text:
Jimmy Greenhoff

James Greenhoff (born 19 June 1946) is an English former footballer. He was a skilful forward but, although capped five times at under-23 level (being on one of those occasions an over-age player), he never played for the full side and is labelled as the finest English player never to play for England. He made nearly 600 appearances in league football. His younger brother Brian was also a professional footballer.

Greenhoff began his career at Leeds United in 1963, at the time that the club sought promotion from the Second Division in 1963–64; Leeds went on to be First Division runners-up in 1964–65 and 1965–66. He also played in the 1967 and 1968 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals. He won both the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and League Cup in 1968 before he was sold to Birmingham City. In 1969, he made a £100,000 move to Stoke City. He won the League Cup with Stoke in 1972 and also lifted the Watney Cup in 1973. He was moved on to Manchester United in 1976 and lifted both the FA Cup and Charity Shield in 1977. He was switched to Crewe Alexandra in December 1980 before joining Port Vale via Toronto Blizzard in August 1981. He was appointed player-manager at Rochdale in March 1983 before he resigned in March 1984.

Leeds United
Greenhoff was born in Barnsley. He started his career as an apprentice with Leeds United in June 1961, having impressed in the centre-half position for Barnsley Schoolboys. He was coached by Syd Owen. He turned professional at the club in August 1963, and made his senior debut as a sixteen-year-old. Leeds finished the 1963–64 season as champions of the Second Division under Don Revie's stewardship. The "Peacocks" then went on to finish 1964–65 as First Division runners-up, with champions and hated rivals Manchester United finishing above them on goal average. Leeds again finished second in 1965–66, six points behind champions Liverpool; however, Greenhoff missed much of the season with an ankle injury and a head injury sustained from a car crash. They then finished fourth in 1966–67, five points off the summit; Revie began to convert Greenhoff from a winger into a centre-forward. He turned out against Dinamo Zagreb at Elland Road in the second leg of the 1967 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final, a goalless draw, Leeds lost the tie 2–0 on aggregate.

Once again, they finished fourth in the First Division in 1967–68, five points behind champions Manchester City. Greenhoff played 37 games, including a memorable 7–0 victory over rivals Chelsea on 7 October. He went on to appear in the League Cup final in 1968 after recovering from a knee injury; United beat Arsenal 1–0 thanks to a 20 yd strike from Terry Cooper. Greenhoff went on to score four of Leeds' nineteen goals past minnows CA Spora Luxembourg in the 1967–68 instalment of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. He also appeared as a half-time substitute in the first leg of the final, a 1–0 home win over Ferencvárosi TC, which was enough to secure Leeds the trophy after a goalless draw in Budapest. Greenhoff played a total of 136 games for Leeds in league and cup, scoring 36 goals.

Birmingham City
He was bought by Birmingham City manager Stan Cullis in August 1968, who paid the Yorkshire club a £70,000 fee. The transfer came as a surprise to many Leeds fans. Greenhoff made a huge impact at Birmingham, scoring fifteen goals in 36 games (in all competitions) as the "Blues" finished 1968–69 seventh in the Second Division. During the campaign he scored four goals in a 5–4 win over Fulham at St Andrew's on 5 October. Despite this, Cullis told him he was not scoring enough goals.

Stoke City
In August 1969, he left Birmingham for Tony Waddington's Stoke City in a deal worth £100,000, which was a club record for Stoke. He made the switch despite late interest from Everton. He hit nine goals in 37 games in 1969–70, a tally beaten by strike partners Harry Burrows and John Ritchie. He slotted in seamlessly in the team, connecting Ritchie with the midfield by feeding off Ritchie's knock-downs and bringing the wide players into the game. In 1970–71 he hit ten goals in 43 games, appearing in Stoke's FA Cup semi-final defeat to eventual winners Arsenal. He missed an easy chance that would have put Stoke 3–0 ahead, and in an interview in 2011 he said the miss "still gets to me".

He played for the "Potters" at Wembley against Chelsea in the 1972 Football League Cup final, which ended in a 2–1 win for Stoke – the only major trophy in the club's history. He also helped the club to the FA Cup semi-finals in 1972, his goal at Old Trafford cancelling out George Best's effort and earning Stoke a replay, which they won. The win over Manchester United left Stoke again facing Arsenal in the semi-finals. A 1–1 draw at Villa Park led to a replay at Goodison Park; Greenhoff scored for City in the replay, but Arsenal won the game 2–1 after John Radford scored from a clear offside position. Former club Leeds beat the "Gunners" in the final. He played 54 games in 1971–72, scoring sixteen goals, two fewer than John Ritchie.

He scored twenty goals in 46 appearances in 1972–73, making him the club's top-scorer. These goals included a hat-trick at home to Manchester City on 23 September and a brace against City at Maine Road in a 3–2 defeat in the FA Cup. He hit ten goals in 44 games in 1973–74, not including his brace against Hull City in the final of the Watney Cup at the Victoria Ground. Greenhoff then began to play to the best of his abilities with the arrival of Alan Hudson. He scored fifteen goals in 47 games in 1974–75, making him the club's top-scorer for a second time after he outscored Terry Conroy and Geoff Hurst by two and four goals respectively. A volley against former club Birmingham in December 1974 was voted ITV's goal of the season. He hit thirteen goals in 46 games in 1975–76, making him the club's joint-top scorer along with Ian Moores. England manager Don Revie picked Greenhoff to play against Wales in March 1976, but he was unable to play due to it clashing with a league fixture and never got another chance at international level.

After three goals in sixteen games in 1976–77, he was sold to Tommy Docherty's Manchester United in November 1976 for £120,000; with Stoke needing the money to pay a bill for £250,000 to repair the Victoria Ground following a powerful wind-storm. Though Docherty intended him to play alongside Stuart Pearson, the move also meant that he would play alongside his brother, Brian Greenhoff. He scored 97 goals for Stoke in 338 league and cup starts, putting him ninth in the club's overall goalscoring charts. A legend at the club, many Stoke fans consider him to be the greatest England player never to win a senior cap.

Manchester United
He scored twelve goals in 34 games for United in 1976–77, bagging a hat-trick against Newcastle United on 19 February. However, he greatest contribution would be in the FA Cup. He scored both United's goals in a 2–1 win over Southampton in a Fifth round replay before he put the "Red Devils" into the final by scoring past former club Leeds in a 2–1 semi-final victory at Hillsborough. He then went on to score the winner in the final after getting in the way of Lou Macari's wayward shot; in doing so he denied opponents and bitter rivals Liverpool the treble.

He appeared in the 1977 FA Charity Shield, which ended as a goalless draw, leaving Manchester United and Liverpool to share the shield. Greenhoff finished the 1977–78 campaign with six goals in 28 games. He finished 1978–79 as the club's top-scorer with seventeen goals, and supporters voted him Player of the Year. He also played in the 1979 FA Cup final, which Arsenal won 3–2 thanks to a last-minute Alan Sunderland goal. Though this was as close as manager Dave Sexton would come to a major honour as United boss, Sexton did sign Joe Jordan, who would form a successful partnership with Greenhoff. United finished second in 1979–80, two points behind Liverpool, as Greenhoff was limited to just five games due to injury. He played twelve games in 1980–81.

Later career
He was allowed to join Crewe Alexandra in December 1980. Greenhoff had scored a total of 36 goals in 123 appearances (including four substitute appearances) for Manchester United. He was reunited with former boss Tony Waddington, and though Crewe were a struggling Fourth Division side, Greenhoff managed four goals in eleven league games. He moved to North American Soccer League side Toronto Blizzard in March 1981, then led by Keith Eddy. The "Blizzard" were a poor side and finished bottom of their division, despite Greenhoff scoring six goals in 24 games.

He returned to Stoke-on-Trent to sign a two-year contract with Port Vale in August 1981. He played 38 games in 1981–82, but scored just three goals for the Fourth Division side as manager John McGrath played him out of position on the left. Greenhoff struck twice in seventeen games in 1982–83. Notably, on 6 November, local paper The Sentinel reported a "Heavy defeat for Port Vale" after Vale were 3–0 down to Rochdale at Spotland at half-time, only for Greenhoff to inspire a fightback for the "Valiants", and help the club to a 3–3 draw. On 3 January, he scored a volley from 30 yd out in a 2–1 win over York City at Vale Park.

He joined Rochdale in March 1983, where he was appointed player-manager. He played seventeen games for the "Dale" but did not find the net. Under his management, the club avoided the re-election zone in 1982–83 but again struggled in 1983–84, and he left the club in March 1984, later returning to Vale Park for a brief spell as a coach and assistant manager under John Rudge.

Style of play
Greenhoff could play with both feet and was known for his dangerous runs into the opposition penalty area. He was a talented and skilful player who had great positional strength and a tremendous volley. He liked to play "no-look" passes.

Post-retirement
Greenhoff suffered a financial crisis following a failed insurance venture and took up work in a warehouse. The crisis came about after discovering that his friend and business partner of nine years had been conning him out of large sums of money.

Playing statistics
Source:

Honours
Leeds United
 * Football League Cup: 1967–68
 * Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1967–68

Stoke City
 * Football League Cup: 1971–72
 * Watney Cup: 1973

Manchester United
 * FA Cup: 1976–77
 * FA Charity Shield: 1977 (shared)

title: Jimmy Greenhoff


text:
Mikey Whipwreck

John Michael Watson (born June 4, 1973), better known by his ring name Mikey Whipwreck, is an American semi-retired professional wrestler working for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a trainer, and global ambassador. He is best known for his career with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), where he was an ECW Triple Crown Champion. Whipwreck is a former world champion, winning the ECW World Heavyweight Championship once. He also became a two-time World Television Champion and a three-time World Tag Team Champion in ECW.

Watson began his professional wrestling career in ECW in 1994 and received the push of an underdog, who quickly captured the Television Championship, his first title in the company. He would later form an on-and-off partnership with Cactus Jack, with whom he held the World Tag Team Championship twice between 1994 and 1996. A year later, Whipwreck captured the World Heavyweight Championship at age 22 and became the youngest ECW World Heavyweight Champion. He would compete as a mid-carder in the company before leaving in 1998 but returned to the company in late 1999 after a short stint with World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Shortly after his return, Whipwreck aligned with The Sinister Minister and formed a tag team with Yoshihiro Tajiri called The Unholy Alliance and won his third World Tag Team Championship with Tajiri. The team existed until ECW's closure in 2001.

