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List of Italian-American mobsters

This list includes Italian American mobsters and organized crime figures that operate in the United States, both past and present.

A

 * Joseph Abate, "Joe" (1902–1994)
 * Frank Abbandando, "The Dasher" (1910–1942)
 * Frank Abbatemarco, "Frankie Shots" (1899–1959)
 * Philip Abramo, "The King of Wall Street" (Born 1945)
 * Settimo Accardi, "Big Sam" (1902–1977)
 * Tony Accardo, "Joe Batters", "Big Tuna" (born Antonino Leonardo Accardo, 1906–1992)
 * Anthony Accetturo, "Tumac" (born 1938)
 * Momo Adamo (1895–1956)
 * Carmine Agnello (born 1960)
 * Thomas Agro, "T.A.", "Tipp", "Thomas Ambrosiano" (1931–1987)
 * Joe Aiello (1890–1930)
 * Joey Aiuppa, "Joey Doves", "Joey O'Brien" (1907–1997)
 * Felix Alderisio, "Milwaukee Phil" (1912–1971)
 * Harry Aleman, "The Hook" (1939–2010)
 * Vincent Alo, "Jimmy Blue Eyes" (1904–2001)
 * Benedetto Aloi, "Benny" (1935–2011)
 * Vincenzo Aloi, "Vinny" (born 1933)
 * William Aloisio, "Smokes" (1906–1979)
 * Willie Altieri, "Two-Knife" (1891–1970)
 * Giacomo Amari, "Jake" (died 1997)
 * Frank Amato (died 1980/1985)
 * Samuzzo Amatuna, "Samuel", "Samoots" (1898–1925)
 * Victor Amuso, "Little Vic", "The Terminator" (born 1934)
 * Albert Anastasia, "Mad Hatter", "Lord High Executioner" (born Umberto Anastasio, 1902–1957)
 * Anthony Anastasio, "Tough Tony" (born Antonio Anastasio, 1906–1963)
 * Thomas Andretta (1938–2019)
 * Joseph Andriacchi, "Joe the Builder" (born 1932)
 * Donald Angelini, "The Wizard of Odds" (1926–2000)
 * Donato Angiulo, "Danny", "Laughing Fox" (1923–2009)
 * Francesco Angiulo, "Frank" "Frankie the Cat" (1921–2015)
 * James Angiulo, "Jimmy Jones" (1939–2014)
 * Gennaro Angiulo, "Jerry" (1919–2009)
 * Anthony Antico, "Tico" (born 1945)
 * Ignacio Antinori (born Ignazio Pizzuto Antinoro, 1885–1940)
 * John Ardito, "Buster" (1919–2006)
 * Joe Adonis, "Joey A.", "Joe Adone" (born Giuseppe Antonio Doto, 1902–1971)
 * Joseph Ardizzone, "Iron Man" (born Giuseppe Ernesto Ardizzone, 1884–1931)
 * Joseph Armone, "Joe Piney" (1917–1992)
 * Stephen Armone, "14th Street Steve" (1899–1960)
 * Vincent Asaro, "Vinnie" (1935–2023)
 * Louis Attanasio, "Louie Ha Ha" (born 1944)
 * Alphonse Attardi, "The Peacemaker" (1892–1970)
 * Salvatore Avellino, "Sal", "The Golfer" (born 1935)

B

 * Frank Balistrieri, "Frankie Bal", "Mr. Big" (1918–1993)
 * Anthony Baratta, "Bowat" (born 1938)
 * Joseph Barbara, "Joe the Barber" (born Giuseppe Maria Barbara, 1905–1959)
 * John Barbato, "Johnny Sausage" (born 1934)
 * Vincent Basciano, "Vinny Gorgeous" (born 1959)
 * Sam Battaglia, "Teets" (1908–1973)
 * James Belcastro, "Mad Bomber" (1895–1945)
 * Liborio Bellomo, "Barney" (born 1957)
 * Nicholas Bianco, "Nicky" (1932–1994)
 * Anthony J. Biase (1909–1991)
 * Thomas Bilotti, "The Wig", "The Toupee", "The Doberman", "Zombie Bilotti", "The Pitbull", "Tommy" (1940–1985)
 * Charles Binaggio, "Charlie" (1909–1950)
 * Joseph Biondo, "Joe Bandy", "Joe the Blonde", "Little Rabbit" (born Giuseppe Biondo, 1897–1966)
 * Attilio Bitondo, "Tillio" (born 1928)
 * Ferdinand Boccia, "The Shadow" (1900–1934)
 * Richard Boiardo, "Richie the Boot" (1890–1984)
 * Frank Bompensiero, "Frankie Bomp" (1905–1977)
 * Joseph Bonanno, "Joe Bananas", "Don Peppino" (born Giuseppe Carlo Bonanno, 1905–2002)
 * Salvatore Bonanno, "Bill" (1932–2008)
 * Cesare Bonventre, "The Tall Guy" (1951–1984)
 * Giovanni Bonventre, "John" (1901–1970)
 * Vito Bonventre (1875–1930)
 * Rosario Borgio (1861–1919)
 * Bartholomew Boriello, "Bobby" (1944–1991)
 * Anthony Brancato (1914–1951)
 * Dominic Brooklier, "Jimmy Regace" (born Domenico Brucceleri, 1914–1984)
 * Salvatore Briguglio, "Sally Bugs" (1930–1978)
 * Adolfo Bruno, "Al" (1945–2003)
 * Angelo Bruno, "The Gentle Don" (born Angelo Annaloro, 1910–1980)
 * Fiore Buccieri, "Fifi" (1907–1973)
 * Frank Buccieri, "The Horse", "Frank Russo", "Big Frank" (1919–2004)
 * Russell Bufalino, "McGee", "The Old Man" (born Rosario Alberto Bufalino, 1903–1994)

C

 * Joel Cacace, "Joe Waverly" (born 1941)
 * Thomas Cacciopoli, "Tommy Sneakers", "Cacci" (born 1949)
 * Jimmy Caci (1925–2011)
 * Vincent Cafaro, "Fish" (born 1933)
 * Marshall Joseph Caifano (born Marcello Giuseppe Caifano, 1911–2003)
 * Frank Calabrese Sr., "Frankie Breeze", "The Breeze" (1937–2012)
 * Nicholas Calabrese (born 1942)
 * Frank Cali, "Franky Boy" (1965–2019)
 * William Cammisano, "Willie the Rat" (1914–1995)
 * Louis Campagna, "Little New York" (1900–1955)
 * Joseph Cantalupo, "Joey" (born 1943)
 * Richard Cantarella, "Shellackhead" (born 1944)
 * Dominick Canterino, "Baldy Dom" (1929–1990)
 * Anthony Capo, "Tony" (1959–2012)
 * Al Capone, "Scarface", "Big Al", "Al Brown" (1899–1947)
 * Frank Capone (1895–1924)
 * Louis Capone (1896–1944)
 * Ralph Capone, "Bottles" (born Raffaele James Capone, 1894–1974)
 * Antonio Caponigro, "Tony Bananas" (1912–1980)
 * Frankie Carbo, "Frank Tucker", "Mr. Fury", "Mr. Gray" (born Paolo Giovanni Carbo, 1904–1976)
 * Anthony J. Cardarella, "Tiger" (1926–1984)
 * Sam Cardinelli (born Salvatore Cardinella, 1869–1921)
 * Anthony Carfano, "Little Augie Pisano" (1895–1959)
 * Joseph Caridi, "Joe C" (born 1949)
 * Sam Carlisi, "Black Sam", "Wings" (1914–1997)
 * Charles Carneglia (born 1946)
 * John Carneglia, "Johnny Carnegs" (born 1945)
 * Sylvestro Carolla, "Silver Dollar Sam" (1896–1972)
 * Charles Carrollo, "Charlie the Wop" (born Vincenzo Carrollo, 1902–1979)
 * Robert F. Carrozza, "Bobby Russo" (born 1940)
 * Frank T. Caruso, "Skids" (1911–1983)
 * Primo Cassarino (born 1956)
 * Anthony Casso, "Gaspipe" (1942–2020)
 * Paul Castellano, "Big Paul" (1915–1985)
 * Richard Castucci, "Ritchie" (1928–1976)
 * Salvatore Catalanotte, "Sam Sings in the Night" (born Salvatore Catalanotto, 1883–1930)
 * Dominick Cataldo, "Little Dom" (1923–1997)
 * Gerardo Catena, "Jerry" (1902–2000)
 * Domenico Cefalù, "Italian Dom" (born 1947)
 * Dino Cellini (1924–1978)
 * Anthony Centracchio (1929–2001)
 * Jackie Cerone, "Jackie the Lackey" (1914–1996)
 * Peter Chiodo, "Fat Pete" (1951–2016)
 * Anthony Ciccone, "Sonny" (born 1934)
 * Nicholas Ciotti, "Buddy" (1944–2003)
 * Dominick Cirillo, "Quiet Dom" (born 1929)
 * Frank Cirofici, "Frank Murato", "Dago Frank" (1887–1914)
 * Anthony Civella, "Tony Ripe" (1929–2006)
 * Carl Civella, "Corky" (1910–1994)
 * Nicholas Civella, "Nick" (born Giuseppe Nicoli Civella, 1912–1983)
 * Joseph Civello (1902–1970)
 * Michael Clemente, "Mike Costello", "Big Mike" (1908–1987)
 * Frank Colacurcio (1917–2010)
 * Ettore Coco, "Eddie" (1908–1991)
 * Eco James Coli (1922–1982)
 * Joseph Colombo, "Joe" (1923–1978)
 * Big Jim Colosimo, "Diamond Jim" (born Vincenzo Colosimo, 1878–1920)
 * Louis Consalvo, "Louie Eggs" (born 1958)
 * Pasquale Conte, "Patty", "Patsy" (1925–2017)
 * Frank Coppa, "Big Frank" (born 1941)
 * Frank Coppola, "Frank Three Fingers" (born Francesco Paolo Coppola, 1899–1982)
 * Michael Coppola, "Trigger Mike" (1900–1966)
 * Mikey Coppola, "Mikey Cigars" (born 1946)
 * Anthony Corallo, "Tony Ducks" (1913–2000)
 * Anthony Cornero, "Admiral", "Tony the Hat" (born Antonio Cornero Stralla, 1899–1955)
 * Joseph Corozzo, "Jo Jo" (born 1942)
 * Nicholas Corozzo, "Little Nicky" (born 1949)
 * Samuel Corsaro, "Little Sammy" (1943–2002)
 * Dominic Cortina (1925–1999)
 * James Cosmano, "Sunny Jim" (born Vincenzo Cosmano, 1885–1943)
 * Frank Costello, "The Prime Minister" (born Francesco Castiglia, 1891–1973)
 * Steven Crea, "Stevie Wonder", "Herbie" (born 1947)
 * Perry Criscitelli (born 1950)

 * Frank Cullotta (born 1938–2020)

 * Domenico Cutaia, "Danny" (1936–2018)
 * William Cutolo, "Billy Fingers", "Wild Bill" (born Guglielmo Cutolo, 1949–1999)

