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Gapless playback

Gapless playback is the uninterrupted playback of consecutive audio tracks, such that relative time distances in the original audio source are preserved over track boundaries on playback. For this to be useful, other artifacts (than timing-related ones) at track boundaries should not be severed either. Gapless playback is common with compact discs, gramophone records, or tapes, but is not always available with other formats that employ compressed digital audio. The absence of gapless playback is a source of annoyance to listeners of music where tracks are meant to segue into each other, such as some classical music (opera in particular), progressive rock, concept albums, electronic music, and live recordings with audience noise between tracks.

Playback latency
Various software, firmware, and hardware components may add up to a substantial delay associated with starting playback of a track. If not accounted for, the listener is left waiting in silence as the player fetches the next file (see harddisk access time), updates metadata, decodes the whole first block, before having any data to feed the hardware buffer. The gap can be as much as half a second or more — very noticeable in "continuous" music such as certain classical or dance genres. In extreme cases, the hardware is even reset between tracks, creating a very short "click".

To account for the whole chain of delays, the start of the next track should ideally be readily decoded before the currently playing track finishes. The two decoded pieces of audio must be fed to the hardware continuously over the transition, as if the tracks were concatenated in software.

Many older audio players on personal computers do not implement the required buffering to play gapless audio. Some of these rely on third-party gapless audio plug-ins to buffer output. Most recent players and newer versions of old players now support gapless playback directly.

Compression artifacts
Lossy audio compression schemes that are based on overlapping time/frequency transforms add a small amount of padding silence to the beginning and end of each track. These silences increase the playtime of the compressed audio data. If not trimmed off upon playback, the two silences played consecutively over a track boundary will appear as a pause in the original audio content. Lossless formats are not prone to this problem.

For some audio formats (e.g. Ogg Vorbis), where the start and end are precisely defined, the padding is implicitly trimmed off in the decoding process. Other formats may require extra metadata for the player to achieve the same. The popular MP3 format defines no way to record the amount of delay or padding for later removal. Also, the encoder delay may vary from encoder to encoder, making automatic removal difficult. Even if two tracks are decompressed and merged into a single track, a pause will usually remain between them.

CD recorded in TAO mode
Audio-CDs can be recorded in either disc at once (DAO) or track at once (TAO) mode. The latter is more flexible, but has the drawback of inserting approximately 2 seconds of silence between tracks. Disc at once (DAO) mode allows you to record the entire CD in one continuous session, without any pauses between tracks. This mode is suitable when you want a seamless playback experience with no interruptions between songs. DAO is commonly used for live recordings, DJ mixes, or concept albums where tracks blend into each other.

Precise gapless playback
As opposed to heuristic techniques, what is often meant by precise gapless playback, is that playback timing is guaranteed to be identical to the source. By this definition, a precise gapless player is not allowed to introduce either gaps or overlaps (crossfading) between successive tracks, and is not allowed to use guesswork.

Apart from accounting for playback latency, the preciseness here lies in treating lossless data as-is, and removing the correct amount of padding from lossy data. This is not possible for file formats with loosely defined encoder specifications and no metadata and therefore no way for encoders to record the duration of extraneous silence.

Approximate methods
Heuristics are used by some music players to detect silence between tracks and trim the audio as necessary on playback. Due to the loss of time resolution of lossy compression, this method is inexact. In particular, the silence is not exactly zero. If the silence threshold is too low, some silences go undetected. Too high, and entire sections of quiet music at the beginning or end of a track may be removed.

Digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms can also be used to crossfade between tracks. This eliminates gaps that some listeners find distracting, but also greatly alters the audio signal, which may have undesirable effects on the listening experience. Some listeners dislike these effects more than the gap they attempt to remove. For example, crossfading is inappropriate for files that are already gapless, in which case the transition may feel artificially short and disturb the rhythm. Also, depending on the length of untrimmed silence and the particular crossfader, it may cause a large volume drop.

These methods defeat the purpose of intentional spacing between tracks. Not all albums are mix albums; perhaps more typically, there is an aesthetic pause between unrelated tracks. Also, the artist may intentionally leave in silences for dramatic effect, which should arguably be preserved regardless of whether there is a track boundary there.

Compared to precise gapless playback, these methods are a different approach to erroneous silence in audio files, but other required features are the same. However, this approach requires more computation. In portable digital audio players, this means a reduced playing time on batteries.

User workarounds
A common workaround is to encode consecutive tracks as one single file, relying on cue sheets (or something similar) for navigation. While this method results in gapless playback within consecutive tracks, it can be unwieldy because of the possibly large size of the resulting compressed file. Furthermore, unless the playback software or hardware can recognize the cue sheets, navigating between tracks may be difficult.

It may be possible to add gapless metadata to existing files. If the encoder is known, it is possible to guess the encoder delay. Also, if the compression was performed on CD audio, the original playback length will be an integer multiple of 588 samples, the size of one CD sector. Thus the total playback time can also be guessed. Adding such information to audio files will enable precise gapless playback in players that support this.

Format support
Since lossless data compression excludes the possibility of the introduction of padding, all lossless audio file formats are inherently gapless.

These lossy audio file formats have provisions for gapless encoding:
 * Musepack
 * Ogg Vorbis
 * Speex
 * Opus

Some other formats do not officially support gapless encoding, but some implementations of encoders or decoders may handle gapless metadata.
 * LAME-encoded MP3 can be gapless with players that support the LAME Mp3 info tag.
 * AAC in MP4 encoded with Nero Digital from Nero AG can be gapless with foobar2000, latest XMMS2, and iTunes 7.1.1.5 through 11.4.
 * AAC in MP4 encoded with iTunes (current and previous versions) is gapless in iTunes 7.0 through 11.4, 2nd generation iPod nanos, all video-capable iPods with the latest firmware, and recent versions of foobar2000.
 * iTunes-encoded MP3 is gapless when played back in iTunes 7.0 through 11.4, 2nd generation iPod nanos, and all video-capable iPods with the latest firmware.
 * Windows Media Audio encoded with Windows Media Player 9 can be gapless with Windows Media Player 9 and onwards.
 * Windows Media Audio encoded with Sound Player Lilith can be gapless with latest Sound Player Lilith onwards.
 * ATRAC on MiniDisc is gapless through the use of TOC (Table of Contents).

Player support
Optimal solutions:

Hardware

 * Apple:
 * iPod classic supports gapless playback of MP3s and AACs from the fifth generation onward
 * iPod nano second generation and later
 * iPod Touch
 * Archos Gmini XS202S
 * Cowon S9 supports gapless playback without software dependency since 2.31b firmware. Most newer Cowon players support gapless playback right out of the box (J3, X7, iAudio 9)
 * Linn Products DS network players
 * All players in the Logitech/Slim Devices Squeezebox range support gapless playback for all gapless formats (lame MP3, FLAC, Vorbis, etc.). Crossfading is also optionally available.
 * Microsoft Zune supports gapless playback with Zune 2.5 or later firmware, though some bugs remain and occasionally small pops or skips can be heard.
 * Panasonic RX-D55AEG-K, a portable radio recorder with CD player
 * Rio Karma gapless hardware player with no software dependency (FLAC, Ogg, MP3, WMA), first portable DAP with the feature
 * Roberts Sound 48, a clock radio with CD player
 * Rockbox for various digital audio players.
 * Sony:
 * MiniDisc Walkman supports gapless playback (including non-Sony Walkman MiniDisc players)
 * CD Walkman (such as D-NE330) supports gapless playback of ATRAC-encoded CDs
 * VAIO Pocket supports gapless playback (through a firmware update) of ATRAC files
 * Network Walkman NW-HDx and NW-A (1x00, 3000, 60x, 80x) DAPs supports gapless playback of ATRAC files - after this Walkman DAPs lost the feature when ATRAC support ceased, but continued in Japan where players still came with ATRAC. Gapless playback returned outside Japan 5 years later with Walkman NWZ-F80x through the FLAC format.
 * Trekstor Vibes gapless hardware player with no software dependency
 * Victor Alneo V Series and C Series

