text:
Braden Looper

Braden LaVerne Looper (born October 28, 1974) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for several teams between 1998 and 2009.

High school
Looper was a scholar athlete while a student at Mangum High School in Mangum, Oklahoma. He graduated in 1993 with four letters each in baseball and basketball, and two in football, while also a member of the National Honor Society.

College and Olympics
Looper focused on baseball while attending Wichita State, and was inducted into their sports Hall of Fame in 2003. In 1994, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. In 1996, he competed in the College World Series, and was a first-team All-American as a junior. Looper was also a member of the bronze medal-winning Team USA in the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta.

St. Louis Cardinals
Looper was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals as the third pick in the first round of the 1996 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his major league debut against the Los Angeles Dodgers on March 31, 1998, striking out the side in a relief appearance. After the 1998 season, he was traded to the Florida Marlins for shortstop Édgar Rentería.

Florida Marlins
Looper was inconsistent with the Marlins, working his way into the closer role. However, he had a penchant for blowing easy saves. Toward the end of the 2003 season, as the Marlins were in a pennant race that culminated in a World Series win, Looper faltered and was replaced as closer by Ugueth Urbina. Looper appeared in relief in the fourth game of the World Series, which went 12 innings. His performance gained him a win, as the Marlins won the game in the bottom of the 12th.

New York Mets
In January 2004, Looper signed with the New York Mets as a free agent and had his best season to date going 2-5 with 29 saves and a 2.70 ERA. However, Looper had many crucial blown saves during the 2005 season, including blown saves on Opening Day, in a game that would have clinched a Met sweep at Yankee Stadium and as part of an eight-run collapse by the Mets pen against the Nationals. These performances still fresh in fans' minds, he was greeted with loud boos and "Looper sucks!" chants upon his returns to Shea with the Cardinals, most prominently during the 2006 NLCS.

In September 2005, Looper underwent shoulder surgery to repair a blown AC joint. This, in addition to the emergence of Aaron Heilman and acquisition by the Mets of other relief pitchers, kept the Mets from picking up his $5 million option for 2006.

St. Louis Cardinals (second stint)
On December 15, 2005, Looper signed a three-year, $13.5M contract with the Cardinals to set up star closer and former Met Jason Isringhausen. He was part of the 2006 World Series winning St. Louis Cardinals team. Primarily an eighth inning setup man, Looper posted a 9-3 record as the team's bullpen wins leader.

Beginning in the 2007 season Looper became a starting pitcher for the first time in his major league career. Before the season began, Looper stated that his goal was to reach 200 innings pitched in the season. In his first season as a starter, Looper reached career highs in wins (12), innings pitched (175), and strikeouts (84) in 30 starts (31 total appearances).

Milwaukee Brewers
On October 30,, Looper filed for free agency. On February 12,, Looper signed a one-year deal with an option for 2010 with the Milwaukee Brewers. Although Looper had a 14–7 record in 2009, he led the major leagues by allowing 113 earned runs. After the season the Brewers did not pick up the option on Looper for 2010, making him a free agent.

Retirement
After not pitching in the 2010 season, Looper was a non-roster invitee of the Chicago Cubs to spring training as a candidate to be either a starter or reliever on the team. Looper had stated that the Cubs were the only team he would attempt a comeback with. However, on March 25, Looper was informed he would not make the opening day roster, and he retired.

title: Braden Looper


text:
Talk:Daniel Coit Gilman

Untitled
No mention of his connection with opium? It's mentioned in the "Fleshing Out ..." book - Sparky 21:52, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Second wife vitals?
What is the source for his second wife? The Franlkin book has the 1877 date for Elisabeth Dwight Woolsey, but the New England Dwight family sources say Theodore Dwight Woolsey's daughter Elizabeth Woolsey died in 1843. Would be odd if he named another daughter "Elisabeth" spelled that closely while this one was still alive. Might be a mistake in that book, but have not yet found vitals of this one. Need research.
 * She was the niece of the Yale president, with whom Gilman was long acquainted. Fixed in text. MarmadukePercy (talk) 01:05, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Daniel Coit Gilman


text:
Rob Coombes

Robert Joseph Coombes (born 27 April 1972) is an English musician and keyboard player for the rock band Supergrass. Since 2022, he has been touring with the punk rock supergroup Wingmen, consisting of members from bands such as The Stranglers, Johnny Moped, The Damned and Ruts DC.

Supergrass
He officially joined Supergrass, in 2002, though he had been an unofficial member for the majority of the band's career to that point. He has played keyboards on all of the band's albums and tours as well as helping with the writing and arranging.

The band are known for many hits during their tenure, however, are best known for their 1995 song Alright, which remains a cult classic due to its staple in pop culture.

Wingmen
In 2022, Rob joined the supergroup Wingmen which features members of The Stranglers, Johnny Moped, The Damned and Ruts DC. They played their first gig at the Colchester Arts Centre on 18 January 2023. Their debut self-titled album was released on 27 January 2023.

Personal life
Born in Oxford as Robert Joseph Coombes, he is the older brother of the Supergrass lead singer, Gaz Coombes, a band Rob himself would later join. He lives in Oxford with his three children. He has a second, younger, brother, Charly, who was keyboard player in the band 22–20s.

Equipment
He favours the Hammond Organ, for which his playing has been described as “the perfect foil to Gaz's guitar bombast”.

title: Rob Coombes


text:
EDonkey network

The eDonkey Network (also known as the eDonkey2000 network or eD2k) is a decentralized, mostly server-based, peer-to-peer file sharing network created in 2000 by US developers Jed McCaleb and Sam Yagan   that is best suited to share big files among users, and to provide long term availability of files. Like most sharing networks, it is decentralized, as there is no central hub for the network; also, files are not stored on a central server but are exchanged directly between users based on the peer-to-peer principle.

The server part of the network is proprietary freeware. There are two families of server software for the eD2k network: the original one from MetaMachine, written in C++, closed-source and proprietary, and no longer maintained; and eserver, written in C, also closed-source and proprietary, although available free of charge and for several operating systems and computer architectures. The eserver family is currently in active development and support, and almost all eD2k servers as of 2008 run this server software.

There are many programs that act as the client part of the network. Most notably, eDonkey2000, the original client by MetaMachine, closed-source but freeware, and no longer maintained but very popular in its day; and eMule, a free program for Windows written in Visual C++ and licensed under the GNU GPL.

The original eD2k protocol has been extended by subsequent releases of both eserver and eMule programs, generally working together to decide what new features the eD2k protocol should support. However, the eD2k protocol is not formally documented (especially in its current extended state), and it can be said that in practice the eD2k protocol is what eMule and eserver do together when running, and also how eMule clients communicate among themselves. As eMule is open source, its code is freely available for peer-review of the workings of the protocol. Examples of eD2k protocol extensions are "peer exchange among clients", "protocol obfuscation" and support for files larger than 4 gigabytes, etc. The other eD2k client programs, given time, generally follow suit adopting these protocol extensions.

eDonkey client programs connect to the network to share files. eDonkey servers act as communication hubs for the clients, allowing users to locate files within the network. Clients and servers are available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and other Unix-like operating systems. By running an eDonkey server program on a machine connected to the Internet, any user can add a server to the network. As the number of servers and their addresses change frequently, client programs update their server lists regularly.

Hash identification
Files on the eDonkey network are uniquely identified using MD4 root hash of an MD4 hash list of the file. This treats files with identical content but different names as the same, and files with different contents but same name as different.

Files are divided in full chunks of 9,728,000 bytes (9500 KiB) plus a remainder chunk, and a separate 128-bit MD4 checksum is computed for each. That way, if a transmission error is detected, only one chunk is corrupted instead of the whole file. Furthermore, valid downloaded chunks are available for sharing before the rest of the file is downloaded, speeding up the distribution of large files throughout the network. A file's identification checksum is computed by concatenating the chunks' MD4 checksums in order and hashing the result. In cryptographic terms, the list of MD4 checksums is a hash list, and the file identification checksum is the root hash, also called top hash or master hash.

It is possible for a malicious user to create two different chunks with the same checksum due to MD4 being vulnerable to collision attacks.

Search
The eDonkey network supports searching of files by name and a number of secondary characteristics such as size, extension, bitrate, etc. The Lugdunum versions of eserver (eDonkey server software) support complex boolean searches like 'one AND two AND (three OR four) AND ("five four three" OR "two one") NOT seven'.

To ease file searching, some websites list the checksums of sought-after files in the form of an eD2k link. Some of these websites also have lists of active servers for users to update.

History
In 2004, the eDonkey network overtook FastTrack to become the most widely used file sharing network on the Internet. While figures vary from hour to hour, it is believed, as of mid-2005, to host on average approximately two to three million users sharing 500 million to two billion files via 100 to 200 servers. The network's most popular server was at one time Razorback2, which usually hosted about one million users. Sometime around February 21, 2006, the Razorback2 servers were raided and seized by the Federal Belgian Police. DonkeyServer No1 and DonkeyServer No2 currently combine for over one and a half million users. However, around July 16, 2007, both servers together with several others were shut down after a temporary injunction was issued.

By 2007, BitTorrent had overcome eDonkey network as the most widely used file sharing network on the Internet. In 2009, it was reported that eDonkey is still the second most popular P2P protocol, but is rapidly declining.

Successor protocols
The original eDonkey network relied on central servers run by users willing to donate the necessary bandwidth and processing/disk usage overhead. Such servers could be subject to heavy traffic and, consequently, more vulnerable to attacks.

To overcome this problem, MetaMachine, the developer of the original eDonkey client, developed Overnet as a successor to the eDonkey protocol. The eMule Project also developed a Kademlia network of their own (called Kad) to overcome the reliance on central servers. In addition, eMule includes a pure P2P client source-exchange capability, allowing a client with a ‘High ID’ (i. e., with incoming eD2k connections not blocked by a firewall) to continue downloading (and uploading) files with a high number of sources for days, even after complete disconnection from the original Kad or eD2k servers that handled the original requests. (eMule does not query secondary servers when told to disconnect from the server). This source-exchange capability is designed to reduce the load on servers by two thirds or more for files that have a large number of seeds, or sources (other clients) for the files. The original eDonkey client by MetaMachine does not support source exchanges.

