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Talk:Dodecahedron

Untitled
I don't think Dodecaeder should be merged with dodecahedron. I think there should be two separate pages: one dealing with the Platonic solid and one dealing with the weird antique. Merge request deleted and "see also" added. Robinh 21:00, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

It's been a long time since I saw the episode, but I'm pretty sure that the polyhedra in the Star Trek episode were not dodecahedra but something else, either cuboctahedra or rhombicuboctahedra. --Matt McIrvin 04:04, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There are some pictures here; it's a cuboctahedron. Should probably delete the trivia item. --Matt McIrvin 04:11, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Dodecahedron Canonical coordinates
Can someone explain or update the canonical coordiantes:

"Canonical coordinates for the vertices of a dodecahedron centered at the origin are {(0,±1/φ,±φ), (±1/φ,±φ,0), (±φ,0,±1/φ), (±1,±1,±1)}, where φ = (1+√5)/2 is the golden mean."

if there are 20 vertices, then why are there not 20 coordinate sets (x, y, z)? Zalamandor 23:23, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The 20 vertices are hidden in the sign permutations. (±?,?,?) has two values. (±?,±?,?) has 4 (2x2) value permutations and (±?,±?,±?) has 8 (2x2x2) permutations. So the above paragraph lists 4+4+4+8=20 vertices. Tom Ruen 23:55, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

The dodecahedron is one of the most complex, completely symetrical, geometric three-dimensional figures.

 * I understand the permutations but this coordinate set seems wrong: (±1,±1,±1). These describe a cube with edge length = 2 units, centered at the origin. Let's reduce that to the upper square: (±1,±1,1). No matter how you rotate a dodecahedron, it's obviously impossible to get four vertices to end up at these coordinates since with this body, you always have five points in a plane and the angle between any two vertices is != 90 degrees. What's wrong? --Digulla (talk) 12:46, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The four vertices do not belong to the same face. Consider the compound of five cubes.  Its convex hull is a regular dodecahedron.  Notice the two vertices "above" the prominent green face; if the green cube is in canonical position, these two are among the twelve whose coordinates contain φ.  —Tamfang (talk) 07:01, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
 * If someone else wonders the same thing, the vertices which lie on the cube are the "outer" vertices of the two pentagons forming the "roof" of the sample image: Find the three topmost points; two vertices of the cube are the leftmost and the rightmost point of those three. If you follow the line down from the topmost point, then the next two vertices of the cube are to the left and right. The four bottom vertices are the ones connected next to the lowest edge. See this image: [[File:Dodecahedron-with-inscribed-cube.svg]] --Digulla (talk) 08:56, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

New stat table
I replace stat table with template version, which uses tricky nested templates as a "database" which allows the same data to be reformatted into multiple locations and formats. See here for more details: User:Tomruen/polyhedron_db_testing
 * Tom Ruen 00:55, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Suggest correcting the dihedral angle in the table from  to   or equivalent. cadull 21:16, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Electrical resistance
I removed this long unsupported statement under "uses":
 * If each edge of a dodecahedron is a one-ohm resistor, the resistance between adjacent vertices is 19/30 ohm, and that between opposite vertices is 7/6 ohm.

I stumbled upon this paper, but couldn't clearly confirm or contradict the uncited statement above. So here it is if anyone cares! Tom Ruen 02:37, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's right there in Table I (page 643). It also gives the resistances between vertices which are neither adjacent nor opposite. —Keenan Pepper 06:01, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Dihedral angle in the frame
The dihedral angle formula is wrong in the frame on the side of the article and I could not find how to modify this frame. (Unsigned comment)

 * The correct formula is $$\pi - 2\psi$$ where $$\psi$$ is defined by:
 * $$\cos(\psi) = \csc(\pi/5) \cos(\pi/3) = \cos(\pi/3)/\sin(\pi/5)$$
 * (This is from Coxeter's Regular Polytopes.)—Tetracube 17:54, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

It's fixed now. Someone was trying to be a little too fancy with templates when they made that frame. As a result, it is very hard to edit. The correct page to edit is Template:Reg_polyhedra_db. -- Fropuff 18:05, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Uses Vs Trivia
I renamed the "Uses" section because only one of the three facts listed can be considered an "use" of a Dodecahedron (the die). I'm not sure that "Trivia" is a good name, another possibility is "curious facts". Ossido 16:29, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

'''This following section was removed. I moved it here for reference.'''

Regular dodecahedra in the arts, sciences, and popular culture

 * Small, hollow bronze Roman dodecahedra dating from the 3rd century A.D. have been found in various places in Europe. Their purpose is not certain.
 * A dodecahedron sits on the table in M. C. Escher's lithograph print "Reptiles" (1943), and a stellated dodecahedron is used in his "Gravitation". In Salvador Dalí's painting of The Sacrament of the Last Supper (1955), the room is a hollow dodecahedron.
 * One of the characters in The Phantom Tollbooth, a children's novel from 1961, is named Dodecahedron and is a man with 12 faces.
 * The Dodecahedron was the mysterious power source for an underground city in the Doctor Who episode "Meglos" (1980).
 * In "Blood Feud", an episode of The Simpsons, Lisa attempts to teach Maggie the word dodecahedron.
 * In Carl Sagan's novel Contact, the transport device constructed to the plans transmitted by the alien intelligence is dodecahedral.
 * "Dodecaheedron" (misspelled, possibly intentionally, with an extra "e") is the title of a song by Aphex Twin.
 * Plato in the dialogue Timaeus c.360 B.C associated platonic solids with the four classical elements. Aristotle added a fifth element, aithêr (aether in Latin, "ether" in English) and postulated that the heavens were made of this element, but he had no interest in matching it with Plato's fifth solid.
 * In 2003, an apparent periodicity in the cosmic microwave background led to the suggestion, by Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire de Paris and colleagues, that the shape of the Universe is a finite dodecahedron, attached to itself by each pair of opposite faces to form a Poincaré homology sphere. ("Is the universe a dodecahedron?", article at PhysicsWeb.) During the following year, astronomers searched for more evidence to support this hypothesis but found none.
 * The 20 vertices and 30 edges of a dodecahedron form the map for an early computer game, Hunt the Wumpus. In the seminal 1980s computer game Elite, the more advanced "Dodec" class space stations took the form of dodecahedra. The save points in the Castlevania games, Castlevania: Symphony of the Night (for the PSX) and Castlevania: Harmony of Dissonance (GBA) are shaped like dodecahedrons. In the Nintendo 64 game Paper Mario, the mountains in the background of Toad Town are dodecahedra.
 * The regular dodecahedron is often used in role-playing games as a twelve-sided die ("d12" for short), one of the more common polyhedral dice.
 * Desk calendars are occasionally made in the shape of a dodecahedron, usually from a die-cut folded card, with one month on each face.

There are a few face-transitive (with congruent but irregular faces) dodecahedrons missing from the list

 * The ones missing are the octahedral pentagonal dodecahedron, the tetrahedral pentagonal dodecahedron, and the trapezoidal dodecahedron.
 * If you look up "Isohedron" on Mathworld, you can see a rotating models of each of them.
 * As a side note, I would love to know if the pyritohedron is the same thing as either the octahedral or tetrahedral pentagonal dodecahedron. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.72.235.4 (talk) 15:15, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

 * (I took the liberty of adding the relevant link.) It's hard to tell from the small picture, but yes, I think the octahedral pentagonal dodecahedron is the "pyritohedron" (a name I dislike: it's the whole body, not the faces, that resembles a pyrite crystal). It has Th symmetry. —Tamfang (talk) 17:27, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Skeletal Platonic solids
I removed the following text from the article, added by an IP, because it wasn't added in the right place and was uncited; I wasn't sure what to do with it:

 * Skeletal Platonic Solids

 * If the regular poyhedra are considered as skeletal 3-dimensional figures with flexible vertices and unidimensional edges, two of them. the hexadron(cube) and the dodecahedron exhibit properties different from the other three in that they can be folded or collapsed; The hexahedron first into a double square then a line. and the dodecahedron into a triangle. This can be demonstrated by constructing them out of drinking straws and twistable inserts

Somebody please verify this, find a citation, and integrate it into the article. Thanks.—Tetracube (talk) 03:18, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

 * It's correct that the hexahedron, or cube, and the dodecahedron, if you make them out of drinking straws and twistable inserts, can be collapsed, but what they collapse into is wrong. --Professor M. Fiendish 12:07, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

"2 acos(36)"
The formula "2 acos(36)" seems to make no sense. Should it be 2 acos(36°), or is it completely wrong? -- 05:42, 19 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.168.224.185 (talk)

 * The argument to acos must be a value between -1 and 1, otherwise it is undefined. I don't know where this formula came from, but it looks suspiciously wrong.—Tetracube (talk) 17:03, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

