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LMS Stanier Class 8F

The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 8F is a class of steam locomotives designed for hauling heavy freight. 852 were built between 1935 and 1946 (not all to LMS order), as a freight version of William Stanier's successful Black Five, and the class saw extensive service overseas during and after the Second World War.

Background
LMS freight traction suffered from the adoption of the Midland Railway's small engine policy which had left it with trains double-headed by underpowered 0-6-0s supplemented by disappointing Garratts and Fowler 7F 0-8-0s.

The 8F design incorporated the two-cylinder arrangement of the Black Fives. They were initially classified 7F, but this was later changed to the more familiar 8F.

On the outbreak of the World War II, the design was chosen to become the country's standard freight design, reprising the role the GCR Class 8K had in the First World War. The War Department had 208 8Fs built by Beyer Peacock and North British Locomotive Company and requisitioned 51 more.

Stanier 8F production for the WD continued until 1943 when the cheaper WD Austerity 2-8-0 was introduced. Production for British domestic use continued until 1946.

Construction
LMS nos. 8012–6/8–25/8/30–2/4/8–49/51/2/8/9/61/6/8/9/71/2/7–80/5–8/91/3/4 were requisitioned by the War Department in 1941 and renumbered 572–622 (not in order). These 51 locomotives were intended for service in Persia, but twelve never got there: four (former nos. 8066/8/71/87) were lost in the Irish Sea whilst being shipped in 1941 and eight more were damaged in transit, repaired and returned to LMS stock in 1943 (on loan from 1942), resuming their former LMS numbers 8024/69/78–80/5/8/93. After the war, ten were bought from the WD by British Railways in 1949, and were given BR numbers 48012/6/8/20/39/45/6/61/77/94, being their original numbers increased by 40000. One final locomotive, originally LMS 8025, was bought by BR in 1957 and renumbered 48775. Thus 299 former LMS locomotives were eventually in BR stock.

Not all were required immediately by the War Department, and so beginning in August 1940, 53 were loaned to the LMS and given temporary LMS numbers as shown. 25 of these were subsequently transferred to the GWR, still on loan from the WD, but retained their LMS numbers. No. 407, then on loan to the GWR and running as LMS 8293, was damaged in an accident at Dolphin Junction, Slough; after repair it was bought by the LMS in 1943, retaining number 8293. The remainder were returned to the WD during 1941 and resumed their original WD numbers. Others were loaned to the LMS but initially retained their WD numbers; in 1943, 22 of these (WD 549–551, 553, 555–571 and 623) were bought by the LMS and renumbered 8264–85. In 1948–49, 29 more (original WD numbers 300/1, 311/4/8, 332, 363, 376/8, 384, 394, 321, 398, 504, 518, 544, 373, 506, 401–3, 413, 438, 440/2/3/6/7/9) were bought by British Railways and renumbered 48246–63, 48286–92, 48294–7 without regard to any LMS numbers previously carried. Two more, originally WD nos. 307 and 320, were bought by BR in 1957 and renumbered 48773/4. 54 of the 208 locomotives ordered by the WD were eventually in BR stock.

Although none of these was built by the LMS, all were considered to be LMS property; those built by the GWR and LNER were loaned to the railways which built them, being returned to the LMS during 1946–47. All 245 entered BR stock at the start of 1948 and subsequently had their LMS numbers increased by 40000.

Overseas service
The War Department originally ordered 8Fs for service in support of the British Expeditionary Force, but they were not delivered until after the Fall of France. However, most of them did see wartime military service overseas in Egypt, Palestine, Iran and Italy. Many of these locomotives were later sold to the local railways in these countries, and some were also sold to Turkey and Iraq.

Egypt
The British Army's Middle East Forces (MEF) in Egypt received 42 8Fs in 1941-42, with some having been lost at sea en route (246-304, 322, 370, 371, 415, 416, 428, 429, 444 & 445) possibly on the SS Thistlegorm. Some of these were loaned to Egyptian State Railways (ESR) and the others were used by the MEF on the Western Desert Extension Railway (WDER). The scarcity of water made steam locomotive operations on the WDER difficult, and their smoke also attracted unwanted attention from enemy aircraft, so once American diesels began to arrive from late 1942 the use of 8Fs on the WDER declined. Forty locomotives were sold to ESR in 1942-44. The other two locomotives had accident damage, and were made into one good locomotive which was also sold to ESR in 1945. The remains of the last locomotive were bought by ESR for spares in 1946.

The MEF received another 50 8Fs from Iran in 1944, for use in both Egypt and Palestine, although 15 of these were transferred to Italy later in the year. Some of the 50 were not in operational condition, and 4 were scrapped by the MEF in 1946 without further use. Another 59 former Iranian 8Fs were transferred to the MEF in 1946, most of which were initially used in Palestine. This brought the number of 8Fs in the Middle East Forces up to 90.

After the war the British military presence in the region waned, so the need for military locomotives declined. The MEF's fleet was largely sold off in 1947-48 to British Railways (39), Palestine Railways (24) and ESR (11). Five returned to Britain for continued WD use in 1952. MEF railway operation ended in 1954, with 10 8Fs being sold to ESR, and 1 scrapped by MEF following bomb damage.

ESR thus purchased a total of 62 8Fs from MEF between 1942 and 1954, and operated the type until 1963.

Iran
Following the occupation of Iran in 1941, WD locomotives were required to operate the Persian Corridor supply route, delivering war materials to the Soviet Union via the Trans-Iranian Railway. 163 8F were dispatched to Iran in 1941-42, but only 143 arrived (12 being lost at sea (246-444, 445, 608, 617, 619, 622 (latter 4 former LMS 8066, 8068, 8071, 8087) ) and 8 returned to Britain with sea damage). These operated as Iranian State Railways' Class 41.

The arrival of US Army Transportation Corps units in Iran with their own locomotives (including diesels which were more suitable for use in desert regions) made many of the 8Fs redundant, and 50 locomotives were transferred to the Middle East Forces in 1944. At the end of the war the need for steam locomotives in Iran was further reduced and another 71 locomotives left for the MEF (59) and Iraq (12) in 1945-48. The remaining 22 locomotives in Iran had all been withdrawn by 1963.

Iraq
Ten WD locomotives were transferred from Iran in 1946-47, being purchased by Iraqi State Railways in 1947, and two more locomotive were purchased from Iran in 1948. These became Iraqi Class TD,  and operated until the 1970s. One example, no. 1429, was still in existence in Baghdad, in 2014.

Italy
15 former Iranian 8F were transferred to Italy by way of the MEF during 1944. After the war they were sold to Ferrovie dello Stato, where they operated as FS Class 737 until the early 1950s.

Palestine and Israel
Some MEF 8Fs were loaned to Palestine Railways during 1942, but larger numbers of former Iranian locomotives arrived in 1944, being used on the Haifa Beirut Tripoli Railway and other lines. In 1947 24 MEF 8Fs were sold to Palestine Railways. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War 23 of these locomotives were taken over by Israel Railways, being operated until 1958. The war stranded the other 8F, 70372 (NBL works no. 24680), on a small section of the main line near Tulkarm on the West Bank side of the 1949 Armistice line. It remained there, increasingly derelict, until after the 1967 Israeli invasion of the West Bank. The Israelis finally removed and scrapped it in about 1973.

Turkey
Twenty-five new WD locomotives were sold to Turkish State Railways (TCDD) in 1941 for diplomatic reasons, but seven of these were lost at sea en route (338, 343-345, 354-356. 343, 344 and 345 sunk when the SS Jessmore collided with Baron Pentland on 16 February 1941). Two more locomotives were delivered in 1943, making a total of 20. These served as the TCDD 45151 Class, operating until the 1980s.

War Department use in UK
With their intended role in France having ceased to exist, early WD 8Fs were loaned to British railway companies in 1940-42, being given temporary numbers in the LMS series. However, by late 1941 the need for locomotives in Iran and Egypt was such that all of the WD locomotives which had been completed up to that point were recalled for military service, and 50 more locomotives were requisitioned from the LMS. Locomotive WD 407 (LMS 8293) had been damaged in an accident whilst on loan to the Great Western Railway, so a 51st LMS engine was requisitioned as a replacement.

