text:
User talk:McPhail

 * /Archive 1: April 2005 - March 2006
 * /Archive 2: March 2006 - June 2006
 * /Archive 3: June 2006 - October 2006
 * /Archive 4: October 2006 - February 2007
 * /Archive 5: February 2007 - September 2013
 * /Archive 6: September 2013 - February 2016
 * /Archive 7: February 2016 - November 2017
 * /Archive 8: November 2017 - June 2020
 * /Archive 9: June 2020 - October 2022

"Fox Baltimore" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Fox Baltimore and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 15 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Danubeball (talk) 16:10, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

DYK for People, Places and Things (short story collection)
— Amakuru (talk) 00:02, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:DavidPenzer2017Cropped.png

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Happy New Year, McPhail!

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Mann Mann (talk) 04:13, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

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Saving Time with Speedy categories for discussion
Thanks for nominating all the wrestling categories for renaming. In the future, you can speedy nominate these to save yourself some time. See WP:CFDS. - RevelationDirect (talk) 11:38, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

 * - thank you very much, I will use that next time. McPhail (talk) 08:27, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

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CS1 error on Powerhouse Hobbs
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Stable timelines
Hey there! Would love your input on this discussion on timelines in tag team articles. Thanks :)  Sekyaw  (talk)  11:30, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

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AEW All In 2023
I noticed your recent edits to the event section of All In (2023). Just an FYI, wrestling moves are not italicized. Also, you introduced some overlinking. JDC808  ♫  01:19, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

Misleading edit summary on CM Punk
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Edit warring on CM Punk
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war  according to the reverts you have made on CM Punk. This means that you are repeatedly changing content back to how you think it should be although other editors disagree. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus, rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement.

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 * 1) Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made;
 * 2) Do not edit war even if you believe you are right.

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MfD nomination of Tommy Rogers
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question
Hello McPhail. I need your advice. You have more expertise in classic wrestling than me. Do you know the team of ? I don't know if it's notable at all, looks like a random independent tag team. But it says it's "One of the top tag teams wrestling in the Canadian independent circuit during the late-1990s". --HHH Pedrigree (talk) 12:49, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

 * - Hi. I have never heard of this team, and there don't seem to be that many sources on them. Cagematch.net only has seven matches on record for them. I suspect they are not notable. McPhail (talk) 13:55, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

"Joseph McVey" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Question about Punk
Hello McPhail. How are you? I have seen you edited CM Punk's article. I have a suggestion. One of my last concerns about pro wrestlers is the amount of detail about the storylines. As you may know, the main complain about or articles is writing from an in-universe perspective, excesive details about fictional storylines. So, I was thinking about the OVW section. To be honest, I feel that it's overdetailed. It's just a year he spent on develoment. WP:PAGESIZE states that over 100 kb has to be trimmed or divided, Punk's article is 280 kB. Maybe, we can summarize it into "he was assigned to OVW, where he wrestled for a year, winning the 3 titles" or something like that. HHH Pedrigree (talk) 19:11, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I am good thanks, sorry for the delay in responding. I agree it is probably overly detailed - I will try and slim it down. Ideally this section would not just discuss what Punk did as a character but also his experiences in OVW. McPhail (talk) 10:33, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

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Elizabeth and Sherri were MANAGERS not Valets.
Re this edit I have fixed it now but please do not ever call Elizabeth or Sherri "Valets". They were Managers! They were always portrayed - and referred to- as managers in the WWF and called such on screen and print. Sherri famously tore a strip off an announcer at AWA WrestleRock 86 who called her the valet of Doug Somers and Buddy Rose "I am not a valet, I am a Manageress!". Please respect this as the term valet was often used demeaningly by promoters to refer to female sidekicks who served as handmaidens, mascots and human ornamentation. Liz and Sherri were leaders not maidsevants. MANAGERS! Romomusicfan (talk) 01:16, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Happy New Year, McPhail!

Happy New Year! McPhail, Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable New Year, and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia.

Mann Mann (talk) 04:24, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

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World Title
Hello McPhail. Happy New Year. I hope you had a wonderful christmas season. Maybe you didn't notice, but the World Heavyweight Championship (Los Angeles) is nominated for deletion. Since it's more like your field, classic wrestling, you have something to say. --HHH Pedrigree (talk) 21:04, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

 * - thanks for letting me know. It's an interesting article, but from a quick look there don't seem to be many sources out there, so potentially a challenging article to improve. McPhail (talk) 09:19, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Request for comment
See Replacing Current and Currently with As of --Mann Mann (talk) 05:41, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

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Invitation to join New pages patrol
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Death of Eleanor de Freitas
Hi there. I noticed you are the creator of this Wikipedia page "Death of Eleanor de Freitas" page and are also main contributor. The section which is marked "Prosecution" omits almost all the details of this actual prosecution, which took place between August 2013 and April 2014. It mostly contains the reaction to the prosecution, but not the details of the actual prosecution. For instance, the CPS, took a very long time to consider all the evidence and public interest, and CPS kept asking the Judge for adjournments in September, October and November 2014, in order to properly consider the papers, but this is not mentioned on the page. The various checks and balances at the CPS, going through 3 vry senior officials, were not mentioned. The CPS kept asking the police to hand over the ABE tape during this period, but the police kept refusing. The deputy chief of the MPS Martin Hewitt had to order the officers to hand over the evidence to the CPS. This surely is of interest, no? The page states the officers didn't support the prosecution, in fact they were refusing to hand over the evidence, that's the reality. Why mention the CPS not handing it over, and then omit the details, which were the CPS didn't have it because the police were not handing it over. And that surely comes under the section of "prosecution"? That's what was going on. The CPS are criticized for not handing over the ABE tapes to her lawyers, but in fact it was the police who refused to hand to over to the CPS. This is documented, but not mentioned. It seems to me that most of the evidence from the prosecution and the procedure is being concealed by various editors on Wikipedia. Sorry to be critical, but this section contains almost noting of the prosecution despite having that heading. Why delete details, which balance out the criticisms? I note, that the main editors of this page have been Eleanor father, and also Lisa Avalos, who has speculated about the case, and is friends with Eleanor's family, and acting as their agent, in legal matters. 217.43.215.224 (talk) 15:29, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

- thanks for your message. The difficult with all this is finding a reliable published source. Outwith legal documents that the government publishes, we are largely at the mercy of what the media publishes; as with many such incidents, the focus is more on the lurid details than the legal processes. The article could definitely be greatly improved in many ways but the challenge is locating sources that substantiate everything. McPhail (talk) 19:01, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

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Jade Cargill
Thanks for editing and expanding the article plus converting many cited sources to WP:LDR. My concern is choosing better ref names; e.g if the source is about a PPV match, then "PPV name" is a much better name than using author last name and year. Actually we better avoid "Someone####" format as much as we can. Because with a better and proper ref name, you don't need to rename it if its citation changes. Best Regards. --Mann Mann (talk) 07:28, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Surname and year of publication is the style I use as it's logical and systematic, and lends itself to the same reference being used as a source for multiple facts. Feel free to change though. McPhail (talk) 09:07, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Category:American promotions teams and stables has been nominated for renaming
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CfD nomination at
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title: User talk:McPhail


text:
Lieuwe van Aitzema

Lieuwe (Leo) van Aitzema (19 November 1600 – 23 February 1669) was a Dutch historian, diplomat, bon viveur, libertine and spy.

