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Talk:Pterodactylus

Untitled
Pterodactylus is a specific genus of pterosaur. It is a different term to pterodactyl which is a common term for pterosaurs as a whole. Any information on pop culture etc. should be palced at the pterodactyl article. Martyman 03:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pterodactylus elegans
Jouve (2004) demonstrated that Pterodactylus elegans is probably a species of Ctenochasma, resulting in the new combination Ctenochasma elegans (Wagner, 1861) comb. nov. For this reason, remove elegans from the Pterodactylus species list and transfer it to Ctenochasma.

Stéphane, J., 2004. Description of the skull of a *Ctenochasma* (Pterosauria) from the latest Jurassic of eastern France, with a taxonomic revision of European Tithonian Pterodactyloidea, JVP 24(3):542-554.

Status of German Pterodactylus
A study by Mateer (1976) recognizes two species of Pterodactylus from Germany: Pterodactylus antiquus (P. kochi is a junior synonym) and P. micronyx.

Mateer, N. J. 1976 A statistical study of the genus Pterodactylus. Bull. geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala 6, 97-105.

Pterodactylus grandipelvis and P. grandis may also be synonyms of P. antiquus, because they are nomina dubia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.194.116.63 (talk) 19:38, 29 December 2006 (UTC).

French, British, and Tanzanian Pterodactylus
Pterodactylus is represented in Britain, France, and Tanzania each by two species. The British species are Pterodactylus manseli and Pterodactylus pleydelli, the French species are Pterodactylus cerinensis and Pterodactylus suprajurensis, and Tanzanian species are Pterodactylus arningi and Pterodactylus maximus. Add these species to this page. In all, there are 8 species of Pterodactylus (2 in Britain, 2 in France, 2 in Germany [P. kochi is synonymous with P. antiquus, according to Mateer, 1976], and 2 in Tanzania). This number of Pterodactylus species suggests that Pterodactylus is widespread.

Mateer, N. J. 1976 A statistical study of the genus Pterodactylus. Bull. geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala 6, 97-105. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.194.116.63 (talk) 20:00, 29 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Most of those species are too dubious to assign definately to P.. I'll dig up cites if I can, but I haven't seen a survey in years that lists more than 3 valid species of P. They can certainly be discussed in the text, but I wouldn't list them in the taxobox. Dinoguy2 21:14, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Length?
it doesnt say how long they were so cant really get the proportions.....

 * A specimen with a wingspan of 1.5 metres would have measured about 55 centimetres from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail.--MWAK (talk) 14:51, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Revision of the genus Pterodactylus
Bennett (1996, 2003) provided evidence that Pterodactylus kochi is conspecific with P. antiquus. Bennett (1996) demonstrated P. micronyx to be the juvenile of Gnathosaurus subulatus. These conclusions are based on analyses that plot the measurements of Pterodactylus elements against their size frequency. His revision of the genus Pterodactylus shows that the German Pterodactylus is represented by only one species. He originally considered Germanodactylus, a similar pterodactylid, to be a species of Pterodactylus (as P. sp.), but later (2006) showed Germanodactylus to be distinct from Pterodactylus. Jouve (2004) concluded that Diopecephalus is related to Pterodactylus. The revised synonymy of the German Pterodactylus (modified from http://archosauria.org/pterosauria/taxonomy/species.pdf) is presented below:

Pterodactylus Cuvier, 1809 emend. Rafinesque, 1815

=Ornithocephalus von Sömmering, 1812

= "Pterotherium" Fischer, 1813

= Macrotrachelus Giebel, 1852

= Ptenodracon Lydekker, 1888

P. antiquus (von Sömmering, 1812) Lydekker, 1888

= Ornithocephalus antiquus von Sömmering, 1812

= Ornithocephalus brevirostris von Sömmering, 1816–17

= Ptenodracon brevirostris (von Sömmering, 1816–17) Lydekker, 1888

= Pterodactylus brevirostris (von Sömmering, 1816–17) Oken, 1819

= Pterodactylus longirostris Cuvier, 1819

= Macrotrachelus longirostris (Cuvier, 1819) Giebel, 1852

= Ornithocephalus longirostris (Cuvier, 1819) Ritgen, 1826

= Pterodactylus "suevicus" Oken, 1825

= Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloides Ritgen, 1826

= Ornithocephalus kochi Wagner, 1837

= Pterodactylus kochi (Wagner, 1837) von Meyer, 1859

= Diopecephalus kochi (Wagner, 1837) Seeley, 1871

= Ornithocephalus kochi (Wagner, 1837) Lydekker, 1888

= Pterodactylus meyeri Münster, 1842

= Ornithocephalus meyeri (Münster, 1842) Wagner, 1851

= Pterodactylus scolopaciceps von Meyer, 1850

= Rhamphorhynchus scolopaciceps (von Meyer, 1850)

= Pterodactylus spectabilis von Meyer, 1861

Bennett, S. C. 1996. Year-classes of pterosaurs from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: taxonomic and systematic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16:432-444.

Bennett, S. C. 2003. New information on the genera Pterodactylus and Germanodactylus from the Solnhofen Limestone of southern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23(Suppl. to #3):33A.

Bennett, S. C. 2006. Juvenile specimens of the pterosaur Germanodactylus cristatus, with a review of the genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:872-878.

Jouve, S., 2004. Description of the skull of a Ctenochasma (Pterosauria) from the Late Jurassic of eastern France, with a taxonomic revision of European Tithonian Pterodactyloidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: 3: 542-554.

Therefore, update the Pterodactylus taxobox and page, once Bennett publishes his (2003) abstract as a full paper.
 * Any idea if/when this is going to be published? The abstract came out four years ago, and Bennett has published on similar subjects in the interval. Dinoguy2 03:25, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

I don't know, but I would say that Bennett will publish his work concerning the synonymy of Pterodactylus kochi with P. antiquus and the distinctness of Daitingopterus (to be published as new genus for "Pterodactylus rhamphastinus"), Diopecephalus, and Germanodactylus will be published later this year. Germanodactylus will be restricted to the type species, G. cristatus (Witman, 1925), with G. rhamphastinus (Wagner, 1851) to be made the type of the new genus Daitingopterus.

Pterodactylus "suevicus"
Is the Pterodactylus "suevicus" Oken, 1825 [nomen nudum] mentioned here the same as this? FunkMonk (talk) 02:47, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

 * No.--MWAK (talk) 08:04, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I think Oken's 'suevicus' is actually a 1916 name, but yes, it is apparently a nomen nudum. The description is here: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276843#page/341/mode/1up. I think this needs to be added to the list. — Dr Mark D. Scherz 20:26, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

Error in life reconstruction?
The CG image on the left side of the article shows Pterodactylus with "Walking With Dinosaurs" grade hands--the smaller fingers curve back over the wing finger. I'm pretty sure this is incorrect--the wing finger doesn't come out of the palm of the hand, it's a digit that begins at a metacarpal just like the regular fingers. It doesn't even seem possible for a pterosaur to twist its fingers that way without breaking and/or dislocating them. Unless pterosaur digits articulated backwards, I just don't see how it could happen. 97.104.210.67 (talk) 18:58, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * You're correct, the digits appear to be hyperextended relative to the wing in that case. Might be an easy fix, maybe you should contact the artist. I'm hesitant to remove it outright for a relatively minor inaccuracy as it's spot-on otherwise.Dinoguy2 (talk) 19:25, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * According to the artist it's based off a lecture by John Conway in which he argued a "palm forward" position as described here. I don't quite understand how that results in "Walking With Dinosaurs" grade hands but according to Arthur (the artist) it was fully intentional. 97.104.210.67 (talk) 16:24, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I think Arthur might have misinterpreted the palm-forward thing. If you look at Conway's own skeletals showing this position the palm is forward, but the fingers don't all stick up. Instead they all sort of collapse together in a telescoping way along he wing finger. Hard to describe, but they're not hyperextended. It's more like a variation on the orientation of folded maniraptoran hands. You can sort of see it here: . Notice that digit 1 is behind digit 2 is behind digit 3, so the "palm" such as it is does face forward. But the fingers aren't out of the plane of the wing. Dinoguy2 (talk) 22:14, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I've noticed that none of his pictures have hyperextended fingers, before or after that journal. Any idea what to do about the Pterodactylus, then? 97.104.210.67 (talk) 00:30, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll have some time and can try to photoshop it later this week, unless anybody else wants to take a crack at it. Shouldn't be too hard to correct. Dinoguy2 (talk) 14:04, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Pop culture
There's a viral video and it's fast becoming a pop cultural idea of the Pterodactyle in the cartoons of theoatmeal.com http://theoatmeal.com/pterodactyl_video Maybe it's worth mentioning somewhere but I'm new to this so will leave it to the experts — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.58.110.168 (talk) 02:20, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Any reputable, published articles discussing it's cultural impact? MMartyniuk (talk) 13:28, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Was Pterodactyl a reptile or dinosaur - anyone have Discovery Science reference
I was told that Pterodactyl was mentioned in Discovery Science as a mammal NOT a Reptile - as such it would be an evolutionary step away from avian-like reptiles, and most definitely not a Flying lizard or dinosaur ... can anyone get the reference and disambiguate and re-edit for this new viewpoint or theory ...

