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Glycogen storage disease type I

Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) is an inherited disease that prevents the liver from properly breaking down stored glycogen, which is necessary to maintain adequate blood sugar levels. GSD I is divided into two main types, GSD Ia and GSD Ib, which differ in cause, presentation, and treatment. There are also possibly rarer subtypes, the translocases for inorganic phosphate (GSD Ic) or glucose (GSD Id); however, a recent study suggests that the biochemical assays used to differentiate GSD Ic and GSD Id from GSD Ib are not reliable, and are therefore GSD Ib.

GSD Ia is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase; GSD Ib, a deficiency in the transport protein glucose-6-phosphate translocase. Because glycogenolysis is the principal metabolic mechanism by which the liver supplies glucose to the body during fasting, both deficiencies cause severe hypoglycemia and, over time, excess glycogen storage in the liver and (in some cases) in the kidneys.

Because of the glycogen buildup, GSD I patients typically present with enlarged livers from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Other functions of the liver and kidneys are initially intact in GSD I, but are susceptible to other problems. Without proper treatment, GSD I causes chronic low blood sugar, which can lead to excessive lactic acid, and abnormally high lipids in the blood, and other problems. Frequent feedings of cornstarch or other carbohydrates are the principal treatment for all forms of GSD I.

GSD Ib also features chronic neutropenia due to a dysfunction in the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow. This immunodeficiency, if untreated, makes GSD Ib patients susceptible to infection. The principal treatment for this feature of GSD Ib is filgrastim; however, patients often still require treatment for frequent infections, and a chronically enlarged spleen is a common side effect. GSD Ib patients often present with inflammatory bowel disease.

It is the most common of the glycogen storage diseases. GSD I has an incidence of approximately 1 in 100,000 births in the American population, and approximately 1 in 20,000 births among Ashkenazi Jews. The disease was named after German doctor Edgar von Gierke, who first described it in 1929.

Signs and symptoms
Early research into GSD I identified numerous clinical manifestations falsely thought to be primary features of the genetic disorder. However, continuing research has revealed that these clinical features are the consequences of only one (in GSD Ia) or two (in GSD Ib) fundamental abnormalities:
 * impairment in the liver's ability to convert stored glycogen into glucose through glycogenolysis
 * in GSD Ib, impairment of the neutrophil's ability to take up glucose, resulting in neutrophil dysfunction and neutropenia

These fundamental abnormalities give rise to a small number of primary clinical manifestations, which are the features considered in diagnosis of GSD I:
 * Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), due to impairment of glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) causing insufficient fasting blood glucose
 * hepatomegaly of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, due to impairment of glycogenolysis causing glycogen accumulation in the liver
 * in GSD Ib, increased infection risk, due to neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction

Affected people commonly present with secondary clinical manifestations, linked to one or more of the primary clinical manifestations:
 * High levels of uric acid in the blood and attendant risk of gout or kidney damage, caused by low serum insulin levels in prolonged hypoglycemia
 * High levels of lactic acid in the blood, in extreme cases leading to lactic acidosis, caused by prolonged hypoglycemia
 * hepatic adenomas developing in adulthood and attendant risk of anemia, suspected to be caused by blood glucose dysregulation in the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
 * in GSD Ib, inflammatory bowel disease and attendant risk of anemia, caused by neutrophil dysfunction and exacerbated by the increased carbohydrate intake required to prevent hypoglycemia

In addition, there are several clinical manifestations that often result from the treatment of the primary clinical manifestations:
 * pancreatic hypertrophy, due to increased carbohydrate intake causing frequent engagement of the insulin response
 * in GSD Ib, splenomegaly, due to the long-term use of filgrastim to treat neutropenia causing sequestration of blood factors in the spleen
 * in GSD Ib, an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood may occur, due to long-term use of filgrastim causing sequestration of platelets in the spleen
 * in GSD Ib, anemia, due to long-term use of filgrastim causing sequestration of hemoglobin in the spleen, potentially exacerbated by uncontrolled inflammatory bowel disease

Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) is the primary clinical symptom common to both GSD Ia and GSD Ib and most often prompts initial diagnosis of the disease. During fetal development in utero, maternal glucose transferred across the placenta prevents hypoglycemia. However, after birth, the inability to maintain blood glucose from stored glycogen in the liver causes measurable hypoglycemia in no more than 1–2 hours after feedings. Without proper dietary treatment after birth, prolonged hypoglycemia often leads to sudden lactic acidosis that can induce primary respiratory distress in the newborn period, as well as ketoacidosis.

Neurological manifestations of hypoglycemia are less severe in GSD I than in other instances. Rather than acute hypoglycemia, GSD I patients experience persistent mild hypoglycemia. The diminished likelihood of neurological manifestations is due to the habituation of the brain to mild hypoglycemia. Given the reduced blood glucose level, the brain adapts to using alternative fuels like lactate. These gradual metabolic adaptations during infancy make severe symptoms like unconsciousness or seizure uncommon before diagnosis.

In the early weeks of life, undiagnosed infants with GSD I tolerate persistent hypoglycemia and compensated lactic acidosis between feedings without symptoms. Without consistent carbohydrate feeding, infant blood glucose levels typically measure between 25 and 50 mg/dL (1.4 to 2.8 mmol/L). After weeks to months without treatment with consistent oral carbohydrates, infants will progress to show clear symptoms of hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis. Infants may present with paleness, clamminess, irritability, respiratory distress, and an inability to sleep through the night even in the second year of life. Developmental delay is not an intrinsic effect of GSD I, but is common if the diagnosis is not made in early infancy.

Genetics
GSD I is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. People with one copy of the faulty gene are carriers of the disease and have no symptoms. As with other autosomal recessive diseases, each child born to two carriers of the disease has a 25% chance of inheriting both copies of the faulty gene and manifesting the disease. Unaffected parents of a child with GSD I can be assumed to be carriers. Prenatal diagnosis has been made by fetal liver biopsy at 18–22 weeks of gestation, but no fetal treatment has been proposed. Prenatal diagnosis is possible with fetal DNA obtained by chorionic villus sampling when a fetus is known to be at risk.

The most common forms of GSD I are designated GSD Ia and GSD Ib, the former accounting for over 80% of diagnosed cases and the latter for less than 20%. A few rarer forms have been described.
 * GSD Ia results from mutations of G6PC, the gene for glucose-6-phosphatase, located on chromosome 17q21.
 * GSD Ib results from mutations of the gene for SLC37A4 or "G6PT1", the glucose-6-phosphate transporter.
 * GSD Ic results from mutations of SLC17A3 or SLC37A4.

Glucose-6-phosphatase is an enzyme located on the inner membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The catalytic unit is associated with a calcium binding protein, and three transport proteins (T1, T2, T3) that facilitate movement of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), phosphate, and glucose (respectively) into and out of the enzyme.

Normal carbohydrate balance and maintenance of blood glucose levels
Glycogen in liver and (to a lesser degree) kidneys serves as a form of stored, rapidly accessible glucose, so that the blood glucose level can be maintained between meals. For about 3 hours after a carbohydrate-containing meal, high insulin levels direct liver cells to take glucose from the blood, to convert it to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) with the enzyme glucokinase, and to add the G6P molecules to the ends of chains of glycogen (glycogen synthesis). Excess G6P is also shunted into production of triglycerides and exported for storage in adipose tissue as fat.

When digestion of a meal is complete, insulin levels fall, and enzyme systems in the liver cells begin to remove glucose molecules from strands of glycogen in the form of G6P. This process is termed glycogenolysis. The G6P remains within the liver cell unless the phosphate is cleaved by glucose-6-phosphatase. This dephosphorylation reaction produces free glucose and free anions. The free glucose molecules can be transported out of the liver cells into the blood to maintain an adequate supply of glucose to the brain and other organs of the body. Glycogenolysis can supply the glucose needs of an adult body for 12–18 hours.

When fasting continues for more than a few hours, falling insulin levels permit catabolism of muscle protein and triglycerides from adipose tissue. The products of these processes are amino acids (mainly alanine), free fatty acids, and lactic acid. Free fatty acids from triglycerides are converted to ketones, and to acetyl-CoA. Amino acids and lactic acid are used to synthesize new G6P in liver cells by the process of gluconeogenesis. The last step of normal gluconeogenesis, like the last step of glycogenolysis, is the dephosphorylation of G6P by glucose-6-phosphatase to free glucose and.

Thus glucose-6-phosphatase mediates the final, key, step in both of the two main processes of glucose production during fasting. The effect is amplified because the resulting high levels of glucose-6-phosphate inhibit earlier key steps in both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Pathophysiology
The principal metabolic effects of deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase are hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperuricemia. The hypoglycemia of GSD I is termed "fasting", or "post-absorptive", usually about 4 hours after the complete digestion of a meal. This inability to maintain adequate blood glucose levels during fasting results from the combined impairment of both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Fasting hypoglycemia is often the most significant problem in GSD I, and typically the problem that leads to the diagnosis. Chronic hypoglycemia produces secondary metabolic adaptations, including chronically low insulin levels and high levels of glucagon and cortisol.

Lactic acidosis arises from impairment of gluconeogenesis. Lactic acid is generated both in the liver and muscle and is oxidized by NAD+ to pyruvic acid and then converted via the gluconeogenic pathway to G6P. Accumulation of G6P inhibits conversion of lactate to pyruvate. The lactic acid level rises during fasting as glucose falls. In people with GSD I, it may not fall entirely to normal even when normal glucose levels are restored.

Hypertriglyceridemia resulting from amplified triglyceride production is another indirect effect of impaired gluconeogenesis, amplified by chronically low insulin levels. During fasting, the normal conversion of triglycerides to free fatty acids, ketones, and ultimately acetyl-CoA is impaired. Triglyceride levels in GSD I can reach several times normal and serve as a clinical index of "metabolic control".

