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Babe Siebert

Charles Albert "Babe" Siebert (January 14, 1904 – August 25, 1939) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger and defenceman who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Maroons, New York Rangers, Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens. He won the 1926 Stanley Cup championship with the Maroons, and was a member of the famous "S Line", and another with the Rangers in 1933.

A physical forward known for his fighting ability while with the Maroons and Rangers, an apparent decline in his play was reversed when he switched to defence after he was traded to the Bruins. Siebert was named an all-star three times after the switch and won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1937 as a member of the Canadiens.

Siebert was named the head coach of the Canadiens upon his retirement as a player in 1939. He never coached a game as he drowned in Lake Huron prior to the 1939–40 NHL season. The league organized an all-star benefit game that raised $15,000 for Siebert's family. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964.

Early life
Born in Plattsville, Ontario, Siebert grew up in the nearby community of Zurich, located on the eastern shores of Lake Huron. He became obsessed with hockey at an early age, playing the game nearly every day. He played intermediate hockey in Zurich and Exeter before moving to Kitchener to play junior hockey. Though his elder brothers mocked his simple playing style—he used his size and strength to push his way through opponents—Siebert was invited to join the Kitchener Greenshirts in 1922. He won the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) and eastern Canadian junior championships with Kitchener in 1922–23, but lost the Memorial Cup final to the University of Manitoba. After a year of senior hockey in Kitchener, he moved on to the Niagara Falls Cataracts, winning the OHA senior championship in 1924–25.

Professional career
Siebert was signed by the Montreal Maroons in 1925 and made his professional debut that same year. He finished second on the team with 16 goals as the Maroons finished second in the NHL standings. Montreal defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates and Ottawa Senators in the playoffs to win the NHL championship. Siebert scored three points in the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals as the Maroons defeated the Western Hockey League champion Victoria Cougars to win the Stanley Cup.

When Hooley Smith arrived in Montreal in 1926–27, Siebert was paired with Smith and Nels Stewart. The trio were known as the "S Line" and emerged as one of the top scoring lines in the NHL. Stewart was the goal scorer on the line while Smith set him up with his passing game, but it was Siebert who used his strength and speed to move the puck out of their defensive zone and to create space for his line mates. His physical style of play occasionally resulted in Siebert being brought in front of league president Frank Calder for supplementary discipline, as in December 1927 when he was suspended for a time following a violent melee with Billy Boucher of the New York Americans. When Boucher responded to an elbow by slashing Siebert over the head, the latter player responded with repeated wild swings of his own stick at Boucher, injuring him.

Siebert's best offensive season came in 1931–32 when he finished eighth in league scoring with 39 points. It proved to be his last season with the Maroons, as the team was struggling financially and chose to sell him to the New York Rangers for cash. He went on to win his second Stanley Cup that year. He struggled offensively for much of the season, however, and it was rumoured he would be traded. The trade finally happened early in the 1933–34 season as he was sent to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Vic Ripley and Roy Burmeister. The deal reunited Siebert with former S Line member Nels Stewart.

After Eddie Shore was suspended for his assault on Ace Bailey, Bruins coach Art Ross shifted Siebert from left wing to defence. The switch rejuvenated his career; he enjoyed a comeback season in 1934–35. Frequently remaining on the ice for entire games as one of Boston's key players, Siebert earned five votes in a 1935 Associated Press poll naming the top comeback player in sport for that year. He later scoffed at the legend of his comeback in Boston, stating that he never lost his ability to play at the same level he did with the Maroons, instead blaming Lester Patrick for improperly utilizing him in New York.

While Shore and Siebert were an effective pairing on defence, tensions between the two were evident. They shared a violent feud when they were opponents, and never spoke a word to the other as teammates. Though he was named a first team all-star in 1935–36, the Bruins decided Siebert's career was in decline and chose to trade him to the Montreal Canadiens along with Roger Jenkins in exchange for Leroy Goldsworthy, Sammy McManus and cash following the season. He was immediately named the team's captain, a position he retained until his retirement. In his first season with the Canadiens, Siebert earned his second all-star selection and won the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in the NHL. He earned his third consecutive all-star selection in 1937–38. Plagued by injuries in his final season, Siebert announced his retirement in 1939 to become the head coach of the Canadiens.

Death and family
Siebert never had the opportunity to take up his new post. On August 25, 1939, while vacationing with his family and swimming with his daughters at Lake Huron, he drowned attempting to retrieve an inflatable tire they were playing with. Shocked by the news, Siebert's peers lauded his character and play, indicating that his death was a considerable loss to the game of hockey. Among them, his former manager with the Maroons, Tommy Gorman, remarked that Siebert was popular with his fellow players and was a great defenceman who "lost fairly and won modestly".

At the time of his death, Siebert was visiting his cottage to celebrate the 80th birthday of his father, William. He cherished the time he had with his two daughters Judy and Joan, who were 11 and 10 years old respectively, when they witnessed his drowning. His loss represented a significant financial burden for his family as he spent nearly all of his income paying for his paraplegic wife's medical costs.

The league organized an all-star benefit game to aid Siebert's widow with the goal of raising $15,000. It was the third such benefit game in NHL history. The Montreal Canadiens faced an all-star team composed of the best players from the remaining teams. The all-stars defeated the Canadiens 5–2 in the game held on October 29, 1939. Though organizers were disappointed with the attendance of just 6,000 fans, they met their $15,000 target.

A physical player and fighter on the ice, Siebert was a soft-spoken family man off it. He was especially faithful to his wife, Bernice, who was left a paraplegic following complications during the birth of their second child. Fans at the Montreal Forum routinely saw him carry his wife to her seat before every home game, and then carry her out after. At home, he did the housework that his wife was unable to do. As a result, he was immensely popular with his peers and fans.

Siebert was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964, and is an honoured member of the Waterloo Region Hall of Fame.

title: Babe Siebert


text:
User:Suansworks~enwiki

Self Intro

I was born on April 7th, 1983. I am currently enrolled as a senior at Washington University with majors in computer science and economics I just graduated from college. I am an amateruish flash, manga artists, and used the pen name suansworks on the internet. I have published three 8 minute flash movies in chinese: These works are planned to be published in US soon. my web site is at [] although it is only in Chinese right now.
 * &, the Promise of Home
 * &, Two Little Beijing Mice's confession
 * &, 1001th Wishe Story

I joined Wikipedia since March 20th, 2005.

Being an Wikipedian, I hope I can contribute toward modern art and evolutionary science sections as well as miscellanous sections of the Wiki project.

quote:

Life is a struggle.

Life is like a rape, if you can't resist, enjoy it.

