text:
User talk:Dbenbenn/archive5

Bison picture
Hi Brian. I'm curious about Image:Bison skull pile, ca1870.png. Specifically, why did you convert Bisonpile_lg.jpg to PNG format? I guess the answer has something to do with the way you brightened and sharpened it?

I'm tempted to upload the original JPG image to the Commons, and then upload your sharpened version (in JPG format) over top. Would you object to that?

dbenbenn | talk 21:28, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I started editing the JPG and cleaning a lot of stuff up, so I just saved it as a PNG so there wouldn't be any additional artifacting, although you could just convert it to JPG with the lowest compression. You can do that on Commons if you want.  -- BRIAN 0918   21:32, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Italian flag
Hi there. Saw you edit/create the new Italian flag with improved colours (the old one was at 20px|Italian flag (Image:Italy_flag_large.png, resized to 20px)). I would be happy (tomorrow, [22nd] if possible) to change all the latters into the formers if you don't feel like doing so - I'm quite probably guilty of using that flag more than most - I'd be happy to take it into my own hands.

RSVP if this is okay.

Bobo192 22:18, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That sounds great, thanks! I've done about half of them, but there's a lot more to go.  I didn't make the new flag; I just found it on the Commons.

 * By the way, consider using ITA in places where it applies.

 * Commons:User:SKopp has been making a lot of great flags, all with titles of the form "Flag of Country.png". Perhaps we should start a project to replace "Country flag large.png" with the new name.  There's a lot of them to do!

 * dbenbenn | talk 22:50, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

M1911 Pistol image
Hi... you made a comment on the M1911 Pistol image, that the current tag is in-appropriate. I disagree. No image is 'free' if it starts with copyright, and thus the CopyrightedFreeUseProvidedThat tag is not for free images as you state on the page, it is... well for copyrighted images. Copyright means that exclusive rights are by the author. The author can grant rights to whomever he want on any term that he wants – and that is exactly what this tag is made for. The image is copyrighted, but free for use provided that you blab blab blab bla... that is what this tag is for and exactly how it is used on that image. Btw I am the creator of the image. Twthmoses 04:08, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * CopyrightedFreeUseProvidedThat puts the image in Category:Conditional use images, which is a subcategory of Category:Free images. I agree that it isn't clear what kinds of restrictions are allowed after the "provided that"; there ought to be a page somewhere discussing it.  As you're the creator, perhaps you'd be willing to license it as GFDL?  The only difference would be that the image could be modified (and modifications would have to remain free).  One hypothetical reason why allowing modifications is a good thing: someone might want to, for example, crop the bullets to use in a different article.  dbenbenn | talk 04:30, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * There is nothing wrong with the tag, this IS a copyright tag and there should of course not be any restrictions to the tag – that defeats the very purpose of the tag. There is only one that can make restrictions and that is the copyright holder. I believe is the very purpose of the tag. This is more of a misplaced category issue.

 * If an image is free (in the true sense of the word), it should not be using this tag, because copyrighted images are not free images, even when the author says you can use it for any purpose. They are copyrighted and the author can grant you use of it, depending on bla bla bla.. Twthmoses 15:42, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you have a misconception about copyright. Almost all images used here, including GFDL licensed images, are copyrighted.  An image is "free" if it has been released under a certain type of copyright license.  Among other conditions, a free license has to allow modification and commercial use.  The tag CopyrightedFreeUseProvidedThat is intended to be a free copyright license.  If you aren't willing to release your images under a free license, then you shouldn't upload them, and we'll have to delete them.  That would be a shame, since Image:P38 AC44.jpg, for example, is quite good, and would be very difficult to replace.  dbenbenn | talk 16:11, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * By the way, is basically equivalent to cc-by-nd-2.0.  WP:ICT says "Do not upload images for which [this tag] applies".  dbenbenn | talk 18:05, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm... I’m in disagreement with that. No matter how you turn it, something copyrighted is not free, unless the copyright holder specified turns over the rights, - which is the case with most images on wiki I guess, by applying some form of the PD tag.

 * There is CopyrightedFreeUseProvidedThat and CopyrightedFreeUse. What is the purpose of the first (and even the 2nd, is that not borderline close to PD?) if you can't provide any text that means anything? It is ok to write you have to credit the author, but it is not ok to write you can't modify the image? I persume 'remains unmodified' is the problem. Is having to credit the author over and over again every time you use it, not a image restriction too? Is it not an equal hard restriction? And how much modifications can be done before you don’t have to credit the author anymore, because its not the same image anymore?
 * Btw how does one even go around deleting images again? I see no option for this? Does one apply the delete tag?Twthmoses 18:54, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You realise that the entire Wikipedia is copyrighted, and is free, right? Most images here do not use the PD tag.
 * It is ok to write you have to credit the author, but it is not ok to write you can't modify the image?
 * That's right, requiring credit is okay; disallowing modifications isn't.
 * And how much modifications can be done before you don’t have to credit the author anymore, because its not the same image anymore?
 * If you license your image under the GFDL, the answer is that you always have to be credited, no matter how much the image gets modified. In particular, the "image history" has to be copied along with the image wherever it's used.

 * If you decide you want an image of yours deleted, you can write
 * at the image description page. But I hope you don't decide to do that.  dbenbenn | talk 21:18, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * at the image description page. But I hope you don't decide to do that.  dbenbenn | talk 21:18, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm... Wikipedia is copyrighted?? Is it not the direct opposite? If one reads the sites 'copyright' it says it’s the concept of ‘copyleft’, Anyway there definitely need to be some clear definition of what is and what is not allowed in this tag. I do consider my images free, cause you can use them commercial as well as none commercial anywhere you see fit, just can’t modify them (except resize).
 * Where can one billboard such a subject so many more voices join the discussion? It would be nice with a 100% clear use of this tag. Twthmoses 04:03, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Copyleft is a form of copyright, in which most rights are specifically given away. Notice the first paragraph of that article specifically mentions modifications.

I've asked at Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. That page gets a fair amount of attention. I've asked some related questions at Commons:Commons talk:Copyright tags. dbenbenn | talk 05:33, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
I guess I'll try to handle being an admin if it's voted for. (Just what I need; another unpaid position :0) ) Will try to use it well, and summarize more edits! Rlquall 04:48, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Your feature request on WP:AN
Here's a feature idea: first, put a "Block" tab near the "Delete" tab (in the default layout) for admins viewing User pages. Second, when you click the tab, you automatically see that user's complete block history. Good idea? dbenbenn | talk 00:05, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This might be possible with javascript. (The second part certainly is.)  If you can email me the html source that's displayed for a user page, and that for Special:Blockip, to administrators, I'll see what I can manage.  (I could dig these out of Mediawiki's source code, but that'd be fairly painful.  I really should install php and mysql at some point so I can play around with it more directly.) —Korath (Talk) 00:55, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * See and .  I didn't copy monobook.css, so the pages don't look like normal.  The tab bar is at the bottom under "Views".

 * What I have in mind is that it would behave something like the "protect" feature . I was thinking of coding something in MediaWiki (possibly a new "special page"?) but if you can do it with Javascript that's cool too.  dbenbenn | talk 02:15, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * A preliminary version is at User:Korath/blockip.js, and should be installed in User:Dbenbenn/monobook.js. It adds a "block" tab to User: and User talk: pages pointing at Special:Blockip, which will fill in the username when accessed this way.  It currently only adds a "blocklog" tab to User:, User talk:, and the Special:Blockip pages (the latter only when accessed through a block tab) pointing at the user or ip's block log instead of pasting it directly into the page; it also doesn't yet deal with weird characters in user names (which, of course, is the main reason you'd want the tabs in the first place).  Neither of these drawbacks are insurmountable, but they'll take a bit of fiddling to get right. —Korath (Talk) 04:23, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Awesome! Thanks!  I modified it slightly to fix two minor bugs.  dbenbenn | talk 18:52, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

IFD assistance
At Wikipedia talk:Images and media for deletion, in regard to deleting images you nominated, you said

 * But if someone else wants to do the actual deletion, I'll gladly step aside.

I'd like to help. I suggest that for images you nominate, you give them an extra 24 hours. I'll try to get to them in that time, and if I don't (or someone else), they're fair game for you.

By the way, I tried to help out with March 25 today. It took me about 20 minutes to do just the first entry! I deleted Image:Hamlet play scene cropped.png, then had to clean up Commons:Image:Hamlet play scene cropped.png. dbenbenn | talk 02:41, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You said "I'd like to help. I suggest that for images you nominate, you give them an extra 24 hours." Thanks, that sounds great! – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 15:44, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

India image
The image, image:LocationIndia.png does not show areas disputed by India. There is no current talk, but I can give you an archived talk on pertaining to image:Indiamap.png. The discussion pertains to the Jammu and Kashmir state which is disputed between India, China and Pakistan. The Indiamap.png is almost an NPOV map, image:IndiaTest.png (more info on its talk page) is an NPOV map wrt. India's boundaries. I would like to see the region that India disputes, coloured in a lighter shade in the locationindia map. Subsequently the maps of Pakistan and China, (so too Bhutan and Nepal, as they have closeups of the disputed region) would have to be updated. Thanx, (I'll catch up tomorrow) == 20:35, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

Zither
Hey thanks for taking care of that zither image. Between wikipedia being terribly slow for me and the sxc being down, I just hadn't gotten to it. Also zithers -- I think -- are a general class of stringed instrument without a neck. So there are all kinds of zithers. I think the image you posted is actually a more common shape than the previous zither image shape. Anyway, thanks! --MaxPower 12:43, 2005 Apr 4 (UTC)

Deleting images
Hi Nichalp. I notice you deleted Image:The Decapolis.gif with the reason "I've made a *free* map so there is no need for having this non free map". Please don't do this again! Since an image can't be undeleted, it is very important to not delete an image without being absolutely sure it's okay. In this case, you should have listed the image on WP:IFD. Fortunately, there's another copy of the same map at Image:Decapolis.gif. Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 12:41, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I checked your delete log. You also deleted Image:Indian.license.plate.jpg, uploaded by User:Brhaspati, with the reason "poor quality image, replaced it with a high quality one".  Until you understand the policies about deleting images, do not delete any more images.  (Fortunately, all the other images you've deleted, you originally uploaded.  But even in these cases, the images should be listed on WP:IFD.) dbenbenn | talk 13:28, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry I didn't follow the procedures on the decapolis map. I'll list it next time. The licence plate image which Brhaspati uploaded was a zoomed up image of image:howrahbridge.jpg, taken out by me. Since I had a very high resolution of the image, I zoomed into the licence plate and replaced the badly pixilated image. I think [I hope :)] in this case I am justified in deleting the image as I uploaded the new one in commons. == 18:15, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright, I'm sorry. I overreacted.  A suggestion: you can put wiki-links in the "Reason for deletion" field (like, a link to the higher-resolution replacement image).  Try to put more explanation in, so that someone paranoid like me won't get frightened!

