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Ropraz

Ropraz is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
Ropraz is first mentioned in 1234 as Rospraz.

Geography
Ropraz has an area,, of 4.83 km2. Of this area, 3.42 km2 or 70.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.94 km2 or 19.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.43 km2 or 8.9% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.1%. Out of the forested land, 17.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 49.3% is used for growing crops and 19.5% is pastures, while 2.1% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Oron District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Ropraz became part of the new district of Broye-Vully.

The municipality is located along the road between Lausanne and Bern. It consists of the village of Ropraz, with the village sections of Bourg-du-Milieu and Bourg-Dessous and the hamlets of Vers-chez-les-Rod and Les Ussières.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Cat effarouché proper langued purpure in forepaws holding a Key Argent.

Demographics
Ropraz has a population of. , 8.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 4.1%. It has changed at a rate of 2.9% due to migration and at a rate of 4.1% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (325 or 87.1%), with German being second most common (11 or 2.9%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (9 or 2.4%). There are 4 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 122 or about 32.7% were born in Ropraz and lived there in 2000. There were 116 or 31.1% who were born in the same canton, while 47 or 12.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 44 or 11.8% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 3 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 4 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population increased by 1. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland and 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man and 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 15 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 7 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.3%.

The age distribution,, in Ropraz is; 35 children or 9.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 41 teenagers or 11.5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 40 people or 11.2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 40 people or 11.2% are between 30 and 39, 59 people or 16.6% are between 40 and 49, and 54 people or 15.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 39 people or 11.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 29 people or 8.1% are between 70 and 79, there are 18 people or 5.1% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older.

, there were 151 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 187 married individuals, 15 widows or widowers and 20 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 134 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 39 households that consist of only one person and 11 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 136 households that answered this question, 28.7% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 41 married couples without children, 46 married couples with children There were 4 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 2 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 49 single family homes (or 52.1% of the total) out of a total of 94 inhabited buildings. There were 19 multi-family buildings (20.2%), along with 19 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (20.2%) and 7 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (7.4%). Of the single family homes 14 were built before 1919, while 8 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (10) were built before 1919 and the next most (4) were built between 1961 and 1970. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 149 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 51. There were 7 single room apartments and 40 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 132 apartments (88.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 10 apartments (6.7%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (4.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.62%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 36.72% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (20.79%), the SP (15.28%) and the Green Party (8.75%). In the federal election, a total of 107 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.6%.

Economy
, Ropraz had an unemployment rate of 2.7%. , there were 34 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 9 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 59 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 15 businesses in this sector. There were 163 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 38.0% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 74. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 23, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 8 of which 5 or (62.5%) were in manufacturing and 3 (37.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 43. In the tertiary sector; 2 or 4.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 4 or 9.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 2 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 11.6% were in the information industry, 15 or 34.9% were the insurance or financial industry, 1 was in education.

, there were 75 workers who commuted into the municipality and 105 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 11% used public transportation to get to work, and 58.9% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 49 or 13.1% were Roman Catholic, while 230 or 61.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church. There were 3 (or about 0.80% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 42 (or about 11.26% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 45 individuals (or about 12.06% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Ropraz about 123 or (33.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 53 or (14.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 53 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.5% were Swiss men, 30.2% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 34 students in the Ropraz school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 155 children of which 83 children (53.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 19 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 15 students in those schools.

, there were 34 students in Ropraz who came from another municipality, while 52 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Ropraz


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Typhoo

Typhoo (sometimes stylized as Ty•Phoo) is a brand of tea in the United Kingdom. It was launched in 1903 by John Sumner Jr. of Birmingham, England. In 2022, the Typhoo brand was ranked 5 in sales volume in the UK in spite of being deemed to have the largest production output; this mismatch is due to major supermarkets' own-labelled tea brands being largely supplied by Typhoo.

19th century
In 1863, William Sumner published A Popular Treatise on Tea as a by-product of the first trade missions to China from London. In 1870, William and his son John Sumner founded a pharmacy/grocery business in Birmingham.

20th century
William's grandson, John Sumner Jr. (born in 1856), took over the running of the business in the 1900s. Following comments from his sister on the calming effects of tea fannings, in 1903, John Jr. decided to create a new tea that he could sell in his shop. Sumner set his own criteria for the new brand: The selected name, Typhoo, comes from the Mandarin Chinese word for "doctor".
 * The name had to be distinctive and unlike others.
 * It had to be a name that would trip off the tongue.
 * It had to be one that would be protected by registration.

Typhoo began making tea bags in 1967. In 1968, Typhoo merged with Schweppes. The following year this company in turn merged with Cadbury to form Cadbury Schweppes.

In 1978, production was moved from Birmingham to Moreton on the Wirral Peninsula, in Merseyside. The Moreton site was also the location of Burton's Foods and Manor Bakeries factories.

In 1986, in an effort to focus on their core brands, Cadbury Schweppes sold Typhoo, along with Kenco coffee and Jeyes Fluid. Typhoo was subject to management buy out forming a new company, Premier Brands, which acquired, in rapid succession, Melrose's, the Glengettie Tea Company, Ridgways (founded by Thomas Ridgway), and the Jersey Trading Corporation. In 1990, the company was itself acquired by Premier Foods, then trading as Hillsdown Holdings.

21st century
In October 2005, the Indian company Apeejay Surrendra Group purchased the brands for £80 million from Premier Foods and created The Typhoo Tea Company. The brand continued to be manufactured at Moreton on the Wirral.

Record high material costs and adverse currency movements saw Typhoo Tea's profits plummet to a £20m loss in the year ending 31 March 2018. The tea maker recognised the year as one of the most challenging trading periods for the business in recent history.

Early in 2020, Typhoo Tea proposed cutting about a quarter of posts at its headquarters to safeguard the future of the company. The restructuring, which is subject to the outcome of a consultation, would see 55 full-time and 21 temporary jobs closed at the firm's factory in Moreton, Wirral, a spokesman said. He said the plan came against "the backdrop of an increasingly challenging trading environment".

In 2020 Typhoo Tea reported mounting losses in a "watershed" year for the business, raising doubts about the brand’s ability to continue trading. They reported pre-tax losses of £29.9m for the 12 months to March 2019, up from £20m the prior year. The accounts warned that an inability to refinance or extend its financing agreements "represents a material uncertainty which may cast significant doubt over the company’s ability to continue as a going concern". Furthermore, the accounts stated there remained a "high level of uncertainty" as to the impact of the coronavirus outbreak, despite reporting an upward trend in supermarket sales under lockdown. Typhoo blamed its poor performance on the decision to continue to pursue an "aggressive" sales growth strategy focused on boosting its own-label business.

In 2021, Typhoo was acquired by British private-equity firm Zetland Capital.

In March 2023, Typhoo announced it was closing its Moreton factory and outsourcing production.

Sponsorships
In 2012, Typhoo became the main jersey sponsor for St. Helens Rugby league club which competes in the Super League.

Slogans
The Typhoo brand is well known in Britain for its long-running television commercial campaign jingles, such as:

 * Putting 'T' back into Britain
 * There's only one 'T' in Typhoo
 * You only get an 'OO' with Typhoo
 * For the tea that picks you up, pick up Typhoo
 * Making good tea since 1903
 * Typhoo Tea - two thumbs fresh
 * Great British tea since 1903

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Typhoo


text:
Høgni Hoydal

Høgni Karsten Hoydal (born 28 March 1966), commonly called Høgni Hoydal, is a Faroese politician. He currently serves as Deputy Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade. He has been the party leader of Tjóðveldi since 1998.

Before taking office
Høgni Hoydal was a reporter of the Faroese national television station, Kringvarp Føroya, for some years prior to his election to the Faroese parliament in 1998.

Political career
Høgni Hoydal brought the Republican Party back up from four MPs to eight in the 1998 elections and into government, due to popular opinion at the time. Høgni Hoydal became Minister of Justice and deputy Prime Minister.

The coalition stayed in power after the parliamentary elections in 2002 and brought one more political party into the coalition and government. This coalition, however, broke down on 5 December 2003 and new elections held. After these elections another coalition was formed leaving the Republican Party in opposition.

In 2008, Hoydal assumed the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs. The government coalition between the Republican Party, the People's Party and the Independence Party agreed on a road map towards independence and initiated negotiations with the Government of Denmark. The negotiations, however, broke down and the Faroese coalition started going on a path towards greater autonomy by taking over the responsibility of matters previously undertaken by Denmark.

