text:
R. Dean Taylor

Richard Dean Taylor (May 11, 1939 – January 7, 2022) was a Canadian musician, most notable as a singer, songwriter, and record producer for Motown during the 1960s and 1970s. According to Jason Ankeny, Taylor was "one of the most underrated acts ever to record under the Motown aegis."

As a singer, Taylor was best known in the U.S. for his chart-topping 1970 hit "Indiana Wants Me", which hit No. 1 in Cashbox and also reached No. 2 in Canada and No. 2 in the United Kingdom. It peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Taylor became well known in the UK for other hits, including "Gotta See Jane" and "There's a Ghost in My House".

Life and career
Taylor was born in Toronto, Ontario, on May 11, 1939. He began his career in 1961, as a pianist and singer with several country music bands in Toronto. Taylor also made his first recordings in 1961, for the Audiomaster record label. The next year, Taylor's "At the High School Dance", a single for Amy-Mala Records, was a minor success. His next single, "I'll Remember", on the Barry label, was a No. 23 success for Toronto rock and roll radio station CHUM, and the singer decided to relocate to Detroit, Michigan, to further his career.

In Detroit, Taylor auditioned for, and was hired by, Motown in 1964 as a songwriter and recording artist for the subsidiary V.I.P. label. Taylor's scheduled first single (March 1964) for V.I.P. was the topical satire "My Ladybug (Stay Away From That Beatle)", but it was deemed too weak for release and was never issued.

It was not until November 1965 that Taylor's debut V.I.P. single, "Let's Go Somewhere", was issued. It was written by Taylor in conjunction with Brian Holland, and produced by the team of Holland and Lamont Dozier, who had already produced five No. 1 scoring songs for the Supremes. However, the song was only a regional success in several U.S. cities and Toronto.

Taylor's next single (1967's "There's A Ghost In My House") was written by the team of Holland–Dozier–Holland along with Taylor, and again produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier. It was also a commercial disappointment in the US – but it was a No. 3 hit in the UK Singles Chart in 1974. Taylor was also beginning to become a songwriter for other acts, as "I'll Turn to Stone" by the Four Tops, and "All I Need" by The Temptations were both charting US singles in 1967, co-composed by him. In 1968, Taylor's self-produced single "Gotta See Jane", co-written with Brian Holland, became a Top 20 hit in the UK.

After Holland, Dozier and Eddie Holland left Motown, more success for Taylor came as a member of the Motown writing and production team known as "the Clan", together with Frank Wilson, Pam Sawyer and Deke Richards. This production group was briefly the prime creator of material for Diana Ross & the Supremes after the Holland-Dozier-Holland team left Motown. Among Taylor's successful co-compositions and co-productions during 1968 and 1969 as a member of The Clan were Diana Ross & the Supremes' No. 1 US hit "Love Child" and their Top 10 follow-up hit "I'm Livin' in Shame".

Taylor resumed his recording career in 1970, becoming one of the first artists assigned to Motown's new subsidiary Rare Earth, which was dedicated to white artists. In that year, his first Rare Earth single, "Indiana Wants Me", became a No. 2 hit in his native Canada and No. 1 in Cash Box magazine in the US, the first Motown record by a white performer to reach that position. The song peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and at No. 2 in the UK.

"Gotta See Jane" was also reissued in 1971, and became a success in Canada at number 12. His 1972 single "Taos New Mexico" did not do well on the Canadian charts, reaching number 48. He continued recording for Rare Earth, and working as a writer-producer for other artists until Rare Earth was ended in 1976. Though he never again scored the charts as he had done with "Indiana Wants Me", his releases did moderately well, especially in Canada. As a Canadian citizen, he could be played on CKLW and other Canadian radio stations and counted towards the stations' Canadian content quotas.

Taylor attempted a comeback during the early 1980s, after which he had a hiatus from the music industry. He also established his own record company, Jane Records, in 1973. He built a recording studio at his home in Los Angeles, and worked on an unpublished memoir of his time at Motown.

Taylor died at home on January 7, 2022, at the age of 82. He had been ill since contracting COVID-19 the previous year. At the time of his death he had been married for 52 years to his wife Janee.

Albums

 * 1970: I Think, Therefore I Am (Rare Earth Records) – CAN No. 50, US No. 198
 * 1973: Indiana Wants Me (Sounds Superb) (UK-only compilation)
 * 1975: LA Sunset (Polydor)
 * 2001: The Essential Collection (Spectrum)

Songwriting credits

 * "A Little Bit for Sandy" – Paul Petersen
 * "Ain't It a Sad Thing" – Taylor
 * "All I Need" – The Temptations
 * "At The High School Dance" – Taylor
 * "Baster Baby Blues" – The Kinsey Sicks
 * "Dance Hall Rock" – Barrington Levy
 * "Don't Fool Around" – Taylor
 * "Go on and Cry" – The Mynah Birds, Bloodstone
 * "Gotta See Jane" – Taylor, The Fall, Golden Earring
 * "I Don't Want to Own You (I Just Want to Love You)" – The Supremes
 * "I Know Better" – Gladys Knight & the Pips, Barbara McNair, The Marvelettes
 * "I'll Turn to Stone" – Four Tops, Jackie DeShannon
 * "I'm Livin' in Shame" – Diana Ross & The Supremes
 * "Indiana Wants Me" – Taylor, Joe Simon
 * "It Must Be Love Baby" – Chris Clark
 * "It's My Time" – The Mynah Birds
 * "Just Look What You've Done" – Brenda Holloway
 * "Let's Go Somewhere" – Taylor, David Garrick
 * "Love Child" – Diana Ross & The Supremes, La Toya Jackson, Sweet Sensation
 * "Love's Your Name" – Taylor
 * "Mother You, Smother You" – Diana Ross & The Supremes
 * "Offering" – Fred Wesley
 * "Shadow" – Taylor, Tindersticks
 * "So Long" – Marvin Gaye
 * "The Beginning of the End of Love" – Diana Ross & The Supremes
 * "There's A Ghost in My House" – Taylor, The Fall, Graham Parker, The Fog Band, Yachts
 * "Turn To Stone" – Rick Danko
 * "Window Shopping" – Taylor

title: R. Dean Taylor


text:
Talk:Deborah Sampson

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 August 2021 and 1 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Abigailrwade.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:09, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Uncategorized
This page has numerous mistakes in wikifying and has no sources for any of the material. -- flatluigi (talk/contrib) 12:09, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

This article does not tell me when she got married. She married in 1784EleanorOfWales 16:16, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

This page needs some serious editorial help. Some paragraphs are practically unreadable. Mragsdale (talk) 18:34, 14 May 2009 (UTC) poppy arctle — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:3:3980:278:E0F9:C087:950F:A01C (talk) 22:33, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

names
her kids names
 * Earl, Mary, Paitence,cheslea,malina, andrea maia —The preceding unsigned comment was added by EleanorOfWales (talk • contribs) 23:52, 17 April 2007 (UTC).

Yes, but I think that the what they were named for bit is a little far fetched... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.36.208.117 (talk) 20:38, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think there is any reason you should think those names "far-fetched." --WConradWalden (talk) 18:50, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

sourcing, mistakes, tone
Yeah, this article is pretty bad (the first female lecturer?); pity, because it would be great to hear more about her.205.212.73.70 09:06, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism?
It seems this article has been vandalized or some parts very poorly written. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.6.65.10 (talk) 13:59, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

They had twenty children, Shane, Pat, and Smitty. Also Deborah Sampson adopted a African bongo anteater. Seems to be vandalized, also the font size is funny in places. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.6.65.10 (talk) 14:11, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Isn't her last name spelled Samson instead of Sampson?
 * EleanorOfWales]] 21:55, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Discharge from Army
The sources at the bottom of the page state that she was discharged by General Washington 24.229.119.116 (talk) 14:49, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Name
The spelling of her name is actually Samson; it was misspelled by Herman Mann, a newspaper reporter who wrote a book about Samson after she told him about her war experiences. Should the title and text of the article be changed? Nerdygeek101 (talk) 15:10, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I think we should for the sake of accuracy. here is what we could say in the beginning paragraph;

 * Deborah Samson Ganet (December 17, 1765 - April 29, 1827 ), better known as Deborah Sampson, was an...

 * Instead of

 * Deborah Sam p son Ganet...

 * However, I'm not willing to change it yet, as I think we should maybe get one more person to agree. WConradWalden (talk) 21:41, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

It should be changed for accuracy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.228.39.178 (talk) 17:15, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Wait, isn't her last name spelled Gannet instead of Ganet? Oh and I agree that the spelling of her last name is Samson- Wikipedia, you should definitely change that. I'm guessing that she is probably named after her mother, as her mother's name is Deborah Bradford Samson.

Contradiction
According to this article

"Deborah Samson Gannett... was the only woman to fight in the Revolutionary War"

However, according to American Revolution

"Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways... in a few cases like Deborah Samson fighting disguised as men."

