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Phosphorus pentachloride

Phosphorus pentachloride is the chemical compound with the formula PCl5. It is one of the most important phosphorus chlorides/oxychlorides, others being PCl3 and POCl3. PCl5 finds use as a chlorinating reagent. It is a colourless, water-sensitive solid, although commercial samples can be yellowish and contaminated with hydrogen chloride.

Structure
The structures for the phosphorus chlorides are invariably consistent with VSEPR theory. The structure of PCl5 depends on its environment. Gaseous and molten PCl5 is a neutral molecule with trigonal bipyramidal geometry and (D3h) symmetry. The hypervalent nature of this species (as well as of, see below) can be explained with the inclusion of non-bonding molecular orbitals (molecular orbital theory) or resonance (valence bond theory). This trigonal bipyramidal structure persists in nonpolar solvents, such as CS2 and CCl4. In the solid state PCl5 is an ionic compound, formulated.

In solutions of polar solvents, PCl5 undergoes self-ionization. Dilute solutions dissociate according to the following equilibrium:

 * PCl5  + Cl−

At higher concentrations, a second equilibrium becomes more prevalent:

 * 2 PCl5  +

The cation and the anion  are tetrahedral and octahedral, respectively. At one time, PCl5 in solution was thought to form a dimeric structure, P2Cl10, but this suggestion is not supported by Raman spectroscopic measurements.

Related pentachlorides
AsCl5 and SbCl5 also adopt trigonal bipyramidal structures. The relevant bond distances are 211 pm (As−Cleq), 221 pm (As−Clax), 227 pm (Sb−Cleq), and 233.3 pm (Sb−Clax). At low temperatures, SbCl5 converts to the dimer, dioctahedral Sb2Cl10, structurally related to niobium pentachloride.

Preparation
PCl5 is prepared by the chlorination of PCl3. This reaction is used to produce around 10,000 tonnes of PCl5 per year (as of 2000).
 * PCl3 + Cl2  PCl5  (ΔH = −124 kJ/mol)

PCl5 exists in equilibrium with PCl3 and chlorine, and at 180 °C the degree of dissociation is about 40%. Because of this equilibrium, samples of PCl5 often contain chlorine, which imparts a greenish coloration.

Hydrolysis
In its most characteristic reaction, PCl5 reacts upon contact with water to release hydrogen chloride and give phosphorus oxides. The first hydrolysis product is phosphorus oxychloride:
 * PCl5 + H2O →  POCl3 + 2 HCl

In hot water, hydrolysis proceeds completely to orthophosphoric acid:
 * PCl5 +  4 H2O   →   H3PO4  +  5 HCl

Lewis acidity
Phosphorus pentachloride is a Lewis acid. This property underpins many of its characteristic reactions, autoionization, chlorinations, hydrolysis. A well studied adduct is PCl5(pyridine).

Chlorination of organic compounds
In synthetic chemistry, two classes of chlorination are usually of interest: oxidative chlorinations and substitutive chlorinations. Oxidative chlorinations entail the transfer of Cl2 from the reagent to the substrate. Substitutive chlorinations entail replacement of O or OH groups with chloride. PCl5 can be used for both processes.

Upon treatment with PCl5, carboxylic acids convert to the corresponding acyl chloride. The following mechanism has been proposed:
 * Phosphorus pentachloride mechanism.png

It also converts alcohols to alkyl chlorides. Thionyl chloride is more commonly used in the laboratory because the resultant sulfur dioxide is more easily separated from the organic products than is POCl3.

PCl5 reacts with a tertiary amides, such as dimethylformamide (DMF), to give dimethylchloromethyleneammonium chloride, which is called the Vilsmeier reagent, [(CH3)2N=CClH]Cl. More typically, a related salt is generated from the reaction of DMF and POCl3. Such reagents are useful in the preparation of derivatives of benzaldehyde by formylation and for the conversion of C−OH groups into C−Cl groups.

It is especially renowned for the conversion of C=O groups to CCl2 groups. For example, benzophenone and phosphorus pentachloride react to give the diphenyldichloromethane:
 * (C6H5)2CO +  PCl5  →   (C6H5)2CCl2  +  POCl3

The electrophilic character of PCl5 is highlighted by its reaction with styrene to give, after hydrolysis, phosphonic acid derivatives.

Comparison with related reagents
Both PCl3 and PCl5 convert R3COH groups to the chloride R3CCl. The pentachloride is however a source of chlorine in many reactions. It chlorinates allylic and benzylic CH bonds. PCl5 bears a greater resemblance to SO2Cl2, also a source of Cl2. For oxidative chlorinations on the laboratory scale, sulfuryl chloride is often preferred over PCl5 since the gaseous SO2 by-product is readily separated.

Chlorination of inorganic compounds
As for the reactions with organic compounds, the use of PCl5 has been superseded by SO2Cl2. The reaction of phosphorus pentoxide and PCl5 produces POCl3 :

 * 6 PCl5 +  P4O10 → 10 POCl3

PCl5 chlorinates nitrogen dioxide to form unstable nitryl chloride:

 * PCl5 +  2 NO2 →  PCl3 +  2 NO2Cl
 * 2 NO2Cl → 2 NO2 + Cl2

PCl5 is a precursor for lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF6. Lithium hexafluorophosphate is a commonly employed salt in electrolytes in lithium ion batteries. is produced by the reaction of with lithium fluoride, with lithium chloride as a side product:

 * PCl5 +  6 LiF  →  LiPF6 +  5 LiCl

Safety
PCl5 is a dangerous substance as it reacts violently with water. It is also corrosive when in contact with skin and can be fatal when inhaled.

History
Phosphorus pentachloride was first prepared in 1808 by the English chemist Humphry Davy. Davy's analysis of phosphorus pentachloride was inaccurate; the first accurate analysis was provided in 1816 by the French chemist Pierre Louis Dulong.

title: Phosphorus pentachloride


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Crampton's Gap

Crampton's Gap, also known as Crampton Gap, is a wind gap on South Mountain in Maryland.

The 928 ft gap connects Burkittsville in the Middletown Valley to the east with Gapland and Rohrersville in the Pleasant Valley to the west.

Documentation of the earliest land tracts in the Crampton's Gap area and records related to the earliest road may be found in The Land Tracts of the Battlefield of South Mountain by Curtis L. Older.

The gap is the location of Gathland State Park and was the site of the Battle of Crampton's Gap on September 14, 1862, during the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Crampton's Gap


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Strength (tarot card)

Strength is a Major Arcana tarot card, and is numbered either XI or VIII, depending on the deck. Historically it was called Fortitude, and in the Thoth Tarot deck it is called Lust. This card is used in game playing as well as in divination.

Description
The design of this card is fairly constant across tarot decks. The key characters are that of a woman and a lion, with the woman leaning over the lion. Many cards, including that of the Rider–Waite–Smith deck, have the woman clasping the lion's jaws. Some feature an Infinity symbol hovering over the woman's head. Other decks have the woman sitting upon the lion, or merely with one hand upon it. Some decks feature just one of the characters; flowers are often presented on this card.

According to Eden Gray, the lemniscate above her represents enlightenment and spiritual powers, whereas the lion represents animal passions and earthly cravings.

History
The Strength card was originally named Fortitude, and accompanies two of the other cardinal virtues in the Major Arcana: Temperance and Justice.

The older decks had two competing symbolisms: one featured a woman holding or breaking a stone pillar, and the other featured a person, either male or female, subduing a lion. This Tarocchi del Mantegna card (image, right), made in Ferrara around 1470, illustrates both. The modern woman-and-lion symbolism most likely evolved from a merging of the two earlier ones.

Numbering

Strength is traditionally the eleventh card and Justice the eighth, but the influential Rider–Waite–Smith deck switched the position of these two cards in order to make them a better fit with the astrological correspondences worked out by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, under which the eighth card is associated with Leo and the eleventh with Libra. This switch was originally suggested in the mysterious Cipher Manuscripts which formed the basis for the Golden Dawn's teachings regarding tarot and other subjects. Today many divinatory tarot decks use this numbering, particularly in the English-speaking world.

Interpretation
According to A. E. Waite's 1910 book Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Strength card carries several divinatory associations:

"8. FORTITUDE.—Power, energy, action, courage, magnanimity; also complete success and honours. Reversed: Despotism, abuse of power, weakness, discord, sometimes even disgrace."In Astrology, the Strength card is associated with the masculine, fixed-fire sign of Leo and its ruling planetary body, the Sun.

Alternative decks

 * In the X/1999 tarot version made by CLAMP, The Strength is Yuzuriha Nekoi and her Inugami, Inuki.

In other media
In the manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, tarot cards are used to name the character's powers, named 'Stands'. In the series's third arc, Stardust Crusaders, the character Forever has a stand named Strength, named after the tarot card. The Stand takes the form of a massive cargo ship.

The Persona series includes various characters represented by tarot cards. In Persona 5 The Strength card belongs to The Twins: Caroline and Justine, who are secondary characters.

In The House of the Dead, each of its bosses in the mainline series are named after the Major Arcana Tarot Cards (excluding The Devil.) The fourth boss of its second installment (Type 205) is named after the Strength card, taking the form of a massive chainsaw-wielding behemoth.

title: Strength (tarot card)


text: User talk:83.71.58.23

title: User talk:83.71.58.23


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Possession (linguistics)

In linguistics, possession is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which (the possessor) in some sense possesses (owns, has as a part, rules over, etc.) the referent of the other (the possessed).

Possession may be marked in many ways, such as simple juxtaposition of nouns, possessive case, possessed case, construct state (as in Arabic and Nêlêmwa), or adpositions (possessive suffixes, possessive adjectives). For example, English uses a possessive clitic, 's; a preposition, of; and adjectives, my, your, his, her, etc.

Predicates denoting possession may be formed either by using a verb such as English have or by other means, such as existential clauses (as is usual in languages such as Russian).

Some languages have more than two possessive classes. In Papua New Guinea, for example, Anêm has at least 20 and Amele has 32.

Alienable and inalienable
There are many types of possession, but a common distinction is alienable and inalienable possession. Alienability refers to the ability to dissociate something from its parent; in this case, a quality from its owner.

