text:
Talk:15760 Albion

Comment
What exactly did Jane Luu do? What were her major accomplishments throughout her life?

 * Follow her link. Her article even links to her own web page.
 * Urhixidur 01:57, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)

Smiley?
Any reference for that claim? Because if that's true, thanks to the IAU not accepting that name. --Jyril 11:44, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * I talked to Jane Luu once. She told me the story of choosing Smiley but having it be rejected. Dioxinfreak (talk) 06:19, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Cubewan, though a departure, would seem appropriate; or Cubewana, perhaps. Rothorpe (talk) 00:11, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

 * So, come on Dioxinfreak ... tell us the story too? The NASA page linked to that part of the article is a dead link. 51.7.49.61 (talk) 14:46, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

 * According to German Wikipedia, the name referred to George Smiley. Using the search string "15760 albion" "george smiley", I've found this source, which confirms this story on page 17. However, this source also points out that it was only an informal name for internal use (confirming German Wikipedia on this point) and never suggested for the official naming, since "Smiley" was already in use for the asteroid 1613 Smiley. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 17:28, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

albedo
This article gives an unusually high albedo of 0.5-1.0, while the frech version fr:(15760) 1992 QB1 gives 0.07. Which one is correct? Martinwilke1980 10:54, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

The lower one is better. The sources on the net give it a low albedo. The 0.5-1.0 figure is probably just a typo with the decimal point.

I'll make a change here.

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/iauc/05600/05611.html
 * In (15760) 1992 QB1 on 2011-05-20 21:17:31, 404 Not Found
 * In (15760) 1992 QB1 on 2011-05-31 04:12:44, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 04:13, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Wrong statement: a few dozen are classical Kuiper belt objects
Hello! This articles says that a few dozen are classical Kuiper belt objects. That is not correct. A paper by Gladman et al. (Nomenclature in the Outer Solar System) lists more than 270 such objects. As numbers will change in the future (as will the nomenclature and classification of specific TNOs), it is probably better to remove any specific numbers to prevent having to constantly update the article. CalRis (talk) 12:58, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on (15760) 1992 QB1. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111018154917/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dps.html to http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dps.html

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It has a name!
Wheeeeee! Finally, after only... like... a quarter century. Nice work everyone :D

Now, what's the second KBO to be discovered after Pluto ... does it have a name yet? If so, what's the next longest standing "nameless" object? We should get to work on finally bringing them out of the codename-only doldrums.

Or at least do something about 2007 OR10 and 2002 MS4 because, honestly... it's a bit laughable, two of the larger TNOs (one of which is a very strong DP candidate, and the other is at least potential) still being "Orten" and "Mizfor". Fire up the naming engines! 146.199.0.203 (talk) 19:00, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

 * (happens across the same page five years later) ... Well, that's one down ... now for the second? At least some progress is being made. 51.219.168.15 (talk) 13:45, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:15760 Albion


text:
Oxygen (disambiguation)

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

Oxygen may also refer to:

Computing

 * Oxygen XML Editor
 * Oxygen Games, a defunct video game developer
 * Oxygen Project, a theme set for KDE Plasma Workspaces
 * OxygenOS, an Android-based OS for OnePlus smartphones

Film and television

 * Oxygen (1999 film), an American crime thriller by Richard Shepard
 * Oxygen: Custom Concert, a 2004 concert film by Ashanti
 * Oxygen (2009 film), a Russian drama film
 * Oxygen (2010 film), a Belgian-Dutch film
 * Oxygen (2017 film), an Indian Telugu action film
 * Oxygen (2020 film), a Bangladeshi short film
 * Oxygen (2021 film), a French-language science fiction film
 * Oxygen (TV channel), an American television network
 * "Oxygen" (Doctor Who), a television episode

Literature

 * Oxygen (Miller novel), a 2001 novel by Andrew Miller
 * Oxygen (Olson and Ingermanson novel), a 2001 novel by John B. Olson and Randall S. Ingermanson
 * Oxygen (play), a 2001 play by Carl Djerassi and Roald Hoffmann
 * Oxygen (magazine), a women's magazine published by Outside Inc.

Music

 * Oxygen Music Works, an Anglo-American record label

Albums

 * Oxygen (Avalon album), 2001
 * Oxygen (Baptiste Giabiconi album) or the title song, 2012
 * Oxygen (Lincoln Brewster album) or the title song, 2014
 * Oxygen (Varga album), 1996
 * Oxygen (Wild Orchid album), 1998
 * Oxygen: Inhale, by Thousand Foot Krutch, or the title song, 2014
 * Oxygen (Swans EP) or the title song, 2014
 * Oxygen, an EP by Austin Mahone, 2018

Songs

 * "Oxygen" (Hadouken! song), 2010
 * "Oxygen" (Marie Serneholt song), 2006
 * "Oxygen" (Winona Oak and Robin Schulz song), 2020
 * "Oxygen", by Bryan Adams from 11, 2008
 * "Oxygen", by Catfish and the Bottlemen from The Ride, 2016
 * "Oxygen", by Colbie Caillat from Coco, 2007
 * "Oxygen", by Crown the Empire from Retrograde, 2016
 * "Oxygen", by Dirty Heads from Dirty Heads, 2016
 * "Oxygen", by Elaine Paige from Love Can Do That, 1991
 * "Oxygen", by Feeder from Echo Park, 2001
 * "Oxygen", by Hoku from Hoku, 2000
 * "Oxygen", by Jesse McCartney from Departure, 2008
 * "Oxygen", by JJ72 from JJ72, 2000
 * "Oxygen", by Maia Mitchell from the Teen Beach Movie soundtrack, 2013
 * "Oxygen", by New Found Glory from Coming Home, 2006
 * "Oxygen", by Oh, Sleeper from Bloodied / Unbowed, 2019
 * "Oxygen", by Opshop from You Are Here, 2004
 * "Oxygen", by Soul Asylum from The Silver Lining, 2006
 * "Oxygen", by Spice Girls from Forever, 2000
 * "Oxygen", by Steffany Gretzinger from Blackout, 2018
 * "Oxygen", by Swans from To Be Kind, 2014
 * "Oxygen", by Twelve Foot Ninja from Outlier, 2016
 * "Oxygen", by Twice from More & More, 2020
 * "Oxygen", by Willy Mason from Where the Humans Eat, 2004
 * "Oxygen", by Zion I from Break a Dawn, 2006

Other uses

 * Bottled oxygen (climbing), oxygen use in mountaineering
 * Dioxygen (O2), an allotrope of oxygen
 * Oxygen (horse) (1828–1854/1855), a British Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Oxygen Park, a public park in Education City, Doha, Qatar
 * Oxygen SpA, an Italian electric scooter company
 * Oxygen Square, urban square in Chittagong, Bangladesh
 * Oxygen Towers, residential towers in Manchester, England

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oxygen (disambiguation)


text:
List of natural gas fields

This list of natural gas fields includes major fields of the past and present.

N.B. Some of the items listed are basins or projects that comprise many fields (e.g. Sakhalin has three fields: Chayvo, Odoptu, and Arkutun-Dagi).

25 largest conventional non-associated gas fields
Table sources:

Data was retrieved from, depletion levels from or calculated from open source production data.

Notes:
 * Gasfields are non-associated gas and condensate fields.
 * Size refers to ultimate recoverable reserves (including past production) expressed in trillion cubic feet.

By location

 * Algeria
 * Hassi R'mel (96 Tcuft)

 * Australia
 * Bass Strait
 * Jansz (20 Tcuft)
 * Greater Gorgon (40 Tcuft)
 * Browse Venture (16 Tcuft
 * North West Shelf Venture (33 Tcuft)
 * Yolla gas field
 * Fairview, Scotia, Spring Gully, Bowen Basin

 * Azerbaijan
 * Shah Deniz gas field (44 Tcuft)

 * Bahrain
 * Awali (20 Tcuft)

 * Bolivia (~1.5×1012 m³)
 * Margarita
 * Sabalo
 * Itaú-San Alberto

 * Brazil
 * Albacora-Leste oil field (5.7 Tcuft)
 * Jupiter gas field (17 x 10¹²) cu ft ( 480 km3))
 * Marlin gas field (3.8 Tcuft)
 * Tupi oil field (7 Tcuft)

 * Burma
 * Zawtica (8.5 Tcuft)
 * Shwe Gas (located in Rakhine state)

 * Canada
 * Sable Offshore Energy Project
 * Elsuort (53 Tcuft)
 * Kopanoar (12.5 Tcuft)
 * King Kristian (12.5 Tcuft)
 * Greater Sierra
 * Hekla gas field (7.5 198×109m³)
 * Drake Point (5.4 Tcuft)
 * Medicine Hat
 * Provost, Alberta (town)

 * China
 * Canxue gas field
 * Chunxiao gas field (0.17 Tcuft)
 * Duanqiao gas field
 * Karamay (1.1 Tcuft)
 * Shiyugou Dunxi (7.5 Tcuft)
 * Sulige (20 Tcuft)
 * Tianwaitian gas field

 * Cyprus
 * Aphrodite gas field (5 Tcuft)
 * Calypso gas field (8 Tcuft)
 * Glaucos 1 gas field (5 - 8 Tcuft)
 * Onisiforos gas field (0.5 Tcuft)
 * Cronos 1 gas field (2.5 Tcuft)
 * Zeus 1 gas field (2.0 Tcuft)

 * Ecuador
 * Amistad gas field (9.8 Tcuft)

New finding in the Nile Delta Basin of 223 Tcuft)
 * Egypt
 * Nile Delta Basin (50 Tcuft)
 * Wakar (1.5 Tcuft)
 * Temsah (1.5 Tcuft)
 * Ras El Barr (4 Tcuft)
 * Halawa (1 Tcuft)
 * Kafr Al Shaikh (2 Tcuft)
 * Zohr (30 Tcuft)

 * Ethiopia
 * Ogaden Basin (2.4 e9cuft, 68×106m³)

 * France
 * Lacq (9 Tcuft)

 * Hungary
 * Makó gas field (22-55 Tcuft)

 * India
 * Krishna Godavari Basin KG-D6 gas field (9.2 Tcuft)

 * Indonesia
 * Arun gas field (5 Tcuft), depleted 14 sep 2015.
 * Mahakam gas field (31 Tcuft)
 * Peciko gas field (6.1 Tcuft)
 * Sakakemang gas field (2 Tcuft)
 * Tangguh gas field (14 Tcuft)
 * Tuna gas field

 * Iran
 * South Pars (500 Tcuft)
 * North Pars (59 Tcuft)
 * Kish Gas Field (58 Tcuft)
 * Golshan Gas Field (45 - 55 Tcuft)
 * Tabnak (21.2 Tcuft)
 * Kangan (20.1 Tcuft)
 * Farsi (11-22 Tcuft)
 * Nar (13 Tcuft)
 * Aghar (11.6 Tcuft)
 * Khangiran (11 Tcuft)
 * Ahwaz Field (11 Tcuft)
 * Ferdowsi Gas Field (10 Tcuft)
 * Aghajari Field (10 Tcuft)
 * Gachsaran Field (6 Tcuft)

 * Iraq
 * Kirkuk Field (3 Tcuft)
 * Akkas gas field (46 Tcuft)

 * Ireland
 * Corrib gas project (1 Tcuft)
 * Kinsale Head gas field (1.4 Tcuft)

 * Israel
 * Noa North
 * Mari (1.1 Tcuft)
 * Tamar gas field (8.4 Tcuft)
 * Dalit (0.53 Tcuft)
 * Leviathan gas field (18.9 Tcuft)
 * Sarah and Myra
 * Dolphin
 * Tanin gas field

 * Italy
 * Malossa field
 * San Salvo field
 * San Giorgio field
 * Angeli field
 * Cassiopea gas field

 * Japan
 * Minami Kanto gas field (375×109 m³)

