text:
Miklós Kállay

Miklós Kállay de Nagykálló (23 January 1887, in Nyíregyháza – 14 January 1967, in New York City) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary during World War II, from 9 March 1942 to 22 March 1944. By early 1942, Hungarian Regent Admiral Miklós Horthy was seeking to put some distance between himself and Hitler's regime. He dismissed the pro-German prime minister, László Bárdossy, and replaced him with Kállay, a moderate whom Horthy expected to loosen Hungary's ties to Germany.

Kállay successfully protected refugees and prisoners, resisted Nazi pressure regarding Jews, established contact with the Allies and negotiated conditions under which Hungary would switch sides against Germany. However, the Allies were not close enough. When the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944, Kállay went into hiding. He was finally captured by the Nazis but was liberated when the war ended. He went into exile in 1946 and died two decades later in New York City.

Early life and career
The Kállay family was old and influential among the local gentry of their region, and Miklós served as lord-lieutenant (ispán) of his county from 1921 to 1929. He then moved on to national government and served first as deputy under secretary of state for the Ministry of Trade (1929–1931) and later as minister of agriculture (1932–1935). He resigned in 1935 in protest over the right-wing policies of Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös. He kept out of politics for most of the next decade before Hungarian Regent Admiral Miklós Horthy asked him to form a government to reverse the pro-Nazi policies of László Bárdossy in March 1942.

Prime Minister
The German minister in Budapest, Dietrich von Jagow reported to Berlin: "Kállay is basically an apolitical person and has not been active in the last few years either in internal or foreign affairs. National Socialism is an "alien" concept to him and he bears no inner sympathy with it. Nevertheless he will no doubt continue the same relations with Germany as his successor". Although Hungary remained allied with Nazi Germany, Kállay and Horthy were conservatives, who were unsympathetic to fascism, and Kállay's government refused to participate in the rounding up of Jews and other activities that were desired by the Nazis. However, on October 24, 1942, while announcing a special property tax on Jews 'to guarantee suitable housing for Christians', Kállay was reported in the international press as declaring: "Jews must abandon all hope. Other measures already worked out will be taken in the near future against Jews. I will do my utmost to see that economic key positions now held by Jews are transferred to Christians as soon as possible".

The government also allowed the left-wing opposition except for the communists to function without much interference. In foreign affairs, Kállay supported the German war effort against the Soviet Union. However, he made numerous peaceful overtures to the Western Allies and even went as far as to promise to surrender to them unconditionally once they reached Hungary's borders. The Germans finally had enough of his policies and occupied Hungary in March 1944, which forced Horthy to oust Kállay and replace him with the more pliable Döme Sztójay.

Imprisonment
Kállay evaded the Nazis at first, but he was eventually captured and sent first to the Dachau and later to Mauthausen. In late April 1945, he was transferred to Tyrol, together with other prominent concentration camp inmates, where the SS left the prisoners behind. He was liberated by the Fifth US Army on 5 May 1945.

Exile
In 1946 he went into exile and finally settled in the United States in 1951. In 1954, he published his memoirs, Hungarian Premier: A Personal Account of a Nation's Struggle in the Second World War (Columbia University Press).

title: Miklós Kállay


text:
Talk:Electrowinning

Only parts of this text are lifted from external sources; I think there's only two:
 * Phelps Dodge
 * Encarta
 * As long as you used them as refernce w/out any direct copy/pastes, that is ok. If that's the case, you can revert away my edits. I haven't posted this on the master copyvio page b/c I suspected that it wasn't a "true" copyvio. Feco
 * They have been copied & pasted, but I should have them edited into a non violating form shortly Josh Parris ✉ 07:18, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Electrowinning vs. electrorefining
They are not synonymous as the first sentence would imply. Electrowinning is generally recovery from a leach solution with an inert anode. Electrorefining involves dissolving the anode, dropping out the impurities to solution or sludge, and re-plating the metal being refined on the cathode (nominally free of impurities). Am I being too picky? BSMet94 07:03, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Not at aal, not at aal. It would have been chust sublime if you could have edited it earlier: the question was asked here so I've tried to find a source and edited accordingly: hopefully some expert can sort any egregious errors I've added. ... dave souza, talk 20:57, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Ahem... if that is so, why does an external peer comment that electro-refining being redirected to electro winning is a grevious error? See here for what Shoutwire found.Okay. This is getting interesting :) (Jabber page) 09:37, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Inconsistency in dates
There is an inconsistency here: Says it was invented in 1847, and then follows with "later... in 1807". 1807 looks correct for Humphry Davy, so it must have been invented earlier. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 129.101.55.149 (talk) 03:03, 1 March 2007 (UTC).

The dates in the section on the history of electrowinning are all wrong......

Applications
In the applications section, the article says, "Electrorefining could separate heavy metals such as plutonium, cesium, and strontium from the less-toxic bulk of uranium." The electrochemical process used in the Integral Fast Reactor is supposed to separate the fissile and fertile isotopes of the actinides, such as uranium and plutonium, from the fission waste products such as caesium and strontium. Different processes, or is one article incorrect? —wwoods 22:29, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Electrowinning


text:
Efes Beverage Group

Anadolu Efes Biracılık ve Malt Sanayii A.Ş. (lit. Anadolu Efes Brewery and Malt Industries) produces and markets beer and malt and non-alcoholic beverages in a wide geographical area comprising Turkey, the United States, Russia, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East. Anadolu Efes is a member of the Anadolu Group. Anadolu Group was founded in 1950 by the Özilhan and Yazıcı families. Exhibiting a rapid and sustainable growth since its inception, the Anadolu Group transformed into a holding company in 1969.

Commencing its operations in Turkey in 1969, Anadolu Efes has been the market leader since the 1980s. From the 1990s onwards the company expanded its operations overseas; this in itself can be considered as a turning point. Continuing its operations in order to ensure commercial sustainability in the global market, Anadolu Efes increased its strength in the foreign markets by entering into a strategic partnership with SABMiller. With the agreement signed in 2012, Anadolu Efes took over SABMiller operations in Russia and Ukraine and became the second largest beer manufacturer in Russia.

Anadolu Efes currently continues its operations as a global company, which exports three quarters of its production. In terms of sales volume, it is the 6th largest brewer in Europe, and the 11th largest in the world. Exporting products to over 70 countries, Anadolu Efes is one of the key players in the region with a total of 15 breweries, six malt production facilities and one hops processing facility across Turkey, Kazakhstan, Russia, Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine.

Product line

In addition to its flagship Pilsener, Efes also produces several other beers, including Efes Draft, semi-pasteurised for a fresh, just brewed flavour with a 6 month shelf life, Efes Dark, double-roasted malt lager with 6.5% alcohol and hints of caramel, Efes Light, a 3.0% ABV take on the original, Efes Extra, a hoppier, 7.5% ABV lager, Efes Ice, a softer, more aromatic, ice-brewed version with 4.2% alcohol, and Efes Dark Brown, a 6.1% ABV double-roasted malt lager with a distinct coffee and chocolate bouquet.

Other brands under the Efes Beverage Group are Gusta (5.0% ABV), the company's wheat beer brand; Mariachi, under which the lime or agave-flavored beers Mariachi (4.2% ABV) and Mariachi Black (6.0% ABV) are produced; Marmara, under which the strong-beers Marmara Kırmızı (6.1% ABV) and Marmara Gold (4.1% ABV) are produced; and Ritmix, the company's range of fruit-flavored, non-alcoholic malt drinks.

Various international brands have been brewed, marketed and distributed in Turkey through Efes Beer Group in recent years, including Miller Genuine Draft as of 2000, Beck's as of May 2002, and Foster's Lager as of March 2005.

In addition to the Efes product range, the company offers a wide variety of local brands with different tastes and appeal. These include Stary Melnik, Bely Medved, Gold Mine Beer, Sokol, Krasny Vostok, Vostochnaya Bavaria, Zhigulevskoe, Polniy Nokaut, Green Beer, Dolce Iris, Sib-Beer, Yantarnoe, Solodov, Ershistoe, Barkhatnoe, Bogemskoe svetloe, Ak Bars, in Russia; Karagandinskaya in Kazakhstan; Chisinau, Vitanta Premium Classic in Moldova; Weifert, Weifert Belo, Pils Plus, Zajecarsko Pivo and Standard in Serbia & Montenegro. Such local brands continue to contribute to the company's international revenue stream.

Efes Beverage group further produces German Warsteiner, Dutch Bavaria Premium and Amsterdam Navigator, Czech Zlatopramen and Mexican Sol under licence in Russia.

Market reach

Aside from its domestic market in Turkey, where it has 84% market share, Efes exports to over 50 markets in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania. In the UK, it is sold by the Wetherspoons pub chain.

Efes is also the largest local shareholder of the Coca-Cola franchise in Turkey and produces a range of soft drinks.

Efes brand, the flagship of Efes Beer Group (EBG), revised its logo, label, and bottle design in April 2009.

title: Efes Beverage Group


text:
User talk:JukeBoxHero04

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:JukeBoxHero04


text:
Vembanad

Vembanad is the longest lake in India, as well as the largest in the state of Kerala. The lake has an area of 230 square kilometers and a maximum length of 96.5 km.

Spanning three districts in the state of Kerala, it is known as Vembanad Lake in Kottayam, Vaikom, Changanassery, Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha, Punnappra, Kuttanadu and Kochi Lake in Kochi. Several groups of small islands including Vypin, Mulavukad, Maradu, Udayamperoor, Vallarpadam, and Willingdon Island are located in the Kochi Lake portion. Kochi Port is built around Willingdon Island and Vallarpadam island.

Kuttanad, also known as The Rice Bowl of Kerala, has the lowest altitude in India, and is also one of the few places in world where cultivation takes place below sea level. Kuttanad lies on the southern portion of Vembanad. The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is conducted in a portion of the lake. High levels of pollution have been noticed at certain hotspots of the Vembanad backwaters. The Government of India has identified the Vembanad wetland under the National Wetlands Conservation Programme.

Geography and hydrography
The Vembanad lake is 96.5 km long, making it the longest lake in the country. The area of Vembanad backwater shrunk from 230 km2 in 1968 to 179.25 km2 as of 1983. The lake is bordered by Alappuzha, Kottayam, and Ernakulam districts. It is situated at sea level, and is separated from the Laccadive Sea by a narrow barrier island. Canals link the lake to other coastal lakes in the north and south. The lake surrounds the islands of Pathiramanal, Perumbalam and Pallippuram. The Vembanad Lake is approximately 14 kilometers wide at its widest point.

