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Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell

W.I.T.C.H., originally the acronym for Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell, was the name of several related but independent feminist groups active in the United States as part of the women's liberation movement during the late 1960s. The W.I.T.C.H. moniker was sometimes alternatively expanded as "Women Inspired to Tell their Collective History", or "Women Interested in Toppling Consumer Holidays", among other variations.

The first W.I.T.C.H. group was established in New York City in October 1968. Its founders were socialist feminists who had formerly been members of the New York Radical Women group. They opposed the idea advocated by radical feminists that feminist women should campaign against "patriarchy" alone. Instead W.I.T.C.H. advocated for feminists to ally with a range of left-wing causes, to bring about wider social change in the United States.

Various scholars have suggested that in embracing the iconography of the witch, and with the witch trials in the early modern period, W.I.T.C.H. represented forerunners of various forms of feminist-oriented modern Paganism such as Dianic Wicca.

Founding
Within the women's liberation movement of the United States during the 1960s, there was a division between the "politicos" and the "radical feminists". The politicos were socialist feminists and attributed the oppression of women to capitalism, seeking to ally with other leftist causes – such as the New Left, black liberation movement, student movement, and anti-war movement – in a wider socio-political movement to bring about revolutionary change. Conversely, the radical feminists did not view women's oppression as a symptom of capitalism and wanted women's liberation to remain independent of the wider leftist movement.

W.I.T.C.H. was formed when the New York Radical Women (NYRW) split in 1969. The group's main founder was Youth International Party co-founder Nancy Kurshan. Several politicos within the NYRW, most notable Robin Morgan and Florika Remetier, were inspired by the actions of the Youth International Party, or "Yippies", which had been founded in December 1967 and which sought to promote its message by shocking and offending mainstream American sensibilities. Morgan, Roz Payne and Sharon Krebs co-founded the group with Kurshan. Other NYRW members, such as Kathie Sarachild and Carol Hanisch disagreed, believing in the need to continue consciousness raising and disliking the idea of adopting deliberate shock tactics.

A number of these NYRW politicos then established W.I.T.C.H.; among those involved were Morgan, Florika, Peggy Dobbins, Judy Duffett, Cynthia Funk, and Naomi Jaffe. Unverified claims have been made that the establishment of W.I.T.C.H. was inspired by the decision of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) to hold hearings investigating alleged communist involvement in demonstrations against the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The women who established W.I.T.C.H. were angry that while a number of male radicals were subpoenaed by HUAC, the female activists had not been.

The group was established in New York on Halloween 1968, at which point they adopted the name "Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell" and its acronym, W.I.T.C.H.. The group changed their name to suit their purposes, albeit retaining the fixed letters of W.I.T.C.H. For instance, during a demonstration against the Bell Telephone company, the group used "Women Incensed at Telephone Company Harassment". Other examples included "Women Infuriated at Taking Care of Hoodlums" and "Women Indentured to Traveler's Corporate Hell".

Activism
W.I.T.C.H. were devoted to overthrowing the patriarchal dominance of society, and according to the scholar Cynthia Eller, they chose to do so in "witty, flamboyant, and theatrical ways" by carrying out witch-themed political stunts. The group's inaugural action took place on Halloween 1968, as W.I.T.C.H. members dressed as witches and marched down Wall Street in order to place a "hex" on New York's financial district. This event was documented by Bev Grant's photographs. Morgan stated that the Dow Jones Industrial Average declined sharply the next day. She also noted that this action emphasized the working-class struggle against capitalism more than the feminist struggle.

Subsequent acts of protest conducted by W.I.T.C.H. placed a greater focus on women's issues. The Chicago group staged protests in Chicago after hearing about New York City Actions, including actions at Chicago Board of Trade, the American Medical Association's annual conference, and the University of Chicago. In one instance, the group's New York City members entered the legendary restaurant of the era Max's Kansas City, where they distributed garlic cloves and cards on which were written the motto: "We Are W.I.T.C.H. We Are Women. We Are Liberation. We Are We." At the same time they chanted "Nine Million Women! Burned as Witches!" and questioned the women diners on why they were willing to have a man buy them dinner.

In January 1969, a counter-inaugural protest was organized by various feminist groups, taking place in Washington, D.C., to demonstrate against the inauguration of Richard Nixon as President of the United States. W.I.T.C.H. members arrived from New York, appropriating some of the New York Radical Feminists' banners – which were emblazoned with the declaration of "Feminism Lives" – and replacing it with "W.I.T.C.H." in crayon. Rumors circulated at the protest that W.I.T.C.H. members had planned to pull the radical feminist speaker Shulamith Firestone down from the podium when she had been planned to speak; they disagreed with her vocal criticism of those men who were involved in the leftist movement. After the protest, W.I.T.C.H. members subsequently sent a letter to the Guardian repudiating Firestone's calls for women's liberation groups to divorce themselves from the wider left-leaning social movement in U.S. society. In this letter, it described women's liberation as "part of a general struggle; we are as essential to the movement as it is to us". It further reprimanded Firestone for her vocal attacks of men who were part of the movement, stating that "directing ourselves against men ... only reinforces the oppressive pattern of women defining themselves through men".

In February 1969, W.I.T.C.H. members held a protest at a bridal fair at Madison Square Garden. Wearing black veils, they chanted "here comes the slaves/off to their graves", and posted stickers around the area emblazoned with the statement, "confront the whoremakers", a pun on the common anti-war slogan, "confront the warmongers". The protests also involved turning loose several white mice at the event, which fair attendees began scooping up off the ground. Radical feminists criticized W.I.T.C.H. members for reinforcing the sexist stereotype that the assembled women would be scared of mice. They also condemned what they understood as W.I.T.C.H.'s approach of promoting a message of "we're liberated and you're not" to other women, believing that in doing so they were distancing and alienating themselves from feminism's base constituency. Later historian Alice Echols expressed criticism over what she saw as W.I.T.C.H.'s "contempt" for those women who were not involved in broader leftist activism. The bridal fair event resulted in negative media coverage for W.I.T.C.H., and some dissension among members over goals and tactics. After the incident, W.I.T.C.H. moved away from the shock tactics that they had previously employed and instead focused their attention on consciousness-raising.

On August 10, 1969, a W.I.T.C.H. group, calling itself Women Incensed at Telephone Company Harassment, gathered at St. Paul's Churchyard in New York to protest working conditions at AT&T.

Spin-off "covens" were founded in Chicago, Illinois, and Washington, D.C., and W.I.T.C.H. zaps continued until roughly the beginning of 1970. In 1969, a Chicago "coven" gathered in an action outside the Chicago Transit Authority headquarters to "hex" the CTA over a proposed transit hike, dancing and chanting. In another instance, W.I.T.C.H. members protested the firing of a radical feminist professor by entering the sociology department of the University of Chicago and leaving hair and nail clippings all over the building.

In February 1970, the Washington coven held a protest during a Senate hearing on population control. They interrupted Texas Senator Ralph Yarborough's testimony by chanting and throwing pills at panel members and people in the audience galleries.

Understanding of witchcraft
In their leaflets, W.I.T.C.H. adopted the witch-cult hypothesis by claiming that those persecuted as alleged witches in European history had been members of a surviving pre-Christian, pagan religion which the Christian authorities then sought to suppress. In their manifesto, W.I.T.C.H. propagated the erroneous claim that nine million women had been burned to death during the witch trials in the early modern period. This claim had originated with the first-wave feminist Matilda Joslyn Gage.

W.I.T.C.H. declared that any woman could become a W.I.T.C.H. by declaring herself to be one, and that moreover any group of women could form a witches' coven. In one of their leaflets, it is stated that: "If you are a woman and dare to look within yourself, you are a W.I.T.C.H.. You make your own rules. You are free and beautiful. You can be invisible or evident in how you choose to make your W.I.T.C.H.-self known. You can form your own Coven of sister Witches (thirteen is a cozy number for a group) and do your own actions ... You are a W.I.T.C.H. by saying aloud, 'I am a W.I.T.C.H.' three times, and thinking about that. You are a W.I.T.C.H. by being female, untamed, angry, joyous, and immortal."

Notable members
Members of W.I.T.C.H. included cofounder Robin Morgan, a child television star in the 1950s and a member of the Yippies in the late 1960s, who became an important feminist. Yippie co-founder Nancy Kurshan was also an early member, mentioned in the W.I.T.C.H. documents included in the 1970 anthology Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement, edited by Morgan.

The Oxford English Dictionary credits Morgan with using the term "herstory" in print in this anthology. Concerning W.I.T.C.H., Morgan wrote: "The fluidity and wit of the witches is evident in the ever-changing acronym: the basic, original title was Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell [...] and the latest heard at this writing is Women Inspired to Commit Herstory."

However, soon after the breakup of W.I.T.C.H., Morgan repudiated her New Left-aligned politics, and embraced a kind of radical feminism that was strongly opposed to "the male left". She later dismissed W.I.T.C.H. as a form of "clownish proto-anarchism" which had not "raised our own consciousness very far out of our own combat boots".

Other notable members included Peggy Dobbins and Naomi Jaffe, who went on to join the Weather Underground Organization.

Legacy
Writing in 1979, the journalist Margot Adler expressed the view that while W.I.T.C.H. was considered to be "a fringe phenomenon" in the women's movement at the time of its founding, by the end of the seventies, its sentiments were embraced by a larger proportion of feminists, if still a minority within the feminist community.

