text:
Talk:Olestra

Untitled
This looks like it has been edited by P&G Public Relations. It has changed a lot since I last looked at it, and it's become something of an ad. Anyone want to volunteer to rewrite and monitor it?
 * I'll monitor it. Brad219 06:42, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Citations for "fixed" side effects?
The claim the side effects have been mitigated is currently uncited in the article, does anyone know where that info came from? How did this stuff get approved by the FDA? Seems implausible to me. zen master   T  02:44, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see this in the article anywhere. Brad219 06:42, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

The side effects known as anal leakage, was corrected and verified in clinical studies submitted to the FDA prior to the olestra's approveal for use by the FDA. This and all other clinical studies can be found in the Food Additive Petition for olestra to the FDA.

 * If the side effects of anal leakage were corrected, then why did the FDA require the label to inform of this side effect? This makes no sense. The side effect still exists and the molecule has not been remedied to fix this issue.Brad219 06:19, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, they weren't "corrected", but the side effects were significantly reduced by the introduction of a more saturated (i.e. solid) formulation of olestra. The FDA clearly chose to err on the side of caution with the labeling. The side effect does exist, but most studies have shown it's fairly uncommon in moderate consumption.--Soultaco 23:38, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Citations for Animal Testing
The statement that animals could not be tested for long-term effects of olestra because they "physically could not eat the huge quantity," seems unplausible. Of course they can't eat the quantity that humans eat, but as in ALL animal testing of food and drugs, the dose can be scaled down according to the animal's weight, age, etc. I would like to see a citation for this, else have it removed.Brad219 06:19, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've actually removed this sentence until it can be cited, because I've found sources that claim P&G perform animal testing regularly (no pun intended).Brad219 06:25, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Keep away from pets
My ex's dog got into a bag of Wow chips one time, and of course it lost total control of his bowels. The dog otherwise had no long-term health effects, but keep Olestra food products away from Dogs, or you will have one heck of a mess. Joeylawn 03:05, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Anal Leakage
The following sentence is incorrect: "The warning was popularly misquoted as containing the phrase “anal leakage”, which although not on the label, was indeed a problem with early formulations of olestra that were not marketed."I know without a doubt that I have seen labels using "anal leakage" in the language. I don't have any citations other than the people I was with at the time who also read it. Anonymous 23:51 27 Apr 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe that phrase was used on some prescription meds, perhaps you saw it there ? I can personally attest to the fact that Olestra included in some fat-free ice cream caused me severe diarrhea, making it necessary to skip work for a two weeks (because I didn't figure out the cause until I had used up the ice cream and it went away).  On the plus side, it did indeed help me rapidly lose weight, as nothing would stay in my digestive system long enough to be digested. StuRat 12:12, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * How does your personal story help to clarify that "anal leakage" was not ever actually printed on labels? Brad219 06:42, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I suspect that comment was a response to the "was indeed a problem with early formulations of olestra that were not marketed" part of the original claim. --Saforrest 23:19, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * "Anal leakage" is mentioned and ridiculed in the not-so-popular 2002 movie ''The Sweetest Thing." See http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253867/quotes (near bottom of page)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.154.14.122 (talk) 03:53, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

I can attest that olean makes you buy a new pair of underwear after eating things made with it. Work lunches were never the same. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.239.18.50 (talk) 20:14, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Hmm
Anal seepage rediects here. Shouldn't it redirect to anal leakage?
 * Done. -- Coneslayer 15:40, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Trans fat? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.59.109.121 (talk • contribs).

 * What would you mean by that? Olestra is not the same thing as transfat.  WLU 22:36, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, this question isn't clear at all. Brad219 06:42, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No by the look of the model, non-transunsaurated —Preceding unsigned comment added by Phil Ian Manning (talk • contribs) 12:48, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Questionable insertion under "In Popular Culture"
There's a line under the last entry here (craig's list entry) that seems out of place and has nothing to do with the craig's list entry itself. I think it's vandalism because it sounds outragous. Can anybody clarify on this or should it just be removed? The quote is "Side effects include vomiting, severe cramping, passing out, drop in blood pressure." This is absolutely not true, but if it was a part of a comedy routine cited in the pop culture, it might make sense. However, it seems to be vandalism to me. Thx1200 14:01, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

the stereogram
that is cool, but the image is too big, we are forced to squint a huge amount for it to work--200.193.158.167 01:51, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

get a 2D picPhil Ian Manning (talk) 12:54, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Click on stereogram, it expands —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.154.14.122 (talk) 03:44, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Commercialization
From the dates given, it apparently took Proctor & Gamble about 28 years to get FDA approval for Olestra. That seems slow even allowing for the product having to be reformulated. Dick Kimball (talk) 17:24, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and carefull attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 17:43, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Industrial Uses, etc.
I added a section on the industrial uses of Olestra/Sefose, which is a noteworthy recent development. I will try to add more relevant information as it becomes available.

I also put the TV reference in a pop culture section, since that seemed to be appropriate.

Does anyone have more information about bans and approval for use? That section seems like it could be filled out a bit more, perhaps even with information from the Commercialization section.

Matthiashess (talk) 16:43, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Olean vs olein
I corrected this for capitalization and spelling. Olein is not a brand name -- it is a synonym for glycerol trioleate, a naturally occuring component of olive oil! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.33.230.200 (talk) 18:20, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Reliable sources, UK ban
We lack a reliable source for this stuff being banned in the UK. The article currently used as a reference -- http://www.healthyandhot.com/everything_you_wanted_to_know_about_olestra.htm -- cites Wikipedia as one of its sources. As we can't tell what they got from wikipedia and what from their other source, which is no longer available, we really can't use any of the content on this page as a reference. JulesH (talk) 23:16, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Also, "banned" is perhaps a somewhat emotive word whereas "unapproved" is likely to more accurately reflect the reality: in the UK, all food products without a long history of use need approval before they can be sold. It is likely that P&G simply failed to acquire this approval, rather than the product being actively removed from sale. JulesH (talk) 23:22, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Side effects section
There should certainly be a separate "Side Effects" section as that is one of the most widely known facts about olestra. Bundling it in the history section doesn't seem to suffice since many people may only want to read about the side effects. 76.100.202.39 (talk) 23:19, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

The statement "in spite of having received over 20,000 complaints" is cited with a quote from an individual who does not provide any support for the number. The footnote should link to official documentation of this count, or the statement should be flagged as an unsubstantiated claim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.200.173.54 (talk) 23:35, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

current status- is it even still on the food market??
I cant find anything with olestra in it anywhere anymore, is it even still on the market? is it more of a regional thing or what? I personally liked this stuff alot and it never gave me any problems at all.. i hope its not off the market now because everyone was scared of anal leakage. can the article add something about current trends and market conditions for foods with this product in it please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gawdsmak (talk • contribs) 09:46, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

caps
This statement was stuck at the bottom of the article:

Throughout this article, the word 'olestra' has its first letter capitalized. I believe that olestra is not a brand name nor a trade mark nor a proper name, and thus the upper case beginning should be used only when the word is the first of a sentence. Someone else can verify this, and if my belief is correct, then the article should be corrected.

Since usually only trade names are capitalized, I made the changes. In the food industry, lower case is more often seen. Gigemag76 (talk) 21:33, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

Losing weight by eating
I recently rewrote one of the paragraphs that reported a finding, citing Food Politics, to balance it with a claim from the manufacturer. In my opinion, any time you reduce calorie intake, your blood sugar will be lower later in the day and, if you don't resolve to resist that empty feeling and snack (that is, unless you seriously diet), your switch to fat-free will be ineffective. So, while I don't believe the manufacturer that olestra foods are so satisfying as to overcome this, neither do I believe that the tendency of consumers to compensate for calories "saved" says anything about olestra or any high-tech method to "save" calories.

Regarding the contributor above whom olestra-based ice cream sidelined from work for two weeks, I think simple lactose intolerance is a far better explanation than a new Frankenfood.