 * By the way, it would be great if you could upload your "very high resolution" version at image:howrahbridge.jpg. dbenbenn | talk 21:08, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The image resolution is 1840x1232. Its about 1 MB (JEPG). Since I have a dialup connection, its too much for me to add such high resolutions at this juncture. (Is there a policy on image resolution? -- There used to be 100kb warning last year). Anyways, most of what I delete are the temporary pages and images that I have created. After learning about the virtues of Commons, I upload all my images there. PS. Any news on the map? == 18:50, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, check out Image:Africa satellite plane.jpg, which is 8460x8900! Besides the current upload limit of 8MB, the policy is to get the highest resolution possible.  I hope you're eventually able to upload it.

 * About the map: I'm a perfectionist, and I work slow! User:Vardion, who originally made Image:BlankMap-World.png, might be able to do it faster.  dbenbenn | talk 13:13, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Images and media for deletion
I am contacting people who previously helped to vote to delete a generally objectionable photograph by a vote of 88 to 21, and who might be unaware that immediately after that image was voted to be deleted someone posted another which was very similar in content. My objections to this, and the previous image that was voted to be deleted might be based upon reasons far different from any that you have, but I do object to it, and consider the posting of such images to be acts of asinine stupidity, which burdens the project and its major educational aims in ways that they should not be burdened, and can be extremely detrimental to the acceptance and growth of WIkipedia's use and influence. Thus far those who I believe to be in the extreme minority of Wikipedians who would like to include these images, many who have been channeled to the voting page from the article with which it is associated have dominated the voting, 23 to 12 (as of the time that I composed this message). I would like to be somewhat instrumental in shedding a bit more light upon the issue, and if possible, helping to turn the tide against its inclusion. It might also be necessary to begin making an effort to establish an explicit Wikipedia policy against explicite photographic depictions of humans engaged in erotic, auto-erotic, or quasi-erotic activities. To my limited knowledge such images have not been accepted as appropriate anywhere else within this project, and frankly I can agree with those who are casually labeled prudes for opposing their inclusion, that they should not be. Vitally important information that might be unwelcome by some is one thing that should never be deleted, but un-needed images that can eventually prevent or impede many thousands or millions of people from gaining access to the great mass of truly important information that Wikipedia provides is quite another matter. There are vitally important distinctions to be made. Whatever your reasons, or final decisions upon the matter, I am appealing for more input on the voting that is occurring at Wikipedia:Images_and_media_for_deletion. ~ Achilles † 01:45, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Achilles. In reply to your note: I voted to keep the previous image, and I've already voted to keep this one.  You wrote that you "consider the posting of such images to be acts of asinine stupidity".  I feel the same way about the attempt to delete such images.  Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 01:53, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In reply to your comment: You of course have the right to your opinions, and I have the right to mine. Though I do not object to the existence or the commerce in such images, this project is NOT the proper vehicle to present them in. I strongly feel that the inclusion of such images is ultimately a diservice to the overall aims of the entire project. ~ Achilles † 01:59, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Nominating on commons
Hi Quadell. I've decided I want to be an administrator at the Commons. I would be honored if you would nominate me at Commons:Commons:Administrators. dbenbenn | talk 01:58, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * My pleasure. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 13:36, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much. dbenbenn | talk 13:40, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wikinews logo
Hi, the Wikinews logo has been updated. Could you update the thumbnail used in the Sister projects box? Dan100 13:49, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Dan. I made a new thumbnail.  It came to 1874 bytes.  The auto-generated MediaWiki thumbnail of Image:Wikinews-logo-textless.png is only 10 bytes bigger.  So I'm going to change Template:WikipediaSister to just use the big textless logo.  But it still needs to be updated ...  I'll do that in a couple hours if you don't get to it first.

 * By the way, did you intend to upload the new logo locally to Image:Wikinews-logo2.png, instead of at the Commons? I'd like to delete that image, if you'd tag it delete.  The fewer copies of the logo to keep in sync the better!  dbenbenn | talk 18:10, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Another ancient unclosed vfd that doesn't really need to be relisted
Bother you to close Votes for deletion/Meh? Note that it's already in Wiktionary. —Korath (Talk) 03:24, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. You still sure you don't want to be an admin?  dbenbenn | talk 03:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sure. I don't even meet my own admin criteria, and my recent dispute with Xiong has made my talk page nightmarish.  I can't see how I'd pass an RFA at the moment.  But thanks again for the offer. —Korath (Talk) 04:22, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

IFD nomination - Hosho
Hi Pibwl. You nominated Image:Japanese.aircraft.carrier.hosho.jpg for deletion at WP:IFD. When you do that, please put ifd at the image description page. Also, note that the version you put at the Commons, Commons:Image:716px-Japanese.aircraft.carrier.hosho.jpg, has a different file name. Since the version you nominated isn't an orphan, it can't be deleted. Finally, I'm curious why you thumbnailed the image at the Commons to a width of only 716 pixels. I've uploaded the higher resolution version over top of it. Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 02:22, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing my attention at it. I was really wondering, from where I took 716px image of Japanese.aircraft.carrier.hosho.jpg - and finally found, that I've downloaded it from English Wikipedia in a thumbnailed version, instead of full size one. I must be aware of it in the future. Well, I guess, the best would be to upload it to commons with correct filename (without 716px) and quickly delete it from commons? (seems, that as for now, only Polish wiki uses it, which I'd change). Pibwl 18:30, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and replaced it with Commons:Image:Japanese aircraft carrier Hosho.jpg here and on the Polish Wikipedia. dbenbenn | talk 19:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Pibwl 15:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spanish constitution 1931
Thanks for noticing the erroneous link. It has now been corrected. I apreciate the keen eye, but I think that correction is often more constructive than deletion. Askewmind''' | (Talk) 22:38, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course I agree that "correction is more constructive than deletion". I was unable to find the Spanish Constitution of 1931 at Wikisource.  I didn't know to look at wikisource:Constitución de la República Española de 1931.  dbenbenn | talk 02:22, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image:Folds of the earth from close up.jpg et al.
I asked the up-loader to supply copyright info, and he didn't (and his notes in the article for which he up-loaded them suggest that they're copyrighted). I also informed him that they were up for deletion, and he still didn't supply the information. Is taking them off IfD and giving them an 'unverified' tag really the best option? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:31, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Please read the first two sentences at WP:IFD ;). I'm not comfortable deleting images that are used, since most IFD nominations don't get inspected by anyone else, and deletion can't be undone.

 * I hadn't noticed Manipulation of geological data. I can't check those links here at work, but if they're the sources of the images, you can just list the images at WP:CP.  If not, I think leaving them in Category:Images with unknown source is fine for now.

 * By the way, it doesn't appear from User talk:Dweeberkitty that you informed him the images had been listed for deletion. You did mention the lack of copyright tags, but he might not have seen it buried in point 3.5 of your note.  dbenbenn | talk 20:52, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You're quite right; I could have sworn that I'd told him. My apologies. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:01, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbenbenn/archive5


text:
Intransitive case

In grammar, the intransitive case (abbreviated ), also denominated passive case or patient case, is a grammatical case used in some languages to mark the argument of an intransitive verb, but not used with transitive verbs. It is generally seen in languages that display tripartite nominal morphologies; it contrasts with the nominative and absolutive cases employed in other languages' morphosyntax to mark the argument of intransitive clauses.

As a distinct intransitive case has zero marking in all languages known to have one, and is the citation form of the noun, it is frequently called absolutive, a word used for an unmarked citation-form argument in various case systems.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Intransitive case


text: Wikipedia:POTD/April 29, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/April 29, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/April 29, 2005


text: User talk:128.135.147.221

title: User talk:128.135.147.221


text:
Talk:Mario Cuomo

Missing, Notable Child
Noticed it mentions two of his children, but not Chris Cuomo of CNN. Chris's page mentions Mario as his father. Not sure how to edit, just throwing it out there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.55.183.118 (talk) 23:06, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Presidential Ambitions
So many wanted him to run for president. What happened with that? There should be a section on that. He was seriously considered as a potential presidential candidite for many years.

