text:
Talk:Roller skating

Artistic Skating not even mentioned?
There is a huge, international community of artistic competitive roller skaters, who have the same competitive skating events that ice skaters have. These roller skaters skate figures, free-style, pairs, dance, and free dance, and even dress in similar competition outfits. They hold Nationals and World's competitions, and they are in the Pan American Games. Since this group of athletes has been active for around a century, you may assume that this information would fit into any quad-skating category you may provide; however, I think it's big enough to warrant a category of its own. This very important segment of the skating world has been completely ignored in the article, although links to some of their organizations are provided. http://usarollersports.org/ Indeed, a disproportionate amount of space has been given to in-line skating considering how recently it came into existence, and particularly in view of the exclusion of artistic roller skating. --Catwoman07076 11:48, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Polyurethane
There is no mention of wheel materials in the article, the use of polyurethane surely being a highly significant development in the history of skating. Perhaps a knowledgeable contributor could rectify this. Spiridens 06:50, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I added a section in the alternatives about Polyurethane wheels. It still needs its own section but it is at least mentioned now.--Ovxt (talk) 21:22, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

Removed Section In Agressive Skating
It read like an advertisement for a particular brand of skate. Completely irreverent, didn't fit the context of the section. It's gone now. 24.247.219.140 12:30, 2 July 2006 (UTC) C.M.

Rollerblade
Rollerblade should say something about the company rather than simply redirect to roller skating. Many people (including large business and govts making warning signs) use the term "Rollerblade" when they mean something more general. Tom Brown 10:31, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Agreed

Never used the Talk option before, so my apologies if this is not in proper form.

I agree that "Rollerblade" should talk about the company as well as link to this page.

I also think we should add some content in there such as skate maintenance, a list of skate companies (like K2, Rollerblade, etc), a more detailed history of skating, a more detailed page on aggressive/street skating (my specialty), and links to other useful content like "skate wheels" and "skate bearings".

Ofcourse, I'm very new to Wikipedia, so I have no idea how to do any of that - but I've been rollerblading for well over a decade, so I can provide as much content as necessary to make it happen.

--Miketwo 01:57, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I changed rollerblade and added comments to Talk: aggressive skating. I'm new to Wikipedia too but have worked with Wiki's before. Just make changes. Adding info about wheels and bearings sounds like a good idea though I'm not sure how to organize overlap vs disjoint info between inline and skateboarding. For example, cleaning bearings and existance of youth cultures are similar, but many differences exist. (Miketwo, have you been rollerblading or inline skating for >10yrs? :-P) Tom Brown 05:09, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Redirects and Organization
I really think who ever put this page together and all these redirects together has no idea what they are talking about. Inline skating and rollerskating are two completely different activities. Within inline skating alone there are many completely unrelated categories that deserve their own pages or articles. Providing links to each other would be reasonable, but to lump it all together like this just proves who ever wrote this has no clue. If it were up to me I would completely delete all of the current pages and start from scratch. - Alan Hughes

Tom, while I can understand Rollerblade's desire to not have their trademark violated, and your desire to educate people that the use of rollerblade (rollerblading, blading, bladers, etc..) is technically wrong, I think we should write this encyclopedia with the audience in mind. If it's a frequent misuse of the word, then you know "someone" is going to come into Wikipedia, type "rollerblading" in the search engine, and be very confused if they don't get the inline skating page (and instead get something on the Rollerblade company).

So I propose this kind of massive re-organization:

Have single general "Roller Skating" page, with subsections "History", "Quad Skating", and "Inline Skating" (plus others, but that's later on). Then set up the redirects and links as follows:

(note: when i use a "/s" or "/ing", I mean the plural and the gerund - eg. skate/s/ing = skate and skates and skating)

The search/linked words --> destination

skate/s/ing --> disambuguity page

inline skate/s/ing, blading (but not blades!) --> "Roller Skating#Inline Skating"

rollerblading--> Roller Skating#Inline Skating, but with boilerplate text at top describing TM misuse

rollerblade/s--> ''disambuguition link to Inline Skating at top. content describing the company and trademark (mis)use''

roller skate/s/ing --> "Roller Skating"

quad skate/s/ing --> "Roller Skating#Quad Skating"

Also, the current "Roller Skate" page should be incorported into "Roller Skating", or should at least be confined to talking only about the details of the quad skates themselves (i.e. no history of skating). We are duplicating effort here by having two well-written histories of skating, when it could all be on one good page.

Finally, on the "Blades (disambiguation)" page, we should put a link such as "Blades is slang for rollerblades"

I know it's "incorrect" to use the term rollerblading in that way, but let's get the end user to the page they want to see (roller skating#inline skating) and THEN, on that page, educate them about the misuse of the word rollerblade.

It's a fairly large proposed re-org, which is why I want to bring it up on the talk page first. I want to iron out the organization in here and then do it. Please feel free to add/change my search --> destination chart above. Once we all seem to agree on a good organization, we can start moving things around and altering redirects. Soon we'll have the best roller skating article ever!!! We will be featured in Wikipedia's brilliant prose, and will be the envy of generations to come.

Maybe.

--Miketwo 16:11, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that people searching for rollerblade/s/ing likely want inline skating but do not think we should promote TM abuse by automatically forwarding to inline skating (even if it includes info about the incorrect use of the TM). People searching for rollerblade/s/ing should be clearly told about the TM. I don't think more than a 5-7 words about the misuse of the word rollerblade belongs on roller skating#inline skating, a detailed discussion is appropriate at Rollerblade or RB (??).
 * We seem to be making a similar choice as between 2 and 3 at Disambiguation with the rollerblading redirect. I have made a larger link at Rollerblade, but perhaps you would rather make it a strict disambiguation page and move detailed talk of the TM and company to one of Rollerblade (trademark) or Rollerblade (company).
 * I changed the layout in your chart, but would also be happy with any option described in my paragraph above.
 * Tom Brown 16:58, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I disagree that we'd be "promoting" TM abuse (because the term is already so widespread), but how about a compromise. On the disambiguation page you cited (great link btw!), I found this part: which says
 * "Do not disambiguate, or add a link to a disambiguation page, if there is no risk of confusion. Ask yourself: When a reader enters this term and pushes "Go", would they expect to view any of the articles listed on the disambiguation page?"
 * So if we take that as a starting point, we end up with this:
 * Rollerblading means the user almost definitely wants inline skating, so we should send them there.
 * Rollerblade and rollerblades can equally mean the company/product or the type ("inline skates"). I propose that we make the company the "primary topic" in this case, meaning that (as you have suggested above) we have a "disambuguition link to Inline Skating at top. content describing the company and trademark (mis)use".
 * Finally, in both articles, at the top, we can have some common boilerplate text saying something like "use of the word rollerblade to mean inline skating is discouraged because it's a form of Trademark Dilution".
 * I've updated the little chart above as well. But how's that sound to you?
 * --Miketwo 18:11, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds reasonable to me. Technically the company says use "TRADEMARKS ARE NEVER VERBS. WRONG: rollerblading. RIGHT: in-line skating, skating." but I agree with reasoning. Someone can always change it later. I don't think inline skating needs a big link to rollerblade. The existing "frequently and incorrectly called rollerblading" seems fine. Good luck sorting out the aggressive skating pickle. Tom Brown 08:36, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok. I finished changing the redirects and updating Roller skating with some History. It's good to have a concentration of people working on one main page, and then creating spinoff pages (aggressive skating, inline soccer, etc.) as necessary. Feel free to test the search engine, cause chances are I screwed up at least one thing. =p
 * --Miketwo 14:58, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

THIS PAGE DEFINATELY NEEDS SOME WORK REGARDING HISTORY AND WHAT IS QUAD SKATING -ROLLER SKATING> THE PAGE MAKES REFERENCES TO QUADS BUT THERE IS NO HISTORY OR DEFINITION. QUADS CREATE CONTEXT FOR INLINES BUT THERE IS NO EXPLANATION OF QUADS> I WILL ADD A QUAD SECTION SINCE ROLLER SKATING WAS ONLY QUADS FOR DECADES, what a disappointing page :: --Hardballhock 14:58, Jun 06, 2006 (UTC)

Who sets the redirects? I think it would be good to redirect Rollerblade(s)(ing) to a disambiguation page that lists the company page and to inline skating. It would also be good to include a comment in inline skating on the trademark misuse. - Bill Fuhrmann

Robert Henley
I de-wikified the Robert Henley link as it pointed to a completely different Robert Henley. I was going to write another article about the Robert Henley who invented the ball-bearing skate, then disambiguate, etc. But I can't find anything about Robert other than that he invented the skate -- so perhaps an article is unnecessary for the moment. OTOH, his uncle, Micajah Henley, was an early producer of skates (the "Chicago Skate") so perhaps an article on Micajah, with mention of Robert's contribution, would be relevant. I can't write one today, but I will try to do it later, or if someone else gets to it first, and wants to do it, feel free. ManekiNeko | Talk 21:22, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
I just did a bunch of cleanup; copyediting, writing new material, etc. I tried to make the page more inclusive; though inlines have been popular for the last 15-20 years, quads are still used and were the roller skate for a century, so I included quads in places where it seemed appropriate. (I am both a quad and an inline skater and have competed on both.) I expanded the quad section a bit since there is no page for quad skates, so until we separate that material out into its own article, it needs to be here. I also removed the cleanup tag as it seemed ok to do that now.