AspieNo1 (talk) 20:40, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, this is not a "new viewpoint", no one supports that today. It wa proposed by someone in the 19th century that they were marsupials, but no one else has taken that seriously. FunkMonk (talk) 21:19, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

Pterodactylus longirostris twice?
Here a Pterodactylus longirostris is attributted to Cuvier, 1819. But in the Aurorazhdarcho article, there's a Pterodactylus longirostris von Meyer, 1859. What's the matter? FunkMonk (talk) 11:56, 5 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I'd have to double check but I *think* this is a case where the same species name was used twice for two different type specimens (maybe one started out as Ornithocephalus?). Edit: Ok, so Cuvier latinized his "Ptero-Dactyle" as Pterodactylus with no species name. Subsequently, Sommering named the same specimen Ornithocephalus antiquus. Third, Cuvier, ignoring Sommering's paper, added a species name to the type specimen, as Pterodactylus longirostris. Therefore Cuvier's Pterodactylus as genus priority but Sommering's antiquus has priority of species. So P. longirostris Cuvier 1819 is a junior objective synonym of P. antiquus. The other P. longirpstris was named for a different specimen and so is a homonym but not a synonym. MMartyniuk (talk) 17:11, 5 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Ouch. What does that mean for redirects? Disambig? FunkMonk (talk) 19:29, 5 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I think a disambig would be necessary, yeah. MMartyniuk (talk) 21:57, 5 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Scratch that, looks like the source I used was intending to refer specimens referred to longirostris by Meyer to Cuvier's type species, not create an additional name. longirostris only = antiquus. Dinoguy2 (talk) 18:05, 24 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Weirdly, it seemed to make sense at the time, an image of a specimen on Commons was once labelled as P. longirostris, but the specimen has since been referred to Aurorazhdarcho... FunkMonk (talk) 19:44, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

Pterodactylus brevirostris
I forgot to mention that Pterodactylus brevirostris was tentatively synonymized with Aurorazhdarcho micronyx by Wellnhofer (1970). Bennett (2013) mentions that the holotype is very similar to Aurorazhdarcho, and so it's possible that P. brevirostris (and hence Ptenodracon could be a senior synonym of Aurorazhdarcho. Extrapolaris (talk) 19:35, 6 April 2014 (UTC)Vahe Demirjian
 * True, but I'd wait for a more thorough discussion on potential synonymy before doing anything here. Maybe we should include brevirostris on both pages under synonyms with a question mark. Dinoguy2 (talk) 12:17, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Diopecephalus to be resurrected
In the paper naming Aerodactylus, it is mentioned a paper resurrecting Diopecephalus kochi is in press. Seems this article will have some problems by then. FunkMonk (talk) 08:37, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * And the paper is now out. Let the splitting begin...... Lythronaxargestes (talk) 21:11, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I'd hold off on splitting until we see something new from somebody other than Vidovic and Martill, who are the only ones during the past 25 years not treating these as growth stages. Dinoguy2 (talk) 15:41, 29 June 2017 (UTC)
 * We could maybe treat it like we did with Ornithoscelida; we make a separate Diopecephalus article, but don't do major changes to the Pterodactylus article, just mention somewhere (history/classificaton) that this hypothesis has been proposed. Then we wait with any major restructuring until some kind of consensus emerges, however long that may take. FunkMonk (talk) 15:54, 29 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. Abyssal (talk) 17:25, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Seems there was already an old Diopecephalus article, so I just redirected to that. FunkMonk (talk) 00:22, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

"P. antiquus" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._antiquus&redirect=no P. antiquus] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. Hemiauchenia (talk) 21:16, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pterodactylus


text:
Meadowbrook State Parkway

The Meadowbrook State Parkway (also known as the Meadowbrook, the Meadowbrook Parkway, Meadowbrook Causeway, or the MSP) is a 12.52 mi controlled-access parkway in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. Its southern terminus is at a full cloverleaf interchange with the Bay and Ocean parkways in Jones Beach State Park. The parkway heads north, crossing South Oyster Bay and intersecting Loop Parkway before crossing onto the mainland and connecting to the Southern State Parkway in North Merrick. It continues north to the hamlet of Carle Place, where the Meadowbrook Parkway ends at exit 31A of the Northern State Parkway. The Meadowbrook Parkway is designated New York State Route 908E (NY 908E), an unsigned reference route. Most of the road is limited to non-commercial traffic, like most parkways in the state of New York; however, the portion south of Merrick Road is open to commercial traffic.

The Meadowbrook State Parkway was first envisioned in 1924 as part of the Long Island State Park Commission (LISPC) and Robert Moses's system to connect several parks in Nassau and Suffolk counties. One park included in the proposal was Jones Beach State Park, which opened along with the Ocean Parkway in 1929. Construction of the Meadowbrook and Loop causeways began in July 1933, and was slated for completion in January 1935. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation loaned $5,050,000 toward the project, which was completed in October 1934. Nassau County acquired the right-of-way for an extension to the Northern State Parkway in 1936, and the highway was originally intended to be finished for the 1939 World's Fair in Flushing Meadows, Queens. The start of construction was ultimately delayed until December 1953, and the $10 million (1953 USD) highway was completed in October 1956.

Reconstruction projects in the latter half of the 20th century have caused local protests by entities such as the Town of Hempstead and the Village of Westbury. The latter was concerned about construction affecting the way of life in Westbury, and the mayor and citizens wanted confirmation that the reconstruction of the Westbury Interchange—the Meadowbrook State Parkway's northern terminus—would not lead to environmental disruption.

The portions of the Meadowbrook Parkway south of the Southern State Parkway are part of a scenic byway and are designated on the National Register of Historic Places, within the historic district known as the Jones Beach State Park, Causeway and Parkway System.

In August 1998, the Meadowbrook was dedicated as the Senator Norman J. Levy Memorial Parkway in honor of Norman J. Levy, a state senator who helped sponsor the first seat belt law in the United States.

Route description
The Meadowbrook State Parkway begins at a cloverleaf interchange with the Ocean Parkway and Bay Parkway on Jones Beach Island in the town of Hempstead. The parkway briefly proceeds northwest through Jones Beach before turning northward and crossing South Oyster Bay on a six-lane causeway. After crossing the bay, the Meadowbrook reaches exit M10, a trumpet interchange with Loop Parkway. After Loop Parkway, the Meadowbrook heads northwest across another water channel and becomes a divided highway with a large center median. A third bridge over a waterway soon follows, bringing the Meadowbrook Parkway onto the mainland part of Long Island, near what is today the Norman J. Levy Park and Preserve.

As the highway heads north from the channels surrounding the west end of South Oyster Bay, it runs along the west side of the Norman J. Levy Park and Preserve and the Merrick Road Park Golf Course, both of which are separated from the Meadowbrook by a small creek. The golf course leads to nearby exit M9, a cloverleaf interchange with Merrick Road (unsigned County Route 27 or CR 27) in the Freeport section of Hempstead. Not far to the north is exit M8, another cloverleaf serving NY 27 (East Sunrise Highway). After crossing the adjacent Babylon Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, the parkway continues north across East Meadow Park to reach exit M7, a cloverleaf interchange with the Babylon Turnpike (unsigned CR 7A). After exit M7, the Meadowbrook makes a slight turn to the northwest as it traverses Roosevelt Preserve County Park.

At the northern edge of the park, the Meadowbrook enters exit M6, a partial cloverleaf interchange with several flyover ramps connecting to the Southern State Parkway. After the Southern State interchange, the Meadowbrook continues north through a narrow park known as Barnum Woods, which separates the heavily developed neighborhoods of Uniondale to the west and East Meadow to the east. The highway passes over NY 102 (Front Street) with no connection before leaving Barnum Woods and bending northward near exit M5 and the northbound half of exit M4, which serve NY 24 (Hempstead Turnpike) and several other local streets by way of a series of service roads in the vicinity of Eisenhower Park, Nassau Coliseum, and Mitchel Field. After another mile (1.6 km), the Meadowbrook makes a turn to the west and enters exit M4 southbound and exit M3, which connect to Stewart Avenue (unsigned CR 177) via Merchants Concourse. Exit M3 also serves Nassau Community College, located just southwest of the Meadowbrook Parkway.

Continuing west, the Meadowbrook State Parkway enters exit M2, a cloverleaf interchange with Zeckendorf Boulevard (unsigned CR 260) adjacent to nearby Roosevelt Field Mall. Both directions of Zeckendorf Boulevard are accessible southbound, with exit M2E using part of Dibblee Drive; the northbound direction of the parkway has only one exit, exit M2W for Zeckendorf Boulevard westbound. Past the cloverleaf, the parkway winds back to the northwest as it approaches exit M1, a partial cloverleaf interchange with Old Country Road (unsigned CR 25) on the border between the towns of Hempstead and North Hempstead. The Meadowbrook Parkway continues northwest across Old Country Road into North Hempstead, passing under the Long Island Rail Road's Main Line as it traverses the village of Carle Place. Just north of the community, the Meadowbrook reaches exit 31A of the Northern State Parkway, a semi-directional T interchange known as the Westbury Interchange, that serves as the north end of the Meadowbrook State Parkway.

According to annual average daily traffic counts compiled by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) in 2011, the most-traveled part of the parkway is the section north of the Southern State Parkway. This portion carries an average of 106,800 vehicles daily, with the segment between Zeckendorf Boulevard and Old Country Road serving the most at 139,500 vehicles per day. South of the Southern State Parkway, the Meadowbrook Parkway sees only an average of about 54,000 vehicles daily. The busiest part in this stretch lies between the Babylon Turnpike and the Southern State Parkway, which handles 95,600 vehicles on an average day. The section between the Ocean and Loop parkways is the least-traveled part of the Meadowbrook Parkway, as only 15,400 vehicles use the segment per day on average – although as the gateway to Jones Beach, the segment is heavily traveled during the summer months.

Design and construction
The Meadowbrook State Parkway was part of the original design for the Long Island Parkway System, developed by Robert Moses and LISPC in 1924 to alleviate congestion on "unattractive" local roads. The system was designed to connect several parks that were under construction at the time, including Jones Beach State Park, Bethpage State Park and Sunken Meadow State Park. In 1927, the parkway system was linked to parkways in New York City's boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. Jones Beach State Park and the Ocean Parkway opened in 1929, with access to the mainland via the Jones Beach Causeway (now part of the Wantagh State Parkway). The parkway was named after Meadow Brook, the stream that follows its route between East Meadow and Freeport.

Construction of the Meadowbrook Causeway began in May 1933 with a $5,050,000 loan (1933 USD) given from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to the Long Island State Park Commission in April 1933. In order to repay this loan, the Long Island State Park Commission, working with the Jones Beach State Parkway Authority, would institute a 25-cent toll on the Meadowbrook and Jones Beach causeways. The 50-cent parking fee on Jones Beach would be reduced to 25 cents in order to keep the total charged to motorists at 50 cents. It was proposed that the loan would be repaid in 25 years. The Meadowbrook Causeway was designed as a 5 mi road from the Southern State Parkway in Freeport to Jones Beach with six bridges across channels of South Oyster Bay. Three grade-separating structures would be designed as well by the State of New York Department of Public Works and the LISPC. A trumpet interchange with the Lido Beach Loop Causeway (current-day Loop Parkway) was constructed as well. Designs also included 10.1 million cubic yards of hydraulic fill, and a new water channel for boats. Proposed completion of the project was set for January 1, 1935. The road was constructed by 3,800 people and completed in October 1934, six months ahead of schedule.

On October 27, 1934, the Meadowbrook and Lido Beach Loop causeways were opened to vehicular traffic by LISPC. A motorcade of cars was led across the new roadways by Robert Moses, then a Republican Party candidate for Governor of New York. The event was preceded by parades in Freeport and Rockville Centre. During a speech Moses cited praises to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation for donating the money and letting the LISPC and Jones Beach State Parkway Authority do the work without interference. Other speakers that afternoon praised Moses and the LISPC, and New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia showed up late to give his congratulations. Despite the opening ceremony, two-way traffic was not permitted on the Meadowbrook between the Southern State and Merrick Road until June 1, 1935. Prior to that time, motorists had to use the renamed Wantagh Causeway to access Jones Beach.

