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Heinz Rühmann

Heinrich Wilhelm "Heinz" Rühmann (7 March 1902 – 3 October 1994) was a German film actor who appeared in over 100 films between 1926 and 1993. He is one of the most famous and popular German actors of the 20th century, and is considered a German film legend. Rühmann is best known for playing the part of a comic ordinary citizen in film comedies such as Three from the Filling Station and The Punch Bowl. During his later years, he was also a respected character actor in films such as The Captain from Köpenick and It Happened in Broad Daylight. His only English-speaking movie was the 1965 Ship of Fools.

Early life
Rühmann was born in Essen as the son of a restaurateur. His father Hermann Rühmann moved to Berlin in 1915, where he probably committed suicide a little later. The exact circumstances of death could never be clarified. His son Heinz began his acting career during the early 1920s and appeared in numerous theatres in Germany during the following years. His role in the 1930 movie Die Drei von der Tankstelle (The Three from the Filling Station) led him to film stardom. He remained highly popular as a comedic actor (and sometime singer) throughout the 1930s and early 1940s. He remained in Germany and continued to work during the Nazi period, as did his friend and colleague, Hans Albers.

Career during the Third Reich
During the 1933-45 period, he acted in 37 films and directed four. After January 1933, Rühmann did not speak openly about German politics, but instead kept himself as neutral as possible. He never stated a word against or towards the Nazis in the press, although he had been a supporter of democracy. In 1938, he divorced his Jewish wife Maria Herbot, who then left Germany and traveled to Stockholm where she married a Swedish actor. The divorce caused Rühmann to be accused by some of wanting to secure his career; however, the marriage had probably already fallen apart, and some sources say that he wanted to protect his wife with the divorce. After 1945, Herbot defended her ex-husband against accusations of opportunism. His second wife, Hertha Feiler, whom he married shortly after, had a Jewish grandfather, a fact that caused Rühmann problems with the Nazi cultural authorities. Rühmann retained his reputation as an apolitical star during the entire Nazi era.

During the war years, Rühmann, like others, was co-opted by the State in some films. His role as lead actor in the comedy Quax the Crash Pilot was supposed to distract the populace from the war. In 1941, under the direction of Reichsfilmkammer president Carl Froelich, Rühmann played the title role in Der Gasmann, about a gas-meter reader who is suspected of foreign espionage. In 1944, the premiere of Die Feuerzangenbowle was forbidden by the Nazi film censor for "disrespect for authority". Through his good relationships with the regime, however, Rühmann was able to screen the film in public. He brought the film to the Führerhauptquartier Wolfsschanze for a private screening for Hermann Göring and others. Afterward, Göring was able to get the ban on the film lifted by Adolf Hitler. A nostalgic comedy of mistaken identities, the film was probably the most popular of his career and later became a cult hit among college students. As a "state actor", the highest title for an actor during the Nazi era, Rühmann was not drafted into the Wehrmacht. He did have to take the basic training to become a military pilot of the reserves (as he happened to be a hobbyist pilot anyway), but for the State, Rühmann was more valuable as an actor and he was spared having to take part in the war effort. In August 1944, Joseph Goebbels put Rühmann on the Gottbegnadeten list of indispensable actors.

Rühmann was a favorite actor of Holocaust diarist Anne Frank, who pasted his picture on the wall of her room in her family's hiding place during the war, where it can still be seen today. The enormous range of Rühmann's popularity during the Nazi era is illustrated by the fact that he was also a favorite actor of Adolf Hitler and his propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels.

Postwar career
Rühmann had a difficult time resuming his career after the war, but by the mid-1950s, the former comedian had established himself again as a star, only this time as Germany's leading character actor. In 1956, Rühmann starred in the title role of the internationally acclaimed picture Der Hauptmann von Köpenick (The Captain of Köpenick), the true story of a Prussian cobbler, Wilhelm Voigt, who dressed up as an army officer and took over the town hall in Köpenick. In the days of the German Empire, the army had an exalted status and Voigt embarrassed the army officers and civil servants who obeyed him without question. Rühmann was also the leading man in the 1960 film version of The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schweik, after the novel by Czech author Jaroslav Hašek. He also played the role of Father Brown in three German films during the 1960s. In 1965, Rühmann was brought to Hollywood by producer Stanley Kramer for a supporting role as a German Jew in his all-star movie Ship of Fools.

His wife Hertha Feiler died in 1970 and Rühmann married his third wife Hertha Droemer in 1974. In his later years, he also worked as a recitator for German television. His last film was Faraway, So Close! (1993) by Wim Wenders, in which he played an old fatherly chauffeur named Konrad. Rühmann died in October 1994, aged 92 years. He was buried in Berg-Aufkirchen, Bavaria. His popularity with German audiences continues: In 1995, he was posthumously awarded the Goldene Kamera as the "Greatest German Actor of the Century"; in 2006, a poll voted him number one in the ZDF TV-show Unsere Besten – Favorite German Actors.

Awards

 * 1938: Venice Film Festival: Medal for his acting in Der Mustergatte
 * 1940: Appointed Staatsschauspieler by the Third Reich
 * 1940: Honorary Membership in the Danish Flight Club
 * 1957: Golden Gate Award (Best Actor) for Der Hauptmann von Köpenick
 * 1957: Kunstpreis der Stadt Berlin
 * 1957: Filmband in Gold as Best Leading Actor for Der Hauptmann von Köpenick
 * 1959: Ernst-Lubitsch-Preis
 * 1961: Preis der deutschen Filmkritik (Award of German Film Critics)''
 * 1961: Filmband in Gold as Best Leading Actor for Das schwarze Schaf
 * 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1978, 1984: A total of twelve Bambi Awards
 * 1965: Großes Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 * 1966: Silberner Bildschirm by the film magazine TV-Hören und Sehen
 * 1967, 1968: Two Goldener Bildschirm by the film magazine TV-Hören und Sehen
 * 1972: Großes Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Stern
 * 1972: Filmband in Gold for his "long and outstanding work" in German Film
 * 1972: Goldene Leinwand (Special Award) for extraordinary merits
 * 1972: Honorary Medal by the Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft (SPIO) for Lifetime Achievement
 * 1977: Großes Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Stern und Schulterband
 * 1977: Cultural Honorary Award by the City of München
 * 1981: Bayerischer Maximiliansorden für Wissenschaft und Kunst
 * 1982: Chaplin-Stock in Silver by the Association of German Film Critics
 * 1982: Goldene Ehrenmünze der Landeshauptstadt München
 * 1986: Bayerischer Filmpreis: Honorary Award
 * 1989: Appointment as Professor honoris causa by the Kunst und Wissenschaft of North Rhine-Westphalia
 * 1990: Goldene Berolina
 * 1992: Magdeburger Otto for Lifetime Achievement
 * 1995: Goldene Kamera as the Greatest German Actor of the Century (posthumous)
 * 2006: Voted No. 1 in the ZDF TV-show Unsere Besten – Favorite German Actors (results by a poll)

