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Lake Trasimeno

Lake Trasimeno (, also ; Lago Trasimeno ; Trasumennus;  ), also referred to as Trasimene  or Thrasimene in English, is a lake in the province of Perugia, in the Umbria region of Italy on the border with Tuscany. The lake has a surface area of 128 km2, making it the fourth largest in Italy, slightly smaller than Lake Como. Only two minor streams flow directly into the Lake and none flows out. The water level of the lake fluctuates significantly according to rainfall levels and the seasonal demands from the towns, villages and farms near the shore.

Description
Trasimeno is shallow, muddy, and rich in fish, including pike, carp, and tench. During the last 10 years it has been 5 meters deep, on average. Lake Trasimeno is an apparently endorheic body of water with no natural above-ground outlet. However, the Romans dug an artificial drainage tunnel in the San Savino area, which was restored in the Renaissance; a modern canal, the Emissario del Trasimeno, was built in 1898, flowing into the Caina, the Nestore, and eventually the Tiber.

The shallow waters meant that malarial mosquitoes prospered. To combat malaria, some mosquito larvae-eating fish were imported from the United States during the 1950s. These fish are widely scattered, and some live in the lakes near Trasimeno. Although billions of larvae are eaten, there are still many mosquitoes and other insects.

The lake's water quality is still very good, as a study by conservation group Italia Nostra showed in 2005. This is believed to be largely due to the small population and a lack of large farms in the area.

A proposal to drain the lake to solve the problems of malaria and depth changes was rejected. At the end of the 19th century, the level changes were solved by building a channel near San Feliciano. This also lessened the malaria problem.

Origins and early history
Three million years ago, there was a shallow sea in this part of Umbria. A depression formed by geologic fractures allowed the present-day Lake Trasimeno to form.

Historically, Trasimeno was known as the Lake of Perugia, being important for northwestern Umbria and for the Tuscan Chiana district. In prehistoric times, this lake extended almost to Perugia. Trasimeno is a mythological figure, joined with Agilla, a nymph born in Agello, now a hill midway between Perugia and Trasimeno, formerly an island in the lake.

The first civilization to inhabit this area was the Etruscans; three of the main Etruscan cities - Perugia, Chiusi, and Cortona - are within 20 km of the lake. Little physical evidence remains from the period of Etruscan or later Roman settlement. Castiglione del Lago has some Roman ruins and its main streets are structured like a chessboard in the Roman style.

The Battle of Lake Trasimeno occurred on the northern shore of the lake in April 217 B.C. during the Second Punic War. The exact location of the battle is unknown because the lake then extended further north; the battle could have been fought between Cortona and Tuoro. Near Cortona is a place called 'Ossaia', in Italian meaning ossuary. Another place with reference to the battle is the place named Sanguineto, whose name is connected with the Italian term sangue meaning "blood" or, probably, "bloody place."

Local climate
The Trasimeno climate is fairly warm, with moderate winters. Summers can be very warm and humid, but in general the lake moderates the climate both in cold and warm conditions because even shallow water gives a moderate thermic inertia. From May to September, the temperature is high enough to allow swimming. In 1929, a cold winter froze the whole of the lake's surface, and cars could be driven over the ice. Cold winters in 1957, 1985 and 2002 caused heavy damage to the olive trees nearby. A less severe freeze happened in 1991. Given the latitude of the lake, freezing remains a rare occurrence.

Water level
The water level of the lake is very dependent on the amount of seasonal rain and can change significantly from one year to the other. The water level is usually at its minimum level after summer (in September or October) and at its highest during spring (in April or May).

Trasimeno has high hills to the east, which help to capture rain and partially protect the lake from cold eastern winds. Most of the water in the lake comes from the network of streams on the western side of the lake. The reference water level of the lake is set at 257.33 AMSL. This level corresponds to a maximum depth of around 6m. Actions are planned to reduce the water level when it climbs above 257.60 AMSL, but since the maximum level was set the lake has reached that height only occasionally. After World War II, the lake's shores retreated a kilometre in the west (the eastern shore is deeper and more steeply sloped). In 1958 the water of the lake reached the lowest recorded level, at -2.63m vs reference level. Since 1958 the level increased again to reach reference level in June 1989. After the water level started again to fall, and in 2003 the shore retreated over 100 m and the level fell in October 2003 to -1.85m vs reference. From 2004 to the summer of 2006, there was plenty of rain. 150 mm of rain fell during the last 20 days of August 2005 and over 700 mm during the remaining part of the year. During the following five years rain was insufficient (especially in 2006 and 2007 winters were very dry and summers hot) so by October 2012 the water level was -1.51 m vs the reference. Fortunately, since 2012 the winters have been very rainy so the level of the lake has progressively increased to reach in February 2014 the reference level. In April 2014 the water level increased further to reach 0.30 m above the reference.

A channel from the reservoir at Montedoglio in Tuscany to supply agriculture and lakeside towns (and thereby eliminate the need to draw water from the lake) was opened in 2012.

Conservation
The inhabitants of the communes around Trasimeno and the Umbrian people have successfully protected their lake, whose waters are fit for swimming and whose valleys and islands are intact environments. In 1995 a natural park was established over the entire surface and the shores. A 50 km bicycle path was opened in 2003 around the lake that allows tourists to explore it. There are also cross-country paths, especially over the hills on the eastern side.

The lake is inhabited by 19 species of fish, of which 15 are introduced exotics. The impact of non-native species in the lake has been heightened by the effects of climate change, which consist primarily of decreasing water levels due to lowered precipitation and increased evaporation rates, alongside reduced transparency, less dissolved oxygen and higher salinization caused by the gradual warming and shrinking of the lake. As the exotic species mostly have wider habitat preferences than the native species, the changing environmental conditions have allowed them to further establish themselves as the native fishes decline. Decline of native species is also affected by the reduction in the lake's native vegetation, such as macrophytes and the reed Phragmites australis.

Commercially important native species include southern pike, tench, and European eel. The southern pike has been declining as a result of reduction in the lake's aquatic vegetation, as pikes use water plants for cover during hunting and as a substrate for laying their eggs. The increased water turbidity is also harmful to their hunting, as pikes are primarily visual predators. Efforts to counteract the southern pike's decline include a ban on its fishing, which has been in effect since 2011, and controlled restocking of juvenile specimens. Eels are also considered to be locally at risk due the presence of artificial dams and weirs impeding their ability to migrate between the lake and the Mediterranean Sea; restocking programs have been implemented in response to this.

The rovella and the spined loach have historically been native to the lake, but have not been recorded in modern samplings and are considered to be locally extinct. The extinction of the rovella is linked to the introduction of non-native pumpkinseed, which competed with it for food and habitat, and to decreasing rates in dissolve oxygen in the water.

Goldfish were introduced to the lake in 1988 and today make up the most common species in its fish community. Their presence has caused significant disruptions to the lake ecosystem, as their feeding on the lake bottom destroys hydrophyte coverage and stirs up sediment into the water column, increasing turbidity and causing phytoplankton blooms. They are also known to negatively impact tench populations due to competing with them for food and habitat. Other introduced species include the largemouth bass, European perch, big-scale sand smelt, topmouth gudgeon and common carp. The growing populations of goldfish, carp and gudgeon are linked to their greater tolerance for more turbid, higher-temperature water with less dissolved oxygen. Pumpkinseed has been introduced to the lake and was recorded in large numbers in 1966, but is considered to be a locally rare species in the present.

Surroundings

Half of Trasimeno is surrounded by hills, rich in olives that are an important agricultural resource. On the western shore, near Tuscany, there are vineyards, and fruit and vegetables are grown. The hills are much lower and the climate is warmer. Monte Subasio near Assisi, about 70 km to the east, and Monte Amiata, about 70 km to the west, can be seen. The vegetation includes pines, willows and poplars around the shores, many over 30 m tall.

The main towns are Passignano sul Trasimeno, Tuoro, Monte del Lago, Torricella, San Feliciano, San Arcangelo, Castiglione del Lago, and Borghetto. Castiglione del Lago has the longest shore, being on the only significant peninsula of the lake. This may have been an island that was joined to the shore by the Romans.