 * Member of Republican Party
 * 1998 member of the Faroese parliament (Løgting)
 * 16 May 1998 to 5 September 2003 Minister of Justice and deputy Prime Minister
 * 5 February to 15 September 2008 Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Second Cabinet of Jóannes Eidesgaard
 * 2001 – 2011 Member of Danish parliament (Folketing) except for the periods when he was Minister
 * 2015 – Minister of Fisheries

Member of the Folketing
In 2001, he was elected as one of the two Faroese members of the Danish Folketing. He was re-elected in 2005 and re-elected again in 2007; but in the 2011 election lost the party's only Folketing seat to the Social Democrats' Sjúrður Skaale.

The Hoydal family
The family name Hoydal takes name after a neighbourhood in Tórshavn named Hoydalar, it is in a valley near Hoyvík. Dánjal Hoydal was the first who took the name, he was Høgni Hoydal's great-grandfather, he was born Joensen. His son was the Faroese writer and politician Karsten Hoydal (1912–1990) who was born in Hoydalar. Karsten Hoydal and his wife Marie Louise Falk-Rønne have four children: Annika Hoydal, born 1945, is an actor and singer, Gunnar Hoydal, born 1941 is also a writer, Kjartan Hoydal, born 1941 (Gunnar and Kjartan are twins) was secretary of the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) and is now director of sp/f Skrivarastova Fish and Film. They have another son called Egil. Høgni Hoydal is Kjartan Hoydal's son.

title: Høgni Hoydal


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Constitution of 1852

The phrase Constitution of 1852 may refer to either of the following national constitutions:

 * French Constitution of 1852, which inaugurated the Second Empire under Napoleon III
 * 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, under Kamehameha III

title: Constitution of 1852


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Independent studios

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mackensen (talk) 15:10, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Independent studios
This is basically just a list of Pokemon movies. A list of independent studios already exists at List of Hollywood movie studios, and a description of independent cinema and how independent films are produced exists at Independent film. This article should be redirected to Independent film. The list of movies is not worth merging or keeping.--Plainsong 00:02, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as suggested. -- 8^D gab 01:37, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Independent film. Megan1967 05:31, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge is the verdict. --208.183.105.11 14:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar

Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar (23 June 1901 – 24 January 1962) was a Turkish poet, novelist, literary scholar and essayist, widely regarded as one of the most important representatives of modernism in Turkish literature. In addition to his literary and academic career, Tanpınar was also a member of the Turkish Parliament between 1944 and 1946.

Early life and education
Tanpınar was born in Istanbul on 23 June 1901, the youngest of three children. His father, Hüseyin Fikri Efendi, was a judge. Hüseyin Fikri Efendi was of Georgian origin, his family having roots in the city of Maçahel. Tanpınar's mother, Nesime Bahriye Hanım, died of typhus in Mosul in 1915, when Tanpınar was thirteen.

Because his father's vocation required frequent relocation, Tanpınar continued his education in several different cities, including Istanbul, Sinop, Siirt, Kirkuk, and Antalya. After quitting veterinary college, he resumed his educational career at the Faculty of Literature at Istanbul University, which he completed in 1923.. During his time at the university, Tanpınar was tutored by Yahya Kemal, whose views deeply influenced the pupil's intellectual development and ideas about aesthetics, literature, Turkish history and culture. Between the years 1921 and 1923, Tanpınar published 11 poems in the literary publication Dergâh, which was founded by Yahya Kemal. He graduated from Istanbul University in 1923 after defending his thesis on Şeyhî's Hüsrev ü Şirin, a widely influential 15th-century masnavi frequently recomposed by various poets in subsequent periods, sometimes with the title Ferhad ü Şirin.

Later life and work
After graduating, Tanpınar began to teach. Throughout his educational career, he taught at high schools in Erzurum (1923–24), Konya, Ankara, Istanbul, the Educational Institute of Gazi and the Fine Arts Academy. At the Fine Arts Academy, besides teaching literature, Tanpınar lectured on branches of aesthetics in arts, history of art and mythology (1932–39). As an educator, he provoked debate and a degree of controversy in the 1930s after arguing for the elimination of pre-Tanzimat literature from national school curricula. In 1939, despite not having obtained a doctorate, Tanpınar was appointed to the newly founded chair of 19th-Century Turkish Literature, as professor of New Turkish Literature, at the Istanbul University Literature Faculty by the minister of education, Hasan Âli Yücel, and was tasked with writing a history of post-Tanzimat Turkish Literature. He published this study as ''XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi'' in 1949. He also contributed several publications, including Yedigün.

The 1940s marked a period of great productivity for Tanpınar. Beş Şehir (Five Cities, 1946), a collection of essays on the cities of Erzurum, Konya, Istanbul, Bursa and Ankara, followed the publication of his first novel, Mahur Beste in 1944. Huzur (translated to English as A Mind at Peace) appeared in 1949 and Sahnenin Dışındakiler (Those Who Stand Outside the Stage) in 1950. Together, these three novels constitute a trilogy. In 1953, he made an extensive journey to Europe over the course of six months, traveling to many countries including France, Belgium, Holland, England, Spain and Italy.

In 1954, Tanpınar published Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü, translated as The Time Regulation Institute. The book explores, in an often absurd and sardonic style making heavy use of symbolic imagery, topics as Turkey's troubled transition to a modern society and the departure from old values (and sometimes from reason) that it entails. Şiirler (Poems), a selection of 37 poems of the 74 Tanpınar published in his lifetime, appeared in print in 1961, the year before his death. Scholars have traced his "path to modernism" to a letter he wrote that same year to a child in Antalya.

Political career
Between the years 1944 to 1946, Tanpınar served as a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey representing Kahramanmaraş (then known as Maraş). He was a member of the Republican People's Party, at the time the only party with seats in parliament.

Death and legacy

Tanpınar died of a heart attack on 24 January 1962, aged 60, in Istanbul. His grave is in the Aşiyan Cemetery, Istanbul, close to that of his old mentor Yahya Kemal. His epitaph bears the following first two lines from his poem Ne İçindeyim Zamanın:

Ne içindeyim zamanın Ne de büsbütün dışında

('Neither am I within time Nor completely out of it')

Many works which Tanpınar was unable to publish in his lifetime were released posthumously. Although Tanpınar did not write many novels, his corpus of prose fiction has been extensively studied by Turkish literary critics. The Istanbul Tanpınar Literature Festival (ITEF) is named in honor of Tanpınar and has been held annually since 2009, and Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library, a museum dedicated to Turkish literature in the Eminönü district of Istanbul, was opened in 2011 by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

Bibliography in Turkish

 * Poetry: Şiirler, 1961
 * Stories: Abdullah Efendinin Rüyaları, 1943; Yaz Yağmuru, 1955; Hikâyeler, 1983
 * Novels: Huzur 1949; Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü, 1962; Sahnenin Dışındakiler, 1973; Mahur Beste, 1975; Aydaki Kadın, 1987
 * Essays: Beş Şehir, 1946; Yahya Kemal, 1967; Edebiyat Üzerine Makaleler, 1969; Yaşadığım Gibi, 1970
 * Monographs: XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi, 1949; Tevfik Fikret, 1937

Bibliography in English

 * A Mind at Peace (Huzur, serial novel, 1948), trans. Erdağ Göknar (Archipelago Books, 2008). ISBN 0-9793330-5-9 (a story of the people of Istanbul, set at the beginning of World War II)
 * The Time Regulation Institute (Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü, serial novel, 1954), trans. Ender Gürol (Turko-Tatar Press, 2001). Trans. by Alexander Dawe and Maureen Freely (31 Dec 2013)
 *  Tanpinar's Five Cities (Beș Șehir, 1946), trans. Ruth Christie (Anthem Press, 2018) ISBN 978-1-78308-848-5

title: Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar


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Fiona Ritchie

Fiona Karen Ritchie MBE (born 1960) is a Scottish radio broadcaster best known as the producer and host of The Thistle & Shamrock, an hour-long Celtic music program that airs weekly throughout the United States on National Public Radio (NPR). She also curates ThistleRadio, a 24/7 web-based music channel devoted to new and classic music from Celtic roots, and is co-author of The New York Times Best Seller Wayfaring Strangers.

