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User talk:Rubenvh

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Speedy deletion nomination of NCAR Command Language

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title: User talk:Rubenvh


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Viejas Arena

Viejas Arena is an indoor arena in San Diego, California, located on the campus of San Diego State University. The arena is home of the San Diego State Aztecs men's and women's basketball teams. The Aztecs compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Mountain West Conference (MW). The arena is also home of the San Diego Mojo of the Pro Volleyball Federation (PVF).

History
Opened in 1997 as Cox Arena, the arena was built on the site of the historic Aztec Bowl stadium, which hosted San Diego State Aztecs football games from the time of its construction in 1936 until 1967. The arena was built directly into a canyon hillside, enclosing one end of the Aztec Bowl. Two sections of the stadium's original concrete bleachers and cobblestone walls remain visible.

Until July 1, 2009, the arena's naming rights were owned by Cox Communications. On March 17, 2009, the Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians announced the signing of a 10-year naming rights agreement; the arena was renamed to Viejas Arena.

John F. Kennedy, then the President of the United States, gave a commencement address and received the first honorary doctorate given by a California State University at the Aztec Bowl on June 6, 1963.

On October 29, 2015, the basketball court was named Steve Fisher Court after men's basketball head coach Steve Fisher.

The San Diego Mojo of the Pro Volleyball Federation (PVF) began play in the league's inaugural 2024 season at the arena.

On April 4, 2024, San Diego State University announced a renovation study for Viejas Arena, focused on improving the main concourse, including food and beverage purveyors, hospitality experiences, and other services outside the arena.

Events
Viejas Arena hosted the 2001 NCAA men's basketball first round as well as the 2001 NCAA women's volleyball national championship. The arena hosted the 2006 NCAA men's basketball first and second rounds, the 2009 NCAA women's basketball first and second rounds, and the 2014 NCAA men's basketball second and third rounds. The arena also hosted the 2018 and 2022 NCAA men's basketball first and second rounds and will host the 2026 NCAA men’s basketball first and second rounds.

The arena has also hosted television events such as WCW's Bash at the Beach in 1998 and various episodes of WCW Monday Nitro. Viejas Arena hosted TNA Wrestling's Bound For Glory pay-per-view event on October 20, 2013. The arena was also the host venue of Megadeth's live DVD Blood in the Water: Live in San Diego. Additionally, the arena hosted an episode of All Elite Wrestling's Dynamite on May 31, 2023.

Viejas Arena is used as a large concert venue where major musical acts perform. The arena has hosted concerts for artists such as Cher, Eric Clapton, Britney Spears, John Mayer, The Chainsmokers, Black Eyed Peas, and Aerosmith. In the spring of 2001, Billy Joel and Elton John opened their Face to Face world tour with a sold-out show at the arena.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Viejas Arena


text:
Follow That Dream

Follow That Dream is a 1962 American musical comedy film made by Mirisch Productions and starring Elvis Presley. The film was based on the 1959 novel Pioneer, Go Home! by Richard P. Powell. Producer Walter Mirisch liked the film's song "Follow That Dream" and retitled the picture accordingly. The film reached #5 on the Variety weekly Box Office Survey, staying on the chart for three weeks, and finishing at #33 on the year-end list of the top-grossing movies of 1962.

Plot
A vagabond family composed of Pop Kwimper (Arthur O'Connell), his good-natured but unsophisticated son Toby (Elvis Presley), and various informally "adopted" children, including their babysitter, a 19-year-old named Holly Jones (Anne Helm), is traveling through Florida. Pop drives onto an unopened section of a new highway. The car runs out of gas and the Kwimpers intend to wait until a government vehicle passes by to help them out. In the meantime, they set up a temporary camp.

After a time, the first vehicle to come by belongs to state highway commissioner H. Arthur King, who is appalled that the Kwimpers' presence on the pristine highway might negatively impact its dedication ceremony that day featuring the governor of Florida. King tries to have the Kwimpers forcibly removed, but when the governor arrives in advance of the ceremony, Pop informs him that they are invoking the state's homesteading laws and plan to live near the highway permanently. The governor applauds the Kwimpers' pioneering spirit and tells the police to respect "private property."

King, who considers the Kwimpers to be a huge nuisance, leaves angrily and vows to return. Holly tells Toby that she is thrilled by the prospect of homesteading because she has never had a real permanent home. A chance encounter with an avid fisherman (Herbert Rudley) gives Holly an idea: with the help of a $2,000 bank loan, they will build a thriving business catering to sport fishermen.

Trouble soon follows. King has the Kwimpers cut off from all social assistance from their home state. As the area is technically outside the jurisdiction of any law enforcement, two gamblers (Jack Kruschen and Simon Oakland) soon set up a raucous casino in a trailer. They attempt to buy the Kwimpers' land and belongings, but Pop refuses to sell at any price.

Shortly thereafter, Toby rejects the advances of an amorous social worker named Alicia Claypoole (Joanna Moore), an ally of King. In an act of revenge, she begins legal action to have the children taken away from Pop and make them wards of the state.

Toby becomes the new community's sheriff and tries to quell the noise coming from the casino every night. His presence as a law-enforcement officer causes the casino patrons to flee. The gamblers bring in a team of hit men from Detroit to eliminate Toby and build a bomb to destroy the Kwimpers' home. However, Toby naively but successfully deals with the casino's armed thugs, and after Holly innocently returns a bag (containing the bomb) left under their front porch by their neighbors, the casino trailer blows up. The gamblers cut their losses and flee, convinced they are lucky to be leaving with their lives.

In the end, Toby's earthy wits and honesty win over the judge at the children's custody hearing. The judge orders the children to be returned to Pop and also praises the Kwimpers' pioneer spirit in his statement to the court. The family happily returns to its new land and home. Holly also gets Toby to recognize that she is now a grown woman, and it is implied they will soon marry.

Production
With a working title from the novel of Pioneer, Go Home! by Richard P. Powell, the title Follow That Dream was chosen because the songwriters allegedly could not find a rhyme for "pioneer". At first, Powell was unhappy that Presley had been chosen for the role, but after seeing the finished film, he thought Presley had performed well.

Filming began on July 11, 1961 in the summer heat of Florida. It was filmed in Citrus, Marion and Levy Counties, specifically Inverness, Ocala, Inglis and Yankeetown. The courtroom scene took place in the 1912 Citrus County Old Courthouse in Inverness, which has been restored and is now listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Part of the courtroom restoration can be directly attributed to the film in that it was the only record of the original courtroom configuration. Yankeetown memorializes Presley's stay in the form of a major highway, Follow That Dream Parkway, which opened on July 27, 1996 with a dedication and celebration held in Inglis. The parkway was so named because of the efforts of four of Presley's fans. The location of the Kwimper compound is at the southwestern point of Pumpkin Island at the bridge (29°00'35.6"N, 82°45'08.6"W). The bank scene was filmed in Ocala at a bank on Silver Springs Boulevard.

"Elvis was a damned good actor and played some damned good scenes," said Gordon Douglas. "He could do more than sing."

During filming, Presley met a 10-year-old Tom Petty, whose uncle was involved in the film's production. Shortly afterward, Petty swapped his slingshot for a friend's collection of Presley records. He also met and was photographed by future country singer/songwriter Ronny Elliott, then 14 and a native of Tampa.

Director Gordon Douglas "always wondered" why the film was called Follow that Dream: "It sounded like a Doris Day picture."

Reception
Critical reviews were mixed. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "Judging by this laboriously homespun and simple-minded exercise about just plain folks, somebody must have decided that the Presley films have been getting a little too glossy lately. In any case, compared to yesterday's serving of corn-meal mush (from United Artists), 'Blue Hawaii' was caviar." A review in Variety stated that "by Presley pix standards, it's above average ... Presley conveys the right blend of horse sense and naivete in his characterization, and delivers five songs with vocal competence and nary a wiggle." Harrison's Reports graded the film as "Good," lauding it as "a smoothly-paced, warmth-giving attempt at story-telling, which may even rub off on the adults thus giving the box office take a nice boost." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post called the film "absurd nonsense," adding, "Presley's guitar is along for several ballads, delivered with reasonable restraint. I don't object to him as a performer, in fact he does reasonably well by a character that seems to be a cross between Li'l Abner and Tammy. What is objectionable is the tasteless corn and frankly political pitch." The Monthly Film Bulletin dismissed the picture as "a rag-bag of film conventions, handsomely photographed by Leo Tover, but barely memorable."

DVD Reviews

 * Review of the movie collection "Elvis: MGM Movie Legends Collection (Follow That Dream, Kid Galahad, Frankie and Johnny, Clambake) by Paul Mavis at DVD Talk, July 24, 2007.

title: Follow That Dream


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Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning

Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning (スパイラル〜推理の絆) is a Japanese manga series written by Kyo Shirodaira and illustrated by Eita Mizuno. It was published by Enix and then Square Enix in Monthly Shōnen Gangan from 1999 to 2005 and collected in 15 bound volumes. The series focuses on Ayumu Narumi and his efforts to solve the mystery of the Blade Children, cursed geniuses with cat-like eyes lacking a seventh rib bone. A prequel series by Shirodaira and Mizuno, called Spiral: Alive, was published in Gangan Wing and Monthly Shōnen Gangan from April 2004 to June 2008 and collected in five bound volumes.

Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning was originally licensed for an English language release in North America by Tokyopop, however the company dropped the series. Yen Press acquired the license for Northern American release, and published the first volume in October 2007.

The series was adapted as a twenty-five episode anime television series broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 1, 2002, until March 25, 2003. The anime is licensed in Region 1 by Funimation, who released it on DVD and broadcast it on the Funimation Channel, along with the programming block on Colours TV in 2006. The series was also adapted as four light novels and a series of CD dramas.

Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning
About two years ago, Ayumu Narumi's older brother Kiyotaka, a famous detective and pianist, mysteriously disappears without a trace. Ayumu's only clue as to his brother's whereabouts is the phrase "Blade Children", the only words Ayumu could make out in Kiyotaka's final phone call. Now in his freshman year of high school, Ayumu becomes involved in solving a series of murders, crimes, and other incidents, all related to the Blade Children. Together with his school's journalist, Hiyono Yuizaki, and the unwilling assistance of his sister-in-law, Madoka, Ayumu tries to figure out who the Blade Children are and what are their goals.

The Blade Children are the central mystery of the series, known only as cursed children that few know about and are being pursued by so-called Hunters. They are distinguished by their cat-like eyes (though a few lack this feature) and by missing the seventh right rib bone. As Ayumu investigates them, he meets five Blade Children Kousuke Asazuki, Rio Takeuchi, Eyes Rutherford, Ryoko Takamachi, and Kanone Hilbert, and is tested in various ways by them. Those who meet him eventually conclude, some more reluctantly than others, that Ayumu does have what it takes to "save" the Blade Children, as they say Kiyotaka claims.

The anime series, which adapts the story through the sixth volume of the manga, compares the Blade Children to cuckoo birds, having been deposited in human "nests" to be raised, and suggesting that cuckoos go violently crazy toward the end of their lives. The manga continues the story, depicting Ayumu's discoveries about the origin of the Blade Children, their relationship with Kiyotaka, and why his older brother thinks Ayumu might be their savior.

Some thirty years ago, a man called Yaiba Mizushiro was born with one rib missing from his right ribcage. Like Kiyotaka, he excelled at everything he chose to put his mind to. When he turned twenty-three, Yaiba started his own secret society, which swiftly grew powerful enough to manipulate world events. Citing boredom, Yaiba initiated the "Blade Children Project": using in vitro techniques and his DNA, he created eighty children, and had a rib removed from each of them at birth as a mark of their relationship to Yaiba. These Blade Children were cursed in the same way Yaiba was: they would grow up as geniuses in their own right, but one day their blood would awaken murderously and take over their self-will, becoming Avatars of Yaiba. Yaiba's organization split into three parties over the Blade Children Project:
 * The Savers supported Yaiba's goals and desire to create more Blade Children. With Yaiba's death, they sought to protect the fact the future had not been determined yet.
 * The Watchers were neutral, wanting to observe the first batch of Children and gather results first.
 * The Hunters were against Yaiba, and tried multiple times to assassinate him, but repeatedly failed. After Yaiba's death, they worked to eliminate the Blade Children because of their potentially dangerous natures.

When Yaiba was thirty-six, a Japanese man came out of nowhere and easily killed him: Kiyotaka Narumi, Yaiba's counterpart—if Yaiba had been a destroyer, Kiyotaka was a creator. Yaiba had intended to remake the world literally in his own image; with his death, the Blade Children project was halted. Kiyotaka had his hands full trying to stop the Hunters from killing the Blade Children, while trying to check the Savers at the same time.

Just as Kiyotaka and Yaiba were linked, Ayumu eventually meets his own counterpart: Hizumi Mizushiro, Yaiba's younger brother, and the one who will awaken the blood of the remaining Blade Children. As Ayumu learns of this and becomes friends with Hizumi, he comes to accept that his own powers are as strong as Kiyotaka's and his role as the savior of the Blade Children, leading to a final confrontation.

Spiral: Alive
Spiral: Alive is centered on a girl, Imari Sekiguchi, who falls in love with Shirou Sawamura, a boy who wants to become a detective. However, before Imari can confess to him, he unexpectedly quits school to pursue Kiyotaka Narumi. Imari learns that he also is dating Yukine Amanae, a beautiful girl at their school, and both Shirou and Imari are unaware that Yukine is actually a reluctant murderer. Meanwhile, Toru Saiki, a member of the Police Department's First Investigations Department, investigates the mysterious murders connected with Amanae and is unwilling to bring in Kiyotaka, believing that Tokyo's greatest detective is more demonic than divine. Imari, Shirou, and Saiki become involved in events that are mysteriously connected to the Blade Children. Several characters from the original series return, including Kiyotaka, Kousuke, Ryoko, Kanone, and Madoka.

The series reveals that of the eighty original Blade Children watched by the Hunters, Savers, and Watchers, thirteen have been completely erased from their lists of Blade Children. The one responsible for this had been a neutral party who committed suicide after accomplishing this. The only information about the thirteen missing Blade Children is contained in the Mikanagi File, named after Professor Isabel Mikanagi, who was responsible for their disappearance. With Professor Mikanagi's death, the file was entrusted to her associates, Yukine's parents. After their deaths as the result of a Hunter's actions, Yukine survived and currently holds in her memory the only record of the Mikanagi File.

Main characters

 * Ayumu Narumi (鳴海歩)
 * The protagonist of Spiral, Ayumu is very intelligent, but is very introverted and has a lot of self-doubt. He fears that he cannot surpass his own perfect older brother and doubts himself to the point where he no longer believes he can do anything anymore without acting like his brother. He is a talented pianist like Kiyotaka, an excellent cook, and cares a lot for his sister-in-law Madoka. He had an affection toward Madoka, but stopped when Kiyotaka married Madoka. It also said as a fact, from Kiyotaka, that Hiyono was his most important person. Ayumu is also the supposed only hope for the Blade Children and their survival.

 * Hiyono Yuizaki (結崎ひよの)
 * The infamous school journalist, Hiyono is the bubbly and energetic sidekick of Ayumu, always stuck to his side. Very clever and a quick-thinker, her confidence borders dangerously on overconfidence. She is extroverted and is Ayumu's polar opposite, serving as one of the series' few comic-relief characters. Her skill with computers are as amazing as her hacking abilities and she has access to over one hundred resources. She blackmails Wataya often, and is very fond of Ayumu's cooking. Hiyono is also one of the few who whole-heartedly believe in Ayumu; she also has a great deal of faith, feelings, and loyalty in him that carries on for the whole series. She attends Tsukiomi High School alongside Ayumu Narumi. Later on, she is revealed to actually be a spy set out by Kiyotaka to befriend Narumi and help him out. She has also lied about her age, she is actually older than what she has said.

 * Eyes Rutherford (アイズ·ラザフォード)
 * The 17-year-old world-class pianist, and he is second only to Kiyotaka Narumi, Ayumu Narumi's older brother. He is one of the Blade Children, Eyes is a quarter English and debuted in the musical world at the age of 14. He cares a great deal about the Blade Children and would do anything for them to survive at all costs. He is exceedingly loyal to Kiyotaka's words and seems to believe in Ayumu the most because after all, he is the clone of Kiyotaka Narumi. Eyes knows much more than the other Blade Children do, holding secrets he keeps to himself.

 * Kanone Hilbert (カノン·ヒルベルト)
 * A Blade Child with a dual personality. He could be cute and friendly or manipulative and insane. He was very close to Eyes. He would cry for Eyes when Eyes could not when they were young, but their friendship fell apart as they grew older and developed vastly different opinions on the fate of the Blade Children. Kanone will go as far as he can to kill the people who give the Blade Children false hope, to prove to Eyes and the Blade Children they have no hope. Kanone is even willing to work with the Hunters to prove to the Blade Children that they have no hope. He does not believe that the Blade Children can be saved from their fates. Later on in the manga he regains his sanity and believes that Ayumu can save the Blade Children from a horrible fate. Just when he finally believes they can all be saved Hizumi kills him, he tells Ayumu to use his death as an opportunity. He also is an expert in fighting, he taught all the introduced Blade Children how to fight.

 * Hizumi Mizushiro (ミズシロ 火澄)
 * He only appears in the manga; and is the 'younger brother' of Yaiba Mizushiro. Hizumi is the complete opposite of Ayumu in many ways. He is sinister and manipulative, though he and Ayumu got along very well upon their initial meeting. Supposedly he is a very dangerous adversary for Ayumu. He has a personality similar to that of Kanone. He is energetic and has an innocent nature about him. He always smiles and is usually well liked by people unrelated to the Blade Children, but that is actually a cover-up for his true personality; he is a desperate and lonely child who knows only despair.

Manga
Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning was serialized by Enix in Monthly Shōnen Gangan magazine from 1999 to 2005, and collected in 15 tankōbon. The manga was licensed in North America in 2005 by Tokyopop, with the first volume initially scheduled for release October 2005. The series was never published and Tokyopop dropped the license. The license was later acquired by Yen Press in 2007. Yen Press released the first volume in October 2007, releasing the remaining volumes quarterly, with the final volume in April 2011.

Spiral: Alive, a prequel and spin off of the original series, also written by Shirodaira and illustrated by Mizuno, began publishing in the May 2001 issue of Gangan Wing. In 2006, the series moved to Monthly Shōnen Gangan, where it ended in June 2008. It has been collected in five bound volumes.

Anime
Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning was adapted as a 25-episode anime television series by TV Tokyo with production by J.C.Staff. It adapts the first six volumes of the manga, with a different ending. It was directed by Shingo Kaneko with music by Akira Mitake and character designs by Yumi Nakayama. The series was broadcast from October 1, 2002, to March 25, 2003, and released on nine DVDs between December 18, 2002, and August 27, 2003.

The opening theme was "Kibouhou" ("Cape of Hope") by Strawberry Jam, and the ending theme was "Kakuteru" ("Cocktail") by Hysteric Blue. There was also an insert song, "Twinkle My Heart" by Mitake Akira, which is sung by the character Hiyono Yuizaki. Piano music used during the series includes Jeux d’eau by Maurice Ravel (episode 3), Liebestraume No. 3 by Franz Liszt (played in concert by Eyes Rutherford in episode 13), Benediction de Dieu dans la solitude by Liszt (episode 21; in the manga, this is a significant piece of music for Eyes and Kanone Hilbert), and Arabesque No. 1 by Claude Debussy (episode 25). A soundtrack album was released March 19, 2003.

The series is licensed in Region 1 by Funimation, which has released it on six DVDs and as a box set. Funimation also aired the series, in dubbed format, in the Funimation Channel programming block on Colours TV from June 19, 2006, until August 22, 2006.