 * If it makes any sense, it should be 2cos(36°). Tom Ruen (talk) 19:29, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
 * It is a pretty trivial claim, more about a pentagon than as a polyhedron, unclear value. Ugh, the more I look the more the whole article seems a largely unorganized collection of unrelated facts. Tom Ruen (talk) 00:02, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

insphere: factors
In the new section "Dimensions" (thanks), the radius of the insphere is given as $$\frac{a}{20} \sqrt{250 +110\sqrt{5}}$$. It could be put in lower terms as $$\frac{a}{2} \sqrt{ \frac{5}{2} + \frac{11}{2\sqrt{5}} }$$. Any strong preferences either way? —Tamfang (talk) 17:50, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * One could also describe the diameter of the insphere as $$\frac{a \phi^2}{\sqrt{3-\phi}}$$, which is even simpler. It turns out that nearly all of the dimensions of the regular pentagonal dodecahedron can be written with similar brevity, all using the golden ratio. I can't cite a source, because I've done the derivations myself. In any case, I think someone needs to start a general discussion about the relationship between the platonic dodecahedron and the golden mean. I propose there is enough material showing the relationship between the two to start a separate related page. Brycehathaway (talk) 01:57, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm trying to reconcile any of the above expressions with Coxeter's $$\frac{a}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\phi^5}{\sqrt{5}}}$$ and I keep getting stray factors of 2. I am prone to copying-errors in algebra ... —Tamfang (talk) 05:55, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Note that I wrote "diameter" above, not radius. Tamfang's recent edit to the dimensions is incorrect because of this misunderstanding; please remember to always verify changes before committing them. Also, I am not sure why this user chose to remove the reference to the regular pentagon's apothem. Let me summarize all of the radii in a geometrically meaningful form: Given a regular pentagonal dodecahedron with edge length one, the distance from the center to vertex is the product of the golden mean with half the length of the long diagonal of a unit cube, the distance from the center to the midpoint of an edge is the product of the golden mean with half the golden mean, and the distance from the center to the midpoint of the face is the product of the golden mean with the length of a unit regular pentagon's apothem. I care less about how that is represented than that it is represented, because doing so connects the dimensions of this shape to related shapes along with the golden mean. Considering this shape has a stronger affinity with geometry than algebra, the focus of these formulas should shift accordingly. I will leave it to Tamfang to make corrections, since this user edited my additions to the dimensions section and I would rather avoid edit wars. Brycehathaway (talk) 00:27, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for explaining my error.
 * The formula using the apothem felt out of place among the simplifications using φ, in that it makes more work for anyone who happens not to know already what that value is. It would make more sense imho to give a literal value, using nothing more arcane than φ, and then say how this value relates to the apothem. —Tamfang (talk) 05:52, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with you on this, Tamfang. I will update the section accordingly. Brycehathaway (talk) 20:57, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

filling a sphere
Is it really bigger than an icosahedron when made to fit in a sphere? References/Math? Simanos (talk) 15:32, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Using the numeric values given for volume and circumradius in the respective articles, I get the ratios 0.6649 for the dodecahedron, 0.6055 for the icosahedron. I tried it with the algebraic formulae but made a booboo somewhere (getting a dodec >3 times as big as its circumsphere). —Tamfang (talk) 20:20, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

It is Sqrt[1/6 (5+Sqrt[5])] times bigger than an icosahedron: Volume of Dodecahedron normalized by the volume of the circumscribed sphere is: Sqrt[5/6 (3+Sqrt[5])]/\[Pi] Volume of Icosahedron normalized by the volume of the circumscribed sphere is: Sqrt[1/2 (5+Sqrt[5])]/\[Pi] Divide them and you get: Sqrt[1/6 (5+Sqrt[5])] Roughly: 1.09818547139510923450322671904 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.85.32.196 (talk) 18:11, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Regarding the supression of the Dodecahedron?
According to Carl Sagan during his TV series Cosmos - Knowledge of the Dodecahedron was kept hidden and suppressed by the Pythagoreans who discovered it. Should this be added into the history section on the shape? Omega2064 (talk) 19:03, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

 * If you can cite a reliable source for it, yes.—Tetracube (talk) 14:43, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Field of view of
If I have done my math right, the maximum field of view occupied by a face as seen from the center of the dodecahedron is 2*acos[1.1135/1.40126], or just under 75.76 degrees. This might be of interest in selecting the field of view needed for the lens of an omnidirectional camera setup, for instance. With a typical aspect-ratio rectangular sensor such a 35mm film only the angle between a vertex and the center of the opposite side needs to fit on the shorter side of the sensor (24mm for 35mm film), so the calculation of the longest 35mm-equivalent lens that can fit a whole pentagon in the frame from the center of a dodecahedron is 1/(tan[(acos[1.1135/1.40126] + acos[1.1135/1.30902] )/2 ] /12) = 17.43mm max lens length. (the 12 in the calculation is = 1/2 the film width)

Some stats useful for doing calculations for other sensors: if the height is 24mm as stated before, then the side of the pentagon is just under 15.6mm, the width (penagon's diagonal) is under 25.24mm, and the diameter of the circumscribing circle is less than 26.54mm. A square sensor should be able to use a longer lens.Enon (talk) 23:48, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Are these left-handed Cartesian coordinates?
To draw a dodecahedron myself, I had to reverse the Golden Ratio with its inverse in the Cartesian coordinates, or change the rotation of the indices. As I don't believe I'm having this problem drawing other things, I'd appreciate it if someone would check what's here. I'm using a right-handed coordinate system. Short of that, I wasn't clear on what tag to use, as I couldn't find a section-limited expert needed tag. So if someone improves on how I tagged this, that's great too. Thanks! Marc W. Abel (talk) 01:40, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The coordinates are on the MathWorld page, and I have no reason to doubt them. Left-handed coordinates would make no difference. You can see the regular dodecahedron with the 8 vertices of the cube, plus 2 vertices above each of the square faces, forming wedges over each square. The side triangles of the wedges merge with side trapezoids as regular pentagons, as seen in the related irregular Pyritohedron. Tom Ruen (talk) 05:26, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

 * What are you using to "draw"? —Tamfang (talk) 05:59, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
 * At a guess you might be drawing only one side of you polygons, whether polygon is displayed depends on which face is pointing towards the viewer, if its the notional "front" face then the polygon is displayed, if not the polygon is not displayed, see backface culling. Changing the order of the vertices changes the notion of which is the front face and hence the visibility.--Salix (talk): 14:40, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Surface area - how is the formula obtained?
The article gives a formula, but does not explain how it comes to be in the first place. I have never studied such a formula, and my attempt to obtain it from the formula I did study (how to obtain the area of a regular polygon) gives me a formula that looks completely different. Here's the reasoning I followed: The formula so obtained does not even resemble the one in the article. So, where does that one come from? Devil Master (talk) 22:36, 23 November 2011 (UTC)
 * We know that the area of any regolar polygon is equal to P*a/2, where P is the perimeter and a is the apothem.
 * In the case of a pentagon, P equals to 5*L, where L is the length of a side, so the surface area of a pentagon is 5*L*a/2
 * We also know that the dodecahedron has 12 sides, so a first attempt to a surface area formula for the dodecahedron is 12*5*L*a/2 = 6*5*L*a = 30*L*a
 * The apothem of the pentagon equals L*tan(54°)/2, so, if we replace this expression to a in the previous formula, we get 30*L*L*tan(54°)/2, which can be simplified to 15*L2*tan(54°).

 * I'm guessing the reduction comes from Exact trigonometric constants. Tom Ruen (talk) 22:59, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Truncated pentagonal trapezohedron
The truncated pentagonal trapezohedron is described here under "topologically identical irregular dodecahedra", but is it the case that one such trapezohedron is actually identical to the regular dodecahedron? If there is actually a whole family of these, which are generally irregular, but regular in one special case, I think this could be more clearly explained. Also, it would be nice to have a picture of an example that was more obviously different from the regular dodecahedron. As it is, the two look unhelpfully similar. 86.171.43.159 (talk) 03:29, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Edge orthogonal projection
I believe there is an additional projection of the dodecahedron. The edge view of the dodecahedron would be the view with and edge closest and perpendicular to the viewer. I have drawn this by hand and it seems to be a valid projection. I have based this on the edge projection shown on the icosahedron page. I do not know what constitutes "special" orthogonal projections. So I cannot say whether this projection is valid. I can only say that the resulting image is highly symmetrical and similar to the one seen for the icosahedron. I assume the projection is valid here if it is also valid for the icosahedron. Others will need to verify that the projection is "special" enough and if so, then also, someone will need to create the image to look similar to the existing ones. Here is a hand drawn image with sample dimension:

.

I should mention that the dimensions in the diagram are: 1, Phi/2, Phi^2, cos 18 and cos 54 (degrees). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peawormsworth (talk • contribs) 08:24, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I added an image Dodecahedron_t0_e.png. SockPuppetForTomruen (talk) 21:45, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

Other Dodecahedra
First, a naive question: If the resistor network section was rehabilitated, why wasn't it restored?

From Tamfang's entry, above: "There are a few face-transitive (with congruent but irregular faces) dodecahedrons missing from the list

The ones missing are the octahedral pentagonal dodecahedron, the tetrahedral pentagonal dodecahedron, and the trapezoidal dodecahedron." That's tetragonal, not tetrahedral.

"If you look up "Isohedron" on Mathworld, you can see a rotating models of each of them." No, to rotate you have download the Mathematica notebook.

"As a side note, I would love to know if the pyritohedron is the same thing as either the octahedral or tetrahedral pentagonal dodecahedron. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.72.235.4 (talk) 15:15, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

(I took the liberty of adding the relevant link.) It's hard to tell from the small picture, but yes, I think the octahedral pentagonal dodecahedron is the "pyritohedron" (a name I dislike: it's the whole body, not the faces, that resembles a pyrite crystal). It has Th symmetry. —Tamfang (talk) 17:27, 12 February 2009 (UTC)"

Yes, "octahedral pentagonal dodecahedron" and pyritohedron are both (rather unsuitable) names for that continuum of solids. See http://gosper.org/pyrominia.gif.

Which points out another EQUILATERAL pyritohedron--the endododecahedron (J.H.Conway et al., the Symmetries of Things, p. 328). Briefly, circumscribe the black cubes of an infinite 3D checkerboard with regular dodecahedra. The complement is endododecahedra inscribed in all the white cubes. Endododecahedron deserves mention after the regular dodecahedron section.

And there is yet another equilateral pentagonal dodecahedron! http://gosper.org/pentiprisms.png, third figure, top row. And http://gosper.org/pentatrapezohedra.gif This was discovered a few years ago by a homeschooled boy, Julian Ziegler Hunts, who deems it too trivial to publish.

