text:
Talk:Christian worldview

Style edits
I agree with everyone here. The fact that these comments are so old, and my own recent experiences with trying to be a good "doo-bee" on Wikipedia and getting squashed and peedon by super touchy super-users makes me a bit gunshy. I'd love a little affirmation before I take it on. Can I get an amen or two? Is the original author still watching? Does he or she care if we work on this page a bit? (Does anyone know how you can find out who the original author is?) I honestly mean well. I want a page that's informative and fair and easy to read...(Konastephen (talk) 00:03, 2 June 2010 (UTC))

I was a good doo-bee and edited the article for style, but got caught up in the POV and forced citations and hacked pretty hard to try to get something sorta kinda like an encyclopedic article out of this. Couldn't take the POV out of it, though, so I took off the copyedit tag and left the POV tag. Now the healing can begin. basilwhite May 3, 2006

This seems to be one man's treatise (albeit, perhaps, a scholarly one) against those who use the term "Christian Worldview" to fight for conservative Christian values and truth claims. Also, this article is full of esoteric and awkward language. I've labeled it as needing work and having neutrality issues, but I don't think I'm qualified to fix it. See also Pages needing attention/Religion. --Locarno 20:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Okay, so the page as it stands, in my opinion does not serve its purpose- it should at least briefly give someone unfamiliar with Christianity an understanding of Christian belief, which it doesn't. However, it's strange that there's no uniform structure for Wiki articles pertaining to a particular religion, so I guess there's nothing really to compare it to in order to determine what the article's content should be. Nonetheless, I think thie article should be scrapped and rewritten over completely. What should we do?--Conwiktion 08:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree--someone should do that. :) --Locarno 21:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Move
Someone editted Template:Christianity for sentence structure and changed it to Christian worldview thus breaking this link... so, I had to move it there since it is the proper capitalization anyways gren 22:12, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Structure suggestion
Perhaps a good structure for this article would be something along these lines:

I. Definition of the term "Worldview" (perhaps a list of synonyms would be helpful here as well, e.g., "form of life", "language game", "conceptual scheme").

II. Definition of "Christian" (at least a core definition, perhaps based on the ecumenical Creeds).

III. Application: the "Christian Worldview" is the entire set of beliefs about the world, man and God (and their various relations), that is informed by the core Christian beliefs. In other words, it is more like the standard Christians shoot for in the formulation of their worldview, than a particular formulation held by an individual or group. Kind of like how "Christian Behaviour" doesn't refer to all the various behaviours exibited by all the people who call themselves Christian, it refers to the standard of behaviour that is based on Christian beliefs.

Something like that?

A Sharp Division?
Has anyone considered rewriting the article to reflect the different worldviews depending on different Christian denominations? Off the top of my head, I can think of:

 * The Protestant worldview. Described by Max Weber in his essay.
 * The Puritanical worldview. Pilgrims; Winthrop; early American New English life.
 * Millenialism. Held by early church, and by current sects fearing the apocalypse.
 * Ecumentalism - modern Protestant.
 * Revivalist movement (American)
 * Fundamentalism, American (modern).
 * Roman Catholicism - Liberation Theology.
 * Secular Catholicism (much of modern Europe).

In short - I have never heard of a "Christian worldview." I have heard of the "Protestant ethic" and the above listed items.
 * I agree that it should be divided along some lines. Without having thought much about it, I'm not sure about those particular divisions. For example, many fundamentalists also emphasize millenialism. Revivals were only a part of the protestant Christian movement and, I believe, held to the same basic tenets. Maybe we can make it into a tree?

ElAmericano 22:12, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Protestantism
 * 1) Puritanism
 * 2) Fundamentalism - Would this be legalism, as thought of today?
 * 3) Evangelicalism - What used to be called Fundamentalism.
 * Catholicism
 * 1) Roman Catholicism
 * 2) Secular Catholicism
 * Eastern Orthodoxy

Modern Evangelical Worldview is fairly well presented by Rex Rogers here: http://www.cornerstone.edu/about/core_beliefs/worldview. It basically follows Michael Whittmer's outline from Heaven Is A Place On Earth, framing our story and our journey around the biblical pattern of Creation, Fall, Redemption, and Consummation. Hope that helps with the direction of the page's overhaul... at least in giving a source for a Theologically Conservative Evangelical angle. Baruch l'cha (blessings to you)--SHLAMA 08:05, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Delete this article.
This article is utterly useless, has been hijacked by someone to express his personal worldview (inspite of the edits, it still does this), and, as far as I can see has no analogous article in any of the either series of of articles for a particular religion. Can someone justify this article's existance? I don't know how to propose that an article be deleted, but if someone agrees with me who does know how to do this, please start the process.

 * I would say that it's purpose is to show that a certain group, commonly associated with a single aspect of life - theology - has a comprehensive view on life, in such areas as
 * Theology
 * Cosmology
 * Biology
 * History
 * Sociology
 * Psychology
 * Philosophy
 * Ethics
 * Law
 * Economics

 * I believe that articles on the worldviews of other major groups should also be a part of Wikipedia if they aren't. For example, Marxists/Leninists, secular humanists, and cosmic humanists/new-agers are not one dimensional believes either. Regarding this article, I agree that it should be divided up, possibly with each major section pointing to a whole article on that division's worldview. ElAmericano 02:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Caleb09
I agree i'm a Christian and this is just all one persons views

A rewrite
I'll be glad to rewrite the article as a synthesis of what's there (I haven't yet read the entire text, so I'm not sure as to POV and that mess), a new division scheme, and an inclusion of specific worldview topics, such as history, law, etc. (I named the ten major ones above.) Advice is always welcome. I'll rewrite it when I have the time. ElAmericano 22:45, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding the term "christian worldview," this is a popular term among evangelically conservative Christians, especially in the American academic community.  The term refers to their belief that higher education (especially the secularization of education) fails to provide a comprehensive understanding of life.  The term "worldview" is not unique to Christians, however, finding common usage in philosophy.  American evangelical Christians believe that modern epistemology and ontology that is void of God (more specifically the Christian Trinity) does little to explain the meaning and purpose of life.  A Christian Worldview attempts to integrate Christian beliefs into philosophy.  I am certainly no expert on this movement, but have a first hand experience of it, and have read about it extensively.  Steven McCrary 20:40, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Semantics of "worldview" need clarification
This article contains a few useful elements but on the whole is probably not worth salvaging. It purports to discuss "Christian Worldview" in a scholarly fashion, even correctly refering to Dooyeweerd for example, but fails to meet any standard of scholarly objectivity or fairness in the manner in which the topic is addressed throughout. The hostility of the author towards Christianity in general is evident in his opening charicaturization of the Judeo-Christian understanding of reality to consist of more than the material as a "three-storey" view of the world. This sort of disrespectful cartoonishness would I'm sure be just as offensive if applied to the tenets of the author's own faith as it was doubtless intended to be towards Christians.

Basically, the issue here is that this is meant to be an article on Christian *worldview* not denominationalism or sectarianism.

A more serious and useful effort ought to trace the history and usage of the term "worldview" in Christian discourse; perhaps starting with the German and Dutch thinkers who coined the term ("Weltanschauung") and even, for the sake of context, referring to its use by thinkers in the stream of dialectical materialism where it was quite popular in the mid and late 20th century. Unfortunately, the word has lost much of its original content in common contemporary usage, succumbing to the relativizing pressure of more subjectivist, anthropocentric streams of thought. The word really refers to a set of fundamental philosophical assumptions, the "a priori" basis of thought, which underlies any person's belief system and hence lifestyle.

Using the word "worldview" correctly in this manner, as a term of art rather than a synonym for "perspective" or "point of view", it is possible to speak of a single Biblical Christian or Judeo-Christian worldview, just as it is possible to speak of a socialist (i.e. dialectical materialistic) worldview or humanist or hedonist or eastern mystic or pagan worldview. Variations in doctrine and practice within the numerous facets of Christendom are on a completely different level from historical, orthodox Christianity's basic answers to questions of ontology, epistemology, teleology and axiology. A discussion of "Christian Worldview" ought to focus on this level and perhaps explore some of the major historical implications in societies where Christianity has been the dominant social force.

Several excellent works already exist. I also will try to work on distilling some of them into something suitable for this venue. Konastephen 22:44, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments (2005) moved from Pages needing attention/Religion

 * ''The paragraphs below (Apr-May 2005) were moved here from PNA/Religion.

 * Christian Worldview - This article is full of esoteric and awkward language, and isn't NPOV. --Locarno 20:55, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Reply: I wrote the present entry for Christian Worldview (which should be entitled "Christian worldviews" since there are many; out with the misnomer, please). I look forward to it being further exanded and improved, but by people who know what a worldview is.  I am in agreement with the material the evangelist PSzalapski presented; however, he plagiarized his schematic - Creation, Fall, Redemption - which is the work of the philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd and which the latter published in Dutch in 1935-1936, and then in English in 1953-57 (both of these being philosophical trilogies). Dooyeweerd and perhaps 1,000 Christian philosophers on all continents but Antarctica warmly acquainted with HD's work use the schematic mentioned, not for "worldview," but to indicate the content of the Christian religious ground motive C(RGM) in relation to three other main RGM's that have contested the shaping of the history of Western culture and civilization from within - the Form/Matter RGM of the Greeks, the Synthestist RGM of the Christianized Roman Empire after Constantine the Great, the Nature/Grace RGM of the Western Middle Ages, and the Nature/Freedom RGM of the Englightenment. Mr PSzalapski plagiarizes (zero attribution to HD and his whole school of philosophy), PS alters HD's schematic by inserting his own additional category into the rubric (which is fine, as long as he identifies the originator and what he's altering and why), PS makes a category mistake by not even examining the outstanding works in worldview studies (Naugle, Smart, Habermas, etc) so that in his ignorance he fails to recognize the difference between a worldivew (he dismisses all the scholarship and employs "worldview" as a buzzword for his project of evangelization) and religious ground motive (it's a technical term, but it is not esoteric). What I wrote indeed needs to be expanded and perhaps conrrected, because in my final section I concentrate on the revival and dissemination of the term in the last decades where it has come to especial prominence among evangelical Christians in North America. This American religious community has consequently experienced a rash of "worldview books" which vary considerably in their understandings. There is no one Christian worldview as my detractor ignorantly insists. Both Mr PSzalapinski and I have connection to the same large religious community.  I just want him to be honest to the data and the meaning of the word, both generally and in the Christian context.  Since other Christain religious communities do not use the term "worldview" nearly so widely, and because I don't pretend to know well what has been occurring in their contexts, I used a quote referring to Naugle's history of the concept to live-link to Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christianity Wiki sites.  I'm hoping people from these two Christian communities who have studied and reflected on the varieties of worldviews in each, including the shifts in the last few decades, will come forward to enhance this page.  Reformatikos

