text:
Talk:Leon Kass

Quotes
All of the quotes, except for the last one, have no citation. Where do they come from? Provide sources or they will be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.38.89.17 (talk) 04:03, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Leo Strauss
I think it's inappropriate to refer to Kass as a Straussian. In an interview with The American Enterprise magazine, he said that he never met Strauss during his studies at Chicago and has only read "a couple of his books."--Denysmonroe81 (talk) 20:56, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

unsigned comment
I suppose that this is fair, but Leon Kass probably should be more thoroughly written on than this. I believe he is one of the most evil men currently alive in America. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.211.231.145 (talk) 16:34, April 9, 2005. Why do you think this? What at all is evil about the man? He is one of the most upright people I have ever met. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.50.4.92 (talk) 03:56, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Disputed
Pastricide is correct on Kass's position both on stem cell lines and IVF. While it is fair to say that Kass generally falls into a conservative (or neo-conservative) position, he does not do so in knee-jerk fashion, nor does he do it without argument. Ironic that the writer below offered a link to "the wisdom of repugnance" article, which gives an extended argument against cloning, and then derides Kass for not giving arguments for his position.--Noesis 02:59, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

It's my understanding that Kass supported President Bush's 2001 compromise permitting research on existing stem cell lines, so he is not opposed to embryonic research outright. One can argue that the compromise is too restrictive, but Kass does not have an absolutist stance on this issue. Also, while it is true that he once wrote arguments against IVF, since 1979 he has generally been supportive of it since the procedure has not proven to be dangerous to the mothers who have used it. Someone more technologically savvy than me may want to verify this and cite sources so that we have the facts straight. --Pastricide 01:59, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Offer links to his articles "the wisdom of repugnance" [] and "the end of courtship" []. He is still highly intolerant of any technological "interference" with the "natural" human reproductive proccess and its clear from the articles above that he would be happy to get rid of all the technologies introduced over the last 30 years. The man wears his conservatism as a red badge of courage and insists on not having to give actual arguments for his positions. And its innane.

So, can we remove the warning now? Let's hear an opinion from someone who doesn't hate Kass. Dan 04:00, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

I put back the ice cream quote, the full sentence this time, after Noesis deleted it...It is sufficiently out of the mainstream, and Leon Kass is a sufficiently highly regarded person, to warrant it being in this article.--Zaorish 20:49, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * What about the other deletion? I think my last version of the Babel lecture expresses his view fairly, and he literally keeps giving that lecture word for word -- seems like he considers it important. Dan 18:32, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Other than that deletion, I don't think there's much controversial about this article. I do, however, think it needs some added material. So, I replaced the NPOV tag with a Stub tag. I (Cheesusfreak (talk) 10:47, 20 January 2011 (UTC)) have rejigged the icecream section. I had 2 small objections. 1st Pinker isn't 'of the New Republic'. That's just where the article was published. 2nd. the phrase 'The implication was that..', which I cut, is (was) another editor's interpretation of the thrust of the article. The argument Pinker developed wasn't (imho) predicated on Kass's view of ice cream eating: it was about human autonomy. Hope it's OK.

Needed items:

 * Kass' views on "being my brother's keeper" and "being my (foolish) brother's keeper"
 * Kass' definition of and thoughts on compassion (ie, that demanding compassion kills it)
 * Views on feminine virtue/modesty/courtship
 * Views on abortion
 * Views on marriage

Dan mentioned articles relevant to these topics, I will add them. --Zaorish 22:49, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think someone else did that. But yes, that sounds appropriate. Dan 18:32, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

The quote on not eating ice cream in public is not representative of any important elements in Kass's overall philosophic or political philosophies. It is also out of context. Hence my removal. --Noesis 01:22, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Score-

Keep ice cream quote: 1 Lose ice cream quote: 1 Though I don't totally agree with you, Noesis, I see your point, and I propose a compromise: Let's put the qutoe into a "Trivia" section.

Also, Noesis, since you seem to know about Kass' overall philosophy, please add that knowledge to the article. It's ok if you dont have sources now, you can add them later when you get the chance.

--Zaorish 01:38, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

I came here precisely because I was puzzled by the inclusion of the Steven Pinker material. Undoubtedly there are a number of positions on which one might wish to take issue with Kass or with any other subject of an article, but this criticism appears to be inserted for no particularly good reason save that Kass has taken a position against the grain of contemporary mores. But clearly Pinker, and now Wikipedia, has seized on this quote precisely in order to hold Kass up to ridicule. On that ground alone I'd edit the section out. In addition, though, the section sticks out as basically a condemnation and literally a "last word" on the subject, as there is no attempt to assess Pinker's argument (unlike the pro/con discussions earlier in the article). And finally, the section title, "Reception," suggests that Pinker represents the entire intellectual or critical reaction to Kass's work. So, the section ought to be, in my opinion, either much enlarged or, pending that work, removed.Italtrav (talk) 17:20, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Fleshing out Kass' worldview
Dan, if you believe that his tower of babel essay is an important part of his philosophy, go ahead and summarize it in the article.--Zaorish 23:54, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

TO ALL: I have added a bunch of basic social views of Kass from the "End of Courtship" essay that some Anonymous-san so nicely provided. TO NOESIS: Don't delete it without making an argument and listening to responses first.

Noesis, because you have made it clear to me twice that you are very well versed in Kass' ideas and philosophy, I encourage you again to add your knowledge to the article. --Zaorish 01:55, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

About the "Wisdom of Repugnance"
I can see how George Bush and many in his administration use this argument, but it is Not proven in the existing state of the article that Kass does. In fact, he seems to base arguments like his abotu the destiny of women on what is "natural," not on what is evil or disturbing.

I will delete the reference unless some people defend it well. --Zaorish 02:20, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know if I follow you. Kass invented the term, didn't he? Seems like if anything, you'd want to edit the Wisdom of repugnance article to reflect the man's views as you see them. Dan 05:40, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

I didn't know that he invented the term. I want the truth. If he did, call me a monkey's uncle, I'm wrong. I'm checking the other article now.--Zaorish 01:54, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

..Came back, and you are right, apparently he invented the term. Thanks for this small bit of enlightenment. ; )--Zaorish 01:57, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Courtship, Birth Control, and Eating
Zoarish fails to understand that Kass frequently fleshes out what are the apparent sacrifices modern society makes with regard to new technologies, such as birth control. But this doesn't mean essays like "The End of Courtship" are necessarily "attacking" said technologies. Kass's general technique, both in writing and on the Council for Bioethics, is to question the consequences of modern assumptions, especially with regard to technology. For example, even though he regards public funding of stem-cell technology questionable, he never called for an outright ban.

In true philosophic and phenomenological spirit, Kass tries to get to the bottom of our assumptions about eating in "The Hungry Soul." This means that all assertions he makes need to be taken in the context of a larger philosophic examination, not simply as statements out of context, no matter how "trivial."

Zoarish needs to relax and read Kass in context. Hence I am deleting all references out of context and attempts to "summarize" his position without understanding Kass's attempts to describe instead of attack and mediate instead of deny by righteous indignation. Let's be fair to Dr. Kass, please. If this requires us to stamp the article disputed, so be it. --Noesis 03:00, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Can we have more of a controversy section, please? I think this luddite is basically the devil for atheists. He represents to me everything that is cowardly and weak about the fear and "revulsion" humans feel toward the big, scary unknown. The fact that someone like this has any power is a tragedy for science and progress. -Ryan — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.122.133.157 (talk) 19:22, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I won't dispute the article until I see what's not neutral. I encourage you to make the edit yourself.
 * Noesis, you too have the power to go into the history and bring back certain things. Just click the "history" tab, go find an older version with my (or someone else's) name on it, and replace it.
 * --Zaorish 03:29, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Noesis, you too have the power to go into the history and bring back certain things. Just click the "history" tab, go find an older version with my (or someone else's) name on it, and replace it.
 * --Zaorish 03:29, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * If you still find the context inadequate, please explain why here. Dan 04:19, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

The "ice-cream" quote is worth keeping, but it is worth getting right. The version currently on the page has two errors when compared to the version in his book:

error 1) "...those who know eating in public is offensive" should read "those who know why eating in public is offensive," i.e. add "why" after "know". error 2) "It beckons enslavement..." should read "It betokens enslavement...". "Beckons" never made any sense there, and makes Kass look illiterate.