Software
Alternative or partial solutions:
 * Amarok, for Linux
 * AIMP for windows
 * Audacious, for Linux
 * Banshee, for Linux
 * Clementine, cross-platform.
 * cmus, for Linux and BSD.
 * Cog, for OS X
 * DeaDBeeF, for Linux
 * foobar2000, for Windows and Mac
 * Groove Music, for Windows 10.
 * iTunes 7.0 through 11.4 supported as default gapless playback on Macintosh and Windows without having to combine tracks during encoding (a limitation of previous releases). Some users in unusual situations have complained that the one-time analysis is a system-intensive process that can stall or crash computers.
 * JRiver Media Center, for Windows
 * KODI, for Windows, Linux, OS X, Android and others.
 * mplayer2, for Linux, OS X, and Windows supports gapless playback of flac when used with option "-gapless-audio".
 * mpv (media player) for BSD, Linux, macOS, Windows.
 * MusicBee, for Windows
 * Music On Console, for Linux and other Unix-like platforms.
 * Music Player Daemon, for Linux and other Unix-like platforms.
 * Plex, for all supported platforms either through the platform player or PlexAmp
 * Qlab, for OS X
 * Quod Libet, multi-platform.
 * Rhythmbox, for Linux
 * Winamp, supports gapless playback for MP3, M4A/AAC, Ogg Vorbis and FLAC files (since version 5.3).
 * Windows Media Player, has supported gapless ripping and playback of WMA since Windows Media 9. Available on all current Windows machines.
 * XMPlay, supports gapless playback for all format files

 * XMMS2 – has native support for gapless MP3 / Ogg Vorbis and FLAC

title: Gapless playback


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Barfly (film)

Barfly is a 1987 American black comedy film directed by Barbet Schroeder and starring Mickey Rourke and Faye Dunaway. The film is a semi-autobiography of poet/author Charles Bukowski during the time he spent drinking heavily in Los Angeles, and it presents Bukowski's alter ego Henry Chinaski. The screenplay, written by Bukowski, was commissioned by the Iranian-born Swiss film director Barbet Schroeder, and it was published (with illustrations by the author) in 1984, when film production was still pending.

The Kino Flo light, now a ubiquitous tool in the film industry, was specially created by Robby Müller's electrical crew for the bathroom scene with Henry and Wanda, which would have been difficult to light using the conventional lampheads available at the time.

The film was "presented by" Francis Ford Coppola and features a cameo by Bukowski. It was entered into the 1987 Cannes Film Festival, where it competed for the Palme D'or.

Plot
Destitute alcoholic Henry Chinaski lives in a Los Angeles rundown apartment and works menial jobs when he can find them. He also writes poetry and short stories which he submits to magazines and papers for little money.

Henry frequents The Golden Horn, a bar where he drinks, hangs out with other alcoholics, and gets into altercations with the bartender he hates, Eddie. One night, Henry gets into a fight with Eddie and loses. To gain energy and win the next fight, he takes a sandwich from a patron and eats it, disgusting the patron and angering the bar owner, Jim, one of Henry's best friends. Jim tells Henry to go lie down in his apartment. After an afternoon nap, Henry steals from another apartment to eat in preparation to fight Eddie.

Henry then returns to The Golden Horn, and antagonizes Eddie until the latter challenges him to another fight. Henry then staggers on to the Kenmore, a nearby establishment where he continues his imbibement. There, he meets Wanda, an alcoholic and a kept woman. Wanda is initially annoyed with Henry, saying that she "hates people," but ends up being intrigued by him. The two buy liquor at a nearby store, and Wanda steals corn from a cornfield, attracting the attention of the police. The two run to her apartment, evading them. Wanda boils the corn but discovers it is green and inedible, and freaks out, saying that nothing in her life ever works out. Henry comforts her.

However, things become acrimonious between Henry and Wanda when Henry discovers that Wanda has slept with Eddie. After he chastises her for it, Wanda beats Henry with her purse, knocking him unconscious. Later, a detective following Henry sees him covered in blood and calls 911. Two paramedics arrive and are unfazed by Henry's being covered in blood, telling him not to waste their time. Wanda returns later, and the two apologize to one another. That night, Wanda claims to be dying in bed, seeing angels. Henry calls 911 and the same paramedics arrive, much to his surprise, and claim Wanda is just drunk and "too fat."

After Wanda leaves to look for a job the next morning, Henry is tracked down by Tully Sorenson, a wealthy book publisher who has been impressed with his writing and is interested in publishing some of his work. She finds him through the detective she has hired. Knowing Henry is destitute, Tully pays him an "advance" of $500. Henry then breaks into another apartment after hearing a man abusing his wife. After the man threatens to cut his wife's throat, he and Henry get into an altercation which results in the man being stabbed. Henry scrambles out of the apartment building and goes for a drive in L.A. with Tully. At one point, he rams a car where a man and woman are making out while the light is green. Tully says he was immature and reckless in his response. She then takes him back to her home where, after drinks, the two have sex.

At first, Henry is impressed with the promise of wealth and security, including an endless supply of booze that working for Tully could provide. However, he begins to realize that he is uncomfortable being involved with Tully, romantically or professionally, because of class differences, saying that she is "trapped in a cage with golden bars". Henry determines he must leave. To Eddie's surprise, Henry pays with some of the advance he received from Tully and sarcastically leaves a tip for Eddie, saying "Buy a drink on me." Tully heads out to see if she can change his mind, and finds him at the bar where a drunken, jealous Wanda proceeds to beat her up. When Henry does not intercede, Tully realizes that Henry does not care about her and does not want her help. So she leaves the bar and gives up on publishing his work.

Eddie calls Henry out, and they go out behind the bar for another fight. Henry and the other barflies follow Eddie out the door, the fight starts, and the crowd cheers the two men.

Cast

 * Mickey Rourke as Henry Chinaski
 * Faye Dunaway as Wanda Wilcox
 * Alice Krige as Tully Sorenson
 * Jack Nance as Detective
 * J.C. Quinn as Jim
 * Frank Stallone as Eddie
 * Sandy Martin as Janice
 * Roberta Bassin as Lilly
 * Gloria LeRoy as Grandma Moses
 * Joe Unger as Ben
 * Harry Cohn as Rick
 * Pruitt Taylor Vince as Joe
 * Fritz Feld as Bum
 * Charles Bukowski as Oldtimer
 * Albert Henderson as Louie

Production
Charles Bukowski wanted Sean Penn to star as protagonist Henry Chinaski, but Penn insisted that Dennis Hopper direct the film. Bukowski had written the screenplay for Barbet Schroeder, who had filmed him for French TV years before, but would not surrender the script to Hopper, whom he despised as a gold-chain-wearing Hollywood phony; Bukowski and Penn remained friends for the rest of Bukowski's life.

There is a scene where the camera tilts up over Faye Dunaway's legs. This glamour shot was done at her insistence and was not in the original screenplay.

The apartment building where Wanda's apartment is located was an actual building where Charles Bukowski and his lover Jane Cooney Baker, the real-life counterparts to Henry and Wanda, had lived. No one knew this until Bukowski, who was watching the filming, remembered.

The opening and closing song for the film is the 1967 instrumental "Hip Hug-Her" by Booker T. & the M.G.'s, released in their 1967 album.

Bukowski's reaction to the film
Charles Bukowski had mixed reactions about the lead performance by Mickey Rourke. In an interview in the 2003 documentary film Born into This, Bukowski said that Rourke "didn't get it right... He had it all kind of exaggerated, untrue. He was a little bit showoff about it. So, no, it was kind of misdone." This contrasted with a 1987 interview Bukowski had conducted with film critic Roger Ebert on the set of Barfly, in which Bukowski said he thought Rourke was "doing a good acting job. I didn't really expect him to be so good." In addition, the original 1987 press kit for the film included a letter by Bukowski titled "A Letter from a Fan", in which the writer stated: "Part of my luck was the actor who played Henry Chinaski. Mickey Rourke stayed with the dialogue to the word and the sound intended. What surprised me was that he added another dimension to the character, in spirit. Mickey appeared to really love his role, and yet without exaggeration he added his own flavor, his zest, his madness, his gamble to Henry Chinaski without destroying the intent or the meaning of the character. To add spirit to spirit can be dangerous but not in the hands of a damned good actor. Without distorting, he added, and I was very pleased with the love and understanding he lent to the role of the BARFLY".

Bukowski later novelized his experiences surrounding the film in the book Hollywood.

Critical reception
Barfly received positive reviews from critics, holding a 76% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10.

Awards and honors

 * Nominee, Best Actress-Drama – Golden Globes (Faye Dunaway)
 * Nominee, Palme d'Or – Cannes Film Festival
 * Nominee, Best Cinematography – Independent Spirit Awards (Robby Müller)
 * Nominee, Best Actor – Independent Spirit Awards (Mickey Rourke)

In popular culture
The NOFX song "Green Corn" on their 1991 album Ribbed references Tully in the lyrics, "Tully, baby, you're trapped behind your golden bars; I'm the prince of poverty hangin' out in bars", and finishes with the lyrics, "maybe what we had was just green corn".