 * With all due respect to Reformatikos's impressive scholarship (and verbiage :P), I think this article is inappropriate as a Wikipedia entry and that he doesn't understand the nature of the critiscim of the article, as indicated by the comments in his reply. First of all, the purpose of the Wikipedia article is not to expound exhaustively upon a single claim.  It is to present "objective fact" on a single subject, or, where that is impossible or insufficient (as it is almost always, except for articles on the sciences or math), to present a plurality of views upon a single subject.  If there is no single Christian Viewpoint, then at the very least the article should presnet a number of Christian viewpoints that coexist in modern times and have existed historically.  In this manner, the thesis of the current article, namely, the non-existance of a single, unified Christian viewpoint, would be implied by the article's content and structure rather than stated explicitly.  Indeed, that the article begins with a thesis rather than with some sort of definition is a reflection of the problems of this article.

 * At any rate, the Christian viewpoint article is particularly important, as reflected in its position in the Christianity sidebar. It is not an auxilliary article; it is the leading article in the Christianity article group.  As such, it should provide, at a glance, the worldviews of the largest modern Christian religions in such a way that would be comprehensible to a person with little or no contact with Christianity.  Yet, at the same time, it should provide a deeper look into the perspectives of modern minority and historically significant branches of Christianity.  Currently, the article instead makes an arguement about a single claim and provides support for the arguement.  Furthermore, it assumes a degree of previous familiarity with Christianity.  I think Reformatikos should know that encyclopedias are not scholarly journals, and that's the closest forum I can think of that would be appropriate for the article as it is currently written.--Conwiktion 05:15, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems that Reformatikos's reply is also full of esoteric and awkward language. That's okay in some contexts. :)  However, I agree with Conwiktion in that Wikipedia is not a scholarly journal.  This article needs to be accessible to the layman.

 * Also, Reformatikos has accused me of plagiarism and making a category mistake--but I am not sure what he is talking about; I haven't written on Christian Worldview on Wikipedia. I also have never before heard of Herman Dooyeweerd.  If I have inadvertantly plagiarized outside of Wikpedia, I invite anyone to let me know on my talk page or in e-mail.  I will correct any such plagiarism--but you gotta tell me where it is.  He has also accused me of insisting on something regarding this topic, which I haven't done--again, I haven't written on Christian Worldview on Wikipedia. --Locarno 22:17, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

New Material
Please note the changes made to the article. Hopefully they will be seen as positive changes. Most of the previous sections have been put under one major heading, "Background." Then a "Key People and Literary Works" section has been added. A "Notes" section has been added. The Resources section has been given a name change to "Other Relevant Sources," and an "External Links" section has been initiated. I hope you don't mind me joining your article project and as always I'm open for discussion :-) --Awinger48 15:58, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

New Material
There are close to a million entries on "Christian Worldview" on the most popular search engine. I have not read them all, but most of what is presented as "Christian Worldview" though it proclaims the classic popular Christian Gospel, fails to make the distinction between the Old and New Testament of the Bible. The Old Testament was based on the Law and Justice, whereas in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus Christ presented the New Testament which was based on mercy- Loving others unconditionally as God loves us. This is the worldview a true Christian would have. To love enemies, not destroy them. Jesus said "You have heard it said an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth (Old Testament Legalism), but Jesus goes on to say "But I say to you love your enemies, do good to those who despitefully use you, turn the other cheek." The true "Christian Worldview" is that- seeing the lost as Jesus sees them and loving others the way He loves us- this is absent in popular "Christianity" which is no different than the warring world. February 15, 2007 entry by Ron Decuir goodnuz.com 207.69.137.21 01:15, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Reason for the NPOV Tag?
I noticed the NPOV tag was added but after reading the article it's not clear what the issues is? It cam see how the article could use some structure changes and expansion but I don't see how the info that's currently there is not violates NPOV. If someone thinks the NPOV tag still belongs them please explain w3hy you think so? --Cab88 (talk) 21:07, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Remove the non-neutrality flag
This article has issues. Th largest being there was no link to World view which addresses many of the comments above. I fixed this.

The second problem is it did not define World view - I copied from the referenced page what seemed appropriate for a definition and then provided a link to a good chapter in a book that discusses the specific topic of Biblical Worldview.

The article still needs work. Seems like people have noted this, but not followed thru? Is anyone watching this page??

The term "Biblical Worldview" is used extensively (even in wikipedia). This article needs more community support from knowledgable folks on the topic.

If I don't see some activity on this page I am going to remove the box (2007) since it is now 2011! --CCeducator (talk) 03:03, 6 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The date in the tag was misleading. It was actually added in 2005. StAnselm (talk) 03:33, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

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User talk:Emmaamme

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! andy 11:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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Wiesław Kuc

Wiesław Stefan Kuc (born 2 September 1949 in Sokołów Podlaski) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for LU, is the economist and agriculture expert of EP delegation of Self-Defense and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets.

Initially, he was a non-attached like the other members of his party, but on 1 December 2004, he joined  the Socialist Group together with Bogdan Golik. He rejoined his Samoobrona colleagues in the Union for Europe of the Nations group in December 2006, leaving Golik alone with the Socialists.

Kuc is a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Biography

 * Master of Engineering specialising in agricultural consultancy from the Warsaw Agricultural University, Department of Agriculture
 * 1973: Started working at the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Statistics at the Warsaw Agricultural University
 * Whilst working as a teacher, completed a year's educational training at Goshen College, Indiana, U.S.
 * 1978-1984: head specialist in the National Association of Agricultural Circles and Organisations
 * Until 1986, he worked at the Bureau for Youth Affairs of the Cabinet Office
 * Department director at the Patent Office, taking up a similar position at the Export Development Bank S.A in 1988.
 * From 1991 to 1997, he worked in the Bank Handlowo-Kredytowy, Merkury Bank S.A., Prosper Bank, Bank Staropolski S.A and the KIB Bank in the Ukraine.
 * Set up own business in 1997
 * Chairman of the board of ESBEO Sp. z o.o and Wisla Consulting Sp. z o.o
 * 2003: President of the Bialski Furniture Company S.A
 * Gained varied professional experience abroad in fields such as agriculture, banking, human resources management in: USA, the Netherlands, Turkey, Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Ukraine, Bulgaria, United Kingdom.

title: Wiesław Kuc


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User:Callumba~enwiki

Have phun accessing my website (german)

macmille.de (my site)

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text: User talk:129.24.212.210

title: User talk:129.24.212.210


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Bukhtishu

The Bukhtīshūʿ (or Boḵtīšūʿ) were a family of either Persian  or Syrian Eastern Christian  physicians from the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries, spanning six generations and 250 years. The Middle Persian-Syriac name which can be found as early as at the beginning of the 5th century refers to the eponymous ancestor of this "Syro-Persian Nestorian family". Some members of the family served as the personal physicians of Caliphs. Jurjis son of Bukht-Yishu was awarded 10,000 dinars by al-Mansur after attending to his malady in 765AD. It is even said that one of the members of this family was received as physician to Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, the Shia Imam, during his illness in the events of Karbala.

Like most physicians in the early Abbasid courts, they came from the Academy of Gondishapur in what is now southwest Iran. They were well versed in the Greek and Hindi sciences, including those of Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, and Galen, which they aided in translating while working in Gondishapur.

In the course of their integration into the changing society after the Muslim conquest of Persia, the family acquired Arabic while preserving Persian as oral language for about 200 years.

The family was originally from Ahvaz, near Gondeshapur, however they eventually moved to the city of Baghdad and later on to Nsibin in Syria. Yahya ibn Khalid, the vizier and mentor to Harun al-Rashid, provided patronage to the Hospital and Academy of Gondeshapur and helped assure the promotion and growth of astronomy, medicine and philosophy, not only in Persia but also in the Abbasid Empire in general.

Etymology
Consisting of a first, Middle Persian term meaning "redeemed" and a Syriac component for Yeshua/Jesus, the name can be translated as "Redeemed by Jesus" or "Jesus has redeemed". However, in his book Kitāb ʿUyūn al-anbāʿ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʿ (كتاب عيون الأنباء في طبقات الأطباء), the Arab, 12th century historian Ibn Abi Usaibia renders the meaning as "Servant of Jesus" (في اللغة السريانية البخت العبد ويشوع عيسى عليه السلام) in Syriac language.

Members
There are no known remaining records of the first two members of the family. And the remaining records of the chain start from Jurjis. But the genealogical sequence follows as:

Jurjis
Jurjis, the father of Bukhtishu II and grandfather of Jibril ibn Bukhtishu, was a scientific writer and was the director of the hospital in Gondeshapur, which supplied physicians to courts in Iraq, Syria, and Persia. He was called to Baghdad in 765 AD to treat the stomach complaint of the Caliph al-Mansur. After successfully curing the caliph, he was asked to remain in attendance in Baghdad, which he did until he fell ill in 769 CE. Before allowing him to return to Gondeshapur, the caliph invited him to convert to Islam but he declined, saying that he wanted to be with his fathers when he died. Amused by his obstinacy, the caliph sent an attendant with Jurjis to ensure he reached his destination. In exchange for the attendant and a 10,000 dinar wage, Jurjis promised to send his pupil Isa ibn Shahla to the caliph, since his son, Bukhtishu II, could not be spared from the hospital at Gondeshapur.