The trouble with the second error (i.e. "beckons" for "betokens") is that Pinker created it and propagated it through his New Republic article. So quoting Kass correctly requires quoting Pinker incorrectly, or vice versa. Perhaps put a note to this effect? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.127.161.164 (talk) 19:05, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not advocacy journalism.
This entire article past the introductory paragraph reads like advocacy journalism, which is specifically against Biographies_of_living_persons. Specifically, reliable and neutral third party sources should be predominant; much of this article quotes the subject's own writings. The writing style should be neutral, factual, and understated, avoiding both a sympathetic point of view and an advocacy journalism point of view. -- Trevyn 00:09, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Almost all of the text in the "Philosophical influences" section was deleted because it discussed the views of Strauss and Jonas, not Kass. I don't know if this text was WP:OR or not; if not, it could be placed in the articles on Strauss and Jonas, if it's not already there. Also, the only WP:Verifiable connection between Kass and The New Atlantis that I could find is that he wrote a few articles for them, hardly evidence of an "influence". The New Atlantis "about us" mentions Eric Cohen as the founder, and does not mention Kass at all. -- Trevyn 18:07, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Reworked "Bioethics views" section and added references. Kass' notability is primarily due to his career as a bioethicist. As such, encyclopedic coverage of his views should be restricted to this field. His views on marriage and the behavior and virtues of women have as much relevance as his views on pizza toppings. Reproductive issues are relevant, and have been merged into "Bioethics views". Cleanup complete, inappropriate tone template removed. -- Trevyn 04:56, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If you saw the earlier version as advocacy journalism, please explain what point of view you think it advocated. Those "reproductive issues" and his views on marriage, women and sex appear to form a seamless whole in his writings. We tried (by request) to present a coherent picture of the man's worldview. By contrast, the current version basically contains a someone else move this to Wikiquote section; it gives quotations with no context and makes no attempt to tie them into his career. It says not one word about the attitude towards technology that informs his work according to his Babel lecture (where he decides to "step back from the urgency of contemporary issues to reflect on their deeper and enduring roots: the meaning of our devotion to technology, and especially its relation to the universal humanistic dream.") Dan 18:53, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * (The "influences" text you removed does seem borderline irrelevant, and for all I know false.) Dan 22:55, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I restored the relevant text. If you like, we could add that many liberals find these views of Kass notable and give examples like this one. Dan 00:56, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it advocates the point of view that Kass is not a loon, and that his views have encyclopedic merit. Seriously, it sounds amateurish, like one of his students writing a précis of one of Kass' lectures without a critical eye. I understand that Kass is a controversial man with controversial views, but this is exactly what we need to get across, not a paraphrasing of his writings. Again, from Biographies_of_living_persons, "badly written biographies of living persons should be stubbed or deleted. The article should document, in a non-partisan manner, what reliable third party sources have published about the subject and, in some circumstances, what the subject may have published about themselves." Note that the text in question is not Kass writing about himself. I may be open to the idea of including information from the "views on women" section, but we need reliable third parties writing about Kass. I don't think a blog post counts. —Trevyn 23:25, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess I don't see the point of this supposed policy in a case where he clearly considers these views relevant to his own positions. And I don't know what made you think it "advocates the point of view that Kass is not a loon," unless you think writing about him gives the chair of the President's Council on Bioethics added credibility. He sounds like a fucking 9/11 hijacker. And it doesn't count as anti-Kass advocacy journalism because he apparently sees no problem with attacking the basic premise of America. (Nor does he consider it incidental to his work, according to the Babel quote, which of course explains why I included it in the first place.) Dan 01:19, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

- A "9/11 hijacker"? I don't know you, or this forum very well. But I know Dr. Kass. I do not agree with many of his views, but he is one of the most thoughtful and wise men I have known. I am proud to have called him a mentor, many years ago. His depth of thought and sincere dedication to his fellow human beings, so apparent to those of us who have struggled through Rousseau or Aristotle or Genesis with him, deserves more than this, especially in such a respected forum. Incidentally, say what you will about his thoughts on women and their "rightful" place, only one professor on the U of C campus routinely gets more accolades than he: his wife. 162.119.232.109 10:03, 26 October 2006 (UTC)HB. Sacramento. 03:00 10/26/06

 * How nice for you. I wrote that in response to a curious charge relating to the article. If you have a comment relating to the article, please post it here. (Do you think the article shows favoritism towards Kass, or misrepresents his views?) If you want to discuss Kass himself or my language or anything except this article, you know where to find my talk page. Dan 00:11, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

- I am sorry to have commented inappropriately. Frankly, I have never done anything like this before, as should be obvious. I don't know if I should even be writing this here. Since you asked my opinion, I don't think that you intentionally misrepresent Kass, but you are just simplistic. (remainder cut by Dan on 3 Nov) 64.160.117.34 10:31, 1 November 2006 (UTC)HB

 * I'd like to move this text to my talk page and respond there. But first: if you think some change would improve the article, please say so. You can suggest a change here or be bold and edit the article yourself. Dan 17:28, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Im not bold. I don't feel right in trying to edit or redact a forum in which I am not even a user. Plus, I am too influenced by K. to give him a fair shake on an online encyclopeia. Having said that, I do know something of his work, and would submit to you the following suggestions concerning the bioethics section (I'm a dabbler in that) to take or leave as you and the other writers see fit: You may want to start the section by establishing that K. is distrustful of many (not all) aspects, or sequelae, of enlightenment thought and modernity. These include the following notions: 1. That human beings are merely the sum total of biological processes. 2. That science and cartesian thought can get to the bottom of what is ultimately mysterious concerning humanity (hence the drive toward a more "NATURAL" science, that is a science more in tune with our "true" nature-as understood through a certain reading of the western cannon-see leo strauss, Jonas, Genesis, Roussuea's Discourse on the Origins of Inequality and on the Sciences and the Arts, and others-the babel lecture is a good example of that). This, to him, comes at the price of human dignity. 3. That unchecked technical and scientific manipulation of the world (and of ourselves) for our own "perceived" good should be strived for at all costs. I acknowledge that these are not the only things to be concluded from the enlightenment and modernity, but I think that these larger trends hold special sway for K. The text points to these notions in some way or another, but doesn't really state them outright and coherently. I think that much of his concptualization biomedical ethics revolves around tackling these issues, whether in the context of cloning, test tube babies, stem cell reseach, or issues concerning human longeity and death. Also, I think that K. stops short from making an arguement for the existence of God (I have not read the Genesis book, however)as the texts seems to imply with the Arguement from Morality reference. I could be wrong about this, but the writers needs to find where K. makes that arguement, and reference it. Finally, I think that there are far more representative and insight-providing quotations from The Hungry Soul than the ice cream reference (please don't make me find my copy of the book, long since lost). This is K. kind-of at his worst. Like him or not, he is a serious and sober thinker, and not just a (harumf!) crumudgeon. Thanks for listening, and I will follow any other conversation regarding this on Dan's talk page. 69.111.110.138 21:29, 3 November 2006 (UTC)HB
 * The article says he makes another argument related to that theological claim -- he doesn't try to prove God's existence, but he does argue in the quoted sentence that reason cannot provide morality. Part of the argument from morality article addresses this claim. I'll have to think about the rest of this as it relates to K's entry. Your cut text will appear on my talk page in a bit, once I finish my response. Dan 22:53, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

skewed?
-Please excuse if this is not proper usage of the talk pages, but i also believe the article has been slightly skewed. Granted, with people believing the man is inherently evil, objectivity is a bit hard to come by, but the views he presents are not so.. what's the word.. extremist? as the article makes it sound. My main concern in writing this is the quotes section and his views on women. Taken from his essay "The End of Courtship":
 * "The supreme virtue of the virtuous woman was modesty, a form of sexual self-control, manifested not only in chastity but in decorous dress and manner, speech and deed, and in reticence in the display of her well-banked affections. A virtue, as it were, made for courtship, it served simultaneously as a source of attraction and a spur to manly ardor, a guard against a woman's own desires, as well as a defense against unworthy suitors. A fine woman understood that giving her body (in earlier times, even her kiss) meant giving her heart, which was too precious to be bestowed on anyone who would not prove himself worthy, at the very least by pledging himself in marriage to be her defender and lover forever."

