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Gate Keepers

Gate Keepers (ゲートキーパーズ) is a Tactical role-playing game developed by Entertainment Software Publishing and published by Kadokawa Shoten for the PlayStation. The game was then adapted into a manga series written by Hiroshi Yamaguchi and drawn by Keiji Gotoh and an anime series produced by Gonzo, and first aired on April 3, 2000. A six episode original video animation (OVA) sequel, Gate Keepers 21, was released in 2002. The main characters in the OVA sequel were the next generation of Gate Keepers.

All Gate Keepers series follow the same basic premise and share most of their characters, with some major discrepancies (mainly involving the character Reiji Kageyama). A character from the game, Francine Allumage is completely absent from the anime. Another character from the game Misao Sakamori, was replaced in the anime with the new original character Megumi Kurogane (though Misao does make a guest appearance towards the end of the anime).

Plot
The story is set in 1969, a period of time in which Japan is experiencing intense economic and social development after the end of World War II in 1945. Unbeknownst to humans, alien/interdimensional beings have emerged with plans to take over the world by sending numerous agents to wreak havoc in cities, turning people into robotic minions. They are referred to as "Invaders" (インベーダー).

In an attempt to confront the Invaders and defend the planet, an elite but highly secret organization of peace-keepers called the Alien Exterminating Global Intercept System (more commonly known as A.E.G.I.S.), was set up with special funding from the government. They rely on the ability of "Gate Keepers", who have the power to open dimensional "gates" of a paranormal energy that give them their superpowers. These superpowers are the only weapons that have any effect on Invaders.

Although A.E.G.I.S. has branches around the world, the series focuses on the Far East division in Japan. The headquarters of the Far East branch of A.E.G.I.S. lies beneath Tategami High School, a facade created by the organization to mask the active recruitment of new Gate Keepers. Since many of the candidates were High School students, the location allowed the agents to be enrolled in school and be available for a mission at a moment's notice.

A.E.G.I.S. members
Names with asterisks indicates an anime-only character.

 * Shun Ukiya (浮矢 瞬)
 * Shun Ukiya, the focus of the series, is a young Japanese schoolboy (who permanently wears a bandage over his nose, the only exception being his appearance in the final chapter of Gatekeepers 21) with a deep passion for kendo. Shun discovers that he has the ability to open the Gate of Gales in a chance encounter with an Invader attack near his hometown, where he meets fellow Gate Keeper and childhood friend, Ruriko Ikusawa. He is subsequently invited to join A.E.G.I.S. after discovering the existence of Invaders and of A.E.G.I.S. Skills he developed after discovering his Gate includes 'Ultra Senpuu Kiri (Ultra Whirlwind Slash)' and 'Shinkuu Missile (Vacuum Missile)'. Its later revealed near the end of the tv series that he has secretly held romantic feelings for Ruriko since childhood. They become a couple at the end of the TV Series. His Gate is considered to be among the most powerful Gates to have been discovered. It's later revealed that he inherited the Gate of Wind from his father. His Gate color is blue.
 * Shun Ukiya, the focus of the series, is a young Japanese schoolboy (who permanently wears a bandage over his nose, the only exception being his appearance in the final chapter of Gatekeepers 21) with a deep passion for kendo. Shun discovers that he has the ability to open the Gate of Gales in a chance encounter with an Invader attack near his hometown, where he meets fellow Gate Keeper and childhood friend, Ruriko Ikusawa. He is subsequently invited to join A.E.G.I.S. after discovering the existence of Invaders and of A.E.G.I.S. Skills he developed after discovering his Gate includes 'Ultra Senpuu Kiri (Ultra Whirlwind Slash)' and 'Shinkuu Missile (Vacuum Missile)'. Its later revealed near the end of the tv series that he has secretly held romantic feelings for Ruriko since childhood. They become a couple at the end of the TV Series. His Gate is considered to be among the most powerful Gates to have been discovered. It's later revealed that he inherited the Gate of Wind from his father. His Gate color is blue.

 * Ruriko Ikusawa (生沢 ルリ子)
 * Ruriko is one of the first Gate Keepers recruited in Japan by A.E.G.I.S. and controls the Gate of Life. Ruriko is the unhappy bearer of the nickname 'Rurippe' (pronounced "RU-RI-PE"), which Shun relates it to her childhood appearance as the one who always has a runny nose. Viewed as a model student and an active participant in school activities, Ruriko only snaps when Shun uses her nickname in public. Her original ability involves a healing light and she utilizes it for combat through the materialization of a bow and arrow. She is taken by Reiji Kageyama and is convinced to hate others, thus changing her Gate into the Minus Gate of Genocide (a gate, according to Misao Sakimori, that should never be opened because of the devastation it brings). When she discovers that her secret love for Shun is reciprocated, her hatred fades and restores her Gate of Life. She and Shun become a couple at the end of the TV Series. Her Gate color is yellow.
 * Ruriko is one of the first Gate Keepers recruited in Japan by A.E.G.I.S. and controls the Gate of Life. Ruriko is the unhappy bearer of the nickname 'Rurippe' (pronounced "RU-RI-PE"), which Shun relates it to her childhood appearance as the one who always has a runny nose. Viewed as a model student and an active participant in school activities, Ruriko only snaps when Shun uses her nickname in public. Her original ability involves a healing light and she utilizes it for combat through the materialization of a bow and arrow. She is taken by Reiji Kageyama and is convinced to hate others, thus changing her Gate into the Minus Gate of Genocide (a gate, according to Misao Sakimori, that should never be opened because of the devastation it brings). When she discovers that her secret love for Shun is reciprocated, her hatred fades and restores her Gate of Life. She and Shun become a couple at the end of the TV Series. Her Gate color is yellow.

 * Reiko Asagiri (朝霧 麗子)
 * Despite the fact that Reiko is an extremely forgetful and absent-minded girl (perhaps a result of the shock from the divorce of her parents), she is an extremely talented pianist who discovered her Gate of Illusion when Invaders attacked her during her very first public recital at a theater. Her ability to create illusions while playing music does not go unnoticed by Invaders, who suffer intense agony when they hear her melodies. She is the only Gate Keeper other than Shun Ukiya who has operated the prototype Unit 00 Gate Robo, and the only one to pilot a jet aircraft. But, individually, she utilizes any keyboard musical instrument as a weapon (like a melodica). In the final episodes, after seeing one of her comrades getting hit, she snapped, unleashing the full force of her Gate's powers. Her Gate color is pink.
 * Despite the fact that Reiko is an extremely forgetful and absent-minded girl (perhaps a result of the shock from the divorce of her parents), she is an extremely talented pianist who discovered her Gate of Illusion when Invaders attacked her during her very first public recital at a theater. Her ability to create illusions while playing music does not go unnoticed by Invaders, who suffer intense agony when they hear her melodies. She is the only Gate Keeper other than Shun Ukiya who has operated the prototype Unit 00 Gate Robo, and the only one to pilot a jet aircraft. But, individually, she utilizes any keyboard musical instrument as a weapon (like a melodica). In the final episodes, after seeing one of her comrades getting hit, she snapped, unleashing the full force of her Gate's powers. Her Gate color is pink.

 * Kaoru Konoe (近衛 薫)
 * A tomboyish athlete, Kaoru was tormented by her previous stint in the track team. She awoke her own Gate of Close Combat, which increases her natural physical abilities to insane proportions, to create such a logic defying world record for sprinting that it was revoked. She jumped at the chance to join A.E.G.I.S. so that she could use her abilities without restraint, and to 'steal Shun from Ruriko'. She wears her PE uniform; a white shirt with her class tag and blue burūmā, when fighting Invaders. Her skills include 'Kaoru Punch' and 'Kaoru Kick', among other self-named close combat fighting styles, and her incredible lifting and stopping abilities (like her Hustle move, where she lifts heavy objects and turns them into projectiles) Her Gate color is blue, like Shun's.
 * A tomboyish athlete, Kaoru was tormented by her previous stint in the track team. She awoke her own Gate of Close Combat, which increases her natural physical abilities to insane proportions, to create such a logic defying world record for sprinting that it was revoked. She jumped at the chance to join A.E.G.I.S. so that she could use her abilities without restraint, and to 'steal Shun from Ruriko'. She wears her PE uniform; a white shirt with her class tag and blue burūmā, when fighting Invaders. Her skills include 'Kaoru Punch' and 'Kaoru Kick', among other self-named close combat fighting styles, and her incredible lifting and stopping abilities (like her Hustle move, where she lifts heavy objects and turns them into projectiles) Her Gate color is blue, like Shun's.

 * Misao Sakimori (防人 操)
 * A small German-Japanese girl from A.E.G.I.S. Germany who maintains the Gate of Perception. She resembles Megumi Kurogane in some aspects but their personalities are totally different. She operates Gate Robo Unit 03. In the game she plays a bigger role and is one of the first characters to join the player. In the game Misao controls the Gate of Wall. Her role was replaced by Megumi in the anime who is an anime only character. In the anime, her Gate of Perception gives her powerful and accurate precognitive abilities. Her Gate color is green.
 * A small German-Japanese girl from A.E.G.I.S. Germany who maintains the Gate of Perception. She resembles Megumi Kurogane in some aspects but their personalities are totally different. She operates Gate Robo Unit 03. In the game she plays a bigger role and is one of the first characters to join the player. In the game Misao controls the Gate of Wall. Her role was replaced by Megumi in the anime who is an anime only character. In the anime, her Gate of Perception gives her powerful and accurate precognitive abilities. Her Gate color is green.

 * Megumi Kurogane (鉄 恵)*
 * This mumbling asocial girl has the ability to set up force fields around herself with her Gate of Walls (Gate of Steel in other translations). Megumi has a secret loathing for Ruriko — she is bitterly jealous of Ruriko's wealth, intelligence and popularity (which contrasts with her own state of living, being a delivery girl for a noodle shop) and hates it when Ruriko outshines her without seeming to put forth any effort. She is a member of A.E.G.I.S. but does not appear to be particularly interested in socializing with her fellow Gate Keepers. She eventually joins Reiji and the Invaders when Reiji promises to 'recognize her true abilities.' She gains a Minus Gate, the Gate of Invasion (which allows her to invade into the minds of others), but Reiji betrays her when Ruriko becomes good again. Megumi replaces the role of Misao from the game though both characters share the same gate they both have very different personalities. Her Gate color is green.
 * This mumbling asocial girl has the ability to set up force fields around herself with her Gate of Walls (Gate of Steel in other translations). Megumi has a secret loathing for Ruriko — she is bitterly jealous of Ruriko's wealth, intelligence and popularity (which contrasts with her own state of living, being a delivery girl for a noodle shop) and hates it when Ruriko outshines her without seeming to put forth any effort. She is a member of A.E.G.I.S. but does not appear to be particularly interested in socializing with her fellow Gate Keepers. She eventually joins Reiji and the Invaders when Reiji promises to 'recognize her true abilities.' She gains a Minus Gate, the Gate of Invasion (which allows her to invade into the minds of others), but Reiji betrays her when Ruriko becomes good again. Megumi replaces the role of Misao from the game though both characters share the same gate they both have very different personalities. Her Gate color is green.

