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Cross River gorilla

The Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) is a critically endangered subspecies of the western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla). It was named a new species in 1904 by Paul Matschie, a mammalian taxonomist working at the Humboldt University Zoological Museum in Berlin, but its populations were not systematically surveyed until 1987.

It is the most western and northern form of gorilla, and is restricted to the forested hills and mountains of the Cameroon-Nigeria border region at the headwaters of the Cross River. It is separated by about 300 km from the nearest population of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and by around 250 km from the gorilla population in the Ebo Forest of Cameroon. Estimates from 2014 suggest that fewer than 250 mature Cross River gorillas remain, making them the world's rarest great ape. Groups of these gorillas concentrate their activities in 11 localities across a 12000 km2 range, though recent field surveys confirmed the presence of gorillas outside of their known localities suggesting a wider distribution within this range. This distribution is supported by genetic research, which has found evidence that many Cross River gorilla localities continue to maintain contact through the occasional dispersal of individuals. In 2009, the Cross River gorilla was finally captured on professional video on a forested mountain in Cameroon.

Description
The Cross River gorilla was first described as a new species of the western gorilla by Paul Matschie, a mammalian taxonomist, in 1904. Its morphological distinctiveness was confirmed in 1987. Subsequent analyses of cranial and tooth morphology, long bone proportions and distribution demonstrated the distinctiveness of the Cross River gorilla and it was described as a distinct subspecies in 2000.

When comparing the Cross River gorilla to western lowland gorillas, they have noticeably smaller palates, smaller cranial vaults, and shorter skulls. The Cross River gorilla is not known to differ much in terms of body size or limb and bone length from western lowland gorillas. However, measurements taken from a male suggest that they have shorter hands and feet and have a larger opposability index than western lowland gorillas.

According to Sarmiento and Oate's study published by the American Museum of Natural History, the Cross River gorilla has been described as having smaller dentitions, smaller palates, smaller cranial vaults, and shorter skulls than western lowland gorillas. The Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences depicted the Cross River gorilla as the largest living primate with a barrel-chest, relatively even hair, a bare black face and chest, small ears, bare shaped brows that are joined, and nostril margins that are raised. They are clearly not the largest gorillas and the distinctiveness of their external characters still needs to be verified. Other statistics include:
 * Average adult male height: 165 - 175 cm.
 * Average adult male weight: 140 - 200 kg.
 * Average adult female height: 140 cm.
 * Average adult female weight: 100 kg.

Evolution
In 2000 Esteban E. Sarmiento and John F. Oates proposed and supported the hypothesis that the Cross River gorilla began to evolve into a distinct subspecies of Gorilla gorilla during an arid period of the African Pleistocene phase in response to declining food sources and a greater emphasis on herbivory and terrestrial behaviors.

The team stated that ancestors to the Cross River gorilla may have been secluded to the forests near the Cross River headwaters and/or elsewhere in the Cameroon highlands. They wrote that the Cross River gorillas may not have spread much since their isolation. The Gorilla gorilla gorilla ancestors differentiated from the Cross River gorilla by spreading beyond this area somewhere to the south and/or east of the Sanaga. Sarmiento and Oates stated that there is no evidence to suggest that G. g. gorilla and G. g. diehli are sympatric.

Habitat
The Cross River gorilla, like many other gorilla subspecies, prefer a dense forest habitat that is uninhabited by humans. Due to the Cross River gorilla’s body size they require large and diverse areas of the forest to meet their habitat requirements. Similar to most endangered primates, their natural habitat exists where humans are often occupying and using for natural resources. Forests that are inhabited by the Cross River gorilla vary in altitude from approximately 100 to 2037 m above sea level. Between 1996 and 1999, Field work was conducted on Afi Mountain in Cross River State, Nigeria for a period of 32 months. A great deal of data were collected, and things such as habitat types and topography mapped using line transects, climate, spatial and temporal availability of tree and herb foods and also the Cross River gorilla's wide range behavior, diet, and its grouping patterns. These data were all assessed from indirect evidence, such as feeding trails, nests, and feces.

The habitats of the Cross River gorilla are negatively affected by the drastic deforestation and fragmentation of the land. These unfortunate events leave the gorilla species with few options for survival. As a result of deforestation and fragmentation, there are drastic reductions in carrying capacity, in other words, the size of the territories these animals inhabit has been significantly reduced. Because the population of humans living in this area is high, the amount of resources available to the Cross River gorillas is limited. Even though this decrease in the availability of land may appear to be a problem, research studies have found that an adequate amount of rainforest still remains that is suitable and comfortable for this subspecies. If, however, human pressures and activities towards deforestation continue, these territories will continue to diminish and ultimately will not exist. Additional examples of human activity that threaten Cross River gorillas and, of course, other species, are hunting, logging, agriculture, fuel wood harvesting, clearance of lands for plantation and exploitation of natural resources. Gorillas and other primates are only a small part of the larger ecosystem and thus, they rely on many aspects of their habitat for survival. Furthermore, also because of their body size, they lack ability to adapt to new environment and they have a rather slow reproductive rate. Even though there is somewhat of a limited research on Cross River gorillas, there is enough to conclude that these animals are currently able to sustain survival. What is still under debate is the total number of Cross River gorillas that exist.

The Cross River gorilla is not only a critically endangered subspecies, as labeled by the IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, but is under studied. The limited territories of their natural wildlife has led to that Cross River gorillas are approximately 200 km away from other gorilla populations. This region is around the Nigeria-Cameroon border in which there are highland areas creating geographic restrictions for these gorillas. During the 20th century, Cross River Gorillas were known to roam low land localities, however, due to habitat loss and other human made factors such as resource exploitation, Cross River Gorillas were driven to inhabit only hill areas. This led to a decrease of resource availability as well as land availability. Most of the habit regions for Cross River gorillas are legally protected due to their critically endangered status. However, there are still areas that are not like between the Kagwene Mountain and Upper Mbulu, and around Mone North.

Behavior
A study published in 2007 in the American Journal of Primatology announced the discovery of the subspecies fighting back against possible threats from humans. They "found several instances of gorillas throwing sticks and clumps of grass". This is unusual. When encountered by humans, gorillas usually flee and rarely charge.

Cross River gorillas have certain nesting behaviors (i.e. mean nest group size, style of the nest, location of the nest, and nest reuse patterns) that depend on things such as their current habitat, climate, food source availability and risk of attack or vulnerability. According to research done on the Cross River gorillas living in the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, there is a high correlation between whether a nest is constructed on the ground or in a tree and the season. From April up until November, Cross River gorillas are more likely to build their nests within a tree, and from November on they are more likely to build it on the ground. Overall, it was found that more nests built at night were built on the ground as opposed to in trees. This species is also more likely to construct nests during the wet season than the dry season, as well as construct more arboreal nests in the wet season. It was found that day nest construction was more common, especially in the wet season. Reuse of nesting sites was also found to be common, although it did not have any relation to the season. And, their mean nest group size is from four to seven individuals. Although, nest group size varies depending on the location of the species.

The groups of Cross River gorillas consist mainly of one male and six to seven females plus their offspring. Gorillas in lowlands are seen to have fewer offspring than those in the highlands. This is thought to be because of the hunting rate in the lowlands and infant mortality rate. The groups in the highlands are densely populated compared to those in the lowlands.

The Cross River gorilla's diet consists largely of fruit, herbaceous vegetation, liana, and tree bark. Much like their nesting habits, what they eat is contingent on the season. Observations of the gorilla indicate that it seems to prefer fruit, but will settle for other sources of nutrition during the dry season of about 4–5 months in northern regions. Cross River gorillas eat more liana and tree bark throughout the year, and less fruit during dry periods of scarcity.

Diet
The Cross River gorilla usually lives in small groups of 4–7 individuals with a few males and a few female members. Their diet usually consists of fruit, but in fruit scarce months, (August–September, November–January) their diet is primarily made up of terrestrial herbs, and the bark and leaves of climber and trees. Many of the Cross River gorilla food sources are very seasonal and thus their diets are filled with very dense, nutritious vegetation that is usually found near their nesting sites. It was found that the Afi Mountain group of Cross River gorilla diet mostly consisted Aframomum spp. (Zingiberaceae) herbs, but when available in the wet season, they preferred to eat Amorphophallus difformis (Araceae) over the Aframomum, showing preference for certain foods that were seasonal and also an affinity to the vegetation that was only found in their habitat.

