text:
Talk:George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore

1st Lord or 1st Baron?
This article and hyperlinks referencing this article on other pages variably refer to George Calvert as either "1st Baron Baltimore" or "1st Lord Baltimore". Is this intentional or should one name be chosen to be preferred over the other? Does it even matter? I am not exactly very well versed with noble naming customs but I figured I should ask since to me it seems a bit strange. NipponGinko (talk) 19:33, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

Age
"George Calvert was born at Kiplin in late 1579 (birth month and day yet to be researched).[2] His mother Alicia/Alice died on 28 November 1587, when he was fifteen years old." Eight year gap, 15 years old. Which of these numbers is correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.14.186.146 (talk) 19:45, 7 July 2016 (UTC)

which Trinity?
my name is phil how are you? I'm assuming it was Dublin. Can someone please advise?

No it was not in Dublin. It was Trinity College at Oxford which is England. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.242.82.28 (talk) 01:10, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Baltimore
"However, in 1625 Calvert was created Baron Baltimore, of Baltimore in the County of Longford, as a reward for his loyalty to the King and moved to his Irish estates." I'm a little dubious of this line. Despite the fact that there are a few different places saying this, I can find no other reference of a city called Baltimore in Co. Longford. There is however, a city called Baltimore in Co. Cork.

-> Okay seriously, someone needs to look this up. The city of Longford is in Cork, not Longford. This article seems wrong.

 * I have found a reference which suggests that Calvert's title refers to the Baltimore in Cork County (rather than Longford). It is on page 242 of Old Virginia and Her Neighbours by John Fiske (1900). In the section titled "The Irish Baltimore" it says: "On the southwestern coast of Ireland, not far from Cape Clear, the steamship on its way from New York to Liverpool passes within sight of a small promontory crowned by an ancient village bearing the Gaelic name of Baltimore, which signifies "large townlands". The events which transferred this Irish name to the banks Patapsco River make an interesting chapter of history." There is also a map with Baltimore marked on it and it seems to be the Baltimore in Irish County Cork. Is it possible that Calvert had an estate in County Longford, but his title was derived from a place in County Cork? I am puzzled. Qblik 16:46, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Fiske was mistaken, and that has been noted by other historians. The present reference is to Brugger, but I could add references from Codignola and Krugler, in my opinion the two best and most up-to-date sources on the subject. No, there isn't a city called Baltimore in Longford: it was merely the name of the manor. "Baltimore, County Longford", is documented as the estate and barony that Calvert was granted by the king in 1625. I think the place is long gone now. qp10qp 22:14, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * If you have some good references that Fiske is wrong then perhaps you could incorporate them into footnote 35 (if not into the main text). So far the quote from Krugler says "Baltimore in Ireland", which in itself is ambiguous, if not confusing (given that Baltimore in Cork seems to be the Baltimore in Ireland right now, if the one in Longford is long gone). Qblik 05:05, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The reference was given to Brugger at first mention. The method of noting in the article is to add snippets of information and quotes of interest, but much of the information is just referenced by page numbers without necessarily quoting the sources. I don't think "Baltimore, in Ireland" is ambiguous, since the reader has already been told that this was Baltimore, County Longford, which is backed up by the reference to Brugger, page 4.

 * There's no need to add information to the article that a historian was wrong about where Baltimore, Ireland, was, if his mistake is not included anywhere in the text. I promise that we looked into such matters carefully as part of the Featured Article candidacy (historians often make mistakes and it is up to us to spot that by comparing sources). Here are quotes for the refs used, plus some extra ones to show that they were representative:

 * "...two years later James granted Calvert twenty-three hundred acres in County Longford, Ireland, where his home was known as the Manor of Baltimore." Brugger, Robert J. (1988). Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634-1980, p 4.

 * "On 16/26 February, in recompense for past services, James I appointed Calvert Baron Baltimore of Baltimore, in County Longford, Ireland." Codignola, Luca (1988). The Coldest Harbour of the Land: Simon Stock and Lord Baltimore’s Colony in Newfoundland, 1621-1649, p 12.

 * "The condition of his Irish estates in the county of Longford concerned him." Krugler, John D. (2004). English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century, p 86.

 * "Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, vol I, page 255, appears to be in error in identifying Baltimore in County Cork with the place which gave Sir George Calvert his title." Smith, Charles Ernest (1899). Religion Under the Barons of Baltimore, p 32.

 * "After his resignation, he sold his office to Sir Albert Morton for £6,000, and obtained the title of Baron of Baltimore, in County Longford, Ireland." Laurence Urdang (1976). Lives of the Stuart Age, 1603-1714, p 51.

 * "It is not known when George Calvert became a Roman Catholic, but it was public knowledge in London by the winter 1624-5 when he resigned his office and was raised to the Irish peerage as Baron Baltimore in County Longford." Hennesey, James J (1981). American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States, p 38.

 * "Letters from Naples mention the death of the Right Hon. Frederic Calvert, Baron of Baltimore, of Baltimore, in the county of Longford, in Ireland, Lord Proprietor and Governor of Maryland." Edmund Burke (ed.). Annual register for year 1771, p 150.

qp10qp 00:00, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

George Henry Calvert merge issue
The presence of the article "George Henry Calvert" is superfluous since it is about the same guy as the article "George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore". It needs to be merged or deleted—I hope quickly, because "George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore" is a current featured-article candidate. "George Henry Calvert" is superfluous because it contains almost nothing that is not covered in the other article and what few differences it has are unreferenced and so can't be blindly added to its fully referenced fellow. The differences are worth looking up, though, which I will do. I am happy to carry out the merge if no-one objects. qp10qp 01:24, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

The ruin of the very small Baltimore Castle can be found in the village of Netwoncashel, in County Longford. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.3.27.242 (talk) 19:26, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * You have a typo, the village is called Newtowncashel. CsikosLo (talk) 14:41, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

GAC

 * 1) Well-written:
 * 2) Factually accurate:
 * 3) Broad:
 * 4) Neutrally written:
 * 5) Stable:
 * 6) Well-referenced:
 * 7) Images:

This article continues to meet the Good Article criteria. I have already passed it once. For some reason it was renominated. --Bookworm857158367 15:31, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Information removed for the moment
I have added a considerable amount of information, largely from Codignola and Krugler, which either corroborates or extends the existing material referenced to Browne and Fiske, books I do not have access to. By and large, there's no contradiction: the only factual material I have removed is contained in the following, where I felt the motivations were unclear and the information contradictory (which isn't to say that all of it is necessarily wrong, just that I can't verify it from other sources):

 * Stourton went to the Privy Council to complain about Baltimore, though the Council dismissed the charges. Soon after, he was deprived of his second wife's company as she fled south to Virginia. Further, the winter of 1628-1629 was a disaster, and like many early settlers the residents of Avalon suffered terribly from cold and malnutrition.

 * Spurned by Virginia, Baltimore returned to England, unaccountably leaving his wife and children in Jamestown to follow him later.

Now, Stourton sailed for England in 1628, which would mean that Baltimore's wife "fled south" that year, not long after arriving at Ferryland. But why "fled"? And did she leave the children with Baltimore or not? It doesn't quite add up for me. I tend to believe with Luca Codignola that she stayed the winter with Baltimore and the children and travelled down to Virginia with him in 1629 ("When Baltimore sailed south to Virginia he had with him his wife and about forty settlers." Codignola, p 54). Though the article said that Baltimore left his wife and children in Jamestown, Codignola says (p.53) that in August 1629 Baltimore sent his sons and daughters back to England, his wife alone staying with him. It sounds to me therefore as if he sent the children back from Newfoundland before sailing down to Virginia with his wife, where he arrived in late September or early October. We know that Baltimore's wife was drowned in early 1630 on the way home but also that Baltimore's children were still alive (Leonard went on to become governor of Maryland), and so they could not have been in the ship with Joane when it foundered.

I cannot rule out that Baltimore's wife did sail to Virginia before him, though I don't understand the circumstances implied by the word "fled". If someone who has Browne can provide the explanation for that, then the information would be a welcome and intriguing addition to the article. The Dictionary of Canadian Biography, which is listed in "External Links", says: "Without waiting for a reply to this appeal, he left for Virginia, whither his wife had preceded him in the fall of 1628." (Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online). But I am not inclined to cite that page as a reliable source, as it contains some obvious errors. I have left the word "unaccountably" in, which I presume is Browne's, because I have seen no account of why Baltimore left his wife in Virginia. I can guess a reason, though: Baltimore needed to get back to England in a hurry, after being booted out of Virginia, and maybe there wasn't enough room on the boat for all his servants and possessions, so perhaps he left his wife behind in charge of them. Just my speculation. qp10qp 06:37, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

A contradiction retained
The only other potential contradiction between Browne/Fiske and other sources is that Browne and/or Fiske apparently say that Charles maintained Baltimore as a privy councillor. I have left that in, with the references to Browne and Fiske, but added notes to this effect:

 * "But Codignola says, "The king’s promise to keep him on as a member of the Privy Council was not to be maintained by his successor, Charles I, to whom Lord Baltimore refused to swear loyalty". Codignola, Page 12; Krugler says he left the Privy Council in March. Krugler, Page 5."

And I have added (later in the text, so as not to make the contradiction look too startling) that Calvert had to resign his Privy Council seat because he refused to take the oath of allegiance. The reason I think these apparent contradictions can cohabit in the text is that a chink of logic exists which reconciles the two—viz: since Charles did not remove Baltimore from the Privy Council, Baltimore technically removed himself by resigning the seat after refusing to take the oath. qp10qp 06:37, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Proceding in that manner is not feasible. The contradiction was glossed over without even noting it. Sentences with "technically" seldom make sense and so it is here too. You cannot resolve the contradiction this way. Also, by moving all mentioning that he departed from the Council into the footnote while retaining his remaining in it in the main text, the article gave a totally false impression. Str1977 (talk) 07:35, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

More about the merge
I propose to undertake the merge of this article and George Henry Calvert in two or three days (five from the posting of the merge template, as courtesy requires). I have added one or two little nuances from the latter, such as Anne Mynne's alternative name of "Mayne", but otherwise intend to lose the majority of the GHC article on grounds of adding nothing extra or inaccuracy. The only substantial differences or interesting extras, as far as I can see, are contained in the following:

"Afterwards he was sent by the king to Ireland to report on the success of the policy of bringing the Irish people into conformity with the Church of England. There was a great deal of discontent among the Irish, and several commissions were appointed to hear and report on the grievances. Calvert served on two of these commissions."