Extension to the Northern State Parkway
Moses announced during the opening of the Bethpage State Parkway in November 1936 that the land for extending the Meadowbrook from the Southern State Parkway to the Northern State Parkway had been acquired by Nassau County and plans for the road were being designed by the State Division of Highways. Moses stated that the funds would be requested at the next session of the New York State Legislature, with a completion date of 1939 to coincide with the opening of the 1939 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens. This would make it plausible for motorists to go from Flushing to Jones Beach State Park directly. The new extension would also alleviate congestion along several north–south highways in Nassau County and provide quicker access to Jones Beach. However, construction on the $10 million (1956 USD) highway was delayed until December 1953.

On October 13, 1956, Governor Averell Harriman officially opened the new extension of the Meadowbrook State Parkway with a ribbon-cutting ceremony at 11:30 a.m. near the Jerusalem Avenue overpass. Robert Moses, Hempstead Town Supervisor Edward Larkin, and Nassau County Executive Holly Patterson also attended the event. After the ceremony, a motorcade led by Moses traveled from the Northern State Parkway south to Roosevelt Field Shopping Center. At Roosevelt Field, the board chairman for Roosevelt Field, Inc., William Zeckendorf, honored Moses and Harriman with brand new tankards made of sterling silver. On July 5, 1962, the New York State Assembly announced the opening of bids on the widening of a 4.4 mi section of the Meadowbrook between Merrick Road and the Southern State Parkway. Bids were to be accepted on the project in August, with a price tag of $3.851 million (1962 USD). The construction would widen the segment from four lanes to six and add a new center median. The widening was prompted by the frequency of accidents along the stretch, and efforts to develop the project were sped up as a result. Completion was set for 1964, and the reconstruction and repaving was finished on November 18, 1964.

Subsequent history
In the early 1970s, the Mitchel Field Interchange was reconfigured to better serve the Nassau Hub area, which was being developed on the site of the former airfield by Nassau County. In 1947, the LISPC approved $37,000 (1947 USD) to construct a stone ornate gasoline station along the Meadowbrook in Jones Beach State Park. The gas station, one of eight constructed by Robert Moses throughout Long Island, would serve drivers, when there were fewer stations throughout the area. After 1975, NYSDOT, which took control of the parkways from the LISPC, started demolishing some of the stations – including the Meadowbrook, which ended up being one of the first buildings to go. The stations, which were once useful, would fork from the left lane into the median. However, according to NYSDOT, with the change in traffic patterns, the entrances to these stations became dangerous. By 1997, over two decades after demolition, the station site became a problematic place for people parking and walking up the Meadowbrook and Loop to fish on the bridges. According to the New York State Police, the site is legal for use as a repair stop or for emergencies. However, not for use of dropping people off for fishing, which is also illegal to fish from atop the bridge, except it is around and under the bridges. In August 1998, signs were installed along the Meadowbrook State Parkway dedicating the road in honor of State Senator Norman J. Levy, who died in February 1998 after brain surgery. Levy had served on the State Senate Transportation Committee since 1982 and sponsored the first seat belt law in the United States, and had also been part of the negotiations that helped work resume on the Meadowbrook–Northern State interchange. The new signs were unveiled in a ceremony in the median of the parkway just south of Merrick Road. Dignitaries at the honoring ceremony included then-Governor George Pataki, Senator Charles Fuschillo and Levy's widow, Joy Levy. Signs were erected at both ends of the Meadowbrook Parkway and at a point near the Babylon Turnpike interchange.

The Long Island Transportation Plan 2000, a study of how to handle Long Island traffic issues in 2020, was started in 1997 by engineers from NYSDOT. The preferred alternative in the study would widen several parkways on the island, inserting high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) for buses and carpools. The Meadowbrook would receive a new HOV lane between the Southern and Northern state parkways, while everything south of the Southern State Parkway would remain the same. The Northern State Parkway would get lanes from the Long Island Expressway to the Meadowbrook, and the Southern State would get lanes from the Meadowbrook to the Sunrise Highway.

In 2005, the portions of the Meadowbrook south of the Southern State Parkway – along with several other Long Island parkways – were listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of a historic district, known as the Jones Beach State Park, Causeway and Parkway System.

In October 2008, Nassau County Legislator David Denenberg demonstrated with ten civic leaders in front of the NYSDOT building in East Meadow about the slow progress of construction on the NY 102 (Front Street) overpass. Construction was causing rush hour traffic to back up for miles near the Hempstead Turnpike (NY 24) exit, and evidence showed no work had been done for several months. After residents and commuters started demanding answers, NYSDOT stated that a project that began as just basic bridge repair had become a larger-scale project that required a redesign due to the fact that the bridge had more damage than initially realized.

1980s Westbury Interchange reconstruction concerns
In 1989, during a reconstruction project at the Westbury Interchange, a lawsuit was filed against NYSDOT by the Village of Westbury, regarding environmental impacts; the lawsuit claimed that NYSDOT did not follow proper environmental guidelines while designing the project because their environmental impact report failed to consider the impacts of a nearby future widening project on the Northern State Parkway.

Construction began in May 1988, and the project was expected to be completed on October 31, 1991. It was proceeding on schedule until lawsuit was filed in February 1989. The Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court ruled on that NYSDOT had to provide a new environmental report by May 12 of that year or face having the reconstruction shut down. That December 19, the Court of Appeals announced their decision on the case of Village of Westbury v. Department of Transportation of the State of New York, et al., ruling in favor of Westbury. In its decision, the court stated NYSDOT should have issued a joint report for the interchange and widening projects because both projects improved the flow of traffic on the Northern State Parkway and were therefore related – although the widening portion of the project did not have a projected start date at the time the lawsuit was filed. The previous court's ruling was affirmed, and NYSDOT was advised to consider the environmental impacts of projects in the future on other, nearby projects.

A settlement was eventually reached between NYSDOT and the Village of Westbury, allowing construction on the interchange to restart in February 1990; the reconstruction project was ultimately completed in 1991.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Meadowbrook State Parkway


text:
Millennium Chemicals

Millennium Inorganic Chemicals is a Hunt Valley, Maryland based chemical company.

The business was established in 1985. It was a subsidiary of British conglomerate Hanson plc at one time, but was demerged on 1 October 1996, when it became an independent listed company. It was taken over by Cristal Chemical Company in 2007, but continues to exist as a wholly owned subsidiary and trading name of Cristal.

Millennium Inorganic Chemicals (MIC) is the world’s second-largest producer of titanium dioxide and a leading producer of titanium chemicals. Cristal and MIC operate eight manufacturing plants in six countries and employ more than 3,500 people worldwide.

Manufacturing sites are in Baltimore, Maryland; Ashtabula, Ohio; Salvador, Brazil; Stallingborough, United Kingdom; Thann, France; Yanbu, Saudi Arabia; and Australind, Australia.

title: Millennium Chemicals


text:
Mellow Yellow

"Mellow Yellow" is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. Released in the US in 1966, it reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside the US, "Mellow Yellow" peaked at No. 8 in the UK in early 1967.

Content
The song was rumoured to be about smoking dried banana skins, which was believed to be a hallucinogenic drug in the 1960s, though this aspect of bananas has since been debunked. According to Donovan's notes, accompanying the album Donovan's Greatest Hits, the rumour that one could get high from smoking dried banana skins was started by Country Joe McDonald in 1966, and Donovan heard the rumour three weeks before "Mellow Yellow" was released as a single. According to The Rolling Stone Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll, he admitted later the song made reference to a vibrator; an "electrical banana" as mentioned in the lyrics. Donovan stated, "I was reading a newspaper and on the back there was an ad for a yellow dildo called the mellow yellow," he said. "Really, you know the 'electric banana' was right in there and gave it away. And that's what the song's about." This definition was re-affirmed in an interview with NME magazine: "it's about being cool, laid-back, and also the electrical bananas that were appearing on the scene – which were ladies' vibrators."

Paul McCartney can be heard as one of the background revellers on this track, but the "quite rightly" whispering lines in the chorus is not McCartney, but rather Donovan himself. Donovan had a small part in coming up with the lyrics for "Yellow Submarine", and McCartney played bass guitar (uncredited) on portions of Donovan's Mellow Yellow album.

In 2005, the track was remastered by EMI Records for the Mellow Yellow album re-issue.

Reception
Cash Box called "Mellow Yellow" an "easy-going, sophisticated blues number which should be a giant."

Covers and adaptations
"Mellow Yellow" was covered in 1967 by soul singer Big Maybelle on her album Got a Brand New Bag. It was also covered in 1968 by British R&B singer/keyboardist Georgie Fame on his album The Third Face of Fame.

In 1999, "Mellow Yellow" was sung by a group of young adults, among whom were then-unknowns Alex Greenwald, Rashida Jones and Jason Thompson, in Gap's "Everybody in Cords" commercial directed by Pedro Romhanyi. The music mix was done by the Dust Brothers. In 2015 the song was covered by Spanish singer Abraham Mateo for promotion of the film Minions. The original by Donovan was used in the film's ending titles. In Brazil Michel Teló covered the song, adapted to Portuguese, also for the movie.

title: Mellow Yellow


text:
Talk:Harry Cobby

Untitled
Thanks Geoff, I was in the process of writing it when I saw the (trigger-happy) vote for deletion. Grant65 (Talk) 03:51, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * No worries. I assumed you were planning to write it.  Just wanted to put something in place so that the other redirects weren't ruthlessly hunted down and exterminated.  Geoff/Gsl 07:46, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A Note on Ranking Australian Aces
http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/australi/index.php, which contains a detailed listing of all confirmed victories by World War I aces, shows Robert A. Little as Australia's leading ace, with 47 victories, "Stan" Dallas as second with 32 victories, and Arthur H. Cobby third with 29. Cobby is the leading ace of the Australia Flying Corps, as the other two served in Royal Naval Air Service.

I have amended this article accordingly.

Georgejdorner (talk) 07:49, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Information on how Cobby managed to leave the bank and join the AIF
In his autobiography, High Adventure (published originally in 1942), Cobby states that in order to leave the bank and join the AIF he "...put the hard word on the Governor of the Bank, pointing out that I [sic] had the option of resigning, or jumping under a train if I [sic] was not permitted to join up. He saw the reasonableness of my request, especially as I had based it on my getting into the Flying Corps". (quote from p. 19).

The full details of the source are:

Cobby, Arthur Henry. (1942). High Adventure: The Autobiography of Australia's Most Famous WWI Flying Ace. Reprinted in 1981 by Kookaburra Technical Publications: Melbourne. ISBN 0-85880-044-6.

