text:
Sultan Abdul Samad Building

The Sultan Abdul Samad Building (Malay: Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad; Jawi: باڠونن سلطان عبدالصمد) is a late-19th century building located along Jalan Raja in front of Dataran Merdeka and the Royal Selangor Club in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The building originally housed the offices of the British colonial administration, and was known simply as Government Offices in its early years. In 1974, it was renamed after Sultan Abdul Samad, the reigning sultan of Selangor at the time when construction began.

The building houses both the offices of the Ministry of Communications and Multimedia and the Ministry of Tourism and Culture of Malaysia (Malay: Kementerian Komunikasi dan Multimedia, Kementerian Pelancongan dan Kebudayaan Malaysia). It once housed the superior courts of the country: the Federal Court of Malaysia, the Court of Appeals and the High Court of Malaya. The Federal Court and the Court of Appeals had shifted to the Palace of Justice in Putrajaya during the early 2000s, while the High Court of Malaya shifted to the Kuala Lumpur Courts Complex in 2007.

Origin and design
The government offices of the British colonial administration was originally located in the Bluff Road (present day Jalan Bukit Aman) area on a hill overlooking the Padang now called Merdeka Square. However, due to the need for more office space and complaints from the public about the necessity of going up and down the hill, the State Engineer of Selangor Public Works Department Charles Edwin Spooner proposed the building of government offices lower down at the plain. The initial suggestion was rejected due to cost, but the British Resident of Selangor William Edward Maxwell accepted a second proposal that cost less.

The building was originally designed by A.C. Norman and his assistant R. A. J. Bidwell in a Classical Renaissance style, but Spooner disliked the design. It was then reworked by Bidwell under Spooner's guidance in a style variously described as Indo-Saracenic, Neo-Mughal, or Moorish. Later A. B. Hubback who had just starting working for the colonial government in Malaya as a senior draughtsman also worked on it. Although the building is formally credited to A.C. Norman (only his name appears on the foundation stone as the architect) and his ground plan was kept, the actual design is to a large extent the work of R. A. J. Bidwell, with some contributions from A. B. Hubback who also designed the fixtures of the building.

The building has two stories, with the floor plan roughly in the shape of the letter F with an extended top bar representing the frontage. The facade of the building faces the Padang and stretches over 137.2 m along Jalan Raja, at that time the largest building in Malaya. The building has 3.5 m wide verandas on both floors. A central clock tower is 41 m in height, and designed to echo the Big Ben but in an Indo-Saracenic style. Two lower towers flanked the clock tower, each containing a staircase. The design of these two towers may have been influenced by Muir Central College of Allahabad in India. All three towers are topped by a copper-clad onion dome. The style of the building is sometimes referred to as the "blood and bandages" style—red bricks with white plastered arches and banding.

Construction
The construction of the building began in September 1894 and was completed in 1897. The foundation stone was laid on 6 October 1894 by the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir Charles Mitchell. The building sits on an area of 1.034 hectares, with the floor of the building occupying an area of 4,208.5 m2. The construction used 4 million bricks, 2,500 barrels of cement, 18,000 pikuls of lime, 5,000 lbs of copper, 50 tons of steel and iron, and about 30,000 cubic feet of timber. Spooner had previously established in the Brickfields area a factory for the production of large number of higher quality bricks, tiles and other building material suitable for the construction of the building. The cost of construction was 152,000 straits dollars. Spooner also made many alterations and additions while the building was being constructed with the help of A. B. Hubback. Some of these, such as an extra two and a half feet of brickwork on the lower walls, were necessary to strengthen the building due to it being built so close to the river. The height of the clock tower had also caused much concern to the public, who thought that the tower might collapse due to the ground vibrations caused by a loud signal gun fired daily at noon and 5 pm, but the built tower proved to be sturdy. A problem arose with the clock first delivered as it was not in harmony with the building, and it was replaced by a second one. The clock was manufactured by Gillett & Johnston Ltd of Croydon.

Opening
The building was completed in 1897, and a dinner was held by the Selangor Public Works Department in the building to celebrate its completion. On 4 April 1897, The building was officially opened by Sir Frank Swettenham, the General Resident of the time. A ball was held at the building, and its exterior was floodlit by gas burners, the first time such illumination was used in Kuala Lumpur.

The 41 m tower chimed for the first time to coincide with Queen Victoria's Jubilee Parade in June 1897 and has chimed since.

Extensions

The completed structure housed various important government departments during the British administration. The building, simply known as Government Offices in early Kuala Lumpur maps, housed the Federal Secretariat of the then-Federated Malay States (FMS) which was formed in 1896. The entire FMS administration—the Public Works Department, General Post Office, District Offices, Mines Department, Lands, Audit, Treasury, Government Secretariat Offices—was housed there. It also shared its offices with the Selangor State Government.

As it was not foreseen when construction began in 1894 that Kuala Lumpur would become the capital of the Federated Malay States, the office space provided was inadequate for the needs of a burgeoning bureaucracy. The FMS government took over the offices that were intended for the Sanitation Board. Other buildings and extensions were then constructed around it. A rear wing was added in 1903, and a building built in the same style was added to the south in 1907 to house the General Post Office.

Post-independence
Malaya gained independence in 1957, and the Padang or field in front of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building, officially renamed Dataran Merdeka (or Merdeka Square) on 1 January 1990, has become the location for the official celebration of Malayan (later Malaysian) independence since. At Dataran Merdeka, the British Union Jack was lowered for the last time at midnight on 30 August 1957 when the clock started chiming, and the Malayan flag then hoisted for the first time. Celebrations shifted to the Merdeka Stadium in the morning on 31 August with the Declaration of Independence, and Tunku Abdul Rahman became the first prime minister of Malaya.

In 1974, all of the State of Selangor Government offices were relocated to Shah Alam, and the various departments of the Federal Government also moved their offices elsewhere. The building was then renamed Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad (Sultan Abdul Samad Building) and renovated.

Starting from 1978, the building housed the Court of Appeal, High Court and the Supreme Court, which was subsequently renamed the Federal Court. The Federal Court and the Court of Appeals have since moved to the Palace of Justice located in Putrajaya, the new Federal administrative capital. The building now houses the offices of the Ministry of Information, Communications and Culture of Malaysia and underwent further refurbishment.

Every year, in the morning of Merdeka Day (31 August) as well as Malaysia Day (16 September), thousands of spectators converge on the city to watch the colourful parade along the streets of the city and performances held at the Merdeka Square.

In 2012, the building was partly refurbished and the copper domes received a new coating of metallic paint. New colour-changing LED lights were installed to brighten up the building at night. On selected days, a section of Jalan Raja will be closed in order for the people to enjoy the night scenery of the area. Since 2007, a Merdeka (Independence) wording has been fixed at the bottom of the clock tower, a reminder of the very day of the nation's independence in 1957.

Features

Topped by a shiny copper dome and a 41-metre-high clock tower, it is a major landmark in the city. The clock tower houses a one-ton bell clock that strikes on the hour and half-hour.

A 95-metre flagpole, one of the tallest in the world, marks that spot with a flat, round black marble plaque. It is located at the southern end of the Merdeka Square in front of the building.

The building serves as the backdrop for important events such as the National Day Parade on 31 August and the ushering in of the New Year. Each of the 13 states plus the Federal Territories are represented in the National Day Parade, as are the many ethnic groups that comprise multiracial Malaysia.

Behind the building flows the Klang River and Gombak River's confluence and in the middle of where the two rivers meet stands the Masjid Jamek (or Jamek Mosque), a mosque designed in similar architectural style.

Incidents
In 1971, Kuala Lumpur suffered a huge flood after a heavy rainfall. Part of the building was not spared. In 1978, a massive renovation was undertaken. The renovation took six years to complete with a total cost of RM 17.2 million. There was also a fire which damaged part of the building. A large bronze memorial plaque commemorating fallen judicial officers and lawyers who served as volunteer soldiers in the Second World War disappeared about this time. The plaque was either looted or else was damaged in the fire but was never repaired or replaced. There is now a move supported by the Malayan Volunteers Group to try to get the bronze memorial plaque restored.

Transportation
The building is accessible within walking distance west of Masjid Jamek LRT Station.

title: Sultan Abdul Samad Building


text:
Francis Greenway Correctional Complex

Francis Greenway Correctional Complex, formerly John Morony Correctional Complex is an Australian minimum security prison complex for males and females located in Berkshire Park, 5 km south of Windsor in New South Wales, Australia. The complex is operated by Corrective Services NSW, an agency of the Department of Communities and Justice, of the Government of New South Wales.

The complex comprises three separate correctional facilities, two for men and one for women: the John Morony Correctional Centre; the Geoffrey Pearce Correctional Centre (formerly Outer Metropolitan Multi Purpose Correctional Centre); and Dillwynia Correctional Centre.

History
The complex was originally named after a former commissioner, John Morony, who rose up through the ranks from a prison officer to become Comptroller General of the New South Wales Department of Corrective Services. He retired in 1971 and took up a position on the New South Wales Parole Board, which he had been instrumental in setting up.

The complex is built over the former boys' home Daruk Training School, also known as Daruk Boys' Home, Dharruk Boys Training School and Daruk Training Farm, was built in 1960 at Windsor. Until its closure in 1985 (or 1991?) the home housed hundreds of wards of the state and juvenile offenders of school age. During the Royal Commission into Child Sexual Abuse, abuse was later found to have occurred at the institution. It served as an extension to Mount Penang Training School for Boys, also known as Gosford Farm Home, which housed older boys.

