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The Bugle: Issue CLXXXIII, July 2021
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXXIV, August 2021
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Wikiproject Military history coordinator election nominations open
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Wikiproject Military history coordinator election nomination period closing soon
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WikiProject Military history coordinator election voting has commenced
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXXV, September 2021
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Wikiproject Military history coordinator election voting period closing soon
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXV, October 2021
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXVI, November 2021
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXVII, December 2021
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Disambiguation link notification for January 13
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXVIII, January 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXVIV, February 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXVII, March 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CLXXVIII, April 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CXCIII, May 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CXCIV, June 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CXCVI, July 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CXCVII, August 2022
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Wikiproject Military history coordinator election nominations opening soon
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Wikiproject Military history coordinator election voting opening soon!
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Correction to previous election announcement
Just a quick correction to the prior message about the 2022 MILHIST coordinator election! I didn't proofread the message well enough and left out a link to the election page itself in this message. The voting will occur here; sorry about the need for a second message and the inadvertent omission from the prior one. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 17:42, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Wikiproject Military history coordinator election voting closing soon
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The Bugle: Issue CXCVIII, September 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CXCVIII, October 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CXCIX, November 2022
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The Bugle: Issue CC, December 2022
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The Bugle: Issue 205, May 2023
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The Bugle: Issue 209, September 2023
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The Bugle: Issue 211, November 2023
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Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:11, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Valentinejoesmith


text:
E & J Gallo Winery

GALLO is a winery and distributor headquartered in Modesto, California. It was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo of the Gallo family, and is the largest exporter of California wines. It is the largest wine producer in the world, producing over 3% of the world's entire annual supply of 35 billion bottles with an annual revenue of $5.3 billion it is also the largest family-owned winery in the United States. Gallo provides about 3,500 jobs to Modesto residents and 2,500 jobs in other parts of the state, country, and world (meaning that most of its employment base is in Modesto).

History
During Prohibition in the United States, Ernest and Julio Gallo grew grapes and sold them to Eastern states where home winemaking was allowed.

On June 14, 1933, Ernest Gallo filed an application with the Prohibition administration to open a bonded wine storeroom in San Francisco. On June 20, his application was rejected. He was advised that in order to open a storeroom, he had to own a bonded winery. And in order to be bonded as a winery, he had to own vineyards. Ernest and Julio then took steps to bond a winery in the name of their newly formed partnership, E & J Gallo. They had stationery printed that included two designations next to their name: “winery” and “grape growers and shippers.” Their father's estate owned both the grape growing and shipping businesses as well as the vineyards required to establish a winery, at that juncture. Ernest applied on this letterhead to the Board of Alcohol for approval. He wrote that he and Julio were “grape growers with over 400 acres of grapes.”

The two brothers started the winery in the fall of 1933, following the repeal of Prohibition. Ernest and Julio were competing against larger, more established, and better financed companies, including more than 800 wine companies established in California in the first few years after the repeal of Prohibition. Their starting capital was less than $6,000 ($140,494 inflation-adjusted to 2024), with $5,000 of that borrowed by Ernest from his mother-in-law, Teresa Franzia. The brothers learned the craft of commercial winemaking by reading old, pre-Prohibition pamphlets published by the University of California which they retrieved from the basement of the Modesto Public Library. Julio was focused on the production of wine, and Ernest on its sale. They had just one tractor, and would run it permanently on 12/12 hour shifts. On the first year of activity, the brothers had produced 177,000 gallons of wine.

In 1957, E & J Gallo launched the fortified cheap white wine Thunderbird. In 1962, E & J Gallo launched the one gallon finger-ringed jug of cheap wine, Red Mountain, later Carlo Rossi Red Mountain, named after a winery above Oakdale that closed during Prohibition. Later, the US market began to move away from cheap wines. Ernest and Julio were the first to introduce brand management and modern merchandising to the wine industry, and led the way in bringing new products to store shelves. They were first in breakthrough quality initiatives such as long-term grower contracts for varietal grapes and grape research programs. They were also first to establish a truly significant foreign sales and marketing force to export California wines overseas. They pioneered wine advertising on television and launched many wine advertising campaigns. (One of these helped to popularize "Hymne", composed and performed by Vangelis, by featuring it as background music in some of its television commercials.) The company's 1960s ads were focused on associating their US-made wines with Europe's fine wine regions. In 1983, for the first time, the company put a vintage date on one of its wines, the 1978 Sonoma Cabernet Sauvignon.

During the 1980s and 1990s, E & J Gallo bought wine labels from Europe and Australia. By 1993, E & J Gallo was the country's largest winery, with a 25% share of the American wine market. Julio Gallo died in a car accident on 2 May 1993. Ernest died in 2007, and his son Joe Gallo took over the company as CEO.

In 2002 E & J Gallo purchased the Louis M. Martini Winery, giving the company its first Napa Valley location. On September 14, 2007, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia announced a partnership with E & J Gallo Winery to produce a brand of wine labelled "Martha Stewart Vintage". In 2011, E & J Gallo sold Hornsby's hard cider to the C&C Group for an undisclosed amount and partnered with Boisset Collection to purchase the Mondavi estate. In 2017, E & J Gallo Winery bought the Napa Valley Stagecoach vineyard.

In April 2019, Constellation Brands Inc. announced a deal to sell wine brands, including Clos du Bois and Mark West, to E & J Gallo Winery for $1.7 billion. The deal was later amended, twice, to exclude sparkling wine brands Cook's California 'Champagne' and J. Roget American 'Champagne' (both retained by Constellation for four years post final agreement), Paul Masson Brandy which was divested to Sazerac Company Inc., Sheffield Cellars and Fairbanks divested to Precept Brands LLC, and its High Color Concentrates division was divested to Vie-Del Company. for an adjusted price agreement of $1.1B, of which $250 million is an earnout if brand performance provisions are met over a two-year period after closing. Agreement was finalized on January 6, 2021, for $810 million.

In 2020, the University of California, Merced was planning on opening its first new school since it launched, the Ernest & Julio Gallo School of Management, a multi-disciplinary school encompassing many different disciplines.

In 2024, more than 90 years after Ernest and Julio founded their namesake E. & J. Gallo Winery, the company has simplified the company name to a single word: GALLO.

Ecological impact
Gallo helped develop and implement the Code of Sustainable Wine Growing Practices, in collaboration with the Wine Institute and the California Association of Winegrape Growers.

The Code promotes sustainable practices which are environmentally sound, economically feasible and socially equitable. It covers virtually every aspect of the wine business including viticulture and grape growing, wine making, purchasing and building and maintaining productive relationships with neighbors and the local communities.

Gallo received ISO 14001 certification from the International Organization for Standardization. The certification was created to globally assist and guide companies to reduce their environmental impact.

In April 2009, the California State Water Resources Control Board served Gallo Glass Co. (a Gallo Winery subsidiary) with a cease and desist order and $73,000 fine for allegedly channeling water from the Russian River into an unlicensed reservoir; however, there are provisions for licensing the reservoir under proper monitoring of flow and capacity.

In March 2015, the California Department of Toxic Substances Control sued the E & J Gallo glass production plant in Modesto for improper storage and treatment of the glass bottles. E & J Gallo would use the dust collected by its air pollution control devices, and introduce it in the components of their glass bottles during production. E & J Gallo argued that this process was standard in the wine industry.

In February 2023, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board ordered E &J Gallo to pay $378,668 in fines for discharging irrigation and waste water into the Merced River, posing a threat to the health of fish and other aquatic life.

