text:
Talk:Sand tiger shark

Gestation
An article on the Eastern Grey Nurse Shark in the Life supplement of The Guardian, from 17th February, records the gestation period as about twelve months, but also points out that no one is quite sure how long it takes. Chenxlee 16:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Name
I know the article does say 'Sand Tiger' as another name, but wouldn't this be better kept under Sand Tiger than 'Grey Nurse'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.162.31.148 (talk) 03:08, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * For fish article we use WP:FISH as the rule, and since fishbase call it sand tiger so do we. --Stefan talk 06:05, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

I don't understand. You're saying we call it Sand Tiger Shark but the article is at Grey Nurse Shark. Shouldn't it be moved to Sand Tiger? --67.162.31.148 (talk) 01:40, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm saying, as per the article, it is called grey nurse in Australia, spotted ragged-tooth in Africa and sand tiger in the US and UK, all is correct, wikipedia is international and WP:FISH have stated that we should use then name that fishbase uses, fish base calls this shark grey nurse shark so therefore the page is correctly named, sand tiger and spotted ragged-tooth both have redirect. --Stefan talk 02:26, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Jesus, you clearly have no clue what you're saying. First you say that fishbase calls it a sand tiger (which it does), and then you turn right around and say fishbase calls it a grey nurse (which it does not). The article is incorrectly titled and sand tiger should be used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.109.15.202 (talk) 17:38, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Fishbase seems to refer to it as the Sand Tiger Shark on my computer though. I don't understand, has fishbase changed the name since that's what fishbase uses? I'm so confused... --JohnVMaster (talk) 01:36, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. Nobody calls this fish a 'grey nurse shark' outside australia. 'Sand tiger shark' is a much more internationally common name. Before seeing this article I wouldn't have had a clue what a 'grey nurse shark' referred to, despite being perfectly familiar with sand tigers. This could easily confuse people. If there's even a policy about naming according to fishbase which hasn't been followed, why hasn't this article been moved? 86.26.78.54 (talk) 09:08, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

To add to this confusion there's a separate article for Sand Shark which appears to be the same species. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.50.134 (talk) 16:05, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

The article now also claims that "Grey Nurse" is commonly used in the UK, which it is not. It has always been the Sand Tiger Shark. A potential source for this misconception could be that when Nintendo localised the game Endless Ocean 2 for Europe, they used the Australian translation because both regions use the PAL format, assuming they would be interchangeable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.33.96.230 (talk) 00:04, 14 July 2015 (UTC)

Genus
Discovery channel sources put Odontaspis as the genus for this shark, rather than charcharias. Is this simply a difference in opinion or a change in taxonomy? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.74.232 (talk) 05:11, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Many species are being moved or debated on where they belong in the taxonomy tree. In wikipedia we use fishbase, see reference in the article, as our main source for fish taxonomy, what is correct is not obvious. Changes in taxonomy happen very slowly, and I doubt there is an entity that everyone accepts as being the 'correct'. So as to answer your question, yes, both difference in opinion and possibly a change happening that is not accepted by fishbase yet. --Stefan talk 06:14, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

This article should be under Sand tiger shark rather than grey nurse according to the fishbase rules. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.219.5.241 (talk) 10:26, 19 April 2009 (UTC) I think it should not evem be a shark

Two articles merged
Ragged tooth shark redirects to Smalltooth sand tiger yet it should merged with this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SlackersHammer (talk • contribs) 09:09, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Factual issue
I dispute the claims that the shark is "not aggressive unless provoked." The international shark attack file has instances of unprovoked attacks, including fatal attacks. In South Africa, especially in the "raggie" has a reputation for being aggressive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.226.104.225 (talk) 15:48, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Range description
The range map is very good. The range description is very uneven in detail. Three particular sightings for Canada and a very sweeping statement for the Pacific ocean. I think it would be a good idea to describe the map. There is a limited number of coastlines marked. The source of the map could then be the source cited for the text. --Ettrig (talk) 09:36, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Thank you for your suggestions, I will get on that right away! --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:54, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

Comments

 * Consistent capitalization of the name, sand tiger shark, Sand tiger shark OR Sand Tiger Shark.
 * Done. --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Stick to one common name.
 * Done. --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * The English language article should not say what the phenomenon is called in other languages.
 * Done --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Harmless belongs in Behaviour rather than in (Physical) Description.
 * Done --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Lastly (in Description) is not the last thing. This has a sharp smell of plagiarizing. Haven't checked whether it is.
 * Done (Just a communication error between multiple writers, thank you for alerting us.) --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * They live both in the surf of waters AND at depths of between 60 and 190 m. This requires some kind of reconciliation.
 * Done --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * at depths of between 60 and 190 m belongs in Habitat rather than in Behaviour. This is difficult: Maybe better to group Habitat and Behaviour.
 * Done --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * More wikilinks are needed.
 * What do you suggest I link? Should I just link things that I might need clarification on if I were a reader of the article?
 * I am not good at this. But what you suggest is what I have seen others suggesting. You might want to take a look at Manual of Style/Linking, but try to not be lost in all that text. --Ettrig (talk) 14:54, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

 * There is repetition in ghe Behaviour chapter.
 * Done --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Minor repetition in Reproduction. Suggestion: sort statements chronologically along the process.
 * This is complete to the best of my ability. --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Replace external links in Conservation status with wikilinks.
 * Done --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Done, but how do I place them throughout the article? They keep drifting to the left side...--UND77 (talk) 03:02, 29 November 2011 (UTC) Will do, thank you so much. --UND77 (talk) 03:02, 29 November 2011 (UTC) --Ettrig (talk) 10:34, 12 November 2011 (UTC)
 * One or two more pictures, there are many in Commons
 * Tick off the items done. Discuss the one's you disagree with.
 * When you can think of nothing more to do, kindly ask user:Yzx to comment. That user seems to be very interested in sharks.

 * The description section seemed to deviate adequately from the source, these sections tend to be difficult to re-write. The use of "Lastly" was just illogical ... in this case not copy/paste and thus placing it out of context. Although students do blunder like that frequently - a dead give away for plagerism. I did find this; which I assumed plagiarized Wikipedia and not the other way around!
 * Description: Sand tigers have many features that distinguish them from other shark species. Their mouth extends beyond their eyes, and they usually swim with their mouth open. Their snout is flattened with a conical shape and their body is stout and rather bulky, with two large dorsal fins that are almost equal in size. The tail is elongated andhas a long upper lobe, and the dorsal fins are set back almost beyond the pectorial fins. The pectoral fins are triangular, and the tail is almost one-third as long as the head of the shark. The Sand tiger shark's head is rather pointy, not round and the teeth are smooth edged and sharp-pointed. People normally associate the Sand tigers with the demeanor of being vicious because of their teeth protrude from their mouths when their jaws are closed; however, they are generally quite harmless. The Sand tiger shark usually has a grey back and white underside. It also has grey dorsal fins. Biological Profile
 * This has to be a first.. a students paper being plagiarized by another entity and not the other way! We are making history here. Thanks for the list; students seemed to perform well when the problems are defined. I of course look to see if they ignore them... let us hope this will not be the case.--JimmyButler (talk) 23:07, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Thank you! I will take care of your list as soon as possible. --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 13:01, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Just to clarify, what do you suggest I do to improve the International common names section? Should I just delete it altogether? --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 03:08, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, my suggestion is to delete all statements about what this animal is called in other languages. --Ettrig (talk) 08:19, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Thanks, I'll make sure to always call it the Sand tiger shark! --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 13:00, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Per MOS:CAPS it's lower case 'sand tiger shark'. Regards, SunCreator (talk) 17:27, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Very few comments remain for processing now! --Ettrig (talk) 14:54, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Yes! I am proud of the work we have done on this article...With just a little bit more content added, we will be looking at some peer review! --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 00:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Smalltooth sand tiger
Maybe the article Smalltooth sand tiger can be an inspiration to this article. It is GA. It is about one of the other three species in the family. It might have citations of sources that are also relevant to this species. --Ettrig (talk) 17:00, 15 November 2011 (UTC) Perfect! This is extremely useful. Thanks!--UND77 (talk) 03:03, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Inside the Animal Mind

 * The sand tiger shark enjoys hunting in the surf of waters. Attributing a human emotional state to an animal is a common mistake. Even under carefully controlled experiments, it is difficult for behavioral biologist to attribute an emotion with an action. Typically humans draw conclusion based on their own perspectives of emotion. For example, dolphins are happy = they are always smiling. The fact that their mouth is fixed into a perpetual grin may lead us to wrong conclusions. My cat loves me, he is rubbing my legs - nope - he is marking territory with scent glands in his checks. I would like to think the shark enjoys hunting in the surf; however, I suspect the shark feels no emotion - happy or sad - in this endeavor. The term is Anthropomorphism. I'll teach this when we cover animal behavior. Dolphintursiops.jpg]]--JimmyButler (talk) 23:23, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I was actually curious about this. I thought that because cats, dogs, etc. seemed to have enjoyments, every animal was that way. That is very interesting. Thank you for the clarification. I changed all the occurrences of it. --UND77 (talk) 00:14, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Excerpt from cat communication: Touching noses is a friendly greeting for cats, while a lowered head is a sign of submission. Some cats will rub their faces along their guardian's cheek, hands, or ankles as a friendly greeting or sign of affection. This action is also sometimes a way of "marking their territory", leaving a scent from the scent glands located in the cat's cheeks. More commonly, a cat will do a "head bonk" (or "bunt"), i.e., bump someone with the front part of its head to express affection.