Hyperuricemia results from a combination of increased generation and decreased excretion of uric acid, which is generated when increased amounts of G6P are metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also a byproduct of purine degradation. Uric acid competes with lactic acid and other organic acids for renal excretion in the urine. In GSD I increased availability of G6P for the pentose phosphate pathway, increased rates of catabolism, and diminished urinary excretion due to high levels of lactic acid all combine to produce uric acid levels several times normal. Although hyperuricemia is asymptomatic for years, kidney and joint damage gradually accrue.

Elevated lactate and lactic acidosis
High levels of lactic acid in the blood are observed in all people with GSD I, due to impaired gluconeogenesis. Baseline elevations generally range from 4 to 10 mol/mL, which will not cause any clinical impact. However, during and after an episode of low blood sugar, lactate levels will abruptly rise to exceed 15 mol/mL, the threshold for lactic acidosis. Symptoms of lactic acidosis include vomiting and hyperpnea, both of which can exacerbate hypoglycemia in the setting of GSD I. In cases of acute lactic acidosis, patients need emergency care to stabilize blood oxygen, and restore blood glucose. Proper identification of lactic acidosis in undiagnosed children presents a challenge, since the first symptoms are typically vomiting and dehydration, both of which mimic childhood infections like gastroenteritis or pneumonia. Moreover, both of these common infections can precipitate more severe hypoglycemia in undiagnosed children, making diagnosis of the underlying cause difficult.

As elevated lactate persists, uric acid, ketoacids, and free fatty acids further increase the anion gap. In adults and children, the high concentrations of lactate cause significant discomfort in the muscles. This discomfort is an amplified form of the burning sensation a runner may feel in the quadriceps after sprinting, which is caused by a brief buildup of lactic acid. Proper control of hypoglycemia in GSD I eliminates the possibility for lactic acidosis.

Elevated urate and complications
High levels of uric acid often present as a consequence of elevated lactic acid in GSD I patients. When lactate levels are elevated, blood-borne lactic acid competes for the same kidney tubular transport mechanism as urate, limiting the rate that urate can be cleared by the kidneys into the urine. If present, increased purine catabolism is an additional contributing factor. Uric acid levels of 6 to 12 mg/dl (530 to 1060 umol/L) are common among GSD I patients, if the disease is not properly treated. In some affected people, the use of the medication allopurinol is necessary to lower blood urate levels. Consequences of hyperuricemia among GSD I patients include the development of kidney stones and the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints, leading to kidney disease and gout, respectively.

Hyperlipidemia and plasma effects
Elevated triglycerides in GSD I result from low serum insulin in patients with frequent prolonged hypoglycemia. It may also be caused by intracellular accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate with secondary shunting to pyruvate, which is converted into Acetyl-CoA, which is transported to the cytosol where the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol occurs. Triglycerides above the 3.4 mmol/L (300 mg/dL) range may produce visible lipemia, and even a mild pseudohyponatremia due to a reduced aqueous fraction of the blood plasma. In GSD I, cholesterol is typically only mildly elevated compared to other lipids.

Hepatomegaly
Impairment in the liver's ability to perform gluconeogenesis leads to clinically apparent hepatomegaly. Without this process, the body is unable to liberate glycogen from the liver and convert it into blood glucose, leading to an accumulation of stored glycogen in the liver. Hepatomegaly from the accumulation of stored glycogen in the liver is considered a form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. GSD I patients present with a degree of hepatomegaly throughout life, but severity often relates to the consumption of excess dietary carbohydrate. Reductions in the mass of the liver are possible, since most patients retain residual hepatic function that allows for the liberation of stored glycogen at a limited rate.

GSD I patients often present with hepatomegaly from the time of birth. In fetal development, maternal glucose transferred to the fetus prevents hypoglycemia, but the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver leads to hepatomegaly. There is no evidence that this hepatomegaly presents any risk to proper fetal development.

Hepatomegaly in GSD type I generally occurs without sympathetic enlargement of the spleen. GSD Ib patients may present with splenomegaly, but this is connected to the use of filgrastim to treat neutropenia in this subtype, not comorbid hepatomegaly. Hepatomegaly will persist to some degree throughout life, often causing the abdomen to protrude, and in severe cases may be palpable at or below the navel. In GSD-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic function is usually spared, with liver enzymes and bilirubin remaining within the normal range. However, liver function may be affected by other hepatic complications in adulthood, including the development of hepatic adenomas.

Hepatic adenomas
The specific etiology of hepatic adenomas in GSD I remains unknown, despite ongoing research. The typical GSD I patient presenting with at least one adenoma is an adult, though lesions have been observed in patients as young as fourteen. Adenomas, composed of heterogeneous neoplasms, may occur individually or in multiples. Estimates on the rate of conversion of a hepatocellular adenoma into hepatocellular carcinoma in GSD I range from 0% to 11%, with the latter figure representing more recent research. One reason for the increasing estimate is the growing population of GSD I patients surviving into adulthood, when most adenomas develop.

Treatment standards dictate regular observation of the liver by MRI or CT scan to monitor for structural abnormalities. Hepatic adenomas may be misidentified as focal nodular hyperplasia in diagnostic imaging, though this condition is rare. However, hepatic adenomas in GSD I uniquely involve diffuse Mallory hyaline deposition, which is otherwise commonly observed in focal nodular hyperplasia. Unlike common hepatic adenomas related to oral contraception, hemorrhaging in GSD I patients is rare.

While the reason for the high prevalence of adenomas in GSD I is unclear, research since the 1970s has implicated serum glucagon as a potential driver. In studies, patients that have been put on a dietary regimen to keep blood sugar in a normal range spanning 72 to 108 mg/dL (4.0 to 6.0 mmol/L) have shown a decreased likelihood of developing adenomas. Moreover, patients with well controlled blood glucose have consistently seen a reduction in the size and number of hepatic adenomas, suggesting that adenomas may be caused by imbalances of hepatotropic agents like serum insulin and especially serum glucagon in the liver.

Osteopenia
Patients with GSD I will often develop osteopenia. The specific etiology of low bone mineral density in GSD is not known, though it is strongly associated with poor metabolic control. Osteopenia may be directly caused by hypoglycemia, or the resulting endocrine and metabolic sequelae. Improvements in metabolic control have consistently been shown to prevent or reverse clinically relevant osteopenia in GSD I patients. In cases where osteopenia progresses with age, bone mineral density in the ribs is typically more severe than in the vertebrae. In some cases bone mineral density T-score will drop below -2.5, indicating osteoporosis. There is some evidence that osteopenia may be connected with associated kidney abnormalities in GSD I, particularly glomular hyperfiltration. The condition also seems responsive to calcium supplementation. In many cases bone mineral density can increase and return to the normal range given proper metabolic control and calcium supplementation alone, reversing osteopenia.

Kidney effects
The kidneys are usually 10 to 20% enlarged with stored glycogen. In adults with GSD I, chronic glomerular damage similar to diabetic nephropathy may lead to kidney failure. GSD I may present with various kidney complications. Renal tubular abnormalities related to hyperlactatemia are seen early in life, likely because prolonged lactic acidosis is more likely to occur in childhood. This will often present as Fanconi syndrome with multiple derangements of renal tubular reabsorption, including tubular acidosis with bicarbonate and phosphate wasting. These tubular abnormalities in GSD I are typically detected and monitored by urinary calcium. Long term these derangements can exacerbate uric acid nephropathy, otherwise driven by hyperlactatemia. In adolescence and beyond, glomerular disease may independently develop, initially presenting as glomerular hyperfiltration indicated by elevated urinary eGFR.

Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) is common in GSD I and has two primary causes. In GSD Ia, splenomegaly may be caused by a relation between the liver and the spleen which causes either to grow or shrink to match the relative size of the other, to a lessened degree. In GSD Ib, it is a side effect of the use of filgrastim to treat neutropenia.

Bowel effects
Intestinal involvement can cause mild malabsorption with greasy stools (steatorrhea), but usually requires no treatment.

Infection risk
Neutropenia is a distinguishing feature of GSD Ib, absent in GSD Ia. The microbiological cause of neutropenia in GSD Ib is not well understood. Broadly, the problem arises from compromised cellular metabolism in the neutrophil, resulting in accelerated neutrophil apoptosis. The neutropenia in GSD is characterized by both a decrease in absolute neutrophil count and diminished neutrophil function. Neutrophils use a specific G6P metabolic pathway which relies on the presence of G6Pase-β or G6PT to maintain energy homeostasis within the cell. The absence of G6PT in GSD Ib limits this pathway, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress within the neutrophil, triggering premature apoptosis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), available as filgrastim, can reduce the risk of infection. In some cases, G-CSF formulated as pegfilgrastim, sold under the trade name Neulasta, may be used as a slow-acting alternative, requiring less frequent dosing.

Thrombocytopenia and blood clotting problems
Impaired platelet aggregation is an uncommon consequence of chronic hypoglycemia, seen in GSD I patients. Research has demonstrated decreased platelet function, characterized by decreased prothrombin consumption, abnormal aggregation reactions, prolonged bleeding time, and low platelet adhesiveness. Severity of platelet dysfunction typically correlates with clinical condition, with the most severe cases correlating with lactic acidosis and severely lipidemia. It may cause clinically significant bleeding, especially epistaxis. Additionally, GSD I patients may present with thrombocytopenia as a consequence of splenomegaly. In the setting of splenomegaly various hematologic factors may be sequestered in the tissues of the spleen as blood is filtered through the organ. This can diminish levels of platelets available in the bloodstream, leading to thrombocytopenia.

Developmental effects
Developmental delay is a potential secondary effect of chronic or recurrent hypoglycemia, but is at least theoretically preventable. Normal neuronal and muscle cells do not express glucose-6-phosphatase, and are thus not impacted by GSD I directly. However, without proper treatment of hypoglycemia, growth failure commonly results from chronically low insulin levels, persistent acidosis, chronic elevation of catabolic hormones, and calorie insufficiency (or malabsorption). The most dramatic developmental delays are often the cause of severe (not just persistent) episodes of hypoglycemia.

