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Talk:Storyville, New Orleans

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All that Jazz
Could someone please explain who and where some early form of jazz is called "Storyville jazz" as the article claims? Wondering, -- Infrogmation 06:56, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Mayor Beherman quote is in Rose's book among other places (it was long fairly well known). I've edited down the description of San Francisco "cribs" -- rather interesting stuff, but a long discussion seems tangential to this article. If we don't yet have that info in an article on historic prostitution in San Francisco, perhaps we should. If we do, a link to that article might be better here than a paragraph going over that material. -- Infrogmation 02:57, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Your edits are interesting because, according to Rosen, black men were not permitted access to New Orleans' brothels. --Strothra 03:01, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * well, that is unless Rosen is restricting her study of New Orleans only to what you consider as "Storyville proper." Further, note that I cited a book by Ruth Rosen (a woman), a distinguished historian and journalist at the University of California - Berkeley.--Strothra 03:04, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I need to divide this into a couple of points. 1) I say "Storyville proper" as there is some debate among recent scholars as to whether the term "Storyville" should be widened to include the quasi-legal brothel district on the Uptown side of Canal Street in addition to the downtown district discussed in the article. Some New Orleanians of the time (including Louis Armstrong) included the Uptown brothel area when they refered to "Storyville". (Perhaps that should be mentioned in an eventual expansion of the article.) 2)The Uptown district (around where the new City Hall is now) did indeed have black prostitutes serving black johns. 3)Black or colored men were not legally allowed to be johns in the downtown district, but there was no bar on black men as employees -- blacks worked in the districts in various contexts including musicians, butlers, janitors, doormen, etc, even as vendors roving the streets on wagons and with push carts. (As there were other areas in the US South in the era of segregation where black men were absolutely prohibited in all contexts, this distinction is worth noting to be precise.) Cheers, -- Infrogmation 03:20, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

2 removed sentences
I have removed from the article sentences reading "In New Orleans, brothels were segregated into black and white houses. Black men, however, were not permitted to access either house." The second sentence is touched on above; black men couldn't be johns in the downtown houses for white johns but there where other places within the city where they could. They were "permitted to access" the houses for white johns to the extent that they were hired help (if "permitted access" is intended as a euphamism for hiring the prostitutes, plainer language would be clearer.) Statement that brothels were "segregated into black and white houses" seems inaccurate as well; for example one house offered an "around the world tour" for well heeled customers featuring women from every continent. -- Infrogmation 03:39, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Rosen's research is clear and well-cited. Black men were not legally allowed to purchase the services of either black or white brothels in New Orleans.  Simply because you disagree with the historical research on the topic by well respected academic and historian does not mean that you should remove the cited information without provided counter citations.  If you can provide counter citations, then there would clearly be a dispute over this topic which exists in the academic realm and thus both sides must be presented in the article.  Otherwise cited material from a reliable source should remain in the article per wiki policies on citation and verifiability. No claim was made that black men were not allowed to enter as workers.  I entered more specific text to this effect. --Strothra 03:47, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As I mentioned on your talk page, I have not read Rosen's work, but until I have a chance to I cast no aspersions on it what soever and have no reason to doubt that it is a good work. I am trying to be specific on a few points according to what I do have some information on. (On a few points I wasn't sure if the problem might be an inaccurate sumary-- for example the laws regulating Storyville narrowly defined are not the same as for all of New Orleans.) While I am at present ignorant about the work you mentioned, I am not completely ignorant of the subject of Storyville. In addition to reading a fair amount of published material I have worked with some original oral history and sources. I would like a citation of the particular law that stating no colored man could use a brothel anywhere in the city. Perhaps there was such which I am not familiar with-- if so, it was an example of a quite selectively enforced law, as there were very open brothels for colored men which were far from secret. I'd also like to know what years the law was in force. BTW, by some readings of the Storyville ordinences, prostitution and patronizing prostitutes was illegal for people of all colors, as the laws specified additional restrictions and penalties for such activities outside of the District without specifically repealing the earlier laws making such activities illegal throughout the State of Louisiana. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 04:13, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I hardly assume that you are ignorant of Storyville's history and are probably far more aware of it's popular history than myself. For that information regarding the unpermitted nature of black men purchasing services in brothels Rosen actually cites your book by Rose entitled, Storyville, page 67.  She also cite Herbert Asbury's The Barbary Coast. She does not cite specific law, although I'm quite sure that all of those laws and regulations are publicly accesible using only a little time in the state archives.  Her mentioning of it is made in passing since she uses it as only a small part of a much larger study of prostitution throughout the country.  Due to the Victorian concept of black sexuality and its transition fo the Progressive era, I feel that any such brothels designated solely for black men would have provoked serious social reaction which would not have been missed by such a study.  --Strothra 04:30, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Where is Black Storyville?
There was a second Storyville for blacks, commonly called "Black Storyville" on the uptown side of Canal Street. See the map in Subversive Sounds: Race and the Birth of Jazz in New Orleans by Charles Hersch. This was a rough district, with some of the wilder early jazz halls, like the famous Funky Butt Hall. Why isn't it here? Is it listed somewhere else? 76.22.20.146 (talk) 07:42, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * It's mentioned briefly at the end of the fourth paragraph. It was never a part of official Storyville, but probably merits a better description. The only source I have is Asbury and he doesn't talk about it much. If you have a copy of Subversive Sounds, why don't you add some text and a reference? Rees11 (talk) 14:35, 24 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was around where the City Hall complex is now. I agree that's a point that should be expanded on. (Though as you can see above in the talk page, at least one editor seems to dispute it.) -- Infrogmation (talk) 16:45, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the dispute was more over the law than the practice, understandable as the law was apparently ambiguous. I don't think anyone disputes the existence of "black Storyville," although I'm not sure everyone agrees it was called that. And since it was never a legally defined district, it would be hard to define the boundaries. Rees11 (talk) 21:11, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Removed Parenthetical
I removed the parenthetical "(the term "crib" originated in San Francisco's red-light district)" because this is certainly untrue. "Crib" is used in Dicken's 1838 "Oliver Twist" in this general context, which was almost certainly not the first use thereof in English literature and I find it nigh impossible that San Francisco slang made its way to early Victorian England, where Charles Dickens picked it up. San Francisco in 1838 was a sleepy backwater of less than 1,000 residents, an old mission town, it didn't start to grow until the Gold Rush 11 years after Oliver Twist was published. There is no way the parenthetical I removed is accurate. Bizlawprof 20:31, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

Citation Needed?
Does anyone have a source to show they were peddling drugs out of Storyville as well? MsGingerHoneycutt (talk) 18:44, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Additional brothel proprietors
From the listed May O'Brien you are redirected to May Lorna O'Brien, which obviously wasn't any of the brothel proprietors. 165.225.80.106 (talk) 07:54, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Music
Hello all, I have just added new information to the music section and cleaned up the syntax of the section with cited sources."psithurism311" (talk) 23:20, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Adding some info on Archaelogical dig
I was thinking of adding some content about the recent archaelogical digs on Bienville street that found some items from Storyville. I don't know if it will add much to the article, but it points to children being very present in the area which would connect to Louis Armstrong spending time there as a child as well. Anyone have thoughts? AshleyQman (talk) 16:00, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Reference link broken
The reference link to number 17 is broken. I'm trying to see if I can find an alternate source before I delete it. Anyone know where to find a reference to the ladies waving to the trains?AshleyQman (talk) 00:06, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Storyville, New Orleans


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Phillip Glasser

Phillip Alexander Glasser (born October 4, 1978) is an American producer and a former actor. He is best known for providing the voice of Fievel Mousekewitz in An American Tail and its sequel An American Tail: Fievel Goes West.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phillip Glasser


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Korporatsioon Revelia

Korporatsioon Revelia (also Korp! Revelia) is an all-male fraternity in Estonia. It was founded in 1920.

title: Korporatsioon Revelia


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Pitman arm

A Pitman arm is a shaft that translates rotary or angular movement into linear movement, or vice versa. Pitman arms are commonly found in water pumping windmills, automotive steering systems, and sewing machines.

In windmills, the Pitman arm connects the driving gear to the pumping arm. It translates the rotary power from the wind blades to the up-and-down motion of the pumping arm.

In automotive or truck steering systems, the Pitman arm acts as a linkage attached to the steering box (see recirculating ball) sector shaft, it converts the angular motion of the sector shaft into the linear motion needed to steer the wheels. The arm is supported by the sector shaft and supports the drag link or center link with a ball joint. It transmits the motion it receives from the steering box into the drag (or center) link, causing it to move left or right to turn the wheels in the appropriate direction. The idler arm is attached between the opposite side of the center link from the Pitman arm and the vehicle's frame to hold the center or drag link at the proper height.

