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Wolf Klinz

Wolf Klinz (born 13 September 1941 in Vienna) is a German politician. He served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) with the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP), part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE), from 2004 until 2014 and from 2017 until 2019.

Early life and education
Born in Vienna to an Austrian mother and a German father, Klinz holds dual citizenship.

Klinz studied economics and business administration in Paris, Madrid, Berlin and Vienna. He graduated with an M.Com in 1963 from the Hochschule für Welthandel (now Vienna University of Economics and Business), a PhD in 1965, and an MBA from INSEAD, Fontainebleau, in 1966.

Career in business
Klinz was a Partner with McKinsey & Company in the United Kingdom, Germany and France. Subsequently, he served as a Member of the Executive Board of a Swiss Corporation. After German reunification he joined for the Executive Board of Treuhandanstalt, the German Government's agency for privatisation of the former East German industry. He finished his business career as CEO of a large German corporation in 2003 when he decided to go into European politics.

From 2000 to 2004, Klinz held the (honorary) position of President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IHK) Frankfurt am Main. From 2003 to 2004 he was the Vice-President of Eurochambres in Brussels.

Political career
Klinz was Chairman of the Special Committee on the Financial, Economic and Social Crisis (CRIS), he sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) and he was a substitute for the Committee on Development (DEVE). He was the Vice-Chairman for the Delegation for relations with Canada and a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

In 2009 Klinz replaced Peter Skinner as Chair of the steering committee of the European Parliamentary Financial Services Forum, a platform "promoting effective dialogue between the financial industry and MEPs and contributing to a greater understanding of financial services issues".

In 2015, the European Commission asked Klinz to chair the board of the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG), which was set up in 2001 as a private association to advise the Commission on accounting standards and other aspects of financial reporting. Klinz did not take up this position in May 2015 due to ill health; Jean-Paul Gauzes was appointed instead.

In November 2017, Klinz again became a Member of the European Parliament, after his party colleague Michael Theurer had been elected to the Bundestag in the German elections. He served on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In this capacity, he was his parliamentary group's rapporteur on location of the seat of the European Banking Authority (EBA) in 2018.

Corporate boards

 * AVECO AG, Member of the Supervisory Board
 * IVG Immobilien, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Deutsche Real Estate AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (2001-2002)
 * Zumtobel Group, Member of the Supervisory Board (2002–2010)

Non-profit organizations

 * Hessian Broadcasting Corporation (HR), Member of the Broadcasting Council (2002–2004)
 * Transparency Germany, Member of the Advisory Board (until 2001)

Recognition
Klinz received the Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Medal of the University Frankfurt am Main and the Medal of Honour of the IHK Frankfurt am Main. He received the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria in 2005. In 2009 he received the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. On 1 September 2020 Dr. Wolf Klinz was appointed as an Honorary Professor of European Policy and International Management of the Ukrainian-American Concordia University (UACU).

Personal life
Klinz lives in Berlin.

title: Wolf Klinz


text: User:Agesander

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Agesander


text: Category:Transport in Hertfordshire

title: Category:Transport in Hertfordshire


text:
Talk:Melania Trump

Edit requires
This sentence in the opening section erroneously names Trump, when it presumably meant Melania:

Trump grew up in Slovenia (then part of Yugoslavia) and worked as a fashion model through agencies in the European fashion capitals of Milan and Paris, before moving to New York City in 1996. 2603:8000:3F01:90CD:1A1:427F:456E:F6A2 (talk) 13:51, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Trump, as in Melania's last name. Who else? Dimadick (talk) 14:33, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The article is very poorly written. Her main claim to fame is her being the wife of DJT. Using her last married name to identify her in the same article as using it for him is really poor writing.98.21.68.176 (talk) 02:38, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

Grammar in "Life in the White House" is incorrect
In the first paragraph of "Life in the White House" it is stated that "In her first year, Melania gave only eight speeches, compared to 74 by Michelle Obama 'as' 42 by Laura Bush.". I believe "as" should be replaced with "and". Elliespaghellie (talk) 05:31, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you for catching that! It's fixed now. The big ugly alien  ( talk ) 05:34, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

Views on Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories
Can a new section be added about her birther views. 88.97.108.45 (talk) 17:52, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Are you referring to the Obama-related hoax? We would need reliable sources saying that she believes it.  Eve rgr een Fir  (talk) 18:03, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Having read the sources used in this article, this isn't something that's given meaningful coverage in biographies about her. Even if it's verifiable, it would likely be a minor aspect that's more appropriate for Donald's article. The big ugly alien  ( talk ) 21:04, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

Pussy
I wonder what the editors were thinking when they claimed "pussy" means vagina?? ("grab them by the pussy - with pussy being slang for vagina") Only the anatomically clueless could believe that grabbing a woman "by her vagina" wouldn't result in serious injury. A quick search online shows the term is slang for (among other things) vulva or vagina and the editors made a pretty egregious blunder. Or perhaps their references did? I didn't track them down, because it is obviously wrong. I don't agree that anatomically pussy only refers to vulva or vagina. I've heard it used to refer to the female groin, crotch, and even pubic mound - as well as the vulva and vagina. I'd politely suggest if an editor doesn't know which part can be "grabbed" then HE (obviously a he) should refrain from editing that section. I do think that it's possible that Trump meant "grope" and used the more neutral term, grab, for that. What he meant exactly can't be known based on the tape. Certainly, it was intended to demean these women and it seems clear he was implying such an assault wouldn't be objected to.98.21.68.176 (talk) 02:57, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

NPOV problems
The intro of this article is written like a tabloid. "Her stepdaughter Ivanka Trump fulfilled some of the first lady's traditional duties, causing a rivalry between the two". Did either of them say this or is it just speculation? "She was a close advisor to her husband, the only person from whom he accepted frank advice, and he frequently asked her opinion". Again, how do you know that he never accepted "frank" advice from anyone else? This really needs to be fixed (I cannot edit because it is semi-protected) 151.124.107.86 (talk) 05:12, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Melania Trump


text:
Talk:510 Spadina

Untitled
Should this not be titled 'Harbourfront/Spadina Streetcar (TTC)'? The 'LRT' name has mostly been dropped in Toronto, because the 'RT' caused people to confuse the streetcar right-of-way projects with more intrusive systems like the Scarborough RT. David Arthur 13:14, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

question...
The article cites a document that shows the streetcars are two minutes slower than the old Spadina bus? That is interesting. But there is another very strong advantage of the streetcars. I used to ride that bus several times a week in the years prior to the streetcar construction.

 * The buses were often trapped in traffic for ten minutes or more going the 500 metres from Dundas to College.
 * The windows of the buses used to tattle deafeningly when the buses were able to travel at a reasonable speed. Why? I don't know for sure.  But I suspect the road conditions were so poor, with so many potholes, that they only ran old, worn out buses there.  Geo Swan (talk) 16:49, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

explanation
I changed the length of the tunnel portion of the line. Previously the article asserted it was "2 km". I was sure it was shorter -- maybe 400 metres. But according to mapblast Front and Queen's Quay are .6 km apart. Cheers! Geo Swan (talk) 01:15, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Sounds about right, definitely not 2 km. Canterbury Tail   talk  02:36, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Really?
The article currently asserts:
 * 1) "Red Rocket" is a decades old name for TTC vehicles, taken out of retirement.
 * 2) IIUC, the UTDC vehicles don't form the majority of the city's current fleet. For at least a decade they have formed the entirety of it.  The TTC's retains 1 old Peter Dewitt car, and two PCC cars -- but only for ceremonial purposes, or for charter.  (One can charter a vehicle for a party, and these vehicles don't have to follow scheduled routes.)
 * 3) My recollection is that the PCC cars had all been retired before the Spadina line was opened.
 * 4) Personally, I have a great fondness for the TTC's PCC's original livery of maroon and yellow.

Cheers! Geo Swan (talk) 01:33, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The maroon and yellow PCCs are occasionally used as standard streetcars when they need vehicles. I often see them, and have travelled on them many times, on the regular scheduled 510 route. Canterbury Tail   talk  02:34, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, I will have to keep my eyes peeled for one. Cheers!  Geo Swan (talk) 05:59, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Proof-of-payment
Details on this should be in the TTC fares article, rather than here. An encyclopaedia article is not meant to be a user guide for riding the streeetcar. I have been bold and deleted a bunch of details. Discussion? Ground Zero | t 17:20, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The POP information inserted to this article was extremely detailed. The section about TTC POP in Toronto Transit Commission fares should be expanded, since this applies to more than one route. If the reader requires those details, a link is given. Secondarywaltz (talk) 17:13, 24 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:510 Spadina


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Local Authorities Pension Plan

LAPP, formerly known by its expanded acronym, the Local Authorities Pension Plan, is the largest pension plan in Alberta and the seventh largest in Canada.

With 291,259 members and $58.7 billion in assets (2022), LAPP is a multi-employer jointly sponsored defined benefit pension plan. Dedicated to helping every member retire with dignity, the plan guarantees a predictable and secure retirement income for life.

LAPP Corporation is the legal Trustee and Administrator of the Plan, and supported by the over 400 employees of its pension benefits services provider Alberta Pensions Services Corporation (APS) and the over 600 employees of its investment management services provider Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo).

Organization
Originally established in 1962 for the employees of local authorities, LAPP now includes 437 employers (2022) from the healthcare sectors, cities, towns, villages, summer villages, municipal districts, colleges, school boards, non-profits/not-for-profits, charities, other public sector entities, and for-profit corporations.

LAPP Corporation is overseen by a 12-director Board of Directors, nominated by employer and employee groups. This Corporate Board and LAPP Corporation are responsible for the administration of the pension benefits and to ensure that retirement income is paid to members, which is done by providing strategic guidance for the Plan, managing risk, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of LAPP. A 12-member Sponsor Board, whose members are appointed as representatives of the members (employees) and employers, is legislated to make decisions about plan design, employer eligibility rules, and contribution rates.