 * Kazakhstan
 * Karachaganak field (63 Tcuft)
 * Kisimbay field (11.7 Tcuft)
 * Kyzyloi Field (53.6 Tcuft)
 * Tengiz Field

 * Lebanon
 * Chekka
 * Levant Basin Province (estimated total of this entire region 122 Tcuft) within the territorial waters of Lebanon, Turkey, the Palestinian Gaza Strip, Israel, Syria, and Cyprus
 * North Levant Basin

 * Libya
 * Khateyba (11 Tcuft)

 * Mauritania
 * Chinguetti field (fairly large estimates)

 * Mexico
 * Reynosa gas field
 * Chicontepec Field (42 Tcuft)
 * Tabasco
 * Noxal oil field (0.25 Tcuft)

 * Mozambique
 * Collier gas field (5.0 Tcuft)

 * Namibia
 * Kudu gas field (1.3 – 9 Tcuft)

 * Netherlands
 * Annerveen gas field
 * Groningen (100 Tcuft) - also known as Slochteren
 * L10 gas field

 * New Zealand
 * Maui gas field (3.6 Tcuft)
 * Pohokura field (1.0 Tcuft)
 * Kupe field (0.2 Tcuft)
 * Kapuni (1.3 Tcuft)

 * Nigeria
 * Akpo
 * Bonga Field

 * North Sea
 * Asgard field, Norway (8.5 Tcuft)
 * Amethyst gasfield
 * Brent oilfield
 * Dan field
 * Easington Catchment Area
 * Ekofisk oil field, Norway (7 Tcuft)
 * Everest gasfield
 * Frigg gas field (7 Tcuft)
 * Gullfaks oil field (1 Tcuft)
 * Gullfaks Sor field (1.5 Tcuft)
 * Heimdal field (1.6 Tcuft)
 * Indefatigable field (12.6 Tcuft)
 * Kristin field (1.2 Tcuft)
 * Kvitebjon field (2 Tcuft)
 * Lemen Bank (17 Tcuft)
 * Mikkel field (1 Tcuft)
 * Eldfisk field (2 Tcuft)
 * Oseberg oil field, Norway (3.8 Tcuft)
 * Rhum gasfield (0.9 Tcuft)
 * Sleipner gas field (6,5 Tcuft)
 * Snorre oil field (0.24 Tcuft)
 * Statfjord oil field (3 Tcuft)
 * Troll, Norway
 * Valhall oil field (1 Tcuft)
 * Viking field (3.2 Tcuft)
 * Visund field (2 Tcuft)

 * Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea (Norwegian part of the Barents Sea only)
 * Heidrun oil field (1.5 Tcuft)
 * Ormen Lange, Norway (11.1 Tcuft)
 * Snøhvit, Norway (3.9 Tcuft)
 * Troll, Norway (46.8 Tcuft)

 * Pakistan (~1012m³)
 * Adhi Oil and Gas Field
 * Badin
 * Bhit gas field
 * Khasan gas field
 * Kadanwari
 * Kandkhot field (2 Tcuft)
 * Khan field
 * Mari field
 * Miano gas field
 * Mizra field
 * Qadirpur gas field
 * Sawan Gas Field (1 Tcuft)
 * Sui gas field (13 Tcuft)
 * Toot gas field
 * Ul Haq field (1 Tcuft)
 * Zamzama field

 * Palestine (Gaza)
 * Gaza marine gas field

 * Peru
 * Camisea Gas Project

 * Qatar
 * North Field, Ras Laffan, exceeding 900 Tcuft

 * Romania (~600×109m³)
 * Transylvanian Basin
 * Filitelnic gas field (1.786 Tcuft)
 * Carpathian oil basin
 * Grădiștea gas field (0.17 Tcuft)
 * Mamu gas field (0.276 Tcuft)
 * Bacău oil basin
 * Roman-Secuieni gas field (0.85 Tcuft)
 * Pannonian Basin

 * Russia
 * Urengoy gas field (385 Tcuft)
 * Yamburg gas field (198 Tcuft)
 * Bovanenkovskoe field (166 Tcuft)
 * Leningradskoye field (151 Tcuft)
 * Rusanovskoye field (151 Tcuft)
 * Zapolyarnoye gas field (132 Tcuft)
 * Shtokman field (113 Tcuft)
 * Arctic field (104 Tcuft)
 * Astrakhanskoye field (102 Tcuft)
 * West Kamchatka shelf (86,8 Tcuft)
 * Medvezhye field (83 Tcuft)
 * Yurubchen (73.7 Tcuft)
 * Kharasoveiskoye field (62.5 Tcuft)
 * Orenburgskoe field (62.5 Tcuft)
 * Kovykta field (62.5 Tcuft)
 * Kyrtael field (60 Tcuft)
 * Sakhalin-III (49 Tcuft)
 * Chayandinskoye field (46.8 Tcuft)
 * Angaro-Lenskoye field (46 Tcuft)
 * Central-Astrakhan field (45 Tcuft)
 * Yuzhno-Russkoye field (35 Tcuft)
 * South-Tambey field (35 Tcuft)
 * Krusenstern field (34 Tcuft)
 * North-Tambey field (35 Tcuft)
 * Kharampurskoye field (32 Tcuft)
 * Pestsovoe field (30 Tcuft)
 * Utrenneye field (28 Tcuft)
 * Malyginskoye field (28 Tcuft)
 * Yurkharovskoye field (26 Tcuft)
 * Harvutinskoye field (26 Tcuft)
 * North-Urengoy field (21 Tcuft)
 * Ledovoe field (19 Tcuft)
 * Samburg field (19 Tcuft)
 * Sakhalin-II (18.8 Tcuft)
 * Kamennomysskoye field (19 Tcuft)
 * Sakhalin-I (17.1 Tcuft)
 * Tasiyskoye field (16.6 Tcuft)
 * Yamsoveiskoye gas field (15 Tcuft)
 * East-Tarkosalinskoye field (15 Tcuft)
 * Aneryahinskoye field (15 Tcuft)
 * Gubkinskoye field (15 Tcuft)
 * Vuktyl (14.7 Tcuft)
 * Beregovoye field (12.2 Tcuft)
 * Yubileynoye field (12.2 Tcuft)
 * Hvalynskoye field (12.2 Tcuft)
 * Tarkosalinskoye (12.2 Tcuft)
 * North-Kamennomysskoye field (12 Tcuft)
 * Ety-Purovskoye Field (11 Tcuft)
 * Vyngapurovskoye field (11 Tcuft)
 * Nahodkinskoe field (10 Tcuft)
 * Pelyadkinskoe field (9.5 Tcuft)
 * Lyantorskoye field (9.4 Tcuft)
 * West-Astrakhan field (9.4 Tcuft)
 * Severo-Stavropolskoye field (8.6 Tcuft)
 * Nurminskoye field (8.4 Tcuft)
 * Ludlovskoye field (8 Tcuft)
 * Geophisicheskoye field (7.9 Tcuft)
 * Verhneviluchanskoye field (7.9 Tcuft)
 * Minkhovskoye field (7.8 Tcuft)
 * Novo Portovskoye field (7.5 Tcuft)
 * Yen-Yahinskoye field (7.5 Tcuft)
 * West-Siyakhinskoye field (7.2 Tcuft)
 * North-Komsomolskoye field (7.1 Tcuft)
 * Sredne-Tyugskoye field (6.2 Tcuft)
 * Soletsko-Khanaveyskoye field (5.8 Tcuft)
 * Layavozhskoye field (5.3 Tcuft)
 * Gydanskoye field (4.4 Tcuft)
 * Tas-Yuryakhskoye field (4.2 Tcuft)
 * Hancheiskoye field (4.2 Tcuft)
 * Verhnetiuteyskoye field (4.2 Tcuft)
 * Vyngayahinskoye field (4.0 Tcuft)
 * Myldzhinskoye field (3.8 Tcuft)
 * Messoyakha Gas Field (3.8 Tcuft)

 * Saudi Arabia
 * Ghawar Field (57 Tcuft)

 * Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone
 * Dorra (35 Tcuft)

 * Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone
 * Safaniya-Khafji Field (12.3 Tcuft)

 * South Korea
 * Donghae-1

 * Syria
 * Levant Basin province (estimated total of this entire region 122 Tcuft) within the territorial waters of Syria, the Palestinian Gaza Strip, Israel, Lebanon, and Cyprus
 * The Leviathan gas field located off the coast of Israel and Palestine (Gaza), and possibly Lebanon

 * Taiwan
 * Nushan

 * Tajikistan
 * Komsomolsk gas field (11.2 Tcuft)

 * Turkey
 * Sakarya  (19 Tcuft)
 * Tuna-1 (11.2 Tcuft)

 * Turkmenistan
 * Iolotan gas field (264 Tcuft)
 * Dauletabad gas field (60 Tcuft)
 * Shatlyk gas field (44 Tcuft)
 * Achak gas field (5.7 Tcuft)
 * South Gutliyak gas field

 * Ukraine
 * Efremovske field (4 Tcuft)
 * Shebeli field (25 Tcuft)
 * West-Khrestish field (13 Tcuft)

 * United Arab Emirates
 * Rub Al Khali Province (426 Tcuft) part of Rub Al Khali province is in the territory of the United Arab Emirates
 * United States
 * Anadarko Basin (100 Tcuft)
 * Barnett Shale [Newark East Gas Field] (46.5 Tcuft)
 * Carthage Gas Field (18 Tcuft)
 * Cisco Springs Oil Field (13-15 Tcuft)
 * Fayetteville Shale (18.2 Tcuft)
 * Gomez Gas Field (11 Tcuft)
 * Haynesville Shale (250 Tcuft)
 * Hugoton Natural Gas Area (27 Tcuft)
 * Jonah Gas Field (10.5 Tcuft)
 * Katy Gas Field (13.7 Tcuft)
 * Kettleman North Dome Oil Field (13.7 Tcuft)
 * Kenai Field (5.7 Tcuft)
 * Marcellus Shale (168-516 Tcuft)×109m³)
 * McFaddin Oil & Gas Field (0.5 Tcuft)
 * Mocane-Laverne Gas Area (Part of Anadarko Basin)
 * Monroe Gas Field (6.5 Tcuft)
 * Old Ocean Gas Field (4.5 Tcuft)
 * Point Thomson (113 Tcuft)
 * Prudhoe Bay (28 Tcuft)
 * Rio Vista Gas Field (3.9 Tcuft)
 * South Pass Field
 * Tom O'Connor Oil & Gas Field (1 Tcuft)
 * Vermilion Block 14 (1.8 Tcuft)
 * Wamsutter Gas Field
 * Uzbekistan
 * Shurtan (24 Tcuft)
 * Gazli (18 Tcuft)
 * Zevardi (8.3 Tcuft)
 * Alan gas field (6,8 Tcuft)
 * Dengizkul-Khauzak (KKSK project) (6.3 Tcuft)
 * Kandym (KKSK project) (5.8 Tcuft)
 * Kokdamulak (5.4 Tcuft)
 * Urtabulak gas field (3.9 Tcuft)
 * Urga/Kuanysh/Akchalak (44 Tcuft)

 * Venezuela
 * Deltana Platform (6 Tcuft); see also: Orinoco Belt
 * Perla gas field (14 Tcuft)

 * Vietnam
 * Baovang (11 Tcuft)

