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Computerized adaptive testing

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is a form of computer-based test that adapts to the examinee's ability level. For this reason, it has also been called tailored testing. In other words, it is a form of computer-administered test in which the next item or set of items selected to be administered depends on the correctness of the test taker's responses to the most recent items administered.

Description
CAT successively selects questions for the purpose of maximizing the precision of the exam based on what is known about the examinee from previous questions. From the examinee's perspective, the difficulty of the exam seems to tailor itself to their level of ability. For example, if an examinee performs well on an item of intermediate difficulty, they will then be presented with a more difficult question. Or, if they performed poorly, they would be presented with a simpler question. Compared to static tests that nearly everyone has experienced, with a fixed set of items administered to all examinees, computer-adaptive tests require fewer test items to arrive at equally accurate scores.

The basic computer-adaptive testing method is an iterative algorithm with the following steps:
 * 1) The pool of available items is searched for the optimal item, based on the current estimate of the examinee's ability
 * 2) The chosen item is presented to the examinee, who then answers it correctly or incorrectly
 * 3) The ability estimate is updated, based on all prior answers
 * 4) Steps 1–3 are repeated until a termination criterion is met

Nothing is known about the examinee prior to the administration of the first item, so the algorithm is generally started by selecting an item of medium, or medium-easy, difficulty as the first item.

As a result of adaptive administration, different examinees receive quite different tests. Although examinees are typically administered different tests, their ability scores are comparable to one another (i.e., as if they had received the same test, as is common in tests designed using classical test theory). The psychometric technology that allows equitable scores to be computed across different sets of items is item response theory (IRT). IRT is also the preferred methodology for selecting optimal items which are typically selected on the basis of information rather than difficulty, per se.

A related methodology called multistage testing (MST) or CAST is used in the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination. MST avoids or reduces some of the disadvantages of CAT as described below.

Examples
CAT has existed since the 1970s, and there are now many assessments that utilize it.
 * Graduate Management Admission Test
 * MAP test from NWEA
 * SAT (beginning outside of the US in 2023 and in the US in 2024)
 * National Council Licensure Examination
 * Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery

Additionally, a list of active CAT exams is found at International Association for Computerized Adaptive Testing, along with a list of current CAT research programs and a near-inclusive bibliography of all published CAT research.

Advantages
Adaptive tests can provide uniformly precise scores for most test-takers. In contrast, standard fixed tests almost always provide the best precision for test-takers of medium ability and increasingly poorer precision for test-takers with more extreme test scores.

An adaptive test can typically be shortened by 50% and still maintain a higher level of precision than a fixed version. This translates into time savings for the test-taker. Test-takers do not waste their time attempting items that are too hard or trivially easy. Additionally, the testing organization benefits from the time savings; the cost of examinee seat time is substantially reduced. However, because the development of a CAT involves much more expense than a standard fixed-form test, a large population is necessary for a CAT testing program to be financially fruitful.

Large target populations can generally be exhibited in scientific and research-based fields. CAT testing in these aspects may be used to catch early onset of disabilities or diseases. The growth of CAT testing in these fields has increased greatly in the past 10 years. Once not accepted in medical facilities and laboratories, CAT testing is now encouraged in the scope of diagnostics.

Like any computer-based test, adaptive tests may show results immediately after testing.

Adaptive testing, depending on the item selection algorithm, may reduce exposure of some items because examinees typically receive different sets of items rather than the whole population being administered a single set. However, it may increase the exposure of others (namely the medium or medium/easy items presented to most examinees at the beginning of the test).

Disadvantages
The first issue encountered in CAT is the calibration of the item pool. In order to model the characteristics of the items (e.g., to pick the optimal item), all the items of the test must be pre-administered to a sizable sample and then analyzed. To achieve this, new items must be mixed into the operational items of an exam (the responses are recorded but do not contribute to the test-takers' scores), called "pilot testing", "pre-testing", or "seeding". This presents logistical, ethical, and security issues. For example, it is impossible to field an operational adaptive test with brand-new, unseen items; all items must be pretested with a large enough sample to obtain stable item statistics. This sample may be required to be as large as 1,000 examinees. Each program must decide what percentage of the test can reasonably be composed of unscored pilot test items.

Although adaptive tests have exposure control algorithms to prevent overuse of a few items, the exposure conditioned upon ability is often not controlled and can easily become close to 1. That is, it is common for some items to become very common on tests for people of the same ability. This is a serious security concern because groups sharing items may well have a similar functional ability level. In fact, a completely randomized exam is the most secure (but also least efficient).

Review of past items is generally disallowed. Adaptive tests tend to administer easier items after a person answers incorrectly. Supposedly, an astute test-taker could use such clues to detect incorrect answers and correct them. Or, test-takers could be coached to deliberately pick wrong answers, leading to an increasingly easier test. After tricking the adaptive test into building a maximally easy exam, they could then review the items and answer them correctly—possibly achieving a very high score. Test-takers frequently complain about the inability to review.

Because of the sophistication, the development of a CAT has a number of prerequisites. The large sample sizes (typically hundreds of examinees) required by IRT calibrations must be present. Items must be scorable in real time if a new item is to be selected instantaneously. Psychometricians experienced with IRT calibrations and CAT simulation research are necessary to provide validity documentation. Finally, a software system capable of true IRT-based CAT must be available.

In a CAT with a time limit it is impossible for the examinee to accurately budget the time they can spend on each test item and to determine if they are on pace to complete a timed test section. Test takers may thus be penalized for spending too much time on a difficult question which is presented early in a section and then failing to complete enough questions to accurately gauge their proficiency in areas which are left untested when time expires. While untimed CATs are excellent tools for formative assessments which guide subsequent instruction, timed CATs are unsuitable for high-stakes summative assessments used to measure aptitude for jobs and educational programs.

Components
There are five technical components in building a CAT (the following is adapted from Weiss & Kingsbury, 1984 ). This list does not include practical issues, such as item pretesting or live field release.

 * 1) Calibrated item pool
 * 2) Starting point or entry level
 * 3) Item selection algorithm
 * 4) Scoring procedure
 * 5) Termination criterion

Calibrated item pool
A pool of items must be available for the CAT to choose from. Such items can be created in the traditional way (i.e., manually) or through automatic item generation. The pool must be calibrated with a psychometric model, which is used as a basis for the remaining four components. Typically, item response theory is employed as the psychometric model. One reason item response theory is popular is because it places persons and items on the same metric (denoted by the Greek letter theta), which is helpful for issues in item selection (see below).

Starting point
In CAT, items are selected based on the examinee's performance up to a given point in the test. However, the CAT is obviously not able to make any specific estimate of examinee ability when no items have been administered. So some other initial estimate of examinee ability is necessary. If some previous information regarding the examinee is known, it can be used, but often the CAT just assumes that the examinee is of average ability – hence the first item often being of medium difficulty level.

Item selection algorithm
As mentioned previously, item response theory places examinees and items on the same metric. Therefore, if the CAT has an estimate of examinee ability, it is able to select an item that is most appropriate for that estimate. Technically, this is done by selecting the item with the greatest information at that point. Information is a function of the discrimination parameter of the item, as well as the conditional variance and pseudo-guessing parameter (if used).

Scoring procedure
After an item is administered, the CAT updates its estimate of the examinee's ability level. If the examinee answered the item correctly, the CAT will likely estimate their ability to be somewhat higher, and vice versa. This is done by using the item response function from item response theory to obtain a likelihood function of the examinee's ability. Two methods for this are called maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian estimation. The latter assumes an a priori distribution of examinee ability, and has two commonly used estimators: expectation a posteriori and maximum a posteriori. Maximum likelihood is equivalent to a Bayes maximum a posteriori estimate if a uniform (f(x)=1) prior is assumed. Maximum likelihood is asymptotically unbiased, but cannot provide a theta estimate for an unmixed (all correct or incorrect) response vector, in which case a Bayesian method may have to be used temporarily.

Termination criterion
The CAT algorithm is designed to repeatedly administer items and update the estimate of examinee ability. This will continue until the item pool is exhausted unless a termination criterion is incorporated into the CAT. Often, the test is terminated when the examinee's standard error of measurement falls below a certain user-specified value, hence the statement above that an advantage is that examinee scores will be uniformly precise or "equiprecise." Other termination criteria exist for different purposes of the test, such as if the test is designed only to determine if the examinee should "Pass" or "Fail" the test, rather than obtaining a precise estimate of their ability.

Pass-fail
In many situations, the purpose of the test is to classify examinees into two or more mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. This includes the common "mastery test" where the two classifications are "pass" and "fail", but also includes situations where there are three or more classifications, such as "Insufficient", "Basic", and "Advanced" levels of knowledge or competency. The kind of "item-level adaptive" CAT described in this article is most appropriate for tests that are not "pass/fail" or for pass/fail tests where providing good feedback is extremely important. Some modifications are necessary for a pass/fail CAT, also known as a computerized classification test (CCT). For examinees with true scores very close to the passing score, computerized classification tests will result in long tests while those with true scores far above or below the passing score will have shortest exams.