A line of dialogue from the movie was used in a track titled "Only Angel" from Harry Styles' self-titled debut album.

In an episode of the television series Mission Hill, Andy French mistakenly rents Barfly while seeking movies with notable vomit scenes.

The film is referenced in ''Precious.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barfly (film)


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Lajos Dinnyés

Lajos Dinnyés (16 April 1901 – 3 May 1961) was a Hungarian politician of the Smallholders Party who served as the first pro-communist Prime Minister of the Second Hungarian Republic from 1947 to 1948.

Biography
He came from a well to do titled family and finished high school at Budapest Reformed Gimnazium. He finished studies at Keszthely Academy, earning a degree in agriculture. Following his father's death he looked after the family property in 1930.

He became a member of the Agrarian Party in 1929, subsequently representing the Smallholders Party after their merger in 1930. Between 1931 and 1938, he served as a Member of Parliament representing Alsódabas.

He married in 1941, held a civil post and served for a short term in the army. He returned to public life in 1945 when the Smallholders Party was reformed.

In March 1947, he became Minister of Defence in the government of Ferenc Nagy, the leader of the Smallholders Party. When Soviet-backed communists forced the Prime Minister into exile on 30 May 1947, Dinnyés was appointed as successor. In the so-called "Blue Papers Election" on 31 August 1947, the Smallholders Party came in second surpassed by the Communists. Dinnyés remained in office as Prime Minister until 1948, but merely served as an obedient puppet in the hands of the deputy premier, Communist Party boss Mátyás Rákosi. While Dinnyés nominally headed the government, Rákosi laid the foundations of the communist dictatorship by nationalizing factories, banks and denominational schools. In December 1948, the Communists used the emigration of the treasurer Miklós Nyárádi as an excuse to push out Dinnyés altogether and replace him with the fellow traveller István Dobi.

He later became the director of the National Library of Agriculture and vice president of Parliament. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 he was a member of the Interim National Assembly.

title: Lajos Dinnyés


text: User talk:83.109.134.79

title: User talk:83.109.134.79


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User talk:Penifer

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

title: User talk:Penifer


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Ferenc Nagy

Ferenc Nagy (8 October 1903 – 12 June 1979) was a Hungarian politician of the Smallholders Party who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1946 until his forced resignation in 1947. He was also a Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary and a member of the High National Council from 1945 to 1946. Nagy was the second democratically elected prime minister of Hungary, and would be the last until 1990 not to be a Communist or fellow traveler. The subsequent Hungarian prime minister Imre Nagy was unrelated to him.

A longtime peasant advocate who took part in the anti-fascist resistance, Nagy attempted to consolidate democratic rule during his brief tenure as Prime Minister at the head of a grand coalition of Smallholders, Communists, and Social Democrats. However, he was ultimately unable to resist the intrigues of the Soviet-backed Hungarian Communist Party, which subverted his rule and destroyed his party's elected majority through a fabricated conspiracy. A coup d'état by Mátyás Rákosi, deputy premier and leader of the Communist Party, forced Nagy to resign and go into exile in the United States in June 1947. Subsequently, Nagy became a leader of the Hungarian émigré community and academic lecturer who often spoke on Eastern European affairs. He tried and failed to return to his home country during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and lived out the rest of his life in the United States.

Early life and career
Nagy was born into family of middle-level peasants in the small town of Bisse, and started his political career writing news articles as a self-taught man. He was involved in local peasant societies and was the co-founder of the Peasant Union, and in October 1930 he took part in the foundation of the Independent Smallholders' Party. He entered Parliament in 1939, and was involved in anti-war and anti-Nazi activities during Hungary's participation in World War II on the side of the Axis powers. After the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, the Gestapo arrested Nagy, but the government of Géza Lakatos intervened to release him during Hungary's botched armistice with the Allies. After the Arrow Cross coup in October, Nagy went into hiding until the Red Army had driven the Nazis out of most of Hungary. He took part in the organization of the anti-fascist provisional government, and was elected to the Provisional National Assembly. Nagy soon became the Smallholders' Party's second-in-command after Zoltán Tildy. In the November 1945 parliamentary elections, the Independent Smallholders' Party won a large majority of the popular vote and parliamentary seats, but pressure from the Soviet-dominated Allied Commission forced them into a coalition arrangement with the Communists and Social Democrats. Nagy was named speaker of the new parliament while Tildy became the new Prime Minister, and both became members of the High National Council which served as Hungary's provisional collective head of state. After Hungary's transformation into a republic in February 1946 and Tildy's subsequent elevation to President of Hungary, Nagy became the new premier.

Premiership
As prime minister, he resisted attempts by the Hungarian Communist Party to gain complete control of the government, favoring a parliamentary democracy over both the prewar aristocratic order and the Communists' intended dictatorship of the proletariat. Inheriting a war-ravaged country, his government oversaw the beginnings of reconstruction, including solving a world-record rate of hyperinflation by replacing the Hungarian pengő with the forint in August 1946. This was done with the help of the United States, when in June 1946 President Harry Truman had agreed with Prime Minister Nagy to return gold reserves captured by the US at the end of the war, without which stabilization would have been impossible. His government also signed the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, formally ending Hungary's involvement in World War II and renouncing all territorial gains in that war, as well as agreeing to pay reparations to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. His government also signed a population exchange agreement with Czechoslovakia, allowing the latter to expel as many ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia as Slovaks in Hungary applied for resettlement in Czechoslovakia. Less than 80,000 Hungarian Slovaks ultimately did so, foiling the plans of Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš to deport his country's ethnic Hungarian minority as was done to its ethnic Germans.

At the same time, the Communist Party and their fellow-travelers soon began to deploy "salami tactics" against the Smallholders' Party, hoping to deprive it of its parliamentary majority, and began demanding the ouster of its most outspoken anti-Communist elements. This began in March 1946 with the formation of a "Left Bloc" including the Communists, Social Democrats, and National Peasant Party, opposed to the majority Smallholders on almost every issue and intending to create political deadlock to force its own agenda. Its first demand was the expulsion of 20 "reactionaries" from the Smallholders' parliamentary group, diminishing their majority. The expelled parliamentarians then formed the Hungarian Freedom Party, which became the country's most vocal anti-Communist opposition force. Nagy was accused by many fellow Smallholders of weakness in resisting these demands, but his ultimate goal was to appease the Communists until a peace treaty could be negotiated and their Soviet sponsors withdrew. He also hoped that by appeasing the Communists, the Hungarian government could use their leverage with Moscow to gain more favorable terms for the peace treaty. This was despite the plainly anti-Hungarian position of the Soviet Politburo, which ended up backing none of Hungary's peace treaty demands and in fact ruled out doing so. Ultimately, the Communist Party's position served as little more than a ploy to increase its own influence.

Coup d'état of 1947
From early 1947 the Communist Party under then-Deputy Premier Mátyás Rákosi increased its attacks on the Smallholders, accusing their leaders of complicity in a vast alleged conspiracy. They used this as an excuse to begin forcing the arrest and recall of over 50 of its MPs, successfully depriving the party of its democratically won majority. The Soviet Union, whose army was occupying Hungary at the time through the Allied Commission, played a key role in this process by providing the supposed evidence of the Prime Minister's involvement, and also kidnapped Béla Kovács—the Smallholders' Party's popular General Secretary—to deport him to the Soviet Union in defiance of Parliament. On 14 May 1947, Nagy traveled abroad to Switzerland, likely hoping to warn the West of the deteriorating situation in Hungary. The Communists used the opportunity to get rid of their strongest remaining opponent, and on 28 May the Soviets presented false evidence implicating Nagy in the conspiracy. As the Communists had taken his son hostage in Budapest, Nagy agreed to resign on 30 May, but did not formally ratify his resignation until his son had reached Switzerland on 2 June. Rákosi appointed Lajos Dinnyés—a Smallholder politician willing to collaborate with the Communists—as his replacement on 31 May, which granted the Communist Party effective control of the Hungarian government.

Subsequently, Nagy was granted asylum in the United States. He would be Hungary's last non-Communist head of government until the collapse of Communist rule and restoration of free elections in 1989–90. In addition, he would be the last prime minister east of the Iron Curtain not to be a Communist or Communist sympathizer until Tadeusz Mazowiecki of Poland in 1989 (while Czechoslovakia maintained a multi-party system until the coup d'état of February 1948, its prime minister at the time of Nagy's ouster was the Communist leader Klement Gottwald).