"Pitman arm" can also refer to a component in a treadle sewing machine that connects the foot pedal to the crankshaft of the lower flywheel. In this case, the Pitman arm works similarly to a connecting rod in an engine in which the up and down force applied at one end of the arm translates to pushing and pulling alternately on the eccentric part of the crankshaft to achieve continuous rotation of the crankshaft and flywheel. The bearing connecting the Pitman arm to the crankshaft is known as the Pitman bearing. Early Pitman arms (up until around 1905) were made of wood, whereas later Pitman arms were made of steel. Wooden Pitman arms usually employed a simple wooden bushing around a steel shaft at both ends. The later steel Pitman arms usually used a ball joint at the lower pivot point and a ball bearing for the Pitman bearing at the top.

title: Pitman arm


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User:Overand

Overand is a longtime wikipedia user who began editing on a casual basis in April, 2005.

Overview

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My userboxes are pretty out of date.

I consider myself to be an electronic musician, as well as an amateur photographer. My interests are varied, but usually hit upon Music, Computers, Programming, Philosophy, Hiking, and some other areas you can ascertain by looking at my contributions. (Note that I don't ONLY edit pages with topics that interest me or that I 'agree with,' so you'll find some weird stuff in there that just simply needed editing.) I'm also a bit of an IRC nut.

Bio
I live in the United States, and was born in 1981. I've worked in various fields, but I try to keep Real Life and Internet Life seperate, for various privacy reasons. Professionally speaking, I'm an audio engineer who also ends up doing a fair amount of IT and programming related stuff.

Links
(I'm not posting any personal ones just yet.) Slashdot

title: User:Overand


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User:ElvenRaptor

ElvenRaptor is an American, born in Iowa City, Iowa, and raised in Illinois.

His true name is Andrew Lung.

Articles by ElvenRaptor:
Omri Katz

Anthros and Dungeons

Ralph E. Hayes Jr.

Magius del Cotto

Delusions of Mediocrity

Nip and Tuck

Mia's Main Index

title: User:ElvenRaptor


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Alegria, Surigao del Norte

Alegria, officially the Municipality of Alegria (Surigaonon: Lungsod nan Alegria; Lungsod sa Alegria; Bayan ng Alegria), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Surigao del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 16,184 people.

History
Alegria was created by Republic Act No. 5239. It was originally the sitio of Anahaw founded by immigrants from the municipality of Bacuag. Sitio Anahaw was situated near Lake Mainit, and would often be flooded due to heavy rains. During rainy seasons, the local families transferred to a place now called Alegria.

The name Alegria was derived from the Spanish word which means "lively". Its name was given by Judge Sixto Olga who happened to spend a night in the place. The people offered him a party dance. Because their affair was lively he told the people to change the name Anahaw to Alegria.

Alegria became a barrio in 1927. It was formerly one of the biggest barrios in the municipality of Mainit. The municipality extends from the boundary of Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte, to Pungtod and Dayano that is the boundary of the mother municipality of Mainit.

Barangays
Alegria is politically subdivided into 12 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
 * Alipao
 * Anahaw
 * Budlingin
 * Camp Eduard (Geotina)
 * Ferlda
 * Gamuton
 * Don Julio Ouano
 * Ombong
 * Poblacion (Alegria)
 * Pongtud
 * San Juan
 * San Pedro

Demographics
The Surigaonon language is the common local language, while Cebuano, Filipino, and English are also spoken.

Railway station (proposed)
There are plans for a Mindanao railway network with a railway station in Alegria which would be an intermediate station on a branch line between Surigao and Davao

Education
The following are schools in the center of Alegria:
 * Alegria Central Elementary School
 * Alegria National High School
 * Global Competency Based Training Center
 * Marajaw na Magbalantay Learning Center
 * Alegria Stand Alone Senior High School

title: Alegria, Surigao del Norte


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Volvo B7L

The Volvo B7L is a fully low floor single-decker bus, double-decker bus and articulated bus chassis with a rear engine mounted vertically on the left of the rear overhang. It was built as a replacement for the Volvo B10L, and the Volvo Olympian, used as both a single-decker bus and a double-decker bus chassis largely in Continental Europe. The Volvo B7L was superseded by the Volvo B9L in 2006.

Design
Whilst similar to the B10L in design, both featuring a side-mounted engine, the B7L's engine was a Volvo D7C 7.3 l unit mounted vertically, as opposed to the horizontally mounted Volvo DH10/GH10 engine of the B10L; the radiator was mounted above the engine instead of the right-hand side, allowing the floor to be lower behind the rear axle. As with the B10L, B7L was also available in its articulated form, named the B7LA.

The B7L was also available as an integrally-constructed Volvo bus for Continental Europe - the Volvo 5000 (later renumbered 7500) which was assembled with aluminium bodywork, and the Volvo 7000 (later renumbered 7700) which was assembled with stainless steel bodywork. Capable of carrying over 100 passengers, these integral buses featured an entirely flat floor and three doors, the first two having a floor height of 320 mm that was capable of lowering to 230 mm via the "kneeling" function of the chassis.

Unlike the B10L, the B7L was sold only with diesel combustion engines; integrally-constructed Volvo 7000s with CNG engines were only available on the B10L chassis. CNG engines would later be reintroduced with the launch of the B9L chassis in 2005.

United Kingdom and Ireland
The B7L chassis was first introduced in the United Kingdom in 2000 as a replacement for the Volvo B10BLE and Olympian. The chassis could be fitted with a Wright Eclipse body (and Eclipse Fusion body for B7LA), as well as being demonstrated with Hispano Carrocera bodywork, however the chassis proved unpopular with UK operators due to the arrangement of engine and radiator limiting seating capacity, with the FirstGroup being the only major customer. Volvo responded by introducing the B7RLE and the B7TL for the UK market, fitted with more conventional Transverse engines.

In Ireland, Bus Éireann purchased 25 B7Ls with Wright bodies between 2001 & 2003.

The double-decker version of B7L was also sold in the United Kingdom, with ten bodied with East Lancs Nordic bodywork for use as a public bus with First Glasgow in 2002, or with the Ayats Bravo City open-top body for sightseeing services. The Plaxton President body was launched on a pre-production B7L chassis at the Coach & Bus '97 expo, however this design did not prove successful and resulted in the body being redesigned for fitment on the B7TL chassis.

In 2005, Wrightbus unveiled the Wright StreetCar, a tram-like articulated bus built on a modified B7LA chassis; the chassis has a shorter front overhang, the driver's cab was relocated to above the front axle and the radiator was relocated to the roof, giving the body a full-width rear window. Only 39 StreetCars built on the B7LA chassis were purchased by the FirstGroup, being used on its ftr bus rapid transit networks in Leeds, Swansea and York.

Continental Europe
Volvo B7L and B7LA-based buses are used in Greece. In Athens, Volvo B7LAs constructed with Saracakis bodies have been operated since 1999, with a further 62 B7Ls and 56 B7LAs, all with Elbo bodies, delivered to the city following the conclusion of the 2004 Summer Olympics. In Thessaloniki, local operator OASTH took delivery of 54 B7Ls and 22 B7LAs, all built with ELVO bodies, between 2004 and 2005; subsequent deliveries of B7Ls and B7LAs to OATSH would follow between 2005 and 2006. Many of OATSH's B7LAs were eventually withdrawn in 2019 due to serious chassis defects.

In Norway, Copenhagen was the only city in Continental Europe to operate closed-top double-decker B7L public buses. 22 East Lancs Nordic bodied Volvo B7Ls were delivered to between 2000 and 2001, with an additional 14 delivered to Arriva Danmark over the same period. All would be withdrawn from service by 2018, with many being converted to open-toppers and exported worldwide for use as sightseeing buses; the final Nordic left in original condition was purchased from Movia by the Skjoldenæsholm Tram Museum and restored to original livery.

Israel
The Volvo B7L was also popular in Israel, with most being built with Merkavim Mercury bodies, though some Israeli B7Ls have also been built with Hispano Habit bodies. The first B7L in Israel, an integral Volvo 7000 demonstrator, was introduced into service by Egged for demonstration in the cities of Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv in 1999.

Operators of the B7L in Israel include Metrodan Beersheba, who purchased B7Ls with both body styles, and Egged, Kavim, Metropoline and who purchased B7Ls built almost exclusively with Merkavim Mercury bodies.

title: Volvo B7L


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Drag link

A drag link converts rotary motion from a crank arm, to a second bellcrank, usually in an automotive steering system.

While the origin of the term is not clear, it pre-dates the automobile, and is described as in use in 1849 as a means of rotating a Ducie cultivator being operated by cable by stationary steam engine (or between engines).

Automotive use
The term is commonly used in automotive technology for the link in steering linkage that connects the drop arm (also called pitman arm) on the steering box to a steering arm which causes the wheels to steer the vehicle. Normally the drop link connects to one wheel which is connected to the other wheel by a track rod (or tie rod) which is an adjustable rod which determines the relative wheel alignment.

Typically, one end of the drag link is connected via the drop arm and steering gearbox to the steering wheel (providing the connection between the driver and the steering system); the other end is attached to one of the wheels by the steering arm.

An alternate steering mechanism is a rack and pinion, a three bar linkage that eliminates the drag link by directly moving a center link.