D

 * William Daddano Sr., "William Russo", "Willie Potatoes" (1912–1975)
 * Louis Daidone, "Louie Bagels" (born 1946)
 * John D'Amato, "Johnny Boy" (disappeared 1992)
 * Gaspare D'Amico, "Gaspar" (1886–1975)
 * Marco D'Amico, "The Mover" (born 1936–2020)
 * Jackie D'Amico, "Jackie Nose" (born 1937)
 * Joseph D'Amico (born 1955)
 * Anthony D'Andrea (born Antonio D'Andrea, 1872–1921)
 * Ralph Daniello, "The Barber" (born Alfonso Pepe, 1886–1925)
 * Salvatore D'Aquila, "Toto", "Tata" (1878–1928)
 * Alphonse D'Arco, "Little Al" (1932–2019)
 * Michael DeBatt, "Mickey" (1949–1987)
 * Angelo DeCarlo, "Gyp" (1902–1973)
 * Sam DeCavalcante, "Sam the Plumber" (1913–1997)
 * Frank DeCicco, "Frankie D.", "Frankie Cheech" (1935–1986)
 * George DeCicco (1929–2014)
 * Joseph DeFede, "Little Joe", "Joe D" (1934–2012)
 * Peter DeFeo, "Philie Aquilino", "Petey" (1902–1993)
 * William D'Elia, "Big Billy" (born 1946)
 * Patrick DeFilippo, "Patty from the Bronx" (1939–2013)
 * Andrew Thomas DelGiorno, "Tommy Del" (born 1940)
 * Aniello Dellacroce, "Mr. Neil", "The Lamb" (1914–1985)
 * Frank Deluca (born Francesco DeLuca, 1898–1967)
 * Joseph Deluca (born Giuseppe DeLuca, 1893–1952)
 * Carl DeLuna, "Tuffy" (1927–2008)
 * Frank DeMayo, "Chee-Chee" (born Franco DeMaio, 1885–1949)
 * Roy DeMeo (1940–1983)
 * Lawrence Dentico, "Larry Fab", "Little Larry" (born 1923)
 * Gregory DePalma (1932–2009)
 * John DeRoss, "Jackie", "Jackie Zambooka" (born 1937)
 * Frank DeSimone (1909–1967)
 * Rosario DeSimone, "The Chief" (1873–1946)
 * Thomas DeSimone, "Two-Gun Tommy" (1950–1979)
 * Mario Anthony DeStefano (born Mario Antonio DeStefano, 1915–1975)
 * Sam DeStefano, "Mad Sam" (1909–1973)
 * Robert DiBernardo, "DiB" (1937–1986)
 * Paul DiCocco Sr., "Legs DiCocco" (1924–1989)
 * John DiFronzo (1928–2018)
 * Peter DiFronzo (1933–2020)
 * Sebastiano DiGaetano (1862–1912)
 * Vito Di Giorgio (1880–1922)
 * John DiGilio, "Johnny Dee" (1932–1988)
 * Michael DiLeonardo, "Mickey Scars" (born 1955)
 * Leonard DiMaria, "Lenny" (born 1941)
 * Joseph DiNapoli, "Joey D.", "Joey Dee" (born 1935)
 * Louis DiNapoli, "Louie D." (born 1938)
 * Vincent DiNapoli, "Vinny D." (1937–2005)
 * Frederick DiNome (1935–1986)
 * Richard DiNome, "Richie" (1954–1984)
 * Jackie DiNorscio (1940–2004)
 * Rocco DiSiglio, "Rocky" (1939–1966)
 * Rosario Dispenza (died 1914)
 * Johnny Dio (1914–1979)
 * Joseph Dippolito, "Joe Dip" (1914–1974)
 * Joseph DiVarco, "Little Caesar" (1911–1986)
 * Jack Dragna, "Capone of Los Angeles" (born Ignazio Dragna, 1891–1956)
 * Tom Dragna (born Gaetano Dragna, 1889–1977)
 * Louis Tom Dragna, "The Reluctant Prince" (1920–2012)
 * Vincent Drucci, "Schemer" (born Victor D'Ambrosio, 1898–1927)

E

 * Thomas Eboli, "Tommy Ryan" (born Tommaso Eboli, 1911–1972)
 * Alfred Embarrato, "Al Walker" (1909–2001)
 * Joe Esposito, "Diamond Joe" (born Giuseppe Esposito, 1872–1928)
 * Natale Evola, "Joe Diamond" (1907–1973)

F

 * Albert Facchiano, "Chinky", "The Old Man" (1910 – 2011)
 * James Failla, "Jimmy Brown" (1919–1999)
 * Costabile Farace, "Gus" (1960–1989)
 * Carmine Fatico, "Charley Wagons" (1910–1991)
 * Anthony Federici, "Tough Tony" (1940–2022)
 * Steve Ferrigno (1900–1930)
 * Louis Ferrante (born 1969)
 * Theresa Ferrara (1952–1979)
 * Vincent M. Ferrara, "The Animal" (born 1949)
 * Joseph Ferriola, "Oscar", "Joe Nagall" (1927–1989)
 * Ray Ferritto (1929–2004)
 * Vito Cascio Ferro (1862–1943)
 * Anthony Fiato, "The Animal", "Tony Rome" (born 1949)
 * Charles Fischetti, "Trigger Happy", "The Fixer" (1891–1951)
 * Rocco Fischetti, "Rocky", "Ralph Fisher" (1903–1964)
 * Tino Fiumara, "T", "The Greek", "George Greco" (1941–2010)
 * Stephen Flemmi, "The Rifleman" (born 1934)
 * Vincent Flemmi, "Jimmy The Bear", "Vinnie the Butcher" (1935–1979)
 * John Franzese, "Sonny" (1917–2020)
 * John Franzese Jr. (born 1960)
 * Michael Franzese, "The Yuppie Don" (born 1951)
 * Christopher Furnari, "Sergio Vieira", "Fuzi" (1924–2018)
 * Jimmy Fratianno, "The Weasel" (born Aladena Fratianno, 1913–1993)
 * Louis Fratto, "Lew Farrell", "Cock-Eyed Lou" (born Luigi Tommaso Giuseppe Fratto, 1907–1967)
 * Rudy Fratto (born 1943)

G

 * Anthony Gaggi, "Nino" (1925–1988)
 * Tommy Gagliano (1883–1951)
 * Carmine Galante, "The Cigar", "Lilo" (1910–1979)
 * James Galante (born 1953)
 * Joseph Galizia, "Joe Glitz" (1941–1998)
 * Albert Gallo, "Kid Blast", "Al" (born 1930)
 * Joe Gallo, "Crazy Joe", "Joey the Blond" (1929–1972)
 * Joseph N. Gallo (1912–1995)
 * Kenny Gallo, "Kenji" (born 1968)
 * Giosue Gallucci, "Luccariello", "The King of Little Italy" (1864–1915)
 * Carlo Gambino, "Don Carlo" (1902–1976)
 * John Gambino (1942–2017)
 * Thomas Gambino, "Tommy" (1929–2023)
 * Rosario Gambino, "Sal" (born 1942)
 * Rosario Gangi, "Ross" (born 1939)
 * Eddie Garafola, "Cousin Eddie" (1938–2020)
 * Charles Gargotta, "Mad Dog" (1900–1950)
 * Angelo Genna, "Bloody Angelo" (1898–1925)
 * Mike Genna, "Mike the Devil" (1895–1925)
 * Tony Genna, "Tony the Gentleman" (1890–1925)
 * Vincenzo Genna, "James", "Jim" (1888–1931)
 * Michael James Genovese, "Mike" (1919–2006)
 * Vito Genovese, "Don Vitone" (1897–1969)
 * Nicola Gentile, "Nick", "Zu Cola" (1885–1966)
 * Anthony Giacalone, "Tony Jack" (1919–2001)
 * Vito Giacalone, "Billy Jack" (1923–2012)
 * Philip Giaccone, "Philly Lucky" (1932–1981)
 * Sam Giancana, "Momo", "Mo", "Mooney", "Sam the Cigar", "Sam Flood" (born Salvatore Giangana, 1908–1975)
 * Gaetano Gianolla (1880s–)
 * Mario Gigante (born 1923)
 * Vincent Gigante, "Chin", "The Oddfather", "Vinny" (1928–2005)
 * Charles Gioe, "Cherry Nose" (died 1954)
 * Thomas Gioeli, "Tommy Shots" (born 1952)
 * Anthony Giordano, "Tony G" (1915–1980)
 * Joseph Giunta, "Hop Toad" (born Giuseppe Giunta, 1887–1929)
 * Anthony Gizzo, "Fat Tony" (1902–1953)
 * Joseph Glimco (born Giuseppe Glielmi, 1909–1991)
 * Gene Gotti (born 1946)
 * John Gotti, "Johnny Boy", "The Dapper Don", "The Teflon Don" (1940–2002)
 * John A. Gotti, "Junior Gotti" (born 1960)
 * Peter Gotti, "Pete", "One Eye" (1939–2021)
 * Richard G. Gotti, "Ritchie" (born 1968)
 * Richard V. Gotti, "Ritchie Jr." (born 1942)
 * Stephen Grammauta, "Stevie Coogan" (1916–2016)
 * Sammy Gravano, "Sammy the Bull" (born 1945)
 * Anthony Graziano, "T.G." (1940–2019)
 * Francesco Guarraci, "Frank" (1955–2016)
 * Matthew Guglielmetti, "Matty" (born 1949)

H

 * Henry Hill (1943–2012)

I

 * Matthew Ianniello, "Matty the Horse" (1920–2012)
 * Joseph Iannuzzi, "Joe Dogs" (1931–2015)
 * James Ida, "Little Guy" (born 1940)
 * Frank Illiano, "Punchy" (1928–2014)
 * Nicola Impastato, "Nick Tousa" (1906–1979)
 * Alphonse Indelicato, "Sonny Red" (1931–1981)
 * Anthony Indelicato, "Bruno", "Whack-Whack" (born 1947)

J

 * Ronald Jerothe, "John", "Foxy" (born Ronald Gerote, 1947–1974)
 * Wilfred Johnson, "Willie Boy" (1935–1988)
 * Joseph Juliano, "Sonny" (born 1938)

K

 * Paul Kelly (born Paolo Antonio Vaccarelli, 1876–1936)

L

 * Gennaro Langella, "Jerry Lang" (1938–2013)
 * Joseph Lanza, "Socks" (born Giuseppe Lanza, 1901–1968)
 * Ignatius Lanzetta, "Frank Pius" (1903–?)
 * Leo Lanzetta (1895–1925)
 * Angelo J. LaPietra, "The Hook" (1920–1999)
 * James LaPietra, "Jimmy the Lapper" (1927–1993)
 * Frank LaPorte, "Frankie"
 * Louis LaRasso, "Fat Lou" (1926–1991)
 * John LaRocca, "John La Rock" (1901–1984)
 * James V. LaSala (1904–?)
 * Frank Lastorino, "Big Frank" (born 1939)
 * Peter LaTempa (1904–1945)
 * Stefano LaTorre (1886–1984)
 * John Lazia, "Brother John" (1896–1934)
 * Daniel Leo, "Danny the Lion" (born 1941)
 * Phil Leonetti, "Crazy Phil" (born 1953)
 * Paolo LiCastri (1935–1979)
 * Nick Licata, "Old Man", "Mr. Nick" (born Nicolò Licata, 1897–1974)
 * James T. Licavoli, "Jack White", "Blackie" (born Vincentio Licavoli, 1904–1985)
 * Thomas Licavoli, "Yonnie" (1904–1973)
 * Peter Licavoli, "Horseface" (1902–1984)
 * Joseph Ligambi, "Uncle Joe" (born 1939)
 * Frank Lino, "Curly" (born 1938)
 * Frank LoCascio, "Frankie Loc" (1933–2021)
 * Peter LoCascio, "Mr. Bread" (1916–1997)
 * Salvatore LoCascio, "Tori" (born 1959)
 * Gaetano Lococo, "Thomas", "Tano" (1895–1993)
 * Pasqualino Lolordo, "Patsy" (1887–1929)
 * Antonio Lombardo, "The Scourge", "Tony" (1892–1928)
 * Joseph Lombardo, "Joey the Clown", "Joe Padula", "Lumbo", "Lumpy" (born Giuseppe Lombardi, 1929–2019)
 * Philip Lombardo, "Benny Squint", "Cockeyed Ben", "Ben" (1908–1987)
 * Carmine Lombardozzi, "The Doctor" (1913–1992)
 * Angelo Lonardo, "Big Ange" (1911–2006)
 * Joseph Lonardo, "Big Joe" (born Giuseppe Lonardo, 1884–1926)
 * Alan Longo, "Baldie" (born 1950)
 * Joseph LoPiccolo, "Baldie" (1918–1999)
 * Anthony Loria Sr., "Tony Aboudamita" (1921–1989)
 * Joseph Lucchese, "Joe Brown" (born Giuseppe Lucchese, 1910–1987)
 * Tommy Lucchese, "Three Finger Brown", "Tommy Brown" (born Gaetano Lucchese, 1899–1967)
 * Lucky Luciano, "Charlie" (born Salvatore Lucania, 1897–1962)
 * Ignazio Lupo, "Lupo the Wolf", "Ignazio Saietta" (1877–1947)