The lake is a part of the Vembanad-Kol wetland system which extends from Alappuzha in the south to Azheekkode in the north, making it by far India's longest lake at just over 96.5 km in length. The lake is fed by 10 rivers flowing into it including the six major rivers of central Kerala namely the Achenkovil, Manimala, Meenachil river, Muvattupuzha river, Pamba and Periyar. The total area drained by the lake is 15,770 km2, which accounts for 40% of the area of Kerala. Its annual surface runoff of 21,900 Mm accounts for almost 30% of the total surface water resource of the state.

The most popular location on the shores of the lake is the Kumarakom Tourist Village situated on the east coast of the lake. The Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary is located on the northern fringes of Kumarakom village. The Vembanad Wetland system was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands in 2002. It is the largest of the three Ramsar Sites in the state of Kerala. Vembanad Lake has been heavily reclaimed over the course of the past century with the water spread area reducing from 290.85 km2 in 1917 to 227 km2 in 1971 and 213.28 km2 in 1990. In the same period almost 63.62 km of erstwhile water spread were reclaimed primarily for the formation of polders and to enlarge the extent of the Wellington island of Cochin port. The lake faces a major ecological crisis and has reduced to 37 percent of its original area, as a result of land reclamation.

A unique characteristic of the lake is the 1252 m-long Thanneermukkom salt water barrier constructed as a part of the Kuttanad Development Scheme to prevent tidal action and intrusion of salt water into the Kuttanad low-lands. It is the largest mud regulator in India and essentially divides the lake into two parts – one with perennial brackish water and the other with fresh water from rivers draining into the lake. This barrier has helped farmers in Kuttanad by freeing the area of salinity and allowing them an additional crop in the dry season.

The Thanneermukkom barrier is located at one of the narrower parts of the Vembanad Lake. Only two-thirds of the original number of gates are opened in July to release flood flow. These gates remain closed until mid-November. The main drawback of the structure has been the loss of opportunity for fish and prawns to migrate upstream, and also an increase in weed growth in the upstream, severely restricting the natural flushing of pollutants. The Thanneermukkom bund has created ecological problems, primarily, the rampant propagation of the water hyacinth in fresh water.

Tourism
The lake has become a major tourist attraction. A generally safe destination, this place had just one incident of tourist harassment in 2004 as reported in The Times of India.

Houseboats
Vembanad Lake is at the heart of Kerala Backwaters tourism with hundreds of houseboats (kettuvallams in Malayalam) plied on it and numerous resorts on its banks.

Bird sanctuary
The Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary is located on the east coast of the lake.

Boat races
During the months of August and September, the rivers in and near Kottayam turn into activity and attraction centers due to these boat races, a Kerala Tradition. Snake boat races - the lakes and rivers come alive during Onam with this water sport. It's a sight to watch oarsmen (about a hundred in one boat), slice their way through the backwaters.

Lake islands
The lake has a small island called Pathiramanal, which can be accessed only via a boat. Other major attraction is the island of Kakkathuruth.

Inland transport
The Vembanad Wetland system has formed an intricate network of estuaries, lagoons and canals which spans over 196 km in the north–south and 29 km in the east–west directions. Almost all villages in these areas can be accessed via water transport. The major rivers of Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Pamba and Achencovil rivers, are all navigable up to distances of about 30 km upstream in the tidal reach. The Kottappuram–Kollam segment of the west coast canal system has a major chunk passing through the Vembanad Lake and spans a total of 209 km. It has been declared as a National Waterway.

Ecological importance
Vembanad Kol Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands. It is home to more than 20,000 waterfowls – the third largest such population in India. It is also an ideal habitat for shrimp.

title: Vembanad


text:
Ashtamudi Lake

Ashtamudi Lake (Ashtamudi Kayal, ml: "അഷ്ടമുടിക്കായൽ" ), in the Kollam District of the Indian state of Kerala is a unique wetland ecosystem and a large palm-shaped (also described as octopus-shaped) water body. It is second only in size to the Vembanad estuary ecosystem of the state. Ashtamudi means 'eight hills or peaks' (Ashta : 'eight'; mudi : 'peaks') in the local Malayalam language. The name is indicative of the lake's topography with its multiple branches. The lake is also called the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is well known for its houseboat and backwater resorts. Ashtamudi Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands. Ashtamudi Estuary is the deepest among all the estuaries in Kerala, with a maximum depth of 6.4 meters at the confluence zone.

Along both banks of the lake and its backwater canals, coconut groves and palm trees interspersed with towns and villages are seen. Kollam, (formerly Quilon) is an important historic port city located on the right bank of the lake. Boat cruises are operated by the Kollam Boat Club from Kollam to Alappuzha providing transport access to many other towns and villages along this route. Luxury houseboats also operate on the lake. The boat journey is an 8-hour trip, winding through lakes, canals and water bound villages. Chinese fishing nets, called cheena vala in Malayalam, are used by local fisherman and are a common sight along the waterway.

The lake and the city of Kollam on its banks and the Neendakara port at the confluence offer a means of transport for the state's trade and commerce in the cashew trading and processing industry as well as the marine products industry.

The lake is the source of livelihood of many people living close by. Fishing, coconut husk retting for coir production and inland navigation services are the prominent businesses.

In 2014, the Clam Governing Council of Ashtamudi lake became the first Marine Stewardship Council certified fishery in India for their sustainable clam fishing.

The lake and the life on its shores have inspired many artists and writers. It has been the subject of many poems by the renowned poet Thirunalloor Karunakaran who was born and brought up on its banks.

Kandachira Kayal
Kandachira Kayal serves as the southern arm of Ashtamudi Lake, connecting three panchayats: Panayam, Thrikadavoor, and Mangadu. According to data from the Panayam Village Office, the catchment area of Kandachira Kayal is approximately 20 hectares and 10 ares. The Kayal area extends to Kandachira, Panayam, Kadavoor, Thrikadavoor, Anchalumood, Thevalli, Ashramam, and reaches the southern side of the KSRTC bus stand in Kollam. A significant quantity of municipal waste finds its way into the lake through the canal that traverses the southern and eastern regions of Kollam Town.

Uliyakovil Kadavu, IInd Milestone, Kavanadu Kadavu, Mangadu Kadavu, Mangadu, Mangadu North, West of Kandachira Church, Kandachira, Road Kadavu Kandachira, Kaippana Kayalvaram, Vettuvila, Muttathumoola Kadavu, Kottilukada, Kuthirakkada, Venkekkara, KadavoorMurunthal, chirayil

Kureepuzha Kayal
Kureepuzha Kayal of Ashtamudi Estuary is often likened to the "Loch Lomond" of Kerala due to its resemblance to Loch Lomond in Britain. It is the busiest kayal in the Ashtamudi estuarine system as it is part of the National Waterway and serves as the only route to Kollam town from Neendakara. The Kollam Corporation waste dumping yard is situated on the left bank of Kureepuzha Kayal (Mammoottilkadavu).

Kottayathukadavu, Kochukottayathukadavu, Pandonni Kadavu, Kadavoor West, Mukkadayil, Thonippurakkal, Chamavila, Panamukkam, Thevadanathu Kayalvaram, Kureepuzha, Mamoottilkadavu Kureepuzha, Pathinettampadi Kadavu, Ayiravalli Temple, Aravila Kadavu, Malayante Kayalvaram, AiKadavu, Mundante Kadavu, Kuppana Erakkukadavu, Poovanthazham Temple, Chandakadavu, Vanvila, Oalikara, Thekkechirayil, Kanjaveli, Pochayil Kayalvaram, Challikkuzhi Kayalvaram, Gosthalakavu Kayalvaram, Kollante Kayalvaram, Panavila, Mukkekadavu, Pallikkadavu, Prakkulam, Sambranikodi, Neendakara, Sakthikulangara, Kallumpurathukadavu, Kaikkara Kadavu, Kallayyathu Kadavu, Kinattummoottil Kadavu, Mukkad Kadavu, Mukkad Pallikadavu, Kaniyan Kadavu, Aravila, Kavanad, Mamoottilkadavu North, Mamoottilkadavu, Kureepuzha, Kollam, Erattakadavu, Manalilkadavu, Kollam, Kaithavaram, Thoppilkadavu, Njanakshethram

Thevally Kayal
Kollam KSRTC Bus stand, Kollam Boatjetty, Kollam Asramam Link Road, Kollam Yathri Nivas / Tamirind, Advenger Park, Asramam West, Asramam North, Uliyajkovil, Uliyajkovil Thuruth, Thevally Fort, Thevally, Olayilkadavu, Postmortom Kadavu

Kadapuzha Kayal (Kallada)
Kalladaparapu, Muttom, Thenguvila, Shingarapalli, Edachal, Pattakadavu, Manchadikadavu, Areekadavu, Mannukadavu, Arinalloor kadavu, Erunilakayal, Arinalloor pallikadavu, Cheri kadavu, KoyivilaPallikadavu, Koyivila Jetti, Kodikadavu, Mamottilkadavu, Kalladaparampu

Kanjirottu Kayal
Vellimon, Padappakara, Kanjaveettil Kayalvaram, Vadhyarukadavu, Pookvarical, Thottarodimunambhu, Kattilpoika, Kuthiramunambhu, Kanjirottukadavu, Manchadimoola, Kaithakodi, Vellimon Kadavu

Kumbalathu Kayal
Muttum Kadavu, Kadathukadavu, Valathil Mannukadavu, Kumbalam, Valiya Kumbalam, Padinjareathazhaveettil Kayalvaram, Oonambalam, Oonambalam West, Peringera Valavu, Kuzhikara, Nellimukkam

Perumon Kayal
Ashtamudi Kadavu, Thottathil Kayalvaram, Sanga Kadavu, Kannadimukku, Veerabadra Temple East, Karinjapalli, Chekkalayil Puthuvel, Mangalathu East, Koolpadam, Ottaffice Kayalvaram, Mundakkal Pallikadavu, Mundakal, Perumon, Perumon Devi Temple, Vadakkepura Kadavu, Koothala puthuval, Mulluvila Kadavu, Vellimon Kadavu, Nadeelaveettil puthuval, Kodiyil Kayalvaram, Chamakkadu, Road Kadavu, Chamakadavu, Thottumugamkadavu, Karuli Kadavu, Mampuzha Kadavu, Kuzhiyam, Pulikuzhi, Edakkara, Edakkara, Njaravila, Manchadimula Kadavu, Kaithakodi, Vellimon Resort Palace, Elavakuzhi, Karapoika Kadavu, Road Kadavu, Perumon Kadavu, Perumon Lake, Chemmakkadu Palli Kadavu