He was born at Dokkum, in Friesland. In 1617 he published a volume of Latin poems under the title of Poemata Juvenilia, of which a copy is preserved in the British Museum. He made a special study of politics and political science and was for thirty years resident and minister for the Hanseatic towns at the Hague, where he died on 23 February 1669.

His most important work was the Saken van Staet in Oorlogh in ende omtrent de Vereenigte Nederlanden (14 vols. 4to, 1655–1671), embracing the period from 1621 to 1668. It contains a large number of state documents, and is an invaluable authority on one of the most eventful periods of Dutch history.

Four continuations of the history, by the poet and historian Lambert van den Bos, were published successively at Amsterdam in 1685, 1688, 1698 and 1699. The Derde Vervolg Zijnde het vierde Stuck van het vervolgh op de historie, &c., , brings the history down to 1697.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lieuwe van Aitzema


text:
User talk:Mastaart

Thanks for your compassions regarding Talk:Vilnius. For the sake of correctness, it's not a fight between Polish and Lithuanians, but a struggle against a single anonymous user, signing his edits with different fictious names and using different IP addresses. Wojsyl 15:10, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mastaart


text:
Bolulla

Bolulla is a Valencian town and municipality located in the comarca of Marina Baixa, in the province of Alicante, Spain. Bolulla has an area of 13.6 km2 and, according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute, a total population of 421 inhabitants at 1 January 2014 (of which 241 Spaniards and 180 foreigners). The economy of Bolulla is exclusively based on agriculture. The most important monument in the town is the Catholic church of Sant Josep (Saint Joseph), built in the 18th century.

title: Bolulla


text:
President of Zanzibar

The president of Zanzibar (Rais wa Zanzibar) is the head of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, which is a semi-autonomous government within Tanzania. The current president is Hussein Mwinyi. The president is also the chairman of the Revolutionary Council, whose members are appointed by the president, and some of which must be selected from the House of Representatives.

The president is elected by a plurality. Presidential terms are for five years, and a candidate may be re-elected only once.

Following the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964, Abeid Karume became the first president of Zanzibar, as leader of the Afro-Shirazi Party.

List of presidents of Zanzibar
{{legend||Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Political parties

Died in office (assassinated)
 * Symbols

title: President of Zanzibar


text:
User talk:TSchroeder

— Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  15:12, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

the 89 weston bus is not accessible to the disabled. check the ttc.ca website.Weston ontario 00:33, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

June 2007
Welcome, and thank you for your attempt to lighten up Wikipedia. However, this is an encyclopedia and the articles are intended to be serious, so please don't make joke edits, as you did to Librarian. Readers looking for serious articles will not find them amusing. If you'd like to experiment with editing, try the sandbox, where you can write (almost) whatever you want. Thank you. Heimstern Läufer (talk) 18:10, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:TSchroeder


text:
Aonami Line

The Aonami Line (あおなみ線) is a third-sector commuter railway line in the city of Nagoya operated by the Nagoya Rinkai Rapid Transit (名古屋臨海高速鉄道). Officially called the Nishi-Nagoyakō Line (西名古屋港線), it connects Nagoya Station with Kinjō-futō Station.

The line was formerly a freight branch line of Tokaido Main Line, converted for passenger usage in October 2004. It is still operated as a freight line by Japan Freight Railway Company between Nagoya and Nagoya Freight Terminal; thus, the section between Nagoya and Arako Station is used for both passenger and freight traffic. Since its opening in 2017, the Aonami Line is used as the main rapid transit access to Legoland Japan Resort, located nearby the terminus.

The line's name is a combination of the company's color ao ("blue"), na for Nagoya, and mi for Minato ward.

Stations
There are two services on the line: Local and Non-stop. Non-stop services only stop at Nagoya and Kinjō-futō.

Rolling stock
Services on the line are operated by a fleet of eight four-car 1000 series electric multiple unit (EMU) trains. All trains are operated as "one man cars".

History
The Nishi-Nagoyakō Line opened on 1 June 1950 as a freight branch of the Tokaido Main Line between Sasashima Freight Terminal (笹島貨物) and Nishi-Nagoyakō (西名古屋港) operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR). Nagoya Freight Terminal opened on 1 October 1980 as part of the initial construction of the Nanpō Freight Line, and with the closure of Sasashima Freight Terminal on 1 November 1986, Nagoya Freight Terminal became the starting point of the line. With the privatization and division of JNR on 1 April 1987, the line was transferred to Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) as a "Class 1 railway operator" and JR Freight as a "Class 2 railway operator".

Plans to operate passenger services on the line were formalized in the 1990s, and Nagoya Rinkai Rapid Transit company was established in 1997 as a third-sector company funded by the city of Nagoya. The passenger Aonami Line utilized approximately 12 km of existing freight line with a newly constructed approximately 4 km extension to Kinjō-futō Station. Construction started in 2000, with improvement to the line and new stations added between Nagoya and Nakajima stations. The tracks between Nakajima and Kinjō-futō stations were raised to remove level crossings and alleviate road congestion. Construction cost around 93 billion yen. The line opened on 6 October 2004, and at the same time, the section of track between Nagoya Station and Nagoya Freight Terminal was closed.

Despite serving attractions such as the Nagoya International Exhibition Hall and Nagoya Racecourse (moved to Yatomi in 2022), passenger ridership figures fell short of targets, and in July 2010, the operating company declared debts of approximately 46 billion yen, applying for alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to avoid bankruptcy.

A special "SL Aonami-go" steam train service operated on the Aonami Line on 16 and 17 February 2013, using JNR Class C56 locomotive number 160 as well as three 12 series passenger coaches.

On 27 March 2017, a special Legoland-themed train started operating on the line to commemorate the opening of Legoland Japan, located near Kinjō-futō Station.

title: Aonami Line


text:
Morecambe branch line

The Morecambe branch line is a railway line in Lancashire, England, from Lancaster to Morecambe and Heysham, where trains connect with ferries to Douglas, Isle of Man. To reach Heysham, trains must reverse at Morecambe.

Almost all passenger services are operated by Northern. Most are shuttles between Lancaster and Morecambe, with only a limited service through to Heysham to connect with the ferries, primarily using Class 156 diesel multiple units. A few services continue beyond Lancaster to Skipton and Leeds (see Leeds–Morecambe line), and generally use Class 150 and (since December 2019) Class 158 units.

Since 1994 the two tracks between Bare Lane and Morecambe have been operated as two independent single lines, with no connection between them beyond Bare Lane. Only the southern line is connected to the Heysham branch.

The line also sees freight trains operated by Direct Rail Services, which serve Heysham nuclear power station.

Early years
The route is a fusion of lines opened by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), the "little" North Western Railway (NWR) and the Midland Railway, which built the branch to Heysham Harbour and Morecambe Promenade terminus after it took over the NWR in 1874.