M

 * Sam Maceo, "Velvet Glove" (1894–1951)
 * Rosario Maceo, "Iron Glove", "Papa Rose" (1887–1954)
 * Matthew Madonna, "Matty" (born 1935)
 * Peter Magaddino (1917–1976)
 * Stefano Magaddino, "Don Stefano", "The Undertaker", "The Grand Old Man of La Cosa Nostra" (1891–1974)
 * Joseph Magliocco, "Joe Malayak", "Fat Joe" (born Giuseppe Magliocco, 1898–1963)
 * Harry Maione, "Happy" (1908–1942)
 * Alphonse Malangone, "Allie Shades" (born 1936)
 * Lawrence Mangano, "Dago" (1892–1944)
 * Philip Mangano (born Filippo Mangano, 1898–1951)
 * Venero Mangano, "Benny Eggs" (1921–2017)
 * Vincent Mangano, "Don Vincenzo" (born Vincenzo Giovanni Mangano, 1888–1951)
 * Louis Manna, "Bobby" (born 1929)
 * Lorenzo Mannino, "Lore" (born 1959)
 * Luigi Manocchio, "Baby Shacks" (born 1927)
 * Francesco Manzo, "Frankie the Wop", "Frank Manze" (1925–2012)
 * Salvatore Maranzano, "Little Caesar" (1886–1931)
 * Carlos Marcello, "The Little Man", "The Godfather" (born Calogero Minacore, 1910–1993)
 * James Marcello, "Little Jimmy", "Jimmy The Man" (born 1943)
 * Daniel Marino (born 1940)
 * Richard Martino, "Ritchie" (born 1961)
 * James Martorano, "Jimmy" (born 1941)
 * Johnny Martorano, "Vincent Joseph Rancourt", "Richard O'Coin", "Nick", "The Cook", "The Executioner" (born 1940)
 * Joseph Masella, "Joey O" (1948–1998)
 * Joe Masseria, "Joe the Boss" (1886–1931)
 * Joseph Massino, "Big Joey", "The Ear" (1943–2023)
 * Jack McGurn, "Machine Gun" (born Vincenzo Antonio Gibaldi, 1902–1936)
 * James McLain, "Revolvers" (born Antonio Tangorello, 1903–1934)
 * Anthony Megale, "The Genius", "Tony" (1953–2015)
 * Angelo Meli (1897–1969)
 * Vincent Meli, "Little Vince" (born Vincenzo Angelo Meli, 1921–2008)
 * Angelo Mercurio, "Sonny" (1936–2006)
 * Chuckie Merlino (1939–2012)
 * Joey Merlino, "Skinny Joe" (born 1962)
 * Mike Merlo (1880–1924)
 * Sam Mesi (1900–1971)
 * Gaspare Messina (1879–1957)
 * Aniello Migliore, "Neil" (1933–2019)
 * Anthony Milano, "Old Man Tony" (born Antonio Milano, 1888–1978)
 * Frank Milano (born Ciccio Milano, 1891–1970)
 * Carmen Milano, "Flipper" (1929–2006)
 * Peter Milano (1925–2012)
 * Gaspar Milazzo, "The Peacemaker" (1887–1930)
 * Manfredi Mineo, "Alfred", "Al" (1880–1930)
 * Michele Miranda, "Big Mike" (1896–1973)
 * Anthony Mirra, "Tony" (1927–1982)
 * Michael Mancuso, "Mickey Nose", "The Nose" (born 1955)
 * John C. Montana (born Giovanni Montana, 1893–1964)
 * Lenny Montana (born Leonardo Passafaro, 1926–1992)
 * Dominick Montiglio (born Dominick Angelo Santamaria, 1947)
 * Pellegrino Morano, "Don Pellegrino" (1877–?)
 * Nicholas Morello, "Nick Terranova" (1890–1916)
 * Giuseppe Morello, "The Clutching Hand", "The Old Fox", "Peter Morello", "Piddu Morello" (1867–1930)
 * Willie Moretti, "Willie Moore" (1894–1951)
 * Julie Morrell, "Jules Morello" (died 1911)

N

 * James Napoli, "Jimmy Nap" (1911–1992)
 * Dominick Napolitano, "Sonny Black" (1936–1981)
 * John Nardi (born Giovanni Narcchione, 1916–1977)
 * Charles Nicoletti, "Chuckie", "The Typewriter" (1916–1977)
 * Ralph Natale (1935–2022)
 * Frank Nitti, "The Enforcer" (born Francesco Raffaele Nitto, 1886–1943)

O

 * Victor Orena, "Little Vic" (born 1934)

P

 * Pasquale Parrello, "Patsy" (born 1944)
 * Daniel Pagano, "Danny" (born 1953)
 * Joseph Luco Pagano (1928–1989)
 * Frank Palermo, "Blinky" (1905–1996)
 * Girolamo Palermo, "Jimmy Dumps" (1938–2014)
 * Vincent Palermo, "Vinny Ocean" (born 1944)
 * Charles Panarella, "Charlie Moose" (1925–2017)
 * Raymond L. S. Patriarca, "The Man", "Ray" (1908–1984)
 * Raymond Patriarca Jr., "Ray Jr.", "Junior Patriarca" (born 1945)
 * Johnny Papalia, "Johnny Pops Papalia", "The Enforcer" (1924–1997)
 * Anthony Peraino, "Big Tony" (1915–1991)
 * Robert Perrino, "Bobby" (1934–1992)
 * Alphonse Persico, "Little Allie Boy", "Allie Boy" (born 1951)
 * Carmine Persico, "The Snake", "Junior" (1933–2019)
 * Tomasso Petto, "The Ox" (1879–1905)
 * Frank Piccolo, "Pic", "Frank Lanza" (1921–1981)
 * Joseph Pinzolo, "Fat Joe" (1887–1930)
 * Louis Pioggi, "Louis Poggi", "Louie the Lump" (1889–1969)
 * Thomas Pitera, "Tommy Karate" (born 1954)
 * Dominick Pizzonia, "Skinny Dom" (born 1941)
 * Alfred Polizzi, "Big Al" (born Alfonso Polizzi, 1900–1975)
 * Frank Polizzi (1936–2001)
 * Ross Prio (born Rosario Priolo, 1901–1972)
 * Angelo Prisco, "The Horn" (1917–2017)
 * Joe Profaci, "The Old Man", "Don Peppino" (1897–1962)
 * Anthony Provenzano, "Tony Pro" (1917–1988)
 * Nunzio Provenzano, "Nunzi Pro" (1923–1997)

R

 * Rocco Racco (1868–1909)
 * Joseph Rao, "Joseph Cangro", "Tough Joey" (1901–1962)
 * Vincenzo Rao, "Vincent" (1898–1988)
 * Philip Rastelli, "Rusty" (1918–1991)
 * Marco Reginelli, "Little Man", "Small Man" (1897–1956)
 * Gaetano Reina, "Tommy", "Tom" (1889–1930)
 * George Remini, "Fat Georgie", "Big George" (1929–2007)
 * Paul Ricca, "The Waiter" (born Felice DeLucia, 1897–1972)
 * Lawrence Ricci, "Larry" (1945–2005)
 * Louis Ricco, "Louie Bracciole" (1930–2019)
 * Harry Riccobene, "Harry the Hump", "The Hunchback" (1909–2000)
 * Mario Riccobene, "Sonny" (1933–1993)
 * Giovanni Riggi, "John the Eagle" (1925–2015)
 * Frank Rio, "Frank Cline" (1895–1935)
 * Michael Rizzitello, "Mike Rizzi" (1927–2005)
 * Carmine Romano, "Fish" (1935–2011)
 * John Roselli, "Handsome Johnny", "John Rosselli", "John F. Stewart" (born Filippo Sacco, 1905–1976)
 * Benjamin Ruggiero, "Lefty", "Lefty Guns", "Lefty Two Guns" (1923–1995)
 * Angelo Ruggiero, "Quack Quack" (1940–1989)
 * Anthony Russo, "Chucky", "Little Pussy" (1916–1979)

S

 * Michael Sabella, "Mimi" (1911–1989)
 * Salvatore Sabella (1891–1962)
 * Frank Salemme, "Cadillac Frank", "Julian Daniel Selig" (born 1933)
 * Anthony Salerno, "Fat Tony" (1911–1992)
 * Rudolph Santobello, "Rudy" (1928–2013)
 * Nicholas Santora, "Nicky Mouth" (1942–2018)
 * Saverio Santora, "Sammy" (1935–1987)
 * Anthony Santorelli, "Blue Eyes" (born 1946)
 * Salvatore Santoro, "Tom Mix" (1915–2000)
 * Michael Sarno, "Fat Boy", "The Fat Guy", "Big Mike", "The Big Guy" (born 1958)
 * Salvatore Scala, "Fat Sally" (1944–2008)
 * Frank Scalice, "Don Ciccio", "Don Cheech" (born Francesco Scalice, 1893–1957)
 * John Scalise (born Giovanni Scalise, 1900–1929)
 * Joseph Scalise, "Jerry" (born 1937)
 * John T. Scalish (1912–1976)
 * Frank Scarabino, "Franky the Beast" (born 1956)
 * Nicodemo Scarfo, "Little Nicky" (1929–2017)
 * Nicky Scarfo Jr., "Nicky Junior" (born 1965)
 * Gregory Scarpa, "The Grim Reaper" (1928–1994)
 * Gregory Scarpa Jr. (born 1951)
 * Gerald Scarpelli (1938–1989)
 * Giuseppe Schifilliti, "Pino" (born 1938)
 * Nicolo Schiro, "Cola" (born Nicolò Schirò, 1872–1957)
 * Paul Sciacca (1909–1986)
 * Edward Sciandra, "Eddie The Conductor" (1912–2003)
 * Carmine Sciandra (born 1952)
 * John Sciandra, "Johnny" (1899–1940)
 * Gerlando Sciascia, "George from Canada" (1934–1999)
 * Nicholas Scibetta, "Little Nicky" (died 1978)
 * Onofrio Sciortino (1891–1959)
 * Augustus Sclafani, "Big Gus" (died 1986)
 * Ralph Scopo, "Little Ralphie" (1932–1993)
 * Anthony Scotto, "Tony" (1934–2021)
 * Anthony Senter (born 1955)
 * Alphonso Sgroia, "The Butcher" (1886–1940)
 * Joseph Sica, "JS" (1911–1982)
 * Peter Simone, "Las Vegas Pete" (born 1945)
 * Michele Sindona, "The Shark" (1920–1986)
 * Frank Sindone (1928–1980)
 * Thomas Sinito, "The Chinaman" (1938–1997)
 * Alphonse Sisca, "Funzie" (born 1942/1946)
 * Vincent Solano (1923–1992)
 * Anthony Spero, "Tony", "The Old Man" (1929–2008)
 * Anthony Spilotro, "Tony the Ant" (1938–1986)
 * Michael Spilotro, "Micky" (1944–1986)
 * Victor Spilotro (1935–1997)
 * Pat Spirito, "Pat the Cat" (1939–1983)
 * James Squillante, "Jimmy Jerome", "Vincent Squillante" (1919–1960)
 * Arnold Squitieri, "Zeke", "Bozey", "Sylvester", "Squiggy"
 * John Stanfa, "The Dour Don", "The Zip" (born 1940)
 * Johnny Stompanato, "Handsome Harry", "John Steele", "Oscar" (1925–1958)
 * Anthony Strollo, "Tony Bender" (1899–1962)

T

 * Martin Taccetta, "Marty" (born 1951)
 * Michael Taccetta, "Mike T.", "Mad Dog" (born 1947)
 * Silva Tagliagamba (died 1922)
 * Enrico Tameleo, "Henry", "The Referee" (1901–1985)
 * John Tartamella (born Giovanni Tartamella, 1892–1966)
 * Vincent Teresa, "Fat Vinny" (1930–1990)
 * Ciro Terranova, "The Artichoke King" (1888–1938)
 * Vincenzo Terranova, "Vincent", "The Tiger of Harlem" (1886–1922)
 * Joseph Testa (born 1955)
 * Philip Testa, "Chicken Man" (1924–1981)
 * Salvatore Testa, "Salvie", "The Crown Prince of the Philadelphia Mob" (1956–1984)
 * Frank Tieri, "The Old Man", "Funzi" (born Alfonso Tieri, 1904–1981)
 * Albert Tocco, "Caesar Tocco" (1929–2005)
 * Jack Tocco (1927–2014)
 * William Tocco, "Black Bill" (born Guglielmo Vito Tocco, 1897–1972)
 * Frank Todaro (1889–1944)
 * Joseph Todaro Jr., "Big Joe" (born 1945)
 * Joseph Todaro Sr., "Lead Pipe Joe" (1923–2012)
 * Salvatore Todaro, "Sam", "Black Sam" (born Agosto Arcangelo, 1885–1929)
 * Antonio Tomasulo, "Bootsie" (1917–?)
 * James Torello, "Turk" (1930–1979)
 * Johnny Torrio, "The Fox", "Papa Johnny", "The Brain", "The Immune" (born Donato Torrio, 1882–1957)
 * Santo Trafficante Jr., "Louie Santos", "The Old Man" (1914–1987)
 * Santo Trafficante Sr. (1886–1954)
 * Carmine Tramunti, "Mr. Gribbs" (1910–1978)
 * Dominick Trinchera, "Big Trin", "Trinny" (1936–1981)
 * John Tronolone, "Peanuts" (1910–1991)
 * Ronnie Trucchio, "One Armed Ronnie" (born 1951)
 * Matthew Trupiano, "Mike" (1938–1997)
 * Tony Tursi (1901–1989)
 * Charles Tuzzo, "Chuckie" (born 1933)