One thing -- the quintessence skates so prominently mentioned in the article? I did a google search. There are very few references to "quintessence skate" in Google (39 if you leave out dupes) and the vast majority of those are mirrors of this article. So I don't think the q-skate is one of the "three kinds of skates" -- it just doesn't have that kind of notability. I changed the article to refer to the two kinds of skates, quad and inline, but I left in a mention that there are some other less-common variants like the quintessence skate. ManekiNeko | Talk 09:41, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

History update -- some of the information in the History section seemed to be contradicted by info in the History of Roller Skating reference book, now that I finally pulled it off the shelf to check. I edited the article a bit, both to expand what was there, and to reflect the facts from the book. I trust the book more than I trust the web page that included some of the earlier data... ManekiNeko | Talk 23:10, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Free skating
I just removed a paragraph from the Free Skating section that was a good description of a particular technique (cess slide); I removed it because it seemed kind of random. We don't have a list of all the various techniques from any of the other kinds of skating here, and there didn't seem to be any particular reason to focus on this one technique. (Also, is that a "free skating" technique or just a general aggressive technique? It might have been in the wrong place anyway.) Now, if there is an article about Free Skating, that might be a good place to put such a list. I made a link to Free skating (inline) so someone can start a free skating article. (It's named Free skating (inline) because free skating is also the name for one of the disciplines of ice skating.) -- ManekiN e ko | Talk 01:44, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, about that. Freeskating is an off shoot of free running and parkour right?

copyright violation
The revision as of 07:07, 2 May 2006 inserts a massive chunk of text in the "Aggressive skating" section which is attributed to "www.anti-rocker.com". I'm no expert, but can see no licensing information anywhere around Daniel Barlow 16:23, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

pics and stuff
I've added some more pics. There weren't any on the page of non-inline skates, and that wasn't good. Also, more pics of skates in general were needed, since the skates themselves redirect to this article. ENpeeOHvee 19:03, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

LandRollers
There is no mention at all of the new style of roller skate made by LandRoller (http://www.landroller.com). These skates are neither quad skates nor in-line skates and should be mentioned in order for readers to be knowledgeable about the continued evolution of roller skate and latest developments in equipment. Gary 20:41, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

New Category of Quad Skating Added
In all my years of skating I have never seen any listing or description of Quad Freestyle Dance Skating (locally known as Funk Skating). It evolved from Roller Disco and Jam Skating but is of a different nature and quality than these. It seems to be an obscure and, sadly, dying form of skating and is such a unique sub-class of Quad skating that it deserves to be documented and a record of it's existence preserved. In order to understand how this activity merits special recognition one must first understand the physics produced by Quads, followed by an explanation of their application and effects on rhythm skating. A key ingredient and mover of this type of skating is the music. It mostly always has a prominent baseline and the aim is to synchronize to the beat. A spontaneous unrehearsed type of freestyle Shadow Skating results. It is a non-competitive activity that is not concerned with doing "tricks". If anyone has done or knows of this kind of skating, your observations and input would be valued. Tano 01:39, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

incorrect info
i'm a quad roller skater whos been skating for 5 years and some of this stuff is incorrect —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Madcow 93 (talk • contribs) 19:22, 11 March 2007 (UTC).

Rollerwars Info
There is a sport/forthcoming tv show, Rollerwars, which involves rollerblading? and is a combination of basketball/wresling/american football on rollerskates inside a giant inflatable set.

check out www.rollerwars.com

It was designed as a TV series.

As I worked on it ( I worked on the design of the inflatable) I have not included it in the main section, lest i get into "trouble" but some fellow Wikipedians might want to add references/info.

Clean up External links
There seems to be a lot of external links on this site, many of which seem to be spam (WP:SPAM). It would be better if someone with more knowledge of the subject and WP policy actually did the clean up. Hammer1980 ·talk 11:08, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge anti-rocker info
In December 2007 it was proposed that Anti rockers be merged into this page. That article was a single paragraph without any context, explaining what anti-rockers were. The merge proposal wasn't properly formed (the proposer didn't add the merge tag to this page) but it seems uncontroversial so I have carried out the merge, added the info as a paragraph in "Aggressive inline skating" and redirected "Anti-rocker" to this article.

Am happy to discuss if anyone disagrees. Euryalus (talk) 23:33, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Too many tricks!
Is it necessary to have that huge list of tricks? It doesn't concern those of us reading the article for information about rollerskates and it makes the article awfully long and cumbersome. I think it belongs elsewhere. Southsailor (talk) 16:51, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Redirect
I redirected roller skates to quad skates( from roller skating) since roller skating is a verb not a noun...but perhaps quad should redirect to roller skate or quad skate (singular)?--Hardballhock 05:02, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Key?
What is meant by adjustable tension, and what were roller skate keys used for? Thanks, Maikel 09:40, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

The roller skate key is what is used to adjust the kingbolt on the underside of the skate. The kingbolt on the modern skate is the mechanism for adjusting the amount of side-to-side rocking motion and lengthwise tightness of the skate ("adjustable" tension).205.158.221.246 17:58, 18 May 2007 (UTC)DLL, 5-18-07

Actually, a roller skate key was used to tighten the front metal braces that held strap-on skates to ordinary outdoor shoes. Catwoman07076 (talk) 22:38, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

The type of skate key mentioned above is also mentioned in this Wiktionary entry:

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skate_key — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.48.34.37 (talk) 15:51, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

Where can I find strap-on quads, kind of like the one in the picture? 90.230.28.160 00:17, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Please edit to specify Aggressive Inline Skating vs. just Aggressive Skating
I think since this is most commercially used term (see ESPN Xgames pre-'95) the most easily recognized term should perhaps be the name of the section. There is many different forms of "Aggressive Skating" with various forms of unusual skates (IE Land Roller Offroad skates, also i cant remember the name but there are ones with ball wheels that have complete motion in all directions so you can do some crazy stuff with them)yet the only type of aggessive skating discussed is inline (and most predominant unless your talking about a skateboard). Plain aggressive skating is far too ambiguous for the content. Also the linked Aggressive Skating link has been proposed to merge with Inline Aggressive Skating and renamed as Aggressive Inline Skating since it is the only subject discussed. Maybe some redirects may be helpful to find the articles on Aggressive Inline skating better? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.122.164.200 (talk) 08:41, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

apo ti apotelunte ta loller blades?

Strap-on quad skates
A article called Strap-on quad skates should be made. Current models available today are mentioned at http://forums.about.com/n/pfx/forum.aspx?nav=messages&webtag=ab-inlineskate&tid=1958 Baically, only 1 good brand exist for rigid strap-on skates: the Skorpion; see http://www.skates.com/Scorpion-Quadline-Strap-on-roller-skates-p/skrpq.htm The others (including http://www.asseenontv.com/prod-pages/dualz_skates_ontv.html) are non-rigid types, which will thus only work with solid shoes

History of Roller Skating : New information
There are two things that need clarification.

1. Has anyone got a reference for the term "roller skating" ? Can someone cite the earliest use of the term ?

2. Most books covering the history of Roller skates seem to suggest that the modern roller skates (not inline) were invented in the USA in 1863.

This cannot be correct as there is a drawing by the spanish painter Goya who lived in Paris in 1820's of a young man clearly on roller skates.

The drawing itself is to be found in the Frick collection. Entitled Locos Patines or Mad Skates.

http://www.frick.org/assets/images/exhibitions/goya/Goya_LocosPatines.600.jpg

Most books suggest that a M Petibled of Paris invented "inline" roller skates around that time 1819. There is a possibility that the translation from the original french has led people to incorrectly believe that his skates were inline. In fact they could have been of a conventional design, with two wheels on each side of the foot. The evidence of this is circumstantial via the Goya drawing, but the French patents office would not have allowed identical patents to be given for the same invention.

Aquafire (talk) 07:16, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Identify established Freestyle locales in US cities?
I'd like to add some content about freestyle skate gatherings in major U. S. cities like NYC and SF. Suggested link for SF: http://www.sfskaters.org/public/html/page7.html#2.2 and for NY: http://www.skatecity.com/nyc/where/centralpark.html--PFS (talk) 18:06, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Please correct the definition of skating -- "terrain" is incorrect
Change terrain to surface in the definition. The definition mentions smooth terrain, but skating does not occur on terrain, it occurs on surfaces. Definition from the Merriam Websters Collegiate Dictionary -- 1) a geographical area 2) a piece of land 3) the physical features of a tract of land. Obviously, the third one is what the writer intended, but that definition does not encompass wooden skating rinks and skate parks, nor paved skate paths. Terrain refers to the parts of land that are not covered by man made surfaces, and these are the places that skating does not happen.

✅ Bejinhan  Talk   12:47, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Pending changes
This article is one of a number (about 100) selected for the early stage of the trial of the Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Pending changes/Queue  are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

Comments on the suitability of theis page for "Penfding changes" would be appreciated.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any much more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 23:48, 16 June 2010 (UTC).

Am I missing something? (re: 1970s/1980s roller disco)
Don't get me wrong -- I'd have no problem with it being a separate article, or distinguished from "proper, respectable" roller skating in some other way. :) It's a fad that may well annoy those who do artistic, competitive, or otherwise "serious" roller skating. However, I find it odd that there doesn't seem to be any mention at all, anywhere in the article, of the massive popularity of (quad) roller skating rinks in the 1970s and 1980s. It was a very big deal in the United States for a whole generation, of which you've probably already guessed I am one, and it's odd to think it would go completely unnoticed in any comprehensive article on roller skating. If I've overlooked it, let me know on my user page; otherwise, let's do what we can to remedy the oversight. Lawikitejana (talk) 00:13, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

What?
Just delete this whole thing. Do research and try again. Here is a link to the start with your research. https://www.britannica.com/sports/roller-skating 2603:6081:100:1AA3:C110:24A6:7B11:EE6C (talk) 00:21, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Yeah this article is awful and riddled with suppositions and lacks a lot of citation for some of its claims.
 * absolute garbage. 168.149.232.104 (talk) 10:02, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roller skating


text:
User:Dave.Dunford/Gallery

Gallery
Pictures I've so far uploaded to Wikipedia (mostly scenery, natural history and structures in the United Kingdom). Photos taken before 2008 are taken with a Minolta DiMage Z1 digital camera, from 2008 to with a Canon EOS 350D digital SLR.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Dave.Dunford/Gallery


text:
Southern Uplands

The Southern Uplands (Na Monaidhean a Deas) are the southernmost and least populous of mainland Scotland's three major geographic areas (the others being the Central Lowlands and the Highlands). The term is used both to describe the geographical region and to collectively denote the various ranges of hills and mountains within this region. An overwhelmingly rural and agricultural region, the Southern Uplands are partly forested and contain many areas of open moorland - the hill names in the area are congruent with these characteristics.