 * Feng Fei Ling (鳳妃玲 (フェン·フェイリン))
 * Wielder of the Gate of Fire, Fei hails from the Chinese (Shanghai) branch of A.E.G.I.S., and joined the Japanese branch to help out with the high concentration of Invader activity. Her companion, a golden monkey called Shun (a licensed A.E.G.I.S. agent—but was once confused with Shun Ukiya), often helps her target Red Invaders. Her skills include 'Da Xiong Mao' (Exploding Panda Fireball) and a fiery dragon (Shocking Fire Dragon). According to a flashback, her brother and grandfather were taken away from their house in China by unidentified men (possibly a reference to the Cultural Revolution), never to be seen again. Her Gate color is red.
 * Wielder of the Gate of Fire, Fei hails from the Chinese (Shanghai) branch of A.E.G.I.S., and joined the Japanese branch to help out with the high concentration of Invader activity. Her companion, a golden monkey called Shun (a licensed A.E.G.I.S. agent—but was once confused with Shun Ukiya), often helps her target Red Invaders. Her skills include 'Da Xiong Mao' (Exploding Panda Fireball) and a fiery dragon (Shocking Fire Dragon). According to a flashback, her brother and grandfather were taken away from their house in China by unidentified men (possibly a reference to the Cultural Revolution), never to be seen again. Her Gate color is red.

 * Jun Thunders (ジュン·サンダース)
 * A fashion model from the United States of America who is affiliated with A.E.G.I.S. (in the game she actually joins the A.E.G.I.S. branch quite early on as she has been transferred there from the American branch). She controls the Gate of Lightning and is the operator of Gate Robo Unit 02. She plays a bigger role in the game and has a lot more character development since she is one of the main characters. Her Gate color is violet.
 * A fashion model from the United States of America who is affiliated with A.E.G.I.S. (in the game she actually joins the A.E.G.I.S. branch quite early on as she has been transferred there from the American branch). She controls the Gate of Lightning and is the operator of Gate Robo Unit 02. She plays a bigger role in the game and has a lot more character development since she is one of the main characters. Her Gate color is violet.

 * Francine Allumage (フランシーヌ·アリュマージュ)
 * Francine only appears in the game and manga. She controls the Gate of Heat and Explosion (Fei actually uses this gate in the anime whereas in the game Fei's gate was the Gate of a Hundred Animals). Francine was originally assigned to the French branch since she is French. She is later assigned to the A.E.G.I.S. branch. Despite being French in origin, she is actually a western film lover and speaks fluent English. In her game image song she mentions two of the most famous western film stars (John Wayne and Clint Eastwood). Although she likes America she has never actually been there despite the fact that she usually cracks American jokes. She is a cheerful, fun-loving girl whose goal in life is to make 1000 friends.
 * Francine only appears in the game and manga. She controls the Gate of Heat and Explosion (Fei actually uses this gate in the anime whereas in the game Fei's gate was the Gate of a Hundred Animals). Francine was originally assigned to the French branch since she is French. She is later assigned to the A.E.G.I.S. branch. Despite being French in origin, she is actually a western film lover and speaks fluent English. In her game image song she mentions two of the most famous western film stars (John Wayne and Clint Eastwood). Although she likes America she has never actually been there despite the fact that she usually cracks American jokes. She is a cheerful, fun-loving girl whose goal in life is to make 1000 friends.

 * Hōjō Yukino (北条 雪乃)
 * She is the oldest Gate Keeper in Japan, having been born in 1169. However, she has stopped aging and appears in 1969 as a young girl in a white kimono (and again in Gate Keepers 21 without any trace of aging). Like her name Yukino suggests, she commands the Gate of Ice and Snow, being able to summon blizzards and hail. She is one of the most powerful Gate Keepers in the series, being referred to as a 'top-secret, High-Level Gate Keeper A.E.G.I.S. has been hiding' by Reiji Kageyama. One of her unique traits is the fact that she converses in Tanka poetry. She does help the A.E.G.I.S. members, despite being not an official member of A.E.G.I.S. She also has her pet ermine Hisame with her. She returns in Gate Keepers 21. In the game Yukino is actually a hidden character, but if she joins, she interacts more with the main characters and actually attends the same school as them (she joins the same class Fei is in) unlike the anime where she usually keeps her distance from the rest of the characters. Her Gate color is white.
 * She is the oldest Gate Keeper in Japan, having been born in 1169. However, she has stopped aging and appears in 1969 as a young girl in a white kimono (and again in Gate Keepers 21 without any trace of aging). Like her name Yukino suggests, she commands the Gate of Ice and Snow, being able to summon blizzards and hail. She is one of the most powerful Gate Keepers in the series, being referred to as a 'top-secret, High-Level Gate Keeper A.E.G.I.S. has been hiding' by Reiji Kageyama. One of her unique traits is the fact that she converses in Tanka poetry. She does help the A.E.G.I.S. members, despite being not an official member of A.E.G.I.S. She also has her pet ermine Hisame with her. She returns in Gate Keepers 21. In the game Yukino is actually a hidden character, but if she joins, she interacts more with the main characters and actually attends the same school as them (she joins the same class Fei is in) unlike the anime where she usually keeps her distance from the rest of the characters. Her Gate color is white.

 * Chotaro Banba (番場 長太郎) (a.k.a. Bancho or Big Boss)*
 * The over-enthusiastic Osakan gangster-turned-good, Bancho was recruited into the team only because Shun believed Bancho 'has the eyes of a Gate Keeper'. With the mindset of a samurai, Bancho likens the girls in the Gate Keepers team as princesses and himself as their hero. It is only much, much later in the series that he reveals his latent Gate Keeper ability, the Gate of Solid Crush, which seemingly attracts Kaoru (perhaps because of the similarity of their gates). His Gate color is orange.
 * Voice actor Koyasu also appeared as himself in one of the later episodes.
 * Voice actor Koyasu also appeared as himself in one of the later episodes.

 * Kanetake Meguro (目黒 兼武)
 * The head of the mechanics department of AEGIS. Megane, as he is fondly called, is a genius kid who can easily repair machines. In both the game and anime he helps the Gate Keepers by bringing the Gate Engine or Gate Robo to them, even restoring an out-of-commission Gate Robo (after the battle at the Tokyo Tower). In the anime he is good friends with Bancho who often helps Megane with the mechanics. "Megane" is Japanese for spectacles or glasses and is a common nickname for kids who wear glasses in Japan; he is called Specs in the English version.
 * Voice actor Kozakura also appeared as herself in one of the later episodes.
 * Voice actor Kozakura also appeared as herself in one of the later episodes.

 * Commander (司令)
 * The Commander of the A.E.G.I.S. Far-East Branch oversees the operations and deployments of Japan's Gate Keepers. He was an Ensign in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, and was supposed to fly an Ohka piloted bomb on a suicide mission in 1945, near the end of World War II. However, his mothership was shot down, and ironically, he was the sole survivor. When he attempted to commit suicide with a pistol after being rescued by the US Navy, he was restrained by a sailor who told him two words: "Stay alive." This changed his life and after the war he was one of the first members of the Police Reserve (later the Japan Self Defense Force). In the PlayStation Gate Keepers RPG and the Gate Keepers 1985 novel, it is revealed that the Commander's name is Tetsuya Tokiwatari (時渡 哲也) and he has the Gate of Time and Space.
 * The Commander of the A.E.G.I.S. Far-East Branch oversees the operations and deployments of Japan's Gate Keepers. He was an Ensign in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, and was supposed to fly an Ohka piloted bomb on a suicide mission in 1945, near the end of World War II. However, his mothership was shot down, and ironically, he was the sole survivor. When he attempted to commit suicide with a pistol after being rescued by the US Navy, he was restrained by a sailor who told him two words: "Stay alive." This changed his life and after the war he was one of the first members of the Police Reserve (later the Japan Self Defense Force). In the PlayStation Gate Keepers RPG and the Gate Keepers 1985 novel, it is revealed that the Commander's name is Tetsuya Tokiwatari (時渡 哲也) and he has the Gate of Time and Space.

 * Keiko Ochiai (落合 恵子)
 * The private secretary to the Commander (Shirei) and is practically Second-in-Command of A.E.G.I.S. Far East (in Shirei's absence). She is also the school nurse at Tategami High School. She hates violence and acts as an adviser to the Gate Keepers (both at school and when they perform their Gate Keeper duties). Despite her feelings for the Commander, she was briefly engaged (an arranged marriage) to a man who was revealed to be an Invader.
 * The private secretary to the Commander (Shirei) and is practically Second-in-Command of A.E.G.I.S. Far East (in Shirei's absence). She is also the school nurse at Tategami High School. She hates violence and acts as an adviser to the Gate Keepers (both at school and when they perform their Gate Keeper duties). Despite her feelings for the Commander, she was briefly engaged (an arranged marriage) to a man who was revealed to be an Invader.

 * Jim Skylark (ジム·スカイラーク)*
 * A British racer who drives a Lotus Seven (Caterham Seven) and is a member of A.E.G.I.S. England sent to Japan by A.E.G.I.S. HQ. He controls the Gate of Supersonic, and is uses it in conjunction with Gate Robo Unit 01. Overconfident after beating the top brass of the Invaders in their first encounter on Dream Island, he got himself killed by one accurate blast from Kikai Shogun's tank in a rematch. Luckily Ruriko was just around and revived him. His Gate color is blue.
 * A British racer who drives a Lotus Seven (Caterham Seven) and is a member of A.E.G.I.S. England sent to Japan by A.E.G.I.S. HQ. He controls the Gate of Supersonic, and is uses it in conjunction with Gate Robo Unit 01. Overconfident after beating the top brass of the Invaders in their first encounter on Dream Island, he got himself killed by one accurate blast from Kikai Shogun's tank in a rematch. Luckily Ruriko was just around and revived him. His Gate color is blue.

