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Wattmeter

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric active power (or the average of the rate of flow of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements.

A wattmeter reads the average value of the product v(t)i(t) = p(t), where v(t) is the voltage with positive reference polarity at the ± terminal with respect to the other terminal of the potential coil, and i(t) is the current with reference direction flowing into the ± terminal of the current coil. The wattmeter reads P = (1/T) ∫0T v(t)i(t) dt, which in sinusoidal steady-state reduces to Vrms Irms cos(φ), where T is the period of p(t) and φ is the angle by which the current lags the voltage.

History
The Hungarian Ottó Bláthy patented his AC wattmeter.

In 1974 Maghar S. Chana, Ramond L. Kraley, Eric A. Hauptmann Barry, and M. Pressman patented an early electronic wattmeter. This device is made up of power, current and voltage transformers, which measure the average power.

Electrodynamic

The traditional analog wattmeter is an electrodynamic instrument. The device consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil known as the potential coil.

The current coils are connected in series with the circuit, while the potential coil is connected in parallel. Also, on analog wattmeters, the potential coil carries a needle that moves over a scale to indicate the measurement. A current flowing through the current coil generates an electromagnetic field around the coil. The strength of this field is proportional to the line current and in phase with it. The potential coil has, as a general rule, a high-value resistor connected in series with it to reduce the current that flows through it.

The result of this arrangement is that on a direct current (DC) circuit, the deflection of the needle is proportional to both the current (I) and the voltage (V), thus conforming to the equation P=VI.

For AC power, current and voltage may not be in phase, owing to the delaying effects of circuit inductance or capacitance. On an AC circuit the deflection is proportional to the average instantaneous product of voltage and current, thus measuring active power, P=VI cos φ. Here, cos φ represents the power factor which shows that the power transmitted may be less than the apparent power obtained by multiplying the readings of a voltmeter and ammeter in the same circuit.

Electronic

Electronic wattmeters are used for direct, small power measurements or for power measurements at frequencies beyond the range of electrodynamometer-type instruments.

Digital
A modern digital wattmeter samples the voltage and current thousands of times a second. For each sample, the voltage is multiplied by the current at the same instant; the average over at least one cycle is the real power. The real power divided by the apparent volt-amperes (VA) is the power factor. A computer circuit uses the sampled values to calculate RMS voltage, RMS current, VA, power (watts), power factor, and kilowatt-hours. The readings may be displayed on the device, retained to provide a log and calculate averages, or transmitted to other equipment for further use. Wattmeters vary considerably in correctly calculating energy consumption, especially when real power is much lower than VA (highly reactive loads, e.g. electric motors). Simple meters may be calibrated to meet specified accuracy only for sinusoidal waveforms. Waveforms for switched-mode power supplies as used for much electronic equipment may be very far from sinusoidal, leading to unknown and possibly large errors at any power. This may not be specified in the meter's manual.

Precision and accuracy
There are limitations to measuring power with inexpensive wattmeters, or indeed with any meters not designed for low-power measurements. This particularly affects low power (e.g. under 10 watts), as used in standby; readings may be so inaccurate as to be useless (although they do confirm that standby power is low, rather than high). The difficulty is largely due to difficulty in accurate measurement of the alternating current, rather than voltage, and the relatively little need for low-power measurements. The specification for the meter should specify the reading error for different situations. For a typical plug-in meter the error in wattage is stated as ±5% of measured value ±10 W (e.g. a measured value of 100 W may be wrong by 5% of 100 W plus 10 W, i.e., ±15 W, or 85–115 W); and the error in kW·h is stated as ±5% of measured value ±0.1 kW·h. If a laptop computer in sleep mode consumes 5 W, the meter may read anything from 0 to 15.25 W, without taking into account errors due to non-sinusoidal waveform. In practice accuracy can be improved by connecting a fixed load such as an incandescent light bulb, adding the device in standby, and using the difference in power consumption. This moves the measurement out of the problematic low-power zone.

Radio frequency
Instruments with moving coils can be calibrated for direct current or power frequency currents up to a few hundred hertz. At radio frequencies (RF) a common method is a rectifier circuit arranged to respond to current in a transmission line; the system is calibrated for the known circuit impedance. Diode detectors are either directly connected to the source, or used with a sampling system that diverts only a portion of the RF power through the detector. Thermistors and thermocouples are used to measure heat produced by RF power and can be calibrated either directly or by comparison with a known reference source of power. A bolometer power sensor converts incident radio frequency power to heat. The sensor element is maintained at a constant temperature by a small direct current. The reduction in current required to maintain temperature is related to the incident RF power. Instruments of this type are used throughout the RF spectrum and can even measure visible light power. For high-power measurements, a calorimeter directly measures heat produced by RF power.

Watthour meters

An instrument which measures electrical energy in watt hours is essentially a wattmeter which integrates the power over time (essentially multiplies the power by elapsed time). Digital electronic instruments measure many parameters and can be used where a wattmeter is needed: volts, current in amperes, apparent instantaneous power, actual power, power factor, energy in [k]W·h over a period of time, and cost of electricity consumed.

title: Wattmeter


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Erik Palmén

Erik Herbert Palmén (31 August 1898 – 19 March 1985) was a Finnish meteorologist, born in Vaasa. He worked at the University of Chicago in the Chicago school of meteorology (started by Carl-Gustaf Rossby) on cyclones and weather fronts with Vilhelm Bjerknes. He contributed to the explanation of the dynamics of the jet stream and the analysis of data collected by radiosondes; his preprocessed and quality checked datasets were widely used by other researchers. Palmen was a multisided researcher who published articles in meteorology, geophysics and oceanography. The 1969 book by Palmen and Chester W. Newton, "Atmospheric Circulation Systems: Their Structure and Interpretation", is still used as lecture material in the universities around the world.

Palmen was the director of Finnish Institute of Marine Research, a professor in Helsinki University and a member of the Finnish Academy of Arts and Letters. His nickname by students, friends and colleagues was Maestro and he was well known for his passion for cigars and interest of effects of weather on agriculture.

Palmen received the Buys Ballot Medal of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1964. By then, when more computing power was available and the first steps of numerical weather prediction were taken, the value of the work done by the Chicago School 10–20 years earlier was really appreciated.

In 1969 he was awarded the prestigious International Meteorological Organization Prize from the World Meteorological Organization.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Erik Palmén


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Valerus

Valerus was a bishop of Zaragoza (Spain) in c. 277 AD.

Etruscan who overpowers Agis, 'Aeneid Book 10 line 887'

title: Valerus


text:
Talk:Georg Henrik von Wright

Moved note
I removed the following note from the article page. I think it's more appropriate here. It directly preceded the list of works. PRiis 06:33, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * note: for the time being, only individual words in the following titles have been linked. This is intended as an inspiration for those who write wikipedia entries on philosophy.

Claim of Scottish descent
Saying that von Wright was of Scottish descent is very far-fetched. He himself pointed out that his earliest known ancestor lived in Narva in Estonia around 1650 and that this man may have had Scottish descent. So not only is there no proof of any Scottish descent, but even if true, we are talking of one single ancestor many generations and more than 250 years removed. If we would talk about descent using similar reasoning in other articles, almost anyone would be of multiple descent. JdeJ (talk) 11:34, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Ten years later, next question: "Von Wright was of both Finnish and 17th-century Scottish ancestry." And where does the very German-sounding nobility predicate von comes from? :-) --Delabarquera (talk) 17:20, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

pronunciation
Which language is the pronunciation in? Swedish? kwami (talk) 16:37, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The best pronunciation would be the Swedish spoken in Finland, by the Swedish-ethnic minority. Swedish should suffice. Kiefer.Wolfowitz (talk) 16:51, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that the phonetic spelling is accurate, and I speak Swedish and studied phonetics from Ian/John Catford! What is the problem? Kiefer.Wolfowitz (talk) 16:57, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Language is not identified (I can do that); tone is not provided (I can't do that!). kwami (talk) 17:56, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Swedish has 2 tones, which I cannot distinguish! Kiefer.Wolfowitz (talk) 18:01, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Von Wright's obituary in The Times [20 June 2003] notes that although his 'surname is pronounced, in most countries, to rhyme with “tricked”; in Britain and the US it is commonly pronounced to rhyme with “bright."' And claims that von Wright "used to tell British friends that the anglophone pronunciation was correct, since the name derived from a Scotsman." (The obituarist is wrong about the family history re said Scotsman - Georg(e) Wright emigrated to Swedish Estonia not Germany and he was not enobled there, his grandsons were enobled in Swedish Finland) as von Wright recounts in "Georg Henrik von Wright: Intellectual Autobiography" (in: Schilpp, 1989)  Jy Houston (talk) 01:40, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georg Henrik von Wright


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Category:Native American artists

This is a category for Native American visual artists belonging to tribes from the United States.

title: Category:Native American artists


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Vertical Communications

Vertical Communications, Inc. is a corporation that specializes in cloud and premises-based private branch exchanges, i.e., business telephone systems. Vertical Communications changed its name on January 1, 2005 from Artisoft, Inc. after acquiring Vertical Networks in September 2004. In September 2005, Vertical Communications acquired Comdial. On December 1, 2006, Vodavi Technology was acquired by Vertical Communications.

Products
Vertical offers new telecommunications products, as well as products from legacy product lines including: • 8x8

• MiCloud Flex

• MiVoice Business

• MiVoice Office 250

• MiVoice Office 400

• iPECS Cloud

• iPECS Premise

• Wave IP 500

• Wave IP 2500

• SBX IP 320

As of 2018/2019, some of these are sold as refurbished units by equipment brokers.