U

 * Charles Ubriaco (born Camillo Umbriaco, 1867–1916)

V

 * Joseph Valachi, "Joe", "Joe Cago", "Joe Cargo" (1903–1971)
 * Rocco Valenti (1895–?)
 * Umberto Valenti (1891–1922)
 * Louis Vallario, "Big Lou" (born 1942)
 * Ernest Varacalli, "Junior" (born 1943)
 * Paul Vario, "Paulie" (1914–1988)
 * Gaetano Vastola, "Corky", "The Big Guy" (born 1928)
 * Anthony Veranis, "Mickey White", "Tony" (1938–1966)
 * John Vitale (1909–1982)
 * Salvatore Vitale, "Good Looking Sal", "The Chief" (born 1947)
 * Alessandro Vollero, "Sandro" (1889–1959)

Y

 * Frankie Yale, "Frankie Uale" (1893–1928)

Z

 * John Zancocchio, "Porky" (born 1958)
 * Ilario Zannino, "Larry Baione" (1920–1996)
 * Ettore Zappi, "Anthony Russo" (1904–1986)
 * George Zappola, "Georgie Neck" (born 1960)
 * Anthony Joseph Zerilli, "Tony Z." (1927–2015)
 * Joseph Zerilli, "Joe Z.", "The Old Man (born Giuseppe Zerilli, 1897–1977)
 * Frank Zito, "Samuel Zaso" "Sammy the seal" (1893–1974)
 * Anthony Zizzo, "Little Tony" (1934–disappeared 2006)

title: List of Italian-American mobsters


text:
Talk:Tracy Caldwell Dyson

Copyright Violation?
I was of the understanding that info on the NASA site was free to be copied, so had copied the data over. I was in the process of adding to it when I found this copyright violation notice... I only posted the info about 5 minutes earlier. Quick movers!
 * I was on RC patrol. Let's see, did you find this on NASA? Because I did a google search and found it on www.astronautix.com, certainly a private website. Maybe they copied it from NASA though; provide the link and I'll revert it. Thanks. --Dmcdevit 04:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The page on Nasa site can be found at http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/caldwell.html
 * Okay, it's back, sorry for the inconvenience. I hope you'll copyedit it now so it's proper WP format. --Dmcdevit 03:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Infobox

Can someone fix it?-MBK004 18:49, 6 August 2007 (UTC) Thanks,MBK004 00:55, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

George Dyson
We have a George Dyson in wikipedia, is it the same ? Hektor (talk) 11:41, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

 * according to this article: http://www.pe.com/localnews/banning/stories/PE_News_Local_D_eastronaut16.30fb691.html he's a "a Navy pilot deployed on the aircraft carrier USS George Washington". So, no, it's not the same! --201.34.229.23 (talk) 14:25, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Videocall with baseball player
I've not been able to find a reliable source for this yet, but apparently Brad Lidge (closer for the Philadelphia Phillies) had a live video chat with Dyson (currently on the ISS) today (source). Will keep looking for an WP:RS. -- Scjessey (talk) 20:04, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

How does one address her?
In the article, she is alternatingly referred to as 'Dyson', 'Caldwell' and 'Caldwell Dyson'... -- Ohconfucius ¡digame! 14:20, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * According to the NASA bio, she is correctly referred to as 'Caldwell Dyson'. -- Scjessey (talk) 14:35, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

File:Tracy Caldwell Dyson in Cupola ISS.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Tracy Caldwell Dyson in Cupola ISS.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on August 14, 2012. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2012-08-14. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! — howcheng  {chat} 20:31, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Removing the sentence about religion
Do we need to include that Caldwell Dyson believes in God? The source given just references her using the term God to describe people being put on Earth, and another source here just has her mention her faith. As there are no further citations about her religious background, it seems like an insignificant detail in her personal life section. Balon Greyjoy (talk) 10:57, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:21, 8 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Soyuz-TMA-18-Mission-Patch.png

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tracy Caldwell Dyson


text:
Leopoldina, Minas Gerais

Leopoldina is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Minas Gerais. It belongs to the Zona da Mata mesoregion and it located 322 kilometers southeast of Belo Horizonte, the state capital. In 2022, its estimated population was 51 145 inhabitants, according to IBGE. Its territory covers an area of 943 km2.

The municipal headquarters has an average annual temperature of 21°C and the vegetation is predominantly Atlantic forest. Regarding the automobile fleet, 16,575 vehicles were registered in 2012. The municipality's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.726, classified as high.

The political emancipation of the municipality took place in 1854, and its name is a tribute to Princess Leopoldina de Bragança e Bourbon, daughter of Emperor D. Pedro II. Currently it is formed by the headquarters and the districts of Abaíba, Piacatuba, Providência, Ribeiro Junqueira and Tebas. The city, during the coffee cycle, was one of the most important in the former province of Minas Gerais. With the great economic crisis of 1929, the economy of the municipalities of Minas Gerais linked to coffee growing suffered a great impact. Nowadays, its economy is based on dairy farming, rice cultivation and the service sector.

Leopoldina has cultural, natural and architectural attractions, such as the Cathedral of St. Sebastian, the Espaço dos Anjos Museum, the Electricity Museum, the Maurício Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir, the Cruzeiro Hill, among others. One of the main events that happen in the city are the Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition, the Feira da Paz and the traditional Viola and Gastronomy Festival of Piacatuba.

Etymology
The toponym is a tribute to the second daughter of Emperor D. Pedro II, Princess Leopoldina de Bragança e Bourbon. The name was chosen when the town became politically emancipated from the municipality of Mar de Espanha in 1854. Before that, the area was a district called São Sebastião do Feijão Cru, in reference to both the patron saint of the place and the stream that crosses the territory.

Origins
At the end of the 18th century, the gold production of the Captaincy of Minas Gerais went into decline. Some families left the villages in search of fertile land in other parts of the captaincy. They reached the forbidden areas of colonization, then known as Sertões do Leste, an extensive strip of Atlantic forest that extended from the Paraibuna River and the Royal Road to the Doce River; later, this region became known as the Zona da Mata.

In 1813, the first sesmarias in the territory of the current municipality, which belonged to the term of Barbacena, comarca of Rio das Mortes, were donated. However, the oldest references of residents date back to 1824. The first explorers established themselves with their families on the banks of the Feijão Cru Stream, where a troopers' settlement began to develop near a small chapel made of wattle and daub, erected in 1831 by farmers Francisco Pinheiro de Lacerda and Joaquim Ferreira Brito and dedicated to Saint Sebastian.

Until the arrival of the first landowners, the region was inhabited by the Puri indigenous people. These groups were entrusted with certain services, such as clearing the forest and harvesting the ipecacuanha, for which they were paid with cachaça. A considerable part of the Puri population was killed by the diseases brought by the invaders, such as measles, and the other part was expelled and had to leave for the province of Espírito Santo; by 1865, there were practically no indigenous people left in the area.

In 1831, the district of São Sebastião do Feijão Cru was created, as part of the municipality of São Manuel do Pomba, now Rio Pomba. In 1851, the district was transferred to the territory of Mar de Espanha, from which it was emancipated by provincial law No. 666 of April 27, 1854, creating the municipality of Vila Leopoldina. The same law transferred some districts dismembered from the territory of Presídio, now Visconde do Rio Branco, to Leopoldina. At that time, the municipality had a population of 23,000 inhabitants.

The formation of the village began around the Rosário Square, from where the streets of Rosário (now Tiradentes Street), Direita (now Gabriel Magalhães Street) and Riachuelo (now Joaquim Ferreira Brito Street) left, constituting the oldest roads in the city.

The coffee cycle
Coffee growing developed in the province of Rio de Janeiro crossed the Paraíba do Sul river and spread into the Zona da Mata through the valleys of the Paraibuna, Pirapetinga and Pomba rivers, leading to a fast growth of the area in the second half of the 19th century. Vila Leopoldina was elevated to the category of city by provincial law No. 1116 of October 16, 1861. At that time, Latin and French were already taught in the locality. In 1872, by provincial law no. 1867, Leopoldina became the seat of a district.

The municipality also benefited from the construction of the Leopoldina Railroad, whose tracks reached the city in 1877. Through the railroad, trade with Rio de Janeiro, capital of the Empire, was carried out. In 1879, the first newspaper of the municipality was founded, called Leopoldinense. In April 1881, Leopoldina was visited by Emperor Pedro II.

In 1883, Leopoldina had the second largest slave population in the province of Minas Gerais, behind only Juiz de Fora. Between the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, European immigrants arrived in Leopoldina to work in the coffee plantations. An immigrant hostel operated in the town until 1898. In 1910, the Constança Colony was created in the district of Tebas for immigrants, mainly Italians.

On September 2, 1906, in the district of Piacatuba, the cornerstone of Mauricio Hydroelectric Power Plant was laid, the first hydroelectric power plant built in the region, to exploit the hydraulic potential of the Cachoeira da Fumaça, on the Novo River. Two years later, on July 16, 1908, the electric power arrived in the city. Also in 1906, the Leopoldinense Gymnasium was founded, which from 1912 onwards offered technical education at the Agricultural School and higher education at the School of Pharmacy and Dentistry. Between 1911 and 1912, the Banco Ribeiro Junqueira and the Zonna da Matta construction company were founded in the town. The coffee crisis at the beginning of the 20th century, however, caused serious changes in the economy of the Zona da Mata and the municipality, which began to rely on dairy farming and rice cultivation.

In the period between the First Republic and the military coup of 1964, some political leaders of Leopoldina achieved projection in Minas Gerais and Brazil, such as Senator Ribeiro Junqueira, Governor Clóvis Salgado and President Carlos Luz. The Rio-Bahia Highway, inaugurated in 1963, benefited the industrialization of the municipality and strengthened it as a communications junction.

Administrative division
Emancipated from Mar de Espanha in 1854, the municipality was installed on January 20, 1855 covering nine districts: Leopoldina (headquarters), Capivara, Conceição da Boa Vista, Laranjal, Madre de Deus do Angu, Nossa Senhora da Piedade, Bom Jesus do Rio Pardo, Santa Rita do Meia Pataca and São José do Paraíba. Since then, new districts have been created and others emancipated to constitute the municipalities of Cataguases, Além Paraíba and Recreio. The last dismemberment occurred by state law No. 2764 of 1962, which emancipated the district of Rio Pardo to create the municipality of Argirita. Currently, the municipality is formed by six districts: Leopoldina, Abaíba, Piacatuba, Providência, Ribeiro Junqueira and Tebas.

Geography
Leopoldina is located in the Zona da Mata mesoregion and occupies an area of 942 km2, which makes it the most extensive of its micro-region, representing 0.161% of the state of Minas Gerais, 0.102% of the Southeast Region and 0.011% of the entire Brazilian territory. It borders Cataguases to the north, Laranjal to the northeast, Recreio to the east, Pirapetinga and Estrela Dalva to the southeast, Volta Grande and Além Paraíba to the south, Santo Antônio do Aventureiro to the southwest, Argirita and São João Nepomuceno to the west, and Descoberto and Itamarati de Minas to the northwest.

Landform and hydrography
The territory of Leopoldina is located in the Paraíba do Sul River Basin, and the municipal headquarters is crossed by the Feijão Cru Stream. The main rivers that flow through the municipality are the Pomba and Pirapetinga, both tributaries of the Paraíba do Sul, and the Pardo and Novo rivers, tributaries of the Pomba.

About 80% of the municipality has topography ranging from undulating to hilly and only 20% classified as plain. The altitude of the municipal headquarters is 225 meters; Alto de Santa Úrsula, the highest point of the municipality, has an altitude of 712 meters.

Climate
The climate of Leopoldina is tropical (type Aw according to Köppen), with an average annual temperature of around 21 °C, dry and mild winters and rainy summers with moderately high temperatures. The warmest months are January, February and March, with an average maximum temperature of 29 °C; in February 2003, a peak temperature of 35 °C was recorded. July is the coldest month, with an average minimum temperature of 12 °C; in July 2003, a low of 9 °C was recorded.