Now, i know the first part of this quote is in the article, but taken out of context, the view presented is very different. i wouldn't be surprised if this is how most of the quotes appear. I do not have the experience to edit an encyclopedia entry myself, and though i do not personally agree with some of what he concludes, i do believe the whole argument should be present when any part of it is. For that reason, i think, the issue of advocacy was raised. I don't mean to offend anyone, i only wish for a more objective view of the man's presentation. nemuru :3 22:41, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you really think the rest of the quote contains an argument? It certainly doesn't change what he advocates, so I don't know what you mean by "very different". Looking to see what the second and third sentences add to his claim, I find an unsupported psychological assertion couched in vague language and attributed to "a fine woman" at some unspecified point in the past, so that he can disavow it when we present contrary evidence. The article cuts that bit in favor of another vague assertion that Kass at least seems to take responsibility for and applies to all women instead of just "fine" ones. Dan 06:57, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Slightly skewed would be a massive understatement, this reads more like a CV put out by Kass's own people. The article is so devoid of criticism of Kass and his close relationships to the Bush administration and Neo-Cons that it is worthless.  I personally would love to add a bit more balance to this, but it is my guess that the entry is highly managed by his supporters and any criticism would be deleted, despite confirming to Wikipedia rules. Rober1236jua (talk) 12:33, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Can we have more of a controversy section, please? I think this luddite is basically the devil for atheists. He represents to me everything that is cowardly and weak about the fear and "revulsion" humans feel toward the big, scary unknown. The fact that someone like this has any power is a tragedy for science and progress. -Ryan — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.122.133.157 (talk) 19:22, 6 June 2011 (UTC) Moving this here to directly address Kass' biggest fan. I fail to see how his worldview has any depth whatsoever... his biggest concern, dignity, is simply concern with appearances and emotions, and not with thinking. In any case, while I appreciate that the controversy section makes him seem like a total nutcase, could we have some serious issues addressed there? I certainly find his opposition to ice cream cones to be annoying, and perhaps even symbolic of his "ban first, ask questions later" attitude in general, but I think we can all agree that the "cone issue" is of no significance whatsoever. -Ryan The more I read about this guy, the more "grotesque" he seems to me. I am reading "The Wisdom of Revulsion" at this moment, and the lack of care with which he throws out his observation that words like "revolting" "grotesque" and "disgusting" are the most frequent words he hears to describe human cloning is offensive to me as a scientist. The fact that he surrounds himself with people who feel this way didn't even cross his mind. He goes on to cite several forms of "harm" that one can do to a child before their conception, including allowing them to be "a bastard." Do people still use that term with seriousness anymore?! I am not sure which would prompt me to have more loathing for Kass: being a clone, being "a bastard," or just being myself.

Uh...not sure what you meant by that Ryan. Are you a cloned bastard? Can't quite wrap my head around that one. Sounds like you find his arguement repugnant and are taking it a bit personally. But doesn't that fit with his worldview that "appearances and emotions" are as an essential part of human nature as reason? The devil for athiests. If there is no god than surely there can be no devil. Certainly this arguement must come from appearances and emotions and not thinking either. Im not a person who thinks that the dignity and wisdom of repugnance concepts offer a complete view of human moral and ethical decision making, but the responses on these pages suggest to me that those writing this article are by no means without extreme bias, and that their own repugnance is the source of this vindictive portal. He has worked and thought hard to make his contribution to the discussion. Right or wrong, he has been taken seriously enough to be part of policy formation. You may not agree with him, but you have chosen to publicly destroy him. The man has been called the devil, a luddite, the most evil man in america, a 9/11 hijacker. When will you people get over the fact that you are in no position to offer any formal opinion on the matter in any public forum without abandoning the rational positions you so self-righteously proport to claim? Shame on you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.79.152.15 (talk) 22:46, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

Quote section?
Kass has some revealing, or at least provocative quotes

Kass wrote, “the finitude of human life is a blessing for every human individual, whether he knows it or not” (Kass 2004, p. 311) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.122.203.207 (talk) 01:38, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

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Lede edit
Quick note, because I neglected to capture it in the edit summary, but I've removed reference to his time as chairman of the President's Council on Bioethics as being "controversial," per WP:WORDS. His time there is thoroughly elaborated in the article body.  The Blue Canoe  23:29, 24 June 2020 (UTC)

Description of years teaching at St. John's College
It is not accurate to say that he taught in the Great Books program as well as in-depth studies of Aristotle's De Anima and Nicomachean Ethics and Darwin's On the Origin of Species. The Aristotle and Darwin works cited are in the College's Great Books curriculum. I suspect the in-depth studies refer to the school's sole electives -- what are called preceptorials where more time is spent on a selected (by teacher and student) work. Not worth getting into the arcana of the College's curriculum, but sentence should be re-written so as not to misrepresent that curriculum. (Yes, I'm an alumna.) Bertandherb (talk) 23:19, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leon Kass


text:
Malta at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Malta competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States.

Archery

 * Women's individual
 * Joanna Agius — 2240 points (41st place)

Athletics
Women's Javelin Throw
 * Jennifer Pace
 * Qualification — 47.92m (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Malta at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
USS San Diego (LPD-22)

USS San Diego (LPD-22), a San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock, is the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for San Diego, California.

Ship's name
Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England named the San Diego on 30 April 2004: San Diego is home to a large number of the Pacific Fleet's ships. For decades our nation's sailors and Marines have begun their service to America at boot camps in San Diego. Thousands of military families and veterans have fallen in love with the area, and are fortunate enough to live and work in San Diego. USS San Diego will project American power to the far corners of the earth and support the cause of freedom well into the 21st century. The city is the home of Naval Base San Diego, the Navy's largest base in the Pacific, and Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, the United States Marine Corps' west coast recruit training center.

San Diego keel was laid down on 23 May 2007, at Northrop Grumman's Ingalls shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched on 7 May 2010, and christened on 12 June, sponsored by Linda Winter, wife of former Navy Secretary Donald C. Winter.

On 1 October 2011, it was announced that San Diego had completed her builders trials, including tests of her defensive, communications, propulsion, and other auxiliary systems, leaving only the repair of issues that arose in the builders trials and thereafter Navy Acceptance Trials before delivery. Her acceptance trials were completed on 17 November, ahead of her delivery to the Navy on 19 December.

Commissioning
San Diego departed Pascagoula on 15 March 2012 and arrived at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on 19 March for a three-day layover on her way to San Diego. San Diego passed through the Panama Canal on 25 March. She arrived in San Diego on 6 April. San Diego was commissioned on 19 May 2012, in a ceremony at the Navy Pier (next to the USS Midway Museum) in San Diego.

Operational history
In late 2014, San Diego operated with the USS Makin Island (LHD-8) Amphibious ready group in the United States Fifth Fleet area.