 * The present article only mentions one commission. I can't find a suitable reference to Calvert serving on two, and so I have left it out. If someone wants to reference and add it (Google suggests the information might be in Browne), go ahead.

"As a reward for faithful service the king granted him (in 1621) a manor of 2300 acres, in the county of Longford, Ireland, on the condition that all settlers "should be conformable in point of religion." Calvert, becoming a Catholic, in 1624, surrendered this manor, but received it again, with the religious clause omitted."

 * Once again, these details are probably in Browne, but I'd rather steer clear of this, as the dates seem shaky to me (Calvert didn't declare himself publicly Catholic till 1625). The present article mentions the grant of Irish lands, anyway.

"After the death of James, Charles offered to dispense with the oath of religious supremacy, if Calvert would remain in the council, but Calvert declined."

 * That's interesting. But I can't find a source for it, and other sources contradict it. I think the matter is covered well and complicatedly enough, but others may wish to look into this.

"Baltimore's works are "Carmen Funebre in D. Hen. Untonum." in a collection of verses on Sir Henry Unton's death, 1596; "The Answer to Tom Tell-troth: The Practice of Princes and the Lamentations of the Kirk," (1642), a justification of the policy of King James in refusing to support the claim of the Elector Palatine to the crown of Bohemia."

 * I didn't think mentioning these obscure works from the days of rent-a-tract would do much for the reader of the article, but here they are if anyone wants to add them (though with a reference).

qp10qp 07:37, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Merged
Since it is five days since the merger was proposed and nobody has objected, I have now carried out the merge. qp10qp 16:10, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Weasel words?
"A decade before George was born, Sir Thomas Gargrave had described Richmondshire as a territory where all gentlemen were "evil in religion", by which he meant Roman Catholic;[2] it appears Leonard Calvert was no exception. During the reign of Elizabeth I, the royal government over the church and of compulsory religious uniformity were enacted by parliament and enforced through penal laws.[4] The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity of 1559 included an oath of allegiance to the queen and an implicit denial of the Pope's authority over the church."
 * This would be less weasel-like if there were links to the 1569 Northern Rebellion that took place on their doorstep in Yorkshire, and to Regnans in Excelsis of 1570. All other European kingdoms had oaths of allegiance and almost all of the Catholic kings controlled the Papacy's powers in their domains.86.42.194.225 (talk) 05:24, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Centered sketch of Calvert
Centered images may be larger (up to 400px) when they are alone.

This image, which is an original sketch of Calvert, is thought to capture his personality the best.

That's why I think it's worth keeping it centered.

If someone still felt it was too big, it could go down to 350px or 300px.

But it tells the story so well about Calvert himself (showing him more personally than the formal paintings) that it really contributes something unique to the article.

Cliffswallow-vaulting (talk) 19:41, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

"sic"
just after footnote 73 in the text is the line 'As he wrote to Buckingham, "I came to builde, and sett, and sowe, but I am falne to fighting with Frenchmen [sic]".' What does sic refer to?--2607:FEA8:D5DF:FEF6:45D5:59C4:CE26:3B41 (talk) 14:28, 2 June 2019 (UTC)

"sic" is Latin for "thus" and is shorthand for something like this: "I know this looks wrong, but this is what I found, and I am not taking on myself to 'correct' it" Carlm0404 (talk) 05:49, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Eastern Shore blockage
In this article, I find "Baltimore eventually compromised by accepting redrawn boundaries to the north of the Potomac River, on either side of the Chesapeake Bay." Were there already Virginia settlements on the southern part of the Eastern Shore (forerunner of Accomack and Northampton counties)? Carlm0404 (talk) 05:40, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Ambiguity
The article is broadly excellent, but there is a degree of ambiguity in the "Political success" section. Opening with the observation that he named his son "Cecilius" in honour of Robert Cecil and then immediately using "Cecilius" to refer to Robert Cecil himself ("Calvert carried a packet for Cecilius from Paris, and so entered the service of the principal engineer of King James VI of Scotland's succession to the English throne in 1603") seems unnecessarily confusing given that Robert Cecil will be referred to multiple times throughout the section (as Robert Cecil, Cecil and Cecilius) while his son will not be mentioned again.

Moving the observation that his son was named Cecil (or Cecilius) to the end of the section, or to the Marriage and Family or Newfoundland section (where the son actually features) would resolve this. 90.241.46.58 (talk) 12:24, 26 March 2024 (UTC)


text: User talk:128.131.210.202

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:128.131.210.202


text:
Japan at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Japan competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. Japan returned to the Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. 226 competitors, 174 men and 52 women, took part in 147 events in 22 sports.

Medalists

 * width=78% align=left valign=top |

 * width=22% align=left valign=top |

Archery
In their third Olympic archery competition, Japan won a bronze medal in the men's division as well as having a fourth place competitor in each division.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Hiroko Ishizu – 2525 points (4th place)
 * Minako Hokari – 2481 points (10th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Hiroshi Yamamoto – 2563 points (Bronze Medal)
 * Takayoshi Matsushita – 2552 points (4th place)
 * Ichiro Shimamura – 2312 points (52nd place)

Athletics
Men's 400 metres
 * Susumu Takana
 * Heat — 46.26
 * Quarterfinals — 45.91
 * Semifinals — 45.88 (→ did not advance)

Men's 10,000 metres
 * Yutaka Kanai
 * Qualifying Heat — 28:14.67
 * Final — 28:27.06 (→ 7th place)

 * Masanari Shintaku
 * Qualifying Heat — 28:24.30
 * Final — 28:55.54 (→ 16th place)

Men's Marathon
 * Takeshi So
 * Final — 2:10:55 (→ 4th place)

 * Toshihiko Seko
 * Final — 2:14:13 (→ 14th place)

 * Shigeru So
 * Final — 2:14:38 (→ 17th place)

Men's Long Jump
 * Junichi Usui
 * Qualification — 8.02m
 * Final — 7.87m (→ 7th place)

Men's High Jump
 * Takao Sakamoto
 * Qualification — 2.21m (→ did not advance)

Men's Javelin Throw
 * Masami Yoshida
 * Qualification — 81.42m
 * Final — 81.98m (→ 5th place)

 * Kazuhiro Mizoguchi
 * Qualification — 74.82m (→ did not advance, 20th place)

Men's Hammer Throw
 * Shigenobu Murofushi
 * Qualification — 70.92m (→ did not advance)

Men's Pole Vault
 * Tomomi Takahashi
 * Qualifying Round — 5.30m
 * Final — no mark (→ no ranking)

Women's Marathon
 * Nanae Sasaki
 * Final — 2:37:04 (→ 19th place)

 * Akemi Masuda
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Women's High Jump
 * Hisayo Fukumitsu
 * Qualification — 1.87m (→ did not advance, 17th place)

 * Megumi Sato
 * Qualification — 1.84m (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Emi Matsui
 * Qualification — 57.72m (→ did not advance)

 * Minori Mori
 * Qualification — 56.60m (→ did not advance)

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
 * Mamoru Kuroiwa
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Defeated Francisco Tejedor (COL), 4:1
 * Quarterfinals — Lost to Keith Mwila (KEN), 0:5

Men's Bantamweight (– 54 kg)
 * Hiroaki Takami
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Defeated Gamaleldin El-Koumy (EGY), 4:1
 * Third Round — Lost to Dale Walters (CAN), 0:5

Cycling
Nine cyclists, eight men and one woman, represented Japan in 1984. Tsutomu Sakamoto won a bronze medal in the sprint event.

 * Men's individual road race
 * Matsuyoshi Takahashi — 45th place

 * Sprint
 * Tsutomu Sakamoto
 * Katsuo Nakatake

 * 1000m time trial
 * Tsutomu Sakamoto

 * Team pursuit
 * Akio Kuwazawa
 * Harumitsu Okada
 * Mitsugi Sarudate
 * Yoshihiro Tsumuraya

 * Points race
 * Akio Kuwazawa
 * Hitoshi Sato

 * Women's individual road race
 * Wakako Abe — 40th place

Diving
Men's 3m Springboard
 * Isao Yamagishi
 * Preliminary Round — 427.14 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

Fencing
Nine fencers, five men and four women, represented Japan in 1984.

 * Men's foil
 * Kenichi Umezawa
 * Nobuyuki Azuma
 * Tadashi Shimokawa

 * Men's team foil
 * Nobuyuki Azuma, Yoshihiko Kanatsu, Hidehachi Koyasu, Tadashi Shimokawa, Kenichi Umezawa

 * Women's foil
 * Azusa Oikawa
 * Mieko Miyahara
 * Miyuki Maekawa

 * Women's team foil
 * Mieko Miyahara, Azusa Oikawa, Miyuki Maekawa, Tomoko Oka

Handball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group A)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (15:32)
 * Lost to Romania (22:28)
 * Lost to Iceland (17:21)
 * Lost to Switzerland (13:20)
 * Defeated Algeria (17:16)

 * Classification Match
 * 9th/10th place: Lost to United States (16:24) → 10th place

 * Team Roster
 * Seimei Gamo
 * Takashi Ikenoue
 * Yasou Ikona
 * Hidetada Ito
 * Koji Matsui
 * Mitsuaki Nakamoto
 * Kiyoshi Nishiyama
 * Takahiro Ohata
 * Nobuo Sasaki
 * Kenzo Seki
 * Yoshihiro Shiga
 * Katsutoshi Taguchi
 * Seiichi Takamura
 * Yukihiko Uemura
 * Shinji Yamamoto

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Japan in 1984.