When something is inalienably possessed, it is usually an attribute. For example, John's big nose is inalienably possessed because it cannot (without surgery) be removed from John; it is simply a quality that he has. In contrast, 'John's briefcase' is alienably possessed because it can be separated from John.

Many languages make the distinction as part of their grammar, typically by using different affixes for alienable and inalienable possession. For example, in Mikasuki (a Muskogean language of Florida), ac-akni (inalienable) means 'my body', but am-akni (alienable) means 'my meat'. English does not have any way of making such distinctions (the example from Mikasuki is clear to English-speakers only because there happen to be two different words in English that translate -akni in the two senses: both Mikasuki words could be translated as 'my flesh', and the distinction would then disappear in English). Possessive pronouns in Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian and Māori are associated with nouns distinguishing between o-class, a-class and neutral pronouns, according to the relationship of possessor and possessed. The o-class possessive pronouns are used if the possessive relationship cannot be begun or ended by the possessor.

Obligatory possession
Obligatory possession is sometimes called inalienable possession. The latter, however, is a semantic notion that largely depends on how a culture structures the world, while obligatory possession is a property of morphemes. In general, nouns with the property of requiring obligatory possession are notionally inalienably possessed, but the fit is rarely, if ever, perfect.

Inherent and non-inherent
Another distinction, similar to that between alienable and inalienable possession, is made between inherent and non-inherent possession. In languages that mark the distinction, inherently-possessed nouns, such as parts of wholes, cannot be mentioned without indicating their dependent status.

Yagem of Papua New Guinea, for instance, distinguishes alienable from inalienable possession when the possessor is human, but it distinguishes inherent from non-inherent possession when the possessor is not human. Inherently-possessed nouns are marked with the prefix ŋa-, as in (ka) ŋalaka '(tree) branch', (lôm) ŋatau '(men's house) owner' and (talec) ŋalatu '(hen's) chick'. Adjectives that are derived from nouns (as inherent attributes of other entities) are also so marked, as in ŋadani 'thick, dense' (from dani 'thicket') or ŋalemoŋ 'muddy, soft' (from lemoŋ 'mud').

Possessable and unpossessable
Many languages, such as Maasai, distinguish between the possessable and the unpossessable. Possessable things include farm animals, tools, houses, family members and money, but wild animals, landscape features and weather phenomena are examples of what cannot be possessed. That means basically that in such languages, saying my sister is grammatically correct but not my land. Instead, one would have to use a circumlocution such as the land that I own.

Greater and lesser possession (in quantity)
Greater and lesser possession (in quantity) is used in Modern Mansi.

Locative possession
Locative possessive is used in some Uralic languages.

Possession verbs
Many languages have verbs that can be used to form clauses denoting possession. For example, English uses the verb have for that purpose, French uses avoir etc. There are often alternative ways of expressing such relationships (for example, the verbs possess and belong and others can be used in English in appropriate contexts: see also have got).

In some languages, different possession verbs are used, depending on whether the object is animate or inanimate, as can be seen in two examples from Georgian:

 * Kompiuteri makvs ("I have a computer")
 * Dzaghli mqavs ("I have a dog")

Since a dog is animate and a computer is not, different verbs are used. However some nouns in Georgian, such as car, are treated as animate even though they appear to refer to an inanimate object.

Possession indicated by existential clauses
In some languages, possession relationships are indicated by existential clauses. For example, in Russian, "I have a friend" can be expressed by the sentence у меня есть друг u menya yest drug, which literally means "at me there is a friend". The same is true of Hebrew, e.g. "I have a dog", יש לי כלב, yesh li kelev, which literally means "there is for me a dog".

Latvian, Irish, Turkish and Uralic languages (such as Hungarian and Finnish) use an existential clause to assess a possession since the verb to have does not have that function in those languages. Japanese has the verb motsu meaning "to have" or "to hold", but in most circumstances, the existential verbs iru and aru are used instead (with the possessed as the verb's subject and the possessor as the sentence's topic: uchi wa imōto ga iru, "I have a younger sister", or more literally "as for my house, there is a younger sister").

For more examples, see.

title: Possession (linguistics)


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The Hermit (tarot card)

The Hermit (IX) is the ninth trump or Major Arcana card in most traditional tarot decks. It is used in game playing as well as in divination.

Description
The Rider–Waite version of the card shows an old man, standing on a mountain peak, carrying a staff in one hand and a lit lantern containing a six-pointed star in the other. In the background is a mountain range.

According to Eden Gray, his lantern is the Lamp of Truth, used to guide the unknowing, his patriarch's staff helps him navigate narrow paths as he seeks enlightenment and his cloak is a form of discretion.

Interpretation
According to A.E. Waite's 1910 book Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Hermit card carries several divinatory associations:

"9. THE HERMIT. Prudence, circumspection; also and especially treason, dissimulation, roguery, corruption. Reversed: Concealment, disguise, policy fear, unreasoned caution."

In popular culture
A version of Pamela Colman Smith's Hermit designed by Barrington Colby is depicted on the inner jacket sleeve of Led Zeppelin IV.

title: The Hermit (tarot card)


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Dudo of Saint-Quentin

Dudo, or Dudon, was a Picard historian, and dean of Saint-Quentin, where he was born the 960s. He was an erudite scholar and he likely acquired his education in Liège or perhaps Laon. By 987, Dudo had become a canon at St Quentin, the abbacy of which was held by the counts of Vermandois. In that year he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Richard I of Normandy by Albert I, Count of Vermandois which was successful. Dudo became a frequent visitor to the Norman court in the two years prior to Richard's death in 996. In a letter to Adalbero, Bishop of Laon, Dudo said that, as a result, Richard asked him to write a work recording "the customs and deeds of the Norman Land, the rights established within the kingdom of his great-grandfather Rollo". During a second stay in Normandy, Dudo wrote his history of the Normans, a task which Duke Richard had urged him to undertake. Very little else is known about his life, except that he died before 1043.

Historia Normannorum
Written between 996 and 1015, his Historia Normannorum—also known as Libri III de moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum and Gesta Normannorum—was dedicated to Adalberon, bishop of Laon. Dudo does not appear to have consulted any existing documents for his history, but to have obtained his information from oral tradition, much of it being supplied by Raoul, count of Ivry, a maternal half-brother of Duke Richard. Consequently, the Historia partakes of the nature of a romance, and on this ground has been regarded as untrustworthy by historians such as Ernst Dümmler and Georg Waitz. Other authorities, such as Jules Lair and Johannes Steenstrup, while admitting the existence of a legendary element, regard the book as of considerable value for the history of the Normans.

Although Dudo was acquainted with Virgil (Aeneid) and other Latin writers, his Latin is affected and obscure. The Historia, which is written alternately in prose and in verse of several metres, is divided into four parts, and deals with the history of the Normans from 852 to the death of Duke Richard in 996. It glorifies the Normans, and was largely used by William of Jumièges, Wace, Robert of Torigni, William of Poitiers and Hugh of Fleury in compiling their chronicles.

More recently, Leah Shopkow has argued that Carolingian writing, particularly two saints' lives, the ninth-century Vita S. Germani by Heiric of Auxerre and the early tenth-century Vita S. Lamberti by Stephen of Liège, provided models for Dudo's work.

The work was first published by André Duchesne in his Historiae Normannorum scriptores antiqui, at Paris in 1619. Another edition is in the Patrologia Latina, tome cxli, of J. P. Migne (Paris, 1844), but the best is perhaps the one edited by J. Lair (Caen, 1865).

Dudo claims that Richard I of Normandy was sent by his father William I Longsword to learn the "Dacian" (old Norse) language with Bothon. Dudo stated in the same passage that the inhabitants of Bayeux more often spoke "Dacian" than "Roman" (i.e. Old French).

title: Dudo of Saint-Quentin


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User talk:D.Breezy

Welcome, ! I noticed that you placed a vote on Votes for deletion/SuperShadow. Participation in the community is encouraged, of course, but your status as a brand new user means that your vote might not be counted. Please understand that this is a common practice on Wikipedia, and that it is necessary to prevent deliberate misuse of our voting systems. Straw polls on Wikipedia are meant to measure community consensus, and should not necessarily be taken as literal one-member one-vote voting. However, please do make further contributions to Wikipedia, and express your opinion on policy matters.

title: User talk:D.Breezy


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Talk:Plasmolysis

-

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Amthompsonlee. Peer reviewers: Amthompsonlee.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I agree it's really poor quality. Why is osmosis defined in terms of water? Just wow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.113.151.197 (talk) 01:17, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Why shouldn't it be defined in terms of water? Joshua Issac (talk) 20:09, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Because it can also refer to other fluids (or other things as well, I'm not an expert at this) moving across a semi-permeable membrane. Water is used in respect to cells, where osmosis typically refers to the osmosis of water. But for the ultimate definition of osmosis (see Osmosis) is different. Lekro (talk) 01:39, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

- This article is of a poor quality compared to the German one, can someone port the pictures over? --Grand Edgemaster 18:33, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, ported the images, still needs a rewrite though. I haven't the time. --Grand Edgemaster 18:42, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, maybe not a rewrite, but a restructure, maybe a few paragraphs? --82.43.81.42 23:15, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

This is very poorly written with a couple inaccuracies... I don't have the time to rewrite it either...-lucash

 * Yes, not accurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

- There is also an alternate occurrence.
 * Also, Plasmoptysis

When a cell shrinks, it undergoes plasmolysis. However, when a cell bursts, it undergoes plasmoptysis instead. Here is the definition brought forth by Answers.com, among other references I could mention.--Animeronin (talk) 03:29, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * A lot of the content of Answers.com is sourced straight from Wikipedia (possibly including past versions of pages), so if you're concerned about the accuracy of this article, don't rely on Answers.com! Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 04:38, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah I see. That entry in Answers.com on plasmoptysis actually came from:"Word Tutor. Copyright © 2004-present by eSpindle Learning, a 501(c) nonprofit organization. All rights reserved. eSpindle provides personalized spelling and vocabulary tutoring online"Also, The Merriam Webster Dictionary already has a separate entry for the term as well. Also, the following papers:
 * DE Talburt, GT Johnson. (1965). Plasmoptysis of Filamentous Fungi. Mycologia, 57(4). 660-662. -link-
 * R Dargent. (1969). Current findings on the plasmoptysis phenomenom. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 269(9):882-5. -link-
 * So should we consider differentiating plasmoptysis from plasmolysis via a concise explanation? --Animeronin (talk) 05:51, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Explanation for types of plasmolysis?
There should be more explanation for the last paragraph. "Plasmolysis can be of two types. It can be either concave plasmolysis or convex plasmolysis. Convex plasmolysis is always irreversible while concave plasmolysis is usually reversible"

Leaving the article at that doesn't seem like enough. There needs to be an explanation about what exactly convex and concave plasmolysis are. Also, this is uncited. Lekro (talk) 23:07, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:06, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

plasmolysis
khui — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.39.139.210 (talk) 08:16, 17 September 2017 (UTC) it is strong complex as the cell loses water the vacuole decreases in size.The cytoplasm and cell membrane away from the cell wall is said to be pasmolysis

title: Talk:Plasmolysis


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Newtown Linford

Newtown Linford is a linear village in Leicestershire, England. The population of the civil parish was 1,000 at the 2001 census, including Ulverscroft, increasing to 1,103 at the 2011 census.

