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1976–77 NFL playoffs

The National Football League playoffs for the 1976 season began on December 18, 1976. The postseason tournament concluded with the Oakland Raiders defeating the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl XI, 32–14, on January 9, 1977, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.

Schedule
Christmas fell on a Saturday in 1976. In order to avoid scheduling playoff games on the holiday, the regular season opened a week earlier than normal (September 12, the second Sunday of the month, rather than the customary third Sunday) so that the Divisional Playoffs could be held on December 18 and 19 instead of December 25 and 26, and thus no games would be needed on Christmas Day. The conference championship games were played Sunday, December 26, and Super Bowl XI was played on January 9, the earliest date in Super Bowl history.

Due to the at-the-time Maryland state law that prohibited Baltimore Colts home games from starting earlier than 2:00 p.m. EST on Sundays, the two divisional playoff games on Sunday, December 19 were pushed to 2:00 p.m. and 5:30 p.m. EST.

In the United States, CBS televised the NFC playoff games, while NBC broadcast the AFC games and Super Bowl XI.

NFC: Minnesota Vikings 35, Washington Redskins 20
The Vikings jumped to a 35–6 lead by the end of the third quarter, led by running backs Chuck Foreman and Brent McClanahan who each rushed for more than 100 yards.

McClanahan's career-long 41-yard run on Minnesota's first play of the game set up quarterback Fran Tarkenton's 18-yard touchdown pass to tight end Stu Voigt. Eddie Brown gave his team some early scoring opportunities with big special teams plays, first returning the kickoff 26 yards to the 38-yard line, and later returning a punt 17 yards to the Vikings 45; but Washington was unable to capitalize. Following the kickoff return the Redskins went three-and-out, and on the first play after Brown's punt return, Billy Kilmer threw a pass that was intercepted by Bobby Bryant. With momentum seeming to slip away, on the first play after Bryant's pick, Washington took the ball right back with an interception by safety Jake Scott, who returned it 17 yards to the Minnesota 34-yard line. Three plays later, Mark Moseley kicked a 47-yard field goal that cut the Washington deficit to 7-3. Later in the quarter, Minnesota drove 66 yards and scored when Tarkenton threw a 27-yard pass to Sammy White. Safety Ken Houston deflected the ball, but it bounced to White, who made a diving juggling catch for a touchdown to put the Vikings up 14-3. By the end of the first quarter, the Vikings had gained 143 yards, while holding Washington to 18 yards and no first downs.

The situation only got worse for Washington in the second quarter. A promising drive into Vikings territory ended with no points when Moseley missed a 51-yard field goal attempt. Minnesota then drove 66 yards, featuring a 35-yard completion from Tarkenton to Ahmad Rashad, to score on Foreman's 2-yard touchdown run, putting them up 21-3. The Redskins' next drive ended with an interception by Nate Wright. On the next play, Houston intercepted the ball from Tarkenton and returned it 8 yards to the Vikings 38. But Washington was unable to move the ball and had to punt. In the final seconds of the half, Washington had a chance for a touchdown with a deep throw from Kilmer to receiver Frank Grant. Grant had broken open in the end zone, but was unable to make the catch and the pass fell incomplete.

Washington had to punt on the first drive of the second half, and Leonard Willis returned it 10 yards to the Vikings 48, from where Minnesota proceeded to drive to a 28-3 lead on a 30-yard touchdown burst by Foreman. This time the Redskins were able to respond, converting a 20-yard catch by tight end Jean Fugett, a 20-yard run by Mike Thomas, and a 10-yard reception by fullback John Riggins into a 35-yard Moseley field goal, making the score 28-6. But after this, the Vikings drove 77 yards and scored on a 9-yard pass from Tarkenton to White. By the time Kilmer completed two touchdown passes in the fourth quarter, the game was already out of reach.

This was only the second postseason meeting between the Redskins and Vikings, with Minnesota having won the previous meeting.

AFC: Oakland Raiders 24, New England Patriots 21
The Raiders stormed into the 1976 playoffs in dominant form, with an NFL-best 13–1 record. However, their only loss of the season was to New England, a brutal 48–17 thrashing in week 4. New England finished the year with an 11–3 record, a spectacular turnaround after going 3–11 the previous season, to make their first playoff appearance since 1963.

The Raiders overcame an 11-point fourth quarter deficit to win on quarterback Ken Stabler's 1-yard touchdown run with 14 seconds left in the game.

Raiders return man Neal Colzie gave his team an early scoring opportunity by returning a New England punt 24 yards to the Pats' 46-yard line. Oakland was unable to move the ball, and despite a solid Ray Guy punt that pinned the Patriots back at their own 14-yard line, their defense could not stop New England from driving 86 yards in 10 plays to take a 7–0 lead on Andy Johnson's 1-yard rushing touchdown. The key plays of the drive were a spectacular one-handed 48-yard catch by tight end Russ Francis on 3rd down and 7 from the Patriots' 33-yard line, and a 24-yard 3rd-down reception by receiver Darryl Stingley. On Oakland's next possession, Stabler's completions to Fred Biletnikoff and Cliff Branch for gains of 22 and 17 yards set up Errol Mann's 40-yard field goal, making the score 7–3 with 1:14 left in the first quarter.

The score would not change until near the end of the second quarter, after Oakland defensive back Skip Thomas made a clutch interception in his own red zone of Francis passing on an option play, and returned it 18 yards to the Raiders' 24. Oakland subsequently drove 76 yards in 8 plays to score on Stabler's 31-yard touchdown pass to Biletnikoff with 45 seconds left in the half, giving the Raiders a 10–7 halftime lead.

New England regrouped in the second half. After forcing Oakland to punt on their opening drive, Grogan led the Patriots 80 yards in 9 plays to score on his 26-yard touchdown completion to Francis. The Raiders had to punt again on their next possession, and New England got the ball with good field position on their own 45, where they drove 55 yards in 10 plays (aided by an offsides penalty on linebacker Ted Hendricks that allowed them to keep possession after a punt play) to go up 21–10 on Jess Phillips' 3-yard rushing touchdown with 1:13 left in the third period.

Oakland responded by driving 70 yards in 8 plays. Stabler was a perfect 5-for-5 passing on the drive, including a 17-yard completion to Biletnikoff on the last play of the third quarter, as the team cut their deficit to 21–17 on running back Mark Van Eeghen's 1-yard touchdown run. After an exchange of punts, New England got the ball on their own 48 with a huge chance to increase their lead or run out the clock to win the game. After driving to the Raiders' 28, Grogan appeared to pick up a first down on a QB sneak, but it was nullified by an offsides penalty against fullback Sam Cunningham. Cunningham was then stuffed on a draw during the next play. Now on 4th down, the Patriots decided to gamble on a 50-yard field goal attempt by John Smith, but his kick was no good, giving the ball back to Oakland with good field position and 4:12 left on the clock.

Stabler then led the Raiders 68 yards for the game-winning score. Several key completions, including a 12-yard catch by Branch and a 21-yard reception by tight end Dave Casper, gave the team a first down on the Patriots' 28-yard line. But on the next play, Stabler was sacked for an 8-yard loss by DT Mel Lunsford. After an incompletion, Oakland faced 3rd and 18 on the 36-yard line. Stabler threw an incomplete pass on the next play, but it was eliminated by a controversial roughing the passer penalty called by referee Ben Dreith on nose tackle Ray "Sugar Bear" Hamilton, giving Oakland a first down on the Pats' 13 with 57 seconds remaining. Following a 5-yard catch by Casper and a 4-yard run by Clarence Davis, a personal foul penalty on safety Prentice McCray brought up first and goal at the 1-yard line. Now with time running out, Stabler faked a handoff to running back Pete Banaszak, who was stuffed at the line of scrimmage, and rolled to the left. Led by guard Gene Upshaw, Stabler dove into the end zone with 14 seconds left to give the Raiders a 24–21 lead. Linebacker Monte Johnson then sealed the win with an interception on the last play of the game.

Biletnikoff finished the game with 9 receptions for 137 yards and a touchdown. Francis had 4 catches for 96 yards and a score. Stabler completed 19/32 passes for 233 yards and a touchdown, with no interceptions, and scored a rushing touchdown as well.

Penalties played a huge role in the game. New England had 10 penalties, while the Raiders had 11. "That was one of the worst-called games I have ever seen in my life," said an angry Patriots DE Julius Adams. "I just hope they were right", Patriots coach Chuck Fairbanks said about the roughing the passer call against Ray Hamilton on Oakland's game-winning drive. "It looked to me like Ray Hamilton hit the ball first. If he did deflect the ball, it was an incorrect call." Later on, he added "I'm proud of my team and the way we played today. We’re going home knowing we played our hearts out."

"That's what you say," said Raiders Coach John Madden when the Pats' complaints were brought to his attention by a writer. "If you could sit there for 60 minutes and say the officials turned that game around with penalties at the end, you were wasting your time. You were eating a hot dog somewhere instead of watching what was going on. There was some great football out there."

This was the first postseason meeting between the Patriots and Raiders.

AFC: Pittsburgh Steelers 40, Baltimore Colts 14
The Steelers, who lost four of their first five games during the season, dominated the Colts with 526 yards of total offense, while limiting Baltimore to only 170. Quarterback Terry Bradshaw completed 14 of 18 passes for 267 yards and three touchdowns, including a 76-yard bomb to Frank Lewis on the third play of the game, giving him the first perfect 158.3 passer rating in NFL playoff history. Steelers running back Franco Harris racked up 132 rushing yards on 18 carries, and caught 3 passes for 24 yards, despite leaving the game with an injury early in the third quarter.

Lewis' touchdown catch and a 45-yard Roy Gerela field goal gave the Steelers an early 9-0 lead. The Colts made it 9-7 late in the first period with Bert Jones' 17-yard touchdown pass to Roger Carr, but Theo Bell's 60-yard kickoff return set up a 32-yard drive to put the Steelers up 16-7 on Reggie Harrison's 1-yard touchdown run. Following a punt, they blew a scoring chance when Harrison lost a fumble at the Colts 2-yard line. But they soon made up for it with two scores in the final minute of the half. After getting the ball back, Bradshaw put the Steelers ahead 23-7 with a 29-yard touchdown pass to Lynn Swann. Then Glen Edwards intercepted a pass from Jones and returned it 26 yards to set up a 25-yard Gerela field goal that gave Pittsburgh a 26-7 halftime lead.