Not sure if you would like to include that in the article at all. AustralianRupert (talk) 05:13, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The story goes that after hearing what the life expectancy of a pilot was, he asked to have another go at the train. Hawkeye7 (talk) 00:51, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Lol...! Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 03:27, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Congratulations!
I was delighted to see this article at the top of the main page on Armistice Day. Amandajm (talk) 02:21, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you on behalf of all those who contribnuted to getting it there! Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 04:57, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

North-Eastern Area
Was Cobby the AOC North-Eastern Area or the AOC North-Eastern Area Headquarters? It may be that there is no distinction but http://www.ozatwar.com/fedplace.htm seems to indicate that the Commander of North-Eastern Area was a USAAF 2 star while Cobby as COS (also titled as AOC North-Eastern Area Headquarters) was a RAAF 1 star. Greenshed (talk) 18:49, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi mate. There was effectively no distinction between AOC North-Eastern Area (also referred to as North-Eastern Area Command) and AOC North-Eastern Area Headquarters. I did see you adding links to that stub in a few articles I've worked on like Lukis and McLachlan. Couple of things... From memory Ozatwar, though useful in its own way, wouldn't be regarded as a reliable source on WP. Also I'm at present working on an all-encompassing article on the RAAF Area Command system which should end up being a better link for all similar commands like North-Western Area, Southern Area, etc. So my suggestion is not link any more articles to that NEA stub as it would be subsumed by the relevant section in my forthcoming Area Commands article. Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 21:24, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Greetings. I accept that Ozatwar may not be regarded as a reliable source and as such I did not use it for in-line referencing.  While I have yet to look up WP policy on whether there is a lower standard for external links than for references, I do not feel too strongly about this issue.  In any case sources which do not meet the article-space bar can still inform discussions on pages such as this.  Looking at the article on Ralph Royce, there is no mention of Royce being appointed as the commander of North-Eastern Area.  I take it from you comments that Cobby was AOC North-Eastern Area and that Ozatwar incorrectly states that Royce was the commander.  I look forward to your article on the RAAF Area Command system but suggest that unless there is limited information on that topic, it may well be that each RAAF area command will justify its own article in the fullness of time.  Of course that is not to say that an overview article would not also be of benefit.  Keep up the good work. Greenshed (talk) 00:17, 12 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, a couple probably could justify their own articles (Eastern Area already has its own because it evolved into the present Air Command) but others like the short-lived Central Area may never have enough meat for that -- we'll see how things look after the umbrella article, eh? Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 01:05, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Cobby St, Campbell, ACT, named after Harry Cobby
The streets of the suburb of Campbell, in the Australian Capital Territory, in the vicinity of the Australian War Memorial, are named after Australian military heroes. Cobby St is named after Harry Cobby. It is situated very close to the War Memorial.

I recommend that this information be included in the article. Javaman59 (talk) 01:01, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Done -- tks for letting us know! Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 02:01, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Harry Cobby


text: Category:Chemical companies

title: Category:Chemical companies


text:
John R. McGann

John Raymond McGann (December 2, 1924 – January 29, 2002) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Rockville Centre, in New York from 1976 to 2000. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the same diocese from 1970 to 1976.

Early life and education
John McGann was born on December 2, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York, to Thomas and Mary (née Ryan) McGann. His twin sister, who took the name Sr. John Raymond McGann joined the Sisters of Saint Joseph in Brentwood, Long Island, becoming general superior of the congregation in 1978. A second sibling, Sr. Thomas Joseph, also joined the Sisters of Saint Joseph.

He received his early education at the parochial school of Our Lady of Good Counsel Church, graduating in 1938. He then began his studies for the priesthood at Cathedral College in Brooklyn, and afterwards attended Immaculate Conception Seminary in Huntington, New York, from 1944 to 1950.

Ordination and ministry
On June 3, 1950, McGann was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Brooklyn by Bishop Thomas E. Molloy. His first assignment was as a curate at St. Anne's Parish in Brentwood, New York, where he served for seven years. He also served as an assistant chaplain at Pilgrim State Hospital and a professor at St. Joseph's Academy, both in Brentwood (1950–1954).

In 1957, McGann was named assistant personal secretary to Bishop Walter P. Kellenberg and assistant chancellor of the newly erected Diocese of Rockville Centre. He became personal secretary to Bishop Kellenberg in 1959, and was named a papal chamberlain by Pope John XXIII that same year. In addition to his pastoral work at St. Agnes Cathedral, he was made vice-chancellor of the diocese in 1967 and served as secretary of the diocesan board of consultors.

Auxiliary Bishop and Bishop of Rockville Centre
On November 12, 1970, McGann was appointed auxiliary bishop of Rockville Centre and titular bishop of Morosbisdus by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on January 7, 1971, from Bishop Kellenberg, with Bishops Vincent Baldwin and Charles Mulrooney serving as co-consecrators. On May 3, 1976, McGann was appointed bishop of Rockville Centre by Paul VI. He was elected treasurer of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1984.

Retirement and death
Pope John Paul II accepted McGann's resignation as bishop of the Diocese of Rockville Centre on January 4, 2000. He was succeeded by Bishop James T. McHugh, who had served as his coadjutor bishop since 1999. John McGann died at Mercy Medical Center in Rockville Centre on January 31, 2002, at age 77.

The Radiology & Imaging Center at Mercy Medical Center is named for Bishop McGann, as is Bishop McGann-Mercy High School. Bishop John R. McGann Village is a senior low income housing apartment in Bay Shore, New York.

Two unnamed women alleged in 2019 through an attorney that McGann and other clergy and personnel of the diocese sexually abused them as children in the 1960s and '70s.

title: John R. McGann


text:
Waltham-Lowell system

The Waltham-Lowell system was a labor and production model employed during the rise of the textile industry in the United States, particularly in New England, during the rapid expansion of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century.

The textile industry was one of the earliest to become mechanized, made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and water frame around the time of the American Revolution, and models of production and labor sources were first explored in textile manufacturing. The system used domestic labor, often referred to as mill girls, who came to the new textile centers from rural towns to earn more money than they could at home, and to live a cultured life in the city. Their life was very regimented: they lived in boardinghouses and were held to strict hours and a moral code.

Competition grew in the domestic textile industry and wages declined, so workers began to go on strike. Immigration began to grow in the United States, and immigrants often brought skills and were willing to work for lower wages by mid-century, and the system proved unprofitable and collapsed.

Precursor

The precursor to the Waltham-Lowell system was used in Rhode Island, where British immigrant Samuel Slater set up his first spinning mills in 1793. Slater drew on his British mill experience to create a factory system called the "Rhode Island System" based on the customary patterns of family life in New England villages. Children aged 7 to 12 were the first employees of the mill, and Slater personally supervised them closely. The first child workers were hired in 1790. Slater first tried to staff his mill with women and children from afar, but that fell through due to the close-knit framework of the New England family. He then brought in whole families, creating entire towns. He provided company-owned housing nearby, along with company stores, and he sponsored a Sunday School where college students taught the children to read and write.

Characteristics
The Waltham-Lowell system pioneered the use of a vertically integrated system. Here there was complete control over all aspects of production. Spinning, weaving, dyeing, and cutting were now completed in a single plant. This large amount of control made it so that no other company could interfere with production. The Waltham mill also pioneered the process of mass production which greatly increased the scale of manufacturing. Water-powered line shafts and belts connected hundreds of power lines. The increase in manufacturing occurred so rapidly that there was no localized labor supply in the early 19th century that could have sufficed. Lowell solved this problem by hiring young women.

Waltham
After the successes of Samuel Slater, a group of investors called The Boston Associates and led by Newburyport, Massachusetts merchant Francis Cabot Lowell devised a new textile operation on the Charles River in Waltham, Massachusetts, west of Boston. This firm was the first in the nation to place cotton-to-cloth production under one roof, incorporated as the Boston Manufacturing Company in 1814.

The Boston Associates tried to create a controlled system of labor, unlike the harsh conditions that they observed while in Lancashire, England. The owners recruited young New England farm girls from the surrounding area to work the machines at Waltham. The mill girls lived in company boarding houses and were subject to strict codes of conduct and supervised by older women. They worked about 80 hours a week. Six days per week, they woke to the factory bell at 4:40 a.m. and reported to work at 5 before a half-hour breakfast break at 7. They worked until a lunch break of 30 to 45 minutes around noon. The workers then returned to their company houses at 7 p.m. when the factory closed. This system became known as the Waltham System.

Lowell

The Boston Manufacturing Company proved immensely profitable, but the Charles River had very little potential as a power source. Francis Cabot Lowell died prematurely in 1817, and soon his partners traveled north of Boston to East Chelmsford, Massachusetts, where the large Merrimack River could provide far more power. The first mills formed the Merrimack Manufacturing Company and were running by 1823. The settlement was incorporated as the town of Lowell in 1826 and became the city of Lowell ten years later, boasting ten textile corporations, all running on the Waltham System and each considerably larger than the Boston Manufacturing Company. Lowell became one of the largest cities in New England and the model became known as the Lowell System; it was copied elsewhere in New England, often in other mill towns developed by the Boston Associates.

Decline

Eventually, cheaper and less organized foreign labor replaced the mill girls. Even by the time of the founding of Lawrence in 1845, there were questions being raised about its viability. One of the leading causes of this transition to foreign labor and the demise of the system was the coming of the Civil War. Girls went to be nurses, moved back to their farms, or took positions that men had left when they joined the army. These girls were out of the mills for the duration of the war and, when the mills reopened after the war, the girls were gone because they no longer needed the mills. They had rooted into their new occupations or moved on in life to the point where the mill was no longer suitable for them. The lack of mill girls created a movement towards Irish immigrants.

The Irish community that was building in Lowell, Massachusetts was not exclusively female, unlike the grouping of mill girls in the dormitories. The proportion of male employment at the mill increased which rapidly changed the demographics of the people that worked there. The Lowell plant became heavily dependent on the foreign lower-class, especially the Irish immigrants who flocked to Massachusetts.

title: Waltham-Lowell system


text:
Latin Library

The Latin Library is a website that collects public domain Latin texts. It is run by William L. Carey, adjunct professor of Latin and Roman Law at George Mason University. The texts have been drawn from different sources, are not intended for research purposes nor as substitutes for critical editions, and may contain errors. There are no translations at the site.

title: Latin Library


text: User talk:211.28.24.16

title: User talk:211.28.24.16


text:
User:Wizardphrog

About Me
Well, what can I say? I'm 15, live in the United States and spend most of my time on the computer. I like to look up random things on Wikipedia (who doesn't?), listen to music, and read SciFi.

Music
Let's see, I like Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, The Clash, The Sex Pistols, and others, mainly of the punk type thing and classic rock.