Thekkumbhagum Kayal
Pamba, Nadutheri, Dalavapuram, Pulimoottil kadav,Thekkumbhagam, Pallikadavu,Thekkumbhagam, Pallapil, Maalil kadavu,Prakkulam, Prakkulam Jetty, Manalil kadavu, Malayarikkal, Malayarikkal kadavu, Ashtamudi, AshtamudiVeerabadraTemple, Mootharea Kayalvaram, Paumba bridge East, Pauba Jetty, Chavudi kayalvaram, Tholukadavu, Malibhagam, Thundivila kadavu, Njaramoodu, Ammavankodi, Koppanveettil Puthuval, Thekkum bhagam, Thuduvila kadavu, Panakottil shertraputhuval, Kandalathuputhuval, Ponnayathuputhuval, Guhanadhapuram, Kacheri Kadavu, Kadanmoola, Panamottilkadavu, Azhakathukadavu, Kulangaraveli, Valathil, Nadakavupalliputhuval, Munnapathu kadavu, Munnapathu North, Puttuvila, Pavamba west, Mukundapuram, Melampallikadavu, Pallikadavu, Karattil kadavu, Pannamoottil kadavu, Puthanthura, Delavapuram Old Bridge, Marryland panchayathukadavu, Neelaswaram Kadavu, Neendakara, Vadakumbhagam

History
A recent study on the late Quaternary evolution of the Ashtamudi-Sasthamkotta lake systems revealed that during the early Holocene period, Ashtamudi Lake had 12 creeks (Dhwadesamudi). Sasthamkotta Lake, Kerala's largest natural freshwater lake, which is now listed as a Ramsar site, was believed to have been part of Ashtamudi Lake approximately 10,000 years ago but became disconnected around 7,000 years ago. Currently, Sasthamkotta Lake has eight creeks (Ashtamudi). Two other creeks of the lake were disconnected during a similar process in the early Holocene period, namely Chittumala Lake and Cherupola Lake. During the disconnection period, the creek that later formed Sasthamcotta Lake had the upper estuary salinity of the then Ashtamudi Lake. It is estimated that it took at least 1,000 years for the disconnected water body to completely lose its salinity.

Quilon or Kollam and inevitably Ashtamudi lake's importance is claimed to be dated to the days of the Romans and the Phoenicians. Ibn Batuta, during his 24-year sojourn in the 14th century, is reported to have mentioned about the Quilon port as one of the five ports for Chinese trade. Links with Persia (9th century), Chinese mandarin in 1275 AD, Portuguese in 1502 AD, and the Dutch followed British in 1795 AD are recorded history. Velu Thampi is credited with organizing the rebellion against the British from this place. During the colonial era, the Dutch Naval Commander General D’ Lanoy is believed to have ordered the reclamation of part of Ashtamudi marshes on the southern flanks, particularly in Dalawapuram, for the plantation of coconut and other fruit trees. Subsequently, in the nineteenth century, the British expanded the expanse of Quilon by establishing an army garrison and extending markets in the area. Railway links were established with Thirunelveli in 1904 and with Trivandrum in 1918, as documented by Menon (1964). Furthermore, the establishment of roads and a railway link between Kollam and Ernakulam via Munroe Island in 1958 eventually led to the fragmentation of the Ashtamudi estuary into two parts, particularly isolating the Karali marshes.

Access
Considering Kollam as the entry city to the lake, access to the lake are to the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 71 km away and by road to almost all important centres in Kerala and the rest of the country. National Highway 47 (NH 47) passes through the lake periphery not only from Quilon but also to other locations on its bank from Thiruvananthapuram to the northern towns of Kerala. Southern Railways network of lines connects Quilon with all important centres in the rest of the country. Ferry services operate daily to Alleppey and boats operate to all villages located in the canals of the backwater system. The boat jetty is located at about 2 km away from the railway station. Famous Paravur estuary and backwaters are just 21 kilometer away from Ashtamudi. National waterway 3 (Kollam - Kottappuram) starts from the south of Ashtamudi lake over a distance of 168 km. Among the seven terminals positioned along this waterway, Ashtamudi and Kollam are situated along the estuary. Regular boat services to Muthiraparamb, Guhanandapuram, Ayiramthengu, Munroe Island, and Alappuzha are available from the Kollam jetty.

Topography

Kallada River is a major river discharging into the Ashtamudi Lake. The Kallada river, which originates near Ponmudi from the Kulathupuzha hills Western Ghats is formed by the confluence of three rivers, viz., Kulathupuzha, Chenthurnipuzha, and Kalthuruthipuzha, and after traversing a distance of about 121 km through virgin forests finally debouches into the Ashtamudi wetland at Peringalam (Koivilai) located to the west of Munroe Island. The Kallada River has a length of 121 km and a catchment area of 1,699 sq. km. The annual run-off is estimated at 2,140.8 million meter3. The river's tributaries originate independently in the highlands at an altitude of 1,200 meters and converge at about 300 meters to form the Kallada River. The river reaches the coast at an altitude of 0-10 meters before emptying into Ashtamudi Lake. From the east, the estuary comprises eight arms: Thevally, Kureepuzha, Kandachira, Thekkumbhagam, Peruman, Kanjirottu, Kallada, and Kumbaluthu, giving it the name "Ashtamudi" which means "eight-coned." The estuary also encompasses four major islands: Munroturuttu, Thekkumbhagam, Trikkaruva, and Trikakkadavur. With a maximum depth of 21 ft at the confluence, it is Kerala's deepest estuary. Ashtamudi Estuary exhibits a shallow characteristic, with an average depth of 1.8 meters and a maximum depth of 9 meters. The central area of the estuary typically ranges in depth from 1 to 2 meters, featuring a deep, funnel-shaped depression along its eastern margins.

Ashtamudi Lake receives water from numerous minor streams draining from the south and east. It is connected to Paravur Kayal (Kollam Thodu) in the south and to Kayamkulam Kayal (Chavara - Panmana Thodu) in the north via canals. Other streams like manichithodu drains into the lake. The presence of several islands (known as thruths) indicates a high rate of siltation in the estuary.

Neendakara
The mouth of the Ashtamudi Estuary has been developed into Neendakara Harbour, which serves over 3,000 marine fishing boats and trawlers. The harbour features breakwaters extending 610 meters seaward and 380 meters leeward, creating a sheltered basin and a navigable approach for the vessels.

Littoral drift, which involves the movement of sediments in near-shore zones by waves and currents, significantly influences the shaping and orientation of coastal landforms and the overall evolution of the coast. The Neendakara inlet serves as a confluence zone between the sea and the estuary. The tidal amplitude at this location reaches a maximum of 1.12 meters, with an average of 0.5 meters according to tide-forecast.com.

In natural conditions, high drift rates are likely to lead to the formation of shoals and bars at the mouth of the estuary, which may be periodically cut open by high-velocity river flows. With the reduction in inflows from the Kallada River, the mouth of the estuary requires periodic dredging to maintain sufficient depth for port operations.

Islands in the lake
Munroe Island (Munroethuruth) is a cluster of eight tiny islands in Ashtamudi Lake.

Thekkumbhagom island, situated on the bank of the Ashtamudi Lake, provides the feel of rustic life of a village. The significance of this village is because the first epic poetry in the Malayalam language, Ramachandravilasam, was composed by the poet Azhakath Padmanabha Kurup in this village. An ancient 1000-year-old temple and a 200-year-old church are located here.

List of major islands in Ashtamudi:

Bridges in the lake
Below are the major bridges in the lake

Geology
Quaternary and Tertiary sediments and sedimentary rocks are the formations in the lake basin and environs. The Quaternary sediments are of marine and fluvial alluvium of recent age. Tertiary sediments comprise laterite, sandstones and clays of Warkalai formation.

The tertiary Warkalli Formation and Quilon Formation are prominently exposed around the Ashtamudi Estuary. The Warkalli Formation consists of sandstone and clay with lignite intercalations, which overlay fossiliferous limestone and calcareous clay of the Quilon Formation. The latter formation is extensively exploited, contributing significantly to the region's mineral output. Kollam District is responsible for producing 36% of the state's crude clay and 43.5% of its processed clay, which collectively account for 9.08% of India's total China Clay production. The coastal side of the basin exposes the Guruvayur Formation from the quaternary period, characterized by a sand-silt-clay admixture of marine origin.

Hydrology
Ashtamudi Estuary remains an open system year-round, characterized by the absence of sandbar formations regardless of the season. Consequently, tidal action persists strongly throughout the year, extending even to the interior parts of the estuary. There is a net tidal exchange of 4968 m3. The average annual runoff from the river system into the estuary is reported to be 76 km3 of freshwater. The basin drainage area is 1,700 km2 (660 mi2) and with an average annual rainfall of 2400 mm (94 in) it discharges 3.375 km3 (2,740,000 ac·ft) of flow annually. It acts as a flood storage lake thus protecting the thickly populated city of Quilon (Kollam) and the coastal land. The Thenmala Dam built across the Kallada river is 85.3 m high by 35 m long (280 ft by 115 ft) with a reservoir area of 23 km2 (8.9 mi2) with a storage volume of 0.505 km3 (409,000 ac·ft). Though it provides irrigation to 61630 ha for paddy and upland crops, it has aggravated the salinity ingress into the wetland and the river due to reduced outflows during summer months. 88% of the inflow contributed by Kallada and 12% through rainfall. During peak monsoon, the inundation of the Ashtamudi Estuary reaches 5,700 hectares, with a maximum length of 10.6 km and a width of 8 km. This seasonal transition is a significant aspect of the wetland's ecological character, particularly influencing its ecological productivity.

Ashtamudi is a brackish system, so the salinity values are high. It ranges between 13-33.5 ppt. The creek areas are normally remain fresh during the monsoon and post monsoon.

The commissioning of the Kallada Dam has resulted in a significant reduction in freshwater inflow into the estuary. This, coupled with decreasing rainfall and rising sea levels, has led to a increase in salinity levels. However, the decline in water quality within the estuary has been notable due to the continuous discharge of untreated waste from various sources, including Kollam City, tourist resorts, industrial units, slaughterhouses, and houseboats.