Diagnosis
Several different problems may lead to the diagnosis, usually by two years of age:
 * seizures or other manifestations of severe fasting hypoglycemia
 * hepatomegaly with abdominal protuberance
 * hyperventilation and apparent respiratory distress due to metabolic acidosis
 * episodes of vomiting due to metabolic acidosis, often precipitated by minor illness and accompanied by hypoglycemia

Once the diagnosis is suspected, the multiplicity of clinical and laboratory features usually makes a strong circumstantial case. If hepatomegaly, fasting hypoglycemia, and poor growth are accompanied by lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and enlarged kidneys by ultrasound, GSD I is the most likely diagnosis. The differential diagnosis list includes glycogenoses types III and VI, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, and a few other conditions (page 5), but none are likely to produce all of the features of GSD I.

The next step is usually a carefully monitored fast. Hypoglycemia often occurs within six hours. A critical blood specimen obtained at the time of hypoglycemia typically reveals a mild metabolic acidosis, high free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate, very low insulin levels, and high levels of glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone. Administration of intramuscular or intravenous glucagon (0.25 to 1 mg, depending on age) or epinephrine produces little rise of blood sugar.

The diagnosis is definitively confirmed by liver biopsy with electron microscopy and assay of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the tissue and/or specific gene testing, available in recent years.

Treatment
The primary treatment goal is prevention of hypoglycemia and the secondary metabolic derangements by frequent feedings of foods high in glucose or starch (which is readily digested to glucose). To compensate for the inability of the liver to provide sugar, the total amount of dietary carbohydrate should approximate the 24-hour glucose production rate. The diet should contain approximately 65–70% carbohydrate, 10–15% protein, and 20–25% fat. At least a third of the carbohydrates should be supplied through the night, so that a young child goes no more than 3–4 hours without carbohydrate intake. Once a diagnosis is made, the priority in GSD I treatment is to maintain an adequate blood glucose. Patients aim to maintain a blood glucose above the 72 mg/dL (4.0 mmol/L) cutoff for hypoglycemia. GSD Ib patients have an additional treatment priority relating to neutropenia. Proper management of blood glucose in GSD I is critical in avoiding the more severe effects of high levels of lactic acid and uric acid in the blood, and the development of hepatic adenomas.

In the last 30 years, two methods have been used to achieve this goal in young children: (1) continuous nocturnal gastric infusion of glucose or starch; and (2) night-time feedings of uncooked cornstarch. An elemental formula, glucose polymer, and/or cornstarch can be infused continuously through the night at a rate supplying 0.5–0.6 g/kg/h of glucose for an infant, or 0.3–0.4 for an older child. This method requires a nasogastric or gastrostomy tube and pump. Sudden death from hypoglycemia has occurred due to malfunction or disconnection, and periodic cornstarch feedings are now preferred to continuous infusion.

Cornstarch is an inexpensive way to provide gradually digested glucose. One tablespoon contains nearly 9 g carbohydrate (36 calories). Although it is safer, less expensive, and requires no equipment, this method does require that parents arise every 3–4 hours to administer the cornstarch. A typical requirement for a young child is 1.6 g/kg every 4 hours.

Long-term management should eliminate hypoglycemic symptoms and maintain normal growth. Treatment should achieve normal glucose, lactic acid, and electrolyte levels, and only mild elevations of uric acid and triglycerides.

Avoidance of other sugars
Intake of carbohydrates which must be converted to G6P to be utilized (e.g., galactose and fructose) should be minimized. Although elemental formulas are available for infants, many foods contain fructose or galactose in the forms of sucrose or lactose. Adherence becomes a contentious treatment issue after infancy.

Other therapeutic measures
Persistent elevation of uric acid above 6.5 mg/dl warrants treatment with allopurinol to prevent uric acid deposition in kidneys and joints.

Because of the potential for impaired platelet function, coagulation ability should be checked and the metabolic state normalized before surgery. Bleeding time may be normalized with 1–2 days of glucose loading, and improved with ddavp. During surgery, IV fluids should contain 10% dextrose and no lactate.

A patient with GSD, type 1b was treated with a liver transplant at UCSF Medical Center in 1993 that resulted in the resolution of hypoglycemic episodes and the need for the patient to stay away from natural sources of sugar. Other patients have undergone this procedure as well with positive results. Although a liver transplant resulted in the resolution of hypoglycemia it did not however resolve the chronic neutropenia and the risk of infection among patients.

Treatment of acute metabolic acidosis episodes
The most significant acute problem in childhood is a vulnerability to episodes of metabolic acidosis precipitated by minor illnesses. If a vomiting illness persists longer than 2–4 hours, the child should be seen and assessed for dehydration, acidosis, and hypoglycemia. If these are developing, intravenous fluids should be provided at a rate above maintenance. For mild acidosis, an effective fluid is 10% dextrose in ½ normal saline with 20 mEq/L KCl, but if acidosis is severe, 75–100 mEq/L and 20 mEq/L of K acetate can be substituted for the NaCl and KCl.

Metabolic control
Metabolic control often diminishes during and after puberty, as a result of a patient outgrowing their dietary treatment plan.

Prognosis
Without adequate metabolic treatment, patients with GSD I have died in infancy or childhood of overwhelming hypoglycemia and acidosis. Those who survived were stunted in physical growth and delayed in puberty because of chronically low insulin levels. Intellectual disability resulting from recurrent, severe hypoglycemia is considered preventable with appropriate treatment.

Liver complications have been serious in some patients. Adenomas of the liver can develop in the second decade or later, with a small chance of later malignant transformation to hepatoma or hepatic carcinomas (detectable by alpha-fetoprotein screening). Several children with advanced hepatic complications have improved after liver transplantation.

Additional problems reported in adolescents and adults with GSD I have included hyperuricemic gout, pancreatitis, and chronic kidney failure. Despite hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic complications are uncommon.

With diagnosis before serious harm occurs, prompt reversal of acidotic episodes, and appropriate long-term treatment, most children will be healthy. With exceptions and qualifications, adult health and life span may also be fairly good, although lack of effective treatment before the mid-1980s means information on long-term efficacy is limited.

Epidemiology
In the United States, GSD I has an incidence of approximately 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 births. None of the glycogenoses are currently detected by standard or extended newborn screening.

The disease is more common in people of Ashkenazi Jewish, Mexican, Chinese, and Japanese descent.

title: Glycogen storage disease type I


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Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.

Thomas William Sneddon Jr. (May 26, 1941 – November 1, 2014) was the district attorney of Santa Barbara County, California. He had more than two decades of experience as a District Attorney, and more than three decades of experience as a prosecutor. He is best known for leading two investigations of Michael Jackson on child sexual abuse allegations in 1993 and 2005. His most famous case was when he was prosecuting child molestation charges against Jackson in the trial People v. Jackson in 2005, at the end of which Jackson was acquitted.

Life and career
Sneddon was born in Los Angeles in 1941 and grew up in Northern California. In 1963 Sneddon graduated from the University of Notre Dame, where he was on the boxing team, and in 1966 from UCLA Law School, where he met his wife. From 1967 to 1969 he served in the U.S. Army.

From November 1969 until May 1977, Sneddon served as a Deputy District Attorney in Santa Barbara County. In 1977, he was promoted to the position of Supervisor of Criminal Operations. On January 3, 1983, Sneddon became the 33rd District Attorney of Santa Barbara County and was re-elected without opposition for five terms. In 2010 he retired from the DA's office.

A father of 9 children, Sneddon was Chair of the Committee for Child Support Enforcement since its inception in 1991. He was presented with a "Director's Award" in 1995 by the California Family Support Council. A year later he was appointed co-chair of the National District Attorney's Child Support Committee and invited by the US Attorney General Janet Reno to be a member of the Presidential Commission's Federal Task Force to review and enhance federal criminal prosecutions for failure to pay child support.

Prosecution of Michael Jackson
His most publicized cases were his two investigations of Michael Jackson on child sexual abuse allegations in 1993 and 2003, 2004, and 2005. The first criminal investigation was closed with no charges; Jackson’s insurance settled a related civil suit with a civil settlement of over $15 million to the plaintiff Jordan Chandler, who ceased cooperating with investigators after two grand juries returned a refusal to indict Jackson.

The second set of allegations against Jackson resulted in a trial which ended on June 13, 2005, with Jackson's acquittal.

Sneddon was subject of allegations of prosecutorial misconduct over steps he took investigating Jackson, including attempting to plant a boy’s fingerprints on an exhibit by having him handle it during grand jury testimony before having a fingerprint analysis performed on it. Despite investigating Jackson for over a decade, no evidence against him was ever found according to the FBI.

In 1995 Jackson wrote a song about him, titled "D.S."; Sneddon denied ever listening to the song.

Jackson reportedly kept an "enemy list" on which Sneddon appeared, along with Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, illusionist Uri Geller, music executive Tommy Mottola, attorney Gloria Allred, and Janet Arvizo, mother of a Jackson accuser.

Death
Sneddon died on November 1, 2014. He was 73.

title: Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.


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Australians for Constitutional Monarchy

Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (ACM) is a group that aims to preserve Australia's current constitutional monarchy, with Charles III as King of Australia. The group states that it is a non-partisan, not-for-profit organisation whose role is "To preserve, to protect and to defend our heritage: the Australian constitutional system, the role of the Crown in it and our Flag".

Past activities
On 4 June 1992 Australians for Constitutional Monarchy held their first public meeting at Sydney Town Hall attended by about 450 people. The foundation council included the former Chief Justice of the High Court, Sir Harry Gibbs; the Chancellor of Sydney University, Dame Leonie Kramer; former Sydney Lord Mayor, Mr Doug Sutherland; the President of the NSW Court of Appeal, Justice Michael Kirby; former Liberal Party Federal President, Sir John Atwill; and Mr Barry O'Keefe QC.