And...?
More to come... hopefully.

title: User:Wizardphrog


text:
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas

Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas is a 1999 American direct-to-video animated Christmas anthology comedy fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. The film includes three features: Donald Duck: Stuck on Christmas (featuring Donald Duck, Huey, Dewey, and Louie, Daisy Duck, and Scrooge McDuck), A Very Goofy Christmas (featuring Goofy, Max, and Pete) and Mickey and Minnie's Gift of the Magi (featuring Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Pluto, Pete, Daisy, and Mortimer Mouse). Other Disney characters also make cameos in the film.

A sequel, titled Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas, was released on November 9, 2004. Unlike Once Upon a Christmas, the sequel is a computer-generated film rather than a hand-drawn, and is composed of five segments.

Upon the release of Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, the film received mixed reviews from critics. However, it has been rediscovered by audiences, and the annual celebration of Christmas has helped make the film a cult classic.

Donald Duck: Stuck on Christmas
Inspired by the 1892 short story "Christmas Every Day" by William Dean Howells. Huey, Dewey and Louie wake up one Christmas morning and then go downstairs to open their presents, although they are supposed to wait for Daisy, Uncle Scrooge and Aunt Gertie to arrive. The boys then take their new sleds from Uncle Donald (not reading the included card) and go sledding before having Christmas dinner, where Donald yells at them to learn some manners. As Donald, Daisy, Uncle Scrooge and Aunt Gertie sing carols, the boys play with their new toys.

Later, it is time to go to bed and having enjoyed the day immensely, the boys wish for it to be Christmas every day. Their wish is granted and at first they are joyful. After a few days however, they begin to become tired of Christmas and realize that every day will be exactly the same. They decide to change the course of action of the next day by playing tricks and pranks, including swapping the cooked turkey with a live one at dinner. It turns out to be a terrible Christmas for everyone, especially Donald, who chases after the turkey running on the piano so fast that it falls apart.

Shortly after, the boys read the card that was given to them earlier by Donald and Daisy. The card wishes them love and explains that Christmas is not just about presents, it is also about being with family. The boys feel guilty and decide to make amends by making the next day the best Christmas ever. As the boys spread love and cheer by giving Aunt Gertie kisses and helping Daisy with dinner, Donald begins to become suspicious. Whilst singing carols, Donald confronts the boys, demanding to know what they are up to. An outraged Daisy snaps at Donald, accusing him of spoiling a perfect Christmas. Huey, however, admits that Donald was right and that he and his brothers forgot something. Huey, Dewey and Louie pull out their gift for Uncle Donald - a sail boat made out of their sleds. Genuinely surprised, embarrassed and touched, Donald thanks his nephews with a warm hug. At the end of the next day, the boys finally realize the true meaning of Christmas and the time loop ends, leading to the day after Christmas.

A Very Goofy Christmas
Goofy and Max are getting a letter mailed to Santa Claus. However, as soon as they get home, their neighbor Pete tells Max that Santa does not exist, saying that it is impossible for him to fly around the world in one night. Things begin to get worse when an unprepared Goofy poses as Santa for some kids and Max finds out that he tricked him. Goofy is determined to prove to Max that Santa does exist and stays up all Christmas Eve to keep an eye out for him while Max, still bitter, just wants to move on. After mistaking a Beagle Boy (who was robbing Pete's house) for Santa, Goofy eventually gives up hope of Santa coming. Max then does everything that Goofy did, to try and make him happy, including posing as (a very small) Santa himself, although Goofy soon finds out. In the end, the real Santa actually comes and gives Max the gift he had asked for earlier (as well as burying Pete's house next door in snow as punishment for his cruel disbelief). When Max asks Goofy if Santa forgot his present, Goofy answers that every year he asks for the same thing and he always gets it - Max's happiness.

This segment chronologically precedes the cartoon series, Goof Troop and its film A Goofy Movie.

Mickey and Minnie's Gift of the Magi
Based on the 1905 short story "The Gift of the Magi" by O. Henry. Mickey wants to get Minnie a gold chain for her one heirloom, her watch, so he works at Crazy Pete's Tree Lot. Minnie wants to give Mickey something special for Christmas as well, so she works hard at her job in a department store to get a bonus to buy a present with. When Mickey offers a small tree to a poor family who cannot afford to buy a special 10-footer tree, his greedy supervisor Pete steals Mickey's money and dismisses him. Pete inadvertently puts his lit cigar into his pocket with Mickey's money without noticing, which triggers a sequence that ends up setting himself, the money and his trees – including the 10-footers – on fire, much to Pete's dismay. Meanwhile, Minnie's bonus from her stingy boss Mortimer Mouse proves to be nothing but a fruit cake. After playing music for a toy drive with the Firehouse Five, Mickey has the idea that he can trade his harmonica for the gold chain. The shop closes when he gets there and the owner who is just leaving is not interested in the harmonica, but changes his mind after hearing Mickey play it. Back at Minnie's house, Mickey gives her the chain for her watch, which she reveals she sold to buy Mickey a case for his harmonica, which he also no longer has. However, Mickey and Minnie get emotional seeing how far they went to profess their love and they will still be able to celebrate a happy Christmas. As in The Gift of the Magi original story, the thought behind each gift is what counts.

Finale
The film concludes with a medley of various songs, "Jingle Bells", "Deck the Halls", and "We Wish You a Merry Christmas", featuring the main characters from all the three segments.

Voice cast

 * Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse
 * Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse, Huey, Dewey, and Louie
 * Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck
 * Diane Michelle as Daisy Duck (Stuck on Christmas, singing voice in the finale)
 * Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck (The Gift of the Magi), Chip, and Aunt Gertie
 * Alan Young as Scrooge McDuck
 * Bill Farmer as Goofy, Pluto
 * Corey Burton as Dale
 * Shaun Fleming as Max Goof
 * Jim Cummings as Pete, Police, Mailman, Fire Chief, Dad, onlooker, shop owner, and Santa Claus
 * Jeff Bennett as Dad Firefighter #2, Mortimer Mouse, Store Announcer, Man, and Costumer
 * Gregg Berger as Mr Anderson and Shopper
 * Kylie Dempsey as Kid #2 and Little Girl
 * Taylor Dempsey as Little Jimmy, and Kid #1
 * Andrew McDonaugh as Boy
 * Pat Musick as Distressed Woman, Angry Woman, Eccentric Lady, Shopper and Mrs Anderson
 * Frank Welker as Turkey and Figaro
 * Mae Whitman as Girl
 * April Winchell as Mom, Old Woman, Firewoman, and Firefighter #1
 * Kelsey Grammer as The Narrator
 * Tommy Morgan provides Mickey's harmonica solos
 * Randy Crenshaw, Rick Logan, Bobbi Page, and Norman Large as Christmas Carols Medley

Home media
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas was originally released on VHS and DVD on November 9, 1999. It was later re-released on VHS and on DVD (as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection) on November 7, 2000. Coinciding with its 15th anniversary, the film was released in a 2-Movie Collection Blu-ray and DVD with Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas on November 4, 2014.

In 2000, the film was part of McDonald's Happy Meals toys as one six titles highlighted as the Disney Video Showcase Collection. Each toy came as one of three interlocking characters from the film (Mickey, Minnie, and Pluto) packaged in a simulated video case.

The film was made available to stream on Netflix. It was subsequently released on Disney+.

Broadcast
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas aired in the United States on ABC Family in December 2013, and in December 2015. It aired on Freeform in December 2022.

Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 40% based on 5 reviews with an average rating of 5.60/10.

Allison McClain Merrill of Screen Rant called the three stories of Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas "memorable", while Zach Grass wrote, "This movie is like a cup of hot chocolate with all the marshmallows and toppings you could possibly ask for. The plots aren't exactly deep, but they're touching, funny, and oh-so festive that you just can't help but catch the feels from these wholesome holiday stories. They'll definitely make your binging session merry and bright." Caitlin Gallagher of PopSugar described Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas as one of the "perfect holiday underdogs" and as a "heartwarming movie", while Sabienna Bowman said, "Each one of the segments is terrific, but Mickey and Minnie's version of "The Gift of the Magi" is a standout for being a total tearjerker." Andrea Beach of Common Sense Media gave Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas a grade of three out of five stars, and praised the depiction of positive messages and role models, citing love, caring, and the spirit of giving.

Megan McCluskey of Time included Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas in their "10 Best Christmas Movies for Kids on Netflix" list, stating, "Disney's most beloved characters get into some holiday hijinks in one of the best Christmas kid movies on Netflix. With two Disney-themed retellings of classic Christmas tales, "Donald Duck: Stuck on Christmas" and "Mickey and Minnie's Gift of the Magi", as well as the original short "A Very Goofy Christmas", this animated anthology is a nice solo-watch for kids." Bryce Olin of FanSided included Mickey's Once Upon A Christmas in their "Best Christmas Movies on Netflix 2016" list. Michael Thomas of Collider included Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas in their "Best Holiday Movies and Shows on Disney+ Right Now" list, stating, "Once Upon a Christmas is Disney at its finest. It's a wholesome watch with beautiful animation, and all three stories fit well within the relatively short runtime. We're reminded why Mickey and the gang have endured for so long," while Ashley Amber ranked the film ninth in their "10 Best Animated Christmas Classics" list and described it as a "memorable watch for gen Z-ers and millennials alike."

Ashley Jones of Romper ranked Mickey's Once Upon A Christmas fifth in their "20 Of The Best Christmas Movies For Kids" list, saying, "Though it's not so much a movie as it is a film-length collection of animated shorts, Mickey's Once Upon A Christmas earns a spot on this list thanks to its charming holiday appeal. Kids who love Mickey, Minnie, Donald, Goofy, and the whole crew won't be able to resist these heartwarming stories." Rachel Johnson of MovieWeb ranked Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas eighth in their "Best Christmas Movies of the 1990s" list and called it a "holiday gem". TV Insider ranked Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas thirty-eight in their "50 Best Holiday Specials and Movies of All Time" list, asserting, "There is lots of fun, songs and laughter and you'll find yourself being thawed out of any "humbug" state and embracing the Christmas spirit."

Accolades
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas won the Award for Best Animated Feature Film at the 5th Kecskemét Animation Film Festival in 1999. It was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Home Video Production at the 2000 Annie Awards.

title: Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas


text:
Nicaraguan cuisine

Nicaraguan cuisine includes a mixture of Mesoamerican, Chibcha, Spanish, Caribbean, and African cuisine. Despite the blending and incorporation of pre-Columbian, Spanish and African influences, traditional cuisine differs from the western half of Nicaragua to the eastern half. Western Nicaraguan cuisine revolves around the Mesoamerican diet of the Chorotega and Nicarao people such as maize, tomatoes, avocados, turkey, squash, beans, chili, and chocolate, in addition to potatoes which were cultivated by the Chibcha people originating from South America and introduced meats like pork and chicken. Eastern Nicaraguan cuisine consists mostly of seafood and coconut.