W.I.T.C.H. were a political rather than a religious or spiritual group, however several scholars of Pagan studies have considered them to be partial precursors to the Dianic Wiccans, members of a feminist-oriented form of Modern Paganism which developed in the United States during the 1970s. According to Adler, W.I.T.C.H.'s key assumptions about the nature of witchcraft and its connection to women's liberation continued as the "wellspring" of Dianic Wicca and other forms of feminist-oriented Paganism.

Red W.I.T.C.H., a socialist spin-off of W.I.T.C.H, was created by teaching staff at UC Berkeley after they witnessed the W.I.T.C.H. actions in Chicago. Led by Laura X, Red W.I.T.C.H. responded to the patriarchal elements of socialist organization in the early 1960s, criticizing the contradictions between ideals of radical males and their behavior.

Revival

In 2015, the Chicago chapter was reestablished by three women. Their first action took place in November 2015. Later actions targeted the lack of affordable housing, abortion rights and the Trump administration's condonation of racism and sexism. Members staged a ritual in the Logan Square neighborhood in 2015 to protest housing inequalities throughout the city. Participating members at this event included Jessica Caponigro, Chiara Galimberti, and Amaranta Isyemille Ramos. In 2017, the group's members from the W.I.T.C.H. Chicago Coven group of 2015-2017 intentionally pulled themselves out of the public eye to make space for the creation of an anonymous W.I.T.C.H. chapter in Chicago. They still promote the continuation of the practice of performing rituals to fight against inequality in all of its form.

In response to the 2016 United States presidential election, protest groups formed in Portland and Boston that named themselves after W.I.T.C.H. and took inspiration from their tactics.


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Talk:Volumetric display

Other approaches
Advances are being made in negative-index-of-refraction meta materials. Could light-emitting points embedded in or below such a lens project an image above the lens? Recent suggests in New Scientist seem to suggest this possibility -- 18 November 2006

Microsoft display?
Does anyone know the patent application citation to go along with the Microsoft "new display type" section that someone recently added? --Gregg Favalora 12:10, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

i looked and looked and looked and couldn't find it. i think the poster of that commment was mistaken, so i have removed it from the artical. i'll place it here incase someone finds it.J.L.Main 11:07, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

i really wish it were true, but i tryed typing both "holograms microsoft" and "volumetric display microsoft" into google news and neither on gave any results.J.L.Main 11:23, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Microsoft Corporation recently filed a patent which uses a combination of emission and illumination technology to simulate animated three-dimensional volumes with a nearly infinite range of viewing angles. Though its frame rate requires the first incarnation to be monochromatic, it differs from other volumetric projectors because it is safe to interact directly with or within the projected volume.

I FOUND IT!!!!! its called the Touchlight in is basicaly the thing from minority report.J.L.Main 11:47, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

disadvantages of vol. displays
maybe we should ad some information about problems with vol. displays? e.g. objects are always see through and there is no occlusion. Quickie 17:12, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Volumetric displays, such as spinning-screen displays, are indeed capable of occlusion amongst scene elements.  The ability to reconstruct light fields with viewer position-dependent effects, such as occlusion, is partially due to the optical properties of the screen, not necessarily its motion.  This is an unfortunately popular misconception. -gf 29 July 2006

 * I disagree. "Occlusion-capable volumetric displays" are not volumetric displays. They are better classified as "light field displays" instead. They display a series of "views" (just like other light field displays), rather than display a series of "slices" (like normal swept-volume volumetric displays). Cooper2222 (talk) 16:22, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

The Holoverse page seems really shady... I can't seem to find any real info or pictures of their products. Anyone else think the link should be removed?

Timbagas 03:46, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, they are pretty secretive. I still think that, given the paucity of commerical ventures involved in this, they should be listed.

Personally I think volumetric displays will never take off - lightweight stereoscopic displays (VR glasses) will be the tech that will be commercially viable. -kg

Sorry about the flashy language, but adding a citation tag was just silly. Here's where the 180GB figure came from: 1024x1024x768 voxels x 24 bits x 75hz / 8 million (conversion from bits to gigabytes) = 181.193932800. Rounds to 180GB/s. Oh, and cubic XGA is hardly a "popular PC resolution." ;-)

Also, I'll admit that various factors like "empty" voxels and vector (rather than voxel) displays might reduce the bandwidth and horsepower requirements substantially.208.54.14.25 13:06, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Laser plasma version
Found this version and linked to it.

 * Laser plasma display — uses a focused pulse laser to create balls of plasma in normal air

Possibly related articles: Laser-induced fluorescence, Blooming (Blooming (laser)). Physicists? — Omegatron 03:05, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, blooming seems to be unrelated. It's an effect in which the air absorbs some energy from the laser and because of the heat change its index of refraction changes and the beam starts to diverge.  Not absorbing so much it plasmafies, from what I can tell. — Omegatron 03:46, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

See Talk:Laser for a discussion about this type. — Omegatron 01:36, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

In all the pictures and videos I have seen of this type of display, it is only capable of generating whitish points of light. I am not very familiar with the exact mechanism that generates the light in this case, but it seems to me that it might be capable of displaying different colors. If the mechanism is incandescence or fluorescence, changing the power density of the lasers should alter the emission spectrum somewhat. Alternatively, is it possible to illuminate the ball of plasma with another laser of a desired color? If the plasma is capable of scattering visible light, or if it could be induced to lase at the desired frequencies, I see no reason why a multicolor display shouldn't work. Does anyone have a technical opinion on the matter? 129.137.149.237 06:07, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Holovision
I recently made an entry for "holovision" and somebody directed it here. That's fine but I intended it to mostly refer to the science fiction idea of holovision. The science fiction references wouldn't fit well here.--Projectautoman 15:23, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Where was it originally?  Could it be merged with holodeck maybe? — Omegatron 15:39, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

I created a stub for the term "holovision" around two weeks ago. I gathered some details and went to add them today but the term is redirected to "volumetric display". Fair enough for holographic television research such as MIT's Spatial Imaging Group. However, in the stub for "holovision" I specified science fiction. Can I redirect a redirect or maybe it can be holovision (disambiguation)? --Projectautoman

 * It should probably be a disambig page, unless there's a specific usage that always uses the term. — Omegatron 04:01, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your advice. I am sure you don't want fiction mixed in here.--Projectautoman

i can't visualize it
What does "helical cross-sectioned" mean? —Tamfang (talk) 21:36, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

This along with countless other jargon makes this an extremely useless artical to anyone outside the holography field. Actually this artical sounds more like an attempt by an undergraduate to impress his professor with big words. This article definately needs to be rewritten, as this is not a technical manual but instead an encyclopedia available for the general public. 208.54.5.50 (talk) 19:27, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I disagree. The article provides a great starting point to comprehend this technology, which is still being developed into a potential consumer electronic. Andreba (talk) 07:26, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

theoretical question
What if short-band radio wave lasers were pulsed from three directions focusing on one point to create a microscopic point of plasma, and that plasma was used as a lens to distribute light from three colored lasers, creating a high definition voxel, and then applying this setup to a grid to create a three dimensional display, that, with the right imaging technology, could be set up as a safe interactive display, due to the fact that the actual plasma is so small, and therefore dissipates quickly, and imaging technology could be used to eliminate the possibility that small points of plasma form inside your hand? Would this work? I am looking for some educated opinion here, so feedback would be appreciated. Curious individual (talk) 03:42, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Other approaches?
What about approaches such as pCubee (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89OoXyuxTLM) or this 3D display for AR (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7836500/ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP7GG6t2j-g) that seem relevant and interesting but I don't know where to place them. Would anyone be interesting in debating their place here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lonnibesancon (talk • contribs) 23:06, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

29 May 2018 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lonnibesancon (talk • contribs) 23:08, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

Since around 2017, Looking Glass Factory (Hong Kong; Greenpoint, Brooklyn, NY USA) has been producing some affordable volumetric displays: https://lookingglassfactory.com/tech -- Rich S 10001 (talk) 21:04, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Looking Glass Factory produces "light field displays", not "volumetric displays". Their displays don't display voxels in a volume. Cooper2222 (talk) 15:37, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

"Occlusion-capable volumetric displays" are not volumetric displays
I don't think "occlusion-capable volumetric displays" are volumetric displays. They are better classified as "light field displays" instead. They display a series of "views" (just like other light field displays), rather than display a series of "slices" (like normal swept-volume volumetric displays).

@Gregg Favalora

Cooper2222 (talk) 05:19, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Volumetric display


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Orbital angular momentum (disambiguation)

Orbital angular momentum is a concept in classical mechanics.

It may also refer to:

 * One of three main quantum angular momentum operators
 * Orbital angular momentum of light, a property of electromagnetic waves
 * Orbital angular momentum of free electrons, a property of free electrons
 * Orbital angular momentum of planets and satellites relative to the object they orbit


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File:Carb 1a.jpg

Licensing
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title: File:Carb 1a.jpg


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User:Motorhead

Image:!jpg 25 time 1-4 decrease 5comp.gif]]test animation second test

This is one carburetor I designed and built.

A drag bike I designed and built.

MY TEAMS
Action Pro Stock team Hemi Omni and Pontiac Firebird at NHRA awards ceremony

The pits setup of the Cardinal team.

One of the F2000 Swifts on the Cardinal team. One of the F2000 Cardinal Reynards

Cardinal Teams awesome Lola.

title: User:Motorhead


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User talk:PatVanHove

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Viriditas | Talk 03:50, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

GreenFacts
Thanks for inviting me to the discussion. I am reviewing the talk page prior to adding my comments. --Viriditas | Talk 03:50, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

GF
I've left a message on the article's talk page. · Katefan0(scribble) 15:19, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PatVanHove


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Dishwalla (album)

Dishwalla is the self-titled fourth studio album by Dishwalla. The album was released on March 15, 2005.

