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Philip Quast

Philip Mark Quast (born 30 July 1957) is an Australian actor and bass-baritone singer. He has won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical three times, making him the first actor to have three wins in that category.

He is perhaps best known for his role as Inspector Javert in the stage musical Les Misérables and in the Les Misérables: The Dream Cast in Concert.

He is also well-known for numerous other theatre roles, notable ones being Georges Seurat/George in Sunday in the Park with George, Archibald Craven and Dr. Neville Craven in The Secret Garden, Judge Turpin in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, George Banks in Mary Poppins, Georges in La Cage aux Folles, Emile de Becque in South Pacific, and The Wolf and Cinderella's Prince in Into the Woods.

He is also known for appearances in film and for his roles in television shows such as Ultraviolet, Brides of Christ, and Play School.

Early life and education
Quast, one of three children, was born in 1957 in Tamworth, New South Wales. His family lived and worked on a mixed, but predominantly turkey, farm. He graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1979.

1980s
After graduating from the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1979 Quast began his career in the resident acting company of the State Theatre Company of South Australia. In the early 1980s he appeared in plays such as The Mystery Plays of Wakefield, Three Sisters, On The Wallaby, Pericles, A Month in the Country, As You Like It, Pygmalion, A Hard God, No End of Blame, The Threepenny Opera, Shark Infested Waters, Candide with Nimrod Theatre Company, and a musical adaption of Carmen which he debuted with the Melbourne Theatre Company.

In 1981, Quast also began appearing as a presenter on the Australian children's show Play School, a program he would return to on-and-off again for 17 years.

Quast shot to prominence in 1987 when he appeared as Javert in the original Australian production of Les Misérables. This performance won him a Sydney Critic Award and a MO Award. In 1989, he traveled to London to play Javert on the West End stage.

Quast never expected to gain such a prominent role, going to the auditions hoping simply for a place in the chorus. Because he was not able to sight-read music, he walked off the stage at the audition but was called back by Claude-Michel Schönberg and eventually given the part as Javert.

Quast credits much of his success as Javert to stage director Trevor Nunn. "Javert for me is not the Wicked Witch of the West," Quast has said. "In fact, there is very little material to work with in the script. Trevor would say things in passing like 'Have you read the Ten Commandments recently?' That's all he would say. If you're thirsty enough, you can follow it up ... there was the whole basis of our legal system and the explanation for the whole of Les Mis. For me, that's inspired directing. That's why he's such an awesome man."

When playing Javert, Quast gained a reputation as a perfectionist. He also began experiencing intense bouts of stagefright. "I had a terrible time," he said. "It took me a month to get over it. At one stage I wasn't sleeping at all but lying awake planning speeches to the audience about being sorry and could I start again."

1990s
Quast's stage success continued as he won the coveted role of Georges Seurat and his act 2 counterpart George in the original London production of Stephen Sondheim's Sunday in the Park with George for the Royal National Theatre.

In 1991 he won his first Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical as Georges Seurat and George. Quast was under a large amount of stress when preparing for Sunday in the Park with George, as he struggled to master Sondheim's complicated musical scores (Sondheim told him: "you don't play tennis against people you can beat."), learn to paint and sketch for the play, and waited for the impending birth of his first son, who was due five days after opening night.

In 1993 he returned to Australia to play in Sydney Theatre Company productions of William Shakespeare's Coriolanus and Sondheim's Into the Woods, in which he played The Wolf/Cinderella's Prince. He then played Dunois in Bernard Shaw's Saint Joan in the West End and on a UK tour in 1994. In 1994–96 he spent two seasons with the Royal Shakespeare Company, performing as Fred/Chorus in A Christmas Carol, and King of Navarre in Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, as well as Lodovico in The White Devil, Banquo in Macbeth, and Achilles in Troilus and Cressida. Before returning for a second season with the RSC, he spent some time back in Australia, performing in the national tour of The Secret Garden as Dr. Neville Craven – along with Anthony Warlow and Marina Prior.

Musical theatre
Quast played the part of Javert on the Les Misérables Complete Symphonic Recording, and in Hey, Mr. Producer, a concert in honour of Sir Cameron Mackintosh.

Though mainly a baritone, Quast has played some roles written for tenors, namely George (see above), Candide, and Archibald Craven in The Secret Garden. Although he is known for his serious roles, he has also performed comedic parts, such as his 2004 appearance as the pompous Miles Gloriosus in a limited run revival of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum at the Royal National Theatre.

Quast more recently played the supporting role of Juan Peron in Andrew Lloyd Webber's 2006 production of Evita at the Adelphi Theatre in London. He was nominated for an Olivier award for this role. In July 2007, Quast performed the role of Judge Turpin in a concert version of Sweeney Todd at London's Royal Festival Hall.

He was most recently in the Menier Chocolate Factory production of Jerry Herman's La Cage aux Folles as Georges.

Quast rejoined the cast of La Cage on 4 May 2009 with Roger Allam. Coincidentally, both actors have performed in the role of Javert in Les Misérables. From July 2010, he played Mr. Banks in the Australian premiere production of Mary Poppins at Melbourne's Her Majesty's Theatre, a part Cameron Mackintosh offered to him in the bathroom of The Ivy in London. He won the 2010 Victorian Green Room Award (Melbourne's top theatre awards) for Best Supporting Actor in a Musical for his performance. He also won the 2011 Helpmann award for "Best Featured Actor in a Musical" for Mary Poppins.

In March 2014, New York audiences were treated to a special limited engagement of Sweeney Todd at Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall. Quast, in his New York stage debut, performed as Judge Turpin, with Bryn Terfel as Sweeney Todd and Emma Thompson as Mrs. Lovett. The show was scheduled to be broadcast as part of Live at Lincoln Center's television special in September 2014.

Theatre
In 2003, he appeared as Antonio in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, directed by Gale Edwards and as Trigorin in Chekhov's The Seagull, directed by Steven Pimlott, both at the Chichester Festival Theatre. In 2012, he played the role of Sir Humphrey Appleby in an Australian production of Yes, Prime Minister. In August/September 2012, he performed the role of Walter Burns in Melbourne Theatre Company's production of His Girl Friday. In November 2013 he joined Hugo Weaving and Richard Roxburgh in Sydney Theatre Company's production of Samuel Beckett's Waiting For Godot. In May/June 2014, Quast played the role of Pastor Manders in Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts at the Melbourne Theatre Company directed by Gale Edwards.

Personal life
Quast and his wife Carol have three sons (Edwin, Harry and Toby). He also teaches at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney, Australia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Quast continued teaching through Zoom calls.

Quast married Carol in 1981 and they were married for almost ten years before having the first of their three sons. He has been noted for his humble nature, stating he doesn't seek after fame and is concerned that success is measured by notoriety instead of the respect of one's peers. He doesn't keep any of his awards, instead sending them to his parents' home in Australia.

Quast was named as one of the 25 Most Beautiful People for 1996 in Who Weekly magazine. In an article for the magazine he said, "The problem with this business is that you have to supposedly look as good as you can all the time. And I hate that. My idea of doing my hair is sticking it out of the window of a car when it's wet."

A bass-baritone, Quast has been universally applauded by critics for his singing voice, which has been described as "warm", and "glorious." He was named by British newspaper The Stage as "one of the most notable singing actors to come along in years".

Quast has a strong passion for fishing, and he spent his time during the COVID-19 pandemic fishing, cooking, pickling and preserving.

Laurence Olivier Awards
Quast has won three Laurence Olivier Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical.
 * 1991 – for Stephen Sondheim's Sunday in the Park with George in the role of Georges Seurat and George
 * 1998 – for the Dempsey and Rowe musical The Fix as Grahame Chandler
 * 2002 – for Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific in which he played Emille de Becque

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Philip Quast won three awards in that time. (wins only)
 * 1988
 * rowspan="3"| Philip Quast
 * rowspan="2"| Male Musical Theatre Performer of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 1993
 * Won
 * Musical Theatre Performer of the Year
 * Won
 * Musical Theatre Performer of the Year
 * Won
 * Won

Other awards

 * 2022 – Appointed Member of the Order of Australia in the 2022 Queen's Birthday Honours for "significant service to the arts as a performer, mentor and educator".
 * 2011 – Helpmann Awards – Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical (Mary Poppins)
 * 2011 – Green Room Awards – Male Artist in a Featured Role (Mary Poppins)
 * 1993 – Sydney Theatre Critics Award – Best Actor in a Leading Role (Into the Woods)
 * 1988 – Sydney Theatre Critics Award: Best Actor of the Year (Les Misérables)

Cast recordings
Philip Quast has appeared in the cast recordings for many musicals, but has also released his own album, Live at the Donmar, containing both covers and original material.