24.8.106.182 (talk) 19:26, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Suggestion for Article
Somebody needs to write about Cuomo's tremendous talent as an orator and write about it at length. He is one of the greatest American orators of all time, if not the best, and this unique talent deserves a special section.--Susan Nunes 21 January 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.228.61.136 (talk) 16:39, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

these days?
what is mario up to these days? Kingturtle 17:25, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

?? What high school did Mario Cuomo attend?????

image
Can we please get a better photo. I know this is a free photo now, but maybe a photo of his official picture can work on a FU basis? Mbisanz 18:52, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Baseball
Mario Cuomo was interviewed for Ken Burns' documentary, Baseball, offering a personal anecdote of the signing of Jackie Robinson by the Brooklyn Dodgers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.175.225.22 (talk) 19:43, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Picture
Does anyone have an up to date picture of Governor Cuomo or his official picture? (he still wont sit for the official portrait) The current picture is old a newer picture would be an upgrade.--Duffy2032 (talk) 18:17, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Marriage
If anyone wants to mention his involvement in legalizing Same-sex marriage in New York, here's a start: "Mr. Cuomo made same-sex marriage one of his top priorities for the year and deployed his top aide to coordinate the efforts of a half-dozen local gay-rights organizations whose feuding and disorganization had in part been blamed for the defeat two years ago." from this NYTimes article Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 22:40, 26 June 2011 (UTC) PS-in ref format:

I think you are referring to his son, Andrew Cuomo. (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 08:25, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

ImmacUlata or ImmacOlata
The name of the mother is strange. In Italian is it Immacolata and not Immaculata. Could it be a small spelling mistake? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.246.2.9 (talk • contribs) 19:05, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120324053330/http://www.helpusa.org/About_us/Board%20and%20Leadership to http://www.helpusa.org/About_us/Board%20and%20Leadership
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151542/http://www.willkie.com/MarioCuomo to http://www.willkie.com/MarioCuomo

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001201/http://www.history.com/speeches/speeches-mario-cuomo-delivers-keynote-address-to-democratic-national-convention to http://www.history.com/speeches/speeches-mario-cuomo-delivers-keynote-address-to-democratic-national-convention

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Andrew's daughters' surname
Currently, the article has Cuomo alone as their surname but last year, I saw news media write their surname as Kennedy Cuomo (not Cuomo Kennedy, nor was Kennedy a middle name). It may have been hyphenated. —172.58.239.25 (talk) 12:20, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

More External links modified
The external link for Source [38] leads to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0 which is a music video to the song "GANGNAM STYLE(강남스타일) M/V" by PSY.

The actual link should be this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5mYjL27T4w The discussion of the assassination attempt and Chris Cuomo's denial of it starts at around the 48 minute mark.

I have edited the Wikipedia article, please review and approve this change, I believe the link to GANGNAM STYLE to be vandalism.

Please note that I made a mistake in the short description of my edit, saying I changed the link for Source [37], this is a typo, please don't immediately reject the change because of it. 84.154.211.66 (talk) 19:47, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mario Cuomo


text:
Metallic silhouette shooting

Metallic silhouette shooting is a group of target shooting disciplines that involves shooting at steel targets representing game animals at varying distances, seeking to knock the metal target over. Metallic silhouette is shot with large bore rifles fired freehand without support out to 500 meters, and with large bore handguns from the prone position with only body support out to 200 meters. Competitions are also held with airguns and black-powder firearms. A related genre is shot with bow and arrow, the metal targets being replaced with cardboard or foam. The targets used are rams, turkeys, pigs, and chickens, which are cut to different scales and set at certain distances from the shooter depending on the specific discipline.

History
Metallic silhouette is descended from an old Mexican sport, dating back to the early 20th century, wherein live game animals were staked out at varying distances as targets. By 1948, metal cutouts of the animals were used instead of live animals, birthing "siluetas metalicas." The first metallic silhouette match was held in Mexico City. Because of the sport's Mexican roots, in the United States the silhouettes are often referred to by terms from several varieties of American Spanish, namely gallina (chicken), jabali (pig), guajalote (turkey), and borrego (ram).

The first silhouette range constructed in the United States was in 1967 at Nogales, Arizona. Growth was steady until 1973, when the NRA became involved in the sport. By the mid-1980s it was the fastest-growing gun sport in the United States. It is a sport that appeals to hunters, plinkers, and serious target shooters without the financial barriers of some other competitive shooting sports. Jim Carmichel called it the "common ground on which to unite."

Governing bodies
The International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union (IMSSU) is the international federation controlling metallic silhouette competitions for both rifle and pistol. As of 2020, the IMSSU has 26 member regions.

North America
There are two major US-based bodies: The United States Metallic Silhouette Association (USMSA) covers all types of silhouette shooting in the United States, and the International Handgun Metallic Silhouette Association (IHMSA) covers only silhouette pistol shooting. There are some minor differences between the international IMSSU rules and those used in domestic competitions, but it is generally possible to compete in all with the same equipment. USMSA domestic competitions typically use the silhouette shooting rules developed by the National Rifle Association of America.

Silhouette shooting is growing in popularity in Canada. The Silhouette Rifle Association of Canada (SRAC) is the governing body for silhouette rifle shooting and sanctions the Canadian National Rifle Silhouette Championships hosted each year by one of the participating provincial silhouette associations. The Canadian Championship adheres to the U.S. NRA silhouette competition ruleset.

Europe
The European Metallic Silhouette Shooting Association (AETSM) (French name Association Européenne de Tir sur Silhouettes Métalliques) is the European regional body of the IMSSU. AETSM was founded in 1989 and was a founding member of IMSSU in 1992, after which it was incorporated into the newer organization. As of 2020, 17 European countries are represented by AETSM.

Course of fire
Targets are set up in groups of five of each kind, with a silhouette's width between targets, laid out at the required distances for the given match. Each group of targets must be shot left to right; if a target is missed then the next shot is taken at the next target. Any target hit out of order is considered a miss. Targets are engaged in order of distance: chickens, pigs, turkeys, rams. The target must be knocked down or pushed off the target stand in order to score a hit; even a shot ricocheting off the ground in front of the target will count if it takes down the correct target. Shooters are allowed to have a spotter with them, who watches where the shots land and advises the shooter on corrections to make.

All disciplines require a minimum of 10 shots at each type of target, for a minimum of 40 shots per match; normal matches are 40, 60, 80, or 120 shots. To score a hit, the target must be knocked off its stand, so each cartridge used must provide sufficient momentum to knock the heavy metal targets over. Scores are recorded as the number of hits per rounds fired, so 30 hits with 40 shots is a score of 30x40=1200.

A tie can be broken in one of two ways: a sudden death shoot-off, used at all national and large regional competitions and for the overall match winner. Master Class and AAA shooters shoot at turkeys, AA Class shoot at rams, A Class shoot at chickens and B Class shoot at pigs. To save time and effort, a reverse animal count can also be used (number of hits on hardest animal to easiest), with whoever hits the most turkeys being the winner. If a tie still exists, whoever hit the most rams is the winner. This continues to chickens and finally pigs.

For IHMSA competition, tie scores are broken by either reverse animal count, or by shootoffs, as determined by the match director, however, for state, regional and international championships, shootoffs are used to determine the winners in all categories and classes. For reverse animal count, scores are compared starting at rams; the shooter with the most rams is the winner. This procedure is used sequentially down through turkeys, pigs and chickens. If a tie still exists, a shootoff is used to determine the winner. Shootoffs are in banks of five targets and can be any type or size, placed at any distance out to the maximum ram distance for the competition. Shooting strings continue until all ties are broken. Sudden death shootoffs are not allowed.

Positions
Rifle silhouette shooters generally shoot from an unsupported standing position, though black-powder rifles may use shooting sticks in some competitions.

Handgunners may be required to shoot from an unsupported standing position (two hands may be used), or from a "freestyle" position. Freestyle includes some unusual positions, such as the Creedmore position, which is shot lying on the back, legs bent and feet flat on the ground, with the pistol resting on the shooter's right leg. In a freestyle position the pistol may only contact the shooter's body, no rests may be used (not even, in the case of the Creedmore position, the top of a boot).

There are informal matches for special classes, like cowboy rifles and pistols and vintage military surplus rifles.

All rifle shooting is done standing, with the firearm unsupported. The exception to this is black-powder rifles; the ranges are the same as large-bore rifles, but only chickens must be shot unsupported; all other targets may be shot from any position, including crossed sticks, a bench may not be used. Pistol shooting, unless in a designated standing event, can be shot from any unsupported position. Like the any-position pistol shooters, standing pistol shooters adopt odd positions in their quest for the most stable possible shooting position. Standing pistol is the most difficult discipline; no one has yet shot a perfect 40x40. Standing big-bore any-sight pistol matches are often tied with perfect scores, and decided by a tiebreaker.

Target layouts

To allow shooting at ranges which may not have space for a full target layout, NRA rules allow the use of reduced scale pigs, turkeys and rams placed at the same distance as chickens. The scale is reduced proportional to the change in distance, so the targets will cover the same angular distance as they would if set up at full range. Reduced scale matches fired at paper targets are also popular for informal competitions, especially for Internet-based matches where the shooters may reside in different countries. These are generally fired with rimfires or airguns.

Targets for large-bore use are 3/8 to 1/2 in thick hardened steel; small bore targets are 3/16 to 1/4 in steel, and airgun targets are 1/8 in steel, although some aluminum targets are produced.

Ranges are measured in meters only. The exception is the new IHMSA air pistol discipline, which is in yards only.

Handgun categories
Both bolt action and break action pistols are common in metallic silhouette shooting, as well as revolvers. Pistols usually either have a center grip or rear grip, and which is favored depends on shooting position and personal preference. Examples of pistols used for metallic silhouette shooting are the Remington XP-100, Thompson/Center Contender, Savage Striker and Tanfoglio Thor.

Metallic silhouette handguns most often have iron sights, although there are some national divisions where scope sights are used. Handgun scopes are usually rifle scopes with normal eye relief (especially for the standing position), but sometimes extended eye relief (EER) scopes are used (also called "scout" sights), especially when used for a lying position.

All long range handgun metallic silhouette events are fired with targets at the distances 50, 100, 150 and 200 meters.

International handgun categories
The four international fullbore handgun divisions sanctioned by IMSSU are: Unlimited, Production, Standing, and Revolver.

 * IMSSU Unlimited: Iron sighted pistols and revolvers with a maximum barrel length and sight radius of 381 mm, and a maximum weight of 2041 g. The sight radius is measured from the rear of the sight blade to the highest portion of the from sight. The overall length of the firearm can no more than 635 mm. The bullet diameter must be minimum 6 mm (.240"). The shooting position is freestyle, and most opt to shoot lying. The iron sights are usually open, but diopter and hooded sights are also permitted. Muzzle brakes are not permitted. Revolvers are uncommon due to a having a higher degree of difficulty, i.e. longer lock time. Examples of popular handguns for IMSSU Unlimited are the XP-100 and Thompson/Center Contender.