On 7 May 2020, the complex was renamed the Francis Greenway Correctional Complex, after Francis Greenway, an English-born architect who was transported to Australia as a convict in 1814 and went on to become Australia's first government architect.

Description
The complex comprises three separate correctional facilities: the John Morony Correctional Centre, a medium-security correctional centre for men; the Geoffrey Pearce Correctional Centre (formerly Outer Metropolitan Multi Purpose Correctional Centre), a minimum-security correctional centre for men; and Dillwynia Correctional Centre, a minimum/medium-security correctional centre for women.

The complex accepts prisoners charged and convicted under New South Wales and/or Commonwealth legislation.

Additional administrative units of Corrective Services NSW are located on-site including the Security & Intelligence Branch, the Specialised Training Unit, the Drug Detector Dog Unit and the Pre Release Programs Unit.

John Morony Correctional Centre
The John Morony Correctional Centre, an Australian low-security facility for male offenders, is located within the complex. The complex has a world-famous wildlife centre which gives inmates the chance to work with the NSW Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service (WIRES) and Sydney Metropolitan Wildlife Services, caring for around 250 injured, orphaned and sick animals.

Geoffrey Pearce Correctional Centre
The Geoffrey Pearce Correctional Centre, an Australian minimum-security facility for male offenders, is located within the complex. A special program unit attached to the Centre, called the RSPCA NSW – CS NSW Dog Rehabilitation Program. This program rehabilitates dogs for re-housing and offers specialised offender educational opportunities. The Dog Rehabilitation Program is conducted under the supervision of correctional officers who also have access to training and development opportunities related to animal studies.

Dillwynia Correctional Centre
The Dillwynia Women's Correctional Centre, an Australian low-to-medium-security facility for female offenders, is located within the complex. Dillwynia was opened in 2004 as the first purpose built female correctional facility in New South Wales and was specially constructed to meet the needs and demands of the increasing female population. The proposal to build Dillwynia had prompted great outcry from women's organisations, and led to the Legislative Council inquiry "The Select Committee on the Increase in Prisoner Population".

A special program unit is attached to the Centre, called the Greyhounds as Pets Program. This collaborative project between Corrective Services NSW and Greyhound Racing NSW rehabilitates greyhounds for re-housing and offers specialised offender educational opportunities. The Greyhounds as Pets Program is conducted under the supervision of correctional officers who also have access to training and development opportunities related to animal studies.

Incidents
Nathan Reynolds, a 36-year-old Aboriginal man, died in the last week of his four-month sentence after an asthma attack in the minimum-security John Morony Correctional Centre (now part of the Francis Greenway Correction Complex) in Sydney in September 2018. The coronial inquiry showed that the prison staff's response was "unreasonably delayed", and contributed to his death.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Francis Greenway Correctional Complex


text:
Melbourne Theatre Company

The Melbourne Theatre Company is a theatre company based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1953 as the Union Theatre Repertory Company at the Union Theatre at the University of Melbourne, it is the oldest professional theatre company in Australia.

The company's Southbank Theatre houses the 500-seat Sumner and the 150-seat Lawler, and the company also performs in the Arts Centre Melbourne's Fairfax Studio and Playhouse, all located in Melbourne's Arts Precinct in Southbank. Considered Victoria's state theatre company, it formally comes under the auspices of the University of Melbourne. As of 2013 it offered a Mainstage Season of ten to twelve plays each year, as well as education, family and creative development activities, and reported having a subscriber base of approximately 20,000 people and played to a around quarter of a million people annually.

History
The Melbourne Theatre Company was founded in 1953 by John Sumner as the Union Theatre Repertory Company, based at the Union Theatre of the University of Melbourne's Student Union building. Sumner's original idea was to present a season of plays over those months when the Union Theatre was not being used by student drama societies. It was Australia's first professional repertory theatre, presenting a new play every two weeks during the season. Later, that became three weekly repertory. The first play, Jean Anouilh's Colombe, opened on 31 August 1953, starring Zoe Caldwell (who was later to have considerable success on Broadway), George Fairfax and Alex Scott.

Over the years, Melbourne Theatre Company has championed Australian writing, introducing the works of writers such as Alan Seymour, Vance Palmer, Patrick White, Alan Hopgood, Alexander Buzo, David Williamson, John Romeril, Jim McNeil, Alma De Groen, John Powers, Matt Cameron, Ron Elisha, Justin Fleming, Janis Bolodis, Hannie Rayson, Louis Nowra, Michael Gurr, Jack Davis, Michael Gow and Joanna Murray-Smith (to mention only a few) to mainstream Melbourne audiences. The first Australian play produced by the company, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Ray Lawler, in 1955 was quickly recognised as an Australian classic.

Lawler had by that time succeeded Sumner as Director of the company, taking it through the 1955 and 1956 seasons. When Lawler left to perform The Doll in London, he handed the directorship to Wal Cherry, who oversaw the company from 1956 until 1959. Cherry's experimental and daring approach to theatre did much to broaden the tastes of Melbourne theatre-goers, though the company suffered at the box-office. In 1959, John Sumner returned and subsequently steered the company through twenty-eight years of growth, watching it become, by the time he retired in 1987, the largest theatre company in Australia. Since then the company has had three artistic directors: Roger Hodgman (1987–1999), who steered MTC through the financially troublesome period of the late 1980s and 1990s; Simon Phillips, who was Artistic Director from 2000 to 2011; and Brett Sheehy from 2012. Robyn Nevin, Pamela Rabe, and Aidan Fennessy managed the 2012 season in the interim between Phillips and Sheehy.

Fennessy was Associate Director for some time.

The Melbourne Theatre Company has performed in many Melbourne venues in its history, including the Russell Street Theatre, the Melbourne Athenaeum, St Martins Theatre, the Merlyn and Beckett Theatres at the Malthouse, the Playhouse and Fairfax Studio of the Arts Centre Melbourne, the Comedy Theatre and the Princess Theatre.

Artistic Directors

 * 1953–1955 John Sumner
 * 1955–1956 Ray Lawler
 * 1956–1959 Wal Cherry
 * 1959–1987 John Sumner
 * 1959–1987 John Sumner
 * 1987–1999 Roger Hodgman
 * 2000–2011 Simon Phillips
 * 2012 Robyn Nevin, Pamela Rabe, Aidan Fennessy
 * 2013–2022 Brett Sheehy
 * 2023– Anne-Louise Sarks