Track listing
All tracks by Dishwalla

 * 1) "40 Stories" - 4:29
 * 2) "Collide" - 4:49
 * 3) "Ease the Moment" - 5:54
 * 4) "Coral Sky" - 3:44
 * 5) "Winter Sun" - 3:50
 * 6) "Creeps in the Stone" - 3:41
 * 7) "Surrender the Crown" - 3:49
 * 8) "Bleeding Out" - 3:47
 * 9) "Life for Sale" - 2:59
 * 10) "Above the Wreckage" - 3:31
 * 11) "Far Away" - 4:08
 * 12) "Collide (Massy Mix)" - 4:39

Personnel
Produced by Sylvia Massy, Bill Szymczyk and Ryan Greene.

 * J.R. Richards – vocals, guitar
 * Rodney Cravens – guitars
 * Scot Alexander – bass
 * Pete Maloney – drums, percussion
 * Jim Wood – keyboards

title: Dishwalla (album)


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File:NAC-title.jpg

Fair use rationale in Nunavut Arctic College

 * 1) The image is used as-is without any alternation
 * 2) It is in low resolution
 * 3) This image is the logo of Nunavut Arctic College, it is used in the article Nunavut Arctic College as visual identification subject.

 * Source: http://www.arcticcollege.ca/NAC_Logos/Logo_Toolkit.pdf Page 8

title: File:NAC-title.jpg


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Talk:Milo Aukerman

Pop punk
i dont belive that milo is a pop punker — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.189.121.44 (talk • contribs) 03:52, 11 April 2005 (UTC)

 * Descendents (no "the") were actually the first "Pop-Punk/Post Hardcore" because no one in the LA hardcore scene was brave enough to sing about love or girls. But by today's standards, wken compared to Blink 182 or good charlotte, he's not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.131.75.197 (talk • contribs) 15:52, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * lol "brave enough to sing about love or girls", yeah, how brave that is. It's not like 98% of songs you ever hear, then and now, were/are about "love", unfortunately. I put it in quotes because I think "relationship songs" would be more accurate, considering half these so-called love songs are just contemptible, hateful crap. Harldy what any reasonable person would call love. Anyway, no suggestions on how to improve the article at the moment, except maybe try to find an explanation as to why his kids have his wife's maiden name, but I'll see if there's anything else and get back to you :P

Mention in Bad Religion song
Milo is mentioned in the Bad Religion song "You Don't Belong", with the line "Milo went to college but you knew about that" (the song lists the names of various people that the Bad Religion members knew along with the things they are notable for). Would this be too trivial to add to the article? Also, how do you go about citing a song? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rikeus (talk • contribs) 05:48, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Milo Aukerman


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Trishanku

Trishanku (त्रिशङ्कु), born Satyavrata, is a king of the Suryavamsha (Solar dynasty) featured in Hindu texts. His legend is described in the epic Ramayana. He is the father of Harishchandra.

Etymology
The name Trishanku is a combination of Sanskrit words Tri meaning 'three' and śaṅku (शङ्कु) meaning 'stumps', thus the name means 'three stumps', likely denoting to the alignment of stars of the Southern Cross constellation.

Curse of Vasishtha
According to legend, Satyavrata was an impious and lustful prince. He is recorded as having been banished by his father, Trayyāruṇa, for stealing a Brahmin bride from her wedding ceremony. Holding the royal preceptor, Vasishtha, responsible for his prescription of the punishment, Satyavrata nursed a great hatred towards him. He is described as having greatly assisted the preceptor's traditional rival, Vishvamitra, when the latter's family suffered from hunger, offering them food daily during a severe drought. Once, when he was unable to find any game after a day of hunting, the hungry prince came across Nandini, Vasishta's beloved cow. He vengefully slew the cow, cooked it, and offered its meat to the unsuspecting family of Vishvamitra. When Vasishtha realised what had occurred, he cursed the prince to become a chandala and declared that he would henceforth be called Trishanku (three sins), referring to his actions of provoking the fury of his father, his abduction of another man’s bride, and his consumption of the flesh of a cow.

Ascent to heaven
The story of Trishanku's ascent to heaven is told in the Bala Kanda portion of the Valmiki Ramayana. The king had been promised a place in Svarga (the abode of the celestial deities) by the sage Vishvamitra. The sage engaged in a solitary yajna to achieve this, not joined by other sages due to instructions from Sage Vasishtha. Due to the power of the sage's ceremony, the king ascended to the gates of Svarga. The devas reported this to Indra, who angrily kicked Trishanku from the abode because of his low birth, sending him hurtling towards the earth. Vishvamitra was able to halt his fall mid-way during his descent, and so the king was left suspended in the air. Indra opted to create a new Svarga below his own Svarga as a compromise, just for the residence of Trishanku. In retort, Vishvamitra created a new Indra and devas to occupy the new heaven with the king. Terrified of the powers of the sage, Indra relented, and personally carried Trishanku to the real Svarga on his own golden vimana.

Ramayana
According to the Ramayana, Trishanku is described to be a self-controlled, truthful, and righteous king in the Ikshvaku dynasty who wanted to ascend to Svarga in his own body.

He approached the chief priest of the Ikshvaku dynasty, Vasishtha, and later the priest's sons, to ask them if they would perform a sacrifice to help him secure such a place. Both Vasishtha and his sons refused Trishanku's request as impossible. When Trishanku told Vasishtha's sons of his intention to seek some other means to achieve his goal, they angrily cursed him so that he would physically transform into a chandala.

Abandoned by everyone because of this transformation, the king then seeks the help and refuge of Vishvamitra, who agrees to do the sacrifice for him out of pity. When he performed the sacrifice, however, none of the devas came to take their portions when summoned. Enraged by this, Vishvamitra raises the king to Svarga by his own ascetic power.

As soon the king reaches heaven, however, he is kicked out by Indra and the other devas because he was a chandala and thus deemed unworthy of ascending to Svarga in his body.

Eventually, an enraged Vishvamitra, threatening to undermine Indra's authority, secures the king a place among new stars, constellation, and even devas he creates through his own ascetic power, albeit with his head downwards.

Taittiriya Upanishad
The Siksha Valli of the Taittiriya Upanishad includes teachings attributed to Trishanku

title: Trishanku


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Lake Allatoona

Lake Allatoona (officially called Allatoona Lake) is a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the Etowah River in northwestern part of the State of Georgia. This reservoir is mostly in southeastern Bartow County and southwestern Cherokee County. A small portion is located in Cobb County near Acworth.

Cartersville is the nearest city to Allatoona Dam. Also, Red Top Mountain State Park is located on its shores, on the peninsula between the two arms of the lake. Most of the north side of the lake remains protected from land development because of its isolated location, mostly blocked by the lake.

The major highways Interstate 75 and U.S. Highway 41 pass along the southern and western side of Lake Allatoona, and they cross the Etowah River downstream from the Allatoona Dam.

Allatoona Dam
Allatoona Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Etowah River, authorized by the Flood Control Acts of 1941 and 1944. Delayed due to World War II, construction on the dam began in 1946. The reservoir began to fill in during December 1949 and the dam and power station were in operation in January 1950. The power station has an installed capacity of 85 MW and the dam facility is owned and operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Operations
Allatoona serves seven authorized purposes:

 * 1) Flood Control
 * 2) Hydropower generation
 * 3) Water supply
 * 4) Recreation
 * 5) Fish and wildlife management
 * 6) Water quality
 * 7) Navigation

There are several private marinas and public boat ramps on the banks of the lake.

Lake Allatoona also supplies much of the drinking water for the three counties that it is in. The water is supplied mostly by the Etowah River, and its major tributary the Little River (which joins the lake at Bell's Ferry), and in turn Noonday Creek. The other major arm of the lake is Allatoona Creek, extending down to Acworth, where pre-existing Lake Acworth now empties directly into Allatoona at Lake Acworth Drive (Georgia 92). Other significant streams include Kellogg Creek and Rose Creek.

The Allatoona Dam holding back the lake was completed in 1949 on the Etowah River, which in turn merges with the Oostanaula River at Rome, Georgia to form the Coosa River of Georgia and Alabama. Its basin upstream (mostly northeast) of Lake Allatoona covers about 1100 sqmi. This is nearly as large as the basin of Lake Lanier (Atlanta's biggest water source), but since Lake Allatoona is smaller, it drains and fills more rapidly than Lake Lanier during droughts and floods.

The lake's summer level has averaged 840 ft above mean sea level. During major droughts it has dropped as much as 13 ft below this, exposing old tree stumps and former hills which are normally submerged at depth safe for navigating boats. Its maximum capacity or flood stage is +23 ft [863 ft AMSL], though it has never been known to reach this level, and flooding of boat ramps and other lakeside facilities begins to occur well below it.

Electricity from the dam is marketed by the Southeastern Power Administration. Hydroelectric power generation at Allatoona returns more than $3.5 million to the U.S. Treasury annually.

The Corps of Engineers has 662 campsites on Allatoona.

History
Allatoona Pass was the site of an intensive 8-hour battle during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War in June 1864. More than 1,500 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing in this battle.

Lake Allatoona was authorized by the Flood Control Acts of 1941 and 1946. The creekside town of Allatoona, Georgia was destroyed by the creation of the lake. Several roads were also severed or rerouted, including the Acworth-Dallas Highway.