Geology
The Southern Uplands consist mainly of Silurian sedimentary deposits deposited in the Iapetus Ocean 420 million years ago. These rocks were pushed up from the sea bed into an accretionary wedge during the Caledonian orogeny, roughly 400 million years ago (Ma), when the continents and terranes of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia collided. The Caledonian orogeny is named for Caledonia, a Latin name for Scotland. The majority of the rocks are weakly metamorphosed coarse greywacke.

The tectonic processes involved in the formation of the accretionary wedge, where sediment is scraped off the seafloor as a tectonic plate is subducted, has led to the formation of multiple, major, east–west faults that are now exploited by rivers and define valleys across the Southern Uplands. Levels of deformation associated with these faults is highly variable but is pervasive in the finer-grained sediments. Secondary mineralisation has further altered these Lower Palaeozoic rocks which are hosts for some distinctive springs, some of which have been exploited for tourism, such as those around Moffat.

Geography
The Southern Uplands lie south of the Southern Uplands Fault line that runs from Ballantrae on the Ayrshire coast northeastwards to Dunbar in East Lothian on the North Sea coast, a distance of some 220 km.

Hill ranges
There are several ranges of hills and mountains within the Southern Uplands. From east to west these are:

 * Cheviot Hills straddling the eastern end of the Anglo-Scottish border.
 * Lammermuir Hills south of Dunbar.
 * Moorfoot Hills south of Edinburgh.
 * Tweedsmuir or Manor Hills south of Tweedsmuir.
 * Culter Hills south of Biggar.
 * Moffat Hills north-east of Moffat.
 * Ettrick Hills south of Moffatdale.
 * Lowther Hills between Clydesdale/Annandale and Nithsdale.
 * Carsphairn and Scaur Hills between Nithsdale and the Glenkens.
 * Galloway Hills west of the Glenkens. This is a large hill area lying between Loch Doon in the north and the Solway Firth to the south and have the sub-ranges: The Awful Hand, Dungeon Hills, Rhinns of Kells, Minnigaff Hills and Cairnsmore of Fleet.

Peaks
Although the summits are not as high as many in the Scottish Highlands nor other famous mountain regions, parts of the Southern Uplands are remote and mountainous, containing about 120 Marilyns, the majority of the Donalds and a substantial number of Corbetts and Grahams.

Some of the more notable peaks in the Southern Uplands are:

 * Merrick: the highest in the south of Scotland at 843 m
 * Broad Law: 840 m
 * White Coomb: 822 m
 * The Cheviot: 815 m
 * Corserine: 814 m
 * Cairnsmore of Carsphairn: 797 m
 * Kirriereoch Hill: 786 m
 * Shalloch on Minnoch: 769 m
 * Lamachan Hill: 717 m
 * Cairnsmore of Fleet: 711 m
 * Tinto: 711 m
 * Craignaw: 645 m

The Southern Uplands are home to the UK's second highest, and Scotland's highest, village, Wanlockhead, 430 m above sea level.

Rivers and lochs
The region is drained by numerous rivers, the most important of which are Scotland's third and fourth longest, the River Clyde at 106 mi and the River Tweed at 97 mi respectively. Several significant rivers drain southwards into the Solway Firth and Irish Sea including (from west to east) the River Cree, River Dee, River Urr, River Nith, River Annan and the River Esk.

There are numerous lochs in the Southern Uplands, particularly in the west. The largest is Loch Ken the water lever of the loch was increased in 1936 when the Glenlochar Barrage was installed on the River Dee as well the Water of Ken was dammed to create manmade lochs as part of the Galloway Hydro Scheme. Several other lochs in Galloway are dammed such as Loch Doon, Loch Bradan and Clatteringshaws Loch though many smaller ones remain in a more natural state such as Loch Dee, Loch Enoch, Loch Grannoch and Loch Trool.

To the east of Moffat is the largest natural body of water in the Borders Region of the Southern Uplands, St. Mary's Loch together with the adjacent Loch of the Lowes and nearby Loch Skeen. There are several other reservoirs in the vicinity including Megget Reservoir, Talla Reservoir and Fruid Reservoir whilst Daer Reservoir lies among the Lowther Hills.

Wildlife
The area has a wide diversity of species and habitats. The uplands support black and red grouse, mountain hares, golden eagles, hen harriers and some unusual plant species. The western hills are home to red deer, roe deer, feral goats and wild boar. The western forests have one fifth of the Scottish population of red squirrels. Ospreys are present at some of the lochs of the Galloway Forest Park, St Mary's Loch and along the River Tweed. Brown trout are common in many burns and a number of the rivers in the area have populations of sea trout, salmon and Eurasian otters.

Local government
The two unitary authorities of Dumfries and Galloway in the west and the Scottish Borders in the east cover almost all of the Southern Uplands. Along its northern margins, the councils of South Ayrshire, East Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire and East Lothian extend into the region. After local government reorganisation in 1974 and prior to further reorganisation in 1996, the Southern Uplands were administered by the two 'regions' of Dumfries & Galloway and Borders along with the southern margins of the regions of Strathclyde and Lothian. Within each of these regions were districts with their own district councils. Historically, i.e. prior to 1974, the region comprised the counties of Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, Dumfries, Roxburgh, Peebles, Selkirk and Berwick together with parts of Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, Midlothian and East Lothian.

The geography of the region has caused it to be sparsely populated, a characteristic shared with the Highlands but in contrast to the Central Lowlands. Although the political and geographical borders do not precisely coincide, the two southern local authority areas have a combined population of around 265,000 across 4314 sqmi, fewer inhabitants than five of the areas within the Central Lowlands, for example North Lanarkshire is home to 340,000 across 184 sqmi.

Economy
Agriculture and forestry are the main forms of land use in the Southern Uplands. Sustainable power has been in production for several decades: the Galloway hydro-electric power scheme was built between 1930 and 1936. More recently a number of wind farms have been developed on upland sites. Tourism and recreation are of increasing importance: walking, fishing and grouse shooting are traditional pursuits and mountain biking has become popular in recent years.

The textile industry employed large numbers in many of the towns of the Scottish Borders in the 19th and 20th centuries. Stocking frames were introduced in Hawick in 1771 and Galashiels' first woollen mill was built in 1800, but textile manufacture had a long history in the area: linen production had been a major industry since the Middle Ages. The textile industry declined in the late 20th century, with 7,800 people employed in 1981 and only 4,400 by 1998. However, it continues to be significant both to the local economy and to that of Scotland in general.

Agriculture
Generally, sheep and arable farming are more predominant in the Scottish Borders to the east, while dairy farming is traditionally more important in Dumfries and Galloway, although recent years here have seen a move away from cattle grazing towards sheep farming. Several breeds of livestock have originated in the Southern Uplands, including Galloway cattle, Ayrshire dairy cattle and Cheviot sheep.

Forestry
Large areas of the Southern Uplands are covered with forests such as:

 * Forest of Ae
 * Mabie Forest
 * Galloway Forest

The amount of forested land cover in the western Southern Uplands increased greatly between the 1940s and the 1980s, from 1% to 23%.

Transport
The Southern Uplands have always formed a major obstacle to travel between the more heavily populated and industrialised Central Belt of Scotland and England to the south. Major roads and railways follow the east coast route and various valley routes radiating northwards from the Carlisle area.

Road
Several primary roads run through the Southern Uplands, most of which run north–south, with the most notable exception being the A75. The most significant of these roads is the M74 motorway connecting Scotland and England. These roads include:

 * A77: From Stranraer towards Kilmarnock shortly after which it becomes the M77 to Glasgow
 * A76: From Dumfries towards Kilmarnock
 * M74/A74(M): From the end of the M6 at the Scottish border near Gretna connecting with the rest of the Scottish motorway network just outside Glasgow.
 * A701: From Dumfries towards Edinburgh via Moffat and the Devil's Beef Tub
 * A7: From Carlisle to Edinburgh via Hawick and Galashiels and the Scottish Borders
 * A68: From Edinburgh via Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders to the English counties of Northumberland and Durham
 * A1: The primary East coast cross border route running from Edinburgh towards Newcastle Upon Tyne and beyond
 * A75: From Gretna through Dumfries and Galloway to Stranraer

Rail
Five railway lines pass through, or into, the Southern Uplands; all in a roughly north–south direction. These are the:
 * West Coast Main Line linking Glasgow and Edinburgh to the north with Carlisle and the rest of England to the south with a station in the Southern Uplands at Lockerbie.
 * East Coast Main Line running from Edinburgh to the north via Dunbar to Berwick-upon-Tweed, Newcastle upon Tyne and the south.
 * Stranraer–Glasgow line via Girvan and numerous other stations.
 * Glasgow–Kilmarnock–Carlisle line via Dumfries and numerous other stations.
 * Borders Railway linking Edinburgh and Midlothian to a park-and-ride station at Tweedbank, Scottish Borders, via Stow and Galashiels.

Air and sea
There are no major airports within the area. The nearest international passenger airports are Glasgow Prestwick International Airport, Glasgow International Airport and Edinburgh Airport. Vehicle ferries operate between Stranraer and Cairnryan in Scotland and Belfast and Larne in Northern Ireland respectively.

Walking
There are numerous walks through the Southern Uplands. These include the Southern Upland Way, a 212 mi coast to coast walk between Portpatrick in the west and Cockburnspath in the east.

Climbing
There is some good rock climbing in the Southern Uplands, particularly in the western portion, the Galloway Hills. The majority of the climbing is on good quality granite, often slabby and sometimes a bit broken in nature. In cold winters there is good ice climbing on the hills of Craignaw, Merrick and Cairnsmore of Fleet.

