text:
Talk:Res nullius

Africa is different from Australia -- colonial powers signed a lot of treaties with African states and tribes, none (as far as I am aware) with Australian Aborigine bands. AnonMoos 10:56, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Domain names?
Are unregistered domain names res nullius? Seahen 03:16, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * At first glance, one would think so, but at reflection I see two objections:
 * 1) If the the name doesn't work untill it's assigned (I'm not sure, but suppose so), is there already any object (of any value) in existence before it's assigned? If not, the answer is no because no "res" (like an object not yet constructed, an invention not yet made...).
 * 2) Since the Domain name registry (or if another authority, that doesn't change he reasoning) has the authority to assign, and even cash in on it, this ipmlicitely proves it already is the owner, so the answer is no because not "nullius" Fastifex 12:59, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Definition of res Nullis
Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004), res nullius res nullius (rays n< >-lI-< >s). [Latin "thing of no one"] A thing that can belong to no one; an ownerless chattel

This is the correct literal translation. I'm flabbergasted that someone changed it to "property" with the comment "Someone translated latin 'res' as 'thing' when it can in fact mean property and this sense is more logical in this context. idiots." I'm changing it back. ImTheIP (talk) 20:36, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Res nullius


text:
Ribble Valley line

The Ribble Valley line is a railway line that runs from Manchester Victoria through Blackburn, in Lancashire, to Hellifield in North Yorkshire. Regular passenger services normally run as far as Clitheroe, but occasional passenger services run the whole line through north Lancashire to Hellifield, where it joins the Settle–Carlisle line. The line passes over the distinctive 48-span Whalley Viaduct.

The line north of Blackburn was closed to a regular passenger service from September 1962, but remained open for freight, passenger diversions and the occasional DalesRail service. However, in 1994, services between Blackburn and Clitheroe were reinstated after a public campaign. Reopening the line for passengers between Clitheroe and Hellifield has been mentioned in some reports and newspapers to provide connections on the Settle Carlisle line, with the most recent being a business case for the proposal being granted government funds in 2020.

Early history
The Ribble Valley line was built by several different railway companies, all of which later became part of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, and so following the 1923 Grouping the whole line was part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.

The southernmost portion of the Ribble Valley line, between Salford and Bolton, was built by the Manchester and Bolton Railway, and opened in 1838; it amalgamated with the Manchester and Leeds Railway (M&LR) in August 1846; a connecting line between Salford and Manchester Victoria was opened in October 1846 and the M&LR amalgamated with other railways in 1847 to form the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR). The route connecting Salford with Manchester Victoria was improved in 1865.

The portion between Bolton and Blackburn Bolton Road was built by the Blackburn, Darwen and Bolton Railway (BD&BR). This company was formed on 27 September 1844, and was authorised on 30 June 1845 to build a line to Blackburn that would connect with the M&BR at Burnden, to the south of Bolton; on 3 August 1846 the route was amended so that the BD&BR could use Bolton station. Construction commenced at Darwen on 27 September 1845, and the line was opened between Blackburn and Sough on 3 August 1847. Difficulties were experienced in the construction of Sough Tunnel, and also of the Tonge Viaduct, which collapsed during construction, due to timber centrings being moved before the mortar had thoroughly set. On 12 June 1848 the remainder of the line between Sough and Bolton was opened. To accommodate the Blackburn trains, Bolton station was enlarged in 1871; and in 1888 a curve at the north end of Bolton station allowed trains to run between the Preston and Blackburn lines without needing to reverse in the station.

The route from Blackburn to Hellifield was also opened in two sections. The Blackburn, Clitheroe and North Western Junction Railway (BC&NWJR) was authorised on 27 July 1846 for a line from a junction with the East Lancashire Railway (ELR) at Daisyfield, east of Blackburn, to a junction with the North Western Railway (NWR) near Long Preston. Construction commenced at Clitheroe on 30 December 1846 but was delayed due to the partial collapse of the Whalley viaduct. The line was opened between Blackburn and Chatburn on 21 June 1850, and on the same day, a short branch to the Old Banks lime works at Horrocksford was opened. Trains used the BD&BR station at Blackburn (Bolton Road), running through the ELR station in order to reach it. Initially single track, the line between Daisyfield Junction and Chatburn was doubled in 1872–74.

In March 1847, the BD&BR and the BC&NWJR agreed to amalgamate, becoming the Bolton, Blackburn, Clitheroe and West Yorkshire Railway; the necessary Act received Royal Assent on 9 July 1847. The name was shortened to the Blackburn Railway by a further Act of 24 July 1851. In the meantime, the LYR and ELR entered into a working agreement in April 1850, and they began to operate in ways that whilst mutually beneficial, were to the detriment of the Blackburn Railway; for example, the ELR charged the Blackburn Railway a toll equivalent to six miles for the use of three-quarters of a mile of the ELR's line through Blackburn; and later, LYR services from Manchester to Blackburn were routed via Accrington instead of Bolton. During 1856, two extensions to the Blackburn Railway were proposed: one was to continue the line north from Chatburn to the NWR near Giggleswick (at that time known as Settle); the other would have been from a point to the north of Bolton, between the Croal and Tonge viaducts, to Manchester by way of Radcliffe, Whitefield and Cheetham Hill, and so would have created a line between Bolton and Manchester independent of the LYR. Both of these proposals failed.

On 1 January 1858, the Blackburn Railway became the joint property of the LYR and ELR (this was not authorised by Parliament until 12 July 1858). In 1859, the LYR and ELR themselves amalgamated, the LYR retaining its identity, and so the Blackburn Railway became wholly absorbed by the LYR. From this time, the trains along the former Blackburn Railway lines used the former ELR station at Blackburn.

The NWR was absorbed by the Midland Railway (MR) in 1871, and once the MR began work on its Settle and Carlisle Railway, the LYR decided to resume work on the line north of Chatburn. This was authorised on 24 July 1871, and the 11+1/2 mi were estimated to cost £220,000. Construction north of Chatburn was resumed by the LYR in 1873, and was opened as far as Gisburn on 2 June 1879 although it was complete as far as Newsholme; the last section, between Gisburn and Hellifield, opened on 1 June 1880.

Later history
The line between Blackburn and Hellifield was closed to passengers on 10 September 1962 but continued to be used for diversions and for freight, and until 15 August 1964 there was a Saturdays-only train from Manchester to Glasgow which used this route. The line between Blackburn and Bolton remained open, but was reduced to single track operation in two stages as part of major resignalling projects on the East Lancashire line (1973) and Bolton area (1985). The line between Blackburn and Hellifield was slated for complete closure in 1983 along with the closure of the Settle and Carlisle line, however, this proposal was dropped in 1989. After a public campaign, the line between Blackburn and Clitheroe was reopened to regular passenger services in 1994, and a Sunday only service was later reintroduced between Clitheroe and Hellifield.

The towns and villages on the route are the following:
 * Manchester
 * Bolton
 * Hall i' th' Wood
 * Bromley Cross
 * Entwistle
 * Darwen
 * Blackburn
 * Ramsgreave and Wilpshire
 * Langho
 * Whalley
 * Clitheroe

Passenger services from Clitheroe to Rochdale via Blackburn and Manchester Victoria are operated by Northern Trains. On summer Sundays, Northern Trains also operates the DalesRail service, which starts at Blackpool and continues beyond Clitheroe to the Settle–Carlisle line, where it calls at all the stations en route to Carlisle. This service was extended, from mid-September 2013, to cover Sundays throughout the remainder of the year, with trains running as far as Hellifield. It ceased in December 2022 due to a lack of available train crew, but a replacement Saturdays-only service is due to start in June 2024, marketed as the "Yorkshire Dales Explorer" and running up to and from Ribblehead.

The service from Manchester to Clitheroe was designated by the Department for Transport as a community rail service in March 2007. It was announced in March 2007 that major improvements to the line were being proposed by Blackburn with Darwen Council, who unveiled an £8 million bid to the Department for Transport and Network Rail. Improvements may include installing double tracks where presently the route was single line, improved signalling giving increased track capacity, enhanced line speed, longer trains at peak times and ultimately putting on more frequent trains to and from Manchester throughout the day. However, the funding for the scheme was eventually rejected in March 2008.

The line between Blackburn and Clitheroe was temporarily closed in November 2008 due to a major refurbishment. The £5 million scheme included 11,651 yard of continuous welded rail, 16,000 new concrete or steel sleepers and 40,000 tonne of ballast. Replacement bus services ran between Clitheroe and Blackburn. The line re-opened on 28 November 2008.

In 2009, a scheme called "Pennine Lancashire" proposed new housing, tourist attractions and improved transport links, supported by the Labour Government and Prime Minister of that time. The scheme included enhancements to the Ribble Valley line including: The scheme was welcomed by the Ribble Valley Rail group, who have campaigned to re-open the line and were very excited at the proposals.
 * new signalling
 * doubling single track lines
 * increased line-speeds
 * new rolling stock
 * extending platform lengths

Network Rail has carried out £14 million of improvements to track & signalling either side of Darwen station in July and August 2015. A six-week engineering blockade saw the existing passing loop there extended by 1 mi) at each end and signalling improvements made to add capacity on the line and allow for service frequencies between Bolton and Blackburn to be doubled to two trains per hour each way throughout the day from December 2017. The work was completed on schedule and the line reopened on 24 August 2015.

Possible reopening
The line has been a useful diversionary route for when the West Coast Main Line (WCML) has been closed for repairs and has also seen freight traffic use it. There have been periodic calls for the final section north from Clitheroe to be re-opened to passenger traffic to provide a connection with the Leeds to Carlisle services at Hellifield. In 2020, the UK Government announced a £500 million fund to enable groups and campaigners to pay for business cases on reopening proposals. The section of line between Hellifield and Clitheroe was in the initial ten proposals that were approved for funding by the government.