1999 republic referendum
Australians for Constitutional Monarchy was active in challenging Australia's republican organisations and playing a key role in the "No Republic" campaign during the lead up to Australia's 1999 republic referendum, receiving 73.39% of the constitutional monarchist vote for the 1998 Constitutional Convention. Kerry Jones, ACM's Executive Director was appointed by the Prime Minister as Chairman of the official Vote No Committee, while Malcolm Turnbull became Chairman of the Vote Yes Committee. On the basis of votes won in the Convention election, ACM received eight seats and independent republicans two. Over 50,000 supporters worked in the ACM campaign across the Commonwealth, with full-time directors being appointed in all states and the ACT, reporting to a full-time National Campaign Director. Coordinators were appointed in each of the Federal electorates, 72% of whom subsequently voted No, with the national Yes vote totalling 45%.

Government House protest
The group also organised a public protest against the eviction of New South Wales Governor Gordon Samuels from Government House by Premier Bob Carr, in 1996. The march blocked Macquarie Street with over 20,000 people, the largest monarchist or republican demonstration in Australia. The campaign was revived in 2007, with a brochure being distributed and candidates being asked their views in the state election. Active campaigning continued and in 2011, Premier Barry O'Farrell agreed to return Governor Marie Bashir to Government House.

Current activities
Today, the organisation, which describes itself as a "grassroots community organisation", continues to advocate the retention of constitutional monarchy as the preferred model of governance for Australia.

Primary amongst the group's activities is the publication of news and information about Australia's constitution, government, and Crown. Such information is published largely on their official site in the form of information sheets, or by way of an opinion column from the National Convenor, and in its many publications. These include materials and books discussing a variety of topics related to Australia's Crown. During the referendum campaign, these included the Vote No papers, and Professor David Flint's Cane Toad Republic. After the referendum, Kerry Jones's story of the campaign, The People's Protest, was published.

ACM also holds events across Australia each year. The main event is an annual national conference that typically runs for one to three days, with many invited speakers from the Australian community. Past speakers have included Prime Minister John Howard and former Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia Sir David Smith. The last National Conference was held in Sydney in November 2021. ACM says it is the only organization, monarchist or republican, to have held an annual national conference each year since the referendum. ACM's State Convenors are also responsible for the organisation of events that occur in each of the Australian states and the Australian Capital Territory.

In December 2006, Tony Abbott, the then Minister for Health, launched an ACM monograph Her Majesty at 80: Impeccable Service in an Indispensable Office, with a foreword by Abbott, and written by Flint.

Arguments
ACM argues against the proposal by some republicans to have a series of plebiscites and referendums to achieve a republic, while also criticising the lack of a specific republican model. ACM also opposes the use of plebiscites, which it claims can be abused, and liken to a "blank cheque". They argue that the Constitution requires a referendum before any constitutional change, where all the details of change are given before and not after the vote. They also argue the republicans are demanding change, without having any idea of the change they want. ACM conducted an "information campaign" to inform voters of the perceived negative aspects of the plan, and during the 2004 federal election, approximately one million pamphlets on this subject were distributed in selected electorates. ACM also advises its supporters of which electoral candidates support the present constitutional monarchy.

ACM currently makes a point of fighting what Michael Kirby called "a republic by stealth," which they define as subtle removal of the Crown from Australian life. These include removals of references to the Crown from oaths and legislation, the replacement of the position of King's Counsel in some states with that of Senior Counsel. More recently, one of their key campaigns has been opposing the removal of the Governor of New South Wales from Government House by the Carr government. It was a campaign they won with Governor Marie Bashir being returned to Government House in 2011.

ACM also objected to the plan by organisers of the 2006 Commonwealth Games, being held in Melbourne, to not include a playing of the Australian Royal Anthem at the opening of the Games, where the Queen would be present, declaring this to be a rebuff to the monarch. Young ACM supporters distributed sheets setting out the words of the National and Royal Anthems to the crowds going into the opening ceremony. In the end, the attendees in the stadium joined Dame Kiri Te Kanawa in singing "Happy Birthday" as well as eight bars of the Royal Anthem. In the same year, ACM led the opposition to the campaign by the Australian Republican Movement, named "A Mate for a Head of State."

Membership
The ACM has members who support the charter as well as members of the company limited by guarantee which undertakes the financial and management responsibility of the organization.

The original Foundation Council included people such as Michael Kirby (a Justice of the High Court), Justice Lloyd Waddy, Dame Leonie Kramer, Barry O'Keefe, Helen Sham-Ho, and others, including the late Neville Bonner, Dr. Margaret Olley, Sir Harry Gibbs, and Sir John Atwill. The first National Executive Director was Tony Abbott, who served between 1992 and 1994, with Justice Waddy serving as the organisations first National Convenor. During Abbott's time, a group for under 30s - Young Australians for Constitutional Monarchy - was founded by Jason Groves. When he moved to the United Kingdom in 1998, he was succeeded by Julian Leeser. Groves has been UK Convenor of ACM since that time.

When Abbott was elected to Parliament in 1994, he was succeeded by Kerry Jones, with Justice Waddy later being succeeded by Professor David Flint, the current National Convener. In 2007, Thomas Flynn succeeded Kerry Jones as executive director.

title: Australians for Constitutional Monarchy


text:
User:Lstrong2k

Larry Strong was born on February 7, 1979 at a hospital somewhere in Boston, Massachusetts. He grew up in Revere, Massachusetts. He studied computer science at Salem State College in Salem, Massachusetts and at Bridgewater State College in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Now lives in Bridgewater, Massachusetts and is a Systems Administrator at a horse supplement company. His hobbies are computers, digital cameras and other boring things.

Feel free to edit this.

title: User:Lstrong2k


text: Category:History of the East Riding of Yorkshire


text: Category:History of Yorkshire

title: Category:History of Yorkshire


text:
User talk:Lstrong2k

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 02:34, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

The NPOV box on your user page
As a native of MA, I can totally sympathize with your loving of our home and awesome place. One thing though, please either remove the NPOV tag on your user space, or add   after the braces ({{), and before the words NPOV. It should look something like this {{subst:TotallyDisputed}}. Then save the page, and remove the two category links at the end. This way, a user such as myself looking for articles that are actually in need of NPOV'ing won't accidentally come upon your page. This helps reduce server load, get rid of the backlog, and makes you a really cool guy (trust me!).

Also, if you have time, would you please check out the bid to host Wikimania 2006? Any help you could give at all would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, User:Mys e kurity|Mysekurity ]] {{sup| additions | e-mail ]] }}{{sub| 04:12, 20 October 2005 (UTC)}}

Checking on picture rights
In the Longfellow Bridge article, I used a chopped version of your image from the Pru tower for the Bridge template image. If this is a problem, let me know and I'll remove the chop from both Commons and the article's bridge template, then take my own picture and use that.

title: User talk:Lstrong2k


text:
Talk:Centisecond

How can this be SI-derived if it employs the non-SI "centi"? -- Hoary 02:34, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

 * Oops, asleep at the keyboard again. -- Hoary 03:09, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)

title: Talk:Centisecond


text:
Yang Hui

Yang Hui (, ca. 1238–1298), courtesy name Qianguang (謙光), was a Chinese mathematician and writer during the Song dynasty. Originally, from Qiantang (modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang), Yang worked on magic squares, magic circles and the binomial theorem, and is best known for his contribution of presenting Yang Hui's Triangle. This triangle was the same as Pascal's Triangle, discovered by Yang's predecessor Jia Xian. Yang was also a contemporary to the other famous mathematician Qin Jiushao.

Written work
The earliest extant Chinese illustration of 'Pascal's triangle' is from Yang's book Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa (詳解九章算法) of 1261 AD, in which Yang acknowledged that his method of finding square roots and cubic roots using "Yang Hui's Triangle" was invented by mathematician Jia Xian who expounded it around 1100 AD, about 500 years before Pascal. In his book (now lost) known as Rújī Shìsuǒ (如積釋鎖) or Piling-up Powers and Unlocking Coefficients, which is known through his contemporary mathematician Liu Ruxie (劉汝諧). Jia described the method used as 'li cheng shi suo' (the tabulation system for unlocking binomial coefficients). It appeared again in a publication of Zhu Shijie's book Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns (四元玉鑒) of 1303 AD.

Around 1275 AD, Yang finally had two published mathematical books, which were known as the Xugu Zhaiqi Suanfa (續古摘奇算法) and the Suanfa Tongbian Benmo (算法通變本末, summarily called Yang Hui suanfa 楊輝算法). In the former book, Yang wrote of arrangement of natural numbers around concentric and non concentric circles, known as magic circles and vertical-horizontal diagrams of complex combinatorial arrangements known as magic squares, providing rules for their construction. In his writing, he harshly criticized the earlier works of Li Chunfeng and Liu Yi (劉益), the latter of whom were both content with using methods without working out their theoretical origins or principle. Displaying a somewhat modern attitude and approach to mathematics, Yang once said:

 * The men of old changed the name of their methods from problem to problem, so that as no specific explanation was given, there is no way of telling their theoretical origin or basis.

In his written work, Yang provided theoretical proof for the proposition that the complements of the parallelograms which are about the diameter of any given parallelogram are equal to one another. This was the same idea expressed in the Greek mathematician Euclid's (fl. 300 BC) forty-third proposition of his first book, only Yang used the case of a rectangle and gnomon. There were also a number of other geometrical problems and theoretical mathematical propositions posed by Yang that were strikingly similar to the Euclidean system. However, the first books of Euclid to be translated into Chinese was by the cooperative effort of the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci and the Ming official Xu Guangqi in the early 17th century.

Yang's writing represents the first in which quadratic equations with negative coefficients of 'x' appear, although he attributes this to the earlier Liu Yi. Yang was also well known for his ability to manipulate decimal fractions. When he wished to multiply the figures in a rectangular field with a breadth of 24 paces 3 4⁄10 ft. and length of 36 paces 2 8⁄10, Yang expressed them in decimal parts of the pace, as 24.68 X 36.56 = 902.3008.