The radio program has won numerous awards since its inception in 1981, offering a fusion of traditional and contemporary Celtic sounds, interwoven with interviews, in-studio performances and Ritchie's own trademark commentary in her "soft Scots" dialect.

Early years
Ritchie was born and raised in Scotland, where she went to the University of Stirling for her undergraduate education. While there, she was invited to spend one semester in North Carolina in the United States, which was when she first heard NPR. After graduating in Scotland, she returned to North Carolina and, although initially pursuing post-graduate research, was hired by WFAE FM, the NPR station in Charlotte, to oversee fundraising and promotion efforts. In her early years, Ritchie guest hosted live radio shows featuring everything from big band to classical music, also producing and presenting many live concerts.

WFAE was a new station open to new ideas, and in 1981 Ritchie began a weekly hour of Celtic music for its local audience. The Thistle & Shamrock was picked up for national broadcast less than two years after this debut. The program's national following grew quickly, and it was soon established as one of NPR's most widely heard and best-loved music offerings. During her years based in North Carolina, Ritchie visited radio stations coast-to-coast across the US, presenting live broadcasts and events, and in 1989 and 1990, traveled to 22 US cities with The Thistle & Shamrock Concert Tour.

Return to Scotland
Fiona Ritchie came full circle to re-settle and create her radio programs at home in Scotland. On numerous return trips to the United States, she has visited and raised funds for NPR member stations everywhere from Louisiana to Alaska, and hosted festival concerts from Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts to Chicago's Grant Park. Along the way she has forged a strong association with the United States, and made a unique contribution to the American airwaves.

In the UK, Fiona Ritchie has presented numerous programs for BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio 2, launching the Radio Scotland world music series "Celtic Connections" in 1993. She has produced and presented many live concert performances and broadcasts, including a musical event for Prince Charles in 2001 at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, and has acted in an advisory capacity for arts organisations in the US and UK, including serving on the Scottish advisory committee for the British Council.

In 2006, Ritchie launched Thistlepod, a free podcast from NPR, which ran until her radio programs became available to stream via NPR Music and Ritchie's ThistleRadio website. Her partnership with NPR Music gave rise to ThistleRadio in 2012, a 24/7 web-based music channel devoted to new and classic music from Celtic roots, now hosted by SomaFM internet radio. Ritchie has also produced several CD compilations and authored a 2005 volume on Celtic music for the NPR Curious Listener's Guide book series.

In 2014, Wayfaring Strangers: The Musical Voyage from Scotland and Ulster to Appalachia, her major book, with CD, which was named after The Wayfaring Stranger folk song, was published by UNC Press. The book was co-authored by Doug Orr with a Foreword by Dolly Parton. Wayfaring Strangers appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list in two different categories.

Awards and honours
Ritchie's awards include six World Medals from the New York Festivals International Competition for Radio Programming, and a Flora Macdonald Award from St. Andrews University (North Carolina), which also conferred upon her the degree of honorary doctorate. Hundreds of Thistle & Shamrock tapes and vinyl albums, along with concert recordings, playlists, newsletters, and related materials are now part of a working archive in the Scottish Heritage Center at St. Andrews University (North Carolina). The archive is open to anyone interested in studying the rich heritage of Celtic music. Ritchie also serves on the Advisory Board of the Swannanoa Gathering folk arts workshops at Warren Wilson College in North Carolina.

In 2003 the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage honoured her for "creating an on-air community, serving as a musical ambassador, and connecting listeners with the best of traditional and contemporary artistry.”

Ritchie was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting and traditional Scottish music. In 2016 she received the Hamish Henderson Award for Services to Traditional Music, named for the influential folklorist, poet, songwriter and scholar who died in 2002. The award is presented annually to an individual who has made a substantial difference to the Scottish traditional music world. Upon receiving this honour, Ritchie was also inducted into Scottish Traditional Music Hall of Fame.

Ritchie's ThistleRadio music channel on SomaFM was awarded Best Music Show: Country/Folk/Blues in the 2017 Online Radio Awards presented by the British streaming service Mixcloud. In 2018, Folk Alliance International inducted Ritchie into their Folk DJ Hall of Fame.

title: Fiona Ritchie


text:
Talk:Jack Christiansen

Untitled
This is a POV love letter, not an encyclopedia article. RickK 00:04, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I understand

Sarge 02:22, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The deed has been done, now it is an encyclopedia article.Sarge 04:04, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jack Christiansen


text:
Luncheon of the Boating Party

Luncheon of the Boating Party Le Déjeuner des canotiers is an 1881 painting by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Included in the Salon in 1882, it was identified as the best painting in the show by three critics. It was purchased from the artist by the dealer-patron Paul Durand-Ruel and bought in 1923 (for $125,000) from his son by industrialist Duncan Phillips, who spent a decade in pursuit of the work. It is now in The Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering light.

Description
The painting, combining figures, still-life, and landscape in one work, depicts a group of Renoir's friends relaxing on a balcony at the Maison Fournaise restaurant along the Seine river in Chatou, France. The painter and art patron, Gustave Caillebotte, is seated in the lower right. Renoir's future wife, Aline Charigot, is in the foreground playing with a small dog, an affenpinscher; she replaced an earlier woman who sat for the painting but with whom Renoir became annoyed. On the table is fruit and wine.

The diagonal of the railing serves to demarcate the two halves of the composition, one densely packed with figures, the other all but empty, save for the two figures of the proprietor's daughter Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise and her brother, Alphonse Fournaise, Jr, which are made prominent by this contrast. In this painting Renoir has captured a great deal of light. The main focus of light is coming from the large opening in the balcony, beside the large singleted man in the hat. The singlets of both men in the foreground and the table-cloth all work together to reflect this light and send it through the whole composition.

The painting is thought to show the influence of Italian Renaissance painter Paolo Veronese on Renoir's style, in particular, The Wedding Feast at Cana (1563), one of Renoir's favorite Veronese paintings at the Louvre, which depicts a similar banquet theme to that of the Luncheon.

Subjects depicted
As he often did in his paintings, Renoir included several of his friends in Luncheon of the Boating Party. Identification of the sitters was made in 1912 by Julius Meier-Graefe. Among them are the following:
 * The seamstress Aline Charigot, who is holding an affenpinscher dog, sits near the bottom left of the composition. Renoir married her in 1890, and they had three sons.
 * Charles Ephrussi—wealthy amateur art historian, collector, and editor of the Gazette des Beaux-Arts—appears wearing a top hat in the background. The younger man to whom Ephrussi appears to be speaking, more casually attired in a brown coat and cap, may be Jules Laforgue, his personal secretary and also a poet and critic.
 * Actress Ellen Andrée drinks from a glass in the center of the composition. Seated across from her is Baron Raoul Barbier, former mayor of colonial Saigon.
 * Placed within but peripheral to the party are the proprietor's daughter Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise and her brother, Alphonse Fournaise, Jr., both sporting traditional straw boaters and appearing to the left side of the image. Alphonsine is the smiling woman leaning on the railing; Alphonse, who was responsible for the boat rental, is the leftmost figure.
 * Also wearing boaters are figures appearing to be Renoir's close friends Eugène Pierre Lestringez, a bureaucrat, and Paul Lhote, himself an artist. Renoir depicts them flirting with the actress Jeanne Samary in the upper righthand corner of the painting.
 * In the right foreground, Gustave Caillebotte wears a white boater's shirt and flat-topped straw boater's hat as he sits backwards in his chair next to actress Angèle Legault and Italian journalist Adrien Maggiolo. An art patron, painter, and important figure in the impressionist circle, Caillebotte was also an avid boatman and drew on that subject for several works.

Actual location
The actual location of the scene is Maison Fournaise.

Contemporary critical reception
At the Seventh Impressionist Exhibition in 1882, the painting generally received praise from critics. "It is fresh and free without being too bawdy," wrote Paul de Charry in Le Pays, March 10, 1882. In La Vie Moderne (March 11, 1882), Armand Silvestre wrote, "...one of the best things [Renoir] has painted...There are bits of drawing that are completely remarkable, drawing – true drawing – that is a result of the juxtaposition of hues and not of line. It is one of the most beautiful pieces that this insurrectionist art by Independent artists has produced." Alternatively, Le Figaro published Albert Wolff's comment on March 2, 1882: "If he had learned to draw, Renoir would have a very pretty picture..."