 * IMSSU Production: Stock iron sighted pistols and revolvers. The handgun model must be readily available, and modifications are not permitted as a rule of thumb. The maximum barrel length is 273 mm, the maximum sight radius is 342 mm, and the maximum weight is 1814 g. The overall length of the firearm can be no more than 406 mm for pistols and 457 mm for revolvers. Only open iron sights are permitted, and diopter sights are thus not permitted. The rulebook also further specifies any permitted modifications as well as accepted grip shapes. The shooting position is freestyle, and most opt to shoot lying. An example of a popular handguns for IMSSU Unlimited is the Thompson/Center Contender, as well as production bolt action pistols such as Loppo and Jalonen.

 * IMSSU Standing: Same technical rules as IMSSU Production. The only difference to IMSSU Production is that the class is shot from the standing position.

 * IMSSU Revolver: Only revolvers. Otherwise the class follows the same technical rules as IMSSU Production. The shooting position is freestyle, and most opt to shoot lying. Examples of popular revolvers include Ruger Single Six and Ruger Super Blackhawk, as well as models from Freedom Arms and Smith & Wesson.

IMSSU also has smallbore variations of the fullbore classes which follow the same rules, except that the only cartridges permitted are .22 Short, .22 Long, or .22 Long Rifle, that the target distances are halved, and that diopter sights are permitted in standing smallbore.

U.S. national handgun categories
As of 2020 most competitions in the U.S. are shot under NRA or IHMSA competition rules instead of using the international IMSSU rules, except for World Championships which are held according to IMSSU rules. The NRA rules lies closer to IMSSU, since NRA is the U.S. representative of IMSSU through the United States Metallic Silhouette Association (USMSA). The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) has a total of 7 categories, which can be divided into 3 Conventional categories and 4 Unlimited categories. IHMSA has a total of 8 categories, which can be divided into 3 Production categories and 5 Unlimited categories. The NRA Conventional and IHMSA Production categories are very similar, and the same can be said for the NRA Unlimited and IHMSA Unlimited categories. There are some minor differences and overlaps between the different three different competition rulesets, with the most important outlined below.

In the NRA Conventional and IHMSA Production classes, the handgun must be a stock, unmodified and readily available factory gun with a maximum barrel length of 10+3/4 in. As a rule of thumb, bolt action pistols are not permitted in NRA Conventional, which excludes bolt action pistols and therefore makes revolver and break action pistols competitive. Bolt action pistols are however permitted in IHMSA Production, except in IHMSA Production Revolver which is restricted to revolvers. Other differences between the classes are listed in the table below:
 * NRA Conventional Pistol and IHMSA Production classes:

The NRA Unlimited and IHMSA Unlimited classes permit any gun type (including bolt guns) with a maximum barrel length of 15 in. Differences between the classes are listed in the table below:
 * NRA Unlimited and IHMSA Unlimited classes:

Rifle divisions
Metallic silhouette rifles most often have scope sights.

International divisions

 * IMSSU Silhouette Rifle: Also called High power silhouette rifle. A rifle, caliber 6 mm or larger, provided no belted cartridges or magnums are allowed. The maximum permitted weight is 4.6 kg, including sights. Any sights may be used, whether telescopic or metallic. Scopes may not be more than 2 in above the rifle as measured from the top of the receiver to the underside of the scope tube, nor may the scope be offset from the top center line of the receiver (i.e. no canted sights). Any sighting device programmed to activate the firing mechanisms is prohibited. The stock must be traditionally styled and may not be bent or twisted so as to deviate from conventional configurations such as factory rifle stocks or silhouette stocks as manufactured by Fajen, McMillan, H-S Precision, and others. The barrel may be no longer than 30 in. Exceptions to this in U.S. competitions include U.S. rifles in caliber .30 such as the M1, M14, and M1A. These rifles only may exceed the weight limit, and telescopic sights are not permitted on these rifles. The magazine of the M1A or M14 may not be used as a palm rest.

 * IMSSU Hunting Rifle: Also called High power hunting silhouette rifle. A hunting style rifle having a maximum weight of 9 lbs, including sights and if applicable, an empty magazine or clip. The intent is to describe a common hunting rifle. Caliber 6 mm or larger, provided that no belted cartridges or magnums are allowed. Sights can be any telescopic or metallic sight. Scopes may not be more than 1.5 in above the rifle. Exception: for rifles that eject the empty cartridge case straight up and that normally use an offset scope, the scope may be offset. Any sighting device programmed to activate the firing mechanism is prohibited. Stocks can be hunting style; thumbhole-type stocks are not permitted. Trigger pull can not be less than 2 lbs. Rifles must be equipped with a functional safety, and all safety features must be functional. A hunting style contoured barrel that tapers from chamber to muzzle must be used, while bull barrels are not permitted. Factory tuners that do not act as a muzzle brake or compensator is permitted. Maximum barrel length is 26 in, including tuner. Magazines may not be loaded with more than five rounds.

Anschutz is the manufacturer which totally dominates the smallbore silhouette rifle field. At the 2007 NRA Smallbore Rifle Silhouette National Championship 71% of all of the standard rifles were Anschutz rifles, 67% of the hunter rifles were Anschutz rifles.

 * IMSSU Silhouette Rifle Small Bore: Also called smallbore silhouette rifle. Identical to the description of the high power silhouette rifle, except that the rifles are chambered for only factory loaded .22 caliber (5.6 mm) short, long or long rifle rimfire cartridges. Hyper velocity rounds are not allowed.

 * IMSSU Hunting Rifle Small Bore: Also called smallbore hunting silhouette rifle. Identical to the description of the high power hunting silhouette rifle, except that the rifle may be a single-loading rifle, the weight may not exceed 8.5 lbs, the rifles are chambered for only factory loaded .22 caliber (5.6 mm) short, long or long rifle rimfire cartridges, and barrel tuners or additional weights are not permitted.

U.S National divisions
Competitions in the United States are held by the United States Metallic Silhouette Association (USMSA), which follow NRA rules in the U.S. and IMSSU rules in World Championships.

 * NRA Cowboy lever action silhouette: Any lever action center fire rifle .25 caliber (6.4 mm) or larger with a tubular magazine of original manufacturer or replica thereof. Only rimmed cases loaded with round or flat nosed bullets are used. Exception: .30 Remington and .35 Remington are allowed.

 * NRA Smallbore cowboy rifle silhouette: Any lever action, pump, or semi-auto rimfire rifle with a tubular magazine. Only .22 long rifle ammunition is allowed. Hyper velocity ammunition is prohibited.

 * NRA Pistol cartridge cowboy lever action silhouette: Any lever action rifle with a tubular magazine. Only rimmed pistol cartridges loaded with round or flat nosed bullets are used, i.e. .25-20 Winchester, .32-20 Winchester, .38 Special, .357 Magnum, .38-40 Winchester, .44 Special, .44-40 Winchester, .45 Colt, .22 Magnum, and .22 Long Rifle.

 * NRA High power semi-automatic military rifle: Any center fire, selfloading rifle, as issued for general service by the armed forces of any nation, or the same type and caliber of commercially manufactured rifle, having not less than 4.5 lbs trigger pull, with standard type stock. In all courses, the standard box magazine is attached. Hinged butt plates, if installed, are only used in the folded position. Rubber recoil pads may be used. Gas systems, if any, are fully operational. External modifications are not allowed. The application of synthetic coatings, which includes those containing powdered metal, to the interior of the stock to improve bedding is authorized provided the coating does not interfere with the function or operation of safety features. The front and rear sights must be of original design, but may vary in dimensions of rear sight aperture and front sight blade. The internal parts of the rifle may be specially fitted and include alterations which will improve the functioning and accuracy of the arm, provided such alterations in no way interfere with the proper functioning of the safety devices as manufactured. (6 mm or larger caliber. Any magazine may be used and may be included in the grasp).

Rifle silhouette cartridges
NRA rules for high power (silhouette and hunter) permit rifles in caliber 6 mm or larger, provided no belted cartridges or magnums are allowed. Common calibers can be thought of as in the deer hunting, target shooting and bench rest range. .243 Winchester, 6mm Remington, 6mm BR, .260 Remington, 6.5mm Creedmoor, 6.5×55mm, 6.5x47, 6.5 TCU, .270 Winchester, 7mm-08 Remington, 7mm BR Remington, 7mm TCU, 7x57mm, .30 TC, .308 Winchester, and .30-06 Springfield. The limiting factor is the balance between amount of recoil and the ability to retain enough energy to knock the rams over at 500 meters.

Handgun silhouette cartridges
Handgun cartridges aim to find a balance between comfortable recoil and being able to knock down the ram targets at 200 meters. Some common cartridges in Production are .357 Maximum, .300 Blackout, 7mm TCU, 7mm BR, .44 Magnum, .30-30 Winchester and .30 Herrett, while some common cartridges in Unlimited are 6mm BR, 7mm BR, 6mm TCU, 6,5mm TCU, 7mm TCU, 6×45 mm Rem and 6.5 mm Grendel.

Other equipment
Ear protection and eye protection is mandatory. Spotting scopes and binoculars are commonly used. Gloves are only used for extra warmth when conditions require.

Many shooters prefer to have their own personal timer to show a countdown of the remaining time of a shooting period. To aid in sight adjustment, many use a notebook or other aid to show an overview of relevant ballistics. Any tools needed for sight adjustment should be brought along. Elbow pads are commonly used to reduce impact to the elbows against the ground and recoil. A leg garther is often used to store ammunition, and a blast shield (also called leg shield) is normally used, especially for revolver shooters due to the blast from the revolver cylinder. A carrier box or shooting box can be of great help for convenient transporting of the firearm from station to station on the range.