Training and debut (1993–1994)
Before becoming a professional wrestler, Watson joined Eastern Championship Wrestling (ECW) as a part of their ring crew, who would usually work for free as long as they could have fun in the ring themselves before and after shows had finished. Joey Styles suggested to ECW booker Paul Heyman to check him after watching Watson practice a variety of aerial maneuvers before a live show began. He was hired in ECW after being asked by Heyman to wrestle in the company. Watson was trained by future tag team partner Cactus Jack and made his debut under the ring name "Mikey Whipwreck" on the February 1, 1994 episode of NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling, where he teamed with Keith Shearer in a tag team match against Kevin Sullivan and The Tazmaniac. Whipwreck continued to make appearances as an enhancement talent for the next three months on Eastern Championship Wrestling.

Championship reigns (1994–1996)
On the May 17 episode of Eastern Championship Wrestling, Whipwreck defeated The Pitbull to win the World Television Championship, his first title in ECW. Whipwreck was heavily pushed upon his debut as a fan favorite underdog character. He made his first televised title defense against Kevin Sullivan on the May 24 episode of Eastern Championship Wrestling, where Whipwreck won by disqualification. He made a successful title defense against 911 by disqualification at When Worlds Collide. Whipwreck soon entered a feud with Jason after Jason interfered in Whipwreck's title defenses against Rockin' Rebel at Hostile City Showdown and Chad Austin at Heat Wave and assaulted him during his matches. Whipwreck dropped the World Television Championship to Jason in a no disqualification match at the Hardcore Heaven event on August 13 when The Pitbulls attacked Whipwreck.

Two weeks later, at the NWA World Title Tournament, Whipwreck substituted for Terry Funk and won the World Tag Team Championship with Cactus Jack by defeating The Public Enemy (Johnny Grunge and Rocco Rock). The duo held the titles until November to Remember, where they lost the titles back to Public Enemy. Whipwreck closed the year with a win over Don E. Allen at Holiday Hell in December. He was named the Rookie of the Year by Wrestling Observer Newsletter in 1994. Whipwreck continued his rivalry with Jason in early 1995 and formed a tag team with Hack Meyers. Whipwreck and Meyers lost to Jason and Paul Lauria in a tag team match at Return of the Funker on February 25. The duo soon began a feud with Raven's Nest after Whipwreck defeated Stevie Richards at Hostile City Showdown. Whipwreck joined forces with Raven's Nest rival Tommy Dreamer to take on Raven and Stevie Richards in a tag team match at Enter the Sandman, which Whipwreck's team lost.

Whipwreck began to ascend the ranks, while also expanding his moveset in the meantime. He received his first major main event push on the August 1 episode of Hardcore TV when he won a battle royal by lastly eliminating Marty Jannetty to become the #1 contender for the World Heavyweight Championship. Later that night, he was unsuccessful in his title shot against The Sandman. Whipwreck began feuding with Sandman over the title. He defeated Sandman in a Singapore cane match at Wrestlepalooza. At Gangstas Paradise, Whipwreck teamed with Public Enemy against Sandman, New Jack and 2 Cold Scorpio in a Gangstas Paradise match, which Whipwreck's team won. On the October 31 episode of Hardcore TV, Whipwreck defeated Sandman in a ladder match to win the World Heavyweight Championship, becoming the youngest world champion in professional wrestling history and a Triple Crown Champion in ECW. Whipwreck successfully defended the title against Steve Austin at November to Remember. At December to Dismember on December 9, Whipwreck defended the title against Sandman and Austin in a three-way dance, where Whipwreck was the first to be eliminated by Austin. Sandman won the title.

Watson continued his championship success at Holiday Hell 1995 on December 29, when he defeated 2 Cold Scorpio in a Winner Takes All match to win Scorpio's World Television Championship and the World Tag Team Championship (which Scorpio held with Sandman), with assistance by former tag team partner Cactus Jack, who delivered a double underhook DDT to Scorpio and put Whipwreck on top of him for the pinfall. Whipwreck was dissatisfied with the title win but Jack chose himself as Whipwreck's other half of the World Tag Team Champions. Whipwreck lost the World Television Championship back to Scorpio at House Party on January 5, 1996, after interference by Raven.

Whipwreck and Cactus were unable to maintain a successful partnership due to Cactus's dirty tactics. The duo dropped the World Tag Team Championship to The Eliminators (Perry Saturn and John Kronus) in February 1996 at Big Apple Blizzard Blast. After the match, Cactus turned on Whipwreck with the aid of Raven and Whipwreck began feuding with Cactus. At CyberSlam, Whipwreck cost Cactus, a match against Shane Douglas, setting a match between the former tag team partners at Big Ass Extreme Bash, which would turn out to be Cactus' farewell match in the company. Whipwreck was defeated following several chair shots and a piledriver.

Various feuds (1996–1998)
At CyberSlam, Whipwreck began a new angle with Taz by picking up a fight with him after Taz continued to assault his defeated opponent Joel Hartgood after the match, but Whipwreck was taken down with a Tazmission. Whipwreck lost to Taz in a series of matches including one at Big Ass Extreme Bash on March 8. At Heat Wave, Whipwreck attempted to regain the ECW World Tag Team Championship from The Eliminators with Sabu as his partner but failed to win the titles. He captured the European Wrestling Association (EWA) European Junior Heavyweight Championship on August 2 by defeating The Dirt Bike Kid and appeared with the belt on ECW television until losing it to Sabu in London, England in December. Whipwreck appeared on the February 24, 1997 episode of Monday Night Raw, taking place at ECW's home arena Manhattan Center where he lost to Taz as part of an angle between ECW and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). This would be his only WWE match.

He took a hiatus from ECW for the next few months until returning to television on the May 29 episode of Hardcore TV, where he and Spike Dudley lost to Big Dick Dudley and D-Von Dudley. Whipwreck and Dudley began teaming together and got involved in a feud with PG-13. Whipwreck and Dudley lost to PG-13 at Orgy of Violence but defeated PG-13 and Whipwreck's longtime rival Jason in a handicap match at July's Heat Wave pay-per-view.

Whipwreck was next placed in a rivalry with the undefeated newcomer Justin Credible, who was being managed by Jason. Whipwreck faced Credible in a match at November to Remember, which Whipwreck won by pinning him after a Whipper-Snapper, ending Credible's televised winning streak. Whipwreck disappeared from television and returned at the Living Dangerously pay-per-view on March 1, 1998, where he helped Tommy Dreamer in beating Credible. Whipwreck lost to Credible in a rematch at May's Wrestlepalooza. He competed against Rob Van Dam for the ECW World Television Championship at It Ain't Seinfeld, where the match ended in a no contest after Sabu interfered and attacked Van Dam. Whipwreck would then compete against Sabu in a series of matches throughout the year. His last rivalry in the company was against Jerry Lynn. He defeated Lynn in the opening match of UltraClash on September 19. His last televised match in ECW was a loss to Lynn on the December 17 episode of Hardcore TV.

World Championship Wrestling (1999)
Watson left ECW for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in late 1998. He made his surprise WCW debut at the Uncensored pay-per-view in March 1999, unsuccessfully challenging Billy Kidman for the WCW Cruiserweight Championship. He made only three more pay-per-view appearances. He would lose to Scotty Riggs at Spring Stampede and Van Hammer at The Great American Bash. His final WCW pay-per-view match was a Junkyard Invitational at Bash at the Beach. He left WCW after several months, disillusioned by his lack of a push. While in WCW, he generally wrestled in the cruiserweight division or competed against fellow ECW alumni in the hardcore division, which made him have second thoughts about staying in WCW. His last match was a draw against Chase Tatum on the August 23 episode of Monday Nitro.

Return to Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999–2001)
Watson returned to the ECW in October 1999 at Re-enter the Sandman (televised on the October 31 episode of ECW Hardcore TV). He was brought back to the company by Lou E. Dangerously and faced Mike Awesome for the World Heavyweight Championship but lost. Whipwreck unsuccessfully challenged Rob Van Dam for the ECW World Television Championship on the December 26 Hardcore TV. In 2000, Whipwreck faced C. W. Anderson in a losing effort at Guilty as Charged.

Whipwreck competed as a mid-carder, aligning himself with the Sinister Minister, during which his character was changed from a lovable loser to a pyromaniac. During this time, he began competing against lighter wrestlers in the cruiserweight division. He competed in elimination matches at May's Hardcore Heaven and July's Heat Wave pay-per-views. During this time, he frequently feuded with Little Guido and joined forces with Yoshihiro Tajiri. Whipwreck and Tajiri formed a tag team called the Unholy Alliance.

In August 2000 at Midtown Massacre, the Unholy Alliance won a one-night tag team tournament for the vacant ECW World Tag Team Championship. They defeated Full Blooded Italians (Little Guido and Tony Mamaluke) in the quarter-final round, E. Z. Money and Julio Dinero in the semi-final round and the teams of Jerry Lynn and Tommy Dreamer and Simon Diamond and Johnny Swinger in the final round, a three-way dance to win the vacant titles. Unholy Alliance dropped the belts to the Full Blooded Italians on the September 8 episode of ECW on TNN. The Unholy Alliance unsuccessfully challenged the Full Blooded Italians for the tag titles at Anarchy Rulz. The duo got another opportunity for the titles at November to Remember, where Whipwreck was injured in the match and was replaced by Super Crazy.

This marked the beginning of a brief alliance between Super Crazy and the Unholy Alliance, which ended after the trio lost to Hot Commodity (E. Z. Money, Julio Dinero, and Chris Hamrick) in a six-man tag team match on the November 19 episode of Hardcore TV. Unholy Alliance turned on Crazy when Whipwreck helped Tajiri defeat Crazy in a match by delivering a Whipper-Snapper to Crazy, allowing Tajiri to get the win. The duo became villains in the process. The Unholy Alliance began feuding with Crazy and the duo defeated Crazy and his partner Kid Kash in a tag team match at Massacre on 34th Street. The Unholy Alliance defeated Crazy and Kash and Full Blooded Italians in a three-way dance at ECW's final pay-per-view Guilty as Charged on January 7, 2001. This was Whipwreck's final match in ECW as the company folded down due to bankruptcy shortly after holding its final event on January 13, 2001.