Vineyard trials
Viticulturists at Gallo use their vineyard resources to trial new grape variety plantings in California wine regions in an effort to see which varieties grow best in various climates and soil types. One of the varieties that Gallo has been trialing in the San Joaquin Valley is the French wine grape Ederena.

Advertising
Advertising Age noted that "the Gallo experience," during the 1950s, '60s, '70s and 1980s, wore down many an ad agency. Ernest Gallo was listed in the periodical's "The TOUGHEST Clients" series.

Awards
E & J Gallo Winery was named the "Bon Appetit Winery of the Year" in the 1996, 1998, and 2001 San Francisco International Wine Competitions.

Intangible Business, a brand valuation firm, rated Gallo as the world's "Most Powerful Wine Brand" in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009.

Legal disputes
In 1970, David Gallo was considering suing country rock group Boones Farm over the use of the name, Boones Farm.

In 1986, the Gallo brothers sued their younger brother Joseph for selling cheese branded with the Joseph Gallo Farms name. Joseph then counterclaimed, alleging that Ernest and Julio conspired to steal his share of the inheritance from their father. This claim included the winery, where the evidence submitted by Joseph's attorney suggested that it was actually started by their father. Joseph Gallo lost both suits and was forced to change the name of his business to Joseph Farms.

In the 1990s, Gallo Winery made an agreement with Gallo Pasta (a Spanish company) that the latter would not sell their pasta in the United States. Gallo filed a cease-and-desist order in April 2009 against "The Spanish Table", a Seattle-based specialty food retailer, for carrying the pasta despite the previous agreement with the maker.

In February 2010, twelve French winemakers and traders who had supplied wine to Gallo for its Red Bicyclette brand were found guilty in a French court of fraud, as they had claimed an inferior wine sold to Gallo was Pinot noir.

In October 2019, a lawsuit filed in the Eastern District of California claimed Gallo used patented technology without a license to develop their irrigation system.

Labor relations
The United Farm Workers (UFW) began boycotting Gallo in the summer of 1973 after Gallo did not renew their contract and signed with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Led by Cesar Chavez, the UFW alleged that Gallo had worked out a "sweetheart deal" with the teamsters that offered fewer protections and that workers did not agree to teamster representation. An estimated 10,000 workers and supporters of the UFW marched 100 miles over the course of a week to the Gallo winery in Modesto.

Supporters of the boycott nationwide protested the buying and selling of Gallo wines, including student groups at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA who demanded a boycott of Gallo by the university and picketed local stores. The boycott against Gallo was called off by the UFW in 1978 after the union felt it had improved workers' rights of representation in labor disputes.

In October 2009, the California Agricultural Labor Relations Board (CALRB) revoked a 2007 election to eject the United Farm Workers from Gallo Winery, citing interference from Gallo. This was the second time in a decade a vote to remove the union was overturned due to allegations of Gallo illegally trying to influence proceedings; the other was a 2003 ruling in which the CALRB threw out an election citing a foreman improperly requesting signatures for the petition for the vote. Gallo appealed that decision.

In 2023, Gallo laid off 355 of its California workers after a Texas company, Republic National Distributing Co. (RNDC) took control of handling partnerships with chain retailers in California.

Wine brands
In addition to the Gallo Family Vineyards brand, the company makes, markets, and distributes wine under more than 100 other labels. The company also makes the low-end fortified wines Thunderbird and Night Train Express.

 * André is one of the best-selling brands of sparkling wine in the United States. It is available in varietals including Brut, Extra Dry, Cold Duck, Blush, Spumante, strawberry, and peach-flavored California Champagne, among others. André's California Champagne is bulk-fermented.

 * While the United States agreed in 2006 to not approve any new wine labels for US-produced products that include the term "Champagne," André is legally allowed to use the term as a grandfathered label. André's Brut California Champagne has been described as the sparkling wine that many people have noted was their first experience with this variety of wine. One champagne expert said it is "like ginger ale – pale yellow in color, lemony and on the sweet side, with maybe an apple flavor as well and low bubbles".

 * Carlo Rossi is a brand of wine produced by the E & J Gallo Winery. The brand was named after Charles Rossi, at the time a salesman for Gallo and a relation of the Gallo family by marriage. Charlie Rossi starred in TV ads for the brand in the 1970s. Carlo Rossi wines were at one point the second best selling brand in the United States. Carlo Rossi is reflected in popular culture in E-40's single, "Carlos Rossi" and in Lil B's song, "Swag Like Ohio."
 * Boone's Farm was formerly a brand of apple wine produced by the E & J Gallo Winery. Now, flavors are malt-based instead of wine-based due to changes in tax laws. The brand is popular on college campuses due to its low price. Boone's Farm Beverages, served in 750 ml bottles, are often located in the cold box area of convenience stores across the United States. In some U.S. states, such as Utah, some Boone's Farm products are labeled as malt beverages and not as flavored apple/citrus wine products, as some state liquor laws prohibit the sale of wine in grocery and convenience stores.
 * Barefoot Wine, produced by Modesto-based Barefoot Cellars, was purchased by E & J Gallo Winery in 2005. The line offers 17 varietals and blends: Zinfandel, Shiraz, Merlot, Pinot noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, White Zinfandel, Moscato, Pinot grigio, Sauvignon blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Sweet Red, Brut Cuvee Chardonnay sparkling wine, Extra Dry sparkling wine, Pinot Grigio sparkling wine, Moscato Spumante, and Pink Cuvee sparkling wine. In January 2020, Barefoot Wine announced its launch of a line of wine-infused hard seltzer.

A–B
• Agave Loco LLC

• Alamos – distributor

• Allegrini

• Amelia

• Anapamu

• Apothic

• Arbor Mist

• Argiano – Exclusive distribution rights in the US.

• Asti Winery

• Ballatore

• Bartles & Jaymes

• Bear Flag

• Bella Sera

• Bev

• Black Box

• Black Swan

• Blackstone

• Blufeld

• Brancaia – Exclusive distribution rights in the US.

• Bridlewood

C–E
• Camarena Tequilas

• Canandaigua

• Canyon Road

• Capri

• Carnivor

• Chateau Souverain Wines

• Clarendon Hills

• Clos du Bois

• Columbia Winery

• Covey Run

• Cribari Dessert

• Cribari Table

• Cribari Winery

• Cypress Ranch – Vineyard

• Dancing Bull

• Dark Horse

• DaVinci

• Delicia

• Denner

• Department 66

• Diseno

• Dolcea

• Don Fulano

• Don Miguel Gascon

• E. & J. VS Brandy

• E. & J. VSOP Brandy

• E. & J. XO Brandy

• Ecco Domani

• Eden Roc Champagne

• Edgewood Creek Winery

• Edna Valley Vineyards

• Estancia

F–I
• Fairbanks

• Familia Camarena

• Fishers Island Lemonade

• Fleur De Mer

• Franciscan

• Frei Brothers

• Frutézia

• Gallo Family Vineyards Estate

• Gallo Family Vineyards Single Vineyard

• Germain-Robin Brandy

• Ghost Pines

• Gossamer Bay

• Gruppo Montenegro – Exclusive importer rights in the US

• Hahn

• Hearty Burgandy

• Hickenbothom Vineyard

• Hidden Crush

• High Noon Spirits

• Hogue Cellars

• Holly Nog

• Indigo Hills

J–L
• J Vineyards & Winery

• Jayson by Pahlmeyer

• Jermann

• J Vineyards and Winery

• John Barr Scotch Exclusive importer rights in the US.

• Jura Single Malt Scotch Exclusive importer rights in the US.

