text:
Talk:Alexis Brandeker

Untitled
This article has survived a VfD debate. (Votes for deletion/Alexis Brandeker). Sjakkalle 08:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Potential COI
I should disclose that I'm a former coworker of Alexis' and therefor potentially the subject of a Conflict of Interest. WilyD 20:46, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Notability
By the skin of the teeth. Only because of the asteroid 36614 Saltis, and for my preservationist subjective stand-point: seemingly unimportant stubs may be preserved for easing future editing efforts: the guy may have potential, and some of his seemingly unimportant discoveries may be considered important when we editors learn better...  Said: Rursus   ☻   13:13, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * More notable (scientifically) is observational astronomy research about the conditions of early stellar systems, f.ex. how fast the stellar nebula dust is dispersed by stellar energy, and other time lining of the earliest conditions relevant for planetesimal formation and nebula accretion. But he is one in a collective specialized in this research field.  Said: Rursus   ☻   14:12, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexis Brandeker


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Talk:Leaf vegetable

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Eligir2.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Sweet potato and taro
Should sweet potato or taro be in the leafy vegetable category?? - Gil-Galad

 * Each is both a leaf vegetable and a root vegetable, so each should be in both categories. - Pekinensis 15:10, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

1st person
"I remember my mother purchasing these "potherbs" for use in soups and other culinary delights."

I don't think this way of writing belongs in an encyclopedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 145.97.201.118 (talk) 18:46, 11 January 2007 (UTC).

Strange Question
It seems to me that the third paragraph seems to imply that wheat and barley are eaten by humans only in famine conditions (obviously untrue.) This probably comes from multiple edits. Would it make sense to clean that up? (wbehun)
 * Wheat and barley are cultivated for "the edible components of their fruit seeds", not their leaves, which are only consumed in famine conditions. 213.106.118.52 (talk) 23:30, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Broccoli
I removed broccoli since it is not a leaf. Xufanc (talk) 07:45, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * You're right, it's not a leaf vegetable – but it was not mentioned in the body of the article as a leaf vegetable, but only listed in the "See also" section. I think it's an appropriate link there, so I have restored it.  Richard New Forest (talk) 08:38, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
This article, Leaf vegetable, deals with leaves cooked for food. It seems we have another article, Boiled greens, which also deals with leaves cooked for food. I can't find any difference between the subjects of these articles, and as far as I can see the two are different names for the same thing: we have duplicate articles. We should therefore merge the two. What should the combined article be called? I think "leaf vegetable" is probably the more common term, but I have no great preference (personally I'd call them pot-herbs, which is I think less common). Richard New Forest (talk) 08:38, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry to contradict you but this article says: most leaf vegetables can be eaten raw, for example in sandwiches or salads. no leaves cooked here. Stop this merger mania.Xufanc (talk) 20:38, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Likewise... However, where do you get "no leaves cooked here"?  The definition is "plant leaves cooked and eaten as a vegetable".  I'm actually not quite sure if "leaf vegetable" should also include salad leaves (I think probably not), but however you look at it it does include cooked leaves, and that's what most of the article is about.  Richard New Forest (talk) 21:07, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I meant "no leaves cooked" in that particular section. Yes, it includes cooked leaves, but also leaves that are not. Xufanc (talk) 07:30, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, even that section does mainly deal with cooked leaves (I've just reordered it, but not significantly changed the content). It also mentions raw leaves, but surely that just means that leaf vegetables that are normally cooked (such as spinach) can also be eaten raw, not that "leaf vegetable" includes salad leaves normally eaten raw (such as lettuce).  Richard New Forest (talk) 22:03, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm going to vote in support of merging here. I think maybe if boiled greens was about a particular dish than it would warrant its own article but as it is written it is more about a general way of using leaf vegetables. I believe the information it contains would be more useful in the leaf vegetable article as that way a reader wouldn't need to read two separate articles with considerable overlap to get the information.  If I'm off the mark here please feel free to say why you think so.Glorioussandwich (talk) 00:13, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I oppose merging Leaf vegetable with any other article; I could see merging some other possible article with Leaf vegetable. MaynardClark (talk) 20:30, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Opposed. Merging boiled greens into here would include non-leafy green vegetables like Broccoli and some pulses like green beans or (cooked) peas into leaf vegetables (Although raw, steamed or microwaved versions of these wouldn't fit there either). Yes I am aware that the lede to that article does attempt to define greens as only being leaves, but that seems to be some kind of regional dialect not a universal English usage. Kiore (talk) 20:48, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Leaf vegetables vs. herbs
What is the difference between the two, is it simply that herbs are added to food, while leaf vegetables ARE food?--SDSpivey (talk) 19:49, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Alfalfa
"The leaves of many fodder crops are also edible for humans, but usually only eaten under famine conditions. Examples include alfalfa"

Alfalfa is a standard human food item. Ordinary Person (talk) 07:02, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Leaf vegetable


text: User talk:4.10.251.178

title: User talk:4.10.251.178


text:
Simon Gratz High School Mastery Charter

Simon Gratz High School Mastery Charter, formerly Simon Gratz High School is a secondary school in Philadelphia, named after Simon Gratz (1840-1925), a member of the Philadelphia Board of Education. Originally a public high school operated by the School District of Philadelphia, Gratz has been operated as a charter school by Mastery Schools since September 2011. Students from the previous public school's enrollment area are eligible to attend. It is the fifth Philadelphia high school operated by Mastery.

In 2012, the school was removed from the Persistently Dangerous Schools List while under the new management of Mastery. Part of the building is used for Mastery’s Prep Middle School (7-8th grade).

School uniforms
Gratz students are required to wear school uniforms consisting of red Simon Gratz uniform shirts, black pants or black shirt, and any color shoes.

Notable alumni

 * George J. Alexander, Dean Emeritus of Santa Clara Law School
 * Harriett Amster, psychologist; pioneering researcher and lecturer in verbal meaning and lexical ambiguity processing
 * Roy Campanella, MLB player
 * Pat Kelly (outfielder), MLB player
 * Bennie Briscoe, boxer
 * Zack Clayton, member of Basketball Hall of Fame
 * Roderick Coleman, NFL player
 * Mardy Collins, NBA player
 * Eddie Fisher, singer
 * David Goodis writer
 * William H. Gray III, U.S. Congressman and CEO, United Negro College Fund
 * Grayson Hall, television, film and stage actress
 * Leroy Kelly, NFL player
 * Willie Mae James Leake, Mayor of Chester, Pennsylvania
 * Joan Little, activist
 * Aaron McKie, NBA player and coach
 * Nathan Milstein, virtuoso violinist
 * Alvin Mitchell, American football player
 * Neef Buck, rapper
 * Lobo Nocho, émigré jazz singer and painter in Europe
 * Marvin O'Connor, professional basketball player
 * Aaron Owens, streetball player
 * Harvey Pollack, NBA statistician
 * Ivan Robinson, professional boxer
 * Artie Singer, songwriter, music producer and bandleader
 * Lynard Stewart, professional basketball player
 * Meldrick Taylor, 1984 Olympic gold medalist amateur boxer, Professional boxer
 * Rasheed Wallace, NBA player
 * Young Chris, rapper
 * Earl Watford, NFL player
 * Jerry Yulsman, novelist and photographer
 * Irving Stern, philosopher and thinker

title: Simon Gratz High School Mastery Charter


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East Francia

East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911. It was created through the Treaty of Verdun (843) which divided the former empire into three kingdoms.

The east–west division with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, enforced by the Germanic-Latin language split, "gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms", with East Francia becoming (or being) the Kingdom of Germany and West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France.

Terminology
The term orientalis Francia originally referred to Franconia and orientales Franci to its inhabitants, the ethnic Franks living east of the Rhine. The use of the term in a broader sense, to refer to the eastern kingdom, was an innovation of Louis the German's court. Since eastern Francia could be identified with old Austrasia, the Frankish heartland, Louis's choice of terminology hints at his ambitions. Under his grandson, Arnulf of Carinthia, the terminology was largely dropped and the kingdom, when it was referred to by name, was simply Francia.

When it was necessary, as in the Treaty of Bonn (921) with the West Franks, the "eastern" qualifier appeared. Henry I refers to himself as rex Francorum orientalium, "king of the East Franks", in the treaty. By the 12th century, the historian Otto of Freising, in using the Carolingian terminology, had to explain that the "eastern kingdom of the Franks" (orientale Francorum regnum) was "now called the kingdom of the Germans" (regnum Teutonicorum).