The bid by campaigners suggests reopening the stations at Chatburn, Rimington, Gisburn and Newsholme with a provision for trains from Clitheroe to run southwards to Leeds after arriving at Hellifield, rather than continuing north to Carlisle. A newly introduced passenger service would increase services southwards from Clitheroe to half-hourly as opposed to the current level of one service per hour.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ribble Valley line


text:
James Martin (author)

James Martin (19 October 1933 – 24 June 2013) was an English information technology consultant and author, known for his work on information technology engineering.

Biography
James Martin was born on 19 October 1933 in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England. He earned a degree in physics at Keble College, Oxford.

Martin joined IBM in 1959, and from the 1980s on, established several IT consultancy firms. Starting in 1981 with Dixon Doll and Tony Carter he established DMW (Doll Martin Worldwide) in London, UK, which was later renamed James Martin Associates (JMA), which was (partly) bought by Texas Instruments Software in 1991. He later co-founded Database Design Inc. (DDI), in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to promulgate his database design techniques and to develop tools to help implement them. After becoming the market leader in information technology engineering software, DDI was renamed KnowledgeWare and eventually purchased by Fran Tarkenton, who took it public.

Martin was awarded an honorary fellowship by Keble College, Oxford and an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Warwick in July 2009. He gave the Turing Lecture in 2008. According to Computerworld's 25th anniversary issue, he was ranked fourth among the 25 individuals who have most influenced the world of computer science.

Personal life
From the 1990s onwards, Martin lived on his own private island, Agar's Island, in Bermuda, where he died on 24 June 2013, apparently in a swimming accident.

Work
Martin was an expert in the field of systems design, software development methodology, information technology engineering and computer-aided software engineering. He was one of the first to promote fourth-generation programming languages, and was one of the main developers of the Rapid Application Development methodology.

Information Technology Engineering
Information technology engineering (ITE) is an approach to designing and developing information systems. It has a somewhat chequered history that follows two very distinct threads. It is said to have originated in Australia between 1976 and 1980, and appears first in the literature in 1981 in the Savant Institute publication Information Engineering by James Martin and Clive Finkelstein.

Information technology engineering first provided data analysis and database design techniques that could be used by database administrators (DBAs) and by systems analysts to develop database designs and systems based upon an understanding of the operational processing needs of organisations for the 1980s.

The Finkelstein thread evolved after 1980 into the data processing (DP)–driven variant of IE. From 1983 till 1986 IE evolved further into the business-driven variant of IE, which was intended to address a rapidly changing business environment. The then Technical Director, Charles M. Richter, from 1983 to 1987, played a significant role by revamping the IE methodology as well as designing the IE software product (User-Data) which helped automate the IE methodology, opening the way to next generation Information Architecture.

Computer-aided software engineering
The Martin thread in information technology engineering was strategy-driven from the outset and from 1983 was focused on the possibility of automating the development process through the provision of techniques for business description that could be used to populate a data dictionary or encyclopaedia that could in turn be used as source material for code generation. The Martin methodology provided a foundation for the CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) tool industry.

Martin himself had significant stakes in at least four CASE tool vendors—InTech (Excelerator), Higher Order Software, KnowledgeWare, originally Database Design Inc, (Information Engineering Workbench) and James Martin Associates, originally DMW and now Headstrong (the original designers of the Texas Instruments' CA Gen facility and the principal developers of the methodology).

At the end of the 1980s and early 1990s the Martin thread incorporated rapid application development (RAD) and business process reengineering (BPR) and soon after also entered the object oriented field.

Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Rapid application development (RAD) is a term originally used for describing a software development process first developed and successfully deployed during the mid-1970s by D.Dinadasa at Getahetta Telephone Co's Systems Development Center under the direction of Dan Gielan. Following a series of remarkably successful implementations of this process, Gielan lectured extensively in various forums on the methodology, practice, and benefits of this process.

Martin introduced his approach in 1991. Martin's methodology involves iterative development and the construction of prototypes. More recently, the term and its acronym have come to be used in a broader, generic sense that encompasses a variety of techniques aimed at speeding application development, such as the use of web application frameworks and other types of software frameworks.

RAD approaches may entail compromises in functionality and performance in exchange for enabling faster development and facilitating application maintenance.

The Oxford Martin School
In 2004 Martin donated £60m to help establish The James Martin 21st Century School, which in 2010 was renamed The Oxford Martin School, at the University of Oxford, in what was the largest single donation to the university. This school aims to "formulate new concepts, policies and technologies that will make the future a better place to be". In 2009 Martin pledged up to an additional $50 million if it could be matched by other donors. This condition was met in April 2010.

Publications
Martin wrote over a hundred books many of which were best sellers in the information technology industry. A selection:

 * 1965. Programming real-time computer systems.
 * 1967. Design of real-time computer systems.
 * 1969. Telecommunications and the computer.
 * 1970. The Computerized Society (with Adrian R.D.Norman).
 * 1971. Future developments in telecommunications
 * 1972. Introduction to teleprocessing.
 * 1972. Systems analysis for data transmission.
 * 1973. Design of man-computer dialogues.
 * 1973. Security, accuracy, and privacy in computer systems.
 * 1976. Principles of Data-Base Management.
 * 1978. Wired society.
 * 1981. End-user's guide to data base.
 * 1980. Managing the data base environment
 * 1981. Information engineering.
 * 1982. Application Development without Programmers.
 * 1982. Viewdata and the information society.
 * 1983. Software maintenance: the problem and its solutions. With Carma McClure.
 * 1984. Recommended diagramming standards for analysts and programmers: a basis for automation
 * 1985. Diagramming techniques for analysts and programmers. With Carma McClure.
 * 1985. Fourth-generation languages.
 * 1985. System design from provably correct constructs: the beginnings of true software engineering.
 * 1986. Wired world: towards a greater understanding of the world information economy. With Simon Grant and the Atwater Institute.
 * 1987. VSAM: access method services and programming techniques (with Joe Leben and Jim Arnold)
 * 1988. Structured techniques: the basis for CASE
 * 1989. Strategic information planning methodologies.
 * 1992. Object-oriented analysis and design.
 * 1995. The Great Transition: Using the Seven Disciplines of Enterprise Engineering to Align People, Technology and Strategy.
 * 2000. After the Internet: Alien Intelligence.
 * 2006. The Meaning of the 21st Century.

title: James Martin (author)


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/April 10, 2005

Welcome to Wikipedia's goings-on. This page is a central point for community members to collect current information about the community project and to report on recent goings-on. In a sense, it's an announcement page, but it is supposed to collect even those kinds of information that are normally not announced on pages like Announcements (e.g. arbitration progress, outspoken newcomers, amusing things, etc.). However, please notice that this page is explicitly not for discussion. When listing topics here that are being discussed or have been discussed, please link to the appropriate discussion page and discuss it there. For a project-wide update of events, see the Meta goings-on. For Votes see Current surveys.

This page is archived in a weekly digest-like fashion, every Sunday at 0:00 UTC.

{| cellspacing=3 width="100%"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Goings-on in the week starting Sunday April 10 2005
Current live Collaborations of the Week
 * A competition for the new template standardisation is starting! Submissions can be added until Sunday April 24, 2005 at 23:59 (UTC).
 * WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia starts (April 12), aiming to produce spoken recordings of Wikipedia articles. 15 articles have already been recorded this week!
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|
 * General: Freedom of the press
 * Article Improvement Drive: Spanish Civil War and Tibet
 * Australian: Darwin
 * Canadian: Tommy Douglas
 * Indian: New Delhi
 * United Kingdom: Licensing laws of the United Kingdom
 * Spanish translation: Autonomous University of Nuevo León, from es:Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
 * Gaming: Star Wars: Rogue Squadron
 * - valign="top"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles featured on the Main Page
 * Ryanair (April 10)
 * Garry Kasparov (April 11)
 * Caesar cipher (April 12)
 * Timpani (April 13)
 * Tamil language (April 14)
 * Names of God in Judaism (April 15)
 * Colditz Castle (April 16)

 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles that gained "featured" status
 * United Kingdom corporation tax (April 10)
 * Stuttering (April 10)
 * Ta-Yuan (April 10)
 * Goa (April 10)
 * Speaker of the British House of Commons (April 14)
 * Moorgate (April 14)
 * Order of St Patrick (April 14)
 * Polish-Soviet War (April 14)
 * Diego Velázquez (April 16)
 * Samantha Smith (April 16)
 * Sly & the Family Stone (April 16)

Pictures that gained "featured" status
 * F-15 Eagle (April 12)
 * Parachute jump (April 12)
 * Radomes (April 12)
 * Downtown Chicago plan (April 12)
 * Frédéric Chopin (April 16)
 * }

title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/April 10, 2005


text: Category:Types of restaurants

title: Category:Types of restaurants


text:
Josiah Bunting III

Josiah Bunting III  (born November 8, 1939) is an American educator. He has been a military officer, college president, and an author and speaker on education and Western culture. Bunting is married and has four adult children. His half-brother is Dick Ebersol, the creator and former executive producer of Saturday Night Live; Ebersol and Bunting have the same mother.

Background
Josiah Bunting was born in Haverford, Pennsylvania. He attended The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and the Salisbury School in Connecticut, but was expelled from both institutions for playing pranks. He then entered the U.S. Marine Corps. Bunting went on to Virginia Military Institute where he graduated third in his class as an English major, and was elected to a Rhodes scholarship to attend the University of Oxford, where he received an M.A. and also served as president of the American Students Association. He entered the United States Army in 1966. After six years of service, he reached the rank of Major. He was stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Vietnam; and West Point, where he was assistant professor of history and social sciences.

Bunting's 1972 novel The Lionheads was a scathing account based on his experiences as an officer of the 9th Infantry Division in Vietnam in 1968. The novel's main antagonist, General Lemming, was based heavily on the commanding general, Julian Ewell.