The village lies in a valley in the Charnwood Forest area, and has four access roads. The first is from Anstey, then there are roads which lead to the A50 at Groby and at Markfield (the former passing Groby Pool). Another road that leads north towards Ulverscroft, or Loughborough, Woodhouse, Woodhouse Eaves, Swithland etc.

History
The village's name originates from the relocation of people when the Ferrers family of Groby turned Bradgate into a deer park. The people who lived within the estate were moved to the "New Town" - or hamlet as it would have been then, at the ford of the river Lin (once located at the junction of Markfield Lane and Main Street). The village was first documented in 1293 and was previously known as "Lyndynford". The villagers were all tenants of the Ferrers family, and later the Grey family.

The village is famous for Bradgate Park, a large country park which was home to Lady Jane Grey, Queen for nine days. Bradgate Park is a popular destination for days out in Leicestershire, home to several herds of deer, and children are often seen paddling in the shallow river Lin, which runs through it. There are a few shops (mainly aimed at the day-trippers who come to Bradgate Park) but the garden centre which used to dominate the centre of the village closed in 2004 and has been built on for housing. All of the properties in the village belonged to the Grey Estate until 1925 when it was sold off. Much of the village was designated a conservation area in 1972, and there are 32 listed buildings in the village which include the old style red telephone box.

Local area
There is one pub in the village - The Bradgate and one Club The Linford. There is a primary school which celebrated its centenary in 2007, and various restaurants (including Gibson's Grey Lady). In 2008 the Louis Scott Restaurant opposite the Park gates changed ownership and became the Village Restaurant putting it in the same family ownership as Gibson's Grey Lady Restaurant. The Johnscliffe Hotel was demolished a few years ago to make way for housing.

Bradgate Park attracts walkers and cyclists, and in the summer the village is often full of day-trippers from all around Leicestershire. There are three cafes, the Jade Tea Rooms, the Post Office Cafe and the Marion Cafe which was named after Marion Richardson who used to live there. The Post Office itself was closed in 2008 but remains a newsagent as well as a cafe. There is also a cafe in the Deer Barn in the centre of Bradgate Park.

The River Lin runs through the village, before flowing through Bradgate Park and joining the reservoir at Cropston.

Newtown Linford boasts a large number of old cottages with a lot of character - especially between Groby Lane and Markfield Lane. At the end of Groby Lane is the village cricket pitch. All Saints Church (built c.1400) is next to the cricket pitch, but the village cemetery lies at the top of the hill on Groby Lane. The churchyard includes a gravestone inscribed with the letters of the alphabet and numerals, said to have been a practice stone purchased by a miserly man to save on the cost of getting a stone inscribed.

The village's cricket club plays in the Premier Division of the Leicestershire & Rutland Cricket League, the Second Team plays in Division Two and the Third XI in Division Seven West. They are ECB Clubmark accredited.

They also operate a Sunday team, a Thursday League evening side and Under 10s, 13s, 15s & 17s. Players of all abilities are welcome.

In 2015 the Club were the winners of the Yorkshire Tea Cricket Tea Challenge and as part of their prize hosted a PCA Masters XI in front of almost 1,000 spectators at their Main Street ground.

Newtown Linford is also home to one of Britain's surviving police boxes. This box is a listed building and is still used by the local Police beat team today.

Governance
Newtown Linford is located within the Charnwood parliamentary constituency, currently represented by Edward Argar. It is within the Bradgate County Electoral Division and is represented on Leicestershire County Council by Councillor Deborah Taylor. It is within the Forest Bradgate ward of Charnwood Borough Council, on which is represented by Councillor David Snartt. Newtown Linford is twinned with Plateau Est de Rouen in France,

title: Newtown Linford


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Superatom

In chemistry, a superatom is any cluster of atoms that seem to exhibit some of the properties of elemental atoms.

Sodium atoms, when cooled from vapor, naturally condense into clusters, preferentially containing a magic number of atoms (2, 8, 20, 40, 58, etc.), with the outermost electron of each atom entering an orbital encompassing all the atoms in the cluster. Superatoms tend to behave chemically in a way that will allow them to have a closed shell of electrons, in this new counting scheme.

Aluminum clusters
Certain aluminum clusters have superatom properties. These aluminium clusters are generated as anions ( with n = 1, 2, 3, … ) in helium gas and reacted with a gas containing iodine. When analyzed by mass spectrometry one main reaction product turns out to be. These clusters of 13 aluminium atoms with an extra electron added do not appear to react with oxygen when it is introduced in the same gas stream, indicating a halide-like character and a magic number of 40 free electrons. Such a cluster is known as a superhalogen. The cluster component in ion is similar to an iodide ion or better still a bromide ion. The related cluster is expected to behave chemically like the triiodide ion.

Similarly it has been noted that clusters with 42 electrons (2 more than the magic numbers) appear to exhibit the properties of an alkaline earth metal which typically adopt +2 valence states. This is only known to occur when there are at least 3 iodine atoms attached to an cluster,. The anionic cluster has a total of 43 itinerant electrons, but the three iodine atoms each remove one of the itinerant electrons to leave 40 electrons in the jellium shell.

It is particularly easy and reliable to study atomic clusters of inert gas atoms by computer simulation because interaction between two atoms can be approximated very well by the Lennard-Jones potential. Other methods are readily available and it has been established that the magic numbers are 13, 19, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 43, 46, 49, 55, etc.

 * = the property is similar to germanium atoms.
 * = the property is similar to halogen atoms, more specifically, chlorine.
 * , where.
 * = the property is similar to alkaline earth metals.
 * , where.

Other clusters

 * Li(HF)3Li = the (HF)3 interior causes 2 valence electrons from the Li to orbit the entire molecule as if it were an atom's nucleus.
 * Li(NH3)4 = Has one diffuse electron orbiting around Li(NH3)4+ core, i.e., mimics an alkali-metal atom.
 * Be(NH3)4 = Has two diffuse electrons orbiting around Be(NH3)4(2+) core, i.e., mimics He-atom.

 * VSi16F = has ionic bonding.
 * A cluster of 13 platinum atoms becomes highly paramagnetic, much more so than platinum itself.
 * A cluster of 2,000 rubidium atoms.

Superatom complexes
Superatom complexes are a special group of superatoms that incorporate a metal core which is stabilized by organic ligands. In thiolate-protected gold cluster complexes a simple electron counting rule can be used to determine the total number of electrons ($n_{e}$) which correspond to a magic number via,

 * $$n_e = N\nu_A - M -z$$

where $N$ is the number of metal atoms (A) in the core, $v$ is the atomic valence, $M$ is the number of electron withdrawing ligands, and $z$ is the overall charge on the complex. For example the Au102(p-MBA)44 has 58 electrons and corresponds to a closed shell magic number.

Gold superatom complexes

 * Au25(SMe)18-
 * Au102(p-MBA)44
 * Au144(SR)60

Other superatom complexes

 * Ga23(N(Si(CH3)3)2)11
 * Al50(C5(CH3)5)12
 * Re6Se8Cl2 – In 2018 researchers produced 15-nm-thick flakes of this superatomic material. They anticipate that a monolayer will be a superatomic 2-D semiconductor and offer new  2-D materials with unusual, tunable properties.
 * Organo− Zintl-based superatoms:[Ge9(CHO)3] and [Ge9(CHO)]

title: Superatom


text:
User talk:Vladko

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Spook (my talk 13:04, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Македонски вандализъм
Следните статии: Vasil Levski, Samuil, Bitola Inscription, Ilinden Uprising, Skopje, Goce Delchev, Dame Gruev са подложени на вандализъм от User:Azwhoopin18, искам да ви помоля да ги наглеждате, ако имате възможност. Пращам съобщението до 5ko, Smartech, Ogneslav, Webkid. VMORO 15:59, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

Macedonian studies article
Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia by creating the page Macedonian studies. Your test worked, and has been or will soon be removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. --TruthbringerToronto (Talk | contribs) 05:10, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

List of useful idiots article
Please stop. If you continue to create inappropriate pages such as List of useful idiots, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --AbsolutDan (talk) 05:39, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

South Slavonic languages edits
Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. As a member of the Wikipedia community, I would like to remind you of Wikipedia's neutral-point-of-view policy for editors. In the meantime, please be bold and continue contributing to Wikipedia. Thank you! CRCulver 16:54, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. CRCulver 03:10, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Re:
Thank you for the inclusion in the Alumni section of the article for Ohio Wesleyan University. It is appreciated. I noticed your addition does not follow the proper style of referencing. WikiprojectOWU 06:19, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
I suggest you seriously consider CRCulver's warning in regard to your edits of articles on South Slavonic languages. I'm refering to your recent vandalism of Macedonian grammar. --AimLook 08:35, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Gora
Vladko, Gora was populated by the Serbs, and not Bulgarians 1,000 years ago. --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 13:30, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Vladko, please see the Serbs article. No matter when was the first King (which was in the 13th - the first Bulgarian King was from the 13th century if I recall), that has nothing to do with the moment they came - also the first recorded Serbian ruler was ca. 780. The White Serbs came to the Balkans in the 620s, led by the Unknown Archont. The Bulgars, led by Kouber, settled the Balkans in the 680s. --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 17:25, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Exactly, Tsar Simeon conquered the Serb lands in the late 9th century. I don't see how your map proves anything? --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 10:36, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * First of all this is not "mine" unknown-named ruler, and he's not any less mythic than ancient Bulgar rulers. Second of all - that doesn't change the fact that there is half a century of difference. The White Serbs aren't any bit more so-called than the White Croats. And in the very end, this comes down to the Goranis themselves - who're first constituated in the Serbian Medieval state and are of Serb origin, so this is not really related quite. --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 15:35, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Dimitar Obshti
Hi. May I ask you to cite some sources for this article (and Nora Nova, and any article you happen to write)? Thanks. Biruitorul (talk) 15:00, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Serbs
I noted your discussion with Pax