The Yang-Hui Award
The Yang-Hui Award is presented to mathematicians or scientists who have gained international recognition for their exceptional contributions throughout their careers. The 2023 Yang-Hui Award was first attributed in 2023 at The International Conference on Mathematical Analysis, Applications and Computational Simulation (ICMAACS 2023), Shanghai, China, November 22-26, 2023.

title: Yang Hui


text:
Talk:Tony Sarg

Untitled
OK, look: the first thing i gotta say about him is the least important, let's get it out of the way:
 * His "google test" is a wretched "106 of about 187".

But he died over sixty years ago; your mother probably never heard of him, and how many Web pages has she created, in case it happens she does remember who he was?

Bil Baird worked for him 5 years before going out on his own; he did the first balloons for the Macy's Day Parade; his cumulative audience at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair was 3 million; he's got a 1988 small-press bio (but spiral bound, i'm afraid, out of print, and about 2/3 of that is appendices). (And he's in the NYT crossword for yesterday (Saturday).) But there is no mention of even his last name in the article space.

If no one with an interest in puppets expands my stub, maybe i will. Here's enough to base the stub on, and then some:
 * Tony Sarg "Puppeteer Profile" by Karen Backes

--Jerzy (t) 02:35, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

Caution: the Madison Square Garden mentioned in the ext ref above is one of the first two, not either of the more recent uptown ones. --Jerzy (t) 05:56, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

I am new to Wikipedia and I don't know if I am doing this properly; I welcome any coaching. The Nantucket Historical Association has a small but wonderful collection, much of which is available online in facsimile. Tony Sarg was a summer resident of that island for many years and is represented in the NHA online collection with a variety of work; writing, drawings, paintings, designs and objects. They are all documented and dated, often with commentary. Anyone who wants to know more about this fascinating, if minor, artist would find much that is interesting there. Would a link to that site be appropriate? http://www.nha.org/

Also, there is a direct link to a long article originally published in Historic Nantucket magazine, vol. 53, no. 4 (Fall 2004) which includes more biographical information and the text of a long letter, complete with illustrations, written in 1906 by Mr. Sarg to his future wife, Bertha McGowan. That link is http://www.nha.org/history/hn/HNsarg.htm

In many ways he was the Jim Henson or Dr. Suess of his day, although without as much economic success!

I await the input of someone with more experience than I.

--Kguido (talk) 21:55, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Darn it--I just figured out how to access the page about the NHA Tony Sarg exhibition. It is http://www.nha.org/digitalexhibits/sarg/index.html. Again, would this be considered an appropriate link?

--Kguido (talk) 22:16, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Tony Sarg. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090914051930/http://www.nha.org/digitalexhibits/sarg/index.html to http://www.nha.org/digitalexhibits/sarg/index.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:28, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tony Sarg


text: File:MTA Bridges and Tunnels logo.png

title: File:MTA Bridges and Tunnels logo.png


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Imaginarius

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 03:04, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Imaginarius
Band vanity. 'Imaginarius "Orange County"' gets two google hits. You know the drill. --InShaneee 02:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The two members look notable. I think its a case of hoax because one is a programmer and the other is a film director. Delete. Hedley 02:56, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN or hoax.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 04:29, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity and/or hoax. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:03, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:DanPanic

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 02:37, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DanPanic


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Isv Kraan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:05, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Isv Kraan
The name of one of two spacecraft that crash in a video game called "Unreal". (The other is Vortex Rikers.) Trivia that's of no interest to non-players of Unreal. WP is not loo paper. Delete. -- Hoary 02:37, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC) ...... edited to include arguably plausible reason for deletion Hoary 04:50, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * Merge with Unreal — RJH 03:15, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, no plausible reasons given for deletion. Kappa 03:18, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Unreal. --Fuzzball! (talk) 04:28, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Subtrivial pseudoinformation. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:01, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Unreal. Megan1967 06:26, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge detail and redirect or preferably delete. Gazpacho 11:53, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no where near notable enough --Bucephalus 17:38, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable fictional battleship. Klonimus 02:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge (WP:FICT) Radiant_* 07:15, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Key to the game, but not deserving of its own article with so little info. Chris talk back 16:47, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Unreal, game trivia, per WP:FICT. No potential to become encyclopedic on its own merits, even if we start seeing Monday Night Unreal Tourneys on TV.  Barno 18:49, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note possible miscapitalization error in article title: Is "Isv" really "ISV" for something like "International Space Vessel"?  Barno 18:52, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't matter. Once it's in the Unreal article, anyone will be able to fix it if it's wrong. Chris talk back 23:18, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
USS Vixen

USS Vixen may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Vixen (1803), was a schooner, launched in 1803 and captured by the British in 1812
 * USS Vixen (1813), was a brig, purchased in 1813 and captured later that same year
 * USS Vixen (1846), was a steamship, purchased in 1846 and sold in 1855
 * USS Vixen (1861), was a gunboat, acquired in 1861 and decommissioned in 1862
 * A monitor previously named USS Neosho (1863) and later named USS Osceola was briefly named USS Vixen while in ordinary in 1869
 * USS Vixen (PY-4), was a yacht, built in 1896 and decommissioned in 1922
 * USS Vixen (SP-68) was the name given briefly to a tender commissioned in August 1917 but renamed USS Despatch (SP-68)
 * USS Vixen (PG-53), was a gunboat, commissioned in 1941 and decommissioned in 1946

title: USS Vixen


text: User talk:69.163.5.144

title: User talk:69.163.5.144


text:
Talk:Age/sex/location

"asl" extremely lame
It should be noted that the question "asl" is considered extremely lame by anyone who has been using the internet for more than a few months. This is why it is generally associated with young teenagers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.109.254.40 (talk • contribs) 02:40, 10 April 2005

Inferior link replacement
Hmm, the link to RFC 1855 has been replaced by a link to Netiquette. Note that the latter is currently actually inferior to the former, to some degree, at this point in time. Kim Bruning 23:57, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Original research
I just removed some original research and uncited commentary. If you can cite a published article where the use of "ASL" is criticized then go ahead. I think it's actually somewhat borderline as to whether or not this article should be merged into the main internet slang article. Blackcats 07:27, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

History
The history goes back a little further than this article suggests. BBS systems with chat, plus services like CompuServe CB Simulator and The SOURCE had chat programs. There, "MORF?" and "A/S/L?" were used frequently. -- Mikeblas 05:48, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Using Quantum Link for the Commodore 64/128 we used a/s/l as age/sex/language as we only really cared if we could communicate readily. Roughly in the mid to late 1980's. PanteraJones (talk) 04:23, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

Shouldn't redirect
The redirect page contains no mention of it, and wouldn't provide as much information anyway. Stopping the redirect, but keeping the link. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kvn8907 (talk • contribs) 20:38, 25 June 2006

All unverified
This article is entirely unsourced. This is bad. --Xyzzyplugh 14:31, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The only references are Acronym Finder and Urban Dictionary and these have been deemed not reliable enough for the List of Internet slang phrases. /Jiiimbooh 19:15, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

General Knowledge
It would be nice to have a serious article to link to, but isn't this general knowledge and therefore doesnt need citations? 141.154.23.165 22:22, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * General knowlegde must be cited, too. However, we mustn't be too fierce on general knowledge articles, as it isn't easy to find sources.--Orthologist 15:30, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Abysmal
This article is in abysmal quality. It's obviously a notable topic, but I've just removed a bunch of content that isn't provided by suitable sources. The remaining sources are questionable in their quality and there certainly isn't balance compared to what is available online.

I've attempted to give it at least an acceptable standing until someone is in a position to improve it sufficiently. Nosebagbear (talk) 12:26, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Age/sex/location


text:
Amazon Women on the Moon

Amazon Women on the Moon is a 1987 American satirical science fiction film that parodies the experience of watching low-budget films on late-night television. The film, featuring a large ensemble cast including cameo appearances from film and TV stars and even non-actors, was written by Michael Barrie and Jim Mulholland, and takes the form of a compilation of 21 comedy skits directed by five different directors: Joe Dante, Carl Gottlieb, Peter Horton, John Landis, and Robert K. Weiss.

The title Amazon Women on the Moon refers to the central film-within-a-film, a spoof of science-fiction films from the 1950s that borrows heavily from Queen of Outer Space (1958) starring Zsa Zsa Gabor, itself a film that recycles elements of earlier science-fiction works such as Cat-Women of the Moon (1953), Fire Maidens from Outer Space (1955), and Forbidden Planet (1956).

John Landis had previously directed The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977), which employed a similar sketch anthology format.

Plot
Fictional television station WIDB-TV (channel 8) experiences problems with its late-night airing of science-fiction classic Amazon Women on the Moon, a 1950s B movie in which Queen Lara (Sybil Danning) and Captain Nelson (Steve Forrest) battle exploding volcanoes and man-eating spiders on the Moon. Waiting for the film to resume, an unseen viewer begins channel surfing—simulated by bursts of white noise—through late night cable, with the various segments and sketches of the film representing the programming found on different channels. The viewer intermittently returns to channel 8, where Amazon Women continues airing before faltering once more.

These segments feature:
 * Arsenio Hall as a man who experiences a series of mishaps around his apartment;
 * Monique Gabrielle as a model who goes about her daily routine in Laguna, California, completely naked;
 * Lou Jacobi as a man named Murray, zapped into the television, wandering throughout sketches looking for his wife;
 * Michelle Pfeiffer and Peter Horton as a young couple having trouble with eccentric doctor Griffin Dunne delivering and then concealing their newborn baby;
 * Joe Pantoliano as the presenter of a commercial recommending stapling carpet to a bald head as a hair loss prevention measure;
 * David Alan Grier and B.B. King in a public-service appeal for "blacks without soul" featuring "Don 'No Soul' Simmons";
 * Rosanna Arquette as a young woman on a blind date, employing unusual methods of investigation to reveal the qualifications of Steve Guttenberg;
 * Henry Silva as the host of a show entitled Bullshit or Not?, clearly intended as a spoof of Ripley's Believe It or Not! with Jack Palance and In Search of...;
 * Archie Hahn as a man who dies after being mauled (by Roger Barkley and Al Lohman, mimicking Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert), then is roasted at his funeral by a variety of people, including Steve Allen, Henny Youngman, and even his own wife; the funeral becomes so entertaining it is held over for weeks.
 * William Marshall as the leader of the Video Pirates, who hijack an MCA Home Video ship, uncover a vast amount of videotapes and laserdiscs, and promptly begin illegally bootlegging the media;
 * Ed Begley Jr., as the son of the Invisible Man, having trouble with his formula;
 * Angel Tompkins as a president's First Lady who is also a former hooker;
 * Matt Adler as a sexually frustrated teenager trying to purchase a pack of condoms, with unexpected results;
 * Marc McClure renting a personalized date video that spills over into real life;
 * "Reckless Youth" – an epilogue at the end of the credits, with Carrie Fisher and Paul Bartel in a black-and-white ephemeral film warning about the spread of "social diseases" in the style of Reefer Madness.