Reception
The manga and anime adaptation have been praised for their creation of suspense and good mystery stories. Although the manga has received slight criticism for its blatant display of sexual content.

title: Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning


text:
The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor

The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor is a 1937 crime novel by Ernest Borneman writing as Cameron McCabe. It was first published in London. The book makes use of the false document technique: It pretends to be the true story of a 38-year-old Scotsman called Cameron McCabe who writes about a crucial period of his own life, during which several people close to him are murdered.

Plot introduction
Borneman began working on his first novel shortly after arriving in England from Nazi Germany in 1933 with practically no command of the English language. However, he was a quick learner, considered the detective story he was writing "no more than a finger exercise on the keyboard of a new language", and had finished it when he was not yet 20 years old.

Explanation of the novel's title
The proverbial "face on the cutting room floor" is a character in a movie who, after the shooting is completed, is completely removed from the film, for whatever reason. The same idea also holds true for documentaries, where in the editing process the large amount of raw footage is cut down to a manageable size and where it can happen that a particular part of the film is completely removed from the final version.

Plot summary
The novel, written in the first person in the form of Cameron McCabe's confession, is set in London in the mid-1930s. McCabe works in the film industry and has made himself a name as a supervising film editor working mainly on feature films. One day his boss, Isador Bloom, orders him to cut out altogether a young aspiring actress, Estella Lamare, from a movie which has just been produced. As the picture is about a love triangle McCabe does not see the point in doing as he was told and immediately suspects some foul business. He does not know then that this is in fact Bloom's revenge on Lamare for "showing him a cold shoulder" when he made a pass at her.

One Friday morning soon afterwards, Lamare's body is found on the floor of John Robertson's workplace at the studio, which happens to be a state-of-the-art cutting room. The place is equipped with an automatic camera which, once it has been set, starts recording the moment the door to the room is opened. Estella Lamare has died from stab wounds, and although the roll of film showing her slow death can be found it cannot be decided exactly how she died. On the film Ian Jensen, her partner in her last movie (from which she was to be cut out), can be seen struggling with Lamare, but the cause of her death may have been either an accident or suicide, or murder.

As Jensen is nowhere to be found Scotland Yard assumes that he is Lamare's murderer and that he has escaped to his native Norway. However, four days later, on December 3, 1935, his body is found in a shabby rented room in a cheap boarding house in London. Jensen has been poisoned and then, after his death, shot in the head.

The police investigations are conducted by Detective Inspector Smith of Scotland Yard. Right from the start there is antagonism between Smith and McCabe: Each suspects the other of knowing more about the case than he admits, with McCabe repeatedly assuming the role of detective while Smith seemingly has no idea how to solve the crime. Eventually the confrontation between the two antagonists escalates—their "game" turns into a "fight"—when Smith has McCabe arrested for the murder of Ian Jensen. McCabe refuses to be represented by a lawyer during his trial ("a layman conducting his own defence"), and systematically tries to break down the case against his person and to win over the jury to his cause.

In the course of the trial a number of facts about the people involved in the two deaths are revealed. For example, we learn that McCabe himself is a "morally uprooted" man who has replaced "eternal values" with "values of the moment". Until his arrest he has a relationship with Maria Ray, the actress who, together with Lamare and Jensen, forms the love triangle in the recently completed film. Although Maria Ray is the love of his life, McCabe cannot help starting an affair with Dinah Lee, his secretary, and, by carrying on two relationships at the same time, double-crossing both women. In his defence he even goes so far as to use Ray's own promiscuity—she has had affairs with both McCabe and Jensen—to question her credibility as a witness for the prosecution. He also insinuates that Smith has used doctored evidence to build up his case against him.

The members of the jury are impressed, pronounce a verdict of "Not guilty", and McCabe is acquitted. Smith now turns out to be a policeman who cannot lose but who actually loses his job as a result of McCabe's acquittal. When McCabe eventually tells him that he is Jensen's murderer after all it is because he realizes that he has irrevocably lost Maria (as well as Dinah), who would not even speak to him on the phone, and that there is not anything left in this world that might keep him alive. Now that he has written his story down for posterity he no longer minds being the target of Smith's revenge, who thinks McCabe's belated confession is the last straw. McCabe posts his manuscript to an old journalist called A.B.C. Müller whose acquaintance he has recently made and immediately afterwards is found shot. Smith is arrested, tried, and hanged.

With Cameron McCabe dead, the addressee of his manuscript continues the narrative, a part of the book which is entitled "An Epilogue by A.B.C. Müller as Epitaph for Cameron McCabe". Müller sees to the proof reading and the publication of The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor and becomes an avid collector of reviews of the book, comparing it with the fiction of Hemingway, Dashiell Hammett, and even James Joyce. At the same time he deplores, and condemns, the "arrested development of the criminal mind", in particular of course McCabe's.

One day in London Müller bumps into Maria Ray, whom he has not seen again since the trial, and they have a talk. To Müller's surprise, she claims that McCabe committed suicide—as an act of revenge, in order to get Smith convicted for murder. She also tells Müller that Smith was in love with her. At the end of the novel, Müller on the spur of the moment wants to propose to Maria Ray but then decides instead to "shoot her dead".

Thus, in Borneman's novel, Estella Lamare is "the face on the cutting-room floor", both literally and metaphorically.

Characters in "The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor"

 * Cameron McCabe – hardworking film editor
 * Estella Lamare – a young aspiring actress
 * John Robertson – who has a cutting room where the victim is found
 * Isador Bloom – whom McCabe works for
 * Ian Jensen – Lamare's co-star
 * Inspector Smith – Detective from Scotland Yard
 * Maria Ray – the actress who, together with Lamare and Jensen, forms the love triangle in the film

Literary significance and criticism
When the book was eventually published in 1937, traditionalists and purists of crime fiction felt rather cheated while critics and reviewers such as Milward Kennedy, E. R. Punshon, Ross McLaren and Sir Herbert Read liked the novel for its ingenuity ("a detective story with a difference"). Eric Partridge considered it a mine of information on contemporary English slang and quoted extensively from it in his dictionaries. The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor saw eight reprints in various pocket editions and also appeared in French and German translations but was never brought out in the United States.

Forgotten for decades, Borneman's first novel was rediscovered in the 1960s by Ordean A. Hagen, who praised it as one of the milestones of crime fiction in his Who Done It?. In the early 1970s Julian Symons, in his history of crime fiction entitled Bloody Murder, famously referred to The Face as "the detective story to end detective stories".

However, the identity of the author was a mystery itself. Neither Symons nor the Gollancz publishing house knew anything about a Cameron McCabe, not even whether he was still alive or not. Accordingly, when Gollancz brought out their 1974 facsimile edition, only a few months after Symons had mentioned the novel, they advertised for McCabe's heirs and placed the royalties in a trust fund.

Two months later, still in 1974, Julian Symons reviewed the Gollancz reprint, revealing, after some research, the real name of the author as a certain Ernst Wilhelm Julius Bornemann, a man about whom he said he knew nothing except his name ("More information from readers would be welcome"). Another reviewer, British novelist and screenwriter Frederic Raphael, also admitted having no idea who the author was. Only then was it found out that Bornemann was the Borneman, the famous sexologist who was alive and well, living in the small Austrian village of Scharten, and teaching at several universities both in Austria and his native Germany.

Release details
There have been four important editions of The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor:

 * 1) the first edition, published in 1937 by Victor Gollancz Ltd with their trademark bright yellow dust jacket;
 * 2) a 1974 facsimile reprint by Gollancz of their 1937 edition;
 * 3) a 1981 edition by Gregg Press (a division of G. K. Hall & Co.), Boston, containing an extensive Afterword which includes the tapescript of a long interview with Borneman conducted in 1979 by Reinhold Aman, the editor of the scholarly U.S. periodical Maledicta (Waukesha, Wisconsin); and, finally,
 * 4) a 1986 Penguin edition (in the "Classic Crime" series), which also includes the Afterword of the 1981 edition (ISBN 0-14-008085-6).

Read on

 * Francis Iles's Malice Aforethought (1931) is a psychological thriller where the identity of the murderer is revealed right at the beginning of the novel and where the reader is granted insight into the workings of a criminal mind.
 * Freeman Wills Crofts's The 12.30 from Croydon (1934) is written in a similar vein, with the protagonist awaiting trial but unable to assess his chances of being acquitted.
 * Raymond Postgate's Verdict of Twelve (1940) is a mystery novel that draws on the author's socialist beliefs to set crime, detection and punishment within a broader social and economic context.
 * Budd Schulberg's What Makes Sammy Run? (1941) looks behind the scenes of the film industry and of individual people working in that business in Hollywood rather than England.
 * Ben Elton's Dead Famous (2001) is another example of a story where a murder is captured on film while the identity of the perpetrator remains in the dark, here in a late 20th-century Big Brother-type reality television setting.

title: The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor


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JR Shaw

JR Shaw (born James Robert Shaw, August 14, 1934 – March 23, 2020) was a Canadian businessman. He founded Alberta-based Shaw Communications in 1966 and was the executive chairman of the company. As of 2016, Shaw and other members of his family controlled 85 percent of the Class A voting shares of Corus Entertainment, and 80 per cent of the class A voting shares of Shaw Communications. Shaw sat on the board of directors of Suncor Energy from 2001 to 2007. The School of Business at NAIT is named after him.

Early years
Shaw was born in 1934 in Brigden, Ontario, the son of Lottie and Francis Shaw, and was raised on his family's farm with his siblings, Les, Bertha and Dolly. The Shaw business dynasty originated in rural Lambton County with Francis Shaw, originally from Kimball, who served in World War I. Francis inherited the family farm, and his brother Joel inherited the grist mill.

Lottie Shaw ran the farm, while Francis, an entrepreneur, slowly built a construction company that became a "major contractor involved in Camp Ipperwash" during World War II. Francis Shaw expanded his businesses into "ready-mix concrete, drive-in theatres, cable television", and a "pipe coating" company—and was an innovator in Ontario.