If we discard something trivial (in retrospect) for being "original research", the article will perpetuate the false impression that there are only two equilateral pentagonal dodecahedra (assuming we cover endododecahedron).

But how do we cover Julian's polyhedron, which lacks even a name? Equilateral overtruncated pentatrapezohedron? Concave pentagonal pentiprism? (Like antiprism, but with pentagons instead of equilateral triangles. The convex ones are truncated trapezohedra.)  Could we add an "overtruncated" section to truncated trapezohedron without committing original research?

It's possible that some of this nomenclature is settled in the Conway book, which I have yet to see.

If we can settle the nomenclature and extend truncated trapezohedron, I would propose this cleanup of the Other dodecahedra section:

Topologically distinct dodecahedra include: ...
 * Pentagonal dodecahedra: (Topology: 3 pentagons meet at each of 20 vertices)
 * Pentagonal truncated trapezohedron - D5d symmetry, order 20
 * Equilateral case: Regular dodecahedron, Ih symmetry, order 120
 * "Pyritohedron" - Th symmetry, order 12
 * Equilateral cases: Endododecahedron, Regular dodecahedron
 * Degenerate cases: Rhombic dodecahedron, Cube
 * Overtruncated pentatrapezohedron - D5d symmetry, order 20
 * Equilateral case: (As yet unnamed.)
 * Uniform polyhedra:
 * Decagonal prism – 10 squares, 2 decagons, (Topology: 2 squares and 1 decagon meet at each of 20 vertices) D10h symmetry, order 40
 * Pentagonal antiprism – 10 equilateral triangles, 2 pentagons, (Topology: 3 triangles and 1 pentagon meet at each of 10 vertices) D5d symmetry, order 20

Bill Gosper (talk) 08:12, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Pyritohedron animation
The animation could obviate the adjoining concave pyritohedron image if it did not arbitrarily(?) restrict to convex. In particular, it could include the interesting equilateral "endododecahedron" case. Also, the animation would be easier on the eyes and less jerky if driven by a sinusoid rather than a triangle wave. Both of these improvements are (too rapidly?) illustrated in http://gosper.org/pyritodex.gif. Sat 26 Oct 2013 21:16:47 PDT63.194.69.46 (talk) 04:31, 27 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I made a simple fix, 1/2 second pause on start and middle frames. If you have rights to the pyritodex.gif image it is nice too. Tom Ruen (talk) 04:43, 27 October 2013 (UTC)

That helps a lot. Yes, I made pyritodex.gif and "advertised" it to the math-fun list. I hereby(?) relinquish all rights to it, but it is below Wikipedia's graphics standards, I think. I can try sprucing it up, if you wish. Bill Gosper (talk) 21:12, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

 * On your animation, I admit the sinusoidal(?) motion makes me feel nervous, like an alien is going to jump out and kill me. Also I rather prefer the 8 cubic points to remain fixed, while you rescale it smaller as the dodecahedral tents rise. Tom Ruen (talk) 21:40, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Good points. Can we get away with http://gosper.org/pyredohedra.gif, or is explaining how a stellated icosahedron is an extreme pyritohedron too much like original research?Bill Gosper (talk) 12:53, 31 October 2013 (UTC) Oops, the Great_stellated_dodecahedron article claims this is one. That should be easier to explain.Bill Gosper (talk) 14:00, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Excellent, looks like it could be scaled larger within the frame (or cropped). I'll have to think more on the great stellated dodecahedron connection - what negative h value is that?! Tom Ruen (talk) 19:34, 31 October 2013 (UTC)
 * p.s. What would be REALLY cool is if the animation had a secondary image to the side, showing the SHAPE of an individual face show in-plane. ALSO it would be great to see a parallel animation dual pseudoicosahedron animation! Tom Ruen (talk) 22:02, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

I'll consider these. Meanwhile, what do you think of http://gosper.org/pyromania.gif ?71.146.130.17 (talk) 22:18, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Looks good, just could better crop excess white space? Tom Ruen (talk) 22:22, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

The only way I can coax that out of Mathematica is to rasterize (= degrade) and then crop: http://gosper.org/pyrominia.gif ListAnimate[ Table[ImageCrop[ Graphics3D[{Red, Polygon[Join[#, -#] &@ Join[#, Map[RotateLeft, #, {2}], Map[RotateRight, #, {2}]] &@{#, {-1, 1, -1}*# & /@ #} &[{{-(1/2) + 2 z^2, -(1/2) + z,            0}, {-(1/2), -(1/2), -(1/2)}, {0, -(1/2) + 2 z^2, -(1/2) + z}, {1/2, -(1/2), -(1/2)}, {1/2 - 2 z^2, -(1/2) + z,            0}}]], Black, T[z]}, PlotRange -> 1, Boxed -> False, ImageSize -> {600, 750}] /. z -> %212 /. T[x_] :> Text[Style[pyritext[x], Large], {1/2, -3/4, -3/4}] /. pyritext[_] -> "", {409, 500}], {t, 1, 17, 1/8}], AnimationRunning -> True, AnimationDirection -> ForwardBackward]

%212 is a computed Piecewise. The centering shouldn't be hard to fix. Maybe the object should rotate slowly while paused?

Regarding your negative h value question, my parameter is "z" and is (quite) positive for the great stellated ...: pyritext[-1/2] = "rhombic dodecahedron"; pyritext[(1 - Sqrt[5])/4] = "regular dodecahedron"; pyritext[0] = "cubically degenerate pyritohedron"; pyritext[(Sqrt[5] - 1)/4] = "(equilateral) endododecahedron"; pyritext[.501] = "axes-degenerate pyritohedron"; pyritext[(1 + Sqrt[5])/4] = "great stellated dodecahedron";71.146.130.17 (talk) 02:38, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I like it with a fixed orientation as-is. Tom Ruen (talk) 03:13, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

Oops, I just overwrote http://gosper.org/pyrominia.gif with some movement. The moving text was an accident I kind of like. Are you sure you hate it? Anyway, the zoom solution is ViewAngle.71.146.130.17 (talk) 05:45, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The slow rotation is okay with me. And now the cropping is very good. Tom Ruen (talk) 06:31, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

If you release the rights to http://gosper.org/pyredohedra.gif and http://gosper.org/pyromania.gif, I would like to upload them to Commons. Woud that be okay? 13:17, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

Regular dodecahedron
Is it worth spinning the Regular dodecahedron off to its own article, as has now been done for the regular icosahedron? — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 13:27, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm not excited about the idea, but the articles are getting long. I actually merged pyritohedron into this article a while ago. Mainly I want it clear that an unqualified dodecahedron implies the regular form. I don't want to have to change literally 1000's of cross-links to dodecahedron, but if its clear on the top, so a quick second link will get you there, then I guess that will do. Tom Ruen (talk) 14:37, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does in mathematics, but not everywhere, e.g. in chemistry the unqualified dodecahedron is usually the snub disphenoid. Double sharp (talk) 14:58, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
 * p.s. I'm sure there's more information to add for the concave pyritohedral dodecahedron, since its used in space-filling with the convex regular dodecahedron. There's also another animation, discussed above, including self-intersections and the great stellated dodecahedron, but never uploaded to wikipedia.  Tom Ruen (talk)

Dodecahedra with 14 faces?
In the list under Other dodecahedra/Uniform polyhedra one finds: all with 14 faces. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Episcophagus (talk • contribs) 10:40, 1 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Truncated cube – 6 octagons, 8 triangles, Octahedral symmetry
 * Cuboctahedron – 6 squares, 8 triangles, Octahedral symmetry
 * Truncated octahedron – 6 squares, 8 hexagons, Octahedral symmetry

 * Strange. I removed them. They were also listed correctly at Tetradecahedron. Tom Ruen (talk)
 * Oops, looks like I was having a bad day. Sorry about that. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 11:39, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

History
You might add to the history section that Plato refers to balls being made of 12 pieces of leather in Phaedo 110B8 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.174.106.137 (talk • contribs)

Regular dodecahedron moved
The regular dodecahedron main section was moved to its own article (this was done to the icosahedron a while back as well). Most of these wikilinks here probably need to be changed: dodecahedron --> dodecahedron. Tom Ruen (talk) 22:29, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * It does seem bizarre to move the only dodecahedron that is called a dodecahedron without qualifier to another article with a qualifier and leave everything else here, that is not called simply dodedecahedron. Tom Ruen (talk) 22:48, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:53, 18 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Rhombicdodecahedron.jpg

Attribution
Text and references copied from Armand Spitz to Dodecahedron. See former article's history for a list of contributors. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 12:30, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

Special cases of the pyritohedron
You have added this table six years ago (diff), but you did not clarify what the ratio is supposed to be. I assumed it is the length of the two edge types, but in that case the 1:1 for the concave version is wrong. So what is it? Greetings, Watchduck (quack) 12:57, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I see. Yes, edge length ratio. Why is it wrong? Those are defined as equilateral solutions. Tom Ruen (talk) 14:59, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, ok. The problem is, that the image shown does not match the numbers. That would be the equilateral endododecahedron in http://gosper.org/pyromania.gif. Could you upload a version where the height is actually -1/phi? (But please do not overwrite File:Concave pyritohedral dodecahedron.png.) --Watchduck (quack) 16:36, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dodecahedron


text:
District of Saskatchewan

The District of Saskatchewan was a regional administrative district of Canada's North-West Territories. It was formed in 1882 was later enlarged then abolished with the creation of the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1905. Much of the area was incorporated into the province of Saskatchewan. The western part became part of Alberta, and the eastern part (which extended to Lake Winnipeg) is now part of Manitoba.

The conflicts during the North-West Rebellion of 1885 occurred in the District of Saskatchewan.