 * Sand tiger sharks will often shelter in caves or gutters during the day. I must confess my ignorance. What is a gutter, I'm guessing not the place that the hapless and homeless end up when they are destitute as in "Jimmy if you don't straighten up you'll end up living in the gutter" (Granpa, 1977).
 * Let me know when you are ready for Teacher Review... I have a positive feel about this one!--JimmyButler (talk) 23:28, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I was going to ask you for a review tomorrow, I have to import a few flickr photos because the Wikimedia Commons is lacking. I think the article is ready for some tweaking. The lead is yet to established of course. So, other than the lead and the photos it appears to be ready. Thank you so much!--UND77 (talk) 00:14, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

reference alignment with facts in paper
"You" state: (feeding in surf zone) ''has caused many instances of accidental attacks upon humans. . This is not documented in the reference you cite; it fact it contradicts your reference which actually states: Despite this, they are a docile, non-aggressive species, known to attack humans only when bothered first.'' ---> From National Geographic reference.I will attempt a teacher review soon - you are behind the Greater Scaup. --JimmyButler (talk) 03:19, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * DONE, is it correct now do you think? I was a little confused on what you were asking here... — Preceding unsigned comment added by UND77 (talk • contribs) 17:48, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Teacher Review

 * They can weigh 350 pounds and average can reach up to 10 to 11 feet. No recognition of metric (The scientific measurement).
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:46, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Humans do not generally serve the Sand tiger as a diet resource, however, the shark has been know to attack a few humans. I found myself making numerous edits, as I attempt to increase verbal efficiency. See here for examples. You seem to rely on a lot of weasel words --- words you can't pin down as wrong such as "few" and "many". These terms are open to opinion and thus useless. This sentence is typical of what I am seeing.
 * I will read through the article extremely carefully, and make sure that the weasel words won't be in there. Sorry about that, I really have to separate my English writing from my Scientific writing. I will try not to make the same mistakes. --UND77 (talk) 17:46, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Rather than build my own portfolio; I'll request that you give it a once through and remove any words or phrasing that only increase word count, without increasing accuracy or clarity. I'll check back when you've indicated "done".--JimmyButler (talk) 20:11, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Some comments
General
 * In the middle of a sentence, it's "sand tiger", not "Sand tiger".
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Be consistent about US vs UK (or other national) spellings, e.g. "behavior"
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * So much text at the bottom lacking images. Is there no copyright approved images out there?--JimmyButler (talk) 22:55, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I just took some shots at the aquarium, I am reviewing them now. They should be up shortly. --UND77 (talk) 23:20, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Set the standards with that effort!--JimmyButler (talk) 03:03, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Taxonomy
 * The sequence of events here isn't quite right. For example:
 * Triglochis and Eugomphodus are genus names, not species names. Thus, Muller and Henle's proposed name was Triglochis taurus.
 * ICZN Opinion 47 gave precedence to Carcharias. By seeking to repeal it, Tucker, White, and Marshall actually wanted Odontaspis to be the genus name, and the request was approved by the ICZN.
 * The name Compagno first proposed was Eugomphodus taurus (see above). He was largely responsible for reverting the name back to Carcharias taurus (ICZN Opinion 1459).
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:01, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There is a great deal of information on the phylogeny and fossil history of the sand tiger shark that can be included.
 * I have not yet found resources about this fact. Is there anywhere specific I should be looking?--UND77 (talk) 21:06, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There is information on the various common names for this species that could also be included.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:15, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * What does Carcharias taurus mean?
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:01, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Description
 * This section can be better organized. It goes from talking about head to fins, back to head, to color, to eyes, back to color, etc.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:01, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Scientific articles should give measurements in metric, with conversions in parentheses.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Diet and Behaviour
 * Information about attacks on humans should be put separately, because these are not part of the natural history of the shark and are thus a completely different topic.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 *  Humans do not serve the sand tiger as a diet resource.  I think this is the line... humans do not serve as a dietary source for any sharks; this best addresses "threats to humans".--JimmyButler (talk) 19:10, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 02:25, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Which prey items are most important in various areas? Is there a dietary shift with age?
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 21:06, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * What are some feeding behaviors? There is evidence of sand tigers feeding cooperatively.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 22:31, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There is information on social behavior in this species as well, for example their "tail slapping" behavior.
 * I have seen evidence of the Great white, Thresher, and Dusky shark having the "tail slapping" behavior, but not the sand tiger. --UND77 (talk) 22:31, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * "many roam just for pleasure and fish" -- Don't assign human motivations ("pleasure") to animals.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There are redundant sections (repeating of facts) in the paragraph about "gulping air" which need to be merged.--JimmyButler (talk) 19:16, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 14:01, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 *  many have been reported to be mistaken. ... meaning they were not attacked or that the shark mistook them for fish?--JimmyButler (talk) 19:37, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 14:01, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Habitat and range
 * What part of the water column does the sand tiger prefer?
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:15, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * What are the migration patterns?
 * DONE, I tried to find as much as I could on this subject. The information given seemed pretty straight-forward, there was not much elaboration to be done. --UND77 (talk) 22:47, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Reproduction
 * What are some mating behaviors? This has been observed in captivity.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 21:06, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The now-preferred term in sharks is aplacental viviparity rather than ovoviviparity.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The sequence of events during gestation is a bit simplified. Multiple embryos develop in each uterus, and the dominant embryo kills and eats the others. Thus, there is only ever one embryo brought to term per uterus (up to two total), and this species exhibits both ovophagy and sibling cannibalism. It's the only shark known to do this.
 * Thank you! That clears the confusion of the process. Also, is there a resource that states that the sand tiger is the only known shark to do this type of reproduction. I have read many articles on this, but I have yet to find that fact. --UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There are two different figures given for age of maturity, at the beginning of the section and at the end.
 * DONE --UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There are sources that say the gestation period is 9-12 months.
 * DONE, NOAA states that the period is eight to nine months. Is this correct? --UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * How often are litters produced? Where and when are the young born? What's the pattern of growth through life? What's the maximum lifespan?
 * The sand tiger shark must reach a status of sexual maturity before mating This statement seems so obvious; that is not worth stating; do other sharks mate before they are sexually mature?
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:01, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Mating often occurs around the months of March and April Would that not depend on which hemisphere? --JimmyButler (talk) 19:42, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:15, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Conservation status
 * The present name of the IUCN is International Union for Conservation of Nature.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The IUCN species page contains detailed information on threats to this species across various parts of its range.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 21:06, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There is also information about this species being kept in public aquaria.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 21:26, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Hope this is useful. This is a relatively well-studied species with a lot of data to sort through. -- Yzx (talk) 01:17, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Thank you so much for responding. This is a fantastic help. I will try to sort through these suggestions, and get them done. If any questions arise, I will be sure to ask them. Hopefully, this article can become a true success. Thanks again! --UND77 (talk) 17:44, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

This is awesome! Thank you thank you! --Theawesomestpersonyouwillevermeet (talk) 02:17, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

References in lead
The lead is suppose to be a summary of the article. References are not required in the lead(unless the material is contentious) but go into the body of the article. Regards, SunCreator (talk) 14:50, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I was saving the lead for last, so that is why it was not tend to. I will be sure to edit the reference out of the lead. --UND77 (talk) 03:41, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Note the wording above. References are not required. References are allowed. I prefer without, personally. But don't fret over this one. --Ettrig (talk) 06:05, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Comments by Malleus Fatuorum
A few observations so far, more to follow:

 * Lead
 * "Two behaviors set the sand tiger apart from other sharks: its method of reproduction and its ability to gulp air from the surface to allow it to float effortlessly throughout the water." I've got so many problems with that sentence. First of all, the Description section says that "Sand tigers have many features that distinguish them from other shark species", but here we're told there are only two. Secondly, in what sense is its method of reproduction a behavior? And thirdly, what does "float effortlessly throughout the water" mean?
 * DONE --UND77 (talk) 23:38, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * "It also dwells in the waters of Japan, Australia, South Africa, Great Britain, and Scandinavia". The range map doesn't show it in either the waters around the UK or Scandinavia.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 23:38, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Scientific naming process
 * "The scientific name has since undergone many disputes ...". A name can't undergo disputes, but it can be disputed.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 23:38, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * What does "requested to repeal" mean? And what does "repeal" mean in this context anyway?
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 23:38, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * "However, many taxonomists and experts question his change saying that there is not a significant difference between Odontaspis and Carcharias. However, after changing the name to "Eugomphodus taurus" ...". Need to do something about that "However ... However"; "however" is a much overused word.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 23:38, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * "He proposed the name because it fit best to the characteristics of the shark because "Carcharias taurus" means ...". Similarly here, "because ... because". And what do you think of "fit best"? I don't think much of it. "Best fitted the characteristics ..."?
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 23:38, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Behavior
 * "However, biologists observed that the sand tiger swallows their prey whole 93.7 percent of the time". Another one of those "howevers", but more importantly, "the sand tiger swallows their prey"?
 * Note the number signals, tiger is one, their is 2 or more. --Ettrig (talk) 09:57, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I've got another problem with this sentence, which is to do with the statement that sand tiger sharks swallow their prey whole 93.7% of the time. First of all, biologists haven't observed all sand tigers, just a sample of them, so all that can be said is that among that sample prey was swallowed whole 93.7% of the time. Secondly, the precision to one decimal place seems absurd to me; surely the point is that biologists have observed that sand tigers almost always swallow their prey whole; if this study was to be repeated, what do you think the chance of coming up with 93.7% again would be? Zero? Malleus Fatuorum 22:17, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I completely agree with you. I considered doing that, but I didn't know if it had to be exact percentages. DONE --UND77 (talk) 23:38, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Description
 * "These teeth are very unique to this species of shark." You can't qualify "unique" in that way; either the teeth are unique or they're not.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:06, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Interaction with humans
 * How do you reconcile these two apparently contradictory statements: "The sand tiger has not been known to attack humans unless provoked ... There have been twenty-nine unprovoked attacks."
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:06, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Conservation status
 * "These estuaries are very susceptible to point source pollution that can be extremely harmful to the pups." What the source says is "juvenile sand tiger sharks are commonly found in estuaries of the eastern U.S. that are susceptible to non-point source pollution." (My emphasis.)
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:06, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

Suggestion
Hi!