You stated that Serbs came to Balkans later than Bulgarian. That is incorrect. Yes Bulgaria formed a recognised kingodom earlier, but Serbs came from the 600s with the rest of all Slavs. Bulgars came later, 680s or whatever. Basic historical knowledge friend. Hxseek (talk) 08:50, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Barack Obama
I thought you might be interested to know that I have created an article for Of Thee I Sing, since I noticed you had been attempting to introduce it into some Obama-related articles. -- Scjessey (talk) 16:32, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

September 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. We welcome and appreciate your contributions, including your edits to Of Thee I Sing (book), but we cannot accept original research. Original research also encompasses novel, unpublished syntheses of previously published material. Please be prepared to cite a reliable source for all of your information. Thank you. It could just as easily be a reference to the famous musical of the same name, or the book of poems of the same name, or a bunch of other things. Scjessey (talk) 15:45, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vladko


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Vanilla Fudge (album)

Vanilla Fudge is the debut studio album by the American psychedelic rock band Vanilla Fudge. Released in summer 1967 as Atco 33-224/mono, SD 33-224/stereo, it consists entirely of half-speed covers and three short original instrumental compositions.

The album was Vanilla Fudge's most successful, peaking at #6 on the Billboard album charts and number #8 in Finland in November 1967. Parts of the original stereo LP were actually mixed in mono, including the entire track "You Keep Me Hangin' On". An edited version of "You Keep Me Hangin' On" was released as a single and also charted.

Reception
Allmusic's Paul Collins retrospectively rated Vanilla Fudge four out of five stars some time in the 2000s. He stated that "nobody could accuse Vanilla Fudge of bad taste in their repertoire" and that most of the tracks "share a common structure of a disjointed warm-up jam, a Hammond-heavy dirge of harmonized vocals at the center, and a final flat-out jam." However, he also said that "each song still works as a time capsule of American psychedelia."

Track listing
Side 1 of the album ends with: "The following is a series of high-frequency tones..."

CD reissues have a modified track listing for the tracks on side 2 of the LP:

The text in all uppercase letters in the CD reissue track listing spells out "STRAWBERRYFIELDS".

Personnel

 * Carmine Appice — drums, vocals
 * Tim Bogert — bass, vocals
 * Vince Martell — guitar, vocals
 * Mark Stein — lead vocals, keyboards

title: Vanilla Fudge (album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gay Tijuana

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 01:37, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

Gay Tijuana

 * Delete. Note suitable for wikipedia. May be wikitravel. --DuKot 15:59, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Looks like an advertisement pages. --Chakravyuh 01:14, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As much as I like obscurity, we should merge and redirect this to Tijuana. Also, this article name is too obscure for Wikipedia since it is an adjective then a noun. --SuperDude 00:21, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: this was never listed on the main VFD page as far as I can tell - I am adding it to today's page for further discussion. sjorford →•← 10:34, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A listing of a handful of gay bars doesn't really seem notable enough to merit a merge into Tijuana.  Binabik80 15:49, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not encyclopedic. Quale 19:51, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've mentioned this on Talk:Gay village. It may be that somebody could make something encyclopedic out of the gay scene in Tijuana, so I'll reserve judgement... Samaritan 00:12, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. Delete Oliver Chettle 02:22, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename and rewrite. The article as it is currently written is barely adequate for moving to Wikitravel or some any other copyleft travel website. On the other hand, an article about Gays in Tijuana could be encyclopedic. As an fairly wide-open border town in a generally very conservative country homosexuals in Tijuana have been alternately ignored (but not really tolerated) and repressed. Blank Verse   ∅   09:31, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Andrea Parker

Andrea Parker is an American film and television actress. She is known for her roles on ER, The Pretender, Less than Perfect, Desperate Housewives, and Pretty Little Liars.

Career
Her first documented film role was at age 19 in the movie Rented Lips in which she played a dancer/nurse. Parker appeared in Married... with Children as a Go-Go Dancer in 2 episodes – "Prom Queen: The Sequel" (1989) and "Prom Queen: Part 1" (1989).

After The Pretender was cancelled by NBC in 2000, Parker did another guest spot on JAG before signing on to reprise her role as Miss Parker in the telemovies for The Pretender, which aired on TNT in 2001. She then returned to series television in 2002 and starred in the ABC comedy Less than Perfect, playing Lydia Weston until it was cancelled in 2006. From 2011 to 2012, Parker had recurring role of Jane Carlson in the ABC series Desperate Housewives. She later starred in NBC drama pilot Beautiful People, and joined the cast of ABC Family series Pretty Little Liars.

Personal life
Parker supports various charities such as the National Hospice Palliative Care Organization, Glenn Siegel's My Good Friend charity organization, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's disease research and Project Angel Food. In February 2006, Parker attended a benefit with former Pretender co-stars Michael T. Weiss and James Denton for Cure Autism Now.

title: Andrea Parker


text:
Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da

"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. Following the album's release, the song was issued as a single in many countries, although not in the United Kingdom or the United States, and topped singles charts in Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and West Germany. When belatedly issued as a single in the United States in 1976, it peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100.

McCartney wrote "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" in a cod Jamaican ska style and appropriated a phrase popularised by Jimmy Scott, a London-based Nigerian musician, for the song's title and chorus. Following its release, Scott attempted, unsuccessfully, to receive a composing credit. The recording sessions for the track were marked by disharmony as McCartney's perfectionism tested his bandmates and their recording staff. The song was especially disliked by John Lennon, and a heated argument during one of the sessions led to Geoff Emerick quitting his job as the Beatles' recording engineer. A discarded early version of the track, featuring Scott on congas, was included on the band's 1996 compilation Anthology 3.

The Beatles' decision not to release the single in the UK or the US led to several cover recordings by other artists, who sought to achieve a chart hit with the song. Of these, Marmalade became the first Scottish group to have a number 1 hit in the UK when their version topped the UK Singles Chart in late 1968. Despite the song's popularity, "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" has been ridiculed by some commentators for its plain lightheartedness, and appeared in some lists of worst songs ever. Since 2009, McCartney has regularly performed the song in concert.

Background and inspiration
Paul McCartney began writing "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" during the Beatles' stay in Rishikesh, India, in early 1968. Prudence Farrow, one of their fellow Transcendental Meditation students there, recalled McCartney, John Lennon and George Harrison playing it to her in an attempt to lure her out of her room, where she had become immersed in intense meditation. McCartney wrote the song when reggae was becoming popular in Britain; author Ian MacDonald describes it as "McCartney's rather approximate tribute to the Jamaican ska idiom". The character of Desmond in the lyrics, from the opening line "Desmond has a barrow in the market-place", was a reference to reggae singer Desmond Dekker, who had recently toured the UK. The tag line "Ob-la-di, ob-la-da, life goes on, brah" was an expression used by Nigerian conga player Jimmy Scott-Emuakpor, an acquaintance of McCartney. According to Scott's widow, as part of his stage act with his band Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da, Scott would call out "Ob la di", to which the audience would respond "Ob la da", and he would then conclude: "Life goes on."

After the release of "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" in November 1968, Scott tried to claim a writer's credit for the use of his catchphrase. McCartney said that the phrase was "just an expression", whereas Scott argued that it was not a common expression and was used exclusively by the Scott-Emuakpor family. McCartney was angry that the British press sided with Scott over the issue. According to researchers Doug Sulpy and Ray Schweighardt, in their study of the tapes from the Beatles' filmed rehearsals at Twickenham Film Studios in January 1969, McCartney complained bitterly to his bandmates about Scott's claim that he "stole" the phrase. Later in 1969, while in Brixton Prison awaiting trial for failing to pay maintenance to his ex-wife, Scott sent a request to the Beatles asking them to pay his legal bills. McCartney agreed to pay the amount on the condition that Scott abandon his attempt to receive a co-writer's credit.

Recording
The Beatles gathered at Harrison's Esher home in Surrey in May 1968, after their return from Rishikesh, to record demos for their upcoming project. "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" was one of the 27 demos recorded there. McCartney performed this demo solo, with only an acoustic guitar. He also double-tracked his vocal, which was not perfectly synchronised, creating an echoing effect.

The formal recording of "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" took place in July and involved several days of work. The first completed version of the track, recorded between 3 and 5 July, featured Scott playing congas and a trio of saxophonists. At McCartney's insistence, the band remade the song in an effort to capture the performance for which he was aiming. In doing so, according to Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn, "the Beatles were creating another first: the first time they had especially recruited session musicians and then rejected the recording."

Work began on the new version on 8 July. In the recollection of Geoff Emerick, the band's recording engineer, Lennon "openly and vocally detested" the song, calling it "more of Paul's 'granny music shit'", although at times he appeared enthusiastic, "acting the fool and doing his fake Jamaican patois". Having left the studio at one point, Lennon then returned under the influence of marijuana. Out of frustration at being made to continually work on the song, he went straight to the piano and played the opening chords louder and faster than before, in what MacDonald describes as a "mock music-hall" style. Lennon claimed that this was how the song should be played, and it became the version that the Beatles ended up using. McCartney nevertheless decided to remake the track once more. During the afternoon session on 9 July, the Beatles recorded a new basic track, which Lewisohn says possibly featured McCartney playing the drums instead of Ringo Starr. Despite this further work, McCartney conceded that the basic track from the previous day was adequate, and the band returned to the 8 July recording for overdubs during the evening session.