Settlements
The District of Saskatchewan in 1888 included the five French speaking settlements of St. Laurent, Fish Creek, Duck Lake, Batoche and St. Louis de Langevin in the area of the South Branch of the Saskatchewan River and the settlements of Green Lake, La Ronge, Red Deer Lake (56-25-W2), Nut Lake (39-23-W2), Birch River, Fort à la Corne, Snake Plains (northwest of Carleton near Muskeg Lake), Birch Hills (46-23-W3), Clarke's Crossing (38-4-W3), Shell River (15 miles northwest of Prince Albert), Carrot River, Cumberland House, The Pas, Grand Rapids, Battleford, Fort Pitt, Frog Lake, Onion Lake, Cold Lake, Fort Carlton, Humboldt, Saskatoon.

The district was home to Cree people of Treaty 4, Treaty 5 and Treaty 6 who lived on Indian reserves and a small band of Dene who lived in the northwest section around Cold Lake.

Population
The population of the District of Saskatchewan in 1885 was 10,595. The Prince Albert sub-district had a population of 5,373 people which included the Southbranch settlements with about 1,300. To the west was the Battleford sub-district with 3,603 people and to the east the Carrot River sub-district with 1,770.

The largest settlement and the capital of the district was Prince Albert with about 800 people followed by Battleford with about 500 people.

Boundaries
Most of the boundaries of the district in 1882 were defined by lines of the Dominion Land Survey.
 * On the south, the 9th Correction Line, about 51.9687° north, then the line between Ranges 29 and 30 west of the Principal Meridian (a staircase-shaped line about 101° west), then the 12th Base Line, about 52.84° north
 * On the west, the line between Ranges 10 and 11 west of the Fourth Meridian (a staircase-shaped line about 112° west)
 * On the north, the 18th Correction Line, about 55.1122° north
 * On the east, the west shore of Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River.

The southwest corner of the Saskatchewan District is commemorated by a cairn 10 km south of Coronation, Alberta.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: District of Saskatchewan


text:
Talk:Oh My Gods!

Untitled
There is an archive of the original discussion here: Talk:Oh My Gods!/Achive_1--Lzygenius 04:52, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Possible Things To Do

 * History - a detailed history of the characters, their exploits, and story arcs
 * Stan's "boyfriends" (1-12) which died, how they died, etc
 * Speciality strips (9-11, etc)
 * Introduction of breasts, legs/feet, posable arms, zooms, backgrounds, color, greyscale
 * Additions of new characters (their first strips, etc)
 * Characters
 * further detailed character bios and information (including, perhaps, the "first apperance" ideas noted above
 * bios and other details sound copy and pasted.
 * Locations
 * Locations both within the strip and outside of it, ie: the Jesus Fishery and when the characters visited the "Red States"

 * Other
 * Clean-Up
 * Appearances section
 * Wiccan/Pagan Acknowledgements -Link to Witchvox article?
 * all the links were deleted, but feel free to pull ones out that you feel are approperate and place them into the article, I don't see why they ALL needed to be deleted, but I am new to le' wiki--Shivian Balaris 13:19, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Linking To
 * try to get the link within the Neopaganism article to stick
 * try to get the link within the Paganism article to stick
 * expand the links to the article

Playschool?
I looked up Play School (Google image search) and didn't see anything to suggest why the comparison is made. I also thought "Playskool" (a brand of toys) might be meant, but same result. Is one or the other associated with simple-styled toys or puppets? —Tamfang 05:12, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The 'Playskool' comparison was made because Playskool 'people' have rounded heads and hands, much like the OMG! characters. 207.81.138.180 06:30, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * If Playskool toys are meant, the spelling in the article needs correction. —Tamfang (talk) 07:47, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Oh My Gods!
i know that this is an educational site but i feel the need to add that Oh My Gods is the most amazing comic that i ever read!! Shiv, comment on my talk page, it would mean the WORLD to me i'm one of your biggest fans!

Little Pagan GRL (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 01:37, 15 January 2009 (UTC).

title: Talk:Oh My Gods!


text:
Nobby, Queensland

Nobby is a rural town and locality on the Darling Downs in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It is located halfway between Toowoomba and Warwick. It is known for its association with Steele Rudd (author) and Sister Elizabeth Kenny (effective treatment of polio using physiotherapy).

In the, the locality of Nobby had a population of 609 people.

Geography
The Southern railway line passes through the locality but Nobby railway station is now abandoned (-27.8519°N, 151.9046°W).

Nobby has the following mountains:

 * Kent (-27.8647°N, 151.8207°W) 624 m
 * Mount Kent (-27.8317°N, 151.8381°W) 625 m
 * Rocky Point (-27.8214°N, 151.9026°W) 609 m

History
The origin of the name Nobby is unknown. When the Western railway line from Toowoomba to Warwick was being constructed, a worker's camp known as McDonald's Camp was established in the area in 1868 and this gave its name to the general area. However, the railway siding created was known as Nobby's Siding and the area become known as Nobby. However, the township that was surveyed alongside the railway in 1891 was named Davenport after George Davenport, a former local Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Drayton and Toowoomba whose pastoral run was at nearby Headington Hill. However, the Railway Department refused to rename the railway station, which created confusion having the railway station and the town with different names, leading to many people continuing to refer to the town as Nobby. Eventually the town's name was officially changed back to Nobby in 1931. On 24 September 1889, Arthur Martin & Co auctioned 258 town allotments under the name Davenport Township. These blocks were located on south west side of Nobby railway station.

Nobby's Siding Post Office opened by March 1894 (a receiving office had been open from 1885 ). It was renamed Nobby's by 1902 and simply Nobby by 1908.

Mount Kent State School opened on 14 May 1883 and closed on 1959. It was on Ted Mengel Road, now within the locality of Felton (-27.8446°N, 151.8292°W).

Nobby Provisional School opened on 15 November 1897, becoming Nobby State School on 1 January 1909. It closed in 1921 and a new school Nobby Township State School opened on 30 January 1922, which was later renamed Nobby State School. The school celebrated its 125th anniversary on Saturday 12 November 2022.

Rockfield Provisional School opened on 23 October 1905. On 1 January 1909, it became Rockfield State School. It closed circa 1928. It was at 349 Mount Kent Boundary Road (corner Denton Road, -27.8387°N, 151.8758°W).

A School of Arts was opened in Nobby in 1909. The hall, along with an adjacent bank building, was completely destroyed by fire in July 1928 and was rebuilt in 1929.

Bellview State School opened on 2 February 1920. It closed on 1949.

The Nobby branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association was established in April 1925; its first president was Sister Elizabeth Kenny.

St Paul's Church of England in Back Plains was dedicated on 12 February 1892 by Archbishop of Brisbane William Webber. The last service was conducted on 8 August 1943. In 1953 the church building was relocated to Nobby where it was re-established as St Paul's Church of England. The last service at Nobby was conducted circa 11 May 1975. In 1979 the church building was relocated to 12 Jubb Street, Allora to become the Scots Presbyterian Church for those Presbyterians in the district who did not wish to become part of the Uniting Church of Australia. The church in Allora was dedicated on 26 July 1980 by Presbyterian Moderator Rt Rev F. White.

In November 1947 on the 50th anniversary of Nobby State School, a war memorial gate was officially unveiled in the school grounds.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Nobby had a population of 391 people.

In the, the locality of Nobby had a population of 484 people.

In the, the locality of Nobby had a population of 563 people.

In the, the locality of Nobby had a population of 609 people.

Heritage listings
Nobby has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Victor Denton War Memorial, Nobby Cemetery (-27.8487°N, 151.8958°W)

Education
Nobby State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 4 Davenport Street (-27.8524°N, 151.906°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 55 students with 4 teachers and 8 non-teaching staff (4 full-time equivalent).

There are no secondary schools in Nobby. The nearest government secondary school is Clifton State High School in Clifton to the south.

Attractions
Rudd's Pub was originally built in 1893 across the road from the Nobby railway station as the Davenport Hotel; the architects were James Marks and Son. Based on local folklore that author Steele Rudd (who lived in Nobby) wrote some of his works in the pub, it was renamed Rudd's Pub in the 1980s.

Sister Kenny House is a memorial to Sister Elizabeth Kenny who pioneered physiotherapy as a treatment for polio. This small museum holds artefacts relating to her life and therapies.

Notable people
It is noted for having been home to two eminent Australians:
 * Steele Rudd, author of the On Our Selection series of books
 * Sister Elizabeth Kenny, who pioneered the use of physiotherapy in treating polio

title: Nobby, Queensland


text:
Homer Hamilton

William Homer Hamilton (February 6, 1913 in Carman, Manitoba – September 29, 1997) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1959 to 1969.

The son of John Love Hamilton and Sadie Louise Kilpatrick, Hamilton was educated in Sperling and at Dominion Business College. In 1932, he became manager of the Ogilvie Flour Mills elevator in Saltcoats, Saskatchewan, returning to Manitoba in 1936. Hamilton worked as a grain farmer until 1963. He was appointed Drainage Maintenance Superintendent of Dufferin in 1946, and became a trustee on the Sperling Cons. School in 1951. He retained the latter position while serving in the Manitoba legislature. In 1940. Hamilton married Helen June Wickend.

He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1958 provincial election, but lost to Liberal-Progressive incumbent Walter McDonald by 73 votes in the riding of Dufferin. The Progressive Conservatives won a majority government in the 1959 provincial election, and Hamilton defeated McDonald by 154 votes to take the seat on his second try. He was re-elected by greater margins in the elections of 1962 and 1966, and served as a backbench supporter of the governments of Dufferin Roblin and Walter Weir. He did not run for re-election in 1969.