Clothing such as commercial-type trap and skeet vests (sleeveless) and shotgun shooting shirts are permitted as well as clothing normally suitable for existing climatic temperatures. Shooting coats, unnecessarily heavy clothing, or anything that would provide artificial support such as clothing having excess padding or stiffening material or which restricts or supports the body in the shooting position may not be worn. In black powder cartridge rifle competitions only period costumes are permitted.

title: Metallic silhouette shooting


text:
Lactisole

Lactisole is the sodium salt and commonly supplied form of 2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propionic acid, a natural carboxylic acid found in roasted coffee beans. Like gymnemic acid, it has the property of masking sweet flavors and is used for this purpose in the food industry.

Chemistry
Chemically, lactisole is a double ether of hydroquinone. Since it contains an asymmetric carbon atom the molecule is chiral, with the S enantiomer predominating in natural sources and being primarily responsible for the sweetness-masking effect. Commercial lactisole is a racemic mixture of the R and S forms.

Natural occurrences
The parent acid of lactisole was discovered in 1989 in roasted Colombian arabica coffee beans in a concentration of 0.5 to 1.2 ppm.

Anti-sweet properties
At concentrations of 100–150 parts per million in food, lactisole largely suppresses the ability to perceive sweet tastes, both from sugar and from artificial sweeteners such as aspartame. A 12% sucrose solution was perceived like a 4% sucrose solution when lactisole was added. However, it is significantly less efficient than gymnemic acid with acesulfame potassium, sucrose, glucose and sodium saccharin. Research found also that it has no effect on the perception of bitterness, sourness and saltiness. According to a recent study, lactisole acts on a sweet taste receptor heteromer of the TAS1R3 sweet protein receptor in humans, but not on its rodent counterpart.

As a food additive
The principal use of lactisole is in jellies, jams, and similar preserved fruit products containing large amounts of sugar. In these products, by suppressing sugar's sweetness, it allows fruit flavors to come through. In the United States, lactisole is designated as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (Fema number: 3773) and approved for use in food as flavoring agent up to 150 ppm. Currently, lactisole is manufactured and sold by Domino Sugar and its usage levels are between 50 and 150 ppm. In the European Union lactisole is allowed to be used as a flavouring substance in foods, FL No. 16.041.

title: Lactisole


text:
User talk:Mattready~enwiki

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title: User talk:Mattready~enwiki


text:
Horizon (disambiguation)

The horizon is the line at which the sky and the Earth's surface appear to meet.

Horizon or The Horizon may also refer to:

Films

 * Horizon (1932 film), a Soviet film
 * The Horizon (film), a 1961 Soviet film
 * Horizon (1971 film), a Hungarian film
 * The Horizon (地平線), a 1984 Japanese film by director Kaneto Shindo
 * Horizon (1989 film), an Iranian film
 * Horizon (2018 film), a Georgian film
 * Horizon: An American Saga, a series of four planned American epic Western films
 * Horizon: An American Saga – Chapter 1, first film
 * Horizon: An American Saga – Chapter 2, second film

Games

 * Horizon (video game series), a series of action role-playing games developed by Guerrilla Games
 * Horizon Zero Dawn, a 2017 video game for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows
 * Horizon Forbidden West, a 2022 sequel for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5
 * Horizons: Empire of Istaria, the original name of the MMORPG Istaria: Chronicles of the Gifted
 * Forza Horizon, a 2012 open world racing game for Xbox 360, which became a sub-series for the Forza racing game franchise
 * Animal Crossing: New Horizons, a 2020 video game for the Nintendo Switch
 * Horizon, a playable character in the game Apex Legends

Music

 * Horizons Gorwelion, an annual festival aimed at promoting independent contemporary new music in Wales
 * Horizon (band), a German metal band
 * Hori7on, a South Korea-based Filipino boy band
 * Horizon Records, an American record label

Albums

 * Horizon (Culture Beat album), 1991
 * Horizon (Eddie Rabbitt album), 1980
 * Horizon (Remioromen album), 2006
 * Horizon (Sun Ra album), 1972
 * Horizon (The Carpenters album), 1975
 * Horizon (McCoy Tyner album), 1979
 * Horizon, album by BZN
 * Horizons (Kris Allen album), 2014
 * Horizons (Charles McPherson album), 1968
 * Horizons (Parkway Drive album), 2007
 * Horizons (Ira Sullivan album), 1987
 * Horizons (Starset album), 2021
 * Horizon (The Rocking Horse Winner album), 2002

Songs

 * "Horizon" (Jessica Andersson song), Melodifestivalen 2021 entry
 * "Horizon", a 2008 single by D'espairsRay
 * "Horizon", a song by The Bats from the album At the National Grid
 * "Horizon", a song by Diaura from the album Triangle
 * "Horizon", a song by Daft Punk from the 2013 album Random Access Memories
 * "Horizon", a song by Genesis Diaura from the 1972 album Foxtrot
 * "Horizons", a 1994 song by British DJ and drum and bass musician LTJ Bukem
 * "Horizon", a song by American musician Cat Power from the 2018 album Wanderer
 * "Horizons", a song by the 3rd and the Mortal from the 1996 album Painting on Glass
 * "Horizon", a song by Akina Hakamori from the 1984 album Possibility
 * "Horizon", a comedy song about the Chrysler Horizon by The Arrogant Worms from their 1995 album C'est Cheese
 * "Horizon" (Jaehyun song), a 2023 single by South Korean singer and NCT member Jaehyun

Periodicals

 * Horizon (British magazine), British magazine, 1940–1949, founded by Cyril Connolly, Stephen Spender and Peter Watson
 * Horizon (online magazine), research and innovation magazine published by the European Commission
 * Horizon (U.S. magazine), 1958–1989, originally published by American Heritage
 * Horizon Weekly, Armenian-Canadian newspaper publication
 * Horizons (magazine), research magazine of the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences
 * Horizons (journal), a religious study journal
 * The Horizon: A Journal of the Color Line, U.S. magazine, 1907–1919, edited by W.E.B. Du Bois

Television and web series

 * Horizon (British TV series), a long-running British programme on BBC television showing popular science documentaries
 * Horizon (Canadian TV program), a 1963–1964 Canadian current affairs television program that aired on CBC
 * Arizona Horizon, a current events television program that debuted Arizona-based KAET in 1981
 * The Horizon (web series), a web series which premiered on YouTube; it is the most watched online series made in Australia and the most watched gay web series in the world.
 * "Horizon" (Star Trek: Enterprise), a 2003 second-season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 * "The Horizon" (Alias), a 2005 episode
 * Pokémon Horizons: The Series, the 26th season of the Pokémon anime series

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Horizon (novel), a 2009 fantasy novel by Lois McMaster Bujold
 * Horizontes (Horizons), 1913 painting by Francisco Antonio Cano Cardona
 * Horizons (ballet), a modern dance work
 * Horizons, a sculpture by Neil Dawson

Companies and brands

 * Horizon (camera), a swing-lens panoramic camera manufactured in Russia
 * Horizon Fitness, a fitness equipment subsidiary of Johnson Health Tech
 * Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies, a corporation specializing in fuel cell technology
 * Horizon Nuclear Power, a British energy company
 * Horizon Organic, an American company that produces dairy and egg products
 * Horizon Pipeline, a small natural gas pipeline that moves gas in northern Illinois
 * Horizon Power, a corporation owned by the Government of Western Australia
 * Time horizon, the amount of time an organisation will look into the future when preparing a strategic plan
 * Horizons Satellite, a joint venture between Intelsat and SKY Perfect JSAT Group that owns a fleet of Horizons satellites
 * Horizon (store), a discount department store
 * Warner Horizon Television, Warner Bros Television’s division formed in 2006
 * Horizon Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company

Radio and television providers

 * Horizont (radio station), or Horizon Radio, a state-owned Bulgarian Radio Station
 * Heart 103.3, or Horizon Radio (UK), a UK radio station
 * Horizon TV Asia, a television provider in India

Events and organizations

 * Horizon League, a collegiate athletic conference in the midwestern USA
 * Horizons Regional Council, the regional authority for the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand
 * Horizon 2020, a funding programme by the European Union for innovation and economic growth
 * Horizon Europe, continuation of Horizon 2020
 * Horizons (political party), French center-right political party
 * Orizzonti (Horizons), a parallel section of the Venice Film Festival

Places

 * Horizons Region, official name of Manawatū-Whanganui region in New Zealand
 * Horizon, Saskatchewan, hamlet in Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Rosemont Horizon, the former name of Allstate Arena, a multipurpose arena in Rosemont, Illinois, United States
 * Horizon City, Texas, a town in Texas, United States
 * Horizons (Epcot), a former Epcot Center attraction at Walt Disney World

Schools

 * École secondaire l'Horizon, a French public secondary school in Quebec, Canada
 * Horizon High School (disambiguation)
 * Horizon Science Academy, a group of charter schools which is owned by Concept Schools in Ohio, United States

Computing

 * Horizon effect, in artificial intelligence: the computational limit beyond which conventional game-tree search algorithms make suboptimal decisions
 * Horizons: Software Starter Pack, a 1982 software compilation for the ZX Spectrum
 * North Star Horizon, an 8-bit computer system based on the ZiLOG Z80A microprocessor
 * Split horizon route advertisement, one of the methods in computer networks used to prevent routing loops
 * VMware Horizon, a commercial desktop-virtualisation product released in 2014 (formerly called Horizon View)
 * Nintendo Switch system software, internally known as Horizon
 * Horizon, a social platform being built by Meta Platforms, encompassing Horizon Home, Horizon Worlds, Horizon Workrooms, Horizon Venues and Horizon Marketplace
 * Horizon, the Fujitsu IT and accounting system at the heart of the British Post Office scandal

Earth science and archeology

 * Horizon (archaeology), a distinctive sediment, artefact, style or other cultural trait that is found at archaeological sites across a large geographical area
 * Horizon (geology), a bedding plane or a thin bed of distinctive character within a stratigraphic sequence
 * Marker horizon, a distinctive stratigraphic unit, of the same age across several locations
 * Soil horizon, a specific and distinctive layer in a land area