Alternative versions
An alternate version of the "Pethouse Video" sketch was filmed for the television broadcast of the film, with Monique Gabrielle in lingerie instead of appearing naked throughout the segment. However, most European television broadcasts of the film retained the original theatrical version. Bullshit or Not? was retitled Baloney or Not? for the television version.

The American television edit, in addition to the alternative "Pethouse Video" sketch, features an additional bridging sequence between the death of Harvey Pitnik and his subsequent celebrity roast. In it, the mortician successfully cons Pitnik's widow into having the celebrity roast as part of the funeral, and her performance gets such strong positive feedback, it becomes a continuing performance series lasting for weeks.

The DVD release features an unreleased sketch titled "The Unknown Soldier", starring Robert Loggia with Ronny Cox, Bernie Casey, and Wallace Langham. Some television broadcasts of the film featured the sketches "Peter Pan Theater" and "The French Ventriloquist's Dummy", which were not present in the theatrical version.

Cast
"Mondo Condo" (directed by John Landis): "Pethouse Video" (directed by Carl Gottlieb): "Murray in Videoland" (directed by Robert K. Weiss): "Hospital" (directed by Landis): "Hairlooming" (directed by Joe Dante): "Amazon Women on the Moon" (directed by Weiss): "Blacks Without Soul" (directed by Landis): "Two I.D.s" (directed by Peter Horton): "Bullshit or Not" (directed by Dante): "Critics' Corner" (directed by Dante): "Silly Pâté" (directed by Weiss): "Roast Your Loved One" (directed by Dante): "Video Pirates" (directed by Weiss): "Son of the Invisible Man" (directed by Gottlieb): "French Ventriloquist's Dummy" (directed by Dante): "Art Sale" (directed by Gottlieb): "First Lady of the Evening" (directed by Weiss): "Titan Man" (directed by Weiss): "Video Date" (directed by Landis): "Reckless Youth" (directed by Dante): "The Unknown Soldier" (directed by Horton) "Peter Pan Theatre" (directed by Gottlieb)
 * Arsenio Hall as Apartment Victim
 * Donald F. Muhich as Easterbrook
 * Monique Gabrielle as Taryn Steele
 * Lou Jacobi as Murray
 * Erica Yohn as Selma
 * Debby Davison as Weatherperson
 * Rob Krausz as Floor Manager
 * Phil Hartman as Baseball Announcer
 * Corey Burton as Anchorman
 * Michelle Pfeiffer as Brenda Landers
 * Peter Horton as Harry Landers
 * Griffin Dunne as Dr. Raymond
 * Brian Ann Zoccola as Nurse
 * Joe Pantoliano as Sy Swerdlow
 * Stanley Brock as Customer
 * Corey Burton as TV Announcer
 * Steve Forrest as Captain Steve Nelson
 * Robert Colbert as "Blackie"
 * Joey Travolta as Butch
 * Forrest J Ackerman as U.S. President
 * Sybil Danning as Queen Lara
 * Lana Clarkson as Alpha Beta
 * Lyle Talbot as Prescott Townsend
 * David Alan Grier as Don "No Soul" Simmons
 * B.B. King as himself
 * William Bryant (credited as Bill Bryant) as Male Republican
 * Roxie Roker as Female Republican
 * Le Tari as Pimp
 * Christopher Broughton as Fan Club President
 * Rosanna Arquette as Karen
 * Steve Guttenberg as Jerry
 * Henry Silva as himself
 * Sarah Lilly as Prostitute
 * Roger Barkley (credited as Barkley) as Herbert
 * Al Lohman (credited as Lohman) as Frankel
 * Archie Hahn as Harvey Pitnik
 * Belinda Balaski as Bernice Pitnik
 * Justin Benham as Pitnik Boy
 * Erica Gayle as Pitnik Girl
 * Corey Burton as Announcer
 * T. K. Carter as Host
 * Phil Proctor as Mike
 * Ira Newborn as Fred
 * Karen Montgomery as Karen
 * Archie Hahn as Harvey Pitnik
 * Belinda Balaski as Bernice Pitnik
 * Justin Benham as Pitnik Boy
 * Erica Gayle as Pitnik Girl
 * Bryan Cranston as Paramedic #1
 * Robert Picardo as Rick Raddnitz
 * Rip Taylor as himself
 * Slappy White as himself
 * Jackie Vernon as himself
 * Henny Youngman as himself
 * Charlie Callas as himself
 * Steve Allen as himself
 * William Marshall as Pirate Captain
 * Tino Insana as Mr. Sylvio
 * Donald Gibb as Graceless Pirate
 * Frank Collison as Grizzled Pirate
 * Bill Taylor as Gruesome Pirate
 * Ed Begley Jr. as Griffin
 * Chuck Lafont as Trent
 * Pamla Vale as Woman In Pub
 * Larry Hankin as man In Pub
 * Garry Goodrow as Checker Player
 * Roger La Page as London Bobby
 * Dick Miller as Danny Clayton the Ventriloquist
 * Phil Bruns as Danny's Manager
 * Martin Goslins as the French Ventriloquist
 * John Ingle as Felix Van Dam
 * Angel Tompkins as First Lady
 * Terry McGovern as Salesman
 * Michael Hanks as Announcer
 * Matt Adler as George
 * Kelly Preston as Violet
 * Ralph Bellamy as Mr. Gower
 * Howard Hesseman as Rupert King
 * Steve Cropper as Customer
 * Chris Wolf as Mascot Bip
 * Marc McClure as Ray
 * Russ Meyer as Video Salesman
 * Corrine Wahl as Sharri
 * Andrew Dice Clay as Frankie
 * Willard E. Pugh as Speaking Cop
 * Carrie Fisher as Mary Brown
 * Paul Bartel as Doctor
 * Herb Vigran as Agent
 * Tracy Hutchinson as Floozie
 * Mike Mazurki as Dutch
 * Frank Beddor as Ken
 * Robert Loggia as General McCormick
 * Bernie Casey as Major General Hadley
 * Ronny Cox as General Balentine
 * Wallace Langham as Private Anson W. Pucket
 * Jenny Agutter as Cleopatra
 * Raye Birk as Vanya
 * Mark Bringelson as Theater Customer #1
 * Victoria Ann Lewis as Theater Customer #2
 * Vivian Bonnell as Theater Customer #3
 * Kellye Nakahara as Theater Customer #4

Production
Amazon Women on the Moon was filmed in 1985 with plans for a August 1986 release, but due to the ongoing legal fallout from director John Landis's involvement in the Twilight Zone accident, Universal repeatedly pushed the release date and issued a gag order on publicity for the film while the trial was ongoing.

Reception
The majority of critics agreed that the quality was inconsistent throughout the film. Variety called it "irreverent, vulgar and silly... [with] some hilarious moments and some real groaners too." Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times felt that the exercise was somewhat unnecessary: "Satirists are in trouble when their subjects are funnier than they are."

Janet Maslin of The New York Times, in a largely positive review, described the film as "an anarchic, often hilarious adventure in dial-spinning, a collection of brief skits and wacko parodies that are sometimes quite clever, though they're just as often happily sophomoric, too."

Certain portions of the film were singled out for praise. "The funniest episode probably is 'Son of the Invisible Man', directed by Carl Gottlieb, in which Ed Begley Jr. plays a man who thinks he is invisible but is not", wrote the Chicago Sun-Times. "The film's best sight gags come from Robert K. Weiss, who deserves kudos for the inspired idiocy of his Amazon Women segments", was the opinion of The New York Times.

In a retrospective article for Entertainment Weekly, Chris Nashawaty called this film "the beginning of the end of Landis' career". He cited the episodes featuring Monique Gabrielle, Archie Hahn, Ed Begley Jr., and David Alan Grier as "inspired", but criticized others for their failure: "You'll never see Michelle Pfeiffer look as trapped as she does in her skit with Thirtysomething's Peter Horton, or Joe Pantoliano and Arsenio Hall as unfunny as they are in their skits."

