text:
Kipsigis language

Kipsigis (or Kipsikii, Kipsikiis) is part of the Kenyan Kalenjin dialect cluster, It is spoken mainly in Kericho and Bomet counties in Kenya. The Kipsigis people are the most numerous tribe of the Kalenjin in Kenya, accounting for 60% of all Kalenjin speakers. Kipsigis is closely related to Nandi, Keiyo (Keyo, Elgeyo), South Tugen (Tuken), and Cherangany.

The Kipsigis territory is bordered to the south and southeast by the Maasai. To the west, Gusii (a Bantu language) is spoken. To the north-east, other Kalenjin people are found, mainly the Nandi. East from the Kipsigis, in the Mau forests, live some Okiek speaking tribes.

The Kipsigis language has two lengths of vowel sounds. When spoken, a single vowel has a short sound of that vowel whereas the duplication of a vowel indicates an elongated sound of that vowel. Most common nouns in the Kipsigis language end with a consonant when a common noun ends with a vowel; it will either be an a or o. Proper nouns such as names of places and people can end in any vowel.

Consonants

 * can be heard as either a trill or a tap.
 * may also be realized as a palatal stop.
 * may also have a voiced allophone, as well as become spirantized as a voiced fricative.

Double vowels
Usually, the pronunciation of a double vowel does not mean a repetition of that vowel sound but rather an elongation of that particular vowel sound. An exception to that generalization shows up with the double ee.

Normally, the elongated vowel sounds follow the Latin vowel sounds. A few examples are given in the table below The sound of the double ee may vary in pronunciation. For example:

Pronunciation of ng' and ng
ng' has the sound of ng at the end of the English word sing.

ng, without the apostrophe, is pronounced as two separate syllables: n and g – as in the English word anger.

Aap
The Kipsigis word -aap is an integral part of the Kipsigis language with an equivocated status and usage as the English conjunction of. -aap, usually used as a cervix of a word with an hyphen implicates the subject matter with a possessive relation.

title: Kipsigis language


text:
Halid Bešlić

Halid Bešlić (born 20 November 1953) is a Bosnian folk singer and musician who has been performing professionally since 1979. Bešlić's singing career was one of the most successful in Yugoslavia, and continues today throughout the entire Balkan region.

Early life
Bešlić was born in the Knežina village near Sokolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina, while it was part of FPR Yugoslavia.

His father Mujo Bešlić, a military man, died on 1 April 2016 at the age of 83 in a Sarajevo hospital. Halid, who was on tour in the United States at the time, managed to arrive to the funeral held in a village by Olovo, where Mujo had lived since the start of the Bosnian War in 1992.

Career
After serving a mandatory stint in the Yugoslav People's Army, Bešlić moved from Knežina to Sarajevo and began performing at local restaurants. After several years, his first musical releases were eight singles between 1979 and 1982, with his first studio album, entitled Sijedi starac (White Haired Old Man), being released in 1981.

By 1984, he started becoming more and more well known, with popular songs such as "Neću, neću dijamante" (I Don't Want, I Don't Want Diamonds) and "Budi budi uvijek srećna" (Always, Always Be a Happy Woman) being heard all over Yugoslavia.

Since then, Bešlić has recorded 17 albums and staged countless concerts.

Bešlić released eight albums during the 1980s, with hit songs including "Vraćam se majci u Bosnu" (I Am Returning to my Mother in Bosnia), "Sjećam se" (I Remember), "Hej, zoro, ne svani" (Hey, Morning, Don't Rise) and "Eh, kad bi ti" (If Only You Would).

He also had several hit songs in the 2000s and 2010s. The 2003 album Prvi poljubac featured the hit song of the same name. The song "Miljacka", named after the Bosnian river, was featured on his 2007 album Halid 08 and the songs "Štiklom o kamen" (High Heels on Stone) and "Kad zaigra srce od meraka" (When the Heart Dances with Joy) were featured on Romanija (2013). The album Trebević, named after the Bosnian mountain, was released in February 2020.

Personal life

Bešlić married his wife Sejda in November 1977.

In the 1990s, during the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnia went into war and Bešlić staged more than 500 humanitarian concerts across Europe for the victims in his home country.

Bešlić has earned many awards and much financial success from his singing. Among his business interests is a gas station and hotel in the outskirts of Sarajevo.

In 2015, Bešlić acquired Croatian citizenship.

2009 car wreck
On 10 March 2009, Bešlić left his gas station at around 4 in the morning, and ran his Škoda Superb off the road, due to icy conditions, and crashed. Bešlić who was not wearing his seat belt had had serious injuries to his face and right eye, initially being in a coma. All of Bosnia and Herzegovina showed concern after Halid's wreck, as they awaited any news regarding his condition. He would eventually make a full recovery. Attempts to save his eye were undertaken at hospitals in Bosnia, Turkey and Belgium however they were all ultimately unsuccessful. After his recovery, Halid slowly made his way back onto the music scene. Notably, he held a major concert in Zagreb at the end of October 2009.

He had earlier survived a car wreck in 1986 with the singer Suzana Mančić.