McCartney's perfectionism annoyed his bandmates, and when their producer, George Martin, offered him suggestions for his vocal part, McCartney rebuked him, saying, "Well you come down and sing it." According to Emerick, the usually placid Martin shouted in reply: "Then bloody sing it again! I give up. I just don't know any better how to help you." The following day, Emerick quit working for the group; he later cited this exchange between McCartney and Martin as one of the reasons, as well as the unpleasant atmosphere that had typified the White Album sessions up to that point.

In the final verse, McCartney made an error by singing, "Desmond stays at home and does his pretty face" (rather than Molly), and had Molly letting "the children lend a hand". This mistake was retained because the other Beatles liked it. Harrison and Lennon yell "arm" and "leg" between the lines "Desmond lets the children lend a hand" and "Molly stays at home".

The lyrics of Harrison's White Album track "Savoy Truffle" include the lines "We all know Ob-la-di-bla-da / But can you show me where you are?" Like Lennon, Harrison had been vocal in his dislike of "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da". According to music journalist Robert Fontenot, the reference in "Savoy Truffle" was Harrison's way of conveying his opinion of McCartney's song.

Releases and live performances
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" was released on The Beatles on 22 November 1968. As one of the most popular tracks on the album, it was also issued as a single, backed by "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", in many countries, although not in the main commercial markets of the UK and the United States. McCartney had wanted the single released in these two countries also, but his bandmates vetoed the idea. In November 1976, Capitol Records issued the song as a single in the US, with "Julia" as the B-side. The sleeves were white and individually numbered, as copies of the White Album had been. The discarded version of the song, known as "Take 5" and featuring Scott on congas, was released on the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996.

The first time the song was performed live by any of the Beatles was on 2 December 2009, when McCartney played it in Hamburg, Germany, on the first night of a European tour. Author Howard Sounes comments that, despite Lennon's derision of the song, it "went down a storm" in Hamburg – the city where the Beatles had honed their act in the early 1960s. McCartney included "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" in his set list for the 2009 tour and in the set list for tours he made through to 2012. He also performed it in front of Buckingham Palace for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations, then at San Francisco's Outside Lands concert on 9 August 2013. McCartney again featured the song in his set list for his 2013–15 Out There! tour and his 2016–17 One on One tour, as well as his 7 September 2018 Grand Central Terminal concert and his head-line appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in 2022.

Reception
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" topped singles charts in West Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand and Japan over 1968–69. In 1969, Lennon and McCartney received an Ivor Novello Award for the song. When belatedly issued as a single in the US, in 1976, "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100. According to author Steve Turner, it has been described as the first song in the "white ska" style. In Australia, where the song was part of a double A-side single (backed with the Harrison composition "While My Guitar Gently Weeps"), the record achieved sales of over 50,000 copies, being eligible for the award of a Gold Disc.

In his contemporary review of the White Album, for Rolling Stone, Jann Wenner called "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" "fun music for a fun song about fun", adding, "Who needs answers?" Record Mirror's reviewer said it was the album's "most pleasant and best recorded track" and praised the "chuck-chuck piano and drum sound". Nik Cohn, writing in The New York Times, gave the double LP an unfavourable review in which he criticised the Beatles for resorting to musical pastiche. He said that "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" was "mock-West Indies" and that like the album's other examples of "mock-[music]", "none of it works, it all loses out to the originals, it all sounds stale." The NME's Alan Smith admired the "good-to-be-alive groove" and said the song was "a great personal favourite". He added: "Heard it once, can't stop. Handclapping fun à la West Indies, sung with warmth by Paul ... This is going to be a smash [hit] for somebody ..."

Ian MacDonald described "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" as "one of the most spontaneous-sounding tracks on The Beatles" as well as the most commercial, but also a song filled with "desperate levity" and "trite by McCartney's standards". Conversely, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic includes it among McCartney's "stunning" compositions on the album. Ian Fortnam of Classic Rock magazine groups it with "Martha My Dear", "Rocky Raccoon" and "Honey Pie" as examples of the "awful lot of sugar" McCartney contributed to the White Album, in an attempt to make it more "palatable" in response to Lennon's determination to include his eight-minute avant-garde piece "Revolution 9".

"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" is often the subject of ridicule. In 2004, it was included in Blender magazine's list titled "50 Worst Songs Ever!" and was voted the worst song of all time in an online poll organised by Mars. In 2012, the NME's website editor, Luke Lewis, argued that the Beatles had recorded "a surprising amount of ropy old toss", and singled out "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" as "the least convincing cod-reggae skanking this side of the QI theme tune". That same year, Tom Rowley of The Daily Telegraph said the track was a "reasonable choice" for derision, following the result of the Mars poll, and it subsequently came second (behind "Revolution 9") in the Telegraph's poll to determine the worst Beatles song.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn:

The Beatles
 * Paul McCartney – vocal, electric bass, acoustic bass, handclaps, vocal percussion
 * John Lennon – piano, backing vocal, handclaps, vocal percussion
 * George Harrison – acoustic guitar, backing vocal, handclaps, vocal percussion
 * Ringo Starr – drums, bongos, maracas, other percussion, handclaps, vocal percussion

Additional musicians
 * James Gray, Rex Morris, Cyril Reuben – saxophones
 * George Martin – woodwind arrangement

Marmalade
The Beatles' decision not to issue "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" as a single in the UK or the US led to many acts rushing to record the song, in the hope of achieving a hit in those countries. A recording by the Scottish pop band Marmalade, released in November 1968, became the most commercially successful of all the cover versions of songs from The Beatles. It reached number one in the UK Singles Chart in January 1969, making Marmalade the first Scottish artist to top that chart.

Marmalade's recording sold around half a million in the UK, and a million copies globally by April 1969. During the group's TV appearance on BBC One's Top of the Pops to promote the track, four of the five band members wore kilts; their English-born drummer instead dressed as a redcoat. Reflecting the song's popularity in the UK, according to author Alan Clayson, comedian Benny Hill included the band's name with Cream and Grapefruit in a sketch where a hungover radio disc jockey is continually confronted by phone-in requests that exacerbate his nausea.

Other artists
Aside from Marmalade, two other acts achieved hits in Europe with "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da". In 1968, a recording by the Bedrocks, a West Indian band from Leeds, peaked at number 20 on the Record Retailer chart. In a discussion at Twickenham Studios in January 1969, McCartney and his girlfriend, Linda Eastman, said they both liked the Bedrocks' version best out of all the cover versions up to that point, including a recent single by Arthur Conley. Also in 1968, the Spectrum reached number 19 on the German singles chart with their cover. Emil Dimitrov released an EP of which the first track is a cover of the song in the same year.

Happy Mondays included "Desmond", which used part of the melody from "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", on their debut album Squirrel and G-Man Twenty Four Hour Party People Plastic Face Carnt Smile (White Out), released in 1987. Partly through the involvement of Michael Jackson, who owned the Beatles' Northern Songs catalogue, the track was removed from later pressings of the album because of the strong similarity. Later, music fans and several critics and DJs noticed similarities between "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" and The Offspring's 1999 single "Why Don't You Get a Job?"

A version of "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" by Patti LuPone and the cast of Life Goes On was the theme tune for the 1989–1993 drama of that name on ABC in the United States. The DVD release has a replacement theme song at the beginning of each episode, with the exception of the show's pilot. The replacement was due to high licensing costs for the Beatles' song.

Gabriela Bee posted a cover version of the song on YouTube in 2019. By October 2023, the rendition had earned 41 million views.

The melody was used for the Sinhala song "Kodi Gaha Yata Mama Upanne" sung by MS Fernando and HR Jothipala in the 1971 Sri Lankan comedy Hathara Denama Soorayo

title: Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da


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Wheel of Fortune (tarot card)

Wheel of Fortune is one of 78 cards in a tarot deck and is the tenth trump or Major Arcana card in most tarot decks. It is used in game playing as well as in divination.

Description

The card pictured is the Wheel Of Fortune card from the Rider–Waite tarot deck. A.E. Waite was a key figure in the development of the tarot in line with the Hermetic magical-religious system which was also being developed at the time, and this deck, as well as being in common use today, also forms the basis for a number of other modern tarot decks.

According to Waite's 1910 book Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Wheel of Fortune card carries several divinatory associations:

"10.WHEEL OF FORTUNE—Destiny, fortune, success, elevation, luck, felicity. Reversed: Increase, abundance, superfluity."

The Wheel Of Fortune card, like other cards of the Major Arcana, varies widely in depiction between tarot decks. The card has been modeled ever since the tarot's inception in the 15th century after the medieval concept of Rota Fortunae, the wheel of the goddess Fortuna. Images generally show a six- or eight-spoked wheel, often attended or crested by an individual (sometimes human; sometimes a Sphinx-like half-human) attired in an Egyptian-style headdress. In some decks, such as the AG Müller, the wheel is also attended by an individual wearing a blindfold; and often there are people sitting or riding on the wheel whilst others are shown falling from it.

The wheel is not always shown inscribed with any lettering. Where this is the case, the letters T-A-R-O (clockwise) or T-O-R-A (counter clockwise) can often be found aligned against four of the spokes, which can also be interpreted as R-O-T-A, the Latin word meaning "wheel". In some decks, such as the Waite, the wheel is also inscribed with additional alchemical symbols representing the four elements: Earth, Air, Fire and Water (which are also said to be represented throughout the tarot by the four "suits" of Pentacles or Discs, Swords, Wands, and Cups respectively. These emblems can also be seen on the Magician's table in the Magician card [Card I]).

On the Waite card shown, though not necessarily on others, there are also four yellow winged creatures in the corners of the card, representing the symbols of the four Evangelists (The Lion, the Ox, the Man and the Eagle). These four Evangelists are also represented by the four fixed astrological signs: Taurus, Leo, Scorpio and Aquarius. In addition a representation of the god Anubis is seen rising with the wheel on the right side, while the snake-like Typhon descends on the left. On the wheel, alternating with the letters T-A-R-O are the Hebrew letters י-ה-ו-ה, usually transliterated as YHWH (Yahweh - Hebrew for God).

Interpretation
A common aspect to most interpretations of this card within a reading is to introduce an element of change in the querent's life, such change being in station, position or fortune: such as the rich becoming poor, or the poor becoming rich.

title: Wheel of Fortune (tarot card)


text:
Phosphorus trichloride

Phosphorus trichloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PCl3. A colorless liquid when pure, it is an important industrial chemical, being used for the manufacture of phosphites and other organophosphorus compounds. It is toxic and reacts readily with water to release hydrogen chloride.