The first proposals for a branch from Morecambe to the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (L&C) at Hest Bank were put forward by the Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company (a constituent company of the NWR) in 1846 but these were soon dropped on cost grounds. The L&C revived the scheme in 1858, with the intention of using the NWR's harbour facilities (suitably expanded) to export coke & iron ore from the North East, brought in via the South Durham & Lancashire Union Railway and the L&C main line. The NWR opposed the plans as it would lose its monopoly on traffic into the town, but its shaky finances eventually led it to reach an agreement with the L&C that would allow the latter to build its line but not require the associated harbour improvements to be carried out. The three-mile branch, including a link to the NWR station at Northumberland Street, was opened in August 1864. The hoped-for mineral traffic did not materialise and the route remained a modest branch, although the LNWR did have to provide its own station at Poulton Lane from November 1870 because of increasing congestion at Northumberland Street. This was replaced by a rather more substantial terminus at nearby Euston Road in 1886 as part of an improvement scheme that also saw the construction of a west-to-south curve from Bare Lane to join the WCML at Morecambe South Junction (opened in 1888), which permitted through running to Lancaster Castle without the need for a reversal, and hence gave access for longer-distance trains to places such as Manchester, Liverpool and London. The branch was also doubled (apart from the Hest Bank to Bare Lane curve) and a regular local service introduced between Euston Road and Lancaster Castle to complement that to/from Hest Bank. Despite these improvements and a journey time similar to the older route, the Midland line continued to carry most of the traffic to and from the town, especially after it was electrified in 1908 (see below).

The branch became more important after the 1923 Grouping, with a London Euston to Heysham boat train commencing in 1928 – this ran to Promenade station, where it reversed for its journey to Heysham to meet the Belfast boat. Euston Road remained much quieter than Promenade for most of the year, though it did come into its own in the summer months when the regular local trains to Lancaster, Windermere and Barrow-in-Furness were supplemented by a large number of seasonal through trains to destinations such as Glasgow Central, Crewe, Birmingham New Street, Manchester Victoria and London Euston.

Electrification
The Midland line was used for an early trial of electrification, opened between 13 April and 14 September 1908 using 6600 V AC at 25 Hz. In 1953, it was converted to 50 Hz as a trial, and this experiment led to the 25 kV, 50 Hz system becoming standard for new electrification. Latterly, former LNWR Euston to Watford EMU's ran on the Morecambe and Heysham line, converted to AC overhead operation. The branch remained electrified until it closed in 1966.

Decline
Though Morecambe remained a popular resort after the nationalisation of the railway system in 1948, post-war road competition began to take its toll on traffic levels and by the late 1950s British Railways decided to concentrate services at the former Midland station. Scheduled trains were diverted to Promenade from 15 September 1958, but Euston Road remained in seasonal use (summer months only) for several more years – the 1959 Saturday timetable from there listed no fewer than 26 arrivals and 23 departures, including trains to Glasgow, Birmingham New Street, Preston, Stockport, Uttoxeter, Manchester Exchange and Workington. This was in addition to the usual scheduled services to/from Promenade. The station eventually closed to passengers at the end of the 1962 summer season (on 8 September), although it was still listed in the 1963 summer timetable (but not actually served in practice) and continued to be used for parcels traffic & carriage stabling until 1965. The neighbouring goods yard remained open for traffic until October 1972.

The biggest changes to the route occurred soon after, as the 1963 Beeching Report recommended that it should be kept open rather than the Midland line to Lancaster Green Ayre, even though the latter was electrified. This proposal was ratified by the Ministry of Transport in August 1965 and on 3 January 1966 the Midland line closed to passenger traffic. An enhanced DMU shuttle to and from Lancaster Castle was introduced over the branch on the same day to replace the withdrawn services via Green Ayre. Trains from Leeds and Skipton were also diverted over the line from this date, using the former Furness and Midland Joint Railway to Carnforth, the WCML to Hest Bank and then the original 1864 north curve to Bare Lane en route to Morecambe. The only ex-Midland facilities to survive were the terminus at Promenade and the 1904 Heysham branch, which was retained to serve the ferry terminal & adjacent nuclear power plant. This lost its passenger trains in October 1975, following the withdrawal of Belfast sailings earlier that year.

Recent changes
In May 1987, services from Leeds were diverted to run via Lancaster (with a reversal) rather than directly via Hest Bank, and the Heysham branch was reopened to passengers in connection with the daily sailing to the Isle of Man. Promenade was replaced by a smaller station closer to the town centre in May 1994 and the Heysham line singled under the control of the signal box at Bare Lane. Following signalling renewal work in late 2012, the entire line is now supervised from the PSB at Preston.

Services
Almost all passenger services are operated by Northern, which runs trains slightly more than once per hour in each direction. Most are shuttles between Lancaster and Morecambe, with just one train a day continuing to Heysham to connect with ferries, primarily using Class 156 diesel multiple units. A few services continue beyond Lancaster to Skipton and Leeds (see Leeds–Morecambe line), and generally use Class 158 units.

The first train each weekday was formerly service from Lancaster (though in the past it started back from Barrow) to Windermere which leaves the West Coast Main Line (WCML) at Hest Bank South Junction, called at Bare Lane and reversed at Morecambe, called at Bare Lane again and rejoined the WCML at Hest Bank North Junction and continued to Windermere. It provided a token parliamentary service over the Bare Lane to Hest Bank curve and until April 2016 was operated by TransPennine Express. Prior to the December 2008 timetable change it ran Windermere – Lancaster – Morecambe – Barrow in the late evening. One Monday to Saturday and three Sunday afternoon trains from Morecambe to Leeds were also scheduled to use the curve. Since the May 2019 timetable change, this is now provided by a solitary Mon-Sat early morning train between Lancaster and Morecambe via Carnforth.

title: Morecambe branch line


text:
User talk:Navid

Dear Navid,

I appreciate your efforts at trying to clean up some of the ubiquitous game-related articles. However, for most of these articles, rather than deleting them outright, it seems more appropriate to merge them into the main game article. (e.g. Roll (Mega Man) into Mega Man). See the guideline WP:FICT for details. If you are unfamiliar with creating a merge & redirect, I'd be happy to help.

Yours, Radiant_* 15:13, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Navid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rock baby games

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 20:13, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rock baby games
Results 1 - 5 of 5 for "Rock baby games". It even states they're "underground" and use "Macromedia Flash." What makes them notable compare to thousands of groups that make Macromedia Flash-based games. --Anonymous Cow 15:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Delete not notable. Oliver Keenan 15:39, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

An anon user from the same IP as the page's creator just blanked the page. Avocado 18:10, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not different from millions of people making games. Mgm|(talk) 21:02, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Lets do them a favor and let them stay underground. --Asriel86 01:00, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Hierarchy of the Catholic Church

The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops, priests, and deacons. In the ecclesiological sense of the term, "hierarchy" strictly means the "holy ordering" of the church, the Body of Christ, so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity.

In canonical and general usage, it refers to those who exercise authority within a Christian church. In the Catholic Church, authority rests chiefly with bishops, while priests and deacons serve as their assistants, co-workers or helpers. Accordingly, "hierarchy of the Catholic Church" is also used to refer to the bishops alone. The term "pope" was still used loosely until the sixth century, being at times assumed by other bishops. The term "hierarchy" became popular only in the sixth century, due to the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius.

As of 31 December 2020, the Catholic Church consisted of 2,903 dioceses or equivalent jurisdictions, each overseen by a bishop. Dioceses are divided into individual communities called parishes, each staffed by one or more priests, deacons, or lay ecclesial ministers. Ordinarily, care of a parish is entrusted to a priest, though there are exceptions. Approximately 19.3% of all parishes do not have a resident pastor, and 1,948 parishes worldwide are entrusted to a deacon or lay ecclesial minister.

All clergy, including deacons, priests, and bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages, and conduct funeral liturgies. Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the Eucharist (though others may be ministers of Holy Communion), Penance (Reconciliation, Confession), Confirmation (priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval), and Anointing of the Sick. Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, by which men are ordained as bishops, priests or deacons.