By 1942 the need for locomotives overseas had been satisfied, and the final 24 new WD 8Fs remained in the UK on loan to LMS. Also remaining in the UK were nine damaged locomotives (WD 407 and 8 requisitioned locomotives whose voyage to Iran had been aborted after the SS Pentridge Hill (1941) suffered severe storm damage – 4 other locomotives had had to be jettisoned into the sea to save the ship). Two locomotives were sold to Turkey in 1944, and the other 31 were sold to the LMS in 1943.

In 1952 five WD 8Fs returned to the UK from the MEF in poor condition. These were refurbished for WD use at the Longmoor Military Railway (LMR). Three of these were sold to British Railways in 1957 becoming Nos. 48773-75. The other two were transferred to the Cairnryan Military Railway and were scrapped in 1959, ending the WD's use of 8F locomotives.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 21 January 1941, Locomotive No. 8247 of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway was derailed at Wallneuk Junction, Paisley, Renfrewshire. Three cranes were needed to recover it.
 * On 2 July 1941, locomotive WD 407 (LMS 8293) was hauling a freight train which was in a head-on collision with an express passenger train, hauled by GWR 4073 Class 4-6-0 No. 4091 Dudley Castle, at Slough, Berkshire. Five people were killed and 21 were injured. Despite suffering a buckled main frame, fractured pony truck, and crushed cab, the locomotive – on loan to the Great Western Railway from the War Department – was repaired at the GWR's Swindon Works and returned to the LMS in October 1941.
 * On 8 May 1954, locomotive No. 48462 of British Railways was hauling a freight train that became divided and was derailed at Plumpton, Cumberland.
 * On 9 February 1957, locomotive No 48188 was hauling a freight train that ran away due to the failure of the steam brake pipe in the cab. It collided with a preceding freight train and a diesel multiple unit at Chapel-en-le-Frith station, Derbyshire. Staff there had enough warning to be able to evacuate the passenger train before the collision. Driver John Axon had remained with the runaway freight and was killed, as was guard Creamer of the preceding freight train. Axon was awarded a posthumous George Cross.
 * In 1959, locomotive No. 48193 ran into the turntable pit at Kirkby in Ashfield, Nottinghamshire.
 * On 17 June 1960, locomotive No. 48616 collided with some empty coaches and eventually derailed and rolled down an embankment. Nobody was hurt and the locomotive was withdrawn and scrapped a few days later.
 * On 12 November 1961, locomotive No. 48674 was derailed by catch points between Four Oaks and Sutton Coldfield.
 * On 16 December 1962, locomotive No. 48263 was derailed by trap points at Spon End, Warwickshire.
 * On 14 August 1964, locomotive No. 48734 collided with a train of oil tankers at Didcot, Oxfordshire. Eleven tankers were derailed and caught fire, severely damaging the locomotive. It was declared a write-off and was scrapped at Crewe Works in November 1964.

'The Big Four' railways
Some 331 locomotives were built for the London Midland and Scottish Railway between 1935-45. A further 245 were built by the London and North Eastern Railway, Great Western Railway and Southern Railway in 1943-45 for LMS stock, though mostly retained on loan by the other railways during the war. The LNER also purchased 68 Stanier 8Fs for its own use in 1944-46, classifying them O6, though these were also sold to the LMS after the war. As noted above, 51 LMS locomotives were requisitioned by the WD in 1941, but 31 WD locomotives were subsequently purchased by the LMS in 1943 (including 8 of the requisitioned engines).

British Railways
As a result, 624 8Fs passed into British Railways ownership when Britain's railways were nationalised in 1948. A further 39 (10 requisitioned) were purchased from MEF stock in 1948, and a final 3 (1 requisitioned) from the Longmoor Military Railway in 1957, bringing the total to 666. The 8Fs were concentrated on the London Midland Region, but were also allocated to former LMS sheds on other regions. Despite some having operated in Scotland by the LMS, they were not common on the Scottish Region under BR ownership as the later WD 'Austerity' 2-8-0 and 2-10-0 types were used instead.

Withdrawal
The 8Fs were successful and durable locomotives in BR service, with all 666 locomotives surviving until 1960 and routine withdrawals not beginning until 1964. The first to go in 1960 was 48616, followed two years later by 48009. 48773–48775 (the former Longmoor Military Railway locomotives which were the only 8Fs on the Scottish Region) were also withdrawn in 1962, but these were reinstated into London Midland Region stock in 1963. The remaining 664 were withdrawn between 1964 and 1968, with 150 surviving to the last year of steam on BR.

During the late 1960s, no. 48773 had diagonal yellow stripes painted on the cabsides to indicate that it could not run south of Crewe due to it being out of gauge for the new 25 kV AC overhead electrification.

Preservation
Fourteen 8Fs are known to have survived with six LMS/BR locomotives being preserved in the UK; a seventh was used a spares donor for other preserved 8Fs as well as a number of new build projects. None of the pre-war 8Fs survived into preservation. Of the six LMS/BR locomotives that exist, only 48773 was purchased directly from BR for preservation following withdrawal from Rose Grove in July 1968; the remaining five - including 48518 which would later be used as a donor engine - were all rescued from Barry Scrapyard. Three members of the class have over the years been repatriated to the UK from Turkey, with one later sent to a museum in Israel. Two of the Turkish based 8F's which were to be repatriated to the UK, no's 45166 & 45170 made an appearance on the Channel 5 TV programme Monster Moves, this episode showed the two engines being moved 850 miles by rail across Turkey from Sivas to İzmir. 45166 would later end up in Israel as a static exhibit while 45170 is presently under restoration at Bo'ness. In addition, two Turkish Railway (TCDD) locomotives have been preserved in Turkey, and some more remain there in a derelict state. One locomotive has even survived in Iraq. The complete list is shown below. Two more are also visible underwater on the wreck of the SS Thistlegorm.

Of the fourteen engines known to have survived into preservation, all the British located examples except 48173 & 45170 “Sir William McAlpine” have run in preservation (both are undergoing restoration). Two of the British-based engines have even seen main line operation: Nos. 48151 and 48773. These have been regular main line performers in recent years with 48773 being withdrawn from operation in 2000. As of 2023 none of the class is operational on the main line.

Some of the preserved examples have stars on their cabsides indicating that they have specially balanced wheelsets/motion. This practice began under the auspices of British Railways, to denote that locomotives thus treated were able to work fast, vacuum-braked goods services. Other members of the class have a yellow stripe on the cab meaning that they were not permitted to run south of Crewe as the WCML south of Crewe had been electrified with overhead wires. Another difference between the British engines and the locos that were exported from Britain is the position of the driver's controls. The British based engines like all LMS engines were left hand drive, the locos exported to Turkey and other countries were right-hand drive.

Loco numbers in bold mean their current number.

No 48518, formerly LMS 8518, built in 1944, was the only surviving LNER-built example. Formerly part of the 'Barry Ten', 48518 was used as a parts donor for 1014 County of Glamorgan and 45551 The Unknown Warrior. It was consequently dismantled and the frames were scrapped at Bury in mid-2013.

title: LMS Stanier Class 8F


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Talk:Seattle Thunderbirds

Fair use rationale for Image:Seattle Thunderbirds logo.png
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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:21, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Fair use completed. Flibirigit 16:47, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Seattle Thunderbirds


text:
Talk:Colorado Rockies (NHL)

Untitled
Well, I don;t know about merge but it would be good to link the KC Scouts with the Colo Rockies and the current NJ Devils since that's the same franchise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.82.243.190 (talk • contribs)

I agree
A merger is not appropriate in this circumstance. 15:45, 9 November 2005 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Danielearl (talk • contribs)

Do Not Merge!! For a modern Hockey fan, the fact that Professional Hockey Evolved in Denver before the Avalanche is important; I'm thinking of splitting up the Denver Spurs site between the WHL (Minor League) and WHA eras as well. Bacl-presby 20:04, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Merge and redirect. Other relocated franchises in the Major pro sports are treated that way. So no reason the Scouts/Rockies/Devils (Let's go Devils!!!!!!) should be treated any differently. --oknazevad 04:32, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

I believe that these pages should be kept seperate. As a side note, please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ice Hockey for a discussion on when hockey team articles should potentially be merged. -- JamesTeterenko 20:56, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

I just noticed the talk page on the KC Scouts page and see that this discussion has been here for a while and has already reached consensus. I will remove the tag. -- JamesTeterenko 21:03, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