Musical cast recordings:

 * Mary Poppins - Original Australian Cast Recording (2011)
 * Evita – London Cast Recording (2006)
 * The Secret Garden – Original London Cast Recording (2001)
 * South Pacific (Royal National Theatre Production – 2001 London Cast)
 * The Fix – Original London Cast Recording (1997)
 * Les Misérables: The Dream Cast in Concert (1995)
 * The Secret Garden – Original Australian Cast Recording (1995)
 * Paris – Studio Cast Recording (1990)
 * Les Misérables: The Complete Symphonic Recording (1989)

Film & television

 * Between Two Worlds (2020) (TV) – Phillip Walford
 * Operation Buffalo (2020) (TV) – Professor Quentin Ratchett
 * Picnic at Hanging Rock (2018) (TV) – Arthur Appleyard
 * Hacksaw Ridge (2016) – Judge
 * Janet King (2016) (TV) – Lincoln Priest
 * Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries (2015) (TV) – Dr. Hayden Samuels
 * The Devil's Double (2011) – Saddam Hussein
 * Bed of Roses (2008) (TV) - Tim Price
 * Silent Witness (2008) (TV) – Leonid Polyak
 * Clubland (2007) – Ronnie Stubbs
 * The Caterpillar Wish (2006) – Carl Roberts
 * Midsomer Murders: Ghosts of Christmas Past – (2004) (TV) – Ross Villiers
 * Corridors of Power (2001) (TV) – Michael Fielding MP
 * Ultraviolet (1998) (TV) – Father Pearse Harman
 * The Damnation of Harvey McHugh (1995) (TV) – The Minister
 * Brides of Christ (1991) (TV miniseries) – Ian McGregor
 * The First Kangaroos (1988) – Alex Burdon
 * To Market To Market (1987)
 * Fields of Fire (1987) (TV miniseries) - Albie
 * Emoh Ruo (1985)
 * Sons and Daughters (1984) (TV) – Bob "Mitch" Mitchell
 * The Young Doctors (1982-83) (TV) – Dr Rob Hawkins
 * Play School (1981–96) (TV) - Presenter

title: Philip Quast


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Socialist Union of Catalonia

Socialist Union of Catalonia (in Catalan: Unió Socialista de Catalunya) was the socialist political party in Catalonia, Spain. USC was formed through a split in Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in 1923. The main leader of USC was Joan Comorera.

USC led the Unió General de Sindicats Obrers de Catalunya (UGSOC).

During the Spanish Republic, the USC was allied with the main Catalan party, ERC (Republican Left of Catalonia) in every election. In 1936 USC merged with other forces to form the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia. At that time USC had around 5000 members.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Socialist Union of Catalonia


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Shoreham railway station

Shoreham railway station serves Shoreham in Kent, England. It is 22 mi down the line from London Victoria and is situated between Eynsford and Otford. Train services are provided by Thameslink.

History
Shoreham Station was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway on 2 June 1862, the same day as the Swanley to Sevenoaks Bat & Ball opened. The line was initially single track - the second track opened in 1863.

The line through Shoreham between Bickley and Sevenoaks was electrified in 1935 and electric services began calling at Shoreham in the same year.

The ticket office here was closed in 1992, having been staffed only during part of the day; these days, a PERTIS passenger-operated ticket machine issues 'Permits to Travel' - which are exchanged on-train or at staffed stations for travel tickets - and is located on the Ashford-bound platform. This has since been replaced by a modern ticket machine.

The platforms are connected by a concrete footbridge - a typical product of the Southern Railway concrete factory at Exmouth Junction.

Facilities
There are shelters with benches on both platforms as well as a ticket machine and modern help point. There is step free access to the Sevenoaks bound platform but the London bound platform is only accessible via the stepped footbridge. There is a small (free) car park at the station entrance. The station is unstaffed.

Services
All services at Shoreham are operated by Thameslink using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Blackfriars via Catford
 * 2 tph to Sevenoaks

During the peak hours, the service to London Blackfriars is extended to and from Welwyn Garden City via Finsbury Park.

Connections
Go-Coach route 2 serves the station.

title: Shoreham railway station


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Talk:Earl's Court tube station

Untitled
I don't think the list of possible routes through the station on the District line (given in the text) is complete. I know you can at least go West Brompton <-> Gloucester Road. Kevin Judson 11:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, and theoretically there were Edgware Road - Olympia services at some point - the signs still exist at paddington. I never saw a service doing that route though. Any train venturing north of HighStreetKen must be one with red doors. The wimbledon branch has both red door trains wimbledon-edgware road (Wimbleware line), and White door Wimbledon-Tower Hill/stations-to-Upminster. Trains from West Kensington are always white-door ones going to Tower Hill and beyond - except for engineering works where they terminate on platforms 3 and 4 of HighStreetKen, and very early in the morning White-door trains start form HighStreetKen and head to Richmond/Ealing. Late at night these same trains also go to HighStreetKen. 82.70.146.238 16:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Bumper Harris
The story about the man with the wooden leg is an urban myth - he may have used the escalator but was not paid by the Underground company to ride it for a week. Christian Wolmar,author of The Subterranean Railway.

CW — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.45.216.236 (talk) 14:36, 20 April 2006

But, but...

Two people claiming to be his descendants...

http://london-underground.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/bumper-harris-was-my-great-great.html

and the LT Museum has pictures of his walking stick and watch, mentioned in the article:

http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/object.html?_IXSR_=JcW9jaTbdnC&_IXMAXHITS_=1&IXinv=2006/6453&IXsummary=results/results&IXsearch=bumper%20harris&IXfilterresults=objects&_IXFIRST_=1

''Unusual souvenirs : This silver pocket watch was given to Bumper Harris by his wife as a wedding present. He carried it every day of his working life, and wore it on the day he demonstrated London’s first escalators at Earl’s Court station.''

''The ornamental walking stick was made from the remains of an ancient oak tree. The oak was discovered in 1913 more than 15m (50 feet) beneath Charing Cross Underground station during excavation work to install escalators. The stick was presented to Harris for his role as Clerk of Works on the project. The rest of the tree was used to make furniture for the Admiralty. Reference number: 2006/6453''

there is also an entry for a picture of Bumper himself, not shown for "copyright reasons."

The statement in the article that he is likely apocryphal doesn't have a source, and everything I can find says either he was real or that "some dispute his existence" without going into any detail.

I would appreciate expert feedback. Jinnythesquinny (talk) 21:08, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I couldn't see the date of CW's comment when I first posted. As it was some years ago, I've gone ahead and updated the entry to state that Bumper actually did demonstrate the escalators, per the LT Museum's description. Pending, of course, anyone finding a better source that proves he was apocryphal. Jinnythesquinny (talk) 13:57, 5 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Maybe not for a week, right enough. But he still needs to be in there coz he did ride it for a day. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.145.230.98 (talk) 14:03, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

Escalators
When were escalators introduced? This article seems light on dates. --Tagishsimon (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 17:58, 4 July 2006

Timetable
I've removed the timetable, as Wikipedia is not a directory (or timetable, travel guide, etc. If there's any problems with it, feel free to discuss them here. — alex.muller (talkpage • contribs) 00:43, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl's Court tube station


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Manchukuo yuan

The Manchukuo yuan (滿洲國圓, Mǎnzhōuguóyuán) was the official unit of currency of the Empire of Manchuria, from June 1932 to August 1945.

The monetary unit was based on one basic pure silver patron of 23.91 grams. It replaced the Chinese Haikwan tael, the local monetary system in common and regular use in Manchuria before the Mukden Incident, as legal tender.

History
Initially banknotes and coins were produced and minted by the Bank of Japan, but were later issued from the mint of the Central Bank of Manchou in the Manchukuo capital of Hsinking (now Changchun) with branch offices in Harbin, Mukden, Jilin, and Qiqihar. The Central Bank of Manchou was opened on 1 July 1932 with a ceremony attended by the Emperor of Manchukuo in person, the new central bank acquired the assets and continued the responsibilities of the previous four banknote issuing banks in the region of Manchuria.

The currency that circulated in Manchuria prior to the introduction of the Manchukuo yuan consisted of the banknotes of various provincial banks as well as commercial banks, silver smelting shops (known as yinchang), and pawn shops. Types of old banknotes recovered and later destroyed included high denomination banknotes, banknotes denominated in copper coins, official provincial notes issued by the banks of the provincial government, small denomination coin notes, tiao/diào denominated notes, jiao denominated notes and others. The 15 different types of currency that circulated in Manchuria prior to the introduction of the Manchukuo yuan were allowed to be exchanged for the new currency by degree for a period of three years, using this method ninety-five point four percent of all previous Manchurian currency that was still in circulation, and the destruction of these old banknotes was handled by officials from the Department of Finance of the government of Manchukuo. The old banknotes were first shredded by machines and then burned, but the number of banknotes that had to be destroyed proved so numerous and new hearths would have to be constructed to burn all the old paper money.

Due to worldwide fluctuations in the price of silver during the 1930s, Manchukuo took the yuan off the silver standard in 1935 and subsequently pegged the yuan to, and later reached approximate exchange parity with, the Japanese yen. In 1940 the Manchukuo yuan was being used to measure Manchukuo exports and imports to countries that included America, Germany and Japan.

Throughout this period about half the value of the issued notes was backed by specie reserves. The notes issued were in five denominations, one hundred, ten, five and one yuan and five jiao (one-half yuan), and typically depicted Qing dynasty rulers of China on the obverse. To keep up with the inflationary pressures typically experienced by Japanese-controlled areas towards the end of World War II, a 1,000 yuan note was issued in 1944.

The Yuan was subdivided into 10 jiao (角), 100 fen (分) or 1000 li (釐). Coins were issued in denominations of 5 li up to 10 fen.