Surrounding the lake are old small towns, and isolated castles, like Zocco castle and a tower near Passignano. Monte del Lago was originally built to control the road from Trasimeno to Perugia.

Aviation
The local airport, the Eleuteri, near Castiglione del Lago, was once one of the main aviation schools in Italy, with elegant buildings that were destroyed by retreating German troops in the summer of 1944. This airport was once almost as big as Castiglione. The mild climate and perfect visibility still allow the use of this airport for air meetings.

A social center exists in the former airport. A major watercourse, the Paganico torrent, separated the airport from the town.

Before this airport was constructed, there was a hydroscale in Castiglione del Lago. On the opposite shore, in Passignano, around 10 km away, there was an aircraft factory, the SAI Ambrosini. This is now abandoned as an industrial center, but is still used as an association center. It was founded around 80 years ago and the buildings still exist near the Passignano sul Trasimeno railway station. This company made several types of aircraft, designed by eng. Sergio Stefanutti. Aircraft were tested at Eleuteri airport, only few kilometers away from this factory. SAI was involved mainly with Macchi during World War II. Eleuteri was also used as test center for the Ambrosini SS.4, advanced canard aircraft, which crashed in the second flight and the project was abandoned.

Communications
Trasimeno is relatively far from every major Italian city, the nearest of which is Perugia. The Foligno–Terontola railway was completed in 1866, with the main rail station in Terontola, which has been at the junction with the Florence–Rome railway since 1875. Smaller railway stations are in Passignano and Castiglione del Lago.

Because of increased traffic, about 30 years ago a highway was built over the Passignano's road to Perugia. This highway passes near the north and the east shores of Trasimeno and goes to Perugia and Assisi. Many smaller roads, such as state highway 75, are also present, especially on the western side of the lake. The Autostrada A1 passes five kilometers (5 km) to the west of the Lake.

Navigation
Strict regulations apply for the navigation on the Lake. A protected strip is established for the entire perimeter of Lake Trasimeno for a distance of 150 meters from the shore of the lake and the shore of the islands. In the protected strip navigation is only permitted for craft having a maximum length of 9 meters at the waterline, propelled by oars or by sail, at a maximum speed of two knots. Exceptions apply to authorised boats propelled by motor only in the water in front of port areas or authorized landing places. There are ferryboats, 3 small, 2 medium, and two big (two decks) called Perusia and Agilla II, based in Passignano Port, also two dredges. There are ports in Castiglione del Lago (recently totally rebuilt), S. Arcangelo, S. Feliciano, Tuoro, and several minor anchorages.

Islands
There are three islands in the lake. The largest of these islands is Isola Polvese, almost 1 km2. The second largest, Isola Maggiore, is the only inhabited one. The small fishing village, which reached its height in the 14th century, today has only around thirty residents. Most of the buildings, including the ruins of a Franciscan monastery, date from the 14th century.

Maggiore is a 'hill', whereas Polvese is a more complex structure with plains and hills, and Minore resembles a sloped table. Minore is now uninhabited, but in the past had a village with over 500 residents. Many centuries ago, a castle with a pentagonal structure stood near the shore, near an Olivetan monastery. The castle still remains, and the ruins of the church and the monastery are almost totally preserved, despite the abandonment in the 17th century due to malaria. The malaria was eradicated only in the 1950s. There were other problems, since Trasimeno was fought over by Chiusi, Panicale, Perugia, and Florence. Florentine troops demolished Polvese in the 17th century, beginning its decline, until by the 19th century there was only a caretaker. Of the many houses, nothing remains.

Minore Isle, near Maggiore, is now uninhabited, totally covered by local vegetation except for a small anchorage. In ancient times, there was a separation between the two communities, because Polvese was far away from Maggiore-Minore. According to local stories, the two communities fought against each other but the real problems were from the regional 'powers' that fought over this lake for centuries.

A fishing technique, called 'Tuoro' or 'pesca da tuori', was used locally. This complex system consisted of a wooden trap in the water and a circular structure to hold the net around it. The nets trapped the fish that were then taken to the village to be dried. This system worked with a high water level, but was abandoned when the level dropped. A mock up of this system was built several years ago near Polvese Isle's port.

Castles
There are castles all around Trasimeno, many in the center of small towns while others are isolated and in ruins. Castiglione del Lago, Passignano, Magione, Maggiore, and Polvese islands all have castles, while Zocco castle, Montali castle, and others are on hilltops.

The Guglielmi castle in Maggiore Isle was built in the late 19th century on the foundation of an old Franciscan church, and for many years was a popular place in the Trasimeno area. Until 1998 it was still visitable, then it was closed because the structure became dangerously unstable. It is now being restored by a new proprietor, but the work is far from completed.

Between Monte del Lago and S.Feliciano is Zocco castle, ruined for decades. It is privately owned but unmaintained. It is one of the biggest castles of the area and the only one that, inside its sandstone walls, has a still untouched medieval keep. Some years ago it was probably inhabited, as there is a building fitted with a TV antenna, but now its only entry is closed. The best-preserved parts are the eastern and the southern walls, increasingly endangered because the wall's faults are enlarging. The rest of the walls are mostly demolished or have fallen down. One of the southern towers has two enormous cracks in the middle.

The Vernazzano leaning tower (N43 13.210 E12 06.084), around 20 m in height, leans like the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. This unique remnant of an ancient castle was built before 1089, when the Marchiones family donated the whole castle to the monastery of Città di Castello. In 1202, it fell under control of Perugia and this city gained control of Northern Trasimeno. It was built on M.te Castiglione, near two rivers. The castle and the surrounding settlement at Vernazzano, were damaged by wars in 15th century and two centuries later, by a strong earthquake and after-shocks. Erosion of the foundations by water caused the tower to lean in the 18th century. Vernazzano was rebuilt in the valley, away from this site, which had been effective for territorial control but was less well-suited for living in. The Leaning Tower has therefore been abandoned for almost 300 years. To avoid its collapse, a steel reinforcement was recently added, with plates and wires as thick as 2 to 3 cm. The Tower is not well known, being located away from the main streets. It is visible from far away, but not easily accessible.

In literature
Lydia Sigourney reflects on the lake, presently peaceable but with a history of violent warfare, in her poem, published in 1827.

title: Lake Trasimeno


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Keshavasuta

Krishnaji Keshav Damle (कृष्णाजी केशव दामले; October 7, 1866 – November 7, 1905) was a Marathi poet from  Maharashtra, India, who wrote poetry under the pen name Keshavasuta.

Legacy

 * A memorial has been erected at Keshavasuta birthplace Malgund in his honour.

 * Keshavasut's poem Tutari is seen in the soundtrack of the Oscar-nominated film Harishchandrachi Factory.

 * On 22 May 2017, the Dadar-Sawantwadi Rajya Rani Express was named as Tutari Express to mark the centenary of Damle's famed poem titled Tutari''.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Keshavasuta