Exile
Nagy documented his life and political career in The Struggle behind the Iron Curtain, published by MacMillan in 1948, and royalties from his memoirs helped him buy a house with a substantial garden plot in Herndon, Virginia (then an exurb of Washington, D.C.). He was heavily involved in exile politics and served as a member of the Hungarian Committee in exile, and also attended the Bandung Conference in 1955 as an observer on behalf of the US government. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 he attempted to return to his home country, but the authorities in Austria prevented him from doing so in order to preserve their country's neutrality. In 1959, he was reported to have been the president of Permindex, a trade organization headquartered in Basel, Switzerland He served as the president of the International Peasant Union from 1964 to 1970. In the 1960s he was a lecturer at various American universities, and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Berkeley and Indiana University in Bloomington. He retired from active political life in 1970, but in 1977 he spoke out in support of the return of the Holy Crown of Hungary from the United States to Hungary. He died unexpectedly at his farm in Herndon in 1979 while planning a return to his home country.

title: Ferenc Nagy


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1999–2000 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile on 12 December 1999, with a second round on 16 January 2000.

Six candidates contested the first round, including two women running for the first time. The elections also saw the introduction of a two-round system. Ricardo Lagos and Joaquín Lavín emerged as the top two candidates in the first round, with Lagos having a slight lead. In the second round, Lagos won with 51% of the vote against Lavín's 49%.

Candidates
The candidates, in order of appearance on the ballot, were:

 * Arturo Frei Bolívar, independent with the support of the Popular Alliance (Union of Center Center and independent movements).
 * Sara María Larraín Ruiz-Tagle, independent with the support of environmentalist groups.
 * Gladys Marín Millie, Communist Party.
 * Tomás Hirsch Goldschmidt, Humanist Party (also supported by The Greens).
 * Ricardo Lagos Escobar, Concert of Parties for Democracy (Party for Democracy).
 * Joaquín Lavín Infante, Alliance for Chile (Independent Democratic Union).

Concertación candidate
The 1999 presidential race was overshadowed by the economic crisis that plagued the country, causing significant turmoil for Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle's administration. The country was grappling with negative growth and an unemployment rate of nearly 11%. Despite the challenging circumstances, the Christian Democracy (PDC), the primary governing party, aspired to win its third consecutive term. Gabriel Valdés Subercaseaux, Alejandro Foxley, Enrique Krauss, and Andrés Zaldívar were among the notable figures who vied for the position. Finally, Senator Andrés Zaldívar was nominated as a pre-candidate by the PDC.

Meanwhile, Ricardo Lagos Escobar, who had contested for the left wing of the Concertación in 1993, emerged as the left's candidate once again. Lagos stepped down from his role as Minister of Public Works on July 31, 1998, to focus on his presidential campaign. He started his campaign from the Chile XXI Foundation, where he assembled a team that would play a vital role in his campaign.

On Sunday, May 30, 1999, an open and binding primary was held, in which over 1.2 million voters participated. Ricardo Lagos emerged victorious with a 71% vote, defeating Andrés Zaldívar.

Alianza candidate
Joaquín Lavín emerged as the leading contender for the presidential nomination on the right. He had served two successful terms as the mayor of Las Condes from 1992 to 1999, winning 78% of the votes in his re-election campaign in 1996. Lavín appeared to be a promising candidate who could achieve what was often elusive for right-wing candidates. During his tenure as mayor, Lavín introduced a leadership style that focused on resolving specific community issues through municipal plebiscites, security measures, and exceptional communication management.

In National Renewal, businessman Sebastián Piñera had initially been favored, but he withdrew his candidacy in favor of Lavín after four months of campaigning.

Other candidacies
Gladys Marín, a member of the Communist Party, became the Leftist Unity's presidential candidate for the 1999 elections in June 1998. This was the first time that a Communist Party member had been nominated for this position. Her candidacy aimed to establish an alternative social and political movement to the existing system.

Tomás Hirsch, a former ambassador to New Zealand, was proclaimed a presidential candidate in 1999. He was previously a member of the Humanist party until they left the Concertación in 1993. Hirsch received the endorsement of his party as well as Los Verdes.

Sara Larraín, an independent candidate, received support from various environmental groups. She was able to collect 0.5% of the signatures required to present her candidacy.

Arturo Frei Bolívar, a former PDC member, was proclaimed a candidate on August 9. He received support from the Union of Center Center, independents, and other sectors, forming the Popular Alliance. He did not receive support from his cousin, president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle.

Failed candidacies
The evangelical pastor Salvador Pino Bustos presented his independent presidential candidacy, but it was rejected for not reaching the minimum number of signatures required by law and for exceeding the maximum percentage of signatories affiliated with political parties.

First round
The Concertación's celebration of the open primaries filled them with optimism, as the high level of participation in the clean and organized process led many to believe that the December election was already won. Lagos' victory with over 71% of the votes from over 1.4 million voters further fueled this triumphalist atmosphere.

With a sense of sure victory, Lagos and his campaign team delayed their presidential campaign to incorporate the Christian Democracy, which was experiencing internal turmoil after their candidate's defeat. However, Joaquín Lavín's active campaign helped him counteract Lagos' winning momentum by positioning himself as the candidate of change, while Lagos was perceived as responsible for the economic crisis.

Lavín was able to distance himself from the dictatorship with the arrest of Pinochet, and the fact that the ruling coalition's candidate was located further to the left than his predecessors allowed him to capitalize on popular discontent caused by the economic crisis.

Forty days before the election, Lagos and Lavín participated in a televised debate that achieved a high audience rating of 75%. Lagos was declared the winner of the debate with 45.9% compared to Lavín's 35.7%. Polls leading up to the debate showed a minimal difference between the two candidates, which was maintained until the end of the first round.

Campaign slogans

 * Arturo Frei Bolívar: One like you
 * Sara Larraín: Vote freely
 * Gladys Marín: For a true Chile with Gladys
 * Tomás Hirsch: With the strength of the human
 * Ricardo Lagos:
 * Growing with equality (1st round)
 * A much better Chile (2nd round)
 * Joaquín Lavín
 * Long live the change (1st round)
 * Join the change (2nd round)

Second round
After Ricardo Lagos narrowly defeated Joaquín Lavín with 47.96% and 47.51% of the vote, respectively, in the first round, a second round was held in January 2000 to decide the winner. Lagos' failure to secure an absolute majority of votes in the initial round had repercussions for his campaign, and Soledad Alvear, Eugenio Tironi, and Carlos Montes took on the role of executive directors to help turn things around. Meanwhile, Lavín's campaign was marked by his "crusade for change," during which he traveled to over 70 cities throughout the country.

This was the first time that a presidential second round, which was established in the 1980 Constitution, took place. Despite the Communist Party's call for a null vote, the votes garnered by their candidate, Gladys Marín, as well as those received by candidates Sara Larraín and Tomás Hirsch, were transferred to Lagos, enabling him to win by a narrow margin of 2.6 percentage points. Arturo Frei Bolívar, another candidate, gave his endorsement to Joaquín Lavín.

title: 1999–2000 Chilean presidential election


text: Category:Israeli mathematicians

title: Category:Israeli mathematicians


text:
User talk:Iowausa~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 06:53, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Iowausa~enwiki


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Calla Lily

Calla Lily
Two photos of a calla lily +6 / -5 -- Solipsist 19:54, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Self Nom. --Fir0002 06:54, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support the regular pic. The close-up isn't helpful in identifying the flower and thus doesn't provide useful info. Mgm|(talk) 07:36, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support first version.  brian0918  ™  12:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support first version. Might be improved by evening out the crop, but not really necessary. —Korath (Talk) 15:53, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Sorry, just not anything spectacular.  No interesting angles, not interesting enough use of line, shape, texture, etc. It's a nice flower, but not featured picture worthy.  jacobolus (t) 04:53, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with jacobolus. Junes 08:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with Junes. —Jonas Olson 10:10, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support the first version. Though plain, the flower, the central focus, is strikingly clear and aesthetically pleasing. - Sango123 00:12, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support first too, agree with Sango Circeus 02:18, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Doesn't have featured pic qualities. Enochlau 09:57, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Pretty picture but not extraordinary. Pollinator 21:50, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Warnervale

Warnervale is a town in the Central Coast Council local government area in the Central Coast region in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It lies approximately 101 km north of Sydney, located west of Tuggerah Lake, a large shallow coastal lake, and just north of Wyong.