Bishop
The bishops, who possess the fullness of orders, and therefore the fullness of both priesthood and diaconate, are as a body (the College of Bishops) considered the successors of the Apostles and are "constituted Pastors in the Church, to be the teachers of doctrine, the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance" and "represent the Church." In 2012, there were 5,133 Catholic bishops; at the end of 2021, there were 5,340 Catholic bishops. The Pope himself is a bishop (the bishop of Rome) and traditionally uses the title "Venerable Brother" when writing formally to another bishop.

The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese. Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries, because they have what canon law calls ordinary (i.e. not delegated) authority for a diocese. These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches. Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries (auxiliary bishops and coadjutor bishops) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the church, such as appointments as papal nuncios or as officials in the Roman Curia.

Bishops of a country or region may form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss current problems. Decisions in certain fields, notably liturgy, fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences. The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two-thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See.

Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops, though for validity only one is needed and a mandatum from the Holy See is required. Ordination to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders; even when a bishop retires from his active service, he remains a bishop, since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent. On the other hand, titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration, and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination.

Sacramentally, all bishops are equal. According to jurisdiction, office, and privileges, however, various ranks are distinguished, as indicated below. All bishops are "vicars of Christ".

Pope (Bishop of Rome)

The pope is the bishop of Rome. He is also, by virtue of that office:

"Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the Latin Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the Vatican City State, Servant of the servants of God."

Offices and titles
"Pope" is a pronominal honorific, not an office or a title, meaning "Father" (the common honorific for all clergy). The honorific "pope" was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West, and is known in Greek as far back as Homer's Odyssey (6:57). In the East, "pope" is still a common form of address for clergy in the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church, and is the style of the bishop of Alexandria. Pope Marcellinus (died 304) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title "pope" used of him. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome.

As bishop of the Church of Rome, he is successor to the co-patrons of that local church, Saint Peter and Saint Paul. As such, the Church of Rome, and its bishop, has always had a prominence in the Catholic communion and at least to some degree primacy among his peers, the other bishops, as Peter had a certain primacy among his peers, the other apostles. The exact nature of that primacy is one of the most significant ecumenical issues of the age, and has developed as a doctrine throughout the entire history of the Catholic Church.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church, quoting the Second Vatican Council's document Lumen gentium, states: "The pope, Bishop of Rome and Peter's successor, 'is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful.'" Communion with the bishop of Rome has become such a significant identifier of Catholic identity that at times the Catholic Church has been known in its entirety as "Roman Catholic," though this is inaccurate in Catholic theology (ecclesiology).

Three other of the pope's offices stem directly from his office as bishop of the Church of Rome. As the Latin Church owes its identity and development to its origins in the liturgical, juridical, and theological patrimony of Rome, the bishop of Rome is de facto the patriarch of the Latin Church. According to Pope Benedict XVI, there has been much 'confusion' between the pope's primacy as patriarch of the western church and his primacy as first patriarch among equals, that this "failure to distinguish" between the roles and responsibilities of these two distinct positions leads in time to the "extreme centralization of the Catholic Church" and the schism between East and West.

As the first local Church of Italy, the bishop of Rome is the Primate of Italy and is empowered to appoint the president of the Italian Bishops' Conference.

The Church of Rome is also the principal church of the Province of Rome, so the bishop of Rome is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province.

As a bishop, the pope is referred to as a Vicar of Christ. This title was common to all bishops from the fourth through twelfth centuries, reserved to the bishop of Rome from the twelfth through early twentieth centuries, and restored to all bishops at the Second Vatican Council.

The pope resides in Vatican City, an independent state within the city of Rome, set up by the 1929 Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy. As popes were sovereigns of the papal states (754–1870), so do they exercise absolute civil authority in the microstate of Vatican City since 1929.

Ambassadors are accredited not to the Vatican City State but to the Holy See, which was subject to international law even before the state was instituted. The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the church as a whole is known as the Roman curia. The term "Holy See" (i.e. of Rome) is generally used only of the Pope and the curia, because the Code of Canon Law, which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see (diocese) of Rome itself, necessarily uses the term in this technical sense.

Finally, the title "Servant of the servants of God" was an addition of Pope Gregory the Great, a reminder that in Christianity, leadership is always about service/ministry (diakonia).

The style of address for the bishop of Rome is "His Holiness".

Election
The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis. This deals with the powers, from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor's election, of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope; and with the place, time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors, a meeting known as a conclave. This word is derived from Latin com- (together) and clavis (key) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences, a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision.

Like all bishops, the pope has the option of resigning, though unlike other bishops, it is not required. The best known cases are those of Pope Celestine V in 1294, Pope Gregory XII in 1415 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2013. Approximately 10% of all popes left or were removed from office before death.

Eastern patriarchs
The heads of some autonomous (in Latin, sui iuris) particular churches consisting of several local churches (dioceses) have the title of Patriarch.

The pope, as patriarch of the Latin Church, is the head of the only sui iuris Church in the West, leading to the title Patriarch of the West. Eastern patriarchs are elected by the synod of bishops of their particular church.

The patriarchs who head autonomous particular churches are:
 * The Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria (Coptic Catholic Church)
 * The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch (Melkite Greek Catholic Church)
 * The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch (Maronite Church)
 * The Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch (Syriac Catholic Church)
 * The Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylonia (Chaldean Catholic Church)
 * The Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia (Armenian Catholic Church)

These have authority not only over the bishops of their particular church, including metropolitans, but also directly over all the faithful. Eastern Catholic patriarchs have precedence over all other bishops, with the exceptions laid down by the Pope. The honorary title prefixed to their names is "His Beatitude".

Major archbishops
Other autonomous particular churches are headed by a major archbishop. The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church uses the title Catholicos for their major archbishop. With few exceptions, the authority of a major archbishop in his sui iuris church is equivalent to that of a patriarch in his church. This less prestigious office was established in 1963 for those Eastern Catholic Churches which have developed in size and stability to allow full self-governance if historical, ecumenical, or political conditions do not allow their elevation to a patriarchate.

At present, there are four major archbishops:

Latin patriarchs
There are also titular patriarchs in the Latin Church, who, for various historical reasons, were granted the title, but never the corresponding office and responsibilities, of "patriarch". They include the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, the Patriarch of Venice, the Patriarch of Lisbon, and the Patriarch of the East Indies. All of these offices are honorary, and the patriarchs are not the heads of autonomous particular churches. The Patriarch of the East Indies is the archbishop of Goa, while the other patriarchs are the archbishops of the named cities. The title of Patriarch of the West Indies was in the past granted to some Spanish bishops (not always of the same see), but is long in abeyance.

Cardinals
Cardinals are princes of the church appointed by the Pope. He generally chooses bishops who head departments of the Roman Curia or important episcopal sees throughout the world. As a whole, the cardinals compose a College of Cardinals which advises the Pope, and those cardinals under the age of 80 at the death or resignation of a Pope elect his successor. Their heraldic achievement is surmounted by the red galero and tassels as a form of martyred position in the church.

Not all cardinals are bishops. Domenico Bartolucci, Karl Josef Becker, Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye are examples of 21st-century non-bishop cardinals. The 1917 Code of Canon Law introduced the requirement that a cardinal must be at least a priest. Previously, they need only be in minor orders and not even deacons. Teodolfo Mertel, who died in 1899, was the last non-priest cardinal. In 1962, Pope John XXIII made it a rule that a man who has been nominated a cardinal is required to be consecrated a bishop, if not one already, but some ask for and obtain dispensation from this requirement. It is rare that the Pope will appoint Cardinals who are priests only and not consecrated as a bishop.