Nesting
The nesting behavior of the Cross River gorilla was influenced by the environmental conditions, such as the climate, predation, herbaceous vegetation, absence of suitable nest building materials and seasonal fruits nearby. The gorillas did portray certain nesting habits like mean nest group sizes, size and type of nest created, as well as the reusing of certain nesting location nearby seasonal food sources. In Sunderland-Groves research on the nesting behavior of G. g. diehli at Kagwene Mountain they discovered that the nesting locations, whether on the ground or arboreal, were greatly influenced by the current season. During the dry season most of the nests were made on the ground, yet during the wet season the majority of the nests were made high in the trees, to provide protection from the rain. It was also found that the gorillas created more day nest during the wet season and reused nesting sites about 35% of the time. It was also found that the mean group size was 4–7 individual, yet the mean nest size at the sites was 12.4 nests and the most frequent number of nests was 13, showing some gorillas may have made multiple nests. The researchers also found nest sites with up to 26 nests, showing that sometimes multiple groups would nest together.

Aggression
The Cross River gorilla at the Kagwene Mountain in Cameroon has been observed using tools and it seems to be unique to the population in this region. They have been observed in three separate cases, in which they threw grass at the researchers, a detached branch and in a third case, in which an encounter with a man who threw rocks at them led them to throw back fistfuls of grass. All the encounters had the gorillas in the group observe the researchers and react to their presence with vocalizations then led to calm behavior in the parts of the gorillas and finally an approach by the male gorillas and the throwing of grass at the researcher. The researchers have stated that this throwing behavior might have arisen due to human contact in the field and farms surrounding the mountain and the ambivalent nature of the gorillas is due to the surrounding people not hunting the gorillas due to the folklore about the gorillas.

Geographical distribution
This subspecies is populated at the border between Nigeria and Cameroon, in both tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests which are also home to the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, another subspecies of great ape. The Cross River gorilla is the most western and northern form of gorilla, and is restricted to the forested hills and mountains of the Cameroon-Nigeria border region at the headwaters of the Cross River. It is separated by about 300 km from the nearest population of western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and by around 250 km from the gorilla population in the Ebo Forest of Cameroon. Groups of these gorillas concentrate their activities in 11 localities across a 12000 km2 range, though recent field surveys confirmed the presence of gorillas outside of their known localities suggesting a wider distribution within this range. This distribution is corroborated by genetic research, which has found evidence that many Cross River gorilla localities continue to maintain contact through the occasional dispersal of individuals. The occurrence of Cross River gorillas has been confirmed in the Mbe Mountains and the Forest Reserves of Afi River, Boshi Extension, and Okwanggo of Nigeria’s Cross River State, and in the Takamanda and Mone River Forest Reserves, and the Mbulu Forest, of the Cameroon’s South West Province. These locations cover a mostly continuous forest area of about 8000 km2 from Afi Mountain to Kagwene Mountain according to the 2007 regional action plan for Cross River gorilla conservation. Researchers and conservationists also postulate that there is a possible outlying locality in the forests near Bechati in the southeast. Today it’s estimated that their total population area covers about 12000 km2. Cross River gorillas have been known to cling to the Afi-to-Kagwene landscape because of its rugged terrain and high altitude which keeps it secluded from human interference.

However, a study conducted in 2013 found that Cross River gorillas also inhabit areas lower in altitude such as the Mawambi Hills. This site is about 552 m above sea level, which is much lower than their average niche at about 776 m above sea level.

Habitat loss
Cross River gorillas reside in small populations split from other subpopulations of the species. They occupy roughly 14 apparently geographically separated areas in a landscape of approximately 12000 km2 of rugged terrain spanning the Nigeria–Cameroon border region with population sizes estimated at 75–110 in Nigeria, and 125–185 in Cameroon. Other sources of degradation such as hunting posed a much higher threat but habitat loss is now posing a much bigger threat to the species and their survival. Populations reside in areas of undisturbed dense forest which is scarce due to human occupation or use for natural resources. The Takamanda National Park and the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary are where most of the surviving members reside. Nest distribution was clearly influenced by anthropogenic factors within the sanctuary, with the disturbed southern section of the park avoided. Even though current wildlife laws regarding the areas are in place Cross River gorillas will not nest in areas near humans. Conservation and Eco-guards are empowered, by the government, to enforce wildlife laws within the sanctuary. A planned superhighway to the west of Ekuri community forest was rerouted in 2017, as the highway and its buffer zone would have had a significant impact on the remaining habitat.

Fragmented population
The increased population of human inhabitants and the expansion of grasslands (due to human activity) has caused a fragmentation of the species into many subpopulations. Many factors (mostly related to human activity) contributed to the fragmentation of the population, including the expansion of farmland, human occupation, lack of accessible habitat and the sparsity of suitable or favorable habitat. Due to this isolation, gene flow has begun to slow and subpopulations are suffering from a lack of gene diversity which could mean a long term issue. A study conducted by researchers found that gene flow accompanied the divergence of western lowland and Cross River gorillas until just 400 or so years ago, which rather supports a scenario in which intensifying human activities may have increased the isolation of these ape populations. The recent decrease in the Cross River population is accordingly most likely attributable to increasing anthropogenic pressure over the last several hundred years.

Hunting
A more recent phenomenon of the commercialization of bushmeat hunting has caused a large impact on the population. The hunting seems to be more intense within the lowlands and may have contributed to the concentration of gorillas within the highlands and their small population sizes. Despite laws preventing hunting, it still persists due to local consumption and trade to other countries. The laws are rarely effectively enforced, and due to state of the Cross River gorillas, any hunting has a large impact on the population and their survival. All hunting of the population is unsustainable.

Decline
The population of Cross River gorillas declined by 59% between the years 1995 and 2010, a greater decline over that period than any other subspecies of great ape. Apes such as the Cross River gorilla serve as indicators of problems in their environment and also help other species survive. The decline of this species started thirty years ago and has since continued to decline at an alarming rate. The danger of hunters has led these creatures to fear humans and human contact, so sightings of the Cross River gorilla are rare.

Cross River gorillas try to avoid nesting in grasslands and farms, which causes the remaining forest to become fragmented. However, the Cross River gorilla's habitat has become degraded and fragmented. Spatial scale coarse models fail to explain why the gorillas display a highly fragmented distribution within what appears to be a large, continuous area of suitable habitat. When fragmentation occurs, this causes a decrease or even elimination of migration between subpopulations, and therefore causes more inbreeding within a single population. This led to the loss of genetic diversity. This has negative effects on the long-term viability of population fragments, and by extension, the population as whole. Researchers use genetic methods to better understand the Cross River gorilla population. More specifically, certain loci within the genome were of major concern and they helped give the best insight into the subdivisions and dispersal of genetic variation across populations. Surveys suggest that the total population is about 300 individuals and is fragmented across about ten localities with limited reproductive contact. On top of this fragmentation, the Cross River gorilla is also threatened by hunting for bushmeat and for use of their bones for pseudoscientific medical purposes. For example, the exploitation of some primate species in Africa is prohibited because certain local communities embellished them with ritual meanings, and sometimes regarded them as totems, and also used them as tests for medicine.

Another threat to the Cross River gorilla is the harmful gorilla pet trade. To date, there is only one recorded Cross River gorilla in captivity, held at the Limbe Wildlife Center. Although it seems like a small number of gorillas in captivity, the pet trade has posed a large threat to other species of gorillas in the past, and will likely endanger the Cross River gorilla. Since baby gorillas make preferable pets, hunters will often kill the adults protecting the baby.

The Cross River gorilla is critically endangered due to the combined threat of hunters and infection with Ebola. Even if the rate of Ebola mortality along with hunting was rebated, the promise of these gorillas making a fast recovery is unlikely. The reproduction rate of the Cross River gorilla is low and it is estimated that it will take 75 years for the population to fully recover. They are also threatened by loss of habitat due to mining, agriculture, and timber usage.

Despite this, conservationists are optimistic about the gorilla's chances for survival after capturing several adults and babies on film in spring 2020.

Conservation status
While all western gorillas are Critically Endangered (in the case of the western lowland gorilla due in part to the Ebola virus), the Cross River gorilla is the most endangered of the African apes. A 2014 survey estimated that less than 250 mature individuals were left in the wild. However, according to a 2012 survey conducted by Conservation International, the Cross River gorilla did not make "The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates List". In efforts to conserve other species, it has already been determined that scattered populations should be brought together to prevent inbreeding. One problem with the scattered populations of Cross River gorillas is that they are surrounded by human populations that cause threats such as bushmeat hunting and habitat loss. Also, the protected habitats of Cross River gorillas along the Nigeria-Cameroon border are close to hunting regions, which increases the threat of extinction. The Cross River gorilla is especially significant to the ecosystem because they are excellent seed dispersers for certain tropical plant species that would otherwise face extinction.