 * Individual
 * Shoji Uchida
 * Hiroyuki Kawazoe
 * Daizou Araki

 * Team
 * Shoji Uchida
 * Hiroyuki Kawazoe
 * Daizou Araki

Shooting

 * Men
 * Women
 * Open

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Shigeo Ogata
 * Heat — 52.96 (→ did not advance, 33rd place)

 * Satoshi Sumida
 * Heat — 53.83 (→ did not advance, 39th place)

Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Hiroshi Sakamoto
 * Heat — 1:54.71 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

 * Shigeo Ogata
 * Heat — 1:55.97 (→ did not advance, 33rd place)

Men's 400m Freestyle
 * Shigeo Ogata
 * Heat — 4:02.97 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

 * Keisuke Okuno
 * Heat — 4:06.31 (→ did not advance, 27th place)

Men's 100m Backstroke
 * Daichi Suzuki
 * Heat — 58.37
 * B-Final — 58.30 (→ 11th place)

Men's 200m Backstroke
 * Daichi Suzuki
 * Heat — 2:06.24
 * B-Final — 2:06.02 (→ 16th place)

Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Shigehiro Takahashi
 * Heat — 1:04.71
 * B-Final — 1:04.41 (→ 10th place)

 * Kenji Watanabe
 * Heat — 1:06.10 (→ did not advance, 9th place)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Shigehiro Takahashi
 * Heat — 2:19.98
 * B-Final — 2:20.93 (→ 12th place)

 * Kenji Watanabe
 * Heat — 2:22.33
 * B-Final — 2:22.29 (→ 15th place)

Men's 100m Butterfly
 * Taihei Saka
 * Heat — 56.40 (→ did not advance, 21st place)

 * Shudo Kawawa
 * Heat — 56.52 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Men's 200m Butterfly
 * Taihei Saka
 * Heat — 2:00.66
 * B-Final — 2:00.31 (→ 9th place)

 * Shudo Kawawa
 * Heat — 2:03.07 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Men's 200m Individual Medley
 * Shinji Ito
 * Heat — 2:07.76
 * B-Final — 2:06.07 (→ 10th place)

Men's 400m Individual Medley
 * Shinji Ito
 * Heat — 4:30.52
 * B-Final — 4:29.76 (→ 13th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Hiroshi Sakamoto, Shigeo Ogata, Taihei Saka, and Satoshi Sumida
 * Heat — 3:30.45 (→ did not advance, 13th place)

Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
 * Taihei Saka, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Keisuke Okuno, and Shigeo Ogata
 * Heat — DSQ (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Daichi Suzuki, Shigehiro Takahashi, Taihei Saka, and Hiroshi Sakamoto
 * Heat — 3:50.14
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Women's 100m Freestyle
 * Kaori Yanase
 * Heat — 58.47 (→ did not advance, 17th place)

 * Chikako Nakamori
 * Heat — 59.00 (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Women's 200m Freestyle
 * Chikako Nakamori
 * Heat — 2:03.94
 * B-Final — 2:04.11 (→ 13th place)

 * Kaori Yanase
 * Heat — 2:04.38
 * B-Final — 2:05.24 (→ 16th place)

Women's 400m Freestyle
 * Chikako Nakamori
 * Heat — 4:20.13
 * B-Final — 4:20.18 (→ 14th place)

 * Junko Sakurai
 * Heat — 4:28.68 (→ did not advance, 19th place)

Women's 800m Freestyle
 * Junko Sakurai
 * Heat — 9:13.27 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Junko Sakurai, Chikako Nakamori, Miki Saito, and Kaori Yanase
 * Heat — 3:54.68 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Naomi Sekido, Hiroko Nagasaki, Naoko Kume, and Kaori Yanase
 * Heat — 4:17.59
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Women's 100m Backstroke
 * Naomi Sekido
 * Heat — 1:05.60 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

 * Nozomi Sunouchi
 * Heat — 1:07.23 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Women's 200m Backstroke
 * Naomi Sekido
 * Heat — 2:18.52
 * B-Final — 2:18.87 (→ 14th place)

 * Nozomi Sunouchi
 * Heat — 2:25.05 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Women's 200m Butterfly
 * Naoko Kume
 * Heat — 2:13.31
 * Final — 2:12.57 (→ 6th place)

 * Kiyomi Takahashi
 * Heat — 2:14.37
 * B-Final — 2:16.27 (→ 12th place)

Women's 200m Individual Medley
 * Hideka Koshimizu
 * Heat — 2:23.38
 * B-Final — 2:22.81 (→ 15th place)

Women's 400m Individual Medley
 * Hideka Koshimizu
 * Heat — 4:59.18
 * B-Final — 4:58.02 (→ 14th place)

Volleyball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group B)
 * Defeated China (3-0)
 * Defeated Italy (3-2)
 * Defeated Egypt (3-0)
 * Lost to Canada (0-3)

 * Classification Matches
 * 5th/8th place: Lost to Argentina (1-3)
 * 7th/8th place: Defeated China (3-0) → 7th place

 * Team Roster
 * Koshi Sobu
 * Eiji Shimomura
 * Kazuya Mitake
 * Eizaburo Mitsuhashi
 * Hiroaki Okuno
 * Yasushi Furukawa
 * Shuji Yamada
 * Mikiyasu Tanaka
 * Kimio Sugimoto
 * Minoru Iwata
 * Akihiro Iwashima
 * Shunichi Kawai

 * Women's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group A)
 * Defeated South Korea (3-1)
 * Defeated Peru (3-0)
 * Defeated Canada (3-0)

 * Semi Finals
 * Lost to China (0-3)

 * Bronze Medal Match
 * Defeated United States (3-1) → [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal

 * Team Roster
 * Yumi Egami
 * Kimie Morita
 * Yuko Mitsuya
 * Miyoko Hirose
 * Kyoko Ishida
 * Yoko Kagabu
 * Norie Hiro
 * Kayoko Sugiiyama
 * Sachiko Otani
 * Keiko Miyajima
 * Emiko Odaka
 * Kumie Nakada

Water polo

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group C)
 * Lost to Italy (5-15)
 * Lost to West Germany (8-15)
 * Lost to Australia (2-15)

 * Final Round (Group E)
 * Lost to China (4-10)
 * Lost to Greece (7-14)
 * Lost to Canada (5-8)
 * Defeated Brazil (9-8) → 11th place

 * Team Roster
 * Etsuji Fujita
 * Yoshifumi Saito
 * Koshi Fujimori
 * Shingo Kai
 * Narihito Taima
 * Daisuke Houki
 * Toshio Fukumoto
 * Toshiyuki Miyahara
 * Hisayoshi Nagata
 * Koji Wakayoshi
 * Hisaharu Saito
 * Shinji Yamasaki
 * Asami Oura

title: Japan at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Acorn Business Computer

The Acorn Business Computer (ABC) was a series of microcomputers announced at the end of 1983 by the British company Acorn Computers. The series of eight computers was aimed at the business, research and further education markets. Demonstrated at the Personal Computer World Show in September 1984, having been under development for "about a year" and having been undergoing field trials from May 1984, the range "understandably attracted a great deal of attention" and was favourably received by some commentators. The official launch of the range was scheduled for January 1985.

Acorn had stated in a February 1985 press release that the ABC machines would soon be available in 50 stores, but having been rescued by Olivetti, no dealers were stocking the range and only the Personal Assistant and 300 series models were expected to be on display by the end of March. However, the ABC range was cancelled before any of the models were shipped to customers. The ABC 210 was subsequently relaunched as the Acorn Cambridge Workstation in July 1985, and sold in modest numbers to academic and scientific users.

The ABC range was developed by Acorn essentially as a repackaged BBC Micro, expanded to 64 KB RAM, to which was added (in some models) a second processor and extra memory to complement the Micro's 6502. The electronics and disk drives were integrated into the monitor housing, with a separate keyboard.

The Zilog Z80, Intel 80286 and National Semiconductor 32016 were all used as second processors in the various models. Two of the eight models produced, the Personal Assistant and the Terminal, had no second processor.

Origins
As part of the agreement made between Acorn and the BBC to supply a microcomputer to accompany the BBC Computer Literacy Project, Acorn had committed to deliver a business upgrade for the BBC Micro, with Z80-based computers running the CP/M operating system being the established business platform at that time and thus the likely form of any such upgrade. This upgrade was eventually delivered in 1984 as the Z80 Second Processor, requiring a BBC Micro, dual floppy drives and a display to complete a basic business system for a total cost of around £1500. As such, the bundle was not offered as a single, packaged business computer product, unlike a widening range of competing products that could be obtained at such a price.

Various systems had already been proposed by Acorn early in the life of the BBC Micro before the Acorn Business Computer name had been publicly adopted. For instance, the machine that would eventually be known as the ABC 210 was described in mid-1982 in the context of an apparent deal with National Semiconductor, indicating a 1 MB system with hard disks and "Acorn, Unix or Idris operating systems" at an estimated price of around $3500, with a second processor product for the BBC Micro having only 256 KB RAM. The Gluon concept, offering a 32016 second processor solution for the BBC Micro and other microcomputers, featured prominently in the company's strategy to offer more powerful computing hardware and to provide the basis for more powerful machines.

Meanwhile, the machine that would become known as the ABC 100 was described in mid-1983 as the Acorn Business Machine, being based on the BBC Micro with Z80 Second Processor, twin disk drives, running CP/M, with an anticipated launch the same year and a price of "under £2000". Such a configuration, with a Z80 processor running CP/M assisted by a 6502 processor managing the display and peripherals was already proven by various Torch Computers products - notably the BBC Micro-based C-series (Communicator) - and also featured in machines like the C/WP Cortex.

The successful development of second processor solutions was regarded as an essential progression that would enable Acorn to offer variants of the BBC Micro as business machines and to be able to compete with Torch, whose products were in some ways pursuing such goals. Delays affected the development of these products, however. In late 1983, the launch of the Z80 Second Processor had been estimated as occurring in February 1984, and although the 16032 Second Processor had been demonstrated at an event in Munich, Acorn had not apparently decided on pricing or positioning, describing the product as being "months away". Meanwhile, negotiations between National Semiconductor, Acorn, Logica and Microsoft were ongoing with regard to making Unix - Xenix, specifically - available on "the BBC machine".

Range and specifications
The following models were originally announced in late 1984, with pricing for several models announced in early 1985. Although acknowledging the ABC range as a "repackaging job" of the BBC Model B, the selection of models was itself regarded as "superb" in some of the commentary following the unveiling of the ABC in late 1984. The ABC Personal Assistant was perceived by some to be the BBC Model C expected from Acorn, raising questions about the work that had been done to the BBC Model B hardware and whether such a board, designed for a reduction in chip count and production cost, would eventually see use in the conventional BBC Micro range, bringing lower pricing and higher reliability.

ABC Personal Assistant

 * 64 KB RAM
 * 640 KB floppy disk drive
 * 6502 processor running at 2 MHz
 * 4 MHz RAM bus
 * Acornsoft View and Acornsoft ViewSheet in ROM
 * Green phosphor monochrome monitor
 * Announced price: £999 plus VAT

ABC Terminal

 * 64 KB RAM
 * Diskless
 * 6502 processor running at 2 MHz
 * 4 MHz RAM bus
 * VT100 terminal emulator in ROM
 * Green phosphor monochrome monitor
 * Announced price: £799 plus VAT

ABC 100

 * 64 KB RAM
 * Twin 720 KB floppy disk drives
 * Z80 processor (6502 acting as I/O processor)
 * CP/M 2.2 operating system
 * Green phosphor monochrome monitor
 * Announced price: £1599 plus VAT

ABC 110

 * 64 KB RAM
 * 720 KB floppy disk drive
 * 10 Megabyte hard drive
 * Z80 processor (6502 acting as I/O processor)
 * CP/M 2.2 operating system
 * Colour monitor
 * Announced price: £2999 plus VAT

ABC 200

 * 512 KB RAM
 * 10 MHz or 8 MHz RAM bus (second processor)
 * Twin 720 KB floppy disk drives
 * 32016 processor (6502 acting as I/O processor)
 * Monochrome monitor

ABC 210/Acorn Cambridge Workstation

This model, providing a hard disk, entered production as the Acorn Cambridge Workstation (ACW 443).