Mountain-biking
The 7stanes are seven mountain biking centres spanning the south of Scotland, from the heart of the Scottish Borders to Dumfries and Galloway. They are on Forestry Commission land and along with schemes in Wales are regarded as the benchmark by which further trails in the UK should be developed. They are known as the 7stanes because each venue features a 'stane' (Scots for stone) somewhere along the forest trails.

The Seven Stanes:

 * Glentrool
 * Kirroughtree, near Newton Stewart
 * Dalbeattie
 * Mabie
 * Forest of Ae
 * Tweed Valley: Glentress and Innerleithen
 * Newcastleton

Culture
The Southern Uplands and especially those areas adjacent to the Anglo-Scottish border have a troubled and bloody history. They were the scene of many raids, campaigns and battles, including the Battle of Ancrum Moor, the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Philiphaugh. The Common Riding festivals of many Southern Upland towns such as Jedburgh, Kelso, Hawick, Peebles, Selkirk and Langholm recall this history, re-enacting the practice of riding the boundaries of the town to enable warning to be given of raids from the south.

This violent history is also commemorated in many Border ballads, another common theme of which is the supernatural, as in the ballads of Thomas the Rhymer and Tam Lin. Many Border ballads were collected by Sir Walter Scott in his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. Scott also portrayed the social history, folklore and traditions of the Southern Uplands in several of his prose and verse works (such as The Lay of the Last Minstrel), as did James Hogg, known as the Ettrick Shepherd.

title: Southern Uplands


text:
Félix Arvers

Félix Arvers (July 23, 1806 – November 7, 1850) was a French poet and dramatist, most famous for his poem Un secret.

Born in Paris, Arvers abandoned his law career aged 30 to concentrate on theatre. His plays gained moderate success in their own time, but none were as notorious as Un Secret, dedicated to Marie, the daughter of writer Charles Nodier. This poem was taken from a piece he wrote aged 25, Mes heures perdues (My lost hours).

Felix Arvers found no way to express his unrequited love and alleviate his pain, he had no way but confide his feelings in a sonnet. The poem was so heart-rending and struck such a success and popularity with its powerful romantic description of profound feelings among the frequenters of the Paris literary salons that it was circulated for recite among them for years before becoming a classic of French romantic poetry after his death.

Un secret was the only well-known poem in his oeuvre titled Mes heures perdues, Félix Arvers was referred to in French literature as "The Poet of a single poem." The sonnet is also known around the world as the Sonnet d'Arvers:

Mon âme a son secret, ma vie a son mystère

Un amour éternel en un moment conçu:

Le mal est sans espoir, aussi j'ai dû le taire,

Et celle qui l'a fait n'en a jamais rien su.

Hélas! j'aurai passé près d'elle inaperçu,

Toujours à ses côtés et pourtant solitaire;

Et j'aurai jusqu'au bout fait mon temps sur la terre,

N'osant rien demander et n'ayant rien reçu.

Pour elle, quoique Dieu l'ait faite douce et tendre,

Elle suit son chemin, distraite et sans entendre

Ce murmure d'amour élevé sur ses pas.

A l'austère devoir pieusement fidèle,

Elle dira, lisant ces vers tout remplis d'elle:

"Quelle est donc cette femme ?" Et ne comprendra pas! My Secret

My soul its secret has, my life too has its mystery,

A love eternal in a moment's space conceived;

Hopeless the evil is, I have not told its history,

And the one who was the cause nor knew it nor believed.

Alas! I shall have passed close by her unperceived,

Forever at her side, and yet forever lonely,

I shall unto the end have made life's journey, only

Daring to ask for naught, and having naught received.

For her, though God has made her gentle and endearing,

She will go on her way distraught and without hearing

These murmurings of love that round her steps ascend.

Piously faithful still unto her austere duty,

She will say, when she shall read these lines full of her beauty,

"Who can this woman be?" and will not comprehend.

--translated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

title: Félix Arvers


text:
Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Yunnan

See also: List of prefecture-level divisions of China and List of administrative divisions of Yunnan


text: User talk:165.21.154.114

title: User talk:165.21.154.114


text:
User:Trublu

Jay Peper aka Trublu

 * Home : Twitter
 * Languages: German, English
 * Occupation: Software developer

de:Benutzer:Trublu

title: User:Trublu


text:
Talk:Ronnie Biggs

The order of the Jack Mills coshing in the overall robbery
Re this bit;

(Renegade train driver brought along by the robbers) "Agate was unable to operate the main line diesel-electric locomotive because he had only driven shunting locomotives on the Southern Region. Therefore, the driver of the intercepted train, Jack Mills, was coshed with an iron bar and forced to move the engine and mail carriages forward to a nearby bridge over a roadway, which had been chosen as the unloading point."

My understanding of the order of those events is this - the train was waylaid, driver Jack Mills was immediately coshed when putting up resistance and pushed down (the railway embarkment etc) by the gang. It was then found that Agate couldn't move the stalled train at all, so the semi-conscious Mills was forced back onto the train to shunt it (to the robber's unloading spot) instead of Agate doing it.

i.e. Mills was coshed very soon after the robbery started, not after it was found that Agate then couldn't move the train.

That is always the version I have heard, so it should be easy to verify. e.g. https://www.thamesvalley.police.uk/police-forces/thames-valley-police/areas/au/about-us/thames-valley-police-museum/the-great-train-robbery/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.210.174 (talk) 16:30, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

News - Ronnie Biggs said to be in grave condition
Having contracted MRSA recently, Ronnie Biggs is said to be in extremely grave condition, and his death will likely occur soon. This was reported by his lawyers and has been corroborated by Biggs's son.

Aside from the word of his lawyers and his son, is there any actual evidence? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.77.114.191 (talk) 20:56, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Carnival in Rio
"In 1991, Biggs sang vocals for the song "Carnival In Rio (Punk Was)" by German punk band Die Toten Hosen."

It was not Only the song "Carnival in Rio (Punk was)"! It was a Single wit 3 Songs with Ronald Biggs & Die Toten Hosen. The Songs was "Carnival in Rio (Punk Was), "No one is Innocent" & "Police on my back" ! In all 3 Songs sang Biggs the Vocals together with the Toten Hosen.

Australia
When I was a kid, the Biggs's moved into my street (having fled from England as it turned out) to Hibiscus Road, in the Melbourne suburb of North Blackburn. I used to play with his kids. They used the assumed name of Cook. One day the street was full of cops, Ronnie had left (the day before I think) and then we learned who Mr. Cook really was..... --Commking 06:20, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Haha. Why did Ronnie go back to the UK in 2001? There was no chance of a pardon. Was he sick of life in Brazil, or did The Sun set him up?  R o  gerthat  Talk  08:26, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

He came back for the free health care - its a well known fact!

His lawyers and son are now claiming he's caught MRSA from the NHS- are they with Claims Direct? Cant' really understand why he's got a Wikipedia entry 79.77.114.191 (talk) 22:03, 9 August 2009 (UTC)Jack Mills79.77.114.191 (talk) 22:03, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

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Place in the gang pecking-order
When he escaped abroad, supposedly with his equal share of the haul, the other gang-members complained that he had only been the tea-boy on the job, and did not deserve his fame. 86.139.88.137 (talk) 17:18, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

Many don't think he warrants a Wikipedia entry either:) 79.77.114.191 (talk) 22:00, 9 August 2009

(UTC)JackMills79.77.114.191 (talk) 22:00, 9 August 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.77.114.191 (talk) 20:59, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

79.77.114.191 said; "Many don't think he warrants a Wikipedia entry either."

I can understand that point of view, but I don't think the article glamorises Ronnie Biggs or makes him out to be some sort of hero. In any case, there's a wikipedia article for the Kray twins as well and they were considerably worse.

Meltingpot (talk) 13:22, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Answer: You're on your own mate. If Gibbs would have a million of his own on making childrens TV, I do not see why that money should be given to other greedy gits. If he respected pecking orders, he would not have gone AWOL. He would be given a list on what Brazilian women he would be allowed to get close with. Later in life, he would be treated as a mere propertah of the Brazillian State. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.89.69.142 (talk) 22:54, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Story total bullshit and incredibly naive!
> Scotland Yard detectives arrived soon afterwards, but Biggs could not be extradited because the United Kingdom did not benefit from reciprocity of extradition to Brazil <

I call bullshit on this. Mossad rendered Eichmann from South America, wrapped in a big carpet and he got hanged, even though he wasn't even a jew, but a german. Britain went to war against South America, with aircraft carrier and nuclear submarine, over a snow-covered bucnh of tiny islands called Falkland/Malvinas and literally hundreds of soldiers were killed in battle there, even though that land had zero importance.

Indeed if such action in South America was worth the pain for Britain just to make Thatcher more popular, MI6 should have also re-located Biggs from Brazil to London so that the loop could be placed over his neck, demonstrating the UK govt's power. If they didn't, that means Biggs or his supporters knew something extraordinarily nasty with proof, something they probably found out during the train robbery. Say they found a letter detailing that the queen is a sadist lesbian dominatrix in her spare time or that Churchill had an illegitimate child with a negro maid, or he was a massive tax evader and addictive gambler, or so.

Apprehending Biggs would result in such gravest damaging info hitting the press, that's why they let him live free in Brazil. That is the only logical explanation. No sane person can think it would be difficult or troublesome for the nuclear power Britain get Biggs back on home soil from the brazilian banana republic. Remember, a state's first and foremost duty is to punish crimes!

If Britain felt like avoiding scandal, they could ask a close ally to extraordinarily render Biggs. Remember, pucky little Israel rendered german citizen Eichmann from Brazil and hanged him with near-zero protest during the same timeframe. They could have delivered Biggs to Britain as well, in exchange for some military aid.