Climate
The estuary and its drainage basin are situated in a warm, humid tropical climate. The average annual rainfall amounts to 2251.57 mm, primarily received in two distinct spells of the south-west and north-east monsoons. Rainfall during the south-west monsoon constitutes the predominant component, contributing 48% of the total rainfall. Temperature typically ranges between 22-33°C. Evaporation rates peak during January (207 mm) and reach a minimum in July (89 mm). Relative humidity varies from 63% in January to 87% in June-July. Wind speeds range from 1.3 to 2.1 km/hour, with higher speeds observed during March-June and lower speeds during September-December.

Flora
Ashtamudi Estuary has mangroves Avicennia officinalis, Brugiera gymnorrhiza and Sonneratia caseolaris as also 43 species of marshy and mangrove associates including two endangered species Syzygium travancoricum (endangered species according to the Red Data Book of Indian Plants) and Calamus rotang in the Terrestrial system. These species offer excellent scope for development of marine bioreserve to promote eco-tourism in the estuarine of the lake. IUCN lists the two endangered species in IUCN 2008. The total number of Syzygium travancoricum is reported to be very small, not more than 200. The major threats to the endangered species are reportedly draining of the wet lands and conversion into paddy fields. A total of 52 species of phytoplankton have been documented in the estuary, representing 35 families and 10 classes.

The mangroves seen in Ashtamudi ecosystem are

 * True Mangrove Species:
 * Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Family: Acanthaceae)
 * Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (Family: Avicenniaceae)
 * Avicennia officinalis L. (Family: Avicenniaceae)
 * Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. (Family: Combretaceae)
 * Excoecaria agallocha L. (Family: Euphorbiaceae)
 * Derris trifoliata Lour. (Family: Fabaceae)
 * Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. (Family: Lythraceae)
 * Acrostichum aureum L. (Family: Pteridaceae)
 * Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. (Family: Rhizophoraceae)
 * Ceriops tagal (Perr) CB.Rob. (Family: Rhizophoraceae)
 * Rhizophora apiculata Blume (Family: Rhizophoraceae)

 * Associate Mangrove Species:
 * Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae)
 * Cerbera odollam Gaertn. (Family: Apocynaceae)
 * Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Family: Guttiferae)
 * Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Family: Malvaceae)
 * Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa (Family: Malvaceae)
 * Syzygium travancoricum Gamble (Family: Myrtaceae)
 * Pandanus fascicularis Lam. (Family: Pandanaceae)

Ashramam Biodoversity Heritagesite
Ashramam Biodiversity Heritage Site is the first biodiversity heritage site in the Kerala state that came up at Asramam in the banks of Ashtamudi lake. This heritage site encompasses more than 50 hectares, including the Government Guest House complex, the mangrove area, and the creek of Ashtamudi Lake.

Wildlife
The lake supports 57 species of avifauna, of which 6 are migratory and 51 resident species. It is also reported that about 40 species of wetland-dependent birds are recorded in the lake, out of which 45% are long-distance migrants. Terns, plovers, cormorants, and herons are most abundant birds in the lake. A study report has identified 45 insect species, including 26 species of butterfly, 5 odonates, 9 hymenopteras, and 2 orthopterans, 1 hemipteran and 2 coleopterans. About 29 zooplankton species have also been identified. The water body is the habitat for phytoplankton from the genera Amphora, Borosigma, Cyclotella, Cymbella, Gyrozigma, Meloziva, Navicula and Nitzschi. More than 20,000 waterfowl visit Ashtamudi Lake annually. Additionally, the lake serves as a nursery ground for commercially important shrimp species that are harvested off the Kollam coast. The zooplankton fauna in Ashtamudi Lake primarily comprises Copepoda, fish larvae, Oligochaeta, fish eggs, Ostracoda, Polychaeta, Coelenterata, and Rotifer.

Fishes
The composition of the fish fauna in Ashtamudi Lake comprises a total of 87 species under 64 genera, belonging to 38 families within 14 orders. Among the recorded species, 8 are classified as highly commercial, 45 as commercial, 27 as minor commercial, and 7 have no fisheries interest.

The taxonomic distribution of fish species in Ashtamudi Lake reveals the following order composition:
 * Perciformes: 46 species
 * Clupeiformes: 12 species
 * Mugiliformes: 6 species
 * Cypriniformes: 4 species
 * Siluriformes: 4 species
 * Pleuronectiformes: 3 species
 * Tetraodontiformes: 3 species
 * Beloniformes: 3 species
 * Scorpaeniformes: 1 species
 * Elopiformes: 1 species
 * Atheriniformes: 1 species
 * Cyprinidontiformes: 1 species
 * Gonorynchiformes: 1 species
 * Anguilliformes: 1 species

In terms of percentage distribution, Perciformes is the most dominant order, constituting 52.87% of the total fish species, followed by Clupeiformes (13.79%), Mugiliformes (6.89%), Cypriniformes and Siluriformes (4.59% each), Pleuronectiformes, Beloniformes, and Tetradontiformes (3.45% each), and the remaining orders each constituting 1.15% of the total fish species.

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reports ''97 species of fish (42 are typically marine, 3 estuarine, 9 estuarine-riverine, 15 marine-estuarine) and unique copepod species. It is also a congenial habitat for all species of penaeid and palaemonid Prawns, edible crabs, paphia malabarica (short neck Clams) and a variety of fish.'' A comparative shell morphology study of short-neck clam Paphia malabarica, the main clam fishery resources in the Ashtamudi Lake re-assigned to the genus Marcia recens (Venus Clams) and this study found it was wrongly identified as short-neck clam in previous studies. Clams found in the estuary are exported. The estuary is the source of livelihood for thousands of fishermen and is stated to be the second biggest fish-landing centre after the Vembanad estuary.

Economic evaluation of the lake's resources
An evaluation of the marketed use benefits of Ashtamudi estuary (valued using market valuation approach) has assessed the total direct use value at Rs.66.8 million per annum; coconut husk retting accounts for Rs.5.1 million, Inland navigation service accounts for Rs.3.7 million and the recreation benefit is assessed at Rs.1.5 million (using the standard travel cost method). But this is reported to be showing a downward trend, particularly in fish resources in the estuary. This evaluation provides an insight into the economic importance of conserving Ashtamudi estuary. Ferry services, both public and private, are operational in various parts of the estuary. Local fishermen utilize Chinese fishing nets, known as 'Cheenavala' in Malayalam, which are a common sight along the waterway. The lake, along with Quilon Town on its banks and Neendakara Port at the confluence point, serves as transportation hubs for the state's trade and commerce, particularly in the cashew trading and processing industry and marine products industry.

Fishing
Ashtamudi yields an annual landing of 28,611 metric tons of biomass, based on five years of catch assessments conducted at five sites. This biomass has an estimated market value of 970 million, according to market price data from 2014. The catch is composed predominantly of clams, accounting for 83% of the total, with the remainder being fish (7%), crab (6%), and prawn (4%). In terms of market value in 2014, the catch was valued at Rs. 985 million, with clams contributing the largest share (51%), followed by crab (19%), fish (18%), and prawn (12%).

Trends in the landing of fish, prawn, crab, and clams over the years are depicted in Figure 2.11. The finfish catch includes mullets, pearl spot, catfishes, estuarine sprat, gerrieds, Glossogobius giuris (goby), ambassids, Chanos chanos, and Caranx sp. Among shellfish, Fenneropeanaeus indicus, Metapenaeus dobsoni, Macrobachium rosenbergii, Scylla tranquebarica, S. serrata, and Portunus pelagicus are dominant species in fish landing (Harikishnan, 2015).

Three major types of fisheries are practiced in the estuary: capture, culture, and clam fishing.

Coir retting
During surveys conducted in 2015, at least 25 retting units were found to be operational around Ashtamudi. The majority of these retting operations are concentrated around Trikkaruva, Thekkumbhagam, and Chavara. The coir thus retted serves as a crucial input for cottage to medium-scale industries, producing ropes, mats, baskets, and wall hangings. Much of the employment in coir processing is provided to womenfolk.

Tourism
Ashtamudi lake is considered as the entrance to backwaters of Kerala. According to information provided by the District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC), the estuary hosts over 50 houseboats. The presence of these houseboats, along with associated tourism activities, supports the livelihoods of hundreds of households within the estuary shore community. A variety of tourism packages are available, connecting all the backwater cities of Kerala, including Kollam, Alappuzha, Kumarakam, Kottayam, and Kochi. Houseboats typically follow a specific navigation path, starting from the Kollam KSWTD boat jetty via National Waterway 3 to Munroe Island. Munroe island in an ideal spot where one can see the coir retting process, coir weaving, fishing, prawns feeding, migratory bird watch, narrow canals and waterways, coconut farms on the lake shore, lagoons, mangrove plants. Sambranikodi Island at the southern tip of Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam has been seeing a rise in tourist flow of late. This is a narrow patch of land popped up a few years ago in the Ashtamudi Lake about 350m away from the Sambranikodi coast and it became a complete isle after soil dredged for the construction of the national highway was dumped in the backwaters.

Currently, it is estimated that nearly 25,000 tourists visit the estuary each year. The prestigious President Trophy Boat Race (Vallam kali), held annually on November 1st in the Estuary, commemorating the day Kerala State was created, serves as a major attraction.

Deterioration of the lake environment
The following are reported to be the reasons for deterioration of the lake environment:

 * 1) Intense anthropogenic pressure.
 * 2) Oil spills from thousands of fishing boats and from industries in the surrounding area.
 * 3) Dwindling of the fragile lake zone due to conversion/destruction of natural habitats for development purposes (reported that the lake which had an area of 54 km2 [21 mi2] according to old survey reports has shrunk to 34 km2 [13 mi2] due to encroachments)
 * 4) Large quantities of untreated sewage, disposal of human excreta, and the pollution from paper mills, industries (aluminum, ceramics, seafood), as well as from coconut husk retting.
 * 5) Many fish species may have become extinct due to lack of spawning facilities on the banks of the lake due to canalization of the lake's banks by walls built of laterite and granite stones (these walls reportedly cover 80 per cent of the lake's banks)

An analysis of the water quality of the lake from 2019 to 2021 under the State Water Quality Monitoring Programme revealed that the maximum total coliform count, indicating faecal contamination, was in the range of 540 MPN/100 ml to 920 MPN/100 ml. A major contributor to the pollution of the lake is sewage from households and establishments, said a report submitted by the board on the ecological condition of the Ashtamudi Lake before the National Green Tribunal on August 17, 2022. A survey conducted by the Kerala State Pollution Control Board (PCB) revealed that Ashtamudi Lake is facing pollution stress caused by various factors, such as solid waste dumping and sewage discharge. With numerous drainage channels from households and businesses flowing into the lake, local authorities have been directed to implement urgent remedial actions.Garbage covers many areas, including Link Road, Pullikada, Thoppil Kadav, and Manichithodu. The area opposite the KSRTC bus stand in the city center is heavily littered with various types of waste.