This descusion is over, seperate articles.--Starwars1791 (talk) 19:06, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Byrne Arena
Under the "Transforming into the New Jersey Devils" subsection it reads the following: "The Rockies had actually petitioned to move to New Jersey in 1978, but the NHL vetoed the move because the Byrne Arena was still under construction, and there was no suitable temporary facility in New Jersey at the time." As it reads, it is a complete statement, the Byrne Arena was still under construction. I have removed the following irrelevant information: "(dissimilar to the situation faced by the Nets, their soon-to-be arena mates, who used the Rutgers Athletic Center for a few seasons after moving from New York)." That section about the New Jersey nets have absolutely no bearing on the Byrne Arena being under construction. The Rockies did not stay in Colorado because the Nets played at Rutgers... The Rockies stayed in Colorado because the building was still under construction. Flibirigit (talk) 20:25, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * So ... if I get this correct, this is about whether to include a bit of information that does not, in fact, pertain to the Rockies? IMHO, the Nets have their own article, and I leave it up to the basketball WikiProject as to how to tend their own knitting and what to include in their own articles.    Ravenswing  04:12, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Paul Gagné
Actually,he played in both the German and Swiss leagues... Ranma9617 (talk) 22:53, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

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Ras Tarkhan

Ras Tarkhan was a Khazar general of the mid 8th century, sometimes referred to as As Tarkhan, who led an invasion of Abbasid territories in Armenia, Caucasian Albania and northwestern Persia. He defeated the Arabs in the Battle of Shirvan and ensur the dominance of the Khazar Khanate in the Caucasus, and this battle was the end of the Khazar-Arab Wars. Scholars have debated over whether Ras Tarkhan is a name or a title. As Tarkhan, used as a title, would mean "general of the Alans", possibly indicating a role as commander of Alan mercenaries or auxiliaries. According to Zeki Validi Togan and Peter Benjamin Golden, Ras Tarkhan came from a clan called Khatiriltber.

title: Ras Tarkhan


text:
Talk:Victoria Cougars

Logo
I don't understand using the logo for a modern day version of the Victoria Cougars. They are unrelated, and I am removing. I hope someone may be able to find some graphic representation of the organization on which this article is based. Goeverywhere 01:42, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

I added the logo for the  1990-94 team. Panamajack 23:50, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victoria Cougars


text:
Baghatur

Baghatur is a historical Turkic and Mongol honorific title, in origin a term for "hero" or "valiant warrior". The Papal envoy Plano Carpini (c. 1185–1252) compared the title with the equivalent of European Knighthood.

The word was common among the Mongols and became especially widespread, as an honorific title, in the Mongol Empire in the 13th century; the title persisted in its successor-states, and later came to be adopted also as a regnal title in the Ilkhanate and the Timurid dynasty, among others.

The concept of the Baghatur is present in Turco-Mongol folklore, one instance is the Bashkir epic poem Ural-batyr. The Bogatyr of Eastern Slavic legends is derived from the turkic term. Baghaturs were heroes of extraordinary courage, fearlessness, and decisiveness, often portrayed as being descended from heaven and capable of performing extraordinary deeds. Baghatur was the heroic ideal Turco-Mongol warriors strove to live up to, hence its use as a military honorific of glory.

Etymology and distribution
The term was first used by the steppe peoples to the north and west of China proper as early as the 7th century as evidenced in Sui dynasty records. It is attested for the Second Turkic Khaganate in the 6th century, and among the Bulgars of the First Bulgarian Empire in the 6th century. Some authors claim Iranian origin of the word, the first syllable is very likely the Iranian title word *bag "god, lord". According to Gerard Clauson, bağatur by origin almost certainly a Xiongnu (which Clauson proposes to be Hunnic) name, and specifically of the second Xiongnu Chanyu, whose name was transliterated by the Han Chinese as (with -n for foreign -r), now pronounced Mòdùn ~ Màodùn in standard Chinese.

The word was introduced in many cultures as a result of the Turco-Mongol conquests, and now exists in different forms in various languages: 𐰉𐰍𐰀; Baγatur, Khalkha Mongolian: Баатар Bātar; ; Bağatur, Batur, Bahadır; Богатырь Bogatyr; Багатур Bagatur; ; ਬਹਾਦੁਰ (Gurmukhi), بہادر (Shahmukhi), بہادر, Bulgarian and Russian: Багатур (Bagatur), Persian Bahador, Georgian Bagatur, and Hindi Bahadur.

It is also preserved in the modern Turkic and Mongol languages as Altai Баатыр (Baatïr), Turkish Batur/Bahadır, Tatar and Kazakh Батыр (Batyr), Uzbek Batyr and Mongolian Baatar (as in Ulaanbaatar).

It is the origin of a number of terms and names, such as Bahadur (in Persian, South Asian Muslim, Sikh and other cultures), Bahadır, Baturu, Bey, Mete, Metehan, Богатырь (Bogatyr), Polish Bohater (lit. 'hero'), Bátor (meaning "brave"), among others.

Titles Incorporating Bahadur
Bahadur was often included in titles in Mughal Empire and later during the British Raj to signify a higher level of honor above the title without the word. For example:
 * Nawab Bahadur, a title of honour bestowed during Mughal Empire and later during British Raj.
 * Rao Bahadur or Rai Bahadur, a title of honour bestowed during British rule in India
 * ''Sawai Bahadur, used as a title for rulers of Kutch. See individuals below.
 * Informally used to upgrade a title or title of address (often sarcastically) in South Asia. For example Saahab Bahadur (see, for example, the movie Saheb Bahadur); Company Bahadur (for the East India Company); Angrez Bahadur (for the British Raj); and so on.

List of individuals with this title
The term Baghatur and its variants – Bahadur, Bagatur, or Baghadur, was adopted by the following historical individuals:
 * Modu Chanyu, the founding chanyu of the Xiongnu empire.
 * Tonyukuk, military commander of Second Turkic Khaganate.
 * Bagatur Bagaina Sevar, 6th century commander in First Bulgarian Empire
 * Alogobotur, 10th century commander in the First Bulgarian Empire
 * Habich Baghatur, a tribal Khan of Borjigin and son of the founder of Borijigid Clan Bodonchar Khan
 * Bartan Bagatur, the Borjigin prince and grandfather of Genghis Khan
 * Yesugei, the father of Genghis Khan, is called Yesugei Baghatur
 * The Mongol general Subutai is referred to in the Secret History of the Mongols as baghatur.
 * Il khan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan took the title Ba'atur after his name for his victory over the rebellion of the Mongol Keraits in Iran.
 * Bayan of the Merkid, the Grand councillor of the Yuan dynasty, was awarded Baghatur for his merit during the Ogedeid-Yuan conflict.
 * Two Mughal emperors used the regnal name Bahadur Shah: Bahadur Shah I (also called Shah Alam I), and Bahadur Shah II, more commonly referred to as Bahadur Shah Zafar, incorporating his takhallus, or pen name as a poet.
 * Banda Singh Bahadur, Sikh warrior and general
 * Altani, relative of Genghis Khan
 * Stephen Báthory (1533–1586), Prince of Transylvania, and King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
 * Erdeni Batur, founder of the Dzungar Khanate.
 * Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, ruler of the Khanate of Khiva, had the title of Bahadur Khan. He wrote the famous epic of the Mongols called the genealogical tree of the Mongols (or General history of Tatars).
 * Khengarji III, was the first ruler of Kutch to be given title of Sawai Bahadur.
 * Vijayarajaji, ruler of Kutch, used Bahadur as a hereditary title.
 * Madansinhji, ruler of Kutch, used Bahadur as a hereditary title.
 * Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, the second Indian soldier to be so honored, was known as "Sam Bahadur."
 * Damdin Sükhbaatar, was a founding member of the Mongolian People's Party and leader of the Mongolian partisan army that liberated Khüree during the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. Enshrined as the "Father of Mongolia's Revolution", he is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence.
 * Osman Batur, a Chinese warlord of Kazakh ethnicity

title: Baghatur


text:
Talk:Belleville Bulls

NHL
I saw them on TV against the New York Rangers, can someone please axplain this?Altenhofen (talk) 02:05, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Nope. Perhaps you saw them play the Kitchener Rangers ?   PK  T (alk)  16:52, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

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Talk:The Black Crowes

Collection, Eddie Harsh, Lineup
I fixed the spelling on collection and corrected the release date. Later I will add something about Eddie Harsh as soon as I have more info. Okay I sadly updated the band Lineup too. get better eddie! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.60.45.50 (talk)

Reunion lineup?
Besides the Robinson brothers, who is in the reunion lineup of the Black Crowes? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by KitHutch (talk • contribs).