Late career (2001–2020)
In early 2001, Whipwreck announced his intention to retire in May 2002 if he was not hired by the World Wrestling Federation or BRC in the interim, expressing an interest in pursuing a career in pyrotechnics. By June 11 he had decided to retire by September of that year, as his wrestling style had begun resulting in several nagging injuries, including two herniated discs, damaged knees, a damaged right shoulder, and a jaw cracked to the point of not even being able to eat hard food. In tribute to Whipwreck, Border City Wrestling hosted "The Mikey Whipwreck Retirement Bash" on August 29, 2001, at the Cicciaro Club in Windsor, Ontario and featured several prominent ECW performers, such as Tommy Dreamer and Sabu. Whipwreck wrestled his American retirement match on October 20, 2001, defeating Little Guido.

Whipwreck broke his retirement before long, returning in 2003. He wrestled in several different promotions, such as Ring of Honor, where he would often team with or against some of the wrestlers he has trained. He also made a one-time appearance in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where he teamed with The Sandman at one of TNA's weekly pay-per-views against The Gathering (CM Punk and Julio Dinero) in a losing effort. He later appeared at Hardcore Homecoming, an ECW reunion tour organized by fellow ECW alum Shane Douglas, in mid-2005. On the Extreme Reunion portion of the tour, he teamed with Chris Chetti to defeat Simon Diamond and C. W. Anderson on June 10. Two days later at the first-ever ECW One Night Stand, Whipwreck, Yoshihiro Tajiri and The Sinister Minister reunited for one night only as Whipwreck and The Minister stood in Tajiri's corner during his three-way dance against Little Guido and Super Crazy.

During April 2006, Whipwreck worked as an agent for Liberty States Wrestling. At the second ECW One Night Stand pay-per-view on June 11, 2006, Whipwreck was seen on camera celebrating with other ECW wrestlers after Rob Van Dam won the WWE Championship.

On February 21, 2008, in his final New England wrestling appearance, Whipwreck was set to team with The Blue Meanie to challenge for the NECW Tag Team Championship at New England Championship Wrestling's Genesis 8 event in Quincy, Massachusetts, but due to car troubles, Whipwreck was unable to attend the event, causing The Blue Meanie to pick a replacement.

On September 11, 2010, Whipwreck and Scyther defeated Big Time Rush (Tony Burma and Ryan Rush) to win the New York Wrestling Connection Tag Team Championship.

On May 24, 2012, Whipwreck made his debut for his former partner, Tajiri's new Wrestling New Classic (WNC) promotion in Tokyo. He teamed with Tajiri in a tag team hardcore match, where they defeated Jado & Gedo. Two days later, Whipwreck and Tajiri defeated Yo-Hey and Yusuke Kodama in another tag team hardcore match in Osaka. Whipwreck's tour of WNC concluded on May 27, when he, Tajiri and Kana were defeated in a six-person main event by Akira, Dave Finlay and Syuri. Whipwreck returned to WNC on August 30, when he, Kana and Tajiri were defeated in a Barbed Wire Board Deathmatch by Akira, StarBuck and Syuri, with Akira pinning Whipwreck for the win. Whipwreck, Kana, and Tajiri were also defeated in a rematch the following day in Osaka. On September 1, in the third and final Barbed Wire Board Deathmatch between the two teams, Whipwreck pinned StarBuck to win the match for his team.

On March 12, 2015, Watson announced his intention to "let Mikey Whipwreck fade into the past".

On September 14, 2015, it was announced that Mikey Whipwreck would be a playable character in the WWE 2K16 video game.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Border City Wrestling
 * BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Eastern Championship Wrestling / Extreme Championship Wrestling
 * ECW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * ECW World Television Championship (2 times)
 * ECW World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Cactus Jack (2) and Yoshihiro Tajiri (1)
 * Tampa Bay Brawl (1995)
 * Triple Crown Champion
 * European Wrestling Association
 * EWA European Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Hardcore Wrestling Alliance
 * HWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Quest For The Best Tournament (1999)
 * Hardcore Rumble (2000)
 * Impact Championship Wrestling
 * ICW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Jersey All Pro Wrestling
 * JAPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with JT Jobber
 * Maryland Championship Wrestling
 * MCW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * Match of the Year (2000)
 *  New York Wrestling Connection
 * NYWC Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * NYWC Tag Team Championship (6 times, current) - with JT Kasin (1, current), Wayne (1), Scyther (1), Rex Lawless (1), and Stockade (2)
 * NYWC Hall of Fame (Class of 2016)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 146 of the top 500 wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 1996
 * Ranked No. 459 of the top 500 greatest wrestlers in the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * USA Pro Wrestling
 * USA Pro Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Wayne
 *  World Xtreme Wrestling
 * WOW Magazine Championship (1 time)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Rookie of the Year (1994)
 * Xtreme Wrestling Coalition
 * XWC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * XWC Heavyweight Title Tournament (2001)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mikey Whipwreck


text:
Jamgon Kongtrul

Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé (, 1813–1899), also known as Jamgön Kongtrül the Great, was a Tibetan Buddhist scholar, poet, artist, physician, tertön and polymath. He is credited as one of the founders of the Rimé movement (non-sectarian), compiling what is known as the "Five Great Treasuries". He achieved great renown as a scholar and writer, especially among the Nyingma and Kagyu lineages and composed over 90 volumes of Buddhist writing, including his magnum opus, The Treasury of Knowledge.

Overview
Kongtrül was born in Rongyab (rong rgyab), Kham, then part of the Derge Kingdom. He was first tonsured at a Bon monastery, and then at 20 became a monk at Shechen, a major Nyingma monastery in the region, later moving on to the Kagyu Palpung monastery in 1833 under the Ninth Tai Situ, Pema Nyinje Wangpo (1775-1853). He studied many fields at Palpung, including Buddhist philosophy, tantra, medicine, architecture, poetics and Sanskrit. By thirty he had received teachings and empowerments from more than sixty masters from the different schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Kongtrül studied and practiced mainly in the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions, including Mahamudra and Dzogchen, but also studied and taught Jonang Kalachakra. He also went on tour with the fourteenth Karmapa and taught him Sanskrit. He became an influential figure in Kham and eastern Tibet, in matters of religion as well as in secular administration and diplomacy. He was influential in saving Palpung monastery when an army from the Tibetan government of Central Tibet occupied Kham in 1865.

Kongtrül was affected by the political and inter-religious conflict going on in Tibet during his life and worked together with other influential figures, mainly Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820–1892) and also with the Nyingma treasure revealer Chogyur Lingpa (1829–1870) and Ju Mipham Gyatso (1846–1912). Kongtrül and his colleagues worked together to compile, exchange and revive the teachings of the Sakya, Kagyu and Nyingma, including many near-extinct teachings. This movement came to be named Rimé (Ris med), “nonsectarian,” or “impartial,” because it held that there was value in all Buddhist traditions, and all were worthy of study and preservation. According to Sam van Schaik, without this collecting and printing of rare works, the later suppression of Buddhism by the Communists would have been much more final.

Jamgon Kongtrül's personal hermitage was Kunzang Dechen Osel Ling (kun bzang bde chen 'od gsal gling), "the Garden of Auspicious Bliss and Clear Light", and was built on a rocky outcrop above Palpung monastery. It became an important center for the practice of three year retreats. This is also where he composed most of his major works. Kongtrül's works, especially his 10 volume  The Treasury of Knowledge. has been very influential, especially in the Kagyu and Nyingma schools.

Philosophy
Besides promoting a general inclusiveness and non-sectarian attitude towards all the different Buddhist lineages and schools, Kongtrül was known to promote a shentong view of emptiness as the highest view.

His view of Prasangika Madhyamaka is outlined in the following verse from the Treasury of Knowledge:

"Conceptual imputations are abandoned; all things are merely designations. Compounded phenomena are deceptive; nirvana is not deceptive. The root of samsara is clinging to true existence, which generates the obscuration of the afflictive emotions. Since the first three yanas have the same way of seeing reality, there is only one path of seeing. All phenomena dissolve such that ones enlightenment only appears for the perception of others."

According to Kongtrül, the difference between prasangika and svatantrika Madhyamaka is:

"These schools differ in the way the ultimate view is generated in one's being. There is no difference in what they assert the ultimate nature to be. All the great scholars who are unbiased say that both of these schools are authentic Madhyamaka."

Kongtrül also held that "Shentong Madhyamaka" was a valid form of Madhyamaka, which was also based on the Buddha nature teachings of the third turning and Nagarjuna's "Collection of Praises". For him, this Shentong Madhyamaka is the view which holds that the Ultimate truth, the "primordial wisdom nature, the dharmata":

"ways exists in its own nature and never changes, so it is never empty of its own nature and it is there all the time."

However, he makes it clear that "The Shentong view is free of the fault of saying that the ultimate is an entity." Furthermore, Kongtrül states:

"The ultimate truth is the primordial wisdom of emptiness free of elaborations. Primordial wisdom is there in its very nature and is present within the impure, mistaken consciousness. Even while consciousness is temporarily stained, it remains in the wisdom nature. The defilements are separable and can be abandoned because they are not the true nature. Therefore, the ultimate truth is also free of the two extremes of nihilism and eternalism. Since emptiness is truly established, then the extreme of nihilism is avoided; and since all phenomena and concepts of subject-object grasping do not truly exist, then the extreme of eternalism is avoided."

Finally, on the difference between Rangtong and Shentong, Kongtrül writes in the Treasury of Knowledge:

"For both Rangtong and Shentong the relative level is empty, and in meditation, all fabricated extremes have ceased. However, they differ in their terminology about whether dharmata is there or not there in post-meditation, and in the ultimate analysis, whether primordial wisdom is truly established or not. Shentong says that if the ultimate truth had no established nature and was a mere absolute negation, then it would be a vacuous nothingness. Instead, the ultimate is nondual, self-aware primordial wisdom. Shentong presents a profound view which joins the sutras and tantras."

Tulkus
There have been several recognized tulkus (incarnations) of Lodro Thaye.

2nd Jamgon Kongtrul (1902–1952)
The biography of Khakyab Dorje, 15th Karmapa Lama mentions he had a vision in which he saw 25 simultaneous emanations of the master Jamgön Kongtrül. Preeminent among these was Karsé Kongtrül (, 1904–10 May 1952). Karsé Kongtrül was born as the son of the 15th Karmapa: Karsé means "son of the Karmapa". His formal religious name was as Jamyang Khyentsé Özer.