"The drag link connects the pitman arm to the steering arm, or in some applications it connects to the tie rod assembly. Unlike a center link, the drag link does not connect to an idler arm, and has no inner tie rod ends attached to it. On some applications the drag link swings from the front to the rear of the vehicle. On these applications the drag link connects to the steering arm located at the wheel. In some Jeep applications, the drag link will swing from right to left on the vehicle and will connect to the steering arm at the wheel. Drag links can be a solid one-piece design or an adjustable design. Many drag links have replaceable or rebuildable ends."

Effect of wear
Wear in the joints at the end of the drag link in a steering system will result in play in the steering. It will not affect the wheel alignment as that is determined by the track rod (tie rod in USA).

title: Drag link


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File:User-rob*-photo.jpg

I am the photographer of this photo and I hereby release the photo under GFDL. --Rob*

title: File:User-rob*-photo.jpg


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Emory University/archive1

Emory University
The article is well-written and provides in-depth information about a very important educational institution in the southern United States. It is a striking portrait of the history, traditions, and activities of students, administrators and faculty at Emory, and deserves to be recognized as such.
 * Note this was self-nominated by Absecon 59. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px]] plattopustalk 10:48, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. 1) Lead section needs an expansion. 2) Some pictures of the building/s itself would be useful. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px]] plattopustalk 10:48, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. I'm a grad student at Emory, but I'm not impressed by the article. Look at Yale University, University of Chicago or MIT for comparison; they're not featured articles. Some specific improvements needed: subheadings for History section, more on student clubs and organizations, a discription of the campus apart from its historical chronicle.Sayeth 21:36, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:81.52.241.86

title: User talk:81.52.241.86


text: User talk:80.130.60.148

title: User talk:80.130.60.148


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General Magic

General Magic was an American software and electronics company co-founded by Bill Atkinson, Andy Hertzfeld, and Marc Porat. Based in Mountain View, California, the company developed precursors to "USB, software modems, small touchscreens, touchscreen controller ICs, ASICs, multimedia email, networked games, streaming TV, and early e-commerce notions." General Magic's main product was Magic Cap, the operating system used in 1994 by the Motorola Envoy and Sony's Magic Link PDA. It also introduced the programming language Telescript. After announcing it would cease operations in 2002, it was liquidated in 2004 with Paul Allen purchasing most of its patents.

Apple project and spinoff (1989)
The original project started in 1989 within Apple Computer, when Marc Porat convinced Apple's CEO at the time John Sculley that the next generation of computing would require a partnership of computer, communications and consumer electronics companies to cooperate. Known as the Paradigm project, the project ran for some time within Apple, but management remained generally uninterested and the team struggled for resources. Eventually they approached Sculley with the idea of spinning off the group as a separate company, which occurred in May 1990. In 1990 Marc Porat, Andy Hertzfeld, and Bill Atkinson in Mountain View, California founded it. Apple took a minority stake in the company, with John Sculley joining the General Magic board.

Porat, Hertzfeld and Atkinson were soon joined at General Magic by Susan Kare, Joanna Hoffman (vice president of marketing), hardware pioneer Dr. Wendell Sander with his son Brian Sander, Walt Broedner and Megan Smith who joined from Apple Japan, and most of Apple's System 7 team, including Phil Goldman and soon after Bruce Leak and Darin Adler.

In 1990, Porat wrote the following note to Sculley: "A tiny computer, a phone, a very personal object . . . It must be beautiful. It must offer the kind of personal satisfaction that a fine piece of jewelry brings. It will have a perceived value even when it's not being used... Once you use it you won't be able to live without it."

Early years (1992–1994)
The company initially operated in near-complete secrecy. By 1992, some of the world's largest electronics corporations, including Sony, Motorola, Matsushita, Philips and AT&T Corporation were partners and investors in General Magic, creating significant buzz in the industry. Sculley, Motorola CEO George Fisher, Sony president Norio Ogha, and AT&T division chairman Victor Pelsen became board members. As the operations expanded, the company reportedly let rabbits roam the offices to inspire creativity.

In 1992–1993, while Sculley was still a director of General Magic, Apple entered the consumer electronics market with a poorly-received "personal digital assistant" that became the Apple Newton. By early 1993, Newton (originally designed as a tablet with no communications capabilities) started to attract market interest away from General Magic.

In February 1993, the company had 100 employees. On February 8, The New York Times referred to General Magic as "Silicon Valley's most closely watched start-up company." It reported that the company was introducing software technology called Telescript with the intent of creating a "standard for transmitting messages among any machines that compute, regardless of who makes them." The company also announced the software Magic Cap, an operating system catering to communications. Telescript would eventually come out in 1996 at the start of the internet boom.

In an article titled "Here's Where Woodstock Meets Silicon Valley," on February 27, 1993, The New York Times reported that General Magic had backing from "American Telephone and Telegraph, Sony, Motorola, Philips Electronics and Matsushita Electric Industrial." Marc Porat remained the chief executive of the company.

By 1994, the "General Magic Alliance" of cross-industry partners had expanded to 16 global telecommunications and consumer electronics companies, including Cable & Wireless, France Telecom, NTT, Northern Telecom, Toshiba, Oki, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, and Fujitsu. Each of the so-called "Founding Partners" invested up to $6 million in the company and named a senior executive to the company's "Founding Partner's Council".

The first "General Magic Alliance" hardware products, using the Magic Cap software, were two personal digital assistants (PDAs) that came out in the summer of 1994, with Motorola producing the Motorola Envoy Personal Wireless Communicator and Sony producing the US$800 1994 wireline Sony Magic Link. Alliance partner AT&T launched its PersonaLink network to host the devices, a closed network that did not connect to the emerging internet. AT&T eventually shut down the PersonaLink network in 1996.

IPO (1995)
The company launched an IPO on NASDAQ in February 1995. General Magic raised $96 million in the IPO, and a total of $200 million from 16 different investors. The company's stock value doubled after its IPO.

Portico service (1996)
Steve Markman was hired to run General Magic in 1996, and he hired Kevin Surace to head a new telephony group. This new team of 60–70 people set out to create a voice recognition-based personal assistant service that would be as close to human interaction as possible. The first service delivered was Portico (code named Serengeti during development), and the interface was called Mary, named after Mary McDonald-Lewis, who voiced Portico, Serengeti and GM's later version, OnStar. Portico synchronized to devices such as the Palm Connected Organizer and Microsoft Outlook and handled voicemail, call forwarding, email, calendar etc., all through the user's own personal 800 number. General Magic was the first company to employ a large number of linguists to make their software seem real and responses varied, with General Magic investors receiving several key patents relating to voice recognition and artificial personality.

The Portico system was also scaled back and sold through many partners including Quest and Excite. At its peak, the system supported approximately 2.5 million users. In 1997 Steve Markman hired Linda Hayes as Chief Marketing Officer, who in turn hired a new marketing team, which launched Portico. The Portico launch is attributed with lifting General Magic's stock price from $1 in 1997 to $18 in 2000.

According to Fast Company, the company's original [device] idea was "practically, dead," with people not buying General Magic devices in quantity.

Spinoffs and myTalk (1998–2000)
While Portico ran its voice portal business, the original handheld group was spun off in 1998 as Icras. The new company sold the Magic Cap OS as hardware named DataRover and focused on vertical market systems.

General Magic announced a major licensing deal and investments from Microsoft in March 1998. The deal gave Microsoft access to certain intellectual property, and helped General Magic move toward integrating Portico with Microsoft products.

The OnStar Virtual Advisor was developed at this time as well for General Motors.

In 1999 the Marketing Team developed a separate consumer product called MyTalk. Created by Kevin Wray, the MyTalk product was a success and went on to win the Computerworld Smithsonian Award for the first commercially successful voice recognition consumer product. Today MyTalk was also listed in the permanent Smithsonian Museum collection. Because of the product's momentum, the intent was to spin off Hayes’ group with Wray leading the product management. However, because of failure to agree on technology licensing terms, the spin-off stalled.

Shutdown (1999–2004)
By 1999, the company's stock had plunged significantly, with Forbes attributing the drop to "losses, layoffs and missed projections." Most of the management that was involved in bringing Portico to market left by early 2000 to pursue other interests with Internet startups. A new team was brought in led by Kathleen Layton. The new team took the company in the direction of turning its voice services into enterprise software offerings. The company announced it would cease operations on September 18, 2002. The company was liquidated in 2004. The OnStar assets were turned over to EDS to run for General Motors. The patents were auctioned by the court.

Most of the patents the company had developed were purchased by Paul Allen.

Products and technology
According to Electronics Weekly, the company "developed a precursor of USB, software modems, small touchscreens, touchscreen controller ICs, ASICs, multimedia email, networked games, streaming TV and early e-commerce notions."

Magic Cap
General Magic's main product was Magic Cap, an operating system (OS) which allowed users to "set their own rules for message alerts and acquiring information" on PDAs, according to CNET. The basic idea behind the system was to distribute the typical computing load across many machines in the network using Magic Cap, which was a fairly minimal operating system that was essentially a UI. The UI is based on a "rooms" metaphor; for example, e-mail and an address book can be found in the office, and games might be found in a living room. User applications were generally written in Magic Script, a utility language variant of the C programming language with object oriented extensions.

