.S. Army Finance Support Agency (1972–1974); U.S. Army Finance and Accounting Center (1975–1991).
 * Cleveland, Ohio
 * Columbus, Ohio
 * Limestone, Maine
 * Rome, New York
 * Europe
 * Japan
 * Smaller scaled back sites
 * Alexandria, Virginia
 * Texarkana, Texas
 * Bratenahl, Ohio
 * Closed sites:
 * Patuxent River, Maryland
 * Charleston, South Carolina
 * Dayton, Ohio
 * Denver, Colorado - Lowry Air Force Base
 * Kansas City, Missouri - Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base
 * Lawton, Oklahoma
 * Lexington, Kentucky
 * Norfolk, Virginia
 * Omaha, Nebraska
 * Oakland, California
 * Orlando, Florida - Naval Training Center Orlando
 * Honolulu, Hawaii
 * Pacific
 * Pensacola, Florida
 * Rock Island, Illinois
 * St. Louis, Missouri
 * San Antonio, Texas
 * San Bernardino, California - Norton Air Force Base
 * San Diego, California
 * Seaside, California

title: Defense Finance and Accounting Service