The 1917 Code of Canon Law, continuing the tradition observed, for instance, at the First Vatican Council, laid down that cardinals have precedence over all other prelates, even patriarchs. The 1983 Code of Canon Law did not deal with questions of precedence.

The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church, but largely an honorific distinction that has its origins in the 1059 assignation of the right of electing the Pope exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian dioceses. Because of their resulting importance, the term cardinal (from Latin cardo, meaning "hinge") was applied to them. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began. Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his "titular church" or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses. Of these sees, the Dean of the College of Cardinals holds that of Ostia, while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees. Traditionally, only six cardinals held the rank of Cardinal Bishop, but when Eastern patriarchs are made cardinals, they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop, without being assigned a suburbicarian see. The other cardinals have the rank either of Cardinal Priest or Cardinal Deacon, the former rank being normally assigned to bishops in charge of dioceses, and the latter to officials of the Curia and to priests raised to the cardinalate.

Primates
The Latin Church title of primate has in some countries been granted to the bishop of a particular (usually metropolitan) see. It once involved authority over all the other sees in the country or region, but now only gives a "prerogative of honor" with no power of governance unless an exception is made in certain matters by a privilege granted by the Holy See or by an approved custom. The title is usually assigned to the ordinary of the first diocese or the oldest archdiocese in the country. Thus in Poland, the primate is the archbishop of the oldest archdiocese (Gniezno, founded in 1000), and not the oldest diocese (Poznań, founded in 968).

Notably, the Archbishop of Baltimore is not formally considered a primate of the Catholic Church in the United States, but "prerogative of the place".

The closest equivalent position in Eastern Orthodoxy is an exarch holding authority over other bishops without being a patriarch. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, exarchs, whether apostolic or patriarchal, do not hold authority over other bishops (see below).

Metropolitan bishops
A Latin Church Metropolitan is the bishop of the principal (the "metropolitan") see of an ecclesiastical province composed of several dioceses. The metropolitan receives a pallium from the pope as a symbol of his office. The metropolitan bishop has limited oversight authority over the suffragan dioceses in their province, including ensuring that the faith and ecclesiastical discipline are properly observed. He also has the power to name a diocesan administrator for a vacant suffragan see if the diocesan council of consultors fails to properly elect one. His diocesan tribunal additionally serves by default as the ecclesiastical court of appeal for suffragans (court of second instance), and the metropolitan has the option of judging those appeals personally.

The metropolitans of a given territory are also involved in the selection of bishops. Every three years, they compile a list of promovendis - a list of priests who may be suitable for the office of bishop. This is forwarded to the local apostolic nuncio, who evaluates the candidates in a consultative and confidential process. The nuncio in turn forwards the best candidates to the Dicastery for Bishops in Rome, who conduct a final evaluation of candidates and offer their findings to the pope for his final decision of appointment.

Eastern Metropolitans in patriarchal or major archiepiscopal churches have a level of authority similar to that of Latin metropolitans, subject to the specific laws and customs of their sui iuris church. Eastern metropolitans who head a metropolitan sui iuris church have much greater authority within their church, although it is less than that of a major archbishop or patriarch.

All metropolitans have the title of Archbishop, and the metropolitan see is usually referred to as an archdiocese or archeparchy, a title held not only by the 553 metropolitan sees but also by 77 other sees. An exception is the metropolitan Diocese of Rome.

Archbishops
The title of archbishop is held not only by bishops who head metropolitan sees, but also by those who head archdioceses that are not metropolitan sees (most of these are in Europe and the Levant ). In addition, it is held by certain other bishops, referred to as "Titular Archbishops" (see "Other Bishops" below) who have been given no-longer-residential archdioceses as their titular sees—many of these in administrative or diplomatic posts, for instance as papal nuncios or secretaries of curial congregations. The bishop of a non-archiepiscopal see may be given the personal title of archbishop without also elevating his see (such a bishop is known as an archbishop ad personam), though this practice has seen significantly reduced usage since the Second Vatican Council.

Diocesan bishops
The bishop or eparch of a see, even if he does not also hold a title such as archbishop, metropolitan, major archbishop, patriarch or pope, is the centre of unity for his diocese or eparchy, and, as a member of the College of Bishops, shares in responsibility for governance of the whole church (cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 886).

Within the Catholic Church the following posts have similarities to that of a diocesan bishop, but are not necessarily held by a bishop.

Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law
Canon 368 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law lists five Latin Church jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese. These are headed by:
 * A Territorial Prelate, formerly called a Prelate nullius dioceseos (of no diocese), in charge of a geographical area that has not yet been raised to the level of diocese
 * A Territorial Abbot, in charge of an area, which in mission countries can be quite vast, associated with an abbey
 * A Vicar Apostolic (normally a bishop of a titular see), in charge of an apostolic vicariate, usually in a mission country, not yet ready to be made a diocese
 * A Prefect Apostolic (usually not a bishop), in charge of an apostolic prefecture, not yet ready to be made an apostolic vicariate
 * A Permanent Apostolic Administrator, in charge of a geographical area that for serious reasons cannot be made a diocese.

To these may be added:
 * An Apostolic Exarch (normally a bishop of a titular see), in charge of an apostolic exarchate—not yet ready to be made an eparchy—for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area that is situated outside the home territory of that Eastern Church.
 * A Patriarchal Exarch, a bishop in charge of a patriarchal exarchate—not yet ready to be made an eparchy—for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area situated within the home territory of that patriarchal Eastern Church.
 * A Military Ordinary, serving Catholics in a country's armed forces
 * A Personal Prelate, in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography: the only personal prelature existing is that of Opus Dei.
 * An apostolic administrator of a personal apostolic administration: only one exists, the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney
 * An ordinary of a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans
 * A superior of an autonomous mission

Of somewhat similar standing is the diocesan administrator (formerly called a vicar capitular) elected to govern a diocese during a vacancy. Apart from certain limitations of nature and law, he has, on a caretaker basis, the same obligations and powers as a diocesan bishop (canons 427–429 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law). Occasionally an apostolic administrator is appointed by the Holy See to run a vacant diocese, or even a diocese whose bishop is incapacitated or otherwise impeded.

Other bishops
A diocesan bishop may have bishops who assist in his ministry. The coadjutor bishop of a see has the right of succession on the death or resignation of the diocesan bishop, and, if the see is an archdiocese, holds the title of archbishop. Similarly, a retired diocesan bishop keeps his connection with the see to which he was appointed, and is known as bishop (or archbishop) emeritus of that see. On the other hand, an auxiliary bishop, who may also hold posts such as vicar general or episcopal vicar, is appointed bishop of a titular see, a see that in the course of history has ceased to exist as an actual jurisdictional unit.

Important titles or functions usually, but not necessarily, held by (arch)bishops who are not in charge of a diocese or an equivalent community include those of Apostolic Delegate, Apostolic Nuncio, Papal Legate, Patriarchal Vicar, Pontifical Delegate.