Legal action against eDonkey 2000
On September 13, 2006, MetaMachine Inc., the developer of the eDonkey2000 client, agreed to pay $30 million to avoid potential copyright infringement lawsuits brought by the RIAA. In accordance with the agreement, eDonkey is to discontinue distribution of their software as well as to take measures to prevent the use of previous copies of their software for file sharing.

Confiscation of Razorback 2
Razorback2 was a server of the eDonkey network, known for being able to handle 1 million users simultaneously.

On 21 February 2006, several servers (including Razorback2), located in a Belgian datacenter, were confiscated by the Belgian police, and their operator, who lives in Switzerland, was arrested. This was done after a local judge authorized the confiscation at the datacenter in Zaventem near Brussels, after a denouncement of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), in collaboration with the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.

The MPAA Chairman and CEO Dan Glickman, described this raid as a "major victory": "This is a major victory in our fight to cut off the supply of illegal materials being circulated on the Internet via peer-to-peer networks. By shaving the illegal traffic of copyrighted works facilitated by Razorback2, we are depleting other illegal networks of their ability to supply Internet pirates with copyrighted works which is a positive step in our international effort to fight piracy."

Besides having Razorback's equipment confiscated and their site shut down, copyright enforcement entities such as MPAA and IFPI have set up several "Razorback2" fake servers online, with the purpose of mimicking the original servers but which yield no useful results, hampering file-sharing traffic. Afterwards, the Swiss anti-piracy tech firm Logistep SA was hired to help further intimidate and prosecute filesharing users.

eDonkey poisoning
Servers have appeared on the eDonkey network that censor shared content searches and information about files by the type of the file (such as video or MP3) or by keywords. These servers report large numbers of users (up to 1.5 million) connected to them, thus raising the number of users in the network to 10—13 million; however, it is impossible to determine how many people are actually connected to them. Such servers often disseminate advertisements disguised as commonly searched-for music/video files.

Server software
The main server software used for the eD2k network is known as Lugdunum server. It was created by reverse engineering edonkey protocol and redesigned from scratch. (MetaMachine abandoned development of eD2k server software and revealed the source code to Lugdunum in late 2002, but was never used). Lugdunum has extended the eD2k protocol while maintaining backward compatibility. Lugdunum server software is gratis, but not open source. The stated reason for not opening the source is to prevent the easy creation of fake servers and to prevent attacking the server itself.

In September 2007, a new server software was announced on the eMule web site forums, called satan-edonkey-server. Given the shut down of major eMule servers due to legal action against them just days earlier, the new server was accepted with suspicion. It was feared that the software may transmit information about the clients to unknown third parties. Some trusted eMule developers received the source code of satan-edonkey-server and stated that no spy-code is built in. The satan server software was created by reverse engineering edonkey protocol. The software comes in two versions (C++ and Java). Satan-eDonkey-server software is also gratis.

A Java version of the server side can be found in, which was written in 2012.

Client software
Numerous clients, including several that are free software, are available for the eDonkey/eDonkey2000 network:

 * aMule: a successful fork from lMule, it fully copied the interface and feel of eMule, and now it shares code with eMule project.
 * eDonkey2000: an original MetaMachine client, since discontinued
 * eMule: a free Windows client, can also be run on Linux (under Wine); numerous mods are also available
 * eMule Plus is a free (GPL) Windows client loosely based on eMule, but doesn't have KAD or obfuscation support while adding other features such as automated fake checks and enhanced GUI. eMule Plus has no direct association with the original eMule.
 * Hydranode: a free, multi-network, cross-platform, core-GUI-separated client
 * iMule: an anonymous eMule using the I2P network
 * JMule: a free open source multi platform java client.
 * Jubster: a multi-network client for Windows
 * lMule (Linux Mule): A very raw eDonkey client based in eMule, targeted to Linux platforms.
 * Lphant: an eDonkey and BitTorrent, cross-platform, core-GUI-separated client that runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms
 * eAnt: a successful fork from Lphant with significant improvements made to keep the source code open. Currently inactive.
 * MLDonkey: a free, multi-network, cross-platform client
 * Morpheus: a file sharing client for Windows
 * Pruna (formerly, MediaVAMP): a Korean-language client based on eMule
 * Shareaza: a free open source multi-network file-sharing client that supports the Gnutella2 and Gnutella P2P networks, as well the BitTorrent protocol, additionally to eD2k. It allows network-spanning search of content and has web browser integration to operate as a download manager. Supports user profiles, remote file browsing, chat and advanced search filtering.
 * xMule (X11 Mule): a fork from lMule. Deviating from copying eMule, it has more controls than lMule but is less user-friendly. Discontinued in January 2009.
 * qMule: a multi-protocol, cross-platform client for eDonkey and BitTorrent networks. Based on libed2k, libtorrent-rasterbar and Qt.

Tools and libraries

 * libed2k: Cross platform C++ eDonkey protocol library. Inspired by libtorrent_rasterbar.

title: EDonkey network


text:
California State University Northridge Botanic Garden

The California State University Northridge Botanic Garden or CSUN Botanic Garden is located in the northern San Fernando Valley, in the southeast section ("quadrant") of the California State University, Northridge campus in the community of Northridge in Los Angeles, California.

The 1.5 acre site includes a 1 acre botanical garden and approximately .5 acre of nursery, shadehouse, and greenhouse zones. The botanic gardens were established shortly after the campus was established in 1959, as a Valley branch of California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA). It has grown through the administrations of succeeding San Fernando Valley State College and the present day CSUN Biology Department.

History
The botanical garden was first created in 1959, over 40 years old and originally planted with only California native plants but has since expanded to a collection of over 1,200 plant species. The garden also offers a native food garden over an acre of land. There are four greenhouses in the garden: “a living library of diverse plant specimens, an outdoor classroom for students of all ages and interests, a beautiful refuge for quiet study or strolling, an ever-changing setting to paint or sketch, and a valued community asset”.

The garden is community run and funded through fundraising events. Students of California State University tend to the garden through course focused botany courses. The public also has access to these courses from horticultural experts. The garden itself operates on a water-conserving landscape. California State University Northridge students use these plant species for research projects that include “biological principles, plant biology, plant ecology, plant morphology, plant physiology, and entomology”.

The overall goals for the garden are:

 * 1) Plants that are attainable and usable for local sustainability landscapes that feature sustainable gardening techniques, water conservation, and saving endangered plants and species, including the bees.
 * 2) Student accessibility for education and on hands practice for ‘planting ethnobotany insights’.

One of the few remaining historic (circa the 1920s) orange groves is thriving on the southeastern campus quad. The citrus industry was formerly had groves covering much of the San Fernando Valley. The rows of large eucalyptus trees, historic windbreaks for agricultural fields from the late 19th century, are found towering over the perimeters of the campus, surviving planners developing campus expansions with valor.

California State University has the recognition of the Bee Campus USA certification. This fostered a great opportunity for pollinator-focused efforts throughout the gardens that allows students, volunteers and facility to improve the health of the vital pollinator populations. In November 2018, California State University Northridge was certified as a Bee Campus USA affiliate.

California State University Northridge has an official Sustainability Day every year on October 24, which is recognized throughout the campus, school and faculty. In 2019 the university focused on the topic of biodiversity loss. They highlighted prime examples of the different impacts and losses on ecosystems, populations and cultures. California State University Northridge's Dr. Rachel Mackelprang, biology professor, discussed the possible threats of the honey bee populations that are a worldwide threat. She highlighted the importance of these pollinators and discusses their vital role in pollinating a myriad of food products.

Dr. Mackelpang also discussed the research and work done on the honey bees in California State University Northridge's own orange grove and the impacts and role that the university plays in creating an improvement for the community and world.

In 2020 California State University Northridge and community partners turned the unused corners of CSUN's garden into a safe haven for pollinators, such as the hummingbirds and bees. These species are critical to growing the planet's food supply.

These areas created learning opportunities for students from numerous colleges, not just the California State University of Northridge. They provided learning outcomes from majors of science, social services, humanities, history, and urban studies. These areas gave the community room to explore, grow and learn about the city's history. Organizers included local children in the building expansion, which fostered learning for these endangered pollinators.

CSUN and a team of community partners are turning unused corners of the city into safe havens for bees, hummingbirds, and other pollinators that are critical to growing the planet's food supply.

Once the pockets are planted and built, Zappia said, he hopes they will provide extra learning opportunities for CSUN students from several different colleges — including science, social services, humanities, urban studies, and history majors — giving them a chance to explore the community and learn more about the city's rich history in a hands-on way. The organizers also hope to involve local school children in the project, to teach them the importance of pollinators and about the dwindling bee population.

California State University has minimized the use of pesticides that could be or are potential harmful for the bee populations and other at risk pollinators.

Management
The CSUN Botanical Garden is open for everyone without charge from Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 4:45 pm on CSUN's campus. The garden is closed on weekends and university holidays. In specific cases, management may also close the Botanical Garden on unexpected days or hours during cases of severe weather.

The CSUN Botanical Garden is located in the southeast quadrant of California State University, Northridge. The location includes a botanical garden with a variety of unique plants, a nursery, a shade house, and greenhouse areas.

Brenda Kanno is the Instructional Support Technician and Garden/Greenhouse manager for CSUN's Botanical Garden. Brenda has won a trophy from the Los Angeles International Fern Society annual show and sale at the Los Angeles County Arboretum in 2007 for Most Unusual Fern for the fern Elaphoglossum Lucidum.

Ann Dorsey is the Instructional Support Technician Assistant and Garden/Greenhouse Assistant for CSUN's Botanical Garden. Ann has published a chapter on Flora and the ecology of the Santa Monica Mountains in 2007 for the Southern California Botanists' special publication in Fullerton, CA.

The CSUN Botanical Garden department staff can be contacted by either Email or telephone. Individuals interested in finding more information about the CSUN Botanical Garden can contact the staff via email. Their telephone may be reached at (818)-677-3496. The department staff may also be faxed at (818)-677-2034.

Collections
The Botanic Garden was originally planted exclusively with Californian native plants in 1959. Since then the garden has evolved and expanded into a diverse collection representing diverse different geographic regions and themes, with over 1,200 species and cultivars present.