Coronavirus pandemic
On, The San Diego Union-Tribune reported that sailors of San Diego had stated, on condition of anonymity, that at least five sailors from their ship had tested positive for COVID-19 during the preceding few days. The sailors had been interviewed by the Union-Tribune presumably regarding a fire aboard nearby amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6). In response, a Navy spokesperson confirmed that two sailors who were part of the firefighting effort had tested positive for the virus.

The two sailors had shown symptoms of the disease. One was part of a crew fighting the fire, and the other had been acting as support. One sailor who fought in the fire stated that the fire had destroyed much of Bonhomme Richard's firefighting gear, so the gear of nearby ships, including that of San Diego, was being used, and sailors fighting the fire often swapped gear with each other. In addition, 27 close contacts had been identified and placed in quarantine.

title: USS San Diego (LPD-22)


text:
Richard J. Evans

Sir Richard John Evans (born September 29, 1947) is a British historian of 19th- and 20th-century Europe with a focus on Germany. He is the author of eighteen books, including his three-volume The Third Reich Trilogy (2003–2008). Evans was Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge from 2008 until he retired in 2014, and President of Cambridge's Wolfson College from 2010 to 2017. He has been Provost of Gresham College in London since 2014. Evans was appointed Knight Bachelor for services to scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours.

Early life and education
Richard Evans was born at Woodford, Essex, to Ieuan Trefor Evans and Evelyn (Jones) Evans, who both came from Wales. He was educated at Forest School, Jesus College, Oxford (MA), and St Antony's College, Oxford (DPhil). In a 2004 interview, he stated that frequent visits to Wales during his childhood inspired both an interest in history and a sense of "otherness". He said one reason that he was drawn to the study of modern German history in the late 1960s was his identification of parallels between the Vietnam War and German imperialism. He admired the work of Fritz Fischer, whom he credits with inspiring him to study modern German history.

Historian of Germany
Evans first established his academic reputation with his publications on the German Empire. In the early 1970s, Evans travelled to Germany to research his dissertation, a study of the feminist movement in Germany in the first half of the 20th century. It was later published as The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894–1933 in 1976. Evans followed his study of German feminism by another book, The Feminists (1977), which traced the history of the feminist movement in North America, Australasia and Europe from 1840 to 1920.

A theme of both books was the weakness of German middle-class culture and its susceptibility to the appeal of nationalism. Evans argued that both liberalism and feminism failed in Germany for those reasons despite flourishing elsewhere in the Western world.

Evans' main interest is social history, and he is much influenced by the Annales school. He largely agrees with Fischer that 19th-century German social development paved the way for the rise of the Third Reich, but Evans takes pains to point out that many other possibilities could have happened. For Evans, the values of the 19th-century German middle class contained the already germinating seeds of National Socialism.

Evans studied under Fischer in Hamburg in 1970 and 1971 but came to disagree with the "Bielefeld School" of historians, who argued for the Sonderweg thesis that saw the roots of Germany's political development in the first half of the 20th century in a "failed bourgeois revolution" in 1848. Following a contemporary trend that opposed the previous "great man" theory of history, Evans was a member of a group of young British historians who in the 1970s sought to examine German history during the German Empire "from below". These scholars highlighted "the importance of the grass-roots of politics and the everyday life and experience of ordinary people". "History is about people, and their relationships. It's about the perennial question of 'how much free will do people have in building their own lives, and making a future", Evans has said. He says he supported the creation of a "new school of people's history", which was a result of a trend that "has taken place across a whole range of historical subjects, political opinions, and methodological approaches and has been expressed in many different ways".

In 1978, as editor of a collection of essays by young British historians entitled Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany, he launched a critique of the 'top-down' approach of the Bielefeld School associated with Hans-Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka regarding Wilhelmine Germany. With the historians Geoff Eley and David Blackbourn, Evans instead emphasized the "self-mobilization from below" of key sociopolitical groups, as well as the modernity of National Socialism. In the 1980s, Evans organized ten international workshops on modern German social history at the University of East Anglia that did a good deal to refine these ideas, to pioneer research in this new historical field and, in six collections of papers, present it to an Anglophone readership.

Among Evans' major research works are Death in Hamburg (1987), a study of class conflict and liberal government in 19th-century Germany using the example of Hamburg’s cholera epidemics and applying statistical methods to the exploration of social inequality in an industrializing society, and Rituals of Retribution (1996), a study of capital punishment in German history applying structural anthropological concepts to the rituals of public execution up to the mid-19th century and exploring the politics of the death penalty until its abolition by East Germany in 1987.

In Death in Hamburg, Evans studied the cholera outbreak in Hamburg in 1892, which he concluded was caused by a failure in the medical system to safeguard against such an event. Another study in German social history was Tales from the German Underworld (1998), where Evans traced the life stories of four German criminals in the late 19th century, namely a homeless woman, a forger, a prostitute and a conman.

In Rituals of Retribution, Evans traced the history of capital punishment in Germany, and using the ideas of Michel Foucault, Philippe Ariès and Norbert Elias as his guide argued that opposition to the death penalty was strongest when liberalism was in the ascendancy, and support for capital punishment coincided when the right was in the ascendancy. Thus, in Evans' view, capital punishment in Germany was never a mere matter of law being disinterestedly applied but was rather a form of state power being exercised.

In addition, Evans examined such subjects as belief in witchcraft, torture, the last words of the executed, the psychology of mobs, varying forms of execution from the Thirty Years War to the 1980s, profiles of executioners, cruelty, and changing views towards the death penalty.

In the 1980s, Evans was a conspicuous figure in the Historikerstreit, a controversy surrounding the historical work and theories of German historians Ernst Nolte, Joachim Fest, Andreas Hillgruber, Michael Stürmer, Hagen Schulze, Imanuel Geiss and Klaus Hildebrand, all of whom Evans considered German apologists attempting to white-wash the German past. Evans' views on the Historikerstreit were set forth in his 1989 book, In Hitler's Shadow. In that book, Evans took issue with Nolte's acceptance of the Commissar Order as a legitimate military order; with Nolte's argument that the Einsatzgruppen massacres of Ukrainian Jews were a justifiable "preventive security" response to Soviet partisan attacks; his description (citing Viktor Suvorov) of Operation Barbarossa as a "preventative war" forced on Hitler by an impending Soviet attack; and his complaints that much scholarship on the Shoah expressed the views of "biased" Jewish historians.

Evans characterized Nolte's statements as crossing the line into Holocaust denial and he singled out Nolte's rationalization that since the victors write history, the only reason why the Third Reich is seen as evil is because it lost the war.

Evans also denounced, as an attempt to justify the Holocaust, Nolte's claim that Chaim Weizmann's letter of 3 September 1939 to Neville Chamberlain, promising that the Jewish Agency would support the war effort constituted "Jewish declaration of war" on Germany that justified the pre-emptive internment of Jews in concentration camps.

In his 1989 book, In Hitler's Shadow, Evans also criticised the intentionalist theories of Hillgruber and Hildebrand. and criticized Stürmer's excessive focus on political history and overlooking of social conditions, as a regression to the outmoded great man theory of history. For his part Evans praised Sir Ian Kershaw, who wrote that "The road to Auschwitz was built by hate, but paved with indifference". (It was Evans who first suggested to Kershaw that he undertake to write a biography of Adolf Hitler. )

Evans' In Defence of History defends the discipline of history against postmodernist skepticism of its value. The limitations of our ability to understand and learn from the past notwithstanding, it is still possible, he argues, to reconstruct past events. Evans suggests that the spread in the 1980s and 1990s of post-modernist theories, which declare that history is solely the construct of the historian and depict the rationalist tradition of the West as a form of oppression, was not necessarily left-wing or progressive, for by denying the possibility of accessing past facts, it had also done much to increase the appeal of Holocaust denial.