Wikipedia is ruining its own reputation by repeating govt pro-passivity propaganda, which clearly fails the Occam razor test. 91.82.39.198 (talk) 20:28, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * As for the Eichman case, the Argentines were on good level with Israel's point of view. Argentina submitted a complaint to the UN Security Council that appears to have been delibirately weak. The Council concluded that Israel should reconsidder what violations it had done to Argentina's integrity, and give Eichmann a civilised trial. The critisism towards Israel must not be viewed as condoning Eichmanns disgusting acts, so yebutnobut. May I join the Libdem party?--88.89.69.142 (talk) 22:45, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

This pure nonsense! There's no BS ...Brazil has an extradition agreement with England, but Biggs could not be extradited simply because he had a Brazilian son. This was the only reason and I remember the details well, as I lived in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil at that time. I don't have time to for research, but I was there and remember well what I read on the news.

This conspiracy theory is pathetic and the comment about Brazil being a Banana Republic, quite offensive. British intelligence (if you really can call them that) even took Biggs back to England in the early 90's or late 80's (that I remember well) and had to return him as his capture led to a diplomatic incident between England and Brazil (some idiots think England and the US rule the world, but there's such thing as borders, international law and sovereignty). 99.21.67.69 (talk) 04:43, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Probably factual error
>at age 18 he joined the RAF but was dishonorably discharged in 1949 for desertion, serving for only two years<

I am pretty sure he did not defect! Desertion (unilaterally trying to escape from military service) results in court-martial and you get to face the musketry. Military is not a joke, it's a serious institution. Even "absent without leave" (e.g. getting really drunk and simply forgetting to return to the base in time) results in a hard to forget prison stay, many months of no barracks leave, years of reduced pay and total loss of hope for any significant future rank progress.

If the military simply discharged deserters, soon there would be nobody left in the military! That's why they shoot defectors in plain view of the entire unit, because discipline must be kept. Russian troops stationed in Hungary were shooting their defectors even in 1986, on the spot, at the railways station, in plain view of many hungarian civilians!

Wikipedia, please check what ridiculous info gets into your articles and purge them to keep credibility! 91.82.39.198 (talk) 20:50, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Britain had mandatory service (officially) until just before 1961. Even though the obligation seemed less real in the mid 50s (some would-be conscripts still think it was over as they never were drafted), here we are on about 1947. If I was a military dude in 1949, I would think that business owners would (initialy) like to know of service records at job interviews. They would know you have been there. Dishonourable discharge may have been more punishing than serving the rest of your time in the Armed Forces. I would more readily prefer to be discharged in a normal fashion. Military track records are sparse on less serious offences (such as observing bad table manners), and the punishent that came afterwards. I would expect there be no mention of an AWOL, except that it qualified for a dishonourable discharge.--88.89.69.142 (talk) 22:22, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Where did Ronnie have plastic surgery and get his false papers from, Paris or Helsinki ?
Wikipedia article "Great Train Robbery (1963)" Heading: "Aftermath" "Biggs fled to Paris, where he acquired new identity papers and underwent plastic surgery."

Wikipedia article "Ronnie Biggs" Heading: "Great Train Robbery" He fled to Helsinki, where he acquired new identity papers and underwent plastic surgery.

41.119.183.44 (talk) 09:48, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Incompetent or failed?

 * In 1981, Biggs was kidnapped and smuggled into Barbados. The kidnappers hoped to collect a reward from the British police but Barbados had no extradition treaty with the United Kingdom and Biggs was sent back to Brazil.[6] In February 2006, Channel 4 aired a documentary featuring dramatisations of the attempted kidnap and interviews with John Miller, the ex-British Army soldier who carried it out. The team was headed by security consultant Patrick King. In the documentary, King claimed that the kidnapping may have in fact been a deniable operation.[7]

This seems rather strange. What person with the competence to kidnap some from Brazil and smuggle them into Barbados is going to make the mistake of smuggling them into somewhere where there's no hope of extraditing them anyway? This seems even less likely if it was some sort of MI6 operation. Has it been suggested they were planning to take him somewhere else but failed? Nil Einne (talk) 20:57, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

You have noted an error in this article. The intent was to smuggle Biggs to London, however the boat used to smuggle Biggs had mechanical problems off Barbados. The Barbados Coast Guard towed a disabled boat and crew into port in Oistins Barbados, only to discover a restrain individual who turned out to be Biggs. This is how Biggs ended up in a country that had now extradition treaty with England. By the way, the British fully expected that their former colony Barbados would have turned Biggs over to them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.251.148.254 (talk) 23:44, 2 February 2012 (UTC) >

I don't know where this curious tale comes from; Ronnie Biggs was not "kidnapped" by Commandoes or Ninjas or anyone... he was short of money so his old friends back in London arranged a phoney "kidnapping" in order to create a news story to sell. The fake kidnappers (and Mr Biggs himself) had everything worked out and knew he was safe from extradition. The "kidnappers" eventually revealed themselves, going so far as to pose for a picture of them and Ronnie Biggs. Interestingly, they were all wearing t-shirts with the name "The Golden Lion" on them (the name of the Fulham pub run by one of them at the time). The picture appeared on the front page of the now defunct London Evening Standard. They played Jack Slipper and Scotland Yard like a fiddle with that caper, the front page photo of them all lined up and grinning from ear to ear was just adding insult to injury.Tarquin Q. Zanzibar (talk) 17:21, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

Re quote "Mills never fully recovered from his injuries sustained during the robbery"
Where's the facts to back up that statement??

Do you know how many stitches he had??. Was he in intensive care for the "beating"?? He died of Leukaemia which the article states was un-related. So where's the facts backing up the statement "Mills never fully recovered from his injuries sustained during the robbery" ???? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.236.24 (talk) 06:08, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

They said it on the recent drama. They must have evidence. They said he had something wrong with his brain after the hit. It was a metal bar... 86.152.142.187 (talk) 21:55, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Reader feedback: a few more pictures please
2.1.74.212 posted this comment on 20 December 2013 (view all feedback).

"a few more pictures please"

There seems to be a problem that there are no more pictures on wikimeda commons. I agree that the infobox could do with a portrait. Any way of getting more pictures?

BinarySquareRoot (talk) 09:03, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090219011119/http://www.telegraph.co.uk:80/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/4628912/Ronnie-Biggs-Son-Michael-pleads-for-the-release-of-great-train-robber.html to http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/4628912/Ronnie-Biggs-Son-Michael-pleads-for-the-release-of-great-train-robber.html
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Excuses are lame and really don't belong to WP.
> In 1970, when Biggs arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil did not have an extradition treaty with the United Kingdom

The same was true for the zionist entity as well. Yet, Eichmann was delivered from Brasilia to Haifa and hanged. It is obvious that Biggs was protected from very high positions within the british establishment, else the MI / SAS would have rendered him from Brasilia extraordinarily. 82.131.238.200 (talk) 18:52, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ronnie Biggs


text:
Swell Maps

Swell Maps were an English experimental DIY, early punk and post-punk rock group from Birmingham, England active in various forms between 1972 and 1980. Influenced by bands such as T. Rex and German krautrock groups such as Can and Faust, they went on to be influential to many others in the post-punk era.

History
Although it had existed in various forms since 1972, Swell Maps formed into a coherent musical entity after the beginning of British punk. The band consisted of Solihull teenagers Epic Soundtracks (real name Kevin Paul Godfrey), his brother Nikki Sudden (real name Adrian Nicholas Godfrey), Jowe Head (Stephen Bird), Biggles Books (Richard Scaldwell), Phones Sportsman (David Barrington) and John "Golden" Cockrill. The band released the single "Read About Seymour" in 1977. The Guardian's production editor Campbell Stevenson cited it as one of 25 classic punk singles, and is referenced in the song "Part Time Punks" by Television Personalities.

After recording their first John Peel session Swell Maps went into WMRS studio to record their first album A Trip to Marineville, which was released in 1979. They recorded a second album, Swell Maps in "Jane From Occupied Europe", in 1980.

The band toured Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy before splitting up in April 1980. A double album of archival recordings, Whatever Happens Next..., was released shortly afterwards, but has not been reissued since.

Side projects
The band backed Steve Treatment on an EP, released on their own Rather Records label in 1978. They also backed The Cult Figures on a single "Zip Nolan", released on the Rough Trade label in 1979. An EP of experimental tracks of the band backing Phones Sportsman was released under the name of the Phones Sportsman Band in 1980.

Post split
The Swell Maps back catalogue has been remastered and reissued, and several compilations of archive recordings released.

Soon after the band's split Soundtracks and Head released a single, "Rain, Rain, Rain", on Rough Trade, intended to be the first release from a forthcoming album, Daga Daga Daga, which was not completed – until Head rediscovered the tapes in 2023. Richard Scaldwell (Biggles Books) released an album in 1981, The Egg Store Ilk, under the name "Richard Earl", but retired from music thereafter. Other members of the band continued to make music; Nikki Sudden began a solo career as well as working with Dave Kusworth. Epic Soundtracks was a member of Crime and the City Solution and also released solo material. Jowe Head has led a career as a musician and visual artist, and was also a member of the Television Personalities for many years.

Epic Soundtracks died of unknown causes at the age of 38 in 1997, and Nikki Sudden died at the age of 49 in March 2006, in a hotel room in New York City.

Influence
Swell Maps have been cited as an influence by bands including Dinosaur Jr., R.E.M., Nirvana and Pavement. Thurston Moore from Sonic Youth acknowledged the influence of the Swell Maps in 1981, writing "As soon as that Nikki Sudden guitar comes slicing slabbing and all out fuzzifying off that crackling vinyl groove you know you're gonna rock. It's the best of both whirls: fist-in-the-heart guitar burnin’ rock and ahead-of-its-time songsmith awareness ... The Swell Maps had a lot to do with my upbringing". Scott Kannberg of Pavement said "Swell Maps was a big influence on our early records ... they had these songs they fucked up somehow to make sound really dirty and low frequency, but they had these great songs underneath all this mess". Tim Gane of Stereolab said that when he first bought A Trip to Marineville, "I must have played it a hundred times or more, just to listen to every single second of it". Other notable bands to name them an influence include Cornershop, The Pastels, and Deerhunter.