Education
After Shaw earned his Bachelor of Arts in business administration from Michigan State University, he worked for a while at his father's pipe coating company, Shawcor.

From Ontario to Alberta
Shaw moved to Edmonton in 1961. He was the father of Jim Shaw, who was the chief executive officer of Shaw Communications until his retirement in 2011, and Bradley S. Shaw, the former CEO of Shaw Communications. Shaw Communications has since merged with Rogers Communications as of March 31, 2023.

In 2002, Shaw legally changed his name from James Robert Shaw to JR Shaw. He died on March 23, 2020, at the age of 85.

Honours
According to the History of Canadian Broadcasting, in "recognition of his excellence in business and outstanding community involvement", Shaw was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2002. He received the Alberta Order of Excellence in 2008.

Shaw received several honorary degrees, including ones from the University of Alberta, University of Calgary, and Graceland University in Lamoni, Iowa.

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Norman Kittson

Norman Wolfred Kittson (March 6, 1814 – May 10, 1888) was one of early Minnesota's most prominent citizens. He was best known as first a fur trader, then a steamboat-line operator and finally a railway entrepreneur and owner of thoroughbred racehorses. He was part of the original syndicate that went on to create the Canadian Pacific Railway. Kittson County, Minnesota is named for him. Norman County, Minnesota also was named for him.

Early years
Norman Wolfred Kittson was the eighth of ten children born to George Kittson (1779–1832), merchant, Justice of the Peace, clerk of the Commisariat and King's auctioneer at Sorel, and later Principal Cashier of the Bank of Canada in Montreal, both in Lower Canada. Norman Wolfred's mother, Ann Tucker of Sorel, was the daughter of Sergeant John Tucker (d.1782) of the 53rd Regiment of Foot. Norman was born 6 March 1814, and baptized on 27 March of the same year in Sorel. His middle name 'Wolfred' was given to Norman to honour a family friend, Wolfred Nelson.

Norman's grandfather, Thomas Kittson, was in the British Army, probably in the 24th Regiment of Foot and likely was killed or taken prisoner in the fall of 1777 at the Battles of Saratoga. Thomas was married to Julia Calcutt (1756–1835), who has likely travelled with him with the Regiment in April 1776 from Cork, Ireland to Trois-Rivières. By 1779, Julia was living with Alexander Henry in Montreal, with her infant George. Julia and Alexander had four children born out of wedlock, and did marry by licence in 1785, Montreal, likely after the official news that her husband was deceased. They had a fifth child after getting married.

Fur trading
Kittson received a grammar school education at Sorel, and like everyone in his family he was perfectly bilingual. His step-grandfather Alexander Henry and four of his five paternal uncles had all been active in the fur trade, particularly the North West Company. It therefore was no surprise that, seeking adventure, in 1830 he took an apprenticeship with the American Fur Company at Michilimackinac, where Alexander Henry and many others from Sorel had been active. Kittson served at various posts in what became Minnesota Territory in the United States.

Kittson left the American Fur Company in 1833 to become a clerk to the sutler at Fort Snelling. In 1839, he went into business for himself, setting up as a fur trader and supply merchant at Cold Lake, near Fort Snelling. Henry Hastings Sibley, Kittson's old friend from the American Fur Company had risen to managing agent of the AFC, but left in 1843 to form a partnership with Kittson.

In 1844, maintaining a large degree of independence, Kittson established a permanent post at Pembina, North Dakota, where he made his headquarters. Covering the Red River Valley, he boldly set himself up in direct competition to the Hudson's Bay Company, whose headquarters were only 100 km away in the Red River Colony at Rupert's Land. Kittson's almost immediate success at Pembina threatened the trade monopoly exerted by the HBC.

He served in the Minnesota Territorial Council from 1852 to 1855, while living in Pembina.

Kittson collected furs from James Sinclair and established strong connections to the local French Canadians. Through his first wife, he became particularly attached to the Métis people, employing them as tripmen and trading extensively with them. All of this enabled him to play a significant part in bringing about free trade to the settlement in 1849. Guillaume Sayer was trading with Kittson prior to the trial that ended the monopoly. In 1852, Kittson relocated from Pembina to St. Joseph to avoid the periodic flooding of the Red River of the North.

St. Paul, Minnesota
In the 1850s, a contemporary described Kittson as a "sprightly, fine-looking man; cleanly and really elegantly dressed; hair just turning gray; eyes bright, with a quiet, pleasant voice; genial in nature and a man of excellent characteristics". Kittson moved to Minnesota's new capital, St. Paul, in 1854, becoming one the city's most influential businessman. He operated a fur and goods business and had several investments and real estate holdings. Kittson served on the St. Paul City Council from 1856 to 1858. From 1858 to 1859 he served as mayor.

During this period, his business interests extended into the Red River Colony, which he was committed to developing. In 1856, he opened a store at St. Boniface (now modern Winnipeg, Manitoba) and the following year he and other merchants shipped over $120,000 of furs from the Red River Settlement to St Paul. Although he sold the store in 1861, Kittson continued to import furs from the settlement and provide it with supplies. He was a long-time operator of Red River cart brigades on the Red River Trails, which served his trading businesses.

Steamboat operations
Sir George Simpson, the governor of Kittson's old rival, the Hudson's Bay Company, described him in the 1850s as "the most extensive and respectable of the American traders doing business at Red River". In 1858 Kittson was instrumental in establishing a steamboat service on the Red River of the North, a route which was also used by the HBC. Simpson's successor, Alexander Grant Dallas, managed to convert Kittson "from an opponent into an ally". In 1862, the Hudson's Bay Company appointed him shipping agent and head of navigation on the Red River, a position he retained throughout the 1860s to the great mutual benefit of both Kittson and the HBC. He co-ordinated the import of trade goods from Britain and the export of furs by cart brigades between St. Paul and Georgetown, and by the steamship International between Georgetown and the Red River Settlement.

The creation of the province of Manitoba from the former Rupert's Land in 1870 marked the end of the HBC trade monopoly. In 1872 Kittson joined up with another former competitor, James Jerome Hill, forming the Red River Transportation Company. The line had five steamboats, and Kittson had invested $75,000 by 1873. They were the only operators on the Red River during the 1870s, and were important factors in the development of Winnipeg and south Manitoba through the transportation of immigrants, mail and supplies.

Railway entrepreneur
In 1879, though in poor health, Kittson embarked on his last major venture. With James Hill, Kittson joined forces with Hudson's Bay Company representative Donald Alexander Smith and Montreal banker George Stephen to purchase the struggling Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad, reorganizing it into the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway. It established the first rail link between St. Boniface and St. Paul. In 1880, its net worth was $728,000; in 1885 it was $25,000,000. When Kittson sold his shares in the company in 1881, it made him a very wealthy man, running his investments into the millions. These same men later formed the nucleus of a syndicate established in 1880 that built the Canadian Pacific Railway and Great Northern Railway.

Thoroughbred racing
Norman Kittson was possessed of "a sartorial elegance and a love of race horses," and it was this latter interest on which he concentrated after retiring from business. His stables at Midway Park, St. Paul and at Erdenheim Farm near Philadelphia, kept some of the finest thoroughbreds and made him one of the most prominent race horse owners in the country. His filly, Glidelia, won the 1880 Alabama Stakes. In 1882, with his brother, James, they had purchased Aristides Welch's renowned stud farm at Erdenheim, Pennsylvania, and the bulk of its bloodstock at Chestnut Hill for $100,000. In 1884, the Kittson's colt, Rataplan, won the prestigious Travers Stakes at the Saratoga Race Course. Kittson's sons, Louis and James, were both well-known horsemen and managed Erdenheim after their father's death. They sold the studs at auction in 1896.

Family
Norman Kittson had been married three times. His first wife, Élise Marion (1831–1868) a Métis from the Red River Colony. She was a daughter of blacksmith Narcisse Marion and the sister of Roger Marion (1846–1920), a conservative Member of Parliament. Kittson had many friends among the Red River Métis including a first cousin, Ambrose Lépine, who was an associate of Louis Riel. The Marion family, however, opposed Riel's Red River Rebellion. When Élise died in 1868, Kittson took her body back to St. Boniface for burial among her family and childhood friends. He then married the Swiss Sophia Perret (1817–1889), daughter of Abraham Perret (also sometimes spelled Perry), and finally, he married Mary Cochrane (1842–1886). Kittson fathered nine children by his three wives.

Kittson died 10 May 1888 in a dining car after ordering dinner while he was traveling on the Chicago and North Western Railway towards St. Paul. It was said of him that "he gave willingly but not ostentatiously to charitable causes." Kittson left an estate of over 1.2 million dollars to be divided between his children. One Margaret Robinson declared that she had been married to Norman Kittson in 1833 as shown on a marriage certificate she produced. Her claim for a third of the estate dollars was denied, as neither the locale nor the state (Wisconsin) where the marriage supposedly took place was then extant, the priest named on the certificate was in Ohio in 1833, and the type of paper on which the certificate was printed was of more recent origin.

Papers
Papers of Norman W. Kittson are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society. They include fur trade account books (1851–1853, 1863–1866) and miscellaneous papers pertaining to lands, accounts, and other investments.

title: Norman Kittson


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Happy Joe's

Happy Joe's is an American pizza parlor chain based in Bettendorf, Iowa. The restaurant chain was founded in 1972 by Lawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty, a former Shakey's Pizza manager. Their United States locations are spread out across the Upper Midwest and Florida, with a location in Egypt, which opened in October 2022. In 2022, Happy Joe's has declared an intent over 10 years to open at least 25 locations across the Middle East and North Africa, including in Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. The idea for Happy Joe's came from a combination of a pizza parlor and ice cream palace.

On September 15, 2022, Happy Joe's filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and would close several corporate-owned stores, although franchise-owned restaurants are not affected by the bankruptcy.

