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Route from the Varangians to the Greeks

The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks was a medieval trade route that connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Eastern Roman Empire. The route allowed merchants along its length to establish a direct prosperous trade with the Empire, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The majority of the route comprised a long-distance waterway, including the Baltic Sea, several rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, and rivers of the Dnieper river system, with portages on the drainage divides. An alternative route was along the Dniester river with stops on the western shore of Black Sea. These more specific sub-routes are sometimes referred to as the Dnieper trade route and Dniester trade route, respectively.

The route began in Scandinavian trading centers such as Birka, Hedeby, and Gotland, the eastern route crossed the Baltic Sea, entered the Gulf of Finland, and followed the Neva River into Lake Ladoga. Then it followed the Volkhov River upstream past the towns of Staraya Ladoga and Velikiy Novgorod (where it met the Volga trade route and which became a major trade centre), crossed Lake Ilmen, and continued up the Lovat River, the Kunya River and possibly the. From there, a portage led to the and downstream to the Western Dvina River. From the Western Dvina, the ships went upstream along the Kasplya River and were portaged again to the Katynka River (near Katyn), a tributary of the Dnieper. It seems probable that once the route was established, the goods were unloaded onto land transport to cross the portage and reloaded onto other waiting ships on the Dnieper. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major rapids and passed through Kiev. After entering the Black Sea, it followed its west coast to Constantinople.

History
The route from the Varangians to the Greeks was first mentioned in the early 12th-century Primary Chronicle (on page 7, line 2), although it does not describe it in detail.

But its effects were reported much earlier, in the ninth chapter of Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus's book De Administrando Imperio, who noted that the Rhos came down the river Dnieper from Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Liubech, Chernigov, Vyshgorod, gathering in Kiev before sailing further down the Dnieper towards the Black Sea in June. Though "Varangians" has come to mean "Vikings" to many, the term for the Byzantines meant all Scandinavians and their kindred living in what is now Russia.

The route was probably established in the late 8th and early 9th centuries, when Varangian explorers searched for plunder but also for slaves and lucrative goods. The route gained significant importance from the 10th until the first third of the 11th century, concurrently with the Volga trade route and the trade route from the Khazars to the Germans.

According to Constantine VII, the Krivichs and other tribes dependent on Kiev transported hollowed-out sailboats, or monoxyla, which could accommodate thirty to forty people, to places along the rivers. These sailboats were then transported along the Dnieper to Kiev. There they were sold to the Varangians who re-equipped them and loaded them with merchandise.

Routes and places
Places named include Smolensk (Μιλινισκα), Liubech (Τελιουτζα), Chernihiv (Τζερνιγωγα), Vyshhorod (Βουσεγραδε), (Βιτετζεβη), and Kiev (Κια[ο]βα). Some of these cities had alternate names in Old Norse, and Constantine quotes some of them: So Novgorod (Νεμογαρδα) is the same as Hólmgarðr (‘Island Enclosure’) and Nýgarðr (‘New Enclosure’); Kiev is equally called Kœnugarðr (‘Boatyard’) or Σαμβατας, which might derive from Norse Sandbakki-áss (‘Sandbank Ridge’). Though Constantin Zuckerman suggests a more obvious etymology, from the Turkic (Khazar) roots sam and bat (literally, ‘upper fortress’). The runestone N 62 preserves the name Vitaholmr (‘demarcation islet’), which could refer to Vitichev, according to Boris Kleiber. Judith Jesch, however, suggests Vitaholmr may refer either to Witland, a historical region on the east side of the River Vistula, or to Vindau on the coast of Courland.

Dnieper route
On the Dnieper, the Varangians had to portage their ships around seven rapids, where they had to be on guard from Pecheneg nomads. The rapids began below the modern city of Dnipro, where the river turns south, and fell 50 meters in 66 kilometers. Today, the rapids are underwater, due to the construction of the dam of DniproHES, a hydroelectric power station, in 1932.

Below the rapids, they had to pass a narrow rocky spot called the Ford of Vrar (Russian: Krariyskaya crossing), where the Varangians were often attacked by the Pechenegs. The Varangians stopped at St. George Island. Then they equipped their ships with sails in the Dnieper estuary and continued to navigate along the western shore of the Black Sea all the way to Constantinople (Slavic: Tsargrad, Old Norse: Miklagarðr).

Western Black Sea shores
The Varangian boats were used along the rivers and along the Black Sea shores. According to Constantine VII, the navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Sulina (Danube Delta), Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania). There are some remains of the Varangian presence in this area at Murfatlar Cave Complex near Constantia (today Constanţa, Romania). Numerous runic inscriptions, symbols and even a graffiti of a Viking navy are visible on the walls of the rock church from Murfatlar. A rune stone from the Sjonhem cemetery in Gotland dating from the 11th century commemorates a merchant Rodfos who was traveling to Constantinople and was killed north of the Danube by the Blakumenn (Vlachs).

Trade activities
The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was connected to other waterways of Eastern Europe, such as the Pripyat-Bug waterway leading to Western Europe, and the Volga trade route, which went down the Volga waterway to the Caspian Sea. Another offshoot was along the Dnieper and the Usyazh-Buk River towards Lukoml and Polotsk.

The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was used to transport different kinds of merchandise. Wine, spices, jewelry, glass, expensive fabrics, icons, and books came from the Byzantine Empire. Volhyn traded spinning wheels and other items. Certain kinds of weapons and handicrafts came from Scandinavia. Northern Rus' offered timber, fur, honey, and wax, while the Baltic tribes traded amber.

In the second half of the eleventh century, the Crusades opened more lucrative routes from Europe to the Orient through the Crusader states of the Middle East. By that time, Rus' had strengthened its commercial ties with Western Europe, and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks gradually lost its significance. For a related military route, see Muravsky Trail.

In popular culture

 * A large part of the best-selling Swedish historical novel The Long Ships (original Swedish Röde Orm) by Frans Gunnar Bengtsson describes the adventures of a Swedish ship crew (with a pilot from Gotland) taking this route in the late 10th century.
 * Rosemary Sutcliff's 1976 novel Blood Feud takes place during the 10th-century, and depicts a half-Saxon orphan who joins a Viking crew and takes this route, joining the Varangian Guard and ultimately settling in Constantinople.
 * The second book of Henry Treece's Viking Trilogy, The Road to Miklagard, published in the late 1950s describes a Viking voyage through the Mediterranean to Constantinople, where the main characters are taken as slaves and later become members of the Varangian Guards. They eventually make their way back to their home village via the trade route.
 * In Stephen R. Lawhead's novel Byzantium, the main character, a 9th-century Irish monk, is taken by Viking raiders from Scandia to Constantinople via this route.
 * In the comic strip Prince Valiant, pages 932 (19 Dec 1954) to 988 (15 Jan 1956), the eponymous main character and company travel on two Viking longships from Constantinople to Scandia via this route, during which they encounter Patzinaks and Polotjans.
 * Two music albums coincidentally released in 2007 deal with fictional journeys down the trade route, heavy metal band Rebellion's Miklagard — The History of the Vikings Volume 2 and Finnish folk metal band Turisas' The Varangian Way. Turisas' songs feature Scandinavian names (Jarisleif in "In the Court of Jarisleif" for Grand Prince Yaroslav) and Old Norse exonyms for toponyms (such as Holmgard in "To Holmgard and Beyond" for Veliky Novgorod, and Miklagard in "Miklagard Overture" for Constantinople) connected to Kievan Rus'. According to Bosselmann (2018) and DiGioia (2020), Scandinavian names are used by Turisas 'as a way to convey the historical context of the songs' subject matter', namely 'the stories of the Scandinavian pre-Christian populations and their travels eastwards along the way known as the Way of the Varangians to the Greek to Constantinople'.

 * Michael Crichton's fictional work Eaters of the Dead uses the framework of this trade route, in the book's first portion, to explicate a journey from the Middle East all the way to Scandinavia. This book was the basis for the film The 13th Warrior.

title: Route from the Varangians to the Greeks


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Talk:Faraday (charge)

redirect?
Searching for "Faraday" should take the user to Michael Faraday. A faraday is a nondescript unit that no one uses any more, much less important than the physicist after whom it is named. --141.154.55.199 11:17, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Redirected, page renamed "Faraday (unit)". --Saaska (talk) 12:03, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Correct conversion to coulombs?
What is the correct conversion factor from faradays to coulombs? Faraday says 96485.3415, but conversion of units says 96485.3383. Is either one of these an "accepted" conversion value? (message posted to Talk:Faraday and Talk:Conversion of units.) --bdesham 13:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merged and redirected
I merged this page and changed it to redirect to Faraday constant. | Loadmaster (talk) 19:56, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Faraday (charge)


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Talk:Positional notation

next guy's comment
I think it's odd that the issue of fractional numbers is addressed in the section on base-60 but not in base-10. MFH 13:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)== Fractional numbers ==

Reorganize numeral system stuff
Also, there is really an important job to do consisting in clearly reorganizing all about base-p, decimal, p-adic, notation vs numbering vs numeral system: so many things are said about the same thing more or less correctly and more or less contradictionally in so many different places. MFH 13:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Synonym
I added "place-value notation", a term commonly used in U.S. schools, as a synonym for this type of notation. Based on the description I believe this is accurate, but please someone double-check me. Thanks. Deco 01:58, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Non-standard positional numeral systems
I have addressed certain issues by creating the article Non-standard positional numeral systems, and making related changes to Unary numeral system, Golden ratio base, Quater-imaginary base, Positional notation, Base (mathematics), and Category:Positional numeral systems. Perhaps the reference to the new article in the present article should be in the introduction, as some sort of disambiguation, rather than in the See also section. Apart from that, I suggest further discussion of these issues takes place at talk:Non-standard positional numeral systems.--Niels Ø 14:35, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

There's a simpler notation for balanced ternary. Because the only non-zero magnitude is 1, it's simpler, typographically, to simply use + and -, i.e., just the signs, for the non-zero digits. Nikevich 01:19, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

Mathematical implications
I removed the following paragraph:

''The real value of positional notation turned out to be its ability to invite the further study of numbers. Integers, rational numbers, and place-holders (e.g. zero) were long known about, but irrational numbers, infinity, transfinite numbers, and imaginary numbers were all concepts that could only be discovered once the idea of a continuous number line was implied by positional notation. ''

The concept of infinity and the invention of transfinite numbers are not related to the representation of numbers as points on a line, but is a purely set theoretic idea. Irrational numbers were found as solutions of geometric problems that had no corresponding numeral (rational) representation, long before positional systems came into use (or at least independent thereof).