Partner programs
Vertical sells almost exclusively through a value-added reseller (VAR) channel. Partners must meet certain minimum requirements to become a VAR, including purchasing a demo system and qualifying technical personnel by having them attend online training.

Artisoft
Tucson, Arizona-based Artisoft was the first company to offer peer-to-peer networking. The name of its network operating system was LANtastic.

In 1996 the company acquired  for $12.8 million. Stylus Innovation, noted for its Barcode-based remote shopping product, was founded in 1991 by Krisztina 'Z' Holly, Mike Cassidy and John Barrus.

Stylus Innovation came to public attention by winning the Grand-Prize in the 1991 MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition.

Legacy
Artisoft bought TeleVantage, and renamed the latter Artisoft TeleVantage. However, with Microsoft's Windows for Workgroups "eating into" LANtastic's lead (as was Novell). and then free "bundled networking software" in Windows 95 and 98, the company "saw the handwriting on the wall."

LANtastic's originator, Artisoft Televantage, sold "Legacy" technology ("LANtastic") to Spartacom Technologies in 2000. The latter, which subsequently was acquired by PC Micro, continued to market and maintain LANtastic. Version 8.01, released in 2006, can network PCs running MS-DOS (also PC DOS) 5.0 or later and Windows 3.x up to 7.

Vertical redirect
In September 2004 Artisoft, minus its former LANtastic technology, purchased Vertical and, effective January 2005, renamed itself Vertical Communications Inc.

Vertical now had two non-competing main products, Televantage (for firms with under 1,000 phones and "one or more locations" and Vertical's "own" InstantOffice, "a Voice-over-IP phone system ... for large enterprises with many locations."

title: Vertical Communications


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Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Cburnett

Cburnett
final (33/1/1) ending 06:36 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Cburnett is a consistent calm editor who would make an admirable admin in my estimation. Among his 9873 edits is considerable work on the STNG list; where I first took notice of this contributor. - RoyBoy 800 06:36, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate please indicate acceptance of the nomination here
 * Accept :) Cburnett 07:12, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Absolutely. — Xezbeth 07:20, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) I can't see why not. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 11:08, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) A good editor who has shown a great commitment to this project. Rje 12:02, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. Technology/math related edits look acceptable, there's some admin work too. Pavel Vozenilek 13:34, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. Cburnett does quite a bit of work in math articles, especially probability related (so not just movies :)  I had once a disagreement with him, but he was very curteous during the debate, and said in advance he would follow any decision the community will setlle on. Oleg Alexandrov 14:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Fair and balanced editor. 23skidoo 15:51, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) A committed editor who shows interest in helping to tackle VfD? Yep! Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:10, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. - RoyBoy 800 18:01, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) dab (ᛏ) 18:27, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. Contributed a lot to probability/statistics articles. --MarkSweep 19:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) As of now, I do not see how Cburnett would currently benefit by having access to the admin tools. Currently, he seems to not be very active in the janitorial tasks such as VFD, CFD, TFD, and RC patrol. Also, this user seems to spend more time in the movie and TV areas instead of working on a wide range of subjects. Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:55, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, as long as you promise to help out on the janitorial tasks. Zzyzx11 | Talk 19:41, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 23:51, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. Yes, of course. PAR 01:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Stongly, does incredible work and do check back on article and suggest compromises instead of simply deleting new ideas, that is the kind of work that makes Wikipedia what it is. Continue the good work! --Astrowob 01:33, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Sure. ugen 64 03:35, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support, Hey Cburnett remember your "WTF" comment?  It showed me that you are very serious about this project.  I think you'll be a good asset for Wiki as an admin.  Tony the Marine
 * 6) Support- JCarriker 09:50, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support- — ciphergoth 12:32, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. Meets my admin criterion.  --Kbdank71 18:05, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Andre ( talk ) 20:01, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. Adm58 01:26, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. He's a Star Trek fan. Oh, and I've seen Cburnett's good work around. — Knowledge Seeker দ 09:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support---Jondel 09:49, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Support. Kingturtle 17:30, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) I don't think it's needed at this point, but he has my support. Always been reasonable. —Ben Brockert (42) UE News  23:09, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support. What Ben said.  If we can't give the mop and bucket to one of the most level-headed people on this site, we shouldn't give it out at all. - Lucky 6.9 04:55, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) True, he's a Star Trek fan; but I won't hold that against him. Support. -- Hoary 07:30, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)
 * 17) Support. -- M P er el ( talk 14:53, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Support. I've yet to run across Cburnett's name on an edit and felt that it was a bad edit.  Seems to be level-headed enough to be an admin.  Kelly Martin 17:33, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Support. No reason to think admin powers will be abused. Jayjg (talk) 22:10, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support. PedanticallySpeaking 18:27, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support. I seem to have a habit of posting at the wrong area. JuntungWu 14:20, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Support. A calm and very good contributor. Just what we need. --Neigel von Teighen 20:48, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) Does not meet my admin criterion, jguk 07:17, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Cool. JuntungWu 11:59, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * could you explain why you said cool? Kingturtle 17:30, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you look at his contributions you'll see he made four admin votes with the exact same post "Cool. ~ " except I was the only oppose vote....so I'm just as confused. Cburnett 18:31, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's most likely an error; I left him a message on his talk page. — Knowledge Seeker দ 19:12, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops. I voted at the wrong place. Sorry for the confusion.... JuntungWu 14:20, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) While I recognize and appreciate the range of Cburnett's contributions here, and I appreciate his ability to remain reasonably calm in disputes (both of these things are very important), I am undecided on his suitability for adminship. In my very limited contact with Cburnett, I feel as though his interpretations of Wikipedia policy are a little too loose--that the policy documents do not always say as much as Cburnett believes they do.  I am not sure whether or not my concern is important enough to cause me to oppose, especially in light of Cburnett's obvious positives, but I thought I'd register my hesitancy here. Jwrosenzweig 21:53, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Would you mind expanding on where you feel Cburnett is loose on policy, perhaps an example? -- M P er el ( talk 01:10, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Cburnett, in a conversation with me, used to defend the inclusion of a picture at Wikipedia on the grounds that getting rid of the picture was censorship--I (and another editor) pointed out that the section he was referencing allowed for the removal of "inappropriate content", to which he didn't respond.  I felt that he was relying too much on the heading of the section in question, and not attending enough to the language of the section itself.  Not a horrifying interpretation, surely, but in the absence of much other contact with him, it makes me worry that he may not be reading policy documents as closely as I'd prefer. Jwrosenzweig 06:18, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess I don't recall the exact article this discussion took place over. The only thing that comes to mind is the Kate Winslet picture for Titanic (1997 film).  I was, by far, not the only one claiming censorship on that discussion. Cburnett 06:46, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Your memory is certainly correct--and I agree that, not only were you "not the only one", but you were one of the most calm and polite. This is a personal hesitation on my part that is not intended to cause people to radically re-assess your work (which is evidently very good, given the other votes).  It's just me voicing my opinion because I felt withholding it for whatever reason wasn't entirely honest.  Jwrosenzweig 14:21, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your candid feedback about this candidate. Image nudity issues are definitely a murky contentious area.  I find most of the images that have come under debate are gratuitous and objectify the human in the picture, so my POV on the matter is likely at odds with Cburnett.  All things considered though, he appears reasonable and has other qualities that incline me to support this adminship. -- M P er el ( talk 14:53, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Note to Zzyzx11: A lot of my edits do relate to movies and TV, but I'm a couple months away from having my third engineering degree and I do contribute to those related articles. I toned down my participation in *FD votes because my votes generally fall inline with the other votes, so I shifted my attention to articles.  I still skim them and drop a vote in when I think it's needed.  I would increase my participation if I could *do* something other than vote and argue/discuss. Cburnett 07:36, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, as long as you help out on the janitorial tasks. Zzyzx11 | Talk 19:41, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Cburnett currently has 9901 total edits: 7688/415 to articles/talk, 597/11 to Image/talk, 361/244 to User/talk, 236/72 to Wikipedia/talk, 86/59 to Template/talk, and 124/8 to Category/talk. —Korath (Talk) 21:45, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've gotten into my share of conflicts with Cburnett and I've seen some of the downsides of his self-assuredness, but he's got a good heart about the whole thing. I can see his adminship being a boon to him and to Wikipedia, as long as he works a little more on working through problems instead of relying on his experience and vast editing as reason for disallowing continued conversation.  --The Grza  23:38, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that C needs to take Wikipedia a little more lightly. If I took everything that people have said to me over three years of work seriously, I'd get a heart attack. Otherwise, a fine contributor. "Antonio Outspoken as Rodman Martin" 1:10, Apr 25, 2005 (MST)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I occasionally dabble in VFD, IFD, RFD, etc. and wouldn't mind doing some of the work on behalf of all that. My watchlist recently tipped 4500 articles and I usually sift through the bulk of the changes spotting vandalism and such, so I wouldn't mind dipping into page protection and such.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I haven't started too many articles specifically to develop as good articles. I rather like the layout of List of Star Trek: TNG episodes (which unfortunately drove away Cyberia23 because he, IMHO, doesn't care to work with the community (see my talk page if you care)).  I also wrote most/all of estimation theory and did the bulk of Buildings of Iowa State University including the images.  Ah, and I started Template:Probability distribution which has picked up User:MarkSweep & User:PAR to standardize the probability distribution pages with good plots like at Exponential distribution, Beta distribution, and Normal distribution.  I haven't found a good online resource for probability distributions, so I think creating a good set of articles on them would be very beneficial.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I am a very opinionated person — just ask anyone who knows me or read my talk page. I *try* to keep a level head; justify my position; and try to reach a compromise, but that doesn't always work (if you know how, please tell me).  (I'd be surprised if Cyberia23 or TheGzra don't speak there mind here.)  I stay as far away from insults as I can: I'd rather edit and carry good discussion than argue.