Saw that this article was part of a school project, though I should give some suggestions.
 * In the lead, I would add a estimated water death for "epipelagic and the mesopelagic regions" which most normal people have no idea on how deep it is.
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:37, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * "After mating, a unique embryonic development process", is this really unique? I though it happened in other sharks also??
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:37, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't spotted ragged tooth and blue-nurse sand tiger be added to the first scentence, not sure but think so, maybe need to check some guidelines??
 * "The sand tiger's eyes tend to be smaller than other sharks and lack eyelids" change to 'and it lacks eyelids'
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:37, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * "These teeth are very unique to this species of shark" hum, is there any sharks or any other species for that matter that does not have unique teeth?? I think I understand the point that is trying to be made, but I think it should be reworded??
 * DONE--UND77 (talk) 03:37, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

--Stefan talk 02:54, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

Thank you for recognizing that! Any review or suggestion is extremely useful. This is great! Thanks again! --UND77 (talk) 03:37, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * And here's my additional suggestion. Leave this article for a couple of days and then come back to it with fresh eyes. Try to forget it's something you've worked on and instead look at it as a regular reader coming across it for the first time would. Right now it really doesn't hang together: the sharks never attack unless provoked, but there are 29 reported cases of unprovoked attacks ... no need to rush it, take your time. Malleus Fatuorum 03:16, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I will definetely do that. I just need to take my time. Of all the edits I have done, have I done them correctly? Do they make sense? Especially the unprovoked attacks edit. I tried to make it as connected as possible. Thanks for your help Malleus. I really appreciate it. --UND77 (talk) 03:37, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * You're doing fine, but softlee, softlee, catchee monkee. Give yourself a break of a day or two and then come back and read the article like anyone else would. Malleus Fatuorum 03:49, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * What do you think Malleus? I tried to go through it carefully, trying to get things more understandable. I saw where you were coming from. After taking a break, I was able to notice problems much clearer. Thank you very much. --UND77 (talk) 00:22, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Looking good. It's like you have to step outside yourself, and look at the article as if it was written by someone else. The best thing of all, I think, is when you look back on something you wrote years earlier and think "Wow, did I really write that? It's fantastic!" Malleus Fatuorum 00:35, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

 * YES! That's exactly what happened! Some things I thought, "Why in the world would I use that word here?", but the greatest feeling was "Holy mackerel! This is awesome!" I can't wait for the day when someone asks me about the Sand tiger (if that day ever comes), and I can tell them a random fact or just say, "Hey! Check out the article on Wikipedia! I wrote it." Do you think the article is ready for a GA review? Thanks again Malleus. --UND77 (talk) 01:51, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

 * No I don't, not quite. Check out the Interaction with humans section for instance. That needs some work. Malleus Fatuorum 02:06, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Nervous shark
Maybe worth keep a check on nervous shark, it's a recent good article nominee. Regards, SunCreator (talk) 00:52, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Sand Tiger vs Sand Tiger Shark
I'm not sure if this is really an issue, but in some places you refer to it as a Sand tiger, and in others it's the Sand tiger shark. I'm not doing an animal article, so I'm not sure the rule behind this, but I suspect it might just be an issue of consistency? I just thought I'd bring this up. If it is a problem, it would just be a simple fix. Phorofor (talk) 19:59, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I assumed that if I put "Sand tiger shark" that "sand tiger" would be okay too. I don't think it matters though. Thank you for bringing it up! It made me read through my article again. --UND77 (talk) 21:23, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

How many words does we need Mr. B. fo da A
 As far as the sand tiger's location in the water column, it roams... Conversational dialog not expedient enough for my taste. Four students in the group, one of you please read through this thing and remove the words that contribute nothing to the understanding of this topic... we are not trying to reach a "word count" for a class paper. Errrrrr....--JimmyButler (talk) 00:57, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Reproduction Section Needs Attention
The reproduction section is a mess and needs attention. It is stated that they have one of the lowest reproduction rates and yet the reasons for this are not adequately explained.

1. "During early embryonic stages the young absorb nutrients from a yolk sac"

The initial number of young is not given. It is as many as 40 between the two uteri. I have seen one source say 40 in each uterus, but most state the former and it appears to be more accurate.

2. "At approximately 10 centimeters (4 in) in length, developing embryos in the mother's uteri are killed and devoured by two surviving pups, a process called intrauterine cannibalism (oophagy)."

Using "killed" is unnecessary and humanizes the biological process. In fact, "killed and devoured" is a melodramatic statement that is completely inappropriate for a zoological article, as is the term "mother." It is also poorly explained; no reason for this behavior is given. In addition, the phrase "by two surviving pups" is both inconsistent (they are referred to as embryos in the former part of the sentence) and vague. It suggests that these two are somehow either preselected or farther developmentally advanced than the others. In reality it is more of a "free for all," with the strongest and most aggressive embryo in the uterus being the survivor.

At two months of age (which likely coincides with 4 inches of length) the individual yolk sacks of the embryos run out and they must utilize the only other food source available to keep themselves from starving. The embryos begin consuming one another and continue until only the largest and strongest embryo in each uterus is left.

3. "There are reports of biologists probing the bellies of landed females and having their fingers nipped by the cannibalistic young with their fully developed teeth"

Irrelevant to the reproduction of this species.

4. "Hydroids grow on the mother's teeth during pregnancy because she stops feeding"

Somewhat interesting but also irrelevant. Needs to be either tied in to the section or removed, not tacked on to the end as an afterthought. Most people will not know what hydroids are, let alone the significance of them growing on a shark's teeth, so it should probably just be removed. If it can be tied in it also needs to be stated in a less simplistic manner and without using the anthropomorphized term "mother."

It is worth noting that the primary source listed for reproductive data is thirty years old; positively ancient by scientific standards.

There has also been an interesting development in the last few years by Australian researchers attempting to breed the species that may be a relevant addition to the Conservation section. They have attempted to create an "artificial uterus" utilizing a system with different chambers to rear the young separately from one another, preventing cannibalism and yielding a higher number of offspring.

I don't know if anyone is still working on this article as it looks like the last activity was a year ago. I will check back and can make changes if no one else is active. CrisisRose (talk) 01:41, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

Benthic
In diet, benthic is referenced as "free swimming". I think that pelagic is a more accurate term. I know my students have moved on, is anyone vested in this article at present? --JimmyButler (talk) 05:53, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

Edits removing large parts of text (check needed)
A long series of edits by user:Jwhferguson (hasn't been active on wiki for a long time) resulted in removals of fairly large sections from the article. Some changes were fine, but other removals seem questionable, especially in the "Description" section. I don't have the time at present, but it might be worth checking if it is worth saving some of it. 62.107.193.67 (talk) 03:52, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

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Mediterranean
The top of the article states that the last sighting of the sand tiger shark in the Mediterranean Sea was in 2003, but has no citations since October 2021. Later in the article, it's said that it's present in the Mediterranean, with no allusion to its presumed(?) extinction. The range map is from 2005, but does depict ranges near several mediterranean countries. Is it or is it not currently present in the Mediterranean sea? This aquarium in 2023 seems to think it is. 151.67.212.58 (talk) 10:42, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sand tiger shark


text:
Talk:Long run and short run/version 2

They should be merged because "long-run" is the correct form of spelling.

VfD
On April 11, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Long run for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Long run and short run/version 2


text: User talk:82.154.112.57

title: User talk:82.154.112.57


text:
User:Antaeus FeIdspar

(This was the user page of someone trying to impersonate Antaeus Feldspar. It is no longer active, as the impersonator has been permanently blocked from editing. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:01, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC))

title: User:Antaeus FeIdspar


text:
Loss of heterozygosity

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a type of genetic abnormality in diploid organisms in which one copy of an entire gene and its surrounding chromosomal region are lost. Since diploid cells have two copies of their genes, one from each parent, a single copy of the lost gene still remains when this happens, but any heterozygosity (slight differences between the versions of the gene inherited from each parent) is no longer present.