Hylas 08:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I, too, found that paragraph somewhat misleading. On the other hand, the notion of the real number line is an important one, and I think it is far more easily grasped if you have a mental concept of number tied to positional notation. Can this be said in the article in a way that is not misleading?--Niels Ø 11:57, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I added links to the corresponding mathematical ideas. Sadly there is little details provided about the construction. Both articles deal only with the decimal system. Hylas 17:21, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

How is additive system easier for arithmetic?
aside: romans did not commonly use the preceding lower order symbol for substraction. I reckon it would have been more like this: (plus signs aren't needed now that order means nothing) IIII XII = XIIIIII = X IIIII I = X V I = XVI combine, re order, re group sometimes the process would have to be repeated -- I retract the earlier complain about the second paragraph being confused, but I still find it confusing. The problem is that it says additive systems are better for arithmetic, but this doesn't seem right at all. Could this be explained? How does positional notation require memorization of tables? Does this mean multiplication tables? Perhaps this matter should be moved out of the article lead. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.55.70.103 (talk • contribs)

 * I have serious doubts about that statement too. Roman numerals required the memorization of doubling tables (and possibly other multiplication tables) by everyone taking mathematics in school during the first millennium. Without such memorization the student was not considered competent. Positional notation also requires memorization of multiplication tables. Only when a machine is used (like the abacus) are such tables not needed. — Joe Kress 17:17, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

For simple addition and subtraction, the Roman numeral system is basically abacus-like; so for instance

IV + XII = V + XI = VI + X  = XVI

This isn't the actual computation someone would perform, but rather an attempt to replicate the abstract process the user of Roman numerals might engage in to perform an addition. For basic monetary transactions, it is slightly faster.

Positional Notation for Base-1
The article linked in the upper right box convers bijective numeration only. There does not appear to be a entry for base-1 positional notation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.46.86.34 (talk) 19:33, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * See also Non-standard positional numeral systems (which confusingly says that unary is such a system despite the fact—also stated—that it's obviously not a positional system) and Talk:Unary numeral system, especially the Non-standard positional numeral systems section. I had forgotten all about this mess, but my viewpoint is the same as yours: there is nothing positional about the unary system. (The reason that true base-1 positional notation doesn't have an article is of course that it would be completely useless, not being capable of denoting a single non-zero number). — JAO • T • C 19:50, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't see how unary isn't a positional system. You could view it as a base 1 system (seems kind of obvious). Its drawback is that it can only represent positive integers. Standard rules for constructing any base_n number work for base 1. 1^0 + 1^1 + 1^2 + 1^3... The position is meaningless, but it's a generalization of positional systems. Aleph Infinity (talk) 00:08, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It is, it's just not an example we need.
 * EDITORIALIZING
 * Arithmetic times table unnecessary here.
 * Add to the article on Integers, and see what they say. — Cp i r al Cpiral  03:04, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It might be of modest interest that the Friden EC-130 and EC-132 electronic desktop calculators (among the earliest such) used unary "notation" in their internal storage, which was serial, and recirculated stored numbers in a delay line. Each digit had its designated time slot, located by a specific delay after the pulse marking the beginning of data. If there were no pulses in a given time slot, that represented a zero. One pulse represented a one, five pulses a five, nine a nine. All computation was done basically by counting pulses; counting up past nine created a carry pulse. Subtraction was by counting down. Nikevich 01:29, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Not convinced. — Cp i r al Cpiral  03:04, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

I want to add my base converter
What the subject says. It can do fractions (most of the time) to a many places, you can make up a base with whatever characters you want as long as each digit is only a single character, it has a list of common bases to choose from when converting. Plus its GNU GPL. I think mine has more features that the other links in this article. The link to my converter is. I tried to add an old version of this long time ago and some admins got all freaky on me and said that it wasn't allowed b/c you had to pay for something... But I'm trying again. Anyway I made it alot faster than my old one b/c its all client side and only requires javascript. Other than that it had all the same features as before. If somebody hosts it on their site and puts a link in the article to their site, I would like it if you would say on the page that you got it from my website. --Deo Favente (talk) 02:43, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

 * HA I added it anyways. Now admins, don't be noobish and say you have to pay for it. I'm still confused about all that. In fact, I'm a huge fan of freedom (libre), and with simple web stuff like this free (gratis) generally comes with. --Deo Favente (talk) 05:37, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm sure that nobody wants you to pay to post the website. However, it is generally inappropriate to link to your own website. I looked at the link and your site is rather confusing, you seem to use base not as the numerical base, but as the list of digits. I'm not sure that this site is actually that helpful in it's current form. It would at least help to have some explanation on that page. Cheers, — sligocki (talk) 21:29, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I have not been able to get this link to work any time that I have checked it, even when modifying the link to be ".com" instead of ".com.". If it's not corrected, it should be removed, as it is completely useless if it cannot be accessed. Aleph Infinity (talk) 00:05, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Major edit
I did some major rewriting of the article, which apparently wasn't appreciated. Here is the article after I rewrote the section which here is called "Mathematics". First of all, this section is not about mathematics, just some random notes about positional notation that babbles on in different directions and doesn't do a very good job of explaining (in my opinion). If you disagree with my rewrite please let me know what about it bothers you. I'd be happy to make this more of a collaborative work, but I think it needs some major help. Cheers, — sligocki (talk) 01:04, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I recovered the Babylonian and Greek non-positional forms because both are valid positional systems even though neither is positional within each position. They show that positional systems do not need a large number of symbols equal to their base, as you once stated. The Babylonian base-60 system only used three symbols (ten, one and zero), while the Greek (Hellenistic) system used fifteen (nine letters for units, five letters for tens, and a symbol for zero). The symbols were additive within each position. Not even modern sexagesimal systems use 60 symbols, such as those used for time and angles—they only use ten (0–9) within each position. — Joe Kress (talk) 01:52, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Time and angles are not positional notations. Time is broken up into some blocks of 60 (but also some of 24, 7, 356.24, ...). In the same way that English weights and measures are not positional systems, even though they are broken up into blocks of 12s, 3s, 4s, 2s, etc. Babylonian numbers do have 60 symbols, they just happen to follow a pattern which can be defined by only 3 symbols and placements. But that is really aside from the point, my understanding of this article is that it covers modern positional notation. To me that means the extension of the way we write decimal to any base.

 * To be honest I don't know what you mean by positional within each position. Can you explain that? Cheers, — sligocki (talk) 03:26, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * This article is entitled "positional notation", so all aspects of that subject are appropriate, especially its history. I categorically reject your idea that Babylonian sexagesimal positions had 60 symbols. That is your "modern sexagesimal notation" voice talking. By that reasoning, Ptolemy's sexagesimal notation used 60 symbols even though he used Greek numerals that were normally used for all numbers. Unlike Babylonian numbers, Ptolemy only used sexagesimal notation for the fractional portions of his numbers. Those Greek numerals were simply Greek letters with assigned numerical values (e.g., α=1, ε=5, ι=10, τ=300), where numerals above fifty would have been used in the whole number portion, so even they were not new symbols. Even more absurd would be to argue that medieval sexagesimal notation used 60 symbols — that system used decimal numerals that were used for the whole number portions of those numbers. An example is 365 dies 14$I$ 33$II$ 9$III$ 59$IV$ ... (365.242546219... days) used in the 14th century for the length of the tropical year in the Alfonsine tables. Astronomical numbers usually had a whole decimal number followed by six decimal fractional positions identifed with superscript Roman numerals. The fractional positions were called minutes, seconds, thirds, fourths, fifths and sixths (in Latin). The first two superscript Roman numerals have now degraded to simple marks, ′ and ″. If hours or degrees were the whole number, its fractional sexagesimal positions were still called minutes, seconds, thirds, fourths, etc. By the 19th century, thirds, fourths, etc. were replaced by decimal fractions of the seconds sexagesimal position.

 * I said Babylonian and Greek sexagesimal numbers were not positional within each position, because both were additive within each position. Thus a Babylonian sexagesimal position like <<<|| meant 10+10+10+1+1=32. The corresponding Greek sexagesimal position $\overline{λβ}$ meant 30+2=32. But the corresponding medieval sexagesmal position was positional because it was the ordinary decimal number 32. Elsewhere, medieval numbers still used Roman numerals. — Joe Kress (talk) 01:43, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

Non-standard positional numeral systems (2)
I think the section Positional notation should be boiled down to a minimum, with a link to the main article Non-standard positional numeral systems, and with relevant content being merged into that article. Comments?--Nø (talk) 16:59, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

List of positional systems by base
Please see Category talk:Positional numeral systems.--Nø (talk) 10:55, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Complex radixes
I carried this paragraph in the article "Complex Base Systems"--Solikkh (talk) 13:27, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Digits and numerals
The section Positional notation says In order to discuss bases other than the decimal system (base ten), a distinction needs to be made between a number and the digit representing that number. Each digit may be represented by a unique symbol or by a limited set of symbols.