In 2007 The Guardian wrote that A Trip to Marineville "combined furious punk noise-outs such as HS Art with ambient instrumentals and other experimental interludes such as Gunboats."

Studio albums

 * A Trip to Marineville (July 1979) #10 UK Indie
 * Jane From Occupied Europe (1980) #4 UK Indie

Compilations

 * Whatever Happens Next... (1981) #25 UK Indie
 * Collision Time (1981)
 * Train Out of It (Antar 1986) #18 UK Indie
 * Collision Time Revisited (1989)
 * International Rescue (1999)
 * Sweep The Desert (2000)
 * Wastrels and Whippersnappers (2006)
 * Mayday Signals (2021)

Singles

 * "Read About Seymour" (1977)
 * "Dresden Style" (1978)
 * "Real Shocks" (1979)
 * "Let's Build a Car" (1979) #6 UK Indie

title: Swell Maps


text:
Ratcliffe-on-Soar

Ratcliffe-on-Soar, sometimes also written Ratcliffe-upon-Soar or given as Radcliffe-on-Soar, is a village and civil parish in Nottinghamshire on the River Soar. It is part of the Rushcliffe district, and is the site of Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station. Nearby places are Kingston on Soar, Kegworth and Trentlock. With a population measured at 141 in the 2011 Census, and marginally increasing to 147 residents at the 2021 census, the parish is too small to have a parish council and so has a parish meeting. Although the village does not contain any shops, it has a church and a marina which is often affected by severe flooding as it built on designated floodplain, just before the Soar joins the River Trent at Trentlock.

History
Mesolithic scrapers and Neolithic flints have been found in Ratcliffe-on-Soar.

Ratcliffe is one of three nearby settlements whose name preserves the Brittonic word for "ramparts" (cf. Gaelic rath ), along with Ratby and the Roman ruins at Leicester, known as Ratae Corieltauvorum.

Evidence of a Roman villa and other structures has been found in the village, as well as Roman pottery.

In the Domesday Book of 1086 the village is listed as Radeclive. It's also thought the name comes from references to the red clay along the cliffs of the Soar.

The area was a filming location for the 2010 movie Skeletons.

Transport
The Midland Main Line runs by the village, which is served by the East Midlands Parkway railway station. A shuttle bus service runs from the railway station to East Midlands Airport.

title: Ratcliffe-on-Soar


text:
Category:Cities in Hebei

Cities in Hebei province include:

title: Category:Cities in Hebei


text:
River Wreake

The River Wreake is a river in Leicestershire, England. It is a tributary of the River Soar. The river between Stapleford Park and Melton Mowbray is known as the River Eye and becomes the Wreake below Melton Mowbray.

It flows southwest, passing through Melton Mowbray, Asfordby, Frisby on the Wreake, Brooksby, Thrussington and Ratcliffe on the Wreake, before meeting the Soar near Syston. In its upper reaches it is called the River Eye and it becomes the Wreake below Melton Mowbray, near Sysonby Lodge.

The name Wreake was given by Danish invaders of Leicestershire, who are thought to have navigated the River Trent, then the River Soar and finally the Wreake as they entered the district. Their word Wreake indicated that the river followed a tortuous, twisting and turning course.

The river was canalised in the late 18th century, though after the building of the Syston and Peterborough railway in the mid 19th Century, the canal was disused and fell into ruin. Many of the diversions made to the river in order to make the canal navigable are still visible, especially in the neighbourhood of Hoby with Rotherby, Frisby on the Wreake, Kirby Bellars and Asfordby.

The Wreake is graded by the Environment Agency as "B" quality, which is excellent for a Midlands river. Biotic index surveys report mayfly and stonefly nymphs, caddis fly larvae, dragonfly and damselfly nymphs and crayfish. Among the fish are Perch, Chubb, Pike, Minnows, Miller's Thumb, and Trout. Otters are starting to repopulate the Wreake in its quieter stretches.

title: River Wreake


text:
General Federation of Trade Unions (Iraq)

The General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU) was a major federation of trade unions in Iraq prior to 2005, when it merged with the Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions and the General Federation of Iraqi Trade Unions to the General Federation of Iraqi Workers.

During the rule of Saddam Hussein, a 1986 legislation established that GFTU was the sole legal trade union in Iraq. GFTU worked in close cooperation with the Baath Party and worked to strengthen the influence of the party in the workplaces. At the time there were committees affiliated to GFTU at privately owned workplaces and workplaces with joint private-public ownership. GFTU did not operate in public enterprises or within the state administration. In January 2004, transitional prime minister Ayad Allawi's government passed a decree naming the Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions the only recognize union federation in Iraq.


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University of Technology Malaysia

University of Technology Malaysia (UTM) (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) is a premier Malaysian public research-intensive university ranked 188th in the world by QS University rankings. Its medium of instruction is English.

Campuses
UTM has three campuses – the main campus is in Skudai, and was the first university in the state of Johor. It has an area of 1148 hectares and is the largest public university .The second largest was Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) with an area size of 1108.103 hectares. It is about 20 km north of the state capital, Johor Bahru.

Research Management Centre
Research Management Centre was established in 1982. Formerly known as ‘Research and Consultation Unit’ and as ‘Research & Development Unit’ and finally renamed as ‘Research Management Centre’, in 1997.

Rankings
The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities places UTM in the fourth place in the South East Asia Region, and the top in Malaysia. In the QS University Rankings, it placed 100 in the "Engineering & Technology Universities" category among other world ranked universities in 2016 UTM aims to achieve the status of a global university and rank among 50 of the world's best universities by 2020.

Notable alumni
The alumni of University of Technology Malaysia include politicians and public service officials such as Wee Ka Siong, former Malaysian Minister of Transport, Annuar Musa, former Malaysian Minister of Communications and Multimedia, Hamzah Zainudin, former Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs, Saarani Mohamad, current Menteri Besar of Perak, Acryl Sani Abdullah Sani, former Malaysian Inspector-General of Police and former Malaysian Inspector-General of Police and current President of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, Dominic Lau Hoe Chai.

title: University of Technology Malaysia


text:
2004–05 in Scottish football

The 2004–05 season was the 108th season of competitive football in Scotland.

2004

 * 6 July 2004 – Nacho Novo from Dundee to Rangers, £450,000
 * 1 July 2004 – Dado Prso from AS Monaco to Rangers, Bosman
 * 12 July 2004 – Julián Speroni from Dundee to Crystal Palace, £500,000
 * 29 July 2004 – David Murphy from Middlesbrough to Hibernian, Free
 * 30 July 2004 – Henri Camara from Wolverhampton Wanderers to Celtic, Season loan
 * 25 August 2004 – Juninho Paulista from Middlesbrough to Celtic, Free

2005

 * 1 January 2005 – Jean-Alain Boumsong from Rangers to Newcastle United, £8m
 * 5 January 2005 – Thomas Buffel from Feyenoord to Rangers, £2.5m
 * 31 January 2005 – Craig Bellamy from Newcastle United to Celtic, Loan
 * 31 January 2005 – Barry Ferguson from Blackburn Rovers to Rangers, £4.5m
 * 28 January 2005 – Stéphane Henchoz from Liverpool to Celtic, Free

Scottish Premier League
The 2004–05 Scottish Premier League season saw Rangers win the title after a last day win over Hibernian as Celtic were beaten by two late Motherwell goals from Scott McDonald, a win would have been enough for Celtic to retain their title regardless of Rangers' result. Dundee, also on the last day of the season, were relegated to the Scottish First Division after a draw with Livingston. Rangers and Celtic both qualified for the UEFA Champions League while Hibernian, in manager Tony Mowbray's first season in charge, went into the UEFA Cup. Inverness Caledonian Thistle, in their first season in the top flight, finished in 8th place.

Summary
Average coefficient – 4.750

Scotland national team
Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * WCQ5 = World Cup Qualifying – Group 5

Deaths

 * 14 July: Alex Willoughby, 59, Rangers and Aberdeen forward.
 * 7 August: Gordon Smith, 80, Hibs, Hearts, Dundee and Scotland winger.
 * 30 August: Willie Duff, 69, Hearts and Dunfermline goalkeeper.
 * 30 November: Bill Brown, 73, Dundee and Scotland goalkeeper.
 * 26 January: Jackie Henderson, 73, Scotland forward.

title: 2004–05 in Scottish football


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/April 21, 2005

April 21 is also the anniversary of Norway formally adopting the Krag-Jørgensen rifle as the main arm of its armed forces in 1894, a weapon that would remain in service for almost 50 years. And there isn't enough room in Selected anniversaries/April 21 for this. Cool. Was this planned or a coincidence ? :-) -- PFHLai 10:48, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * No, it was specifically requested for just that reason. →Raul654 11:38, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * In this case, maybe the anniversary should be mentioned on the template ? -- PFHLai 11:45, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * No, I do not wish to emphasize the fact that this is an obvious conflict with selected anniversaries. That would just look dumb. →Raul654 12:25, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Conflict ? No problem. 'Selected anniversaries' would just double its size for one day.
 * I don't think that would look dumb, but perhaps I am dumb. ... :-) Never mind. -- PFHLai 20:11, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * You are not dumb, I think Raul just thinks it wouldn't look too good on the main page. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:36, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I would look dumb if I had included the article in Selected Anniversaries on the same day, (double-)featuring it on the MainPage without checking. Honestly, I almost did. -- PFHLai 00:34, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)


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Rugby Leonessa 1928

Rugby Leonessa 1928 is a former Italian rugby union club based in Brescia, Lombardy.

The team was formed in 2001 after the merger of A.S. Rugby Brescia and Rugby Rovato. Rugby Brescia was founded as XV Legione Leonessa d’Italia in 1928, while Rovato was founded in 1976.

The newly merged team, coached by Mathew Vaea and Frank Bunce, started in Serie A gaining the promotion to Super 10 with a record number of points (111 points) and 19 straight wins. In the 2003–04 season they played in Super 10 (now Top12), but were relegated the following 2004–05 season, under the technical guide of Lynn Howells.

In 2008 the club was disbanded while Rugby Brescia and Rugby Rovato went their separate ways.

Honours

 * Italian championship
 * Champions (1): 1974–75 (as Rugby Brescia)

Notable former players

 * 🇮🇹 Kris Burton
 * 🇮🇹 Massimo Cuttitta
 * 🇮🇹 Alberto Di Bernardo
 * 🇮🇹 Ignacio Fernández Rouyet
 * 🇮🇹 Alberto Di Bernardo
 * 🇮🇹 Rima Wakarua

title: Rugby Leonessa 1928


text: User talk:194.83.57.154

title: User talk:194.83.57.154


text:
Talk:Blue chip (stock market)

Blue chips
can a stock be called as a blue chip stock if during a particular quarter results it faces some losses and unable to give dividends to its shareholders during that particular quarter?..... e-mail me at s_bhandari123@indiatimes.com?

Having attained the 'title' of blue-chip the company must have been earning, consistantly for some years, a stable income and have no extensive liabilities. Subsequently, we can assume that a blue-chip company has cash reserves that in hard times can be used to continue to pay dividends - even if the period of loss continues for some time, such is the stability and strength of the company.

ADDITIONAL NOTE: companies are not required to pay dividends to stock holders. Boards of Directors vote to pay each time. A company can still miss paying a dividend and be called a "Blue Chip" because paying dividends is not the only criteria for the title. In addition, if a company misses a dividend (does not pay it), certain preferred stockholders will eventually be paid any dividends past due: called 'cumulative stock.' This stock pays a lower dividend due to the safety of the 'catch-up' feature.

It is my understanding that the term "Blue Chip" stock came from the manufacturing sector. A company was profitable when they were producing and when metal is being cut at productive speed it produces blue colored chips of the parent material.

 * "when metal is being cut at productive speed it produces blue colored chips of the parent material. "
 * Utter nonsense. Makes no sense at all. For one thing, cutting metal doesn't generally produce "chips", for another, any swarf or the like is usually silver or a coppery colour, depending... on the metal. Besides not making any sense (why would a metal-cutting company be regarded as stable and reliable?), I've never heard it mentioned, anywhere.
 * Different coloured chips having different values is a well-known part of Poker. Using chips at all is a Poker thing. Gambling in Poker is a lot like gambling on the stock market, except usually more honest.
 * 84.65.94.92 (talk) 00:38, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Different coloured chips having different values is a well-known part of Poker. Using chips at all is a Poker thing. Gambling in Poker is a lot like gambling on the stock market, except usually more honest.
 * 84.65.94.92 (talk) 00:38, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

Blue chips in poker
I don't think the reason they are called blue chips are because they have a high (or highest) value in poker. This is obviously not true since blue chips are usually around $10. 165.230.129.165 18:56, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

I agree sources to verify this http://www.poker-chips.net/poker-chip-colours.htm and http://boardgames.about.com/od/poker/a/chip_denoms.htm. What the real reason unless historically they were highest?

ADDITIONAL NOTE: term 'blue chip' does not come from any blue poker chip - some are not considered the highest value in various places. It comes from the world famous casino of Monte Carlo, where the highest value chips are blue.

Note: Blue chip stocks are considered valuable for their stability and earning potential not their actual valuable. This is why they are named after most expensive chips.

I always thought that "blue chip" referred to the $1 chips. I.e They aren't very risky. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.107.43.19 (talk) 15:49, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

I concur with 122.107.43.19; I have a second home near Monte Carlo (in Antibes, France) and the blue chip at the Grand Casino was worth 1000 francs the last time I visited in 1987. That wasn't the highest value though, they were offering serious gamblers plaques about the size of Readers digest that had much higher value. It might be that when blue chip stocks were coined the 1000 franc blue chip was as high as they went back then, though. Dick Kimball (talk) 16:48, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * oooOOOOoooo! How's the second house in Monte Carlo then? Aren't you worried that foreign investors like you are driving up property prices... in Monte Carlo?!??!!!!!
 * I think it might be the honest and accurate, encyclopaedic thing to do, to just admit we haven't got a clue but it's probably Poker. But when one actually looks into it, it adds up to nothing. Or we could just sneak over to Britannica and see how they do it. Ha, they think the same thing we do, highest value in Poker. Shame on them! Hope they didn't steal it from here!
 * I wonder if there was ever some newspaper or the like who ran a stock analysis page, or a whole financial paper (like the Financial Times), and they had some scheme of marking off blue chips? Of course they didn't generally print in colour back in the day. And if it were a modern phenomenon we'd surely all know what it means! Why "chips" though? Apart from Poker, what uses "chips"? We're talking pre-computer here.
 * 84.65.94.92 (talk) 00:47, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

IBM is no longer a Bellwether Stock
Following the sale of it's PC business and its extensive refocus on the consulting services space, IBM is no longer a respected technology leader. I strongly suggest amending the article to reference Microsoft, Oracle or Cisco who are true leaders in their respective segments of the tech industry.
 * IBM is no longer a respected technology leader ... Says who? --84.168.127.159 15:12, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

DJ Internal News
I added content based on DJ internal news item. I wasn't sure how to site it since you can't link to it from the outside world. There is no byline to give credit and I don't know who writes these things. Here's the article.

I believe this has been addressed, so I'm removing the article, as its presence here is a copyvio. SchuminWeb (Talk) 00:08, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Oliver Gingold
Sounds like this guy is important in some way. Who is he? What makes him worth mentioning? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.25.140.229 (talk) 04:41, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Louay Assadi
Who is this guy? I looked but I haven't found anything about this man.

External links modified
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2018 United States?!
> "In 2018 United States, there was enough of a tradition of using blue chips for higher values that "blue chip" in noun and adjective senses > signaling high-value chips and high-value property are attested since 1873 and 1894, respectively"

Why "In 2018 United States"? If it's been attested as far back as 1873, that's a permanent fact! Everywhere around the world! I'm assuming this sentence means somebody looked it up in 2018 and they lived in the USA. And looked it up in Merriam-Webster, a famous US dictionary.

But so what!? I suppose they could be making the point that the tradition has lasted up til 2018. But that's rather specific. Sure Wikipedia has a policy about dates going out of date, but what's the policy for this? I'd say "to the present day" and then leave it up to future editors if everyone forgets what "blue chip" means. Or I might even forget to mention the present-day thing and assume it as obvious. Do we normally mention things like this continuing to "now"?

Whatever, it's weird and terrible. Since nobody ever pays attention to talk comments, I'll come back in a while and edit it once I've worked out the best way, to then be reverted by some robot whose anal-retentive and malfunctioning characteristics are beaten only by the person who programmed it. Why do we let people unleash robots like this anyway? It's not like the human volunteers are bogged down doing anything useful or important. Remember that lad who wrote an entire Scottish Wikipedia based on seeing an old episode of "Rab C Nesbitt"? The humanoids need some grunt work to do, they might pick up eventually what the point of an online encyclopaedia actually is. Putting some real work in might give them a sense of pride and a feeling of protectiveness over the whole mess.

Up until the word "terrible" this section is not a rant and is about the article.

 * 84.65.94.92 (talk) 00:26, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue chip (stock market)


text:
Colin Munro MacLeod

Colin Munro MacLeod (January 28, 1909 – February 11, 1972) was a Canadian-American geneticist. He was one of a trio of scientists who discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is responsible for the transformation of the physical characteristics of bacteria, which subsequently led to its identification as the molecule responsible for heredity.

Biography
MacLeod was born in Port Hastings, Nova Scotia, Canada, one of eight children of a schoolteacher and a Scottish Presbyterian minister. He entered McGill University at the age of 16 after skipping three grades in primary school, and completed his medical studies by age 23.

In his early years as a research scientist, MacLeod, with Oswald Avery and Maclyn McCarty, demonstrated DNA is the molecule responsible for bacterial transformation — and in retrospect, the physical basis of the gene. In 1941, Avery and MacLeod separated a crude extract from smooth ('S') strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. The S strain extract could convert the more benign rough ('R') strains of pneumococci into the disease-causing S form. Later that year, McCarty joined the Avery laboratory, and in 1942, the group began to focus on DNA as the elusive ingredient in the S strain extract as the factor responsible for transformation of R pneumococci into S pneumococci. By early 1943, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty had shown that DNA was the transforming factor, and in February 1944, published the first of a series of scientific papers in the Journal of Experimental Medicine demonstrating that DNA was the transforming principle. Subsequent experiments confirmed DNA as a universal bearer of genetic information. However, despite the enormous scientific importance of this work, which became known as the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment, the trio did not win a Nobel Prize for their discovery.

MacLeod was diverted from research on Streptococcus pneumoniae and DNA to health and science issues related to the Second World War. At the time, microbial diseases such as typhus fever, malaria, and pneumonia posed significant threats to the health of U.S. military personnel. During the war, MacLeod was one of many university-based scientists and physicians who advised the federal government on medical matters "when asked." In 1941, he was appointed Chairman of the Department of Microbiology at New York University School of Medicine, and worked as a consultant to the U.S. Secretary of War. He became an official member of the Army Epidemiological Board, which in 1949 was enlarged to include all the armed forces and renamed the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board. MacLeod became president of the board in 1947, a position he held until 1955. The organization of the AFEB into twelve disease-related commissions foreshadowed the organization of the US-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program into its disease-related panels.

At the end of World War II, Congress gave the National Institutes of Health authority to make external research awards, thereby creating its extramural programs, which nowadays constitute almost 90 percent of its funding. The NIH took over the funding of various research projects that had begun during the war, and MacLeod, from 1946 to 1949, served as a member of the first NIH study section, the Antibiotics Study Section. With his background in the newly renamed Department of Defense, MacLeod grew into the role of informal advisor to several NIH directors and served on various grant committees, commissions, and task forces. Thus, MacLeod had entered the third phase of his highly successful career—the first two being a laboratory research scientist and academic department head—with multiple forays into the realm of science policy and international health.