Bukhtishu II
Bukhtishu II was the son of Jurjis ibn Bukhtishu and the father of Jibril ibn Bukhtishu. He was left in charge of the hospital at Gondeshapur when his father was summoned to treat the stomach complaints of Caliph al-Mansur. Jurjis never intended for Bukhtishu II to go to Baghdad and tend to the caliphs and had offered to send one of his pupils in his stead. Nevertheless, Bukhtishu II was in turn called to the city to treat the Caliph al-Hadi, who was gravely ill. He was unable to establish himself in Baghdad until 787 AD, when Caliph Harun al-Rashid was suffering violently painful headaches. He successfully treated Harun al-Rashid and in gratitude the caliph made him physician-in-chief, a post he held onto until his death in 801 C.E.

Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
Alternate Spellings: Djibril b. Bukhtishu’, Jibril ibn Bakhtishu', Jibra’il ibn Bukhtyishu, Djabra’il b. Bakhtishu

Jibril ibn Bukhtishu was the son of Bukhtishu II, who served the caliphs in Baghdad from 787 AD until his death in 801 AD. In 791 AD, Bukhtishu II recommended Jibril as a physician to Jafar the Barmakid, the vizier of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Despite the recommendation, Jibril did not succeed his father until 805 AD, after he successfully treated one of Harun al-Rashid's slaves, thereby winning the confidence of the caliph. During Jibril's time in Baghdad, he advised Harun al-Rashid in the building of its first hospital. The hospital and connected observatory was modeled after the one in Gondeshapur where Jibril had studied medicine and served as the director. Jibril also served as the director of this new hospital, which Harun al-Rashid named after himself. The Abbasid court physicians gained high standing and trust once accepted and employed by the caliph, as illustrated by the anecdote in which Harun al-Rashid used Jibril to try to humble his vizier Yahya al-Barmaki on an occasion when Yahya entered the caliph's presence without first gaining permission. In his collection of prose, Tha'alibi cites a story he heard from al-Babbagha: "'Bakhtishu’ ibn Jibril relates from his father…Then al-Rashid turned to me and said, ‘Jibril, is there anyone who would come before you without your permission in your own house?’ I said: ‘No, nor would anyone hope to do that.’ He said: ‘So what is the matter with us that people come in here without permission?’'" After this exchange, Yahya skillfully reminds Harun al-Rashid that he had been granted the privilege of entering his presence without permission by asking the caliph if a change had been made in court etiquette. Being a part of such court interactions, Jibril would occasionally approach the caliph with a level of frankness not allowed most attendants. During Harun al-Rashid's final illness, Jibril's matter-of-fact responses to the caliph won him disgrace and soon after he was condemned to death. He was saved from execution by Fadl ibn al-Rabi and subsequently became the physician of al-Amin. After al-Ma'mun gained power, Jibril again faced imprisonment, but was needed to treat Hasan ibn Sahl and thus was released in 817 AD. Three years later he was replaced by his son-in-law, Mikha’il, but was again called to Baghdad in 827 AD when Mikha’il was unable to treat the caliph. He died in the favor of the caliph sometime between 827 and 829 AD and, being Christian, was buried in the Monastery of St. Sergius in Ctesiphon which is in modern-day Iraq, on the east bank of the Tigris. During the ninth and tenth century, the Bukhtishus had a virtual monopoly on the practice of medicine in Baghdad. Jibril is estimated to have a career income of 88,800,000 dirhams for serving Harun al-Rashid for 23 years and the Barmakids for 13, which does not include his fees from lesser patients. Hunayn ibn Ishaq gained Jibril's his recommendation after studying Greek for several years, which allowed him to become known in later centuries in both the Near East and in Europe for his translations.

Jibrail III
Jibrail III was the son of Ubayd Allah ibn Bukhtishu, a finance official for the Caliph al-Muktadir. After his father's death, his mother married another physician. Jibrail III began studying medicine exclusively in Baghdad, where he went penniless after the death of his mother. After treating an envoy from Kirman, he was called to Shiraz by the Buyid ruler 'Adud al-Dawla but soon after he returned to Baghdad. He only left Baghdad for short consultations, even declining an offer from the Fatimid al-Aziz who wished to establish him in Cairo. Jibrail III died on June 8, 1006.

title: Bukhtishu


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Ellen Bry

Ellen Bry is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of nurse-turned-vigilante Shirley Daniels on the hospital drama St. Elsewhere.

Bry gained acting experience in school plays, community theater productions, and summer stock theatre. At one point, she left acting and worked as a paralegal for New York City's Department of Consumer Affairs. A scripted fight on an episode of Kojak led to Bry's working for a while as a stuntwoman in New York.

Bry also appeared as medical student Jean Hallinan in three episodes of the television series Dallas (Season Four, 1981) and as photographer Julie Masters on the 1978 CBS series The Amazing Spider-Man.

Bry's family moved to Stamford, Connecticut, when she was a child.

title: Ellen Bry


text:
Francistown

Francistown is the second-largest city in Botswana, with a population of about 103,417 and 147,122 inhabitants for its agglomeration at the 2022 census. It is located in eastern Botswana, about 400 km north-northeast from the capital, Gaborone. Francistown is located at the confluence of the Tati and Ntshe rivers, and near the Shashe River (tributary to the Limpopo) and 90 km from the international border with Zimbabwe.

Francistown was the centre of Southern Africa's first gold rush and is still surrounded by old and abandoned mines. The City of Francistown is an administrative district, separated from North-East District. It is administered by Francistown City Council. The main language spoken and used in and around Francistown is Kalanga. Other languages used in the area are isiNdebele, ChiShona as well as SeTswana. Francistown is the only city in Botswana with an English name. There are no English-language named towns and only a couple of villages with English names.

History
Although evidence of habitation by humans goes back around 10,000 years, written evidence is more recent. Historical evidence shows that Francistown started off as one of the villages of the BaKalanga people which was best known for its mining. Mining which used to be a common activity and influence to the BaKalanga/Kalanga area of north-eastern Botswana was widely practiced in the area-mostly gold mining. Reportedly, Nyangabgwe was the nearest village to Francistown to have been visited by Europeans, when it was visited by the missionary, Robert Moffat. Moffat was followed in 1867 by a gold prospector, Karl Mauch who found the Bakalanga mining gold along the Tati River, and publicised the Tati Goldfields starting the first Southern Africa goldrush.

The present town was founded in 1897 as a settlement near the Monarch mine and named after Daniel Francis, an English prospector from Liverpool who acquired prospecting licences in the region in 1869. Francis was a director of the Tati Concessions Land (Tati Concessions Company), which acquired the land from King Lobengula. The centre of the new town was formed when the company sold off 300 lots in August of that year. The Monarch mine was not the only mine in operation at that time, and it was widely believed that Francistown would grow rapidly. In the beginning, the town comprised one street east of, and parallel to the railway line. This street featured several companies, including two hotels (the Grand and the Tati), retail and wholesale shops, and three banks.

Prior to independence Francistown was Botswana's largest commercial centre. In 1897, the company sold part of the land for residential and commercial purposes. The city started as a gold mining town, and gold sustained the area's economy from the late 1800s until the 1930s. When gold was discovered nearby in 1869 it sparked the first gold rush in Africa fifteen years before the gold boom at Witwatersrand in South Africa. The industry was hard hit by the global recession of the 1930s. Between 1936 and 1980s, the economy of Francistown was largely supported or dependent on the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, a company that recruited labour for South African mines. The miners were recruited from many African countries, and transported to South Africa through Francistown by air or railway.

Haskins Street (named after a prominent family in the town prior to independence) was the first tarred road in Botswana. Since 1966, the city has grown significantly due mainly to active cross-border trading with Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, in 1997, Francistown became a city, Botswana's 2nd after Gaborone. With the city located astride Botswana's main road and rail transport routes, mining, commerce and agriculture have been essential parts of its economy. Tati Nickel, The Dumela Industrial Complex and Botswana Meat Commission are the main economic drivers in the city. Both government departments and private benefit the local economy.

Mining
Francistown is located on Botswana's main air and road transport routes; mining and agriculture are important. Principal mining companies include Tati Nickel, owned by Norilsk Nickel, which has operations at the Selkirk and Phoenix mines, producing principally cobalt, copper and nickel. The Dumela Industrial Complex, an industrial park, is an important employer; the Botswana Metal Refinery was being built in 2008 near the city. However, the project was halted due to high costs.

Media
The city's media fraternity is still in its infancy. The media includes Botswana's The Voice newspaper, which was founded in 1993. This is a very popular tabloid newspaper that had also spread its wings to the capital city, Gaborone.

Climate
Francistown features a hot semi-arid climate, with warm to hot summers and mild winters. The city on averages sees 460 mm of precipitation annually. The city features a short wet season that spans from December through March and a lengthy dry season that covers the remaining eight months. Francistown receives on average only 3 mm of precipitation at the peak of its dry season (from June through August), which is also when it experiences its chilliest temperatures. Average low temperatures routinely fall below 8 C during the aforementioned months. The record high temperature registered in Francistown was 41.1 °C and the lowest temperature recorded was -6.5 °C.

Demographics and health
Ever since the founding of Francistown as a gold mining and railway centre in the nineteenth century, the city's population has consistently shown a steady increase. Francistown is Botswana's second largest city with 22.7% of the country's urban population in 1991. The growth of Selebi-Phikwe, Orapa and Jwaneng since 1971, together with the very rapid growth of Gaborone, has reduced Francistown's share of the total urban population from a figure of 34.7% in 1971. In the same period (1971-1991), the country's urban population grew by 427.2% from 54,411 to a population of 287,063.

The Bakalanga, the second largest ethnic group in Botswana are traditionally centred around the town and the surrounding area. Recently, the city has seen a large influx of illegal immigrants from neighbouring Zimbabwe.