I think we can agree that a digit is a grapheme, not a "set of symbols" (as that passage could be interpreted). Also concerning "a distinction needs to be made between a number and the [representation of] that number", this seems to me not worth mentioning, because I take it to refer to the ordinary need to distinguish between an abstraction (a math number), and a symbol (a math numeral).

Does it want to say "In order to present numerals in another number bases, a new distinction needs to made for the symbolic notation of the digit in any one position"? But this is just saying "The numerals of other number bases have different meanings than the numerals of base-10 number bases." But that evades the rubric "digit". So how about "In order to present numerals in another number bases, a new set of digits is used that is not the set 0-9." — Cp i r al Cpiral  00:46, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

 * In Babylonian base-60 notation, a digit is composed of several graphemes - if I've gotten the terminology right.
 * From my childhood when I first came across notations other than decimal, I recall a period of confusion untill I had gotten used to the distinction between a number as an abstract entity and its familiar decimal representation - a distinction that is emphatically NOT made when we first learn numbers. Explicitly mentioning (and even repeating) this distinction in an article on postitional notation in a general encyclopedia seems highly relevant to me.--Nø (talk) 08:23, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
 * But how can such a multi-grapheme, Babylonian, ""digit take-up one positional notation? Making the distinction between a numeral and a number is explicitly stated in the article Number.  When I say "not worth mentioning" again here, my concern is mainly about stressing the meaning of  "digit" to do it.  Let's discuss the meaning of "digit".  When that is clear, then the entry can be written however you choose. In any case, I'm sure we can agree that the distinction is made overwhelmingly clear by describing the different number bases of a particular number, even without entering the statement I question.  —  Cp i r al Cpiral  17:50, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

I made the appropriate copyedits to the first two paragraphs. Also, BTW, I thought it not important to say "real numbers" can be represented in any number base. Firstly, integers can to. Secondly it is not on topic. Thirdly, I suspect any finite number can be represented by any base, and this suspicion extends into transfinites. I made it say "any number" instead of "any real number". — Cp i r al Cpiral  20:54, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

 * In my edit I initially wanted to fix the – usage (see Template talk:ndash), but then I kept going so maybe I got carried away :). I’d like to know if there are any specific problems with my version; the revert message didn’t explain much. From memory these are some of the problems I had with the earlier version:
 * The dashes shouldn’t be spaced.
 * The paragraph about the meaning of numeral and digit is confusing. I think numeral can sometimes mean an entire number written with of multiple digits (as used in Numerical digit).
 * One of the sentences really needs commas or brackets before I can make sense of it: “The decimal system is widespread, and, being the numeral system we learned with, its numerals are commonly assumed.” compared with “. . . we learned with its numerals—are commonly assumed?!”.
 * The use of quotes, italics and spelling for digits, digit values and other numbers seems arbitrary and potentially confusing.
 * Confusion of letters and numbers proved a little too well for me: “Except one in some fonts? Which one? Oh, except el in some fonts!”
 * If the first paragraph and start of the second paragraph is meant to introduce Nø’s distinction of decimal numbers, how about saying something like “A decimal number represents a particular numerical value. But these two concepts are distinct because a particular numerical value has different representations in different bases.”? But perhaps this point should be made further up in the article. Vadmium (talk) 03:12, 14 July 2011 (UTC).
 * Any numeral represents the numerical value of a number. The distinction between a numeral and its various numbers is made most clear when doing base conversion. —  Cp i r al Cpiral  05:54, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

 * A timid copyedit compressed my point to an "unseeable", two-sentence paragraph last month. This month, with your prompting, Vandium, I familiarized myself better with the article, edited more boldly, and emmulated some of the good math writers I've been reading by making my point clearly, and made the entire section about what digits and numerals are in the context of positional notation.  Your version did not contain as much about 'numeral' as what I think it could have, and what you said about 'digit' was fine, just not as strongly related to 'numeral' as I hope I have now done, thoroughly.  As far as using quotes or not and choosing between spelling-out or not, I think numerals and digits need quotes to turn them into "signs" to distinguish them from numbers, which are, in this simple case, pure, familiar, decimal magnitudes. I had to move the entire section further down the article to make my points since, sectionally speaking, Numerals use the Base's concepts, and Digits use Notation's concepts and Exponentiation's concepts. —  Cp i r al Cpiral  05:54, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

It was likely motivated by counting with the ten fingers.
"It was likely motivated by counting with the ten fingers. " Lol. Maybe, but you'd need to chop off a finger or count one of them as zero. Is there much research into the history of the base ten number system? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.33.158.121 (talk) 04:53, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

a note for Exponentiation
A section titled "Exponentiation" where the images display how the digits are laid out, is there a way I can have consistent font so I can edit the image to display parenthesis like this (or simply have them in text):

2506 = (2 * b3) + (5 * b2) + (0 * b1) + (6 * b0)

Because some users might do the formula in the incorrect order.✅

Also for mentioning different radixes/bases such as where “In base-16 (hexadecimal), there are 16 hexadecimal digits (0–9 and A–F) and the number” is mentioned, it can confused some users because using symbols 0-9 looks like decimal, when they could be hex numbers. I think it would be better to use subscript, for example: 1010 = A16❌

Please let me know what you think. 97.83.63.211 (talk) 23:07, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

 * I've implemented your first suggestion. Mathematically there is no need, but using the parenthesis does enforce what is happening to a student.  In the second case though I can't see where the ambiguity arises, unless you are suggesting not using the universal convention that the digits 0-9 retain their meaning in all systems in which they are present.  Subscripts work here where the text is processed, but are useless when computer sources are seen.  Consider: 1234567 = 4553207 = 12d687.  The last form is unambiguous, the first two can be confused.  Martin of Sheffield (talk) 11:27, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

Issues: Susceptibility to fraud in Chinese
From § Issues:

In the example of Chinese usage provided, 壹佰 (100) is contained within 伍仟壹佰 (5100). Given that the characters "伍仟" can be inserted at the beginning to change the value, how does writing out the number on a check in Chinese prevent fraud (in this instance, at least)?

Technotom2001 (talk) 19:56, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

Definition
Is ″Positional notation″ defined anywhere?2A02:A445:EB91:1:A5B6:B3DD:7FE5:9B1 (talk) 19:22, 19 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I'd say that's a good question - that is, I guess there is not one clear definition anywhere in the article. We might include
 * a quite technical definition,
 * or a more leisurely one, like the one I've included in the lead of Non-standard positional numeral systems,
 * or both.
 * It's not easy to put a definition into writing that actually is helpful - that is, it's easy enough to write a definition that is correct and makes sense to anyone who already "gets it"; it's really just one formula (like $$(a_n a_{n-1} ... a_2 a_1 a_0)_b = \Sigma_{i=0}^n a_i\times b^i = a_n\times b^n + a_{n-1}\times b^{n-1} + ... + a_2\times b^2 + a_1\times b + a_0$$), but writing a definition that makes sense to someone who does not already understand the concept is harder. I remember I had trouble when I first came across this kind of thing 40+ years ago -- like: If numbers are used in the definition, isn't it circular? Is there such a thing as a number, separate from it's representation? (Yes, of course, but I had to get used to that idea.) If we use subscript to indicate base for a digit string, how is that base encoded? (Basically, if it was coded the same way as the digit string, it should always read "10"!) Etc.
 * So... what can we do about it?--Nø (talk) 09:04, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Possible to get inspiration in, with more details on the role played by the position. However, there is another issue in the article that requires clarification, the ambiguity in the meaning of the title: "Positional notation" may refer to any numeral system for which the value of glyphs may depend on their position. In this sense, Roman numerals is a positional system (VI ≠ IV). Or "Positional notation" refers to modern numeral systems in base $b$. Or something in-between as the Babylonian system. It seems that the lack of a definition may result of this ambiguity. D.Lazard (talk) 09:44, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

Please do not over-complicate the lead. The lead should answer the question in a simple summary, formal definitions belong down in the body. In this article the section "Mathematics" gives quite an involved description, whether it is a formal definition correct I leave to others, but this is the place to put it. I would suggest slightly rejigging the lead to simplify the explanation as follows:

Comments below. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 09:37, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I like it, but I'd suggest changing this:
 * 1 means one but 10 means ten and 100 a hundred. The "1" symbol has moved position.
 * into this:
 * In 111, the three identical symbols represent one hundred, ten, and one, respectively, due to their different positions in the digit string.
 * --Nø (talk) 12:31, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

 * "In the Roman system, a digit has only one value: I means one, X means ten and C a hundred". This is wrong as I means one or minus one, depending on the position (XI ≠ IX), and similarly for X and C. I do not know how fixing this by keeping the lead short and clear, but we must not introduce assertions that are blatantly wrong. D.Lazard (talk) 14:17, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Would you consider the addition of "earliest" as above? The original form seems to have used IIII for IV and VIIII for IX. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 14:50, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Possibly, but this would need a footnote for explaining "earliest". Also a search on the sources is needed for clarifying which numeral systems have been qualified as "positional" in the literature: Should the Babylonian system system be qualified as "positional" or simply as a "precursor of the modern positional system"? WP must reflect the common use, not the opinion of its editors. A reliable reference for these questions seems The Art of Computer Programming, which has many pages devoted to numeral systems.
 * In fact, except for the history section, this article is about the modern positional systems, that is the extension of any base of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. Therefore, I suggest the following beginning for the lead:

 * --D.Lazard (talk) 15:49, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm happy with that. I always worry when academic experts get too rigorous in a lead, I tend to assume the lead readers may be 14yo boys or non-technical older folk and phrase accordingly.  The body is the place for rigour.  I think you've got the balance pretty well here. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 17:10, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

Base conversion
When converting to decimal from hex or octal I use a multiplicative method. I was taught it at school in the '60s, I can't say I've seen it written down, but it seems much simpler than either the division or Horner's method. The method is simple to code even in shell scripts or AWK.