The different sections of the garden contain trees, palms, shrubs, 'subshrubs,' perennials, bulbs, cacti, succulents, herbs, annual plants and wildflowers, ground covers, butterfly and beneficial insect sustainers, edibles, and other plant types from; California and the other four Mediterranean climate plant regions of the world, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, Europe, the Americas, and other continents and regions. An ethnobotanical and a contemporary water-conserving landscape are being developed.

More specific plant species than can be found in the garden are:

Portea petropolitana, Giant White Squill/Sea Squill (Drimia Urginea maritima), Sundew (Drosera spp.), Parry's Agave/Mescal Agave (Agave Parryi), White Spider Lily (Hymenocallis), Sensitive Plant/Sleeping Beauty (Mimosa pudica), and the Coast Redwood Tree.

The native food garden is an entire arce long with fruit orchids, a pollinator space and pine garden. Collections in the native food garden include: California poppies, Native Bunch Gras s (Wild Dry), Purple Needle Grass, Mugwort, sub shrubs, coast morning glory (Ipomoea cairica), tomato plant, coyote gourd (Cucurbita palmata), golden currant (Ribes aureum), gooseberries, California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), Cleveland sage (Salvia clevelandii), black elderberry (Sambucus cerulea), torrey pine, chaparral sage (Salvia clevelandii), California bristle bush (Encelia californica), coastal golden bush (Isocoma menziesii), islands mallow (Malva assurgentiflora), cheese weed (Malva parviflora), pomegranate tree (Punica protopunica), and native cover crop.

Public activities

 * 1) The Botanic Garden is open to the public Monday to Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. It is closed on weekends and university holidays, and occasionally during extreme weather. The entrance is reached via parking structures off Nordhoff or Zelzah (depending on campus construction).
 * 2) The CSUN Botanic Garden has short courses on a wide variety of garden topics by horticultural experts for the public. It also sponsors 'CSUN-al Gardening', a series of four free gardening-themed classes a year. The gardens also gives K-12 school tours.
 * 3) Some fun public activities include the CSUN-al Gardening. A free gardening class that is offered four times a year: Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter. Each class is themed for that season, an example is in Summer 2019 with a class called Orchid Mania. Arthur Pinkers taught the class various ways of how different orchid species could be taken care of and raised. To join the class early registration is required and must be emailed to the Botanic Garden. As of right now, there are no classes available to register for in the upcoming year 2022.
 * 4) Another activity available at the Botanic Gardens is tours that are offered to local schools from Kindergarten to College level at no charge. The tours can vary between 20 and 40 minutes and can be increased to be more in-depth. Group sizes are best limited to 20 or fewer attendees per tour guide. To be able to schedule a tour for the garden, you can reach a host by calling (818) 677–3496. The tour needs to be planned far in advance because a minimum of 4 weeks is needed for the best tour date. Directions and parking can be found on the csun.edu website. Special arrangements will need to be made for buses. Groups arriving by car are encouraged to carpool as space is limited in campus parking lots.  Parking fees are $6 (up to 4 hours) or $8 (over 4 hours) per car. As of right now in 2022 the garden is off-limits to the public due to health concerns and tours are paused until further notice.

Volunteer work
The Northridge Botanical Garden is maintained by facility staff and volunteers. Volunteers are an essential part to the garden in making sure the plants are taken care of and that bigger projects on site are completed in record time. Meetings are held on Thursday morning from 8:30 to 11:30 at the Greenhouse Complex. Registering to become a volunteer isn't required, but Volunteer Release forms need to be completed the first time a person joins the group. The rules are lax but for safety reasons, a volunteer needs to wear appropriate attire such as closed shoes and gardening clothes.

Most of the tasks completed by volunteers are simple and light. Activities such as weeding, starting seeds, transplanting, soil mixing, propagation, minor pruning, composting, grooming of plant material, and repotting are often done. These tasks can be completed singularly or in groups.

The benefits of being a volunteer result in long lasting abilities in gardening. Some aspects learned during the work sessions include taking inventory, labeling, record entry, seed collection, etc. Most use the volunteer work at the Botanical Gardens to learn how to care for plants before applying it on their own at home.

It's encouraged to partake in plant trades between volunteers at the Botanical Garden. The main goal of the garden is to have a large diversity in the collection and it's in the best interest of the garden to have duplicates. If there was ever a chance that a plant was to be lost in the garden, another one can be located in the volunteer's garden. It's preferred to have named specimens that enhance the collection for class use. Surplus plant material generated by volunteer work projects is available for adoption by Garden Volunteers.

Photographs

 * CSUN Today
 * BeeCityUSA
 * Daily Sundial

In popular culture
CSUN's botany garden has been featured in many articles, websites and media over the years. One of the most notable is the garden's feature as one of the 50 “most amazing” university gardens by Best Colleges Online. The garden has also been featured on the university own CSUN Today, highlighting the gardens history and commentary from the garden's manager Brena Kanno. The garden was featured in the Daily Sundial in 2022, as well as a hit feature in the LA Times in 2000.

California State University Northridge offers a wide variety of courses surrounding the use of the gardens. These courses are available to students and facility. The garden itself is available for free access to all but the course allows students to generate research projects in biology, plant biology, plant morphology, plant physiology and entomology.

CSUN Today has written the following about the Botanic Garden: "CSUN’s Botanic Garden is operated by the university’s Department of Biology and serves as a field site for botany, entomology, photography, painting and other classes. In addition to geographically themed plantings and a butterfly garden, the garden also features greenhouses where noteworthy botanical specimens are grown."

The garden also offer free academic tours for K-12 and college students. Tours are typically 20–40 minutes, but can be arranged for a longer tour time. Group sizes are recommended to fewer than 20 peoples.

The garden also is usable as an event site for weddings, private parties, filming for TV, commercial use, and music videos. Pricing is unknown, as well as features in any of these event areas.


text:
Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln

Gilbert de Gant, 1st Earl of Lincoln (c. 1126 – 1156) was an English nobleman who fought for King Stephen during The Anarchy.

He was the son of Walter de Gant (third son of the Domesday magnate Gilbert de Gant, Gant being a contemporary name for Ghent) and Maud of Brittany, a daughter of Stephen, Count of Tréguier. Gilbert was thus a nephew of Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, one of King Stephen's commanders. Another uncle, Robert de Gant, was Lord Chancellor for King Stephen. His father Walter de Gant is thought to have accompanied David, Earl of Huntingdon (later King David I) when he came north to the Lowlands in the early 1100s. Walter de Gant became known as Walter de Lindsey, a baron in Scotland under King David. He is described in 19th-century clan records using modernized spellings as "Walter de Ghent Now Walter de Lindsay".

While still fairly young, Gilbert fought on the side of King Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, where he was captured along with the king. He was then compelled to marry Rohese de Clare, daughter of Richard de Clare and Adeliza de Meschines, and a niece of Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester.

In 1149 or 1150 the king created him Earl of Lincoln as a rival to William de Roumare, who had gone over to the side of Empress Matilda. Evidence suggests that in the period 1149–1151, Stephen almost lost control of Yorkshire and that the only magnates in Yorkshire who openly supported him at the time were Gilbert de Gant and his brother Robert.

He and Rohese had only one child, a daughter, Alice de Gant, who married Simon III de Senlis, son of Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton.

He founded Rufford Abbey c. 1148 in Nottinghamshire, England.

title: Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln


text:
Don Felder

Donald William Felder (born September 21, 1947) is an American musician who was the lead guitarist of the rock band Eagles from 1974 to 2001. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 with the Eagles. Felder was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2016.

Felder was fired from the Eagles in 2001, after which he filed various lawsuits alleging wrongful termination, breach of implied-in-fact contract, and breach of fiduciary duty. He published an autobiography detailing his tenure with Eagles, Heaven and Hell: My Life in the Eagles (1974–2001), in 2008.

Early life
Don Felder was born in Gainesville, Florida, on September 21, 1947. He was raised in a Southern Baptist family.

Felder was first attracted to music after watching Elvis Presley live on The Ed Sullivan Show. He acquired his first guitar when he was about ten years old, which he has stated he exchanged with a friend at the five-and-dime for a handful of cherry bombs. A self-taught musician, he was heavily influenced by rock and roll. At the age of 13 he started his first band, the Continentals, which also included Stephen Stills and Isaac Guillory.

Felder's family could not afford music lessons, so he taught himself to play guitar by ear, by listening to tape recordings that he played back at half speed. He worked at a music school started by a Berklee graduate, who taught music theory and some notation to Felder during his employment there.

Early bands
Around that time, he met Bernie Leadon, who later became one of the founding members of the Eagles. Leadon replaced Stephen Stills in the Continentals, which eventually changed its name to the Maundy Quintet. Felder and Leadon both attended Gainesville High School. Felder gave guitar lessons at a local music shop for about 18 months, at which time Felder also learned how to play slide guitar from Duane Allman. Although Felder claimed that he taught a young Tom Petty how to play the guitar, Petty denied that he was ever taught the guitar by Felder, clarifying that Felder instead taught him how to play piano.

The Maundy Quintet recorded and released a 45 rpm single on the Tampa-based Paris Tower label in 1967, which received airplay in north-central Florida.

After the Maundy Quintet broke up, Felder went to Manhattan, New York City, with a band called Flow, which released a self-titled improvisational rock fusion album in 1970. The 1970 Flow album has the distinction of being among the first issued on the newly independent CTI Records label, founded by noted jazz producer Creed Taylor. While in New York, Felder improved his mastery of improvisation on the guitar and learned various styles. After Flow broke up, Felder moved to Boston where he got a job in a recording studio.

In 1973, Felder moved to Los Angeles where he was hired as guitar player for a tour by David Blue, replacing David Lindley who was touring with Crosby & Nash. He helped Blue put together a tour, during which they opened at a few Crosby and Nash shows in November 1973 and for Neil Young at the opening of the Roxy Theatre. Once again, Felder replaced Lindley, this time in Crosby & Nash's band when Lindley fell ill. He would also jam from time to time with the Eagles in their rehearsal space.

In 1974, he featured on the Michael Dinner album The Great Pretender.