Taco pizza
Joseph Whitty's "Happy Joe's" claimed to be the first pizza restaurant to offer a taco pizza (a pizza with refried bean/tomato sauce, cheese, lettuce, tomato and taco chips). After a franchisee suggested adding tacos to the menu, Whitty invented the restaurant's best-selling product, the Taco Pizza.

Breakfast pizza
In 2005, Happy Joe's started offering breakfast pizzas at select locations.

Flatbread pizza
In 2013, Happy Joe's started offering flatbread pizzas.

Gluten-free crusts
Happy Joe's also offers gluten-free crusts, designed for those with gluten allergies.

Birthday parties
It also features outlandish birthday parties. He was inspired to include birthday parties in his restaurant concept after he got disciplined after hosting one at the Shakey's Pizza he managed.

Joegurt
Joegurt is the chain's signature ice cream product that combines ice cream with yogurt. It is available at all the locations including the Pizza Grille locations. It is not currently sold in grocery stores.

History
The chain was started in 1972 by Lawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty after he was disciplined for throwing a child a birthday party while working at Shakey's Pizza. Birthday parties became a centerpoint for the restaurant as did its signature taco pizza (claimed by the chain to be the first pizza place to offer such an item) and Joegurt (ice cream infused yogurt).

In the 1980s, the chain had operated a location in Cairo, Egypt that was shaped like a boat and was situated on the Nile River.

The chain has also expanded into other Midwestern markets with locations in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Missouri, and Illinois along with their home-state of Iowa.

The Happy Joe's location on Gilbert Street in Iowa City, Iowa was destroyed by a tornado on April 13, 2006, part of the Easter Week 2006 Tornado Outbreak Sequence. A follow-up restaurant in Coralville was lost to floods in 2008, but it was rebuilt and continued to operate.

In the mid-2010s, the chain debuted a new concept alongside the traditional restaurants called Happy Joe's Pizza Grille where you can get traditional American fare such as Rubens alongside their signature pizza and Joegurt. They also feature a small buffet featuring their pizzas as well.

The chain also had a presence in Arizona with two since closed stores, however, a return to Arizona is in the works with plans to open more restaurants in the state in the future.

On October 29, 2019, Happy Joe Whitty died at the age of 82 at the Clarissa C. Cook Hospice Center.

In 2022, the chain has plans to expand their operations to the Middle East and North Africa. They have plans to open at least 25 new restaurants across Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. over the course of 10 years. The first locations the chain plans to openen in Cairo, Egypt, where they had one previously.

In addition to the aforementioned stores, they also have two restaurants in Florida, their first in the Southern United States. They also have stores planned for Branson (their first store outside of the St. Louis Metro), an additional store in the St. Louis metro, and an as of yet determined location in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Cities floated for the proposed location include Grand Prairie, Cedar Hill, and Arlington, with plans to open in one of those cities before the end of 2023. This represents a milestone for the company as it will be their first minority-owned franchise in addition to being the first one in Texas.

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Il turco in Italia

Il turco in Italia (English: The Turk in Italy) is an opera buffa in two acts by Gioachino Rossini. The Italian-language libretto was written by Felice Romani. It was a re-working of a libretto by Caterino Mazzolà set as an opera (with the same title) by the German composer Franz Seydelmann in 1788.

An opera buffa, it was influenced by Mozart's Così fan tutte, which was performed at the same theatre shortly before Rossini's work. The strangely harmonized overture, though infrequently recorded, is one of the best examples of Rossini's characteristic style. An unusually long introduction displays an extended, melancholy horn solo with full orchestral accompaniment, before giving way to a lively, purely comic main theme.

Performance history
Il turco in Italia was first performed in La Scala, Milan, on 14 August 1814. It was given in London at His Majesty's Theatre on 19 May 1822 with Giuseppe de Begnis and Giuseppina de Begnis. It was first staged in New York City at the Park Theatre on 14 March 1826 with Maria Malibran, Manuel García Senior, Manuel García Junior, Barbieri, Crivelli, Rosich and Agrisani. In 1950 it was revived in Rome at the Teatro Eliseo with Maria Callas. In 1955 Callas again starred as Fiorilla, this time at the Teatro alla Scala where the opera was produced by Franco Zeffirelli. In later years Fiorilla has been sung by Cecilia Bartoli.

Synopsis

 * Time: 18th Century
 * Place: In and around Naples

Act 1
By the sea shore near Naples

The poet Prosdocimo (baritone) is searching for a plot for a drama buffo. He meets a band of Gypsies, including the beautiful but unhappy Zaida (mezzo-soprano) and her confidant Albazar (tenor). Perhaps the Gypsies can provide some ideas? Prosdocimo's friend, the obstinate and sometimes foolish Geronio (bass), is looking for a fortune teller to advise him on his marital problems, but the Gypsies tease him. Zaida tells Prosdocimo that she is from a Turkish harem. She and her master, Prince Selim, were in love, but jealous rivals accused her of infidelity and she had to flee for her life, accompanied by Albazar. Nevertheless, she still loves only one man and that man is Selim. Prosdocimo knows that a Turkish prince will shortly be arriving in Italy. Perhaps he can help? Geronio's capricious young wife Fiorilla (soprano) enters singing (in contrast to Zaida) of the joys of free and unfettered love. A Turkish ship arrives and the prince disembarks. It is Selim (bass) himself. Fiorilla is immediately attracted to the handsome Turk, and a romance rapidly develops. Narciso (tenor) appears in her pursuit. He is an ineffectual admirer of Fiorilla posing as a friend of her husband. Geronio follows, horrified to learn that Fiorilla is taking the Turk home to drink his coffee! Geronio's house

Fiorilla and Selim are flirting. Geronio enters timidly and Selim is initially impressed by his unexpected meekness, however Narciso noisily scolds Geronio. The domestic menage irritates Selim and he leaves after quietly arranging to meet Fiorilla again by his ship. Geronio tells Fiorilla he will not allow any more Turks - or Italians - in his house. She sweetly undermines his complaints, and then, when he softens, threatens to punish him by enjoying herself even more wildly. The sea shore at night

Selim is waiting for Fiorilla. Instead he meets Zaida. The former lovers are shocked and delighted, and declare once more their mutual love. Narciso re-appears, followed by Fiorilla in disguise, with Geronio in pursuit. Selim confuses the veiled Fiorilla with Zaida and the two women come suddenly face to face. Fiorilla accuses Selim of betrayal. Zaida confronts Fiorilla. Geronio tells his wife to go home. There is a stormy finale.

Act 2
At an inn

Selim approaches Geronio amicably, offering to buy Fiorilla. That way Geronio can be rid of his problems and also make some money. Geronio refuses. Selim vows to steal her instead. After they leave, Fiorilla and a group of her friends appear, followed by Zaida. Fiorilla has set up a meeting between them and Selim, so that the Turk will be forced to decide between the two women. In the event he is indecisive, not wishing to lose either of them. Zaida leaves in disgust. Selim and Fiorilla quarrel but are eventually reconciled. As the poet tells Geronio, there is going to be a party. Fiorilla will be there to meet Selim, who will be masked. Geronio should also go - disguised as a Turk! Narciso overhears this, and decides to take advantage of the situation to take Fiorilla himself, in revenge for her former indifference. Geronio laments his destiny, that he should have such a terrible, crazy wife. Albazar passes by holding a costume - for Zaida! A ballroom with masqueraders and dancers

Fiorilla mistakes Narciso for Selim and Narciso leads her away. Meanwhile, Selim enters with Zaida, under the impression that she is Fiorilla. Geronio is in utter despair at finding two couples and two Fiorillas! Narciso and Selim both entreat their partners to leave with them. Confused and angry, Geronio attempts to stop both couples, but they eventually escape. Back at the inn

Prosdocimo meets Geronio. They now know that Selim was with Zaida and guess that Fiorilla was with Narciso. Albazar confirms that Selim will definitely stay with Zaida. Prosdocimo advises Geronio to have his revenge on Fiorilla by pretending to divorce her and threatening to send her back to her family. Having discovered Narciso's deception, Fiorilla tries to find Selim, but he has already left with Zaida. She returns home only to find the divorce letter, and her belongings being removed from the house. She is devastated by shame, and promptly deserted by her friends. The beach

Selim and Zaida are about to set sail for Turkey, while Fiorilla is looking for a boat to take her back to her home town. Geronio finds and forgives her. They are affectionately reconciled. Both couples are now reunited and Prosdocimo is delighted with his happy ending.

title: Il turco in Italia


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File:The Moody Blues.jpg

Summary
Album cover to The Moody Blues' "Nights in White Satin Single," believed to be available under fair use doctrine. Found and scaled down from.

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Serve-and-volley

Serve-and-volley is a style of play in tennis where the player (volleyer) serving moves quickly towards the net after hitting a serve, to attempt to hit a volley afterwards. In the serve-and-volley playstyle, the server attempts to hit a volley (a shot where the ball is struck without allowing it to bounce), as opposed to the baseline game, where the server stays back following the serve and attempts to hit a groundstroke (a shot where the ball is allowed to bounce before contact is made). As a returner/receiver (volleyer) of a serve, the player may also attempt to hit a half-volley, instead of waiting longer after the ball has bounced to hit a usual groundstroke (e.g. Roger Federer's SABR). The serve-and-volley style of play has diminished in recent years with advances in racquet and string technologies which allow players to generate a great amount of top spin on groundstrokes and passing shots. The slowing of court surfaces and deflation of balls, promoting longer rallies for the enjoyment of spectators, has also devalued the serve-and-volley style.

The aim of this strategy is to put immediate pressure on the opponent with the intent of ending points quickly. Good returns must be made, or else the server can gain the advantage. This tactic is especially useful on fast courts (e.g. grass courts) and less so on slow courts (e.g. clay courts). For it to be successful, the player must either have a good serve to expose an opponent's poor return or be exceptionally quick and confident in movement around the net to produce an effective returning volley. Ken Rosewall, for instance, had a weak serve but was a very successful serve-and-volley player for two decades. Goran Ivanišević, on the other hand, had success employing the serve-and-volley strategy with great serves and average volleys.

