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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yu Cai Middle School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. ugen 64 21:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yucai high

 * del non-notable high school. Mikkalai 04:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as woefully incomplete two-sentence nanostub by non-native speaker. - Lucky 6.9 05:48, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC) Changing vote to keep the rewritten version.  Still stubbish, but I'm convinced there's enough online info available to justify keeping it. - Lucky 6.9 07:38, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a school that is notable by nature. This article needs some more Organic Growth. Is there a board of chinese wikipedian's who might be able to work on this article? The article should also be moved to Yu cai High School. Klonimus 07:47, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately it looks like organic growth is not going to be allowed in this case. Kappa 20:29, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Kappa, if you feel this article passes the Toowoomba Grammar School test, then list in on User:GRider/Schoolwatch. Klonimus 16:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, schoolcruft. Megan1967 08:23, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - BEEFSTEW score of 0. Thryduulf 10:15, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Not to invalidate your vote, but under the latest revision this article achieves a BEEFSTEW score of 6 (items A, B, D, F, H, and J) and still holds a great potential. —RaD Man (talk) 09:32, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep notable high school. What gave you the idea this was non-notable? Kappa 10:30, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Who gave you the idea that an average high school is notable? There should be a solid proof. Why teaching music makes in notable? What is "Yu cai" in Chinese? there may be plenty of reasons that the schools were named "yu cai". For all I know from Chinese, i.e., less than zero, it may mean "comprehensive school" or something. The article is useless as it is. Its existence in this form is bad precedence to pump millions of high, middle, secondary schools over the world without sufficient reason. With all due respect to the education system. Mikkalai 15:25, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Being founded as an experiment by a famous educator makes it notable, or at least important to the history of education in China, although I don't suppose wikipedia has any ambition to cover that. He only founded half-dozen or so schools. "Yu Cai" (育才) means something like "cultivate talent". Thanks you for clarifying that this important school is being deleted in order to prevent the addition of other schools. Kappa 19:19, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * All schools are worthy of inclusion into a truely great encyclopaedia. Klonimus 16:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't confuse the notions of deleting an article and disallowing an article. Many people believe that bad stubs actually do more harm that no stub at all. Please think what will person learn about thye school fom the text. If it is prominent, it must have a prominent article. Otherwise a person reads the article, just like me, and shrugs: "why is so much fuss about this school?" As for amition, no reason to be so pessymistic. If you care much about the subject, please drop a notice at the China-related topics notice board. If they will not address your concern, then alas... Mikkalai 20:04, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * They will learn that it was built by a prominent educator during wartime in a partially occupied country, and they will get some idea of the theories he was testing, and how influential it was. How can wikipedia grow if everything has to be created as a full-size article? Kappa 20:28, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I fully sympathize with your bitterness. I myself tried to defend a couple of miserable articles about things that looked important to me. But so far even the referenced link don't impress. From the link I see that it was one of numerous Tao's schools. From wikiarticle it is even unclear whether the school exists at all now. Google does give some hits, but it is not at all clear what are they. I suppose if I searched in chinese language, I'd got more. That's why I suggested you to talk to the Chinese board. Another issue is verifiability. You cannot base a wikipedia article on a short paragraph from another internet site. As for full-size, please don't overkill. No one requires a 1000 thousand text. Mikkalai 20:53, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This stub does enough to establish notability and proves that the subject deserves to be allowed organic growth. If it wasn't a school, it would be left alone. Kappa 21:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The referenced link isn't "a short paragraph on another internet site", it's a paragraph about halfway through a peer-reviewed journal article -- exactly the sort of reference we want. --Carnildo 22:23, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established. Radiant_* 12:35, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * When a notable band releases an album, that's generally considered notable enough for an article. When a notable author writes a book, that's generally considered notable enough for an article. But a prominent educationalist founding a school... doesn't establish anything. Kappa 21:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not exactly so. We don't have articles for every book, do we? A book establishes the notability of a person. Why don't we start from an article for the undisputably prominent educationalist Tao Xingzhi? If the text about this school in the Tao Xingzhi article will be long enough, no one will forbid you to make it into a separate article. Mikkalai 23:16, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * When an author's book is published, we generally agree that the author is notable - but we list the book in the author's main article unless there's something exceptional about the book. The same applies to schools - they are created by (the government of) a city or town. The city or town deserves an article. I hold that we should list the school in the city's main article unless there's something exceptional about the school. Radiant_* 08:00, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * If someone writes an article about a book by a notable author, we don't delete it, even if it's a stub and the author doesn't have an article. Also the fact that this is a prototype school not a "copycat" one makes it exceptional, a creative and influential work. Kappa 18:01, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete lots of good reasons already given. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:15, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete gibberish, notability not established. --InShaneee 19:08, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No longer gibberish thanks to Kappa, so I took the liberty to strike this out. Mikkalai 23:19, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable school with low BEEFSTEW score. Dave the Red (talk) 19:52, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * del or establish notability. as an experimental school that many others were based upon, it may be notable, but the article as it is fails to establish notability. BigFatDave 23:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails to establish notability. Jayjg (talk)  21:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just "making sure my voice is heard". —Korath (Talk) 22:09, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * That would be a "delete all schools, even the notable ones" vote then? Kappa 22:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Just the ones where there are attempts to pack the vote. —Korath (Talk) 22:46, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your honest reply. Kappa 22:50, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A quick Google search shows at least half a dozen schools named after it, so it seems to have been notable. --Carnildo 22:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Lincoln High School gives 123,000 hits, but we have only Abraham Lincoln High School (San Francisco) and don't have the very first one, probably long forgotten. Besides, what makes you think they are named "after it"? "Cultivate talent"-school (see explanations above) may well be a standard buzzword, kind of "Academy of Arts". Mikkalai 23:06, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The source says many schools are named after it. Kappa 00:02, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And still another source says that Tao founded Yucai Middle, not High. The article is extremely poor and unconfirmed. Mikkalai 00:17, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - its a high school, its notable, enough already with these repeated VfD's to make a point. EVEN JIMBO IS AGAINST DELETING SCHOOLS!  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 23:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you sure that this school exists at all? Mikkalai 00:17, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this Vfd was more because it was a substub and may not establish enough notability for people who haven't heard of Tao Xingzhi. Kappa 00:02, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, and reading unverifiable and contradictory info in wikipedia does not help to learn about nim. Mikkalai 00:17, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * —this has gone on long enough. It's OK though, the horse doesn't feel a thing.  —RaD Man (talk) 01:01, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, only because of the Li Peng connection. -- Dcfleck 03:40, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)
 * Delete, one notable graduate is not enough. Imagine millions of chinese schools aricles! Oh, the pain! Grue 19:37, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thankfully Wiki is not paper, so that isn't a problem. Klonimus 22:07, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How many notable graduates do you need? and would it be better if they were American, not Chinese? Kappa 22:16, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep T h e St ev e  21:20, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep as rewritten please Yuckfoo 01:31, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously. --Zero 04:01, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a notable school in China. -- M P er el ( talk 07:08, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A good encyclopedia article could be written on this subject. This is not it. A good encyclopedia article is not cobbled together from short mentions on a pair of websites. A good encyclopedia article does not leave one with the feeling "Is all of this true?" or "Does this place even exist?" Gamaliel 07:19, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's a lot better than the first stubs on some very big topics. Oliver Chettle 23:23, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Ejrrjs | What? 22:46, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - notable -CunningLinguist 02:03, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep There is a place on Wikipedia for schools. --ShaunMacPherson 03:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Houshuang 00:59, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.98.226.11