The average annual rainfall is 1,307 mm. The highest rainfall is recorded in the period from October to March, with the winter months characterized by drought. On average, July is the driest month, when only 14.2 mm are recorded, and December is the wettest month, with an average of 277.1 mm.

Vegetation and soil use
The native vegetation of the municipality is the seasonal semideciduous forest, a part of the Atlantic forest biome, which has been severely deforested. Currently, the seasonal forest occupies an area of 7144 hectares in the territory. Today, most of Leopoldina's area is covered by fields and pastures, which occupy 79,308 hectares. It has two environmental conservation units: the Antônio Andrade Ribeiro Municipal Park, with an area of 31.93 hectares, and the Lapinha Biological Reserve, with 368 hectares.

Demography
In 2010, the population of Leopoldina was estimated by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) at 51,136 inhabitants, with a population density of 54.27 inhabitants per km2. According to the 2010 census, 47.99% of the population were men (24 545 inhabitants), 52.01% women (26 591 inhabitants), 89.39% (45 712 inhabitants) lived in the urban area and 10.61% (5 424 inhabitants) in the rural area. Also according to the IBGE, Leopoldina had 37 685 voters in 2006.

The Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M) of Leopoldina is considered average by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Its value is 0.778, being the 122nd highest in the entire state of Minas Gerais (out of 853), the 487th of the entire Southeast Region of Brazil (out of 1666 municipalities) and the 1098th of all Brazil (out of 5 507 municipalities). Considering only education (MHDI-E), the index value is 0.854, while Brazil's is 0.849. The longevity index (MHDI-L) is 0.789 (the Brazilian is 0.638) and the income index is 0.691 (Brazil is 0.723). The per capita income is 8,994.55 reais, the adult literacy rate is 89.56% and life expectancy is 72.35 years. According to IBGE, the Gini coefficient, which measures social inequality, is 0.45, with 1.00 being the worst number and 0.00 the best. The incidence of poverty, measured by IBGE, is 30.46%, the lower limit of poverty incidence is 22.02%, the upper limit is 38.90% and the incidence of subjective poverty is 26.38%.

Politics
Local administration is carried out by the executive and legislative branches. The first representative of the executive power and mayor of the municipality was Francisco Andrade Bastos, whose mandate lasted from 1937 to 1945. In twenty mandates, thirteen mayors have passed through the City Hall of Leopoldina. The current mayor of the city is Pedro Augusto Junqueira Ferraz (PL), elected with 31.30% of the valid votes (8,926 votes). The legislative branch is made up of the Chamber of Deputies, composed of 15 councillors elected for four-year terms. Leopoldina is also the seat of a comarca, whose territory also includes the municipalities of Recreio and Argirita.

Neighborhoods

 * Alto da Ventania
 * Alto da Boa Vista(Solar Leopoldina)
 * Alto do Cemitério
 * Arrasta Couro
 * Arthur Leão
 * Bandeirantes
 * Bela Vista
 * Boa Sorte
 * Caiçaras
 * Canto dos Ferreiras
 * Catedral
 * Centro
 * Chácara Dona Euzébia
 * Cidade Alta
 * Cohab Nova
 * Cohab Velha Maria Guimarães França
 * Condomínio Verônica Barbosa
 * Desengano
 * Dr. Joaquim Guimarães
 * Eldorado
 * Fábrica
 * Fátima (Coreia)
 * Fortaleza
 * Grotinha
 * Imperador
 * Jardim Bela Vista
 * Jardim Lisboa
 * João Paulo II
 * Meia Laranja
 * Mina de Ouro
 * Nova Leopoldina
 * Onça
 * Palmeiras
 * Pedro Brito
 * Pedra Pinguda
 * Pirineus
 * Popular
 * Praça da Bandeira
 * Quinta Residência
 * Redentor
 * Roque Schettino (antigo Limoeiro)
 * Rosário
 * São Cristóvão
 * São Luiz
 * São Sebastião
 * Seminário
 * Serra Verde
 * Tomé Nogueira
 * Três Cruzes
 * Vale do Sol
 * Vila Esteves
 * Vila Miralda
 * Zona Industrial

Economy and infrastructure
According to 2011 data from IBGE, Leopoldina had a Gross Domestic Product of R$ 602,572 thousand. Of this total, R$ 52 206 thousand are from taxes on products net of subsidies.

The main economic activities in Leopoldina are services and industry, which account for 65% and 17% of the municipality's GDP, respectively. In the industry, the manufacture of textiles, clothing, food and beverages, metal products, rubber and plastic products and non-metallic minerals stand out. Currently, nature tourism is growing in the municipality.

Agriculture has a share of 8.5% in the GDP, with dairy farming and the raising of chickens and pigs standing out. Leopoldina also produces corn, rice, bananas, sugar cane, among others.

The main press organizations in the city are the newspapers, Leopoldinense Online, O Vigilante Online, Hora H Magazine, Rádio-Jornal AM, Rádio 104 FM, Rádio Luz FM (community).

Leopoldina has 46 health facilities, of which 19 are public. In all, the municipality has 243 hospital beds.

Transportation
The municipality of Leopoldina is served by federal highways BR-116 (Rio-Bahia), BR-120 and BR-267 and also by state highway MG-454. The Leopoldina Railroad, now granted to Ferrovia Centro-Atlântica (FCA), passes through the districts of Providência, Abaíba and Ribeiro Junqueira. Leopoldina Airport is located in the district of Piacatuba.

In 2012, the municipality's fleet totaled 16,575 vehicles, of which 9,901 were cars, 663 trucks, 262 tractor-trailers, 1,060 pickup trucks, 3,493 motorcycles, 85 buses, 67 minibuses and 1,044 of other types.

Education
Leopoldina has thirty primary education institutions, of which twenty-four are public; nine secondary education institutions (six public) and four higher education institutions - UEMG (public), CEFET (public), UNIPAC (private) and DOCTUM (private).

Higher education institutions

 * Federal Center for Technological Education (CEFET);
 * Doctum Unified Colleges;
 * Presidente Antônio Carlos University (UNIPAC);

Technical education institutions

 * Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG);
 * Federal Southeast Institute of Minas Gerais (IF Sudeste MG);
 * Campanha Nacional de Escolas da Comunidade Institution (CENEC);

Museums
The city center is occupied by the Espaço dos Anjos Museum, a 19th-century building where the poet Augusto dos Anjos, patron of the Academia Leopoldinense de Letras e Artes, lived. The district of Piacatuba is the location of the Electricity Museum, next to the Mauricio Power Plant. The city also has libraries, a music conservatory and cultural associations.

Religion
According to the territorial division of the Catholic Church, Leopoldina has been the seat of a diocese since 1942, whose episcopal see is the Cathedral of St. Sebastian. There are seven parishes in the municipality, four of which are located in the headquarters (Saint Sebastian, Our Lady of the Rosary, Saint Joseph and Saint Benedict), one in Piacatuba (Our Lady of Mercy), one in Tebas (Saint Anthony) and one in Providência (Saint Anthony). The municipality also has temples of other religions, such as evangelical churches. According to information from the 2010 census, conducted by IBGE, most of the population of Leopoldina declares itself Catholic (71.46%), followed by evangelicals (16.62%), spiritists (3.71%), no religion (6.01%) and the rest belonging to other religions. Among the evangelicals, the largest share declared themselves linked to the Assembly of God (4.12%), followed by the Church of the Foursquare Gospel (1.30%) and the Methodist Church (1.14%).

Municipal holidays

 * January 20: Saint Sebastian's Day;

 * April 27: Municipality Day;

Popular festivals

 * Feira da Paz: An annual festival with handicraft trade, concerts and cultural events that takes place in September. Several stalls from different countries are set up in the central circle of the Exhibition Park, where typical food and drinks are served;
 * Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition: Traditional city event held in July;
 * Viola and Gastronomy Festival of Piacatuba: The renowned Viola and Gastronomy Festival takes place in the district of Piacatuba in mid-July/August, with a wide range of visitors and a memorable audience;

title: Leopoldina, Minas Gerais


text:
User talk:Isitel

ISITEL would like a talk page to communicate with other members.

ISITEL, INC. is a USA corporation and should not suffer any type of discrimination by Wikipedia.

It has been present on the internet since 1995 and has dedicated its efforts to designing website and offering companies internet related products and services,

DO NOT remove a Votes for deletion tag from an article. It is considered vandalism. If you feel that the article should not be deleted, follow the link to the discussion page and vote there. If you delete the tag again, you will be blocked from editing. RickK 22:33, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isitel


text:
KMOD-FM

KMOD-FM (97.5 MHz) is a mainstream rock radio station in Tulsa, Oklahoma, owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. The station plays a wide variety of rock music from the 1960s through today. Its studios are located at the Tulsa Event Center in Southeast Tulsa and its transmitter site is on the Osage Reservation.

KMOD-FM broadcasts in the HD digital format.

History
KOCW signed on September 30, 1959. It was owned by Grayhill, Inc.; in 1960, Claude Hill bought out partner Meridith Gray. KOCW was sold to Dawson Communications/Turnpike Broadcasting Corporation in 1968 and became KMOD on April 15 of that year. Clear Channel acquired the station in 1973 out of bankruptcy.

The station is best known as the nearly 30-year home of disc jockeys Brent Douglas and Phil Stone, who originated the character Roy D. Mercer, the notorious and popular prank caller who regularly threatened to "open a can of whup-ass" on the person he called (for some fabricated wrong the person supposedly had done), only for the person to find out the call was a prank. Stone died in 2012, not long after he and Douglas were not allowed to continue their works as DJs due to the latter's refusal to sign a new contract.

Actress Jeanne Tripplehorn was also a DJ at KMOD in the 1980s; she was known as Jeanne Summers.

On January 18, 2021, nationally syndicated John Clay Wolfe Show joined KMOD on Saturday mornings.

title: KMOD-FM


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Removed/2005/Archive 5

The followinf failed WP:COTW between March 28 and Feb 24 2005

Civil rights history (8 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated March 30 2005; needs 10 votes by April 13 2005

Support:
 * 1) Dmcdevit 23:50, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Bremen 06:08, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Puget Sound 20:49, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Darwinek 14:48, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) --Wonderfool t(c)e) 15:49, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC) Only cos I like dmcdevit
 * 6) Spikeballs 15:56, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Melaen 19:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) --Peacenik 01:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * We definitely need to have a proper article in place; it's a shameful article for such a momentous topic. Lots of potential, let's make it great!--Dmcdevit 23:50, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is completely blank!! This is a good candidate for the project. Bremen 06:08, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this supposed to be global and all-encompassing in scope? It seems a bit over-ambitious. Additionally, whose definition of "civil rights" are we going with? It seems like a minefield for POV disputes (i.e. people who think that the fight for abortion rights is a civil rights issue for women, against those who think that a fight for the outlawing of abortion is a civil rights issue for fetuses)... I think having a dozen editors on the page at one time might be a problematic endeavor. --Fastfission 03:01, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've never understood why people bring up varying defintions to counter a nomination. This is a neutral encyclopedia, so if there is disagreement that will be represented in the article. Also, of course it is global, are you suggesting Wikipedia should discriminate?--Dmcdevit 08:20, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Killing Fields (9 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated 24 March 2005; needs 10 votes by 7 April 2005

Support:
 * 1) Mondhir 01:10, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) gren 01:17, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)  :(
 * 3) Dmcdevit 22:09, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Missmarple 21:54 Mar 2005 (CET)
 * 5) Hippalus 08:36, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) 64.228.69.117 13:52, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Puget Sound 20:46, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Dhartung | Talk 19:50, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Ganymead 03:20, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * An important human tragedy in the history of the world, that deserves attention.
 * Particularly since this is in the Important stub category. (How does one link to a category page?) --Dhartung | Talk 19:50, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Use a colon before the word "category": ( Important stub ) Important stub.--Dmcdevit 23:20, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Printing shop or Print shop (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated March 31 2005; needs 5 votes by April 7 2005

Support:
 * 1) Mikkalai 01:23, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * It is amazing that until 2 minutes ago there wasn't even a redirect! Mikkalai 01:23, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Print shop is the term much more frequently used (according to Google), so I suggest that the COTW candidate is renamed. However, I'm not a native English speaker. --Eleassar777 13:10, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Road from Varangians to Greeks (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated March 31 2005; needs 5 votes by April 7 2005

Support:
 * 1) KNewman 03:00, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This was an important trade route from Scandinavia through Kievan Rus' to Byzantium, and there's no article on it. I believe, it is also called The Viking Road to Byzantium, so I'm not sure which name is more correct. KNewman 03:00, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks interesting, but from what I can tell the major scholarship comes down to two rare books. I don't see this expanding much beyond a stub. --Dhartung | Talk 23:04, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Is De Administrando Imperio among them? Mikkalai 23:20, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Social history of France (4 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated 24 March 2005; needs 5 votes by 31 March 2005

Support:
 * 1) Wonderfool (talk) (contribs) (email) 13:38, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Dmcdevit 21:12, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Bogdan | Talk 21:22, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Hippalus 08:35, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * We did well with military history

Reason for removal:
 * not enough votes--kaal 20:19, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Model car (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated 26 March 2005; needs 5 votes by 2 April 2005

Support:
 * 1) violet/riga (t) 09:50, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) WB 02:45, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Comments: Loads could be said about the subject, including their development over the years, major producers and the influence they've had and international differences. With the number of collectors out there I reckon there should be plenty of reference material. violet/riga (t) 09:50, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * not enough votes--kaal 20:22, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Military history of Japan (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated 26 March 2005; needs 5 votes by 2 April 2005

Support:
 * 1) Gavin (t) 15:36, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Japan has one of the richest military histories in existence. World War II, the Russo-Japanese War, the Sino-Japanese Wars, its role in the Cold War, more recent actions in Iraq and in Asian peacekeeping missions (like the elections in Cambodia), the occupation of Korea, the Boshin War and the turmoil of the Meiji Restoration, the First World War actions against Germany, and all of this emerging so fast from a technologically backward and voluntarily isolated empire on the eastern edge of Asia. Also, there were many other internal wars in Japan before the modern ones I have mentioned, in the feudal period, and that those employed incredibly advanced weaponry for the time period, such as the samurai sword. There is a great deal to be said, and while this article briefly touches on much, it should say much, much more. - Gavin (t) 15:36, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I have removed my vote. It is a cool topic, however it is certainly not a stub. I suggest that you nominate it for the Article improvement drive.