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USSSA Space Coast Complex

USSSA Space Coast Complex is a baseball stadium and 13 diamond multi-sports facility in Viera, Florida, owned by Brevard County, Florida. Under its original name, Space Coast Stadium, it served as the spring training facility for the Florida Marlins (1994–2002), Montreal Expos (2003–2004), and Washington Nationals (2005–2016) and as the home field of the Brevard County Manatees (1994–2016). After a full year of renovations, it officially reopened in 2017 with its new name as a baseball/softball venue – part of a new multi-sport complex operated by the United States Specialty Sports Association (USSSA). Since 2017, it has been the home field of the USSSA Pride women's professional fast-pitch softball team.

Construction and opening
Space Coast Stadium was completed before the 1994 Major League Baseball season as part of a plan to bring the Florida Marlins to Viera for spring training. Ground was broken for the new stadium in what had been a pasture on April 29, 1993, and construction cost US$6.2 million.

Opening ceremonies took place on March 2, 1994 – the same day as a launch of the Space Shuttle Columbia at the nearby Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral – followed immediately by the Marlins′ first spring training game at the ballpark, in which they defeated the Kansas City Royals 9-6 before a crowd of 7,494.

1994–2016
The Florida Marlins held spring training at Space Coast Stadium through the 2002 season. In 2002, as part of an agreement in which Jeffrey Loria sold the Montreal Expos to Major League Baseball and purchased the Marlins, the Marlins swapped training sites with the Expos, who had been training in Jupiter. The Expos held two seasons of training at Space Coast Stadium in 2003 and 2004. The Expos franchise then moved from Montreal to Washington, D.C., to become the Washington Nationals. The Nationals conducted spring training at Space Coast Stadium from their inaugural season in 2005 through 2016. They played from seven to fifteen games per season in the stadium. Game attendance averaged from 4,690 in 2010 to 3,433 in 2011. The Nationals contracted to make annual $765,000 stadium-construction bond payments through March 2013.

Space Coast Stadium was the home of the Brevard County Manatees, a minor league baseball franchise that played in the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, from 1994 to 2016. The Gulf Coast League Nationals of the Gulf Coast League, the Washington Nationals′ rookie league affiliate, also played occasional home games at Space Coast Stadium during the Washington Nationals′ tenure there.

The Florida State League All-Star Game was played at Space Coast Stadium three times. In the first game, on June 22, 1996, the 6,904 people who saw the game set a record for attendance at the annual league all-star game that stood through at least 2015. In the second game, held on June 14, 2008, the West Division prevailed over the East Division by a score of 9–3 with 3,402 fans looking on. The game was played the third and final time at Space Coast Stadium on June 12, 2010, with the South Division defeating the North Division 5–4 in 10 innings before a crowd of 4,133.

With a crowd of nearly 18,000 people in attendance, U.S. President George W. Bush held one of his final campaign rallies for the 2004 U.S. presidential election at Space Coast Stadium on October 23, 2004, arriving and departing in his Marine One helicopter. It was one of four campaign stops he made in Florida that day. While he spoke at the stadium, he was momentarily drowned out by the roar of a United States Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter as it intercepted a stray airplane that entered airspace near the stadium that was restricted during Bush's visit.

Between 1997 and March 2011, Brevard County spent US$7.8 million on capital improvements to Space Coast Stadium, $2.8 million of it in 2006 and 2007 in an effort to keep the Nationals from relocating elsewhere. About $5 million worth of improvements funded by Brevard County's tourist tax were made to the stadium between 2005 and 2010. In 2011, the county assessed the 33.4 acre stadium site as having a value of US$26.5 million.

Departure of the Nationals and Manatees
The Washington Nationals held spring training at Space Coast Stadium for the last time in 2016. The team's last game at the stadium was a 7–2 victory over the Atlanta Braves on March 27, 2016. The Nationals′ last scheduled game at the stadium on March 28, 2016, was rained out, resulting in the cancellation of activities planned to commemorate the franchise's history there. In 2017, the Nationals moved their spring training operations to West Palm Beach, where they share facilities with the Houston Astros at FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches, a facility which opened in February 2017.

The Brevard County Manatees also departed after the 2016 season, playing their last game at Space Coast Stadium on September 4, 2016, losing to the Daytona Tortugas 6–4 before a crowd of 1,573. The Manatees relocated to Kissimmee, to begin play in 2017 as the Florida Fire Frogs.

USSSA Space Coast Complex
The departure of the Nationals and the Manatees after the 2016 season left Space Coast Stadium without a tenant. With the assistance of the Brevard County Board of County Commissioners, the United States Specialty Sports Association (USSSA) moved into the stadium and the surrounding spring training fields, moving its headquarters from Kissimmee to Space Coast Stadium and announcing plans to renovate the entire complex, using US$22 million of its own and US$10 million contributed by Brevard County. USSSA plans to make the complex into an all-turf venue that will host a variety of sports and sports tournaments — advertised by USSSA as "the youth sports capital of the world" — and serve as a center for amateur baseball and softball. Plans called for renovation work to begin in January 2017 and to be complete in the fall of 2017. The new complex, renamed the USSSA Space Coast Complex, will include a renovated Space Coast Stadium with 8,100 seats, 11 suites, a video board, and a turf field for both baseball and softball; a 225 ft "Championship Field" with video board; four 225 ft NCAA-softball-regulation turf fields; four 325 ft baseball/softball fields; four 385 ft NCAA-regulation turf baseball fields; a 175 ft "Championship Field" for players aged 8 and under with a video board; an 18000 sqft indoor facility for training, rehabilitation, and clinics; improved lighting; and two new concessions. The entire complex will include 1.3 e6sqft of turf. A groundbreaking ceremony for the renovation project took place at Space Coast stadium on April 27, 2017.

In 2017, Space Coast Stadium became the home field of a professional women's fast-pitch softball team organized by USSSA, USSSA Pride, a National Pro Fastpitch team which played its first game there on June 8, 2017.

title: USSSA Space Coast Complex


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Body liquor

Recommending deletion - not sure whether this falls under "patent nonsense" as it parses as English. Couldn't find a match for this in Help, any recommendations? Pjrich 06:37, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Actually on a second pass through the Guide to Deletion I see it could have been speedied, I'm going to try to move it to the Speedy list. Pjrich 06:40, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it's not nonsense--a quick Google revealed this usage, for example. I'm not convinced this is article worthy; no vote from me, but this is not bogus. Meelar (talk) 06:41, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is, however, a copyvio--I've tagged it as such. Meelar (talk) 06:43, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Lew Allen

"He started as a physicist, born in 1925, and rose rapidly in the ranks...."

Wow, that's pretty prodigous, being born with a physics degree.
 * Good point.. why don't you re-word it so it makes more sense? Rogerd 22:04, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I was but, it looks like somebody, maybe you, beat me to it 64.168.28.50 22:36, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 23:07, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

"Unknown Ribbon"
Could that unknown ribbon he's wearing in the lowest precedence position be the Greek Order of the Phoenix? Jim (talk) 23:58, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

This ribbon could be any number of things, it is identical to both the Oregon and Mississippi National Guard meritorious ribbons, but I can't think of why Lew Allen would have been awarded either of those. Most likely it is from his time at West Point and is the New York National Humane Service Medal Ribbon, thought that ribbon has slightly larger blue bars. Perhaps Gen Allen did some work in New York while at West Point to alleviate a humane suffering condition. However, that's just a guess. It also could have been a locally manufactured ribbon that never made it into national policy. 198.97.67.51 (talk) 12:18, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

External link to interview on nuclear policy?
Would an interview with Lew Allen from 1987 be useful here as an external link? Focus of conversation is nuclear weapons policy. http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_54E5D301BB3A489999370C9A8F65C006 (I helped with the site, so it would be conflict of interest for me to just add it.) Mccallucc (talk) 21:05, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lew Allen


text:
Foreign relations of Congo

Foreign relations of Congo may refer to:
 * Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo

title: Foreign relations of Congo


text:
Coleen Rowley

Coleen Rowley (born December 20, 1954) is an American former FBI special agent and whistleblower. Rowley is well known for testifying as to concerns regarding the FBI ignoring information of a suspected terrorist during 9/11, which led to a two-year investigation by the Department of Justice.

Rowley was also a Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) candidate for Congress in Minnesota's 2nd congressional district, one of eight congressional districts in Minnesota in 2006. She lost the general election to Republican incumbent John Kline. As of 2024, she is a member of Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity.

Early life and education
Rowley grew up in New Hampton, Iowa, and graduated valedictorian of her high school class in 1973. Her father was a letter carrier for 31 years. She received her B.A. degree in French and with honors from Wartburg College in Waverly, Iowa, in 1977. In 1980, she received her J.D. degree from the University of Iowa College of Law and passed the Iowa bar exam that summer.