The serve-and-volley era (roughly 1940s — 2000)
Although some early tennis greats such as Bill Tilden, Ellsworth Vines, and Don Budge were noted for their fine serves and net games, they did not play a 100% serve-and-volley style game. Jack Kramer in the late 1940s was the first world-class player to consistently come to the net after every serve, including his second serve. Kramer writes, however, in his 1979 autobiography, that it was Bobby Riggs, his opponent in the 1948 Pro tennis tour who began the strategy: "When we first started touring he came at me on his first serve, on his second serve, and on my second serve.... my second serve didn't kick like Bobby's, so he could return that deep enough and follow into the net.... It forced me to think attack constantly. I would rush in and try to pound his weakest point -- his backhand. So the style I am famous for was not consciously planned: it was created out of the necessity of dealing with Bobby Riggs." The playing style quickly gained popularity among elites and remained dominant on certain court surfaces until the conclusion of the twentieth century.

In the mid-1950s, when Pancho Gonzales was dominating professional tennis with his serve-and-volley game, occasional brief attempts were made to partially negate the power of his serve. This, it was felt, would lead to longer rallies and more spectator interest. At least three times the rules were modified:

 * In several important tournaments such as the United States Professional Championships the Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System (VASSS), devised by James Van Alen, was used. The match was scored as if in table tennis, with 21 points per game, 5 serves per player, and no second serves. The fans preferred the traditional scoring system, however, and in any case Gonzales continued to win under VASSS rules.
 * Jack Kramer, by then the professional tour promoter and no longer its dominant player, also tried a three-bounce rule, in which the server could not come to the net until the ball had been in play for at least three bounces. Gonzales won anyway, and this experiment was dropped.
 * Kramer also tried marking a secondary service line one yard behind the baseline, so that the server was further away from the net when he served. Once again Gonzales was undeterred and the original rules were restored.

Other male tennis players known for their serve-and-volley technique include Pancho Segura, Frank Sedgman, Ken Rosewall, Lew Hoad, Rod Laver, Roy Emerson, John McEnroe, Stefan Edberg, Pat Cash, Boris Becker, Patrick Rafter, Pete Sampras and Tim Henman. Sampras, despite being known for his great serve and volley game, did not always come to the net behind the serve on slower courts, particularly on the second serve. This was especially the case when he was younger. Edberg is considered by many experts as the leading proponent of the serve-and-volley game in the modern era.

The serve-and-volley strategy has traditionally been less common amongst female players. An early pioneer in women's volleying was Elizabeth Ryan, who was at the top of the women's game in the mid-to-late 1920s. But it was later on that serve and volley caught on in women's game. The style propelled Margaret Court to become the all-time leader in Grand Slam titles (24 in singles, 62 total). Martina Navratilova and Jana Novotná later became players well known for their serve-and-volley style. More recently, players such as Martina Hingis, Justine Henin, and Amélie Mauresmo were willing to come to the net, with Henin and Mauresmo playing a very heavy serve and volley style and volleying in general match during the 2006 Wimbledon Finals. Later in her career Henin was also known for serving and volleying on set and match points, such as on Championship point at the 2007 US Open Final against Svetlana Kuznetsova.

Serve-and-volley in the twenty-first century
Although the strategy has become less common in both the men's and women's game, a few players still prefer to approach the net on their serves in the twenty-first century. Examples of active male players who employ serve-and-volley as the chief style of play include: Nicolas Mahut, Rajeev Ram, Dustin Brown, Pierre-Hugues Herbert, and Maxime Cressy.

On the women's side, serve-and-volley has become almost extinct at the very top level. Taylor Townsend and Hsieh Su-wei are the only active notable (WTA elite) players that prefers to play with this style.

Other players, despite not being pure serve-and-volleyers, do employ serve-and-volley as a surprise tactic. Examples include John Isner, Rafael Nadal, and Daniil Medvedev.

The removal of grass surfaces from major tournaments and the change in 2001 of Wimbledon's grass to encourage higher bounces have reduced the efficacy of this playing style.

Views on serve-and-volley
Bill Tilden, the dominant player of the 1920s and one of the fathers of the cannonball serve, nevertheless preferred to play from the backcourt and liked nothing better than to face an opponent who threw powerful serves and groundstrokes at him and who rushed the net — one way or another Tilden would find a way to hit the ball past him. Tilden spent a great amount of time analyzing the game of tennis. His book Match Play and the Spin of the Ball (1925) is still in print. In it, Tilden states that a perfect baseline player will always beat a perfect serve-and-volleyer 6–0 because his returns of service will be winning passing shots; however he also states that of course neither such a player can exist. Tilden used this style of play for many years.

Some of the most interesting matches of all time according to Pat Cash have pitted great baseliners such as Björn Borg, Mats Wilander or Andre Agassi against great serve-and-volleyers such as John McEnroe, Pat Rafter or Pete Sampras. Since Tilden's time, head-to-head results on various surfaces, such as those played out in the famous rivalry between Borg and McEnroe, contradict his theory that great baseline players will tend to defeat great serve-and-volley ones.

Another perspective on the serve-and-volley game is that it is less tiring than playing constantly from the backcourt. Kramer says in his autobiography that he and Pancho Segura once tried playing three matches in which they allowed the ball to bounce three times before either could approach the net. "I don't believe I could have played tennis the way Segoo and I did for the three nights because it wore me out, running down all those groundstrokes. It was much more gruelling than putting a lot into a serve and following it in." He went to say that "Rosewall was a backcourt player when he came into the pros, but he learned very quickly how to play the net. Eventually, for that matter, he became a master of it, as much out of physical preservation as for any other reason. I guarantee you that Kenny wouldn't have lasted into his forties as a world-class player if he hadn't learned to serve and volley."

Despite the improvements in racquet technology made towards the end of the twentieth century which made serve-and-volley a rarer tool in a tennis player's skill set, players familiar with the strategy still advocate it. Roger Federer advocated up-and-coming players not to ignore the tactic's strategy of coming to the net, especially on faster surfaces and as a surprise tactic. Yet other players, such as Mischa Zverev, acknowledged the difficulty of mastering serve-and-volley, recalling his 36-month effort to adopt the style. He said: "Every point, you have to be ready. You're either going to get passed, you're going to miss an easy volley or you're going to win the point," and likened it to the stochastic nature of flipping a coin.

title: Serve-and-volley


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Mowing-Devil

The Mowing-Devil: or, Strange News out of Hartford-shire is the title of an English woodcut pamphlet published in 1678. The pamphlet tells of a farmer in Hertfordshire who, refusing to pay the price demanded by a labourer to mow his field, swore he would rather the Devil mowed it instead.

According to the pamphlet, that night his field appeared to be in flame. The next morning, the field was found to be perfectly mowed, "that no mortal man was able to do the like".

This pamphlet, and the accompanying illustration, are often cited by crop circle researchers as among the first recorded cases of crop circles. Crop circle researcher Jim Schnabel does not consider it to be a historical precedent because it describes the stalks as being cut, while modern crop circles involve the wheat, barley or, less commonly, other plants being bent.

Transcription
"The Mowing-Devil: Or, Strange NEWS out of Hartford-ſhire.

Being a True Relation of a Farmer, who Bargaining with a poor Mower, about the Cutting down Three Half Acres of Oats upon the Mower’s asking too much, the Farmer ſwore, ‘That the Devil ſhould Mow it, rather than He.’ And lo it fell out, that that very Night, the Crop of Oats ſhew’d as if it had been all of a Flame, but next Morning appear’d ſo neatly Mow’d by the Devil, or ſome Infernal Spirit, that no Mortal Man was able to do the like. Alſo, How the ſaid Oats ly now in the Field, and the Owner has not Power to fetch them away."

title: Mowing-Devil


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Rex071404 3/Proposed decision

Rex's self-exile
Rex has tried to pretend that his two accounts were held by two different people. ,  He has also violated the previous ArbCom rulings. In light of this history, his current "self-imposed ban" (offered under the gun, only after he saw how the arbitration proceeding was going) should not be given any weight in the selection of a remedy.

If any effect is to be given to Rex's latest announcement, the ArbCom remedy should still apply to sockpuppets. Thus, the block in item 1.3 of the proposed remedies should use the same wording as in the other proposed blocks: "Rex071404, 216.153.214.94 and whatever other accounts are associated with this user". I know that this is the standard for blocks, but if the committee selects a remedy based on Rex's own actions, he might later argue that it didn't cover other accounts, unless that point is spelled out beyond any doubt. JamesMLane 00:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have altered the wording of 1.3. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 00:38, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Themightychris

you beat me to correcting my dvorak link. this must mean that lots of people use my form, i did not expect it to be corrected after only around 8 hours of being changed :). (i had noticed it upon reading my logs for errors).

title: User talk:Themightychris


text:
University of California, Davis Arboretum

The University of California, Davis Arboretum (UC Davis Arboretum) is an approximately 100 acre arboretum along the banks of the old north channel of Putah Creek on the south side of the University of California, Davis campus in unincorporated Yolo County, California, in the United States.

The arboretum was founded in 1936. It is free to visit and the gardens are open 24 hours a day every day of the year; visitor parking is free Saturdays and Sundays and $10 per car every other day. The Arboretum contains 3.5 miles (5.6 km) paved path loop for pedestrians, joggers, and cyclists. The collection includes some "22,000 trees and plants adapted to a Mediterranean climate." The collection may be searched through the Arbortetum's online database, which includes detailed information about the plants and geographic information system data linked to plant records. The Arboretum is an important source of information on horticulture in California's Central Valley.

The arboretum is used for research both by UC Davis faculty and students and by others. The arboretum also supports teaching at UC Davis, with courses in many different disciplines using the arboretum each year.