In 1944 and 1945, Manchukuo issued coins (1 and 5 fen) made of what the Standard Catalog of World Coins describes as "red or brown fiber", resembling cardboard. These are a rare example of non-metallic coins.

As a matter of policy, the United States prevented any trading in the currency. This made it more difficult for the nation to access the American credit market.

In 1948, after the end of World War II, approximately 12 billion yuan of Central Bank of Manchukou notes were redeemed by the Tung Pei Bank.

Banknotes
Initially banknotes were printed by the Japanese but also by the Manchu Imperial Printing Bureau after the old Chinese mint in the city of Mukden was repaired.

title: Manchukuo yuan


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Eynsford railway station

Eynsford railway station serves Eynsford in Kent, England. It is 20 mi down the line from London Victoria and is situated between Swanley and Shoreham. Train services are provided by Thameslink.

History
The Swanley to Sevenoaks Bat & Ball line was opened on 2 June 1862, by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, initially with just a single track. The station at Eynsford came into use the following month, with two platforms and a passing loop; the second track came in 1863.

The main station building is on the "down" side, two storeys high, with chimney stacks and arched window frames. On the "up" side is a shelter with an elaborate valance and sides for protection from the weather. The track was crossed at ground level until a lattice footbridge was built in about 1910. The signal cabin was positioned at the southern end of the "up" platform.

Eynsford's goods yard was positioned on the "down" side, to the south of the main building, and comprised a pair of sidings, one of which passed over a wagon turntable through the pitched-roof goods shed. The platforms were extended twice, first in 1894 and again in 1932 when they were lengthened at their southern ends, requiring the demolition of the signal box. This was replaced by a porch on the ground floor of the station building's platform side.

Electric services between Bickley and Sevenoaks were introduced on 6 January 1935, when the station lost its lattice footbridge to a prefabricated concrete replacement. Goods traffic ceased in May 1962 and the goods shed was demolished soon after.

Approximately 1 km to the north west lie the remains of Lullingstone, built but never opened, as the development it was intended to serve never materialised. All that remains are the platforms (still in situ) and the platform canopies which were reinstalled at Canterbury East station. Between the two, the line is taken over the River Darent by an impressive nine-arch red-brick viaduct.

Facilities
The station has a ticket office which is located in the substantial station building on the Ashford bound platform. This is open during the morning Monday-Friday only (06:10-12:50). At other times, the station is unstaffed and tickets must be purchased from the self-service ticket machine at the station entrance.

The station has covered seating areas as well as modern help points located on each of its platforms which are connected by a concrete footbridge.

There is also a small (free) car park and cycle rack at the entrance to the station.

The station has step-free access available to the Ashford bound platform although the London bound platform is only reachable by the stepped footbridge so is not accessible.

Services
All services at Eynsford are operated by Thameslink using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Blackfriars via Catford
 * 2 tph to Sevenoaks

During the peak hours, the service to London Blackfriars is extended to and from Welwyn Garden City via Finsbury Park.

Connections
Go-Coach route 2 serves the station.

title: Eynsford railway station


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Colin Welland

Colin Welland (born Colin Edward Williams; 4 July 1934 – 2 November 2015) was an English actor and screenwriter. He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance as Mr Farthing in Kes (1969) and the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for writing Chariots of Fire (1981).

Early life
Welland was born Colin Edward Williams at the Maternity Hospital in Liverpool    on Wednesday, 4 July 1934, the son of Norah and John "Jack" Arthur Williams. He spent his earliest years in the Kensington district of Liverpool before moving to Newton-le-Willows in 1941. He passed his eleven-plus in 1945 and attended Newton-le-Willows Grammar School, and, after his National Service, he studied at Goldsmiths College and Bretton Hall College of Education. He gained a teaching diploma and qualified as a teacher, then taught art at Manchester Road Secondary Modern school in Leigh, where he was known as "Ted" because of his Teddy Boy curly hairstyle. He began his stage career as an actor and assistant stage manager at Manchester Library Theatre.

Career
As an actor, Welland appeared as PC David Graham in the BBC series Z-Cars from 1962 to 1965. He was a sympathetic schoolteacher in a BAFTA-winning performance in the film Kes (1969), and a detective in the Richard Burton film Villain (1971). He appeared as a villain in one 1975 episode of The Sweeney, and was in the series' first cinema spin-off Sweeney! (1977) as Frank Chadwick, a newspaper editor. His other appearances include Dennis Potter's Blue Remembered Hills (1979) as the character Willie, and Dancin' Thru the Dark (1990). He was also in the television series Cowboys (1980), a comedy about a dodgy builder, with Roy Kinnear.

Welland's screenwriting credits include the teleplay about the strike for equal pay Leeds United (1974), the film Yanks (1979), starring Vanessa Redgrave and Richard Gere, which was directed by John Schlesinger, and Twice in a Lifetime (1985), starring Gene Hackman, Ellen Burstyn and Ann-Margret.

When Welland appeared on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs in 1973 he said that most of his own plays "usually champion the individual against the system". He said: "I usually find that it's one man's effort to break through what is usually expected of an individual."

Welland won the award for Best Original Screenplay for Chariots of Fire (1981) at the 1982 Academy Awards, and his acceptance speech included the phrase: "The British are coming!" (a quotation from Paul Revere). In the film Chariots of Fire, the sign outside the Church of Scotland in Paris shows the preacher for the 9 am worship to be "C.M. Welland"; he had played a vicar in Straw Dogs (1971). Following Chariots of Fire, he was again commissioned by David Puttnam to write the screenplay for War of the Buttons (1994).

Personal life
Welland married Patricia Sweeney in 1962, and they had a son and three daughters together.

Welland was a lifelong rugby league fan and player who wrote of his support for the sport in newspaper columns. He stood up for rugby league against rugby union discrimination in the 1980s and 1990s.

Death
Welland died in his sleep at a nursing home in Sunbury on Thames on 2 November 2015, at the age of 81. He had suffered from Alzheimer's disease for several years before his death.

On his death, Chariots of Fire producer David Puttnam said Welland was "an unswervingly good man; a fine actor, and a seriously gifted screenwriter". Nigel Havers, who had appeared in the film, told BBC News: "I remember him being great fun with a great sense of humour and a very honest man. He had a tremendous honesty about everything he wrote. I'm just very surprised he never made more films in Hollywood. It's a great loss to us all." Z Cars co-star Brian Blessed described Welland as "a great writer and a very natural actor," adding "He had a tremendous ability for writing. He could write anything, any style."

title: Colin Welland


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Lacey Turner

Lacey Amelia Turner (born 28 March 1988) is an English actress. With a career spanning two decades, she made her acting debut in the television soap opera EastEnders, in which she rose to prominence and has garnered critical acclaim for her portrayal of Stacey Slater, a character she initially played between 2004 and 2010 before returning in 2014.

Stacey is often regarded as one of EastEnders' most popular characters, while Turner is cited as one of the Britain's best soap opera actors. Her most notable storylines include struggles with bipolar disorder, sexual assault, which lead to "Who Killed Archie?", postpartum psychosis, and an affair with father-in-law Max Branning. Turner has won over thirty awards for her portrayal of the character, with her accolades including four National Television Awards, six British Soap Awards and eight Inside Soap Awards. During her break from the soap, she also appeared in Being Human (2011), True Love, Bedlam, Switch (all 2012), Our Girl (2013–2014) and Call the Midwife (2014). Between 2013 and 2014, she starred as Molly Dawes in the BBC military drama Our Girl.

Early life
Turner was born in Edgware, in the London Borough of Barnet, to Catholic parents Bev and Les. She was raised along with her two younger sisters in Hertfordshire, near the BBC television studios in Elstree. She had commented: "From my bedroom window you could see part of the square [the external filming lot for EastEnders], and you could hear them all filming at night. I used to say to my mum: "I wanna be on that!" It was whilst living there that Turner decided to become an actress.

At the age of 10, Turner trained at the Sylvia Young Theatre School, but left after a year stating that it "wasn't my cup of tea". She has since revealed that she was bullied whilst at school for being "too geeky". Instead, she attended a local girls' private school, Peterborough and Saint Margaret's School in Bushey and went to dance, singing and acting classes outside school.

EastEnders
Turner's earliest work included appearances on stage and in advertisements (notably a Haribo advert). In 2004, Turner went on to audition for the role of Demi Miller on the BBC soap opera EastEnders. Though she failed to get that part, she was instead given the role of Stacey, a new addition to the popular Slater family. She started in the soap the day after leaving school, and made her first appearance on-screen in November 2004. Turner speaks with Received Pronunciation, and had to affect a cockney accent for the role. Commenting on the role, Turner said: "I always dreamt of being on the show and so I can't believe that I've fulfilled my greatest ambition!" Since joining the show, her character has featured in numerous high-profile storylines, including abortion, drug abuse, a troubled relationship with her mother, discovering she has bipolar disorder, an affair with her father-in-law and the murder of her rapist Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb).