Role as an expert witness in Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt
Evans is probably best known to the general public in the role of an expert witness for the defence in the high-profile libel case of David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt in 2000, Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt. Lipstadt was sued for libel by Irving, after she referred to him as a "Holocaust denier" and "an ardent follower of Adolf Hitler" in her 1993 book, Denying the Holocaust. Lipstadt further accused Irving of "distorting evidence and manipulating documents to serve his own purposes...[as well as] skewing documents and misrepresenting data in order to reach historically untenable conclusions, particularly those that exonerate Hitler."

Evans acted as an expert witness for the defence in the case. Starting in the autumn of 1997, Evans, along with Thomas Skelton-Robinson and Nik Wachsmann, two of his PhD students, closely examined Irving's work. They found instances in which he had used forged documents, disregarded contrary evidence, selectively quoted historical documents out of context, and mis-cited historical records, thus misrepresenting historical evidence in order to support his prejudices. Evans subsequently proved to be a powerful witness in Lipstadt's ultimately successful defence. In his expert witness report he wrote:

"Not one of [Irving's] books, speeches or articles, not one paragraph, not one sentence in any of them, can be taken on trust as an accurate representation of its historical subject. All of them are completely worthless as history, because Irving cannot be trusted anywhere, in any of them, to give a reliable account of what he is talking or writing about. ... if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past, and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible, then Irving is not a historian."

The cross-examination of Evans by Irving was noted for the high degree of personal dislike between the two men. Such was the degree of dislike that Irving challenged Evans on very minor points, such as Evans doubting the fairness of a 1936 German election in which the Nazi Party (the only legal political party in Germany at the time) received 98.8% of the vote (in a rigged election). A subject that drew Irving and Evans deep into debate was a memo by the Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Lammers to the Reich Justice Minister Franz Schlegelberger in which Lammers wrote that Hitler ordered him to put the "Jewish Question" on the "back-burner" until after the war. Evans chose to accept the interpretation of the memo put forward by Eberhard Jäckel in the 1970s; Irving chose to interpret the memo literally and taunted Evans by saying, "It is a terrible problem, is it not that we are faced with this tantalizing plate of crumbs and morsels of what should have provided the final smoking gun, and nowhere the whole way through the archives do we find even one item that we do not have to interpret or read between the lines of, but we do have in the same chain of evidence documents which ... quite clearly specifically show Hitler intervening in the other sense?"

In response, Evans stated, "No, I do not accept that at all. It is because you want to interpret euphemisms as being literal, and that is what the whole problem is. Every time there is a euphemism, Mr. Irving ... or a camouflage piece of statement or language about Madagascar, you want to treat it as the literal truth, because it serves your purpose of trying to exculpate Hitler. That is part of ... the way you manipulate and distort the documents."

In a 2001 interview, Evans described to the Canadian columnist Robert Fulford his impression of Irving after being cross-examined by him as: "He [Irving] was a bit like a dim student who didn't listen. If he didn't get the answer he wanted, he just repeated the question."

His findings and his account of the trial were published in his 2001 book Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial, which was published as Telling Lies About Hitler in the United States in 2002. The High Court rejected Irving's libel suit and awarded costs to the defence.

Evans' involvement in the trial was included in the 2016 film Denial, in which he was played by British actor John Sessions.

The Third Reich Trilogy
Between 2003 and 2008, Evans published a three-volume history of the Third Reich. Drawing on years of experience as a leading scholar of German history, Evans produced what some historians call the most extensive and comprehensive history of the rise and fall of Hitler's regime ever produced by a single scholar. Reviewer Peter Mansoor says, "The Third Reich at War is a superb piece of scholarship that is likely to emerge as the definitive account of life and death inside Hitler's blood soaked Third Reich." Robert Citino says, "Read together, the three volumes constitute a remarkably comprehensive treatment of the origins, course, and death of the Hitler regime, and are likely to be standard works for a long time to come." Ed Ericson says: "Evans masterfully interweaves testimony that has come to light in the intervening decades with learned judgments from hundreds of authors to create a balanced and thoughtful narrative. This book, therefore, will assuredly become the definitive work on The Third Reich at War."

The first volume, The Coming of the Third Reich: How the Nazis Destroyed Democracy and Seized Power in Germany (published by Penguin in 2003), shows how a country torn apart by the First World War, the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation and the Great Depression moved towards an increasingly authoritarian solution. The book explains in detail Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 and how the Nazis transformed Germany into a one party dictatorship. The first volume featured highly favourable words of praise from Evans's friend Ian Kershaw on its cover.

The second volume, The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939: How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation (published by Penguin in 2005), covers the years of Nazi rule between 1933 and 1939. The final chapter examines the road to the Second World War, but the real focus is on life inside the Third Reich. Evans allows small stories of key individuals to illustrate many of the key social, economic and cultural events of the period. Richard Overy described this installment of the trilogy as "magisterial".

The third volume, The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster (published by Penguin in 2008), looks at major developments from 1939 to 1945, including the key battles of the Second World War, a vivid, moving and detailed account of the mass murder enacted during the Holocaust and Hitler's dramatic downfall in Berlin in 1945. In an October 2008 review of the third volume for The Times, best-selling historian Antony Beevor writes: "With this third volume, Richard Evans has accomplished a masterpiece of historical scholarship ... [He] has produced the best and most up-to-date synthesis of the huge work carried out on the subject over the past decades." Aspects of it, however, were sharply criticised by Timothy Snyder.

Walter Reich, former Director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., states about the third-volume of the trilogy, The Third Reich at War, "If any work of accurate history has a chance to correct the distortions of public memory, this is it."

The Third Reich trilogy has been, or is being translated, into sixteen foreign languages.

Recent publications and current work
In 2013, Evans delivered the Menachem Stern Jerusalem Lectures to the Historical Society of Israel, publishing them in 2014 as Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History. The book puts forward a variety of arguments against the use of long-range alternative historical timelines as an aid to serious historical understanding. In "Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent" (2009, an expanded version of his Inaugural Lecture as Regius Professor), he explored the reasons why so many British historians have made such major contributions to the historical understanding of other European countries. The Third Reich in History and Memory (2015) is a collection of 28 articles and review essays on modern German history published since the turn of the century.

In 2016, Evans published The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914, volume 7 in the Penguin History of Europe. It has been widely reviewed. Gerard De Groot, writing in The Times, commented that the book "chronicles a turbulent and confusing century with wonderful clarity and verve...in one great canvas of immense detail and beauty ... transnational history at its finest." Dominic Sandbrook, in The Sunday Times, described it as "dazzlingly erudite and entertaining". It has been, or is being translated into Dutch, Spanish, German, Greek, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Portuguese and Italian.

He has written a biography on the historian Eric Hobsbawm entitled Eric Hobsbawm: A Life in History. From 2013 to 2018 he was principal investigator in a £1.6 million Leverhulme Programme Grant on conspiracy theories and is preparing work based on the findings of the project.

Regius Professor of Modern History
In 2008, Evans was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge (in 2010 the word "Modern" was removed from the title by royal decree). The post is a royal appointment in the gift of the Prime Minister of the day and dates back to 1724. Previous holders of the title have included John Dalberg-Acton (1895), Herbert Butterfield (1963), Geoffrey Elton (1983), Patrick Collinson (1988) and Quentin Skinner (1998). Evans is the first historian to have to apply for the post and be interviewed by a Board of Electors, including Cambridge's Vice-Chancellor, Alison Richard, and representatives of the history faculty and the university, as well as external assessors from Yale, Harvard, Oxford and London. The board selected a shortlist of four, each of whom was asked to give a presentation to the entire Cambridge history faculty. The shortlist of four was then reduced to two, whom the board interviewed, resulting in the board's recommendation of Evans to the Prime Minister and in the issue of a Royal Warrant for his appointment. As well as serving as Regius Professor, Evans served as chairman of the history faculty from October 2008 to 30 September 2010.