• La Marca

• La Terre

• Laguna

• Las Rocas

• Ledgewood Creek Winery

• Leftie

• Liberty Creek

• Livingston Cellars

• Locations Wine

• Louis M. Martini Winery

M
• MacMurray Estate Vineyards

• Madria Sangria

• Manischewitz

• Marcellina

• Mark West

• Martĩn Cõdax

• Maso Canali

• Massican

• Matthew Fox Vineyards (since 2004)

• Mattie's Perch [Cancelled/Dead 7/25/2014]

• McWilliam's [No longer with Gallo as of 2015]

• Mia Dolcea

• Milestone

• Mirassou Vineyards

N–R
• New Amsterdam Gin

• New Amsterdam Vodka

• Night Train

• Nobilo

• Northern Sonoma

• Orin Swift Winery

• Pahlmeyer Winery

• Palisades Vineyards – Vineyard only

• Peter Vella

• Pieropan – Exclusive distribution rights in the US.

• Poggio Al Tesora

• Pölka Dot [Abandoned 2007]

• Primal Roots

• Prophecy Wines

• Proverb

• Rancho Real Vineyard – Vineyard only

• Rancho Zabaco

• Ravenswood

• Red Bicyclette

• Redwood Creek

• Red Mountain

• Red Rock Winery

• Renato Ratti – Exclusive distribution rights in the US.

• Rex Goliath

• Ripple

• Rombauer Vineyards

• Root and Vine (for Sprouts in the US)

• Rumchata

• RumHaven

S–T
• Saint Clair Family Estate – Exclusive import rights to the US.

• Sebeka

• Shackleton Scotch

• Simply Naked

• Sleepy Hollow Vineyard – Vineyard

• Snows Lake Vineyard – Vineyard

• Souverain

• Stagecoach Vineyard – Vineyard only

• Starborough

• Storypoint

• Sun Lake Vineyard – Vineyard only

• Sunseeker

• Talbott

• Taylor Country Cellars

• Taylor Dessert

• Taylor NY Table

• Tequila Komos

• The Dalmore Scotch Exclusive importer rights in the US.

• The Naked Grape

• The Ranch Winery

• The Tippy Cow

• Thrive

• Thunderbird

• Tisdale Vineyards

• Toasted Head

• Tornatore

• Tott's

• Turner Road Vintners

• Turning Leaf

• Twin Valley

U–Z
• V.N.O.

• Vella Wines

• Vendange

• Viniq

• Vin Vault

• Whitehaven – Exclusive distribution rights in the US.

• Whyte & Mackay – Exclusive distribution rights in the US

• Wild Horse

• Wild Irish Rose

• Wild Vines

• William Hill Estate

• Winking Owl (for Aldi in the US)

• Wycliff Sparkling

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: E & J Gallo Winery


text:
Talk:Contraction of am not

New article?
Seems to me that "ain't" should have its own article, given that well over half of the uses of "ain't" in Contraction of am not are not, in fact, contractions of "am not", but rather the other contractions of "ain't", such as "is not", "have not", etc. I'd propose leaving the relevant "ain't" stuff here with the "amn't" stuff, and moving the rest to a new Ain't article. Thoughts? Dohn joe (talk) 20:38, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Well of course, that's what we had until the article was moved here. Most of the discussion above relates to the article entitled "ain't". :-)  --Doric Loon (talk) 10:17, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay, that makes sense. But since most of the content of this article doesn't relate to its title, shouldn't there be two articles - one that talks only about contractions of "am not", and one that talks about the various contractions of "ain't"? I'd do it myself, but I understand there are issues with preserving history and so forth when you reuse an old article title. Dohn joe (talk) 01:12, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Split request
See above for reasoning. For now, I'd have the first half of the current article (with differing leads) in both Contraction of am not and Ain't, and then move the rest (Linguistic prescription, Deliberate usage, and Notable examples) to Ain't. Another option would be to move all of the "ain't" sections to Ain't, leaving just a link on Contraction of am not. Again, I'd do it if I knew how to reconcile the history pages. Dohn joe (talk) 04:30, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Done, after consultation. Dohn joe (talk) 23:19, 28 August 2010 (UTC)
 * What consultation? This seems pretty dumb to me to split this material up. -- Evertype·✆ 10:39, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The consultation was just on technically how to do it (which I proceeded to mess up anyhow). As for the move itself, the reasoning was that since ain't is more than a contraction of just am not, Contraction of am not should not be the principal page discussing ain't.

 * Here's the full story: Originally, Amn't and Ain't were separate articles. Earlier this year, after a discussion, Amn't was merged into Ain't. A few months later, Ain't was moved to Contraction of am not, which created the problem I was trying to solve - that ain't is not just a contraction of am not. I left Contraction of am not in its current form because while Contraction of am not and Ain't have a lot of overlapping material, one is not quite a subset of the other. That said, if people think the amn't material ought to be moved to the "Related words" section of Ain't, or something along those lines, that's fine, too.

 * What are your (or anyone's) thoughts? Dohn joe (talk) 17:13, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Ain't and amn't? -- Evertype·✆ 17:48, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I've integrated the amn't material into the Ain't article. My vote would be to leave Ain't as the title; as for this article, should it be kept as it is, moved back to Amn't, or merged officially into Ain't to preserve the Amn't history? Dohn joe (talk) 16:51, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I think the two should be merged into Ain't. -- Evertype·✆ 18:44, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. Amn't and Contraction of am not now redirect to Ain't. Dohn joe (talk) 19:57, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I object to the merging of amn't into ain't. I do not like the implication that amn't is a variation of ain't. Having two articles, on Ain't and Contraction of am not, was a much better solution. SNALWIBMA ( talk - contribs ) 06:15, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not sure what you mean by "variation". You know, there's no pleasing everyone, and in point of fact the information contained in the TWO articles is probably of interest to most people interested in either one. Now, Amn't points to this article, and I'm happy with them being both in the sam article, but I would be willing to move both of them together (not split) to a Ain't and amn't. I will however edit the lead. -- Evertype·✆ 06:48, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I have made it so. One article. I also revised it so that the two terms were handled more evenly. -- Evertype·✆ 07:13, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Hey folks. I made another argument for leaving the title as Ain't over at Ain't and amn't. Take a look and let me know what you think. Dohn joe (talk) 19:58, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Contraction of am not


text: User talk:150.176.190.17

title: User talk:150.176.190.17


text: User talk:84.66.164.131

title: User talk:84.66.164.131


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/World War V

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 21:19, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