LAPP is registered under the Alberta Employment Pension Plans Act (EPPA), requiring it meet the rules and standards set out by Employment Pension Plans Regulations. The Joint Governance of Public Sector Pension Plans Act transitioned LAPP to joint governance effective March, 2019.

LAPP Corporation has a fiduciary duty and responsibility to act in the best interests of LAPP's members. Contributions are collected from employers and employees and the money is invested provincially, nationally, and globally in fixed income, public and private equities, real estate, infrastructure, natural resources, bonds, and other investment vehicles by its investment management services provider, AIMCo, in accordance with LAPP Corporation's Statement of Investment Policies and Procedures (SIPP). Interest, investment returns, and contributions are used to pay lifetime retirement income (pension benefits, often termed the pension promise) to current and future LAPP retirees.

History

 * 1962: LAPP is established as the Local Authorities Pension Plan with a flat accrual benefit equal to 2% of a member's salary.
 * 1964: Contribution rates are first integrated with the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) up to the Year's Maximum Pensionable Earnings.
 * 1969: The first Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) payments are issued to retirees.
 * 1973: The first Board of Trustees is formed as Administrator and Trustee of the Plan.
 * 1981: The first public plan pension fund is created. Prior to this employer and employee contributions were pooled in the Government of Alberta (GoA) General Revenue Fund.
 * 1985: The Local Authorities Pension Act was repealed and replaced with the Local Authorities Pension Plan Act.
 * 1992–93: Provincial pension reforms led to the Public Sector Pension Plans Act (PSPPA), which created a separate LAPP fund, LAPP employers and members became jointly responsible for funding the Plan, removed the government as a guarantor of the Plan and Fund for new service, and outlined independence for the pension plan with a three-party agreement.
 * 1997: The Board voted to terminate statutory LAPP and to reestablish the Plan by January 1, 2000.
 * 1998: The Board completed draft Plan Text and a Declaration of Trust. PSPPA changes were made to employer withdrawal.
 * 1999: The Plan's move to self-governance has a renewed review target date of 2001.
 * 2001: Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on self-governance was signed by stakeholders and sent to the government for review with the target date reset to 2002.
 * 2004: The Board creates an informal role for Plan sponsors by creating the Stakeholder Consultation Group (SCG).
 * 2005: The government announces two phases of reform.
 * 2006: Phase One reform involves the creation of ALAPP Corporation to support the Plan.
 * 2006–11: The Board and stakeholders continue to seek self-governance. Phase Two is never implemented.
 * 2011: The Board offers to lead the process for the creation of a task force to reform governance.
 * 2012: A Plan review is led by the government.
 * 2013–14: The Public Sector Wage Arbitration Act (Bill 9) is tabled.
 * 2015: A newly appointed Minister of Finance calls for consultation, which is delayed by the pre-election Red Zone.
 * 2015–18: A coalition negotiates an agreement for self-governance and independence on behalf of the public pension plan sponsors.
 * 2018: The government and the plans reach an agreement and new pension legislation is passed, setting an effective date for joint-governance.
 * 2019: In March, LAPP becomes a jointly governed plan, giving the responsibility for decisions and risks of the Plan to the employer and employee groups contributing to the pension. In November, the Joint Governance of Public Sector Pension Plans Act (Bill 22) is passed, and governance provisions for LAPP are changed. Two crown corporations, AIMCo and APS, are mandated by legislation as respectively the investment management services provider and benefits administration services provider for LAPP.

title: Local Authorities Pension Plan


text:
WAPP

WAPP or Wapp may refer to:

 * WAPP-LP, a radio station (100.3 FM) licensed to Westhampton, New York, United States
 * WKTU, a radio station (103.5 FM) licensed to Lake Success, New York, United States, which formerly used the call sign WAPP-FM
 * A variant of the open-source software program BAPP
 * Pattimura International Airport (ICAO:WAPP), Indonesia
 * Washington Progressive Party, a political party in Washington state, United States
 * West African Power Pool, a cooperation of the national electricity companies in Western Africa
 * Women Against Private Police, a civil rights organization in Baltimore, Maryland, United States

People with the surname

 * Josephine Myers-Wapp (1912–2014), Comanche weaver and educator
 * Thomas Wapp (born 1972), Swiss badminton player

title: WAPP


text:
Talk:Wawrzyniec Goślicki

Jefferson
The statement about "Jefferson [being] one of the Founding Fathers of the United States Constitution" may, as phrased, be misleading. Jefferson did not participate in the constitutional convention — he was, at the time, abroad as U.S. ambassador to France. logologist 13:14, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * He is, however, listed as one in the Founding Fathers article. While he might have not participated in the very convention, his influence and contribution was important enough for him to be included among the FFs. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 14:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

However Grzymala Goslicki influlence may be seen in declaration of the independence. Some of his phrases (all people are equal; people have right to revolt against king; government rule because of agreement of their subjects) may influence Jefferson. Szopen 17:26, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This article would be strengthened by the evidence that Jefferson read Goslicki directly, rather than reading someone who had read him. I hope it can be provided. Septentrionalis 18:54, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Jefferson had zero input on the drafting of the U.S. Constitution. He was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, which is the principal reason why Jefferson is counted amongst the Founding Fathers. If you want to show that this man's writing had an influence on the U.S. Constitution, James Madison is the person who needs to be shown to have been influenced by Goślicki, nit Jefferson. Caerwine 03:08, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

English Translations
The info regarding English translations is all over the map here. Does anyone have a decent source? Brandon Christopher 06:38, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:36, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Excommunicated?
According to the article for the Warsaw Confederation, Wawrzyniec Goślicki was excommunicated for signing the acts of the Sejm of 1587. Is it true? If so, then ths should be mentioned and this page added to the List of people excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church. If not, then this should be removed from the article for the Warsaw Confederation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrincodi (talk • contribs) 22:58, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wawrzyniec Goślicki


text:
User talk:Agesander

I was a sock of user:Iasson and a public account.

title: User talk:Agesander


text:
Holger Krahmer

Holger Krahmer (born 16 October 1970 in Leipzig) is a German politician and former Member of the European Parliament with the Free Democratic Party of Germany, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

Education

 * 1989: Qualified maintenance technician

Career

 * 1990-1996: Bank official, Commerzbank Leipzig
 * 1996-2000: Bankgesellschaft Berlin AG
 * since 2001: Self-employed
 * since 1997: Vice-Chairman of the Leipzig FDP
 * since 2001: Member of the ELDR Party Council
 * since 2004: Chairman of the Supervisory Board, GANOS Kaffee-Kontor & Rösterei AG, Leipzig

Krahmer was first elected in the 2004 European elections. During his time in Parliament, he served on the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. He was a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development and a member of the Delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.

Life after politics
After leaving Parliament, Krahmer started working as a senior adviser on EU policy for the consulting firm Hanover Communications. In April 2015, he left Hanover to start working for Opel, the European branch of General Motors (GM), as director of European affairs public policy and government relations.

Other activities

 * AIDS-Hilfe Leipzig e.V., Member of the Board (1997-2004)

title: Holger Krahmer


text:
Category:St Albans

This category includes articles relating to the city of St Albans in Hertfordshire, England. For articles on the wider local government district, the City and District of St Albans, see Category:City of St Albans.

title: Category:St Albans


text:
Calakmul

Calakmul (also Kalakmul and other less frequent variants) is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche, deep in the jungles of the greater Petén Basin region. It is 35 km from the Guatemalan border. Calakmul was one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities ever uncovered in the Maya lowlands.

Calakmul was a major Maya power within the northern Petén Basin region of the Yucatán Peninsula of southern Mexico. Calakmul administered a large domain marked by the extensive distribution of their emblem glyph of the snake head sign, to be read "Kaan". Calakmul was the seat of what has been dubbed the Kingdom of the Snake or Snake Kingdom. This Snake Kingdom reigned during most of the Classic period. Calakmul itself is estimated to have had a population of 50,000 people and had governance, at times, over places as far away as 150 kilometers (93 mi). There are 6,750 ancient structures identified at Calakmul, the largest of which is the great pyramid at the site. Structure 2 is over 45 m high, making it one of the tallest of the Maya pyramids.

Four tombs have been located within the pyramid. Like many temples or pyramids within Mesoamerica the pyramid at Calakmul increased in size by building upon the existing temple to reach its current size. The size of the central monumental architecture is approximately 2 km2 and the whole of the site, mostly covered with dense residential structures, is about 20 km2.

Throughout the Classic Period, Calakmul maintained an intense rivalry with the major city of Tikal to the south, and the political maneuverings of these two cities have been likened to a struggle between two Maya superpowers.

Rediscovered from the air by biologist Cyrus L. Lundell of the Mexican Exploitation Chicle Company on December 29, 1931, the find was reported to Sylvanus G. Morley of the Carnegie Institute at Chichen Itza in March 1932.

Etymology
Calakmul is a modern name; according to Cyrus L. Lundell, who named the site. In Maya, ca means "two", lak means "adjacent", and mul signifies any artificial mound or pyramid, so Calakmul is the "City of the Two Adjacent Pyramids". In ancient times the city core was known as Ox Te' Tuun, meaning "Three Stones". Another name associated with the site, and perhaps a larger area around it, is Chiik Naab'. The lords of Calakmul identified themselves as k'uhul kaanal ajaw, Divine Lords of the Snake, but the connection of the title to the actual site is ambiguous.