Karsé Kongtrül was identified and enthroned by his father at age twelve in 1902, in Samdrub Choling at the monastery of Dowolung Tsurphu. Karsé Kongtrül resided at Tsadra Rinchen Drak, the seat of his predecessor in eastern Tibet. He received the full education and lineage transmission from the Karmapa. Among his other teachers were Surmang Trungpa Chökyi Nyinche, the 10th Trungpa tulku. He attained realization of the ultimate lineage, was one of the most renowned Mahamudra masters and transmitted the innermost teachings to Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa. On many occasions he gave teachings, empowerments, and reading transmissions from the old and new traditions, such as the Treasury of Precious Termas (Rinchen Terdzö), and he rebuilt the retreat center of Tsandra Rinchen Drak, his residence at Palpung Monastery. Karsé Kongtrül died on 10 May 1952 at the age of 49.

3rd Jamgon Kongtrul (1954–1992)
The 3rd Jamgon Kongtrul, Karma Lodrö Chökyi Senge, a tulku of Khyentse Özer, was born on 1 October 1954 matrilineal grandson of (later Lt Gen) Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme. He fled to India in 1959 in the aftermath of the 1959 Tibetan uprising and grew up at Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim under the care of Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa. Recognized as an incarnation of the previous Jamgon Kongtrul by the Karmapa.

Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche travelled with the Karmapa to the United States in 1976 and 1980. He engaged in building monasteries and initiated plans for a home for the elderly and a health clinic in Nepal.

On 26 April 1992, a mysterious accident occurred in Darjeeling District, India, with Jamgon Kongtrul as a passenger, when a new BMW veered off the road into a tree. He was thirty-seven years old. The accident took place near Rinpoche's monastery and a residential school that he founded for young monks and orphans.

4th Jamgon Kongtrul (1995 to present)
The 4th Jamgon Kongtrul, Lodro Choyki Nyima Tenpey Dronme, was born in the wood pig year in Central Tibet on the 26th of November 1995. His birth was prophesied by The Seventeenth Karmapa, Ögyen Trinley Dorje, who also recognised, confirmed the authenticity of his incarnation, and proclaimed it to the world. The prophecy, the search, and the recognition of the Fourth Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche are told in the book E MA HO! published by the Jamgon Kongtrul Labrang and can be obtained from Pullahari Monastery and viewed on www.jamgonkongtrul.org. He spent time between Kagyu Tekchen Ling and Pullahari Monastery, the monastic seats in India and Nepal founded by the Third Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche. Jamgon Kongtrul Labrang gave his studies, training, and the receiving transmissions from the Lineage Masters. Annually, he also attended the Kagyu Monlam in Bodhgaya, India, led by the Seventeenth Gyalwa Karmapa, and led the Kagyu Monlam in Kathmandu, Nepal. On April 14, 2016, the Jamgon Yangsi left Pullahari monastery and his monastic vows, stating he wanted to pursue his 'dream of becoming a doctor'.

The 4th Jamgon Kongtrul Mingyur Drakpa Senge was born on 17 December 1995 in Nepal.

The day before he was born, the late Chogye Trichen Rinpoche said in front of many Lamas and Tulkus: "Like prophesied ... today Jamgon Rinpoche arrived."

In 1996, when the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa Trinley Thaye Dorje, arrived in Bodhgaya, when he met the young Jamgon Rinpoche for the first time. Yangsi Rinpoche despite his young age was able to spontaneously pick up some rice and toss it into the air as a mandala offering, Straight away he exclaimed: "This is the Jamgon Yangsi (Reincarnation) indeed!" He then issued a recognition letter and gave him a name Karma Migyur Drakpa Senge Trinley Kunkhyab Palzangpo.

In 1998, when the Dalai Lama was visiting Bodhgaya, the Yangsi Rinpoche had a private audience with him, where they showed him the recognition letter and the 14th Dalai Lama performed the hair cutting ceremony for the 4th Jamgon Yangsi. In 2000, Drubwang Pema Norbu (Penor Rinpoche), was invited to the Karma Monastery in Bodhgaya, and he performed the vast and profound enthronement ceremony of 4th Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche, again reconfirmed Jamgon Yangsi as reincarnation of the great Jamgon Kongtrul.

 * Source:

Works
The main corpus of Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thaye vast scholarly activities (comprising more than ninety volumes of works in all) is known as the Great Treasuries:

 * The Treasury of Encyclopedic Knowledge (shes bya kun la khyab pa'i mdzod), summarizing the entire sutric and tantric paths.
 * The Treasury of Precious Instructions (gdams ngag rin po che'i mdzod), a compendium of empowerments and oral instructions of what he formulated as the "Eight Great Chariots" of the instruction lineages in Tibet.
 * The Treasury of Kagyü Mantras (bka' brgyud sngags kyi mdzod), a compendium of rituals, empowerments and oral instructions for the Yangdak, Vajrakilaya and Yamantaka deities of the Nyingma kama tradition, and the tantra cycles from the Sarma lineages of Marpa and Ngok.
 * The Treasury of Precious Termas (rin chen gter mdzod), a massive compilation of termas.
 * The Uncommon Treasury (thun mong ma yin pa'i mdzod), which contains Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thaye's own profound terma revelations.
 * The Treasury of Extensive Teachings (rgya chen bka' mdzod), which includes various related works, such as praises and advice, as well as compositions on medicine, science and so on.

The Treasury of Knowledge
Jamgon Kongtrul's (1813–1899) The Infinite Ocean of Knowledge consists of ten books or sections and is itself a commentary on the root verses 'The Encompassment of All Knowledge'  which is also the work of Jamgon Kongtrul. The Encompassment of All Knowledge are the root verses to Kongtrul's autocommentary The Infinite Ocean of Knowledge and these two works together are known as 'The Treasury of Knowledge'. Tibetan Text

Of the Five, the Treasury of Knowledge was Jamgon Kongtrul's magnum opus, covering the full spectrum of Buddhist history, philosophy and practice. There is an ongoing effort to translate it into English. It is divided up as follows:

 * Book One: Myriad Worlds (Snow Lion, 2003. ISBN 1-55939-188-X)
 * Book Two: The Advent of the Buddha (parts 2, 3, and 4 forthcoming)
 * Part One: The Teacher's Path to Awakening
 * Part Two: The Buddha's Enlightenment
 * Part Three: The Buddha's Twelve Deeds
 * Part Four: Enlightenment's Bodies and Realms
 * Book Three: The Buddha's Doctrine—The Sacred Teachings
 * Part One: What Are the Sacred Teachings?
 * Part Two: Cycles of Scriptural Transmission
 * Part Three: Compilations of the Buddha's Word
 * Part Four: Origins of the Original Translations' Ancient Tradition (Nyingma)
 * Book Four: Buddhism's Spread Throughout the World
 * Part One: Buddhism's Spread in India
 * Part Two: How Buddhist Monastic Discipline and Philosophy Came to Tibet
 * Part Three: Tibet's Eight Vehicles of Tantric Meditation Practice
 * Part Four: The Origins of Buddhist Culture
 * Book Five: Buddhist Ethics (Snow Lion, 2003. ISBN 1-55939-191-X)
 * Book Six: The Topics for Study
 * Part One: A Presentation of the Common Fields of Knowledge and Worldly Paths
 * Part Two: The General Topics of Knowledge in the Hinayana and Mahayana
 * Part Three: Frameworks of Buddhist Philosophy (Snow Lion, 2007. ISBN 1-55939-277-0)
 * Part Four: Systems of Buddhist Tantra (Snow Lion, 2005. ISBN 1-55939-210-X)
 * Book Seven: The Training in Higher Wisdom
 * Part One: Gaining Certainty about the Keys to Understanding
 * Part Two: Gaining Certainty about the Provisional and Definitive Meanings in the Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma, the Two Truths and Dependent Arising
 * Part Three: Gaining Certainty about the View
 * Part Four: Gaining Certainty about the Four Thoughts that Turn the Mind
 * Book Eight: The Training in Higher Meditative Absorption (Samadhi)
 * Part One, Two: Shamatha and Vipashyana; The Stages of Meditation in the Cause-Based Approaches (forthcoming)
 * Part Three: The Elements of Tantric Practice (Snow Lion, 2008). ISBN 1-55939-305-X
 * Part Four: Esoteric Instructions, A Detailed Presentation of the Process of Meditation in Vajrayana (Snow Lion, 2008. ISBN 1-55939-284-3)
 * Book Nine: An Analysis of the Paths and levels to Be Traversed (forthcoming)
 * Part One: The Paths and Levels in the Cause-Based Dialectical Approach
 * Part Two: The Levels and Paths in the Vajrayana
 * Part Three: The Process of Enlightenment
 * Part Four: the Levels in the Three Yogas
 * Book Ten: An Analysis of the Consummate Fruition State (forthcoming)
 * Part One: the Fruition in the Dialectical Approach
 * Part Two: The More Common Attainment in the Vajrayana
 * Part Three: The Fruition in the Vajrayana
 * Part Four: The Fruition State in the Nyingma School

Other works published in English translation

 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)
 * (restricted circulation)

title: Jamgon Kongtrul


text: User:LT-P

title: User:LT-P


text:
Talk:Isabella II

You really choose a bad picture
You have chosen a bad taken photo of Isabel II. What is the point having so many portraits. Is it an encyclopædia or what? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.253.96.133 (talk) 15:02, 2 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Then upload a better photo. --Lecen (talk) 15:10, 2 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I did, but someone reverse the changes.

