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Ball High School

Ball High School is a public secondary school in Galveston, Texas, United States. Ball, which covers grades 9 through 12, is a part of Galveston Independent School District.

Ball High School serves the cities of Galveston and Jamaica Beach and the unincorporated communities of Port Bolivar and Crystal Beach on the Bolivar Peninsula. The school mascot is the Tornado, named "Tuffy Tor."

Founding
In 1881, the citizens of Galveston, authorized by the legislative act of 1879 which specified that all cities of a certain size could initiate and maintain their own school system, organized a public school district, restricted to "white or caucasian" students and elected a board of trustees. Some 20 teachers were employed to teach students in grades one through seven. Prior to this time, all education in Galveston was private or parochial.

In the summer of 1883, a local dry goods businessman, George Ball, communicated his intention to support the establishment of a public high school in Galveston via a brief and simple note to the Galveston City Council. It read: "If the authorities of this city will furnish appropriate and sufficient grounds centrally located, I will contribute $50,000 for the erection of a building to be permanently dedicated to the use of the public free schools of the City of Galveston...I will be pleased to carry [this proposal] into the earliest effect with the hope that it may prove useful to the community with which I have been long identified and whose future welfare I most earnestly desire."

Ball's offer was accepted, and the cornerstone for what would become Ball High School in Galveston was laid on February 15, 1884. Contrary to custom, which places the cornerstone in the northeast corner of the building, it was placed at the southwest corner of the main portion of the building. It is a block of Dupree stone, upon the open sides of which are carved simply the words, "George Ball to the Children of Galveston." Articles placed in the cornerstone included photos of Mr. and Mrs. George Ball, autographs of the children attending public schools, the city directory, photos of the teachers, and a floor plan of Ball High School.

Ball died on March 11, 1884, without seeing his gift completed.

The new public high school in Galveston opened its doors to 200 pupils on October 1, 1884, with a building consisting of 12 classrooms, two offices and an auditorium, and with the motto "Best school south of St. Louis and west of the Mississippi."

On March 4, 1886, the school was named in memory of its benefactor.

Early years
The Class of 1887 represented the first graduating class of Ball High School. The school served students in grades eight through twelve. Early curriculum for Ball High School students included English, history, algebra, arithmetic, physical geography, Latin, civil government, trigonometry, physics, political economy, chemistry, mental philosophy and physiology.

In 1890, Mrs. George Ball spent $47,000 to remodel, enlarge and beautify the building, which bore her husband's name. At this time, the Rotunda and Dome were added to the north front of the building.

On October 12, 1894, Ball High provided the opposition in the very first football game played by the Texas A&M Aggies, then known as The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. The Aggies won, 14-6.

In September 1900, the great hurricane struck and Ball High School was not spared from the fury of its waves and wind. The west wall slipped; the roof blew off; plaster crumbled; windowpanes crashed; and the metal covering was stripped from the ball of the dome, showing its skeleton of steel ribs. In the storm's aftermath, citizens of the City of Galveston contributed and raised the $45,000 required to repair the high school and the other Galveston schools and also to pay the teacher's salaries. Because of the devastating loss of life and property during the storm, school attendance decreased by some 25 percent, creating an excess of teachers. Other Texas communities came to the rescue in many ways, perhaps most importantly by providing jobs to these Galveston teachers whose services were no longer needed in the island community.

While Ball High School was undergoing massive repair, students reported to the campus known as the "K" school, today the site of San Jacinto Elementary School.

By the fall of 1901, all classes were again held at the Ball High building. The school population had increased dramatically by 1915, and two wings were added to the building to accommodate the many students. The six new classrooms eased the overcrowding for a time, but by 1924 overcrowding was again a problem for students and faculty.

The wings, added in 1915, were now extended in order to provide additional classroom space. For the next 30 years, no additions or improvements were made to the building on 21st and Ball Avenue. The main Ball High School building, remodeled and expanded still stands today and houses the home offices of the American Indemnity Company.

New location
Bill Cherry wrote in a 2004 Galveston County Daily News article that, by the 1950s, Ball High School "was not only horribly congested, but the building was in deplorable condition, the victim of years and years of deferred maintenance."

In 1954, the Ball High School complex moved to its new location, constructed in 1952, at 41st street and Avenue O. This building cost $3.2 million and covered a four-square block area-41st to 43rd Streets and Avenue O to Avenue P. The new location received additions and renovations in 1964, 1974, 1981, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2004, and 2005.

In the late 1960s, Ball high merged with Central High School, the first black high school in Texas, founded in 1885. This reorganization created the need for the expansion of the high school into the former Sam Houston Junior High School facility at 4116 Avenue N-1/2, two blocks from the main high school structure, at 4115 Avenue O, to create the two-campus Ball High School. The original campus is often referred to as Ball High South, while the former Sam Houston campus was familiarly known as Ball High North. In the late 1970s, the Central school campus became an eight grade school which served exclusively eighth grade students throughout the school district. Years later, additional remodeling of the South campus combined with reduced enrollments resulted in consolidating the high school at one facility. The North campus reverted to an elementary school, renamed for the late Charles B. Scott, a long-time Ball High School counselor.

In 1968 Central High School, the high school for African-Americans, consolidated into Ball High School. With the closure of Central, Ball High became a very early social experiment for complete school integration and busing. While there were rumblings in the community around the unacceptability of integration, integration worked at Ball High School. Much of the reason for integration's success was due to the success of the integrated athletics teams. Multiple conference and state titles were won during the early seventies and as a result the community rallied behind Ball High School quickly. Leadership on the sports teams was critical to assure that teammates stayed focused on winning and kept the black-white issue completely buried. In the mid-1970s, a state-of-the-art media center was added at Ball High South campus and air-conditioning was installed for the first time. The forty-year-old school received a major $1.5 million renovation and update in 1980. The most recent repairs, in 2004 and 2005, were made possible through school bonds which were in political standstill for seven years.

In the 2000s, rising real estate costs in Galveston forced many families to move to other areas, including League City, Texas City, and La Marque. This meant an exodus of children from the Galveston ISD and into other school districts. If Hurricane Katrina evacuees and out-of-district students are excluded, Galveston ISD lost 12% of its students between the 2002-2003 school year and the 2006-2007 school year; Ball High School is affected as it is the only public high school in Galveston.

Dress code
On September 3, 1969, the GISD superintendent approved a proposed Ball High School dress code that was drafted by a committee consisting of the school principal, the associate principal, students, and faculty members chosen by the students. This committee deliberately allowed an amount of vagueness to balance free expression and the ability to enforce the code. It allowed students to have facial hair while many American high school dress codes at the time did not. This code was in effect in addition to the general GISD dress code, which was issued by the GISD superintendent in March 1967.

The son of Texas senator A. R. "Babe" Schwartz, Richard A. Schwartz, was enrolled at Ball; he challenged the dress code's hair length regulations in court after school officials threatened to expel him if he did not change the length of his hair. In December 1969 attorney David H. Berg, hired by "Babe" Schwartz, filed a Section 1983 to prevent enforcement of the hair length rules. federal judge James Latane Noel Jr. dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that the plaintiff should have sought state legal remedies first.

Notable alumni

 * Charles Alexander, former NFL running back
 * Kimble Anders, former Pro Bowl NFL player
 * Brandon Backe, former MLB player
 * Reginald Ballard, film actor
 * Patrick Bates, former NFL player (safety)
 * Vince Courville, football player
 * Adrian Devine, former MLB player
 * Mike Evans, NFL player
 * Casey Hampton, former Pro Bowl NFL player
 * Eric Hill, former NFL player
 * Carl Hilton, former NFL player
 * Mike Holmes, former NFL player and CFL All-Star
 * Emma Hwang, served as an Aquanaut on NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations 5 (NEEMO 5) crew
 * Terry Irving, former NFL player
 * Damon Jones, former NBA player
 * Tina Knowles, 1972, fashion designer
 * George McCullough, NFL player
 * Whitney Paul, former NFL player
 * Terran Petteway, Nebraska and Israeli Basketball Premier League player
 * Anthony Philips, former NFL player
 * Derrick Pope, former NFL player
 * Billy Stevens, former NFL quarterback
 * Nick Williams, professional MLB baseball player.
 * Robert Williams, former NFL player

Ike: A Documentary
Students of Ball High School's Hurricane Story Tellers (Advanced Media Technology Class) are currently in production of a Hurricane Ike documentary entitled IKE: A DOCUMENTARY - The Story of a Torn City Rebuilt by Everyday Heroes. The film is about Galveston residents and businesses post Hurricane Ike, and how they must come together to help rebuild Galveston. The class began to film in October 2008 and is expected to finish in early May 2009. The film contains interviews and footage of Galveston mayor Lyda Ann Thomas.

Feeder patterns
All Galveston ISD elementary and middle schools feed into Ball High School.

title: Ball High School


text:
User talk:Sporki~enwiki

Re: WYD Image
If you upload images to Wikipedia, be sure to tag them with a copyright tag. It is a good image, but if it doesn't have a tag, we don't know where it came from thus we have to delete it.