By size
Sorted by size (*109 m³):
 * 1) Asalouyeh, South Pars Gas Field (10000 - 15000)
 * 2) Urengoy gas field (10200)
 * 3) Marcellus shale (4452-13674)
 * 4) Haynesville Shale (7079)
 * 5) Iolotan gas field (7000)
 * 6) Yamburg gas field (5242)
 * 7) Bovanenkovskoe field (4400)
 * 8) Leningradskoye field (4000)
 * 9) Rusanovskoye field (4000)
 * 10) Zapolyarnoye gas field (3500)
 * 11) Shtokman field (3200)
 * 12) Point Tomson (3000)
 * 13) Manas (3000)
 * 14) Groningen (2850)
 * 15) Astrakhanskoye field (2711)
 * 16) Anadarko Basin (2650)
 * 17) Hassi R'mel (2549)
 * 18) West Kamchatka shelf (2300)
 * 19) Medvezhye field (2200)
 * 20) Yurubchen (2100)
 * 21) Hugoton Natural Gas Area (2039)
 * 22) Kharasoveiskoye field (1900)
 * 23) Orenburgskoe field (1900)
 * 24) Kovykta field (1900)
 * 25) Karachaganak field, Kazakhstan (1800)
 * 26) Dauletabad gas field (1602)
 * 27) Jupiter gas field (1000-1600)
 * 28) Kyrtael field (1600)
 * 29) North Pars (1565)
 * 30) Kish Gas Field (1560)
 * 31) Ghawar Field (1500)
 * 32) Kyzyloi Field (1420)
 * 33) Pazanun (1415)
 * 34) Elsuort (more than 1400)
 * 35) Golshan Gas Field (1325)
 * 36) Troll (1325)
 * 37) Sakhalin-III (1300)
 * 38) Chayandinskoye field (1240)
 * 39) Angaro-Lenskoye field (1220)
 * 40) Shah Deniz gas field (1200)
 * 41) Central-Astrakhan field (1200)
 * 42) Shatlyk gas field (1200)
 * 43) Urtga/Kuanysh/Akchalak (1200)
 * 44) Shebeli field (1200)
 * 45) Chicontepec Field (1100)
 * 46) Greater Gorgon (1100)
 * 47) Dorra (1000)
 * 48) Yuzhno-Russkoye field (1000)
 * 49) South-Tambey field (1000)
 * 50) Dazhou (600)
 * 51) Krusenstern field (960)
 * 52) North-Tambey field (929)
 * 53) North West Shelf Venture (875)
 * 54) Kharampurskoye field (825)
 * 55) Mahakam gas field (822)
 * 56) Pestsovoe field (800)
 * 57) Utrenneye field (747)
 * 58) Malyginskoye field (745)
 * 59) Yurkharovskoye field (740)
 * 60) Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (736)
 * 61) Harvutinskoye field (700)
 * 62) Shurtan (634)
 * 63) North-Urengoy field (600)
 * 64) Jansz (570)
 * 65) Tabnak (562)
 * 66) leviathan (540)
 * 67) Sulige (534)
 * 68) Kangan (533)
 * 69) Avali (530)
 * 70) Samburg field (500)
 * 71) Sakhalin-II (500)
 * 72) Tangguh gas field (500)
 * 73) Kamennomysskoye field (500)
 * 74) Ledovoe field (500)
 * 75) Sakhalin-I (485)
 * 76) Gazli (477)
 * 77) Lemen Bank (460)
 * 78) Tasiyskoye field (440)
 * 79) Yamsoveiskoye gas field (436)
 * 80) Farsi (425)
 * 81) Ormen Lange (400)
 * 82) Aneryahinskoye field (400)
 * 83) Gubkinskoye field (400)
 * 84) Vuktyl (390)
 * Minami Kanto gas field (375)
 * 1) Cisco Springs Oil Field (370)
 * 2) Katie field (362)
 * 3) Kettlemen Hills field (362)
 * 4) Kamrik (360)
 * 5) Kandkhot field (347)
 * 6) Nar (345)
 * 7) West-Khrestish field (335)
 * 8) Indefatigable field (333)
 * 9) Kopanoar (331)
 * 10) King Kristian (330)
 * 11) Safaniya-Khafji Field (327)
 * 12) Beregovoe field (324)
 * 13) Yubileynoye field (323)
 * 14) Hvalynskoye field (322)
 * 15) Tarkosalinskoye (322)
 * 16) Kisimbay field (310)
 * 17) North-Kamennomysskoye field (310)
 * 18) Aghar (307)
 * 19) Jonah Field (300)
 * 20) Ety-Purovskoye Field (300)
 * 21) Khangiran (300)
 * 22) Khateyba (300)
 * 23) Ahwaz Field (300)
 * 24) Baovang (300)
 * 25) Ferdowsi Gas Field (297)
 * 26) Komsomolsk gas field (296)
 * 27) Vyngapurovskoye field (290)
 * 28) Gomez gas field (283)
 * 29) Nahodkinskoe field (275)
 * 30) Pelyadkinskoe field (255)
 * 31) Lacq (250)
 * 32) Lyantorskoye field (250)
 * 33) West-Astrakhan field (250)
 * 34) Severo-Stavropolskoye field (229)
 * 35) Asgard field (226)
 * 36) Zawtica (225)
 * 37) Nurminskoye field (223)
 * 38) Zevardi (220)
 * 39) Ludlovskoye field (220)
 * 40) Geophisicheskoye field (210)
 * 41) Verhneviluchanskoye field (209)
 * 42) Minkhovskoye field (208)
 * 43) Novo Portovskoye field (200)
 * 44) Yen-Yahinskoye field (200)
 * 45) Frigg gas field (200)
 * 46) Hekla gas field (198)
 * 47) Shiyugou Dunxi (198)
 * 48) West-Siyakhinskoye field (190)
 * 49) North-Komsomolskoye field (186)
 * 50) Ekofisk oil field (185)
 * 51) Scott reef (180)
 * 52) Alan gas field (179)
 * 53) Sleipner gas field (174)
 * 54) Dengizkul-Khauzak (167)
 * 55) Amistad gas field (163)
 * 56) Sredne-Tyugskoye field (165)
 * 57) Peciko field (162)
 * 58) Deltana Platform (160)
 * 59) Soletsko-Khanaveyskoye field (155)
 * 60) Kandym (153)
 * 61) Kenai (152)
 * 62) Achak gas field (150)
 * 63) Albacora-Leste oil field (150)
 * 64) Kokdamulak (144)
 * 65) Drake Point (142)
 * 66) Tamar 1 (142)
 * 67) Mokane Lavern (140)
 * 68) Snøhvit (140)
 * 69) Layavozhskoye field (140)
 * 70) Arun gas field (125)
 * 71) Gydanskoye field (116)
 * 72) Tas-Yuryakhskoye field (112)
 * 73) Hancheiskoye (111)
 * 74) Efremovske field (110)
 * 75) Vyngayahinskoye field (107)
 * 76) Ras El Barr (106)
 * 77) Urtabulak gas field (103)
 * 78) Oseberg oil field (102)
 * 79) Myldzhinskoye field (100)
 * 80) Marlin (100)
 * 81) Messoyakha Gas Field (100)
 * 82) Kudu gas field (34 – 240)
 * 83) Barnett Shale (60 - 900)
 * 84) Sui Gas Field (50-60)

title: List of natural gas fields


text:
Hans Hofmann

Hans Hofmann (March 21, 1880 – February 17, 1966) was a German-born American painter, renowned as both an artist and teacher. His career spanned two generations and two continents, and is considered to have both preceded and influenced Abstract Expressionism. Born and educated near Munich, he was active in the early twentieth-century European avant-garde and brought a deep understanding and synthesis of Symbolism, Neo-impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism when he emigrated to the United States in 1932. Hofmann's painting is characterized by its rigorous concern with pictorial structure and unity, spatial illusionism, and use of bold color for expressive means. The influential critic Clement Greenberg considered Hofmann's first New York solo show at Peggy Guggenheim’s Art of This Century in 1944 (along with Jackson Pollock’s in late 1943) as a breakthrough in painterly versus geometric abstraction that heralded abstract expressionism. In the decade that followed, Hofmann's recognition grew through numerous exhibitions, notably at the Kootz Gallery, culminating in major retrospectives at the Whitney Museum of American Art (1957) and Museum of Modern Art (1963), which traveled to venues throughout the United States, South America, and Europe. His works are in the permanent collections of major museums around the world, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Tate Modern, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, National Gallery of Art, and Art Institute of Chicago.

Hofmann is also regarded as one of the most influential art teachers of the 20th century. He established an art school in Munich in 1915 that built on the ideas and work of Cézanne, the Cubists and Kandinsky; some art historians suggest it was the first modern school of art anywhere. After relocating to the United States, he reopened the school in both New York City and Provincetown, Massachusetts until he retired from teaching in 1958 to paint full-time. His presence in New York teaching had a significant influence on post-war American avant-garde artists—including Joseph Glasco, Helen Frankenthaler, Nell Blaine, Lee Krasner, Joan Mitchell, Louise Nevelson, and Larry Rivers, among many—as well as on the theories of Greenberg, in his emphasis on the medium, picture plane, and unity of the work. Some of Hofmann's other key tenets include his push/pull spatial theories, his insistence that abstract art has its origin in nature, and his belief in the spiritual value of art. Hofmann died of a heart attack in New York City on February 17, 1966.

Biography
Hans Hofmann was born in Weißenburg, Bavaria on March 21, 1880 to Theodor Friedrich Hofmann (1855–1903) and Franziska Manger Hofmann (1849–1921). In 1886, his family moved to Munich, where his father took a job with the government. From a young age, Hofmann gravitated towards science and mathematics. At age sixteen, he followed his father into public service, working for the Bavarian government as assistant to the director of Public Works. He increased his knowledge of mathematics there, eventually developing and patenting devices including an electromagnetic comptometer, a radar device for ships at sea, a sensitized light bulb, and a portable freezer unit for military use. During this time, Hofmann also became interested in creative studies, beginning art lessons between 1898 and 1899 with German artist Moritz Heymann.

Between 1900 and 1904, Hofmann met his future wife, Maria “Miz” Wolfegg (1885–1963) in Munich, and also became acquainted with Philipp Freudenberg, owner of Berlin's high-end department store, Kaufhaus Gerson, and an avid art collector. Freudenberg became Hofmann's patron over the next decade, enabling him to relocate and live in Paris with Miz. In Paris, Hofmann studied at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière and Académie Colarossi. He also immersed himself in Paris's avant-garde art scene, working with Matisse and becoming friends with Picasso, Georges Braque, and Robert and Sonia Delaunay. Hofmann worked and exhibited in Paris until the onset of World War I, producing paintings most influenced by the Cubists and Cézanne. Forced to return to Germany, and excluded from military service because of a respiratory condition, Hofmann opened an art school in Munich in 1915, developing a reputation as a forward-thinking instructor. In 1930, he was invited to teach on the west coast of the United States, which ultimately paved the way for him to permanently settle in the United States in 1932, where he resided until the end of his life. Hofmann and Miz would live apart for six years, until she procured an immigration visa to the United States in 1939.

Between 1933 and 1958, Hofmann balanced his studio work with teaching, and as he did in Paris, immersed himself in (and influenced) New York's growing avant-garde art scene. He reopened his art school in 1934, conducting classes in New York and in Provincetown during summer. In 1941, he became an American citizen. During this time, his work drew increasing attention and acclaim critics, dealers and museums. In 1958, he retired from teaching to focus on painting, which led to a late-career efflorescence (at age seventy-eight) of his work. In 1963, Miz Hofmann, his partner and wife for over sixty years, died after a surgery. Two years later, Hofmann married Renate Schmitz, who remained with him until his death from a heart attack in New York City on February 17, 1966, just prior to his 86th birthday.