Reason for removal:
 * not enough votes--kaal 20:22, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bloomberg Tower (1vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated March 28 2005; needs 5 votes by April 4 2005

Support:
 * 1) Circeus 15:56, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)

Comments: One of the 10 tallest building in New York doesn't even have a stub. Shame on all skyscraper lovers. Circeus 15:56, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but such a narrow subject would be a poor candidate for COTW. --Dhartung | Talk 08:06, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Not enough votes --Wonderfool t(c)e) 08:52, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Polarization in astronomy (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated March 28 2005; needs 5 votes by April 4 2005

Support:
 * 1) The Anome 17:11, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) gren 04:55, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments: A seriously important topic in astronomy, which is currently more-or-less a stub. Not enough votes--Wonderfool t(c)e) 08:52, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

History of Greece (7 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated 22 March 2005; needs 10 votes by 5 April 2005

Support:
 * 1) Eleassar777 13:18, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Circeus 14:11, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Dmcdevit 18:08, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Junes 20:24, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Hippalus 20:07, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Missmarple 21:54 Mar 2005 (CET)
 * 7) Ganymead 01:53, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Greece influenced the culture of the west enormously. Its history is well covered in subarticles, however the article that should give an overall picture of it is...almost nonexistant. Have a look: History of Greece. --Eleassar777 13:18, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

History of philosophy (7 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated 22 March 2005; needs 10 votes by 5 April 2005

Support:
 * 1) Circeus 20:16, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Dmcdevit 01:41, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Junes 09:23, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Missmarple 21:54 Mar 2005 (CET)
 * 5) Tothebarricades.tk 06:41, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 6)   —  Adam Conover † 07:49, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Ganymead 03:07, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * While History of western philosophy is well-develloped, this is in an unacceptable state. Circeus 20:16, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm glad someone agrees. -- Cyrius|✎ 21:30, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree as well. Is the plan to get this thing nominated by enough people so that someone will actually write the article? WhiteC 09:12, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Amusement Ride (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated March 29 2005; needs 5 votes by April 5 2005

Support:
 * 1) Circeus 16:23, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Jacoplane 21:41, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Comments: Currently an improperly named list, yet has a great potential as COTW. Circeus 16:23, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * This'll be fun! Jacoplane 21:41, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Greenland Sea (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated March 29 2005; needs 5 votes by April 5 2005

Support:
 * 1) KNewman 21:39, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) 500LL 20:26, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Hmm, I wonder if it's the only sea we forgot about. KNewman 21:39, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)

Military history of European toilet paper holder (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 1 2005; needs 5 votes by April 8 2005

Support:
 * 1) Wonderfool t(c)e) 10:29, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * LMAO --Eleassar777 10:51, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Necessary now more than ever.  —thames 17:28, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of people and nation stereotypes (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 1 2005; needs 5 votes by April 8 2005

Support: Comments:
 * 1) User: Kevino7 16:40, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have just started this article and I need help expanding it User:Kevino7 10:42, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unencyclopedic. This should be a candidate for deletion rather than one for COTW. AndyL 06:14, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps another april fools suggestion? — RJH 21:25, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tacoma, Washington (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 1 2005; needs 5 votes by April 8 2005

Support:
 * 1) Puget Sound 21:01, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Why does the second-largest city in the state of Washington have an article that is only a fifth as long as Seattle? Puget Sound 21:02, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This should be on the article improvement drive page, not COTW...it's too long. Bremen 18:43, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (3 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 2 2005; needs 5 votes by April 9 2005

Support:
 * 1) Cormaggio 20:36, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Ganymead 01:55, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Shimmin 22:44, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

Comments: This is Samuel Johnson's famous work, which celebrates its 250th anniversary on April 15. It might be nice to have a top article for that day. Cormaggio 20:36, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It is unlikely that it has won the nomination by that time. That may very well take something like a month. Junes 08:36, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is already a decent article, about as good as a COTW can normally achieve (i.e. coherent presentation of easily googled facts). This should be nominated for Article Improvement Drive instead, and eventually Peer Review. --Dhartung | Talk 22:51, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Good points above - I've nominated it for Article Improvement Drive. Cormaggio 07:17, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal Lack of votes

Culture of Africa (10 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated 21 March 2005; needs 15 votes by 11 April 2005

Support:
 * 1) Darwinek 08:45, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Eleassar777 08:55, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Dmcdevit 16:17, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Melaen 22:37, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Hippalus 22:51, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Ganymead 23:03, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Junes 09:31, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) 500LL 09:38, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Missmarple 21:54 Mar 2005 (CET)
 * 10) Puget Sound 20:42, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * No article on culture of Africa? SHAME! -- Darwinek 08:45, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * No, the real shame would be writing about Africa as if it had a single unified culture, which the title of this article automatically implies. Africa is not monolithic; it is a continent with many diverse cultures. —Lowellian (talk) 07:05, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * This should be added to CSB Open tasks.--Dmcdevit 16:17, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about this as an article -- just as I can't imagine what whould we put in Culture of Asia or Culture of North America article. The continent is so large and disparate, it's hard to come up with common cultural elements, and there isn't the same sort of history (e.g., the Roman Empire and World War I and II) as exists as the basis for the Culture of Europe article -- or even a hypothetical Culture of South America article. BCorr | Брайен 17:26, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - What exactly is the "culture of Africa"? See my comments below. BCorr | Брайен 17:26, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you have it backwards here, there is less commonality in Europe because of its history of developing nation-states of like ethnic group, culture and language. Many of the African borders are arbitrary and not based on ethnic and language borders. So it is difficult to cover a culture by only focusing on a single country, and easier if we can encompass the commonality across borders between similar historical ethnicities and language groups. Also, even if there are important differences, does this mean we cannot discuss it at all? Should there be no Political parties of the United States because there is inherently no commonality?--Dmcdevit 18:36, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * White people seem to assume that Africa is a monolithic thing with a unified culture and history, which is untrue. What you said about countries is correct because the borders are mostly artificial, artifacts of European imperialism. Should probably concentrate on ethnicities, seems like the easiest way to go about it. --Tothebarricades.tk 06:40, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * That's what I was thinking...--Dmcdevit 23:24, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Africa is not monolithic; it is a continent with many diverse cultures and does not contain a single unified culture. —Lowellian (talk) 07:03, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do you think it needs to have unified culture? The article title is only "Culture of Africa," not "unified culture of Africa". Are you going to list Culture of Europe and Western culture for deletion? Anyway, this is meant to be a general article to introduce and link to the culture articles of African countries, like Culture of the United Kingdom does for Wales, England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.--Dmcdevit 19:07, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I don't think this should be deleted, I have no aversion to nice fat link pages. But as an idea for a substantive article on cultural context in the continent the poor title renders it useless (Culture of Europe is an example of a mostly useless article). Maybe I'm missing the intent here but in any case collaborations would be better put to effect in the many individual ethnicities, cultures, and tribes of the continent that have very poor articles.--Ian 03:21, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * First of all, this is approval voting so there is no need to keep "voting" oppose. And I think you should go back and look at the pages chosen for COTW; it would never be something so narrow and inaccessable to the writer as the hundreds (thousands?) of individual tribes' cultures. The COTW is usually meant for general overviews, like this one should be. --Dmcdevit 17:05, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this is a well-intentioned nomination, but one that is not needed. As has been stated by others, there is no "African culture". However, I think a Culture of Africa page could serve as a category that includes links to cultural pages about individual ethnic groups or countries. - Rjhatl 22:46, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal Lack of votesAndyL 19:18, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Protest literature (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 4 2005; needs 5 votes by April 11 2005

Support:
 * 1) jacobolus (t) 08:35, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Melaen 19:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:

From the ancient Greeks, on through Thoreau, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King (among countless others), protest literature has been an important part of society, with a huge impact on public opinion and policy. It's surprising that there isn't even a stub here. --jacobolus (t) 08:35, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No offense, but the name of the article reminds of the COTWs like History of Historiography, History of South America and the like. Then people will nominate Protest cinema, Protest songs, History of protest, Culture of protest and so on. I'm not trying to be sarcastic, but that's the way I see it. KNewman 15:16, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, one of them already exists :). KNewman 15:17, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Protest literature can be more easily defined than something like History of South America. Not every piece of protest literature ever written would need to be delved into, but some of the common characteristics can be given. I believe it is specific enough to merit a COTW, especially compared to some that I've seen. What worries me is that a general audience might not be able to contribute to it as easily as something like History of Music. Perhaps it would be better to use this to revive the Literature Collaboration of the Week. Leyanese 16:06, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * What exactly do you have in mind under this term? Whose protest? Protest against what? Is revolutionary literature protest one? Is critique protest? If it is easily defined, why don't you write a stub? Mikkalai 02:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal Lack of votesAndyL 19:18, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Greco-Persian Wars (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 4 2005; needs 5 votes by April 11 2005

Support:
 * 1) Melaen 19:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * A very interesting time in western history; considering the importance of these battles between Greece and Persia, the article could use some detailed expansion and added info.
 * Not a stub. Junes 08:37, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal Lack of votesAndyL 19:18, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Self knowledge or Self-knowledge (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 6 2005; needs 5 votes by April 13 2005

Support:
 * 1) ChrisG 21:14, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Melaen 19:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments: Reason for removal Lack of votes. Mikkalai 23:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 38,200,000 Google references for self knowledge suggest it might be worth covering. It was fair to say I was a touch surprised we haven't got an article. :ChrisG 21:14, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I suspect you typed "self -knowledge" in google search. "Self-knowledge" gives "only" 599,000 hits. Mikkalai 01:10, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Try "self knowledge" as that is the most popular term. :ChrisG 07:35, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If I don't put quotes, I get 43 millions of hits, but with quotes, i.e., as a single term, I still have the same 600,000. Mikkalai 02:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

World Health Day (3 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 7 2005; needs 5 votes by April 14 2005

Support:
 * 1) Eleassar777 14:55, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) 500LL 19:59, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Melaen 19:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Melaen 19:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Today is the annual World Health Day. - 199.71.174.100 10:48, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, yay, but this isn't really something that would be much more than a stub. --Dhartung | Talk 17:57, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal Lack of votes. Mikkalai 23:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lake (11 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated 25 March 2005; needs 15 votes by 15 April 2005

Support:
 * 1) Tony Jin 04:50, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2)   тə zє ті  19:06, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) RJH 19:40, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Junes 10:57, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) 500LL 12:21, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Missmarple 21:54 Mar 2005 (CET)
 * 7) Jacoplane 23:18, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Wonderfool t(c)e)
 * 9) Darwinek 14:46, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Eleassar777 19:13, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Burgundavia 11:40, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Such a common topic as a lake should have a pretty good article on it, yet it doesn't even have 300 words. It's a shame, since most other online encyclopedias have pages and pages on the topic. Tony Jin 04:50, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that "Lake" should have much more information. I put this up for Requests for Expansion in December, however no one has expanded it.  тə zє ті
 * Lake should at least have as much information as a specific lake, such as Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, or Great Salt Lake. -- Tony Jin 03:07, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal Lack of votes. Mikkalai 01:06, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