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ernesto Corripio Ahumada

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:52, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Ernesto Corripio Ahumada
Delete, because: -- Dcfleck 12:08, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * 1) Article is one sentance.
 * 2) Article contains no actual information about subject, other than a derogatory remark.
 * 3) I was unable to substantiate the factual nature of the derogatory remark - no relevant Google hits.
 * Delete - Do we need a Page for every Cardinal ? --Irishpunktom\talk 14:50, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as libel? --Carnildo 23:00, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and rename Ernesto Cardinal Corripio Ahumada. RickK 23:41, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * You realize, of course, that cleanup in this case means rewriting every word of the article. -- Dcfleck 01:40, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's common in cleanup to rip the stub up and start again. What of it?  In answer to Irishpunktom's question: why yes, eventually. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:19, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and list on requested articles. Radiant_* 07:29, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, personal attack. Megan1967 04:42, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Please do some research prior to nominating articles for deletion.  He's a Cardinal, Archbishop emeritus of Mexico (retired 1994) and currently Cardinal-Priest of Immacolata al Tiburtino. I think he may also be a member of Opus Dei, and he probably has the ear of the Pope. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 18:25, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * "Please do some research ..." I did, as I mentioned in the nomination. Sorry I don't measure up to your exacting standards... --Dcfleck 02:42, 2005 Apr 30 (UTC)
 * This is still nothing but an attack page and thus speediable. It doesn't even provide the context that the guy is a Cardinal, besides an external link. But yes, we could use a page on every Cardinal; request, or keep in a hypothetical improved form. Samaritan 19:03, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ...which we have now. Yay! Barnstars again to Tony Sidaway. Samaritan 02:53, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree it would have been speediable in its original form. That is easily remedied by turning it into a valid stub.  Which I've done. Please reconsider your votes.  I've taken the liberty of requesting help with cleanup and VfD on the talk pages for the articles about the current pope and the RC church. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:35, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I expanded the article a bit more, but it should probably be moved to Ernesto Cardinal Corripio Ahumada for consistency with our other Cardinal articles. Is it okay to move an article while on Vfd? -- Ferkelparade π 20:04, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, because he is a Cardinal and thus noteworthy. Needs renaming ASAP to fit in with wikipedia practuice (cardinal in name), Redirect to  Ernesto Cardinal Corripio Ahumada. I suggest this isremoved from Vfd and speedily redirected. A separate article should not have been created, --SqueakBox 20:14, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I fully agree with Tony -- Ferkelparade π 19:35, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It has now been cleaned up. --Oldak Quill 19:50, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and redirect. It needs to be a redirect to an already existing article using the man's proper name, Ernesto Cardinal Corripio y Ahumada.  --Gerald Farinas 20:12, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand, rename and redirect and remove from VfD. -- KTC 20:14, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and redirect now that it has been changed. Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:17, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, now clean up. KeithV 20:38, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, now cleaned up, but more work can be done. --Neigel von Teighen 20:40, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Hmmm, I posted some requests on the current pope article talk page and the RC church article talk page, at around 19:30 UTC.  By some amazing coincidence this very day at 19:58 UTC there has appeared on this wonderful Library of Babel an extremely professionally written, encyclopedic article at Ernesto Cardinal Corripio y Ahumada.  Brothers and sisters, learn from this.  We can do a lot for Wikipedia by following the principle: "only connect". --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:53, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Tony.... ask and ye shall receive!! ;) --Gerald Farinas 21:01, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Though I disagree with you, Tony. The answer should be: "Heck, yah!", not "Why not?" Opusaug 05:56, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Now that Gerald has done all the work, there's no point in keeping the original article. Bratsche talk  random 12:39, May 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User talk:MjD

- A person of this world.

title: User talk:MjD


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Ayin

Ayin (also ayn or ain; transliterated $\langle ʿ \rangle$) is the sixteenth letter of the Semitic scripts, including Phoenician ʿayin 𐤏, Hebrew ʿayin ע, Aramaic ʿē 𐡏, Syriac ʿē ܥ, and Arabic ʿayn ع (where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only).

The letter represents a voiced pharyngeal fricative or a similarly articulated consonant. In some Semitic languages and dialects, the phonetic value of the letter has changed, or the phoneme has been lost altogether (thus, in the revived Modern Hebrew it is reduced to a glottal stop or is omitted entirely in part due to European influence).

The Phoenician letter is the origin of the Greek, Latin and Cyrillic letters O, O and O. It is also related to the Chinese character 目, which also means eye.

The Arabic character is the origin of the Latin-script letter Ƹ.

Origins
The letter name is derived from Proto-Semitic "eye", and the Phoenician letter had the shape of a circle or oval, clearly representing an eye, perhaps ultimately (via Proto-Sinaitic) derived from the ı͗r hieroglyph 𓁹 (Gardiner D4).

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Ο, Latin O, and Cyrillic О, all representing vowels. The letter also related to the Chinese character 目, which means eye.

The sound represented by ayin is common to much of the Afroasiatic language family, such as in the Egyptian language, the Cushitic languages and the Semitic languages.

Transliteration
In Semitic philology, there is a long-standing tradition of rendering Semitic ayin with the Greek rough breathing mark $\langle῾\rangle$ (e.g. ῾arab عَرَب Arabs). Depending on typography, this could look similar to either an articulate  single opening quotation mark $\langleʻ\rangle$ (e.g. ʻarab عَرَب). or as a raised semi-circle open to the right $\langleʿ\rangle$ (e.g. ʿarab عَرَب).

This is by analogy to the transliteration of alef (glottal stop, hamza) by the Greek smooth breathing mark $\langle ̔ \rangle$, rendered as single closing quotation mark or as  raised semi-circle open to the left. This convention has been adopted by DIN in 1982 and by ISO in 1984 for Arabic (DIN 31635, ISO 233) and Hebrew (DIN 31636, ISO 259).

The shape of the "raised semi-circle" for ayin $\langleʿ\rangle$ and alef $\langle᾽\rangle$ was adopted by the Encyclopedia of Islam (edited  1913–1938, 1954–2005, and from 2007), and from there by the International Journal of Middle East Studies. This convention has since also been followed by ISO (ISO 233-2 and ISO 259-2, 1993/4) and by DIN. A notable exception remains, ALA-LC (1991), the system used by the Library of Congress, continues to recommend modifier letter turned comma $⟨ʿ⟩$ (for Hebrew) or left single quotation mark $⟨ʾ⟩$ (for Arabic).

The symbols for the corresponding phonemes in the International Phonetic Alphabet, $\langleʻ\rangle$ for pharyngeal fricative (ayin) and $\langle‘\rangle$ for glottal stop (alef) were adopted in the 1928 revision.

In anglicized Arabic or Hebrew names or in loanwords, ayin is often omitted entirely: Iraq  عراق, Arab     عرب,  Saudi  سعودي, etc.; Afula עֲפוּלָה, Arad עֲרָד,  etc.

Maltese, which uses a Latin alphabet, the only Semitic language to do so in its standard form, writes the ayin as $\langleʕ\rangle$. It is usually unvocalized in speech. The Somali Latin alphabet represents the ayin with the letter $\langleʔ\rangle$. The informal way to represent it in Arabic chat alphabet uses the digit $\langlegħ\rangle$ as transliteration.

Unicode
In Unicode, the recommended character for the transliteration of ayin is (a character in the Spacing Modifier Letters range, even though it is here not used as a modifier letter but as a full grapheme). This convention has been adopted by ISO 233-2 (1993) for Arabic and ISO 259-2 (1994) for Hebrew.

There are a number of alternative Unicode characters in use, some of which are easily confused or even considered equivalent in practice:
 * , the character used to represent Greek rough breathing,
 * , from its use as single opening quotation mark in ASCII environments, used for ayin in ArabTeX.
 * , from its use as single opening quotation mark in ASCII environments, used for ayin in ArabTeX.
 * , from its use as single opening quotation mark in ASCII environments, used for ayin in ArabTeX.
 * , from its use as single opening quotation mark in ASCII environments, used for ayin in ArabTeX.

Letters used to represent ayin:
 * a superscript "c" ,
 * the IPA symbol for pharyngealization ( or ) or ʕ, a superscript, the IPA symbol for voiced pharyngeal fricative,

It is worth noting that the phonemes corresponding to alef and ayin in Ancient Egyptian are by convention transliterated by more distinctive signs: Egyptian alef is rendered by two semi-circles open to the left, stacked vertically, and Egyptian ayin is rendered by a single full-width semi-circle open to the right. These characters were introduced in Unicode in version 5.1 (2008, Latin Extended-D range), and.

Arabic ʿayn
The Arabic letter ﻉ (called ﻋَﻴْﻦْ ) is the eighteenth letter of the alphabet. It is written in one of several ways depending on its position in the word:

Pronunciation
Arabic ʿayn is one of the most common letters in Arabic. Depending on the region, it ranges from a pharyngeal to an epiglottal. It is voiced, its voiceless counterpart being ح. Due to its position as the innermost letter to emerge from the throat, al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, who wrote the first Arabic dictionary, actually started writing his Kitab al-'Ayn ('The Book of ʿAyn') with as the first letter instead of the eighteenth; he viewed its origins deep down in the throat as a sign that it was the first sound, the essential sound, the voice and a representation of the self.