Project Work
here are some of the pictures from my work:

recently, I am undergoing a transition after graduation. I am deciding the path in life in which I will take. The options seem to be numerous, ranging from working, going to grad school, starting on my own. I am trying out each of the paths. Along the way, Wikipedia may help me to provide a better understanding of the world and guide me to make better decisions!

Articles edited so far

 * Dubois, Dutch discoverer of the Home Erectus skull (what is that copyvio stuff about????)
 * Zhang LiangYing, the 3rd place winner of Super Voice Girl in China

Articles planning to write

 * Mt.Toba, the volcano that almost cause human extinction 80 K years ago
 * Mark S.Wrigton, chancellor of Washington University
 * Chinese Coin an article about ancient chinese coins

Suansworks

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Suansworks~enwiki


text:
Carl Alexander Heideloff

Carl Alexander Heideloff (2 February 1789 – 28 September 1865), also known as Karl Alexander von Heideloff, was a German architect, and master builder of Nuremberg. He is also known for his restoration of buildings and monuments.

Life
Born in Stuttgart, he was son of the painter Victor Peter Heideloff. Heideloff initially studied at the Stuttgart Academy of Arts, then spent five years working as an architect in Coburg.

In 1818 he was appointed as the city architect for Nuremberg, and in 1822 he became a professor of architecture at the polytechnic school there, a post he held until 1854. During this time he was also chosen as conservator of artistic monuments.

Heideloff principally worked in the Gothic style of architecture, and the buildings restored and erected by him at Nuremberg and in its neighborhood attest to both his original skill and his purity of taste. He also achieved some success as a painter of watercolours. Heideloff died at Hassfurt in 1865.

Noted work

 * Restoration of Nuremberg Castle, 1834–35
 * Restoration of Coburg Village, 1838–1844
 * Lichtenstein Castle, 1840
 * Reinhardsbrunn Castle
 * The Hall of the Knights in the fortress at Coburg
 * Landsberg castle
 * The mortuary chapel in Meiningen
 * Rosenburg Castle near Bonn
 * The chapel of Rheinstein Castle
 * Catholic church in Leipzig
 * Restoration of Bamberg Cathedral
 * Restoration of the Knights Chapel (Ritter Kapelle) at Hassfurt
 * Restoration of the St. Aegidien Church at Oschatz, 1846-1849

Literary work

 * Die Lehre von den Säulenordnungen (1827)
 * Die architektonischen Glieder, deren Konstruktion, Zusammenstellung und Verzierung (1831) 2 volumes
 * Der Kleine Vignola (1832)
 * Nürnbergs Baudenkmäler der Vorzeit (1838-1843), (complete edition 1854) - 'Nuremberg's architectural monuments of the Vorzeit'
 * Die Ornamentik des Mittelalters (1838-1842) 24 volumes - 'The Ornamental art of the Middle Ages'

title: Carl Alexander Heideloff


text:
Marty Barry

Martin James Barry (December 8, 1905 – August 20, 1969) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played for the New York Americans, Boston Bruins, Detroit Red Wings, and Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1927 and 1940. Barry was frequently among the league's leading scorers, and after winning his first Stanley Cup with the Red Wings in 1936, he scored the championship winning goal in 1937. Barry won the Lady Byng Trophy in 1936–37 as the NHL's most gentlemanly player and was named to the first All-Star team. Following his playing career, Barry coached junior and senior teams in Halifax, Nova Scotia, for many years. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965.

Playing career
Barry was born December 8, 1905, in Quebec City, Quebec, but grew up in Montreal and played amateur hockey for various teams in the city where he earned the nickname "goal-a-game Barry". Both the Montreal Canadiens and Montreal Maroons passed him over, so Barry signed with the New York Americans in 1927. He made his National Hockey League (NHL) debut in 1927–28 and scored one goal in nine games for New York. Barry spent the majority of the season in the Canadian-American Hockey League (Can-Am League) with the Philadelphia Arrows. He remained in the Can-Am League for the 1928–29 season where he was a member of the New Haven Eagles. Barry led the league in both goals, 19, and points, 29. Barry battled Art Chapman for the scoring title, which he ultimately won on the final day of the season.

The Boston Bruins claimed Barry from the Americans in the Intra-League Draft in May 1929, and from that point he remained in the NHL. He missed only two games total in the following ten seasons. Barry recorded 18 goals and 33 points in 1929–30 for a Bruins team that set an NHL record with 38 wins in a 44-game season. Barry scored three playoff goals to help Boston eliminate the Maroons in the semi-final, but Boston was defeated by the Canadiens in the 1930 Stanley Cup Finals. Barry rapidly developed into one of Boston's top offensive threats; he averaged 23 goals per season in his six years with the team. The Bruins named him team captain in 1933, led the team in goals for three consecutive seasons between 1931 and 1934 with 21, 24 and 27 respectively, and was the team's leading point scorer three times between 1932 and 1935. He was also among the league scoring leaders and finished seventh in the NHL with 37 points in 1932–33, fourth with 39 points in 1933–34 and eighth with 40 in 1934–35.

A disputed goal by Barry was the flashpoint in the first ever NHL forfeit on March 14, 1933. Barry scored a controversial overtime goal for Boston in a home game versus the Chicago Black Hawks. (At the time, NHL overtime for regular-season play consisted of a full 10-minute period.) An enraged Chicago coach, Tommy Gorman, punched referee Bill Stewart. Stewart summoned the police to remove Gorman from the visitors' bench. The Black Hawk players refused to continue the game without their coach. The game was forfeited to Boston shortly thereafter.

Barry was involved in a major trade prior to the 1935–36 season. The Bruins sent Barry and Art Giroux to the Detroit Red Wings on June 30, 1935, in exchange for Cooney Weiland and Walt Buswell. With Detroit, Barry centred a high-scoring line with Herbie Lewis and Larry Aurie as his wings. Barry finished third in the NHL with 21 goals and second with 40 points. In the opening game of the playoffs, Barry played in the longest game in NHL history, a 1–0 victory over the Montreal Maroons that required six overtime periods to determine a winner.

The Red Wings defeated the Maroons in the playoff semi-final before defeating the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1936 Stanley Cup Finals to claim Detroit's first NHL championship. Barry scored a goal in the clinching game, a 3–2 Detroit victory. Barry was a central figure for Detroit as the Red Wings repeated as champions in 1936–37. He finished third in regular season scoring with 44 points, then led all players in goals (4), assists (7) and points (11) in the playoffs. In the clinching victory over the New York Rangers in the 1937 Stanley Cup Finals, Barry scored twice – including the Cup-clinching goal – and added an assist in a 3–0 victory. He was named to the NHL's First All-Star team at centre and won the Lady Byng Trophy as the league's most gentlemanly player.