Discography

 * Singles
 * Grešnica (1979)
 * Sijedi starac (1980)
 * Mirela (1981)
 * Pjesma samo o njoj (1982)

 * Studio albums
 * Sijedi starac (1981)
 * Pjesma samo o njoj (1982)
 * Dijamanti... (1984)
 * Zbogom noći, zbogom zore (1985)
 * Otrov (1986)
 * Zajedno smo jači (1986)
 * Eh, kad bi ti rekla mi, volim te (1987)
 * Mostovi tuge (1988)
 * Opet sam se zaljubio (1990)
 * Ljiljani (1991)
 * Grade moj (1993)
 * Ne zovi me, ne traži me (1996)
 * Robinja (1998)
 * U ime ljubavi (2000)
 * Prvi poljubac (2003)
 * Halid 08 (2007)
 * Romanija (2013)
 * Trebević (2020)

 * As featured artist
 * Ne zna juče da je sad (Yesterday Does Not Know That It's Today, 2011) with Viki Miljković

 * Concerts
 * Hala "Pionir" Beograd (uživo) (1988)
 * Koncert Skenderija (2001)
 * Halid Bešlić i gosti: Zetra Live (2004)
 * Halid Bešlić i Crvena Jabuka: Melbourne, Australia (2012)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Halid Bešlić


text:
Talk:PBS (disambiguation)

Requested move
(User:Roadrunner3000 added the move template to the article, but that's not the right place, so I moved it here. Note that there's a competing proposal by User:Georgia guy at Talk:Public Broadcasting Service. Gdr 09:29, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC))

I have moved the votes to Talk:Public Broadcasting Service due to the competing proposal to move Public Broadcasting Service to PBS. This will make it easier to reach a consensus if a move is to be made. If anyone else wishes to express an oppinion pease do so on Talk:Public Broadcasting Service --Philip Baird Shearer 21:05, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Note: this earlier discussion is now at Talk:Public Broadcasting Service/Archive 1. older ≠ wiser 16:58, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Requested move, August 2011

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 06:27, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

PBS (disambiguation) → PBS – Although a large number of pages link to PBS when Public Broadcasting Service is meant, that is not the primarytopic, and so PBS should be a disambiguation page. According to WP:DABNAME, it is acceptable to have the disambiguation page at PBS rather than PBS (disambiguation). StAnselm (talk) 09:02, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Please be more specific than "it is not the primary topic". Georgia guy (talk) 12:35, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I think what StAnselm means is not that not enough of the incoming links to PBS are actually intended for the Public Broadcasting Service article for "Public Broadcasting Service" to be considered the clear primary topic of "PBS" (incoming links being one of the recommended ways to determine the primary topic). Jenks24 (talk) 13:06, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * What other articles are some of them intended for?? Georgia guy (talk) 13:07, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I would guess some of the other articles listed at PBS (disambiguation), but I'm sure StAnselm will be able to give a more specific answer. Jenks24 (talk) 15:09, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I think Public Broadcasting Service is the primary topic, and that PBS should redirect there. Thundermaker (talk) 18:36, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose I believe Public Broadcasting Service is the primary topic for PBS for several reasons: 1) Page visits. Last month PBS had 19399 hits; the disambiguation page and the two articles in the hatnote with the initials PBS had a combined 2490. So even if every visit to the latter three pages came via the PBS redirect to the Public Broadcasting Service article, that's still just about 13%--meaning that Public Broadcasting Service was likely the desired destination of about 7 out of 8 users entering or clicking on PBS. 2) Incoming links. Public Broadcasting Service may not be the intended target of every link on PBS, but it's nearly every one. I went through the list, clicking on random links, dozens of them, and they all were intended for Public Broadcasting Service. 3) Google search. The first ten results for a search on PBS were related to the Public Broadcasting Service, followed by a single result for a computer software company, followed by another 30+ for Public Broadcasting Service. The redirect should remain as it is.-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  20:15, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment Looking at another group of comments on this issue, it seems that, unsurprisingly, Google results will vary depending on your location. So while PBS search results in North America, as the ones I reported are, are likely to skew heavily to Public Broadcasting Service, results in other areas of the world are likely to be different. Just something to keep in mind. I still think my first two points are sufficient to carry the argument.-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  20:39, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose based on the evidence presented by ShelfSkewed. -- Ja Ga  talk 20:23, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose for the same reasons as ShelfSkewed. Also regarding what links here for PBS, StAnselm's contributions for 24-25 August show many edits with the summary Disambiguated: PBS → Public Broadcasting Service -- I didn't examine every edit, but I did not notice any where PBS was disambiguated to something other than Public Broadcasting Service (StAnselm please feel free to clarify if you did find any others). I'm not suggesting that StAnselm did anything wrong by fixing the redirect links (even though they weren't actually "broken" until the redirect was changed with only the flimsiest of discussion) -- but anyone looking at what links here for PBS might not realize that several dozen pages were recently edited to remove the links.  older ≠ wiser 20:35, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment. I never hinted in the slightest that Public Broadcasting Service was not the target of most of - or even all - the links. I didn't regard that as sufficient to establish it as the primary topic, although I accept that it is mentioned under WP:PRIMARYTOPIC as one of the tools that "may help to support the determination of a primary topic in a discussion, but are not determining factors." StAnselm (talk) 22:08, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The page view statistics ShelfSkewed mentions are quite compelling. One might say they've skewed my opinion on it (if one is given to bad puns, that is). oknazevad (talk) 00:45, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose – incoming links (thousands) are almost all meant for Public Boradcasting Service. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 06:16, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment. As the proposer, I realise there is a clear consensus (now) against the move, and in favour of redirecting PBS to Public Broadcasting Service. This discussion can be closed early if anybody wishes. StAnselm (talk) 09:16, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:PBS (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:HMS Surprise (novel)

