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Alexandroupolis

Alexandroupolis (Αλεξανδρούπολη, ) or Alexandroupoli is a city in Greece and the capital of the Evros regional unit. It is the largest city in Greek Thrace and the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, with a population of 71,751, and is an important port and commercial center for northeastern Greece.

The city, was first settled by the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century and grew into the fishing village Dedeağaç. In 1873, it became a kaza and one year later was promoted to a sanjak. The city developed into a regional trading center. Later, it became a part of Adrianople Vilayet. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the area was briefly captured by the Russians. Ottoman rule ended with the First Balkan War, when the city was captured by Bulgaria in 1912. In the Second Balkan War, Greece took control of the city. With the Treaty of Bucharest (10 August 1913), the city returned to Bulgaria.

With the defeat of Bulgaria in World War I, the city came under Greek control for the second time. In 1920, the city was renamed to honour the King of Greece, Alexander. With the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, Alexandroupolis became an official part of Greece.

The modern city is near the site of ancient Sale, a colony of Samothrace. Alexandroupolis, as well as the whole area from the Evros Delta to Lake Vistonida and the foothills of Rhodope Mountains, was inhabited by Cicones, a Thracian people with whom, according to mythology, Odysseus and his comrades clashed on their return from Troy.

Alexandroupolis benefits from its position at the centre of land and sea routes connecting Greece with Turkey. Landmarks in Alexandroupolis include the lighthouse in the port, the archaeological sites of the Mesimvria Zone, the city's waterfront (the centre of commercial activity), the Ethnological Museum of Thrace, the thermal springs (Hana) of Traianoupoli, the cave of the Cyclops Polyphemus and the nearby Evros delta.

Alexandroupolis has developed into a strategic port for both Greece and NATO in 2022, complementing the port of Souda in southern Greece.

Name
The modern city of Alexandroupolis was founded as a small fishing village in the early 19th century under the Ottoman Empire, by fishermen from Ainos and the villages of Makri and Maroneia. It became known as Dedeagach (Δεδεαγάτς; Dedeağaç ; Дедеагач ). The name supposedly comes from an old Turkish wise man (Turkish dede) who spent much of his time under the shade of a tree (ağaç) and was eventually buried beside it. From the first days of the city's capture (14 May 1920), the local authorities as well as the Metropolitan, decided to rename the city from Dedeağaç to Neapoli ("new city"), as it was the newest Greek city. In 1920, King Alexander I of Greece visited the city, and the local authorities renamed the city Alexandroupoli ("city of Alexander") in his honor, with the approval of the central government.

From Neolithic Period to the 19th century

Human settlements appear since the Neolithic Period (4500-3000 BC) at the southeast end of Western Thrace. In the Bronze Age (3000-1050 BC) there is no strong evidence of active city participation. During the Early Iron Age (1050-650 BC) the various Thracian tribes appeared and settled in mountainous and, more rarely, in lowland areas. In the Byzantine Period, the region which covers the modern city of Alexandroupolis played a leading role, because the city bordered Constantinople. For this reason the settlement was guarded by powerful military installations. In the following years, up to the 19th century, the city seems to have been deserted and covered by forests and wild trees.

Ottoman era

The modern city was first settled in the 19th century, under the Ottoman Empire. Long used as a landing ground for fishermen from the opposite coast of Samothrace, a hamlet developed in the area during the construction of a railway line connecting Constantinople to the major cities of Macedonia from Pythio. The work was part of an effort to modernise the Empire, and was assigned to engineers from Austria-Hungary. The settlement grew into a fishing village, Dedeağaç.

In 1873 it was made the chief town of a kaza, to which it gave its name, and a kaymakam was appointed to it. In 1884 it was promoted to a sanjak, and the governor became a mutasarrıf. In 1889 the Greek archbishopric of Aenus was transferred to Dedeağaç. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Dedeağaç was part of the Adrianople Vilayet.

Russo-Turkish War
Dedeağaç was captured by the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). Russian forces settled in the village. The officers in charge saw that reconstruction incorporated wide streets running parallel to each other, allowing the quick advance of troops, and avoided cul-de-sacs. This was very unlike the narrow alleys, cobbled streets, and dead-ends that were characteristic of Ottoman cities at the time. The city returned to Ottoman control by the end of the war. The brief Russian presence had a lasting effect on the design of Alexandroupolis' streets.

Balkan Wars
The building of a railway station in Dedeağaç led to the development of the village into a town, and a minor trade centre by the end of the century. The town became the seat of a pasha as the capital of a sanjak. Ottoman control of the town lasted until the Balkan Wars. On 8 November 1912, Dedeağaç and its station was captured by Bulgarian forces with the assistance of the Hellenic Navy. Bulgaria and Greece were allies during the First Balkan War, but opponents in the Second Balkan War. Dedeağaç was captured by Greek forces on 11 July 1913. The Treaty of Bucharest (10 August 1913) determined that Dedeağaç would be returned to Bulgaria along with the rest of Western Thrace.

In September 1913, after the end of the Second Balkan War, about 12,000 Bulgarian refugees took refuge in the outskirts of the city. They were from 17 different villages all over the Western Thrace fleeing ethnic cleansing.

World War I
The defeat of Bulgaria by the Allies in World War I (1914–1918) ensured another change of hands for the town. Western Thrace was withdrawn from Bulgaria under the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly. Alexandroupolis was under temporary management of the Entente led by French General Charpy. In the second half of April 1920 prime ministers of the main allies of the Entente powers (except United States), gave Western Thrace to Greece at the San Remo conference. Bulgaria retained the right of transit to use the port of Dedeagach to transport goods through the Aegean Sea.

The change of guard between French and Greek officials occurred on 14 May 1920, in the city's Post Office. In the interior of the Post Office there is a memorial plaque concerning this event. The city was soon visited by Alexander of Greece. He was the first King of Greece to visit the town which was renamed in his honour.

Greco-Turkish War
Following the defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), the Greek Army under General Theodoros Pangalos retreated from Eastern Thrace to the area of Alexandroupolis. Bulgaria used the opportunity of the Greek defeat to demand that Alexandroupolis either be returned to Bulgarian control or declared a neutral zone under international control. Both demands were rejected by the Greek leadership and found no support in the League of Nations. The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) affirmed the Greek sovereignty of Western Thrace.

World War II
During World War II the Nazis gave Alexandroupolis to their Bulgarian partners. Alexandroupolis was under Bulgarian occupation between May 1941 and 1944. Before the war the city had a Jewish community of 150 members. The city suffered destruction of its Jewish population by Bulgarian forces. In March 1943 the Jews were deported to the Nazi death camps, where they were exterminated. Only 4 Jews survived. The city suffered some damage to buildings and a loss of population during the war.

Alexandroupolis was largely spared the effects of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). Forces of the communist Democratic Army of Greece in and around the town area were small and loosely organized, resulting in the absence of major battles in the area. The return of peace allowed for Alexandroupolis to grow from a town of 16,332 residents in 1951 to a city of 57,812 residents by 2011.

Changes in local governance
Since 1930, Alexandroupolis has been in the Evros regional unit in the administrative region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, in the historical region of Western Thrace. In 2006, the province of Alexandroupolis was abolished. In 2011, the municipality of Alexandroupolis was created by the merger of three former municipalities of Alexandroupolis, Feres and Traianoupoli. The municipality currently has an area of 1,216.954 km2, and is divided into the communities of Aisymi, Avas, Kirki, Makri and Sykorrachi. As of May 2019, the mayor of Alexandroupolis is Ioannis Zampoukis.

Geography

Alexandroupolis is about 14.5 km west of the delta of the Evros, 40 km from the border with Turkey, 346 km from Thessaloniki on the newly constructed Egnatia highway, and 750 km from Athens. Around the city are small fishing villages like Makri and Dikella to the west, and suburban Maistros, Apalos, Antheia, Aristino, Nipsa, Loutra to the east, while north of the city are the Palagia, Avantas, Aissymi, and Kirki. At the 2001 census, the main city had a population of 48,885 and the municipal unit had a population of 52,720. The current metropolitan population is estimated at 70,000 inhabitants, and its area covers the southern portion of the regional unit, running from the Rhodope regional unit to the Evros Delta. Besides Alexandroupolis, its other largest settlements are the villages of Mákri (pop. 820), Ávas (497), Sykorráchi (309), Aisými (289), and Díkella (288).

Climate
Alexandroupolis has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. The lowest temperature ever recorded is -14.0 C on 15 February 1985 while the highest temperature ever recorded is 41.4 C on 18 July 2024.

Transport
Alexandroupolis is accessible by air, rail, road and ferry. It has an international port, the Egnatia road, the airport "Dimokritos" and a railway connection with other cities. There are cycle lanes in the city centre.

Airport
Alexandroupolis is served by Dimokritos International Airport (IATA:AXD) in the suburbs of Apalos, about 6 km from Alexandroupolis city center. There are daily flights to Athens, and several days per week flights to Crete (Heraklion and Sitia). At summer 2024 the direct connection to Larnaca Airport will begin. The airport is connected to the city by highway, taxi services, and scheduled bus services.

Seaport
The port of Alexandroupolis has been used principally by travelers. There are daily services to the islands of Samothrace and Lemnos. Due to its strategic location on NATO's eastern flank, it has important military logistical significance.

Railway
Alexandroupolis has two railway stations: Alexandroupolis dialogi (trading station) and Alexandroupoli or Alexandroupoli Port (for passengers). It is served by trains to Thessaloniki and to Ormenio. There is an extensive network of train and bus replacements services throughout the region of Evros. There were railway connections to Burgas in Bulgaria and to Edirne and Istanbul in Turkey, but those were suspended.

Road transport
Egnatia Odos is the largest main road that passes through Alexandroupolis. It connects the city with Igoumenitsa, Ioannina, Kozani, Grevena, Veria, Thessaloniki, Kavala, Xanthi and Komotini to the west and Kipoi of Evros to the east. There are bus routes of the Evros Bus Service connecting Alexandroupolis with the cities of Komotini, Xanthi, Kavala and Thessaloniki. There are bus routes that connect Alexandroupolis directly with Athens. There is a frequent daily connection with the other regions of Evros (Feres, Soufli, Didymoteicho, Orestiada, etc.).

Urban Transport
The Urban Bus Service of Alexandroupolis operates 15 routes. They connect the centre to the University, the hospital, the Airport and surrounding areas such as: Maistros, Makri (and Agia Paraskevi Beach), Palagia, Loutra, Nipsa, Mesembria, Avas, Amfitriti, Aisymi, Dikella and Apalos. Additional routes connect the centre with five districts: Poimenidi, Altinalmazi Park, Agios Vasileios, Exopolis and End of Avantos Street.