Amazon Women on the Moon has a rating of 65% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10. On Metacritic it has a 42% score based on reviews from 11 critics.

title: Amazon Women on the Moon


text: Category:Universities in Yorkshire

title: Category:Universities in Yorkshire


text:
Talk:Lipoic acid

Association with insulin autoimmune syndrome
My edit, in which I added a mention of alpha-lipoic acid causing insulin autoimmune syndrome, was rolled back due to the use of a "doubtful" journal. Would then this reference pass the mark? This is a 2010 review published in Diabetology International, the official journal of the Japan Diabetes Society. --CopperKettle (talk) 22:10, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

Association of ALA with the syndrome is also discussed in this 2016 review in Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine - is it a good source? --CopperKettle (talk) 22:16, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

 * "Association" in a limited number of cases is weak evidence. I looked, and found no WP:MEDRS sources for a cause-and-effect relationship between LA and IAS. Zefr (talk) 22:28, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Why shouldn't it be mentioned? The syndrome is rare, it may take decades before anybody runs any kind of study to support cause-and-effect. It is mentioned in endocrinology textbooks and in reviews, that's a fine enough reason to mention it in an encyclopedia to me. --CopperKettle (talk) 22:39, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

The association is also mentioned in the Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e (2022). --CopperKettle (talk) 22:25, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

Also mentioned in Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (2019) --CopperKettle (talk) 22:37, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Mention of a possible association and unproven theory is unencyclopedic. For medical content, we use WP:MEDASSESS - those sources would be in the orange section of the levels of evidence. Zefr (talk) 23:05, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * If you read into it, you will clearly see that it's not "association", and it does bring on the condition. I used the term "association" just once, by myself, to couch it in a less definite light. There's no need concentrate so hard on the word I've used once. --CopperKettle (talk) 04:11, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It's mentioned in textbooks, which are good secondary sources, thus I see no reason to avoid mentioning it. --CopperKettle (talk) 04:12, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Let me quote from the MEDASSESS page you've provided the link to: "A tertiary source summarizes a range of secondary sources. Undergraduate or graduate level textbooks, edited scientific books, lay scientific books, and encyclopedias are tertiary sources." --CopperKettle (talk) 04:17, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Another quote: "Medical textbooks published by academic publishers are often excellent secondary sources." --CopperKettle (talk) 04:18, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lipoic acid


text:
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates

The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates  near the Acropolis of Athens was erected by the choregos Lysicrates, a wealthy patron of musical performances in the Theater of Dionysus, to commemorate the prize in the dithyramb contest of the City Dionysia in 335/334 BCE, of which performance he was liturgist.

The monument is known as the first use of the Corinthian order on the exterior of a building. It has been reproduced widely in modern monuments and building elements.

History
The circular structure, raised on a high squared podium, is the first Greek monument built in the Corinthian order on its exterior. It was originally crowned with an elaborate floral support for the bronze tripod, the prize awarded to Lysicrates' chorus. The sculpture on the frieze is thought to depict the myth of Dionysus and the Tyrrhenian pirates from the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus. Immediately below the architrave and between the column capitals is a second frieze depicting the choragic tripods. The monument is inscribed "Lysikrates son of Lysitheides of Kikynna was sponsor, Akamantis was victorious in the boys’ competition, Theon was pipe-player, Lysiades of Athens directed, Euainetos was archon". It stands now in its little garden on the Tripodon Street ("Street of the Tripods"), which follows the line of the ancient street of the name, which led to the Theater of Dionysus and was once lined with choragic monuments, of which foundations were discovered in excavations during the 1980s.

In 1658, a French Capuchin monastery was founded by the site; in 1669 the monastery succeeded in purchasing the monument, which by the early 19th century was being used as the monastery library. The monument was popularly known as the "Lantern of Demosthenes" or "Lantern of Diogenes", although a reading of its inscription by Jacob Spon had established its original purpose. The young British architects James "Athenian" Stuart and Nicholas Revett published the first measured drawings of the monument in their Antiquities of Athens (London 1762). The monument became famous in France and England through engravings of it, and contemporary versions of it became eye-catching features in several English landscape gardens. Lord Byron stayed at the monastery during his second visit to Greece. In 1818, friar Francis planted in its gardens the first tomato plants in Greece. In 1821 the convent was burned by the Ottomans during the Greek War of Independence, and subsequently demolished, and the monument was inadvertently exposed to the weather. In 1829, the monks offered the structure to an Englishman on tour, but it proved to be too cumbersome to disassemble and ship. Lord Elgin negotiated unsuccessfully for the monument, by then an icon in the Greek Revival.

French archaeologists cleared the rubble from the half-buried monument and searched the area for missing architectural parts. In 1876–1887, the architects François Boulanger and E. Loviot supervised a restoration under the auspices of the French government.

In June 2016, anarchists vandalised the monument with spray paint, writing: "Your Greek monuments are concentration camps for immigrants".

Other versions

Famous British versions of the Choragic Monument include the Dugald Stewart Monument and Burns' Monument both on Calton Hill in Edinburgh, on the towers of the former North Kirk in Aberdeen and St Giles Church in Elgin, the Huskisson Memorial in St James Cemetery Liverpool, the Saracen Fountain in Glasgow and in the gardens at Shugborough, Staffordshire, Tatton Park and Alton Towers among many others. The Grade I-listed St John the Evangelist's Church, Chichester, now redundant, is topped with a "preposterous miniature" of the monument.

In Australia, there is a version in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney in New South Wales. It is also reproduced at the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne where it forms a crowning element at the top of the memorial's pyramid-like roof.

In the United States, the Choragic Monument was William Strickland's model for the cupola of the Merchants' Exchange in Philadelphia and copied by him for the cupola atop the Tennessee State Capitol building in Nashville. The design of the Portland Breakwater Light in Maine was inspired by the monument. It was adapted for Civil War memorials and capped many Beaux-Arts towers, such as The San Remo's towers in New York. The most prominent example is the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument designed by architects Charles and Arthur Stoughton and erected on Riverside Drive in New York City in 1902. A bronze miniature of the Choragic Monument is handed out for the Richard H. Driehaus Prize recognizing a living architect whose work exemplifies the values of traditional and classical architecture in a contemporary built environment. The University of Notre Dame's Walsh Family Hall of Architecture features a tower crowned by a replica of the Choragic Monument. There is also a replica on top of the First Congregational Church in Burlington, Vermont. It was constructed in 1842 and designed by architect Henry Searle. With open bays between the columns, it serves as a bell tower for the church.

title: Choragic Monument of Lysicrates


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vortex Rikers

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:11, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vortex Rikers
The other spacecraft that crashes in some game called Unreal. (The other is Isv Kraan.) Under the limbo bar of notability (unless, of course, you're unreally keen on Unreal). Delete. -- Hoary 02:43, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * Merge or keep, no need to apply notability to fancruft. Kappa 03:12, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Er, Kappa, are you saying that any fancruft, no matter how trivial, is noteworthy? -- Hoary 03:24, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * We should merge or keep any not-completely-trivial fancruft, this is obviously non-trivial to fans of the game. Kappa 03:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's my impression that virtually nothing about a given video game is trivial to its own devotees. Of course, the same thing could be said about, say, church architecture; but while the non-architecturally minded might want to check what a clerestory was (and, having found the article, stand a chance of then wanting to read more than the fact that they'd wanted to check), elements of particular video games typically are of no interest whatever to those who don't play them. -- Hoary 04:07, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * My impression is that fans have a reasonable limit to what they want to include, given that Wikipedia is not paper. Elements of video games are also useful for people trying to understand the speech and culture of people who play it.
 * Kappa, make up your mind. Do you want to keep the article, or merge it into somewhere else?  You seem to be forgetting again that we are discussing articles not subjects.  Chris talk back 16:49, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is votes for deletion, not votes for keeption or mergion. I'd rather leave that decision to someone who's interested in the topic. Kappa 08:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Unreal. — RJH 03:14, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Unreal as with Isv Kraan. It might be fancruft but it is relevant to Unreal, and Unreal is notable enough for an article, which includes information such as this.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 04:32, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Of no interest to anyone but fans of the game. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per WP:FICT. Radiant_* 10:09, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge pr common sense. --Asriel86 18:26, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge detail and delete. Gazpacho 00:50, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable fictional starship. Klonimus 02:10, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Key to the game, but not enough info for a breakout article. Chris talk back 16:49, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As in the case of Isv Kraan above, merge to Unreal, game trivia, per WP:FICT. Barno 18:55, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, in the sense of adding a sentence to Unreal that goes "The first game opened with the player character, a convict on the crashed Vortex Rikers, finding himself alone on an alien world", or something like that. Awful name for a spaceship, not itself notable in any way.-Ashley Pomeroy 14:17, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Trilobite/MEP script

How about this as a starting point. I can add in things like a link to an official website if there is one. The names in the categories are also best put in as they appear and then I can change them manually so that they follow the "surname, firstname" format, because of the way naming conventions vary. There will need to be a male/female flag of some kind to determine whether the output of the script should have "he" or "she", but you've probably got this sorted already. Of course, it could just as easily be done manually. I think the delegations don't deserve wikilinks, but the committees do. I don't know how much rewriting of the script there needs to be to get this output, but if there's something that can't be done I'm sure we can work around it somehow.

Here's a sample output for countries divided into EP regions:

NAME (born DATE YEAR in PLACE) is a NATIONALITY politician and Member of the European Parliament for the REGION of COUNTRY. He is a member of the PARTY, part of the EUROPARTY.

He sits on the COMMITTEE1 and is a subsitute for the COMMITTEE2. He is also a member of the DELEGATION1 and a substitute for DELEGATION2.

Further Updates
I've done another upload and created another template for creating a link to the declaration of financial interests:

It's not neccesary to use it but it allows for more flexibilty and for some regarding these links: We could (whould we need to, maybe the URL might change some day in the future) change the URL to the PDF files by changing one central place and have all URLs where it's used updated and it allows for a compact way to create the language link, he "fr" in the source is translucded by the Termplate(s) behind it to "in French; " and the PDF notice is also defined once for all in as part of the template.

If a template like this shows a red "Template:ISO 639-1/it" string, this is an indication that the template for providing the link " Italian " has to be created:

You only have to click on the red link, click edit there and create the template only using this string: Italian

After saving it, this becomes part of the above link. (You only have to do a reload of the page to test the result.)

Tests/already created templates:

The list of ISO 639-1 codes to use is in the article ISO-639, in the column with the two-letter (Aplha-2) codes for ISO-639-1.

The list of Templates for this is linked from Template:ISO 639-1. It also demo's to what the templates expand. It's a good place for creating all templates for the 20 EU languages and these templates can be used everywhere in the wikipedia where you want to refer to a language:

 * transcludes to:

Looking at this, I think a template called by could be nicer for common use - we can rename these internals of the declarations template this way possibly, for a start I have tried to use the most specific Template name possible and "ISO 639-1" is really very specific, so I can't think of any conflicting use of the same template names for a different purpose.

I've done a new upload which has most of the time information of the biography moved at the start of the line. I have not catched all cases, but most, I'll work on the rest now.