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.98.226.11


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Talk:Acoustic branding

Vfd
On April 7, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Acoustic branding for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 04:25, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * It may have been kept, but the page in its current state is still bloody awful. 24.240.34.82 01:40, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Acoustic branding - redirect
Dear all,

we were not involved in a vote in 2005 and do not accept the merging of Sound Branding into Acoustic Branding. We are a serious company that create sounds for brands. The term "Sound Branding" is used by major Sound Branding companies including Sonar Brand And Music, Meta Design and us, GROVES Sound Branding.

Our founder, John Groves, is widely accepted as an International pioneer of Sound Branding and his thoughts on the terminology are available under:

 * Sound Branding - a definition by John Groves.

It is our belief that a common terminology will eventually evolve and that in the meantime all terms - including Sonic Branding and Audio Branding - should be given an equal chance. Making Acoustic Branding a key term in Wikepedia would be tantamount to Knowledge Branding by favouring a terminology that may give a particular company a competitive edge, which is not the philosophy of Wikepedia.

I would be very grateful if you would take this into consideration and allow the knowledge on the Sound of a Brand be communicated as such. --Groves Hamburg 11:41, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Dear all,

before you make any changes again, please consider these facts from Google:

Hits: "sonic branding - 23.100", "sound branding - 10.500", "audio branding - 30.500" "acoustic branding - 2.300"

Google UK - Search November 2006

Nevertheless, the term „Sound“ works best in all connotations and is thus semantically most suitable as the umbrella term for everything hearable. “Audio” is also good, although it rules out anything mechanical – and is nowhere near as flexible as “sound”. “Sonic” is largely associated with the speed of sound, and the hearing of bats. Curiously enough, the term „Sonic Branding“ was „hip“ in the UK during the late 90´s but has since lost ground.--Groves Hamburg 14:23, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Ordinary Editors?
An unknown user writes there is an edit war between ordinary editors and Groves Hamburg? Well one of your "ordinary editors" might just be working for a branding agency - and the other bloke is probably his leader. Please...

So, to stay real, here´s how I see it:

Sound: The generic term for everything hearable - be it music, sound effects, ambient noise or the human voice. Although it is all encompassing, it suggests the source and the event itself, as opposed to the listening or hearing perspective.

Audio: The electronic reproduction of sound, especialy recorded.

Acoustic: The physical properties of a sound. Properties of a room, a space or an instrument. Can mean with out the aid of amplification

Sonic: The waves themselves - the qualities of sound referring its frequencies. e.g. bats, Concord as supersonic and medical Ultra-sonic machines.

Auditory / Auditive: Hearable as a connotation from “Listening”. The structure of sound from the recipient perspective

This is what we read - and it makes sense: "SOUND" is the word you're looking for! Cheers--Ylon707 18:30, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acoustic branding


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Talk:Gibraltar Trade Center

Vfd
On April 7, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Gibraltar Trade Center for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 04:26, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gibraltar Trade Center


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User talk:Endthefilibuster

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 04:28, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Endthefilibuster


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Talk:Composite monitor

Monitor
A monitor is a monitor. That one may be a "composite" monitor suggests that antoher can be a "composite, component" monitor simpoly because it accepts as input, both composite video and component video. Under this premise, a monitor with a DVI interface is a DVI monitor. DIV is the acronym for Digital Video Interface. Given this, there are three types of DVI connectors: DVI-A, DVI-D, DVI-I. DIV-A carries an analog signal -- odd, considering the connector name excludes analog by virtue of using the term "digital". (DIV-D: digital, DIV-I:integrated, which contains both.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.40.33.228 (talk) 21:47, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Typically a "composite monitor" is actually a specialised piece of equipment that doesn't accept other types of signals and is intended for a particular use - basically, displaying broadcast-standard video via a baseband signal connection, generally without a tuner, and sometimes even without sound, but giving as good an image as possible and often with much less overscan than a typical television (or even a degree of underscan). Generally quite boxy and bare-bones, too, intended to be stacked in a matrix arrangement (as per a multi-camera edit suite or monitoring station) or mounted in a fairly rudimentary mobile frame. Use of the standard for computer image display was a relatively short-lived affair, and was preceded and anteceded by its technical use in TV studios, CCTV etc (...and indeed few computer monitors that could accept composite video input were limited to it, most could take some kind of analogue and/or digital RGB input, so they're not really true "composite monitors", but computer monitors that include it as an option - some even later dropped the standard in favour of RGB alone even whilst retaining broadcast TV scan frequencies). A "composite monitor" isn't merely a computer monitor that happens to include composite video support, it is an actual device class in its own right, and one that's more widespread and identifiable than, say, an EGA monitor (and rather more of a fixed standard than yer generic SVGA monitor...). 87.114.192.128 (talk) 23:41, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Vfd
On April 7, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Composite monitor for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 04:29, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * We should see a picture of these composite cables this guy talks about, and coax for rf etc, not sure on the distinction. came here with "monitor cable" hoping to find the maximum cable length for a monitor, but boy does this page suck -- I'm glad it's tagged for improvement.

 * If you're searching wikipedia hoping that some random page is going to show you what a composite cable (or an RF-standard coaxial) looks like because you don't already know, you probably shouldn't be the person deciding what the maximum cable length your organisation should be using. They're only about the two most common video connector standards in the whole damn world, dude (which is why they're not illustrated, it's kind of assume you either know what they are, or have the presence of mind to click the relevant links and find out for yourself). Or at least the F-connector (coaxial RF aerial) and RCA (phono plug) versions are - your other choices being, if you're in a professional environment, the twist-grip BNC which resembles an F connector with a bayonet collar instead of a screw, and if your organisation tends to hang onto equipment for decades so long as it keeps working, the chunky UHF connector (a huge F-connector with an RCA sized centre pin).