Collection
The arboretum has 17 gardens and collections:

 * Arboretum Terrace Garden and Lois Crowe Patio - Mediterranean-style terrace garden with pergola, featuring plants typical of California's Central Valley.
 * Australian Collection - features eucalyptus and other Australian plants.
 * California Foothill Collection - features California foothills plants, including "200-year-old Valley oaks, pines, ceanothus, and several species of native currants and gooseberries."
 * Carolee Shields White Flower Garden and Gazebo - a "theme garden based on medieval moon-viewing gardens of India and Japan."
 * Conifer Collection - features various conifers, including pines, cedars, firs, junipers, and cypresses.
 * Desert Collection - features desert plants, including cacti and succulents, fan palms, and mesquites.
 * East Asian Collection - an East Asian garden with a view of Lake Spafford and an open lawn; features cherry blossoms and daphne (prominent in winter and spring) and ginkgo, zelkova, and ornamental grasses (prominent in fall).
 * Eric E. Conn Acacia Grove - features more than 50 acacia species.
 * Mary Wattis Brown Garden of California Native Plants - features various California native plants and native meadow.
 * Mediterranean Collection - features various Mediterranean Basin plants on a hillside around lagoon; includes collection of herbs.
 * North Coast Collection - features various broadleaf and evergreen plants of coastal Northern California, including California bay laurel, Lawson cypress, bigleaf maple, dogwood, and Lindera (spice bush).
 * Peter J. Shields Oak Grove - features more than 80 types of oak, including several rare species.
 * Ruth Risdon Storer Garden - features various "flowering perennials and small shrubs that are especially well suited to Central Valley gardens" intended for sustainable gardening.
 * South American Collection - a small collection of mostly Argentinean and Chilean plants, including groundcovers and vines as well as cacti and cannas.
 * Southwest U.S.A. and Mexican Collection - features various plants of Mexico and the American Southwest; the Montezuma bald cypress in this collection was grown from seed from the largest specimen in Mexico.
 * T. Elliot Weier Redwood Grove - a coast redwood grove that is "one of the largest collections of redwood trees outside their native range." In addition to the trees, the grove also features understory plants.
 * Warren G. Roberts Redbud Collection - a Western redbud grove.


text:
Mbarara district

Mbarara District is a district in South Western Uganda. In 2019, the Ugandan Cabinet approved part of Mbarara District, the then-Mbarara municipality, to be upgraded to city status effective July 2020.

Location
Mbarara District is bordered by Ibanda District to the north, Kiruhura District to the east, Isingiro District to the southeast, Rwampara District to the southwest, Sheema District to the west and Buhweju District to the northwest. The district headquarters at Mbarara, the largest city in the sub-region, are located approximately 290 km, by road, southwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the district are:00 36S, 30 36E.

Overview
Mbarara District is part of the Ankole sub-region. The districts that comprise Ankole include: (a) Buhweju District (b) Bushenyi District (c) Ibanda District (d) Isingiro District (e) Kiruhura District (f) Mbarara District (g) Mitooma District (h) Ntungamo District (i) Rubirizi District, and (j) Sheema District.

The area covered by the above districts constituted the traditional Ankole Kingdom. In 1967, Milton Obote abolished the traditional kingdoms in Uganda. When Yoweri Museveni re-established them in 1993, Ankole did not re-constitute itself.

Mbarara district consists of one municipality (Mbarara Municipality), and nineteen rural sub-counties, organized into two counties. Mbarara District covers a land area of 1,778.4 km2, with an average elevation of about 1800 m above sea level. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 1200 mm. Temperatures range between 17 C and 30 C. The district is subdivided into one municipal council, Mbarara Municipality, and 13 sub-counties, namely: 1. Kashari 2. Bubaare 3. Bukiro 4. Kagongi 5. Kakiika 6. Kashare 7. Rubaya 8. Rubindi 9. Rwanyamahembe 10. Biharwe 11. Kakoba 12. Kamukuzi 13. Nyamitanga.

Population
In 1991, the national census put the population of the district at about 267,500. The 2002 census estimated the district population at about 361,500, of which 51% were female and 49% were male. The estimated growth rate was about 2.2%. 55% of the district population was aged between 0 and 18 years. In 2012, the district population was estimated at approximately 445,600.

Economic activities
As is the case with the majority of Ugandan districts, agriculture is the mainstay of the economy of Mbarara District. Both crops and livestock are raised in the district, primarily on a subsistence level, but several commercial farms are located in the district. Crops grown include:

 * Matooke
 * Sweet Bananas
 * Beans
 * Sweet Potatoes
 * Irish Potatoes
 * Millet
 * Cabbage
 * Tomatoes
 * Pineapples
 * Avocado
 * Passionfruit
 * Papaya
 * Mangoes

The livestock raised in the district includes:

 * Ankole cattle
 * Exotic cattle
 * Hybrid cattle
 * Goats
 * Sheep
 * Pigs
 * Rabbits
 * Chicken
 * Ducks
 * Guineafowl
 * Turkeys

Tourism
The main tourist attractions in Mbarara District include the following:

Lake Mburo National Park Lake Mburo National Park is located about 30 km east of Mbarara Town. The park size is approximately 370 km2 and was named after Lake Mburo which occupies about 20% of its total area. The park is home to zebras, impalas, elands, leopards, hippos, hyenas, Defassa waterbucks, buffaloes and about 350 bird species.

Lake Nakivale

Lake Nakivale is located about 40 kilometers south-east of Mbarara town. The lake's water body, sandy beaches and expansive open grounds make it an attractive spot to tourists. River Rwizi

River Rwizi supplies both domestic and commercial water to Mbarara town. The river is also an important ecosystem and acts as a tourist site for safari tourists on their way to and from the south western part of Uganda.

Community health
In Uganda, Mbarara district has consistently been rated among the top 20 districts in the improvement of community health. The district has attained a penta vaccine coverage of 86.4%, 66% deliveries of pregnant mothers in health units, a 1.3% out-patient department (OPD) per capita utilization, and a comprehensive HIV/AIDS service coverage of 85% with a prevalence rate of 7%, sanitation coverage of 97% and reduction in sanitation related diseases occurrence by 40%.

title: Mbarara district


text: User talk:69.133.96.122

title: User talk:69.133.96.122


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teaching grammar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 10:10, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Teaching grammar
Fontgirl marked this vfd on January 29, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. My vote is delete; it's a semi-coherent, first-person essay unrelated to its title. —Korath (Talk) 00:08, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * As per Korath. If not rewritten to be about its subject, Delete; but let the redlinks stand. Uncle G 01:35, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)
 * Delete unless rewritten. --Fuzzball! (talk) 01:38, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or write an article, there's not enough there for a rewrite. SeventyThree 00:00, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.Mikkalai 01:34, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete
 * Super speeedy delete. How did this got so far? Pavel Vozenilek 02:02, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Ivor Stodolsky

please tag your images with an appropriate tag. realize that copyrighted images should not be uploaded.
 * When you upload an image, make sure you own the image, or that it is in the public domain, or that the copyright holder has agreed to license it under the GFDL.

your article needs to be cleaned up some, if you can. check other articles to see how the code for adding thumbnails works, and the basic wiki linking format as well.

welcome to wikipedia. - Stoph 00:09, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Fittko ac01.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Fittko ac01.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk  05:13, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Non-Free rationale for File:Lisa young.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Lisa young.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under Non-Free content criteria but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a Non-Free rationale.

If you have uploaded other Non-Free media, consider checking that you have specified the Non-Free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 17:32, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ivor Stodolsky


text:
Tsilhqotʼin

The Tsilhqotin or Chilcotin ("People of the river", ; also spelled Tsilhqutin, Tŝinlhqotin, Chilkhodin, Tsilkótin, Tsilkotin) are a North American tribal government of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group that live in what is now known as British Columbia, Canada. They are the most southern of the Athabaskan-speaking Indigenous peoples in British Columbia.

Their name, Tŝilhqotʼin, makes reference to the Chilko River, which means "red ochre river," from tŝi(lh) "rock" + -qu "river" + -t'in "people". Tsilhqot'in people also use another word to refer to themselves: Nenqayni, from: nen "land" + -qay "surface" + -ni "person/people", and their country is called Tŝilhqotʼin Nen.

For more information about the 2014 landmark court case that established Indigenous land title for the Tsilhqotʼin Nation and demanded that colonial provinces engage in meaningful and prior consultation before engaging in extractive industries on Tsilhqot'in lands, see Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia.

Pre-contact
The Tŝilhqotin Nation before contact with Europeans were a strong warrior nation with political influences from the Similkameen region in southern British Columbia, the Pacific coast in the west, and the Rocky Mountains in the east. They were part of an extensive trade network centred around the control and distribution of obsidian, the material of choice for arrowheads and other stone tools.

European trade
The Tsilhqotin first encountered European trading goods in the 1780s and 1790s when British and American ships arrived along the northwest coast seeking sea otter pelts. By 1808, a fur-trading company from Montreal called the North West Company had established posts in the Carrier (Dene) territory just north of the Tsilhqotin. They began trading directly and through Carrier intermediaries.

In 1821, what was then the Hudson's Bay Company established a fur trade post at Fort Alexandria on the Fraser River, at the eastern limit of Tsilhqotin territory. This became the tribal people's major source for European goods.

Disease
Contact with Europeans and First Nations intermediaries led to the introduction of Eurasian diseases, which were endemic among the Europeans. As they had long been exposed, some had developed acquired immunity, but the First Nations peoples were devastated by epidemics of these new diseases.

Infectious disease outbreaks with high fatalities for Tsilhqotʼin populations:
 * Whooping cough, 1845
 * Measles, 1850
 * Smallpox, 1855 (from infected blankets from the Thompson River area)
 * Smallpox, 1862–1863 (reduced BC aboriginal population by 62% – completely destroyed six Secwepemc bands, a total of 850 people; 2/3 of the Secwepemc population died; half of the 14 Fraser River bands became extinct)
 * Spanish flu, 1919 – this epidemic affected European Canadians as well as First Nations, and millions of people died internationally

The geographically isolated position of the Tsilhqotin may have protected them from the first of the smallpox epidemics, which spread up from Mexico in the 1770s. They may have been spared the smallpox epidemic of 1800 and the measles of the 1840s. Furniss in The Burden of History states that "there is no direct evidence that these smallpox epidemics reached the central interior of British Columbia or the Secwepemc, Carrier, or Tsilhqotin". However, in the epidemic of 1836–38, the disease spread to Ootsa Lake and killed an entire Carrier band. Oral history of the bands has continued to recount the effects of the many deaths in these epidemics.