Alexandroupolis University General Hospital (PGNA)
The Hospital of Alexandroupolis was founded in 1939 under the name "Alexandroupolis State Hospital". The hospital was divided into two services, Medicine and Administration. The staff of the hospital at that time was 26 people, i.e. 13 administrative staff, 5 scientific and 8 nursing staff. In 1987 it was co-located with the Department of Medicine of the Democritus University of Thrace. In 2002, the merger of the University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis and the General Hospital of Alexandroupolis was completed in one unit under the name "University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis".

The following subsidiary organizations and services are under its jurisdiction: Medical Center of Soufli, Medical Center of Samothrace (including the Regional Clinics), Technological Education of First Cycle of Nursing (Nursing School). It operates in a building complex with a total area of 93,544 sq.m., within a plot of 200,000 sq.m., the largest hospital ever built in Greece, and covers the needs of the wider region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The total capacity of the hospital is 673 beds.

Alexandroupolis Military Hospital (216 KICHNE)
In 1953, the operation of the 216th Mobile Campaign Surgical Hospital (KICHNE) began under the administration of Dr. Kampakis Vassilios at the Alexander the Great Camp. The mission of the hospital was to provide treatment to officers and hoplites of local units. In 1960 it stopped receiving patients, and became a recruited unit. In April 1962 it was transferred to the current Patsouka Camp, while it was receiving and treating pathology and surgical patients.

Since 1974 the hospital has been treating and examining patients of the 12th Mechanized Infantry Division "Evros". In 1996 it was renamed to the 492 General Military Hospital and has operated under this name until 2011. Since 2011 it has operated as 216 KICHNE.

Television
There are 3 regional television stations operating in Alexandroupolis: Delta TV, Thraki NET (Thrace Television Network), ALFA TV.

Press
Daily active newspapers

 * Eleftheri Thraki (Free Thrace)
 * I Gnomi tis Thrakis (The opinion of Thrace)

Weekly active newspapers

 * Mahitis tou Evrou (Fighter of Evros)
 * Politis tis Thrakis (Citizen of Thrace)
 * Thraki Press (Thrace Press)

Radio
The main Radio Stations broadcasting from Alexandroupolis are:

 * NRG
 * Polis
 * Status Radio
 * Thraki Fm
 * Heat Radio
 * Delta Fm
 * Kanali 5 (Channel 5)
 * Radio Dee Jay
 * Maximum
 * Yparho
 * Radio Elpida
 * Radio Alfa

Sites
Local information in electronic form is done through the pages "e-evros", "Alexpolisonline", "evros24" and "evrosnews".

Culture
Each year, in the summer on the coast avenue of King Alexander, a book exhibition is held. Every two years near the harbor the international trade fair "Alexpo" is organized.

On 14 May each year, the annexation of the city and Thrace to Greece is celebrated by a parade. The city's patron saint is Saint Nikolaos, whose feast is celebrated on 6 December each year.

Wine Festival

Until the 1980s in the city, the Wine Festival was held under the auspices of the Greek National Tourism Organization (EOT). This celebration revived after 25 years, in the summer of 2013 at the initiative of the Municipality of Alexandroupolis and is the city's greatest cultural event. The city's and Evros's regional unit cultural associations offer red and white local wine along with various meats.

Nautical Week
In the summer of 2022, the Municipality of Alexandroupolis revived the "Nautical Week" after many years. This fest takes place in July and includes a number of events and activities, which aim to highlight the seamanship and the special relationship of Alexandroupolis and its people with the sea.

Ecopark "Altinalmazis"
Since May 2017, Alexandroupolis has a new 1400-seat garden theatre in "Ecopark Altinalmazis ", where various cultural events such as theatrical performances and concerts are held. It has an area of 135,597 sq.m. (80 acres) and has a refreshment, walkways, green spaces and kiosks. This park is named after Konstantinos Altinalmazis, Alexandroupolis's longest-serving mayor (1925–29, 1929–33, 1933–37,1937-41).

The Lighthouse of Alexandroupolis
A central attraction and symbol of the city is the Lighthouse (recognized as a cultural heritage monument in 2013) located on the city's promenade (Megalou Alexandrou Street). It was built in 1850 and started operating in 1880, built on the western side of the city's harbor to facilitate the coasting of local sailors who traveled to the area of Hellespont. It is on a cylindrical pedestal and is 27 meters from the average sea level and 18 meters from the ground, making it one of the tallest lighthouses in Greece. It operates with electricity and its distinctive feature is its light beam reaching 24 nautical miles (approximately 44 km) and three white blinks every 15 seconds.

Evros Delta National Park
Just 20 miles from the city, the Evros Delta is one of Europe's most important habitats with 200,000-acre area, which is on the list of protected areas of the International Ramsar Convention (1971) due to the significant and rare species of plants (more than 300 species), fauna (40 species of mammals, 28 species of reptiles and 46 species of fish) and birds(320 species). Part of the Delta has been designated as a Special Protection Area and is proposed as a Site of Community Interest in the Natura 2000 Network.

Ethnological Museum of Thrace
It is housed in a 1899 built neoclassical stone building on 14 May, 63 street, and has been operating since October 2002 to preserve historical memory in the wider geographical area of Thrace. It includes exhibits on the tradition of Thrace and covers the following themes: clothing, music and worship, confectionery, bronze and earthenware, textiles, land cultivation.

Cave of Cyclops
It is located in Makri and is a famous cave of the Cyclops Polyphemus according to local folk tradition. It has traces of use since the Neolithic period (about 4,500 BC) and today the Neolithic settlement, one of the most important in the Balkans, has been discovered.

Mesimbria-Zone
Mesimbria-Zone is an archaeological site 20 km from Alexandroupolis. A number of coins and ruins from an ancient city, probably Zone, have been found here. It was one of the colony-fortresses of Samothrace and flourished in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The main buildings are: the sanctuary of Demeter, the temple of Apollo, the fortification wall, the walled settlement of the Hellenistic years, the cemetery and the Residences. It is noteworthy that a number of amphorae can be seen that were probably used as a waterproofing system.

Thermal springs of Traianoupoli
The thermal springs of Traianoupoli are 14 km away from the city of Alexandroupolis and are of the most famous hot springs in the region, since ancient times. Hana was an Ottoman inn and behind it during the Ottoman Empire there were baths (hamams), today ruins from the 16th century. In 1964, modern facilities for bath therapy and positherapy were rebuilt at the archeological site, which are officially recognized by the Greek state for their healing properties and are considered one of the most important in Greece.

Museums

 * Historical Museum of Alexandroupolis (335, Democracy Avenue)
 * Ethnological Museum of Thrace (63, 14 May street)
 * Archaeological Museum of Alexandroupolis (44, Makris Avenue)
 * Ecclesiastical museum, Alexandroupoli.jpgsiastical Museum of the Holy Metropolis of Alexandroupolis (Mitropoleos Square)
 * Folklore Museum of Cappadocian Association of Alexandroupolis (1, Mitropoulou street)
 * Museum of Folklore and Natural History (8, Thermopylae street, Nea Chili)
 * Museum of Natural History (Platanopathos of Maistros)
 * Museum of Flora and Fauna (Art & Culture Center of the Municipality of Alexandroupolis "Georgios Vizyinos")
 * Museum of Sarakatsani Tradition (Aisymi)

Historic Preserved Buildings of architectural interest

 * Zariphios Pedagogical Academy
 * Kapnomagazo (Tobacco store), now municipal library
 * Old Hospital
 * Democritus University of Thrace Building (Reading room)
 * Port Customs Buildings
 * 1st Primary School
 * 3rd Primary School
 * Building of Missionary Action

Education
Alexandroupolis houses four Departments of the Democritus University of Thrace. These Departments are the following:
 * Department of Medicine
 * Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
 * Department of Primary Level Education
 * Department of Education Sciences in Early Childhood

Some highly specialised medical operations are performed in the new Regional General University Hospital – Research center, currently the largest one in Greece. The Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics is the only one in Greece in this scientific field.

The city has a network of public schools, from nurseries to high schools, under the responsibility of the city council.

Volleyball
The Volleyball team of Ethnikos Alexandroupolis has a long-standing presence in the Greek Volleyleague with a long history in the sport, being the first provincial team to participate in the A1 Volleyball championship (42 years). He has made significant progress in all three home titles (Championship, Cup, League Cup), reaching the final (2014) and 8 times the first 4 teams in ranking, but also in European competitions, reaching two times the quarterfinals of the CEV Challenge Cup in 2015 and 2016. He has also featured great athletes of the Greek and global volleyball such as Marios Giourdas, Theodoros Baev and Andreas Andreadis, while Thanassis Moustakidis, Andrej Kravárik and Nikos Samaras also wore his shirt. He has also won many national championships in the infrastructure departments. In total, she has won 6 Greek U21 championships (1976, 1987, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2023), 2 Greek U18 championships (2008, 2011), 3 Greek U16 championships (2007, 2008, 2009). The headquarters of the team is the closed gym of "Michalis Paraskevopoulos", 1000 seats, located next to the "Fotis Kosmas" athletic stadium.

Other city's Volleyball Teams are:

 * G.S.G. Nike Alexandroupolis: Women's team with 9 participations in Women's Greek Volleyball Championship and best place the 4th (1997–98), that allowed the team to participate in Challenge Cup. Nike has won 2 National Junior championships (1990, 1992) and 1 National Girls Championship (1989).
 * G.E. Alexandroupolis, which has competed in the A2 Men's Volleyball category.
 * Finikas Alexandroupolis, women's volleyball team, which competes in the A2 Women's Volleyball category

Football
The main sporting facilities are situated around the football and athletics stadium Fotis Kosmas. The stadium hosts various football teams, such as:

Basketball
There are two basketball teams in the city: Ethnikos Alexandroupolis and Olympiada Alexandroupolis. Each game between them is a local derby. These two teams compete in the regional basketball championship of East Macedonia and Thrace. Ethnikos Alexandroupolis has celebrated two rises and participations in the Greek C Basket League (1995, 2014), counting equal relegations. The biggest success of the team's academy is the 3rd place in the National Children Basketball Championship in 1983/84.

The U14 Girls' team of Olympiada Alexandroupolis has won three consecutive times the U14 championship of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, in 2020–2021, 2021-2022 and 2022–2023. Also, in 2021-2022 and in 2022-23 qualified to the Greek U14 Girls' Basketball Championship, placing 8th and 7th respectively in Greece in this age category.