Using the cited example: converting A10BHex to decimal (41227): Start with first digit:    A                  x 16 =>   160 add next digit =>  161 x 16 => 2576 add next digit => 2576 x 16 => 41216 add last digit => 41227

The system works just as well for smaller bases: 0b11111001 (binary) to 249 (decimal), just a bit more long-winded: 1         1      x2     2 1         3      x2     6 1         7      x2    14 1        15      x2    30 1        31      x2    62 0        62      x2   124 0       124      x2   248 1       249

In practice it's usually simpler to trivially convert binary to octal or hexadecimal before performing the conversion if doing it by hand. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 08:31, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

 * To me both examples look like Horner's method. – Nomen4Omen (talk) 08:57, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Quite possibly. Like most maths articles Horner's method is written for specialist theoreticians, not for mere system programmers like me.  I scanned it but couldn't see anything on radix conversion.  Martin of Sheffield (talk) 09:27, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

 * OK, maybe I can help you.
 * $$A = \{a_n a_{n-1} \dots a_1 a_0\}_b$$ with $$b = \mathrm{Hex} = 16$$ or $$b = \mathrm{bin} = 2$$ is a shorthand for $$A = a_n b^n + a_{n-1} b^{n-1} + \dots + a_1 b + a_0$$. Thus, the number $$A$$ is a «polynomial» in the variable $$b$$ with the coefficients $$\{a_i\}_{i=0,\dots,n}$$. So far, we have the definition of positional notation.
 * Thereafter in the cited section, Horner's method is explained.
 * It is exactly what you are doing: You start with the most significant digit (= coefficient) multiply by the base (= variable) and add the next (less significant) digit (= coefficient). – Nomen4Omen (talk) 10:08, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

Positional factors alternating in sign: Original research?
A citation needs to be given to a reliable source proposing this. Peter Brown (talk) 01:57, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

 * If you mean Positional digits alternating in sign, then there is now given: E.g. Knuth. –Nomen4Omen (talk) 09:12, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Issues Section
We should remove the "Issues" section from this page or we should put it under "Applications" within a subsection called "Application Issues: Legal and Economics". I believe this problem should be addressed in context and not part of the overall description of the notational system. Also, if we want to talk about 'fraud', we should provide better sources and explain why 'check fraud' is problematic in society. Audiacloud (talk) 19:32, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I completely agree about removing this section of kind of «issues».
 * It is well known that the easiness of cheque fraud has been made as difficult as it was before by marking the specified digits on their left and right sides by surrounding lines, so that an addition is easily detectable. So if somebody fears the fraud of his digits he adds these surroundings. –Nomen4Omen (talk) 08:42, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Positional notation


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Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda

Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda is the pseudonym of a man who wrote a sequel to Cervantes' Don Quixote, before Cervantes finished and published his own second volume.

The identity of Avellaneda has been the subject of many theories, but there is no consensus on who he was. Cervantes knew that Avellaneda was a pseudonym and that the volume's publication information was false. Cervantes also indicated four times in the second part of his Don Quixote that Avellaneda was from Aragon.

One theory holds that Avellaneda's work was a collaboration by friends of Lope de Vega, although none of them were from Aragon. Another theory is that it was by Gerónimo de Passamonte, born in Aragon, the real-life inspiration for the character Ginés de Pasamonte of Part I. In fact, Avellaneda knows and praises the Brotherhood of the Santísimo Rosario of Calatayud, and there is only one candidate who could have known that brotherhood: Jerónimo de Pasamonte, who wrote in his autobiography that he entered that same brotherhood at the age of 13.

Critical opinion has generally held Avellaneda's work in low regard, and Cervantes himself is highly critical of it in his own Part 2. However, it is possible that Cervantes would never have composed his own continuation without the stimulus Avellaneda provided.

Throughout Part 2 of Cervantes' book, Don Quixote meets characters who know of him from their reading of his Part 1, but in Chapter 59, Don Quixote first learns of Avellaneda's Part 2. In that chapter, Don Quixote meets two characters who are reading Avellaneda's recently published book. One of those characters is called Jerónimo, like Jerónimo de Pasamonte, which could be another indication from Cervantes about the identity of Avellaneda. The character hands over the apocryphal book to Don Quixote, recognizing him as the true one. Cervantes would have made the literary representation of Avellaneda, personified in the character known as Jerónimo, recognize his Don Quixote as the true one. Don Quixote is outraged because Avellaneda portrays him as being no longer in love with Dulcinea del Toboso. As a result, Don Quixote decides not to go to Zaragoza to take part in the jousts, as he had planned, because such an incident features in that book.

From then on, Avellaneda's work is ridiculed frequently; Don Quixote even meets one of its characters, Don Alvaro Tarfe, and gets him to swear an affidavit that he has never met the true Don Quixote before.

Humour
There is evidence that some of Cervantes' condemnations are of tongue-in-cheek references to errors or jokes in Part 1. In Part 2, Chapter 59, of Cervantes's version, Don Quixote disregards Avellaneda's Part 2 because in it Sancho Panza's wife is called Mari Gutiérrez, instead of Teresa Panza. However, in the early chapters of Part 1 Sancho's wife is called by many names, some within just two paragraphs, including Juana Panza, Mari Gutiérrez, Juana Gutiérrez, Teresa Cascajo, etc. Teresa Panza is settled on only after she becomes a substantial character. It is difficult to decide whether they are true mistakes since malapropisms, aliases and puns are a running joke throughout the books. Cide Hamete Benengeli is called "Berengena" (eggplant), Teresa is called "Teresona Panza" (approximately "Fat Belly"), etc.

Translations
Avellaneda's work was first translated into French, by an anonymous translator. (Warton (1756) identifies this French translator with Le Sage, but Yardley (1784) doubts. ) The French translation omits or replaces some of Avellaneda's episodes, and completely alters the ending. In the Spanish original, Don Quixote is left "in health and readiness for farther atchievements," but in the French translation, he is shot in a firefight with the Holy Brotherhood on the outskirts of his home town of Argamasilla, and ("it is to be supposed" ) buried within the town.

The French translation was translated into English by John Stevens (1705), and reprinted with additional notes by William Augustus Yardley (1784). Both of these English editions preserve the French ending in which Quixote dies.

Server and Keller (1980) provided the first English edition translated directly from Avellaneda's original. Their book, with footnotes by Tom Lathrop, was published by Lathrop's Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs press in 1980 and reissued in 2009.

title: Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda


text:
Category:Reliant vehicles

Vehicles produced and distributed by the Reliant Motor Company.

title: Category:Reliant vehicles


text:
IBM Lightweight Third-Party Authentication

Lightweight Third-Party Authentication (LTPA), is an authentication technology used in IBM WebSphere and Lotus Domino products. When accessing web servers that use the LTPA technology it is possible for a web user to re-use their login across physical servers.

A Lotus Domino server or an IBM WebSphere server that is configured to use the LTPA authentication will challenge the web user for a name and password. When the user has been authenticated, their browser will have received a session cookie - a cookie that is only available for one browsing session. This cookie contains the LTPA token.

If the user – after having received the LTPA token – accesses a server that is a member of the same authentication realm as the first server, and if the browsing session has not been terminated (the browser was not closed down), then the user is automatically authenticated and will not be challenged for a name and password. Such an environment is also called a single sign-on environment.


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AC-3 algorithm

In constraint satisfaction, the AC-3 algorithm (short for Arc Consistency Algorithm #3) is one of a series of algorithms used for the solution of constraint satisfaction problems (or CSP's). It was developed by Alan Mackworth in 1977. The earlier AC algorithms are often considered too inefficient, and many of the later ones are difficult to implement, and so AC-3 is the one most often taught and used in very simple constraint solvers.

The algorithm
AC-3 operates on constraints, variables, and the variables' domains (scopes). A variable can take any of several discrete values; the set of values for a particular variable is known as its domain. A constraint is a relation that limits or constrains the values a variable may have. The constraint may involve the values of other variables.

The current status of the CSP during the algorithm can be viewed as a directed graph, where the nodes are the variables of the problem, with edges or arcs between variables that are related by symmetric constraints, where each arc in the worklist represents a constraint that needs to be checked for consistency. AC-3 proceeds by examining the arcs between pairs of variables (x, y). It removes those values from the domain of x that aren't consistent with the constraints between x and y. The algorithm keeps a collection of arcs that are yet to be checked; when the domain of a variable has any values removed, all the arcs of constraints pointing to that pruned variable (except the arc of the current constraint) are added to the collection. Since the domains of the variables are finite and either one arc or at least one value are removed at each step, this algorithm is guaranteed to terminate.

For illustration, here is an example of a   very simple constraint problem: X (a variable) has the possible values {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}—the set of these values are the domain of X, or D(X). The variable Y has the domain D(Y) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Together with the constraints C1 = "X must be even" and C2 = "X + Y must equal 4" we have a CSP that AC-3 can solve. Notice that the actual constraint graph representing this problem must contain two edges between X and Y since C2 is undirected but the graph representation being used by AC-3 is directed.