Now to the point: another contributor (who now edits only once a year) reported above that olestra was reformulated in a "more solid" form, perhaps leading to the withdrawal of the FDA warning requirement. For me, Pringles Light is now completely unremarkable, and this did not used to be the case. More information on this reformulation ought to be part of the article. Spike-from-NH (talk) 13:20, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

i do know a lot of things about chemistry and food and nutritional facts actually it was a big lie and only marketing !

Olestra was marketed in the US as fat free but i discovered a pack of olestra oil in europe and they had 9 calories per 1 gramm that means it has the same amount of calories like other oils

My relatives bought me a few bags of them and i was eating them and gain a lot of weight — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.189.28.120 (talk) 13:59, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

Banned in some countries?
Does anybody have a way to check Olestra's current legal situation in other countries? I read it was banned years ago but don't know how to check for current status Frohike14 (talk) 06:48, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Dead sources
An IP noted on the article that:

Sources 6, 11, 12, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 in this article have broken links or do not exist.

Of course I removed it, but I'm recording it here if anyone wants to fix the links. Galobtter (talk) 18:53, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Olestra is very similar to bile acid sequestrants, I am seriously tempted to add this
Olestra is extremly similar to bile acid sequestrants, I realized this simply as I was reading the article.

The bile acid sequestrants that I am most familiar with are ion exchange resins, similar to potassium sequestrants. This actually makes them safer than neutral lipids, such as olestra, because olestra will happily absorb neutral compounds. Positively charged bile acid sequestrants will tend not to absorb positively charged molecules, which is the majority of drugs, although the small intestine is often somewhat alkaline so the free base forms of these drugs is more prevalent. Potassium sequestrants, being negatively charged, have a rather vicious ability to absorb and incorporate positively charged drugs and thereby inhibit absorption. It is interesting to note that bile acid sequestrants are sometimes needed when the liver is diseased, and potassium sequestrants are almost universally needed because the kidneys are diseased. However, the liver does a lot of things, including synthesizing bile acids, so it depends on which liver functions are broken, and whether something harmful is occurring via a negative feedback or compensatory mechanism.

An even broader similar compound is activated carbon, although it is only used in emergencies as far as I know, and the extent to which it is useful is possibly limited compared to gastric lavage.

I am tempted to add a mention of bile acid sequestrants, I am not sure where. Also, I do not currently have any citations. I could look for some.

May the Fourth be with you. Tomorrow. Or already, in Sydney, Australia. Also in Perth, Australia. Okay, probably all of Australia is already in Force Day. Also, happy Madrid Community Elections, #4M #nopolitics. 209.94.144.13 (talk) 17:30, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olestra


text:
1987 Edgecumbe earthquake

The 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake measured 6.5 on the moment magnitude scale and struck the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand at 1.42 pm on 2 March. The hypocentre was at a shallow depth of 8 km. The epicentre was 2.24 km south-south-east of the town of Matata, and 15 km north-north-west of Edgecumbe, on the Rangitaiki Plains (the floodplain of the Rangitaiki River, the Tarawera River and the Whakatane River). It was the most damaging earthquake New Zealand had experienced since the 1968 Inangahua earthquake.

Main event
The main shock was preceded for two weeks by earthquake swarms in two areas of the Bay of Plenty. A swarm started on 21 February off-shore from Maketu, near Te Puke, 40 kilometres from the main shock's epicentre, and another swarm started on 26 February between Matata and Thornton, very close to the epicentre. Then there was a 5.2 earthquake at 1.35 pm on 2 March, followed by the main shock seven minutes later. The main shock appears to have actually consisted of two ruptures, and possibly a third. There were indications that the first rupture propagated towards the south-west, triggering a second rupture 9 kilometres to the south-west and three seconds after the first. There is also the possibility of a third, significantly smaller, rupture another ten seconds later. The largest aftershock measured 5.6 and struck nine minutes later at 1.51 pm.

Eleven ground-surface ruptures occurred in the Rangitaiki Plains, though no active faults had previously been recognised on the Plains. The largest rupture, the Edgecumbe Fault, was 7 km long and formed on, and extended, a late Holocene fault scarp. The old scarp had previously been unrecognised, but was later seen in aerial photographs taken before the earthquake. The northern end of the scarp is one kilometre east of Edgecumbe, and the scarp runs southwest to a point three kilometres north of Te Teko. The land on the north-western side dropped by up to 2.1 m, and that area is now more prone to flooding. The most spectacular feature of the scarp was a deep prominent fissure up to 3 metres wide and 3–4 metres deep, mostly with near-vertical walls, that opened up along the fault. It appears that the fault has ruptured at least once previously in the past 1800 years. The intense ground shaking led to a large number of ground surface failures, including sand boils, ridge-top shatters and debris avalanches on steeper slopes.

The Rangitaiki Plains is part of the Whakatāne Graben and both lie within the Taupo Volcanic Zone, which is widening and subsiding. During the Edgecumbe earthquake, the area widened by 1.2 metres and dropped in height by 2 m.

The most damage was in the towns of Edgecumbe, Te Teko, Kawerau, Matata and Thornton, where chimneys toppled and poorly constructed houses were seriously damaged. The hardest hit was Edgecumbe, with damage to approximately 50% of its houses. There was extensive damage to its milk factory, with large storage tanks toppled. Railway tracks in the town were bent and buckled, and an 80-tonne New Zealand Railways DC class locomotive toppled over.

Twenty-five people suffered injuries that needed medical attention, but no-one was killed. The foreshock seven minutes before the main shock had cut the power supply, and many people had moved away from heavy machinery and out of buildings that then collapsed in the main earthquake.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake


text:
Crêt de la Neige

Le Crêt de la Neige is the highest peak in the Jura Mountains and the department of Ain in France. Its elevation is 1720 m above sea level (reported as 1718 m before 2003). Its prominence is 1260 m. It is located in the commune of Thoiry.

title: Crêt de la Neige


text:
Kraig Metzinger

Kraig Metzinger (born March 19, 1963) is an American former child actor, who played the role of Maude Findlay's grandson Phillip Traynor on the sitcom Maude for the show's final season in 1977–1978. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Metzinger took over that role from Brian Morrison, who had played the character for the first five seasons.

Prior to Maude, Metzinger was a regular in the cast of the short-lived 1976 CBS series Sara.

title: Kraig Metzinger


text:
Sevenoaks (UK Parliament constituency)

Sevenoaks is a constituency in Kent represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Laura Trott, a Conservative who has served as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury since July 2024. The seat was previously held by Michael Fallon, who served as Secretary of State for Defence from 2014 to 2017.

History
This constituency has existed since the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.

With the exception of the one-year Parliament in 1923, the constituency has to date been a Conservative stronghold.

Sir Thomas Jewell Bennett before entering Parliament was a leader writer at The Standard and lived in India for many years, working at the Bombay Gazette before becoming both editor and principal proprietor of the Times of India. Bennett returned to England in 1901 and in 1910 unsuccessfully contested his first Parliamentary election, losing to Alfred Gelder at the time of David Lloyd George and H. H. Asquith's celebrated "People's Budget". He represented the seat for five years from 1918.
 * 1885–1950

Higher in government in this period was Hilton Young, the Health Secretary between 1931 and 1935. The health portfolio at the time included responsibility for housing, including slum clearance and rehousing. Key items of legislation to which he contributed in this period were: the Town and Country Planning Act (1932) (which applied to all 'developable' land), the Housing Act (1935) (which laid down standards of accommodation) and the Restriction of Ribbon Development Act (1935) (which sought to consolidate urban development and restrict ribbon sprawl along major highways).

Since 1950 the highest government position has been that of Michael Fallon, who was appointed Secretary of State for Defence in 2014 under Prime Minister David Cameron. Fallon held the office until he resigned on 1 November 2017 in the light of allegations of inappropriate behaviour of a sexual nature, before retiring prior to the 2019 general election.
 * 1950–date

Boundaries
1918–1950: The Urban Districts of Sevenoaks and Wrotham, and the Rural Districts of Malling and Sevenoaks.

1950–1974: The Urban District of Sevenoaks, and the Rural Districts of Malling and Sevenoaks.