Culture
Francistown is home to the Supa Ngwao Museum, with exhibits related to the area's history and heritage. The museum, which receives most of its funds from the government, is currently going through refurbishment as of October 2011. A new nature reserve, Tachila, has been established 5 km from central Francistown on an old Tati Company Farm, Lady Mary. The nature reserve is expected to be a tourism turn-over for the already flourishing city with its variety of wild animals.

Places of worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Evangelical Lutheran Church in Botswana (Lutheran World Federation), Assemblies of God, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, International Pentecostal Holiness Church, Christ Embassy, Roman Catholic Diocese of Francistown (Catholic Church).

Education
The city has primary schools on almost all its townships, most if not all of which are run by the city council. Notable amongst these are Ikhutseng Primary School, Tati Town Primary School and Nyangabgwe Primary School, which are one of the oldest in the city. There is also Aerodrome Primary School. The government also has junior high schools, trading as "secondary schools". Most of these were started as partnerships between government and society. It was only recently that the government took most of these over. Examples of these include Setlalekgosi, Montsamaisa and Selepa Junior Secondary Schools. These offer the best education at JC level and have a three-year course.

There are private schools in the city as well, among others the historic and famous John Mackenzie School, which offers primary, junior secondary as well as senior secondary education. The school also offers O-Levels for students who have pursued the IGCS Examination. There is also Mophato English Medium School, TKM, Clifton Preparatory School and many more other smaller private schools.

There are currently two senior secondary schools in Francistown, being Mater Spei College, partly ran by the Roman Catholic Church and Francistown Senior Secondary School, opened in 1978 and currently enrolling 1200 students. Located in the history-rich township of Aerodrome, it is one of the largest institutions in the city. The Francistown Teacher Training College became one of the campuses of the University of Botswana in 1973.

The Francistown College of Technical and Vocational Education was officially opened by former president of Botswana Ian Khama on 10 October 2008. The college was built in order to accommodate 1,500 learners on technical and vocational courses and teacher-training programmes. The college buildings are situated amongst a 4 ha area in the suburbs of Gerald Estates. The city also hosts the Institute of Health Sciences, which is located near the Nyangabwe Referral Hospital. The institution, amongst others, offers courses in nursing and health care.

Transport and infrastructure
The city is a major transport hub. A railway line links the city with Harare in Zimbabwe via Bulawayo. The same line links Francistown with the capital city Gaborone and Lobatse in the south. Surfaced roads link the city to Ramokgwebana in the north, and to Kazungula as well as Kasane via Nata.

The city is served by Francistown International Airport, who was opened on 9 September 2011 after being built at a cost of P596 million, officially opened by Minister of Transport, Frank Ramsden. With a terminal building designated for traffic forecast of up to 2025, it has a larger capacity and has replaced the old airport, which is now used by the Botswana Defence Force's Air Arm.

Sports
Based at the Francistown Club, the Francistown School of Tennis is a professional tennis centre dedicated to developing young children (starting at 4 years old) into international tennis players.

Francistown also hosts several football clubs. These include TAFIC Sporting Club, TASC FC (Tati Sporting Club), ECCO City Greens FC, Great North Tigers FC (GNT) and others.

All the teams have played in the country's highest league, Botswana Premier League, sponsored currently by BTC Mobile. GNT was recently promoted to the Premier League, while TAFIC play in the lower division. The new Francistown Stadium is still under construction, and will be complete soon. The stadium will be the largest in the northern part of Botswana, with a capacity of 27,000 spectators, and will be home ground to some of the above teams. Other stadiums in the city include the Francistown City Council's Area S stadium.

Twin towns – sister cities
Francistown is twinned with:
 * 🇧🇪 Genk, Belgium
 * 🇨🇳 Tai'an, China

title: Francistown


text:
Battle of Pensacola (1814)

The Battle of Pensacola (7–9 November 1814) took place during the Creek War, part of the War of 1812, in which American forces fought against forces from the kingdoms of Britain and Spain who were aided by the Creek Indians and African-American slaves allied with the British. General Andrew Jackson led his infantry against British and Spanish forces controlling the city of Pensacola in Spanish Florida. Allied forces abandoned the city, and the remaining Spanish forces surrendered to Jackson.

The battle was the only engagement of the war to take place within the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Spain, which was angered by the rapid withdrawal of British forces. Britain's naval squadron of five warships also withdrew from the city.

Horseshoe Bend
Many refugees fled to Spanish West Florida after the Red Stick Creeks were defeated at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The presence of the Creek refugees had motivated British Brevet Captain George Woodbine of the Royal Marines to travel to Pensacola in July 1814. Woodbine's liaisons with the refugees and the Spanish governor of Pensacola enabled the British to maintain a military presence at Pensacola from August 23, 1814, initially occupying Fort San Miguel and the town itself. British relations deteriorated with the Spanish governor, so the British force left the town and consolidated in the outlying Fort San Carlos and at the Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza battery (later rebuilt as Fort Pickens).

Gordon's expedition
The armed Creeks at Horseshoe Bend prompted Jackson to send Tennessee militia Captain John Gordon to reconnoiter Pensacola and see if the British were using it as a base to arm Indians hostile to the United States. Gordon arrived at Pensacola to find the Union Jack flying at the fort and British officers training and arming Creek warriors. Gordon's son-in-law Felix Zollicoffer wrote of the excursion: "It was Capt. Gordon who performed that memorable and perilous service of penetrating alone a forest 300 miles from Hickory Grounds to Pensacola, encountering and evading various Indian parties, and procuring for Gen. Jackson that valuable knowledge of Spanish fortifications and of the Spanish complicity with British and Indian enemies which at once determined him upon and gave him the key to the famous capture of Pensacola." Jackson decided to attack Pensacola based upon Gordon's report.

Preparations at Pensacola
General Jackson planned to drive the British from Pensacola in Spanish Florida, then march to New Orleans to defend the city against any British attack. His forces had been diminished due to desertions, so he was forced to wait for Brigadier General John Coffee and his volunteers before moving against the city. Jackson and Coffee met at Pierce's Stockade in Alabama. Jackson assembled a force of up to 4,000 men; he moved out towards Pensacola on November 2 and reached it on November 6. The forces in the Anglo-Spanish fort totaled 700 men. It consisted of about 500 Spanish infantry, with some Spanish artillery pieces, with around 200 British infantry and Creek warriors. Jackson first sent Major Henri Piere as a messenger under a white flag of truce to Spanish Governor Mateo González Manrique. However, the messenger approached the city and was fired upon by the garrison in Fort San Miguel. Jackson then sent a second messenger, this time a Spaniard, and offered to garrison the forts with Americans, who would hold them until relieved by Spanish troops; this would ensure Spain's neutrality in the conflict. Manrique rejected the offer.

Battle
At dawn, Jackson had 3,000 troops marching on the city. The Americans flanked the city from the east to avoid fire from the forts and marched along the beachfront, but the sandy beach made it difficult to move up the artillery. The attack went ahead nonetheless and was met with resistance in the center of town by a line of infantry supported by a battery. However, the Americans charged and captured the battery.

Governor Manrique appeared with a white flag and agreed to surrender on any terms Jackson put forward if only he would spare the town. Fort San Miguel was surrendered on November 7, but Fort San Carlos, which lay 14 miles to the west, remained in British hands.

Jackson planned to capture the fort by storm the next day, but it was blown up and abandoned before Jackson could move on it and the remaining British withdrew from Pensacola along with the British squadron (comprising HMS Sophie (1809) (18 guns), HMS Childers (1812) (18 guns; Capt. Umfreville), HMS Seahorse (1794) (38 guns; Capt. Gordon), HMS Shelburne (1813) (12 guns) and HMS Carron (1813) (20 guns; Capt. Spencer). A number of Spanish accompanied the retreating British forces     and did not return to Pensacola until 1815.

Aftermath
The battle had forced the British out of Pensacola and left the Spanish in control, angered by the British, who had fled in such a hurry once Jackson's force had attacked, for their destruction of the fortifications and the removal of part of the Spanish garrison. Jackson suspected the squadron which had left Pensacola harbor would return to strike at Mobile, Alabama. Jackson abandoned Pensacola to the Spanish and set out to Mobile, and upon reaching the town he received requests to hurry to the defense of New Orleans. American casualties were negligible; around seven dead and eleven wounded. (Two officers and nine enlisted men wounded are documented by Eaton.) The Spanish suffered fourteen dead and six wounded, according to Owsley. Lieutenant Colonel Edward Nicolls states there were no deaths among the British, and is of the opinion that the Americans suffered 15 fatalities and numerous casualties.

Four active infantry battalions of the Regular Army (1-1 Inf, 2-1 Inf, 2-7 Inf and 3-7 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of American units (elements of the old 3rd, 39th and 44th Infantry Regiments) that were at the Battle of Pensacola.

Notes and citations
Notes

Citations

 * Bibliography

 * Heidler, David Stephen & Jeanne T (2003): Old Hickory's War: Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2867-1
 * Hyde, Samuel C. (2004): A Fierce and Fractious Frontier: The Curious Development of Louisiana's Florida Parishes, 1699–2000. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807129232
 * Mahon, John K. (1991): The War Of 1812. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306804298
 * Marshall, John (1829): Royal Naval Biography. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
 * Nicolas, Paul Harris (1845): Historical Record of the Royal Marine Forces. Volume 2, 1805–1842
 * Tucker, Spencer (ed). (2012): The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851099565
 * Mahon, John K. (1991): The War Of 1812. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306804298
 * Marshall, John (1829): Royal Naval Biography. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
 * Nicolas, Paul Harris (1845): Historical Record of the Royal Marine Forces. Volume 2, 1805–1842
 * Tucker, Spencer (ed). (2012): The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851099565
 * Tucker, Spencer (ed). (2012): The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851099565
 * Tucker, Spencer (ed). (2012): The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851099565
 * Tucker, Spencer (ed). (2012): The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851099565
 * Tucker, Spencer (ed). (2012): The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851099565

30.4107°N, -87.2112°W

title: Battle of Pensacola (1814)


title: User:Violetriga/Templates4/press


text:
Jack Boucher

Jack E. Boucher (September 4, 1931 – September 2, 2012) was an American photographer for the National Park Service for more than 40 years beginning in 1958. He served as the Chief Photographer for the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS). In 1966 he left the Park Service for two years to supervise New Jersey's State Historic Preservation program, including the State's roadside marker program, 18 historic museum houses, several lighthouses, and two historic villages. Offered his old job back by the Park Service/HABS in 1970, he left New Jersey to return to NPS/HABS and the highly specialized job of large format photographic architectural documentation. His work took him to 49 States, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. April 2008 was the fiftieth anniversary of his employment with the National Park Service's "HABS" program. He traveled with 900 pounds of photographic equipment.