FBI
In January 1981, Rowley became a special agent with the FBI and was assigned to the Omaha, Nebraska, and Jackson, Mississippi, divisions. Beginning in 1984, she spent six years working in the New York City field office on investigations involving Italian organized crime and Sicilian heroin. During this time she served three temporary assignments in the U.S. embassy in Paris and the consulate in Montreal. In 1990, she was transferred to the FBI's Minneapolis field office, where she became chief division counsel. There she taught constitutional law to FBI agents and police officers, and oversaw the Freedom of Information, Asset Forfeiture Program, Victim-Witness and community outreach programs.

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, Rowley wrote a paper for FBI Director Robert Mueller documenting how FBI HQ personnel in Washington, D.C., had mishandled and failed to take action on information provided by the Minneapolis, Minnesota, Field Office regarding its investigation of suspected terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui. Moussaoui had been suspected of being involved in preparations for a suicide-hijacking similar to the December 1994 "Eiffel Tower" hijacking of Air France 8969. Failures identified by Rowley may have left the U.S. vulnerable to the September 11, 2001, attacks. Rowley was one of many agents frustrated by the events that led up to the attacks, writing:"During the early aftermath of September 11th, when I happened to be recounting the pre–September 11th events concerning the Moussaoui investigation to other FBI personnel in other divisions or in FBIHQ, almost everyone's first question was 'Why?—Why would an FBI agent(s) deliberately sabotage a case?' (I know I shouldn't be flippant about this, but jokes were actually made that the key FBI HQ personnel had to be spies or moles like Robert Hanssen who were actually working for Osama Bin Laden to have so undercut Minneapolis's effort.)"

In May 2002 Rowley testified to the Senate and the 9/11 Commission about the FBI's pre-9/11 lapses due to its internal organization and mishandling of information related to the attacks. "We have got to call America's attention to this in order to stop the continuation of errors", Rowley stated. Mueller and Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) pushed for and achieved a major reorganization, focused on creation of the new Office of Intelligence at the FBI. This reorganization was supported with a significant expansion of FBI personnel with counterterrorism and language skills.

In February 2003, Rowley wrote a second open letter to Mueller, in which she warned her superiors that the bureau would not "be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq". In April 2003, Rowley stepped down from her legal position to return to being an FBI special agent. At the end of 2004 she retired from the FBI after serving for 24 years.

Honors and awards
Rowley jointly held the Time magazine Person of the Year award in 2002 with two other women credited as whistleblowers: Sherron Watkins from Enron and Cynthia Cooper of WorldCom. She also received the 2002 Sam Adams Award; she was the first person to ever receive this award.

Political

In May 2005, Rowley announced that she was considering running against incumbent Representative John Kline for Minnesota's 2nd District seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2006. At the time of her announcement, she had been living in Apple Valley, Minnesota, for 15 years. Rowley had formerly voted and identified as a Republican, but on June 27, 2005, she announced that she was entering the race as a DFLer, and on July 6 officially kicked off her campaign at her home.

On August 18, 2005, Rowley attended a vigil in Crawford, Texas, outside President George W. Bush's ranch requesting that the president meet with Cindy Sheehan to answer Sheehan's questions about the War in Iraq and the death of Sheehan's son, Casey.

On January 3, 2006, an unauthorized professionally retouched image appeared on Rowley's campaign website. This image depicted Kline, a retired Marine Corps colonel, as Colonel Klink from Hogan's Heroes. Kline objected to the photo, and the Rowley campaign removed the image the same day and initiated an investigation. Rowley apologized quickly.

Representative John Murtha (D-PA) endorsed Rowley. He visited the district during the campaign and held a rally for Rowley at the local VFW in Rosemount, while veterans protested outside. The Rowley campaign subsequently focused efforts on veterans' groups and others with direct experience of the war in Iraq. Financing her campaign proved difficult. Opposing an incumbent conservative such as Kline in a conservative district did not attract money from the most robust Democratic resources, such as the DNC.

Kline's campaign achieved a 2–1 advantage in raising funds, and he easily retained his seat.

Civil liberties and peace activism
Since 2003 Rowley has spoken publicly on ethics and ethical decision-making to various groups. She is a writer and blogger. She joined other whistleblowers on the June 2015 speaking tour "Stand Up for Truth" which went through London, Oslo, Stockholm and Berlin. She returned to lecture at her alma mater three times, in 2003, 2004 and 2015.

Personal life
Rowley is married and has four children. During her time in the FBI she was "the sole breadwinner of a family of six".

title: Coleen Rowley


text:
Jim Walls

Jim Walls is an American video game designer. He is notable for having designed the successful Police Quest series of adventure games for Sierra On-Line.

After working as a California Highway Patrol officer from 1971 to 1986, Walls met Sierra president Ken Williams, who wished to create an adventure game in the police procedural genre. Walls, though inexperienced with computers, offered his policing experience. During his career at Sierra, Walls designed the first three Police Quest entries and Codename: ICEMAN.

After leaving Sierra in the early 1990s, Walls joined several other game developers, including Tsunami Media in 1992 and Westwood Studios in 1996, before retiring in 2003. In 2013, Walls planned to develop Precinct, a spiritual successor to Police Quest, but the crowdfunding campaign failed.

Early life
Walls was born and raised in California. He worked as an optician for seven years before graduating from the California Highway Patrol police academy in December 1971. In January 1984, while conducting a traffic stop, Walls was involved in a shootout. Though he survived the incident, he began to experience post-traumatic stress symptoms, and in 1985, was placed on administrative leave to evaluate his condition. He retired from the CHP in 1986 after 15 years of service.

Sierra On-Line
While still on administrative leave in 1985, Walls' then-wife Donna, who was a hairdresser in Oakhurst, introduced him to Ken Williams, co-founder and then-president of Sierra On-Line. Williams would frequently visit Donna's salon for a haircut, and he would converse with Donna and Walls. During one such conversation, Williams discussed how he wanted to produce a police procedural adventure game, particularly one with a genuine police officer involved in its development to ensure realism and authenticity. At the time, Sierra had produced numerous adventure games across a variety of genres—such as the King's Quest fantasy series, the Space Quest science fiction series, and the Leisure Suit Larry sex comedy series—but not many games following police or particularly modern settings. After the conversation, he gave Donna his business card and asked Walls to call him.

In 1987, after retiring from the CHP, Williams invited Walls over for racquetball, which Walls was inexperienced in. After a few matches, they went for drinks, where they discussed Williams' idea of a police adventure game. Williams asked Walls to condense his experiences in the CHP into a short story, preferably around two pages long. Walls wrote the story and showed it to Williams several days later; Williams was impressed, and asked Walls to detail it into four or five pages. This process continued until Walls' short story developed into the plot of the first Police Quest game, at which point the story was converted into a design document and broken into game components for development.

At the time, Walls was unfamiliar with computers, and was unsure if video game design was a viable career. Describing his experience writing the initial story concept, Walls reminisced: "When I first sat down in front of a computer to begin the design story of the original Police Quest, I had to be shown where the on/off switch was. I typed the entire story with two fingers (after all, the only skills I had at the time were chasing people down and throwing them in jail)." However, he soon overcame his concerns, and his computer skills developed with help from fellow Sierra designers Ken Williams, Roberta Williams, Mark Crowe, Scott Murphy, and Al Lowe. Many aspects of Police Quest were based on aspects of Walls' life: the series protagonist, Sonny Bonds, was loosely based on Walls' son (also named Sonny), and many incidents encountered in the game (and the next two Police Quest installments) were inspired by actual incidents encountered by Walls over the course of his CHP career.

In 1987, Police Quest: In Pursuit of the Death Angel was released. The game placed heavy focus on realism and proper police procedure to succeed. Walls considered fan mail sent in by players, ranging from active police officers to children that wanted to become police officers because of the game, as the "ultimate reward". Walls' career in Sierra continued with the development of Police Quest II: The Vengeance in 1988, Codename: ICEMAN in 1989, and Police Quest III: The Kindred in 1991. Walls also made self-insert cameos in the Police Quest games; he appears in name only in each game's police database as an officer or criminal, his mugshot appears in the intro cutscene of Police Quest II, and he physically appears in Police Quest III 's intro and game over sequences.

After the release of Police Quest III, circumstances developed that led to his resignation from Sierra. Following Walls' resignation, the Police Quest series continued, but under the direction of former Los Angeles Police Department chief Daryl F. Gates, who changed the setting of the series from the fictional city of Lytton, California to his more familiar setting of Los Angeles.

Post-Sierra
In 1992, Walls joined Tsunami Media, which largely consisted of former Sierra employees and was also housed in Oakhurst. Walls' time with Tsunami Media was brief, and he only worked on one game for Tsunami, 1993's Blue Force, a spiritual successor to the original Police Quest trilogy. After leaving Tsunami Media, Walls contracted with two other companies—Tachyon Studios and Philips Interactive Media—for games that would ultimately never see release.

In 1996, Walls was contracted by Las Vegas-based Westwood Studios to work on 1997's Blade Runner. He was subsequently offered a full-time design position, working on Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat and Earth & Beyond, both released in 2002. In 2003, Westwood Studios was bought out by Electronic Arts and merged into EA Los Angeles, with most employees, including Walls, let go as part of the company's acquisition.