History
Phosphorus trichloride was first prepared in 1808 by the French chemists Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard by heating calomel (Hg2Cl2) with phosphorus. Later during the same year, the English chemist Humphry Davy produced phosphorus trichloride by burning phosphorus in chlorine gas.

Preparation
World production exceeds one-third of a million tonnes. Phosphorus trichloride is prepared industrially by the reaction of chlorine with white phosphorus, using phosphorus trichloride as the solvent. In this continuous process PCl3 is removed as it is formed in order to avoid the formation of PCl5.

 * P4 + 6 Cl2 → 4 PCl3

Structure and spectroscopy
It has a trigonal pyramidal shape. Its 31P NMR spectrum exhibits a singlet around +220 ppm with reference to a phosphoric acid standard.

Reactions
The phosphorus in PCl3 is often considered to have the +3 oxidation state and the chlorine atoms are considered to be in the −1 oxidation state. Most of its reactivity is consistent with this description.

Oxidation
PCl3 is a precursor to other phosphorus compounds, undergoing oxidation to phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), thiophosphoryl chloride (PSCl3), or phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3).

PCl3 as an electrophile
PCl3 reacts vigorously with water to form phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and hydrochloric acid:
 * PCl3 + 3 H2O → H3PO3 + 3 HCl

Phosphorus trichloride is the precursor to organophosphorus compounds. It reacts with phenol to give triphenyl phosphite:
 * 3 PhOH + PCl3 → P(OPh)3 + 3 HCl (Ph = C6H5)

Alcohols such as ethanol react similarly in the presence of a base such as a tertiary amine:
 * PCl3 + 3 EtOH +  3 R3N  →  P(OEt)3  +  3 R3NH(+)Cl(-)

With one equivalent of alcohol and in the absence of base, the first product is alkoxyphosphorodichloridite:
 * PCl3 + EtOH →  PCl2(OEt)  +  HCl

In the absence of base, however, with excess alcohol, phosphorus trichloride converts to diethylphosphite:
 * PCl3 + 3 EtOH → (EtO)2P(O)H + 2 HCl + EtCl

Secondary amines (R2NH) form aminophosphines. For example, bis(diethylamino)chlorophosphine, (Et2N)2PCl, is obtained from diethylamine and PCl3. Thiols (RSH) form P(SR)3. An industrially relevant reaction of PCl3 with amines is phosphonomethylation, which employs formaldehyde:
 * R2NH + PCl3 +  CH2O  → (HO)2P(O)CH2NR2  +  3 HCl

The herbicide glyphosate is also produced this way.

The reaction of PCl3 with Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents is a useful method for the preparation of organic phosphines with the formula R3P (sometimes called phosphanes) such as triphenylphosphine, Ph3P.

 * 3 RMgBr + PCl3 -> R3P + 3 MgBrCl

Triphenylphosphine is produced industrially by the reaction between phosphorus trichlorid, chlorobenzene, and sodium:
 * PCl3 + 3 PhCl  +  6 Na  ->  PPh3  +  6 NaCl,  where Ph = C6H5

Under controlled conditions or especially with bulky R groups, similar reactions afford less substituted derivatives such as chlorodiisopropylphosphine.

Conversion of alcohols to alkyl chlorides
Phosphorus trichloride is commonly used to convert primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding chlorides. As discussed above, the reaction of alcohols with phosphorus trichloride is sensitive to conditions. The mechanism for the ROH →RCl conversion involves the reaction of HCl with phosphite esters:
 * P(OR)3 + HCl  <->  HP(OR)3(+)Cl(-)
 * HP(OR)3(+)Cl(-) -> RCl  +  HOP(OR)2.

 * HOP(OR)2 + HCl  <->  H2OP(OR)2(+)Cl(-)
 * H2OP(OR)2(+)Cl(-) -> RCl  +  (HO)2P(OR)

 * (HO)2P(OR) + HCl  <->  H(HO)2P(OR)(+)Cl(-)
 * H(HO)2P(OR)(+)Cl(-) -> RCl  +  (HO)3P

The first step proceeds with nearly ideal stereochemistry but the final step far less so owing to an SN2 pathway.

Redox reactions
Phosphorus trichloride undergoes a variety of redox reactions:
 * 3PCl3 + 2 CrO3  ->  3POCl3  +  Cr2O3
 * PCl3 + SO3  ->  POCl3  +  SO2
 * 3 PCl3 + SO2  ->  2POCl3  +  PSCl3

PCl3 as a nucleophile
Phosphorus trichloride has a lone pair, and therefore can act as a Lewis base, e.g., forming a 1:1 adduct Br3B-PCl3. Metal complexes such as Ni(PCl3)4 are known, again demonstrating the ligand properties of PCl3.

This Lewis basicity is exploited in the Kinnear–Perren reaction to prepare alkylphosphonyl dichlorides (RP(O)Cl2) and alkylphosphonate esters (RP(O)(OR')2). Alkylation of phosphorus trichloride is effected in the presence of aluminium trichloride give the alkyltrichlorophosphonium salts, which are versatile intermediates:
 * PCl3 + RCl + AlCl3 → RPCl$+ 3$ + AlCl$− 4$

The RPCl$+ 3$ product can then be decomposed with water to produce an alkylphosphonic dichloride RP(=O)Cl2.

PCl3 as a ligand
PCl3, like the more popular phosphorus trifluoride, is a ligand in coordination chemistry. One example is Mo(CO)5PCl3.

Uses
PCl3 is important indirectly as a precursor to PCl5, POCl3 and PSCl3, which are used in many applications, including herbicides, insecticides, plasticisers, oil additives, and flame retardants.

For example, oxidation of PCl3 gives POCl3, which is used for the manufacture of triphenyl phosphate and tricresyl phosphate, which find application as flame retardants and plasticisers for PVC. They are also used to make insecticides such as diazinon. Phosphonates include the herbicide glyphosate.

PCl3 is the precursor to triphenylphosphine for the Wittig reaction, and phosphite esters which may be used as industrial intermediates, or used in the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, both important methods for making alkenes. It can be used to make trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), used as an extraction agent, although TOPO is usually made via the corresponding phosphine.

PCl3 is also used directly as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is used to convert primary and secondary alcohols into alkyl chlorides, or carboxylic acids into acyl chlorides, although thionyl chloride generally gives better yields than PCl3.

Safety

 * 600 ppm is lethal in just a few minutes.
 * 25 ppm is the US NIOSH "Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health" level
 * 0.5 ppm is the US OSHA "permissible exposure limit" over a time-weighted average of 8 hours.
 * 0.2 ppm is the US NIOSH "recommended exposure limit" over a time-weighted average of 8 hours.
 * Under EU Directive 67/548/EEC, PCl3 is classified as very toxic and corrosive, and the risk phrases R14, R26/28, R35 and R48/20 are obligatory.

Industrial production of phosphorus trichloride is controlled under the Chemical Weapons Convention, where it is listed in schedule 3, as it can be used to produce mustard agents.

title: Phosphorus trichloride


text:
Talk:Jacques Sylla

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title: Talk:Jacques Sylla


text:
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes del Castillo (18 April 1819, Bayamo, Spanish Cuba – 27 February 1874, San Lorenzo, Spanish Cuba) was a Cuban revolutionary hero and First President of Cuba in Arms in 1868. Cespedes, who was a plantation owner in Cuba, freed his slaves and made the declaration of Cuban independence in 1868 which started the Ten Years' War (1868–1878). This was the first of three wars of independence, the third of which, the Cuban War of Independence led to the end of Spanish rule in 1898 and Cuba's independence in 1902.

Because of his actions which led to the eventual independence of Cuba, he is known there as the "Father of the homeland".

Ten Years' War
Céspedes was a landowner and lawyer in eastern Cuba, near Bayamo, who purchased La Demajagua, an estate with a sugar plantation, in 1844 after returning from Spain. On 10 October 1868, he made the Grito de Yara (Cry of Yara), declaring Cuban independence, which began the Ten Years' War. That morning, after sounding the slave bell, which indicated to his slaves it was time for work, they stood before him waiting for orders, and Céspedes announced that they were all free men and were invited to join him and his fellow conspirators in war against the Spanish government of Cuba. He is called Padre de la Patria (Father of the Country). In April 1869, he was chosen as President of the Republic of Cuba in Arms.

The Ten Years' War was the first serious attempt to achieve independence from Spain and to free all slaves. The war was fought between two groups. In eastern Cuba the tobacco planters and farmers, joined by mulattos and some slaves, fought against western Cuba, with its sugarcane plantations, which required many slaves, and the forces of the Spanish governor-general. Hugh Thomas summarized that the war was a conflict between criollos (creoles, born in Cuba) and peninsulares (recent immigrants from Spain). The Spanish forces and the peninsulares, backed by rich Spanish merchants, were at first on the defensive, but in the longer run, their greater resources held.

Céspedes was deposed in 1873 in a leadership coup. Spanish troops killed him in February 1874 in a mountain refuge, as the new Cuban government would not let him go into exile and denied him an escort. The war ended in 1878 with the Pact of Zanjón, which made concessions: liberation of all slaves and Chinese who had fought with the rebels and no action for political offenses but no freedom for all slaves and no independence. The Grito de Yara had not achieved enough, but it had lit a long-burning fuse. Lessons learned in it would be put to good use during the Cuban War of Independence.

Personal life
Born in 1819 in Bayamo into a family dedicated to the production of sugar, he studied at the University of Havana, where he graduated in 1840. In Spain, the country to which he moved with the intention of pursuing his law studies, he participated in revolutionary and anti-government activities, being arrested and forced into exile in France.

After returning to Cuba, and convinced of the need to oppose militarily the metropolis as the only way to achieve the independence of the island, he came into contact with other opponents of the colonial regime, among them Salvador Cisneros Betancourt, Bartolomé Masó and Pedro Figueredo. Most of the opposition, like Cespedes himself, came from sugar families settled on the eastern end of the island, traditionally poorer and less developed.