In cancer
The loss of heterozygosity is a common occurrence in cancer development. Originally, a heterozygous state is required and indicates the absence of a functional tumor suppressor gene copy in the region of interest. However, many people remain healthy with such a loss, because there still is one functional gene left on the other chromosome of the chromosome pair. The remaining copy of the tumor suppressor gene can be inactivated by a point mutation or via other mechanisms, resulting in a loss of heterozygosity event, and leaving no tumor suppressor gene to protect the body. Loss of heterozygosity does not imply a homozygous state (which would require the presence of two identical alleles in the cell). The exact targets for LOH are not characterised for all chromosomal losses in cancer, but certain are very well mapped. Some examples are 17p13 loss in multiple cancer types where a copy of TP53 gene gets inactivated, 13q14 loss in retinoblastoma with RB1 gene deletion or 11p13 in Wilms' tumor where WT1 gene is lost. Other commonly lost chromosomal loci are still being investigated in terms of potential tumor suppressors located in those regions.

Knudson two-hit hypothesis of tumorigenesis

 * First Hit: The first hit is classically thought of as a point mutation, but generally arises due to epigenetic events which inactivate one copy of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG), such as Rb1. In hereditary cancer syndromes, individuals are born with the first hit. The individual does not develop cancer at this point because the remaining TSG allele on the other locus is still functioning normally.
 * Second Hit: While the second hit is commonly assumed to be a deletion that results in loss of the remaining functioning TSG allele, the original published mechanism of RB1 LOH was mitotic recombination/gene conversion/copy-neutral LOH, not deletion. There is a critical difference between deletion and CN-LOH, as the latter mechanism cannot be detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)-based gene copy number counting, and requires allelic genotyping. Either way, LOH leaves only non-functioning alleles of the TSG, and the individual may go on to develop cancer.

Copy-neutral LOH
Copy-neutral LOH is thus called because no net change in the copy number occurs in the affected individual. Possible causes for copy-neutral LOH include acquired uniparental disomy (UPD) and gene conversion. In UPD, a person receives two copies of a chromosome, or part of a chromosome, from one parent and no copies from the other parent due to errors in meiosis I or meiosis II. This acquired homozygosity could lead to development of cancer if the individual inherited a non-functional allele of a tumor suppressor gene.

In tumor cells copy-neutral LOH can be biologically equivalent to the second hit in the Knudson hypothesis. Acquired UPD is quite common in both hematologic and solid tumors, and is reported to constitute 20 to 80% of the LOH seen in human tumors. Determination of virtual karyotypes using SNP-based arrays can provide genome-wide copy number and LOH status, including detection of copy-neutral LOH. Copy-neutral LOH cannot be detected by arrayCGH, FISH, or conventional cytogenetics. SNP-based arrays are preferred for virtual karyotyping of tumors and can be performed on fresh or paraffin-embedded tissues.

Retinoblastoma
The classical example of such a loss of protecting genes is hereditary retinoblastoma, in which one parent's contribution of the tumor suppressor Rb1 is flawed. Although most cells will have a functional second copy, chance loss of heterozygosity events in individual cells almost invariably lead to the development of this retinal cancer in the young child.

Breast cancer and BRCA1/2
The genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 show loss of heterozygosity in samplings of tumors from patients who have germline mutations. BRCA1/2 are genes that produce proteins which regulate the DNA repair pathway by binding to Rad51.

Homologous recombination repair
In breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, a core enzyme employed in homologous recombination repair (HRR) of DNA damage is often defective due to LOH, that is genetic defects in both copies (in the diploid human genome) of the gene encoding an enzyme necessary for HRR. Such LOH in these different cancers was found for DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, BARD1, PALB2, FANCC, RAD51C and RAD51D. Reduced ability to accurately repair DNA damages by homologous recombination may lead to compensating inaccurate repair, increased mutation and progression to cancer.

Detection
Loss of heterozygosity can be identified in cancers by noting the presence of heterozygosity at a genetic locus in an organism's germline DNA, and the absence of heterozygosity at that locus in the cancer cells. This is often done using polymorphic markers, such as microsatellites or single-nucleotide polymorphisms, for which the two parents contributed different alleles. Genome-wide LOH status of fresh or paraffin embedded tissue samples can be assessed by virtual karyotyping using SNP arrays.

In asexual organisms
It has been proposed that LOH may limit the longevity of asexual organisms. The minor allele in heterozygous areas of the genome is likely to have mild fitness consequences compared to de-novo mutations because selection has had time to remove deleterious alleles. When allelic gene conversion removes the major allele at these sites organisms are likely to experience a mild decline in fitness. Because LOH is much more common than de-novo mutation, and because the fitness consequences are closer to neutrality, this process should drive Muller's ratchet more quickly than de-novo mutations. While this process has received little experimental investigation, it is known that major signature of asexuality in metazoan genomes appears to be genome wide LOH, a sort of anti-meselson effect.

title: Loss of heterozygosity


text:
Talk:Toronto—Danforth (federal electoral district)

VfD
On April 11, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep, and noted that it should have been discussed on WP:RfD. See Votes for deletion/Toronto—Danforth for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:35, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Initial quality rating
I have given a B rating to this article, because it graphically shows the evolution of the riding and includes some analysis of how its voters vote. I was teetering between 'B' and 'Start'; I think it needs more analytical detail, but a more experienced editor should review and express an opinion. PKT (talk) 16:28, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm older and wiser (kinda) now, and am changing to a "C" rating.  PK  T (alk)  19:01, 1 February 2011 (UTC)


text:
Darkchylde

Darkchylde is an American comic book character created in 1996 by Randy Queen. It was originally published by Maximum Press, and later by Image Comics, through Homage Comics, a publishing imprint of Wildstorm. Subsequent projects would be published by Darkchylde Entertainment, through Wowio.

Darkchylde is the story of Ariel Chylde, a cursed teen who can become the creatures from her many nightmares, and then must save her small town from the forces of darkness she's set free.

Publication history
Darkchylde was launched as a comic book property in 1996.

In an interview with Nicholas Yanes from scifipulse.net Queen revealed that Darkchylde would appear in a published comic book after several years of absence. This comic book would be a one-shot crossover titled The Darkness/ Darkchylde: Kingdom Pain, released in December 2009. In addition to containing a new story feature Darkchylde, this one-shot also contained preview art for Randy Queen's next comic book title "Starfall".

Manga Darkchylde
In 2005 the title was relaunched at Dark Horse Comics as Manga Darkchylde, with Ariel now being a little girl. The term manga in the title is somewhat misleading, as the new series is clearly not a manga in the traditional sense and actually bears very little resemblance to Japanese manga in any way. Only using the base elements of the original Darkchylde, Randy Queen is now expanding his "Darkchylde-universe".

Issues
Darkchylde comic books, in order of reading:
 * Darkchylde Diary
 * Darkchylde #1–5
 * Spawn #56 (4-page Darkchylde interlude featuring Flatulance)
 * Darkchylde #0
 * Darkchylde ½
 * Darkchylde: The Legacy #1–3
 * Darkchylde: Redemption ½, #1,2
 * Dreams of the Darkchylde #1–6
 * Darkchylde Last Issue Special
 * Painkiller Jane/Darkchylde (drawn by J. G. Jones)
 * Witchblade/Darkchylde
 * The Darkness/Darkchylde: Kingdom of Pain
 * Darkchylde Swimsuit Illustrated
 * Darkchylde Summer Swimsuit Spectacular
 * Darkchylde Sketchbook
 * Manga Darkchylde #0, 1–2

Collected editions
Some of the comics have been collected into trade paperbacks:
 * Darkchylde: The Descent (collects the original miniseries and the Spawn interlude, WildStorm/Homage Comics, 1998)
 * Darkchylde, Volume 1: Legacy and Redemption (collects Darkchylde: Legacy #1/2 & 1-3, and Darkchylde: Redemption #1/2 & 1, 2) (160 pages, January 2011, ISBN 978-1-60706-352-0)
 * Darkchylde: Dreams of Darkchylde (collects Dreams of the Darkchylde #1-6) (June 2011, ISBN 978-1-60706-388-9)

Novel
Darkchylde was turned into a Young Adult Novel by Andrea Brown Literary Agency. Queen completed the first of a series of long awaited novels titled Darkchylde: The Ariel Chylde Saga in 2015.

Film
In August 2007 creator Randy Queen revealed to Newsarama that a film was in the works.

In an interview with Nicholas Yanes from scifipulse.net, Randy Queen was asked and responded to a question about a film/television adaptation of Darkchylde:

Yanes: For years now there have been rumors of Darkchylde being turned into an animated series, miniseries for a cable network and movie. Are you able to comment on Darkchylde's potential future on in television and film? Any actresses you'd love to play Ariel?

Queen: A movie makes so much sense it's ridiculous, and all I can say is that we are working on it. I know that's a frustrating answer for fans, but it's a frustrating process. It's probably best for me not to comment on actresses, so we'll just all have to wait and see.

Test footage from the set of Darkchylde emerged in July 2010 and on October 31, John Carpenter was hired to direct. The project has since seen no further comment from Carpenter or Queen, and is believed to be in development hell or shelved by the production company.

Tumblr depictions and subsequent DMCA takedown notices
In August 2014, Randy Queen, owner of the character, filed numerous DMCA Takedown Requests regarding Escher Girls, a Tumblr blog which critiques the anatomical inaccuracies of women featured in comic art. The notices were filed in response to posts critical of Queen's work, specifically a piece of art published on the blog nine times with encouragement for others to correct it with redraws - a piece of art created 18 years ago while the artist was still learning. Queen felt his work was being used in an abusive and misleading manner, and exercised due process with Tumblr in having his copyrighted images removed from the blog. Tumblr erroneously removed the entire post, which included commentary. Subsequently, Queen apologized on his Facebook page regarding the incident and asked Tumblr to restore the content, which they did.

title: Darkchylde


text: User talk:66.73.192.118

title: User talk:66.73.192.118


text:
Little Caesars

Little Caesar Enterprises Inc. (doing business as Little Caesars) is an American multinational chain of pizza restaurants that was founded in 1959. Little Caesars is the third largest pizza chain by total sales in the United States behind Pizza Hut and Domino's. It operates and franchises pizza restaurants in the United States and internationally in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean. The company is owned by Ilitch Holdings, and headquartered in Detroit, Michigan.