After retiring from politics, he worked as constituency secretary for federal member of parliament Jack Murta.

title: Homer Hamilton


text:
Talk:Graphic notation (dance)

Untitled
Can somebody disambiguate script or un-wiki it? Josh Parris ✉ 05:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Done (together with an overhaul of the English). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank-you!

title: Talk:Graphic notation (dance)


text:
Elizabeth Kenny

Sister Elizabeth Kenny (20 September 1880 – 30 November 1952) was a self-trained Australian bush nurse who developed an approach to treating polio that was controversial at the time. Her method, promoted internationally while working in Australia, Europe and the United States, differed from the conventional one of placing affected limbs in plaster casts. Instead she applied hot compresses, followed by passive movement of the areas to reduce what she called "spasm". Her principles of muscle rehabilitation became the foundation of physical therapy or physiotherapy in such cases.

Her life story was told in a 1946 film, Sister Kenny, where she was portrayed by Rosalind Russell, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.

Early life
Elizabeth Kenny was born in Warialda, New South Wales, on 20 September 1880, to the Australian-born Mary Kenny, née Moore, and Michael Kenny, a farmer from Ireland.

Called "Lisa" by her family, Kenny was home schooled by her mother, and only received a few years of formal education when living at Headington Hill, near Nobby. She said in Who's Who in Australia she had attended St Ursulas College near Guyra, but this has never been verified. At the age of 17, she broke her wrist in a fall from a horse. Her father took her to Aeneas McDonnell, a medical doctor in Toowoomba, where she remained during her convalescence. While there, Kenny studied McDonnell's anatomy books and model skeleton. This began a lifelong association with McDonnell, who became her mentor and advisor. Kenny later confirmed that she became interested in how muscles worked while convalescing from her accident. Instead of using a model skeleton, available for medical students only, she made her own. After her time with McDonnell, Kenny was certified by the Secretary of Public Instruction as a teacher of religious instruction and taught Sunday School in Rockfield. Having become a self-taught pianist, she listed herself as a "teacher of music" and did so a few hours a week.

In 1907, at the age of 27, Kenny returned to Guyra, New South Wales, first living with her grandmother and then with her cousin Minnie Bell. Whilst living with her cousin she had success as a broker of agricultural sales between Guyra farmers and northern markets in Brisbane. After that she worked in the kitchen in Scotia, a local midwife's cottage hospital and the local Dr. Harris gave her a letter of recommendation. With some savings from her brokerage work she paid a local tailor to make her a nurse's uniform. With that and the observations she had made at Scotia and under Dr. Harris, she returned to Nobby to offer her services as a Medical and Surgical Nurse.

During this period of her life she was entitled to describe herself as a Nurse even though there are no verified records of her undertaking any formal nurse training or possessing nursing qualifications. Kenny earned the title Sister while nursing on transport ships that carried soldiers to and from Australia and England during the First World War. In Britain and Commonwealth countries, Sister applies to senior more qualified nurse, one grade below "Matron".

Work
Kenny returned to Nobby during 1911 after spending time in Walcha assisting her cousin after the birth of her son. Upon her return to Nobby, Kenny advertised her services as a Medical and Surgical Nurse, reaching her patients on foot or by horseback or buggy. Many authors describe Kenny as working as a Bush Nurse, but this is not a term she applied to herself. In July 1912 she opened a Cottage Hospital at Clifton which she named St. Canice's, where she provided convalescent and midwifery services, describing herself as Nurse Kenny, Certificated Medical, Surgical, and Midwifery. Kenny was behaving recklessly in describing herself as a certificated nurse as the Queensland Health Amendment Act (1911) had introduced stringent rules governing the registration of nurses and the registration of private hospitals.

In her 1943 autobiography she describes her first encounter with a patient who she treated for the disease that Dr McDonnell thought was infantile paralysis. The story was romanticized in the 1946 film Sister Kenny, featuring Rosalind Russell. In her autobiography Kenny wrote that she sought McDonnell's opinion. He wired back saying "treat them according to the symptoms as they present themselves." Sensing that their muscles were tight, she did what mothers around the world did: applied hot compresses made from woollen blankets to their legs. Kenny wrote that a little girl woke up much relieved and said, "Please, I want them rags that well my legs." Several children recovered with no serious after-effects. Recent scholarship has placed doubts on the veracity of Kenny's reporting of her first encounter with polio whilst working as a Nurse in Nobby or Clifton. Press reports from Australia in the 1930s quote Kenny as saying she developed her method while caring for meningitis patients on troopships during the First World War. Victor Cohn and Wade Alexander observed in their biographies of Kenny that she published several versions of the story during the early 1940s. Alexander claims the most dependable corroboration of Kenny's story is likely to be in a letter written in 1956 to Victor Cohn from the Toowoomba journalist T. Thompson, but Cohn did not give the letter sufficient credence to cite it in his biography. Recent research concludes that Kenny most likely developed her therapeutic techniques while treating paralysis patients during the 1920s.

World War I
In May 1915 Kenny announced she was closing St Canice to join the War effort in Europe. She travelled at her own expense to London, where she hoped to serve as a nurse in the First World War. She was not eligible to serve with the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) as she was not a qualified nurse. She carried a letter of recommendation from Dr McDonnell, which Victor Cohn believed assisted her in being assigned as a Nurse on the crew of the HMAT Suevic. The Suevic was a "dark ship", so named because unlike hospital ships they were not painted white as protection under the Hague Convention. These transport ships were used to carry war goods and soldiers to the front; returning with wounded soldiers. Kenny's war service records state her date of appointment to the No. 1 Section, Special Transport Service, as the 28 July 1916. Kenny served on these missions throughout the war, making 8 round trips (plus one round the world via the Panama Canal). In 1917 she earned the title "Sister", which in the AANS is the equivalent of a First Lieutenant. Kenny used that title for the rest of her life and was criticised by some for doing so, but she was officially promoted to the rank during her wartime service. She claimed in her autobiography to have served for a few weeks as matron to a military hospital at Enoggera, near Brisbane, but an investigation in 1955 into Kenny's war service by the Officer in Charge, AIF Base Records, concluded there was no evidence of Kenny being attached to any military hospitals in Queensland during the war. Kenny's service records confirm that she was assigned temporarily on two occasions to the Australian Auxiliary Hospitals at Harefield Park and Southall while awaiting reassignment to her next voyage. It is likely that she observed advanced rehabilitation techniques whilst working in these hospitals. In 1919 Kenny was honourably discharged and awarded a pension

Return to Queensland
Following her discharge from the AANS Kenny returned to Nobby to live with her mother. In June 1919 she volunteered to assist for two months at a temporary isolation hospital in Clifton, set up to care for victims of the 1918 flu pandemic. When the epidemic subsided, Kenny travelled to Guyra to recuperate. In October 1920, believing she was dying, she travelled to Europe to seek medical attention and visit Lourdes. Her ailments were probably psychosomatic as she remained fit and healthy until she developed Parkinson's Disease in her late 60s.

In May 1921 Kenny returned to Nobby. She was unable to work as a nurse due to her lack of qualifications but was active in the local Red Cross. In 1922 she was summoned to Guyra to care for Daphne Cregan, the daughter of Amelia and William Cregan, who was severely disabled with what was known then as cerebral diplegia. Daphne described her treatment as consisting of daily salt baths, sulphur baths, exercise performed in the bath, passive exercises on a table, massage, and the use of bark splints on her arms and legs. After 3 years of therapy Daphne was able to walk with the aid of crutches and lead a productive life. Kenny's treatment of Daphne, plus her wartime nursing of the sick and wounded, was the foundation for her later work of rehabilitating polio victims.

In April 1925, Kenny was elected as the first president of the Nobby branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association. She also remained an active member of the local first aid service. In May 1926 she was called to provide first aid to Sylvia Kuhn, a young girl who had been injured in a farming accident. The child's injuries were sufficiently serious to warrant her transportation from Nobby to a hospital in Toowoomba. Witnesses confirm that Kenny improvised a rigid stretcher from a cupboard door. The improvised device protected the child's injured limbs and improved her comfort, thereby reducing the risk of shock during the journey. Kenny later improved and patented the stretcher for use by local ambulance services, and for the next four years marketed it as the Sylvia Stretcher, in Australia, Europe and the United States. She earned a substantial royalty from the sale of the stretcher, and is believed to have turned some of the profits over to the Country Women's Association. At that time Kenny, while travelling to sell the Stretcher, adopted eight-year-old Mary Stewart to be a companion for her elderly mother. Mary later became one of Sister Kenny's best "technicians".

Polio treatment
As sales of the Sylvia Stretcher declined in the early 1930s, Kenny resumed her involvement with the CWA and campaigning for improved rural first-aid services. In May 1931, Kenny visited the Rollinson family who owned a station, Allandale, west of Townsville. Kenny had befriended the Rollinsons in London in 1929 while promoting her ambulance stretcher. The family asked Kenny to care for their niece Maude, who was disabled by polio. After 18 months of care under Kenny's direction, Maude recovered sufficiently to walk, marry and conceive a child. Kenny's use of hydrotherapy with Maude caught the attention of Mrs Herbert Brookes, wife of the Trade Commissioner-General for Australia.

In 1932, Queensland suffered its highest number of polio cases in 30 years. This outbreak focussed public attention on the inadequacy of treatment for victims of paralysis. The following year, local people helped Kenny set up a rudimentary paralysis-treatment facility under canopies behind the Queens Hotel in Townsville. The makeshift clinic expanded as more parents brought their children to be treated by Kenny. In 1934 she enjoyed the support of Eleanor MacKinnon, a key figure in the local Red Cross, for a new clinic. In March 1934 the Queensland Government provided funds for a trial of Kenny's methods at the Townsville Clinic. An initial favourable evaluation of the clinic by Dr Rae Dungan was followed by a more critical report by Dr Raphael Cilento. Her success led to Kenny clinics being established in several Australian cities. Nothing remains of the Townsville Clinic or the George Street Clinic in Brisbane, but the Sister Kenny Clinic in the Outpatients Building of the Rockhampton Base Hospital is now listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.