In the third quarter, the Colts had an odd drive in which they gained only 36 net yards in 13 plays. They faced an early 3rd and 6, but a sack on Jones was eliminated by a defensive holding penalty that gave them a first down. Then Lydell Mitchell appeared to lose a fumble, but officials ruled him down by contact before he lost the ball. David Lee soon came on to punt, but a roughing the kicker penalty on Larry Brown allowed them to keep the ball again. The drive finally ended with a turnover on downs at the Steelers 32, and Pittsburgh went on to drive 68 yards in 11 plays, scoring on Bradshaw's 11-yard touchdown pass to Swann. Now with a 33-7 fourth quarter lead, all that remained would be a touchdown from each team, a 1-yard run by Roosevelt Leaks and a 9-yard score by Harrison.

Less than ten minutes after the conclusion of the game, a small charter plane crashed into the upper deck at Memorial Stadium. There were no deaths or injuries in the accident.

This was the second postseason meeting between the Steelers and Colts. Pittsburgh won the first meeting the previous season.

NFC: Los Angeles Rams 14, Dallas Cowboys 12
The Rams overcame two blocked punts by Dallas to avenge their blowout title game loss to the Cowboys the previous year with a 14–12 win in a defense dominated physical game at Texas Stadium.

Dallas opened the scoring with a 44-yard field goal, but Los Angeles responded with quarterback Pat Haden's 4-yard touchdown run. Late in the first half, Charlie Waters blocked a punt to set up running back Scott Laidlaw's 1-yard touchdown to give the Cowboys a 10–7 lead. Early in the final period, Rams kicker Tom Dempsey made what would have been a game-tying field goal, but Cliff Harris was called for a running into the kicker penalty on the play. The usually conservative Ram coach Chuck Knox uncharacteristically took the points off the board, giving Los Angeles a first down. A few plays later, Lawrence McCutcheon vindicated Knox's decision as he ran for a one-yard touchdown to give the Rams the lead, 14–10. With 1:59 remaining in the game, Waters blocked another punt and the Cowboys recovered the ball at the Los Angeles 17-yard line. On first down, Butch Johnson's reception was ruled incomplete because he could only get one foot down in bounds in the end zone. After two more incompletions, Staubach completed a pass to tight end Billy Joe DuPree at the 8, but he was immediately tackled by safeties Bill Simpson and Dave Elmendorf 1 yard short of the first down marker, causing a turnover on downs. After three running plays, and with the Cowboys out of time outs, the Rams faced a 4th and 14 with four seconds left in the game. Wary of another blocked punt, Coach Knox ordered Ram punter Rusty Jackson to step out of the back of the end zone for an intentional safety, and the Rams won 14–12.

"We said there was just no way they were getting into the end zone after they blocked that punt," said Simpson (a college teammate of DuPree at Michigan State University) after the game. We've come through too far and gone through too much. Staubach went to the wide receivers twice before, and we figured he'd go to DuPree. We both dove for him the moment Staubach threw. I think I got a hand on the ball. We had to play him tough. Goddamn it was the whole season on one play. That stuff happened to us too much in the past. We're going all the way this time."

"Where the official marked the ball wasn't where I caught it", DuPree protested after the game. "That play was designed to get 10 yards."

The Ram defense held Dallas to only 85 rushing yards; Dallas' defense was equally stingy, allowing 120 rushing yards but the Rams needed 49 attempts to achieve this. Constant Ram pressure caused Staubach to have one of his worst playoff games ever as he was 15 of 37 for 150 yards; he was sacked 4 times and threw 3 interceptions. In addition, Staubach, who had hurt the Rams the year before with his scrambling runs, gained only 8 yards rushing. Ram QB Pat Haden couldn't do much better vs. Dallas' tough defense; he was 10 for 21 for 152 yards and also threw 3 interceptions.

This was the third postseason meeting between the Rams and Cowboys, with Dallas winning both previous meetings.

AFC: Oakland Raiders 24, Pittsburgh Steelers 7
Pittsburgh had defeated the Raiders in the AFC championship game in each of the last two seasons. But with Steelers running backs Franco Harris and Rocky Bleier out of the game with injuries, this time the Raiders easily shut down Pittsburgh's offense.

Late in the first quarter, Bobby Walden's rushed punt went just 19 yards and gave Oakland the ball at the Steelers 38, setting up Errol Mann's 39-yard field goal. Then in the second quarter, Raiders linebacker Willie Hall intercepted a pass from Terry Bradshaw and returned it 25 yards to the Steelers 1-yard line. Three plays later, Clarence Davis' 1-yard touchdown run gave them a 10-0 lead. Although the game would end up as a defensive struggle with both teams combining for 14 punts (7 each) and only 457 yards (237 for Pittsburgh, 220 for Oakland), Hall's interception would be the only turnover of the day for either team.

The Steelers responded with Bradshaw's completions to Lynn Swann for gains of 18 and 30 yards leading to Reggie Harrison's 3-yard rushing touchdown. Oakland responded with a methodical 14-play, 69-yard scoring drive. With 19 seconds left in the first half, the Raiders faced first down at the Pittsburgh 4-yard line following a 16-yard burst by Clarence Davis. Oakland lined up three tight ends as if they were to run the ball, but quarterback Ken Stabler threw a play action pass to Warren Bankston for a touchdown to give the Raiders a 17–7 lead at halftime. Oakland controlled the entire second half, including a 12-play, 63-yard drive that featured a 28-yard completion from Stabler to receiver Cliff Branch. Stabler finished the drive with a 5-yard touchdown pass to Pete Banaszak that put the game out of reach at 24-7.

Oakland would not host another AFC title game until 2000, although the Raiders would host the 1983 AFC title game in Los Angeles. In fact, only one further playoff game would be played at the Oakland Coliseum prior to the Raiders' move to Los Angeles — a 27-7 victory over the Houston Oilers in the 1980 AFC wildcard game – until after the team's return to Oakland in 1995.

This was the fifth overall postseason meeting between the Steelers and Raiders, with Pittsburgh winning three of the previous four meetings. This is an NFL record for consecutive years to teams have met in the postseason. This was also the last conference championship game contested in December.

NFC: Minnesota Vikings 24, Los Angeles Rams 13
The Vikings forced a blocked field goal, a blocked punt, and two interceptions en route to the victory over the Rams. On offense, running back Chuck Foreman rushed for 118 yards and a touchdown on just 15 carries while also catching 5 passes for 81 yards.

In the first quarter, the Rams got off to a good start as they marched down the field to the Viking 2-yard line. The drive stalled there, and coach Chuck Knox, recalling the NFC championship game in Minnesota two years ago (when the Rams were intercepted in the end zone after driving to the Viking 2-yard line) ordered a field goal attempt. Nate Allen blocked the field goal attempt, and the ball bounced off the ground right into the waiting arms of Bobby Bryant, who returned it 90 yards for a Minnesota touchdown. The first quarter ended with the Rams dominating the stat sheet. They had run 22 plays for 89 yards and 7 first downs, while holding the Vikings to 5 plays, one first down, and 17 yards, but they still trailed 7-0.

In the second quarter, linebacker Matt Blair blocked and recovered a punt on the Rams 10-yard line to set up Fred Cox's 25-yard field goal to give the Vikings a 10–0 lead before halftime. Then in the third period, Foreman rushed 62 yards to the Los Angeles 2-yard line, and scored on a 1-yard touchdown run two plays later to increase the lead 17–0.

The Rams rallied back with two quick touchdowns in the third quarter. After a chance to put the game away was wiped out by Monte Jackson's interception of a Tarkenton pass in the end zone, Pat Haden led the Rams on an 80-yard drive highlighted by a 40-yard pass to Harold Jackson, and culminating in a 10-yard touchdown run by Lawrence McCutcheon. Rams kicker Tom Dempsey missed the extra point. Dempsey had missed nine extra points during the season. Announcers Pat Summerall and Tom Brookshier speculated that Haden was feeling pressure on this drive because Knox had James Harris warming up on the sidelines. On the Vikings' next drive, Fred Dryer hit Fran Tarkenton on a sack, forcing a fumble that was recovered by Jack Youngblood at the Viking 8-yard line. Three plays later, Haden hit Jackson for a 5-yard touchdown pass.

Late in the fourth quarter, the Vikings defense snuffed out two big chances for LA to take the lead. With 7 minutes left, the Rams drove to a third down on the Vikings 33, but Minnesota linebacker Wally Hilgenberg sacked Haden and forced a punt. With 2:40 left in the game, Los Angeles advanced to the Minnesota 39-yard line. On fourth down and needing more than a field goal, Haden thought he had Jackson open deep near the goal line, but Bryant intercepted the pass (his second of the game) rather than batting it down. A few plays later, Tarkenton dumped a short pass off to Foreman, which he turned into a 57-yard gain. Foreman was injured on the play, but backup running back Sammy Johnson scored the clinching touchdown from 12 yards out.

This turned out to be the last playoff game at Metropolitan Stadium. The Vikings played four playoff games between 1977 and 1981, all on the road. Minnesota's next home playoff game came after the strike-shortened 1982 season, the Vikings' first in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. They would next host an outdoor home playoff game in January 2016.

To date, this is the most recent NFC Championship that the Vikings have won.

This was the third postseason meeting between the Rams and Vikings, with Minnesota winning both previous meetings.

Super Bowl XI: Oakland Raiders 32, Minnesota Vikings 14
This was the first postseason meeting between the Raiders and Vikings.