World War V

 * Delete article is pure speculation Foodmarket 20:49, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because Wikipedia is not a crystal ball--Halidecyphon 20:46, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Come on, Ragnarok, Mother Nature, or Bill Gates are possiblities to start World War V? This has to be a joke article. --Anonymous Cow 20:51, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It doesn't even deserve a rewrite. I can't verify that it exists - if there is widespread speculation about a world war that brings about the end of the world, it isn't given the specific number V as far as I can tell. What about WWVI, WWVII, WWXLVII? If anyone can argue that it is a popular and notable term, I maychange my vote, but for now, delete. DDerby 20:54, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy, nonsense, recreation of deleted content. —Korath (Talk) 20:57, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Extremely delete. Effectively a list of random names. Eric119 21:17, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for every possible reason. Note though that we do have an article on World War IV, but that seems to be based on actual recorded usage (however tenuous). sjorford →•← 21:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Also note Votes for deletion/World War IV. Uncle G 22:52, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * Delete for all the reasons given above. Pure speculation. Mgm|(talk) 21:35, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete WW-IV is barely legit for an article, as speculation, WW-V is sheer nonsense. BigFatDave 22:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Why not? Stupidly non-enciclopedic.José San Martin 22:56, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if World War IV is war on terrorism then my candidate for WW-V is the horrible war in central africa (Second Congo War) but not this nonsense v8rik
 * Delete. Although I did enjoy the section on 'possible starters of the war.' --bainer 23:48, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for all the reasons given above. Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:49, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Someone's spending entirely too much time on extremist websites. - Lucky 6.9 04:26, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nateji77 04:55, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, speculation. Megan1967 07:17, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Am I right that Albert Einstein tried to predict what weapons they would use in WW4? Something along the lines of "I don't know what they'll use in WW3, but in WW4 they'll use sticks and stones." But if even Einstein would not predict WW5, neither should we. Sjakkalle 07:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Glad we can all agree on some things! --Halidecyphon 09:04, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too vague, speculation. Let's get the next two world wars done with first before we start thinking about No. 5, please. 23skidoo 13:37, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3 and 4 might come all too soon; let's not be eager. Barno 19:25, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Tydaj 23:12, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Non-encyclopedic. Stupid too. K1Bond007 23:40, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:66.44.221.218

title: User talk:66.44.221.218


text:
Fyli

Fyli (Φυλή, ), formerly known as Chasia (Χασιά), is a town and a municipality in the northwestern part of Attica, Greece. It lies in the northeastern corner of the West Attica regional unit, and is a suburb of Athens. The seat of the municipality is the town Ano Liosia. Within bounds of the town is the ancient Athenian fortress of Phyle.

Municipality
The municipality Fyli was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Ano Liosia
 * Fyli
 * Zefyri

The municipality has an area of 109.128 km2, the municipal unit 69.281 km2.

History
A group of Athenian exiles, led by Thrasybulus, seized Phyle in the 404 BC Battle of Phyle. They went on to defeat the Spartan garrison at the Battle of Munichia near Piraeus.

The medieval name Chasia is first attested in 1209 as casale Cassas, as property of the Latin Archbishopric of Athens. The town is mentioned as Haşa in the Seyahatnâme of Evliya Çelebi which he visited in 1668. He mentions that it is and Arvanite village with 100 houses and that 50 houses of the village are tax-exempt because they are tasked to protect the mountain pass.

The village has historically been an Arvanite settlement.

Fyli suffered some damage from the 2007 and the 2023 forest fires.

Geography
Fyli is situated in the southern foothills of the mountains of Parnitha, and northeast of the plain of Eleusis. It is 4 km northeast of Ano Liosia, 8 km northeast of Aspropyrgos and 14 km northwest of Athens city centre. Motorway 6 passes south of the town.

title: Fyli


text:
User talk:Shawn154

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.Matt 20:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shawn154


text:
Shibetsu, Hokkaido (Nemuro)

Shibetsu (標津町) is a town located in Nemuro Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. As of September 2016, it has an estimated population of 5,374, and an area of 624.49 km2.

Shibetsu is located at the northeastern end of Hokkaido, in the heart of Nemuro Subprefecture. It is a coastal town, facing the Sea of Okhotsk and backed by the mountains of the Shiretoko Peninsula. To the northeast of Shibestu lies the town of Rausu, to the northwest is Shari, to the south is Betsukai and to the west is the town of Nakashibetsu.

Population
Although the town's population was 8,051 people in 1965 (Census Data), the amount has continued to decrease to 6,298 people in the year 2000 (Census Data). The effects of depopulation and outflow of young people has left the current population to roughly 5,825 people (Census Data for April 2009).

Shibetsu made international news in 2021 when Vaas Feniks Nokard, a Russian national from Izhevsk, managed to swim 20 kilometres from the disputed Kunashiri Island to the town to seek asylum in Japan. Nokard, who intended to defect from Russia, made the crossing at night and used a compass to aid in his navigation of the Nemuro Strait.

History
Pioneer settlers established Shibetsu during the Meiji period (1868-1912) and it quickly became a thriving fishing and farming town.
 * 1901: Uembetsu Village (now Rausu) splits off.
 * 1923: Shibetsu Village becomes second-class municipality.
 * 1946: Nakashibetsu splits off.
 * 1958: Shibetsu Village becomes Shibetsu Town.

Economy
Salmon, scallop, trout and shellfish farming has been the cornerstone of Shibetsu's livelihood. As of 2009, Shibetsu's fishing industry is estimated to produce 51 billion yen annually (salmon farming making up most of it with 39 billion yen). Shibetsu is also supported by its successful dairy industry with total dairy production annually exceeding 82 billion yen (As of May 2009).

Climate
Shibetsu is known for its cooler summers and icy winters. Unlike the other major islands of Japan, Hokkaido is normally not affected by the June–July rainy season. In comparison, Hokkaido is relatively less humid and has typically warm summer weather, rather than hot.

Transportation
As there is no railway line in or near Shibetsu, residents and tourists rely on airplanes and cars to travel to and from the town. Flights to and from Tokyo to nearby Nakashibetsu Airport take roughly 1 hour 40 minutes. Flights to and from Sapporo take approximately 50-60 mins. Travel to Shibetsu by bus or car from Nakashibetsu Airport takes roughly 20-30 mins. Buses depart from the Nakashibetsu Bus Terminal.

Notable people from Shibetsu

 * Sayuri Osuga, speed skater and cyclist
 * Toshiko Takeya, Japanese Senator
 * Shizuo Shinoda, pioneer of musical roads in Japan

title: Shibetsu, Hokkaido (Nemuro)


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Valeria Richards

Valeria Meghan Richards, originally von Doom, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as the daughter of Mister Fantastic (Reed Richards) and the Invisible Woman (Susan Storm-Richards) and goddaughter of Doctor Victor von Doom. She is the younger sister of Franklin Richards (though because of time travel she has sometimes been older than her brother). Valeria made her first appearance under the code name Marvel Girl and is currently using the name Brainstorm.

Publication history
Valeria von Doom first appeared in Fantastic Four (vol. 3) #50 (February 2002), during writer Chris Claremont and artist Salvador Larroca's run. While Chris Claremont intended to resolve the storyline, he never got the chance, as Rafael Marín and Carlos Pacheco and Jeph Loeb took over Fantastic Four and brought Valeria back into the title, changing the character's origins. In the comics themselves, Roma professed to have cared for the girl, but the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe took the opportunity to tie up some loose ends by claiming that Valeria was actually raised in an alternate future as the daughter of Doctor Doom and Sue Storm.

Fictional character biography
Mr. Fantastic, The Thing and the Human Torch were on the moon of an alternative future when they saw Susan Richards, appearing as the Baroness von Doom, with her children Franklin and Valeria. Valeria von Doom later appeared in the main timeline by suddenly materializing in the Fantastic Four's headquarters, professing to be from the future, as well as being the daughter of Doctor Doom (Victor von Doom) and the Invisible Woman. This was very disturbing to the Fantastic Four, but after an initial period of conflict, the Invisible Woman accepted Valeria into the FF's home and she aided them on several missions.

It was unknown how Doctor Doom and the Invisible Woman would come together in the future, and how Mister Fantastic would be removed from the picture. Things seemed to be coming together when Mister Fantastic became trapped in Doom's armor, and publicly pretended to be the villain, remarrying Sue and making her his baroness shortly after Valeria is sent to Haven, a safe house at the end of the universe, for her own protection, but as events proceeded, Reed was freed from the armor, again calling Valeria's future into question.