Over the years, Kenny developed her clinical method and gained recognition in Australia. She was strongly opposed to immobilising children's bodies with plaster casts or braces. Kenny requested permission to treat children in the acute stage of the disease with hot compresses, but doctors would not allow that until after the acute stage of the disease, or until "tightness" (Kenny used the word "spasm" much later) subsided. She instituted a careful regimen of passive "exercises" designed to recall function in unaffected neural pathways, much as she had done with Maude Rollinson. In 1937, she published her first description of her therapeutic techniques. The book and her methods were dismissed as unoriginal by the Australian and British medical establishment. In 1941 she produced The Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in The Acute Stage, known as The Green Book. The broadest appraisal of her methods, The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralyses And Its Treatment, appeared in collaboration with Dr John Pohl in 1943 and was known as The Red Book.

Between 1935 and 1940, Kenny travelled widely in Australia, helping to establish clinics, and made two trips to England, where she set up a treatment clinic in St Mary's Hospital near Carshalton. Kenny's success was controversial; many Australian doctors and the British Medical Association questioned her results and methodology. In 1934 Kenny made public claims about the success of her therapy that angered Raphael Cilento, who by now was the Director-General of Health in Queensland. Cilento's report in 1934 was cautiously supportive of Kenny's treatment of paralysis cases, but he felt Kenny was exaggerating the degree of rehabilitation produced by her methods. Kenny replied publicly, fiercely taking Cilento to task for his criticisms. This response caused contentious relations between Kenny, Cilento, the BMA and the Australian Massage Association (AMA). Between 1936 and 1938, a Queensland Government Royal Commission evaluated Kenny's work and published its Report of The Queensland Royal Commission on Modern Methods for the Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in 1938. Its most critical comment, on Kenny opposing the use of splints and plaster casts was: "The abandonment of immobilization is a grievous error and fraught with grave danger, especially in very young patients who cannot co-operate in re-education." However, it stated that her clinic, then in Brisbane, was "admirable". The Commissioners' strongest words were against the Queensland government, then funding Kenny's work, as her clinics were unsupervised by medical practitioners. The Queensland Government rejected the report and continued to support Kenny.

In 2009, during the Q150 celebrations of the institution of Queensland, the Kenny regimen for polio treatment was announced as an outstanding "innovation and invention".

In the United States
In 1940, the New South Wales government sent Kenny and her adopted daughter Mary, who had become an expert in Kenny's method, to America to present her clinical method for treating polio victims to doctors. After a sea journey from Sydney to Los Angeles and by rail to San Francisco, Chicago, New York City, back to Chicago and to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, she was given a chance to show her work in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Doctors Miland Knapp and John Pohl, who headed polio treatment centres there, were impressed and told her she should stay. They found an apartment for Kenny and Mary; several years later, the city of Minneapolis gave them a house. The city was Kenny's base in America for 11 years. In a 1943 letter to the British Medical Journal, Kenny noted, "There have been upwards of 300 doctors attending the classes at the University of Minnesota."

During this time, several Kenny treatment centres were opened throughout the United States, the best-known being the Sister Kenny Institute in Minneapolis (opened 17 December 1942; now the Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute). Dr Knapp served as director of training at the Minneapolis Sister Kenny Institute after it opened in 1942, and was director of physical medicine and rehabilitation from 1948 to 1964 as well. There were also facilities at the New Jersey Medical Center and the Ruth Home in El Monte, California. She received honorary degrees from Rutgers University and the University of Rochester. She joined for lunch US President Roosevelt, whose paralytic illness was believed to be polio, discussing his treatment at Warm Springs. In 1951, Kenny topped Gallup's most admired man and woman poll as the only woman in the first ten years of the annual list to displace Eleanor Roosevelt from the top. The Sister Kenny Foundation was established in Minneapolis to support her and her work throughout the United States.

Some doctors changed their initial professional scepticism when they saw the effects Kenny's method had on her patients, both children and adults. Many magazines covered her work. In 1975 Victor Cohn wrote the first detailed biography of her life and work. During her first year in Minneapolis, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) paid her personal expenses and financed trials of her work. That support ceased, however, after a series of disagreements with the NFIP Director. Kenny was a determined and outspoken woman, which harmed her relations with the medical profession, but her method continued to be used and helped hundreds of people suffering from polio.

In recognition of her work, in February 1950 President Harry Truman signed a Congressional bill giving Kenny the right to enter and leave the US as she wished without a visa. This honour had only been granted once before, to the French Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, a leader in the American War of Independence.

Final years and death
Kenny filled her final years with extensive journeys in America, Europe and Australia in an effort to increase acceptance of her method. She tried, unsuccessfully, to have medical researchers agree with her that polio was a systemic disease. She attended the second International Congress about polio in Copenhagen. There she was shunned and unable to participate. Suffering from Parkinson's disease, she stopped on her way home in Melbourne to meet privately with internationally respected virologist Sir Macfarlane Burnet. He wrote of the visit in his autobiography: "She had treated more cases than anyone else in the world – she gave the precise number, 7,828 – and no one else was in the position to speak with her authority. She is now almost forgotten by the world. But there was an air of greatness about her and I shall never forget that meeting."

In an attempt to save her life from cerebral thrombosis, Irving Innerfield of New York sent his experimental drug based on the enzyme trypsin by air mail to Brisbane. It was rushed by car to Toowoomba and administered on 29 November 1952, but her doctor found Kenny too close to death to benefit and she died the following day.

Kenny's funeral on 1 December 1952 at Neil Street Methodist Church in Toowoomba was recorded for transmission in other parts of Australia and in the United States. The cortège to Nobby Cemetery was one of the largest seen in Toowoomba. Kenny was buried there beside her mother.

Legacy
Between 1934 and her death in 1952, Kenny and her associates cared for thousands of patients, including polio victims throughout the world. Their testimony to Sister Kenny's help is part of her legacy, as is The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis, and Its Treatment, known as the "Red Book".

A Sister Kenny Memorial House was opened in Nobby on 5 October 1997 by Prof John Pearn. This contains many artefacts from Kenny's life and a collection of documents from her private correspondence, papers and newspaper clippings. In Toowoomba, the Sister Elizabeth Kenny Memorial Fund provides scholarships to students attending the University of Southern Queensland who dedicate themselves to work in rural and remote areas of Australia. In Townsville, her life was marked in 1949 by the unveiling of a Sister Kenny Memorial and Children's Playground.

title: Elizabeth Kenny


text:
District of Ungava

The District of Ungava was a regional administrative district of Canada's Northwest Territories from 1895 to 1920, although it effectively ceased operation in 1912. It covered the northern portion of what is today Quebec, the interior of Labrador, and the offshore islands to the west and north of Quebec, which are now part of Nunavut.

The name "Ungava" is of Inuktitut origin, meaning "towards the open water". It is believed to be in reference to the lands inhabited by the Ungava Inuit, who lived at the mouth of the Arnaud River which flows into Ungava Bay.

Political history
When created in 1895, the District of Ungava covered all of modern-day northern Quebec, the interior of modern-day Labrador, and all the islands in James Bay, the Hudson Strait, Ungava Bay, and the eastern side of Hudson Bay.

Ungava's southern continental boundaries initially ranged as far south as Lake Timiskaming, well below James Bay on the modern Ontario/Quebec border. Note, however, that a dispute over the location of the boundary between Canada and Labrador (a dependency of the Dominion of Newfoundland) meant both Canada and Newfoundland claimed the far eastern portion of Ungava, an area shown in shaded red on the accompanying maps. This boundary dispute would not be settled during the time the district of Ungava was in existence.

At the time of its creation, Ungava covered over 1 e6km2, although just under 15% of its area was also claimed by Newfoundland. However, just three years later with the adoption of the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898, the southernmost portion of the District of Ungava (excluding offshore islands) was transferred by the Parliament of Canada to Quebec. All told, the act transferred approximately 250000 km2 of Ungava to Quebec, the majority of which now lies in the modern-day Jamésie region of the province. After the transfer was complete, the mainland area of the District of Ungava reached no further south than the mouth of the Eastmain River—about halfway down James Bay, as shown on the accompanying map.

With the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, all of Ungava's remaining continental land was transferred to Quebec. The almost entirely uninhabited offshore islands of Ungava (over 1,500 of them) were not officially transferred to the District of Keewatin in the Northwest Territories until 1920, at which point the District of Ungava (which had not functioned in any administrative capacity for eight years) formally ceased to exist.

Population
The 1901 census of Canada records 843 people living in the Ungava district. However, one census taker of the time notes that for the Ungava trading post of Great Whale River, there was extreme difficulty in making an accurate count of the area's population, due to the nomadic nature of its residents, as well as their extreme isolation. The official 1901 census count for Great Whale River numbers 216, but the census taker notes of this figure: "I should say it does not represent one-third of the Eskimos, but I am sending on as many (names) as I could obtain." A similar case could be made for the 1901 census figures for Ungava as a whole, giving the district an effective population of upwards of 3,000.

The 1911 Census of Canada enumerated only two population centres in Ungava: Nitchequon, which had a population of 62, and Charlton Island, the southernmost of the offshore islands in James Bay, which had a population of 27. No other parts of Ungava were listed in the 1911 census records, although it is reasonable to assume an overall 1911 population similar to 1901.

The Ungava district was largely inhabited by the aboriginal Cree, Innu (called "Montagnais" by French people), Naskapi, and Inuit. The northernmost inhabited area of the district, Akpatok Island in Ungava Bay, was infamous for its widespread cannibalism, which ended around 1900 as the inhabitants moved to the mainland.