The July 28, 1972 issue of LIFE magazine included a profile written by Thomas Moore of then Major Bunting examining his decision to leave West Point because of his desire to "disassociate [himself] from the active implementation of [the Army's] policy in Vietnam..." In the article Bunting also stated that he favored a "citizen draft and civilian control over the military" and that he didn't "want to see that son of a bitch who grows up in Greenwich, Conn., goes off to Yale and becomes a member of the Skull and Bones get out of doing some sort of national service." Bunting served on the faculty of the Naval War College for a year in 1973–74.

Bunting served as president of Briarcliff College, and later as president of Hampden–Sydney College from 1977 to 1987. He was also the headmaster of The Lawrenceville School near Princeton, New Jersey from 1987 to 1995. At Hampden–Sydney he revitalized the English composition or Rhetoric Program, enhanced the Western Civilization program, then called Western Man, making it more interdisciplinary. He also spearheaded the Campaign for Hampden-Sydney, a capital campaign that nearly tripled the college's endowment.

Bunting was appointed Superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute in 1995 and served until 2003. At VMI, he served as Professor of Humanities. He was responsible for overseeing preparations for and the enrollment of VMI's first female cadets. He was openly opposed to allowing women to attend VMI, calling the 1997 decision in United States v. Virginia which struck down VMI's male-only admittance policy a "savage disappointment."

Bunting is also a member of the UNESCO Commission and of the National Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities in Washington.

In 2004, Bunting was appointed chairman of the National Civic Literacy Board of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute.

In 2007, Bunting was appointed president of ISI's Lehrman American Studies Center.

In 2015, Bunting was appointed Chairman of the Friends Of the National World War II Memorial.

Nonfiction

 * Small Units in the Control of Civil Disorder (1967)
 * Ulysses S. Grant (Times Books/Henry Holt, 2004), part of the American Presidents series (ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.)
 * The Making of a Leader: The Formative Years of George C. Marshall (Knopf, 2024)

Novels

 * The Lionheads selected one of the Ten Best Novels of 1973 by Time magazine.
 * The Advent of Frederick Giles (1974).
 * An Education for Our Time (Regnery, 1998), a work describing a "dying billionaire's detailed vision of a new, ideal college", was a main selection of the Conservative Book Club in 1998.
 * All Loves Excelling (Bridge Works, 2001), set in a boarding school.

Edited editions

 * Macaulay, Thomas Babington. Lays of Ancient Rome (Gateway, 1997)
 * Newman, Cardinal John Henry. The Idea of a University (Gateway, 1999)

Awards and decorations

 * Combat Infantryman Badge
 * Parachutist Badge
 * Bronze Star Medal with two oak leaf clusters
 * Army Commendation Medal
 * Presidential Unit Citation
 * National Defense Service Medal
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal
 * Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal, Second-Class
 * Vietnam Campaign Medal
 * Ranger Tab:

 * Ninth Infantry Division ("Old Reliables") shoulder sleeve insignia (SSI):

title: Josiah Bunting III


text:
Trinity College harp

The Trinity College harp, also known as "Brian Boru's harp", is a medieval musical instrument on display in the long room at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland. It is an early Irish harp or wire-strung cláirseach. It is dated to the 14th or 15th century and, along with the Queen Mary Harp and the Lamont Harp, is the oldest of three surviving medieval harps from the region. The harp was used as a model for the coat of arms of Ireland and for the trade-mark of Guinness stout.

History
It is uncertain who commissioned the Trinity College harp, although structural evidence suggests it was made in the 15th century. It is similar in construction and design to the Queen Mary Clarsach in Scotland. It is likely, however, that the harp was made for a member of an important family, for it is skilfully constructed and intricately ornamented. According to Charles Vallancey writing in 1786, it was reputedly once owned by Brian Boru, High King of Ireland. However, this link was dismissed by George Petrie in 1840 as "a clumsy forgery, which will not bear for a moment the test of critical antiquarian examination". Petrie dates its construction "to the fourteenth, or more probably to the early part of the fifteenth century." Joan Rimmer (1969) dated it to "probably from the fourteenth century".

The harp bears the coat of arms of the O'Neills but although there are many theories about its ownership through the centuries, none can be substantiated, with no verifiable evidence remaining to indicate the harp's original owner, or subsequent owners over the next two to three hundred years until it reputedly passed to Henry McMahon of County Clare, and finally to William Conyngham, who presented it to Trinity College in 1782.

The Trinity College harp is the national symbol of Ireland, being depicted on national heraldry, Euro coins and Irish currency. A left-facing image of this instrument was used as the national symbol of Ireland from 1922, and was specifically granted to the State by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1945. A right-facing image was registered as a trade mark for Guinness in 1876, although it was first used on their labels from 1862. Other Irish businesses have used a similar harp as a logo or trade mark, including Ryanair. The two other surviving Gaelic harps from this period (the Lamont Harp and the Queen Mary Harp) are considered to have been made in Argyll in South West Scotland sometime in the 14th–15th century.

Appearance
The harp is of a small low-headed design with brass pins for 29 strings, the longest being c.62 cm. One extra bass pin was added at some point in its playing life. In 1961, the harp was exhibited in London, where it was dismantled, reconstructed by the British Museum into the wider shape it has nowadays, being the playable medieval form, and restrung under the supervision of the British musicologist Joan Rimmer. The earlier heraldic and trade mark designs that were modelled on it were based on a thinner form that was the result of a bad restoration in the 1830s. Visitors are therefore often surprised at how wide the real harp is, compared to the harp on Irish coins.

title: Trinity College harp


text: User talk:70.22.184.194

title: User talk:70.22.184.194


text: User talk:70.240.75.182

title: User talk:70.240.75.182


text:
Talk:Kasabian (album)

 * Kasabian is the self titled debut album by the British indie rockers.

What makes them indie? —RadRafe 00:11, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Indie doesn't mean record label anymore in the UK - it's equivilent to the label alternative. Secretlondon 22:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

unonymous:i think it should be mentioned in the trivia section how many faces are there on the cover(i can see only one to be honest).
 * Same, I can only see the one personally. I'm removing the comment for the time being. mode_seven 23:33, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Kasabian-album.jpg
Image:Kasabian-album.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:03, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Just added rationale on the image page. mode_seven 16:49, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Jacknife Lee
I removed the category "Albums produced by Jacknife Lee" because Jacknife Lee did not produce the album. It seems to be a common misconception, but he only contributed to one single song - the alternative version of Reason is Treason, a hidden track that's not even included on all editions of the album. The rest of the album was produced by Kasabian themselves and co-produced by Jim Abbiss. Bellmouth (talk) 23:19, 25 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kasabian (album)


text:
Burns, Colorado

Burns is an unincorporated community in northern Eagle County, Colorado, United States.

Description
The community is located along a remote stretch of the Colorado River southwest of Kremmling. It is accessible only by dirt and gravel county roads from State Highway 131 and Interstate 70. The community is located in an arroyo along the river, along the route of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad mainline (now the Union Pacific Railroad) in the sandstone canyons along the Colorado. It consists of a U.S. Post Office (ZIP Code 80426) and a church. Livestock ranching is the primary industry in the surrounding area.

History
The town is named for Jack Burns, a trapper who built a cabin in the area. The Burns Post Office opened on May 14, 1895.

Geography
Burns is located at 39.87333°N, -106.88194°W (39.873385,-106.881866).

title: Burns, Colorado


text:
USS Somerset (LPD-25)

USS Somerset (LPD-25) is a San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock of the United States Navy. It is the fourth United States Navy vessel and the second warship to bear this name, the first two being a wooden-hulled motorboat and a ferry.

The first warship, an armed cargo ship from World War II, was named for the Somerset counties of Maine, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

The modern ship was named specifically for Somerset County Pennsylvania, in honor of the passengers who died on United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked during the terror attacks of 11 September 2001. The passengers prevented the plane from reaching its intended target by forcing it to crash in Stonycreek Township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. The words "Let's Roll," spoken by a passenger of United Airlines Flight 93 before trying to storm the cockpit of the doomed flight, are painted on the ship above the rear deck, along with a "93" seal which mirrors the "93" flag seen flying on the vessel in many photos. In the words of Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England; "'The courage and heroism of the people aboard the flight will never be forgotten and USS Somerset will leave a legacy that will never be forgotten by those wishing to do harm to this country.'"

Construction
Approximately 22 tons of steel from a Marion 7500 dragline that stood near Flight 93's crash site were used to construct Somerset's keel.

The contract to build the Somerset was awarded on 21 December 2007 to Northrop Grumman Ship Systems of Pascagoula, Mississippi. Her keel was laid down on 11 December 2009, at Northrop Grumman's Avondale shipyard in New Orleans, Louisiana. She was launched on 14 April 2012, and christened three months later on 28 July sponsored by Mrs. Mary Jo Myers, the wife of General Richard Myers, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. She completed acceptance trials in September 2013.

On 3 February 2014, the Somerset was recorded as the last Navy ship to depart from the Avondale Ship Yard, before its closing. She was commissioned on 1 March 2014 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

title: USS Somerset (LPD-25)


text:
USS Pillsbury (DD-227)

USS Pillsbury (DD-227) was a Clemson-class destroyer of the United States Navy that served during World War II and the first of two ships named after John E. Pillsbury, a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy. She was sunk by Japanese cruisers, approximately 200 miles east of Christmas Island on or around 2 March 1942 with all hands, one of two major American surface warships lost in World War II with no survivors.

History
Pillsbury was laid down by William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia on 23 October 1919, launched on 3 August 1920, sponsored by Miss Helen Langdon Richardson and commissioned on 15 December 1920.

During service in the Asiatic Fleet, Pillsbury was involved in the 1927 Nanking Incident as part of a U.S. Navy flotilla helping protect American interests around the Yangtze River. On 27 November 1941, by order of the Commander Asiatic Fleet, Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Pillsbury departed Manila under the command of Lt. Commander Harold C. Pound, together with other units of the fleet. When the Japanese struck at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, she was operating in the vicinity of Borneo.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Pillsbury, together with other United States, Dutch and Australian naval vessels, operated out of Balikpapan on reconnaissance and anti-submarine patrols. Later she moved to Surabaya, Java and from there made night patrols with the cruisers USS Houston (CA-30) and USS Marblehead (CL-12) and destroyers of Division 58.