Location
Calakmul is located in Campeche state in southeastern Mexico, about 35 km north of the border with Guatemala and 38 km north of the ruins of El Mirador. The ruins of El Tintal are 68 km to the southwest of Calakmul and were linked to both El Mirador and Calakmul itself by causeway. Calakmul was about 20 km south of the contemporary city of Oxpemul and approximately 25 km southwest of La Muñeca. The city is located on a rise about 35 m above a large seasonal swamp lying to the west, known as the El Laberinto bajo (a Spanish word used in the region to denote a low-lying area of seasonal marshland). This swamp measures approximately 34 by and was an important source of water during the rainy season. The bajo was linked to a sophisticated water-control system including both natural and artificial features such as gullies and canals that encircled a 22 km2 area around the site core, an area considered as Inner Calakmul. The location of Calakmul at the edge of a bajo provided two additional advantages: the fertile soils along the edge of the swamp and access to abundant flint nodules. The city is situated on a promontory formed by a natural 35 m high limestone dome rising above the surrounding lowlands. This dome was artificially levelled by the Maya. During the Preclassic and Classic periods settlement was concentrated along the edge of the El Laberinto bajo, during the Classic period structures were also built on high ground and small islands in the swamp where flint was worked.

At the beginning of the 21st century the area around Calakmul remained covered by dense forest. During the 1st millennium AD the area received moderate and regular rainfall, although there is less surface water available than further south in Guatemala. Calakumul is now located within the 1800000 acre Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. The area conserved within the Reserve was conceptualized by the Centro de Investigaciones Historicas y Sociales de Universidad Autónomous de Campeche (CIHS/UAC).

Population and extent
At its height in the Late Classic period the city is estimated to have had a population of 50,000 inhabitants and to have covered an area of over 70 km2. The city was the capital of a large regional state with an area of about 13000 km2. During the Terminal Classic the city's population declined dramatically and the rural population plummeted to 10% of its former level.

The Late Classic population density of Calakmul has been calculated at 1000/km2 (2564 per square mile) in the site core and 420/km2 (1076 per square mile) in the periphery (an area of 122 km2. Calakmul was a true urban city and not just an elite centre surrounded by commoner residences. The site core of Calakmul was known in ancient times as Ox Te' Tuun ("Three Stones") which may have been because of the triadic pyramid Structure 2.

The Calakmul kingdom included 20 secondary centres, among which were large cities such as La Muñeca, Naachtun, Sasilha, Oxpemul and Uxul. The total population of these secondary centres has been estimated at 200,000. The kingdom also included a large number of tertiary and quaternary sites, mostly fairly small and consisting of a number of groups arranged around courtyards, although there are also larger rural sites situated on ridges along the edges of the bajos that include temples, palaces and stelae. The total rural population of the kingdom is calculated at 1.5 million people. The entire population of the Calakmul kingdom, including the city itself and the rural population in the 13000 km2 area of the regional state, is calculated at 1.75 million people in the Late Classic period.

The Emblem Glyph of Calakmul has a greater distribution than the Emblem Glyph of any other Maya city. The Glyph is also found in more hieroglyphic texts than any other Emblem Glyph, including that of Tikal. Calakmul administered a large domain marked by the extensive distribution of their emblem glyph of the snake head sign, to be read "Kaan". Calakmul was the seat of what has been dubbed the Snake Kingdom. At times the city had governance over places as far away as 150 kilometers.

Emblem Glyph
At Calakmul's peak in the 7th century, the polity was known as Kan. The Preclassic political state in the Mirador Basin also used the title Kan. There is the idea that, after the collapse of the Mirador state, its refugees migrated north towards Calakmul, where they founded a new Kan polity. However, epigraphical studies of the monuments at Calakmul show that prior to the 7th century AD the emblem glyph of Calakmul had nothing to do with a snake, but with a bat. It seems that a different polity ruled there. The Kan emblem glyph, before being associated with Calakmul, is found (once) at Dzibanché, a site more towards the east. Perhaps during the late 6th/early 7th century, the polity at Dzibanché moved to Calakmul in order to establish a more strategically placed capital. After Calakmul's power dwindled in the 8th century, after the rule of Yuknoom Took K'awiil, it appears that the bat emblem glyph made its resurgence. Still, many uncertainties remain and new epigraphical studies have to be done to fill the gaps.

History
Calakmul has a long occupational history and excavations have revealed evidence from the Middle Preclassic right through to the Postclassic. The causeway network that linked Calakmul with the cities of El Mirador, Nakbe and El Tintal suggest strong political links between the four cities that may have begun in the Preclassic, when both Calakmul and El Mirador were important cities, and continued into the Classic period when Calakmul itself was the most powerful city in the region. Calakmul was one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities ever uncovered in the Maya lowlands.

Calakmul vs. Tikal
The history of the Maya Classic period is dominated by the rivalry between Tikal and Calakmul, likened to a struggle between two Maya "superpowers". Earlier times tended to be dominated by a single larger city and by the Early Classic Tikal was moving into this position after the dominance of El Mirador in the Late Preclassic and Nakbe in the Middle Preclassic. However Calakmul was a rival city with equivalent resources that challenged the supremacy of Tikal and engaged in a strategy of surrounding it with its own network of allies. From the second half of the 6th century AD through to the late 7th century Calakmul gained the upper hand although it failed to extinguish Tikal's power completely and Tikal was able to turn the tables on its great rival in a decisive battle that took place in AD 695. Half a century later Tikal was able to gain major victories over Calakmul's most important allies. Eventually both cities succumbed to the spreading Classic Maya collapse.

The great rivalry between these two cities may have been based on more than competition for resources. Their dynastic histories reveal different origins and the intense competition between the two powers may have had an ideological grounding. Calakmul's dynasty seems ultimately derived from the great Preclassic city of El Mirador while the dynasty of Tikal was profoundly affected by the intervention of the distant central Mexican metropolis of Teotihuacan. With few exceptions, Tikal's monuments and those of its allies place great emphasis upon single male rulers while the monuments of Calakmul and its allies gave greater prominence to the female line and often the joint rule of king and queen.

Preclassic
Calakmul was already a large city in the Preclassic period. The early history of Calakmul is obscure, although a dynastic list has been pieced together that extends back into an ancestral past. This dynasty has been reconstructed in part from Late Classic ceramics from the region of great Preclassic cities of El Mirador and Nakbe. This may mean that Calakmul ultimately inherited its political authority from one of these cities, with its dynasty originating in the Late Preclassic in the Mirador Basin and relocating itself to Calakmul in the Classic period after the collapse of these cities.

Early Classic
Both Calakmul and Tikal were sizeable Preclassic cities that survived into the Classic Period. Early hieroglyphic texts from stelae found in Structure 2 record the probable enthronement of a king of Calakmul in AD 411 and also records a non-royal site ruler in 514. After this there is a gap in the hieroglyphic records that lasts over a century, although the Kaan dynasty experienced a major expansion of its power at this time. The lack of inscriptions recording the events of this period may be either due to the fact that the Kaan dynasty was located elsewhere during this time or perhaps that the monuments were later destroyed.

The earliest legible texts referring to the kings of the Kaan dynasty come from excavations of the large city of Dzibanche in Quintana Roo, far north of Calakmul. A hieroglyphic stairway depicts bound captives, their names and the dates they were captured together with the name of king Yuknoom Che'en I, although the exact context of the king's name is unclear - the captives may have been his vassals captured by an enemy or they may have been rulers captured by the king of Calakmul. The dates are uncertain but two of them may fall within the 5th century AD. The nearby Quintana Roo site of El Resbalón has a jumbled hieroglyphic text, including a date in 529, that indicates that the city was within the control of the Kaan dynasty.

By the middle of the 6th century AD Calakmul was assembling a far-reaching political alliance, activity that brought the city into conflict with the great city of Tikal. The influence of Calakmul extended deep into the Petén; king Tuun K'ab' Hix of Calakmul oversaw the enthronement of Aj Wosal to the rulership of Naranjo in 546. Another vassal of Tuun K'ab' Hix was taken captive by Yaxchilan on the banks of the Usumacinta River in 537.

In 561, the king now known as Sky Witness installed a ruler at the site of Los Alacranes. Sky Witness played a major part in the political events of the Maya region. He became the overlord of the city of Caracol, to the south of Naranjo, which had previously been a vassal of Tikal. In 562, according to a damaged text at Caracol, Sky Witness defeated Tikal itself and sacrificed its king Wak Chan K'awiil, thus ending his branch of the royal dynasty at Tikal. This catastrophic defeat began a 130-year hiatus for Tikal, reflecting an extended period of dominance by Calakmul. This event is used as a marker to divide the Early Classic from the Late Classic. Sky Witness is also mentioned at Okop, a site much further north in Quintana Roo. The last reference to Sky Witness occurs at Caracol and is dated to AD 572. The text is damaged but probably records the death of this powerful king.

War with Palenque
Sky Witness was quickly succeeded by First Axewielder, who is mentioned in a text from Dzibanche celebrating the K'atun-ending of 573. First Axewielder ruled for about six years. In 579 Uneh Chan became king of Calakmul. Uneh Chan engaged in an aggressive campaign in the western Maya region and attacked Palenque on 23 April 599 with his ally Lakam Chak, lord of the small city of Santa Elena 70 km east of Palenque, defeating Palenque's queen Lady Yohl Ik'nal and sacking the city. The defeat is recorded on a series of hieroglyphic steps at Palenque itself and the event initiated a long-lasting grudge against Calakmul. Lady Yohl Ik'nal survived the battle and ruled for several more years, although she perhaps paid tribute to Calakmul.