Work and exhibitions
Hofmann's art is generally distinguished by its rigorous concern with pictorial structure and unity, development of spatial illusion through the “push and pull” of color, shape and placement, and use of bold, often primary color for expressive means. In the first decades of the century, he painted in a modernist, though still identifiably representational style, creating landscapes, still lifes and portraits largely influenced by Cubism and Cézanne in terms of form, and Kandinsky, Matisse and Van Gogh in terms of color. He began an extended period focused solely on drawing sometime in the 1920s, returning to painting in 1935. By 1940, however, he began to paint completely abstract works such as Spring, a small oil on panel “drip” painting. Art historians have described that work, and others such as The Wind (1942), Fantasia (1943) and Effervescence (1944), in terms of their “painterly attacks,” jolting contrasts, rich color, and gestural spontaneity as “records of the artist’s intense experience” of paint, color, and processes that were arbitrary, accidental and direct, as well as intentional. They demonstrate Hofmann's early stylistic experimentation with the techniques that would be termed “action painting,” which Pollock and others made famous by the end of the decade. Hofmann believed that abstract art was a way to get at important reality, once stating that “the ability to simplify means to eliminate the unnecessary, so that the necessary may speak.”

Hofmann's work in the 1940s was championed by several key figures who initiated a new era of growing influence for art dealers and galleries, including Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Parsons, and Samuel M. Kootz. His first New York solo show at Guggenheim's Art of This Century gallery in 1944 was positively reviewed in the New York Times, ARTnews and Arts Digest. Critic Clement Greenberg regarded that show—and Jackson Pollock's a few months prior—as a “break-out” from the “cramping hold of Synthetic Cubism” on American painting, which opened the path to the more painterly style of abstract expressionism. That same year, Hofmann was also featured in a solo exhibition at The Arts Club of Chicago, and two key group shows of Abstract and Surrealist art in America, curated by Sidney Janis and Parsons. Reviewing a 1945 Hofmann exhibit, Greenberg wrote, “Hofmann has become a force to be reckoned with in the practice as well as in the interpretation of modern art.” Not all critics were uniform in praise; for example, Robert Coates, one of the first to call the new work “abstract expressionism,” expressed skepticism about the “spatter-and-daub” style of painting in a 1946 review of Hofmann's work. In 1947, Hofmann began exhibiting annually at the Kootz Gallery in New York (and would do so every year through 1966, except 1948 when the gallery temporarily closed), and over the next decade continued to gain recognition.

In his later period, Hofmann often worked less gesturally, creating works such as The Gate (1959–60), Pompeii (1959) or To Miz - Pax Vobiscum (a 1964 memorial after her death), that were loosely devoted to architectonic volumes and sometimes referred to as his “slab paintings.” In these works, he used rectangles of sensual color that reinforced the shape of his consistent easel-painting format and sometimes suggested a modular logic, yet escaped definitive readings through areas of modulated paint and irregular shapes.

In 1957, the Whitney Museum put up a large retrospective on Hofmann, which traveled to seven additional museums in the United States over the next year. In his review of the retrospective, critic Harold Rosenberg wrote, “No American artist could mount a show of greater coherent variety than Hans Hofmann.” In 1960, Hofmann was selected to represent the United States at the Venice Biennale, alongside Philip Guston, Franz Kline and Theodore Roszak. In 1963, The Museum of Modern Art gave a full-scale retrospective, organized by William Seitz, with a catalogue that included excerpts from Hofmann's writings. The exhibit traveled in the next two years to five other venues in the U.S., museums in Buenos Aires and Caracas, and finally to five venues in the Netherlands, Italy and Germany.

Posthumous retrospectives of Hofmann's work include shows at the Hirshhorn Museum (1976), Whitney Museum (1990), and London's Tate Gallery ("Hans Hofmann: Late Paintings," 1988), which was curated by the British painter John Hoyland. Hoyland first encountered Hofmann's work during his first visit to New York in 1964, in the company of Clement Greenberg, and had been immediately impressed.

Teaching
Hofmann was renowned not only as an artist but also as a teacher of art, both in his native Germany and later in the U.S. His value as a teacher lay in the consistency and uncompromising rigor of his artistic standards and his ability to teach the fundamental principles of postwar abstraction to a diverse body of students. He founded his first school, Schule für Bildende Kunst (School of Fine Art) in Munich in 1915, building on the ideas and work of Cézanne, the Cubists, and Kandinsky. His hands-on teaching methods included ongoing discussion of art theory, life drawing sessions, and regular critiques from Hofmann himself, a practice which was a rarity in the Academy. By the mid-1920s, he attained a reputation as a forward-thinking teacher and was attracting an international array of students seeking more avant-garde instruction, including Alf Bayrle, Alfred Jensen, Louise Nevelson, Wolfgang Paalen, Worth Ryder, and Bistra Vinarova. Art historian Herschel Chipp asserted that the school was likely the first school of modern art in existence. Hofmann ran the school, including summer sessions held throughout Germany, and in Austria, Croatia, Italy and France until he emigrated to the U.S. in 1932.

In the U.S., he initially taught a summer session at the University of California, Berkeley in 1930, at the invitation of former student Worth Ryder, then a member of the art faculty. He taught again at Berkeley and at the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles the next year before again returning to Germany. After relocating to New York City, he began teaching at the Art Students League of New York in 1933. By 1934, Hofmann opened his own schools in New York and in Provincetown, Massachusetts. Many notable artists studied with him, including Lee Krasner, Helen Frankenthaler, Ray Eames, Larry Rivers, Allan Kaprow, Red Grooms, Nell Blaine, Irene Rice Pereira, Gerome Kamrowski, Ward Jackson, Fritz Bultman, Israel Levitan, Robert De Niro, Sr., Jane Freilicher, Wolf Kahn, Marisol Escobar, Burgoyne Diller, James Gahagan, Richard Stankiewicz, Linda Lindeberg, Lillian Orlowsky, Louisa Matthíasdóttir and Nína Tryggvadóttir. Beulah Stevenson, a long-time curator at the Brooklyn Museum, was also among his pupils. In 1958, Hofmann closed his schools in order to devote himself exclusively to his own creative work. In 1963, The Museum of Modern Art curated the traveling exhibit "Hans Hofmann and His Students," which included 58 works representing 51 artists.

Despite being credited with teaching a number of the most gifted women artists of the period—at a time when they were still somewhat rare—Hofmann has sometimes been described as exhibiting a “straightforward male chauvinist posture.” Lee Krasner, who remained a devotee, likened some of his critiques to the back-handed praise earlier women artists often experienced (for example, “so good, you'd never know it was done by a woman!"). Sculptor Lila Katzen has related that he told her that "only men had the wings for art."

Writing
Hofmann's influential writing on modern art have been collected in the book Search for the Real and Other Essays (1948), which includes his discussions of his push/pull spatial theories, his reverence for nature as a source for art, his conviction that art has spiritual value, and his philosophy of art in general. In formal terms, he is especially noteworthy as a theorist of the medium who argued that "each medium of expression has its own order of being," that "color is a plastic means of creating intervals," and his awareness of a painting's frame, represented by his quote, "any line placed on the canvas is already the fifth." Hofmann believed in remaining faithful to the flatness of the canvas support, and that to suggest depth and movement in a painting an artist must create what he called "push and pull" in the image—contrasts of color, form, and texture.

Hofmann held a strong conviction about the spiritual and social value of art. In 1932, he wrote: “Providing leadership by teachers and support of developing artists is a national duty, an insurance of spiritual solidarity, What we do for art, we do for ourselves and for our children and the future.”

Collections and art market
Hofmann's works are in the permanent collections of many major museums in the United States and throughout the world, including the: UC Berkeley Art Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Whitney Museum, Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Art Institute of Chicago, Seattle Art Museum, Baltimore Museum of Art, Museum of Fine Arts Houston, Cleveland Museum of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Provincetown Art Association and Museum, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus (Munich), Museu d'Art Contemporani, (Barcelona), Tate Gallery, Art Museum of West Virginia University, and the Art Gallery of Ontario (Toronto). Hofmann also designed a public work, a colorful mural located outside the entrance of the High School of Graphic Communication Arts located in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan.

In 2015, at a Christie's New York auction, Hofmann's Auxerre (1960), inspired by the expansive stained glass windows of the Cathédrale Saint Etienne in France, achieved a world auction record for the artist at $6,325,000.

Hofmann Estate
When Hofmann died on February 17, 1966, his widow, Renate Hofmann, managed his Estate. After Renate's death in 1992, the New York Daily News published an article titled, "From Caviar to Cat Food," which detailed the "sad and tortuous story" of Hofmann's widow. The article contended that Renate's court appointed guardians "milk[ed] the Estate for more than a decade" and allowed the mentally unstable Renate to live "with her cats and liquor in a garbage-strewn oceanfront home." Under threat of prosecution, the original executor of the Hofmann Estate, Robert Warshaw, was successful in having the neglectful guardians pay $8.7 million to the Estate for "extraordinary conscious pain and suffering."

Under the will of Renate Hofmann, The Renate, Hans and Maria Hofmann Trust was formally created with Warshaw at its head. The mission of the Trust is "to promote the study and understanding of Hans Hofmann's extraordinary life and works" and to accomplish these goals "through exhibitions, publications and educational activities and programs focusing on Hans Hofmann" as well as a catalogue raisonné of Hofmann's paintings. The U.S. copyright representative for the Renate, Hans and Maria Hofmann Trust is the Artists Rights Society.

title: Hans Hofmann


text:
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī

Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Farisi  or Abu Hasan Muhammad ibn Hasan (1267– 12 January 1319,  long assumed to be 1320) )  was a Persian   Muslim scientist. He made two major contributions to science, one on optics, the other on number theory. Farisi was a pupil of the astronomer and mathematician Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, who in turn was a pupil of Nasir al-Din Tusi.

According to Encyclopædia Iranica, Kamal al-Din was the most advanced Persian author on optics.

Optics
His work on optics was prompted by a question put to him concerning the refraction of light. Shirazi advised him to consult the Book of Optics of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), and Farisi made such a deep study of this treatise that Shirazi suggested that he write what is essentially a revision of that major work, which came to be called the Tanqih. Qutb al-Din Al-Shirazi himself was writing a commentary on works of Avicenna at the time.

Farisi is known for giving the first mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow, and an explication of the nature of colours that reformed the theory of Ibn al-Haytham Alhazen. Farisi also "proposed a model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two refractions." He verified this through extensive experimentation using a transparent sphere filled with water and a camera obscura.

His research in this regard was based on theoretical investigations in dioptrics conducted on the so-called Burning Sphere (al-Kura al-muhriqa) in the tradition of Ibn Sahl (d. ca. 1000) and Ibn al-Haytham (d. ca. 1041) after him. As he noted in his Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of the Optics), Farisi used a large clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a controlled aperture for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deducted through several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colors of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light. His research had resonances with the studies of his contemporary Theodoric of Freiberg (without any contacts between them; even though they both relied on Ibn al-Haytham's legacy), and later with the experiments of Descartes and Newton in dioptrics (for instance, Newton conducted a similar experiment at Trinity College, though using a prism rather than a sphere).

In his Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of the Optics), Farisi also saved the latest advancements in color theory by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi on color ordering. In contrast to Aristotle (d. 322 BCE), who had suggested that all colors can be aligned on a single line from black to white, Ibn-Sina (d. 1037) had described that there were three paths from black to white, one path via grey, a second path via red and the third path via green. Al-Tusi (ca. 1258) elaborated on this by stating that there are no less than five of such paths, via lemon (yellow), blood (red), pistachio (green), indigo (blue) and grey. No less than 23 intermediate colors on these paths were explicitly mentioned in this text. Fortunately this text was saved since Farisi included it in his Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of the Optics), which was copied numerous times until at least the nineteenth century as part of the textbook Revision of the Optics (Tanqih al-Manazir). Tusi's description of the relations between various colors effectively made color space two-dimensional. Robert Grosseteste (d. 1253) proposed an effectively three-dimensional model of color space.