Céspedes was married twice and had two lovers who also bore him children. The first marriage in 1839 to Maria del Carmen de Cespedes y del Castillo (his first cousin) and they had Maria del Carmen, Oscar, and Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Cespedes. His first wife died in 1867 of tuberculosis and in 1869 he marries for the second time to Ana Maria de Quesada y Loinaz (1843–1910) and they had 3 children, Oscar, and twins Gloria (1871–?) and Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada (1871–1939), who was briefly President of Cuba after Gerardo Machado was deposed in 1933.

Between his two marriages, its believed he had carried on an affair during or shortly afterwards with Candelaria "Cambula" Acosta y Fontaigne (b. 1851) then the 17-year-old daughter of the foreman of his plantation Juan Acosta and wife Concepción Fontaine y Segrera. He had tasked Cambula with sewing the first flag that he designed for Cuba. With Cambula he had a daughter, Carmen de Cespedes y Acosta (b. 1869). Fearing for their safety he moved a then-pregnant Cambula and daughter to Jamaica. In 1872 their son Manuel de Cespedes Y Acosta was born in Kingston. In San Lorenzo, before he died, Carlos Manuel met a widow, Francisca (Panchita) Rodriguez. Carlos Manuel and Panchita became lovers and produced a son, Manuel Francisco de Cespedes y Rodriguez.

He named Oscar, his fifth son, after his late second child Oscar, who was executed by a Spanish firing squad. The Spanish authorities wanted to exchange Oscar's life for Céspedes' resignation as President of the Republic of Cuba at Arms (not to be confused with his son Carlos Manuel de Cespedes Y Quintana who was in 1933 named President of Cuba after President Machado fled the country). He famously answered that Oscar was not his only son, because every Cuban who had died for the revolution he started, was also his son.He had been, before the conflict, something of a musician, and he was part-composer of a romantic song called La Bayamesa. In addition, he supported the work of his distant relative Úrsula Céspedes, even writing the prologue for one of her works.

His portrait was on the 10 pesos bills in Cuba until 1960 when it was moved to the 100 pesos bill. A municipality in Camagüey Province, Carlos M. de Cespedes was named after him.

title: Carlos Manuel de Céspedes


text:
ǃKung people

The ǃKung are one of the San peoples who live mostly on the western edge of the Kalahari desert, Ovamboland (northern Namibia and southern Angola), and Botswana. The names ǃKung (ǃXun) and Ju are variant words for 'people', preferred by different ǃKung groups. This band level society used traditional methods of hunting and gathering for subsistence up until the 1970s. Today, the great majority of ǃKung people live in the villages of Bantu pastoralists and European ranchers.

Beliefs
The ǃKung people of Southern Africa recognize a Supreme Being, ǃXu, who is the Creator and Upholder of life. Like other African High Gods, he also punishes man by means of the weather, and the Otjimpolo-ǃKung know him as Erob, who "knows everything". They also have animistic and animatistic beliefs, which means they believe in both personifications and impersonal forces. For example, they recall a culture hero named Prishiboro, whose wife was an elephant. Prishiboro's older brother tricked him into killing his wife and eating her flesh. Her herd tried to kill Prishiboro in revenge, but his brother defeated them.

Amongst the ǃKung there is a strong belief in the existence of spirits of the dead (llgauwasi) who live immortally in the sky. The llgauwasi can come to the earth and interact with humans. There is no particular connection to personal ancestors but the ǃKung fear the llgauwasi, pray to them for sympathy and mercy as well as call on them in anger.

The ǃKung practice shamanism to communicate with the spirit world, and to cure what they call "Star Sickness". The communication with the spirit world is done by a natural healer entering a trance state and running through a fire, thereby chasing away bad spirits. Star Sickness is cured by laying hands on the diseased. Nisa, a ǃKung woman, reported through anthropologist Marjorie Shostak that a healer in training is given a root to help induce trance. Nisa said, "I drank it a number of times and threw up again and again. Finally, I started to tremble. People rubbed my body as I sat there feeling the effect getting stronger and stronger. ... Trance-medicine really hurts! As you begin to trance, the nǀum [power to heal] slowly heats inside you and pulls at you. It rises until it grabs your insides and takes your thoughts away."

Healing rites
Healing rites are a primary part of the ǃKung culture. In the ǃKung state of mind, having health is equivalent to having social harmony, meaning that relationships within the group are stable and open between other people. Any ǃKung can become a healer because it "is a status accessible to all," but it is a grand aspiration of many members because of its importance. Even though there is no restriction of the power, "nearly half the men and one-third of the women are acknowledged of having the power to heal," but with the responsibility comes great pain and hardship. To become a healer, aspirants must become an apprentice and learn from older healers. Their training includes the older healer having to "go into a trance to teach the novices, rubbing their own sweat onto the pupils' centers – their bellies, backs, foreheads, and spines." "Most of the apprentices have the intentions of becoming a healer but then become frightened or have a lack of ambition and discontinue."

The ǃKung term for this powerful healing force is nǀum. This force resides in the bellies of men and women who have gone through the training and have become a healer. Healing can be transmitted through the ǃkia dance that begins at sundown and continues through the night. The ǃkia can be translated as "trance" which can give a physical image of a sleeping enchantment. While they dance, "in preparation for entering a trance state to effect a cure, the substance [the nǀum] heats up and, boiling, travels up the healer's spine to explode with therapeutic power in the brain." While the healers are in the trance they propel themselves in a journey to seek out the sickness and argue with the spirits. Women on the other hand have a special medicine called the gwah which starts in the stomachs and kidneys. During the Drum Dance, they enter the ǃkia state and the gwah travels up the spine and lodges in the neck. In order to obtain the gwah power the women, "chop up the root of a short shrub, boil it into a tea and drink it." They do not need to drink the tea every time because the power they obtain lasts a lifetime.

The community of the ǃKung fully supports the healers and depends heavily on them. They have trust in the healers and the teachers to guide them psychologically and spiritually through life. The ǃKung have a saying: "Healing makes their hearts happy, and a happy heart is one that reflects a sense of community." Because of their longing to keep the peace between people, their community is tranquil.

Childbirth
ǃKung women usually experience their first menstruation at the age of 16½, their first birth at 19½ and their last birth by their late 30s. ǃKung women often give birth unassisted, walking away from the village camp as far as a mile during labour and bearing the child alone, delivering it into a small leaf-lined hole dug into the warm sand. The child's cord is not clamped or cut (a form of Lotus birth or umbilical nonseverance), and the placenta is delivered and put next to the child, as guardian. Shortly thereafter, the baby-placenta is lightly covered with another large leaf, and the new mother walks a short way to verbally alert the older women of the completed birth, at which time they join the mother and child in a ritual welcoming. If a laboring woman is delayed in returning to the village once she has left to give birth, the older women will come looking for her to assist; however, it is said to be a rare occurrence.

Time between the births of children is traditionally about 3–5 years. Children are nursed for 3–5 years, ending when the mother is pregnant with another child. This long period of time between children makes traveling long distances on foot – like to a gathering site or new settlement – easier, since fewer children require carrying and population numbers remain controlled.

During times of deprivation, infanticide was permitted to preserve resources. The ǃKung people do not use contraceptives and generally do not practice abstinence, yet experience low fertility rates.

Gender roles
Traditionally, especially among Juǀʼhoansi ǃKung, women generally collect plant foods and water while men hunt. However, these gender roles are not strict and people do all jobs as needed with little or no stigma.

Women generally take care of children and prepare food. However, this does restrict them to their homes, since these activities are generally done with, or close to, others, so women can socialize and help each other. Men are also engaged in these activities.

Children are raised in village groups of other children of a wide age range. Sexual activities amongst children are seen as natural play for both sexes.

ǃKung women often share an intimate sociability and spend many hours together discussing their lives, enjoying each other's company and children. In the short documentary film A Group of Women, ǃKung women rest, talk and nurse their babies while lying in the shade of a baobab tree. This illustrates "collective mothering", where several women support each other and share the nurturing role.

Marriage
Marriage is the major focus of alliance formation between groups of ǃKung. When a woman starts to develop, she is considered ready for marriage. Every first marriage is arranged. The culture of the ǃKung is "being directed at marriage itself, rather than at a specific man." Even though it does not matter who the man is, the woman's family is looking for a specific type of man. The man should not be too much older than the woman, should preferably be unmarried rather than divorced, should be able to hunt, and should be willing to take on the responsibilities of the wife's family. The latter is because a woman's family depends heavily on her husband's family, particularly through trade, when there are times of scarcity.

On the marriage day, the tradition is the "marriage-by-capture" ceremony in which the bride is forcibly removed from her hut and presented to her groom. During the ceremony, the bride has her head covered and is carried and then laid down in the hut while the groom is led to the hut and sits beside the door. The couple stay respectfully apart from each other and do not join the wedding festivities. After the party is over, they spend the night together and the next morning they are ceremonially rubbed with oil by the husband's mother.

Marriage is generally between a man in his twenties and a girl in her teens (14–18 years old). Newlyweds live in the same village as the wife's family so she has family support during her new life. Often, young wives return to their parents' houses to sleep until they become comfortable with their husbands. During this time, the husband will hunt for his wife's family (a form of bridewealth). If the couple never becomes comfortable, separation is acceptable, prompted by either partner. If they do become a stable couple, they can reside with either partner's family, settling with whichever is beneficial at the time. Divorce remains possible throughout marriage. Extramarital sex is not condoned, but is equally acceptable for each spouse. Domestic violence is prevented because villages are small and close and houses are open so that neighbors and relatives can intervene as needed.

Divorce
Girls who are displeased with their parents' selection may violently protest against the marriage by kicking and screaming and running away at the end of the ceremony. After she has run away, this may result in the dissolution of the arrangement.

Half of all first-time marriages end in divorce, but because it is common, the divorce process is not long. Anthropologist Marjorie Shostak generalizes that, "Everyone in the village expresses a point of view" on the marriage and if the couple should be divorced or not. After the village weighs in, they are divorced and can live in their separate huts with their family. Relations between divorced individuals are usually quite amicable, with former partners living near one another and maintaining a cordial relationship. After a woman's first divorce, she is free to marry a man of her choosing or stay single and live on her own.