History
Little Caesars Pizza was founded on May 8, 1959, by the married couple Mike Ilitch and Marian Ilitch. The first location was in a strip mall in Garden City, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, and named "Little Caesar's Pizza Treat". The original store closed in October 2018, relocating down the street to a new building in nearby Westland.

The first Little Caesar's franchise location opened in 1962 in Warren, Michigan and was still called Little Caesar's Pizza Treat. The same year the Little Caesar's logo became a 3D figure and was used in outdoor signage.

The company is well known for its advertising catchphrase "Pizza! Pizza!", which was introduced in 1979. The phrase refers to two pizzas being offered for the comparable price of a single pizza from competitors. Initially, the pizzas were served in a single long package (a piece of corrugated cardboard in 2-by-1 proportions, with two pizzas placed side by side, then slid into a form-fitting paper sleeve that was folded and stapled closed). In 1988, they introduced a square deep-dish pizza called “Pan! Pan!”. Customers could purchase the “Pan! Pan!” pizzas as part of the 2-for-1 deal or mix and match with one pan pizza and one original round pizza. Little Caesars has since discarded the unwieldy packaging in favor of typical pizza boxes. For a time, in addition to pizza, the menu included hot dogs, chicken, sub sandwiches, shrimp, and fish.

In the '90s, the chain opened its pizza playground restaurant named "Caesarland", which featured interactive play equipment, sports, video games, and more.

In 1997, the chain introduced shaker boards to advertise its "Hot-N-Ready Pizza", a large pepperoni pizza sold for $5. The concept was successful enough to become a permanent fixture of the chain, and Little Caesars' business model has shifted to focus more on carryout.

In 1998, Little Caesars filled what was then the largest pizza order, filling an order of 13,386 pizzas from the VF Corporation of Greensboro, North Carolina.

Little Caesars was among the first to use a new kind of speed-cooking conveyor oven, the "Rotary Air Impingement Oven".

On December 10, 2014, Little Caesars announced plans for a new eight-story, 205,000-square-foot Global Resource Center to be built at Woodward Avenue and Columbia Street in downtown Detroit. Intended to double the size of Little Caesars World Headquarters Campus, the new building's location was chosen near the Fox Office Center building, which houses both the Fox Theatre, and 186,000 square feet of office space for Little Caesars, and other Ilitch-affiliated ventures. An overhead pedestrian bridge over Columbia Street was planned to connect the Fox with the new Little Caesars Global Resource Center and workspace for an additional 600 jobs to be brought to Detroit over time. On January 31, 2016, it was announced that the proposed new Little Caesars Pizza Global Resource Center had grown by one floor to be a nine-story building at Woodward and Columbia Street. The building was scheduled to be completed in 2018, but in October of that year, was pushed back due to construction delays.

In 2017, to coincide with the opening of Little Caesars Arena, the company launched a slightly updated logo, which removed Caesar's chest hair, updated the wreath, and updated the toga to have hidden letters spelling "LC" for "Little Caesars". The company also started using the updated Caesar in its advertising, replacing the more cartoonish Caesar that had been used in ads since the 1980s.

Franchising

Little Caesars sold its first franchise in 1962 and, by 1987, had restaurants in all 50 states. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Little Caesars were commonly found in Kmart stores, more specifically in Big Kmarts and Super Kmart. Little Caesar's pizza was also included in many older, remodeled Kmart locations. The first Kmart and Little Caesars were built in Garden City, Michigan. After Kmart's bankruptcy issues, many Kmart replaced the Little Caesars with their branded "K-Cafe". However, as of 2021, one Little Caesars Kmart location remains in Guam.

Between 2008 and 2015, Little Caesars was the fastest-growing pizza chain in the United States. , the company has 5,463 locations including U.S. and international units.

The estimated total investment necessary to begin the operation of a Little Caesars Franchise ranges from $378,700 to $1,695,500.

International growth
By 1987, the company was operating across the Northern United States, purchasing the Mother's Pizza chain out of receivership in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom in 1989. As of 2022, the company is present in Canada (some Canadian cities had locations since 1969), Honduras, Nicaragua, Saudi Arabia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Colombia, Panama, Peru, Turkey, Guatemala, Barbados, Bahamas, El Salvador, Jamaica, Bahrain, Trinidad and Tobago, Chile, Spain, and Singapore.

The Little Caesars brand in the Philippines was present since the 1990s but gradually closed down in the 2000s. It re-entered the market on 25 January 2019, with its launching under a new franchisee and new branch in Ermita, Manila.

In 2019, Little Caesars restaurants in Australia closed their doors and went into administration, having entered the Australian market in 2014.

Little Caesars entered the Indian market on January 29, 2020, opening two stores in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

In December 2022, the company re-entered the UK market, opening a store in Derby.

Products
Little Caesars produces a variety of pizzas. Several core menu items are part of the HOT-N-READY menu, designed to make popular items available for immediate carry-out, while others are considered either specialty pizzas or custom pizzas. In 2013, they added the Deep! Deep! Dish Pizza, a Detroit-style pizza, to the menu.

Additional entrée options include flavored Caesar Wings and bread, such as Crazy Bread and Italian Cheese Bread. Select locations offer salads. All Little Caesars locations carry Pepsi products. Little Caesars also sells brownies.

In 1996, they introduced Pizza by the Foot, a three-foot-long rectangular pizza. The product has since been discontinued; however, its equivalent, Pizza by the Meter, has been sold in the Saudi Arabian market since the 90s and is a top-rated product. On occasion, Little Caesars releases limited time offers. In 2014, they introduced the Soft Pretzel Crust Pizza, and in 2015, the "Bacon Wrapped Deep! Deep! Dish Pizza."

In May 2019, Little Caesars began testing a pizza with meatless sausage made by Impossible Foods.

In June 2020, Little Caesars reintroduced Stuffed Crazy Bread. They first introduced it in 1995. The original Crazy Bread was first introduced in 1982.

Sponsorships
In September 2022, Little Caesars became the official pizza sponsor of the National Football League.

Love Kitchen
The Little Caesars Love Kitchen is a kitchen on wheels that serves pizza to those in need. Former Presidents Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush recognized the Love Kitchen by awarding Little Caesars with The President's Volunteer Action Award Citation.

title: Little Caesars


text:
Martín Carrera

Martín Carrera Sabat (20 December 1806 – 22 April 1871) was a Mexican general, senator, and interim president of the country for about a month in 1855. He was a moderate Liberal.

Martin Carrera was a Mexican soldier and politician who briefly served as president during the fall of Santa Anna's last dictatorship in 1854. His career as a soldier began while he was still a child, and he played an active role in Mexico's military throughout his whole life. He began to play political roles during the Centralist Republic of Mexico and served in congress, while also serving more than once as a member of the council of state.

His presidency came about as the Plan of Ayutla was succeeding against Santa Anna. The latter left the capital, and a junta of representatives proclaimed their loyalty towards the Plan of Ayutla and elected Carrera as president. He sought to compromise between the remaining elements of the Santa Anna administration and the revolution. Despite his making many concessions towards them, the revolutionary leaders did not trust Carrera, and unable to secure the loyalty of the departments, Carrera resigned after about a month in office.

Early life
Martin Carrera was born in Puebla in 1806 to a distinguished family. His father was an artillery colonel. At the age of nine when the Mexican War of Independence had already broken out, Carrera joined the expeditionary regiment of Ferdinand VII. At the age of twelve he was made an officer, and regardless of his young age was charged with instruction of the battalion.

Independent Mexico
He joined Agustin de Iturbide's Plan of Iguala on August 30, 1821, presenting himself before the thirteenth division commanded by General Filisola. He was called upon the following year to provide his services as part of an artillery corps, and he was assigned to the defense of Veracruz, which was still menaced by the remaining Spaniards in the Fortress of San Juan de Ulua. Carrera was placed in charge of the fortifications and preparing the artillery, and he defended it when Iturbide's troops sieged the city to suppress the Plan of Veracruz against the First Mexican Empire. Shortly after he was promoted to effective colonel. At the end of 1823 he was captain placed in charge of the arsenal and the manufacture of arms in the capital. In 1828, during the Revolution of the Accordada against President-elect and Minister of War Manuel Gomez Pedraza, Carrera defended the government, and after the triumph of the revolution he was promoted by President Vicente Guerrero to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

He was placed in charge of the Ciudadela in Mexico City in April 1831. During the Federalist Revolt of 1840, he defended the government and the next year he was promoted to effective brigadier general. He was a member of the national legislative junta in 1842 charged with drafting the Bases Organicas, and he was a senator to the congress in 1844 and 1845. He was a member of the council of state in 1846 and later an advisor to the Ministry of War. He fought during the Mexican American War and saw action during the fall of Mexico City. He supported the Plan of Jalisco which brought Santa Anna back into power in 1853, and was named by interim President Lombardini, head of the troops at Mexico City. Upon returning to power Santa Anna named him to the council of state and division general in June 1853. He was made commandant general of the federal district, and later joined in the campaign in Michoacan as Santa Anna attempted to suppress revolts against his rule.