Number theory
Farisi made a number of important contributions to number theory. His most impressive work in number theory is on amicable numbers. In Tadhkira al-ahbab fi bayan al-tahabb ("Memorandum for friends on the proof of amicability") introduced a major new approach to a whole area of number theory, introducing ideas concerning factorization and combinatorial methods. In fact Farisi's approach is based on the unique factorization of an integer into powers of prime numbers. While the Greek mathematician Euclid took the first step on the way to the existence of prime factorization, al-Farisi took the final step and stated for the first time the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.

Works

 * Asas al-qawa'id fi usul al-fawa'id (The base of the rules in the principles of uses) which comprises an introduction and five chapters dealing with arithmetic, notarial and sales rules, and the areas of surfaces and solids, while the last two essays are on algebra. The book is a commentary on the treatise of Al-Baha'i uses in the arithmetic rules of Al-Khawam al-Baghdadi.
 * Tanqih al-Manazir (Arabic: تنقيح المناظر; The Revision of Ibn al-Haytham's Optics). He completed the writing of this book in Ramadan 708 H.E. (Feb-Mar 1309 A.D.). The autograph manuscript of this work has newly discovered. Before the discovery, the completion date of the Tanqih had been controversial, placed from sometime before 1290 (M. Nazif) to after 1302, but before Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī's death in 710/1311 (Wiedemann).
 * Tadhkira al-ahbab fi bayan al-tahabb (Memorandum for friends on the proof of amicability)
 * Al-Basa'ir fi 'ilm al-manazir (Insights Into the Sciences of Optics), a textbook for students of optics, presenting the conclusion of the Tanqih without the proofs or experiments. He completed the writing of this book in 708 H.E. (1309 A.D.).

title: Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī


text:
The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series)

The Amazing Spider-Man (known simply as Spider-Man for the second season) is an American superhero television series based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It is the first live-action television series featuring Spider-Man and was shown on CBS in the United States from September 14, 1977 to July 6, 1979. Though it was a considerable ratings success, the CBS series was cancelled after just 13 episodes, which included a pilot film airing in autumn of 1977. Despite its storylines being set in New York City (the character's hometown), the series was mostly filmed in Los Angeles.

Main

 * Nicholas Hammond as Peter Parker / Spider-Man
 * Robert F. Simon as J. Jonah Jameson
 * Chip Fields as Rita Conway
 * Michael Pataki as Capt. Barbera (season 1)
 * Ellen Bry as Julie Masters (season 2)

Production
During the mid-1970s, Marvel Comics publisher and Spider-Man's co-creator Stan Lee, sold CBS the rights to produce a prime time live-action Spider-Man series, to be made by producer Daniel R. Goodman. Actor Nicholas Hammond was cast in the lead role, though all of Spider-Man's stunts were performed by the series's stunt coordinator, Fred Waugh. Lee and Goodman fiercely clashed over the direction of the series during the initial production. Lee once said in an interview for Pizzazz magazine that he felt the series was "too juvenile".

The series began as a backdoor pilot: a 90-minute movie known simply as Spider-Man which was broadcast on CBS TV network in September 1977, which was theatrically released internationally. In it, Peter Parker (as an intrepid university student) gains super powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider. He uses those powers to get a job at the Daily Bugle, and to stop a con man who is covertly using mind control for personal gain.

The pilot garnered a 17.8 rating with a 30 share - CBS' highest rating for the entire year. However, citing concern over the pilot's relatively weak ratings in the lucrative adult-demographic (ages 18–49), CBS picked up the series for only a limited, five-episode order (those 5 episodes were aired in April and May 1978, at the tail-end of the 1977–78 TV season). This run of episodes debuted very well, with the first obtaining a 22.8 rating with 16.6 million viewers, making it the best-rated program for the week on CBS, and the eighth-best-rated program for the week, overall. The series ended up being the 19th-highest-rated show of the entire season, but CBS was reluctant to commit to giving the show a regular/fixed time slot for the 1978-79 season, as the series was expensive to produce and continued to underperform with older audiences.

CBS took the more cautious approach of airing episodes on a sporadic basis, strategically placing it on the broadcast schedule to deliberately hurt the ratings of specific competing shows, at key times in the TV season (e.g. "sweeps"). Former Six Million Dollar Man producer Lionel Siegel took over production duties for season two, noticeably changing the show in an attempt to grow its adult audience. These changes included dropping the Captain Barbera character; adding the character of Julie Masters as a love interest for Peter; creating more down-to-earth plotlines; and slightly toning-down Spider-Man's superpowers, to make him more accessible to adult viewers.

The second season that consisted of seven episodes aired infrequently throughout the 1978–79 TV season. The series continued to do well in the ratings during its second season. CBS officially cancelled the series soon after the season ended. The chief reason for the cancellation was that CBS feared being perceived as merely a one-dimensional, superficial, "superhero network". It was already airing other live-action superhero series or specials at the time, including The Incredible Hulk, Wonder Woman (which they resurrected after its original network, ABC, canceled it), Captain America, Doctor Strange, and had just ended (in 1977) multi-year runs of live-action Saturday morning series for DC Comics' Captain Marvel and Isis superheroes. Another problem was that in spite of the show's popularity, its most vocal fans were also highly critical of it, due to the season two departures from more comic book-like storylines, and the lack of any recognizable "supervillains" from the Spider-Man comics.

The series yielded the first live-action depictions of Peter Parker's "spider-tracer" tracking/homing devices; they are prominently featured in several episodes throughout the series.

Directors

 * Tom Blank
 * Cliff Bole
 * Michael Caffey
 * Dennis Donnelly
 * Tony Ganz
 * Fernando Lamas
 * Joseph Manduke
 * Don McDougall
 * Ron Satlof
 * Larry Stewart
 * E.W. Swackhamer

Episodes
For their release in VHS format, several of the series's episodes were spliced together in pairs. "Night of the Clones and Escort to Danger", "A Matter of State and Photo Finish" and "The Con Caper and The Curse of Rava" were combined and presented as a single movie-length episodes. In order to smooth the jump between the two unrelated stories in each release, the production team filmed new bridging scenes set at the Daily Bugle and inserted them between the content of the two component episodes. These scenes were never broadcast, either in the series's original run or in any reruns.

The pilot and two pairs of episodes were released as movies internationally by Columbia Pictures (following their first character film rights for future films) as Spider-Man, Spider-Man Strikes Back, and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge.

Revival attempt
In a 2002 interview with SFX magazine, Nicholas Hammond revealed that there were plans to do an Amazing Spider-Man series reunion film in 1984. The proposal would have had the original cast team-up with the cast of The Incredible Hulk television series (a major hit for CBS), with Hammond appearing in the black Spider-Man costume. According to Hammond, a deal was arranged to have Columbia and Universal Studios co-produce the project. Bill Bixby was going to direct the TV-movie, in addition to reprising the role of David Banner. Universal eventually cancelled the project. Hammond said he was told that Lou Ferrigno was unavailable to reprise his role as the Hulk, because he was in Italy filming Hercules, but in his 2003 autobiography My Incredible Life as the Hulk, Ferrigno stated that he was never contacted about the project, adding that he had recently finished filming Hercules II and that his availability was not an issue.

title: The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series)


text:
USA Jet Airlines

USA Jet Airlines is an American cargo airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Willow Run Airport, and in Van Buren Township, Michigan. USA Jet operates on-demand air charter freight, and formerly passenger flights out of Willow Run Airport. USA Jet Airlines is a division of Ascent Global Logistics (formerly Active Aero Group).

History
In August 2013, USA Jet Airlines became the world's first operator of an MD-80 Passenger-to-Freighter conversion. The aircraft, converted by Aeronautical Engineers, Inc., competes against the Boeing 727 in the cargo market. In February 2023, USA Jet retired the last three of their McDonnell Douglas DC-9 fleet.

Current fleet
As of March 2023, the USA Jet Airlines fleet included the following aircraft:

Historic fleet
USA Jet Airlines previously also operated the following aircraft:

Accidents and incidents

 * On July 8, 2008, a DC-9-15F (N199US) crashed onto a roadway while approaching the Plan de Guadalupe International Airport in Saltillo, Mexico while on a scheduled cargo flight from the U.S. The National Transportation Safety Board, which confirmed the death of the pilot, reported no one was injured on the ground. The co-pilot suffered severe burns. Flight 199 departed Detroit-Willow Run Airport, MI (YIP) on July 5 for Hamilton (YHM), Canada to pick up cargo. Automotive parts were loaded on board and the flight continued to Shreveport (SHV) where it arrived at 23:19 CDT. After clearing customs it took off again at 23:48 CDT, bound for Saltillo (SLW), Mexico. The DC-9 crashed in an industrial area 800 m north of the airport. The airplane broke up and burned.

 * On September 1, 2005, a Falcon 20 struck a flock of mourning doves shortly after rotation at Lorain County, Ohio, causing both engines to flame out. As the gear was retracted, the plane crashed beyond the runway and was destroyed after impact. The crew suffered minor injuries.

Trivia

 * A USA Jet Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-9 was used for the filming of the movie Cedar Rapids and another painted for We Are Marshall.

title: USA Jet Airlines


text:
Fung Fung

Fung Fung (1 December 1916 – 16 February 2000 ) was a veteran Hong Kong actor. He began his career as a leading man in 1946. An accident in 1949 left the left side of his face paralysed, but, while no longer able to attract leading roles, he enjoyed a long career as a character actor, appearing in films alongside such stars as Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung. He was the father of Fung Bo Bo, a child star of the 1960s, Alice Fung, a veteran actress, and Fung Hak-On, an actor known for playing villainous roles in several kung fu/action comedies of the 1970s and 1980s.

Films
This is a partial list of films.
 * We Owe It to Our Children (1936)
 * Xi nan er bo fu (1937)
 * Chun hua qiu yue (1937)
 * Ernu Yingxiong (1937)
 * Gongzi Geer (1937)
 * Hui Zuguo Qu (1937)
 * Back to Our Nation (1937)
 * Longcheng Feijian (1938)
 * Maihua Nu (1938)
 * Ernu Yingxiong Xiji (1938)
 * Qimi Yang Jiagu (1938)
 * Zhengui Guhanzhong (1938)
 * Xiguan Si Meiren (1939)
 * Zhen tou zhuang (1939)
 * Zuihou de Banlu (1939)
 * Sandao Jiulong Bei (1939)
 * Zuihou Shengli (1939)
 * Hongfu Nu Siben (1939)
 * Daxia Gan Fengchi (1939)
 * Daliang Adou Guan (1939)
 * Sanxi Bai Juhua (1939)
 * Yanzhi Ma (1939)
 * Da Nao Sanmen Jie (1939)
 * Yuannu Wang Fu Gui (1939)
 * Yuanhun Ta (1939)
 * Wagang Zhai (1939)
 * Yi Si Yanluowang (1939)
 * Zhao Kuangyin Ye Song Jing Niang (1939)
 * Huoshao Shishi (1939)
 * Wu Pan An (1939)
 * Zhongguo Yeren Wang (1940)
 * Yongzheng Huang Ye Dao Xiang Fei (1940)
 * Di Quin (1940)
 * Wang Zhaojun (1940)
 * Tianding Facai (1940)
 * Cixi Xitaihou (1940)
 * Guanyin Dedao (1940)
 * Yue Fei (1940)
 * Wu hu ping xi (1940)
 * Xiao Guang Dong (1940)
 * Shiwan Tongshi (1940)
 * Hongjin Wu (1940)
 * Xu Rengui Zheng Dong (1940)
 * Chayi Hu (1940)
 * Renhai Leihen (1940)
 * Dadi Huichen (1940)
 * Yan Shuangfei (1941)
 * Jin xiao chong jian yue tuan yuan (1941)
 * Nu biao shi (1941)
 * Chunse Manyuan (1941)
 * Hua jie shen nu (1941)
 * Xiao Laohu (1941)
 * Minzu de Housheng (1941)
 * Jietou Boshi (1941)
 * Fenghuo Guxiang (1941)
 * Xuegong Chunse (1941)
 * Hongdou Qu (1941)
 * The Red Bean Ballad (1941)
 * Homeland in War (1941)
 * Chenqi musao (1947)
 * Hua yue liang xiao (1948)
 * Si feng qi fei (1948)
 * Yi guan qin shou (1948)
 * Jiang hu tie han (1947)
 * 1950 Ji jia huan xiao ji jia chou
 * 1950 Xiadao Qinghua
 * 1950 The Kid - Flash Knife Lee
 * Ren hai wan hua tong (1950)
 * 1955 Qiu Haitang
 * 1955 Spanking the Princess
 * 1956 Love vs Love (aka Little Sweetheart) - Writer, director.
 * 1958 Feng huo jia ren
 * 1958 Fu ma yan shi
 * 1958 Shi wan tong shi - Juen Ging Gung
 * 1958 Dai chat ho see gei (1958)
 * You qing ren (1958)
 * Jing chai ji (1958)
 * Li gui yuan chou (1959)
 * The Orphan (1960) - Go Kong-lung
 * Mong ngai ting Seung zap (1960)
 * Ke lian tian xia fu mu xin (1960)
 * Mu zi lei (1961)
 * Ma sheng xiao yi ren (1962) - Old opera artist
 * Man tang ji qing (1964)
 * Zi ding xiang (1968)
 * 1969 Sam chiu liu
 * 1970 The Lonely Rider (aka The Gallant Boy) - Director, screenwriter, actor.
 * 1970 Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow (aka Yesterday, To Day, Tomorrow, Zuo ri jin ri ming ri)
 * 1975 Da jie an
 * Gu huo nu guang gun cai (1975)
 * Jin lian (1976)
 * Enter the Fat Dragon (1978)
 * Ha luo, ye gui ren (1978)
 * The Young Master (1980) - Ah Suk
 * Di yu wu men (1980) - Priest
 * Ye che (1980)
 * Qian zuo guai (1980)
 * Lao shu jie (1981)
 * Zhui nu zhai (1981)
 * Security Unlimited (1981) - Driving Instructor
 * Legend of a Fighter (1982) - Boxing promoter
 * ru lai shen zhang (1982)
 * Chong ji 21 (1982)
 * Xing ji dun tai (1983)
 * Lit foh ching sau (1991)
 * Betrayal of Wang (2002) - (segment "100 Flowers Hidden Deep") (final film role)