Eagles
In early January 1974, Felder was called by the Eagles to add slide guitar to their song "Good Day in Hell" and some guitar solos to "Already Gone". Shortly afterwards, he was invited to join the band. Concurrently, the band began distancing themselves from their initial country rock style and moving more in the direction of full-fledged hard rock music. On the band's fourth album, One of These Nights, Felder sang lead vocal on the song "Visions" (the only song of which he was lead vocalist), which he co-wrote with Don Henley, and arranged the title track's distinctive guitar solo and bass line.

After founding member Bernie Leadon departed in 1975 following the tour to support the album, Joe Walsh joined the band. Felder had previously jammed with Walsh while Leadon was still a member of the Eagles, and together as dual guitar leads, they would eventually become one of rock music's most memorable onstage partnerships. Felder also doubled on banjo, mandolin and pedal steel guitar on future tours, all of which were previously handled by Leadon. The first album that the Eagles released after the lineup change was Hotel California, which became a major international bestseller. Felder submitted "16 or 17 tracks" that resulted in the songs "Victim of Love" and the album's title track, "Hotel California". For the title track, after the arrangement and instrumentation had been refined, several complete takes were recorded. The best parts were then spliced together, in all 33 edits on the two‑inch master, to create the final version. In contrast, "Victim of Love" was recorded in a live session in studio apart from the lead vocal and the harmony on the choruses which were added later. Don Felder initially sang the lead vocals in the many early takes of "Victim of Love", but the band felt that his efforts were not up to the required standard, and Henley then took over as lead vocalist. After the release of Hotel California and the tour that followed, the Eagles found themselves under tremendous pressure to repeat this success and tensions were made worse by alcohol, cocaine and other drugs. Bassist Randy Meisner left the band after the tour due to exhaustion and he was replaced by former Poco bassist Timothy B. Schmit, who had also replaced him in that band. Nevertheless, the fighting did not end with the addition of the mild-mannered Schmit, but it rather intensified during the recording of The Long Run, which took 18 months to complete, and Felder and Glenn Frey were especially hostile to one another, despite respecting each other's musical abilities.

According to Henley, Felder attempted to gain more control by co-opting Walsh so frequently that it was the pair up against himself and Frey when the band was dividing into factions and even Henley and Frey began to have their differences, thus causing the Eagles to disband.

At a concert in Long Beach, California, for Senator Alan Cranston on July 31, 1980, known as the "Long Night at Wrong Beach", things hit a breaking point in the band when the animosity between Felder and Frey boiled over before the show began after Felder said, "You're welcome – I guess" to Cranston and his wife, thus offending Frey. He angrily confronted Felder and the pair began to threaten beatings throughout the show. Felder recalls Frey telling him during "Best of My Love", "I'm gonna kick your ass when we get off the stage." After the concert, Felder smashed, according to Frey, Felder's "cheapest guitar". The Eagles disbanded shortly thereafter.

Post-1970s career
Following the 1980 disbandment of the Eagles, Felder focused more on his family, but also embarked on a solo career, concentrating on film composition and session work. He worked on the Bee Gees' 1981 album Living Eyes as a session guitarist. Through his association with Bee Gees' producer Albhy Galuten, Felder made session appearances on albums by artists as diverse as Diana Ross, Barbra Streisand, and Andy Gibb. During this time, he also contributed guitar work to Stevie Nicks' first two solo albums, Bella Donna and The Wild Heart.

In 1983, Felder released his first solo album entitled Airborne. The album's single "Never Surrender", co-written with Kenny Loggins, was a minor hit, having also appeared on the soundtrack to the popular motion picture teen comedy Fast Times at Ridgemont High.

In 1985, Henley offered Felder $5,000 a week (US $0 in dollars) to go on tour with him, but Felder turned it down, citing both dissatisfaction with the pay and a desire to not go on tour.

Among his musical film credits in the 1980s are two songs on the soundtrack to the 1981 animated cult film Heavy Metal entitled "Heavy Metal (Takin' a Ride)" (with former bandmates Don Henley and Timothy B. Schmit contributing backing vocals) and "All of You" – with Jefferson Starship's Mickey Thomas as backing vocalist, as well as the title track "Wild Life" from the 1985 motion picture adaptation of Neil Simon's The Slugger's Wife. He also penned the song "She's Got A Part of Me" from the soundtrack to the 1985 romantic comedy Secret Admirer.

Felder's television credits include FTV, a musical comedy show that parodied MTV and music videos which he hosted from 1985 to 1986, and Galaxy High, the 1986 CBS cartoon series for which he scored and performed all of the music, including the series' catchy theme song.

Eagles Band reformation
Sparked by the success of the tribute album Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles, the band (including Felder) regrouped 14 years later for a concert aired on MTV, which resulted in a new album Hell Freezes Over in 1994. For the live MTV performance, the band's signature song "Hotel California" was rearranged into an acoustic version and Felder kicked off the set by performing it with a new, flamenco-style intro.

Felder performed (with all current and former band members) the hits "Take It Easy" and "Hotel California" at the band's 1998 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Manhattan, New York City. He continued as a member of the Eagles until 2001.

Band termination and lawsuit against the Eagles
On February 6, 2001, Felder was fired from the Eagles. He responded by filing two lawsuits alleging wrongful termination, breach of implied-in-fact contract, and breach of fiduciary duty, reportedly seeking $50 million in damages. Felder alleged that from the 1994 Hell Freezes Over tour onward, Henley and Frey had "insisted that they each receive a higher percentage of the band's profits", whereas the money had previously been split in five equal portions. Felder also accused them of coercing him into signing an agreement under which Henley and Frey would receive three times more of the Selected Works: 1972–1999 proceeds than would Felder. This box set, released in November 2000, has sold approximately 267,000 copies and earned over $16 million. Henley and Frey then countersued Felder for breach of contract, alleging that Felder had written and attempted to sell the rights to a "tell-all" book.

On January 23, 2002, the Los Angeles County Court consolidated the two complaints and on May 8, 2007, the case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. Despite the settlement, Felder has since filed subsequent lawsuits against the Eagles.

Heaven and Hell: My Life in The Eagles (1974–2001) was published in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2007. The American edition was published by John Wiley & Sons on April 28, 2008, with Felder embarking on a publicity campaign.

Post-Eagles
Nearly three decades after the release of Airborne, his second solo album Road to Forever was released on October 9, 2012, with "Fall from the Grace of Love" as the lead single, a song that featured the harmony vocals of Crosby, Stills & Nash.

When the Eagles did their History of the Eagles Tour, 2013–2015, to coincide with their two-part documentary, it was criticized by Felder for being incomplete. He did not participate in the associated tour. Since 2005, Felder has been touring with his own band, the Don Felder Band. In 2014, they toured with rock bands Styx and Foreigner. In 2017, Felder toured the US with Styx and REO Speedwagon.

In 2019, Felder announced that he would release his third studio album, American Rock 'n' Roll, on April 5 on CD and vinyl. The album features musicians such as Sammy Hagar, Slash (who lives near Felder), Richie Sambora, Orianthi, Peter Frampton, Joe Satriani, Mick Fleetwood, Chad Smith, Bob Weir, David Paich, Steve Porcaro, Alex Lifeson and Jim Keltner, among others. Felder will go on a worldwide tour to promote the new album. The title track references artists from Jimi Hendrix and Santana to The Doobie Brothers, U2 Bruce Springsteen, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Van Halen, Guns N' Roses and more.

Personal life
In a 2008 interview with Howard Stern, Felder affirmed that he remains friends with fellow former Eagles members Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner. When asked if he still had any contact with Frey or Henley, Felder stated that the only replies he gets are from their respective attorneys.

In 2016, the day after Frey's death, Felder told the Associated Press that he felt an "unbelievable sorrow" when he learned about Frey's death. "I had always hoped somewhere along the line, he and I would have dinner together, talking about old times and letting it go with a handshake and a hug."

Equipment
Felder is known for his performances using Gibson Les Paul and Gibson EDS-1275 (double-neck 6 and 12 string) electric guitars. This prompted Gibson to name two re-issues after him in 2010, the "Don Felder Hotel California 1959 Les Paul" and the "Don Felder Hotel California EDS-1275". Felder himself is an avid guitar collector, having amassed close to 300 models since childhood.

Felder uses Fender Deluxe Reverb and Tweed Deluxe amplifiers modified by Dumble Amplifiers. When performing Hotel California, the 12-string side of the 1275 plays through a Leslie speaker.

Felder's pedalboard consists of a Voodoo Labs Pedal Power, a Fulltone OCD overdrive, two Boss Digital Delay DD-3 delays, a Boss Chorus Ensemble chorus, an MXR Talk box, and a Peterson Stomp Classic tuner.

Autobiography
Felder's autobiography Heaven and Hell: My Life in the Eagles (1974–2001) was published in early 2008. The book allowed Felder to tell his life story, describe his relationships with Glenn Frey and Don Henley, and to relate his own version of his termination from the band in 2001. In an interview done on April 27, 2008 with Jim Farber of the New York Daily News, Felder is quoted as saying that he "wasn't out to hang people's heads for the whole community to see, that wasn't the point of the book. The point was to tell my story."

Singles

 * "Heavy Metal (Takin' a Ride)" (1981, Hot 100 #43)

Studio albums

 * Airborne (1983)
 * Road to Forever (2012)
 * American Rock 'n' Roll (2019)

Soundtrack albums

 * Heavy Metal: Music from the Motion Picture (1981)
 * Fast Times at Ridgemont High: Music From the Motion Picture (1982)
 * The Slugger's Wife (1985)
 * Secret Admirer (1985)

Studio albums

 * On the Border (1974)
 * One of These Nights (1975)
 * Hotel California (1976)
 * The Long Run (1979)

Songs co-written by Felder

 * "Visions" from One of These Nights (Don Felder & Don Henley)
 * "Too Many Hands" from One of These Nights (Felder & Randy Meisner)
 * "Victim of Love" from Hotel California (Felder, Henley, Glenn Frey, and J. D. Souther)
 * "Hotel California" from Hotel California (Felder, Henley, and Frey)
 * "The Disco Strangler" from The Long Run (Felder, Henley and Frey)
 * "Those Shoes" from The Long Run (Walsh,Felder, Henley and Frey)

Songs featuring Felder on lead vocal

 * "Visions" from One of These Nights

title: Don Felder


text:
Roosevelt High School (Roosevelt, New York)

Roosevelt High School is a four-year public high school located in Roosevelt as part of the Roosevelt School District, serving students in grades 9 through 12. It is located in the hamlet of Roosevelt in the Town of Hempstead, in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States.