After a 1937–38 season in which Barry scored only nine goals, he returned to the NHL leader board by finishing fourth with 41 points in 1938–39. The Red Wings spent several months attempting to trade the 34-year-old Barry to the Canadiens. When Montreal feigned a lack of interest, Detroit eventually granted him his outright release and made him a free agent shortly before the 1939–40 season began. Two days after his release, the Canadiens signed Barry to a contract. His tenure with Montreal was short-lived, however. After scoring only four goals and 14 points in 30 games, Montreal released Barry from his contract. He signed on with the Pittsburgh Hornets of the International-American Hockey League (IAHL) to complete the year. Barry played his final season of professional hockey in 1940–41 in the dual role of player-coach for the Minneapolis Millers of the American Hockey Association (AHA).

Barry retired with 195 goals and 387 points in 509 NHL games. He was regarded as one of the league's best playmakers during his career and possessed a good scoring touch in-close around the net. Barry was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965.

Personal life
Barry coached the Millers for one more season in 1941–42. He then settled with his wife and three surviving children (one died shortly after childbirth) in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Barry managed a grocery store in nearby Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Remaining active in hockey, Barry coached the St. Mary's Juniors in Halifax for many years throughout the 1940s and into the 1950s. He also coached the Halifax Crescents of the Maritime Senior League for a time. Barry's junior team won Maritime championships and reached the eastern final of the 1947 Memorial Cup. Hoping to raise the quality of competition for his team, Barry convinced teams from as far away as Montreal to play in Halifax and exposed his players to professional scouts. In recognition of his contributions, he was an original inductee of the Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame when it opened in 1964. Barry died of a heart attack at his home on August 20, 1969.

title: Marty Barry


text:
The Gardeners' Chronicle

The Gardeners' Chronicle was a British horticulture periodical. It lasted as a title in its own right for nearly 150 years and is still extant as part of the magazine Horticulture Week.

History
Founded in 1841 by the horticulturists Joseph Paxton, Charles Wentworth Dilke, John Lindley and the printer William Bradbury it originally took the form of a traditional newspaper, with both national and foreign news, but also with vast amounts of material sent in by gardeners and scientists, covering every conceivable aspect of gardening.

Its first editor, John Lindley, was one of the founders. Another founder, Paxton, later also became editor. Prominent contributors included Charles Darwin and Joseph Hooker.

By 1851, the circulation of The Gardeners' Chronicle was given as 6500. Compared with that of the far more eminent Observer at 6230, and The Economist at 3826, The Gardeners' Chronicle did astonishingly well. Possibly these figures include the Chronicle's large international readership.

It was noted for its large advertising section and when the glass tax was abolished in 1845 and the huge interest generated by the Great Exhibition made personal, small-scale greenhouses possible, it became full of adverts for these, many designed by Paxton himself, and from the sales of which he generated a tidy income.

Successive titles

 * 1841–1855: The Gardeners' Chronicle
 * 1856–1873: The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette
 * 1874–1886: The Gardeners' Chronicle. New Series (vols. 1–26)
 * 1887–1956: The Gardeners' Chronicle. Third Series (vols. 1–139)
 * 1957–1963: Gardeners Chronicle & Gardening Illustrated (vols. 140–154)
 * 1964–1968: Gardener's Chronicle: The Magazine of Advanced Gardening (vols. 155–164)
 * 1969–1971: Gardeners' Chronicle & New Horticulturist (vols. 165–170)
 * 1972–1977: Gardeners' Chronicle: The Horticultural Trade Journal (vols. 171–182)
 * 1978–1985: Gardeners' Chronicle & Horticultural Trade Journal: The Horticulture & Amenity Weekly  (vols. 183–197)
 * 1985: Gardeners Chronicle & Horticultural Trade Journal: The Horticulture Week (vol. 198)
 * 1986 onwards: Horticulture Week (vols. 199–221; no longer numbered since 1997)

title: The Gardeners' Chronicle


text: Category:Education in Cornwall

title: Category:Education in Cornwall


text:
Talk:Microsound

Untitled
'shorter than than one tenth of a second and longer than 100 milliseconds' - but 100 milliseconds is one tenth of a second! Should this say 10 milliseconds perhaps? (100 microseconds would be too short) Ben Finn 13:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Microsound


text: User talk:68.37.64.14

title: User talk:68.37.64.14


text:
Talk:Quartodecimanism

[Untitled]
Fixed a minor grammar mistake. If anyone knows, does this issue also not involve decoupling Easter from Passover and use of the Jewish calendar to calculate when they will be?

s-slater

Instead of the Sabbath, there is Sunday. Instead of Passover/Quartodeciman there is Easter. Instead of the lunisolar calendar, which the Romans didn't understand, there is the Julian and later Gregorian solar calendars. And of course there is the invention of Christmas and Trinitarianism.

This statement is incorrect: "In 325CE, the First Council of Nicaea came to a decision that the Church as a whole should use a unified system, which was the Roman one."

The determination of Easter is still undefined to this day, Roman Catholic Easter and Greek Orthodox Easter are generally on different days. Of course the Quartodeciman is as it's always been (assuming one understands the beauty of the lunisolar calendar)

Historically speaking, after the Roman-Jewish Wars in 66-73, 115-117 and 132-135 anything Jewish was very unpopular in Rome. The Church of Rome took a lot of steps to distance itself from things Jewish. Marcion can be clearly understood in this context.

Easter/Passover
The claim that the controversy was over Passover and Easter is  true. Easter is the Christian Passover. In the language in which the controversy was argued the two holidays cannot be distinguished. "Pascha" is the Greek word for both. It's only in the Germanic languages that Pascha may be translated as Easter when referring to the Christian holiday. In most other languages the word for it is still "Pascha" or some close cognate. To translate it as "Passover" suggests it is to be distinguished from the day now called "Easter" in English, but the vast majority of sources do not indicate that this distinction should be made. To call the day in question Passover is thus very misleading to an English language readership. I am therefore reverting.

I should point out that Easter is not the preferred term in my own religious tradition, but we need to be clear. TCC (talk) (contribs) 19:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Suggesting that this was primarily an Easter controversy is not a NPOV. Easter is a Roman holiday, and not the same as the old (and current) Christian Passover.  All the historical  Quartodeciman discussions were about Passover (please see Melito of Sardis or Apollinaris or Polycrates of Ephesus).  While it is true that, eventually, the Roman Church made this completely a resurrection holiday, that is not what the old literature shows.  What is at all inaccurate about saying that this controversy was about the date of Passover, while in  I mentioned that most consider this to be Easter?--which was edited out.