Evans is used to combining administration with research. At Birkbeck College, London, where he worked before Cambridge, he acted as Master of the college when Baroness Blackstone left suddenly to become Tony Blair's first higher education minister. On 27 January 2010 he was elected to the position of President of Wolfson College, Cambridge, serving the statutory seven-year term of office until retiring from the post on 30 September 2017. During this period he focused on building up the college as a centre of contemporary culture, with art exhibitions by Richard Deacon and Anthony Green, and talks by Martin Amis and Neil MacGregor, among many others. In 2014 he was appointed Provost of Gresham College, in the City of London, an institution founded in 1597 to provide free lectures to Londoners. There are now over 2,000 lectures on the college's website and the 130 lectures a year are all live-streamed.

Media appearances
Evans has appeared regularly on a number of TV documentaries related to Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich. He recently appeared on a major TV documentary on the History Channel which examined the Valkyrie bomb plot against Hitler in July 1944.

He writes reviews of history books for the London Review of Books, the Times Literary Supplement and The Guardian, as well as historical reflections on recent events for American magazines and websites, including Foreign Policy, The Nation, and Vox.

Other contributions
Evans has been co-editor of the Journal of Contemporary History since 2000, and has also served as Deputy Chair of the Spoliation Advisory Panel, a UK government non-departmental public body formed to make recommendations to the Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport on the restitution of cultural objects looted during the Nazi era. He has been a judge of the Wolfson History Prize, the UK's richest history book award, for over twenty years.

Lectures and commentaries
In 2011, Evans became involved in a polemical exchange of letters with Peter Baldwin after agreeing with Leif Jerram, who wrote in Cosmopolitan Islanders in 2009 that students in Britain could find a richer selection of courses on the histories of other countries in British universities than students from other countries could in their own countries.

Hobsbawm lecture
On 7 February 2019, Evans gave a lecture at Chancellor's Hall in the University of London's Senate House to launch his new biography of Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm, A Life in History. At the time, a boycott of the University of London including the Senate House, organised by the Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain and supported by a number of high-profile politicians, journalists and academics, including John McDonnell, Owen Jones, Ken Loach and David Graeber in order to pressure University of London to bring their outsourced maintenance staff back in house, was in place. Claiming it was hypocritical breaking a boycott in support of workers' rights to give a talk about a lifelong committed communist, the union and other supporters encouraged Evans to relocate his talk, Evans said he supported the cause and would "bring it to the attention of the meeting". Birkbeck College said they supported the University in bringing he staff in house, a process that, they said, was already underway.

Honours and distinctions
1978 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society 1988 Wolfson History Prize 1989 William H. Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine 1993 Civic Medal for Arts and Sciences of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg 1994 Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History 1998 Honorary Fellow, Jesus College, Oxford 1999 Honorary Fellow, Birkbeck, University of London 2010 Founding Fellow, Learned Society of Wales (FLSW) 2011 Honorary Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge 2012 Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of London 2015 Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Oxford 2015 British Academy Leverhulme Prize and Medal 2017 Honorary Fellow, Wolfson College, Cambridge
 * 1993: Fellow of the British Academy (FBA)
 * 2000: Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL)
 * 2012: Knighted for services to Scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours

Works

 * The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894–1933, London: SAGE, 1976.
 * "German Women and the Triumph of Hitler", The Journal of Modern History Vol. 48, No. 1, 1976.
 * The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840–1920, London: Croom Helm, 1977.
 * (ed.) Society and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany, London: Croom Helm, 1978.
 * The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany, London: C. Helm; Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1981.
 * (ed.) The German Working Class, 1888–1933: The Politics of Everyday Life, London: Croom Helm; Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble, 1982.
 * (ed., with W. R. Lee) The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries, London: Croom Helm, 1986.
 * (ed., with Dick Geary) The German Unemployed: Experiences and Consequences of Mass Unemployment From The Weimar Republic to the Third Reich, London: C. Helm, 1987.
 * Rethinking German History: Nineteenth-Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich, London: Allen and Unwin, 1987.
 * Comrades and Sisters: Feminism, Socialism, and Pacifism in Europe, 1870–1945, Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.
 * Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
 * The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History, London: Routledge, 1988.
 * Proletarians and Politics: Socialism, Protest, and the Working Class in Germany Before the First World War, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.
 * The German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century London: Routledge, 1991.
 * Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987, London: Oxford University Press, 1996.
 * Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification, 1800–1996, London: Routledge, 1997.
 * Tales from the German Underworld: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth Century, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
 * In Defence of History, London: Granta Books, 1997; rev. edn. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999; edn. with extensive new afterword, London: Granta, 2000.
 * Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial, New York: Basic Books, 2001; published in the United Kingdom as Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial, London: Verso, 2002.
 * The Coming of the Third Reich, London: Allen Lane, 2003.
 * The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939, London: Allen Lane, 2005.
 * The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster, London: Allen Lane, 2008.
 * Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
 * Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History, Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2013.
 * The Third Reich in History and Memory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
 * The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914, London: Allen Lane, 2016.
 * Eric Hobsbawm: A Life in History, London: Little, Brown, 2019.
 * The Hitler Conspiracies: The Third Reich and the Paranoid Imagination, New York: Oxford University Press (ISBN 9780190083052); London: Allen Lane, 2020 (ISBN 978-0-241-41346-3)
 * The Hitler Conspiracies: The Third Reich and the Paranoid Imagination, New York: Oxford University Press (ISBN 9780190083052); London: Allen Lane, 2020 (ISBN 978-0-241-41346-3)

 * Hitler's People: The Faces of the Third Reich, London: Allen Lane, 2024.

title: Richard J. Evans


text:
Talk:Cannibal Holocaust (song)

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title: Talk:Cannibal Holocaust (song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trevor buckingham

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:09, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Trevor buckingham
Vanity/personal attack. Unecyclopedic and Google search shows no mention of this person. Delete. --Dmcdevit 23:39, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete all college students. --Asriel86 00:14, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Last sentence could be a personal attack. Zzyzx11 | Talk 04:33, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, looks like a personal attack. Megan1967 06:06, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Weeping

Weeping may refer to:

 * The human act of crying (also see wailing (disambiguation))
 * The seeping of an open or healing wound, either of serum or pus, sometimes accompanied by a strong smell
 * A growth form in plants with pendulous, draping branches, most often associated with weeping willow trees
 * "Weeping", an anti-apartheid protest song

title: Weeping


text:
Tucson Botanical Gardens

The Tucson Botanical Gardens (TBG) is a 5.5 acre (2.2 ha) collection of 20 gardens in the heart of Tucson, Arizona, United States. TBG was selected as number four in USA todays 10best Readers' Choice awards for Best Botanical Garden in 2023. The gardens include the Cactus and Succulent Garden, Barrio Garden, Children's Garden, Herb Garden and many more showing the diversity of plants that can thrive in the Sonoran Desert. There are tropical butterflies from around the world that are featured in the Cox Butterfly and Orchid Pavilion from October-May. In addition to the 20 Gardens there are also rotating art displays, community classes, events and international exhibits.

Hours & Admission
Summer Hours: June 1- Sept 30

7:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Gates close at 3

Fall Hours: Oct 1- May 31

8:30 a.m. -4:30 p.m. Gates close at 4

Admission:

Adults: $15

Students, 62+, Military: $13

Children (4-17): $8

Members, member children, and children under 4: FREE

Edna's Eatery
Open seven days a week serving Sonoran food and beverages for breakfast and lunch.

Open 7:30 a.m.- 2:00 p.m. in the summer and 8:30 a.m.- 3:00p.m. in the fall.