Extinction of Kanjiracode creek
Kanjiracode creek on the south-east end of the lake, one arm of the Ashtamudi, has suffered extinction due to the dumping of waste earth and clay into the lake by the Kerala Ceramics Limited (KCL) at Kundara, a state government-owned public sector unit. A university professor who has studied this aspect wonders whether the lake would have to be soon rechristened "Sapthamudi" or the lake with seven locks of hair. The loss to people due to destruction of the creek is stated to be:

a) "Karimeen" (pearl spot) and "kanambu" (mullet) fish varieties once the livelihood of fishermen have disappeared and resulting in the migration of the fishermen to Paravur and Varkala in the south and even Kannur in the north.

b) People dependent on coir for a livelihood used the lake to soak husks but now the Kanjiracode coir industry is non-existent due to closure of the creek resulting in migration of coir workers to other places for a living.

Microplastic pollution
A recent study has revealed the extent of microplastic pollution in Ashtamudi Lake, a Ramsar wetland in Kollam district, highlighting the necessity for ongoing monitoring and addressing "potential public health concerns."

The study discovered microplastics in the lake's fish, shellfish, sediment, and water. The highest percentage of microplastics was found in the macrofauna, with fish containing 19.6% and shellfish 40.9%. Fibers made up 35.6% of the microplastics found in the collected samples, followed closely by fragments at 33.3% and films at 28%. "Notably, the majority of particles were in the smaller size range, suggesting their potential bioavailability to aquatic organisms," the study noted.

Hazardous heavy metals, including molybdenum, iron, and barium, were detected in the microplastics, potentially adsorbed from the surroundings. These findings pose potential risks to aquatic organisms and human beings.

Restoration plans
The Asia Development Assistance Facility of the New Zealand Government has carried out a study with the objective of evolving a management plan for sustainable management of the estuary for ecosystem development. The shores of the lake are home to important species of rare birds and animals. Any decisions made concerning the Ashtamudi Estuary's resources and its sustainable management significance is dictated by about a million people who live on its shores and the large species of rare birds and animals which provide the equally important biodiversity to the lake's environs. The Plan envisages:

 * Identify and phase out of the pollution sources
 * Better sanitation, reduction of industrial growth and reduction of urban waste to ensure the maintainable water quality of the estuary.
 * Address the declining fish stock production through concerted efforts to conserve the fish stock of the estuary in a sustainable manner and with community participation
 * Product diversification of coir to ensure better economic returns to people with the coordination of self-help groups
 * Improved shore protection through mangrove afforestation for ecosystem development on the banks of the estuary
 * Mining to be allowed selectively at village level, away from the banks of the lake
 * Discontinue estuary reclamation
 * Set defined navigation routes undisturbed by fishing nets
 * Neendakara port to be provided with improved sanitation facilities, enhanced boat-fuelling terminals and drainage terminals.
 * Promote ecotourism with better facilities of inland navigation and services in the form of:
 * developing of marine bio-reserve, nature island and mangrove conservation area
 * visits to temples nearby and other places of cultural and archeological importance
 * visits to coir-producing villages, rubber-producing villages, rice fields, fish hatcheries and other biodiversity hot spots

The above activities have been suggested for implementation in the Vellimon Kayal, a relatively unspoiled part of the estuary.

With funds provided by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests, revival of mangrove forests was done which is reported to be partially successful (out of 2,40,000 mangrove saplings planted over a period of two years 30,000 are reported to be surviving).

Perumon Disaster
The Perumon Disaster was a catastrophic railway accident that occurred on July 8, 1988, near Perumon in the Kollam district of Kerala, India. The accident involved the derailment of the Island Express train, which was traveling from Bangalore to Thiruvananthapuram, while it was crossing the Perumon bridge over Ashtamudi Lake. The Island Express derailed while crossing the Perumon bridge, causing eight of its coaches to fall into the Ashtamudi Lake. The disaster resulted in the deaths of 105 passengers, with many others injured.

Recent cultural implications
There is a 1978 Indian Malayalam-language film Ashtamudikkaayal with Prem Nazir, Jayabharathi, Adoor Bhasi and Sreelatha Namboothiri in the lead roles. Various poems of Thirunellur Karunakaran including Rani has the lake as centre theme.

title: Ashtamudi Lake


text:
User:Lendrick

My interests:
 * Computers and Programming
 * Anime
 * Beer and Homebrewing
 * Roleplaying, specifically Dungeons & Dragons
 * Goldfish
 * Table Tennis

My website: I run an Oh My Goddess! fansite that runs on MediaWiki.

title: User:Lendrick


text:
Max Friedman

Max Friedman (died 1964) was an American songwriter and published music through his company, Max Friedman Music Publishing Co.

Career
He composed songs about World War I including "Like a Baby Needs its Mother That's How Uncle Sam Needs You" (1917); "Our Own American Boy" (1917); "Before I Grew Up to Love You" (1918); and the post-war "Give the Job to the Gob and the Doughboy" (1919), a plea for employers to hire veterans, featuring lyrics by Lew Porter and Alex Sullivan.

He founded with P. and H. R. Shapiro the Max Friedman Music Publishing Co., which operated out of Buffalo, New York.

He also composed the 1928 Gene Austin hit "I Wish I Had Died In My Cradle (Before I Grew Up To Love You)", for which Lew Brown wrote the lyrics.

Selected works

 * Friedman, Max. Before I Grew Up to Love You. New York: Shapiro, Bernstein & Co, 1918.
 * Friedman, Max, Lew Porter, and Alex Sullivan. Give a Job to the Gob and the Doughboy: Song. Detroit: Jerome H. Remick & Co., 1919.
 * Friedman, M. I Wish I Had Died in My Cradle: Before I Grew Up to Love You. New York: Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. Inc, 1926. and
 * Friedman, Max. In the Heart of Kentucky: (Where You Gave Your Heart to Me). Pittsburgh, PA: Max Friedman Music Publishing Co., 1918.
 * Friedman, Max, George F. Olcott, and Joseph Hiller. Like a Baby Needs Its Mother: That's How Uncle Sam Needs You. New York: M. Friedman Music Pub. Co, 1917.
 * Friedman, Max. Lonesomeness. New York: Shapiro, Bernstein & Co, 1919.
 * Friedman, Max, Frank Davis, and Louis Johnson. My Sweet Erin Rose. Pittsburgh: Max Friedman Music Publishing Co., 1916.
 * Friedman, Max, Geo Olcott, and W. C. Wilbert. Our Own American Boy. Pittsburgh: Max Friedman Music Co., 1917.
 * Friedman, Max, Walter C. Ness, Murray Sturm, and Kenn Sisson. Spread a little sunshine: where the sun never shines. New York: Max Friedman Music Publishing Co, Inc, 1924.

title: Max Friedman


text:
User:CaptainSpam/HappyTestBox

Your interwiki funhouse
So, the Interwiki Map says...

 * Mink Car at This Might Be A Wiki.
 * Eh! Steve at the Homestar Runner Wiki.
 * Dilithium at Memory Alpha.

title: User:CaptainSpam/HappyTestBox


text:
Magic Tree

Magic Tree may refer to:
 * "Magic Tree" (single), the 2007 single by musician Kirsten Price
 * Little Trees, a disposable air freshener known as "Magic Tree" in the UK until 2011
 * The Magic Tree (TV Series), a Polish television program for children
 * L'arbre enchanté (The Magic Tree), an opéra comique by Christoph Willibald Gluck

title: Magic Tree


text:
1250 René-Lévesque

1250, boulevard René-Lévesque is a 199 m (without spire), 47-story skyscraper in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the second tallest building in Montreal and the province of Quebec, when the spire is excluded, as per the height definition used by the city of Montreal. For international comparison the spire is included as per CTBUH, which brings the height to 226.5m and becomes the tallest building in Montreal and the province of Quebec. The building was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates for IBM Canada and Marathon Realty, hence the former name "IBM-Marathon Tower". It is now named for its address at 1250 René Lévesque Boulevard West, in the Ville-Marie borough of Downtown Montreal. It is adjacent to the Bell Centre and Windsor Station to the south, and stands on the site of the former American Presbyterian Church. It is connected to the Bonaventure metro station and the underground city network.

1250 is currently owned and managed by global real estate investor, developer and owner BentallGreenOak.

Architecture
1250 René-Lévesque's architecture is based on another skyscraper by Kohn Pedersen Fox, the 51-story Westend Tower in Frankfurt, Germany. The design is partly dictated by the building's position at the former western edge of the downtown core, with its shape forming a boundary between the commercial center and the historically residential periphery (though since the building's construction the downtown area has advanced southwestward). As such it has a markedly rectangular footprint, being very elongated on a north-south axis. Like its Frankfurt counterpart, emphasis is given to the east and west façades, which have opposed yet complementary appearances that strongly relate to the urban area they face. The modern-style western façade, facing the historically low-rise residential periphery, is a straight granite-clad wall covered with square windows, with irregular setbacks creating the appearance of several superimposed slabs. Conversely the postmodern-style eastern façade, facing the commercial center, is dominated by an outwardly-curved glass curtain wall that extends past the southern edge, creating a suspended vertical "fin" that emphasizes the structure's impression of lightness and thrust. The narrow north wall recesses in a series of setbacks, allowing the building to keep its human scale at street level. At the lowest setback, the 4-floor atrium includes a bamboo-planted winter garden, and a food court on a mezzanine. At the building top, a spire is integrated to the north walls of the last few floors and extends 31 metres beyond the mechanical penthouse above the 47th floor.

Montreal's downtown area is now expanding southwest of the building (that formally was an unofficial downtown "boundary"), with the two towers of the Cité du commerce électronique in the west. The height of those towers increases towards the 1250 and the city center, creating a "staircase effect" in the skyline.