 * It is also untrue that most Christian groups that keep this have a Passover Sedar. I edited this out, explained that there are groups who trace their history through the Quartodecimans that are still Quartodeciman, but that was edited out too.  Is Wikipedia determined to allow a majority view over the facts?  Or to suppress minority opinions?  Although I do not believe it thinks so, its "Christian editors" seem to not be willing to entertain that their understanding of history is affecting their ability to edit in a neutral.  COGwriter, Ph.D.

I am familiar with Melito's Peri Pascha. It is almost universally taken as referring to that day that is now called "Pascha", which in a Christian context is always translated as "Easter" but in a Jewish context is translated "Passover". Obviously, deciding how to translate it is a decision that must be made depending on your particular POV. There are two possible approaches to covering this in an NPOV manner. You can report the overwhelming majority view, that the Peri Pascha and all references to "Pascha" in ancient and modern Christian literature refer to essentially the same holiday and translate it as "Easter" so as to be clear to the modern English speaker, or you can present the alternative view but make it clear that it is a dissent from the majority and is highly controversial. What you may not do and yet remain NPOV is to simply take the minority, controversial view and present it as unadorned fact.

Issues of translation for the sake of clarity are distinct from claims about the nature of the day itself. The claim that the Christian Pascha (literally "Passover", in context in English "Easter") is no longer the Christian Pascha (Passover) as first observed, and deliberately using "Passover" to distinguish it, is also controversial and may not be presented as simple fact in an NPOV way.

I'd be interested to know what groups claim direct descent from second-century Quartodecimans. Clearly not the modern "Church of God" or any other group with roots in the Reformation. (I am aware that some of them claim a more ancient lineage, but these claims are also highly controversial and cannot be presented as simple fact.) On reviewing Christian Passover I see that it is indeed simply a Eucharistic service such as other Christian churches celebrate more regularly, and I will make an appropriate edit. TCC (talk) (contribs) 21:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Incidentally, I checked the website of the "Living Church of God". The booklet "God's Church Through the Ages" doesn't appear to be available either online or to order. Their booklet Where Is God’s True Church Today? merely claims that groups with their beliefs and practices have always existed, and in various branches, but not identify any of them; nor does it discernably claim that this group has a historical continuity with the primitive Church. I have therefore not restored that paragraph since I cannot verify that the claim it reports is even made, let alone well-supported by any historical evidence. TCC (talk) (contribs) 22:05, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Okay, let's see if I can explain this clearly enough:

1) All the surviving literature from those that claimed to be Quartodecimans in the 2nd Century shows that they supported the observance of the Christian Passover on the night that the Jews celebrated their Passover.

2) The fact that Rome chose Sunday and wanted to also make it a resurrection holiday, does not change what the Quartodecimans believed and argued for.

3) The minority view, which I apparently hold, is historically correct based on the literature that is available for that time period, thus simply being a minority does not make it wrong.

4) The Living Church of God Booklet God's Church Through the Ages is available on-line at no cost.

5) As a researcher, I have some issues with parts of it (which I have sent them). However, it is a fact that the Living Church of God is Quartodeciman, specifically claims that its history is traced through John, Polycarp, and Polycrates, and is the largest group I am aware of that makes those claims.  One can disagree with the Living Church of God's position, but eliminating that position is certainly not neutral.

6) Modern groups that are Quartodeciman, by and large, do not consider that they re-introduced this practice, but claim that it always was done by a minority in the Christian community.

7) Most groups like this do not accept the Council of Nicea as valid, do not believe they came out of the Protestant reformation, and do not believe they are Protestant. Again, one can disagree with that, but to say otherwise is not NPOV.

8) I believe that it is appropriate to state that certain groups, like the Living Church of God, claim to be a continuation of the Quartodeciman, while also saying that a majority disagree with those claims.

9) If you want more historical proof on why these groups claim that they are the true descendants of the second Century Church in Asia Minor, I would be happy to provide it.

I still propose that the first paragraph mention that the controversy was over Passover, which those that opposed the Quartodeciman position eventually made Easter Sunday, as that is historically accurate.

I propose the following for the final paragraphs:

The vast majority of Christians abide by this decision and observe Easter on a Sunday, although the method for calculating which Sunday varies.

Currently some smaller groups (some Sabbatarian Church of God groups, for example) have a Quartodeciman observance, and celebrate a "Christian Passover" on that day --they typically use unleavened bread and wine, but do not have a Passover sedar like the Jews do. (This Passover is not to be confused with the current Greek "Pascha", which celebrates the resurrection of Christ.) The largest known Quartodeciman group, that specifically claims to trace its history through John, Polycarp, and Polycrates, is the Living Church of God (God's Church Through the Ages). Many critics, however, believe that the historical evidence cited is not firm enough to prove that claim of continuance. COGwriter

 * It would be much more convenient if you would indent your paragraphs -- prefix each one with a ":" -- so as to keep the different voices in the thread more distinct.

 * Thank you for the link to the booklet, as I was unable to locate it earlier. That is quite a tenuous chain of descent they claim, and I have to admit this is the first time I've ever heard the Waldensians connected with the Bogomils.  Bogomils are normally regarded as a late irruption of Gnosticism, for their extreme dualism, including a doctrine of the essential evil of matter. This was the reason for their extreme asceticism, not respect for the Law.  According to some sources, they rejected much of the Old Testament.  All sources agree they ascribed the creation of the world to Satan, not God.

 * I'm afraid, however, that your blunt assertion of a Roman origin for Sunday observances is unsupportable. It was indeed the "day of the Sun" to the pagan Romans (although not on their standard calendar, which used an 8-day week) and English is one of the few languages that retains the reference.  Most other languages call it something meaning "the Lord's day" and it derives not from the Sabbath -- indeed, it's not at all accurate to think of it as a Sabbath -- but from the Gospel account of the Resurrection which records it as having been discovered "very early on the first day of the week".  In other words, it became a weekly "little Pascha", when the Resurrection was especially recalled.  The controversy had to do with which position on the calendar, 14 Nisan or the "first day of the week", both of which having Scriptural support, was most appropriate for this remembrance.  Ideas concerning pagan influence here is mere fantasy.  Far from being Roman alone, Sunday observance was common throughout the Christian world -- most often alongside the Sabbath, not in place of it.  It's one of the more unfortunate features of modern Eastern Christianity (IMO) that Sabbath observance has largely gone by the wayside, even as it retains a special significance. (Strict fasting is forbidden as being incompatable with the inherent festiveness of a Sabbath.) But this was  a far more recent development than the old Quartodeciman controversy.