English within the Article
Has anybody else noticed that the English in this article is written in less than fluent English? I suggest that somebody who is more fluent go through the article (especially the opening paragraphs) and upgrade and clarify the language. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.67.39.67 (talk) 13:14, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

I've done some editing for grammar and clarity. As grammar at a certain point involves style, I won't be offended if some edits are reversed, although clearly I believe the changes to be an improvement. The article has a fondness for long sentences with many commas; these are not grammatically incorrect but can be confusing. I haven't been able to fix all of these. Furthermore, some is difficult to understand with my very basic knowledge of Spanish history and the wording. For example, exactly what is meant by the "ambiguous friendship" Isabella maintained with her husband after her exile? These need to be addressed, but I can't do so. Alex60466176 (talk) 01:50, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Links to other Queen Isabellas (including Isabella I of Spain)
There have been many women in history with that name and title: — Iggynelix 21:05, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Isabella I of Castile and Aragon (1451-1504): also known as Isabella of Castile [preferred Wikipedia form], Isabella of Spain. Known to have sponsored Christopher Columbus' voyage to the New World.
 * Isabella of Angoulême (1187-1246): King John of England divorced his first wife to marry her when she was 12 or 13. Isabella was the mother of Henry III of England.
 * Isabella I, Queen of Jerusalem (1192-1205): married four times, she succeeded her father Almaric I and her sister Sibyl to the throne and was succeeded by her daughter, Marie of Monteferrat.
 * Isabella of France, queen consort of Edward II of England (1292-1358). Helped depose and murder her husband.
 * Isabella of Bavaria [preferred Wikipedia form is Isabeau of Bavaria] (1371-1435): queen consort of Charles VI of France.
 * Isabella of Portugal: second wife of John II of Castile, and mother of Isabella I of Castile and Aragon.
 * Isabella Clara Eugenia (1566-1633): Archduchess of Austria - ruled Spanish Netherlands.
 * Isabella Farnese (1692-1766): queen consort of Philip V of Spain.
 * Isabella II of Spain (1830-1919): Bourbon queen.

as edited by Diamantina 07:28, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Husband and Children
Did Queen Isabella II's husband become King Consort? If he did, was his reignal name Antonio I or ''Felipe VI? In addition, was Infante Luis(1867-1874) lastly born child, or were there more after him? If so, then please mention the last one, even if it was stillborn. --Anglius 20:50, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, there are other issues with that list of children... It lists only 9 of 12, and the way i count them, i get 7 (arguably six) who reached maturity, not five as listed in the article... -- Jokes Free4Me (talk) 20:59, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * He never got a rank over duke nor was king consort nor had regnal name in consequence since it could have meant a virtual degradation of Isabella as "true, single and legitime" regnal queen of Spain, which could have been exploited as propaganda by her enemies the carlists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.244.129.121 (talk) 14:16, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Dancing Isabella
She really moves about. How about we just get rid of that Bourbon template monstrosity? --Stbalbach 23:02, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Ancestor infobox
Cosmos666 has added a box which shows Isabella's four grandparents and eight great-grandparents. This is certainly not usual for an encylopedia article (indeed, often not for a full-length book about the subject). I suggest removal. If not, what are the limits to this? Noel S McFerran 04:10, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Why Isabella and not Isabel?
Why the articles is "Isabella II of Spain" and not "Isabel II (of Spain)". Why is it "_Juan Carlos I" instead of "John Charles I"??--Karljoos (talk) 00:09, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
 * For Juan Carlos the case is simple: he has consistently been called that in English language texts, and our usual policy is to stick to how someone is commonly known in English. As for Isabel / Isabella, I suspect we followed the 1911 Britannica. In Spanish, she is known as Isabel. (FWIW, I've translated a lot of articles about the Isabeline era, and have consistently followed this article in calling her "Isabella".) - Jmabel | Talk 06:00, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I have seen this issue come up time after time in articles about European royalty. The unfortunate fact is that some names are customarily anglicized, some aren't, and there is no rhyme or reason as to which are which.  Fernando VII is usually Ferdinand VII, while Alfonso XIII is rarely Alphonse XIII.  For what it's worth, I vote for "Isabel" here since I certainly have seen the name rendered that way in English more than once.  Kevin Nelson (talk) 11:07, 10 April 2010 (UTC)
 * We should keep the current title because it is the most common name used to refer to her. Eve if it weren't, we'd still have to keep this article consistent with the articles about her ancestress, Isabella I of Castile. Surtsicna (talk) 12:27, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

I think that Isabella is still a nice name though. Isabel could work too but that is how it is. My name is Portugese. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.112.44.186 (talk) 05:56, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

 * However, "Isabella" is not the anglicized version of the Spanish Isabel. It is italianized (Isabella is a very common name in Italy).
 * Moreover, in Spanish, the English name "Elizabeth" is translated as "Isabel" (see for instance, the Spanish version of the article about Queen Elizabeth II), while in Italian it is traslated as "Elisabetta".
 * So, the interesting question asked by Karljoos is still unanswered. Paolo.dL (talk) 09:38, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

There is no good answer why some people, including the author of this article, decide to translate Isabel to Isabella. It makes no sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by OrodesIII (talk • contribs) 23:11, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Cortes Generales
Isn't "Cortes Generales" a bit anachronistic for this era? Wouldn't it just have been "Cortes"? (I could be wrong; our article Cortes Generales deals only with the post-Franco institution, and I can't think of ever seeing the institution in the 19th century referred to in this manner.) - Jmabel | Talk 05:55, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

"first and so far only Queen regnant of Spain"
That's kind of misleading, since Juana la Loca was in basically the same situation (even if some of the technical details of her titles were a little different). AnonMoos (talk) 12:21, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Saying otherwise might be misleading. Isabella II was the first female sovereign of a unified kingdom known as Spain. Joanna was sovereign of many, many small kingdoms that became Kingdom of Spain only when Philip V ascended the thrones. Surtsicna (talk) 12:53, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * However, "first and so far only Queen regnant of Spain" is only true by a technicality, and not true in substance, so it is somewhat misleading in implication. AnonMoos (talk) 18:38, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Can it be changed to "first and so far only queen regnant of Spain since the unification of the kingdom in the 18th century"? Surtsicna (talk) 18:41, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Added Isabella I; the situation of Johanna is sufficiently complicated (did she ever reign in Aragon?) that I don't see explaining it in a sentence in an article on somebody else. "Only queen regnant of Spain in modern times"? Septentrionalis PMAnderson 00:16, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * A giantic majority of people believe Spain emerge before Philip V, I just saying. I like "in modern times" better.--Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 01:52, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Isn't Philip II, considered the first monarch of a united Spain? GoodDay (talk) 21:03, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * As much as James I is considered the first monarch of a united Britain. Surtsicna (talk) 22:00, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually probably a little more than James I. Like history says Spanish colonization happen in Philip II's reign, not Castilian or Aragonese colonization, but only English colonization happen in James I's reign never British colonization. Also the Spanish Armada not the Castilian or Aragonese Armada. --Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 09:25, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Relationship to husband
In both this article and the one about Francis of Cadiz it says that they were double first cousins because there fathers were brothers and their mothers were sisters. It should also be mentioned that Francis was also her nephew because Isabelle's mother was the niece of Isabelle's father — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.77.127.106 (talk) 16:12, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Parentage of Alfonso XII
Michener in Iberia reckons the probable father of Alfonso XII was an American dentist called McKeon arguing that Puigmoltó was away on maneuvers at the relevant time. That's not a good enough source in itself but does any serious history address the possibility? SoulRebel56 (talk) 14:50, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

Page move
Was there ever a discussion to change the name to Isabel II? Nothing is changed since the page move.--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 03:01, 11 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Because it's her name and no one challenged the move. Do you plan to do any real improvement to this article or is this just an excuse to change the article's name to something you personally prefer and move on? --Lecen (talk) 09:20, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I don't believe there ever was an RM. Haven't checked the article history, but I believe it was changed to Isabel I unilaterally, without little or no discussion. GoodDay (talk) 04:44, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. There is a strong English-commonname argument here, supported by many. A few opposers mention that "Isabel" was her real name, but that's overwhelmed by those pointing out that she is more commonly called Isabella. (non-admin closure) Dicklyon (talk) 03:07, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

Isabel II of Spain → Isabella II of Spain – I'm unsure about this. But I feel it should be Isabella based on consistency with Isabella, Princess of Asturias (1851–1931) and Isabella I of Castile and Isabella Clara Eugenia, If there is an agreement that Isabel should be used instead for more contemporary Spanish royals it should still be decided based on a request move. --The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 00:28, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Isabel was her name and no one has ever complained about it. I believe that is far more important to actually work on the article. --Lecen (talk) 00:31, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Nobody is stopping you from working on the article. Srnec (talk) 01:34, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Neutral. English historiography used to prefer Isabella, but it is moving towards Isabel. There is nothing wrong with either. Srnec (talk) 01:34, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Support on the basis that this is the English language Wikipedia, not the Spanish language Wikipedia. GoodDay (talk) 04:42, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Support – If one takes a look at Google Ngrams, one can see that the form "Isabella II" has always been preferred in the English language, and WP:UCN says to use common names in English, not necessarily native names or official names. Therefore, the page should be returned to "Isabella II". RGloucester  — ☎ 19:53, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Support move. She is unambiguously commonly known as Isabella II, not Isabel II.  ONR  (talk) 07:15, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose If there isn't a strong case, there's no reason not to use her real name. Bertdrunk (talk) 18:30, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
 * There is a strong case. Wikipedia policy says to use common names, not so-called "real names". Evidence has been provided above, in the form of Google Ngrams, that shows that "Isabella" has always been favoured over "Isabel" in the English name of this person. RGloucester  — ☎ 05:55, 25 January 2017 (UTC)′
 * I know what common name means, and that it cannot be picked when both alternatives are valid ones. About been favoured, it don't seem that much . Bertdrunk (talk) 21:21, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
 * That search is invalid, as it uses the ambiguous "Isabella II", which can refer to Isabella II of Jerusalem, and "Isabel II", which can refer to a Spanish ship, a Spanish water company, and indeed, to Queen Elizabeth II (of GB &NI, &c.), who is known as such in Spanish. My search ensured no ambiguity, using "Isabella II of Spain" and "Isabel II of Spain". In any case, we use the most common name, so yes, it can be picked from amongst valid alternatives. RGloucester  — ☎ 23:28, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
 * That's not relevant, it cannot be expect that every citation of her have "of Spain" attached. Bertdrunk (talk) 01:01, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per nomination, GoodDay, RGloucester and ONR. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 23:10, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Support Dan Koehl (talk) 20:28, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Isabella II of Spain. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160119170507/http://www.gracianolopezjaena.org/port_of_iloilo.html to http://www.gracianolopezjaena.org/port_of_iloilo.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160920225158/https://36.media.tumblr.com/422a4260e9b6f63a74b2fe9dd23c5056/tumblr_n95vpnIbow1t3ijnxo1_500.jpg to https://36.media.tumblr.com/422a4260e9b6f63a74b2fe9dd23c5056/tumblr_n95vpnIbow1t3ijnxo1_500.jpg

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:19, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Isabella II of Spain. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20170127062234/https://www.almendron.com/artehistoria/wp-content/uploads/isabel-ii.jpg to http://www.almendron.com/artehistoria/wp-content/uploads/isabel-ii.jpg

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:48, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Isabel II which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:45, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

"She came to the throne as an infant"?
Since when is the age of two considered "infancy"? 23.121.160.252 (talk) 23:02, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