In 2007, a survey was conducted in 5 villages in the aim of assessing taboos against hunting and eating these endangered species. In the Lebialem division of Cameroon, 86% of the population were in favour of the conservation of these species, seeing them as important morphological counterparts to humans which, in the case of their dying out, would cause the demise of their human totemic counterparts. One reason for the decline of cross-river gorillas was believed to be the decline of adhering to these totemic practices among younger people in the 18 to 25 year age range. Regardless, this taboo is still in place and it still strongly discourages hunting of those endangered species. These totemic traditions are believed to be critical to the species' continued survival and well-being. The recurrent revival of these beliefs and practices are seen was a way to reinforce the conservation of these species, especially in the absence of real law enforcement due to a lack of governance. While this could also foster support from different villages and communities, and preserve their culture, care must be taken when selecting these practices as some could encourage their killing. Largely because of many taboos, in the past 15 years, there has not been any Cross River gorilla hunting incidents. The presence of a taboo prohibiting their persecution has been considered an extremely successful local conservation strategy.

A workshop for the conservation of the Cross River gorilla was organized by the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Nigerian Conservation Foundation was held in Nigeria in April 2001. The overall goal of the workshop was to enhance the species’ chance for survival because of its rare and distinct features from other western gorillas. The most important outcomes of the workshop were a list of improvements recommended to save the species and also establishing the need for regular meetings between the governments and conservation groups of Cameroon and Nigeria to achieve maximum efficiency in their conservation efforts.

In 2008, the government of Cameroon created the Takamanda National Park on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon as an attempt to protect these gorillas. The park now forms part of an important trans-boundary protected area with Nigeria’s Cross River National Park, safeguarding an estimated 115 gorillas — a third of the Cross River gorilla population — along with other rare species. The hope is that the gorillas should be able to move between the Takamanda reserve in Cameroon over the border to Nigeria's Cross River National Park.

The Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary was created by the Cameroonian government on April 3, 2008 as part of the IUCN’s Cross River gorilla action plan. It protects 19.44 km2 of land, and is located between the forests of Mbulu and Nijikwa in western Cameroon. It consists of rugged, mountainous terrain and represents the highest altitudinal extent of the Cross River gorilla's distribution, with the highest point at 2037 m above sea level. Only about half of its land is a prime gorilla habitat, while the rest includes grassland or cultivation not suitable for the species. Due to its sanctuary status, it was expected to be provided with a conservator and eco-guards to enforce wildlife laws within its perimeters.

title: Cross River gorilla


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Simlish

Simlish is a constructed language devised by game designer Will Wright for the Sims game series developed by Electronic Arts. During the development of SimCopter (1996), Wright sought to avoid real-world languages, believing that players would grow to show disdain for repetitive dialogue. For the release of The Sims, Maxis recorded hundreds of voice clips with unique cadences and emotional nuance.

Simlish is featured prominently within the franchise of The Sims and its spinoff MySims series. It has since extended to various video games within the Sim series, including SimCity 4 (2003), SimCity Societies (2007), SimCity (2013), and SimCity BuildIt (2014) of the SimCity series of games. Simlish appears as a language within Spore (2008) and Firaxis Games's Sid Meier's SimGolf (2004).

History
While developing SimCopter (1996), designer Will Wright explicitly avoided using real-world languages such that players could resonate with the emotions of the characters rather than their speech. The initial dialogue team—comprising Wright, audio lead Robi Kauker, voice director Claire Curtin, sound designer Kent Jolly, and composer Jerry Martin—began by using musical instruments reminiscent of the "wah wah" sound effect heard in some Peanuts animated specials. The idea to use musical instruments was quickly scrapped.

Wright experimented with several real-world languages to use within The Sims, including Ukrainian, Navajo, Tagalog, and Estonian, but faced difficulty in finding voice actors and developing a unique identity for the language; with regards to the Ukrainian language, its Slavic undertone was unsuitable for the project. Simlish ultimately became a combination of these languages. One voice actor based in San Francisco, Stephen Kearin, recounted being given a pidgin version of Swahili and Cherokee. Kearin then suggested he speak gibberish, and Wright agreed. Until 2006, Kearin and his female counterpart Gerri Lawlor served as the Simlish actors.

Development
Since SimCopter's release, Simlish has adapted. In The Sims (2000), a trill is heard that resembles a Spanish trill, whereas later games have chosen to favor English pronunciations. Online Simlish dictionaries have emerged, signalling a departure from pragmatic uses. According to Kauker, The Sims had 3,000 to 4,000 voice events split between Kearin and Lawlor. In The Sims 2 (2004), over 50,000 lines of dialogue were recorded across a team of 11. For The Sims 2, Maxis used Max developed by Cycling '74 with the digital signal processor (DSP) plugin MSP and the manipulation plugin Jitter, both by Cycling '74.

Phonology
Although Simlish is not intended to be a structured language, it shares several rules in how it is pronounced.

Consonants
Simlish consonants are limited; while English permits three consonants in a row, such as in the word "strong", Simlish words may use up to two consonants sequentially. However, these consonants may be used in unorthodox ways in comparison to English, such as bwu.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal !Nasal ! Plosive ! Fricative ! Approximant
 * + 1. Simlish consonants
 * }
 * }
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 * }

Vowels
In Simlish, some vowels may become diphthongized. For example, e may become eɪ, and o may become oʊ.

Syllables and stress
Simlish and English have an equal amount of energetic masking and acoustic-phonetic interference, but while the English condition has linguistic interference, Simlish does not. Additionally, the Simlish condition does not suppress semantic processing and is thus less resource-demanding.

Phonotactics
The author of the linguistics blog Wug Life argued that the phonotactics of Simlish and English were the same, allowing artists who speak Spanish to effortlessly translate their songs into Simlish due to the similarities in the phonotactics of English and Spanish. The post cites the lack of Simlish and English words that lack vowels, such as the word vlk, which means "wolf" in Czech.

Pronouns
The word "vou" or "voo" means "you" in English. The word "ah" can be used to demonstrate self-inflicted verbs, such as Ah sha noop! "I should know!"

Possessive determiners
To demonstrate personal possessiveness, the word "ma" can be used.

 * Ma doctork. "My doctor."

Verbs
In the indicative mood, the word "zerpa" means "there is" or "there's", as in Zerpa stamby imba bweb. "There's a stranger in my bed."

Vocabulary
Several Simlish words are officially recognized, such as nooboo "baby" and fliblia "fire". English may be transcribed into Simlish, as was done to transcribe Katy Perry songs into Simlish. For instance, the word "boo leyar" is equivalent to "boulevard", as are "par" to "park" and "crabbi car" to "credit card". The word "like" is unchanged between English and Simlish.

Phrases and words

 * atohteh: I really have to pee.
 * awasa poa: I'm bored.
 * boobasnot: I don't like you.
 * oh feebee lay: I'm hungry.
 * o mee pooba: I'm pregnant.
 * shpansa: cheers.
 * wabadebadoo: [literally or figuratively] I'm on fire.

Greetings
The most universally agreed upon greeting in Simlish is sul sul (equivalent to aloha in Hawaiian), which may be used for greetings or farewells. According to the developers, it was created as a spliced phrase. Alternatively, the phrase o vwa vwaf sna "nice to meet you" or dag dag "goodbye" can be used.

Writing system
In the world of The Sims, text is often omitted from signs. Stop signs in The Sims (2000), for example, do not have text and use a flat, white hand against a red octagon to depict the object. The Simlish alphabet does not match either the Latin or the Cyrillic alphabets. The symbol for the Simoleon—a currency used throughout the series—is §. When writing texts, dingbats from the Wingdings font appear.

In other media
Simlish appears in Spore (2008), developed by Maxis, as well as Firaxis Games's Sid Meier's SimGolf (2004). An app for Amazon Alexa devices that understands Simlish was released in 2019. Howard Jones produced a Simlish version of his song "Things Can Only Get Better." It can be found on CD 4 of the clamshell edition of Celebrate It Together - The Very Best Of Howard Jones 1983-2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Simlish


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E. Donnall Thomas

Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas (March 15, 1920 – October 20, 2012) was an American physician, professor emeritus at the University of Washington, and director emeritus of the clinical research division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. In 1990 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph E. Murray for the development of cell and organ transplantation. Thomas and his wife and research partner Dottie Thomas developed bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for leukemia.

Thomas was a lead investigator in a failed series of experimental treatments for leukemia and for Graft-versus-host disease at Seattle's Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center from 1981 to 1993. Participants were not informed that Thomas and other researchers had a potential financial conflict of interest in the trials, and were never properly informed of the risks. The study continued despite objections from members of the Center’s Internal Review Board. 84 of the 85 participants in the study died.

Biography
Born in Mart, Texas, Thomas often shadowed his father who was a general practice doctor. Later, he attended the University of Texas at Austin where he studied chemistry and chemical engineering, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1941 and a Master's degree in 1943. While Thomas was an undergraduate he met his wife, Dorothy (Dottie) Martin while she was training to be journalist. They had three children. Thomas entered Harvard Medical School in 1943, receiving a Doctor of Medicine in 1946. Dottie became a lab technician during this time to support the family, and the pair worked closely thereafter. He did his residency at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital before serving two years in the United States Army as an internist stationed in Germany. "In 1955, he was appointed physician in chief at the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, now Bassett Medical Center, in Cooperstown, New York, an affiliate of Columbia University."