For example, a new termination criterion and scoring algorithm must be applied that classifies the examinee into a category rather than providing a point estimate of ability. There are two primary methodologies available for this. The more prominent of the two is the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT). This formulates the examinee classification problem as a hypothesis test that the examinee's ability is equal to either some specified point above the cutscore or another specified point below the cutscore. Note that this is a point hypothesis formulation rather than a composite hypothesis formulation that is more conceptually appropriate. A composite hypothesis formulation would be that the examinee's ability is in the region above the cutscore or the region below the cutscore.

A confidence interval approach is also used, where after each item is administered, the algorithm determines the probability that the examinee's true-score is above or below the passing score. For example, the algorithm may continue until the 95% confidence interval for the true score no longer contains the passing score. At that point, no further items are needed because the pass-fail decision is already 95% accurate, assuming that the psychometric models underlying the adaptive testing fit the examinee and test. This approach was originally called "adaptive mastery testing" but it can be applied to non-adaptive item selection and classification situations of two or more cutscores (the typical mastery test has a single cutscore).

As a practical matter, the algorithm is generally programmed to have a minimum and a maximum test length (or a minimum and maximum administration time). Otherwise, it would be possible for an examinee with ability very close to the cutscore to be administered every item in the bank without the algorithm making a decision.

The item selection algorithm utilized depends on the termination criterion. Maximizing information at the cutscore is more appropriate for the SPRT because it maximizes the difference in the probabilities used in the likelihood ratio. Maximizing information at the ability estimate is more appropriate for the confidence interval approach because it minimizes the conditional standard error of measurement, which decreases the width of the confidence interval needed to make a classification.

Practical constraints of adaptivity
ETS researcher Martha Stocking has quipped that most adaptive tests are actually barely adaptive tests (BATs) because, in practice, many constraints are imposed upon item choice. For example, CAT exams must usually meet content specifications; a verbal exam may need to be composed of equal numbers of analogies, fill-in-the-blank and synonym item types. CATs typically have some form of item exposure constraints, to prevent the most informative items from being over-exposed. Also, on some tests, an attempt is made to balance surface characteristics of the items such as gender of the people in the items or the ethnicities implied by their names. Thus CAT exams are frequently constrained in which items it may choose and for some exams the constraints may be substantial and require complex search strategies (e.g., linear programming) to find suitable items.

A simple method for controlling item exposure is the "randomesque" or strata method. Rather than selecting the most informative item at each point in the test, the algorithm randomly selects the next item from the next five or ten most informative items. This can be used throughout the test, or only at the beginning. Another method is the Sympson-Hetter method, in which a random number is drawn from U(0,1), and compared to a ki parameter determined for each item by the test user. If the random number is greater than ki, the next most informative item is considered.

Wim van der Linden and colleagues have advanced an alternative approach called shadow testing which involves creating entire shadow tests as part of selecting items. Selecting items from shadow tests helps adaptive tests meet selection criteria by focusing on globally optimal choices (as opposed to choices that are optimal for a given item).

Multidimensional
Given a set of items, a multidimensional computer adaptive test (MCAT) selects those items from the bank according to the estimated abilities of the student, resulting in an individualized test. MCATs seek to maximize the test's accuracy, based on multiple simultaneous examination abilities (unlike a computer adaptive test – CAT – which evaluates a single ability) using the sequence of items previously answered (Piton-Gonçalves & Aluisio, 2012).

Additional sources

 * Drasgow, F., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (Eds.). (1999). Innovations in computerized assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
 * Piton-Gonçalves, J. & Aluísio, S. M. (2012). An architecture for multidimensional computer adaptive test with educational purposes. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 17-24.
 * Piton-Gonçalves, J. (2020). Testes adaptativos para o Enade: uma aplicação metodológica. Meta: Avaliação 12(36):665–688
 * Van der Linden, W. J., & Glas, C.A.W. (Eds.). (2000). Computerized adaptive testing: Theory and practice. Boston, MA: Kluwer.
 * Wainer, H. (Ed.). (2000). Computerized adaptive testing: A Primer (2nd Edition). Mahwah, NJ: ELawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 * Weiss, D.J. (Ed.). (1983). New horizons in testing: Latent trait theory and computerized adaptive testing (pp. 237–254). New York: Academic Press.
 * Weiss, D.J. (Ed.). (1983). New horizons in testing: Latent trait theory and computerized adaptive testing (pp. 237–254). New York: Academic Press.

title: Computerized adaptive testing


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Talk:Alkyne

Untitled
what is terminal alkynes ? --- Some other examples would be nice. Vivacissamamente
 * Terminal alkynes are alkynes that end (or begin, perhaps) with the triple bond and thus are also termed monosubstituted alkynes. Examples: 1-heptyne, 1-pentyne, 1-butyne, 1-nonyne, 1-decyne, etc. All have an alkyl group and a hydrogen attached to the carbon-carbon triple bond.24.197.125.202 21:54, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Should the page "-yne" -yne be merged into this page? I would add the template that says "It has been suggested that the article "-yne" be merged into this one" but I don't know how. 58.169.71.106 (talk) 13:00, 13 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Seems like an obvious thing to do, but let's wait and see what others have to say.--Smokefoot (talk) 14:19, 13 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes: there's no sense having a stub. User:GKFXtalk 11:30, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I tagged them, and I also support the merger. There's not a lot to say about "-yne", and "Nomenclature" is a standard part of chemical-structure articles. DMacks (talk) 15:57, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Merge, -yne definitely relates to this page. We can just merge the two together. DS Crowned (Talk) 02:30, 25 August 2014 (UTC)
 * If the merge preserves the information about the etymology of the "yne" suffix and how to put an atom number with it, etc. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 13:30, 25 August 2014 (UTC)
 * No merge: maintain the '-yne' page as a purely nomemclature entry, similar to -ane, -ene and -ine pages. The latter (-ine) explicates the difference with -yne suffix. This Alkane page should be kept to designated the compound, properties,...

A merge or redirection would be more usefull between -the page Acetylide ( HC≡C−, carbanion of Ethynyl )  =>redirection to Ethynyl page ? -the page Ethynyl ( HC≡C– ) -the page Ethynyl_radical ( HC≡C·, reactive radical of ethynyl)  => merge to Ethynyl page? (Eboireau (talk) 11:41, 30 December 2014 (UTC)).

Pronounciation
Could there be an IPA to show the difference between alkyne and alkene? User:GKFXtalk 11:29, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I was wondering that. Alkene is definitively /əɫkiːn/ (schwa as l is nearly a syllabic L, dark l with k, e with magic e making /iː/, just as -ane is /eɪn/). Alkyne I have always heard it pronounced /əɫkiːːn/ as in a very long vowel, which is non-standard for English (unless at the dentist /ɑ::/). But then again y plus magic e is not a valid mix as y in Modern English behaves like a terse i /aɪ/ (mid word), a lax one /ɪ/ (end, blame French spelling) or rarely a /u/ (Greek), so /əɫkaɪn/ (rhyming with cytokine, not cane), but I have never heard it said that way. I should note that when I pronounce alkyne I think I pronounce it /əɫky:n/ (/y/ like German ü), but I think that is too much Old English as I say it with dude. --Squidonius (talk) 15:13, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

"Alkine" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Alkine. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. — Smjg (talk) 12:13, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Alkyne


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User talk:Anneli1

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title: User talk:Anneli1


text:
Jetport

Jetport may refer to:
 * An alternative term for airport
 * Portland International Jetport, the largest airport commonly known as Jetport, serving Portland, Maine

title: Jetport


text:
User talk:Fopper

''For discussions about my work/reactions please go to my Talk userpage at the Dutch wikipedia: nl:Overleg gebruiker:Fopper reactions can be placed in Dutch, German, English and Frisian. Answers will be in Dutch, Frisian or English.''

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Nickelocene

Nickelocene is the organonickel compound with the formula Ni(η5-C5H5)2. Also known as bis(cyclopentadienyl)nickel or NiCp2, this bright green paramagnetic solid is of enduring academic interest, although it does not yet have any known practical applications.

Structure
Ni(C5H5)2 belongs to a group of organometallic compounds called metallocenes. Metallocenes usually adopt structures in which a metal ion is sandwiched between two parallel cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings. In the solid-state, the molecule has D5d symmetry, wherein the two rings are staggered.

The Ni center has a formal +2 charge, and the Cp rings are usually assigned as cyclopentadienyl anions (Cp−), related to cyclopentadiene by deprotonation. The structure is similar to ferrocene. In terms of its electronic structure, three pairs of d electrons on nickel are allocated to the three d orbitals involved in Ni–Cp bonding: dxy, dx2–y2, dz2. The two remaining d-electrons each reside in the dyz and dxz orbitals, giving rise to the molecule's paramagnetism, as manifested in the unusually high field chemical shift observed in its 1H NMR spectrum. With 20 valence electrons, nickelocene has the highest electron count of the transition metal metallocenes. Cobaltocene, Co(C5H5)2, with only 19 valence electrons is, however, a stronger reducing agent, illustrating the fact that electron energy, not electron count determines redox potential.