Main staples

As in many other Latin American countries, corn is a staple. It is used in many widely consumed dishes such as nacatamal and indio viejo. Corn is not only used in food; it is also an ingredient for drinks such as pinolillo and chicha as well as in sweets and desserts. Other staples are rice and beans. Rice is eaten when corn is not, and beans are consumed as a cheap protein by the majority of Nicaraguans. It is common for rice and beans to be eaten as a breakfast dish. There are many meals including these two staples; one popular dish, gallo pinto, is often served as lunch, sometimes with eggs. Nicaraguans do not limit their diet solely to corn, rice, and beans. Many Nicaraguans have small gardens of their own full of vegetables and sometimes incorporate flowers into their meals.

Commonly used ingredients are peanuts, cabbage (shredded in vinegar, this is called "ensalada" and used as a side dish, sometimes with carrots and beets added), carrots, beets, butternut squash, plantains, bananas, fresh ginger, onion, potato, peppers, jocote, grosella, mimbro, mango, papaya, tamarind, pipian, apples, avocado, yuca, and quequisque. Herbs such as cilantro, oregano, and achiote are also used in cooking.

Typical Nicaraguan dishes
• Arroz ancha

• Arroz aguado

• Arroz con pepino

• Arroz con pollo

• Berenjenas rellenas

• Brochetas

• Camarones al ajillo

• Carne asada

• Carne desmenuzada

• Carne enchorizada

• Carne pinchada

• Carne sofrita

• Coctel de conchas

• Corazon asado

• Costillas asadas de cerdo

• Cusuco frito y desmenuzado

• Chancho adobado

• Chancho frito

• Chicharrón con chimichurri

• Churrasco con chimichurri

• Ensalada de aguacate

• Filete en tocineta

• Gallina rellena

• Gallo pinto

• Guacamol Nica

• Guiso de berenjenas

• Guiso de chayote

• Guiso de pipian

• Güirila

• Higado asado

• Higado en caldillo

• Higado frito

• Indio viejo

• Lengua

• Lengua fingida

• Lomo de venado

• Lomo entomatado y encebollado

• Lomo relleno

• Nacatamal

• Pechuga con queso

• Pechuga desmenuzada

• Pescozon

• Pescado a la Tipitapa

• Platanos fritos

• Posta en caldillo

• Punta de Salon henchida

• Quesillo

• Repocheta

• Rondón

• Salpicón

• Sopa de albóndigas

• Sopa de cola

• Sopa de frijoles

• Sopa de gallina con albóndigas

• Sopa de mondongo

• Sopa de pastora

• Sopa de pato

• Sopa de pescado

• Sopa de punche (cangrejo de mar)

• Sopa de queso

• Sopa de res o de hueso

• Sopa de sesos

• Sopa de verduras

• Sopa siete mares

• Substancia de carne o de higado

• Tacos al pastor

• Tajadas con ensalada and/or queso frito

• Tamal pisque

• Tamal relleno

• Tamales

• Tostones

• Vaho

• Venado asado

• Vigorón

Refrescos (drinks)

Nicaraguan cuisine makes use of fruits, some of which are only grown in that particular region due to their location. Many fruits are made into drinks known as frescos, the Nicaraguan name for what are called "aguas frescas" in other Latin American countries. Common flavors include melon, tamarind, papaya, guayaba, guanábana, coconut, pineapple, and pitahaya. Pinolillo is very popular among Nicaraguans, as many times they refer to themselves as pinoleros, which means "pinolillo drinkers". Many drinks are also made from grains and seeds, mixed with milk, water, sugar and ice.

Alcoholic beverages
Rums, such as Flor de Caña and Ron Plata (both produced by Compañía Licorera de Nicaragua, S.A (CLNSA)), are both a popularly consumed beverage in Nicaragua and a crucial export product.

Popular rum-based cocktails include the "Nica libre," a regional re-naming of the Cuba libre (itself a variation of rum and coke), and the "Macuá" (containing orange, guava, and lime juices). The "Macúa" originated in 2006, when it won a Flor de Caña-sponsored competition to determine a marketable national cocktail representing Nicaragua, and was created by a pediatrician from Granada.

Beer is also a common alcoholic beverage consumed in Nicaragua. Popular brands include Toña and Victoria, two former competitors both now produced by Compañía Cervecera de Nicaragua, as of a 1996 merger.

Other drinks

 * Achiote con limon
 * Achiote con toronja
 * Agua de arroz
 * Arroz con Pino
 * Arroz con piña
 * Atol
 * Avena (drink)
 * Avena con leche
 * Avena con limon
 * Cacao
 * Caimito
 * Cebada
 * Cebada con limon
 * Cebada con Milca
 * Coyolito
 * Chia
 * Chicha
 * Chicha bruja
 * Chicha de caña
 * Chicha de coyol
 * Chicha de jocote
 * Chocolate
 * Ensalada de fruta
 * Espinaca (made with spinach berries)
 * Fresco de guayabilla
 * Guabul
 * Granadilla
 * Horchata
 * Kola Shaler
 * Limonada cimarrona
 * Linaza
 * Linaza con tamarindo
 * Mamey (nothing to do with sapodilla)
 * Mamón
 * Nancite (yellow cherries drink)
 * Naranja con remolachas
 * Naranja con zanahorias
 * Papalon (beach grape drink)
 * Papaturro
 * Tiste

Postres (desserts)

 * Almendras en miel (en jarabe)
 * Almibar o curbaza
 * Almibar de toncuá
 * Arroz con leche
 * Atol
 * Atol pujagua
 * Atolillo
 * Ayote en miel
 * Bienmesabe
 * Botellitas de miel
 * Brujas
 * Buñuelos de yuca o platano
 * Cajeta de ajonjoli
 * Cajeta de coco
 * Cajeta de coyol
 * Cajeta de leche
 * Cajeta de piña
 * Cajeta de zapoyol
 * Cocadas
 * Cosa de horno
 * Coyol en miel (en jarabe)
 * Crispeta
 * Cuznaca
 * Chiricaya
 * Dulce de leche
 * Dulce de limon (cidra)
 * Dulce de nancite
 * Dulce de naranja
 * Dulce de piña
 * Dulce de papaya
 * Dulce de toronja
 * Dulce de remolacha con zanahoria
 * Enchiclados
 * Espumillas
 * Gofio
 * Flan
 * Gofio con anis
 * Grosellas en miel (en jarabe)
 * Hicacos en miel (en jarabe)
 * Jalea de guayaba
 * Jalea de mango
 * Jalea de patriotas (bananas)
 * Jocotes cocidos
 * Leche burra
 * Maduro asado
 * Maduro en gloria
 * Maduro horneado
 * Mamones en miel (en jarabe)
 * Mazapan
 * Melcocha
 * Motas de atol
 * Nancites cocidos
 * Nancites en conserva
 * Perrerreque
 * Piñonate
 * Pio Quinto
 * Polvorón
 * Raspados
 * Requeson
 * Sopa borracha
 * Suspiros
 * Toronja en miel (en jarabe)
 * Torta de leche
 * Tres leches cake
 * Turron

title: Nicaraguan cuisine


text:
Víctor Sánchez (writer)

Víctor Sánchez (born December 9, 1961) is a Mexican author. He was initially inspired by the writings of Carlos Castaneda and by his own studies among the Wirrarika, said to be cultural descendants of the Pre-Columbian Native American Toltecs.

Sanchez's first book, The Teachings of Don Carlos: Practical Applications of the Works of Carlos Castaneda (1995), provides in-depth techniques and commentary on a path of "self-growth" based on the wisdom of the Toltec descendants. His approach in this book is bringing the proposals of Castaneda down to the earth focusing on those parts of Castaneda's book that can be applied in everyday life and used for personal development, while discouraging the use of psychotropic plants, which was prominent in mostly in the first book of Castaneda "The Teachings of Don Juan". Sanchez has published four further books: Toltecs of the New Millennium (1996), providing an overview of and background on the author's experiences with the Wirrarika; The Toltec Path of Recapitulation: Healing Your Past to Free Your Soul (2001); and The Toltec Oracle (2004); and "Los Colores de Tu Alma" (The Colors of Your Soul - not yet translated into English) (2014). Sanchez's recapitulation technique bears some resemblance to Sandra Ingerman's soul retrieval technique, but is probably the most comprehensive approach to the subject that has been published so far. Other shamanic teachers using similar techniques include Michael Harner, PhD founder of core shamanism, and Ken Page, founder of Heart and Soul Healing. Some have associated Sanchez's work with Toltec author Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz, author of the Four Agreements. Sánchez usually respond to such association, that while he likes the general message of Ruiz´ book, they are not particular of the Toltec but could be found in many religions or world philosophies.

Even though Sanchez´ work prominently deals with the topic of shamanism, he does not accept to be described as a shaman, but rather as a researcher in the field of indigenous knowledge, shamanism and personal development. He states that "shamanism is way too important to leave it in the hands of shamans". His approach is that the core shamanic experience is about a shift in human consciousness that is meant to be performed by any human being and the emphasis in shamans with special powers to be admired or followed can be a distraction of the real task of "re-integrating the other side of our consciousness". For him the cult to celebrities or gurus diverts people´s attention away from the key elements of real personal development which depends on each individual´s action.

Due to Sanchez´emphasis on the importance of actual research, study and real life experiences; he feels skeptical about the fact that much of what is said and written about the Toltec in spiritual oriented books, come more from literary imagination, rather than actual research with the living Toltec descendants indigenous communities of Mexico or from the study of the ancient Mexican codices.

In his works Sanchez coins the term "anti-anthropology", likening his form of research to anti-psychiatry. His approach to the study of the natives he portrays is, in his own words, "not to transform them, but to transform" himself by looking at the indigenous ways of soul development, in contrast to the anthropology academic approach which focuses more on the material elements of the culture, political organization, economy, etc., while leaving aside fundamental matters such as the perspective and experience of indigenous cultures regarding the development of human soul or psyche.

Sanchez was sued by Castaneda for infringement of copyright after including an eagle, desert, and other iconography on the covers of his books similar to that used by Castaneda. It is worth to notice that the law suit was not related to the contents of the book but to the initial design of the cover, which was not authored by Sanchez but by his publisher, Bear and Company, Inc.