Career
Boucher's first job was photo lab and engraving chief for the Atlantic City Tribune (1949–1951), then at Fred Hess & Son Photographers in Atlantic City from February 1951 to September 1952, and then at the Garden State Parkway as chief of photography from September 1952 to April 1958. He also wrote a weekly column on conservation and preservation for the Tribune and then The Press of Atlantic City for two years. He produced and presented a one-hour radio program dealing with conservation and preservation from 1952 to 1953 on WFPG in Atlantic City. He then left the Parkway to work for the National Park Service.

He was first assigned to work jointly with the Washington Branch of Still and Motion Pictures under Ralph Anderson, chief of the branch, and with HABS, Historic Structures at the NPS Eastern Office of Design and Construction in Philadelphia. From 1958 to 1962, Boucher documented one of the most significant periods in National Park Service history: Mission 66, a design and construction program intended to revitalize the national parks through a massive, 10-year program of capital investment. In 1963, he became Chief Photographer of the Historic American Buildings Survey. From 1971 to 1978, Boucher also performed all photography work for the Historic American Engineering Record. He died on September 2, 2012, at age 80.

Boucher stated, "My whole philosophy is, I regard the building I'm doing as the most important one in my life, even if it's a single-seat log outhouse."

Career highlights
Boucher worked 18 hours non-stop photographing a hurricane that ravaged Atlantic City in November 1950, holding his 4x5 large format speed graphic and camera bag over his head in water up to his armpits. While reconnoitering camera vantage points to document Fortress El Morro in Old San Juan in 1967, Puerto Rico. Boucher and his wife Peggy were passengers aboard a sailing catamaran that was struck and cut in two by a submarine entering the San Juan harbor. During the 1990s he produced over 500 large format images of the White House for the Historic American Buildings Survey, some days producing only a single image. A proud possession is a book published by the White House centering on the family living quarters illustrated by his work. His copy was personally autographed to him by the President and the First Lady.

The assignment of which he was most proud was a three-week stint photographically documenting the leprosy settlement "Kalaupapa," on the Hawaiian island of Molokai, living among the 85 victims still in residence there at the time. "I vividly remember studying the story of the Belgian Priest Fr. Damien and his labors for 16 years among the lepers while in grade school. I never dreamed I would be able to go there."

Boucher completed the National Trust of England's "Attingham School" in 1969, an intensive summer study program dealing with the historic country houses of England, and architecture from Roman times to the Regency Period. About 1973 he was one of 36 selected to participate in the European Traveling Summer School for Historic Architecture and Preservation. It was a seven-week study tour through England, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.

American Preservation Magazine published a series of articles in which he wrote and showed photographs of historic cities in the Soviet Union, Belgium, Hungary and Italy.

He conceived and oversaw the preservation of Atlantic City's 1857 Absecon Lighthouse in 1964; the ca 1820s Weymouth Furnace. Earlier, and at age 21 in 1952, Boucher was the instigator and one of two key people from the preservation/conservation field responsible for the preservation of New Jersey 98000 acre Wharton Forest, home to three major historic iron furnace villages that served the American Revolution, twenty four species of wild orchids, the habitat of the rare "Pine Barrens Tree Frog," and a canoeing and hunting retreat.

In 1952 he personally guided Mike Hudoba, noted outdoors writer on a several day canoe trip through the Wharton Forest rivers. He once spoke of a three-week canoe trip to fish for trout in Canadian wilderness a few hundred miles from the Arctic Circle. Navigating the Bersimus River, they were attempting to reach Lake Boucher but were unable to portage around rapids.

Legacy
With more than five decades of public service, he was the creator of tens of thousands of public domain photographs. In 1986 he received the Department of the Interior's Meritorious Service Award. Other awards include The Medal for Architectural Photography by the American Institute of Architects, Awards of Merit and also Commendation from the American Association for State and Local History and a Resolution of Commendation from New Jersey State Senate, as well as others.

He lectured extensively, including appearances at Columbia University, The College of William & Mary, Cornell University, Ball State University, University of Florida, University of Texas at Austin, Franklin Pierce University, history and preservation organizations and other schools across the nation. For some 15 years he annually produced and taught architectural documentation photography of historic structures to the Preservation Institute of Nantucket, the nine-week summer preservation program of the University of Florida's School of Architecture.

Major exhibits of his work include two at the Library of Congress, one at the American Institute of Architects, the Atheneum of Philadelphia, Buffalo History Museum in New York, as well as in Puerto Rico, Columbia and SC.

Well over an estimated 50,000 of his HABS/HAER photographs are in the collections of the Library of Congress, most of which are available at no cost online, or for nominal reproduction costs in hardcopy. He never accepted private commissions or sold copies of his work.

Publications

 * A Record in Detail: The Architectural Photographs of Jack E. Boucher (1988) (ISBN 0-8262-0640-9)
 * A Quest for Grandeur: Charles Moore and the Federal Triangle, text by Sally Kress Tompkins (ISBN 1-56098-161-X)
 * Landmarks of Prince George's County/Architectural Photographs (ISBN 0-8018-4628-5)
 * Absegami Yesteryear (1964), Laureate Press: history of Atlantic County, New Jersey
 * Of Batsto & Bog Iron (1964), Batsto Citizens Advisory Committee
 * Atlantic City's historic Absecon lighthouse (1964), Atlantic County Historical Society (he chaired a committee that saved the tower from destruction and oversaw its restoration in 1963)
 * Lucy, The Margate Elephant (1970), Save Lucy Committee, a National Historic Landmark
 * A Record In Detail, University of Missouri Press
 * Quest for Grandeur,1 Smithsonian Press
 * Landmarks of Prince George's County (1993),1 Johns Hopkins Press (ISBN 978-0801846281)
 * Under Four Flags,1 (California)
 * Architecture of Middle Tennessee (1974),1 Vanderbilt University Press (ISBN 978-0826511843)
 * Industrial Archeology,1 Stephen Greene Press. Etc.

title: Jack Boucher


text:
User talk:Sunshinesunny

Welcome
Well, Sunshinesunny, you may think of yourself as "taimur", but here, we will think of you by your "handle", or username. No problem with that.

If you think you need some help, by all means, please click "talk" in my sig. — Xiong 熊 talk 09:04, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sunshinesunny


text:
User talk:Ppp3

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Meelar (talk) 21:07, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.--Boothy443 | comhrÚ 21:17, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires.--Boothy443 | comhrÚ 21:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ppp3


title: User:Violetriga/Templates4/chemistry


text:
User:Grika

My name is Milo Grika (born, 29 November, 1967)

I started editing the wikipedia 18 January, 2005 with off-color humor though I am not credited as I didn't have an account at that time. Looking at my vanity list, you will see that I am drawn to articles concerning natural sciences and linguistics.

Number of times my user page has been vandalized: >10

Contact me
Email me if you wish.

title: User:Grika


text: Talk:Michael Myers (Halloween)

title: Talk:Michael Myers (Halloween)


text:
User talk:Lyeta

Canned Greeting
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Halidecyphon 21:10, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Apology for Canned Greeting
It's not like me to use canned greetings, but the one above is really a good introduction and there's no sense in rewriting it. Eagerly awaiting your article on the Brazilian Sport Horse! By the way, you might also be interested in the portugese wikipedia. They may already have an article on that breed of horse, in which case you can choose to use information from there or not, but if it does exist in portguese, you can add a link from the Brazilian article (have a look at the format used in other articles that exist in multiple languages.)--Halidecyphon 21:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lyeta


text:
Kenneth J. Grant

Rev. Kenneth James Grant (1839–1932) was a Canadian Presbyterian missionary who was one of the founding fathers of the Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago and was a founder of secondary education among East Indians.

Grant was born in Scotch Hill, Pictou County, Nova Scotia. In 1854, he started teaching in Cape John, Nova Scotia after receiving his teachers' certificate. He later started studying Theology, attending school in Truro, Nova Scotia, graduating in 1859, and also in Princeton, New Jersey, until moving to Trinidad and Tobago in 1870. There, he started teaching at the government-funded Sabbath School on Cicero Street, teaching the local Indians while he himself also learned Hindi. He also founded Naparima College in 1894, the first secondary school on the island. Grant Memorial Presbyterian School in San Fernando is named in his memory. Dr. Grant also helped found Hillview College, where one of the school's four houses is named Grant House, with its colour being blue. A picture of him hangs in the administration building.

Grant died in 1932 in Nova Scotia. Grant's son, Thomas, was a prominent businessman in Trinidad and Tobago and founded T. Geddes Grant Ltd. His grandsons Fred and Sir Lindsay ran the company, and Jackie and Rolph captained the West Indies Test cricket team.

title: Kenneth J. Grant


text:
Resident Evil 3 (2020 video game)

Resident Evil 3 is a 2020 survival horror game developed and published by Capcom. It is a remake of the 1999 game Resident Evil 3: Nemesis. Players control former elite agent Jill Valentine and mercenary Carlos Oliveira as they attempt to find a vaccine and escape from a city during a zombie outbreak. The game is played from a third-person perspective and requires the player to solve puzzles and defeat monsters while being pursued by a creature called Nemesis. It was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One in April 2020 and for Amazon Luna, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S in June 2022, with a Nintendo Switch cloud version released in November 2022.