Physics

 * Horizon (general relativity), that play a role in Einstein's theory of general relativity
 * Absolute horizon, a boundary in spacetime in general relativity inside of which events cannot affect an external observer
 * Apparent horizon, a surface defined in general relativity
 * Cauchy horizon, a surface found in the study of Cauchy problems
 * Celestial horizon, a great circle parallel to the horizon
 * Cosmological horizon, a limit of observability: the maximum distance from which particles can have travelled to an observer in the age of the universe
 * Event horizon, a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect the observer
 * JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System, an interactive facility that computes the position of many solar system objects
 * Killing horizon, a null surface on which there is a Killing vector field
 * Radio horizon, the locus of points in telecommunication at which direct rays from an antenna are tangential to the surface of the Earth

Transportation

 * Horizon (railcar), an Amtrak passenger car used mostly in the Midwest
 * Attitude indicator, or Artificial horizon, an instrument used in an aircraft to inform the pilot of the orientation of the airplane relative to the ground
 * Carnival Horizon, a cruise ship operated by Carnival Cruise Line
 * Chrysler Horizon, a car designed by Chrysler Europe
 * Fisher Horizon, a kit aircraft
 * Hawker Horizon, the original name of the Hawker 4000 business jet
 * Halman Horizon, a Canadian sailboat design
 * Horizon Air, a regional airline and subsidiary of the Alaska Air Group
 * Horizon Airlines (Australia), an Australian airline based in Sydney
 * Horizon-class frigate, a multi-national collaboration to produce a new generation of anti-air warfare frigates
 * MV Horizon, a cruise ship operated by Pullmantur Cruises

Other uses

 * Fusion of horizons, understanding that results from the dynamic process of integrating the 'Other' and the familiar
 * Project Horizon, a study to determine the feasibility of the construction of a military base on the moon conducted in 1959

title: Horizon (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Robert Crowley (printer)

Celibacy
Mel: There was no implication that a fellowship entailed a vow of celibacy in my earlier wording. There was a requirement that fellows had to be ordained within a ctain amount of time, and ordination meant taking a vow of celibacy. Dan Knauss 15:23, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Will soon (I hope) add Elizabethan material. -dk

 * No, it was the other way round; your wording implied that a Fellowship involved mandatory sex, not celibacy:
 * "In 1542 he became a Fellow of Magdalen College, but he left the same year, possibly because of a purge of evangelicals and/or because he, like John Foxe, were due to take holy orders which entailed a vow of celibacy."
 * If he gave up the Fellowship because he was due to take Holy Orders, which involved a vow of celibacy, the implication is that a Fellowship was incompatible with a vow of celibacy... --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:05, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

What you say is not implied even weakly. It's an absurd speculation I suppose someone could draw, but who would? The original sentence was grammatically bad, but it did not imply that a fellowship involved "mandatory sex" or was incompatible with celibacy. It implied that non-celibacy was technically compatible with a fellowship where the possibility of marriage was still open if one quit the university. This was strongly indicated against in that culture because a fellow was on track to being ordained. Analogy: Catholic seminarians can permissably get married without scandal, but that is the end of their prospective priesthood, and it is a bit of an upset and disappointment for the church and seminaries. An ordained priest who quits to get married is shaking things up a lot more. But we're talking about a time in the past when marriage for clergy was mostly considered a terrific scandal. 70.94.8.139

 * Oh good grief. It was an edit summary, and a light-hearted one, pointing out that the sentence was badly formed, and explaining why I changed it.  It was also a month ago; could the issue be dropped now? --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:05, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Yes, but only because you've come up with new fish to fry. Dan Knauss

PoV strains
The article tends in places to read like an academic paper, presenting vari[o]us views and then correcting them. For example:

 * On the other hand, Peter M. W. Blayney contends that the revised STC erroneously indicates that Grafton printed Crowley's works. Blayney believes that the revisers realised that the ornamental "A" in Crowley's The baterie of the Popes Botereulx (1550): A6r (STC 21613) "had once belonged to Grafton", but they did not know that "the person from whom Crowley borrowed it was almost certainly not Grafton but John Day, who apparently acquired it from Grafton in 1548 (STC 23004) and never returned it (2087.5, 6849.5, 7633.3, etc.)". Additionally, Blayney suggests that the STC revisers were misled by another fact:

 * "In and after 1560, Grafton's son-in-law Richard Tottell used quite a lot of Grafton's old ornament stock. It has long been the received opinion that when Mary Tudor deprived Grafton of his royal office, he immediately sold off his printing house and equipment to Robert Caly — except, of course, for the various bits and pieces that Tottell allegedly used to set up shop in that same year. In fact, that is not what happened at all. [my italics] What Grafton did with his printing house was to sublet it to Caly — and when Elizabeth acceded in late 1558 he took it back and attempted to re-start his own career (STC 16291 of 1559 was really printed by Grafton, as the titlepage claims). By the end of 1559 he had realised that it wasn't going to work — and it was not until then that Grafton stopped paying the rent for his printing house and Tottell acquired his supply of ex-Grafton initials."

This needs to be corrected; could published sources be found for claims like these? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:19, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

I'd say it reads like an academic paper or an academic reference work that indicates to readers that there are different views and conclusions about the subject, not all of them of equal value, with reasons given for those judgments.

What exactly needs to be "corrected?"

Wikipedia is a published source. I hope to complete an article or two on these things and get them through the long waiting line for publication in some specialist journals, at which point they may be cited here if you like. But Wikipedia is getting this information first in the most accurate account of Crowley to be found anywhere, as I am probably the only person engaged in a complete review of all the relevant primary and secondary literature. (da-dum! crowd goes wild!) I have done heavy fact checking, and many "published" (i.e., printed) scholarly sources are wrong or misleading on various points, the most important of which are noted above.

Which claims do you feel need corroboration from printed sources? I mentioned Jenniffer Loach, a significant historian who is now deceased, unfortunately. I have corresponded with another scholar who is an expert on Day and Seres; she has informally agreed with me on the Fane and Somerset business, but I don't recall her making this explicit in anything she has published yet. As for the Blayney-Hailey letters, I've corresponded with them both and have a copy of the letter cited here. Blayney sets the gold-standard for authoritative unpublished information in early modern studies. This is material going into a book he will eventually publish, and it will be venerated by all serious students of all things remotely pertaining to the early English book trade.

I realize this is highly irregular, and that is why I am doing it. Print and a scholarly imprint guarantee nothing and perhaps less and less these days. Very little fact checking is done, and in the case of some major research resources like the STC, it is notoriously unreliable on details, yet it is like a spotty recension of scripture on a moldy, moth-eaten manuscript -- if it's all the Bible you have in the monastery, it's the authority. However, in such cases there is not a very strong basis for presumptively dismissing critical correcters as people in need of corroborration by non-existent or equally dubious sources.

FYI, I've sent the ODNB folks lists of errors and dubious claims for three Crowley-related entries. They plan an update of the online edition in a year or so, so it will be interesting to see what happens.

Dan Knauss 03:52, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

No original research

 * Please read No original research. I've listed this at RfC, as it seems that other input would be helpful. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

That's an utterly stupid, incoherent, self-contradictory set of rules, so it isn't very hard to make a case that I am following them. Regardless, you won't find anyone else who know beans about this subject without them doing the same kind of "original research," which I entirely welcome by the way. But I doubt anyone will want to bother with this entry at all unless being a pedantic, censorious meddler strikes their fancy as much as it does yours.

There is no meaningful distinction between "original" vs. "unoriginal" research. 99% of this, like most humanities research, is "unoriginal" in that it is essentially a summary of existing secondary material. What is inevitably somewhat original is the particular arrangement and synthesis of information. All summary is interpretive and leads to some degree of "novelty"--and even more so when factual errors are corrected. That is the only "original" material from me--the correction of secondary sources with primary sources. This cannot possibly be prohibited.

For instance, on Crowley, many of the dates given in secondary scholarship for when he was doing X or was appointed to Y are in contradiction. You can look up all the existing, published authorities, and they disagree. So you go to the primary sources and sort it out. That is "original research," and it is not a violation of the "rules." If you say it is, you are wrong and/or the rule is an ass/also wrong. The only alternative is to produce incoherent, erroneous bilge, which you apparently favor.

As for letters, dissertations, unpublished scholarly material--these are common and accepted secondary, "unoriginal" sources.

It appears it would be wise for me to write, in the future, in a much less intellectually transparent way, without citing so many sources (as is the case for most wikipedia entries) so as not to invite your obstructionistic "help." -DK

 * I'm a little surprised at the infantile abuse and the emotional ranting, but perhaps it's best ignored. Nothing that you've said, however, does anything but confirm that you are, in fact, engaging in original research. This is strictly against Wikipedia policy.  The place for that is in the academic literature.  When and if you've published it there, it can be referred to and drawn upon here. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:39, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Mel, "infantile abuse and the emotional ranting"? Could you have been any less constructive? As you point out, DK is at least somewhat out of alignment with our policy. However, he does make some good points and it is clear that he is trying to do the right thing for the article. Rather than fixating on the small inflammatory part of his post you could have responded to the rest and sought ways to get him in alignment with NOR. WP:NOR is an important rule that protects us against wars with crackpot theorists, but it can be take too far... It also has the potential to suppress good work as DK has observed, but that is a trade-off we've deemed acceptable. --Gmaxwell 13:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm afraid that I was losing patience — but also, I'd say that his whole post was couched in the tone he's adopted ever since I first encountered him (when he deigned to reply to me) — mildly hostile and patronising. The specific bits of abuse were certainly not just one part of this message: If you or anyone else can get him to co-operate, and to edit in line with what he's dubbed "an utterly stupid, incoherent, self-contradictory set of rules" I'll be overjoyed, and suitably admiring and grateful. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "I doubt anyone will want to bother with this entry at all unless being a pedantic, censorious meddler strikes their fancy as much as it does yours."
 * "The only alternative is to produce incoherent, erroneous bilge, which you apparently favor."
 * "so as not to invite your obstructionistic 'help.'"