Trivia

 * The Patriots-Raiders semifinal matchup was the first AFC playoff game where both contestants were founding members of its predecessor, the AFL.
 * Their victory in Dallas was the first road playoff win in the history of the Rams franchise.

title: 1976–77 NFL playoffs


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Talk:Morphine

Need for expert attention
I would recommend you find a good chemist to look at the chemistry section of the Morphine article. I moved the chemical synthesis out, because that description is okay (better, were it based on reviews, but at least it is sourced). But the real issue is that the chemistry section—which reads as naive—is, moreover, completely unsourced. (I removed the only two prior citations, one to a high school web page, and the other to a college class handout, as inapproproate for such an important substance with such a rich literature.) Were I a logging editor, I would have taken the whole thing out, as suspected plagiarism, and on the basis of its misstatements (so rampant it is with vagaries and inaccuracies). Instead, I "hid" 2-3 glaring examples (not even the most glaring), and indicated the problem with a section tag. [ a former prof.] 2601:246:C700:19D:E50A:9B38:6680:3C78 (talk) 20:59, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Feel free to keep working on it :-) Not really my area of interest. If you see stuff that is unreferenced and incorrect feel free to remove it. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:30, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I tweaked a few of these articles - I often think many WP articles really should not have the synthetic pathways as part of the article - at least not in the detail many are - I'm sure there is some guidance WP:MEDMOS etc., - but the target audience really is not a research biochemist - nor is it often a clinician - though I think around 50 percent of docs., do actually use WP fairly frequently.
 * Cheers Dr. BeingObjective (talk) 15:55, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

Dose
Wow. This is a really bad article. Administration - check it out: IV isn't one of the routes!!! WHAT?? Check it out - it is claimed that it last 3-7 hrs but I had no problem finding a source that said it was effective for 24 hrs (epidurally). I don't think it's true that there is a meaningful number range for its effects. First because of the wide variety of routes of administration, and secondly because different people can have different responses (both due to genetics, habituation, health, and other factors). 98.17.44.45 (talk) 18:40, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

 * In the sidebar, IV is specifically mentioned in Routes of Administration.
 * I am not surprised that duration of action from epidural administration greatly differs from oral/parenteral (systemic) administration. I think it would be reasonable to list the epidural duration of action (sourced) in addition to the 3-7 hour claim for systemic administration. The 3-7 hours claim from drugs.com is:
 * Following oral, rectal, sub-Q, IM, or IV administration, analgesia may be maintained up to 7 hours.
 * The second source on the duration of action, Rockwood and Wilkins' fractures in children, does say duration of action is typically 3-4 hours. As such I think it's reasonable to say 3-7 hours. Of note: the archived link for the book source is dead over at archive.org, but the live version is still available.
 * The "different people can have different responses" is an issue with all drugs, and is part of why a range is given for duration of action; the Pharmacokinetics section already mentions these factors specifically.
 * Kimen8 (talk) 19:54, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Kimen8 (talk) 19:54, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

Morphine and vomiting
From personal experience, vomiting caused by Morphine wouldnt happen if you eat something, before taking it. Or if you take lower doses of it. But aside from that, Morphine doesnt exist in tablets in many places, including in my country Israel. They only give it by injection here in Israel, and only for people who are going to die, or, have Cancer. Can this be added? Noam111g (talk) 03:25, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

Morphine as a last resort
Morphine is probably the most terrible medication in the world when it comes to addiction. It also has terrible side effects, so I was wondering if we can add something of that nature. Its used as a last resort, as they say. I've seen people in hospitals in Israel my country, begging nurses for Morphine and not getting it. They were in bed going to die, but they were only given Morphine when they screamed from pain. Noam111g (talk) 03:27, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

 * It is a potent pain medication - therapeutically a valuable compound. There is nothing 'last resort' about it - if you have terminal cancer or chronic pain - it is essential. Used in trauma, heart disease and other serious conditions. Morphine is also a broad class of compounds and it would make little sense to chose one compounds over another and say that it is a therapeutic of last resort.... BeingObjective (talk) 03:52, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I see. I guess you're right. I'm shocked to hear people screaming from pain and not getting it though! Its very helpful for them. With that being said, it also have too many side effects. Noam111g (talk) 12:54, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It is a very valid point. All of the opioids have major issues - side effects, addiction, but without opioids - many would live in unbearable pain - recall the effects of opium have been known for hundreds of years - they are not new things.
 * I once worked as a consulting physician in a hospice - and cancer pain is a terrible thing - even with modern opioids and delivery systems.
 * If someone ever develops an effective non-addictive pain med - at the level of an opioid - it would likely change much in the world of medicine - many have tried- but all of these drugs are really very similar - once they were not controlled - here in the US prior to 1870 or there abouts - laudanum was readily available - rather like a shot of whisky. BeingObjective (talk) 15:48, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

no interactions?
Some of your drug entries have extensive information on interactions of the substance in question. Morphine, one of the most used and most-studied must interact with some drugs. 70.49.18.153 (talk) 18:36, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Morphine


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User talk:Dobrea Alin

Empty.

title: User talk:Dobrea Alin


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Talk:Upminster Bridge tube station

Source?
Do you have a source for that date and name? It conflicts with http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/district.html and other sources. MRSC 08:57, 22 April 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Upminster Bridge tube station


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Category talk:Australian parliaments

Sub-categorising
Should a Category:Parliaments of Western Australia or Category:Parliament of Western Australia sub-category be created? If so, which title is prefered?--Cyberjunkie 09:00, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Creating a new subcategory
I propose to tidy up this category by creating a new sub category called - Category:Parliaments of the Australian States and Territories. This category would contain articles on the state Parliaments but not lists of previous parliaments. The category would then be listed at Category:Legislatures of subnational entities in place of Category:Australian Parliaments. Do others generally agree? Adz 07:46, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Yes, with reservations. In the case of Queensland, the Queensland Legislative Assembly should get the geurnsey, as it is The Parliament, and the article Parliament of Queensland should have the historical overview (including the Legislative Council of Queensland and the Suicied Squad).Alex Law 01:11, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Australian parliaments


text:
User:Spoonsy

spoonsy

--Spoonsy 09:02, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Spoonsy


text: User talk:217.73.168.39

title: User talk:217.73.168.39


text: User talk:68.72.99.52

title: User talk:68.72.99.52


text: User talk:82.80.153.99

title: User talk:82.80.153.99


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eggmaster J

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:11, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Eggmaster J
Apparently a vanity page. "Eggmaster J" doesn't get any Google hits. Delete. — J I P | Talk 09:10, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable, possible vanity aricle --Randolph 09:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 10:24, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. Martg76 11:33, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Everyone knows that Eric Vislay is Egg Master J! --Irishpunktom\talk 14:39, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; vanity again. Linuxbeak 20:51, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; sorry bro, but the only Google hits come right back to us. Until you've really made your break in the industry, I'm afraid you have no place here. Sorry bro, but that's showbusiness for ya! Master Thief Garrett 02:58, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No allmusic.com hits, obviously. Gamaliel 03:01, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Jemadar

Jemadar or jamadar is a title used for various military and other officials in the Indian subcontinent.

Etymology
The word stems from Urdu (جمعدار), which derives through Persian jam'dar from Arabic jamā‘a(t) 'muster' + Persian -dār 'holder'.

Pre-colonial
A jemadar was originally an armed official of a zamindar (feudal lord) in India who, like a military general, and along with Mridhas, was in charge of fighting and conducting warfare, mostly against the rebellious peasants and common people who lived on the lord's land. Also, this rank was used among the thuggees as well, usually the gang leader.

Later, it became a rank used in the British Indian Army, where it was the lowest rank for a Viceroy's commissioned officer. Jemadars either commanded platoons or troops themselves or assisted their British commander. They also filled regimental positions such as assistant quartermaster (jemadar quartermaster) or assistant adjutant (jemadar adjutant).

Post-colonial
The rank remained in use in the Indian Army until 1965 as the lowest rank of junior commissioned officer. The rank of jemadar was later renamed in both the Indian Army and the Pakistan Army as naib subedar in infantry units, and naib risaldar in cavalry and armoured corps units. Jemadar remains a warrant officer rank in the Nepal Army.

Other uses

 * Jemadar was also used in other contexts to denote Indian 'captains', like the leaders of thuggee bands who strangled travellers.
 * Jemadar was used as a rank title for an Indian inspector in the Shanghai Municipal Police
 * The name inspired that of the Star Trek enslaved warrior race known as the "Jem'Hadar"
 * In the future of Edgar Rice Burroughs' novel The Moon Men, "Jemadar" was a title of a ruler, implied to have been brought to Earth by the Lunar invaders.

title: Jemadar


text:
User:Semorrison

I'm Scott Morrison, a Senior Lecturer in the Mathematical Sciences Institute at the Australian National University.

I'm also a moderator at MathOverflow.

I also help manage the Knot Atlas, a mediawiki powered encyclopedia of knot theory.

title: User:Semorrison


text:
Category:Software wars

Software wars describes a state where software authors and users argue over which software is best for a purpose and should thus be used by everyone for that task.

title: Category:Software wars


text:
Talk:Southeastern Anatolia Project/Archive 1

 * This is an archive. Please do NOT edit this page. If you want to respond to any of the material please use the articles talk page.