Butterfly Magic
Butterfly magic is open in the fall season from October 1- May 31st. It is open seven days a week from 9:30a.m.-3:00p.m. and included with admission. It is a tropical oasis featuring hundreds of butterflies that flutter around you as you walk. There are tropical plants that are not easily seen in the Southwest, and dazzling showy orchids from around the world. The exhibit features 30-50 different butterfly species daily and 100 over the season. The butterfly species range from Costa Rica, South America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Right outside of the exit of the greenhouse is the Chrysalis exhibit where you can watch butterfly chrysalises hatch all season long.

Dog Days of Summer
June 1- September 30 leashed dogs are welcomed along with you on your stroll through the Gardens. With a dog membership your canine companion will receive unlimited daily admission during the summer months and a special Tucson Botanical dog tag.

History
The house was originally the longtime home of Rutger and Bernice Porter. The Porters raised a family, ran a nursery, and participated fully in the life of Tucson. Tucson at that time was an up-and-coming town of about 35,000 people. The earliest buildings on the grounds date to the 1920’s and were constructed of adobe bricks made on site. As the Porter family expanded their home did as well, resulting in three bedrooms, two baths, a sleeping porch, and several beautifully landscaped patios and gardens. The Porters’ garden developed from many planting experiments with a mixture of natives and Mediterranean plants. Over the years, the original garden began to reflect the sturdier choices for the Tucson climate.

Today, the Historical Garden contains many of the original plants from Porter estate including citrus, roses, privet, sweet olive, nandina, pomegranate, Aleppo pine, pyrancantha, iris, chaste-tree, jasmine and other plants of that era. The oasis style represented in this garden is typical of large Tucson gardens dating from the 1920’s to the mid 1960’s. Bernice wanted the beloved property to become a public garden and donated it to the City of Tucson in 1968 while continuing to live in a small apartment on the grounds. In 1974, the Tucson City Council passed Resolution 9384 which stated that the property would be used for the development of a botanical garden to serve as a horticultural center, a sanctuary for wild birds, and as a center for education.

Since it became open to the public, the Tucson Botanical Gardens has renovated and expanded the property while preserving the Porter Family legacy as an important piece of Tucson history. The organization has also expanded its offerings over time by continuing to provide educational resources to the community as well as developing several public events held throughout the year. The 1990’s were a period of rapid growth for the Gardens, evidenced by the additions of an outdoor amphitheater, compost demonstration area, Butterfly Garden and several multicultural exhibits. A new educational building was constructed in 2000 and the popular Butterfly Magic exhibit began in 2004.

In recent years, Tucson Botanical Gardens has increased its commitment to bringing nationally recognized exhibits to Tucson. Beginning in 2015 with the traveling exhibit, Nature Connects, and continuing with hosting the New York Botanical Gardens blockbuster show, Frida Kahlo: Art, Garden, Life, the Gardens have seen an increased number of visitors, membership and volunteer participation In 2019 a 25-year master plan was completed by landscape architect and public garden master planer, Cindy Tyler of Terra Design Studio, LLC. The plan includes purchasing surrounding properties to expand the current footprint of the Gardens, the addition of a new Butterfly & Orchid Pavilion and Event Center, as well as a new 2 acre Children and Family Garden and Education Center.

title: Tucson Botanical Gardens


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Pilar del Castillo

Pilar del Castillo Vera (born 31 July 1952) is a Spanish politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2004. She previously served as Minister for Education, Culture and Sport in the government of Prime Minister José María Aznar from 2000 to 2004.

Early life and education
Law graduate at Complutense University of Madrid, 1974. In 1980 she was granted a Fulbright Scholarship for a master's degree in political science at Ohio State University, United States. PhD in law from Complutense University of Madrid, 1983. Awarded the Spanish Sociological Research Centre Prize for the doctoral thesis 'Political Party Funding in Western Democracies', 1984.

Career
In 1986, Del Castillo became assistant professor in constitutional law at UNED, and professor in political science and administration in 1994. Editor-in-chief of the Journal Nueva Revista de Política, Cultura y Arte, 1995–1996. Director of the Spanish Sociological Research Centre, 1996 to 2000. She is author of numerous publications on political parties and electoral behaviour.

Minister of Education, Culture and Sport, 2000–2004
When Prime Minister José Maria Aznar led his conservative Popular Party to a victory and second term of office at the 2000 national elections, he made Del Castillo his new Minister of Education, Culture and Sport. In this capacity, she was in charge of implementing the government's 2001 plan to overhaul the country's public universities; the law prompted the largest student demonstrations since Spain's transition to democracy, with an estimated 100,000 students, university staff protesting nationwide on 1 December 2001.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–present
Del Castillo has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2004 European elections. She has since been serving as coordinator for the Group of the European People's Party in the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), and as substitute member in the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON). From 2007 to 2009, she was a member of the Temporary Committee on Climate Change. In addition, she was a member of the EP Delegation for Relations with India (2009–2014) and of the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China (2004–2009). She represented the Parliament at the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań and the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. In 2020, she also joined the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age.

In her capacity as member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, Del Castillo is the parliament's rapporteur on the European Union’s Data Act. She also served as rapporteur on the Directive on Security of Networks and Information Systems (NIS); the Regulation on the Body of European Regulators in Electronic Communications (BEREC); on the Cloud Computing Strategy for Europe; and on a telecoms single market.

In addition to her committee assignments, Del Castillo holds the following positions in the European Parliament:
 * European Energy Forum (EEF), member
 * European Internet Foundation, chairwoman
 * European Parliament Intergroup on Disability, member
 * Transatlantic Policy Network (TPN), member
 * Knowledge4Innovation (K4I), member of the board

Other activities

 * European Ideas Network (EIN), chair of the 'Energy and Environment' Permanent Working Group
 * European Network for Women in Leadership (WIL), member
 * Spanish Foundation for Social Studies and Analysis (FAES), member of the board of trustees
 * Prado Museum, member of the board of trustees
 * Fundación Botín, member of the advisory board
 * Fundación Ortega-Marañón, member of the board of trustees

Personal life
Del Castillo is passionate about art; her official ministerial portrait in the gallery of the Ministry of Education is a self-portrait.

title: Pilar del Castillo


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Missouri River Otters

The Missouri River Otters were a minor professional ice hockey team based in St. Charles, Missouri. They played in the United Hockey League from 1999 to 2006. They played their home games at the St. Charles Family Arena, which also opened in October 1999.

History
The River Otters were launched in the United Hockey League (UHL) for the 1999–2000 season owned by New York-based United Sports Ventures, an organization that operated several teams in the league. The team's first head coach was former St. Louis Blues' player Mark Reeds and they had their home opener on October 23, 1999, with a sellout attendance for a 6–2 win over the Asheville Smoke. Lonnie Loach, who wore #33, played for the team from 1999 to 2003 and is the only person to have his number retired by the team.

The team was sold in December 2001 to local ownership group River City Hockey LLC. consisting of Kevin Fitzpatrick, Dan O'Donnell, and David Black. The team was purchased by Mike Shanahan Jr. in 2004. During the National Hockey League (NHL) lockout in 2004–05, NHL defenseman Barret Jackman decided to stay in St. Louis and play hockey for the River Otters during the lockout, along with center Ryan Johnson, defenseman Bryce Salvador and right winger Jamal Mayers. The team also signed former NHL players such as Jim Montgomery and Dennis Vial during this season.

On January 25, 2006, the Missouri River Otters hosted the 2006 United Hockey League All Star Classic, which included events such as an UHL alumni vs. St. Louis Blues alumni pre-game show to raise money for St. Louis Children's Hospital. In late April 2006, team owner and president Mike Shanahan Jr. decided to fold the team due to lack of attendance, issues with the lease at the Family Arena, and a steep workers' compensation bill. The staff was then let go as the announcement was made that the team would not play in the upcoming 2006–07 UHL season. While leaving open the possibility of a sale, Shanahan said that the competition for the sports dollar in the greater St. Louis area meant that the team would likely fold instead of being sold.

title: Missouri River Otters


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User:Alan Canon

Alan Canon is a Wikipedian from Kentucky in the USA, who chooses to write of himself in the third person on his own User: page.