Precinct
On February 2, 2013, during a podcast hosted by Chris Pope, Walls announced he had plans to develop a successor to Police Quest, using Kickstarter for funding. On July 16, 2013, the new game proposal was finally announced as Precinct, a 3D adventure game serving as a modern spiritual successor to Police Quest. The game, following police officer Maxwell Jones in the city of Fraser Canyon, California, would be developed by Jim Walls Reloaded, led by Walls and Sierra developer Robert Lindsley. A fundraising campaign was held from July 16 to August 16 with a maximum goal of $500,000, but it was unsuccessful, and Walls prematurely canceled the campaign on August 6. An alternate fundraising campaign was held without the time restriction, but it was also unsuccessful and was shut down due to a lack of momentum. Ultimately, the fundraising campaign did not surpass $7,000.

title: Jim Walls


text:
Hawker, South Australia

Hawker is a town and a locality in the Flinders Ranges area of South Australia, 365 km north of Adelaide. It is in the Flinders Ranges Council, the state Electoral district of Stuart and the federal Division of Grey.

History
The town was surveyed during March 1880 and was proclaimed on 1 July 1880. It was named after G. C. Hawker who was a member of the South Australian Parliament for the years 1858–1865 and 1875–1883. The locality's boundaries were gazetted on 25 November 1999 and include the Government Towns of Wonoka, Hawker and Chapmanton. Portions of Hawker were added to the adjoining localities of Flinders Ranges and Shaggy Ridge on 26 November 2013.

Hawker was a thriving railway town from the 1880s until 1956 as it was on the Central Australia Railway, until the route was moved further west when the Marree railway line was opened.

Establishment and naming
The State Library of South Australia Place Names list gives this account of the naming of the town.

"Hawker – George Charles Hawker was born in London, in 1819, the second son of Admiral Edward Hawker and, after his arrival in South Australia in the Lysander in September 1840, ran sheep in the Nuriootpa district and, in 1841, established the 'Bungaree Run' with two brothers. Entering parliament in 1858, he became Speaker in 1860, returned to England in 1865 and, apart from a short return visit, remained there until 1874. Upon his return to the colony he re-entered the political arena in 1875, retiring in 1883.

Hawker Hill, west of Lake Frome, was named by John McDouall Stuart on 2 June 1859; Mount Hawker, South-West of Lake Eyre South, was named by John McDouall Stuart on 1 July 1861.

The town of Hawker was proclaimed on 1 July 1880 and its sale occasioned very spirited bidding particularly for 'blocks near the railway station favourably placed for hotels and shops': The supreme site was the large corner (Lot 470) on which the Royal Hotel (now Hawker Hotel) was erected later, and this brought the top price of £246. Lot 473 on which William Powell erected a hotel later named the 'Wonoka' brought £147. The storekeepers H. Gadd and G. Jackson paid, respectively, £72 (Lot 415) and £100 (Lot 391) for good sites facing the railway close to the station.

While most of Hawker remained simply pegged-out blocks of bluebush, the 'top end' of the town, where business activity was concentrated, must have been as animated as an ant colony. Hammering could be heard all day long for initially all of the buildings were of wood and iron. There was keen competition to be first with any business service to the public. Constantly teams of horses, bullocks, donkeys, and even camels converged upon, or radiated from, the town, raising the dust in that dry year of 1880."

Heritage listings
Hawker has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 20 Cradock Road: St Philip and St James Catholic Church
 * Hawker-Wilpena Road: Mount Desire Dyke
 * Wonoka-Hawker Road: Hawker railway station
 * 1885 Hawker Dam

Economy
The main economic activities in the area are tourism and pastoral runs of sheep and increasingly cattle. Due to the arid environment, the stocking rates are low, at about one sheep per three to four hectares. Hawker is 55 km south of Wilpena Pound, a unique natural dish-shaped range of hills popular with tourists, as well as the spectacular scenery of the Flinders Ranges.

Tourism
In late May, Hawker Racing Club holds its annual Thoroughbred horse racing meeting, which includes the Hawker Cup and attracts many people from the surrounding area.

Climate
Hawker has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is very sparse throughout the year, but more reliable in the winter months.

title: Hawker, South Australia


text:
Harvard Heights, Los Angeles

Harvard Heights is a neighborhood in Central Los Angeles, California. It lies within a municipally designated historic preservation overlay zone designed to protect its architecturally significant single-family residences, including the only remaining Greene and Greene house in Los Angeles.

There are five Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in the neighborhood, including a private library dedicated to the memory of singer Ray Charles.

History
Harvard Heights has been noted as a

"once grand neighborhood that was in danger of falling apart. ... The overall population was old and largely African American as whites migrated to the suburbs, the freeway bisected the neighborhood, and most of the homes had been converted into apartments. ... [but the] neighborhood's long-anticipated renaissance took place in the late '90s. As Los Angeles commutes got longer and longer, white-collar professionals began moving back into the city."

Harvard Heights has been called a "preservationist's dream come true," a neighborhood characterized by the Craftsman houses built on the heights southwest of downtown, primarily between 1902 and 1910. Today, Harvard Heights boasts the only remaining Greene and Greene home in Los Angeles, "as well as homes built by the Heinemann brothers, Hunt and Eager, and especially architect Frank M. Tyler."

According to a 2005 Los Angeles Times headline, Harvard Heights was "a stately turn-of-the-century neighborhood that has been undergoing a restoration boom after decades of hard times. [The] [e]xquisite woodwork, high ceilings, formal dining rooms, cozy inglenooks and stained-glass windows are some of the features that attract residents to [the] spacious two-story homes" found in the area."

In 2005 it was said that "Although prices are rising steadily, Harvard Heights remains an affordable choice for people interested in large historic homes. Two-story homes here are a relative bargain when the square footage and features are compared with similarly priced structures in other neighborhoods."

"Exquisite woodwork, high ceilings, formal dining rooms, cozy inglenooks and stained-glass windows are some of the features that attract residents to these spacious two-story homes. For those who work downtown, the area's proximity to the city and the Santa Monica Freeway make it an easy commute."

The architecture of the neighborhood has also made the area a favorite for film and television location scouts.

Geography
According to the Los Angeles Times, Harvard Heights is located in the West Adams district and is bounded by Pico Boulevard on the north, Washington Boulevard on the south, Normandie Avenue on the east and Western Avenue on the west. It is bordered by Angelus Vista on the west, West Adams Heights on the south and the Byzantine-Latino Quarter is on the north.

Historic Preservation Overlay Zone
The Harvard Heights Historic Preservation Zone was adopted in 2000. It encompasses 34 blocks composed predominantly of single-family residences, some multiple-family residences, as well as commercial properties. The designated historic zone lies between Pico Boulevard on the north, Santa Monica Freeway to the south, Normandie Avenue on the east and Western Avenue on the west. The HPOZ includes both the neighborhood of Harvard Heights to the north of Washington Boulevard and the neighborhood of West Adams Heights to the south.

Population
According to the Mapping L.A. project of the Los Angeles Times, the 2000 U.S. census counted 18,587 residents in the 0.79-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 23,473 people per square mile, one of the highest densities in Los Angeles. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 20,194. The median age for residents was 30, about the same as the city norm.

Harvard Heights was considered moderately diverse ethnically. In 2000, The breakdown was Latinos, 66.3%; Asians, 13.3%; blacks, 16%, whites, 3.3%; and others, 1.2%. Mexico (32.9%) and El Salvador (24.8%) were the most common places of birth for the 57.8% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high compared to the city as a whole.

The median household income in 2008 dollars was $31,173, a low figure for Los Angeles, and a high percentage of households earned $20,000 or less. The average household size of 3.2 people was high for the city of Los Angeles. Renters occupied 84.3% of the housing units, and house- or apartment owners the rest.

The percentages of never-married men and women, 50% and 48,2%, respectively, were among the county's highest. The 2000 census found 939 families headed by single parents, a high rate for both the city and the county. There were 501 military veterans in 2000, or 3.8%, a low figure for Los Angeles. Just 10.3% of Harvard Heights residents aged 25 and older had a four-year degree in 2000, a low rate for both the city and the county. The percentage of residents with less than a high school diploma was high for the county.

Education

Schools operating within the Harvard Heights borders are:

 * Los Angeles Elementary School, LAUSD, 1211 South Hobart Boulevard
 * Bishop Conaty-Our Lady of Loretto High School, private, 2900 West Pico Boulevard
 * The Jane B. Eisner School (New Camino Nuevo Charter), charter, 2755 W. 15th St. A middle school campus serving grades 6 through 8.

Historic-Cultural Monuments
There are five Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in Harvard Heights:

 * Peet House - 1139 S. Harvard Boulevard. On September 21, 1983 it became Historic Cultural Monument #272
 * Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery - 1831 W. Washington Boulevard. On December 1, 1987, it became Historic Cultural Monument #330.
 * Pacific Bell Building - 2755 W. 15th Street. On December 8, 1987, it became Historic Cultural Monument #331. In February 2013, the Spanish Colonial-revival building was rehabilitated for adaptive reuse and reopened as the Jane B. Eisner charter middle school.
 * Ray Charles's recording studio and office - 2107 W. Washington Boulevard. On January 21, 2004 it became Historic Cultural Monument #776. In September 2010, the original site of the singer recording studio was rededicated as the Ray Charles Memorial Library. The library contains exhibit space including memorabilia, awards, and interactive music displays.
 * Julius Bierlich Residence - 1818 S. Gramercy Place. On September 27, 1994, it became Historic Cultural Monument #599.
 * Lucy E. Wheeler Residence - 2175 Cambridge Street. It is Historic Cultural Monument #991. Designed by Greene and Greene, it is the last remaining example of the firm’s work in Los Angeles.

Business and commerce

The Byzantine-Latino Quarter is located at the northern edge of the neighborhood.