Presidency
After failing to suppress the Plan of Ayutla, Santa Anna made the decision to resign and flee the country. On the morning of August 9, with Santa Anna already in flight, the government opened one of his last orders handing the power of the executive over to a triumvirate made up of the president of the Supreme Court, Mariano Salas, and Martin Carrera, who once installed were to summon a congress to form a constitution. General Carrera, and General Romulo Diaz de la Vega, commander of the garrison at Mexico City, rejected Santa Anna's plan and rather on August 13, declared their support for the Plan of Ayutla.

The resolution in the capital which had adopted the Plan of Ayutla designated Romulo Diaz de la Vega to choose a junta of representatives from each department and from the federal district, which was to be charged with electing a president of the republic, and to serve as his council of state. The junta was constituted and Martin Carrera was elected president.

Carrera attempted to abolish the traces of Santa Anna's dictatorship and forbade the commandant generals in charge of the nation's military districts from intervening in treasury matters. He passed a proclamation to organize the national guard, reform the army, regulate the treasury and respect personal rights.

The Carrera government also had to deal with another uprising led by Antonio Haro y Tamariz who on the 13th of August, proclaimed for the downfall of Santa Anna, the abolishment of conscription, freedom of the press, and the summoning of a congress. This latest revolt flared up before news had arrived that Santa Anna had already fled. The leaders of the Ayutla movement, attempted to compromise with Haro y Tamariz.

The Plan of Ayutla was explicitly liberal, and the Carrera government was viewed as an attempt by the remnants of the Santa Anna regime to co-opt or moderate the revolution. He gained limited recognition in the departments, but Ignacio Comonfort one of the main commanders of the Ayutla movement refused to recognize Carrera. Carrera attempted to invite the revolutionary leaders for a conference at Dolores on September 16, at the symbolic location where the Mexican War of Independence began, on the exact anniversary of the Grito de Dolores, but the invitation was rejected. Carrera was losing the loyalty of the nation, and the revolutionary troops kept advancing upon the capital. Faced with the inevitable, Carrera resigned the presidency at 11 in the evening on September 11, leaving the command of the district of Mexico to chief of the garrison Romulo Diaz de La Vega, who at once chose a governing council of seven members. The garrison made a declaration to the effect that the recognition of Carrera had been nothing more than an act of expediency, they declared loyalty to the Plan of Ayutla, and proclaimed their loyalty to whatever government now came forth from it. In a manifesto published the following day Carrera hoped for his countrymen to acknowledge that he had fulfilled his promise of not causing a single tear to be shed.

Later life
After stepping down from the presidency Carrera retired to private life, but offered his services to the government during the Tripartite Expedition in 1862 though the offer was not accepted. He officially retired from military service during the Second Mexican Empire and died on April 22, 1871.

title: Martín Carrera


text:
Talk:Eleanor of Arborea

Untitled
The correct (italian) spelling is Eleonora d'Arborea. There is yet an Eleonora d'Arborea (shorter and without picture). Enzino 16:36, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) (I'm not able to join both).

Eleanor of Arborea
Here we are on the English Wikipedia, using English. The English name form is "Eleanor of Arborea". It would be easiest for readers of English pedia to FIND the information, were it "Eleanor" - they do not then need to know which is the correct Italian spelling of the name.

I suggest that all that information is collected under "Eleanor of Arborea" and the others are made redirects. 213.243.175.170 18:05, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

English Wikipedia? I thought that it was only English-spoken! I hope that some readers on WP want to know how it is the correct spelling of this name (and others). English speaking people are not alone in the world. Thanks (an English-(poor)-speaking person). Enzino 20:11, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The form "Eleanor of Arborea" wins the Google test, so I merged the pages here. However, if this name is unacceptable, be bold and change it. Gdr 19:24, 2005 Jun 26 (UTC)

 * Although Eleanora wins on Google, the sources seem generally less reliable, mainly on-line encs and similar which copy content from each other. The foreign language versions of this article all have Eleonora. The bird of prey named for this lady is Eleonora's Falcon. I therefore propose that the main article has the Eleonora spelling, with the alternative spelling as a redirect. jimfbleak 16:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Image
Is that her? The fashion is from the 1530s. --85.226.45.227 (talk) 14:40, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eleanor of Arborea


text:
User talk:Svetoslav777

help me please to call Yusupovs family URGENTLY !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

title: User talk:Svetoslav777


text:
Cremin

Cremin is a former municipality in the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. In 2017 the former municipalities of Cremin, Brenles, Chesalles-sur-Moudon, Forel-sur-Lucens and Sarzens merged into the municipality of Lucens.

History
Cremin is first mentioned in 1365 as Cremyn.

Geography
Cremin had an area,, of 1.65 km2. Of this area, 1.12 km2 or 67.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.42 km2 or 25.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.11 km2 or 6.7% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.4% and transport infrastructure made up 4.2%. Out of the forested land, 23.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 46.1% is used for growing crops and 21.8% is pastures.

The former municipality was part of the Moudon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Cremin became part of the new district of Broye-Vully.

The former municipality is located on a plateau above the left side of the Broye river, north of Lucens and on the border with the Fribourg exclave of Surpierre.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Argent and Vert, overall crossed a Garb of Wheat, a Scythe and a Flail all of Or.

Demographics
Cremin had a population of 58. , 9.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -10.9%. It has changed at a rate of -10.9% due to migration and at a rate of 1.8% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (48 or 94.1%) with the rest speaking German.

Of the population in the municipality 25 or about 49.0% were born in Cremin and lived there in 2000. There were 13 or 25.5% who were born in the same canton, while 12 or 23.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1 or 2.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 3 and the non-Swiss population increased by 1 person. This represents a population growth rate of 8.2%.

The age distribution,, in Cremin is; 2 children or 4.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 6 teenagers or 12.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 5 people or 10.2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 5 people or 10.2% are between 30 and 39, 10 people or 20.4% are between 40 and 49, and 9 people or 18.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 4 people or 8.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 4 people or 8.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 4 people or 8.2% who are between 80 and 89.

, there were 20 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 26 married individuals, 4 widows or widowers and 1 individual who was divorced.

, there were 18 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 4 households that consist of only one person and 4 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 18 households that answered this question, 22.2% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 5 married couples without children, 6 married couples with children. There were 2 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people.

there were 6 single family homes (or 35.3% of the total) out of a total of 17 inhabited buildings. There were 3 multi-family buildings (17.6%) and along with 8 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (47.1%). Of the single-family homes 2 were built before 1919, while 1 was built between 1990 and 2000.

there were 26 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 2 rooms of which there were 5. There were 1 single room apartments and 12 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 17 apartments (65.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 7 apartments (26.9%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (7.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 53.94% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (28.01%), the SP (9.72%) and the FDP (2.55%). In the federal election, a total of 24 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 63.2%.

Economy
, Cremin had an unemployment rate of 6.5%. , there were 19 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. people were employed in the secondary sector and there were businesses in this sector. 4 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector. There were 21 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 33.3% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 14. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 12, all of which were in agriculture. There were no jobs in the secondary sector. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2. In the tertiary sector, 2 or 100.0% were in a hotel or restaurant.

, there were 11 workers who commuted away from the municipality. Of the working population, 14.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 38.1% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 4 or 7.8% were Roman Catholic, while 44 or 86.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. 3 (or about 5.88% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist.

Education
In Cremin about 20 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 5 or (9.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 5 who completed tertiary schooling, 40.0% were Swiss men, 40.0% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 4 students in the Cremin school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 155 children of which 83 children (53.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There was 1 student in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 3 students in those schools.

, there were 10 students from Cremin who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Cremin


text:
World Team Cup

The World Team Cup was the international men's team championship of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The inaugural edition of the tournament was contested in 1975 in Kingston, Jamaica and was called the Nations Cup. No tournament was held in 1976 and 1977. From 1978 through 2012 the tournament was held annually in Düsseldorf, Germany. It was generally considered to be second most prestigious men's team competition in tennis after the Davis Cup.

Every year, the eight nations whose top two male players have achieved the highest combined placings in the men's world rankings at the end of the previous year were invited to compete for the cup.

The competition was played on clay courts in Düsseldorf, Germany. The event was generally regarded as the sports highlight of the social scene in the Düsseldorf area. It attracted around 75,000 visitors every year and was televised to over 160 countries.

From 1978 to 1981 the tournament was held under the name "Ambre Solaire Nations Cup", from 1982 until 1986 it was named "Ambre Solaire World Team Cup", from 1987–1999 "Peugeot World Team Cup" and from 2000 the event's main sponsor until 2010 was the ARAG Insurance Group, and its sponsored name was the "ARAG World Team Cup".

After ARAG discontinued sponsorship for the event and organizers failed to find a new sponsor, the 2011 edition of the tournament was initially cancelled. However, a new sponsor — Power Horse — was found in January 2011 and the 2011 edition took place between May 15–21 under the name "Power Horse World Team Cup".

In October 2012 it was announced that the World Team Cup event would be discontinued and replaced by the Power Horse Cup, an ATP 250 tournament in Düsseldorf.

In September 2017 it was announced that there were plans to revive the tournament: the ATP had proposed a 24 team tournament to be played over 10 days at venues around Australia in January, which would offer 1000 ranking points to any player who won all their matches.