Film

 * The Heart of a German Mother (1926) (with Margarete Kupfer) as Oscar
 * The Girl with the Five Zeros (1927, screenplay by Béla Balázs, directed by Curtis Bernhardt) (with Adele Sandrock)
 * The Three from the Filling Station (1930) (with Lilian Harvey, Willy Fritsch, Olga Chekhova, Oskar Karlweis, and the Comedian Harmonists) as Hans
 * Burglars (1930) (with Lilian Harvey, Willy Fritsch, Ralph Arthur Roberts, and Oskar Sima) as Victor Sérigny
 * The Man in Search of His Murderer (1931, directed by Robert Siodmak) as Hans Herfort
 * Bombs on Monte Carlo (1931) (with Hans Albers, Anna Sten, and Peter Lorre) as First Officer Lt. Peter Schmidt
 * My Wife, the Impostor (1931) (with Käthe von Nagy, Fritz Grünbaum, Theo Lingen, and Fritz Alberti) as Peter Bergmann, Bankbeamter
 * The Virtuous Sinner (1931, directed by Fritz Kortner) (with Max Pallenberg and Dolly Haas) as Wittek
 * No Money Needed (1931) (with Hans Moser and Hedy Lamarr) as Heinz Schmidt
 * The Pride of Company Three (1932) (with Anton Walbrook and Rudolf Platte) as Gustav Diestelbeck
 * Things Are Getting Better Already (1932) (with Dolly Haas and Fritz Grünbaum) as Ingenieur Fred Holmer
 * Spoiling the Game (1932) as Willy Streblow, Rennfahrer
 * The Empress and I (1933, directed by Friedrich Hollaender) (with Conrad Veidt, Lilian Harvey and Mady Christians) as Didier
 * Laughing Heirs (1933, directed by Max Ophüls) (with Max Adalbert) as Peter Frank
 * Homecoming to Happiness (1933) (with Luise Ullrich and Paul Hörbiger) as Amadori
 * Three Bluejackets and a Blonde (1933) as Kadett Heini Jäger
 * There Is Only One Love (1933) (with Louis Graveure and Jenny Jugo) as Ballettmeister Eddy Blattner
 * The Grand Duke's Finances (1934, Directed by Gustaf Gründgens) (with Viktor de Kowa, Fritz Alberti, and Theo Lingen) as Pelotard
 * Such a Rascal (1934) (with Inge Conradi) as Dr. Hans Pfeiffer / Erich Pfeiffer
 * Pipin der Kurze (1934) as August Pipin
 * Ein Walzer für dich (1934) (with Louis Graveure, Camilla Horn, Adele Sandrock, and Theo Lingen) as Benjamin Cortes, Komponist
 * Heinz in the Moon (1934) (with Annemarie Sörensen, Rudolf Platte, Oskar Sima, and Jarmila Novotná and Hans Moser) as Aristides Nessel
 * Frasquita (Austria, 1934) as Hippolit
 * Heaven on Earth (Austria, 1935) (with Theo Lingen, Hans Moser, Adele Sandrock, Hermann Thimig, Rudolf Carl, and Lizzi Holzschuh) as Peter Hilpert
 * Wer wagt – gewinnt (1935) as Paul Normann, der kleine Angestellte
 * Eva (1935 film) (Austria, 1935) (with Magda Schneider, Hans Söhnker, Hans Moser, and Adele Sandrock) as Willibald Riegele
 * Der Außenseiter (1935), as Peter Bang
 * Ungeküsst soll man nicht schlafen gehn (Austria, 1936) (with Theo Lingen, Hans Moser, and Liane Haid) as Franz Angerer
 * Tomfoolery (1936, directed by Willi Forst) (with Anton Walbrook, Renate Müller, and Jenny Jugo) as David
 * If We All Were Angels (1936) as Christian Kempenich
 * Lumpaci the Vagabond (Austria, 1936, based on a play by Johann Nestroy) (with Paul Hörbiger, Hans Holt, Hilde Krahl, and Fritz Imhoff) as Schneidergeselle Zwirn
 * Der Mann, von dem man spricht (Austria, 1937) (with Hans Moser, Theo Lingen, and Gusti Huber) as Toni Mathis
 * The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937, directed by Karl Hartl) (with Hans Albers) as Macky McPherson
 * The Model Husband (1937) (with Leny Marenbach and Hans Söhnker) as Billy Bartlett
 * The Roundabouts of Handsome Karl (1938) (with Sybille Schmitz) as Karl Kramer, Kellner
 * Five Million Look for an Heir (1938) (with Leny Marenbach, Vera von Langen, and Oskar Sima) as Peter Pett / Patrick Pett
 * Thirteen Chairs (1938, based on the novel "The Twelve Chairs") (with Hans Moser) as Friseur Felix Rabe
 * So You Don't Know Korff Yet? (1938) (with Victor Janson, Fritz Rasp) as Niels Korff
 * The Leghorn Hat (1939) as Theo Farina
 * Bachelor's Paradise (1939) (with Hans Brausewetter and Josef Sieber) as Hugo Bartels, Standesbeamter
 * Hurrah! I'm a Father (1939) as Student Peter Ohlsen
 * Clothes Make the Man (1940, based on a short story by Gottfried Keller, directed by Helmut Käutner) (with Hertha Feiler and Erich Ponto) as Schneidergeselle Wenzel
 * Happiness Is the Main Thing (1941) (directed by Theo Lingen) as Axel Roth
 * The Gasman (1941) (with Anny Ondra) as Hermann Knittel
 * Quax the Crash Pilot (1941) as Otto Groschenbügel, 'Quax'
 * Front Theatre (1942) as Himself (uncredited)
 * I Entrust My Wife to You (1943) as Peter Trost
 * Sophienlund (1943) as Director
 * Die Feuerzangenbowle (1944) (with Erich Ponto (Professor Crey, Schnauz), Paul Henckels (Professor Bömmel), Hans Leibelt (Direktor Knauer, Zeus), Karin Himboldt (Eva Knauer), and Hilde Sessak (Marion)) as Dr. Johannes Pfeiffer / Hans Pfeiffer
 * Quax in Afrika (1945) (directed by Helmut Weiss, book: Hermann Grote) (with Bruni Löbel and Beppo Brem) as Otto Groschenbügel, 'Quax', Fluglehrer
 * Tell the Truth (1946) (with Georg Thomalla and Susanne von Almassy) (unfinished film)
 * Der Herr vom andern Stern (1948, directed by Heinz Hilpert) (with Anneliese Römer, Hans Cossy) as Herr vom anderen Stern
 * The Secret of the Red Cat (1949, directed by Helmut Weiss) (with Gustav Knuth) as André
 * I'll Make You Happy (1949, directed by Sándor Szlatinay) as Peter Krüger
 * That Can Happen to Anyone (1952, directed by Paul Verhoeven) (with Gustav Knuth, Gisela Schmidting, and Liesl Karlstadt) as Hugo Brinkmeyer
 * Shame on You, Brigitte! (1952) (with Hans Moser, Theo Lingen, Nadja Tiller, Margarete Slezak, and Hilde Berndt) as Dr. Felix Schneider
 * Not Afraid of Big Animals (1953) (with Gustav Knuth) as Emil Keller
 * Mailman Mueller (1953, directed by Heinz Rühmann) (with Heli Finkenzeller) as Titus Müller
 * On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight (1954) (with Hans Albers and Gustav Knuth) as Pittes Breuer
 * Stopover in Orly (1955, directed by Jean Dréville) (with Dany Robin, Dieter Borsche, Simone Renant, and Claus Biederstaedt) as Albert Petit
 * Wenn der Vater mit dem Sohne (1955) (with Oliver Grimm and Waltraut Haas) as Teddy Lemke
 * Charley's Aunt (1956) (with Hertha Feiler, Claus Biederstaedt, Walter Giller, and Paul Hörbiger) as Dr. Otto Dernburg
 * The Captain from Köpenick (1956, based upon the play by Carl Zuckmayer) (directed by Helmut Käutner) as Wilhelm Voigt
 * Das Sonntagskind (1956, directed by Kurt Meisel) (with Walter Giller, Günther Lüders, Werner Peters, and Siegfried Lowitz) as Anton Wibbel
 * Vater sein dagegen sehr (1957, directed by Kurt Meisel) (with Marianne Koch) as Lutz Ventura
 * It Happened in Broad Daylight (1958, screenplay by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, directed by Ladislao Vajda) (with Gert Fröbe, Michel Simon, Siegfried Lowitz, Ewald Balser, Berta Drews, and Sigfrit Steiner) as Oberleutnant Matthäi
 * The Man Who Couldn't Say No (1958) (with Hannelore Schroth and Siegfried Lowitz) as Thomas Träumer
 * The Crammer (1958, directed by Axel von Ambesser) (with Wera Frydtberg, Gert Fröbe, Klaus Löwitsch, and Peter Kraus) as Dr. Hermann Seidel
 * Iron Gustav (1958, directed by Georg Hurdalek) (with Lucie Mannheim, Ernst Schröder, Karin Baal, Ingrid van Bergen) as Gustav Hartmann
 * Menschen im Hotel (1959, based on a novel by Vicki Baum, directed by Gottfried Reinhardt) (with Michèle Morgan, O. W. Fischer, Gert Fröbe, and Sonja Ziemann) as Carl Kringelein
 * The Man Who Walked Through the Wall (1959, directed by Ladislao Vajda) (with Nicole Courcel and Hubert von Meyerinck) as Herr Buchsbaum
 * The Juvenile Judge (1960) (with Karin Baal) as Judge Dr. Ferdinand Bluhme
 * My Schoolfriend (1960, directed by Robert Siodmak) (with Robert Graf, Ernst Schröder, Mario Adorf, Loni von Friedl, and Fritz Wepper) as Ludwig Fuchs
 * The Good Soldier Schweik (1960, based on the novel The Good Soldier Švejk by Jaroslav Hašek, directed by Axel von Ambesser) (with Ernst Stankovski, Senta Berger, Jane Tilden, Fritz Eckhardt, and Fritz Muliar) as Josef Schwejk
 * The Black Sheep (1960, a Father Brown film) (with Karl Schönböck, Maria Sebaldt, and Siegfried Lowitz) as Pater Brown
 * The Liar (1961, directed by Ladislao Vajda) (with Gustav Knuth) as Sebastian Schumann
 * Max the Pickpocket (1962) (with Elfie Pertramer, Hans Clarin, and Ruth Stephan) as Max Schilling
 * He Can't Stop Doing It (1962) (a Father Brown film, directed by Axel von Ambesser) (with Rudolf Forster, Grit Boettcher, Ruth Maria Kubitschek, and Horst Tappert) as Pater Brown
 * My Daughter and I (1963) (with Gertraud Jesserer, Gustav Knuth, Agnes Windeck, and Herta Staal) as Dr. Robert Stegemann
 * The House in Montevideo (1963, based on a play by Curt Goetz, directed by Helmut Käutner) (with Ruth Leuwerik and Paul Dahlke) as Prof. Dr. Traugott Hermann Nägler
 * A Mission for Mr. Dodd (1964) (with Anton Diffring and Mario Adorf) as Dr. Lancelot Dodd / Dr. Ivor Marmion
 * Praetorius (1965, based on a play by Curt Goetz) (with Liselotte Pulver) as Dr. Hiob Prätorius
 * Ship of Fools (1965, directed by Stanley Kramer) (with Vivien Leigh, Simone Signoret, Oskar Werner, Lee Marvin, José Ferrer, and George Segal) as Julius Lowenthal
 * Who Wants to Sleep? (1965, anthology film) (with Curd Jürgens, Nadja Tiller, Ivan Desny, Letícia Román, Gert Fröbe, Catherine Deneuve, Johanna von Koczian, Richard Münch, Anita Ekberg, Peter Alexander, and Axel von Ambesser) as Professor Hellberg
 * Hocuspocus (1966, based on a play by Curt Goetz) (with Liselotte Pulver and Richard Münch) as Peer Bille
 * Your Money or Your Life (1966, directed by Jean-Pierre Mocky) (with Fernandel) as Henry Schmidt
 * Once a Greek (1966, based on the novel Once a Greek by Friedrich Dürrenmatt) (with Irina Demick, Hannes Messemer, and Charles Régnier), as Archilochos
 * Maigret and His Greatest Case (1966, based on a novel by Georges Simenon) (with Françoise Prévost, Günter Strack, Eddi Arent, and Ulli Lommel) as Kommissar Maigret
 * Operation St. Peter's (1967, directed by Lucio Fulci) (with Edward G. Robinson, Jean-Claude Brialy, and Lando Buzzanca) as Cardinal Erik Braun
 * Die Ente klingelt um ½ 8 (1968) (with Charles Régnier) as Dr. Alexander
 * The Captain (1971) (with Johanna Matz, Horst Tappert, Ernst Stankovski, Horst Janson, Günter Pfitzmann, and Teri Tordai, music: James Last) as Wilhelm Ebbs
 * Oh Jonathan – oh Jonathan! (1973) (with Paul Dahlke, Peter Fricke, and Franziska Oehme) as Konsul Jonathan Reynold
 * Heinz Rühmann erzählt Märchen (1975) as Narrator
 * The Chinese Miracle (1977) (with Senta Berger, Harald Leipnitz, Peter Pasetti, and Christian Kohlund) as Poliakoff
 * Scrounged Meals (1977, directed by Michael Verhoeven) (with Mario Adorf, René Deltgen, Elisabeth Volkmann, Karin Baal, and Joachim Fuchsberger) as Alfred Eisenhardt
 * Faraway, So Close! (1993, directed by Wim Wenders) (with Otto Sander, Bruno Ganz, Nastassja Kinski, Willem Dafoe, Peter Falk, Horst Buchholz, and Solveig Dommartin) as Konrad (final film role)

Television

 * Death of a Salesman (1968 film) (1968, based on Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, directed by Gerhard Klingenberg) (with Käthe Gold), as Willy Loman
 * Sag’s dem Weihnachtsmann (1969, based on a play by Derek Bond), as Leslie Darwin
 * Harvey (1970 film) (1970, based on Harvey by Mary Chase) (with Susi Nicoletti and Charles Régnier), as Elwood Dowd
 * Photo Finish (1970 film) (1970, based on Photo Finish by Peter Ustinov) (with Hans Söhnker, Harry Meyen, and Erika Pluhar), as Sam Kinsale, 80 years old
 * Der Pfandleiher (1971 film) (1971, based on Angel in a Pawnshop by A. B. Shiffrin) (with Sabine Sinjen), as Hilary
 * The Caretaker (1973 film) (1973, based on The Caretaker by Harold Pinter, directed by August Everding) (with Gerd Baltus), as Davies
 * Kein Abend wie jeder andere (1976, directed by Hermann Leitner) (with Peter Ustinov), as Roeder, Antiquitätenhändler
 * Summa Summarum (1977), as Himself
 * Diener und andere Herren (1978, anthology film, directed by Wolfgang Glück) (with Ferdy Mayne), as Kirchendiener / Butler / Edward / Ehemann
 * Noch ’ne Oper (1979, based on a story by Heinz Erhardt) (with Rudolf Schock, Margit Schramm, Benno Kusche, Grit Boettcher, Gert Fröbe, Inge Meysel, Hans-Joachim Kulenkampff, Heidi Kabel, Vicco von Bülow, and Heinz Erhardt), as Golfspieler
 * Balthasar im Stau (1979, anthology film, directed by Rudolf Jugert) (with Cornelia Froboess and Louise Martini), as Taxi driver Lefèvre / Taxi driver Balthasar van Krogg / Taxi driver Lord Barclay / Station master Brown
 * Aller guten Dinge sind drei (1979, anthology film, directed by Rolf von Sydow) (with Günter Strack), as Friebe / Eberts / Weber
 * Ein Zug nach Manhattan (1981, based on Holiday Song by Paddy Chayefsky, directed by Rolf von Sydow) (with Ulrike Bliefert, Charles Brauer, Hans Hessling, and Bruni Löbel), as Kantor Leon Sternberger
 * Es gibt noch Haselnußsträucher (1983, based on Il y a encore des noisetiers by Georges Simenon, directed by Vojtěch Jasný) (with Katharina Böhm, Marion Kracht, Luitgard Im, Anneliese Uhlig, and Sigmar Solbach), as Perret-Latour