1974–1983: The Urban District of Sevenoaks, the Rural District of Sevenoaks as altered by the Greater London Kent and Surrey Order 1968, and in the Rural District of Dartford the civil parishes of Ash-cum-Ridley, Eynsford, Farningham, Fawkham, Hartley, Horton Kirby, Longfield, Swanley, and West Kingsdown.

1983–1997: The District of Sevenoaks wards of Brasted, Chevening, Crockenhill and Lullingstone, Dunton Green, Eynsford, Farningham, Halstead Knockholt and Badgers Mount, Hextable and Swanley Village, Kemsing, Leigh, Otford, Penshurst and Fordcombe, Riverhead, Seal, Sevenoaks Kippington, Sevenoaks Northern, Sevenoaks Town and St John's, Sevenoaks Weald and Underriver, Sevenoaks Wildernesse, Shoreham, Somerdon, Sundridge and Ide Hill, Swanley Christchurch, Swanley St Mary's, Swanley White Oak, Westerham and Crockham, and West Kingsdown.

1997–2010: The District of Sevenoaks wards of Ash-cum-Ridley, Brasted, Chevening, Crockenhill and Lullingstone, Dunton Green, Eynsford, Farningham, Halstead Knockholt and Badgers Mount, Hextable and Swanley Village, Kemsing, Otford, Riverhead, Seal, Sevenoaks Kippington, Sevenoaks Northern, Sevenoaks Town and St John's, Sevenoaks Weald and Underriver, Sevenoaks Wildernesse, Shoreham, Sundridge and Ide Hill, Swanley Christchurch, Swanley St Mary's, Swanley White Oak, Westerham and Crockham, and West Kingsdown.

2010–2024: The District of Sevenoaks wards of Ash, Brasted, Chevening and Sundridge, Crockenhill and Well Hill, Dunton Green and Riverhead, Eynsford, Farningham, Horton Kirby and South Darenth, Fawkham and West Kingsdown, Halstead, Knockholt and Badgers Mount, Hextable, Kemsing, Otford and Shoreham, Seal and Weald, Sevenoaks Eastern, Sevenoaks Kippington, Sevenoaks Northern, Sevenoaks Town and St John's, Swanley Christchurch and Swanley Village, Swanley St Mary's, Swanley White Oak, and Westerham and Crockham Hill.

2024–present: The Borough of Dartford ward of Wilmington, Sutton-at-Hone & Hawley, and the District of Sevenoaks wards of: Brasted, Chevening & Sundridge; Crockenhill and Well Hill; Dunton Green and Riverhead; Eynsford; Farningham, Horton Kirby and South Darenth; Fawkham and West Kingsdown; Halstead, Knockholt and Badgers Mount; Hextable; Kemsing; Otford and Shoreham; Seal & Weald; Sevenoaks Eastern; Sevenoaks Kippington; Sevenoaks Northern; Sevenoaks Town and St. John’s; Swanley Christchurch and Swanley Village; Swanley St. Mary’s; Swanley White Oak; Westerham and Crockham Hill.

Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the changes in constituency described as following:

Minor changes, with the addition of the Wilmington, Sutton-at-Hone & Hawley ward from Dartford being offset by the transfer of the Ash & New Ash Green ward to the re-established constituency of Tonbridge.

Constituency profile
The seat is in mainstay London Commuter Belt territory, which supports a relatively high-income local economy with retail and self-employed trades principally benefiting. Sevenoaks constituency covers the towns of Sevenoaks and Swanley in Kent and some of the surrounding area. The Conservatives currently hold a majority in the District, but all the councillors for Sevenoaks Town wards are Liberal Democrats who also have a majority in the wards of Brasted, Chevening and Sundridge, and hold Leigh and Chiddingstone Causeway and Penshurst, Fordcombe and Chiddingstone. There are also three independent councillors and four Green Party councillors (New Ash Green and Eynsford).

The constituency consists of Census Output Areas of one local government districts with a working population whose income is higher than the national average and lower than average reliance upon social housing. At the end of 2012 the unemployment rate in the constituency stood as 1.7% of the population claiming jobseekers allowance, compared to the regional average of 2.4%. The borough contributing to the bulk of the seat has a low 13.1% of its population without a car, 19.2% of the population without qualifications and a high 32.0% with level 4 qualifications or above. In terms of tenure 72.7% of homes are owned outright or on a mortgage by occupants as at the 2011 census across the district.
 * In statistics

Electoral Calculus categorises the seat as being part of the “Strong Right” demographic, those who have fiscally conservative views on the economy but are also fairly nationalist and socially conservative, alongside strong support for Brexit. Additionally, the gross household income is £53,612 whilst the average house price is £567,313.

Members of Parliament
West Kent prior to 1885

Elections in the 1910s

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
 * Unionist: Henry Forster
 * Liberal: Leonard Powell

title: Sevenoaks (UK Parliament constituency)


text:
Talk:Imperial and Royal

Misc. changes
"The Habsburg monarch ruled Austria and the Holy Roman Empire as Emperor" - the Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806, when the last emperor resigned. The term "k.u.k." came into being not before 1867, so I deleted that half-sentence --222.1.132.209 12:01, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kakania
Right now, the article reads, "Arising from the term 'k.u.k.' we find the name 'Kakania', sometimes used to describe the Empire as a state of mind, bureaucratic and with a very stratified formal society (e.g. in work of Robert Musil)."

Is it worth mentioning that the name Kakania was used as a pun by Musil? "Kaka" is German for "caca," a child's term for human excrement. So, by referring to this empire as the land of caca (kakania), Musil was making a statement about society. Poldy Bloom 19:15, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Merge
It is true that "Imperial-Royal" is different from "Imperial and Royal". However, the terms are so closely related that it is simpler to have a single article that discusses both and the difference between them in one place. The information in the Imperial-Royal article is currently merely a repetition of a subset of the information in the Imperial and Royal article. In my opinion it is not likely to develop independently into a meaningfully distinct article. jnestorius(talk) 22:52, 8 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge. The reason there are 2 articles (as on German Wikipedia) is that, whilst they have two words in common, they had very different, legal and politically sensitive meanings. It should be no surprise that some of the wording in the two articles is similar as both need to clarify the difference between them. Merging them will cause utter confusion and perpetuate the misunderstanding that they are one and the same thing, something I suspect our fellow Austrians and Hungarians would strongly disagree with! --Bermicourt (talk) 22:57, 8 February 2014 (UTC)
 * It will only cause "utter confusion" if people stop reading after the title, rather than reading the opening sentence or two of the merged article. The terms are only clearly distinguished for 1867 to 1918; before then, they are interchangeable. In 2014, all references are historical, so "Imperial-Royal" may refer to either, depending on which date is under discussion, and an article about the earlier period will create confusion by linking to a the post-1867 Imperial-Royal. jnestorius(talk) 15:08, 9 February 2014 (UTC)
 * That is not correct according to German Wikipedia, so I suggest we check the sources before deciding on a merge. According to their articles: until 1867 "Imperial-Royal" (k.k.) was used for the whole empire. After 1867 it only applied to the Austrian half. "Imperial and Royal" (k.u.k.) was introduced in 1867 for the "combined" empire. They were legally and institutionally different. I see there are some offline (German) sources mentioned in this article. Let's verify what these (and others) say.--Bermicourt (talk) 09:22, 29 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Support merge per nom--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 12:22, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imperial and Royal


text:
Maio Island

Maio Island may refer to:

 * Maio, Cape Verde
 * Maio, one of the Bissagos Islands in Guinea-Bissau

title: Maio Island


text:
Maurice Bouchor

Maurice Bouchor (18 November 1855 – 18 January 1929) was a French poet.

He was born in Paris. He published in succession Chansons joyeuses (1874), Poèmes de l'amour et de la mer (1875), Le Faust moderne (1878) in prose and verse, and Les Contes parisiens (1880) in verse. His Aurore (1883) showed a tendency to religious mysticism, which reached its fullest expression in Les Symboles (1888; new series, 1895), the most interesting of his works. He contributed to the satirical weekly Le Courrier français.