It was used on the Envoy PDA by Motorola and the MagicLink PDA by Sony. Sony and Motorola introduced Magic Cap devices in late 1994, based on the Motorola 68300 Dragon microprocessor. The launch suffered from a lack of real supporting infrastructure. Unlike the Newton and other PDAs being introduced at the same time, the Magic Cap system also did not rely on handwriting recognition, putting it at a marketing disadvantage. Partners ended production of Magic Cap devices by 1997.

General Magic planned to release Magic Cap software development tools with Metrowerks by the summer of 1995.

Telescript
Its other software, Telescript, was "software-agent technology that would search the Web and automatically retrieve information such as stock quotes and airline ticket prices." The script was introduced with the intent of creating a "standard for transmitting messages among any machines that compute, regardless of who makes them."

The Telescript programming language made communications a first-class primitive of the language. Telescript is compiled into a cross-platform bytecode in much the same fashion as the Java programming language, but is able to migrate running processes between virtual machines. The developers saw a time when Telescript application engines would be ubiquitous, and interconnected Telescript engines would form a "Telescript Cloud" across which mobile applications could execute.

Legacy
The company achieved many technical breakthroughs, including software modems (eliminating the need for modem chips), small touchscreens and touchscreen controller ASICs, highly integrated systems-on-a-chip designs for its partners' devices, rich multimedia email, networked games, streaming television, and early versions of e-commerce.

According to former General Magic employee Marco DeMiroz, it was the "Fairchild of the 90s."

A documentary film General Magic opened at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 20, 2018. It was later shown at the SFFilm Festival in San Francisco on November 3, 2018. The company founders had hired filmmakers including Sarah Kerruish to document their development process in the 1990s, and Kerruish included some of that original footage of General Magic's offices in the film. The film includes interviews with Marc Porat, Andy Hertzfeld, Joanna Hoffman, Megan Smith, and Tony Fadell.

title: General Magic


text:
San Beda University

San Beda University (Pamantasan ng San Beda) is a private Catholic coeducational basic and higher education institution run by the Order of Saint Benedict in San Miguel, Manila, Philippines. It was founded by the Benedictines in 1901. The main campus is situated in Mendiola, San Miguel, Manila and provides tertiary education. It has a satellite campus that provides elementary and high school education in Taytay, Rizal.

San Beda was established in 1901 by monks of the Ordo Sancti Benedicti (OSB) or Order of St. Benedict, also known as the Benedictines. Its founder, St. Benedict, is acclaimed as the "Father of Western Monasticism" and the "Patron of Europe". It is attached to the Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat, founded from the Abbey of Montserrat in Cataluña, Spain.

San Beda started as an all-boys grade school in Manila and given the name El Colegio de San Beda. It has since expanded to a full university with both undergraduate and post-graduate degree programs. The institution was given university status on February 6, 2018, making it the only Benedictine university found in the Asia-Pacific region.

Origin

In 1895, 14 Benedictine monks from the Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat in Spain arrived in the Philippines. Their intent was to do mission work in Surigao. However, as the Americans began to colonize the Islands, the Benedictine monks, fearing the spread of Protestantism, began to contemplate the idea of establishing a school dedicated to propagate and defend the Catholic faith. This vision was realized in 1901 when the monks transferred to Manila and Spanish Benedictine monk Fr. Juan Sabater OSB founded the El Colegio de San Beda, so named after the Venerable St. Bede of England. It was located in Arlegui Street.

During the inauguration of San Beda on June 17, 1901, Fr. Silvestre Jofre, OSB said in his homily that, “The College of San Beda comes to the arena with the sole purpose of helping to defend the Catholic battlements in the field of education.” The school opened exclusively for young boys with 212 students taking primaria enseñanza and secundaria enseñanza, the equivalent of grade school and high school with the first two years of college.

On 24 January 1906, San Beda College became affiliated with University of Santo Tomas. Bedan graduates were allowed to pursue further studies at UST without having to take qualifying exams. In 1910, however, the school revised its whole academic curriculum as a result of the requirements set by a new law in order for schools to be recognized by the government. San Beda became an independent private college with the authority to grant the Bachelor of Arts degree and diplomas in elementary and high school. It began to shift from Spanish to English as language of instruction and started to teach not only the English language but American history and politics as well. In 1916, Jesus Y. Mercado, a member of the Benedictine order, designed the first college seal. In 1918, as a result of the growing American influence, the college decided to drop its old name, El Colegio de San Beda, and began calling itself San Beda College.

In 1926, the Benedictine monks moved the school to Mendiola Street where it still stands. The transfer was needed to cope with demands for a bigger campus. By 1927, the courses offered by San Beda expanded and included grade school, high school, two-year courses of pre-medicine and pre-law, and the first two years of commerce. During that year, Bedan athletes won their first crown in the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) league.

From 1940 to 1947, the Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat in Manila was under the apostolic administration of Abbot Alcuin Deutsch, OSB of St. John's Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota. Three monks were sent to Manila to administer the Abbey and San Beda College. The college welcomed the only American rector in its history, Fr. Boniface Joseph Axtmann, OSB. In 1940 the school began to carry the Red Lion as its emblem. When World War II broke out, San Beda College was used by the Japanese Imperial Army as a garrison and supply depot. During these years, classes were held quietly in the Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat, although classes were limited.

After the liberation by joint Filipino and American troops, San Beda was used by the 60th U.S. Army Field Hospital briefly.

After the war, the school began to expand. After the priest Boniface Axtmann's liberal democratic style of running the college ended in 1947, a similar kind of leadership emerged under the administration of the Spanish Benedictine priest, Sergio Martinez, OSB. During his term, he decided to offer programs in arts, sciences, and jurisprudence. In 1948, Martinez formally established the San Beda College of Law. From 1952 to 1957, and 1960 to 1961, the San Beda Law School earned the distinction of producing a 100% passing record during the bar examinations. San Beda College became one of the founding schools of the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines.

Eventually, San Beda College became a chartered school of the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities in 1957. Then Rector Fr. Benigno Benabarre, OSB was responsible for the school's inclusion in the PAASCU. He set up an alumni network of Bedans, which would eventually become the San Beda College Alumni Association.

On June 17, 2001, San Beda College celebrated its centennial. During the opening ceremonies for its pre-centennial in 2000, former president Corazon Aquino, Bedan alumni senators Raul Roco and Rene Saguisag and then rector-president Bernardo Ma. Perez, OSB graced the event.

In that same year, a new administration under Fr. Anscar J. Chupungco, OSB was installed. At the same time, San Beda College offered the Graduate Program in Business which was granted full autonomy and rated "very good" by the Commission on Higher Education.

On June 17, 2002, the San Beda College of Medicine and the Graduate Program in Liturgy were inaugurated, heralding the school's expansion program in health sciences. The following year, the College of Nursing and the Graduate School of Law were established. To give a more conducive academic environment to grade school and high school students, the San Beda College-Rizal campus was formally opened in June 2004. That same year, St. Benedict's College was formally renamed San Beda College Alabang.

On February 6, 2018, San Beda was granted University status by the Commission on Higher Education 501st Commission-en-Banc and Management Committee.

Mendiola Manila

The first San Beda campus was originally in Arlegui Street near the compound of the Malacañang Palace. The Benedictine college, however, decided to relocate the school and the order's monastery to Mendiola to accommodate an increasing student population. The Mendiola Campus formally opened in 1926.

Due to the social and political unrest during the 1970s, the Benedictine monks initially entertained the thought of leaving Mendiola and of transferring to Alabang where they recently acquired a property. The monastic fathers abandoned the idea and decided to stay in Mendiola and to build another campus in Alabang.

SBU Manila houses four colleges: Arts and Sciences, Nursing, Medicine, and Law. The three graduate schools of San Beda – Business, Law, and Liturgy – are in the Mendiola campus. The campus also houses the Senior High School Department of SBU Manila.

Taytay Rizal

The San Beda University Integrated Basic Education Department is located in the university's satellite campus in Barangay San Juan, Taytay, Rizal. It became operational when the Basic Education Department transferred from Mendiola in academic year 2004–2005, initially with nursery, Kinder, preparatory, grade 1, and first and second year high school levels. Thus, the primary, middle, and high schools became the units of the Integrated Basic Education Department (IBED). Moreover, the academic curriculum was re-aligned with the school's co-educational program and the phase-out of the grade and high school departments in the Mendiola campus. The last batch of Grade 6 students in Manila campus graduated in 2009 and 4th Year High School in 2006.

The Integrated Basic Education Department is composed of the following: Grade School, Junior High School, and Senior High School.

College of Arts and Sciences
The College of Arts and Sciences is the oldest college or tertiary level department in San Beda University. It was founded in the year 1910, making it the second oldest liberal arts college in the Philippine Isles. More fondly called by its acronym, "CAS," the Arts and Sciences department has brought many awards and achievements to San Beda University. The CAS was instrumental in San Beda University's being granted the Level III accreditation and reaccreditation in 2001, in 2003, and in 2014 respectively, by the PAASCU, as well as the autonomy status given by the Commission on Higher Education in 2003.