MacLeod was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 1955. In 1956, he gave up his position as head of microbiology at NYU, spent several years at the University of Pennsylvania, and then returned in 1960 to NYU as a professor of medicine. The same year, NIH Director James Shannon asked MacLeod to work with the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to find ways to address the problem of cholera. Other scientists on the project were Joseph Smadel of the NIH, and Theodore Woodward and Fred L. Soper. (Woodward served as a U.S. delegation member from 1965 to 1995, and is now emeritus member.) MacLeod, Smadel, Woodward, Soper, and the other scientific advisors to SEATO recommended the establishment of a laboratory in Dacca, East Pakistan (now Dhaka, Bangladesh), that could conduct field research on cholera. Soper became the first director of the facility, initially called the Cholera Research Laboratory, and later renamed the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). Several years later, the newly formed USJCMSP Cholera Panels coordinated their cholera research and treatment activities with the Cholera Research Laboratory.

In 1961, MacLeod became the chairman of the Life Sciences Panel of President John F. Kennedy's Science Advisory Committee. In 1963, Kennedy appointed MacLeod as Deputy Director of the Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President (now the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy). MacLeod was the first person to hold the position of deputy director of OST and remained there until 1966, serving as an advisor to President Lyndon B. Johnson after Kennedy's assassination. It has not been possible to find documents that confirm who conceived of a collaborative medical research enterprise between the United States and Japan. However, the idea is often attributed to MacLeod, who became chairman of the first U.S. delegation to the USJCMSP in 1965.

MacLeod was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He was named President of the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in 1970. He remained in that position until his death in 1972.

title: Colin Munro MacLeod


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Crociati Parma Rugby FC

Crociati Parma Rugby F.C. are an Italian rugby union club. They are based in Parma in Emilia-Romagna. They were founded in 2010 by the merger of Rugby Parma F.C. (Overmach Parma) and F.C. Rugby Noceto and disbanded in 2014.

Rugby Parma
Rugby Parma was founded in 1931 by Gianni Penzi, Mario Pirazzoli and Peter Zini. In the following years the university organized friendly games, then began official competitions. In 1935 Parma joined the Italian first division. As a result of a break with the university in 1946, Rugby Parma was founded.

In the fifties Parma won three Italian championships (1949–50, 1954–55 and 1956–57). In the sixties they won two youth championships (1961–62 and 1966–67). In 1973–74 and 1987–88 the team were relegated only to return immediately to the top flight. From the 1993–94 to 1997–98 they played in Seria A2. In 1998–99 they were back in Seria A (renamed Super 10, now Top12).

On 2 June 2006, Parma defeated Newport Gwent Dragons of Wales 24-15 in the Heineken Cup 24th Place Play-off at Rodney Parade to claim the 24th and final spot in the 2006–07 Heineken Cup. In doing so they became the first Italian team to win the end of season Heineken Cup play-off (a match regularly contested between teams from the Celtic League and the Italian National Championship of Excellence), and ensured Italy would have three entrants in the competition, equal with Wales and Ireland, and one more than Scotland.

Crociati Rugby FC
Crociati Rugby FC were formed in June 2010 by the merger of Overmach Rugby Parma FC and Noceto Rugby FC. The club ran a senior team that competed in the National Championship of Excellence and an under-20s team. They will be based at Stadio XX Aprile, Moletolo, Parma. In 2010/2011 the new club also competed in the Amlin Challenge Cup.

Each merging club maintained independent youth sections up to Under-20 level. The merger was made necessary by the formation of Aironi to compete in the Celtic League from 2010/2011. Both clubs were shareholders in Aironi. With the best players and sponsorship now being concentrated in Aironi the clubs could not financially field individual professional rugby teams.

Aironi struggled in the two season in the Magners League ran into financial difficulties and were replaced by Zebre.

Parma rugby honours

 * National Championship of Excellence:
 * Champions: 1950, 1955, 1957
 * Coppa Italia:
 * Champions: 2005-06, 2007–08, 2008–09
 * Italian Super Cup:
 * Champions (1)

Notable former players

 * Miguel Ruiz (Argentina)
 * Alvaro Tejeda (Argentina)
 * Federico Todeschini (Argentina)
 * Tomás Vallejos (Argentina)
 * Michael Barbieri (Canada)
 * Luke Tait (Canada)
 * Sireli Bobo (Fiji)
 * Wame Lewaravu (Fiji)
 * Maikeli Sego (Fiji)
 * Robert Barbieri (Italy)
 * Cristian Bezzi (Italy)
 * Aldo Birchall (Italy)
 * Carlo Del Fava (Italy)
 * Alberto De Marchi (Italy)
 * Roland de Marigny (Italy)
 * Simone Favaro (Italy)
 * Fabio Gaetaniello (Italy)
 * Ezio Galon (Italy)
 * Davide Giazzon (Italy)
 * Alessandro Ghini (Italy)
 * Sergio Lanfranchi (Italy)
 * Francesco Mazzariol (Italy)
 * Nicola Mazzucato (Italy)
 * Francesco Minto (Italy)
 * Tino Paoletti (Italy)
 * Gilberto Pavan (Italy)
 * Gert Peens (Italy)
 * Corrado Pilat (Italy)
 * Roberto Quartaroli (Italy)
 * Stefano Romagnoli (Italy)
 * Stefano Saviozzi (Italy)
 * Fabio Staibano (Italy)
 * Daniele Tebaldi (Italy)
 * Pietro Travagli (Italy)
 * Manoa Vosawai (Italy)
 * Daniel Bowden (New Zealand)
 * Leo Lafaiali'i (Samoa)
 * Silao Leaega (Samoa)
 * Pelu Taele (Samoa)
 * Alesana Tuilagi (Samoa)
 * Henry Tuilagi (Samoa)
 * Paul Emerick (USA)
 * Albert Tuipulotu (USA)

title: Crociati Parma Rugby FC


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/April 20, 2005

Is Image:Yeltsin and Putin.jpg an AP photo ? -- PFHLai 10:56, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

"Russia claimed to be the legal successor to Soviet Union on the international stage." Shouldn't there be a "the" in there? --SPUI (talk) 01:14, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 'fixed. →Raul654 01:16, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

"Since gaining its independence, Russia ..." This may be another dumb question from me, but would "Since gaining its sovereignty" be a better expression ? I don't think independence was gained, but the Soviet Union dissolved and Russia was able to control its/her own fate. Russia didn't 'break off' from the Soviet Union, as for instance the Baltic states did. I ain't sure, so I'm not changing it myself. -- PFHLai 09:33, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)

Suggested replacement pic
I suggest using Image:FED3-4.jpg as a replacement image for this "featured blurb" (I'm currently browsing through them, and some are still protected from when they were on the main page - shouldn't the protection have been removed?). Carcharoth 22:17, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Done and unprotected. —Ruud 22:55, 17 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Hubei

See also: Category:Cities in Hubei. Most cities listed there are prefecture-level (although some are county-level).


text:
Category:Taiwanese writers

Taiwanese writers are writers who did or have done most of their writing in Taiwan, including but not limited to writers who use the Taiwanese language, also called Southern Min (Min Nan). See List of Taiwanese authors See also category:Chinese writers

title: Category:Taiwanese writers


text:
Category:Cities in Hubei

Cities in Hubei province include:

title: Category:Cities in Hubei


text:
Gran Ducato Parma Rugby

Amatori Parma Rugby is a historical Italian rugby union team founded in 1971.

From Amatori to Gran Ducato
Gran Parma Rugby was founded in 1999 following the merger of Amatori Parma Rugby and Rugby Noceto.

From 1999 to 2002 they competed in Seria A2 and won promotion to Serie A1. They finished eighth in their first season in the top flight which gave them the right to join the newly formed Super 10 (now Top12). They made their European debut in 2002–03 in the European Shield.

GranDucato Parma Rugby was formed in June 2010 through the merger of Gran Parma Rugby, Rugby Colorno and Rugby Viadana. With the formation of Aironi to play in the Celtic League, the best players and sponsorship from the three participating clubs were concentrated in this new single club Aironi. As a result of Aironi, these three teams decided to merge their senior and U-20 teams in order to better compete in the National Championship of Excellence for the 2010/2011 season. The three teams continued to exist below the U-20 level independently with the goal of producing players for GranDucato, and ultimately Aironi and the national team.

Aironi struggled in the two season in the Magners League ran into financial difficulties and were replaced by Zebre. Viadana reformed as a professional team in the National Championship of Excellence.

Come back to Amatori Parma
From the 2011/12 season with the original name of Amatori Parma, it participates with a team in the Serie B championship, in addition to having seven youth representatives from Under 6 to Under 20. He is promoted and in the following season 2012/13 he plays in the Serie A2 championship, but arriving eleventh and facing the relegation in Serie B. In the 2014/15 season the blucelesti reach salvation and win the seventh place in the standings.

title: Gran Ducato Parma Rugby


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Puffy Party Of Canada

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was UNANIMOUS DELETE. Postdlf 00:06, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Puffy Party Of Canada
Formed a day before the article appeared. I can't find confirmation on Google or in any major newspapers. Lotsofissues 11:01, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A "political party" founded late last week, unregistered with Elections Canada, and not likely to run candidates. Hm.  Vanity/hoax/not notable.  Delete. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 15:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Puffycruft. -- 8^D gab 20:39, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. — Sesel wa  23:29, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ground Zero 15:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Come back if the party actually does something, like becoming registered as an official party and/or running a candidate. Intentions != actions. GrantNeufeld 22:53, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons stated. (In my original vote I stated I would vote for such a party given the alternatives -- that was based upon the name, as opposed to their intentions. (Just thought I'd toss that in there so I don't get any angry PMs from people checking out the history ;) ). 23skidoo 00:40, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Shades of Falcon 51, or whatever that made-up party in British Columbia was called ... CJCurrie 01:57, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And it's no Parti Populaire des Putes. Delete. Samaritan 12:18, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Spinboy 16:20, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable vapour-party. --Deathphoenix 20:58, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.