History of technology (12 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated 27 March 2005; needs 15 votes by 17 April 2005

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Dmcdevit 03:23, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Eleassar777 13:12, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Missmarple 21:54 Mar 2005 (CET)
 * 4) Tothebarricades.tk 06:43, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) kaal 21:11, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Fastfission 02:34, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Wackymacs 17:26, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Apwoolrich14.38, 7 April 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Spikeballs 08:50, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Ancheta Wis 12:08, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Fredrik | talk 12:19, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Allen3 talk 13:16, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * History of science was tremendously successful. This has the potential to be great.--Dmcdevit 03:23, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I really enjoyed editing "History of science" and am eagerly waiting to work on this one as COTW. --Eleassar777 13:13, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Most important topic - needs doing well, though Apwoolrich 13:39, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, this belongs to the sort of articles that makes people smarter. Spikeballs 08:50, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

World politics (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 9 2005; needs 5 votes by April 16 2005

Support: Comments: Reason of removal: Lack of votes. Mikkalai 01:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Eleassar777 19:21, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Culture of Asia (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 10 2005; needs 5 votes by April 17 2005

Support:
 * 1) Darwinek 20:04, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * 1) The culture of Asia is so diverted. Can it become an independant article?
 * This sounds a lot like the "Culture of Africa" proposal. It's way too broad- there are too many cultures in Asia to make for a good article. I think this page should point to individual culture pages for various countries/ethnic groups in Asia rather than becoming a separate entry. Rjhatl 20:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal: not enough votes --Wonderfool t(c)e) 14:47, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Theater (structure) (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 11 2005; needs 5 votes by April 18 2005

Support:
 * 1) Ganymead 17:45, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Nobbie 12:33, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This article was recently split off from the article on Theatre. It needs a major reorganization as well as expansion. Ganymead 17:45, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Invalid nomination; it's not a stub. -- Tony Jin | (talk) 04:46, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * While not technically a stub, a majority of the articles on here are not technically (1 paragraph or less) stubs either. I should also point out that the article on Lake that you nominated, while marked as a stub, is not technically one.Ganymead 05:20, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Both articles are good nominations, as they have less than 1,000 characters. --Eleassar777 10:55, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wht is that Theatre, but Theater (structure)? Kind of "equal opportunity" or what? Mikkalai 17:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The reason the articles were split was so that the article on Theatre would refer to the art and institution of theatre while Theater (structure) is strictly about buildings and structures where theatre is performed. Ganymead 19:07, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I was asking not about split, but about "*tre" vs. "*ter" (En/Am) Mikkalai 06:51, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal: not enough votes. Mikkalai 20:28, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The practical problem with nominating non-stubs is that they usually already contain the rough outline and first-draft collation of easily googled data, which is what COTW generally achieves. This article is in need of cleanup, perhaps, and expert attention (peer review), rather than fast assembly by amateurs. --Dhartung | Talk 18:01, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

German minority in Russia and Soviet Union (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 12 2005; needs 5 votes by April 19 2005

Support:
 * 1) Mikkalai 23:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments: Reason for removal: not enough votes. Mikkalai 21:53, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Returnig to the artile in a year I was surprised to see it replaced with a redirect to Volga German. The topic is much wider than that. I scrambled a stub, but I am far from being an expert in the topic. Mikkalai 23:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This has been impressively expanded by User:Diderot in the last day and no longer belongs here, if I might say so. Circeus 15:22, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, formally when it was nominated it did not exist at all (not counting my pitiful substub I created an hour before the nomination). Besides, the author himself admits at the talk page that there is still much to be said. Mikkalai 16:45, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Friedrich Engels (3 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 12 2005; needs 5 votes by April 19 2005

Support:
 * 1) KNewman 01:26, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) AndyL 13:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Sarge Baldy 22:33, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Speaking of Germans :). Is this really all we can say about one of the fathers of Communism? I mean, compared to Karl Marx, this article looks tiny. KNewman 01:26, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is probably because 80% of marx article is actually about Marxism. On the other hand, there is no Engelsism article yet :-). Mikkalai 12:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal: not enough votes. Mikkalai 21:53, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Westward movement (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 13 2005; needs 5 votes by April 20 2005

Support:
 * 1) Lotsofissues 06:01, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * A moderate sized entry on Britannica - we don't compare well. Closest other overview entry to this subject on site is Manifest Destiny (which Westward expansion also redirects to) so it might be a noticeable coverage hole too.

Reason for removal:Not enough votes. -- Tony Jin | (talk) 01:40, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Infraction (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 13 2005; needs 5 votes by April 20 2005

Support:
 * 1) Circeus 15:25, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:

 * Saved from deletion by User:Mikkalai, but could use a major expansion, if only for the legal definition of the word in various judiciary systems. Circeus 15:25, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * While the topic is narrow by itseld, but indeed, it could benefit from international cooperation. I suspect that in various jurisdictions the classification of misdeeds may be different. Like, in mongol empire, from what I read in wukipedia article there were no infractions: either you were good or you were executed :-). And yes, the development of the notion thru history could be interesting. Mikkalai 14:51, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal:Not enough votes -- Tony Jin | (talk) 01:40, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Separatism in the post-Soviet space (3 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 13 2005; needs 5 votes by April 20 2005

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Aris Katsaris 19:57, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2)   —thames 20:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Jelloyeti 17:56, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * While I was editing the article about the Post-Soviet states, I added a section there about Separatist conflicts. I realized that this section could quite easily be enlarged to an article 20 times the size and more. Half the active secessionist movements in the world may be taking place within the boundaries of the former Soviet Union. There's quite a lot to talk about: the way the republic-carving in the Soviet era and USSR structure (with the "Autonomous Soviet Republics" and so forther) may have influenced the future separatist movements -- the way abortive separatism that didn't lead anywhere has existed also (e.g. in Crimea, or Nakhichevan, or the threat about the eastern regions of Ukraine seceding after the last elections) -- the way some states or regional organizations have reacted to separatism (e.g. Putin passing that law that has him now appoint the local governors) -- the separatist conflicts that may yet take place e.g. in Fergana Valley. In general the topic seems so rich that it daunts me to write it by myself -- so here I'm suggesting it to be written as a collaboration. "Separatism in the post-Soviet space". Aris Katsaris 19:57, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd prefer the title "Separatism in post-Soviet states". Post-Soviet space makes me think of cosmonauts getting divorced. AndyL 22:37, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal:Not enough votes. -- Tony Jin | (talk) 01:40, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Culture of Oceania (4 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 14 2005; needs 5 votes by April 21 2005

Support:
 * 1) Darwinek 10:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Puget Sound 18:37, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Ganymead 02:40, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) gren 01:45, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Requested and needed article about very rich and diverse culture of Oceania. -- Darwinek 10:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a huge undertaking because it mandates going and filling in information for each country. gren 01:45, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Culture of South America (4 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated April 14 2005; needs 5 votes by April 21 2005

Support:
 * 1) Darwinek 22:00, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Ganymead 02:45, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Puget Sound 21:28, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) gadfium 23:17, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Requested and needed article about interesting and rich culture of South America. -- Darwinek 22:00, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Consumer goods (April 23)

 * Nominated April 16 2005; needs 5 votes by April 23 2005

Support:
 * 1) KNewman 06:50, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Burgundavia 11:39, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:

Hopefully, this will be one of those COTW, where everyone can contribute. KNewman 06:50, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC) Not enough votes

Flavouring (April 23)

 * Nominated April 16 2005; needs 5 votes by April 23 2005

Support:
 * 1) Tony Jin | (talk) 23:52, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

Comments: Flavorings can be used to enhance the taste of food, but much more information is needed on this article. -- Tony Jin | (talk) 23:52, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

Spanish Literature (April 23)

 * Nominated April 16 2005; needs 5 votes by April 23 2005

Support: Comments: Major literary topic that is really just a long list of links now.Ganymead 02:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Ganymead 02:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Tothebarricades.tk 03:01, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Junes 09:49, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) --Newnoise 16:05, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: File:Ssgaelic.jpg

title: File:Ssgaelic.jpg


text:
Roy D. Mercer

Roy D. Mercer was a fictional character created by American disc jockeys Brent Douglas and Phil Stone on radio station KMOD-FM in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Douglas, who performed Mercer's voice, used the character as a vehicle for comedy sketches in which he performed prank calls. The two released twelve albums of prank call recordings under the Roy D. Mercer name via Virgin Records and Capitol Records. The character was essentially retired in 2013 after Stone's death.

History
Brent Douglas and Phil Stone, disc jockeys at rock music radio station KMOD-FM in Tulsa, Oklahoma, created the Roy D. Mercer character in 1993. Initially, they used the character on comedy sketches for the radio station. Originally, the prank call sketches were a part of KMOD's morning show. By 1997, Capitol Records Nashville began issuing the sketches on compact disc. The first was titled How Big a Boy Are Ya?, Volume 1, in reference to one of Mercer's catch phrases. Eleven additional compilation albums have been released on the Capitol and Virgin Records labels. A Virgin Records Nashville executive noted that Mercer's early albums managed to sell between 250,000 and 300,000 copies, primarily due to word of mouth, without any promotion to consumers or radio airplay of the album tracks.

In most of the sketches, Mercer will demand that the recipient of a call pay him money for some incident, and if the recipient refuses, he will threaten them with violence. Mercer has been described as speaking with "a mush-mouthed Southern drawl" and his style of comedy has been described as "not exactly obscene ... [but] border[ing] on offensive". Many of the recipients of the calls are suggested by their friends who supply Mercer with information about the potential recipients. Three notable people that Douglas and Stone had called were Bill Goldberg (”Roy Vs. Goldberg”), cinematographer Barry Markowitz, as suggested by Billy Bob Thornton (“Yankee in a Strange Land”), and Chris Bray, production manager for Steppenwolf (“Tragic Carpet Ride”).

On October 12, 2012, the Phil and Brent Show ended its 27-year run with KMOD-FM radio. Forty days later, on November 21, Phil Stone died from causes related to heart disease at the age of 57.

John Bean's "Leroy Mercer" character of the 1980s
Many claim that Roy D. Mercer was inspired by "Leroy Mercer," a character created in Tennessee by Knoxville resident John R. Bean, who made prank calls circulated by hand-to-hand tape exchange in the early 1980s. Leroy Mercer, voiced by John Bean, also called individuals and businesses threatening an "ass-whuppin". There are many parallels and similarities to the calls, with Roy D. Mercer using many of the former Leroy Mercer's lines. John Bean died from cancer in his early 30s in 1984; Stone and Douglas said that they originally invented their Roy D. Mercer character in 1990 before his official creation in 1993, and that part of the name and lines used in Roy D. Mercer's recordings was copied from John Bean.

title: Roy D. Mercer


text:
Silver trout

 * The name "silver trout" is also sometimes used for rainbow trout.

The silver trout (Salvelinus agassizii) is an extinct char species or subspecies that inhabited a few waters in New Hampshire in the United States prior to 1939, when a biological survey conducted on the Connecticut watershed by the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department found none.

Description
The silver trout was often a foot long and was said to actually be olive green in color. In the lakes silver trout inhabited, large quantities of the species appeared in October to spawn.

Taxonomy
To formally describe the species and prevent local fishermen from overharvesting in the absence of bag limits, specimens were sent to Harvard and the U.S. National Museum for identification, where the fish was first described as a form of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and later as a variety of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). The silver trout was described as Salmo agassizii in 1885. W.C.Kendall, who published a famous monograph on New England chars in 1914, in turn concluded that the silver trout was related to the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus).

Re-examining the 13 silver trout specimens in the U.S. National Museum by matching the markings on the dorsal fin and tail, the numbers of vertebrae, and the array of pelvic fin rays and between different species, Robert J. Behnke concluded that the silver trout was most closely related to the brook trout, while the divergence was still concluded to be enough to place it outside of typical S. fontinalis. Behnke concluded the silver trout evolved from brook trout ancestors in New England lakes with deep, cold, clear, well-oxygenated depths as a planctivorous fish.