On 18 February the Japanese began moving ashore on Bali and the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA) surface forces including Pillsbury set out to disrupt further landings from a Japanese convoy reported to be in the area.

While steaming through Badoeng Strait on the night of 19/20 February during the Battle of Badoeng Strait, Pillsbury fired three torpedoes at a Japanese ship without result. When a searchlight was trained on Pillsbury and several shots were fired at her, she turned to starboard and made smoke to escape. The relatively small Allied forces chose to make brief strikes then rapid retirement in the face of superior Japanese forces in the hope of disrupting the enemy advance.

At 02:10 Pillsbury sighted a ship ahead and engaged with her main battery and .50 caliber guns. The amidships gun crew of the Japanese ship was put out of action by the first burst of .50 caliber machine guns. The target ship then received a direct hit with a shell from either Pillsbury or the destroyer in the opposite column. This caused the Japanese destroyer to swing to starboard. The spotter then observed three hits from Pillsbury one on the bridge, one amidships and one on the fantail. After this hit, the Japanese ship was in flames and ceased firing.

At this time Pillsbury and USS Parrott (DD-218) were detached from the strike force and sent to Tjilatjap. After the action around Bali, the ships had few torpedoes and badly needed an overhaul.

Fate
A few days later Pillsbury was sunk. There are no US logs or battle reports giving the details of the actions in which Pillsbury, USS Asheville (PG-21) and USS Edsall (DD-219) were lost and their fates were unknown until Japanese logs were examined after the war. A force of Japanese ships was operating to the south of Java to prevent the escape of Allied ships from the area. The force consisted of four battleships, five cruisers of Cruiser Division 4, the aircraft carriers JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Akagi, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Kaga, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Sōryū and JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hiryū and the destroyers of Destroyer Squadron 4.

Edsall was sunk in the Indian Ocean on 2 March 1942, south of Java. At 18:24 she received a direct hit from the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Hiei and at 18:35 another from the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Tone. Edsall was also attacked by nine Aichi D3A dive bombers from Sōryū and eight from JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Akagi, which hit her with several bombs, leaving her dead in the water by 18:50. She was destroyed by the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Chikuma and sank at 19:00 with 5-8 survivors. The remains of 5 executed sailors from the Edsall were recovered in Indonesia in 1952.

In a night surface action on 2 March 1942 Pillsbury was overtaken by two Japanese cruisers of Cruiser Division 4. She was engaged by JAPANESE CRUISER Takao and JAPANESE CRUISER Atago, and at 21:02 sank with the loss of all hands.

Asheville, slowed by engine troubles, was caught at 09:06 on 3 March by the destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Arashi and JAPANESE DESTROYER Nowaki and sunk. One crew member was rescued from the water but died in a prisoner of war camp. All three sinkings took place approximately 200 miles east of Christmas Island.

Pillsbury received two battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Pillsbury (DD-227)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jargon Database

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 02:48, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jargon Database
Alexa rank well into 7 figures, "what links here" shows only one entry, Creative Plumbing, already on VfD as spam. Strongly suspect this page is also vanity spam. Chris 00:12, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * delete only 1200 entries isn't enough for notability. DDerby 01:42, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep: I'll admit it doesn't seem to be too notable at the moment but I do feel that it is something worth keeping and encyclopaedic.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 04:05, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, advertising.  RickK 05:05, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:56, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, replace with redirect to Jargon file. Radiant_* 10:02, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is located at http://www.jargondatabase.com and first appeared in December 2004. It is a for-profit endeavor, and seeks to generate revenue via advertising, although revenue has been fairly low as of 2005.
 * Delete Advertising. Mgm|(talk) 10:09, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete not notable. Support a redirect to Jargon file as suggested above. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:23, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as advertising, subject not sufficiently notable. But I don't think this name should redirect to Jargon file; although that might be a better (and non-commercial and unencumbered) resource for what a user might probably be looking for, the two aren't equivalent.  Plus there's a (miniscule) chance that jargondatabase-dot-com will eventually become sufficiently noteworthy in the future, just as we once would have deleted Google but wouldn't now.  Barno 18:42, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Essentially Different to Jargon file. Treat this as weak. --Irishpunktom\talk 13:32, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, promo. -- 8^D gab 15:48, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)

 * Redirect, no merge, to Jargon file - this would be a reasonable name for that entry. Per Barno's suggestion, redirects can always be replaced later if by some weird chance this becomes a notable topic. CDC   (talk)  15:59, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Jargon File. See above. --Carnildo 23:00, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Shiranuka, Hokkaido

Shiranuka (白糠町) is a town located in Kushiro Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. As of September, 2013, it has an estimated population of 8,910, and an area of 773.74 km2. The population has fallen significantly in recent years.

Etymology
It is believed that the town's name, which is in the indigenous Ainu language, translates roughly into "the place where the tide passes over the rocky shore".

History
During the Meiji restoration, Japanese people were encouraged by the central government to inhabit the lands of Hokkaido. Shiranuka was thus founded as a small fishing village in 1884, eventually gaining town status in 1950.

Geography
Situated at the mouth of the river Charo into the Pacific Ocean, Shiranuka is flanked on both sides by small hills and has two narrow stretches of sand beaches.

Climate
The town has a typically Northern-temperate climate. Winter temperates reach a minimum of around −10 °C, climbing to a maximum of around 20 °C in summer. Snowfall tends to be slightly lower than the rest of Hokkaido, and the local region is known for a high proportion of overcast or foggy days.

Economy
Shiranuka is historically a fishing and farming town: many of its inhabitants are still employed in those areas. Local amenities and the civil service also provide a number of jobs.

Education
Shiranuka has a number of kindergartens, an elementary school, a junior high school and a high school. Many junior school students opt to go to high school in Kushiro. The town board of education also covers schools in nearby Shoro and Charo villages.

Cuisine
Like Hokkaido as a whole, perhaps Shiranuka's greatest claim to fame is its culinary offerings. The town has a large population of Sika deer, which are consequently something of a local delicacy along with the sea produce brought in by local fishermen.

Transport links
Shiranuka is linked to nearby Kushiro by road Route 38, as well as regular bus and train services. A regular train from Shiranuka reaches Sapporo in just under 4 hours; Nemuro and Obihiro are both roughly 2-hour train journeys away.

Tourism
Although not a common tourist destination in itself, Shiranuka is well placed for nearby attractions. Kushiro wetlands have become famous in Japan since the recovery of the crane population, and Akan National Park is approximately an hours drive from the town. Shiretoko National Park (one of Japan's three World Natural Heritage Sites) is slightly further, but still accessible within 3 hours by car.

Mascots
Shiranuka's mascots is Koita-kun (コイタくん) and Meika-chan (メイカちゃん). They met in Shiranuka Koitoi Michi-no-Eki.
 * Koita is a red willow octopus from Shiranuka.
 * Meika is a white flying squid from Kyushu.

title: Shiranuka, Hokkaido


text:
L.I.E. (film)

L.I.E. is a 2001 American drama film about a relationship between Howie, a troubled 16-year-old boy, and a middle aged man known as "Big John". The title is an acronym for the Long Island Expressway. The film was directed by Michael Cuesta, who has said that the film is about exploring sexuality. It stars Paul Dano in his first lead role as the boy Howie, and Brian Cox as John.

Plot
Howie Blitzer is deeply affected by the death of his mother in a car accident on the Long Island Expressway. His situation is exacerbated by his acrimonious relationship with his distant father Marty, who brought a trophy girlfriend into the house less than a month after his wife's death. Howie's only solace is the company of his best friend Gary, a juvenile delinquent and hustler. Although Gary is attracted to Howie, Howie is unsure of his own sexuality. They have two other friends their age, one of whom has an incestuous relationship with his sister. The four boys routinely break into neighborhood houses.

One night, they break into the house of "Big John" Harrigan during his birthday party. Gary knows his way around the house; it is later revealed that Big John is one of his steady clients. Big John interrupts them, and they narrowly escape with a pair of rare and valuable Russian pistols. John later confronts Gary over the burglary and Gary names Howie as his accomplice.

Pretending to be a friend of Howie's mother, John introduces himself and invites Howie back to his house. Once there, he confronts Howie about the burglary, demanding the return of the guns. Howie can retrieve only one of them from Gary's room, so John demands $1000 for the other; Howie can only offer to work off the debt. Putting on a pornographic video, John hints that Howie can repay him with sex. Howie hastily leaves, but after returning home, masturbates to a fantasy involving John and the girl in the video.

Gary steals money from Howie's father and disappears to Los Angeles, leaving Howie alone. John and Howie begin a tenuous friendship in which John becomes a kind of father figure to him. There is no sexual activity, but there is talk of sex. Howie realizes that he wields a degree of sexual power over John, something John is aware of. Howie stays over at John's house, temporarily displacing John's 19-year-old lover Scott, who warns Howie not to take John from him. Howie discovers a stash of child pornography in the house, including photos of a younger Gary as a blond 11-year-old boy.

Howie's father happens to see him skipping school and losing his temper, he hits the boy. Later that day, he is arrested for dangerous practices in his construction business, and when Howie returns home to find him missing, he believes his father has abandoned him. He goes to John, approaching him in his bedroom wearing just his underpants, expecting they will have sex. But John explains to Howie what happened with his father, and the boy breaks down and cries. John leaves Howie to sleep by himself.

The next morning, John is all charm, fixing Howie breakfast and taking him to see his father in jail. Howie's father apologizes for hitting him and promises to spend more time with him once he is out of prison. Howie is unconvinced, and merely tells his father never to hit him again.