 * Up to 1 MB RAM on the ABC 210; up to 4 MB RAM on the ACW
 * 10 MHz or 8 MHz RAM bus (second processor)
 * 720 KB floppy disk drive
 * 10 MB hard disk on the ABC 210; 20 MB hard disk on the ACW
 * 32016 processor (6502 acting as I/O processor)
 * 32016 firmware (Pandora) in ROM. The ABC 210 was intended to run Xenix, however, the ACW was shipped with Panos.
 * Colour monitor
 * Announced price (as Acorn Cambridge Workstation): £5,845 for 1 MB model with RAM upgrades at £1,000 per megabyte; £3,595 for 1 MB diskless model, £7,895 for 4 MB model with 20 MB hard disk

The reason given for providing Panos as the operating system at the launch of the Acorn Cambridge Workstation instead of Xenix, despite Acorn having contracted Logica to port Xenix to the machine, was the apparent lack of a working memory management unit (MMU) in the National Semiconductor 32016 chipset, for which a socket was provided on the machine's processor board. Thus, the machine was delivered with only the 32016 CPU, 32081 FPU (Floating Point Unit), and the 32201 TCU (Timing and Control Unit) fitted as standard. Such problems with the 32082 MMU had been noted with regard to hardware workarounds adopted in the design of the Whitechapel MG-1 workstation (a somewhat higher-specification product than Acorn's offerings that initially provided National Semiconductor's own Unix variant, Genix, instead of Xenix). Logica had announced general availability of Xenix 3.0 for the 32000 series, featuring "full demand paging virtual memory", for May 1984, and 32032-based systems running Xenix reportedly became available.

Four models were originally planned for launch in the Acorn Cambridge Workstation range: the ACW 100, ACW 121 and ACW 143 being models with 1 MB of RAM (expandable to 4 MB except for the ACW 100), the ACW 443 having 4 MB of RAM; the ACW 143 and ACW 443 offering hard drive storage. A range of languages were bundled as standard, with Acorn emphasising the productivity benefits of having a 32-bit desktop computer with "the computational performance of a super-minicomputer", providing the result of an in-house benchmark test against a VAX 11/750 running 4.2BSD, both in single-user mode and in "typical heavily loaded" multi-user mode, to illustrate and reinforce the message that such a computer could "take the strain off an overloaded super-minicomputer".

Queen Mary College was a significant purchaser of the Acorn Cambridge Workstation, having reportedly acquired "no less than 80 of the 300 machines Acorn has sold" by mid-1986. While certain users benefited from a single-user workstation in the way emphasised by Acorn's advertising, specifically that an individual could dedicate their machine to a task and see it completed sooner than the same task queued for execution on a much faster mainframe or supercomputer, Acorn's product saw numerous problems when introduced to a broader audience at the institution. Despite a fairly varied range of programming language products being available for the machine's Panos environment - 32016 assembly language, BASIC, BCPL, Fortran, Lisp, Pascal - mostly giving the impression of being "top-notch" implementations, other kinds of applications were more scarce or suffered from performance issues. System and network reliability proved to be a significant problem in the teaching environment, although the introduction of Panos 1.3 improved the situation "markedly".

One academic project struggled with "the initial unreliability and unsuitability of the Acorn workstation as a development machine", reporting slow program build times and the lack of debugging tools that led to other systems being used to develop software for the machine, also experiencing "apparently random faults" with the hardware and systems software that impacted the project for 15 months. Acorn's earlier positioning of this system as a CAD workstation failed to keep up with user expectations, with the BBC Micro architecture offering an insufficiently high screen resolution and with the system not being provided with mouse or trackball, these contributing to perceptions of it being "less than ideal for Computer Aided Design".

ABC 300

 * 1024 KB RAM
 * Twin 720 KB floppy disk drives
 * 80286 processor (6502 acting as I/O processor)
 * Concurrent DOS 286 with Desktop Manager (GEM GUI) available separately
 * Monochrome monitor
 * Announced price: £2599 plus VAT

Some confusion arose when the range was first shown, with commentators given the impression that the graphical environment had been developed by Acorn. It was subsequently noted that Acorn and Digital Research had apparently conspired to leave such an impression because the Digital Research product itself was still "secret at the time Acorn decided to show it". Although impressed by the potential of the machine, offering support for running four applications concurrently, including traditional DOS applications, by using the protected mode of the 80286 and relying on the "host" 6502 at the core of the ABC architecture to handle the display needs of each application, skepticism was expressed at Acorn's likely pricing and the company's ability to deliver the product by a rumoured release date of March 1985.

ABC 310

 * 1024 KB RAM
 * 720 KB floppy disk drive
 * 10 Megabyte hard disk
 * 80286 processor (6502 acting as I/O processor)
 * Concurrent DOS 286 with Desktop Manager (GEM GUI) supplied
 * Colour monitor
 * Announced price: £3999 plus VAT

Legacy
Although most of the ABC models failed to reach the market in their original form, particularly after Olivetti's rescue of Acorn, several of the concepts were revisited in the BBC Master series of microcomputers. Like the ABC Personal Assistant, the Master 128 offers more memory than the original BBC Micro and includes the View and ViewSheet productivity software on board. The Master Econet Terminal, like the ABC Terminal, emphasises network access and a lack of on-board software and local storage. Meanwhile, the Master Scientific was intended to offer some continuity with the 32016-based second processor solution provided by the Acorn Cambridge Workstation, and the Master 512 offers a 80186-based second processor with DOS Plus and GEM support, thus resembling the ABC 300 series in particular ways. However, none of the Master series features an integrated display, which had been criticised in some reviews of the ABC series. Around two years after the unveiling of the ABC range, the Master Compact eventually introduced the practice of bundling a display and storage into Acorn's traditional product range.

Whereas the different models in the ABC range were combinations of a "host" computer based on the BBC Micro and a second processor fitted inside the display unit, the equivalent Master-series variants were generally accommodated by plug-in coprocessor cards fitted inside a Master 128 or Master Econet Terminal (ET), these models being the foundation of the range. It was therefore possible to acquire and upgrade the Master 128 or ET to one of the other models by installing the appropriate coprocessor card, and unlike the ABC whose models could be purchased as complete systems, only the Master 128 and ET were offered by Acorn as systems with the coprocessors offered separately as "modules" to realise the desired variants.

A more direct legacy of the range concerns the BBC Model B+ whose motherboard has its origin as the BBC Micro "host" found in the different ABC models: a design using 64-kilobit RAM chips, an updated disk controller, and support for shadow RAM. Given perceptions of one ABC model as the BBC Model C, the Model B+ could be regarded as delivering the basis of that widely expected model. Having successfully pursued a similar strategy to that of the Acorn Business Computer, Torch were said to be "actively evaluating the B+ motherboard", having used the previous BBC Micro motherboard as the basis of the company's earlier products. Torch's own Graduate product had been noted as potentially filling a gap within the ABC range, this being the "big jump" from the Z80-based ABC 100 systems to the 80286-based ABC 300 models.

The 1982 vision of microcomputers acting as terminals to a "Universal Gluon" expansion did eventually come to pass through the availability of a number of third-party expansions for the BBC Micro such as the Cambridge Microprocessor Systems 68000 second processor, Flight Electronics 68000 processor board, and the Micro Developments MD512k Universal Second Processor System. Meanwhile, various companies pursued the development of Tube-based second processor solutions involving the 68000, neglected by Acorn in its own offerings, such as the CA Special Products Casper board and the HDP68K board featured in the Torch Computers Unicorn, the latter offering the Unix support never delivered for Acorn's 32016-based systems. The Torch Unicorn was perhaps the clearest realisation of the broader "Universal Gluon" concept, effectively coupling a BBC Micro with a more powerful computing system.

Initially mentioned as a "CAD graphics workstation based on the 16032 chip" in October 1983, and presumably following on from work done by Acorn related to the design of the ULA components in its products, the Acorn Cambridge Workstation formed the hardware basis of a chip design product by Qudos called Quickchip, "a comprehensive CAD package for semi-custom gate arrays... supported by a high speed direct write electron beam fabrication facility", used by custom semiconductor product designers such as Flare Technology and promoted by the UK's Department of Trade and Industry. A related product was apparently produced by Qudos for the BBC Master Turbo or BBC Micro with 6502 second processor expansion, offering design support for custom gate arrays of "up to around 300 gates in size" based on Ferranti ULA technology. Quickchip was subsequently ported to the Acorn Archimedes, with the software having previously been "running on powerful Unix workstations". Although the smaller-scale Minichip solution ran on a BBC Micro-based system with 6502 coprocessor, and was also released for the Archimedes, the Unix-based Quickchip solution apparently ran on Vax systems running Ultrix.

Having promised some kind of Unix product as early as 1982, Acorn eventually released a Unix workstation in 1989 based on the Archimedes hardware platform, followed up by other models in 1990. Instead of Xenix, these workstations ran RISC iX: a port of 4.3BSD Unix to the ARM architecture.

Despite the ABC 300 series embracing compatibility with the IBM PC world, Acorn would subsequently mostly avoid selling dedicated PC compatibles, with the Acorn M19 - a rebadged Olivetti M19 - appearing in the product range for a short period in the mid-1980s. Beyond the Master 512, the Archimedes range was initially intended to support a similar second processor expansion, but PC support on the Archimedes range initially focused on software emulation with the PC Emulator product. Eventually, hardware expansions from Aleph One provided the envisaged second processor capabilities, these being sold by Acorn in some configurations for certain models. Acorn would go on to emphasise PC compatibility with the Archimedes' successor, the Risc PC, with its architecture supporting a plug-in Intel-compatible CPU alongside the main ARM processor. Eventually yielding to demands for dedicated PC-compatible systems, Acorn announced Pentium-based systems in 1996 for administrative use in educational establishments, although these models would eventually become available via Xemplar Education - Acorn's educational joint venture with Apple - and not Acorn itself.

title: Acorn Business Computer


text:
Talk:Ivan Meštrović

translation
I tried running this through an online Serbian to English translation service, but received little of use. That could be because this is NOT in Serbian? Anyone want/able to translate this posting? Carptrash 16:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes,it`s pure Serbian.I said that Mestrovic is,probably,the greatest artist from former Yugoslavia(Balkan).Of course,thats my opinion.I asked for help.I have one portrait of Mestrovic,not signed,oil on canvas,and I was asked for someone to help me.I want to know,who is a painter.I supose that painting is from 20-30ies of XX CENTURY.I could send a digital photo if someone could help me.This is not my language,and sorry if I made a mistakes.