If you want to release the image under the GFDL (the license Wikipedia uses, which means anyone can use it or modify it as they please), edit the image and add this tag:. Also, be sure to add some information, such as what day the image was taken on and what camera you used, or anything else useful.

Thanks for the great image addition, but just be sure to add appropriate tags to your images if you upload any more! :) -- tomf688  21:31, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well I'm not Catholic so I haven't had much interest in attending one. I never even knew they existed until recently anyways. ;) -- tomf688  14:14, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Name of the Homeland war
You might want to join the discussion here:. I'm sorry for disturbance if you are not interested the discussion. --Dijxtra 12:37, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sporki. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sporki~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:08, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:09, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sporki~enwiki


text:
Nic Cester

Nicholas John Cester (born 6 July 1979) is an Australian musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist, known for being the frontman and lead singer in rock band Jet alongside his younger brother Chris. Cester is also a founder of the Australian supergroup The Wrights. Jet's track "Are You Gonna Be My Girl", has won APRA Awards for 'Most Performed Australian Work Overseas' in 2006 and 2007.

Biography
Nicholas John Cester was born on 6 July 1979, and grew up in Melbourne. He is the oldest of four brothers, born to a Scottish mother and an Australian father of Italian descent, John. His paternal grandparents immigrated from the provinces of Treviso and Pordenone. His uncle Eugene Cester (aka Eugene De La Hot Croix Bun), is a founder of satirical rock band TISM. Cester attended St Bedes Boys College in Mentone, Victoria, and sees The Beatles as his greatest musical influence.

Cester and Cameron Muncey formed a band in 1996 during secondary school. Cester decided to learn how to play guitar after watching his uncle play "Blackbird". Jet has a line-up of Cester (vocals, guitar), his brother Chris (drums, percussion, vocals), Muncey (lead guitar, vocals), and Mark Wilson (bass, piano, vocals). When Jet first began performing in clubs, Cester was working in a local factory as a forklift operator. Jet played multiple shows and residencies at The Duke of Windsor Hotel in Chapel Street, Windsor. Dave Powell of Majorbox Music saw them play one night and decided to manage the group. The band was signed to the Elektra record label after their debut single, "Take It Or Leave It", became a hit.

Cester is also a founder of the supergroup The Wrights. On 31 October 2007, Cester performed alongside Powderfinger and Missy Higgins in Concert for a Cure (for women with breast cancer). In February 2009, Cester performed at the 50th anniversary celebration of the founding of Melbourne's Myer Music Bowl with a cover version of Paul McCartney's "Maybe I'm Amazed". On 22 January 2010, he covered the AC/DC song "Back in Black" with British rock group Muse at the Big Day Out. On 8 June he sang it with Muse again at San Siro gig, in Milan.

Cester, with Davey Lane and Kram have provided a single, "Tomorrow", for the Australian feature film Tomorrow, When the War Began. Cester appears in Kram's "Silk Suits" music video as a tennis umpire alongside Australian Tennis Player Alicia Molik.

In November 2017 he released his first solo album Sugar Rush.

Since 2017, he is one of the lead vocalists of The Jaded Hearts Club. In 2020, he released two singles with them and on 2 October 2020, they released their album, You've Always Been Here.

Personal life
He speaks fluent Italian. Cester tours with Jet for most of the year, but when not travelling he shares his time between homes in Melbourne and Como, Italy. In August 2004, his father, John, died of cancer. Cester wrote the song "Shine On" for his younger brothers and cousins as a tribute. In late October 2006, Cester was diagnosed with vocal nodules. Jet rescheduled several European dates, allowing him time to recover. He married longtime girlfriend, Pia McGeoch. They welcomed a girl in early 2018.

Electric guitars

 * Gibson ES-335
 * Gibson SG
 * Gretsch Duo-Jet.

Acoustic guitars

 * Gibson SJ-200 Modern Classic
 * Cole Clark FL-3

Amplifiers/Heads

 * Hiwatt Amp Head
 * Hiwatt Quad Box
 * Marshall Quad Box
 * Orange Amp Head
 * Vox AC30 Heritage Head
 * Vox V212 Heritage Cabinet

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

 * rowspan="3"| 2006 || "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" – Nicholas Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Won
 * "Cold Hard Bitch" – Nicholas Cester, Christopher Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Nominated
 * "Look What You've Done" - Nicholas Cester || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2007 || "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" – Nicholas Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Won
 * "Look What You've Done" – Nicholas Cester || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Nominated
 * "Look What You've Done" - Nicholas Cester || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2007 || "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" – Nicholas Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Won
 * "Look What You've Done" – Nicholas Cester || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Nominated
 * "Look What You've Done" – Nicholas Cester || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Nominated
 * "Look What You've Done" – Nicholas Cester || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || Nominated

Charitable work
Cester is a supporter of The Fred Hollows Foundation, founded by eye surgeon Fred Hollows. In 2008, Cester's band Jet released a video clip paying tribute to Hollows.

title: Nic Cester


text:
Crowhurst railway station

Crowhurst railway station is on the Hastings line in the south of England and serves the village of Crowhurst, East Sussex. It is 57 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

History
Although the section of the Hastings line through Crowhurst was completed in 1852, no station existed at this location until the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR) built a branch line to Bexhill West in 1902. Crowhurst served as a junction station, with Up and Down through platforms and a bay platform at the southern end of each until closure of the Bexhill West branch in 1964. Most of the station buildings have been demolished, but the remains of the bay platforms are still visible and a small building survives on the Up side. The station is normally unstaffed.

Services
All services at Crowhurst are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 1 tph to Hastings

Additional services, including trains to and from and London Cannon Street and Ore call at the station in the peak hours.

title: Crowhurst railway station


text:
User talk:Dagen

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Viajero 10:09, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

 * PS: you look like you know your way pretty well around here.. Any relation to user TDC?

Neutral point of view
Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. I'm commenting on an edit you made recently to Fidel Castro. Amongst other things, you changed the picture caption to read: "Cuban dictator Fidel Castro smoking while Cuba burns", and added "although the standard of these services was not consistently good" to a description of the health service in Cuba and "an organization then dominated by the Soviet bloc" to a reference to WHO. Although you did add some factual information most of what you wrote was unsourced opinion. I appreciate your opinion of Fidel Castro, but here we have a Neutral point of view policy. We leave our personal opinions out of the articles. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:03, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Removing significant information
Hi, it's me again. In your edit on John Kerry presidential campaign, 2004 at 05:59, 20 Apr 2005 you removed some factual information, to wit Kerry's unkept promise to "fight every vote" and the text linking to John Kerry military service controversy. Please don't remove significant information. If you challenge its factualness or think it forms an unbalanced impression, raise this on the talk page. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:27, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

2003 invasion of Iraq
I agree with you that the 2003 Invasion of Iraq article is biased and may indeed be unfactual but encourage you to add to discussion if you wish to add this type of tag. Thanks.--MONGO 11:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Stalinist" references
Stop putting "Stalinist" references into articles. Unless an individual is (A) an avowed Stalinist, and (B) was best known for their Stalinist politics, these kind of POV-charged accusations do not belong in the intro (or anywhere else in the article). If specific accusations of Stalinism were made, they should be sourced. Remember the NPOV policy. Firebug 03:20, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Excellent work my friend
I appreciate your reversion of WL's bullshit over at Fidel Castro, but you might want to tone down your interjection of POV (the fact that he has a $550 million net worth doesn't warrant mention in the intro) J. Parker Stone 03:25, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

BTW, keep it up, cuz i don't want little snitch-ass WL to report me for 3RR. J. Parker Stone 03:27, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Compromise on Fidel Castro
Check out the recent compromise edit I made to the Fidel Castro article. Since ol' Fidel is such a controversial figure, I decided to include a very brief one-sentence summary of the pro- and anti-Fidel arguments in the opening paragraph. This includes your statements regarding Castro's wealth (but without giving a specific figure, which is listed further down). Firebug 04:26, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

3RR violation on W. E. B. DuBois
You have been blocked for 24 hours for violating Three revert rule on W. E. B. DuBois by reinserting "Stalinist" in the intro paragraph four times in 24 hours:

title: User talk:Dagen


text:
Talk:Aka Morchiladze

Untitled
Aka morchiladze is one of the best Georgian writers an 21 sentury. He perfectly writes about Georgia's new and old history. He has his oriinal stile witch makes reader more interested of the story. Thenks to god that we still have so good writers. Gaumarjos AKAS

Titles
Is there any chance that "Witches of Christmas Eve" (2001) and "Christmas Night Witches" (2002) are two references to the same book? --Andreas Philopater (talk) 21:12, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aka Morchiladze


text:
Dalet

Dalet (, also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician dālt 𐤃, Hebrew dālet ד, Aramaic dālaṯ 𐡃, Syriac dālaṯ ܕ, and Arabic dāl د (in abjadi order; 8th in modern order). Its sound value is the voiced alveolar plosive.