Untitled
I have now created a main article page for HMS Surprise. This should enable fans of Patrick O'Brian's novels to either Good luck with your editing!Ivankinsman 18:42, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * - fill in the missing information
 * - create their own input for the novel

 * Having written most of the previous Plot summary I'm not the best to judge but the newer version appears to just be larger not necessarily better. :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  16:46, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Now seven years later, there are lots of changes to the plot summary. If you still edit, what do you think of it now? Plus a list of characters and other changes to the article. --Prairieplant (talk) 10:21, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

escheat to the Crown, droits of the Crown
"We are bound by Admiralty law: if the prize was made beofre the declaration of war the proceeds escheat to the Crown. They are droits of the Crown." (says the First Lord of the Admiralty, Chapter 1) Preceding is the text from the start of Chapter 1, as the First Lord announces his decision of how to deal with the huge amount of Spanish gold taken by a convoy sent to capture it at the end of the previous novel, Post Captain, to impede Spain in the war, entering on the side of Napoleon. Senior Navy officials argued against this decision, knowing the value of prize money in stimulating its captains, and the squadron acted on usual Admiralty orders, but this argument lost. That the Crown and the Admiralty are not the same for such a decision, that was confusing! I think the text in Plot summary is correct now. --Prairieplant (talk) 01:02, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Photo of replica ship
I added this photo, and was surprised that it was removed by another editor, who commented that it was a picture of the replica ship. See the caption, which is the one removed. It certainly seems to me a photo that would be helpful to readers of our article and the book, for them to envision how the Captain's cabin looked. It plays a prominent role in the book. --Pete Tillman (talk) 04:25, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I removed the photo, and I think it does not belong in the article about the novel. The replica ship was made for the movie. If others agree, you might add a See also section with a linto HMS Surprise (replica ship). However, the article already links to the article on the HMS Surprise (1796) in the Ship list, which article mentions the replica ship. It seems to be too much talk of the replica ship, in a sense replicated in too many article. The novel is topic enough. --Prairieplant (talk) 04:35, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Surprise (novel)


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Shirley Corriher

Shirley O. Corriher (born February 23, 1935) is an American biochemist and author of CookWise: The Hows and Whys of Successful Cooking, winner of a James Beard Foundation award, and BakeWise: The Hows and Whys of Successful Baking. CookWise shows how scientific insights can be applied to traditional cooking, while BakeWise applies the same idea to baking. Some compare Corriher's approach to that of Harold McGee (whom Corriher thanks as her "intellectual hero" in the "My Gratitude and Thanks" section of Cookwise) and Alton Brown. She has made a number of appearances as a food consultant on Brown's show Good Eats and has released a DVD, Shirley O. Corriher's Kitchen Secrets Revealed.

Personal life
After graduating from Vanderbilt University in 1959, she and her husband opened a boys' school in Atlanta, Georgia, where she was responsible for cooking three meals a day for 30 boys. By 1970 the school had grown to 140 students. That same year she divorced her husband and left the school; she took up cooking to support herself and her three children.

Corriher lives with her current husband, Arch, in Atlanta.

title: Shirley Corriher


text: User talk:62.166.60.54

title: User talk:62.166.60.54


text:
Xavier Zubiri

Xavier Zubiri (4 December 1898 – 21 September 1983) was a Spanish philosopher.

Zubiri was a member of the Madrid School, composed of philosophers José Ortega y Gasset (the founder of the group), José Gaos, and Julián Marías, among others. Zubiri's philosophy has been categorized as a "materialist open realism", which "attempted to reformulate classical metaphysics, in a language that was entirely compatible with modern science". This relates to Xavier Zubiri's educational background.

Biography
Zubiri first received a philosophical and theological formation in Madrid and Rome. Later, he deepened his studies in philosophy through his graduate studies in Louvain, writing his dissertation on phenomenology. In 1929, Zubiri's critical interest in this current of thought took him to Freiburg, when he already was a professor in Madrid. There, he studied with Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. In 1930, Zubiri moved to Berlin, where he studied physics, philology and biology. There, he was hosted in Harnack House, which enabled Zubiri to socialize with important minds of this great period of academic activity in the Weimar Republic. For example, Albert Einstein (whom Zubiri had already met in Madrid, at Universidad Central, in 1923), Max Planck, Werner Jaeger, Erwin Schrödinger, among others.

When the Spanish Civil War broke out in Spain in 1936, Zubiri moved to Paris. There, he continued having an intensive intellectual life, attending courses with Louis de Broglie, Frédéric Joliot, Irène Curie, Elie Joseph Cartan and Emile Benveniste, among others. In 1939, just before France declared war with Germany, Zubiri returned to Spain. Zubiri's philosophy is little known outside of Spain and Latin America, mostly because Zubiri was compelled to resign from formal academic positions in Spain, in 1942. This had to do with the lack of academic freedoms in Francisco Franco's regime. However, it was possible for Zubiri to continue his work as an academic, through the sponsorship of family and friends. Zubiri was a prolific author in the Spanish magazines Cruz y Raya (led by José Bergamín) and Revista de Occidente (led by José Ortega y Gasset) under the second Spanish republic. However, after his resignation from Spanish universities, Zubiri did not publish much in established peer reviewed journals. Nonetheless, he did publish a series of books and research articles. Zubiri's work was initially not well received by established academic environments in Spain. This was mostly explained by the political context under Franco. But Zubiri's relationship to scholars like Ignacio Ellacuría made Zubiri's work widely known in Latin America, where Zubiri's thought has been further developed.