College of Nursing
The San Beda College of Nursing (CON) offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing program. The CON began its operations 2003, in consortium with the Loyola Medical College Foundation chaired by Dr. Johnny Fong. The consortium with Loyola Foundation ended in 2008. The CON is now solely run by San Beda. The Nursing School of San Beda has been granted PAASCU Level I Accreditation.

College of Medicine
In addition to the Nursing department, the San Beda University administration put up another department to strengthen its health sciences program. The San Beda College of Medicine (SBCM) was formally established on March 9, 2002, with the task of offering a four-year course leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) as its fifth unit. It has a faculty of over 70 medical lecturers, who come mostly from the University of the Philippines Manila.

The college occupies the St. Benedict's Hall. It uses several laboratories in St. Maur's Building along with other colleges and has a dedicated cadaver room on the third floor for its anatomy classes.

The CoM has sent examinees from its first class of graduates from the school year 2002–2003 to the August 2007 medical board exams.

College of Law
The San Beda College of Law (CoL) was founded in 1948 upon the initiative of former rector-president Fr. Sergio Martinez, OSB. Feliciano Jover Ledesma, an Ateneo graduate, was the first dean of the San Beda Law School. It sent bar candidates for the first time in 1952, who all passed the bar. From 1952 up to 1957, and 1960 to 1961, the San Beda Law School achieved the feat of attaining a 100 percent passing rate in the Bar Exams.

It has produced lawyers such as the 16th President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte, former Senator Rene Saguisag, the late Senator Raul S. Roco, Senator Leila M. De Lima, Former Commission on Elections Chairman Sixto Brillantes Jr., and twelve Justices of the Supreme Court – Florenz D. Regalado, the holder of the highest bar exam grade in the country, Justo P. Torres Jr., Antonio M. Martinez, Romeo J. Callejo Sr., Antonio Eduardo Nachura, Jose Catral Mendoza, Bienvenido Reyes, Samuel Martires, Noel Tijam, Ramon Paul Hernando, Mario Lopez, and Samuel Gaerlan.

Graduate Schools

 * Graduate School of Business
 * Graduate School of Law
 * Graduate School of Liturgy

Administration
The following is the list of people who have served as rector-presidents of San Beda University. All were monastics who are members of the Order of Saint Benedict.

Architecture
Since its construction in Mendiola Street, majority of the buildings of San Beda University adapted the Neo-Gothic style of architecture. However, renovations have been made in some areas such as the tiles and gates. New structures were constructed such as the covered walk and pavilion near the entrance gate.

School traditions
San Beda University adopted the Red Lion emblem from the ancient Scottish/English heraldic symbol, the Red Lion Rampant.

The Bedan hymn
Before the beginning of the 1960s, Bedans were singing a different school hymn. In 1966, Senator Raul Roco, then a San Beda Magna Cum Laude law student; Arturo Montesa, wrote a new alma mater hymn which would capture the Bedan spirit.

After finishing the lyrics, Roco then gave the lyrics to Rev. Fr. Benildus Ma (Manuel) Maramba, OSB for its melody, arrangements, and orchestration. It took Fr. Maramba two days to finish the song composition.

It is sung at important events such as the NCAA basketball tournaments, the Bar exams, alumni gatherings, and at simple affairs such as seminars and small get-together of Bedans.

Red Lion and The Ancient Red Lion Rampant

The practice of adopting a school moniker became both fashionable and an imperative especially for Catholic schools named after saints during the 1940s in the Philippines.

American Catholic schools started the rage earlier when the clergy became wary of sports headlines such as “ St. Peter mauls St. Paul 80 – 40”. In the Philippines, headlines of whipping and trashing of schools named after saints drew mixed emotions among the clergy and devout Catholics. “Why would a Catholic saint whip another Catholic saint?”, they would ask.

On July 31, 1940, Fr. Sergio Martinez OSB, inspired by English tradition, coined the moniker “Red Lion” for the school. Red is the color of courage, of a warrior and a martyr. The lion, on the other hand, represents dominance as the king of the jungle.

Indian Yell

The Cuerba brothers, both Bedans, composed the Indian Yell in 1947 after the liberation from the Japanese empire. The Indian Yell was initially solely performed on drums accompanied by cheers from the students. However, this made the cheer somewhat lacking in power and needed something to rejuvenate the audience. So they changed the sound of the yell and incorporated a horn section. Accompanied by the tomahawk chop, the Indian Yell became more lively, intimidating, and full of spirit.

The Indian Yell is San Beda's romanticized version of the Indian war whoop. It mimics the native Indian war chants and vocalization techniques designed to intimidate the opponent. North American Indian war chants are verbalization of tunes that implore the great spirits to help them in battle. The romanticized Bedan Indian Yell is believed to have been inspired by the Plains Indian.

The Indian war whoop gave rise to derivative chants, most especially the Lion's Roar. The Lion's roar, with the simple "Wooohooo", mimics chants of Native American Indians. This is an indirect offspring of the Wahoos started by Dartmouth College and the University of Virginia in the 1890s. Bedans popularized this aboriginal Native American form of chanting in the Philippine collegiate league and has spawned variations now used by many other schools.

Notable people

San Beda University counts among its students, alumni and graduates numerous national leaders in politics, business, law, athletics, and entertainment such as the 16th Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, Senator Leila de Lima, former senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., former senator Raul S. Roco, former Speakers of the House of Representatives Ramon V. Mitra, former senator and human rights icon Rene Saguisag, former Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion, 14 Associate Justices including Florenz Regalado, business tycoon Dr. Manuel V. Pangilinan, Philippine basketball legend Carlos Loyzaga, actor Eddie Gutierrez, and 2004 Philippine presidential candidate & actor, Fernando Poe, Jr.

title: San Beda University


text: User:Rob*

title: User:Rob*


text:
Talk:Asterix and the Black Gold

Untitled
The copy of Asterix and the Black Gold in English I used as a source claims it's the 27th book, not the 26th. However, every list of Asterix book I have found anywhere say it's the 26th. What gives? — J I P | Talk 07:09, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * They're probably refering to the book of the film The twelve tasks of Asterix, which was translated in 1978, before Asterix and the Black Gold came out. Bluap 10:39, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Asterixcover-26.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:52, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Asterix and the Black Gold


text:
User talk:Ashishjoshee

pls help me to create web site

title: User talk:Ashishjoshee


text:
Idler arm

An idler arm is a pivoting support for a conventional parallelogram steering linkage on some cars and trucks.

The idler arm supports the end of the center link on the passenger's side of the vehicle. The idler arm bolts to the vehicle's frame or subframe. Generally, an idler arm is attached between the opposite side of the center link from the Pitman arm and the vehicle's frame to hold the center link at the proper height. Idler arms are generally more vulnerable to wear than Pitman arms because of the pivot function built into them. If the idler arm is fitted with grease fittings, these should be lubricated with a grease gun at each oil change.

title: Idler arm


text:
Siege of Cawnpore

The siege of Cawnpore was a key episode in the Indian rebellion of 1857. The besieged East India Company forces and civilians in Cawnpore (now Kanpur) were duped into a false assurance of a safe passage to Allahabad by the rebel forces under Nana Sahib. Their evacuation from Cawnpore thus turned into a massacre, and most of the men were killed and women and children taken to a nearby dwelling known as Bibi Ghar. As an East India Company rescue force from Allahabad approached Cawnpore, 120 British women and children captured by the rebels were butchered in what came to be known as the Bibi Ghar massacre, their remains then thrown down a nearby well. Following the recapture of Cawnpore and the discovery of the massacre, the angry Company forces engaged in widespread retaliation against captured rebel soldiers and local civilians. The murders greatly enraged the British rank-and-file against the sepoy rebels and inspired the war cry "Remember Cawnpore!".

Background
Cawnpore was an important garrison town for the East India Company forces. Located on the Grand Trunk Road, it was connected directly to the Sindh (Sind), Punjab and Awadh (Oudh) regions.

By June 1857 the Indian rebellion had spread to several areas near Cawnpore, namely Meerut, Agra, Mathura and Lucknow. However the Indian sepoys at Cawnpore initially remained loyal. The British General at Cawnpore, Hugh Wheeler, knew the local language, had adopted local customs and was married to an Indian woman. He was confident that the sepoys at Cawnpore would remain loyal to him and sent two British companies (one each of the 84th and 32nd Regiments) to besieged Lucknow.

The British contingent in Cawnpore consisted of around nine hundred people, including around three hundred military men, around three hundred women and children and about one hundred and fifty merchants, business owners, drummers (salesman), engineers and others. The rest were the native servants, who left soon after the commencement of the siege.

In the case of a rebellion by the sepoys in Cawnpore, the most suitable defensive location for the British was the magazine in the north of the city. It had thick walls, ample ammunition and stores and also hosted the local treasury. However General Wheeler decided to take refuge in the south of the city, in an entrenchment composed of two barracks surrounded by a mud wall. There was a military building site to the south of Cawnpore, where nine barracks were being constructed at the dragoon barracks. The British soldiers found it difficult to dig deep trenches, as it was the hot summer season. The area also lacked good sanitary facilities and there was only one well (which would be exposed to enemy fire in the event of an attack). In addition there were several buildings overlooking the entrenchment that would provide cover for the attackers, allowing them to shoot down on the defenders easily.