Invaders

 * Reiji Kageyama (影山 零士)
 * At a young age by many tragedies in his family, his original Gate of Foresight was warped into the Jet-Black Gate of Darkness. The Gate of Darkness allows him to do many things unavailable to the other Gate Keepers. For example, he is able to transport objects, change his outfit and perform a variety of attacks. He possesses clairvoyance, which the Commander theorizes helped him open his gate initially by allowing him to 'Grasp a future beyond his reach'. A formidable enemy, Kageyama's secret identity is not discovered until it was too late, even though he had been befriended by Ukiya as a student of Tategami High School. In the anime, his real name is revealed to be Yuji Mitsuoka (光山 有士), the son of a rich man who was duped by one of his associates. He returns in Gate Keepers 21 as a middle-aged businessman working for A.E.G.I.S. Network, and is seen riding a blue TVR Tuscan. He is missing several body parts such as his arm, leg, and internal organs due to the overuse of his Gate.
 * At a young age by many tragedies in his family, his original Gate of Foresight was warped into the Jet-Black Gate of Darkness. The Gate of Darkness allows him to do many things unavailable to the other Gate Keepers. For example, he is able to transport objects, change his outfit and perform a variety of attacks. He possesses clairvoyance, which the Commander theorizes helped him open his gate initially by allowing him to 'Grasp a future beyond his reach'. A formidable enemy, Kageyama's secret identity is not discovered until it was too late, even though he had been befriended by Ukiya as a student of Tategami High School. In the anime, his real name is revealed to be Yuji Mitsuoka (光山 有士), the son of a rich man who was duped by one of his associates. He returns in Gate Keepers 21 as a middle-aged businessman working for A.E.G.I.S. Network, and is seen riding a blue TVR Tuscan. He is missing several body parts such as his arm, leg, and internal organs due to the overuse of his Gate.

 * Count Akuma (悪魔伯爵)
 * The evil Count is a top ranking Invader who manipulates the minds of people into believing false ideas and twisting their hearts to suit the needs of the Invaders. He once even had the Gate Keepers in his trap. He returns in Gate Keepers 21 to battle his archenemy's daughter, only to be defeated. His name is also known as Baron Akuma in the English translation of the anime.
 * The evil Count is a top ranking Invader who manipulates the minds of people into believing false ideas and twisting their hearts to suit the needs of the Invaders. He once even had the Gate Keepers in his trap. He returns in Gate Keepers 21 to battle his archenemy's daughter, only to be defeated. His name is also known as Baron Akuma in the English translation of the anime.

 * Kaiser Kikai (機械将軍)
 * This Nazi-like character with a deep, raspy voice and a "Heil Vader!" catchphrase is a top Invader with the power to control machinery. He was said to have caused the disappearance of the SS Marine Sulphur Queen in the Bermuda Triangle and made it resurface 6 years later standing up in Yokohama Bay. He first appears trying to control the first Shinkansen and sends it on a destructive maiden journey. He also returns in Gate Keepers 21 only to be defeated by the daughter of the man who defeated him, with the gate engine.
 * This Nazi-like character with a deep, raspy voice and a "Heil Vader!" catchphrase is a top Invader with the power to control machinery. He was said to have caused the disappearance of the SS Marine Sulphur Queen in the Bermuda Triangle and made it resurface 6 years later standing up in Yokohama Bay. He first appears trying to control the first Shinkansen and sends it on a destructive maiden journey. He also returns in Gate Keepers 21 only to be defeated by the daughter of the man who defeated him, with the gate engine.

 * Yasutaka Fukuoka (福岡康隆)
 * He was a teacher at Tategami High, and, despite being Megumi Kurogane's favorite teacher, is hated by most of the students. He is a red Invader with fake identity papers and armed with a chalk-shooting gun. It was slain by Shun Ukiya right in front of Megumi.
 * He was a teacher at Tategami High, and, despite being Megumi Kurogane's favorite teacher, is hated by most of the students. He is a red Invader with fake identity papers and armed with a chalk-shooting gun. It was slain by Shun Ukiya right in front of Megumi.

 * Itoi (糸井)
 * Ochiai-kun's Fiance, he's obnoxious and loudmouthed, therefore making him a perfect candidate for an Invader.
 * Ochiai-kun's Fiance, he's obnoxious and loudmouthed, therefore making him a perfect candidate for an Invader.

 * Nishiya (西谷)
 * The fiance of Ochiai's high school classmate who chased her and Shirei after knowing they know his true identity. Being a race driver, he has an unusual obsession to become Number One. He drove a Nissan Skyline GT-R KPGC10 "Hakosuka."
 * The fiance of Ochiai's high school classmate who chased her and Shirei after knowing they know his true identity. Being a race driver, he has an unusual obsession to become Number One. He drove a Nissan Skyline GT-R KPGC10 "Hakosuka."

Others

 * Saemi Ukiya (うきや さえみ)
 * Shun's younger sister. She supports her big brother on his activities with the AEGIS. She has a crush on a boy named Takeshi Ikeda. She also appears in Gate Keepers 21 as Ayane's aunt. Only appears in the anime.
 * Shun's younger sister. She supports her big brother on his activities with the AEGIS. She has a crush on a boy named Takeshi Ikeda. She also appears in Gate Keepers 21 as Ayane's aunt. Only appears in the anime.

Forms and disguises

 * Invader Soldier
 * The Invader soldier unit usually resembles a humanoid robot in black suit, hat, dark glasses and holding a suitcase. Combined together in Fusion Mode, they create the more powerful and larger versions of Invaders of which can take multiple forms like centipedes, balls, and fake highways. Their weakness is the Red Invader, who initiates the Fusion and if destroyed, will cause a similar chain reaction to the other Invaders in the same form. The Invaders are not human but they can take on the appearance of a human in the original series.

 * Cyclopean Dog
 * An Invader that was disguised as an irritable Japanese Spitz. Feng Fei Ling initially thought that its keeper, a vendor of stone-roasted yams, was the Invader, but it revealed itself after being confronted by Shun and the other Gatekeepers.

 * Six-Engined Jumbo Jet
 * One of the many forms of the Invaders taking the form of a six-engined jumbo jet. It turned into a dinosaur then into a Concorde when Shun Ukiya shot one of its engines and crashed. It was finally put out of commission by Fei Fen Ring with the help of the Gate Engine.

 * ET-11 Ball-Type Invader
 * This conglomeration of Invaders first appeared in the first episode, attacking the A.E.G.I.S. bus carrying the Gate Engine. Its core is the red Invader. According to A.E.G.I.S. archives, it first appeared in Los Angeles.

 * ET-13 Drill-Type Invader
 * Also made an appearance as a dam buster in Germany, this one wreaked havoc in a shopping mall in Shibuya.

 * Twin-Barreled Tank
 * Also appearing in Europe, this one is commandeered by Kaiser Kikai himself and merged with a junked battleship on Dream Island. With the tank, Kaiser Kikai was able to defeat the combined (and overconfident) forces of Gate Robo Units 1-3, seriously injuring Jim Skylark in the process.

 * "Chef Boyardee"-style Invader
 * A cross between a giant billboard and a building. Made its appearance at the start of the "Sally Forth, Gate-Robo!" episode, which Reiko Asagiri accidentally revived with her Maiden's Prayer.

 * Highway-Type Invader
 * Disguised itself as part of the Tomei Highway, allowing it to strike unexpectedly and flatten any car in the highway, only to vanish and go undetected. This was the first invader Kaoru Konoe has ever encountered.

A.E.G.I.S. weapons, transport and gear

 * Gate Engine
 * The Gate Engine is a device that is able to amplify the abilities of a Gate Keeper. However, due to its size, it requires support personnel to transport it to and from the battlefield. Using this device, Konoe Kaoru was able to stop a runaway Shinkansen a la Superman, and Fei Fen Ring was able to down the Concorde-shaped Invader. It was shrunk to fit inside the Gate Robo--whose design was invented by Shun's father.

 * Gate Robo
 * A mecha that uses a more compact version of the Gate Engine as its power source. Ukiya uses the Prototype Unit 00 Gate Robo, which is known for its extreme instability and unpredictability. Units 01, 02, and 03 are used by Jim Skylark, June Thunders, and Misao Sakimori respectively and amplifies their Gates even more. Aside from Ukiya, Reiko Asagiri has also operated Unit 00, and used its secret weapon, the "GRO5V" (see below), to activate her Gate of Illusions. Unit 00 was initially disabled by Reiji Kageyama's Shadow Robot at the battle atop the Tokyo Tower by smashing its Gate Engine, but Megane found an original prototype gate engine in the Ukiya garage, reviving it. This is the same engine that was used by Ukiya to eventually defeat Kageyama in front of live national TV.

 * GRO5V
 * The Gate Robo Unit 00's secret weapon; essentially a giant piano. However, Ukiya does not know how to play the piano, so Reiko Asagiri uses it when operating the Gate Robo. Unlike the Gate Engine, this big machine requires lesser support personnel to transport it to and from the battlefield--it can just be dropped into the battlefield with a Vertol 3000.

 * UP-15
 * It is a modified Toyota Sports 800 bearing the license plate AEGIS 01, powered by a Gate Engine, and is capable of using Shun Ukiya's Gate of Gales to reach incredible speeds. When it exits, the front of Tategami High erupts in a blinding sandstorm, which is a cover as the A.E.G.I.S. hangar doors open and the car exits. Ukiya even ran the car on tracks designed for a roller coaster in an effort to hurry to the scene of a battle. It is transportable to any location via a transport truck disguised as a tanker and is available on call within three minutes. It is referred to by Megane as the "Yota-hachi." As of Gate Keepers 21, it was the only working mecha remaining inside the ruins of A.E.G.I.S. Far East. After a brief hunt for Invaders, it was programmed by Ayane Isuzu to self-destruct (by overloading its Gate Engine) to destroy Kikai Shogun and his minions.

 * BB5005 Electric Locomotive
 * An electric locomotive loaned from A.E.G.I.S. France to help stop the runaway Shinkansen possessed by Kikai Shogun. It was the fastest locomotive in France, breaking speed records (at speeds in excess of 200 km/h).

 * A.E.G.I.S. Bus
 * It is a battle carrier disguised as an old Toyota bus. Upon command, it reveals its armor and communications equipment. It is also armed on both sides with two five-barreled anti-Invader cannons and a ramming bumper. It also transported the first Gate Engine to be used, then, after adding a launch button, used as a carrier for the Gate Robo.