Uneh Chan maintained his alliances with cities in the east and he is depicted on Caracol Stela 4 supervising an event involving king Yajaw Te' K'inich of that city that occurred before 583. Calakmul again sacked Palenque on 7 April 611 under the personal direction of Uneh Chan. Palenque was now ruled by king Ajen Yohl Mat who had gained some sort of independence from Calakmul, provoking the new invasion. The immediate aftermath of this second victory over Palenque involved the deaths of the two most important nobles at the city, Ajen Yohl Mat himself and Janab Pakal, a high-ranking member of the royal family and possibly co-ruler. Janab Pakal died in March 612 and Ajen Yohl Mat a few months later. Their deaths so soon after the sacking of the city suggests that their demise was directly linked to Calakmul's triumph. Palenque suffered a lengthy decline in its fortunes after this date before it was able to recover from its disastrous war with Calakmul. The wars against Palenque may have been undertaken by Uneh Chan in order to seize control of wealthy trade routes that passed through the western Maya region.

Rebellion at Naranjo
King Yuknoom Chan of Calakmul supervised an event at Caracol in 619. Caracol Stela 22 records the accession of Tajoom Uk'ab' K'ak' to the Calakmul throne in 622. Two stelae were erected at Calakmul in 623 but their texts are too badly damaged to reveal the names of the royal couple involved. Approximately at this time Naranjo, a vassal of Calakmul, broke away when its king Aj Wosal died relatively soon after the death of Uneh Chan of Calakmul. Naranjo was independent of Calakmul by at least AD 626, when it was twice defeated by Caracol and Yuknoom Chan may have been attempting to bring Naranjo back under Calakmul control. His attempts were brought to an end by his death in 630. In 631 Yuknoom Head, the new king of Calakmul, finally regained control of Naranjo. Texts relate that the king of Naranjo was already captive at Calakmul on the day that his city was overrun and his punishment on the very same day is described by the word k'uxaj meaning either "tortured" or "eaten". Yuknoom Head conquered another city in March 636, although the exact site is unknown.

Apogee
The Kaan dynasty was not originally established at Calakmul but rather re-located there in the 7th century from another city. Calakmul experienced its highest achievements during the reign of king Yuknoom Che'en II, sometimes called Yuknoom the Great by scholars. Yuknoom Che'en II was 36 years old when he came to the throne of Calakmul in AD 636. A significant increase in the production of stelae at the city began with his reign and 18 stelae were commissioned by the king. Yuknoom Che'en II was probably responsible for the construction of the palace complexes that form a major part of the site core.

Calakmul and Dos Pilas
In 629 Tikal had founded Dos Pilas in the Petexbatún region, some 110 km to its southwest, as a military outpost in order to control trade along the course of the Pasión River. B'alaj Chan K'awiil was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four, in 635, and for many years served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother, the king of Tikal. In AD 648 Calakmul attacked Dos Pilas and gained an overwhelming victory that included the death of a Tikal lord. B'alaj Chan K'awiil was captured by Yuknoom Che'en II but, instead of being sacrificed, he was re-instated on his throne as a vassal of the Calakmul king, and went on to attack Tikal in 657, forcing Nuun Ujol Chaak, the then king of Tikal, to temporarily abandon the city. The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem glyph of Tikal, and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself. For some reason, B'alaj Chan K'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas.

Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672, driving B'alaj Chan K'awiil into an exile that lasted five years. Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies, such as El Peru, Dos Pilas and Caracol. In 677 Calakmul counterattacked against Dos Pilas, driving Tikal out and reinstalled B'alaj Chan K'awiil on his throne. In 679 Dos Pilas, probably aided by Calakmul, gained an important victory over Tikal, with a hieroglyphic description of the battle describing pools of blood and piles of heads.

Troubles continued in the east, with renewed conflict between Naranjo and Caracol. Naranjo completely defeated Caracol in 680 but Naranjo's dynasty disappeared within two years and a daughter of B'alaj Chan K'awiil founded a new dynasty there in 682, indicating that Calakmul had probably intervened decisively to place a loyal vassal on the throne. The patronage of Yuknoom Che'en II as overlord is recorded at a range of important cities, including El Peru where he oversaw the installation of K'inich B'alam as king and strengthened the tie with the marriage of a Calakmul princess to that king. The power of Calakmul extended as far as the north shore of Lake Petén Itzá, where Motul de San José is recorded as its vassal in the 7th century, although it was traditionally aligned with Tikal. Yuknoom Che'en II commanded the loyalty of three generations of kings at Cancuen, 245 km to the south, and supervised the enthronement of at least two of them, in 656 and 677. King Yuknoom Che'en II was involved, directly or indirectly, in the crowning of a king at Moral to the west in Tabasco and one of Yuknoom's nobles supervised a ritual at Piedras Negras on the Guatemalan bank of the Usumacinta River. Yuknoom Che'en II died in his eighties, probably at the beginning of 686. When he died, Calakmul was the most powerful city in the central Maya lowlands.

Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak' succeeded Yuknoom Che'en II, his crowning on 3 April 686 was recorded on monuments at Dos Pilas and El Peru. He was born in 649 and was likely to have been the son of his predecessor. He already held high office before he was named king and may have been responsible for the major successes of the latter part of Yuknoom Che'en II's reign. He retained the loyalty of K'inich B'alam of El Peru and B'alaj Chan K'awiil of Dos Pilas and gained that of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Chaak in 693, when he was installed on the throne of Naranjo at the age of five. However, the texts on sculpted monuments do not reveal the full complexity of diplomatic activity, as revealed by a painted ceramic vase from Tikal, which depicts an ambassador of Calakmul's king kneeling before the enthroned king of Tikal and delivering tribute. Just four years later, in August 695, the two states were once again at war. Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak' led his warriors against Jasaw Chan K'awiil I in a catastrophic battle that saw the defeat of Calakmul and the capture of the image of a Calakmul deity named Yajaw Maan. It is unknown what happened to Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak'; a stucco sculpture from Tikal shows a captive and the king is mentioned in the accompanying caption but it is not certain if the captive and the king are the same person. This event marked the end of Calakmul's apogee, with diplomatic activity dropping away and fewer cities recognising Calakmul's king as overlord. No stelae remain standing in the site core recording Yuknoom Yich'aal K'ak, although there are some in the Northeast Group and 2 broken stelae were buried in Structure 2.

Later kings
The next ruler of Calakmul, Split Earth, is mentioned on a pair of carved bones in the tomb of Tikal king Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. He was ruling by November 695 but it is not known if he was a legitimate member of the Calakmul dynasty or whether he was a pretender placed on the throne by Tikal.

The next known king used a number of name variants, and is referred to by different name segments within and outside of Calakmul. A partial reading of his name is Yuknoom Took' K'awiil. He erected seven stelae to celebrate a calendrical event in 702 and is named at Dos Pilas in that year, presumably demonstrating that Dos Pilas was still a vassal of Calakmul. El Peru also continued as a vassal and Yuknoom Took' K'awiil installed a new king there at an unknown date. La Corona received a queen from Yuknoom Took'. Naranjo also remained loyal. Yuknoom Took' K'awiil commissioned seven more stelae to mark the k'atun-ending of 731. A new defeat at the hands of Tikal is evidenced by a sculpted altar at that city, probably dating to sometime between 733 and 736, depicting a bound lord from Calakmul and possibly names Yuknoom Took' K'awiil.

Calakmul and Quiriguá
After this the historical record of Calakmul becomes very vague, due both to the poor state of the heavily eroded monuments at the city itself and also its reduced political presence on the wider Maya stage. Wamaw K'awiil is named at Quiriguá on the southern periphery of Mesoamerica. Quiriguá traditionally had been a vassal of its southern neighbour Copán, and in 724 Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, king of Copán, installed K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat upon Quiriguá's throne as his vassal. By 734 K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat had shown that he was no longer an obedient subordinate of Copán when he started to refer to himself as k'ul ahaw, holy lord, instead of using the lesser term ahaw, subordinate lord; at the same time he began to use his own Quiriguá emblem glyph.

This local act of rebellion appears to have been part of the larger political struggle between Tikal and Calakmul. In 736, only two years later, K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat received a visit from Wamaw K'awiil of Calakmul, while Copán was one of Tikal's oldest allies. The timing of this visit by the king of Calakmul is highly significant, falling between the accession of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat to the throne of Quiriguá as a vassal of Copán and the outright rebellion that was to follow. This strongly suggests that Calakmul sponsored Quiriguá's rebellion in order to weaken Tikal and to gain access to the rich trade route of the Motagua Valley. It is likely that contact with Calakmul had been initiated soon after K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat acceded to the throne.

In 738 K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat captured the powerful but elderly king of Copán, Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil. An inscription at Quiriguá, although difficult to interpret, suggests that the capture took place on 27 April 738, when Quiriguá seized and burned the wooden images of Copán's patron deities. The captured lord was taken back to Quiriguá and on 3 May 738 he was decapitated in a public ritual.

In the Late Classic, alliance with Calakmul was frequently associated with the promise of military support. The fact that Copán, a much more powerful city than Quiriguá, failed to retaliate against its former vassal implies that it feared the military intervention of Calakmul. Calakmul itself was far enough away from Quiriguá that K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat was not afraid of falling directly under its power as a full vassal state, even though it is likely that Calakmul sent warriors to help in the defeat of Copán. The alliance instead seems to have been one of mutual advantage: Calakmul managed to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal while Quiriguá gained its independence.

Collapse
Five large stelae were raised in 741, although the name of the king responsible is illegible on all of them and he has been labelled as Ruler Y. Calakmul's presence in the wider Maya area continued to wane, with two of the city's major allies suffering defeats at the hands of Tikal. El Peru was defeated in 743 and Naranjo a year later and this resulted in the final collapse of Calakmul's once powerful alliance network, while Tikal underwent a resurgence in its power.