What damning stuff! -DK

Verifyability
For practical reasons (if nothing else), I recommend ignoring the "no original research" question in this context and focusing on the policy Verifiability and its related style guide Cite sources. I think mutual understanding can be arrived at on the basis of the need to be able to verify the contents of a Wikipedia article. That a contributor says "trust me" is not good enough. Then again, there are MANY unsourced claims in Wikipedia, and no one should hold contributors to this article to higher standards than exist in similar articles elsewhere in wikipedia (example: unremarkable uncontested unsourced claims often are allowed to stand). WAS 4.250 23:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Calendars, Dates
Is there a wikipedia protocol for old date references, as in history and literature studies? (NS/OS?) The dates given here and in similar articles may not be uniformly "new" or "old style." At the least, individual articles could indicate which calendar is in use and make all dates follow it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.94.45.243 (talk) 18:53, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

Printer status
This whole section was pretty deep in the scholarly weeds when it was written and is no longer necessary, since the publication of Peter Blayney's magisterial history of the Stationer's Company in 2014. It should be sufficient to identify Crowley as a printer, briefly, who later became a stationer. Blayney's account: https://books.google.com/books?id=SLGkAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT927&vq=crowley&pg=PT928#v=snippet&q=crowley&f=false Dan Knauss (talk) 17:02, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Crowley (printer)


text: Category:Amusement ride stubs

title: Category:Amusement ride stubs


text:
Endorphin (software)

Endorphin is a dynamic motion synthesis software package developed by NaturalMotion. Endorphin can be used to generate computer simulations of large numbers of independent characters interacting with each other and the world according to brief scripts or 'behaviours'. It combines physics, AI, and genetic algorithms to create realistic animations. Unlike Euphoria, also developed by NaturalMotion, Endorphin is not an engine, but a 3D animation tool for Microsoft Windows.

At the heart of the software is an adaptive behaviors module which assigns context-sensitive motions to characters based on their surroundings --- for example, football players could be programmed to automatically tackle when near another player, or a swordsman could swing to attack nearby enemies. This automatic behaviour generation differentiates the software from competitors, and reduces the burden on animators to individually select behaviours for each agent in a large scene.

Registered users on Naturalmotion's website can attain a free learning edition of Endorphin, however it lacks the feature to export the animation to popular CAD Software, a feature only available in the full version of the program.

It has been used in movies and video games such as Troy, Poseidon and Tekken 5. As of 2014, Endorphin is no longer supported by NaturalMotion. The software is unavailable for purchase, and the user community has been removed from the company's website.

title: Endorphin (software)


text:
Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency)

Midlothian in Scotland is a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post voting system.

It replaced Midlothian and Peeblesshire at the 1955 general election. A similar constituency, also called Midlothian, was used by the Scottish Parliament until 2011.

Boundaries
1955–1974: The county of Midlothian, including all the burghs situated therein, except the county of the city of Edinburgh and the burgh of Musselburgh.

1974–1983: As above.

1983–1997: Midlothian District.

1997–2005: The Midlothian District electoral wards of Bonnyrigg/Newtongrange, Dalkeith, Loanhead, and Mayfield/Gorebridge.

2005–present: The area of the Midlothian Council.

When first formed, the constituency covered the whole of the traditional county of Midlothian, apart from Edinburgh, split into multiple separate constituencies, and Musselburgh, which was included in Edinburgh East (UK Parliament constituency).

In the 1983 reforms the constituency was significantly reduced from over 100,000 voters to 61,143, with large numbers of voters moved to the new seat of Livingston, and smaller numbers to Edinburgh Pentlands, East Lothian and Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale.

The 1997 reforms moved Penicuik into Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale, with the rest of the council area remaining in the seat; it returned in 2005, when the constituency was expanded again to cover the entire Midlothian Council area.

title: Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency)


text:
Stephen Tobolowsky

Stephen Harold Tobolowsky (born May 30, 1951) is an American character actor. He is known for film roles such as insurance agent Ned Ryerson in Groundhog Day and amnesiac Sammy Jankis in Memento, as well as such television characters as Commissioner Hugo Jarry in Deadwood, Bob Bishop in Heroes, Sandy Ryerson in Glee, Stu Beggs in Californication and White Famous, "Action" Jack Barker in Silicon Valley, Dr. Leslie Berkowitz in One Day at a Time, Principal Earl Ball in The Goldbergs, and Dr. Schulman in The Mindy Project.

Tobolowsky has a monthly audio podcast, The Tobolowsky Files, of autobiographical stories of his acting and personal life. He has also authored three books: The Dangerous Animals Club, Cautionary Tales, and My Adventures With God.

Early life and education
Tobolowsky was born on May 30, 1951, in Dallas, Texas. He grew up creating imaginative games with his brother, and his story The Dangerous Animals Club paints a picture of how unsupervised children in the 20th century could amuse themselves. He showed talent at baseball, but a serious childhood illness ended his career as an athlete before it began. He graduated from Justin F. Kimball High School and Southern Methodist University. He received a master's degree from the University of Illinois in 1975.

He is a cousin of former Dallas attorney Ira Tobolowsky, who was murdered in his home in 2016 by a disgruntled former litigant. Another cousin (and Ira's brother) is the sculptor George Tobolowsky.

Stephen Tobolowsky also played in a band called A Cast of Thousands, which had two songs, "Red, White and Blue" and "I Heard a Voice Last Night", on a compilation of local Dallas bands called A New Hi. Both of these songs featured Steve Vaughan on guitar, who would be later known as Stevie Ray Vaughan.

Career
Tobolowsky has appeared in over 200 films, plus many television projects. He has also worked in the theater, directing and acting in plays in New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. He directed one film, Two Idiots in Hollywood, based on his play of the same name. He also co-wrote the film True Stories with David Byrne and Beth Henley. While writing True Stories, he told Byrne about his supposed psychic abilities, which inspired Byrne to write the song Radio Head for the film. The band Radiohead later named themselves after the Talking Heads song. Tobolowsky was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for the 2002 revival of Morning’s at Seven.

On October 29, 2009, Tobolowsky started a new podcast on /Film called The Tobolowsky Files, where he tells stories, in a similar fashion to his film Stephen Tobolowsky's Birthday Party. The show was picked up by Public Radio International in 2012. In 2015, he co-hosted a short-lived second podcast, Big Problems – An Advice Podcast, with David Chen.

Discography

 * Featured on two tracks of the 1971 compilation album A New Hi
 * Featured on the track "Loser" (also released as a digital single) of the 2010 cast album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers
 * Featured on the tracks "Loser" and "I Wanna Sex You Up" of the 2010 compilation downloadable cast album Glee: The Music, The Complete Season One

Stage appearances
Selected stage appearances

title: Stephen Tobolowsky


text: Talk:Vapor canopy

title: Talk:Vapor canopy


text:
Joishtho

Joishtho (জ্যৈষ্ঠ, Jyôishţhô or জৈষ্ঠ্য, Jôishţhyô, colloquially জেঠ Jeţh) is the second month and the last month for summer of the Bengali calendar. This month lies between the second half of May and the first half of June.

Etymology
The name of the month is derived from the star Jyestha, which is the 18th nakshatra or lunar mansion in Hindu astronomy and Vedic astrology associated with the string of the constellation Scorpii. It is the constellation visible on the meridian at mid-night from Indian sub-continent during this month.

Observances marked (per official use in Bangladesh)

 * Joishtho 11 - The brithday of national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam.

title: Joishtho


text:
The Reign of Terror (Doctor Who)

The Reign of Terror is the eighth serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast on BBC1 in six weekly parts from 8 August to 12 September 1964. It was written by Dennis Spooner and directed by Henric Hirsch. In the serial, the First Doctor (William Hartnell), his granddaughter Susan (Carole Ann Ford), and teachers Ian Chesterton (William Russell) and Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) arrive in France during the period of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror, where they become involved with prisoners and English spies.

Initially interested in writing a science fiction story, Spooner was asked to write a historical serial by script editor David Whitaker. He eventually decided to focus on the French Revolution, a setting first suggested by Russell. Hirsch underwent great stress during the serial's production; he collapsed during filming of the third episode, and was replaced until the following week. The serial premiered with 6.9 million viewers, maintaining audience figures throughout the six weeks. Response for the serial was mixed, with criticism aimed at the story and historical inaccuracies. Two of the six episodes remain missing after the BBC wiped them from archives. It later received several print adaptations and home media releases, with animated versions of the missing episodes constructed using off-air recordings.

Plot
The First Doctor (William Hartnell), his granddaughter Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Ian Chesterton (William Russell) and Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) arrive outside Paris in 18th-century France and venture to a nearby farmhouse. They find it is being used as a staging post in an escape chain for counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. They are discovered by two counter-revolutionaries, D'Argenson (Neville Smith) and Rouvray (Laidlaw Dalling), who knock the Doctor unconscious and hold the others at gunpoint. A band of revolutionary soldiers surrounds the house and both D'Argenson and Rouvray are killed during the siege. The soldiers capture Ian, Barbara, and Susan and march them to Paris to be guillotined. The soldiers set fire to the farmhouse, and the Doctor is saved by a young boy (Peter Walker), who tells him that his friends have been taken to the Conciergerie Prison in Paris. He sets off after them.