History

In August 843, after three years of civil war following the death of emperor Louis the Pious on 20 June 840, the Treaty of Verdun was signed by his three sons and heirs. The division of lands was largely based on the Meuse, Scheldt, Saone and Rhone rivers. While the eldest son Lothair I kept the imperial title and the kingdom of Middle Francia, Charles the Bald received West Francia and Louis the German received the eastern portion of mostly Germanic-speaking lands: the Duchy of Saxony, Austrasia, Alamannia, the Duchy of Bavaria, and the March of Carinthia.

The contemporary East Frankish Annales Fuldenses describes the kingdom being "divided in three" and Louis "acceding to the eastern part". The West Frankish Annales Bertiniani describe the extent of Louis's lands: "at the assigning of portions, Louis obtained all the land beyond the Rhine river, but on this side of the Rhine also the cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz with their counties". The kingdom of West Francia went to Louis's younger half-brother Charles the Bald, and between their realms a kingdom of Middle Francia, incorporating Italy, was given to their elder brother, the Emperor Lothair I.

While Eastern Francia contained about a third of the traditional Frankish heartland of Austrasia, the rest consisted mostly of lands annexed to the Frankish empire between the fifth and the eighth century. These included the duchies of Alamannia, Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia, as well as the northern and eastern marches with the Danes and Slavs. The contemporary chronicler Regino of Prüm wrote that the "different people" (diversae nationes populorum) of East Francia, mostly Germanic- and Slavic-speaking, could be "distinguished from each other by race, customs, language and laws" (genere moribus lingua legibus).

In 869, Lotharingia was divided between West and East Francia under the Treaty of Meersen. The short lived Middle Francia turned out to be the theatre of Franco-German wars up until the 20th century. All the Frankish lands were briefly reunited by Charles the Fat, but in 888 he was deposed by nobles and in East Francia Arnulf of Carinthia was elected king. The increasing weakness of royal power in East Francia meant that dukes of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia, Saxony and Lotharingia turned from appointed nobles into hereditary rulers of their territories. Kings increasingly had to deal with regional rebellions.

In 911 Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and Swabian nobles no longer followed the tradition of electing someone from the Carolingian dynasty as a king to rule over them and on 10 November, 911 elected one of their own (Conrad I) as the new king. Because Conrad I was one of the dukes, he found it very hard to establish his authority over them. Duke Henry of Saxony was in rebellion against Conrad I until 915 and struggle against Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria cost Conrad I his life. On his deathbed, Conrad I chose Henry of Saxony as the most capable successor. This kingship changed from Franks to Saxons, who had suffered greatly during the conquests of Charlemagne. Henry, who was elected to kingship by only Saxons and Franconians at Fritzlar, had to subdue other dukes and concentrated on creating a state apparatus which was fully utilized by his son and successor Otto I. By his death in July 936, Henry had prevented collapse of royal power, as was happening in West Francia, and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I. After Otto I was crowned as the Emperor in Rome in 962, the era of the Holy Roman Empire began.

Kingship
The regalia of the Carolingian empire had been divided by Louis the Pious on his deathbed between his two faithful sons, Charles the Bald and Lothair. Louis the German, then in rebellion, received nothing of the crown jewels or liturgical books associated with Carolingian kingship. Thus the symbols and rituals of East Frankish kingship were created from scratch.

From an early date, the East Frankish kingdom had a more formalised notion of royal election than West Francia. Around 900, a liturgy for the coronation of a king, called the early German ordo, was written for a private audience. It required the coronator to ask the "designated prince" (princeps designatus) whether he was willing to defend the church and the people and then to turn and ask the people whether they were willing to be subject to the prince and obey his laws. The latter then shouted, "Fiat, fiat!" (Let it be done!), an act that later became known as "Recognition". This is the earliest known coronation ordo with a Recognition in it, and it was subsequently incorporated in the influential Pontificale Romano-Germanicum.

In June 888, King Arnulf of Carinthia convened a council at Mainz. In attendance were the three archbishops of the East Frankish kingdom—Wilbert of Cologne, Liutbert of Mainz and Ratbod of Trier—and the West Frankish archbishops of Reims (Fulk) and Rouen (John I) along with the bishops of Beauvais and Noyon. According to Walter Ullmann, the presence of the West Franks was on account of the "barren ecclesiastical thought" of the East, and the council proceeded to adopt West Frankish ideas of royal sacrality and anointing. It was "the first phase in the process of assimilation of the two halves of the Carolingian inheritance". In another church council at Tribur in 895, the prelates declared that Arnulf was chosen by God and not by men and Arnulf in turn swore to defend the church and its privileges from all its enemies. When Arnulf died in 899, his minor son, Louis IV, was crowned, but not anointed, and placed under the tutelage of Archbishop Hatto I of Mainz. Louis's coronation was the first in German history. When Louis died in late September 911, Duke Conrad I, then the Duke of Franconia, was elected to replace him on 10 November and he became the first German king to receive unction.

Church
The three basic services monasteries could owe to the sovereign in the Frankish realms were military service, an annual donation of money or work, and prayers for the royal family and the kingdom. Collectively, these were known by the technical term servitium regis ("king's service"). According to the evidence of the Notitia de servitio monasteriorum, a list of monasteries and the services they owed drawn up around 817, the burden of military and monetary service was more severe in west Francia than in east Francia. Only four monasteries listed as "beyond the Rhine" (ultra Rhenum) owed these services: Lorsch, Schuttern, Mondsee and Tegernsee.

List of kings

 * Louis the German (843–876)
 * Divided
 * Carloman in Bavaria (876–879)
 * Louis the Younger in Saxony (876–882) and Bavaria (879–882)
 * Charles the Fat in Alemannia (876–882)
 * Charles the Fat (882–887)
 * Arnulf of Carinthia (887–899)
 * Louis the Child (900–911)
 * Conrad I of Germany (911–918)
 * Henry the Fowler (919–936)
 * Otto the Great (936–973)

title: East Francia


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User talk:Muid

my article cannot be wholly incorporated in the history of jammu and kashmir because for a maxmimum portion it deals with kashmir only

title: User talk:Muid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tiberius Caesar (son of Germanicus)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 01:32, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tiberius Caesar (son of Germanicus)
Should really be a speedy, given that the entire text is "Caesar Tiberius" plus a stub template. But surely an article is possible here? If not, then a delete is the only option. Grutness|hello? 08:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Maybe turn it into a redirect? Chyel 08:16, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless some actual context is put there. Better as a redlink. Kappa 09:57, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. From the Julio-Claudian family tree, it does not appear that Germanicus had a son named Tiberius. I suspect the author was think of plain ol' Tiberius. -- 8^D gab 15:06, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Delete Articles like this give a bad impression.  Must be a valid Case 1 speedy, though? Chris talk back 17:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, factually incorrect. Megan1967 10:04, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but not factually incorrect. Germanicus had two sons who died young, Tiberius and Gaius Julius. VfD usually deletes or redirects articles about children who died very young, however notable their parents. In this case a redirect is unneeded because no-one will look for this article. The article was probably written by someone filling in a redlink on a page like Drusus Caesar (before I removed the link). Gdr 20:17, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Weak delete for reasons listed by Gdr. I would support a redirect without the parenthesized part, since noone is likely to search for that whole string.  I was going to say "Cæsar" (woo hoo, a chance to use the ligature feature!) is wrong since he was never emperor, but I am reminded that Cæsar was Germanicus' family name and only took the "emperor" meaning after Gaius Julius C. made it so.  Barno 00:12, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Fortunato Depero

Fortunato Depero (30 March 1892 – 29 November 1960) was an Italian futurist painter, writer, sculptor, and graphic designer.

Biography
Although born in Fondo or in the neighboring village of Malosco, according to other sources (in the Italian Trentino region, at that time the County of Tyrol in the Austrian-Hungarian empire), Depero grew up in Rovereto and it was here he first began exhibiting his works, while serving as an apprentice to a marble worker. It was on a 1913 trip to Florence that he discovered a copy of the paper Lacerba and an article by one of the founders of the futurism movement, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Depero was inspired, and in 1914 moved to Rome and met fellow futurist Giacomo Balla. It was with Balla in 1915 that he wrote the manifesto Ricostruzione futurista dell’universo ("Futurist Reconstruction of the Universe") which expanded upon the ideas introduced by the other futurists. It sought the abstract equivalent for all forms and elements of the universe. The goal was to make the universe "more joyful" through an integral recreation. In the same year he was designing stage sets and costumes for a ballet.

In 1919 Depero founded the House of Futurist Art in Rovereto, which specialised in producing toys, tapestries and furniture in the futurist style. In 1925 he represented the futurists at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts), and presented a Futurist Hall at the Monza Biennial. In 1927, together with his friend, advertising agent and publisher Fedele Azari (Dinamo-Azari), Fortunato Depero designed Depero futurista 1913–1927 – the so-called "bolted book" – which was printed in letterpress with his direct supervision and involvement by the Mercurio print works of Rovereto. Depero futurista 1913–1927 was a commercial book to be sold, to promote and document the work of Depero, and to legitimise him as an artist. It was a showcase portfolio relating to a specific period (1913–1927), but also an atypical and pioneering artwork in the form of a book, an ideological declaration. It is a work that celebrates Depero the artist, graphic designer and artisan, a blend described as ‘total fusion’ by Giacomo Balla and Depero in their manifesto of 1915 Ricostruzione futurista dell’universo.

1928 saw Depero move to New York City. From this year to 1930, his works were not successful. The city was still reeling from the effects of the Wall Street crash so his paintings did not sell while the Futurist House, his first commercial enterprise there closed after barely two months of operations. He experienced a degree of success later on, doing costumes for stage productions and designing covers for magazines including MovieMaker, The New Yorker and Vogue, among others. He also dabbled in interior design during his stay, working on two restaurants which were later demolished to make way for the Rockefeller Center. He also did work for the New York Daily News and Macy's, and built a house on 23rd Street. In 1930 he returned to Italy.

In the 1930s and 40s Depero continued working, although due to futurism being linked with fascism, the movement started to wane. The artistic development of the movement in this period can mostly be attributed to him and Balla. One of the projects he was involved in during this time was Dinamo magazine, which he founded and edited. After the end of the Second World War, Depero had trouble with authorities in Europe and in 1947 decided to try New York again. This time he found the reception not quite as welcoming. One of his achievements on his second stay in the United States was the publication of So I Think, So I Paint, a translation of his autobiography initially released in 1940: Fortunato Depero nelle opere e nella vita (literally, Fortunato Depero, his works and his life). From the winter of 1947 to late October 1949 Depero lived in a cottage in New Milford, Connecticut, relaxing and continuing with his long-standing plans to open a museum. His host was William Hillman, an associate of the then-President, Harry S. Truman. After New Milford, Depero returned to Rovereto, where he would live out his days. In August 1959 Galleria Museo Depero opened, fulfilling one of his long-term ambitions. On 29 November 1960, after being ill with diabetes and spending the last two years unable to paint due to hemiparesis, Depero died aged 68.

Works
Many of his works are featured in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART). The Casa d'Arte Futurista Depero, Italy's only museum dedicated to the Futurist movement, containing 3,000 objects, is now one of MART's venues. Closed for many years for extensive refurbishment, the Casa d'Arte Futurista Depero reopened in 2009. A number of important artists, thinkers, and architects worked on the Casa with Depero―especially those who were from the region―including Fausto Melotti, Gino Pollini, and Carlo Belli.

Depero's designs and artworks completed for advertising were mainly monochromatic or utilized a spot color to emphasize text. His full-color designs followed Futurist color schemes featuring red, brown, ocher and the occasional accents of bright blue or aqua.

Exhibitions
From 22 February to 28 June 2014, the Center for Italian Modern Art exhibited Depero's work which engaged in dialogues with Dada and Metaphysical Painting, Espirit Nouveau, and Art Deco.

Writings

 * So I think, so I paint: Ideologies of an Italian self-made painter, Mutilati e Invalidi, Trento, 1947 ASIN: B0007JG8YG

Literature

 * Steven Heller, Georgette Ballance. Graphic Design History. 2001 (p. 153-160)

title: Fortunato Depero


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Purple thorn

The purple thorn (Selenia tetralunaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel in 1767. It is a species of both Northern Europe and Central Europe. It has a scattered distribution in Britain but is absent from Ireland.

This species is dark purplish brown, paler towards the termen, with a dark spot at the apex of the forewing. Both wings are marked with a comma-shaped white mark. The margins of the wings are angular, giving the species a distinctive shape. Two broods are produced each year and they differ considerably in size and colour. Adults of the spring brood, which fly in April and May, have a wingspan of 46–52 mm. Moths of the summer brood, flying in July and August, are smaller (wingspan 44–46 mm) and darker. The caterpillar is reddish brown, mottled with darker brown, and with pale greyish.

The species flies at night and is attracted to light. The caterpillar feeds on a variety of trees and shrubs (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa.

Recorded food plants

 * Alnus – alder
 * Betula – birch
 * Fraxinus – European ash
 * Malus – apple
 * Populus – black poplar
 * Prunus
 * Pyrus – pear
 * Quercus – oak
 * Rosa – rose

title: Purple thorn


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Marine ecoregion

A marine ecoregion is an ecoregion, or ecological region, of the oceans and seas identified and defined based on biogeographic characteristics.

Introduction
A more complete definition describes them as “Areas of relatively homogeneous species composition, clearly distinct from adjacent systems” dominated by “a small number of ecosystems and/or a distinct suite of oceanographic or topographic features”. Ecologically they “are strongly cohesive units, sufficiently large to encompass ecological or life history processes for most sedentary species.”

Marine Ecoregions of the World—MEOW
The global classification system Marine Ecoregions of the World—MEOW was devised by an international team, including major conservation organizations, academic institutions and intergovernmental organizations. The system covers coastal and continental shelf waters of the world, and does not include deep ocean waters. The MEOW system integrated the biogeographic regionalization systems in use at national or continental scale, like Australia's Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia and the Nature Conservancy’s system in the Americas, although it often uses different names for the subdivisions.

This system has a strong biogeographic basis, but was designed to aid in conservation activities for marine ecosystems. Its subdivisions include both the seafloor (benthic) and shelf pelagic (neritic) biotas of each marine region.

The digital ecoregions layer is available for download as an ArcGIS Shapefile.

Ecoregions
The Marine Ecoregions of the World classification defines 232 marine ecoregions (e.g. Adriatic Sea, Cortezian, Ningaloo, Ross Sea) for the coastal and shelf waters of the world.

Provinces
These marine ecoregions form part of a nested system and are grouped into 62 provinces (e.g. the South China Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Central Indian Ocean Islands).

Realms
The provinces in turn, are grouped into 12 major realms. The latter are considered analogous to the eight terrestrial realms, represent large regions of the ocean basins:
 * 1) Arctic
 * 2) Temperate Northern Atlantic
 * 3) Temperate Northern Pacific
 * 4) Tropical Atlantic
 * 5) Western Indo-Pacific
 * 6) Central Indo-Pacific
 * 7) Eastern Indo-Pacific
 * 8) Tropical Eastern Pacific
 * 9) Temperate South America
 * 10) Temperate Southern Africa
 * 11) Temperate Australasia
 * 12) Southern Ocean

Other marine ecoregion classifications
Other classifications of marine ecoregions or equivalent areas have been widely developed at national and regional levels, as well as a small number of global schemes.

Each of these systems, along with numerous regional biogeographic classifications, was used to inform the MEOW system. The WWF Global 200 work also identifies a number of major habitat types that correspond to the terrestrial biomes: polar, temperate shelves and seas, temperate upwelling, tropical upwelling, tropical coral, pelagic (trades and westerlies), abyssal, and hadal (ocean trench).

One of the most comprehensive early classifications was the system of 53 coastal provinces developed by Briggs in 1974. The near-global system of 64 large marine ecosystems has a partial biogeographic basis.
 * Briggs Coastal Provinces

The World Wildlife Fund—WWF identified 43 priority marine ecoregions, as part of its Global 200 initiative.
 * WWF Global 200

title: Marine ecoregion


text:
Panulirus cygnus

Panulirus cygnus is a species of spiny lobster (family Palinuridae), found off the west coast of Australia. Panulirus cygnus is the basis of Australia's most valuable fishery, making up 20% of value of Australia's total fishing industry, and is identified as the western rock lobster.

Taxonomy
Panulirus cygnus was previously classified under several taxonomic arrangements, the description as a new species was published in 1962. The Western Australian crayfish was identified in 1916 as Panulirus penicillatus (Olivier, 1791). This was reassessed at the British Museum by Isabella Gordon in 1936 as Panulirus longipes at the request of Ludwig Glauert, a diagnosis that was conserved, despite further doubts, due to its extensive use by the state's crayfishing industry and associated legislation. The author, Ray George, recognised the similarities to other species of Panulirus in a comparative study, but proposed the anatomical characteristics were of an undescribed species.

The generic name is an anagram of Palinurus, as with other genera of its nominal family Palinuridae, the spiny lobsters. The name is derived from Palinurus, mentioned in the Aeneid, whose improper burial caused his soul to drift near the coast to the open seas; an appropriate metaphor for the habits of the spiny lobsters that develop near the coast and migrate away from it.

The specific epithet is named for an emblem of Western Australia, the black swan Cygnus atratus. The holotype was collected by George in a pool at Rottnest, at a depth of 1 metre, and preserved at the state's museum; other specimens in their collection were reclassified as paratypes. George's taxon was recognised as a subspecies until the 1970s, when a revision elevated the population to the rank of species. The recognition of the species was relevant to the conservation of its related fishing industry, it is unique to the region and could not be naturally repopulated from other regions.

Common names of the species include "western rock lobster", "Australian spiny lobster", "crayfish" or "crays". The common names of "lobster", "homard" and "yabbie" are also used to refer to this species, along with many other crustaceans.

Description
The species has five pairs of legs that are used to move across the ocean floor, with the fifth set possessing claws in the females, and six smaller pairs are located at the mouth. The eyes are located at the ends of the stalks. They vary in colour from a brownish purple to a pale colour. The exoskeleton is segmented, and must be shed as the animal grows. The largest recorded specimen is 5.5 kg, but a maximum weight of 5 kg is considered typical. The average accepted form of measurement, that of the carapace, is from 80 to 100 mm in length.

Distribution
The range of the species is along the coast of Western Australia, from Hamelin Bay to the North West Cape, and at islands such as the Houtman Abrolhos. The larvae of the species develop in the meadows of seagrasses of Western Australia, migrating out from these toward the deeper ocean and coral reefs such as the Abrolhos Islands.

Fisheries
The annual catch is 8,000–15,000 tonnes. The value of production in 2003/2004 was A$248 million. The fishery was one of the first in the world to be certified as ecologically sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council. The western coastline contains eight species of rock lobster, but the harvest primarily targets Panulirus cygnus.

The species is known to have been caught since the settlement of Swan River Colony, in 1829, and expanded as the larger populations were discovered in remote locations of the state. The industry came to be centred at the Houtman Abrolhos, at the edge of the continental shelf, where the mature crays occur in large populations. A cannery was established at the islands to export the seasonal catch in the 1930s. The early industry claimed to harvest up to fourteen species, however, research into the Abrolhos populations recognised only three.

The population harvested near Dongara is reputed to be a greater delicacy amongst consumers, although investigation of that catch did not reveal any morphological distinctions from other populations.

Western Rock Lobsters are found locally to Rottnest Island.

title: Panulirus cygnus


text: Category:Lists of abbreviations

title: Category:Lists of abbreviations


text:
Field-reversed configuration

A field-reversed configuration (FRC) is a type of plasma device studied as a means of producing nuclear fusion. It confines a plasma on closed magnetic field lines without a central penetration. In an FRC, the plasma has the form of a self-stable torus, similar to a smoke ring.

FRCs are closely related to another self-stable magnetic confinement fusion device, the spheromak. Both are considered part of the compact toroid class of fusion devices. FRCs normally have a plasma that is more elongated than spheromaks, having the overall shape of a hollowed out sausage rather than the roughly spherical spheromak.

FRCs were a major area of research in the 1960s and into the 1970s, but had problems scaling up into practical fusion triple products (target combinations of density, temperature and confinement time). Interest returned in the 1990s and, FRCs were an active research area.

History
The FRC was first observed in laboratories in the late 1950s during theta pinch experiments with a reversed background magnetic field. The original idea was attributed to the Greek scientist and engineer Nicholas C. Christofilos who developed the concept of E-layers for the Astron fusion reactor.

The first studies were at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in the 1960s. Considerable data were collected, with over 600 published papers. Almost all research was conducted during Project Sherwood at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) from 1975 to 1990, and during 18 years at the Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory of the University of Washington, with the large s experiment (LSX).

Later research was at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), the Fusion Technology Institute (FTI) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, and the University of California, Irvine.

Private companies now study FRCs for electricity generation, including General Fusion, TAE Technologies, and Helion Energy.

The Electrodeless Lorentz Force Thruster (ELF) developed by MSNW was an attempt to design a space propulsion device. ELF was a candidate in NASA's NextSTEP advanced electric propulsion program, along with the X-3 Nested-Channel Hall Thruster and VASIMR before MSNW dissolved.

Applications
The primary application is for fusion power generation.

The FRC is also considered for deep space exploration, not only as a possible nuclear energy source, but as means of accelerating a propellant to high levels of specific impulse (Isp) for electrically powered spaceships and fusion rockets, with interest expressed by NASA.

Comparisons
Producing fusion power by confining the plasma with magnetic fields is most effective if the field lines do not penetrate solid surfaces but close on themselves into circles or toroidal surfaces. The mainline confinement concepts of tokamak and stellarator do this in a toroidal chamber, which allows a great deal of control over the magnetic configuration, but requires a very complex construction. The field-reversed configuration offers an alternative in that the field lines are closed, providing good confinement, but the chamber is cylindrical, allowing simpler, easier construction and maintenance.

Field-reversed configurations and spheromaks are together known as compact toroids. Spheromaks and FRC differ in that a spheromak has an extra toroidal field. This toroidal field can run along the same or opposite direction as the spinning plasma. In the spheromak the strength of the toroidal magnetic field is similar to that of the poloidal field. By contrast, the FRC has little to no toroidal field component and is confined solely by a poloidal field. The lack of a toroidal field means that the FRC has no magnetic helicity and that it has a high beta. The high beta makes the FRC attractive as a fusion reactor and well-suited to aneutronic fuels because of the low required magnetic field. Spheromaks have β ≈ 0.1 whereas a typical FRC has β ≈ 1.

Formation
In modern FRC experiments, the plasma current that reverses the magnetic field can be induced in a variety of ways.

When a field-reversed configuration is formed using the theta-pinch (or inductive electric field) method, a cylindrical coil first produces an axial magnetic field. Then the gas is pre-ionized, which "freezes in" the bias field from a magnetohydrodynamic standpoint, finally the axial field is reversed, hence "field-reversed configuration." At the ends, reconnection of the bias field and the main field occurs, producing closed field lines. The main field is raised further, compressing and heating the plasma and providing a vacuum field between the plasma and the wall.

Neutral beams are known to drive current in Tokamaks by directly injecting charged particles. FRCs can also be formed, sustained, and heated by application of neutral beams. In such experiments, as above, a cylindrical coil produces a uniform axial magnetic field and gas is introduced and ionized, creating a background plasma. Neutral particles are then injected into the plasma. They ionize and the heavier, positively-charged particles form a current ring which reverses the magnetic field.

Spheromaks are FRC-like configurations with finite toroidal magnetic field. FRCs have been formed through the merging of spheromaks of opposite and canceling toroidal field.

Rotating magnetic fields have also been used to drive current. In such experiments, as above, gas is ionized and an axial magnetic field is produced. A rotating magnetic field is produced by external magnetic coils perpendicular to the axis of the machine, and the direction of this field is rotated about the axis. When the rotation frequency is between the ion and electron gyro-frequencies, the electrons in the plasma co-rotate with the magnetic field (are "dragged"), producing current and reversing the magnetic field. More recently, so-called odd parity rotating magnetic fields have been used to preserve the closed topology of the FRC. It was analytically shown that the at a very high critical threshold magnitude of 'odd parity' rotating magnetic field, the axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic field lines loses closure and fundamentally changes field topology.

Single particle orbits
FRCs contain an important and uncommon feature: a "magnetic null," or circular line on which the magnetic field is zero. This is necessarily the case, as inside the null the magnetic field points one direction and outside the null the magnetic field points the opposite direction. Particles far from the null trace closed cyclotron orbits as in other magnetic fusion geometries. Particles which cross the null, however, trace not cyclotron or circular orbits but betatron or figure-eight-like orbits, as the orbit's curvature changes direction when it crosses the magnetic null.

Because the particle's orbits are not cyclotron, models of plasma behavior based on cyclotron motion like magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are inapplicable in the region around the null. The size of this region is related to the s-parameter, or the ratio of the distance between the null and separatrix, and the thermal ion gyroradius. At high-s, most particles do not cross the null and this effect is negligible. At low-s, ~2, this effect dominates and the FRC is said to be "kinetic" rather than "MHD."

Plasma stability
At low s-parameter, most ions inside an FRC follow large betatron orbits (their average gyroradius is about half the size of the plasma) which are typical in accelerator physics rather than plasma physics. These FRCs are very stable because the plasma is not dominated by usual small gyroradius particles like other thermodynamic equilibrium or nonthermal plasmas. Its behavior is not described by classical magnetohydrodynamics, hence there are no Alfvén waves and almost no MHD instabilities despite their theoretical prediction, and it avoids the typical "anomalous transport", i.e. processes in which excess loss of particles or energy occurs.

, several remaining instabilities are being studied:
 * The tilt and shift modes. Those instabilities can be mitigated by either including a passive stabilizing conductor, or by forming very oblate plasmas (i.e. very elongated plasmas), or by creating a self-generated toroidal field. The tilt mode has also been stabilized in FRC experiments by increasing the ion gyroradii.
 * The magnetorotational instability. This mode causes a rotating elliptical distortion of the plasma boundary, and can destroy the FRC when the distorted plasma comes in contact with the confinement chamber. Successful stabilization methods include the use of a quadrupole stabilizing field, and the effects of a rotating magnetic field (RMF).

Spacecraft propulsion
Field-reversed configuration devices have been considered for spacecraft propulsion. By angling the walls of the device outward, the plasmoid can be accelerated in the axial direction and out of the device, generating thrust.

title: Field-reversed configuration


text:
Talk:The Falcon (fictional detective)

Problems
This short article is confusing for two reasons:

(1) It has been copied verbatim from the external link given at the bottom.

(2) The line "FYI The Falcon was played by Sanders' brother Tom Conway not by George Sanders" is absolutely misleading.

Who can help?  08:14, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not me, but I'll stick a cleanup notice in to grab attention to it.--DooMDrat 09:30, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

A great more needs to be said
As the article the external link at the bottom of this article leads to indicates—and a further one linked to there elaborates upon—the different name used in the second film series and on radio and TV (Michael Waring) comes from a different source. These are three novels and one short story by "Drexel Drake" (pen name of Charles H. Huff), all of which predate Michael Arlen's one short story of Gay Stanhope Falcon (Drake's three novels in 1936, '37' & '38, the latter year also seeing the publication of his short story, while Arlen's story, as our article admits, came out in 1940). Note also that the IMDb indicates that RKO, responsible for the Sanders/Conway/"Lawrence" series, had nothing to do with the three late '40s films starring John Calvert as Waring. All of this should be reflected in the article, if those ext. link articles are Wiki-acceptable sources. I'll see what else I can find, but help from others with access to sizable libraries would be appreciated. --Tbrittreid (talk) 21:04, 18 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It's hard to say whether the Thrilling Detective site would be considered a reliable source; it seems to be, even though it seems to be a kind of blog, because it seems as if there is some editorial discretion exercised. But I'd be looking for confirmation of these assertions from other sources; possibly Hubin would be useful, and I'll check when I can.  It's certain that IMDB is not considered a reliable source, though.  Accounting4Taste: talk 22:09, 18 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I am well aware that the IMDb is not considered a reliable source under Wikipedia rules and apologize for not making clear that I cited that particular piece of their information merely for discussion purposes here. I do that because everything that goes up there is vetted and approved by administration; I myself have had great (and IMHO inexplicable) difficulty in getting some documented and not open to debate facts posted there. As for those articles' claim of two different literary sleuth/adventurers called "Falcon," do you have a better explanation for the two completely different names? If Thrilling Detective qualifies as an unacceptable blog, then a huge number of other sites used as sources here do as well, and a huge number of citations are invalid. --Tbrittreid (talk) 21:31, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

some cleanup
cleanup - article was fairly poorly written - more of an opinionated essay than factual entry - grammatical errors as well - note the misplaced period mid-sentence: "In later outings, in various media. the character had a variety of "real names..."

outright bias/opinion: "portrayed variously by Edward Brophy, Allen Jenkins (who also played the same role in the first three Sanders films), Don Barclay, Cliff Edwards, and arguably best of all, Vince Barnett."

not-so-great phrasing: "One well-known gimmick in the Falcon series was tacking an epilogue onto one movie to act as a sort of teaser to the next. This little "preview" often had little to do with the actual upcoming film, but was meant to keep interest alive."

also deleted unwarranted TV section and more opinion-type statements ("...the character was more of a spy than a detective.") — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.183.142.97 (talk) 01:40, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Falcon (fictional detective)


text:
Torrence Parsons

Torrence Douglas Parsons (1941–1987) was an American mathematician.

He worked mainly in graph theory, and is known for introducing a graph-theoretic view of pursuit–evasion problems (Parsons 1976, 1978). He obtained his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1966 under the supervision of Albert W. Tucker.

title: Torrence Parsons


text:
Talk:Jose Maria Sison

POV by Peoplestruth
Please make the statements more NPOV. --Quess 10:12, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

You too Quess. Whoever's version this is fully of subjective opinion, not neutral fact. actually, the "facts" here are downright incorrect too. What are listed as "controversies" is the perspective of anti-sison, former CPP individuals and are clearly biased. Please list facts rather than rumors or false testimonies of criminals (Corpuz, Kintanar, Lagman, etc.).
 * Sorry. I wasn't thinking straight when I did the revert (need more sleep). The one I should've only modified (and not reverted) is the second item from the list of "controversies" ("incorrectly" => "allegedly"). The discussion title was also a bit much. Again, I apologize. --Quess 15:55, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Please try to discuss this here, point by point. It will be time consuming but I will try to attend to this and it will avoid the need for future debates. I do hope to see an NPOV article.--Jondel 04:08, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Also, the "quotes" are extremely subjective and not neutral at all. They are character assasination and has not place in objective academia. Also, my quotes are from a book, you can get at amazon.com, while these other quotes seem made up. --peoplestruth

 * Truth?!Then go ask Sison and his "rah rah" boys and girls about their masterminding of the Plaza Miranda Bombing. It's well documented. -- Johnyang2

 * it is the standing policy of the CPP and NPA to admit to any bombings, attacks and assasinations, etc.... --

peoplestruth

 * Not if it will damage their much-mythicized reputation as supposedly fighters of the people. -- Gino
 * I think the quotation marks are all right. The term people’s court itself in general is loaded and has no objective meaning that is independent of ideology.
 * This Sison guy is now issuing pronouncements that in fact saying that he has nothing to do with the murder of his former comrades. What a big contradiction. Here's a guy representing himself to be the leader of a movement who is disowning the actions of his minions. I find it laughable. He appears to be simply protecting his ass coz the Dutch government is keeping him on a tight leash. - Johnyang2

Johnyang2, sorry to disappoint you but if there is no evidence, please don't attribute any bombings to Sison. It will look very bad for wikipedia, if it seems wikipedia made an non-cited, unsourced conclusion or statement. We need to have verifiable sources.--Jondel 02:01, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Come Jondel, his former comrades and even people like Jovito Salonga are saying so. The fact remains that European countries including the ever generous the Netherlands classify him as a "terrorist." Europe classifies a person a terrorist, not based one's political beliefs, but on account on his participation on violence and atrocities. If you need proof, just surf the EU Court of Justice website. - Johnyang2

My interest is being as professionally journalistic as possible, professionally journalistic in quotes because this is a volunteer encyclopedia. Just as articles on Saddam Hussein, Hitler, and other controversial unpopular people are as neutral as possible, the same has to be applied here. By the way, I also work in the journalism industry in my daytime job. In the articles we/I write, we can't publish what isn't sourced or cited. You might be interested that I help initiate and save the Jovita Salonga article from deletion. Please, I would rather that you follow journalism policy rather than making us sysops enforce policy.--Jondel 08:18, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Lacks sources
As of this writing, there is only one references and no sources cited. We need sources for this article.--Jondel 08:33, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Chinese filipino?
This article is connected to category 'Chinese filipinos', yet there is no indication of Chinese descent in the article. Can someone find the facts and correct the article textgor delete the category, based on the facts. Thanks Hmains 03:17, 19 August 2006 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Quess (talk • contribs)

EU Court Overturns Two EU Terrorist Listings
I added a paragraph to input a major news on sison's delisting and asset unfrozen.

--Florentino floro 13:50, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

I included the news about the ruling on the legal fees.

--Florentino floro 14:56, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

I added the news on the side of the Netherland embassy and Norberto Gonzales explanation.

--Florentino floro 06:50, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Yes, but I was still surprised to see the introduction lack this balance. So, I included this fact in the introduction which will provide greater neutrality for the reader about this issue.DrGabriela 05:21, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Improvements on neutral point of view for arrest section
I think the Arrest section can be improved by a more factual description of the conditions of his imprisonment to achieve a more neutral point of view. Also some responses to the allegation of torture should be added to achieve a more balanced discussion of the topic. – Ilse@ 21:19, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

2008 Prophecy of PGMA downfall
The world-famous dwarves, LUIS, armand and angel of prophet Florentino V. Floro are very excited to hear the official interview release of Joma's prophecy of PGMA downfall. I hope users will expand this sub-section.

--Florentino floro (talk) 05:54, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Verdict on June 10
The trial ended on May 20 and on June 10 the decision will be released: The Dutch court on May 20,2008, heard Sison's appeal against the Dutch Public Prosecutors Office's request to extend its investigation until December, since the investigators arrived in the Philippines in February and interviewed witnesses. At the trial, however, the new evidence showed that there were indeed attempts to kill him, in 1999 and 2000, while Kintanar's wife, Joy, directly accused Edwin Garcia in the murder of her husband.Abs-Cbn Interactive, Sison claims govt agents tried to kill him The Dutch court scheduled the promulgation on the verdict on June 10, 2008.Inquirer.net, Communist leader Sison asks Dutch court to drop case--Florentino floro (talk) 06:55, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Back to Jail?
The Dutch District Court of The Hague on June 5, 2008 decided in camera “that the Public Prosecution Service may continue the prosecution of Jose Maria Sison for involvement in, among other matters, a number of murders committed in the Philippines in 2003 and 2004; that while the prosecution's case file still held insufficient evidence, the investigation was ongoing and should be given time to unfold.”abs-cbnnews.com, Dutch court allows prosecution anew of Joma Sison--Florentino floro (talk) 12:04, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Name: no accents
This article previously used "José María Sison" as the title and throughout, but I can find no evidence that the name should have accents. In particular, Open Hand has book covers and a signature in his own handwriting, that DO NOT show any accents. (You can see many pages from this biography at Google Books.) Newspapers and magazines similarly universally use the unaccented form. So I have changed the name to "Jose Maria Sison". Barsoomian (talk) 00:50, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Needs more sources and a re-write
There are lot of unsourced assertions here. I've marked a few, in the hope that more knowledgeable editors will be able to provide the appropriate citations, but at the moment it looks like the whole thing could do with a re-write, one that I hope will be less ideologically-driven. Elchori01 (talk) 15:03, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jose Maria Sison


text:
Tropical Grasslands (journal)

Tropical Grasslands was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Tropical Grassland Society of Australia which was formed in 1963. The journal was established in 1967 and was discontinued in 2010 when the Tropical Grassland Society of Australia closed due to declining membership. It covered ecological and agricultural aspects of grasslands. Archived digital copies of articles are available for free online. The founding editor-in-chief was N.H. Shaw and the final editor was Lyle Winks.

In 2012, a new peer-reviewed scientific journal, Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales, covering research on tropical pastures and forages was established as an initiative of scientists from Australia and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. It succeeds the Spanish-only journal Pasturas Tropicales, published from 1979 to 2007, and Tropical Grasslands. Lyle Winks, the former editor of Tropical Grasslands, is the new journal's English editor; Rainer Schultze-Kraft is in charge of submissions in Spanish.

title: Tropical Grasslands (journal)


text:
Aaron McKie

Aaron Fitzgerald McKie (born October 2, 1972) is an American basketball coach and former professional basketball player who played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is currently the special advisor for athletics at his alma mater Temple University. From 2019 until 2023 he served as the head coach for the Temple men's basketball team. Selected by the Portland Trail Blazers 17th overall in the 1994 NBA draft, McKie spent time as a point guard, shooting guard or small forward throughout his professional playing career from 1994 to 2007.

High school basketball career
McKie attended Philadelphia's Simon Gratz High School, where he was a letterman in basketball. As a senior, he was an All-Scholastic choice and an All-Southern Pennsylvania choice, and helped lead his team to the Public League championship and a 26–4 record, averaging 18.9 points, 9.9 rebounds and 7.2 assists per game. He graduated from Gratz in 1990.

College career
After redshirting his freshman year, McKie finished his three-year career at Temple University tied for sixth on the school's all-time scoring list with 1,650 points, averaging 17.9 points per game while starting all 92 games. He teamed up with eventual All-Star Eddie Jones at Temple, and was named first-team All-Atlantic 10 and he was named to the A-10 all-tournament team as a senior. As a junior, he was the 1993 Atlantic 10 Conference Player of the Year, after averaging 20.6 points per game.

NBA career

McKie was selected in the first round (17th overall) of the 1994 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers. He has since played for the Detroit Pistons, the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Los Angeles Lakers. In the 2000–01 NBA season, McKie was named NBA Sixth Man of the Year, becoming the first Sixers player since Bobby Jones in 1983 to win that honor. McKie played an important role in the NBA Finals-bound team, serving as backup to Eric Snow and Allen Iverson and occasionally played as a starter. He notched consecutive triple doubles during the 2000-01 season, December 30, 2000, vs. the Sacramento Kings (19 points, 10 rebounds, 14 assists) and January 3, 2001, vs. the Atlanta Hawks (11 points, 10 rebounds, 10 assists).

On August 12, 2005, he was waived by the 76ers as part of the one-time "Amnesty provision" of the new labor agreement, allowing the 76ers to waive a player to avoid the luxury tax on his salary. McKie signed with the Lakers on August 22, 2005, and played 14 regular-season games for them.

In October 2007, McKie rejoined the 76ers as an assistant coach.

On February 1, 2008, McKie, who was a Sixers assistant coach at the time, was traded by the Lakers to the Memphis Grizzlies, along with Kwame Brown, Javaris Crittenton, rights to Marc Gasol, and the 2008 and 2010 first-round draft picks, for Pau Gasol. The Lakers' acquisition of Pau Gasol was only approved by the league office when the Lakers called McKie to inform him that they wanted to sign him and throw him in for salary cap reasons. He was released from the Grizzlies on May 9, 2008.

Philadelphia 76ers (2007-2013)

After being released by the Grizzlies, McKie rejoined the Philadelphia coaching staff as an assistant in September 2008. He remained in that position until 2013.

Temple Owls (2014-2023)
McKie left the Sixers staff to join the Temple men's basketball staff under Fran Dunphy. Temple University announced that he would replace Dunphy as the head coach of the men's basketball team starting with the 2019 season.

2020-2021
McKie's first two seasons coaching Temple were both limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, the AAC tournament and eventually the season was canceled. In 2021, almost all of out-of-conference play was canceled and the Owls only played 16 total games.

2022
McKie's first full season with the Owls came in the 2021-22 season. Temple went 17-12 and were seeded #4 in the 2022 AAC tournament and lost in the quarterfinals to Tulane.

2023
Entering the 2022-2023 season, Temple had high expectations with the return of multiple starters including guards Damian Dunn and Khalif Battle. However, the season was an up-and-down one for the Owls. The team started the season with a shocking loss to Wagner, but then defeated the #16 team in the nation, Villanova in their next game. The Owls won their first three games in the Big 5, but lost to Penn and only clinched a co-share of the Big 5. The highlight of the season came when Temple beat Houston the #1 team in the nation. However, the Owls struggled down the stretch and lost in the quarterfinals of the 2023 AAC tournament to Cincinnati.

On March 13, 2023, Temple announced that McKie stepped down as the men's basketball coach and would take on a new role as the as a special advisor to the athletics department.

Personal life
He is a third cousin of Jason McKie of the NFL. Allen Iverson once said in an interview that Aaron McKie was his most influential teammate.

title: Aaron McKie


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Talk:B. H. DeLay

Untitled
Could this page be a copyright violation? The text sounds unencyclopedic and the text body was added nearly finished, then wikilinked little by little. However, I wasn't able to find any similar articles on-line. Aapo Laitinen 08:18, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)

This article was written by the subject's great-granddaughter (who also added an article on herself) from her own research. Beverly Homer Delay is of Irish and German origin. Questors (talk) 17:33, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Motive for the murder
It sounds as though C.E. Frey was claiming ownership of DeLay’s airport. But the two of them had already spent time in jail together. Could you clarify the story, and explain the nature of their rivalry? Valetude (talk) 13:10, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:B. H. DeLay


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Category:Districts of Berlin

This category regards the 12 districts (or boroughs, in German Bezirke) of Berlin.

title: Category:Districts of Berlin


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Pure sociology

Like rational choice theory, conflict theory, or functionalism, pure sociology is a sociological paradigm — a strategy for explaining human behavior. Developed by Donald Black as an alternative to individualistic and social-psychological theories, pure sociology was initially used to explain variation in legal behavior. Since then, Black and other pure sociologists have used the strategy to explain terrorism, genocide, lynching, and other forms of conflict management as well as science, art, and religion.

Epistemology
Pure sociology explains social life with its social geometry. Social life refers to any instance of human behavior—such as law, suicide, gossip, or art — while the social geometry of a behavior, also called its social structure, refers to the social characteristics of those involved—such as their degree of past interaction or their level of wealth. To some extent this approach draws from aspects of earlier sociological work, ranging from Durkheim's emphasis on social explanations for individual behavior to later work in the variation of police (and other legal) behavior.

Differences
Virtually all sociology explains the behavior of people—whether groups or individuals—with some reference to their mental constructs (psychology) or the purposes of their action (teleology). But pure sociology reconceptualizes human behavior as social life—something that does not exist in the mind, is not explainable by the aims of actions, and is supraindividual. Pure sociology, then, can be distinguished from other sociological paradigms by what is absent from it: psychology, teleology, and even people as such. Pure sociology's focus on a unique social reality may sound Durkheimian, but Black views the approach as "more Durkheimian than Durkheim."

Explanations
In The Behavior of Law, published in 1976, Donald Black introduced the first example of pure sociology—a general theory of law, or governmental social control. This theory seeks to explain variation in law, and one aspect of legal variation is the amount of law attracted to a case of conflict. A conflict is a situation where one person has a grievance against another, such as where an assault has occurred or a contract has been broken, and the offended parties may or may not appeal to the police or to the civil courts to resolve it. Cases may attract law or not, then, and when they do attract law, there may be more or less of it. When the police make an arrest in an assault case, for instance, there is more law when there is merely a call to the police, and when someone is convicted and sentenced there is more law than when there is merely an arrest. The pure sociology of law explains this variation by identifying a number of sociological variables that are associated with variation in the quantity of law. These include various forms of social status (such as wealth, integration, culture, conventionality, organization, and respectability) as well as various forms of social distance (such as relational distance and cultural distance). These are aspects of the social structures of cases, then, and so cases where the disputants are both high in status have different social structures—and are handled differently—than cases involving low-status disputants. Whether the disputants are socially close to or distant from one another also determines the amount of law the case attracts. For example, one of the theory's predictions is that within a society, law varies directly with relational distance. Relational distance refers to the amount and intensity of interaction between the parties, so the theory predicts that there is more law in conflicts between strangers than in those between intimates. This aspect of the theory explains numerous facts, such as why those who kill strangers are punished more severely than those who kill intimates and why women who are raped by strangers are more likely to report it to the police. ''

Since the publication of The Behavior of Law, Black and other pure sociologists have applied the theoretical strategy to numerous other subjects. Most notably, Black has developed a general theory of social control that goes beyond law to explain more generally the handling of all human conflicts. Most conflicts are handled without appealing to the legal system, and the theory thus explains not just law but avoidance, gossip, therapy, feuding, and numerous other forms of non-governmental social control. In addition to extending the subject matter, this later work also extends the theory to focus not just on the social characteristics of the initial disputants in a conflict, but also of third parties (all those with knowledge of a conflict). For example, Mark Cooney examines how third party behavior shapes violence. Whether and how third parties involve themselves in a conflict can determine not only the likelihood of violence, but also the form the violence takes. For example, social configurations characterized by close and distant group ties are conducive to feud-like behavior where violence occurs back and forth between groups over a long period of time. In this situation, third parties are members of groups, and they are relationally close to fellow group members but distant from others. When conflicts between groups occur, they thus support one side and oppose the other, and they may join in retaliatory violence against members of rival groups. Other social configurations are conducive to other forms of violence or even to peace. For example, where there are cross-cutting ties, such as where people are relationally close to members of other groups, third parties are more likely to promote peace.

Recently, Black has moved beyond the study of how conflicts are handled to examine the origin of conflict itself. Moral Time identifies the causes of clashes of right and wrong in human relationships. In doing so, this theory invokes a new explanatory concept—the idea of movement in social time — and thus extends the pure sociological approach.

Black and others have also moved beyond conflict and social control to develop explanations of ideas, predation, welfare, research, and other forms of social life. For example, Black's theory of ideas explains the content of ideas with their social structures. Just as each conflict has a social structure that consists of the social characteristics of the disputants and third parties, every idea—every statement about reality—has a social structure consisting of the characteristics of the source, subject, and audience. For example, the subject of an idea may be intimate or distant from the source: People have ideas about family members and friends as well as strangers. The subject may also be high or low in social status: People have ideas about senators and businessmen as well as skid row vagrants. But ideas vary depending on their social structures. Black's explanation of voluntarism and determinism, for example, states that ideas about high status subjects are more likely to be voluntaristic (to invoke free will). The theory would predict, then, that people would offer voluntaristic explanations of senators and businessmen and deterministic explanations of skid row vagrants.

Practitioners and scholars
A number of sociologists have used at least some elements of Black's theoretical strategy in their work, including Professors M.P. Baumgartner, Marian Borg, Bradley Campbell, Mark Cooney, Ellis Godard, Allan Horwitz, Scott Jacques, Marcus Kondkar, Jason Manning, Joseph Michalski, Calvin Morrill, Scott Phillips, Roberta Senechal de la Roche, and James Tucker.

Criticism
While prominent sociologists such as Randall Collins, Karen A. Cerulo, David Sciulli, and Jonathan H. Turner have praised aspects of pure sociology, the approach has also been criticized. Kam C. Wong criticizes pure sociology's scientism, David F. Greenberg its use of covering-law explanations, and Thomas J. Scheff its attempt at disciplinary purity. In a 2008 symposium, Douglas A. Marshall offers an extended critique of the system. Marshall argues that, contrary to Black's stated goal of making sociology more scientific, his approach is actually antithetical to modern scientific values and practices—a theme reiterated by Stephen Turner in the same symposium.

Response to criticism
Mark Cooney, Allan Horwitz, and Joseph Michalski have responded to some specific criticisms of pure sociology, while Donald Black, in "The Epistemology of Pure Sociology" as well as other writings, has responded generally to critics' claims and provided an extensive defense of the pure sociological approach.

Noting the ideological nature of many of the attacks, Black says that his theory is in fact "politically and morally neutral." But according to Black, it nonetheless attracts politicized hostility due to its unconventionality:

"My work is shocking not because it is politically incorrect, but because it is epistemologically incorrect. It violates conventional conceptions of social reality in general and legal and moral reality in particular.  It therefore shocks — epistemologically shocks — many on whom it is inflicted.  If I disturb your universe I may be worthy of contempt.  I may appear to be your favorite political enemy, a conservative if you are radical, a radical if you are conservative."

Black also discusses the aims of the approach. While it is unconventional sociology, it is conventional science, striving to provide simple, general, testable, valid, and original explanations of reality. And it is by these criteria alone, Black maintains, that it should be judged:

"If you wish to criticize my work, tell me you can predict and explain legal and related behavior better than I can. Tell me my work is not as testable as something else, tell me it is not as general as something else, tell me it is less elegant than something else, tell me that it has already been published, or just tell me it is wrong.  Tell me something relevant to what I am trying to accomplish — something scientific."

title: Pure sociology


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Get Gorgeous

Get Gorgeous was an Indian reality television show and model talent search that premiered in 2004 by one of India's music channels, Channel V India. The show was formatted by Kaveri Mehrotra while Amar Deb was the head of the channel. Get Gorgeous was about discovering the next face of modeling in India.

Get Gorgeous 1
The show's first season aired on 1 July 2004, with the finale on 23 September 2004. It had 6,000 entries received and 16 finalists were taken to the coast of Goa. The season was hosted by VJ Sarah-Jane Dias, with renowned fitness instructor Mickey Mehta, photographer Sameer Parekh, well-known choreographers Tanya LeFebvre and Aparna Behl, designer Aparna Chandra, make-up expert Ambika Pillai and Hemant Trivedi as judges.

The show's prizes for this season include walking for designer Suneet Verma at Rome Fashion Week and a contract with Elite Model Management in India. The four winners were Aarohi Mishra, Archana Vijaya, Natasha Suri and Tanvi Singh.

Get Gorgeous 2
The second season first aired on 23 April 2005, with the finale on 11 June 2005, and it was hosted by season 1 winner Archana Vijaya. It had 5,000 entries received and 16 finalists were taken to the training camp at Taj Exotica in Bentota, Sri Lanka. The season had designers Hemant Trivedi, model Noyonika Chatterjee and model-turned-actor Milind Soman as judges.

The winner of the season was Priyanka Shah. She receive:

 * A talent contract with Channel V India
 * A modelling contract with Elite Model Management in India
 * A campaign for LG CDMA
 * Will be walking at India Fashion Week

Get Gorgeous 3
The third season first aired on 16 March 2006, and with the finale on 4 May 2006. , and had fifteen finalists. The season was hosted by VJ Pia Trivedi, with model-turned-actor Dino Morea, model and ace fashion choreographer Marc Robinson, fashion designer Surily Goel, ace fashion choreographer Colston Julian, model Noyonika Chatterjee, and choreographer Rajiv Goswami as judges.

The prizes include: a talent contract with Channel V India and a modelling contract with Matrix Model Management in India. The winners of this season were Anurita Jha and Meenal Thakur.

Get Gorgeous 4
The fourth season aired on 7 June 2007 and with the finale on 9 August 2007.

VJ Pia Trivedi will once again host this season, along with the judging panel were make-up artist Samantha Kochhar, fashion choreographer Alison Kanuga, fashion designer duo Shantanu Mehra & Nikhil Mehra, former model-turned-celebrity fitness trainer Deanne Pandey, Femina Miss India Universe 2006 Neha Kapur, photographer Manoj Jadhav and fashion editor for Seventeen Kushal Parmanand. The 10 finalists travelled to the Swaswara resort in Goa. The prizes include: a talent contract with Channel V India and a modelling contract with Elite Model Management in India. The winner of the season was Rachel Varghese.

The Grand Finale had over 1,000 guests visiting the live runway. The anchor of the live show was Channel V's VJ Pia Trivedi. During the taping of the season, Channel [V] allowed a blogger from Trendy.com to live among the contestants and collect exclusive behind-the-scenes material for a section of the show's website called "The Gorgeous Blogger".

Get Gorgeous 5
The fifth season aired on 16 May 2008 and with the finale on 26 July 2008. The 10 finalists travelled to Kerala and the 3 finalist travelled to Paris. This season garnered an average of 10 million viewers, making it the highest rated season of the show's history.

VJ Pia Trivedi will once again host this season, along with the judging panel were fashion designer duo Rahul Khanna & Rohit Gandhi, fitness expert Yasmin Haz, photographer Nisha Kutty and actor Upen Patel. Indian Supermodels Diandra Soares and Gauahar Khan were also judges and their model mentor.

The winner of the season was Iris Maity, beating Gwen Athaide and Salome Narayana Polaki in the finale. She receive:

 * A talent contract with Channel V worth ₹1.000.000
 * A modelling contract with ICE Model Management
 * A trip to Paris to feature in a shoot for Christian Dior
 * An exclusive splash feature in L'Officiel

Get Gorgeous 6
The sixth season aired on 29 August 2010 and with the finale on 21 November 2010. This season was hosted by VJ Andy with the brand new judges were: model Kamal Sidhu, fashion photographer Vikram Bawa and fashion designer Gayatri Khanna, and 2 new mentor are supermodels Sahil Shroff & Archana Vijaya. After 2 years gap, the show return with 20 brand new contestant, including male contestant for the first time. The prizes include a 1-year modelling contract with Kwan Entertainment. The two winner of the season were Preeti Chauhan & Rajat Dahiya.

Results

 * The contestant was eliminated
 * The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
 * The contestant was immune from elimination
 * The contestant won the competition

Challenges

 * Episode 2 photo shoots: Makeover
 * Episode 3 photo shoot: Swimsuit calendar for MiD-DAY
 * Episode 4 commercial: Garnier product in pair
 * Episode 5 commercial: Garnier product
 * Episode 6 photo shoot: Homosexuality couple
 * Episode 7 photo shoot: Adam and Eve
 * Episode 8 video shoot & commercial: Bollywood couple; Scooty Pep motorbike in group
 * Episode 9 commercial & photo shoot: LG Cookie smartphone in group; Rags to riches editorial
 * Episode 10 photo shoot: Love in the air
 * Episode 11 photo shoot: Marico Hair & Care campaign
 * Episode 12 commercial & photo shoot: Mumbai Underworld online game; Grazia editorial in pairs
 * Episode 13 runway: India Fashion Week 2010

title: Get Gorgeous


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Social geometry

Social geometry is a theoretical strategy of sociological explanation, invented by sociologist Donald Black, which uses a multi-dimensional model to explain variations in the behavior of social life. In Black's own use and application of the idea, social geometry is an instance of Pure Sociology.

Variables
While social geometry might entail other elements as well (or instead), Black's own explanation of the model includes five variable aspects: horizontal/morphological (the extent and frequency of interaction among participants), vertical (the unequal distribution of resources), corporate (the degree of organization, or of integration of individuals into organizations), cultural (the amount and frequency of symbolic expressions), and normative (the extent of previously being the target of social control). Black refers to this multi-dimensional amalgam as "social space".

Precursors
Each element of Black's model is arguably an extension of part of something earlier in sociology. For example, vertical space is reminiscent of Marxist concerns, morphological of Émile Durkheim, and cultural perhaps of Pierre Bourdieu. However, several aspects of Black's approach differ from those previous theorists.

First, they emphasized a largely unidimensional model: Marx, for example, emphasized solely economic status (and derivatives of it, from base to superstructure) while Durkheim and Weber de-emphasized economic differentiation.

Second, by including multiple dimensions, Black's model allows for consideration of each variable while holding others constant. That is, the theoretical propositions hold under a condition of ceteris paribus, a probabilistic approach characteristic of science generally and contrary to the general cleavage of sociology between purported determinists and those who are anti-scientific. (Later versions of Black's work, such as "The Elementary Forms of Social Control", utilize multiple dimensions in a different way - as simultaneous dimensions, to generate a typology of social settings and conflict management patterns.)

Further, the inclusion of these variables within the same model allows for the possibility of both interaction effects between variables as well as correlation between them, with any one variable being used to explain any other. Black himself uses each of the dimensions to explain variation in normative behavior, but relational or cultural behavior might also be jointly accountable by the other dimensions.

Most significantly, Black's Social Geometry entails an epistemological departure from reliance on individualistic explanations, teleology, and even individuals as such. That is, it is an instance of pure sociology, and thus uses a different logic and language than any precursors from whose work Black's ideas may said to be extended or derived.

Measurements
The model allows for several different kinds of measurement along these dimensions. First, location: For example, any case (individual, group, etc.) can be located in vertical space by their wealth. Second, distance: For example, any two cases (individuals, organizations, etc.) can be measured according to their relative wealth. Third, direction: Law, for example, is more likely in a downward direction (from a wealthier case to a less wealthy one) than upward (the reverse).

Black also cites examples – particularly in The Behavior of Law (1976) – which indicate movement through social space, such as a society becoming more stratified, or the status (and collective liability) of an ethnic group changing over time.

title: Social geometry


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Patna University

Patna University is a public state university in Patna, Bihar, India. It was established on 1 October 1917 during the British Raj. It is the first university in Bihar and the seventh oldest university in the Indian subcontinent in the modern era. It offers different undergraduate and postgraduate degree level courses.

History
Patna University was established by an Act of the Imperial Legislative Council passed in September 1917. It started the journey in October 1917 as an affiliating and examining body when JG Jennings took charge of this university as the first vice-chancellor. In the modern era of India, it is one of the oldest universities in this region. Later in 1919, the governing bodies of the university—the Senate and the Syndicate—were formed. The iconic Wheeler Senate House of the Patna University was built in 1926 for which Raja Devaki Nandan Prasad of Munger donated the money. When the university was first established it had jurisdiction over all higher educational institutes of Bihar, Odisha, and the Kingdom of Nepal. It oversaw examinations for educational institutions ranging from school finals to the postgraduate levels. This situation continued almost for four decades, until the establishment of the Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, and the Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar. On 2 January 1952, it was converted into a purely teaching-cum-residential university with territorial jurisdiction over only metropolitan Patna. The university buildings are mostly located on the bank of the River Ganges and in the Saidpur Campus. Patna University, which is 107 years old, was established on the lines of the University of London. When it was established in the year 1917, it was the only university in the three regions of Nepal, Bihar and Orissa.

Governance
The Chancellor of the Patna University is the governor of Bihar. The Vice-chancellor of the Patna University is the chief executive officer of the university, currently K. C. Sinha. Dr. Ajay Kumar Singh is current Pro Vice Chancellor.

Faculties and departments
Patna University has 30 departments organised into eight faculties: Science, Humanities, Commerce, Social Sciences, Education, Law, Fine Arts and Medicine.

 * Faculty of Science: This faculty consists of the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Botany, Zoology, Statistics, and Geology.

 * Faculty of Humanities: This faculty consists of the departments of English, Hindi,  Bangla, Sanskrit,  Maithili,  Persian, Philosophy, Arabic, and Urdu.

 * Faculty of Social Sciences: This faculty consists of the departments of History, Geography, Psychology, Ancient Indian History and Archaeology, Economics,  Personnel Management & Industrial Relations, Sociology, Political Science, and Public Administration.

 * Faculties of Law, Education, Commerce, Fine Arts, and Medicine: Each of these faculty comprises only one department, namely, Law, Education, Commerce, Fine Arts, and BDS.

Affiliations
The university is an affiliating institution and has jurisdiction over the Patna city. Eleven colleges are affiliated with this university.

Traditional and distance education
The university and its affiliated colleges and institutions offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses in fields including law, teacher training, science, arts, commerce, medicine, and engineering. Admission in these courses is mainly based on the result of common entrance test (CET) conducted by Patna University. The aspirants for research-level programs have to sit for a qualifying test (RET) followed by an interview. Since 1974, the university also has a Directorate of Distance Education for conducting postgraduate studies in distance education.

Libraries
Central Library of the Patna University was set up in 1919. Besides the central library, there are also departmental libraries in each department of the university. The university library has a collection of more than 4,00,000 volumes which include books, journals, manuscripts, patents, and other valuable collections.

Ranking and accreditation
Patna University is recognized under Section 12B of the UGC Act. In 2019, the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) awarded 'B+' grade to the Patna University in the first cycle of the university's accreditation.

title: Patna University