Jam band?
The Crowes jam pretty hard when I see them in concert. Why do people keep deleting the jam band off their description? KitHutch 18:04, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Because their music is more about the lyrics than the jams.

--++ because they are NOT a jam band - jam band is a genre that includes bands like Phish and The Greatful Dead. It has nothing to do with jamming hard. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.10.38.33 (talk) 19:56, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I Agree with KitHutch, the Crowes seem to meet all criteria for a jam band: live improvisation, an ever changing setlist, allowing and encouraging fans to record performances and to share these... More than that recurring jams in the live performance of certain songs have evolved into new songs in and by themselves. Obviously not every song performed live is treated in this manner, but there is always room for variation, and improvisation based there upon! I do agree that, with the Crowes, the lyrics are more important than the jam, but jams are used as a means for the various band members to forefront certain emotions within those lyrics. And, as anyone who has seen the Crowes perform live must know, it is Chris who gives the nod to the band, either literately or figuratively through his body language or his vocals, to indicate when the jam can commence and when it should end. This role of band leader/director does however not interfere with his enjoyment in and partaking of the jam. In short, the jams are used to emphasize the lyrics, but does such a use make them any less of a jam band? Satoriforsale (talk) 12:43, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Blackcrowes.jpg
Image:Blackcrowes.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Why are they still played on the radio?
Does anyone know why "hard to handle" is still played regularly on the radio?
 * Please sign your posts with four ~ marks. If you don't have a Wikipedia account, your IP address will be used for signing. Revolutionaryluddite 04:53, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * there's a bot does that now —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.110.223 (talk) 15:40, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Maxim
Did Maxim really apology to the Black Crowes? I only know about that open letter posted by Angelus because Maxim only apologized to its readers and never to the band. Or has there been a "real" apology to the band since then? Otherwise the facts mentioned in the articel should be changed.--Rupert Pupkin (talk) 12:08, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Bootlegging culture
Black Crowes have been widely known for supporting bootleg recordings of all their concerts, and in fact condone high quality recording equipment plugged directly into the sound board. Certainly this would have been reported on by the music press and thus qualify for including in the article. Jtdunlop (talk) 22:47, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Structure
Why is the "history"-section subdivided into 1990-1995 and 1996-2001? Wouldn't it make more sense to make the cut after 3 snakes and the "departure" of two band-members?--Rupert Pupkin (talk) 12:15, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Good question. Go ahead and be bold! The article needs a lot of work. DickClarkMises (talk) 12:38, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Discography
I don't understand why a discography section is only for the main studio albums on this page. Other bands have either their entire catalog listed or a link to their discography page. We need to be consistent. KitHutch (talk) 17:26, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that we need to be consistent. To that end, a standard for discography sections has been developed here.  Of course, there's also WP:IGNORE, but what's the compelling reason to do so?  —Zeagler (talk) 21:08, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
 * There is nothing in the standard that says only studio albums need to be listed. It does say, "If a musician has released an extremely large number of albums, it may be better to describe their discography in a prose summary."  Since the Crowes do have a large number of albums, perhaps this is what should be done. KitHutch (talk) 04:50, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't call their output "extremely large", but when we split content from a main page (as we're doing with The Black Crowes' discography), we almost always leave a summary behind. You can see examples of this at myriad featured articles.  Take a look at Barack Obama: almost every section has a "Main article" listing at the top.  How lame would the article be if there were no prose in those sections?  The summarized prose sections provide a brief overview for readers who only want the highlights.  That's why I'm in favor of listing just studio albums in the "Discography" section at The Black Crowes.  Here's how it was done in every featured rock music article – the only ones worth citing, as they've all been scrutinized heavily – after the most recent FAC/FAR:
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic – full details for each studio album
 * AC/DC – full details for each studio and live album, and videos
 * Alison Krauss – each album and single listed with chart positions and certifications
 * Audioslave – studio albums with release date and label
 * Celine Dion – partial album listing, mostly studio
 * Bob Dylan – none (33 studio albums qualifies as an extremely large number)
 * Genesis – none (15 studio albums)
 * Godsmack – all albums and some details
 * Janet Jackson – studio albums with release year only
 * John Mayer – albums, singles and collaborations
 * Joy Division – studio albums
 * Kylie Minogue – all albums (but article promoted four years ago)
 * Michael Jackson – studio albums
 * Motörhead – all albums and chart positions
 * Nick Drake – studio albums
 * Opeth – studio albums
 * Phil Collins – all albums and number one singles
 * Sly & the Family Stone – all albums and Top 40 singles
 * Gwen Stefani – studio albums, video and singles
 * The KLF – studio albums and UK Top 10 singles
 * Tool – studio albums and others
 * U2 – all albums
 * Frank Zappa – none (~30 studio albums)
 * In light of the variety of formats used in featured articles, which one would you advocate now and why? —Zeagler (talk) 13:28, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * If it was up to me, I would include all albums (live and studio). For certain bands like the Black Crowes, the live albums are just as important as their studio albums.  Take for example, the Allman Brothers Band.  At Fillmore East is an essential album and should always be included on their discography.  By excluding live albums, where does that put the next two Crowes albums, which were recorded before a live audience in much the same way that Neil Young's Rust Never Sleeps was.  The audience noise was subsequently removed, but technically Rust is still a live album and is also an essential Neil Young album.  However, it's not up to me.  We need to follow the guidelines that have already been established.  They say to have a short prose summarize and a link to the discography article. KitHutch (talk) 13:48, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer including all albums to having only a link to the main article, and I seriously doubt a prose section is warranted. Also, I don't really agree that TBC's live albums are that important to their canon.  They don't offer much in the way of newly released songs (just "Title Song" and some covers), they don't illustrate much artistic development (except maybe Freak 'n' Roll) and they don't capture the band at the top of their game (maybe F'n'R again).  At Fillmore East is certainly a different story; in fact I successfully argued it should be included in the chronology that links ABB albums in the infoboxes.
 * One thing with respect to the next album(s): do you think Before the Frost...Until the Freeze should be considered one album since you can't buy the first without getting the second? The vinyl version will package both; the CD version just packages ...Until the Freeze in a different format (albeit with one hoop to jump through).  See Wow/Grape Jam for an example of a similar package.  We should figure this out before the page(s) get created... —Zeagler (talk) 14:13, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Fine, then let's include ALL albums (studio & live). KitHutch (talk) 22:11, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Current lineup
An anonymous user keeps listing Magistro on percussion as an official member of the band. Is there any reference anywhere for this? I think that he is just a tour member of the band. KitHutch (talk) 14:49, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Live vs. studio
According to the wikipedia article, a "live album is a recording consisting of material (usually music) recorded during stage performances, commonly contrasted with a studio album. Live albums may be recorded at a single concert, or combine recordings made at multiple concerts." Crowelogy was not recorded at a concert. It was recorded in a studio. Just bacause it consists of old re-arranged Black Crowes' songs does not make it a live album. KitHutch (talk) 18:35, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Chris Hilsman
has Chris Hisman been in the band? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.60.161.132 (talk) 15:24, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:The Black Crowes