His areas of interest or of expertise include cave exploration, music, science, computers, the history and geography of Kentucky and film. With other members of the Cave Research Foundation, he is the most recent person to discover a natural entrance to the Mammoth Cave system. He is active in the Louisville performance scene, playing in acts such as Monkey Boy, a junkabilly band which plays music on home-made instruments, and Yodel-Duo-Du, a 1950s-1960s style song revue.

Contributions
Canon has created or made significant contributions to these Wikipedia articles:

Biographical

 * Max Abramovitz, architect of Avery Fisher Hall and Louisville's tallest building by highest occupied floor.
 * Stephen Bishop (cave explorer) African-american slave and premier name in early hard-core exploration and cartography of Mammoth Cave.
 * Robert Henry Boll, preacher and writer.
 * John Dale, preacher.
 * Jane Elliot, teacher.
 * Tolbert Fanning, preacher.
 * Jesse Babcock Ferguson, preacher and Spiritualist.
 * Benton Cordell Goodpasture, preacher.
 * Julius Wilhelm Gintl, inventor of the duplex electrical telegraph.
 * Lonnie Latham, preacher.
 * Gideon Shryock, architect.
 * Max Kaemper, surveyor of Mammoth Cave, 1908, killed in Battle of the Somme, 1914?
 * R. Albert Mohler, Jr., president of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
 * Tony Perkins (Evangelical Christian figure).
 * Patty Jo Watson (pioneering archaeologist and seminal worker in ethnoarchaeology, archaeologist of the Ancient Near East and the Mammoth Cave region.
 * Robert Wise, American film director.
 * Enid Yandell 19th Century Louisville sculptress.
 * Jirayr Zorthian 20th century visual artist and friend of Richard Feynman.

Kentucky

 * Belle of Louisville, historic steamboat, oldest operating river steamboat
 * Justice Sunday (conservative Christian event), first took place in Louisville, Kentucky.
 * Mammoth Cave National Park includes parts of the world's longest cave.
 * Oneida Baptist Institute, in Oneida, Kentucky.
 * Pope Lick Monster, cryptid from Jefferson County, Kentucky.
 * Red River Gorge, in the Daniel Boone National Forest in eastern Kentucky.
 * Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, in Louisville, Kentucky.

Other

 * Church of Christ, the non-denomination.
 * Quadruplex telegraph, Thomas Edison's first lucrative patent (1874).
 * Tanque Verde Falls, a desert oasis near Tucson, Arizona
 * The Day the Earth Stood Still, the 1951 Robert Wise sci-fi anti war classic. With Sam Jaffe!
 * Wookey Hole, a cave in Somerset, England.
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey (film)

To Do
James Graham Brown Henry A. Vogt Martha Ellison, educator

Favorite Wiki Biographical Subjects
Archimedes of Syracuse Charles Babbage Stephen Bishop Anthony Braxton James Callaghan Arthur C. Clarke Floyd Collins Blythe Danner Paul Dirac Diogenes of Sinope Jacques Derrida Jean Dubuffet Thomas Edison Sergei Eisenstein Michael Faraday Richard Feynman Stan Freberg Virgil I. Grissom Jean-Luc Godard Robert Goddard Bernard Herrmann Douglas R. Hofstadter Grace Hopper Hypatia of Alexandria Akira Ikufube Jean-François Lyotard Stanley Kubrick Tom Lehrer Ada Lovelace Christa McAuliffe Charles Mingus Ellison Onizuka Dorothy Parker Sun Ra Fred Rogers Leonard Rossiter William Schallert Nathan B. Stubblefield Andrei Tarkovsky Valentina Tereshkova Francois Truffaut Alan Mathison Turing Jules Verne H. G. Wells Leonard Wibberley Robert Wise Virginia Woolf

On Wikipedia
On the subject of Wikipedia, Canon has this to say.

I'm truly blown away by the idea of Wikipedia, and I can't wait to see how it develops. As a child, our World Book Encyclopedia (1959 in literature Edition) at home, and later the Encyclopedia Britannica at school, were sources of endless fascination and pleasure.

I'm also a fan of the Wikipedia guidelines and editorial policies and do my best to adhere to them: I take them very seriously from the NPOV requirements to considerations of English style and usage. I want my contributions to reflect this seriousness.

I am grateful to the several more-experienced Wikipedians who have offered suggestions and helpful criticism on my contributions so far. Please rest assured that I do take your advice quite seriously, and in each case, I have tried my best to improve my past contributions, and to keep your advice in mind as I contemplate new contributions to Wikipedia.

As a fan and contributor to Free/Libre Open Source Software, I see great and lasting value in the sort of "social contract" that is represented by projects such as GPL software, and Wikipedia. We should try to write our GPL code, or our Wikipedia articles) with a quality that is "for the ages," because we don't know how long this project will be available.

temp notes
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.

This large body of professors has of late years become one of the prominent sects of the country. It has perhaps made more progress within the last ten or twelve years than any other denomination. They were originally styled "Cambellites" by the other sects. They however, repudiate the name, claiming or admitting none except "Christians."

Another branch of professors of which there are several congregations in the county, also claim, or give themselves the appellation of the "Christian Church," which has lead to some confuion, many persons understanding them to be the same. These last are sometimes known as "New Lights." The congregations of the "Christians," with such statistics as have been obtained, are here presented.

New Castle -- Organized in April, 1863, by Elder Benjamin Franklin, has a membership of 174; its property is valued at $12,000, and will seat about 800 persons. Eld. Alex. Johnson was the first pastor regularly employed; he was succeeded by Eld. W. G. Irwin, he by Eld. D. H. Gary, and he by Eld. J. B. Ludwig, pastor at present in charge, and under whose ministrations the church is flourishing. A large Sabbath school is connected with the church.

Flat Rock Church -- located five miles southeast of New Castle, was one of the first of the kind organized in the county. Its members number about 100; value of property $2,500; it will seat about 300. "Father Martindale" was one of its earliest pastors.

Buck Creek Church -- At Dunreith, is one of the oldest in the county -- time of organization not learned. It has a membership of about 75 ; and propoerty valued at $1,5000 ; will seat 250

Cadiz Church -- Has a membership of 85 ; and property valued at $2,000, which will seat about 250. Eld. Joseph Franklin is pastor in charge.

Knightstown Church -- Was organized in 1868

Little Blue River Church -- At Hillsboro, three miles northeast of Newcastle, has a membership of 160 ; property valued at $2,000. Eld. Joseph Franklin is in charge.

An illustrated historical atlas of Henry Co. Indiana. Compiled Drawn & Published from Person Examinations & Surveys by Higgins Belden & Co. Lakeside Building Corner Clark & Adams Sts. Chicago 1875 Reprinted 1972 Mayhill Publications P. O. Box 90 Knightstown, Indiana.

Ethel M. Lovell
Ethel M Lovell (b. Abt. 1885, d. date unknown) Ethel M Lovell (daughter of Frederick Lovell and Elizabeth Edwards) was born Abt. 1885 in Stepney, London, England., and died date unknown in Y.

Includes NotesNotes for Ethel M Lovell: Teacher of music in 1901

Music Educators Journal February 1939 vol. 25 no. 4 46-49 N

Ethel M. Lovell, an instructor of the Pre-Vocational School, was named the first principal of Ahrens in 1926. The faculty, numbering 25, presented a curriculum which included plumbing, electricity, typing and filing, dressmaking and cabinet making. Miss Lovell served as principal until her death in 1946, when Alfred H.Meyer succeeded her. He guided the school through its third addition and renovation. His secretary, Allene Bierbaum, is an Ahrens Alumni. (Ahrens Yearbook, 1965)

title: User:Alan Canon