After dropping Howie off, John returns to the local rest area where young hustlers connect with johns and sits in his car. Scott, devastated by John's abandonment, drives by and shoots him dead.

In the final scene, Howie contemplates the expressway, vowing he will not let it get him.

Cast

 * Brian Cox as Big John Harrigan
 * Paul Dano as Howie Blitzer
 * Billy Kay as Gary Terrio
 * Bruce Altman as Marty Blitzer
 * Walter Masterson as Scott
 * James Costa as Kevin Cole
 * Adam LeFevre as Elliot
 * Tony Donnelly as Brian
 * B. Constance Barry as Anne Harrigan
 * Gladys Dano as Voice of Sylvia Blitzer

Production
Portions of the film were filmed at Harborfields High School, located in Greenlawn, New York, not far from the Long Island Expressway. A scene was filmed at the Dix Hills Diner on Jericho Turnpike in Elwood, New York, and another at Callahan Beach Park in Fort Salonga, New York.

Because Paul Dano was underage at the time of production, his mother, Gladys, was present on set and additionally plays the non-speaking role of Howie's deceased mother, Sylvia, in several flashback and dream sequences.

Themes
Sexual identity is a major theme in the film; director Michael Cuesta has said that the ambiguity of Howie's sexual orientation and his relationship with Big John and Gary is at the heart of the film.

Brian Cox has said, "Big John realizes that Howie is much more than a little boy, a young boy he can hit on". Cuesta has said that John is confused, and doesn't know if he wanted "to be with him, sexually, or just father him".

Release
L.I.E premiered at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival. It went on to show at several other film festivals including the Edinburgh International Film Festival, the Bergen International Film Festival, the Stockholm International Film Festival, Outfest, the Deauville Film Festival, the Long Island International Film Expo and the Helsinki International Film Festival. The film opened to cinemas in New York on September 7, 2001.

The film received an NC-17 rating from the MPAA. After the filmmakers unsuccessfully appealed for an R rating, the film was later distributed without a rating; however, many theater chains choose not to exhibit unrated films. Both an edited version which received an R rating ("for strong sexual content involving teens, language, and brief violence") and the original unrated/uncut film are available on DVD.

Critical reception
The film has an approval rating of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 86 reviews, with an average rating of 6.96/10. The critical consensus states: "L.I.E. is a well-acted and unsettling look at a boy's relationship with a pedophile."

Accolades

 * Awards
 * Independent Spirit Award
 * Best Debut Performance – Paul Dano
 * Producers Award – René Bastian, Linda Moran, and Michael Cuesta
 * Satellite Awards
 * Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama (Brian Cox)

 * Nominations
 * Independent Spirit Award
 * Best Lead Actor – Brian Cox
 * Best Supporting Male – Billy Kay
 * Best First Screenplay – Stephen M. Ryder, Michael Cuesta, and Gerald Cuesta
 * Best Director – Michael Cuesta
 * Best Feature – Rene Bastin, Linda Moran, and Michael Cuesta
 * AFI Awards
 * AFI Featured Actor of the Year – Male – Movies Brian Cox

title: L.I.E. (film)


text:
Fulwood (ward), South Yorkshire

Fulwood ward—which includes the districts of Fulwood, Lodge Moor, and Ranmoor—is one of the 28 electoral wards in the City of Sheffield, England. It is located in the far western part of the city and covers an area of 23.2 km2. The population of this ward in 2011 was 18,233 people in 6,476 households. Fulwood ward is one of the five wards that make up the Sheffield Hallam Parliamentary constituency. As of June 2022, Andrew Sangar, Sue Alston, and Cliff Woodcraft, all Liberal Democrats, were councillors for the ward. The current Member of Parliament is Labour's Olivia Blake.

Geography
Fulwood ward is located on the hills that overlook Sheffield from the west, it is bordered to the north by the River Rivelin and to the south by the Porter Brook. The western part of the ward is rural including parts of the Hallam Moors and the Peak District National Park. Its western boundary is Stanage, which is also the western boundary of the City of Sheffield.

History
Fulwood ward was created when Sheffield's electoral wards were redrawn in June 2004, prior to that most of the Fulwood ward was the old Hallam ward — created in 1934 when the Ecclesall Bierlow ward was subdivided. It covers most of the area that was Upper Hallam—one of the six townships that made up ancient parish of Sheffield. This area was sparsely populated well into the 19th century. In 1811 there were only 866 residents in its 8836 acres (36 km2). A description of Sheffield from 1832 describes the area as "wild and dreary, with a population scanty in the extreme". Redmires Road, which runs from the Long Causway near Redmires reservoirs across the ward to Crookes, was thought to follow the course of a Roman road that ran from Templeborough to Brough-on-Noe. It is now thought to be a medieval road used as a saltway used to transport salt from Cheshire to Yorkshire. The traffic is thought to have continued into the 18th century. This road passes Hallam Head, which some have suggested may be the site of the village of Hallam and therefore possibly the Aula of Waltheof mentioned in the Domesday book of 1086 (note, however, that most historians believe that this Aula was in Sheffield, where Sheffield Castle once stood).

Fulwood
Fulwood is a suburb of Sheffield. In ancient times this area was part of a large forest—the name Fulwood means a wet, marshy woodland. In Mediaeval times it formed part of Rivelin Firth, the hunting chase of the Lords of the Manor of Sheffield. It developed into a wealthy residential district in the 19th century and many houses from this period still exist. Amongst the historic buildings in Fulwood are the Old Chapel, which was built in 1729 (the old village stocks still stand outside this church), Fulwood Hall, built in 1620 and Stumperlowe Hall. According to the Indices of Deprivation 2007, the district of Fulwood (i.e. Fulwood village as opposed to the ward as a whole, which is a much larger area) is the second-least deprived area of the city after Ecclesall. Fulwood had a population of 3,608 in 2011.

Ranmoor
Ranmoor is a suburb of Sheffield just to the east of Fulwood notable for its large church, St John's. This church was opened 24 April 1879 but was almost entirely destroyed by fire on 2 January 1887. All that survived from the original church was the tower and spire, which still stands today. A new building was built and the church reopened on 9 September 1888.

Lodge Moor
Lodge Moor is a suburb of Sheffield to the west of Fulwood. It lies on the edge of open countryside and is home to a large golf course.

Hospital
The hospital was founded in 1888 and closed in the 1990s. On 9 December 1955 a USAF Republic F-84 Thunderstreak crashed into the hospital, killing one person and injuring seven.

Prisoner of war camp
There was a prisoner of war camp here in the First World War and the Second World War, a notable prisoner held from 1918 to 1919 was then U-boat captain Karl Dönitz, whom Hitler later chose as his successor to the position of Führer, a position which Dönitz fulfilled in the last days of the Second World War. To the west of Lodge Moor is the area of Redmires and the Redmires Reservoirs, the Sheffield City Battalion had a camp and training area here during the First World War. There was also a First World War air landing site next to the camp, used by aircraft to defend Sheffield against Zeppelin raids, but it was only used until 1916. Near the site of the hospital, there were three Bronze Age barrows, which were removed to make way for housing development. One of these was excavated in the 1950s by the Hunter Archaeological Society.

title: Fulwood (ward), South Yorkshire


text:
User:PGaudette

I live near Rock Creek Park in Washington, DC. I plan to start watching and editing the Rock Creek Park page and adding a new page about Peirce Mill, which is a water powered grist mill from the 1820s in need of restoration.

=Philip

Philip Gaudette

title: User:PGaudette


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Intel 80486DX

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. — Xezbeth 19:31, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Intel 80486DX
Has some incorrect technical information, superseded by the full Intel 80486 entry. Should be deleted and the entry name redirected to Intel 80486 entry.
 * MSTCrow 00:15, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * merge anything useful, if it exists (note warning of incorrect info) and redirect. DDerby 01:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect as above. --Fuzzball! (talk) 04:06, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Intel 80486 and add redirect. Megan1967 06:10, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep alone, notable processor. Grue 18:47, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cpucruft. ComCat 06:37, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, it may be a notable processor but we already have Intel 80486 CAPS LOCK 00:21, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, this is the Intel 40486 base model... Musser 00:23, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, There's also Intel 80486SX, Intel 80486SL etc. --Laura Scudder | Talk 01:00, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - as Per reason above --Irishpunktom\talk 13:33, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge all Intel 80486 variations (this one, the SX, the SL, and any others) into one article. Keeping simple variations of a thing together avoids needless repetition and makes it easier for readers to get an immediate sense of the scope of a topic. -- 8^D gab 15:54, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)
 * Merge as per User:BD2412. --cesarb 17:37, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Brutal Juice albums

title: Category:Brutal Juice albums


text: User talk:67.140.91.232

title: User talk:67.140.91.232


text:
Lisa the Skeptic

"Lisa the Skeptic" is the eighth episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on November 23, 1997. On an archaeological dig with her class, Lisa discovers a skeleton that resembles an angel. All of the townspeople believe that the skeleton actually came from an angel, but skeptical Lisa attempts to persuade them that there must be a rational scientific explanation. The episode's writer, David X. Cohen, developed the idea after visiting the American Museum of Natural History, and decided to loosely parallel themes from the Scopes Monkey Trial. The episode also makes allusions to actual hoaxes, such as the Cardiff Giant.

It has been discussed in the context of ontology, existentialism, and skepticism; it has also been used in Christian religious education classes to initiate discussion about angels, science, and faith.

Plot
Homer attempts to claim a motorboat from a "police raffle" that turns out to be a sting operation. While returning home, the family passes a new mall being built on an area where a number of fossils were found. Lisa protests and the management allows Springfield Elementary to conduct an archaeological survey. During the excavations, Lisa finds a human skeleton with wings. Springfield's residents are convinced it is the remains of an angel, and Homer cashes in by moving the skeleton into the family's garage, charging visitors to see it.