In the, the Australian Bureau of Statistics located a population of 701 within Warnervale's boundaries. The broader Warnervale-Wadalba statistical area had 20,051 people.

History
For thousands of years, aboriginal people occupied the land. Aboriginal land rights in the region are now administered by the Darkinjung Land Council.

Land in the region was granted to William Cape in 1825, although his role as headmaster of Sydney College and later as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly kept him from spending much time on this property.

In 1875, the land was purchased by William Alison, whose homestead became the site of the current Wyong District Museum, in Wyong.

Warnervale is named after Albert Hamlyn Warner who in 1893 acquired 12000 acre of land in the area. Warner was strongly influenced by his travels in Japan and his son Leslie's trip to the United States, which is today evidenced in road names in surrounding suburbs such as Minnesota, Virginia, Louisiana, Hiawatha and Nikko. His family home 'Hakone', located on the Wyong river, was named after a park he had seen in Japan.

Warnervale railway station was opened in 1907. Warnervale was gazetted as a village in 1975, and the suburb boundaries were defined in 1991. In 1998, the suburb was divided, creating Halloran, Wallarah, Woongarrah and Hamlyn Terrace.

Once composed of large acreages and significant wetlands, the area has rapidly been developed into a series of residential estates.

Warnervale Airport controversy
Controversy arose over plans which had originated in the late 1970s to convert the small Warnervale Airport into a commercial and freight airport and regional hub, expected in 1995 to operate 24 hours a day and cater for 65,000 flights annually - even as the state's property development agency, Landcom, was advertising estates in the area as "tranquil". The upgrade was expected in 1994 to cost A$6 million, and a proposal by Traders Finance Australia to develop the airport was accepted in January 1995, with contracts being signed in July 1995. Residents responded by forming the Central Coast Airport Action Group, and taking the Wyong Shire Council to the Land and Environment Court to fight the move. The action failed, and Wyong Shire Council demanded payment of costs from the residents group. However, the State Government intervened, passing the Warnervale Airport (Restrictions) Act 1996, which restricted future aircraft movements, the length and siting of the runway, and any future expansion of airport operations, and compensating residents for $65,000 in legal bills. In 1999, the Wyong Shire Council proposed extending the runway to 1600 metres to cater for jet aircraft of between 50 and 116 passengers, but the plans were eventually scrapped in a council meeting in February 2003 which decided instead to focus on job creation as a driver for the area's growth, including assisting the establishment of a $100 million distribution centre for Woolworths Limited on part of the land initially earmarked for the airport upgrade.

Future developments
Planning began in 2000 for a commercial development in Woongarrah, adjacent to the railway, termed Warnervale Town Centre. Woolworths proposed to build a new shopping centre, and a railway station was planned. A road was constructed to the proposed site (Woongarrah Road), but as of 2022, work on the shopping centre has not yet begun. New plans call for a scaled-down shopping centre, and there is no longer a plan to build a railway station.

Facilities
Warnervale Public School was built at 75 Warnervale Rd in 1953. In 2008, the school was moved to Hamlyn Terrace, retaining the Warnervale name. Following population growth in the area, the site of the old school was repurchased by the New South Wales Government, and a new school, called Porters Creek Public School, was opened there in 2022. A number of other schools have been erected in the area, including MacKillop Catholic College and Lakes Grammar, to service the high youth population.

Warnies Cafe operates in a heritage-listed building next to the railway station. The building was previously used as a private residence and general store.

Sport
Warnervale Wildcats Sport Club offers sporting activities for junior and seniors in rugby union, netball and cricket.

Transport
Warnervale train station lies on the Main North railway line. It is served by the Central Coast & Newcastle Line of the NSW TrainLink network, allowing transport between Newcastle and Sydney.

Notable residents
In 1988-9, American actor Matthew McConaughey resided in Warnervale for one year on exchange.

title: Warnervale


text:
User talk:AUStudent

American University Trustees
Hey AUStudent...just a notice: in August 05 you added a list of AU trustees to the List of American University people. You wrote that Thomas Gottschalk is a German TV host. But he's not! It's a different Gottschalk, Vice President of General Motors.

Btw, I'm also an AU student... zephie 05:17, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Other
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Public domain AU photography
Do you think I should take non-copyrighted photos of various spots on the AU campus and release them into public domain? It'll be more legal than the promotional photos you've used. --OneTopJob6 22:07, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Hursthall.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Talk:Miklós Németh

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Talk:Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport

Night time restrictions
At DCA you can't land after a certain hour. What are those hours? 68.110.237.188 (talk) 03:47, 26 August 2010 (UTC) -Generally midnight to 6am. Flights do often land after midnight if they're delayed. And planes do have scheduled departures a bit before 6am because they can line up at the runway before 6am. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.10.140.129 (talk) 14:10, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * At DCA, it is important to not that the airport's nighttime noise rule is not an operation cerfuew, per the Airports Authority website. It is a method to identify aircraft that exceed certain noise limits. In fact one has never existed. See DCA Nighttime Noise Rule History & Enforcement. Sam.gov (talk) 20:20, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Long-distance flights
Is there a citation for this statement: "Because of limited gate availability and local noise limitations, almost all flights are to destinations within 2000 km (1250 miles)."? What does the distance of the flight have to do with noise level or gate availability? My understanding was that the limited number of long-distance flights was due to some strange political considerations and Congressional oversight. Can anyone clarify things? --Polynova 06:58, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

A number of airports limit the size of aircraft permitted to land (in part because larger planes have larger jet engines and each engine creating more noise) also larger jet airplanes have a larger air displacement which also creates a noise component on it's own. Finally, the longer runway lengths required are not compatible with the larger engines used on long haul jets. The 757 was often a largest size plane to land at DCA but only with optimal landing conditions.wizbang_fl 05:05, 6 June 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jatibi (talk • contribs)

 * As far as I can tell from the MWAA site, "gate availability" had nothing to do with it except under the more general umbrella of overcrowding. I rejiggered the language. -choster 01:33, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

In answer to Polynova's question: If longer flights were allowed, they would likely be serviced by larger, noisier aircraft. Senator John McCain tried to get this restriction removed, and opposition cited that as the reason for maintaining it. Eventually Alaska Airlines was granted an exemption to this rule. 75.70.123.215 (talk) 23:33, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Not quite. The largest planes able to operate to the airport already fly there. ie 757s. The West Coast flights operated by Alaska are on 737s which is about the average size a/c at DCA. The 1750 mile limit is an archaic regulation that was put in place to shift most long distance traffic to the then fledgling IAD. Since then people have cried foul when an attempt to lift it is made, mainy over noise, which should be a null point. Either way the rule has to due with a perimeter restriction, NOT gate availability or really noise(as far as operational considerations go). The big issue here is the lack of availability of out of perimeter slots. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.204.200.211 (talk) 22:19, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

757s have landed at DCA???!! I'm surprised 68.110.237.188 (talk) 03:47, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

 * 767s have landed at DCA-- Delta substituted them on a couple? of flights at inauguration time. AFAIK widebodies have never been scheduled into DCA, although Eastern tried to get the A300 approved. Pretty sure 757s have been scheduled-- the first jet nonstops to California were probably on 757s.Tim Zukas (talk) 22:12, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

There is no correlation between aircraft size, flight distance and noise. There is only a correlation between the age of an aircraft and it's engines, it's flight characteristics and noise it generates. A new 787 (which seats over 200 passengers) has a smaller noise footprint than a 757, early model 737's, early model A320's and of course the MD-80's which operate there every day. Removing the perimeter rule will encourage the use of newer and larger aircraft (not sayign a 787 woudl be one of them because of the 200-foot wingspan, just what the reality of new gen aircraft brings) with better takeoff performance and range which would have the effect of quieting the airport. There are only so many destinations viable from DCA, as a result the airlines run more frequency to those markets than they normally would. If they removed the perimeter rule, the average size of aircraft would jump from 94 seats to about 130, in line with other similar sized airports. This would generate 38% more capacity and add about 6 new destinations on the same number of flights with a net decline in overall noise levels. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.69.234.2 (talk) 17:50, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

History
I'm not sure on all the details, but I think recent news is that a private plane was allowed to land at RRWN Aiport. Should someone update the page? PirateMonkey 20:50, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It says they're not allowed "with rare exceptions" - does that cover it? - DavidWBrooks 21:55, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, that's no longer true; a certain number of general aviation aircraft are allowed to land each day now, as long as they have an armed air marshall on board at their expense. —Cleared as filed. 11:55, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikilinks

 * Please see WikiProject Airports - The accepted style is not to Wikilink cities or airports. FCYTravis 22:55, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

My comment is on the DCA at night image, It is Hain's Point, not Gravelly Point. That park is to the North of the Airport while the picture is of the airport looking across the river from the city

half hour
Can we add something about the rule that for incoming flights, all passengers must remain seated for the last half our of the flight, and our outgoing flights, all passengers must remain seated for the first half hour? --Phil Kirlin 20:59, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That rule was eliminated several months ago.- choster 23:10, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * No kidding. Well, I guess I'm in for a more pleasant flight home for Thanksgiving this year.  :) --Phil Kirlin 01:00, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

There is a statement under "Tightened security and safety concerns" that talks about that rule and it says that rule was lifted in 2005. Sam.gov (talk) 18:05, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Name controversy
Nothing about the controversy over the partisan naming of the airport for a controversial political figure? {59.121.193.141 12:22, 14 November 2006 (UTC)}

If there are no sources for the "not without controversy" regarding the naming of the airport, AND there is not any sourcing to differentiate the legitimacy of this renaming from any other renaming, then this article needs to be corrected in the interest of neutrality. This article should either:
 * use DCA throughout the entire article OR
 * use National in reference to the airport before the name change and Reagan in reference to the airport after the name change. The name change is still official regardless of what people would like to believe.

To refer to it as Reagan throughout would show lack of neutrality in favor of the new name and in the current state show a lack of neutrality against the new name. -- Tony 03:25, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

The section on the original name of the airport may need updating. When the airport opened in 1941, the name of the airport was District of Columbia Airport (the general aviation hangar still bears this name). Note that the IATA code is the derived from the original name. -- J.E. Fuller 03:41, 17 September 2008  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.216.164.125 (talk)

International Airport?
Because Reagan airport does not have customs and immigration facilities, it only has flights to a few "precleared" international cities. So, can it really be considered an international airport? Given it's name as "National" Airport, I doubt it. —Gintar77 04:05, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Good question. I am making a wild guess here, but this sounds like Orlando Sanford International Airport. There is only one flight there that heads to the Carribean, which is outside the country, but that is the one reason the airport is considered "international." So, yes, I do believe that the airport should be called "international." (I need to verify there are flights to other areas of the world, to see if this makes things different of my conclusion.)--Press208 01:06, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Yes it can be considered "International". The MWAA has simply chosen to not rename the airport. There are a few airports with no int'l flights that bear the International title. Some have only one flight. One such example is Harrisburg International Airport with only one daily precleared int'l flight to Toronto on an a/c that carries only 19 pax.98.204.200.211 (talk) 22:26, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Trivial Fact
I found this at www.airnav.com under KDCA. Did you know that some crews at the airport mistaken Runway 15 for Runway 19, and vice versa? I know that sounds crazy, but I can see why. Those runways look exactly the same in the picture in the info-box. --Press208 01:10, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Someone could make a trivia section out of this article and add this fact in. If there are no objections, I will carry on with this task. --Press208 19:22, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

No they would not be confused. Aside from separate ILS frequencies the runways point in different directions, are different approaches and use different approaches. 98.204.200.211 (talk) 22:23, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

I could see pilots doing the river visual for the first time getting the runways confused, as you're almost lined up with 15 at certain parts of the approach. However, airline pilots operating at DCA are, AFAIK, specially trained for this approach, so that confusion should not be present. Still, with the occasional story of airliners landing at the wrong airport, much less the wrong runway, I could see this confusion still being feasible from time to time. I still wouldn't consider it worthy of its own "trivia" section in the article, though. Many airports have areas that sometimes cause some confusion by distracted or unfamiliar pilots, and mistakes do occur. You rarely hear of them because either the co-pilot or ATC correct them before it becomes an issue or even if they commit the mistake, it rarely results in a crash or incursion. Randhuck (talk) 18:25, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

US Airways/Delta Air Lines Shuttle flights
A discussion was started here regarding the listing thte Shuttle flights. Please add your thoughts to that page. Thanks! 74.183.173.237 (talk) 04:24, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

I can't find anything at the WikiProject Airlines page about this dispute, I believe this may not be relevant anymore. Especially given the blurb now in the article about Delta Shuttle and US Airways Shuttle. I propose to remove the disputed box. Lapunkd (talk) 19:42, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Done. Appears to be a non-issue now. - BilCat (talk) 00:43, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

"Runway extensions"?
"Rapid growth in air traffic led to the construction of runway extensions in 1950 and 1955."

Far as I can see DCA's runways haven't grown by much more than 100 ft since the airport opened. Anybody know what this sentence is about? Tim Zukas (talk) 22:26, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Edit request on 2 March 2012
Please add "San Francisco [begins May 14, 2012] " under "United Airlines" in the section "Airlines and Destinations."

Rb777ftw (talk) 06:41, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Please add "Los Angeles [begins June 14, 2012] " under "American Airlines" in the section "Airlines and Destinations." Please be advised the US DOT has opened additional slots beyond the 1250 mile range. Hence why American and United will have new service to the destinations mentioned. A third slot was given to Delta Airlines for a second daily flight to Salt Lake City

shakbok (talk) 08:16, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Done I used the DallasNews source for both, the other sources seemed less reliable. Thanks, Celestra (talk) 21:20, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

...also let's please add the American Airlines flight in the wiki lax airport page. shakbok (talk) 04:00, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Where is the consensus for which flights go into Airlines and destinations
Hi, I inadvertently joined into an edit war over adding the content mentioned in the edit request above. Now that I am aware of a problem, I am wondering where the consensus is captured which determines which flights will be added and when. Reading through the edit summaries does not provide this; the summaries are more consistent with a WP:OWN problem. Can anyone help me with this? Thanks, Celestra (talk) 18:14, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The appropriate WikiProject guideline is WP:AIRPORT-CONTENT, which states the following:
 * "For future destinations, add: '[begins date service begins]' - after the destination. Starting dates must be provided with full date including the year and references should be provided."
 * No further guidance is provided as to at what stage a future service should be added. Then it comes down to standard WP:RS and WP:V.  My usual inclination would be to add the services once they have officially been confirmed by the airline, e.g. in the form of press releases, although the Dallas News story  which is reporting an announcement by USDOT looks like a reliable enough source to me (and I don't see why being bookable in the airline's online reservation system is such an important consideration).
 * If there is a "consensus" that has been reached anywhere, I don't know where it is, and don't feel like trawling through project talk page archives to find it. (My recent experience with WP:AIRPORT is that certain users active in that project don't have a good understanding of what "consensus" means.)  Nothing in the protected edit Celestra made appears to violate any general Wikipedia policy or guideline, or any guideline specified by the relevant WikiProject.  --RFBailey (talk) 20:39, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
 * As long as the destination is officially announced by the airline (official press release) the destination stays since it is confirmed. For UA flights to SFO, the airline hasn't announced the route yet in their press releases. Some airlines may announce new services a couple of days before the airline sells tickets for them. Snoozlepet (talk) 05:20, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
 * And my question was - where is that agreed? It seems reasonable to set a standard for inclusion, but that standard cannot be unilaterally set, it needs to be the consensus of the editors. Were there any discussions about using an airline press release as the standard? Thanks, Celestra (talk) 17:58, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I suspect that it wasn't formally agreed anywhere---otherwise it would probably be in the project style guide. --RFBailey (talk) 17:57, 5 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I suspect you are right, but it is good to have the discussion to find out. The conclusion of the discussion, then, is that there is no such consensus and reverts which try to enforce this standard are simply examples of WP:OWN. Regards, Celestra (talk) 18:49, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

blog as source
The source for the two paragraphs about flight 537 is an anonymous posting on a blog. If no WP:RS is available, it should be removed TEDickey (talk) 10:56, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅: I replace the blog with the report on Aviation safety network; the ASN report cites a couple sources. Sam.gov (talk) 22:21, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Location of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
Current entry says the airport is in Arlington County, Virginia. The boundary between VA and DC is defined by the high water mark on the VA side of the Potomac river. The airport is built on reclaimed land that is within the high water mark of the river. This is why Reagan National has a DC address and zip code. It is not technically part of Arlington County. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lottjn (talk • contribs) 14:46, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

___________

National Airport has a DC address, and so does Dulles, because the Federal Government, through the FAA, owned the airports until 1986 when MWAA was created. The thought was not to change the mailing address for the airports from the FAA in DC. Both airports are physically located in Virginia, and the U.S. Supreme Court has acknowledged as much. ''See Metropolitan Wash. Airports Auth. v. Citizens for Abatement of Aircraft Noise'', 501 U.S. 252, 256 (1991). Moreover, MWAA specifically addresses this issue in the FAQ section of their website:

Both Airports are physically located in Virginia, but have Washington, D.C., mailing addresses. Where are the Airports located legally?