General Wheeler's choice of this location to make a stand remains controversial given the availability of safer and more defensible places in Cawnpore. It is believed that he was expecting reinforcements to come from the southern part of the city. He also assumed that, in event of a rebellion, the Indian troops would probably collect their arms, ammunition and money and head to Delhi and therefore he did not expect a long siege.

Rebellion at Fatehgarh
The first sign of the rebellion at Cawnpore came in the form of a rebellion at Fatehgarh (or Futteghur), a military station on the banks of the Ganges. To disperse the Indian troops away from Cawnpore and lessen the chances of a rebellion, General Wheeler decided to send them on various "missions". On one such mission he sent the 2nd Oudh Irregulars to Fatehgarh. On the way to Fatehgarh, General Wheeler's forces under the command of Fletcher Hayes and Lieutenant Barbour met two more Englishmen, Mr Fayrer and Lieutenant T. Carey.

On the night of 31 May 1857 Hayes and Carey departed to a nearby town to confer with the local magistrate. After their departure the Indian troops rebelled and decapitated Fayrer. Barbour was also killed as he tried to escape. When Hayes and Carey came back the next morning, an older Indian officer galloped towards them and advised them to run away. However, as the Indian officer explained the situation to them, the rebel Indian sowars (cavalry troopers) raced towards them. Hayes was killed as he tried to ride away while Carey escaped to safety.

Outbreak of rebellion at Cawnpore
There were four Indian regiments in Cawnpore: the 1st, 53rd and 56th Native Infantry, and the 2nd Bengal Cavalry. Although the sepoys in Cawnpore had not rebelled, the European families began to drift into the entrenchment as the news of rebellion in the nearby areas reached them. The entrenchment was fortified, and the Indian sepoys were asked to collect their pay one by one, so as to avoid an armed mob.

The Indian soldiers considered the fortification, and the artillery being primed, as a threat. On the night of 2 June 1857, a British officer named Lieutenant Cox fired on his Indian guard while drunk. Cox missed his target, and was thrown into the jail for a night. The very next day, a hastily convened court acquitted him, which led to discontent among the Indian soldiers. There were also rumours that the Indian troops were to be summoned to a parade, where they were to be massacred. All these factors influenced them to rebel against the East India Company rule.

The rebellion began at 1:30 AM on 5 June 1857, with three pistol shots from the rebel soldiers of the 2nd Bengal Cavalry. Elderly Risaldar-Major Bhowani Singh, who chose not to hand over the regimental colours and join the rebel sepoys, was subsequently cut down by his subordinates. The 53rd and 56th Native Infantry, which were apparently the most loyal units in the area, were awoken by the shootings. Some soldiers of the 56th attempted to leave. The European artillery assumed that they were also rebelling, and opened fire on them. The soldiers of the 53rd were also caught in the crossfire.

The 1st N.I. rebelled and left in the early morning of 6 June 1857. On the same day, the 53rd N.I. also went off, taking with them the regimental treasure and as much ammunition as they could carry. Around 150 sepoys remained loyal to General Wheeler.

After obtaining arms, ammunition and money, the rebel troops started marching towards Delhi to seek further orders from Bahadur Shah II, who had been proclaimed the Badshah-e-Hind ("Emperor of India"). The British officers were relieved, thinking that they would not face a long siege.

Nana Sahib's involvement
Nana Sahib was the adopted heir to Baji Rao II, the former peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. The East India Company had decided that the pension and honours of the lineage would not be passed on to Nana Sahib, as he was not a natural born heir. Nana Sahib had sent his envoy Dewan Azimullah Khan to London, to petition the Queen against the Company's decision, but failed to evoke a favourable response. In May 1857, Nana Sahib arrived in Cawnpore with 300 soldiers, stating that he intended to support the British: Wheeler asked him to take charge of the government treasury in the Nawabganj area.

Amid the chaos in Cawnpore in 1857, Nana Sahib entered the British magazine with his contingent. The soldiers of the 53rd Native Infantry, which was guarding the magazine, were not fully aware of the situation in the rest of the city. They assumed that Nana Sahib had come to guard the magazine on behalf of the British, as he had earlier declared his loyalty to the British, and had even sent some volunteers to be at the disposal of General Wheeler. However, Nana Sahib joined the rebels.

After taking possession of the treasury, Nana Sahib advanced up the Grand Trunk Road. His aim was to restore the Maratha Confederacy under Peshwa tradition, and he decided to attempt to capture Cawnpore. On his way, Nana Sahib met with rebel soldiers at Kalyanpur. The soldiers were on their way to Delhi, to meet Bahadur Shah II. Nana Sahib initially decided to march to Delhi and fight the British as a Mughal subordinate, but Azimullah Khan advised him that leading the rebels in Kanpur would increase his prestige more than serving a weak Muslim king.

Nana Sahib asked the rebel soldiers to go back to Cawnpore, and help him in defeating the British. The rebels were reluctant at first, but decided to join Nana Sahib, when he promised to double their pay and reward them with gold, if they were to destroy the British entrenchment.

Attack on Wheeler's entrenchment

On 5 June 1857, Nana Sahib sent a polite note to General Wheeler, informing him that he intended to attack on the following morning, at 10 AM. On 6 June Nana Sahib's forces (including the rebel soldiers) attacked the British entrenchment at 10:30 AM. The British were not adequately prepared for the attack, but managed to defend themselves for a long time, as the attacking forces were reluctant to enter the entrenchment. Nana Sahib's forces had been led to falsely believe that the entrenchment had gunpowder-filled trenches that would explode if they got closer.

As the news of Nana Sahib's advances against the British garrison spread, several of the rebel sepoys joined him. By 10 June, he was believed to be leading around twelve to fifteen thousand Indian soldiers.

The British held out in their makeshift fort for three weeks with little water and food supplies. Many died as a result of sunstroke and lack of water. As the ground was too hard to dig graves, the British would pile the dead bodies outside the buildings, and drag and dump them inside a dried well during the night. The lack of sanitation facilities led to the spread of diseases such as dysentery and cholera, further weakening the defenders. There was also a small outbreak of smallpox, although this was relatively confined.

During the first week of the siege, Nana Sahib's forces encircled the entrenchment, created loopholes and established firing positions in the surrounding buildings. Captain John Moore of the 32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry countered this by launching night-time sorties. Nana Sahib withdrew his headquarters to Savada House (or Savada Kothi), situated about two miles away. In response to Moore's sorties, Nana Sahib decided to attempt a direct assault on the British entrenchment, but the rebel soldiers displayed a lack of enthusiasm.

On 11 June, Nana Sahib's forces changed their tactics. They started concentrated firing on specific buildings, firing endless salvos of round shot into the entrenchment. They successfully damaged some of the smaller barrack buildings and also tried to set fire to the buildings.

The first major assault by Nana Sahib's side took place on the evening of 12 June. However, the attacking soldiers were still convinced that the British had laid out gunpowder-filled trenches, and did not enter the area. On 13 June, the British lost their hospital building to a fire, which destroyed most of their medical supplies and caused the deaths of a number of wounded and sick artillerymen who burned alive in the inferno. The loss of the hospital was a major blow to the defenders. Nana Sahib's forces gathered for an attack, but were repulsed by canister shots from the artillery under the command of Lieutenant George Ashe. By 21 June, the British had lost around a third of their numbers.

Wheeler's repeated messages to Henry Lawrence, the commanding officer in Lucknow, could not be answered as that garrison was itself under siege.

Assault on 23 June

The sniper fire and the bombardment continued until 23 June 1857, the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Plassey, which had taken place on 23 June 1757 and been one of the pivotal battles leading to the expansion of British rule in India. One of the driving forces of the sepoy rebellion was a prophecy of the downfall of East India Company rule in India exactly one hundred years after the Battle of Plassey. This prompted the rebel soldiers under Nana Sahib to launch a major attack on the British entrenchment on 23 June 1857.

The rebel soldiers of the 2nd Bengal Cavalry led the charge but were repulsed with canister shot when they approached within 50 yards of the British entrenchment. After the cavalry assault, the soldiers of the 1st Native Infantry launched an attack on the British, advancing behind cotton bales and parapets. They lost their commanding officer, Radhay Singh, to the opening volley from the British. They had hoped to get protection from cotton bales; however the bales caught fire from the canister shot and became a hazard to them. On the other side of the entrenchment some of the rebel soldiers engaged in hand-to-hand combat against 17 British men led by Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson. By the end of the day the attackers were unable to gain entry into the entrenchment. The attack left more than 25 rebel soldiers dead, with very few casualties on the British side.

Surrender of the British forces
The British garrison had taken heavy losses as a result of successive bombardments, sniper fire and assaults. It was also suffering from disease and low supplies of food, water and medicine. General Wheeler's personal morale had been low after his son Lieutenant Gordon Wheeler had been decapitated by a roundshot. With approval of General Wheeler, a Eurasian civil servant called Jonah Shepherd slipped out of the entrenchment in disguise to ascertain the condition of Nana Sahib's forces. He was quickly imprisoned by the rebel soldiers.