Lisa remains skeptical and asks scientist Dr. Stephen Jay Gould to test a sample of the skeleton. When Dr. Gould appears at the Simpson house the next day to tell Lisa that the tests were inconclusive, Lisa goes on television to compare the belief in angels to the belief in fictional things, such as leprechauns. In response, Springfield's religious zealots go on a rampage to destroy all scientific institutions. Appalled with the violence, Lisa goes into the garage to destroy the skeleton, but finds that it has disappeared. The mob soon converges on the Simpson household, and Lisa is arrested and put on trial for destroying the skeleton.

Before the trial even begins, the skeleton is seen outside the courtroom. Everyone rushes to it to see a foreboding message added to the skeleton, warning that "The End" will come at sundown. Sunset approaches and the citizens gather around the skeleton, but nothing happens. As Lisa reprimands them, a booming voice from the skeleton silences her and announces, "The End... of high prices!" The skeleton is then hoisted over to the entrance of the new Heavenly Hills Mall. Lisa realizes the whole event was a publicity stunt for the mall, and criticizes management for taking advantage of peoples' beliefs. She attempts to boycott them, but the bargain-loving public shrugs off the exploitation and goes shopping, while Dr. Gould confesses that he never actually tested the sample. Marge observes that while it was talking, Lisa believed the angel was real. She denies this, but admits she was frightened, and thanks her mother for her support.

Production
"Lisa the Skeptic" was written by David X. Cohen, and directed by Neil Affleck. Cohen was inspired to write the episode after a trip to Manhattan's American Museum of Natural History, where he decided to turn the visit into a "business trip", and think of a possible episode connection to the museum. He initially wanted Lisa to find a "missing link" skeleton, and do an episode reminiscent of the Scopes Monkey Trial. Writer George Meyer convinced him instead to have the focus be on an angel skeleton, while keeping an emphasis on the conflict between religion and science. Both Cohen and Meyer acknowledged how silly the "angel skeleton" idea was owing to simple questions raised such as why an angel died and why bones were left behind, but they went forward with the idea anyway.

In an early draft of the script, the skeleton was made of pastry dough baked by the mall's window dresser. Cohen had initially written the Stephen Jay Gould role as a generic scientist or paleontologist, not knowing that they would eventually get Gould. He had taken Gould's Introduction to Paleontology class at Harvard University. The only phrase Gould had objected to in the script was a line that introduced him as the "world's most brilliant paleontologist". His original final line was "I didn't do the test. I had more important work to do", but it was cut because the writers felt it would be funnier to give him a short final line. In an earlier version of the episode, Marge would have ended up apologizing to Lisa for not supporting her, letting the ending be more of a nod to Lisa's correct assumptions all along.

Themes
Author Joley Wood compared "Lisa the Skeptic" to an alternate reality game, in analyzing the effects of watching the television program Lost on contemporary culture and our own perceptions of reality. Dan O'Brien cited the episode in a discussion of ontology, skepticism, and religious faith, in his book An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. O'Brien leaves it up to the reader to decide whether or not Lisa was justified in her skepticism. In The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer, "Lisa the Skeptic" is cited as a prime example of why Lisa is seen as the epitome of a nerd. The book also cited the episode in noting that Lisa is not infallible, for when the Angel appeared to speak at the end of the episode she became as frightened as everyone else. Lisa's frustration with the marketing gimmick used by the mall developers is seen by Turner's Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation as yet another example of her conflict with corporations throughout the series. Like O'Brien, Turner also analyzed the episode in the context of Lisa's questions about existentialism, self-absorption, and consumption. In The Psychology of the Simpsons: D'oh!, the authors discuss Lisa's level of anger displayed in the episode, noting that in this particular case her anger gave her the wherewithal both to confront social injustice, and keep her mind clear for critical thinking. Mark Demming of Allmovie noted that Lisa symbolically stood for the side of reason, while her mother Marge symbolized belief and spirituality in the episode.

In their 2010 book The Simpsons in the Classroom, Karma Waltonen and Denise Du Vernay note that the episode is one of the best for teachers and professors to use in religion or cultural studies courses, noting the irony that though Lisa is the only skeptic through most of the episode, she is the only one who is offended at the publicity stunt. Parvin's The Gospel According to the Simpsons: Leader's Guide for Group Study is a group study guide companion to Pinsky's The Gospel According to the Simpsons. In the section pertaining to "Lisa the Skeptic", a skeptic is defined as: "a person who doubts, questions, or suspends judgment on ideas generally accepted by others". The study group is asked to debate the episode in the context of skepticism as related to other unexplained phenomena, including UFOs, the Loch Ness Monster, the Abominable Snowman, the Bermuda Triangle, Atlantis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, mediumship, psychics, and fortune-telling. In Pinsky's book itself, he noted that Lisa faced the difficult task of confronting religious hysteria and blind faith, and also attempted to reconcile science within her own belief system. He also wrote that when Lisa asks Stephen Jay Gould to estimate the age of the skeleton, the issue is never raised of why angels or other spiritual entities would even leave skeletons behind in the first place.

Cultural references
The scene in the courtroom where Lisa is put on trial for stealing the skeleton is seen as a reference to the 1920s Scopes Monkey Trial in Dayton, Tennessee, which dealt with issues of separation of church and state and the debate between creationism and evolution. The publicity stunt created by the mall developers in the episode has been compared to scientific hoaxes such as the Cardiff Giant and the Piltdown Man. When Lisa asks if the townspeople are outraged at the end of the episode for being fooled by a publicity stunt, Chief Wiggum is about to answer her but is distracted when he catches sight of a Pottery Barn in the new Heavenly Hills mall. A shot of the diggers in silhouette against the sunset is modeled after Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981).

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Lisa the Skeptic" finished 37th in ratings for the week of November 17–23, 1997, with a Nielsen rating of 9.5, equivalent to approximately 9.3 million viewing households. It was the third highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following The X-Files and King of the Hill.

Donald Liebenson wrote for the Amazon.com movie review that "Bart Sells His Soul" and "Lisa the Skeptic" were among the best episodes of The Simpsons. He also noted, "Without being preachy (or particularly funny), this episode is pretty potent stuff", citing the theme of Apocalypticism towards the end of the episode.

In the July 26, 2007 issue of Nature, the scientific journal's editorial staff listed the episode among "The Top Ten science moments in The Simpsons".

"Lisa the Skeptic" was utilized in a Salt Lake City Episcopal Church Sunday School class in 2003, to stimulate a discussion among fourteen-year-olds about belief in angels, and the juxtaposition of science and faith. The episode was compared and contrasted with.

The episode is used by the Farmington Trust (UK) for Christian religious education, to teach children about skepticism. The episode is used as a tool, to involve the students in a debate about religion and science, as well as to discuss Lisa's own skepticism, and her respect towards others. A group of The Simpsons enthusiasts at Calvin College have also analyzed the religious and philosophical aspects of the episode, including the issue of faith versus science.

title: Lisa the Skeptic


text: Talk:Minivan

title: Talk:Minivan


text:
As seen on TV

"As seen on TV" is a generic phrase for products advertised on television in the United States for direct-response mail-order through a toll-free telephone number. As Seen on TV advertisements, known as infomercials, are usually 30-minute shows or two-minute spots during commercial breaks. These products can range from kitchen, household, automotive, cleaning, health, beauty, and pet care products, to exercise and fitness products, books, or to toys and games for children. Typically the packaging for these items includes a red seal in the shape of a CRT television screen with the words "AS SEEN ON TV" in white.

Prominent marketers of As seen on TV products include As Seen on TV, Inc., Time-Life, Space Bag, K-tel, Ronco, and Thane. There are also retail brick-and-mortar and online stores that specifically sell As seen on TV products.

In 1996, "As seen on TV" then moved on to retail, according to A. J. Khubani, CEO of Telebrands, who designed the logo.

As seen on TV products then moved on to sell on the internet. In 2015, a new As seen on TV corporation was formed and launched as a multi-vendor marketplace, allowing manufacturers and sellers of TV products to sell their inventory through its website New Easy.

The red logo and phrase is in the public domain and can be used on packaging or in business with no fee and without trademark infringement.

Companies that produce generic versions of As seen on TV products may use a modified version of the red logo, their version displaying "Like on TV" or "As seen on TV in some countries". This logo can be registered in some countries like a trademark.

title: As seen on TV


text: Category:Members of the Illinois General Assembly


text:
Ranmoor

Ranmoor is a suburb of the City of Sheffield, England. It is a suburb in the Fulwood ward of the city. It mostly developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it features a number of large houses that were built for the city's steel magnates, as well as, most notably, a large church, St John's. This church was opened 24 April 1879 but was almost entirely destroyed by fire on 2 January 1887. All that survived from the original church was the tower and spire, which still stands today. A new building was built and the church reopened on 9 September 1888; it is now a Grade II* listed building. A row of early 19th century buildings near the church includes the Bull's Head and Ranmoor Inn public houses.

Other notable buildings in the Ranmoor area were built for some of the well known industrialists of Sheffield. The Grade II listed Oakbrook was built by Flockton, Lee & Flockton c.1855 for Mark Firth, a steel magnate and philanthropist who founded Firth College, one of the institutions that eventually merged to establish the University of Sheffield. Oakbrook is now part of the Notre Dame Roman Catholic School. Ranmoor Hall was built in 1881 for William Wheatcroft Harrison, a cutlery manufacturer. The Croft was built in 1909 for James Neill, the tool manufacturer. The Grade II* Endcliffe Hall was completed in 1865; it was built for Sir John Brown by Flockton & Abbott. Thornbury was built in 1865 for Frederick Mappin, it is now a private hospital. The Grade II listed Riverdale House on Graham Road was built around 1860 and was lived in by the industrialist Charles Henry Firth and the businessman John George Graves.

title: Ranmoor


text: Category:Towns in Yorkshire

title: Category:Towns in Yorkshire


text:
Onbetsu, Hokkaido

Onbetsu (音別町) was a town located in Shiranuka District, Kushiro Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan.