Bouchor (whose brother, Joseph-Félix Bouchor, b. 1853, became well known as an artist) was a sculptor as well as a poet, and he designed and worked the figures used in his charming pieces as marionettes, the words being recited or chanted by himself or his friends behind the scenes. These miniature dramas on religious subjects, Tobie (1889), Noel (1890) and Sainte Cécile (1892), were produced in Paris at the Théâtre des Marionnettes. A one-act verse drama by Bouchor, Conte de Noël, was played at the Théâtre Français in 1895, but Dieu le veut (1888) was not produced. In conjunction with the musician Julien Tiersot (b. 1857), he made efforts for the preservation of the French folk songs, and published Chants populaires pour les écoles (1897).

title: Maurice Bouchor


text:
User talk:Pauli133

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 12:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

you are correct
i apologize mi amigo, i assumed it was spelled wrong because of my stupid spell checker, dang sorry for acting like an idiot Arisedrew (talk) 18:10, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

NASA GAR
hi Pauli133, I just wanted to let you know that the main NASA article is undergoing a Good Article Review. Most of the gruntwork is done now, and the article could use a fresh set of eyes to copy edit it, add more materiel, and offer suggestions and feedback. If you have a chance, I would appreciate it if you could take a look. Thanks! — V = I * R  (talk) 23:43, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Nice work so far, thank you for chipping in. Keep it up, if you have the chance! — V = I * R  (talk) 23:07, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Re: The-N
Why did you undo my edit? I removed the content because it's unsourced and the article required clean-up anyways. --70.121.35.167 (talk) 14:26, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
 * because you're an ip address, you blanked a section, and you didn't leave an edit summary. i'm not real good at leaving edit summaries myself, but something like that DOES require some explanation, especially when you see how it pops up in recent changes. pauli133 (talk) 14:52, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
 * For your information, there should be no "conditional" or "specialized" treatment toward me because I'm not a registered editor; there is no difference between the the two. While I probably should of left an edit summary, I did not because the article is in need of clean-up, as tagged on the article itself, and the section had no sources, which is visible even if you are reverting on a tool. Be careful and more observant next time. --70.121.35.167 (talk) 00:02, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Please use preview
Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia, it is recommended that you use the preview button before you save; this helps you find any errors you have made, reduces edit conflicts, and prevents clogging up recent changes and the page history. Adambro (talk) 13:49, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Spacing between sentences
I see tha you removed all my double spaces between sentences at The Fortune Hunter. Why did you do that? It is perfectly alright to have double spaces between sentences in Wikipedia articles, and I prefer it, as it helps me find each sentence when I am editing. Since I will be editing this article in the future, and you will not, it seems to me rude for you to delete these spaces. Please stop doing this to other editors, unless the article is an article on which you have done most of the work. Thanks. -- Ssilvers (talk) 19:33, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Layout of references
Hi, Pauli. I agree that horizontal layout of references is more preferable, particularly in case of stable articles. However, in case of active editing or poorly formatted references, it would be easier to make edits or format references if the vertical layout is used. Thank you. Beagel (talk) 21:45, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

Redlinks aren't errors
This wasn't a particularly helpful edit. convert is useful, but stripping whitespace so that the reference templates are made unreadable and hard to maintain isn't, nor was removing redlinks. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:37, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

WP Cryptozoology in the Signpost
"WikiProject Report" would like to focus on WikiProject Cryptozoology for a Signpost article to be published this month. This is an excellent opportunity to draw attention to your efforts and attract new members to the project. Would you be willing to participate in an interview? If so, here are the questions for the interview. Just add your response below each question and feel free to skip any questions that you don't feel comfortable answering. Also, if you know anyone else who would like to participate in the interview, please share this with them. Have a great day. -Mabeenot (talk) 16:40, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being minor in the usual way.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. With the script in place, you can continue with this functionality indefinitely (its use is governed by WP:MINOR). If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 18:09, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for February 4
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Dwayne, you added links pointing to the disambiguation pages Dwain and Dwaine. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:01, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I linked to exactly the pages I intended to. pauli133 (talk) 17:38, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

handball pages
the flags weren't displaying properly and removing the slash seemed to correct the issue, but since you added the slash back, the flags are still displayed correctly. I'm not sure what the issue was. It might have only been on my end. Day801 (talk) 00:35, 13 March 2018 (UTC)
 * no worries - i'm certainly not going to fault anyone for learning by trial and error! WP:BeBold and all that. I only noticed because I've been learning how to identify and fix lint errors. pauli133 (talk) 00:48, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

Ref error
Hi there, just wanted to draw your attention to a formatting error caused by your recent changes to ARA Uruguay. It's under "First scientific expedition". I would fix it myself, but I'm not sure which of those references you meant to attach to the quote. When you have a moment, would you mind taking a look? Thank you! Jessicapierce (talk) 14:27, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * all fixed - I should have caught that previously, sorry! pauli133 (talk) 14:35, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

Ublist and sorting
Hello. You recently made this edit to replace use of with   s with edit summary " can't use  inside  ". The article uses ublist rather than line breaks for accessibility reasons per MOS:VLIST, and the sorting did work correctly on that article.

Please could you explain why it shouldn't be used inside the sort template, or point me to advice/explanation/usage notes somewhere. Thanks, Struway2 (talk) 11:37, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * So, what's happening is that when is inside  (at least in the manner it's being used in these particular articles), it's generating a div-span-flip error and ending up on Lint errors: Miscellaneous Tidy replacement issues. I see where you're going with the accessibility thing, and that's cool - the thing to do now is find syntax that doesn't cause problems on either end.
 * In this particular case, separating the values with commas might work? May not be as tidy in terms of columns, though. pauli133 (talk) 11:54, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * If the ublist was just moved out of the sort template, e.g. instead of
 * 1901–1909

1912–1913
 * having
 * 1901–1909

1912–1913
 * would that stop the error occurring? cheers, Struway2 (talk) 12:05, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I think so. ubl on its own is generally fine, it only causes issues when nested inside another template that can't cope with the rows. I'm not very familiar with how sort is supposed to behave, but if that will generate the proper output, it should solve the issue all round. pauli133 (talk) 12:09, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * It seems to generate the proper visible output, so I'll do that. Hope they don't reappear on your to-do list... cheers, Struway2 (talk) 12:26, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

Short footnotes
Hi, it took me a while to figure out short footnotes so I thought I would let you know you were very close in your edit on Cornelia Rau - the template:sfn works off the harvard system where the ID is taken from the author and year fields. To use a custom ID, such as "" the citation needs to be "ref=CITEREFFour Corners transcript". Cheers Find bruce (talk) 00:17, 29 July 2019 (UTC)
 * aha, thank you! It's a rather illusive bit of syntax to nail down, and I've run into trouble before when wandering away from the standard ref=harv stuff. I'll keep this in mind for next time. pauli133 (talk) 00:47, 29 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Yep, been there, drove me nuts until I figured it out. Feel free to ping me if you get stuck. Find bruce (talk) 10:35, 29 July 2019 (UTC)

Inadvertently getting into the middle of edit wars
Hey Pauli,

First off - you're doing great work, and thanks for all the improvements. I'd like to ask one little thing, though, that if you could pay attention to would make things even better: stay away from edit wars! By which I mean - if you see others engaged in an edit war (eg. in Collaboration in German-occupied Poland), wait with your improvements until they're finished. The way Wikipedia diffs pages, you can't filter out small changes like some of yours, so trying two compare two "major" revisions results in a "diff" littered with small template and linguistic changes that you have to skim through while looking for the controversial bits. So if you can wait a bit when these things happen (as far as you can tell) that would be excellent.