Your English is fine - far better than my Serbian. Send me a picture of the painting and I'll see what I can do. eeklon@yahoo.com Meanwhile, if you sign your postings I can write to you. Are you aware of Malvina Hoffman's wonderful portraits of IM? She did at least two of them, but i can not post them here because of copyright issues. if you send me an email address I will send them to you. Carptrash 06:12, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC) I send to you by mail,and answer me something,when you notiffy.

I just removed this
from the list of works because it is the same piece as The Bowman and the Speaman. Which is a better title for the pieces. Only the version in the artilce is in blue. - Carptrash 04:34, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Indians in Chicago

Hello to any an all who are contributing to this page. Was there a model for the Bowman and the Spearman. My family believes it was my great great grandfather and have a portrait to prove it. Karanani (talk)
 * I'd be very interested in seeing your family's model. It ewas pretty typical of sculptors to work out disign probllems in smaller versions of the work.  Often it would begin with a maquette, perhaps a foot or so tall, then get worked on in successivly larger versions.  Let's talk.  Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 17:54, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

"Yugoslav"
Meštrović was ethnical Croat who sympathized Pan-Slavic movements of the period. He was "Yugoslav" in no other sense, as he despised commie Yugoslavia and it was only there that the nationality of "Yugoslavs" was fabricated. Today in English when you say Yugoslav, you mean "of or pertaining to SFRJ". Your "references" as silly. Dictionary.com? Get real. This one is a Wikipedia fork. This one actually mentions: The internationally renowned Croatian sculptor... Oxford Art Online links to some login page. It's obvious you've been cherry-picking Google search results for "ivan mestrovic" + "Yugoslav". Stop pushing nationalist PoV or else you'll be reported to administrators. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 23:09, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, my mistake over the Oxford Art Online articles. I found over an online academic journal, but it seems that only those who have a login can access it. I will try to find a public link to it. As for the term "Yugoslav," I have never heard that it can only designate people who lived in the SFRJ like you say. Looking back at it, the idea of Yugoslavia in the sense of a unified South Slavic state started in the early 1800s, and over the time many people have considered themselves Yugoslavs whether they be of Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim faith or even Atheists. Tying the idea of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav to Socialism is completely ridiculous and unfounded, and yet you are doing it so strongly here. Paperoverman (talk) 23:17, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes but today the word Yugoslav is primarily (in 99% of cases) used to denote SFRJ. Just as American is used to denote USA, even tho the "real" America is a bit more than USA. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 23:25, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Who says that "Yugoslav is primarily (in 99% of cases) used to denote SFRJ"? I've never heard anyone with a bit of knowledge in the history of the Balkans make such a claim. Paperoverman (talk) 23:29, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Try common sense and |yugoslavian&btnG=Search+Books b.g.c. search. We cannot pretend dumb and use some obsolete 19th century sense of Yugoslavia... I mean, it would be as if I was claiming that Ljudevit Gaj was "Illyrian" by nationality. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 23:33, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Once again, I believe you have not only missed the point, but keep changing ships. Now you are saying that Yugoslavia is a 19th idea and can't be applied to our time. I'm guessing that by this logic, we could also say that Goethe isn't really German, because he was born in the Holy Roman Empire and not in Germany. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paperoverman (talk • contribs) 23:40, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yugoslavia as a "nation" did not exist in the 19th century, so you cannot claim Meštrović is a Yugoslav by nationality, only by some vague political sympathy. Germans as a nation existed long before Goethe. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 23:43, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * How did Germans exist as a nation? Surely, you don't mean nation in the sense of state, like it is usually meant in English. And you keep contradicting yourself over and over. The fact of the matter is that the South Slavic "peoples" known today as Croats,Serbs and Bosniaks are ultimately the same people divided by religion, nothing more. But have it your way with this unclear logic. I'm out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paperoverman (talk • contribs) 23:54, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

To Ivan on his first edit on this section: there is no such thing as a "fabricated" nationality, unless they all are. If a man cannot choose something different from his parents' identity, the world would be one and the same race - unless, you argue that different "non-fabricated (ie. real)" ethnic groups do not share a common origin. It makes no difference how late people started to identify by a certain demonym, nor the impetus for doing so. Censa identify who delcared themselves a certain ethnicity, not who really is this race. Ethnicities are all imaginary concepts, and they don't even have one true history between them; the manner in which ethnicities have formed a part of an individual's identity has changed over time, as indeed have the names by which a population has identified - and whether or not all its members have maintained the same demonym - all within one single generation. Races came, races went. Some assimilated more influential nations with whom they integrated; some fragmented into minor communities (either from an onslaught/major violent shake, or through nature itself), and whilst some minorities remained affiliated by maintaining related languages, others became dissimilated yet their name remained as happens when the dissimilating nation adopts the demonym of the assimilating group; others regrouped after millennia of absence - nobody can put question marks over these people's decisions to identify as such and nobody can accuse an organisation/government of "fabricating" an ethnicity. Either people identify by that ethnicity, or they don't. After all, with no grounds on which to call oneself by a certain name then no suggestion would have been made in the first place. That said, my concern with the article at the moment is the nationality displaying "Croatian/American" which however you look at it, means nothing. He was born in Austria-Hungary. From a young age he worked abroad and was based in countries far from his homeland. Now I was never one in the first place to argue that Meštrović declared Yugoslav. His ethnicity was more than likely (given his time of living) Croatian. It would be pointless to argue with this unless anyone can find a source to say that he identified otherwise. His ideas about Pan-Slavic unity would not change his Croatian ethnicity if that was how he identified, after all, Pan-Slavism from its earliest roots centuries ago to this very day never implied ditching modern ethnicities; it aimed to observe the long-established identity and custom of the various groups. In addition, Meštrović's dislike for Communist Yugoslavia was something shared with many people who held Pan-Slavic sentiments. They opposed the system, not the unity. Either way, nationality most likely applies to legal status (relationship to country). If so, American is most likely but others from his homeland can only be Kingdom of Yugoslavia or Austro-Hungarian Empire. If it implies ethnicity, then Croatian is fine until someone can prove different, but America needs to be removed. Evlekis (talk) 08:05, 4 September 2009 (UTC) Blocked sock:Evlekis.

Affiliation with king Alexander of Yugoslavia
The article mentions nothing about artist's friendship with Yugoslav royal family. Here is a paragraph from Christopher Spalatin's, "My memories of Ivan Meštrović":

"Speaking very generally, we saw him as a staunch supporter of Yugoslav unity; we heard that during World War I, together with Frano Supilo and Ante Trumbić, he advocated the creation of a Yugoslav state following the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian empire. In the '20s and '30s he was known to us as an intimate friend of King Alexander Karadjordjević."

It contains little about Meštrović's work as a sculptor of the Royal family, and favorite sculptor of King Alexander of Yugoslavia Some of his famous works are made in this phase, The Victor (Pobednik) monument and huge mausoleum, The monument of the Unknown Soldier on Avala mountain near Belgrade. Pictures of them should be included in the article.

He did a lot of work for the royal family, some of which are preserved in royal palace in Belgrade. He did a bust of Prince Paul, he also made a huge statue of his friend King Alexander (9 meters toll in bronze)Image, which was built after King's assassination in his birth place, Cetinje. It was taken by Italian occupation forces during the WW2.

Also the article should mention Mestrovic's correspondence with Nikola Tesla. The letters are preserved in Belgrade Nikola Tesla museum. Also the article should mention more about his friendship with Mihailo Pupin. Mestrovic's bust of Mihailo Pupin is preserved in Columbia university, New York. It has the inscription: "To my friend Pupin from Meštrović". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.2.250.46 (talk) 13:17, 16 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Meštrović's book "Uspomene na političke ljude i događaje" can be used as a source for friendships with the Yugoslav royal family, Tesla, and Pupin. 213.100.152.115 (talk) 13:16, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

birthplace
I guess it's good to clarify this explicitly - even though there are no less than three villages named Vrpolje in Zagora near Otavice where he grew up, Meštrović was indeed born in the Slavonian village of Vrpolje. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 11:43, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Tesla society
seems to be somebody's revert-only account whose only argument in every discussion seems to be "this has been here for a long time, nobody objected, so it must be true". --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 21:31, 11 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Looks like just another Croatian editor hopelessly oblivious of WP:RS.  Timbouctou ( talk ) 21:54, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Dear Ivan Štambuk who are you to say that these two link are not good?You invited your friend Timbocotu or whatever his name is and you are following me and reverting all my work...Iput the link of SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY(one of the more known in the world) and you came and say it is not a valid link..This link from Tesla Society was here for almost 2 or 3 years don't know exactly and Timbocotu says it's not good anymore?:))) What is this?Should i report any of you 2 so that we should check if this links are valid or not?It should be mentioned that or that Mestrovic was one of the greatest sculptors of 19th and 20th century(Evene auguste rodin said that mestrovic is better then him.or you say that is also not valid and that rodin never said that)...One of that two..I'm not giving up on this.Two against one without any proof..I like my chances.Štambuk you can follow me anywhere. Scrosby85 22:02, 11 October 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scrosby85 (talk • contribs)
 * Do u agree then that it should be mentioned that he was one of the greates sculptor of the 19th and 20th century?This of course is true or you will also need "proof" for that?Scrosby85 22:07, 11 October 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scrosby85 (talk • contribs)

 * Extraordinary claims require extraordinary citations. Do you understand what that means Scrosby85? Nikola Tesla's fansite can hardly be used to support claims referring to Renaissance sculpture, as those two have nothing in common. Maybe Meštrović was the "greatest sculptor of the 19th and 20th century" - but such a statement must be attributed to some expert who explicitly said so. Do you understand that? We have rules regarding quotes and sources, and I suggest you read WP:RS very thoroughly. Thanks.  Timbouctou ( talk ) 16:46, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Such statements must not be made in absolute terms, only as attributed. I.e., "According to X Y Meštrović is considered..". I think you understand me very well, you're just playing dumb. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 16:55, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