Handball-Beach Handball
In beach handball the team of Kyklopes Alexandroupolis has won 5 Greek Men's Beach Handball Championships, 4 of them consecutive (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019), 1 Greek Men's Beach Handball Cup (2022) and 2 Greek Women's Beach Handball Cup (2022, 2024). The women's handball team has 7 participations in the Women's A1 Handball Championship with best place the third in 1994-95 that allowed the team to participate in Challenge Cup next year. Also the men's handball team of Kyklopes participates in the A2 Ethniki Handball. The second team of the city is Asteras Alexandroupolis.

Swimming
In June 2013 was inaugurated the new Municipal Swimming Pool of Alexandroupolis "Dimosthenis Michalentzakis", which is the most modern swimming pool in Greece in terms of technical equipment and one of the most modern in Europe. In this place have been hosted major international events, such as the international synchronized swimming meeting Hellas Beetles Fina Artistic Swimming World Series, in April 2019. It is the headquarters of the swimming clubs: OFTHA and NOA, but also of the polo team of Ethnikos Alexandroupolis. The OFTHA team has held the first place in Thrace for several years and is one of the top clubs in Greece, while many of its athletes have achieved distinctions in national championships. Also, 3 disabled swimmers from Alexandroupolis are members of the National Team and represent Greece at the World Para Swimming Championships and Paralympic Games: Dimosthenis Michalentzakis (Gold Paralympic Medal in 2016 at 100 m. butterfly S9), Dimitrios Karypidis (4th Paralympian in 2021 at 100 m. backstroke S1) and Alexandros Lergios (first participation at the Paralympic Games of Tokyo, 2021).

Track
The track team of Ethnikos Alexandroupolis also has a great tradition as has been in the first 10 teams of the Greek track championship ranking 4 times in men (1953, 1955, 1956, 1958), best place the 4th (1956), and in women (1959, 1989, 1990, 1991), best place also the 4th (1959). It has featured great athletes such as: Hrysopigi Devetzi, Dimosthenis Magginas and Fotis Kosmas. Many athletes of the team have won Panhellenic and Balkan medals in development categories.

Table Tennis
The last 10 years, Ethnikos Alexandroupolis has been consistently among the top 10 teams in Greece according to the Hellenic Table Tennis Federation rating tables. The women's team participates in the Greek Women's First Division (A1), while the men's team participates in the Greek Men's Second Division (A2).

As far as infrastructure teams are concerned, the club was 4 times in the finals of the Panhellenic Junior Children Championship (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019). In 2017 he won the 1st place and was the Greek Champion in this category, while in 2016, 2017, 2019 he won the 2nd place in Greece. In the category of Children, in 2017, 2018 and 2022 the team of Ethnikos Alexandroupolis took the 3rd place in the Panhellenic Table Tennis Championship, while in 2019 was the champion in this category and climbed to the top of Greece. In 2019, Ethnikos Alexandroupolis took the 2nd place in the Panhellenic Table Tennis Championship in the category of Young Women.

Athletes of the club are at the top of the federation's ranking list by winning cups and medals at the Panhellenic Open Championships.

Badminton
Since 2018, the Badminton department of Ethnikos Alexandroupolis has been competing in the A1 Greek Badminton Division, while club's athletes have won medals at the Panhellenic Development Championships.

Rugby
In 2009, the stadium hosted an international rugby match between Greece and Bulgaria; the match was the first time that Greece had played a home match outside of Attica.

Run Greece Alexandroupolis
Since 2014, with the help of the track team of Ethnikos Alexandroupolis, Run Greece Alexandroupolis is held, which continues until today, on the last Sunday of September, co-organized by SEGAS, Municipality of Alexandroupolis and Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. Run Greece includes 800m race for children and races 5 km, 10 km.

Via Egnatia Run
The international race 'Via Egnatia Run' is an action of Evros Regional Unit which started in 2016 and is being held every May. It is a 21.1 km half-marathon on the route of the Ancient Via Egnatia, which once connected Constantinople to Rome, culturally, economically and commercially, passing through the ancient city of Sale (today's Alexandroupolis) and Traianoupoli. There is also a race of 5 km, and two races of 800 meters for disabled people and children. It takes place on the Alexandroupolis-Kipoi National Road and the routes have been certified by the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races (AIMS). The goal is through the sport to get to know the culture and history of this important route.

Thrace Night Run
Every June Thrace Night Run, which has become an institution the recent years and includes 5 and 10 km runs, is held on the coastal avenue of Alexandroupoli since 2021. The organization is undertaken by the sports club "Dromeas of Thrace" with the support of the Alexandroupoli's Municipality and EAS SEGAS of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace.

Twin towns – sister cities

 * 🇧🇬 Burgas, Bulgaria (1997)
 * 🇨🇾 Lakatamia, Cyprus (1993)
 * 🇺🇦 Simferopol, Ukraine (2016)
 * 🇷🇺 Sosnovy Bor, Russia (2011)
 * 🇷🇺 Vyborg (Saint Petersburg), Russia (2016)
 * 🇹🇷 Edirne, Turkey (1997)

Consulate
The city hosts honorary consulate from the following country:

 * 🇷🇺 Russia

Notable people

 * Hrysopiyi Devetzi (1976), Greek athlete, silver Olympic medalist in triple jump (Athens 2004)
 * Fotis Kosmas (1926–1995), Mediterranean and 7th Olympic winner in decathlon
 * Aggeliki Tsiolakoudi (1976), second best Greek Javelin thrower
 * Dimosthenis Magginas (1982), middle-distance and long-distance runner
 * Dimosthenis Michalentzakis (1998), Greek Gold Paralympic champion swimmer in 100 m. butterfly S9 (Rio, 2016) and Bronze Paralympic Medalist in 100 m. freestyle S8 (Tokyo, 2021)
 * Maria Tsaousidou (1991), Greek sailor, world and European champion of the Tornado class
 * Demis Nikolaidis (1973), Greek former international footballer, Euro 2004 champion
 * Marinos Ouzounidis (1968), Greek former international footballer, football coach
 * Sotiris Mavromatis (1966), Greek former international footballer. Champion with PAOK in 1984-85 and finalist with Greek U-21 national team in UEFA Euro U-21 1988.
 * Manolis Siopis (1994), Greek international footballer
 * Savvas Gentsoglou (1990), Greek footballer
 * Stavros Stathakis (1987), Greek footballer
 * Dimitris Komesidis (1988), Greek footballer
 * Athanasios Tsigas (1982), Greek former footballer
 * Marios Giourdas (1973), Greek former international volleyball player
 * Andreas Andreadis (1982), Greek international volleyball player
 * Rafail Koumentakis (1993), Greek international volleyball player
 * Anestis Dalakouras (1993), Greek international volleyball player
 * Paraskevas Tselios (1997), Greek international volleyball player
 * Giorgos Valavanidis (1974), Greek former basketball player, silver medalist with Greece men's national under-16 basketball team in Eurobasket U16 1991, Saporta winner in 1991, Greek champion in 1992 and Korac winner in 1994 with PAOK
 * Nikos Hadjinikolaou (1962), Greek journalist
 * Lefteris Hapsiadis (1953–2023), Greek Lyrics creator and writer
 * Stavento (Michalis Kouinelis) (1979), Greek hip-hop singer
 * Arete Kosmidou (1997), Greek singer
 * Eleni Hatzidou (1980), Greek singer
 * Sofia Kourtidou (1987), Greek singer, actor, songwriter
 * Gregoris Mentzas (1960), Greek management scientist and professor at the National Technical University of Athens
 * Georgios Kandilaptis (1881–1971), Greek scholar, journalist and teacher
 * Konstantinos Malamatinas, founder of retsina Malamatina

Historical population
Alexandroupolis is the 10th largest city in Greece.

title: Alexandroupolis


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User talk:Shafi2all

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Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue station

Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue is a MAX light rail station in Gresham, Oregon. It serves the Blue Line and is the 22nd stop eastbound on the eastside MAX line. The station is at the intersection of SE 197th Avenue and Burnside Street.

The station's namesake, Ruby Junction, was a junction of electric interurban lines located immediately east of this location for many years and the name of an interurban stop. With the abandonment of the interurban lines west along Burnside Street to Montavilla and north to Troutdale, in 1927, it ceased being a junction, but interurban cars running between Portland and Bull Run (later cut back to Gresham) continued to pass through the area until the 1940s, and the location was still referred to as Ruby Junction.

The station serves the Ruby Junction Maintenance and Operations Facility—often the point where MAX operators switch shifts or trains returning to the yards terminate, according to their rollsigns. Construction of that facility, which was also the first construction on TriMet's MAX system, began in March 1982, and the facility opened in mid-1983. It has been expanded several times since then.

The station was located in TriMet fare zone 4 from its opening in 1986 until September 1988, and in zone 3 from then until September 2012, at which time TriMet discontinued all use of zones in its fare structure.

title: Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue station


text:
Talk:Oka (automobile)

Cryptic
Comfortable car, Ochepyatki, 2011 - video shows actually daewoo tico so it shouldnt be here 79.190.159.210 (talk)

title: Talk:Oka (automobile)


text:
Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg

Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg (1 April 1813 – 28 December 1899) was a German mineralogist from Berlin, Prussia.

Life
After an apprenticeship in pharmacy, he studied chemistry and crystallography at the University of Berlin, where his influences were Eilhard Mitscherlich, Heinrich Rose, Christian Samuel Weiss and Gustav Rose. His graduate thesis in 1837 dealt with cyanogen, "De cyanogenii connubiis nonnullis". In 1841 he became a privatdozent at the university, and in 1845 was named an associate professor of inorganic chemistry. From 1850 he taught classes at the Gewerbeakademie, a vocational training academy that was a predecessor of the Technical University of Berlin. In 1874 he became a full professor of chemistry at the university and in 1883 was appointed director of the inorganic chemistry laboratory.

He distinguished himself with research in the fields of mineralogy, crystallography, analytical chemistry and metallurgy. He discovered the reducing action of hypophosphoric and phosphoric acids, and was the first scientist to determine the composition of Schlippe's salt (sodium thioantimonate). In addition, he made significant contributions in research involving isomorphism. He was the first scientist other than Mendeleyev to include his Periodic Table in a book, the fourth edition (1874) of Grundriss der chemie gemäss den neueren Ansichten, published in Berlin.