According to Women in the American Revolution

"Women who fought in the war were met with ambivalence that fluctuated between admiration and contempt, depending on the woman’s motivation and activity. Devotion to following a man was admired, while those who seemed enticed by the enlistment bounty warranted scorn of enlisted men. (Anna Maria Lane, Margaret Corbin fit under first category, while Ann Bailey (under name Samuel Gay) belonged to 2nd category and was discharged, fined, and put in jail for two weeks, and Anne Smith was condemned for her attempt to join the army in order to secure the enlistment fee.) Deborah Sampson, Hannah Snell, Sally St. Clair successfully hid their gender for a time"

According to Margaret Corbin

"Margaret Corbin... was a woman who fought in the American Revolutionary War"

According to Anne Bailey

"'Mad' Anne Bailey... was a famous story teller and frontier scout who served in the fights of the American Revolutionary War..."

Thus the other articles imply Deborah was not the only one.

Top.Squark (talk) 10:42, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
 * There, fixed that for you (another five minute's research). You can waste spend your time removing the other templates.  Magic ♪piano 22:57, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Effed up article
I read a biography on her years ago, and it bore little resemblance to this article. Somebody PLEASE fix this mess, cause it's just an awful embarrassment. 24.189.87.160 (talk) 07:37, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Later life and death
It says: "Her grandson, George Washington, erected a monument to her and the Civil War veterans many years later." I don´t think it´s possible, since George Washington was born in 1732 and Deborah Sampson was born in 1760. That´s what I ve found. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.247.57.34 (talk) 00:47, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Apparent vandalism
"She was a horrible teacher and got abused by Jonathan Sampson.It caused Jonathan Sampson to meet the great super hero,The Coon." This appears to opinion not cited, and vandalism. I'm removing it. --Isegot 01:24, 1 May 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Isegot (talk • contribs)

Birth year?
Her birth year is listed inconsistently as 1760 and 1765. Which is it? Alexandrathom (talk) 17:26, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

LGBT
If she wasn't gay or transgender, she should not be listed under "18th century in LGBT history." It is misleading. 17:32, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Hey everybody this is so cool. I'm on wikipedia!!!!!!! ( I bet you can't be this cool. ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.126.17.116 (talk) 00:47, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Adding information about her life before the war
I'm proposing to edit this article, specifically adding information about her life before the war.129.21.138.181 (talk) 16:40, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

Height
The average height of Continental soldiers was about 5'8", not 5'6". See: "Asylum for Mankind": America, 1607-1800, Family Cycles: Strength, Decline, and Renewal in American Domestic Life, 1630-2000, The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia, &c. That means that Deborah Sampson was not towering over male soldiers when she enlisted as the article implies.73.91.201.158 (talk) 18:26, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Added figure from "Asylum" and reference to existing sentence to provide a range of 5 feet 6 to 5 feet 8. Both sources seem credible, and the range isn't so wide as to be implausible.

 * Billmckern (talk) 20:14, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Women in the Atlantic World
— Assignment last updated by Blakegilliam (talk) 18:17, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Deborah Sampson


text:
Gary Lewis & the Playboys

Gary Lewis & the Playboys were a 1960s era pop and rock group, fronted by musician Gary Lewis, the son of comedian Jerry Lewis. They are best known for their 1965 Billboard Hot 100 number-one single "This Diamond Ring", which was the first of a string of hit singles they had in 1965 and 1966. The band had an earnest, boy-next-door image similar to British invasion contemporaries such as Herman's Hermits and Gerry and the Pacemakers. The group folded in 1970, but a version of the band later resumed touring and continues to tour, often playing for veterans' benefits.

1960s fame
The group began life as Gary & the Playboys. Gary Lewis started the band with four friends of his when he was 18. Joking at the lateness of his bandmates to practice, Lewis referred to them as "playboys", and the name stuck.

They auditioned for a job at Disneyland without telling Disneyland employees about Lewis' celebrity father. They were hired on the spot, audiences at Disneyland quickly accepted them, and the Playboys were soon playing to a full house every night.

The orchestra bandleader Les Brown, who had known Jerry Lewis for years, had told record producer Snuff Garrett that the younger Lewis was playing at Disneyland. After listening to the band, Garrett thought using Gary's famous name might sell more records, and convinced them to add "Lewis" into their name.

Garrett brought them to a recording studio with the song "This Diamond Ring" in a session financed by Jerry Lewis' wife Patti. In a 2012 interview, Lewis confirmed that he and the Playboys "played on every single track we ever did", including this song. Garrett wanted to maximize the chances for a hit, so he insisted on using experienced session musicians for the overdubs, which included guitar and keyboard solos, additional bass and drum overdubs, and timpani.

These musicians included Mike Deasy and Tommy Allsup on guitars, Leon Russell on keyboards, Joe Osborn on bass, and Hal Blaine on drums, members of the larger group known as The Wrecking Crew. Session singer Ron Hicklin did the basic vocal track. Garrett then added Lewis's voice twice, added some of the Playboys and more of Hicklin. "When I got through, he sounded like Mario Lanza", Garrett commented.

Garrett got airplay in New York City for "This Diamond Ring" by making a deal with WINS disc jockey "Murray the K" Kaufman, who ran a series of all-star concerts at theaters around the New York area. Garrett promised that if Kaufman played Lewis’ record, the Playboys would do his shows. Garrett then had Jerry Lewis use his contacts to get his son onto The Ed Sullivan Show.

However, Sullivan had a general policy that all acts appearing on his show were to perform live. Since so many studio tricks had been used on the record, the Playboys could not recreate its sound. In compromise, Lewis sang along with pre-recorded tracks as the Playboys pretended to play their instruments.

The January 1965 broadcast made Gary Lewis and the Playboys instant stars. "This Diamond Ring" went to No. 1, sold over 1 million copies by April 1965, and became a gold disc. However, by the end of 1965 only West and Lewis remained in the band. Other later band members included Tommy Tripplehorn, father of actress Jeanne Tripplehorn; Carl Radle (died 1980); Jimmy Karstein; Randy Ruff; Pete Vrains; Bob Simpson; Adolph Zeugner; Les John; Wayne Bruno; and Dave Gonzalez.

The group was one of only two acts during the 1960s whose first seven releases on the Billboard Hot 100 reached that chart's top 10 (The Lovin' Spoonful was the other). The singles were "This Diamond Ring" (No. 1), "Count Me In" (the only non-British Commonwealth record in the Hot 100's Top 10 on May 8, 1965, at No. 2 ), "Save Your Heart for Me" (No. 2), "Everybody Loves a Clown" (No. 4), "She's Just My Style" (No. 3), "Sure Gonna Miss Her" (No. 9), and "Green Grass" (No. 8). Lewis was drafted into the U.S. Army in January 1967, with previously made recordings continuing to reach the Hot 100, but with decreasing success.

In 1966, the Playboys held their own Television special called "An Evening With Gary Lewis & The Playboys", which aired on WGN 9. The line-up on this special consisted of: Gary Lewis (vocals, guitar), Tom Tripplehorn (guitar), Carl Radle (bass), John West (cordovox) and Jim Karstein (drums).

On his 1968 discharge, Lewis immediately returned to recording, reaching the top 40 one last time with a top 20 remake of Brian Hyland's "Sealed With A Kiss", but unable to regain his group's earlier momentum. Lewis continued touring, eventually marketing the band as a nostalgia act. He also appeared and performed on many of his father's Labor Day telethons for the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Lewis owned a music store for some years in the 1970s and developed a drug habit. By 1985, he was well enough to join the nine month “Happy Together” tour, with other groups, including the Turtles, the Buckinghams and the Grass Roots.

In all, Lewis had eight gold singles, 12 Top 40 hit singles (but only 15 Hot 100 entries (U.S.)), and four gold albums. In addition to The Ed Sullivan Show, he appeared on American Bandstand, Shindig!, Hullabaloo, The Sally Jessy Raphaël show, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Mike Douglas Show, Nashville Now and Wolfman Jack.

Despite the group's U.S. success, they made virtually no impact at all in the U.K.; their only UK Singles Chart appearance occurred in 1975, when a reissue of 1966's "My Heart's Symphony" peaked at No. 36. Nevertheless, at a time when British groups were dominating the American music scene, Gary Lewis & the Playboys were one of the few successful 1960s homegrown groups.

Former Playboys later lives

 * Carl Radle toured with Eric Clapton and his group Derek and the Dominos. Radle died of problems caused by alcohol and narcotics use on May 30, 1980, 19 days before his 38th birthday. He was posthumously inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame in 2006.
 * David Walker still performs guitar and other stringed instruments on stage and now resides in Hickory, North Carolina.
 * Allan Ramsay enlisted in the Air Force in 1965, and discharged in 1967. He died in a plane crash on November 27, 1985, aged 42. At the time, he was residing in White House Station, New Jersey.
 * David Costell and John West retired from the music industry and now live private lives.
 * Tom Tripplehorn continued to perform live on stage. He married Suzanne Ferguson, before divorcing in 1965. Their daughter, Jeanne, became a famous actress. Tom died on 15 March 2019, aged 75.