 * Vertol 3000
 * Twin-rotor helicopter used to transport personnel and heavy cargo, including the Gate Engine and the GRO5V. It is not designed for high velocities (it tore to pieces when Shun warped it), and is unstable in strong winds (the Jumbo Jet Invader blew it away like a piece of paper).

 * Earth Defense License
 * An identification card that identifies an individual (man or animal) as an A.E.G.I.S. agent. The license has text that authorizes the bearer to perform tasks beyond the law and marks them as exempt from arrest and police interference.

 * Special Bokken Sword
 * Issued to Shun Ukiya, it contains a tiny Gate amplifier in its tip to supplement his kendo attacks with his Gate ability. It is retractable, thus it can be kept out of sight.

 * Citroen DS
 * An ordinary Citroen car issued to Shirei for official trips outside of A.E.G.I.S. Headquarters. It has an emergency pistol in its glove compartment. It was used when Shirei brought Shun to the secret A.E.G.I.S. headquarters for the first time; and when he and Keiko were chased by the monster #1 Hakosuka.

 * Lotus Seven
 * The car issued to Jim Skylark. Bears the license plate AEGIS 02.

Manga
A three-volume manga series, created by Keiji Goto and following the plot of the video game, was published by Kadokawa Shoten. Two volumes were released in the United States by Tokyopop.

Anime
The anime series was produced by GONZO, written by Hiroshi Yamaguchi, and was directed by Koichi Chigira. The network WOWOW aired the 24 episode series from April 3 to September 8, 2000. In 2001, Geneon Entertainment USA (then known as Pioneer) acquired the series and released them in eight volumes on DVD and VHS. In 2004, Geneon re-released the series under the Signature Series label. In 2007, Geneon USA was soon dissolved and left the series (including the GK21 OVA's) out-of print.

Songs

 * Opening theme
 * "Asu no Egao no Tameni" (明日の笑顔のために)
 * Lyrics: Junichi Sato
 * Composition: Kohei Tanaka
 * Arrangement: Yasunori Iwasaki (岩崎 文紀)
 * Artist: Yumi Matsuzawa

 * Ending theme
 * "Kyō Kara Asu E" (今日から明日へ)
 * Lyrics: Hiroshi Yamaguchi
 * Composition: Kohei Tanaka
 * Arrangement: Yasunori Iwasaki
 * Artist: Yumi Matsuzawa

Light Novel
Gate Keepers 1985 (ISBN 4-04-413105-8-C0193) tells the story of the 15 years leading up to Gate Keepers 21.

title: Gate Keepers


text: Category:470s BC births

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:470s BC births


text: Category:480s BC births

title: Category:480s BC births


text:
Ecuador Highway 35

Ecuador Highway 35 (E-35), officially named "Troncal de la Sierra" (Highland's Road) but colloquially known as "La Panamericana", is a primary highway in Ecuador. This road is Ecuador's portion of the Pan-American Highway. It connects all the cities and towns from the Sierra region, from Tulcán at the north (border with Colombia), passing through Quito, the country's capital, to the south border with Peru. Part of this highway is a toll road administered by Panavial, a private concessionary.

title: Ecuador Highway 35


text:
User talk:Slac

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 07:16, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Generally
I am prepared to consider writing one or two stand-alone, introductory pages that would form the basis of an explanation for some of the material in the pages that I've worked on. The structuralism page isn't too bad but there is nothing on paradigmatic analysis so that would be a good place to start. The material on semiotics is somewhat superficial as are the subelements on particular individuals. . . Why don't you e-mail me and we can try to agree a strategy for pooling resources on aesthetics and semiotics, and ethics (which I taught for a year or two some twenty years ago). --David91 18:07, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Stubs
I am glad I could help with moving Aesthetics to the proper stub template (it is just part of the service from WP:WSS). Based upon your area of interest, you may be interested in knowing about Philo-stub, the template for philosophy stubs, for your future endeavors. --Allen3 talk July 2, 2005 18:06 (UTC)

WikiProject_Moral_Philosophy
Hello. I am writing to inform you that I have created Wikiproject Moral Philosophy and you are invited to join. We are in need of more editors, and your help would be greatly appreciated. Cheers! --Malathion 08:21, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Small Cow-Related Note
Puns concerning cows are quite entertaining.

Tautology
You are of course right. There is a difference. Do we need to list both in the article though? Andycjp 6th August 2005

Wikimedia struct/mergist
Answered your question in you wikimedia user page :) Sjschen 17:10, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Function composition
I reverted this diff: because I can't see what the summary "removed confusing paragraph about commutativity -- see discussion page" is referring to. Feel free to reply here or anywhere. –EdC 05:07, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Please see the very bottom of the relevant talk page where users are expressing their confusion. --Slac 05:12, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah... that was about the example; you could have removed the example and left the rest of the paragraph. I've replaced it with a simpler example. –EdC 06:32, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Quetzalcoatl (Stargate) 1.png
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:59, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Forward exchange market for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Forward exchange market is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Category:Aesthetics has been nominated for renaming
Category:Aesthetics has been nominated for renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you.  - car chasm (talk) 17:05, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slac


text: Category:490s BC births

title: Category:490s BC births


text:
User talk:MttJocy

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 07:16, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) MttJocy 09:46, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:Wellington (Shropshire) Railway Station.JPG
File:Wellington (Shropshire) Railway Station.JPG is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:File:Wellington (Shropshire) Railway Station-27Jan2008.JPG. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 09:57, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:MttJocy


text: Category:460s BC births

title: Category:460s BC births


text:
User talk:Conwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 07:19, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Conwiki adds, Thanks Sam

I think that your conwiki is a brilliant idea. silsor 07:13, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Kaczynski and MKULTRA
Hi Con, does this link have a mainstream reference, or should it stay in Conwiki only? Thanks. Chris vLS 28 June 2005 13:45 (UTC)

Conwiki is down...
As of now, conwiki is just giving me database errors. I'd be curious to read it, but I can't if it's not running... JesseW, the juggling janitor 07:23, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Great minds...
Now more than ever we need this project. You're site has been down for quite a while. I welcome anyone interested in conwiki to visit CassandraFiles.com. The wiki went up yesterday. Thank you.

-Jonathan

check out
http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikiconspiracy this is my conspiracy wiki site. it has absolutly no content because i couldn't find anyone who wants to contribute. now i'm unclear what i can do to start making it a functional wiki. can i go to cassandra files and start rambling about skull and bones?--Matt D 23:47, 8 February 2006 (UTC) what should we/I do from here to get a functional conspiracy database up and running?

title: User talk:Conwiki


text:
The Japan That Can Say No

"The Japan That Can Say No: Why Japan Will Be First Among Equals" (「NO」と言える日本) is a 1989 essay originally co-authored by Shintaro Ishihara, the then Minister of Transport and a leading figure from the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) who would become governor of Tokyo (1999-2012); and Sony co-founder and chairman Akio Morita, in the climate of Japan's economic rise. It was famous for its critical examination of United States business practices, and for advocating Japan's taking a more independent stance on many issues, from business to foreign affairs.

The title refers to the authors' vision—Ishihara's in particular—of a Japanese government that is more than a mere "yes man" to the United States. Many unauthorized translations were made and circulated in the United States. The authorized 1991 Simon & Schuster English translation by Frank Baldwin (out of print) did not include the essays by Morita. The book caused widespread controversy in the United States, and Morita distanced himself from the book. The book also inspired the similarly themed China Can Say No, a collection of essays published in 1996.

Points asserted
The work alternates between essays written by Ishihara and Morita. The essays were based on various speeches given in the past. In general, Ishihara's essays argue that Japan is a world power to be respected, and that Japanese need to assert themselves more when dealing with the U.S. Morita's essays focus more on the tragic flaws of U.S. companies that will eventually lead to America's decline, and what Japan can do to improve its image and position.

Here is a sampling of points they make:

Japanese superiority

 * The world has come to depend on Japanese technology, especially in semiconductor production.
 * Japan must use its technological superiority as a negotiating weapon. It should even threaten to trade secrets with the Soviet Union as a bargaining tool against the US and refuse to sell components that go into US missiles.
 * The quality of American goods is low because the level of the workers is low, while the superior education of Japanese workers is a big advantage.
 * The Japanese character is innately superior to the character of Americans.

Japanese assertiveness

 * Japanese diplomats are not effective in dealing with westerners, so businessmen accustomed to dealing with foreigners should also take part in trade negotiations.
 * Japan should end the U.S.-Japan security pact and defend itself, because this would cost less and end reliance on the U.S.

Criticisms of America

 * Americans believe that the Caucasian race is superior since the modern era is dominated by the western world, and this prejudice will hurt them in the end.
 * Americans and Christian missionaries try to erase local cultures and replace them with Western culture. (See Cultural imperialism)
 * Former American colonies are rife with problems, while former Japanese colonies are thriving.
 * America's dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan and not Germany in World War II arose from racism because Germans are white people and Japanese are not.

American business

 * American business focuses too much on money games like mergers and acquisitions, and not enough on creating real goods and manufacturing power.
 * American business focuses too much on short-term profits, such as moving manufacturing overseas, while sacrificing long term overall livelihood.
 * American company executives receive too much income, which hurts their companies.
 * Employees in Japanese companies form a tight community, so overall results are better.
 * The trade surplus with the U.S. is caused by the lack of desirable products made in the U.S.
 * U.S. businesses are strong in basic research, but not in product development and marketing.
 * It is natural for the Japanese government to protect Japanese businesses, as it relies on their tax revenue.

Japan's image and position

 * It is popular to bash Japan, and this is largely the fault of Japanese businessmen overseas who don't socialize with locals and become part of the local community.
 * Japanese need to do more to adapt to Western culture and language when dealing with Americans in order to be understood (pointing out that foreigners from other countries have successfully integrated into U.S. society).
 * The U.S.'s failure to recognize Japan's importance will hurt the U.S. and the world economy.
 * Japan must be conscious of its role as a world leader, and do its part to support the world economy.
 * Japan must help build up Asia to strengthen its position as a regional economic leader.
 * Japan must give more foreign aid if it wants to be a true world leader. He equates this with doing local community service.

Reception
Daniel W. Drezner of Foreign Policy ranked the book as one of the ten worst books about foreign policy, writing "Shintaro argued that Japan was destined to become the next great superpower. Whoops."

A similar criticism appeared in a March 1990 newspaper, presenting a cartoon of Mount Fuji, symbolic of Japan and its purity, facing an overbearing and militaristic American soldier. Mount Fuji is shown saying "Japan cannot say no," raising the question of whether the postwar period is really over, and suggesting that Japan wants to begin to fend for itself after depending on the US for support during the postwar years.

title: The Japan That Can Say No


text:
Queen's Gambit Declined

The Queen's Gambit Declined (or QGD) is a chess opening in which Black declines a pawn offered by White in the Queen's Gambit:
 * 1. d4 d5
 * 2. c4 e6

This is known as the Orthodox Line of the Queen's Gambit Declined. When the "Queen's Gambit Declined" is mentioned, it is usually assumed to be referring to the Orthodox Line; see "Other lines" below.

The Orthodox Line can be reached by a number of different, such as 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 d5; 1.d4 e6 2.c4 d5; 1.c4 e6 2.Nc3 d5 3.d4; 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 e6 3.d4; and so on.

General concepts
Playing 2...e6 releases Black's dark-squared bishop, while obstructing Black's light-squared bishop. By declining White's temporary pawn sacrifice, Black erects a solid position; the pawns on d5 and e6 give Black a foothold in the. The Queen's Gambit Declined has the reputation of being one of Black's most reliable defenses to 1.d4. In this situation, White will try to exploit the passivity of Black's light-squared bishop, and Black will try to release it, trade it, or prove that, while passive, the bishop has a useful defensive role.

An eventual ...dxc4 by Black will surrender the centre to White, and Black will usually not do this unless Black can extract a concession, usually in the form of gaining a, by capturing on c4 only after White has played Bd3 first. In the Orthodox Line, the fight for the tempo revolves around White's efforts to play all other useful developing moves prior to playing Bd3. Black will often aim for the pawn break ...c5 in this opening, which often leads to one or the other side accepting isolated or hanging pawns in exchange for dynamic compensation.

Other lines
In its broadest sense, the Queen's Gambit Declined is any variation of the Queen's Gambit in which Black does not play ...dxc4. Variations other than the Orthodox Line have their own names and are usually treated separately.

 * 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 and eventual ...c6 – Semi-Slav Defense
 * 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 – Slav Defense
 * 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5 – Albin Countergambit
 * 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6 – Chigorin Defense
 * 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Bf5 – Baltic Defense
 * 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c5 – Symmetrical Defense (or Austrian Defense)
 * 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nf6 – Marshall Defense

Of the 34 games played in the 1927 World Championship between Alexander Alekhine and José Raúl Capablanca, all except the first and third began with the Queen's Gambit Declined.

Black avoids 3...Nf6
After 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 (3.Nf3 is a main alternative), Black's main move is 3...Nf6. Other options are:
 * 3...c5 (the Tarrasch Defense), if Black is willing to accept an.
 * 3...Be7 (the Alatortsev Variation). At top level, this has recently been played much more often than Nf6. Sometimes, this transposes to positions arising from 3...Nf6, and has the advantage, from Black's standpoint, of avoiding the insidious pressure of the main lines in the Exchange Variation arising after 3...Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5. In many cases, the game will simply transpose into the main lines after 4.Nf3 Nf6 5.Bg5, or, White can now play 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bf4 c6 6.e3, when 6...Bf5 7.g4 became a topical line after its adoption by Mikhail Botvinnik in his 1963 title match with Tigran Petrosian. 6.Qc2 is also popular. These exchange lines are more popular than transposing at top level.
 * 3...c6, usually signalling Black's intention to enter the Noteboom Variation after 4.Nf3 dxc4, or the Semi-Slav after 4...Nf6. White has alternatives to 4.Nf3 such as the Marshall Gambit 4.e4; or 4.e3 which may lead to the Stonewall Dutch after ...f5 or transpose to the Semi-Slav.
 * 3...Bb4 (the Accelerated Ragozin ) intends to transpose to the Ragozin Variation, although White has various options to avoid this transposition. For instance, one drawback with this move is that after the moves 4.a3 Bxc3+ 5.bxc3 Nf6 6.e3 it allows White to achieve the pawn structure seen in the game Botvinnik-Capablanca, AVRO 1938, which is often considered somewhat advantageous for white.
 * 3...a6 (the Janowski Variation), which gained some interest in 2021 after being adopted by World Champion Magnus Carlsen. The move threatens ...dxc4 followed by ...b5, attempting to hold on to the pawn. For this reason, White usually plays cxd5 first.

Black plays 3...Nf6
Lines beginning with the moves 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 are covered by ECO codes D35–D69. These are old lines that can transpose into many other queen pawn openings. White has several ways of dealing with Black's setup:

QGD Main Variations: 4.Bg5 Be7 5.Nf3

 * Tartakower Variation or Tartakower–Makogonov–Bondarevsky System (TMB system): 5...h6 6.Bh4 0-0 7.e3 b6, is one of the most solid continuations for Black.
 * Anti-Tartakower–Makogonov–Bondarevsky (Anti-TMB): 5...h6 6.Bxf6 Bxf6 this line was extensively tested in the Kasparov–Karpov matches in 1980s. To this day Black has no problems in this line despite being tested at the highest levels. More recently, Boris Gelfand defended the Black side of this variation in the 2011 candidates matches which eventually he went on to win. For example, in the third round of the final candidate match, he forced White to accept a draw in 14 moves with a very strong novelty.
 * Lasker Variation: 5...0-0 6.e3 h6 (Neo-orthodox Variation ) 7.Bh4 Ne4 (Lasker Variation ) 8.Bxe7 Qxe7, is also a solid line, often leading to the exchange of two sets of minor pieces. It was this line that Viswanathan Anand chose in the final game of the World Chess Championship 2010 in order to defeat Veselin Topalov and retain the world championship.
 * Classical Variation: 5...0-0 6.e3 Nbd7 7.Rc1 c6 and now White has two main moves: 8.Bd3 and 8.Qc2. After 8.Bd3 dxc4 9.Bxc4 Black has surrendered the centre and stands somewhat cramped, but has succeeded in making White lose a tempo by playing Bd3 before Bxc4. White will try to use his advantage in space to attack, whereas Black will try to keep White at bay while striking back at the centre. Capablanca's main idea here was the freeing maneuver 9...Nd5 10.Bxe7 Qxe7 11.0-0 Nxc3 12.Rxc3 e5 13.dxe5 Nxe5 14.Nxe5 Qxe5 15.f4 Qe7, which has led to a number of exchanges in the centre, though Black must exercise care even in the wake of this simplification. This line was once so frequently played that it has a separate code (D69) in ECO, though the lack of active counter play for Black has made the main line of the Orthodox a backwater in modern practice.

Cambridge Springs Defense: 4.Bg5 Nbd7
The Cambridge Springs Defense was introduced more than a century ago, and is still played. (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6) 4.Bg5 Nbd7 (setting up the Elephant Trap) 5.e3 c6 6.Nf3 Qa5, now Black intends ...Bb4 and possibly ...Ne4, with pressure along the a5–e1 diagonal. This Black defense is popular among amateurs because there are several traps White can fall into, for example 7.Nd2 (one of the main lines, countering Black's pressure along the diagonal) 7...Bb4 8.Qc2 0-0 and here 9.Bd3 loses since 9...dxc4 (threatening ...Qxg5) 10.Bxf6 cxd3! (a zwischenzug) 11.Qxd3 Nxf6 wins a piece for Black.

Exchange Variation: 4.cxd5 exd5
After 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5 c6 6.Qc2 White has a pawn majority in the centre, Black has a pawn majority on the. This pawn structure gives White the opportunity to either advance his pawns in the centre by means of Nge2, f2–f3, followed by e2–e4, or play for a by means of the plan Rb1, followed by b2–b4–b5, then bxc6 in order to create a weak pawn at c6. While Black can play ...cxb5, or recapture on c6 with a piece, each of these possibilities is even less desirable than the backward pawn in the open file. For Black, exchanging at d5 has released his light-squared bishop and opened the e-file, giving him the use of e4 as a springboard for central and play. While chances are balanced, Black is usually more or less forced to use his superior activity to launch a piece attack on White's king, as the long-term chances in the QGD Exchange structure favour White. The following games are model games for White:
 * Central pawn advance: Carlsen vs. Jakovenko, Nanjing 2009
 * Minority attack: Evans vs. Opsahl, Dubrovnik 1950

Three Knights Variation: 4.Nf3
The Three Knights Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined is usually reached from the move order 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 d5 4.Nc3, played to avoid the Nimzo-Indian Defense (from the white point of view) and the Exchange Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined (from the black point of view). Black has a few options in response to the Three Knights Variation.

Vienna Variation: 4...dxc4
The Vienna Variation occurs after Black plays 4...dxc4 in the Three Knights Variation. The main line of the Vienna continues as 5.e4 Bb4 6.Bg5. White's pawns or pieces occupy the central squares in exchange for long-term pawn structure weaknesses. An instance of Vienna Variation played at the highest level was Fine–Euwe, AVRO 1938. The Quiet Variation of the Vienna Variation occurs after 5.e3.

Semi-Tarrasch Variation: 4...c5
The Semi-Tarrasch Variation occurs after black plays 4...c5 in the Three Knights Variation. An important line in this variation is the Endgame Line where the game continues: 5.cxd5 cxd4 6.Qxd4 exd5 7.e4 dxe4 8.Qxd8+ Kxd8 where the queens get traded off in a similar fashion to the Endgame in the Berlin Defense, resulting in a drawish position. This line has been played by top grandmasters such as Wesley So, Anish Giri, and Magnus Carlsen aiming for a draw. There is also the Exchange Variation where the game continues 5.cxd5 Nxd5 6.e4 Nxc3 7.bxc3 cxd4 8.cxd4, which has been used by played by the likes of Ding Liren, Anish Giri, Vladimir Kramnik, and Magnus Carlsen.

Ragozin Variation: 4...Bb4
The Ragozin Variation (ECO code D37–D39) occurs after black plays 4...Bb4 in the Three Knights Variation. The Alekhine Variation of the Ragozin Variation occurs with 5.Qa4 Nc6 6.e3 0-0 7.Qc2. A transposition into the Vienna Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined occurs with 5.Bg5 dxc4 6.e4. An alternate line commonly played is 5.cxd5 exd5 6.Bg5 h6 7.Bh4 to avoid transposing into the Vienna.

Semi-Slav Defense: 4...c6
The Semi-Slav Defense occurs after black plays 4...c6 in the Three Knights Variation.

Transposition into Main Variations: 4...Be7 5.Bg5
A transposition into the Main Variations of the Queen's Gambit Declined occurs after black plays 4...Be7 5.Bg5 in the Three Knights Variation.

Harrwitz Attack 4...Be7 5.Bf4
This variation is also a popular line. Placing the bishop on Bg5 allows Black to exchange more freely with moves like Nf6-e4, as seen in the Lasker Defence. The move Bf4 is designed to restrict Black's opportunities in this way, as well as reducing opportunities to gain the bishop pair. Play usually continues with 5...0-0 6.e3 c5 7.dxc5 Bxc5. Peter Leko, usually an e4 player, used this variation as White to beat Vladimir Kramnik in their 2004 World Championship Match.

title: Queen's Gambit Declined


text:
User talk:Jsa163

Algorithm in Finding A Boyfriend

Here is the most rudimentary theoretical algorithm in finding a boyfriend:

1. INITIALIZATION: Set the standards then find the prospective boyfriend. While doing this, your main focus should be improving your personal life; including overall appearance, poise, manners, smile as well progress in your career/academic growth. This is guaranteed to reap huge payoffs in the future. 2. ELIMINATE: Build a list of prospective boyfriends then from this list eliminate those under the following categories: * Married, Taken, Committed -- unless of course if He's a Muslim * Gays, Bi-sexuals -- they're not worth the effort. I am a Born Again Christian myself but I honestly believe that this tendency is absolutely irreversible. * Your Bestfriend-- you two might be meant for each other but there is too much risks involved * Jerks -- If this guy thinks that he's God's gift to women then don't dare waste your time on him * Chinese and Blacks -- this is a personal bias!! haha * Those whom you think you will have irreconcillable differences with!! 3. FINISHED? Does the prospective guy also has eyes for you. If yes, then STOP looking cause you already have a boyfriend! 4. ITERATE: If the prospective boyfriend does not feel the same way for you despite your gallant efforts of self-improvement then move to the next prospective guy. 'tsugi' Go back to Step 2

 * Improvements in the above mentioned algorithm can ubiquitously found on magazines and other self-help books.

** All known algorithms in finding a boyfriend is in exponential or sub-exponential time. It becomes increasingly difficult with time; worse, time becomes a function of itself! i.e. O(t)=√(lnt)te

-mG

title: User talk:Jsa163


text: Category:Layout engines

title: Category:Layout engines


text:
Afon Hepste

Afon Hepste is a river in Powys, Wales, though partly forming the county's border with Rhondda Cynon Taf. It runs wholly within the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Its headwaters, the Afon y Waun, Nant y Cwrier and Nant Hepste Fechan, rise on the Old Red Sandstone dip-slopes of Fforest Fawr and combine to form the Afon Hepste near the farmstead of Hepste Fechan. It enters onto the Carboniferous Limestone outcrop near this point and sections of its course downstream remain dry in all but flood conditions as the flow disappears underground. The river flows over the Millstone Grit outcrop from some way beyond Hepste Bridge.

The Hepste plunges over a band of resistant gritstone to form Sgwd yr Eira (translated from Welsh as 'fall of snow'). A public footpath runs behind this fall, making it one of the most popular destinations in an area that has become known as Waterfall Country. One mile downstream of the fall, the river joins the Afon Mellte near to the village of Ystradfellte.

title: Afon Hepste


text:
Nauruan Civil War

The Nauruan Civil War was fought from 1878 to 1888, between forces loyal to incumbent King Aweida of Nauru and those seeking to depose him in favour of a rival claimant. The war was preceded by the introduction of firearms to the island and its inhabitants, Nauruans, as a whole. For the majority of the war, the loyalists and the rebels found themselves in a stalemate, with one side controlling the northern and the other the southern part of the island.

In 1888, the German Empire intervened by restoring Aweida to the throne and confiscating combatants' firearms; by the time they finished, the German soldiers had confiscated 791 rifles from both belligerents, nearly one gun for every remaining living adult inhabitant of the island. By historical estimates, Nauru had a population of approximately 1,400 in 1848; by the end of war, there were about 900 inhabitants.

Having effectively been put under German control with the civil war's ceasefire, Nauru was shortly thereafter annexed into the German colonial empire, as part of German New Guinea.

Background
When the British captain John Fearn came to Nauru in 1798, the island had been avoided by sailors, due to its notoriety as a station for pirates. Nevertheless, in the 19th century, the immigration of Europeans, often lawbreakers, steadily increased. Traditional life had been disrupted by the introduction of firearms and spirits, an unknown form of alcoholic drink in ancient Nauru, although the Nauruans had consumed palm wine for several thousand years.

Outbreak
The conflict began during a marriage festival; while discussing a point of etiquette, which turned into a heated argument; one of the guests fired a pistol and fatally shot the son of a clan chief. The need to avenge the man's death was perceived as clear in a Nauruan cultural context. Former feuds had their origins in similar incidents, but this time every family in every tribe's clan had firearms, exacerbating a potential conflict. The conflict saw the island divided into a north and a south.

War reports
A squadron of the British Royal Navy anchored off the coast of Nauru on September 21, 1881, and the squadron's flagship approached the island, to appraise the local situation. An acculturated local beachcomber, William Harris, boarded the British ship, which summoned the rest of the squadron by semaphore that evening, saying that a tribal war was raging, that all of the islanders were drunk, that the actual king of the island, Aweida, wished to have missionaries come to the island to help stop the war.

Six years later, an Auckland-dwelling British sea captain named Frederick Moss came in his schooner, the Buster, landing on Nauru while his ship was being reloaded with copra. He reported that the inhabitants of Nauru were friendly and of good humor, although most of the boys and all of the men were armed with rifles and carbines. The war was still going on, although by this time it appeared that many of the islanders had had enough. Through his conversations with the natives, Moss noted that none of them wished to continue fighting, but no tribal group trusted the others to lay down their arms if it did so first. They wished for universal disarmament of the island. Moss received another report from Harris, who still lived on the island. Harris said that two of his family members had already been shot and that he wished a Christian mission would come to the island to restore peace once again.

German annexation and end of the war
The war helped neither the island's copra production nor the interests and security of the German merchants, who had established cacao plantations and other agricultural enterprises. Because the political instability affected the German holdings directly, German authorities recommended that Germany take over the administration of the island. Germany annexed the island on April 16, 1888, banning both alcohol and firearms. On October 1 of that year, the German gunboat SMS Eber, with 87 men, anchored off the coast of Nauru. The armed German seamen met with Harris and returned with the first European settlers, as well as a Christian missionary from the Gilbert Islands. The next morning saw the arrest of the remaining tribal chiefs and the German annexation ceremony, complete with the hoisting of the German flag. German authorities declared that unless all firearms and munitions were turned over to the German government in one day, the chiefs would be executed; the next morning, the natives of the island turned over 765 weapons and several thousand rounds of ammunition, ending the bloodiest tribal war in Nauruan history.

Aftermath
The annexation of Nauru by German Empire brought about a lasting ceasefire. After the annexation, King Aweida nominally retook the throne, and Nauru became part of German New Guinea.

title: Nauruan Civil War


text:
William Sargant

William Walters Sargant (24 April 1907 – 27 August 1988) was a British psychiatrist who is remembered for the evangelical zeal with which he promoted treatments such as psychosurgery, deep sleep treatment, electroconvulsive therapy and insulin shock therapy.

Sargant studied medicine at St John's College, Cambridge, and qualified as a doctor at St Mary's Hospital, London. His ambition to be a physician was thwarted by a disastrous piece of research and a nervous breakdown, after which he turned his attention to psychiatry. Having trained under Edward Mapother at the Maudsley Hospital, in South London, he worked at the Sutton Emergency Medical Service during the Second World War.

In 1948 he was appointed director of the department of psychological medicine at St Thomas' Hospital, London, and remained there until (and after) his retirement in 1972, whilst also treating patients at other hospitals, building up a lucrative private practice in Harley Street, and working as a media psychiatrist.

Sargant co-authored a textbook on physical treatment in psychiatry that ran to five editions. He wrote numerous articles in the medical and lay press, an autobiography, The Unquiet Mind, and a book titled Battle for the Mind in which he discusses the nature of the process by which our minds are subject to influence by others. Although remembered as a major force in British psychiatry in the post-war years, his enthusiasm for discredited treatments such as insulin shock therapy and deep sleep treatment, his distaste for all forms of psychotherapy, and his reliance on dogma rather than clinical evidence have confirmed his reputation as a controversial figure whose work is seldom cited in modern psychiatric texts.

Early life and medical career
Sargant was born into a large and wealthy Methodist family in Highgate, London. His father was a City broker, his mother, Alice Walters, was the daughter of a Methodist minister from a family of wealthy Welsh brewers. Five of his uncles were preachers. He had two brothers—human rights campaigner Thomas Sargant and Bishop of Mysore, Norman C. Sargant, and five sisters. Sargant went to the Leys School in Cambridge and then studied medicine at St John's College, Cambridge. He did not excel academically but played rugby for St John's College, was president of Cambridge University Medical Society and collected autographs of famous medical men. Sargant obtained a rugby scholarship to complete his medical education at St Mary's Hospital. His father lost most of his money in the depression in the late 1920s and the scholarship allowed Sargant to continue his medical education. After qualifying as a doctor he worked as a house-surgeon and house-physician at St Mary's and looked set for a successful career as a physician. But in 1934—four years after qualifying as a doctor—a nervous breakdown and spell in a mental hospital cancelled his plans. Sargant would later attribute this period of depression to undiagnosed tuberculosis, although research which he conducted on the use of iron, in very high doses, for the treatment of pernicious anaemia was not well received and this disappointment may have contributed to his breakdown.

After his recovery, Sargant worked as a locum at Hanwell Hospital, and then for a while helped his brother-in-law at his Nottingham general practice, before deciding on a career in psychiatry. In 1935 he was offered a post by Edward Mapother at the Maudsley Hospital. In his autobiography Sargant describes how Mapother's views coincided with his own: 'the future of psychiatric treatment lay in the discovery of simple physiological treatments which could be as widely applied as in general medicine'. Soon after he arrived at the Maudsley, Sargant was involved in testing amphetamine as a new treatment for depression and took it himself while studying for the diploma in psychological medicine. Sargant would take a variety of drugs to treat his depression throughout his life. Another treatment introduced at the Maudsley while Sargant was there was insulin shock therapy.

In 1938 Sargant was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship to spend a year at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, under Professor Stanley Cobb. Whilst there he did some experiments on over-breathing and developed a theory that the difference between normal and neurotic people is that the latter have lost their suggestibility. On a visit to Washington he arranged to meet Walter Freeman and see three of his patients who had undergone psychosurgical operations. Although the results were not altogether successful, Sargant resolved to introduce the operation into Britain.

Second World War
At the outbreak of war in September 1939 Sargant returned to Britain to find that the Maudsley had been evacuated and divided into two—one half going to Mill Hill School in North London and the other half setting up a hospital in the old Belmont Workhouse near Sutton, Surrey. Sargant was sent, along with H.J. Shorvon, clinical director Eliot Slater, and medical superintendent Louis Minski to Belmont workhouse—renamed the Sutton Emergency Medical Service (in 1953 the name of the hospital would revert to Belmont). The hospital, which took both civilian and military patients, was jointly controlled by the Ministry of Health and London County Council. Sargant described his frustration when London County Council medical advisors tried to curb his experimentation with new treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery (also called leucotomy) but, as he said "we generally got our own way in the end". They were, for example, only allowed to carry out individual psychosurgical operations with the approval of the Council advisors. When the doctors advised against operation, Sargant got round this by sending patients to be operated on by Wylie McKissock at St George's Hospital, (where Eliot Slater was temporarily in charge of the psychiatric department). It was, he said, "doing good by stealth". But critics saw him as someone of extreme views who was cruel and irresponsible and refused to listen to advice; some suggested that he was motivated by repressed anger rather than a desire to help people. Sargant selected neurotic patients, especially those with obsessional ruminations, for operation, which carried with it a significant risk of death, personality deterioration, epileptic seizures, and incontinence. After the Dunkirk evacuation the Sutton Emergency Medical Service received large numbers of military psychiatric casualties and Sargant developed abreaction techniques – patients would relive traumatic experiences under the influence of barbiturates. He also used modified insulin treatment, electroconvulsive treatment and sedation in the treatment of military patients. During the war Sargant wrote, together with Eliot Slater, a textbook, An introduction to physical methods of treatment in psychiatry; five editions were published, and it was translated into several languages. In 1940 he married Peggy Glen, who he had met at the Laboratory at Belmont, where Peggy worked as a volunteer. The couple had no children.

St Thomas' Hospital
After the war, Sargant found it difficult to settle at the re-united Maudsley Hospital and applied – unsuccessfully – for positions elsewhere. In 1947 he was invited to spend a year as a visiting professor of psychiatry at Duke University. He returned to Britain in August 1948 having been offered the position of head of the department of psychological medicine at St Thomas’, a teaching hospital in London. At that time the new department consisted of a basement with no in-patient beds, and no requirement on students to attend lectures on psychiatry. Sargant was to stay at St Thomas's for the rest of his career, and he built the department up into an "active treatment, teaching and research unit". The basement was refurbished to use as an out-patient department (for electroconvulsive therapy, modified insulin treatment, methedrine injections, etc.), while the amalgamation of St Thomas’ and nearby Royal Waterloo Hospital provided Sargant with a 22-bed ward for his in-patients (this was to become his ward for continuous narcosis or deep sleep treatment). Sargant's work at St Thomas' was funded by the NHS with support from the endowment funds of St Thomas' Hospital and gifts from private individuals.

Both at Belmont Hospital and at St Thomas', Sargant subjected patients to up to three months' combined electroconvulsive therapy, continuous narcosis, insulin coma therapy and drugs. He said in a talk delivered in Leeds: "For several years past we have been treating severe resistant depression with long periods of sleep treatment. We can now keep patients asleep or very drowsy for up to 3 months if necessary. During sleep treatment we also give them ECT and anti-depressant drugs". Sargant used narcosis (sleep treatment) to overcome a patient's refusal of electroconvulsive therapy, or even deliver it without their knowledge. He wrote in his standard textbook An introduction to physical methods of treatment in psychiatry: "Many patients unable to tolerate a long course of ECT, can do so when anxiety is relieved by narcosis ... What is so valuable is that they generally have no memory about the actual length of the treatment or the numbers of ECT used ... After 3 or 4 treatments they may ask for ECT to be discontinued because of an increasing dread of further treatments. Combining sleep with ECT avoids this ...". Sargant also advocated increasing the frequency of ECT sessions for those he describes as "resistant, obsessional patients" in order to produce "therapeutic confusion" and so remove their power of refusal. In addition he states: "All sorts of treatment can be given while the patient is kept sleeping, including a variety of drugs and ECT [which] together generally induce considerable memory loss for the period under narcosis. As a rule the patient does not know how long he has been asleep, or what treatment, even including ECT, he has been given. Under sleep ... one can now give many kinds of physical treatment, necessary, but often not easily tolerated. We may be seeing here a new exciting beginning in psychiatry and the possibility of a treatment era such as followed the introduction of anaesthesia in surgery".

Sargant's methods inspired Australian doctor Harry Bailey who employed deep sleep treatment at Sydney's Chelmsford Private Hospital, eventually leading to the death of 26 patients. Bailey and Sargant were in close contact and apparently competed to see which of them could keep a patient in the deepest coma. The death rate among Sargant's patients was lower than that among Bailey's, largely thanks to the nursing skills of the 'Nightingales' (St Thomas' nurses). Each sleeping patient was allocated a nurse or student nurse who would monitor their sleep every 15 minutes and wake them every six hours to feed and wash them and take them to the toilet. Some of the nurses disliked working in the narcosis ward, but a former ward sister defended the treatment, recalling patients as 'being pleased to be helped'. There were, however, several deaths.

It was Sargant's firm belief that anyone with psychological problems should be treated early and intensively with all available methods – combined if necessary. He referred to himself as "a physician in psychological medicine". The available methods, which Sargant also referred to as "modern" and "active" treatments, were drugs in large doses (antidepressants, amphetamines, barbiturates, tranquillisers, neuroleptics), electroconvulsive therapy, insulin coma therapy, continuous narcosis and leucotomy. Failures in treatment were put down to the patient's lack of a "good previous personality". (Sargant was fond of saying that you can't make a silk purse out of a pig's ear.) Such failures were sent from St Thomas' to the wards of mental hospitals.

The part-time nature of Sargant's NHS contract at St Thomas' allowed him time to treat patients at other hospitals and establish a private practice on Harley Street (when he died he was worth over £750,000). He also wrote articles for the medical and popular press, appeared in TV programmes, and published an autobiography, The unquiet mind, in 1967. He was president of the section of psychiatry at the Royal Society of Medicine in 1956–57, and was a founding member of the World Psychiatric Association. In 1973 he was awarded the Starkey medal and prize by the Royal Society of Health for work on mental health.

A second bout of tuberculosis and depression in 1954 gave Sargant time to complete his book Battle for the Mind (and also an opportunity for giving up his 30-year heavy smoking habit). He spent his convalescence in Majorca, and Robert Graves helped him edit the book. Battle for the Mind, published in 1957, was one of the first books on the psychology of brainwashing. While this book is often referred to as a work on 'brainwashing', and indeed it is subtitled a physiology of conversion and brainwashing, Sargant emphasises that his aim is to elucidate the processes involved rather than advocate uses. In the book he refers extensively to religious phenomena and in particular Christian Methodism, emphasising the apparent need for those who would change people's minds to first excite them, as did the founder of Methodism, John Wesley.

Sargant connected Pavlov's findings to the ways people learned and internalised belief systems. Conditioned behaviour patterns could be changed by stimulated stresses beyond a dog's capacity for response, in essence causing a breakdown. This could also be caused by intense signals, longer than normal waiting periods, rotating positive and negative signals and changing a dog's physical condition, as through illness. Depending on the dog's initial personality, this could possibly cause a new belief system to be held tenaciously. Sargant also connected Pavlov's findings to the mechanisms of brain-washing in religion and politics.

Some of Sargant's former colleagues remember him with admiration. David Owen worked under Sargant at St Thomas' in the 1960s, before embarking on his political career, and recalled him as "a dominating personality with the therapeutic courage of a lion" and as "the sort of person of whom legends are made". But others, who preferred to remain anonymous, described him as "autocratic, a danger, a disaster" and spoke about "the damage he did".

Patients, too, recall their treatment at the hands of Sargant in very different terms. One man who consulted Sargant at his Harley Street private practice for depression in the 1960s later recalled "Will" with affection and respect. Visiting Sargant for a brief consultation every six months, he was given large doses of drugs and had a course of electroconvulsive therapy; he remembered his relief at being told that his depression was caused by chemical and hereditary factors and could not be resisted by an effort of personal will. But a woman who had been admitted to St Thomas' in 1970 with post-natal depression, and was left with memory loss after treatment with narcosis and electroconvulsive therapy, recalled her experience with anger.

British actress Celia Imrie was admitted to St Thomas' Hospital when she was fourteen for the treatment of anorexia under the care of Sargant. She was given electroconvulsive therapy and large doses of the anti-psychotic drug Largactil and insulin. Imrie has written that her eventual cure was nothing to do with Sargant and his bizarre techniques.

BBC Radio documentary
On 1 April 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a programme researched and introduced by James Maw entitled Revealing the Mind Bender General dealing with Sargant's activities and concentrating on his Sleep Room treatments at St Thomas's Hospital. (Although Dr Sargant was a consultant at St Thomas’ his sleep room was at the nearby Royal Waterloo Hospital which at that time was part of the St Thomas’ group of hospitals). Among the interviewees were his one-time registrar David Owen, and a number of patients from St Thomas' as well as a survivor of the Porton Down human experimentation, who testified that their lives had been shattered by Sargant's treatments. Among the points that were brought out were the routine violation of patients' rights as regards giving consent for treatment and the fact that Sargant admitted in correspondence with an Australian lawyer that patients had died under his deep sleep regime.

It was thought that all records of treatment given in the sleep room on Ward 5 at The Royal Waterloo Hospital had been destroyed when the Ward closed in July 1973, but this is not the case. Both Dr Sargant and his colleague Dr John Poliitt admitted patients to the six-bedded sleep room and all patients who were admitted there were given exactly the same treatment. In March 2018 journalist Hannah Al-Othman wrote a piece about the sleep room at The Royal Waterloo entitled ‘This is what it’s like to be put to sleep so you can’t resist electric shock treatment’ for Buzzfeed. Hannah spoke to a former patient of Dr Pollitt who had retrieved part of her medical record from St Thomas’ in 2012. This partial record included a copy of the 1973 referral letter from a psychiatrist at a London psychiatric hospital suggesting that the patient be given Narcosis treatment on Ward 5. It also included the letter sent to the patient’s GP when she was discharged later that year. The discharge letter included a summary of the treatment that the patient had received on Ward 5 and in the sleep room, including the drugs and the number of ECT’s that she had been given. These hospital records were preserved on microfiche and were still held in the medical records department of St Thomas’ when the patient requested and received another copy in 2018. Former patients who have tried to bring a legal case against those responsible for their treatment have failed not because there is no evidence of the abuse they suffered but because solicitors say that the treatment was given too long ago and that patients cannot prove that they were actually harmed by the treatment. It is believed that neither Dr Sargant nor Dr Pollitt had any of the patients on Ward 5 ‘sectioned’ under the mental health act pertaining at that time. Patient’s who are ‘sectioned’ have a legal status and their treatment can be reviewed by the courts at any time. Dr Sargant and Dr Pollitt denied their patients this legal protection and at the same time forced them to undergo sleep treatment as if they were detained rather than voluntary patients.

MKULTRA
In recent years writer Gordon Thomas has suggested that Sargant's experiments with deep sleep treatment were part of British involvement with the CIA MKULTRA programme into mind control. Donald Ewen Cameron was experimenting along similar lines in Canada, and it later emerged that his work was in part funded by the CIA. Cameron often sought Sargant's advice and on one occasion Sargant sent Cameron a note saying: "Whatever you manage in this field, I thought of it first". Books about Cameron's experiments have commented on links between the two psychiatrists. Although Sargant acted as a consultant for MI5, no evidence has emerged that his work with deep sleep treatment at St Thomas' hospital had any links with intelligence services.

Quotes
"What would have happened if they [new methods of physical and chemical psychiatric treatments] had been available for the last five hundred years?... John Wesley who had years of depressive torment before accepting the idea of salvation by faith rather than good works, might have avoided this, and simply gone back to help his father as curate of Epworth following treatment. Wilberforce, too, might have gone back to being a man about town, and avoided his long fight to abolish slavery and his addiction to laudanum. Loyola and St Francis might also have continued with their military careers. Perhaps, even earlier, Jesus Christ might simply have returned to his carpentry following the use of modern [psychiatric] treatments."

"Though men are not dogs, they should humbly try to remember how much they resemble dogs in their brain functions, and not boast themselves as demigods. They are gifted with religious and social apprehensions, and they are gifted with the power of reason; but all these faculties are physiologically entailed to the brain. Therefore, the brain should not be abused by having forced upon it any religious or political mystique that stunts the reason, or any form of crude rationalism that stunts the religious sense." (p. 274)

In popular culture
British author Jon Stock is writing a non fiction book titled The Sleep Room based on Sargant's experiments. Stock has researched this book by contacting the survivors of Sargant's experiments, and also by accessing Sargant's papers at the Wellcome Collection and the recently released documents at National Archives in Kew, and will be published in 2025.

Books

 * An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry, with Eliot Slater. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone (1944).
 * 2nd ed. (1948); 3rd ed. (1954); 4th ed. (1963); 5th ed. (1972). ISBN 044300868X.
 * U.S. ed. (1944): An Introduction to Somatic Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
 * Battle for the Mind: A Physiology of Conversion and Brainwashing. London: Heinemann; New York: Doubleday (1957); Cambridge, MA: Malor Books (1997). ISBN 1883536065.
 * The Unquiet Mind: The Autobiography of a Physician in Psychological Medicine. London: Heinemann (1967).
 * The Mind Possessed: A Physiology of Possession, Mysticism, and faith Healing. London: Heinemann (1973).

Articles

 * "A Battle for Our Minds." Sunday Times (Jul. 3, 1960).
 * "Psychiatric Treatment: Here and in England." The Atlantic (Jul. 1964), pp. 88–95.
 * "Psychiatry and War." The Atlantic (May 1967), pp. 102–109.
 * "Should Patients be 'Tortured' in the Name of Progress?" The Times [London], 1788 (1975), p. 10.

title: William Sargant


text: Category:490 BC births

title: Category:490 BC births


text:
Kitchener–Waterloo Symphony

The Kitchener–Waterloo Symphony (KWS) was an orchestra based in the twin cities of Kitchener and Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Its home venue was located at Centre In The Square in Kitchener, Ontario. The orchestra consisted of 52 professional musicians under full-time contract. KWS performed close to 90 performances during a 38-week season for a combined concert audience of over 90,000. The orchestra is regularly heard across Canada on CBC Radio Two. In September 2023, the symphony abruptly halted its 2023-2024 season, citing its financial difficulties, and later declared bankruptcy. This included all concerts and other activities such as, Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony Youth Orchestra and Bridge to Music.

History
Glenn Kruspe founded the orchestra in 1945 to accompany the Grand Philharmonic Choir in a concert, and served as its first music director from 1945 to 1960. Frederick Pohl succeeded Kruspe and held the post from 1960 to 1970. During Pohl's tenure, the KWS Youth Orchestra was established in 1966. Raffi Armenian then became music director in 1971, and served until 1993, the longest-serving KWS music director. During Armenian's tenure, a sister ensemble to the KUW, the Canadian Chamber Ensemble (CCE), was founded, formed mainly from the principal musicians of the KWS and included flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, two horns, two trumpets, trombone, tuba, percussion, two violins, viola, cello and bass. The ensemble was affiliated with the Stratford Festival from 1974 to 1980, and toured throughout Canada as well as the United States Europe, and South America. The CCE was founded by conductor and was the first major Canadian ensemble to perform in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin wall. The KWS' current home hall, Centre In The Square, was built during Armenian's tenure. Armenian now has title of music director laureate with the KWS.

Chosei Komatsu followed Armenian as music director from 1993 to 1999. Martin Fischer-Dieskau held the post from 2001 to 2003. His initial KWS contract had been for three years. However, on 27 November 2003, the KWS board dismissed Fischer-Dieskau unfoundedly from his post about the dispute of a planned orchestra trip abroad. This decision did not stand up to the protests of the community and the board had to resign in its entirety. Out of consideration for the colleagues who had been voted out of office, a newly elected board set conditions for re-employment that proved unacceptable to Fischer-Dieskau. A mutually satisfactory solution could not be reached either in December 2003 or in April 2004.

In early October 2006, the KWS board announced that the orchestra would be forced to declare bankruptcy on October 31 unless it was able to raise another C$2.5 million to deal with an ongoing financial crisis,   due to declining audiences and reduced funding. It launched a "Save our Symphony" campaign in order to raise the funds. Having raised $2.3 million as of October 30, the symphony announced it would be able to continue operations.

Edwin Outwater began his term as music director in 2007. New programming initiatives during his tenure have included the 'Intersections' series, and collaborations with composers Mason Bates, Gabriela Lena Frank, Nicole Lizeé and Nico Muhly, authors Daniel Handler and Daniel Levitin, and rock musicians Dan Deacon and Richard Reed Parry. In February 2014, the KWS announced the extension of Outwater's contract to 2017. Outwater is scheduled to conclude his tenure at the end of the 2016–2017 season. In March 2017, the KWS announced the appointment of Andrei Feher as its next music director, effective with the 2018–2019 season.

On September 19, 2023, less than 48 hours before its 2023–24 season was set to begin, the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony abruptly canceled all scheduled performances, fueling speculation that the symphony had become insolvent.

On September 21, 2023, it was announced that the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony had declared bankruptcy and had ceased all future operations. None of the musicians in the Symphony were informed of the cancellation or the impending bankruptcy of the orchestra. The Symphony blamed its demise on the "an unprecedented rise in costs following the global pandemic" and claimed that it would require $2 million in order to proceed with the season. Upon the bankruptcy, the entire Board of Directors resigned, and BDO Canada is responsible for the process. The surprise cancellation left the musicians jobless in a tight labor market, and no severance pay were offered.

Music Directors

 * Glenn Kruspe (1945–1960)
 * Frederick Pohl (1960–1970)
 * Raffi Armenian (1971–1993)
 * Chosei Komatsu (1993–1999)
 * Martin Fischer-Dieskau (2001–2003)
 * Edwin Outwater (2007–2017)
 * Andrei Feher (2018–2023)

Discography
CBC Records has produced fourteen recordings of the KWS and the Canadian Chamber Ensemble (CCE) with acclaimed soloists. The 2002 CCE release, Chants d’Auvergne, includes soprano Karina Gauvin and was nominated for a Juno Award.

 * Oktoberfest Operetta: Strauss - Lehár - Kálmán. M Boucher soprano, Dubois tenor, Armenian conductor. 1984. CBC SM-5045
 * 'Viens, Gentille Dame' Romantic Arias for Lyric Tenor. DuBois tenor, Pedrotti bar, Armenian conductor. 1987. CBC SM-5077
 * Mahler Kindertotenlieder; Rückert Lieder; Songs of a Wayfarer. Robbin mezzo, Armenian conductor. 1989. CBC SMCD-5098
 * A Night in Venice, Joanne Kolomyjec and Mark DuBois. 1994. CBC SM 5000. SMCD 5126
 * Canadian Trumpet Concerti, works by Hetu, Forsyth, Nimmons, Guy Few, James Thompson, Dan Warren trumpet, Armenian conductor. 1994. CBC SM 5000. SMCD 5130
 * Brahms: Serenades, Armenian conductor. 1995. CBC SM 5000. SMCD 5145
 * Memories of Poland, Fialkowska, Armenian conductor, et al. 1995. CBC SM 5000. SMCD 5140
 * Russian Serenade, Beaver, Komatsu conductor. 2001. CBC SM 5000. SMCD 5159

title: Kitchener–Waterloo Symphony


text:
Chris Paling

Christopher David Paling (1956 – 5 February 2024) was a British radio producer, artist, playwright and author of modern fiction.

Biography
Born in 1956 in Derby, Paling studied social sciences at the University of Sussex. He started working as a studio manager for BBC radio in 1981. In the early 1990s he had a Thirty Minute Theatre play called Way Station produced on BBC Radio 4. He wrote more radio plays and later began writing novels.

After the Raid (1995), a wartime study of a shattered mind, was closely followed by Deserters (1996) and Morning All Day (1997). Paling feared The Silent Sentry (1999), about a radio producer who cracks up, might be "the longest resignation letter in history", but he remained a Radio 4 producer. Newton's Swing (2000) was a subtle stateside thriller; The Repentant Morning (2003) is set in London and Spain in 1936; A Town by the Sea (2005) is a departure from his previous style, leading the reader through a strange landscape of unfamiliar people and places. Minding (2007), nominated for the Mind book of the year, was described as "a delicately and intimately drawn portrait".

Paling wrote a series of plays entitled Words and Music, broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in the summer of 2013. In 2017 his book Reading Allowed: True Stories and Curious Incidents from a Provincial Library was published.

Paling was married with two children, and lived in Brighton. He died in Hove on 5 February 2024.

title: Chris Paling


text: Category:484 BC births

title: Category:484 BC births