title: Fung Fung


text: Talk:The Dead Zone

title: Talk:The Dead Zone


text: Category:Marvel Comics imprints

title: Category:Marvel Comics imprints


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Colonization of the Moon/archive1

Colonization of the Moon
This page discusses the possibilities and issues for putting a human colony on the Moon. What else do you think needs to be included or improved in order to turn this into a feature-quality article? Thank you. — RJH 22:09, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * History section reads more like a timeline. It would be better if a paragraph or two is written there linking to a timeline article. -- 06:07, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move external links from main body, preferably by Footnotes use. Transform bulleted sections into normal text paragraphs. Go over and ilink terms - many are not connected with their articles (for example, habitat). Since this is still a theory, and popular in fiction, the fiction section should be expanded. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 10:28, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, question: Are the advantages and disadvantages listed in any articles? Because it would be nice if the source article(s) were listed either before the two lists or after. --Jb-adder 01:15, 13 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Juno Award for Children's Album of the Year

The Juno Award for Children's Album of the Year has been awarded since 1979 in recognition of the best quality children's performance album released in Canada. Between 1979 and 2002 it was known as Best Children's Album.

Best Children's Album (1979 - 2002)
No awards ceremony was held in 1988


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Angela Beesley 1

''The result of the debate was keep. Yes, she is notable. – ABCD 00:39, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)''

Isn't that rather, "no concensus"? Alai 22:10, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:WikiParker

WikiParker is, in real life, Rick Parker.

Rick has been an Internet user since at least 1990 and has had his own World Wide Web presence since 1995.

Subsets of his personal website include these websites where he produces what he hopes others will agree is "real content":
 * Exploring "The Waste Land"
 * Exploring T.S. Eliot
 * Exploring Online Books

Among the works he has supplied for Exploring Online Books are My Past by Countess Marie Larisch and Why We Are at War by Woodrow Wilson.

In addition, Rick was a major editor of some works supplied in whole to Project Gutenberg and has edited a number of pages for Project Gutenberg via the Distributed Proofreaders facility.

Rick has done some work for Wikipedia. Of highest interest to him are the articles on T. S. Eliot, 'The Waste Land' and related subjects ('e.g.', Cumaean Sibyl, Mayerling, Marie, Countess Larisch von Moennich) but minor contributions are made here and there.

title: User:WikiParker


text:
Hudson Valley Regional Airport

Hudson Valley Regional Airport, formerly known as Dutchess County Airport, is a county-owned public-use airport located on State Route 376 in the Town of Wappinger, Dutchess County, New York, United States, four miles (6 km) south of the central business district of Poughkeepsie. It is sometimes called Poughkeepsie Airport, which gives it the code POU. The airport provides corporate and general aviation transportation services.

History
Hudson Valley Regional Airport was built by the United States Department of Commerce in the 1930s and was used for pilot training during World War II by the US Army Air Forces. Known as New Hackensack Field at the time for the adjacent hamlet in Wappingers, it was used by students at nearby West Point and as an extension of military training conducted at Stewart Field. On June 17, 1942, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill flew from Naval Air Station Anacostia to New Hackensack Field, where he was met by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had driven from his Hyde Park home.

After the Second World War, the airport was turned over to the county for the sum of $1 and guarantees that it would remain open as part of the Surplus Property Act of 1944 by the War Assets Administration. It was then used for general aviation. IBM built a hangar and based its corporate aircraft and helicopters at the airport, including Gulfstream II jets in the 1970s–1980s. In the 1970s, Cessna built and ran a Cessna Citation maintenance facility on the airport grounds.

Scheduled air service
In the 1950s, scheduled air carrier service was provided at Dutchess County Airport by Colonial Airlines. Its service to POU in 1956 was a DC-3 aircraft from New York City's LaGuardia Airport, making an 11:50 am Monday-Friday flag stop en route to Montreal, Quebec and Ottawa, Ontario in Canada, with intermediate stops at Albany, New York, and Burlington, Vermont.

In the 1960s–1980s, the airport had commuter airline service by Command Airways, Colgan Airways, Air North, and others. Command Airways, later known as American Eagle Airlines, maintained its hub, executive offices, and maintenance facilities at the airport. Command qualified the ATR 72 with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for U.S. flight operations at the airport. In September 1980, the airport opened its current 16700 sqft terminal building for airline passengers.

When Stewart International Airport, which is located just across the Hudson River, started commercial operations in 1990, most commercial airline service ended at Dutchess County Airport. POU lost its last commercial service on August 12, 2001, when Continental Connection carrier CommutAir discontinued its flights to Burlington International Airport, Vermont.

In his County Budget submittal in October 2016 for the following fiscal year, County Executive Marc Molinaro proposed changing the name of the airport to the Hudson Valley Regional Airport. This was approved by the Dutchess County Legislature.

In October 2022, Tradewind Aviation took over two hangars at Hudson Valley Regional Airport, one of which is intended for in-house and open-market hangar space, and the other of which has been donated for use by two historic aviation nonprofits, the Tunison Foundation and the Hudson Valley Wing of the Commemorative Air Force.

Facilities and aircraft
Hudson Valley Regional Airport covers an area of 640 acre which contains three runways, two of which are paved. The main runway (6–24) is 5,001 by 100 feet (1,524 by 30 m) and is equipped with an ILS system to the northeast-facing runway along with a medium intensity approach light system with runway alignment lights. The crosswind runway (15–33) was originally 3,003 feet (915 m) long but is now shortened to 2,744 by 100 feet (836 by 30 m) due to displaced thresholds at both ends. A turf/dirt runway (7–25) measures 1,358 by 100 feet (414 by 30 m).

A flight service station was opened at the airport, but closed during the 1990s. In the 1970s, a control tower was constructed by the FAA, which currently operates it 14 hours per day.

For the 12-month period ending April 30, 2014, the airport had 75,133 aircraft operations, an average of 206 per day: 99% general aviation, 1% air taxi, <1% military. At that time there were 133 aircraft based at this airport: 84% single-engine, 7% multi-engine, 8% helicopter, and 2% military.

There is currently one flight school that operates at the airport, US Aviation Academy, located in the main terminal. Richmor Aviation, previously located on the north side of the airport, left in 2013. fixed-base operator services have been provided by FlightLevel Dutchess, part of Flight Level Aviation, since August, 2015.

In 2018, the FAA provided a $7.4 million grant to the airport for construction of a new building complex to house Aircraft Rescue Firefighting (ARFF) and snow removal equipment, along with administrative offices. The project will replace the existing 40-year-old structures built in the late 1970s.

The year before, the New York State Department of Transportation awarded Dutchess County $988,500 to fund 90% of the cost for renovations to the airport's terminal building. The improvements include second-floor accessibility, alterations for greater energy efficiency, and upgrades to the structure's exterior and signage.

Accidents and incidents

 * On January 26, 1972, a Mohawk Airlines Fairchild FH-227B with 42 passengers aboard on a flight from Albany to LaGuardia Airport in New York City was hijacked and diverted to Westchester County Airport. The hijacker permitted all of the passengers to disembark there while he negotiated his demand for $200,000 cash. After several hours on the ground with the hijacker holding a flight attendant at gunpoint, the airline met his demands and the crew then flew the airplane and hijacker to Dutchess County Airport, landing after 3 a.m. As the 45-year old hijacker attempted to flee the airport in a getaway car, he was killed instantly by a shotgun blast from an FBI agent.
 * On March 16, 1976, an overweight Command Airways BE-99 commuter flight to New York City's JFK International Airport with 7 passengers and a crew of two failed to establish a positive rate of climb on takeoff in a snowstorm, crashing just beyond the runway east of Rt. 376. The pilot was injured and the airplane was destroyed in the post-impact fire.

 * On the evening of September 24, 1982, an Aero Airways DC-8, bound for Stewart International Airport's 11,817 ft. (3,602m) Runway 27, mistakenly landed instead on the similarly aligned Runway 24 at Hudson Valley Regional Airport. The heavy 4-engine jet airliner landed successfully on the much shorter 5,000 ft. runway, much to the astonishment of airport neighbors accustomed to seeing only small business jets and private aircraft there.

title: Hudson Valley Regional Airport


text:
Philip Morrison

Philip Morrison (November 7, 1915 – April 22, 2005) was a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is known for his work on the Manhattan Project during World War II, and for his later work in quantum physics, nuclear physics, high energy astrophysics, and SETI.

A graduate of Carnegie Tech, Morrison became interested in physics, which he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, under the supervision of J. Robert Oppenheimer. He also joined the Communist Party. During World War II he joined the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, where he worked with Eugene Wigner on the design of nuclear reactors.

In 1944 he moved to the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where he worked with George Kistiakowsky on the development of explosive lenses required to detonate the implosion-type nuclear weapon. Morrison transported the core of the Trinity test device to the test site in the back seat of a Dodge sedan. As leader of Project Alberta's pit crew he helped load the atomic bombs on board the aircraft that participated in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war ended, he traveled to Hiroshima as part of the Manhattan Project's mission to assess the damage.

After the war he became a champion of nuclear nonproliferation. He wrote for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and helped found the Federation of American Scientists and the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies. He was one of the few ex-communists to remain employed and academically active throughout the 1950s, but his research turned away from nuclear physics towards astrophysics. He published papers on cosmic rays, and a 1958 paper of his is considered to mark the birth of gamma ray astronomy. He was also known for writing popular science books and articles, and appearing in television programs.