AC-3 solves the problem by first removing the non-even values from of the domain of X as required by C1, leaving D(X) = { 0, 2, 4 }. It then examines the arcs between X and Y implied by C2. Only the pairs (X=0, Y=4), (X=2, Y=2), and (X=4, Y=0) match the constraint C2. AC-3 then terminates, with D(X) = {0, 2, 4} and D(Y) = {0, 2, 4}.

AC-3 is expressed in pseudocode as follows:

Input: A set of variables X   A set of domains D(x) for each variable x in X. D(x) contains vx0, vx1... vxn, the possible values of x   A set of unary constraints R1(x) on variable x that must be satisfied A set of binary constraints R2(x, y) on variables x and y that must be satisfied Output: Arc consistent domains for each variable. function ac3(X, D, R1, R2) // Initial domains are made consistent with unary constraints. for each x in X         D(x) := { vx in D(x) | vx satisfies R1(x) } // 'worklist' contains all arcs we wish to prove consistent or not. worklist := { (x, y) | there exists a relation R2(x, y) or a relation R2(y, x) } do select any arc (x, y) from worklist worklist := worklist - (x, y)         if arc-reduce (x, y)               if D(x) is empty return failure else worklist := worklist + { (z, x) | z != y and there exists a relation R2(x, z) or a relation R2(z, x) } while worklist not empty function arc-reduce(x, y)     bool change = false for each vx in D(x) find a value vy in D(y) such that vx and vy satisfy the constraint R2(x, y)         if there is no such vy { D(x) := D(x) - vx             change := true }     return change

The algorithm has a worst-case time complexity of O(ed3) and space complexity of O(e), where e is the number of arcs and d is the size of the largest domain.

title: AC-3 algorithm


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Nedelišće

Nedelišće (Drávavásárhely; Kajkavian: Nedelišče) is a village in Međimurje County, in northern Croatia, and the seat of the Municipality of Nedelišće, which also includes 10 other villages in the south-western part of Međimurje County.

Nedelišće itself is a suburban village located just outside the county seat, Čakovec, around 3 kilometres from the city's centre. Despite not being designated as either a city or a town, Nedelišće was the third most populated settlement in Međimurje County, after Čakovec and Prelog, with 4,320 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.

History
Nedelišće was first mentioned in 1226, in the Donation of the Hungarian King Béla IV. The settlement was named after Sunday (nedjelja, local Kajkavian dialect: nedelja or nedela), since the local people worship The Holy Trinity to which their Catholic parish is dedicated.

In the Middle Ages, the place has developed into a market consisting of fairs and crafts. Between 1570 and 1586, Nedelišće was also the seat of one of the first Croatian printing offices. The first document about the establishment of a local school originates from 1660, when Međimurje was reigned by the Zrinski family. The local volunteer fire department was founded in 1908 and is the oldest in the municipality.

Geography
The main road going through the municipality is the D3 state road, connecting it with Čakovec to the east and Varaždin. The D208 road branches off of D3 road in Nedelišće and connects it with Trnovec border crossing with Slovenia towards Ormož. There are also two railroads going through the municipality, one connecting Čakovec with the Slovenian town of Ormož to the west and the other one connecting the city with other Croatian cities such as Varaždin and Zagreb to the south.

Settlements
Aside from Nedelišće itself, the municipality includes the following settlements:
 * Črečan, population 434
 * Dunjkovec, population 967
 * Gornji Hrašćan, population 910
 * Gornji Kuršanec, population 793
 * Macinec, population 585
 * Parag, population 1,187
 * Pretetinec, population 541
 * Pušćine, population 1,289
 * Slakovec, population 559
 * Trnovec, population 390

Culture and sport
Nedelišće is also known as the host of some manifestations, most notably the largest annual business fair in Međimurje County, MESAP (Croatian: Međimurski sajam poduzetništva), which usually takes place in June and gathers various companies from all over the county.

The local sports and gymnastics centre, SGC Aton, is considered the best-equipped gymnastics centre in the north-western Croatia. The local sports teams include the football club NK Nedelišće, who play in the Croatian Third League, and the volleyball club OK Nedelišće, who play in the Second Croatian Volleyball League.

title: Nedelišće


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cupboardy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:20, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cupboardy

 * Merge with Little Britain? — Timwi 13:59, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — notably non-notable. — RJH 14:35, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - v. funny episode, as ever, but this is already covered in Little Britain. Talrias (t | e | c) 14:41, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Little Britain and redirect (redirects are cheap). Mgm|(talk) 22:41, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Kensal Rise railway station

Kensal Rise is a London Overground station on the North London line on Chamberlayne Road, Kensal Rise in north-west London. The station is in Fare Zone 2.

History
It opened in 1873 as Kensal Green, replacing Kensal Green & Harlesden railway station which opened in 1861 at the crossing of Green Lane (later Wrottesley Road), lying in between the present station and Willesden Junction. The present station was renamed Kensal Rise in 1890. It is close to the newer station built on the Watford DC Line in 1916. Since late 2007 both stations are now served by London Overground, although Kensal Green is managed by London Underground, being additionally served by the Bakerloo line.

Services
All services at Kensal Rise are operated by London Overground using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 8 tph to Stratford via Camden Road
 * 4 tph to Richmond
 * 4 tph to Clapham Junction

During the late evenings, the services to and from Clapham Junction do not operate.

Connections
London Buses routes 6, 28, 52, 187 and 302 serve the station.

title: Kensal Rise railway station


text:
User talk:JamieC2005

Welcome
Hello JamieC2005, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Don't forget to use the Show preview button before you save. Again, welcome! – ABCD 14:00, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Caters, Cinques, Triples, etc.
I see you've written a number of articles lately on change ringing. But many of them are basically one sentence definitions. Do you anticipate writing more? The usual Wikipedia pattern is to combine such things into a single article (in this case Change ringing) and create redirects from the related terms. However, if there's more to be said on the individual changes, we'll leave them be. —Wahoofive (talk) 19:22, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JamieC2005


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Life-Size

Life-Size is a 2000 American fantasy comedy television film directed by Mark Rosman and starring Lindsay Lohan and Tyra Banks. It originally premiered on March 5, 2000, on ABC as part of The Wonderful World of Disney block. Lohan portrays a young girl who casts a magic spell to bring back her deceased mother and, instead, accidentally brings to life her fashion doll, played by Banks. The film then follows their relationship as the doll creates havoc while trying to fit into the real world.

Life-Size was popular among its demographic, developing a cult following that frequently revisited and reexamined it in the years following its release, and generated a sequel 18 years after the original broadcast. It is considered a didactic children's film that set the tone for doll-inspired movies and is perceived by many fans as "the first live-action Barbie movie" due to the similarities between the two dolls despite not having the rights to the official character.

The sequel, titled Life-Size 2: A Christmas Eve, premiered on December 2, 2018 on Freeform with Banks reprising her role. In 2020, Banks announced another sequel was in the works.

Plot
Casey Stuart (Lohan) is a tomboyish girl who is the quarterback of her school's 7th-grade football team. Since her mother died two years ago, she has been avoiding her old friends and arguing with a boy on her team. Casey finds a book called "The Book of Awakenings" at Past Pages Bookstore, a local bookstore. The book contains a section on resurrecting the dead, and a successful resurrection will become permanent unless it’s undone before sunset on the fourth day after it begins. However, since the book was expensive, she left all the money she had on the shelf in a glass compartment, which is where the book was.

Wanting to bring her mother back to life, following the book's instructions, Casey collects artifacts from her mother's life, including locks of her hair in her hairbrush. However, the resurrection is unwittingly sabotaged when Drew McDonald, a woman who works with and is romantically interested in Casey's widowed father, Ben, gives Casey Eve, a plastic fashion doll in the form of a young pretty woman, manufactured by Marathon Toys. It has many accessories, including outfits appropriate to taxing careers such as law enforcement, medicine and outer space, and lives in Sunnyvale, "in the middle of America".

As Casey is preparing to resurrect her mother, Drew stops by to give her a mall shopping Eve doll for her birthday and uses the hairbrush to brush the doll's hair. With strands from Casey's Eve doll remaining on the brush as Casey utters the incantation, the magic acts on her doll rather than her mother, and Casey wakes up the next morning to find Eve (Banks) in bed with her in full-size human form. Casey is upset by this, but Eve is excited about being a real woman.

Over the next few days, Eve buys clothes at the local shopping mall, since she changed out of her red and orange mall shopping outfit, uses her police training to stop a truck that almost runs Casey over, smells and eats for the first time, tries and fails miserably to do secretarial work, sings her theme song on stage at a corporate event during a dance with Ben, and almost sets the Stuarts' kitchen on fire. She also helps Casey cope with the loss of her mother. Meanwhile, Casey learns that she needs the second volume of the magic book to reverse Eve's spell.

During this time, tension builds between Casey and her father, who has been missing her football games while trying to secure a promotion in his law firm. The tension is further increased by Ben's attraction to Eve, which Casey resents as a betrayal to her mother. Eve helps people turn into a better version of themselves, especially Ellen, Ben's coworker.

As the film proceeds, Casey and Eve gradually become friends. Eve displays insight and sensitivity in talking with Casey about her mother, and she helps Casey with her self-confidence. In exchange, Casey gives Eve tips on how to be a popular doll and a good role model. By the time the second volume of the magic book arrives at the local bookstore, Casey has decided she likes Eve, so she does not buy it. Unfortunately, Eve has been getting homesick and becomes aware that her doll collection has taken a tumble in sales.