The general contractor for construction of Allatoona Dam was National Constructor Inc. The total cost of the Allatoona project for construction, land, clearing, and relocation was $31,500,000 in 1950.

The record high water on Allatoona of 861.19 ft occurred on April 9, 1964.

Visitors to Allatoona spent more than $12 million for consumable goods in 1999.

The Corps collected more than $1 million in camping and day use fees in 2006.

From 1950 through 2006, 281 drownings have occurred in Allatoona.

The power plant began operation January 31, 1950. Since 1957 the summer pool elevation has been 840 ft AMSL. Since 1957 the winter draw-down has been 823 ft AMSL. Two municipalities withdraw water from the lake. The city of Cartersville uses 12000000 USgal/d. Cobb County-Marietta Water Authority uses 43000000 USgal/d.

During the late 1980s, there was a prolonged drought. The peak of the drought in 1986 exposed vast portions of the lake bed revealing tree stumps, roads, and foundations of houses (Wilson's farm). Grass grew in some places and children were seen to mow the grass and play baseball on the newfound vacant lots.

In 1998 Allatoona clocked 86,813,126 hours, which were more visitor hours than any of the other 450 Corps of Engineer projects in the United States, and exceeded that in 2006 with more than 92 million visitor hours.

Marinas
There are eight privately operated marinas that provide fuel, storage, boat repairs, rentals, supplies, and/ or other boater's needs.

There are also two yacht-clubs, one off Kellogg Creek Road towards the middle of the lake and the other off Red Top Mountain State Park Rd.

Boat ramps
The Corps of Engineers provides fifteen public boat ramps throughout the lake area located in three counties: Cobb, Cherokee and Bartow. These are used for water sports, water park area, paddle boating, picnic place, for the south-western part of the lake. Parking is provided.

Recreation
Camping: The Corps of Engineers operates seven campgrounds and campsites on the Lake Allatoona area.

Hunting: All hunting seasons are set by the appropriate state or local governing authority. State hunting licenses are required at all areas open to hunting on the Corps of Engineers property.

title: Lake Allatoona


text:
User talk:Mathbot

This bot is operated by Oleg Alexandrov. Please write any comments about this bot on User talk:Oleg Alexandrov. See the contributions by this bot.

Automated message to bot owners
As a result of discussion on the village pump and mailing list, bots are now allowed to edit up to 15 times per minute. The following is the new text regarding bot edit rates from Bot Policy: "Until new bots are accepted they should wait 30-60 seconds between edits, so as to not clog the recent changes list and user watchlists. After being accepted and a bureaucrat has marked them as a bot, they can edit at a much faster pace. Bots doing non-urgent tasks should edit approximately once every ten seconds, while bots who would benefit from faster editing may edit approximately once every every four seconds." Also, to eliminate the need to spam the bot talk pages, please add Bot owners' noticeboard to your watchlist. Future messages which affect bot owners will be posted there. Thank you. --Mets501 04:17, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

u looks funny
LOL!!!!!!

Sorry, had to get that out of my system. Good job on your contributions Mathbot; I hope you get artificial intelligence when it's invented. -Amarkov moo! 03:35, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

filling in redlinks
I certainly hope this edit is not typical of Mathbot's filling in of redlinks in the math section. Michael Hardy (talk) 23:30, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Good bot, bad owner. You are right, I misread that one (hopefully it is an exception). Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 05:31, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2008 January 19
The mathbot has just counted the open discussions in this log down to zero, but that isn't correct. --Tikiwont (talk) 10:04, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

RfA stats
The bot posted the wrong users stats to Coppertwig's RfA here and here, thought you ought to know. Adam McCormick (talk) 01:09, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * This fixed it. The bot did not expect "User11" there. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 02:32, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Strange issue. Thanks for the quick response. Adam McCormick (talk) 03:28, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Suggestion.
I see Mathbot compiles the tables of article status at WikiProject Physics.

Right now it links to articles according to either quality or importance. Could it be modified to link to a specific quality and importance? For example, if I'm interested in improved stubs of high importance, I can either click on High (35 of 366 are of stub-class) or on stubs (35 of 3787 are high importance). Or if I want to assess the quality of low-importance articles, I'd have to go through at best 488 low-importance article rather than 14.

I can explain more if that was not clear. Thank you.Headbomb (ταλκ · κοντριβς) 07:05, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I think you are referring to User:WP 1.0 bot rather than mathbot. The feature you request is not supported. I am quite pressed for time recently, and can't implement it, I am also not sure how crucial it is. If you wish, you can try requesting this feature at WT:1.0/I and see if somebody would be willing to implement it. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 15:34, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Another counting issue at RFA
Hey Oleg, we have another RFA that tripped Mathbot up. The edit count was posted to the talk page of Requests for adminship/Arienh4 here, but appears entirely blank. Wannabe Kate returns results here, so it doesn't look like a mis-spelled username. Thought I'd give you a heads up. Thanks! UltraExactZZ Claims~ Evidence 19:15, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll look into this quite soon. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 03:42, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem, nor urgency; thanks for having a look. Best, UltraExactZZ Claims~ Evidence 13:02, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * w3m was missing on the wp:toolserver. Replacing that with the lynx web browser fixed the issue. Thanks for pointing this out! Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 14:47, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Talk:List of statistics topics
Can you help me figure out why this list is soooooo long? Talk:List of statistics topics Thanks—G716  <T·C> 17:57, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Edit summary
Something's wrong with this tool:

 * http://www.toolserver.org/~mathbot/cgi-bin/wp/rfa/edit_summary.cgi?user=Fyslee&lang=en

It consistently shows my minor edit summaries at 79-80%, which isn't true. I have my preferences set to warn me if I forget an edit summary, so I always do it, and have done it for a long time. -- Fyslee / talk 06:06, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Arbcom Elections 2008
Good afternoon, Oleg. It's a slow day for me today, so I'm running through my checklist of Arbcom Election items for next month's voting. I know Mathbot has updated voting data for the last three elections, and I wanted to check and see if you planned to run it again this time around. If that's the case, is there any assistance I can provide in formatting vote pages / setting up templates / etc? Thanks in advance, UltraExactZZ Claims~ Evidence 18:12, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Cross posting to your talk as well - thought that's where I was. See also WP:TWWPK. UltraExactZZ Claims~ Evidence 18:13, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

No content in Category:Unassessed-Class Geography of Canada articles
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Category:Unassessed-Class Geography of Canada articles, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Category:Unassessed-Class Geography of Canada articles has been empty for at least four days, and its only content has been links to parent categories. (CSD C1). To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Category:Unassessed-Class Geography of Canada articles, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 22:11, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

AfD pages header
What about:

instead of the current:  Looks better IMO. MrKIA11 (talk) 23:18, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Photo-tagging?
Hi: I've been going through and adding pictures to mathematician bio articles. It would help a lot if a bot could go through all mathematician articles and put a tag on the ones that don't have any photos on them. Then I could use the lists over at Pages needing attention/Mathematics/Lists to identify pages instead of going through them manually. Is this possible? Thanks, Ray (talk) 15:55, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

List of mathematics articles (0–9)
attention, someone moved the article from 0-9 to 0–9, now you're making your changes to the redirect page --134.34.224.102 (talk) 12:35, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematics_articles_(0%E2%80%939)&action=history
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematics_articles_(0-9)&action=history

Missing daily update?
Did mathbot miss its most recent daily update of the list of mathematics articles pages? Michael Hardy (talk) 02:30, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Question about Mathbot tool
Out of curiosity, I ran the mathbot tool on myself, and got the following output: "83% for major edits and 0% for minor edits. Based on the last 150 major and 0 minor edits in the article namespace." Is there something I'm not understanding about how the tool works? By far most of my edits are marked minor, and I usually put at least something in the edit summary – so the 0% for 0 minor edits isn't clear to me. /ninly(talk) 18:44, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Please STOP adding redundant disambig links
Please STOP adding redundant disambig links to lists of mathematics articles. bd2412 T 15:54, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/List of mathematics articles
Can you get your bot to not add the Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/List of mathematics XX articles to article categories. See this as an example. Cheers. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 05:25, 7 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I replied on my talk page. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 06:29, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

categories.......
I just edited generalized quaternion interpolation. It bore the following three category tags but did not appear in the list of mathematics articles: (I added Category:Applied mathematics, so maybe it will now get added to the list.) I don't recall whether it's this bot or Jitse's that handles this. It seems to me that things in those three categories should appear on the list. Michael Hardy (talk) 16:00, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Category:Quaternions
 * Category:Interpolation
 * Category:Rotation in three dimensions

Articles for deletion/Old/Open AfDs
You keep deleting the recently added WP:AFDOLD from the shortcut box  Purpleback pack  89  ≈≈≈≈  03:59, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

MfD nomination of Articles for deletion/Log/2012 April 1
Articles for deletion/Log/2012 April 1, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2012 April 1 and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Articles for deletion/Log/2012 April 1 during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 02:14, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Old/Open AfDs
Is it possible to modify mathbot so that its post at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Old/Open AfDs doesn't erase the noinclude template as in this? Thanks. -- Uzma Gamal (talk) 10:03, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. Sorry for the delay. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 16:16, 31 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks! -- Uzma Gamal (talk) 10:18, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi, further to the above, please note that is not valid - the slash is misplaced, and it should read  -- Red rose64 (talk) 14:39, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I've found that the same invalid code is found in Articles for deletion/Old. -- Red rose64 (talk) 18:12, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Indexer for other wikiprojects?
Would it be difficult to adapt Mathbot to index articles for other wikiprojects? RockMagnetist (talk) 02:54, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Old
The bot keeps showing that there are no open AfDs. That is inaccurate. Please fix p  b  p  01:45, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I believe that the bot runs on Toolserver. If that is the case, then Toolserver has been having a lot of problems for almost a year now. -- Red rose64 (talk) 12:40, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Changes to mathlists
There have been no new dates under User:Mathbot/Changes to mathlists since June 17. GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 19:11, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Page moves
When a page is moved, the log will show "Removed Old title (is a redirect to New title)" and "Added New title". GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 19:01, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