Preparation
Nickelocene was first prepared by E. O. Fischer in 1953, shortly after the discovery of ferrocene, the first metallocene compound to be discovered. It has been prepared in a one-pot reaction, by deprotonating cyclopentadiene with ethylmagnesium bromide, and adding anhydrous nickel(II) acetylacetonate. A modern synthesis entails treatment of anhydrous sources of NiCl2 (such as hexaamminenickel chloride) with sodium cyclopentadienyl:
 * [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 + 2 NaC5H5 → Ni(C5H5)2 + 2 NaCl + 6 NH3

Properties
Like many organometallic compounds, Ni(C5H5)2 does not tolerate extended exposure to air before noticeable decomposition. Samples are typically handled with air-free techniques.

Most chemical reactions of nickelocene are characterized by its tendency to yield 18-electron products with loss or modification of one Cp ring.
 * Ni(C5H5)2 + 4 PF3 → Ni(PF3)4 + organic products

The reaction with secondary phosphines follows a similar pattern:
 * 2 Ni(C5H5)2 + 2 PPh2H → [Ni2(PPh2)2(C5H5)2] + 2 C5H6

Nickelocene can be oxidized to the corresponding cation, which contains Ni(III).

Gaseous Ni(C5H5)2 decomposes to a nickel mirror upon contact with a hot surface, releasing the hydrocarbon ligands as gaseous coproducts. This process has been considered as a means of preparing nickel films.

Nickelocene reacts with nitric acid to produce cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, a highly toxic organonickel compound.

title: Nickelocene


text:
User talk:Korky

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User talk:L33T~enwiki

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Talk:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

Unsorted text
This article needs to be reconcilled with its german version, translated by Google.

There is a disagreement between dates in English and German versions.

 * And several other language versions as well, I'm leaning towards the 28th being the correct figure, not the 29th.. Need a good source though. --BluePlatypus 23:22, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Image layout
What was wrong with the image layout as before (left aligned)? Personally, I preferred it that way and it seems such a insignificant edit to make for no other reason than taste. Srnec 18:22, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Casimir 1 of Poland was surely "King" and not "Duke"?

King of Germany
Why does someone keep changing that date at which he ceased to be King of Germany? All of his other royal and imperial titles say he was ruler until 1056. It was my understanding that a Holy Roman Emperor was also King of Germany until he died/abdicated. Just because his son was elected as king under Henry III doesn't mean that Henry III was no longer King of Germany. Emperor001 (talk) 14:27, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe it does. Henry IV was crowned king. Henry III remained emperor while his son was king in Germany. This situation happened with Henry III and his father, Conrad II, in the 1030s, leading to some headaches for Conrad (see article). Srnec (talk) 22:52, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I have to agree to Emperor001. He was king and stayed it. His authority/power as king and emperor was the same. Otto II was crowned emperor when Otto I was still in charge.--MacX85 (talk) 12:02, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Shouldn't this be Heinrich?
Why is this the English form of the name? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.23.146.66 (talk) 06:55, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Given (first) names are typically anglicised in pre-modern contexts. Other languages follow this same general practice: this is Enrique III in Spanish, Enrico III in Italian, and Imre III in Hungarian. Besides Heinrich is modern German and is almost as far from his actual name in his own language (or contemporary Latin) as English. Srnec (talk) 14:46, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Zing! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.192.132.130 (talk) 23:45, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I fail to see why we "must Anglicize it". Isn't a name a name? I mean, I've traveled to many countries, and didn't change my name depending on the language of the locals. My name was always my name.Presidentbalut (talk) 21:52, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * WP:COMMONNAME clearly states that articles should be named based on how the subject is generally referred to in reliable English-language sources. That would be Henry in this case. Indrian (talk) 22:28, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Why would "Henry" be how this person is "generally referred to"? We commonly refer to Konig Heinrich as such. Additionally, we generally call former US President George W. Bush "Dubya", but under wikilaw, should his article be changed to that? Sounds retarded to me. Presidentbalut (talk) 16:44, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Are you seriously trying to persuade us to start calling him Konig Heinrich? And to do so on the basis that that was "his name"? Even the word "König" did not exist as such during his lifetime. Please move on. Surtsicna (talk) 16:57, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, if anything he would be Heinricus given that names back than were written down in Latin. A name in pre-modern times changed depending on where you were and with nobility it's still the case today.--MacX85 (talk) 14:25, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

Infobox
The infobox is of no help to the reader. It needlessly repeats the dates that appear in the very first line of the article at the bottom of the box; it confusingly separates his "reign" and "coronation" as King of the Romans from his "predecessor" and "successor" as Emperor and King of Italy, without even mentioning his rule of Burgundy; it gets the date and place of his coronation as King of the Germans wrong (it should be 1028 in Aachen); it prioritises his "consort", "issue", "house", "father" and "mother" over anything he did while king or emperor, clearly establishing the concern of its creator as primarily genealogical. Henry's genealogy is important, but why is it more important that legislation he promulgated, popes he instituted or wars he fought? Srnec (talk) 04:01, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Birth year
The first paragraph of this article puts the birth year at 1016, while the infobox puts it at 1017. Also, an infobox in the Sources section puts it as 1017. Additionally, the wikipedia page for October 28th list the birth year as 1016. This needs to be cleared up! Mooseling (talk) 10:37, 3 October 2016 (UTC)mooseling

title: Talk:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor


text:
User talk:Brenmacneil

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User talk:Cornuto

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Marvel Productions

Marvel Productions, later known as New World Animation Ltd., was an American production company owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of News Corporation which was founded in 1981 as the television and film studio subsidiary of the Marvel Entertainment Group, based in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. It later became a subsidiary of New World Entertainment and eventually of News Corporation.

The company as Marvel Productions produced animated television series, films and television specials such as Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, The Incredible Hulk, My Little Pony: The Movie, The Transformers: The Movie, and G.I. Joe: The Movie as well as The Transformers and G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero television series. Most of Marvel Productions/New World Animation's non-Hasbro-related back catalog is currently owned by The Walt Disney Company.

DePatie–Freleng Enterprises (1963–1981)
The company began in 1963 as DFE Films, and was sold to Cadence Industries, Marvel Comics Group's owner, in 1981 after DFE founder and company executive Friz Freleng departed the company to return to his former job at Warner Bros. Cartoons. Freleng's business partner and DFE co-founder David H. DePatie continued to work for the company under the Marvel banner for several years until his retirement.

Marvel Productions (1981–1993)
Marvel Productions opened its Los Angeles studio in 1981. In 1984, Margaret Loesch joined Marvel Productions as president and chief executive officer. Marvel Comics Group, owned by Cadence Industries Corporation since 1968, was sold to New World Pictures in 1986 along with Marvel Productions and incorporated as Marvel Entertainment Group.

With New World having cash flow problems, MEG was sold in January 1989 to Andrews Group, a MacAndrews and Forbes subsidiary, owned by Ronald Perelman. However, New World kept Marvel Productions and merged it with its own television business. MP moved their offices from Van Nuys to West Los Angeles in May 1989.

New World's problems continued, which led them to also be acquired by the Andrews Group within the year. Loesch left for Fox Kids in 1990. In December 1992, New World formed New World Family Filmworks and New World Action Animation, headed by Marvel Productions president Rick Ungar, to produce $20 million worth of family entertainment programming.

New World Animation (1993–1996)
Marvel Productions was renamed New World Animation in November 1993. In 1994, Marvel and New World established Marvel Films including Marvel Films Animation. New World Animation (The Incredible Hulk), Saban Entertainment (X-Men), and Marvel Films Animation (Spider-Man), each produced a Marvel series for television. Tom Tataranowicz was in charge of both Marvel Films Animation and New World Animation during this period.

News Corporation subsidiary (1996)
News Corporation/Fox Entertainment Group acquired New World Entertainment, along with New World Animation and Marvel Films Animation for $2.5 billion in August 1996. At the same time, Saban Entertainment secured the rights from Marvel Entertainment Group for Captain America, Daredevil, and Silver Surfer, and additional characters to be developed into four series and 52 episodes over the next seven years.

Fox Children's Productions and Saban Entertainment merged to form Fox Kids Worldwide, a holding company and joint venture, in November 1996, while Fox retained ownership of New World Animation.

Postscript
Fox Family Worldwide and its assets, including the Marvel Productions library and Saban Entertainment, were purchased by The Walt Disney Company for $5.2 billion in July 2001.

After getting its 2002 profit participation statements for the Marvel Productions library, Marvel Enterprises sued The Walt Disney Company over royalties in August 2004 after Disney would not open their books. This was followed by a November 2004 suit which claimed that the purchase of Fox Family did not transfer the shows' copyrights to Disney as the purchase was done without Marvel's approval. As part of both suits, Marvel claimed library income concealment and failure to exploit the characters.

On August 31, 2009, Disney acquired Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion, reunifying the Marvel Productions library and Marvel Entertainment under the same corporate banner. After Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox on March 20, 2019, the Marvel Productions and Fox Kids/Saban Entertainment libraries reunited with the New World Animation library.

Animated series

 * The Young Astronauts, licensed from the Young Astronaut Council and also adapted into a comic book by Marvel Comics; never aired due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster causing CBS to cancel the show before being produced.
 * Stealth Warriors

TV specials
Except for Fraggle Rock, the rights to series based on Jim Henson properties are now held by The Muppets Studio, a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company.

All programs based on Hasbro properties were co-productions with Sunbow Productions. These programs are now owned by Hasbro through its entertainment unit.