In the Persian language and other languages using the Persian alphabet, this letter has a different function and is pronounced as (glottal stop), and rarely as  in some languages.

As in Hebrew, the letter originally stood for two sounds, and. When pointing was developed, the sound was distinguished with a dot on top ( غ ), to give the letter ghayn. In Maltese, which is written with the Latin alphabet, the digraph għ, called ʿajn, is used to write what was originally the same sound.

Because the sound is difficult for most non-Arabs to pronounce, it is often used as a shibboleth by Arabic speakers; other sounds, such as Heth (letter) and Ḍād are also used. It is typically represented with a 3 in the Arabic chat alphabet.

Southeast Asian nga
In some languages of Southeast Asia, the letter nga is used. The letter is derived from the letter ʿayn, which latter is derived from the letter ghayn, and it is thus written as:

This letter, derived from ghayn, is used to represent in:
 * the Jawi script, for
 * Acehnese
 * Banjarese
 * Kerinci
 * Maguindanaon
 * Malay
 * Minangkabau
 * Tausūg
 * Ternate
 * the Pegon script, for
 * Javanese
 * Sundanese
 * Arabic Afrikaans, for Afrikaans historically, called ngīn

Wolof ngōn
In the Wolofal alphabet, for writing Wolof in Arabic script, the letter ngōn is used, and it is thus written as:

This letter also derived from the letter ʿayn, which latter is derived from the letter ghayn. This leter is to represent in the Wolof language, a Niger-Congo language.

Tamil nga
This letter also derived from the letter ʿayn, which latter is derived from the letter ghayn, with three dots inside the descender, to represent in the Arwi script used for Tamil.

Hebrew ayin
Hebrew spelling:

Phonetic representation
ʿayin has traditionally been described as a voiced pharyngeal fricative. However, this may be imprecise. Although a pharyngeal fricative has occasionally been observed for ʿayin in Arabic and so may occur in Hebrew as well, the sound is more commonly epiglottal, and may also be a pharyngealized glottal stop.

In some historical Sephardi and Ashkenazi pronunciations, ʿayin represented a velar nasal. Remnants can be found in the Yiddish pronunciations of some words such as /ˈjaŋkəv/ and /ˈmansə/ from Hebrew (yaʿăqōḇ, "Jacob") and  (maʿăse, "story"), but in other cases, the nasal has disappeared and been replaced by /j/, such as /ˈmajsə/ and /ˈmajrəv/ from Hebrew  and  (maʿărāḇ, "west"). In Israeli Hebrew (except for Mizrahi pronunciations), it represents a glottal stop in certain cases but is usually silent (it behaves the same as aleph). However, changes in adjoining vowels often testify to the former presence of a pharyngeal or epiglottal articulation. Additionally, it may be used as a shibboleth to identify the ethnolinguistic background of a Hebrew-speaker, as most Israeli Arab non-Jews and some of Israel's Mizrahi Jews (mainly Yemenite Jews) use the more traditional pronunciation, while other Hebrew-speakers pronounce it similar to Aleph.

Ayin is also one of the three letters that can take a furtive patach.

In Hebrew loanwords in Greek and Latin, ʿayin is sometimes reflected as /g/, since the biblical phonemes (or "ʿ") and  (represented by "g") were both represented in Hebrew writing by the letter ʿayin (see Ġain). Gomorrah is from the original (modern ʿAmora) and Gaza from the original  (ʿaza) (cf. Arabic غزة Ġazzah, IPA: [ˈɣazza].)

In Yiddish, the ʿayin is used to write the vowel e when it is not part of the diphthong ey.

Significance
In gematria, ʿayin represents the number 70.

ʿayin is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns (called tagin) when written in a sefer Torah.

title: Ayin


text: Category:Municipalities of Liechtenstein


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Antipope Benedict XVI

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:52, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Antipope Benedict XVI
This article is currently on French VFD as a fictional character from an obscure novel masquerading as fact. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 12:10, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's a fictional character masquerading as fact, then delete. What's a "counter-antipope", anyway?   — J I P | Talk 12:35, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We have written a new article, fr:Antipapes imaginaires, where we explain the story of the fictional antipopes, and then we will transform the fictional antipopes pages in redirects to the "encyclopedical" article. Hégésippe Cormier 13:01, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If I understand the above comment correctly, then translate the new Fictional antipopes article from French and redirect this article there. If that doesn't work then delete Thryduulf 15:02, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Done translation - see Antipopes in fiction.Charles Matthews 14:00, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established. Megan1967 04:43, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons listed above. The real antipope listed at this site was Antipope Benedict XIV. --Idont Havaname 15:15, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Nun (letter)

Nun is the fourteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician nūn 𐤍, Hebrew nūn נ, Aramaic nūn 𐡍, Syriac nūn ܢ, and Arabic nūn ن (in abjadi order). Its numerical value is 50. It is the third letter in Thaana (ނ), pronounced as "noonu". In all languages, it represents the alveolar nasal /n/.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek nu (Ν), Etruscan, Latin N, and Cyrillic Н.

Origins
Nun is believed to be derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph of a snake (the Hebrew word for snake, nachash begins with a Nun) or eel. Some have hypothesized a hieroglyph of fish in water as its origin (In Aramaic and Akkadian nun means fish, and in Arabic, nūn means large fish or whale). The Phoenician letter was named nūn "fish", but the glyph has been suggested to descend from a hypothetical Proto-Canaanite naḥš "snake", based on the name in Ethiopic, ultimately from a hieroglyph representing a snake, (see Middle Bronze Age alphabets).

Arabic nūn
The letter is named nūn, and is written is several ways depending in its position in the word:Some examples on its uses in Modern Standard Arabic:

Nūn is used as a suffix indicating feminine plural verb conjugations; for example هِيَ تَكْتُب hiya taktub ("she writes") becomes هُنَّ يَكْتُبْنَ hunna yaktubna ("they [feminine] write").

Nūn is also used as the prefix for first-person plural imperfective/present tense verbs. Thus هُوَ يَكْتُب huwa yaktub ("he writes") → نَحْنُ نَكْتُب naḥnu naktub ("we write").

Punjabi/Saraiki nūn
It is retroflex nasal consonantal sound symbol, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɳ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of an en (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). It is similar to ⟨ɲ⟩, the letter for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the letter for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem. Saraiki uses the letter ⟨ݨ⟩ for. It is a compound of nūn and rre (⟨ڑ⟩). For example:
 * کݨ مݨ، چھݨ چھݨ، ونڄݨ۔

Social media campaign (2014)
After the fall of Mosul, ISIL demanded Assyrian Christians in the city to convert to Islam, pay tribute, or face execution. ISIL begun marking homes of Christian residents with the letter nūn for Nassarah ("Nazarene"). Thousands of Christians, Yazidis (the latter of whom were given only the choice of conversion or death) and other, mostly Shi'a, Muslims, as well as any Muslim whose allegiance was to their home country (whom ISIL consider to be apostates) abandoned their homes and land.

In response to the persecution of Christians and Yazidis by ISIL, an international social media campaign was launched to raise global awareness of the plight of religious minorities in Mosul, making use of the letter ن (nun)—the mark that ISIL troops spray painted on properties owned by Christians. Some Christians changed their profile pictures on Facebook and Twitter to pictures of the letter ن as a symbol of support. The letter ن, in relation to this social media campaign, is being called the "Mark of the Nazarene" from naṣrānī (نصراني; plural naṣārā نصارى), a normative Arabic term disparagingly used by ISIL to brand Christians.

The word naṣārā/nosrim designates Christians in both Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew. The more common term used to refer to Christians in Modern Standard Arabic is masihi (مسيحي, plural مسيحيون).

Jawi nya
In the Jawi alphabet, the letter ڽ|nya is a modified form of the letter nūn with two additional dots. However, if nya is initial or medial, its dots will be three dots below instead of three dots above, similarly how the Persian letter pe works on medial or initial form due to its similar looking. This letter also looks like ث|tsa in general. This letter is thus written as:

The letter nya is also a suffix for indirect object belonging to him/her/it. The example is رومهڽ (rumahnya in Rumi alphabet), which means his/her/its house.