Not violating copyright
A total of 7 websites are using my work. I wrote this material. Its my work. --Cool Cat My Talk 09:14, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

correction 8, they alter it minorly apperantly. --Cool Cat My Talk 09:47, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I know I wrote it, it was mass produced offline. So I have to make a choice, allow my work to be deleted or loose my annonymity on the web which I maintained since I touched the net. Hmm... --Cool Cat My Talk 10:08, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, to take credit for legitimate work, a person has to provide a verifiable legal name to credit the work to. Fire Star 06:20, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Actually that's complete bilge. A pseudonym is often used in publishing and copyright is not lost when this is done. Coolcat might find it harder to prove that he is the author without giving away his identity, however. As a compromise I suggest that, as the author, he may find it fairly easy to paraphrase the original article, and this would obviously not be a copyright violation. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:31, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I should have said The easiest way to..., which could have made my statement incomplete bilge? ;-) Fire Star 15:35, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

As I see it, then, there are two key issues in play. Until those questions are unambiguously resolved, it behooves us to err on the side of caution. Tony Sidaway makes a reasonable suggestion above—given that there are a number of editors here who have expressed an interest in rewriting the article in an unambiguously original form, it might just be less effort to resolve the matter that way. --TenOfAllTrades(talk) 13:59, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Authorship. Did Coolcat write the original document?
 * Normally we would grant at least a cursory benefit of the doubt, particularly since none of the external sites explicitly claim copyright. (Correct me if I'm mistaken on that point.)  Nevertheless, there have been copyright concerns about at least one of Coolcat's prior submissions (Diagnosis Murder), leading us to request a somewhat higher degree of certainty.
 * There is an indication that at least part of the document was drawn from another source. The quoted passages below refer to a Canadian government reprint of a U.S. government report (presumably in the public domain as a government work).  While we obviously do not run afoul of copyright concerns for a public domain document, Coolcat needs to clarify for us whether he wrote the U.S. government report(?), whether there is an error in attribution by the Canadian government site, or if he added it without attribution to his document.
 * 1) Copyright. Assuming Coolcat was the author of the original document, we need to know for what purpose it was produced.  If it was mass produced offline, was it written for a business or a government?  In what country, and under what contractual circumstances?  If the document was a work for hire, even as the person who originally wrote the article Coolcat may not have the legal right to relicense the text under the GFDL.

GAP Project/Temp
a bare-bones stub. — Davenbelle 09:32, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * You know, you are converting a well written article into a stub.--Cool Cat My Talk 10:10, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WP:VFU
CoolCat brought this article to VFU, then unilaterally reverted it and re-added the contentious material. For some reason, several people have taken it upon themselves to revert to the purported copyright violation without making any discussion here or on VfU explaining their reversions. CoolCat has been known in the past to assert that he has permission to use copyrighted material, but then has not been able to substantiate his claim. RickK 05:50, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Copyright violation- AGAIN
The copyvio listing for this page was left at Copyright problems after someone cleared the copyvio tag on Apr. 22.

When I reviewed and cleared the listing on May 4 there were still copyright violations in the article from eg. But the Southeastern Anatolia Project encompasses more than dams and tunnels.. The violations include full sentances and derived writing.

I reverted to the oldest version that doesn't contain copyright violations (and deleted all other versions.)--Duk 18:42, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if we're sentence nitpicking: "Beyond infrastructure development, the GAP was established to eliminate disparities in the levels of development existing between this region and other regions of Turkey by raising incoming levels and living standards of the people who live in Southeastern Turkey" occurs at - if we are to believe the Canadian government, that block of text is copyright to the U.S. Government (State Department, PD in other words). The text that is apparently the source of the copyvio, on the other hand, says "The purpose of the GAP is to eliminate disparities in the levels of development existing between this region and other regions of Turkey by raising income levels and living standards of the people who live in Southeastern Turkey." Unless: a. the Canadian government site is lying; b. the State Department violated copyright; or c. both of these organizations happened to use the exact same sentence to describe the exact same thing, it seems that your argument applies for both sides. If you can claim copyright violation on one or two sentences (not even identical sentences, but similar sentences), I can claim PD on this exact phrase, an exact copy of the supposed copyvio material. If one sentence of a publication is PD, I can't see why the other 50 sentences aren't. – ugen64 22:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If you can determine that this is derived from PD works, and therefore is mere plagiarism instead of a copyright violation, then by all means, restore the text in question. I would recommend crediting the PD source though. --Duk 00:56, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Revert war
I removed the protection from the article. If the revert war continues, another administrator may feel free to restore the protection, but those involved in revert wars should not protect pages. — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:21, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've reprotected it until we sort this all out. Gamaliel 06:25, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Gamaliel. — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:35, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

VFU
For anyone unaware; Votes_for_undeletion

--Duk 07:37, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

A suggestion
I think having an article on this subject is more important that fighting over whether it's a copyvio or not.

So why not re-write the article so it's no longer a copy vio? I will happily do this on the temp page, as long as I have the agreement of everyone that it will be used. I'm not going to waste my time. Dan100 (Talk) 12:23, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, unfortunately, after Coolcat rewrote the article (which seems like a waste of time, if he really did write the original work), Duk deleted the entire page because someone forgot to take it off WP:CP and there were several sentences that were, uh... similar... to the original work. – ugen64 19:19, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't delete the entire page, I reverted to the oldest version that was not a copyright violations. Please read the instructions for processing copyright violations (on WP:CP) before criticising my actions. --Duk 02:31, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I still offer to re-write the article. The article is more important than the process. Dan100 (Talk) 20:50, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I was thinking of doing that too - if no one else does so, I may do it in a few days. --SPUI (talk) 22:19, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

My point
The point of my long statement way up there about PD sources was not to claim this work was PD - I am quite certain it wasn't derived from a US government publication. I was trying to show you how absurdly stupid Duk's argument is - finding several sentences that are similar to the original work was his argument for deleting the page as a copyvio. I can easily use that same argument to "prove" this material is PD, when it isn't. – ugen64 19:21, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I can easily use that same argument to "prove" this material is PD, No, you can't--Duk 04:24, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The argument was not stupid. (1) the article was tagged (2) a random check of text showed positive confirmation. (3) "Proving" PD does not work the way the copyvio is being proved. :It could be an error of judgement, but by no means stupid. mikka (t) 20:46, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Why is it (possible) an error of judgement? Consider the instructions on WP:CP for processing listings.--Duk 02:29, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ugen64
ugen64, I don't appreciate the tone of your criticism of my actions on this page.

First: you said that I deleted the article. I didn't, I reverted to the oldest version that didn't contain a copyright violations, per the instructions on WP:CP. I also deleted some history, because CoolCat kept adding copyright violations.

Second: you called my explanation absurdly stupid. It wasn't my explanation, it's the instructions on WP:CP; revert to the latest version that didn't contain a copyright violation. That's what I did. I also deleted some history because CoolCat kept adding copyright violations to the article.

Third: there were several sentences that were, uh... similar. There was about a full paragraph that was almost identically copied. It was the paragraph that started with the sentence that I noted. It was farther on down in the article, I checked it a second time about a week ago, but the history of deleted vs. non-deleted history pages has been scrambled since then.

Fourth: there were several sentences that were, uh... similar. Can you explain to me how big a copyright violation needs to be before we pay attention to it?

Fifth: You are an administrator,. Or are you happier just sitting around criticizing others?

Sixth: ugen64, why don't you spend the next three months processing about a thousand copyvios (like I recently have). I promise that you will have very little tolerance for people who keep committing copyright violations over and over.

Seventh: CooCat is a repeat offender; instead of apologizing after being busted for plagerizing and violating copyrights (Diagnosis Murder and this page), he keeps doing it over and over. And finally does a half assed job re-writing that still contains copyright violations. And when that is dealt with he complains over how he's being mistreated.

ugen64, I did the best that I could to address this repeat copyright violation, per the rules, and with my own judgment to keep it from repeating for a third time. Your comments were mean spirited and in some cases wrong. It's not the duty of the administrator processing copyright violations to edit them out. The pages get reverted or deleted, you should go read these instructions before criticizing the administrators who are actually doing the work.

There are 50 to 100 copyvios a day that need to be processed (they are currently a week behind). Ugen64, perhaps you would like to help clear the backlog. Your help there would be appreciated. I have no plans to do any more work there for a while--Duk 00:56, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Interwiki
Please insert after unprotecting: Pjacobi 10:59, 2005 Jun 21 (UTC)
 * de:Südostanatolien-Projekt
 * tr:GAP
 * Done --Pjacobi 11:11, 2005 Jun 21 (UTC)
 * You beat me to it! --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:14, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Unprotecting
Looking at the identities of those engaged in recent edit warring, I don't think protection is appropriate. Behave! --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:14, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Allegations lacking basis
Ok I am evil. I stole my own work. Can someone please instead of discussing it just read the two pagess? Wiki page in my temp userpage just for your comparasion and the alleged page. Thank YOU!
 * 1) http://www.adiyamanli.org/ataturk_dam.htm
 * 2) User talk:Coolcat/GAP temp

Please do not threaten me. Thanks. --Cool Cat My Talk 15:37, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * First link doesn't work. Do you have another? ooo it worked - third time lucky :-) Dan100 (Talk) 20:58, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

It reads like a paraphrasing without a reference, which is at least plagiarism. I don't know if that counts a copy-vio. Why not just totally re-write it? Dan100 (Talk) 21:04, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Errr... User talk:Coolcat/GAP temp is the rewrite. I can't rewrite the facts about the dam project and I did add several sections relative to http://www.adiyamanli.org/ataturk_dam.htm text. Majority of the article isnt from the alleged site. There is absolutely no reason to remove the data dable for example. Wikipedia does not allow me orriginal research. If I write an article from scratch, which I am more than qualified to do so but whatever, that would be deleted. So. I have the material on adiyamanli.org, which does not belong to adiyamanli.org or canadian gov is violating copyrights. Regardless the material not on the alleged page should not have been removed any how. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:36, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * For those who need it, the Google cache of the adiyamanli.org site is here:.

 * There remain issues with the version on Coolcat's temp page. Coolcat is quite correct that about half of the temp article is not from the external site, however I still have a couple of concerns.
 * The introductory material in the article–indeed, nearly all of the material that is specific to the GAP Project–remains unchanged and virtually identical to the external text. The questions regarding authorship and copyright that I asked in the section waaaaay up at the top of this page remain unresolved.
 * The extensive supplementary material in the Engineering behind the project section is not really specific to the GAP Project. While much of it might be appropriate in a discussion at hydroelectric dam (some of the photographs are quite neat) I don't think it really belongs in the GAP Project article.
 * I hope that clarifies my concerns. --TenOfAllTrades(talk) 02:17, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe. Images are from the gap project and you are right applies to any such dam project. --Cool Cat My Talk 09:51, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

''Ok I am evil. I stole my own work. '' Since you haven't provided a ghost of a shred of a shadow of particle of evidence that any of it is your work, permit me to find your statement meaningless.

And your ''I know its nothing like www.adiyamanli.org. Even if it were I know its pd'' from the WP:VfU page is like someone saying to a judge, "Your honor, I didn't kill that guy, no matter what all those witnesses say, and if I did, it was in self-defense."