Members

 * Gary Lewis - (born Gary Harold Lee Levitch, July 31, 1945, Newark, New Jersey - drums (1964-1965) guitar (1965-1970) and vocals (1964-1970)
 * David Walker - (born May 12, 1943, Montgomery, Alabama) - rhythm guitar (1964-1965)
 * Allan Ramsay - (July 27, 1943 – November 27, 1985; aged 42) - bass (1964-1965)
 * David Costell - (born March 15, 1944, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) - lead guitar (1964-1965)
 * John West - (born July 31, 1939, Uhrichsville, Ohio) - organ and Cordovox (1964-1970)
 * Carl Radle - (June 18, 1942 – May 30, 1980) - bass (1965-1968)
 * Tom Tripplehorn - (February 2, 1944 – March 15, 2019) guitar (1965-1968)
 * Jim Keltner (born April 27, 1942) - drums (1965-1966)
 * Jim Karstein - (August 22, 1943 – March 27, 2022)  - drums (1966-1968)
 * Charley Carey - guitar (1968-1970)
 * Alan Rosenthal - bass (1968-1970)
 * Bill Boatman - drums (1968-1970)

title: Gary Lewis & the Playboys


text:
Arthur F. Burns

Arthur Frank Burns (April 27, 1904 – June 26, 1987) was an American economist and diplomat who served as the 10th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1970 to 1978. He previously chaired the Council of Economic Advisers under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1956, and served as the first Counselor to the President under Richard Nixon from January to November 1969. He also taught and researched at Rutgers University, Columbia University, and the National Bureau of Economic Research.

President Nixon nominated him to succeed William McChesney Martin as Chairman of the Federal Reserve and later renominated him for another term. Burns was succeeded by G. William Miller when his second term expired. After leaving the Fed, President Ronald Reagan chose him to serve as Ambassador to West Germany in 1981, where he remained in office until 1985.

Early life
Burns was born in Stanislau (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Austrian Poland (Galicia), a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1904 to Polish-Jewish parents, Sarah Juran and Nathan Burnseig, who worked as a house painter. He showed aptitude early in his childhood, when he translated the Talmud into Polish and Russian by age six and debated socialism at age nine. In 1914, he immigrated to Bayonne, New Jersey, with his parents. He graduated from Bayonne High School.

At age 17, Burns enrolled in Columbia University on a scholarship offered by the university secretary. He worked in jobs ranging from postal clerk to shoe salesman during his time at Columbia as a student before earning his B.A. and M.A. in 1925, graduating Phi Beta Kappa.

Rutgers University
After college, he began teaching economics at Rutgers University in 1927, a role that he continued until 1944. Burns through his lectures became one of two professors, the other being Homer Jones, credited by Milton Friedman as a key influence for his decision to become an economist. Burns had convinced Friedman, Rutgers class of 1932, that modern economics could help end the Great Depression.

In 1930, he married Helen Bernstein, a teacher.

Burns pursued graduate studies at Columbia while continuing his lectures at Rutgers. As a doctoral student, he became a protege of Wesley Clair Mitchell, a founder and the chief economics researcher of the National Bureau of Economic Research. In 1933, Burns joined the NBER under Mitchell's guidance and began a lifelong study of business cycles. He received his Ph.D. in economics from Columbia a year later.

In 1943 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In 1944, he left Rutgers and assumed the role of director of research at the NBER in 1945 following Mitchell's retirement.

Columbia University
In 1945, Burns became a professor at Columbia University. In 1959, he received the John Bates Clark endowed chair. At Columbia, he blocked the acceptance of Murray Rothbard's thesis on the Panic of 1819, despite having known Rothbard since the latter was a child.

During his time at Columbia, Burns was elected a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

National Bureau of Economic Research
Beginning in 1933, the academic part of Burns's career focused on the measurement of business cycles, including questions such as the duration of economic expansions, and what economic variables rise during expansions and fall during recessions. In 1934, Burns wrote Production Trends in the United States Since 1870 his first major publication in the field.

Often, he collaborated with Wesley Clair Mitchell, whose research directorate role he assumed from 1945 to 1953. In 1946, Burns and Mitchell published Measuring Business Cycles, which presented the characteristic NBER methods of analyzing business cycles. During his tenure, Burns began the academic tradition of determining recessions, a role continued by the NBER's business cycle dating committee. Today, the NBER is still considered authoritative in dating recessions.

In the late 1940s, Burns asked Milton Friedman, then a professor at the University of Chicago, to join the NBER as a researcher of the role of money in the business cycle. Burns's detailed macroeconomic analysis influenced Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz's classic work A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960.

Counselor to the President
Burns was appointed as Counselor to the President when Richard Nixon took office in 1969. The newly created position held cabinet rank and was meant as a placeholder until Burns could be appointed as Chairman of the Federal Reserve. Burns advised Nixon on economic policy during his brief time in the White House.

As expected, Burns was appointed to replace the outgoing William McChesney Martin as Fed Chairman in November 1969 and resigned his post in the Nixon administration.

Federal Reserve Chairman
Burns served as Fed Chairman from February 1970 until the end of January 1978. He has a reputation of having been overly influenced by political pressure in his monetary policy decisions during his time as Chairman and for supporting the policy, widely accepted in political and economic circles at the time, that Fed action should try to maintain an unemployment rate of around 4 percent.

While Vice President Richard M. Nixon was running for President in 1959–1960, the Fed – under Truman-appointed chairman William McChesney Martin, Jr. – was undertaking monetary tightening, increasing the cost of borrowing and reflected in a recession by April 1960. In his book Six Crises, Nixon later blamed his defeat in 1960 in part on Fed policy and the resulting tight credit conditions and slow growth. After finally winning the presidential election of 1968, Nixon named Burns to the Fed Chair in 1970 with instructions to ensure easy access to credit when Nixon was running for reelection in 1972.

Later, when Burns resisted, negative press about him was planted in newspapers and, under the threat of legislation to dilute the Fed's influence, Burns and other Governors succumbed. Burns's relationship with Nixon was often rocky. Reflecting in his diary about a 1971 meeting attended by himself, Nixon, Treasury Secretary John Connally, the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, and the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, Burns wrote:

"The President looked wild; talked like a desperate man; fulminated with hatred against the press; took some of us to task – apparently meaning me or [chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, Paul] McCraken or both – for not putting a gay and optimistic face on every piece of economic news, however discouraging; propounded the theory that confidence can be best generated by appearing confident and coloring, if need be, the news."

There was significant inflation during this period, which Nixon attempted to manage through wage and price controls while the Fed under Burns increased the money supply. Although Burns opposed Nixon's decision to close the "gold window," he "'assured the President that I would support his new program fully,' notwithstanding his reservations about the gold suspension." After the 1972 election, due in part to oil shocks from the 1973 oil crisis, price controls began to fail and by 1974, the inflation rate was 12.3 percent.

Burns thought the country was not willing to accept rates of unemployment in the range of six percent as a means of quelling inflation. From the Board of Governors meeting minutes of November 1970, Burns believed that:

"...prospects were dim for any easing of the cost-push inflation generated by union demands. However, the Federal Reserve could not do anything about those influences except to impose monetary restraint, and he did not believe the country was willing to accept for any long period an unemployment rate in the area of 6 percent. Therefore, he believed that the Federal Reserve should not take on the responsibility for attempting to accomplish by itself, under its existing powers, a reduction in the rate of inflation to, say, 2 percent... he did not believe that the Federal Reserve should be expected to cope with inflation single-handedly. The only effective answer, in his opinion, lay in some form of incomes policy."

During Burns's tenure, the rate of change of the consumer price index rose from 6%/year in early 1970 to over 12%/year in late 1974 after the Arab Oil embargo, and eventually falling to under 7%/year from 1976 to the end of his tenure in January, 1978, with an annual average rate of consumer price inflation of approximately 9% during his term. Negative economic events included multiple oil shocks (1973 and 1979) and heavy government deficits arising in part from the Vietnam War and Great Society government programs.

At the Watergate break-in of 1972, the burglars were found carrying $6300 of sequentially numbered $100 bills. The Fed lied to reporter Bob Woodward as to the source of the bills. Burns stonewalled Congressional investigations about them and issued a directive to all Fed offices prohibiting any discussion of the subject.

In 1976, Burns received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

American Enterprise Institute
William Baroody, then president of the American Enterprise Institute, brought Burns to the economics think tank in 1978 after Burns left his position at the Federal Reserve. From the AEI, Burns continued to influence public policy.

Ambassador to West Germany
Arthur Burns was appointed United States Ambassador to West Germany by President Ronald Reagan. He served in Bonn from June 1981 to May 1985.

Death
He died on June 26, 1987, at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland.

Criticism
Conservative economist Bruce Bartlett gives Burns poor marks for his tenure as Fed chairman because the inflationary forces that began in 1970 took more than a decade to resolve. "The only disagreement among economists is whether Burns fully understood the mistakes he was making, or was so wedded to incorrect Keynesian theories that he didn't realize what he was doing. The only alternative is that he was under irresistible political pressure from Nixon and had no choice. Neither explanation is very favorable to Burns. Economists now recognize the Nixon era as Exhibit A in how the adoption of bad economic policies in pursuit of short-term political gain eventually turns out to be bad politics as well."

In more recent years, the famous quote, "The ultimate purpose of an economy is to produce more consumer goods," has erroneously been attributed to Burns in popular culture. However, there is absolutely no evidence that Burns ever uttered this statement; to the contrary, he advocated–both in his speeches and his policies–for thrift and fiscal responsibility.