At Mary Imogene Bassett, he began to study rodents that received lethal doses of radiation who were then saved by an infusion of marrow cells. At the time, patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation all died from infections or immune reactions that weren't seen in the rodent studies. Thomas began to use dogs as a model system. In 1963, he moved his lab to the United States Public Health Service in Seattle.

Thomas also received National Medal of Science in 1990. In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.

He died of heart failure.

Awards and honors

 * 1965-1969 Hematology Study Section, National Institutes of Health
 * 1969-1973 Member, Board of Trustees and Medical and Scientific Advisory Committee, Leukemia Society of America, Inc.
 * 1970-1974 Clinical Cancer Investigation Review Committee, National Cancer Institute
 * 1974 First Annual Eugene C. Eppinger Lecture at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and the Harvard Medical School
 * 1975 A. Ross McIntyre Award, University of Nebraska Medical Center
 * 1975 The Henry M. Stratton Lecture, American Society of Hematology, Dallas
 * 1977 The Lilly Lecture, Royal College of Physicians, London
 * 1979 The Philip Levine Award, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, New Orleans
 * 1980 American Cancer Society Award for Distinguished Service in Basic Research
 * 1981 Kettering Prize of the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation for contributions to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer
 * 1981 Honorary Doctorate of Medicine, University of Cagliari, Sardinia
 * 1981 Special Keynote Address Award, American Society of Therapeutic Radiologists
 * 1982 Stratton Lecture, International Society of Hematology
 * 1982 Paul Aggeler Lecturer, University of California, San Francisco
 * 1983 David A. Karnofsky Memorial Lecturer, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
 * 1983 Robert Roesler de Villiers Award, Leukemia Society of American
 * 1984 Sixty-fifth Mellon Lecturer, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, May 13
 * 1985 Stanley Wright Memorial Lecturer, Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Pediatric Research
 * 1987 Karl Landsteiner Memorial Award, Annual Meeting of the American Association of Blood Banks,
 * 1987-1988 President, American Society of Hematology
 * 1989 Elected Corresponding Member, Academie Royale de Medecine de Belgigue
 * 1990 Terry Fox Award, Canada
 * 1990 Gairdner Foundation International Award
 * 1990 North American Medical Association of Hong Kong Prize
 * 1990 Nobel Prize in Medicine
 * 1990 Presidential Medal of Science
 * 1991 Adolfo Ferrata Lecture, Italian Society of Hematology, Verona, Italy
 * 1991 Honorary Doctorate of Medicine, University of Verona
 * 1992 Kober Medal, American Association of Physicians
 * 1992 Honorary Member, The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
 * 1992 Honorary Doctorate of Medicine, University of Parma
 * 1993 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 1994 Honorary Member, National Academia of Medicine
 * 1994 Honorary Degree, University of Barcelona
 * 1996 Honorary Degree, University of Warsaw
 * 1998 Medal of Merit, State of Washington

title: E. Donnall Thomas


text:
Talk:Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria

Who is Queen Christine?

 * In 1655, the Swedish Queen Christine converted to the Catholic Faith in Innsbruck's Court Church.

This seems a non-sequitir. Was she his wife or something? Mr. Jones 13:48, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That information was taken from the German Wikipedia. Apparently the sentence is just meant to show that Ferdinand Charles had some significance beyond Tyrol -- otherwise she wouldn't have come there to convert. Martg76 14:16, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Article Title Seems Wrong
The article title says he is Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria, but the body of the article says he is only Archduke of Further Austria. To be consistent, it seems to me the title should say either "Ferdinand Charles of Austria" or "Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria."Eldred 16:33, 9 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
Meppen

Meppen (Northern Low Saxon: Möppen) is a town in and the seat of the Emsland district of Lower Saxony, Germany, at the confluence of the Ems, Hase, and Nordradde rivers and the Dortmund–Ems Canal (DEK). The name stems from the word Mappe, meaning "delta".

Geography
The town lying on the mouth of the Hase into the Ems in the central part of the Emsland between the cities of Lingen and Papenburg.

Lying about 20 km from the Dutch border, the town has an area of 188.45 km2 and is 15 m above sea level. The population was 34,196 as of 30 June 2005.

Quarters of Meppen: Following villages are situated in Meppen:

In 1974, 13 independent municipalities in the close vicinity of the town were integrated into Meppen.

History

Meppen, formerly a fortified town, boasts 12 centuries of history. The first documented mention of Meppen dates from 834, in a deed of donation by Frankish emperor Louis the Pious, transferring a missionary establishment of that name to the abbey of Corvey.

945 -- Emperor Otto the Great grants the town the rights to mint coins and collect tolls, followed in 946 by market rights.

1252—Countess Jutta von Vechta-Ravensberg sells her possessions to the Bishop of Münster. Meppen becomes part of the Niederstift Münster (i.e. Lower Prince-Bishopric of Münster).

1360—Meppen is granted the right to build city fortifications by Bishop Adolf of Münster, and thereby, town rights. Over the next three centuries until 1660, Meppen is built up as a fortified town.

1762—at the end of the Seven Years' War, the fortifications are demolished. Some walls remain standing today, however.

1803—Resolutions of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss assign Meppen to Louis Engelbert, 6th Duke of Arenberg, to compensate for the loss of his possessions on the west bank of the Rhine. Meppen becomes the capital of the dukedom of Arenberg.

1811—Meppen is incorporated into the First French Empire as a cantonal seat.

1813–1814—Occupation by Prussia.

1814–1815—Resolutions of the Congress of Vienna assign Meppen and the Duchy of Arenberg to the Kingdom of Hanover.

1855—Meppen connected to the Hannoverschen Westbahn railway line upon its opening.

1866—Hanover becomes a province of Prussia.

1871—Part of the German Empire.

1938—Kristallnacht: the German police and SA broke down into Jewish houses and carried out mass arrests, beatings and tortures of Jews. Germans burned down the synagogue and destroyed Jewish homes and enterprises. Some Jews were deported to the Oranienburg concentration camp.

1939—German prisoner-of-war camp Stalag VI-B established in Meppen-Versen, in which initially around 5,000 Polish prisoners of war were held after the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, and then from 1940 to 1942 French, Belgian, Polish, Soviet and other POWs were held there.

1943—Italian prisoners of war brought by the Germans to the Stalag VI-B.

1944—Stalag VI-B converted into a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. Over 1,700 men were imprisoned there and used as forced labour, and over 20% of them died.

1945—Prisoners of the subcamp were evacuated by the Germans to Bremen, most in a death march, in which at least 50 prisoners died, sick ones by train, and then they were mostly transported to the Neuengamme concentration camp.

1946—The state of Prussia is abolished after the World War II. Meppen becomes part of the newly created Land of Lower Saxony.

1977—District reforms in Lower Saxony unite the former districts of Lingen, Meppen and Aschendorf-Hümmling in the district of Emsland, with Meppen as administrative seat.

Theatre
Between September and April the Meppen Theatre Group (Theatergemeinde Meppen) offers a comprehensive programme. Productions take place in the Meppen Theatre and Concert Hall, which was designed by Eberhard Kulenkampff and completed in 1959. It also acts as a school hall for the Windthorst Gymnasium. The programme includes both touring theatre productions as well as musical events of various genres.

From May to September, the Emsland Open Air Stage at Meppen (Emsländische Freilichtbühne Meppen) offers visitors a family musical and an evening event, mostly based on musical productions. More than 30,000 visitors come each year to the open air theatre in Esterfeld Forest to see large musical performances involving casts of up to 100.