And for your good services, a cracker. François Robere (talk) 10:55, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

Math
Please do not "fix" mathematical formulas by breaking their meaning, as you did in this change to Fano plane. In this instance, $$n_3$$ was correct, and n3 is both bad mathematical typesetting (the digits in a formula should never be italic) and mathematically meaningless. If you want to avoid using the math template family in citation titles, a better way would be to use $$...$$. —David Eppstein (talk) 01:43, 1 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Going through your earlier contributions, I see that your earlier "fix" to monoid was also bad. By removing the template you made the variable become Roman (the italic signs surrounding it were negated by the italicization of the rest of the title) when it should have remained italic. —David Eppstein (talk) 01:48, 1 August 2019 (UTC)
 * If you've got formatting that comes out the way you want and doesn't generate lint errors, please, by all means, use it. That's usually the extent of my interest, and I'm learning as I go, just like everybody else here. pauli133 (talk) 01:59, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

Regarding the page on the Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad
Hi, Pauli. Thank you for working on the citations at Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad. I am currently working on an updated draft of the article at User:Tamravidhir/sandbox2. It has content directly copied from the page in the main-space. Will be really thankful if you could look into the citations in the draft in my sandbox. Hoping to hear from you soon. Thank you! -- Tamra vidhir  (talk) 17:52, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Sure, I'll be happy to take a look later on. If you've got a new draft that's going to be integrated into the current article, then that's definitely the place to be working - no point duplicating the work copying things back and forth. pauli133 (talk) 18:02, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * At first perusal, it looks good. I take it that you're cutting back on poor/tenuous/questionable sources. Can the things attributed to royalark.net be traced back to more scholarly cites? I see that it has some bibliography. pauli133 (talk) 20:38, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Notification
--MrClog (talk) 16:49, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

Hi Pauli.

I see that you are the last person to edit the Carson Beach, South Boston page before I added some brief history. I just wanted to reach out and thank you for your contribution. Even though you added your information a while ago, if you have time to look on the new content that I posted that would be awesome. Thanks!

Hrennen (talk) 19:48, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Google Code-In 2019 is coming - please mentor some documentation tasks!
Hello,

Google Code-In, Google-organized contest in which the Wikimedia Foundation participates, starts in a few weeks. This contest is about taking high school students into the world of opensource. I'm sending you this message because you recently edited a documentation page at the English Wikipedia.

I would like to ask you to take part in Google Code-In as a mentor. That would mean to prepare at least one task (it can be documentation related, or something else - the other categories are Code, Design, Quality Assurance and Outreach) for the participants, and help the student to complete it. Please sign up at the contest page and send us your Google account address to google-code-in-admins@lists.wikimedia.org, so we can invite you in!

From my own experience, Google Code-In can be fun, you can make several new friends, attract new people to your wiki and make them part of your community.

If you have any questions, please let us know at google-code-in-admins@lists.wikimedia.org.

Thank you!

--User:Martin Urbanec (talk) 21:58, 23 November 2019 (UTC)

Copa Rio
Hello Pauli, I modified the note 4 because the Intercontinental Cup was written in lower case, but now it appears as a reference and not as a note ... unfortunately I don't know how to create a note :-) --188.153.148.9 (talk) 17:49, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Good catch on the capitalization! I've switched the format back to a note. If you want to learn the syntax for notes (they're pretty easy, really, but there's a LOT of powerful stuff available too), I found the best place to start was the template:efn documentation. And, conveniently, you've now got a diff in the Copa Rio history to compare. pauli133 (talk) 17:57, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

Thank you for your work to fix lint errors
Thank you for your work to fix lint errors. In some cases, it would be nice to have an edit summary, for example:
 * Polynomial ring: summary: (blank)
 * Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer: summary: (blank)

Here is some of my recent work to fix lint errors:
 * Marriage Boot Camp: summary: properly close italics (); rm spurious close bold (')
 * Montenegrins of Serbia: summary:  can't wrap
 * Clarence McKinney: summary: ... → ... ; improve s

Cheers! —Anomalocaris (talk) 20:39, 8 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I tend not to bother with them on minor syntax repair. Of course they are helpful on less clearcut changes, which is where I do try and mention what I'm doing. Usually. pauli133 (talk) 22:02, 8 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Documenting edits helps create awareness and encourages other editors to make similar fixes and not to make such errors in the first place. That's why I generally provide detailed edit summaries listing every change I made. —Anomalocaris (talk) 09:39, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

White Huns
Hello Pauli133 - I'd like your opinion about the White Huns article after your recent edit. It's marked as a disambiguation page, but the article doesn't list "articles associated with the title White Huns" as the implies. I think it should be converted to become a stub, and I would also mark it as unreferenced. What do you think?  PK T (alk)  11:27, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * That sounds sensible to me. I'd also noticed that it was a disambiguation page, which seemed very strange: I think most readers are going there for "who WERE the White Huns?" reasons, not "oh yeah, I typed that as shorthand for this other group." Go for it! pauli133 (talk) 11:35, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ I added categories to the article and WikiProject banners to the talk page - if any of them are off-base, please change as appropriate.  Thanks very much! ...... PK  T (alk)  19:28, 11 April 2020 (UTC)

List of Private Passions episodes, 2015-2019 moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, List of Private Passions episodes, 2015-2019, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Celestina007 (talk) 16:21, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

Commented out graphs
Hi Pauli133! Re these edits, could you add to the hidden comment explaining why you commented them out? Otherwise, other editors won't know if/when it's okay to add them back. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 00:13, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure, that's a reasonable request - done. pauli133 (talk) 00:36, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Adding deluxe section on Eminem discography page
Hey @pauli. Can we add a sperate deluxe edition table on the em page like uzi and other artists. I think it would we worth it since a lot of his albums has them.

Thanks Rsbor (talk) 13:53, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I suppose you can. I don't know what rules the various WikiProjects have about discographies, so you might want to ask on the article's talk page. pauli133 (talk) 15:58, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Revert of some of your pending edits
Hello. Unfortunately I was forced to revert some of your pending changes you made here because the prior and following edits were not constructive. All that is necessary is for you go back and redo your edits (they will be automatically accepted). Sorry for the inconvience. P,TO 19104 (talk) (contribs) 23:02, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I figured this was going to happen. No worries, and thank you for the heads up! pauli133 (talk) 23:21, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Hello
Hello. Huluxsi (talk) 20:01, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

Interlinear indent
Wait, so "indent" refers to an indent before the template? Not an indent within the words of the template? --Eievie (talk) 16:35, 29 May 2021 (UTC)
 * In interlinear, indent changes the location of the block of text. What seems to work best, from my (limited!) experience, is to set if there's no number, and skip it if there is a number. Examples:

yields Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

yields Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

yields Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

yields Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

yields an especially ugly Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum

 * will give something like |indent=2 or 3, but will also generate invalid HTML5, aka lint errors (which is why @Jonesey95 and I notice it). Does that help? pauli133 (talk) 16:56, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

List of United States Supreme Court cases
Thank you for all of these revisions! I will follow your pattern for all future page revisions I make for the Lists of US Supreme Court cases. I appreciate it, and apologize for my sloppiness. Ballinacurra Weston (talk) 16:37, 29 May 2021 (UTC)
 * No worries! I found a batch of those pages with unclosed dts templates in the Special:LintErrors lists, and went ahead with some MOS fixes while I was at it. I'm glad to see someone is fleshing out those pages, which seem to largely be bare lists. Keep it up! pauli133 (talk) 17:04, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for August 10
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Our Lady, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Church of Our Lady. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 06:02, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

re William Keogh edits
The "DNB" is the Dictionary of National Biography. I added a tag linking to his entry at the bottom of the article. Brianyoumans (talk) 03:01, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks for that. pauli133 (talk) 13:06, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia does not have a user page Pauli133
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pauli133&action=edit&redlink=1 Creating User:Pauli133 Jump to navigationJump to search Wikipedia does not have a user page with this exact title. In general, this page should be created and edited by User:Pauli133.Cblambert (talk) 23:44, 21 March 2022 (UTC).

Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Hello Pauli133. In case you weren't aware, the edit yesterday to Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has duplicate arguments "y7" and "y7Title", for North Carolina and Ohio. This is why the NC stats aren't showing in "> 2,000,000 positive test individuals". Tried to fix the duplicate myself, but backed away since I haven't got the data in front of me, and don't want to break the chart. Thanks, Storchy (talk) 10:50, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Good catch! All fixed now. I'm used to the charts blowing up entirely if something like that happens - surprised that it didn't. Thanks for letting me know! pauli133 (talk) 12:43, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * You're warmly welcome. I'm deeply grateful for the work of you, Rider0101, and other editors, updating and maintaining one of the most important articles on Wikipedia at the moment.
 * But credit where due: I was only able to spot the duplicate using the excellent script User:Frietjes/findargdups. It's not just for emptying the maintenance category - when it's installed, it displays warnings of duplicate arguments in the edit preview. I get those warnings in preview just a little too often lately... :-D Storchy (talk) 13:17, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:26, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pauli133


text:
Lower Myanmar

Lower Myanmar (အောက်မြန်မာပြည်, also called Lower Burma) is a geographic region of Myanmar and includes the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta (Ayeyarwady, Bago and Yangon Regions), as well as coastal regions of the country (Rakhine and Mon States and Tanintharyi Region).

In the Burmese language, people originating from Upper Myanmar are typically called a-nya-tha for men and a-nya-thu for women, whereas those from Lower Myanmar are called auk tha (MY အောက်သား) for men and auk thu for women.

Historically, Lower Myanmar referred to the part of Myanmar annexed by the British Empire after the end of the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1879, plus the former kingdom of Arakan and the territory of Tenasserim which the British had taken control of in 1826 through the Treaty of Yandabo. Lower Myanmar was centred at Rangoon, and composed of all of the coast of modern Myanmar, and also the lower basin of the Irrawaddy River, including Prome. Until the early 19th century, Lower Myanmar was predominantly populated by the Mon and Karen tribes and was a historical stronghold of the Mon people.

title: Lower Myanmar


text:
Allomerus decemarticulatus

Allomerus decemarticulatus is an Amazonian ant species found in the tropics of South America. This species is most notable for the workers’ complex and extreme predatory behavior, which involves a symbiosis with both a plant and fungal species. They live in leaf pockets of a host plant species, Hirtella physophora. These leaf pockets are areas inside of the plant between the leaves and the stem. Each colony, which consists of about 1,200 workers, inhabits a single tree; however, the ants are spread among the leaf pockets, with typically 40 workers per pocket. Their diet primarily consists of large insects that are captured on the plant, but they also eat some kinds of food bodies produced by the plant as well as its nectar. They are able to capture their prey, which is much larger than themselves, by constructing a platform that acts as a trap for the unsuspecting prey. The ants hide in the trap and attack when any insect lands on it. This technique is an example of ambush predation.

Physical characteristics
The worker is about 2 mm long, with a head width and length at about .6 mm. The queen is approximately double that size, with a head width of 1.05 mm, head length of .98 mm, and a total length of 5.53 mm. The workers have 10-segmented antennae, from where they get their name. They also have abundant hair, with long hairs on their head (greater than .13 mm) and shorter hairs on their abdomen (less than .07 mm). They have brownish yellow colored bodies and whitish hair.

Habitat
A. decemarticulatus is a Neotropical species that lives in the Amazonian tropics of South America. The species lives in H. physophora, whose range is limited to Brazil and French Guiana. They live and hunt on H. physophora, living in leaf pouches and patrolling the plant’s stem for prey.

Plant mutualism
The relationship between A. decemarticulatus and H. physophora is very specialized. H. physophora is a small tree in the Amazonian rainforest that resides in the undergrowth. It is also an example of a myrmecophyte, because it contains ant-domatia, leaf pouches and hollow chambers where the ants nest permanently. These leaf pouches occur when the edge of a leaf adjacent to the petiole curls under. The result is two hollow spheres on both sides of the stem of the leaf. The ants live inside of these domatia. There is only one colony per tree, but that colony divides up into many different domatia. Also located in the leaf pouches are extrafloral nectaries, which provide the ants with nectar made by the plant, and also some food bodies that provide the ants with further nutrition as they mature to become foragers and insect predators. This is the first known instance of extrafloral nectaries being observed inside of ant-domatia.

So far this looks like simple parasitism by the ants, as if they simply take advantage of the plant for food and shelter. However, the plant also benefits greatly from this relationship. With the help of their traps and predation, the ants defend the plant from other insects and parasitic plants. Any insect that may kill or eat the plant is quickly captured and killed by the ants, which is also to their own benefit.

The specialized structures of the plant reveal a very interesting coevolution and symbiosis between these two species. A recent study performed by Céline Leroy et al. (2008) revealed many characteristics that the plant has adapted to support the ants. First, the domatia are located next to the stems that the ants use for hunting. Second, they contain extrafloral nectaries and food bodies to feed the ants if they do not have other sources of food. Third, there are less chloroplasts found inside of the domatia, which means that it has a lower photosynthetic capacity. Fourth, stomata were found inside of the domatia, although at a lower density, possibly to capture the carbon dioxide from the ants’ respiration taking place inside. Finally, there was a greater deposit of cellulose found in the domatia, which would result in a thicker cell wall and a more rigid surface to support the weight of the ants. These findings show that the areas destined to become domatia are inherited and a result of coevolution; they were solely produced to support this specific species of ant.

Fungal symbiosis
There are many different species of fungus that grow alongside the domatia where the ants live. In fact, when the founding queen first starts laying eggs in the domatia of a new H. physophora, the hyphae of multiple different species of fungi will entirely cover the entrance to the domatia. When the worker ants mature, they actually have to dig their way through the fungal covering to get to the outside of the plant. However, almost even more remarkably, out of all of these fungal species, A. decemarticulatus will only cultivate one specific species. This fungus is a sooty mold which, according to one study by Mario X. Ruiz-Gonzalez et al. (2010), is characterized by closely related haplotypes (genetic markers) in the order Chaetothyriales. The ants use this mold to construct their traps.

Another noteworthy observation is that, unlike typical mutualisms between ants and fungus, these ants do not receive any nutrition from the fungus. They strictly manipulate the physiology of the fungus to construct a mortar for a trap that is able to catch much larger prey.

Trap-making
Manufacturing this trap is an incredible act in itself. The workers construct the traps on the stems of the plant, basically by making a raised and hollow platform on one section of the stem. The structure itself simply looks like a part of the plant, as if it grew in width slightly. The ants will also make small holes in this platform which are slightly wider than their own bodies. The individual workers will hide in these holes underneath the surface, invisible to their prey from the outside. They will position their heads outwards from the plant with mandibles open, waiting for prey.

The actual production of the trap occurs by first cutting plant hairs (trichomes) from a narrow vertical stretch of the stem outside of the domatia. The ants will then arrange these hairs to outline the structure of the trap and regurgitate the mold that acts as a paste and holds the trichomes together. They use their fungal relationship to gather this mold, by collecting the mycelium from the fungus grown on the plant. This mold will continue to grow in between the trichomes and around the holes to fill out and reinforce the structure.

Predatory behavior
Normally, there are only a small number of ants in any given area on the plant stem. There are about 40 workers per leaf, but generally only a few will be patrolling outside. Once an insect lands on the plant, the closest ant will immediately surface and grab on to a leg, antenna, wing, or some other appendage of the prey. This ant will pull the prey, which will try to escape by pulling in the opposite direction. However, the ant will rarely let go of its grip. The ant immobilizes the prey and, using an extreme feat of strength, will hold the much larger prey to the plant as more ants from around that area arrive. This ability to hold the prey is extremely important because the ants move and congregate fairly slowly.

After the first ant has immobilized the prey, it releases pheromones to call other ants to the area. The first few ants to arrive will each grab a different leg and pull in opposite directions, "spread-eagling" the prey. Anywhere between six and 16 ants will participate in this spread-eagling. As the prey lies motionless and helpless, worker ants will congregate and either help to hold the prey down, if that is necessary, or start stinging and biting it. In doing this, they use a venom that they produce to paralyze and kill the prey. Afterwards, the group of workers will carry the body back to the colony, where it is dismembered and cut up into little pieces to be eaten by the group.