In popular culture

 * Actor Edward G. Robinson (1893-1973) is quoted as saying: “For over thirty years I made periodic visits to Renoir's Luncheon of the Boating Party in a Washington museum, and stood before that magnificent masterpiece hour after hour, day after day, plotting ways to steal it."
 * A homage to this painting appears in the final panel of On the False Earths (1977), the seventh volume of Jean-Claude Mézières and Pierre Christin's long-running comic book series Valérian and Laureline.
 * The painting was featured prominently in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's film Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain — released in English as Amélie (2001). The most prominent reference is a comparison between the film's protagonist, Amélie, and the woman in the centre sipping a glass (Ellen Andrée), seemingly gazing out of the canvas, uninterested, while everyone else is enjoying the day together. The painting and its relationship to Amélie is also featured in the 2015 musical version of the film in the song "The Girl with the Glass".
 * Renoir's creation of the painting is dramatized in Susan Vreeland's 2007 novel Luncheon of the Boating Party.

title: Luncheon of the Boating Party


text:
Yosemite Sam (shortwave)

Yosemite Sam (/joʊˈsɛmɪti/ yoh-SEM-ih-tee) is the nickname given by DXers to a rumored numbers station that was heard making intermittent broadcasts between December 19, 2004 and February 16, 2005. It transmitted on several shortwave frequencies in dual side band: 3700 kHz, 4300 kHz, 6500 kHz, and 10500 kHz. The nickname is taken from the Warner Bros. Cartoons character Yosemite Sam, whose voice was always played as part of the unusual transmission.

The broadcast series
The broadcast began on one of the frequencies stated above. Ten seconds later, it was repeated on the next higher frequency, and so on for a total of two minutes. The entire pattern took precisely two minutes, and always began seven seconds after the top of an hour. Each broadcast started with a data burst lasting 0.8 seconds, followed by the voice of Yosemite Sam (played by voice actor Mel Blanc) exclaiming: "Varmint, I'm a-gonna b-b-b-bloooow ya ta'smithereenies!" The audio clip is from the 1950 cartoon Bunker Hill Bunny.

The initial broadcasts lasted only from December 19 to December 23, 2004. They subsequently returned on January 14, 2005, on the old frequencies plus additional new frequencies, including those of time signals stations WWV and WWVH. Reception reports seemed to indicate that the transmitter site was likely somewhere in the desert around Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Source discovery
Since 3700kHz is in the 80-meter band used by ham radio operators, the appearance of an unauthorized and anonymous wide-band signal attracted the attention of many amateur radio enthusiasts from across the country, leading to speculation that the broadcasts were emanating from a type of numbers station. In February 2005, two ham operators from New Mexico successfully used mobile radio triangulation equipment to track the signal to the Laguna Pueblo reservation around 50 miles west of Albuquerque, and more precisely to the Mobility Assessment Test & Integration Center (MATIC), a radio test site owned and operated by military contractor Laguna Industries. In a 2003 news article, MATIC was described as a "32,000-square-mile range" intended to "test frequencies, radios and other aspects of communications networks, using the mesas and hills around Laguna Pueblo to simulate battlefield conditions for short-range radio equipment."

On the afternoon of February 16, the investigating hams reached the outer perimeter of MATIC and began taking photographs of a compound containing buildings, towers and antennae, but they quickly fled when they were approached by an angry security guard. Three hours later, the radio broadcasts abruptly ceased, and have not been heard since. Laguna Industries also removed all references to MATIC from their official website; despite this, MATIC itself has continued to operate as a government-controlled RF test and training range as late as 2009, having performed airborne tests of a 12-lb "micro UAV" for Honeywell in 2005 and tests of a vehicle-mounted directed energy weapon (described in documents as a microwave-based "prototype engine stopper") for the US Department of Justice in April 2009.

title: Yosemite Sam (shortwave)


text:
Talk:African cuisine

Wiki Education assignment: Contemporary Black Popular Culture
— Assignment last updated by ChimdiOsuji (talk) 15:07, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:23, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Madesu.jpg
 * Ntaba.jpg

title: Talk:African cuisine


text:
Compass Airlines (Australia)

Compass Airlines operated in Australia for two brief periods in the early 1990s. The two incarnations of the airline were quite separate with different management and aircraft.

History
Compass I was Australia's first low cost airline. It was established following deregulation of the Australian airline industry in 1990. Previously Ansett and the government-owned Australian Airlines had operated under the Two Airlines Policy, which was in fact a legal barrier to new entrants to the Australian aviation market. It restricted intercapital services to the two major domestic carriers. This anti-competitive arrangement ensured that they carried approximately the same number of passengers, charged the same fares and had similar fleet sizes and equipment.

Compass Mark I
Compass Airlines, later referred to as Compass Mark I was established by Bryan Grey, who had previously run regional airline East-West Airlines.

East-West had earlier attempted to break the duopoly of Ansett and Australian Airlines by offering cheap fares but in the regulated environment of the time was not allowed to operate directly between major cities so was forced to detour via regional centres. East-West was ultimately acquired by Ansett.

Compass commenced operating between Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Perth on 1 December 1990. In July 1991 it commenced serving Adelaide.

At its peak Compass Mark I operated four leased Airbus A300 and a single A310 aircraft. Two aircraft were leased from British charter carrier Monarch Airlines.

Compass Mark I collapsed on 20 December 1991, with Ferrier Hodgson appointed as administrator. The reasons being portrayed as undercapitalisation, sustained fare discounting by its competitors and failing to make use of its potential to also carry freight.

The Federal Government made it extremely difficult for the new airline to succeed, as evidenced by the lack of suitable facilities provided to Compass. In the major cities, the fledgling carrier was forced to accept what were the least accessible aircraft parking bays inside the terminal of one of their competitors, an impediment to successful trade also noted by the government's own Australian Competition & Consumer Commission study. Compass Airlines' initial operations were also significantly disrupted by what appeared to be a computer attack on their reservations system.

As the official findings of the Australian Taxation Office detail, the federal government set in place legal proceedings that inevitably led to the repossession of the leased aircraft and the effective grounding of the airline, with the subsequent direct and indirect loss of thousands of jobs.

The government and Compass had been in dispute for many months over the amount paid for the provision of services provided by the governmental authority the Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Although this dispute had been ongoing, the Government chose to act just before the peak 1991 Christmas traveling period. At 21:00 on 20 December 1991, Compass Airlines was grounded. The underlying issues remained unresolved until a final High Court of Australia hearing in 1999. It was argued, had the airline been allowed to continue trading over the Christmas period, the peak travel season in Australia, it would have had more of a chance meeting its disputed financial obligations than being shut down at this point in time.

Compass Mark II
Compass Mark II was originally conceived as Southern Cross Airlines but chose to trade under the Compass brand, which seemed to have popular support. This may have been a commercial error as many suppliers required Compass Mark II to purchase items and pay up front, rather than lease the same items as would normally be the case.

It commenced operations on 31 August 1992 with three McDonnell Douglas MD-82 and two McDonnell Douglas MD-83 aircraft. It collapsed on 4 March 1993. Two further MD83 aircraft on order were not delivered following the final demise Compass Mark II. Southern Cross chairman Douglas Reid was convicted in 1997 of theft and false accounting amounting to $10 million in relation to the collapse. He received a record 10-year jail sentence.

Fleet
Compass Mark I
 * 4 Airbus A300B4-605R
 * 1 Airbus A310-304

Compass Mark II
 * 3 McDonnell Douglas MD-82
 * 2 McDonnell Douglas MD-83

title: Compass Airlines (Australia)


text:
Talk:Folding clothes

An entire article on the art of clothes-folding... well, why not? 8^D  --Spudtater 15:38, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Well, since someone's making an article about this, this link shows a cool technique from Japan for folding t-shirts http://www.readymademag.com/feature_14_foldem.php (there's probably other references to this on the internet as well)--Confuzion 01:07, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folding clothes


text: Talk:Culture of South America

title: Talk:Culture of South America


text:
Talk:Modern literature

Untitled
Why isn't John Steinbeck included on this page? Aesculapius75 08:41, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Requesting wider attention
I felt article Islamic_literature is in bit of neglect so I added my note on talk page there, requesting to take note of Talk:Islamic_literature. If possible requesting copy edit support. Suggestions for suitable reference sources at Talk:Islamic_literature is also welcome.