Hebrew nun

Hebrew spelling: נוּן

 * The letter in its final position appears with or without a top hook on different sans-serif fonts, for example:
 * Arial, DejaVu Sans, Arimo, Open Sans: ן
 * Tahoma, Noto Sans Hebrew, Alef, Heebo: ן

Pronunciation
Nun represents an alveolar nasal, (IPA: ), like the English letter N.

Variations
Nun, like Kaph, Mem, Pe, and Tzadi, has a final form, used at the end of words. Its shape changes from נ to ן. There are also nine instances of an inverted nun (׆ ) in the Tanakh.

Significance
In gematria, Nun represents the number 50. Its final form represents 700 but this is rarely used, Tav and Shin (400+300) being used instead.

As in Arabic, nun as an abbreviation can stand for neqevah, feminine. In medieval Rabbinic writings, Nun Sophit (Final Nun) stood for "Son of" (Hebrew ben).

Nun is also one of the seven letters which receive a special crown (called a tag: plural tagin  ) when written in a Sefer Torah. See Tag (Hebrew writing), Shin, Ayin, Teth, Gimmel, Zayin, and Tzadi.

In the game of dreidel, a rolled Nun passes play to the next player with no other action.

title: Nun (letter)


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Alberic of Cîteaux

Alberic of Cîteaux (died 26 January 1109), sometimes known as Aubrey of Cîteaux, was a French monk and abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order. He is now honored as a saint.

Life
Alberic was a hermit in the forest of Collan in France who, along with five other hermits, invited Abbot Robert of Molesme to begin a new monastery with them that would operate under the Rule of St. Benedict. Robert led these hermits to the forest of Molesme and in 1075 established a religious settlement, the monastery Molesme Abbey. Robert served as the first abbot, and Alberic as the prior. However, as the settlement's fame grew, gifts came in and the wealth attracted new monks more lax in their observance of the rule. The Molesme community was divided, and the monks opposed Robert and Alberic. Robert twice left the monastery to live as a hermit, and twice the pope ordered him back to his community. During one of Robert's absences, the brothers imprisoned Alberic so that they might have their way.

The stricter group left Molesme for Cîteaux. Initially, Robert was Abbot of Cîteaux with Alberic serving as prior. However, the monks of Molesme petitioned Pope Urban II that Robert return to them and vowed obedience to the Rule of St. Benedict. In 1100, Robert left for Molesme and Alberic became the new abbot at Citeaux.

Alberic is credited with attaining the Cistercian Order's legal foundation. Pope Paschal II granted this legitimacy with his Bull Desiderium quod (around 1100). Albéric also decided to move the monastery's buildings a kilometer to the north and initiated construction on the first abbey church. The Church was consecrated less than six years later. Alberic also introduced the use of the white Cistercian cowl. It was given to him for the monks, according to legend, by the Virgin Mary as they were at choir praying vigils. Accordingly, the white cowl is one of Alberic's attributes in hagiographical paintings.

Alberic and his religious at Cîteaux established the exact observance of the Rule of St. Benedict. In order to better observe the rule in regard to the Divine Office day and night, the monks associated with themselves lay brothers, to be chiefly occupied with the manual labor and material affairs of the order.

Alberic's feast day, together with that of Robert of Molesme and Stephen Harding, is celebrated on 26 January.

title: Alberic of Cîteaux


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Justice (virtue)

Justice is one of the four cardinal virtues in classical European philosophy and Roman Catholicism. It is the moderation or mean between selfishness and selflessness — between having more and having less than one's fair share.

Justice is closely related, in Christianity, to the practice of charity because it regulates relationships with others. It is a cardinal virtue, which is to say that it is "pivotal", because it regulates all such relationships. It is sometimes deemed the most important of the cardinal virtues.

Early developments
According to Plato, "Justice consists in a certain equality by which the just and definite claim of another, neither more nor less, is satisfied."

This is equal insofar as each one receives what he is entitled to, but maybe unequal insofar as different people may have different rights: two children have different rights from a certain adult if that adult is the parent of one of them and not of the other. Aristotle developed the idea of equity to cover irregular cases so that "the ordinance is framed to fit the circumstances".

Cicero wrote that "[t]here are... two kinds of injustice: the one, on the part of those who inflict wrong, the other on the part of those who, when they can, do not shield from wrong those upon whom it is being inflicted." So "he who does not prevent or oppose wrong, if he can, is just as guilty of wrong as if he deserted his parents or his friends or his country".

Macrobius saw Justice as existing on four different planes or levels, rising from the everyday political virtue at the lowest to the Archetypal Form of Justice at the highest.

Christianity
"The just man", often mentioned in Christian scriptures, is distinguished by habitual right thinking and the uprightness of his conduct toward his neighbor. In St. Paul counsels "Masters, treat your slaves justly and fairly, realizing that you too have a Master in heaven."

In Christian moral theology, justice is a quality or habit which perfects the will and inclines it to render to each and to all what belongs to them. The object of the virtue of justice is the other person's rights, whether natural or bestowed by church or state. Justice requires that all persons should be left in the free enjoyment of all their rights. The rights which belong to every human being are absolute and inalienable.

In Aristotle's wake, Thomas Aquinas developed a theory of proportional reciprocity, whereby the just man renders to each and all that is due to them in due proportion: what it is their moral and legal rights to do, possess, or exact. Justice toward God is called the "virtue of religion".

Modern developments
With the late modern rise in interest in virtue ethics, a new interest in articulating the virtue of justice has emerged. John Rawls saw justice as the typical virtue of the institution; Irene van Staveren saw it as that of the state, marked by such indicators as votes, legitimacy, public fairness, and distributive rules.

Psychology
Moral justice has been linked to the sixth and highest of Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

Freudians consider that in the unconscious the image of the Father embodies a stern but fair justice; Jungians similarly see the archetype of the King as representing the right ordering of society.

In literature
Dante made Justice the virtue of his sixth heaven (the sphere of Jupiter), and illustrated it through such martial figures as Joshua and Roland.

Sir Philip Sydney wrote of "justice the chief of virtues"; Edmund Spenser devoted the fifth book of The Faerie Queene to the same theme.

Wallace Stevens rejected what he called "galled Justicia/Trained to poise the tables of the law" as part of the obsolete images of the past, and favoured instead the modernist seeking out new ruling images – new "sovereigns of the soul".

title: Justice (virtue)


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Talk:Rivendell

Arthur link
In the following sentence, shouldn't "Arthur" link to "King Arthur"? The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger writes that both Frodo and Aragorn receive their renewed magic swords in Rivendell, marking them out as heroes in the epic tradition of Sigurd and Arthur, at the start of their quest. Manudosde (talk) 12:42, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes. Chiswick Chap (talk) 13:04, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:15, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Location Rivendel 3019 TA.svg
 * Sketch Map of Middle-earth.svg

title: Talk:Rivendell


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Samekh

Samekh is the fifteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician sāmek 𐤎, Hebrew sāmeḵ ס, Aramaic samek 𐡎, and Syriac semkaṯ ܣ.

Samekh represents a voiceless alveolar fricative. In the Hebrew language, the samekh has the same pronunciation as the left-dotted shin.

The numerical value of samekh is 60.

Origin
The Phoenician letter may continue a glyph from the Middle Bronze Age alphabets, either based on a hieroglyph for a tent peg or support, possibly the djed "pillar" hieroglyph (c.f. Hebrew root סמך s-m-kh 'support', סֶמֶךְ semekh 'support, rest', סוֹמֵךְ somekh 'support peg, post', סוֹמְכָה somkha 'armrest', סָמוֹכָה smokha 'stake, support', indirectly s'mikhah סמיכה; Aramaic סַמְכָא samkha 'socket, base', סְמַךְ smakh 'support, help'; Syriac ܣܡܟܐ  semkha 'support').