She was revealed to be the second, unborn child of Reed and Sue Richards, whom Sue had seemingly miscarried years before, and who had originally been named Valerie Meghan Richards. Under the guidance of Roma, Franklin had used his powers to save the child, taking her from her native reality and sending her "someplace else" where she was raised by another Invisible Woman who had married a now heroic Doctor Doom after the death of her first husband. As the FF went up against the cosmic menace of Abraxas, she was summoned by Roma and fulfilled her purpose by merging her powers with Franklin and reconstituting Galactus to stop Abraxas. In the restructuring of reality that ensued, Valeria regressed to a fetus within Sue's womb once again, on the cusp of being born.

As had occurred during the first time she was born, the cosmic rays that gave the Fantastic Four their superpowers made the delivery of Valeria extremely difficult, and because Mister Fantastic was caught up solving a world-threatening crisis, the Human Torch had no choice but to call upon Victor von Doom for help. Doctor Doom used his vast intelligence and mystical capabilities to successfully deliver the baby.

As the price for his help, Victor insisted that he be allowed to name the child. He did so, naming her Valeria after a woman he had loved in the past, also swearing to her and her parents that anyone who harmed her would face his wrath. Unknown to the Fantastic Four, Victor also planted a spell on Valeria, making her his familiar spirit, as revealed in Mark Waid's Unthinkable story arc, her eventually taking his surname.

Due to the numerous supervillain attacks on the Baxter Building, New York City's Child Protective Services questioned the safety of Franklin and Val. After much reluctance, Reed and Sue decided to relinquish custody of their children. However, an initial condition was that a "dummy" safe-house was to be set up, and a press release to be released stating that the children had already been moved. The decision to actually move Franklin and Valeria was rescinded after the safe-house that they were to be placed in was reduced to a crater (along with everything within a half-mile radius) by an attack within four hours of the press release. It is uncertain exactly which of the FF's enemies carried out the attack or why, although it was hinted that the FF themselves had something to do with it in order to get their children back.

Some years later, Valeria, Franklin, Mister Fantastic, Invisible Woman, and the Future Foundation are confronted by the Griever at the End of All Things. During this time, she has taken up the codename of Brainstorm.

Powers and abilities
Valeria is a normal human being who possesses remarkable intelligence even as a child. As a toddler she was seen to complete a Rubik's Cube with her father saying that she will be playing chess by the time she is two. She has claimed that she is smarter than her father.

As Valeria von Doom, she displayed a level of intelligence and aptitude for invention and technology that surpasses Mister Fantastic and rivals that of Doctor Doom. For instance, she uses a special belt like device she designed that allows her to exhibit the ability of her mother to project force fields, using them for protection or as platforms to stand on and propel through the air. By wrapping the force fields tightly around her body, she could simulate superhuman strength for her punches and invulnerability. The device also allows her to neutralize her brother's powers or "time-dancing", a method she and her adult brother Franklin occasionally used to travel through time. Valeria also used an armored costume that mixed elements of the Fantastic Four's uniform and Doctor Doom's armor. She could summon the armor, apparently through the metallic paint of Doom's mask on her fingernails.

Reborn as Valeria once again, she is currently a toddler. In Fantastic Four (vol. 3) #63 (January 2003), she was tested for superpowers by her father who found her to have no superhuman abilities. In Fantastic Four: The Wedding she is seen solving a Rubik's Cube with her father saying that she will be playing chess by the time she is two. At the age of two, she is already incredibly intelligent, nearly at the level of Reed. She hides her intelligence from her family as she has calculated that at this point, it would cause far too much of a divide between her family. Though Sue would be proud of her it would alienate them, and after 82 months, it would inadvertently drive a wedge between Reed and Franklin. Valeria eventually dropped the ruse, and created a very advanced artificial intelligence-based toy which Reed and Franklin plan to sell to Disney. Reed has said she, at the mere age of three, had already surpassed his intelligence.

In Marvel Knights 4, Johnny Storm travels to an alternate future and is saved from Doombots by a grown-up Valeria. She had a superior version of her mother's invisibility powers, allowing her to shield someone's bio-electric aura, kinetic energy, heat energy, and other evidence of their existence.

In Jonathan Hickman's Secret Wars (2015), Valeria is confirmed as having been Victor von Doom's biological child, she attains the position of his head of science. In the Secret Wars: The Runaways crossover, Valeria is the headmistress of the Victor von Doom Institute for Gifted Youths in Doomstadt. After Victor deposes himself as God-Emperor, Valeria leaves to explore the multiverse with her brother Franklin, Reed and Sue, returning at an older age similar to her original appearance.

Reception

 * In 2021, CBR.com ranked Brainstorm 2nd in their "Marvel: 10 Smartest Female Characters" list.

What If...?
The idea of Susan's child surviving her birth has been previously explored in What If...? (vol. 2) #30 (1991) in two diverging stories.
 * In the first version, the child is born under the name Susan Richards II, but is actually an energy-draining monster who gradually kills the unsuspecting Fantastic Four by consuming their life forces. Only her "brother" Franklin recognizes her dangerous nature, and with the aid of Doctor Doom, who also perishes by Susan's hands, he is finally able to banish the monster into the Negative Zone.
 * In the second version, both Susan Richards and the baby, who is named Mary after her grandmother, survive the childbirth process. As a teenager, Mary begins to manifest tremendous healing powers, and moved by the suffering of the underprivileged and downtrodden in America's society, she becomes a philanthropic political activist and presidential candidate. The U.S. president, in fear of losing his base of power to her, decides to task Henry Peter Gyrich to do away with her during a public rally; but Mary survives the assassination attempt and with her power manages to quell a violent riot instigated by Gyrich. Upon her recovery, she leads the entirety of the American nation into a peaceful revolution which yields the formation of a new government "of the people, by the people, and for the people" and, as Uatu comments, an era of "unprecedented peace".

Marvel Zombies
In the Marvel Zombies prequel "Dead Days", Valeria and Franklin are killed and partially devoured by an infected She-Hulk. A grieving Invisible Woman kills She-Hulk (restrained by the Thing) with a force field in retaliation. The death of the children causes Reed to go insane, and he deliberately infects his teammates. They, in turn, infect him.

Doctor Strange and the Sorcerers Supreme
In a proposed future timeline, Valeria takes up the mantle of Doctor Doom and battles the future Sorcerer Supreme, Billy Kaplan.

Old Woman Laura
In a possible future utopia, Laura Kinney a.k.a. Wolverine is dying of cell degeneration due to a flaw in the original process that cloned her. An adult Dr. Valeria Richards paid her a house call, but determined there was nothing she could do to cure her condition.

Film

 * Valeria is alluded to in the 2022 Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. When the Scarlet Witch attacks the headquarters of the Illuminati, Reed Richards tells her he understands her pain and has children of his own moments before being murdered by her.

Video games

 * In the game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, Valeria is seen sleeping alongside her brother Franklin Richards. She is left in the care of her father Reed Richards when her mother Susan Richards leaves to join the Anti-Registration movement.

Podcasts

 * Valeria Richards appears in the 5th and 6th series of Marvel's Wastelanders, voiced by Rebecca Naomi Jones.

Other

 * Valeria von Doom appears in Episode 72 of Mad, voiced by Rachel Ramras.

title: Valeria Richards


text:
Washington Assessment of Student Learning

The Washington Assessment of Student Learning (WASL) was a standardized educational assessment system given as the primary assessment in the state of Washington from spring 1997 to summer 2009. The WASL was also used as a high school graduation examination beginning in the spring of 2006 and ending in 2009. It has been replaced by the High School Proficiency Exam (HSPE), the Measurements of Students Progress (MSP) for grades 3–8, and later the Smarter Balanced Assessment (SBAC). The WASL assessment consisted of examinations over four subjects (reading, mathematics, science, and writing) with four different types of questions (multiple-choice, short-answer, essay, and problem solving). It was given to students from third through eighth grades and tenth grade. Third and sixth graders were tested in reading and math; fourth and seventh graders in math, reading and writing. Fifth and eighth graders were tested in reading, math and science. The high school assessment, given during a student's tenth grade year, contained all four subjects.