Post-district history
In 1927, the long-standing dispute over the location of the boundary between Labrador and the former District of Ungava (by then part of Quebec) was taken to the arbitration of the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which ruled in favour of Newfoundland. This means that Ungava's former continental territory is now split between Quebec and the modern-day province of Newfoundland and Labrador, with the Quebec portion falling within the administrative regions of Nord-du-Québec and Côte-Nord. The offshore islands of the former District of Ungava remained part of the Northwest Territories until the creation of Nunavut in 1999.

The name "Ungava" was revived as a political district with the creation of the provincial riding of Ungava in 1981. This Quebec riding has similar (though not exactly identical) boundaries with the original 1895 Ungava district—notably, it does not extend into Labrador, nor into the offshore islands that are now part of Nunavut.

title: District of Ungava


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Theophilus of Adana

Saint Theophilus the Penitent or Theophilus of Adana (Greek: Θεόφιλος Άδανας, died c. 538 AD) was a cleric in the sixth century Church who is said to have made a deal with the Devil to gain an ecclesiastical position. His story is significant as it is one of the oldest popular stories of a pact with the Devil and was an inspiration for the Faust legend. Eutychianus of Adana, who claimed to be an eyewitness of the events, is the first to record Theophilus's story.

Although Theophilus is considered to be an historical personage, the tale associated with him is of an apocryphal nature. His feast day is February 4.

Legend
Theophilus was the archdeacon of Adana, Cilicia, then a part of the Byzantine Empire. He was unanimously elected to be a bishop, and when out of humility he turned the position down, another man was elected in his stead. When the new bishop, based on malicious and unfounded rumors, unjustly deprived Theophilus of his position as archdeacon, Theophilus regretted his previous stance and sought out a necromancer, who helped him contact Satan. In exchange for his aid, Satan demanded that Theophilus renounce Christ and the Virgin Mary in a contract signed with his own blood. Theophilus complied, and the devil gave him the position as bishop.

Later, fearful for his soul, Theophilus repented and prayed to the Virgin for forgiveness. After forty days of fasting, the Virgin appeared to him and verbally chastised him. Theophilus begged forgiveness and Mary promised to intercede with God. He then fasted a further thirty days, after which Mary appeared to him again, and granted him absolution. However, Satan was unwilling to relinquish his hold over Theophilus, and three days later, Theophilus awoke to find the damning contract on his chest. He then took the contract to the legitimate bishop and confessed all that he had done. The bishop burned the document, and Theophilus died out of sheer joy to be free from the burden of his contract.

Importance
Theophilus's story played a role in establishing the importance of the intercession of the Virgin Mary, in addition to providing a basis for later tales involving the conjuration of devils. In the 10th century, the German canoness Hrotsvitha included the story of Theophilus in her Book of Legends.

The Virgin Mary increased in her theological importance throughout the 11th century. The story was used to illustrate the power and necessity of her intercession by Peter Damian, Bernard of Clairvaux, Anthony of Padua, Bonaventure and much later on by Alphonsus Liguori. The story of Theophilus formed the basis of a thirteenth-century miracle play by the trouvère Rutebeuf, Le Miracle de Théophile, one of the earliest pieces of French theatre extant. Over time, the tale acquired a number of variations. In some, Theophilus was motivated by jealousy. In another, the pact was sealed with a ring.

The legend in art
The legend of Theophilus first appears in art in the 11th century in an historiated initial, which depicts the Virgin (who is seated between two angels) with Theophilus at her feet. The earliest intact narrative cycle is at the abbey church of Sainte-Marie at Souillac, France. This sculpture depicts four scenes of the legend: the signing of the bond, the oath of loyalty to the devil, Theophilus's repentance, and the return of the bond by the Virgin.

The legend was the most popular in art in the 13th century; it occurred most frequently in illuminated manuscripts and stained glass. In both illuminated manuscripts and stained glass that depict this legend there are usually four scenes that are shown: the sealing of the bond between Theophilus and the devil, Theophilus repenting, the Virgin recovering the bond, and the Virgin returning the bond to Theophilus. This legend is the only non-biblical Marian story consistently depicted in sculpture and glass in French cathedrals during this time.

Marcel Proust briefly mentions him in Swann's Way as being an important figure of sculpture in France.

title: Theophilus of Adana


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Decedent

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:53, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Decedent
Dic-def. This article has already been transwiki'd to the Wiktionary. I'm not sure if this can be expanded or not. --Asriel86 05:16, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Could be merged and redirected to inheritance or estate (or somewhere else more appropriate I can't think of) though I'm not sure of the merit of a redirect. --Dmcdevit 05:32, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * TRANSWIKI to Wiktionary. 132.205.45.110 19:01, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It already was, now it's either delete or keep & expand. --Asriel86 20:15, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Or redirect per my suggestion above. --Dmcdevit 21:28, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Decedent does not exist. 132.205.45.148 19:24, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weird, it says on the Talk page that it was transwikid. Maybe it was deleted from the wiktionary?  --Asriel86 19:59, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. In the wiktionary transwiki queue here--probably eligible for speedy. Second choice, redir per Dmcdevit. Niteowlneils 04:18, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User talk:Supergloom

CN, CPR stock market information
Hi, thanks for adding the TSX and NYSE information to the main articles on these railways, however these entries are for the railways only. Both CN and CPR have entries on their corporate owners, Canadian National Railway Company and Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, where the TSX and NYSE categories are already added. Cheers, Plasma east 05:16, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Xanté
A tag has been placed on Xanté requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Jagun (talk) 19:00, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:FWB ISIN
Template:FWB ISIN has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 20:51, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Supergloom


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Photomagneton

The photomagneton is a theoretical treatment of the unitary group in quantum field theory and quantum chemistry that effectively describes the experimentally observed inverse Faraday effect. When circularly polarized light travels through a plasma, the angular momentum associated to the circular motion of the photons induces an angular momentum in the electrons of the plasma. This angular momentum induces an associated magnetic field.

Exactly how this happens remains a subject of debate. For instance, if the so-called ghost field does not contribute to the free electromagnetic energy density in the plasma, then the electron must couple to something like a complex electric field. However, if the field induces a finite magnetic field in the absence of matter, then the implication may be a finite photon rest mass.

title: Photomagneton


text: User talk:69.143.122.221

title: User talk:69.143.122.221


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Paul Vergès

Paul Vergès (5 March 1925 – 11/12 November 2016) was a Réunionese politician. Born in Ubon Ratchathani, Siam to a French diplomat father and Vietnamese mother. Vergès founded the Communist Party of Réunion in 1960, a party which he led until he retired in 1994. He made a political comeback at the 2005 European Parliament elections, when he was elected as the third candidate on the list of the French Communist Party, part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group. Vergès sat in the European Parliament's Committee on Development.

Vergès killed the political opponent of his father, Alexis de Villeneuve, on 25 May 1946. He was condemned for the crime to a sentence of 5 years in prison.

Vergès was an MP in the National Assembly of France from 1957 to 1959, from 1987 to 1988 and from 1994 to 1997. He was a Senator in the French Parliament from 1997 to 2005 and again since 2012. From 1980 to 1990 and from 2005 to 2008, he was a member of the European Parliament. He was president of the regional council of Réunion from 1999 to 2011, regional councillor since 2011, mayor of Le Port from 1972 to 1990 and general councillor of La Réunion from 1956 to 1968 and again from 1986 to 1999.

In the European Parliament, he was also a member of the Subcommittee on Human Rights, a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development, vice-chair of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and a substitute for the delegation for relations with the countries of Central America.

Vergès died the night of 11/12 November 2016, at the age of 91. His twin brother was the lawyer Jacques Vergès.

title: Paul Vergès


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Airline hub

An airline hub or hub airport is an airport used by one or more airlines to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations. Hubs serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to help get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system. An airline may operate flights from several non-hub (spoke) cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve (via an intermediate connection) city-pairs that could otherwise not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in which there are no hubs and nonstop flights are instead offered between spoke cities. Hub airports also serve origin and destination (O&D) traffic.

Operations

The hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads; a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, but also passengers originating at multiple spoke cities. However, the system is costly. Additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, and specific training and equipment are necessary for each type. In addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports.

For the passenger, the hub-and-spoke system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, it requires having to regularly make connections en route to their final destination, which increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs (fortress hubs), allowing them to freely increase fares as passengers have no alternative. High domestic connectivity in the United States is achieved through airport location and hub dominance. The top 10 megahubs in the US are dominated by American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines, the three largest United States-based airlines.

Banking
Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in which several flights arrive and depart within short periods of time. The banks may be known as "peaks" of activity at the hubs and the non-banks as "valleys". Banking allows for short connection times for passengers. However, an airline must assemble many resources to cater to the influx of flights during a bank, and having several aircraft on the ground at the same time can lead to congestion and delays. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank.

Instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a "rolling hub" in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is also known as "depeaking". While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub. American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs.

For example, the hub of Qatar Airways in Doha Airport has 471 daily movements to 140 destinations by March 2020 with an average of 262 seats per movement; in three main waves: 05:00–09:00 (132 movements), 16:00–21:00 (128) and 23:00–03:00 (132), allowing around 30 million connecting passengers in 2019.

United States
Before the US airline industry was deregulated in 1978, most airlines operated under the point-to-point system (with a notable exception being Pan Am). The Civil Aeronautics Board dictated which routes an airline could fly. At the same time, however, some airlines began to experiment with the hub-and-spoke system. Delta Air Lines was the first to implement such a system, providing service to remote spoke cities from its Atlanta hub. After deregulation, many airlines quickly established hub-and-spoke route networks of their own.