text:
Talk:Toronto Blueshirts

Untitled
Why is this whole article about the Canadiens forming?????-Rainman71 21:07, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Because if you read the article, you'd know that the original Les Canadiens franchise was not the current Habs franchise, and that the original Les Canadiens turned into the Toronto Blueshirts. Seeing as the team lasted only seven years in any event, there's not a lot to write.  Ravenswing 22:13, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Team name
Spelling was never Blueshirts as one word. Yes, it has been mistakenly spelled that way by some modern sources, but I can (and will, since it has been questioned) provide citations to show that this was not what the team was actually called. Just like the Toronto team in 1917-18 wasn't called the Toronto Arenas, no matter how many times you've read that. But that's a story for another time. Blue Shirts is what they were called. There is no "official" name since it was a nickname and not the team's legal name. --Walor 03:31, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I would appreciate a citation as I have searched through 20 some odd books and countless links since you made the change. And not once have I seen it spelled any other way. Before you make moves, even if they seem uncontested you really need to bring them up on the talk page. But yes I do realize that there is no official name. --Djsasso 05:23, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe going on the talk page first would have been a good move. And I'll admit to letting out an "oh, crap" when I saw the SIHR page, but fortunately some of the better researchers affiliated with the SIHR have it right on their own pages. As for the team name, it's very simple -- we have hundreds of reports from when the team existed where we can see exactly what they were called. We don't have to speculate, or rely on second-hand accounts written decades later. Archives of the Star and Globe are available online, and those of the other Toronto newspapers are in libraries. I don't know how many dozens of these anyone would need to see, but as a sampling through the years: December 26, 1912, January 22, 1914, February 15, 1915, December 18, 1916. I can't find any reference to "Blueshirts" -- not a single one. Occasionally you'll see it hyphenated Blue-Shirts, but in the overwhelming majority of instances, it's "Blue Shirts" and never "Blueshirts." That's what the team was actually called (when they weren't being called the Torontos). The proof is there for anyone to look up, it's not something I've just come up with. It's true that many modern sources have it wrong, but we shouldn't copy their errors. --Walor 23:28, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I would appreciate some serious citations as well, the more so in that "Blueshirts" is not merely used by "some" modern sources, but by each and every one of them, from Coleman to SIHR to the NHL's own files to the Hall of Fame. Beyond that, this change violates WP:NAME, which holds "Generally, article naming should prefer to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature."  I'd be interested in seeing what citations exist to the contrary that are more authoritative than the ones referenced above. Ravenswing 17:13, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't be silly, RGT, it doesn't violate anything to make a correction. Are you seriously suggesting that English speakers can't recognize "Blue Shirts"? Please. If you really want to worry about edits, I'd suggest you should be concerned about ones that introduce errors -- like this nonsense you added today about "copyright infringement." Either you or the person you got that from (you added it without any citation, so I can't say who is to blame) obviously don't even know what copyright is. I'm sure it was a good faith edit, but it's also wrong (as anyone who knows what copyright is can immediately discern) -- and uncited. Maybe you should worry about your own edits first. --Walor 23:28, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Your so-called "nonsense" comes from Charles Coleman's Trail of the Stanley Cup, the fundamental building block of hockey scholarship, Vol I, p. 201. That's my citation.  Seeing as you haven't troubled us with yours, I'll be reverting this at once.  Ravenswing 03:55, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toronto Blueshirts


text:
Talk:Oklahoma City Blazers (1992–2009)

Trophy Name
The trophy for the CHL Changed its name 3 times that is why I have put it that way I have proof in my email. John R G 06:34, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Okcblazersalt.png
Image:Okcblazersalt.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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title: Talk:Oklahoma City Blazers (1992–2009)


text:
Talk:HIFK

Organisation of the article
Since people (unwittingly?) keep messing this up, I'll repeat what I said in my latest edit summary:

All hockey-specific stuff should be under the "Ice hockey" section! (The reason is obvious: HIFK, like the article says, is involved in many sports, not just ice hockey.) If this bothers you, consider splitting the hockey part into a separate article, like they have done in Finnish language Wikipedia (see fi:HIFK and fi:HIFK Hockey). --Jonik 14:48, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hifk.png
Image:Hifk.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:41, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:HIFK


text:
Robert of Molesme

Robert of Molesme (1028 – 17 April 1111) was an abbot, and a founder of the Cistercian Order. He is venerated as a Christian saint.

Life
Robert was born about 1029 near Troyes, a younger son of Thierry and Ermengarde, nobles of Champagne. He entered the Benedictine abbey of Montier-la-Celle near Troyes at age fifteen and rose to the office of prior.

He was made abbot of Saint Michel-de-Tonnerre around the year 1070, but he soon discovered that the monks were quarrelsome and disobedient, so he returned to Montier-la-Celle.

Meanwhile, two hermits from a group of monks that had settled at Collan went to Rome and asked Pope Gregory VII to give them Robert as their superior. The pope granted their request, and as of 1074 Robert served as their leader. Soon after, Robert moved the small community to Molesme in the valley of Langres in Burgundy. Initially, the establishment consisted of only huts made of branches surrounding a chapel in the forest, dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Molesme Abbey quickly became known for its piety and sanctity, and Robert's reputation as a saintly man grew. It is because of this renown that in 1082, Bruno of Cologne came to Robert seeking advice. He lived with Robert's community for a time before going on to found the Grande Chartreuse, the first Carthusian monastery.

In 1098, there were 35 dependent priories of Molesme, other annexes, and some houses of nuns. Donors from the surrounding area vied with one another in helping the monks who soon they had more than they needed, and slackened their way of life and became tepid. Benefactors sent their children to the abbey for education and other non-monastic activities began to dominate daily life. The vast land holdings they had acquired needed a large number of employees. As the community grew increasingly wealthy, it began to attract men seeking entry for the wrong reasons. They caused a division among the brothers, challenging Robert's severity. Robert twice tried to leave Molesme but was ordered back by the Pope.

Cîteaux
In 1098, Robert and twenty-one of his monks left Molesme with the intention of never returning. Renaud, the Viscount of Beaune, gave this group a desolate valley in a deep forest where they founded Cîteaux Abbey. Stephen Harding and Albéric – two of Robert's monks from Molesme – were pivotal in founding the new house. Hugh of Die, Archbishop of Lyons, was persuaded that they could not subsist there without endorsement from an influential churchman, so he wrote in their favour to Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. Odo paid for the construction they had begun, helping the monks finance their operating expenses and giving them much land and cattle. The Bishop of Challons elevated the new monastery to the canonical status of an abbey.

In 1099, the monks of Molesme asked Robert to return and agreed to submit entirely to his interpretation of the Rule of Saint Benedict; the local bishop also pressured Robert to return. He agreed, and Molesme became a major center for the Benedictines under his tutelage. Albéric was made his successor as abbot at Cîteaux, with Stephen Harding as prior.

Robert died on 17 April 1111, and Pope Honorius III canonized him in 1222. His feast day in the Roman Catholic Church is also on 17 April, with the Benedictines celebrating him, along with Alberic of Cîteaux and Stephen Harding on February 26.

The Vie de saint Robert de Molesme was written by Guy, his immediate successor as abbot of Molesme.

title: Robert of Molesme


text:
Solemn Declaration on European Union

The Solemn Declaration on European Union was signed by the then 10 heads of state and government on Sunday 19 June 1983, at the Stuttgart European Council held in Stuttgart.

In November 1981, the German and Italian Governments submitted to the Member States a draft European Act designed to further European integration. In accordance with the mandate given by the European Council of 26 and 27 November 1981 the Foreign Ministers reported to the Stuttgart European Council on their work on this draft Act.

The Heads of State or Government of the Member States of the European Communities meeting within the European Council resolved to continue the work begun on the basis of the Treaties of Paris and Rome and to create a united Europe, which is more than ever necessary in order to meet the dangers of the world situation, capable of assuming the responsibilities incumbent on it by virtue of its political role, its economic potential and its manifold links with other peoples, ...

The Heads of State or Government, on the basis of an awareness of a common destiny and the wish to affirm the European identity, confirm their commitment to progress towards an ever closer union among the peoples and Member States of the European Community.

The declaration was one of the milestones leading to the formation of the European Single Market in 1993.

The Stuttgart European Council also used the occasion to condemn international interference with the conflicts in Central America, specifically in El Salvador and Nicaragua. Their statement concerning this issue reads:

The Heads of State and Government confirmed their close interest in developments in Central America. They are deeply concerned at the economic and social conditions in many parts of the region, at the tensions which these create and at the widespread misery and bloodshed.

They are convinced that the problems of Central America cannot be solved by military means, but only by a political solution springing from the region itself and respecting the principles of non-interference and inviolability of frontiers. They, therefore, fully support the current initiative of the Contadora Group. They underlined the need for the establishment of democratic conditions and for the strict observance of human rights throughout the region.

They are ready to continue contributing to the further development in the area, in order to promote progress towards stability.

title: Solemn Declaration on European Union


text:
Ioannis Alevras

Ioannis Alevras (Ιωάννης Αλευράς; 1912 – 6 April 1995 ), sometimes spelled Yannis Alevras, was a Greek Panhellenic Socialist Movement politician and Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament, who served as acting President of Greece in March 1985.