So, cough up the proof instead of sputtering indignantly -- it would be a lot more convincing. --Calton | Talk 04:13, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't proove something I typed on wikipedia as mine more than I have. How do you expect me to proove it? Content does not exist on google what do you expect me to do? Dress a drag and do the haula? --Cool Cat My Talk 09:51, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You mentioned that the material appeared (originally?) in an offline publication; could you provide us with details about that? (Publisher, date, etc.)  It might help a great deal with clarifying its copyright status. --TenOfAllTrades(talk) 12:21, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Publisher of the material is (or was if no longer publishing might have "updated" info) Turkish gov. As it was PD canadian GOV also published it, just like other 7-9+ web pages google returns. I wrote the article myself for the Turkish GOV at the time. Kept what I wrote in my computer just like anything else I write (not that I write many things). Bear in mind the material on adiyamanli.org looks like a burochure, as it was a burochure. I do not hold the copyrights by myself. I know it is PD. Burochures are always pd, thats the point of burochures. Belive it or not. That is not my concern nor is it yours since that is not what we are discussing. --Cool Cat My Talk 13:15, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I rewritten the whole thing. It isn't copyrighted or is GNUL (since I wrote it on wikipedia). The rewritten version however looks nothing or little like adiyamanli.org. There is no proof adiyamanli.org holds copyrights to this material either. Many other google hits show simmilar pages if not identical. --Cool Cat My Talk 13:15, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, that helps quite a bit. Can someone verify that Turkish government publications default to public domain?  This is certainly true for some goverments (the U.S. government, for example) but not for others (for instance, government publications in the U.K., Canada, and a number of Commonwealth countries are covered by Crown copyright, which isn't GFDL compatible.)
 * We have so far only been able to verify that a portion of the entire document is public domain; the Canadian reproduction of the PD U.S. document only includes part of the material seen at adiyamanli.org and elsewhere, so we still need to follow up on the rest.
 * As an aside, brochures are not inherently public domain—distribution free of charge does not imply that copyright is waived. --TenOfAllTrades(talk) 14:52, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Re-deleted
After the discussion above, and at WP:CP, WP:VFU and WP:AN/I, nobody seems to be certain whether or not this is a copyvio. I believe it best to err on the side of caution, thus I've deleted it once more. Radiant_ >|< June 28, 2005 09:19 (UTC)

 * I've restored a stub version. --Pjacobi June 28, 2005 09:26 (UTC)

 * Fine with me. What about those images, btw? Are they PD? Radiant_ >|< June 28, 2005 10:53 (UTC)

 * The information on http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines and in Template:PD-USGov-NASA look incompatible to mee. --Pjacobi June 28, 2005 11:15 (UTC)

 * I don't know--the way that I'm reading the document I think we're quite definitely in the clear. Part 1 says
 * "1. You may use NASA imagery, video and audio material if it is for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits and Internet Web pages."
 * It reads like a restricted license, but mostly its purpose is to prevent the stuff listed in Part 3:
 * "3. NASA material may not be used to state or imply the endorsement by NASA or by any NASA employee of a commercial product, service, or activity, or used in any manner that might mislead...."
 * Note also Part 14, which seems to address the heart of the issue. It's designed to deal with images on the site that appear from sources outside NASA.  (Emphasis added.)
 * "14. Photographs are not protected by copyright unless noted. If copyrighted, permission should be obtained from the copyright owner prior to use. If not copyrighted, photographs may be reproduced and distributed without further permission from NASA...."

 * In other words, the template seems to be correct, assuming that NASA is actually the source of the images. --TenOfAllTrades(talk) 2 July 2005 17:43 (UTC)

Instead of making claims have you done a google search for image names? This falls under vandalism. Your emoved portions not on remote pages. I need proof of copyright of material used. And for gods sake compare it to remote page. I am sick of defending myself. --Cool Cat My Talk 2 July 2005 00:43 (UTC)

Please do not delete this page unless you have a valid reason. Wondering wabout its copyright status and "erring on the side of caution" is not a good reason to delete a Wikipedia article. If there's a good reason explain it and convince other people that it should be deleted. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 3 July 2005 00:37 (UTC)

I couldn't agree more. The lunatics have truly taken over the asylum here. This was deleted for all the wrong reasons. Radiant, restore this page, or rewrite it yourself. -- Biot July 3, 2005 08:59 (UTC)

Clarification

 * Article Version 1 looked almost identical to www.adiyamanli.com. While knowing its was on PD I rest my case for that version as I have no way of prooving it's copyright status.
 * Article Version 2 had only one paragraph as DUK pointed out. While deleting everything for one paragraph is annoying. Ignore that version as well.
 * Article Version 3 has nothing as far as I know identical to the remote page. If so let me know so I can rephrase it. I can rephrase because the material is data. You cannot copyright data. Earth has a certain mass, no one has copyrighted that. I don't think they can either.

I do not want to discuss copy vio status of #1 and #2 because it is not important as I have a rewritten version. Hope this helps. --Cool Cat My Talk 6 July 2005 12:51 (UTC)

 * Background
 * On June 13 David Gerard un-deleted some versions of the second copyvio deletion (look at the delete history of the GAP Project and this diff, and (I'm guessing) this version). I believe that this accidentally re-introduced a copyvio; second paragraph of the Social Impact Section, starting with the sentence The Southeastern Anatolia Project encompasses more than dams and tunnels. The purpose.... (David, correct me if I'm wrong please). This section is mostly a copy of two paragraphs from adiyamanli.org, which probably copied it from somewhere else. The next day the third-copyvio/revert/deletion/undeletion war started.

 * Proposed resolution
 * Can I suggest that we restore everything but this paragraph? I believe Coolcat re-wrote this article from scratch and the latest copyvio was an accident from the history undelete on June 13. I'll volunteer to restore the article if no one objects. --Duk 7 July 2005 05:26 (UTC)

 * PS. sorry I didn't comment on this earlier, I had been (trying) to avoid this page and didn't realize it was deleted after a third copyvio event until becoming involved in Coolcat's latest RFC.--Duk 7 July 2005 05:09 (UTC)

 * I undeleted it after Coolcat asked me to so he could get back his version. Can be redeleted if needed - David Gerard 7 July 2005 10:00 (UTC)

 * The reason I redeleted it was that, after lengthy discussion on both WP:CP, WP:VFU and the talk page, there was no clarity as to whether or not this is a copyvio. I believe the proper thing to do would be to go to WP:CP and get it verified. A direct copy from any website is likely a copyvio. Radiant_ >|< July 7, 2005 10:59 (UTC)
 * Radiant! thanks for the comments, 1) The article was/is still listed at WP:CP, I've updated the listing. 2) My proposal excludes any previously published material, just the material re-written from scratch by Coolcat. --Duk

 * I strongly believe it is imperative we have the latest version back. Anything that is a copy vio can be discussed. I am basicaly blind just like any non-admin. I recomend restore everything prior to last delete. Then you may blank the page and introduce copy vio notice if you really want to. I cannot comment on the material I do not see safely. From what I remember I am certain a copy vio is not the case. --Cool Cat My Talk 7 July 2005 13:15 (UTC)

 * Radiant! I could get an admin to restore the page, I just want to make sure no admin will ever come up with a copy vio issue as I do not want to get wikipedia in any trobble nor do I want to deal with this issue in the future. That is why I am not bothering admins. I just want to evade any and all conflict. On WP:CP I am linked back here, which is good as this was an on going discussion. --Cool Cat My Talk 7 July 2005 13:30 (UTC)
 * Duk's proposal sounds fair, and I'm sorry to put you both through this legal hassle. Radiant_ >|< 19:35, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

Duk how about this version? I tweaked it a bit. User talk:Coolcat/GAP temp --Cool Cat My Talk 15:10, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, looks good.--Duk 19:40, 12 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Inverse synthetic-aperture radar

Inverse synthetic-aperture radar (ISAR) is a radar technique using radar imaging to generate a two-dimensional high resolution image of a target. It is analogous to conventional SAR, except that ISAR technology uses the movement of the target rather than the emitter to create the synthetic aperture. ISAR radars have a significant role aboard maritime patrol aircraft to provide them with radar image of sufficient quality to allow it to be used for target recognition purposes. In situations where other radars display only a single unidentifiable bright moving pixel, the ISAR image is often adequate to discriminate between various missiles, military aircraft, and civilian aircraft.

Radar cross-section imaging
Images of the target region produced by ISAR can be a useful tool in locating scattering regions on the target. ISAR images are often produced by rotating the target and processing the resultant Doppler histories of the scattering centers. If the target rotates in azimuth at a constant rate through a 'small' angle, scatterers will approach or recede from the radar at a rate depending only on the cross range position—the distance normal to the radar line of sight with the origin at the target axis of rotation. The rotation will result in the generation of cross range dependent Doppler frequencies which can be sorted spatially by a Fourier transform. For small angles, an ISAR image is the 2-dimensional Fourier transform of the received signal as a function of frequency and target aspect angle.

If the target is rotated through large angles, the Doppler frequency history of a scatterer becomes non-linear, following a sine wave trajectory. This Doppler history can not be processed directly by a Fourier transform because of the smeared Doppler frequency history resulting in the loss of cross range resolution. The maximum rotation angle which can be processed by an unmodified Fourier transform is determined by the constraint that the aperture phase error across the synthesized aperture should vary by less than a specified (arbitrary) amount, for example 45 degrees. This occurs when the synthetic aperture to the target range is less than required by the $$\frac{2 D^2}{\lambda}$$ limit where $$D$$ is the required lateral extent of the target. At this point the synthetic aperture is within the target nearfield region and requires focusing. The focusing is accomplished by applying a phase correction to the synthetic aperture.