The Three Nevers of Marshall Prim
I notice that the "three famous nevers of Marshall Prim" are so famous they don't even appear in the Wikipedia biography article on Marshall Prim.RichardBond (talk) 05:04, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

Spain's only queen regnant
Opening discussion about whether Isabella II is the only queen regnant in the history of Spain and if so, since when, and how to phrase it. Regards, Thinker78  (talk) 05:07, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * You've been told, in edit summaries. Yes, she was a queen regnant, even if her excercise of power was often very limited. If not her, who did rule Spain? No, she was not "the only queen regnant in the history of Spain", because of Isabella of Castile, and for all I know Britney of Navarre etc. The current wording "She is the only queen regnant in the history of the monarchy of Spain" is correct. What's to discuss? Johnbod (talk) 14:10, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * And Petronilla of Aragon too. Joanna the Mad is more complicated, but still before people talked (or talk) about the "Kingdom of Spain" etc. See also the discussion on this point above, from 2010. Johnbod (talk) 14:29, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Urraca of León too. Johnbod (talk) 16:25, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Btw, if anyone from the 2 projects Thinker78 has notified (very prematurely, imo) wants to look at the article history], they may be as puzzled as I have been. Both Thinker and Estar have been edit-warring over the issue, but their edit summaries and their actual edits contradict completely! All very odd. Thinker, if you trouble 2 projects with an issue, don't just say "Opening discussion" - actually open it. Johnbod (talk) 16:09, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * @Johnbod please, if you have any concerns regarding my personal editing bring it to my talk page, per WP:CIVIL and WP:READFIRST. I did perform a single revert. That hardly is edit warring. Let's focus on the topic at hand.
 * Regarding my notification to the wikiprojects I simply did it because it is a relevant topic and I thought fellow members there might be interested, it was not even on my mind any kind of dispute. I opened this discussion because the revert by Estar8806 made me wonder about the issue.
 * I am familiar with the story of Joanna, who I consider was installed just as a figurehead for others to wield power. Hardly a queen regnant because she was not reigning, ruling, she was just holding the title. But I don't know about the stories of all the queens nor to what extent were they reigning or could be considered regnant. Petronilla was queen of Aragon, not of Spain, so that illustrates another doubt I have. Since when is the history of Spain or how to properly phrase it (i.e.modern Spain?). Sincerely, Thinker78  (talk) 21:28, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I think you are just not understanding the concept of queen regnant, which just means a queen in her own right rather than by being spouse of a king, or a regent. Competence in ruling is not required. I changed the wording just to deal with the "start of Spain" issue - see below. Johnbod (talk) 21:38, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Tricky question, which relates to -when did unified Spain come into existence- & should the moment be considered the starting point of Spanish monarchs. GoodDay (talk) 22:43, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Philip II or V are the usual points, based on coins & titles in letters. Well after Joanna, for sure. Johnbod (talk) 03:32, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * My logic is that, while Isabella II was the only queen regnant of modern Spain (ie. a single, unified Kingdom of Spain, Joanna was Queen of Castile and Aragon, in effect Queen of all Spain. While Joana did not reign or rule in her own right, that does not exclude her from being a Queen regnant. Isabella II herself had regents for her early reign, but that is still regarded as her time as Queen regnant. Same for Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Even Elizabeth II did not "rule" per se but is still considered to have been "queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime". Further, there is only three types of Queens: Queen regnant, Queen consort and Queen dowager (which includes Queen mother, while a Queen regent would be either a Queen consort or Queen dowager). Joanna was certainly not a Queen consort, she held the throne in her own right. She was not a Queen dowager, as she had never been Queen consort. Both of those exclude her from being Queen mother and Queen regent. Therefore, she must've been Queen regnant. Even if she didn't exercise her authority, it was done in her name, similar to the modern day where Prime ministers exercise authority of their sovereigns on behalf of said sovereigns.
 * Nonetheless, therein lies the fact that my issue doesn't lie in calling Isabella II the only queen regnant of something, but that something shouldn't be just "Spain". I wouldn't exactly be opposed to "modern Spain", and/or adding some sort of note mentioning Joanna and possibly even Isabella I of Castile. Estar8806 (talk) 21:39, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Let's take a look at Britain. Was Mary II the first British queen regnant? or was Anne? GoodDay (talk) 23:30, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That's precisely where my point lies. I personally consider Mary II as the first British queen regnant, because she reigned in all of Britain. However, legally speaking Anne was the first queen regnant of Britain. Therein lies a potential distinction in that Mary could have been the first "British queen regnant", as in the first queen regnant of the British people (that is the English, Scots, Welsh and Irish, not including their respective individual queens, aka both Marys I), while Anne was the first Queen of Great Britain (the legal entity).
 * Applying that idea to Spain, I Joanna would consider the first "Spanish queen regnant", Queen regnant of all the Spaniards, but Isabella II could be considered the first queen regnant of Spain. Because that idea is so complex and probably only makes sense to me based on the way I've worded it. I would say it's best to say Isabella II was the first queen regnant of modern or unified Spain, or not to mention it at all, because confusion could arise as to the prior reigns of Joanna or Isabella I. Estar8806 (talk) 01:43, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Encyclopedia Britannica seems to indicate that Isabella II is the only queen regnant of Spain proper. Let's bring reliable sources because so far this discussion is pure original research and interpretations. Regards, Thinker78  (talk) 06:21, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Isabella I and Joana, as well as several other queens regnant are also listed in that table Estar8806 (talk) 22:27, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Check the headings that separate polities. Isabella I is not under Spain. Regards, Thinker78  (talk) 00:42, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm aware, but the intro to the table and the title of the table itself nonetheless refer to "kings and queens regnant of Spain". Estar8806 (talk) 03:03, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Lol. This illustrates perfectly the confusion about what constitutes the history of Spain. The latter article talks about pre-Roman times.
 * I propose, Isabella II was the only queen regnant without a king regnant in united Spain. Thinker78  (talk) 05:17, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I feel as though that's a little clunky, I don't think we need to reference a King because a queen regnant is almost always without a king regnant (save for joint sovereigns like William & Mary). I do like the mention of unified Spain, however, so perhaps something like Isabella II was the only queen regnant of a unified (or modern) Spain. Estar8806 (talk) 15:31, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Johnbod (talk) 15:45, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * But I think per Britannica that Isabella I was also queen regnant during unified Spain, that's why I added king regnant, although I recognize there is a repeated word. Thinker78  (talk) 20:59, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * And again, I'm not opposed to regarding Isabella II as the only queen regnant of something, as long as that something is not just "Spain". Also, Britannica refers to Isabella I as "queen of Spain". Estar8806 (talk) 03:06, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The monarchy of her days is not normally called "of Spain". Unfortunately "modern Spain" has its own ambiguity. I'm not seeing anything that improves on my, current, wording yet. Johnbod (talk) 15:45, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * "monarchy of Spain" references the institution of the Spanish crown. That's far more complex than the Spanish state and the title "of Spain" (or "of all the Spains" goes back way beyond even Isabella I. I'm going to go ahead and boldly change it to "of a unified Spain", as I believe we seem to be in agreement on that above. Estar8806 (talk) 16:45, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

Isabella I was Queen regnant of only Castile (and Leon), from 1474 to 1504. While her daughter Joana, was separately Queen regnant of Castile (and Leon) from 1504 to 1555 & Aragon from 1516 to 1555, fwiw. GoodDay (talk) 23:03, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Added explanatory note. Regards, Thinker78  (talk) 07:24, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Why using elusive and concocted concepts such as "unified Spain" [sic], rather than pointing out that Isabella "II" is the first (and only?) queen regnant of the Bourbon dynasty/house?--Asqueladd (talk) 11:14, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * @Asqueladd I think it's because only mentioning the Bourbon doesn't give as much significance or idea than concepts regarding Spain as a whole. Thinker78  (talk) 23:55, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * And which is the non-nationalist significance of the concept first in "unified Spain as a whole"? (whatever the ellusive construct is). The wars mentioned next in the introduction steem from disputes around legal changes introduced by the Bourbon dynasty, not because of this lady being the first female monarch in a country. Although I suppose it can be made clearer--Asqueladd (talk) 00:11, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The non-nationalist significance is like any similar significance for any other country leader. Being the only woman ruler in the history of a country is very significant I would say. Regards, Thinker78  (talk) 03:56, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

@Johnbod I am having trouble finding better sources than Britannica. Thinker78 (talk) 23:48, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

RfC of interest
(non-automated message) Greetings! I have opened an RfC on WT:ROYALTY that may be of interest to users following this article talk page! You are encouraged to contribute to this discussion here! Hurricane Andrew (444) 19:48, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 26 January 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. This is not a vote, as you all surely know; although Support–Oppose !voters were split 6–4, support !voters provided far more convincing policy-based arguments than oppose !voters. Overall, Isabella II of Spain has more long-time significance than her counterpart in Jerusalem, and is the primary topic. (closed by non-admin page mover) 🌺 Cremastra (talk) 14:13, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