In January 2018 it was mooted to start in 2019 or 2020 with the backing from Tennis Australia, In the end, the ATP decided to launch the competition as the ATP Cup, a separate tournament to the World Team Cup, in 2020.

On 7 August 2022, Tennis Australia announced that the ATP Cup would be shut down, to be replaced by a mixed-gender United Cup from 2023.

Fair Play Trophy
Presented since 1989, the Fair Play Trophy was awarded by an international jury of tennis journalists and the captains of the competing nations.

title: World Team Cup


text:
Talk:Magoun Square

Sloane Square
I removed the following, which was unsourced.
 * The square is officially named "Sloane Square" and signs in the square indicate it as such, but area residents have always called it by its older name, Magoun Square.

The City of Somerville website calls it Magoun Square. Jim - Jameslwoodward (talk • contribs) 12:57, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Named after Thatcher Magoun?
This article, along with a couple of others that link to it, currently claim that Magoun Square is named after Thatcher Magoun. However, the references and external links currently provided don't seem to establish this connection, and I haven't been able to locate any non-Wikipedia-related sources to back up this claim. However, there are other references, here and here, along with the Adams-Magoun House article, that suggest that Magoun Square is actually named after John Calvin Magoun. Therefore, I'm replacing references to Thatcher Magoun with John Calvin Magoon. Of course, if anyone has additional information that sheds additional light on this, it is certainly welcome.--GregRM (talk) 03:06, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Magoun Square. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030330/http://www.somervillema.gov/CoS_Content/documents/SomervilleStimulusRequests2009.pdf to http://www.somervillema.gov/CoS_Content/documents/SomervilleStimulusRequests2009.pdf

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title: Talk:Magoun Square


text:
Wikipedia:Association of Copyright Violation Hunting Wikipedians

Who We Are
Our visions and missions are simple.

Frankly, we are a Search and Destroy group. We sift through the miles and miles of Wikis to find articles that are in direct violation of a copyright. We are the snitches and narcs of Wikipedia; our reason for existing is to sniff out plagerized and content that hasn't been permitted by the holder of the copyright.

Our members
To join, all one must do is list their name (and optionally, kill count) here. Please add your name at the bottom.

 * 1) Linuxbeak; 20 articles tagged
 * 2) Idont Havaname; I don't tag articles. I just rewrite them right away to save other people some trouble.  (I only did that on the first few that I caught.  Note that after Angela's message, which she posted in June 2005, I started tagging copyvios in keeping with the instructions at Copyright violations. --Idont Havaname 02:33, 24 October 2005 (UTC)) ::Please don't. That only means the violation is kept in the page history. If the article is new, it is best to list it for deletion and rewrite it on a temporary page that can be moved there after the history is removed. Angela. :::Ok.  I tagged five articles yesterday and today. --Idont Havaname 07:08, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) HopeSeekr of xMule; 10 tagged articles. MSN Search works better than Google because a lot more smaller sites are visited more often, I've found.
 * 4) Gurubrahma; 5 tagged
 * 5) Perl


text:
Waltensburg/Vuorz

Waltensburg/Vuorz is a former municipality in the Surselva Region in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Andiast and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged into the municipality of Breil/Brigels.

History
Waltensburg/Vuorz was first mentioned in 765 as Vorce. The German name of Waltensburg is first mentioned in 1209 as Waltramsburg, which was an older name of the castle Jörgenberg. While the Romansh speaking population used the older, Romansh name of Vorce (meaning: "a river fork") the former name of the castle moved to include the village. At about the same time, the castle came to be known as Jörgenberg from the name of the nearby early medieval fortified Church of St George.

In the Middle Ages, the nearby settlements on Ladral (1530 m) and Jörgenberg belonged to Waltensburg. In the area surrounding Waltensburg/Vuorz there are three other medieval fortresses, Grünenfels (Chischlatsch), home of the Freiherren of Grünenfels in the 13th century, Kropfenstein and Vogelberg (Cafoghel).

In 1734 the municipality of Waltensburg, which at that time included Rueun, Siat, Pigniu, Andiast and Schlans, bought the last rights of the Jörgenberg fief. The parish church of St. Leodegar is first mentioned in 1241. The parish of Waltensburg included Andiast until 1526, when Waltensburg was the only municipality in the Bündner Oberland that converted to the Reformed faith. A procession from Roman Catholic Andiast through Waltensburg toward Rueun in 1682 started the Fahnenkrieg (Flag War) in the valley.

Until 1963 the municipality was financially stable from water and forest use taxes and did not have property taxes. However, starting in 1961 many of the small farms began to combine into a few larger operations which led to the emigration of many farmers to Ilanz, Domat/Ems and Chur. The growth of tourism in many Romansh villages has brought some of this population back.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent St. George armoured Azure caped Gules and Or and haloed and with lance of the last riding a Horse Sable harnessed of the third killing a Dragon Vert. The coat of arms features St. George who is the patron saint of the church and who the castle, Burg Jörgenberg, is named after.

Geography
The village of Waltensburg/Vuorz is a linear village located, before 2017, in the Ruis sub-district of the Surselva district, at an elevation of 1008 m on a terrace north of, and some 250 m above the Vorderrhein. Until 1943 Waltensburg/Vuorz was known as Waltensburg.

The municipality of Waltensburg/Vuorz has an area,, of 32.3 km2. This includes land on both sides of the Vorderrhein, and rising on the north side to the summit of the mountain of Ruchi, at an elevation of 3107 m and on the border with the canton of Glarus. Of this area, 36.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (39.9%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

Demographics
Waltensburg/Vuorz has a population (as of ) of. , 4.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -11.9%. Most of the population speaks Romansh (63.4%), with German being second most common (32.4%) and Dutch being third ( 1.3%).

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. The age distribution,, in Waltensburg/Vuorz is; 54 children or 14.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 57 teenagers or 14.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 32 people or 8.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 48 people or 12.5% are between 30 and 39, 47 people or 12.3% are between 40 and 49, and 44 people or 11.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 40 people or 10.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 37 people or 9.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 22 people or 5.7% who are between 80 and 89,and there are 2 people or 0.5% who are between 90 and 99.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 31.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (30.5%), the FDP (19.2%) and the CVP (17.4%).

In Waltensburg/Vuorz about 75.7% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

Waltensburg/Vuorz has an unemployment rate of 0.6%. , there were 46 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 19 businesses involved in this sector. 4 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 2 businesses in this sector. 58 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 16 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Swiss Reformed Church of Waltensburg/Vuorz with frescoes, the prehistoric settlement and medieval castle at Jörgenberg, the Richtstätte / Galgen Fuortgas and the ruins of Kropfenstein Castle are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.

Archeological excavations on the Jörgenberg have uncovered traces of a Bronze Age settlement, an Iron Age Raetian settlement and some Roman items. The Reformed parish church of St. Leodegar was first mentioned in 1241. The frescoes are the work of the unknown Waltensburg Master and were done between 1350 and 1450.

title: Waltensburg/Vuorz


text: Category:Australian authors

title: Category:Australian authors


text:
Manuel María Lombardini

Manuel María Lombardini de la Torre (1802-1853) was a Mexican soldier who served as president briefly for about three months in 1853. He rose to power in the wake of a revolution against the government of President Mariano Arista. After Arista and his successor Juan Ceballos resigned, the insurgents elevated Lombardini to the presidency as a matter of convenience, and he was only ever meant to serve as a placeholder while the true aim of the insurgents, the restoration of Santa Anna, was carried out. Lombardini would resign accordingly on April 20, and he died of pneumonia in December of the same year.

Early life
Manuel María Lombardini was born in Mexico City in 1802, and joined the military at a young age, serving with merit as a member of the artillery corps. In August, 1814 he was a member of the Patriots of Tacubaya company, and fought in the War of Mexican Independence on the side of the Spanish, before switching sides in August, 1821 to join Agustin de Iturbide's Plan of Iguala. He presented himself before the Sixth Cavalry Squadron at Toluca, and under the command of General Filisola took part in the siege of Mexico City. He left the military one year later, but political developments which led up to the Arenas Conspiracy, a plot to restore Spanish rule in 1827, led him to return to military service.

First Mexican Republic
During the First Mexican Republic, he joined the liberal Yorkino Party as a sublieutenant, and joined in the assault made at Tulancingo on January 7, 1828, against the Plan of Montaño in which the conservative Esoces Party led by Nicolas Bravo attempted to overthrow the government of Guadalupe Victoria. Lombardini continued to champion the causes of the Yorkino Party which included the demand for public offices, and the expulsion of the Spaniards, but during the Revolution of the Accordada during which liberal supporters fought against president elect and Minister of War Manuel Gomez Pedraza he remained loyal to the government of Guadalupe Victoria.

He took part in the Plan of Jalapa against Vicente Guerreo in 1829 and was in charge of the forces destined to fight Guerrero's partisans in Chietla and Oaxaca. In 1830 he reached the rank of lieutenant. He joined the Plan of Veracruz against President Bustamante in April, 1832, joining the forces of General Ignacio Inclan with twenty five armed soldiers from Mexico City. He was made captain of veterans at the end of the year after joining the forces of Colonel Valencia in the fight against Bustamante in September 1832.