Applications
ISAR is used in maritime surveillance for the classification of ships and other objects. In these applications the motion of the object due to wave action often plays a greater role than object rotation. For instance a feature which extends far over the surface of a ship such as a mast will provide a high sinusoidal response which is clearly identifiable in a two dimensional image. Images sometimes produce an uncanny similarity to a visual profile with the interesting effect that as the object rocks towards or away from the receiver the alternating doppler returns cause the profile to cycle between upright and inverted. ISAR for maritime surveillance was pioneered by Texas Instruments in collaboration with the Naval Research Laboratory and became an important capability of the P-3 Orion and the S-3B Viking US Navy aircraft.

Research has been done also with land based ISAR. The difficulty in using this capability is that the object motion is far less in magnitude and usually less periodic than in the maritime case.

Perhaps the most visually striking and scientifically compelling application of ISAR is in the deep space imaging of asteroids. A particularly beautiful example of this is the so-called "dog's bone" 216 Kleopatra asteroid, which lies roughly 20% further away from the earth than the sun. The asteroid is only 60 miles wide at its midpoint. Yet the imagery is crisp and looks like an optical image. This has been cited as akin to using a telescope in Los Angeles that is the size of the human eye's lens to image a car in New York. Of course, the trick here is that the asteroid is presented among a very sparse background, allowing for substantial disambiguation.

In February 2013, Indra Sistemas, a Spanish technology company, announced the first passive ISAR. A passive radar is characterised by not emitting any form of radiation, i.e., it uses the signals present in the environment. In this case, the radar uses digital terrestrial television signals as the non-cooperative source of illumination in the environment.

Errors
Errors in the ISAR imaging process generally result in defocusing and geometry errors in the image. ISAR transform errors include: Errors in the 2D planar Inverse ISAR transform include:
 * Unknown target or antenna motion: Unmodeled motion will cause the target image to defocus and be at an incorrect location. This error is controlled by suitable mechanical design or by the use of auto-focus techniques. This error can be measured by the analytic signal phase measurement method described earlier.
 * Vertical nearfield errors: Unless 3D ISAR is performed, the vertical target extent at right angles to the horizontal synthetic aperture must fit within the vertical far field limit. Tall targets will defocus and move to incorrect positions. The 2D ISAR representation of a target region is a planar surface.
 * Integrated sidelobe return: ISAR image quality is degraded by range and azimuth compression side lobes. The sidelobes are due to data truncation and can be reduced by the application of appropriate window functions. The sidelobes can cause significant image degradation. First, the peaks of the stronger sidelobes may cause a string of progressively weaker targets to appear on either side of a strong target. Second, the combined power of all sidelobes tends to fog or washout detail in low RCS areas. The integrated sidelobe level can under poor conditions reach a level 10 dB below the peak target return.
 * Frequency and azimuth sampling errors: Incorrectly selected frequency or aspect deltas will result in aliased images, creating spurious targets. The SIM program described earlier specifically monitors for aliening errors effectively eliminating this error source.
 * Antenna aberrations: Aberrations in the geometry result when the antenna phase center position is dependent upon the antenna aspect or RF frequency. This error source is normally controlled by using small, simple antennas over narrow frequency bands at long ranges. First order corrections to frequency dispersive antennas such as log periodic can be handled by phase correcting the received signal. Full correction of the aberrations can be accomplished by a direct integration of the ISAR transform using the aberrated geometry.
 * Target dispersion: Dispersive targets have a non-minimum phase response, appearing to shift in position with RF frequency. Examples of dispersive targets include RF absorbers in which the absorption depth is a function of frequency and various antenna in which the phase center position is frequency dependent. CW ISAR imaging or in some cases preprocessing prior to a FMCW ISAR transform can eliminate dispersive defocusing of the target image.
 * Multipath: Multiple reflections can result in ISAR imaging distortions such as the classic ghost image trails from jet aircraft tail pipes.
 * Image blocking modeling errors: The Inverse ISAR transform currently assumes that scatterers are on a planar surface and cannot block other scatterers.
 * Image multipath modeling errors: The Inverse ISAR transform currently does not model the multipath environment. Note the current ISAR transforms also do not correctly process multipath.

title: Inverse synthetic-aperture radar


text:
Coelenterata

Coelenterata is a term encompassing the animal phyla Cnidaria (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their relatives) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). The name comes, referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla. They have very simple tissue organization, with only two layers of cells (ectoderm and endoderm), along with a middle undifferentiated layer called mesoglea, and radial symmetry. Some examples are corals, which are typically colonial; hydrae, jellyfish, sea anemones, and Aurelia, which are solitary; Pennatula; Portuguese man o' war; Gorgonia; and Physalia. Coelenterata lack a specialized circulatory system, relying instead on diffusion across the tissue layers.

Characteristics
All coelenterates are aquatic, mostly marine, animals. The body form is radially symmetrical, diploblastic and does not have a coelom. The body has a single opening, the, surrounded by sensory tentacles equipped with either nematocysts or colloblasts to capture mostly planktonic prey. These tentacles are surrounded by a spacious cavity called the gastrovascular cavity, or coelenteron. Digestion is both intracellular and extracellular. Respiration and excretion are accomplished by simple diffusion. A network of nerves is spread throughout the body. Many Cnidaria exhibit polymorphism, wherein different types of individuals are present in a colony for different functions. These individuals are called zooids. These animals generally reproduce asexually by budding, though sexual reproduction does occur in some groups.

History of classification
The scientific validity of the term coelenterate is currently rejected, as the Cnidaria and Ctenophora have less in common than previously assumed. Coelentera may only be monophyletic if both Placozoa and Bilateria are included. In particular, the phylogenetic position of Ctenophora is controversial; it was first considered a sub-group of coelenterata but Hyman regarded it as a separate phylum. Most researchers think that Coelenterata is not monophyletic, and therefore any group containing Cnidaria and Ctenophora but excluding other phyla would be paraphyletic.

Previously, some genomic studies have found support for monophyletic coelenterates. Despite this uncertainty, the term coelenterate is still used in informal settings to refer to the Cnidaria and Ctenophora.

Complicating the issue is the 1997 work of Lynn Margulis (revising an earlier model by Thomas Cavalier-Smith) that placed the Cnidaria and Ctenophora alone in the branch Radiata within Eumetazoa. (The latter refers to all the animals except the sponges, Trichoplax, and the still poorly understood Mesozoa). Neither grouping is accepted universally, however, both are commonly encountered in taxonomic literature.

title: Coelenterata


text:
Nicolaus Olai Bothniensis

Nicolaus Olai Bothniensis (born about 1550 in Piteå, died 18 May 1600) was Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden 1599–1600. He was appointed in place of Abraham Angermannus who had been put in prison, but before getting inducted he died of a sickness, about 50 years old.

In his younger days he had been a student at the University of Rostock and had made extensive travels through Europe.

Like Angermannus, Bothniensis had for a while been imprisoned because of his resistance to King John III of Sweden's non-Lutheran liturgy, but he had been finally released in the fall of 1592 after a total time of 1,5 years.

He became dean in Uppsala and the first professor of theology at the university there in 1593. Bothiensis was described as a fine man of high moral standards.

title: Nicolaus Olai Bothniensis


text:
Alban

Alban may refer to:

 * Alban (surname)
 * Alban (given name)
 * Alban people, Latin people from the city of Alba Longa.
 * Things or people from or related to Alba (Gaelic for 'Scotland')
 * Alban wine, a wine of Ancient Rome from Colli Albani
 * Alban Vineyards, California wine produced by vintner John Alban
 * An alternative name used in Spain for wines made from the Palomino (grape)
 * A minor Kazakh Jüz "horde", numbering ca. 100,000

Places

 * Alban hills of Rome, Italy ( also known as Colli Albania )
 * Alban, Tarn, France
 * Alban, Wisconsin, US, a town
 * Alban (community), Wisconsin, US, an unincorporated community
 * Alban, Ontario, Canada
 * Albán, Colombia
 * Albán, Cundinamarca, Colombia
 * Yr Alban, Welsh for Scotland

title: Alban


text:
Limonene

Limonene is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the volatile oil of citrus fruit peels. The (+)-isomer, occurring more commonly in nature as the fragrance of oranges, is a flavoring agent in food manufacturing. It is also used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewables-based solvent in cleaning products. The less common (-)-isomer has a piny, turpentine-like odor, and is found in the edible parts of such plants as caraway, dill, and bergamot orange plants.

Limonene takes its name from Italian limone ("lemon"). Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains (+)-limonene (d-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer. (+)-Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.

In plants
(+)-Limonene is a major component of the aromatic scents and resins characteristic of numerous coniferous and broadleaved trees: red and silver maple (Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum), cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia), aspens (Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides) sumac (Rhus glabra), spruce (Picea spp.), various pines (e.g., Pinus echinata, Pinus ponderosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), larches (Larix spp.), true firs (Abies spp.), hemlocks (Tsuga spp.), cannabis (Cannabis sativa spp.), cedars (Cedrus spp.), various Cupressaceae, and juniper bush (Juniperus spp.). It contributes to the characteristic odor of orange peel, orange juice and other citrus fruits. To optimize recovery of valued components from citrus peel waste, (+)-limonene is typically removed.

Chemical reactions
Limonene is a relatively stable monoterpene and can be distilled without decomposition, although at elevated temperatures it cracks to form isoprene. It oxidizes easily in moist air to produce carveol, carvone, and limonene oxide. With sulfur, it undergoes dehydrogenation to p-cymene.

Limonene occurs commonly as the (R)-enantiomer, but racemizes at 300 °C. When warmed with mineral acid, limonene isomerizes to the conjugated diene α-terpinene (which can also easily be converted to p-cymene). Evidence for this isomerization includes the formation of Diels–Alder adducts between α-terpinene adducts and maleic anhydride.

It is possible to effect reaction at one of the double bonds selectively. Anhydrous hydrogen chloride reacts preferentially at the disubstituted alkene, whereas epoxidation with mCPBA occurs at the trisubstituted alkene.

In another synthetic method Markovnikov addition of trifluoroacetic acid followed by hydrolysis of the acetate gives terpineol.

The most widely practiced conversion of limonene is to carvone. The three-step reaction begins with the regioselective addition of nitrosyl chloride across the trisubstituted double bond. This species is then converted to the oxime with a base, and the hydroxylamine is removed to give the ketone-containing carvone.