Related works

 * Earthwalks for Body and Spirit: Exercises to Restore Our Sacred Bond with the Earth (2002) by James Endredy ISBN 1-879181-78-9
 * The Gospel of the Toltecs: The Life and Teachings of Quetzalcoatl (2002) by Frank Díaz ISBN 1-879181-86-X
 * The Art of Stalking Parallel Perception – The Living Tapestry of Lujan Matus - Revised 10th Anniversary Edition (2015) by Lujan Matus ISBN 1-5174-2272-8
 * Shadows in the Twilight: Conversations with a Shaman (2012) by Lujan Matus ISBN 1-4700-6324-7

title: Víctor Sánchez (writer)


text:
Miyu Irino

Miyu Irino (入野 自由) is a Japanese actor and singer. He voiced Haku in Spirited Away, Shoya Ishida in A Silent Voice, Sena Kobayakawa in Eyeshield 21, Jinta "Jintan" Yadomi in Anohana, Syaoran in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, Yuichiro Hyakuya in Seraph of the End, Episode in the Monogatari (series), Kōshi Sugawara in Haikyu!!, Nuts in Yes! PreCure 5 and its sequel GoGo!, Apollon Agana Belea in Kamigami no Asobi, and Sora in the Kingdom Hearts video game series. He released his debut mini-album Soleil on June 26, 2009, and his first single album, Faith, on November 25, 2009. In December 2016, he announced that he has gone on hiatus to study abroad, which he had been considering on that time. On September 3, 2021, he announced that he is married.

Anime series
1996 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
 * You're Under Arrest, Sho
 * PaRappa the Rapper, Parappa
 * Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002-10-01), Masukā Omba
 * Cromartie High School, Osamu Kido
 * D.N.Angel, Daisuke Niwa
 * Wolf's Rain, Hasu
 * Fafner in the Azure, Kōyō Kasugai
 * Kurau Phantom Memory, Ivon
 * Madlax, Chris
 * Windy Tales, Jun
 * Zipang, Young Yosuke
 * Eyeshield 21, Sena Kobayakawa
 * Starship Operators, Shimei Yuuki
 * Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicles, Syaoran
 * Air Gear, Nue
 * D. Gray-man, Narein
 * Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star, Manabu Miyasako
 * Gin'iro no Olynssis, Tokito Aizawa
 * Yomigaeru Sora - Rescue Wings, Satoshi Yoshioka
 * Darker Than Black, Young Hei
 * Mobile Suit Gundam 00, Saji Crossroad
 * One Piece, Jiro
 * Yes! PreCure 5, Nuts
 * Birdy the Mighty Decode, Tsutomu Senkawa
 * Kurozuka (novel), Kuon
 * Neo Angelique Abyss, Erenfried
 * Yes! PreCure 5 GoGo!, Nuts
 * Zettai Karen Children, Kagari Hino
 * 07 Ghost, Shuri Oak
 * Asura Cryin', Tomoharu Natsume
 * Asura Cryin' 2, Tomoharu Natsume, Naotaka Natsume
 * Metal Fight Beyblade, Tsubasa Otori
 * Cross Game, Ko Kitamura
 * First Love Limited, Mamoru Zaitsu
 * Kobato, Syaoran
 * Miracle Train, Takuto Kichijōji
 * Phantom: Requiem for the Phantom, Zwei/Reiji Azuma
 * Tatakau Shisho - The Book of Bantorra, Colio Tonies
 * Naruto Shippuden, Yagura, Saiken
 * Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan, Tosakamaru
 * Okami-san and Her Seven Companions, Ryoshi Morino
 * And Yet the Town Moves, Hiroyuki Sanada
 * Metal Fight Beyblade Baku, Tsubasa Otori
 * Anohana, Jinta Yadomi
 * Fate/Zero, Kiritsugu Emiya (young)
 * Ground Control to Psychoelectric Girl, Makoto Niwa
 * Metal Fight Beyblade 4D, Tsubasa Otori
 * Kimi to Boku, Chizuru Tachibana
 * Sacred Seven, Makoto Kagami
 * Un-Go, Seigen Hayami
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, Astral, Numbers 96
 * Daily Lives of High School Boys, Tadakuni
 * Hyouka, Jirō Sugimura
 * Metal Fight Beyblade Zero-G, Tsubasa Otori
 * Mysterious Girlfriend X, Akira Tsubaki
 * Naruto Shippuden, Minato Namikaze (child)
 * Pokémon, Masaomi, Kyohei
 * Tsuritama, Haru
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal II, Astral, Numbers 96
 * List of Monogatari episodes, Episode
 * Cuticle Detective Inaba, Kei Nozaki
 * Chihayafuru 2, Akihiro Tsukuba
 * Karneval, Yotaka
 * Naruto Shippuden, Yagura, Saiken
 * Captain Earth, Daichi Manatsu
 * Haikyū!!, Kōshi Sugawara
 * Kamigami no Asobi, Apollon Agana Berea
 * Fafner in the Azure: Exodus, Kōyō Kasugai
 * Haikyū!! 2, Kōshi Sugawara
 * Mr. Osomatsu, Todomatsu
 * Seraph of the End, Yūichirō Hyakuya
 * Haikyū!! 3, Kōshi Sugawara
 * Kizumonogatari, Episode
 * Mob Psycho 100, Ritsu Kageyama
 * Mr. Osomatsu 2, Todomatsu
 * Amanchu! Advance, Peter
 * Beatless, Higgins
 * Run with the Wind, Akane Kashiwazaki
 * Shinya! Tensai Bakabon, Bakabon
 * Carole & Tuesday, Roddy
 * Chihayafuru 3, Akihiro Tsukuba
 * Midnight Occult Civil Servants, Theo Himezuka
 * Mob Psycho 100 II, Ritsu Kageyama
 * Bungo Stray Dogs 3, Karma
 *  Haikyu!! To the Top, Kōshi Sugawara
 * Mr. Osomatsu 3, Todomatsu Matsuno
 * Oda Cinnamon Nobunaga, Lis (Akechi Mitsuhide)
 * Platinum End, Mirai Kakehashi
 * Yurei Deco, Finn
 * Mob Psycho 100 III, Ritsu Kageyama
 * The Masterful Cat Is Depressed Again Today, Shop Manager
 * Yatagarasu: The Raven Does Not Choose Its Master, Wakamiya
 * Grendizer U, Duke Fleed

Tokusatsu
Actor Voice actor
 * Ultraman Gaia: The Battle in Hyperspace (1999), Yu Hirama
 * Kamen Rider OOO (2010 - 2011), Ankh (Lost) (eps. 29 - 42)
 * Ultra Zero Fight (2013), Jean-nine
 * Ultraman Zero Side Story: Killer the Beatstar (2011), Jean-nine
 * Ultraman Geed the Movie: Connect Them! The Wishes!!  (2018), Jean-nine
 * Yoshihiko and the Key of Evil Spirits (2012), Emperor

Original video animation

 * Tsubasa Tokyo Revelations (2007), Syaoran
 * Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas (2009), Hanuman Tokusa
 * Tsubasa: Shunraiki (2009), Syaoran
 * xxxHolic Shunmuki (2009), Syaoran
 * Air Gear: Kuro no Hane to Nemuri no Mori (2010), Kazuma "Kazu" Mikura
 * Zettai Karen Children (2010), Kagari Hino
 * Five Numbers! (2011), Young Man
 * Senjou no Valkyria 3: Tagatame no Juusou (2011), Zig
 * Code Geass: Akito the Exiled (2012), Akito Hyuga
 * Shinken Zemi Kōkō Kōza (2012), Shota

Original net animation

 * Pokémon Evolutions (2021), Hop
 * The Heike Story (2021), Taira no Koremori

Anime films

 * Spirited Away (2001), Haku
 * Tsubasa Chronicle the Movie: The Princess of the Country of Birdcages (2005), Syaoran
 * xxxHOLiC the Movie: A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005), Syaoran
 * Legend of Raoh: Chapter of Fierce Fight (2006), Shiba
 * Yes! Precure 5: Kagami no Kuni no Miracle Daibōken! (2007), Nuts
 * Yes! Precure 5 GoGo! Okashi no Kuni no Happy Birthday (2008), Nuts
 * Precure All Stars DX: Minna Tomodachi—Kiseki no Zenin Daishūgō (2009), Nuts
 * Precure All Stars DX2: Kibō no Hikari—Rainbow Jewel o Mamore! (2010), Nuts
 * Book Girl the Movie (2010), Konoha Inoune
 * Mobile Suit Gundam 00 the Movie: A Wakening of the Trailblazer (2010), Saji Crossroad
 * Metal Fight Beyblade vs the Sun: Sol Blaze, the Scorching Hot Invader (2010), Tsubasa Ootori
 * The Prince of Tennis: Eikoku-shiki Teikyū-jō Kessen! (2011), Peter
 * Children Who Chase Lost Voices (2011), Shun and Shin
 * Precure All-Stars DX3 Mirai ni Todoke! Sekai o Tsunagu Niji-Iro no Hana (2011), Nuts
 * Towa no Quon (2011), Takao
 * Tiger & Bunny the Movie: The Beginning (2012), Isaac
 * Anohana (2013), Jintan
 * The Garden of Words (2013), Takao Akizuki
 * Lupin the 3rd vs. Detective Conan: The Movie (2013), Emilio Baretti
 * Miss Hokusai (2015), Kagema
 * Gekijō-ban Haikyu!! Owari to Hajimari (2015), Kōshi Sugawara
 * A Silent Voice (2016), Shōya Ishida
 * Kizumonogatari Part 2: Nekketsu (2016), Episode
 * Maquia: When the Promised Flower Blooms (2018), Ariel
 * Mr. Osomatsu: The Movie (2019), Todomatsu Matsuno
 * Child of Kamiari Month (2021), Yasha
 * Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero (2022), Dr. Hedo
 * Mr. Osomatsu: Hipipo-Zoku to Kagayaku Kajitsu (2022), Todomatsu Matsuno
 * Hokkyoku Hyakkaten no Concierge-san (2023), Japanese Wolf
 * Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction (2024), Keita Ōba
 * Haikyu!! The Dumpster Battle (2024), Kōshi Sugawara
 * Gekijōban Mononoke: Karakasa (2024), Tenshi