 * In any case, it's most likely what YOU'RE actually after is the maximum length of a VGA, DVI or HDMI cable... which actually depends on your source and receiving equipment, quality and shielding of the cable, and the environment. But typically you wouldn't want to go beyond about 20 to 25 metres for VGA without a booster, and rather shorter lengths for the other two (I can't remember them offhand, I suggest either looking up their actual articles, or googling for them, providing you can tolerate how much such an onerous task sucks). One of the advantages of composite is that with a suitably shielded cable it can be run for 100 metres or more without necessarily needing a booster, and much further with a fairly simple signal amplifier (as it's both single-wire and somewhat lower frequency than the others)... albeit at a somewhat lower maximum quality. 87.114.192.128 (talk) 23:51, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Unintentionally funny?
"Often, video studios will use stand-alone composite monitors since people there don't watch much TV" 81.7.224.241 12:41, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Wait, what?
"monochrome Chrominance and Luminance" ... er, are you SURE about that?

Luminance is what's used by monochrome displays, and was all that B/W broadcasts transmitted. Chrominance is what's added on top of that signal to encode colour information for colour screens... 87.114.192.128 (talk) 23:55, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Composite monitor


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File:White rock creek dallas county texas.PNG

(modified PD-USGov-DOC-Census image) Street map of Dallas County, Texas showing White Rock Creek and White Rock Lake in red. Green-shaded regions delimit county boundaries.


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Talk:International Socialist Organisation (New Zealand)

Political party?
This group is currently categorised as a New Zealand political party. Is that appropriate? As I understand the ISO are a political advocacy / protest group, but are not a proper political party. -- FP 04:29, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * It may, perhaps, depend on one's definition. On the one hand, the ISO (in New Zealand, anyway) rejects Parliament as a possible route to power, and so it the group doesn't contest elections like most parties try to. On the other hand, I believe that it does nevertheless consider itself a workers' party in the revolutionary, mass movement sense. The "About" page at the ISO(NZ)'s official website, in the final paragraph, talks of the need for a "revolutionary socialist party", and says that the ISO is "beginning to build such a party". Personally, I would say that this is enough to include them in the them in the Political Parties in New Zealand category, but I could be mistaken. -- Vardion 05:39, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'd refer to it as a "Political Movement" - Also, why is there no picture? As a member of this organisation, I can provide our symbol. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.69.85.172 (talk) 12:46, 12 September 2014 (UTC)


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New Horizon (textbook)

New Horizon is an English language textbook used by junior high school students in Japan. It first came out in 1966. It is published by Tokyo Shoseki. There are three volumes, one for each of the three years of school. As of 2003, around 40% of schools were using New Horizon as their English textbook.

Characters
There are several characters whose adventures centered on the fictional Wakaba Junior High School inspire the books' grammar and vocabulary lessons. These characters, updated in the revised 2006 edition of the text, are as follows:
 * Judy Brown – An African-American girl from New York.
 * Emi Ito (伊藤 絵美 Itō Emi) – A young Japanese girl.
 * Shin Tanaka (田中 慎 Tanaka Shin) – A young Japanese boy.
 * Mike Davis – A young Australian.
 * Lisa – Ms. Green's sister who lives in Toronto, Canada.
 * Koji (浩司 Kōji) – Lisa's Japanese husband.
 * Bill – Ms. Green's little brother.
 * Bin – Koji's Chinese friend.

Their teachers are a Canadian Assistant Language Teacher (ALT) named Ann Green and Kazuko Sato (佐藤 和子 Satō Kazuko), a Japanese woman who is mostly ignored by the authors. The 2006 edition has only minor changes from the previous edition; e.g., there are T-shirts on sale instead of shoes, and the kids visit Canada instead of Australia.

In April 2016, new characters and visuals in the fictional Midori (green) High School are introduced:
 * Saki Andou (安藤咲 Andou Saki) – A first year student in the Judo (柔道) club.
 * Haruki Andou (安藤春樹 Andou Haruki) – Saki's older brother who studies in an Australian University.
 * Becky Jones – Born in Australia and met Saki during the school's cultural festival.
 * Kouta Ito (伊藤光太 Ito Kouta) – A first year student in the soccer club.
 * Emi Ito (伊藤絵美 Ito Emi) – Kouta's older sister.
 * Paulo Fernandes – Born in Brazil, the coach of the soccer team.
 * Deepa Mitra – Born in India, first year student. She loves music and is in the school's band.
 * Alex Green – Born in Canada, first year student. He joins the dance team of the Japanese culture club.

Their ALT is named Ellen Baker who was born in Boston, USA. Her brother Mike works in a Chinese cuisine restaurant in Japan. Mary Brown is her friend who also hails from Boston.

Popular culture
The appearance of Ellen Baker went viral, with much fan art causing concern to the original artist, prompting him to call for restraint on her fans.

title: New Horizon (textbook)


text: Category:Rivers of Scotland

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Pottawatomie massacre

The Pottawatomie massacre occurred on the night of May 24–25, 1856, in the Kansas Territory, United States. In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces on May 21, and the telegraphed news of the severe attack on Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers—some of them members of the Pottawatomie Rifles—responded violently. Just north of Pottawatomie Creek, in Franklin County, they abducted and killed five pro-slavery settlers in front of their families, which included several children. One teenage son of one of the settlers was also abducted by Brown and his fellow perpetrators, but was ultimately spared.

This soon became the most famous of the many violent episodes of the "Bleeding Kansas" period, during which a state-level civil war in the Kansas Territory was described as a "tragic prelude" to the American Civil War which soon followed. "Bleeding Kansas" involved conflicts between pro- and anti-slavery settlers over whether the Kansas Territory would enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. It has also been described as John Brown's most questionable and controversial act, both to his friends and his enemies. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass described the incident as "a terrible remedy for a terrible malady."

Background
John Brown was particularly affected by the sacking of Lawrence, in which the Douglas County Sheriff Samuel Jones on May 21 led a posse that destroyed the presses and type of the Kansas Free State and the Herald of Freedom, Kansas's two abolitionist newspapers, the fortified Free State Hotel, and the house of Charles Robinson. He was the free-state militia commander-in-chief and leader of the "free state" government, established in opposition to the pro-slavery territorial government, based in Lecompton.

A Douglas County grand jury had ordered the attack because the hotel "had been used as a fortress" and an "arsenal" the previous winter, and the "seditious" newspapers were indicted because "they had urged the people to resist the enactments passed" by the territorial governor. The violence against abolitionists was accompanied by celebrations in the pro-slavery press, with writers such as Dr. John H Stringfellow of the Squatter Sovereign proclaiming that pro-slavery forces "are determined to repel this Northern invasion and make Kansas a Slave State; though our rivers should be covered with the blood of their victims and the carcasses of the Abolitionists should be so numerous in the territory as to breed disease and sickness, we will not be deterred from our purpose."

Brown was outraged by both the violence of pro-slavery forces and by what he saw as a weak and cowardly response by the anti-slavery partisans and the Free State settlers, whom he described as "cowards, or worse". In addition, two days before this massacre, Brown learned about the caning of abolitionist Charles Sumner by the pro-slavery Preston Brooks on the floor of Congress.