Middle East

In 1974, the governments of Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates took control of Gulf Air from the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). Gulf Air became the flag carrier of the four Middle Eastern nations. It linked Oman, Qatar and the UAE to its Bahrain hub, from which it offered flights to destinations throughout Europe and Asia. In the UAE, Gulf Air focused on Abu Dhabi rather than Dubai, contrary to the aspirations of UAE Prime Minister Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum to transform the latter into a world-class metropolis. Sheikh Mohammed proceeded to establish a new airline based in Dubai, Emirates, which launched operations in 1985.

Elsewhere in the Middle East region, Qatar and Oman decided to create their own airlines as well. Qatar Airways and Oman Air were both founded in 1993, with hubs at Doha and Muscat respectively. As the new airlines grew, their home nations relied less on Gulf Air to provide air service. Qatar withdrew its share in Gulf Air in 2002. In 2003, the UAE formed another national airline, Etihad Airways, which is based in Abu Dhabi. The country exited Gulf Air in 2006, and Oman followed in 2007. Gulf Air therefore became fully owned by the government of Bahrain.

Emirates, Qatar Airways, Saudia and Etihad Airways have since established large hubs at their respective home airports. The hubs, which benefit from their proximity to large population centres, have become popular stopover points on trips between Europe and Asia, for example. Their rapid growth has impacted the development of traditional hubs, such as London-Heathrow, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, and New York-JFK.

Cargo hubs and scissor hubs
A cargo hub is an airport that primarily is operated by a cargo airline that uses the hub-and-spoke system. In the United States, two of the largest cargo hub airports, FedEx's Memphis Superhub and UPS Louisville Worldport, are close to the mean center of the United States population. FedEx's airline, FedEx Express, established its Memphis hub in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air cargo industry in the United States. The system has created an efficient delivery system for the airline. UPS Airlines has followed a similar pattern in Louisville. In Europe, ASL Airlines, Cargolux and DHL Aviation follow a similar strategy and operate their primary hubs at Liège, Luxembourg and Leipzig respectively.

Additionally, Ted Stevens International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska, is a frequent stop-over hub for many cargo airlines flying between Asia and North America. Most cargo airlines only stop in Anchorage for refueling and customs, but FedEx and UPS frequently use Anchorage to sort trans-pacific packages between regional hubs on each continent in addition to refueling and customs.

Passenger airlines that operate in a similar manner to the FedEx and UPS hubs are often regarded as scissor hubs, as many flights to one destination all land and deplane passengers simultaneously and, after a passenger transit period, repeat a similar process for departure to the final destination of each plane. In past, Air India operated a scissor hub at London's Heathrow Airport, where passengers from Delhi, Ahmedabad, and Mumbai could continue onto a flight to Newark. Until its grounding, Jet Airways operated a similar scissor hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to transport passengers from Bangalore, Mumbai and Delhi to Toronto-Pearson and vice versa. At the peak of operations at their former scissor hub at Brussels prior to the 2016 shift to Schiphol, flights operated from Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai and continued onward to Toronto, New York, and Newark after a near-simultaneous stopover in Brussels and vice versa. An international scissor hub could be used for third and fourth freedom flights or it could be used for fifth freedom flights, for which a precursor is a bilateral treaty between two country pairs.

WestJet used to utilize St. John's as a scissor hub during its summer schedule for flights inbound from Ottawa, Toronto, and Orlando and outbound to Dublin and London–Gatwick. Qantas similarly used to utilize Los Angeles International Airport as a scissor hub for flights inbound from Melbourne, Brisbane or Sydney, where passengers could connect onwards if traveling to New York–JFK.

Focus city

In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes. A focus city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers.

Although the term focus city is used to mainly refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes, its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small-scale hub as well. For example, even though JetBlue's operations at New York–JFK resemble that of a hub, the airline still refers to it as a focus city.

Fortress hub
A fortress hub exists when an airline controls a significant majority of the market at one of its hubs. Competition is particularly difficult at fortress hubs. , examples included Delta Air Lines at Atlanta, Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul and Salt Lake City; American Airlines at Charlotte, Dallas Fort Worth, Miami, and Philadelphia; and United Airlines at Houston–Intercontinental, Newark and Washington-Dulles.

Flag carriers have historically enjoyed similar dominance at the main international airport of their countries and some still do. Examples include Aeromexico in Mexico City, Air Canada in Toronto–Pearson, Air France in Paris–Charles de Gaulle, British Airways in London–Heathrow, Cathay Pacific in Hong Kong, Copa Airlines in Panama City, Emirates in Dubai, Ethiopian Airlines in Addis Ababa, Finnair in Helsinki, Iberia in Madrid, Japan Airlines in Tokyo-Haneda, Iran Air in Imam Khomeini,  ITA Airways in Rome, Aeroflot in Sheremetyevo, Korean Air at Seoul–Incheon, KLM in Amsterdam, Lufthansa in Frankfurt, Qantas in Sydney, Qatar Airways in Doha, Singapore Airlines in Singapore, South African Airways in Johannesburg, Swiss International Air Lines in Zurich, Turkish Airlines in Istanbul, WestJet in Calgary and Aegean Airlines in Athens.

Primary and secondary hubs
A primary hub is the main hub for an airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are Air Canada's hubs at Montréal–Trudeau and Vancouver, British Airways' hub at London–Gatwick, Air India's hub at Mumbai and Lufthansa's hub at Munich. By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach. They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs.

Cargo airlines like FedEx Express and UPS Airlines also operate secondary hubs to an extent, but these are primarily used to serve regional high-demand destinations because shipping packages through its main hub would waste fuel; an example of this would be FedEx transiting a package through Oakland International Airport when shipping packages between destinations near Seattle and Phoenix, Arizona instead of sending deliveries through the Memphis Superhub.

Reliever hub
A given hub's capacity may become exhausted or capacity shortages may occur during peak periods of the day, at which point airlines may be compelled to shift traffic to a reliever hub. A reliever hub has the potential to serve several functions for an airline: it can bypass the congested hub, it can absorb excess demand for flights that could otherwise not be scheduled at the congested hub, and it can schedule new O&D city pairs for connecting traffic.

One of the most recognized examples of this model is Delta Air Lines' and American Airlines' uses of LaGuardia Airport as a domestic hub in New York City, due to capacity and slot restrictions at their hubs at John F. Kennedy International Airport. Many regional flights operate out of LaGuardia, while most international and long-haul domestic flights remain at JFK.

Lufthansa operates a similar model of business with its hubs at Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport. Generally speaking, a marginal majority of the airline's long-haul flights are based out of Frankfurt, while a similarly-sized but smaller minority are based out of Munich.

Moonlight hub
In past history, carriers have maintained niche, time-of-day operations at hubs. The most notable was America West's use of McCarran International Airport (now named after longtime Nevada Senator Harry Reid) in Las Vegas as a primary night-flight hub to increase aircraft utilization rates far beyond those of competing carriers.

title: Airline hub


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User:Viyyer

This is Viyyer's user page /test

title: User:Viyyer


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User talk:Chicanismo.com

Welcome to Wikipedia! We invite you to our exciting wiki world.

Are you sure that choosing a website name as your account name is really suitable? If not, please choose another one.

Again, welcome.

-- 05:20, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chicanismo.com


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Jacky Hénin

Jacky Hénin (born 12 November 1960 in Douai) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He is a member of the French Communist Party, which is part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade.

He is also member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Belarus.

Career

 * University diploma in business and administrative management (1982)
 * Member of the French Communist Party national council
 * Mayor of Calais (until 2008)
 * Chairman of the Calaisis Urban Area Community Council
 * Chairman, SEVADEC intercommunal services

title: Jacky Hénin


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Royal College of Defence Studies

The Royal College of Defence Studies (RCDS) instructs the most promising senior officers of the British Armed Forces, His Majesty's Diplomatic Service and Civil Service in national defence and international security matters at the highest level, to prepare them for the top posts in their respective services. It forms part of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, and is its most senior and prestigious component. In addition, there are many overseas attendees, from countries who are close allies of the United Kingdom.

It was known as the Imperial Defence College from its foundation in 1927 until 1970.

History
In 1922, a cabinet committee under Winston Churchill, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, recommended the formation of the College. The college was founded in 1927 as the Imperial Defence College and was located at 9 Buckingham Gate until 1939. Its objective at that time was to instruct senior military officers in the defence of the British Empire. In 1946, following the end of World War II, the college reopened at Seaford House, Belgrave Square and members of the United States Armed Forces started attending the course for the first time.

It was renamed the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1970. In 2007 the Queen and Prince Philip visited the college.

RCDS Course
The RCDS Mission is:

 * "To prepare senior officers and officials of the United Kingdom and other countries, and future leaders from the private and public sectors, for high responsibilities in their respective organisations, by developing their analytical powers, knowledge of defence and international security, and strategic vision."

RCDS forms a part of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. In fulfilment of its mission, the college runs one course a year, from September to July. Each course is attended by a maximum of 90 full-time members, around one-third from the UK and two-thirds from overseas. Attendees are military officers of Colonel/Brigadier or equivalent rank, and also include Home Office and Ministry of Defence civil servants, Foreign Office diplomats, police officers and a few representatives from the private sector. All members would have been selected to attend the course on the strength of their potential to progress to high positions within their professions.

The course composition has been progressively widened to include members from over 40 countries. Graduates of the college are entitled to the post-nominal letters rcds, while prior to 1970 the post-nominal letters idc were used.

Since 2001, course members have had the option of studying in a joint programme that leads to an MA in International Security and Strategy from King's College London.

Commandants
The College is led by the Commandant—currently Sir George Norton. The Commandant leads the Senior Directing Staff of the College, who are in effect the faculty and are a mixture of active and retired military officers, diplomats and civil servants.

title: Royal College of Defence Studies