Selected works

 * Burns, Arthur Frank; Mitchell, Wesley C., Measuring Business Cycles, National Bureau of Economic Research (Studies in Business Cycles), 1946
 * Burns, Arthur Frank, Wesley Clair Mitchell: The Economic Scientist. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1952
 * Burns, Arthur Frank, The Frontiers of Economic Knowledge: Essays, Princeton University Press, 1954. Reprinted from a National Bureau of Economic Research publication.
 * Burns, Arthur Frank, Prosperity Without Inflation, Buffalo, Smith, Keynes & Marshall; distributed by Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1958
 * Burns, Arthur Frank, et al., The Anguish of Central Banking, Per Jacobsson Foundation, 1979

title: Arthur F. Burns


text:
Talk:Godsmack (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Godsmack-Godsmack (album cover).jpg
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Mentioning of the movie quote from No Escape ?
just read on the internet that the beginning of "Immune" from the album is a quote from the above mentioned movie. should that be written down in a new opened trivia section or sth like that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.60.1.83 (talk) 16:07, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Godsmack (album)


text:
Mural crown

A mural crown (corona muralis) is a crown or headpiece representing city walls, towers, or fortresses. In classical antiquity, it was an emblem of tutelary deities who watched over a city, and among the Romans a military decoration. Later the mural crown developed into a symbol of European heraldry, mostly for cities and towns, and in the 19th and 20th centuries was used in some republican heraldry.

Usage in ancient times
Early appearances of the mural crown occur in the Achaemenid Empire, where they resemble crenelations on Mesopotamian and Persian buildings.

In Hellenistic culture, a mural crown identified tutelary deities such as the goddess Tyche (the embodiment of the fortunes of a city, familiar to Romans as Fortuna), and Hestia (the embodiment of the protection of a city, familiar to Romans as Vesta). The high cylindrical polos of Rhea/Cybele too could be rendered as a mural crown in Hellenistic times, specifically designating the mother goddess as patron of a city.

The mural crown became an ancient Roman military decoration. The corona muralis (Latin for "walled crown") was a golden crown, or a circle of gold intended to resemble a battlement, bestowed upon the soldier who first climbed the wall of a besieged city or fortress to successfully place the standard (flag) of the attacking army upon it. The Roman mural crown was made of gold, and decorated with turrets, as is the heraldic version. As it was among the highest order of military decorations, it was not awarded to a claimant until after a strict investigation. The rostrata mural crown, composed of the rostra indicative of captured ships, was assigned as naval prize to the first in a boarding party, similar to the naval crown.

The Graeco-Roman goddess Roma's attributes on Greek coinage usually include her mural crown, signifying Rome's status as a loyal protector of Hellenic city-states.

Heraldic use
The Roman military decoration was subsequently employed in European heraldry, where the term denoted a crown modeled after the walls of a castle, which may be tinctured or (gold), argent (silver), gules (red), or proper (i.e. stone-coloured). In 19th-century Germany, mural crowns (Mauerkronen) came to be adopted for the arms of cities, with increasingly specific details: "Residential (i.e. having a royal residence) cities and capital towns usually bear a Mauerkrone with five towers, large towns one with four towers, smaller towns one with three", observed Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, in A Complete Guide to Heraldry, adding "Strict regulations in the matter do not yet exist" and warning that the usage was not British.

Mural crowns were used, rather than royal crowns, for medieval and modern Italian comuni. A mural-crowned lady, Italia Turrita, personifies Italy. In Italy, comuni and some provinces and military corps have mural crowns on their coats of arms: gold with five towers for cities, and silver with nine-towered for others. The coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic had a mural crown.

In the early 20th century Portugal established strict rules for its municipal heraldry, in which each coat of arms contains a mural crown, with three silver towers signifying a village or an urban parish, four silver towers representing a town, five silver towers standing for a city and five gold towers for a capital city. The Portuguese rules are also applied to most municipal coats of arms of Brazil and some other members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

Romanian municipal coats of arms contain a mural crown, with one or three towers for villages and communes, five and seven towers for towns and municipalities.

The eagle on the coat of arms of Austria wears a mural crown to signify its status as a republic. This is in contrast to the royal crowns that adorned the double-headed eagle (and the imperial crown positioned above it) in the coat of arms of Austria-Hungary until their defeat in World War I. The mural-crowned eagle was abandoned under the clerico-fascist Federal State of Austria from 1934, but was reinstated in Allied-occupied Austria following World War II and remains in place to this day.

title: Mural crown


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Euro sign

The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the eurozone and adopted, although not required to, by Kosovo and Montenegro. The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996. It consists of a stylized letter E (or epsilon), crossed by two lines instead of one. Depending on convention in each nation, the symbol can either precede or follow the value, e.g., €10 or 10€, often with an intervening space.

Design
There were originally 30 proposed designs for a symbol for Europe's new common currency; the Commission short-listed these to ten candidates. These ten were put to a public survey. The President of the European Commission at the time (Jacques Santer) and the European Commissioner with responsibility for the euro (Yves-Thibault de Silguy) then chose the winning design. The other designs that were considered are not available for the public to view, nor is any information regarding the designers available for public query. The Commission considers the process of designing to have been internal and keeps these records secret. The eventual winner was a design created by a team of four experts whose identities have not been revealed. Gazet van Antwerpen has attributed the symbol to Belgian graphic designer Alain Billiet.

"The symbol € is based on the Greek letter epsilon (Є), with the first letter in the word 'Europe' and with 2 parallel lines signifying stability."

The official story of the design history of the euro sign is disputed by Arthur Eisenmenger, a former chief graphic designer for the European Economic Community, who says he had the idea 25 years before the Commission's decision.

The Commission specified a euro logo with exact proportions and colours (PMS Yellow foreground, PMS Reflex Blue background ), for use in public-relations material related to the euro introduction. While the Commission intended the logo to be a prescribed glyph shape, type designers made it clear that they intended instead to adapt the design to be consistent with the typefaces to which it was to be added.

Use on computers and mobile phones
Displaying and printing the euro sign using a computer depends on the operating system and national conventions. Initially, some mobile phone companies issued an interim software update for their special SMS character set, replacing the less-frequent Japanese yen sign with the euro sign. Subsequent mobile phones have both currency signs.

The euro is represented in the Unicode character set with the character name EURO SIGN and the code position U+20AC (decimal 8364) as well as in updated versions of the traditional Latin character set encodings. In HTML, the &euro; entity can also be used.

History of implementation
An implicit character encoding, along with the fact that the code position of the euro sign is different in historic encoding schemes (code pages), led to many initial problems displaying the euro sign consistently in computer applications, depending on access method. While displaying the euro sign was no problem as long as only one system was used (provided an up-to-date font with the proper glyph was available), mixed setups often produced errors. Initially, Apple, Microsoft and Unix systems each chose a different code point to represent a euro symbol: thus a user of one system might have seen a euro symbol whereas another would see a different symbol or nothing at all. Another problem was legacy software which could only handle older encodings such as pre-euro ISO 8859-1. In such situations character set conversions had to be made, often introducing conversion errors such as a question mark ⟨?⟩ being displayed instead of a euro sign. With widespread adoption of Unicode and UTF-8 encoding these issues rarely arise in modern computing.

Entry methods
Depending on keyboard layout and the operating system, the symbol can be entered as:

 * (UK/IRL)
 * (US INTL/ESP/DNK/FIN/ISL/NOR/SWE)
 * (BEL/CRO/ESP/FIN/FRA/GER/ITA/GRE/POR/CZE/EST/LTU/SVK/SWE/ROS/ROP/TUR)
 * (HU/PL)
 * (UK/IRL)
 * (US INTL/ESP)
 * in Microsoft Word in United States and more layouts
 * + in Microsoft Windows (depends on system locale setting)
 * followed by in ChromeOS, most Linux distros, and in other operating systems using IBus.
 * followed by in the Vim text editor

On the macOS operating system, a variety of key combinations are used depending on the keyboard layout, for example:

The Compose key sequence for the euro sign is followed by.
 * in British layout
 * in Polish layout
 * in Canadian layout
 * in United States layout
 * in Slovenian layout
 * in French layout
 * in German, Italian, Spanish and Turkish layout
 * in Swedish layout

Typewriters
Typewriters are still used in many parts of the world, often recycled from businesses that have adopted desktop computers. Typewriters lacking the euro sign can imitate it by typing a capital ⟨C⟩, backspacing, and overstriking it with the equals sign ⟨=⟩.

Use

Placement of the sign varies. Countries have generally continued the style used for their former currencies. In those countries where previous convention was to place the currency sign before the figure, the euro sign is placed in the same position (e.g., €3.50). In those countries where the amount preceded the national currency sign, the euro sign is again placed in that relative position (e.g., 3,50 €).

The European Union's Interinstitutional Style Guide (for EU staff) states that the euro sign should be placed in front of the amount without any space in English, but after the amount in most other languages.

In English the euro sign – like the dollar sign ⟨$⟩ and the pound sign ⟨£⟩ – is usually placed before the figure, unspaced, the reverse of usage in many other European languages. When written out, "euro" is placed after the value in lower case; the plural is used for two or more units, and euro cents are separated with a point, not a comma as in many countries (e.g., €1.50, 14 euros).