Attack
A Free State company under the command of John Brown Jr. set out, and the Osawatomie company joined them. On the morning of May 22, 1856, they heard of the sack of Lawrence and the arrest of Deitzler, Brown, and Jenkins. However, they continued their march toward Lawrence, not knowing whether their assistance might still be needed, and encamped that night near Ottawa Creek. They remained in the vicinity until the afternoon of May 23, at which time they decided to return home.

On May 23, John Sr. selected a party to accompany him on a private expedition. John Jr. objected to their leaving his company, but seeing that his father was unyielding, he consented, telling him to "do nothing rash." The company consisted of John Brown, four of his sons—Frederick, Owen, Salmon, and Oliver—Thomas Wiener, and James Townsley (who claimed later that Brown had forced him to participate in the incident), whom John had induced to carry the party in his wagon to their proposed field of operations.

They encamped that night between two deep ravines on the edge of the timber, some distance to the right of the main traveled road. There they remained unobserved until the following evening of May 24. The party left their hiding place sometime after dark and proceeded on their "secret expedition". Late in the evening, they called at the house of James P. Doyle and ordered him and his two adult sons, William and Drury, to go with them as prisoners. (Doyle's 16-year-old son, John, who was not a member of the pro-slavery Law and Order Party, was spared after his mother pleaded for his life.) The three men were escorted by their captors out into the darkness, where Owen Brown and his brother Frederick killed them with broadswords. John Brown Sr. did not participate in the stabbing but fired a shot into the head of the fallen James Doyle to ensure he was dead.

Brown and his band then went to the house of Allen Wilkinson and ordered him out. He was slashed and stabbed to death by Henry Thompson and Theodore Wiener, possibly with help from Brown's sons. From there, they crossed the Pottawatomie and, sometime after midnight, forced their way into the cabin of James Harris at swordpoint. Harris had three house guests: John S. Wightman, Jerome Glanville, and William Sherman, the brother of Henry Sherman ("Dutch Henry"), a militant pro-slavery activist. Glanville and Harris were taken outside for interrogation and asked whether they had threatened Free State settlers, aided Border Ruffians from Missouri, or participated in the sack of Lawrence. Satisfied with their answers, Brown's men let Glanville and Harris return to the cabin. William Sherman, however, was led to the edge of the creek and hacked to death with swords by Wiener, Thompson, and Brown's sons.

Having learned at Harris's cabin that "Dutch Henry", their main target in the expedition, was away from home on the prairie, they ended the expedition. They returned to the ravine where they had previously encamped. They rejoined the Osawatomie company on the night of May 25.

In the two years before the massacre, there had been eight killings in Kansas Territory attributable to slavery politics, and none in the vicinity of the massacre. Brown killed five in a single night, and the massacre was the match to the powder keg that precipitated the bloodiest period in "Bleeding Kansas" history, three months of retaliatory raids and battles in which 29 people died.

Impact
The Pottawatomie massacre was called by William G. Cutler, author of the History of the State of Kansas (1883), the "crowning horror" of the whole Bleeding Kansas period. "The news of the horrid affair spread rapidly over the Territory, carrying with it a thrill of horror, such as the people, used as they had become to deeds of murder, had not felt before. ...The news of the event had a deeper significance than appeared in the abstract atrocity of the act itself. ...It meant that the policy of extermination or abject submission, so blatantly promulgated by the pro-slavery press, and proclaimed by pro-slavery speakers, had been adopted by their enemies, and was about to be enforced with appalling earnestness. It meant that there was a power opposed to the pro-slavery aggressors, as cruel and unrelenting as themselves. It meant henceforth, swift retaliation—robbery for robbery—murder for murder— that "he who taketh the sword shall perish by the sword."

Kansas Senator John James Ingalls in 1884 stated with approval the judgment of a Free State settler: "He was the only man who comprehended the situation, and saw the absolute necessity for some such blow, and had the nerve to strike it." This resulted from the men killed being leaders in a conspiracy to "drive out, bum and kill; and that Potawatomie Creek was to be cleared of every man, woman and child who was for Kansas being a free state."

According to Brown's son Salmon, who participated, it was "the grandest thing that was ever done in Kansas".

Debate over Brown's role and motivation
John Brown was evasive about his role in the massacre, but in Kansas Territory, his role was no secret. A United States congressional committee investigating the troubles in Kansas Territory identified Brown as the chief perpetrator. Nonetheless, following John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, there was a widespread denial of Brown's involvement in the Eastern abolitionist press. Brown's first biographer, James Redpath, denied Brown's presence at the murders.

Defenders of Brown argue that the raid was in retaliation for their hanging of a free-state man, for the murder of Brown's brother, for the murder of one of Brown's sons and arrest of another, for the burning of the free-state settlement at Osawatomie, and outrages upon Brown's wife and daughter, although critics dispute these events happened. The revisionist history around John Brown, much of it motivated by Lost Cause of the Confederacy ideology, has, in turn, been called into question.

In response to those that argued the attack was motivated by the threats of violence by the pro-slavery targets of the attack, the governor of Kansas, Charles Robinson, stated:

When it is known that such threats were as plenty as blue-berries in June, on both sides, all over the Territory, and were regarded as of no more importance than the idle wind, this indictment will hardly justify midnight assassination of all pro-slavery men, whether making threats or not... Had all men been killed in Kansas who indulged in such threats, there would have been none left to bury the dead.

However, Robinson also said:

"They [the killings at Pottawatomie] had the effect of a clap of thunder from a clear sky. The slave men stood aghast. The officials were frightened at this new move on the part of the supposed subdued free men. This was a warfare they were not prepared to wage, as of the bona fide settlers there were four free men to one slave man."

According to Senator Ingalls:

"I did not know of a settler of '56 but what regarded it as amongst the most fortunate events in the history of Kansas. It saved the lives of the Free-State men on the Creek, and those who did the act were looked upon as deliverers."

title: Pottawatomie massacre


text:
Spokane Symphony

The Spokane Symphony is a 70-piece professional orchestra based in Spokane, WA that performs more than 65 concerts per year for more than 150,000 listeners. It was originally incorporated in 1945 as the Spokane Philharmonic before being renamed the Spokane Symphony in 1962.

The first concert was held on December 18, 1945 at the Masonic Temple at 8:30 pm, and was conducted by Harold Paul Whelan.

The regular season includes a ten-concert Masterworks series (Saturday evenings and Sunday afternoons), six Pops performances (including two Holiday Pops performances in December) and a fully staged Nutcracker Ballet each holiday season, in addition to the new Movies & Music series which showcases the Symphony playing the score live with selected popular movies.

The vast majority of its concerts are performed in the newly renovated Martin Woldson Theater at The Fox. A Chamber Soiree Series began in 2000 and moved to the Theater stage for the 2019-2020 season.

The Spokane Symphony outreach efforts provide musical experiences for more than 30,000 students and include affordable pricing for families and active duty military. Many concerts are also broadcast on 91.1 KPBX-FM. The Spokane Symphony offers Labor Day Weekend concerts at Pavilion Park in Liberty Lake (Saturday) and Comstock Park on Spokane’s South Hill (Monday), with a program of classics, patriotic tunes and favorites from the worlds of pop, Hollywood and Broadway.