Afd closure not picked up
I'm not sure if this is a Mathbot problem or a Tools Server problem, or something else, but the Afd at Articles for deletion/Ousmane Sow was closed on 27 September 2015, but it still appears on the open list at Articles for deletion, under "Old discussions", 27 September. --Bejnar (talk) 03:06, 8 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah, now I see the problem, the closure wasn't properly done with "subst" the template. --Bejnar (talk) 03:19, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

Bot linking to page with the wrong language
Hi,

The bot added a link to Articles for deletion/Log/2015 Oktober 1 on Articles for deletion/Old. Something must have gotten messed up somehow. Calathan (talk) 17:28, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
 * That would be . -- Red rose64 (talk) 11:13, 10 October 2015 (UTC)

Badly bugged
This bot has too serious bugs. It has been flooding the page history of WP:ADD with useless edits, and introducing junk links (links to AfD log pages with mispelled month names). I cleaned up a lot of these only for the bot to introduce even more of it. Please fix the issues urgently. 103.6.159.82 (talk)

 * The bot has been running without problems for years and there were no code changes for months. I don't know what triggered that, I will take a look in about 12 hours. It seems it stopped touching ADD for now. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 16:49, 11 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I bet some server settings made it think in German for a short while. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 16:52, 11 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I could not reproduce the bug. I put a fix, the code is now explicitly enforcing that the locale be C, so it can't become German anymore. At least that's the hope, can't for sure without testing. Let's watch over this. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 06:07, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oleg, the bot has also created these 10 log pages with mispelled month names. 103.6.159.78 (talk) 14:29, 13 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I have marked those 10 pages for speedy deletion under G6. GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 15:23, 13 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I cannot locate those pages to figure out when they were made. Maybe the issue is still there. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 15:34, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

List of mathematicians (A)
Why List of mathematicians (A) can not be in ?SoSivr (talk) 11:22, 9 December 2015 (UTC) SoSivr (talk) 11:22, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Why? The article could also be in a subcategory of the aforementioned category.SoSivr (talk) 16:26, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

Website not found
The website http://www.toolserver.org/~mathbot/wp/rfa/edit_summary.html says that it is not found. GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 01:34, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Toolserver has been down for eighteen months now. Permanently. It's not coming back. -- Red rose64 (talk) 12:21, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Unar for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Unar is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Unar until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Boleyn (talk) 15:40, 22 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Why did you notify a bot, and not, the true creator of this article? -- Red rose64 (talk) 21:00, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

, I hadn't seen that it was a bot, I used Twinkle. Thanks for spotting it, Boleyn (talk) 10:30, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

Silence for more than a week.
User:Mathbot/Changes to mathlists hasn't been updates in more than a week. Have there been no changes? Michael Hardy (talk) 00:14, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

This time it's five days so far
User:Mathbot/Changes to mathlists is now at five days with no edits. Michael Hardy (talk) 15:50, 10 November 2016 (UTC)
 * . . . and next time this gets updated with new articles I will copy the list over to Wikipedia talk:Wikiproject Mathematics with a link to User:Mathbot/Changes to mathlists and a reminder to everyone that that resource exists. Michael Hardy (talk) 18:40, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

Malfunction
At WP:OLD Mathbot keeps adding a discussion that has been relisted.  J 947  23:15, 10 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I think that the problem here is that when  it, they added it to Articles for deletion/Log/2017 March 10 but didn't remove it from Articles for deletion/Log/2017 March 2, so it was open in two places.  should fix it. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 23:58, 10 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks !  J 947  00:00, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

Philippe Michel
We have two articles Philippe Michel and Philippe Michel (economist), on two different people both of whom have a plausible claim to be listed as mathematicians. MathBot seems to believe that there can be only one, and every day or two has been switching which one it includes in List of mathematicians (M) (see recent changes there). Can this be fixed, please? —David Eppstein (talk) 03:21, 22 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Send it to WP:LAME. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 09:27, 22 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Done. —David Eppstein (talk) 15:59, 22 April 2017 (UTC)
 * It's still happening, by the way. Is there any hope of fixing it? (I care because it spams my notifications every time it happens.) —David Eppstein (talk) 03:35, 29 April 2017 (UTC)
 * The botop is, who hasn't edited since 8 April 2017. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 22:49, 29 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Done, I just became aware of this. Still waiting for Mathbot to achieve sentience, or at least read his own talk page. :) Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 01:47, 30 April 2017 (UTC)

Alisa_Krylova
At WP:OLD, the bot seems to be missing that this discussion has been closed. Landscape repton (talk) 15:11, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

Sweep getting categories?
User:Mathbot/Recent changes recently had Categories:1978 Births added to it (except without the colon) Not sure what can be done to keep it from adding cats.Naraht (talk) 19:53, 11 February 2018 (UTC)
 * It was actually Category:1978 births. may be relevant. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 11:19, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanx, wierd edit.Naraht (talk) 12:03, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

Bot wars
See this edit. It caused Twinkle to fail on automatic posting of the next AfD nomination because it put the new item on the same line as <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list -->. Solution: the Mathbot initialisation of a new AfD day should end with a newline code. (Also Twinkle could be changed to look for the "add new entries" without including the new line code.) — RHaworth (talk · contribs) 10:03, 25 June 2018 (UTC)

"Bill Gowers" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Bill Gowers. Since you had some involvement with the Bill Gowers redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 10:26, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

"Hypersine" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Hypersine. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 July 3 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 17:48, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Missing Old AFD updates
The Articles for deletion/Old/Open AfDs has not been updating with dates from days in the current month of October. Can this be fixed?4meter4 (talk) 18:03, 10 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Writing on bot owner's page would have given a faster response. Now looking into it. Mathbot (talk) 23:43, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

"Well-poised" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Well-poised and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 23 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. 1234qwer1234qwer4 11:17, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

"Abstract vector" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_vector&redirect=no Abstract vector] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Hildeoc (talk) 00:57, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

Mathbot's tool (for edit summary usage) broken
https://mathbot.toolforge.org/wp/rfa/edit_summary.html seems to be malfunctional; using it just downloads you a copy of the script's source code as a .cgi file instead of producing search results. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:15, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

"Punctured plane" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punctured_plane&redirect=no Punctured plane] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 1234qwer1234qwer4 00:47, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mathbot


text:
User:Mathbot

This bot is operated by Oleg Alexandrov. Please write any comments about this bot on his talk page. See the contributions by this bot.

Mathbot stands for mathematics articles tireless helper (and bot).

List of mathematics articles

Mathbot goes every day through the list of mathematics categories looking for new mathematics and mathematician biography articles, which it appends to the list of mathematics articles and respectively the list of mathematicians. See the changes to the list of mathematics articles by day. See more detailed documentation.

Mathbot is able to search for new math categories which, with some input from bot's boss, it then adds to the list of mathematics categories.

The bot also makes a list of mathematician articles that changed in the last 24 hours and downloads a copy of those to my computer. That information is used to update the dates of birth/death and country information for people in the list of mathematicians.

Missing science topics

Mathbot maintains the mathematics lists at the missing science topics project. It uses various sources to add to the lists of mathematical topics missing from Wikipedia, and it removes the topics which got created. Mathbot is able to suggest potential redirects by comparing the names of missing topics with the names of existing topics. This is done using approximate string matching, and so far resulted in around 750 redirects being created.

Other mathematical
Mathbot suggests entries missing from lists of articles, see Talk:list of numerical analysis topics for an example. It keeps the tables at the PlanetMath Exchange project up-to-date. Periodically it generates a list of mathematical redlinks. It also maintains a list of most linked math articles.

Nonmathematical work
Mathbot displays the number of open deletion discussions for the pages listed at Articles for deletion/Old, it initiates the pages that will contain upcoming deletion discussions, and archives the pages on which all discussions have been closed.

Here are some tasks mathbot was doing in the past:

 * Adding a link to mathbot's tool for people wishing to be administrators listed at Requests for adminship. Mathbot's tool allows one to check his/her edit summary usage.
 * Updating Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Index, part of the Wikipedia 1.0 project. He delegated that job to a specialized bot, WP 1.0 bot.
 * Providing updates during the Arbitration Committee elections for 2005, 2006, and 2007.

In recognition for his work, mathbot got nominated for administrator on April Fools' Day 2006.

What makes mathbot tick?
Mathbot is a collection of scripts written in Perl. It uses the Perlwikipedia package to communicate with Wikipedia (older codes use WWW::Mediawiki::Client instead). The source code for the scripts is available at mathbot's svn repository on Google Code.

title: User:Mathbot


text:
Paranthropus aethiopicus

Paranthropus aethiopicus is an extinct species of robust australopithecine from the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of East Africa about 2.7–2.3 million years ago. However, it is much debated whether or not Paranthropus is an invalid grouping and is synonymous with Australopithecus, so the species is also often classified as Australopithecus aethiopicus. Whatever the case, it is considered to have been the ancestor of the much more robust P. boisei. It is debated if P. aethiopicus should be subsumed under P. boisei, and the terms P. boisei sensu lato ("in the broad sense") and P. boisei sensu stricto ("in the strict sense") can be used to respectively include and exclude P. aethiopicus from P. boisei.