The letter is based on a glyph of the Proto-Sinaitic script, probably called dalt "door" (door in Modern Hebrew is  delet), ultimately based on a hieroglyph depicting a door:

Arabic dāl
The letter is named dāl دَالْ, and is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:

The letter represents a sound.

Phoenician
The Phoenician dālet gave rise to the Greek delta (Δ), Latin D, and the Cyrillic letter Д.

Hebrew dalet
Hebrew spelling: דָּלֶת

The letter is dalet in the modern Israeli Hebrew pronunciation (see Tav (letter). Dales is still used by many Ashkenazi Jews and daleth by some Jews of Middle-Eastern background, especially in the Jewish diaspora. In some academic circles, it is called daleth, following the Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation. It is also called daled. The ד like the English D represents a voiced alveolar stop. Just as in English, there may be subtle varieties of the sound that are created when it is spoken.

Variations
Dalet can receive a dagesh, being one of the six letters that can receive Dagesh Kal (see Gimel). There are minor variations to this letter's pronunciation, such as In addition, in modern Hebrew, the combination ד׳ (dalet followed by a geresh) is used when transcribing foreign names to denote.
 * ד  ( among Teimanim, Mizrachim and some Sephardim;  among some Ashkenazim.) or
 * דּ.

Significance
In gematria, dalet symbolizes the number four.

The letter dalet, along with the He (and very rarely Gimel) is used to represent the Names of God in Judaism. The letter He is used commonly, and the dalet is rarer. A good example is the keter (crown) of a tallit, which has the blessing for donning the tallit, and has the name of God usually represented by a dalet. A reason for this is that He is used as an abbreviation for HaShem "The Name" and the dalet is used as a non-sacred way of referring to God.

Dalet as a prefix in Aramaic (the language of the Talmud) is a preposition meaning "that", or "which", or also "from" or "of"; since many Talmudic terms have found their way into Hebrew, one can hear dalet as a prefix in many phrases (as in Mitzvah Doraitah; a mitzvah from the Torah.)

In modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of dalet, out of all the letters, is 2.59%.

Syriac daled/dolath

In the Syriac alphabet, the fourth letter is ܕ — in western pronunciation,  and  in eastern pronunciation (ܕܵܠܵܬ). It is one of six letters that represents two associated sounds (the others are bet, gimel, kaph, pe and taw). When daled/dolath has a hard pronunciation (qûššāyâ) it is a. When it has a soft pronunciation (rûkkāḵâ) it is traditionally pronounced as a. The letter is very common in Syriac as it is often attached to the beginning of words as the relative pronoun.

Daled/dolath is always written with a point below it to distinguish it from the letter resh (ܪ), which is identical apart from having a point above. As a numeral, dalad/dolath stands for the number four. With various systems of dots and dashes, it can also stand for 4,000 and 40,000.

Mathematics
In set theory, the dalet symbol is sometimes used to reference the fourth transfinite cardinal number.

title: Dalet


text:
A882 road

The A882 road is entirely within Caithness in the Highland area of Scotland. It has a length of about 23 km and runs generally west/northwest from the A99 in the county town of Wick to the A9 in the Georgemas area.

About 12 km from Wick the road passes through the village of Watten, where it is crossed by the B870.

The A882 is part of the most direct route between Wick and the burgh of Thurso: 8 km of the A9 complete the route.

Between Wick and Watten the traveller has Wick River to the right. The road crosses the river at Watten. Between Watten and Georgemas Loch Watten and Loch Scarmclate are to the right. The traveller who continues to Thurso on the A9 will have the River Thurso to the left.

Towns, villages and junctions
The A882 runs through or near towns and villages listed below. Junctions listed are with other classified roads.

title: A882 road


text:
Talk:Ball High School

Assess
This may have been a top article, but it lacks references. It needs bringing up to standard. Victuallers 08:45, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

This was written by me for Ball High School, (Texaswebscout is Ben Willson in his spare time) it also appears at ballhigh.org/historyTexaswebscout 10:18, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It is well written, can you provide a photograph which is GFDL or public domain? --GRider\talk 21:26, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Austin High was started in 1881. Thus, it is older than Ball.MaroonFrog 18:12, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

small error but corrected that students are allowed to wear striped polo shirts —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.197.154.8 (talk) 22:49, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

==

== semi-protect. High level of IP vandalism. Nsaum75 22:23, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I do not agree with protection, the vandalism is not persistant. Wolvereness 22:40, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Picture
maybe its just me but it may be beneficial to put a recent picture of the school on the page as the only one is the very old one from way back. Gurall200 7:50 PM, 7-1-2008

Yes, it could help, do you have one that doesn't violate copyright? -- Signed by Wolverenesst c 05:29, 9 January 2008 (UTC) - It will have to be from the internet or google as the only time I am their or could take a photo would have students in it. - gurall200 Its been cloudy as of late....When the sun comes out, I'll go by and take a photo. Nsaum75 (talk) 08:18, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

fling beautiful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gurall200 (talk • contribs) 01:38, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I took a panoramic photo of BHS today and added it to the article. May need some re-arranging, as being a pano it fits in kinda awkward. Nsaum75 (talk) 08:39, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I figured a panoramic was the best way to go, since some alumni may be viewing the page and might have not seen the school since the expansion in the 1990s that combined the North and South campuses Nsaum75 (talk) 02:51, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Prime Minister of Ethiopia

The prime minister of Ethiopia is the head of government and chief executive of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a parliamentary republic with a prime minister as head of the government and the commander-in-chief of the Ethiopian Armed Forces. The prime minister is the most powerful political figure in Ethiopian politics. The official residence of the prime minister is the Menelik Palace in Addis Ababa. The prime minister is elected from the members of the House of Peoples' Representatives and presents a government platform. The prime minister must receive a vote of confidence in the House of Peoples' Representatives to exercise executive power as chief executive. Abiy Ahmed is the third prime minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, serving since April 2018.

Origins and history
The office of prime minister has been consistently used in modern Ethiopian history. Prior to the establishment of modern government institutions, Ethiopia was an absolute monarchy with the King of Kings presiding as the absolute ruler of Ethiopia. The role of head of government emerged as a cabinet position in the late 18th and early 19th centuries following the introduction of modern government by Emperor Menelik II. The heads of government of Ethiopia have been the chief minister (1909–1943), and then the prime minister (1943–present). The 1995 Constitution transformed Ethiopia into a parliamentary republic and made the prime minister the chief executive of Ethiopia.

The chief minister of Ethiopia
The first head of government at the cabinet level was Habte Giyorgis Dinagde as the emperor's loyal chief minister under Emperor Menelik II. The chief minister was the chair of the cabinet and the Ministry of Defense, who served at the pleasure of the King of Kings, the absolute ruler. In modern Ethiopian history there have been three chief ministers, including Tafari Makonnen under Empress Zewditu and Betwoded Wolde Tzaddick under Emperor Haile Selassie.

The 1931 Constitution of Ethiopia
The office of the prime minister was officially established following the 1931 Constitution of Ethiopia. The 1931 constitution was the first modern constitution in Ethiopia that attempted to create a modern system of government. The 1931 Constitution of Ethiopia named the emperor of Ethiopia as the absolute ruler of Ethiopia and the prime minister as the leader of the council of ministers that coordinated day-to-day government activities with the consent of the emperor of Ethiopia. Until the 1955 revised Constitution of Ethiopia there were three prime ministers, including the first prime minister Makonnen Endelkachew and the last prime minister Abebe Aregai, who was assassinated during the failed 1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt. Following the assassination of Abebe Aregai, Imru Haile Selassie served as acting prime minister for only three days.

The 1955 Constitution of Ethiopia
The revised 1955 constitution of Ethiopia was put into effect in 1961 following the failed 1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt. The 1955 revised Constitution of Ethiopia attempted to take Ethiopia towards a constitutional monarchy system. Under the 1955 constitution the office of the prime minister and Chamber of Deputies was given autonomy and power. Although the prime minister and parliament's power was stronger on paper, in practice the emperor of Ethiopia possessed significant power and ruled the country as de jure absolute ruler. Nonetheless since Ethiopia was coming out from absolute monarchy where only the monarch had power, over time the prime minister became in fact the head of government while the Emperor was the head of state. The first prime minister under the 1955 Constitution of Ethiopia was Aklilu Habte-Wold, and the last prime minister was Mikael Imru, who was dismissed following the 1974 revolution which established the Provisional Military Government (PMG).

The Provisional Military Government (PMG) (1974–1987)
In September 1974 the last emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, was overthrown by a military coup. The military administration abolished the monarchies of Ethiopia and established the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia. The chairman of the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia was head of the government. From 1974 until 1987 the office of prime minister was not in use until the declaration of 1987 Constitution of Ethiopia which created the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) (1987–1991)
The prime minister office came into effect following the declaration of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE). The 1987 Constitution of Ethiopia named the prime minister as the head of government and the principal advisor to the president of the people's republic. The prime minister also held the highest rank in the civil service of the central government. The prime minister was formally approved by the National Shengo upon the nomination of the president. In practice, the prime minister was chosen within the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) through deliberations by incumbent WEP Politburo members and retired WEP Politburo Standing Committee members. The first prime minister of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was Fikre Selassie Wogderess, who served from 1987 to 1989. The last prime minister was Tesfaye Dinka, who fled to the United States in exile following the dissolution of the London peace conference which ended the PDRE and established the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE).

Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TEG) (1991–1995)
The end of the Ethiopian Civil War in May 1991 resulted in the end to the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia constitution. A new provisional constitution and Transitional Government of Ethiopia was formed. The Transitional Government of Ethiopia was de facto a semi-presidential system, with the president as head of state and prime minister as head of government. The prime minister was appointed by the president, along with other ministers in the Cabinet. The prime minister coordinated and chaired cabinet meetings with the consultation of the president of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia. The only prime minister who served during the Transitional Government of Ethiopia was Tamrat Layne.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) (1995–present)
A draft of a new constitution was declared in 1995 as the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia transformed Ethiopia into a parliamentary republic with the president of Ethiopia as head of state and the prime minister as head of government. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia explicitly vests executive power in the Council of Ministers chaired by the prime minister as chief executive and de jure commander-in-chief of the Ethiopian Armed Forces. The prime minister is nominated among members of the House of Peoples' Representatives and must be approved by two-third majority vote of confidence. In practice, the prime minister is the leader of the largest party with the highest number of sites in the House of Peoples' Representatives. The prime minister nominates the member of Council of Ministers for approval by House of Peoples' Representatives by two-third majority. The first prime minister of FDRE was Meles Zenawi, who served from 1995 to 2012. The current prime minister is Abiy Ahmed serving since April 2018.

Nomination and appointment of the prime minister
After a general election, the National Election Board of Ethiopia announces the official results. Based on the results the president of Ethiopia nominates the leader of the party with the majority in the House of Peoples' Representatives as Prime Minister Designate of Ethiopia to form the Federal Government of Ethiopia.

The leader of the party must be a member of the House of Peoples' Representatives to be nominated as The Prime Minister Designate of Ethiopia. If no party wins an overall majority, the president of Ethiopia invites the leader of the relative majority (plurality) political party to form a coalition government with other parties.

The prime minister designate must be approved by a two-thirds majority vote of confidence in the House of Peoples' Representatives to be appointed as Prime Minister of Ethiopia. After being appointed, the prime minister presents himself before the House of Peoples' Representatives and makes a declaration of loyalty to the Constitution and the people of Ethiopia.

Security
The prime minister of Ethiopia is the most protected government official. The prime minister's security detail is under the command of the Republican Guard, which is a special armed unit of the Ethiopian National Defense Force. The Republican Guard's Counter Military Unit is responsible for protecting the prime minister's official residence Menelik Palace commonly known as 4 Killo National Palace. The Counter Military Unit is an élite paramilitary force armed with heavy assault rifles such as Israel-made Tavor-21 and American M4 carbines as well as having snipers, helicopters and armored vehicles.

Deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia
Article 76 of the constitution states that "The Council of Ministers comprises the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers and other members as may be determined by law. On Article 75 of the constitution states DPME is responsible to the Prime Minister. The Deputy Prime Minister Carry out responsibilities which shall be specifically entrusted by the Prime Minister. The DPME (Deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia) also act on behalf of the Prime Minister in his absence."

title: Prime Minister of Ethiopia


text:
Talk:Pope Benedict XIV

Gotti is incorrect link! comment by 195.28.75.30

Untitled

 * I couldn't find an article for Vincent Louis Gotti, and he isn't listed at List of notable deceased cardinals, but I've changed the link to a redlink for that name. Thank you for catching that.  SWAdair | Talk  10:22, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, we now do have a stub on Gotti, and the Aldrovandi/Aldobrandini goof is also cleared up. Cardinal Passionel is Domenico Silvio Passionei. I don't have time to go on now, so I'll just dump a few links here: Passionei (in German), Passionei (Cath. Enc.), Passionei (Summary), Passionei (Img) . Interestingly, none of these extlinks back up the claim that Passionei played a significant role in cataloguing the Vatican Library. That still needs checking. Might be that it actually was Cardinal Quirini, see . Quirini also needs an article, he can be linked from some places; just search for "quirini"... Finally, this article on Benedict XIV needs references and extlinks added, and if it originally came from the Catholic Encyclopedia, it should be mentioned. There's a template for that somewhere... Lupo 13:12, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * All right, Domenico Silvio Passionei is done... can someone else do Quirini (also called Querini sometimes)? I find these cardinals utterly boring and don't have the energy to do him now. Lupo 19:13, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Boring? You did such good work I was thinking you must be interested in them.  :-)  SWAdair | Talk  02:38, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well thanks, but this is more a feeling of "duty" (ridiculous, I know) to correct errors and fill some holes in this encyclopedia than true passion. Anyway, here's the last one I'll do for quite some time: Angelo Maria Quirini. I still don't know who really was the driving force behind the catalogue of the Vatican Library, though. Lupo 08:14, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Start of papacy
Someone has changed the date for the beginning of his papacy from August 22, 1740 to August 17, 1740. The latter is the date the conclave elected him; the former is the date of his enthronement. (Actually, according to, he was enthroned on August 21.) Which date do we give usually, and shouldn't we give both dates (for all popes)? The table at might help, although I don't know where they got their data from. Lupo 07:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Quote from Gentleman's Magazine
This appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1740 Benedict XIV informed by a crazed Franciscan that Antichrist had been born in an Abruzzi village, asked how old he was: on being told 3, replied 'Very well then it will be for my successor to deal with him.'

Not quite serious enough for the main body of the text - though if people think it relevant, do move it.

Jackiespeel 16:42, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Where does the last paragraph fit into the text? Bold text

Benedict xiv on marriage
http://saints.sqpn.com/pope0247e.htm
 * people are still bad over time, more knowledge but no wisdom —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mirandamir (talk • contribs) 01:48, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Verbatim material
This paragraph is taken verbatim from 25 Most Evil People of the 18th Century - http://one-evil.org/people/people_18c_Benedict_XIV.htm

Perhaps the most important act of Benedict XIV's pontificate was the promulgation of his famous laws about missions in the two bulls, Ex quo singulari and Omnium solicitudinum. In these bulls he ruled on the custom of accommodating Christian words and usages to express non-Christian ideas and practices of the native cultures, which had been extensively done by the Jesuits in their Indian and Chinese missions. An example of this is the statues of ancestors - there had long been uncertainty whether honor paid to ones ancestors was unacceptable 'ancestor worship,' or if it was something more like the Catholic veneration of the saints. This question was especially pressing in the case of an ancestor known not to have been a Christian. The choice of a Chinese translation for the name of God had also been debated since the early 17th century. Benedict XIV denounced these practices in these two bulls. The consequence of this was that many of these converts left the Church. Addison0372 (talk) 19:04, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Maybe I'm confused. BUT read this from the article:

"He had a very active papacy, reforming the education of priests, the calendar of feasts of the Church, and many papal institutions. Perhaps the most important act of Benedict XIV's pontificate was the promulgation of his famous laws about missions in the two bulls, Ex quo singulari and Omnium solicitudinum. In these bulls he ruled on the custom of accommodating Christian words and usages to express non-Christian ideas and practices of the native cultures, which had been extensively done by the Jesuits in their Indian and Chinese missions'

Shouldn't it read .... "In these bulls he ruled on the custom of accommodating non-Christian words and usages to express Christian ideas and practices of the native cultures ... etc.?

Isn't this the nub of the dilemma?

(PatrickGuadalupe (talk) 11:21, 25 May 2012 (UTC)).

Bais in this article
The current style of this page isn't really in the fashion of a typical Wikipedia article. Unfortunately I have not the time nor the skill to rephrase and edit the page. If anybody does have these assets it would extremely satisfactory if somebody could fix this article. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shiftyrye27 (talk • contribs) 00:30, 17 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree. This article is full of peacock language. The sources of the article are heavily POV Roman Catholic, and avoid even mentioning the Enlightenment, or the Family Compact of the Bourbon Monarchs to eliminate the Jesuits. In the intellectual world, the leading lights were Hume, Locke, Voltaire, Diderot, Newton, etc.; Benedict's Rome was an intellectual backwater, and his revival of Thomism is a sad testament to that fact.  Stylistically, the text is a confused mixture of internal church trivia (such as un-revising the Breviary) and international politics (the settlements with the various princes over the appointment of bishops did NOT go in favor of the papacy). A major restructuring is necessary. There is no bibliography as of this date.

 * --Vicedomino (talk) 19:18, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

Bull Beatus Andreas
Shouldn't his bull, Beatus Andreas, in which Pope Benedict XIV showed his support of antisemitic blood libel accusations be mentioned in the article. https://zionism-israel.com/hdoc/Beatus_Andreas.htm

From the bull:

"The Blessed Andreas from the region of the village of Rinn in the Diocese of Brixen, was butchered in the cruelest fashion before the completion of the third year of life in the year 1462 by Jews out of hatred toward the Christian faith.

... From the Bollandists for the date 24 March, we are told -- aside from what has been mentioned concerning the blessed boy Simon of Trent -- that in the Diocese of Cologne, a boy Johannchen is venerated, who was killed by the Hebrews out of hatred against the [Christian] faith.

Baillet reports for the same 24th of March, that in Paris a certain boy Richard is venerated as a martyr.

And likewise, in England another boy with the name William is honored. This boy was murdered by the Jews out of hatred against the [Christian] faith.

In the 18th volume of the work of Father Theophile Raynaud, and in particular in the work that is entitled De Martyrio per pestem, in Part 2, Chapter 2, Nr. 7, one reads that in the time of King Ferdinand in Spain a three-year-old boy was killed by Jews out of hatred against Christ in the district of Guardia near Toledo, that veneration is shown him and that he is called the innocent child of Guardia for obvious reasons.

And the same is attested of two other two-year-old twin boys in Sardinia, who bore the names Cessilius and Camerinus.

And further, in the aforementioned apologetic treatise concerning the martyrdom of the Blessed Simon of Trent, there is mentioned on page 242, a little three-year-old girl by the name of Ursula who was murdered in the cruelest manner by Jews out of hatred of Christ, approximately in the year 1442 in Lienz, a small but old town in the County of Tyrol, located in the Pustertal [Puster Valley] toward Kärnten. In the year 1609, an older monument at the church of this place was replaced by a new one. This was chiseled after the older one and one can read, inscribed on the same, the story of that horrible atrocity.

And on page 264, etc., is mentioned a boy Laurentius, whom the Jews killed in 1485 when he was 5 years of age, out of hatred toward the [Christian] faith, and this boy has been regarded and venerated as a martyr since his martyrdom and up to the present day in Marostica in the region of Vicenza and in areas not far from there." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:982:8202:CDA0:9C08:17A1:672D:E25D (talk) 16:57, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Benedict XIV


text:
User talk:MarkAshfield

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 10:13, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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title: User talk:MarkAshfield


text:
West St Leonards railway station

West St Leonards railway station is on the Hastings line in the south of England and is one of four stations that serve Hastings and St Leonards, East Sussex. It is 60 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

History
West St Leonards station was constructed in 1887.

Rail layout

The Hastings Line (operated by Southeastern) joins the East Coastway Line (operated by Southern) immediately east of West St Leonards, at Bo-Peep junction, just before entering Bo-Peep tunnel. Plans were made for platforms to be built on the East Coastway Line for interchange but Hastings Borough Council decided that there was no economic or passenger benefit as interchange was already available at the next station (Warrior Square).

Services
All services at West St Leonards are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 1 tph to Hastings

Additional services, including trains to and from and London Cannon Street and Ore call at the station in the peak hours.

title: West St Leonards railway station


text:
Pine beauty

The pine beauty (Panolis flammea) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a common species of pine woods in Europe. The distribution area extends from Portugal to western Siberia, the Caucasus and Asia Minor. In the north it extends to the Arctic Circle, in the south it is found in Ceuta in Northern Africa in and southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia).

The forewings are typically rich orange brown, but sometimes are dark grey, with two large pale stigmata and fine streaks along the termen. The hindwings are brown or blackish.

Technical description and variation
The wingspan is 32–40 mm. Forewing orange rufous with some ochreous admixture; the veins dotted grey and white; the inner and outer lines deeper rufous, conversely edged with white, and dentate lunulate; submarginal line pale, preceded by a dentate rufous shade; the terminal area often paler; stigmata large, irregular; the claviform with some pale and brown scales at its extremity; orbicular and reniform pale rufous with deeper centres, the orbicular flattened, its lower edge often produced along median vein as a streak and connected with reniform, which is large with the upper end angularly produced outwards; fringe mottled rufous and white hindwing fuscous, often with a reddish tinge; the ab. griseovariegata Goeze has the rufous tints obscured by glaucous grey and fuscous.

Biology
This moth flies at night from March to May and is attracted to light and sallow blossom.

Larva bright green with the lines broadly white edged with deep green; spiracular line edged below with yellow. It feeds on the needles of Pinus sylvestris and other pines, but sometimes on other trees (see list below), and can be a serious pest in forests. The species overwinters as a pupa.

 * 1) The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

Recorded food plants
See Robinson, G. S. et al.
 * Abies – fir
 * Betula – birch
 * Chamaecyparis
 * Juniperus – juniper
 * Larix – larch
 * Picea – spruce
 * Pinus – pine
 * Pseudotsuga – Douglas-fir
 * Quercus – oak

title: Pine beauty


text:
Arabic Wikipedia

The Arabic Wikipedia (ويكيبيديا العربية) is the Modern Standard Arabic version of Wikipedia. It started on 9 July 2003. As of July 2024, it has articles,  registered users and  files and it is the  largest edition of Wikipedia by article count, and ranks 7th in terms of depth among Wikipedias. It was the first Wikipedia in a Semitic language to exceed 100,000 articles on 25 May 2009, and also the first Semitic language to exceed 1 million articles, on 17 November 2019.

The design of the Arabic Wikipedia differs somewhat from other Wikipedias. Most notably, since Arabic is written right-to-left, the location of links is a mirror image of those Wikipedias in languages written left-to-right. Before Wikipedia was updated to MediaWiki 1.16, Arabic Wikipedia had a default page background of the site inspired by Arabic/Islamic tiling or ornament styles. Switching from MediaWiki's new default Vector layout to the original MonoBook layout may restore this page background.

Three varieties of Arabic have their own Wikipedia: Standard, Egyptian, and Moroccan. Additionally, Maltese, derived from Arabic, has its own Wikipedia.

History

At the emergence of the Wikipedia project in 2001, there were calls to create an Arabic domain raised by Arab engineers. The domain was created as "ar.wikipedia.org" but no serious activity took place except with anonymous users who experimented with the idea. Until 7 February 2003, all contributors to the Arabic Wikipedia were non-Arab volunteers from the International Project Wikipedia that handled the technical aspects. Elizabeth Bauer, who used the user name Elian in the Arabic Wikipedia, approached many Arabic speakers who potentially might be interested in volunteering to spearhead the Arabic project. The only group who responded was the ArabEyes team who were involved in Arabizing the Open Source initiatives. Elian's request was conservatively received and the ArabEyes team was ready to participate but not take a leadership role and then declined to participate on the second of February 2003. During this negotiation time, volunteer users from the German Wikipedia project continued to develop the technical infrastructure of the Arabic Wikipedia backbone.

In 2003 Rami Tarawneh (رامي عوض الطراونة), a Jordanian PhD student in Germany who originated from Zarqa, encountered the English Wikipedia and began to edit content. Contributors encouraged him to start an Arabic Wikipedia. The Arabic Wikipedia opened in July 2003. By that year a significant group of contributors included Tarawneh and four other Jordanians studying in Germany.

On 7 February 2004, one member from the ArabEyes, Isam Bayazidi (عصام بايزيدي), volunteered with 4 other friends to be involved with the Arabic Wikipedia and assumed some leadership roles. In 2004, Bayazid was assigned the SysOp responsibilities and he, with another 5 volunteers, namely Ayman, Abo Suleiman, Mustapha Ahmad and Bassem Jarkas are considered to be the first Arabs to lead the Wikipedia project and they are attributed for working on translating and enforcing the English policies to Arabic. The Arabic Wikipedia faced many challenges at its inception. In February 2004, it was considered to be the worst Wikipedia project among all other languages. However, in 2005, it showed phenomenal progress by which in December 2005, the total number of articles reached 8,285. By that time, there were fewer than 20 contributors and the administrators and contributors made efforts to recruit new users.

In 2007 the secret police in an unspecified country detained Tarawneh and demanded that he reveal the IP address of a contributor. To protect the Wikipedian, the administrators forged a dispute that was the presumed reason for Tarawneh losing his administrator access, so the secret police was unable to obtain the IP. In response to the incident, the rules now state that no one user may have access to all information about the Wikipedia's users.

In 2008 the Wikipedia had had fewer than 65,000 articles and was ranked No. 29 out of the Wikipedias, behind the Esperanto Wikipedia and the Slovenian Wikipedia. Noam Cohen of The New York Times reported that, to many of the attendees of the 2008 Wikimania conference in Alexandria, Egypt, the "woeful shape of the Arabic Wikipedia has been the cause of chagrin." Cohen stated that out of Egyptians, fewer than 10% "are thought to have internet access" and of those with internet access many tend to be knowledgeable in English and have a preference of communicating in that language. The Arabic Wikipedia had 118,870 articles as of 15 January 2010.

As of July 2012 there are around 630 active Arabic Wikipedia editors around the world. Ikram Al-Yacoub of Al Arabiya says that this is "a relatively low figure." At the time there were hundreds of thousands of Wikipedia articles on the Arabic Wikipedia. The Wikimedia Foundation and the nonprofit group Taghreedat established the "Arabic Wikipedia Editors Program" intended to train users to edit the Arabic Wikipedia. By the end of June 2014, the number of articles had reached 384,000.

Iraqi volunteers have translated much of English Wikipedia into Arabic Wikipedia. More recently, a project named Bayt Alhikma has translated more than 10,000 articles about science and other topics in Arabic. The number of active users in Arabic Wikipedia is increasing quickly, reaching the 10,000 mark for first time on 10 February 2021.

Evaluation and criticism

At Wikimania 2008, Jimmy Wales argued that high-profile arrests like those of Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer could be hampering the development of the Arabic Wikipedia by making editors afraid to contribute.

In 2010, Tarek Al Kaziri, from Radio Netherlands Worldwide, believed that the Arabic Wikipedia reflected the Arabic reality in general. Low participation lowers the probability that the articles are reviewed, developed and updated, and political polarisation of participants is likely to lead to biases in the articles.

According to Alexa Internet, on 26 November 2014, the Arabic Wikipedia is the 10th most visited language version of Wikipedia in terms of percentage of visitors on all of the Wikipedias over a month, with the "ar.wikipedia.org" subdomain attracting approximately 1.8% of the total visitors of the "wikipedia.org" website, despite being ranked no. 22 in term of the article count. In terms of page views, it is ranked 12th with the same 10 Wikipedias above it plus the Polish and Dutch ones.

In mid-2020, Arabic Wikipedia was criticized for deletion of the article about Sarah Hegazi. Some Arabic LGBT activists on social media accused Arabic Wikipedia of bias against the LGBT community, and considered the action to be part of censorship, hate-speech and homophobia in Middle East. The news website Raseef22 criticized Arabic Wikipedia's policies, and said that the project was controlled by prejudiced administrators who reject articles about minorities and women.

Arabic Wikipedia
On 23 December 2023, Arabic Wikipedia decided to 1 day blackout in response to the war in Gaza. With blackout users were unable to edit during the blackout   and login to Wikipedia for a few hours until admins involved. This raised questions about neutrality of Wikipedia.

Usage and page views by country

Florence Devouard, the former president of the Wikimedia Foundation, stated in 2010 that the largest number of articles on the Arabic Wikipedia were written by Egyptians and that the Egyptians were more likely to participate in the Arabic Wikipedia compared to other groups.

Generally, Arabic Wikipedia, as of 2018, is the most popular language version of Wikipedia in most Arab countries, except Tunisia, Comoros, Chad, Lebanon, Qatar, Bahrain and the UAE. Arabic Wikipedia has its highest percentages in Egypt, Libya and the countries of the Levant (except Israel and Lebanon) and the Arabic peninsula. This discrepancy happens because of the deficits of Wikipedia in Arabic regarding quality and quantity, while in the latter three the lead of English there is associated with the fact that most residents there are migrants from various countries, such as India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Philippines and other countries, where English is the most popular language there.

As of December 2022, Arabic receives around to 180 to 260 million pageviews per month, depending on the season. The most pageviews are recorded in winter and spring.

Also, the Ideas Beyond Borders project, in cooperation with the I Believe in Science website, launched the Bayt Alhikma 2.0 project in December 2018 in order to translate science-related articles in Arabic.

title: Arabic Wikipedia


text: User talk:213.41.72.26

title: User talk:213.41.72.26


text:
Category:Slash fiction

Articles relating to slash fiction.

title: Category:Slash fiction


text:
Tweed Volcano

Tweed Volcano is a partially eroded Early Miocene shield volcano located in northeastern New South Wales, which formed when this region of Australia passed over the East Australia hotspot around 23 million years ago. Mount Warning, Lamington Plateau and the Border Ranges between New South Wales and Queensland are among the remnants of this volcano that was originally over 100 km in diameter and nearly twice the height of Mount Warning today, at 1156 m. Despite its size, Tweed Volcano was not a supervolcano; other shield volcanoes—such as in the Hawaiian Islands—are much larger. In the 23 million years since the volcano was active, erosion has been extensive, forming a large erosion caldera around the volcanic plug of Mount Warning. Its erosion caldera is the largest in the Southern Hemisphere.

Volcanic stratigraphy
Lavas from the Tweed Volcano are recognised as part of the Lamington Volcanics.

The volcanic stratigraphy of the Tweed Volcano is similar to many other hotspot volcanoes around the world. Eruptions of tholeiitic and some calc-alkaline basalts are the oldest recognised units derived from the volcano. These are named the Lismore Basalt and Beechmont Basalt in New South Wales and Queensland respectively. There are numerous flows recorded which may have been erupted irregularly as fossil soil (Paleosol) profiles and lacustrine type rock units are occasionally found within the rock unit.

Following eruption of the Lismore/Beechmont Basalt a period of eruption of rhyolite lavas took place. Eruptions occurred in lava and some pyroclastic forms. These rhyolites are known in New South Wales as the Nimbin Rhyolite and Queensland as the Binna Burra Rhyolite. Following eruption of this rhyolite a period of basaltic volcanism resumed (or continued) with the eruption of the Blue Knob (NSW)/Hobwee (QLD) Basalt.

The erosion of the volcano has resulted in the exposure of the central feeders of the volcano. These are most evident as Mount Warning and Mount Nullum, though there are numerous other volcanic vents identified all around the region as far away as Nimbin in New South Wales and Spring Mount in Queensland. The central volcanic area in the vicinity of Mount Warning and Mount Nullum is known as the Mount Warning Central Complex and is composed of intrusive rocks including syenite, peralkaline granite, microgranite, monzonite, dolerite, as well as some hyperbassal and volcanic rocks such as rhyolite and basalt.

title: Tweed Volcano


text:
Talk:John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley

Family details
John Browne was born in Hamburg, Germany. His father was a BP employee serving as an officer because of the recent war. (http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=2002278) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 2005 62.245.82.16 (talk • contribs) 10:22, 20 April (UTC)

Speculation
What is the purpose speculating about Browne's sexual orientation in this stub? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.193.23.3 (talk • contribs) 19:42, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Height
I see that 'He is a short man' has just been added. He is undoubtedly a short man, but I wonder whether his height needs to be included. roundhouse 07:51, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I've searched, but can't find his height given anywhere. While this might seem to be trivia, in a profile on him on BBC radio, they mentioned that he was a small, impeccably-dressed man. I hadn't realised he was below average height before I saw the reports on his resignation. I think his height would be a valid piece of information to include, if we can find it.  J Rawle  (Talk) 13:43, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Lord Browne is 5'6". (Chunda18 19:32, 13 May 2007 (UTC))

Clarification
What is the position the last paragraph states he will be abandoning? Philbradley 22:01, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

BP or Browne?
A lot of the information in this article seems to relate to BP's activities rather than Browne himself. Of course there is a degree of overlap, but I think there's a little too much here... 128.62.90.140 19:11, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree, we also need a heading 'Legacy'. For example in the light of the current 'mishap' off the Louisiana coast, the legacy of lord Browne has been called into question. For example by the author John Bower ("Oil")on the website 'Daily beast'. He attests that it was Lord Browne's zealous cost cutting and outsourcing of even vital technical knowledge that lead to the many accidents that occurred. I dont know if these statements are correct or not. But indeed the career description is a too bland. What did the man stand for? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Depotz (talk • contribs) 11:30, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

LGBT:Directors
Removed category LGBT:Directors, which is for film and theatre directors (not corporate directors). Myc2001 16:40, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Gay website
Great job on the immediate update. See the unsigned comment above, from 29 July 2006, regarding the speculation. As it turns out, the speculation was quite relevant! Bearian 20:09, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Let us not call www.suitedandbooted.com a "gay dating website". Let's be clear:  IT IS A GAY "ESCORT"/RENT BOY WEBSITE.  You have to PAY to get any of the young men advertised on that site to come meet you.  That is a PROSTITUTE, NOT a "date".

 * I think we've got to include that it was more than a "gay website", that it was in fact a prostitute site. It is key to understanding why he committed perjury.  He obviously lied and said that he met Jeff while exercising in Battersea Park because he did not want it known that he had taken a prostitute as a lover.  It's very common in the gay scene and the rent boys in such situations usually view the whole thing as a job and someone like Lord Browne as a "john".  Thus the whole thing revolves around:  (1) Browne lied/committed perjury, (2) he did so to hide the fact that his lover was a prostitute (and might therefore have been a prostitute all along).  To simply say that he met Jeff via a "gay website" leaves a reader wondering why Browne committed perjury and just didn't tell the truth.  It's because Jeff was a prostitute.  The proof is that you have to pay money to meet any of the boys that advertise on that site.  Thus, prostitution is key to understanding what happened and thus must be mentioned.  The fact that Jeff was a prostitute specialising in bondage and fetish sex only increased the pressure for Browne to lie/perjure himself.  It explains what happened, why he did it.

 * You have a point here; I had myself wondered why he lied on this rather minor matter (and still do wonder - avoiding a minor embarrassment at the risk of a major one). Can you find some less sensationalist way of putting it (eg what does the BBC site say)? Also, I don't think the article should include the website address. -- roundhouse 16:16, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Could somebody tell me the difference between (sexual) relationship and prostitution. Formerly I hat girlfriends or boyfriends and made gifts to them or invited them for dinner, I always paid the bill, even for holidays... Then I was married for 2 years; my wife got divorced from me and I had to pay her 250'000 CHF. For four years now I have lovers whom I pay for sex only (no other gifts, no holidays etc.) I have more fun, and it is much efficient than anything I had before. My recent lover relationship lasts longer than 2 years now it is much ceaper than maintaining a marriage... Wo, what's the difference??? I don't get the point. 84.75.210.113 00:48, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

I don't think it "leaves the reader wondering" at all. He lied in court because he had been lying all along about how he met Chevalier. The reasons for the lie at this point are speculation. Encyclopedias are about facts. Whatever the intial method of introduction, the relationship obviously became a long term one and went beyond prostitution. If Browne says he lied because he was embarrassed because he met Chevalier through a fetish and bondage prostitution website, then that should be included in the article. The speculations and sensationalism of The Sun are just that, not facts. Quakerman 16:02, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Quakerman, I am not saying in my edit that Browne did it because he was embarassed that he met Jeff in a john-prostitute relationship. I am simply noting that and letting the reader speculate. My post is not speculation, just a recitation of the facts. I mean, if we follow your reasoning, then we should not note anywhere in the entire entry on Browne that it was a gay relationship. Why not just refer to "his lover" and leave out that it that he is gay? No, it has to stay in, in order to even begin to understand why such a prominent man perjured himself on how he met Jeff. But, again, my edit does not include speculation - that is simply on this Discussion page, and in the reader's mind.

Quakerman: Also, would you please not delete the link to The Sun article. That is vandalism, and you should know better than to do that.

Please sign your comments. Your edit does include speculation, because you are giving the reasons that Browne lied. How do you know? Has he told you? Has he told anyone? No, of course not. So everything you say above is your speculation as to why he might of lied. When and if he comes out and says why he lied, it should be included in the article. Until he does, none of what you say can be substantiated. I would draw your attention to the warning about living persons at the top of this page. 16:15, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Quakerman: Okay, I will allow that it is The Sun that says that it is a "bondage and fetish sex site". I mean, the site has never said, "This is a bondage and fetish sex website". But if you had ever seen the site, you would agree that it is a bondage and fetish sex website. I mean, why do you think they named it "suitedandbooted.com"??? But as for it being a prostitute site and not a dating site, I'm sorry but that isn't The Sun saying that. THE RENT BOYS HAVE THEIR HOURLY RATES LISTED ON THE SITE!!!!!! What more proof do you want than that???? Do you want the site to say, "This is a prostitution site"???? No, they claim they are an "escort" service and they list charge rates in the hundreds of pounds per hour. When was the last time you went out on a date and agreed a per hour rate before you met the girl? Duh? Duh??? The bottom line is, Jeff is a prostitute, and was a prostitute when Browne met him. Browne met him as a prostitute. He paid Jeff hundreds of pounds an hour to meet him (and do who knows what).Betathetapi545

Prostitution is paying for sex. Paying for a date by the hour is just that. It may include sex (probably does in many cases) but does not necessarily. Therefore, the word "prostitution" is inflamatory in this context as it implies that Browne went to the website looking for a prostitute. Can you say for certain that Browne ever paid Chevalier for sex? If not, the reference to prostitution in this context is not factual. Escort website is acceptable. Quakerman 16:42, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Quakerman, your assertion is laughable. Nobody pays for a date. And certainly not £400 per hour. LOL. And dates don't show up in bondage gear. LOL. If Browne was looking for a long-term relationship from the get-go, he would have gone to someplace like Yahoo and looked for gay men. That's what gay men do. You do not look for a date on "escort service" websites. They don't "escort" anybody anywhere. Their photos on www.suitedandbooted.com shows them in bondage gear. Do you think Lord Browne was looking to be escorted to some function by a guy wearing bondage gear??? LOL. There is no such thing as an "escort" - it's a euphamism for "prostitute" - that way, they can advertise in places like the International Herald Tribune. It may have evolved into a "relationship", but it started out as a john-prostitute relationship. That's probably why he went to such lengths - spent money on lawyers - even perjured himself - to keep it out of print. The casual reader has to know this in order to understand why a man in his position would commit perjury over what, on the surface, is a relatively minor issue, i.e. where he met the guy. I mean, if you met your wife at a sorority dance, you probably wouldn't mind this being known. . . . but if you met her when you ordered a prostitute, you wouldn't want ANYBODY to know this. Now do you understand?Betathetapi545

I have also taken out "The Sun" referring to varoius things. It's not The Sun that is doing that, it's www.suitedandbooted.com. The Sun does not say that it is a prostitution website. But if you go to Suitedandbooted.com, you will see that each of the bondage dates costs hundreds of pounds per hour.Betathetapi545

Obviously you have a great deal of experience with escort agencies! LOL. I said that in many cases, it can involve prostitution, but it doesn't in all cases. People do pay a lot of money to have a good looking young lady (or man) on their arm at an event. The point is that in this case, there is no evidence that Browne engaged in prostitution with Chevalier or anyone else. You have no evidence to back up the use of the word prostitute in the article. You and others are free to draw your own conclusions, but your speculation has no place in an encyclopedia which is by definition factual. Quakerman 17:55, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

I never said that Browne engaged in paid sex with Jeff. All I am doing is stating fact that the website (suitedandbooted.com) is a prostitution website. That is fact. You (and any readers) are free to draw any conclusions that you want to as to what Browne and Jeff did or did not do on their £400/hour "date". LOL. Also, please do not engage in vandalism by deleting the link to www.suitedandbooted.com. That has to stay in. I have warned you before about vandalising this entry by deleting links (when you deleted link to The Sun article). Please do not delete either of these links again. Finally, you are reverting the entry back to incorrect statements - that The Sun says that it is a prostitution site - The Sun didn't bother to point the obvious out - that is done by the Suitedandbooted.com website itself where it advertises the "escorts" at hundreds of pounds an hour. More to the point - a date is obtained from a site like Yahoo where you pay the website to be a member (and it is a nominal fee). Prostitution is where you agree beforehand to pay the date (not the website), and you do it by the hour, and it is in the hundreds of pounds an hour. Thank you.Betathetapi545

You are drawing conclusions and implying guilt by association. If Browne did not pay for prostitution, the reference is irrelevant. Until we know the facts, let's stick with what the Sun actually reported. The link to suitedandbooted.com is redunant as it is linked from the Sun article. Please keep your speculation and POV out of the article, and stick to facts. Quakerman 18:18, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

I am not drawing conclusions. If you read my comment above, I am leaving the speculation to the reader. All we know is that he met Jeff through a gay prostitution website. The Sun is not be-all and end-all for this entry. Suitedadnbooted.com is also a very relevant link - it's where he met Jeff. For some reason, you don't want the entry to have that link. Maybe it's because it is embarassing to Browne??? As for your stating "Please keep your speculation and POV out of the article, and stick to facts", I would say the same to you. Just because you state that in a comment, that does not make it true. This is a comment tactic on Wikipedia. It is unfortunate that you have stooped to using it. Again, please do not vandalise the entry by deleting relevant links. Thanks in advance. Betathetapi545

The website is referenced in the Sun article, so anyone who is interested in what it offers can follow the link. What is or is not embarrassing to Browne is not the point. The facts are the point. You are the one who seems intent in painting Browne's actions in the worst possible light. Wikipedia is about neutral POV. You refuse to accept that Browne could have used the site for other than finding a prostitute. The fact that he had a four year relationship with Chevalier indicates that he was looking for a relationship, not prostitution. Yes, the site may offer all kinds of things, but unless you have evidence that Browne went to the site looking for a prostitute (and the long term nature of the relationship as I say tends to indicate he didn't) then highlighting that aspect of what the site offers amounts to innuendo and character assasination, not facts. Yes, let's leave it to the readers to decide for themselves without using loaded words in the article. Quakerman 19:40, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Quakerman, again you are pushing your POV. You write, "The fact that he had a four year relationship with Chevalier indicates that he was looking for a relationship, not prostitution." Says who? We don't know that. Perhaps he was, perhaps he wasn't. It could just as easily have been a 4-year rent-boy relationship, i.e. never progressed beyond simply being a relationship strictly based on sex. We don't know. All we can do is state the facts and let readers speculate/make their own conclusions. However, the vast majority of people visit "personals" sites in order to find a companion, not prostitute sites. Do you know ANYBODY that finds dates on prostitute sites? When you were dating and looking for a wife, did you find your dates by ordering prostitutes??? Do you know ANYBODY that has done that??? I think you have watched the film "Pretty Girl" too many times. But if you (or any reader) wants to think that Browne ordered a rent boy in order to try to find a companion rather than use a gay personals site, then that is your prerogative. As for "painting Browne's actions in the worst possible light", I am doing no such thing. Browne did that. You simply don't want the sordid things he did (ordered a rent boy less than half his age) shown to the public. Personally, I think we should put a picture of Jeff up on Browne's Wikipedia entry. I will search for a photo that Wikipedia can legally put up.Betathetapi545

I am not putting my POV. I am putting an alternative interpretation on what we know, something that you seem incapable of doing, simply to make the point that we don't know all the facts in this case and to make a definitive statement one way or another about Browne's intentions or motives is premature, especially as we are dealing with living people who could sue Wikipedia (and us) for libel. As for the rest of your comments, using words like "sordid" proves my point I'm afraid. You are simply trying to besmirch Browne and judge him before all the facts are in, and that has no place in an encyclopedia. Quakerman 07:25, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I object strongly to the website being in the article at all, and the clause re its activities. It is alleged (by the Sun, occasionally known to err) that this website has something to do with it. The Sun alleges many things. Even if true it is not material suitable for an encyclopedia. A link to the article in the Sun is sufficient. (I would much prefer a link to a more authoritative source such as the bbc.) -- roundhouse 12:36, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

House of Lords
added the comment that Browne "has not apparently attended any debates in the House [of Lords]". This is incorrect as TheyWorkForYou.com shows him speaking on at least three occasions (admittedly not since 2005), and that doesn't mean he didn't attend debates on other occasions without speaking. Therefore I've removed this statement. A differently-worded sentence about his attending infrequently might be in order, although it should be backed up with attendance figures, if someone can find them.  J Rawle  (Talk) 22:09, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Legal questions
In the text we read: "It is possible that Browne will face charges of perjury for lying to the court over how he met Chevalier." Could anybody tell us what is wrong about not telling the court that his lover was a callboy? What was he accused for? Where is the missing link between his private love affair aund the court? I mean, if my wife asks me whether I have a lover I will surely not admit it. And if I am asked in court in a totally unrelated case whether I have a lover and if so how I met him, I would advise the judge to read books with sexual content if he is interested in this kind of topic and not to specualte about my private life. The fact that I like Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte is my own business, too... 84.75.210.113 00:28, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

And more: Could somebody tell me the difference between (sexual) relationship and prostitution. Formerly I hat girlfriends or boyfriends and made gifts to them or invited them for dinner, I always paid the bill, even for holidays... Then I was married for 2 years; my wife got divorced from me and I had to pay her 250'000 CHF. For four years now I have lovers whom I pay for sex only (no other gifts, no holidays etc.) I have more fun, and it is much efficient than anything I had before. My recent lover relationship lasts longer than 2 years now it is much ceaper than maintaining a marriage... Wo, what's the difference??? I don't get the point. 84.75.210.113 18:00, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

He wasn't "asked in court". The lie (to which Browne has admitted) was contained in a written deposition. This could constitute perjury. The case was about what the Mail on Sunday wanted to publish. Part of the MOS story was that Browne had consistently lied about how he met Chevalier. Browne repeated that lie in his submission to the court as part of his attempt to prevent publication. By saying he did not meet Chevalier the way the MOS said he did he was attempting to discredit the story. Quakerman 18:17, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply. I still do not understand the thing about the lie. Let's take an easy example: If MOS writes that I like to spend me week-end with watching TV and I say the is not true in a written deposition (but it is true that I spend me weekens by watching TV), can anybody sue me for this according to british law? 84.75.210.113 11:58, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Basically the MoS was going to report that Browne met Chevalier on Suited and Booted. Browne had always said they met while jogging in the park. Browne repeated that lie in an effort to discredit the MoS article in an effort to prevent it from being published. In other words, he claimed the MoS was lying about him and therefore the article was libellous. That could be perjury, because what the MoS said was in fact true, by Browne's own later admission. Browne isn't being sued. It is possible he could be charged with perjury. The outcome of the original case was that the MoS was allowed to publish its article. Quakerman 10:29, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

That fact that Brown met this young fellow through an escort website is not, perhaps, a crime in itself. It was simply something that might be misunderstood and judged.Many people who call escorts up do, from what I've read, want sex but not only. They often want a companion as well:someone to talk to before and/or after things get physical. Perhaps this Jeff was a male courtisan: a paid-for lover who provided emotional satisfaction as well as physical. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.156.43.8 (talk) 16:01, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Engineering degree
This article states that John Browne received an honorary Doctor of Engineering, but does not say he has an earned engineering degree. Does anybody know if he has an earned engineering degree ? H Padleckas (talk) 06:23, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The article says (I think correctly) that his first degree was in Physics. It seems to me likely that he never made an undergraduate study in Engineering. Physics or Chemistry was quite enough to succeed at BP in those days. Thincat (talk) 19:56, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Safety Record
Browne is described by journalist and author Tom Bower as irresponsible for a "ruthless" programme of cost-cutting at BP that compromised safety, and thus the man most responsible for a string of major accidents including the Texas City Refinery explosion (2005) and the Deepwater Horizon explosion (2010).

Complete and utter garbage. I worked for BP between 1999 and 2004 when Browne was Chief Executive. Rather than cutting back on safety, BP actually increased the spend on safety during this period - in fact, I would say that virtually everyone at BP at the time said that the amount of risk reduction and the safety culture was, if anything, too extreme, rather than being insufficient. Texas City and Deepwater Horizon were both symptoms of BP USA's safety culture; it continued to see itself as Amoco, and never took the safety culture of BP seriously. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.210.152.67 (talk) 01:22, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Safety Record
I work for Browne now, and wanted to raise once again the point made in this Wikipedia entry about Tom Bower's claims and Browne's safety record. In the interests of fairness and balance, would it be fair to add a line saying that "the Baker Panel report found evidence to link cost cutting to safety risks or accidents". That was the conclusion of the Baker Report ("During the course of its review, the Panel did not develop or identify sufficient information to conclude whether BP ever intentionally withheld resources on any safety-related assets or projects for budgetary or cost reasons”). That evidence directly contradicts the claim made in the preceding sentence, and would seem to be a fair addition to this entry. 217.156.180.66 (talk) 16:11, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

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American Federation of Astrologers

The American Federation of Astrologers (AFA) was incorporated on May 4, 1938, in Washington, D.C. Now headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, AFA was established to encourage and promote the practice and belief of astrology through research, teaching, lecturing and practice. Ernest and Catharine Grant were its founders.

AFA was originally named The American Federation of Scientific Astrologers, in keeping with the European trend of the time which was the result of a strong intellectual movement within the ranks of astrologers in Europe towards the establishment of astrology as a respected science. However, the name was changed to the American Federation of Astrologers in the mid-1940s.

The AFA has been active on several different levels since its inception, including the hosting of a periodic astrological conferences. The AFA was the first U.S. astrological organization to administer certification examinations for astrologers, a program which it continues to sponsor. It is also a publisher of astrological books and has a world-class library of astrological literature and journals.

AFA publishes astrological texts, primarily for intermediate and advanced astrologers, which are available for sale to members and non-members, both directly from AFA and through many bookstores. AFA also publishes a monthly journal, Today's Astrologer, which is distributed to the general membership.

There are various categories of membership available and open to anyone: Associate and Research. Members located outside the United States pay higher dues as international members to compensate for the greater cost of postage, while those aged 65 and older pay reduced dues as senior members. Research members pay a higher level of fees, and additionally receive a separate journal called the AFA Journal of Research, which specializes in articles of relevance to astrological research. It is published periodically. Neither Today's Astrologer nor the Journal of Research is available for sale to non-members.

In earlier years, the AFA also published an annual Yearbook consisting of the transcripts of all the papers presented at its annual conferences. This large, substantial publication began in 1939 and was issued annually until 1942, then more sporadically in later years, appearing again in 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1952 and 1954. Copies have now become very scarce.

In the late 1940s, the AFA also issued a series of numbered publications called Research Bulletins, each of which addressed a single research topic. These ranged in theme from Astrological Americana to Angioma; apart from that on Astrological Americana, which remains common, most of them have become scarce.

The AFA's most prominent activity as a publisher, however, has been in the publication of astrological books. Especially from the 1970s to the present day, it has been one of the leading publishers of astrological literature in the world, and has also reprinted many otherwise out-of-print and often very scarce works from the early 20th century in high-quality new editions, as well as translations of Morin's Astrologica Gallica, first published in the 17th century.

title: American Federation of Astrologers


text:
Talk:Hosoura Station

Station name
Hosoura? Hasoura?--I-child-low-at-latta-latta 10:23, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hosoura, indeed. I can't spell. :) William McDuff 12:39, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I changed the page to the correct stub category, but the question is how to expand it? Does anyone have a lot of information on this station? Even the Japanese page is fairly sparse. -William McDuff 02:45, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hosoura Station