Ordinaries and local ordinaries
Local ordinaries are placed over or exercise ordinary executive power in particular churches or equivalent communities.
 * The Supreme Pontiff (the Pope) is a local ordinary for the whole Catholic Church.
 * In Eastern Catholic Churches, Patriarchs, major archbishops, and metropolitans have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches.
 * Diocesan bishops and eparchial eparchs
 * Other prelates who head, even if only temporarily, a particular church or a community equivalent to it (see above)
 * Vicars general and protosyncelli

 * Episcopal vicars and syncelli

Major superiors of religious institutes (including abbots) and of societies of apostolic life are ordinaries of their respective memberships, but not local ordinaries.

In general
Bishops are assisted by priests and deacons. All priests and deacons are incardinated in a diocese or religious order. Parishes, whether territorial or person-based, within a diocese are normally in the charge of a priest, known as the parish priest or the pastor.

In the Latin Church, only celibate men, as a rule, are ordained as priests, while the Eastern Churches, again as a rule, ordain both celibate and married men. Among the Eastern particular Churches, the Ethiopic Catholic Church ordains only celibate clergy, while also having married priests who were ordained in the Orthodox Church, while other Eastern Catholic Churches, which do ordain married men, do not have married priests in certain countries. The Western or Latin Church does sometimes, though rarely, ordain married men, usually Protestant clergy who have become Catholics. A married man aged 35 and above may be ordained as a deacon, with his wife's permission. All sui iuris churches of the Catholic Church maintain the ancient tradition that, following ordination, marriage is not allowed. Even a married priest or deacon whose wife dies may not then marry again.

The Catholic Church and the ancient Christian Churches see priestly ordination as a sacrament dedicating the ordinand to a permanent relationship of service, and, like Baptism and Confirmation, having an ontological effect on him. It is for this reason that a person may be ordained to each of the three orders only once. They also consider that ordination can be conferred only on males.

Priests in service outside their diocese
Although priests are incardinated into a diocese or order, they may obtain the permission of their diocesan ordinary or religious superior to serve outside the normal jurisdiction of the diocese or order. These assignments may be temporary or more permanent in nature.

Temporary assignments may include studying for an advanced degree at a Pontifical University in Rome. They may also include short-term assignments to the faculty of a seminary located outside the diocese's territory.

Long-term assignments include serving the universal church on the staff of a dicastery or tribunal of the Roman Curia or in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. They may also be appointed the rector or to long-term teaching assignments to the faculty of a seminary or Catholic university. Priests may also serve on the staff of their episcopal conference, as military chaplains in the military ordinariates, or as missionaries.

Positions within a diocese at diocesan level
The diocesan bishop appoints a vicar general to assist him in the governance of the diocese. Usually, only one vicar general is appointed; particularly large dioceses may have more than one vicar general. The vicar general or one of them is usually appointed moderator of the curia who coordinates the diocesan administrative offices and ministries. A diocesan bishop can also appoint one or more episcopal vicars for the diocese. They have the same ordinary power as a vicar general, however, it is limited to a specified division of the diocese, to a specific type of activity, to the faithful of a particular rite, or to certain groups of people. Vicars general and episcopal vicars must be priests or bishops. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, they are called protosyncelli and syncelli (canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches).

Diocesan bishops are required to appoint a judicial vicar to whom is delegated the bishop's ordinary power to judge cases (canon 1420 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches). In the Latin Church, the judicial vicar may also be called officialis. The person holding this post must be a priest, have earned a doctorate in canon law (or at least a license), be at least thirty years old, and, unless the smallness of the diocese or the limited number of cases suggests otherwise, must not be the vicar general. As one of the jobs of the judicial vicar is to preside over collegiate tribunals, many dioceses have adjutant judicial vicars who can preside over collegiate tribunals in place of the judicial vicar and must have the same qualifications.

The diocesan bishop appoints a chancellor, possibly a vice-chancellor, and notaries to the diocesan chancery. These officials maintain the records and archives of the diocese. They also serve as the secretaries of the diocesan curia. The bishop also appoints a finance officer and a finance council to oversee the budget, temporal goods, income, and expenses of the diocese.

The diocesan bishop may appoint priests to be members of the chapter of his cathedral or of a collegiate church (so called after their chapter). These priests are given the title of canon. He also appoints six to twelve priests from the presbyteral council to serve as a college of consultors. They have the responsibility to elect the diocesan administrator in the event of the vacancy of the see.

The bishop appoints priests and other members of the faithful to various advisory bodies. These include the presbyteral council, the diocesan synod, and the pastoral council.

Vicars forane or deans
"The Vicar Forane known also as the Dean or the Archpriest or by some other title, is the priest who is placed in charge of a vicariate forane" (canon 553 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law), namely of a group of parishes within a diocese. Unlike a regional Episcopal vicar, a vicar forane acts as a help for the parish priests and other priests in the vicariate forane, rather than as an intermediate authority between them and the diocesan bishop.

Parish priest/pastor
This section concerns the priest who in the 1983 Code of Canon Law is referred to by the term parochus, which in some English-speaking countries is rendered as "the parish priest", in others as "the pastor". The English term "pastor" is also used in a more generic sense corresponding instead to the Latin term pastor:

The parish priest is the proper pastor of the parish entrusted to him. He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan Bishop, whose ministry of Christ he is called to share, so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ's faithful, in accordance with the law
 * —canon 519 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society

The pastor (parochus) is the proper pastor (pastor) of the parish entrusted to him, exercising the pastoral care of the community committed to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop in whose ministry of Christ he has been called to share, so that for that same community he carries out the functions of teaching, sanctifying, and governing, also with the cooperation of other presbyters or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of the Christian faithful, according to the norm of law
 * —canon 519 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America).

Assistant priests/parochial vicars
The parish priest/pastor may be assisted by one or more other priests:

Whenever it is necessary or opportune for the due pastoral care of the parish, one or more assistant priests can be joined with the parish priest. As cooperators with the parish priest and sharers in his concern, they are, by common counsel and effort with the parish priest and under his authority, to labour in the pastoral ministry
 * —canon 545 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society

Whenever it is necessary or opportune in order to carry out the pastoral care of a parish fittingly, one or more parochial vicars can be associated with the pastor. As co-workers with the pastor and sharers in his solicitude, they are to offer service in the pastoral ministry by common counsel and effort with the pastor and under his authority
 * —canon 545 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America

Honorary titles
The honorary title of monsignor is conferred by the Pope upon diocesan priests (not members of religious institutes) in the service of the Holy See, and may be granted by him also to other diocesan priests at the request of the priest's bishop. The priest so honored is considered to be a member of the papal household. The title goes with any of the following three awards:

 * Chaplain of His Holiness (called Papal Chamberlain until a 1969 reform), the lowest level, distinguished by purple buttons and trim on the black cassock, with a purple sash.
 * Honorary Prelate (until 1969 called Domestic Prelate), the middle level, distinguished by red buttons and trim on the black cassock, with a purple sash, and by choir dress that includes a purple cassock.
 * Protonotary Apostolic, the highest level, with the same dress as that of an Honorary Prelate, except that the non-obligatory purple silk cape known as a ferraiolo may also be worn.

In December 2013, Pope Francis decided to make future grants of the title of Monsignor to priests not in the service of the Holy See only in the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness and only to priests aged 65 or over.

Under legislation of Pope Pius X, vicars general and vicars capitular (the latter are now called diocesan administrators) are titular (not actual) Protonotaries durante munere, i.e., as long as they hold those offices, and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor, as indicated also by the placing of the abbreviated title "Mons", before the name of every member of the secular (diocesan) clergy listed as a vicar general in the Annuario Pontificio. (Honorary titles such as that of "Monsignor" are not considered appropriate for religious.)