Notable residents

 * William M. Hughes, Los Angeles City Council member, 1927–29
 * Edward Trinkkeller, master ironworker and designer of the gates at Hearst Castle
 * Frank M. Tyler, architect
 * Lovie Yancey, founder of the Fatburger hamburger chain
 * Ivy Pochoda, author

title: Harvard Heights, Los Angeles


text: User talk:70.17.167.230

title: User talk:70.17.167.230


text:
Tattva

According to various Indian schools of philosophy, tattvas (तत्त्व) are the elements or aspects of reality that constitute human experience. In some traditions, they are conceived as an aspect of deity. Although the number of tattvas varies depending on the philosophical school, together they are thought to form the basis of all our experience. The Samkhya philosophy uses a system of 25 tattvas, while Shaivism recognises 36 tattvas. In Buddhism, the equivalent is the list of dhammas which constitute reality, as in Nama-rupa.

Etymology
Tattva is a Sanskrit word meaning 'thatness', 'principle', 'reality' or 'truth'.

Samkhya
The Samkhya philosophy regards the Universe as consisting of two eternal realities: Purusha and Prakrti. It is therefore a strongly dualist philosophy. The Purusha is the centre of consciousness, whereas the Prakriti is the source of all material existence. The twenty-five tattva system of Samkhya concerns itself only with the tangible aspect of creation, theorizing that Prakriti is the source of the world of becoming. It is the first tattva and is seen as pure potentiality that evolves itself successively into twenty-four additional tattvas or principles.

Shaivism
In Shaivism the tattvas are inclusive of consciousness as well as material existence. The 36 tattvas of Shaivism are divided into three groups:
 * 1) Shuddha tattvas
 * The first five tattvas are known as the shuddha or 'pure' tattvas. They are also known as the tattvas of universal experience.
 * 1) Shuddha-ashuddha tattvas
 * The next seven tattvas (6–12) are known as the shuddha-ashuddha or 'pure-impure' tattvas. They are the tattvas of limited individual experience.
 * 1) Ashuddha tattvas
 * The last twenty-four tattvas (13–36) are known as the ashuddha or 'impure' tattvas. The first of these is prakriti and they include the tattvas of mental operation, sensible experience, and materiality.

Vaishnavism
Within Puranic literatures and general Vaiśnava philosophy tattva is often used to denote certain categories or types of being or energies such as:

 * 1) Viṣṇu-tattva
 * The Supreme God. The causative factor of everything including other Tattva(s).
 * 1) Kṛṣṇa-tattva
 * Any incarnation or expansion of Śrī Narayan / Krishna.
 * 1) Śakti-Tattva
 * The multifarious energies of Śrī Kṛṣṇa. It includes his internal potency, Yoga Maya, and material prakṛti.
 * 1) Jīva-tattva
 * The living souls (jivas).
 * 1) Śiva-tattva
 * Śrī Śiva (excluding Rudra(s)) is not considered to be a jiva.
 * 1) Mahat-tattva
 * The total material energy (prakṛti).

Gaudiya Vaishnavism
In Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy there are a total of five primary tattvas described in terms of living beings, which are collectively known as the Pancha Tattva and described as follows:

"'Spiritually there are no differences between these five tattvas, for on the transcendental platform everything is absolute. Yet there are also varieties in the spiritual world, and in order to taste these spiritual varieties one should distinguish between them'."

Tantra
In Hindu tantrism there are five tattvas (pañcatattva) which create global energy cycles of tattvic tides beginning at dawn with Akasha and ending with Prithvi: Each complete cycle lasts two hours. This system of five tattvas which each can be combined with another, was also adapted by the Golden Dawn (→Tattva vision).
 * 1) Akasha (Spirit tattva) – symbolized by a black egg
 * 2) Vayu (Air tattva) – symbolized by a blue circle
 * 3) Tejas (Fire tattva) – symbolized by a red triangle
 * 4) Apas (Water tattva) – symbolized by a silver crescent
 * 5) Prithvi (Earth tattva) – symbolized by a yellow square

Panchatattva in ganachakra and pañcamakara
Arthur Avalon (1918) affirms that the five nectars of Tantra, Hindu and Buddhist traditions are directly related to the mahābhūta or Five Elements and that the pañcamakara is actually a vulgar term for the pañcatattva and affirms that this is cognate with Ganapuja: "Worship with the Pañcatattva generally takes place in a Chakra or circle composed of men and women, Sadhakas and Sadhikas, Bhairavas and Bhairavis sitting in a circle, the Shakti being on the Sadhaka's left. Hence it is called Chakrapuja. A Lord of the Chakra (Chakreshvara) presides sitting with his Shakti in the center. During the Chakra, there is no distinction of caste, but Pashus of any caste are excluded. There are various kinds of Chakra -- productive, it is said, of differing fruits for the participator therein. As amongst Tantrik Sadhakas we come across the high, the low, and mere pretenders, so the Chakras vary in their characteristics from say the Tattva-chakra for the Brahma-kaulas, and the Bhairavi-chakra (as described in Mahanirvana, VII. 153) in which, in lieu of wine, the householder fakes milk, sugar and honey (Madhura-traya), and in lieu of sexual union does meditation upon the Lotus Feet of the Divine Mother with Mantra, to Chakras the ritual of which will not be approved such as Cudachakra, Anandabhuvana-yoga and others referred to later." "Chakrapuja" is cognate with Ganachakra or Ganachakrapuja.

Ayyavazhi
Tattvas are the 96 qualities or properties of human body according to Akilattirattu Ammanai, the religious book of Ayyavazhi.

Siddha medicine
The Siddha system of traditional medicine of ancient India was derived by Tamil Siddhas or the spiritual scientists of Tamil Nadu. According to this tradition, the human body is composed of 96 constituent principles or tattvas. Siddhas fundamental principles never differentiated man from the universe. According to them, "Nature is man and man is nature and therefore both are essentially one. Man is said to be the microcosm and the Universe is Macrocosm, because what exists in the Universe exists in man."

Jainism
Jain philosophy can be described in various ways, but the most acceptable tradition is to describe it in terms of the tattvas or fundamentals. Without knowing them one cannot progress towards liberation. According to major Jain text, Tattvarthsutra, these are:

 * 1) Jiva – Souls and living things
 * 2) Ajiva – Non-living things
 * 3) Asrava – Influx of karma
 * 4) Bandha – The bondage of karma
 * 5) Samvara – The stoppage of influx of karma
 * 6) Nirjara – Shedding of karma
 * 7) Moksha – Liberation or Salvation

Each one of these fundamental principles are discussed and explained by Jain scholars in depth. There are two examples that can be used to explain the above principle intuitively.
 * A man rides a wooden boat to reach the other side of the river. Now the man is Jiva, the boat is ajiva. Now the boat has a leak and water flows in. That incoming of water is Asrava and accumulating there is Bandha. Now the man tries to save the boat by blocking the hole. That blockage is Samvara and throwing the water outside is Nirjara. Now the man crosses the river and reaches his destination, Moksha.
 * Consider a family living in a house. One day, they were enjoying a fresh cool breeze coming through their open doors and windows of the house. However, the weather suddenly changed to a terrible dust storm. The family, realizing the storm, closed the doors and windows. But, by the time they could close all the doors and windows some of the dust had been blown into the house. After closing the doors and the windows, they started clearing the dust that had come in to make the house clean again.

This simple scenario can be interpreted as follows:
 * 1) Jivas are represented by the living people.
 * 2) Ajiva is represented by the house.
 * 3) Asrava is represented by the influx of dust.
 * 4) Bandha is represented by the accumulation of dust in the house.
 * 5) Samvara is represented by the closing of the doors and windows to stop the accumulation of dust.
 * 6) Nirjara is represented by the cleaning up of already collected dust from the house.
 * 7) Moksha is represented by the cleaned house, which is similar to the shedding off all karmic particles from the soul.

Buddhism
In Buddhism the term "dhamma/dharma" is being used for the constitutional elements. Early Buddhist philosophy used several lists, such as namarupa and the five skandhas, to analyse reality. The Abhidhamma tradition elaborated on these lists, using over 100 terms to analyse reality.

title: Tattva


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Sexual tension

Sexual tension is a social phenomenon that occurs when two individuals interact and one or both feel sexual desire, but the consummation is postponed or never happens. A common scenario is where the two individuals function in proximity, such as co-workers or in a group of friends, but do not have sex to avoid awkwardness or for other reasons.

Sexual tension can also occur when two individuals have previously had sexual relations and still feel an attraction towards each other, but do not wish to have sex again for fear of its effect on their current social situation—such as maintaining a relationship with a different partner. It can also be felt in situations when two individuals have a relationship devoid of physical contact, as in a long-distance relationship.

Sexual tension often occurs between individuals when the relationship is close and often flirtatious, yet the two people involved adamantly deny their feelings for each other. Meanwhile, it can appear extremely obvious to other friends or co-workers that such tension is present between the two individuals. When people give in to sexual tension, the relationship can become complicated and awkward if no new relationship level is established, as the relationship that existed before is no longer valid.

In fiction
Sexual tension is a common feature in works of fiction. This longing is often suggested by incidents of intimacy; for example, when two characters are alone and in proximity (or actually touching), yet desire is never explicitly expressed. Another common theme is for characters to develop an interest in each other over the course of the story, and if this is expertly done, the audience can become aware of the growing attraction.