Tenants

 * Air Liquide Canada
 * Bayer
 * BMO Harris Bank
 * Canaccord Financial Inc
 * Chubb Corp.
 * CIBC Wood Gundy
 * Credit Suisse
 * Deutsche Bank
 * EquiSoft Inc.
 * International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
 * Insight Enterprises
 * Langlois Lawyers LLP
 * LASIK MD
 * Lazard
 * Macquarie Group
 * McKinsey & Company
 * Merrill Lynch Canada
 * Michael Page International
 * PSP Investments
 * PricewaterhouseCoopers
 * Richardson GMP Limited
 * Wells Fargo Equipment Finance

Former Tenants

 * Club Privé 47 Inc was located on the 47 floor (between 1995-2011) and was a swinger club.

title: 1250 René-Lévesque


text:
Kálmán Darányi

Kálmán Darányi de Pusztaszentgyörgy et Tetétlen (22 March 1886 in Budapest – 1 November 1939 in Budapest) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1936 to 1938. He also served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of Hungary from 5 December 1938 to 12 June 1939 and from 15 June 1939 to 1 November 1939. Darányi was associated with the radical rights in the Hungarian politics, and although not sympathetic to the Hungarian fascists, pursued an increasingly authoritarian policy at home, and an alliance with the fascist powers Germany and Italy abroad.

Early life
His parents were Béla Darányi and Antónia Nagy. His uncle was Ignác Darányi who served as the Minister of Agriculture during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Darányi started his civil service career in 1909 at Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County. After the revolutions of 1918–1919 he served as commissioner then ispán (county head) of Győr County, Komárom County and Győr. Darányi became a member of the Hungarian Diet in 1927. Gyula Gömbös appointed him Minister of Agriculture in 1935. In addition to his political activities he played a leadership role in the Agricultural class movement. He also took part in the life of the Calvinist Church as a member of the Universal Convent and synod.

Prime Minister of Hungary
Darányi replaced the ailing Gyula Gömbös as Prime Minister. After the death of Gömbös, Regent Miklós Horthy appointed Darányi as Gömbös' successor on 12 October 1936. Darányi wanted to return to the platform of István Bethlen with a program to preserve constitutional order, but he did not want to turn sharply against Gömbös' political testament. He maintained the promise of secret suffrage, but first of all he wanted to increase the gubernatorial jurisdiction and the House of Magnates' role.

He set himself apart from right-wing and left-wing extremes both during the initial period of his prime ministership. In April 1937 he banned the Party of National Will, which was the predecessor of the Hungarian National Socialist Party and the Arrow Cross Party. Ferenc Szálasi, the leader of the party, was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for three years. But the March Front (founded on 15 March 1937), a progressive political-intellectual movement, was also subjected to police harassment and prosecutions.

Darányi and his Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kálmán Kánya attempted to strengthen contacts with the United Kingdom and France to balance pressure from Nazi Germany. However, the Western powers were not very receptive of these endeavors. Hungarian foreign policy continued to promote the country's relationship with Italy at the same time. The thought of the cooperation between Italy, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Poland was resumed in Rome.

During his term the gubernatorial jurisdiction was expanded again (for the fourth time). The Regent was now allowed to delay the implementation of bills by up to a year, and he was no longer accountable to Parliament. The law also specified the role of the National Council in case of vacancy of the gubernatorial seat. The House of Magnates' jurisdiction was also expanded: the upper house could now return laws to the lower house twice.

In 1938, Darányi accepted the law of suffrage that was advocated by Gyula Gömbös. This law modified earlier provisions in two areas: it abolished the open vote in favor of the secret ballot, but narrowed suffrage rights. The new law reduced the number of eligible voters by 250,000 – 300,000. The minimum voting age for men was now 26 (in regional elections) and 30 (in constituency elections), while for women, the universal voting age was 30 years. He introduced mandatory old-age social insurance for agricultural workers. For the civil servants the work week was set at 44 hours while for industrial workers, 48 hours.

The Hungarian military force's state was disastrous. To address this, Darányi presented the Győr Program, which was drawn up by Béla Imrédy. The aim of the program was to modernize the army and upgrade its equipment. The government allocated one billion pengős for the program. This, originally earmarked for five years, was spent in under two years. Of the program's budget, 60% was used for the development of the army while 40% was spent on infrastructure. This program's invigorating effect on the economy was considerable.

After the Anschluss, Darányi's political direction changed. As of March 1938, Hungary was now a neighbor of Nazi Germany. A vigorous Nazi propaganda campaign was initiated in the country. Darányi shifted towards the right in response. He appointed pro-German politicians to his cabinet. He regularly expressed the importance of the German relations. Darányi began secret negotiations with Kálmán Hubay with the intention of uniting right extremist forces. He agreed to allow Arrow Cross Party members to run for parliament so long as these right extremist politicians agreed to respect the law. Conservatives responded to these steps with distrust. Horthy also expressed his discontent, which is why Darányi resigned as Prime Minister on 11 May 1938. He was followed by Béla Imrédy in this position.

Later life
Promoting the First Anti-Jewish Law and its preparation are connected to his name yet. This bill was introduced to the parliament during his prime ministership, but it already became a law during reign of Imrédy. Kálmán Darányi served as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 5 December 1938 until his death.

title: Kálmán Darányi


text:
Neo-Guelphism

Neo-Guelphism was a 19th-century Italian political movement, started by Vincenzo Gioberti, which wanted to unite Italy into a single kingdom with the Pope as its king. Despite little popular support, the movement raised interests among intellectuals, journalists and Catholic reformist politicians. They were also linked both to ontologism, a philosophical movement, and to rationalist-leaning theology.

Philosophy and platform
As modern political parties were not present in Italy in the 19th century, the neo-Guelphs were only circles of intellectuals, aristocrats, journalists and businessmen with Catholic and unitarian tendencies. The movement was not too nationalist, preferring a confederation between the several Italian states led by the Pope. On social issues, the neo-Guelphs tended to support both reformist and law and order policies.

Many neo-Guelphists thought that Giovanni Mastai-Ferretti (elected pope Pius IX in 1846) would boost their cause, but he rejected their movement. This rejection was disheartening to Catholic liberals everywhere, and the anti-clerical left saw it as proof that the papacy was inherently reactionary—ready to sacrifice its very autonomy and an Italian state simply to protect narrow temporal interests, such as noble interests in the papal states. Popes generally came from this nobility, to say nothing of the curia and Vatican hierarchy in general.

In Piedmont-Sardinia, the movement gained enough influences to install two neo-Guelphs in government: Cesare Balbo, from March to July 1848, and Gioberti himself, from December 1848 to February 1849. However, the final defeat in the First War of Independence by Austria caused the decline of neo-Guelphism, seen as too moderate and "papist", in favor of parliamentary right-wing group, that purposed a mix of war and diplomacy to unify Italy under the House of Savoy.

After the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, which granted to Piedmont-Sardinia the control over Northern Italy (except for Veneto), neo-Guelphism was considered obsolete and unobtainable. In 1860, republican Giuseppe Garibaldi led his expedition in Southern Italy, which eventually led to Italian unification under Piedmont-Sardinia, however, leaving the Papacy as its own individual state. This eased the fears from Roman Catholic countries such as France who believed that a unified Italy could "corrupt" the Papacy.

Supporters

 * Sardinian Prime Minister Vincenzo Gioberti
 * Sardinian Prime Minister Cesare Balbo (briefly)
 * Papal Prime Minister Pellegrino Rossi
 * Papal Foreign Affairs Minister Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere
 * Writer Alessandro Manzoni
 * Monsignor Antonio Rosmini-Serbati
 * Marquess Gino Capponi
 * Physicist Carlo Matteucci
 * Historian Luigi Tosti

title: Neo-Guelphism


text:
Physical object

In common usage and classical mechanics, a physical object or physical body (or simply an object or body) is a collection of matter within a defined contiguous boundary in three-dimensional space. The boundary surface must be defined and identified by the properties of the material, although it may change over time. The boundary is usually the visible or tangible surface of the object. The matter in the object is constrained (to a greater or lesser degree) to move as one object. The boundary may move in space relative to other objects that it is not attached to (through translation and rotation). An object's boundary may also deform and change over time in other ways.

Also in common usage, an object is not constrained to consist of the same collection of matter. Atoms or parts of an object may change over time. An object is usually meant to be defined by the simplest representation of the boundary consistent with the observations. However the laws of physics only apply directly to objects that consist of the same collection of matter.

In physics, an object is an identifiable collection of matter, which may be constrained by an identifiable boundary, and may move as a unit by translation or rotation, in 3-dimensional space.

Each object has a unique identity, independent of any other properties. Two objects may be identical, in all properties except position, but still remain distinguishable. In most cases the boundaries of two objects may not overlap at any point in time. The property of identity allows objects to be counted.

Examples of models of physical bodies include, but are not limited to a particle, several interacting smaller bodies (particulate or otherwise), and continuous media.

The common conception of physical objects includes that they have extension in the physical world, although there do exist theories of quantum physics and cosmology which arguably challenge this. In modern physics, "extension" is understood in terms of the spacetime: roughly speaking, it means that for a given moment of time the body has some location in the space (although not necessarily amounting to the abstraction of a point in space and time). A physical body as a whole is assumed to have such quantitative properties as mass, momentum, electric charge, other conserved quantities, and possibly other quantities.

An object with known composition and described in an adequate physical theory is an example of physical system.

In common usage
An object is known by the application of senses. The properties of an object are inferred by learning and reasoning based on the information perceived. Abstractly, an object is a construction of our mind consistent with the information provided by our senses, using Occam's razor.

In common usage an object is the material inside the boundary of an object, in 3-dimensional space. The boundary of an object is a contiguous surface which may be used to determine what is inside, and what is outside an object. An object is a single piece of material, whose extent is determined by a description based on the properties of the material. An imaginary sphere of granite within a larger block of granite would not be considered an identifiable object, in common usage. A fossilized skull encased in a rock may be considered an object because it is possible to determine the extent of the skull based on the properties of the material.

For a rigid body, the boundary of an object may change over time by continuous translation and rotation. For a deformable body the boundary may also be continuously deformed over time in other ways.

An object has an identity. In general two objects with identical properties, other than position at an instance in time, may be distinguished as two objects and may not occupy the same space at the same time (excluding component objects). An object's identity may be tracked using the continuity of the change in its boundary over time. The identity of objects allows objects to be arranged in sets and counted.

The material in an object may change over time. For example, a rock may wear away or have pieces broken off it. The object will be regarded as the same object after the addition or removal of material, if the system may be more simply described with the continued existence of the object, than in any other way. The addition or removal of material may discontinuously change the boundary of the object. The continuation of the object's identity is then based on the description of the system by continued identity being simpler than without continued identity.

For example, a particular car might have all its wheels changed, and still be regarded as the same car.

The identity of an object may not split. If an object is broken into two pieces at most one of the pieces has the same identity. An object's identity may also be destroyed if the simplest description of the system at a point in time changes from identifying the object to not identifying it. Also an object's identity is created at the first point in time that the simplest model of the system consistent with perception identifies it.

An object may be composed of components. A component is an object completely within the boundary of a containing object.

A living thing may be an object, and is distinguished from non-living things by the designation of the latter as inanimate objects. Inanimate objects generally lack the capacity or desire to undertake actions, although humans in some cultures may tend to attribute such characteristics to non-living things.

Classical mechanics
In classical mechanics a physical body is collection of matter having properties including mass, velocity, momentum and energy. The matter exists in a volume of three-dimensional space. This space is its extension.

Interactions between objects are partly described by orientation and external shape.

In continuum mechanics an object may be described as a collection of sub objects, down to an infinitesimal division, which interact with each other by forces that may be described internally by pressure and mechanical stress.

Quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics an object is a particle or collection of particles. Until measured, a particle does not have a physical position. A particle is defined by a probability distribution of finding the particle at a particular position. There is a limit to the accuracy with which the position and velocity may be measured. A particle or collection of particles is described by a quantum state.

These ideas vary from the common usage understanding of what an object is.

String theory
In particle physics, there is a debate as to whether some elementary particles are not bodies, but are points without extension in physical space within spacetime, or are always extended in at least one dimension of space as in string theory or M theory.

In psychology
In some branches of psychology, depending on school of thought, a physical object has physical properties, as compared to mental objects. In (reductionistic) behaviorism, objects and their properties are the (only) meaningful objects of study. While in the modern day behavioral psychotherapy it is still only the means for goal oriented behavior modifications, in Body Psychotherapy it is not a means only anymore, but its felt sense is a goal of its own. In cognitive psychology, physical bodies as they occur in biology are studied in order to understand the mind, which may not be a physical body, as in functionalist schools of thought.

In philosophy
A physical body is an enduring object that exists throughout a particular trajectory of space and orientation over a particular duration of time, and which is located in the world of physical space (i.e., as studied by physics). This contrasts with abstract objects such as mathematical objects which do not exist at any particular time or place.

Examples are a cloud, a human body, a banana, a billiard ball, a table, or a proton. This is contrasted with abstract objects such as mental objects, which exist in the mental world, and mathematical objects. Other examples that are not physical bodies are emotions, the concept of "justice", a feeling of hatred, or the number "3". In some philosophies, like the idealism of George Berkeley, a physical body is a mental object, but still has extension in the space of a visual field.

title: Physical object


text:
Gyula Károlyi

Gyula Count Károlyi de Nagykároly in English: Julius Károlyi (7 May 1871 in Baktalórántháza – 23 April 1947) was a conservative Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1931 to 1932. He had previously been prime minister of the counter-revolutionary government in Szeged for several months in 1919. As prime minister, he generally tried to continue the moderate conservative policies of his predecessor, István Bethlen, although with less success.

Early life
He was born in Nyírbakta (now: Baktalórántháza) to an old aristocratic family. His parents were Count Tibor Károlyi, who served as Speaker of the House of Magnates from 1898 to 1900, and Countess Emma Degenfeld-Schomburg. Tibor Károlyi was also the guardian of Gyula's first cousin, Mihály Károlyi, who would become first prime minister and then president of Hungary.

After grammar school studies he attended the Faculty of Law at the University of Budapest, followed by studies at the University of Berlin and the University of Bonn. After returning home, he joined Hungarian politics as a member of the House of Magnates. He served as the ispán of Arad County between 1906 and 1910. Following this he retired from politics and started farming on the huge family estate in Arad County. He became a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1915.

Counter-revolutionary Government
After World War I broke out, he volunteered and fought on the Eastern Front as a lieutenant of hussars. After the war he returned to his estate, but the country's situation was chaotic: his cousin, Mihály Károlyi led the Aster Revolution and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy collapsed. The new leadership decreased the Hungarian Army's numbers to indicate their peaceful intentions towards the Entente Powers. The adjacent countries (Romania, and Czechoslovakia) took advantage of this to gain even more territory: the Romanians occupied Transylvania and the Partium in Spring 1919. On top of this, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was established on 21 March 1919.

Many significant Hungarian politicians emigrated to Vienna because of the revolution and the Red Terror. Organizing began with István Bethlen's movement for the liquidation of Bolshevik power, the Antibolshevik Committee. In parallel with this Gyula Károlyi formed a counter-revolutionary government in Arad. In May the Romanians occupied the town, interning Károlyi and many of his ministers. After his release, he went to Szeged, which was controlled by the French Army. Károlyi reorganized his government here with the goal of ending communist rule and on 12 July 1919 Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám became its prime minister. The two counter-revolutionary centers, Vienna and Szeged, harmonized their work in the interest of the common aims. Károlyi's Minister of War was Admiral Miklós Horthy, who set up the National Army; these two politicians began to be friends.

Prime Minister of Hungary
Károlyi retired from politics for nearly ten years after 1919. After the Treaty of Trianon his family lost the estate in Arad County. Károlyi then farmed in Szabolcs County and Szatmár County. He became a member of the House of Magnates in 1927, and a Crown Guard in 1928. He undertook a bigger role in the politics during the Great Depression, becoming Minister of Foreign Affairs for a short time in the cabinet of István Bethlen, following Lajos Walko. In this capacity, Károlyi visited Benito Mussolini in Rome in March 1931. He had also made a controversial statement: "Emotions, reason, and the threads of interest bind Hungary to France", which brought him some notice in the French press.

István Bethlen resigned the prime ministership on 19 August 1931, because he did not want to bring in unpopular measures. Regent Miklós Horthy then appointed Károlyi to this post. The new cabinet was established on 24 August 1931, but the ministers did not change very much.

In Hungary the economic catastrophe presented itself as a protracted agrarian and credit crisis. Agricultural products comprised the larger part of the Hungarian exports, but these prices fell 50—70% on the world market. The peasants' situation became horrible, and industry and trade also suffered.

Károlyi reduced state expenses with large-scale economies. The Ministry of Finance reduced the pay of state employees: railwaymen, postmen, clerks, soldiers, gendarmes, members of the river forces, and customs workers. Social benefits and pensions were reduced. This, however, was not a solution to these serious economic problems; it helped only slightly that Károlyi forbade all ministers to use state cars: he as prime minister commuted from his apartment in Pest to Buda Castle.

When Szilveszter Matuska blew up a portion of the Biatorbágy bridge near Budapest on 13 September 1931, causing the engine and nine of the eleven coaches of the Vienna Express to plunge into a ravine 30 meters deep, Gyula Károlyi issued two orders imposing martial law. He made use of this tragedy to imprison Communists and to ban all political rallies and processions. Imre Sallai and Sándor Fürst, leaders of the Communist movement, were arrested and executed in 1932 after a show trial. These emergency measures did not improve the situation: there had been no real threat of a mass movement.

This unrelieved crisis deepened discontent in Hungarian society, even among the political elite. The opposition demanded extension of the franchise, introduction of primary elections and the secret ballot, and more effective protection of wage earners, while the agrarian lobby demanded extension of markets and protection of farmers. These groups turned against the Prime Minister when they saw no actual results, and these failures led Bethlen to call for Károlyi's resignation in September 1932. Károlyi gladly followed this advice, as he had been hesitant from the first to be prime minister. He resigned on 21 September 1932, returning to his lands, and was succeeded by Gyula Gömbös.

Later life
After his prime ministership, he retired from active politics. He was a member of Horthy's inner advisory council, and became a secret advisor in 1936. He protested against all forms of anti-Semitism throughout his political career. He resigned from all his posts and even his membership of the upper house of parliament in 1939, in protest against the second Jewish law.

He also sharply criticised the German orientation of Hungarian politics. During the Second World War he supported the policies of Miklós Kállay. Károlyi died in Budapest at the age of 75.

title: Gyula Károlyi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kantar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 01:30, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kantar
Delete as non-notable. I initially flagged as a vanity page, but poster claims Kantar is a local folk hero... ergo, we're on VfD.Feco 07:18, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not appear notable outside his home city.   — J I P | Talk 07:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 08:06, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Should have been speedied, not as vanity but nonsense. "Kantar once tied together 30,000 live snakes to create a rope bridge across the Grand Canyon; he then drove across in his M3 convertible" ... come on, now. Just in case there are any doubts, a Google search for "kantar +Boston" brought no relevant results in the first five pages. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:30, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * article was initially speedied, but creator protested. Path of least resistance seemed to be VfD. Feco

KEEP, NO DELETE. Kantar is a folk hero of Boston, it's legit.

The above by anon 151.203.14.34 Vlad M V  ٭ talk 15:13, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete for being idiocy. Okay, "hoax", big difference. -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:50, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, possible vanity. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 15:13, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kantar


text:
Sándor Simonyi-Semadam

Sándor Simonyi-Semadam (23 March 1864 – 4 June 1946) was a Hungarian politician who served as prime minister for a few months in 1920. He signed the Treaty of Trianon after World War I on 4 June 1920. By this treaty, Hungary lost a considerable part of its territory. Simonyi was a member of the Hungarian-Nippon Society, a society for creating cultural links between Japan and Hungary. On 4 June 1946, Simonyi-Semadam died at his home in Budapest.

title: Sándor Simonyi-Semadam


text:
Marty Friedman (basketball)

Max "Marty" Friedman (July 12, 1889 – January 1, 1986) was an American Hall of Fame pro basketball player and coach.

Raised in New York City, he played in various pre-NBA leagues for eighteen years, most notably for the New York Whirlwinds. Known as one of the best defensive guards of his era, Friedman later coached the Troy Haymakers. He promoted basketball internationally during World War I, organizing a 600-team tournament in France that led to the Inter-Allied Games. Post-retirement, he owned a parking garage in New York City before retiring in 1959. Friedman was inducted into multiple halls of fame and named to the All-Time Pro Second Team in 1941.

Early life
Friedman was born in New York City and grew up on Manhattan's Lower East Side. He attended high school at Hebrew Technical Institute.

Career
Friedman played eighteen years of pro basketball in many different pre-NBA leagues but is best known for playing with the New York Whirlwinds. He is considered to be one of the best defensive guards of his era. He later became coach of the Troy Haymakers in the ABL (1938/39). In a seventeen-year career (1910–1927), Friedman played in almost every league in the East, habitually leading his team to championships. In 1921, he played with the New York Whirlwinds. In the World Championship series, 11,000 people watched Friedman hold Celtics' shooting star Johnny Beckman to one field goal as the Whirlwinds defeated the Original Celtics, 40–27. The Celtics won the second game, 26–24, but officials were afraid that the excitable and unruly crowds would lose control, and the deciding third game was never played.

When World War I began, Friedman promoted basketball internationally. He organized a 600-team tournament in France, which prompted the Inter-Allied Games, a forerunner to the World Championships and Olympic recognition.

He and Barney Sedran were referred to as "The Heavenly Twins". After his retirement from basketball, Friedman became the owner of a parking garage (his father had owned a pushcart stable), located at East 49th Street, east of First Avenue, in New York City, which served Tudor City Apartments and environs. He sold his garage and retired in 1959, at the age of seventy.

Friedman was named to the Basketball Hall of Fame, the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame, and the All-Time Pro Second Team in 1941.

title: Marty Friedman (basketball)


text:
Károly Huszár

Károly Huszár de Sárvár (born as Károly Schorn, 1882–1941) was a Hungarian politician who served as prime minister and acting Head of State of Hungary from November 1919 to March 1920. His tenure coincided with a period of political instability in Hungary immediately after World War I, during which several successive governments ruled the country.

Biography
Huszár was born on 10 September 1882 in Nussdorf on the outskirts of Vienna, the then capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was trained as a teacher, and from 1903 he participated in the activities of the Christian socialist peasant movements.

Between 1910 and 1918, he was deputy of the Christian National Party in the Hungarian Parliament and editor-in-chief of his publication, Néppart. He fought as a volunteer on several fronts during the First World War. In the cabinet of János Hadik, the last of the Kingdom of Hungary, he ephemerally assumed the Ministry of Education and Religions.

After the establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in March 1919, he was arrested; he was released later, and went into exile in Vienna. After the end of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, he took again the Ministry of Education and Religions in the government of István Friedrich, between August and November 1919. He was then one of the leaders of the Christian National Union Party (KNEP), the ruling party for most of the 1920s.

Cabinet formation

The small counterrevolutionary National Army under Miklós Horthy entered Budapest two days after the withdrawal of the Romanian Army on 14 November 1919, which evacuated the city after looting. Thanks to the mediation of the envoy of the Entente, a coalition government was formed on 23 November with Huszár as its head, despite no political experience in this area, although he had once been a teacher. The previous president of the government, István Friedrich, was relieved by his ambition, which collided with that of Horthy, and he inspired little confidence in Horthy because of his previous closeness to Mihály Károlyi. The new government included the Party of Smallholders, National-Democrats (Liberals) and Social-Democrats, among others, and was intended to be a transitional cabinet until the future elections to be held by extended suffrage (39.2% of the population, including, for the first time, women) and secret ballot. Friedrich remained in the Council of Ministers and was responsible for defence, a position unimportant since the army obeyed Horthy. His party, the KNEP, however, was the one that maintained the largest number of portfolios and the most important ones. Friedrich and the other KNEP supporters (including the high nobility of the North and West and the Catholic Church) were to dominate power by controlling the cabinet, as would have happened if Horthy had kept his promise to surrender control from the armed forces to the government.

The executive had little control over the bands which travelled across the country spreading the White Terror, whose victims included Jews. In December Huszár enacted a decree allowing the arrest of any person representing a "danger to public order" which led to the arrest without charge of thousands of people, including the most prominent Social-Democrats still in the country.

Parliamentary elections and establishment of Horthy
In the face of persecution and a lack of support in the countryside, the Social Democrats decided not to stand for election, which the progressive parties still won. The Social Democrats had remained in government only because of the country's grave situation and with the aim of moderating counterrevolutionary tendencies, but on 18 December 1919, they had been about to withdraw their ministers from the cabinet, which they eventually did the following month, on 15 January, before the political trials, electoral irregularities and the attack on the printing press of the party.

The January elections gave a small majority to the Party of Smallholders, contrary to the Habsburgs and against the Christian National Union Party, monarchic and favourable to the dynasty. The result augured a future crisis between both tendencies, despite the disinterest of the majority of the population who were impoverished by the condition of the state. On 1 March 1920 and after a lobbying campaign in favour of Horthy and the intimidation of the parliament, they voted overwhelmingly for Miklós Horthy for the new post of regent of the kingdom (131 votes of 141). Troops loyal to Horthy surrounded the House during the voting. Huszár took the side of Horthy versus those who preferred the return of the king-emperor.

The peace treaty
The government was invited to participate in the Paris Peace Conference on 2 December. Both Horthy and Huszár were convinced of the need to sign the peace treaty, the conditions of which were presented to the Hungarian delegation on 16 January. The conference had approved the clauses almost a year before 26 February 1919, and these were based on the premise of self-determination of minorities, regardless of other criteria such as geographical or economic. The government of Huszár denied that the minorities wished to join neighbouring countries and that they constituted majorities in some of the areas planned to be transferred over to them, and he requested the holding of plebiscites (October to February 1920). The peace conference rejected his allegations one month later, and on 6 March confirmed the wording of the treaty. On 14 March 1920, a new coalition government with left and right forces took over, with Sándor Simonyi-Semadam at the front of the new ministry. Huszár had resigned that day so he would not have to sign the peace treaty.

During Simonyi-Semadam's rule (Act I of 1920), the Habsburg dynasty in Hungary remained abolished, Hungary was officially separated from Austria and the head of state became a regent (Miklós Horthy from 1 March 1920). All the laws promulgated during the Hungarian People's Republic (Mihály Károlyi, Gyula Peidl) and the Hungarian Soviet Republic were repealed.

After the government
Between 1920 and 1928, he was deputy and vice-president of the Hungarian National Assembly. He then transferred to the Diet. Between 1928 and 1934, he presided over the National Institute of Social Security. He died, after gradually withdrawing from politics, on 27 October 1941 in the capital.

title: Károly Huszár


text:
Talk:Hans Magnus Enzensberger

Bard college visit
I just removed the following paragraph Enzensberger made a visit to Bard College in March, 2005. During his visit he attended a German history class and discussed with students his brief participation in World War Two. At the age of 16 (late 1945), while living in Berlin, a Nazi officer gave him and many other young boys Nazi uniforms as well as weapons. Enzenberger and other young men were ordered to protect Berlin from the invading Russian and Allied Armies. Luckily, before Allies arrived Enzenberger removed his uniform and fled. which was added (before some additional changes) by Nwabudake, basically because I fail to see how it is notable. This may be due to my own ignorance.

In its current form, the paragraph seems to be an anecdote, and not even a particular interesting one, and doesn't have much to do with Enzensberger. (At least, the level of granularity of that single paragraph is much to high compared to the rest of this very concise entry.) I may be mistaken about notability (for example, Enzensberger may have used the incident in a book, or he is the only visitor to Bard College for a decade, or he has always denied to have worn a Nazi uniform, or whatnot), in which case the paragraph could be improved by explaining the significance of that visit or anecdote.

Furthermore, I am all for expanding the Enzensberger entry (I tried to get the ball rolling by translating the German Wikipedia entry hither), and that could easily include a section on his adolescence. If the paragraph was an attempt to start such a biographical section, then please put it back in and continue the good work! Arbor 07:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Critical Essays
Would it be ok to begin developing a section on his critical essays? Enzensberger has an interesting set of essays that are marginally important to Marxist media studies. Perhaps it would helpful to include a brief section on his critical works? — Preceding unsigned comment added by TuxedoMarx (talk • contribs) 02:20, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Edit Request
In 2010, Enzensberger was invited to serve as a mentor for the Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative, an international philanthropic programme that pairs masters in their disciplines with emerging talents for a year of one-to-one creative exchange. Out of a very gifted field of candidates, Enzenberger chose young, African-American poet, Tracy K. Smith as his protégée. RMP2014 (talk) 14:06, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Hans Magnus?
Do we know that he was called Hans Magnus, vs. Hans, or Magnus? -- Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:52, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

 * He was always called Hans Magnus E. on the radio, in the press. I don't know, if friends and family called him, say, Hansi. I also don't know what an intellectual founding of a state should look like. Around 1968, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, as publisher of the then great Kursbuch, had some strange ideas about democracy in the GFR and even more strange intellectual friendships: with G. Maschke, a political exile on Cuba, but also with a then well known journalist: Joachim Schickel, a Maoist- intelli nut- job of the highest order. HME was a fierce Anti-american at the time. But he published the great Cuban poet and enemy-of-the-Castro-state Heberto Padilla at Edition Suhrkamp. Also, it is said, that he had been very good on the post WW2 black market - and later in dealings with his publishers, so if someone had said to him how come your not rich, but sooo smart, he could have laughed all the way to the bank.--Ralfdetlef (talk) 08:34, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Friends called him Mang. Grimes2 (talk) 08:47, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * (ec) I was talking about the sentence using "Hans Magnus" when he had to enter the Hitlerjugend, - not about later mentioning on radio. We could just say "Enzensberger" if we have no ref. - Thanks for the other bits, and with a good reference, each could go to the article, which is still short on the person (vs. activities and positions). I'll add at least Henze and more from the FAZ, but there's RL, pleasant on a weekend but in the way of expanding. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:49, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I think Hans Magnus is OK. Magnus was his second first name and should also be mentioned. In context of his youth it is common to use first names. Offical abbr.: HME. Grimes2 (talk) 08:56, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

HME had three younger brothers, it seems, the mentioned very marxist academic and writer ("Größerer Versuch über den Schmutz") Christian E. and also Ulrich E., a kind of hippie and co-founder of Kommune I, later Maoist, and another not well known one.--Ralfdetlef (talk) 08:43, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

He was friends with Ingeborg Bachmann. His anthology of modern(ist) poetry (translated and in the original languages!) very important translations of W. C. W. (Bibliothek Suhrkamp) also important, even if his introductory essay strangely uninformed: crap. The German online articles about him are good: 68' Maoist J. Schimmang in the taz; FAZ; Zeit; even the nd; etc.--Ralfdetlef (talk) 09:48, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hans Magnus Enzensberger