Recently, Spanish academics have begun to recognize the importance of Zubiri's life and philosophy. For the same reasons outlined above, Zubiri's contact with the formal academic environments of the English speaking world was limited. There is all but one recorded visit by Zubiri to the United States, specifically Princeton University, on October 2, 1946. In Princeton, Zubiri lectured in French on "The real and mathematics- A philosophical problem" ("Le reel et les mathematiques—Un probleme de philosophie"). Some of Zubiri's work has been translated to English: "On Essence" (Caponigri, 1980), "Sentient Intelligence" (Fowler, 1999), "The Dynamic Structure of Reality" (Orringer, 2003) and "The Fundamental problems of Western Metaphysics" (Redondo & Fowler 2009). Despite his relative academic isolation at home in Spain, Zubiri has also been recognized in other countries. In 1979, the German government awarded Zubiri and Laín Entralgo the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. Zubiri was awarded this distinction for his work in his books Nature, History, God (1954) and On Essence (1962). Zubiri's work has also been translated to French, German, Italian and Portuguese.

title: Xavier Zubiri


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Marden railway station

Marden railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line in England, serving the village of Marden in the borough of Maidstone, Kent. It is 39 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains that serve the station are operated by Southeastern. The station is often referred to as Marden (Kent), to distinguish itself between similarly-named villages across England.

History
The station was opened by the South Eastern Railway on 31 August 1842, when the line was extended from Tonbridge to Headcorn. It was built to serve local goods traffic, particularly the transport of fruit from the orchards surrounding Marden.

The goods shed was designed so that wagons could not pass through it. The yard was expanded in 1908, adding an additional siding. The station was completely revamped in 1961 in preparation for the electrification of the South East Main line, including an additional footbridge.

Facilities
Along with similar sized stations along the South East Main Line, the ticket office is only staffed part-time. A ticket machine is available for other times.

Accidents and incidents
At 20:42 on 4 January 1969 there was a collision between a down electric passenger train (formed of 2 x 4CEP units) and a down parcels train to the west of Marden station. Four people were killed. The cause was the driver of the passenger train missing a signal in fog and passing it at danger. Local farmer David Winch of Brook Farm, along with his employees, worked for fourteen hours assisting in the rescue operation. They used their tractors and trailers to ferry the injured across muddy fields from the crash site to waiting ambulances. The ambulance officer in charge at the time, Stanley Skinner, was awarded a British Empire Medal in recognition of his role.

On 5 September 2012, an up passenger train caught fire at Marden. The blaze was under control within half an hour. Passengers were evacuated and services between Tonbridge and Ashford were disrupted.

Services
All services at Marden are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:

 * 2 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 1 tph to Dover Priory
 * 1 tph to Ramsgate via Canterbury West

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street and Ramsgate via Deal call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Marden railway station


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Inverse semigroup

In group theory, an inverse semigroup (occasionally called an inversion semigroup ) S is a semigroup in which every element x in S has a unique inverse y in S in the sense that x = xyx and y = yxy, i.e. a regular semigroup in which every element has a unique inverse. Inverse semigroups appear in a range of contexts; for example, they can be employed in the study of partial symmetries.

(The convention followed in this article will be that of writing a function on the right of its argument, e.g. x f rather than f(x), and composing functions from left to right—a convention often observed in semigroup theory.)

Origins
Inverse semigroups were introduced independently by Viktor Vladimirovich Wagner in the Soviet Union in 1952, and by Gordon Preston in the United Kingdom in 1954. Both authors arrived at inverse semigroups via the study of partial bijections of a set: a partial transformation α of a set X is a function from A to B, where A and B are subsets of X. Let α and β be partial transformations of a set X; α and β can be composed (from left to right) on the largest domain upon which it "makes sense" to compose them:
 * $$ \operatorname{dom}\alpha\beta = [\operatorname{im} \alpha \cap \operatorname{dom} \beta] \alpha^{-1} \, $$

where α−1 denotes the preimage under α. Partial transformations had already been studied in the context of pseudogroups. It was Wagner, however, who was the first to observe that the composition of partial transformations is a special case of the composition of binary relations. He recognised also that the domain of composition of two partial transformations may be the empty set, so he introduced an empty transformation to take account of this. With the addition of this empty transformation, the composition of partial transformations of a set becomes an everywhere-defined associative binary operation. Under this composition, the collection $$\mathcal{I}_X$$ of all partial one-one transformations of a set X forms an inverse semigroup, called the symmetric inverse semigroup (or monoid) on X, with inverse the functional inverse defined from image to domain (equivalently, the converse relation). This is the "archetypal" inverse semigroup, in the same way that a symmetric group is the archetypal group. For example, just as every group can be embedded in a symmetric group, every inverse semigroup can be embedded in a symmetric inverse semigroup (see below).

The basics
The inverse of an element x of an inverse semigroup S is usually written x−1. Inverses in an inverse semigroup have many of the same properties as inverses in a group, for example, (ab)−1 = b−1a−1. In an inverse monoid, xx−1 and x−1x are not necessarily equal to the identity, but they are both idempotent. An inverse monoid S in which xx−1 = 1 = x−1x, for all x in S (a unipotent inverse monoid), is, of course, a group.