In 751 Ruler Z erected a stela that was never finished, paired with another with the portrait of a queen. A hieroglyphic stairway mentions someone called B'olon K'awiil at about the same time. B'olon K'awiil was king by 771 when he raised two stelae and he was mentioned at Toniná in 789. Sites to the north of Calakmul showed a reduction in its influence at this time, with new architectural styles influenced by sites further north in the Yucatán Peninsula.

A monument was raised in 790 although the name of the ruler responsible is not preserved. Two more were raised in 800 and three in 810. No monument was erected to commemorate the important Bak'tun-ending of 830 and it is probable that political authority had already collapsed at this time. Important cities such as Oxpemul, Nadzcaan and La Muñeca that were Calakmul's vassals at one time now erected their own monuments, where before they had raised very few; some continued producing new monuments until as late as 889. This was a process that paralleled events at Tikal. However, there is strong evidence of an elite presence at the city continuing until AD 900, possibly even later.

In 849, Calakmul was mentioned at Seibal where a ruler named as Chan Pet attended the K'atun-ending ceremony; his name may also be recorded on a broken ceramic at Calakmul itself. However, it is unlikely that Calakmul still existed as a state in any meaningful way at this late date. A final flurry of activity took place at the end of the 9th century or the beginning of the 10th. A new stela was erected, although the date records only the day, not the full date. The recorded day may fall either in 899 or 909 with the latter date the most likely. A few monuments appear to be even later although their style is crude, representing the efforts of a remnant population to maintain the Classic Maya tradition. Even the inscriptions on these late monuments are meaningless imitations of writing.

Ceramics dating to the Terminal Classic period are uncommon outside of the site core, suggesting that the population of the city was concentrated in the city centre in the final phase of Calakmul's occupation. The majority of the surviving population probably consisted of commoners who had occupied the elite architecture of the site core but the continued erection of stelae into the early 10th century and the presence of high status imported goods such as metal, obsidian, jade and shell, indicate a continued occupation by royalty until the final abandonment of the city. The Yucatec-speaking Kejache Maya who lived in the region at the time of Spanish contact in the early 16th century may have been the descendants of the inhabitants of Calakmul.

Modern history
Calakmul was first reported by Cyrus Lundell in 1931. A year later he informed Sylvanus Morley of the site's existence and the presence of more than 60 stelae. Morley visited the ruins himself on behalf of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1932. In the 1930s surveys mapped the site core and recorded 103 stelae. Investigations stopped in 1938 and archaeologists did not return to the site until 1982 when William J. Folan directed a project on behalf of the Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, working at Calakmul until 1994. Calakmul is now the subject of a large-scale project of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) under the direction of Ramón Carrasco.

Site description
The site core of Calakmul covers an area of approximately 2 km2, an area that contains the remains of roughly 1000 structures. The periphery occupied by smaller residential structures beyond the site core covers an area of more than 20 km2 within which archaeologists have mapped approximately 6250 structures. Calakmul matches the great city of Tikal in size and estimated population, although the density of the city appears to have been greater than that city.

The stone used in construction at the site is a soft limestone. This has resulted in severe erosion of the site's sculpture. The city of Calakmul was built in a strongly concentric fashion and can be divided into zones as one moves outwards from the centre of the site. The innermost zone covers an area of approximately 1.75 km2 It contains most of the monumental architecture and has 975 mapped structures, about 300 of which are built from vaulted stone masonry. About 92 structures were built on large pyramids laid out around plazas and courtyards. The city's core was bordered on the north side by a 6 m high wall that controlled access from the north and may also have had a defensive function.

Many commoners residences were built along the edge of El Laberinto swamp to the west of the site core, although some high-status residences and public buildings were interspersed among these. The area between the residences was used for horticulture.

Water control
The site is surrounded by an extensive network of canals and reservoirs. There are five major reservoirs, including the largest example in the Maya world, measuring 242 by. This reservoir is filled by a small seasonal river during the rainy season and continues to hold enough water for it to be used by archaeologists in modern times.

Thirteen reservoirs have been identified at Calakmul. The combined capacity of all the reservoirs is estimated at over 200000000 L. This quantity of water could have supported 50,000 to 100,000 people; there is no evidence that the reservoirs were used to irrigate crops.

Aguada 1 is the largest of the reservoirs and has a surface area of 5 ha.

Causeways
Eight sacbe (causeways) have been located around Calakmul. Two of these have been mapped, three have been identified visually on the ground and three more identified with remote sensing. They have been numbered as Sacbe 1 through to Sacbe 7. The causeway network not only linked Calakmul with local satellite sites but also with more distant allies and rivals, such as the great cities of El Mirador, El Tintal and Nakbe. Those causeways that cross swampy land are elevated above the surrounding wetland and they now tend to support denser vegetation than the surrounding forest.

Sacbe 1 is 450 m long and is lined and filled with stone. It is located within the mapped urban area of the site core. Sacbe 1 was first mapped in the 1930s by the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Sacbe 2 is 70 m long. It has been mapped within the urban area of the site core. Sacbe 2 is built of packed earth and was discovered during the archaeological excavation of a nearby quarry. This causeway may have been built to transport stone from the quarry in order to build Structures 1 and 3.

Sacbe 3 extends 8 km northeast from the site core and is visible from the summit of Structure 1. It was first discovered in 1982.

Sacbe 4 runs 24 km southeast from the site core, it is also visible from the summit of Structure 1 and was discovered in 1982.

Sacbe 5 runs westwards from the main watering hole, across El Laberinto seasonal swamp and carries on for a total distance of 16 km or more towards Sasilhá.

Sacbe 6 runs southwest across El Laberinto bajo and links Calakmul with El Mirador (38.25 km to the southwest) and, beyond it, El Tintal (an additional 30 km.

Sacbe 7 is located south of Sacbe 6. It is at least 5.1 km long and runs across El Laberinto swamp.

Sacbe 8 is on the west side of the swamp and does not appear to cross it to the site core.

Structures
Structure 1 (or Structure I) is a 50 m pyramid to the east of the site core. A number of stelae were erected at its base by Yuknoom Took' K'awiil in 731. Because it was built on a low hill, Structure 1 appears to be higher than Structure 2, although this is not the case.

Structure 2 (or Structure II) is a massive north-facing pyramid temple, one of the largest in the Maya world. Its base measures 120 m square and it stands over 45 m high. In common with many temple pyramids in the Mesoamerican cultural region, the pyramid at Calakmul increased in size by building upon the pre-existing temple in order to increase its bulk. The core of the building (Structure 2A) is a triadic pyramid dating to the Late Preclassic period, with this ancient building still forming the highest point of the structure. In the Early Classic a massive extension was added to the front of the pyramid, covering an earlier stucco-covered building on the north side. Three new shrines were built upon this extension (Structures 2B, 2C and 2D), each of these shrines had its own access stairway. Structure 2B was the central shrine, 2C was to the east and 2D to the west. The facade possessed six large masks set between these stairways, three arranged vertically on each side of the central stairway. Structure 2 is similar in date, size and design to the El Tigre pyramid at El Mirador, and associated ceramics are also similar. At a later time buildings were erected along the base of the facade, each of these contained stelae.

In the 8th century AD, Structure 2B was entombed under a large pyramid and a stepped facade covered the giant masks. Later another facade was built over this 8th-century stepped frontage but it may never have been finished. In the Late Classic a nine-room palace was built on top of the pyramid, supporting a roof comb that had painted stucco bas-relief decoration. The rooms were arranged in three groups of three, each room positioned behind the next. The entire Late Classic palace measured 19.4 by. The front two rows of rooms (Rooms 1 through to 6) were used for food preparation, metates and hearths were found in each of them. Room 7, the southwest room, was a sweatbath.

Structure 3 (or Structure III, also known as the Lundell Palace) is southeast of Structure 4, on the east side of the Central Plaza. It is a building with multiple rooms.

Structure 4 (or Structure IV) is a group of three temples on the east side of the Central Plaza. It is divided into three sections, labelled Structures 4a, 4b and 4c. The central Structure 4b is built upon a substructure dating to the Preclassic period. Together with Structure 6 on the opposite side of the plaza, these buildings form an E-Group that may have been used to determine the solstices and the equinoxes.

Structure 5 (or Structure V) is a large building located on the plaza to the north of Structure 2. It was surrounded by 10 stelae, many dated to the 7th century AD although the building itself was first erected in the Preclassic period.

Structure 6 (or Structure VI) is on the west side of the Central Plaza and, together with Structures 4a, 4b and 4c, forms an E-Group astronomical complex. In 1989 observations verified that on March 21, the vernal equinox, the sun rose behind Structure 4b as seen from Structure 6.

Structure 7 (or Structure VII) is a temple pyramid on the north side of the Central Plaza. It faces south and stands 24 m high. Five plain stelae were erected on the south side of the pyramid. It underwent several construction phases from in the Late to Terminal Classic. The pyramid was topped by a three-room temple that possessed a tall stucco-covered roof comb. A patolli game board was carved into the floor of the outermost room of the temple.

Structure 8 (or Structure VIII) is a small building located on the north side of the Central Plaza, to the east of Structure 7. It is associated with Stela 1 and its altar.

Stelae, murals and ceramics
Calakmul is one of the most structure-rich sites within the Maya region. The site contains 117 stelae, the largest total in the region. Most are in paired sets representing rulers and their wives. However, because these carved stelae were produced in soft limestone, most of these stelae have been eroded beyond interpretation. Also many elaborate murals were discovered at Calakmul. These murals do not represent activities of the elite class. Rather, they depict elaborate market scenes of people preparing or consuming products such as atole, tamales, or tobacco as an ointment. Also items being sold were textiles and needles. These murals also have glyphs within them describing the actions occurring.