Biosynthesis
In nature, limonene is formed from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclization of a neryl carbocation or its equivalent as shown. The final step involves loss of a proton from the cation to form the alkene.

Uses
Limonene is common as a dietary supplement and as a fragrance ingredient for cosmetics products. As the main fragrance of citrus peels, -limonene is used in food manufacturing and some medicines, such as a flavoring agent to mask the bitter taste of alkaloids, and as a fragrance in perfumery, aftershave lotions, bath products, and other personal care products. (+)-Limonene is also used as a botanical insecticide. (+)-Limonene is used in the organic herbicides. It is added to cleaning products, such as hand cleansers to give a lemon or orange fragrance (see orange oil) and for its ability to dissolve oils. In contrast, (-)-limonene has a piny, turpentine-like odor.

Limonene is used as a solvent for cleaning purposes, such as adhesive remover, or the removal of oil from machine parts, as it is produced from a renewable source (citrus essential oil, as a byproduct of orange juice manufacture). It is used as a paint stripper and is also useful as a fragrant alternative to turpentine. Limonene is also used as a solvent in some model airplane glues and as a constituent in some paints. Commercial air fresheners, with air propellants, containing limonene are used by stamp collectors to remove self-adhesive postage stamps from envelope paper.

Limonene is also used as a solvent for fused filament fabrication based 3D printing. Printers can print the plastic of choice for the model, but erect supports and binders from High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), a polystyrene plastic that is easily soluble in limonene.

In preparing tissues for histology or histopathology, -limonene is often used as a less toxic substitute for xylene when clearing dehydrated specimens. Clearing agents are liquids miscible with alcohols (such as ethanol or isopropanol) and with melted paraffin wax, in which specimens are embedded to facilitate cutting of thin sections for microscopy.

Limonene, from orange peel oil, is also combustible and has been considered as a biofuel.

Safety and research
Applied to skin, limonene may cause irritation from contact dermatitis, but otherwise appears to be safe for human use. Limonene is flammable as a liquid or vapor and it is toxic to aquatic life.

No effect on cancer
There is no evidence that the limonene in peel oils of citrus fruits affects the onset or progress of cancer, with one national agency stating, "there is no consistent evidence that people with cancer who consume limonene—either in supplement form or by eating citrus fruits—get better or are more likely to be cured".

title: Limonene


text:
List of serial killers by number of victims

A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people, in two or more separate events over a period of time, for primarily psychological reasons. A serial killer is most commonly defined as a person who kills three or more people for psychological gratification; reliable sources over the years agree. See, for example:
 * There are gaps of time between the killings, which may range from a few days to months, or many years.
 * There are gaps of time between the killings, which may range from a few days to months, or many years.
 * There are gaps of time between the killings, which may range from a few days to months, or many years.
 * There are gaps of time between the killings, which may range from a few days to months, or many years.
 * There are gaps of time between the killings, which may range from a few days to months, or many years.

This list shows all known serial killers from the 20th century to present day by number of victims, then possible victims, then date. For those from previous centuries, see List of serial killers before 1900. In many cases, the exact number of victims assigned to a serial killer is not known, and even if that person is convicted of a few, there can be the possibility that they killed many more.

Organization and ranking of serial killings is made difficult by the complex nature of serial killers and incomplete knowledge of the full extent of many killers' crimes. To address this, multiple categories have been provided in order to more accurately describe the nature of certain serial murders. This is not a reflection of an individual's overall rank, which may or may not vary depending on personal opinion concerning the nature and circumstances of their crimes. The fourth column in the table states the number of victims definitely assigned to that particular serial killer, and thus the table is in order of that figure. The fifth column states the number of possible victims the killer could have murdered. Some of these crimes are unsolved, but are included because they are the work of a serial killer, despite nobody being caught.

This list does not include mass murderers, spree killers, war criminals, members of democidal governments, or major political figures, such as Adolf Hitler, Francisco Franco, Hideki Tojo, Suharto, Mao Zedong, Joseph Stalin, or Pol Pot.

Serial killers with the highest known victim count
Excluding these "Medical professionals and pseudo-medical professionals", with their ability to kill simply and in plain sight, and Serial killer groups and couples (below), this list is a compilation of modern serial killers currently with the highest verifiable murder count.

Serial killers with 15 to 30 proven victims
This part of the list contains all serial killers with 15 to 30 proven victims who acted alone and were neither medical professionals nor contract killers.

Serial killers with 5 to 14 proven victims
This part of the list contains all serial killers with five to fourteen proven victims who acted alone and were neither medical professionals nor contract killers.

Serial killers with fewer than five proven victims
This part of the list contains all serial killers with fewer than five proven victims who acted alone and were neither medical professionals nor contract killers.

Disputed cases
* Proven victims being either victims the serial killer was convicted of killing, victims declared by the killer in a detailed confession, or those whose status as a victim most scholars of the subject agree upon.


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The Riordans

The Riordans was the second Irish television drama serial made by Telefís Éireann. It ran from 1965 to 1979 and was set in the fictional townland of Leestown in County Kilkenny. Its location filming with outside broadcast units, rather than using only television studios, broke the mould of broadcasting in the drama serial genre and inspired the creation of its British equivalent, Emmerdale Farm (now called Emmerdale) by Yorkshire Television in 1972.

Plot
The main characters in the serial, the Riordan farming family, consisted of middle-aged parents, Tom and Mary Riordan, their eldest son Benjy, and younger sons Michael and Jude who had left farming for other careers and who had more adventurous personal lives. Other leading characters included the family doctor, his Protestant gentry-born wife, the (radical Vatican II-oriented) Catholic priest, the conservative Church of Ireland rector, the local pub owner, some nomadic Irish Travellers, and others.

Cast

 * John Cowley as Tom Riordan
 * Moira Deady as Mary Riordan
 * Tom Hickey as Benjy Riordan
 * Chris O'Neill as Michael Riordan
 * Biddy White Lennon as Maggie Riordan
 * Frank O'Donovan as Batty Brennan
 * Annie D'Alton as Minnie Brennan
 * Tony Doyle as Father Sheehy
 * Gerry Sullivan as Owen Howard
 * Pamela Mant as Clair Howard
 * Johnny Hoey as Francie Maher
 * Mary Kearns as Delia Maher
 * Joe Pilkington as Eamonn Maher
 * Brenda Wilde as Eily Maher
 * Dermot McDowell as Dan Hennessy
 * Jack O'Reilly as Johnny Mac
 * Ann Rowan as Julia Mac
 * Vincent Smith as Murph
 * Patrick Gardiner as Frank Tracey
 * Rachel Burrows as Miss Benson
 * Christopher Casson as Canon Brown
 * Gabriel Byrne as Pat Barry

Development
In 1964 the fledgling Telefís Éireann had launched Tolka Row, a drama serial set in a working class part of Dublin. Its success was immediate, with its actors becoming household names. One year later, aware that Ireland was still a largely rural country, and of the popularity of rural-based radio shows on Radio Éireann, notably The Kennedys of Castleross, Telefís Éireann decided to create a new rural drama serial set on a family farm. Located in Dunboyne, The Flathouse, owned by the Connolly family, was the setting for this programme.

Christopher Fitz-Simons was the show's first executive producer. The drama was written by James Douglas and later Wesley Burrowes, who derived much of his inspiration from engaging with and observing the lives of the locals in Kells, County Kilkenny.

Part of the success of the series was because many of the leading actors were from the background they represented. John Cowley, who played the patriarch of the family, Tom Riordan was from real farming stock in Ardbraccan in County Meath and many of the issues his character had to deal with reflected his experiences in rural Ireland. Actor Tom Hickey, who played Benjy was from County Kildare and also had personal rural experience.

Among the many series writers were James Douglas (the creator of the show), Wesley Burrowes, Pat O'Connor, Eugene McCabe, and Tom Coffey.

Filming
The Riordans proved to be a revolutionary television programme, both in Ireland and internationally. Its most dramatic innovation was in the use of outside broadcast units to film most of each episode on location in the countryside. Previously, drama serials were studio-based, with even supposed exterior filming all done with sets built in sound stages. Location filming was previously avoided for technical and financial reasons; firstly, it was reliant on weather conditions, which meant it was difficult to manage costs. Secondly, costs of transporting sets, wardrobe, cameras and film made location shooting more expensive, while the extra time involved in transporting edited footage back to studio, in the days before satellite links, also meant that location shoots were avoided. Thirdly, recording sound was thought to be more complicated in an open environment, and much easier on sound stages.

Telefís Éireann decided however to film most of The Riordans on location given that creating a farm set was not possible around the Dublin city studios at Montrose. Even if space had been available, it would have been impossible to mask city sounds. To speed up the process of getting film back to the editing studio, it filmed the programme on a farm near Dunboyne in County Meath, even though it set it in County Kilkenny.

The programme began colour transmission in 1975.

Influence
The use of outside broadcast units to film The Riordans influenced broadcasting abroad. In the early 1970s, Yorkshire Television while planning its own rural-based serial travelled to Ireland to observe The Riordans on location. Its new serial, Emmerdale Farm was influenced by their observations. By the late 1970s and 1980s, first Coronation Street, then EastEnders and most dramatically Brookside were influenced in their greater use of location work.

Recurring themes
The Riordans concerned tensions, rivalries and relationships. Among the central ones were:
 * generational - conservative parents (Tom and Mary) and radical young son and heir (Benjy); Batty Brennan and his wife Minnie Brennan, as the old people in the community, against everyone else;
 * mother versus son - Mary against Benjy, which some critics likened to John Millington Synge's The Playboy of the Western World;
 * liberal versus conservative - radical priest Father Sheehy versus his older parishioners; conservative parents Tom and Mary against liberal children Michael and Jude; conservative Catholics Tom and Mary versus their contraception-using daughter-in-law, Maggie Riordan;
 * outsider versus insider - the Riordan family, with their middle-class farming background, against orphan Maggie, wife of Benjy; members of the nomadic Irish Traveller community versus the settled farming community;
 * Class - well-to-do characters like the Church of Ireland upper middle-class doctor's wife, Mrs. Howard, and the middle-class farming Riordans, against farm labourers Batty Brennan and Eamonn Maher;
 * community gossip - as with most soaps, The Riordans contained a 'local gossip' character, Minnie Brennan, who, typically for such characters, proclaimed no interest in gossip at all, but nevertheless became the source of local information on the lives and loves of the community.