Ian, Barbara, and Susan are all sentenced to death as traitors. Ian is confined in one cell, while the women are taken to another. Ian's cellmate is an Englishman named Webster (Jeffry Wickham), who tells him that there is an English spy, James Stirling, highly placed in the French Government, who is now being recalled to England. Webster dies, and a government official named Lemaitre (James Cairncross) arrives and probes any conversation between Ian and the dead man. Lemaitre crosses Ian's name off the execution list. En route to the guillotine, Barbara and Susan's transport is hijacked by two men, Jules (Donald Morley) and Jean (Roy Herrick), who take them to a safe house. They are told that they will be smuggled out of France through the escape chain. Jules and Jean reassure Barbara that they will try to reunite them with Ian and the Doctor. They are then joined by another counter-revolutionary, named Léon Colbert (Edward Brayshaw).

The Doctor reaches Paris and exchanges his clothes for those of a Regional Officer of the Provinces. He heads for the Conciergerie, but finds his companions gone; Ian has successfully stolen the key to his cell and escaped. Lemaitre arrives and takes the Doctor to visit Maximilien Robespierre (Keith Anderson) to report on his province. Ian follows Webster's words and finds Jules Renan, who turns out to be the man sheltering Barbara and Susan; the latter is ill in bed. When Barbara takes Susan to a physician (Ronald Pickup), they are recaptured by revolutionary police. Ian meets Colbert only to find he is the mole in the escape chain and there are armed troops waiting for him. Jules rescues Ian, killing Colbert in the process. The Doctor has returned to the Conciergerie, where Lemaitre reports that Robespierre wishes to see him again the following day. Lemaitre ensures that the Doctor spends the night in the Conciergerie in order that he remain in Paris for his second audience with Robespierre. He is still there when Barbara and Susan are brought in as prisoners. With Susan too weak to be moved, he engineers Barbara's release on the pretext that she can be trailed to lead the security forces to the core of the escape chain. Jules and Ian return to Jules's house and are stunned to meet Barbara.

Robespierre suspects his deputy, Paul Barras (John Law), is conspiring against him and asks Lemaitre to track Barras to a secret assignation at an inn outside the city. When Lemaitre heads back to the Conciergerie, he privately unmasks the Doctor as an impostor. Lemaitre insists that the Doctor help him find Jules's house. With Susan held in the prison as a hostage, the Doctor takes him to Jules. Once there, Lemaitre reveals that he is in fact the English spy James Stirling. In response, Ian relays Webster's message and Stirling realises that the secret assignation at an inn on the Calais Road is where the conspiracy will take place. Jules, Ian and Barbara head to the inn and overhear Barras conspire with a young general, Napoleon Bonaparte (Tony Wall), in the indictment and overthrow of Robespierre. The following day, Stirling arranges Susan's release from prison. The coup against Robespierre has begun. Stirling heads for Calais and England, while Jules and Jean lie low as they measure the future. Meanwhile, the Doctor and his companions return to the TARDIS.

Conception and writing
In late 1963, the eighth serial of Doctor Who was set to be titled Doctor Who and the Red Fort, a seven-part story set during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and written by Terry Nation. However, by January 1964, little work had been done on the serial, and Nation was busy writing The Keys of Marinus. Script editor David Whitaker was later assigned to the episode, possibly about the Spanish Armada, with Gerald Blake to direct; however, this was soon scrapped, and Whitaker asked Dennis Spooner, a friend of Nation, to write an episode instead. Although Spooner was originally interested in writing a science fiction story, Whitaker was seeking a historical serial after John Lucarotti's Marco Polo and The Aztecs. Spooner was given four possible subjects, eventually deciding to focus on the French Revolution, a setting first suggested by actor William Russell. Spooner was officially commissioned by Whitaker on 2 April 1964, following Spooner's submission of a 23-page breakdown for the serial. Hungarian director Henric Hirsch was chosen to direct the serial after producer Verity Lambert saw his work on First Night, while Stanley Myers composed the serial's incidental music. Myers created 28 minutes of music for the serial, taking cues from French music such as the national anthem "La Marseillaise". The sets for The Reign of Terror were designed by Roderick Laing, who was brought in to ease the workload on regular designers Barry Newbery and Raymond Cusick, who had worked on every serial to date.

Characters and casting
Actor and lyricist James Cairncross portrayed Citizen Lemaitre, having been recommended to Hirsch by production assistant Timothy Combe, recalling his stage performances. The Conciergerie jailer was played by Jack Cunningham, who was also suggested by Combe. Spooner created the jailer character to add humour to the serial's heavy plot. Combe also recommended Neville Smith as D'Argenson and John Barrard as the shopkeeper, after working with both on Z-Cars, as well as Roy Herrick as Jean, having attended drama school together, and Tony Wall as Napoleon after seeing his theatre work. Donald Morley, cast as Jules Renan, previously performed alongside Jacqueline Hill in The Shrike, while Peter Walker, cast as the young child, featured in Hirsch's television play Bloomsday. Ronald Pickup, who played the physician, heard about the role from his friend Frank Cox, director of previous serial The Sensorites. Keith Anderson, cast as Maximilien Robespierre, had written to Hirsch prior to his casting, mentioning his appearance in an episode of Sergeant Cork.

Filming
Outdoor filming for the second episode—a first for the show—took place on 15 June 1964. Led by cameraman Peter Hamilton, a crew shot inserts of the Doctor, played by Brian Proudfoot in William Hartnell's absence, walking to Paris; Denham, Buckinghamshire was selected as the location by Combe due to the "French-looking" lanes, particularly the avenues lined with tall trees. Inserts of Russell for the second and third episodes were recorded at Ealing Studios Stage 3A from 16–17 June, in preparation for Russell's holiday. Further inserts were recorded on 18 June at Ealing Studios Stage 3.

Rehearsals for the first episode took place from 6–9 July. Hirsch had a difficult time working with Hartnell, partly because he was a foreigner, as well as his nervousness as a director. Weekly recording for the serial began on 10 July at Lime Grove Studio G. Planning for his other projects and difficulty with rehearsals led Hirsch to feel unwell, and he collapsed shortly before recording of the third episode. Lambert placed Combe in charge until a replacement director could be found; documentation indicates that John Gorrie, director of The Keys of Marinus, oversaw production of the third episode, though Gorrie has no memory of the event. Following discussions with Combe, Hartnell became more understanding towards Hirsch's situation; Hirsch returned to direct the final three episodes at the Television Centre, Studio 4, splitting some of the workload with Combe. Educational film company Gateway Films provided 80 feet of silent 35 mm footage from the film The French Revolution for the final episode.

Broadcast and ratings
Episode is missing

The Reign of Terror received smaller audiences than previous serials due to the warmer weekends, but still maintained a position within the top 40 shows for the week. The first episode was broadcast on BBC1 on 8 August 1964, and was watched by 6.9 million viewers. The following two episodes maintained these figures, despite the latter's shift to the later time of 5:30pm. The fourth episode was broadcast at 5:15pm (due to coverage of the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo) to 6.4 million viewers, while the final two episodes again shifted to 5:30pm to 6.9 and 6.4 million viewers, respectively. The Appreciation Index dropped slightly over the six episodes: the first received 58, while the second and third received 54 and 55, respectively; the fourth and fifth episodes received 53, before rising to 55 for the final episode. The score of 53 was the lowest for the show at the time, but still considered reasonable.

The original master tapes for episodes 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 were wiped on 17 August 1967, and the master tape for episode 4 was wiped on 31 January 1969. The telerecording prints of the serial were junked by BBC Enterprises in 1972. The sixth episode was returned to the BBC by a private collector in May 1982, and the first three episodes were located at the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC) in late 1984. The fourth and fifth episodes remain missing, existing only as off-air audio recordings from 1964; the CyBC's copies were stored in a vault but destroyed in a bomb attack during the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The existing episodes were screened as part of the National Film Theatre's Bastille Day schedule on 14 July 1999, with links between the episodes by Carole Ann Ford.

Critical response
The serial was criticised for its historical inaccuracy. MMG Oborski, secretary of the Napoleon I Society, wrote that the BBC "has a certain duty to educate, or at least not to misinform children", citing the serial's fictional depiction of a meeting between Napoleon and Paul Barras to overthrow Robespierre. In response to another complaint about the English accents used in the serial in September 1964, Whitaker explained that "there is nothing worse than Frenchmen speaking in broken English to each other". Writing for the Daily Worker, Stewart Lane described the serial as a "half-baked royalist adventure".

Retrospective reviews of the serial were mixed. In The Discontinuity Guide (1995), Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping enjoyed the serial's dialogue and the "uncompromising nature of the story", citing the vicious soldiers, dirty cells, and off-screen murders. In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker wrote that characterisation was one of Spooner's strengths as a writer, particularly praising that of Lemaitre, Robespierre, and Napoleon; they also enjoyed the production values and cast performances, noting particular praise for Anderson and Wall, though they criticised Myers's score. In A Critical History of Doctor Who (1999), John Kenneth Muir identified that later historical stories would borrow elements established in The Reign of Terror, though felt that they should have done so with The Aztecs instead. In 2008, Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times wrote positively of the humour and Hartnell's increased role, but felt that Susan was "at her weakest". In 2013, SFX's Ian Berriman felt that the serial is "really rather dull" after the first episode, noting that it assumes the audience is aware of the history of the French Revolution. Christopher Bahn of The A.V. Club stated, after a compelling beginning, the serial "[stretches] too little story over too many episodes", criticising the plot for "retreading the same basic plot".

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Ian Marter, was published in hardback by W. H. Allen in March 1987, with artwork by Tony Masero. The paperback version was published by Target Books in August 1987. An audio version of this serial was released on CD by BBC Audio in February 2006, with Ford providing linking narration and an interview. This was later included in The Lost TV Episodes: Collection 1 box set in August 2010, alongside an additional CD with interviews and original camera scripts.

Home media
The serial was released on VHS by BBC Video in November 2003, containing the four existing episodes of The Reign of Terror alongside unreleased episodes of The Faceless Ones and The Web of Fear. 2 Entertain released the serial on DVD in January 2013, with animation of the missing episodes by Theta Sigma and Big Finish Productions; the release featured several special features, including audio commentary and documentaries. Ian Jane of DVD Talk praised the detail of the animation.

title: The Reign of Terror (Doctor Who)