History
In 1993, the state legislature created the Commission on Student Learning and charged in funding.

Controversy
Many parent and teacher groups have protested against the WASL, claiming unreasonable expectations while also disputing the requirement that students with severe learning disabilities must take the test. During the Washington State PTA's 2006 convention the delegates unanimously voted to "oppose any efforts to use a single indicator for making decisions about individual student opportunities such as grade promotion, high school graduation, or entrance into specific educational programs." Instead of a single measure, such as the WASL, Washington State PTA supports multiple measures of student achievement.

Some WASL examinations (including the writing examinations) are graded by human scorers, and the qualifications of these scorers have sometimes been points of contention. WASL examinations were developed and originally graded by practicing teachers, but current test scorers are only required to have a bachelor's degree and minimal test-grading training. The Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI) is currently only supporting the involvement of Washington educators in the scoring of the Writing section of the WASL. OSPI will no longer be supporting teachers in the scoring of Reading, Math and Science. Additionally, inconsistency in human scorers’ evaluations of answers has undermined the legitimacy of some WASL examinations’ results. The belief that human-generated scores may be inconsistent is further perpetuated by the fact that they (the scorers) are only expected to reach a little more than fifty-five percent agreement on a given score.

Due to the inconsistencies in scoring, educators warn that the WASL examinations are not appropriate for determining grade advancement and high school graduation. Despite these warnings, recent legislation in Washington State has designated the WASL examinations for these purposes.

Due to the wide variation in strand performance schools are unable to use WASL results to identify specific content areas needing improvement.

2006 results
About half of tenth graders did not pass the math section of the 2005-2006 WASL. Scores also fell across the board in other grades, leading some to question whether there was a problem with the scoring since this change appeared in many unrelated schools and districts. The president of the Washington Education Association teachers' union pointed to the very high failure rate as being unacceptable, and a reason to drop the WASL requirement for graduation. Superintendent Terry Bergeson responded by saying "It would be a mistake to turn back on the commitment to graduate all students at a high standard."

A September 2006 investigation by the Snohomish County Journal found that the WASL was based on work by Robert Carkhuff, a self-published Washington OSPI contractor. He has had a decades-long professional relationship with key OSPI staff members Terry Bergeson and Shirley McCune. Documents show he was paid more than $1 million to restructure Washington state education around his thinking systems. The investigation concluded that the WASL was designed improperly and that flaws within the test were responsible for the high rate of student failure. Among the problematic components of the test were the structure, phrasing, and content of its math and writing sections. These sections were not designed with a complete understanding of the intellectual abilities and knowledge levels of students. The investigation concluded that the best method to ensure the fulfillment of Terry Bergeson's pledge that all students have the opportunity to earn a diploma was to correct the flaws within the WASL.

High minority failure rates
Compared to the half of most students, nearly three-quarters of the state's African American and Latino students who took the 10th-grade WASL failed at least one of the subjects needed to graduate. Two-thirds of Native Americans were not on track to earning a diploma, and 70 percent of students living in poverty, mostly white and Asian. Although research has shown an achievement gap has always existed between most groups on all standardized tests, state Superintendent Terry Bergeson told the Seattle Times the state "must ensure success of all students," as it is the core belief of standards-based education reform. Bergeson's goal is to make Washington the first state to eliminate the achievement gap found between ethnic and income groups.

Math cancelled, science section delay
On May 8, 2007, Governor Gregoire signed and officially called the delay of the math and science sections of the WASL test. Students in the Class of 2008 will still have to only pass the reading and writing sections. On March 26, 2008, Gregoire effectively tossed out the math section of the 10th-grade WASL, largely due to low pass rates and debate over its long list of problems, to be replaced by math tests at the end of classes.

The math WASL will count as a graduation requirement in 2011 and then be replaced in 2014 by end-of-course exams. The math end-of-course exams will be administered after Algebra and Geometry, and will be taken at the completion of the course. This means that some students may achieve their math graduation requirements prior to even entering high school, which may help ease the stress of taking the WASL for the remaining subjects during their 9th or 10th grade year. However, the WASL has been thrown out. Starting in 2010, students will no longer have to take the WASL.

Washington Classroom-Based Performance Assessment (WCBPA)
In order to address concerns that only math, science, reading and writing will be assessed, classroom based assessments in many fields have been created and piloted by actual students through an OSPI project focused on student voice and authentic assessment.

Arts
In music, 5th graders are asked to sight sing from sheet music. They may use solfege, scale numbers, or fingering without an instrument. Songs must be sung with a steady beat, correct pitch and correct rhythmic value. A 0-point response will result with six or more rhythmic errors or not maintaining a steady beat. Each student will have one minute to study and practice the sight-singing exercise. Then there will be two opportunities to perform while being videotaped. They are also expected to compose on demand a theme using blank staff paper, and perform it on an instrument.

In dance, the state expects that all 5th graders can interpret a piece of visual art by creating and performing an original dance. A jumping jack "X" must be fully extended, a wilted "X" is not acceptable. Ending in a shape must be held for 3 seconds. Dances must perform in bare feet or appropriate dancing shoes. The student has 20 minutes to create and rehearse their dance, and must describe two ideas, images, or feelings and explain why he or she chose the movement or movement phrase.

Fifth graders are also required that they assess their social studies achievements. The students break into five different groups such as tobacco growers and producers. This year's prompt was: Should Representative Smith vote for a bill that does not allow smoking in public places. The different groups try to persuade Smith to go their way. Smith then votes and the group work is completed. In the end, they write up a four or five paragraph persuasive essay whether they like the vote choice. At that point they do not qualify under the groups and it is their own opinion.

Other arts assessments include theatre and visual arts.


text:
User:Agatharcides

I am from.

Not a public account
I am no longer a public account.

title: User:Agatharcides


text:
User:Adjusting

Areas of Interest

 * Languages
 * English
 * Canadian English
 * French
 * Canadian French
 * Acadian French
 * Chiac
 * Swedish
 * Chinese
 * Hanzi
 * Japanese
 * Kanji

 * Linguistics
 * Apple Computer
 * IBD

 * Canada
 * New Brunswick
 * Shediac
 * Ontario
 * Ottawa
 * Quebec
 * Montreal
 * McGill University
 * Sweden
 * Falun
 * Northern California
 * Silicon Valley
 * Cupertino
 * Mountain View

fr:Utilisateur:Adjusting sv:Användare:Adjusting

title: User:Adjusting


text: Category:Brigham Young University

title: Category:Brigham Young University


text:
Lady of Avalon

Lady of Avalon is a 1997 historical fantasy novel by American writers Marion Zimmer Bradley and Diana L. Paxson. It is the sequel to The Forest House and the prequel to The Mists of Avalon.

Plot
The novel is divided into 3 parts.

Part 1
The first part shows the reader Caillean and Gawen (Eilan's son), whom the audience knows from the prequel, The Forest House.

Caillean assumes the role of High Priestess of Avalon and becomes foster mother to Gawen who, though raised as a Druid, receives lessons from the Fairy Queen. The queen, who has a half-mortal daughter, Sianna, arranges with Caillean that Sianna will study at Avalon. As Sianna and Gawen grow, they develop a special bond. At one point Gawen, in the throes of an identity crisis, seeks his Roman grandfather Macellius, who enables him to join the Roman army. Gawen spends several months in training with the Romans. Separated from his unit during his first battle, he makes his way back to Avalon, at one point with supernatural assistance. Shortly after his return, he and Sianna marry in the ritual of Avalon. Gawen is killed the day after their wedding as he tries to protect Avalon from the Christians, who were formerly tolerant of the Druids but now have a fanatical leader, and a Roman patrol sent to find him and bring him back for punishment as a deserter. After Gawen's death and Avalon's discovery by the Roman patrol, Caillean hides Avalon in the mists, making it accessible only to those who have the proper training to penetrate them.

When Caillean grows old, Sianna succeeds her as High Priestess. Her daughter by Gawen succeeds her in turn, making Sianna the matriarch of a line of High Priestesses.

Part 2
The second part tells the audience about High Priestess Dierna. She takes in a new novice named Teleri, a foreign princess who hopes to become a great priestess. When Dierna receives a vision about the new Protector of Britannia, a Roman admiral named Carausius, she forces Teleri into marriage with him. Some years later, Carausius encounters opposition. Teleri leaves him and supports the bid of one of his former officers, Allectus, to become the new High King. Dierna and Carausius have a brief affair. Allectus pursues and wounds Carausius, who tries to reach the safety of Avalon and Dierna but fails, dying of his wounds at the edge of the lake of Avalon. Teleri marries Allectus but shortly afterward, Teleri leaves Allectus and finds her way back to Avalon, where she is reunited with Dierna, completes her training and eventually becomes her successor.

Part 3
This part opens as the High Priestess Ana sends the Druid bard Taliesin to escort her third daughter, Viviane, to Avalon. Viviane had been fostered on a farm, but when she is fourteen years old, her mother recalls her to Avalon to take the place of her two older sisters, who had died. Since Viviane's strong temperament is similar to her mother's, the two often clash. Viviane completes her training as a priestess, but Ana refuses to allow her initiation, forcing Viviane to remain a novice—and a virgin—for much longer than usual. Although Viviane chafes at what she considers to be an unjust restriction, her virgin state enables her to become the first woman in centuries to handle the Holy Grail, which is kept by Taliesin's order of Druids. During this time, Ana has another daughter, Igraine. Finally, Viviane is initiated when she becomes the lover of the British chief Vortimer. When Vortimer dies, Viviane returns to Avalon carrying his child, a daughter who lives only three months. Meanwhile, Ana has become pregnant again, but is too old to give birth safely. She and Viviane forgive each other as they await the birth. Ana dies in childbirth, but the baby, Morgause, survives. Viviane, whose breasts are still producing milk, becomes wet-nurse and foster-mother to her sister.

The end of the book leads to the storyline of The Mists of Avalon.

Release details

 * 1997, USA, Penguin Putnam Inc. ISBN 0-451-45652-1, Pub date June 1998, Paperback

Reception
The novel received a mixed reception, and was less successful than The Mists of Avalon. Publishers Weekly called Lady of Avalon a "splendid" prequel that "combines romance, rich historical detail, magical dazzlements, grand adventure and feminist sentiments into the kind of novel [Bradley's] fans have been yearning for."

title: Lady of Avalon


text:
Talk:Scholar (disambiguation)

will you please put more information about the word scholar in Wikipedia?

Would it be reasonable to set up a redirect for this article to 'Academic'?
The current page doesn't seem to say very much, it might be more useful to simply redirect to "Academic", which references 'scholar' anyway... Thoughts? - Ranglin 02:15, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * agree and will set about it Mayumashu 15:39, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Why do we need an article on scholars separate from the article on academia? This article appears to be purely a dictionary definition and etymology, and hence according to WP:NOT should probably be removed or moved to Wiktionary and redirected to academia. -- Rbellin|Talk 22:43, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Why is this page redirected at all? The conflation of scholarship with academia strikes me as a wholly unjustified procedure. There have been many scholars in history who were not affiliated, or only very loosely affiliated, with academic institutions. Ben Jonson was among the leading classical scholars of his age but had only a tenuous relationship with Oxford University. In the 21st century, one of the most famous and influential of all literary scholars is the late polymath Kenneth Burke, who never held a permanent position in a university and produced much of his work while employed outside the university. I happen to be an academician, but I strongly object to this redirection and suggest that it is incumbent on us to develop a historically informed definition of "scholarship" that recognizes the reality and the possibility that it is sometimes entirely or significantly independent of academic institutions. Finally, I can't help but noticing the irony that wikipedia is a scholarly resource produced by a mixture of professional and amateur scholars, some of whom have little or no academic credentials. By perpetuating the false stereotype that only academicians do scholarship, we are diminishing variety and significance of what constitutes scholarship. It is not the same thing as professionalization.--BenJonson 01:10, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Please remember that Wikipedia is not a dictionary, so the right question to ask about the redirect is not "is scholarship identical with academia?" (obviously not), or whether the words are synonymous, but rather whether someone looking up "scholar" in an encyclopedia would be better served by a completely separate article on this marginally distinguishable topic, or by reading an already well-developed one on academia. Consolidating similar topics is a good idea; there's no need to fragment Wikipedia into a host of overlapping articles. -- Rbellin|Talk 01:43, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for your response, Rbellin. When you say "Wikipedia is not a dictionary," that is my point exactly. Correct me if I am wrong, but is not wikipedia, in fact, an encyclopedia? An Encyclopedia is a historical document, that must reflect the history of the ideas it treats. It is simply not accurate, for the reasons stated above with illustrative examples, to fail to make the distinction between scholarship and academia. This is even more important, it seems to me, for an Encyclopedia than for a dictionary. I refer you, for example, to the 11th Encylopedia Brittanica (24:346), widely believed to be the most authoritative encyclopedia ever produced, and one of only a couple of the early Britannica's to still be regarded as an important reference by 21st century scholars. It contains an entry on scholar, scholarship, in addition to one on "academies." This is because the architects of the volume wished to preserve the traditional distinction for which I am arguing here:

The term 'scholar,' primarily meaning a 'learner', is secondarily applied to one who has thoroughly learnt all that 'the school' can teach him, one who by early training and constant self-culture has attained a certain maturity in precise and accurate knowledge....etc.

Although I appreciate the dialogue, nothing you have said convinces me that it is not entirely appropriate to include a seperate entry on this topic. To reduce the history of scholarship to the academy is to endorse a kind of provincialism that I think Wikipedia should eschew.--71.206.25.146 03:44, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

ThisMunkey (talk) 02:20, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Redirecting it to academia (which it was when I looked at it) doesnt provide any research for the term scholar. It should redirect to scholasticism or the academia category. The page academia does not reference the term scholar or scholasticism and probably isnt suitable for the history of scholasticism without providing the history of many other forms of schooling. The word multiply should not redirect to formulation even though multiplication is a sort of formulation (it redirects to mathematical multiplication).

redirect to Scholarly_method#Scholars
Even though the article now redirects to Scholarly_method#Scholars I have added a template box for Wiktionary for Scholar on Scholarly_method#Scholars —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.112.118.208 (talk) 10:44, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

That is good but if you went to the page for Tyrannosaurus Rex you would find 'kingdom' 'genus' etc. etc. Its one of the best parts on wikipedia. Ive often spent hours going through religion or animals through these links. Anything worthy of inclusion could be tagged like that I think. ThisMunkey (talk) 04:20, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scholar (disambiguation)


text:
The Architects Collaborative

The Architects Collaborative (TAC) was an American architectural firm formed by eight architects that operated between 1945 and 1995 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The founding members were Norman C. Fletcher (1917–2007), Jean B. Fletcher (1915–1965), John C. Harkness (1916–2016), Sarah P. Harkness (1914–2013), Robert S. McMillan (1916–2001), Louis A. McMillen (1916–1998), Benjamin C. Thompson (1918–2002), and Walter Gropius (1883–1969). TAC created many successful projects, and was well respected for its broad range of designs, being considered one of the most notable firms in post-war modernism.