Posting message here too for neutrality sake

Thanks and greetings

Bookku (talk) 07:24, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modern literature


text:
.tv (TV channel)

.tv (formerly The Computer Channel, pronounced as Dot TV and referred to on-screen as .tv - the technology channel) was a British television channel dedicated to technology. .tv was owned and operated by British Sky Broadcasting. The channel first broadcast on 1 September 1996 and broadcast between 18:00 and 20:00, timesharing with Granada Good Life when it launched a month later. The broadcasting hours were increased to midday-midnight when the channel started broadcasting on British Sky Broadcasting's digital satellite platform, Sky Digital in 1998. In 1999 the channel interviewed then Microsoft CEO Bill Gates.

Towards the end of its run, .tv implemented several new shows heavily sponsored by online technology store dabs.com, promoting products which were available at that site. .tv was closed on 2 September 2001 because of low audience ratings. Most of the programmes were produced by Hewland International.

Programming

 * Buyers Guide - 20 minute weekday show that reviewed gadgets (such as PDAs and printers), computers and software (such as video games, operating systems and photo manipulation). Presented by Will Hanrahan. Guests included: Lydia Jones, Chris Long, and Ashley Jones.
 * Chips with Everything - 20-minute weekday show presented by Kate Russell with guests trying to answer computer-related questions that were sent in by viewers. Guests included: Roger Gann, James Morris, Simon Smart, Nigel Whitfield, Guy Clapperton, and Charles Bocock.
 * Ex Machina - 30-minute weekly show that went behind the scenes of digitally produced entertainment (video games, films and television programmes).
 * Game Over (originally Games World) - variable-format video game magazine show. The show was presented by Andy Collins and co-presented by Matt Berry, Richard Pitt, Helen Hartley & Kellie Priestley. In November 2000, Matt Cuttle took over as the sole presenter.
 * Games Republic - A question-based video game quiz show, presented by Trevor and Simon.
 * 404 Not Found - An offbeat news and reviews show with regular viewer letters and emails, written and hosted by Dave Green and Danny O’Brien, with additional script-writing by James Wallis.
 * Global Village - 30-minute weekly show that looked at how technology was revolutionising our homes from an international perspective. Presented by Will Hanrahan
 * Masterclass - 20-minute weekday show that gave tutorials on how to use features from programs like Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop and Nero Burning ROM. For the majority of the run, the show was presented by Richard Topping, affectionately known as "Toppers." He left the show to pursue a successful career in writing. His replacement was comedian Marc Haynes, who fronted the show until the channel closed.
 * Nexus - A puzzle game show hosted by Brian Blessed

Buyers Guide, Masterclass and Chips with Everything were repeated as omnibus editions (the weekday editions broadcast as one programme) on weekends.

title: .tv (TV channel)


text:
Louise Fréchette

Louise Fréchette (born July 16, 1946) is a Canadian diplomat and public servant who served for eight years as United Nations Deputy Secretary-General. She also served a three-year term at the Centre for International Governance Innovation, an international relations and policy think-tank in Waterloo, Ontario, working on a major research project on nuclear energy and the world's security.

Early life and education
Born in Montreal, Fréchette graduated with a degree in history from the Université de Montréal in 1970 and from the College of Europe (Bruges) with a postgraduate Certificate of Advanced European Studies (equivalent to a master's degree) in 1978.

Diplomatic career
Fréchette began her career in 1971 when she joined Canada's Department of External Affairs. She was posted to the Canadian embassy in Athens before joining Canada's UN delegation in Geneva in 1978.

In 1985, at the age of 39, Fréchette was named Canada's ambassador to Argentina. In 1989, she was sent on a secret mission to Cuba to lobby Fidel Castro to support the Gulf War. While unsuccessful, she impressed Ottawa with her efforts and was named Canada's ambassador to the United Nations in 1992.

In 1995, Fréchette left the foreign service to become assistant deputy minister of finance in Ottawa. She was later promoted to deputy minister of national defense, the first woman to hold that position.

Deputy Secretary General of the UN
In 1997, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan announced a series of reforms at the world body, including the creation of the position of deputy secretary-general to handle many of the administrative responsibilities which had previously been the responsibility of the secretary-general. Fréchette was offered the position and accepted and has been responsible for overseeing numerous reforms at the UN. While at the United Nations, Fréchette – working with her U.S. counterpart Madeleine K. Albright, among others – was pivotal in devising a peacekeeping operation for Haiti with the return from exile of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1994.

In 2005, after being criticized by former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker for failed management of the Iraq Oil-for-Food Program, Fréchette announced her resignation.

Later career
Fréchette is a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation and is a member of the International Advisory Board at the Institute for the Study of International Development (ISID) at McGill University. She was a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Commission of Eminent Persons on nuclear energy challenges which issued its report in April 2008.

Corporate boards

 * Essilor, Independent Member of the Board of Directors
 * Shell Canada, Independent Member of the Board of Directors (2006-2007)

Non-profit organizations

 * CARE Canada, Chair of the Board (since 2011)
 * CARE International, Chair of the Supervisory Board
 * Global Leadership Foundation (GLF), Member
 * International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament (ICNND), Member of the Advisory Board
 * Montreal Centre for International Studies, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Montreal Council on Foreign Relations (MCFR), Member of the Board of Directors

Recognition
In 1998, Fréchette was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

title: Louise Fréchette


text:
Jargon Software

Jargon Software Inc. is a computer software development company that specializes in development and deployment tools and business applications for mobile handheld devices such as Pocket PC and Symbol PDA devices.

The company is based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, and is a privately held Minnesota corporation. It markets its products both directly and through selected resellers to corporate, governmental and other organizations around the world.

History
Jargon Software was formed in 1997 to create an Internet application architecture that would overcome the inherent limitations of traditional web-enabling technologies, not require long and complicated download and installation procedures, insulate the application from the turbulent times that lie ahead, and offer an upgrade path to emerging technologies. The company was originally named Viking Software Corp. The name was changed to Jargon Software in late 1998 in light-hearted recognition of the many buzzwords pertaining to the technology that underlies the company's products. The founders and principals of Jargon Software are Richard D. Rubenstein, Timothy J. Bloch, and Thomas L. Dietsche.

Products
Jargon Software products are used by developers to develop and deploy smart-client mobile software applications that can run both online and offline. Jargon Software designs mobile products that integrate sales-order processing, inventory, field service, and inspections for small and large companies in any industry anywhere in the world. The open Jargon design makes it possible to manage business on any PDA.

Industries where Jargon mobile software works especially well include motor vehicles & parts, furniture & home furnishings, building & construction materials, electronic equipment, appliances, garden equipment & supplies, foods & beverages, health & personal care, clothing & clothing accessories, sporting goods, real estate management, florists, office supplies, hardware, farm implements, jewelry, petroleum products, pets & pet supplies.

ForceField Mobile SFA
ForceField Mobile SFA (salesforce automation) is an extensible application that works like a remote control. It puts the power of the office into the hands of salespeople, letting them be with their customers rather than in the office.

All data is stored on the mobile PDA while also being able to operate real-time when a connection is present.

The development tool creates XML files that define the client-side user interface (UI), with embedded JavaScript for client-side logic. Developers create applications that directly manipulate individual client components via a server's responses to HTTP requests or via embedded JavaScript functions that are linked to UI events.

The deployment engine runs on various mobile devices, including handhelds, tablets, and laptop PCs. It interprets and executes XML applications that are downloaded from a host server (similar to reading web pages).

Since these XML pages are hosted, deployment overhead is essentially eliminated when installing new versions of the applications. The user can get the latest version by simply clicking a button while online, the devices do not need to be brought back into the home office to be restaged.

Successful mobile applications must be able to run when disconnected from the network, due to coverage dead spots or restrictions on use of wireless devices in certain areas (e.g. medical facilities). This results in the need to store data locally on the mobile device. Jargon Reader can store low-volume data automatically in text and table components. Embedded SQL databases (such as the Oracle Lite Database from Oracle Corporation) are used for higher volume storage requirements.

Client-host synchronization is achieved at the application level, resulting in more efficiency and eliminating the need for additional mobile middleware.

Jargon Writer
Jargon Writer is a platform-neutral and language-neutral development system that uses XML to construct a mobile application's graphical user interfaces with a robust yet lightweight set of components, an event handling framework, and locally executed procedures. A generic HTTP interface is used to run procedures on remote hosts via middleware products or built-in web server features such as Active Server Pages (ASP) or PHP scripts. The HTTP interface can also request text documents, images and other files from any server on the network to which the client is connected. FTP uploads and downloads are also supported.