Turner starred in a live episode of EastEnders on 19 February 2010 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the soap opera. The live episode gained over 16.6 million viewers which saw Stacey's husband die after falling from a rooftop during a police chase before Stacey's confession that she murdered Archie Mitchell. After her co-star Charlie Clements who played her husband left in February 2010, EastEnders bosses declared that they are keen to retain Turner after proving her popularity with viewers, however, she announced her decision to leave the show in April 2010. She stated: "I'll miss Stacey and everyone in Albert Square very much but the time has come to try something different." Turner later revealed that she had agreed with Charlie Clements to leave EastEnders at the same time as him. Of the decision, Turner said: "Charlie and I always said we'd go at the same time. For quite a while I'd been saying I was going to go and kept realising I wasn't ready. But when Charlie said he was going last year I was like, 'Right, OK, I'm going too'." She departed on-screen on 25 December 2010.

On 6 December 2013, it was announced that Turner would be returning to EastEnders, to reprise her role as Stacey. Turner began filming in January 2014. She made her on-screen return on 7 February 2014 and departed on 25 March 2014. She returned full-time in August 2014. Since returning to the show she has featured in a highly acclaimed postpartum psychosis storyline.

Turner's character has proven popular with fans and critics, and the actress has won multiple awards for her portrayal.

Other work
In December 2010, Turner advertised Royal Mail campaign to remind people of Christmas postal deadlines. The following year, she was cast as Lia Shaman in the third series of Being Human. She appeared in its first episode broadcast on 23 January 2011, watched by 1.37 million viewers (5%). She reprised her role for the series finalé. In March 2011, she played Elizabeth Lavenza, the bride of Victor Frankenstein (played by Andrew Gower), in an adaptation of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus titled Frankenstein's Wedding, which aired on BBC Three, live from the derelict Kirkstall Abbey in Leeds, in front of an audience of 12,000.

Turner appeared alongside David Tennant, Billie Piper, David Morrissey, Jane Horrocks, Ashley Walters and Vicky McClure in the BBC One improvisational programme, True Love, which aired in June 2012. Also in June, she played the leading role of Ellie, a character who claims to see ghosts and spirits, in the second series of Bedlam. In October, she starred in the ITV2 supernatural drama series, Switch, which centres on the story of four young witches living in contemporary London. Turner's character is referred to as the "immaculately dressed" careerist Stella.

The actress played a young army recruit called Molly Dawes in a one-off 90-minute drama titled Our Girl. She began filming in BBC Elstree Studios in October 2012 and the film aired on BBC One on 24 March 2013. This was then followed by a five-part television series which began airing on BBC One on 21 September 2014. Michelle Keegan took over from the second series in 2016.

In October 2012, Turner joined Asda Tickled Pink campaign. She has also done voice over work in the CITV programme, Goodbye Year Six and narrated BBC Three's Don't Just Stand There, I'm Having Your Baby. Turner also starred in radio dramas, The One about the Social Worker and Up the Junction, which aired on BBC Radio 4 in September 2013.

Turner appeared in the Channel 5 documentary Miscarriage: Our Story in October 2020, where she spoke of suffering a miscarriage while at work.

Personal life
Turner married Matt Kay in a private ceremony in Ibiza on 5 September 2017. On 25 February 2019, Turner announced that she was expecting a child with Kay, having previously suffered two miscarriages. On 12 July 2019, Turner gave birth to a daughter, Dusty Violet Kay. On 21 September 2020, the couple announced that Turner was pregnant with their second child. On 3 February 2021, Turner gave birth to a son, Trilby Fox Kay.

In April 2021, she called for better support for parents who have suffered a miscarriage. Turner appeared on BBC Breakfast and said that the system "needs reforming".

Turner is good friends with EastEnders co-stars Jessie Wallace and Natalie Cassidy.

title: Lacey Turner


text:
List of islands of Turkey

This is a list of islands of Turkey. There are around 500 islands and islets in Turkey. These islands are located in the Aegean Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, and Turkish lakes. The Turkish words for island/islands are ada/adalar. The largest Turkish island is Gökçeada in the Aegean Sea with an area of 297 km2. The lists in the following sections include the islands' names, formal names if different, provinces, seas where they are located, and coordinates.

Aegean Sea islands
The following islands are in the Aegean Sea:

Balıkesir Province
There are at least 54 islands in Balıkesir Province, including islands in the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. Many of the islands in the Aegean Sea are part of the Ayvalık Islands Nature Park which contains 22 islands and numerous rocks. The only two populated Aegean islands are Cunda Island and Lale Island. Cunda Island, which is now a peninsula, is the largest. The following islands of Balıkesir Province are in the Aegean Sea:

Mediterranean Sea islands
The following islands are in the Mediterranean Sea:

Sea of Marmara islands
The largest island in the Sea of Marmara is Marmara Island with an area of 117.8 km2. The following Turkish islands are in the Sea of Marmara:

Lake islands
One Turkish lake, Lake Van, has islands, including the following:

Notes or disputes

 * See Imia (Greek) or Kardak (Turkish) and Aegean dispute for a discussion of disputed islands between Greece and Turkey.

title: List of islands of Turkey


text:
Rugby Union of Russia

Rugby Union of Russia (Союз регбистов России) is the governing body for rugby union in Russia. It was founded in 1936 originally as the Rugby Union of the Soviet Union. The Rugby Union of Russia became affiliated to World Rugby (previously known as the International Rugby Football Board, and still later as the International Rugby Board) in 1990. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, World Rugby and Rugby Europe suspended Russia from international and European continental rugby union competition. In addition, the Rugby Union of Russia was suspended from World Rugby and Rugby Europe.

Aims
The Rugby Union of Russia set a goal for the Russian national team to qualify for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand, and make their first appearance in the tournament. The team succeeded, qualifying as Europe 2 in Pool C, where one of their opponents was one of the country's main sporting rivals, the United States. Further ahead, they targeted being a top twelve rugby playing nation by 2015, and reaching the quarter-finals stage of the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan.

title: Rugby Union of Russia


text:
1991 Bangladesh cyclone

The 1991 Bangladesh cyclone was among the deadliest tropical cyclones on record. Forming out of a large area of convection over the Bay of Bengal on April 24, the tropical cyclone initially developed gradually while meandering over the southern Bay of Bengal. On April 28, the storm began to accelerate northeastwards under the influence of the southwesterlies, and rapidly intensified to super cyclonic storm strength near the coast of Bangladesh on April 29. After making landfall in the Chittagong district of southeastern Bangladesh with winds of around 250 km/h, the cyclone rapidly weakened as it moved through northeastern India, degenerating into a remnant low over the Yunnan province in western China.

One of the most powerful tropical cyclones ever recorded in the basin, the tropical cyclone caused a 6.1 m (20 ft) storm surge, which inundated the coastline, causing at least 138,866 deaths and about US$1.7 billion (1991 USD) in damage. As a result of the catastrophic damage, the United States and other countries carried out Operation Sea Angel, one of the largest military relief efforts ever carried out.

Meteorological history
On April 22, 1991, a circulation formed in the southern Bay of Bengal from a persistent area of convection, or thunderstorms, near the equator in the eastern Indian Ocean. Within two days, the cloud mass encompassed most of the Bay of Bengal, focused on an area west of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. On April 24, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) designated the system as a depression, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) labeled the system as Tropical Cyclone 02B. Ships in the region reported winds of around 55 km/h around this time.

From its genesis, the storm moved northwestward, and early forecasts from the JTWC anticipated that trajectory would continue toward Andhra Pradesh in southeastern India, due to a westward-moving ridge over India. The cyclone gradually strengthened, amplified by a wind surge from the south. The IMD upgraded the depression to a cyclonic storm on April 25, and to a severe cyclonic storm on the following day. By April 26, wind shear had decreased to near zero as an anticyclone developed aloft the hurricane. Around this time, the cyclone rounded the western periphery of a large subtropical ridge over Thailand, and the storm turned northward between the ridge to the northeast and northwest. The IMD upgraded the system to a very severe cyclonic storm on April 27, estimating winds of 142 km/h (89 mph). By this time, the JTWC anticipated a future track toward the Ganges Delta region of eastern India and Bangladesh.

On April 28, the flow of the southwesterlies caused the cyclone to accelerate to the north-northeast. This flow also amplified the storm's outflow, and the cyclone intensified further. By 12:00 UTC on April 28, or about 31 hours before landfall, the JTWC was correctly forecasting a landfall in southeastern Bangladesh. Early on April 29, the IMD upgraded the system to a super cyclonic storm – the highest category – and estimated peak winds of 127 kn. The JTWC estimated peak winds of 140 kn, the equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale or a super typhoon. The IMD also estimated a minimum barometric pressure of 918 hPa, while the JTWC estimated a minimum pressure of 898 hPa. The cyclone's high winds and low pressure, a rarity for the Bay of Bengal, ranked it among the most intense cyclones in the basin. At 19:00 UTC on April 29, the cyclone made landfall about 55 km (35 mi) south of Chittagong in southeastern Bangladesh while slightly below its peak strength. Moving through the mountainous terrain of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the cyclone quickly weakened and crossed into northeast India, where it degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area.

Background and preparations
Until 2004, tropical cyclones were not named in the north Indian Ocean. Through its role as Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, the IMD issued warnings on the storm, designating it Super Cyclonic Storm BoB 1. The agency tracked the storm using satellite imagery, radar, and other meteorological stations. The JTWC, providing warnings and support to American military interests, designated the storm as Tropical Cyclone 02B, and also referred to it as a "super cyclone". Although the cyclone was officially unnamed, documents from the United States Agency for International Development and the United States Army referred to the storm as Cyclone Marian. Time magazine referred to the storm as Cyclone Gorky.