Helpmann Awards
The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia since 2001. Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="7"| 2001
 * Life After George (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * rowspan="2"| Helpmann Award for Best Play
 * Won
 * rowspan="7"|
 * Art (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Nominated
 * Simon Phillips – Measure for Measure (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Direction of a Play
 * Nominated
 * Caroline O'Conner – Piaf (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Won
 * John Gaden – The Unexpected Man (Company B Belvoir and Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Won
 * Company (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Musical
 * Nominated
 * Dale Ferguson – Trelawny of the 'Wells' (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Costume Design
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2002
 * The Tempest (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Caroline O'Connor - Bombshells (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Dale Ferguson – The Seagull (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Scenic Design
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4"| 2003
 * Simon Phillips – The Blue Room (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * rowspan="2"| Best Direction of a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4"|
 * Simon Phillips – Great Expectations
 * Nominated
 * Rachael Griffiths -  Proof (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Won
 * Christopher Gabardi – Cloud Nine (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="6"| 2004
 *  Inheritance
 * rowspan="2"| Best Play
 * Won
 * rowspan="6"|
 * Frozen
 * Nominated
 * Julian Meyrick – Frozen (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Direction of a Play
 * Nominated
 * Helen Morse – Frozen (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Frank Gallacher – Frozen (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Belinda McClory – Frozen (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Won
 * rowspan="5"| 2005
 *  The Sapphires
 * Best Play
 * Won
 * rowspan="5"|
 * Pamela Rabe – Dinner (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Richard Piper – The Daylight Atheist (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Urinetown, the Musical (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Musical
 * Nominated
 * Ros Horin – Through the Wire (Performing Lines in association with Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best New Australian Work
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2006
 * Simon Phillips – King Lear (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Direction in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Hamish Michael – Two Brothers (Melbourne Theatre Company & Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Musical
 * Won
 * rowspan="3"| 2007
 * Jefferson Mays – I Am My Own Wife (Melbourne Theatre Company, Sydney Theatre Company and Hothouse Theatre)
 * Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Won
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Matthew Newton – The History Boys (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Dan Wyllie – The Pillowman (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2008
 * Geneviève Picot – Rock n Roll (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Alison Whyte – Don's Party (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Travis McMahon – Don's Party (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2009
 * Peter Evans – Blackbird (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Direction of a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Grant Piro – Realism (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="5"| 2010
 *  Richard III (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * rowspan="2"| Best Play
 * Won
 * rowspan="5"|
 * August: Osage County (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Nominated
 * Jane Menelaus – August: Osage County (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * rowspan="2"| Best Female in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Robyn Nevin – August: Osage County (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Nominated
 * The Drowsy Chaperone
 * Best Musical
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="5"| 2012
 * The Importance of Being Earnest (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="5"|
 * Simon Phillips – Songs for Nobodies (Melbourne Theatre Company in association with Duet)
 * Best Direction of a Play
 * Nominated
 * Colin Friels – Red (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Bob Hornery – The Importance of Being Earnest (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * rowspan="2"| Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Won
 * Patrick Brammall – Clybourne Park (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2013
 * Alison Bell – Constellations (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Valerie Bader – Australia Day (Sydney Theatre Company and Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2014
 * Zahra Newman – The Mountaintop (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Tom Budge – The Beast (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2015
 * Clare Watson – What Rhymes with Cars and Girls (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Direction of a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Julie Forsyth – Endgame (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Damien Millar – Marlin (Arena Theatre Company and Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best New Australian Work
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|2016
 * North by Northwest (Melbourne Theatre Company and Kay + McLean Productions)
 * Best Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Mark Leonard Winter – Birdland (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Won
 * Katrina Milosevic – The Distance (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2017
 *  Jasper Jones (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Helen Morse – John (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="7"| 2018
 * The Children – (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Best Play
 * Won
 * rowspan="7"|
 * Sarah Goodes - The Children – (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Best Direction
 * Won
 * Pamela Rabe – The Children – (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * rowspan="2"| Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Won
 * Sarah Peirse – The Children – (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Nominated
 * John Bell – The Father (Sydney Theatre Company and Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Jane Montgomery-Griffiths – Macbeth (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Bunny Christie –  The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (National Theatre, Melbourne Theatre Company and Arts Centre Melbourne)
 * Best Scenic Design
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2019
 * Melita Jurisic – Arbus & West (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Zoe Terakes – A View from the Bridge (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Kate Miller-Heidke & Keir Nuttall – Twelfth Night (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Original Score
 * Nominated
 * }
 * rowspan="3"|2016
 * North by Northwest (Melbourne Theatre Company and Kay + McLean Productions)
 * Best Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Mark Leonard Winter – Birdland (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Won
 * Katrina Milosevic – The Distance (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2017
 *  Jasper Jones (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Helen Morse – John (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="7"| 2018
 * The Children – (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Best Play
 * Won
 * rowspan="7"|
 * Sarah Goodes - The Children – (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Best Direction
 * Won
 * Pamela Rabe – The Children – (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * rowspan="2"| Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Won
 * Sarah Peirse – The Children – (Melbourne Theatre Company and Sydney Theatre Company)
 * Nominated
 * John Bell – The Father (Sydney Theatre Company and Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Jane Montgomery-Griffiths – Macbeth (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Bunny Christie –  The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (National Theatre, Melbourne Theatre Company and Arts Centre Melbourne)
 * Best Scenic Design
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2019
 * Melita Jurisic – Arbus & West (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Zoe Terakes – A View from the Bridge (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Kate Miller-Heidke & Keir Nuttall – Twelfth Night (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Original Score
 * Nominated
 * }
 * rowspan="3"| 2019
 * Melita Jurisic – Arbus & West (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Play
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Zoe Terakes – A View from the Bridge (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play
 * Nominated
 * Kate Miller-Heidke & Keir Nuttall – Twelfth Night (Melbourne Theatre Company)
 * Helpmann Award for Best Original Score
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Helpmann Award for Best Original Score
 * Nominated
 * }

title: Melbourne Theatre Company


text:
Independence Square (Kuala Lumpur)

Independence Square (Dataran Merdeka) is a square located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is situated in front of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building. It was formerly known as the Selangor Club Padang or simply the Padang (meaning "field" in Malay) and was used as the cricket green of the Selangor Club (now the Royal Selangor Club). It was here that the Union Flag was lowered and the Malaysian flag hoisted for the first time at midnight on 31 August 1957. Since then, the Independence Square has been the usual venue for the annual Independence Day Parade.

History
In the early days of Kuala Lumpur, the Chinese and Malay communities settled along the east bank of the Klang River. To the west of the river was land originally owned by Yap Ah Loy and was used to plant vegetables. In 1880, the state capital of Selangor was moved from Klang to Kuala Lumpur by the colonial administration. The then British Resident William Bloomfield Douglas decided that the government buildings and staff living quarters should be located to the west of the river to keep away from what he considered, as the unsanitary conditions of the town and the possibility of uprising from the locals. The government offices and a new police headquarter were built on Bukit Aman, with accommodation for the police located on Barrack Road (now Jalan Tangsi and part of Jalan Raja). A patch of swampy and uneven ground immediately to the west of the Klang River was then levelled and drained to be used as a training ground for the police. The land was acquired from Yap by the British Resident Frank Swettenham for $50 per acre in 1882. This patch of land, originally named the Parade Ground, would become the Padang. Ten years later in 1892, the Acting British Resident Ernest Birch who was a keen cricketer then started to smooth over the ground so that it may be used as a cricket ground and other sports. The Selangor Club clubhouse was built at the present location in 1890 and the St Mary's Church was built in 1895.

In 1897, the government offices were relocated from Bukit Aman to the Sultan Abdul Samad Building overlooking the Padang. The building is one of the most significant landmarks built by the British and was designed by A.C. Norman, R. A. J. Bidwell, and A. B. Hubback in an Indo-Saracenic or Neo-Mughal style of architecture. This building housed the Selangor State Secretariat and later the Supreme Court before the court was moved, and the building was left unused for a few years. It now houses the Ministry of Heritage, Culture and Arts.

As the Sultan Abdul Samad Building was designed and its construction began before Kuala Lumpur became the capital of the Federated Malay States, it became inadequate for the use of a burgeoning bureaucracy when it was made the capital. Many buildings were then constructed near to the building and also around the Padang. A printing office was constructed in 1899 on the southwest corner of the Padang, the town hall to the northeast in 1904, the FMS Railway offices to the southeast in 1905, the General Post Office south of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building in 1907, the Survey Department building in 1910 and the Supreme Court in 1915 in the northeast area.

On the midnight of 30 August 1957, the British flag was lowered and the Malayan flag was raised for the first time at the Padang, an event watched by a large number of people there. In the morning of 31 August 1957, the ceremony for Malayan independence was then held at the Merdeka Stadium.

As the Padang is located in front of the government offices, it is used for many national and civic events. The Padang was once leased to the Selangor Club which used it for various sports such as cricket and rugby. The turf in the Padang is often damaged due to such sporting events held here, causing the public to refrain from visiting the site. In 1987, the Padang was taken back by City Hall and in return, the Selangor Club was given a piece of land in Bukit Kiara. Conversely, the government turned the Padang into a historical park and tourist attraction, naming the site Dataran Merdeka, with elements inspired from Trafalgar Square in London. The focal point of the site was the flag pole where the British flag was lowered marking the end of the colonial era in Malaysia. The site was planned to be completed for the CHOGM held in 1989. A separate underground car park was also planned, but not part of the Dataran Merdeka proposal.

The 'Padang' was renamed 'Dataran Merdeka' or Independence Square in October 1989. It was done in conjunction with the Visit Malaysia Year 1990 campaign beginning 1 January 1990.

On 31 August 2007, Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi shouted 'Merdeka!' on midnight celebrations, where thousands of Malaysians celebrated 50 years of nationhood.

Notable buildings and features
A 95-metre flagpole, one of the tallest in the world, is located at the southern end of the square. A flat, round black marble plaque marks the location where the Malayan flag was raised for the first time. Near the flagpole at the corner of the Padang is a fountain, the Cop's Fountain, built in 1897 as a memorial to Steve Harper, a popular police inspector. A car park and retail area, the Plaza Putra which was later renamed Plaza Dataran Merdeka, was built beneath the Independence Square; however, the location had been affected by flooding.

Surrounding the square are many buildings of historical interest. Just beside the square is the Sultan Abdul Samad Building currently the office of the Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture of Malaysia. Opposite the square is the Royal Selangor Club which was first founded in 1884 as a meeting place for high-ranking members of the British colonial society. To the South is the former National History Museum which used to house a vast collection of historical items. The collection has since been moved to Muzium Negara. Next to it is the Kuala Lumpur City Gallery which tells the story of Kuala Lumpur through miniature models and The Spectacular City Model Show. To the North is the St. Mary's Anglican Cathedral, currently the Diocese of West Malaysia and the see of the Bishop of West Malaysia. Not far from the square is also the original Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, which is still operational. However, the main hub has recently been moved to KL Sentral in 2001.

Activities
Independence Square is the usual venue for the annual Independence Day Parade. It is frequently used as the location for political rallies as well as other events. Independence Square was the starting line of The Amazing Race Asia 1.

Transportation
The square is accessible within walking distance west of Masjid Jamek LRT Station.

title: Independence Square (Kuala Lumpur)


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User:Indirectlylit

hi.

title: User:Indirectlylit


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Wonders

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:17, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

The Wonders
Is this band real? I can't really find anything via Google. Or is this page a misnomer? Master Thief Garrett 11:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NOTE: most of this data is already on That Thing You Do!, so is keeping both these semi-stubs redundant when they are virtually rewordings of each other? Master Thief Garrett 12:26, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no I don't believe they are real, they are the fictional band from the film 'That Thing You Do!'. They spent most of the film called The Oneders if I recall correctly. I also believe the track 'That Thing You Do' was written by a member of the band Fountains of Wayne. I've added the fiction template to the article, but I'm of the opinion that this is covered adequately in the article on the film already, and is unnecessary. Average Earthman 10:57, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah! Well then they should not be credited for the song, it should say something like "in the movie they wrote (blabla), composed by the real-world band (blabla)." But regardless of who wrote the song this entire topic is best covered on its own page... Master Thief Garrett 11:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (I was unsure so never cast my vote before, but Average Earthman's findings convinced me!) Master Thief Garrett 11:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC) Merge with That Thing You Do! core movie article, since they are very important in the movie, but probably not deserving enough of their own page. Master Thief Garrett 12:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep – as notable or more notable than any member of Category:Fictional musical groups. "They" had a genuine hit in 1996! I've added it to that category, clarified the fictional nature of the band, and expanded it a bit beyond a substub. Samaritan 12:14, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a good rewrite!!! Heck, it's barely recognisable as being the same article!
 * I personally would have ALL the fictional music groups deleted. I doubt any of them are really of cult status, or, at least, deserving of their own individual page. Anyway, I've now re-cast my vote (above). Master Thief Garrett 12:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable fictional group with a genuine hit. Kappa 12:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete already adequately covered elsewhere thus making this article unnecessary. Megan1967 12:59, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to That Thing You Do!. RickK 22:28, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to That Thing You Do!, as that's what the movie is about. WP:FICT, anyone? Radiant_* 10:56, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep not really supporting the move Yuckfoo 00:56, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Meet Wikimusic Project guidelines (hit record, nominated for significant award) even if fictional. Capitalistroadster 04:13, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Fictional groups should be discussed in context with the fiction.  That Thing You Do! still has plenty of room for this content.  Rossami (talk) 01:48, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Cessnock Correctional Centre

Cessnock Correctional Centre, an Australian minimum and maximum security prison for males, is located in Cessnock, New South Wales. It was opened in 1972 under the name Cessnock Training Centre. The centre is operated by Corrective Services NSW. It detains sentenced and remand prisoners under New South Wales and/or Commonwealth legislation.

Facilities were significantly updated during 2012, including the completion of Australia's first purpose-built maximum security sex offenders unit; built at a cost of $97 million.

Notable prisoners

 * Nathan Baggaley –  a former Olympic canoe sprinter, jailed between 2009 and 2011 for dealing ecstasy.
 * William MacDonald – English-born Australian serial killer (born Allen Ginsberg, 1924–2015)
 * Lenny McPherson (1921–1996) – organised crime figure.
 * Harry M Miller –  (1934–2018) New Zealand-Australian media agent, promoter and publicist, convicted of fraud.
 * Nigel Milsom – Archibald Prize-winning painter, armed robbery.
 * Ray Williams – disgraced businessman.

title: Cessnock Correctional Centre


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User talk:Agesipolis II

Mike the headless chicken
Can the sockpuppet leave poor Mike alone?

title: User talk:Agesipolis II


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User talk:Kedar Bhave

Just getting started with Wiki ...

title: User talk:Kedar Bhave


text:
User:Kedar Bhave

Just getting started with Wiki ...

title: User:Kedar Bhave


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Typhlosole

In biological morphology, a typhlosole is an internal fold of the intestine or intestine inner wall. Typhlosoles occur in bivalve mollusks, lampreys and some annelids and echinoderms.

In earthworms, it is a dorsal flap of the intestine that runs along most of its length, effectively forming a tube within a tube, and increasing the absorption area by that of its inner surface. Its function is to increase intestine surface area for more efficient absorption of digested nutrients. In different earthworm families, the typhlosole appears to have multiple origins. The Lumbricidae, for example, have a typhlosole which is an infolding of all layers of the intestine wall, whereas in some other families (e.g. Megascolecidae), it is an infolding of only the inner layer, and in many earthworms it is absent.

In shipworms, the typhlosole is the organ where the lignin in wood are digested by symbiont bacteria of the "Alteromonas-like sub-group".

title: Typhlosole


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Gongshi

Gongshi, also known as scholar's rocks or viewing stones, are naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally appreciated by Chinese scholars. The term is related to the Korean suseok (수석) and the Japanese suiseki (水石).

Scholars' rocks can be any color, and contrasting colors are not uncommon. The size of the stone can also be quite varied: scholars' rocks can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also identifies stones which are placed in traditional Chinese gardens.

History
In the Tang dynasty, a set of four important qualities for the rocks were recognized. They are: thinness (瘦 shòu), openness (透 tòu), perforations (漏 lòu), and wrinkling (皺 zhòu).

Gongshi influenced the development of Korean suseok and Japanese suiseki.

Formation
Scholar's stones are generally karstic limestone. Limestone is water-soluble under some conditions. Dissolution pitting dissolves hollows in the limestone. On a larger scale, this causes speleogenesis (when caves dissolve in limestone bedrock). On a still larger scale, the dissolved caves collapse, gradually creating karst topography, such as the famous landscapes of Guilin in the South China Karst.

As rocks are broadly fractal (geology journals require a scale to be included in images of rocks), the small rocks can resemble the larger landscape.

Aesthetics
The aesthetics of a scholar's rock is based on subtleties of color, shape, markings, surface, and sound. Prized qualities include:
 * awkward or overhanging asymmetry
 * resonance or ringing when struck
 * representation or resemblance to mountainous landscapes, particularly these believed to be inhabited by immortal beings or figures
 * texture
 * moistness or glossy surface

The stone may be displayed on a rosewood pedestal that has been carved specifically for the stone. The stones are a traditional subject of Chinese paintings.

title: Gongshi


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Georg Ratzinger (politician)

Georg Ratzinger (3 April 1844 – 3 December 1899) was a German Catholic priest, political economist, social reformer, author and politician. He saw the gospel and Catholic social teaching as a means of empowering the poor.

Ratzinger was a pupil at the gymnasium at Passau during the years 1855–63, studied theology at Munich, 1863–67, and was ordained priest in 1867. In 1868 he received the degree of Doctor of Theology at Munich. During the following years he devoted himself partly to pastoral, partly to journalistic work. In 1869 he was chaplain at Berchtesgaden; 1870–71 he was editor of the journal "Fränkisches Volksblatt" at Würzburg; 1872–74, chaplain at Landshut, then editor, until 1876, of the "Volksfreund", at Munich.

He was a member of the Parliament of Bavaria from 1875 to 1878 and of the German Reichstag from 1877 to 1878. During this period he belonged to the Centre Party.

With exception of a pastorate of three years at Günzelhafen, 1885–1888, he lived for a number of years at Munich, where he devoted himself to journalism and research.

In 1893 Ratzinger was again elected to the Bavarian Landtag, where he was now a moderate adherent of the "Bayerischer Bauernbund" (Bavarian Peasant Union) party, his views of social politics having caused him in the meantime to sever his connections with the Centre Party. In 1898 he was again elected a member of the Reichstag. He remained a member of both bodies until his death.

As a literary man Ratzinger deserves much credit for his scholarly work in political economy and in historical subjects. His chief works, distinguished by erudition, richness of thought, and animated exposition, are: "Geschichte der Armenpflege" (prize essay, Freiburg, 1868, 2nd revised ed., 1884); "Die Volkswirtschaft in ihren sittlichen Grundlagen. Ethnischsociale Studien über Cultur und Civilisation (Freiburg, 1881; 2nd. completely revised ed., 1895).

The later work maintains the ethical principles of Christianity as the only sure basis of political economy and opposes the materialistic system of what is called the "classical political economy" of Adam Smith.

"Forschungen zur bayerischen Geschichte" (Kempten, 1898) contains a large number of studies on early Bavarian history and on the history of civilization, based on a series of unconnected treatises, which had first appeared in the "Historisch-politische Blätter". Of his smaller works the following should be mentioned: "Das Concil und die deustche Wissenschaft" (anonymously issued at Mainz, 1872) appeared first in the "Katholik", 1872, I; "Die Erhaltung des Bauernstandes" (Freiburg, 1883).

His nephew was the police officer Joseph Ratzinger, Sr., father of Pope Benedict XVI and Georg Ratzinger, the priest and church musician.

title: Georg Ratzinger (politician)


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Joost Swarte

Joost Swarte (born 24 December 1947 in Heemstede) is a Dutch cartoonist and graphic designer. He is best known for his ligne claire or clear line style of drawing, a term he coined.

Comic series and characters by Swarte include Katoen en Pinbal, Jopo de Pojo, Anton Makassar, Dr Ben Cine and Niet Zo, Maar Zo- Passi, Messa. He is however more famous for his numerous drawings, stamps, posters, cards, LP and CD covers, and for his magazine covers (most noteworthy the Dutch magazine Vrij Nederland, the American magazine The New Yorker, and the Belgian magazine HUMO and the Italian architecture magazine Abitare.)

Background and early work
Swarte, born 24 December 1947 in Heemstede, studied industrial design in Eindhoven and started drawing comics in the late sixties. In 1971 he started his own comic magazine Modern Papier and made regular contributions to the Dutch comic magazine Tante Leny Presenteert.

Increased recognition
International recognition started around 1980 when Swarte took part for the first time in the international comic show Salon International de la Bande Dessinée in Angoulême (France). His work has been translated into English, French, Spanish, Italian and German. Swarte, Hors Serie, a survey of his work, was published by Futuropolis (Paris) in 1984.

In 1985, he founded the publishing house Oog & Blik with Hansje Joustra. Joost published his own comics and silkscreens, as well as books by other cartoonists and a large number of Dutch translations of foreign comics.

In 1992, Swarte initiated the Stripdagen, a biennial international comic event held in Haarlem.

In recent years, Swarte has created many illustrations for the New Yorker magazine. In 2007 Swarte, a former scout, designed the Dutch 2007 Europa stamp with the subject one hundred years of scouting.

Swarte has produced a restored collection of almost all of his comics work (excluding the several hundred pages of the "Katoen en Pinbal" children's series), an English-language version of which will be released in late 2011 by Fantagraphics Books under the title Is That All There Is?.

The cartoonist and critic Scott McCloud, in Understanding Comics (1993), wrote that "Joost Swarte's crisp elegant lines and jazzy designs speak of cool sophistication and irony."

Work outside comics and graphic design
Apart from comics and graphic design, Swarte has also designed furniture, leaded and stained glass windows, murals and other objects. For his hometown Haarlem he designed a theatre building (De Toneelschuur) that was built in cooperation with Mecanoo Architects.

Awards
Swarte received numerous international prizes for his work. In 2004, Joost Swarte received a knighthood from Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.
 * 1981: Best Foreign Artist at the Prix Saint-Michel, Belgium
 * 1998: Stripschapprijs, Netherlands
 * 2008: Communication Arts Award of Excellence, United States
 * 2012: Marten Toonder Prize for his entire oeuvre
 * 2018: Vlag en Wimpel (Dutch children's books) for En toen De Stijl

title: Joost Swarte


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Sakari Station

Sakari Station (盛駅) is a railway station in the city of Ōfunato in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, jointly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), the third-sector operator Sanriku Railway, and the freight operator Iwate Development Railway.

Lines
Sakari Station is a terminus of the Sanriku Railway Company’s Rias Line and is 163.0 kilometers from the opposing terminus at Kuji. It was also a terminal station for the JR East Ōfunato Line; however all rail services between Kesennuma and Sakari have been suspended indefinitely since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and have been replaced by a BRT system. The station is also served by the Iwate Development Railway Company for freight operations.

Station layout
Sakari Station has one side platform and one island platform connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is staffed, and the JR East portion of the station has a Midori no Madoguchi ticket office.

History
Sakari Station opened on 19 September 1935 as a station on the Ōfunato Line. The Iwate Development Railway Company Hikoroichi Line connected to the station on 21 October 1950 and the Akasaki Line from 21 June 1957. The Minami-Rias Line began operations on 1 March 1970. The Minami-Rias Line was privatized to the Sanriku Railway Company on 1 April 1984, and the Ōfunato Line was privatized on 1 April 1987, becoming part of JR East.

During the 11 March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the station was flooded and part of the tracks on both the Ōfunato Line and Minami-Rias Line were swept away, thus suspending services. The line resumed operations on the Minami-Rias Line on 3 April 2013 between Sakari and Yoshihama. Services between Yoshihama and Kamaishi resumed on 5 April 2014.

Minami-Rias Line, a portion of Yamada Line, and Kita-Rias Line constitute Rias Line in 23 March 2019. Accordingly, the station became terminus of Rias Line.

Surrounding area

 * Ōfunato City Hall
 * Ōfunato Post Office
 * National Route 45
 * National Route 107

title: Sakari Station


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Talk:Essential oil

Myths before reliable written records are not history, fails?
Dear User:Zefr, I know that my writing is not perfect. And it needs other contributors to improve it, not nearly completely deleted like this.
 * "promotional content, quackery and dubious refs from alt-med; myths before reliable written records are not history, fails":
 * - Huangdi Neijing is not a myth, it is "the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia." A book that has been influenced eastern culture for millennia is not "history"? And what is inside that book is still in research, not all of them were wrong.
 * - Ayurveda: I agreed it is an alternative medicine system and pseudoscientific. However, it is heavily practiced over more than two millennia in the Indian subcontinent, larger than China. And you called it is not "history"?
 * - Vedas, a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India, have been orally transmitted since the 2nd millennium BCE, can not be called "history"?
 * Please remember that history is history, it is not right or wrong. It is just the event, point of view,... of our ancestors. If you wanna make it clearer, you could just edit it like this: "Ayurveda, an alternative medicine system,...". Right?
 * Moreover, what I mainly mentioned was just statistical information from them, not medical advice. For example: "massively recorded the properties of essential oils and their medical uses", "described a wide range of essential oils with over 700 curative herbs",... So what is wrong with them?
 * As your qualifications, the Hippocrates part should be deleted too. What he said is just his idea, not scientifically proven. However, you improved it for me. I really appreciate it. Promotional, misleading, vandalism,... content should be deleted. I agree. If it is a not-perfect (or so good) contribution, it should be improved by our community. I wish that my part can be improved as you do with my Hippocrates part.Sideduck (talk) 04:21, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Editing is dynamic and can be changed if supported by WP:SCIRS sources, not by questionable independent books or hearsay. An essential oil is the result of multistep manufacturing, introduced in the lede with the statement, "Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation, often by using steam. Other processes include expression, solvent extraction, sfumatura, absolute oil extraction, resin tapping, wax embedding, and cold pressing." It is highly doubtful such methods were used millennia ago, and no reputable, peer-critiqued review discusses such practices. It is more likely that the sources you used were conjecture or exaggerations about extracted essential oils, and more likely concerned resins or dried materials (not manufactured essential oils). Your edits and sources gave specific information from periods long before written documents existed, so are not WP:V. Some of your content and references, like this one, are just spam. Everything else you provided was perpetuating myths or quackery, including Huangdi Neijing, Ayurveda, and Vedas. Zefr (talk) 06:21, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Dear User:Zefr,
 * 1) "Some of your content and references are just spam.":
 * I gave citations for every piece of information I provided. Please tell me there is anything else that could be considered spam? We can just delete this ref. Don't remove all the edits because of a piece of information that did not look really good.
 * 2) An essential oil is the result of multistep manufacturing, introduced in the lede with the statement, "Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation, often by using steam. Other processes include expression, solvent extraction, sfumatura, absolute oil extraction, resin tapping, wax embedding, and cold pressing." - You said: "It is highly doubtful such methods were used millennia ago, and no reputable, peer-critiqued review discusses such practices." And then you assumed that all information in ancient texts like Huangdi Neijing is a myth? Now you just applied your thought without any evidence to the topic.
 * For your information: "The history of production of essential oils dates back to ca. 3500 bc when the oldest known water distillation equipment for essential oils was employed, and may be seen today in the Texila museum in Pakistan. Ancient India, China, and Egypt were the locations where essential oils were produced and widely used as medicaments, flavors, and fragrances."
 * "no reputable, peer-critiqued review discusses such practices." - It is just your own statement, Mister. You could do your own small research to see what scientists have been researching about how ancient Chinese and Indian produced and used essential oils. It is not too rare for you to see. For example: "For a long time, essential oils were well-known for their therapeutic importance. They were used as perfumes and flavors for foods and beverages or to heal both the body and mind for many years. They were used in ancient civilizations as Chinese, Indian, and ancient Egyptian and show their uses in many treatments in different forms. The ancient Chinese were the first culture to use aromatherapy in folk medicine, and then the ancient Egyptians created undeveloped distillation machine that is used for the crude extraction. Greece learned a large deal from the ancient Egyptians, and they also learned the therapeutic and aromatic advantages of the aromatic plants." and here: https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/106/1/513/846507?login=true - Please do not forget that usage of essential oils was not only medical but also pest control (like in ancient Egypt) and religious purposes.
 * The Egyptians used essential oils - 4000 years ago: You believed.
 * Hippocrates used essential oils - nearly 2500 years ago: You believed.
 * But Chinese and Indian used essential oils you did not believe because you thought "It is highly doubtful such methods were used millennia ago"?! Did you contradict yourself? Please tell me that it was just your lack of cultural understanding, there was not anything racism.
 * I just want my contribution back with good edits from you (I appreciate that).Sideduck (talk) 09:05, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

I remain unconvinced about your arguments, sources and content suggested. There are no rigorous WP:SCIRS reviews to support this section. Overall, the whole history section lacks credibility specifically about essential oils and the good sourcing to support it. With this and the following edit, I trimmed it further and moved History to the end of the article until we have stronger sources. Zefr (talk) 17:10, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your response.
 * Firstly, I agreed that we should improve the whole history section.
 * Secondly, moving this section to the bottom and forgetting about it is not a solution.
 * Thirdly, I am willing to discuss with you what information we can bring back. I am doing my small essay about Essential oil, that is why I am interested in this and I have time to do the research.
 * Thank you again for your time.Sideduck (talk) 05:23, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Good content on this topic will come from reputable sources, especially reviews per WP:RS. Using the search terms, essential oils-history-review on Google Scholar and PubMed, I didn't find any source worth using here. Zefr (talk) 17:36, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Florasols extraction sources
This revert - originally against editing by a now-blocked user - is justified because the source for it is not a WP:SCIRS review, but rather a non-science blog. Further, the content is promotional of a supposed method having "big fans" (lol). Nonsense like this has no place in an encyclopedia. The reverted edit was also justified by one source copying Wikipedia content and another claiming "healing" properties of essential oils, a property for which there is no WP:MEDRS source. IP user 51.6.235.68 is warned for re-inserting content not supported by reliable sources. Zefr (talk) 17:39, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Evaluation
The history section could be improved with more sources. There are some claims that are not backed up. Katiemeow2 (talk) 00:36, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - SP24 - Sect 201 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by Jrxijown (talk) 20:10, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Essential oil


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Catherine of Lancaster

Catherine of Lancaster (Castilian: Catalina; 31 March 1373 – 2 June 1418) was Queen of Castile by marriage to King Henry III of Castile. She governed Castile as regent from 1406 until 1418 during the minority of her son.

Queen Catherine was the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his second wife, Constance of Castile (the daughter and heir of King Peter of Castile, who died at the hands of his half brother Henry II). She was born in Hertford Castle, her father's chief country home, on 31 March 1373. Catherine became Queen of Castile through her marriage to Henry III.

Marriage
After King John I of Portugal defeated King John I of Castile at the Battle of Aljubarrota, South Leiria, in 1385, fully establishing Portuguese independence, Catherine's parents, the Duke and Duchess of Lancaster, were encouraged to press their claim for the Castilian throne. In 1386, Catherine joined her parents in an expedition to Castile to claim the throne. England and Portugal entered into an alliance against Castile in 1386 and solidified their ties through the marriage of King John I and Catherine's half-sister, Philippa.

John of Gaunt had ruled Santiago de Compostela, Vigo, and Pontevedra with ease, but had to withdraw to Portugal in 1387 because of an unsuccessful invasion of León. It was then that he accepted the proposal of King John I of Castile, to marry Catherine to his son, the future Henry III, and that Constance, Duchess of Lancaster, should renounce all claims to the Castilian throne. A final treaty in regards to this proposal was ratified at Bayonne in Gascony on 8 July 1388. The marriage helped to restore a semblance of legitimacy to the Trastámara line. Furthermore, together with the Truce of Leulingham and the one made at Monção Municipality, the betrothal helped to end the Spanish period of the Hundred Years War.

On 5 August 1388, the 15-year-old Catherine announced that she entered into the marriage freely and fully accepted the treaty. The treaty had included a dower of the towns of Soria, Almazán, Atienza, Deza, and Molina. By 17 September 1388, Catherine was married to the nine-year-old Henry in Palencia Cathedral. Her husband took over the throne after the death of his father in 1390, but only in 1393 was he declared of age and began to rule. Catherine's only contribution to Henry's rule was the bearing of his three children and her devotion to the religious patronage of the Dominican Order. In September 1390, Catherine accepted the authority of the Avignon Papacy, under Antipope Clement VII and became a staunch supporter.

The couple's three children:
 * Maria of Castile (1401–1458), who married Alfonso V "the Magnanimous", King of Aragon and Naples, without issue
 * Catherine of Castile (1403/1406–1439), who wed as his first wife in 1420 Henry of Aragon, 4th Count of Alburquerque, 32nd Count of Ampurias and 35th Master of the Order of Santiago (1400-Calatayud, 1445), without issue
 * John II (1405–1454), who succeeded his father as King of Castile.

Regency with Ferdinand
Henry III died in 1406, and according to his will, his widow, Catherine, and his brother, Ferdinand I of Aragon were to be joint regents during John II's minority, sharing their power with a royal council. Of those three parties, Ferdinand was to be the one with the greatest share of power. However, the custody of John II was given to two nobles, Diego López de Zúñiga and Juan Fernandez de Velasco. Catherine prepared to defend herself and her household in a famous Spanish castle, the Alcázar of Segovia, because she was not willing to relinquish her year-old son. Ferdinand was eventually able to make a deal that allowed Catherine to maintain custody of her son.

Ferdinand ordered Mudéjars (Muslims living in Christian Spain) to wear a symbol; a blue moon on their clothing. They were not allowed to leave their homes, nor were they allowed to work or trade with Christians. The Jews, too, were not allowed to work or trade with Christians. This was an attempt by John II to suppress religious minorities, which was supported by Catherine and only lasted until her death. Furthermore, tensions between the regents led to a division of rule. The royal council awarded Catherine control over the Northern part of the Kingdoms of Castile, and Leon.

As Catherine became increasingly involved in the wars of Ferdinand against Granada in the south, Castile's alliance with France suffered and she was able to strengthen her relations with Portugal, where her half-sister Philippa was queen, and with England, where her half-brother Henry IV ruled since 1399. Catherine and her half-brother fostered the trade between Castile and England. Her international policies were beneficial to the Castilian communities, but her co-regents did not always act in their best interests. Because of Catherine's opposition to Ferdinand, she supported the position of Antipope Benedict XIII and initially spoke up against the Council of Constance (1414–1418).

Second regency
When Ferdinand died in 1416, Catherine's authority was reduced, because his rivals no longer supported her. The government became very conciliar. Catherine, sickly due to a stroke, relinquished the custody of her son.

There is one vivid account of Catherine towards the end of her life recorded by Fernán Pérez de Guzmán. It alludes to the fact that she probably inherited physical characteristics from her father, and that she was a sickly woman. He describes her as being very tall and fat, pink with white in her complexion and fair. He states that she moved as though she was a man. He also says that she was virtuous and reserved, in both her person and her reputation. She was said to be generous and magnificent in her ways, although she did play "favourites" and was greatly influenced by them. Despite her "favouritism", she was twice as likely to banish women from her household.

Death and burial
Queen Catherine died at Valladolid on 2 June 1418, of a stroke, leaving her thirteen-year-old son at the mercy of self-interested courtiers. She is buried with her husband in the Capilla de los Reyes Nuevos in Cathedral of Toledo. Her monumental effigy shows her with a long face and a highly arched forehead.

Catherine of Lancaster's great-granddaughter Catherine of Aragon, the first of the six wives of Henry VIII, was named after her.

title: Catherine of Lancaster


text:
Catherine Plantagenet

Catherine Plantagenet may refer to:
 * Katherine of England (1253–1257), daughter of Henry III of England
 * Catherine of York (1479–1527), daughter of Edward IV of England
 * Katherine of Lancaster (1373–1418), queen of Castile and daughter of John of Gaunt
 * Lady Catherine Gordon (died 1537), wife of pretender Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York
 * Katherine Plantagenet, illegitimate daughter of Richard III and second wife of William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

title: Catherine Plantagenet


text:
25 kV AC railway electrification

Railway electrification systems using alternating current (AC) at 25 kilovolts (kV) are used worldwide, especially for high-speed rail. It is usually supplied at the standard utility frequency (typically 50 or 60Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The development of 25kV AC electrification is closely connected with that of successfully using utility frequency.

This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before World War II in Hungary and in the Black Forest in Germany, it came into widespread use in the 1950s.

One of the reasons why it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before the development of solid-state rectifiers and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance distances required where it ran under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major civil engineering in order to provide the increased clearance to live parts. Where pre-existing loading gauges were more generous, this was less of an issue.

Railways using older, lower-capacity direct current systems have introduced or are introducing 25 kV AC instead of 3 kV DC/1.5 kV DC for their new high-speed lines.

History
The first successful operational and regular use of a utility frequency system dates back to 1931, tests having run since 1922. It was developed by Kálmán Kandó in Hungary, who used 16 kV AC at 50 Hz, asynchronous traction, and an adjustable number of (motor) poles. The first electrified line for testing was Budapest–Dunakeszi–Alag. The first fully electrified line was Budapest–Győr–Hegyeshalom (part of the Budapest–Vienna line). Although Kandó's solution showed a way for the future, railway operators outside of Hungary showed a lack of interest in the design.

The first railway to use this system was completed in 1936 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn who electrified part of the Höllentalbahn between Freiburg and Neustadt installing a 20kV50 Hz AC system. This part of Germany was in the French zone of occupation after 1945. As a result of examining the German system in 1951 the SNCF electrified the line between Aix-les-Bains and La Roche-sur-Foron in southern France, initially at the same 20kV but converted to 25kV in 1953. The 25kV system was then adopted as standard in France, but since substantial amounts of mileage south of Paris had already been electrified at 1.5kV DC, SNCF also continued some major new DC electrification projects, until dual-voltage locomotives were developed in the 1960s.

The main reason why electrification using utility frequency had not been widely adopted before was the lack of reliability of Mercury arc rectifiers that could fit on the train. This in turn related to the requirement to use DC series motors, which required the current to be converted from AC to DC and for that a rectifier is needed. Until the early 1950s, mercury-arc rectifiers were difficult to operate even in ideal conditions and were therefore unsuitable for use in railway locomotives.

It was possible to use AC motors (and some railways did, with varying success), but they have had less than ideal characteristics for traction purposes. This is because control of speed is difficult without varying the frequency and reliance on voltage to control speed gives a torque at any given speed that is not ideal. This is why DC series motors were the most common choice for traction purposes until the 1990s, as they can be controlled by voltage, and have an almost ideal torque vs speed characteristic.

In the 1990s, high-speed trains began to use lighter, lower-maintenance three-phase AC induction motors. The N700 Shinkansen uses a three-level converter to convert 25 kV single-phase AC to 1,520 V AC (via transformer) to 3 kV DC (via phase-controlled rectifier with thyristor) to a maximum 2,300 V three-phase AC (via a variable voltage, variable frequency inverter using IGBTs with pulse-width modulation) to run the motors. The system works in reverse for regenerative braking.

The choice of 25 kV was related to the efficiency of power transmission as a function of voltage and cost, not based on a neat and tidy ratio of the supply voltage. For a given power level, a higher voltage allows for a lower current and usually better efficiency at the greater cost for high-voltage equipment. It was found that 25 kV was an optimal point, where a higher voltage would still improve efficiency but not by a significant amount in relation to the higher costs incurred by the need for larger insulators and greater clearance from structures.

To avoid short circuits, the high voltage must be protected from moisture. Weather events, such as "the wrong type of snow", have caused failures in the past. An example of atmospheric causes occurred in December 2009, when four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel.

Distribution
Electric power for 25 kV AC electrification is usually taken directly from the three-phase transmission system. At the transmission substation, a step-down transformer is connected across two of the three phases of the high-voltage supply and lowers the voltage to 25 kV. This is then fed, sometimes several kilometres away, to a railway feeder station located beside the tracks. Switchgear at feeder stations, and at track sectioning cabins located halfway between feeder stations, provides switching to feed the overhead line from adjacent feeder stations if one feeder station loses grid supply.

Since only two phases of the high-voltage supply are used, phase imbalance is corrected by connecting each feeder station to a different combination of phases. To avoid the train pantograph bridging together two feeder stations which may be out-of-phase with each other, neutral sections are provided at feeder stations and track sectioning cabins. SVCs are used for load balancing and voltage control.

In some cases dedicated single-phase AC power lines were built to substations with single phase AC transformers. Such lines were built to supply the French TGV.

Standardisation
Railway electrification using 25 kV, 50 Hz AC has become an international standard. There are two main standards that define the voltages of the system:

 * EN50163:2004+A1:2007 – "Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"
 * IEC60850 – "Railway Applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"

The permissible range of voltages allowed are as stated in the above standards and take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation.

This system is now part of the European Union's Trans-European railway interoperability standards (1996/48/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European high-speed rail system" and 2001/16/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European Conventional rail system").

Variations
Systems based on this standard but with some variations have been used.

25 kV AC at 60 Hz
In countries where 60 Hz is the normal grid power frequency, 25 kV at 60 Hz is used for the railway electrification.
 * In Canada on the Deux-Montagnes line of the Montreal Metropolitan transportation Agency.
 * In Japan on the Tokaido, Sanyo and Kyushu Shinkansen lines (using gauge).
 * In South Korea on the Korail network.
 * In Taiwan on the Taiwan High Speed Rail line (using gauge) and on Taiwan Railway Administration's electrified lines (using  gauge).
 * In the United States on newer electrified portions of the Northeast Corridor (i.e. the New Haven-Boston segment) intercity passenger lines, New Jersey Transit commuter lines, Denver RTD Commuter Rail and select isolated short lines. In the San Francisco Bay Area, Caltrain is currently undergoing an electrification project, to be completed in the mid-2020s.

20 kV AC at 50 or 60 Hz
In Japan, this is used on existing railway lines in Tohoku Region, Hokuriku Region, Hokkaido and Kyushu, of which Hokuriku and Kyushu are at 60Hz.

12.5 kV AC at 60 Hz
Some lines in the United States have been electrified at 12.5 kV 60 Hz or converted from 11 kV 25 Hz to 12.5 kV 60 Hz. Use of 60 Hz allows direct supply from the 60Hz utility grid yet does not require the larger wire clearance for 25 kV 60 Hz or require dual-voltage capability for trains also operating on 11 kV 25 Hz lines. Examples are:
 * Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line from Pelham, NY to New Haven, CT (Since 1985; previously 11kV 25Hz).

12 kV at 25 Hz

 * New Jersey Transit's North Jersey Coast Line from Matawan, NJ to Long Branch, NJ (1988–2002; changed to 25kV 60Hz).
 * Amtrak
 * SEPTA – Both ex-Reading Rail and ex-Pennsylvania Rail sides.

6.25 kV AC
Early 50Hz AC railway electrification in the United Kingdom was planned to use sections at 6.25 kV AC where there was limited clearance under bridges and in tunnels. Rolling stock was dual-voltage with automatic switching between 25 kV and 6.25 kV. The 6.25 kV sections were converted to 25 kV AC as a result of research work that demonstrated that the distance between live and earthed equipment could be reduced from that originally thought to be necessary.

The research was done using a steam engine beneath a bridge at Crewe. A section of 25 kV overhead line was gradually brought closer to the earthed metalwork of the bridge whilst being subjected to steam from the locomotive's chimney. The distance at which a flashover occurred was measured and this was used as a basis from which new clearances between overhead equipment and structures were derived.

50 kV AC
Occasionally 25 kV is doubled to 50 kV to obtain greater power and increase the distance between substations. Such lines are usually isolated from other lines to avoid complications from interrunning. Examples are:
 * The Sishen–Saldanha iron ore railway (50 Hz).
 * The Deseret Power Railway which was an isolated coal railway (60 Hz).
 * The now closed Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad which was also an isolated coal railway (60 Hz).
 * The now closed Tumbler Ridge Subdivision of BC Rail (60 Hz).

2 × 25 kV autotransformer system
[[File:Onderdel spoorwegnet.gif|thumb|500px|• 1. Supply transformer

• 2. Power supply

• 3. Overhead line

• 4. Running rail

• 5. Feeder line

• 6. Pantograph

• 7. Locomotive transformer

• 8. Overhead line

• 9. Autotransformer

• 10. Running rail]] The 2 × 25kV autotransformer system is a split-phase electric power system which supplies 25kV power to the trains, but transmits power at 50kV to reduce energy losses. It should not be confused with the 50kV system. In this system, the current is mainly carried between the overhead line and a feeder transmission line instead of the rail. The overhead line (3) and feeder (5) are on opposite phases so the voltage between them is 50kV, while the voltage between the overhead line (3) and the running rails (4) remains at 25kV. Periodic autotransformers (9) divert the return current from the neutral rail, step it up, and send it along the feeder line. This system being initially deployed, in 1981, on France's then new Paris-Lyon High speed rail line, and has gone on to be used by New Zealand Railways in 1988, Indian Railways, Russian Railways, Italian High Speed Railways, UK High Speed 1, most of the West Coast Main Line and Crossrail, with some parts of older lines being gradually converted, French lines (LGV lines and some other lines ), most Spanish high-speed rail lines, Amtrak and some of the Finnish and Hungarian lines.

Boosted voltage
For TGV world speed record runs in France the voltage was temporarily boosted, to 29.5kV and 31kV at different times.

25 kV on broad gauge lines

 * In Argentina on the Roca Line (using gauge).
 * In Australia:
 * Adelaide: part of the suburban network (50 Hz).
 * Commonwealth of Independent States: parts of the network (50 Hz).
 * In Finland: see rail transport in Finland (50 Hz).
 * In India: see rail transport in India and Central Organisation for Railway Electrification (50 Hz).
 * In Spain: the Atlantic Axis and the Madrid-Galicia HSL between Ourense and Santiago (50 Hz).
 * In Portugal: see list of railway lines in Portugal (50 Hz).

25 kV on narrow gauge lines

 * In Australia:
 * Perth: entire suburban network, see railways in Perth (50 Hz).
 * Queensland: see rail electrification in Queensland (50 Hz).
 * In Malaysia: see rail transport in Malaysia (50 Hz).
 * In New Zealand: see North Island Main Trunk and Auckland railway electrification (50 Hz).
 * In South Africa: see rail transport in South Africa (25 and 50 kV 50 Hz).
 * In Taiwan: see rail transport in Taiwan (60 Hz).
 * In Thailand: see SRT Dark Red line and SRT Light Red line (50 Hz).
 * In Tunisia: see rail transport in Tunisia (50 Hz).

Other voltages on 50 Hz electrification

 * In France, Mont Blanc Tramway and Chemin de fer du Montenvers: 11 kV
 * In Germany, Hambachbahn and Nord-Süd-Bahn: 6.6 kV

Multi-system locomotives and trains
Trains that can operate on more than one voltage, say 3kV/25kV, are established technologies. Some locomotives in Europe are capable of using four different voltage standards.

title: 25 kV AC railway electrification


text:
Ullal

Ullal or Uḷḷāla is a City Municipality at Mangalore, educational, commercial & industrial hub in Dakshina Kannada district. It is located 10 km from the Mangalore City centre. Ullal City Municipality along with the Mangalore City Corporation forms the continuous Mangalore urban agglomeration area which is currently the fourth biggest in Karnataka after Bangalore, Mysore and Hubli-Dharwad. There is also a plan to merge Ullal City Municipality & some gram panchayats along with Mangalore City Corporation to form the Greater Mangalore region. Ullal is one of the oldest towns in India. In the 15th century it came under the rule of the Portuguese. Still the remains of its glorious history can be seen in the beaches and other parts of Ullal.

It is a town about 8–10 km south of Pumpwell, a major junction in Mangalore & close to the border between the two southern states of Karnataka and Kerala. The Mangalore International Airport is 24 km away from Ullal. It comprises two revenue divisions, Ullal and Permannur, in Mangalore taluk. Ullal is adjacent to City Corporation of Mangalore, 10 km from District headquarters – Mangalore. It is the part of the Mangalore urban agglomeration area. It is developing rapidly with many premium educational institutes and commercial centres. Most of the people in Ullal belong to either Beary or Mogaveera ethnic group.