As director

 * All Lies (1938)
 * Lauter Liebe (1940)
 * Sophienlund (1943)
 * Der Engel mit dem Saitenspiel (1944)
 * Die kupferne Hochzeit (1948)

Autobiography

 * Das war's. Erinnerungen. Ullstein, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-548-20521-6

title: Heinz Rühmann


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Talk:Daniel Keys Moran

Under appreciated
Daniel Keys Moran is an under appreciated author, who's books "The Last Dancer" and "The Long Run" are superb story telling. I thoroughly recommend them.

I was fortunate enough to be lent an imported copy of The Last Dancer, by a friend of mine. It was a story so clear and well written it got me interested in reading stories again. It had been years since I'd read a novel, instead focussing on study books and other non-fiction. The Last Dancer was a complete eye-opener as to how an author could create a complex universe. I can't wait to read more.

—Julian 2005 April 25 (UTC)

Cyberpunk
Removed "(written long before it was called cyberpunk)" from section on concepts in the Continuing Time series. His first published story appeared in 1982. The term Cyberpunk was coined in 1983. —Sir Robin

Neutrality
The neutrality of this article is  disputed. —Rmhermen 15:34, 2006 May 3 (UTC)

 * I was curious as to what prompted the NPOV tagging of this article. If anything I would have thought it was still too short to have a point of view. —MJBurrage 06:32, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Not short at all, nor encyclopedic -most of the article is a catalog - and all shot through with direct signed responses from the subject himself. Rmhermen 13:03, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, I had meant that the main (first) section was too short to have a POV. The two sections I made significant contributions to were:
 * The section on his co-authors — the only information I could find was his comments (neither of them is separately published). I had thought that making it clear that the information was from his comments, would satisfy POV issues.  I could rephrase some of the information to be more third person, but I thought leaving the source was more up front.
 * The list of works — is that level of detail inappropriate on Wikipedia? The two Star Wars related quotes are from a description of said work that used to be on his website.  The third was from an e-mail on a forum he contributes to regularly.  (were it from anybody else, I would have left it off as un-sourced)
 * Thank you for the input :-)
 * —MJBurrage 15:01, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have rewritten the information described to be more encyclopedic, leaving only three quotes.
 * The one about why a story was published under a pseudonym. (The only explanation we have for a story in-between two using his name.)
 * The two about his co-authors. (There is no other information publicly available, and I think paraphrasing Moran without the context could be perceived as deceptive.)
 * —MJBurrage 18:44, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

The neutrality of this page was rightfully disputed. Please reference the Wikipedia contributor Rich Burridge's own blog, which references his own entry for this page as "something he just read" in January, 2008. It was something that he, himself, just wrote here on this page.

 * http://blogs.sun.com/richb/entry/daniel_keys_moran

This is Burridge's blog dated January, 2008. As I said, it references something that Burridge, himself wrote - phrasing it as if he'd just read what someone else wrote, although the initial author - was himself. Yes, law enforcement has used this Wikipedia entry - if Mr. Burridge has any care to what that might signify, although I am certain that he does not. You may vandalize my entry or information about my mother freely. It changes nothing of what we've done. No one in the real world believes Wikipedia. Because of things like this. ASterling (talk) 04:33, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Mr. Sterling, I removed the portion of your comment about your personal dealings with Moran, as they seemed to violate the Wikipedia policy on biographies of living persons. As for Rich Burridge, I see no evidence that he ever contributed to this page. —MJBurrage(T•C) 07:31, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Things that need to be included
Apparently, the currently list of works is terribly out-dated, see http://danielkeysmoran.blogspot.com/2010/09/560-comments-need-to-be-moderated.html for reference. I would do it myself, but I still lack a complete overview of all published Continuing Time books and short-stories.JaredThornbridge (talk) 10:06, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Daniel Keys Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071012053843/http://immunitysec.com:80/resources-dkm.shtml to http://immunitysec.com/resources-dkm.shtml

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OR and NPOV
The entirety of the section "Concepts in the Continuing Time" seems to be original research. I suggest it should be cut to a minimum.

It also possibly slides toward violating WP:NPOV with wording that suggests opinions, rather than facts, such as "an interesting twist on non-violent protest" (interesting to whom?") and " Surprisingly, the most significant battle in the series is a..." (surprising?) NumberC35 (talk) 14:12, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Agreed Dan Bloch (talk) 19:16, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Daniel Keys Moran


text:
Mike Harrison (rugby union)

Michael Edward Harrison (born 9 April 1956) in Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire) is a former first-class rugby union footballer, playing on the wing for Wakefield and England.

He was educated at QEGS Wakefield and played for Yorkshire schools at under 16 and 19 levels and North East Schools against Australian schools.

He also won a schools athletics vest for Yorkshire as a sprinter and triple jumper and competed in the national schools championships.

He was involved in a serious car accident in 1975 and eye injuries prevented him playing rugby for more than two years.

In 1978 he joined Wakefield RFC as a scrum half in the third team before moving to centre and finally right wing for the first team where he played in over 300 games.

He has played 53 times for Yorkshire between 1981 and 1996. He also represented the North of England against Fiji (1982) and Australia (1984).

Harrison made his England debut during the 1985 tour to New Zealand at the relatively advanced age of 29. England lost both tests, but Harrison scored a breakaway try in each to earn himself the nickname "Burglar Bill". Subsequently a local brewery named a drink "Burglar Bill" after him.

By 1987, Harrison had become a regular fixture in the side, playing in 14 of the next 15 England matches, including all four games of the 1987 Five Nations, one of which was as captain. His appointment came about when current skipper and scrum-half Richard Hill was suspended for allegedly inciting a violent clash with Wales. Harrison's first game in charge resulted in victory over Scotland and he marked the occasion with a try.

He kept the captaincy for the inaugural World Cup in New Zealand in 1987 where he led by example and enjoyed good try-scoring form. In the opening match against Australia, Harrison scored another breakaway try to give his side a surprise lead. England remained in contention at 6–6 but could not respond to losing full-back Marcus Rose to concussion and a highly controversial try scored by David Campese. England lost 19–6, but came back to crush Japan, Harrison himself grabbing a hat-trick in thirteen minutes as England racked up ten tries. He scored his fifth try of the tournament against the USA, but England lost to Wales in the quarter-finals, thought by some to have been the worst match of the tournament.

Harrison played the first two games of the 1988 Five Nations but was then dropped and never again called upon to represent his country.

Mike Harrison currently works in banking and occasionally works as an expert summariser on the radio. He is married to Marion with three children; Fiona, Anne and Simon.

Mike Harrison's International Record
1985 v New Zealand (Christchurch) L 18–13

1985 v New Zealand (Wellington) L 42–15

1986 v Scotland (Murrayfield) L 33–6 (FN)

1986 v Ireland (Twickenham) W 25–20 (FN)

1986 v France (Paris) L 29–10 (FN)

1987 v Ireland (Dublin) L 17–0 (FN)

1987 v France (Twickenham) L 19–15 (FN)

1987 v Wales (Cardiff) L 19–12 (FN)

1987 v Scotland (Twickenham) W 21–12 (FN) (Captain)

1987 v Australia (Sydney) L 19–6 (W. Cup) (Captain)

1987 v Japan (Sydney) W 60–7 (W. Cup) (Captain)

1987 v USA (Sydney) W 34–6 (W. Cup) (Captain)

1987 v Wales (Brisbane) L 16–3 (W. Cup) (Captain)

1988 v France](Paris) L 10–9 (FN) (Captain)

1988 v Wales (Twickenham) L 11–3 (FN) (Captain)

Career Record: P15, W4, L11 Test Points: 32 Tries: 8

title: Mike Harrison (rugby union)


text:
Estarreja

Estarreja ( or ) is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 26,997, in an area of 108.17 km2. It had 22,746 eligible voters in 2006. The only city in the municipality is Estarreja, which is in the urban parish of Beduido. The city itself has a population of approximately 7,000. It is built along the banks of the Antuã River, near the Ria de Aveiro. Estarreja is an important chemical industry centre, being the place where several industrial facilities of CUF are located.

The municipality is part of the Aveiro District, in the Baixo Vouga subregion, in the Centro Region, Portugal.

Main train stations are Estarreja and Avanca.

The present Mayor is Diamantino Sabina, elected by a coalition between the Social Democratic Party and the People's Party. The municipal holiday is 13 June, the feast of Saint Anthony of Padua.

Demographics
In 1926 a portion of territory with about 13 000 inhabitants was taken away from Estarreja municipality to become the municipality of Murtosa. Hence the population drop from 1900 to 1930.