As of September 30, 2004, it had an estimated population of 2,821 and an area of 401.40 km2.

On October 11, 2005, Onbetsu, along with the town of Akan (from Akan District) was merged into the expanded city of Kushiro.

Onbetsu is the location of the Onbetsu Power Station, a diesel-powered facility.

History

 * 1919 - Established as a village
 * 1922 - Renamed to Onbetsu Village
 * 1959 - Becomes Onbetsu Town
 * October 11, 2005 - Onbetsu was merged into the expanded Kushiro City

title: Onbetsu, Hokkaido


text:
Albert White

Albert White may refer to:

 * Albert White (basketball) (born 1977), American professional basketball player
 * Albert White (diver) (1895–1982), American diver and Olympic gold medalist
 * Albert White (VC) (1892–1917), English soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross during World War I
 * Albert B. White (1856–1941), Governor of West Virginia
 * Albert Scott White (1855–1931), lawyer and politician in New Brunswick, Canada
 * Albert Smith White (1803–1864), Senator and U.S. Representative from Indiana
 * Albert White (cyclist) (1890–1965), British silver medalist in cycling at the 1920 Summer Olympics
 * Albert White (musician) (born 1942), American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter
 * Albert White (cricketer) (1889–1965), English cricketer

title: Albert White


text:
Octavius Beale

Octavius Charles Beale (23 February 1850 – 16 December 1930) was an Irish-born Australian piano manufacturer and a philanthropist.

Beale formed a company to import sewing machines and pianos in 1879, after which he established Australia's first piano factory in Annandale, 1893. The factory ceased production in 1975.

He served as president of the New South Wales Chamber of Commerce and a trustee of the Australian Museum, and the Bank of New South Wales (Westpac).

In 1903, Beale was appointed one of twelve members of a Royal Commission into the decline of the birth rate in New South Wales. He later conducted, at his own expense, a Royal Commission of Inquiry into Secret Drugs, 1905-1910. The two-volume report records the criminal unscrupulousness of manufacturers and advertisers.

Marriage and family
Beale married Elizabeth (Lilly) Baily (1856 – 1901) at the Congregational Church, Woollahra, New South Wales, and they had twelve children. After Lily's death he married her sister Katherine on 4 March 1903. The children from the first marriage were:

 * Margaret Elizabeth (Mado) (1875–1964) Margaret married the Rev A.P. Campbell OBE (1881–1963), a Congregational church minister and chairman of the Congregational Union of Australia and New Zealand from 1937 until 1939. They had a daughter and three sons.
 * Lionel Charles (1877–1961)
 * Ruth Beale (1879–1964)
 * Reginald Hugo (1880–1924)
 * Ronald Matheson (1882–1966)
 * Edgar Francis (1884–1918)
 * Rupert Octavius (1887–1957)
 * Harold Strangman Beale (1889–1936) Harold was educated at Newington College commencing in 1904.
 * Octavius Cyril Beale (1891–1969)Cyril was educated at Newington College commencing in 1904. He was a Gunner in the 2nd Field Artillery Brigade serving during WWI from February until August 1917. He married Alice Gertrude Marion Burford (1886–1925) on 11 November 1914. She was a daughter of William Burford of Adelaide.
 * Dr Hector Llewellyn Beale (1892–1959) Hector was educated at Newington College commencing in 1904. He graduated MB ChM from the University of Sydney in 1916. He was a medical officer serving during WWI from 1917 until January 1919. He married Florence Henderson in Aberdeen.
 * Hilda Dorothea Beale (1896–1970) married Reginald Thomas Lamble on 11 March 1924.
 * Mary Patricia Beale (1898–1972)

On his death in a motor vehicle accident in Stroud, New South Wales, Beale was survived by his second wife and ten of his 12 children.

title: Octavius Beale


text:
User:Saksham

___________________________________________

1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 18 - 19 - 20

___________________________________________

 A barnstar from Pamri, in appreciation of your good work on economy of India and related articles.

title: User:Saksham


text:
Talk:Dirigisme

Voluntarism
Is "Voluntarism" supposed to be volontarisme? -- Beland 00:20, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You make a good point. I had the same thought, in fact, also that I've never seen either dirigisme or dirigiste ever used in English without surrounding quotations indicating that it is a foreign, i.e. French, term. Ditto for dirigism and dirigist spellings: never seen those at all.

 * I don't find any of these variants -- with or without the terminal "e" -- in my Webster's American Dictionary. They are in the OED Online, however: most of the examples there use surrounding quotations, but there are some which do not -- for both terminal "e" and non. Also "dirigistic".

 * So I guess we're stuck with the French term, in our ecumenical English / Américain. OK with me, as the phenomenon it describes is pretty common and I can't think of a better English term.

 * --Kessler 23:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

American System
Advocates of the American System have been adding links to that article in a number of unreleated articles. The three elements of the AS were high tariffs, infrastructure improvemtns, and a national bank. I see only one of those three elements in this article. Can proponents of the link please provide a noteworthy source who connects them? Thanks, -Will Beback 04:21, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You seem to be committed to a reductionist approach in trying to understand these topics. The American System is not defined by components x, y, and z, but rather by an overarching idea that generates those components. If you look at the intro to Dirigisme, you will find that it says that "Dirigisme... is an economic term designating an economy where the government exerts strong directive influence.

 * While the term has been applied occasionally to centrally planned economies, where the government effectively controls production and allocation of resources (in particular, to certain socialist economies where the national government owns the means of production), it originally had neither of these meanings when applied to France, and generally designates a mainly capitalist economy with a strong economic participation by government."

 * This introduction could just as easily describe the American System, and it also makes clear that the term Dirigism may be used to describe economies other than that of France, answering an objection that you have made in other locations. Because of the obvious kinship of the ideas, it is perfectly legitimate to direct readers from one article to the other; the American System (economics) article references Colbert as one of the inspirations for the American System. And this article also refers readers to Mixed Economy, for similarly legitimate reasons. --  HK   16:06, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There's nothing in the American System about a planned economy. Communism and command economies would be a closer comparison. High tariffs and road-building are not at all the same as a planned economy. Again, do you have any legtitimate source for this linkage, or is it your own original research? -Will Beback 18:41, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

I also agree with Will Beback, this user has also been trying to spread "Left Gatekeeper" terms in articles of well-known leftists to spread Larouchite POV.--Jersey Devil 19:20, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Dirigism was DeGaulle's economic plan to revitalize France. It's emphasis was quite similiar to American System as HK describes above. Are the two exact? No. Are they similiar and warrant SEE ALSO's? Yes. Just as someone reading about Communism would want to read further about the similiar socialism or democratic socialism. It is perfectly legitimate to provide additional links for the reader to understand similiar systems in history. Will Beback, would you not agree that the two systems are similiar enough to warrant linking? Mercantilism which predates both is also similiar in its philosophy, though there are differences. Adding American System to unrelated articles is wrong and was not done. Adding it to articles of similiar substance is right for educational purposes. Jersey Devil, you've been warned about violating the decorum of Wikipedia by bringing up unrelated material and 'opinion' on your part about HK. It is also inappropriate to bring another dispute relating to the Gatekeeper page and vote thereof, here. Please stop. We get nowhere if you post as you've done. Let us be reasonable here. --Northmeister 19:33, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If Dirigisme and the American System are similar then I'm sure that a reliable source has made the comparison previously. I can't find such a comparison. On the face of it, they do not appear similar, as I've said above. One concerns a planned economy and state-owned enterprises, the other proposes high tariffs, road-building, and a national bank. We agree that adding links to AS to unrelated articles is wrong, and I wish it would stop. Regarding HK's editing actions, if he is doing the same thing here as on other articles then it is a problem, but discussions of editors should be held on other pages such as user talk pages. -Will Beback 21:02, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Dirigisme is not a planned economy where the means of production are owned by the government, it is rather directed action toward national goals of economic expansion and technological achievement, quite similiar in how the American System encouraged American enterprise through its national banking, internal improvement to infrastructure, and tariff policies. DeGaulle did not want to embrace a command economy where the means of production were directly in the governments hands as in socialism or communism, thus Dirigisme. That is not to say some enterprises were not nationalized, but many were after DeGaulle.  That said, not only should the reader be directed toward the American System (as similiar but not the same), but towards Mercantilism (in the same light), Mixed Economy (in the same light), Communism (as another economy belief), Laisse Faire (as the alternative).  This is essentially an economic article about a policy DeGaulle embraced resulting from same gene's pool as American System (forgive my comparison), whereas Colbert of France etc. were the Adam's of that; that is the same as socialism belonging to the same gene pool or strain as Communism, whose Adam was Marxism.  When a reader reads about Dirigisme for whatever purpose they may well wish to know of similiar systems that stimulated the national economy through various devices, such as the American System or the system of Japan today.  We agree they are not the same.  We agree that the American System should not be linked to a non-associated article. --Northmeister 21:14, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Show me the source that links the two concepts and I'll cheerfully re-add the link myself. Since you assert there is a strong connection there must be someone who has noticed this similarity. -Will Beback 21:53, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think your overreaching here. I did the See Also over to include different economic systems, those similiar and different. Look them over and offer any suggestions on inclusion or deduction. The goal is to provide the reader with see also links for further economic study. --Northmeister 23:46, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * If that was the goal I'd have thought that those other links would have been added in the first place. -Will Beback 23:54, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That should be the goal of any article (which is what I meant), to offer further links within or without wikipedia for further study that is related. I agree, the other links should of been added earlier and maybe you can offer improvement to them if you think I missed any proper links. --Northmeister 23:59, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Jersey Devil Reverting
Jersey Devil, why did you revert without discussion here? I added the links and asked for discussion so we can work together on this. Why did you revert the links? Explain your reasoning? --Northmeister 00:02, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Since Jersey Devil has decided not to discuss his reversion, I consider it an act of vandalism and have reverted his reversion for that reason. All I ask is a discussion on why he does not approve my latest edit and to join us in a civil discourse here. --Northmeister 01:08, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Please do not falsely claim vandalism on page history summaries. In Wikipedia we have a very specific definition for the term vandalism (See Here). Thank you. As to why I reverted it is because it is POV pushing for a term used by Larouche which you and the other user are trying to promote which has nothing to do with French economics.--Jersey Devil 01:36, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