Discouraged by her difficulties in being a real woman and worried about being cancelled by Marathon, Eve decides to undo the spell herself. After buying the second volume of the book and saying goodbye to Ben at Casey's championship game, she goes to Sunnyvale, a specially decorated room at Marathon headquarters, and recites the incantation. When Casey and Ben arrive, she tearfully bids them farewell and turns back into a doll. Sometime later, with the lessons learned from her experiences in the real world, Eve becomes a popular toy again. Casey kept her old friendships, Ben is promoted at work and Drew takes him to lunch.

The film ends with the cast dancing to Eve's theme song ("Be a Star"), with an apparently still-real Eve singing and dancing along.

Cast

 * Tyra Banks as Eve
 * Lindsay Lohan as Casey Stuart
 * Jere Burns as Ben Stuart
 * Anne Marie Loder as Drew McDonald
 * Garwin Sanford as Richie Ackerman
 * Tom Butler as Phil
 * Jillian Fargey as Ellen
 * Dee Jay Jackson as Coach
 * Corrine Koslo as Toy store owner
 * Alfred Humphreys as Bookstore owner
 * Kerry Sandomirsky as Ms. Phyllis Weiner
 * Sam MacMillan as Sam
 * Katelyn Wallace as Sarah
 * Shaina Tianne Unger as Jessica
 * Jessica Lee Owens as Shannon
 * Chantal Strand as Sarah's sister
 * Alvin Sanders as Guard
 * Campbell Lane as Judge Peterman
 * Garvin Cross as Truck driver

Production
The film was made-for-television. Lohan didn't have to audition for the role of Casey Stuart, the girl whose doll comes to life. The producers offered her the role following her successful film debut in The Parent Trap (1998) as a part of a three-picture contract with The Walt Disney Company. Banks was given the role of Eve, the doll that is magically transformed into a live woman during Casey's attempt to bring her mother back to life. Costume designer Maya Mani said, "It was a joy to work with Tyra because she knows how to wear clothes. No matter what we put on her, she could carry it off." Lohan and Banks were paired for a screen test at the Plaza Hotel in New York City before production started. Lohan's siblings Michael, Aliana and Dakota appear in uncredited cameos cheering in the football stands. Stephanie Moore came up with the idea of a doll coming to life and collaborated with the director, Mark Rosman, on the script for the film. ABC was very interested in acquiring the project, but Disney asked for a rewrite of the original ending which saw Eve becoming a human and marrying Casey's father. Pre-production began in the summer of 1999 and filming began in October 1999, taking place for three weeks in Vancouver, British Columbia. There are British Columbia flags on the license plate of Casey's father Ben, but the province text is replaced with "Evergreen State" for the movie. The toy store used in the film is called Kaboodles, which is the real store's name located in Point Grey. The film starts with a commercial for the Eve doll with production designer David Fischer deliberately going for a Jetsons-inspired 1950s retro look. Life-Size was slated to premiere as a part of ABC's The Wonderful World of Disney on February 27, 2000, but was delayed by one week, and later released on March 5.

Rosman talked about the movie in various interviews in the early 2020s, revealing the original script was called Ken and Barbie before Disney bought it. Out of concern that Mattel wouldn't sign off on lending the rights to Barbie, the duo avoided mentioning the doll in subsequent drafts of the script. He also looked back on working with the lead stars: "It was a big hit on the Disney Channel. [Lindsay] was fantastic, this was like her next thing [after The Parent Trap] and [Tyra Banks] had never really acted before and she ended up being really great, so that was fun, a lot of fun. [...] I was nervous because Tyra [Banks] was obviously, you know, new to acting. We had Lindsay, and the amazing thing was, [Tyra] just jumped off the screen! The connection between her and Lindsay was fantastic." Although the director initially had concerns about her casting, Banks was "able to really embody the character" after she suggested to dress up in character during rehearsals. He added, "We ended up having the chance to do some rehearsal with [Tyra] in the weeks before we were shooting, which was very rare for TV movies on those schedules, but she was willing to do it, and then I got the two of them together and they were just sort of a magical pair!"

Music
Mark Rosman and George Blondheim wrote a song titled "Be a Star" to be used as the theme song for the movie. Eve sings the track during a business party scene and it is also reprised in a dance scene with the rest of the cast shown at the end of the film. Rosman recalled making the song: "We needed a theme song for the toy [the doll] and there was a guy that we had hired in Vancouver, where we shot, to be kind of the band leader, because there was a scene where they had this band that was gonna play this song. He wrote the music, I wrote the lyrics literally in the back of an envelope kind of thing, and we put it together... and here I am, it's the only song I've ever written but I'm proud of it, it was fun!" He stated "I wanted it to be something where you could really stand up and cheer," and continued about filming the scene which he called an "unrehearsed accident" that happened when they were about to wrap and had just finished shooting what was intended to be the last scene:

"What was really fun about it was the cast completely got into that song while we were shooting, and we had like 15 minutes left in our day before we had to call it quits, and I said 'hey, everybody let's do the song,' and Lindsay was like 'yeah! let's do the song! let's do the song!' and so was Tyra, and so we did it, and everybody there, you know, Jere [Burns] who played the father [...] they all knew the moves and everything. We had two cameras, and we just said go. [...] It was hysterical, and that became the ending of our movie."

Rosman also revealed part of the reason why the theme song was called "Be a Star" was because the doll was originally named Star in the script, but the filmmakers were legally required to change it due to copyright issues as toy companies were developing a doll with the same name. Two songs by the Irish girl group B*Witched were used in the film: "C'est la Vie" and "Rollercoaster". A song from American girl group Nobody's Angel's debut album, "Keep Me Away", was used near the end of the film.

Legacy
Life-Size was a hit and became a "sleepover rewatch staple". It has been called a cult classic with fans frequently revisiting it in the years following its release and sharing their thoughts online. Mark Rosman named Life-Size as the film he directed that gets the most fan reaction and expressed it was his most memorable filming experience as well: "Lindsay [Lohan] was just absolutely delightful, she was super excited to do the movie and to be working with Tyra Banks, and then Tyra, this was her maybe second, if not first, real role as an actress, certainly her first where she really carries the movie [...] It was just really fun!" He recounts:

"People really responded to it. I get young women in their early 20s coming up to me, when they've heard that I directed that movie, and they actually start singing to me the theme song [for the toy doll], it's hysterical. It really touched a lot of people."

Collider contributor Kendall Myers called it "the best Barbie movie," even if the doll isn't technically in it due to the absence of its official rights, but "the audience sees Eve and instantly thinks of Barbie." Listing all the similarities between the dolls, the writer states that the film "handles difficult subject matter and allows Eve to ask deep questions about what it means to be human," adding that the story addresses themes such as femininity, grief and self-discovery, which results in a "deeper film than the plot may suggest." It is noted that, until the release of Barbie (2023), it was the only film that allowed the doll to be human, as the portrayal of Eve is forced to grow and evolve, with Banks being credited for her performance making the character more dynamic and relatable than other representations of Barbie. Myers states that Eve's decision to become a doll again at the end of the movie also makes it memorable and relevant as she does so "to better accomplish her purpose of helping girls," and determines that Life-Size acknowledges "the problematic parts of Barbie and attempts to change them in a way no other Barbie film has done." Lauren Piester of E! reevaluated the movie, claiming, "we were not ready for the movie we actually got — an unexpectedly funny and sweet movie that was also a lot more feminist than we remembered it being." Screen Rant's Dalton Norman ranked it as one of Lohan's best movies, opining: "Lohan delivered a compelling performance that spoke to the deeper meaning behind the film's odd story."

Writing for the HuffPost, Ruth Etiesit Samuel similarly expressed that Life-Size "made the first attempt at merging a plastic world with the real one, using nostalgic whimsy as a vehicle for self-discovery and introspection," and tackled the "criticism that Barbie has weathered for years over Mattel's depiction of girlhood head-on," describing it as the "personification of many young girls' wildest dreams" from the clothing to the activities depicted in the film. While revisiting Life-Size, certain gender and racial subjects being normalized background details also made it be considered progressive for its era. The casting of Banks was examined and seen as important, as "it felt significant seeing a Black doll, albeit fictional, lauded as a cultural mainstay, depicted by a supermodel and broadcast by a household network such as ABC." Around the release of the first official live-action Barbie movie in July 2023, Banks shared a throwback of the Eve character on Instagram, generating more buzz among fans online who referred to her as the "original Barbie". Liz Arcury of The Daily Beast drew comparisons between Life-Size and Barbie, saying that they "share more in common than having a doll as the lead. Both [of these films] center girlhood, role models, and humanity in a way that is truly moving, while simultaneously poking fun at capitalism and its excesses." The evolution of Eve and Casey's relationship is highlighted as creating effective emotional scenes as it "emphasizes that the natural emotional vulnerability in women is something to be proud of." Alexandre Marain of Vogue France stated the movie "does not seem to have aged one bit over the years" thanks to "Banks, perfect in the role of the animated doll", "a plethora of hilarious comedic lines", and "a series of well-crafted emotional moments," detailing it as "an insightful critique of Barbie, particularly the issues surrounding her being 'perfect' and 'gifted', and raises deep questions about what it means to be human, and about a woman's place."

Rosman was interviewed following the release of the Barbie movie and the comparisons that gave Life-Size a "second life on social media": "I'm getting a kick out of it. Barbie has so many different aspects to what she represents culturally and socially, and for girls, it doesn't surprise me that it's come back." A screening of the film was presented by Gerber/Hart at the Leather Archives & Museum as part of a Barbie exhibit opening in Chicago in August 2023. That same month, Vogue listed Banks as one of their 20 favorite performances by models in movies. It was observed the film had yet to come to streaming as of August 2023.