Isabella II of Spain → Isabella II – Consistent with all of her successors (save for Amadeo I) and her predecessors Ferdinands VI and VII. Already a WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Isabella II of Jerusalem is linked via hatnote. estar8806 (talk) ★ 22:33, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Spain has been notified of this discussion. Векочел (talk) 20:02, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Women's History has been notified of this discussion. Векочел (talk) 20:02, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose - per SOVEREIGN. Requires disambiguaton with Isabella II of Jerusalem. UmbrellaTheLeef (talk) 23:09, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:SOVEREIGN. Disambiguation is not needed because the Spanish queen is the clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Rosbif73 (talk) 08:29, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support (WP:SOVEREIGN), primary and "Isabella II" already redirects here. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:50, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose - It would need disambiguation from Isabella II of Jerusalem. Dimadick (talk) 13:06, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Isabella II of Spain is getting about 6 times more page views than Isabella II of Jerusalem. Векочел (talk) 20:05, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That is irrelevant Apple Inc. is commonly referred to as just "Apple" and gets many more page views than Apple the fruit, but no one argues to move Apple to the technology company. UmbrellaTheLeef (talk) 00:07, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Except WP:PRIMARYTOPIC is very relevant. Apple Inc. may have more pageviews, but it also has to have more long term significance than the fruit to be treated as the primary topic, which obviously it does not so WP:NATURALDISAMBIGUATION is applied. estar8806 (talk) ★ 21:55, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Weak Oppose. Since there’s Isabella II of Jerusalem I think the “of country” should remain. Though, I do see the noms point, and it does have merit. I’m kind of leaning more towards Neutral, but I’d rather it stay the way it is, might be personal preference though. Kind regards,  Robertus Pius  (Talk • Contribs) 01:05, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There is another Isabella II and this Isabella II is actually more commonly called Isabel II (her Spanish name) in recent scholarship. Srnec (talk) 13:11, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yup. Looks to me like it's ben more or less the common name since around 1980, with a brief narrowing of the gap between the two c. 1990, but it's consistently been the common name for the last 20 years. With that in mind, I would also support a move to Isabel II. estar8806 (talk) ★ 22:49, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I originally closed this RM as no consensus. After a discussion at my talk page, I've decided to reopen this discussion to allow for further discussion of "Isabel II" vs. "Isabella II". Regardless of target, the page should be moved following the precedent at . –  18:49, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Support move as proposed to Isabella II per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC (established for 20 years via WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT which makes ambiguity not a policy-based reason to oppose), WP:COMMONNAME, WP:CONCISE, WP:PRECISE (no more precise than necessary) and especially WP:SOVEREIGN (use “of country” only when disambiguation is required). As to the question of whether it should be Isabel or Isabella, I think they got it right back in 2017 at, especially going by the Google Ngrams data linked there which shows Isabella significantly preferred over Isabel in context (Isabella/Isabel II of Spain) since the early 1900s. Finally, no matter how many Oppose !votes there are, when they’re not based in policy, and none are here, they shouldn’t count in determining consensus per WP:RMCIDC (assigning due weight accordingly...as reflected in…policy) —В²C ☎ 20:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per @Born2cycle. Killuminator (talk) 15:37, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support, per all WP naming conventions & guidelines. An emperor ✖ 18:10, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 18 February 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) —Compassionate727 (T·C) 01:34, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

Isabella II → Isabel II – Per WP:PRECISE and WP:COMMONNAME. The Spanish version of her name is both unambiguous and more commonly used in reliable sources. Ngrams shows Isabel II is more commonly used than Isabella II, and "Isabella II" is ambiguous with Isabella II of Jerusalem. UmbrellaTheLeef (talk) 15:38, 18 February 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. 🌺 Cremastra (talk) 18:44, 28 February 2024 (UTC)  — Relisting.  BD2412  T 17:14, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Survey

 * Oppose the name "Isabella" is how the English Wikipedia recognizes women by the name "Isabel" in Spanish, like Isabella of Castile. Eliasparras (talk) 16:44, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Support with comment - I agree with the spirit and rationale of this nomination. However, as a Spanish speaker, I would also like to note that Isabel II can also refer to none other than Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, as seen here by Vogue México y Latinoamérica and here by El País. I am happy to add a hatnote to the lede should this RM be successful. AndrewPeterT (talk) (contribs) 18:00, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This is the English-language Wikipedia, so the fact that Spanish speakers refer to the British queen by her exonym is irrelevant as far as this RM is concerned. I'm not convinced that a hatnote for the benefit of Spanish readers would be justified either. Rosbif73 (talk) 09:10, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom; Isabel's endonym is more common than her exonym in reliable English-language sources. Rosbif73 (talk) 09:00, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Support as both more unambiguous and as the most common name. AusLondonder (talk) 14:57, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose - This is English Wikipedia, not Spanish Wikipedia. BTW, didn't this page already go through an RM? GoodDay (talk) 15:57, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure we all know what version of Wikipedia we're on. Guess we'll have to rename Felipe VI to Philip VI? AusLondonder (talk) 07:08, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * If it were up to me. I would have those pages changed to Philip VI of Spain, John Charles I of Spain, Alphonse XIII of Spain, etc. GoodDay (talk) 15:59, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * But no reliable sources call them by those names. The habit of translating monarchs' names into English died out at least a century ago. Rosbif73 (talk) 16:11, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yep, not sure if all editors have noticed... AusLondonder (talk) 15:31, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment - This is WP:JDLI, not a policy based argument. UmbrellaTheLeef (talk) 00:30, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Why are you pushing for this queen to be named "Isabel", when there's Isabella I of Castile? Why should we have such inconsistency? GoodDay (talk) 16:08, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The fact seriously thinks that we should move Felipe VI to Philip VI, something not supported by any English-language sources (even the very English Daily Mail uses Felipe) suggests their feelings on this matter are more personal, rather than policy-based. Will you be starting a RM at Felipe VI GoodDay? AusLondonder (talk) 15:38, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * No. GoodDay (talk) 15:48, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment - The reason I am proposing this move to "Isabel" is because it is her WP:COMMONNAME in English. Margaret I of Denmark is called "Margaret" in English, however Margrethe II is known as "Margrethe." It may be "inconsistent" to refer to Philip V of Spain as "Philip" but Felipe VI as "Felipe" but we do it anyway, because those are the names that they are primarily known by. UmbrellaTheLeef (talk) 18:30, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Not required here. GoodDay (talk) 20:56, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment - I'm not proposing this move because "Isabel II" is the more common name in Spanish. I'm proposing this because "Isabel II" is both the common name in English, and and more WP:PRECISE, as "Isabella II" is ambiguous with Isabella II of Jerusalem. UmbrellaTheLeef (talk) 11:51, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It's already mentioned in the lead that "Isabel" is the Spanish version of the name. Why isn't that good enough? GoodDay (talk) 15:59, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Actually the ngrams clearly indicate the current title is the COMMONNAME. —В²C ☎ 07:34, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Curiously, the ngrams indicate just the opposite if you leave off "of Spain" – regardless of which of Google's English-language corpora you select. Looking at the actual hits, there's no sign that the results are being polluted by Spanish-language hits for Elizabeth II, or indeed any other obvious reason for the disparity. Rosbif73 (talk) 07:57, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No, no, no, no, no. Per User:Born2cycle's information above, this is untrue. Wikipedia is getting out of hand with changing articles on the ENGLISH Wikipedia to non-English names. - Therealscorp1an (talk) 22:28, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * "Isabel" is no more foreign in English than Isabelle, Isabella or Isobel. All are actual names in use in English. Only one is also Spanish just as only one is also French (Isabelle) or Italian (Isabella). Srnec (talk) 03:28, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I think a closing admin can safely disregard this argument. Wikipedia is getting out of hand? What does that even mean? How is Isabel foreign but Isabella not? Isabella is literally an Italian variant of Elizabeth. It's not an "ENGLISH" name. If you're going to post vaguely xenophobic nonsense on an encyclopaedia project at least get the facts right. AusLondonder (talk) 11:18, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per User:Born2cycle. —  AjaxSmack  01:57, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * How is it rational to argue in one RM that we don't need "of Spain" on the title only to plug it into ngrams for the sake of arguing against a move in the next RM? Surely if we don't need "of Spain", then the proper ngram is this. "Isabel II" beats "Isabella II" consistently going back to c. 1970. Srnec (talk) 00:39, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Reopened I closed this as not moved, but the closure was challenged on my talk page. Reopening to allow for an admin to close. Natg 19 (talk) 20:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Relisting for clearer consensus. BD2412  T 17:14, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose: The supporters are going to need more than just ngram trend, which only counts texts available on Google Book and where the English results still include Spanish language sources, to prove that most current RS have switched to using the proposed title instead of the traditional English version Isabella II especially for academic works. --StellarHalo (talk) 13:48, 14 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I've requested closure for this at Closure_requests. Natg 19 (talk) 22:26, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Isabella II


text:
Uruapan

Uruapan is the second largest city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is located at the western edge of the Purépecha highlands, just to the east of the Tierra Caliente region. Since the colonial period, it has been an important city economically due its location. The city was conquered by the Spanish in 1522, when the last Purépecha ruler fled the Pátzcuaro area to here. The modern city was laid out in 1534 by Friar Juan de San Miguel. It played an important role in the War of Independence, and was the capital of Michoacán during the French Intervention. Today it is the center of Mexico's avocado growing region, with most of the crop distributed from here nationally and internationally.

The city

With a population of over 356,700, the city is the second most populous and the second in economic importance in the state of Michoacán. The city is located at the western edge of the Purépecha highlands of the state at 1,620 meters above sea level.

The city's center has colonial architecture which contain Plateresque and Moorish elements. There are six historic neighborhoods of the city: San Miguel, San Pedro, San Francisco, Santa Maria Magdalena, San Juan Bautista and Santiago, all of which have colonial-era chapels in their centers. Each of these neighborhoods have their own festival: San José on March 19, El Vergel on the third Friday in June, San Juan Quemado on June 24, San Pedro on June 29, La Magdalena on July 22, Santiago on July 25, San Miguel on September 29, San Francisco de Asis on October 4. The patron saints' days of these neighborhoods are celebrated with colorful dances such as Los Negritos. The center of the city is marked by the very large and long Plaza de Martires de Uruapan. Facing this plaza are two commercial portals as well as some of the city's most important landmarks. On the north side, there is the La Huatápera Museum, officially called the Museo de los Cuatro Pueblos Indios. Huatápera is a Purépecha word, meaning “meeting place,” and according to tradition, it was built over a pre Hispanic platform, obtaining its social importance from this. Originally the site was a hospital called Hospital Real de la Purísima Concepción established by Juan de San Miguel in 1533, the first of its kind in the Americas. It functioned not only to heal the sick but also as a center for evangelism and to organize workers by trade. It has a chapel called Santo Entierro, with fine stonework in cantera in Plateresque style. Above the chapel's arch, there is a niche which contains a sculpture of either Francis of Assisi or Juan de San Miguel flanked by the coats of arms of the Franciscans and the Spanish crown. The interior is restored and contains images of angels playing musical instruments and important people from the history of the Catholic Church. The rest of the complex shows Moorish influence and houses a collection of handcrafts from the various indigenous communities of the state. Just to the east of Huatápera is the Immaculate Concepción church, which was built in the late 20th century. It has a cantera portal finished in the 1970s but no cupola nor bell tower.

The Casa de Cultura (Cultural Center) is located on the western side of Huatápera. It was built in 1992 over what was the Franciscan monastery established by Juan de San Miguel. The original church of this monastery is now the parish church for the city. Built in 1533, it maintains its 16th century Plateresque portal, and the interior of the church has a crucifix that dates from the 18th century. The paintings on the triangular spaces just under the cupola represent salvation and the miracle of the Mass, done by Mohamed Socidel.