It also tries to separate the biography (where Education, Career and Decorations where all under in the Section Career) into three sections: Education, Career and Decorations. Of course the respective section titles only appear when I have found an indication that there is now information for such section coming, e.g. of course not every MEP has decorations.

 * Fixed some bugs with the new feature now, but it seems you were not hit by it or you corrected it yourself like you corrected the other bugs which I didn't see (missing chairmanships of Committees). I also fixed the Chair/Vicechair issue where the script produced wrong output and the committee was completely missing now. Have a look at the output which it produces now. I tried to match on your edits, althogh it's not 100% done yet) --NoSoftwarePatents 07:00, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The server were I've put the files is offline now, so I have uploaded the files here http://ffii.org/~bkaindl/MEPs/ updated the MEP stub template to point it the new URL.

title: User:Trilobite/MEP script


text:
Shunt

Shunt may refer to:

 * Shunt (medical), a hole or passage allowing fluid to move from one part of the body to another
 * Shunt (electrical), a device allowing electric current to pass around a point in a circuit
 * Shunt, a British term for rear-end collision of road vehicles
 * Shunt (railway operations), sorting items of rolling stock into trains, also called "switching"
 * Shunt (sailing), a maneuver for sailing upwind on reversible single-outrigger boats
 * Shunt (theatre company), an experimental theatre company based in London
 * Shunt, an alternative metabolic pathway
 * Shunt, a house robot in the TV series Robot Wars

title: Shunt


text: File:Lethbridge Pronghorns (emblem).png

title: File:Lethbridge Pronghorns (emblem).png


text:
St. Joseph Secondary School (Mississauga)

St. Joseph Secondary School, colloquially known as St. Joe's is a Catholic high school located in the East Credit community of Mississauga, Ontario. The school is administered by the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board. St. Joseph Secondary School is one of few schools in the province of Ontario to offer Pre-Advanced Placement courses starting in grade 9 while most schools offer the option of Advanced Placement (AP) level classes in grade 12. Students who graduate in any course with an AP level exam completed will earn university level credits in said course. The school is also a provider of the Business and Transportation Specialist High Skills Majors (SHSM), granting students who complete the major with a Ontario Secondary School Diploma including a recognized seal for employment opportunities after graduation.

Like other members of the district, students who attend St. Joseph C.S.S. receive teaching on religion, family life and prayer in addition to the standard curriculum found in public schools. The school is linked with the St. Joseph's Parish in Streetsville, which is a part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toronto. Its scriptural motto is "Be Not Afraid... Come Follow Me".

Some extra-curricular programs include: Model United Nation (MUN), Future Business Leaders Association (FBLA), The Mirror (school newspaper), Culture Shock, Green Team, L.I.F.E. Ministry, SafeSpace, Yearbook Committee, Annual Christmas talent Show, Artsapalooza, Artsfest, School Musical, Peer Tutoring, Jazz and Marching Band and the Nicaragua Project. Also, the school LINK Crew Ambassadors are a successful widespread organization, and assist with tours and parent evenings. The school is built almost exactly like Philip Pocock Catholic Secondary School also in Mississauga. The school was attended by Trooper Marc Diab, who was killed by a roadside bomb while serving his country in the War in Afghanistan. The park behind the school was renamed Trooper Marc Diab Memorial Park, in his honour.

In June 2013, St. Joe's was awarded the 2012–13 Premier's Award for Accepting Schools on behalf of Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne. The Premier's Awards for Accepting Schools are awarded annually and recognize schools that have demonstrated initiative, creativity and leadership in promoting a safe, inclusive and accepting school climate. Bob Delaney, MPP (Mississauga-Streetsville) made a presentation in the St. Joseph Secondary School library on Monday, June 17, 2013.

Feeder schools

 * Our lady of good voyage
 * St. Bernadette
 * St. David of Wales
 * St. Raymond
 * St. Herbert
 * St. Valentine (residents west of Mavis rd)

Athletics
The St. Joseph Jaguars have many sports teams which are known locally as some of the most competitive in the school board. Teams include:
 * Swimming (junior & senior)
 * Hockey (senior & junior boys and varsity girls)
 * Cross-country Running (senior, junior & midget)
 * Golf (varsity)
 * Field Hockey (varsity girls)
 * Basketball (senior & junior)
 * Volleyball (senior, junior & boys bantam)
 * Cricket (varsity)
 * Soccer (senior & junior)
 * Track & Field (senior, junior & midget)
 * Baseball (boys varsity)
 * Fast Pitch Softball (girls varsity)
 * Tennis (senior & junior)
 * Curling (varsity mixed)
 * Badminton (senior & junior)
 * Table Tennis (junior & senior)
 * Flag Football (girls)

Championships

 * Bantam Boys Volleyball 2005 Champions
 * Junior Boys Soccer Tier 1 2007 Champions
 * Senior Rugby Boys Tier 2 2013 Champions
 * Bantam Boys Basketball 2010 Champions
 * Senior Boys Basketball 2016 Champions

Stabbings
On June 17, 2009, at least two students and one teacher were stabbed after they attempted to stop a fight between several students on school property. Two students suffered severe stab wounds and were rushed to Credit Valley Hospital. Peel Regional Police said they received the initial call at around 8:30 a.m. After reports of multiple stabbings, the school was placed in lock down between 8:30 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. Shortly after the lock down was lifted, the school was evacuated and remained closed for the rest of the day while police continued their investigation into the stabbings. Later in the day, Peel Regional Police announced that two suspects aged 16 and 17 were arrested and charged with attempted murder.

Notable alumni

 * Owen Power, first pick of the 2021 NHL draft on the Buffalo Sabres
 * Tiffany Cameron, professional soccer player who played on the Canada women's national soccer team
 * Andre Durie, professional Canadian football player
 * Chris Leroux, professional baseball player


text:
New Zealand Republic

New Zealand Republic Inc. is an organisation formed in 1994 whose object is to support the creation of a New Zealand republic.

The campaign chair is Lewis Holden, an Auckland political activist and businessman. The organisation is not aligned with any political party, its members and supporters are drawn from across the political spectrum.

Aims and principles
New Zealand Republic's constitution specifies the following aims and principles: Creating a republic does not require a codified constitution or any change to the Treaty of Waitangi, Flag of New Zealand or Commonwealth membership.
 * Involving all New Zealanders in the debate;
 * Providing relevant and reliable information;
 * Focusing on ideas, not personalities;
 * Winning a referendum to establish the republic;

History
The organisation was formed in March 1994 and incorporated in February 1995, following National Party Prime Minister Jim Bolger's call for New Zealand to become a republic. Its membership was drawn from many political quarters (including journalist Jonathan Milne and New Zealand First Member of Parliament Deborah Morris) and called the Republican Coalition of New Zealand. Some of the group's members had been involved in the successful campaign of the Electoral Reform Coalition for electoral reform at a referendum in 1993. In 1996, writer Keri Hulme became patron of the group.

The group changed its name in 1999, coinciding with an unsuccessful Australian referendum on the same issue, to the Republican Movement of Aotearoa New Zealand (Aotearoa is a Māori name for New Zealand), and again in 2014 to New Zealand Republic.

It participated in the Building the Constitution conference held in 2000, putting forward three recommendations: greater civics education, considering republicanism as an option and continued facilitation of the republic debate.

The group was unrelated to the former Republican Association of New Zealand (sometimes called the Republican Movement as well), although Bruce Jesson was a member of New Zealand Republic until his death in 1999.

The group attracted controversy in 2008 by expressing disappointment that no member of the Royal Family attended the state funeral of Sir Edmund Hillary.

On 21 April 2008 the group released a poll of New Zealanders showing 43% support the monarchy should Prince Charles become king, and 41% support a republic under the same scenario. In October 2008, one week before the general election, the group released the results of an online poll held through a website named "The President of New Zealand". The poll allowed visitors to nominate and vote for their favoured New Zealander to be head of state. Dame Kiri Te Kanawa won the poll.

On 23 September 2009, the group launched a book entitled The New Zealand Republic Handbook, at an event hosted at Parliament by United Future leader Peter Dunne with several current and former MPs in attendance, including Green MP Keith Locke, Labour MPs Clare Curran, Charles Chauvel, Nanaia Mahuta and Phil Twyford, and National MPs John Hayes and Paul Hutchison.

The group participated in the Reconstituting the Constitution conference at Parliament in September 2010. Dean Knight, senior Victoria University of Wellington law lecturer and New Zealand Republic's constitutional advisor, put forward a so-called "soft-republic".

Head of State Referenda Bill
In 2002, Green Party MP Keith Locke drafted a member's bill titled the Head of State Referenda Bill, which was drawn from the members' ballot on 14 October 2009. It would have brought about a referendum on the question of a New Zealand republic. Three choices would be put to the public: If no model gained a majority, a second run-off referendum would be held. If one of the two republican options were supported by the public, New Zealand would become a Parliamentary republic (rather than a presidential republic), with a head of state with the same powers as the Governor-General of New Zealand and serving for one five-year term. In May 2007, the Republican Movement agreed to support the bill to Select Committee stage. The Bill was defeated on 21 April 2010 by 68–53.
 * A republic with direct election of the head of state;
 * A republic with indirect election of the head of state by a three-quarters majority Parliament; and
 * The status quo.

Constitutional Convention Bill
In January 2008, the group supported former Prime Minister Mike Moore's call for his Constitutional Convention Bill to be resurrected, despite Keith Locke MP stating the convention would be "too broad".

Governor-General Bill
The group supported the Governor-General Act 2010, which modernised the office of Governor-General, making the office's salary taxable. In response to the Bill passing its first reading, the group launched a "citizens process" for selecting the next Governor-General. In its submission to the select committee considering the Bill, the group suggested parliament appoint the next Governor-General with a three-quarters majority plus a majority of party leaders in parliament, with a similar dismissal process and a fixed five-year term.

Affiliations
In April 2005, the movement became a founding member of Common Cause, an alliance of Commonwealth republican movements.

title: New Zealand Republic