Film titles

 * Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) (inherited from DePatie–Freleng Enterprises)
 * Curse of the Pink Panther (1983) (inherited from DePatie–Freleng Enterprises)

Executives

 * David H. DePatie – president and chief executive officer (1980–1984)
 * Margaret Loesch – president and chief executive officer (1984–1990)
 * Rick Ungar – president and chief executive officer (1991–August 1995)
 * Lee Gunther – senior vice president, production (1986)
 * Stan Lee – vice president, creative affairs (1986)
 * Michael Wahl – vice president, business affairs (1986)
 * Peter Knepper – vice president and chief financial officer (1986)
 * Hank Sarovan – vice president (1986)

title: Marvel Productions


text:
Trustworthy computing

The term Trustworthy Computing (TwC) has been applied to computing systems that are inherently secure, available, and reliable. It is particularly associated with the Microsoft initiative of the same name, launched in 2002.

History
Until 1995, there were restrictions on commercial traffic over the Internet.

On, May 26, 1995, Bill Gates sent the "Internet Tidal Wave" memorandum to Microsoft executives assigning "...the Internet this highest level of importance..." but Microsoft's Windows 95 was released without a web browser as Microsoft had not yet developed one. The success of the web had caught them by surprise but by mid 1995, they were testing their own web server, and on August 24, 1995, launched a major online service, MSN.

The National Research Council recognized that the rise of the Internet simultaneously increased societal reliance on computer systems while increasing the vulnerability of such systems to failure and produced an important report in 1999, "Trust in Cyberspace". This report reviews the cost of un-trustworthy systems and identifies actions required for improvement.

Microsoft and Trustworthy Computing
Bill Gates launched Microsoft's "Trustworthy Computing" initiative with a January 15, 2002 memo, referencing an internal whitepaper by Microsoft CTO and Senior Vice President Craig Mundie. The move was reportedly prompted by the fact that they "...had been under fire from some of its larger customers–government agencies, financial companies and others–about the security problems in Windows, issues that were being brought front and center by a series of self-replicating worms and embarrassing attacks." such as Code Red, Nimda, Klez and Slammer.

Four areas were identified as the initiative's key areas: Security, Privacy, Reliability, and Business Integrity, and despite some initial scepticism, at its 10-year anniversary it was generally accepted as having "...made a positive impact on the industry...". The Trustworthy Computing campaign was the main reason why Easter eggs disappeared from Windows, Office and other Microsoft products.

title: Trustworthy computing


text:
John Caudwell

John David Caudwell (born 7 October 1952) is an English billionaire businessman who founded the now defunct mobile phone retailer Phones 4u. He also invests in fashion, property and other industries, and chairs Caudwell Children, a children's charity, and Caudwell LymeCo, promoting chronic Lyme disease beliefs in the UK.

According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2022, Caudwell is worth £1.58 billion. On the Forbes 2022 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked #984 with a net worth of US$2.8 billion.

Early life
Caudwell was born in Birmingham but moved with his family as a baby to Stoke-on-Trent and raised in Wellesley Street in Shelton, Staffordshire, and with his brother Brian attended Shelton Church of England School, and then Berry Hill High School. His father had a stroke when Caudwell was 14 and died four years later.

Caudwell abandoned his A-levels to become an apprentice at Michelin, and worked for several years there as an engineering foreman while gaining a HNC in mechanical engineering. Whilst working at Michelin he also ran a corner shop and started a mail order business selling clothing to motorcyclists.

Caudwell Group
In 1987 Caudwell registered Midland Mobile Phones as a mobile phone wholesaler, initially taking 26 Motorola mobiles at £1,350 each. It took 8 months to sell these 26 phones to local plumbers, taxi drivers and television repairmen at a price of £2,500 each. The company made a loss every month for the first two years of operations. The business became the Caudwell Group part of which was an independent mobile phone network service provider called Singlepoint and a high street mobile phone retail operation called Phones4U. The group also owned The Discovery Store from 2001, renamed it to Must Have It in 2004, and closed it in 2005. In 2003 he sold Singlepoint to Vodafone for £405m (then $648m). Caudwell completed the sale of the wider business on 26 September 2006, when it was revealed that the Caudwell Group had been sold for a £1.46 billion to private equity firms Providence Equity Partners and Doughty Hanson.

Other projects
Caudwell was the owner of the South African F1 Powerboat racing team Caudwell Racing which competed in the championship between the 2012 and the 2014 seasons. The team made history by competing with four-stroke engines compared to the traditional and widely used two-strokes. Caudwell Racing did not return for the 2015 season, having folded the previous year without completing the season.

Charity interests
In 1999, Caudwell was appointed as the president of the North Staffordshire branch of the NSPCC, and became the regional representative for the Full Stop campaign. Of the appointment, he says: "I was initially approached by the NSPCC to sponsor a cricket match. As is my way I got stuck in, took the whole thing over and was determined to raise as much money as I could."

Caudwell founded the charity Caudwell Children in 2000. Of the charity, he said: "I wanted to make sure that every penny that was raised would be put to the best use and spent on the children that needed it. My family puts about £2 million a year towards Caudwell Children. In addition I put in a lot of my time and I do a lot of networking. [But] the truth is my fortune isn't enough to help all the children that need help." The charity has proved controversial because it promotes unproven and dubious health practices and has aligned itself with antivaccinationists. The National Autistic Society asked Caudwell's charity to remove claims that it had the Society's support from its website.

In October 2011, he made a "significant" six-figure donation to Middleport Pottery (one of the last working Victorian pot banks in Britain) in Stoke-on-Trent, through the Prince's Regeneration Trust. In October 2012, Caudwell was one of three principal private donors for the London's Bomber Command Memorial Appeal.

In February 2013, he became one of the first Britons to sign up for Bill Gates and Warren Buffett's Giving Pledge, which calls on billionaires to commit at least half their wealth to charity during their lifetime.

He has contributed to the Prince's Regeneration Trust, Marie Curie, the Elton John AIDS Foundation, Ark (Absolute Return for Kids), Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Carers Trust, amongst others. He donates to the NSPCC, and undertakes regular 1,000-mile charity bike rides to raise funds for many children's charities. On one fundraising bike ride from Land's End to John o' Groats in 2012, he raised £58,021 for Caudwell Children.

Caudwell has been awarded accolades for his philanthropic efforts. On 8 December 2012 at the Noble Gift Gala, he was presented with the Noble Gift Philanthropreneur Award by Hollywood actress Eva Longoria for his dedication to charity work.

In 2019, the Caudwell Children charity opened the Caudwell International Children’s Centre in Staffordshire, which provides services for children with autism.

Politics
In April 2010, Caudwell donated £2,000 to Conservative MP Bill Cash's general election fund.

In 2019, Caudwell was reported to have donated £500,000 to the Conservative Party, making him the biggest donor to the party ahead of the 2019 United Kingdom general election. He also gave interviews stating that he and many other wealthy individuals would leave the UK if the Labour Party gained power and increased taxes.

In 2022, in response to the Westminster lockdown parties controversy, Caudwell expressed concerns with the Conservative party under Boris Johnson's leadership.

In 2024, he announced that he would be supporting the Labour Party at the election that year, citing failures under the leadership of Boris Johnson, saying that “The Labour Party in my estimation, as much as I disagree with some of the policies, are absolutely the very best for Britain going forward".

Brexit
Caudwell is reported to be a proud Brexiteer, alongside a number of other British billionaires.

On Brexit, he is reported to have called UK politicians “lily-livered” and the EU “Brussels bully boys”. He is also quoted to have said, “I don't understand how intelligent people, successful people, can’t see the benefits of being out of Europe.” ... “I think MPs are disgusting. Really disgusting. This shilly-shallying, I don’t understand [it]. Why don’t they understand that saying we’re going to have a no deal is the best way to get a good deal? You can already see the change in attitude from the EU. They’re trembling.”

Climate Change
In 2023, Caudwell described the weakening of green policies by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak as “madness” and said he would consider switching his support to Labour.

Personal life
Caudwell was married to Kate McFarlane for 25 years. The couple divorced in 2001, and they had three children. He then had a brief relationship with violinist Jane Burgess, with whom he had a daughter. He was then in a long-term relationship with former model Claire Johnson for 15 years, with whom he has a son. They separated in 2014.

In 2015, Caudwell claimed that 11 family members including himself, his ex-wife Kate McFarlane, their two daughters and their son had been diagnosed with chronic Lyme disease, a noted pseudoscience belief. In 2018, Caudwell pledged to donate more than one million pounds in order to help fund Lyme disease research, on the condition that the NHS would be able to match his investment.

Caudwell's partner since 2015 is Lithuanian born former Olympic cyclist Modesta Vžesniauskaitė. The pair have two children together, a son born March 2021 and a daughter born March 2023. (Vžesniauskaitė also has a son from a previous marriage).

Caudwell lives in multiple homes including Broughton Hall in Staffordshire, Monaco and London's Mayfair

title: John Caudwell


text:
Angling Lake/Wapekeka Airport

Angling Lake/Wapekeka Airport is located 1.5 NM west of the First Nations settlement of Wapekeka, Ontario, Canada, to the east of Big Trout Lake and on the south shores of Weir Lake.