There are a number of equivalent characterisations of an inverse semigroup S: The idempotent in the $$\mathcal{L}$$-class of s is s−1s, whilst the idempotent in the $$\mathcal{R}$$-class of s is ss−1. There is therefore a simple characterisation of Green's relations in an inverse semigroup:
 * Every element of S has a unique inverse, in the above sense.
 * Every element of S has at least one inverse (S is a regular semigroup) and idempotents commute (that is, the idempotents of S form a semilattice).
 * Every $$\mathcal{L}$$-class and every $$\mathcal{R}$$-class contains precisely one idempotent, where $$\mathcal{L}$$ and $$\mathcal{R}$$ are two of Green's relations.
 * $$a\,\mathcal{L}\,b\Longleftrightarrow a^{-1}a=b^{-1}b,\quad a\,\mathcal{R}\,b\Longleftrightarrow

aa^{-1}=bb^{-1}$$

Unless stated otherwise, E(S) will denote the semilattice of idempotents of an inverse semigroup S.

Examples of inverse semigroups

 * Partial bijections on a set X form an inverse semigroup under composition.
 * Every group is an inverse semigroup.
 * The bicyclic semigroup is inverse, with (a, b)−1 = (b, a).
 * Every semilattice is inverse.
 * The Brandt semigroup is inverse.
 * The Munn semigroup is inverse.

Multiplication table example. It is associative and every element has its own inverse according to aba = a, bab = b. It has no identity and is not commutative.

The natural partial order
An inverse semigroup S possesses a natural partial order relation ≤ (sometimes denoted by ω), which is defined by the following:
 * $$a \leq b \Longleftrightarrow a=eb,$$

for some idempotent e in S. Equivalently,
 * $$a \leq b \Longleftrightarrow a=bf,$$

for some (in general, different) idempotent f in S. In fact, e can be taken to be aa−1 and f to be a−1a.

The natural partial order is compatible with both multiplication and inversion, that is,
 * $$a \leq b, c \leq d \Longrightarrow ac \leq bd$$

and
 * $$a \leq b \Longrightarrow a^{-1} \leq b^{-1}.$$

In a group, this partial order simply reduces to equality, since the identity is the only idempotent. In a symmetric inverse semigroup, the partial order reduces to restriction of mappings, i.e., α ≤ β if, and only if, the domain of α is contained in the domain of β and xα = xβ, for all x in the domain of α.

The natural partial order on an inverse semigroup interacts with Green's relations as follows: if s ≤ t and s$$\,\mathcal{L}\,$$t, then s = t. Similarly, if s$\,\mathcal{R}\,$t.

On E(S), the natural partial order becomes:
 * $$e \leq f \Longleftrightarrow e = ef,$$

so, since the idempotents form a semilattice under the product operation, products on E(S) give least upper bounds with respect to ≤.

If E(S) is finite and forms a chain (i.e., E(S) is totally ordered by ≤), then S is a union of groups. If E(S) is an infinite chain it is possible to obtain an analogous result under additional hypotheses on S and E(S).

Homomorphisms and representations of inverse semigroups
A homomorphism (or morphism) of inverse semigroups is defined in exactly the same way as for any other semigroup: for inverse semigroups S and T, a function θ from S to T is a morphism if (sθ)(tθ) = (st)θ, for all s,t in S. The definition of a morphism of inverse semigroups could be augmented by including the condition (sθ)−1 = s−1θ, however, there is no need to do so, since this property follows from the above definition, via the following theorem:

Theorem. The homomorphic image of an inverse semigroup is an inverse semigroup; the inverse of an element is always mapped to the inverse of the image of that element.

One of the earliest results proved about inverse semigroups was the Wagner–Preston Theorem, which is an analogue of Cayley's theorem for groups:

Wagner–Preston Theorem. If S is an inverse semigroup, then the function φ from S to $$\mathcal{I}_S$$, given by
 * dom (aφ) = Sa−1 and x(aφ) = xa

is a faithful representation of S.

Thus, any inverse semigroup can be embedded in a symmetric inverse semigroup, and with image closed under the inverse operation on partial bijections. Conversely, any subsemigroup of the symmetric inverse semigroup closed under the inverse operation is an inverse semigroup. Hence a semigroup S is isomorphic to a subsemigroup of the symmetric inverse semigroup closed under inverses if and only if S is an inverse semigroup.

Congruences on inverse semigroups
Congruences are defined on inverse semigroups in exactly the same way as for any other semigroup: a congruence ρ is an equivalence relation that is compatible with semigroup multiplication, i.e.,
 * $$a\,\rho\,b,\quad c\,\rho\,d\Longrightarrow ac\,\rho\,bd.$$

Of particular interest is the relation $$\sigma$$, defined on an inverse semigroup S by
 * $$a\,\sigma\,b\Longleftrightarrow$$ there exists a $$c\in S$$ with $$c\leq

a,b.$$ It can be shown that σ is a congruence and, in fact, it is a group congruence, meaning that the factor semigroup S/σ is a group. In the set of all group congruences on a semigroup S, the minimal element (for the partial order defined by inclusion of sets) need not be the smallest element. In the specific case in which S is an inverse semigroup σ is the smallest congruence on S such that S/σ is a group, that is, if τ is any other congruence on S with S/τ a group, then σ is contained in τ. The congruence σ is called the minimum group congruence on S. The minimum group congruence can be used to give a characterisation of E-unitary inverse semigroups (see below).

A congruence ρ on an inverse semigroup S is called idempotent pure if
 * $$a\in S, e\in E(S), a\,\rho\,e\Longrightarrow a\in E(S).$$

E-unitary inverse semigroups
One class of inverse semigroups that has been studied extensively over the years is the class of E-unitary inverse semigroups: an inverse semigroup S (with semilattice E of idempotents) is E-unitary if, for all e in E and all s in S,
 * $$es \in E \Longrightarrow s \in E.$$

Equivalently,
 * $$se \in E \Rightarrow s \in E.$$

One further characterisation of an E-unitary inverse semigroup S is the following: if e is in E and e ≤ s, for some s in S, then s is in E.