Jargon Writer uses a point-and-click, drag-and-drop WYSIWYG layout editor with fill-in-the blanks attribute tables, and a text editor for writing JavaScript functions. It also includes PDA Emulator and Windows versions of the Jargon Reader deployment products so that developers can run applications as they are being developed to see how they look and behave.

Jargon Reader
Jargon Reader deployment products are a family of high-performance client engines that use a patented methodology to automatically download and execute the XML-based applications developed with Jargon Writer.

Using the information in these XML client application files, Jargon Reader renders (draws) the graphical user interface and executes logic functions in response to user interface events such as selecting a button. Various peripherals such as barcode readers, mag-card readers, RFID readers and mobile printers are also supported.

Versions of Jargon Reader have been written for the following client platforms:

 * Jargon Reader for Pocket PC runs on WinCE and PocketPC-based handheld devices including HP, Dell and Symbol
 * Jargon Reader for Windows runs on all 32-bit Windows PC platforms (Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP)

Patents

 * , "System and method for deploying and implementing software applications over a distributed network", - 	Timothy J. Bloch, Thomas L. Dietsche, Richard D. Rubenstein - 2007

title: Jargon Software


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pet theory

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. Accordingly, the article will be kept, though may be merged and redirected according to editorial needs. Postdlf 21:03, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Pet theory
Non-encyclopedic. TigerShark 00:13, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not NPOV, and a dicdef besides. -- 8^D gab 01:31, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)
 * Delete. no aditional meaning other than pet + theory. Mikkalai 04:13, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep real term. Could be expanded by adding examples. Grue 17:28, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Yes, it's a real term. But Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Before you can make a term into an enclopedia entry, you have to say something about it that goes beyond a simple definition. The anonymous author of this article tried to do that, but didn't manage to get beyond some vague generalities. Perhaps we should process it for improvement rather than deletion, but I don't see anybody taking ownership of it for that purpose. Isaac R 20:07, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 23:19, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Right now it's merely a definition and a stub, but it has room to expand using examples, etc. This is how many articles start, just give them time. --Aranae 01:01, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I disagree that it's a stub --- it's too vague and subjective. There's nothing here for anybody to expand upon. Which is why nobody's made any changes (except for a copy edit) in the 18 months since the article was created. --Isaac R 01:19, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect to theory. Radiant_* 13:56, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I like the idea of merging with theory, but I'm not sure it could be done smoothly. In time that article will need to be split and this may be a later split.  If anyone can merge with theory and make it work, then I'd change my vote to merge. --Aranae 17:46, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Pet theory isn't about theories as such. It's about the psychology of people who have a personal stake in particular theory. Maybe you could make a case for merging Pet theory with one of the Objectivity articles, but even that's a bit of a stretch. There's a better fit in the ideas of Thomas Kuhn, but since the ideas don't seem to be consciously based on Kuhn, you can't merge it in there, either. ---Isaac R 18:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I apologies for rambling on, but writing the previous paragraph made me realize that Pet theory breaks another Wikipedia rule: No original research. The author is making wholly original observations about the psychology of inobjectivy. It might seem strange to penalize the author for thinking his own thoughts, but that's not the kind of thing you put in an encylopedia. ---Isaac R 18:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Real phrase in real use, but no potential to become encyclopedic as it can never be more than a dicdef. The portions of this article that go beyond being a dicdef are, as Isaac R pointed out, original research. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:36, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please let the stub expand Yuckfoo 06:35, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or at the very least remove to wikidictionary. --maru 00:16, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's a phenomenon more than a definition. Potential for expansion to explain such things as researchers who include content in lectures that they never submit for peer review in publication form, colloquial usage of the term in the press and online, and how the term has perjorative impact when applied to any proposal.  Tobycat 02:09, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Though it's not much at the moment, it has potential for encyclopedic merit. Josh 04:15, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-enciclopedical, NPOV, original research.
 * Keep. Perfectly good wiki material.  I can think of a few examples where some scientist's pet theory made a notable episode in the history of science.  Usually such pet theories are wrong,  but sometimes they are right.  Consider Dick Feynman's pet theory about room at the bottom, or even Kelvin's pet theory of the impossibility of heavier-than-air flight.  I'll put some examples in when I get a minute.  Robinh 12:28, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It may be good wiki material. The question is, is it good Wikipedia material? This is a reference, not a soapbox. ---Isaac R 15:36, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Culture of Asia

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Asuuske. Peer reviewers: Asuuske.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:49, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved per no support Tiggerjay (talk) 05:53, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

– I am looking to arrange consistency with Category:Asian culture, Western culture, Arab culture, African culture, etc. The current page Asian culture is a disambiguation linking to this page and Asian Culture (journal), I would argue that this is the primary topic and will include a hatnote once the page is moved. The current Asian culture (disambiguation) is a redirect to Asian culture. -- Andrewaskew (talk) 04:17, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Culture of Asia → Asian culture
 * Asian culture → Asian culture (disambiguation)
 * Oppose Except that unlike "Western culture" or "Arab culture", "Asian culture" isn't a culture. This article covers the cultures found in Asia, not "Asian culture". Indeed "Western culture" and "Arab culture" are subtopics of "Culture of Asia" due to North Asia (Asian Russia) and West Asia (Middle East) respectively. -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 05:20, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I understand this objection. Are you asserting that Europe, the Middle-East, and Africa are monocultural? Because that is no more true than to say the same of Asia.
 * Furthermore, what sense is implied by Culture of Asia that isn't captured by the synonymous Asian culture?
 * Thank you. --Andrewaskew (talk) 07:08, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The West (not the same as "Europe", which I didn't say at all) can be classified as having shared cultural components from being derived from Western Civilization. Same with Arab culture (which I never said "Middle-East" either). This is not the case with Africa (North African Arab v sub-Saharan Bantu v Southern African Bushmen) or Asia ("Asian values" are East Asian, part of the Sinitic cultural sphere) or the Middle-East (particularly the Arab-Persian divide). -- 70.24.250.103 (talk) 05:48, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose The proposed title suggests that there is a single Asian culture, when in fact Asia is home to a wide and diverse range of cultural traditions. I would suggest that, unlike Arab culture, in the case of Asia there is no unifying language and shared cultural heritage to such an extent. With regards to Western culture, the alternative formulation "Culture of the West" is a bit long-winded; a far better analogy is Culture of Europe, as well as Culture of South America, which like this article are about continents. I believe African culture should be moved to Culture of Africa for the same reason. 84.92.117.93 (talk) 20:53, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Culture of Africa was moved to African culture at the same time as the current move request was made. I agree that it should be moved back.   Kanguole 08:14, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose In fact a plural name Cultures of Asia would be more appropriate for such a geographical selection of disparate cultures. That would go for the recently moved Culture of Africa too.  Kanguole 12:00, 15 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Culture is entirely a social construct. We can even speak of "human culture" without implying that all people have the same culture. Individual cultures of Asia share common aspects that aren't found in, say individual cultures of Europe, so there's some value of describing the culture of Asia broadly. It only suggests monoculturalism if you read it that way. --BDD (talk) 17:02, 16 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Central Asia section
I just think I should let you know, I have edited Central Asia to leave the reader to decide whether it is part of that aeea of this planet or not but I think in future if they think it is, then they will be in an extremely small and vunerable minority. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.234.214.63 (talk) 07:52, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

I agree, Central Asia is not Eastern Europe or the Middle East. It may have not been subjective many moons ago but it is now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.123.21.98 (talk) 01:04, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Anime isn't it an Asian culture?
It's a culture...... i think Danteredgrave (talk) 22:11, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

It is a culture. It has integrated into Japanese life. It has influenced the way we look at Japan. If we look at America, what is the first thing we think of? Freedom, land of oppurtunity. If you look at Japan, what is the first thing that pops into your mind? Samurai, Ninjas, Anime Because we know Japan, with the help of anime, we can say that anime is indeed an Asian Culture.Asuuske (talk) 02:41, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

Land of opportunity? The first think that comes to mind when I am thinking of the United States is institutional racism and oppression. Followed by McCarthyism and fundamentalism. I consider myself a fan of American popular culture, but the history that shaped it reads like a horror story.