Sexual tension intensifies the audience's involvement with all characters involved. However, as several television series have discovered to their sorrow, tension dissipates when characters come together in sexual harmony. It is not like violence, which establishes the villain's credibility and makes the next round of jeopardy even more powerful. Instead, sexual fulfillment has the same effect on sexual tension that the death of the victim has on jeopardy.

title: Sexual tension


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Skechers

Skechers USA, Inc. is an American multinational footwear and apparel company. Headquartered in Manhattan Beach, California, it was founded in 1992 and is the third largest footwear brand in the United States.

History

Skechers was founded in 1992 by Robert Greenberg, who had previously founded LA Gear in 1983 (he stepped down as CEO of that company the same year he founded Skechers). Greenberg sought to focus on men's street shoes; Skechers' early products were utility-style boots popular in grunge fashion. The company quickly expanded to include women and children, with casual and athletic styles, and went public in 1999. In 2011, Skechers launched its performance sportswear line for athletes and signed Meb Keflezighi as a spokesman.

Skechers is the third largest footwear brand in the United States by revenue. In January 2019, the company started an expansion of its corporate headquarters to double its office, design and showroom space in the South Bay. In 2023, Skechers had its debut on the Fortune 500.

Litigation
In 2012, Skechers agreed to settle a class action lawsuit for $40 million based on a U.S. Federal Trade Commission complaint that it had misled customers with its Shape-Ups rocker bottom shoe ads. In 2019, Nike filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Skechers because, according to Nike, Skechers had infringed on the design of their VaporMax and Air Max 270 sneakers.

Forced labor investigation
In 2021, French prosecutors launched an investigation into whether Skechers and other brands had concealed or profited from forced Uyghur labor. A December 2023 report by Sheffield Hallam University again found connections to forced Uyghur labor. Skechers has found no evidence of forced labor taking place.

Products and advertising
Skechers designs, develops and markets a range of lifestyle and performance footwear, apparel and accessories for adults and children. Its brands include Skechers Sport, Slip-ins, D'Lites, the charity line Bobs, Mark Nason, Skechers Work, Go Walk, Go Run, and Go Golf. Since 2020, select shoes have utilized Goodyear rubber.

Skechers has promoted its products with musicians including Ringo Starr, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and Snoop Dogg; television personalities Martha Stewart, Brooke Burke, and Amanda Kloots; baseball player Clayton Kershaw and boxer Sugar Ray Leonard; and American football players Tony Romo, Howie Long, and Cris Carter. Since 2010, Skechers has been a regular Super Bowl advertiser.

On March 1, 2019, Skechers launched a print and digital comparative advertising campaign titled "Just Blew It" to highlight the Zion Williamson failed shoe incident with rival Nike.

Skechers has been a partner of W Racing Team (WRT) in sports car racing, including former MotoGP champion Valentino Rossi, since 2021. WRT's parent company, Weerts Group, services Skechers' European distribution center in Liège, Belgium.

Skechers Performance has featured distance runner Meb Keflezighi and professional golfers Brooke Henderson and Matt Fitzpatrick. In 2022, the brand expanded into pickleball, signing several of the sport's top players and sponsoring the first nationally televised pickleball tournament in the U.S. In autumn 2023, Skechers announced a move into soccer and basketball, introducing new technical shoes worn and promoted by England national football team player Harry Kane and NBA players Julius Randle and Terance Mann.

Philanthropy
Skechers launched its Skechers Foundation in 2010. Skechers and the Friendship Foundation host an annual walk in Manhattan Beach to raise money for a nonprofit that helps connect special-needs students with their peers.

Skechers donates new shoes to children in need worldwide through its Bobs charity program. The shoes support Head Start programs, education foundations, homeless shelters, disaster relief and 501(c)(3) organizations. Bobs also supports animal welfare groups including Petco Love and Woodgreen Pets Charity.

Entertainment
Skechers has developed—with MoonScoop Group and animator/co-producer John Massé—an animated series, Zevo-3, and several direct-to-DVD features produced by SD Entertainment:
 * Hydee and the Hytops: The Movie (2011)
 * Twinkle Toes (2012)
 * Twinkle Toes Lights Up New York (2016)

title: Skechers


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Mr Standfast

Mr Standfast is the third of five Richard Hannay novels by John Buchan, first published in 1919 by Hodder & Stoughton, London.

It is one of two Hannay novels set during the First World War, the other being Greenmantle (1916); Hannay's first and best-known adventure, The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), is set in the period immediately before the war started.

The title refers to a character in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, to which there are many other references in the novel; Hannay uses a copy of Pilgrim's Progress to decipher coded messages from his contacts, and letters from his friend Peter Pienaar.

Plot introduction
During the later years of the First World War Brigadier-General Hannay is recalled from active service on the Western Front to undertake a secret mission hunting for a dangerous German agent at large in Britain. Hannay is required to work undercover disguised as a pacifist, roaming the country incognito to investigate a German spy and his agents, and then heads to the Swiss Alps to save Europe from being overwhelmed by the German army.

Part One
Dick Hannay, under forty and already a successful Brigadier-General with good prospects of advancement, is called out of uniform by his old comrade, spymaster Sir Walter Bullivant, and sent to Fosse Manor in the Cotswolds to receive further instructions. He must pose as a South African, an objector to the war, and once more takes on the name Cornelius Brand (an Anglicisation of the name he had used on his adventures in Germany in Greenmantle). He is upset by the idea of such a pose, but comforted by thoughts of his friend Peter Pienaar, briefly a successful airman and now a prisoner in Germany, and by the beauty of the Cotswold countryside.

At Fosse, he meets two middle-aged spinsters, their cousin Launcelot Wake, a conscientious objector, and their niece Mary Lamington, a girl whose prettiness had struck Hannay earlier, while visiting a shell-shocked friend in the hospital where she works. It emerges that she is his contact, but she can tell him little more than that he must immerse himself in the world of pacifists and objectors, picking up "atmosphere". She gives him a label to paste inside his watch, an address where he will be staying, and advises him to pick up a copy of Pilgrim's Progress. However, Mary gives Hannay some inkling of the gravity of his mission; "You and I and some hundred others are hunting the most dangerous man in all the world".

Hannay heads to Biggleswick, a small town full of artists and writers. He buries himself in their pacifist community, attending meetings at a local hall, and meets Moxon Ivery, a local bigwig who seems vaguely familiar; he also sees Mary about the place. He hears of his old comrade John Blenkiron, and one day the American appears at one of the town's meetings; he passes a message to Hannay, arranging to meet in London.

Blenkiron reveals that he has been hard at work for some time, around the world and undercover around England, on the track of a huge network of German spies and agents, with their head somewhere in Britain, leaking vital information to the enemy. He believes Ivery to be the spider at the centre of the web, but cannot prove it, and wants to use Ivery to feed misinformation to the Germans. He tells Hannay to try and head for Scotland and an American called Gresson, as he believes the information is being sent that way.

Hannay goes to Glasgow, and contacts a trade union man named Amos, through whom he moves into Gresson's circles. He speaks at a meeting which descends into violence, and finds himself in at Gresson's side in a street fight. He saves the day, but makes an enemy of a big Fusilier named Geordie Hamilton. He later learns that Gresson makes regular boat trips up the coast, and plans to tag along.

He rides the foul boat, but realises he needs a passport to go all the way north, and must follow it on shore, dodging the law. He has a hint from his contact that a mine at a place called Ranna may be what he seeks, and hears the boat stops at an iron mine, so he resolves to head that way. He leaves the boat and treks inland, but soon finds he is wanted by the law, and is caught by some soldiers. He claims to be a soldier too, and their Colonel takes him home with him, to meet his son to check his story; the son confirms all Hannay's army knowledge, and suspicions are allayed.

He moves on, staying overnight with peasants, making his way onto Skye and towards Ranna. Arriving there, he meets Amos, who goes to fetch supplies, and sees the boat and Gresson, who meets a stranger on the hill. Hannay tracks the foreign-looking stranger, who Hannay describes as 'The Portuguese Jew', to a rocky bay, where the man disappears for a time before heading back. Hannay stays there overnight, and next morning fetches his provisions and searches the beach, finding the deep water of the bay ideal for submarines. He finds a hidden cave, and while preparing to lay in wait there sees Launcelot Wake climbing in. They fight and Hannay ties the other man up, but they soon realise they are on the same side.

They stake out the cave, and in the night the man Hannay followed returns, meeting with a German from the sea; they exchange pass-phrases, and Hannay sees the hiding place they plan to use to pass messages. Wake identifies some of their talk as extracts from Goethe, and is sent back with messages for Amos and Bullivant, while Hannay ponders the phrases he overheard - Bommaerts, Chelius, Elfenbein ('Ivory', homophone of 'Ivery'), Wild Bird and Caged Bird. He heads for home, but Amos warns him the police are still after him, and gives him a new disguise, as a travelling bookseller.

On the way south he takes up with another salesman, a man named Linklater who Amos had seen with Gresson. In a small town, Hannay is recognised by Geordie Hamilton, the big soldier he fought with in Glasgow, and flees once more with half the town, including Linklater, on his tail. He hides out in a troop train heading south; he gets off when it stops, is seen by Linklater, but at the station hooks up with his old pal Archie Roylance, a pilot who flies him on southwards. The plane breaks down, and Hannay, still pursued, flees afoot once more, upsetting a film set, stealing a bicycle and making his way into another town. On the verge of capture, his watch is stolen, and he is dragged off the streets by a man who recognises the badge he carries there; he is given a soldier's outfit and sent on his way.