Syndicalist
Before becoming a politician, Alevras was employed at the Bank of Greece. He was a prominent syndicalist and a key figure in the foundation of OTOE (Federation of Bank Employee Organizations of Greece) in 1955. OTOE united all relevant trade unions along the lines of craft unionism with Alevras at its head for several years.

Center Union MP
Alevras was first elected to Parliament as a candidate of the Center Union in the 1963 Greek legislative election. His party won the elections in a narrow victory (138 seats out of 300, with the National Radical Union having 132) and party leader George Papandreou became Prime Minister of Greece on 8 November 1963.

Because no party had the absolute majority in the Parliament, Papandreou carried out the 1964 Greek legislative election. Alevras successfully sought re-election while his party won the elections with a landslide majority (171 seats out of 300, with the alliance of the National Radical Union and the Progressive Party only having 107 seats).

Alevras defended fellow Center Union MP Andreas Papandreou, son of George, during his trial for the Aspida scandal. The Aspida Group allegedly comprised officers of the Hellenic Army, who belonged to the centre or the left and wanted to assume control of an army dominated at the time by right-wing officers who had fought in the Greek Civil War against the left. The alleged scandal had come to public notice in 1965 and Andreas Papandreou was accused of being a member of this conspiracy.

The Aspida scandal led to the so-called Apostasia of 1965 and the fall of the Papandreou government. However the 1964 Parliament remained in place until the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. During the resulting Greek military junta of 1967-1974, Alevras was imprisoned for resisting the new regime.

PASOK founding member
With the Metapolitefsi, the transitional period from the fall of the dictatorship, Alevras resumed his political career. He joined the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), a new Party under Andreas Papandreou, and achieved re-election in 1974 Greek legislative election. He was one of only 12 MPs elected from his Party. PASOK came third in the elections with New Democracy electing 220 MPs and the Center Union - New Forces electing 60.

He was re-elected in the 1977 Greek legislative election. This time PASOK came second with 93 MPs while New Democracy remained in government with 171 seats in Parliament. Continuing the rise of its popularity, PASOK came first in the 1981 Greek legislative election with 171 MPs while New Democracy only elected 115. Andreas Papandreou became Prime Minister while Alevras was elected Speaker of the Greek Parliament.

Acting President of Greece
In 1985 after President Constantine Karamanlis resigned, Alevras served as acting President, per the relevant provisions of the Constitution of Greece, causing a controversy over the matter whether his duties as Speaker should be suspended during his tenure as acting President (10–30 March 1985) and if he was eligible to vote in the election of the new President. The issue became all the more controversial, as Christos Sartzetakis was elected with the minimum number of votes required (180 out of 300) and would have failed to be elected, were it not for Alevras' vote.

Later political career
Later that year, PASOK won the 1985 Greek legislative election with 161 MPS while New Democracy elected 126. Papandreou remained Prime Minister and Alevras was elected Speaker for a second time. In the same year, Papandreou was indicted by Parliament in connection with the US$200 million Bank of Crete embezzlement scandal. He was accused of helping the embezzlement by ordering state corporations to transfer their holdings to the Bank of Crete where the interest was allegedly skimmed off to benefit PASOK.

The June 1989 Greek legislative election which followed the scandal was inconclusive. New Democracy came first with 145 MPs and PASOK second with only 125, Alevras among them. Neither was enough to form a government by itself. New Democracy formed an alliance with third Party Coalition of the Left and Progress. Their alliance formed a government under Tzannis Tzannetakis.

Synaspismos withdrew its support of the new government only months later. The resulting November 1989 Greek legislative election was again inconclusive. New Democracy came first with 148 MPs and PASOK second with 128, Alevras among them. While each had won 3 more MPs that in the previous election, again none of the two could form a government alone.

The caretaker government under Yiannis Grivas resigned on 23 November 1989. Replaced by a coalition government under Xenophon Zolotas. The new government included representatives of New Democracy, PASOK and Synaspismos and organized the 1990 Greek legislative election. New Democracy came first with 150 MPs and PASOK second with 123, Alevras among them. New Democracy had enough Parliamentary support to form its own government under Party leader Constantine Mitsotakis.

The Mitsotakis government remained in office for about three years. The heightened public irritation over the Macedonia issue with the neighbouring Republic of Macedonia caused several ND parliament members, led by Antonis Samaras, to withdraw their support from Mitsotakis' government and form a new political party, Political Spring (Politiki Anoiksi). With not enough MPs to remain in office, the New Democracy government organized the 1993 Greek legislative election.

PASOK won the elections with 170 MPs and New Democracy came second with only 111. Andreas Papandreou became Prime Minister again. Alevras was elected MP for the tenth and last time.

He died due to bronchopneumonia at 4 am, on April 6, 1995, following a three-day stay in Hygea Hospital's ICU. He had a state funeral, with honors equivalent to an incumbent prime minister.

title: Ioannis Alevras


text:
User:Leadingbrand

My name is Justin. I am a 26-year-old male from Massachusetts. I am tired of seeing that red link every time I see my user name.

If I am watching sports on television and surfing the web, I'll generally think of something to add to the wikipedia. Generally, it seems that basketball inspires me to improve the wikipedia. Many a boring game on ESPN has resulted in an increase in overall Internet knowledge.

I don't just write about sports. Cartoon and cartoon-related topics get my attention a lot (including voice actors), and people who work as annnouncers in general. Sometimes I remember something from professional wrestling when I was a kid, and I love to add that stuff.

Basically, I just like to fill in the blanks I find on wikipedia about whatever bit of minutia crosses my mind.

Fan of

 * Boston Red Sox
 * Boston Celtics
 * New England Patriots
 * University of West Virginia men's basketball
 * Quentin Tarantino
 * The Sopranos
 * Oz
 * Law & Order
 * Deadwood
 * Spaced
 * The Godfather

Articles Written

 * Cedric Maxwell
 * Bretislav Pojar
 * Howard Finkel
 * Flop (basketball)
 * Deputy Dawg
 * David Herman
 * Sean McDonough
 * Arn Anderson
 * John Facenda (Heavily improved upon since I originally started it. I cannot take credit for the quality of the current entry)
 * House Hunting Mice
 * Rhapsody Rabbit
 * consigliere
 * pine tar
 * Stephen Tobolowsky
 * Randy Kutcher
 * Ken Wregget
 * Salem State College (my alma mater)
 * Tom Werner
 * Ed Hochuli

Links/Contact
my homepage

My wiki talk is a good way to leave me a message, but there's no guarantee I'll get it any time soon. My AIM contact is Rezeew. My email address is ceo (at) leadingbrand (dot) org

title: User:Leadingbrand


text:
Super SmartJoy

The Super SmartJoy is a device that allows Super NES controllers to be used with a computer. The device was announced on April 20, 2004. This device has a USB port for connecting to both Windows PCs and Macs. SmartJoy is the manufacturer of this peripheral.

Multiple devices can be used on one computer for multiplayer gaming.

title: Super SmartJoy


text: User talk:81.155.132.191

title: User talk:81.155.132.191


text:
Category:Indigenous peoples in Canada

Indigenous peoples in Canada is a collective name for the original inhabitants of the region of North America that is now Canada, and their descendants. There are three distinctive groups of North America indigenous peoples recognised in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, sections 25 and 35. The three groups of indigenous inhabitants in Canada are named First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.

title: Category:Indigenous peoples in Canada


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Abram L. Sachar

Abram Leon Sachar (February 15, 1899 – July 24, 1993) was an American historian and founding president of Brandeis University.

Early life and education
He was born in New York City to Samuel Sachar, a Jewish immigrant from Lithuania, and Sarah Abramowitz, a native of Jerusalem. When he was 7 years old, his family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where his grandfather served as a chief rabbi. He was briefly enlisted for service in World War I, and then attended Washington University in St. Louis, where he earned his B.A. and M.A. degrees in history. During his junior year, he studied languages at Harvard and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1920. From 1920 to 1923 he studied at Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, England, where he received his doctorate in history for his thesis on the Victorian House of Lords.

History professorship
Upon his return to the United States, Sachar joined the faculty of the history department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, teaching modern European and English history. He remained at this position for the next 24 years.

In 1926, he married Thelma Horwitz, a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Washington University in St. Louis. They had three sons who rose to prominence in their respective professions: Howard M. Sachar, a distinguished American historian; Edward J. Sachar, a pioneering biological psychiatrist, and David B. Sachar, a gastroenterologist.