Most of Resident Evil 3 was developed concurrently with the 2019 remake of Resident Evil 2; both games run on Capcom's RE Engine. Although it features the same premise as the original, many parts were rearranged in favor of a more focused story. To honor the more action-oriented approach of the original, developers revamped the movement speed and animations from the Resident Evil 2 remake and added the ability to dodge attacks. Because some features from the original game were excluded, a separate online multiplayer game, Resident Evil: Resistance, was bundled with Resident Evil 3.

The game received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised its compelling narrative, tense atmosphere, and graphics. Criticism was targeted at its short length and missing features from the original. The greater emphasis on action and scripted sequences disappointed some critics. The game had sold 8.4 million units by December 2023.

Gameplay

Resident Evil 3 is a survival horror third-person shooter game. The player controls Resident Evil protagonist Jill Valentine through most of the game; certain sections require the player to control a supporting character, Carlos Oliveira, for short periods. The player must explore the environment to open doors, climb ladders, and pick up items. When an item is collected, it is stored in an inventory that can be accessed at any time. Items in the inventory can be used, examined, and combined to solve puzzles and gain access to areas that were previously inaccessible. The player may pick up maps to reveal unexplored sections in the game's automap, which shows the player's current position and indicates if an area still has items to collect. Cutscenes with occasional quick time events are featured at regular intervals to advance the story.

As the player progresses throughout the game, a variety of computer-controlled monsters will try to hinder the player's progress. The player can acquire and use multiple weapons, including combat knives, firearms, and grenades. Some weapons can be customized with additional parts to improve their performance. A creature called Nemesis is the game's primary antagonist and pursues the player in key moments. He gradually mutates into more aggressive forms as the player defeats him during several encounters. The player has a certain amount of health which decreases when Jill or Carlos take damage. On higher difficulty settings, ammunition and health recovery items are scarce, and getting past opponents without killing them is generally encouraged. Jill has the ability to dodge incoming attacks at close range, while Carlos can perform melee attacks to stagger opponents. If Jill or Carlos die, the player must start the game again from the last save point.

Once the player completes the game on the highest difficulty setting, two additional difficulty modes can be unlocked. These disable autosaves, make opponents tougher to defeat, change certain encounters, and rearrange item locations. Additionally, upon completing the game for the first time, an item shop is unlocked in the game's main menu, allowing the player to spend points on in-game advantages such as items that boost the player's healing and damage, as well as new weapons. Points are earned by completing a number of challenges, ranging from finding all weapon upgrades to destroying hidden bobbleheads known as Charlie dolls. Unlocking items is essential to completing the game's most challenging difficulty modes.

Plot
On September 28, 1998, 24 hours prior to the events of Resident Evil 2, most of Raccoon City's citizens have turned into zombies as the result of an outbreak of the T-virus, a mutagenic virus secretly developed by the pharmaceutical company Umbrella. Jill Valentine, former member of the Raccoon Police Department's Special Tactics And Rescue Service (S.T.A.R.S.), is attacked in her apartment by an intelligent bioweapon known as the Nemesis T-Type, specifically programmed by Umbrella to eliminate all surviving S.T.A.R.S. members. Briefly joined by fellow S.T.A.R.S. officer Brad Vickers before he is killed by zombies, Jill evades Nemesis and is rescued by Umbrella Biohazard Countermeasure Service (U.B.C.S.) mercenary Carlos Oliveira. Carlos explains that he and his group of surviving U.B.C.S. mercenaries - Mikhail Victor, Tyrell Patrick, and Nicholai Ginovaef - have set up subway trains to evacuate civilians from the city. Jill helps them reactivate power to the subway and departs on a train with Nicholai and Mikhail, while Carlos and Tyrell remain behind to find Dr. Nathaniel Bard, an Umbrella scientist who may have developed a vaccine for the T-virus.

After Mikhail expresses his suspicions towards Nicholai over how their platoon was ambushed by zombies, Nemesis attacks the train and kills the civilians. Nicholai betrays and locks Jill and Mikhail out, with the latter sacrificing himself by detonating an explosive that derails the train. Meanwhile, reaching the police department on the notion that Bard is at the S.T.A.R.S. office, Carlos and Tyrell learn the scientist took refuge at a nearby hospital. Carlos is contacted by Jill, who survived the crash while being pursued by a mutating Nemesis. She manages to escape Nemesis, losing consciousness after the monster infects her with the T-virus. Carlos finds Jill half a day later and takes her to the hospital, finding Bard murdered along with the scientist's video entry revealing that Umbrella's board is wiping out the vaccines and any evidence connecting the company to the T-Virus. After Carlos retrieves Bard's vaccine and administers it to Jill, Tyrell discovers that the U.S. government plans to destroy Raccoon City in a missile strike to eradicate the T-virus infestation. Carlos travels to a lab underneath the hospital to find more vaccines, while Tyrell tries to contact whoever he can to prevent the missile strike.

Jill wakes on the day of the missile strike, October 1, and follows Carlos to the lab. Tyrell informs her that the U.S. government will not launch the missiles if they can retrieve a vaccine from the lab within a few hours. Although Nemesis kills Tyrell shortly afterwards, Jill manages to synthesize a vaccine. She also learns that Nicholai is a supervisor hired by an unknown contractor to sabotage Umbrella's efforts to hide their involvement while collecting combat data on the company's bioweapons, including Nemesis. An encounter with Nemesis prompts Nicholai to retrieve the vaccine from Jill as he leaves her to fight the monster. Jill eliminates Nemesis with a railgun and meets up with Nicholai at a helipad. Nicholai destroys the vaccine, acknowledging that the city's fate is not important as long as he gets paid for sabotaging Umbrella. Carlos intervenes and restrains Nicholai, prompting Jill to shoot and injure him. Disgusted by his greed, Jill escapes the city with Carlos via helicopter, leaving Nicholai behind. As the city is destroyed by the missile strike, Jill vows to take down Umbrella at all costs.

Development
Resident Evil 3 was developed by Capcom as a remake of the original Resident Evil 3: Nemesis, which was released for PlayStation in 1999. The idea of producing such a remake was considered shortly after Capcom had started development on the 2019 remake of Resident Evil 2. Because Capcom had previously remastered the 2002 remake of the original Resident Evil in 2015, completing the trilogy became part of their goal. Capcom was assisted by subsidiary K2 Inc and external companies Red Works and M-Two, the latter being founded by former PlatinumGames CEO Tatsuya Minami. PlatinumGames veteran Kiyohiko Sakata, who had originally worked on the first four Resident Evil games as a programmer and designer, was the game's director. While development on Resident Evil 3 and the Resident Evil 2 remake did not start at the same time, there was a significant development overlap between both projects. As a result, both games share certain technologies and run on Capcom's proprietary RE Engine.

Some people who had worked on the original game were involved in the project and had an opportunity to rebuild their vision of what Raccoon City should look like. Because Resident Evil 3 takes place almost concurrently with the events of Resident Evil 2, the development team decided to tie both stories together more than in the originals. Improving the pace of the story and developing better characterizations, especially the relationship between Jill and Carlos, were a major priority. The team wanted Jill to be resilient and capable of surviving nearly impossible odds, while Carlos was designed to feel like her true ally. Their outfits were altered accordingly, with Jill wearing more practical apparel and Carlos sporting a grittier look. Capcom used the likeness of Russian model Sasha Zotova as the basis for Jill's facial appearance. To honor the more action-oriented approach of the original game, the team revamped the movement speed and animations from the Resident Evil 2 remake, and included a counter action which allows the player to automatically aim at an opponent's head after dodging an attack.

The process of designing Nemesis went through several iterations. Although the art team made sure the new character model stayed true to the original concept, they redesigned it so that it could fit into a reimagined and photorealistic setting. One of the most notable changes from the original design is the fact that he now wears bodybags instead of clothes. According to the game's director, Kiyohiko Sakata, this aesthetic choice was made to show that "Nemesis is not a completed model, but a prototype." In an interview with PlayStation Blog, Sakata further explained that Nemesis's new attire was meant to be "restrictive gear that was haphazardly, quickly created to contain it, which is why it has such visuals." The game's producer, Peter Fabiano, further noted that the redesign was a way for the remake to "keep to the essence of the original game, but at the same time modernize it." Sakata initially wanted Nemesis to actively look for and stalk the player throughout the game, but after he saw that the Resident Evil 2 team was programming the Tyrant in their game to behave in this way, he realized that players that are familiar with Resident Evil 2 would not be surprised by his game's enemy. As a result, the team improved the artificial intelligence of Nemesis so that he could use weapons, grab Jill with his tentacles, and jump long distances to appear right next to her. The team wanted to give players the feeling that they were constantly being pursued by a relentless opponent, but they also wanted to give players periods of respite and make them believe that Jill could defeat him.

Although Resident Evil 3 features the same premise as the original game, many parts were rearranged, especially when compared to the Resident Evil 2 remake, and several locations from the original were cut—namely, the clock tower, the graveyard, the park, and city hall. Conversely, the game's storytelling and dialogue were expanded significantly because Sakata wanted to tell a more consistent story. In particular, Carlos has a more prominent role. The original game's multiple endings and live choices, which affect how the story unfolds, were entirely removed in favor of a more focused story. Additionally, the Mercenaries - Operation: Mad Jackal mode, which involves the player trying to escape the city within a time limit, was excluded from the remake. However, Capcom decided that Resident Evil 3 would be bundled with Resident Evil: Resistance, a separate online multiplayer game developed by a Taiwanese company called NeoBards. Around 90% of the game was complete by January 2020, with the remaining work to be done being final adjustments. The game's overall development time took three years to complete.