He arrives in London in the midst of an air raid; in a tube station he sees Ivery, the spymaster's guard down in fear, and Hannay finally recognises him as one of the "Black Stone" men he had tangled with in The Thirty-Nine Steps. Hurrying to tell his colleagues, he is arrested as a deserter and delayed. He eventually gets word through to Macgillivray at Scotland Yard, but his enemy has two hours start and evades capture.

Hannay is encouraged by a letter from Peter Pienaar, and at a meeting with Bullivant, Blenkiron and Mary, he pushes for them to hound the man down. They discuss the clues Hannay overheard on the beach, and Ivery's fear of the bombing, and Mary reveals that Ivery has proposed to her.

Part Two
Hannay returns to the war in Europe for several months. He finds Geordie Hamilton, and employs him as his batman; he runs into Launcelot Wake, working as a support labourer behind the lines; he sees several adverts in English and German newspapers, which he suspects may be some kind of coded communication. Hamilton reports having seen Gresson in a party of touring visitors, and Hannay learns he had stayed behind in a small village for a time; he later hears a story of mysterious goings-on at a chateau near the same village.

Flying with Archie Roylance on a reconnoitre, they get lost in fog and land near the chateau in question, where Hannay sees a mysterious old woman in a gas mask. Finding the castle is in a vital strategic spot, he returns to investigate, and learns the place is leased by a man named Bommaerts, one of the words he had overheard on the beach in Skye. Sneaking into the house at night, he finds Mary there too, and learns she has seen Ivery, now calling himself Bommaerts, who is in love with her. They find anthrax powder and a newspaper with one of the adverts deciphered, and then Ivery arrives. Confronted by Hannay, he flees, and Hannay shoots after him; the chateau burns down.

A few days later, in January 1918, Hannay is withdrawn from the front for more special duties. Blenkiron gives dinner for Hannay and Mary, now engaged, where he learns that the newspaper advert scam has been broken up and its operatives, led by Gresson, arrested. Blenkiron has found a second code in the messages, used by Ivery and his masters, and has identified Ivery as the Graf von Schwabing, a former high-flyer unseated by scandal. He hears of the Wild Birds, a ruthless and deadly band of German spies, of whom Ivery is a leading member, and learns that they plan to head to Switzerland to pin Ivery down, using Mary as bait.

Hannay makes his way south to Switzerland, where he poses as an injured Swiss, servant to the crippled Peter Pienaar, who has been released there. The two catch up, swap stories, and await instructions, keeping an eye on the nearby Pink Chalet, believed to be the base of the Wild Birds. Finally receiving Blenkiron's instructions, Hannay goes one night to the chalet, where he meets his contact, but is betrayed and taken prisoner by von Schwabing. The German tells Hannay he plans to capture Mary too, and send them both back to Germany to deal with at his pleasure, while the German army attacks and crushes their enemies.

Von Schwabing leaves him pinned in an ancient rack, but he breaks free. He runs into the man he followed across Skye, and, using the pass-phrases he overheard there, poses as a conspirator. He is provided with a car and chases after von Schwabing, sending Peter to alert the others. After a long drive through the mountains, he crashes the car and runs the rest of the way, but arrives to find Mary already gone and Launcelot Wake waiting for him. Learning that von Schwabing is returning to the chalet the long way, they resolve to head over the mountains on foot, cutting out much of the road.

Wake, an experienced mountaineer, leads a tough climb through snow and ice, exhausting himself in the process. Hannay drags him to the safety of a cottage, then continues by train and again on foot. He arrives at the house, and staggers in, to see von Schwabing gloating over Blenkiron, who appears to have walked into the same trap Hannay had the night before. However, Blenkiron was warned by Hannay's message, and has the house in his command; Geordie Hamilton and Amos emerge and take von Schwabing prisoner.

At Hannay's suggestion, von Schwabing is sent to the front to see battle, while the others head to Paris, just as the Germans begin a mighty attack. As they near the front, they hear the defenses are crumbling beneath the onslaught, with Hannay's men at the heart of things. He resumes his command, and holds a thin line against the German advance, with Wake running messages for him, Blenkiron engineering the reserve trenches and Mary nursing in a nearby hospital. Amos and Hamilton guard von Schwabing, whose mind has gone strange.

A long and hard battle ensues, in the course of which Wake dies heroically, von Schwabing runs into No Man's Land and is shot by his countrymen, and Blenkiron joins the fray with a party of Americans. At the last, with reinforcements due any moment, a party of German planes overflies Hannay's position, and are sure to bear news of the weak point if allowed to return; British planes fly against them, but one, flown by flying ace Lensch, evades them. Peter Pienaar, flying Archie Roylance's plane despite his bad leg, flies into him, bringing him down and killing himself in the process, but the day is saved.

Principal characters

 * Brigadier-General Richard Hannay, tough soldier and occasional spy
 * John Scantlebury Blenkiron, Hannay's friend, an American operative
 * Peter Pienaar, an old friend of Hannay, become an ace pilot
 * Geordie Hamilton, a Scottish soldier whom Hannay meets and takes on as his batman
 * Sir Walter Bullivant, spymaster, old acquaintance of Hannay
 * Andrew Amos, Blenkiron's man in Scotland
 * Mary Lamington, the girl Hannay meets and falls in love with
 * Launcelot Wake, a conscientious objector, cousin of Mary
 * Count Otto von Schwabing, an officer of the Imperial Guard and German spy that Hannay met in 'The Thirty-Nine Steps' notorious for his ability to disguise himself. His guises include an important pacifist thinker Moxon Ivery and a Kansas City journalist Clarence Donne. He also falls in love with Mary.

Critical reception
On 5 November 2019 BBC News listed Mr Standfast on its list of the 100 most influential novels.

title: Mr Standfast


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Byron Baer

Byron M. Baer (October 18, 1929 – June 24, 2007) was an American Democratic Party politician from New Jersey who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1972 to 1993 and in the State Senate from 1994 to 2005, where he represented the 37th Legislative District. In the early 1970s, Baer was the primary author of the Open Public Records Act, New Jersey's Sunshine Law, and was an advocate of open government throughout his legislative career.

Career
In the upper house, the Senator filled a variety of different leadership roles including as Democratic Senate Leader Ex Officio (2002–2003), Minority Leader Pro Tempore (1996–2001), and as Senate Leader Ex Officio, a post he held from 2004.

As Senator, Baer served on a variety of Senate Committees including: Legislative Services Commission, Joint Committee on Public Schools, State Government, and Judiciary. He was also the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee.

Before serving as a State Senator, Baer served 21 years in the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, the New Jersey General Assembly, from 1972 to 1993. While in the Assembly, Baer served in a variety of different posts including Minority Leader Pro Tempore (1992–1993), Deputy Speaker (1991), Associate Assembly Leader (1990), and Assistant Minority Leader (1986–1989).

In February 1993, Baer announced that he would run for the seat in the New Jersey Senate being vacated by Matthew Feldman. Together with Assembly running mates Loretta Weinberg and Ken Zisa, who was on the ballot for Baer's former Assembly seat, Baer won election to the Senate.

Baer attended Cornell University, New York University and Columbia University, but never received a degree.

Baer had a short-lived career in special effects, which included work on the horror classic, The Brain That Wouldn't Die.

In 1961, Baer was arrested as a Freedom Rider at the Greyhound Bus station in Jackson, Mississippi, and served six weeks in the Mississippi State Penitentiary. In 1965, he participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches. Baer advised and befriended Martin Luther King Jr. Because of this, Baer served, from 2002 to 2004, on New Jersey's standing Martin Luther King Jr. Commemorative Commission, which works to raise public awareness of King's ideals and philosophy.

Senator Baer resigned from the New Jersey Senate effective September 8, 2005, for health reasons. In a letter to Acting Governor of New Jersey Richard Codey, Baer stated that "I officially tender my resignation as State Senator, representing District 37 in the New Jersey Legislature, effective today, September 8, 2005, at 11:59 p.m." On Election Day on November 9, 2005, voters chose Loretta Weinberg to serve the remaining portion of Baer's four-year term of office, which ended in January 2008.

Succession in Senate
After Baer's resignation, Assemblywoman Loretta Weinberg of Teaneck and Hackensack Police Chief Ken Zisa faced off in balloting by the Bergen County Democratic Committee on September 15. 2005. to fill Baer's seat on an interim basis and to fill his ballot spot for the November General Election.

Zisa outpolled Weinberg at the September 15 caucus, with Representative Steve Rothman — in his role overseeing the Special Convention — ruling that ballots from the so-called "Tenafly Five" should not be counted, as their names had not been filed with the County Committee within the prescribed thirty-day limit. On October 5, 2005, after an extended court battle, Weinberg was ultimately successful in her bid to replace Baer, with the five previously uncounted ballots opened and cast for Weinberg, providing the necessary margin of victory. Weinberg was sworn into office on November 10, 2005, to assume Baer's vacant seat.

District 37
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly. The other representatives from the 37th Legislative District for the 2004-2005 Legislative Session were:
 * Assemblyman Gordon M. Johnson, and
 * Assemblywoman Loretta Weinberg

Family
Baer was a resident of Englewood, New Jersey. He was married to Linda Pollitt Baer, a State Administrative Law Judge and former Bergen County Freeholder. His children are David Baer and Laura Baer and his stepchildren are Lara (Pollitt) Rodriquez and Roger Pollitt. He died on June 24, 2007, following several years of ill-health.

title: Byron Baer