The most prominent figure in these murals is identified as Lady Nine Stone; she appears in many scenes. This brings a world of the Maya marketplace to vibrant life for archaeologists. Another highly beneficial resource to Maya archaeological understanding at Calakmul is the ceramic remains. The composition of the ceramic materials identifies the region or more specifically the polity that produced them. Ceramics with the snake emblem glyph found at several sites also give more evidence to identify ties or control over that site by Calakmul.

Stela 1 is associated with an altar and located by Structure 8.

Stela 8 records the celebration of an event in AD 593 by Uneh Chan and was erected after his death.

Stela 9 is a thin slate monument dated to 662. Its text describes the birth of king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak' and gives him his full royal title.

Stela 28 and Stela 29 were erected in 623 and are the earliest monuments to survive from Late Classic Calakmul. They depict a royal couple but the texts are too poorly preserved to reveal their names.

Stela 33 was erected by Yuknoom Che'en II in 657 and records an event in the reign of Uneh Chan, who may have been his father. The event was celebrated in 593.

Stela 38 stands at the base of Structure 2.

Stela 42 is also located at the base of Structure 2.

Stela 43 dates to AD 514. It was set in a vaulted chamber near the base of Structure 2. The text is damaged but carries an early spelling of the k'uhul chatan winik non-royal noble title used in Calakmul and the Mirador Basin.

Stela 50 is one of the last monuments erected during the final decline of the city. It bears a crude, clumsily executed portrait.

Stela 51 is the best preserved monument at Calakmul. It depicts Yuknoom Took' K'awiil and dates to AD 731.

Stela 54 dates to 731 and depicts a wife of Yuknoom Took' K'awiil.

Stela 57 is a tall stela erected in 771 by B'olon K'awiil. It is paired with Stela 58 and stands to the east of Structure 13.

Stela 58 is the second of a pair erected by B'olon K'awiil in 771, the other being Stela 57. It was erected to the east of Structure 13.

Stela 61 is a late monument bearing the name Aj Took'. It is a stunted stela with a badly eroded portrait and a shortened date form that is equivalent to a date either in 899 or 909, probably the latter.

Stela 62 was unfinished. It was carved to mark the K'atun-ending ceremony of 751 and bears the damaged name of Ruler Z.

Stela 76 and Stela 78 are a pair of monuments dated to AD 633. They are badly eroded but should date to the reign of king Yuknoom Head.

Stela 84 is one of the last monuments erected at Calakmul and bears an inscription that is an illiterate imitation of writing. It probably dates to the early 10th century AD.

Stela 88 may have been paired with Stela 62. The monument has the image of a queen but her name is unknown. B'olon K'awiil also appears to be mentioned on the stela. It dates to around 751 and stands on the stairway of Structure 13. Stela 91 is another very late monument probably dating to the early 10th century. Like Stela 84, it bears an inscription that is a meaningless imitation of hieroglyphic writing.

Stela 114 dates to AD 435, in the Early Classic. It was moved in antiquity to be reset into the base of Structure 2. The stela has a long hieroglyphic text that has resisted translation but probably commemorates a royal enthronement in 411.

Stela 115 and Stela 116 date to the reign of Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak'. They were broken and buried in Structure 2 and may be associated with the royal burial in Tomb 4.

Royal burial
Tomb 4 was set into the floor of Structure 2B in the 8th century AD and is the richest burial known from Calakmul. The tomb contained a male skeleton wrapped in textiles and jaguar pelts that were partially preserved with resin. The tomb contained rich offerings that included jade ear ornaments handed down from the Early Classic, a jade mosaic mask, shell and bone beads, spiny oyster shells, eccentric obsidian blades, fine ceramics and the remains of wooden objects. One of the ceramics was a plate with a hieroglyphic text that specifically named king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak' as its owner. The remains and the offering were placed in an arched wooden bier carved with elaborate decoration and hieroglyphs that was painted in a variety of colours. The bier has almost completely decayed but left an impression in the mud packed around it. Due to the plate and the possible association of Stelae 115 and 116 with the burial the tomb is believed to be that of the late 7th-century king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak'.

title: Calakmul


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Angelika Niebler

Angelika Niebler (née Rupertseder; born 18 February 1963) is a German lawyer and politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 1999. She is a member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, part of the European People's Party. Since 2015, she has been serving as her party's deputy chairwoman, under the leadership of successive chairmen Horst Seehofer and Markus Söder.

Education

 * 1988: First state law examination
 * 1991: Second state law examination
 * 1992: Doctor of law, dissertation: Der Einsatz einer Expertensystemshell im Gesetzgebungsverfahren (English: "The use of expert systems in legislative procedure")

Professional career
Niebler practiced with Lovells from 1991 to 1997 and – as Salary Partner – with Beiten Burkhardt from 1997 to 2004. From 2004 to 2015, she worked at Bird & Bird’s Munich office. In September 2015, she joined Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher’s Munich office as of counsel, where she supports the firm's Media, Entertainment & Technology Group as well as the Privacy, Cybersecurity and Consumer Protection Group.

In addition to practicing law, Niebler has been a visiting lecturer on Intellectual / Industrial Property Rights (IPR) at the Munich University of Applied Sciences (HM) since August 2016.

Early political career

 * since 1995: Member of the Upper Bavaria CSU district executive (since 2011 under the leadership of Ilse Aigner)
 * since 1999: Chairman of the Women's Union of Upper Bavaria district and member of the Land executive of the Women's Union in Bavaria
 * since 1999: Congress delegate and member of the executive, European People's Party
 * since 1996: Member of Ebersberg district council

Member of the European Parliament, 1999–present
Since 1999, Niebler has been a Member of the European Parliament, where she has since served as the CDU/CSU Group parliamentary business manager in the EPP-ED Group at the European Parliament, and as member of the CDU/CSU Group and EPP-ED Group Executive.

Niebler sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy and its Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. She is a substitute for the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection.

Between 2007 and 2009, Niebler served as chairwoman of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy; she was later replaced by Herbert Reul. In 2006, she was the author of the industry committee's report on the seventh Framework Program for Research and Technological Development, totalling €50.5 billion. From 2010 to 2012, she led the European Parliament's negotiations on overhauling European Union roaming regulations. She was her parliamentary group's shadow rapporteur on a non-binding 2021 motion in support of using “low-carbon hydrogen” made from fossil gas as a bridge towards 100% renewable production. Since 2021, she has been the parliament's lead rapporteur on the Data Governance Act.

In addition to her committee assignments, Niebler is part of the parliament's delegation for relations with the Gulf States, including Yemen. She is also a member of the European Internet Forum; the European Parliament Intergroup on the Digital Agenda; the European Parliament's Sky and Space Intergroup (SSI); and the European Parliament Intergroup on Biodiversity, Countryside, Hunting and Recreational Fisheries.

In early 2014, the CSU chose Niebler to be the party list's number 2 for the 2014 European elections, following Markus Ferber. She later replaced Ferber as leader of the CSU MEPs after the party's poor showing in the elections.

Role in national politics
Ahead of the 2002 German federal election, Edmund Stoiber included Niebler in his shadow cabinet for the Christian Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Gerhard Schröder as chancellor.

Niebler later was a CSU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2022. In 2015, Bavaria's Minister President Horst Seehofer nominated her as one of his deputies in the office of CSU chairman, making her part of the party's leadership. In the negotiations to form a fourth cabinet under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Niebler led the working group on families, alongside Annette Widmann-Mauz and Katarina Barley.

Corporate boards

 * LVM Krankenversicherungs-AG, Member of the supervisory board (since 2015)
 * Bavarian Savings Banks Association, Member of the advisory board (since 2009)
 * Metabion International AG, Member of the supervisory board (since 2004)

Non-profit organizations

 * Bavarian Economic Council, President (since 2018), Member of the Presidium (since 2008)
 * Alfons Goppel Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * European Academy of Bavaria, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * European Energy Forum (EEF), Member
 * European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants, Patron
 * European Internet Foundation, Member of the Steering Committee
 * German European Security Association (GESA), Founding Member
 * German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), vice-president of the council (since 2014)
 * German Women Lawyers Association (DJB), Member
 * Hanns Seidel Foundation, Member of the Board (since 2014)
 * Ifo Institute for Economic Research, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Max Planck Society, Member of the Senate
 * Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Technische Universität München, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * TÜV SÜD Stiftung, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * ZDF, Member of the Television Board (2000-2016)

Recognition

 * 2017 – Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 2016 – Politico Europe's The 40 MEPs who actually matter in 2016
 * 2011 – Bavarian Order of Merit
 * 2010 – Bavarian Constitutional Medal in Silver
 * 2008 – Medal for Extraordinary Merits for Bavaria in a United Europe

title: Angelika Niebler


text: User:Agesilaus I

title: User:Agesilaus I


text:
Edward Sorel

Edward Sorel (born Edward Schwartz, 26 March 1929) is an American illustrator, caricaturist, cartoonist, graphic designer and author. His work is known for its storytelling, its left-liberal social commentary, its criticism of reactionary right-wing politics and organized religion. Formerly a regular contributor to The Nation, New York Magazine and The Atlantic, his work is today seen more frequently in Vanity Fair. He has been hailed by The New York Times as "one of America's foremost political satirists". As a lifelong New Yorker, a large portion of his work interprets the life, culture and political events of New York City. There is also a large body of work which is nostalgic for the stars of 1930s and 1940s Hollywood when Sorel was a youth. Sorel is noted for his wavy pen-and-ink style, which he describes as "spontaneous direct drawing".

Early life
Sorel was born and grew up in The Bronx, the son of Jewish immigrants. His father was a door-to-door dry goods salesman, while his mother worked full-time in a hatmaking factory. Sorel became serious about drawing when a case of double pneumonia confined him to bed for nearly a year. He attended the High School of Music & Art, and graduated from the Cooper Union in 1951.