He described the minerals, magnesioferrite and tachyhydrite. Rammelsbergite, a nickel arsenide mineral, is named after him. He died at Gross Lichterfelde, southwest of Berlin

Published works
Rammelsberg was the author of a series important textbooks, such as: He is also credited with providing translations of technical publications that were written in Italian, French and Swedish.
 * Handwörterbuch des chemischen Teils der Mineralogie (2 volumes, 1841; supplement 1843–53).
 * Lehrbuch der chemischen Metallurgie (1850).
 * Handbuch der Krystallographischen Chemie (1855).
 * Handbuch der Mineralchemie (1860).
 * Handbuch der Krystallographisch-physikalischen Chemie (2 volumes, 1881–82), some of the earlier works being incorporated in later and more comprehensive volumes with different titles.

title: Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg


text:
User talk:D prime

''I deleted the apparently out-dated content on my discussion page to clean it up. If you decide you'd like to bring any of it up again, be assured that I'm not trying to evade the issue and feel free to do so; you can, of course, retrive the old information by going to the page history.'' D prime 20:03, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Your Opinion on Image:Capitalismlogo.svg
Hi!

I have created a SVG version of your original JPG pic, and i want to know what u think of it.

Oren neu dag (talk) 18:51, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Very nice. You're encouraged to use it wherever you like. I don't even ask that you give me credit (as a matter of fact, I didn't; a friend of mine without a Wiki account did) unless someone specifically asks you where you got the original from, in which case please send them to my Wiki account in case they want to talk to me about its origins. D prime (talk) 21:58, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Fountainheadcover.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Fountainheadcover.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:13, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

June 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to the page World War II has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you.  Ic sea tur tles  ★ 02:36, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. TheMile (talk) 02:37, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:D prime


text:
Junk mail

Junk mail may refer to:
 * Advertising mail, the delivery of advertising material to recipients of postal mail
 * E-mail spam, the sending of unsolicited bulk messages by email
 * Junk Mail (film), Norwegian, 1997
 * "The Junk Mail", an episode from the TV series Seinfeld
 * Junk Mail (book), 1995, by Will Self

title: Junk mail


text: Talk:Junk mail

title: Talk:Junk mail


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lacerte

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. – Rich Farmbrough 23:25, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lacerte
Spam & marketing. Smoddy (tgeck) 14:54, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) Vote changed to keep after alteration. I would maintain that my original listing was totally acceptable, as was my complaint about the passing the buck style of voting that pervades VfD. If an article is deleted, a proper article can take its place. I think having a poor seed article is discouraging contributions. Smoddy (tgeck) 21:29, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Lacerte is notable; was an independent company and holds substantial market share in the commercial tax prep market. Article should be improved, obviously - critique that it consists of marketing content is correct. -- Cleduc 17:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you want to do the rewrite? If you do, then write it.  If you don't, don't pass the buck by saying that an article should be here. Smoddy (tgeck) 19:55, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nothing wrong with a vote that says "Keep and tag for cleanup". I make the same vote all the time. Just because the voter personally doesn't know about a topic doesn't mean there shouldn't be an article. This content is better than nothing. Meelar (talk) 20:43, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. I have rewritten the article, with most of the same content but less spammy flavor. Should be slightly more acceptable. Meelar (talk) 20:47, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete based on above comment that it is marketing content. If someone rewrites the article before the VfD deadline and it is an acceptable article, then this vote can be ignored.  Vegaswikian 18:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless it is notable enough that someone will actually bother to rewrite this advert, rather than just saying someone else should. Average Earthman 20:46, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge & redirect to Intuit, Inc.. FreplySpang (talk) 20:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. merge and redirect.  RickK 21:16, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand — If as their home page http://www.lacertesoftware.com/ claims their software has sold 40,000 copies to professional tax preparers, that would seem sufficiently notable. — RJH 00:51, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep now and allow for expansion. Kappa 03:15, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I had an internship with the company, and they are very notable and large enough for an entry. chris hathaway 18:43, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well-done Meelar and thanks Smoddy for nomination of the article so that it can be improved. Capitalistroadster 02:22, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lacerte


text: Talk:Limón

title: Talk:Limón


text:
Talk:Neomugicha incident

Revision as of 17:13, 13 October 2005
...a cryptic thread in a thread on 2ch...

Changed first thread to threat, as i'm sure it was meant to be.

Identification
"...he was identified and arrested...". How exactly was he identified, if using the site is anonymous?
 * IP address? This story needs a link to the thread. There should be an archive out there somewhere.
 * Done. Thanks for the suggestion. Ashibaka tock 00:07, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

i scanned through the japanese article, and i have a few comments. first, i think it is important to stress this whole ordeal happened in 2000, when 2cha was apparently not even remotely as popular as it is today, and the incident probably had some influence on its' popularity. second: the english article states that the readers didn't believe neomugicha's boastings about him planing a hijacking, but this doesn't seem to be the case, according to the japanese wiki. neomugicha used a different nick before, cat-killer, and i'm not sure whether he was supposed to have said anything about a bus hi-jacking under that name (i suppose he must have). he then changed his nick to neomugicha and opened a new topic with only a seemingly meaningless one-liner: the topic was entitled "Saga prefecture, Saga, 17 year old"; and the opening post had nothing but "Hi hi hi hi hi" as the message. there was no way to know from this what he would do afterwards, and it was only a few hours later, when the hi-jacking was in progress, and the hi-jacker was described in the news as a 17-year old from Saga that someone noticed this post. the actual debate on lying in internet discussion forums apparently ensued later, in mass media. (third: neomugicha is apparently a rip-off nick, based on the nick of a somewhat famous 2cha contributor at the time, a guy calling himself mugicha).

i don't want to post this, because i'd probably have to rewrite the entire article...

oh yeah, one more thing - in answer to the question above: neomugicha also published his e-mail adress with the first (and only) post. this would be enough to identify him later. posting any sort of personal data is also highly unusual on 2cha. most of the contributors don't even anter nicks, so a post with a nick AND an e-amail address would be hard to miss. 213.172.254.20 04:12, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Date
Nothing on when it happened? Not even a year? 81.23.48.7 20:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

tag
I have tagged the article since whatever the article proposes in the reference section it's not clear a. what information is in there (inline citations are missing) and b. if this is bigger than a single event. 207.157.121.50 (talk) 19:25, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neomugicha incident


text:
Naturalization of value systems

The naturalization of value systems in the human sciences is the process by which other frameworks were sought to replace spiritual, "other-worldly", religious explanations of nature, life and humanity with respect to fundamental values.

title: Naturalization of value systems


text:
Talk:The End Is Here

Shouldn't The End Is Near be its own article, but actually talk about the pre-Here edition rather that just being this article again?

does anyone know what all the songs are in the medley on the live CD? i can only figure out like half of them.

There's Ten.

 * 1) A Flowery Song
 * 2) Suckerpunch
 * 3) One girl Army
 * 4) My Evil Plan to Save the world
 * 5) Sometimes When We Touch (cover, I dunno who wrote the song)
 * 6) Pre-Ex-Girlfriend
 * 7) Combat Chuck
 * 8) Dandylions
 * 9) Superpowers
 * 10) Cool Enough For You

I think that's the order they're in too. STAREYe 15:59, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The End Is Here


text:
Berwick and Haddington (UK Parliament constituency)

Berwick and Haddington was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918, when it replaced the separate Berwickshire and Haddingtonshire constituencies, until it was renamed Berwick and East Lothian for the 1950 general election. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP), using the first-past-the-post voting system.

The constituency covered the counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian.

Elections in the 1920s

Elections in the 1930s
General Election 1939–40

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
 * Unionist: John McEwen
 * Labour: John Robertson
 * Liberal:


text:
Rockwood/East 188th Avenue station

Rockwood/East 188th Avenue is a MAX light rail station in Gresham, Oregon. It serves the Blue Line and is the 21st stop eastbound on the eastside MAX branch. The station is at the intersection of Southeast 188th Avenue and Burnside Street, within the Rockwood neighborhood. This station is a hub for bus service to Gateway Transit Center and Gresham Transit Center.

Until 2010, this station had staggered side platforms; however, the two platforms are now adjacent, both located to the west of SE 188th Avenue. A new eastbound platform was constructed, and the original westbound platform was rebuilt – with passengers using a temporary wooden platform east of 188th during the construction. The rebuilt station has more modern fixtures, improved security features, and 58-foot high artwork entitled Rockwood Sunrise. It opened in May 2011.

The station was located in TriMet fare zone 4 from its opening in 1986 until September 1988, and in zone 3 from then until September 2012, at which time TriMet discontinued all use of zones in its fare structure.

Bus line connections
The following bus routes serve this station:
 * 20 – Burnside/Stark

title: Rockwood/East 188th Avenue station


text:
Sauromaces I

Sauromaces I (საურმაგ I) was a king (mepe) of Kartli (an ancient Georgian kingdom known as Iberia to the Classical sources) listed as the second king in the traditional royal list of medieval Georgian chronicles. Professor Toumanoff suggest the years 234–159 BC as the period of his reign.

The Life of Kings, written c. 800, identifies Saurmag as the son and successor of Parnavaz, the founder of the Parnavaziani dynasty, and establishes a pattern of succession based upon primogeniture. According to this account, the nobles of the realm united to kill Saurmag. Learning of the plot, Saurmag took refuge in the land of Dzurdzuks (ancestors of modern-day Vainakhs), a country of his mother’s origin. With the Dzurdzuk help, Saurmag quashed a revolt, and went on to create a new class of nobles directly dependent on the crown.

The chronicle also states that Saurmag remained adherent to the pro-Seleucid policy adopted by his father. The contemporary ties with the Iranian world are also emphasized by the name “Saurmag” itself, which is based on a root from Scytho-Sarmatian. Saurmag also reportedly married a daughter of the Iranian official based at Partaw. He is reported to have died without a male heir, and succeeded by his adopted son and son-in-law Mirian. Saurmag is also credited with the introduction of the cult of Ainina and Danina.

title: Sauromaces I


text:
Lists of lord lieutenancies

A lord-lieutenant is the British monarch's personal representative in each lieutenancy area of the United Kingdom. Historically, each lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia. Lord-lieutenant is now an honorary titular position usually awarded to a retired notable person in the county.

England

 * Avon (from 1974 until 1996)
 * Bedfordshire
 * Berkshire
 * Berwick-upon-Tweed (until 1974) – held jointly with Northumberland 1882–1974
 * Bristol (until 1974 and from 1996) – held jointly with Gloucestershire 1882–1974
 * Buckinghamshire
 * Cambridgeshire
 * Canterbury (until 1974) – held jointly with Kent 1872–1974
 * Cheshire
 * Chester (until 1974) – held jointly with Cheshire 1882–1974
 * Cinque Ports (until 1889)
 * City of London – held in Commission, headed by the Lord Mayor
 * Cleveland (from 1974 until 1996)
 * Cornwall
 * Cumberland (until 1974)
 * Cumbria (from 1974)
 * Derbyshire
 * Devon
 * Dorset
 * Durham
 * East Riding of Yorkshire (Restoration until 1974 and from 1996)
 * East Sussex (from 1974)
 * Essex
 * Exeter (until 1974) – held jointly with Devon 1882–1974
 * Gloucestershire
 * Gloucester (until 1974) – held jointly with Gloucestershire 1882–1974
 * Greater London (from 1965)
 * Greater Manchester (from 1974)
 * Hampshire
 * Herefordshire (until 1974 and from 1998)
 * Hereford and Worcester (from 1974 until 1998)
 * Hertfordshire
 * Humberside (from 1974 until 1996)
 * Huntingdon and Peterborough (from 1965 until 1974)
 * Huntingdonshire (until 1965)
 * Isle of Ely (until c. 16th)
 * Isle of Wight (from 1974)
 * Kent
 * Kingston-upon-Hull (until 1974) – held jointly with East Riding of Yorkshire 1882–1974
 * Lancashire
 * Leicestershire
 * Lichfield (until 1974) – held jointly with Staffordshire 1882–1974
 * Lincolnshire
 * Lincoln (until 1974) – held jointly with Lincolnshire 1882–1974
 * County of London (from 1889 until 1965)
 * Merseyside (from 1974)
 * Middlesex (until 1965)
 * Newcastle upon Tyne (until 1974) – held jointly with Northumberland 1882–1974
 * Norfolk
 * Norwich (until 1974) – held jointly with Norfolk 1882–1974
 * Northamptonshire
 * Northumberland
 * Nottinghamshire
 * Nottingham (until 1974) – held jointly with Nottinghamshire 1882–1974
 * North Riding of Yorkshire (Restoration until 1974)
 * North Yorkshire (from 1974)
 * Oxfordshire
 * Poole (until 1974) – held jointly with Dorset 1882–1974
 * Rutland (until 1974 and from 1997)
 * Shropshire
 * Somerset
 * Southampton (until 1974) – held jointly with Hampshire 1882–1974
 * South Yorkshire (from 1974)
 * Staffordshire
 * Suffolk
 * Surrey
 * Sussex (until 1974)
 * Tower Hamlets (until 1889)
 * Tyne and Wear (from 1974)
 * Warwickshire
 * Westmorland (until 1974)
 * West Midlands (from 1974)
 * West Riding of Yorkshire (Restoration until 1974)
 * West Sussex (from 1974)
 * West Yorkshire (from 1974)
 * Wiltshire
 * Worcestershire (until 1974 and from 1998)
 * Worcester (until 1974) – held jointly with Worcestershire 1882–1974
 * Yorkshire (until Restoration)
 * York (until 1974) – held jointly with West Riding of Yorkshire 1882–1974

Scotland

 * Aberdeen (from 1900)
 * Aberdeenshire
 * Angus
 * Argyll and Bute (from 1975)
 * Argyllshire (until 1975)
 * Ayrshire (until 1975)
 * Ayrshire and Arran (from 1975)
 * Banffshire
 * Berwickshire
 * Buteshire (until 1975)
 * Caithness
 * Clackmannanshire
 * Cromarty (until 1890)
 * Dumfries
 * Dunbartonshire
 * Dundee (from 1894)
 * East Lothian (from 1921)
 * Edinburgh (known as the "Lord Lieutenant of the City and County of the City of Edinburgh, and the Liberties thereof" until 1975)
 * Edinburghshire – renamed Midlothian 1921
 * Elginshire – renamed Moray 1928
 * Fife
 * Forfarshire – renamed Angus 1928
 * Glasgow (from 1893)
 * Haddingtonshire – renamed East Lothian 1921
 * Inverness
 * Kincardineshire
 * Kinross-shire (until 1975)
 * Kirkcudbright
 * Lanarkshire
 * Linlithgowshire – renamed West Lothian 1921
 * Midlothian
 * Moray (known as Elgin or Elginshire until 1928)
 * Nairn
 * Orkney (from 1975)
 * Orkney and Shetland (until 1975)
 * Peeblesshire (until 1975)
 * Perth and Kinross (from 1975)
 * Perthshire (until 1975)
 * Renfrewshire
 * Ross and Cromarty (since 1890)
 * Ross-shire (until 1890)
 * Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale (since 1975)
 * Roxburghshire (until 1975)
 * Selkirkshire (until 1975)
 * Shetland (from 1975)
 * Stirling and Falkirk (from 1975)
 * Stirlingshire (until 1975)
 * Sutherland
 * Tweeddale (from 1975)
 * West Lothian (from 1921)
 * Western Isles (from 1975)
 * Wigtown

Wales

 * Anglesey (until 1974)
 * Brecknockshire (until 1974)
 * Caernarvonshire (until 1974)
 * Cardiganshire (until 1974)
 * Carmarthenshire (until 1974)
 * Carmarthen (until 1974) – held jointly with Carmarthenshire 1882–1974
 * Clwyd (from 1974)
 * Denbighshire (until 1974)
 * Dyfed (from 1974)
 * Flintshire (until 1974)
 * Glamorgan (until 1974)
 * Gwent (from 1974)
 * Gwynedd (from 1974)
 * Haverfordwest (until 1974)
 * Merionethshire (until 1974)
 * Mid Glamorgan (from 1974)
 * Monmouthshire (until 1974)
 * Montgomeryshire (until 1974)
 * Pembrokeshire (until 1974)
 * Powys (from 1974)
 * Radnorshire (until 1974)
 * South Glamorgan (from 1974)
 * West Glamorgan (from 1974)

Ireland

 * Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (until 1922)

Northern Ireland

 * Antrim
 * Armagh
 * Belfast (from 1899)
 * Down
 * Fermanagh
 * Londonderry (County)
 * Londonderry (County Borough) Held jointly with County Londonderry 1882–1899
 * Tyrone

rest of Ireland

 * Carlow (until 1922)
 * Cavan (until 1922)
 * Clare (until 1922)
 * Cork (until 1922)
 * Cork (County of the City) – usually held with County Cork (until 1922)
 * Donegal (until 1922)
 * Drogheda (County of the Town) (until 1899) – held jointly with County Louth 1882–1899
 * Dublin (until 1922)
 * Dublin (County of the City) (until 1922)
 * Galway (until 1922)
 * Galway (County of the Town) (until 1899) – held jointly with County Galway 1882–1899
 * Kerry (until 1922)
 * Kildare (until 1922)
 * Kilkenny (until 1922)
 * Kilkenny (County of the City) (until 1899) – jointly with County Kilkenny 1882–1899
 * King's County (until 1922)
 * Leitrim (until 1922)
 * Limerick (until 1922)
 * Limerick (County of the City) (until 1922) – usually held jointly with County Limerick
 * Longford (until 1922)
 * Louth (until 1922)
 * Mayo (until 1922)
 * Meath (until 1922)
 * Monaghan (until 1922)
 * Queen's County (until 1922)
 * Roscommon (until 1922)
 * Sligo (until 1922)
 * Tipperary (until 1922)
 * Waterford (until 1922)
 * Waterford (County of the City) (until 1922) – held jointly with County Waterford 1882–1922
 * Westmeath (until 1922)
 * Wexford (until 1922)
 * Wicklow (until 1922)

title: Lists of lord lieutenancies


text:
Talk:P-type semiconductor

p-type doping p stands for....?
 * Positive, I think, because of the sign of the charge carrier (compare to n-type doping, where the charge carriers are electrons, hence negative.) Chalkdusted 06:52, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

In the second paragraph it says "This type of doping agent is also known as acceptor material...", and then later in the third line of the third paragraph it says, "Such dopants are called acceptors." This seems repetitive to me. Atrytone 20:12, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

I suggest the merger of this article with N-type semiconductors, as they appear to be closely related, and are both a bit short on their own 193.60.83.241 (talk) 14:51, 13 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Disagree with the merger, this is a valid subarticle under Semiconductors, as are N-type, I-type and Acceptor. Also see linked discussion at Talk:N-type semiconductor. Chuckiesdad (talk) 05:30, 27 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Disagree, "N and P type semiconductors" does not seem like a good encyclopedia topic. Pro crast in a tor (talk) 02:02, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * How about merging to "Semiconductor" and put all the theory together in one place? --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:13, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:P-type semiconductor


text:
East 181st Avenue station

East 181st Avenue station is a MAX light rail station in Gresham, Oregon. It serves the Blue Line and is the 20th stop eastbound on the eastside MAX line.

The station is at the intersection of NE/SE 181st Avenue and Burnside Street. This station has staggered side platforms, which sit on either side of the cross street, because the route runs around this station on Burnside Street in the median. Sterling Bank is by the eastbound platform on Burnside and 181st.

A TriMet park-and-ride lot for this station is available just to the east, at 18324 E. Burnside Street.

The station was located in TriMet fare zone 3 from its opening in 1986 until September 2012, at which time TriMet discontinued all use of zones in its fare structure.

Bus line connections
This station is served by the following bus lines: In addition, line 20-Burnside/Stark serves stops at 181st and Stark, about four blocks (or 1,000 feet) to the south of the MAX station.
 * 25-Glisan/Rockwood
 * 87-Airport Way/181st Ave

title: East 181st Avenue station


text:
User:DDOracle

Hello, I am the Oracle. I just made an account. If you want to contact me, you can get my contact information at my website, Greatplay.net. If you don't want to contact me, my website is still cool.

title: User:DDOracle


text:
St Machar's Cathedral

St Machar's Cathedral is a Church of Scotland church in Aberdeen, Scotland, located to the north of the city centre, in the former burgh of Old Aberdeen. Technically, St Machar's is no longer a cathedral but rather a high kirk, as it has not been the seat of a bishop since 1690.

History
St Machar is said to have been a companion of St Columba on his journey to Iona. A fourteenth-century legend tells how God (or St Columba) told Machar to establish a church where a river bends into the shape of a bishop's crosier before flowing into the sea. The River Don bends in this way just below where the cathedral now stands. According to legend, St Machar founded a site of worship in Old Aberdeen in about 580. Machar's church was superseded by a Norman cathedral in 1131, shortly after David I transferred the see from Mortlach to Aberdeen. Almost nothing of that original cathedral survives; a lozenge-decorated base for a capital supporting one of the architraves can be seen in the Charter Room in the present church.

After the execution of William Wallace in 1305, his body was cut up and sent to different corners of the country to warn other dissenters. His left quarter ended up in Aberdeen and is buried in the walls of the cathedral.

At the end of the thirteenth century Bishop Henry Cheyne decided to extend the church, but the work was interrupted by the Scottish Wars of Independence. Cheyne's progress included piers for an extended choir at the transept crossing. These pillars, with decorated capitals of red sandstone, are still visible at the east end of the present church. Though worn by exposure to the elements after the collapse of the cathedral's central tower, these capitals are among the finest stone carvings of their date to survive in Scotland. Bishop Alexander Kininmund II demolished the Norman cathedral in the late 14th century, and began the nave, including the granite columns and the towers at the western end. Bishop Henry Lichtoun completed the nave, the west front and the northern transept, and made a start on the central tower. Bishop Ingram Lindsay completed the roof and the paving stones in the later part of the fifteenth century. Further work was done over the next fifty years by Thomas Spens, William Elphinstone and Gavin Dunbar; Dunbar is responsible for the heraldic ceiling and the two western spires.

The chancel was demolished in 1560 during the Scottish Reformation. The bells and lead from the roof were sent to be sold in Holland, but the ship sank near Girdle Ness. The central tower and spire collapsed in 1688, in a storm, and this destroyed the choir and transepts. The west arch of the crossing was then filled in, and worship carried on in the nave only; the current church consists only of the nave and aisles of the earlier building.

The ruined transepts and crossing are under the care of Historic Environment Scotland, and contain an important group of late medieval bishops' tombs, protected from the weather by modern canopies. The cathedral is chiefly built of outlayer granite. On the unique flat panelled ceiling of the nave (first half of the 16th century) are the heraldic shields of the contemporary kings of Europe, and the chief earls and bishops of Scotland.

The cathedral is an example of a fortified kirk, with twin towers, believed to have been inspired by the central tower of Perth's St John's Kirk, built in the fashion of fourteenth-century tower houses. Their walls have the strength to hold spiral staircases to the upper floors and battlements. The spires which presently crown the towers were added in the 15th century. Bishops Gavin Dunbar and Alexander Galloway built the western towers and installed the heraldic ceiling.

Notable figures buried in the cathedral cemetery include the author J.J. Bell, Robert Brough, Gavin Dunbar, Robert Laws, a missionary to Malawi and William Ogilvie of Pittensear—the ‘rebel professor’.

St Machar's Cathedral has been featured in BBC TV's Songs of Praise.

Ministry
The minister from 2004 to 2011 was the Reverend Dr Alan D. Falconer, who previously worked with the Secretariat of the World Council of Churches in Geneva. In 2011 the Reverend Jane Barron became the first female minister of St Machar's Cathedral. She was formerly minister at St Andrew's Church, Jerusalem and Stobswell Parish Church, Dundee. In 2015 Rev Barry Dunsmore became minister of St Machar's Cathedral.

Notable past ministers include:

 * James Lawson first Presbyterian minister 1569 to 1572 – translated to St Giles in Edinburgh to replace John Knox, Moderator in 1580
 * Alexander Arbuthnot from 1574 to 1596 – also Principal of King's College, Aberdeen, Moderator in 1573 and 1577
 * David Rait 1598 to 1632, Moderator of Synod and Moderator of the Aberdeen General Assembly of 1605
 * Alexander Scrogie 1621 to 1640
 * William Strachan 1640 to 1653
 * John Seaton 1656 to 1662
 * Alexander Scrogie (secundus) 1659 to 1661
 * Alexander Middleton 1661 to 1665 became Principal of King's College, Aberdeen
 * Robert Reynold 1665 to 1670 also Rector of King's College, Aberdeen
 * George Strachan (son of William) 1672 to 1678
 * George Chalmers 1729 to 1745 also Principal of King's College, Aberdeen
 * Patrick Forbes second charge 1816 to 1847, Moderator in 1829

Conservation and restoration
There has been considerable investment in recent years in restoration work and the improvement of the display of historic artefacts at the cathedral. The battlements of the western towers, incomplete for several centuries, have been renewed to their original height and design, greatly improving the appearance of the exterior. Meanwhile, within the building, a number of important stone monuments have been displayed to advantage. These include a possibly 7th–8th-century cross-slab from Seaton (the only surviving evidence from Aberdeen of Christianity at such an early date); a rare 12th century sanctuary cross-head; and several well-preserved late medieval effigies of cathedral clergy, valuable for their detailed representation of contemporary dress. A notable modern addition to the cathedral's artistic treasures is a carved wooden triptych commemorating John Barbour, archdeacon of Aberdeen (d. 1395), author of The Brus.

In 1987, bells from the deconsecrated St Stephen's Church, Ealing were restored by Eayre & Smith and installed in St Machar's. It is now one of the few churches in Scotland to have a set of bells designed for change ringing.

In 2020 the cathedral carried out a £1.85m project to re-slate the roof, clean the heraldic ceiling, and repair some of the stained glass windows.

Stained glass
Scots law and religious convention did not allow the re-introduction of stained glass until 1866. There were no manufacturers or skills, so the earliest windows are of English creation.

The range and quality of stained glass in St Machar's is exceptional.
 * Main west window, by Clayton and Bell 1870 – a set of seven narrow linear windows
 * Main east window, by William Wilson 1953 – flanked by small windows by Daniel Cottier from 1870s
 * North aisle, window 1 – by Marjorie Kemp 1920s – Parable of the Talents
 * North aisle, window 2 – by Marjorie Kemp 1920s – Nativity as memorial to James W. H. Trail
 * North aisle, window 3 – by Margaret Chilton 1920s – Dorcas window
 * North aisle, window 4 – by Margaret Chilton 1920s – Serpent and the Crucifixion
 * North aisle, window 5 – by Margaret Chilton 1920s – memorial to Marshall Gilchrist, organist
 * North aisle, window 7 – by Daniel Cottier 1870s – Memorial to James Jameson and James Auldjo Jameson
 * South aisle, window 1 – by Daniel Cottier 1870s
 * South aisle, window 2 – by Daniel Cottier 1870s – Faith Hope and Charity: A memorial to George Jamesone, John Philip and William Dyce
 * South aisle, window 3 – by Douglas Strachan 1913 – the Bishops Window
 * South aisle, window 4 – by Clayton and Bell 1877 – as a memorial to Robert Smith DD
 * South aisle, window 5 – by Douglas Strachan 1924 – as a war memorial, depicting St Michael and the dragon over Aberdeen Bay
 * South aisle, window 6 – by Douglas Strachan 1908 – the Crombie window

Ceiling
The heraldic ceiling features 48 coats of arms in three rows of sixteen. Among those shown are:
 * Pope Leo X's coat of arms in the centre, followed in order of importance by those of the Scottish archbishops and bishops.
 * the Prior of St Andrews, representing other Church orders.
 * King's College, the westernmost shield.
 * Henry VIII of England, James V of Scotland and multiple instances for the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who was also King of Spain, Aragon, Navarre and Sicily at the time the ceiling was created.
 * St Margaret of Scotland, possibly as a stand-in for Margaret Tudor, James V's mother, whose own arms would have been the marshalled arms of England and Scotland.
 * the arms of Aberdeen and of the families Gordon, Lindsay, Hay and Keith.

The ceiling is set off by a frieze which starts at the north-west corner of the nave and lists the bishops of the see from Nechtan in 1131 to William Gordon at the Reformation in 1560. This is followed by the Scottish monarchs from Máel Coluim II to Mary, Queen of Scots.

Internal burials

 * William Wallace, Bishop of Culter Railway (1422–1440)
 * William de Deyn, Bishop of Aberdeen (1344–1350)
 * John de Rait, Bishop of Aberdeen (1350–1355)
 * Alexander de Kininmund, Bishop of Aberdeen (1355–1380)
 * Henry de Lichton, Bishop of Aberdeen (1422–1440)
 * Gavin Dunbar (Bishop of Aberdeen), 1518/9–32
 * William Stewart (bishop of Aberdeen), 1532–1545
 * William Gordon (bishop), Bishop of Aberdeen (1545–1577)
 * Patrick Forbes, Bishop of Aberdeen (1618–1635)
 * David Mitchel, Bishop of Aberdeen (1662–1663)
 * Patrick Scougal, Bishop of Aberdeen (1664–1682)

External burials

 * Sir Harvey Adamson
 * James Barron (harbour engineer)
 * John Joy Bell author
 * Robert Brough artist
 * Very Rev Prof Peter Colin Campbell
 * James Edward Crombie philanthropist
 * John William Crombie MP
 * George Dickie (botanist)
 * Very Rev Patrick Forbes
 * Sir William Hamilton Fyfe (memorial only)
 * Rev George Garden
 * William Duguid Geddes
 * Very Rev Alexander Gerard
 * James Giles RSA
 * David Gill (astronomer)
 * Prof John Harrower
 * Jessie Seymour Irvine, hymn tune composer
 * Rev Prof William Jack principal of King's College
 * Very Rev John Marshall Lang
 * James Leatham social reformer and author
 * Bishop Henry Leighton
 * William Leslie of Nethermuir (1802–1879) Lord Provost of Aberdeen
 * John Lumsden
 * Hector Munro MacDonald
 * Very Rev Prof Roderick MacLeod (within the east enclosure)
 * Rev Prof Duncan Mearns
 * George Pirie (mathematician)
 * Very Rev William Robinson Pirie
 * Prof Hercules Scott
 * James Augustus Sinclair, 16th Earl of Caithness
 * Prof David Thomson (physicist)
 * Lt General William Montgomerie Thomson (memorial only)
 * Philip Tidyman
 * Prof James W. H. Trail
 * Very Rev Samuel Trail

title: St Machar's Cathedral


text:
Buru (disambiguation)

Buru is an island in Indonesia.

Buru may also refer to:

 * Buru Island or Turnagain Island (Queensland), Australia
 * Buru, Cluj, Romania
 * Buru of Gojoseon
 * Buru people
 * Buru language
 * Hae Buru of Dongbuyeo, king of Bukbuyeo and founder of Dongbuyeo
 * Buru or Ugali, a cornmeal mush
 * Buru (beach soccer) (born 1976), Brazilian beach soccer player
 * Buru (legendary creature), an aquatic animal featured in a foundation myth of the Apatani people

title: Buru (disambiguation)


text:
User:Stanislaw Albinowski

article in Stanislaw Albinowski

safe copy

Stanisław Józef Albinowski (born 20 July 1923 in Lviv - died 25 January 2005 in Warsaw) is a Polish economist, columnist and journalist on economics.