And while Anime is indeed important in shaping foreign perceptions of Japan, it is an aspect of a single culture in Asia. Dimadick (talk) 00:04, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

New Section for Family?
Family is a big thing in Asia. In Asian culture, the parents decide the law and the children are expected to follow it without question. Even when they grow older, they are expected to stay loyal to their family. They follow filial piety, where respect for their parents and the elders are extremely important. Asuuske (talk) 03:00, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Culture of Asia


text:
Jim McGuigan

James Fitzgerald McGuigan (November 9, 1923 – March 5, 1998) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1977 to 1990.

Background
McGuigan was educated at Ontario Agricultural College, and worked as a farmer. He served as the president of several farming organizations, including the Kent County Vegetable Growers Association, the Kent County Federation of Agriculture and the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Association. He also served as chair of the Raleigh-Harwich Public School Board, and was an executive member of the Ontario Federation of Agriculture from 1973 to 1977. McGuigan was known as an agricultural innovator. He pioneered the use of plastic greenhouses for tobacco production. He also experimented with the production, pre-cooling and shipment of strawberries to markets in Ontario and Quebec. Together with his wife Mona, they raised four children on their farm in Cedar Springs, Chatham-Kent, Ontario.

Politics
He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1977 provincial election, defeating Progressive Conservative Don Luckham by 641 votes in the southwestern Ontario riding of Kent—Elgin. In the 1981 election, he defeated PC challenger Wes Thompson by 337 votes.

The Liberal Party made an electoral breakthrough in the 1985 provincial election, and McGuigan was re-elected by a significant margin. Following the election, the Liberals were able to form a minority government with support from the Ontario New Democratic Party. During the next five years he was appointed as parliamentary assistant to several ministers including the Energy, Natural Resources, Transportation and Agriculture.

Ontario's electoral map was redistributed before the 1987 election, and McGuigan was forced to face NDP incumbent Pat Hayes in the new riding of Essex—Kent. McGuigan won by 1,063 votes, as the Liberal Party won a landslide majority across the province.

The NDP defeated the Liberals in the 1990 provincial election, and Hayes defeated McGuigan by almost 6,000 votes. He retired from politics after his defeat.

After politics
In 1992, he was inducted into the Kent Agricultural Hall of Fame. He died at Chatham Public General Hospital in 1998.

title: Jim McGuigan


text:
Talk:Culture of ancient Rome

Writing style
I must be candid here, but the transition and flow of this article needs work. It seems very choppy and jumps from one place to another. I had a lot of trouble following along. It is informative, but would someone mind reading this article through (other than the writer himself) and see if it does need work?* Thank you Mfiedor 10:51, 17 July 20

Toilets in Ancient Rome
I was wondering where the ancient Romans disposed of their urine and feces? I've heard about public toilets where the seats were made by marble. Marble was very cold and they had to keep slaves sitting on the toilet seats to warm them up for the free people. Is there any reality to this? Could someone please add this topic to the article? cun 21:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Well done!
Well done to everyone who worked on this - this is a great example to our critics of how Wikipedia is generally reliable. Two, three, or more heads are better than one. Charlie123 11:59, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

This was very prosperous and beyond of what I was reading, this is very professional and well written. It brought more to my eyes than I expected it would. Brichambers (talk) 23:12, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

Info on Religions
I've got some good information on Roman religious movements in the Roman peninsula. If anyone thinks that, for some reason, it might fall out of the scope of "culture" then please feel free to say. Stephensj74 01:35, 13 May 2005 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, culture is such a term which will always have something on Religion - I feel that the relevant matter may be briefly put in the article.--Bhadani 01:29, 13 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I can do a brief article. I'll probably be able to do it Friday night and Saturday. Stephensj74 01:37, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

In the Apenine peninsula, I presume. Religion is culture by any definition, so go right ahead, as long as its your own work. Zocky 01:25, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Here's the article I've worked on for the Religion section. Tell me what you guys think about it. I not sure whether to put it under the religion heading or break it up and expand it to other sections or what, you guys tell me. So here it is:

Roman religious beliefs date back all the way to the founding of Rome, which in dates to around 1400 BC but the Roman religion commonly associated with the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire did not start forming until around 500 BC when Romans came in contact with Greek culture and adopted many of the Greek’s religious beliefs including the representation of Greek gods in the form of humans.

Many of the gods that the Roman’s worshiped were based on the gods the Greeks worshiped. The three central deities for Rome was the Roman god Jupiter (who was the god of rain, thunder, and lightning) who was called Zeus by the Greeks, the Roman god Mars (the good of warfare) who was called Ares by the Greeks, and the Roman god Quirinus (who watched over the senate house) who was one of the truly “Roman” gods who was associated with the people of Sabine and was also associated with the founder of Rome, Romulus (who was also a god).

When Rome began to expand its influence all over the Mediterranean Rome began accepting other foreign gods into their own culture, such as the Greek gods, and other religious traditions such as the Cynic and Stoic traditions. There were even attempts by many Roman and Greek philosophers to accept other gods that countered their religion such as the Jewish deity Yahweh (viewed as the only Supreme god by the Israelites) by stating that the Jews merely worshiped Jupiter but just under a different name and therefore there should be an acceptance of the Jewish culture. With the fall of the Roman Republic and the reign of the emperors which created the Roman Empire in 31 BC the Roman emperors were considered to be gods incarnate.

Two major philosophical schools of thought that derived from Greek religion and philosophy that became prominent in Rome in the 1st and 2nd century AD was Cynicism and Stoicism which, according to Cora Lutz were “fairly well merged” in the early years of the Roman Empire. Cynicism taught that civilization was corrupt and people needed to break away from it and it’s trappings and Stoicism taught that one must give up all earthly goods by remaining detached from civilization and help others. Because of their negative views on civilization and of their way of life, in where many of them just wore a dirty cloak, carried a staff, and a coin purse, and slept outdoors, they were the targets of the Roman aristocracy and of the emperor and many were persecuted by the Roman government for being “subversive.” The philosopher Lucian attacked the cynics in his book “The Philosophies for Sale” in which he mocked the cynics by stating “First...stripping you of your luxury...I will put a cloak on you...Next I will compel you to undergo pains and hardships, sleeping on the ground, drinking nothing but water...Leading this life you will say that your are happier than the Great King...Frequent the most crowded market place...and in [it] desire to be solitary and uncommunicative...”

Much of the Roman practices of their religion and philosophy lasted until the Roman Emperor Constantine made Christianity the official Roman religion for the Roman Empire in 313 AD. Prior to that Christianity had spread from the Roman province of Palestine, where it was heavily influenced by Judaism, until it started to pick up many beliefs from the Greeks as it was being spread throughout the Roman Empire. Stephensj74 22:38, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Most historians of the Roman religion would mention Etruscan practice, filtered and colored by Greek, both in popular religion and in the religion of the literate class. The Roman approach to religion is well discussed in A History of Private Life : 1. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium Paul Veyne, editor,(1987). It's availablein paperback over the Internet, and reading it would give some perspective. --Wetman 19:11, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Article or a list of links
Is this going to be a list or a real article? Stancel 21:07, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Should be an article, probably containing some lists or links to lists. olivier 10:35, May 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, although a "list" is ok at the initial state, ultimately COTW status and contributions should result into a complete article Culture of Ancient Rome--Bhadani 15:31, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Government and Politics
I think we should leave out stuff on Roman government and poolitics. Ancient Rome looks like it's going to be COTW next week and that kind of material probably belongs there. I understand "culture" here in the narrow sense of arts and letters, not in the broad sense of "civilization". Zocky 08:19, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. The current organizatin of topics under the heading "Political life and public institutions" is not too fortunate anyway. I would insist, though, that the information on Roman law stays on the page. That is not just because I put it in, but because Roman law (much more than Roman politics) is a cultural aspect of Europe's Roman heritage. Maybe the info on Roman law could be combined with a few paragraphs on Roman political ideas that inspired later times. I would propose the folloing structure:

 * Replace section "Politial life and public institutions" with the following:

==Political and legal institutions== ===The Roman republic===
 * Should contain information on the basic features of the republic with emphasis on the way they influennced later times: E.G. the impact of the ideals of the republic on Cola di Rienzi, the French revolution, but also on Mussolini. No detailed info on the Roman magistrates and their respective roles.

===The Empire===
 * As above. Sould focus on the idea of the Empire, which lived on in the byzantine Empire and in the western Holy Roman Empire.