The airport is operated by the Government of Ontario, and consists of a gravel runway with published instrument approaches. A gravel road connects to nearby community of Angling Lake.

title: Angling Lake/Wapekeka Airport


text:
Frédéric Cuvier

Georges-Frédéric Cuvier (28 June 1773 – 24 July 1838) was a French zoologist and paleontologist. He was the younger brother of noted naturalist and zoologist Georges Cuvier.

Career
Frederic was the head keeper of the menagerie at the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris from 1804 to 1838. He named the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in 1825. The chair of comparative physiology was created for him at the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle in 1837. He was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1835.

He is mentioned in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (Chapter VII) as having worked on animal behaviour and instinct, especially the distinction between habit and instinct. He is also mentioned in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (Chapter 32) as having written on the topic of whales.

Evolution
Cuvier has been described as the first scientist to use terms "héréditaire" (hereditary) in 1807 and "heredity" in 1812 in their now biological context. He used both words in promoting the inheritance of acquired characteristics based on his studies of animal behaviour.

Although an advocate of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, similar to his brother he denied the transmutation of species. He believed that behavioral patterns in animals change over time in relation to environmentally induced needs. Historian Robert J. Richards has written that Cuvier "did not believe that the anatomical patterns of species were modified over time (though he did admit they changed in nonessential ways through the inheritance of acquired characteristics... He was a behavioral evolutionist, if a modest one."

List of selected publications

 * Books
 * Histoire naturelle des mammifères (4 vols., 1819–1842) (with Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire)
 * De l’histoire naturelle des cétacés. Roret, Paris 1836
 * Observations préliminaires, pp. i–xxiv in Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, by G. Cuvier, ed. 4, vol. 1. E. d’Ocagne, Paris, 1834.
 * Observations préliminaires, pp. i–xxiv in Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, by G. Cuvier, ed. 4, vol. 1. E. d’Ocagne, Paris, 1834.

 * Papers
 * Cuvier, F. (1808). Observations sur le chien des habitans de la Nouvelle-Hollande, précédés de quelques réflexions sur les facultés morales des animaux. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 11: 458–476.
 * Cuvier, F. (1812). Essais sur les facultés intellectuelles des brutes. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philomat. 3: 217–218

title: Frédéric Cuvier


text:
Bayview station (Ottawa)

Bayview is an O-Train interchange station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, connecting the Confederation Line (Line 1) and Trillium Line (Line 2).

History
The station opened on October 15, 2001. It was built as an infill station between Tunney's Pasture and LeBreton (now Pimisi), with a pair of elevated bus platforms at the western end of Albert Street. Beneath it was the first O-Train station, the northern terminus of the Trillium Line, located on a stub-end track branching off from the railway line. Paved asphalt footpaths connected the two stops on opposite sides of the Transitway and the train platform.

On January 17, 2016, the transitway platforms closed for conversion to light rail, with all buses diverting via Albert Street. The station reopened on September 14, 2019, as an intermediate stop on the first phase of the Confederation Line, making Bayview an important rapid transit transfer point.

On September 16, 2017, the eastbound bus stop of Bayview Station was moved 300m west to facilitate the construction of the Trinity Development at 900 Albert Street. During the reconstruction of the station, the original Line 2 O-Train station was closed and a new platform was constructed to the north, underneath the Line 1 station.

During the Stage 2 south expansion, the original Line 2 platform was extended to accommodate the longer trains that would be used on the line, and a second platform was added for operational flexibility. A pedestrian bridge was also constructed from east to west over the Line 2 platforms, intended to connect with the future development at 900 Albert.

Location
The station, named for the nearby Bayview Road (now Bayview Station Road), is close to Tom Brown Arena. It is intended as a catalyst for large redevelopment including condos, hotels and the city's future tallest office and residential tower at 900 Albert. Plans also exist for converting a 1940s warehouse into a film studio and build an attached 15 storey "innovation hub".

Layout
The Confederation Line station is an elevated side platform station. A ticket barrier at platform level on the south (eastbound) platform provides access to Albert Street. Under the station, a concourse connects the two platforms with the single Trillium Line platform, and also contains a ticket barrier giving access to a footpath connecting the built-up area south of the station with the greenspace to its north. As part of the Stage 2 Trillium Line expansion, the existing Line 2 platform will be extended to accommodate longer trains. A second track and platform will also be built to the east of the existing tracks.

The station features two artworks: Cascades by Pierre Poussin, a set of two large sculptures located in the greenspace surrounding the station, and As the Crow Flies by Adrian Göllner, a linear sculpture running atop the barrier between the two tracks on the Confederation Line platform level.

Service
The following routes serve Bayview as of October 25, 2023. Bus stops at Bayview are located outside of the O-Train fare-paid zone.

 * After the completion of Line 2 construction and revenue service begins, bus routes 11 and 12, as well as new route 13 will serve Bayview

title: Bayview station (Ottawa)


text:
User talk:Rfhall

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Thomas Blount (lexicographer)

Thomas Blount (1618–1679) was an English antiquarian and lexicographer.

Background
He was the son of Myles Blount of Orleton in Herefordshire and was born at Bordesley, Tardebigge, Worcestershire. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, but, being a zealous Roman Catholic, his religion interfered considerably with the practice of that profession at a time when Catholics were excluded from almost all areas of public life in England. Retiring to his estate at Orleton, he devoted himself to the study of the law as an amateur, and also read widely in other branches of knowledge.

Thomas Blount married Anne Church of Maldon, Essex (1617–1697) in 1661 and they had one daughter, Elizabeth (1662–1724). He died on 26 December 1679, at Orleton, Herefordshire, at the age of sixty-one.

Glossographia
His principal works include Glossographia; or, a dictionary interpreting the hard words of whatsoever language, now used in our refined English tongue (1656), which went through several editions and remains amusing and instructive reading. It defined around 11,000 hard or unusual words, and was the largest English dictionary when it was published. His was the last, largest, and greatest of the English "hard-word" dictionaries, which aimed not to present a complete listing of English words, but to define and explain unusual terms that might be encountered in literature or the professions, thus aiding the burgeoning non-academic middle class, which was ascendant in England at the time and of which Blount was a member. Glossographia marked several "firsts" in English lexicography. It was the first dictionary that included illustrations (two woodcuts of heraldic devices) and etymologies, and the first that cited sources for definitions. It contained many unusual words that had not previously been included in dictionaries, and others not included in any later dictionary. While some of these were neologisms, Blount did not coin any words himself, but rather reported on the rather inventive culture of classically inspired coinages of the period.

Unfortunately for Blount, his Glossographia was surpassed in popularity with the publication in 1658 of The New World of Words by Edward Phillips (1630–1696), whose uncle was John Milton. While Phillips' dictionary was much larger than Blount's (ca. 20,000 words) and included some common words in addition to unusual ones, it is now widely acknowledged that Phillips copied many definitions from Blount. This act of plagiarism enraged Blount, who began to denounce his rival vitriolically in print. Blount and Phillips engaged for many years in a publishing war, undertaking constant revisions of their works accompanied by denunciations of the other. In 1673, Blount published A World of Errors Discovered in the New World of Words, wherein he sought to demonstrate that where Phillips was correct, he was not often original, and that where he was original, he was not often correct. He wrote, indignantly, "Must this then be suffered? A Gentleman for his divertissement writes a Book, and this Book happens to be acceptable to the World, and sell; a Bookseller, not interested in the Copy, instantly employs some Mercenary to jumble up another like Book out of this, with some Alterations and Additions, and give it a new Title; and the first Author's out-done, and his Publisher half undone...." Phillips retorted by publishing a list of words from Blount that he contended were "barbarous and illegally compounded." The dispute was not settled prior to Blount's death, thus granting a default victory to Phillips. Regardless, Glossographia went through many editions and even more reprintings, the latest of which was in 1969.

Other works
In addition to his dictionary, Blount published widely on other subjects. His Boscobel (1651) was an account of Charles II's preservation after Worcester, with the addition of the king's own account dictated to Pepys; the book was edited with a bibliography by C. G. Thomas (1894). Blount remained an amateur scholar of law throughout his life, and published Nomolexicon: a law dictionary interpreting such difficult and obscure words and terms as are found either in our common or statute, ancient or modern lawes (1670; third edition, with additions by W. Nelson, 1717), to aid the profession that he was unable to practice. He was also an antiquarian of some note, and his Fragmenta Antiquitatis: Ancient Tenures of land, and jocular customs of some manners (1679; enlarged by J. Beckwith and republished, with additions by H. M. Beckwith, in 1815; again revised and enlarged by W. C. Hazlitt, 1874) is a sort of encyclopaedia of folk-customs and manorial traditions.