Reagan National: Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is located in Virginia. Federal law and Virginia Code both state the airport is "situated within the Commonwealth of Virginia" (see 59 Stat. 552 (1945); 1950 Va. Code Sec 7.1-10 (1983)). There are also court decisions holding the airport is located in Virginia (see Pfister v. Director, Office of Workers Compensation, etc., 675 F.2d 1314, 1315-16 (D.C. Cir. 1982); and Bryan v. District of Columbia Unemployment Compensation Board, 342 A.2d 45 (D.C. Ct. App. 1975)).

Dulles: Washington Dulles International Airport was built on Virginia land acquired by the federal government. When the federal government operated the Airports prior to 1987, both had a Washington, D.C. postal address. To help identify the service area more easily for travelers, the Authority did not change the addresses. MWAA FAQ

Scjiwillbe (talk) 16:30, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

US Airways Express
Why has all of US Airways Express service merged into one heading? Shakbok (talk) 23:10, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Please refer to the recent discussion at Wikipedia_talk:AIRPORTS. All the editors involved agreed that we are now listing brand name only. Rzxz1980 (talk) 03:29, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Subheader overlapping
One or more of the subheaders seems to overlap an image, making this article not display properly, I tried to move the image, but it doesn't seem to go where I want to put it. If someone can fix this, that would be great. Thanks. Sam.gov (talk) 17:51, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Destinations Map
On the destinations map, in the state of Alabama, one of the codes is incorrect. It reads "HSL", rather than "HSV", Hunstville, AL. I hope that this information is helpful. Thank you. And sorry if I forgot to sign I can't memorize the IP address. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.226.22.174 (talk) 14:37, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/619qxdZkp?url=http://www.mwaa.com/reagan/2544.htm to http://www.mwaa.com/reagan/2544.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110515184032/http://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=6297 to http://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=6297
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070522103012/http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2002/press_release_0051.shtm to http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2002/press_release_0051.shtm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070522103025/http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2005/press_release_0627.shtm to http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2005/press_release_0627.shtm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.metwashairports.com/about/reagan-air-traffic-statistics

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:11, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Official name
FAA source material (shown on this very page) seems to indicate it is “Ronald Reagan Washington National”, but someone just renamed this article claiming otherwise. So... which is it? Famartin (talk) 02:48, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Without commenting on whether the recent article renaming was sensible, please note that the official name has very little influence on the naming of any article as per WP:OFFICIAL. Andrewgprout (talk) 03:08, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 17 January 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved (non-admin closure)   CAPTAIN MEDUSA   talk  07:03, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

Reagan National Airport → Washington National Airport – Does the current name of the article really reflect the WP:COMMONNAME, or is it more commonly known as "Washington National Airport"? —BarrelProof (talk) 05:06, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure it's more commonly referred to as Reagan National [Airport] at this point. Comparisons with "Washington National" are difficult because of the Washington Nationals, but note this Google Trends graph. Dekimasu よ! 07:42, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The burden is on the proposer to provide evidence supporting the move and he has not done so in this case.  Calidum   16:13, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Move back to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the longstanding title for this article. This article was moved to the present title by without discussion, against the advice of WP:TITLECHANGES. feminist (talk) 16:32, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support move back to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the stable title and one that splits the difference between the two options.--Cúchullain t/ c 20:41, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I hadn't noticed that the current title was the result of a recent undiscussed move. —BarrelProof (talk) 04:44, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Small part of the airport is actually in DC
The article should probably note that a small portion of the airport is actually within the District of Columbia, as DC includes all of the Potomac River between the DC mainland and Virginia, and some of the airport grounds, including part of the runway, is on reclaimed land, and thus on the DC side of that line. Reference 39 in the article actually notes this, as the title of the bill to name it after Reagan was: "A bill to rename the Washington National Airport located in the District of Columbia and Virginia as the "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport"."(emphasis mine)-2003:CA:8725:A8B1:8933:BDD2:5C17:4E7B (talk) 00:09, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Official alternate name?
Their website is officially labelled "flyreagan.com - Reagan National Airport" so maybe this name could be thrown into the lead?

BhamBoi (talk) 23:14, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

Orphaned Sentence
There is a sentence under #Special security measures: "On March 23, 2011, the air traffic control supervisor on duty reportedly fell asleep during the night shift. Two aircraft on approach to the airport were unable to contact anyone in the control tower and landed unassisted"

Many revisions ago (i didn't want to track the change down, it was hundreds of revs ago), the heading of the section was "Tightened security and safety concerns" (see https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport&oldid=752687447#Tightened_security_and_safety_concerns)

The sentence doesn't really seem to fit there, but I don't know quite where else to put it. I'll let you smart people figure it out. Darkage7 [Talk] 20:41, 30 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Lacktherof

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. Please remember our neutral point of view policy, especially when editing contentious topics such as political parties. Thanks, Meelar (talk) 06:58, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lacktherof


text:
Penal harm

Penal harm refers to a form of punishment that posits that inmates should endure additional pain and suffering beyond just having their basic rights taken away. This concept encompasses a range of unpleasant and miserable conditions and injuries harsher than mere "deprivation of liberty". These are justified by a certain ideology regarding custodial sentences, which are mainly served in prison or a reformatory.

Overview
Proponents of penal harm state that the purpose is to prevent offending in order to stop further penal harm.

Traditional forms include:
 * hard labor
 * rationed, unappetizing or even unhealthy food
 * various discomforts such as poor hygiene, small and overcrowded cells, hard bunks, insufficient protection against cold
 * long isolation, even in a dark 'hole'
 * sleep deprivation
 * humiliating procedures such as strip searches
 * prison rape
 * denial of visits, correspondence and recreation.

Criticism
There is poor evidence to suggest that penal harm has a deterrent effect once an offender's imprisonment is over. It forms a controversial appendage of a body of theory known as retribution; its perception as cruelty rather than justice may endanger both internal security and prospects for rehabilitation and goes against the humane ideal of most human rights advocates, possibly qualifying legally as inhumane punishment, an infringement on human rights under the UN rules.

Although internal punishments, imposed by prison authorities, are not strictly penal harm as such, since they are not independent from the convict's behavior, arbitrary application and choice of cruel modes, including corporal punishment (in South East Asian countries this can include the dreaded rattan caning), perfectly fit the rationale.

In the 1990s and 2000s, penal harm has taken (among other things) the form of poor health care for inmates; this includes the denial of medicine for patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.

Penal harm can also arise unintentionally, as a result of understaffing, insufficient budget, or even legal considerations (such as delays deemed necessary for appeal procedures).

title: Penal harm


text:
Béla Miklós

Béla Miklós de Dálnok, Vitéz of Dálnok (11 June 1890 – 21 November 1948) was a Hungarian military officer and politician who served as acting Prime Minister of Hungary, at first in opposition, and then officially, from 1944 to 1945. He was the last Prime Minister of war-time Hungary.

Early career
Béla Miklós was born into a Székely primipilus family in Budapest on 11 June 1890. His parents were Gergely Miklós de Dálnok and Janka Traviczky. Miklós used the title of dálnoki after Dálnok, Transylvania (today Dalnic, part of Romania), where his father worked as a teacher. Béla Miklós married Éva Csákány.

He finished secondary studies at the Honvéd Principal Gymnasium of Sopron in 1907. After graduating from Ludovica Military Academy in 1910, he was promoted to Hussar Lieutenant. He participated in the First World War. Returning home, he became a member of the Sopron military command. He graduated from General Staff College between 1920 and 1921, after that he worked in the Ministry of Defence. He was awarded Order of Vitéz by Regent Miklós Horthy in 1929. In that same year he became Deputy Chief of the Regent's Military Office.

Miklós was briefly chief of military intelligence until he was appointed military attaché to Berlin and Stockholm between 1933 and 1936, eventually coming to lead his own regiment. After rising from regimental to corps command, he became military director of the office of Admiral Miklós Horthy, regent of Hungary, in October 1942. He was promoted to Colonel General in 1943.

Late World War II
Miklós became commanding general of the Hungarian First Army from 1 August 1944 and he supported leaving the Axis powers and joining the Red Army. On 16 October 1944, Miklós was ordered to appear at the headquarters of German General Heinrici. Suspicious of an eventual arrest, he defected through the Hungarian front with one of his aides and two sergeants. He approached the Soviet forces. After some apprehension, they escorted Miklós to Lisko, near Przemyśl. This was the location of the Soviet general headquarters.