Sachar published his first book in 1927; this was followed by several other books in quick succession. He also lectured across the country from the 1920s to the 1990s, and appeared in a weekly educational television lecture show, The Course of Our Times; his analyses of problems in contemporary history were later published in the book of the same title. Sachar remained a working educator, historian, lecturer, and author until his death.

Hillel leader
He became a leader of the B'nai Brith Hillel Foundation, founded at the University of Illinois, serving as director of the Illinois sector from 1929 to 1933, national director of the Hillel Foundation from 1933 to 1947, and chairman of the National Hillel Commission from 1948 to 1955, when he retired to become president of Brandeis University. During his tenure, he helped establish Hillel houses for Jewish students on the campuses of many American universities. He also served as president of the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO) from 1945 to 1948.

Concurrently, he served as part-time religious leader of Sinai Temple, a Reform Jewish congregation in Champaign-Urbana.

During World War II, Sachar worked as a radio news analyst in Chicago and New York, commenting on contemporary affairs. He was also involved with attempts to aid Jewish refugees, organizing a program to bring refugee students to the United States.

University president
In 1948, trustees of the newly formed, Jewish-sponsored, nonsectarian Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, asked Albert Einstein to be their first president. When he refused, their second choice was David Ben-Gurion, who also turned down the offer. Their third choice was Sachar, who had displayed his scholarly credentials and devotion to the Jewish people through previous leadership of the Hillel organization at the University of Illinois, and through his 1930 work, History of the Jews. During his 20-year tenure, Sachar's leadership and fund-raising skills were largely credited for building Brandeis into a major research institution. When he assumed office in 1948, Brandeis had 107 students and 13 faculty members; at the time of his death, it had 3,700 undergraduate and graduate students, and 360 full-time faculty members. Sachar personally raised $160 million for the expansion of the campus from a few buildings on a defunct medical-school campus to a complex of 90 buildings spread over 235 acres. Upon his retirement in 1968, he was named chancellor and then chancellor emeritus of Brandeis University, a title that allowed him to continue his fund-raising activities on behalf of the university. All told, he raised an estimated $250 million for Brandeis.

Honors
He was invited by President Lyndon B. Johnson to serve on the U.S. Advisory Commission on International Education and Cultural Affairs, among other state and national panels; he also served on the U.S. Holocaust Commission. He was also active in several educational and philanthropic boards. He was awarded honorary degrees from more than 30 American colleges and universities.

He died of respiratory failure at his home in Newton, Massachusetts, on 24 July 1993. His wife of 67 years, Thelma, survived him; she died in 1997 and was interred beside him at a special plot, created at their request, near the Sachar International Institute at Brandeis University.

Works

 * A History of the Jews (1930; revised 1965)
 * Sufferance is the Badge: The Jew in the Contemporary World (1939)
 * The Course of Our Times (1972)
 * The Redemption of the Unwanted (1984)
 * Brandeis University: A Host at Last (1995)

title: Abram L. Sachar


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Mende

Mende may refer to:

Ethnic group

 * Mende people
 * Mende language
 * Seim language, also called Mende language
 * Mende syllabary (Kikakui)

People

 * Mende (surname)
 * Mende Nazer (born c.1982), Sudanese-British author and human rights activist

Places

 * various geographic designations in the department of Lozère, France:
 * Arrondissement of Mende
 * Mende, Lozère
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Mende
 * Mende (Chalcidice), a city in ancient Greece
 * Mende, Hungary, a village in Pest county
 * Mount Mende, Antarctica

title: Mende


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Talk:Shag (dance)

Because what is written about shag in this page is related or purely collegiate shag, it should be moved to Collegiate Shag to prevent confusion and this page should stand more as a disambiguation page. 132.204.227.175 20:19, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

To do list
I removed the "To Do" list from the article and am putting it here. --Cswrye 01:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Shag with promenade hands behind back and half spins. double kicks. Scissors. kick tap, kick tap, kick kick. Circling in shag.

Merge collegiate shag and Carolina shag here?
I do not know very much about the varieties of shag, but as long as the articles are as short as they are now it IMO makes more sense to merge them into one article. Even the differences between the different shag types are probably better expanded on in one article, than in three. // Habj 20:12, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that I'm going to oppose this merge. From my understanding, the two dances are not related to each other in any significant way except that they happen to have the same name. Both are generally placed within the category of swing dance, but the nature of the dances and the type of music that they are danced to is very different. Collegiate shag came first, but from my understanding, Carolina shag is not derived from it, and the most recent common ancestor that they both have is Charleston. I would say that collegiate shag has more in common with balboa than with Carolina shag. --Cswrye 21:27, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * If so (and I really do not know much on the subject) this page should probably be made into a disambig page, as the not-logged-in user above says. // Habj 00:10, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That makes sense to me. Unless there's an influx of people who disagree, I think that's something we can work on. --Cswrye 22:10, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Both dances do share an "all the action is in the feet" philosophy that isn't necessarily present in other swing dances, so they may be related. My first exposure to Collegiate Shag (the 8 count one with the same rhtyhm as balboa) was from Betty Wood, who danced in South Carolina in the 1930's.
 * Oppose. Balboa is footwork-centric, but I doubt anyone would think of merging shag and balboa!  From what I've seen, collegiate shag and carolina shag are very different dances danced to very different music.  Like previous poster said, they simply happen to share a word in their name.  -- geekyßroad . meow?'' 04:42, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

I added the three different shag dances (collegiate shag, Carolina shag, and St. Louis shag) to the Shag disambiguation page. I think that we should merge the information on this article into the other shag articles, then make this article a redirect to the disambiguation page. This will let users see all three shag dances on the list and go to the one they want. --Cswrye 04:37, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and did the merge. Pretty much all of the information on this article was on collegiate shag, so I merged it into that article. I changed this article into a redirect to shag, which disambiguates the three different shag dances. --Cswrye 15:17, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

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Sky Georgia

Sky Georgia (Georgian: საერთაშორისო ავიაკომპანია „სქაი ჯორჯია“ - saertašoriso aviaqompania «sqai dzhordzhia») was an airline from Tbilisi, Georgia, operating out of Tbilisi International Airport.

History
The airline was established in 1998 as Air Bisec. In 2004, it was renamed Georgian National Airlines. The current Sky Georgia brand was adopted in 2008, when the company was acquired by US-based Sky Investment Group. In October 2009, the airline ceased all scheduled flights and stated that it would concentrate on cargo rather than on passenger transport. In January 2010, three Ilyushin Il-76 freighter aircraft were leased.

Georgy Kodua was general director and CEO of Sky Georgia.

During 2007, the airline (which was called Georgian National Airlines at that time) had a codeshare agreement with airBaltic on the latter's route from Riga to Tbilisi. In summer 2008, scheduled and charter services were operated from Tbilisi, Kutaisi and Batumi to destinations in Europe and Central Asia. On 9 August 2008, following the outbreak of the 2008 South Ossetia war, Georgian National Airlines was banned from operating into Russia. After the crisis, flights were not resumed.

Destinations
As of January 2011, the official Sky Georgia timetable does not list any scheduled flights.

Former destinations
Sky Georgia used to serve the following scheduled destinations:

 * Asia
 * Georgia
 * Batumi - Batumi International Airport
 * Tbilisi - Tbilisi International Airport

 * Europe
 * Belarus
 * Minsk - Minsk International Airport
 * Turkey
 * Antalya - Antalya Airport
 * Ukraine
 * Kyiv - Boryspil International Airport

Historic fleet
Over the years, the airline operated the following aircraft types:
 * Tupolev Tu-134B (until 2007)
 * Bombardier CRJ200 (2007–2008)
 * Ilyushin Il-76T (from 2010)
 * McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50

title: Sky Georgia


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Category:Transport in Suffolk

This category contains articles relating to transport within Suffolk.

title: Category:Transport in Suffolk


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Unity in diversity

Unity in diversity is used as an expression of harmony and unity between dissimilar individuals or groups. It is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation" that shifts focus from unity based on a mere tolerance of physical, cultural, linguistic, social, religious, political, ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex unity based on an understanding that difference enriches human interactions. The idea and related phrase is very old and dates back to ancient times in both Western and Eastern Old World cultures. It has applications in many fields, including ecology, cosmology, philosophy, religion and politics.