Like other Paranthropus, P. aethiopicus had a tall face, thick palate, and especially enlarged cheek teeth. However, likely due to its archaicness, it also diverges from other Paranthropus, with some aspects resembling the much earlier A. afarensis. P. aethiopicus is known primarily by the skull KNM WT 17000 from Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana, Kenya, as well as some jawbones from Koobi Fora; the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia; and Laetoli, Tanzania. These locations featured bushland to open woodland landscapes with edaphic (water-logged) grasslands.

Research history
In 1968, French palaeontologist Camille Arambourg and Breton anthropologist Yves Coppens described "Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus" based on a toothless mandible (Omo 18) from the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia. The name aethiopicus refers to Ethiopia. In 1976, American anthropologist Francis Clark Howell and Coppens reclassified it as A. africanus.

In 1985, the skull KNM WT 17000 dating to 2.5 million years ago was reported from Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana, Kenya, by anthropologists Alan Walker and Richard Leakey. A partial jawbone from a different individual, KNM-WT 16005, was also discovered. They clearly belonged to a robust australopithecine. By this point in time, much younger robust australopithecines had been reported from South Africa (robustus) and East Africa (boisei), and been variously assigned to either Australopithecus or a unique genus Paranthropus. Walker and Leakey assigned KNM WT 17000 to the boisei clade. They noted several anatomical differences, but were unsure if this stemmed from the specimens' archaicness or represented the normal range of variation for the species. If the former, they recommended classifying them and similar specimens into a different species, aethiopicus (and recommended that Paraustralopithecus be invalid). The discovery of these archaic specimens overturned previous postulations that P. robustus was the ancestor of the much more robust P. boisei (a hypothesis notably argued by palaeoanthropologist Yoel Rak in 1985) by establishing the boisei lineage as beginning long before robustus had existed.

In 1989, palaeoartist Walter Ferguson recommended KNM WT 17000 be classified into a different species, walkeri, because the holotype of aethiopicus comprised only the jawbone and KNM WT 17000 preserves no jaw elements. Ferguson's classification is almost universally ignored, and is considered to be synonymous with P. aethiopicus.

Several more lower and upper jaw specimens have been unearthed in the Shungura Formation, including a juvenile specimen, L338y-6. In 2002, a 2.7–2.5 Ma maxilla, EP 1500, from Laetoli, Tanzania, was assigned to P. aethiopicus. Also found was the upper portion of a tibia, but it cannot definitively be associated with EP 1500 and thus with P. aethiopicus.

Classification
The genus Paranthropus (from Ancient Greek παρα para beside or alongside, and άνθρωπος ánthropos man, otherwise known as "robust australopithecines") typically includes P. aethiopicus, P. boisei, and P. robustus. P. aethiopicus is the earliest member of the genus, with the oldest remains, from the Ethiopian Omo Kibish Formation, dated to 2.6 million years ago (mya) at the end of the Pliocene. It is possible that P. aethiopicus evolved even earlier, up to 3.3 mya, on the expansive Kenyan floodplains of the time. P. aethiopicus is only confidently identified from the skull KNM WT 17000 and a few jaws and isolated teeth, and is generally considered to have been ancestral to P. boisei which also inhabited East Africa, making it a chronospecies. Because of this relationship, it is debatable if P. aethiopicus should be subsumed under P. boisei or if the differences stemming from archaicness should justify species distinction. The terms P. boisei sensu lato ("in the broad sense") and P. boisei sensu stricto ("in the strict sense") can be used to respectively include and exclude P. aethiopicus from P. boisei when discussing the lineage as a whole.

It is also debated if Paranthropus is a valid natural grouping (monophyletic) or an invalid grouping of similar-looking hominins (paraphyletic). Because skeletal elements are so limited in these species, their affinities with each other and to other australopithecines is difficult to gauge with accuracy. The jaws are the main argument for monophyly, but such anatomy is strongly influenced by diet and environment, and could in all likelihood have evolved independently in P. boisei and P. robustus. Proponents of monophyly consider P. aethiopicus to be ancestral to the other two species, or closely related to the ancestor. Proponents of paraphyly allocate these three species to the genus Australopithecus as A. boisei, A. aethiopicus, and A. robustus. British geologist Bernard Wood and American palaeoanthropologist William Kimbel are major proponents of monophyly, and against include Walker.

This species, originally named Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus, cannot retain the species epithet aethiopicus if moved to genus Australopithecus because Australopithecus aethiopicus is already a junior synonym of Australopithecus afarensis. Such a classification would have to use the name Australopithecus walkeri for this species. The change of species epithet would also happen in a taxonomy that classifies all hominins as Homo.

Description
Typical of Paranthropus, KNM WT 17000 is heavily built, and the palate and base of the skull are about the same size as the P. boisei holotype OH 5. The brain volume of KNM WT 17000 was estimated to have been 410 cc, which is smaller than that of other Paranthropus. The combination of a tall face, thick palate, and small braincase caused a highly defined sagittal crest on the midline of the skull. The only complete tooth crown of the specimen is the right third premolar, whose dimensions are well above the range of variation for P. robustus and on the upper end for P. boisei. Unlike other Paranthropus, KNM WT 17000 did not have a flat face, and the jaw jutted out (prognathism). In regard to the temporal bone, KNM WT 17000 differs from other Paranthropus in that the squamous part of temporal bone is extensively pneumaticised, the tympanic part of the temporal bone is not as vertically orientated, the base of the skull is weakly flexed, the postglenoid process is completely anterior to (in front of) the tympanic, the tympanic is somewhat tubular, and the articular tubercle is weak. Like P. boisei, the foramen magnum where the skull connects to the spine is heart-shaped. The temporalis muscle was probably not directed as forward as it was in P. boisei, meaning the P. aethiopicus jaw likely processed food with the incisors before using the cheek teeth. The incisors of P. boisei are thought to have not been involved in processing food. The long distance between the first molar and the jaw hinge would suggest KNM WT 17000 had an exceptionally long ramus of the mandible (connecting the lower jaw to the skull), though the hinge's location indicates the ramus would not have been particularly deep (it would have been weaker). This may have produced a less effective bite compared to P. boisei.

KNM-WT 16005 is quite similar to the Peninj Mandible assigned to P. boisei, exhibiting postcanine megadontia with relatively small incisors and canines (based on the tooth roots) and large cheek teeth. Nonetheless, the incisors were likely much broader in KNM-WT 16005. KNM-WT 16005 preserved four cheek teeth on the left side: the third premolar measuring 10.7x13.8 mm, the fourth premolar measuring 12x15 mm, the first molar measuring 15.7x14.3 mm, and the second molar measuring 17x16.7 mm. The fourth premolar and first molar are a little smaller than those of the Peninj mandible, and the second molar a bit bigger. The KNM-WT 16005 jawbone is smaller than what KNM WT 17000 would have had.

Many of these P. aethiopicus features are shared with the early A. afarensis, further reiterating the species' archaicness.

Palaeoecology
In general, Paranthropus are thought to have been generalist feeders, with the heavily built skull becoming important when chewing less desirable, lower quality foods in times of famine. Unlike P. boisei which generally is found in the context of closed, wet environments, P. aethiopicus seems to have inhabited bushland to open woodland habitats around edaphic (water-logged) grasslands. Around 2.5 million years ago, at the Pliocene/Pleistocene border, the Omo–Turkana Basin featured a mix of forests, woodlands, grasslands, and bushlands, though grasslands appear to have been expanding through the Early Pleistocene. Homo seems to have entered the region 2.5–2.4 million years ago.

title: Paranthropus aethiopicus


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Gino Matrundola

Gino Matrundola (born July 21, 1940) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1990. He represented the riding of Willowdale.

Background
Matrundola was born in Cassino, Italy and immigrated to Canada in the 1960s, after a brief stay in Scotland. He was educated at the Italian Polytechnical School in Rome, Italy, and Ryerson Polytechnical Institute in Toronto. He was licensed as a real estate agent in North York, Ontario in 1964, and eventually founded his own realty company. He became an active member of both the Ontario Liberal Party and the Liberal Party of Canada.

Politics
Matrundola won the Ontario Liberal Party nomination in the riding of Armourdale for the 1985 Ontario election, but lost the election to Progressive Conservative incumbent Bruce McCaffrey by 212 votes. The election resulted in David Peterson's Liberals forming a minority government. When the province returned to the polls in 1987, the Liberals won a majority government. Matrundola was elected in the newly created riding of Willowdale, which incorporated much of Armourdale, defeating Progressive Conservative candidate Charles Harnick. Matrundola served as a backbench supporter of the David Peterson government. He was appointed Deputy Government Whip in 1989.

Peterson called an early election in 1990 which resulted in the Liberals being upset by the New Democratic Party. In Willowdale, Matrundola lost to Harnick by 834 votes, marking one of the few gains by Mike Harris's Tories in this election. Matrundola attempted a political comeback but was defeated for the provincial Liberal nomination for the 1995 provincial election by Les Scheininger.

Later life
Matrundola returned to running his real estate firm full-time and remains an active Liberal.

title: Gino Matrundola


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Live... Greetings from the Flow State

Live... Greetings from the Flow State is a 2003 live album by Dishwalla.