Marketing and release
Resident Evil 3 was officially announced during Sony's State of Play livestream presentation on December 10, 2019, shortly after development on the game had been hinted by several sources. A tease referencing the game was then added to the Resident Evil 2 remake via an update, awarding players with an achievement if they found and read an in-game letter left behind by Jill. A demo was released on March 19, 2020, allowing players to play a small portion of the full game before its release, while a new trailer that focused on Jill was released on March 27, 2020. If the game was pre-ordered at certain retailers, players would receive an exclusive downloadable content pack that included Jill's original outfit and Carlos' original hairstyle.

Resident Evil 3 was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on April 3, 2020. A launch trailer was also released, reminding buyers that Resident Evil: Resistance is freely included in the package with every purchase of the game. A collector's edition was made available for the console versions, featuring extras such as a Jill Valentine figurine, a hardcover art book, a Raccoon City map poster, and a two-disc soundtrack. In Europe, physical copies of the game were reported to likely be delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. A board game based on Resident Evil 3 was released by Capcom on April 28, 2020, supporting up to four players and featuring a 19-hour campaign with an overarching storyline. A downloadable content pack that allows players to unlock Jill's S.T.A.R.S costume and items from the in-game shop without the need of completing challenges was released in August 2020.

Versions for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S were announced on March 2, 2022, and released on June 13, 2022 alongside upgrades for Resident Evil 7: Biohazard and the Resident Evil 2 remake. These versions include visual enhancements including ray-tracing and high-framerate modes, with the PlayStation 5 version also supporting haptic feedback and adaptive triggers. Owners of the game on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One are able to upgrade for free, and a free upgrade patch for the Windows version was released simultaneously. A version for Amazon Luna was announced on May 26, 2022, and was released on June 10, 2022. A Nintendo Switch cloud version was released on November 18, 2022.

Reception
Resident Evil 3 received "generally favorable reviews" on Metacritic and a 79% score on OpenCritic. In a very positive review, IGN considered Resident Evil 3 as strong as its acclaimed predecessor, stating that the game "does an amazing job of recapturing the horror and tension of the late '90s original while completely modernizing its gameplay." Game Informer described it as "an incredible thrill ride" from start to finish. GameRevolution agreed, calling the game short yet exhilarating, and remarked that it exceeds the original in presentation and storytelling. Destructoid noted the "remake of Resident Evil 3 is going to be divisive, just as the original was." Other critics were less enthusiastic towards the game. GameSpot stated that, although the opening hours are very effective, the game fails to sustain the same level of excellence when its scope begins to narrow towards the end. PC Gamer called Resident Evil 3 "an extremely shallow game, with lavish production values failing to mask just how rushed and unambitious it feels."

The game's presentation and visuals were highlighted very positively, with critics praising the detailed and polished environments, tense atmosphere, lighting effects, and interesting and varied locations. Destructoid lauded the remakes character models and aesthetics, stating they add to the sense of dread you feel as you fight through the city piece by piece. IGN praised the storytelling for delivering dramatic moments that carry the gameplay without unnecessary exposition, while Edge magazine said that the game was better written than its predecessor because it knows how to embrace the original's pulpiness while modernizing its characters. Critics also felt that the game had determined and likeable characters,  especially Jill and Carlos, who were said to be believable and realistic. The fact that the game often relies on scripted gameplay moments and cinematic set pieces disappointed some critics. VG247 explained that Nemesis is only active in a small portion of the game, and that he is primarily featured in scripted sequences or boss fights. This led some critics to believe that he was underused and that a lot of his potential was wasted.

Critics generally agreed that Resident Evil 3 lacks its predecessor's depth because it places more emphasis on moment-to-moment action than exploration and puzzle solving. However, some noted that the game is far from being as action-heavy as Resident Evil 6, and that it still involves the item micromanagement common to early Resident Evil games. In particular, GamesRadar+ compared the hospital area to the police station of the Resident Evil 2 remake because it requires players to gradually unravel it as they progress. Although the dodge ability was considered a welcome addition,  the timing window to execute it was said to be inconsistent. Some critics also considered the combat and gunplay to be less satisfying than that of its predecessor.

A frequently criticized aspect of the game was its short length and lack of substantial replay value. GameSpot explained that the fact that the game follows the same premise as the original but excludes some locations such as the clock tower and park, making its short length even more apparent. GameRevolution said that, although Resident Evil 3 omits some areas from the original, it also introduces and expands others, calling the game more of a reimagining than a genuine remake. Edge argued that the game's short length was not an issue, stating that it is comparable to that of the original game and should take between six and eight hours to complete for the first time. The magazine also remarked that, while the original's multiple endings and live choices certainly encourage subsequent playthroughs, so do the remake's unlockable items that are needed for speedruns, and concluded that Resident Evil 3 is more faithful to the original in spirit than in content.

At The Game Awards 2020, Resident Evil 3 was nominated for Best Audio Design, but lost to The Last of Us Part II. At IGN's Game of the Year Awards 2020, Resident Evil 3 was nominated for Best Action-Adventure Game and Best Remake/Remaster, but lost to The Last of Us Part II and Final Fantasy VII Remake, respectively. It was one of the recipients of the Award for Excellence at the Japan Game Awards 2021.

Sales
Resident Evil 3 shipped more than two million units in its first five days of release, although Capcom stated that nearly half of the game's sales were digital. In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version sold more than 189,000 units in its first week of release, becoming the second best-selling retail game of the week, behind Animal Crossing: New Horizons. Resident Evil 3 had sold 2.5 million units by May 2020, and 2.7 million units by June 30, 2020. Although the latter is a 55% decline from its predecessor's 4.2 million copies sold within a similar time span, Capcom considered the game's sales to be solid and in line with their expectations. In January 2021, Capcom reported that the game had sold 3.6 million units. In October 2021, the company reported that Resident Evil 3 had sold 3.9 million units, calling the game a "hit". According to Capcom's 2021 Integrated Report, the game had sold 4.6 million units by November 2021, with a large portion of these being digital. By January 2023, the game had sold 6.4 million units. By June 2023, it had sold 7.6 million units. At the end of 2023 the total sales had reached 8.4 million units.

title: Resident Evil 3 (2020 video game)


text: User:Inshaneeee

title: User:Inshaneeee


text: User talk:66.188.124.57

title: User talk:66.188.124.57


text:
User talk:Calles loco

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 21:14, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Regarding sandbox edits
Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for making editing tests in the Wikipedia sandbox, and not on other pages. However, when you use the sandbox, please do not remove the sandbox header. It identifies the page as the sandbox and provides directions to its users. Thank you. Georgia guy 22:04, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hello!
You were banned for a good reason. - Ken Bogan 22:38, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Calles loco


text: User talk:63.212.171.193

title: User talk:63.212.171.193


text:
HMS K1

HMS K1 was a First World War steam turbine-propelled K-class submarine of the Royal Navy. K1 was sunk to prevent it being captured after colliding with HMS K4 off the Danish coast. She had been patrolling on the surface as part of a flotilla of submarines operating in line ahead. The flotilla was led by the light cruiser HMS Blonde (1910), followed by K1, HMS K3, K4, and HMS K7. The crew survived and taken off by two cutters sent from HMS Blonde. The collision occurred at approx 17:35 and after consultation with the rescued submariner officers and concluding that the K1 could not be saved, Blonde opened fire with one of her 4 inch guns and sank the submarine with a few shells at 19:10 hours.

Design
K1 displaced 1800 LT when at the surface and 2600 LT while submerged. It had a total length of 338 ft, a beam of 26 ft, and a draught of 20 ft. The submarine was powered by two oil-fired Yarrow Shipbuilders boilers each supplying one geared Brown-Curtis or Parsons steam turbine; this developed 10,500 ship horsepower (7,800 kW) to drive two 7 ft screws. Submerged power came from four electric motors each producing 350 to 360 hp. It was also had an 800 hp diesel engine to be used when steam was being raised, or instead of raising steam.

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 24 kn and a submerged speed of 9 to 9.5 kn. It could operate at depths of 150 ft at 2 kn for 80 nmi. K1 was armed with ten 18 in torpedo tubes, two 4 in deck guns, and a 3 in anti-aircraft gun. Its torpedo tubes were four in the bows, four in the midship section firing to the sides, and two were mounted on the deck in rotating mountings. Its complement was fifty-nine crew members.

title: HMS K1


text:
User:Rich Farmbrough/Disambig scripts

Scripting
Download the database.

Note these scripts work with the SQL databse dumps, not with the XML dumps. Create this perl script dab.pl

 * 1) !/usr/bin/perl

while (<>) { @lines=split /\[INSERT INTO \`cur\` VALUES \(|\d\'\),\(|\d\'\);\n/; foreach $line (@lines){ $line =~ m/\d+,(\d+),'(.+?[^\\])','(.+?[^\\])','/; $space=$1; $name=$2; $text=$3; if ($space==0) { if ($text =~ m/\{\{disambig\}\}/){ print $name, "\n"; }			elsif ($text =~ m/\{\{msg:disambig\}\}/){ print $name, "\n"; }		}		} }

run

perl dab.pl ddddddddd_cur_table.sql > dab.txt

Where dddddd is the appropriate date (Takes a few minutes, I didn't time it.)

then create countdab.pl

%dab=; open (DAB,"dab.txt"); while (){ chomp; $dab{$_}=0; } $i=0; while (<>) { @lines=split /\[INSERT INTO \`cur\` VALUES \(|\d\'\),\(|\d\'\);\n/; foreach $line (@lines){ $line =~ m/\d+,(\d+),'(.+?[^\\])','(.+?[^\\])','/; if ($1==0){ $_=$3;			@links= /\[\[(.*?)(?:\||\]\])/g;
 * 1) !/usr/bin/perl

foreach $link (@links){ if ( exists $dab{$link} ) { $dab{$link}++; }			}		}	}	print STDERR ".",++$i; } $i=0; foreach $key (sort { $dab{$b} <=> $dab{$a} } keys %dab) { print "# ", $key," (links to ",$dab{$key}," articles)\n"; if ($i++>200) {last;} }

and run with something like

perl dabcount.pl dddddddddd_cur_table.sql > count.txt

where dddddddddd is the appropriate date. (takes about twenty minutes)

and you have your result. It's not perfect because it ignores nowiki, comments etc. but for a disambiguation league table it's good enough.

title: User:Rich Farmbrough/Disambig scripts


text: File:Catoctin-mtn.jpg

title: File:Catoctin-mtn.jpg


text:
Fort de Joux

The Fort de Joux or Château de Joux  is a castle, later transformed into a fort, located in La Cluse-et-Mijoux in the Doubs department in the Jura Mountains of France. It commands the mountain pass Cluse de Pontarlier.