This predatory behavior is a great example of a collaboration between solitary and cooperative predation. The first ant will initially act alone in her predation, but after that other ants will come and join in the hunt, and still other will travel back to the domatia to recruit even more ants to aid in holding down and eventually dismembering the prey. This also demonstrates how much more effective a group of individuals can be than an individual working on its own. A single ant would never be able to kill such large prey; they are only able to do so by incorporating communication and cooperation.

This predatory behavior is very effective against the relatively large prey that the ants consume. Dejean and other researchers (2001) tested the limits of its effectiveness by exposing the ants to termites and grasshoppers, which are about 40 and 142.2 times the size of the worker ants, respectively. So a single Allomerus decemarticulatus worker restraining a grasshopper is about the equivalence of a 175-pound person holding down a struggling 25,000 pound object that is actively trying to escape. When the termites were exposed, each was captured by the ants; none got away. However, with grasshoppers, all were seized by at least one leg, but out of the 20 introduced, five were captured completely, 12 escaped but lost their leg that was clasped on to by the worker, and seven jumped away.

Any prey that has the ability to jump or fly away will always be more effective in escaping than non-flying insects like the termites. However, many times those that do escape will still lose a leg or other appendage in the process, like 60% of the grasshoppers in this experiment. Because the prey is so much larger than the ants, even just getting this one appendage as a food source is a victory. For example, a hind leg of a grasshopper is still about 12.4 times the size of a single ant and a great resource in itself.

Other animal interactions
If the multiple relationships of A. decemarticulatus were not complex enough, they also commonly interact with an assassin bug, Zelus annulosus, which often resides on H. physophora plants. However, these bugs have adapted physiological and behavioral characteristics that allow them to avoid the predation of A. decemarticulatus, while also maintaining a mutualistic relationship with the plant.

Similar to the ants, Z. annulosus normally lives on younger H. physophora individuals, where the females lay eggs on the stem. As they begin to develop, the young bugs will live among the trichomes of the stem and hunt on the leaves of the plant. The relationship between the assassin bug and the plant acts independently from that between the ants and the plant. One difference between the two relationships, however, is that the assassin bugs do not take any food source from the plant like the ants do.

Z. annulosus has basically adapted to live and hunt around A. decemarticulatus. The assassin bug species uses this particular plant to raise their nymphs because the trichomes of the plant deter larger ant species that may kill the young developing bugs. Also, the bugs secrete a sticky substance that allows them to walk on top of these trichomes, thus avoiding the traps of A. decemarticulatus. So in the relationship between Z. annulosus and H. physophora, the bug receives shelter from potential large predator ants, and the plant received a second line of defense against herbivores. The assassin bug also cohabitates the plant peacefully with the ants. They hunt in similar areas on the plant, but the assassin bugs are suspected to actively avoid any of the ants because they are much quicker than the ants.

Relevance to sociobiology
By simply observing the stem of one H. physophora individual, we see the complex interactions between four different species: an ant, a plant, a fungus, and an assassin bug, as well as all of the prey that lands on the plant. The plant gives a little of its own resources to the predators, but it gets two forms of defense against herbivores and parasitic plants. To the plant, this defense is worth much more than the loss of some food. The plant has maximized its own fitness by establishing two separate and independent relationships that are not very costly but very rewarding. The insects both benefit as well, given a safe habitat and a steady food supply of other insects that land on the prey. In the perspective of A. decemarticulatus, they do not actively give any of their own resources to the plant or to the assassin bug. They simply live among them, use their resources, and hunt.

In regards to the predatory behavior of A. decemarticulatus, similar behaviors have been observed in other ant species, such as symbioses with plants (like in Pseudomyrmex ferruginea), cultivating a fungus (like in leafcutter ants), and sneaking up to and ambushing larger prey (like in Azteca andreae, another species studied by Dejean). However, most remarkably, Allomerus decemarticulatus seems to incorporate each of these advanced behaviors to make a powerful apparatus for tricking impressively large prey.

title: Allomerus decemarticulatus


text:
Redgrave family

The Redgrave family is a British acting dynasty, spanning five generations. Members of the family worked in theatre beginning in the nineteenth century, and later in film and television. Some family members have also written plays and books. Vanessa Redgrave is the most prominent, having won Oscar, Tony, Golden Globe and Emmy Awards.

Family tree
The family tree below shows the notable members of family

Marriages

 * Roy Redgrave and Daisy Scudamore (later changed to Margaret Scudamore); 1907 - 25 May 1922 (his death) - son Michael
 * Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson; 20 July 1935 - 21 March 1985 (his death) - son Corin, two daughters, Vanessa and Lynn
 * Vanessa Redgrave and (1) Tony Richardson; 1962—1967 (divorced) - two daughters, Natasha and Joely; (2) Franco Nero 2006 to present - son Carlo
 * Corin Redgrave and (1) Deirdre Hamilton-Hill; 1962—1975 (divorced) - daughter Jemma, son Luke; (2) Kika Markham 1985 - 6 April 2010 (his death) - two sons, Arden and Harvey
 * Lynn Redgrave and John Clark; 2 April 1967 – 22 December 2000 (divorced) - son Benjamin, two daughters, Kelly and Annabel
 * Natasha Richardson and Robert Fox; 1990 – 1992 (divorced); (2) Liam Neeson; 3 July 1994 - 18 March 2009 (her death) - two sons, Micheál and Daniel
 * Joely Richardson and Tim Bevan; January 1992 – July 2001 (divorced) - daughter Daisy
 * Jemma Redgrave and Tim Owen; 1992 — 2020 (divorced) - two sons, Gabriel and Alfie

title: Redgrave family


text:
Talk:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Units of luminosity
It doesn't do much good to include a link in "a luminosity of 2 × 1026 cm-2 s-1" when nobody in the luminosity article has figured out the strange units of particle physics. Will somebody who understands that please fix it? Gene Nygaard 12:10, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hopefully fixed now --Ylai 12:10, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

What's so relativistic about this thing?
Hello,

the article explains nowhere what the "relativistic" in the name refers to. If you are a physicist able to do this, please feel free. -- 84.130.24.229 17:32, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

I am not a physicist, but I believe that the term "relativistic," in this sense, refers to the fact that the ions in the reactor are accelerated until they are travelling very close to the speed of light. This is because objects travelling close to the speed of light experience the unique effects described by Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. For instance, the mass (M) of the ions increases as they approach the speed of light, because doing so involves a massive increase in energy (E), and Special Relativity teaches us that E=MC^2. The term "relativistic" is hyperlinked to the page on Special Relativity in the first paragraph of this article, I think. That should provide a much better explanation than mine, which likely contains a number of errors.

Hyperion35 20:07, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Very interesting and meaningful questions about safety
A good discussion can be found in Richard Posner, CATASTROPHE: RISK AND RESPONSE, Oxford University Press, 2004. He includes the following two estimated risk possibilities (p. 141):

1 in 500,000,000 risk per year of a strangelet disaster, which is the highest estimated risk by Arnon Dar, A. DeRujula, Ulrich Heinz, “Will Relativistic Heavy-Ion Colliders Destroy Our Planet,” 470 Physics Letters B, 142, 146, (1999).

1 in 5,000,000 risk per year of a strangelet disaster, which is the highest estimated risk by R.L. Jaffe et al., “Review of Speculative ‘Disaster Scenarios’ at RHIC,” 72 Reviews of Modern Physics, 1125, 1126, (2000).

A strangelet is a very dense object composed of strange quarks that could, theoretically, if stable, if negatively charged, maybe, possibly, convert all atoms it comes into contact with into strangelets in a runaway process. Or, these other atoms might develop an outer shell around the strangelet that’s positively charged and thus repellant to other nuclei and thereby stop the process. We do not really know.

Now, with the two estimated risks, if we take 1 in 50,000,000, which is the order of magnitude between the two of them, well, in any kind of personal choice, a chance of getting cancer, a chance of being in an accident, 1 in 50,000,000 is nothing, just completely ignore it. It’s an absolute piece of cake. But, when we’re talking about the destruction of the planet, it’s not immediately obvious that 1 in 50,000,000 should be ignored, and that is the crux of the issue. How should we proceed? How do we go about making any kind of decision at all?