Museums

 * Town Museum in the Arenberg Rentei in Obergerichtsstraße, built by August Reinking
 * Exhibition Centre for the Archaeology of the Emsland on Koppelschleuse street
 * Art exhibitions in the arts centre on Koppelschleuse street

Buildings

 * Around 1461–62 the Priory Church of St. Vitus was built as a three-aisled late Gothic hall church. Whilst there were only wooden churches in the surrounding area, at this sport there was already a simple stone building as early as the 9th century. This was expanded in the 11th century; the heart of the present tower being one of the additions. Further expansion in the 13th century resulting in the Bridle and North Portals being built.
 * The Residenz, which today houses the council and the headmaster's office of the Windthorst Gymnasium, was built between 1726 and 1729. Later, in 1743–46, the Gymnasium Church was built onto the Residenz under the Pater Superior, Karl Immendorf.
 * The town hall (Rathaus), today the symbol of the town, was constructed in 1408 from glacial erratics. From 1601 to 1605 it was considerably expanded and an additional brick storey added. In order to increase the floor area for the upper storey, an open arched hall was erected in front of the building. The stepped gable with its semi-circular elements was heavily based on Münster prototypes at (Rothenburg 44, built 1583, and the Krameramtshaus of 1589). At the start of the 19th century the building appears to have fallen considerably into disrepair, because the Arenberg architect, Josef Niehaus, was invited by the town submit an assessment for its renovation. He recommended that the ruined tower was demolished and the ornamentation of the gable removed, but initially that came to nought. In 1885 the ornamentation was finally removed and the gable end furnished with a plain triangular gable. In addition the turret of the staircase tower at the side, added in 1611 was demolished due to its poor condition. In 1909 it was decided to rebuild the tower and gable in their present form. Inside the building is a 1605 sandstone fireplace.
 * The armoury (Zeughaus) was built in 1752 on the site of the former castle, the Paulsburg (residence of the seneschal or Drost, built in 1374) by order of Prince-Elector Clemens August. It was to act as a store room for weapons, munitions, uniforms and battle equipment for soldiers studying at Meppen Fortress. In the 19th century the building was used for commercial purposes and survives today as a private residence, albeit with a number of structural alterations.
 * The history of the Herrenmühle, a water mill on the Nordradde stream, goes back to the 16th century. It is used today for cultural events.
 * Residential houses By contrast with Lingen, just a few kilometres away, the centre of Meppen has hardly any historic buildings. The town houses mainly consist of new buildings with a few 19th century brick houses. Of national significance is the Arenberg Rentei (Arenbergische Rentei) at No. 7, Obergerichtsstraße. The two-storey classical building with pilasters and a mansard roof was built as a residence in 1805 by August Reinking for the merchant, Ferdindand Frye, and his wife, Josefine Mulert. From 1835, it was used as a finance office (Rentei), it now serves as a town museum. Four years later, based on plans by the same architect, the so-called Heyl'sche Haus was built at No. 3, Emsstraße. The owner was the Duchy of Arenberg's privy councillor (Kammerrat), Anton Heyl. While the house itself was demolished in 1977 in favour of a bank, the adjoining hall, with its remarkable ornamentation, was kept and restored. Next to the huge bank, it looks rather lost. The town community centre, built in 1816 by physician, Nicholas Vagedes, not far from the town hall, has housed the town council since 1936. Amongst the few remaining timber-framed buildings are the single-storey houses No. 24, Kuhstraße and No. 12, Im Sack. The former dates essentially to the 16th century and is one of the oldest buildings in the town. It has been expanded and extended several times. No. 12 Im Sack, by contrast, was built in 1797 and still has a gateway to the hall or threshing floor (Dielentor). Today, it houses the offices of the newspaper and the senior citizens' volunteer agency.
 * The Koppelschleuse locks, built between 1826 and 1830, have survived in its original state as part of the old Ems–Hase Canal.
 * The Hölting Mill (Höltingmühle), a smock mill, was probably built in 1639 near Bockhorn in the county of Friesland. The mill was bought by the Hölting Citizens Preservation Society and re-erected during the town's 600th anniversary celebrations in 1959–60 on the tongue of land between the Dortmund–Ems Canal and the River Hase. Inside the mill today is a café, which is open during summer weekends. Civil ceremonies also take place in the mill.
 * On the 131-metre-high cooling tower of the now closed Meppen-Hüntel Peak Load Gasworks is, according to the Guinness Book of Records, is the largest map of the world in the world. It was painted by the Swiss artist, Christoph Rihs.
 * The Meppener Högerhaus, a former administrative building for the county of Meppen, (built 1936–1937) was designed by architect, Fritz Höger. Today a police station is housed in the double-winged, brick building on Bahnhofstraße, with its hipped roof. The entrance staircase on the southwest side is dominated by an archway.

Parks

 * The former counterscarp of Meppen Fortress has survived and forms part of a park area with trees.

Natural monuments

 * In the parish of Borken is the Borkener Paradies Nature Reserve, a historic wood pasture.

Population statistics
(*including the villages belonging to the town of Meppen)

Notable people

 * Levin Schücking (1814-1883), a German novelist.
 * Karl Brandi (1868–1946), a German historian.
 * Gerd Zacher (1929–2014), composer, organist and writer on music.
 * Hermann Lause (1939-2005), film actor; appeared in more than seventy films
 * Hermann Korte (1949-2020), academic specialising in German literature, language and linguistics.
 * Richard Wiese (born 1953), German linguist who studies the phonology and morphology of German

Sport

 * Maurits van Löben Sels (1876–1944), a Dutch épée, foil and sabre fencer; team bronze medallist at the 1906 Intercalated Games
 * Alwin Schockemöhle (born 1937), former show-jumper, gold medallist at the 1976 Summer Olympics and team medallist at several other Olympics
 * Thomas Bröker (born 1985), a retired footballer who played 349 games
 * Jana Franziska Poll (born 1988), volleyball player, 87 caps with the Germany women's national volleyball team
 * Nils Zumbeel (born 1990), footballer who played over 275 games

Sport clubs

 * SV Meppen (football)
 * SV Union Meppen (football, tennis, gymnastics, volleyball, table tennis, athletics)

Twin towns – sister cities
Meppen is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Ostrołęka, Poland

title: Meppen


text:
User talk:Kubla

Welcome!

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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! User:Zeimusu

Image source
Hi, Thanks for uploading Image:Robert graves portrait.jpg, it currently doesn't have a source listed. Could you let us know where the image comes from.

Also we generally require all our images to be released under the gfdl if possible could you re-licence under the gfdl. If this is not possible, it may be possible to keep the image under fair use provisions, either way we need to credit the copyright holder Zeimusu | (Talk page) 13:50, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * (fair use claim) I've marked as fair use. The thing is that the purpose of wikipedia is to make a freely distributable and usable encyclopedia, and "fair use" or "non commercial" hurts our main aims. We'd really appreciate it if you could ask Rab Shiell for permission for a GFDL release. He would have his right to due credit protected, and would retain copyright, but allow free use and redistribution. The GFDL need only apply to this digital version, not to the original photograph. If Rab does give such permission please edit the image page from ((fairuse)) to ((GFDL)). Thanks Zeimusu | (Talk page) 12:32, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Claudius.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 21:23, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Robert graves portrait.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Robert graves portrait.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stifle (talk) 17:01, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kubla


text:
Talk:Biography of Pope John Paul II

Untitled
WHAT WAS HIS BROTHERS NAME? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.82.9.61 (talk • contribs) 13:51, 10 April 2005 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Zanimum (talk • contribs) 22:53, 12 April 2005 (UTC)

Nationality

 * Edits by User:150.108.232.21:

...There is no doubt that Karol Wojtyla was an enthusiastic Polish nationalist... (first edit)

''There is no doubt that Karol Wojtyła was an enthusiastic Polish patriot. However, the parents of his mother Emilia Kaczorowicz were not natives of Poland, but Lithuania. Most geneologists conclude that they were Baltic-Lithuanians, not Slavic-Poles. Their family surname was actually Kacarauskas before they left for Poland. When as a Pope visited Lithuania in 1993, he would often state that he was "home" and would make patriotic statements which he usually reserved for his dear Poland. The most famous of these statements is when he said, "Half of my heart is in Lithuania." It is also stated that Karol would often pray to Our Lady of Siluva and Ausros Vartu, both of which are Lithuanian Catholic sites.''
 * Thats also fItalic textunny :)--Witkacy 03:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Milions of Poles lived befor the IIWW in todays Lithuania, and Lithuania (in a geographical sense) is still for Poles of old generations their "Home" (after the war most of them were expelled).

"Most geneologists conclude that they were Baltic-Lithuanians, not Slavic-Poles."
 * Most? Never heard about that :) The name Kaczorowicz comes from "Kaczor" (in Polish a drake).

"Some Jewish researchers go so far as to claim that they were Jews from Lithuania. The family's surname Kaczorowska was also a semi-common surname among Jewish families in the region. However, this argument is less credible. As for being the first Polish Pope, one could also say that he was the first Lithuanian Pope and even the second Jewish pope, if Saint Peter is counted as a pope...

 * Come on... :) I will remove that part of the article.--Witkacy 03:27, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Globetrotter
Why does neither the Biography page of John Paul II or the main page mention that he was named an honorary Globetrotter? I think that'd be a very high honour. -PirateMonkey 00:52, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I take that back, it's mentioned in the main page, but why not in the biography? PirateMonkey 00:56, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Proofreading
"When he arrived at the primate's office, the cardinal informed him that on bishop Baziak, apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Kraków."

I think the above needs to be fixed.SlowJog 00:49, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Not sure what it was trying to say though.  I'll take another look.