As of the 2014–15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 964 students and 56.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 17.0:1. There were 247 students (25.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 46 (4.8% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Academics
Roosevelt High School has a grading and promotion policy. In order for a student to be admitted to the ninth grade, a student must pass 3 of the 4 major subject areas each year: The student can fail no more than the equivalent of 1 credit in minor subjects each year (i.e. Technology 1/2 credit, Home Economics 1/2 credit, etc.)
 * English
 * Mathematics
 * Science
 * Social Studies

To be promoted from grade 9 to 10, a student must earn 4 units of credit.

These units must include: 1 in English and 1 in Social Studies. To be promoted from grade 10 to grade 11, a student must have earned 9 units of credit. These units must include: 2 units in English, 2 units in Social Studies, 1 unit in Mathematics, 1 unit in Science. A student must receive a minimum grade of 70 in order to advance.

Demographics
As of the 2018–19 school year, the student body of Roosevelt High School consisted of:
 * 0 American Indian or Alaska Native students (0% of the student body)
 * 396 Black or African American students (40% of the student body)
 * 592 Hispanic or Latino students (60% of the student body)
 * 2 Asian or Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander students (.05% of the student body)
 * 1 White students (.01% of the student body)
 * 0 Multiracial students (0% of the student body)

Notable alumni
Notable Roosevelt Junior-Senior High School alumni include:
 * Eddie Murphy, comedian and actor.
 * Julius Erving, otherwise known as "Dr. J", member of the Basketball Hall of Fame who played for the Philadelphia 76ers until his retirement.
 * Howard Stern, radio personality.
 * Gabriel Casseus, Actor (New Jersey Drive, Fallen, Their Eyes Were Watching God), writer and producer (Takers).


text:
William Howard Hearst

Sir William Howard Hearst, (February 15, 1864 – September 29, 1941) was the seventh premier of Ontario from 1914 to 1919.

Hearst was born in Bruce County, Canada West. He practiced law in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario before being voted to provincial parliament as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. After six years representing Sault Ste. Marie in provincial government, Hearst became Premier of Ontario following the death of Premier James P. Whitney in 1914.

Hearst's was the first Conservative provincial government to enact women's suffrage. He was in favour of the prohibition movement, and restricted the unlicensed sale of alcohol in Ontario. As a wartime administration, his government improved munitions production and hydroelectric infrastructure.

Early life and career
William Howard Hearst was born in the Township of Arran in Bruce County, Ontario. He studied law in Owen Sound and was called to the bar lawyer in 1888. Hearst moved to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, where he established the law firm Masson, Hearst, McKay in the Ganley Block at 604 Queen Street. Hearst participated actively in the Sault Ste. Marie community and was on the building committee to erect a new Methodist church at the corner of Spring Street and Albert Street in Sault Ste. Marie. The Methodist church that was eventually built still stands and is now known as Central United Church.

Hearst was an unsuccessful candidate in the Algoma East riding in 1894. In 1902, he organized support in Northern Ontario for James P. Whitney. Hearst was also appointed Sault Ste. Marie's volunteer fire chief from 1891 to 1892. Hearst built a house at the corner of Queen Street and Upton Road. Known as Eastbourne, it would become a designated heritage property in the City of Sault Ste. Marie.

In 1908, Hearst was elected member for the riding of Sault Ste. Marie. He became Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines in 1911. On the death of Whitney in 1914, Hearst became his successor and was sworn in as Premier on October 2, 1914, the first premier from Northern Ontario.

Premiership
Under his administration, a comprehensive measure to provide compensation to workers for injuries was put into operation. He took steps to deal with housing problems and provide loans to settlers. Municipal acts were passed. School fairs and the teaching of agriculture were inaugurated. Measures were taken to increase war production. Reforestation and fire prevention services were established. The Orpington Hospital, in England, was built as a gift from the people of Ontario.

An increase in demand for electricity in Ontario led Hearst's government to commission the construction of the Queenston-Chippawa Hydroelectric Generating Station in 1917, which was one of the largest hydroelectric projects in the world.

During the 1917 conscription crisis, Hearst supported conscription and the federal Unionist government. In March 1918, Hearst and the Ontario Liberal leader, William Proudfoot, agreed to extend the existing provincial government until Canadian forces returned home in 1919.

Prohibition
The Hearst government struggled to find consensus on the question of prohibition. Hearst personally identified with the temperance movement, but barkeepers and alcohol producers formed part of the voter base of his party. Hearst established the Board of License Commissioners (BLC) in 1915, which distributed licenses for businesses seeking to sell alcohol.

In 1916, the Ontario Temperance Act (OTA) was introduced as a temporary wartime measure by Hearst, a temperance advocate and pillar of the Methodist Church. It made possession of liquor and beer outside one's home illegal. Although one could retain a cellar supply for personal consumption, it was illegal to sell a drink. As a result, the government shut down bars, taverns, clubs, and liquor stores. The establishment of the Acts were controversial among anti-temperance Canadians.

In 1919, after Canadian soldiers had returned from Europe, Hearst called a plebiscite on prohibition, which was held the same day as the 1919 general election. Prohibition was approved by the voters, but his government was defeated in the election.

Women's suffrage
Beginning in 1915, Liberal representatives proposed bills enabling women to vote in Ontario. Hearst initially opposed suffrage but by 1917 had changed his opinion on the subject. Ontario was the fifth province to pass legislation permitting women to vote, and Hearst's government was the first Conservative provincial government to do so.

1919 general election
In the election of 1919, Hearst was surprised by his loss to the United Farmers of Ontario. Historians have varying opinions on the reason for the result of the election, including federal conscription, the OTA, and poor opinions of the industrial workers and the rural population.

Later life
After his loss in 1919, Hearst remained in Toronto, where he had lived since 1912.

Hearst served as a member of the International Joint Commission, which had been formed to settle international boundary waters disputes between the United States and Canada.

Legacy
The Town of Hearst, in Northern Ontario, is named for William Hearst.

A street in North York, south of the intersection of Keele Street and Wilson Avenue, is named after him. The Humber River Hospital and offices of the Ministry of Transportation are on this street.

A plaque honouring Sir William H. Hearst stands in Tara Park in the Municipality of Arran–Elderslie in Bruce County. It was erected by the Ontario Archeological and Historic Sites Board.

Sault Ste. Marie
William Howard Hearst was the first premier from northern Ontario. He has an enduring legacy in Sault Ste. Marie. A street in the northern city has been named after him. A city streets directory from 1914 shows the street was previously called "Hurst Street", but by 1915, the year after Hearst became Premier of Ontario, the name was changed to "Hearst Street".

In July 2015, the city recognized Hearst by naming the holiday on the first Monday in August (previously known as Civic Holiday) as Sir William H. Hearst Day.

title: William Howard Hearst


text:
Talk:Breed standard

Proposed merging sections of this article to another page
Ok here's my dilema. I'm working on articles that reference various pigeon breeds. In these articles I will be refering to a Breed standard and require an internal link so viewers of the article can understand what I mean by a "standard". Trouble is the internal link I've been using links to this article which goes on to reference "Dogs". It starts off just how I need it to i.e. "A breed standard (also called bench standard) in animal fancy and animal husbandry is a set of guidelines which is used to insure that the animals produced by a breeding facility conform to the specifics of the breed. It is also used in competition to judge a given animal against the hypothetical ideal specimen of that breed." but then it goes completely over to discussing the term and how it relates to dogs. This is unfortunate because there are so many other "breeds" of animals besides dogs. (pigeons for example) and many a Breed article will no doubt need to refer to a Standard. I propose that sections of this Breed Standard page be merged to a page such as Breed standard (Dogs) and then the dog info on this page can be changed to refer to any/all domesticated animals so that editors working on breed articles can refer to it please. Sting_au | Talk 20:56, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Sting_au: Sorry I've just seen the note you left at my talk page now.  Your concern is valid and I agree in theory; had to do the same thing at breed registry, as I recall.  The solution there was to make one large article with sections for different domestic species.
 * My only problem here is that I think you should have moved this talk page as well. Now the discussion, which most centres on dogs, is divorced from the new talk page at Breed standard (Dogs).  Otherwise, I think you've done right.
 * Regards, Quill (talk) 22:11, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Update. The discussion refering to dogs has been moved to the Talk:Breed standard (dogs) page. Sorry about missing it.  Sting_au   Talk  22:41, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This works for me. Quill (talk) 22:52, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 21:13, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Merge from Breed standard (dogs)
Pointless WP:CONTENTFORK, verging on a WP:POVFORK. About 95% of it applies to breed standards in general, and should be rewritten a little in this way, at Breed standard, which should then simply have a short section on the dog-specific material, which is very slim.

This content was largely original in the Breed_standard article, but was forked out in 2008 (see old thread above), just because a pigeon-focused editor didn't like that the lead veered quickly into dog-specific details. That was a bad idea and is not how we do things. The correct solution in such a case is to move the sub-topical detail to a subsection to clean up the lead. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  14:10, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

PS: There may be some others to merge in, and I think something like this also happened to Breed registry, judging from the 2008 thread. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  14:12, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Support'. Cavalryman V31 (talk) 01:39, 11 December 2018 (UTC).

title: Talk:Breed standard


text:
Roll Call

Roll Call is a newspaper and website published in Washington, D.C., United States, when the United States Congress is in session, reporting news of legislative and political maneuverings on Capitol Hill, as well as political coverage of congressional elections across the country.

Roll Call is the flagship publication of CQ Roll Call, which also operates: CQ (formerly Congressional Quarterly), publisher of a subscriber-based service for daily and weekly news about Congress and politics, as well as a weekly magazine. Roll Call's regular columnists are Walter Shapiro, Mary C. Curtis, Patricia Murphy, and Stu Rothenberger.

History
Roll Call was founded in 1955 by Sid Yudain, a press secretary to Congressman Al Morano (R-Conn.). The inaugural issue of the newspaper was published on June 16, 1955, with an initial printing of 10,000 copies. Richard Nixon, then Vice President of the United States, wrote a letter to Yudain congratulating him on the new venture. Nixon's letter ran on the front page of the inaugural issue.

In 1986, Yudain sold Roll Call to Arthur Levitt, who was serving as the chairman of the American Stock Exchange at the time of the sale. Yudain continued to work as a columnist at Roll Call after the sale.

The Economist Group acquired Roll Call in 1993. Roll Call merged with CQ in 2009 after the latter company was purchased by The Economist Group.

In July 2018, a deal was announced for CQ Roll Call to be acquired by FiscalNote.

"Heard on the Hill"
In January 1988, Roll Call launched the "Heard on the Hill" column, which covers the intrigue of life and work in and around Capitol Hill. Alex Gangitano wrote Heard on the Hill from 2014 to 2018 before leaving to cover lobbying for The Hill. On 30 April 2019, Roll Call announced the current Heard on the Hill writing team of Clyde McGrady and Kathryn Lyons.

Congressional Baseball Game
In 1962, Roll Call began sponsoring the annual Congressional Baseball Game for Charity. In 1965, the first Roll Call Trophy was awarded—to the Republican team, which was the first team to win three games since Roll Call began its sponsorship. Since then, a new trophy has been awarded to the next team that wins three games (over the next three, four, or five years), following the year in which the most recent trophy was awarded. Roll Call also sponsors the Congressional Baseball Hall of Fame.

Notable Roll Call staff

 * Kathryn Lyons, Heard on the Hill reporter
 * Camila Dechalus, Immigration Reporter
 * Rebecca Adams, Senior Editor
 * Megan Scully, Senior Editor
 * Ed Timms, Investigations Editor
 * Herb Jackson, Politics Editor
 * Jason Dick, Deputy Editor
 * Lindsey Gilbert, Deputy Editor
 * Lindsey McPherson, Senior Writer
 * Niels Lesniewski, Senior Writer
 * John M. Donnelly, Senior Writer
 * Jennifer Shutt, Budget and Appropriations Reporter
 * Bridget Bowman, Politics Reporter
 * Simone Pathé, Politics Reporter
 * Stephanie Akin, Politics Reporter
 * Kate Ackley, Lobbying Reporter

Notable Roll Call alumni

 * Mary Ann Akers, staff writer for Politico
 * Christina Bellantoni, assistant managing editor for politics for Los Angeles Times
 * Chris Cillizza, politics reporter and editor-at-large for CNN
 * Tim Curran, Sunday Editor for The Washington Post
 * Steven T. Dennis, Senate reporter for Bloomberg
 * Matt Fuller, politics editor for The Daily Beast
 * Emily Heil, co-author the Reliable Source, The Washington Post
 * Ed Henry, chief national correspondent for Fox News Channel
 * Paul Kane, senior congressional correspondent for The Washington Post
 * Pablo Manriquez, publicist at Center for Investigative Reporting
 * Steve Kornacki, national political correspondent for NBC News and MSNBC
 * John McArdle, producer and co-host for C-SPAN's Washington Journal
 * Norah O'Donnell, co-anchor for CBS This Morning
 * Ben Pershing, Managing Editor for National Journal
 * Mark Preston, executive editor for CNN Politics
 * Glenn R. Simpson, Founder of Fusion GPS
 * Jake Tapper, anchor for CNN's The Lead with Jake Tapper and State of the Union
 * Katherine Tully-McManus, Congressional Reporter for Politico
 * Nina Totenberg, correspondent for National Public Radio
 * Jim VandeHei, co-founder and CEO of Axios; former executive editor and co-founder of Politico
 * Rachel Van Dongen, editor of PowerPost for The Washington Post

Political Theater Podcast
Political Theater Podcast is a Roll Call podcast hosted by Jason Dick.

title: Roll Call


text:
Wikipedia:Wikifun/Round 8/Answers/Question 16

 * Pink. →Vik Reykja 21:57, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pink.
It's the Invisible Pink Unicorn, of course!

Nickptar 23:25, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That would be a invisible pink unicorn. Mgm|(talk) 09:34, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

pink, and Blessed Be Her Holy Hooves --the wub (talk) 10:47, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

white

white


text:
James Oberg

James Edward Oberg (born November 7, 1944) is an American space journalist and historian, regarded as an expert on the Russian and Chinese space programs. He had a 22-year career as a space engineer in NASA specializing in orbital rendezvous. Oberg is an author of ten books and more than a thousand articles on space flight. He gave many explanations of UFO phenomena in the popular press. He is also a consultant in spaceflight operations and safety.

Early life and education
James Oberg was born in New York City on November 7, 1944.

He received a B.A. in Mathematics from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1966, a M.S. in applied mathematics (astrodynamics) from Northwestern University in 1969 (where he was also a NASA Trainee ) and a M.S. in computer science from University of New Mexico in 1972.

US Air Force
At Northwestern University he started Ph.D. work in Mathematics, but was called to active duty by the United States Air Force in 1970. There he worked with modeling laser and nuclear weapons and in the years 1972–1975, while working in the Department of Defense Computer Institute, he helped design and test ARPANET, ancestor of the Internet.

NASA
After service in the United States Air Force, he joined NASA in 1975, where he worked until 1997 at Johnson Space Center on the Space Shuttle program. He worked in the Mission Control Center for several Space Shuttle missions from STS-1 on, specializing in orbital rendezvous techniques. This culminated in planning the orbit for the STS-88 mission, the first International Space Station (ISS) assembly flight.

During the 1990s, he was involved in NASA studies of the Soviet space program, with particular emphasis on safety aspects; these had often been covered up or downplayed, and with the advent of the ISS and the Shuttle–Mir programs, NASA was keen to study them as much as possible. He privately published several books on the Soviet (and later Russian) programs, and became one of the few Western specialists on Russian space history.

He has often been called to testify before the US Congress on the Russian space program.

In 1997 he voluntarily resigned from NASA and started a full-time free-lance career. Currently he works as a consultant in spaceflight operations and safety and as a space journalist.

Author and journalist
As a journalist, Oberg writes for several publications, mostly online; he was previously a space correspondent or commentator for UPI, ABC News and currently MSNBC, often in an on-air role. He is a Fellow of the skeptical organization CSICOP and a consultant to its magazine Skeptical Inquirer.

He has written more than a thousand magazine and newspaper articles, including such magazines as The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Scientific American, OMNI, Popular Science, Popular Mechanics, New Scientist, IEEE Spectrum, Air Force Magazine, Star and Sky, etc.

Oberg is also a space consultant and on-air commentator to NBC News, Discovery Canada and the BBC.

In December 1990, Horizon, a British television science and philosophy television documentary program, aired a three-part series, "Red Star in Orbit," based on Oberg's book of the same name. WGBH Boston adapted the Horizon series for its Nova television science series, a three-part miniseries titled "The Russian Right Stuff," which aired in February 1991. HBO has optioned Red Star in Orbit for a future production. Also in 1991, Oberg launched a battle for official recognition of Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. (1935–1967) as a United States astronaut; the United States Air Force officially recognized Lawrence in January 1997, six years after Oberg had begun his campaign.

In 1999, Oberg wrote Space Power Theory, sponsored by United States military as a part of an official campaign in changing perceptions of space warfare, specifically deployment and use of weapons in outer space, and its political implications. "In Oberg's view, space is not an extension of air warfare but is unique in itself."

James Oberg is an author of ten books in addition to several technical NASA publications.

He also wrote encyclopedia articles on space exploration in the World Book Encyclopedia, Britannica yearbook, Grolier and Academic American Encyclopedia.

Moon landing conspiracies
Oberg was commissioned by NASA to write a rebuttal of Apollo Moon landing conspiracy theories. However, NASA dropped the project after ABC's World News Tonight program ran a story about it, claiming it was beneath NASA's dignity to respond to Moon landing denialists claims. Oberg has said that he still intends to pursue the project, "depending on successfully arranging new funding sources."

Oberg writes that Moon landing conspiracy theories are fueled by resentment of American culture by some countries. He gives the example of Cuba, where he claims many school teachers say the landing was a fraud. But besides this, the new wave of conspiracy theorists appear to use alternative publication methods to publicize their claims.

Oberg says that belief in the conspiracy is not the fault of the hoaxists, but rather of educators and people (including NASA) who should provide information to the public. NASA does not, in Oberg's opinion, provide an adequate reaction to the theorists' claims.

North Korean satellite launch inspection
In April 2012 Oberg traveled to North Korea as an NBC space consultant to observe the launching of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 satellite and determine whether it is a military launch. Together with a team of journalists he inspected the Sohae Satellite Launching Station, the Unha rocket and the satellite. According to Oberg, North Korea "showed everything but the important things" and did not manage to demonstrate peaceful intent.

UFO investigation
James Oberg often writes about alleged UFO sightings, giving scientific explanations to seemingly extraterrestrial phenomena, or otherwise debunking them as hoaxes.

Oberg categorized UFO sightings (excluding those identified as hoaxes) into one of three groups:
 * 1) Super-High Plumes – rocket or missile plumes, especially lit by the Sun on a dark sky;
 * 2) Space "Dandruff" – ice flakes, fragments of insulation, etc. flying alongside a space vehicle, especially seen by backward-facing cameras;
 * 3) Twilight Shadowing – objects that move from shadow into sunlight in space appear as if coming from behind the clouds or from beyond the edge of the Earth.

Russian pistol aboard ISS

James Oberg wrote several articles as a publicity campaign to remove guns from the ISS. The TP-82 Cosmonaut survival pistol was stowed in the Soyuz emergency landing survival kit and was added there for hunting and self-defense after landing in inhospitable environment. It had three barrels and a folding stock that doubled as a shovel and contained a machete. The gun was only carried by Russian members of the ISS. Oberg suggested that it might be an invitation to a future disaster and proposed it to be put in a compartment accessible only from outside, after landing.

In 2014 Oberg asked Samantha Cristoforetti, an Italian ISS astronaut, about the pistol and she admitted the gun is removed from the list, or more precisely, it is still on the official list of kit contents, but the committee meets before every mission to review the list and vote to remove the pistol for the specific flight.

Private life
Oberg has been married since 1969 and lives with his wife Alcestis in Dickinson, Texas. He has two grown sons (born 1977 and 1984).

He has a conversant knowledge of Russian, French and Latin, and has some familiarity with German, Swedish, Spanish, Kazakh and Japanese.

Awards and memberships

 * First place in Goddard National Space Award (twice)
 * 1st and 2nd place awards from the American Society of Business Publication Editors (May 2000)
 * The winner of the New Scientist award: Cutty Sark Whisky essay on UFO
 * Fellow of the skeptical organization the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
 * Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society
 * Fellow of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics (the first foreign member )
 * Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Other books

 * The Mars Conquest
 * Red Stars in Orbit

Technical materials for NASA

 * Space Shuttle Mission Control Center: Overview of Information and Decision Flows (for McDonnell Douglas);
 * Rendezvous and Proximity Operations Handbook;
 * History of Orbital Rendezvous;
 * Flight Data File: Crew Procedures, STS-32 LDEF Retrieval;
 * Console Handbook, Rendezvous Guidance and Procedures Officer;
 * Training Guide, Rendezvous Guidance and Procedures Handbook

title: James Oberg


text:
Ugi reaction

In organic chemistry, the Ugi reaction is a multi-component reaction involving a ketone or aldehyde, an amine, an isocyanide and a carboxylic acid to form a bis-amide. The reaction is named after Ivar Karl Ugi, who first reported this reaction in 1959.

The Ugi reaction is exothermic and usually complete within minutes of adding the isocyanide. High concentration (0.5M - 2.0M) of reactants give the highest yields. Polar, aprotic solvents, like DMF, work well. However, methanol and ethanol have also been used successfully. This uncatalyzed reaction has an inherent high atom economy as only a molecule of water is lost, and the chemical yield in general is high. Several reviews have been published.

Due to the reaction products being potential protein mimetics there have been many attempts to development an enantioselective Ugi reaction, the first successful report of which was in 2018.

Reaction mechanism
One plausible reaction mechanism is depicted below:

Amine 1 and ketone 2 form the imine 3 with loss of one equivalent of water. Proton exchange with carboxylic acid 4 activates the iminium ion 5 for nucleophilic addition of the isocyanide 6 with its terminal carbon atom to nitrilium ion 7. A second nucleophilic addition takes place at this intermediate with the carboxylic acid anion to 8. The final step is a Mumm rearrangement with transfer of the R4 acyl group from oxygen to nitrogen. All reaction steps are reversible except for the Mumm rearrangement, which drives the whole reaction sequence.

In the related Passerini reaction (lacking the amine) the isocyanide reacts directly with the carbonyl group but other aspects of the reaction are the same. This reaction can take place concurrently with the Ugi reaction, acting as a source of impurities.

Combination of reaction components
The usage of bifunctional reaction components greatly increases the diversity of possible reaction products. Likewise, several combinations lead to structurally interesting products. The Ugi reaction has been applied in combination with an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction in an extended multistep reaction.

A reaction in its own right is the Ugi–Smiles reaction with the carboxylic acid component replaced by a phenol. In this reaction the Mumm rearrangement in the final step is replaced by the Smiles rearrangement.

Another combination (with separate workup of the Ugi intermediate) is one with the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction. In the Ugi–Heck reaction a Heck aryl-aryl coupling takes place in a second step.

Combination of amine and carboxylic acid
Several groups have used β-amino acids in the Ugi reaction to prepare β-lactams. This approach relies on acyl transfer in the Mumm rearrangement to form the four-membered ring. The reaction proceeds in moderate yield at room temperature in methanol with formaldehyde or a variety of aryl aldehydes. For example, p-nitrobenzaldehyde reacts to form the β-lactam shown in 71% yield as a 4:1 diastereomeric mixture:

Combination of carbonyl compound and carboxylic acid
Zhang et al. have combined aldehydes with carboxylic acids and used the Ugi reaction to create lactams of various sizes. Short et al. have prepared γ-lactams from keto-acids on solid-support.

Chemical libraries
The Ugi reaction is one of the first reactions to be exploited explicitly to develop chemical libraries. These chemical libraries are sets of compounds that can be tested repeatedly. Using the principles of combinatorial chemistry, the Ugi reaction offers the possibility to synthesize a great number of compounds in one reaction, by the reaction of various ketones (or aldehydes), amines, isocyanides and carboxylic acids. These libraries can then be tested with enzymes or living organisms to find new active pharmaceutical substances. One drawback is the lack of chemical diversity of the products. Using the Ugi reaction in combination with other reactions enlarges the chemical diversity of possible products. Recently, a breakthrough has been made in the field of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), where Ugi reaction is being utilized to introduce different functional handles into the COFs by post-synthetic modification. With this new promising strategy, it is believed a library of COFs can be prepared with useful functional handles for various important applications. As speculated, recently, diglycolic acid (DGA) handles were incorporated into COFs to develop the best-reported solid adsorbent for Neodymium (a rare earth element and a critical material) that has a fast sorption kinetics and is highly recyclable.

Examples of Ugi reaction combinations:
 * Isoquinolines from Ugi and Heck reactions.

Pharmaceutical industry
Crixivan can be prepared using the Ugi reaction.

Additionally, many of the caine-type anesthetics are synthesized using this reaction. Examples include lidocaine and bupivacaine.

title: Ugi reaction


text:
Barbed Wire Kisses

Barbed Wire Kisses (B-Sides and More) is a compilation album by Scottish alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain. It was released on 18 April 1988 by Blanco y Negro Records. The album contains singles, B-sides and rare tracks. Throughout the 1980s the band was known for their prodigious output in these formats, often in limited editions which quickly went out of print. This album collects many of those releases spanning the band's career up to that point.

The band's cover of Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love?" was used on the soundtrack to the 1988 film Earth Girls Are Easy. "Mushroom" is a cover of a Can song. "Sidewalking" was voted one of the best singles of 1988 by Musician magazine.

The title comes from a line in the song "Cherry Came Too" from the Darklands album.

This album was not included in the 2006 remasterings of the group's back catalogue. All tracks from this compilation, except for "Mushroom" and "Just Out of Reach" (which appears in a re-recorded form on Barbed Wire Kisses) are now included on The Power of Negative Thinking: B-Sides & Rarities.

Rhino Records re-released Barbed Wire Kisses as a 2-LP Limited edition of 8,000 copies on 180-gram blood red vinyl for 2015 Black Friday Record Store Day.

The name is also used for Zoë Howe's 2014 biography of the band.

Track listing
All tracks written by Jim Reid and William Reid, except where noted.

Side 1 Side 2
 * LP (BYN 15)
 * 1) "Kill Surf City" – 3:09 G
 * 2) "Head" – 3:48 C
 * 3) "Rider" – 2:10 F
 * 4) "Hit" – 3:26 D
 * 5) "Don't Ever Change" – 3:30 E
 * 6) "Just Out of Reach" – 3:04 J
 * 7) "Happy Place" – 2:22 H
 * 8) "Psychocandy" – 2:52 D
 * 1) "Sidewalking" – 3:32 I
 * 2) "Who Do You Love?" (Bo Diddley) – 4:03 G
 * 3) "Surfin' U.S.A."  (Chuck Berry, Brian Wilson) – 2:57 F
 * 4) "Everything's Alright When You're Down" – 2:37 H
 * 5) "Upside Down" – 2:57 A
 * 6) "Taste of Cindy (Acoustic) " – 1:58 D
 * 7) "Swing" – 2:23 E
 * 8) "On the Wall (Porta Studio Demo/F. Hole) " - 4:46 F

Side 1 Side 2
 * Cassette (BYNC 15)
 * 1) "Kill Surf City" – 3:09 G
 * 2) "Head" – 3:48 C
 * 3) "Rider" – 2:10 F
 * 4) "Hit" – 3:26 D
 * 5) "Don't Ever Change" – 3:30 E
 * 6) "Just Out of Reach" – 3:04 J
 * 7) "Happy Place" – 2:22 H
 * 8) "Psycho Candy" – 2:52 D
 * 9) "Cracked" – 3:43 C
 * 10) "Mushroom (Live 1986) " (Can) – 3:16 G
 * 1) "Sidewalking" – 3:32 I
 * 2) "Who Do you Love?" (Bo Diddley) – 4:03 G
 * 3) "Surfin' U.S.A." (Chuck Berry, Brian Wilson) – 2:57 F
 * 4) "Everything's Alright When You're Down" – 2:37 H
 * 5) "Upside Down" – 2:57 A
 * 6) "Taste of Cindy (Acoustic) " – 1:58 D
 * 7) "Swing" – 2:23 E
 * 8) "On the Wall (Demo) " - 4:46 F
 * 9) "Here It Comes Again" – 2:31 F
 * 10) "Bo Diddley is Jesus" – 3:16 G

 * CD (BYNC 15)
 * 1) "Kill Surf City" – 3:09 G
 * 2) "Head" – 3:48 C
 * 3) "Rider" – 2:10 F
 * 4) "Hit" – 3:26 D
 * 5) "Don't Ever Change" – 3:30 E
 * 6) "Just Out of Reach" – 3:04 J
 * 7) "Happy Place" – 2:22 H
 * 8) "Psycho Candy" – 2:52 D
 * 9) "Sidewalking" – 3:32 I
 * 10) "Who Do You Love?" (Diddley) – 4:03 G
 * 11) "Surfin' U.S.A." (Berry, Wilson) – 2:57 F
 * 12) "Everything's Alright When You're Down" – 2:37 H
 * 13) "Upside Down" – 2:57 A
 * 14) "Taste of Cindy (Acoustic) " – 1:58 D
 * 15) "Swing" – 2:23 E
 * 16) "On the Wall (Demo) " – 4:46 F
 * 17) "Cracked" – 3:43 C
 * 18) "Here It Comes Again" – 2:31 F
 * 19) "Mushroom (Live 1986) " (Can) – 3:16 G
 * 20) "Bo Diddley Is Jesus" – 3:16 G

Some, but not all, of the releases of the album credit the short noise instrumental "F-Hole" (from the "Happy When It Rains" 12" single) as appearing directly after the demo version of "On the Wall," but it's there on all of the releases. "F-Hole" appears as its own track on the 2008 compilation The Power of Negative Thinking: B-Sides & Rarities.

Original releases

 * A The band's first, non-album single "Upside Down" from 1984.
 * B B-side to "You Trip Me Up" from 1985.
 * C B-sides to "Just Like Honey" from 1985.
 * D B-sides to "Some Candy Talking" EP from 1986.
 * E Darklands session out-takes.
 * F B-sides to "Darklands" EP from 1987.
 * G B-sides to "April Skies" from 1987.
 * H B-sides to "Happy When It Rains" from 1987.
 * I Released as non-album single "Sidewalking" in 1988.
 * J Previously unreleased. Rerecorded version. The original version appears on "You Trip Me Up" from 1985.

Personnel
The Jesus and Mary Chain
 * Jim Reid – vocals, guitar, production
 * William Reid – vocals, guitar, production

Additional personnel
 * John Loder – production
 * Helen Backhouse – design
 * Andrew Catlin – photography

title: Barbed Wire Kisses


text:
File:Valeyard.jpg

Summary
The Valeyard as portrayed by Michael Jayston.

Source:, which states that images maybe used in relation to Doctor Who articles.

title: File:Valeyard.jpg


text:
Ashchurch for Tewkesbury railway station

Ashchurch for Tewkesbury is a railway station serves the market town of Tewkesbury and the village of Ashchurch in Gloucestershire, England. The station is located less than 1/4 mi from junction 9 of the M5 motorway and located on the main Bristol–Birmingham main line 7+1/4 mi north of Cheltenham Spa and was opened on 1 June 1997 by Railtrack. There are regular bus connections from the station to Tewkesbury town centre, Gloucester Transport Hub and Cheltenham.

History
The original Ashchurch station was a stop on the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, authorised in 1836, and whose central section from Bromsgrove to Cheltenham, including Ashchurch, was opened on 24 June 1840 (the line was open throughout a few months later). It subsequently became part of the Midland Railway, later the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923, and finally passed to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. It was then closed by the British Railways Board in November 1971.

Two fatal accidents occurred near the station prior to its original closure – the first on 8 January 1929 and the second forty years later on 8 March 1969.

Stationmasters

 * Thomas M. Beck until 1861
 * George Peck 1861 - 1875 (afterwards station master at Tewkesbury)
 * William Lewin 1875 - 1900
 * William Watkins 1900 - 1923 (formerly station master at Bromsgrove)
 * A. Swift 1923 - 1928
 * Mr. Varcoe from 1928 (formerly station master at Hykeham)
 * G.S. Jones ca. 1933 ca. 1948
 * D.V. Carver from 1960 (formerly station master at Winchcombe)

Description
The station reopened by Railtrack on 1 June 1997 on the site of the earlier station which had lain derelict for 26 years. Only one small ruined red-brick shed remains of the original station buildings. In the post-war period, the station had been used both for passenger services and for cargo loading for the nearby army base. A number of cargo sidings still exist nearby. Ashchurch was once a railway centre of some importance, as it was the junction for two branches, one each side of the main line:

 * 1. The Evesham loop line, a lengthy loop serving Evesham, Alcester and Redditch, re-joining the main line at Barnt Green, near Bromsgrove. This line closed between Evesham and Redditch on 1 October 1962 due to poor condition of the track, while Ashchurch to Evesham followed on 17 June 1963 (Redditch to Barnt Green remains open on the electrified Birmingham suburban network). A short portion of this route remains intact today to serve the nearby British Army base.
 * 2. The line to Tewkesbury, Upton-upon-Severn and Malvern, closed beyond Upton on 1 December 1952, Ashchurch to Upton following on 14 August 1961.

At this time Ashchurch station was then renamed to Ashchurch for Tewkesbury, only for it to be also closed in 1971 having been unstaffed since 14 September 1970. The once sizeable goods yard here had previously closed on 1 June 1964, though MOD traffic continued to be handled. The buildings were demolished in June 1972, and the main line platforms and footbridge were removed early in 1974. There used to be a connecting curve linking the two branches, crossing the main line on the level just north of the station & creating a layout which may have been unique in Britain, but this curve closed in December 1957. There was an extensive goods yard to the south, and to the north west a large grain store.

The remains of the old lines are still apparent, with much of its infrastructure (such as bridges) still in existence. The old connecting curve and the two branches it served can clearly be traced on a map. With much of the Ashchurch to Tewkesbury line now being used as a Cycle and Footpath, this section proved valuable during the 2007 United Kingdom floods as it was the only dry route into and out of Tewkesbury at the time. Work to remove this embankment began in 2013 as it has claimed that its removal will reduce the scale of flooding in the area.

When reopened in 1997, there were considerably more northbound services, with many CrossCountry or former Central Trains services from Cardiff calling there. However, in the early 2000s, these services were withdrawn, reducing the usefulness of the station. Passengers wishing to travel to Birmingham usually had to travel south to Cheltenham Spa, change onto a northbound train, then return northwards, passing through Ashchurch for Tewkesbury without stopping. From December 2006, some peak time services to and from Birmingham were reintroduced. However, from December 2008, CrossCountry cut the service on weekdays from 7 to 4 northbound services and from 4 (5 on Fridays) to 2 southbound services.

In addition to the A46 road bridge, which does not provide access to the southbound (eastern) platform – the only access to that, including wheelchair access, is by a ramped footbridge over the lines at the station itself. A pushbutton computerised service provides real-time next train announcements. There is a large car park situated adjacent to the northbound (western) platform. The nearest bus stop (from where the Stagecoach West services 41 and 42 depart to Cheltenham via Tewkesbury and service 71 departs to Gloucester) is in the car park on the west side of the station.

As the station is unstaffed, tickets must be purchased on the train itself or in advance.

Services
The station is served by two train operating companies:
 * Great Western Railway (GWR) who manage the station, operate a hourly service from Ashchurch. Northbound trains head to Worcester Foregate Street/Worcester Shrub Hill with one continuing to Great Malvern. Southbound services head to Bristol Temple Meads via Gloucester; one train per day instead goes to London Paddington via Swindon;
 * CrossCountry operate a small number of services between Cardiff Central and Nottingham that stop here, providing direct trains to Birmingham New Street, mainly in the morning and evening peaks. In the December 2019 timetable, one morning Birmingham service (from Bristol Temple Meads) continues through to Stansted Airport, via Leicester and Peterborough rather than Nottingham.

On Sundays, the service is limited to five trains each way and is provided entirely by GWR.

In 2010, the Ashchurch and Tewkesbury District Rail Promotion Group began campaigning for an improved service to the station. They highlighted the close proximity of the station to Junction 9 of the M5 and the free car-park as being attractive to potential commuters. Cross Country trains run three trains per hour in each direction through without stopping and appear to have the potential capacity in the timetable to stop. The group also point out that official figures from the office of rail regulation show 67,000 passengers buying tickets to or from the station in 2008–09; most other stations with that level of patronage have at least an hourly service. The need for an hourly service between Worcester and Cheltenham has previously been noted by other passenger groups.

Former services

 * GWR used to provide only one train every two hours. However most services ran between Great Malvern and Westbury with extensions to Weymouth and Brighton.

 * London Midland ran a two hourly service to Worcester Shrub Hill and Gloucester. On Fridays one Worcester bound train continued to Birmingham New Street

 * Wales and Borders ran services to Birmingham New Street and Cardiff Central with some continuing to West Wales


text:
Joanna Zeiger

Joanna Sue Zeiger (born May 4, 1970) is an American triathlete who is the 2008 Ironman 70.3 world champion. Zeiger represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics in triathlon. She's the author of The Champions Mindset - An Athlete's Guide to Mental Toughness.

Early and personal life
Zeiger was born in Baltimore, Maryland, grew up in San Diego, California, lives in Boulder, Colorado, and is Jewish. She attended Patrick Henry High School in San Diego, graduating in 1988.

Career
Zeiger first began competing in swimming.

She and her sister, Laurie, represented the United States at the 1989 Maccabiah Games, the Jewish Olympics, in swimming. She won a gold medal, a silver medal, and two bronze medals.

She attended Brown University, where she held the school records in the 500 yd freestyle, 1000 yd freestyle, and 1650 yd freestyle which she set in 1991. Zeiger received her PhD from Johns Hopkins University's Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2001. Competitive running and cycling were added to her repertoire in 1992 and 1993.

Zeiger competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She placed fourth with a total time of 2:01:25.74. Her split times were 19:45.58 for the swim, 1:05:38.30 for the cycling, and 0:36:01.86 for the run. In the same year, she finished fifth at the Ironman World Championship with a time of 9:48:34. She's the winner of Ironman Brasil 2005 and Ironman Coeur d'Alene 2006.

In 2008, Zeiger won the Ironman 70.3 World Championship in Clearwater, Florida with a time of 4:02.49.

Honors
Zeiger was named the 1997 Amateur Triathlete of the Year. In 1998, she was named 1998 USA Triathlon's Rookie of the year and in 2000 the USOC Triathlete of the year. Zeiger was honored by the Jewish Sports Hall of fame in March 2001.

title: Joanna Zeiger


text:
Lourenço de Almeida

Lourenço de Almeida (c. 1480 – March 1508) was a Portuguese explorer and military commander.

He was born in Martim, Portugal, the son of Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India. Acting under his father, Lourenço distinguished himself in the Indian Ocean, and made Ceylon (present Sri Lanka) tributary to Portugal (see Portuguese Ceylon). He belonged to the Order of Christ.

He made the first Portuguese voyage to Ceylon in 1505 and established a settlement there, thus permitting the expansion of the Portuguese Empire in Asia.

He defeated the fleet of the Zamorin at the Battle of Cannanore in 1506. Two years later however, he died in a naval action off Chaul, in India, at the Battle of Chaul.

title: Lourenço de Almeida


text: File:Ultimatetonibraxtoncover.jpg

title: File:Ultimatetonibraxtoncover.jpg