The Symphony's current conductors are James Lowe (music director), Morihiko Nakahara (resident conductor), and Jorge Luis Uzcátegui (assistant conductor).

Music Directors
The musical directors of the Spokane Symphony have been:

 * 1) Harold Paul Whelan (1945-1961)
 * 2) Donald Thulean (1962-1984)
 * 3) Gunther Schuller (1984-1985)
 * 4) Bruce Ferden (1985-1991)
 * 5) Vakhtang Jordania (1991-1993)
 * 6) Fabio Mechetti (1993-2004, Conductor Laureate)
 * 7) Eckart Preu (2004–2019)
 * 8) James Lowe (2019–present)

title: Spokane Symphony


text:
Talk:Peritrope

Vfd
On April 7, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Peritrope for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 04:35, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peritrope


text:
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a minimally invasive procedure performed in interventional radiology to restrict a tumor's blood supply. Small embolic particles coated with chemotherapeutic drugs are injected selectively through a catheter into an artery directly supplying the tumor. These particles both block the blood supply and induce cytotoxicity, attacking the tumor in several ways.

The radiotherapeutic analogue (combining radiotherapy with embolization) is called radioembolization or selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT).

Clinical trials determine what type of therapy is generally most successful for treating any particular type of tumor. Panels of physicians, such as the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, determine what therapies to recommend for a given tumor type based on the outcomes of these trials. Although in theory TACE can be applied to any tumor, currently TACE is used primarily for tumors of the liver.

Principles
TACE of liver tumors derives its beneficial effect by two primary mechanisms. Most tumors within the liver are supplied by the proper hepatic artery, so arterial embolization preferentially interrupts the tumor's blood supply and stalls growth until neovascularization. Secondly, focused administration of chemotherapy allows for delivery of a higher dose to the tissue while simultaneously reducing systemic exposure, which is typically the dose-limiting factor. This effect is potentiated by the fact that the chemotherapeutic drug is not washed out from the tumor vascular bed by blood flow after embolization. Effectively, this results in a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time.

Park et al. conceptualized carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a multistep process involving parenchymal arterialization, sinusoidal capillarization, and development of unpaired arteries (a vital component of tumor angiogenesis). All these events lead to a gradual shift in tumor blood supply from portal to arterial circulation. This concept has been validated using dynamic imaging modalities by various investigators. Sigurdson et al. demonstrated that, when an agent was infused via the hepatic artery, intratumoral concentrations were ten times greater compared to when agents were administered through the portal vein. Hence, arterial treatment targets the tumor while normal liver is relatively spared. Embolization induces ischemic necrosis of tumor causing a failure of the transmembrane pump, resulting in a greater absorption of cytotoxic agents by the tumor cells. Tissue concentration of agents within the tumor is greater than 40 times that of the surrounding normal liver.

Therapeutic applications
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization has most widely been applied to hepatocellular carcinoma for patients who are not eligible for surgery. TACE has been shown to increase survival in patients with intermediate HCC by BCLC criteria. It has also been used as an alternative to surgery for resectable early stage HCC and in patients with regional recurrence of the tumor after previous resection. TACE may also be used to downstage HCC in patients who exceed the Milan criteria for liver transplantation. Other treated malignancies include neuroendocrine tumors, ocular melanoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and sarcoma. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization plays a palliative role in patients with metastatic colon carcinoma. There is a possible benefit for liver-dominant metastases from other primary malignancies.

Procedure
TACE is an interventional radiology procedure performed in the angiography suite. The procedure involves gaining percutaneous transarterial access by the Seldinger technique to the hepatic artery with an arterial sheath, usually by puncturing the common femoral artery in the right groin and passing a catheter guided by a wire through the abdominal aorta, through the celiac trunk and common hepatic artery, and finally into the branch of the proper hepatic artery supplying the tumor. The interventional radiologist then performs a selective angiogram of the celiac trunk and possibly the superior mesenteric artery to identify the branches of the hepatic artery supplying the tumor(s) and threads smaller, more selective catheters into these branches. This is done to maximize the amount of the chemotherapeutic dose that is directed to the tumor and minimize the amount of the chemotherapeutic agent that could damage the normal liver tissue.

When a blood vessel supplying the tumor has been selected, alternating doses of the chemotherapy dose and of embolic particles, or an infusion of embolic particles containing the chemotherapy agent, are injected through the catheter.

The physician removes the catheter and access sheath, applying pressure to the entry site to prevent bleeding. The patient must lie stationary for several hours after the procedure to allow the punctured artery to heal. The clinician can apply pressure using a Femostop or close the artery using a vascular sealing device. The patient will often be kept overnight for observation and will likely be discharged the following day. The procedure is normally followed up with a CT scan several weeks later to check the response of the tumor to the procedure.

Agents
Lipiodol – mixed with chemotherapeutic agents (Lipiodol is nonocclusive, combined with Gelfoam, Ivalon, or other particles)

Drug eluting particles – slow, sustained release of loaded drug locally with embolic effect leading to tumor ischemia
 * Polyvinyl alcohol microspheres – loaded with doxorubicin
 * Superabsorbent polymer microspheres – loaded with doxorubicin
 * Gelatin microspheres – loaded with cisplatin

EmboCept S - made up of Degradable Starch Microspheres (DSM). It can be mixed with low volume chemotherapeutic agents such as Doxorubicin and Mitomycin and high volume chemotherapeutic agents such as Cisplatin and Irinotecan to be administered into a subject. It is a short-acting, thus will be degraded after two hours after procedure, limiting the risk of ischemia to other healthy liver cells.

Epirubicin

Other types of cancer besides liver cancer
TACE has also been used to treat people with
 * lung primary cancer or metastases.
 * head and neck cancer.

Adverse effects
As with any interventional procedure, there is a small risk of hemorrhage and/or damage to blood vessels. Pseudoaneurysm can develop at the site of puncture in the femoral artery. During this procedure contrast media is utilized, to which patients may develop an allergic reaction. Symptomatic hypothyroidism may result from the high retained iodine load of the contrast. Off-target delivery of embolic agents such as reflux into healthy surrounding tissue is a potential side effect that may cause complications such as ulceration of the gut or cholecystitis. Specialized techniques and devices may decrease the risk. TACE induces tumor necrosis in more than 50% of patients; the resulting necrosis releases cytokines and other inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream. A self-limiting postembolization syndrome of pain, fever, and malaise may occur due to hepatocyte and tumor necrosis. Transaminases may elevate 100-fold, and a leukemoid reaction is not uncommon.