The Bay of Bengal is prone to large storm surges, which is the rise in sea water accompanying a cyclone landfall. The low-lying coast of Bangladesh along the Bay of Bengal is heavily populated, with at least 120 million people. In 1970, a cyclone struck the then East Pakistan (currently Bangladesh) and killed at least 300,000 people.

Before the cyclone moved ashore, an estimated 2–3 million people evacuated the Bangladeshi coast. In a survey by the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the main reason more people did not evacuate was underestimating the severity of the cyclone. The JTWC maintained contact with the American embassy in Bangladesh's capital Dhaka, assuring that it would not have to be evacuated due to a projected track farther southeast.

Impact
The cyclone made landfall in southeastern Bangladesh around the time of high tide, which was already 5.5 m above normal; in addition, the cyclone produced a 20 ft storm surge that inundated the coastline. The storm also brought winds of around 240 km/h. Winds exceeding 220 km/h lashed a populated region of the coast for about 12 hours, as well as 12 offshore islands.

An estimated 138,000 people were killed by the cyclone. More than 20,000 people died on Kutubdia Upazila, an island offshore Chittagong where 80–90% of homes were destroyed, and all livestock were killed. Some smaller offshore islands lost their entire populations. There were around 25,000 dead in Chittagong, 40,000 dead in Banshkali. About 13.4 million people were affected. Around 1 million homes were destroyed, leaving 10 million people homeless. The storm surge caused whole villages to be swept away.

The storm caused an estimated $1.5 billion (1991 US dollars) in damage. The high velocity wind and the storm surge devastated the coastline. Although a concrete levee was in place near the mouth of the Karnaphuli River in Patenga, it was washed away by the storm surge. A large number of boats and smaller ships ran aground. The Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Air Force, both of which had bases in Chittagong, were also heavily hit. The Isha Khan Naval Base at Patenga was flooded, with heavy damages to the ships. Most of the fighter planes belonging to the air force were damaged. The extensive damage caused the price of building materials to greatly increase. For an additional three to four weeks after the storm had dissipated, mass land erosion resulted in more and more farmers losing their land, and therefore, the number of unemployed rose. In several areas, up to 90 percent of crops had been washed away. The shrimp farms and salt industry were left devastated.

Elsewhere
The JTWC tracked the cyclone as moving northeastward from Bangladesh into northern Myanmar, dissipating in western China over Yunnan province. In Northeast India, continuous rainfall and gusty winds affected Tripura and Mizoram states, causing "some loss of life" according to the IMD. Many houses in the two states were destroyed, and telecommunications were disrupted.

Aftermath
In the days after the storm, homeless Bangladeshis overcrowded shelters, and many storm victims were unable to find shelter.

On the island of Sonodia, its inhabitants were suffering from diarrhea from drinking contaminated water, respiratory and urinary infections, scabies and various injuries with only rice for food. Out of the ten wells on the island only 5 were functional of which only one providing pure water with the rest contaminated by sea water.

As a result of the 1991 cyclone, Bangladesh improved its warning and shelter systems. Also, the government implemented a reforestation program to mitigate future flooding issues.

A survey concluded that the cyclone mostly killed children of under 10 years of age and women above 40 years.

Operation Sea Angel
The United States amphibious task-force, consisting of 15 ships and 2,500 men, returning to the US after the Gulf War was diverted to the Bay of Bengal to provide relief to an estimated 1.7 million survivors. This was part of Operation Sea Angel, one of the largest military disaster relief efforts ever carried out, with the United Kingdom, China, India, Pakistan and Japan also participating.

Operation Sea Angel began on May 10, 1991, when President Bush directed the US military to provide humanitarian assistance. A Contingency Joint Task Force under the command of Lieutenant General Henry C. Stackpole, consisting of over 400 marines and 3,000 sailors, was subsequently sent to Bangladesh to provide food, water, and medical care to nearly two million people. The efforts of U.S. troops, which included 3,300 tons of supplies, are credited with having saved as many as 200,000 lives. The relief was delivered to the hard-hit coastal areas and low-lying islands in the Bay of Bengal by helicopter, boat and amphibious craft.

The US military also provided medical and engineering teams to work with their Bangladeshi counterparts and international relief organisation to treat survivors and contain an outbreak of diarrhea, caused by contaminated drinking water. Water purification plants were built and prevalence of diarrhea amongst the population was reduced to lower than pre-cyclone levels.

After the departure of the task force, 500 military personnel, two C-130 cargo planes, five Blackhawk helicopters and four small landing craft from the task force remained to help finish off relief operations in outlying districts and rebuild warehouses. The amphibious landing ship USS St. Louis (LKA-116) (LKA-116) delivered large quantities of intravenous solution from Japan to aid in the treatment of cyclone survivors.

title: 1991 Bangladesh cyclone


text: File:Nuevorumbosticker.jpg

title: File:Nuevorumbosticker.jpg


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Valencian Marxist Front

Valencian Marxist Front (Front Marxista Valencià), an underground communist group in the Valencian Community, Spain, founded in 1954 by youth active in Lo Rat Penat. It disappeared in 1962, when its members joined either the Valencian Socialist Party or the Communist Party of Spain (later forming the Communist Party of the Valencian Country).

FMV had a left-wing nationalist line, promoting Valencian identity. Leading members included Francesc Codonyer and Enric Tàrrega.

title: Valencian Marxist Front


text:
File:Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España (sticker, 1999).jpg

PCPE sticker.


text:
Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers

The Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland discusses the lives of the people who were concerned with building harbours and lighthouses, undertook fen drainage and improved river navigations, built canals, roads, bridges and early railways, and provided water supply facilities. The first volume, published in 2002, covers the years from 1500 to 1830; the second one, published in 2008, covers 1830 to 1890. The third and final volume, published 2014, covers 1890 to 1920. The principal editor of the first volume was Professor A. W. Skempton, and the entries were written by a number of specialist historians.

An 18-page introduction in the first volume discusses the practice of civil engineering from 1500-1830. The work concludes with appendices discussing wages, costs and inflation, a chronology of major civil engineering works, and indices of places and names. Volume Two's introduction discusses the practice of civil engineering from 1830-1890.


text:
Talk:Occupational therapy

Untitled
it is a bad idea to merge this page with the occupational therapist page. 1) an occupational therapist is a practitioner at the masters level at a minumun. It is a internationally recognized profession that is every bit as legitimate as any other health care professsion.Any page listed as occupational therapist on wikipedia should be about those practitioners... 2) Occupational Therapy is a theraputic modality that is supported by occupational science which is a recognized evidence based, scientific practice 3) occupational science should ALSO have it's own seperate page because the body of work is so vast it cannot be effectively merged and sufficently explained. 4) there are five major practice models and an infinite choice of theraputic modalities in occupational therapy...you cannot possibly sufficently explain these models in a single paragraph or two — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.51.172.23 (talk) 04:40, 15 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Does an occupational therapist do occupational therapy, or not? If the answer is yes, then the pages belong together.  If no, then can you please explain the difference and why they share a name?  Ambiguosity (talk) 11:52, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Serious Editing and Rewrite Needed
This page needs attention from someone with writing and editing skills and a basic understanding (need not be an expert) of the subject. As a layperson, I came to the page to get a quick understnading of what Occupational Therapists do and what Occuptional Therapy is. I have read the page through twice and still have no clearer idea then when I looked it up. The writing here is very "inside" and reads like it was written by an enthusiastic OT student anxious to demonstrate their inside knowledge to a professor. It lacks the clarity and directness an encyclopedia article should have. Please, someone at least rework the introduction section.172.56.29.10 (talk) 20:06, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with the above comment. This page seems to be a copy of the course information prepared for college open day, targeted to someone who asked for that one pamphlet they know you have under the counter.  Simply making sense of the first paragraph was a chore, but I did not want to delete too much before someone who 'has a clue' reviews and refines it.
 * If that doesn't occur, I will assume that the article is open for amateurs to hone our 'skills'. Ambiguosity (talk) 11:49, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree that the page needs more work. Being an occupational therapist myself I would feel proud to have a page better written. At least some references are inaccurate and I have been unable to find the source of some references. Just an example could not find the source of the following in text cite: (Bazyk & Downing, 2017) It is very difficult for me to contribute since English is barely my second language. Enrique Peñalolen (talk) 13:11, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Evaluation for Writing for Biologists Class

 * Lead section: The lead section is understandable and summarizes the articles main points. The intro outlines the purpose of an occupational therapist and defines the roles they have in the health care system. The lead section also gives a brief and short overview of what sort of clients an occupational therapist works with. The lead section does need to improve its definition of what an occupational therapist is. I know users from above mentioned that they didn't feel they understood what an occupational therapist is after reading the article. Having a more clear definition at the beginning of the article of what an occupational therapist is and including in a few examples might give reads a more concise idea and understanding. A suggestion might be to use and cite the definition given by the American Occupational Therapy Association which states, "In its simplest terms, occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants help people across the lifespan participate in the things they want and need to do through the therapeutic use of everyday activities (occupations). Common occupational therapy interventions include helping children with disabilities to participate fully in school and social situations, helping people recovering from injury to regain skills, and providing supports for older adults experiencing physical and cognitive changes. Occupational therapy services typically include".