One additional twist to the series was that the elderly gossip, Mrs Brennan, though considerably older than all the other characters (and actors) in the series except her onscreen husband Batty Brennan (he had to be written out of the series suddenly when the actor playing him died), was played by the elderly Annie D'Alton, the real-life wife of John Cowley, Tom Riordan, the lead middle-aged character. The striking difference in ages of the couple (she was his senior by twenty years, and as Minnie Brennan was made to look even older through make-up) became a source of comment among viewers, as some noted in letters to the show that she was old enough on screen to convincingly play his mother. Local actors included Peter Greene, who played a young boy always in trouble. Many other locals were cast during the many seasons.

Pushing agendas
Irish broadcasting in the 1960s and 1970s reflected the clash of ideas between elements of traditional rural Catholic society and new liberal ideas coming from abroad and from Catholicism itself through the reforms of the Second Vatican Council. Conservatives within RTÉ associated with the Knights of Columbanus clashed with liberals and with Marxists associated with Official Sinn Féin, over the content of programmes, though the extent to which the ultimate liberal victory was a product of one side infiltrating the station more successfully than the other is disputed, with one academic saying that the liberal win represented only the triumph of the 'liberal consensus'. However, then-leading OSF intellectual Eoghan Harris suggests that left-wing radicalism was of crucial importance in shaping RTÉ's output in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.

The Riordans tackled many 'conservative versus liberal' issues from its very start. Its start coincided with the coming into force of the Succession Act which for the first time granted to the wife of a farmer an automatic right of succession to the family farm, so removing the danger that after her husband's death she could be left with nothing, with the property being willed to a stranger. The issue was controversial; banks until the 1970s would not allow a wife to open an account except with the approval of her husband. Conservatives suggested that the new Act, which had been pushed through in the face of opposition by the Minister for Justice Charles Haughey, would undermine the traditional family and lead to the sale of a farm owned by a family, were a farmer's marriage to break up. Liberals argued that the reform was one of social justice and a long-overdue recognition of the rights of farmers' wives.

In the words of academic Dr Finola Kennedy, The Riordans "introduced one of the most sensitive issues in rural family life – the links between property, farm ownership and marriage at the very time of the debate on the Succession Bill".

The programme also focused on a range of farming issues, from the promotion of new farm technology to safety on farms. In the 1970s, the characters Tom and Benjy featured in a television advertisement urging farmers to have metal-framed cabs put onto tractors to protect themselves from injury should the vehicle overturn.

Other issues raised were illegitimacy, poverty, the problems of old age, marriage break-up, sexual activity, the dramatic changes in the post-Vatican II Catholic Church, and contraception, when it was revealed that Benjy's wife, Maggie, for medical reasons could not risk having a second pregnancy. The decision of the couple to use contraception caused controversy and criticism from "family values" organisations and some in the Catholic Church. The programme was on many issues praised and criticised in the media and in Dáil Éireann. Moreover, civil servants in the mid-1960s criticised the image portrayed of a farm advisor sent to advise farmers on advances in farming but who in the series was seen drinking in a pub and gossiping.

Cancellation
The programme underwent a number of changes in the mid-1970s, most notably moving from a half-hour to one-hour format, as well as a change in theme tune. The music originally used to introduce each episode was Seóirse Bodley's orchestral arrangement of the Irish traditional tune, "The Palatine's Daughter". The decision of the actor Tom Hickey to leave the series caused some problems. His character, Benjy, was not killed off but went abroad to work with the Catholic Church in Africa. A new farm labourer, played by actor Gabriel Byrne, was introduced in 1978 and he played the love-interest for Maggie, Benjy's wife, who had remained after refusing to go to Africa with him. While the programme had declined somewhat from its heyday, it still regularly battled with The Late Late Show to top the TAM audience ratings and there was some surprise when one episode, which unusually departed from the 1970s and focused on Tom Riordan as a young man in the 1930s at a céilí, was critically acclaimed by the media and many older viewers, who viewed it as an accurate representation of life on an Irish farm in the past. With its considerable popularity, large cast of respected actors, high production values and its central location on the schedules of RTÉ 1, few expected the programme to be cancelled.

There was surprise and criticism when the new RTÉ Director of Programming Muiris MacConghail decided that the programme had run its course, and cancelled it. Part of the justification was cost: it was one of RTÉ's most expensive programmes to make. With the launch of television channel RTÉ 2 in 1978 the station believed that it needed to produce more programmes for its limited budget as a small station, and it could not do that if The Riordans took up much of the budget. Critics however suggested that RTÉ had failed to market the show internationally and that, given the size of the Irish diaspora, all interested in their home country, it could have had an international market abroad.

The public, the media and politicians criticised the cancellation. Notwithstanding the outcry, the last episode was broadcast in May 1979.

Politician Tom Enright spoke of the decision in the Dáil in 1980:

 * "The Riordans", one of the finest programmes that I can remember seeing and was most enjoyable, was dropped from television some time ago. It touched on many important social aspects of not just rural Irish life but all aspects of Irish life. It incorporated many delicate matters and matters which people shied away from and it was an in-depth study of life in Ireland. I am certain that the cost factor had a lot to do with the removal of this programme, but it was a mistake to remove it and this is evident when we see some of the programmes that replace it on the television service.

The programme was resurrected for RTÉ Radio 1 as a fifteen-minute daily show where it lasted a few years. The move to radio allowed some of the older actors to retire, while departed characters, such as Benjy and Eamon, could be brought back, albeit not with the original actors, Jonathan Ryan as Benjy and Mick Lally as Eamon. The radio serial was later cancelled in turn.

It was replaced by a spin-off serial Bracken, which saw Gabriel Byrne's character move from Kilkenny to Wicklow. Bracken became the second in a trilogy of agricultural serials produced by RTÉ, the final one being Glenroe.

Legacy
The final 26 episodes (which were cut in two which resulted in 52 30-minute episodes) were shown from October 1980 on the British ITV channel - for the most part, in most areas, it was shown three times a week, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays at 12:30 - most regions temporarily dropped Australian wartime drama The Sullivans, which had been aired in that timeslot in most regions, to accommodate The Riordans. In London region, the series was only screened weekly on Monday finishing on 12 October 1981. In the Tyne Tees region, The Sullivans continued to air on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 12:30, but The Riordans aired on Wednesdays only - they gradually fell behind the network as a result. It was dropped from that timeslot after a while - only to continue in the 3:45 slot on Tuesday afternoons (a brief narrated refresher course was provided) and carried on in that slot until the final episode.

The Riordans was a key development in television drama, because, as well as giving RTÉ its first experience of how to create a long-running soap opera, its use of outside broadcast units changed the methodology by which later soaps in both Britain and Ireland were made. It embodied the changing Ireland of its period. When it was first broadcast, the reforming Seán Lemass was Taoiseach. When it finished, his son-in-law - the controversial Charles Haughey - was months from becoming Taoiseach. The Riordans covered a period of rapid transition in Irish life, from an agrarian, protectionist Ireland of the early 1960s to membership of the European Economic Community and so a rapidly changing rural economy in the 1970s. In the 1960s, Ireland was still rural, conservative and Catholic, with storylines like a character going on the Pill containing a shock value unthinkable a decade later. By the late 1970s, Ireland was becoming less rural, less conservative and less Catholic. Ironically, one of the biggest shock issues of the early show, the use of contraception, became less of a shock when in 1979 the provision of contraception was legalised, albeit with tight controls, in the very year the show was taken off air.

The changing nature of Irish society was shown in the soap operas that replaced The Riordans. After the short interregnum Bracken, came Glenroe, another 'rural' show set, unlike The Riordans, on the fringes of a town close to Dublin, with some characters living in an urban housing estate. Even the central characters, a farmer and his father Miley Byrne and Dinny Byrne, blurred the urban and rural worlds in a way that Tom Riordan never did, by turning their farm into an open farm for urban people to visit, and selling their produce in their own shop in the local town. After two decades that show itself was axed, leaving RTÉ with only one major homegrown soap opera, one that has no rural aspect at all, and is set in inner-city Dublin, Fair City.

Missing episodes
A controversial policy that was in force for the network in the 1960s and 1970s led to the erasing of previous episodes, so that the expensive video that had been used to record them could be reused. As a result, little remains of RTÉ's 1960s output, with shows like The Riordans, The Late Late Show and others routinely wiped after broadcast.

Later careers of the actors
Some of the actors had distinguished careers after the axing of The Riordans.
 * After Bracken Gabriel Byrne went to the United States where he became a successful film actor.
 * Tony Doyle, Father Sheehy, who had left the series in the mid-1970s, became a successful television actor with the BBC, starring in among other shows Ballykissangel, before dying suddenly aged 58 on the brink of his biggest television role yet.
 * John Cowley worked largely in films, playing "the auctioneer" in John B. Keane's The Field with Richard Harris and also on stage. Cowley also continued with his lifelong campaign against coursing and other blood sports. He died in 1998.
 * Annie D'Alton, Minnie Brennan, who was Cowley's much older wife in real life, died in 1983.
 * Chris O'Neill, Michael Riordan, worked for some years as agent for Gabriel Byrne. He died in the United States in 1991.
 * Biddy White Lennon, Maggie Riordan, left acting and became a successful author and publisher of cookery books; she died in November, 2017.
 * Tom Hickey was an acclaimed stage and film actor. He died in May 2021.
 * Moira Deady went on to act in Glenroe, the spin-off show that came from Bracken, the spin-off from The Riordans. She also starred in a number of films, including Angela's Ashes.

Spin offs

 * Bracken (1978–1982) created and written by Wesley Burrowes.
 * Glenroe (a spin-off from Bracken) (1983–2001) created and written by Wesley Burrowes.

title: The Riordans


text: Talk:Limonene

title: Talk:Limonene