 * Also, I am going to try and go through the article to consolidate the references over the next few days. And perhaps some small copyedits as well.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 17:30, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

---

 * I have now reworked most of the links in the article per my above comment. I left a lot of inline links in the reaction to his death section, as they contained no editorial information.  But I redid the rest to point to the references section, where some editorial information could be presented (e.g., retrieval date) without interupting the flow of the article.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 17:54, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biography of Pope John Paul II


text:
Talk:Cross River gorilla

Attention needed
This article has only minimal information about an existing great ape subspecies. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 06:18, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Merge proposed
Very early in the life of this article, Gorilla gorilla diehli was redirected to Cross River Gorilla, which was the right thing to do. Later, Cross River Gorilla was renamed to Cross River gorilla. At that point or at some other point, the redirect was undone (by a bot, maybe).

In any event, the small amount of content in Gorilla gorilla diehli needs to be merged into Cross River gorilla, and then the article needs to be turned back into a redirect. If one of the gorilla-loving watchers of this page wants to check all of the content in Gorilla gorilla diehli to ensure that appropriate content and references appear on the Cross River gorilla page, I'll be happy to turn Gorilla gorilla diehli back into a redirect when you're done. – Jonesey95 (talk) 04:57, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

Merge
I agree. This article with the scientific name should definitely be merged with this one. Nicholasemjohnson (talk) 21:53, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Justus Dahinden

Justus Dahinden (18 May 1925 – 11 April 2020 ) was a Swiss architect, teacher and writer about architecture.

Life
Dahinden was born in Zürich. From 1945 to 1949, he studied architecture at ETH Zürich (ETHZ), graduating in 1956 with his PhD. In 1955 he started his own architecture office in Zürich. In 1974 Justus Dahinden became Professor of Architecture at TU Wien School of Architecture, Vienna University of Technology. He was Director of the Institute of Space and Interior Design in Vienna, from 1974 to 1995. He was appointed Life Professor at the International Academy of Architects (IAA) of Sofia in 1988, helping establish its reputation as one of the leading architecture schools.

Dahinden influenced the field of architecture with ideas which have resulted in numerous suggestions and impulses. The centre of Dahinden's philosophy of the holistic nature of architecture is that it is a service to the human being. It is equally important to man as a physical and as a mental reality. In architecture the rational fulfilling of needs has to be complemented by taking into consideration the emotional world of the human being, whose state of mind and behavior are fundamentally influenced by architectural design. To Dahinden architecture as a language is of equal importance to architecture as a function. From this he has developed a very individual theory about contextualism in architecture.

Dahinden saw architecture as creation and evolution in the "law of the three" ("Das Gesetz der Drei"), and in doing so he provides a basis for regaining quality in architecture. His architectural architecture for non-integrated leisure time is contrasted with handling architecture for integrated leisure time. This contrast results in town-planning utopias. International relevance was given by the 1984 International Conference "Man and Space" at Vienna University of Technology with Bruno Zevi, Dennis Sharp, Pierre Vago, Jorge Glusberg, Otto Kapfinger, Frei Otto, Paolo Soleri, Ernst Gisel, Ionel Schein and others.

Dahinden created buildings all over the world so as Residential, Houses, Housing, Hospitality (Holiday Villages, Hotels and Resorts and Multipurpose Buildings as well as a comprehensive portrayal of the church centres built in Europe and Africa. Planning and architectural systems developed by Dahinden himself have resulted in interesting solutions both in Europe and in the Middle East.

Dahinden received a number of international awards for his buildings and projects. The most prestigious of these is the "Grand Prix d'Architecture" which was awarded in 1981 in Paris for the holiday village Twannberg built by the Swiss Social Foundation. This prize has previously been awarded, for example, to the City of Amsterdam, to Le Corbusier and to the Government of the Punjab in India for the buildings in Chandigarh. In 2003 he was nominated from Slovakia for the Mies van der Rohe Award for European Architecture for the "Church of St. Francis Minorites" (in cooperation with -STUDIO FOR, Slovakia).

Dahinden held honorary doctorates from FAU/ Buenos Aires, Comenius University Bratislava and CAYC/ Buenos Aires.

Awards

 * 1981 Grand Prix d'Architecture 1981, CEA Cercle d'Ètudes Architecturales, Paris
 * 1981 INTERARCH 81, World Triennial of Architecture, Sofia, Medal and Prize of the City of Nates for Habitat in Iran
 * 1983 INTERARCH 83,World Triennial of Architecture, Competition HUMA 2000, Sofia, Medal and Prize of the National Committee of Peace of Bulgaria for the Project "Stadthügel" ("Urban Mound")
 * 1985 INTERARCH 85, World Triennial of Architecture, Sofia, Award for competition of projects and realizations, personal work
 * 1989 INTERARCH 89, World Triennial of Architecture, Sofia, Award for the Biography "Justus Dahinden-Architektur-Architecture"

Publications

 * 1967 "New trends in church architecture" Universe Books, New York
 * 1972 "Urban Structures for the Future" Pall Mall Press, New York
 * 1974 "Akro-Polis . Frei-Zeit-Stadt / Leisure City" Karl Krämer Publ. Bern/Stuttgart, ISBN 3-7828-1018-X
 * 1988 "Justus Dahinden - Architektur - Architecture" Biography, Karl Krämer Publ. Stuttgart, ISBN 3-7828-1601-3
 * 1991 "M... anders /autrement /different. Migros-Zentrum Ostermundigen", Karl Krämer Publ. Stuttgart, ISBN 3-7828-1608-0
 * 2005 "Mensch und Raum / Men and Space", Karl Krämer Publ. Stuttgart, ISBN 3-7828-1614-5

title: Justus Dahinden


text:
Talk:IK Start

Svein Mathisen
Just wondering about this bit of info:

"Svein Mathisen (who holds the club records both for games played, 663 (327 of which in the 1st division), and goals scored, 106)" The 327 games in 1st division is that in the top division (eliteserien) or actually in the division below eliteserien (1. divisjon)?

 * Svein Mathisen retired in 1989, and the top division didn't change its name to Eliteserien until 1991, so this is the 1st division in the true sense of the word.

 * Start was only relegated for only one season while Mathisen played (1988), so those other 336 games must be mostly cup (Norwegian and European). The information is from the club's home page.

Bala Garba nationality ?
Norwegian ? According to the links at his profile, he's nigerian.

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title: Talk:IK Start


text:
John Lynch

John Lynch may refer to:

American politicians

 * John Lynch (Maine politician) (1825–1892), U.S. congressman from Maine
 * John Lynch (New Hampshire governor) (born 1952), former governor of U.S. state of New Hampshire, 2005–2013
 * John Lynch (Pennsylvania politician) (1843–1910), U.S. congressman from Pennsylvania
 * John A. Lynch Jr. (born 1938), New Jersey politician, convicted of fraud
 * John A. Lynch Sr. (1908–1978), New Jersey politician
 * John A. Lynch (New York politician), American businessman and politician from New York
 * John C. Lynch, speaker of the California State Assembly
 * John D. Lynch (1883–1963), mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * John R. Lynch (1847–1939), African-American Republican Mississippi politician after the American Civil War
 * John M. Lynch (died 1984), American mayor of Somerville, Massachusetts

Other politicians

 * John Lynch (Australian politician) (1862–1941), member of the Australian House of Representatives, 1914–1919
 * John Lynch (New South Wales politician) (1875–1944), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1907–1913
 * John Lynch (Kerry politician) (1889–1957), Irish Fine Gael party TD for Kerry North, later Senator
 * John Lynch (mayor), mayor of Galway, 1489–90
 * John Óge Lynch, mayor of Galway, 1551–52

Academics and clergy

 * John Lynch (dean of Canterbury) (1697–1760), Anglican priest
 * John Lynch (historian) (1927–2018), historian of the Spanish American revolutions
 * John Lynch (linguist) (1946–2021), professor at the University of the South Pacific in Port Vila, Vanuatu
 * John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius) (1599?–1677), historian and Archdeacon of Tuam
 * John Joseph Lynch (1816–1888), Roman Catholic bishop and archbishop of Toronto
 * John Lynch (archdeacon of Canterbury) (1735–1803), Archdeacon of Canterbury
 * John Lynch (bishop of Elphin), Irish Anglican bishop

Entertainment

 * John Lynch (actor) (born 1961), actor from Northern Ireland
 * Johnny Lynch, Scottish musician
 * John Carroll Lynch (born 1963), American actor

Other

 * John Lynch (American football) (born 1971), former American football safety and broadcaster; current general manager

 * John Lynch (Fenian) (1832–1866), Irish nationalist
 * John Lynch (radio), founder and president of Broadcast Company of the Americas
 * John Lynch (Tyrone Gaelic footballer) (born 1962), former Tyrone Gaelic footballer
 * John Lynch (Roscommon Gaelic footballer) (1933–2019), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * John Lynch (Cork Gaelic footballer) (1890–1930), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * John Lynch (serial killer) (1813–1842), Australian colonial-era serial killer
 * John Lynch (1740–1820), founder of the city of Lynchburg, Virginia

title: John Lynch


text:
User talk:GremlinsBlurbs

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing!