Social structure and hierarchy
Unlike other complex food-foraging groups, it is unusual for the ǃKung to have a chieftain or headman in a position of power over the other members. These San are not devoid of leadership, but neither are they dependent on it. San groups of the Southern Kalahari have had chieftains in the past; however, there is a somewhat complicated process to gain that position. Chieftainship within these San groups is not a position with the greatest power, as they have the same social status as those members of "aged years". Becoming chieftain is mostly nominal, though there are some responsibilities the chieftain assumes, such as becoming the group's "logical head". This duty entails such roles as dividing up the meat from hunters' kills; these leaders do not receive a larger portion than any other member of the village. The !Kung people have given name to the Theory of Regal and Kungic Societal Structures due to their peacefulness and egalitarian social structure.

Use of kinship terms
Kinship is one of the central organizing principles for societies like the ǃKung. Richard Borshay Lee breaks ǃKung kinship principles down into three different sets (Kinship I, Kinship II, and Kinship III or wi). Kinship I follows conventional kin terms (father, mother, brother, sister) and is based on genealogical position. Kinship II applies to name relationships, meaning that people who share the same name (ǃkunǃa) are treated as though they are kin of the same family and are assigned the same kinship term. This is a common occurrence as there are a limited number of ǃKung names. Kung names are also strictly gendered meaning that men and women cannot share the same name. Names are passed down from ancestors according to a strict set of rules, though parents are never allowed to name their children after themselves.

There is a principle of alternating generations in terms of "joking" (k”ai) and "avoidance" (kwa) relations. One's own generation and the second generation up and down are considered "joking" relations and are treated with relaxed affection. The first generations above and below one are "avoidance" relations and are treated in a respectful and reserved manner. Every member of ǃKung society fits into one of these categories, there are no neutral people.

Kinship III or wi has to do with the principles of relative age status. In situations where there are two people trying to decide what kin terms to use, the older person makes the ultimate decision. This is especially important in cultures like the ǃKung as there are not many status distinctions.

Hunting rites
Hunting can take days of tracking, attacking, and following a wounded beast. The Juǀʼhoansi have rites to prevent arrogance amongst male hunters. When a man kills a beast, he does not take it directly into the settlement, but leaves the body and returns as if he was unsuccessful. An older man will inquire about his hunt and remark upon his failure, to which the hunter must avoid credit and accept humility. The next day, a group will go "see if some small animal was nicked by an arrow." Upon finding the quarry, the hunter will be reassured of the little value of the kill which is finally returned. Additionally, the kill may belong not to him, but to the person who gave him arrows (man or woman), who then follows rules on how to distribute the meat to everyone in the group. Upon returning from a successful hunt, if the kill is transportable, it will be brought back to the village. The ǃKung promote the belief of community well-being, and so the village elders or "those of mature years" will allot meat to the members of the group. The ǃKung also believe in the betterment of their neighbors, so if the kill is too large to move or there is a surplus of meat, word will be spread to villages that are close by to come collect meat for themselves.

Language
The ǃKung language, commonly called Ju, is one of the larger click languages and belongs to the Kxʼa language family, loosely categorised in the Khoisan language group (no longer seen as one family). The ǃKung people often communicate only by high-pitched clicks when sneaking up on prey in order to stay undetected.

Recent history
Since the 1950s, the Juǀʼhoan population has increased. Cattle ranches have brought cows to their traditional lands. Cows eat the sparse vegetation which the Juǀʼhoansi and their game animals need, as well as dirty the Juǀʼhoansi water holes. This water pollution, along with the disappearance of native vegetation, has made disease more prevalent.

In addition to the problems involved in sharing water with cows, the Juǀʼhoansi are less mobile than in the past. The current governments of Namibia and Botswana, where the Juǀʼhoansi live, encourage permanent settlements with European style houses. With urban employment and industrialization, indigenous people are changing their nomadic lifestyle.

European-descended settlers have encouraged wage-paid agricultural labour, especially for men. Due to increased dependence on them and their access to wealth, men are valued more. Women, who traditionally prepared food, have taken up the preparation of millet. Millet is more difficult to process than traditional Joǀʼhoan foods, and therefore women must spend more time preparing food for their household, leaving less time for employment outside the home.

The changing gender roles, growing inequality between the sexes, and transformation from a wandering hunter-gatherer life-style to life in a village have contributed to more domestic violence, as women are more dependent on men and increasingly restricted from outside intervention through changing housing styles and arrangements. Houses that are less open and the collection of wealth also challenges traditional sharing ideology.

The ǃKung also face problems since their traditional lands are sought after by cattle ranchers, wildlife reserves, and state governments.

In popular culture

 * The protagonist in the film The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980) is a caricature of a ǃKung man.
 * The American rock band Phish sometimes performs a song called "Kung" during their live performances.
 * Ivy Dickens talks about the ǃKung people in Season 4 of Gossip Girl.
 * Carl Sagan draws on the ǃKung's way of life in relation to science in his 1995 book The Demon-Haunted World. He also referred to them in his 1994 lecture "The Age of Exploration", based primarily on anthropologist Richard Borshay Lee's 1979 field study of the !Kung San in the Botswanan part of the Kalahari Desert.
 * Sebastian Junger refers to "one study in the 1960s" that found that the ǃKung people only needed to work as little as 12 hours a week to survive which is nearly one quarter the amount of time people need to work in modern society in his book Tribe.

Notable individuals

 * Nǃxau ǂToma
 * Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo

title: ǃKung people


text:
Lady Isabella Hervey

Lady Isabella Frederica Louisa de Pauw ( Hervey ; born 9 March 1982) is a British model, socialite, aristocrat, and reality TV personality. She is the daughter of the 6th Marquess of Bristol, the sister of Lady Victoria Hervey and the incumbent 8th Marquess of Bristol, and half-sister of the 7th Marquess of Bristol.

Early life
Lady Isabella was born in Monaco to Victor Hervey, 6th Marquess of Bristol, and Lady Yvonne Hervey (née Sutton). Her godparents included Queen Fadila of Egypt and her half-brother John, Earl Jermyn. She was educated at Woldingham School. Her father, Lord Bristol, died when she was three, and she was sent to boarding school at the age of six. She suffered from bulimia in her youth, but recovered after seeking treatment at The Priory hospital. She also joined Overeaters Anonymous. She enjoyed sports from an early age, including professional showjumping.

Career
Lady Isabella's television career has included appearing on the Channel 4 reality TV show The Games (2004), and for appearing as a contestant on ITV's Celebrity Love Island (2005). In 2005, she was named "face of Playboy UK". She has appeared as a contestant on Celebrity MasterChef and the UK Sky One television programme Vroom Vroom. She also competed in the Sky One show Cirque De Celebrite, and the BBC1 show Hole in the Wall. She was awarded Sexiest Aristocrat in May 2006 and made the 62nd spot in FHM's 100 Sexiest Women in the World.

Her participation in The Games inspired her to try a new career as a personal trainer. She began running a set of fitness courses that included a jog around Hyde Park.

Family
Hervey has two elder full siblings: the incumbent Frederick, 8th Marquess of Bristol, and fellow media personality Lady Victoria Hervey. In addition to John, who became the 7th Marquess, she had a half-brother, Lord Nicholas; both are now deceased.

In a 2005 interview, she stated that her title held her back in her modelling career. "When I first started, the bookers assumed I didn't need the cash, so wouldn't put me forward for the big money jobs. At the end of the day, just because I'm a Lady, it doesn't mean I'm rich." Her half-brother, the 7th Marquess, spent most of the £35 million family fortune in his lifetime, and she subsequently complained she had been left with "virtually nothing". Her father died before setting up a trust fund for her as he had for her two older siblings.

On 6 September 2014, Lady Isabella married Belgian millionaire Christophe de Pauw in the Église de Notre Dame de la Cambre, Brussels. The couple have a son, Victor, born on 5 January 2016 and named after her father, the 6th Marquess. He was the first member of the Hervey family to be christened at Ickworth Church in nearly 40 years. In 2010, her father was reburied in the church, as is traditional for Earls and Marquesses of Bristol, and she attended the ceremony with her family.

title: Lady Isabella Hervey


text:
William Odling

William Odling, FRS (5 September 1829 in Southwark, London – 17 February 1921 in Oxford) was an English chemist who contributed to the development of the periodic table.

In the 1860s Odling, like many chemists, was working towards classifying the elements, an effort that would eventually lead to the periodic table of elements. He was intrigued by atomic weights and the periodic occurrence of chemical properties. William Odling and Lothar Meyer drew up tables similar, but with improvements on, Dmitri Mendeleev's original table. Odling drew up a table of elements using repeating units of seven elements, which bears a striking resemblance to Mendeleev's first table. The groups are horizontal, the elements are in order of increasing atomic weight and there are vacant slots for undiscovered ones. In addition, Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and he even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum in the right groups - something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt.

Odling failed to achieve recognition, however, since it is suspected that he, as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London, was instrumental in discrediting John Alexander Reina Newlands' efforts at getting his own periodic table published. One such unrecognised aspect was for the suggestion he, Odling, made in a lecture he gave at the Royal Institution in 1855 entitled The Constitution of Hydrocarbons in which he proposed a methane type for carbon (Proceedings of the Royal Institution, 1855, vol 2, p. 63-66). August Kekulé made a similar suggestion in 1857, then in a subsequent paper later that same year proposed that carbon is a tetravalent element.

Career
Odling became a Chemistry Lecturer at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School and a Demonstrator at Guy's Hospital Medical School in 1850. Leaving St Bartholomew's in 1868 he became a Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution where in 1868 and 1870 he was invited to deliver the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on The Chemical Changes of Carbon and Burning and Unburning respectively.

In 1872 he left the Royal Institution and became Waynflete Professor of Chemistry and a fellow of Worcester College, Oxford, where he stayed still his retirement in 1912.

Odling also served as a fellow (1848–1856), Honorary Secretary (1856–1869), Vice-President (1869–1872) and President (1873–1875) of the Chemical Society of London as well as a Censor (1878–1880 and 1882–1891), Vice-President (1878–1880 and 1888–1891) and President (1883–1888) of the Institute of Chemistry.

In 1859 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of London and in 1875 he was granted an honorary PhD by Leiden University, the Netherlands.

title: William Odling