Some of the Eastern Catholic Churches of Syriac tradition use the title Chorbishop, roughly equivalent to the Western title of Monsignor. Other Eastern Catholic Churches bestow the honorific title of Archimandrite upon unmarried priests as a mark of respect or gratitude for their services. Married presbyters may be honored with the position of Archpriest, which has two grades, the higher is "Mitred Archpriest" which permits the priest to wear a mitre.

In the Latin Church, the title of Archpriest is sometimes attached to the pastors of historic churches, including the major basilicas in Rome. These archpriests are not presbyters, but bishops or cardinals. Similarly, the title of Archdeacon is sometimes conferred on presbyters.

Diaconate
Deacons are ordained ministers of the church who are co-workers with the bishop alongside presbyters, but are intended to focus on the ministries of direct service and outreach to the poor and needy, rather than pastoral leadership. They are usually related to a parish, where they have a liturgical function as the ordinary minister of the Gospel and the Prayers of the Faithful, They may preach homilies, and in the Roman Rite may preside at non-Eucharistic liturgies such as baptisms, weddings, funerals, and adoration/benediction. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, in the absence of a priest, deacons do not vest and may only lead services as a reader, never presiding at weddings or funerals.

The scriptural basis and description of the role and qualifications of the deacon can be found in Acts 6:1–9, and in 1 Timothy 3:1–13.

They may be seminarians preparing for ordination to the priesthood, "transitional deacons", or "permanent deacons" who do not intend to be ordained as priests. To be ordained deacons, the latter must be at least 25 years old, if unmarried; if married, a prospective deacon must be at least 35 years old and have the consent of his wife. In the Latin Church, married deacons are permanent deacons. In most diocese there is a cut-off age for being accepted into formation for the diaconate.

The passage from membership of the laity to that of the clergy occurs with ordination to the diaconate. Previously, the Latin Church rule was that one became a cleric on receiving clerical tonsure, which was followed by minor orders and by the subdiaconate, which was reckoned as one of the major orders. By his motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972, Pope Paul VI decreed: "The orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as 'ministries'." The same motu proprio also decreed that the Latin Church would no longer have the major order of subdiaconate, but it permitted any episcopal conference that so desired to apply the term "subdeacon" to those who hold the ministry (formerly called the minor order) of "acolyte". Even in those societies within the Latin Church that, with the approval of the Holy See, continue to administer the rites of tonsure, minor orders and subdiaconate, those who receive those rites remain lay people, becoming clerics only on being ordained as deacons.

Laity
Most Catholics are laity, a term derived from Greek λαὸς Θεοῦ (Laòs Theoû), meaning "people of God". All Christian faithful have the right and duty to bring the gospel message increasingly to "all people in every age and every land". They all have a share in the church's mission and have the right to undertake apostolic activity according to their own state and condition.

Lay ministry can take the form of exercising the priesthood of all the baptized, and more specifically undertaking the work of catechists, serving the church pastorally, administratively, and in other ways, including the liturgical services as acolytes, lectors, cantors, and the like, initiation sponsors, pastoral care ministers, and members of parish and diocesan consultative bodies.

Some lay Catholics carry out full-time professional and vocational service in the name of the church, rather than in a secular calling. Though the phenomenon is widespread in North America and much of Europe, the organization and definition of the ministry is left to national bishops conferences. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has adopted the term lay ecclesial ministry for these individuals, as intentionally distinct from the general apostolate or ministry of the laity described above.

The consultative leadership of the church, in both the diocese and the parish, usually comprises a Pastoral Council and a Finance Council,  as well as several Commissions usually focusing on major aspects of the church's life and mission, such as Faith Formation or Christian Education, Liturgy, Social Justice, Ecumenism, or Stewardship.

Religious
Religious—who can be either lay people or clergy—are members of religious institutes, societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common. This is a form of consecrated life distinct from other forms, such as that of secular institutes. It is distinct also from forms that do not involve membership of an institute, such as that of consecrated hermits, that of consecrated virgins, and other forms whose approval is reserved to the Holy See.

Religious institutes have historically been subdivided into the categories of orders and congregations. Male members of orders or congregations are brothers, monks, or friars, while female members are nuns or religious sisters. Each order may have its own hierarchy of offices such superior general, abbot or abbess, mother superior, prior or prioress, or others, and the specific duties and responsibilities for each office will depend on the specific order or congregation. Those who are in the process of joining a religious institute but have not yet taken their perpetual vows may be referred to as postulants or novices.

title: Hierarchy of the Catholic Church


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Irate/Proposed decision

suspended personal attack parole
If either of these proposals are passed, I think the arbcom should make a note of how they would like to be informed of any return to old habits? i.e. should this be a new request for arbitration, a request for clarification, or some other method/place? Thryduulf 15:17, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Request for clarification should be fine, I think. No need to start another case. Ambi 01:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

So, should Irate return to his former behaviour, the result is that he then might get put on a parole, with no other consequences? Of course, my view of this case is quite coloured, but a "suspended parole" seems a very insubstantial measure to me: there's no direct consequences for reoffence, which (I believe) is needed if we're looking to discourage future misconduct. Why not the parole immediately? Irate has wasted a lot of the community's time. Of course, if he reforms, then I'm delighted, and it is to be encouraged. But let's not give him any more opporunity to waste people's time — my fear is that a "suspended parole" is just such an opportunity. — Matt Crypto 23:40, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * We're not finished yet. I'm also planning to propose a suspended lengthy ban - so as to make it very clear that if he does return to his old ways, we'll come down on him just as hard as if he hadn't made that promise. I also see your point about the parole - I'm highly tempted now to propose a non-suspended version. Ambi 01:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Irate reformed?
I would suggest that Irate's new commitment to "undertake to act in a more restrained manner in future" will not be upheld. The following is not an encouraging sign: I tried to make some conciliatory comments and advice on his talk page, only to have them reverted immediately with the comment "removed vandalism". He appears unwilling to make peace or communicate, proclaiming, after the previous exchange on his talk page, that now "any comments by my accuser will be removed as vandalism." If this user fails to act with civility even when the Arbcom are trying to decide his case, what hope do we have for afterwards? My good-will towards Irate is beginning to fade. — Matt Crypto 16:26, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Invasion U.S.A. (1985 film)

Comment
Fixed the grammar, but content is still lacking...

I moved it to this, to make room for the 1952 film of the same name. Wasted Time R 23:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"In this movie a terrorist group plants a mini time bomb on a school bus, with seconds to go till detonation Norris removes the bomb and catches up with the terrorists. He approaches their car and says "lose this?", then attaches the bomb to the car and drives off. As the terrorists hit the brakes to try and get to safety, the bomb explodes." This seems quite extraneous to me, anyone else think so?

Nicholai 06:18, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I'm pulling it out.

Nicholai 03:40, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Invasionusa.jpg
Image:Invasionusa.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:52, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

"I don't step on toes-I step on necks"
That line is from Missing in Action 3, not Invasion USA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYUaU4TcCQk —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.173.93.47 (talk) 05:45, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Why did Hames murder the drugs dealer?
I saw the film some days ago on TV, and I didn't understand that part. If he had taken the drugs to sell them again, it would have made at least some sense, but he left them there.--2003:CE:BBC6:6C7C:4139:D45:B89C:FE44 (talk) 13:58, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Invasion U.S.A. (1985 film)


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Cleveland Scene

The Cleveland Scene is an alternative weekly newspaper based in Cleveland, Ohio. The newspaper includes highlights of Cleveland-area arts, music, dining, and films, as well as classified advertising. The first edition of the newspaper was published in the 1970s.