 * There is also more background to the sometimes extreme reaction against certain Judaising tendencies than simple anti-Semitism (although that was certainly present to a degree) but I'm not going to get into that now.

 * Your proposed final paragraph is quite acceptable, although I'd prefer it were clearer that Pascha is indeed regarded as a Passover celebration -- that is, the meaning of the word has not changed. I was trying, in my awkward way, to indicate that this "Christian Passover" and "Pascha" are distinct observances even though they denote exactly the same thing. TCC (talk) (contribs) 06:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for taking the time to read and investigate what I said. I added the final paragraph as you concurred above. I am still fairly new to Wikipedia and am trying to get used to how it works (if you email me privately I wouldn't mind telling you why I feel that there is a double-standard violation of NPOV from many of its religion editors, but I do not want to discuss this here).

 * Perhaps, however, you misunderstood my comment about Sunday. I was NOT trying to say anything about the eighth day of the week or that Rome necessarily initiated weekly Sunday observance.  What I was trying to say is that switching from a 14thof Nisan Passover to a Sunday observance of that did begin in Rome as far as the historical records show (essentially that is what Irenaeus and Eusebius both say).

 * Anyway, the first paragraph of this article is truly and historically inaccurate as the Quartodecimans were not in any way supporting what we now call a Easter observance.

 * I propose the following as the first paragraph:

 * Quartodecimanism ("fourteenism") was the practice of fixing the celebration of Passover for Christians on the 14th day of Nisan in the Bible's Hebrew Calendar which, according to the Gospels, was the date Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem. This was the original method of fixing the date of the Passover. A controversy concerning whether it should also be a resurrection holiday, and whether it should instead be celebrated on Sunday which is the holiday that most refer to as Easter).

 * Truly what I have written above is NPOV accurate :) COGwriter

 * I have to admit it's close. "Hebrew Calendar" by itself is sufficient; while the Bible indeed specifies some dates I don't think you'll find the calendar itself mandated anywhere in it.  The Hebrews evidently got it from somewhere else.  And "most" do not call this feast "Easter", that's just its English name.  Most call it something like "Pascha", the Greek word for Passover.  This is discussed ad nauesam in the Easter article, where you'll also find a list of names for the day in various languages.  I also cannot agree that whether or not the Resurrection was to be observed then was a point of controversy. (Melito, for one, does not neglect it, nor do other early sources.) I am aware that this is the modern Quartodeciman/Sabbatarian view, but it's shared by no one else.  There appears rather to have been a variety of observances in the early Church, as there was in many other ways, and some difficulty arriving at a uniform determination of the date.

 * As it has been correctly point out this was not actually always the case even after Nicaea. Not so much because of the modern differences between the Julian and Gregorian calendars, as some appear to think -- this difference is of late origin, from the 16th Century -- but becuase Nicaea didn't specify an exact method of calculation. It merely set forth some basic parameters, and left the calculation to others. But this is has no meaningful bearing on the main point. TCC (talk) (contribs) 20:04, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * FWIW, I had nothing to do with the calendar calculation part and do not care if that is eliminated.

 * Okay, let me try again. If I understood you correctly, the following should be acceptable, so I will post this.

 * Quartodecimanism ("fourteenism") was the practice of fixing the celebration of Passover for Christians on the 14th day of Nisan in the Bible's Hebrew Calendar which, according to the Gospels, was the date Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem. This was the original method of fixing the date of the Passover. A controversy concerning whether it should also be a resurrection holiday, and whether it should instead be celebrated on Sunday, which is now the holiday that is called Easter.

 * COGwriter

Please note that the link titled "Sunday and the Quartodecimans" is broken.

128.112.16.148 15:06, 10 January 2007 (UTC)Matthew Ferszt

14 Nisan vs Sunday Easter
They should have just split the difference. They should have commemorated the Last Supper and the crucifixion on 14 Nisan and celebrated the resurrection on the first Sunday after 14 Nisan. Barney Hill (talk) 22:38, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The debate is between those who wanted fixed days of the week, namely Good Friday and Resurrection Sunday, regardless of which calendar date that was; and those who wanted the calendar date (Nisan 14) fixed, regardless of which day of the week that fell on in each year. You can't have both, it's one or the other. It would be like if you tried to celebrate your birthday on the same day of the week each year, say Friday, you can do that but then the calendar date has to vary. 75.14.209.106 (talk) 19:41, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Editor confusions
There still seems to be confusion on the part of some editors, perhaps meaning that this article still doesn't express the important parts: namely that the Quartodeciman is Nisan 14 while the Passover is Nisan 15. There seems to be a common misunderstanding that the Quartodeciman is equivalent to Jewish Passover when it is not. The reason for Nisan 14 is that according to the Gospel of John and those of the Johannine church, that was the day Jesus was crucified. 75.15.197.235 (talk) 17:07, 4 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input! You can see that I kept most of it. Just keep in mind that, although what you say may be the modern Jewish view, one must also account for the fundamentalist who merely quotes and believes, "The 's Passover begins at twilight on the fourteenth day of the first month. On the fifteenth day of that month the 's Feast of Unleavened Bread begins" . Thanks! JJB 22:37, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Quartodeciman, which is Latin for 14 implying the 14th of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar, and Passover, which is on the 14th of the first Hebrew month, is one and the same. According to Leviticus 23 the Passover, which was a day of preparation for the high sabbath, was on the 14th of Nisan and the 15th was the high sabbath: the First Day of Unleavened Bread. Leviticus 23 is more precise in distinguishing the difference between the two whereas the gospels tend to blend them both together (which from a practical standpoint are close enough to be the same.) The early Christians were closely attached to the Jewish culture. Later generations got away from the Jewish culture and instead adopted the larger Greco-Roman culture. That is the essential difference between Passover-Quartodecimanism (Hebrew: Pesach, Greek: Pascha, English: Passover) and Easter (not Jewish, Greek: Pascha, English: Easter). Passover on the 14th could fall on any day of the week, Easter was always fixed to a Sunday. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.77.225.15 (talk) 05:14, 25 January 2011 (UTC) - The preparation of Passover was 14 Nisan; however the eating of Passover was after sundown, putting it on 15 Nisan. The lamb was chosen on the 10th (Exo 12:3) "and ye shall keep it until the fourteenth day of the same month; and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it at even." (Exo 12:6 ASV) The original Hebrew translated in this version "at even" is ben ha’arbayim (transliterated) which means "between the evenings". This is the same term used in Leviticus 23. It referred to afternoon or between the time the sun begins its descent until it sets. The Jewish day ended at sundown, and the Passover was to be eaten "in that night" (Exo 12:8), making it after the 15th of Nisan had begun.

A few Church denominations argue "between the evenings" (ben ha’arbayim) refers to the time between sundown and darkness, but this is incorrect. Numbers 33:3 identifies the morning after Passover as Nisan 15, which would be the same day on the Jewish calendar. The second sacrifice of the day in Exodus 29:39 was "between the evenings". If this sacrifice had been after sundown, it would have been the first of the day instead of the second, since the old Jewish day ended and the new day began at sundown.

The Old Testament is very clear the lamb was to be slaughtered on the 14th of Nisan, which is when Jesus' apostles were walking around, looking for a place to have Passover. "And on the first day of unleavened bread, when they sacrificed the passover, his disciples say unto him, Where wilt thou that we go and make ready that thou mayest eat the passover?" (Mark 14:12) But it was not until that evening that Jesus and the apostles actually ate the Passover, thus meaning Nisan 15 on the Jewish calendar had already started. (Mark 14:17) Jesus died the following afternoon (9th hour - about 3pm - Mark 15:34-37), which would still be on Nisan 15.

The modern Jewish Passover day of Nisan 15 is correct. They just aren't slaughtering the lamb themselves in Western societies, so they skip right to the Passover meal, which is eaten shortly after Nisan 15 starts. It has to be gone before midnight, because that was the time the angel of death came around to kill the firstborn in Egypt. (Exo 12:29) Pharaoh was awoken before morning and chased the Jews out. (Exo 12:30-33) Once again, Numbers 33:3 clearly identifies their journey beginning on the morning of Nisan 15: "on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the children of Israel went out". The original Hebrew is very clear that this indicated the following morning and the beginning of their journey, whereas many English translations say "next day" or "following day", which might add confusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WeaponGuy (talk • contribs) 02:03, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

A source
I found this source in Google Books. I don't have time to read it and incorporate its information into the article at the moment so I'm just going to park the link here on the Talk Page until I have time to get back to it. --Pseudo-Richard (talk) 17:43, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quartodecimanism


text:
Philippine National Oil Company

The Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) is an energy company created on November 9, 1973, as a government-owned and controlled corporation founded during President Ferdinand Marcos' era to supply oil to the Philippines. Since then, its charter has been amended several times to include exploration, exploitation and development of all energy resources in the country.

History
PNOC was created in response to the 1970s energy crisis. The Philippine government, governed by President Ferdinand Marcos, responded to the crises by founding PNOC and forging oil-supply partnerships with supplier countries. The government later acquired refineries and petroleum transport and marketing firms with the aim of being a “total” energy company. PNOC also initiated the exploration of the country’s oil and non-oil energy resources, such as geothermal.

PNOC Exploration Corporation concentrates on the oil and gas business. Its Malampaya Deepwater Gas-to-Power Project is one of the largest and most significant industrial endeavors in Philippine history which "signalled the birth of the natural gas industry in the Philippines". PNOC EC’s is involved with the project  with Royal Dutch Shell Exploration (as operator) and Texaco.

In 1995, PNOC also ventured into petrochemicals, setting up the Philippines' first petrochemical industrial estate in Mariveles, Bataan.

In 1994, the Government of the Philippines partially privatized Petron through signing of stock purchase agreement with Saudi Aramco and in 2009, San Miguel Corporation took full control of Petron Corporation.

Subsidiaries
PNOC currently has 2 subsidiaries working together to realize PNOC’s vision: PNOC Exploration Corporation and PNOC Renewables Corporation.

===PNOC Exploration Corporation === PNOC Exploration Corporation is the upstream oil, gas and coal subsidiary of the state-owned Philippine National Oil Company. A government owned and controlled corporation, the Company was incorporated on April 20, 1976, and is mandated by the government through the Department of Energy (DOE) to take the lead in exploration, development and production of the country’s oil, gas and coal resources. The Company was listed in the Makati Stock Exchange and the Manila Stock Exchange in 1976 and 1977, respectively.

At present, PNOC EC has seven (7) petroleum Service Contracts (SCs), namely: SC 37 (Cagayan Basin), SC 38 (Malampaya), SC 47 (Offshore Mindoro), SC 57 (Calamian), SC 58 (West Calamian), SC 59 (West Balabac) and SC 63 (East Sabina). The Company is the operator in SC 37, SC 47 and SC 63 and a non-operating partner in SC 38, SC 57, SC 58 and SC 59.

PNOC EC used to operate the very first natural gas facility in the country- the San Antonio Gas Power Plant within SC 37 before joining the Malampaya consortium (SC 38) in 1999 with a 10% stake. Malampaya is the country’s single biggest investment of its kind.

PNOC EC also holds six (6) Coal Operating Contracts (COCs), namely: COC 41 (Malangas), COC 122 (Isabela), COC 141 (Isabela), COC 184 (Agusan del Sur), COC 185 (Zamboanga Sibugay) and COC 186 (Zamboanga Sibugay). As part of its coal business, the company also trades coal from other sources through its two (2) coal terminals located in Malangas and Cebu.

PNOC Renewables Corporation
PNOC Renewables Corporation (PNOC RC) is a fully owned subsidiary of state-owned Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC). Organized on March 7, 2008, it is the newest PNOC subsidiary. PNOC RC will be the primary vehicle of PNOC in promoting, developing and implementing new and renewable energy sources in the country. Through renewable energy, the country would be able to reduce its dependence on imported oil, while mitigating climate change. Renewable energy is an important component in the country's drive towards energy self-sufficiency, security and independence. Renewable energy projects include Hydropower Projects, Wind Project, Biomass and/or Waste to Energy Projects, Solar Electrification Projects, Geothermal Projects.

title: Philippine National Oil Company


text:
Horticulture Week

Horticulture Week is a British horticultural periodical, covering nursery production, garden retail, landscaping, arboriculture, garden heritage, groundsmanship and amenity horticulture.

History and profile
Horticulture Week was established in 1840. The publisher is Haymarket Group.

In November 2006 the magazine's publisher Haymarket Group bought rival horticulture magazine Grower, which is now incorporated into Horticulture Week, expanding its coverage into edibles production.

In 2008 the website of Horticulture Week was started.

The magazine is normally read by around 25,000 subscribers. However, in 2020 this rose to 300,000 through trial subscriptions as interest in gardening increased during the UK lockdown in the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Horticulture Week


text:
Harry Cameron

Harold Hugh Cameron (February 6, 1890 – October 20, 1953) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who played professionally for the Toronto Blueshirts, Toronto Arenas, Ottawa Senators, Toronto St. Pats, and Montreal Canadiens. Cameron won three Stanley Cups in his career: his first as a member of the 1913–14 Toronto Blueshirts, his second as a member of the 1917–18 Blueshirts (Arenas), and his third as a member of the 1921–22 Toronto St. Pats (all predecessor clubs of the Toronto Maple Leafs).

Cameron was considered one of the first great rushing and scoring defencemen. He scored 88 goals in 128 games in the NHL. He was also famous for his "curved shot" similar to that of today's curved hockey sticks. Cameron was the first player in NHL history to achieve what was later called a "Gordie Howe hat trick", doing so on December 26, 1917 during a 7-5 defeat of the Montreal Canadiens. In later years, he moved to Vancouver, British Columbia where he resided when he died in 1953. He was inducted posthumously into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

Playing career
Born in Pembroke, Ontario, Cameron played with the Pembroke Debaters club from 1908 until 1911, before becoming a professional with the Port Arthur Lake City of the Northern Ontario Hockey League (NOHL). The transaction is also famous as he demanded that his friend Frank Nighbor also be signed. While playing with Nighbor in the Upper Ottawa Valley Hockey League (UOVHL) during the 1910–11 season, the Pembroke Debaters won the Citizen Shield after having defeated Vankleek Hill 10 goals to 8. The 1911–12 Port Arthur team also featured future Hockey Hall of Fame member Jack Walker.

Cameron, along with Nighbor, joined the Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association (NHA) for the 1912–13 season and stayed with the organization until the NHA suspended the franchise in the 1916–17 season, including the 1914 Stanley Cup win. He was picked up by the Montreal Wanderers for the balance of the season, playing six games for the Redbands. In 1917–18 he returned to the Blueshirts, now a franchise in the National Hockey League (NHL), operated by the Toronto Arena Company in their Stanley Cup-winning season. Cameron was the highest-paid player on the 1917–18 Toronto Arenas with a salary of $900, whereas his teammates' salaries ranged from $450 to $750.

In 1918–19, Cameron was loaned to the Ottawa Senators and returned from the Senators in the 1919–20 season to the Toronto team, now named the Toronto St. Pats (St. Patricks). He was traded to the Montreal Canadiens in January 1920 (for Goldie Prodgers ), but returned to Toronto the following fall when he was traded back to the club (again for Prodgers, and Joe Matte). The 1920–21 through 1922–23 seasons saw Cameron stay with the St. Pats, winning another Stanley Cup in 1922, the third for Toronto in the NHA and NHL.

After the Stanley Cup win, Cameron was released, and he spent three seasons as a playing coach for the Saskatoon Crescents of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) where he switched to forward. After the Western League was folded and its players absorbed in the NHL, Cameron was not picked up, and he joined a succession of minor league teams in Saskatoon, Minneapolis, and St. Louis before retiring in 1931. He joined the Saskatoon team in 1932–33, playing nine games. He then left the playing side of the game for good and became the Saskatoon coach from 1934 through 1937.

Playing style
Cameron was a strong puck carrying defenseman who could electrify the crowd with his speedy rushes up the ice, end-to-end rushes which also made him a viable goal-scoring threat in the face of the opposing teams, as he was also a crafty stick handler. During his first two seasons in the NHA with the Toronto Blueshirts Cameron made a strong defensive pairing with Jack Marshall, and even though Cameron was only of average height (5 ft 10 in) and weight (155 lb) he could still use his body on the defensive side of the puck to stop oncoming opponents. Later on, with the Toronto Arenas, he would pair with big-bodied defenseman Harry Mummery (220 lb). In the NHL Cameron had among his defensive partners Sprague Cleghorn (Ottawa Senators and Toronto St. Patricks) and Red Stuart (Toronto St. Patricks).

Curved shot
Cameron had also a hard shot which landed him many goals throughout his hockey career, and he was one of the few players at the time who could curve his shot. Long time New York Rangers right-winger Bill Cook, a teammate of Cameron with the Saskatoon Crescents of the WCHL and the WHL from 1923–1926, claimed Cameron could shoot curving pucks. Left winger Cy Denneny, a teammate of Cameron on the 1915–16 Toronto Blueshirts and the 1918–19 Ottawa Senators, was another player who could do the same trick, but both Cameron and Denneny employed especially scooped sticks for the deed. The players on the 1930–31 New York Rangers (including Cook, Leo Bourgeault, Frank Boucher, Murray Murdoch, John Ross Roach, and Eddie Rodden), in a newspaper interview with Harold C. Burr of The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, agreed that there was no one in the National Hockey League at that time who could fire off a curved vulcanized rubber disk in the same type of fashion. Cameron for the 1930–31 season had taken his hockey playing services to the St. Louis Flyers of the AHA.

Although hockey sticks at the time were made almost exclusively with straight blades, Frank Boucher once claimed that Cameron played with a stick that was "crooked like a sabre", which allowed him to make his shots drop or veer to either side. Nevertheless, a small handful of contemporary players like Gordie Roberts were able to curve the path of pucks simply by wrist action, and modern historians speculate that Cameron had this ability as well.

Awards and achievements

 * Stanley Cup – 1914 (with Toronto Blueshirts), 1918 (with Toronto Arenas), and 1922 (with Toronto St. Patricks)
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963

title: Harry Cameron


text:
User talk:Scottinglis

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Proposed deletion of Magic cooking
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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. lifebaka (talk - contribs) 15:09, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

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Unspecified source/license for Image:Incense outside Three Teachings Temple.jpg
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Proposed deletion of Restore All Things in Christ Party
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Restore All Things in Christ Party, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

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AfD nomination of Restore All Things in Christ Party
I have nominated Restore All Things in Christ Party, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Restore All Things in Christ Party. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Darimoma (talk) 07:26, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Magic cooking
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File:Votive Candles.jpg listed for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of File:MaduraiVeeran2.JPG

A tag has been placed on File:MaduraiVeeran2.JPG requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is an unused redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

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File:Bingo dabber.jpg listed for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Head Shaving at Batu Caves.jpg

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Nomination of Elene Church for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Elene Church is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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File:Altarcard.jpg listed for discussion
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title: User talk:Scottinglis


text: User talk:81.139.219.176

title: User talk:81.139.219.176


text:
Jimmy Gardner (ice hockey)

James Henry Gardner (May 21, 1881 – November 6, 1940) was a Canadian ice hockey player and coach. Gardner started his career as professionalism was just starting in ice hockey. He won championships with both amateur and professional teams. After his hockey career ended, Gardner coached professionally, most notably with the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey Association (NHA). Gardner helped found the NHA, the predecessor of today's National Hockey League, and the Canadiens, including suggesting the team name.