He was born in Lviv, Ukraine at this time belonging to Poland. During World War II he was an enforced labourer in German companies in Nazi ocupied Poland (1940-1943) and Lithuania (Klaipeda, 1944).

In 1960 he graduated in economics from Political Economics Division of Warsaw University (Wydzial Ekonomii Politycznej Uniwersystetu Warszawskiego).

He was a jornalist for many Polish newspapers in years 1952-1980, and jornalist-correspondent in Bonn, Germany (1968-1972).

Governemental expert
Stanislaw Albinowski was also a governemental experts groups working on reports on how to deal with economic crisis in Poland in the 1980s, participating in publications: The report on the economy (Raport o stanie gospodarki) and The programme to overcome the crisis, (Program przezwyciężenia kryzysu) in 1981

Publications: Newspapapers and magazines
For most of his life we has a columnist and journalist for the biggest Polish newspapers and magazines, including:
 * Po Prostu
 * Zycie Warszawy
 * Trybuna Ludu
 * Zycie Gospodarcze
 * Polityka
 * Kultura
 * Zarzadzanie
 * Gazeta Wyborcza
 * Puls Biznesu
 * Prawo i Gospodarka

Publications: Books

 * EWG a rynek światowy, 1965 (EEC and the world market, published in Polish, translated into Ensglish,m French and German)
 * Handel między krajami o różnych ustrojach. Po II wojnie światowej i prognozy do 1980 r., 1968 (Trade between countries with various constitutions. After WWII and forecasts till 1980)
 * Muellerowie na codzień, 1979 (The Muellers in everyday life)
 * Alarm dla gospodarki trwa, 1982 (Alarm for the economy)
 * Nawigatorzy gospodarki i inne polemiki, 1987 (The navigators of the economics and other polomics)
 * Pułapka energetyczna gospodarki polskiej, 1988 (The energetic trap of Polish economy)
 * Bogactwo i nędza narodów, Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, Warszawa 1996 (The wealh and poverty of nations)

Selected Awards

 * 1967, 1974 - Nagroda Klubu Publicystów Międzynarodowych SDP (Award of the International Columnist Club of the Polish Journalists Association)
 * 1974 - Nagroda Prezesa RSW Prasa-Książka-Ruch (Award of the President of the Ruch Prasa-Ksiazka-Ruch /Polish press publishers and distrubutors)
 * 1974 - I Nagroda Klubu Publicystów Ekonomicznych SDP (1st Award of the Economic Columnist Club of the Polish Journalists Association)
 * Krzyż Oficerski OOP
 * Złoty Krzyż Zasługi

Albinowski, Stanisław Albinowski, Stanisław Albinowski, Stanisław Albinowski, Stanisław

Stanis&

title: User:Stanislaw Albinowski


text:
Talk:Aly Michalka

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 01:48, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

That was 2007; surely things have changed with this person, as she's grown up, and taken more "adult" roles.....Bacl-presby (talk) 23:03, 10 November 2010 (UTC)````

Evolution
"She does not believe in evolution.[5]" How is this relevant? How about writing her favourite colour, then, or if she likes horror movies or not? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.61.157.36 (talk) 16:28, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It was obviously important enough for her (and her sis) to be asked about it. It's science, so when you don't accept it as fact for a reason other than a science-based rejection, it's notable. — CIS (talk | stalk) 05:27, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Evolution, I take it this means, Darwininsm? Or, after having seen an episode of her new series Hellcats, which puts her into the role of a very mature adult, in contrast to the Teslo character from Phil....is this rather an evolution of her lifestyle from Evangelical poster girl, and Disney "good girl"...to, comments that seemed to be edited out after I initially posted them?, or perhaps it's just Katy Perry all over again?131.104.139.152 (talk) 23:41, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Teslow, not Teslo. SalmonCat (talk) 02:56, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Height
I don't know why it's relevant anyway, but her height on here (and IMDb) is wrong. They list her as 5' 8", but in February 2006, Aly said she was 5' 6" and AJ said she was 5' 5". Considering Aly is 17 years old and 75%-80% of girls are done growing by age 16 (and even more by age 17), I very much doubt she's going to be taller than this.Stephe1987 01:20, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You are correct. I know Aly. 24.9.231.93 19:07, 31 March 2006 (UTC) (Vmatikov)

 * I just took the height off. We know she is 5' 6", but some people (ignorantly) think she's 5' 8" just because IMDb says so. And their information is gotten by users, so it's wrong much of the time anyway, especially when it comes to heights. I could not believe that someone put Freddie Highmore at 5' 6" last July (and it still does list him as 5' 6"), when he is clearly less than 5', maybe 5' even, but no taller. And since height is not encyclopedic anyway (unless Aly is abnormally tall or short), it shouldn't be on there anyway. Stephe1987 20:58, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I Totally Argee With What You Are Saying But I Dont Think That Peopl Really Care How Tall She Is I mean Does She Care What Height We Are

You're right about how height shouldn't be on the page. I don't get why there are so many articles that have heights on them. -Rosepuff12 21:40, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I saw Aly and AJ on the Regis and Kelly show on 4 July 07, and AJ, Rege, and Kelly were all the same height, but Aly was a whole head taller than them. She must have had a growing spurt. I'd say she is 5'8" or even 5'9".

 * Maybe she was wearing high heels.Johnpacklambert 19:00, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Creationist
I added that she is a creationist, and I actually typed it up myself, but what I typed was from the memory of what I read on the Aly & AJ article, so it's almost identicle. I don't know if anyone thinks it should be worded differently or not. Please go ahead and edit it if you feel it should be, or even just give me a suggestion on how to change it, if you like. Thanks. Jay 21:31, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Category wise is an actor being a Creationist important or not? I'm asking because I remember that category largely being people active in creationism in some way. Does she doing anything for Creationism that's important to it or her?--T. Anthony 16:23, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well she is a Christian, and some other denominations believe in other things besides Creation I think, so it's good to add it.24.64.223.203 07:50, 28 July 2006 (UTC)HappyBoy

 * His point is that, loads of people are creationists. But we don't just add them all, or the cat would be completely filled up to the brim. He was saying that if they aren't active in creationism or are an apologist for it, then there's really no need to add it. Aaрон Кинни  (t) 07:22, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Adding/Re-Writing, Credit to Adrienna (AKA Bethicalyna)
I am the one who added Music Videos, Songs, Trivia, Personal and Notable premiere attendances, alongside the picture of the CD cover for On The Ride and Aly in her Music Video for No One and the Herbie Fully loaded proof picture. She is one of my favorite people to live and or walk this very planet in 1989, and she and I share the same birthday (March 25, 1989). I wish! I am born on August 8, 1989 and I am only an inch taller than her.--User:Bethicalyna

Heritage
I saw clauses indicating she was German added and removed a few times. Why was that? Does anyone have any source for or against that? If not I’m going to throw it back in on the German last name theory.
 * Based on records I have access to, her mother's last name is Begley and her paternal grandmother's was Martin. Based on matches for the last name Michalka, I presume their grandfather could have been anything along the lines of German/Austrian/Polish/Jewish (and the rest of their ancestry, as I implied, is Anglo-American). Don't know which. But there are no reliable sources that detail their heritage anywhere online, as far as I can tell. Mad Jack 08:09, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmmmm…would the previous Germanic claims at least hold for that ¼ and would that justify the notation? Also, just out of curiosity, where did you find the other names?Schrandit 19:11, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ancestry.com has CAlifornia birth records - that's for her mother's maiden name, Begley (they list mother's maiden name). I found a Mark Michalka born in the 1950s who I presume is her father (it's such a rare name, so) - that's where I got "Martin". Do we have any reputable sources that mention German ancestry? All I could find are various trivia sites which copy each other, us, or the fan-submitted IMDB and are not reliable. Mad Jack 19:47, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I suggest we put Jewish and German. Those are probably the strongest affects in her heritage. That's just my suggestion. Thanks. --Sylvia 19:55, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * lol, we can't really put "anything" about her heritage in the article without a source, which I don't think we have. All I could find were various non-reliable sites like the IMDB, etc. Mad Jack 20:28, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * As much as I'd like to put something down, I'm going to go with Jack on this one Schrandit 23:53, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Original reasearch is not acceptable in Wikipedia. If some Reprutable publication explains about her ancestry, you can put it in.  To put that someone who is Christian is of "Jewish Heritage" without anymore evidence than that her last name sounds "Jewish" to you is bad policy and the type of thing that gives wikipedia a bad name.Johnpacklambert 19:04, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
It is done! Please don't let the kiddies mess this one up again, since I'm not actively watching this page myself.... Mad Jack 22:03, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm watching this page regularly now (at least twice a day)... if I can be of any other help let me know. HeathersAngel 04:26, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Ethnicity
I have added Alyson Michalka's ethnicity on Wikipedia. I have read about her heritage on different websites, with one of those websites being the IMDb.

For the people on this talk page talking about her descent, how can "Jewish" be an ancestry? I thought it was a religion.