Origins
The concept of unity in diversity can be traced back to Sufi philosopher Ibn al-'Arabi (1165–1240), who advanced the metaphysical concept of the "oneness of being" (wahdat al-wujud), namely, that reality is one, and that God's is the only true existence; all other beings are merely shadows, or reflections of God's qualities. Abd al-Karīm al-Jīlī (1366–1424) expanded on Al-'Arabi's work, using it to describe a holistic view of the universe which reflects "unity in diversity and diversity in unity" (al-wahdah fi'l-kathrah wa'l-kathrah fi'l-wahdah).

Leibniz used the phrase as a definition of "harmony" (Harmonia est unitas in varietate) in his Elementa verae pietatis, sive de amore dei 948 I.12/A VI.4.1358. Leibniz glosses the definition Harmonia est cum multa ad quandam unitatem revocantur which means the 'Harmony' is when many [things] are restored to some kind of unity.

Besides, in India, the guiding principle of the Sahitya Akademi, as articulated by Dr. S Radhakrishnan, resonates profoundly: “All Indian literature is one, written in different languages.” This perspective extends seamlessly to encompass the mosaic of Indian culture. Regionally distinct cultures, adorned in a spectrum of dialects and expressions imbued with local hues, encapsulate the very essence of India's spirit.

Swami Vivekananda once emphasized that India's spiritual heritage taught the world two invaluable virtues: tolerance and universal acceptance. Throughout history, India has welcomed and nurtured a multitude of philosophical and ideological streams. It has provided a fertile ground for these diverse schools of thought to flourish, drawing inspiration from their rich reservoirs of ideas. India's openness to assimilating wisdom, not just from within but also from distant lands, echoes the ancient wisdom of the Upanishads: 'Accept all noble thoughts coming from all sides.'

Religious beliefs
The Old Javanese poem Kakawin Sutasoma, written by Mpu Tantular during the reign of the Majapahit empire sometime in the 14th century, contains the phrase Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, translated as "unity in diversity". The poem is notable as it promotes tolerance between Hindus (especially Shaivites) and Buddhists, stating that although Buddha and Shiva are different in substance, their truths are one:

It is said that the well-known Buddha and Shiva are two different substances. They are indeed different, yet how is it possible to recognise their difference in a glance, since the truth of Jina (Buddha) and the truth of Shiva is one. They are indeed different, but they are of the same kind, as there is no duality in Truth.

Unity in diversity is a prominent principle of the Baháʼí Faith. In 1938, in his book The World Order of Baháʼu'lláh, Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith, said that "unity in diversity" was the "watchword" for the religion.

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the head of the Baháʼí Faith from 1892 to 1921, explained this principle in terms of the oneness of humanity: In reality all are members of one human family—children of one Heavenly Father. Humanity may be likened unto the vari-colored flowers of one garden. There is unity in diversity. Each sets off and enhances the other's beauty.

In Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba's Final Declaration, he stated that "Unity in the midst of diversity can be made to be felt only by touching the very core of the heart. This is the work for which I have come. I have come to sow the seed of love in your hearts so that, in spite of all superficial diversity which your life in illusion must experience and endure, the feeling of oneness through love is brought about amongst all the nations, creeds, sects and castes of the world."

Unity in diversity is also a slogan utilized by the disciples of Swami Sivananda. They came to America to spread the true meaning of Unity in Diversity; that we are All in One & One in All in an all loving ahimsa God.

Dutch Christian theologian Herman Bavinck wrote that principles of "unity in diversity" and "diversity in unity" both flow out of the Christian doctrines of the Imago Dei and the Trinity: ''Every human being, while a member of the body of humanity as a whole, is at the same time a unique idea of God, with a significance and destiny that is eternal! Every human being is himself or herself an image of God, yet that image is only fully unfolded in humanity as a whole!''

— Reformed Dogmatics: Volume 2 (Gereformeerde Dogmatiek), 1895-99

''[The Trinity] reveals God to us as the fullness of being, the true life, eternal beauty. In God, too, there is unity in diversity, diversity in unity.''

— Reformed Dogmatics: Volume 2 (Gereformeerde Dogmatiek), 1895-99

Politics
In modern politics it was first used, as In varietate unitas, by Ernesto Teodoro Moneta in the context of Italian Unification.

Canada
Adélard Godbout, while Premier of Quebec, published an article entitled "Canada: Unity in Diversity" (1943) in the Council on Foreign Relations journal. He asked,How does the dual relationship of the French Canadians make them an element of strength and order, and therefore of unity, in our joint civilization, which necessarily includes not only Canada and the British Commonwealth of Nations, but also the United States, the Latin republics of America and liberated France? The phrase has since become somewhat of a staple of Canadian multiculturalism in general.

The phrase was invoked in the Interdisciplinary Research Seminar (IRS) at Wilfrid Laurier University in the 1970s. Ervin Laszlo presented his paper entitled "Framework for a General Systems Theory of World Order" (1974) as one of the first seminar Papers that led to the establishment of the IRS in 1975.

The motto of the province of Saskatchewan, adopted in 1986, is the variation Multis e gentibus vires (from many peoples, strength). The motto of Canada's most populous city, Toronto, adopted in 1998, is the variation Diversity Our Strength.

European Union
In 2000, the European Union adopted 'United in Diversity' (Latin: In varietate concordia) as official motto, a reference to the many and diverse member states of the Union in terms of culture. Apart from its English form, the European Union's motto is also official in 23 other languages. "Unity in diversity" was selected by means of a competition involving students from member nations. According to the European Union official website: It signifies how Europeans have come together, in the form of the EU, to work for peace and prosperity, while at the same time being enriched by the continent's many different cultures, traditions and languages.

Indian subcontinent
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India and leader of the Indian National Congress, vigorously promoted unity in diversity as an ideal essential to national consolidation and progress. He wrote at length on this topic, exploring it in detail in his work The Discovery of India.

"The diversity of India is tremendous; it is obvious; it lies on the surface and anybody can see it. It concerns itself with physical appearances as well as with certain mental habits and traits. There is little in common, to outward seeming, between the Pathan of the North-West and the Tamil in the far South. Their racial stocks are not the same, though there may be common strands running through them... Yet, with all these differences, there is no mistaking the impress of India on the Pathan, as this is obvious on the Tamil.

The Pathan and the Tamil are two extreme examples; the others lie somewhere in between. All of them have their distinctive features, all of them have still more the distinguishing mark of India."

"Though outwardly there was diversity and infinite variety among our people, everywhere there was that tremendous impress of oneness, which had held all of us together for ages past, whatever political fate or misfortune had befallen us."

Indonesia
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, an Old Javanese phrase translated as "Unity in Diversity", is the official national motto of Indonesia.

South Africa
When apartheid South Africa celebrated 20 years of independence on 31 May 1981, the theme of the celebrations was "unity in diversity" (eenheid in diversiteit). Anti-apartheid campaigners denounced the motto as   a cynical attempt to explain away the inequalities in South African life and called on runners of the Comrades Marathon to protest at the co-option of the event by wearing a black armband. The winner of the race, Bruce Fordyce, was one of those wearing a black armband. The term has since been incorporated into the preamble of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa as a central tenet of post-apartheid South Africa and is currently the national motto, as written in the extinct ǀXam language:
 * ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke

Indigenous peoples
The Gwichʼin Tribal Council representing the Gwichʼin, a First Nations of Canada and an Alaskan Native Athabaskan people, who live in the northwestern part of North America, mostly above the Arctic Circle, adopted the motto Unity through Diversity.

title: Unity in diversity


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Mescalero-Chiricahua language

Mescalero-Chiricahua (also known as Chiricahua Apache) is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Chiricahua and Mescalero people in Chihuahua and Sonora, México and in Oklahoma and New Mexico. It is related to Navajo and Western Apache and has been described in great detail by the anthropological linguist Harry Hoijer (1904–1976), especially in Hoijer & Opler (1938) and Hoijer (1946). Hoijer & Opler's Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts, including a grammatical sketch and traditional religious and secular stories, has been converted into an online "book" available from the University of Virginia.

Virginia Klinekole, the first female president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe, was known for her efforts to preserve the language.

There is at least one language-immersion school for children in Mescalero.

Consonants
Chiricahua has 31 consonants:

Vowels
Chiricahua has 16 vowels:

Chiricahua has phonemic oral, nasal, short, and long vowels.

title: Mescalero-Chiricahua language