As he explains in Mary Astor's Purple Diary, he took his name from the character Julien Sorel of The Red and the Black by Stendhal, with whom he felt akin because both hated their fathers, the clergy and the corrupt society of their time.

Career
Sorel was a co-founder of Push Pin Studios with Milton Glaser, Seymour Chwast, and Reynold Ruffins in 1953.

In 1956 Sorel went freelance. His first published illustration was A War for Civilization was sold to the satirical magazine The Realist; in 1961. He then sold the magazine a cartoon satirizing the glamor of the Kennedy family, an early example of his parody movie posters. Victor Navasky appointed him art director for the satirical magazine Monocle in 1963. In the later 1960s he produced full-color satirical bestiaries for the left-wing Ramparts, and a series called "Sorel's Unfamiliar Quotations" for The Atlantic. A profile of Sorel in Time 15 October 1968 was instrumental in selling "Sorel's News Service" by King Features to 44 syndicated newspapers for 14 months from later 1969 through 1970. Clay Felker founded New York magazine in the late 1960s and Glaser hired Sorel as its art director in the late 1970s.

Sorel also contributed covers and features to early issues of National Lampoon. When Felker bought the Village Voice in 1974 Sorel was given a weekly spot there, which lasted for most of the 1970s. By the mid-1980s Sorel moved to The Nation, now edited by his old colleague Navasky, and to which he contributed for the next decade. Sorel joined The New Yorker in late 1992 contributing a cover to the first issue edited by new editor Tina Brown. He has contributed many illustrations, features, and 44 covers to The New Yorker.

He has contributed many features to Vanity Fair. His art has also appeared on the covers of Harper's Magazine, Fortune, Forbes, Esquire, Time, American Heritage, Atlantic Monthly. Sorel also had a lengthy association with Penthouse, often lavishly reworking earlier drawings and ideas from his work for The Village Voice and The Nation.

In 2007 he completed the celebrated mural for the Waverly Inn in New York's Greenwich Village, which was published as a book, The Mural at the Waverly Inn in 2008. In 2009 he completed the mural for the redesigned Monkey Bar Restaurant in New York City.

As a writer, Sorel has reviewed books and exhibitions of fellow cartoonists and illustrators for such publications as The New York Times, The New York Observer, and American Heritage magazine.

In February 2010 he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.

In 2016, Sorel published "Mary Astor's Purple Diary," which was received with praise. In late December 2016, Sorel received a rave book review by Woody Allen.

Personal life
Sorel has been married twice. He met his second wife, Nancy Caldwell, in 1963 at a Quakers Morningside Friends Meeting, and married her in 1965. Sorel and Caldwell have collaborated on two books, with Caldwell writing the text and Sorel doing the illustrations. Sorel has four children: Madeline Sorel Kahn, Leo Sorel, Jenny Sorel, Katherine Sorel; and six grandchildren: Saskia Kahn, Sabella Kahn, Walter Sorel, Adam Sorel, Dulio Sorel, and Thelonious Sorel.

Exhibitions
In 1998 the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC, devoted several rooms to an exhibition of his caricatures. Other one-man shows include the Graham Gallery and the Davis and Langdale Gallery in New York City, the Susan Conway Gallery in Washington, DC, the Art Institute of Boston, Galerie Bartsch & Chariau in Munich, Germany, and Chris Beetles Gallery in London.

Awards
He is a recipient of the Auguste St. Gaudens Medal for Professional Achievement from Cooper Union (his alma mater), the Hamilton King Award from The Society of Illustrators, the Page One Award from the Newspaper Guild, the Best in Illustration Award from the National Cartoonists Society, the George Polk Award for Satiric Drawing, and the "Karikaturpreis der deutschen Anwaltschaft" from the Wilhelm Busch Museum in Hanover, Germany. He received the National Cartoonist Society Advertising and Illustration Award for 1993. In 2001, Sorel was given the Hunter College James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2001 the Art Directors Club of New York elected him to their Hall of Fame, the first cartoonist since John Held Jr. to be so honored. Ed Sorel serves as an Honorary Board Member of the Freedom From Religion Foundation.

In 2011, the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan honored Sorel as part of their Masters Series, an award and exhibition that honors great visual communicators. The SVA produced a documentary about Sorel entitled Nice Work if You Can Get It directed by his son, Leo. The documentary is now streaming on Vimeo.

In 2022, he was awarded the Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year by the National Cartoonists Society.

Adults' books

 * How to be President: Some Hard and Fast Rules (Grove Press, 1960)
 * Moon Missing (Simon & Schuster, 1962)
 * Sorel's World's Fair (McGraw-Hill, 1964)
 * Making the World Safe for Hypocrisy (Swallow Press, 1972)
 * Superpen: the Cartoons and Caricatures of Edward Sorel (Random House, 1978)
 * Unauthorized Portraits (Alfred A. Knopf, 1997)
 * Literary Lives (Bloomsbury, 2006)
 * Just When You Thought Things Couldn't Get Worse: The Cartoons and Comic Strips of Edward Sorel (W.W. Norton, 2007)
 * The Mural at the Waverly Inn: A Portrait of Greenwich Village Bohemians (Pantheon, 2008)
 * Mary Astor's Purple Diary: The Great American Sex Scandal of 1936 (Liveright Publishing, 2016)

Children's books

 * The Zillionaire's Daughter (Warner Juvenile Books, 1989)
 * Johnny-on-the-Spot (M.K. McElderry Books, 1998)
 * The Saturday Kid, with Cheryl Carlesimo (M.K. McElderry Books, 2000)

Collaborations

 * Word People, by Nancy Caldwell Sorel (American Heritage Press, 1970)
 * First Encounters: a Book of Memorable Meetings, by Nancy Caldwell Sorel (Knopf, 1994)

As Illustrator

 * King Carlo of Capri, by Warren Miller (Harcourt, Brace & Comp., 1958)
 * Pablo Paints a Picture, by Warren Miller (Little, Brown, 1959)
 * The Goings-on at Little Wishful, by Warren Miller (Little, Brown, 1959)
 * Gwendolyn the Miracle Hen, by Nancy Sherman (Golden Press, 1961)
 * Gwendolyn and the Weathercock by Nancy Sherman (Golden Press, 1963)
 * What's Good For A Five-Year-Old, by William Cole (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969)
 * The Duck in the Gun, by Joy Cowley (Doubleday, 1969)
 * Jay Williams' Magical Storybook (American Heritage Press, 1972)
 * The Pirates of Penzance, by Ward Botsford (Random House, 1981)
 * Jack and the Beanstalk, by Eric Metaxas (Rabbit Ears Books, 2006)
 * The Complete Fables of la Fontaine: A New Translation in Verse, by Jean de la Fontaine and Craig Hill (Arcade Pub., 2008)
 * Certitude: A Profusely Illustrated Guide to Blockheads and Bullheads, Past and Present, by Adam Begley (Harmony Books, 2009)

Interviews

 * Discussion between Edward Sorel, Jules Feiffer, and David Levine about left-wing politics and cartoons
 * 1997 interview with The Atlantic
 * 2006 interview with The Guardian
 * 2006 interview about Literary Lives
 * 2008 Interview
 * Interview about Waverly Inn mural
 * Interview about Monkey Bar mural

Reviews

 * Review of The Undressed Art: Why We Draw
 * Review of 18th century caricature
 * Review of 19th century caricature
 * Review of caricaturist Miguel Covarrubias
 * Review of caricaturist William Auerbach-Levy
 * Review of Krazy Kat cartoons
 * Review of cartoonist Gluyas Williams
 * Review of cartoonist Charles Saxon
 * Review of cartoonist James Thurber
 * Review of Charles Addams
 * Review of cartoonist Herblock
 * Review of Dr. Seuss
 * Review of William Steig
 * Review of Ludwig Bemelmans
 * Review of Julius Knipl, Real Estate Photographer by Ben Katchor
 * Article about the film Casablanca

title: Edward Sorel


text:
Speedway (1968 film)

Speedway is a 1968 American musical action film starring Elvis Presley as a racecar driver and Nancy Sinatra (in her last film role) as his romantic interest.

Plot
Steve Grayson (Presley) is a generous NASCAR race car driver with a heart of gold who feels compelled to bail friends and acquaintances out of financial hardship. However, Steve's manager and best friend Kenny Donford, a compulsive gambler, had been mismanaging Steve's winnings to support his gambling habits, landing Steve in deep trouble with the IRS for nonpayment of back taxes and causing many of Steve's valuable possessions to be repossessed. This proves to be a problem for Steve in his efforts to continue racing competitively and support those who depend on his intense generosity.

Enter Susan Jacks (Sinatra), an IRS agent assigned to keep tabs on Steve and apply his future prize money toward his $150,000 debt, but she ends up taking a romantic interest in him as well. Both Steve and Susan also sing, which adds to the plot line.

Cast

 * Elvis Presley as Steve Grayson
 * Nancy Sinatra as Susan Jacks
 * Bill Bixby as Kenny Donford
 * Gale Gordon as R. W. Hepworth
 * William Schallert as Abel Esterlake
 * Victoria Paige Meyerink as Ellie Esterlake
 * Carl Ballantine as Birdie Kebner
 * Ross Hagen as Paul Dado
 * Charlotte Considine as Lori
 * Sandy Reed as Speedway Announcer

Production
Speedway was originally planned as a film to star Sonny & Cher. However, after their first movie, Good Times flopped at the box office, Columbia sold the rights to MGM, which retooled it for Elvis. Elvis was paid $850,000 plus 50% of the profits.

Petula Clark and Annette Funicello were offered the lead female role, but both turned it down.

Filming began on 26 June 1967.