Track listing

 * 1) "Stay Awake"
 * 2) "Mad Life"
 * 3) "Once in a While"
 * 4) "Home"
 * 5) "Moisture"
 * 6) "Angels or Devils"
 * 7) "Counting Blue Cars"
 * 8) "Somewhere in the Middle"
 * 9) "Every Little Thing"
 * 10) "Give"
 * 11) "Haze"
 * 12) "So Much Time"

Credits

 * J.R. Richards: Vocals, guitar, keyboards
 * Rodney Browning Cravens: guitars, vocals
 * Scot Alexander: Bass, vocals
 * Pete Maloney: Drums, percussion, vocals
 * Jim Woods: Keyboards, vocals

title: Live... Greetings from the Flow State


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User:Isep

A Maryland high school student.

title: User:Isep


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La La Anthony

Alani Nicole "La La" Anthony (née Vázquez; is an American television personality and actress. In the early 2000s, she worked as an MTV VJ on Total Request Live. She was the host of the VH1 reality television reunion shows Flavor of Love, I Love New York, For the Love of Ray J, and Real Chance of Love, and was a dean on Charm School with Ricki Lake.

Anthony appeared in Two Can Play That Game (2001), You Got Served (2004), Think Like a Man (2012), Think Like a Man Too (2014), November Rule (2015) and Destined (2015). She appeared as Lakeisha Grant in the Starz original drama series Power. She hosted the American reality television series La La's Full Court Wedding and La La's Full Court Life. She married NBA player Carmelo Anthony in 2010, and currently stars in 50 cent’s series BMF as Markeisha Taylor.

Early life
Anthony was born in Brooklyn, New York. Her parents, who are of Puerto Rican heritage, were born and raised in New York City. Anthony (who describes herself as an Afro-Puerto Rican ) has a younger brother and two younger sisters. As a young child, she was involved in many activities, but music was her main interest.

After high school Anthony was accepted into Howard University. However, she decided not to attend the university, so she could focus on her music career instead.

Career
At the age of 15, Anthony started working in radio at WHTA-FM, HOT 97.5 in Georgia. After a short internship at that station, and while still in high school, she hosted Future Flavas, alongside rapper/actor Ludacris.

At 19, Anthony worked at Los Angeles's 92.3 The Beat cohosting The B-Syde. She left the station in 2001 and moved to MTV where she cohosted Direct Effect and Total Request Live.

In 2003, Anthony left MTV. She worked as a producer on Mike Tyson’s documentary, Tyson, which won the Regard Knockout Award in France and was included in the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. Anthony also produced a feature film with director/producer Brett Ratner.

Anthony appeared in films Two Can Play That Game, Think Like a Man, Baggage Claim and television shows "NYC 22" and Single Ladies. Other film credits include Urban Massacre (2002), Monster Island (2004), and You Got Served (2004).

In October 2011, Anthony appeared in the off-Broadway production of Love Loss and What I Wore. Anthony appeared in and executive produced La La's Full Court Wedding, which chronicled the time leading up to her wedding to NBA star Carmelo Anthony.

On February 2, 2012, she launched a cosmetic line and in 2013 a clothing line. She has written several books. Anthony co-produced the Broadway production of Danai Gurira's Eclipsed in 2016.

Personal life
On Christmas Day 2004, La La became engaged to basketball player Carmelo Anthony, whom she met in 2003. Their child was born in 2007. They were married by Michael Eric Dyson on July 10, 2010, at Cipriani's in New York. The ceremony was filmed by VH1 and aired as part of a reality series on the couple, titled La La's Full Court Wedding. The couple's life together was also chronicled on their continuation series, La La's Full Court Life. In June 2021, La La filed for divorce.

title: La La Anthony


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Talk:Kung Fu (video game)

Was there an arcade version from which the NES game was taken? Or was it an NES original? --Feitclub 04:01, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * The original arcade version is called Kung Fu Master. --Jh51681 22:35, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This page does not need to exist anymore.. Most of the details are applicable to Kung fu Master, and by general rule, console ports stay with their arcade bretheren. This page should be deleted or just made into a redirect. (Just deleted really)

title: Talk:Kung Fu (video game)


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Oquaga Creek State Park

Oquaga Creek State Park is a 1385 acre state park in Broome, Delaware, and Chenango counties, New York. The park is partially in the Town of Masonville and partly in the Town of Sanford. Broome County Road 241 passes through the park.

Park description
Oquaga Creek State Park has 90 campsites, one full-service cottage, and several "rustic" cabins. A limited number of seasonal campsites are also available. There are 6 mi of hiking trails which offer views of wildlife such as deer, weasels, and various birds, in addition to wild plants such as wild blueberries and wild grapes. Many of the campsites are lined with raspberry bushes and wild strawberries.

Arctic Lake, with a surface area of 55 acre, is available for fishing, and its beach is open to swimmers. In the winter, the lake is used for ice fishing and skating.

The park was closed for camping during the 2010 season due to New York State's budget shortfalls, however the park's campground re-opened in summer 2011.

The park also includes a nine-hole disc golf course, built in 1979.

title: Oquaga Creek State Park


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Brandenburgers

The Brandenburgers (Brandenburger) were members of Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht special forces unit during World War II.

Originally, the unit was formed by and operated as an extension of the military's intelligence organ, the Abwehr. Members of this unit took part in seizing operationally important targets by way of sabotage and infiltration. Being foreign German nationals who were convinced Nazi volunteers, constituent members had lived abroad and were proficient in foreign languages as well as being familiar with the way of life in the area of operations where they were deployed.

The Brandenburg Division was generally subordinated to the army groups in individual commands and operated throughout Eastern Europe, in northern Africa, Afghanistan, the Middle East and in the Caucasus. In the later course of the war, parts of the special unit were used in Bandenbekämpfung operations against partisans in Yugoslavia before the division was reclassified and merged into one of the Panzergrenadier divisions in the last months of the war. They committed various atrocities in the course of their operations.

Background and membership
The unit was the brainchild of Hauptmann (captain) Theodor von Hippel, who, after having his idea rejected by the Reichswehr, approached Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, commander of the German Intelligence Service, the Abwehr. Hippel proposed that small units, trained in sabotage and fluent in foreign languages, could operate behind enemy lines and wreak havoc with the enemy's command, communication and logistical tails. Canaris was at first against the proposal as he viewed such measures similar to what the Bolsheviks had done and was suspicious of Hippel's motives. Still determined to form the unit, Hippel looked to his section chief, Helmuth Groscurth, who supported the unit's formation and the two men conferred on the matter on 27 September 1939. Just a few days after their meeting, the Army General Staff put forth a directive authorizing the creation of "a company of saboteurs for the West." As part of the Abwehr's 2nd Department, Hippel was tasked with creating the unit. Originally, the unit Hippel assembled was named the Deutsche Kompagnie, then later on 25 October it became the Baulehr-kompagnie 800 and then again on 10 January 1940, the unit was called the Bau-Lehr-Bataillon z.b.V. 800 (800th Special Duties Construction Training Battalion); but its later more widely known epithet, "the Brandenburgers", stemmed from the name of the unit's first permanent quarters.

Training for the men in the Brandenburg Division ranged from five to seven months and included course instruction on reconnaissance, swimming, hand-to-hand combat, demolitions, marksmanship in both German and Allied weapons, conventional infantry tactics, and other specialized training. Brandenburg units were deployed as small commando outfits to penetrate into enemy territory and conduct both sabotage and anti-sabotage operations. Despite their demonstrated successes while incurring minimum casualties, many traditionally-minded German officers still found their use abhorrent. Most of the personnel were fluent in other languages, which allowed them, for example, to penetrate the Netherlands in 1940 disguised as Dutch barge crews just before the start of the invasion. In 1941, they preceded the invasion of Yugoslavia undercover as Serbian workers. During the night before Operation Barbarossa began, Brandenburger units crossed the Soviet border disguised as Soviet workers and Red Army soldiers. Others even adorned themselves in Arab garments to conduct surveillance on Allied warships traversing the Straits of Gibraltar ahead of the Wehrmacht deployment in North Africa. Correspondingly, Department II of the Abwehr, under which the Brandenburgers were subsumed, had a distinct sub-component for army, navy, and air force operations.

Many of the Brandenburgers were misfits who could hardly be characterized as conventional soldiers, due in large part to the nature of their operations. They would mingle with enemy soldiers, secretly countermand orders, redirect military convoys, and disrupt communications, all the while collecting intelligence. Ahead of the primary invasion forces in the USSR, operatives from the Brandenburg Division seized bridges and strategically important installations in clandestine missions lasting for weeks before they linked up with advancing forces.

The predecessor formation to the Brandenburg Division was the Freikorps Ebbinghaus, which originated before the invasion of Poland in 1939. Colonel Erwin von Lahousen (and the defense groups of military districts VIII and XVII) from within Department II of the Abwehr, put together small K-Trupps (fighting squads), which consisted of Polish-speaking Silesians and ethnic Germans, whose job it was to occupy key positions and hold them until the arrival of regular Wehrmacht units. The first members of the "K-Trupps" were German nationals. Generally, these men were civilians who had never served in the army but were briefly trained by the "Abwehr" and were led by army officers. After the Polish campaign, this changed as these commandos became members of the Wehrmacht. Despite their seeming lack of prior experience, the demands placed on these newly formed commandos were high. It was mandatory that they be volunteers for this duty. They were also expected to be agile, capable of improvising, endowed with initiative and team spirit, highly competent in foreign languages and in their dealings with foreign nationals, and capable of the most demanding physical performance. Eventually, the early guiding principle that required members of the Division Brandenburg to be volunteers ended with their increasing use and integration with the regular army.