The following bibliography is reproduced from the foreword of Beckwith's edition of Fragmenta where it is part of a short biography reproduced from Anthony á Wood's Athenae Oxonienses.
 * 1) The Academy of Eloquence, containing a complete English Rhetoric Printed at London in the time of the rebellion; and several times after.
 * 2)  Glossographia ; or, a Dictionary interpreting such hard Words, whether Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, &c, that are now used in our refined English Tongue, &c. London, 1656, octavo, published several times after with additions and amendments
 * 3)  The Lamps of the Law, and Lights of the Gospel ; or, the Titles of some late Spiritual, Polemical, and Metaphysical new Books, London, 1653, in 8vo. written in imitation of J. Birkenhead's Paul's Church-yard, and published under the name of Grass and Hay Withers.
 * 4)  Boscobel ; or, the History of his Majesty's Escape after the Battle of Worcester, 3d September, 1651. London, 1660, in 8vo. ; there again 1680, in 8vo. third edition, translated into French and Portuguese ; the last of which was done by Peter Gifford, of White Ladies, in Staffordshire, a Roman Catholic. Vide No. 11.
 * 5)  The Catholic Almanack, for 1661, 62, 63, &c. which selling not so well' as Joh. Booker's Almanack did, he therefore wrote,
 * 6)  Booker rebuked ; or, Animadversions on Booker's Teiescopium Uranicum or Ephemeris, 1665, which is very erroneous, &c. London, 1665, quarto, in one sheet, which made much sport among people, having had the assistance therein of Jo. Sargeant and Jo. Austen.
 * 7) '' A Law Dictionary, interpreting such difficult and obscure Words and Terms as are found either in our Common or Statute, antient or modern Laws. London, 1671, fol. There again in 1691, with some Corrections, and the addition of above 600 Words. (This is the Νομολεζιχν.)
 * 8)  Animadversions upon Sir Richard Baker's Chronicle and its Continuation, &c. Oxon, 1672, 8vo.
 * 9)  A World of Errors discovered in the New World of Words, &c. London, 1673, fol, written against Edw. Philips his book, entitled, A New World of English Words.
 * 10)  Fragmenta Antiquitatis, antient Tenures of Land, and Jocular Customs of some Manors, &c. London, 1679, 8vo.
 * 11)  Boscobel, &c, the second part, London, 1681, 8vo, to which is added, Claustrum regale reseratum ; or, the King's Concealment at Trent, in Somersetshire, published by Mrs. Anne Windham, of Trent. (See No. 4.)

title: Thomas Blount (lexicographer)


text:
Cobaltocene

Cobaltocene, known also as bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(II) or even "bis Cp cobalt", is an organocobalt compound with the formula Co(C5H5)2. It is a dark purple solid that sublimes readily slightly above room temperature. Cobaltocene was discovered shortly after ferrocene, the first metallocene. Due to the ease with which it reacts with oxygen, the compound must be handled and stored using air-free techniques.

Synthesis
Cobaltocene is prepared by the reaction of sodium cyclopentadienide (NaC5H5) with anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride in THF solution. Sodium chloride is cogenerated, and the organometallic product is usually purified by vacuum sublimation.

Structure and bonding
In Co(C5H5)2 the Co centre is "sandwiched" between two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings. The Co–C bond lengths are about 2.1 Å, slightly longer than the Fe–C bond in ferrocene.

Co(C5H5)2 belongs to a group of organometallic compounds called metallocenes or sandwich compounds. Cobaltocene has 19 valence electrons, one more than usually found in organotransition metal complexes such as its very stable relative ferrocene. (See 18-electron rule.) This additional electron occupies an orbital that is antibonding with respect to the Co–C bonds. Consequently, the Co–C distances are slightly longer than the Fe–C bonds in ferrocene. Many chemical reactions of Co(C5H5)2 are characterized by its tendency to lose this "extra" electron, yielding an 18-electron cation known as cobaltocenium:

The otherwise close relative of cobaltocene, rhodocene does not exist as a monomer, but spontaneously dimerizes by formation of a C–C bond between Cp rings.

Redox properties
Co(C5H5)2 is a common one-electron reducing agent in the laboratory. In fact, the reversibility of the Co(C5H5)2 redox couple is so well-behaved that Co(C5H5)2 may be used in cyclic voltammetry as an internal standard. Its permethylated analogue decamethylcobaltocene (Co(C5Me5)2) is an especially powerful reducing agent, due to inductive donation of electron density from the 10 methyl groups, prompting the cobalt to give up its "extra" electron even more so. These two compounds are rare examples of reductants that dissolve in non-polar organic solvents. The reduction potentials of these compounds follow, using the ferrocene-ferrocenium couple as the reference:

The data show that the decamethyl compounds are around 600 mV more reducing than the parent metallocenes. This substituent effect is, however, overshadowed by the influence of the metal: changing from Fe to Co renders the reduction more favorable by over 1.3 volts.

Carbonylation
Treatment of Co(C5H5)2 with carbon monoxide gives the cobalt(I) derivative Co(C5H5)(CO)2, concomitant with loss of one Cp ligand. This conversion is conducted near 130 °C with 500 psi of CO.

title: Cobaltocene


text:
KMSP Tower

The KMSP Tower is a high aerial guyed mast used for the transmission of FM radio and over-the-air television in Shoreview, Minnesota. The structure was apparently the tallest in Minnesota until the construction of the KPXM Tower in 1997.

The tower, which was built in 1971, is owned by KMSP-TV ("Fox 9") parent Fox Television Stations but is shared by several area broadcasters; sister station WFTC ("Fox 9+") and the Twin Cities Public Television stations, KTCA and KTCI. Several FM stations are also on the tower: KQRS-FM 92.5 ("KQ92"), KXXR 93.7 ("93X"), KTCZ 97.1 ("Cities 97"), KTIS-FM 98.5, KSJN 99.5 ("MPR Classical"), KFXN-FM 100.3 ("KFAN"), KDWB 101.3, KEEY 102.1 ("K102"), KMNB 102.9 ("102.9 The Wolf"), and KZJK 104.1 ("Jack FM").

In 2001, a painter working on the tower died from asphyxia upon falling 500 feet down the structure.

title: KMSP Tower


text:
Atikokan Municipal Airport

Atikokan Municipal Aerodrome is a registered aerodrome located 1 NM northwest of the town of Atikokan, Ontario, Canada. It is served by a published instrument approach.

title: Atikokan Municipal Airport


text:
Category:Jack the Ripper victims

Victims of Jack the Ripper.

title: Category:Jack the Ripper victims


text:
Greenboro station

Greenboro is a transitway stop and future O-Train Trillium Line (Line 2) station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located at Bank Street and Johnston Road at the north end of the South Keys shopping complex. The station has a 678-space paid park and ride lot. The bus terminus was opened with the southern transitway on September 2, 1995.

From 2001 to 2020, Greenboro served as the southern terminus for the Trillium Line. Upon the line's relaunch in 2024, Greenboro will become a through station, while Limebank station will serve as the line's new terminus. Service to the (near the EY Centre) and  stations will be relocated to the nearby South Keys station, which will connect to these stations with a fare-paid interchange to the Airport Link train.

Service
The following routes serve Greenboro station as of April 4th, 2024:

 * Every route that ends at Greenboro (except for some Route 97 trips and O-Train replacement buses) ends at stop C

title: Greenboro station


text:
Talk:Assumption University (Worcester)

alumni userbox
For any interested, I created an Alumni userbox for your profile

User:Lepeu1999/myuserboxs

feel free to use it. --Lepeu1999 15:19, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Assumption University (Worcester)


text:
Dow's Lake station

Dow's Lake (formerly known as Carling) is an O-Train station on the Trillium Line, one block west of the intersection of Carling Avenue and Preston Street in Ottawa, Ontario. It is named the nearby Dow's Lake, itself also the western terminus of the Rideau Canal skating rink during winters, as well as a key site during the Canadian Tulip Festival in May. The station is also near government offices at the area of Carling Avenue and Booth Street. South of Carling, the train enters a tunnel to pass under the Rideau Canal. The station was originally named for nearby Carling Avenue and Sir John Carling.

Facilities

 * Accessibility: Yes - 1 elevator
 * Washrooms: None
 * Nearby: Dows Lake, Booth Street Complex (Natural Resources Canada)

Service
The following routes serve Dow's Lake as of October 6, 2019:

title: Dow's Lake station


text:
Borthwnog

Borthwnog is a family name given to the Borthwnog estate in Gwynedd, north-west Wales.

Borthwnog Hall was the Manor House of the estate which encompassed the adjacent Borth farm and lands up the Taichynhaeaf valley and Bontddu. The earliest records date the house to the late 17th century. The building, has been modified to a Georgian style and has, along with many other buildings in the area, been listed as a grade II listed building.

title: Borthwnog


text:
Talk:MIMO

Untitled
I have reverted this article to the original form. MIMO can be a system analysis or a signal processing technique. The original article talked about the signal processing technique but the redirection pointed to the signal analysis. I think this way is better. I posted a comment in the Signal analysis page without response. --Ncc1701zzz 11:33, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why is:

 * "Other new enhancements will include the arrival of 802.11e and 802.11i. 802.11e will prioritize important information on the network (i.e. a voice message takes precedence over email or a webpage). 802.11i will give an increase in security by using WPA2."

in there? It has nothing to do with MIMO.

Can somebody add something more for MIMO. ??

This following paragraph sounds like a cheap plug for Airgo and Raleigh:

"In 1996, Greg Raleigh and Gerard J. Foschini invented new approaches to MIMO which increased its efficiency. Greg Raleigh is the founder of Airgo Networks, which claims to be the inventor of MIMO OFDM, offering a "pre-N" chipset called "True MIMOTM". However, it is unlikely that hardware based on this chipset will be compatible with other devices once the 802.11n standard is ratified."

I agree that Foschini was very influential in MIMO early development. Raleigh's name doesn't belong in this context and neither does Airgo Networks. Has Wikipedia become a place for cheap advertisement?

A FAQ link should be added to external links. Have both devices be MIMO to have an increase in throughput or just having a MIMO base station is enough?

Answer: MIMO is a characteristic of the radio channel, thus both the radios must have multiple antennas in ordr to be ture MIMO.

Title
MIMO has at least two meanings in Electrical Engineering: MIMO Control and MIMO Communications. Avoiding ambiguity is much more important than avoiding the abreviations. This page is about MIMO Communications and the current title is a wrong title for it. The title should be MIMO Communications orMultiple-Antenna Communications. Bidabadi 00:34, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Call it something like Multiple-input multiple-output (communications) instead, then. This is more in keeping with how we usually name such articles. You'll also need to make Multiple-input multiple-output (disambiguation) and link there to the two articles you referenced on my talk page. Do they both exist? -Splash talk 00:41, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

250Mbit real troughput is more than 10 times higher
250Mbit real troughput is more than 10 times higher than classic 802.11g with its real 25Mbit. For SuperG (40MBit) it is more than 6 times higher. And, speaking of Atheros past expectations for SuperG technology (up to 70MBit theoretical maximum, unapproved) it is just about 3.5 times higher. 802.11 article says the expected maximum is 540Mbit, while manufacturers state it's 650Mbit or 12x speed of 802.11g (in wich they mean higher than 10 times of real 802.11g, and wich is definitely not true as we've seen in previous standard's evolution). That statement definitely needs more approval or is arguable. --GrAndrew 06:39, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Removing some of the 802.11n stuff
I removed alot of 802.11n discussions since MIMO is much more than just 802.11n. I also statrted to edit the encoding of MIMO where a general approach was taken with linear precoding. We can continue to add decoding algorithms and different precoders etc
 * You did put it somewhere else, right? It doens't need to removed the encyclopedia wholesale. -Splash - tk 15:19, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

This MIMO page needs a major revision
As the suggestion above states, we need to focus less on 802.lln (that has its own entry) and more on MIMO theory. We need to differentiate MIMO from Smart Antennas. What does everyone think about the following outline:

 * Introduction: how MIMO is exactly defined and how it differs from simple smart antennas
 * Early research on possibilities: for example Winters and Paulraj
 * Early Capacity Results: for example Teletar
 * Diversity techniques and space time codes
 * Spatial Multiplexing
 * MIMO technology in the past, present and future: what has and will be built in real systems
 * to include these items, new pages are greatly recommemnd, then I'll contribute as well with items such as More MIMO (Advanced Bemafomring) and More than MIMO (Network or multiuser MIMO)technology JSK 13:08, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * References

Obviously this is just a first draft, later we can include tradeoffs between diversity/multiplexing, linear dispersion codes, MIMO receivers, etc.Rcd247 05:46, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This is certainly a classical approach to MIMO writing. One could 'easily' write a textbook or, in my case, an entire thesis on MIMO, though, so I think the challenge is in not doing that, and working out what actually needs to go in each of those sections in this article, and what can be spun out to more detailed articles. The stuff you leave to later is a set of good candidates for their own articles. On the other hand, I already wrote space-time code and its subsidiary articles (to varying depths e.g. space-time block code). Splash - tk 16:23, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi, my name is Hermann Lipfert, I'm the author of the 1st reference you mentioned:
 * Lipfert, Hermann (August 2007). MIMO OFDM Space Time Coding – Spatial Multiplexing, Increasing Performance and Spectral Efficiency in Wireless Systems, Part I Technical Basis (Technical report). Institut für Rundfunktechnik.The link behind has gone because of a business failure of IRT GmbH in 2021. So I would like to give you a new link to my private Cloud at GMX_Germany:
 * https://c.gmx.net/@324463044354643784/OvLanXWBTXiRLRtxhIcUww
 * Here you can download the pdf-File!
 * If there are any questions please contact me at my email-address: lipf@gmx.de 2001:A61:A8B:A201:2537:FA5A:26B6:826D (talk) 11:58, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/49/26726/01192168.pdf states that Winters was not the first to suggest MIMO would increase capacity
 * Actually, on page 283 the authors say "However, to our knowledge, the first results hinting at the capacity gains of MIMO were published by Winters in [8]". Splash - tk 16:23, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Look, people are going to dispute who was the first to come up with MIMO. In terms of array processing, (SIMO, MISO), that stuff was around for a long, long time.  We shouldn't tab somebody as the founder, because, in fact, nobody knows.  Paulraj will claim he was and Winters will do the same. rcd247 11:48, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

MIMO 2.0/3.0
Do anybody have a reference which actuallu uses these classifications (2.0/3.0)? I have never heard of them before. Mossig 18:47, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

I added this term (MIMO 2.0/3.0) to show the important similarty between new MIMO techniques (MU-MIMO and CO-MIMO) and new Web techniques (Web 2.0/3.0). As web 2.0/3.0 are new web trend which calls open, participation, share and intellgeince, MU-MIMO and CO-MIMO are new MIMO techniuqes to improve the system througput by utilizing the other user resources cooperatively and intelligently. So, is it all okay to introduce MIMO 2.0/3.0 to represent its current trend easily JSK 01:29, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * In my view this makes it OR and thus not fit to be included in Wikipedia. When (and if) the terms starts to be commonly used it can be reinserted. Mossig 08:28, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, I agree to remove the subsection of MIMO 2.0/3.0 since it is not yet common terminology. However, as it was noted before, why don't we add it inside contents which describes the future MIMO techniques.JSK 12:23, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

I have removed this. It is invented terminology. Interesting terminology, but invented nevertheless. It needs to appear regularly in academic literature before it appears in Wikipedia. Analogies don't belong, unfortunately. tk 23:10, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

MAIMO and variants to be removed
I am not aware of this terminology. Please justify this with citations to academic literature, or it will have to be removed. I have looked on Google and on IEEEXplore and cannot find any references to it, interesting as it is. Splash - tk 23:13, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Illustration confusing
The illustration on the top right is confusing, or more correctly - confused. Where it says SIMO, it is in fact MISO, and where it says MISO it is SIMO!
 * The terminology refers to the radio channel, and thus the figure is correct as it is.Mossig 18:51, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The problem with the picture is that it doesn't indicate what the "system" is. A block needs to be drawn encompassing the transmit antennas, the receive antennas, and the space between, but not the devices.  This is needed because if the "system" is viewed in subsections, where subsection 1 is just the transmit device and its respective antennas and subsection 2 is just the receive device and its respective antennas, then the MISO and SIMO cases would be incorrectly termed, as multiplexing/demultiplexing occurs at the respective transmitter/receiver accordingly. This stems from the fact that MISO, SIMO, SISO, and MIMO can refer to any system.  Mojodaddy (talk) 21:34, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Almost correct: the antennas are commonly not part of the "system", SISO etc. refers to only the channel. Mossig (talk) 18:19, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
 * So we should draw the box around the radio channel and write SISO, SIMO, etc. inside the box. It is still confusing as confirmed by the comments further down on this talk page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.38.192.210 (talk) 15:43, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

If the digram is indeed correct, I think an explination in the text is in order... At first glance it appears wrong so an explination as to why it is right would be helpfull. MK
 * The text about SIMO etc. is correct in the article, and in correspondance with the picture. Mossig (talk) 18:19, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The current illustration is not very helpful. It merely depicts the schematic differences between MISO, SIMO, SISO, and MIMO (which is obvious and not very informative). The reason that MIMO is an important part of advanced wireless standards is that it exploits multipath propagation to send multiple signals and, consequently, multiply capacity. What's needed is a diagram that illustrates that. A few more diagrams could be added to the article to illustrate multi-user MIMO, massive MIMO, and cooperative MIMO.Claudeb (talk) 23:08, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

Illustration confusing confirmed
I confirm diagram do not match names. SIMO and MISO diagrams are inverted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexandre.2.beaudry (talk • contribs) 14:36, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * No, see text above. Mossig (talk) 18:20, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

I understand the text above, but confirm that the image is confusing. I needed to read this discussion page to understand the image. A clearer caption would be helpful, e.g. including "Note the terms 'Input' and 'Output' refer to the radio channel carrying the signal, not to the devices having antennas." 10:14, 23 June 2009 (CDT)

There are many equations using superscript "H"; It seems those should be superscript "T" indicating Transpose. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.234.187.194 (talk) 21:45, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The superscript "H" denotes Hermitian transpose, that is transpose and complex conjugation. I have clarified this in the text. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.160.7.172 (talk) 20:04, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Language needs work
This article really needs help from native English speakers. The content might or might not be good, but the language is super-clunky (it falls below the credibility threshold).

"Up to now,[when?] multi-antenna MIMO (or Single user MIMO) technology has been mainly developed and is implemented in some standards, e.g. 802.11n products." "Recently, the research on multi-user MIMO technology has been emerging." "Spatial multiplexing techniques makes the receivers very complex" "a transmitter sends multiple streams by [using? through?] multiple transmit antennas" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.15.64.155 (talk) 23:25, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Introduction could be better
The introduction language could be better. It gets far too technical. Content is fine, just that as-is it needs an introduction to the introduction.67.167.106.3 (talk) 19:18, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

"(pronounced my-moh by some and me-moh by others)"
Surely this could be re-written, sticks out like a sore thumb. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.239.86.1 (talk) 01:38, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

Intro confusing
'MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receivers'

Ok.

'Note that the terms input and output refer to the radio channel carrying the signal, not to the devices having antennas'

But you just said that MIMO (an acronym basically consisting of the words input and output) refers to the use of 'multiple antennas', and now it has nothing to do with antennas? Well, you lost me.

I also don't see at all what the picture is supposed to illustrate. Antennas, or what? If so, there sure is a lot of mentions of antennas that (according to this talk page) seems to be pretty irrelevant when talking about the concept of MIMO (whatever it might be). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.13.114.130 (talk) 00:21, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

Article confused and poorly written
As others have noted, this page has major problems. The biggest is that it confuses what I would call "schematic MIMO" with modern MIMO. I changed the Intro to highlight why MIMO has become an essential element of standards beginning with 802.11n. I've started to correct and clarify the History of MIMO section. There are also problems with the page due to poor writing. Claudeb (talk) 17:08, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I've revised the lead to focus the article on MIMO as the term is used today. I'm also revising the history section which is very unclear. The papers from the 1970s explored methods for overcoming mutual interference (crosstalk) in cable bundles. SDMA is a related concept, but the early patents described methods for frequency reuse. This needs to be explained. Papers on beamforming or that were published in 1999 seem out-of-place. Claudeb (talk) 20:56, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I replaced the diagram at the upper right. The original diagram merely illustrated four possible antenna configurations for a point-to-point link. The new diagram illustrates how MIMO uses multipath propagation to multiply link capacity. This is the operating principle behind modern MIMO and it was nowhere to be found in the original diagram. I will add another diagram when I get a chance to illustate multi-user MIMO. Claudeb (talk) 16:11, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Daveburstein (talk) 09:47, 21 January 2017 (UTC) I reorganized to give Paulraj credit as inventor and added the link to his Marconi Award page. The $100,000 Marconi Prize is the most prestigious in communications, chosen by a distinguished board. They reviewed the claims of precedence and determined that Paulraj deserved the prize as inventor.

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Question about Frequencies Bands
1. I would like to ask about Frequencies Bands where MiMo is not possible, nor profitable.

2. And I also would like to ask about Frequencies Bands where MiMo is especially possible, easy and profitable.

3. I would like also to ask about how MiMo could prevent some level of Radio jamming and could facilitate Triangulation 4.

(I understand that answer could be negative, but I want to read elaborate answer what would be level (5) of prevention, and what would be level (6) of facilitation).

I would like that answer to these 6 questions would take separate section within article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.187.193.21 (talk) 18:17, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:MIMO


text:
User talk:Shankark

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
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 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

India quick links
Pamri • Talk 02:56, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shankark


text:
Telefarm Towers

The Telefarm Towers is a transmission site for FM radio and television broadcasting in Shoreview, Minnesota consisting of two guyed towers.

The towers, called Shoreview Towers by local residents, are owned by Telefarm, Inc., a joint venture of Twin Cities broadcasters CBS Television Stations (WCCO channel 4), Hubbard Broadcasting (KSTP channel 5, KSTC channel 5.2, KSTP-FM 94.5 FM, and KTMY 107.1 FM), and Tegna (KARE channel 11) for the transmission of digital television and FM radio throughout the Greater Twin Cities. Along with Sinclair Broadcast Group's WUCW (channel 23), Minnesota Public Radio flagship station KNOW-FM (91.1 MHz) are additional tenants on the tower.

History
The towers were built in the 1970s for analog television, and were replacements for a single "candelabra" style tower that collapsed prior to completion in 1971, killing six workers on the tower and one on the ground. The towers were upgraded at the turn of the century to support digital TV transmitters to meet Federal Communications Commission requirements. Because each antenna assembly weighs many tons, the towers had to be strengthened. Work took longer than expected, and KSTP notably used its original broadcast tower along University Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota for digital transmission for about a year starting in late 1999 before construction was finished.

Digital television upgrades to the South facility were completed in 2000 and the North facility was finished in 2001.

During the summer of 2019, an antenna section on the north tower was removed. Television station KSTC moved to RF channel 30, from its previous channel of 45. This was due to the spectrum reallocation of the late 2010s. This move was completed by early September. On October 4, 2021, the new transmitter was installed on the north tower.

title: Telefarm Towers


text:
Carleton station

Carleton is an O-Train light rail station located in the center of the Carleton University campus in Ottawa, Ontario. The station is served by Line 2, which began service in 2001, and is between Dow's Lake station to the north and Mooney's Bay station to the south. The line and station are currently under construction, and are expected to reopen in the summer of 2024.

History
Carleton was previously the only O-Train station along the Trillium Line with separate tracks and platforms for each direction, in order to allow the two trains working the otherwise (formerly) single-track line at any given time to pass. Since service upgrades in 2014-2015, and the ongoing O-Train South expansion project (Stage 2), more passing tracks have been added to the line. The station was upgraded in 2017 to accommodate the installations of fare gates and shelters parallel to the existing platforms, replacing the previous Proof-of-payment system.

Stage 2 expansion and upgrades
South of the station, the line crosses over the Rideau River on a bridge, which was refurbished during Stage 2. As part of the Stage 2 South expansion, the southernmost pedestrian underpass linking Richcraft Hall and Pigiarvik was rehabilitated, and the main pedestrian underpass located between the station platforms and the Maintenance Building was demolished and replaced with a new structure double the length of the original. During Stage 2, a short tunnel was dug perpendicular to the platforms at their north end. Although it is currently not connected, in the near-to-medium-term future it will provide a direct, weather-protected connection between the station and the Carleton University tunnel system; likely to be connected to the Minto CASE in the building's later expansion. In the 2023 Campus Master Plan update and the 2019 Carleton University Transportation Strategy, the university included plans to build a bus loop or transit hub on the eastern side of the station, in the footprint of existing Parking Lot P4- and relocating all bus connections and bus–train transfers to that area. Pending approval by the City of Ottawa, Carleton plans to connect the transit hub directly to the northbound platform of the train station, providing an additional fare-paid access point for the community.

Service
The following routes serve Carleton station as of April 4, 2024:

 * Will be the future terminus of Local Route 48, serving Alta Vista, connecting at Elmvale and terminating in the north at Hurdman station

title: Carleton station


text:
Uniting for Consensus

Uniting for Consensus (UfC), nicknamed the Coffee Club, is a movement that developed in the 1990s in opposition to the possible expansion of permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council. Under the leadership of Italy, it aims to counter the bids for permanent seats proposed by G4 nations (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan) and is calling for a consensus before any decision is reached on the form and size of the United Nation Security Council.

History
Italy, through the ambassador Francesco Paolo Fulci, along with Pakistan, Mexico and Egypt, founded the "Coffee Club" in 1995. The four countries were united by a rejection of the proposal to increase the number of permanent members of the Security Council, instead desiring to encourage the expansion of non-permanent seats. The founders of the group were soon joined by other countries, including Spain, Argentina, Turkey, and Canada, and in a short time the group came to include about 50 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The thesis of the Uniting for Consensus group is that the increase of permanent seats would further accentuate the disparity between the member countries and result in the extension of a series of privileges with a cascade effect. The new permanent members would in fact benefit from the method of electing, which is particularly advantageous in a number of specific organs of the United Nations System.

During the 59th session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2005, the UfC group — led by the representatives of Canada, Italy, and Pakistan — made a proposal that centred on an enlargement of the number of non-permanent members from ten to twenty. The non-permanent members would be elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term and would be eligible for immediate re-election, subject to the decision of their respective geographical groups. The other members and co-sponsors of the text, entitled "Reform of the Security Council", were listed as Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Malta, Mexico, San Marino, Spain and Turkey. Although the proposal was not accepted, the initiative found broad consensus among member states, including permanent member China.

On 20 April 2009, Italy, acting as representatives of the UfC group, provided a new model of reform, which was presented as a concrete attempt to reach a deal. The document proposed creating a new category of seats, still non-permanent, but elected for an extended duration (3 to 5 years terms) without the possibility of immediate re-election. This new kind of seat would not be allocated to single national countries but rather to regional groups on a rotational basis. As far as traditional categories of seats are concerned, the UfC proposal does not imply any change, but only the introduction of small and medium size states among groups eligible for regular seats. This proposal includes even the question of veto, giving a range of options that goes from abolition to limitation of the application of the veto only to Chapter VII matters.

During the last round, Italy firmly rejected the G4 proposal as well as the African Union one and even denounced the unfair behaviour of G4 countries. According to Italy, the G4 is attempting to exclude the UfC proposal from the floor, “on the basis of a presumed level of support”. Moreover, Italy believes that it has shown flexibility by putting forward a new proposal in April 2009, while the G4 remained tied to its 2005 document. Italy's active role in current discussions started in February 2009 before the beginning of intergovernmental negotiations, when Minister of Foreign Affairs Franco Frattini hosted more than 75 countries to develop a shared path towards a reform of the Security Council. In May 2011, the members states which have participated in the group meeting held in Rome rose to 120.

Members
As of 27 March 2023, core members of the Uniting for Consensus group were: * While Spain is not an official member of the G20, it is a permanent invitee.

China and Indonesia are participating as Observers.

title: Uniting for Consensus