Structure: The article is well organized with appropriate headings and subheadings. The article works in chronological order of history with the information provided in the article. The article starts with the overview, then history, philosophy, areas of practice and so forth. Each heading title is appropriately labeled for the information within that section. Images used within the article are appropriate to the section in which they are placed. There are sections that need to be fixed when it comes to structure though. The last section labeled "occupational therapist", needs to be included into the lead section labeled "occupational therapy". An occupational therapist provides occupational therapy. They are not separate. Therefore they need to be included together.

Balance: The balance of the article could be improved. Topics including history, philosophy, ICF and areas of occupation have sections that are abundant in information. Topics that lack substance or length in information is health and wellness, process, and enabling occupation. Specific sections that could use editing is the section labeled "process". This section mentions that there are 11 stages in the occupational therapy process, but the section lacks in providing what the 11 stages are.

Coverage: Article is written in a non-biased voice. The article is written with facts and reliable sources to back up the facts given. There is no personal opinion or persuasive voice, but rather a clear cut and concise approach to providing factual information, history and knowledge. Though the article does provide sections about each concentration of occupational therapy, the article does lack examples of therapy practices. People tend to look up "occupational therapy" articles in order to gain a better understanding of what they do. Though this article does provide good history overview of the profession, it needs improvement in giving specific examples of how occupational therapists use their profession to help individuals. How might an occupational therapist assess an individual who is paraplegic and then use steps to address the problem? These are questions that might be good to address in the article and provide information on.

Reliable source: There are numerous links to authoritative publication and significantly long list of footnotes for citations. These citations come from credible sources. Each fact within the article is appropriately cited. An example of a journal used by this author was American Occupational Therapy Association which was used multiple times for information. Other credible sources used were Australian Journal of Occupational Therapy and British Journal of Occupational Therapy. This gives a global view to the article because it includes in views from occupational therapy associations from around the world as opposed to just using information from the American Journal of Occupational Therapy. The number of sources used was 93, therefore I feel that from this amount of sources there was a balanced use of sources.

132.235.217.13 (talk) 13:13, 16 March 2017 (UTC)

I'm interested in improving this article
I am knowledgeable in this area and plan on trying to improve this article over the next few days.

Some problems I see: - the first section lists too many examples of what an OT is and should be more concise. - too much focus on OT in the US - section on theoretical frameworks is incomplete. I think it should be its own article (I completed two university graduate courses on this topic alone) - there are so many "areas of practice" of OT that making a thorough list would be quite long

Grazioso2 (talk) 02:04, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

I am nominating this article for Good Article Status

 * Consistent formating of refs are needed. For example I would use "Template:cite journal" etc consistently.
 * Many paragraphs are unreferenced. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 16:16, 28 May 2017 (UTC)

Work therapy as a synonym
I redirected work therapy here. This term should be also mention in this article, given that these two terms are synonyms--Estopedist1 (talk) 08:58, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Incorporating an attachment theory perspective
Hello all,

I have added two sections relating to attachment theory under the current Theoretical frameworks/Generic models/Occupation-focused practice models/biopsychosocial models. I included references to the Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation (DMM), which is arguably the state-of-the-art attachment model, and references to Pamela Meredith's work in Australia. Éadaoin Bhreathnach in N. Ireland has done a lot of work developing her Sensory Attachment Intervention model, but has not published about it, as of 2021. I wonder if the biopsychosocial model section should be listed under a subheading 1 category? It doesn't seem to be a subcategory of "Occupation-focused practice models", and seems to be a useful and complex topic on it's own. ConflictScience (talk) 19:21, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Occupational therapy


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Islamofascism

Bah

Drive-by-VfDs and topics with the slightest complexity are mutually exclusive. El_C 11:20, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Heavy image. Oddly appropriate, though; thanks for placing it here. BrandonYusufToropov 14:36, 29 November 2005 (UTC)


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Self-assembled monolayer

Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of organic molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on surfaces by adsorption and are organized into more or less large ordered domains. In some cases molecules that form the monolayer do not interact strongly with the substrate. This is the case for instance of the two-dimensional supramolecular networks of e.g. perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on gold or of e.g. porphyrins on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG). In other cases the molecules possess a head group that has a strong affinity to the substrate and anchors the molecule to it. Such a SAM consisting of a head group, tail and functional end group is depicted in Figure 1. Common head groups include thiols, silanes, phosphonates, etc.

SAMs are created by the chemisorption of "head groups" onto a substrate from either the vapor or liquid phase  followed by a slow organization of "tail groups". Initially, at small molecular density on the surface, adsorbate molecules form either a disordered mass of molecules or form an ordered two-dimensional "lying down phase", and at higher molecular coverage, over a period of minutes to hours, begin to form three-dimensional crystalline or semicrystalline structures on the substrate surface. The "head groups" assemble together on the substrate, while the tail groups assemble far from the substrate. Areas of close-packed molecules nucleate and grow until the surface of the substrate is covered in a single monolayer.

Adsorbate molecules adsorb readily because they lower the surface free-energy of the substrate and are stable due to the strong chemisorption of the "head groups." These bonds create monolayers that are more stable than the physisorbed bonds of Langmuir–Blodgett films. A trichlorosilane based "head group", for example in a FDTS molecule, reacts with a hydroxyl group on a substrate, and forms very stable, covalent bond [R-Si-O-substrate] with an energy of 452 kJ/mol. Thiol-metal bonds are on the order of 100 kJ/mol, making them fairly stable in a variety of temperatures, solvents, and potentials. The monolayer packs tightly due to van der Waals interactions, thereby reducing its own free energy. The adsorption can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm if lateral interactions are neglected. If they cannot be neglected, the adsorption is better described by the Frumkin isotherm.

Types
Selecting the type of head group depends on the application of the SAM. Typically, head groups are connected to a molecular chain in which the terminal end can be functionalized (i.e. adding –OH, –NH2, –COOH, or –SH groups) to vary the wetting and interfacial properties. An appropriate substrate is chosen to react with the head group. Substrates can be planar surfaces, such as silicon and metals, or curved surfaces, such as nanoparticles. Alkanethiols are the most commonly used molecules for SAMs. Alkanethiols are molecules with an alkyl chain, (C-C)ⁿ chain, as the back bone, a tail group, and a S-H head group. Other types of interesting molecules include aromatic thiols, of interest in molecular electronics, in which the alkane chain is (partly) replaced by aromatic rings. An example is the dithiol 1,4-Benzenedimethanethiol (SHCH2C6H4CH2SH)). Interest in such dithiols stems from the possibility of linking the two sulfur ends to metallic contacts, which was first used in molecular conduction measurements. Thiols are frequently used on noble metal substrates because of the strong affinity of sulfur for these metals. The sulfur gold interaction is semi-covalent and has a strength of approximately 45 kcal/mol. In addition, gold is an inert and biocompatible material that is easy to acquire. It is also easy to pattern via lithography, a useful feature for applications in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Additionally, it can withstand harsh chemical cleaning treatments. Recently other chalcogenide SAMs: selenides and tellurides have attracted attention  in a search for different bonding characteristics to substrates affecting the SAM characteristics and which could be of interest in some applications such as molecular electronics. Silanes are generally used on nonmetallic oxide surfaces; however monolayers formed from covalent bonds between silicon and carbon or oxygen cannot be considered self assembled because they do not form reversibly. Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on noble metals are a special case because the metal-metal bonds become reversible after the formation of the thiolate-metal complex. This reversibility is what gives rise to vacancy islands and it is why SAMs of alkanethiolates can be thermally desorbed and undergo exchange with free thiols.

Preparation
Metal substrates for use in SAMs can be produced through physical vapor deposition techniques, electrodeposition or electroless deposition. Thiol or selenium SAMs produced by adsorption from solution are typically made by immersing a substrate into a dilute solution of alkane thiol in ethanol, though many different solvents can be used besides use of pure liquids. While SAMs are often allowed to form over 12 to 72 hours at room temperature, SAMs of alkanethiolates form within minutes. Special attention is essential in some cases, such as that of dithiol SAMs to avoid problems due to oxidation or photoinduced processes, which can affect terminal groups and lead to disorder and multilayer formation. In this case appropriate choice of solvents, their degassing by inert gasses and preparation in the absence of light is crucial and allows formation of "standing up" SAMs with free –SH groups. Self-assembled monolayers can also be adsorbed from the vapor phase. In some cases when obtaining an ordered assembly is difficult or when different density phases need to be obtained substitutional self-assembly is used. Here one first forms the SAM of a given type of molecules, which give rise to ordered assembly and then a second assembly phase is performed (e.g. by immersion into a different solution). This method has also been used to give information on relative binding strengths of SAMs with different head groups and more generally on self-assembly characteristics.

Characterization
The thicknesses of SAMs can be measured using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which also give information on interfacial properties. The order in the SAM and orientation of molecules can be probed by Near Edge Xray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIRS) studies. Numerous other spectroscopic techniques are used such as Second-harmonic generation (SHG), Sum-frequency generation (SFG), Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as well as High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The structures of SAMs are commonly determined using scanning probe microscopy techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM has been able to help understand the mechanisms of SAM formation as well as determine the important structural features that lend SAMs their integrity as surface-stable entities. In particular STM can image the shape, spatial distribution, terminal groups and their packing structure. AFM offers an equally powerful tool without the requirement of the SAM being conducting or semi-conducting. AFM has been used to determine chemical functionality, conductance, magnetic properties, surface charge, and frictional forces of SAMs. The scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) is a further scanning probe microscopy which has been used to characterize SAMs, with defect free SAMs showing homogeneous activity in SVET. More recently, however, diffractive methods have also been used. The structure can be used to characterize the kinetics and defects found on the monolayer surface. These techniques have also shown physical differences between SAMs with planar substrates and nanoparticle substrates. An alternative characterisation instrument for measuring the self-assembly in real time is dual polarisation interferometry where the refractive index, thickness, mass and birefringence of the self assembled layer are quantified at high resolution. Another method that can be used to measure the self-assembly in real-time is Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring technology where the mass and viscoelastic properties of the adlayer are quantified. Contact angle measurements can be used to determine the surface free-energy which reflects the average composition of the surface of the SAM and can be used to probe the kinetics and thermodynamics of the formation of SAMs. The kinetics of adsorption and temperature induced desorption as well as information on structure can also be obtained in real time by ion scattering techniques such as low energy ion scattering (LEIS) and time of flight direct recoil spectroscopy (TOFDRS).

Defects
Defects due to both external and intrinsic factors may appear. External factors include the cleanliness of the substrate, method of preparation, and purity of the adsorbates. SAMs intrinsically form defects due to the thermodynamics of formation, e.g. thiol SAMs on gold typically exhibit etch pits (monatomic vacancy islands) likely due to extraction of adatoms from the substrate and formation of adatom-adsorbate moieties. Recently, a new type of fluorosurfactants have found that can form nearly perfect monolayer on gold substrate due to the increase of mobility of gold surface atoms.

Nanoparticle properties
The structure of SAMs is also dependent on the curvature of the substrate. SAMs on nanoparticles, including colloids and nanocrystals, "stabilize the reactive surface of the particle and present organic functional groups at the particle-solvent interface". These organic functional groups are useful for applications, such as immunoassays or sensors, that are dependent on chemical composition of the surface.

Kinetics
There is evidence that SAM formation occurs in two steps: an initial fast step of adsorption and a second slower step of monolayer organization. Adsorption occurs at the liquid–liquid, liquid–vapor, and liquid-solid interfaces. The transport of molecules to the surface occurs due to a combination of diffusion and convective transport. According to the Langmuir or Avrami kinetic model the rate of deposition onto the surface is proportional to the free space of the surface.
 * $$\mathbf{k(1-\theta)} = \frac{d\theta}{dt}.$$

Where θ is the proportional amount of area deposited and k is the rate constant. Although this model is robust it is only used for approximations because it fails to take into account intermediate processes. Dual polarisation interferometry being a real time technique with ~10 Hz resolution can measure the kinetics of monolayer self-assembly directly.

Once the molecules are at the surface the self-organization occurs in three phases:
 * 1. A low-density phase with random dispersion of molecules on the surface.
 * 2. An intermediate-density phase with conformational disordered molecules or molecules lying flat on the surface.
 * 3. A high-density phase with close-packed order and molecules standing normal to the substrate's surface.

The phase transitions in which a SAM forms depends on the temperature of the environment relative to the triple point temperature, the temperature in which the tip of the low-density phase intersects with the intermediate-phase region. At temperatures below the triple point the growth goes from phase 1 to phase 2 where many islands form with the final SAM structure, but are surrounded by random molecules. Similar to nucleation in metals, as these islands grow larger they intersect forming boundaries until they end up in phase 3, as seen below.

At temperatures above the triple point the growth is more complex and can take two paths. In the first path the heads of the SAM organize to their near final locations with the tail groups loosely formed on top. Then as they transit to phase 3, the tail groups become ordered and straighten out. In the second path the molecules start in a lying down position along the surface. These then form into islands of ordered SAMs, where they grow into phase 3, as seen below.

The nature in which the tail groups organize themselves into a straight ordered monolayer is dependent on the inter-molecular attraction, or van der Waals forces, between the tail groups. To minimize the free energy of the organic layer the molecules adopt conformations that allow high degree of Van der Waals forces with some hydrogen bonding. The small size of the SAM molecules are important here because Van der Waals forces arise from the dipoles of molecules and are thus much weaker than the surrounding surface forces at larger scales. The assembly process begins with a small group of molecules, usually two, getting close enough that the Van der Waals forces overcome the surrounding force. The forces between the molecules orient them so they are in their straight, optimal, configuration. Then as other molecules come close by they interact with these already organized molecules in the same fashion and become a part of the conformed group. When this occurs across a large area the molecules support each other into forming their SAM shape seen in Figure 1. The orientation of the molecules can be described with two parameters: α and β. α is the angle of tilt of the backbone from the surface normal. In typical applications α varies from 0 to 60 degrees depending on the substrate and type of SAM molecule. β is the angle of rotation along the long axis of tee molecule. β is usually between 30 and 40 degrees. In some cases existence of kinetic traps hindering the final ordered orientation has been pointed out. Thus in case of dithiols formation of a "lying down" phase was considered an impediment to formation of "standing up" phase, however various recent studies indicate this is not the case.

Many of the SAM properties, such as thickness, are determined in the first few minutes. However, it may take hours for defects to be eliminated via annealing and for final SAM properties to be determined. The exact kinetics of SAM formation depends on the adsorbate, solvent and substrate properties. In general, however, the kinetics are dependent on both preparations conditions and material properties of the solvent, adsorbate and substrate. Specifically, kinetics for adsorption from a liquid solution are dependent on:
 * Temperature – room-temperature preparation improves kinetics and reduces defects.
 * Concentration of adsorbate in the solution – low concentrations require longer immersion times and often create highly crystalline domains.
 * Purity of the adsorbate – impurities can affect the final physical properties of the SAM
 * Dirt or contamination on the substrate – imperfections can cause defects in the SAM

The final structure of the SAM is also dependent on the chain length and the structure of both the adsorbate and the substrate. Steric hindrance and metal substrate properties, for example, can affect the packing density of the film, while chain length affects SAM thickness. Longer chain length also increases the thermodynamic stability.

1. Locally attract
This first strategy involves locally depositing self-assembled monolayers on the surface only where the nanostructure will later be located. This strategy is advantageous because it involves high throughput methods that generally involve fewer steps than the other two strategies. The major techniques that use this strategy are:
 * Micro-contact printing
 * Micro-contact printing or soft lithography is analogous to printing ink with a rubber stamp. The SAM molecules are inked onto a pre-shaped elastomeric stamp with a solvent and transferred to the substrate surface by stamping. The SAM solution is applied to the entire stamp but only areas that make contact with the surface allow transfer of the SAMs. The transfer of the SAMs is a complex diffusion process that depends on the type of molecule, concentration, duration of contact, and pressure applied. Typical stamps use PDMS because its elastomeric properties, E = 1.8 MPa, allow it to fit the contour of micro surfaces and its low surface energy, γ = 21.6 dyn/cm². This is a parallel process and can thus place nanoscale objects over a large area in a short time.

 * Dip-pen nanolithography
 * Dip-pen nanolithography is a process that uses an atomic force microscope to transfer molecules on the tip to a substrate. Initially the tip is dipped into a reservoir with an ink. The ink on the tip evaporates and leaves the desired molecules attached to the tip. When the tip is brought into contact with the surface a water meniscus forms between the tip and the surface resulting in the diffusion of molecules from the tip to the surface. These tips can have radii in the tens of nanometers, and thus SAM molecules can be very precisely deposited onto a specific location of the surface. This process was discovered by Chad Mirkin and co-workers at Northwestern University.

2. Locally remove
The locally remove strategy begins with covering the entire surface with a SAM. Then individual SAM molecules are removed from locations where the deposition of nanostructures is not desired. The result is the same as in the locally attract strategy, the difference being in the way this is achieved. The major techniques that use this strategy are:
 * Scanning tunneling microscope
 * The scanning tunneling microscope can remove SAM molecules in many different ways. The first is to remove them mechanically by dragging the tip across the substrate surface. This is not the most desired technique as these tips are expensive and dragging them causes a lot of wear and reduction of the tip quality. The second way is to degrade or desorb the SAM molecules by shooting them with an electron beam. The scanning tunneling microscope can also remove SAMs by field desorption and field enhanced surface diffusion.

 * Atomic force microscope
 * The most common use of this technique is to remove the SAM molecules in a process called shaving, where the atomic force microscope tip is dragged along the surface mechanically removing the molecules. An atomic force microscope can also remove SAM molecules by local oxidation nanolithography.

 * Ultraviolet irradiation
 * In this process, UV light is projected onto the surface with a SAM through a pattern of apertures in a chromium film. This leads to photo oxidation of the SAM molecules. These can then be washed away in a polar solvent. This process has 100 nm resolutions and requires exposure time of 15–20 minutes.

3. Modify tail groups
The final strategy focuses not on the deposition or removal of SAMS, but the modification of terminal groups. In the first case the terminal group can be modified to remove functionality so that SAM molecule will be inert. In the same regards the terminal group can be modified to add functionality so it can accept different materials or have different properties than the original SAM terminal group. The major techniques that use this strategy are:
 * Focused electron beam and ultraviolet irradiation
 * Exposure to electron beams and UV light changes the terminal group chemistry. Some of the changes that can occur include the cleavage of bonds, the forming of double carbon bonds, cross-linking of adjacent molecules, fragmentation of molecules, and confromational disorder.

 * Atomic force microscope
 * A conductive AFM tip can create an electrochemical reaction that can change the terminal group.

Thin-film SAMs
SAMs are an inexpensive and versatile surface coating for applications including control of wetting and adhesion, chemical resistance, bio compatibility, sensitization, and molecular recognition for sensors and nano fabrication. Areas of application for SAMs include biology, electrochemistry and electronics, nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and everyday household goods. SAMs can serve as models for studying membrane properties of cells and organelles and cell attachment on surfaces. SAMs can also be used to modify the surface properties of electrodes for electrochemistry, general electronics, and various NEMS and MEMS. For example, the properties of SAMs can be used to control electron transfer in electrochemistry. They can serve to protect metals from harsh chemicals and etchants. SAMs can also reduce sticking of NEMS and MEMS components in humid environments. In the same way, SAMs can alter the properties of glass. A common household product, Rain-X, utilizes SAMs to create a hydrophobic monolayer on car windshields to keep them clear of rain. Another application is an anti-adhesion coating on nanoimprint lithography (NIL) tools and stamps. One can also coat injection molding tools for polymer replication with a Perfluordecyltrichlorosilane SAM.

Thin film SAMs can also be placed on nanostructures. In this way they functionalize the nanostructure. This is advantageous because the nanostructure can now selectively attach itself to other molecules or SAMs. This technique is useful in biosensors or other MEMS devices that need to separate one type of molecule from its environment. One example is the use of magnetic nanoparticles to remove a fungus from a blood stream. The nanoparticle is coated with a SAM that binds to the fungus. As the contaminated blood is filtered through a MEMS device the magnetic nanoparticles are inserted into the blood where they bind to the fungus and are then magnetically driven out of the blood stream into a nearby laminar waste stream.

Patterned SAMs
Photolithographic methods are useful in patterning SAMs. SAMs are also useful in depositing nanostructures, because each adsorbate molecule can be tailored to attract two different materials. Current techniques utilize the head to attract to a surface, like a plate of gold. The terminal group is then modified to attract a specific material like a particular nanoparticle, wire, ribbon, or other nanostructure. In this way, wherever the SAM is patterned to a surface there will be nanostructures attached to the tail groups. One example is the use of two types of SAMs to align single wall carbon nanotubes, SWNTs. Dip pen nanolithography was used to pattern a 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA)SAM and the rest of the surface was passivated with 1-octadecanethiol (ODT) SAM. The polar solvent that is carrying the SWNTs is attracted to the hydrophilic MHA; as the solvent evaporates, the SWNTs are close enough to the MHA SAM to attach to it due to Van der Waals forces. The nanotubes thus line up with the MHA-ODT boundary. Using this technique Chad Mirkin, Schatz and their co-workers were able to make complex two-dimensional shapes, a representation of a shape created is shown to the right. Another application of patterned SAMs is the functionalization of biosensors. The tail groups can be modified so they have an affinity for cells, proteins, or molecules. The SAM can then be placed onto a biosensor so that binding of these molecules can be detected. The ability to pattern these SAMs allows them to be placed in configurations that increase sensitivity and do not damage or interfere with other components of the biosensor.

Metal organic superlattices
There has been considerable interest in use of SAMs for new materials e.g. via formation of two- or three-dimensional metal organic superlattices by assembly of SAM capped nanoparticles or layer by layer SAM-nanoparticle arrays using dithiols. A detailed review on this subject using dithiols is given by Hamoudi and Esaulov

title: Self-assembled monolayer


text:
Talk:1991 Bangladesh cyclone

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kkearn7.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:01, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Date
Although the date I've seen has always been April 29, the cyclone is listed under April 30. With timezone changes and the continuous nature of cyclones it is likely that either date is correct. Most sources just say "April". Jdorje

 * The cyclone started crossing the Chittagong coastline at around 10 pm or so on 29 April, 1991. It continued through the whole night. As someone staying up all night holding our doors and windows while battling the wind and looking into whole houses blown away, the whole incident was a memorable one for me. The date is, correctly, both 29 april and 30 april. --Ragib 04:15, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Strength/pressure
The article says it had a pressure of 898 mbar at landfall. This came from a UK technical memorandum on the 1999 Orissa cyclone (listed in the external links), but it is mentioned there only in passing and is almost too low to be believed (I'm fairly positive this would qualify as the most intense recorded landfall anywhere). Jdorje 19:08, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * 898mbar pressure comes from Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimate. See Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 1991. However, in my opinion it is questionable whether Western Pacific scale can be used to estimate minimal central pressure of Indian Ocean cyclone (by comparison, WPac and Atlantic scales are totally different). Labor Day Hurricane made landfall at 892mb, and Gafilo made landfall at ~900mbar too. --Mikoyan21 13:09, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I knew about the Labor Day Hurricane of course. I guess I meant strongest mainland landfall. Jdorje 16:10, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Here is a pic of the storm. Not sure how to get it out of the PDF file...
 * https://metoc.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr/pdf/nio/02b.pdf

Todo
General copyedit, more on the aftermath/recovery, inline sources. Jdorje 05:55, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It will be really cool if someone can get the photo of "Shaktiman", the huge crane that smashed into the Karnaphuli Bridge and broke it into two halves. --Ragib 07:12, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Operation Sea Angel
Operation Sea Angel should be expanded or merged... — jdorje (talk) 03:24, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Naming
Why does this call this "Cyclone Marian"? And where does the "Cyclone Gorky" name come from, can the background on that be added to the article? — jdorje (talk) 03:26, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * No idea about the name Marian, but the "Gorky" name has been used by BBC, and others. --Ragib (talk) 04:13, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

I was looking up stuff about another unrelated catastrophe (Malpasset Dam Break), and the page that had info on it (meaning the dam; it was a French site) charted the deadliest incidents worldwide (Malpasset was in the lower rungs), but higher than it was "Cyclone Tropical Gorky" for this year. So overall, I'd safely say this cyclone's most used name is "Gorky". Jake52 My island 05:19, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://swissre.com/resources/dd6346004d4e9669ac76eecedd316cf3-sigma2_2009_e.pdf
 * In 1976 Tangshan earthquake on 2011-05-25 04:43:01, 404 Not Found
 * In 1991 Bangladesh cyclone on 2011-05-25 05:54:44, 404 Not Found
 * In 1976 Tangshan earthquake on 2011-06-06 21:38:38, 404 Not Found
 * In 1985–1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons on 2011-06-07 11:58:55, 404 Not Found
 * In 1991 Bangladesh cyclone on 2011-06-08 00:21:46, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 00:22, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://nirapad.org/care_nirapad/Home/Magazine/chronology/currentissue/html/news8.html
 * In 1991 Bangladesh cyclone on 2011-05-25 05:54:42, 404 Not Found
 * In 1991 Bangladesh cyclone on 2011-06-08 00:21:58, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 00:22, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.met-office.gov.uk/sec2/sec2cyclone/tcbulletins/05b.html
 * In 1991 Bangladesh cyclone on 2011-05-25 05:54:42, 400 Bad Request
 * In 1991 Bangladesh cyclone on 2011-06-08 00:22:08, 400 Bad Request

--JeffGBot (talk) 00:22, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 4
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://metoc.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr/pdf/nio/02b.pdf
 * In 1991 Bangladesh cyclone on 2011-05-25 05:54:42, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'
 * In 1991 Bangladesh cyclone on 2011-06-08 00:22:19, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'

--JeffGBot (talk) 00:22, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Seddon's source gathering

 * http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr.pdf
 * http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADG744.pdf
 * http://gurumia.com/2011/05/21/government-of-bangladesh-us-commemorate-operation/
 * http://web.archive.org/web/19980223104822/http://www.cdsar.af.mil/bookrev/smith1.html
 * http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FD2KzBG1ejwC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=Cyclone+Marian+bangladesh&source=bl&ots=kT5n-5kjMe&sig=yW549FCCqTEFHsmpmX7EGKjHK4c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LJmfUfvoBK6p0AGe-oG4Cg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cyclone%20Marian%20bangladesh&f=false
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20020828161244/http://nirapad.org/care_nirapad/Home/Magazine/chronology/currentissue/html/news8.html

Meteorological history/aftermath sections
Added citation to meteorological history because I didn't see one for the last two paragraphs. Also added information I thought was relevant to the aftermath section. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:1991_Bangladesh_cyclone&action=edit# — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kkearn7 (talk • contribs) 02:24, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:1991 Bangladesh cyclone


text:
Communist Party of the Valencian Country – Revolutionary Marxist

Communist Party of the Valencian Country (Revolutionary Marxist) (in Partido Comunista del País Valenciano - Marxista Revolucionario), was the regional affiliate of the Communist Party of Spain (Revolutionary Marxist) in the Valencian Community, Spain. This party disappeared when it merged with Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.