Are the photos linked to from Dollar watch yours? if so, or is they're PD, it would be better to upload them and include them in the article. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:56, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia doesn't use links of the type you added; the 'external links' section is enough. It would be good to have a picture of a dollar watch in the article, though. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:05, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:GremlinsBlurbs


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Musandam Governorate

The Musandam Governorate (مُحَافَظَة مُسَنْدَم) is a governorate of Oman. With the exception of the exclave of Madha, it is located on the Musandam Peninsula, which juts into the Strait of Hormuz, the narrow entry into the Persian Gulf, from the Arabian Peninsula. The governorate is also an exclave, separated from the rest of Oman by the United Arab Emirates. Its location gives Oman partial control, shared with Iran, of the strategic strait. In the northern section of Musandam, around Kumzar, the language is Kumzari, which is a southwestern Iranian language closely related to Larestani and Luri. The Musandam Peninsula has an area of 1800 km2 and, at the 2020 census, a population of 49,062.

Access to the peninsula was formerly difficult, with the only options being limited flights or a ten-hour drive through four immigration posts. The Shinas fast ferry service between Muscat and Musandam was launched in August 2008 to alleviate this problem and make the region more accessible. The governorate is accessible by land only from the United Arab Emirates. Mainland Musandam can be accessed by Ras al-Khaimah near Al-Jeer via Route 2, and an exclave of Sharjah, Dibba Al-Hisn. Oman Air provides an air link between the capital of the country, Muscat, and the main administrative town of the governorate, Khasab.

The area was autonomous under indigenous control but became part of Oman after a British invasion in 1971 to bring it under the control of the Oman regime of Sultan Qaboos, who took power after a British-backed coup against his father.

Provinces
Musandam Governorate consists of four provinces:
 * Khasab, the regional centre of the Governorate
 * Bukha
 * Dibba Al-Bay'ah
 * Madha, itself an exclave, located half-way between the rest of Musandam and Oman proper

The area has great strategic importance owing to its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz. The administrative head of Governorate is governor and minister of state. The current governor is Sayyid Ibrahim bin Said al Busaidy (الـسَّـیِّـد ابراهيم بن سيد بن ابراهيم الْـبُـوسَـعِـيـدي).

Geography
The rugged coastline resembles the glacier-carved coasts of polar regions, but in this case, the coast was shaped by the movement of Earth's crust. The Arabian plate is slowly pushing under the Eurasian plate, creating the earthquake-prone mountains of Iran. On the leading edge of the Arabian plate, the Musandam Peninsula is sinking. The higher elevation mountains remain above the water, but the sea has rushed in to fill the valleys with fingers of water.

title: Musandam Governorate


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Imagination-Island

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 03:23, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Imagination-Island
A small forum of only 100 people as the author describes. Lotsofissues 14:01, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable, forum vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:12, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rubbish. Robinoke 16:14, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Just advertising for another forum. Mgm|(talk) 08:25, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Kišava

Kišava, (Кишава, ) is a village in the municipality of Bitola, North Macedonia. It used to be part of the former municipality of Bistrica.

Demographics and History
Kišava is populated by Muslim Albanian Tosks. From the 1950s onward, people from Kišava began migrating to nearby settlements like Medžitlija or going abroad to other countries for better opportunities.

As of the 2021 census, Kišava had 185 residents with the following ethnic composition:
 * Albanians 169
 * Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 16

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 308 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
 * Albanians 307
 * Macedonians 1

From 1963 onward, Albanians from Kišava migrated to Dandenong, a south-eastern Melbourne suburb in Victoria, Australia. Dandenong is home to a large diaspora from Kišava and various landmarks are named after the village like Dandenong's Albanian mosque, Keshava Reserve, a park honouring Albanian immigration to the area and Keshava Grove, a residential street.

In 2020, some members of the Kišava diaspora from Dandenong organised an ongoing annual festival Takimet e Keshavës (Kišava gathering) in Kišava, and is attended by the diaspora during their summer holidays in the village.

title: Kišava


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Sometimes You Have to Work on Christmas (Sometimes)

Sometimes You Have to Work on Christmas (Sometimes) is the second EP by Harvey Danger. It was released in December 2004 on the band's own label, Phonographic Records. One of the songs is a demo from their next album, Little by Little..., two are different recordings of past songs, and the remaining two are rare songs, released only on special collections in the past.

The title song was originally recorded for Santa's Swingin' Sack, a 1998 CD compiled by Kevin and Bean, a disc jockey team for Los Angeles rock station KROQ.

Though as of mid-2005, this EP was out of print, the band re-released it for the 2005 holiday season.

Track listing

 * 1) "Sometimes You Have to Work on Christmas (Sometimes)" – 5:12
 * 2) "Plague of Locusts" – 3:18
 * 3) "Wine, Women, and Song" (demo from Little By Little...) – 3:27
 * 4) "Pike St./Park Slope" (demo from ''King James Version) – 4:41
 * 5) "Jack the Lion" (live at The Crocodile Cafe, Seattle, 21/4/04; original version on Where Have All The Merrymakers Gone?) – 5:59

Some copies purchased through the band's website were accompanied by a Christmas card signed by members of the band.

Personnel

 * Aaron Huffman — Bass guitar
 * Jeff J. Lin — Guitar, xylophone, organ, horn arrangement, piano, mixing
 * Sean Nelson — Vocals, optigan
 * Evan Sult — drums, sleigh bells
 * Ben Gibbard — Backing vocals
 * Anne Marie Ruljancich — Backing vocals
 * Ken Stringfellow — Backing vocals
 * Geoffrey Bergler — Trumpet
 * Neal Bolter — French horn
 * Charles Butler — Trumpet, piccolo trumpet
 * David Ritt — Trombone
 * John Goodmanson — Production, mixing, bass guitar
 * Ed Brooks — Mastering


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John Henrik Clarke

John Henrik Clarke (born John Henry Clark; January 1, 1915 – July 16, 1998) was an African-American historian, professor, prominent Afrocentrist, and pioneer in the creation of Pan-African and Africana studies and professional institutions in academia starting in the late 1960s.

Early life and education
He was born John Henry Clark on January 1, 1915, in Union Springs, Alabama, the youngest child of John Clark, a sharecropper, and Willie Ella Clark, a washer woman, who died in 1922. ). With the hopes of earning enough money to buy land rather than sharecrop, his family moved to the closest mill town in Columbus, Georgia.

Counter to his mother's wishes for him to become a farmer, Clarke left Georgia in 1933 by freight train and went to Harlem, New York, as part of the Great Migration of rural blacks out of the South to northern cities. There he pursued scholarship and activism. He renamed himself as John Henrik (after rebel Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen) and added an "e" to his surname, spelling it as "Clarke". He also joined the U.S. Army during World War II.

Clarke was heavily influenced by Cheikh Anta Diop, which inspired his piece "The Historical Legacy of Cheikh Anta Diop: His Contributions to a New Concept of African History". Clarke believed that the credited Greek philosophers gained much of their theories and thoughts from contact with Africans, who influenced the early Western world.

Positions in academia
Clarke was a professor of Black and Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College of the City University of New York from 1969 to 1986, where he served as founding chairman of the department. He also was the Carter G. Woodson Distinguished Visiting Professor of African History at Cornell University's Africana Studies and Research Center. Additionally, in 1968 he founded the African Heritage Studies Association and the Black Caucus of the African Studies Association.

In its obituary of Clarke, The New York Times noted that the activist's ascension to professor emeritus at Hunter College was "unusual... without benefit of a high school diploma, let alone a Ph.D." It acknowledged that "nobody said Professor Clarke wasn't an academic original." In 1994, Clarke earned a doctorate from the non-accredited Pacific Western University (now California Miramar University) in Los Angeles, having earned a bachelor's degree there in 1992.

Career
By the 1920s, the Great Migration and demographic changes had led to a concentration of African Americans living in Harlem. A synergy developed among the artists, writers, and musicians and many figured in the Harlem Renaissance. They began to implement supporting structures of study groups and informal workshops to develop newcomers and young people.

Arriving in Harlem at the age of 18 in 1933, Clarke developed as a writer and lecturer during the Great Depression years. He joined study circles such as the Harlem History Club and the Harlem Writers' Workshop. He studied intermittently at New York University, Columbia University, Hunter College, the New School of Social Research and the League for Professional Writers. He was an autodidact whose mentors included the scholar Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. From 1941 to 1945, Clarke served as a non-commissioned officer in the United States Army Air Forces, ultimately attaining the rank of master sergeant.

In the post-World War II era, there was new artistic development, with small presses and magazines being founded and surviving for brief times. Writers and publishers continued to start new enterprises: Clarke was co-founder of the Harlem Quarterly (1949–51), book review editor of the Negro History Bulletin (1948–52), associate editor of the magazine, Freedomways, and a feature writer for the black-owned Pittsburgh Courier.