Theorem. Let S be an inverse semigroup with semilattice E of idempotents, and minimum group congruence σ. Then the following are equivalent: where $$\sim$$ is the compatibility relation on S, defined by
 * S is E-unitary;
 * σ is idempotent pure;
 * $$\sim$$ = σ,
 * $$a\sim b\Longleftrightarrow ab^{-1},a^{-1}b$$ are idempotent.

McAlister's Covering Theorem. Every inverse semigroup S has a E-unitary cover; that is there exists an idempotent separating surjective homomorphism from some E-unitary semigroup T onto S.

Central to the study of E-unitary inverse semigroups is the following construction. Let $$\mathcal{X}$$ be a partially ordered set, with ordering ≤, and let $$\mathcal{Y}$$ be a subset of $$\mathcal{X}$$ with the properties that
 * $$\mathcal{Y}$$ is a lower semilattice, that is, every pair of elements A, B in $$\mathcal{Y}$$ has a greatest lower bound A $$\wedge$$ B in $$\mathcal{Y}$$ (with respect to ≤);
 * $$\mathcal{Y}$$ is an order ideal of $$\mathcal{X}$$, that is, for A, B in $$\mathcal{X}$$, if A is in $$\mathcal{Y}$$ and B ≤ A, then B is in $$\mathcal{Y}$$.

Now let G be a group that acts on $$\mathcal{X}$$ (on the left), such that
 * for all g in G and all A, B in $$\mathcal{X}$$, gA = gB if, and only if, A = B;
 * for each g in G and each B in $$\mathcal{X}$$, there exists an A in $$\mathcal{X}$$ such that gA = B;
 * for all A, B in $$\mathcal{X}$$, A ≤ B if, and only if, gA ≤ gB;
 * for all g, h in G and all A in $$\mathcal{X}$$, g(hA) = (gh)A.

The triple $$(G, \mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y})$$ is also assumed to have the following properties:
 * for every X in $$\mathcal{X}$$, there exists a g in G and an A in $$\mathcal{Y}$$ such that gA = X;
 * for all g in G, g$$\mathcal{Y}$$ and $$\mathcal{Y}$$ have nonempty intersection.

Such a triple $$(G, \mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y})$$ is called a McAlister triple. A McAlister triple is used to define the following:
 * $$P(G, \mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y}) = \{ (A,g) \in \mathcal{Y}\times G: g^{-1}A \in \mathcal{Y} \}$$

together with multiplication
 * $$(A,g)(B,h)=(A \wedge gB, gh)$$.

Then $$P(G, \mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y})$$ is an inverse semigroup under this multiplication, with (A, g)−1 = (g−1A, g−1). One of the main results in the study of E-unitary inverse semigroups is McAlister's P-Theorem:

McAlister's P-Theorem. Let $$(G, \mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y})$$ be a McAlister triple. Then $$P(G, \mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y})$$ is an E-unitary inverse semigroup. Conversely, every E-unitary inverse semigroup is isomorphic to one of this type.

F-inverse semigroups
An inverse semigroup is said to be F-inverse if every element has a unique maximal element above it in the natural partial order, i.e. every σ-class has a maximal element. Every F-inverse semigroup is an E-unitary monoid. McAlister's covering theorem has been refined by M.V. Lawson to:

Theorem. Every inverse semigroup has an F-inverse cover.

McAlister's P-theorem has been used to characterize F-inverse semigroups as well. A McAlister triple $$(G, \mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y})$$ is an F-inverse semigroup if and only if $$\mathcal{Y}$$ is a principal ideal of $$\mathcal{X}$$ and $$\mathcal{X}$$ is a semilattice.

Free inverse semigroups
A construction similar to a free group is possible for inverse semigroups. A presentation of the free inverse semigroup on a set X may be obtained by considering the free semigroup with involution, where involution is the taking of the inverse, and then taking the quotient by the Vagner congruence

 * $$\{ (xx^{-1}x, x),\; (xx^{-1}yy^{-1}, yy^{-1}xx^{-1})\;|\;x,y \in (X\cup X^{-1})^+ \}. $$

The word problem for free inverse semigroups is much more intricate than that of free groups. A celebrated result in this area due to W. D. Munn who showed that elements of the free inverse semigroup can be naturally regarded as trees, known as Munn trees. Multiplication in the free inverse semigroup has a correspondent on Munn trees, which essentially consists of overlapping common portions of the trees. (see Lawson 1998 for further details)

Any free inverse semigroup is F-inverse.

Connections with category theory
The above composition of partial transformations of a set gives rise to a symmetric inverse semigroup. There is another way of composing partial transformations, which is more restrictive than that used above: two partial transformations α and β are composed if, and only if, the image of α is equal to the domain of β; otherwise, the composition αβ is undefined. Under this alternative composition, the collection of all partial one-one transformations of a set forms not an inverse semigroup but an inductive groupoid, in the sense of category theory. This close connection between inverse semigroups and inductive groupoids is embodied in the Ehresmann–Schein–Nambooripad Theorem, which states that an inductive groupoid can always be constructed from an inverse semigroup, and conversely. More precisely, an inverse semigroup is precisely a groupoid in the category of posets that is an étale groupoid with respect to its (dual) Alexandrov topology and whose poset of objects is a meet-semilattice.