History
Norman Fletcher, Louis McMillen, Robert McMillan, and Ben Thompson first laid the conceptual foundation for what became the Architects Collaborative while they were classmates at Yale University, where they discussed forming "the World Collaborative," which would be an ideal office combining painting, sculpture, and architecture.

Upon graduation, Norman Fletcher worked with John Harkness during the war at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in New York, and later, John Harkness worked with Jean Fletcher for Saarinen and Swanson in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan the firm started by Eliel Saarinen. Jean Fletcher and Sarah Harkness had both studied at the Cambridge School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture.

This group of friends were committed to forming a collaborative practice. To help them navigate the professional world and lend notability to the firm, they sought to add a senior practitioner. John Harkness pitched the idea of joining the Architects' Collaborative to Walter Gropius, who had asked Harkness to teach a master's class at Harvard. Walter Gropius agreed and became the eighth member of the group. Other principals came to include Richard Brooker, Alex Cvijanović, Herbert Gallagher, William Geddis, Roland Kluver, Peter Morton and H. Morse Payne, Jr.

Design philosophy and organization
The idea of "collaboration" was the basis of TAC. As described by McMillen, conforming to the ideal of anonymity helped bind the office together. It was carried out in that an entire group of architects have their input on a project, rather than putting an emphasis on individualism. There would be a "partner-in-charge", who would meet with clients and have the final decision of what goes into the design. Originally, each of the eight partners would hold weekly meetings on a Thursday to discuss their projects and be open to design input and ideas. However, as the firm grew larger there were many more people on a team and it was more difficult to consolidate into one group. Therefore, many other "groups" of architects within the firm were formed and carried out the same original objective. The position of the firm's president would be rotated amongst the senior partners.

Work
TAC's initial work consisted of residential projects, mainly single-family houses. The most notable design was Six Moon Hill in Lexington, Massachusetts, a community dwelling in which several of the houses were the residences of the founding partners, excluding Gropius. Another one of TAC's specialties in this period was school buildings, which included many elementary and secondary public schools throughout Massachusetts and New England. TAC also designed many buildings for universities, among which was the Harvard Graduate Center, a small campus of dormitories and a building devoted to student activities.

King Faisal II had a bidding process for the redesign of the city of Bagdad in order to turn into a busting urban center, the process included many popular postwar architects including Frank Lloyd Wright, Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Josep Lluís Sert, and Alvar Aalto. Gropius, alongside The Architects Collaborative designed and planned the entire campus for the University of Baghdad, from 1958 to 1963. Only a few of Gropius' designs survived into the campus' final iteration, the faculty tower, a few classroom buildings, and the Open Mind monument. The project was met with both financial and political difficulties over several years which hampered a timely completion.

TAC's other work included many corporate, government, and recreational buildings in both the United States and internationally.

In its initial decades, TAC's architecture was mainly in the International Style, early examples of which had been created by Gropius and his colleagues at the Bauhaus and elsewhere. Starting in the 1970s, TAC's style largely shifted from modernism to postmodernism, which was generally coming into favor in the architectural field.

Later years and demise
As the firm's staff increased and the scope of the projects became more complex, and an office in Rome was opened in the 1960s, which oversaw projects primarily in Europe and the Middle East. This was followed by the opening of an office in San Francisco in 1985.

Gropius was a part of TAC until his death in 1969 at age 86. The group continued on, but the firm fell into financial problems in the 1980s. This was largely due to TAC being unable to pay expenses which they owed to various financial institutions and other corporations. Among other things, the firm had been losing money in unbuilt designs, especially in the Middle East. TAC was bankrupt and closed in April 1995. In response, many archives and architectural libraries worked fast to retrieve TAC's drawings and records. The majority of these are now stored in the Rotch Library at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While the innovative process the TAC architects believed so deeply was carried out successfully, it did not become the norm for architectural firms.

Legacy
For the most part TAC functioned as a team rather than on an individual basis, which was considered a unique method of architectural practice, which reflected Gropius' philosophy of working collaboratively with others when he was a Bauhaus instructor in Germany prior to TAC.

title: The Architects Collaborative


text:
User:Talrias/Templates/Box free/farc

  may be removed as a featured article.

Please discuss this proposal, or make contributions to the article to bring it up to featured article quality again.

title: User:Talrias/Templates/Box free/farc


text:
Talk:Palace of Westminster

Lead image
According to recent history, there seems to be a disagreement of which image should be used in the infobox. Initially, @PEPSI697 changed the image and provided a reason in the summary. Following that, @5.70.188.253 reverted the edit, which led to @SShreddies redoing the initial edit, which, from my POV, could be considered the start of an edit war. Subsequently, the latter two users and @OverlordQ engaged in this potential edit war.

The two images involved in this incident are Houses of Parliament in 2022 (cropped).jpg (previous) and Palace of Westminster, July 2024.jpg (new).

To determine which of them is more suitable for the article, I would look at several parameters. First of all, the date: I currently don't see any good reason why a more recent image should automatically be superior to an older one with potentially higher quality, especially regarding structures like the Palace of Westminster, which have not changed in recent years to necessitate a new photo. Secondly, we could examine the previous images used in the infobox. Prior to the 2022 version, Parliament at Sunset.JPG adorned the article for over a whole decade, succeeding Westminster palace.jpg. Apart from the latter, both previous images share the characteristic of not being aerial images and covering the profile view of the buildings. The 2024 image has a lower resolution and less vivid colours than its 2022 equivalent. Therefore, in my opinion, the previous image should be reinstated. However, before proceeding, I would like to reach a consensus rather than just reporting people and further fuelling the edit war. –Tobias (talk) 16:36, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Per response to this, sorry if an edit war between two users happened on a disagreement on which image they like better. Honestly, we can probably all agree on which image we like the most and use it in the info-box. I'll like to call other contributors to see their opinion on which image they like the most and we can use it in the info-box. PEPSI697 (talk) 22:11, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think so too. I would like to emphasise that you did nothing wrong. You just uploaded an image and placed it in the infobox without participating in any edit war whatsoever. Other opinions, especially from editors who are not involved, would be very useful. –Tobias (talk) 22:22, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed. On 10 July 2024, on this diff, that was when I changed the info-box image. Correct, I didn't do anything wrong throughout the time, like not getting engaged in an edit war. Hopefully things go to plan soon. PEPSI697 (talk) 00:59, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palace of Westminster


text:
Talk:Fedor Jeftichew

Condition
What condition applies most to him? Hirsutism or hypertrichosis? -- Rebelstrike 22:20, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I just read the article on hirsutism, and it seems that condition only applies to women, so there is so way he could have it. Meltingwax 21:15, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Place of birth?
This article says he was born in St Petersberg but | this source says he was born in Finland. Which is it? -- Rebelstrike 20:57, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

==Better Picture= I think this here has a better picture. Mathmo 15:28, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but it might not be a public domain pic. íslenska hurikein #12 (samtal) 18:23, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fedor Jeftichew