Video games

 * Kingdom Hearts (2002), Sora
 * Eureka Seven Vol.1: The New Wave (2005), Moondoggie
 * Kingdom Hearts II (2005), Sora
 * Everybody's Tennis (2006), Yuki
 * Summon Night: Twin Age (2007), Aldo
 * Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix+ (2007), Sora
 * Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories (2007), Sora
 * Saikin Koi Shiteru? (2009), Sōhei Aiba
 * Sunday VS Magazine: Shuuketsu! Choujou Daikessen! (2009), Natsu Dragneel
 * Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep (2010), Sora, Vanitas
 * God Eater Burst (2010), Karel Schneider
 * Kingdom Hearts Re:coded (2010), Sora
 * Black Robinia (2011), Kotaro Tachibana
 * Dragon Ball Heroes (2011), Beat/Male Saiyan Hero
 * Dragon Ball Z: Ultimate Tenkaichi (2011), Avatar: Energetic
 * Final Fantasy Type-0 (2011), Eight
 * Phantom of Inferno (2011), Zwei/Reiji Azuma, Xbox 360 Version
 * Valkyria Chronicles III (2011), Zig
 * Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance (2012), Sora, Vanitas
 * Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix (2013), Sora
 * Super Robot Wars UX (2013), Koyo Kasugai
 * Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 3 (2013), Yagura
 * Sengoku Basara 4 (2014), Yamanaka Shikanosuke
 * Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix (2014), Sora, Vanitas
 * God Eater 2: Rage Burst (2015), Karel Schneider
 * Naruto Shippûden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution (2014), Yagura
 * God Eater: Resurrection (2015), Karel Schneider
 * Final Fantasy Type-0 HD (2015), Eight
 * Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 (2016), Yagura
 * Osomatsusan no hesokuri wôzu (2016), Todomatsu Matsuno
 * Nîto sugoroku: Buraritabi (2016), Todomatsu Matsuno
 * Osomatsusan the Game: Hachamecha shuushoku adobaisu - Deddo oa wâku (2017), Todomatsu Matsuno
 * Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue (2017), Sora, Vanitas
 * Wand of Fortune R2~Jikuu ni Shizumu Mokushiroku (2017), Est Rinaudo [PS Vita]
 * Shoumetsu Toshi 2 (2017), Souma [App Game]
 * Neo Angelique Tenshi no Namida (2017), Erenfried [PS Vita]
 * Kingdom Hearts III (2019), Sora, Vanitas
 * Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2021), Sora
 * Fire Emblem Heroes (2021), Elm
 * Genshin Impact (2022), Cyno
 * Kingdom Hearts IV (TBA), Sora

Unknown date
 * Kamigami no Asobi, Apollon Agana Belea
 * Magic Pengel, Mono
 * Macross 30: The Voice that Connects the Galaxy, Leon Sagaki
 * Rogue Galaxy, Harry
 * Summon Night Craft Sword Monogatari: Hajimari no Ishi, Lemmy
 * SD Gundam G Generation World, Saji Crossroad
 * Wand of Fortune series, Est Rinaudo
 * Ikemen Revolution (2019), Jonah Clemence

Theatre

 * Anne of Green Gables, Gilbert
 * Fiddler on the Roof, Perchik
 * Titanic, Frederick Fleet
 * Galaxy Express 999: Galaxy Opera (2018), Tochiro Oyama

Live-action film

 * Mr. Osomatsu (2022), Todomatsu (voice)

TV drama

 * A Girl and Three Sweethearts (2016)

Live-action

 * Timothée Chalamet
 * Call Me by Your Name, Elio Perlman
 * Hot Summer Nights, Daniel Middleton
 * Beautiful Boy, Nic Sheff
 * Little Women, Theodore "Laurie" Laurence
 * Dune, Paul Atreides
 * Don't Look Up, Yule
 * Dune: Part Two, Paul Atreides
 * The 4400, Graham Holt (Cameron Bright)
 * Category 6: Day of Destruction (2007 TV Tokyo edition), Garth Benson (Jeff Sutton)
 * The Cider House Rules, Buster (Kieran Culkin)
 * Clouds, Zach Sobiech (Fin Argus)
 * Glee, Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet)
 * Gully, Jesse (Kelvin Harrison Jr.)
 * Juno, Paulie Bleeker (Michael Cera)
 * Killing Eve, Hugo Tiller (Edward Bluemel)
 * King Arthur, young Lancelot (Elliot Henderson-Boyle)
 * Mystic River, young Jimmy Markum (Jason Kelly)
 * The Pale Blue Eye, Edgar Allan Poe (Harry Melling)
 * The Santa Clause 2, Charlie Calvin (Eric Lloyd)
 * Savage Grace, Antony Baekeland (Eddie Redmayne)
 * The Thirteenth Year, Jess Wheatley (Justin Jon Ross)
 * Thumbsucker, Justin Cobb (Lou Taylor Pucci)
 * Willow, Prince Graydon (Tony Revolori)

Animation

 * My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Legend of Everfree, Timber Spruce
 * Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow (Disney XD edition), James Rogers
 * Recess, Vince LaSalle (first voice)
 * Underdogs, Capi

Music career
On 06/24/2009, Irino made his debut as an artist under Kiramune label with his first mini album「Soleil」.Irino is one of the first Kiramune's artists. He released the 1st single 「Faith」on the same year.

title: Miyu Irino


text:
Plan 9 from User Space

Plan 9 from User Space (also plan9port or p9p) is a port of many Plan 9 from Bell Labs libraries and applications to Unix-like operating systems. Currently it has been tested on a variety of operating systems including: Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris and SunOS. The project's name is a reference to the 1950s Ed Wood film Plan 9 from Outer Space.

A number of key applications have been ported, as have programs used by the system itself, along with the requisite libraries from Plan 9. All of these have been made to work on top of a Unix-like environment instead of their native Plan 9. Some of the most significant ported components are:
 * rc – The Plan 9 shell.
 * sam – A text editor.
 * acme – A combination of text editor and graphical shell especially useful to programmers.
 * mk – A tool for building software, analogous to the traditional Unix make utility.
 * plumber – An interprocess messaging facility.
 * Venti – A network storage system that permanently stores data blocks.

title: Plan 9 from User Space


text: User talk:69.208.182.104

title: User talk:69.208.182.104


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mangateparu

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:34, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Mangateparu
Makes no sense. Where is this place? A2Kafir 04:05, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Makes perfect sense to me, and a simple Google search would have told you that this is a place in New Zealand. It gets 89 unique hits. However, I can't tell if it's a town, neighborhood, or something else. Tentative Keep until we can get a New Zealander in here that knows more. android↔talk 04:54, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and wikify real places. Kappa 11:29, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep TigerShark 14:16, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. It's a rural district, a locality, and I think it's rather marginal for an article, but the article does no harm. Now that the school has closed, there's probably not much there. Google gives me 552 hits.-gadfium 20:17, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. it is a small place, but no less deserving of an article than many others I've seen on WP. Marginal, as Gadfium said, but I don't see much wrong in that. I've added a little bit more info about it. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 00:49, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep since you guys figured out where it was and improved it. Can I vote against my own VfD? A2Kafir 18:13, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 'keep since its a real place Yuckfoo 00:59, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Real place with community of interest. Capitalistroadster 04:40, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
James T. McHugh

James Thomas McHugh (January 3, 1932 – December 10, 2000) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church who served as bishop of Diocese of Rockville Centre in New York during the year 2000.

McHugh previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Newark in New Jersey from 1987 to 1989, as bishop of the Diocese of Camden in New Jersey from 1989 to 1998 and as coadjutor bishop of Rockville Centre from 1998 to early 2000.

Early life
McHugh was born in Orange, New Jersey, to James T. and Caroline (née Scavone) McHugh. He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Venantius Parish, and attended Our Lady of the Valley High School in Orange. He attended Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in classical languages. He then began his studies for the priesthood at Immaculate Conception Seminary in Darlington, New Jersey, receiving a Master of Divinity degree.

Priesthood
On May 25, 1957, McHugh was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Newark at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Newark, New Jersey His first assignment was as a curate at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Parish in Newark, and he afterwards served at Holy Trinity Parish in Fort Lee, New Jersey. He served as a member of the Archdiocesan Family Life Committee from 1962 to 1965.

In addition to his pastoral duties, McHugh did graduate work in sociology at Fordham University in New York City from 1963 to 1965. He served as moderator of the Bergen County Catholic Physicians' Guild (1964–1965) and of the Bergen County Catholic Nurses' Council (1963–1965). He continued his studies in sociology at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., from 1965 to 1967. In 1965, he joined the staff of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, where he served as director of the Family Life Bureau (1965–1975), director of the National Right to Life Committee (1967), and of the Office of Pro-Life Activities (1972–1978). While in that position he caused controversy when, in response to President Richard Nixon's July 1969 proposal of federal funding of artificial contraception as a means of population control, McHugh said Nixon's message was "a positive and constructive approach to the problem." He was named a papal chamberlain in 1971, and raised to the rank of honorary prelate in 1986.

McHugh was a visiting lecturer in theology at Princeton Theological Seminary (1974), Immaculate Conception Seminary (1976–81), and American College of Louvain in Belgium (1976). He became director of the Diocesan Development Program for Natural Family Planning in 1981. From 1978 to 1981, he studied moral theology with a concentration in medical ethics at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in Rome where he earned a doctorate in theology. He then served as a visiting lecturer at the Pontifical Lateran University in 1982. He served as special assistant at the World Synod of Bishops on "The Christian Family in the Contemporary World" in 1980, and was appointed to the delegation of the Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations in 1983. He was appointed archdiocesan vicar for Parish and Family Life in 1986.

Auxiliary Bishop of Newark
On November 20, 1987, McHugh was appointed as an auxiliary bishop of Newark and titular bishop of Morosbisdus by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on January 25, 1988, from Archbishop Theodore Edgar McCarrick, with Archbishop Peter Leo Gerety and Bishop Walter William Curtis serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart. He selected as his episcopal motto: Quid retribuam Domino, meaning, "What shall I return to the Lord".

Bishop of Camden
Following the retirement of Bishop George Guilfoyle, McHugh was named the fifth Bishop of Camden on May 13, 1989, by John Paul II. His installation took place at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception on June 20, 1989. During his nine-year tenure, he undertook a major reorganization of the diocese's administrative structure and authorized the relocation of the diocesan headquarters to downtown Camden. He presided over a diocesan synod in September 1992. Highly dedicated to the cause of Catholic education, he created a $63 million Catholic Education Endowment Fund for schools and religious education programs, a five-point plan to reinvigorate Catholic high schools, and led a grassroots effort to support school choice legislation in the state legislature.

A strong opponent of abortion, McHugh was a leading member of the National Conference of Bishops' Pro-Life Committee, and was known as the "father of the pro-life movement in America." He served as a delegate at United Nations-sponsored conferences on the environment (1992 in Rio de Janeiro) and on population and development (1994 in Cairo).

Bishop of Rockville Centre
McHugh was appointed coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Rockville Centre on December 7, 1998, effective February 22, 1999. He succeeded to the office of diocesan bishop by right of succession on January 4, 2000.

Death and legacy
McHugh died on December 10, 2000, in Rockville Centre, New York, at age 68.

In November 2020, a Vatican investigation into the case of defrocked former cardinal Theodore McCarrick identified McHugh as one of three bishops who "provided inaccurate and incomplete information to the Holy See regarding McCarrick’s sexual conduct with young adults" when McCarrick was a candidate for archbishop of the Archdiocese of Washington in 2000.

title: James T. McHugh


text:
User:Joannekhoo

Isn't it wonderful to be exploring ways to share our perspectives, I mean visually and truly.

title: User:Joannekhoo


text: User talk:129.22.21.96

title: User talk:129.22.21.96