Cleveland Scene provides a yearly "Best Of" list for the Cleveland and outlying areas that includes Best Restaurants, Best Clubs, Best Theater, etc. Cleveland Scene employs regular columnists as well as freelance journalists.

In 2002, New Times Media, which published The Scene, agreed to shut down its Los Angeles alternative paper in exchange for an $8 million payment, while Village Voice Media agreed to shut down its competing Cleveland Free Times for a smaller payment, triggering a federal antitrust investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice.

Ownership
Cleveland Scene was founded in 1970. In 1998, the Scene was acquired by New Times Media. In 2005, New Times acquired Village Voice Media, and changed its name to Village Voice Media.

The Free Times and Cleveland Scene were purchased by Times-Shamrock Communications, located in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 2008. Times-Shamrock is a media company that publishes daily and weekly newspapers throughout Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Florida, Michigan, and Texas. They also own radio stations in Baltimore.

In December 2013, Times-Shamrock sold Scene to the Cleveland-based Euclid Media Group, along with the Detroit Metro Times, Orlando Weekly and the San Antonio Current. The company dissolved in August 2023 and four of the newspapers, including Scene, was sold to Chava Communications, an entity created by Michael Wagner and his wife, Cassandra Yardeni Wagner. In January 2024, the newspaper was sold to Cleveland Magazine parent company Great Lakes Publishing.

title: Cleveland Scene


text:
Jeremias II of Constantinople

Jeremias II Tranos (Ἰερεμίας Τρανός; c. 1536 – 4 September 1595) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople three times between 1572 and 1595.

Life
Jeremias Tranos was born in Anchialos, from an influential Greek family. The exact date of birth is not known, most probably 1530, but some scholars suggest 1536. He studied with the best Greek teachers of his age, and in his youth he became a monk. Supported by the rich Michael Cantacuzene, he was appointed bishop of Larissa on about 1568.

When Cantacuzene obtained the deposition of Patriarch Metrophanes III, Jeremias, supported by Cantacuzene, was elected for the first time to the Patriarchate on 5 May 1572. Jeremias' first concern was the reform of his Church, and he summoned a synod with the aim to root out simony. He also restored his cathedral, that at the time was the Pammakaristos Church. During this his first reign Jeremias also had the first contacts with the Lutherans which ended in a deadlocked disagreement. On 3 March 1578 his patron, Cantacuzene was executed, and so Jeremias position became weak. On 23 (or 29) November 1579 Jeremias was deposed and excommunicated, and his rival Metrophanes III returned on the Patriarchal throne.

Metrophanes III died in August 1580, and Jeremias returned for the second time on the throne, probably on 13 August. From 1580 to 1583 there were contacts between Jeremias and envoys of the pope in regard to the introduction in Greece of the Gregorian calendar: Rome was almost sure about a positive solution, but on the contrary the final position of Jeremias was negative. In 1584 Jeremias offered as a gift to Pope Gregory XIII two pieces of relics from the bodies of Saint John Chrysostom and Saint Andrew of Crete.

In the winter between 1583 and 1584 Jeremias was subject of a conspiracy of some Greek bishops against him, led by Pachomius of Kaisaria and Theoleptus of Philippoupolis, that accused him to have supported a Greek uprising against the Ottoman Empire, to have baptized a muslim and to be in correspondence with the papacy. Jeremias was arrested and beaten, and three trials followed: the first charge resulted false, but the last resulted in his deposition on 22 February 1584 and in his exile in Rhodes.

Thanks to the intercession of the French ambassador, in 1586 Jeremias obtained the freedom from the exile in Rhodes and started his travel through the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (which included also Ukraine) and the Tsardom of Russia to raise funds. During his travel, he arrived in Moscow on 11 July 1588, and after negotiations with Boris Godunov (the Regent for Tsar Feodor I of Russia) on 26 January 1589 Job of Moscow was enthroned as the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Patriarch Jeremias II recognized the Russian Orthodox Church. On his way back to Constantinople, Jeremias deposed the Metropolitan of Kiev, and in his place appointed and consecrated Michael Rohoza.

In the meantime, after 1584 Jeremias's deposition of two other patriarchs followed, Pachomius II and Theoleptus II, who was deposed in May 1586. The Church was governed by a supporter of Jeremias, deacon Nicephorus (died 1596), and for ten days by deacon Dionysius the Philosopher (later metropolitan of Larissa). In April 1587 Jeremias was formally re-elected as Patriarch, but due to his absence for his travel the Church went on being governed by the replacement cleric, deacon Nicephorus. On 4 July 1589 the Sultan formally appointed Jeremias as Patriarch of Constantinople (for the third time). Jeremias was informed to be again elected patriarch only in 1589 in Moldova when he was on the way back to Constantinople (now Istanbul) where he arrived in 1590.

On 12 February 1593 a synod in Constantinople sanctioned the Autocephaly of the Patriarchate of Moscow. The exact date of Jeremias' death is not known, but it occurred between September and December 1595, in Constantinople.

Greek Augsburg Confession
From 1576 to 1581 he conducted the first important theological exchanges between Orthodoxy and Protestants. On 24 May 1575, Lutherans Jakob Andreae and Martin Crusius from Tübingen presented the Patriarch with a translated copy of the Augsburg Confession. Jeremias II wrote three rebuttals known as 'Answers,' which established that the Eastern Orthodox Church had no desire for reformation. The Lutherans replied to the first two letters, but the third letter ended in a deadlocked disagreement between the parties. The significance of the exchanges were that they presented, for the first time in a precise and clear way, where the Orthodox and Reformation churches stood in relation to each other.

title: Jeremias II of Constantinople


text:
Dutch Caribbean Airlines

Dutch Caribbean Airlines Inc. was an airline based in Curaçao, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It was established in 2001 and ceased operation in October 2004. The company slogan was Bridge to Curaçao.

History
The airline was succeeded by Air ALM, which was owned by the same DC Holding that owned ALM Antillean Airlines.

Destinations
These are the destinations that were operated when the airline was in service:

Fleet
During the transfer of the airline’s assets from Air ALM, the airline acquired some of their aircraft and later received other aircraft for its own.

title: Dutch Caribbean Airlines


text:
Category talk:Newspapers published in the People's Republic of China

"China"/"PRC" vs. "mainland China" for page titles
Following the long discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese) regarding proper titling of Mainland China-related topics, polls for each single case has now been started here. Please come and join the discussion, and cast your vote. Thank you. — Instantnood 15:19, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

mainland designation
Those two that have been banned have been edit warring over the definition. The banning administrator reverted the last edit for fairness sake. In all fairness though, Instantnoods edit limiting this was unasked for, and has been reverted  for nearly a year. The fair thing to do is remove the contentious edit completely.

The current status of the category is to be re-named to specifically be for the PRC. The re-naming may also disagree with that limitation of mainland only. Post-rename, any sub-states of the PRC can have sub-categories in this PRC category. SchmuckyTheCat 20:18, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * While admins come in to impose bans on both (or one) party, I have doubts over their objectivity when also reverting edits which consistently favours one party after the bans are in effect.--Huaiwei 03:43, 18 January 2006 (UTC)