Gold rush and European settlement
By the 1860s, miners panned along the Fraser, Quesnel, and Horsefly rivers and their tributaries. Various business operators and merchants followed the miners and business was booming. Farmers and ranchers developed land to provision the mining towns that developed around the merchants. This led to competition for resources between the Chilcotin and Europeans, leading to a stream of events known as the Chilcotin War.

Reserves
Governor James Douglas supported a system of reserves and indoctrination to "civilized" practices such as subsistence agriculture up until his retirement in 1864. Joseph Trutch, the chief commissioner of lands and works, abandoned the reserve policy, and set Indian policy as their having no rights to the land. By 1866, BC colonial rule required indigenous peoples to request permission from the governor to use lands. Newspapers supported the preempting of indigenous lands, seeing settlers ploughing indigenous burial grounds. Indigenous peoples who requested redress from a justice of the peace were refused.

Environmental problems
In the 1870s, the loss of hunting territories, and crashes of the salmon runs placed more dependence on agricultural produce such as grains, hay, and vegetables. Activities migrated to cutting hay, constructing irrigation ditches, and practicing animal husbandry. Settlers however assumed water rights, making agriculture ever more fragile. Indigenous peoples were huddled in on small acreages, such as in Canoe Creek, 20 acres for 150 indigenous people. Starvation became a threat.

Canadian government set to reallocate land back to natives
In contrast to the 160 to 640 acres per family set aside in other treaties at the time in the prairies, the federal government opted for 80 acres per indigenous family to be set aside in reserve, while the provincial government was keen on 10 acres per family.

Catholic missionaries and residential schools
Catholic Missionaries were sent to convert First Nations children to Christianity. By 1891, the first group of students were sent to receive a so-called "formal" education. The program continued for the next six decades until a point when Indigenous children were allowed into the public school system. Ninety years after the start of the residential school program, the mission school closed circa 1981. Throughout that period, Indian agents were empowered to remove children from homes to attend St. Joseph's Mission School in Williams Lake, British Columbia. This led some to attempt to hide their children by sneaking out to hunting grounds or fields. Children fled the schools, and within the first 30 years, three investigations on the physical abuse and malnutrition were conducted.

Disenfranchisement
Voting rights in Canadian federal elections were denied until 1960, and in provincial elections until 1949.

First Nations communities
Today, some 5,000 Tsilhqotʼin people live in Alexandria, north of Williams Lake, and in a string of five communities accessible from Williams Lake on Highway 20 (from east to west), and south from Highway 20 is the Nemiah Valley, and the Xeni-Gwetʼin.

 * Toosey First Nation (Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin) (offices are located at Riske Creek; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tlʼesqox (Toosey); Tsilhqotʼin band name: Tlʼesqoxtʼin (Tlʼesqox Gwetʼin) = "People at/on Tlʼesqox"; registered population April, 2020: 377)
 * Yunesitʼin First Nation (Stone First Nation) (offices at the town of Hanceville, B.C.; Tsilhqotʼin community: Yunesitʼin - "Stone/Stoney", original place-name: Gex Natsʼinilhtʼih; Tsilhqotʼin band name: Yunesitʼin (Yuneŝitʼin Gwetʼin); registered population April, 2020: 491)
 * Tlʼetinqox-tʼin Government Office (Anaham Reserve First Nations) (offices east of the town of Alexis Creek; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tlʼetinqox - "the river flats"; Tsilhqotʼin band name: Tlʼetinqox-tʼin (Tlʼetinqox Gwetʼin) - "People of Tlʼetinqox"; registered population April, 2020: 1,631)
 * Tŝideldel First Nation (Alexis Creek First Nation) (offices are at Redstone on the main Redstone Reserve; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tsi Del Del - "Red Stone"; Tsilhqotʼin band name: Tŝideldel (Tŝi Deldel Gwetʼin); registered population April, 2020: 703)
 * Ulkatcho First Nation (offices at Anahim Lake; mixed Dakelh-Tŝilhqotʼin community, mostly of the Ulkatchotʼen Dakelh subgroup with intermarried Nagwentlʼun-Tsilhqotʼin-subgroup and some Nuxalkmc; registered population April, 2020: 1,065)
 * ʔEsdilagh First Nation (Alexandria First Nation) (historic Tsilhqotʼin band name: ʔElhdaqox-tʼin - "People of the Sturgeon River; i.e. Fraser River"; Tsilhqotʼin community: ʔEsdilagh - "where the land meets the water." or "Peninsula"; Tsilhqotʼin band name: ʔEsdilagh-tʼin (ʔEsdinlagh Gwetʼin) - "People of the Peninsula"; registered population April, 2020: 256)
 * Xeni Gwetʼin First Nation (offices at the wilderness community and reserve in Nemaia Valley; Tsilhqotʼin community: Xeni Gwet; Tsilhqotʼin band name: Xeni Gwetʼin – "People of Xeni Village"; registered population April, 2020: 454)

Aside from the indigenous communities, there are only two small unincorporated towns in the whole region: Alexis Creek and Anahim Lake, the largest, with 522 people. Numerically, at least, the Tsilhqotʼin still dominate the Chilcotin plateau.

Tsilhqotʼin First Nations belong to two tribal councils:

Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council (two Carrier/Dakelh bands, one Tsilhqotʼin band, and one mixed Carrier/Dakelh-Tsilhqotʼin band) Tsilhqotʼin National Government (all Tsilhqotʼin bands without the mixed Carrier/Dakelh-Tsilhqotʼin band)
 * Kluskus First Nation
 * Red Bluff First Nation
 * Toosey First Nation (Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin)
 * Ulkatcho First Nation
 * ʔEsdilagh First Nation (Alexandria First Nation)
 * Tŝideldel First Nation (Alexis Creek First Nation)
 * Yunesitʼin First Nation (Stone First Nation)
 * Tlʼetinqox-tʼin Government Office (Anaham Reserve First Nations)
 * Xeni Gwetʼin First Nation
 * Toosey First Nation (Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin)

Despite its small population and isolation, the region has produced an impressive collection of literature mixing naturalism with Indigenous and settler cultures. The area is accessed by Highway 20, which runs from the City of Williams Lake to the port town of Bella Coola. Highway 20 westbound from Williams Lake crosses the Fraser River at Sheep Creek - thereby entering Tsilhqotʼin traditional territory. The highway passes over the Chilcotin Plateau, characterized by undulating grasslands, expansive forests of lodgepole pine and Douglas fir, a scattering of lakes, rivers, creeks and ponds, volcanic and glaciated landforms, and a magnificent backdrop of snow-covered peaks.

title: Tsilhqotʼin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jenin massacre

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mackensen (talk) 05:12, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jenin massacre
A clear POV fork of Battle of Jenin 2002 -- the creator created the current fork from the redirect left behind after the material had been moved. Redirect back to Battle of Jenin 2002 -- and lock it. -- Antaeus Feldspar 00:11, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. POV fork. Gamaliel 01:17, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV fork indeed, nothing really to merge either. gren 03:40, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. No merge. It doesn't hurt to redirect. This name is definatly searchable. Jeltz talk  14:10, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Truns out that the origin of this article is no fork. This seems to be the rogininal location for the article. Somebody just decided to write a POV-rant on one of the redirects to the Battle of Jenin 2002 article. Jeltz talk  14:13, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect; POV fork but a searchable term that, deserved or not, is widely used for the events. There's nothing new in the present version or the history as of this time to merge, so delete before redirecting; POV forks suck. Samaritan 15:21, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect since the term-though POV-is widely used. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 16:53, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain. Lol. I wrote this section and I'm certainly not Israeli bias. Read Talk:Battle of Jenin 2002 for complete debate. Basically I felt labeling the Battle of Jenin 2002 as a hoax was unfair (it was in the category hoax), but due to an unmoving opposition I had to compromise in making it clear that only the Massacre was the hoax. If you look at the battle articles's history page, I had a big go at evening up the article as it was very pro-Israeli, but felt that removing the hoax category might be going against consensus so used talk pages.
 * Thus my personal preference is redirect and make sure there is no hoax tag in either article, but... oh well you can read the debate. In the talk page's history is a RFC I prepared but decided against using believing it would go nowhere. In summary I did at least try at keeping it relatively non-POV. -- Tomhab 17:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I've padded out the stub to make it clear what it's all about. I do feel its kind of futile though. I would be quite interested if the article was padded out to include the entire media reaction so it can be kept separate to the battle article. -- Tomhab 11:06, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. known term. Mikkalai 01:32, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but make encyclopedic. I reworded and expanded it a little. We need this article to indicate that the allegation of a massacre was a hoax. If it is possible to do via redirect, that would be my 2nd choice.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 09:48, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We need this article to indicate that the allegation of a massacre was a hoax. With all due respect, no we don't.  We need to put that information in the existing article on the incident. -- Antaeus Feldspar 11:27, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If there is a way to categorize a redir as Category:Hoaxes, then redir works for me.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 21:18, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Battle of Jenin 2002. Megan1967 10:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Battle of Jenin 2002 which already covers allegations of a massacre. -- M P er el ( talk 02:56, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Battle of Jenin 2002 is most reasonable.IZAK 04:55, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Battle of Jenin 2002. The massacre hoax is an aspect of the larger historical event. -- 8^D gab 20:54, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Pavel Vozenilek 01:56, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Lectiodifficilior 04:45, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to Battle of Jenin 2002. Seems the sensible thing to do. --Irishpunktom\talk 09:25, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect --Briangotts 20:29, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:204.80.149.2

title: User talk:204.80.149.2