Distribution
The silver trout was an exceedingly rare fish, having become trapped by changed drainage systems in two New Hampshire lakes (Dublin/Monadnock Pond and Christine Lake in Stark) that were left as successors of Lake Hitchcock, a very large glacial lake that persisted for 4,000 years where the silver trout probably evolved from brook trout. In the deep waters of these lakes, cut off from other species, the silver trout had no natural predators.

Extinction
By the late 19th century, as each lake developed its own steady summer tourism, recreational fishermen who sought to increase their catches began to introduce new fish species, and these eventually overwhelmed the native silver trout. Yellow perch, which eat trout eggs, and lake trout, which hold the same ecological niche, as well as eat and hybridize with other char species, were particularly devastating. Other species were also introduced that have proved to be devastating to native trout species in other waters, the rainbow trout, brown trout, Atlantic salmon, and rainbow smelt. The last six specimens were collected in 1930.

While the silver trout is most likely lost, success stories like the Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout and the Sunapee golden trout exist, and there may still be hope for the silver trout.

title: Silver trout


text:
Talk:Silver trout

Fleshed the article out. It was just one decontextualized sentence before. Hm. Mcsweet

I question the assertion of success for the Sunapee Golden Trout. According to Behnke and some Idaho Fish and Game officials, a few exiled populations exist in remote Idaho mountain lakes. Should the State of NH ever step up to the plate and reintroduce this long lost native son to Lake Sunapee, then that would be a success along the lines of the Lake Pyramid Lahontan Trout reintroduction. Regarding this silver trout's genetics, until they test preserved samples (if possible), this char's relationship to relic arctic char and brook trout remains a mystery. To add more confusion, there's a population of relic char in Maine also called silver trout. Sunapee Trout (talk) 16:31, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 02:55, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silver trout


text:
Falcarinol

Falcarinol (also known as carotatoxin or panaxynol) is a natural pesticide and fatty alcohol found in carrots (Daucus carota), Panax ginseng and ivy. In carrots, it occurs in a concentration of approximately 2 mg/kg. As a toxin, it protects roots from fungal diseases, such as liquorice rot that causes black spots on the roots during storage. The compound requires the freezing condition to maintain well because it is sensitive to light and heat.

Chemistry
Falcarinol is a polyyne with two carbon-carbon triple bonds and two double bonds. The double bond at the carbon 9 position has cis stereochemistry was introduced by the desaturation, which requires oxygen and NADPH (or NADH) cofactors and creates a bend in the molecule. It is structurally related to oenanthotoxin and cicutoxin.

Biological effects
Falcarinol is an intense irritant that can cause allergic reactions and contact dermatitis. It was shown that falcarinol acts as a covalent cannabinoid receptor type 1 inverse agonist and blocks the effect of anandamide in keratinocytes, leading to pro-allergic effects in human skin. Normal consumption of carrots has no toxic effect in humans.

Biosynthesis
Starting with oleic acid (1), which possesses a cis double bond at the carbon 9 position from desaturation and a bound of phospholipids (-PL), a bifunctional desaturase/acetylnase system occurred with oxygen (a) to introduce the second cis double bond at the carbon 12 position to form linoleic acid (2). This step was then repeated to turn the cis double bond at the carbon 12 position into a triple bond (also called acetylenic bond) to form crepenynic acid (3). Crepenynic acid was reacted with oxygen (b) to form a second cis double bond at the carbon 14 position (conjugated position) leading to the formation of dehydrocrepenynic acid (4). Allylic isomerization (c) was responsible for the changes from the cis double bond at the carbon 14 position into the triple bond (5) and formation of the more favored trans (E) double bond at the carbon 17 position (6). Finally, after forming the intermediate (7) by decarboxylation (d), falcarinol (8) was produced by hydroxylation (e) at the carbon 16 position that introduced the (R)-configuration to the system.

title: Falcarinol


text:
Military history of Korea

Korea's military history spans thousands of years, beginning with the ancient nation of Gojoseon and continuing into the present day with the countries of North Korea and South Korea, and is notable for its many successful triumphs over invaders.

Throughout its history, Korea has boasted numerous exceptional leaders who gained outstanding victories against numerically superior enemies. Famed leaders credited with defending Korea against foreign invasions include: Eulji Mundeok of Goguryeo, who defeated Sui China during the Goguryeo–Sui War; Yeon Gaesomun of Goguryeo, who defeated Emperor Taizong of Tang China during the Goguryeo–Tang War; Kang Kam-ch'an of Goryeo, who defeated the Khitan Empire during the Goryeo-Khitan War; Ch'oe Yŏng and Yi Sŏng-gye of Goryeo, who defeated the Red Turbans during the Red Turban Invasions;  and Yi Sun-shin of Joseon, who defeated the Japanese at sea during the Imjin War.

Other notable leaders include: Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo, who created a great empire in Northeast Asia through conquest, and subjugated the other Korean kingdoms of Baekje, Silla and Gaya to bring about a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea; Geunchogo of Baekje, who captured Pyongyang and established overseas territories to control much of the Korean peninsula and dominate the seas; Munmu and Kim Yu-sin of Silla, who united the Three Kingdoms of Korea and defeated Tang China to gain complete control of the Korean peninsula; Dae Jo-yeong, who created Balhae from Goguryeo's ashes and reconquered Goguryeo lands lost during the Goguryeo-Tang War; Jang Bogo of Later Silla, who created a maritime empire and commanded a powerful fleet; Wang Kŏn, who united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea and established Goryeo as the successor to Goguryeo; and Yun Kwan of Goryeo, who defeated the Jurchens and constructed nine fortresses in Manchuria.

During the Cold War, South Korean troops actively participated in the Vietnam War, contributing the second largest foreign military contingent after the United States. North Korea also contributed soldiers, military equipment and advisors to several conflicts during the Cold War in support of the Communist bloc, including the Yom Kippur War, Ethiopian Civil War, and Ugandan Bush War.

Today, both North Korea and South Korea field some of the largest and most lethal armies in the world. On one hand, North Korea is widely suspected of having nuclear weapons, as well as other weapons of mass destruction. South Korea, for its part, is equipped with a sophisticated conventional military with state-of-the-art weapons. South Korea currently serves in several UN peacekeeping missions around the world. The South Korean military enjoys military alliances with other countries, particularly the United States.

Gojoseon

 * Gojoseon–Yan War – 4th century B.C.
 * Han conquest of Gojoseon – 109–108 BC

Buyeo

 * Mohe conquest

Goguryeo

 * Continuous battles with the Four Commanderies of Han
 * Battle of Jwawon
 * Xuantu Conquest – 302
 * Lelang Conquest – 313
 * Daifang Conquest – 314
 * Gongsun Du's Campaign against Goguryeo – 190
 * Goguryeo-Wei War – 244
 * Xianbei Conquest
 * Khitan Conquest

Baekje

 * Malgal Conquest
 * Conquest of Mahan by Baekje

Silla

 * Conquest of Jinhan by Silla
 * Campaign with Gaya

Gaya

 * Campaign with Silla

Goguryeo campaigns

 * Campaign of Geunchogo of Baekje: Conquest of Pyongyang
 * Baekje Campaign of Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo
 * Attack from Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo
 * Gaya confederacy Campaign
 * Goguryeo–Yamato War
 * Campaigns of Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo
 * Xianbei Campaign
 * Malgal Conquest
 * Khitan Conquest
 * Buyeo Conquest

Goguryeo, Baekje–Silla Alliance War

 * Campaign of Jangsu of Goguryeo against Silla and Baekje
 * Invasion of Baekje–Silla alliance – 475
 * Campaign of Baekje–Silla–Gaya armies against Goguryeo
 * Battle of Gwansan – 554
 * Gaya confederacy Annexation – 532/562

Other conflicts

 * The Baekje Conquest of Tamna – 498
 * The Silla Conquest of Usan – 512

Goguryeo–Sui War (598–614)

 * Goguryeo–Sui War – 598

Goguryeo–Tang War (645–668)
Including Goguryeo and Baekje alliance against Tang and Silla
 * First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War – 645
 * Battle of Ansi — 645
 * Battle of Mount Jupil — 645
 * Battle of Sasu — 662
 * Battle of Geumsan — 667

Baekje–Tang War (660–663)

 * Baekje–Tang War – 660

Silla–Tang War (668–676)

 * Other rebellions from Baekje and Goguryeo people
 * Battle of Maeso fortress

Balhae

 * Battle of Tianmenling – War of Foundation – 698
 * Balhae expedition to Dengzhou – 732
 * Balhae-Silla Conflicts
 * Conquest of Balhae by Khitan – 926

Silla (676–935)

 * Campaigns of Jang Bogo
 * Kim Hŏn-ch'ang Rebellion
 * Red Pants Rebellion
 * Ungjin Commandery Conquest – 676
 * Gyerim Territory Area Command Conquest – 735
 * Protectorate General to Pacify the East Conquest – 773
 * Ajagae Rebellion
 * Ki Hwŏn Rebellion
 * Yang Kil Rebellion
 * Later Three Kingdoms – 900~936

Goryeo wars

 * Northern Expansion of Manchuria
 * Goryeo-Khitan War
 * First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
 * Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
 * Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War (see also Battle of Gwiju)
 * Campaigns of General Yun Kwan against the Jurchens (see also Korean-Jurchen border conflicts)
 * Mongol invasions of Korea
 * Sambyeolcho Rebellion
 * Mongol invasions of Japan
 * First Mongol invasion of Japan
 * Second Mongol invasion of Japan
 * Dongnyeong Conquest – 1290
 * Ssangseong Conquest – 1356
 * Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
 * Liaoyang campaign – 1370
 * War against Japanese piracy
 * 1st Tsushima invasion

Internal strife

 * Yi Cha-gyŏm Rebellion
 * Myo Cheong Rebellion
 * Military Coup of 1170
 * Kim Po-dang Rebellion
 * Cho Wi-ch'ong Rebellion
 * Mangi and Mangsoi Rebellion
 * Kim Sami and Hyosim Rebellion
 * Slave rebellion by Manjeok
 * Wihwado Retreat

Conflicts

 * 2nd Tsushima Conquest (Gihae Eastern expedition) – 1419
 * Japanese riots in Southeast Korea (1510)
 * Seven Year War (Imjin) – 1592–1598
 * Northern expedition against Manchus (see also Korean-Jurchen border conflicts)
 * Later Jin invasion of Joseon – 1627
 * Qing invasion of Joseon – 1636
 * Russian-Manchu border conflicts – 1654–1658
 * French campaign against Korea
 * General Sherman Incident
 * United States expedition to Korea
 * Ganghwa Island incident

Nationwide Internal strifes

 * Yi Si-ae's Rebellion
 * Yi Gwal's Rebellion
 * Hong Gyeong-Rae's Rebellion
 * Imo Incident
 * Donghak Peasant Revolution

Conflicts

 * Korean invasion of Manchuria
 * Namdaemun Battle

1910–1945: Colonial period

 * Campaigns of Independence Forces
 * Battle of Qingshanli
 * Battle of Fengwudong
 * Free City Incident
 * Actions of Korean Liberation Army
 * South-East Asian theatre of World War II

After 1945

 * Korean War
 * Korean DMZ Conflict
 * Vietnam War
 * South Korea in the Vietnam War
 * Gulf War
 * War in Afghanistan
 * Iraq War

title: Military history of Korea


text:
The Slayers d20

The Slayers d20 Role-Playing Game is a 2003 role-playing game published by Guardians of Order based on the anime series Slayers. The title refers to the title under which Central Park Media released the three seasons of the television series.

The Slayers d20 (ISBN 189452585X) was designed by Michelle Lyons, David Lyons, Jeff Mackintosh and Anthony Ragan, featuring art by Jeff Mackintosh. It was nominated for the 2004 ENnies in the category Best Licensed Product.

The game uses the d20 System with a variant magic system designed to reflect the powerful spells found in the series. Players' characters in this setting are frequently at a much higher level than in a typical d20 campaign. The game has no reference to any material found in the movies or OVA episodes due to licensing restrictions, thus there is no mention of the popular character Naga the Serpent. However, there are multiple sets of game statistics for the four principals of the TV series, to reflect their advancement over the course of the story.

The book was scheduled to go out of print in 2006, as Guardians of Order's license to publish Slayers material expires. No renewal was planned, especially since CPM itself has been displaced as the license holder for Slayers in favor of FUNimation, which has a substantial collectible card game division of its own. Much of Slayers material was incorporated into Advanced d20 Magic, a setting-independent book that continued to be in print after the license on Slayers expired.

Reviews

 * Backstab #49

title: The Slayers d20


text: User talk:67.173.220.37

title: User talk:67.173.220.37