Intrahepatic abscess (treated by percutaneous drainage) and gallbladder ischemia are extremely rare. Rising bilirubin is a warning sign of irreversible hepatic necrosis, generally occurring in the setting of cirrhosis. In an effort to reduce the likelihood of significant hepatic toxicity, chemoembolization should be restricted to a single lobe or major branch of the hepatic artery at one time. The patient may be brought back after 1 month, once toxicities and abnormal chemistries have resolved, to complete the procedure in the opposite lobe. Retreatment of new lesions may be necessary, if patients fulfill the original eligibility criteria.

History
In 1972, surgical ligation of the hepatic artery was first used to treat recurrent hepatic tumors followed by infusion of 5-fluorouracil into the portal vein. Due to the liver's dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein, interruption of the flow through the hepatic artery was demonstrated to be safe in patients. Tumor embolization eventually developed, blocking the vascular supply to a tumor by primarily endovascular approaches. The application of angiography with embolization followed, and the administration of chemotherapeutic agents with embolic particles evolved into transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.


text:
Invisible hand (disambiguation)

Invisible hand is a term used by Adam Smith to describe the basis of the self-regulating nature of the marketplace.

Invisible hand may also refer to:

 * Invisible Hand (TV series), a 1960s and 1970s Polish public television series
 * Invisible Hand (Star Wars), the flagship of General Grievous in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
 * The Invisible Hand (play), a 2012 play by Ayad Akhtar
 * The Invisible Hand (serial), a 1920 American silent film serial
 * "The Invisible Hand" (The Spectacular Spider-Man), a television episode

title: Invisible hand (disambiguation)


text:
Chu Ci

The Chu Ci, variously translated as Verses of Chu, Songs of Chu, or Elegies of Chu, is an ancient anthology of Chinese poetry including works traditionally attributed mainly to Qu Yuan and Song Yu from the Warring States period, as well as a large number of works composed during the Han dynasty several centuries later. The traditional version of the Chu Ci contains 17 major sections, anthologized with its current contents by Wang Yi, a 2nd-century AD librarian who served under Emperor Shun of Han. Classical Chinese poetry prior to the Qin dynasty is largely known through the Chu Ci and the Classic of Poetry.

Background

The Chu Ci was named after a form of poetry that originated in the State of Chu, which was located in what is now central China, but was then in the southern fringe of the Chinese cultural area. The territory of Chu was known for its blend of culture from the Central Plain, or "north", with other cultural influences, associated with the "south". Thus, north Chinese sometimes viewed the Chu as part of "the south", which had a reputation for various exotic features. The Chu Ci verses characteristically strongly feature the presence of the exotic. A Chinese form of shamanism was prominent in Chu, and a large number of the Chu Ci verses describe "spirit journeys". However, southern influence was extremely insignificant, only limited to the ideas of shamanism and burial objects which were from the south; other than that literature, poetry, clothing and architecture all remained northern.

Other references to the exotic include encounters with various magical or fragrant plants and interaction with various spirits and deities, and travel to various exotic locations, such as the heavens, the ends of the earth, Bactria, and the Mount Kunlun of mythology.

The collection of poems by Qu Yuan and Song Yu are included in the Chu Ci, as well as works by other Chu poets (or poets writing in the Chu style), represent a certain development of an older tradition which eventually achieved a period of popularity and imperial favor during the Western Han dynasty. The Book of Han noted 106 Chu poets with 1,318 compositions. Many established Han poets also wrote in the Chu Ci style, producing their fair share of notable poems: the term Chu Ci can generically refer to the type of verse in this formal style of this type of verse. Other Chu Ci style verses were written, including some which survive, but are not generally included in the standard anthology. Wang Yi made an extensive commentary on the Chu Ci, as well as appending his own "Nine Longings", as the seventeenth and final section.

Authorship and editing
Although Chu ci is an anthology of poems by many poets, Qu Yuan was its central figure, both as author of The Lament section and in the persona of protagonist. There are various other authors which are also thought to have written various sections of the Chu Ci, as well as some sections which may derive from some traditional source. Various scholarly sources propose solutions for who wrote what, in the Chu Ci, with more doubt or questions about some sections than others. Besides the actual authorship of the diverse material of the Chu Ci, another scholarly concern is in regard to the history of who and when these pieces were collected and anthologized into one work, and also what other editorial work was done. Besides the authorship of the actual content, much commentary has been written in regard to the Chu Ci, some of which is traditionally incorporated into the printed editions.

Qu Yuan

The name "Qu Yuan" does not occur in any text prior to the Han dynasty (202 BC – AD220). According to common tradition, Qu Yuan was an administrative official in the court of King Huai of Chu (r. 328–299 BC) who advocated forming an alliance with the other states against the increasingly dominant power of the Qin kingdom, during the Warring States period; however, his advice was not taken and he was slandered by other officials in court: seeing the corruption of his colleagues and the inability of his king to appreciate his true worth, Qu Yuan went into exile and then finally committed suicide by wading into the Miluo River with a heavy rock, when Qin general Bo Qi sacked the Chu capital, Ying, 278 BC, forcing the royal court to relocate with considerable loss of territory. It is also traditionally said that it is in remembrance of the circumstances of Qu Yuan's death that the annual Dragon boat races are held.

During his days of exile, Qu Yuan is thought to have written The Lament. The authorship, as in many a case of ancient literature, can be neither confirmed nor denied. Written in 373 verses containing 2490 characters, The Lament is a long Chinese poem.

Also, among the other Chu Ci works sometimes attributed to Qu Yuan, the Jiu Ge ("Nine Songs") exemplify shamanic literature in China. (See Arthur Waley, The Nine Songs: A Study of Shamanism in Ancient China.)

Authorship
The traditional view of the Chu Ci, which went largely unchallenged until the 20th century, was that Qu Yuan wrote about half of the pieces in the Chu Ci, with the other half being ascribed to other poets associated with him or writing in his style. Modern scholars have devoted long studies to the question of the Chu Ci pieces' authorship, but there is no consensus on which may actually be by Qu Yuan himself.

Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian mentions five of Qu Yuan's works: The Lament (or "Encountering Sorrow"), Tian Wen, Zhao Hun ("Summoning of the Soul"), Ai Ying ("Lament for Ying"), Huai Sha.

According to Wang Yi of the Eastern Han dynasty, a total of 25 works can be attributed to Qu Yuan: The Lament, Jiu Ge (consisting of 11 pieces), Heavenly Questions (Tian Wen), Jiu Zhang (all 9 pieces), Yuan You, Pu Ju, and Yu Fu.

Wang Yi chose to attribute Zhao Hun to another contemporary of Qu Yuan, Song Yu; most modern scholars, however, consider Zhao Hun to be Qu Yuan's original work, whereas Yuan You, Pu Ju, and Yu Fu are believed to have been composed by others. Similarly, Wang's attribution of the Qijian to Dongfang Shuo is suspect.

Anthology
There are questions or uncertainties as to how the Chu Ci came to be collected into its present form; however, at least some outlines of this historical process have been presented in scholarly literature. Another important aspect of Chu Ci studies is the editorial history. One regard is the order in which the various titles appear. There are also reasons to believe that some of the sections (juan) were subject to editing for various reasons, including to suit the verses to theatrical performance and due to the nature of the textual process of ancient China, involving writing lines of text on individual bamboo strips which were bound together, but when the bindings broke were subject to editorial decisions as to what their original order was.

Wang Yi's selections of certain specific verses to anthologize in the modern Chu Ci has remained standard since its publication, towards the end of the Han dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, Liu Xiang apparently arranged and compiled the poems of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, likely working from an earlier compilation by Liu An, as well as those of Han poets including Wang Bao, Jia Yi, Yan Ji (嚴忌) and Liu Xiang himself into the Chu Ci anthology as it is known today.

One of the important aspects of the Chu Ci is the body of commentary in this regard. Much of the initial surviving annotation of the standard editions of the Chu Ci was provided by Wang Yi, the Han royal librarian.

Contents

The Chu Ci consists of seventeen main sections, in standard versions, with some accompanying commentary standard. Chu Ci begins with "Li Sao", a poem which assumes biographical material about Qu Yuan with his relationship with the person of King Huai, ruler of Chu. Critics historically often interpret the "Li Sao" as political allegory, yet religious and mythological aspects arise, which derive from the culture of Chu. The second section, in standard modern order, the "Jiu Ge", despite its title translating to "Nine songs", actually includes eleven discrete parts. These seem to represent some shamanistic dramatic practices of the Yangzi River valley area involving the invocation of divine beings and seeking their blessings by means of a process of courtship. "Heavenly Questions" ("Tian Wen"), also known as Questions to Heaven, addressed to Tian (or "Heaven"), consists of series of questions, 172 in all, in verse format. The series of questions asked involves Chinese mythology and ancient Chinese religious beliefs. In general, the text of the Heavenly Questions asks questions; but, the text does not include answers, except, in some cases, in hints.

"Nine Pieces" ("Jiu Zhang") consists of nine pieces of poetry, one of which is the "Lament for Ying" ("Ai Ying"). Ying was the name of one of the traditional capital cities of Qu Yuan's homeland of Chu (eventually, Ying and Chu even became synonymous). However, both the city of Ying and the entire state of Chu itself experienced doom due to the expansion of the state of Qin, which ended up consolidating China at the expense of the other former independent states: including Qu Yuan's home state. "Jiu Zhang" includes a total of nine pieces (Text in Chinese: 九章).

Also included are "Far-off Journey" ("Yuan You") (遠遊), "Divination" "Bu Ju" (卜居), "The Fisherman" "Yu Fu" (漁父), "Nine Changes" (九辯), "Summons of the Soul" "(Zhao Hun)" (招魂), "The Great Summons" (大招), "Sorrow for Troth Betrayed" (惜誓), "Summons for a Recluse" (招隱士), "Seven Remonstrances" (七諫), "Alas That My Lot Was Not Cast" (哀時命), "Nine Regrets", consisting of nine sections (九懷), "Nine Laments" (九歎), and "Nine Longings" (九思).

Poetic qualities
The poems and pieces of the Chu ci anthology vary, in formal poetic style. Chu ci includes varying metrics, varying use of exclamatory particles, and the varying presence of the luan (envoi). The styles of the Chu Ci compare and contrast with the poems of the Shi Jing anthology (Book of Songs, or "Song" style), with the typical Han poetry styles, and with Qu Yuan's style in The Lament.

Song style
Some Chuci poems use the typical Book of Songs (Shijing) four syllable line, with its four equally stressed syllables:
 * tum tum tum tum

This is sometimes varied by the use of a pronoun or nonce word in the fourth (or final) place, in alternate lines, thus weakening the stress of the fourth syllable of the even lines:
 * tum tum tum ti

where "tum" stands for a stressed syllable and "ti" stands for the unstressed nonce syllable of choice. Heavenly Questions (Tian wen), Summons of the Soul (Zhao hun), and The Great Summons (Da Zhao) all have metrical characteristics typical of the Shijing. Generally, the Shijing style (both in Shijing and in Chuci) groups these lines into rhymed quatrains. Thus, the standard building block of the Song style poetry is a quatrain with a heavy, thumping sound quality:

 * tum tum tum tum
 * tum tum tum tum
 * tum tum tum tum
 * tum tum tum tum

The variant song style verse (one type of "7-plus") used seven stressed (or accented) syllables followed by an unstressed (or weakly accented) final syllable on alternate (even) lines:

 * tum tum tum tum
 * tum tum tum ti
 * tum tum tum tum
 * tum tum tum ti

"Heavenly Questions" shares the prosodic features typical of Shijing: four character lines, a predominant tendency toward rhyming quatrains, and occasional alternation by using weak (unstressed) line final syllables in alternate lines.

The "Great Summons" and the "Summons for the Soul" poetic form (the other kind of "7-plus") varies from this pattern by uniformly using a standard nonce word refrain throughout a given piece, and that alternating stressed and unstressed syllable finals to the lines has become the standard verse form. The nonce word used as a single-syllable refrain in various ancient Chinese classical poems varies: (according to modern pronunciation), "Summons for the Soul" uses xie and the "Great Summons" uses zhi (and the "Nine Pieces" uses xi). Any one of these unstressed nonce words seem to find a similar role in the prosody. This two line combo:
 * [first line:] tum tum tum tum; [second line:] tum tum tum ti

tends to produce the effect of one, single seven character line with a caesura between the first four syllables and the concluding three stressed syllables, with the addition of a weak nonsense refrain syllable final
 * tum tum tum tum [caesura] tum tum tum ti.

Han-style lyrics
Within the individual songs or poems of the "Nine Pieces", lines generally consist of various numbers of syllables, separated by the nonce word. In this case, the nonce word of choice is 兮 (, Old Chinese: *gˤe). This, as opposed to the four-character verse of the Shi Jing, adds a different rhythmic latitude of expression.

Sao style
Some verses tend towards the sao style, based on imitation of "The Lament". The sao style features long line lengths optimized for poetic oral recitation, with a concluding luan (or, envoi).

The scholar and translator David Hawkes divides the verses of what seem to be of the earlier (pre-Han era), into two types, each type being characterized by one of two characteristic metrical forms (with the exception of the mixed poetry and prose narratives of the "Divination" and of "The Fisherman").

Direct influences of the Chu Ci verses can be seen in the saoti (騷體) style of prosody as seen in the "Epilog" of the Cantong qi (the "Luanci", 亂辭), and in anthologies such as the Guwen Guanzhi. Furthermore, the verses of the Chu Ci would have been recited using distinctive linguistic features of the Chu version of Chinese language, together with various rare characters, which together with some of the vocabulary and the characters themselves also vary from the typical northern literature; thus, the poems of the Chu Ci remain as a major factor in the study of Classical Chinese poetry, cultural, and linguistic history, and the various poems or prose-poems influenced subsequent literature, including other Han poetry, and subsequent Classical Chinese poetry.

Mythology and religion
Not only have the various poems or prose-poems influenced subsequent literature, but the contents of this material are a major primary source for historical information about the culture and religious beliefs in the territorial area of the former Kingdom of Chu. Some sections of the Chu songs consist of especially dense mythological material, such as the "Heavenly Questions". More general religious or philosophical questions such as regarding the existence of spirit receive some poetic treatment in the Chu Ci.

Beasts and beings
Information on mythological beings in early Chinese mythology is often based upon references from the Chu Ci as one of a few surviving primary sources from ancient times: among which are references to the ambiguously horned dragon (qiulong), crocodilian dragon (jiaolong), the immortal xian and zhenren of later Daoist fame, the giant bashe serpent, the hong rainbow dragon, the feilong flying dragon, and the zhulong Torch Dragon. Also, information of the meaning of and in regard to the Chinese characters used for the teng, the shi and chi also has been derived using the Chu Ci as a primary source.

Myths
The myths of Nüwa, Tian, the ancient sovereign Shun, and the Great Flood are among those importantly receiving treatment in the Chu Ci material. Among these are materials relating to the Xiang River goddesses and the legendary tale of how spotted bamboo got its spots.

Shamanism
The contents of the Chu Ci are a major primary source for historical information about the culture and religious beliefs in the territorial area of the former Kingdom of Chu. The beliefs reflected in these poems seem to be related to the beliefs of the preceding Shang and the Zhou dynasties; but, yet to have retained indications of shamanistic practices. Themes of flight or excursion are typical of shamanism and are frequently encountered throughout the Chu Ci verses. Both "Encountering Sorrow" and the "Nine Songs" share a floral symbolism together with flights through the air involving intimate meetings with divine beings.

Later history
The Chuci material, or at least some of it, has been a major influence on Classical Chinese poetry in multiple genres. It has also been translated into a number of other languages, including English, which has extended its influence even further.

Prominence
The Chu Ci never became a canonical work, not in the sense as did the Shi Jing. As David Hawkes puts it, "[t]he Chu Ci poems, however popular, belonged to no canon, dealt in matters that were outlandish and unorthodox, and originated outside of the area of sanctified Western Zhou tradition." However, part of the Chu Ci tradition includes a Confucian outlook, glorifying the loyal minister who prefers death over compromising his integrity. Following its publication during the Han, the Chu Ci was subject to various editorial treatment, including various commentaries and editions. The order in which the sections of the Chu ci are currently generally arranged was established through editorial re-arrangement during or following the tenth or eleventh century. However, this is not true of The Lament. In the Wang Yi edition, it is titled "Lisaojing". The other works of the Chu Ci generally fall in the category of exegesis or amplification upon the original "classic" text.

The influence of the Chu Ci projects itself through the works of poets, including Jia Yi, Shen Quanqi, Zhang Yue, Du Fu, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, and Su Shi.

Translation into English
In addition to the translations by David Hawkes cited above, translations into English include:

 * Hawkes, David (translator). Chapter 5 in J. Minford & J. S. M. Lau (Eds.) (2000). Classical Chinese Literature: An Anthology of Translations, Vol. I: From Antiquity to the Tang Dynasty. New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-09676-3.
 * Williams, Nicholas Morrow (2022). Elegies of Chu: An Anthology of Early Chinese Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-198-81831-1.
 * Sun Dayu (translator). (2007). Selected Poems of Chu Yuan (Chinese-English edition). Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press, ISBN 978-7-5446-0459-8.
 * Waters, Geoffrey R. Three Elegies of Ch'u: an Introduction to the Traditional Interpretation of the Ch'u Tz'u. University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-299-10030-8.
 * Gladys Yang and Xianyi Yang, Chu ci Xuan Selected Elegies of the State of Chu. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2001. ISBN 7-119-02890-1.
 * Fusheng Wu, "Sao Poetry," pp. 36–58, in Zong-Qi Cai, ed.,  How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press,  2008 ISBN 978-0-231-13940-3. Background on the poems and their form; side by side columns of Chinese characters, pinyin pronunciation, and English translations for "The Lord of the Xiang River" (attrib. Qu Yuan), "The Lady of the Xiang River" (attrib. Qu Yuan), and "On Encountering Trouble" (Qu Yuan). ISBN 9780231511889
 * Xu, Yuanchong (translator). Elegies of the South. 2008. ISBN 978-7-5001-2022-3

Authors

 * Liu An
 * Liu Xiang (scholar)
 * Qu Yuan
 * Song Yu
 * Wang Yi (librarian)
 * Zhuang Ji

title: Chu Ci


text:
Triquetrum

Triquetrum may refer to:
 * triquetrum (astronomy), an ancient astronomical instrument
 * The triquetral bone in the human wrist

title: Triquetrum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James Winterwood

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

James Winterwood
Non-notable character in non-notable short story by non-notable writer. RickK 04:39, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * He appears to be a recurring character in many of the stories by Rita Maria Felix da Silva, for whom we don't have an author. Her full name gets only 40 googles, so I'll provisionally say she's not notable, but I'm not sure how good their coverage of Brazilian authors is, especially because I'm not sure when she lived. Provisional delete, but I'll change my mind if someone convinces me she's notable. Meelar (talk) 05:02, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * If this goes, we may also want to delete San Juan Romero, about the short story itself. Meelar (talk) 05:02, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 08:26, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms

Vfd
On April 7, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 04:40, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

The section about the lucknow pact is unclear...were all of the ministers generally english or were only the ministers appointed by the government english? —Preceding unsigned comment added by HIS33809wo (talk • contribs) 04:14, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms


text:
New England boiled dinner

A New England boiled dinner is a traditional New England meal, consisting of corned beef with cabbage and one or more root vegetables, such as potatoes, rutabagas, parsnips, carrots, turnips, or onions. The leftovers are traditionally diced and fried into "red flannel hash" for breakfast the next day. The dish resembles boiled beef from English cuisine, as well as a similar Newfoundland dish called a "Jiggs dinner".

Corned beef and cabbage, a boiled meal prepared by Irish-Americans on St. Patrick's Day, is similar, but typically contains fewer types of root vegetables. Irish immigrants who arrived in America in the 19th century substituted corned beef in the Irish dish bacon and cabbage. Corned beef, which most Irish could not afford in Ireland, was relatively cheap in American cities at the time, and Irish immigrants quickly adopted this former luxury.

Preparation
A corned beef is placed whole in a pot on stove, or in a slow cooker, with water to cover the meat. The meat is simmered until nearly tender, then the cabbage and root vegetables are added and cooked through. Rutabagas or turnips are also common ingredients. When New England boiled dinners include beets, the beets are often cooked and served separately to avoid discoloring the dinner.

Common condiments include horseradish, mustard, and cider vinegar.

title: New England boiled dinner