Prices of items costing less than one euro (for example ten cents) are often written using a local abbreviation like ⟨ct.⟩ (particularly in Spain and Lithuania), ⟨snt.⟩ (Finland), ⟨c.⟩ (Ireland) and ⟨Λ⟩ (the capital letter lambda for Λεπτό Leptó in Greece): (for example, 10 ct., 10c., 10Λ, 10 snt. The US style ⟨¢⟩ is rarely seen in formal contexts. Alternatively, they can be written as decimals e.g. €0.07.

title: Euro sign


text:
Pier Luigi Bersani

Pier Luigi Bersani (born 29 September 1951) is an Italian politician and was Secretary of the Democratic Party (PD), Italy's leading centre-left party, from 2009 to 2013. Bersani was Minister of Industry, Commerce and Craftmanship from 1996 to 1999, President of Emilia-Romagna from 1993 to 1996, Minister of Transport from 1999 to 2001, and Minister of Economic Development from 2006 to 2008.

Early life
Pier Luigi Bersani was born on 29 September 1951 in Bettola, a mountain municipality in Nure Valley, in the province of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna region, Italy. His father was a mechanic and a gas station clerk. After earning his high-school degree in Piacenza, Bersani enrolled in the University of Bologna where he graduated in philosophy with a dissertation on Pope Gregory I. He married Daniela in 1980, and he has two daughters: Elisa and Margherita. After a short experience as a teacher he committed his life to politics and public administration.

Early political career
Bersani joined the Italian Communist Party and subsequently the Democratic Party of the Left. As member of the National Secretariat of the Democrats of the Left, he was responsible for the economic sector. As a young man, he became Vice-President of the Mountain Community of Piacenza, then elected in the Regional Council of Emilia-Romagna region and Vice-President of Emilia-Romagna in 1990; he was President of Emilia-Romagna from 1993 to 1996.

Centre-left cabinets (1996–2001)
After the general election of 1996 he was Minister of Industry, Commerce and Craftmanship (1996–1999) and Minister of Transports (1999–2001) in the centre-left cabinets of Prodi, D'Alema, Amato.

European Parliament (2004–2006)
In 2004, he was elected to the European Parliament representing the North-West region for the Democrats of the Left, part of the Socialist Group, and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. He was a substitute for the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, a member of the Delegation to the European Union-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan and EU-Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia, and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with Belarus. He left the European Parliament on his re-election to the Chamber of Deputies in 2006, and he was appointed as Minister of Economic Development in the government of Prime Minister Romano Prodi on 17 May 2006.

Prodi II Cabinet (2006–2008)
The Prodi II Cabinet assigned Bersani, as the Minister of Economic Development, the task of introducing reforms aimed at achieving increased market liberalization and competition. The minister responded with Decree Law 223 of 30 June 2006, later converted into Law 248/2006, popularly known as the "Bersani 1" decree on taxi drivers and pharmacies, although it also addressed other sectors. In 2021, Bersani said that economic liberalization does not mean entrusting everything to the market, which he describes as liberismo, right-wing, and distinct. In his view, liberalization means defending the common citizen from the market and ensuring that there are no dominant positions.

The government's policy of competition and liberalization would not to stop there. "Bersani 1" was followed by "Bersani 2" (decree 7 of 31 January 2007, converted into Law 40 of 2 April 2007), and then by a series of bills for the liberalization of the professions and television broadcasting, local public services, and energy, as well as the reduction and simplification of times and procedures for the start up of new businesses. Another bill proposed to rationalize the jurisdictions of the regulatory authorities, modifying and reinforcing their powers, particularly with regard to competition. Still another bill would introduce and regulate the judicial procedures for class action lawsuits.

Secretary of the Democratic Party of Italy (2009–2013)
On 25 October 2009, Bersani defeated incumbents Dario Franceschini and Ignazio Marino in the Democratic Party leadership election, thus becoming Italy's main opposition leader, scoring 55.1% among party members. Since 7 November 2009, as decided by the National Assembly, Pier Luigi Bersani officially took office as Secretary of the Democratic Party of Italy. He defeated the mayor of Florence Matteo Renzi in the 2012 primary election.

2013 elections
Before the 2013 Italian general election, the Democratic Party was ahead but at "the beginning of the year, Bersani’s party was above 40%, and former centre-right Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi was hovering around 25%. By the time [reported] polling stopped [a week before the vote], the right was up to 30% and the left down to 35%. Outgoing appointed-technocrat Prime Minister Mario Monti's centrist party-coalition was at less than 15% of the vote and the protest Five-Star Movement led by comedian Beppe Grillo was getting more than 15%".

In the general elections on 24–25 February 2013, as a consequence of the electoral system the PD-led centre-left coalition, Italy Common Good, took a small absolute majority in the lower house. In most of the rest of Europe, this would have been enough to make Bersani Prime Minister. However, the coalition failed to gain a majority in the Senate. Unlike in most parliamentary systems, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate have equal power, and Italian governments must maintain the confidence of both chambers in order to stay in office. Bersani said he would try to form a government with the informal support of Five Star Movement. Anna Finocchiaro, PD's leader in the Senate, confirmed the likelihood PD would not form a new coalition with Berlusconi's centre-right coalition.

On 22 March President Giorgio Napolitano asked Bersani to form a new government. On 27 March Bersani failed to strike a deal for forming a new Italian government with the grassroots Five-Star Movement (M5S) which held the balance of power after February's inconclusive elections. On 19 April Bersani announced he would be stepping down from his post as Democratic Party leader after Romano Prodi failed to secure a parliamentary majority in the presidential election.

Other activities
In 2001, Bersani co-founded with Vincenzo Visco the NENS ("New Economy, New Society") think tank. He is also chairman of the Nuova Romea Society that was established in 2002 with the objective of the development of Emilia-Romagna and Veneto territories.

Honours

 * Légion d'honneur

title: Pier Luigi Bersani


text:
Talk:Dearborn, Michigan

Arab numbers
The census does list Dearborn as having the largest percent in the US. The problem is the census allows you to pick Arab or something else. It's like Hispanic. In Los Angeles they have a large number of Iranians but they call themselves Persians. Dearborn certainly doesn't have the largest community. Because they have a large percent they do have a little influence, but some of the Persians in LA are quite wealthy. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.107.252.172 (talk • contribs). April 27, 2006 11:40 (UTC)

 * No, the census states Dearborn has the largest percentage of Arabs for a city its size (that is, one of about 100,000 people. It's important to be accurate.--Parkwells (talk) 00:29, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

What does "Dearborn is also home to the largest Arabic community outside of the Middle East" mean? The article already states there are more Arab Americans in New York. England, France, Algeria, and Indonesia also have huge muslim communities, there are over 600 000 in London alone. -- Corvus 9 July 2005 16:52 (UTC)

There are more Arabs in Montreal alone than in Dearborn. Just the Lebanese in Montreal is 50,000, this does not even include the other arabic nations. It should also be noted that 80% aprox. of the Arab population in the United States is of Christian faith. -- Eternalsleeper

 * The statement is outdated, so I removed it and moved the link for the mosque up to the 2nd paragraph. BrainyBroad 06:08, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

It should have stated largest concentration per sqaure mile.
 * That would be an interesting fact to include if you have some documentation to support it. BrainyBroad 15:24, August 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do the math. Look at any other Arab population and see if they're at least 1,000 per square mile for the entire city. I punched the numbers from the page and got 1231.36/mi^2. MMetro 08:25, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Only 30% of Dearobrn's adult population is Arabic. As for the children, that is another story.

Sorry, I haven't got a source either, but the following has often been confirmed to me as correct: "Arabs" in general apart, Dearborn is the second largest Syrian city in the world after Damascus. The Detroit "leakage" of Muslims when it looked as if the city was going to become all African-American was of Syrians, most of whom didn't go very far - hence the lavish mosque in London, Ontario.