At the same time Nana Sahib's forces were wary of entering the entrenchment since they believed that it had gunpowder-filled trenches. Nana Sahib and his advisers came up with a plan to end the deadlock. On 24 June they sent a European prisoner, Mrs Rose Greenway, to the entrenchment with their message. In return for surrender, Nana Sahib promised the safe passage of the British to the Satichaura Ghat, a landing on the Ganges from which they could depart for Allahabad. General Wheeler rejected the offer because it had not been signed and there was no guarantee that the offer was made by Nana Sahib himself.

The next day, 25 June, Nana Sahib sent a second note, signed by himself, through another elderly female prisoner, Mrs Jacobi. The British camp divided into two groups – one in favour of continuing the defence whilst the second group was willing to trust Nana Sahib. During the next 24 hours there was no bombardment by Nana Sahib's forces. Finally General Wheeler decided to surrender in return for a safe passage to Allahabad. After a day of preparation and burying their dead the British decided to leave for Allahabad on the morning of 27 June 1857.

Satichaura Ghat massacre

On the morning of the 27 June a large British column led by General Wheeler emerged from the entrenchment. Nana Sahib sent a number of carts, dolis and elephants to enable the women, the children and the sick to proceed to the river banks. The British officers and military men were allowed to take their arms and ammunition with them and were escorted by nearly the whole of the rebel army. The British reached the Satichaura Ghat by 8 am. Nana Sahib had arranged around forty boats, belonging to a boatman called Hardev Mallah, for their departure to Allahabad.

The Ganges was unusually dry at the Satichaura Ghat and the British found it difficult to drift the boats away. General Wheeler and his party were the first aboard and the first to manage to set their boat off. There was some confusion, since the Indian boatmen jumped overboard after hearing bugles from the banks and started swimming toward the shore. As they jumped, some fires on the boats were knocked over, setting a few of the boats ablaze.

Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened next at the Satichaura Ghat and who fired the first shot, soon afterwards the departing British were attacked by the rebel sepoys and either killed or captured.

Some of the British officers later claimed that the rebels had placed the boats as high in the mud as possible on purpose to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the British. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of the betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satichaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four men who survived of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.

After the fighting began, Nana Sahib's general Tatya Tope allegedly ordered the 2nd Bengal Cavalry unit and some artillery units to open fire on the British. The rebel cavalry sowars moved into the water to kill the remaining British soldiers with swords and pistols. The surviving men were killed whilst the women and children were taken into captivity since Nana Sahib did not approve of their killing. Around 120 women and children were taken prisoner and escorted to Savada House, Nana Sahib's headquarters during the siege.

By this time two of the boats had been able to drift away: General Wheeler's boat and a second boat, which was holed beneath the waterline by a round shot fired from the bank. The British people in the second boat panicked and attempted to reach General Wheeler's boat, which was slowly drifting to safer waters.

General Wheeler's boat had around sixty people aboard and was being pursued along the riverbanks by the rebel soldiers. The boat frequently grounded on the sandbanks. On one such sandbank Lieutenant Thomson led a charge against the rebel soldiers and was able to capture some ammunition. Next morning the boat again stuck on a sandbank, resulting in another charge by Thomson and eleven British soldiers. After a fierce fight on shore, Thomson and his men decided to return to the boat but did not find it where they expected.

Meanwhile the rebels had launched an attack on the boat from the opposite bank. After some firing, the British men on the boat decided to fly the white flag. They were escorted off the boat and taken back to Savada House. The surviving British men were sat on the ground and Nana Sahib's soldiers got ready to fire on them. Their wives insisted that they would die with their husbands but were pulled away. Nana Sahib granted the request of the British chaplain Moncrieff to read prayers before they died. The British were initially wounded by the guns and then killed with swords. The women and children were confined to Savada House, to be reunited later with their remaining colleagues, who had been captured earlier at Bibighar.

Being unable to find the boat Thomson's party decided to run barefoot to evade the rebel soldiers. The party took refuge in a small shrine, where Thomson led a last charge. Six of the British soldiers were killed whilst the rest managed to escape to the riverbank, where they tried to escape by jumping into the river and swimming to safety. However a group of rebels from the village started clubbing them as they reached the bank. One of the soldiers was killed whilst the other four, including Thomson, swam back to the centre of the river. After swimming downstream for a few hours they reached shore, where they were discovered by some Rajput matchlockmen who worked for Raja Dirigibijah Singh, a British loyalist. These carried the British soldiers to the Raja's palace. These four British soldiers were the only male survivors from the British side apart from Jonah Shepherd (who had been captured by Nana Sahib before the surrender). The four men included two privates named Murphey and Sullivan, Lieutenant Delafosse and Lieutenant (later Captain) Mowbray Thomson. The men spent several weeks recuperating, eventually making their way back to Cawnpore, which was by that time back under British control. Murphey and Sullivan both died shortly after from cholera, Delafosse went on to join the defending garrison during the siege of Lucknow and Thomson took part in rebuilding and defending the entrenchment a second time under General Windham, eventually writing a firsthand account of his experiences entitled The Story of Cawnpore (London, 1859).

A handfull of women were taken prisoner by individual captors, avoided to be placed in the Bibighar and therefore avoided also the Bibighar massacre. Of these known survivors were Ulrica Wheeler, Amelia Horne, the drummers wives Eliza Bradshaw and Elizabeth Letts, and the twelve year old Eliza Fanthome. Amy Horne, a 17-year-old Anglo-Indian girl, had fallen from her boat and had been swept downstream during the riverside massacre. Soon after scrambling ashore she met Wheeler's youngest daughter, Margaret Frances Wheeler. The two girls hid in the undergrowth for a number of hours until they were discovered by a group of rebels. Margaret was taken away on horseback, never to be seen again. Amy was led to a nearby village, where she was taken under the protection of a Muslim rebel leader in exchange for converting to Islam. Just over six months later she was rescued by Highlanders from Sir Colin Campbell's column on their way to relieve Lucknow.

Bibi Ghar massacre

Bibi Ghar was the remains of belonging of Sir George Parker's residence, who was a magistrate at Cawnpore. Name "Bibi Ghar" has been coined by two words, "Bibi" and "Ghar", where "Bibi" means a mistress. Even today in India, it is used as an honorific for mistress, as in Bibi Saab, or Bibi Ji. "Ghar" means a house. Original use of this place was actually to house the lady of the house or the wife of the occupant۔

The surviving British women and children were moved from Savada House to Bibi Ghar.

Initially around 120 women and children were confined to Bibighar. They were later joined by some other women and children, the survivors from General Wheeler's boat. Another group of British women and children from Fatehgarh and some other captive European women were also confined to Bibighar. In total there were around 200 women and children in Bibighar.

Nana Sahib placed these survivors under the care of a prostitute called Hussaini Khanum (also known as Hussaini Begum). She put the captives to grinding corn for chapatis. Poor sanitary conditions at Bibighar led to deaths from cholera and dysentery.

Nana Sahib decided to use these prisoners for bargaining with the East India Company. The Company forces, consisting of around 1,000 British, 150 Sikh soldiers, and 30 irregular cavalry, had set out from Allahabad under the command of General Henry Havelock to retake Cawnpore and Lucknow. The first relief force assembled under Havelock included 64th Regiment of Foot and 78th Highlanders (brought back from the Anglo-Persian War), the first arrivals of the diverted China expedition, 5th Fusiliers, part of the 90th Light Infantry (seven companies), the 84th (York and Lancaster) from Burma and EIC Madras European Fusiliers brought up to Calcutta from Madras. Havelock's initial forces were later joined by the forces under the command of Major Renaud and Colonel James Neill, which had arrived in Allahabad from Calcutta on 11 June. Nana Sahib demanded that the East India Company forces under General Havelock and Colonel Neill retreat to Allahabad. However the Company forces advanced relentlessly towards Cawnpore. Nana Sahib sent an army to check their advance. The two armies met at Fatehpur on 12 July, where General Havelock's forces emerged victorious and captured the town.

Nana Sahib then sent another force under the command of his brother, Bala Rao. On 15 July the British forces under General Havelock defeated Bala Rao's army in the Battle of Aong, just outside the village of Aong. On 16 July Havelock's forces started advancing to Cawnpore. During the Battle of Aong, Havelock was able to capture some of the rebel soldiers, who informed him that there was an army of 5,000 rebel soldiers with 8 artillery pieces further up the road. Havelock decided to launch a flank attack on this army but the rebel soldiers spotted the flanking manoeuvre and opened fire. The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides but cleared the road to Cawnpore for the British.

By this time it had become clear that Sahib's bargaining attempts had failed and the Company forces were approaching Cawnpore. Nana Sahib was informed that the British troops led by Havelock and Neill were indulging in violence against the Indian villagers. Pramod Nayar believes that the ensuing Bibighar massacre was a reaction to the news of violence being perpetrated by the advancing British troops. Other suggestions are that there was a fear of future identification of key ringleaders if the prisoners were liberated.