Ivan Štambuk I put the link of Professor from Syracuse University about him...The man wrote a book about him and after i put the link from that book in there you had to make some revert and by you it was "by who"...What do u want?Who is reliable to you?I think whoever i put there you would say "by who" because you just want to revert it and playing a boss.I mean really?--Scrosby85 20:49, 13 October 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scrosby85 (talk • contribs)
 * Then why don't you add his name, and a citation from that book? It cannot stay this way. It's forbidden to remove citation-neeed tags without fulfilling them. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 23:19, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

That's why there is a link to that claim...Look at other articles about great sportsmen or people...It is always written for example "one of the greatest sportsmen of all time" or "one of the greatest physician of all time" and the links to that claim are right at the end of that sentences...It is not explained in the sentence alone who said it!The links are there so that people can look who said it and in what book or article or whatever...As it is said on this link Professor Laurence Schmeckebier from Syracuse University said that..There is no point saying professors name in the sentence about Mestrovic...As it is not practical..You are making an elephant out of the fly...I even reformulated the sentence because you were not satisfied and now this..--Scrosby85 02:40, 14 October 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scrosby85 (talk • contribs)

Scrosby85 02:47, 14 October 2013 (UTC)Tell me how do u think in your opinion should look this sentence...You can put name of the Professor and sentence where he says that about Mestrovic when people go to the link so they can see it at start..You made this article look rubbish i don't know why didn't you react long before?Why now?For how long are you on wikipedia and just three days ago it came to your mind that Teslasociety is not a good and valid link?Scrosby85 02:47, 14 October 2013 (UTC)Scrosby85 (talk
 * Adding a tag for a contentious statement is hardly "making the article look rubbish". Let me remind you that just a few days ago way more preposterous claim was in the lede, on how Meštrović is the greatest sculptor sine Renaissance. How much text you wrote here, you could've properly cited the book yourself. I don't have access to it, that PDF that you linked looks suspicious though. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 11:28, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

Ivan Štambuk I don't know what to say about you..I will not be rude...of course that the link is suspicious to you.You are even smarter from Professors from Universities..I just waited to see when will you say this...I don't know what are you trying to do here...It is just a matter of time when will you remove the link..As i asked you before why didn't you remove the link about Mestrovic claimed on Teslasociety long before when it was posted(about 2 years ago)..I would like an answer to my question.Please --Scrosby85 (talk —Preceding undated comment added 19:40, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

I changed the sentence as it is written in the link..But still this sentence looks awkward to me...What is the difference if it is written "he stands among greatest sculptors" and "he stands among the great sculptors" of 20th century?First time i see that the sentence must be exactly the same as it is in the link... ––Scrosby85 20:01, 14 October 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scrosby85 (talk • contribs)

Unreliable references
Neither source given for the claim that Meštrović was "one of the greatest sculptors of the 20th century" was neutral and the first made no such claim in any case. It said that the sculptor was comparable in renown to Rodin, which is different. I find it significant that Meštrović was not even mentioned in Robert Maillard's Dictionnaire de la sculpture moderne (Paris, 1960, later translated into English in 1962). That he was not being included in a reference book at that date provides grounds for scepticism. It seems that Syracuse University may be no more reliable in its claim that Meštrović was the first to have a one-man show at MOMA. No other source says so and I have therefore modified the lead in the light of this, providing more reliable references. Mzilikazi1939 (talk) 16:59, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

 * To you it is not neutral?By American author?It is not Croatian author.So what if he is not mentioned in a book of "Robert Maillard" whoever that is?There are more important authors on sculptory themes like Louise Bourgeois.Your claims that no other author said that he had a one man show in Metrpolitan museum of art is just ridiculous.You reverted something out of consensus.And put in what YOU think is right.I do not agree with you and think that these links are more than good.Also you left the first link on where it is said that "He stands among the great sculptors of the 20th century"(Yes that is written in the book if you read carefully on page 4) but you changed the sentence. Scrosby85 (talk) 12:19, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

 * "He stands among the great sculptors of the 20th century" is an evaluation; evaluations should never be made in Wikipedia's voice. We must stick to verifiable facts. It would be permissible to write, "Laurence E. Schmeckebier has called him one of the great sculptors of the 20th century," provided Schmeckebier and his opinion are important enough to be included in the article. Vzeebjtf (talk) 16:28, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

Scrosby85 has a history of adding inflated and questionable claims to this article, as discussed in earlier threads. The reference quoted was insufficient because, as the lead to that article states, it was confected from a complimentary talk to a university particularly associated with Mestrovic and only published in the university's journal. That alone does not qualify as a scholarly source. WP:RS states that for exceptional claims there should be corroboration from neutral sources. If Scrosby85 persists in using Wikipedia as a medium for his pro-Croatian propaganda, then the community of committed editors should consider protecting this article from him.

I have since come across an article in Life magazine mentioning the fact that Mestrovic's Metropolitan Museum show was the first time a living artist had exhibited there. Nowadays one automatically distrusts what one reads in the press and there may have been Cold War reasons behind that decision. I have also come across a source that says his 1915 London show was due to his Pan Slavism (and was thus an Anti-Austrian gesture during World War 1). It seems that Mestrovic's use as a political football is now persisting beyond the grave in his use by Croatian partisans. In any case, such a claim had no place in the lead, which is meant to be a summary of the rest of the article, when the exhibitions in question are not mentioned there.

I repeat, in the face Scrosby85's bluster, not only does Mestrovic not figure in a standard work of sculptural reference from the 1960s (where artists like Rodin and Maillol whose style he copied do), but the Encyclopedia Britannica article on him makes no mention of his 'greatness' either. Mzilikazi1939 (talk) 16:32, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I must agree - Meštrović is a minor figure whose importance is way overblown by statement that he's one of the greatest sculptors of the 20th century. The entry on him in the Croatian Encyclopedia (which is as nationalist over-compensating status-inflating reference work on Croatia you can find) classifies Meštrović as "among prominent personalities of the world art of the first half of the 20th century, and doubtlessly among the most prominent Croatian artists whose work achieved worldwide honor" (među istaknute osobnosti svjetske umjetnosti prve polovice XX. stoljeća i nesumnjivo među najistaknutije hrvatske umjetnike čije je djelo u svoje doba doživjelo svjetska priznanja). Unless Schmeckebier's opinion on Meštrović is proven to be relevant (is he some renown artist/critic himself?), it should be removed from the article altogether. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 23:47, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

I have looked at Laurence Schmeckebier's credentials. While he wasn't notable enough, either as an art historian or sculptor in wood (Archives of American Art), to warrant a Wikipedia article himself, his career at Syracuse University was distinguished and is mentioned in books by others. The only trouble is that the only other references to Mestrovic's greatness come from Syracuse, which has the largest holding of his work. At the time that Mestrovic was offered a place on its faculty, he was regarded as "a truly international superstar" (Syracuse University: The Tolley Years p.82), an exhibition of whose work at the Reichstag Adolf Hitler had offered to open personally if he would agree to be present. Fame indeed! Later, summing up the sculptor's stay in America, Schmeckebier himself portrays him as out of touch and behind the times, “a survivor of a nobler era” in The Journal of Croatian Studies XXIV 1983. If we are to have a balanced view of the artist, that judgnment would have to be included too.

To sum up, then, between the years 1900-1940 Mestrovic's reputation had undoubtedly been high and he remains important to Croatia both as a patriot and one of the nation's highest artistic achievers. However, his work has not been lastingly influential and he therefore does not qualify as great. Mzilikazi1939 (talk) 11:20, 16 February 2016 (UTC)

 * regarding reliable sources for his European and American reputation, I have added several:

 * Historians Wojciech Roszkowski and Jan Kofman report: "Meštrović's sculpture of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo Field won first prize at an international exhibition in 1911, and critics acclaimed him the greatest sculptor of modern times."

 * August Rodin's evaluation was often quoted: "Meštrović was the greatest phenomena among the sculptors" of his time.

 * Alonzo Lansford, editor of Art Digest in New York City, reviewed the Mestrovic show of 1947 at the Metropolitan Museum. He wrote: "It is therefore singularly significant that he is almost unanimously revered by American sculptors of all schools as one of the greatest living sculptors." Rjensen (talk) 11:00, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

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Nationality
Meštrović had Austro-Hungarian, Yugoslav, and USA citizenship during his life, and he was a Yugoslav nationalist. Thus I changed his nationality from "Croatian" to "Yugoslav". He lived before the Croatian state existed, and although he had a passport from the so-called Independent State of Croatia, this "Croatia" was a puppet state only recognized and existing among the axis powers during WW2, so it doesn't count.

Also note: this has little to do with the fact that he was a Croat. 83.179.253.70 (talk) 16:30, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

Austrian
please change ((Austrian)) to ((Austria))n 2601:541:4500:1760:FCCF:812F:BA44:2DAE (talk) 13:41, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Yellow check.svg Partly done: I've linked to Austro-Hungary and used Austro-Hungarian in the text - as it seems historically inaccurate to name him an Austrian since the country did not exist at that time. If you think this is incorrect, please reactivate the request with appropriate justification. Goldsztajn (talk) 18:33, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 April 2020
Following the existing text 'He was the first artist of Croatian origin to exhibit his work at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, in 1915' I would like to add the following important information'Whilst in London Mestrovic had 4 of his busts cast into bronze by Ercole James Parlanti at his foundry in West Kensington. One bust was billed for £30 on March 27th 1918, one for £35 on April 12th 1918, one for £30 on May 23rd 1918, and finally one on March 26th 1919 (cite receipts kept at the Mestrovic Atelier in Zagreb). The bust cast in March 1919 was Mestrovic's bust of Dr. Elsie Inglis, a replica of the original and destined for the Imperial War Museum, London (cite Copy of letter referenced D12/V1 held at Imperial War Museum). Steve Parlanti (talk) 17:35, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

 * ❌. First, please provide reliable sources that support these additions. Second, it's not obvious why minuitae of how much he spent on various bust castings would improve the article.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 18:34, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Legacy, Meštrović's progeny
Currently the article does not mention the controversial issues regarding his legacy in Croatia. Here's a summary as far as I understand the situation:

 * Meštrović gifted a considerable portion of his estate to the Croatian republic within Yugoslavia.
 * Some of Meštrović's descendants accuse the authorities of trampling on their rights by taking some of Meštrović's works that were not gifted to Croatia, and ignoring their pleas for agreements of some kind that would resolve the situation. Stjepan Meštrović (grandson) stirred up controversy by taking some of his possesions as they were being exhibited.
 * After Croatia's independence, laws  were passed that (for unexplained reasons) gave a certain Meštrović's daughter (Marija/Marica) considerable control of Meštrović's works owned by the state, which she was accused of abusing for personal profit.
 * There was some notable friction between Meštrović's various children and grandchildren regarding the inheritance, though that seems to be in the past.