As our article points out, the Moon has been bombarded with cosmic particles of significantly higher energy than RHIC, and the Moon has not converted into a dense strangelet ball fifty meters across, and the Moon is almost as old as the Earth. So, we can breath some sigh of relief. But, when you have a worry and you look for a peg to hang your hat on to be absolutely sure, it never quite works out. There’s always some little glitch. Posner talked about the Moon (p. 193), and it’s different types of collisions! On the Moon, a cosmic particle would be slamming into a stationary particle and thus both would be pushed forward and have less chance of interacting with nearby particles. At RHIC, two particles will be colliding head-on and will be stationary for a longer period of time. How much difference? Who really knows. I suggest that we find another way to approach the question.

And we might start here: Most questions in ethics are far more profitably pursue as a How, than as an If. We humans are exploratory. It’s part of what makes us who we are. We are going to explore the Universe, including the fundamental sub-atomic components. The question is, How? FriendlyRiverOtter 07:24, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

A common solution, and perhaps a better one
I would like to be crystal clear about two things. First off, Richard A. Posner is not a physicist. He’s a federal judge! He has also written such books as LAW, PRAGMATISM, AND DEMOCRACY and AGING AND OLD AGE. So, he’s an intellectual guy. He likes to explore stuff other than the cases than come directly before him, and it probably makes him a better judge. (I recall that former Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas liked to travel, he wrote and published books, I think at one time he even sold photographs to National Geographic, all of which probably helped him be a better judge.) And so, even though he does include copious references, Judge Posner is not an expert, but then, who really is? For this is not just physics, this is large issues about which risks are worth taking, which risks are not, and how to take the risks that are worthwhile. And that’s the critical question, How?

Now, the second thing, which was included above, but which I would like to emphasize, is that the number given for both Dar and Jaffe is the worse number, it’s the highest realistic risk estimate. A more “average” number might be one in two billion. But even with that, it’s the same issue. It is not immediately obvious that we should ignore a risk of 1 in 2,000,000,000 when we are talking about the destruction of the planet. Basically, we have a situation in which a very small number is being multiplied by a very large number, and that is a hard situation.

I’m going to include a quote from Posner, pages 191-92.

He cites Adrian Kent, “A Critical Look at Risk Assessments for Global Catastrophes,” 24 Risk Analysis 157, 161 (2004).

See also. . . http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0009204

So, 100,000,000,000,000,000 human beings. That’s a lot of people! Now, it is for the entire future history of the earth, and in a curious coincidence, we’re about midway through. The solar system has existed for about four and a half billion years, and it’s estimated to continue in present form for approximately another four and a half billion. So, you can figure the math if average lifespan stablizes at 120 years, and the population stablizes at. . .  whatever (maybe we can come up with creative arranagements of co-parenting and convince people you can have all the fun of children, without having so many children yourself). And plus, if the average quality of life is good, why not a lot of people!

On the question of discounting, no, not like money, not merely because it’s a long time in the future. For if that person does exist, his or her life will be just as valuable then as yours and mine are now. But discounting for uncertainty, now that is more reasonable. For, like our article says, something else from space might wipe us out, or a natural epidemic (and there only has to be the first time, Posner, pages 21-24), or something we make ourselves. In fact, there are so many risks, that the inclination is to merely throw one’s hands up into the air. But it’s so much better to confidently address each one as it comes along with middle courses of action, and that’s what I’d like to advocate.

And our strength is not planning a sequence of ten steps deep into the future. Our strength is in improvising. So why don’t we play to strength? I think we should. The goal could be that the individual researcher could dance ever so gently back from the edge (and like a lot of good decisions, it’s as much a question of feel as logic), and with the level of informality to support this. In fact, the formality—the study groups, the published papers—would be to support this, much like a good poker player, who might well read books and work out odds, which does help, but at game time, it’s a question of feel. And a doctor, one who’s a skilled and experienced diagnostician, it’s primarily a question of feel. Someone trying to decision-tree it out, that’s likely to be a young doctor trying to get it “right,” and who may very well end up making a clunky decision.

So, the common solution is cost-benefit analysis, only (this time!) we’re going to get it right. The better solution might be to trust and develop your instincts. And by all means, examine studies, participate in studies, but toward the goal of better instincts. That is, I’m advocating right-brain, or whole-brain, rather than strictly left-brain  FriendlyRiverOtter 08:11, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

please include a diagram
I think section 1 (the accelerator) should include a diagram in the part of the article talking about the overall operations of the accelerator. Does anyone have one? --WhiteDragon 08:54, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * After reading the article more carefully, I did see the link to a diagram on bnl.gov, but their image licensing policy is clearly incompatible with the GFDL, so my original question still stands. --WhiteDragon 09:05, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * In addition, it appears that this article includes several images from the same website (bnl.gov) tagged as works of the federal government, so perhaps that would apply to the diagram as well. --WhiteDragon 09:17, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Is it the most powerful?
The section titled The Future states that the RHIC is the most powerful collider in the world. However, the article states that the RHIC briefly achieved a collision energy of 400GeV, but typically operates at 200GeV. The Tevatron at Fermilab, on the other hand, operates at energies around 1 TeV, according to its wikipedia entry. Therefore, the claim in this article should be qualified by stating what measure is used to determine 'most powerful', as it is obviously not the measure of collision energy in eV, or the 'most powerful' claim should be removed. Harperska (talk) 23:17, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I had the same question and marked the 'most powerful' claim as an unsourced statement. If there is a distinction to be made between power and energy, the issue is only confused further by the comparison of RHIC's power with LHC's energy.  Gblandst (talk) 22:40, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * What's more, although the LHC will be more powerful than the RHIC when it begins colliding lead nucleii, as far as I know that won't happen for a while yet, so the statement 'At present, RHIC is the second most powerful heavy-ion collider in the world behind the LHC, which began its operation September 10, 2008' is not entirely accurate. I'm not entirely sure how best to rephrase it, though. --Angelastic (talk) 16:06, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Split article
Anyone object to making  the "Fears among the public" section (and related discussion) into a separate article (linked from main) ? Any better name than "Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider - Fears among the public" ? Rod57 (talk) 15:10, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * That section is rather short to become its own article, what's wrong with having where it is now? If anything I'd merge it with the LHC crackpots article to make "Particle Collider Doomsday Theories" or something. – Joe   N  21:53, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Trivia section?
Would a trivia section be the right place to list things like "how much electricity the RHIC uses at peak power, compared to a household, city or nuclear power plant", "how much gold gets destroyed per second or day", "the width of the beam", "exactly what would happen to a person left in the tunnel", and probably a lot of other things? The idea came about when I tried to understand the beam luminosity by multiplying it with Gold atomic mass and Molar mass: 2×10^26 * 197 * 1.66×10^–27 = 65.4. This would mean that if the beam is one centimeter square then RHIC uses 65 kilograms of gold per second. So either the beam is incredibly thin or I'm grossly mistaken here.

As an aside, the beam luminosity is of course an important number, but the public would probably want to see it in absolute terms rather than per cross section area, i.e. how many atoms per second. Gwrede (talk) 17:26, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

How much does it cost?
We are never told the costs of these things. No doubt the figure is approaching 'relativistic'. It must be Economically very proficient at generating Income for not only Scientists, but also cutting-edge Heave Industry. As high income earners with modest life-styles, the proportion of Income saved will be higher than average, creating National Wealth. For most countries it depends on no foreign spending but for the USofA it remains in dollars. The Economic consequences of Scientific Work is generally ignored, but must surely be as important as the actual Physics, especially in a real-world, practical sense and not just theory. Or am I too much of an empiricist? I don't know where on Wikipedia to write these things or get comments and hopefully agrement on making the articles better. The conversion of muscle-chemical energy and other forms via Work into Financial Energy or Pecuniary Energy is ignored, so far by Physicists. NaumTered (talk) 21:10, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider