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Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont

Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont (2 September 1773 – 27 October 1846) was a French general, diplomat and statesman who was named Marshal of France in 1830. A lifelong royalist, he emigrated from France soon after the outbreak of the French Revolution and fought with the counter-revolutionary Army of Condé for two years, then joined the insurrection in France for three more years before going into exile. He was arrested after assisting the Georges Cadoudal conspiracy, but escaped to Portugal.

In 1807 he took advantage of an amnesty to rejoin the French army and served in several campaigns until 1814. He rose in rank to become a general of division. During this period, he was suspected of being an agent of the Comte d'Artois and passing information to France's enemies. Though he was notoriously anti-Napoleon and many officers did not trust him, he was employed again during the Hundred Days. Immediately after the campaign began, he deserted to the Prussian army with Napoleon's plans. King Louis XVIII of France gave him a command in the Spanish expedition of 1823.

Promoted to Marshal of France, he was put in command of the Invasion of Algiers in 1830. However, after the July Revolution, he refused to recognize King Louis-Philippe of France and was sacked. After being involved in a plot against the new government, he fled to Portugal in 1832. He led the army of Dom Miguel in the Liberal Wars, and when the liberals won, he fled to Rome. He accepted another amnesty, this time in 1840, and died in France six years later.

Early career
On the eve of the French Revolution, Bourmont entered the Gardes Françaises of the French Royal Army but he emigrated in 1789. Bourmont served in Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé royalist army in the campaigns of 1792 and 1793. Then he served as chief of staff in the civil war in lower Anjou from 1794 to 1796. After fleeing to Switzerland in 1796, he took part in another insurrection from 1798-1800. He was arrested in 1801 because of involvement with Georges Cadoudal, but three years later he managed to escape to Portugal.

When Junot invaded Portugal in 1807, Bourmont offered him his services and was employed as chief of staff of a division. Arrested when re-entering France in 1809, he was released upon the intercession of Junot and employed in the Imperial army.

He served in Italy and on the staff of Eugène de Beauharnais during the Russian campaign of 1812. Taken prisoner during the retreat from Moscow, he managed to escape and rejoin the French army. After the Battle of Lützen in 1813 he was promoted to general of brigade, he took part in the Battle of Leipzig and in 1814 he was promoted to general of division for defending Nogent-sur-Seine. After the fall of Napoleon, Bourmont rallied to the Bourbons.

During the Hundred Days, the government of Louis XVIII of France frantically tried to stop Napoleon's march on Paris. Marshal Michel Ney was ordered to report to Besançon where he was to receive his orders from Bourmont. It irritated the proud Ney, Prince of the Moskva, to take instructions from such a junior general, so he demanded to see the king. During his interview with Louis, Ney boasted to the king that he would bring back the ex-emperor in an iron cage. By the time Ney arrived in Besançon, he found that the royalist position was rapidly deteriorating and that Bourmont's assignment was to spy on him. On 11 March 1815, Ney told Bourmont that he was going over to Napoleon's camp. Shortly afterward, the Bourbon cause collapsed and Louis fled to Belgium, followed by hundreds of royalists.

According to historian David Hamilton-Williams, the Comte d'Artois asked Bourmont to remain a royalist agent, so he requested to continue in command. The new Minister of War, Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout refused to employ Bourmont, writing to Napoleon, "I cannot sit idly and watch this officer wear the uniform of this country; his treasonous statements concerning the Emperor are well known to all; the brigade and regimental commanders of the 14th Infantry Division despise him. Who would trust such a man?" Nevertheless, Étienne Maurice Gérard, leader of the IV Corps vouched for him so he retained his position. On the morning of 15 June, as the French Army of the North advanced into Belgium, the 14th Division led the IV Corps column of march. Near Florennes, Bourmont halted his division. On the pretence of scouting ahead, he and his staff, rode ahead with a squadron of lancers. After gaining a suitable distance from French lines, he sent the lancers back with a letter for Gérard. In the missive, he explained that he was deserting but promised, "They will not get any information from me which will injure the French army, composed of men I love." He and his staff put the white Bourbon cockade on their hats and galloped for the nearest Prussian position. He immediately handed over Napoleon's operational plans to the Prussians. Gebhard von Blucher's chief of staff August von Gneisenau was pleased to receive this windfall. However, Blucher had no use for turncoats and called Bourmont a traitor to his face. When Gneisenau noted that Bourmont was wearing the white cockade, making them allies, Blucher screamed, "Cockade be damned! A dirty dog is always a dirty dog!"

With Napoleon's orders in their hands, the Prussians were able to take the appropriate countermeasures to gather their army. Bourmont's defection enraged the French rank and file. Though their loyalty to Napoleon was absolute, they began to suspect treachery in their generals. Étienne Hulot, who became the acting division commander, was compelled to give a speech that pledged loyalty to Napoleon and the tricolor.

Bourbon Restoration
After the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's fall, Bourmont gave evidence that led to Ney's execution. After the Second Restoration, he was given command of the 16th infantry division in Besançon and took part in the Spanish campaign of 1823. King Charles X of France made him minister of war in 1829 and Marshal of France in 1830. He was commanding the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, involving the shipwreck of Dellys, when the July Revolution broke out in 1830. Bourmont refused to give his allegiance to the new King Louis Philippe and was dismissed from service.

In 1832 Marshal Bourmont took part in the rising of Caroline Ferdinande Louise, duchesse de Berry and on its failure fled to Portugal. He commanded the army of the absolutist monarch King Miguel during the Liberal Wars and after the victory of the constitutional party he retired to Rome. At the amnesty of 1840 he returned to France, where he died on 27 October 1846 at Freigné in Maine-et-Loire.


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Apophallation

Apophallation is the biting off of the penis, known to occur in terrestrial slugs, which are hermaphroditic gastropod mollusks. It has been reported in some species of banana slugs, Ariolimax, and in the distantly related Deroceras laeve.

In the mating of banana slugs, the penis is inserted into the body of the partner. The penis may become trapped, perhaps because of the action of a special muscle, in which case the penis is gnawed off by either the partner or the owner. The apophallated slug can mate as a female. It has been proposed that it might be adaptive for a slug to apophallate the mating partner because that partner is subsequently prevented from mating as a male and so might increase the allocation of resources to the production of eggs fertilised from the mating.

One paper reports that individuals of Deroceras laeve sometimes bite off their own penis after mating, which is then eaten by the partner. In this genus, sperm is swapped from penis to penis, so the amputee would not be able to mate successfully even in the female role.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Apophallation


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George Henry Boughton

George Henry Boughton (4 December 1833 – 19 January 1905) was an Anglo-American landscape and genre painter, illustrator and writer.

Early life and education
Boughton was born in Norwich in Norfolk, England, the son of farmer William Boughton. The family immigrated to the United States in 1835, and he grew up in Albany, New York, where he started his career as a self-taught artist. He was influenced by the artists of the Hudson River School.

Career
By the age of 19, Boughton was recognized as a landscape painter and opened his first studio in 1852. In 1853, the American Art Union purchased one of his early pictures which financed six months of studying art in England. He concluded this period of his training with a sketching tour of the Lake District, Scotland, and Ireland.

After returning to the U.S., Boughton exhibited his works in Washington, D.C. and New York City, but in the late 1850s he finally made a decision to move to Europe. From 1859–61 he studied art in France under Pierre Edouard Frère (1819–1886) and Edward Harrison May (1824–1887).

In 1861, Boughton opened a studio in London. While living in England, he focused on subjects of early American colonial history, and an American critic noticed that "for early history of this country his talents seems to be peculiarly fitted." His subject-pictures, such as the Early Puritans of New England Going to Church (1867), were especially popular. The Return of the Mayflower (shown at the Goupil Gallery, New York in 1871) was praised as "a picture which will live as long as the memory of the Mayflower itself lasts."

Vincent van Gogh, who lived London in 1873–75, was much impressed by Boughton's painting ''Godspeed! Pilgrims Setting Out for Canterbury''. Then working as a minister, he gave a sermon inspired by the painting, and wrote about it to his brother Theo. The Boughton painting is now part of the collection of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.

Boughton illustrated Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poems. In 1893, the edition of Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle and Sleepy Hollow was published in London with 53 illustrations by Boughton (see bibliography). A London critic once declared that he "has learnt the secret of putting natural feelings into rustic figures, which has been almost entirely wanting to English painters."

Boughton exhibited extensively in both Britain and the U.S. and was elected a member of the National Academy of Design in New York City in 1871. He was elected a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, an Associate of the Royal Academy (ARA) in 1879, and a Royal Academician (RA) in 1896. "He was a useful and popular member of this body, and worked well as member of the council, as a 'hanger', and as a teacher in the schools." After the death of John Callcott Horsley, Boughton was elected a Director of the "Fine Art and General Insurance Company".

Among his landscape paintings - views of England and Brittany in France. In 1883, he travelled to Holland. His illustrated account of that journey was published in the Harper's Magazine as 'Artist Strolls in Holland', and published next year in London as Sketching Rambles in Holland (see bibliography).

Boughton obviously took pleasure in writing: later he would participate in the publication of the 'English Art in the Public Galleries of London' providing the overview of George Morland's biography and work.

Boughton easily socialised in London artistic circles and was a member of the Arts Club (1869–96), of the Reform Club, the Athenaeum Club, the Burlington Fine Arts Club and the Grolier and Lotos Clubs in New York.

In 1865, Boughton married Katherine Louise Cullen (1845-after 1901), and they had an adopted daughter, Florence. Along with John Callcott Horsley, he was one of the early clients of architect Richard Norman Shaw who built a house for the Boughtons on Campden Hill, London. "The parties given here by Mr and Mrs Boughton were celebrated among artistic and literary people and in the Anglo-American section of the society."

It was noticed that Boughton was influenced by works of British painter and illustrator Frederick Walker (1840–1875). In the 1870s in London he met James Whistler. In 1878, an American reviewer praised them as "shining lights in the art world" of London. Boughton published vivid recollections about Whistler, particularly mentioning his work on the famous ‘Peacock Room'. In 1877 he made an acquaintance with Henry James (1843–1916).

The female novelist Violet Hunt (1862–1942) based her novels Their Lives (1916) and Their Hearts (1921) on her early love affair with Boughton. The novel Christina Chard (1894) by Mrs Rosa Campbell-Praed (1851–1935), an Australian novelist, was dedicated to Boughton, because he had suggested the idea of the book.

Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, he was associated with several artistic colonies in countryside, namely with the village of Broadway in Worcestershire, the rustic beauty of which was recognized by American artists. Along with Henry James, Edwin Abbey, John Singer Sargent and others, he frequently visited Broadway. Through Horsley and Shaw he also was associated with the Cranbrook Colony of artists, visiting them in the late 1860s-1880s. Boughton also served as an agent and advisor to Henry Gurdon Marquand, one of the founders of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and namesake of the Marquand Collection.

Boughton died of heart disease, on 19 January 1905, in his studio at Campden Hill, north London. His obituary stated that "he was kindly, genial, humorous, a lover of a good story, the essence of hospitality, and wholly free from jealousy, malice, and incharitable judgments."

His paintings are now represented in many museums in the United States and Europe.

title: George Henry Boughton


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User talk:Olivierka~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
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For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 12:30, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Olivierka. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Olivierka~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:14, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:11, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Olivierka~enwiki


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Black Sea Naval Force

The Black Sea Naval Force (also known as BLACKSEAFOR or the Black Sea Naval Cooperation Task Group) is a Black Sea naval cooperation program established in 2001 on the initiative of Turkey with the participation of Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and Georgia.

History
The original purpose of BLACKSEAFOR was "to cooperatively promote security and stability in the Black Sea maritime area and beyond, strengthen friendship and good neighborly relations among the regional States, and increase interoperability among those states' naval forces".

The BLACKSEAFOR has conducted several joint naval drills since its formation, however it has been suspended several times. The 2008 Russo-Georgian war lead Georgia to suspend its involvement in BLACKSEAFOR drills and Russia to refuse to take part in drills involving Georgia. The partnership was effectively suspended in 2014 following the Russian annexation of Crimea and War in Donbas. In 2015, after a Russian plane was shot down by Turkish forces, Russia suspended its BLACKSEAFOR membership.

title: Black Sea Naval Force


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Phase-change material

A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance which releases/absorbs sufficient energy at phase transition to provide useful heat or cooling. Generally the transition will be from one of the first two fundamental states of matter - solid and liquid - to the other. The phase transition may also be between non-classical states of matter, such as the conformity of crystals, where the material goes from conforming to one crystalline structure to conforming to another, which may be a higher or lower energy state.

The energy released/absorbed by phase transition from solid to liquid, or vice versa, the heat of fusion is generally much higher than the sensible heat. Ice, for example, requires 333.55 J/g to melt, but then water will rise one degree further with the addition of just 4.18 J/g. Water/ice is therefore a very useful phase change material and has been used to store winter cold to cool buildings in summer since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire.

By melting and solidifying at the phase-change temperature (PCT), a PCM is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy compared to sensible heat storage. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa or when the internal structure of the material changes; PCMs are accordingly referred to as latent heat storage (LHS) materials.

There are two principal classes of phase-change material: organic (carbon-containing) materials derived either from petroleum, from plants or from animals; and salt hydrates, which generally either use natural salts from the sea or from mineral deposits or are by-products of other processes. A third class is solid to solid phase change.

PCMs are used in many different commercial applications where energy storage and/or stable temperatures are required, including, among others, heating pads, cooling for telephone switching boxes, and clothing.

By far the biggest potential market is for building heating and cooling. In this application area, PCMs hold potential in light of the progressive reduction in the cost of renewable electricity, coupled with the intermittent nature of such electricity. This can result in a misfit between peak demand and availability of supply. In North America, China, Japan, Australia, Southern Europe and other developed countries with hot summers, peak supply is at midday while peak demand is from around 17:00 to 20:00. This creates opportunities for thermal storage media.

Solid-liquid phase-change materials are usually encapsulated for installation in the end application, to contain in the liquid state. In some applications, especially when incorporation to textiles is required, phase change materials are micro-encapsulated. Micro-encapsulation allows the material to remain solid, in the form of small bubbles, when the PCM core has melted.

Characteristics and classification
Latent heat storage can be achieved through changes in the state of matter from liquid→solid, solid→liquid, solid→gas and liquid→gas. However, only solid→liquid and liquid→solid phase changes are practical for PCMs. Although liquid–gas transitions have a higher heat of transformation than solid–liquid transitions, liquid→gas phase changes are impractical for thermal storage because large volumes or high pressures are required to store the materials in their gas phase. Solid–solid phase changes are typically very slow and have a relatively low heat of transformation.

Initially, solid–liquid PCMs behave like sensible heat storage (SHS) materials; their temperature rises as they absorb heat. Unlike conventional SHS materials, however, when PCMs reach their phase change temperature (their melting point) they absorb large amounts of heat at an almost constant temperature until all the material is melted. When the ambient temperature around a liquid material falls, the PCM solidifies, releasing its stored latent heat. A large number of PCMs are available in any required temperature range from −5 up to 190 °C. Within the human comfort range between 20 and 30 °C, some PCMs are very effective, storing over 200 kJ/kg of latent heat, as against a specific heat capacity of around one kJ/(kg*°C) for masonry. The storage density can therefore be 20 times greater than masonry per kg if an temperature swing of 10 °C is allowed. However, since the mass of the masonry is far higher than that of PCM this specific (per mass) heat capacity is somewhat offset. A masonry wall might have a mass of 200 kg/m2, so to double the heat capacity one would require additional 10 kg/m2 of PCM.

Organic PCMs
Hydrocarbons, primarily paraffins (CnH2n+2) and lipids but also sugar alcohols.

 * Advantages
 * Freeze without much supercooling
 * Ability to melt congruently
 * Self nucleating properties
 * Compatibility with conventional material of construction
 * No segregation
 * Chemically stable
 * Safe and non-reactive
 * Disadvantages
 * Low thermal conductivity in their solid state. High heat transfer rates are required during the freezing cycle. Nano composites were found to yield an effective thermal conductivity increase up to 216%.
 * Volumetric latent heat storage capacity can be low
 * Flammable. This can be partially alleviated by specialised containment.

Inorganic
Salt hydrates (MxNy·nH2O)

 * Advantages
 * High volumetric latent heat storage capacity
 * Availability and low cost
 * Sharp melting point
 * High thermal conductivity
 * High heat of fusion
 * Non-flammable
 * Sustainability
 * Disadvantages
 * Difficult to prevent incongruent melting and phase separation upon cycling, which can cause a significant loss in latent heat enthalpy.
 * Can be corrosive to many other materials, such as metals.  This can be overcome by only using specific metal-PCM pairings or encapsulation in small quantities in non-reactive plastic.
 * Change of volume is very high in some mixtures
 * Super cooling can be a problem in solid–liquid transition, necessitating the use of nucleating agents which may become inoperative after repeated cycling

Hygroscopic materials
Many natural building materials are hygroscopic, that is they can absorb (water condenses) and release water (water evaporates). The process is thus:
 * Condensation (gas to liquid) ΔH<0; enthalpy decreases (exothermic process) gives off heat.
 * Vaporization (liquid to gas) ΔH>0; enthalpy increases (endothermic process) absorbs heat (or cools).

While this process liberates a small quantity of energy, large surfaces area allows significant (1–2 °C) heating or cooling in buildings. The corresponding materials are wool insulation and earth/clay render finishes.

Solid-solid PCMs
A specialised group of PCMs that undergo a solid/solid phase transition with the associated absorption and release of large amounts of heat. These materials change their crystalline structure from one lattice configuration to another at a fixed and well-defined temperature, and the transformation can involve latent heats comparable to the most effective solid/liquid PCMs. Such materials are useful because, unlike solid/liquid PCMs, they do not require nucleation to prevent supercooling. Additionally, because it is a solid/solid phase change, there is no visible change in the appearance of the PCM, and there are no problems associated with handling liquids, e.g. containment, potential leakage, etc. Currently the temperature range of solid-solid PCM solutions spans from -50 °C (-58 °F) up to +175 °C (347 °F).

Selection criteria
The phase change material should possess the following thermodynamic properties:
 * Melting temperature in the desired operating temperature range
 * High latent heat of fusion per unit volume
 * High specific heat, high density, and high thermal conductivity
 * Small volume changes on phase transformation and small vapor pressure at operating temperatures to reduce the containment problem
 * Congruent melting

Kinetic properties
 * High nucleation rate to avoid supercooling of the liquid phase
 * High rate of crystal growth, so that the system can meet demands of heat recovery from the storage system

Chemical properties
 * Chemical stability
 * Complete reversible freeze/melt cycle
 * No degradation after a large number of freeze/melt cycle
 * Non-corrosiveness, non-toxic, non-flammable and non-explosive materials

Economic properties
 * Low cost
 * Availability

Thermophysical properties
Key thermophysical properties of phase-change materials include: Melting point (Tm), Heat of fusion (ΔHfus), Specific heat (cp) (of solid and liquid phase), Density (ρ) (of solid and liquid phase) and thermal conductivity. Values such as volume change and volumetric heat capacity can be calculated there from.