Early life and education
Philip Morrison was born in Somerville, New Jersey, November 7, 1915, the only son of Moses Morrison and Tillie Rosenbloom. He had a younger sister, Gail. The family moved to Pittsburgh when he was two. He contracted polio when he was four, and as a result wore a caliper on one leg, and spent his last years in a wheelchair. Because of his polio, Morrison did not commence school until the third grade.

On graduating from high school he entered Carnegie Tech, planning to major in electrical engineering. While there he became interested in physics. He earned his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in 1936. He then entered the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned his PhD in theoretical physics in 1940 under the supervision of J. Robert Oppenheimer, writing his thesis on "Three Problems in Atomic Electrodynamics".

In 1938, Morrison married Emily Kramer, a girl he had known in high school, and a fellow Carnegie Tech graduate. They divorced in 1961. In 1965 he married Phylis Hagen. They remained together until Phylis died in 2002.

Manhattan Project
After he finished his Ph.D. Morrison took a position as an instructor at San Francisco State College. In 1941 he became an instructor at the University of Illinois. In December 1942, with World War II raging around the globe, he was recruited by Robert F. Christy to join the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago in January 1943. There he worked with Eugene Wigner on the design of nuclear reactors.

Concerned about the danger from the German nuclear energy project, Morrison helped persuade the director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., to initiate the Alsos Mission in order to gather information on it.

With the work in Chicago winding down in mid-1944, Morrison moved to the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico as a group leader. His first task was to help determine how much plutonium a bomb would require. He calculated that 6 kg would be sufficient. He then worked with George Kistiakowsky on the explosive lenses required to detonate the implosion-type nuclear weapon.

Morrison transported the core of the Trinity test gadget to the test site in the back seat of a Dodge sedan. He was an eyewitness to the test on July 16, 1945, and wrote a report on it. A month later, as leader of Project Alberta's pit crew, he helped load the atomic bombs on board the aircraft that participated in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war ended, Morrison and Robert Serber traveled to Hiroshima as part of the Manhattan Project's mission to assess the damage.

Activism
Morrison returned to Los Alamos, where he remained until 1946. He turned down an offer from Ernest O. Lawrence to return to Berkeley, and instead accepted an invitation from Hans Bethe to join him at the physics faculty at Cornell University.

After surveying the destruction left by the use of the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Morrison became a champion of nuclear nonproliferation. He wrote for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and helped found the Federation of American Scientists and the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies. He testified before Congress on the need for civilian control of nuclear energy, and participated in the Civil Rights Congress in New York and the Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace in 1949. That year, Life magazine included his image in a gallery of "America's 50 most eminent dupes and fellow travellers".

Morrison had joined the Communist Party while he was at Berkeley. The House Un-American Activities Committee devoted four pages of a 1951 report to his activities, and in 1953, he was called before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. Theodore Paul Wright, the Acting President of Cornell, was put under great pressure from board members and alumni to fire Morrison, but Bethe remained supportive, and Robert R. Wilson declared that Morrison had "demonstrated his patriotism by the distinguished role he played in the wartime development of the atomic bomb."

Deane Malott, who became president of Cornell in 1951, was much less sympathetic, and instructed Morrison to curtail all activities beyond his academic field. Morrison agreed to do so in 1954. Nonetheless, he was one of the few ex-communists to remain employed and academically active throughout the 1950s.

In 1999, writer Jeremy Stone alleged that Morrison had been the Soviet spy Perseus, a charge that Morrison strongly and credibly rebutted. Stone accepted his rebuttal.

Academic work
Morrison co-wrote a paper with Leonard I. Schiff in 1940 in which they calculated the gamma rays emitted by the process of K-electron capture. Initially at Cornell after the war, Morrison continued working in nuclear physics, collaborating with Bethe on a textbook, Elementary Nuclear Theory (1952), one of the early treatments of the relatively new field.

Following his political stances, Morrison's attention began drifting towards the stars. In 1954, he published a paper with Bruno Rossi and Stanislaw Olbert in which they explored Enrico Fermi's theory of how cosmic rays travel through the galaxy. Morrison followed this up with a review of theories of the origins of cosmic rays in 1957. A 1958 paper in Nuovo Cimento is considered to mark the birth of gamma ray astronomy.

In collaboration with Giuseppe Cocconi, Morrison published a paper in 1959 proposing the potential of microwaves in the search for interstellar communications, a component of the modern SETI program. This was one of the first proposals for detecting extraterrestrial intelligence. He conceded that "The probability of success is difficult to estimate, but if we never search, the chance of success is zero."

Morrison remained at Cornell until 1964, when he went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He remained there for the remainder of his career, becoming institute professor in 1976, and Institute Professor Emeritus in 1986. In 1963, working in collaboration with a student of his, James Felten, Morrison had investigated the effect of inverse Compton scattering, an important source of cosmic x-rays and gamma rays. At MIT, Morrison teamed up with Bruno Rossi's x-ray group there, and also with Riccardo Giacconi's group at nearby American Science and Engineering. Morrison became deeply involved in the exploration of the cosmos through its x-ray and gamma ray emissions. In a 1960 paper, he noted the similarities between pulsars and quasars. He returned to this in 1976, applying his model to the radio galaxy Cygnus A.

Media work
Morrison was known for his numerous books and television programs. He produced 68 popular science articles between 1949 and 1976, ten in issues of Scientific American. He provided the narration and script for Powers of Ten in 1977. With his wife, Phylis, they turned the same material into a coffee table book in 1982. He also appeared as himself in the science documentary film Target...Earth? in 1980. In 1987, PBS aired his six part miniseries, The Ring of Truth: An Inquiry into How We Know What We Know, which he also hosted. In addition, he was a columnist and reviewer of books on science for Scientific American starting in 1965.

In later life he was a critic of the Strategic Defense Initiative. He authored or co-authored a number of books critical of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race, including Winding Down: The Price of Defense (1979), The Nuclear Almanac (1984), Reason Enough to Hope (1998) Beyond the Looking Glass (1993).

Recognition
Morrison was a fellow of the American Physical Society, and chairman of the Federation of American Scientists from 1973 to 1976. He was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the International Astronomical Union, the American Association of Physics Teachers, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

Over his lifetime, Morrison received numerous honors and awards. He delivered the 1968 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures on Gulliver's Laws: The Physics of Large and Small, and the 1982 Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. He was awarded the Presidential Award and Pregel Prize of the New York Academy of Sciences, the Babson Prize of the Gravity Foundation, the American Association for the Advancement of Science's Westinghouse Science Writing Award, the American Association of Physics Teachers' Oersted Medal, the Dickinson College Priestly Medallion, Minnesota Museum of Science Public Science Medal, the American Institute of Physics' Andrew Gemant Award, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's Klumpke-Roberts Award, the John P. McGovern Science and Society Award, the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement. and, with his wife Phylis, the Walker Prize by the Boston Museum of Science.

Death
Morrison died in his sleep of a respiratory failure at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 22, 2005. He was survived by his stepson Bert Singer.

In popular culture
In the 2023 film Oppenheimer, directed by Christopher Nolan, Morrison was portrayed by actor Harrison Gilbertson.

title: Philip Morrison


text:
Talk:The Theory of Artificial Intelligence

My recommendation is to redirect to Artificial intelligence. -- oo64eva (AJ) (U @ 22:11, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Nikolay Zhukovsky

Nikolay Zhukovsky may refer to:

 * Nikolay Zhukovsky (revolutionary) (1833–1895), Russian revolutionary
 * Nikolay Zhukovsky (scientist) (1847–1921), Russian scientist

title: Nikolay Zhukovsky


text:
Billy Bean and His Funny Machine

Billy Bean and His Funny Machine is a UK children's TV series which was first broadcast by the BBC in 1953. It concluded in 1957 after 36 episodes.

Premise
The show featured a puppet called Billy Bean, who operated a large machine which possessed devices such as a Dorset-Faucet (named after the inventor, Mr. Faucet of Dorset) and a Mixerator. Billy could produce anything he drew on the "cartoonerator", although misunderstanding led to many mistakes made with humorous results.

Billy was accompanied by Yoo-Hoo the Cuckoo, who always laid an egg at least once every episode, which would be rolled down the machine via zig-zag chutes, and Lester, the unseen engine room operator.

Production
Based upon Chuck Luchsinger's American children's show "Jolly Gene & His Fun Machine", like Jolly Gene, Billy Bean also ran a train and was dressed as an American locomotive engineer (train driver). John Wright made the puppets and equipment, the series was written by Lisa Lincoln, with Reginald Jeffryes drawing what was seen on the cartoonerator, and the puppeteers were Jane Tyson and Elizabeth Donaldson. The show was produced by Vere Lorrimer.

The first series of six episodes featured Dick Vosburgh as Billy Bean and Gaylord Cavallaro as Yoo-Hoo, broadcast twice per month. For series 2 onwards Peter Hawkins took over as Billy, with Ivan Owen as Yoo-Hoo. Series 4-6 went under various names, including The New Adventures of Billy Bean and his Funny Machine, The Further Adventures of Billy Bean and his Funny Machine and The Adventures of Billy Bean and his Funny Machine respectively.

Series 1 (1953)

 * Untitled – 9 July 1953
 * Untitled – 20 July 1953
 * Untitled – 3 August 1953
 * Untitled – 17 August 1953
 * Untitled – 31 August 1953
 * Untitled – 14 September 1953

Series 2 (1954)

 * Untitled – 30 June 1954
 * Untitled – 12 July 1954
 * Untitled – 28 July 1954
 * Untitled – 11 August 1954
 * Untitled – 23 August 1954
 * Untitled – 8 September 1954

Series 3 (1955)

 * Untitled – 4 April 1955
 * Untitled – 18 April 1955
 * Untitled – 2 May 1955
 * Untitled – 19 May 1955
 * Untitled – 1 June 1955
 * Untitled – 6 July 1955
 * Untitled – 20 July 1955
 * Untitled – 3 August 1955
 * Untitled – 17 August 1955
 * Untitled – 31 August 1955

Series 4 (The New Adventures of Billy Bean and his Funny Machine, 1956)

 * Not a Sausage – 9 January 1956
 * The Atomic Train – 23 January 1956
 * The Giant Beanoscope – 6 February 1956
 * Yoo-Hoo Takes the Air – 20 February 1956
 * Billy's Day Off – 5 March 1956
 * The Secret of the Machine – 19 March 1956

Series 5 (The Further Adventures of Billy Bean and his Funny Machine, 1956)

 * The Great Clean-Up – 6 September 1956
 * The Jet Propelled Cuckoo – 27 September 1956
 * Billy's Bonfire Night – 5 November 1956
 * The Atomic Power House – 19 November 1955
 * Nuts and Crackers – 3 December 1956
 * Santa Billy – 17 December 1956

Series 6 (The Adventures of Billy Bean and his Funny Machine, 1957)

 * Billy Bean: Speed King – 1 March 1957
 * Yoo-Hoo's Zoo Quest – 15 March 1957

title: Billy Bean and His Funny Machine


text:
Friedrich Pollock

Friedrich Pollock (22 May 1894 – 16 December 1970) was a German social scientist and philosopher. He was one of the founders of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, and a member of the Frankfurt School of neo-Marxist theory.

Life
Friedrich Pollock was born to a leather factory owner in Freiburg im Breisgau. Pollock's Jewish-born father turned away from Judaism, and raised his son accordingly. Pollock was educated in finance 1911 to 1915. During this time he met Max Horkheimer, with whom he became a lifelong friend. He then studied economy, sociology and philosophy in Frankfurt am Main, where he wrote his thesis on Marx's labor theory of value and received his doctorate in 1923.

The Institute for Social Research was founded in 1923 by Pollock and fellow Marxist Felix Weil, who funded the group. Weil was inspired to found the institute after the success of his week-long conference, the Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche (First Marxist Workweek), in 1923. Weil's goal was to bring together different schools of Marxism, and included György Lukács, Karl Korsch, Karl August Wittfogel, and Friedrich Pollock.