Acalamari 16:20, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * IMDB is not a reliable source, nor, last time I checked, were any of the other sites that mention her background. As for "Jewish", you had REALLY better check out the Wikipedia article on Jew and discover the wonder of Jewishness being an ethnicity (in fact, our article on "Jew" even includes the category "ethnic groups"). Mad Jack 07:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Removing Ethnicity.
I removed Alyson Michala's ethnicity. I added it, but her ethnicity is currently unproven. Acalamari 20:49, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Semi Protect
I reviewed the history and the vandalism on here is major! Should we sem-protect it? --Shaericell (Userpage|Talk|E-mail|Triplets) 00:04, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The vandalism took place a while ago. I don't think it needs semi-protecting. The Aly & AJ page was protected briefly, but I don't think that even that one will need semi-protecting. Well, not at the moment anyway. Acalamari 02:38, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Someone tried to say Alyson died at the age of 34...in 1956. (Completely impossible, I might add). That edit, fortunately, has since been removed. WAVY 10 13:58, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Justify the separate articles
Explain why each half of a duo who are not notable separate from each other should have separate articles when evrything that's in this individual articles is already in the article for the duo. There should not be three separate articles with the same information in them. Otto4711 23:47, 5 March 2007 (UTC) Aly is a person outside of Aly and AJ. I feel that the issue is the fact that people are only using the same info and need something about Aly specifically:D24.215.64.97 (talk) 20:56, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree that there is similar information in each article, but Alyson Michalka and Amanda Michalka are both notable picture, and in the future, their articles will differ. Acalamari 23:56, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what "both notable picture" means. The simple fact is that as of now the two are not notable as individuals. They are only notable as members of the duo and the information in the individual articles is all but identical to the information in the duo article. If at some point in future they have solo careers or are in any other way notable as individuals, then fine, write separate articles. But separate articles for each girl to list the same discography, filmography and background information is pointless. Otto4711 00:11, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Heh, heh, I actually meant "both notable people." I do agree though that both articles need expansion. I don't think changing them both to redirects is the answer. Acalamari 01:02, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Expand them with what, exactly? What information is there that is pertinent to one and not the other? We are not talking about Sonny and Cher or Donny and Marie here. Look at the articles. All three talk about where they were born, all three talk about how they moved to Seattle with their parents, all three have filmographies and discographies. They do not have solo careers or independent ventures. The likelihood that someone will be looking for information about them as individuals as opposed to as a duo is extremely low. There is no justification for maintaining separate articles. I suspect that your objections are rooted largely in WP:ILIKEIT. Otto4711 01:22, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * This isn't a deletion discussion: you wanted to change both the pages to redirects, and bringing up WP:ILIKEIT here counts as a personal attack. Acalamari 02:47, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh it does not either. A personal attack would be "only a moron would think these two deserve their own pages." Suggesting that your desire to keep the separate pages is based in personal fandom of the subjects doesn't come close to being a personal attack. That's absurd. Otto4711 03:15, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I am not keeping the articles "only because I like them." Yes, I do like Aly & AJ, but that's not the only reason why I want to keep both the articles. Both pages have been in existence for well over a year, which I find weird that you choose now as the time to have both the pages turned into redirects. How about we do this then: let's remove the "dual filmography" section in Aly & AJ and incorporate them into both the articles about the Michalka sisters. The personal filmographies of Alyson Michalka and Amanda Michalka do vary, so we can focus editing there. If it's possible we can also find some information about each of the girls. If we do these two things, we should be able to get differences between all three articles. Anyway, the Amanda Michalka page is different from the Alyson Michalka page, but yes, both do need some work. I don't believe that turning each page into a redirect is the solution here. We also mustn't limit the improvements to us though; we should allow other users to suggest things too, we're not talking about editing a section here: we talking about removing the encyclopedic content of both articles. Acalamari 04:04, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Alyson did have a solo role on Phil of the Future; isn't that notable? *Dan T.* 04:09, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed with Otto. The pages are very similar, and we could always just have an "AJ" and "Aly" section for each until their careers diverge significantly. Zimbardo Cookie Experiment 06:11, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * No merge. Alyson appears to have enough notability acting-wise to justify having her own article, without even taking her musical career into consideration. Merging would only create confusion. --Bongwarrior 04:41, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * No Merge. I have read the debates, and want to re-elucidate the facts, for subsequent discussion.  The noteability based on media productivity would be like this.  Alyson Michalka > ALY and AJ > AJ michalka.  Remember, ALY was a star on the 50-episode Disney show, and is equally-starring as Ricky Ulman (who is also noteable, and he has very little known stuff outside of hollywood).  Alyson has also participated (alone) on several disney special programs (like disney-related charity events, and a half-dozen children/youth benefits)  There was a thorough 4-page magazine article/quasi-interview in one of those teen mags which had a very detailed biography of her and highlighted some of her philanthropic volunteer apperances.  This was not the article, but was one in which she appeared two or three times.  http://www.teenink.com/Top5/Top5Celebs.php  Sentriclecub (talk) 05:01, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Oops just found it. M, Tiger Beat, Bop, Popstar! and QuizFest are the 5 teen mags she has been subject in for 2008 so far, exclusively (AJ was not in the article, and was not talked about more than a couple paragraphs.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sentriclecub (talk • contribs) 05:04, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Notability of Subject
As the notability of the subject is in dispute here, would someone please outline what part of WP:BIO this subject meets? Alan.ca 09:28, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The two girls have been the subject of many news articles, a few of which are listed in the sources on the duo's page. They have a gold record.  They have been the stars of (mostly direct-to-TV) films.  I think as a unit, they're certainly notable under the entertainment category of WP:BIO.  Still think one page will suffice.  Zimbardo Cookie Experiment 15:11, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that the duo passes WP:BIO but the girls individually do not. However, given that I have been falsely accused of vandalism for boldly redirecting the two pages and given that I really don't care enough about this issue to put up with that level of aggravation, I am withdrawing from the discussion following this posting. Otto4711 16:20, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Otto4711, you didn't vandalize at all; I never said you did. All I said in my summaries was that you didn't discuss the change on the talk pages first. I was always taught that major changes should be discussed first. If you thought that I called you a vandal, I'm sorry. You are not a vandal. Acalamari 16:40, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think merging the two is a mistake as they are not one person they are two indviduals! and the articles will change and both aly & aj will do different things Kspeer 00:11, 16 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.157.203.54 (talk)
 * I think merging the two is a mistake as they are not one person they are two indviduals! and the articles will change and both aly & aj will do different things Kspeer 00:11, 16 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.157.203.54 (talk)

Aly & AJ: Monkees fans?
I watched thier recent MTV birthday special, and when they were opening thier presents, clearly displayed front and center was the Monkees' 1967 album HEADQUARTERS...looked like a vynal copy, at that. Anyone know if the girls are big Monkees fans? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.241.158.225 (talk) 19:43, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Being of German descent
On IMDB, it says that both the sisters are of German descent, can someone prove that is right or wrong? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.248.237.217 (talk • contribs)

 * It would need to be stated in a reliable source, which IMDB isn't. So in the absence of a source, we have to assume it isn't right. —C.Fred (talk) 04:32, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Are they really of German descent or maybe more. Can someone please find out more about their herritage? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.248.237.217 (talk) 20:03, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know what their heritage is: all the sources I've seen that have their heritage listed aren't reliable. Acalamari 20:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

I just went on her fan website and it does say that she is of German descent. Her last name is German and its pronounced Mish-AL-ka. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.248.237.217 (talk) 03:43, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Fansites are not reliable. Implying descent base on name is original research and speculation, both not allowed on wiki.--NrDg 04:26, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Although I may not satisfy Wiki's credibility standards, I can state for a fact that the surname "Michalak" is Polish. My last name is Michalak, and that name Michalak roots from my grandfather, my dad's dad, who is born and raised Polish man. (I pronounce my last name Mish-ah-lack.) The one difference between Alyson's last name and my last name is that the "k" and "a" at the end are reversed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kwakkles (talk • contribs) 06:29, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

I personally met these girls. They are sweet, and beautiful inside, and out!!! There surname is Polish, but it does not mean they are fully polish. german etc.. they are mixed, and regard themselves just American. So cut the ethnicity BS out. Who cares what they are they are AMERICAN end of story!!! Thats what they regard themselves ok!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.3.160.55 (talk) 03:38, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I disagree. What they "feel" that they are doesn't change what they are. By you're logic, if I wanted to be one, I could be a Martian. Or anything else from A to Z, or any other made up letter that I want to be. But, clearly, I am not. What I personally want or feel doesn't change reality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.65.230.114 (talk) 03:39, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Your family perhaps be ukrainian, the name Michalka seems ukrainian for mePuszko (talk) 16:37, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

Personal Life
Aly Michalka and Raviv Ullman are still really close friends. They have never dated though. If it was true they dated i would know this since im like one of the biggest Phil of the Future fans. It should not be listed that they dated. That is false. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.42.159.47 (talk) 20:29, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Filmography table
I have reorganized the filmography table as sortable using the guidelines at WikiProject Actors and Filmmakers. Two things I did at the same time: I converted some IMDb links into references; however, IMDb is not usually considered a reliable source - see WP:RS/IMDB. It would be best to replace the IMDb links with actual reliable sources such as magazine or newspaper articles. The other thing I did was remove a couple guest appearances on talk shows. These are not really notable enough to include in a filmography and would quickly clutter up any busy actor's résumé. It looks like a few more can be taken out, too, such as any awards show where she was not a presenter. When adding new lines to the filmography table, please do not use 'rowspan' for any cells because it breaks the sortability. Thanks, and enjoy! Elizium23 (talk) 04:41, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Without prior discussion, an IP editor rearranged the format of the filmography table in this article over my objections. Horizontal format for the wikitext is acceptable and should not be changed over objections without discussion and clear consensus. Anyone object to restoring the status quo ante until the IP justifies the position and achieves a clear consensus? Gimmetoo (talk) 23:22, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

 * While I don't really care whether the table is formatted horizontally or not, you still seem to be sticking with your irrational desire to excise en-dashes from the date ranges. I would prefer that the manual of style be followed and en dashes used where appropriate. In that respect, the anon's edit is an improvement. Elizium23 (talk) 23:58, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I would prefer, if people insist on having sortable tables, that the sorting work. Year ranges which include a dash do not sort correctly for readers using some versions of Safari. An easy fix is to avoid using dashes for year ranges, eg (2002 to 2004 rather than 2002–2004). Is there something in the MOS that forbids using "2002 to 2004"? Gimmetoo (talk) 00:37, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

As explained in a variety of places, recently on this woman's sister's talk page: Talk:Amanda_Michalka, this 'fix' is unwarranted for a dead browser. It is also inappropriate to spread this discussion out to endless pages; disruptive, bad-faith, conduct unbecoming an admin. 125.162.150.88 (talk) 05:04, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * You are making very serious accusations. Please justify or refactor immediately. Thank you. Gimmetoo (talk) 05:05, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * nah; said it on ani, too. DYK... that, in the editbox, your sig looks like "Gimmetool"? 125.162.150.88 (talk) 05:15, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

New Picture
Is there any possibility of getting a new picture for the article? The one on there now is almost four years old, and it would be better if there was a more current picture of Alyson. (Rosepuff12 (talk) 04:58, 10 June 2011 (UTC))

 * Of course there's the possibility. It depends on her making appearances where somebody can take a free picture of her—or somebody having such a picture they're willing to upload. —C.Fred (talk) 18:04, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

What name is she currently using?
How is she styling her surname these days? Michalka? Ringer? Michalka Ringer? Michalka-Ringer? More importantly, what reliable sources do we have for that? —C.Fred (talk) 18:55, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Aly Michalka