Miklós arrived at Lisko on the morning of 17 October. Per the request of the Soviets, he spoke on the radio and made a plea for the commanding officers of his Hungarian First Army to defect with their units to the Soviets.

The Soviets re-armed prisoners of war and planned to form a Hungarian liberation army from the defectors. But, with the exception of one regimental commander, no other Hungarian officer defected in response to Miklós's plea. The one regimental commander who did defect was arrested by the Germans and immediately executed.

A few days later Soviet emissaries were sent to negotiate with Miklós about the formation of a Hungarian counter-Government. These negotiations came to nothing.

Interim government
On 21 December 1944 the Interim Assembly met in Debrecen. Representatives were present from the Communist, Smallholders, Social Democratic, Peasant Party and Citizen's party. The Assembly elected the interim government, with Soviet approval, which was headed by Miklós. He remained in this post until the coming elections on 15 November 1945. The High National Council, which functioned as a collective head of state, formed on 26 January 1945 under the presidency of Béla Zsedényi. Miklós as incumbent Prime Minister also became a member of the body. During his premiership, the arrest of war criminals and confiscations had begun, pro-German organizations and political parties were dissolved, and the new regime removed the "reactionary elements" from public institutions and the Hungarian army. The Provisional National Government established the people's tribunes. Miklós disbanded the Military Order of Maria Theresa with a decree in the summer of 1945. Béla Miklós could not prevent the deportation of hundreds of thousands to the Soviet Union. Following the 1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, he was replaced by Zoltán Tildy.

Later career
In July 1947 he became a founding member of the Hungarian Independence Party (MFP: Magyar Függetlenségi Párt), a split from the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party. In the semi-free 1947 Hungarian parliamentary election, he won a seat for the party. However, all mandates of the Independence Party, which was defamed as "fascist", were canceled in November 1947 under pressure from the Communist Hungarian Working People's Party. After that, Miklós withdrew from public life.

He died one year later of unknown causes and was buried without military honour.

title: Béla Miklós


text:
Elvis-A-Rama Museum

The Elvis-A-Rama Museum in Paradise, Nevada was a large private collection of Elvis memorabilia owned by Chris Davidson which featured an 85 ft mural about Elvis' life and career. The museum opened on November 5, 1999, and showcased more than $5,000,000 worth of Elvis' vehicles, jumpsuits, guitars and other memorabilia. The museum was housed in an 8200 sqft building that contained the museum, 100 person showroom and extensive gift shop. All the showcases of Elvis's belongings were enhanced with murals by renowned artist Robert Emerald Shappy. Over thirty paintings were created by Shappy for both the museums in Nevada. The artwork was valued by Davison at $250,000. A break-in occurred at the museum on March 17, 2004, with almost $300,000 worth of memorabilia stolen including Elvis' jewelry and a .38 special handgun. The stolen items were recovered on November 3, 2005, with the assistance of Duke Adams, an Elvis impersonator who was approached by Eliab Aguilar, who was subsequently arrested by Las Vegas Metro for the robbery. The museum was located at 3401 Industrial Road.

Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc acquired the assets and trademark to the museum and closed it on October 1, 2006, to make way for a world class Elvis attraction on the Las Vegas strip. CKX, Inc. granted Mr. Davidson the right to open a museum in Hawaii. Neither place has opened yet.

title: Elvis-A-Rama Museum


text: Category:Museums in Nevada

title: Category:Museums in Nevada


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SM Nasimuddin SM Amin

Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Sheikh Mohammad Nasimuddin Kamal bin Sheikh Mohamad Amin (27 January 1955 – 1 May 2008) was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of the Naza Group of Malaysia.

Background
Nasimuddin was born to a Minangkabau ancestry. He was always interested in cars and the automobile industry. He received his early education from Sekolah Rendah Tunku Munawir (1961–1966). He then studied at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tuanku Muhammad (1967–1972). Both schools are located in Kuala Pilah, Negri Sembilan. He has 10 siblings, SM Sharifuddin, Sheikh , SM Shalahuddin, Kitabunnesah Begam, Zaibunnesah Begam, Zainatunnesah, Zainun, Zarina and Norashikin.

In 1974, when he was 19, he had RM80,000 in his bank account which he saved from his remunerations from helping out his contractor father. He started his automobile business with an allocation of Approved Permits (APs) to import foreign cars. APs are government-issued permits to import cars for bumiputras. He made his first million in about a year.

Going into business
After starting up the business, he flew to Japan where he spent three months purchasing his first 20 units of used Japanese cars. Upon his return to Malaysia, he sold off all 20 units within three months.

Nasimuddin's automobile business began with a shop lot in Taman Maluri selling 10 to 15 units of cars each month. In 1979, he opened a branch in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur doing retail and selling 40 to 60 cars monthly.

During those years, Nasimuddin decided to import used Japanese cars at a time when Japanese cars were popular with Malaysians.

He faced some challenges, including financing and how to convince customers to buy used cars when many were then not keen on foreign cars.

Businesses
The Naza Group now has 15 business divisions covering industries such as cigarette distribution, credit and leasing, engineering, hotels, insurance, machine tools and parts, manufacturing, motorcycles, property, transport services, plantations and water craft.

He owned TTDI Development which is one of the most prominent real estate companies in Kuala Lumpur.

The Naza Group currently holds the Malaysian franchise for South Korea's Kia vehicles, and France's Peugeot vehicles. It also holds the import permits for Mazda vehicles. Naza has now also become the biggest and most prominent importer of luxury high-end vehicles like Mercedes-Benz in Malaysia with endeavours such as Naza-Brabus.

He was reported to be interested in buying a 40% interest and taking over Malaysia's national carmaker, Proton, which was reported to be in financial turmoil. He stated that he had already drawn his plan in turning around Proton if the Malaysian government gave the nod for him to buy a controlling stake of the company. He planned to build a RM1.2 billion factory in Bertam, Penang.

In April 2008, he ventured into the food business by launching the Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. Restaurant and Market.

AP Controversy
Nasimuddin was implicated in the AP controversy of 2005, when he was dubbed the "AP King". It was claimed that he and three other prominent businessmen were monopolising the issuance of Approved Permits (APs). APs are government-issued permits used to control car imports, whereby 60 percent of APs are given to bumiputra Open AP holders, and 40 percent are given to franchise holders. The practice of APs helped shift dominance of the car import industry from the ethnic Chinese to the Malays. Prime Minister of Malaysia Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad described Nasimuddin as an example of the New Economic Policy's (NEP) success, Bernama reported.

He said Nasimuddin had an extraordinary approach in developing his business, starting with selling imported used cars from Japan and then going on to collaborating with foreign companies to produce and sell local cars under his own brand name.

"He proved that the NEP was capable of producing successful bumiputras if they seized the available opportunities well. If all had the same opportunities and did what he had done, we may have achieved more than the NEP objectives," Dr Mahathir told Bernama.

Awards and recognition

 * In 2002, SM Nasimuddin was named Motoring Man of The Year by the New Straits Times.

Honours of Malaysia

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia :
 * MY Panglima Setia Diraja - Order of the Royal Household - PSD.svg Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal Family of Malaysia (PSD) - Datuk (1997)
 * Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - PSM.svg Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) - Tan Sri (1998)
 * Negeri Sembilan :
 * MY-NEG Grand Order of Tuanku Jaafar - SPTJ.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Grand Order of Tuanku Jaafar (SPTJ) - Dato' Seri (2000)
 * MY-NEG Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan.svg Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SPNS) - Dato' Seri Utama (2006)
 * Selangor :
 * MY-SEL Order of the Crown of Selangor - Knight Commander - DPMS.svg Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS) - Dato' (1999)

Foreign honours

 * 🇰🇷 South Korea :
 * Unknown class of the Order of Industrial Service Merit (2006)

Death
Nasimuddin died of stage four lung cancer at a private hospital in Long Beach, California, US on 1 May 2008. He was 53 years old. His body was brought back to Malaysia on 4 May 2008 and taken to Masjid Wilayah, Jalan Duta. More than 6,000 people came to Masjid Wilayah to pay their last respects including the Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi along with Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. The body was later taken to Batu 9 Muslim Cemetery in Hulu Langat, Selangor to be buried next to the grave of his beloved mother, Salbiah Abdul Majid.

title: SM Nasimuddin SM Amin