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 5 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Avanca
 * Beduído e Veiros
 * Canelas e Fermelã
 * Pardilhó (town)
 * Salreu (town)

Cities and towns

 * Estarreja (city)
 * Avanca (town)
 * Pardilhó (town)
 * Salreu (town)

Notable people
António Egas Moniz (1874–1955), the famous Portuguese doctor was born in Avanca, Estarreja. He was the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949.

title: Estarreja


text:
Pardus

Pardus may refer to:

 * Saint Pardus, patron saint of Larino, Italy
 * Dan Pardus, an American NASCAR driver
 * Pardus (operating system), a Linux distribution developed in Turkey
 * Pardus (video game), graphical browser-based MMORPG
 * Pardus, Pennsylvania, a community in the United States

Biology

 * Panthera pardus, the scientific name for the leopard
 * Panthera pardus pardus, African leopard
 * Pseudophilautus pardus is an extinct species of Sri Lankan shrub frogs, in the family Rhacophoridae
 * Ecsenius pardus, a species of blenny, a fish of the family Blenniidae
 * Cystiscus pardus is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.
 * Jorunna pardus, a species of sea slug in the family Discodorididae.

title: Pardus


text:
Talk:Culture of Richmond, Virginia

Do you have a source for Richmond being "top" in STD's? Just interested. Also good idea for creating this page. --MaxPower 13:13, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)
 * RVA was top in Chlamydia and Gonorrhea according to this Henry J. Kaiser Foundation article:see Table VIII on p9
 * "HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have had a disparate impact across the country, with some regions being harder hit than others. The southern region of the U.S., which includes 16 states and the District of Columbia, has been disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS and STD epidemics." ( numbers in new cases per 100,000)

 * Chlamydia      - -   Gonorrhea    - -  Secondary Syphilis
 * Richmond, VA 1175.5  - -   Richmond, VA 923.6 S   - -       Nashville, TN 37.7 S
 * Milwaukee, WI 995.1 MW     - -   Rochester, NY 894.8 NE  - -   Indianapolis, IN 37.1 MW
 * Philadelphia, PA 958.2 NE - -    Baltimore, MD 885.6 S      - -          Baltimore, MD 34.5 S
 * Baltimore, MD 858.7 S    - -   St. Louis, MO 862.1 MW   - -     Memphis, TN 28.2 S
 * New Orleans, LA 828.1 S    - -    Detroit, MI 766.7 MW    - -      Detroit, MI 21.9 MW
 * St Louis, MO 811.8 MW - - Norfolk, VA 659.7 S    - -    Oklahoma City, OK 20.0 S
 * Detroit, MI 797.0 MW  - -     New Orleans, LA 654.1 S    - -   Norfolk, VA 16.4 S
 * Atlanta, GA 746.2 S  - -  Kansas City, MO 595.2 MW    - -   Atlanta, GA 15.6 S
 * Minneapolis, MN 724.3 MW - -    Philadelphia, PA 578.3 NE   - -   Newark, NJ 9.9 NE
 * Kansas City, MO 692.7 MW  - -   Milwaukee, WI 567.8 MW   - -   Chicago, IL 9.8 MW

 * Secondary source  here: "In 2002, the last year for which statistics are available, Baltimore had the third highest incidence (new cases per year) for Chlamydia (at 6,267 cases, behind Detroit, Mich., and Richmond, VA.) and gonorrhea (at 4,873 cases, behind St. Louis, Mo., and Richmond, VA.)"
 * MPS 14:47, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

question
RE: B103 and Kiss FM, what is "A/C"? Lachatdelarue (talk) 15:14, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Adult Contemporary (btw I compiled that list from other internet sources so it's probably a bit out of date)... MPS 16:03, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Culture of Richmond, Virginia


text:
Jiří Paroubek

Jiří Paroubek (born 21 August 1952) is a Czech politician, who was the prime minister of the Czech Republic from April 2005 to September 2006. He was also the leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2006 until his resignation following the 2010 legislative election.

Early life and career
Paroubek was born in Olomouc and attended Jan Neruda Grammar School. He entered politics in 1970 at the age of 18, joining the Czechoslovak Socialist Party, a member party of the Czechoslovak National Front. He reached the lower levels of the party hierarchy before leaving the party in 1986.

Paroubek spent his one-year military service as an army food services supervisor in the southern Bohemian city of Prachatice. After graduating in 1976, Paroubek worked as a manager for several state companies including 'Restaurants and Canteens' (Restaurace a jídelny).

In 1979, as an executive committee member of the Czechoslovak Socialist Party, one of the puppet parties of the Communist regime, he attracted the attention of the communist state secret police (StB). He met agents three times in meetings where he allegedly expressed loyalty to the communist government and disagreement with opposition groups such as Charter 77. He was assigned the code name Roko, after his pet parakeet, but never actually signed a cooperation agreement with the secret police, and after 1982 the cooperation ceased, as Paroubek "did not have enough potential and contacts".

Following the Velvet Revolution in November 1989, Paroubek joined the re-established Social Democratic Party (ČSSD), and was given an executive post by chairman Jiří Horák. In 1993 he stood for chairmanship of the party but was defeated by Miloš Zeman. In 2000, he placed fourth in elections to the Senate of the Czech Republic in the Prague 8 district. Paroubek held senior positions in the Prague municipal government for over 14 years.

Prime Ministership
In August 2004 Paroubek was appointed Minister of Regional Development in the government of Stanislav Gross. After a government crisis in early 2005 related to Gross's personal financial affairs, Paroubek succeeded him to become the 6th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic on 25 April 2005. On 13 May 2005, Paroubek's government passed a vote of confidence in the chamber of deputies, with all 101 coalition-party members supporting the government and the 98 opposition members and one independent voting against. Paroubek's government, which was little changed from Gross's, led the country until the parliamentary elections of June 2006.

On 30 July 2005, the CzechTek free techno party was broken up by around 1,000 riot police using tear gas and water cannons, claiming the event participants had damaged private property. The police actions left around 80 people and several police officers injured, leading to public protests in front of the Czech interior ministry. Paroubek had spoken in favour of the action beforehand and subsequently defended it, stating that the participants were "not dancing children but dangerous people", but was criticised for the raid by President Václav Klaus. Opposition parties and the media condemned the government, with some drawing comparisons between the actions of Paroubek's government and crackdowns against students by the communist government in 1989.

Role in the Czech legislative election, 2006
Paroubek was selected as the election leader for the 2006 elections and at a ČSSD party congress in mid-May was elected uncontested as the new chairman with 90% of the vote. The election campaign was highly combative due to deep animosity between ČSSD, the conservative Civic Democratic Party (ODS), and their respective party leaders.

In May 2006, a report by Jan Kubice, head of the Czech Police's organized crime unit, was released. The so-called "Kubice Report" accused Paroubek of having links with the criminal underworld, as well as participating in a murder cover-up, attempts to derail police investigations and attempting to criminalise investigating officers. The report was initially classified and was presented to the proper commission of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament, but was made public four days before election day. Paroubek responded by accusing the opposition ODS of conspiracy and "putschist" tactics, and vowed to punish those responsible if elected. After the election Paroubek stated that "ODS did not abhor breaking many laws and did it on purpose four days before the elections to avoid establishing of this evident and repeated breaking of legal order. (...) I feel a duty to announce that democracy in this country incurred a hard intervention comparable maybe only with February 1948. Only with the difference that a blue totalitarianism looms." Paroubek later publicly apologized for these comments.

Although opinion polling put support for ČSSD at around 10% when Stanislav Gross resigned as Prime Minister, the party eventually received 32.3% in the elections and finished runner-up to ODS.

On 9 September Paroubek released a document claiming it showed that the ODS planned to discredit him. Paroubek refused to name the source of this paper.

Post Prime Ministership
After the 2006 elections, Paroubek remained as leader of ČSSD in opposition, and stayed in this post until his resignation immediately after the result of the 2010 legislative election was announced on 29 May 2010. Although the Social Democrats became the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies after the election, they were unable to form a governing coalition and Paroubek subsequently resigned as leader of the party.

On 9 October 2008, an official launch party was held for Paroubek's book The Czech Republic, Europe and the world through the eyes of a social democrat (Česko, Evropa a svět očima sociálního demokrata) in the Monarch restaurant in Prague. Shortly after the end of the event there was an altercation between two of the guests, businessman Bohumír Ďuričko and Václav Kočka jr., the son of a carousel operator. Kočka was killed in the incident. Ďuričko was convicted of the murder and sentenced to 12.5 years in prison. Jiří Paroubek initially distanced himself from the incident and claimed he did not know Ďuričko and had not invited him to the event. However, relations between Paroubek and Ďuričko had been publicly known since at least 2005, when Paroubek had planned to spend the holidays with Ďuričko's family, but cancelled the plans when it became known that Ďuričko was a communist secret service agent.

On 7 October 2011, Paroubek left ČSSD and in the same month founded a new party called National Socialists – 21st Century Left. Following the party's failure to win any seats in the Chamber of Deputies in the 2013 election, Paroubek announced his resignation from the party and retirement from politics in November 2014.

In 2017, Paroubek repeatedly attempted to rejoin the Social Democratic Party. However, his bids were vetoed by local and regional party representatives. In June 2018, Paroubek wanted to stand as a Social Democrat candidate in the 2018 Senate elections. However, his nomination was blocked by the party committee. He subsequently stood as an independent candidate.

In February 2018, Paroubek stated that he plans to run in the next Czech presidential election. He decided to run in the 2018 Senate election in Ostrava. He sought the nomination of ČSSD but subsequently ran as an independent. He received 7% of the vote and finished in 7th place, failing to win the seat.

On 23 February 2023, Paroubek launched the initiative Nespokojení (Dissatisfied), with the aim of connecting parties on the left of the political spectrum before the 2024 European Parliament elections and 2025 Czech legislative election. However, he subsequently joined extraparliamentary party Czech Sovereignty of Social Democracy, becoming chairman of the party in February 2024. He led the party into the 2024 European Parliament election, where the party received 0.25% and failed to win any seats.

title: Jiří Paroubek


text:
Ziggurat of Ur

The Ziggurat (or Great Ziggurat) of Ur (Sumerian:  é-temen-ní-gùru "Etemenniguru", meaning "temple whose foundation creates aura") is a Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in present-day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. The structure was built during the Early Bronze Age (21st century BC) but had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BC of the Neo-Babylonian period, when it was restored by King Nabonidus.

Its remains were excavated in the 1920s and 1930s by Sir Leonard Woolley. Under Saddam Hussein in the 1980s, they were encased by a partial reconstruction of the façade and the monumental staircase. The Ziggurat of Ur is the best-preserved of those known from Mesopotamia, besides the ziggurat of Dur Untash (Chogha Zanbil). It is one of three well-preserved structures of the Neo-Sumerian city of Ur, along with the Royal Mausolea and the Palace of Ur-Nammu (the E-hursag).

Sumerian ziggurat
The ziggurat was built by King Ur-Nammu, who dedicated it in honour of Nanna/Sîn in approximately the 21st century BCE (short chronology) during the Third Dynasty of Ur. The massive step pyramid measured 64 m in length, 45 m in width and over 30 m in height. The height is speculative, as only the foundations of the Sumerian ziggurat have survived.

The ziggurat was a piece in a temple complex that served as an administrative center for the city, and which was a shrine of the moon god Nanna, the patron deity of Ur.

The construction of the ziggurat was finished in the 21st century BC by King Shulgi, who, in order to win the allegiance of cities, proclaimed himself a god. During his 48-year reign, the city of Ur grew to be the capital of a state controlling much of Mesopotamia.

Neo-Babylonian restoration
King Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in the 6th century BC, after "finding little left but the last stage and nothing to guide him as to the monument's original appearance", had it restored in seven stages rather than three.

Excavation and preservation
The remains of the ziggurat were rediscovered by William Loftus in 1850. The first excavations at the site were conducted by John George Taylor (mistakenly credited as "J. E. Taylor") in the 1850s, leading to the identification of the site as Ur. After World War I, preliminary excavations were performed by Reginald Campbell Thompson and Henry Hall. The site was extensively excavated in the 1920s by Sir Leonard Woolley by appointment of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania and the British Museum in the period of 1922 to 1934.

The remains of the ziggurat consist of a three-layered solid mass of mud brick faced with burnt bricks set in bitumen. The lowest layer corresponds to the original construction of Ur-Nammu, while the two upper layers are part of the Neo-Babylonian restorations. The façade of the lowest level and the monumental staircase were rebuilt under the orders of Saddam Hussein.

The rebuilt ziggurat was damaged in the Gulf War in 1991 by small arms fire, and the structure was shaken by explosions. Four bomb craters can be seen nearby, and the walls of the ziggurat are marred by over 400 bullet holes.

As of 2008, the site was under the supervision of curator Dief Mohssein Naiif al-Gizzy.

title: Ziggurat of Ur


text: User talk:69.140.173.27

title: User talk:69.140.173.27


text:
Talk:LinuxQuestions.org

Does the Wiki at LQ.org run MediaWiki?
I dont think the wiki at LQ is powered by Mediawiki as claimed by the article here. Somebody who knows, please correct the info. Thanks --Bigbossman 05:47, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I just looked it up. The LQ Wiki does use MediaWiki - http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Special:Version .---Admetus 03:33, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

LinuxQuestions.org is for-profit
As explicitly stated here* by Jeremy Garcia, LinuxQuestions.org runs as a for-profit business, even if Jeremy sustains that the revenue doesn't cover costs.

* www.linuxquestions.org/questions/lq-suggestions-and-feedback-7/is-this-site-for-profit-or-non-profit-377461/#4 Medende (talk) 20:43, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:LinuxQuestions.org


text:
Mealhada

Mealhada is a city and a municipality located in Aveiro District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 20,428, in an area of 110.66 km2. It had 17,043 eligible voters (2006). The city of Mealhada itself has a population of 4,522.

It is included in the Região de Coimbra. The city of Coimbra is about 20 km away.

The current Mayor is Rui Marqueiro, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is Ascension Day.

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Barcouço
 * Casal Comba
 * Luso
 * Mealhada, Ventosa do Bairro e Antes
 * Pampilhosa
 * Vacariça

Cities and towns

 * Mealhada (city) / [cidade].
 * Towns: Luso ; Pampilhosa

Villages
(Partial list):
 * Barcouco
 * Buçaco
 * Casal Comba
 * Mala
 * Travasso
 * Vacarica
 * Ventosa do Bairro
 * Vimieira
 * Vimieira

Attractions
The Buçaco Palace (Portuguese: Palácio Hotel do Buçaco) is a luxury hotel in the Luso parish, in the municipality of Mealhada, in the Serra do Buçaco mountains. Other interesting sights near Luso: Cruz Alta, a dense wooded forest.

Other attractions: Mealhada: City Park (Parque da Cidade de Mealhada).

Principal train stations
The most important train stations are: Pampilhosa, Mealhada and Luso.

title: Mealhada


text:
Pierced from Within

Pierced from Within is the third album by the death metal band Suffocation, released in 1995. "Synthetically Revived" is a re-recording of the song of the same name from the Human Waste EP and "Breeding the Spawn" is a re-recording of the title track from the band's previous album.

Both this album and Effigy of the Forgotten have been re-released by Roadrunner Records as part of the Two from the Vault series.

Before 2013's Pinnacle of Bedlam, this was the only full-length album by Suffocation not to feature Mike Smith as a drummer. It is the band's last album with guitarist Doug Cerrito and bassist Chris Richards, and the only with drummer Doug Bohn.

Guitarist Terrance Hobbs has cited Pierced From Within as his favorite Suffocation album. At 45 minutes and 31 seconds, Pierced from Within is the band’s longest album to date.

Track listing

 * All songs written by Suffocation except where noted.

Personnel

 * Suffocation
 * Frank Mullen - vocals
 * Terrance Hobbs - lead guitar
 * Doug Cerrito - rhythm guitar
 * Chris Richards - bass
 * Doug Bohn - drums

 * Production
 * Produced by Scott Burns & Suffocation
 * Engineered and mixed by Scott Burns
 * Assistant engineer: Dave Welner
 * Recorded and mixed at Morrisound Recording, Tampa, FL, USA
 * Mastered by Mike Fuller at Fullersound, Miami, FL, USA
 * Cover art: Hiro Takahashi

title: Pierced from Within


text:
Louise of Hesse-Kassel

Louise of Hesse-Kassel (Luise Wilhelmine Friederike Caroline Auguste Julie, Louise Wilhelmine Frederikke Caroline Auguste Julie; 7 September 1817 – 29 September 1898) was Queen of Denmark as the wife of King Christian IX from 15 November 1863 until her death in 1898. From 1863 to 1864, she was concurrently Duchess of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.

Early life and relation to the royal family
Louise was born as the daughter of Prince William of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Charlotte of Denmark. Her siblings included Princess Marie Luise Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Auguste Sophie Friederike of Hesse-Kassel. Louise of Hesse lived in Denmark from the age of three.

As a niece of King Christian VIII, who ruled Denmark between 1839 and 1848, Louise was very close to the succession after several individuals of the royal house of Denmark who were elderly and childless. As children, her brother Frederick Wilhelm, her sisters and she were the closest relatives of King Christian VIII who were likely to produce heirs. It was increasingly obvious that the traditional male line succession might come to an end within a generation as the crown prince was childless despite two marriages. Louise was one of the females descending from Frederick III of Denmark, and she enjoyed the remainder provisions of the Danish agnatic-cognetic succession according to the King's Law in the event that Frederick III's male line became extinct.

Louise and her siblings were not agnatic descendants of the House of Oldenburg. Louise was thus ineligible to inherit the Holstein throne - which was under agnatic succession. This threatened the continued existence of the joint monarchy between Denmark and the two duchies. Denmark and its fief Schleswig both followed the succession rules in the King's Law giving Louise a strong claim to the Danish throne.

Marriage and succession dispute

Louise was married at the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842 to her double second cousin Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg who in 1863 became King Christian IX of Denmark.

The marriage combined Christian's weak claim to the throne with Louise's senior claim. The couple lived a quiet family life but their claims to the throne were disputed for more than a decade.

Louise's claim to the throne was challenged by the House of Augustenborg which held the stronger claim to the Holstein throne and a subsidiary claim to the Danish and Schleswig thrones. The House of Augustenborg argued that the King's Law was purely agnatic and presented itself as the opportunity to preserve the undivided monarchy.

In 1847, King Christian VIII decided that the throne should pass to Prince Christian of Glücksburg in the event that crown prince Frederick (the later Frederick VII) fathered no dynastic sons. This choice was communicated to the Great Powers of Europe.

The situation remained disputed and succession was a main reason for the House of Augustenburg rebelling against Denmark in the 1848-51 First Schleswig War. That house was consequently struck from the line of succession. This cemented that Prince Christian of Glücksburg would become the next monarch.

Louise's mother and siblings renounced their rights to the Danish throne to her and Louise herself in turn renounced her rights in favour of her husband. In 1852, this succession order was confirmed by the Nordic countries and foreign powers in London.

Christian and Louise's children would now be heirs to the Danish throne both due to compliance with the King's Law and due to international treaty. This resolved the succession to the Danish crown, but not Denmark's future relation to the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. German Holstein's historic law of succession was Salic, thus exclusively male, and could not easily be reconciled with Christian's claim as long as the Augustenborgs survived and Prussia offered itself as the international champion of German nationalism. In 1864, this conflict resulted in the Second Schleswig War.

By 1853, Denmark had become a constitutional monarchy and Parliament amended the Danish law of succession proclaiming Christian Hereditary Prince of Denmark, thus cementing that he would succeed when King Frederick VII died (unless the uncle of King Frederick, Prince Ferdinand, would outlive his nephew). Although Frederick disapproved of this choice he signed it into law on 3 July 1853.

Louise disapproved of Frederick VII's non-dynastic marriage to Louise Rasmussen and in turn the King disapproved of Christian succeeding him. The two couples thus had a tense relationship and spent little time together.

Queen of Denmark

On 15 November 1863 King Frederick VII died and Christian became King of Denmark. The relationship between Louise and Christian seems to have been at least partially a marriage of love, and is described as happy: she supported him in his struggle to be acknowledged as heir-presumptive to the throne of Denmark, and the couple became strongly attached to each other during the years of succession struggle. Her loyalty is said to have been of great importance to him, and Christian is described as dependent upon her intelligence, judgment and psychological strength, all of which were considered to be superior to his own. Their life style is described as simple and puritan, and as this suited the contemporary view of an exemplary family life, the royal family was regarded as a morally correct role model. Because of this, the pregnancy of her unmarried daughter Thyra in 1870 became a burden; Louise took control of the situation and hid it from public knowledge by sending Thyra to give birth abroad, keeping the whole affair a family secret.

As queen, Louise lived a life isolated from the people and did not seek a relationship with or recognition from the public. She took no part in state affairs; her political interests focused on the arranged dynastic marriages of her children and were affected by her anti-German views. The high status marriages she arranged for her children secured the newly established Danish dynasty international status, connecting Denmark to Great Britain, Russia, Sweden and Greece. Known as "The Mother-in-law of Europe," her annual family gatherings at Bernstorff and Fredensborg attracted more attention every year and made her a popular symbol of family life. Significant events in her life included her wedding anniversary on 26 May 1867, when she received great public praise; her birthday celebration of 1887; the wedding anniversary of 1892, and her 80th birthday in 1897.

The great dynastic success of Louise's six children was to a great extent a result of Louise's own ambitions rather than the efforts of her husband Christian IX. Some have compared Louise's dynastic capabilities with those of Queen Victoria.

She was interested in music and painting. She acted as the patron of artists such as Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann. Some of Louise's own paintings were exhibited and given as gifts to members of other royal dynasties.

Louise supported 26 different charitable organizations. Among them were Vallø stift; Kronprinsesse Louises praktiske Tjenestepigeskole (The Servant Girls' School of Crown Princess Louise) and the Dronning Louises Børnehospital (Queen Louise's Children's Hospital). In 1857, she founded the Louisestiftelsen (Louise Foundation), an orphanage for girls with the purpose of raising them to a life of domestic servants, which illustrated her deeply conservative ideals. Her most known project, and one which she herself referred to as her most important, was the Diakonissestiftelsen (The Deaconess Foundation) in 1863, which introduced the Deaconess profession in Denmark. In 1891, she initiated the Foreningen til Oprettelse af Friskolebørneasyler i Kbh.s Arbejderkvarter (Foundation for the Establishment of Charter school's Asylums in the Labour Quarters of Copenhagen). She founded the Belønnings- og Forsørgelsesforeningen (The Reward- and Self-supporting Foundation) in 1881, supported domestic servants by providing financial aid to the ill, during unemployment and in retirement. Louise was deeply conservative, and her charitable work has been interpreted as a fear of socialism and the growing workers movement.

Queen Louise died peacefully at Bernstorff Palace aged 81 on 29 September 1898 and was interred in Roskilde Cathedral near Copenhagen on 15 October 1898. During her last years, she become deaf and infirm, and her needs were taken care of by two deaconesses from the Deaconess institution she founded. Louise was Queen Consort of Denmark for 35 years, longer than any other Danish Queen before her.

Children
Louise had the following six children with Christian. Eventually, they had forty grandchildren, including the illegitimate daughter of Thyra.

Danish honours

 * Armoiries Louise de Hesse-Cassel.svgary Dame Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog, 7 September 1883

 * Dame of the Order of the Elephant, 26 May 1892
 * Royal Family Decoration of King Frederick VII
 * Royal Family Decoration of King Christian IX

Foreign honours

 * Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Saint Charles, 10 April 1865
 * Grand Duchy of Hesse: Dame of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of the Golden Lion, 30 April 1884
 * Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown, 12 April 1892
 * Kingdom of Portugal: Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel
 * Russian Empire:
 * Dame Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Saint Catherine
 * Red Cross Medal
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Dame of the Royal Order of Noble Ladies of Queen Maria Luisa, 25 January 1878
 * undefined:
 * Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 1st Class
 * Honorary Lady of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem

title: Louise of Hesse-Kassel


text:
Talk:A9 road (Scotland)

In Caithness
I have just added the section In Caithness. Anyone got some details for other sections of the road? Laurel Bush 13:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC).

Most dangerous road?
The A9 keeps being called the most dangerous road in Scotland but it appears to have about the same number of fatalities as the A82. Some years they are the same, sometimes the A9 has more and other times the A82 has more. The A9 is longer than the A82 so the number accidents per mile must be lower? Shouldn't the main article include the length of the road? --jmb (talk) 09:20, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Just say that they (A9 and A82) are the joint most dangerous road in Scotland, but the A82 has more accidents per mile. Roads4117 (talk) 09:19, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

This needs some improvement
I'm quite surprised at the poor quality of this article, and I've made a significant couple of edits, particularly to the "upgrades" section which was extremely biased, and contained a large number of irrelevant statements (including one reference to a seemingly random campaigner criticising the Edinburgh Trams project, no offence intended to the gentleman in question), as well as a load of dead links. It's nowhere near perfect, but I think it should be more encyclopaedic and relevant now. But it desperately needs a rewrite from someone who 1) has more time and 2) (ideally) has more knowledge than I do. 77.97.23.235 (talk) 17:51, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. This part:
 * "Press reports during June 2014 have shown that a significant number of A9 Drivers now feel the road between Perth and Inverness has become more dangerous since the installation of A9 ASCS as well as significant delays which have made average journey times between Perth and Inverness of approximately 3 - 3.5 hours with Averages Speeds of 28mph regularly recorded and reported by the Facebook campaign"
 * has no sources. What is a "significant number" of drivers or a "significant" delay?  Not to mention that anecdotal evidence from Facebook doesn't belong here. 195.188.249.149 (talk) 08:19, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I think this has been inserted by the campaign group. I travel along the A9 regularly, and 3-3.5 hours is complete rubbish!  We need sources for this and number please. 20.133.9.81 (talk) 09:03, 29 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I spotted this recently and removed it. Garuda3 (talk) 10:50, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

Change of designation
When did the northern part of the A9 move from passing through Wick to John o' Groats to passing through Thurso ? -- Beardo (talk) 17:13, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Junctions debate
There is a discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Highways that may affect the content of this article. 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:17, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Please note that I have reduced the amount of major junctions on this article from 14 to 12, by removing the A835 and A836. The amount of junctions in the infobox should really be ten or ,if possible, then less than ten, so if anyone could reduce it by deleting two or more major junctions, then I would be grateful. If not, then I will do it in the new year. Thanks, Roads4117 (talk) 09:27, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't have any strong feelings about the junctions in the infobox, but the new table that has been added to the article looks fab. Garuda3 (talk) 10:53, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @Garuda3 I have to agree with you, it looks fantastic. Thank you Matthewshill for taking the time to make that. Roads4117 (talk) 20:26, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * BTW Matthewshill has reduced the amount of major junctions on this page from 12 to 6. Roads4117 (talk) 19:29, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

Splitting proposal
I propose to split the A9 road (Scotland) into a new page titled A9 dualling project (draft). This is because the major dualling project feels like it should be its own article given that it is a very unusual and a huge project to dual the remaining 80 miles from Perth to Inverness. Many reliable sources cover this project, including this BBC article highlighting the start of the works when it was anticipated to end in 2025. A draft (linked earlier) has been made for this purpose. I also had a conversation at the Teahouse in which I will (or have) notified. JuniperChill (talk) 14:54, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:A9 road (Scotland)


text:
Campeonato Tocantinense

Campeonato Tocantinense is the football league of the State of Tocantins, Brazil. It is organized by the Tocantins State Football Federation.

Clubs
2023 First Division

 * Note
 * Palmas (6th in 2022) withdrew from the tournament and was relegated.

List of champions
Following is the list with the Campeonato Tocantinense champions:

Professional era

 * Names change
 * Intercap is the currently Paraíso EC.
 * União Araguainense and União Carmolandense is the currently União Atlético Clube.

Titles by team
Teams in bold stills active.

title: Campeonato Tocantinense


text:
Korean royal court cuisine

Korean royal court cuisine was the style of cookery within Korean cuisine traditionally consumed at the court of the Joseon Dynasty, which ruled Korea from 1392 to 1910. There has been a revival of this cookery style in the 21st century. It is said that twelve dishes should be served along with rice and soup, with most dishes served in bangjja (bronzeware).

History
Collectively known as gungjung eumsik during the pre-modern era, the foods of the royal palace reflected the opulent nature of the past rulers of the Korean peninsula. The opulent nature of the royalty is evidenced in examples as far back as the Silla kingdom, where a man-made lake (Anapji Lake, located in Gyeongju) was created with multiple pavilions and halls for the sole purpose of opulent banquets and a spring-fed channel, Poseokjeong, was created for the singular purpose of setting wine cups afloat during the writing of poems.

Reflecting the regionalism of the kingdoms and bordering countries of the peninsula, the cuisine borrowed from each of these areas to function as a showcase. The royalty had the finest regional delicacies sent to the palace. Although there are records of banquets pre-dating the Joseon period, the majority of these records note a vast variety of foods without mentioning the specific foods present. The meals cooked for the royal family were not seasonal, like a commoner's meal. Instead, they varied significantly day to day. The eight provinces were represented each month in turn in the royal palace by ingredients presented by their governors. This gave the cooks a wide assortment of ingredients to use for royal meals.

Food held a very important place in Joseon period. Official positions were created within the Six Ministries (Yukjo, 육조) that were charged with all matters related to procurement and consumption of food and drink for the royal court. The Board of Personnel (Ijo, 이조) contained positions specific for attaining rice for the royal family. The Board of Rites (Yejo) were responsible for foods prepared for ancestor rites, attaining wines and other beverages, and medicinal foods. There were also hundreds of slaves and women who worked in the palace that had tasks such as making tofu, liquor, tea, and tteok (rice cakes). The women were the cooks to the royal palace and were of commoner or low-status families. These women would be split into specific skill sets or "bureaus" such as the Bureau of special foods (Saenggwa-bang, 생과방) or the Bureau of cooking foods (Soju-bang, 소주방). These female cooks may have been assisted by male cooks from outside the palace during larger banquets when necessary.

Five meals were generally served in the royal palace each day during the Joseon period, and records suggest this pattern had existed from antiquity. Three of these meals would be full-course meals, while the afternoon and after dinner meals would consist of lighter fare. The first meal, mieumsang (미음상), was served at sunrise on days when the king and queen were not taking herbal medicines. The meal consisted of rice porridge (juk, 죽) made with ingredients such as abalone (jeonbokjuk), white rice (huinjuk), mushrooms (beoseotjuk), pine nuts (jatjuk), and sesame (kkaejuk). The side dishes could consist of kimchi, nabak kimchi, oysters, soy sauce, and other items. The porridge was thought to give vitality to the king and queen throughout the day.

The sura (수라) were the main meals of the day. Breakfast was served at ten in the morning and the evening meals were served between six and seven at night. The set of three tables (surasang, 수라상), were usually set with two types of rice, two types of soup, two types of stew (jjigae), one dish of jjim (meat stew), one dish of jeongol (a casserole of meat and vegetables), three types of kimchi, three types of jang (장) and twelve side dishes, or called 12 cheop (12첩). The meals were set in the suragan (수라간), a room specifically used for taking meals, with the king seated to the east and the queen to the west. Each had their own set of tables and were attended by three palace servant women known as sura sanggung (수라상궁). These women would remove bowl covers and offer the foods to the king and queen after ensuring that the dishes were not poisoned.

This Korean food heritage has been inscribed by the government as Important Intangible Cultural Property No. 38. Han Bok-ryeo is the current Living National Treasure as the keeper of this property.

Surasang setting
The surasang should be served with three tables and a hotpot. The largest round table on the left is the main table which contains main bowl, soups and stews, dishes, side dishes and fermented stored dishes. The small round table at the lower right corner contains red sura, gomtang or thick meat broth, dessert, tea, empty dishes and bowls. This table is also used to store the covers of bowls and dishes used in the main table. The rectangular table in the upper right corner contains eggs, sesame oil, various raw vegetables and several sauces. The hotpot in the middle right is heated with charcoal, and usually contains jeongol such as sinseollo.

The setting was as follows: A, B, C: surasanggung (수라상궁)

 * 1) songsongi (송송이): cubed radish kimchi
 * 2) jeotgugji (젓국지): kimchi from Korean cabbage seasoned with jeotgal
 * 3) dongchimi (동치미): white kimchi
 * 4) jeotgal (젓갈): fermented, salted seafood
 * 5) jorigae (조리개): hard-boiled food with heavy seasonings
 * 6) namul (나물): seasoned vegetable side dishes
 * 7) saengche (생채): fresh salad
 * 8) jjim (찜): steamed or boiled dishes
 * 9) mareunchan (마른찬): dried foods
 * 10) janggwa (장과): braised seafood
 * 11) pyeonyuk (편육): boiled and seasoned meat pressed by heavy weight and then sliced thinly
 * 12) changui (찬구이): fried Codonopsis lanceolata (더덕, deodeok) and kim
 * 13) jeonyuhwa (전유화): pancake-like fried dish
 * 14) Jeotguk jochi (젓국 조치): kind of fish soup
 * 15) togu (토구): a plate used to hold bones during the meal
 * 16) jang (장): soy sauce
 * 17) chojang (초장): soy sauce with vinegar
 * 18) cho gochujang (초 고추장): chili paste with vinegar
 * 19) tojang jochi (토장 조치): soybean soup
 * 20) huinsura (흰수라): white rice
 * 21) gwaktang (곽탕): seaweed soup
 * 22) chaeso (채소): vegetables
 * 23) gogi (고기): meat
 * 24) jangguk (장국): soybean paste soup
 * 25) dalgyal (달걀): egg
 * 26) jeongol (전골): type of stew
 * 27) jaengban (쟁반) and chasu (차수): teapot and plate
 * 28) gongjeobsi(공접시): empty plate
 * 29) gonggi (공기): empty bowl
 * 30) suran (수란): poached egg
 * 31) hoe (회): raw fish and meat
 * 32) deoungui (더운구이): hot grilled meat
 * 33) hongban (홍반) or patsura (팥수라): rice with azuki beans
 * 34) gomtang (곰탕): soup from beef meat and bones

Sura
Sura (수라) is a bowl of boiled rice and grains. Two kinds of sura must always be served. This includes white sura.
 * White Sura (흰수라): boiled rice without any additional ingredients.
 * Red Sura (홍반): boiled rice made with the boiled water of azuki beans.
 * Five Grain Sura (오곡수라): made by boiling rice, sweet rice, glutinous millet, and azuki beans
 * Goldongban (골동반): boiled rice mixed with steamed vegetables, roasted beef, and a fried egg. In the royal palace, bibimbap was known as goldongban.

Juk, mieum, and eungi
Juk (죽) and mieum (미음) or eung-i (응이) are types of rice porridge usually served in the morning. Juk is thicker than mieum in texture, latter of which is similar to the Western gruel.
 * Omija eungi (오미자응이): Firstly, omija berries are boiled and honey is then added to the boiled omija. The boiled omija berries are taken out. Mung bean starch is then added, the liquid is boiled again.
 *  Sok mieum (속미음): Sweet rice, red jujubes, ginseng root, and chestnuts are simmered.
 * Jatjuk : rice is soaked and pine nuts are ground before being boiled in water.
 * Hangin Juk (행인죽): Apricot kernels are peeled and ground with rice. The rice and apricot seed mixture is boiled.
 * Heukimjajuk (흑임자죽): Black sesame seeds are ground and boiled with rice.
 * Tarakjuk (타락죽): soaked rice is boiled with water, and then cow milk is added. It is then boiled some more.
 * Janggukjuk (장국죽): ground beef and chopped shiitake mushrooms are boiled together.
 * Other dishes include dalgyal samhap mieum, jo mieum, sok mieum, chajo mieum, yulmu eungi, nokmal eungi, omija eungi, etc.

Guksu
Guksu (국수) are noodles that are prepared with buckwheat or wheat flour, with the former being preferred.
 * Myeon sinseollo (면신선로): Boiled sliced beef shank, paeju (패주), Korean parsley, and sliced bamboo sprouts are boiled with beef stock. Boiled guksu is added to the ready beef stock mixture.
 * Onmyeon (온면): stock made from beef brisket is added to roast beef, sliced egg pancake, and guksu.
 * Nanmyeon (난면): Wheat flour is mixed with eggs to make noodles. They are then served with beef stock.
 * Domimyeon (도미면): noodle soup made with panfish, sliced egg pancakes, ginkgo seeds, walnuts, fried meatballs, and pine nuts.
 * Other guksu dishes include jangguk naengmyeon, kimchiguk naengmyung, bibim naengmyeon, etc. Simple naengmyeon is also popular.

Mandu and ddeokguk
Mandu (만두) are boiled or steamed dumplings. Mandu dough is made from either wheat flour or buckwheat. The dough is then stuffed with various fillings. Tteokguk (떡국) is a soup made of tteok (glutinous rice cakes)
 * Jangguk mandu (장국만두): kimchi, pork, and tofu are used as filling.
 * Saengchi mandu (생치만두): ring neck pheasant, dropwort, cabbage, and shiitake mushrooms are used as filling. Buckwheat dough is used. The prepared saengchi mandu is then boiled in meat stock.
 * Donga mandu (동아만두): Mandu made with winter melon, chicken and starch. It is steamed and then boiled in meat stock.
 * Pyeonsu (편수): Mandu made with beef, cucumber, green bean sprouts, shiitake mushrooms, and rock tripe.
 * Tteokguk (떡국): Tteok sliced round to resemble coins, and is boiled with meat stock. It is served with egg pancake slices and roasted ground meat.
 * Other varieties include gyuasang (규아상) and junchi mandu (만두).
 * Eo mandu (어만두): Mandu made with a thinly sliced fish flesh as its wrap and stuffed with minced beef, vegetables, and several spices.

Tang
Tang is a type of soup made with beef shank, intestines, a knuckle (bone) and beef brisket.

 * Malgeun guk (맑은 국): a hot and clear soup, and includes Mu-guk (무국), clear beef soup, Miyeok guk, dried pollock soup, etc.
 * Gomguk: a thick soup made so by simmering for a long time. Varieties include gomtang (곰탕), seolleongtang (설렁탕), yukgaejang (육개장), etc.
 * Tojangguk (토장국): a soup flavored with doenjang (fermented soybean paste). This includes cabbage tonjangguk, spinach tojangguk, etc.
 * Naengguk : a soup served cold. This includes kkaeguktang, oinaengguk, and wakame cold soup.

Jochi and gamjeong
Jochi (조치) and gamjeong (감정) are stew-like dishes which is called jjigae in nowadays. If seasoned with gochujang, they are called gamjeong. Jochi is seasoned with salt or salted shrimp. Other varieties include:
 * Crab gamjeong
 * Cucumber gamjeong
 * Oyster jochi
 * Zucchini jochi
 * Fish jochi, etc.

Jjim and seon
Jjim (찜): steamed or boiled beef, pork, and fish seasoned with vegetables. Seon (선) is steamed vegetables, tofu, and fish stuffed with fillings made with beef or chicken and onions.
 * Swellfish jjim
 * Bure jjim (부레찜)
 * Red sea bream jjim or Pagrus major jjim
 * Tteok
 * Ox tail jjim
 * Dubuseon (두부선), steamed tofu with fillings
 * Gajiseon (가지선), made with eggplant
 * Oiseon (오이선), made with cucumber
 * Hobakseon (호박선), made with zucchini
 * Museon (무선), made with radish
 * Baechuseon (배추선), made with napa cabbage

Jeongol and sinseollo
Jeongol and sinseollo are similar to Western stew or Chinese hotpot. Sinseollo (which is a variety of jeongol) is boiled in meat stock with various vegetables and mushrooms in a specific cooking pot with holes. Jeongol and sinseollo are served with a burner.
 * Domi guksu jeongol, made with noodles and Red seabream
 * Nakji jeongol, made with small octopus
 * Dubu jeongol, made with tofu

Saengchae
Saengchae (생채) is like a salad seasoned with salt, vinegar, soy sauce, or mustard sauce.
 * Mu saengchae, made of shredded radish
 * Oi saengchae, made of cucumber
 * Deodeok saengchae, made of deodeok root (Codonopsis lanceolata, a species of bonnet bellflower).
 * Seomchorongkkot saengchae, made of Korean bellflower, etc.

Namul
Namul (나물) are any variety of steamed vegetables seasoned with hot pepper, garlic, green onion, salt, and sesame or perilla oil. Typical vegetables include spinach, radish, royal fern, bracken, zucchini, green bean sprouts, Korean bellflower, bamboo shoots, etc. In some cases, dangmyeon (potato starch noodles) and roasted beef can be used as well.
 * Gujeolpan
 * Japchae
 * Tangpyeonchae

Jorigae
Jorigae (조리개) hard-boiled foods with heavy seasonings. Meats, fish and vegetable are mainly used.
 * Beef jorigae (우육조리개)
 * Sliced steamed beef jorigae (우편육조리개)
 * Sliced steamed pork jorigae (돈편육조리개)
 * Small yellow croaker jorigae (조기조리개)

Jeonyuhwa
Jeonyuhwa (전유화) or sometimes jeon: a dish resembling a pancake. The main ingredients can be lightly battered with egg and wheat flour. Eggs, flour, and other ingredients can be mixed to make pancakes.
 * Jogaejeon, made with shellfish
 * Saeu jeon, made with shrimp
 * Gochu jeon, made with hot pepper
 * Bindaetteok (빈대떡) made from ground mung beans and other ingredients
 * Yeongeun jeon, made with sliced lotus root
 * Pajeon, made with green onions

Gui
Gui is a generic Korean cuisine term for roasted and seasoned dishes. The main ingredients include green laver, beef, the root of deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata; 더덕), fish, mushrooms, vegetables, Aralia elata sprouts (두릅), etc.
 * Garibi gui (가리비구이) or gari gui (가리구리), old term for galbi, grilled short ribs seasoned with soy sauce
 * Garibi gui (가리비구이), grilled scallops
 * Neobiani (너비아니), ancient form of bulgogi
 * Pogui (포구이), grilled po (either dried meat jerky, or fish)
 * Dak sanjeok (닭산적), grilled chicken and vegetables on skewers
 * Hwayang seok (화양적), various marinated ingredients grilled on skewers

Hoe
Hoe (회) is raw fish or raw seasoned beef
 * Yukhoe, raw seasoned beef
 * Gaksaek hoe (각색회)
 * Gabhoe (갑회), etc.

Jang (장류)

 * sauce
 * Doenjang : soybean paste like miso, but containing some whole and partially crushed beans, fermented in crocks until very mellow
 * Cheonggukjang : more pungent soybean paste, fermented for only a few days. Contains some whole or partially crushed soybeans.
 * Cheongjang (청장): "bright" sauce (soy sauce with vinegar)
 * Gochujang: hot pepper soybean paste sauce
 * Chogochujang (초고추장): vinegar hot pepper soybean paste sauce
 * Gyeojajeub (겨자즙): mustard sauce

Banchan (반찬)

 * dishes
 * Changui (찬구이): cold roast of laver and Codonopsis lanceolata root, a bonnet bellflower species called deodeok (더덕) in Korean
 * Deoungui (더운구이): hot roast of meat, fish, etc.
 * Jeonyuhwa (전유화): pancake of meat, fish, and vegetables
 * Pyeonyuk (편육): steamed meat
 * Sukchae (숙채): steamed vegetables
 * Saengchae (생채): raw seasoned vegetables
 * Jorim: lightly boiled meat, fish and vegetables with seasoning
 * Janggwa (장과): fermented vegetables in soy sauce
 * Jeotgal: fermented salty fish
 * Mareulchan (마른찬): dried slices of meat seasoned with spices, fried kelp, and dried salty fish
 * Hoe (회): raw fish or beef, or fermented raw fish
 * Chansuran (찬수란): cold soup with vegetables or boiled meat
 * Chasu (차수): tea made from grains

Dessert
Mostly made of rice, it is eaten as a dessert or on Chuseok, which falls on the 15th day of the 8th month in the lunar calendar. These rice cakes vary from containing sweet red bean rice to sesame seeds. Most of these rice cakes are mildly sweet and are enjoyed by everyone from young to old.
 * Tteok (rice cake)

Tea and fruit punch
A sweet rice punch. Being an iconic Korean traditional drink, several varieties of canned sikhye are now widely available. A sweet drink flavored with ginger and cinnamon. Softened dried persimmons and pine nuts are added at serving time.
 * Sikhye:
 * Sujeonggwa:
 * Fruit Hwachae: fruit punch made by mixing several fruits together, or only one fruit used. The ingredients are cherries, strawberries, peaches, or watermelons. There are also hwachae with floating azalea petals, boiled barley, pine pollen, or slices of pear in omija-flavored water, sweetened with honey or sugar.

title: Korean royal court cuisine


text: User talk:195.194.86.166

title: User talk:195.194.86.166


text:
Murtosa

Murtosa is a town and a municipality in the District of Aveiro in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 10,585, in an area of 73.09 km2. It had 8,282 eligible voters.

The present Mayor is Joaquim Manuel Baptista, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The municipal holiday is September 8.

Numerous Murtosa residents have immigrated to Newark, New Jersey and other cities in the New York City metropolitan area of the United States. They have formed numerous social clubs and institutions in Newark and the broader region.

Economy
Agriculture, fishing and canned fish preserves industry are the main activities.

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Bunheiro
 * Monte
 * Murtosa
 * Torreira

Cities and towns
There are no cities in Murtosa. There is at least one town, namely Murtosa.

Notable people

 * Francisco Maria da Silva (1910—1977) a Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop-Primate of Braga from 1963

title: Murtosa


text:
Kimberly Page

Kimberly Lynne Bacon (born January 1, 1970) is an American former professional wrestling personality. Known by her World Championship Wrestling ring name Kimberly Page, she was the leader of The Nitro Girls and the valet for her then-husband wrestler Diamond Dallas Page. She appeared in Playboy newsstand pictorials from 1994 to 1999, and has been featured in Iron Man magazine for her fitness workouts.

Biography
Kimberly Bacon was born on New Year's Day in Chicago, Illinois, but grew up in Fort Myers, Florida. Kimberly met Page Falkinburg, who wrestled under the name  Diamond Dallas Page, at his Florida nightclub in December 1990 when she was 20 years old. They began dating shortly after. She graduated from Auburn University with a degree in public relations and journalism in 1990. Diamond Dallas Page worked as a manager in World Championship Wrestling, while Kimberly completed a master's degree in advertising from Northwestern University, graduating in 1991. She worked in the advertising industry for a brief time as a public relations coordinator and account executive before joining Page in the wrestling business.

She appeared on the covers of both Physical (January 2003) and Iron Man (November 2003).

WCW career
Her first WCW television appearance was in 1994 as Diamond Dallas Page's valet, "The Diamond Doll."

Page was engaged in a feud with Dave Sullivan, who objected to how Page treated her. Page won that feud but ended up losing Kimberly in a match to Johnny B. Badd at the WCW World War 3 pay-per-view event in 1995. Badd promptly freed her and she became his valet, simply going by the name of Kimberly. After Mero departed for the World Wrestling Federation, she became The Booty Babe for The Booty Man, who had recently shed his "Zodiac" gimmick and left the Dungeon of Doom. The gimmick lasted until late 1996.

Kimberly did not appear on WCW programming again until March 1997's Uncensored, when she rejoined Page (now a face after having refused to join the New World Order) as part of his feud with "Macho Man" Randy Savage, who had interrupted a Gene Okerlund interview with Page. Miss Elizabeth then flashed a nWo-defaced centerfold of Kimberly from the 1997 edition of Playboy's Nude Celebrities, after which Kimberly herself appeared from backstage having been spray-painted off-screen by the nWo. The segment was also the first public revelation of Page and Kimberly being an actual married couple.

After the Page/Savage feud ended, Kimberly formed The Nitro Girls in July. They danced during breaks on WCW Monday Nitro to entertain the fans. The Nitro Girls were given their own official website, while she and several members appeared in a non-nude pictorial in the September 1998 issue of Penthouse, and filmed a 1999 pay-per-view. In February 1999, Kimberly became involved in an angle in which she was being stalked by Scott Steiner, which culminated in Page attacking Steiner in the arena parking garage on the February 8 episode of WCW Monday Nitro as Steiner followed her to her car; Steiner then stole the car with Kim inside, and attempted to run over Page in the garage. He then threw Kimberly (actually a stunt woman) from the car, and she was later taken away in an ambulance.

In October 1999, Kimberly again accompanied Page to the ring as his valet. On the November 1, 1999 episode of WCW Monday Nitro she departed the Nitro Girls and later took part in a match against David Flair at Mayhem on November 21. In 2000, she turned heel on Page to join Vince Russo and Eric Bischoff's New Blood stable. In the storyline, she decided it was "all about me" instead of Page, and it was hinted she was romantically involved with Bischoff. She had brief feuds with Miss Elizabeth and Miss Hancock, and was also briefly paired with Mike Awesome, before her departure from WCW in June 2000.

Personal life
She and Diamond Dallas Page amicably separated in July 2004, then divorced in 2005.

Acting career
While living in Atlanta, Page took acting jobs at the Alliance Theatre, then moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting as a career. Her first film role was a deleted scene in 2001's Rat Race that was included in the DVD extras, and her first starring role was in 2004's The Scam Artist.

She played Catwoman in the 2004 short fan film Grayson and in 2005 appeared on CSI: Miami as Horatio Caine's murdered girlfriend in the episode "Under Suspicion". Also in the 2005 movie The 40-Year-Old Virgin, she was in the "Date-A-Palooza" scene as Carol, the woman whose breast fell out of her shirt while she was talking. She currently lives in Park City, Utah, working in marketing and interior design.

Championships and accomplishments

 * World Championship Wrestling
 * WCW Nitro Girls — Founder
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Talk:Mary Renault

Demosthenes
I've corrected an obvious error in the new paragraph about Demosthenes (Renault couldn't read Greek – see her entry in the old DNB) and have re-punctuated what appears to be a quotation. This needs to be checked and a source added. Wilus 13:21, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Speaking of that, do her "theories" about Demosthenes' relations with Philip and Alexander appear in her non-fiction or only in The Fire from Heaven? If the latter, they're not theories she proposed, but an imaginative recreation that she may have believed was consistent with Demosthenes' character but not necessarily true.  —JerryFriedman 20:34, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems like there's a bit too much about Demosthenes in this article--he's a minor character in one of her books, when the major characters (real and fictional) of most of her books aren't even mentioned. Nareek 05:44, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Demosthenes seems to have crept back in, as has the incorrect assertion that Renault read him in the original. I've deleted both. If you want to write about Renault and Demosthenes, please provide references and get your facts right. Wilus (talk) 10:28, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Quintus Curtius Rufus
Does anyone want to weigh in on the problem at Quintus Curtius Rufus? It's a conflict that started out as a revert war and has moved anywhere since--we need more input. Nareek 14:17, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

The Renault name
Mary adopted the name Renault when she published her first book, apparently to keep her identity secret from her nursing employers. I have heard from more than one reasonable source that she pronounced the name "renolt", not in the French fashion, and would like some input on this from someone who knows her history better than I do. (Passing reader, 5 July 2006.)
 * Not that I know her better, but I actually came to this page to see whether they had a pronunciation here because I have heard it is pronounced "Renalt" too.  →     J ARED   (t)  01:47, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It is pronounced 'Ren-olt.' I added and cited this, but I don't know how to convert it to IPA.  —Cel  ithemis  02:23, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Renault biography
Hello everyone. I hope this is the right place to explain my addition. I recently read the Theseus novels following glowing reccomendations, and was shocked at the veiled contempt shown by the author towards women in general. I am not so ahistorical as to suppose a partiarchal ruler from Ancient Greece would not regard women as second class citizens, see them as 'war prizes' etc or that Renault wouldn't reflect the sexist views of her times; still, Theseus' attitude seems to go beyond that into brutality and even a sort of disgust and I began to think that while Theseus is supposed to be 'a man for women' these views expressed the author's own. I did some research on Renault (reading the David Sweetman book, Caroline Heilbrun's, etc) and found that my suspicions were correct and she did admit to despising women. I felt quite degraded after reading these books and feel that because Renault was a woman writer who acquired such a reputation amongst the gay community this defect has gone undetected. I have accordingly added a couple of sentences to her biograhy mentioning her hostility to women. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jessica Holsgrove (talk • contribs) 10:43, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi, Please add the references  for your additions see WP:CITE. Wikipedia aims for the presentation of a neutral point of view - that is to say not loaded or taking a partisan perspective. It also requires no original research, which means that secondary sources are cited rather than personal opinion. It sounds like it would be useful to add Sweetman and Helibrun's perspectives with refs. Other scholars of Renault's work might strongly disagree with their critique. Best wishes Span (talk) 12:10, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Hello, Span, I have added page numbers. I would be delighted if only other scholars of Renault's work did put forward arguments that she strongly admired women!

Jessica Holsgrove (talk) 15:42, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Span (talk) 16:11, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Jessica, I have read Renault's work and Sweetman's biography, and believe you are too harsh concerning Renault's attitude. Renault was in effect married to a woman for most of her life, a fact which contradicts your theory. She was a lesbian writer at a time when discrimination was common. She also had many female friends, such as a fellow nurse who remained a regular pen-pal for years, up until her death. She invaded male-dominated territory in literature and history at a time when few women were doing so. She was active politically, but her activity in the anti-apartheid movement is not given much weight overall in this article, compared with her imagined disdain for women! If she thought men were so great, why didn't she marry one? She was strongly opposed to the Nationalist Party in South Africa and consistently identified with the liberals of South Africa. Also, she was a warmhearted person in her dealings with everyone, including her servants, one of whom she bailed out of jail on more than one occasion, paying his fines. Daniel Sweetman made these things clear in his biography.

 * When writing a novel about ancient times, Renault assumed the voices of an ancient people, as any good actor would do in a play. It is an assumed voice, not to be confused with the voice of the author. In the same way, a character in a play is not an accurate reflection of the actor. It is just not possible to write a good novel without slipping into the bones of the characters. Renault's ability to do what she did is very rare. Few have ever pulled it off. Is this unimportant?

 * Renault's views as expressed by Daniel Sweetman were common for her era. One must in fairness consider her background, including her upbringing and early life and times. People are often looking for perfect reflections of their own views in authors, and they judge the author by a standard that did not exist in the author's day. In fact, the author may have been closer to your own viewpoint, moving toward it by a greater extent than most other people of her day. Do you suppose the author might continue believing the same things, had she been born in 1970 rather than before the Second World War? How fair is it to judge people of the past by today's standards?

 * And lastly, what about the quality of her product? Who wrote a better historical novel concerning that place and time in ancient Greece? One would think a discussion of her body of work to be far more important than picking on her supposed personal viewpoints. I suppose one should kick Plato out for believing in monarchy. -Neutrophil (talk) 18:30, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

South African writer
I propose that in the leading paragraph of this article it be reflected that Mary Renault was both a British and South African writer. She spent a great deal of her life and career in South Africa, was active in South African politics and affairs, and it was in South Africa where she first felt comfortable writing novels with gay themes as stated in this article. In 1950 she became a South African citizen. The categories even mention that she was a "LGBT author from South Africa". Thus I feel it is right to call her both British and South African. --Majoofins (talk) 22:33, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

 * But what if no-one cares?

 * Please go ahead and change the wording in the lede, then we shall see if anyone cares. Thank you for raising this issue. MPS1992 (talk) 23:05, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

Too much on her death
Over-written, over-emotional, non-encyc. Valetude (talk) 00:13, 7 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and I have rewritten that section. Bigturtle (talk) 01:56, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary Renault