In 1927/1928 Pollock traveled to the Soviet Union in honor of the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. His research there led to his treatise: Attempts at Planned Economy in the Soviet Union 1917–1927. Thereafter he took a post as lecturer at the University of Frankfurt and he replaced the ill Carl Grünberg as Director of the institute from 1928–1930.

Prior to the Nazi seizure of power, Pollock had used his contacts in the International Labour Organization to establish a Geneva branch of the Institute. In 1933, Pollock and Horkheimer moved into exile, first in Geneva, then to London, Paris, and finally New York City.

In 1950, he was finally able to return to Frankfurt, taking part in the reestablishment of the Institute, again taking the role of director. From 1951 to 1958 he was professor of economics and sociology at the University of Frankfurt.

In 1959, Pollock and Horkheimer moved to Montagnola, Ticino, Switzerland, although Pollock held a position as professor Emeritus at the University of Frankfurt until 1963. He died in Montagnola in 1970.

Selected works

 * Werner Sombart's "Refutation" of Marxism, Leipzig, 1926

title: Friedrich Pollock


text:
SCIgen

SCIgen is a paper generator that uses context-free grammar to randomly generate nonsense in the form of computer science research papers. Its original data source was a collection of computer science papers downloaded from CiteSeer. All elements of the papers are formed, including graphs, diagrams, and citations. Created by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, its stated aim is "to maximize amusement, rather than coherence." Originally created in 2005 to expose the lack of scrutiny of submissions to conferences, the generator subsequently became used, primarily by Chinese academics, to create large numbers of fraudulent conference submissions, leading to the retraction of 122 SCIgen generated papers and the creation of detection software to combat its use.

Sample output
Opening abstract of Rooter: A Methodology for the Typical Unification of Access Points and Redundancy:

Prominent results
In 2005, a paper generated by SCIgen, Rooter: A Methodology for the Typical Unification of Access Points and Redundancy, was accepted as a non-reviewed paper to the 2005 World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (WMSCI) and the authors were invited to speak. The authors of SCIgen described their hoax on their website, and it soon received great publicity when picked up by Slashdot. WMSCI withdrew their invitation, but the SCIgen team went anyway, renting space in the hotel separately from the conference and delivering a series of randomly generated talks on their own "track". The organizer of these WMSCI conferences is Professor Nagib Callaos. From 2000 until 2005, the WMSCI was also sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The IEEE stopped granting sponsorship to Callaos from 2006 to 2008.

Submitting the paper was a deliberate attempt to embarrass WMSCI, which the authors claim accepts low-quality papers and sends unsolicited requests for submissions in bulk to academics. As the SCIgen website states:

Computing writer Stan Kelly-Bootle noted in ACM Queue that many sentences in the "Rooter" paper were individually plausible, which he regarded as posing a problem for automated detection of hoax articles. He suggested that even human readers might be taken in by the effective use of jargon ("The pun on root/router is par for MIT-graduate humor, and at least one occurrence of methodology is mandatory") and attribute the paper's apparent incoherence to their own limited knowledge. His conclusion was that "a reliable gibberish filter requires a careful holistic review by several peer domain experts".

Schlangemann
The pseudonym "Herbert Schlangemann" was used to publish fake scientific articles in international conferences that claimed to practice peer review. The name is taken from the Swedish short film Der Schlangemann.
 * In 2008, in response to a series of Call-for-Paper e-mails, SCIgen was used to generate a false scientific paper titled Towards the Simulation of E-Commerce, using "Herbert Schlangemann" as the author. The article was accepted at the 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSSE 2008), co-sponsored by the IEEE, to be held in Wuhan, China, and the author was invited to be a session chair on grounds of his fictional Curriculum Vitae. The official review comment: "This paper presents cooperative technology and classical Communication. In conclusion, the result shows that though the much-touted amphibious algorithm for the refinement of randomized algorithms is impossible, the well-known client-server algorithm for the analysis of voice-over-IP by Kumar and Raman runs in _(n) time. The authors can clearly identify important features of visualization of DHTs and analyze them insightfully. It is recommended that the authors should develop ideas more cogently, organizes them more logically, and connects them with clear transitions." The paper was available for a short time in the IEEE Xplore Database, but was then removed. The entire story is described in the official "Herbert Schlangemann" blog, and it also received attention in Slashdot and the German-language technology-news site Heise Online.
 * In 2009, the same incident happened and Herbert Schlangemann's latest fake paper PlusPug: A Methodology for the Improvement of Local-Area Networks was accepted for oral presentation at the 2009 International Conference on e-Business and Information System Security (EBISS 2009), also co-sponsored by IEEE, to be held again in Wuhan, China.

In all cases, the published papers were withdrawn from the conferences' proceedings, and the conference organizing committee as well as the names of the keynote speakers were removed from their websites.

In conferences

 * Rob Thomas: Rooter: A Methodology for the Typical Unification of Access Points and Redundancy, 2005 for WMSCI (see above)
 * Mathias Uslar's paper was accepted to the IPSI-BG conference.
 * Professor Genco Gulan published a paper in the 3rd International Symposium of Interactive Media Design.
 * A 2013 scientometrics paper demonstrated that at least 85 SCIgen papers have been published by IEEE and Springer. Over 120 SCIgen papers were removed according to this research.

In journals

 * Students at Iran's Sharif University of Technology published a paper in Elsevier's Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation. The students wrote under the surname "MosallahNejad", which translates literally from Persian language (in spite of not being a traditional Persian name) as "from an Armed Breed".  The paper was subsequently removed when the publishers were informed that it was a joke paper.
 * Mikhail Gelfand published a translation of the "Rooter" article in the Russian-language Journal of Scientific Publications of Aspirants and Doctorants in August 2008. Gelfand was protesting against the journal, which was apparently not peer reviewed and was being used by Russian PhD candidates to publish in an "accredited" scientific journal, charging them 4000 Rubles to do so. The accreditation was revoked two weeks later.   (See Dissernet for related information.)
 * Springer Science+Business Media and IEEE were also the subject of similar pranks.

Spoofing Google Scholar and h-index calculators
Refereeing performed on behalf of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers has also been subject to criticism after fake papers were discovered in conference publications, most notably by Labbé and a researcher using the pseudonym of Schlangemann.

Cyril Labbé from Grenoble University demonstrated the vulnerability of h-index calculations based on Google Scholar output by feeding it a large set of SCIgen-generated documents that were citing each other, effectively an academic link farm, in a 2010 paper. Using this method the author managed to rank "Ike Antkare" ahead of Albert Einstein for instance.

2013 retractions
In 2013, over 122 published conference papers created by SCIgen were retracted by Springer and the IEEE. Unlike previous submissions that were intended to be pranks, this submission were largely made by Chinese academics, who were using SCIgen papers to boost their publication record.

SciDetect
In 2015, SciDetect was released by Springer. This software, developed by Cyril Labbé, is designed to automatically detect papers generated by SCIgen.

2021 report
In 2021, a study was published on 243 SCIgen papers that had been published in the academic literature. They found that SCIgen papers made up 75 per million papers (<0.01%) in information science, and that only a small fraction of the detected papers had been dealt with.

title: SCIgen


text:
Ford Custom

The Ford Custom is an automobile which was produced by Ford in the United States, Canada and Australia in certain years from 1949 to 1981.

Custom and Custom Deluxe (1949-1951)
For the 1949 model year, the Custom nameplate was used for the top trim level in Ford's range automobile. It was part of the completely new redesign of Ford cars after the war. In 1950, it had a 114-inch wheelbase and 196.8-inch overall length. For 1950 the name was changed to Custom Deluxe and then to Customline for 1952 when it moved to the midrange position between the new Mainline and Crestline models.

Custom and Custom 300 (1957-1959)
The Custom name returned for the 1957 model year along with a new Custom 300 series, these two models sitting below the Fairlane and Fairlane 500. The base Custom was the bottom-rung model, whose primary customers were fleet buyers. The Custom 300 was a step up and intended for value-conscious customers. The Custom and Custom 300 generally replaced the fleet-oriented Mainline and mid-range Customline, respectively, for 1957.

The Custom 300 became the base model for 1958, but was dropped from the range for 1960.

Custom and Custom 500 (1964-1981)
From 1960 to 1963, the "Custom" and number-affixated variant nameplates were absent from the lineup, replaced by either Fairlane or base Galaxie models. Base 1963 Fords were badged "Ford 300."

The Custom nameplate reappeared in 1964, once again on the economy line of models. As in 1957 and 1958, the Custom range consisted of two series: a base Custom range and a slightly better-trimmed Custom 500 series. Most Customs were sold to police and taxi fleets during the 1960s - although anyone who wanted basic, no-frills transportation in a full-sized car could purchase one - while the Custom 500 was marketed toward budget-conscious buyers who wanted a low-cost automobile but not a stripped model. Generally, the Custom 500 models were differentiated from their less-expensive stablemates by chrome fender trim, roof drip moldings, carpeting (although by the late 1960s, even base Customs had carpeting), upgraded cloth-and-vinyl upholstery, and minor convenience items.

Most Customs and Custom 500s were fitted either with a base inline six-cylinder engine or a small-block V8 engine (289 cid in the early years, up to 351 by the mid- to late-1970s ), although the full range of V8 engines, up to the 425-horsepower 427 V8, and transmissions (from overdrive and 4-speed manual to SelectShift automatic) were available for law enforcement and performance-oriented customers who wanted the lightest car possible. As late as 1972, a powertrain combination of a six-cylinder engine and three-speed manual transmission was standard on the Custom and Custom 500 range; all V8-powered Customs had SelectShift made standard for the 1972 model year. Six cylinder engines and manual transmissions were dropped in 1973 due to the added weight of newly mandated 5 MPH numbers; all full-sized Fords from 1973 onward, including the Custom 500, had a V8 engine (351 cubic inches at its smallest) and SelectShift transmission standard.

The Custom was dropped after the 1972 model year, while the Custom 500 continued. For 1975, all full-size Fords were consolidated around the LTD nameplate, but the Custom 500 was brought back a few months into the model year. From 1976 onward it was only available in the US for fleet customers. The Custom 500 continued to be sold to retail customers in Canada and the nameplate was used there through 1981. In the United States, the Custom 500 was replaced on the new downsized Panther vehicles by the LTD "S."

The companion station wagon series sold with Custom and Custom 500 trim was the Ranch Wagon. Like the coupe and sedan models, these cars were intended for fleet buyers.

1979–1981 (Canada only)
The 1979 Custom 500 for the Canadian market was completely redesigned with the advent of the Panther platform, and had the base-model 1979 Ford LTD front end (with single rectangular headlights and inboard parking lights on a grille distinct from the upper-trimmed LTD Landau/Crown Victoria). The standard powertrain in 1979 was a 302 cuin V8 with SelectShift transmission, while a 351 cuin Windsor V8 was optional. For 1980, to meet EPA CAFE standards, a 255 cuin V8 was made standard, with the 302 and 351 V8 engines optional.

Production
Approximately 7,850,000 full-size Fords and Mercurys were sold over 1969-78. This makes it the tenth best selling automobile platform in history.

Australian production
The Ford Custom Fordor was produced in Australia from September 1949, and Australian content on the locally produced Custom had reached 80% by 1950. A coupe utility variant was also offered by Ford Australia, initially as the Ford Coupe Utility, and later as the Ford De Luxe Coupe Utility.

The 1959 model North American Custom 300 was also produced by Ford Australia from September 1959. Offered only as a four-door sedan and only with a 332 cuin V8 engine, it was given a mild makeover in late 1960 which included the grille design from the 1959 Canadian Meteor. The facelifted model continued in production through to 1962.

title: Ford Custom