Operations

The night before the invasion of Poland (Plan White) in September 1939, small groups of German special forces dressed in civilian clothes crossed the Polish border to seize key strategic points before dawn on the day of the invasion. This made them the first special operations unit to see action in the Second World War. Freikorps Ebbinghaus engaged in atrocities against Poland's population and its captured PoWs. On 4 September, members of the Freikorps Ebbinghaus executed 17 people at Pszczyna, among them Boy Scouts from the town's secondary schools. They also tortured 29 citizens of Orzesze before executing them. On 8 September 1939, in the upper Silesian city of Siemanowice, they executed six Poles and then on 1 October 1939, shot 18 people in Nowy Bytom. Larger massacres were carried out in Katowice, where hundreds of people were executed. Within two weeks of the invasion of Poland, Ebbinghaus had "left a trail of murder in more than thirteen Polish towns and villages".

On 15 December 1939 the company was expanded and re-designated as the Brandenburg Battalion. After its formation, the soldiers of the new special unit were initially employed to protect the Romanian oil fields and later chrome ore supplies from Turkey. The battalion consisted of four companies, organised along linguistic lines:

 * 1st company - men from Baltic/Russian territories
 * 2nd company - Volksdeutsche from Romania;
 * 3rd company - Sudeten Germans who spoke Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian
 * 4th company - Volksdeutsche from Yugoslavia

In addition, the battalion contained volunteers who had lived in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.

A platoon of Brandenburgers took part in Operation Weserübung, the invasion of Scandinavia in April 1940, during which they secured strategic properties in Denmark and Norway.

During the spring 1940 invasions of Belgium and the Netherlands, the Brandenburg units proved essential in seizing "vital points ahead of Guderian's panzers." Chronicling Brandenburger No. 3 Company's penetration into Belgium, Lahousen was gratified to report that, "forty-two out of sixty-one objectives were secured and handed over to the units following behind." For their exploits in Belgium and the Netherlands, the Brandenburgers were among the most decorated units of the invading German armies, which earned them the admiration of Abwehr Chief, Wilhelm Canaris. On 27 May 1940, chief-of-staff of the High Command of the German armed forces Wilhelm Keitel wrote to Canaris that the Brandenburgers had "fought outstandingly well" which was further validated when Hitler presented Iron Cross commendations to 75% of the 600 men who participated. By October 1940, the Brandenburgers constituted an entire regiment-sized unit. The rest of the Brandenburgers were assigned to Panzer Corps Grossdeutschland along with its old training partner from 1940 to 1941, the Grossdeutschland Division.

The unit was again deployed in Operation Marita, the invasion of the Balkans. On 6 April 1941, during Operation Marita, the Brandenburgers managed to take the strategically important bridge over the Vardar and also secured the gorge on the River Danube which forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania, known as the Iron Gates. Shortly after this, they captured the island of Euboea. Additional operations were demanded of the Brandenburgers during the opening phase for the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, as they were the first to sweep across the border, destroying power facilities, cutting communication lines, spreading disinformation, and activating "sleeper" agents. Their most notable mission was taking the bridges over the Daugava in Daugavpils on 28 June 1941, during which members of the 8th Company of the Brandenburg Kommandos crossed the bridge in a commandeered Soviet truck, overpowered the guards and held the position for two hours against significant Soviet counterattacks. From June 1942 through February 1943, the Brandenburgers carried out commando operations against Allied supply lines in North Africa by way of clandestine missions in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia.

In early August 1942, a Brandenburg unit of 62 Baltic and Sudeten Germans led by Adrian von Fölkersam penetrated farther into enemy territory than any other German unit. They had been ordered to seize and secure the vital Maikop oilfields. Disguised as NKVD men, and driving Soviet trucks, Fölkersam's unit passed through the Soviet front lines and moved deep into hostile territory. The Brandenburgers ran into a large group of Red Army soldiers fleeing from the front. Fölkersam saw an opportunity to use them to the unit's advantage. By persuading them to return to the Soviet cause, he was able to join with them and move almost at will through the Soviet lines.

On 26 December 1942, the men of the Parachute Company of the Brandenburg Regiment were transported by gliders in an operation to destroy bridges and supply routes used by the British in North Africa. It was a disaster. Some of the gliders were shot down while flying over enemy lines and others were destroyed approaching their targets. Most of the paratroopers were killed in this operation.

Units of the division were sent to the Balkans to engage in anti-partisan operations.

In mid 1943, many Brandenburger units were moved from the Balkans, and took part in actions to disarm Italian soldiers. One vital area was the island of Kos in the Dodecanese island chain off the coast of Turkey. Kos had been secured by British troops in September 1943, and a large garrison of allied Italian troops was also present. Along with Luftwaffe paratroop forces, Brandenburgers took part in the recapture of the island. On 25 May 1944, members of the division, attached to SS-Fallschirmjäger-Bataillon 500, took part in the unsuccessful Operation Rösselsprung, an airborne operation to capture Yugoslav Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito.

In September 1944 it was decided that special operations units were no longer necessary. The Brandenburg Division became the Infantry Division Brandenburg and transferred to the Eastern front. Approximately 1,800 men (including von Fölkersam) were transferred to SS-Standartenführer Otto Skorzeny's SS-Jäger-Bataillon 502 operating within SS-Jagdverband Mitte, but mostly to the SS-Jagdverband Ost until the end of the war. Only the Kurfürst Regiment retained its original role as a commando unit.

In late 1944, the division was equipped with a Panzer Regiment and redesignated Panzergrenadier-Division Brandenburg and returned to the Eastern front. The Brandenburgers were involved in heavy fighting near Memel, until their withdrawal, along with the Großdeutschland, via ferry to Pillau. The division was all but annihilated in heavy fighting near Pillau and only 800 men escaped to the thin strip of land at Frische Nehrung. While some survivors surrendered to the British in Schleswig-Holstein in May, others enlisted in the French Foreign Legion and fought in the First Indochina War where their skills proved an asset.

Bergmann Battalion
The Bergmann battalion (meaning "miner") was a military unit of the German Abwehr during World War II, composed of five German-officered companies of volunteers from the Caucasus region of the Soviet Union. The battalion was formed of the émigrés and Soviet POWs from the Caucasian republics at Neuhammer in October 1941. Subordinated to the German commando battalion Brandenburgers and placed under the command of Oberleutnant Theodor Oberländer, the unit received training at Neuhammer and Mittenwald (Bavaria) with the Gebirgsjäger. Later a special 130-men-strong Georgian contingent of Abwehr codenamed "Tamara-II" was incorporated into Bergmann. By March 1942, there were five companies of some 300 Germans and 900 Caucasians.

In August 1942, Bergmann went to the Eastern Front, where it saw its first action in the North Caucasus campaign in August 1942. The unit engaged in anti-partisan actions in the Mozdok-Nalchik-Mineralnye Vody area and conducted reconnaissance and subversion in the Grozny area. At the end of 1942, Bergmann conducted a successful sortie through the Soviet lines, bringing with them some 300 Red Army defectors, and covered the German retreat from the Caucasus. Bergmann went through a series of engagements with the Soviet partisans and regular forces in the Crimea in February 1943 and was dissolved—like other Ostlegionen units—at the end of 1943. The significantly shrunken ex-Bergmann companies were dispatched to conduct police functions in Greece and Poland.

Nachtigall and Roland Battalions
The Nachtigall Battalion, officially known as Special Group Nachtigall, and the Roland Battalion, officially known as Special Group Roland, were subunits under command of the Abwehr special operation unit Brandenburgers (1st Brandenberg Battalion). They were formed 25 February 1941 by the head of the Abwehr Wilhelm Franz Canaris, which sanctioned the creation of the "Ukrainian Legion" under German command. They were manned primarily by occupied Polish citizens of Ukrainian ethnicity directed to unit by Bandera's OUN orders.

In May 1941, the German command decided to split a 700-strong Ukrainian Legion into two battalions: Nachtigall ("Nightingale") and Roland Battalion. Training for Nachtigall took place in Neuhammer near Schlessig. On the Ukrainian side, the commander was Roman Shukhevych and on the German, Theodor Oberländer. (Oberländer was later to become Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and War Victims in the Federal Republic of Germany.) Ex-Brandenburger Oberleutnant Dr. Hans-Albrecht Herzner was placed in military command of the Battalion. The Nachtigall unit was outfitted in the standard Wehrmacht uniforms. Before entering Lviv, they placed blue and yellow ribbons on their shoulders. In comparison to Nachtigall – which used ordinary Wehrmacht uniform – the Roland Battalion was outfitted in the Czechoslovakian uniform with yellow armband with text "Im Dienst der Deutschen Wehrmacht" (In the service of the German Wehrmacht). They were given Austrian helmets from World War I.

The battalion was set up by the Abwehr and organized by Richard Yary of the OUN(b) in March 1941, prior to the German invasion to Soviet Union. Approximately 350 Bandera's OUN followers were trained at the Abwehr training centre at the Seibersdorf under command of the former Poland Army major Yevhen Pobiguschiy. In Germany, in November 1941 the Ukrainian personnel of the Legion were reorganized into the 201st Schutzmannschaft Battalion. It numbered 650 persons and served for one year at Belarus before disbanding. Many of its members, especially the commanding officers, went on to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and 14 of its members joined 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) SS-Freiwilligen-Schützen-Division Galizien in spring 1943.

title: Brandenburgers