Generalisations of inverse semigroups
As noted above, an inverse semigroup S can be defined by the conditions (1) S is a regular semigroup, and (2) the idempotents in S commute; this has led to two distinct classes of generalisations of an inverse semigroup: semigroups in which (1) holds, but (2) does not, and vice versa.

Examples of regular generalisations of an inverse semigroup are:
 * Regular semigroups: a semigroup S is regular if every element has at least one inverse; equivalently, for each a in S, there is an x in S such that axa = a.
 * Locally inverse semigroups: a regular semigroup S is locally inverse if eSe is an inverse semigroup, for each idempotent e.
 * Orthodox semigroups: a regular semigroup S is orthodox if its subset of idempotents forms a subsemigroup.
 * Generalised inverse semigroups: a regular semigroup S is called a generalised inverse semigroup if its idempotents form a normal band, i.e., xyzx = xzyx, for all idempotents x, y, z.

The class of generalised inverse semigroups is the intersection of the class of locally inverse semigroups and the class of orthodox semigroups.

Amongst the non-regular generalisations of an inverse semigroup are:
 * (Left, right, two-sided) adequate semigroups.
 * (Left, right, two-sided) ample semigroups.
 * (Left, right, two-sided) semiadequate semigroups.
 * Weakly (left, right, two-sided) ample semigroups.

Inverse category
This notion of inverse also readily generalizes to categories. An inverse category is simply a category in which every morphism f : X → Y has a generalized inverse g : Y → X such that fgf = f and gfg = g. An inverse category is selfdual. The category of sets and partial bijections is the prime example.

Inverse categories have found various applications in theoretical computer science.

title: Inverse semigroup


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-05-23/From the editor

This is just a brief note to thank everyone who has stuck with The Signpost in my absence, whether as a reader or a contributor. The reporters have put in a lot of work, and I'm glad that the project does not depend solely on me. My guest editor, Sj, will now be able to spend more time working on the next issue of the Quarto for the Foundation. I appreciate him filling in and will continue to value his input and ideas.

We're still trying to make The Signpost as useful as possible to the greatest number of people. You may have noticed more news coming in from Wikipedia in other languages and from the other Wikimedia projects. As noted on the Wikipedia mailing list, a number of Wikipedia languages celebrated their fourth anniversary on Friday. While the focus here is still on the English Wikipedia, I hope this can stimulate efforts to get similar news sources going elsewhere, as well as keep us better in touch as a community overall.

--Michael Snow

Also this week: Editor's note — Image policy — German scandal — Radio show — BC/BCE/CE/AD — Wikitech — Librarians — Press coverage — Traffic — T.R.O.L.L. — Wikijunior


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-06-27/Spoken article feed

Wikipedia has branched out into the field of podcasting with the addition of a feed for new recordings of articles being spoken out loud, while work also continues in other projects to provide similar content.

The Spoken Wikipedia WikiProject has a new RSS feed, which allows anybody whose music player supports Ogg Vorbis to podcast Wikipedia articles read aloud. The project's RSS feed was created by Steinsky and first announced on 17 June.

Ironically, the term "podcasting" is an allusion to Apple's popular iPod player, but the iPod cannot be used to play these particular recordings because it does not support the Ogg Vorbis format.

The Spoken Wikipedia project has only been in existence since April (see archived story) and has recorded 80 articles so far. Of these, 32 are featured articles, as making recordings of featured articles has been a particular emphasis of the project. Willmcw and Luigi30 have been among the most prolific participants in producing recordings.

Efforts to expand into the realm of sound are also underway at Wikinews, which has organized an Audio Wikinews series of radio-style newscasts. Wikimedia Trustee Angela Beesley commented, "I'm pleased to see people are working on moving the projects beyond a simple text-based approach." Streaming audio is also being produced, although some issues remain to be settled in deciding what software and servers to use for live broadcasts.


text:
Talk:Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf

Untitled
The (Vestfold) suffix could certainly be improved... -- Egil 09:43, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Should probably be moved to Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf(to not clash with a future Olaf Halfdansson Geirstadalf). He's more associated with Vestfold than Vingulmark anyway Fornadan 10:11, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-05-23/Arbitration report

With the arbitration caseload whittled down, activity was relatively slow last week with only one new case accepted and none of the existing cases being closed. (Since this column was missing for a few weeks, it will also briefly report on items that have yet to be covered).

On 4 May, the Arbitration Committee issued its decision in the case of Netoholic, which was opened as a separate case after a significant amount of evidence focusing on Netoholic's conduct was added to 172's case. The complaints focused on revert wars and non-productive behavior on a variety of issues, such as the use of meta-templates and a proposed system for de-adminship.

The arbitrators found that Netoholic engaged in revert wars and consistently assumed bad faith on the part of those disagreeing with him, thus creating "a bad working atmosphere". They also acknowledged that on the meta-templates issue he "was arguably completely technically correct — but he interacted so negatively with others that he actually convinced people he was not". Because the disputes generally involved questions of policy development, the arbitrators avoided settling the underlying issues, leaving those for the community or the developers to resolve. Instead, the decision focused on Netoholic's "editing habits and interactions with others".