The shape of samek undergoes complicated developments. In archaic scripts, the vertical stroke can be drawn either across or below the three horizontal strokes. The closed form of Hebrew samek is developed only in the Hasmonean period.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek xi (Ξ), whereas its name may also be reflected in the name of the otherwise unrelated Greek letter sigma.

The archaic "grid" shape of Western Greek xi was adopted in the early Etruscan alphabet (𐌎 esh), but was never included in the Latin alphabet.

Arabic sīn/ṣād & Nabataean simkath
Samekh has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet, so it was replaced by either ص Ṣād (ultimately from Ṣādē 𐤑) or س Sīn (ultimately from Šīn 𐤔).

Although Semitic linguists that the letter ش|shīn, a variant of س|sīn is Arabic for samekh, many Semitic linguists argue this debate, as samekh has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet. The letter sīn, a variant of shīn without its three dots, has falsely known as Arabic samekh by almost all of Semitic linguists.

In the Mashriqi abjad sequence:
 * س Sīn replaces Samekh at 15th position and acquires the numerical value of 60;
 * ش Shīn, a variant of س sīn, is at the 21st position and has the numerical value of 300;
 * ص Sād is still at its original 18th position and retains the numerical value of 90.

The Nabataean alphabet, however, which is the immediate predecessor to the Arabic alphabet, contains the letter Simkath.

In the Maghrebian abjad sequence (quoted in apparently earliest authorities and considered older):
 * ص Ṣād replaces Samekh at 15th position and acquires the numerical value of 60;
 * ض Ḍād, a variant of ص ṣād, is at the 18th position and has the numerical value of 90;
 * س Sīn is still at its original 21st position and retains the numerical value of 300.

Syriac semkat
The Syriac letter semkaṯ ܣܡܟܬ develops from the Imperial Aramaic "hook" shape 𐡎 into a rounded form by the 1st century. The Old Syriac form further develops into a connected cursive both in the Eastern and Western script variants.

Hebrew samekh
Hebrew Samekh develops a closed cursive form in the middle Hasmonean period (1st century BC). This becomes the standard form in early Herodian hands.

Talmudic legend
In Talmudic legend, samekh is said to have been a miracle of the Ten Commandments. records that the tablets "were written on both their sides." The Jerusalem Talmud interprets this as meaning that the inscription went through the full thickness of the tablets. The stone in the center parts of the letters ayin and teth should have fallen out, as these letters are closed in the ktav ivri script and would not be connected to the rest of the tablet, but miraculously remained in place. The Babylonian Talmud (tractate Shabbat 104a) also cites the opinion that these closed letters included samekh, attributed to Rav Chisda (d. ca. 320).

title: Samekh


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Aaron Fricke

Aaron Fricke (born January 25, 1962) is an American gay rights activist and author. He was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He is best known for Fricke v. Lynch, a legal case in which he won his first amendment legal right to attend prom and for his autobiography Reflections of a Rock Lobster in which he details growing up gay culminating at that high school dance.

Court case
Shortly after he came out in 1980, Fricke began seeing another male student. Fricke decided to bring him as his date to the prom. When the high school informed Fricke he could not bring him to the prom, he filed suit in U.S. District court. The presiding judge, Raymond J. Pettine, ruled in Fricke's favor, ordering the school to not only allow him and his partner to attend as a couple but also to provide enough security to ensure their safety. The case received considerable media attention, and news camera crews filmed and interviewed the couple at the dance.

The case set a precedent that has been used across the United States to establish a legal right for students to bring same sex partners to school proms and other school social events.

Writing
Fricke later wrote of his experience in a book, Reflections of a Rock Lobster: A Story about Growing Up Gay. He later collaborated with his father, Walter, on Sudden Strangers: the Story of a Gay Son and his Father, a book about their relationship and of the elder Fricke's coming to terms with his son's homosexuality. That book was published shortly after Walter Fricke's death from cancer in 1989. In 2012 and 2013, Boston Children's Theatre presented a play based on the book, adapted by Burgess Clark. The play received national attention for its anti-bullying message. BCT became the first children's repertory theater in the United States to portray gay rights issues with this production.

Mr. Fricke's archive includes correspondence and the period of writing the two books, is held in the San Francisco Public Library.

title: Aaron Fricke


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Talk:National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Law Enforcement

This reads like a sensationalist newspaper article. I think it needs to be re-written from scratch, but I don't have any information of my own to add. Whitepaw 12:17, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)


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File:Little Witches DVD.JPG

Summary
DVD case cover for Little Witches, deemed fair use.

title: File:Little Witches DVD.JPG


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Grey-rumped swift

The grey-rumped swift or gray-rumped swift (Chaetura cinereiventris) is a species of bird in subfamily Apodinae of the swift family Apodidae. It is found in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama; in every mainland South American country except Chile, French Guiana, Suriname, and Uruguay; in Trinidad and Tobago; and on Grenada.

Taxonomy and systematics
The grey-rumped swift has these seven subspecies:

 * C. c. phaeopygos Hellmayr, 1906
 * C. c. lawrencei Ridgway, 1893
 * C. c. schistacea Todd, 1937
 * C. c. guianensis Hartert, E.J.O., 1892
 * C. c. occidentalis Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884
 * C. c. sclateri Pelzeln, 1868
 * C. c. cinereiventris Sclater, P.L., 1862

The grey-rumped swift, pale-rumped swift (C. egregia), band-rumped swift (C. spinicaudus), and Lesser Antillean swift (C. martinica) were at one time placed in genus Acanthylis. Some authors have suggested that the grey-rumped and pale-rumped swifts are conspecific. Others have suggested that all of the grey-rumped subspecies except the nominate C. c. cinereiventris belong to another species under the binomial C. sclateri.

Description
The grey-rumped swift is about 10.5 cm long and weighs about 17 g. It has a protruding head, a short square tail, and wings that bulge in the middle and somewhat hook at the end. The sexes are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies have mostly glossy black upperparts with a wide gray rump and uppertail coverts. Their underparts are a lighter gray than the rump, though darker on the undertail coverts. Juveniles are essentially the same as adults with the addition of pale fringes to many of the wing feathers.

Subspecies C. c. phaeopygos differs from the nominate only by having pale undertail coverts. C. c. lawrencei has slightly darker underparts than the nominate and black undertail coverts that contrast with the belly. C. c. schistacea has darker upperparts than the nominate, with a steely blue gloss, and also deep gray underparts. C. c. guianensis is almost identical to the nominate. C. c. occidentalis and C. c. sclateri have the darkest rumps of all the subspecies and blackish gray bellies.

Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of grey-rumped swift are found thus:

 * C. c. phaeopygos, northeastern Honduras and from eastern Nicaragua through Costa Rica into northwestern Panama
 * C. c. lawrencei, northern Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada
 * C. c. schistacea, the Andes from western Venezuela's Mérida state into eastern Colombia's Boyacá Department
 * C. c. guianensis, eastern Venezuela and western Guyana
 * C. c. occidentalis, from western Colombia through western Ecuador into extreme northwestern Peru's Tumbes department
 * C. c. sclateri, patchily in southern Venezuela, southern Colombia, northwestern Brazil's upper Amazon basin, eastern Peru, and northwestern Bolivia
 * C. c. cinereiventris, southeastern Brazil south from Bahia through eastern Paraguay into Argentina's Misiones Province

The grey-rumped swift inhabits a variety of landscapes including lowland tropical evergreen forest, montane evergreen forest, seasonally flooded tropical evergreen forest, and secondary forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1800 m.

Migration
The grey-rumped swift is a year-round resident in most or all of its range. In Paraguay and Argentina it is possibly only a breeding species but there is evidence that it is resident there as well.

Feeding
Like all swifts, the grey-rumped is an aerial insectivore. It usually forages in flocks, typically of 20 to 40 birds. The flocks may be of it alone but may also have a mix of swift species and even swallows. Its diet includes flying ants, bees, wasps, beetles, and flies.

Breeding
The grey-rumped swift's breeding season varies throughout its range; examples are between September and March in southeastern Brazil and March to July in Costa Rica. It builds a half-cup nest on the vertical interior wall of a chimney or similar structure; it may be rebuilt and reused. Both parents incubate the clutch of two to four eggs at night. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known.

Vocalization
The principal vocalizations of the grey-rumped swift's nominate subspecies are "a bright repeated short 'tsip'" and a "series of 3–4 slightly downslurred burry drawn-out notes 'trrreeew-trrreeew-trrreeew'." The other subspecies' vocalizations vary but are similar to them.

Status
The IUCN has assessed the grey-rumped swift as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range and an estimated population of 50 million mature individuals. The population is believed to be slowly decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is "[o]ne of the commonest Chaetura swifts throughout [its] range", is abundant in some areas, and occurs in several protected areas.

title: Grey-rumped swift


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Lamedh

Lamedh or lamed is the twelfth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Hebrew lāmeḏ ל, Aramaic lāmaḏ 𐡋, Syriac lāmaḏ ܠ, Arabic lām ل, and Phoenician lāmd 𐤋. Its sound value is.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Lambda (Λ), Latin L, and Cyrillic El (Л).

Origin
The letter is usually considered to have originated from the representation of an ox-goad, i.e. a cattle prod, or a shepherd's crook, i.e. a pastoral staff. In Proto-Semitic a goad was called *lamed-.

Arabic lām
The letter is named lām.

Orthography
Its form depends on its position in the word:

Grammatical functions
Lām has functions as a grammatical particle when used as a prefix:

 * Prepositional lām (لام جارة)
 * Lām of ownership (لام المُلك)
 * Lām of association (لام الاختصاص)
 * Lām of purpose (لام التعليل)
 * Lām of absolute negation (لام الجحود)
 * Imperative lām (لام الأمر)
 * Lām of affirmative emphasis (لام التوكيد)

Lām-kasra (لـِ, ) is essentially a preposition meaning 'to' or 'for', as in لِوالدي , 'for my father'. In this usage, it has become concatenated with other words to form new constructions often treated as independent words: for instance, لِماذا ', meaning 'why?', is derived from لـِ li and ماذا ', meaning 'what?' thus getting 'for what?'. A semantically equivalent construction is found in most Romance languages, e.g. French pourquoi, Spanish por qué, and Italian perché (though ché is an archaism and not in current use).

The other construction, (لَـ ) is used as an emphatic particle in very formal Arabic and in certain fixed constructions, such as لَقد laqad (itself an emphatic particle for past-tense verbs) and in the conditional structure لو...لَـ law...la, effectively one of the forms of 'if...then...'.

Hebrew lamed
Hebrew spelling: לָמֶד

Pronunciation
Lamed transcribes as an alveolar lateral approximant.

Significance
Lamed in gematria represents the number 30.

With the letter Vav it refers to the Lamedvavniks, the 36 righteous people who save the world from destruction.

As an abbreviation, it can stand for litre. Also, a sign on a car with a Lamed on it means that the driver is a student of driving (the Lamed stands for lomed, learner). It is also used as the Electoral symbol for the Yisrael Beiteinu party.

As a prefix, it can have two purposes:
 * It can be attached to verb roots, designating the infinitive (Daber means "speak", Ledaber means to speak).
 * It can also act as a preposition meaning "to" or "for".

Character encodings
Variants:

title: Lamedh


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Mem

Mem (also spelled Meem, Meme, or Mim) is the thirteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Hebrew mēm מ, Aramaic mem 𐡌, Syriac mīm ܡ, Arabic mīm م, and Phoenician mēm 𐤌. Its sound value is. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek mu (Μ), Etruscan, Latin M, and Cyrillic М.

Origins
Mem is believed to derive from the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for water,  which had been simplified by the Phoenicians and named after their word for "water", mem, ultimately coming from Proto-Semitic *may-.

Arabic mīm
The letter is named mīm, and is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:

Some examples on its uses in Modern Standard Arabic:

Mīm is used in the creation of ism words (i.e. nouns and adjectives; they are treated fundamentally the same in Arabic grammar). Specifically, mīm is used in the creation of the masdar (verbal noun) of Stem III verbs (the masdar of verbs on the pattern fāʿala is mufāʿala), of subject and object nouns for verbs of Stems II-X (using the example of Stem II, subject nouns—called fāʿil words because of their form in Stem I—are mufaʿʿil for verbs of Stems II-X, and object nouns—called mafʿūl also because of their Stem I form—take the form mufaʿʿal for verbs of Stems II-X). Place-nouns are also created with mīm; the pattern mafʿal is used to create maktab "office" from the triliteral k-t-b (to write) and maṣnaʿ "factory" from ṣ-n-ʿ (to make).

Hebrew mem
Hebrew spelling: מֵם

Hebrew pronunciation
Mem represents a bilabial nasal.

Variations on written form/pronunciation
In Hebrew, Mem, like Kaph, Nun, Pe, and Tzadi, has a final form, used at the end of words: its shape changes from to.

Significance
In gematria, Mem represents the number 40 in both the Standard and Mispar Gadol Methods of Gematria; However, (mem sofit) final mem's value is 40 in the Standard Method and 600 in the Mispar Gadol method. The Standard Method adds the values of Tav and Resh (400+200) to denote the value of mem sofit.

In the Sefer Yetzirah, the letter Mem is King over Water, Formed Earth in the Universe, Cold in the Year, and the Belly in the Soul.

As an abbreviation, it stands for metre. In the Israeli army it can also stand for mefaked, commander. In Hebrew religious texts, it can stand for the name of God Makom, the Place.

Mem and Tarot
Mem is associated with The Hanged Man (Atu XII), the element of water and the path between Geburah and Hod on the Tree of Life.

title: Mem


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Little Witches

Little Witches is a 1996 Canadian-American horror film directed by Jane Simpson and written by Brian DiMuccio and Dino Vindeni. It has a similar plot to The Craft and released in the same year, though Little Witches had a much smaller budget.

Plot
Faith Ferguson (Mimi Rose) is a relatively shy but intelligent teenager who is heartbroken when her mother informs her that she must spend Easter break at her Catholic girls' school as opposed to coming home. She's roomed with the rebellious Jamie (Sheeri Rappaport), who initially scandalizes Faith with her wild antics. Despite her initial misgivings, Faith finds herself bonding slightly with Jamie and the four other teen misfits that had to remain behind - Erica, Gina, Nicole, and Kelsey. The group is soon intrigued when construction work on the school's church uncovers a Satanic temple containing the mummified remains of several schoolgirls believed to have gone missing almost a hundred years ago.

The girls venture into the temple one night while everyone is asleep and they discover an ancient book written in Latin. Faith is fluent in Latin and translates the book, which outlines a spell that will summon a demon from the pits of hell. Jamie and some of the other girls are eager to practice the spell, but Faith is reticent due to the spell requiring a virgin sacrifice - especially after learning that the schoolgirls were murdered by a guardian devoted to keeping the spell from being cast. This reluctance, along with her interactions with a handsome construction worker named Daniel (Tommy Stork), helps alienate her from Jamie, who was somewhat attracted to him. Things grow more tense when the teens return to the hidden room and discover that there is still a guardian around, as the room was covered in graffiti that warned them that summoning the demon would lead to their deaths. Because Faith has refused to help translate the rest of the book, Jamie decides to play a cruel trick on her by inviting Daniel to their room and making it appear as if he was trying to rape her.

The girls' young schoolteacher, Sister Sherilyn (Jennifer Rubin), provides Faith with some guidance and has her bring meals to Mother Clodah (Zelda Rubinstein), a strange nun bearing a distinctive birthmark on her face. This ends up being to Faith's benefit, as she manages to avoid falling under one of Jamie's spells by praying with Mother Clodah. Unfortunately the encounter also ends with Mother Clodah's death due to Jamie poisoning her meal, believing Mother Clodah to be the guardian. Jamie, who has taught herself to read Latin due to Faith's refusal to translate, proceeds with the spell as planned. The movie implies that the teens will use Faith as a sacrifice due to her virginal nature, but Jamie ends up using Daniel instead after she learns that he is also a virgin. Horrified that they are moving forward with the spell, Faith receives help from Sister Sherilyn, who reveals that she is the guardian. They manage to stop the ceremony in time to save Daniel, but at the cost of the lives of Jamie and all of the other girls involved with the spell.

Cast

 * Mimi Rose (as Mimi Reichmeister) — Faith Ferguson
 * Sheeri Rappaport — Jamie
 * Jennifer Rubin — Sister Sherilyn
 * Jack Nance — Father Michael
 * Zelda Rubinstein — Mother Clodah
 * Eric Pierpoint — Sheriff Gordon
 * Clea DuVall — Kelsey (DuVall's film debut)
 * Tommy Stork as Daniel

Reception
Reception for Little Witches was largely negative, with a Rovi reviewer panning the film. The Chicago Sun-Times commented that the film was full of cliches, while The Kansas City Star named it one of the "worst videos of 1996". JoBlo praised the acting for Rappaport while panning the film overall.

title: Little Witches


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French in Action

French in Action is a French language course, developed by Professor Pierre Capretz of Yale University. The course includes workbooks, textbooks, and a 52-episode television series.

The television series — the best-known aspect of the course — was produced in 1987 by WGBH, Yale University, and Wellesley College, and funded by Annenberg/CPB, and since then, has been aired frequently on PBS in the United States, developing a cult following for its romantic comedy segments interspersed among grammar and vocabulary lessons.

In 2010, Yale University hosted a 25th anniversary reunion in celebration of the programme's success.

Origins
During the Second World War, Yale Professor Emeritus of Romance Languages Jean Boorsch, had produced for the American ASTP (Army Specialized Training Program) and the Navy V-12s (V-12 Navy College Training Program) an approach to oral French learning. He used a language immersion technique that he published in 1944 as the "Méthode Orale de Français". It had two main characters Mireille and Robert. Between 1960 and 1961, Boorsch and Capretz worked on an oral teaching method (never published) in which they retained the names of these two characters.

Capretz maintained these names in tribute to the "Method Boorsch" in each of the versions of his own "methods" before developing his French in Action course. He had the opportunity to progressively develop the characters themselves during this evolution.

Cast

 * Pierre J. Capretz - Narrator
 * Valérie Allain - Mireille
 * Charles Mayer - Robert
 * Virginie Contesse - Marie-Laure
 * Julie Arnold - Cécile
 * Patrice Bachelot - Jean-Luc
 * Franck de la Personne - Hubert
 * Jean-Claude Cotillard - Mime/Homme en Noir
 * Riton Liebman - Jean-Pierre Bourdon
 * Mohamed Camara - Ousmane

Format
Each episode is half an hour long. Early episodes have four main elements:
 * a classroom session, featuring Capretz explaining the basic ideas of the episode to a group of international students
 * an excerpt from an ongoing story, filmed especially for the series, and framed as a narrative that Capretz and his students are inventing in order to practice their French. The story focuses on American student Robert Taylor (Charles Mayer) and his French love interest Mireille Belleau (Valérie Allain).
 * clips from French films and television shows, illustrating the new vocabulary words of the lesson
 * a brief Guignol-style puppet show recapping some element of the episode's story (filmed at the Théâtre Vrai Guignolet at Champs-Élysées)

In later episodes the introductory classroom segment is omitted, and the episode begins immediately with an excerpt from the ongoing story.

The series uses context and repetition, rather than translation, to teach the meanings of words. With the exception of a brief English-language introduction at the beginning of each episode, the series is conducted entirely in French.

TV and movie clips
Some of the sources for French TV and movie clips

TV shows

 * Merci Sylvestre
 * Papa Poule
 * Marie Pervenche
 * Allo Beatrice
 * Tout comme un homme
 * Hélas Alice est lasse
 * Le tueur est parmi nous
 * Paris-Saint-Lazare
 * L'héritage

Films

 * Le Maestro
 * Le Cœur dans les nuages
 * Le locataire d'en haut
 * Connaissez-vous Maronne?
 * La boucle d'oreille
 * L'ennemi public
 * Folie douce
 * Une dernière fois Catherine
 * Taxinoia
 * Le passé à venir (Thierry Martenet)
 * La France rêvée
 * Visite au château (Jacques Deschamps)
 * Ballades (Catherine Corsini)
 * Voyage à Deauville (Jacques Duron)

Controversy
In early 1990, three female students at Yale University filed a grievance claiming that the university's introductory French course was sexist in its use of the French in Action television series. In particular, the students objected to watching a scene in which the character Jean-Pierre harasses Mireille as she sits in a park and then being required to "pretend you were trying to pick up a pretty woman in a park". Some also objected to camera angles focusing on Mireille's legs, or breasts when she isn't wearing a bra.

Its creator, Capretz, a French native who taught at Yale from 1956 to 2003, said he "wouldn't change any of it". To teach French effectively, he said, "you have to make the students observe the language being used by native speakers, in real situations. […] Nothing we show is going to shock anybody in France."

In response, the French department at Yale determined that the course would be changed by developing supplementary materials to be used in the course. However, the television programs themselves were not altered.

Resources

 * Watch all 52 French in Action videos online (US & Canada only)
 * French in Action Fans Wiki (vocabulary and notes for half of the episodes)
 * French in Action for Teachers (resources for teachers 2015-10-26)
 * French in Action for Teachers (resources for teachers 2008-07-02)

Discussion

 * The French in Action Reunion - A 25th Anniversary Celebration
 * Valérie Allain and French in Action (comments section contains origins of Yale reunion with Charles Mayer) (fancyrobot.com archived by archive.org)
 * French in Action Fan blog
 * Fan interview with Professor Capretz
 * Yale French in Action Discussion LISTSERV (Archived 2000-10-11)
 * French in Action Discussion forum
 * Cool Tools review of series

title: French in Action


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Yasumi Naomasa

Yasumi Naomasa (安見 直政; ? – 1572) was a military commander in the Azuchi-Momoyama period. A dominant retainer of Hatakeyama clan, he ruled Katano and Iimoriyama castles.

He conspired with Yusa Naganori and Yusa Nobunori to overthrow his lord. He then approached Oda Nobunaga after falling out with Nobunori and served Nobunaga to guarantee his own safety.

title: Yasumi Naomasa


text:
Talk:Ewald Hering

Serious deficiencies
This biography appears to have been plagiarized from that of Heinrich Ewald Hering (http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2655.html). Heinrich Ewald Hering was the son of the intended subject, Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering (who has a good biography at http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2647.html).

Someone should fix this to save me the trouble! Robert P. O'Shea 12:22, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)

 * This seems to have been fixed at some point. Dicklyon (talk) 07:12, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Land connection
Moreover, the connections between Hering and Land are incorrect in many ways. The theory was resurrected by Hurvich and Jameson. Land did not adopt an opponent colors approach, but rather worked in receptor space.

Wandell (talk) 20:42, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Relation to Jean Hering?
It would be helpful for this page to indicate if there is any blood relation between Ewald Hering and phenomenologist Jean Hering. This would help in mapping the landscape of psychology at the turn of the 20th century in Germany. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.255.76.82 (talk) 19:45, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ewald Hering


text: Category:Church of Sweden

title: Category:Church of Sweden


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Busento

The Busento (Bucentius ) is a left tributary of the Crati river, which flows about 95 km in Calabria, southern Italy, from the Apennines to the Ionian Sea. The Busento joins the Crati in the center of Cosenza.

The legend of Alaric and his burial in Busento inspired the poem by August von Platen-Hallermünde Das Grab im Busento with a romantic representation of the King's death and burial.

Legend
The river's fame is due to a historic event in 410, when Alaric, first king of the Goths, died during a siege of the town. According to the legend, his body was buried under the river bed, the stream being temporarily diverted from its course by complex hydraulic engineering while the grave was dug and restored again to its original bed after the funeral. The work was performed by Roman slaves who were killed after the work by Alaric's soldiers so that the exact location of the burial site would remain secret forever. The king's grave and its fabulous treasure have never been found.

The German poet August von Platen-Hallermünde celebrated this event with his poem Das Grab im Busento (1820).

title: Busento


text: Category:Dioceses of the Church of Sweden