Hockey career
Gardner's playing career started with Montreal Hockey Club amateur men's team of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League in 1900, where he played until 1903, winning the Stanley Cup twice, in 1902 and 1903 as one of the 'Little Men of Iron'. In 1903, the players of the Montreal Hockey Club left to form the new Montreal Wanderers of the Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL).

After one season with the Wanderers, Gardner then turned professional, playing two years for US teams the Calumet Miners and the Pittsburgh Professionals before returning to Canada and the Montreal Shamrocks. He would return to the Wanderers in 1908 and play for the club until 1911, winning the Cup in 1908 and 1910. He joined the new PCHA and played for New Westminster for two seasons, before returning to Montreal to play for the Montreal Canadiens for two seasons before retiring as a player.

Gardner then coached the Canadiens for two seasons and in later years coached the Hamilton Tigers, Providence Reds, and teams in the Western Canada Hockey League and Quebec Hockey League.

Gardner is credited with helping to found the Montreal Canadiens in 1909, including its name. As an official of the Wanderers, he met with Ambrose O'Brien during the hockey meetings of December 1909, when the Wanderers and O'Brien's teams were left out of a new professional league. Gardner and O'Brien together worked on the idea of the new National Hockey Association, and the idea of a new francophone team for Montreal, to be named "Les Canadiens". The club would be a natural rival for the anglophone Wanderers. O'Brien, whose family controlled railway and mining business, underwrote both the new league and the Canadiens franchise. A month later, the rival league folded and O'Brien's teams absorbed some of the rival teams. O'Brien would sell the Canadiens one year later to George Kennedy, who owned Club Athletique Canadien.

Gardner died in Montreal on November 6, 1940, after a lengthy illness.

He was inducted posthumously into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

title: Jimmy Gardner (ice hockey)


text:
User:Arcimboldo

Member of the German Wikipedia (currenly living in Tokyo, Japan) who translates articles from the English and Spanish versions. I have started contributing to the English version too. Please feel free to improve the style of my English if wordings aren't optimal.

Here`s my contributions so far (articles I started):

Nicolás Lindley López

Ricardo Pérez Godoy

Zenón Noriega Agüero

Gustavo Jiménez

My images on commons. The links contain my uploads of free images of mainly politicians/heads of state.

de:Benutzer:Arcimboldo es:Usuario:Arcimboldo ja:利用者:Arcimboldo

title: User:Arcimboldo


text:
East Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency)

East Dunbartonshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (Westminster). It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The seat is possibly best known for formerly being the constituency of Jo Swinson, the former Leader of the Liberal Democrats who was defeated at the 2019 general election.

This version of the constituency was first used at the 2005 general election. There was also an earlier East Dunbartonshire constituency, from 1950 to 1983.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was expanded and renamed Mid Dunbartonshire, and was first contested at the 2024 general election.

Constituency profile
The constituency covers the northern edge of Greater Glasgow, and includes commuter towns on the North Clyde and Croy railway corridors.

Since 1974, the constituency has had the unusual distinction of having been represented by all four of the main political parties in Scotland, typically with small majorities (under 10%) at each general election.

2005-2024
The existing constituency was created as a result of the Fifth Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission for Scotland, as one of two covering the East Dunbartonshire council area and one of five covering the East Dunbartonshire council area and the North Lanarkshire council area.

The East Dunbartonshire constituency is entirely within the East Dunbartonshire council area, and the rest of the council area is covered by the Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East constituency, which also covers part of the North Lanarkshire council area. The rest of the North Lanarkshire area is covered by the Airdrie and Shotts, Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill, and Motherwell and Wishaw constituencies.

The East Dunbartonshire constituency replaced most of the Strathkelvin and Bearsden constituency and some of the Clydebank and Milngavie constituency and some of the Coatbridge and Chryston constituency.

The Fifth Periodical Review did not affect the boundaries of Scottish Parliament constituencies, which retain the boundaries of Westminster constituencies prior to implementation of the results of the review.

Historic
The historic constituency was created under the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949, and first used in the 1950 general election.

As created in 1950, the constituency was one of two covering the county of Dunbarton. The other was West Dunbartonshire. The two new constituencies replaced the earlier constituencies of Dunbartonshire and Dumbarton Burghs.

East Dunbartonshire covered the Cumbernauld, Kirkintilloch, and New Kilpatrick districts of the county and the burghs of Clydebank, Kirkintilloch, and Milngavie.

For the 1951 general election the constituency boundaries were adjusted to take account of a change to the boundaries of the burgh of Clydebank.

The results of the First Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission were implemented for the 1955 general election, but there was no change to the boundaries of East Dunbartonshire, and the boundaries of 1951 and 1955 were used also in the general elections of 1959, 1964, 1966 and 1970.

The results of the Second Periodical Review were implemented for the February 1974 general election. The review took account of population growth in the county of Dunbarton, caused by overspill from the city of Glasgow into the new town of Cumbernauld and elsewhere, and East Dunbartonshire became one of three constituencies covering the county. East Dunbartonshire now covered the Kirkintilloch and Cumbernauld districts of the county and the burghs of Bearsden, Cumbernauld, and Kirkintilloch, but it lost Clydebank and Milngavie to the new constituency of Central Dunbartonshire. These boundaries were used also for the general elections of October 1974 and 1979.

In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, Scottish counties were abolished in favour of regions and districts and islands council areas, and the county of Dunbarton was divided between several districts of the new region of Strathclyde. The Third Periodical Review took account of new local government boundaries, and the results were implemented for the 1983 general election.

Elections in the 2010s
This was the largest constituency turnout, and the smallest SNP majority, at the 2019 general election.

1 This was the highest turnout in the May 2015 general election.

Elections in the 2000s
The constituency of 1950 to 1983 has an unusual electoral history, in that in two consecutive general elections it was gained by the party in third place at the previous election. In October 1974 the SNP leapfrogged Labour to defeat the Conservatives, and in 1979 Labour leapfrogged the Conservatives to beat the SNP. Furthermore, the constituency went the opposite way to the nation in two consecutive changes of government. In February 1974, the Conservatives gained it from Labour, though losing nationally, while in 1979 Labour regained the seat from the SNP, though losing nationally. Apart from Ynys Môn in Wales, East Dunbartonshire is the only seat to have been represented by the three main parties and the nationalists.

Elections in the 1970s
The October 1974 result was particularly unusual since it produced both the smallest majority in the country at that election, and the closest three-way result since 1945.