Dearborn natives?
Many of these people listed as Dearborn natives are noted as being born elsewhere if you look at their individual wikipedia articles. Cyberdrip (talk) 20:19, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Four have articles that say Dearborn. Three of the others say Detroit which is often used instead of the actual city in the Metro Detroit area so it may be correct to include them here. Two of the articles don't list a city at all. And one specifics a small city in the Metro Detroit area or possibly another city further away, it doesn't specify which. I think it would be best to leave them until someone locates a primary source to check the cities. CCWorld 00:02, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Segregation and Anti-Semitism
There is a reference in the article to "de facto segregation". Does this mean to say "de facto exclusion of Blacks"? There was nothing notable at all about segregation (races living in separate parts of town) in a Northern U.S. city up to the 1960s (and it's really not all that uncommon even today), but complete or near-complete exclusion would be notable. I ask because someone has added Dearborn to sundown town saying to see the article, which I did, and it doesn't really say this. Nor, as far as I can see does it provide a citation. - Jmabel | Talk 23:55, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, under former mayor Hubbard, Dearborn was known as a place blacks, in particular, shouldn't go. In fact, he was one of the most famous segregationists of the North. --Criticalthinker 06:19, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There was some 80's bruhaha about the ordinance restricting public parks to Dearborn residents, when the NAACP or someone else organized a boycott of Fairlane Town Center. MMetro 08:57, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Jews were unwelcome in Dearborn at least up until the late 60s, when my father-in-law was most unwelcome, living as a closeted Jew. My wife, although not technically Jewish, was enthusiastically unwelcomed also. For all I know, Jews may be still. OR, but if anyone cares, there may a source somewhere. Kind of grotesquely ironic the way it turned out.Jackaroodave (talk) 13:39, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

sources for timeline?
Does anyone known what sources were used for the historical timeline? Just curious because the timeline states that Greenfield Township annexed part of Springwells Township and then vice versa a few years later. This sound very odd because, AFAIK, it is not possible for a township to annex land from another township. Townships are not incorporated muncipalities and do not have the power to annex land -- their boundaries are determined, first by the state and secondarily by the county. It might perhaps be possible that state or county authorities adjusted the boundaries of the townships, but I would be extremely interested in any verifiable sources that indicate the townships "annexed" land from another township. older ≠ wiser 00:29, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Not sure what the editors used, but the Dearborn Historical Society usually has a display at Dearborn Homecoming, a summer festival, and I think the info matches. Originally, Springwells Township was huge, I think it included Redford Township. It was divided, obviously, perhaps by survey township guidelines and incorporation, until the last remnants of Dearborn Township incorporated as Dearborn Heights. MMetro 08:25, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

henry ford
Removed paragraph about the henry ford museum being A) the most popular tourist attraction in michigan, and B) the largest indoor/outdoor museum complex in the USA. Both of these are incorrect. If someone can cite sources verifying this information, it should be reentered.

Wikipedia prefers narrative to lists
The article would be better if more items from the timelines were incorporated into narrative. There are too many details.--Parkwells (talk) 16:17, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Removed paragraph about the henry ford museum being A) the most popular tourist attraction in michigan, and B) the largest indoor/outdoor museum complex in the USA. Both of these are incorrect. If someone can cite sources verifying this information, it should be reentered. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.171.198.3 (talk) 15:02, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Arabs Don't Contribute
Removed the line "In January 2005, a new Arab American National Museum opened to mark the ethnic group's history and contributions to this country." Arabs offer no contributions to this society in any way, shape, or form. If this is incorrect, which it isn't, please cite your sources. —Preceding unsigned comment added by CBrandt1337 (talk • contribs) 05:29, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * CBrant: 1. That statement is unacceptable. Racism is not allowed on Wikipedia. 2. Your statement has no source, so even if it had a chance of being true, you have the responsibility of sourcing it. WhisperToMe (talk) 20:43, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
 * WhisperToMe: The quote I originally took out was for the exact reason you are criticizing me; it has no sources. My reasoning for taking it out even states that. Please, read before you talk. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.192.43.128 (talk) 06:55, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

Unsourced Racism
This line is without a source, and seems blatantly racist: The Arab American population has settled primarily on the city's eastern side, though in recent years it has expanded west. This has been dubbed by local westerners as the "Brown Plague".

Unless it has a citation, it should be removed. As stated in the post above me, racism is not allowed on Wikipedia. 166.205.7.19 (talk) 20:09, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Christians Arrested
Is this worth a mention - http://www.youtube.com/user/Acts17Apologetics#p/a/u/0/BhUJ7ujOWBA ? 124.187.177.231 (talk) 12:13, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

New controversy over religious free speech
with the new events that occurred today involving terry jones' imprisonment and the protest controversy, I expanded the short section on the religious free speech controversies with additional citations to the actual videos and news reports about the goings-on. I also added a short section on the controversy concerning Terry Jones, citing the detroit news article for the information. due to this addition, I made a subheading under "popular culture", where the original info had been. If there are any qualms about the sources or violations of the npov wikipedia policy, please discuss them here, as I am sure that there will be additional controversy over these events in the future, and would prefer not to have to request that the page be locked due to a editing war by biased third parties. Phd jp (talk) 03:17, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Suggestion a new page should be added dealing with the Free speach issue. I see nothing was said about the assults of water bottles, pop cans and stones

--OxAO (talk) 02:40, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

== Religious free speech controversies

I removed the racist uncited First paragraph The "Religious free speech controversies" section is pretty bad in its current state. It seems to be the most contested part of the page, with changes in an attempt to remove the NPOV.
 * The first bullet point about the call to prayer issue is cited by a right-wing YouTube video of some person on the street. I doubt that counts as the plural form that the page purports as citing "residents."
 * User:Bebop2491 deleting the references about what the Christian missionaries had done to protest seems out of character for the rest of the section, since the other points have no problem going into some detail. Either the whole section should be shortened or we list painstakingly every side's grievances for NPOV and completeness. BrotherSulayman (talk) 11:25, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you for cleaning up the formatting in this section and removing the unsourced first bullet. I corrected Angle's home state (Nevada, not Texas), and corrected the original "peace bond" amount demanded by the local government ($45k not $1).  I feel that your edits are mildly POV, in that they attempt to whitewash the scenario and in that they introduce negative statements about the parties affiliated with Jones that are irrelevant to the point of the section, but I did not substantially alter them.  I reintroduced one or two minor things, like the note about why the "peace bond" was demanded by the Dearborn government (the crux of the whole controversy), that are important to understanding the main point of the section.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Phd jp (talk • contribs) 10:31, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Fistful of Dearborn
A fictional version of Dearborn is featured early on in the video game 'Evil Dead: Fistful of Boomstick'. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Dead:_A_Fistful_of_Boomstick Lots42 (talk) 11:08, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

DFCU Financial
An editor keeps removing mention of this Dearborn business based on the reasoning "I don't want it here". Considering that this business has it own referenced Wikipedia article and is quite a large bank, I feel that it should be mentioned in the business section here. Rmhermen (talk) 16:58, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Please add link on "Springwells" to Springwells_Township
1. Please add a link from the word "Springwells" to Springwells_Township, i.e. Springwells. 2. A new page should be created for defunct Dearborn Township, probably named Dearborn_Township,_Michigan similar in format to the Greenfield_Township,_Michigan page. 3. At "... the American Revolutionary War.[8] The village of Dearbornville was established in 1836 ...." change to "... the American Revolutionary War.[8] Population growth led to Dearborn Township being formed in 1833 and the village of Dearbornville within it being established in 1836...." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.11.169.223 (talk) 21:05, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

 * ✅ for 1 and 3. To start an article, you can create an account and do it yourself or make a request. -- Irn (talk) 21:18, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

Dearborn Public Library - Arabic names
According to the Arabic Translation of the Code of Conduct WhisperToMe (talk) 16:01, 8 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Dearborn Public Library is written as "مكتبة ديربورن العامّة" - Is the correct way really "المكتبة العامة ديربورن"?
 * Henry Ford Centennial Library is written as "مكتبة هنري فورد في ديربورن"
 * Bryant Library is written as "مكتبة بريانت في ديربورن"
 * Esper Library is written as "مكتبة أسبر في ديربورن"

External links modified
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New Article Section?
After seeing this city prominently displayed in the second episode of Designated Survivor, I was wondering if it would be a good idea to add such a "in popular culture" section. Littledj95 (talk) 04:10, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 12 external links on Dearborn, Michigan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161634/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091014115229/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/mi/ford_1 to http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/mi/ford_1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101207070058/http://www.michigan.gov/mikids/0%2C1607%2C7-163-15858_20583---%2C00.html to http://www.michigan.gov/mikids/0%2C1607%2C7-163-15858_20583---%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070721023200/http://www.dearbornarealiving.com/history.shtml to http://www.dearbornarealiving.com/history.shtml
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100601194007/http://www.aaiusa.org/page/file/f6bf1bfae54f0224af_3dtmvyj4h.pdf/MIdemographics.pdf to http://www.aaiusa.org/page/file/f6bf1bfae54f0224af_3dtmvyj4h.pdf/MIdemographics.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121017043408/http://arbor.edu/Metro-Detroit/Locations/Adult-Professional/Index.aspx to http://www.arbor.edu/Metro-Detroit/Locations/Adult-Professional/Index.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101125213223/http://michiganmessenger.com/39903/dearborn-police-accused-of-violating-first-amendment to http://michiganmessenger.com/39903/dearborn-police-accused-of-violating-first-amendment
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130702110254/http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/story/18461890/jones-released-from-jail-after-paying-peace-bond to http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/story/18461890/jones-released-from-jail-after-paying-peace-bond

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1940 population
The "historical population" box lists Dearborn's 1940 population as 63,589. Is that certainly correct? This data sheet compiled by a project at Stanford University gives the population as 63,584, and agrees exactly with the current "historical population" box for other recent years. 160.79.8.82 (talk) 17:18, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

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Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:53, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
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Arts & Culture Section
I think there are enough Arts / Cultural / Historical places in Dearborn (pretty high per-capita actually!) that we should have an Arts And Culture section like many other city pages do. Would that be OK? Then the list of places could just link to the pages.TAPwiki (talk) 18:21, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dearborn, Michigan


text: User:Free JoeM!

title: User:Free JoeM!