As Valencia's assistant he entered to Zumpango took part in the taking of Lerma and Toluca and in the siege of Mexico City, seeing action as well at Casas Blancas. He also fought at the Rancho de Posadas, and upon winning there was granted the rank of lieutenant colonel by Santa Anna. He took the town of Zacapoaxtla and established order there. Bustamante would be overthrown in December 1832 and the triumphant liberals would elect Santa Anna and Valentin Gomez Farias, but discontent over the new administration caused another revolution to flare up, eventually joined by Santa Anna who had switched sides to the conservatives. Lombardini would also switch sides and in June 1834 he distinguished himself at the siege of Puebla, taking part in the conservative Plan of Cuernavaca which overthrew president Valentin Gomez Farias. He was granted the rank of lieutenant, and Battalion Number 11 was placed at his disposal.

Centralist Republic of Mexico

Under the Centralist Republic of Mexico, in 1836, he joined the campaign against Texas which had already won a de facto independence in 1835, unrecognized by Mexican authorities. He was placed under the command of Nicholas Bravo, in 1836, but when the Pastry War broke out, he joined the struggle against the French, marching towards Veracruz and afterward Tuxpam with the forces commanded by General Cos.

During the Federalist Revolt of 1839 against the rule of President Anastasio Bustamante who had returned to power, he was taken prisoner by the federalist commanders Urrea and Mejia. He returned in Mexico in time for the Federalist Revolt of 1840, during which insurgents took control of the National Palace and during which warfare devastated the capital for twelve days. He joined Valencia during another revolt, against President Anastasio Bustamante on August 31, 1841, not aimed at restoring the federalist system, but upon establishing a stronger more centralist system which came to be known as the Bases of Tacubaya.

He fought bravely during the Mexican-American War, and was wounded at the Battle of Angostura. When Mexican forces evacuated the capital in September, 1847, they did so under Lombardini's command. After the war ended he was made a commander in the capital. He defended the troops who lost their jobs in the wake of the Arista administration's vast downsizing measures, and when revolution flared up, he came to an arrangement with the leaders of the Plan of Jalisco in 1852. Both President Arista and President Ceballos resigned after being able to control the revolution and the insurgents then chose Lombardini as the new president on February 8.

Presidency
Lombardini was a mere placeholder while the final aim of the insurgents, the restoration of Santa Anna, was carried out. He formed no cabinet, but attended to the different ministries through existing subordinate officials. He had no experience or talents as an administrator, and his brief reign was marked by corruption, confusion and disorder, especially in the financial sphere. The army swelled in expenses and commissions.

Meanwhile, the state authorities, which had been charged by the insurgents with electing the new president, decided on March 17 to elect Santa Anna to the presidency. Lombardini now began receiving orders from Santa Anna, and on April 12, Lombardini granted Santa Anna the title of captain-general. Lombardini officially handed over the office of president on April 20.

Later life
After resigning from the presidency, Lombardini retained the post of chief of the capital garrison, and continued to support Santa Anna. His health declined however, and he died of pneumonia on December 22, 1853. His death received very little attention, having been overshadowed by the restoration of Santa Anna.

title: Manuel María Lombardini


text: Category:Carmen Electra albums

title: Category:Carmen Electra albums


text:
Juan Bautista Ceballos

Juan Bautista Loreto Mucio Francisco José de Asís de la Santísima Trinidad Ceballos Gómez Sañudo (1811-1859) was a Mexican politician who served in congress and in the supreme court before being briefly made president after the resignation of President Mariano Arista during a revolution known as the Plan of Jalisco in 1853. He failed to come to any sort of arrangements with the insurgents and resigned after only about a month of serving and went back to his seat on the supreme court. After being removed from the court by the restored Santa Anna, he left the country and died in Paris in 1859.

Early life
Juan B. Ceballos was born in Durango in 1811. His family moved from Durango to Valladolid (Morelia) when he was very young. He received his education there, culminating in a law degree from the College of San Nicolás in 1835. While at the college, he became friends with Melchor Ocampo and Santos Degollado. He would go on to serve in congress during the Mexican American War, and his distinguished service there led him to be elected by the states as president of the Supreme Court in 1852. During his tenure he was known for striking down as unconstitutional a presidential decree restricting the press.

As President Mariano Arista lost the adherence of most of the country to the revolutionary Plan of Jalisco, which had first been proclaimed in June, 1852, he decided to resign, which he did so officially on January 5, 1853. That midnight, Juan B. Ceballos was called to the National Palace and let known that the presidency had now passed on to him. Former President Arista left the Palace at half past thirty in the morning, leaving his official resignation with the Minister of Relations Arroyo to be handed over to congress.

Search for compromise
Ceballos took the oath of office on January 6, 1853, and proceeded to form a government. General Blanco was made Minister of War, J.A. de la Fuente was made Minister of Relations. Lodron De Guevara was made Minister of Justice, and J.M. Urdiqui was made Minister of Finance.

Congress granted Ceballos extraordinary powers for three months conditional upon not changing the form of government or existing treaties nor deciding in ecclesiastical affairs, private property, and privileges of state or federal supreme powers. As the resignation of Arista and installation of Ceballos had been undertaken to find a peaceful compromise with the revolutionists, Ceballos also released political prisoners, issued an amnesty for political offenders, and invited the governors to assist in diminishing the hostilities, and arriving at a peaceful arrangement, and Ceballos also abolished the changes that Arist had made to tariffs at the Gulf Ports. He proposed recognizing the state officials that had been raised to power by the insurgents and restitution of the officials that had been removed unjustly by Arista.

Dissolution of Congress
Congress was not collaborating with these reforms, and many members were not even attending sessions, giving an undue voice to the remaining opposition. At long last, Ceballos simply decided to give in to the demands of the insurgents, but in such a manner as would retain the possibility of being placed at the head of the movement. On January 19, a bill was presented in the lower house calling for a national convention to frame a federal constitution, choose a president and promote harmony and there was great outcry amongst the deputies who were being invited to essentially dissolve their own authority. Ceballos and his ministers were denounced as treasonous, threatened with revocation of their extraordinary power, and even by arraignment. Ceballos responded by dissolving congress.

Congress then met at a private home to impeach Ceballos and attempt to elect a new president. The governor of Puebla, Mugica y Osorio was elected, but he declined to serve. Marcelino Castaneda, vice president of the Supreme Court was then chosen, accepted, but on passing to Puebla in order to be installed, was not allowed to pass by the legislature of Puebla which demanded to see authorization from the Senate, which having been dispersed, could not provide any authorization, so Castaneda had to retreat.

Ceballos, meanwhile learning that the congress was engaging in such political intrigues, dispersed the meetings and prevented them from being held. His ministers resigned in response, but Blanco remained, and invited the revolutionary leader Uraga to a conference.

Downfall
Ceballos, feeling himself strengthened used the opportunity to seek a loan and increase the tariffs, but lenders were uneasy, as the fall of the government seemed imminent, and only disagreements between the insurgents seemed to be delaying the inevitable. Some revolutionary leaders sought to maintain the federal system, others to revive the Bases of Tacubaya, some wished to raise Santa Ana to power, and one could even hear monarchists among the murmurs.

Former Minister of War General Robles Pezuela, who was now in charge of leading government troops in Guadalajara retired into Guanajuato and came to an understanding with governor Ledo a moderate liberal with conservative ties. They decided to join forces with Uraga, and the three established a new revolutionary plan, adopted at Arroyozarco near Queretaro on February 4, 1853. The new plan empowered Uraga to appoint a junta of notables, which had to elect a president with dictatorial powers to act until a congress, called within a year, should issue a new constitution.

Seeing a loss of all his authority in the new plan, Ceballos rejected it, but he had already lost all the power needed to enforce his decision. Minister Blanco now sided with Lombardini, in charge of the garrison at Mexico City. In order to gain the adherence of the states the Plan of Arroyozarco was modified to let the state legislatures choose the dictator, adding a clause allowing exiled citizens to be amongst the candidates, a device clearly meant to allow the election of Santa Anna.

Ceballos, recognizing the inevitable, and refusing to play a role in the restoration of Santa Anna, resigned on February 7, 1853, to his former position on the Supreme Court. The insurgents chose Lombardini as his successor.

Later life
Ceballos was removed from the court by the restored Santa Anna and went into exile. As Santa Anna was overthrown by a liberal movement in 1855, Ceballos did not lack supporters who wished to see him back in the presidency, but Ceballos did not wish to return to public life and settled in France. He fell gravely ill and was visited by prominent Mexicans living in France at the time. He died in Paris on August 20, 1859.

title: Juan Bautista Ceballos


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trojan Skinheads

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to skinhead moink 11:45, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Trojan Skinheads
Duplicates info on Skinhead and Two Tone. The first paragraph is merely a dicdef and is similar to what is given for the "traditional skinheads" category on Skinhead, which category explicitly includes Trojan Skinheads. The terms are essentially synonymous, and any difference is individual interpretation. The remainder of this article gives "Trojan Skinheads" a weakly related and unverifiable definition (no supporting hits on Google) as a "music style" and movement or period subculture in the UK, but the same author used identical text to define Two Tone and the latter term is widely used for the music. If the vote is to keep, with the idea that there may be more to say about Trojan Skinheads as a distinct group (doubtful), then all but the first paragraph should be deleted, the page should be marked as a stub, and it should be renamed to the singular. - Unconventional 17:16, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with User:Unconventional. Megan1967 06:51, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Skinhead. Dbiv 19:35, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect, unless someone comes up w a sound justification for a separate article. Sam Spade 07:16, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.