History
The Château de Joux has undergone several transformations. The original structure was built in the 11th century and was made of wood. Over the next century, the lords of Joux rebuilt the keep and the external fortifications out of stone. In 1454, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, bought the château and transformed it into a border fort, adding a moat and barracks. The château then passed to Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (Habsburgs), Margaret of Austria, and Charles Quint, with each successive owner making further improvements. Its most famous remodeler was Vauban, who modernised it between 1678 and 1693. It was finally annexed by France in 1678 under Louis XIV.

The Austrians captured the château in 1814. Later, the construction of the forts at Larmont in the 19th century provided reinforcement. In 1879, Captain (later Marshal) Joseph Joffre, then a military engineering officer, modernised the château and transformed it into a fort included in the Maginot Line to prevent German invasion from Swiss territory.

It served as a prison for successive French governments between the 17th and the 19th centuries. In that capacity, the château is best known for imprisoning several famous figures, including Mirabeau, Heinrich von Kleist, and the leader of the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint Louverture, who died there on 7 April 1803.

In addition to being used as a prison, the château played a part in the defence of the region until the First World War.

The fortress currently houses a museum of arms that exhibits more than 600 rare weapons dating from the early 18th to the 20th centuries, including a rare 1717 rifle. The castle also has a well which, at 147 m, was once the deepest in France. Cut with a horizontal gallery and partially filled, it is now the third deepest at about 101 m.

Since 1949, the French Ministry of Culture has listed the château as a monument historique.

title: Fort de Joux


text:
Mashallah ibn Athari

Māshāʾallāh ibn Atharī (ما شاء الله إبن أثري; c. 740 – 815), known as Mashallah, was an 8th century Persian Jewish astrologer, astronomer, and mathematician. Originally from Khorasan, he lived in Basra (in present day Iraq) during the reigns of the Abbasid caliphs al-Manṣūr and al-Ma’mūn, and was among those who introduced astrology and astronomy to Baghdad. The bibliographer ibn al-Nadim described Mashallah "as virtuous and in his time a leader in the science of jurisprudence, i.e. the science of judgments of the stars". Mashallah served as a court astrologer for the Abbasid caliphate and wrote works on astrology in Arabic. Some Latin translations survive.

The Arabic phrase indicates a believer's acceptance of God's ordainment of good or ill fortune. His name is probably an Arabic rendering of the Hebrew. Al-Nadim writes Mashallah's name as ("Yithru" or "Jethro").

The crater Messala on the Moon is named after Mashallah.

Biography
As a young man Mashallah participated in the founding of Baghdad for Caliph al-Manṣūr in 762 by working with a group of astrologers led by Naubakht the Persian to pick an electional horoscope for the founding of the city, and building of an observatory. Attributed the author of 21 works, predominantly on astrology, Mashallah's authority was established over the centuries in the Middle East, and later in the West, when horoscopic astrology was transmitted to Europe from the 12th century. His writings include both what would be recognized as traditional horary astrology and an earlier type of astrology which casts consultation charts to divine the client's intention. The strong influence of Hermes Trismegistus and Dorotheus is evident in his work.

Philosophy
Mashallah postulated a ten-orb universe rather than the eight-orb model offered by Aristotle and the nine-orb model that was popular in his time. In all Mashallah's planetary model ascribes 26 orbs to the universe, which account for the relative positioning and motion of the seven planets. Of the ten orbs, the first seven contain the planets and the eighth contain the fixed stars. The ninth and tenth orbs were named by Mashallah the "Orb of Signs" and the "Great Orb", respectively. Both of these orbs are starless and move with the diurnal motion, but the tenth orb moves in the plane of the celestial equator while the ninth orb moves around poles that are inclined 24° with respect to the poles of the tenth orb. The ninth is also divided into twelve parts which are named after the zodiacal constellations that can be seen beneath them in the eighth orb. The eight and ninth orbs move around the same poles, but with different motion. The ninth orb moves with daily motion, so that the 12 signs are static with respect to the equinoxes, the eighth Orb of the Fixed Stars moves 1° in 100 years, so that the 12 zodiacal constellations are mobile with respect to the equinoxes. The eight and ninth orbs moving around the same poles also guarantees that the 12 stationary signs and the 12 mobile zodiacal constellations overlap. By describing the universe in such a manner, Mashallah was attempting to demonstrate the natural reality of the 12 signs by stressing that the stars are located with respect to the signs and that fundamental natural phenomena, such as the beginning of the seasons, changes of weather, and the passage of the months, take place in the sublunar domain when the sun enters the signs of the ninth orb.

Mashallah was an advocate of the idea that the conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter dictate the timing of important events on Earth. These conjunctions, which occur about every twenty years, take place in the same triplicity for about two hundred years, and special significance is attached to a shift to another triplicity.

Works

The Big Book of Births (كتاب المواليد الكبير) (14vols); The Twenty-One On Conjunctions, Religions and Sects (الواحد والعشرين في قرانات والأديان والملل); The Projection of [Astrological] Rays (مطرح الشعاع); The Meaning (المعاني); Construction and Operation of Astrolabes (صنعة الإسطرلابات والعمل بها); The Armillary Sphere (ذات الحلق); Rains and Winds (الأمطار والرياح); The Two Arrows (السهمين); Book known as The Seventh & Decimal (Ch.1 – The Beginning of Actions (ابتداء الأعمال); Ch.2 – Averting What Is Predestined (على دفع التدبير);  Ch.3 – On Questions (في المسائل); Ch.4 – Testimonies of the Stars (شهادات الكواكب); Ch.5 – Happenings (الحدوث); Ch.6 Movement and Indications of the Two Luminaries [sun & moon]) (تسيير النيرين وما يدلان عليه); The Letters (الحروف); The Sultan (السلطان); The Journey (السفر); Preceptions (الأسعار) Mashallah's treatise De mercibus (On Prices) is the oldest known scientific work extant in Arabic, and the only work of his extant in its original Arabic.
 * Nativities (المواليد); Revolution (Transfer) of the Years of Nativities (تحويل سني المواليد); Governments (Dynasties) and Sects (الدول والملل); Prediction (Judgement) Based on Conjunctions and Oppositions (الحكم على الاجتماعات والاستقبالات); The Sick (المرضى); Predictions (Judgements) Based On Constellations (Ṣūr)(الصور والحكم عليها);

One of Mashallah's most popular works in the Middle Ages was a cosmological treatise This comprehensive account of the cosmos along Aristotelian lines, covers many topics important to early cosmology. Postulating a ten-orb universe it strays from traditional cosmology. Mashallah aimed at the lay reader and illustrated his main ideas with comprehensible diagrams. Two versions of the manuscript were printed: a short version (27 chapters) De scientia motus orbis, and an expanded version (40 chapters) De elementis et orbibus. The short version was translated by Gherardo Cremonese (Gerard of Cremona). Both were printed in Nuremberg, in 1504 and 1549, respectively. This work is commonly abbreviated to De orbe.

Texts & Translations
Other astronomical and astrological writings are quoted by Suter and Steinschneider.
 * On Conjunctions, Religions, and People was an astrological world history based on conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn. A few fragments are extant as quotations by the Christian astrologer Ibn Hibinta.
 * Liber Messahallaede revoltione liber annorum mundi, a work on revolutions, and De rebus eclipsium et de conjunctionibus planetarum in revolutionibus annorm mundi, a work on eclipses.
 * Nativities under its Arabic title Kitab al – Mawalid, has been partially translated into English from a Latin translation of the Arabic
 * On Reception is available in English from the Latin edition by Joachim Heller of Nuremberg in 1549.

The Irish Astronomical Tract appears based in part on a medieval Latin version of Mashallah. Two-thirds of tract are part-paraphrase part-translation.

The 12th-century scholar and astrologer Abraham ibn Ezra translated two of Mashallah's astrological treatises into Hebrew: She'elot and Ḳadrut (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Uebers." pp. 600–603).

Eleven modern translations of Mashallah's astrological treatises have been translated out of Latin into English.

Source for Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe (1391)
Mashallah's treatise on the astrolabe, which was translated from Arabic into Latin as De Astrolabii Compositione et Ultilitate, is the first known of its kind. The source of Geoffrey Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe (1391) in Middle English is not known, but most of his ‘conclusions’ can be traced to a Latin translation of Mashallah's work, Compositio et Operatio Astrolabii. Chaucer's description of the instrument expands upon Mashallah’s version; that Chaucer used the treatise by Mashallah was recognised by the English scholar John Selden in 1613 and established for certain by the philologist Walter William Skeat.

While Mark Harvey Liddell held that Chaucer drew on De Sphaera of John de Sacrobosco for the substantial part of his astronomical definitions and descriptions, the non-correspondence suggests his probable source was another compilation. Skeat's Treatise of the Astrolabe includes a collotype MS facsimile of the Latin version of the second part of Mashallah’s work, which parallels Chaucer's. This is also found in Robert Gunther's, Chaucer and Messahala on Astrology. De elementis et orbibus was included in Gregor Reisch's Margarita phylosophica (ed. pr., Freiburg, 1503; Suter says the text is included in the Basel edition of 1583). Its contents primarily deal with the construction and usage of an astrolabe.

In 1981, Paul Kunitzsch argued that the treatise on the astrolabe long attributed to Mashallah is in fact written by Ibn al-Saffar.

title: Mashallah ibn Athari