Behind this line of monuments is a market called the Mercado de Antojitos, whose stalls are dedicated to the sale of prepared traditional foods such as carnitas, barbacoas, quesadillas and the like.

The western side of the city is home to the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park, the second most-visited national park in Mexico. Despite being almost completely surrounded by the city, the park contains trees hundreds of years old, springs, streams, canals and walking paths. The park focuses on the conservation of the ravine which forms the headwaters of the Cupatitzio River, which is fed by various springs and streams starting with the “Rodilla del Diablo” (Devil's Knee). According to local myth, Juan de San Miguel forced the Devil to bow before the Cross, with the Devil's knee making an indentation in the rock from which the first spring emerges. The land was private until the 1930s when the federal government bought it to create the park. The ravine has various waterfalls such as La Yerbabuena and El Golgota, bridges and fountains that take advantage of natural water supply. There is also a mural called Erédira by local artist Manuel Pérez Coronado, but it is almost completely deteriorated.

The San Pedro Factory is a still-operational textile factory built in the late 19th century, when the city was at its industrial peak. Construction of the mill began in 1886, originally to work with cotton but later expanded to other fibers, such as linen and silk. The factory is still in operation but not to the same capacity as in the past. The current owners maintain the more handcrafted feel of the products making bedspreads, tablecloths, napkins and more. Part of the complex is now used for cultural and other events.

The city is home to the narrowest house in the world according to the Guinness Book of World Records. Located at 50-C Carrillo Puerto, it measures 1.40 by 7.70 meters.

The Palm Sunday Handcraft Market is held during Holy Week with the most important day being Palm Sunday, after which it is named. It covered the city large main square and attracts over a thousand artisans who sell. In addition to traditional observances for Day of the Dead, the city has sponsored the Festival de Velas on the same days, where candles are arranged and lit to form figures at the Martires de Uruapan and Morelos plazas as well as on adjoining streets. There an Avocado Festival from mid November to mid December which consists of exhibitions and cultural events.

The city's cuisine is influenced not only by the various ethnic groups in the area but also migration from other parts of Michoacan. Typical dishes include corundas, churipo (a beef and vegetable stew), mutton barbacoa, carnitas, quesadillas with squash flowers, flour tamales, various flavors of sweet and spicy atole, hot chocolate, uchepos, sweet potatoes and plantains cooked in various ways and more.

The municipality
The city of the Uruapan is the seat of a municipality and serves as the local government for surrounding communities that extend over 954.17km2. Outside of the Uruapan proper, the main communities are Capacuaro, Angahuan, San, Caltzontzin, Jucutacato, Santa, Corupo and Nuevo, all of which are dedicated to agriculture and/or forestry. The municipality borders those of Charapan, Paracho, Nahuatzen, Tingambato, Ziracuaretiro, Taretan, Gabriel Zamora, Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Peribán and Los Reyes. The municipal government consists of a municipal president, a syndic, and 12 representatives called regidors.

The municipality has a population of over 315,000, of which 18,020 speak an indigenous language, mostly Purépecha. Traditional music is mostly influenced by the Purépecha culture with pirecuas and sons, as well as those played by wind instruments.

The El Sabino Zoocriadero is home to various exotic species. It is 17 km outside the city in an area that has a warmer climate. Its main attraction is its crocodiles but it also has lions, badgers, deer, ostriches and turtles.

Socioeconomics
Since the colonial period, the area has been an agricultural center growing bananas, chicozapote, mamey, limes, oranges, lemons, avocados and more. Today, the city is the second most important economically in the state of Michoacán, with a very low level of socioeconomic marginalization. About 12.5% live in extreme poverty, with thirteen communities with about 350 who are extremely marginalized from social services.

The city is surrounded by avocado and macadamia orchards. It is located in the most productive regions in Mexico for avocado. It is called the world capital of avocado not because of the production in the municipality but because it is home of six packing companies to which the region sends its avocados for distribution. From here, avocados are shipped all over Mexico and exported to the United States, Central America, Europe and Japan. In 2000, the city made the Guinness Book of World Records creating the largest batch of guacamole, making 1,288 kilograms of the dip, from one ton of fresh avocados.

Native to Australia, macadamias have been grown in the Uruapan area since the late 20th century. The city makes a number of products from the nut such as nuts flavored with garlic, chili peppers, soy sauce or salt. They are also made into brittle, cookies, candies and oil.

Since the colonial period, the city has been a center of the production of maque, an indigenous form of lacquer, used to wooden items such as plates, platters, boxes, chests and dried gourds. Other handcrafts produced here include masks, papel picado, and textiles.

Climate
The municipality has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Köppen climate classification) with very wet summers, dry winters and lush forests. It is part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and mountainous. Principal peaks include Charanda, La Cruz, Jicalán and Magdalena. The climate is between temperate and tropical, with most rain falling in the summer. Average annual rainfall is 1,759.3 mm and average annual temperatures are between 8 and 37.5 C.

Flora and fauna
The flora is mostly mixed forest, with pine, oak and deciduous tropical rainforest. Logging includes pine, oak and oyamel fir. Areas without trees mostly consist of scrub of various kinds. Notable fauna includes coyote, skunks, deer, foxes, cacomixtle, hares, opossums, ducks and other birds.

Hydrography
The municipality contains numerous small rivers that belongs to the Tepalcatepec basin. The main river is the Cupatitzio. Other important bodies of water include the Caltzontzin Reservoir (also known as the Santa Barbara or Santa Catarina) and waterfalls such as Salto Escondido, Cupatitzio and La Tzaráracua.

The La Tzararacua Ecotourism Center is located 10 km south of the city proper, centered on a 40-meter high waterfall of the same name. Next to this is the Tzararcuita (Little Tzararacua), at 16 meters high.

Designation
The name comes from the Purépecha word uruapani which means plants that flower and fruit at the same time or those which are always giving fruit. The coat of arms was designed by Luis Valencia Madrigal and represents the history of the area since the pre Hispanic period as well as its natural resources.

Pre-Hispanic history
Uruapan was a pre-Hispanic settlement, inhabited primarily by Purépechas. Much of the history is unknown with numerous unexcavated archeological sites. The oldest document about the area is the Lienzo de Jucutacato, found in the community of Jicalán. It is known that the area was conquered in 1400 by an alliance of the lords of Pátzcuaro, Tzintzuntzan and Ihuatzio.

Colonial era
When the Spanish invaded the Purépecha Empire, the last ruler fled to Uruapan, leading the Spanish here in 1522. For this reason the Spanish arrived here in 1522. In 1524, the area became an encomienda under Francisco de Villegas and evangelized by the Franciscans.

Franciscan friar Juan de San Miguel is considered the founder of the modern city, tracing it out in 1534 into nine neighborhoods, each with its own chapel and patron saint, and assigned who would live in each one. In 1540 the area became an Indian Republic.

During the colonial period, the city was a strategic location, especially for commerce, between the Purépecha highlands and the Tierra Caliente leading down to the coast.

In 1577 a plague decimated the population.

By 1754, the parish of Uruapan consisted of the city of Uruapan, three towns (San Francisco Xicalán, San Francisco Jucutacato and San Lorenzo) along with two ranches Tiamba and San Marcos along with the Carasa Hacienda. The population was a mix of Purépecha, European, African and mixed races peoples.

In 1766, the population revolted against efforts by the Spanish to recruit the population into military service. This was followed by repression and punishment of various persons by execution in 1767, both for the resistance of the prior year and protests against the expulsion of the Jesuits.

From 1795 to 1798, insurgent José María Morelos lived here. During the war, the city served as a refuge various times for insurgents, include local José María Izazaga.

19th century
In 1806, an earthquake destroyed the hospital, and in 1817, the city was burned.

Uruapan officially became a municipality in 1831. For its role in the War of Independence, it was named a Ciudad del Progreso (City of Progress) in 1858.

In 1842, the city supported the rule of Antonio López de Santa Anna.

Because of the French Intervention, the Uruapan was the temporary capital of Michoacan from 1863 to 1867. In 1864, French troops entered and subdued the city. In 1865, General José María Arteaga, head of the Republican Army and four other officers were executed by firing squad, and are known as the Martyrs of Uruapan. In 1866 the Republicans tried to liberate the city from the French at the Battle of Magdalena but were defeated.

The first textile factory was set up in the city in 1874, and the first local newspaper, El Precursor Uruapense was founded in 1880. The first railroad line reached the city in 1899, and a trolley line was built between the rail station and the main plaza in 1900.

20th and 21st centuries
In 1910, a fire destroyed several factories in the city.

The city was attacked several times during the Mexican Revolution, the most notable of which were led by Joaquín Amaro. In the 1930s, efforts to redistribute agricultural land began.

In 1947, the Tepalcatepec Commission was created which modernized the area's economy as well as infrastructure.

Since the late 20th century, the city has had problems with organized crime, along with much of the rest of the state. Two criminal organizations, Los Zetas and La Familia Michoacana, have fought for control here, because of its geographic location among drug routes. In 2014, the city was taken over briefly by the Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria or "autodefensas", an armed civilian movement trying to counter the power of the cartels, unsupported by the local and state government. In August 2019, 19 people were murdered by the Jalisco New Generation Cartel.

Transportation

 * Uruapan International Airport

title: Uruapan


text:
Talk:Douglas Smith (broadcaster)

Untitled
Any information in which years this all took place??

Quibus 21:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Were horses a particular running joke? I also remember Douglas "The Wonder Horse" Smith, and the advertisements for deodorants to prevent "under-fetlock odour" AlmostReadytoFly 22:29, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Douglas Smith (broadcaster)


text:
User:MikeJ9919

My name is Mike. I'm an attorney, currently admitted in Pennsylvania and Washington, DC. I'm a Penn State alumnus, having received two B.S. degrees (with Honors) in Computer Science and Biology in December 2005. I'm a former researcher in bioinformatics, a Roman Catholic, and a martial artist with 10+ years experience. These areas are, unsurprisingly, where you'll find me editing most. However, I have personal interests and you'll occasionally find me cleaning up or merging or rearranging things that I was just planning on reading. I strive for NPOV, though I will admit I don't always achieve it. (I don't believe any editor is capable of writing completely without bias...that's the point of community and consensus.) I am a firm believer that despite all the politics and infighting, this is the next step in storing and accessing the vast array of human knowledge, and I'm happy to do my part.

Other things of note:

 * I am anti-pony ride.
 * I'm not so worried about the Apocalypse.

title: User:MikeJ9919


title: User:M412k