text:
Talk:Greatest Hits (Creed album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Creed Greatest Hits.jpg
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title: Talk:Greatest Hits (Creed album)


text:
Union of the Democratic Centre

Union of the Democratic Centre or Union of the Democratic Center may refer to:

 * Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina), a centrist party in Argentina
 * Union of the Democratic Centre (Greece), a former liberal party in Greece
 * Union of the Democratic Center (Mauritania), a former party in Mauritania
 * Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain), a former centrist party in Spain

title: Union of the Democratic Centre


text:
Talk:Derek Trucks

Beginnings
I have built a Derek Trucks/Temp page with minimal information that I know. Rogerd 01:09, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've added to it. There's more to say about the band, but it's a start. I wrote a published article about the group earlier this year but used no copyrighted material in the stub. -MS [00:33, April 30, 2005 80.165.109.146]

Split article
Would it not be better to have a seperate article for The Derek Trucks Band? And obviously leave this as purely an autobiographical page? Jake 10:07, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Autobiographical? :) I think splitting the article makes sense, but I don't think there's enough info here to make it necessary yet. –Erik Harris 05:41, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Whoops, typo ;) - Jake 81.153.41.175
 * Absolutely, as soon as there's enough material on the page, the band should be split from Derek's page.. wouldn't pass a peer review otherwise! --leahtwosaints (talk) 06:06, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Count M'Butu
Does anyone know when Count M'Butu first joined dTb? The band's website refers to him as "the mysterious sixth member of The Derek Trucks Band for the last six or more years," and mentions that he doesn't always tour with them, but has been doing so more and more frequently. His first album with the band was Joyful Noise, so it must've been some time after April 2000. –Erik Harris 05:41, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

New Guitar Gods
I noticed a comment when editing that an attempt seemed to be made to enter a photo from Rolling Stone Magazine's "Guitar Gods" issue. Why is it not placed here? I quite think that if it's acceptable for the barnstar-ranked John Mayer page, then Derek Trucks has just as much right to a photo of the cover of the magazine as well. And the page can use it, great rationales do exist! --leahtwosaints (talk) 06:13, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Jacobshuf
I added a bunch of meat with regard to the band's history. It's still too short to warrant its own page.

The individual members like Smallie and Kofi don't have pages. Somebody should really write those, there's a lot of information about them online --Jacobshuf (talk) 01:27, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

PHOTOS Ready for Addition!!
I found a Pro-shot of Derek Trucks, Susan Tedeschi and the Derek Trucks Band on Flickr, and contacted the photographer. He uploaded several photos, both of the band as above, and individual photos as well (plus some of the Dixie Chicks) to Wikimedia for our use on these pages-- and specified that they were for our use here! However, I don't know how to make those little information boxes and put pictures in them, or add extras to the articles, so it sure would be nice if someone would do this!! Nearly forgot, here's the link with all the photos. The one I want as the main one for the Derek Trucks page, with the color, showing him using his famous slide on the guitar, is here, the 5th one of the bunch... but all can be used somewhere here!: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Xophersmith --(talk) 00:28, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Regarding the PHOTOS
OK, I placed the photos on the Derek Trucks page, as well as the Susan Tedeschi page too. For some reason, I got problems figuring out how to put the pics in the infoboxes but on Susan's page, I got some help. However, the couple of photos I did not take from Wikimedia for either page, I am saving for the eventual Derek Trucks Band page that must eventually be split from his page and created, so please, do leave them in Wikicommons. **A NOTE HERE; I am getting sick of finding so many pages without photos! It's like everyone is so daggone SCARED or something. I just went out to Flickr, LOOKED HARD for photos that would be nice, and emailed the photographers when they looked like just personal photos. And the people were pleased that we'd WANT them! That's how all the Trucks/Trucks Band and Tedeschi photos all were uploaded to Wikimedia for our use! I might not be real smart when it comes to the wikipedia, but a little elbow grease can go a long way...! --leahtwosaints (talk) 22:47, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Interview
http://onstagemag.com/ar/performance_derek_trucks_takes/index.htm

Someone should use this interview, I don't have the time now but I'll add info from it if nobody else does.

64.252.37.206 (talk) 20:17, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Here's another one:
 * Derek Trucks speaks about the Allman Bros. Band 03/2010

Early music section
I appreciate the effort, but after mentioning Derek's early ties to the musical community, I don't think mentioning his status as the -what?- Great grandnephew of a baseball player is proper in that section. Maybe someplace else in the article..? Anybody else agree, or am I the only editor here? --leahtwosaints (talk) 20:03, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Article reorganization
User:Leahtwosaints asked me to take a look at this article. I found it very difficult to follow, with no chronological flow and some material repeated in multiple places. I decided to be WP:BOLD and reorganize the contents, moving all the career material under one section, arranged into chronological order, and all the musical style material under another section, grouped by topic. I think this way the article makes more sense. It still needs a fair amount of fine-tuning in places, but see what you think about the overall change. Wasted Time R (talk) 12:58, 10 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Well done, and a huge thanks! I think when I've been the only one staring at the text for a year, it's easy to lose perspective. Also, Wasted Time R was one of the first people on the Wikipedia to know what he was doing and I learned a lot just from watching him. (Just a hint, folks!) --Leahtwosaints (talk) 15:27, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Good references for use
PLEASE, LEAVE REFERENCES HERE NOT IN THE EXTERNAL LINKS SECTION! Please use these references. When you have done so, and believe that a reference can not be used further for any reason, just place a line through it like this. Thanks. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 14:03, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Interview: Derek Trucks: At Guitar Center - Influences and Slide http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqgJyjYPpVA -- Derek Trucks' influences and reason why he plays slide, the sound he gets, etc.

Lead Needs a Re-write
Per WP:LEAD the opening section should define the topic and summarize the article and avoid detail. Some of the lead section does this but with a strong fan POV that is non-encylopedic. Items with fan POV or too much detail for the lead are:
 * He is a member of .... his own band.... bears his name. (why not just say the name of the band?) ✅
 * The Wall Street Journal has described him as "the most awe-inspiring electric slide guitar player performing today". (But what do they know? 31.52.54.162 (talk) 17:14, 2 November 2011 (UTC))
 * some of the biggest names in the music scene. He was sitting in with Buddy Guy and an increasing list of other famous musicians,
 * drawing accolades from fans and critics. ✅ (moved down)
 * Trucks has confessed to plans of taking off more than a year; possibly more.
 * filling some engagements to play, albeit at a slower pace, giving them more time together with their children, and Trucks remains busy in their new recording studio at their home in Jacksonville, Florida.
 * Trucks is known best for ..... his stoic focus ..... his reverence for the legacy of roots and blues musicians, as well as his familiarity and integration of a wide variety of musical genres in his music.-- — Keithbob • Talk  • 10:55, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Most points I do agree, though they were the ones I did not write. :) However, I think his standing as a top-notch slide guitar player does merit some attention in the lead. The link with Tedeschi can be rewritten to show the connection with her and the reason he is now in a third band with his wife. When I first wrote the lead, I began to list all the famous musicians he recorded with by age 12, and then trimmed it down to Buddy Guy, but that part I moved down to his early years section. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 00:35, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks everyone for helping to improve the lead. Next step is to expand the lead to SUMMARIZE the main points from the body of the article per WP:LEAD.-- — Keithbob • Talk  • 19:42, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Sound clip left out
Does anyone else think that the sound clip is of such awful quality that it would be better left out? 31.52.54.162 (talk) 17:14, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * yes, absolutely. It is awful quality, and there is no reason to have it. If some one has a better one, that would be great to have.Millertime246 (talk) 17:24, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Images in the article
I rolled back edits from someone with an IP Address here that had removed all the photos from the article with the exception of the infobox, which was changed to a different photo. Photographs on biography pages are my specialty, and I've uploaded all but one photo belonging to Derek Trucks, Susan Tedeschi, their bands and sidemen. Getting photos of Derek performing at age 12 wasn't an easy task! I think they are critcal in showing his development, and his choice of guitars is also noteworthy. His red Gibson SG has been his primary instrument since he began touring at age 11 or so. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 08:55, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Fan POV tag
The article needs some attention to remove fan POV which commonly creeps into articles about musical artists. Naturally people who admire the artist come to help with the article. That's great and kudos to everyone who has helped write the article and provide sources. Now we need to remove the language etc. that make this BLP read like a fan mag article and turn it into an encyclopedic biography. Any and all help is appreciated. Disclaimer: I'm here to help build the article, not tear it down. I'm a fan of Trucks and went to see him and his band numerous times in a small bar in the Florida when Trucks was in his early career. So I'm here hoping to help create an even better biography of his life using Wikipedia's guidelines and standards and who knows maybe we could even get it to GA status. Examples of details that may be really cool to a fan, but are not appropriate to an encyclopedic biography:
 * He quickly adapted to performing with the slide as a slide guitarist, explaining that at first, it was simpler, since the strings did not hurt his fingers as much. He learned to love its emulation of the sound of a human voice, as the early Delta blues singers first would sing and then answer themselves with a close approximation on the slide guitar.
 * by age 12,at age 12,at age 11, Before he had reached his twentieth birthday,
 * whose baseball card has frequently been taped to the back of Derek's guitar and uncle Butch's drum set.
 * quickly adapted to a Gibson SG, which he has used as his primary guitar to the present day.
 * his familial ties to the band help reinforce the notion of family implicit in the group's name.
 * Although Trucks had met and played with a pantheon of rock and blues' elite,
 * Although Trucks was elated, he mentioned some concerns he had regarding his responsibilities with The Allman Brothers Band (Gregg Allman in particular), but his worries were unfounded. Commenting afterward, in 2007, he said, "The Allman Brothers Band has been really great this past year working around Clapton's schedule. I'm really grateful. They understood it was something I couldn't pass up".
 * In another interview, speaking of performing with Clapton, Trucks said, "He asked me that [to tour] out of the blue". I think he was just looking for a new guitar foil to play off," continuing, "I was weaned on Derek and the Dominos [...] I experienced a moment of realization that I was in Clapton's actual band one night during "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad", when I looked over and saw him there playing!"
 * there's more but you get the idea :-) -- — Keithbob • Talk  • 20:02, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Unsourced content may be removed
Per WP:BLP, content that it unsourced maybe challenged by any editor and/or removed. I have flagged a number of sentences with 'citation needed' tags. If sources are not found soon I may remove some or all of those sentences. If anyone would like to help with research, many RS sources can be found here Thanks! -- — Keithbob • Talk  • 19:53, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