Technology, development, and encapsulation
The most commonly used PCMs are salt hydrates, fatty acids and esters, and various paraffins (such as octadecane). Recently also ionic liquids were investigated as novel PCMs.

As most of the organic solutions are water-free, they can be exposed to air, but all salt based PCM solutions must be encapsulated to prevent water evaporation or uptake. Both types offer certain advantages and disadvantages and if they are correctly applied some of the disadvantages becomes an advantage for certain applications.

They have been used since the late 19th century as a medium for thermal storage applications. They have been used in such diverse applications as refrigerated transportation for rail and road applications and their physical properties are, therefore, well known.

Unlike the ice storage system, however, the PCM systems can be used with any conventional water chiller both for a new or alternatively retrofit application. The positive temperature phase change allows centrifugal and absorption chillers as well as the conventional reciprocating and screw chiller systems or even lower ambient conditions utilizing a cooling tower or dry cooler for charging the TES system.

The temperature range offered by the PCM technology provides a new horizon for the building services and refrigeration engineers regarding medium and high temperature energy storage applications. The scope of this thermal energy application is wide-ranging of solar heating, hot water, heating rejection (i.e., cooling tower), and dry cooler circuitry thermal energy storage applications.

Since PCMs transform between solid–liquid in thermal cycling, encapsulation naturally became the obvious storage choice.

 * Encapsulation of PCMs
 * Macro-encapsulation: Early development of macro-encapsulation with large volume containment failed due to the poor thermal conductivity of most PCMs. PCMs tend to solidify at the edges of the containers preventing effective heat transfer.
 * Micro-encapsulation: Micro-encapsulation on the other hand showed no such problem. It allows the PCMs to be incorporated into construction materials, such as concrete, easily and economically. Micro-encapsulated PCMs also provide a portable heat storage system. By coating a microscopic sized PCM with a protective coating, the particles can be suspended within a continuous phase such as water. This system can be considered a phase change slurry (PCS).
 * Molecular-encapsulation is another technology, developed by Dupont de Nemours that allows a very high concentration of PCM within a polymer compound. It allows storage capacity up to 515 kJ/m2 for a 5 mm board (103 MJ/m3). Molecular-encapsulation allows drilling and cutting through the material without any PCM leakage.

As phase change materials perform best in small containers, therefore they are usually divided in cells. The cells are shallow to reduce static head – based on the principle of shallow container geometry. The packaging material should conduct heat well; and it should be durable enough to withstand frequent changes in the storage material's volume as phase changes occur. It should also restrict the passage of water through the walls, so the materials will not dry out (or water-out, if the material is hygroscopic). Packaging must also resist leakage and corrosion. Common packaging materials showing chemical compatibility with room temperature PCMs include stainless steel, polypropylene, and polyolefin.

Nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, metal and metal oxide can be dispersed in PCM. It is worth noting that inclusion of nanoparticles will not only alter thermal conductivity characteristic of PCM but also other characteristics as well, including latent heat capacity, sub-cooling, phase change temperature and its duration, density and viscosity. The new group of PCMs called NePCM. NePCMs can be added to metal foams to build even higher thermal conductive combination.

Thermal composites
Thermal composites is a term given to combinations of phase change materials (PCMs) and other (usually solid) structures. A simple example is a copper mesh immersed in paraffin wax. The copper mesh within paraffin wax can be considered a composite material, dubbed a thermal composite. Such hybrid materials are created to achieve specific overall or bulk properties (an example being the encapsulation of paraffin into distinct silicon dioxide nanospheres for increased surface area-to-volume ratio and, thus, higher heat transfer speeds ).

Thermal conductivity is a common property targeted for maximization by creating thermal composites. In this case, the basic idea is to increase thermal conductivity by adding a highly conducting solid (such as the copper mesh or graphite ) into the relatively low-conducting PCM, thus increasing overall or bulk (thermal) conductivity. If the PCM is required to flow, the solid must be porous, such as a mesh.

Solid composites such as fiberglass or kevlar prepreg for the aerospace industry usually refer to a fiber (the kevlar or the glass) and a matrix (the glue, which solidifies to hold fibers and provide compressive strength). A thermal composite is not so clearly defined but could similarly refer to a matrix (solid) and the PCM, which is of course usually liquid and/or solid depending on conditions. They are also meant to discover minor elements in the earth.

Applications
Applications of phase change materials include, but are not limited to:

 * Thermal energy storage
 * Solar cooking
 * Cold Energy Battery
 * Conditioning of buildings, such as 'ice-storage'
 * Cooling of heat and electrical engines
 * Cooling: food, beverages, coffee, wine, milk products, green houses
 * Delaying ice and frost formation on surfaces
 * Medical applications: transportation of blood, operating tables, hot-cold therapies, treatment of birth asphyxia
 * Human body cooling under bulky clothing or costumes.
 * Waste heat recovery
 * Off-peak power utilization: Heating hot water and Cooling
 * Heat pump systems
 * Passive storage in bioclimatic building/architecture (HDPE, paraffin)
 * Smoothing exothermic temperature peaks in chemical reactions
 * Solar power plants
 * Spacecraft thermal systems
 * Thermal comfort in vehicles
 * Thermal protection of electronic devices
 * Thermal protection of food: transport, hotel trade, ice-cream, etc.
 * Textiles used in clothing
 * Computer cooling
 * Turbine Inlet Chilling with thermal energy storage
 * Telecom shelters in tropical regions. They protect the high-value equipment in the shelter by keeping the indoor air temperature below the maximum permissible by absorbing heat generated by power-hungry equipment such as a Base Station Subsystem. In case of a power failure to conventional cooling systems, PCMs minimize use of diesel generators, and this can translate into enormous savings across thousands of telecom sites in tropics.

Fire and safety issues
Some phase change materials are suspended in water, and are relatively nontoxic. Others are hydrocarbons or other flammable materials, or are toxic. As such, PCMs must be selected and applied very carefully, in accordance with fire and building codes and sound engineering practices. Because of the increased fire risk, flamespread, smoke, potential for explosion when held in containers, and liability, it may be wise not to use flammable PCMs within residential or other regularly occupied buildings. Phase change materials are also being used in thermal regulation of electronics.

title: Phase-change material


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Dominique Bouhours

Dominique Bouhours (15 May 1628 – 27 May 1702) was a French Jesuit priest, essayist, grammarian, and neo-classical critic. He was born and died in Paris.

Life
Bouhours entered the Society of Jesus at the age of sixteen, and was appointed to read lectures on literature in the Collège de Clermont at Paris, and on rhetoric at Tours and Rouen. He afterwards became private tutor to the two sons of Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville.

He was sent to Dunkirk to the Romanist refugees from the Commonwealth of England, and in the midst of his missionary occupations published several books. In 1665 or 1666 he returned to Paris.

Bouhours died at Paris in 1702. According to the book Mother Tongue by Bill Bryson, Bouhours' dying words were "I am about to—or I am going to—die: either expression is correct."

Works
In 1671, Bouhours published Les Entretiens d'Ariste et d'Eugène, which was reprinted four more times at Paris, twice at Grenoble, and afterwards at Lyon, Brussels, Amsterdam, Leiden and other cities. The work consists of six conversations (entretiens) between two companionable friends whose Greek- and Latin-derived names both mean "well-born", in the agreeable discursive manner of the well-informed amateur as it had become established in the salons—"the free and familiar conversations that well-bred people have (honnêtes gens, a by-word of the précieuses of the salons) when they are friends, and which do not fail to be witty, and even knowledgeable, though one never dreams there of making wit show, and study has no part in it." The subjects, erudite but devoid of pedantry, are the Sea, considered as an object of contemplation, the French language, Secrets, True Wit ("Le Bel Esprit"), The Ineffable ("Le Je ne sais quoi") and Mottoes ("Devises"), all expressed in flawless idiom and effortless allusions to the Classics or Torquato Tasso. The popularity of Bouhours' discursive, heuristic Entretiens extended to Poland, where Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski imitated them in Dialogues of Artakses and Ewander.

His thoughts on the elusive je ne sais quoi that was in vogue in the seventeenth century, expressed through his characters, ends in assessing it a mystery that escapes a rational inquiry. It determined by its delicate presence, its grace and invisible charm, the sense of what pleases or displeases in Nature as well as Art, and remained an essential part of the French critical vocabulary until the advent of Romanticism.

His Doutes sur la langue française proposés aux Messieurs de l'Académie française (Paris, 1674; corrected second edition, 1675) was called "the most important and best organized of his numerous commentaries on the literary language of his time" when it was edited in a critical edition. His doubts are collected under five headings: vocabulary, phrases and collocations, grammatical constructions, clarity, and stylistic consistency, in each case setting literary quotations under scrutiny. His standards, expressed in the suggestions he offered for improving each example, showed the way out of ambiguities, skirting incongruous juxtapositions and untidy constructions. The work was widely accepted and Bouhours standards are still the accepted norm among literate readers today.

The chief of his other works are La Manière de bien penser sur les ouvrages d'esprit (1687), which appeared in London in 1705 under the title, The Art of Criticism, Vie de Saint Ignace de Loyola (1679), Vie de Saint François Xavier (1682), and a translation of the New Testament into French (1697). His letters against the Jansenists had a wide circulation. His practice of publishing secular books and works of devotion alternately led to the mot, qu'il servait le monde et le ciel par semestre.

title: Dominique Bouhours


text:
Martin Chemnitz

Martin Chemnitz (9 November 1522 – 8 April 1586) was an eminent second-generation German, Evangelical Lutheran, Christian theologian, and a Protestant reformer, churchman, and confessor. In the Evangelical Lutheran tradition he is known as Alter Martinus, the "Second Martin": Si Martinus non fuisset, Martinus vix stetisset ("If Martin [Chemnitz] had not come along, Martin [ Luther] would hardly have survived") goes a common saying concerning him. He is listed and remembered in the Calendar of Saints and Commemorations in the Liturgical Church Year as a pastor and confessor by both the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

Early life and education
Chemnitz, born in Treuenbrietzen in Brandenburg to Paul and Euphemia Chemnitz, was the last of three children. His older siblings' names were Matthew and Ursula. His father was a successful merchant who died when Martin was eleven: thereafter, the family suffered from financial difficulties.

When he was old enough, Martin matriculated in Magdeburg. Upon completion of the course work, he became a weaver's apprentice. He helped his family with its clothing business for the next few years. When he was 20, he resumed his education at the University of Frankfurt (Oder). He remained in school until his finances were exhausted; he then took a teaching job in the town of Wriezen, supplementing his income by collecting the local sales tax on fish. His time at Frankfurt gave him the basic tools to continue his education on his own, researching areas in which he was interested and applying his naturally inquisitive mind to problems that others had worried over in the past.

In 1545 Chemnitz accompanied his cousin Georg Sabinus to school at the University of Wittenberg in Wittenberg, Germany (1545–1547), where he studied under Martin Luther (1483-1546) and Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). From Melanchthon he learned to shape his theological education, beginning with the difference between "law" and "gospel". In Chemnitz's words, though he heard Luther lecture often, he "did not pay Luther the attention he should have." (cf. Autobiography) Because of Luther's death and political events, Chemnitz transferred to the University of Königsberg (1547–1548). Chemnitz graduated in the first class with a Master of Arts degree (1548). However, a plague soon infested the Baltic Sea Hanseatic German port town of Königsberg in East Prussia, (today renamed Kaliningrad since occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945 at the end of World War II, now annexed into the Russian Federation) so Chemnitz left quickly for Saalfeld. When he judged it safe, Chemnitz returned to Königsberg in 1550, now employed by Albert, Duke of Prussia, as the court librarian for the Konigsberg State and University Library. In return for caring for the library and teaching a few courses as a tutor, he had unrestricted access to what was then considered one of the finest libraries in Europe (and unfortunately later damaged and lost with its contents and elaborate building 400 years later during the battles swirling around the Prussian city on the Eastern Front of the Second World War in 1944–1945).

For the first time Chemnitz applied himself completely to theological study. During these years his interest shifted from astrology, which he had studied in Magdeburg, to theology. He began his own course of study by carefully working through the Bible in the original languages of Hebrew and Ancient Greek with the goal of answering questions that had previously puzzled him. When he felt ready to move on, he turned his attention to the early theologians of the Church, whose writings he read slowly and carefully. Then he turned to current theological concerns, again reading slowly while painstakingly making copious notes. This early method of Lutheran scholastic self-study had been suggested by Melanchthon in his Writings (cf. Autobiography).

His vocation as reformer, churchman, and theologian
Chemnitz moved back to Wittenberg in 1553 as a guest of Melanchthon. In January 1554 he joined the Wittenberg University faculty. He lectured on Melanchthon's Loci Communes, from which lectures he compiled his own Loci Theologici, a system of theology. He was ordained to the ministry on 26 November 1554 by Johannes Bugenhagen (1485-1558), and became co-adjutor of Joachim Mörlin (1514-1571), who was ecclesiastical superintendent for the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. When Mörlin resigned in 1567, Chemnitz became his successor; he held the post for the rest of his life.

Through his leadership, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was brought firmly into Evangelical Lutheranism. There he helped his prince, Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, establish the University of Helmstedt (1575–76). With Jakob Andreae, David Chytraeus, Nicholas Selnecker, Andrew Musculus and others, Chemnitz took part in a centrist movement that brought agreement among German Lutherans in the writing and publication of the Formula of Concord (1577), of which Chemnitz was one of the primary authors. He was instrumental in the publication of the definitive Book of Concord: Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church presented in 1580, containing a series of important earlier confessional theological documents, treatises, commentaries, catechisms as the compilation of the doctrinal standard of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Other major works are Examen Concilii Tridentini (Examination of the Council of Trent) and De Duabis Naturis in Christo (On the Two Natures in Christ). These works demonstrate Martin Chemnitz's abilities as a biblical, doctrinal and historical theologian in the orthodox Lutheran tradition. He died in Braunschweig.

Autobiography

 * Martin Chemnitii einhändige Lebens-Beschreibung. Nebst denen ihm zu Braunschweig gesetzen Epitaphiis [Martin Chemnitz's Submitted Life-Description {Autobiography}. Together with the Epitaphs Erected to Him in Braunschweig]. 1719. Translated into English as An Autobiography of Martin Chemnitz. A.L. Graebner, trans. Theological Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 4 (1899).

Church government and oversight

 * Brevis et Simplex Forma Examinis de Praecipuis Doctrinae Caelestis Capitibus [Brief and Simple Form of Examination concerning the Principal Chapters of Celestial Doctrine]. 1571.
 * Kirchen-Ordnung, wie es mit Lehr und Ceremonien des Fürstenthums-Braunschweig [Church Order, As to Doctrine and Ceremonies, of the Duchy of Braunschweig]. 1569.
 * Ministry, Word, and Sacraments: An Enchiridion. Luther Poellot, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1981. (Originally published in 1593 [German] and 1603 [Latin] as Enchiridion D. Martini Chemnitii.)
 * Ein Schone vnnd richtige Form zu beichten [A Good and Proper Form for Confess{ing} {One's Sins}]. 1603.

Confessions of faith and documents relating to the Formula of Concord

 * Acta formulae concordiae in Bergensi coenobio prope Magdeburgum [Records of the Formula of Concord in Bergen Abbey near Magdeburg]. 1707 with Nicholas Selnecker. (The deliberations of the writers of the Formula of Concord to finalize that document).
 * Apologia, oder Verantwortung deẞ Christlichen ConcordienBuchs, which appeared in Latin translation as Apologia libri Christianae concordiae [literally: Apology of the Christian Book of Concord]. with Timothy Kirchner and Nicolaus Selneccer, 1583. (known as The Apology of the Formula of Concord)
 * Christliches Bedenken auf Doct. Majors Repetitio und endliche Erklärung belangend den Streit [Christian Reflections on Dr. Major's {work}, "Repetitio," and Finally {an} Explanation As Far As the Controversy Is Concerned]. 1568.
 * Confessio ministeri Saxoni Konfession und Erklärung [Confession of the Ministers of Saxony: Confession and Explanation]. 1571. (Text in German).
 * Corpus doctrinae Prutenicum [The Prussian Body of Doctrine]. 1568. (An Anthology of Lutheran Statements of Faith for the German domain of Prussia)
 * Corpus doctrinae Julium [The {Duke} Julius Body of Doctrine]. 1576. (An Anthology of Lutheran Statements of Faith for Duke Julius's Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel).
 * Formulae Recte Sentiendi de Praecipuis Horum Temporum Controversiis [Forms of Thinking Correctly concerning the Chief Controversies of These Times]. 1576 (Found in the Corpus Doctrinae Wilhelminum and the Corpus Doctrinae Iulium).
 * Judicium de Controversiis qvibusdam circa qvosdam A.C. articulos. 1594. Also known as: De Controversiis quibusdam, quae superiori tempore circa quosdam Augustanae Confessionis articulos motae agitatae sunt, Iudicium d. Martini Chemnitii, Polycarp Leyser, ed. Wittenberg, 1594 [Judgment on Certain Controversies concerning Certain Articles of the Augsburg Confession Which Have Recently Arisen and Caused Controversy].
 * Solida ac vera Confessionis Augustanae historie ... [History of the Solid and True Augsburg Confession] with Timothy Kirchner and Nicholas Selnecker, 1585.
 * Wiederholte Christi gemeine Confession der Sächischen Kirchen [Reiterated Christian General Confession of the Saxon Church].

Homiletical and devotional writings

 * Andächtige Gebete wider die Teuffel in den armen besessen Leuten [Devout Prayers against the Devil in the Poor Possessed People]. 1596.
 * Eine andere Predigt von auffrichtung Christlicher Schulen [Another Sermon on the Erecting of Christian Schools]. 1573.
 * Consilium ... de lectione patrum [Counsel ... On the Reading of the {church} Fathers]. 1616.
 * Echt evangelische aulegung de Sonn- und Festtags-evangelien des kirchenjahrs [Genuinely Evangelical Interpretation of the Sunday and Feastday Gospels of the Church Year]. 1872–1878.
 * Erster Band
 * Zweiter Band
 * Dritter Band
 * Vierter Band
 * Fünfter Band
 * Sechster Band
 * Siebenter Band
 * Harmoniae Evangelicae [Harmony of the Gospels]. 1593.
 * Historia der Passion Christi [History of the Passion of Christ]. 1590.
 * Leich-Pred., Herrn Victor Beseken, gewessen Bürgemeisters in Bremen [Funeral Sermon for Lord Victor Beseken, Former Mayor of Bremen] 1612.
 * Leich-Predigt, in funere Christoph von Blanckenburg, anno 1573 gethan [Funeral Sermon, at the Burial of Christoph von Blanckenburg, given in the Year 1573]. 1578.
 * Oratio de Lectione Patrum, habita [Oration Concerning the Reading of the Fathers, Delivered ...]. 1554.
 * Oratio habita in Introductione Universitatis Juliae [{An} Oration Delivered at the Introduction of the University of {Duke} Julius]. 1576
 * Oratio panegyrica, das ist, Trost- und Ehren-Predigt bey des weyland ... M. Chemnitii ... Leichbestätigung [Panegyrical Oration, that is, Comforting and Honoring Sermon of M. Chemnitz at the formerly ... Burial]. 1627.
 * Postilla: oder Auslegung der Euangelien welche auff die Sontage, auch die fürnembste Fest und Apostel Tage in der Gemeine Gottes abgelesen und erkläret werden [Postils: Or Interpretation of the Gospels, which on the Sundays, also the Foremost Feast and Apostle Days, in the Congregation of God Are Read and Explained]. 1593.
 * Postille, oder Erklärung der ordentlichen Sonn- und Fest-Tags Evangelien [Postil, or Explanation of the Proper Sun- and Feastdays' Gospels]. 1594.
 * Predigt am Sonntag Septuagesima [Sermon for Septuagesima Sunday]. 1866.
 * Eine Predigt bey der Einführung der Julius-Universität zu Helmstedt [A Sermon at the Introduction of the {Duke} Julius-University at Helmstedt]. [German text of Oratio habita in Introductione Universitatis Juliae] 1576.
 * Eine Predigt über das Evangelion Matthew 22 [A Sermon on Matthew 22]. 1573.
 * Ein Predigt ... über John 3:1-15 (über Luke 18:9-14) [A Sermon ... on John 3:1-15 (on Luke 18:9-14)]. 1856–1886.

Letters

 * Epistola de coena Domini in tertiam Apologiam Bezae [Letter Concerning the Lord's Supper in the Third Apology of Beza].
 * Epistolae Martini Chemnitii ad Matthiam Ritterum [Letters of Martin Chemnitz to Matthias Ritter].

Preface to a work by Heinrich Bünting

 * Prefatio Doctoris M. Chemnitij [to] Heinrich Bünting's Itineranium et Chronicon ecclesiasticum totius Sacrae Scriptureae [Preface of Doctor M{artin} Chemnitz to Heinrich Bünting's Itinerary and Ecclesiastical Chronicle of All the Holy Scriptures]. 1581.

Reports and task force studies (Gutachten)

 * Bedencken: An justum sit, fures punire suspendie [Reflection: Whether It Be Just, to Punish Thieves By Hanging].
 * Bedencken der Theologen zu Braunschwiegk/von dem newen Wittenbergischen Catchismo gestallet/der gantzen Christenheit zur Warnung ausgengen [Reflection of the Theologians of Braunschweig on the New Placed Wittenberg Catechism to All Christendom Sent Out As a Warning]. 1571. (This document helped Elector August of Saxony uncover a plot to undermine the Lutheran faith of his duchy on the part of Crypto-Calvinist ministers and teachers.)
 * Bedencken: Ob die Worte der Einsetzung notwendig müssen recitiret werden? [Reflection: Whether the Words of Institution {of the Lord's Supper} Must Necessarily Be Recited].
 * Bedencken von Beruff und Enterlaubung der Predigter [Reflection on the Call and Authorization of Preachers].
 * Bericht vom newen Baptischen Gregoriano Calendario, an den Landgraffen zu Hessen [Report on the New Papal Gregorian calendar, to the Landgrave of Hesse]. 1584. (Chemnitz had been trained as an astrologer, and he was consulted on the advisability of adopting the new 1582 Gregorian calendar in place of the old Julian calendar.)
 * Bericht von Gelegenheit und Unterschiedt der Herzogstümer Schleswig und Holtzstein [Report on {the} Location and Division of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holtstein]. 1629.
 * Consilium de vitandis Calvinianis [Counsel On Avoiding Calvinists]. 1623.
 * De coelibatu judicium [Judgment Concerning Celibacy ]. 1623.
 * Judicium de Calendario Gregoriano [Judgment concerning the Gregorian calendar ].
 * Judicium von der Nohtwehre [Judgment concerning Self-Defense]. 1623.
 * Monita Chemnitiana oder heilsame Erinnerungen ehmals von D. Martino Chemnitio bey solenner Einführung der Julius-Universität [Chemnitian {Chemnitz} Admonitions or Salutary Reminders Formerly by Dr. Martin Chemnitz at the Solemn Introduction of the {Duke} Julius University]. 1716.

Scholastic disputation

 * Disputatio Theologica de Beneficiis Filii Dei, Domini, & Redemptoris nostri JESU CHRISTI, pro summis in Theologia honoribus consequendis habita [Theological Disputation Concerning the Blessings of the Son of God, Our Lord and Redeemer Jesus Christ, Held for the Highest Suitable Honors in Theology]. 1568 (A theological disputation qualifying someone for a doctorate in theology).

Theological treatises

 * Anatome Propositionum Alberti Hardenbergii de Coena Domini [Anatomy/Dissection of the Propositions of Albert Hardenberg on the Lord's Supper]. 1561.
 * Bekäntnitz von der ubiquität [Confession on Ubiquity]. 1623. (A document that presents Chemnitz's position on the doctrine of the omnipresence of Christ's human nature)
 * De incarnatione filii Dei item de officio et maiestate Christi tractus [Treatise on the Incarnation of the Son of God, Also on the Office and Majesty of Christ]. 1865.
 * De origine Jeswitarum, et quo concilio secta illa recens instituta sit [On the Origin of the Jesuits, and Counsel Concerning Which That Sect Is Recently Instituted]. 1611.
 * Examination of the Council of Trent. Fred Kramer, trans. 4 vols. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1971-86 (Originally published in 1565-73 as Examen Concilii Tridentini.)
 * Loci Theologici. J. A. O. Preus, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1989; Justification: The Chief Article of Christian Doctrine as Expoiunded in Loci Theologici. J.A.O Preus, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1985 (Originally published in 1591 as Loci Theologici.)
 * Chapter on Almsgiving from Loci Theologici, translated into English in .pdf format
 * The Lord's Prayer. Georg Williams, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1999 (Originally published in English translation as A Svbstantial and godly exposition of the praier commonly called the Lords prayer. Cambridge, 1598; the original Latin text, never published, has been lost).
 * The Lord's Supper. J. A. O. Preus, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1979. (Originally published in 1561 as Repititio sanae doctrinae de vera praesentia corporis et sangvinis Domini in Coena.)
 * Martini Kemnitinii Von der Jesuwiten ankunfft unnd ursprung [Martin Chemnitz on the Arrival and Origin of the Jesuits]. 1586.
 * Ob ein Prediger am Ältare sich selbst communiciren möge [Whether a Preacher at the Altar Might Commune Himself]. 1623.
 * Richtige und inn H. Schrifft wolgegründte Erklarung / entlicher hochwichtiger und nötiger Artickel unser Christlichen Religion / in sonderliche Tractat und Predigten gefasset [An Explanation, Correct and Well-Grounded in Holy Scripture, of Quite a Few Highly Important and Necessary Articles of Our Christian Religion Contained in Special Treatises and Sermons]. 1592.
 * Theologiæ Jesuitarum Brevis ac Nervosa Descriptio et Delineatio: Ex Præcipuis Capitibus Censuræ ipsorum, quæ Anno MDLX. Coloniæ edita est [A Brief and Bold Description and Delineation of the Theology of the Jesuits: From the Principal Chapters of Their Own Opinions, the Year of Which {is} 1560]. 1560.
 * Theses quaedam de unione duarum naturarum in Christo hypostatica: item de officiis et maiestate Christi Mediatoris [Some Theses Concerning the Hypostatic Union of the Two Natures in Christ: That Is, Concerning the Offices and Majesty of Christ the Mediator]. 1558.
 * Tract. de Imagine DEI in homine [Treatise on the Image of God in Man]. 1570.
 * The Two Natures of Christ. J. A. O. Preus, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1971. (Originally published in 1578 as De Duabus Naturis in Christo: De hypostatica earum unione: De communicatione idiomaticum; a shorter edition was published in 1570.)
 * Veritas religionis Lutheranae defensa [Defense of the Truth of the Lutheran Religion]. (Text in German).
 * Von der ewigen gnadenwahl [On the Eternal Election of Grace]. 1892.

Biographies and research on Chemnitz

 * Antiqvitates Ecclestiaticae inclytae urbis Braunsvigae, oder: Der Beruhmten Stadt Braunschweig Kirchenhistorie. by Philippo Julio Rehtmeyer. Braunschweig: Gedruckt Verlagt von Christoph Friedrich Zilligers, 1710.
 * The Doctrine of Man in Classical Lutheran Theology edited by Herman A. Preus and Edmund Smits. Minneapolis:  Augsburg Publishing House, 1962.
 * Formulators of the Formula of Concord. by Theodore R. Jungkuntz. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1977.
 * Grundlinien der Theolgie des Martin Chemnitz by G. Noth, 1930.
 * Loci Theologici; De Coena Domini; De Duabus Naturis in Christo; Theologiae Jesuitarum. Chelsea, Michigan: Sheridan Books, 2000. [Facsimile reprint of a 1653 anthology of these four treatises of Chemnitz in Latin by the Lutheran Heritage Foundation].
 * Martin Chemnitz nach seinem Leben und Wirken by H. Hachfeld, 1867.
 * "Martin Chemnitz' Views on Trent: The Genesis and the Genius of the Examen Concilii Tridentini" by Arthur C. Piepkorn, Concordia Theological Monthly XXXVII [37](January 1966):5–37.
 * Die Polemik des Martin Chemnitz gegen das Konzil von Trent by R. Mumm, Leipzig, 1905.
 * The Second Martin: The Life and Theology of Martin Chemnitz. by J. A. O. Preus. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1994.
 * "The Works of Martin Chemnitz," by D. Georg Williams. Concordia Theological Quarterly. Vol. 42, 1978.
 * Der Zweite Martin der Lutherischen Kirche, Festschrift zum 400. Todestag von Martin Chemnitz {The Second Martin of the Lutheran Church, Jubilee Writing for the 400th [anniversary of the day of the death] of Martin Chemnitz} edited by W.A. Jünke, Braunschweig, 1986.
 * Studium Excitare: Biography of Martin Chemnitz by Joshua M. Zarling.

title: Martin Chemnitz


text:
Template talk:English regions

''NB. Most of the contents of this discussion page were written as discussion when the template was Template:United Kingdom regions, including both England regions and other parts of the UK. Then, on September 12 2005, somebody changed the content of the template to limit it to England, and moved it to the new name Template:England regions. A few hours later, somebody else moved the template back to its former name and reverted it to its former content; and recreated Template:England regions via cut-and-paste.''

How does this template work? For exmaple when you are on the england page, the england link is not a link. How does that work?

 * This is a general feature of links from a page to itself, not just for templates. For example, if I type Template talk:United Kingdom and Template talk:United Kingdom regions here then the first becomes a link while the second is bolded, i.e. Template talk:United Kingdom and Template talk:United Kingdom regions. --Henrygb 14:28, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Needs to be merged
This template is unnecessary and misleading. It's called "United Kingdom regions", but it is just the Template:United_Kingdom, with the Regions of England added. Either create a separate "Regions of England" template, or put that information in the various "Districts of England" templates (i.e., Template:NE_England). --JW1805 18:41, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * In fact this template lists the 12 NUTS level 1 regions of the UK as used by Eurostat and Office for National Statistics for regional statistics, so it is not misleading. Since someone is as likely to want to go from North East England to Scotland as to South East England, there is no need to remove Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.  But the template exists because some Scots do not want to be equated with English regions, ands so is a compromise which came out of Template:United Kingdom.  It works and does no harm. So keep. --Henrygb 09:15, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand what you're saying (Although, by that classification, "England" shouldn't even be on here, since it isn't a NUTS region). However, I still don't like this template.  It's confusing.  My first thought on seeing it was "why aren't the regions of Scotland, Wales, and NI listed?"  Also, there are links to 4 articles on this template that do not actualy contain this template (which doesn't conform to Wikipedia standards).  Finally, there needs to be a separate "Regions of England" template to match the various other UK regions templates (e.g. Template:Scotland subdivisions, Template:Wales_subdivisions, ...).--JW1805 17:19, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * But Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have a single level of local government. England does not.  There is Template:England counties, but that for example does not list Birmingham City Council, which is more substantial than any of the subdivisions of Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. Greater London is politically and economically more significant that each of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as a whole.  England is peculiar and we have to live with that.  --Henrygb 09:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Recent Edits
Mais oui!, please explain what you are doing. You have changed the name of this template, and then basically made it a copy of Template:United Kingdom, without any discussion. At least Henrygb gave a reason for why this template should exist. I'm reverting back to the previous version, pending further discussion. --JW1805 17:44, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

The Ulster Banner
This flag is not the flag of Northern ireland and its inclusion is POV, see Northern Ireland flags issue.--padraig3uk 15:55, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree the Ulster Banner is not the Flag of Northern Ireland and should not be used as such.--Vintagekits 09:14, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This is the de facto flag of NI. Please see the extensive discussion on the issue at Talk:Northern Ireland. Please also discuss disputed changes on this page first. The revision you want is not going to be implemented by edit warring. Thank you. 163.167.129.124 10:35, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I am well aware of the "extensive discussion on the issue at Talk:Northern Ireland" as I have been a part of the discussion, like I told you on my talk page - the majority believe that it should be removed as it 1. has no official standing and 2. only has limited de facto status amongest a section of the population and some sporting organisations - wiki deals in facts not POV and this template should reflect that. I also suggest that you register a user name and other editors will give you more credability then editing as an IP. regards--Vintagekits 11:00, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You can suggest whatever you like. However, comments like "removing British POV...long live the Malvinas!" hardly give you any credibility. 163.167.129.124 11:11, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The comment was made in jest, I know the other editors that I am discussing the issue with and they know what it means. If you registered maybe people might get to know you. Or maybe you already have been previously registered - something I need to look into.--Vintagekits 11:27, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Although I do not like your vaguely menacing undertone, please do "look into" whatever you feel the need to look into. However, I would respectfully suggest that an encyclopedia is not the place for "jesting." 163.167.129.124 11:41, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

I have removed the Ulster banner from the template it isn't the legal flag of Northern Ireland.--padraig3uk 14:33, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Please see here. You will NOT get the changes you want by edit warring! 163.167.129.124 14:43, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Removing POV is not edit warring, the Ulster Banner is not the legal or offical flag of Northern Ireland nor has it been since 1972, and no matter how much you and others try to promote your own Politcal agenda on WP, the facts don't change, so either provide evidence that this is now the legal flag of Northern Ireland or stop your edit warring.--padraig3uk 14:50, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The following edits do look like edit warring:         .  You don't have consensus. 07:36, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * This is what the British Government says about the Ulster Banner:
 * Lord Greaves asked Her Majesty's Government:

 * What legislation covers the definition of the form, shape and design, and any rules about the permitted use, of (a) the union flag; (b) the English flag (cross of St George); (c) the Scottish flag(St Andrew's saltire) (d) the Scottish royal lion flag (e) the Welsh flag (dragon); (f) the flag of Northern Ireland. [HL1099]

 * 18 Jan 2007 : Column WA181

 * Lord Davies of Oldham: (a & b) There is no legislation that governs the form, shape or size of the union flag or the English flag (St George's cross). There are no rules about the permitted use of the union flag or English flag (cross of St George) on non-government buildings, provided the flag is flown on a single vertical flagstaff and neither the flag nor the flagstaff display any advertisement additional to the design of the flag as explained under the Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) Regulations 1992. Government departments are restricted to flying flags on 18 fixed days a year in compliance with rules issued by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Consideration should also be given to flag protocol, which considers it improper to fly the union flag upside down and requires that the flag should not be defaced by text or symbols and should be treated with respect.

 * (c & d) There is also no legislation that governs the form, shape or size of the Royal Arms of Scotland (here referred to as The Scottish royal lion flag) or the St Andrew's cross, but the design is firmly specified in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. The Royal Arms of Scotland can only be used by the Sovereign or Her Great Lieutenants when acting in their official capacity. The Scottish flag(St Andrew's cross) may be flown by Scots and to represent Scotland on all occasions; however, under The Act of Lyon King of Arms Act 1672, cap. 47 individuals may not deface the flag by placing a symbol on top of the flag or use it in such a way that suggests it is his/her personal property.

 * (e) There is no specific legislation about the Welsh flag design or rules about permitted use.

 * (f) The union flag is the only official flag that represents Northern Ireland. The Flags (NI) Order 2000 empowered the Secretary of State to make the Flags Regulations (NI) 2000, which governs when and where the union flag can be flown from government buildings in Northern Ireland on specified days. The legislation does not define the form, shape or design of the union flag. Flag flying from non-governmental buildings is unregulated.

 * For all flags, consideration should also be given to flag protocol, which requires flags to be treated with respect, not to be defaced by text or symbols or flown upside down. --padraig3uk 09:41, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There is no need to keep posting the same thing over and over. There is nothing new in the quote that you give - it essentially says that there isn't really much legislation on any of the flags and that the union flag should be flown from government buildings on certain days.

 * The Flag of Northern Ireland or "Ulster Banner" is the widely recognised de facto flag to uniquely represent Northern Ireland. No one else is claiming it to be 'official', but things don't have to be 'official' to have credibility. You have removed the standard NIR template totally against consensus and hence you are being reverted yet again. Jonto 16:08, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Jonto, i am not going to revert it this time. What I am going to do it ask Padraig3uk to provide evidence that the other UK national flags hold that offical or legal status that Padraig3uk states that they dont. At least that way we might me able to see a way out of this edit war. What do you think?--Vintagekits 16:13, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I do not understand your proposal. Regardless, this is the wrong place to be 'edit warring' anyway because this article simply uses the standard NIR template. Jonto 16:18, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The standard NIR template is wrong, this is not the flag of Northern Ireland, but the flag that of one section of the population uses to try and promote a secterian political viewpoint.--padraig3uk 23:43, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

In reply to Vintagekits question above, the British government response given above states that in the case of the English flag or St Georges Cross:
 * here are no rules about the permitted use of the union flag or English flag (cross of St George) on non-government buildings, provided the flag is flown on a single vertical flagstaff and neither the flag nor the flagstaff display any advertisement additional to the design of the flag as explained under the Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) Regulations 1992.

so the British Government accepts this flag can be and is used to represent England. In the case of Scotland and the St Andrews Cross:
 * The Scottish flag(St Andrew's cross) may be flown by Scots and to represent Scotland on all occasions; however, under The Act of Lyon King of Arms Act 1672, cap. 47 individuals may not deface the flag by placing a symbol on top of the flag or use it in such a way that suggests it is his/her personal property.

So the British government states the flag can be and is used to represent Scotland. In the case of Wales it just states there are no regulations on its design or permitted use. In the case of Northern Ireland, here the government clearly states that only the Union Flag is official, the Ulster Banner is not even mentioned in their responce, if the flags of England Scotland and Wales where not official as some editors say, then why did the government not state this, and as in the case of Northern Ireland say only the Union Flag could be used.--padraig3uk 11:16, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

To padraig3uk. The Union Flag is the official flag to represent Northern Ireland in a political sense. Otherwise it is seen by many as the de facto flag of Northern Ireland and is used to represent Northern Ireland in sports and other things in a sense of regional identity. The only people that really object to the use of the Ulster Banner in any form even unofficially are Irish republicans. The Ulster flag used to be the official flag of Northern Ireland based on its only ever coat of arms, and seeing as it never had one prior or since how can you object to it being used in an identity sense?

As a side-point/question, isn't Saint Patrick's flag used to represent the island of Ireland on Wikipedia? If it is as i think it is don't forget its de facto (fact but not in law) and not de jure (according to law). So if it can be used then why not the Ulster flag or is it coz if sectarian oppossition to its usage? Oh yeah and like the Ulster flag, Saint Patrick's flag is originally based on a coat of arms.

Doing a define: de facto search on Google and the common agreeing of the meaning of de facto is in fact but not legally. The Ulster flag is used de facto to represent Northern Ireland just as Irish republicans like to use the Irish tricolour as the de facto flag for the island of Ireland.

Oh and as a final note, padraig3uk and VIntageKits say its only the POV flag for a section of Northern Ireland. Can you please provide sources and proof for this? Its just the same as me stating the fact that the section of the community that make use of the Ulster flag as the de facto flag for Northern Ireland is bigger than the minority republican section of the community that opposes it.

Mabuska 01:26, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes the Union Flag is the only flag to represent Northern Ireland, it is the only flag recognised by both the British Government and the Northern Ireland Assembly we are not debating that though. The discussion here concerns the Ulster Banner which is the former governmental banner of the government of the Northern Ireland Parliament prorouged in 1972, and abolished under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973.  The fact remains the Ulster Banner never was a civic flag of Northern Ireland even between the period of its use by the government 1953-72.  It cannot be flown from any government building in Northern Ireland today.

 * The Saint Patricks flag was use prior to 1922 to represent All-Ireland under British rule and is still used today by the Church of Ireland, and in some sport contexts. As for google what has that got to do with what the flag of Northern Ireland is, but if you want look closely at the results in google and most of the links will state the flag is un-official and has no status.

 * Claims of de facto status suffer a big problem, the flag is used by a minority of the Unionist community, those of the Loyalist side, most Unionists use the Union flag, in fact in the Assembly debate on the 2000 flag regulations not one of the Unionist parties supported the Ulster Banner not even the PUP even brought it up in the negotiations on the flags issue, every one of them supported the Union Flag as the flag of Northern Ireland, dosen't that say alot for the Ulster banner and claims for its de facto status.

 * As for your last statement on the side you claim uses the flag that it larger then the Nationalist side that reject it, in the last couple of elections the difference between the nationist and unionist vote was in the region of 60,000 votes. Hardly a massive majority is it.

 * I have no interest in POV in this discussion, the Facts don't support the use of the Ulster banner Today to represent Northern Ireland, and those claiming it does outside of its use in some sports events have failed to provide any evidence to support their claims.--padraig 01:56, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * We all know the flag is unofficial i even said that myself above. Sorry for going out of topic as i'm about to do. My statement on one side bigger than the other was simply to show that it would need proof just like VintageKIts and padraig3uk's statements on the similar. However on your 60'000 difference comment - don't forget that nationalist turnout is always higher than unionist turnout, and many unionists don't vote for reasons to do with certain UUP/DUP stances. You can't go by the election results just as most Scots who voted for the SNP in the Scottish elections didn't do so for their nationalist republican ideals. You'd need a border poll and a 100% turnout to see what the real difference would be.

 * Back to flags - the Union Flag is a bigger symbol of Unionism than the Ulster Flag seeing as it is the flag of the union, maybe thats why the uuionists voted for its use instead? If i was a unionist i'd vote for the Union Flag as it makes a declaration that Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom - something (which they probably well knew) would annoy republicans. The Ulster Banner doesn't denote such a strong sense of unionism and has been used by some (on the unionist side) in an independant Northern Ireland manner.

 * On point on de facto use, Saint Patrick's flag was never used officially according to the wikipedia page on the flag. Yes it is used by the Church of Ireland, the PSNI, the Irish Guards and other organisations yet its not de jure but de facto for use to represent Ireland. The only official use (which another wikipedia article states) it had was in the composition of the Union Flag.

 * If you want proof that the flag is still used outside of sport use: on the Northern Ireland Flags Issue wikipedia page, it is stated (with reference) that the Ulster Banner is still flown by Castlereagh Council amongst others.

 * To me the union flag denotes a stronger sense of unionism link with the UK. However the Ulster Banner is more useful in an regional identity sense. On wikipedia i wouldn't object to the Ulster Banner being used in a regional purpose as everyone near enough knows the flag is associated with Northern Ireland official or not.
 * Mabuska 23:32, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Mabuska the Ulster Banner is flown by about three out of twenty-eight local authorities in Northern Ireland, these are Unionist controled councils, that hardly makes it a de facto flag.  Also WP is an encyclopedia it should present facts not use defunct flags as eyecandy, fact are Northern Ireland dosen't have a National flag and WP shouldn't try to invent one.--padraig 23:41, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Padraig it don't matter if only three councils use it, and that they are all unionist controlled councils. I wasn't stating it so we could say we could use it for Wikipedia. I stated it just to counter your claim that there's no evidence of it being used outside of sport, and well now you know it is, even if in such a limited manner.

 * Would also like to say... hey we made the News Letter today for this debate! Comments from Simon Hamilton (DUP) and Danny Kennedy (UUP) in the article basically backup why i thought unionists choose the Union Flag over the Ulster Banner - as it makes very clear that we are part of the United Kingdom.

 * Maybe the Ulster Banner should be used for Northern Irish sport articles and the Union Flag for all the other Northern Ireland articles. That way its use can't be argued over as much as the flags are being used in their respective roles.
 * Mabuska 11:56, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That is my point the Ulster Banner shouldn't be used on articles or templates refering to Northern Ireland today, unless its regarding sport where the banner is used or in a historical context, and if a flag is necessary to be used then it should be the Union flag or none. I haven't got access to the News Letter, I wonder if that is online.--padraig 12:28, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You beat to the historical context, i.e. using the Ulster Banner for articles to do with Northern Ireland when the flag was official. Dunno if its online or not but its page 4 of todays News Letter even if you have to give it a quick glance in a newsagents Mabuska 18:06, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

I think the best thing to do, as the use of the unionjack could potentially be confusing when used to represent N Ireland(especially in the context of England, Scotland & Wales also) would be to use an image of the territory of N Ireland, as proposed on the Northen Ireland talk page. Fennessy 21:26, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Jonto just put the Ulster banner back up, without consulting anyone or discussing the issue. Somebody take it down so I cant be accused of edit warring? There seems to be no one who has posted here recently who agrees it should be there. Yawn...

Protected
I have protected the template for a week because of the dispute over which flag, if any, should be used for Northern Ireland. Please try to resolve disputes on the talk page and come to a consensus. Sam Blacketer 12:01, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * If you read this section you will understand why the Ulster Banner should not be used as the Flag of Northern Ireland.--Vintagekits 10:39, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * That was written by someone with POV in this issue. Astrotrain 13:31, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Actualy it was written by someone with no interest in the issue, and is based on the Northern Ireland flags issue and the facts of the issue.--padraig 13:36, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually it is an essay and not a policy ofr guidline- it reflects the views of the author. Astrotrain 13:40, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It was put together by many editors and debated and altered during its time, so it reflect the consensus of those editors involved.--padraig 13:45, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Everyon has a POV. If you have an issue with it then please try and work to changing it - but its the guideline we have at the moment. Please try and work within policy.--Vintagekits 13:34, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

How do we go about getting it changed so when a person puts in the code for the flag of Northern Ireland, the Ulster banner is not used? I think thats the real issue here. Fennessy 22:35, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I dont know, anyone?--Vintagekits 13:29, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * See: Template talk:Country data Northern Ireland that is the main template that is used by undefined undefined etc to render the flag, the problem is its used also in the sports templates.--padraig 13:49, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Fully protected
... yet again, at The Wrong Version no doubt. It's clear that nothing has been resolved here since last May. Can you guys please try to work this one out and come to some consensus as it's just a time-waster for everyone at this stage? Note also the three-revert rule as I've just started monitoring this template and will be enforcing this accordingly - A l is o n  ☺ 22:02, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Alison have a look Here I reported this user for reverting my edits, I suspect this was a established editor as this is the second time in the past few days this has happened to me with anon IP reverting my edits.--padraig 22:09, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Totally neutral on this: the Union flag should always be used when referring to NI, as per this, which says that the Union Flag is official. Will (talk) 22:14, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Union Flag is official as the flag of the United Kingdom not the Flag of Northern Ireland - there is no flag of Northern Ireland at the moment.--Vintagekits 22:16, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Good point, must've misread - but I'd side for using the Union flag because, and I quote, "The union flag is the only official flag that represents Northern Ireland." Will (talk) 22:19, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * If you use the Union Flag then you would have to remove the E,W and Scot flags and replace it with that to be consistant.--Vintagekits 22:25, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree but some people want to POV push to use a defunct flag.--padraig 22:18, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * That's not even the issue. The issue is Alison protecting a version of a page which has seen massive sockpuppetry in order to violate 3RR. This is one of the worst protections I've ever seen. Keep in mind I'm American and I couldn't give a hoot which flag you guys use. Of course, there's no point in me bringing it up on ANI, as I'll only see a lot of holier than thou quotes of "THE WRONG VERSION" with that little m attached in front; nevermind I'm uninvolved. posted by User:The Evil Spartan
 * For someone who "doesn't give a hoot", I note that you have also been involved in reversion. Frankly, the issue is not entirely based around 3RR-evading sock-puppets and goes much deeper than that. See my comment below. I'm sorry you're disappointed in my decision but you are free, of course, to contest it and request another admin's opinion - A l is o n  ☺ 23:23, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Alison, I reverted the page, but I don't even know what difference it made. I've only seen the diffs. I haven't even pulled the page up to see which flag I'm adding - I just don't think trolls should be fed for reverting using their IPs. The Evil Spartan 23:26, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Then put in an editprotected request and get an admin to change it to the one you like best. I'm not gonig to be accused of POV in reverting to whatever I feel is correct, given that there has been a long-running content dispute on this page for months now. It's one of the main reasons I don't edit these articles. - A l is o n  ☺ 23:32, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Fine enough. I'm not trying to make life hard on you. If anything, it's as resolved as it will get. The Evil Spartan 23:36, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There are no need for flags on this template as the Union Flag is already in the Template title.--padraig 22:27, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, this is it. It's patently obvious that there has been no consensus on this article to-date and that this flags nonsense has been going on for months now. It really need to stop and, I guess, now it has. There are a number of ways of moving this forward from here and the main one should be working towards some consensus. Given the bickering that was beginning to overflow onto WP:RPP, this was not going to get resolved if I'd somehow protected the "right" revision. There's a long history to this, as you all know. In fact, I protected the article at an arbitrary revision.

 * Sock-puppetry aside (and I acknowledge that), this template needs to be put to rest. Gain consensus, post comments to WP:IWNB and WP:NIWNB and get input from all sides. Once some sort of agreement has been reached, then that can be enforced because right now, I'm not seeing any consensus here. That is the root of the problem. - A l is o n  ☺ 23:23, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Alison there is consensus that the Ulster Banner should't be used in these templates in relation to Northern Ireland today, except for Astrotrain who continiously reverts them to include this banner.--padraig 23:41, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Alison brings up that we could just get rid of the flags altogether. They probably just aren't worth it. While I had already thought of this, and rejected it (this seems to be one of those templates where flags might actually be useful), I think that maybe she has a point. They're not that informative: and, as WP:FLAG says it: this flagcruft can go overboard. It's not worth it in the end. It's a stupid flag. It doesn't really help navigation that much anyway. The Evil Spartan 00:07, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * From the outside, this looks like ridiculous, tribal flag-waving of the worst kind (literally). Get rid of them all - they add no useful content to the template - A l is o n  ☺ 00:14, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Alison I did remove the flags leaving just the Union Banner in the Template title, but everytime it get reverted. I totally agree there are no need for flags.--padraig 00:26, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok - I've reduced protection to semi now, given the above discussion. But please - this ridiculous flag-war needs to end - A l is o n  ☺ 01:17, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

I'm glad everyone here who actually wants to resolve this issue doesnt favor using the Ulster banner for the flag of N Ireland. But I think its over-board to not use legitimate flags that regular people identify with the respective nations, that are completly harmless. Fennessy 14:03, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't care whether there are flags or not. But to only have three looks odd highlighting the alledged flagnessless of Northern Ireland, especially as this template is only used on pages about English regions which generally do not have flags of their own.  Since use of the Ulster Banner will not get consensus, why use any flags at all?--Rumping (talk) 01:34, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Revert-warring
If User:Astrotrain and friends insist on revert-warring here, will they please ensure that the correct protection template is transcluded and not subst'd. Also, reverting to a version with a full-protect banner is inappropriate - A l is o n  ☺ 19:30, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * While we are on the subject, and seeing as you are an administrator Alison, can you please see about getting the Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations page unprotected? I might be speaking too soon but it seems like the last place left were the Ulster banner is still in erroneous use. Fennessy 22:25, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting oppose.svg Not unprotected - you really need to discuss this with the protecting admin, User:Tariqabjotu, who only protected days ago with the message, "this flag issue just doesn't seem to want to go away" - A l is o n  ☺ 22:32, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:English regions


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Touca

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 00:06, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Touca
Cannot find confirmation of this use of Touca (which otherwise seems to be Portuguese for swimming cap). Google search for touca+mistake nets 32 hits, only about half of them in English. Grutness|hello? 12:35, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. At best this is a future neologism. --Allen3 talk 13:10, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, neologism. Megan1967 04:56, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Touca


text:
Pob's Programme

Pob's Programme is a children's television programme which was broadcast in the United Kingdom on Channel 4. The programme is presented by a puppet named Pob (played by puppeteer Robin Stevens), who speaks with a speech impediment and who supposedly lives inside the viewer's TV (the casing and red, green and blue electron guns visible behind him). Music was composed and performed by Mike Stanley. The opening titles of the show consist of the character breathing on the camera lens (this breathing was often mistaken for spitting, given the loud noise accompanying it and the thick condensation appearing on screen), and tracing his name in the condensation. Each week on the programme, a celebrity guest visits Pob's garden, and entertains him — though Pob and the guest never appear on screen together.

Pob's Programme was created by Doug Wilcox and Anne Wood of Ragdoll Productions, which also created Rosie and Jim. Wood went on to create the Teletubbies. Unlike the other series by Ragdoll, it is one of the only programmes not to be acquired and picked up by DHX Media.

Content
In a typical episode, the celebrity visitor to the show finds a label attached to a piece of string on the gates of Pob's garden;

 * If in my programme you would be,
 * Wind the wool and follow me.
 * Follow where the wool is led first the Yellow then the Red

The celebrity guest then follows the woollen string, winding it as they go, and encountering a second label;

 * Wind it slowly, wind it fast,
 * A secret you will find at last.

Ultimately the wool is found to be Pob's unravelled jumper, and he is awoken to trace his name on the screen. Over the course of the programme, the celebrity guest reads a story, and solves a word puzzle with Pob.

Over 28 celebrity visitors appeared on Pob's Programme like Nigel Hayes, some appearing twice. The visitors, many of them well known as actors, included Roy Castle, Jan Francis, Charlie Williams, Madhur Jaffrey, Brian Blessed, Brian Patten, Hannah Gordon, Su Pollard, Kathy Staff, John Duttine, Ross Davidson, Spike Milligan, Toyah Willcox. Bill Pertwee, Anni Domingo, Josette Simon, Tony Armatrading, Rupert Frazer, Kjartan Poskitt, Bernard Hepton, Peter Howitt, Cheryl Campbell, Susan Gilmore, Pat Coombs and Patricia Hodge. One episode was filmed on location at Birmingham Children's Hospital with Barry Foy as a patient.

Various celebrities had recurring segments on Pob's Programme, including Nigel Kennedy (who would attempt to teach Pob to play the violin), Dick King-Smith (who would follow nature trails based on clues that Pob would send him), Alan Dart (who would be seen, hands only, doing a different handicraft project each episode) and Rod Campbell (who would devise different ways to open a mystery box).

Pob was often accompanied in his mischief by a silent teddy bear called Teddy, operated by Bob Berk and Wanda Szajna-Hopgood.

Recognition
In 2001, Pob's Programme was number 60 on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows.

title: Pob's Programme


text:
The Eleventh Commandment (novel)

The Eleventh Commandment is a novel by Jeffrey Archer, first published in 1998. The title refers to the rule Thou Shalt Not Get Caught.

Plot summary
The chief of the CIA, Helen Dexter, decides, on her own, to order the murder of political figures of other nations on the basis of their views on the United States. The book starts with the murder of a candidate for the Colombian presidency. During this time, Helen finds out that she would be fired if she is found out to be ordering assassinations on several nations. To cover up her work she plans to have her chief assassin, Connor Fitzgerald, eliminated. The CIA rejects Connor's resignation and asks him to go on a final mission to assassinate a candidate for the Russian presidency. While attending a speech, Connor is arrested and placed in a Russian jail to be executed. A friend of his arrives in time and tries to rescue him by making a bargain with the Russian Mafia. In exchange for Fitzgerald to be replaced with his friend, Fitzgerald will have to assassinate the Russian president. Fitzgerald fails in the attempt and "dies." Later on he returns home with the name of a professor and he has lost his arm.

title: The Eleventh Commandment (novel)


text:
User talk:Black Dagger

You should sign your comments with a signature, you can get one by typing: --~. It'll help you be taken more seriously on pages like Indigenous Australians, otherwise you might look like a random anonymous user. - Aaron Hill 12:37, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Black Dagger