Related: we have articles on Mate Meštrović and Stjepan Meštrović, but they are in poor shape. Using Google's search also suggests that Mate may suffer from a lack of notability; and his page is not reliably sourced. The "Later years" section also has two paragraphs on them that should probably be removed. Notrium (talk) 20:43, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

More weight should be given to the Yugoslav Committee
The Yugoslav Committee was a political interest group of great influence for South Slavs during the First World War. It started out just raising awareness about Yugoslav issues among the Entente Powers, but later it actually represented all the Austro-Hungarian South Slavs and was a signatory to the Corfu Declaration. Yugoslavia would have probably never happened were it not for the Committee's actions, Serbia (led by Nikola Pašić and the army) would have just taken whatever additional territory they wanted to make a Greater Serbia and left the other South Slav ethnicities to fend for themselves. (This speculation is just to illustrate the Committee's influence.)

Meštrović was a founding member of the Committee, giving the Committee both domestic and international importance. He wrote about it at length in his book "Uspomene na političke ljude i događaje". If anybody also knows about some good independent sources, I think it would be great to write about them here, so we could improve the article. Notrium (talk) 01:00, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ivan Meštrović


text:
Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Detroit)

The Cathedral Church of St. Paul is the cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan. In 1824 its congregation formed as the first Episcopal and first Protestant church in the Michigan Territory.

Designed by architect Ralph Adams Cram and constructed in 1907, this building is located at 4800 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, adjacent to the campus of Wayne State University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

History
The parish of St. Paul was founded in 1824, by the Rev. Richard Fish Cadle, as the first Episcopal and the first Protestant congregation in what was then Michigan Territory. The original site of St. Paul's church was on Woodward Avenue, between Congress and Larned. In 1851 the church moved to the corner of Congress at Shelby.

The funeral service for Henry Ford, the entrepreneur who catalyzed development of the automobile industry in Detroit, was held at Cathedral Church of St. Paul on Thursday, April 10, 1947. Mourners passed by at a rate of 5,000 each hour at the public viewing the day before at Ford's Greenfield Village in Dearborn. At the funeral service, 20,000 people stood outside the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in the rain with 600 inside. The funeral had attracted national attention and an estimated seven million people mourned his death.

Architecture
The current building, designed by renowned church architect Ralph Adams Cram, dates from 1907. It remains unfinished, the bell tower never having been completed. The church is built of limestone, using medieval construction techniques, with no supporting steel superstructure. The building boasts soaring, pointed arches, wide expanses of stained glass, and elaborate tracery, exemplary of Gothic architecture. It includes a large architectural installation of Pewabic Pottery. In 1912 it was designated as the cathedral of the diocese.

Significance
St. Paul's Cathedral is a fine example of the Late Gothic Revival, an architectural style popular in the early years of the 20th century. American architects of the mid-19th century imported and re-interpreted the English Gothic Revival style, based on the visually lush details of Medieval cathedrals. This was the period of the Oxford Movement in England, which also influenced Episcopal clergy and congregations in the United States to commission revivals of Medieval styles. American architects copied the "Gothic" elements and combined them with simple building plans to create an American architectural style known as "Victorian Gothic." The Fort Street Presbyterian Church, built in 1876 in Detroit, is a premier example of early Victorian Gothic architecture.

In contrast, in the early 20th century more American architects attended new schools at M.I.T. and Columbia, or traveled to France for training at the École des Beaux-Arts. These architects, including Ralph A. Cram, believed that Gothic architecture should be developed from, rather than simply copy, the architecture of Medieval churches. St. Paul's Cathedral is one of Cram's major early projects, one that defines his "Late Gothic Revival" style.

Present use
The current dean is the Very Reverend S. Scott Hunter, formerly Canon to the Ordinary of the Diocese of Michigan. The cathedral coordinates programming with the Detroit Cultural Center.

title: Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Detroit)


text:
Smut (comics)

Smut was a British adult comics magazine that was launched on 1 May 1989.

Publication history
"Smut" is an English term for any form of media that is considered profane or offensive, particularly with regards to sexual content. Smut comic was named as such for good reason.

The comic was similar to Viz, although was considered to be a downmarket copycat of Viz, being less subtle and lacking in Viz's surreal satire, and printed on lower quality paper.

In July 2007, Smut relaunched as Twisted! incorporating Smut. Despite the name change, the comic's content remained broadly similar, and included reprinting earlier material. The title stopped publishing shortly afterwards.

In 1991, the editors of Smut also released a children's version of the comic titled Acne.

Content
Its strips were usually heavily violent, full of profanity and with themes many may regard as being politically incorrect. Its flagship character was "Everard Edbutt", a heavily built skinhead who, despite his cheerfully moronic nature, tended to get very violent when anyone bothered him. His surreal strength invariably meant he horribly mutilated people without much effort, such as by punching someone in the face with such force that his fist bursts through the back of their head.

Other characters, who invariably had self-explanatory names, included:
 * Tactless Terence – a man who is incapable of good manners or being tactful.
 * Sarky Marky – an incredibly sarcastic man.
 * Psycho Sid – a grinning psychopath who ends every strip by viciously murdering someone for no reason.
 * Fat Idle Bastard – a total slob who is as unproductive as he is greedy, deceitful and sexist.
 * The Skeggys – similar to the Viz's Biffa Bacon, a family of immoral, overweight benefit claimants.
 * Twatman and Nobbin – an obvious parody of Batman (Twatman is an older sexist pig while Nobbin is a young and inexperienced nerd).
 * Klaus The Louse – Pubic Enemy Number One — the travels of a pubic louse.
 * Lionel Lettuces and his Sexual Fetishes

The cartoonist Dave Colton contributed many 'one-off' strips to the comic in the early 1990s.

title: Smut (comics)


text:
Dunnet Forest

Dunnet Forest in Dunnet, Caithness, Scotland, is the most northerly community woodland on the UK mainland, and has been managed since 2003 by Dunnet Forestry Trust.

The forest was planted by the Forestry Commission in the mid-1950s, and later transferred to Scottish Natural Heritage.

title: Dunnet Forest


text:
Aeolia

Aeolia or Eolia may refer to:

 * Aeolia, daughter of Amythaon and wife of Calydon
 * Aeolia (mythical island), the mythical floating island (nesos Aiolios) visited by Odysseus in Homer's Odyssey
 * Aeolis or Aeolia in Anatolia
 * Thessaly or Aeolia
 * Aeolia (Mother 3), a character in the 2006 Japanese role-playing video game Mother 3
 * Aeolia Schenberg, a character in the 2007-2009 Japanese anime television series Mobile Suit Gundam 00
 * Aeolia (album), a 2006 album by Leprous
 * Eolia 25, a French sailboat design
 * Eolia-Harkness Estate, the former name of the Harkness Memorial State Park in Waterford, Connecticut, United States
 * Eolia, Missouri, a village in Pike County, Missouri, United States
 * Eolia, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Letcher County, Kentucky, United States
 * Leo Aiolia, a major character in Saint Seiya.

title: Aeolia


text:
Hanyang University

Hanyang University (HYU,, 漢陽大學校) is a private prestigious research university in Seoul and Ansan (ERICA campus), South Korea. Hanyang (한양, 漢陽) derives from the former name of the capital Seoul used during the Joseon Dynasty. The university was founded in 1939 as an engineering school, and was the country's first college to offer engineering and architecture programs.

The university has consistently ranked among the leading universities in STEM fields among South Korean universities. The university enrolls over 3,000 international students each year, and sends more than 3,300 students on study abroad programs annually. , Hanyang University had 777 partner universities in 76 countries.

History
Hanyang University was founded as Dong-A Engineering Institute on July 1, 1939, during the Japanese occupation of Korea. Dong-A Institute started with 630 students and 35 faculty in Jongno District, Seoul. After producing its first graduates in 1941, Dong-A tried to elevate itself to college status, to no avail. In May 1941, the Institute relocated and offered education specializing in engineering and technology to 100 students who had finished secondary school. In 1943, with Korea still under Japanese occupation, the institute was suspended from recruiting new students. This resulted in a temporary shutdown of the school on March 15, 1944, when the last 78 students graduated.

Upon the restoration of the nation's independence in August 1945, Dong-A Institute renamed itself the Engineering Institute for National Foundation. Institute founder Dr. Kim Lyun-joon foresaw the importance of industrial advancement in the reconstruction of Korea and established Hanyang University as a judicial and academic body. The board of trustees at that time included Myowook Lee, Byeongok Cho, Kwansoo Baik, Wonchul Lee, Waljoon Kim, Taeyong Choi, and Lyunjoon Kim, who had led the nation's independence movement. In July 1948, the school was accredited as the first four-year engineering college in Korea with Kim Lyun-joon as the first dean. Six engineering sub-departments were set up, as well as a secondary school.

During the Korean War, many of the school's facilities were destroyed and the professors and students were scattered. However, classes were continued in Busan with temporary teachers. Even during their refuge, the college fostered numerous competent science teachers by building a training center for secondary school teachers in the technical fields. In 1953, Hanyang University was authorized as a graduate school by the Ministry of Education.

Seoul
The Seoul campus is home to 15 colleges and 60 departments. It comprises a variety of research centers, which are based on distinct academic fields. The Seoul campus has more than 60 buildings, including those of Hanyang Women's University and Hanyang Cyber University. In 2009, a new administration building was completed to commemorate HYU's 70th anniversary. The Center for Students with Disabilities was also built the same year. The campus also has a number of auxiliary facilities, which are unconnected to but affiliated with the university. There is Infonopia Hanyang ( 백남학술정보관), which has a collection of 1.5 million books, 12,500 serial publications, 83,000 electronic journals, and 50 academic databases.

ERICA
The ERICA (Education Research Industry Cluster at Ansan) campus is located in Ansan, Gyeonggi Province, approximately 40 km south of Seoul. In 2009, the ERICA campus of Hanyang University was designated as a government-supported public bicycle pilot school and received donations of infrastructure and bicycles, including public bicycle systems and storage stations. ERICA Campus is home to 9 colleges and 42 departments. The ERICA Campus is known for a program known as the Education Research Industry Cluster Program, which is intended to develop vocational skills. The ERICA Campus has three on-campus dormitories and five school cafeterias. It also has an ecological park.

Graduate Schools
The graduate programs of Hanyang University are divided into three schools: the General Graduate School, Professional Graduate School, and Special Graduate School. Professional Graduate Schools focus more on vocational skills, while Special Graduate Schools focuses on research related to fieldwork. The General Graduate School offers 87 Master's programs and 85 doctoral programs.