What in this is POV? To link to similiar sites is POV? Your arguments don't make any sense. Once again I am asking you to stop linking this historic American term to LaRouche alone. You are stalking (see here) and vandalising a page as well as harassing me (see here). Stop the VANDALISM (see here) do not disrupt this page to make a point and honor the policy of assuming good faith towards me (see here). Lastly I ask that you do not revert a page until consensus is reached by those editing at any given time as to what should be done. Simply reverting in that manner you have done considering your history is VANDALISM and not helpful to improving this article. --Northmeister 02:14, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Restoration of Links
The See Also links restored as were. The Japanese Miracle, German System, American System, all were economic systems with similar traits to Dirigisme. Mercantilism and Colbertism are the roots of all of these. These roots are "Government Intervention" rather than "Hands Off" or "Total Control" which sum up the other two philosophical wings of Economics each of which have many branches. The systems are not the same but are similar and warrant inclusion on that merit. We are trying to put together an Encylopedia of fact so that the reader can gather information. Linking to the above mentioned economic systems gives the reader the ability to study similar systems and compare and contrast them. --Northmeister 06:36, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Northmeister's edit, and his rationale for it. If other editors disagree, I propose that the next step be a RfC, rather than edit warring. --  HK   07:19, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Order: what it is not before what it is.
Confused of England writes: This is a nice entry, but two points confuse me. Firstly, in the opening who do we explain what it is not before we explain what it is. Uses of Dirigisme that relate to socialistic planned economies seems pretty rare in my reading: I think it should start by saying that it's a style of leadership, and in particular of government leadership, associated with the French elite. Secondly, it seems a little narrow to locate it in economics only. Dirigisme, to me, is rooted deeply in the meritocratic model as much as in any French affection for autarky. It's about ENA-archs and others leaders knowing best, about the confidence in plannification and grand projects, about the one best way... all of this seems tightly bound to me. Any thoughts? --Duncan 17:30, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It is unclear to me why the article is not called by the English name, Dirigism. Dirigism is most widely used as an economic term, connoting the opposite of another French expression, Laissez-faire. Maybe it is only just that both terms retain their French names. --  HK   22:02, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Fascism
As to Dirgisme relation to Fascism, the source material is misleading and falsely applied. I see no reference within this source for the additional material comparing Dirgisme with the extensive system of Fascism that was Corporatist in nature and had nothing to do with Dirgisme. But, that is moot and my opinion. Please provide exact quote from that material which I do not find. Thank You. --Northmeister 04:06, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In assuming Good Faith, I did delete the entire section in haste - that being I've reworked it to better represent what I've read. If the original editor or any others wish to enter into discussion, I am here for a short period and am willing to discuss the wording. Thanks. --Northmeister 04:41, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Northmeister, the first citation was the only reference to fascism. It was added by another user, and, as I had not read the book, I let his statement ("Economic dirigisme has been described as an inherent aspect of fascist economies") and the subsequent citation (An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe by Ivan Berend) stand.  However, the citations that followed were present to justify the text that followed, and the following text was present to explicitly identify the fact that, even if political economists choose to identify dirigisme as an element of Fascism, there are many, many other political and economic philosophies incorporated within Fascism.  French Dirigisme may not have existed before WWII, but people like Berend are going to argue that the mechanics of dirigisme were employed by other nations, in various ways, prior to WWII.  As a result, I would argue that the text you deleted ("the Berend argument", followed by my qualification of fascism) is worth keeping as long as you incorporate text which will prevent the section from being misread.  Your thoughts? --(Ptah, the El Daoud 04:42, 24 April 2007 (UTC))

 * Yes I agree. What do you think of my present reworking? --Northmeister 04:51, 24 April 2007 (UTC) -I just took a look at your cutting of the one sentence - that looks ok to me. Although Franco's Spain was not rooted in racism like Hitler's Reich I agree with your revision and reason. --Northmeister 04:54, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent. And you are right to suggest that Franco's policies were certainly more egalitarian than Hitler's, but his actions against the Basque in the 30's were explicitly racist.  As for the section itself, I have no other qualms. Peace. --(Ptah, the El Daoud 05:01, 24 April 2007 (UTC))

And here we are again. An editor deleted the section again, saying, "i think you're a little confused. all it says is that it has nothing to do with fascism. so it shouldn't really be included". The citation in question goes to a chapter titled "ECONOMIC DIRIGISME IN AUTHORITARIAN-FASCIST REGIMES". Obviously, the author is saying that there was economic dirigisme in fascist regimes (and others). The text is viewable on Amazon.com.   Will Beback    talk    21:07, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * You've placed one author's views as significant. You're placing undue weight on a very marginal view - if that is his view at all. It seems to me he is just using the term as an adjective. It's rather misleading. Look, I'll try and fill out the article some more. Pilusi3 (talk) 22:54, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm confused. Are you no longer arguing that the book doesn't make the assertion, and now arguing that this is excessive given to one source? If so, that's possible but the material in the article is short and the book devotes an entire chapter to the issue. The book is published by Cambridge University Press and the author is a UCLA professor of history, so it's presumably a highly reliable source.    Will Beback    talk    23:13, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, but you haven't read the source. You're just making inferences from the title of a chapter. From what's available, it's not clear at all what he is asserting. And even if he is, it is still a marginal and quite queer view, given the reasons outlined above (e.g., anachronistic, given there was no such word or concept as the French dirigisme when these fascist regimes existed). Pilusi3 (talk) 23:20, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Now you've deleted it a third time, with yet another justification: "after reviewing the source material, it is not clear that the author is using the term in which the editor/s intends." What do you mean by that?   Will Beback    talk    23:18, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The fact that the term was coined later doesn't mean it can't apply to earlier periods. The view is clearly attributed to the author, who is reasonably expert in the field. If there's nothing else I'll restore the material.   Will Beback    talk    23:32, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * You're just guessing that "the view is clearly attributed to the author". You have no way of knowing that. You also are not in a position to determine whether this view is mainstream. Restoring this material places this very bizarre element into a tiny argument. The casual reader will assume that dirigisme and fascism have some kind of relation - which is clearly not the case. Pilusi3 (talk) 23:41, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The text said: "Economic dirigisme has been described as an inherent aspect of fascist economies by one author, Ivan T. Berend in his book An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe." That is very clear attribution. According to whom is this a "bizarre argument"? If someone with credentials equal to Berend's we could post those too, but there's no question that Berend's book is a reliable source.    Will Beback    talk    00:04, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I didn't say it was a "bizarre argument", I said it was a bizarre element to include in a very short article on a very specific topic. If you type in "dirigisme" into books.google.com and scholar.google.com, you will find countless books, articles, and arguments dealing with the issue. To include one, which happens the make the very unusual and unique connection to 20th century fascism, would be placing undue weight on that view - whether the source is reliable or not (I never said it wasn't). Pilusi3 (talk) 00:54, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * If you think there is more to be said about the topic and can find sources for it then go ahead and add it. But that's not a reason to delete well-sourced material.   Will Beback    talk    00:58, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Apparently it is: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight "Specifically, it should always be clear which parts of the text describe the minority view. In addition, the majority view should be explained in sufficient detail that the reader can understand how the minority view differs from it, and controversies regarding aspects of the minority view should be clearly identified and explained." Pilusi3 (talk) 01:24, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The policy does not say that material should be deleted outright.
 * Here's another source: "Dirigisme was central to both fascist and Communist systems."
 * Here's another, which says dirigisme was part of Spanish fascism under Franco.
 * This one says that advocates of dirigisme were "triumphant" in fascist Vichy France.
 * Here an economist is quoted as saying that postwar dirigisme in Italy was similar to the fascist economic control.
 * Here someone says: "The economic dirigisme introduced under fascism and nazism is, without doubt, still alive today."
 * This author considers dirisigme to be a "hallmark" of fascism comparable.
 * In fact it looks like this is not a minority view but rather a common view.   Will Beback    talk    01:40, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Fine, then include all those arguments, sources, present it as an important and mainstream view - and see how the article looks. Pilusi3 (talk) 01:48, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Let's start be restoring the material which was already there on the topic.   Will Beback    talk    01:49, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * No, because that would be in breach of NPOV, as outlined above... Pilusi3 (talk) 01:51, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Please explain how this material by a scholar, which apparently reflects a commonly held view, would violate NPOV? It kind of looks like you're grasping at straws here, looking for any excuse to keep this material out of the article.    Will Beback    talk    01:56, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * No, please, go ahead, include this "commonly held view" and reference it to all the sources you found above. I am encouraging you to do so. Pilusi3 (talk) 02:00, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Dubious
The following clause asserting that dirigisme is responsible for post-war growth is a possible NPOV violation:

It resulted in an unprecedented economic and demographic growth...

First, this assertion is inconsistent with the more nuanced discussion in the In France section.

Second, the Trente glorieuse period from the rubble following WWII up to the 1973 Oil Crisis is cherry-picked to make a point. A slight adjustment, say 1953-1983, would tell a different story.

Third, growth in some non-dirigisme economies, e.g. Hong Kong, exceeded that of dirigisme economies during the same period.

Finally, causal effect with demographic growth is questionable. Other factors, e.g. moonlit strolls on the Pont Neuf, arguably had a greater effect on the birth rate.

The remedy is to remove or qualify the statement (“Proponents argue that...”). FredLoney (talk) 12:33, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dirigisme


text: User talk:204.52.215.100

title: User talk:204.52.215.100