It is very famous for historic locations like Sayyid Muhammad Shareeful Madani Darga, Sri Cheerumba Bagavathi Temple , Someshwara Temple, Someshwar Beach, Kadapara jara Darga, Summer Sands Beach Resort, Queen Abbakka Chowta's Fort at Ranipura, K Pandyarajah Ballal Institutes and college of nursing, St. Sebastian Church Permannur, Sayyid Madani Institutions, Fish Meal & Oil Plant, and Queen Abbakka's Jain temple at Melangadi.

This quaint little sea town on the shore of Arabian Sea was the setting for wide-scale sea-erosion that occurred in the late 1990s and early this millennium. The local authorities, however, have tried to reduce the damage by placing sand bags near the advancing coastline, the benefits of this step are yet to be noted. Adjacent to summer sands beach resort is subhash nagar. The remains of Rani Abbakka's fort can be seen in the vicinity of Someshwara Temple.

Ullal is the first "Kerosene Free" city in the state of Karnataka.

This town is an important trading centre for fish and fish manure. Fishing and Beedi rolling are main occupations of the residents of this town.

History
This town was the subsidiary capital of the Chowta rulers and was ruled by Jain Queen, Abbakka Chowta in the middle of the 16th century.

Abbakka Chowta of Ullal can perhaps be proclaimed the first promoter of women's liberation. A regular firebrand, the people of Ullal look upon her with much pride. A Jain princess of 16th century, she came to the throne on the death of her sister. She was married to the King of Mangalore, but the marriage was not a success. In a few years the couple was estranged with the queen returning to her beloved Ullal. The reason for the grouse was, the queen was averse to the payment of subsidy demanded by the Portuguese. While her husband continued to be subservient to them, the queen was openly rebellious. Relations between the royal couple steadily worsened and finally ended with divorce, with the queen returning all the jewels to her ex-husband. War was declared and the queen was captured while on a sailing expedition on the Nethravathi. Taken prisoner she was presented before her husband. However, on this one occasion the queen thought discretion the better part of valour and with all her womanly charms got the Banga Arasa (King) to set her free and return all her lands to her. The Raja went so far as to avow his eternal friendship to her. But hardly had she reached the precincts of her own kingdom then she vowed to wage war on her husband once more.

For this she sought the help of the powerful Raja of Bednore. The Banga Raja had meanwhile enlisted the help of the Portuguese to subjugate his wife. The Raja of Bednore being an opportunist was only too ready to enter the fray. The Banga-Portuguese alliance was defeated with the Banga Fort razed to the ground. The queen had to part with the fertile tract of land at Berdatte to the Bednore King for his support.

Having successfully defeated her husband, the queen now turned her attention to the Portuguese with whom she maintained her unconciliatory attitude. Several punitive expeditions were sent against her, which she repulsed successfully with the help of the Zamorin of Calicut. Another expedition sent under João Peixoto in 1566 ended in disaster for the Portuguese. The queen along with Chennappa Mogaveera (Gurikara) as commander-in-chief and Mogaveera warriors she surrounded the Portuguese frigate at night. She took them by surprise and inflicted a crushing defeat on them. Incensed by the defeat made all the more insulting at the hands of a woman, the Portuguese sent a veritable armada under the leadership of the Portuguese Governor himself. While the queen met with initial success, she was betrayed, so some say, by her own people for a casket of silver. However, the army of the queen was thoroughly outnumbered. What ensured was a bloody massacre with the queen escaping to the hills, a fugitive. Another version has it that the queen had killed herself rather than give herself up to the enemy which really seems more in keeping with her character.

Pietro Della Valle, a renowned traveller and historian of the 16th century, seems to have been fascinated by her. Her militant nature aroused his interest and he made several attempts to meet her. His efforts finally met with success when he accidentally came across her in the bazaar. His foreign mein and dress elicited her interest and with the aid of an interpreter, courtesies were exchanged and an invitation issued to visit the royal palace.

Della Valle was enamoured of "her perfect dignity, handsome feature and exemplary assiduity. Active and vigorous in actions of war and weighty affairs. Even at night she was not free to take rest but dispensed justice to her people." His description of her is at once romantic and realistic. He puts her age down at 40, dark complexioned and with elegant figure. At another instance, he says she could be mistaken for a common kitchen wench, but for her graceful and judicious speech. Her scanty clothing of only a loincloth may have created this impression. He seems highly impressed with her administrative qualities and doesn't give much credence to the rumours of her having poisoned her elder two sons, who were aspiring to the throne.

One can see the ruins of the fort she built around Somanatheshwara temple. This temple houses few things related to the Abbakka Chowta. There is an old Jain temple (basadi) in the town which belonged to the queen. Ullal was one of the major ports of the western coast in the pre-colonial era.

Civic Administration
Ullal City Municipality is the second biggest Governing body after Mangalore City Corporation in Mangalore Urban Agglomeration.

Ullal was formed as a Nagara Panchayat in 1996. Later Town Municipal Council was formed in 2006. And was then upgraded to City Municipality in 2014.

Geography
Ullal is located at 12.8°N, 74.85°W. It has an average elevation of 5 metres (16 ft).

Work Profile
Out of total population, 20,979 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 14,766 were males while 6,213 were females. In census survey, worker is defined as person who does business, job, service, and cultivator and labour activity. Of total 20979 working population, 96.19% were engaged in Main Work while 3.81% of total workers were engaged in Marginal Work.

Demographic
According to 2011 Census, Muslims form 61.10%, Hindus form 30.48% and Christians form 9.34% of the Population.

Population of Children with age of 0–6 is 6278 which is 11.68% of total population of Ullal (CMC). In Ullal City Municipal Council, Female Sex Ratio is of 1025 against state average of 973. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Ullal is around 944 compared to Karnataka state average of 948. Literacy rate of Ullal city is 92.87% higher than state average of 75.36%. In Ullal, Male literacy is around 96.42% while female literacy rate is 89.45%.

Ullal City Municipal Council has total administration over 9,588 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within City Municipal Council limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 1.67% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.49% of total population in Ullal (CMC).

Media
Ullal based local television channels include Posa Kural News, Abbakka TV, CCN TV, STAR OF KUDLA CCN LIVE, CCN NEWS, DAIL TV etc.

In music world, Ullal is famous for its own rapper Mustafa Ullal. A 33-year-old rapper and a father of two has garnered 12,000 subscribers on his YouTube channel as of March 2019. With sarcastic overtones on communalism, divisive politics and fake news, this Maikala based beary rapper's potshots on issues and concerns is a force to be reckoned with. Back in 2015, he had recorded 'Idhadi Zohra' a beary language song he had written to the beats of rap legend Eminem's 'Cleanin Out my Closet'.

title: Ullal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Botanical medicine

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:22, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Botanical medicine
reads like a dicdef, BUT could it be expanded into a full article, or redirected somewhere? I'm not sure or I'd have speedy'd it... Master Thief Garrett 09:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Delete or Redirect - there is already an article named Herbalism. There is also a re-direction link Herbal medicine which takes one to Herbalism. The term Botanical medicine conveys the same meaning as Herbal medicine. Actually, the term Herbal medicine is more in currency, in the part of the world where the term has originated. If delete is not justified, than a redirection link to Herbalism may also be considered, because a number of persons may feel more comfortable to use the term Botanical medicine as herbalism is not familiar in many part of the word.--Bhadani 14:26, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Bhadani. Redirect to Herbalism.  RickK 22:30, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Herbalism as per above. Since it's a pseudonym, it shouldn't be deleted but redirected, so that if someone searches by this more obscure name they will still find the relevant article! Master Thief Garrett 22:43, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, synonymous with Herbal medicine (which in turn already redirects to Herbalism. --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 04:16, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Atmospheric refraction

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:25, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Atmospheric refraction
reads like a dicdef, BUT could it be expanded into a full article, or redirected somewhere? I'm not sure or I'd have speedy'd it... Master Thief Garrett 09:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, use stub tags for this. It causes stars to "twinkle" as well as producing some interesting effects at sunrise and sunset. Gazpacho 12:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, topic is encyclopedic and their is a bit more (albeit not much more) than a dicdef. Also, when nominating an article for deletion, you should not tag the edit as "minor". Sjakkalle 12:28, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * darn, I keep hitting the wrong checkbox... doh... Master Thief Garrett 12:42, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, keep. WP was founded on articles like this. Don't even think of speedies, and don't VfD them, please. Charles Matthews 13:26, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. This topic is perfectly valid for inclusion in Wikipedia. Megan1967 04:12, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Decumanus 07:14, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC)
 * Keep. Edwardian 08:20, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if Expanded. Might as well vote myself now we've reached consensus... added Peer Review tag, it needs some professional help, but haven't completed the details yet... Master Thief Garrett 12:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As an instrumentalist in astronomy I am a little shocked by this deletion request. Construction of atmospheric refraction correctors for astronomical instruments (and the software to calculate atmospheric refraction effects) is one of the things that keeps us busy ;-) Rnt20 07:46, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this doesnt look like a speedy candidate `Yuckfoo
 * Keep. This page has relevant information that people would find useful when searching for facts on the topic. Mystique 04:16, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:465 BC deaths

title: Category:465 BC deaths