The Committee enacted, with full agreement from all parties, an innovative remedy which the arbitrators called a "mentorship". The ruling provided that three mentors would have the authority to restrict Netoholic's editing as they deemed necessary, but that they should also work to assist Netoholic's communication and interactions with other editors. The mentors assigned are Grunt, Kim Bruning, and Raul654 (Grunt and Raul654, both Arbitrators, had both recused themselves from the case itself). The agreement indicated that the mentors would have a "free hand", and recommended that any future problems be referred to the mentors before taking action. Should mentorship prove unworkable, a contingency was included which would restrict Netoholic to one revert per day and prohibit him from editing the Wikipedia and template namespaces. This is suspended while mentorship is in effect.

The one new case opened last week was a complaint against Wareware, in which deeceevoice alleged that Wareware had directed a series of racial insults at her. Even with this, the Arbitration Committee currently has a total of only six cases open.

Also this week: Editor's note — Image policy — German scandal — Radio show — BC/BCE/CE/AD — Wikitech — Librarians — Press coverage — Traffic — T.R.O.L.L. — Wikijunior }}


text: User talk:69.196.97.111

title: User talk:69.196.97.111


text:
User talk:ByeByeBaby

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, ! I hope you like the place and decide to keep contributing. Since I see you've already been active here, let me just give you a few links that are always useful as a handy reference guide: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question at the village pump or feel free to ask me on my Talk page. Oh, and just in case you don't already know: to sign your name on a Talk page like I did below, the easiest way is just to type four tildes (~~~~). To customize your signature, look here. And remember:Be Bold!
 * How to write a great article
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Wikiquette
 * Wikipedia's NPOV policies
 * Current polls
 * — Asbestos | Talk  09:44, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dog Meat
That's a great lead photo for the article. Thanks! Garglebutt / (talk) 03:55, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Song samples
Thank you for all the great work your doing so far with the samples. This will be a major contribution to each of those artist articles. Tutmosis 15:49, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject hiphop announcement
--Chubdub 15:12, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Need help
Hi !! I saw you're professional in adding samples. I would like to ask some questions. Can you tell me which is the easiest way to do so?
 * Do you convert and cut them yourself?
 * How many samples are adequate to a page (I saw sometimes you upload one sometimes several of them)?
 * Is it a copyright violation to have more than one in an artist's page?
 * Bitrate, length, format?
 * And if it's from a mixtape or a street CD, could it be uploaded while ignoring all the license restrictions?

Thanks in advance Lajbi 18:19, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Need help too
Hi. I uploaded a sample of D'Angelo's Brown Sugar and tagged it as a fair use music sample but the Orphanbot still selected it for deletion. It also ignores my tagging whenever I upload an image, except for album covers. Can you help? thanks. Majik43, 14/11/06.

RE : Samples (Need help)
Ok, acknowledged. Let me explain what I was wondering about my future (?) sample-adding private project. For Snoop I was thinking to divide samples (let's say the three of them) to three categories like you did on Dr. Dre. First Adding one sample (Gin & Juice as said earlier) for the popular one, one as for an example of unusual collabs of his considering that "he is the most well-connected rapper" (I was thinking on the rock line-ups like the songs with Rage Against The Machine, Methods of Mayhem or Kid Rock) and one for an example of his nine mixtape releases that he has already, namely a track by Sean Paul and him (that people ignore undeservedly and prefer to picture it as illegal, though their notability can not be defined by popularity, but exclusivity instead). I would also add "X" for Xzibit and "Get Right" for Papoose, which is popular (but I am hesitating between the Alphabetic Slaughter - That's crazy, man -, which is more typical to him). That was description of my short-term participation in the Wikiproject in the future. So what do you think? Lajbi 19:25, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Samples for Illmatic...
I know there is a risk of copyright infringement, but I am asking you if you could upload one more sample of Illmatic. I know Wikipedia are not Amazon, but nonetheless, I would like readers to listen to samples of the songs that are written about in the article.

On another note, I would like to thank you and others for your contributions to the article Chubdub 00:53, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

The golden age of hip hop for deletion?
I see that The golden age of hip hop is up for deletion. I wonder what you think of this. P.O.N.Y. 17:28, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Lordi at ESC
"the keyboardist and drummer had no choice but to remain behind their instruments"

 * No shit, Einstein!

Writely invite
Hi BBB — I got the invite just fine, I hadn't checked it until now. Thanks! — Asbestos | Talk   (RFC)  13:40, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Punk music
Whats up? Hi, I'm trying to gather some more interest and support for the WikiProject Punk music. Please check out the topics and lets get our WikiProject to function better. Recently, I've taken an interest in the WikiProject hip hop and I consider that WikiProject to be better developed. I am now writing to usernames on the hiphopWP who might be interested in helping with the punkmusicWP. Hopefully we can all work together to improve articles relating to punk as has been done well with hip hop. Finally, I am trying to gather support and opinions concerning the punk house article and specifically the Theta Beta Potata article which is currently in AfD (x2) at Articles for deletion/Theta Beta Potata (second nomination). Please check it out and voice your opinion. Xsxex 09:01, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Hip hop WikiProject Roll Call
Hello, fellow Hip Hop WikiProject members!

This message is being sent out to let all listed members of the project know to re-add your name to the members list, as all current names on the list have been erased in order to find out who is still active on the project. WikiGuy86 (talk) 03:40, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

File:AmazingRaceFrequency.PNG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:AmazingRaceFrequency.PNG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 22:48, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ByeByeBaby


text:
Karz, Kandahar

Karz (کرز) is a village in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, near the city of Kandahar.

The Afghan former President, Hamid Karzai, is from Karz. His father is buried there. On July 29, 2014, his cousin, Hashmat Karzai, was killed by a suicide bomber there.

title: Karz, Kandahar