===Roman law===
 * Should stay as it is now.
 * --Thomas Ruefner 11:07, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, thanks for the suggetions, I am doing the necessary changes in sections- and, as it is getting almost mid-night in India, I would place texts on sunday morning. One more request to all - I have edited a number of sections of the article, I request all concerned to go through the entire article, and effect changes/corrections, if any. Suggestions are also welcome. For a few more days, I may continue to work on this article. I desperately require open and free comments and suggestions. All suggestions, including some which I may also tender, may  be placed under a separate section. By the way, I effected changes in this section of the talk page yesterday, without much thought - I thought, I was formatting this talk page. --Bhadani 19:19, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

I've been having second thoughts about government. Roman government should IMO be described here, but not chronicled in detail. Zocky 09:03, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Request to verify an external link
An external link by 193.191.210.10 has been incerted on 13 May 2005. This may please be examined for relevancy by someone knowing that language. Thanks.--Bhadani 16:26, 13 May 2005 (UTC)
 * well, it is sort of relevant, but arguably in the wrong language ! :p
 * It talks about a German encyclopedia started in the 19th Century, about the "arts" (science) of classical Rome. It could be nice to translate the article, but as such, it is not very useful.
 * Also, it is about a work about Culture of Ancient Rome, not about Culture of Ancient Rome itself... might be better off in "reference". Rama 17:54, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Comments & Suggestions

 * Hi all, comments and suggestions are desperately requested. Thanks. --Bhadani 06:13, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * From today, I will take a break from this article for some days. Please comment on the article, and please contribute. Thanks.--Bhadani 09:01, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

This COTW
In few moments, this COTW shall come to an end, the article has become bigger and more informative, its size has also reached the optimum level as set by wikipedia. I did a lot of edits. I request interested editors to continue to work on the article, to incert images whereever required/copy edit/re-edit, remove and add edits - all aimed to make the article better. As stated earlier, I shall step aside from this article for the time being. Thanks to all who had placed sections, on which I could expand. --Bhadani 18:06, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

This article is a WHOLE lot better than it was.(In fact it was a pathetic list). I just wanted to say that those who edited over the course of its COTW did an excellent job. Falphin 22:18, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

I'm new to this and am uncertain how to edit some passages in the Roman Culture entry.

In the first example, "I like cats" seems to be a mischievous assertion which can be deleted freely:

However, I hesitate to alter this other example, because I do not know the intent of the previous author(s):

Fflefever (talk) 03:31, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Social structure
Is there any direct authority (from historical sources) for the assertions that plebeians did not exist from a legal point of view in the times of the Roman kings? Even if there is, I think that there is much too much informqation on the earliest times (of which so little is known to us) and too little on the republican and later times (of which we know quite a lot). The article as it stands now gives the impression that plebeians were legal non-entities for most of Rome's existence. --Thomas Ruefner 16:50, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

What is our isn't "culture"?
Although there's a heck of a lot of good information here, the main problem with this article is that it's extremely vague, very close to being as vague as the top article of the Rome series, Ancient Rome. And considering how deficient Ancient Rome is in many respects, it almost seems like this argument is lowering the quality of the main Rome article by not integrating with it and having a somewhat arbitrary distinction between "culture" and "non-culture". People won't know what to come here to look for, and lots of the information that's here and not in Ancient Rome will never be found by people looking for it. So, we should be absolutely clear and what is and isn't Rome's "culture". Above all else, I'd say that the following things are certainly "cultural": art, music, literature, theatre, religion, language, and to a lesser extent, clothing, sports, etc. However, I'm not so sure that the following things are especially "cultural": social structure (I'd group that under "Society of ancient Rome", not "Culture" per se), political and legal institutions (would fit under "Government of ancient Rome" and possibly "Society" again, but really not so "cultural"), and Roman economy (again, if you're going for a vague and ill-defined concept, "social" fits much better here than "cultural").

In a lot of ways, though, it almost seems like this article is so generic that it won't help the readers who are actually searching for all this specific information, and could develop into a POV fork; that seems a shame, considering how much great work went into this article. It's very slightly tempting to consider merging this article into Ancient Rome just to make all the info and formating consistent and integrate a lot of redundant information, and then to re-summarize and compact it by making new sub-articles for more specific topics (like "Roman family", "Roman sports", "Roman clothing"). It just seems like a single "hub" would be much more efficient and ensure stability and comprehensiveness. I certainly won't take any drastic action, but I'd love to hear what others think about this. -Silence 02:58, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Traces in the cultures of Romance countries?
I think it would be a good idea if there were a paragraph or two about common traits that were pasted down to the cultures of Romance speaking countries from Ancient Roman culture.

Morality
Is there an expert out there who can perhaps add a section on the "morality" of Ancient Rome since I believe this is an interesting topic? I have read in bits and pieces from various sources about the vast differences between the pre-Christian moral concepts compared to our moral concepts. For example, the ancient Romans tended to see "compassion" as a defect of character instead valuing courage and, to some extent "ruthlessness" (albeit not necessarily dishonesty).

Anyway, I'm not an expert in these matters but it seems an important aspect of the culture. --Mcorazao 16:54, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Good request. Tough to do. I would, however, point to clementia, important to both Julius Caesar and Seneca, contra your remark about compassion, though clementia is more like "mercy" or rather restraining yourself from being vindictive; "ruthlessness" would probably be more severitas or such, which meant being stern. As Mary Beard pointed out in a recent book, tradition held that the Romans of the early to mid-Republic were a stern lot, not given to a lot of schoolboy giggling. I think it was the father or grandfather of the famous Crassus who was supposed to have laughed out loud only once in his life — and then at his own joke. It was a pretty feeble joke, too, so a certain cluelessness and lack of wit seems indicated. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:06, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

November 14
The IP needs to stop and discuss. Or at least read Religion in ancient Rome before you say something this uninformed: ''Roman religion was largely a continuation of various religious beliefs from ancient Greece. It borrowed both from the state religion of Greece that was very cold, abstract, and formal; and it borrowed from the more passionate and emotional religious practices of the Greek East that would help to formulate the ideals of Christianity. Less-sophisticated Romans were known to be superstitious, partly due to encouragement of superstition by the Roman state religion and by various self-proclaimed prophets, oracles, and diviners.'' This is not the best source on ancient Roman religion. Cynwolfe (talk) 23:08, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
 * And all the edits are coming from this single book. This is not the way to build a balanced article: see WP:UNDUE. Cynwolfe (talk) 23:16, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
 * And the preface to that book states its purpose: The conviction behind this book is that the Roman mind is still at work, profoundly influencing, in ways we are not always aware of, our politics, our diplomacy, our art and literature, our religious and philosophical attitudes... In short, it's a treatise on modern Westen culture, with a thesie about our essential nature; it's also a fifty year old polemic.

 * Unsurprisingly, it cannot be relied upon as a source for this article. Such claims as it makes about Rome are in service to its thesis; they should be taken with a grain of salt.

 * Errors produced by this excessive reliance on a man writing out of his field range from the date of the Gallic attack (391 BC) to the claim that the Romans were devoted to one-man executives in a way that the Greeks (with their Hellenistic kingship) and the Persians (under the Great King) were not. In fact, what marks Rome is an absense of one-man executives: even the heads of state were two consuls, advised by a Senate. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 06:06, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

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Lead Section
I have started work on fixing the lead section of this article. Hopefully I can finish it in a few days (It's not much work but I don't have much free time.)

You can view the draft here

Cheers,

C. A. Struck (talk) 21:45, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Culture of ancient Rome


text: User talk:65.78.15.206

title: User talk:65.78.15.206


text:
Hochdorf District

Hochdorf District was one of the five Ämtern, or districts, of the German-speaking Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Hochdorf. It has a population of (as of ). In 2013 the name was changed from Amt Hochdorf to Wahlkreis Hochdorf as part of a reorganization of the Canton. A sixth Wahlkreis was created, but in Hochdorf everything else remained essentially unchanged.

Hochdorf District consists of the following thirteen municipalities:

Mergers
On 1 January 2021 the former municipality of Altwis merged into the municipality of Hitzkirch.

title: Hochdorf District


text: User talk:68.1.184.50

title: User talk:68.1.184.50


text:
List of World War I Entente aircraft

This is a list of World War I Entente aircraft organized by country of origin. Dates are of first flight.

title: List of World War I Entente aircraft