Sequels
A sequel to the movie was first reported in November 2012. In January 2014, Disney Channel announced that they were working on a sequel to Life-Size titled Life-Size 2, with Tyra Banks reprising the role of Eve. In March 2015, Banks tweeted that they were still working on the script. In September 2015, Banks said: "We have gotten many drafts of scripts, and the one thing I can say is that to the Disney Channel executives, Life-Size is so precious. It's like their baby, so they just want it perfect. They keep redoing it, and redoing it, and redoing the script, and we are in another round of redos, and we're hoping for Christmas 2016." Banks once again announced her involvement with the film during an interview with Variety in December 2015: "There is no one else that can play Eve but me, thank you very much! I'm just joking with you, but yes, I am going to be Eve."

In April 2017, it was announced the film would debut on Freeform in December 2018. Banks stated in a January 2018 interview that the script was almost finished, and that production was expected to start in the summer of 2018. In July, Francia Raisa was confirmed to star. Lohan was set to reprise her character but scheduling conflicts with her MTV show prevented her from filming in America. However, Banks assured Lohan would "be in the movie in some kind of way." In mid-November 2018, it was announced that Life-Size 2 would debut on December 2, 2018.

In February 2020, Banks revealed she was working on Life-Size 3. In October 2022, the possible sequel was also brought up while Banks hosted Dancing with the Stars on Disney+.

title: Life-Size


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/December 25

 * The song title "Silent Night" should be in quotes, not italicized. Italics are reserved for long-form works (i.e. albums); songs are rendered in quotes. --FuriousFreddy 14:03, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Most definitely Phoenix2 02:42, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

I think the birth of Jesus should be on here, I'm not really big on religion, but a lot more people are going to care about that than the Republic of Ezo. Coocooforcocopuffs 23:05, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
 * "Christmas" is there already. The birth of Jesus on the 25 of December is a tradition and most scholars agree it's not an accurate date, it's just a celebration. Besides, we don't even know the year that Jesus is born in. Aran|heru|nar 05:24, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Probably the year 0 or 1 A.D., seeing as B.C. is before he was born. --Coocooforcocopuffs 01:22, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Again, no one knows but it's not generally believed to be 1 A.D. (there's no such thing as year 0). Check out Christmas and Nativity of Jesus for more details Nil Einne (talk) 13:40, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

"the West"
"800 - Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, a title that had been out of use in the West since the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in 476. "

"the West", I believe, means "the Western Roman Empire" in this context. It should therefore link there. I have explained here. Aran|heru|nar 05:24, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * A title to be used in the "Western Roman Empire" in the year 800 ? That empire was done centuries earlier. I'm not sure if the current link is right, but I don't know how to fix it. --PFHLai 21:59, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Mistake
Silent Night was first performed on 24th, not 25th, see or. --Japo (talk) 16:47, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Hessians
Could someone please link to Hessian (soldiers) instead to the disambiguation page Hessian. Thanks a lot in advance. --Frank Schulenburg (talk) 05:06, 25 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. --BorgQueen (talk) 05:07, 25 December 2008 (UTC)
 * That was fast ;-) Thanks a lot! --Frank Schulenburg (talk) 05:10, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

2011 notes
--  howcheng  {chat} 00:54, 24 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Removed: St Paul's Cathedral (appears on October 20)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Charlemagne, Hirohito, Beagle 2
 * Swapped out: William the Conqueror, Christmas Island, Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang, Nicolae Ceaușescu, National Anthem of Russia
 * Swapped in: Washington's crossing of the Delaware River (6th appearance, last in 2009), Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (3rd appearance, last in 2009), Stone of Scone (2nd appearance, last in 2007), San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks (first appearance), St Mel's Cathedral (first appearance)

Formatting issue
I'm using the selected anniversaries as part of Portal:History, and somebody put a spare into the page (bottom of notes), messing up the formatting. Do fix. Res Mar 23:03, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Does it always take this long to get back on these? Res Mar 15:02, 26 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Sometimes, yes, especially when you don't specify clearly what the requested edit is. Anomie⚔ 16:22, 26 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Well I thought saying "spare div" is pretty clear. Res Mar 19:14, 26 December 2011 (UTC)
 * OTOH, since you didn't use  or tag or the like to escape your "  ", it renders in the page as "somebody put a spare into the page (bottom of notes)". And since the page does have a section called 'Notes' inside the 'Staging area', that just added to the confusion.
 * FYI, the ideal request would copy the page text into a sandbox somewhere, make the fix, and then link to the resulting diff showing exactly what needs to be changed. Anomie⚔ 21:11, 26 December 2011 (UTC)
 * All for an extra  tag? That seems wildly excessive. Res Mar  21:24, 26 December 2011 (UTC)
 * If you want the fastest response, you have to make it as easy as possible for any passing admin. Anomie⚔ 01:09, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, just noticed that. Res</b> Mar 21:24, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:08, 24 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Trenton; Japanese occupation of Hong Kong; Stone of Scone (ineligible—maintenance); San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks; St Mel's Cathedral
 * Included: Christmas Island (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Handel and Haydn Society (first appearance); Hirohito (4th appearance, last in 2007; rescued from Ineligible; moved from November 10); Nicolae Ceaușescu (4th appearance, last in 2010); Northwest Airlines Flight 253/Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:21, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Christmas Island (ineligible—maintenance); Handel and Haydn Society; Hirohito; Nicolae Ceaușescu; Northwest Airlines Flight 253/Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab
 * Included: William the Conqueror (3rd appearance, last in 2010); Ephraim McDowell (first appearance; moved from December 13); Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Mikhail Gorbachev (6th appearance, last in 2007; rescued from Ineligible); St Mel's cathedral, Longford (2nd appearance, last in 2011)

2014 notes
Thinking we should put Christmas Truce of for this year. Currently a Good Article and it is the 100th anniversary — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.203.88.210 (talk) 16:58, 6 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The article normally appears on December 24, but it's featured as POTD for today, so that makes it ineligible for inclusion. — howcheng  {chat} 06:36, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 19:22, 23 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Ephraim McDowell; Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng; Mikhail Gorbachev; St Mel's cathedral, Longford
 * Included: George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River/Battle of Trenton (Crossing: 7th appearance; Battle: 2nd appearance; both last in 2011); Hirohito (5th appearance, last in 2012); Nicolae Ceaușescu (5th appearance, last in 2012; 25th anniversary); San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks
 * Repeats: William the Conqueror (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 11:21, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River; Hirohito; Nicolae Ceaușescu; San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks
 * Included: Handel and Haydn Society (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 200th anniversary); Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (4th appearance, last in 2011); Kilvenmani massacre (first appearance); National Anthem of Russia (2nd appearance, last in 2010)
 * Repeats: William the Conqueror (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 01:09, 25 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Deleted: George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River/Battle of Trenton (moved to December 26)
 * Omitted: Handel and Haydn Society; Kilvenmani massacre; National anthem of Russia
 * Included: Ephraim McDowell (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Hirohito (6th appearance, last in 2014; 90th anniversary); Mikhail Gorbachev (7th appearance, last in 2013; 25th anniversary)
 * Repeats: William the Conqueror (4th consecutive appearance, 6 total; 950th anniversary); Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total; 75th anniversary)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 01:26, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Omitted: William the Conqueror; Ephraim McDowell; Hirohito (ineligible—maintenance); Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (ineligible—maintenance); Mikhail Gorbachev (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Baldwin I of Jerusalem (3rd appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible); Baptist War (first appearance); Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 90th anniversary); Trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu (first appearance; blurb previously featured Nicolae Ceaușescu and is making its 6th appearance, last in 2014); San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 10th anniversary); Makan ibn Kaki (first appearance); Nina E. Allender (first appearance); Sadiq al-Mahdi (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 21:32, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Removal of the Stone of Scone in 1950 (blurb previously featured Stone of Scone, which remains ineligible)
 * New articles (unused): Chengjia; 2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash
 * Omitted: Baldwin I of Jerusalem; Baptist War; Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng; Trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu; San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks; Makan ibn Kaki; Nina E. Allender; Sadiq al-Mahdi
 * Included: Halley's Comet (3rd appearance, last in 2016; moved from May 25); Handel and Haydn Society (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (6th appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); Kilvenmani massacre (2nd appearance, last in 2015; 50th anniversary); St Mel's cathedral, Longford (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Zhang Jingda (first appearance); Otto Frederick Hunziker (first appearance); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (first appearance)

2019 request
- On 25 December 1819, Thelnetham Windmill was first set to work. Can it be featured on OTD, with photograph please? Mjroots (talk) 13:04, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 21:14, 26 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Sadiq al-Mahdi (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Mikhail Gorbachev
 * Omitted: Halley's Comet; Handel and Haydn Society; Japanese occupation of Hong Kong; Kilvenmani massacre; Zhang Jingda; Otto Frederick Hunziker; Atal Bihari Vajpayee
 * Included: William the Conqueror (7th appearance, last in 2016); Ephraim McDowell (4th appearance, last in 2016); Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 30th anniversary); Sverker I of Sweden (first appearance); Lady Grizel Baillie (first appearance); Joan Miró (first appearance)
 * Repeats: St Mel's Cathedral (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 10th anniversary)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 19:24, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Handel and Haydn Society (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Dorothy Wordsworth; Fatima Massaquoi; Sadiq al-Mahdi
 * Omitted: William the Conqueror; Ephraim McDowell; Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu; St Mel's Cathedral; Sverker I of Sweden; Lady Grizel Baillie; Joan Miró
 * Included: Chengjia (first appearance); Baldwin I of Jerusalem (4th appearance, last in 2017); 1950 removal of the Stone of Scone (first appearance; 70th anniversary); WorldWideWeb (7th appearance, last in 2016; moved from February 26; 30th anniversary); National anthem of Russia (3rd appearance, last in 2015; 20th anniversary); Peter the Venerable (first appearance); Nina E. Allender (2nd appearance, last in 2017); China Machado (first appearance)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:48, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Chengjia; Baldwin I of Jerusalem; 1950 removal of the Stone of Scone; WorldWideWeb; National anthem of Russia; Peter the Venerable; Nina E. Allender; China Machado
 * Included: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (5th appearance, last in 2010; 975th anniversary; previously appeared on June 4); Baptist War (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (5th appearance, last in 2020; also appeared on February 10); Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (7th appearance, last in 2018; 80th anniversary); Mikhail Gorbachev (8th appearance, last in 2016; 30th anniversary); Dorothy Wordsworth (first appearance; 250th birthday); Young Tom Morris (first appearance); Sadiq al-Mahdi (2nd appearance, last in 2017)


text:
Aletschhorn

The Aletschhorn (4194 m) is a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland, lying within the Jungfrau-Aletsch region, which has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The mountain shares part of its name with the Aletsch Glacier lying at its foot.

The Aletschhorn, the second highest mountain of the Bernese Alps after the Finsteraarhorn, is the only one of the higher peaks that lies completely in Valais. It is the culminating point of a chain running parallel with the dividing ridge, and surpassing it in the height of its principal peaks. Standing thus between the principal range of the Bernese Alps and the Pennine chain, it shares with the Bietschhorn the advantage of occupying a central position in relation to the high peaks around it. The Aletschhorn is often thought to command the finest of all the panoramic views from Alpine summits.

Geography

On its northern flank lies the Aletschfirn, which is part of the Aletsch Glacier. On the southwest lies the Oberaletsch Glacier and, on the southeast, lies the Mittelaletsch Glacier. Both are in the catchment area of the Massa river, which originates in the Aletsch Glacier and ends up in the Rhone river. Its remote location in the middle of glaciers means that the Aletschhorn, despite its height, is less frequently visited and less well known than the summits of the Jungfrau and the Eiger, which lie about 10 km on the north.

The Aletschorn has four significant sub-peaks: the Kleines Aletschhorn (3745 m) is situated west of the main-summit. In the south-ridge are located the southeast-ridge-gendarm pt 3948 m, a prominent double-tower (ca. 3744 m) and the quadruple-tower pt 3716 m.

Climbing history
The Aletschhorn was first climbed almost 50 years after the first ascent of the Jungfrau. When the Jungfrau was first climbed, the climbers used base camps on the Aletschfirn, at the foot of the Aletschhorn.

The Aletschhorn was climbed first in 1859 by Francis Fox Tuckett, J. J. Bennen, V. Tairraz and P. Bohren. The party passed the night in some holes in the rocks above the Mittel Aletsch Glacier (on the east side of the mountain), and on the following morning, on 18 June, started the ascent and reached the snow arête connecting the Dreieckhorn with the main peak. The passage along this arête at a so early period of the year, before the snow has become well consolidated, involved some risk and a slope of névé lying at an angle of 50°, required care and good step-cutting. But the summit could be reached without too much difficulty. Like many other climbers, Tuckett took with him a barometer and made scientific observations. He noted the icy temperature and the very strong wind, blowing the snow and threatening to knock over the climbers.

After they reached the summit, Tuckett separated from Bennen and descended via the north face with Bohren and Tairraz. He wanted to descend directly to the Lötschental, but soon after they began the descent, an avalanche started right under the feet of the climbers. They cautiously went back and descended on the Mittelaletsch.

Climbing routes
Northeast ridge
 * Difficulty: PD+
 * Starting point: Mittelaletschbiwak (3,013 m)
 * Valley: Fiesch (1,049 m)

Southwest ridge
 * Difficulty: AD, II
 * Starting point: Oberaletschhütte (2,640 m)
 * Valley: Blatten bei Naters (1,322 m)

title: Aletschhorn


text:
Miles in the Sky

Miles in the Sky is a studio album by the jazz trumpeter and composer Miles Davis. It was released on July 22, 1968 through Columbia Records. It was the last full album recorded by Davis' "Second Great Quintet" and marked the beginning of his foray into jazz fusion, with Herbie Hancock playing electric piano and Ron Carter playing electric bass guitar on opening track “Stuff”. Additionally, electric guitarist George Benson features on “Paraphernalia”.

Background
Miles in the Sky was produced by Teo Macero and recorded at Columbia Studio B in New York City on January 16, 1968, and May 15–17, 1968. The album's title was a nod to the Beatles' 1967 song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds". This is the final appearance of tenor saxophonist Wayne Shorter, pianist Herbie Hancock, bassist Ron Carter and drummer Tony Williams together on a full-length studio album in Davis’ discography.

Composition
For Miles in the Sky, Davis and his quintet pulled further away from conventional jazz and more toward jazz-rock fusion. The album's compositions are extended and groove-oriented, often with rhythms that, according to Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "are straightforward, picking up on the direct 4/4 beats of rock, and these are illuminated by Herbie Hancock's electric piano". In the opinion of All About Jazz's C. Michael Bailey, Miles in the Sky was one of six albums by Davis' quintet between 1965 and 1968 that introduced the poorly-defined jazz subgenre post-bop.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, Down Beat magazine called Miles in the Sky one of the best albums by Davis and his second quintet because of how it shows he had been influenced by Ornette Coleman and John Coltrane: "even as Miles denies it, for their assault on the popular song has pushed Miles along the only path that seems open to him, an increasingly ironic detachment from sentiment and prettiness".

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Erlewine found it less adventurous than Nefertiti (1968): "Intriguing, successful jams in many respects, but ... this is less visionary than its predecessor and feels like a transitional album – and, like many transitional albums, it's intriguing and frustrating in equal measures." Hernan M. Campbell of Sputnikmusic was more enthusiastic and praised the musicianship throughout, particularly that of Williams, whose drumming he found "mind-blowing". Campbell felt that Miles in the Sky should not be overlooked because it marked the beginning of Davis' electric period and was one of the defining jazz fusion albums.

Track listing
Columbia – CS 9628

Personnel

 * Miles Davis – trumpet, cornet on "Stuff" and "Country Son"
 * Wayne Shorter – tenor saxophone
 * Herbie Hancock – piano, electric piano on "Stuff"
 * Ron Carter – bass, electric bass on "Stuff"
 * Tony Williams – drums
 * George Benson – electric guitar on "Paraphernalia"

title: Miles in the Sky


text:
South Hampstead railway station

South Hampstead railway station is on Loudoun Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is served by London Overground services on the Watford DC line. It is about 550 yd south west of Swiss Cottage Underground station.

The Chiltern Main Line crosses over the east end of the station on a bridge, briefly in open air between tunnelled sections on each side of the cutting.

History
South Hampstead opened in 1879 as "Loudon Road station" and acquired its present name in 1922. Two platforms on the Euston to Watford DC Line remain; those on the slow main lines were largely demolished in the 1960s. During the West Coast Main Line electrification the original LNWR street building was replaced by one in the 1960s "brick lavatory" style and a new station footbridge was constructed. Traces of the removed station canopies and older footbridge can be seen in the brickwork of the retaining walls on both sides of the line.

South Hampstead station was evocatively described by Sir John Betjeman in his First and Last Loves, 1952.

London Overground

 * 4tph to Watford Junction calling at Kilburn High Road, Queens Park, Kensal Green, Willesden Junction, Harlesden, Stonebridge Park, Wembley Central, North Wembley, South Kenton, Kenton, Harrow & Wealdstone, Headstone Lane, Hatch End, Carpenders Park, Bushey and Watford High Street.
 * 4tph to London Euston only.

Connections
London Buses route 31 and night route N28 and N31 serve the station.

title: South Hampstead railway station


text: User:Qeddeq

title: User:Qeddeq


text:
Talk:Melk District

It's ok?

--HochauerW 14:08, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Melk District


text:
Edward Charles Titchmarsh

Edward Charles "Ted" Titchmarsh (June 1, 1899 – January 18, 1963) was a leading British mathematician.

Education
Titchmarsh was educated at King Edward VII School (Sheffield) and Balliol College, Oxford, where he began his studies in October 1917.

Career
Titchmarsh was known for work in analytic number theory, Fourier analysis and other parts of mathematical analysis. He wrote several classic books in these areas; his book on the Riemann zeta-function was reissued in an edition edited by Roger Heath-Brown.

Titchmarsh was Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford from 1932 to 1963. He was a Plenary Speaker at the ICM in 1954 in Amsterdam.

He was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1935-1947.

Awards

 * Fellow of the Royal Society, 1931
 * De Morgan Medal, 1953
 * Sylvester Medal, 1955
 * Berwick Prize winner, 1956

Publications

 * The Zeta-Function of Riemann (1930);
 * Introduction to the Theory of Fourier Integrals (1937) 2nd. edition(1939) 2nd. edition (1948);
 * The Theory of Functions  (1932);
 * Mathematics for the General Reader (1948);
 * The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function (1951); 2nd edition, revised by D. R. Heath-Brown (1986)
 * Eigenfunction Expansions Associated with Second-order Differential Equations. Part I  (1946) 2nd. edition (1962);
 * Eigenfunction Expansions Associated with Second-order Differential Equations. Part II  (1958);

title: Edward Charles Titchmarsh


text:
User talk:Obeymuller

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. Just a note--I was wondering if you could add a source for the image you uploaded. Did you take the photo yourself? Just go to Image:Downjuggalette.jpg and edit to include where you got the image. Thanks, Meelar (talk) 14:09, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Obeymuller