Programs
Seoul campus

The Seoul campus of HYU offers undergraduate programs in:
 * Engineering
 * Architecture / Architecture Design
 * Computer Science
 * Automotive Engineering
 * Medicine
 * Humanities
 * Social Sciences
 * Natural Sciences
 * Policy Sciences
 * Economics & Finance
 * Business
 * Education
 * Human Ecology
 * Music
 * Performing Arts & Sports
 * International Studies
 * Nursing
 * Industrial Convergence

ERICA campus

The ERICA campus in Ansan offers undergraduate programs in:
 * Engineering Sciences
 * Pharmacy
 * Science & Convergence Technology
 * Languages & Cultures
 * Communication & Social Sciences
 * Computing
 * Business & Economics
 * Design
 * Sports & Arts
 * Marketing

Graduate school

The HYU Graduate School offers graduate programs in:
 * Graduate School
 * Urban Studies
 * International Studies
 * Global Business
 * School of Medicine
 * School of Law
 * Biomedical Science & Engineering
 * Technology & Innovation Management
 * Engineering
 * Public Policy
 * Education
 * Journalism & Mass Communication
 * International Tourism
 * Information and Clinical Nursing
 * Innovation
 * Business Management

International programs

First introduced in 2016, the G2 (English-Chinese) Language Education Program obligates the completion of an English and Chinese course and has an official grade of both languages as a mandatory requirement.

Research and development
Hanyang University maintains active research programs in biological sciences, natural sciences, medicine, natural resources and environment, media and communication, and business administration. Hanyang has designated “Outreaching Research Competitiveness” as one of its key strategic directions under the NEW HANYANG 2020 plan. For its part, the Industry-University Cooperation Foundation (IUCF) is working to promote more individual and collaborative research at HYU by providing funding for research projects from their initial stage, and offering assistance in the publication of research papers in prominent international journals, among other duties.

Key research accomplishments
HYU's reputation for research has resulted in following key accomplishments:

 * Hanyang is currently operating the Components and Materials R&D Cluster of international standards at the ERICA Campus. Resident government research institutes in this designated “Cluster Zone” include KITECH, KTL, and KERI. Research centers for such private companies as LG Innotek and LG Micron also have a presence there.
 * In 2006, 28 project teams from Hanyang were selected for Brain Korea (BK21) Phase II project, which is the second stage of the Korean government-sponsored program that seeks to develop and promote world-class research universities. HYU enjoyed particular success in the field of science and technology, with all project teams that applied being selected for the program. Over the next seven years, HYU will receive 15.4 billion won a year in government funding for BK21 research.
 * Hanyang currently ranks number one among Korean universities in technology transfer revenues, earning more than 10 billion won between 2006 and 2009. Moreover, the HYU Center for Business Incubation is consistently recognized for its standard of excellence each year by the Ministry of Information and Communication. In addition to the domestic market, the center has also made inroads into China by establishing a local presence in Shanghai. Furthermore, HYU is the only Korean university to earn the highest rating for five consecutive years in the university led TLO (Technology Licensing Office) program supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology. Most recently, the Center transferred the pico porous polymer membrane technology to a global enterprise.
 * Hanyang is operating the Cell Therapy Center for Intractable Neurological Disorders. At the center, they are providing therapy for the patients and conducting research to find cures for Lou Gehrig's disease, which is said to be the first in the world that is closest to being approved by the Korean FDA.
 * As the hub of engineering and research, Hanyang has research centers around the campus. At the Innovation Center for Engineering Education in Hanyang University Seoul campus, researchers are conducting research on bipedal robots to improve its efficiency. They are making robots, which resemble humans. Through precise programming and control, they are simulating every movement of humans and succeeded in letting the robots change directions efficiently while walking, mimicking how humans change directions in real life. The main focus of their research is using a process called slip foot, which means that when changing directions, one of the robot's feet ‘slips’ on the ground when its body rotates to the desired direction. Once it gets fully developed, the researchers predict that the human-like robots could also be used in households, as seen in many sci-fi movies.
 * Research teams at Hanyang are also making progress in their research on silicon and germanium. The team previously discovered that the proper alternative for this may be a Si-GE (germanium) composite. It benefits both the mechanics and kinetics associated with lithium while maintaining its high specific capacity, especially volumetric capacity. It has recently been explored as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its stable cycle performance, and excellent rate capability. The team studied both the Si-Ge and Ge-Si core-shell nanowires and figured out the nanowires that have a Si core and a Ge shell demonstrates a much improved electrochemical performance, especially cycle performance and rate capability.
 * In the biomedical field, researchers are making strides in the methods to cure malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoans of the genus Plasmodium. They are annotating the Pf3D7 strain, which is a specific strain of the Pf species. The recent completion of the genome sequence of Pf offers new opportunities to identify more effective targets for drug development and to gain insight into the biological pathways involved in malaria pathogenesis.
 * Researchers in the field of Chemistry are also developing photo-responsive polymers, transparency, and high heat resistant polymers for flexible displays, biodegradable polymers, and new functional polymers. Researchers report on a new acrylamide-based hard-soft hybrid BCP that can generate high-quality lithographic patterns satisfying all six criteria mentioned above. It has additional potential as a scaffold for metallic nanostructures. PDOPAM-PMMA BCPs were synthesized from newly designed crystalline p-dodecylphenylacrylamide (DOPAM) and methyl methacrylate monomers via RAFT polymerization. The findings of his study suggest that the newly developed BCPs can be a universal and practical candidate for the implementation of sub-20 nm directed self-assembly processes. With the fruits of their research, the team's research was selected as one of the top 5 percent of papers of Advanced Material.

Rankings
Joong-Ang Ilbo University Ranking

In 2016, Joongang Ilbo ranked Hanyang University's Seoul Campus 2nd and ERICA Campus 9th in the country.

In 2017, Joongang Ilbo ranked Hanyang University's Seoul Campus 3rd and ERICA Campus 9th in the country.

In 2018, Joongang Ilbo ranked Hanyang University's Seoul Campus 3rd and ERICA Campus 9th in the country.

Korea Economic Daily Engineering School Assessment

Hanyang University has been consistently ranked the #1 engineering school in the nation.

In 2016, Hanyang University Ranked First in 2016 Engineering School Assessment in the country.

In the "2016 Engineering School Assessment" conducted jointly by the Korea Economic Daily and Global Research, Hanyang University was ranked No. 1 with the total score of 299 points. Hanyang University won the highest score in an evaluation of the nation's 50 engineering schools, in terms of industry-university cooperation, technology commercialization, and start-up and job search support, as well as education and research quality. Runners-up included Sungkyunkwan University, KAIST, POSTECH, and Seoul National University.

QS World University Ranking

Hanyang University is ranked 157th on the QS World University list in 2023.

The World's Most Innovative Universities by Reuters

Hanyang has been named among the world's top 100 most innovative universities by Reuters. The ranking was determined by the composite score of several metrics that were focused on academic papers and patent filings. Reuters ranked Hanyang 5th among Korean universities and 62nd globally in 2015.

Public Sector

 * Hong Nam-ki, Minister of Economy and Finance & Deputy Prime Minister of South Korea
 * Choo Mi-ae, former Minister of Justice of South Korea
 * Kim Moo-sung, South Korean politician
 * Im Jong-seok, South Korean politician and former chief of staff
 * Hong Ihk-pyo, South Korean academic and politician
 * Kang Hui-yong, South Korean politician and professor
 * Kim Byung-wook, South Korean politician
 * Kim Jin-jae, South Korean politician
 * Kim Ok-tu, South Korean politician
 * Kim Hyun, South Korean politician

Business

 * Chung Mong-koo, Honorary Chairman and former CEO of Hyundai Motor Group

Arts and literature

 * Park Mok-wol, poet
 * Pyun Hye-young, author
 * Shin Dong-ok, poet

Sports

 * Chang Chang-sun, freestyle wrestler, Olympic silver medalist and world champion
 * Chung Min-tae, professional baseball player
 * Jang Sung-ho, judoka and Olympic silver medalist
 * Park Hang-seo, coach of the Vietnam national football team and Vietnam national under-23 football team
 * Yang Dong-geun, former professional basketball player
 * Yoon Dong-sik, MMA fighter and judoka
 * Dae-sung Koo, former professional MLB baseball pitcher

Entertainment

 * Bae Sung-jae, television personality and announcer
 * Choi Bool-am, actor
 * Choi Seung-cheol (Seventeen), rapper
 * Choi Yeo Jin, actress
 * Gang Dong-won, actor
 * Ha Seok-jin, actor
 * Hong Ji-yoon, actress
 * Hong Kyung, actor
 * Jang Dong-yoon, actor
 * Jang Keun-suk, actor and singer
 * Jang Yong, actor
 * Jeon Soo-kyeong, actress
 * Jeon Wonwoo (Seventeen), rapper
 * Jeong Yu-mi, actress
 * Ji Sung, actor
 * Jo Hye-ryun, comedian
 * Jung Da-bin, actress
 * Jung Il-woo, actor
 * Jung Jae-hyung, singer-songwriter
 * Kang Ye-won, actress
 * Kim Hyang-gi, actress
 * Kim Hye-jun, actress
 * Kim Min-jung, actress
 * Kim So-hyun, actress
 * Kwon Soon-young (Seventeen), singer-choreographer
 * Lee Byung-hun, actor
 * Lee Chung-ah, actress
 * Lee Da-in, actress
 * Lee Hak-joo, actor
 * Lee Ji-hoon (Seventeen), singer-songwriter and producer
 * Lee Jung-eun, actress
 * Lee Sang-yeob, actor
 * Lee Young-ae, actress
 * Lee Young-ah, actress
 * Lee Mi-do, actress
 * Lee Moon-sik, actor
 * Lee Pil-mo, actor
 * Park Ji-hu, actress
 * Park Mi-sun, comedian and TV host
 * Roh Jeong-eui, actress
 * Shin Dong-woo, (B1A4), singer and actor
 * Sol Kyung-gu, actor
 * Song Jia, influencer and participant of Single's Inferno
 * Yoon Chan-young, actor
 * Yoon Jeonghan (Seventeen), vocalist
 * Yu Oh-seong, actor

Disputes
During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, some students in Hanyang University showed their support for Hong Kong. On 14 November 2019, it was reported that a number of local students in Hanyang University and Korea University were attacked and beaten up by students from China. The posters prepared by the Korean students were also destroyed. The dispute extended to the internet. Some Korean students asked those students to go back to China if they were so patriotic.

title: Hanyang University