Nana Sahib and his associates, including Tatya Tope and Azimullah Khan, debated what to do with the captives at Bibighar. Some of Nana Sahib's advisors had already decided to kill the captives at Bibighar as revenge for the executions of Indians by the advancing British forces. The women of Nana Sahib's household opposed the decision and went on hunger strike but their efforts were in vain.

Finally, on 15 July, an order was given to murder the women and children imprisoned at Bibighar. The details of the incident, such as who ordered the massacre, are not clear.

The rebel sepoys executed the four surviving men hostages from Fatehghar, one of them a 14-year-old boy. But they refused to obey the order to kill females and the other children. Some of the sepoys agreed to remove the women and children from the courtyard when Tatya Tope threatened to execute them for dereliction of duty. Nana Sahib left the building because he didn't want to be a witness to the unfolding massacre.

The British females and children were ordered to come out of the assembly rooms but they refused to do so and clung to one another. They barricaded themselves in, tying the door handles with clothing. At first around twenty rebel soldiers opened fire from the outside of the Bibighar, firing through holes in the boarded windows. The soldiers of the squad that was supposed to fire the next round were disturbed by the scene and discharged their shots into the air. Soon after, upon hearing the screams and groans inside, the rebel soldiers threw down their weapons and declared that they were not going to kill any more women and children.

An angry Begum Hussaini Khanum denounced the sepoys' act as cowardice and asked her aide to finish the job of killing the captives. Her lover hired butchers, who murdered the captives with cleavers, leaving when it seemed that all the captives had been killed. However a few women and children had managed to survive by hiding under the dead bodies. It was agreed that the bodies of the victims would be thrown down a dry well by some sweepers. The next morning the rebels arrived to dispose of the bodies and found three women who were still alive and also three children aged between four and seven years old. The surviving females were cast into the well by the sweepers, who had also been told to strip the corpses. The sweepers then threw the three boys into the well one at a time, the youngest first. Some victims, among them small children, were therefore buried alive in a heap of butchered corpses. None survived.

Recapture and retaliatory actions by the British
The Company forces reached Cawnpore on 16 July and captured the city. A group of British officers and soldiers set out to the Bibighar to rescue the captives, assuming that they were still alive. However, when they reached the site, they found it empty and blood-splattered, with the bodies of most of the 200 women and children having already been dismembered and thrown down the courtyard well or into the Ganges. Piles of children's clothing and severed women's hair blew on the wind and lodged in tree branches around the compound. In the courtyard, the tree nearest the well was smeared with the brains of numerous children and infants who had been dashed headfirst against the trunk and thrown down the well.

The British troops were horrified and enraged. Upon learning of the massacre, the infuriated British garrison engaged in a surge of violence against the population of Cawnpore, including looting and burning houses, with the justification that none of the local noncombatants had done anything to stop the massacre. Brigadier General Neill, who took the command at Cawnpore, immediately began a programme of swift and vicious drumhead military justice (culminating in summary execution) for any sepoy rebel captured from the city who was unable to prove he was not involved in the massacre. Rebels confessing to or believed to be involved in the massacre were forced to lick the floor of the Bibighar compound, after it had been wetted with water by low-caste people, while being whipped. The sepoys were then religiously disgraced by being forced to eat (or force fed) beef (if Hindu) or pork (if Muslim). The Muslim sepoys were sewn into pig skins before being hanged and low-caste street sweepers were employed to execute the high-caste Brahmin rebels to add additional religious disgrace to their punishment. Some were also forced by the British to lick clean buildings stained with the blood of the recently deceased before being publicly hanged.

Most of the prisoners were hanged within direct view of the well at the Bibighar and buried in shallow ditches by the roadside. Others were shot or bayonetted, whilst some were also tied across cannons that were then fired, an execution method initially used by the rebels and the earlier Indian powers, such as the Marathas and the Mughals. It is unclear whether this method of execution was reserved for special prisoners or whether it was merely done in the retributive spirit of the moment.

The massacre disgusted and embittered the British troops in India, with "Remember Cawnpore!" becoming a war cry for the British soldiers for the rest of the conflict. Acts of summary violence against towns and cities believed to harbour or support the rebellion also increased. In one of the villages a detachment of Highlanders caught around 140 men, women and children. Ten men were hanged without any evidence or trial. Another sixty men were forced to build the gallows of wooden logs, whilst others were flogged and beaten. In another village, when around 2,000 villagers came out in protest brandishing lathis, the Highlanders surrounded them and set the village on fire. Villagers trying to escape were summarily executed by the Highlanders.

Aftermath
On 19 July, General Havelock resumed operations at Bithoor. Major Stevenson led a group of Madras Fusiliers and Sikh soldiers to Bithoor and occupied Nana Sahib's palace without any resistance. The British troops seized guns, elephants and camels, and set Nana Sahib's palace on fire.

In November 1857, Tatya Tope gathered an army, mainly consisting of the rebel soldiers from the Gwalior contingent, to recapture Cawnpore. By 19 November, his 6,000-strong force had taken control of all the routes west and north-west of Cawnpore. However, his forces were defeated by the Company forces under Colin Campbell in the Second Battle of Cawnpore, marking the end of the rebellion in the Cawnpore area. Tatya Tope then joined Rani Lakshmibai.

Nana Sahib disappeared and, by 1859, he had reportedly fled to Nepal. His ultimate fate was never determined. Up until 1888, there were rumours and reports that he had been captured and a number of individuals turned themselves in to the British claiming to be the aged Nana. As the majority of these reports turned out to be untrue, further attempts at apprehending him were abandoned.

British civil servant Jonah Shepherd, who had been rescued by Havelock's army, spent the next few years after the rebellion attempting to put together a list of those killed in the entrenchment. He had lost his entire family during the siege. He eventually retired to a small estate north of Cawnpore in the late 1860s.

Memorials

After the revolt was suppressed, the British dismantled Bibighar. They raised a memorial railing and cross at the site of the well in which the bodies of the British women and children had been dumped. Meanwhile, the British conducted a retaliatory action under the command of Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet by demolishing Nana Sahib's palace in Bithoor with cannon-fire. In addition, the inhabitants of Cawnpore were forced to pay £30,000 for the creation of the memorial as a 'punishment' for not coming to the aid of the British women and children in Bibighar. The Angel of the Resurrection was created by Baron Carlo Marochetti and completed in 1865. It has been called by various names throughout the centuries and came to be the most visited statue of British India. The chief proponent and private funder was Charlotte, Countess Canning, wife of the first Viceroy of India, Earl Canning. She approached her childhood friend, Marochetti, for models. In turn, Marochetti suggested that other sculptors be invited. Following the Countess's death, Earl Canning took over the commission. Canning rejected a number of designs accepting, in the end, a version of Marochetti's Crimean War memorial at Scutari, Turkey. The understated figure is an angel holding two branches of palm fronds across her chest. Despite assurances, 'The Angel' had some damage during the Independence celebrations of 1947 and she was later moved from her original site over the Bibi Ghar well to a garden at the side of All Soul's Church, Kanpore (Kanpur Memorial Church).

The remains of a circular ridge of the well can still be seen at the Nana Rao Park, built after Indian independence. The British also erected the All Souls Memorial Church, in memory of the victims. An enclosed pavement outside the church marks the graves of over 70 British men captured and executed on 1 July 1857, four days after the Satichaura Ghat massacre. The marble Gothic screen with "mournful seraph" was transferred to the churchyard of the All Souls Church after Indian independence in 1947. There were originally plans to replace the memorial to the British victims with a bust of Tatya Tope but the local British community objected strongly to the plans, and the bust was eventually installed some distance away from the site.

There is a plaque to Capt. W Morphy and Lieut. Thomas Mackinnon who were killed on 28 November 1857 in Lichfield Cathedral.

An additional memorial detailing the losses suffered by the 32nd Cornwall Regiment Light Infantry is located inside the west entrance to Exeter Cathedral.

Literary references
Many references to the event were made in later novels and films. Julian Rathbone describes the brutality of both British and Indian forces during the siege of Cawnpore in his novel The Mutiny. In the novel, the Indian nurse Lavanya rescues an English child, Stephen, during the Satichaura Ghat massacre. In Massacre at Cawnpore, V. A. Stuart describes the siege and the British defence through the eyes of the characters Sheridan, and his wife Emmy. George MacDonald Fraser's Flashman in the Great Game also contains lengthy scenes set in the entrenchment during the siege and also during the ensuing escape. Tom Williams' novel, Cawnpore, is also set against the background of the siege and massacre, which is seen from both the European and the Indian perspective. The contemporary Indian report by Kalpi devi in the local journal Hindupanch covered the incident of the punitive action by the British and burning down of Nana Sahib's palace along with his young daughter, Mainavati.

The British press used it to describe the brutality involved in the public feeding of reptiles at the London zoological garden. In 1876, the editor of the Animal World drew Dr. Philip Sclater's attention to this and the press charged the Zoological Society of London with encouraging cruelty, "pandering to public brutality", while one writer in the Whitehall Review (27 April 1878) protested against "the Cawnpore Massacre enacted diurnally" and headed his article "Sepoyism at the Zoo."

title: Siege of Cawnpore


text: User talk:203.206.19.71

title: User talk:203.206.19.71