Scenes were shot at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. The film features guest appearances by several of the top stock-car—better known now as NASCAR—drivers of the day including Richard Petty, Buddy Baker, Cale Yarborough, Tiny Lund and more. They were shown individually with their names in the film's opening credits.

This would be the final "formula" musical film of Presley's career. His remaining films would be less musical and more adult in tone.

Steve Grayson's generosity portrayed in the film was based loosely on Presley's real-life generosity, in which Presley would give cars, homes, and other expensive items to Memphis Mafia members (the media's nickname for his close group of friends and coworkers), family and friends, and even total strangers.

Release
Although the film was completed in the early summer of 1967, it was not released in theaters until June 1968. It was a box-office success placing at #40 for the year on the Variety weekly national box office list.

The only guitar to be featured in the film is during one of the film's closing scenes, during the performance of "There Ain't Nothing Like A Song", where a sunburst Fender Coronado is used.

Reception
By 1968, Presley films had long become formulaic. Renata Adler of The New York Times wrote that Speedway was "just another Presley movie — which makes no great use at all of one of the most talented, important and durable performers of our time. Music, youth and customs were much changed by Elvis Presley 12 years ago; from the 26 movies he has made since he sang "Heartbreak Hotel" you would never guess it."

A review in Variety declared: "Under Norman Taurog's know-how comedy direction even some of the silliness in the Phillip Shuken script gets by as entertainment, but the story lacks the legitimacy of the better Presley starrers. However, with Presley in there swinging in his usual style and his own particular brand of lightness the feature stacks up as an okay entry."

Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four, writing: "'Speedway' is pleasant, kind, polite, sweet and noble, and if the late show viewers of 1988 will not discover from it what American society was like in the summer of 1968, at least they will discover what it was not like."

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "has a script that ran out of gas before Elvis Presley was born. Presley pictures can be unpretentious fun, but this one is both uninspired and too much of an imitation of too many of his previous movies ... There aren't even very many songs to break up developments too predictable to outline here." He thought Nancy Sinatra's one song was "the high point of the picture."

Home media
Speedway was released to DVD by Warner Home Video on August 7, 2007 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD.

title: Speedway (1968 film)


text: Category:History of Hertfordshire

title: Category:History of Hertfordshire


text:
User:Brokenclock

My blog: http://brokenclock.free.fr -- Warning: Except explicit opposition on your side, any mail sent to me should be used on my blog, partly or entirely, including your name, but without your mail. If your opposition takes place after the post of a story on my blog, it will be deleted on request by mail.

title: User:Brokenclock


text:
Shout (Isley Brothers song)

"Shout" is a popular song, written and originally recorded by American vocal group the Isley Brothers in 1959. Later versions include a UK Top 10 hit in 1964 by Scottish singer Lulu.

"Shout" was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. Rolling Stone magazine ranked it at number 119 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

The Isley Brothers
In performances around 1958, the Isley Brothers would typically end their shows with a cover version of Jackie Wilson's hit "Lonely Teardrops". At one performance at the Uptown Theater in Philadelphia, lead singer Ronald Isley could see the audience standing and yelling their approval, so he extended the song by improvising a call-and-response around the words "You know you make me wanna..." "Shout!". The group developed the song further in later performances and rehearsals, using a drawn out "We-eee-ll" copied from Ray Charles' "I Got a Woman". On returning to New York City at the end of their engagement, they suggested to record producers Hugo & Luigi that they record the "Shout!" climax of the performance as a separate song. The producers agreed and suggested that the band invite friends to the recording studio to generate a party atmosphere.

The recording took place on July 29, 1959 at the RCA Victor Studios in New York City, with Hugo and Luigi choosing the studio musicians and the Isley Brothers inviting organist Herman Stephens. Released in August 1959, with the song split over both sides of the record, the single reached number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the group's first chart hit, and later the brothers' first gold single on the basis of its longevity. Ronald Isley later said that church groups wrote to radio stations asking them to stop playing the record, because of its use of a traditional black gospel sound.

Other recordings
One month after the initial release, Johnny O'Keefe performed the song on his Australian TV show Six O'Clock Rock. He released it as a single, which reached number 2 in Australia. His 1964 re-recording was only a minor hit at number 49. Joey Dee and the Starliters reached number 6 with their recording of the song in 1962. It begins with Joey Dee quietly speaking his suggestion to do a little bit of "Shout" before he begins singing, in which the group only covers the first part of the song, omitting the "Say you will" portions as well. They also reworked the chorus portion of the song into an even bigger hit, "Peppermint Twist", while the Isley Brothers' version re-charted that same year at number 94.

Dion covered the song in 1962 on his album Lovers Who Wander.

In 1964, in the U.K., a version by Scottish pop singer Lulu reached number 7 (attributed to Lulu and the Luvvers). She re-recorded the song in 1986, and it reached number 8. The Shangri-Las included a version of the song in their debut LP Leader of the Pack in 1965. Tommy James and the Shondells recorded a version of the song on their 1967 album, I Think We're Alone Now.

The song was famously performed in its entirety by Lloyd G. Williams (credited as Otis Day and the Knights) for the 1978 film National Lampoon's Animal House during the frat house toga party sequence.

The Beatles recorded "Shout" in 1964 for a television special called Around the Beatles. The recording was later released in 1996 on the Beatles archival album, Anthology 1. It is one of the only Beatles recordings with a solo lead vocal from each of the four members.

The National Football League (NFL)'s Buffalo Bills commissioned a version of "Shout" in 1987 with modified lyrics sung by jingle writer Scott Kemper. It has served as the team's official fight song ever since, except for a brief period in 1993 when Polaroid's worldwide licensing of the song led to a dispute over royalties, during which the team used a version of "Shout! Shout! (Knock Yourself Out)" by Ernie Maresca.

The song was prominently featured in Elvira: Mistress of the Dark, but they could not afford to license the original recording, so it was covered by Larry Wright.

Polaroid used a version of the song, retitled "Shoot", in a 1990s-era ad campaign.

A recording of the song was used for the soundtrack of the movie Sister Act in 1992.

Louchie Lou & Michie One recorded a ragga/rap version of the song, titled "Shout (It Out)", which reached number 7 on the UK chart in 1993.

The original 1959 recording was featured in the 1982 film Diner, and the Cheers season 4 episode "Suspicion".

Michael Jackson used the hook of "Shout" in 2001 for the song of the same title, which was the B-side to the UK single of "Cry" from the Invincible album.

title: Shout (Isley Brothers song)


text:
Willi Piecyk

Willi Piecyk (born 11 August 1948 in Munich; died 1 August 2008 in Großhansdorf) was a German politician and Member of the European Parliament with the Social Democratic Party of Germany, part of the Socialist Group and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries and its Committee on Transport and Tourism.

He was a substitute for the Committee on Budgets and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee.

From 1966 to 1968, he served as a police officer.

Education

 * Secondary school-leaving certificate (1972) Studied economics and political science
 * 1979: Politics degree
 * Adult education tutor
 * 1980-1982: Chairman of the Young Socialists
 * 1991-1999: Chairman of the Schleswig-Holstein SPD
 * 1992-2008: Member of the European Parliament

title: Willi Piecyk


text:
Experimentalism

Experimentalism is the philosophical belief that the way to truth is through experiments and empiricism. It is also associated with instrumentalism, the belief that truth should be evaluated based upon its demonstrated usefulness. Experimentalism is considered a theory of knowledge that emphasizes direct action and scientific control as well as methods and consequences.

Conceptualizations
Experimentalism is referred to as John Dewey's version of pragmatism. The theory, which he also called as practicalism, holds that the pattern for knowledge should be modern science and modern scientific methods. Dewey explained that philosophy involves the critical evaluation of belief and that the concept's function is practical. This perspective has influenced modern American intellectual culture leading to a correction of approaches to science that had excessive concentrations on theory.

While experimentalism is empirical in approach, experimentalism is distinguished from empiricism. The latter involves the passive view of sense data and observational reports while the former focuses on conditions where hypotheses are tested. Experimentalists maintain that political and moral concepts arise because of conflict, hence consider experience and history as essential. It is also maintained that the experimental attitude is based on the principle of fallibilism, operating with the notion that outcomes of prior inquiries are not absolutely certain or already known and that prior findings could be wrong.

Deborah Mayo suggests that we should focus on how experimental knowledge is actually arrived at and how it functions in science. Mayo also suggests that the reason New Experimentalists have come up short, is that the part of experiments that have the most to offer in building an account of inference and evidence that are left untapped: designing, generating, modelling and analysing experiments and data.

Applications
Artists often pursue their visions through trial and error; this form of experimentalism has been practiced in every field, including music, film, literature, and theatre. A more specific explanation cites that this experimentalism is inductive in nature, with artists (e.g. Michelangelo and Titian) proceeding by trial and error as opposed to the conceptualists' approach, which favors making preparatory work while step changes are made in their progress.

Artistic experimentalism taken as a rule is generally associated with an attendant avant-garde.

In literature, the experimental approach may involve the production of texts through a combination of new procedures of literary production such as the inclusion of images in poetry. This is also seen in the works of computer artists or those who integrate technology in their art. For instance, Stan VanderBeek produced Poemfield through programming using BEFLIX to animate the poem's words and embed a geometric background.

In education, there is the position that learners continuously need new methods and experimentalism is essential in the development process. Through the method of learning-by-doing, it is expected that the learner develops his capacities and interests so that they empower him to assume the role of constructive participant in the life of the wider society. The experimentalist's view emphasizes the importance of life experience as the basis of what is learned. Experiences are said to consist the active interrelationship between the individual and the external world.

Global security specialists employ experimentalism to develop and maintain multi-faceted projects as well as determine innovative tools of governance. Such projects are operationalized through a trial-and-error and adaptive manner.

title: Experimentalism