Clarke taught at the New School for Social Research from 1956 to 1958. Traveling in West Africa in 1958–59, he met Kwame Nkrumah, whom he had mentored as a student in the US, and was offered a job working as a journalist for the Ghana Evening News. He also lectured at the University of Ghana and elsewhere in Africa, including in Nigeria at the University of Ibadan.

Becoming prominent during the Black Power movement in the 1960s, which began to advocate a kind of black nationalism, Clarke advocated for studies of the African-American experience and the place of Africans in world history. He challenged the views of academic historians and helped shift the way African history was studied and taught. Clarke was "a scholar devoted to redressing what he saw as a systematic and racist suppression and distortion of African history by traditional scholars". He accused his detractors of having Eurocentric views. His writing included six scholarly books and many scholarly articles. He also edited anthologies of writing by African-Americans, as well as collections of his own short stories. In addition, Clarke published general interest articles. In one especially heated controversy, he edited and contributed to an anthology of essays by African-Americans attacking the white writer William Styron and his novel, The Confessions of Nat Turner, for his fictional portrayal of the African-American slave known for leading a rebellion in Virginia.

Besides teaching at Hunter College and Cornell University, Clarke founded professional associations to support the study of black culture. He was a founder with Leonard Jeffries and first president of the African Heritage Studies Association, which supported scholars in areas of history, culture, literature, and the arts. He was a founding member of other organizations to support work in black culture: the Black Academy of Arts and Letters and the African-American Scholars' Council.

Personal life
Clarke's first marriage was to the mother of his daughter Lillie (who died before her father). They divorced.

In 1961, Clarke married Eugenia Evans in New York, and together they had a son and daughter: Nzingha Marie and Sonni Kojo. The marriage ended in divorce.

In 1997, John Henrik Clarke married his longtime companion, Sybil Williams. He died of a heart attack on July 16, 1998, at St. Luke's Hospital in New York City. He was buried in Green Acres Cemetery, Columbus, Georgia.

Legacy and honors

 * 1985 – Faculty of the Africana Studies and Research Center at Cornell University named the John Henrik Clarke Library after him.
 * 1995 – Carter G. Woodson Medallion, Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History.
 * 2002 – Molefi Kete Asante listed Dr. John Henrik Clarke as one of his 100 Greatest African Americans.
 * 2011 – Immortal Technique includes a short speech by Dr. Clarke on his album The Martyr. It is Track 13, which is entitled "The Conquerors".

Selected bibliography

 * Editor and contributor, William Styron's Nat Turner: Ten Black Writers Respond (1968) (other contributors are Lerone Bennett Jr., Alvin F. Poussaint, Vincent Harding, John Oliver Killens, John A. Williams, Ernest Kaiser, Loyle Hairston, Charles V. Hamilton, and Mike Thelwell.)
 * Editor and contributor, with the assistance of Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa (1974)
 * The Boy Who Painted Jesus Black (1975)
 * Editor, Malcolm X: Man and His Times (1991), an anthology of the activist's writing
 * Africans at the Crossroads: Notes for an African World Revolution
 * Rebellion in Rhyme: The Early Poetry of John Henrik Clarke
 * New Dimensions in African World History: The London Lectures of Dr. Yosef ben-Jochannan and Dr. John Henrik Clarke
 * Christopher Columbus and the Afrikan Holocaust: Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism
 * African People in World History
 * My Life in Search of Africa
 * Who Betrayed the African World Revolution? And other Speeches
 * Critical Lessons in Slavery and the Slave Trade: Essential Studies and Commentaries on Slavery, in General, and the African Slave Trade, in Particular
 * Ahmed Baba: A Scholar of Old Africa
 * The Image of Africa in the Mind of the Afro-American: African Identity in the Literature of Struggle
 * A New Approach to African History
 * On the Other Side: A Story of the Color Line, Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 9 (September, 1939): 269–270.
 * On the Other Side: A Story of the Color Line, Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 9 (September, 1939): 269–270.

Short stories by John Henrik Clarke

 * "On the Other Side: A Story of the Color Line," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 9 (September, 1939): 269–270.
 * "Leader of the Mob: A Story of the Color Line," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 10 (October, 1939), p. 301-303.
 * "Santa Claus is a White Man: A Story of the Color Line," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 12 (December, 1939), pp. 365–367.
 * "The Boy Who Painted Christ Black: A Short Story," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 18, No. 9 (September, 1940), pp. 264–266.
 * "Prelude to an Education: A Short Story," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 18, No. 11 (November, 1940), pp. 335+
 * "Return to the Inn," The Crisis, Vol. 48, No. 9 (September 1941), pp. 288+
 * "The Bridge," Harlem Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Winter 1949–1950), pp. 2–8.
 * "Return of the Askia," Harlem Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Spring 1950), pp. 45–49.
 * "Journey to Sierra Maestra," Freedomways, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Spring, 1961), pp. 32–35.
 * "The Morning Train to Ibadan," Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 527–530.
 * "Third Class on the Blue Train to Kumasi," Phylon, Vol. 23, 3rd Quarter (Fall, 1962), pp. 294–301.
 * "Revolt of the Angels - A Short Story," Freedomways, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Summer 1963): pp. 355–360.

title: John Henrik Clarke


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Killing Me Softly (Roberta Flack album)

Killing Me Softly is a studio album by American singer-songwriter Roberta Flack, released on August 1, 1973, by Atlantic Records. She recorded the album with producer Joel Dorn for 18 months. The album was dedicated to Rahsaan Roland Kirk.

Killing Me Softly reached number three on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape and number two on the Soul LPs chart. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album gold on August 27, 1973, and double platinum on January 30, 2006, denoting shipments of two million copies in the United States. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Album of the Year, which it lost to Stevie Wonder's 1973 album Innervisions. The album's title track was released as a single and topped the Billboard Hot 100. It won the 1974 Grammy Award for Record of the Year.

Critical reception
Reviewing for the Chicago Tribune in September 1973, Clarence Page said Killing Me Softly has a hit title track and "other potential hits, adding up to one of [Flack's] better albums". John S. Wilson, writing in The New York Times, felt that Flack and producer Joel Dorn "have resisted the pitfalls of overproducing that you would suppose such a long gestation period would induce". Billboard called the record a "delicate, introspective work" by Flack, whom the magazine deemed a "masterful interpreter of clean lyrics fusing a sophisticated pop sound with that dark side of the blues".

Robert Christgau was less impressed in a December 1973 column for Creem, giving Killing Me Softly a "C" while comparing Flack negatively to Jesse Colin Young because she also "always makes you wonder whether she's going to fall asleep before you do". In a retrospective review, The Rolling Stone Album Guide (1992) gave the record two-and-a-half out of five stars and found its music "innocuous". AllMusic's Ron Wynn later gave it four and a half stars, writing that the album "continued in the same tradition as Chapter Two and Quiet Fire", featuring "simmering ballads, declarative message songs, and better-than-average up-tempo numbers".

Record World called the single "Jesse" a "gorgeous Janis Ian tune reportedly dedicated to Rev. Jesse Jackson [that is] impeccably produced by Joel Dorn." "Jesse", the follow-up single to the title track, reached #30 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Track listing

 * 1) "Killing Me Softly with His Song" (Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel) - 4:49
 * 2) "Jesse" (Janis Ian) - 4:03
 * 3) "No Tears (In the End)" (Ralph MacDonald, William Salter) - 4:56
 * 4) "I'm the Girl" (James Alan Shelton) - 4:55
 * 5) "River" (Gene McDaniels) - 5:03
 * 6) "Conversation Love" (Terry Plumeri, Bill Seighman) - 3:43
 * 7) "When You Smile" (Ralph MacDonald, William Salter) - 3:44
 * 8) "Suzanne" (Leonard Cohen) - 9:44

Personnel
Credits are adapted from AllMusic.

 * Roberta Flack – vocals, pianos, rhythm track arrangements
 * Eric Gale – guitars
 * Ron Carter – bass
 * Grady Tate – drums
 * Ralph MacDonald – congas, percussion, tambourine
 * Kermit Moore – cello (4), cello arrangements (4)
 * Eumir Deodato – string arrangements and conductor (2, 8)
 * Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis – brass arrangements and conductor (3)
 * William Eaton – horn arrangements (5, 7)
 * Don Sebesky – horn and string arrangements (6), conductor (6)

Production
 * Joel Dorn – producer
 * Jack Shaw – associate producer
 * Gene Paul – engineer and remix (1)
 * Bob Liftin – engineer and remix (2-8)
 * Barry Diament – mastering
 * Shorewood Graphics – design concept
 * Rod Dyer – design
 * Burt Goldblatt – backliner photography
 * David Redfern – inside photography

title: Killing Me Softly (Roberta Flack album)