 * There is also some questionable "sourced" info - the article says he was born in 1979, but was a founding member of the Allman Brothers...founded in 1969 or so! What? Lhcollins (talk) 02:21, 7 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Nevermind...it was talking about Butch Trucks, his uncle...Lhcollins (talk) 02:24, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Induction into the Lifetime Acheivement Grammy thing-
Yeah. I am in a rush, but all musicians currently in The Allman Brothers Band were entered into the Lifetime Achievement ceremony including Trucks:. Should be put in the text someplace and yes, I know I am not giving the proper name here or whatever, but you get the gist of it if I don't return to it all first. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 15:41, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I added the Grammy Awards that Trucks has won. Agadant (talk) 14:19, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

More about images...
I am not a fan of the current photo in the infobox, but am hesitant to remove it, given this more than half a year I've been hospitalized- (- only this month did I find a way to sneak a little work in a few moments) ! I feel the lead photo should be recent, showing both his face now, and I think showing him playing his trademark Gibson SG unless he suddenly took a left turn down some road from his no. #1 axe while I was comatose. How do others feel about this? I can obtain such a pic, if needed. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 02:40, 16 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Derek Trucks


text:
User talk:Dex9001

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Postdlf 01:09, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Grow up or go elsewhere. If you keep on posting the same crap, I will permanently ban you from this site. And learn how to spell "definition". Postdlf 01:20, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dex9001


text:
Richard King (entrepreneur)

Richard King (July 10, 1824 – April 14, 1885) was a riverboat captain, Confederate, entrepreneur, and most notably, the founder of the King Ranch in South Texas, which at the time of his death in 1885 encompassed over 825,000 acre.

Early years
Born in New York City on July 10, 1824 into a poor Irish family, King was indentured as an apprentice to a jeweler in Manhattan at the age of 9. In 1835, he ran away from his indenture, stowing away on a ship bound for Mobile, Alabama. Upon discovery, he was adopted into the crew and trained in navigation, becoming a steamboat pilot by the age of sixteen. While serving in the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842, he met Mifflin Kenedy, who would later become his partner. From 1842 to 1847, King would operate steamboats on the Apalachicola and Chattahoochee rivers, in Florida and Georgia.

Riverboating
During the Mexican-American War, King's friend and subsequent ranching and steam boating partner, Mifflin Kenedy, enlisted as ship master. Having run men and supplies to the United States Army along the Rio Grande. Kenedy convinced King in 1846 to join the war effort along the Rio Grande, where King worked on the transport Colonel Cross, ferrying army supplies between Reynosa, Camargo, and Matamoros. In 1850, following the war, King, Kenedy and two other partners formed the M. Kenedy and Company steamboat firm, renamed in 1866 to King, Kenedy and Company when the two other partners were bought out. This firm achieved "nearly monopolistic" control on the Rio Grande for most of the years between 1850 and 1874, when the partnership was dissolved.

American Civil War
In addition to selling cattle to the Confederacy for food, King was active in the Cotton Road trade route during the Civil War which sold Confederate cotton through Mexico. King profited from both cotton road caravans stopping in King Ranch for supplies, and from steamboats operating under Mexican registry transporting cotton to Mexico and returning to Texas with military supplies.

An entry in James Marten's book Slaves and Rebels: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1861-1865, confirms there were slaves on the King Ranch noting that "When Union troops invaded South Texas and tried to entice slaves away from the King Ranch, a Houston newspaper proudly reported, they "remained with their mistress ... proving true to the last."

When the Union army invaded Texas to stop the Cotton Road trade, King participated in shifting the Cotton Road to Laredo. After the Battle of Brownsville, King Ranch was attacked by Union troops Christmastime 1863 by 80 men led by Captain James Speed. King was warned and fled the ranch house, leaving his family under the care of ranch hand Francisco Alvarado. When troops fired on the house, Alvarado was killed attempting to warn the soldiers that there were women and children inside. The troops searched the property for King, vandalized the house and took the ranch hands as prisoners.

King continued to work the cotton trade throughout the war, and stayed in Matamoros, Mexico waiting to see if his request for amnesty from the President was approved. He acquired letters of amnesty and returned to Texas July 14, 1865.

Founding the King Ranch
As soon as King had arrived in Texas, he began speculating in land, beginning with lots in Brownsville, Texas and Cameron County, Texas, and continued investing the large profits from the riverboat firm. In 1852, King purchased a false title to the southern half of Padre Island. That same year, he traveled overland from Brownsville to Corpus Christi, and became fascinated with the grasslands along Santa Gertrudis Creek in the "Nueces Strip" (the land between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande). In 1853 and 1854 King began land acquisitions in the region of the creek, purchasing valid titles to two ranches of a combined 68500 acre, forming the nucleus of the King Ranch. He continued acquiring land until his death in 1885, when the ranch had 614000 acre.

Death
In 1885, in obvious poor health, King traveled to San Antonio to see his doctor. He died of stomach cancer on April 14, at the Menger Hotel.

Legacy
The King Ranch continues to be a dominant economic force in the region. The town of Kingsville, Texas is named for King. Corpus Christi has a high school named for King. In 1959, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

title: Richard King (entrepreneur)


text: User:Free JoeM!!

title: User:Free JoeM!!


text:
Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh

Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh (born February 5, 1938) is a Cameroonian politician and diplomat. He was the Minister of External Relations of Cameroon from 1988 to 1992 and the head of United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).

Early life and career
Booh-Booh was born in Manak, Cameroon. Working at the Ministry of External Relations, he was Head of the Department of African Affairs, Director for Asia and Africa, Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations, and Ambassador to Morocco, Greece and UNESCO. He was Cameroon's Ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1981 to 1983 and its Ambassador to France from 1983 until he was named Minister of External Relations on May 16, 1988. He also wrote a book, published in Paris in 1982, called The Decolonization of Namibia: a Usurped Mandate.

He has four children and one grandson.

Rwandan Genocide
Booh-Booh's role in Rwanda has been the subject of harsh criticism, primarily by Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire and his supporters, contending that he played an instrumental role in forestalling any UN military preventive action against the Rwandan genocide that appeared imminent in the country in mid-1994. For his part, in his 2005 book Le Patron de Dallaire Parle (Dallaire's Boss Speaks) Booh-Booh strongly criticized the account and actions of Dallaire, who was the commander of the UNAMIR forces on the ground in 1994.

In 1993, Booh-Booh was head of mission of a small force of UNAMIR military personnel (approximately 2,548) that was dispatched by the United Nations to Rwanda, in an effort to aid in the implementation of the Arusha Accords and to keep the peace between Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups. According to Dallaire's autobiography, Shake Hands With the Devil, Dallaire had been given warnings from a reliable government source of an impending extermination campaign by Hutu extremists against the country's Tutsi minority and moderate Hutus. He passed this information along to the UN's headquarters in New York and reported his intent to inspect alleged arms caches. He was ordered not to intervene, and his later requests to increase the UNAMIR force by 5,000 peace-keeping soldiers were also denied.

Shortly before President Juvénal Habyarimana's assassination, Booh-Booh was also criticized for spending Easter weekend 1994 with Habyarimana, raising questions about the SRSG's impartiality. While Booh-Booh claimed this was purely for fact-finding purposes, the Rwandese Patriotic Front filed a formal complaint regarding Booh-Booh's neutrality. This further worsened the RPF's confidence in UNAMIR.

The United Nations, restrained by the political interests of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and reluctance of the international community, remained passive before and throughout the predicted genocide of some 800,000 (some sources estimate one million) people that took place from April to July 1994, finally ending around the time the predominantly Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front took the nation's capital, Kigali, on July 18, 1994. As the genocide was occurring, the UNAMIR peace-keeping force was reduced from over 2,500 to a mere 270 soldiers. Booh-Booh was replaced as Special Representative on 1 July 1994 by Shahryar Khan of Pakistan.

title: Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh