text:
Talk:Etendue

Wiktionary has an article
Why the removal of transwiki flag? This seems like a textbook definition that belongs in wikitionary. Feco 19:20, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * From reading the histories, it's apparent that the original author removed the transwiki tag because xe submitted the same article as etendue. I've removed it again for the same reason.  I strongly urge you to (a) use the correct tags (You used the wrong one.) and (b) follow the advice on checking Wiktionary before applying the tags at Things to be moved to Wiktionary. Uncle G 22:17, 2005 May 9 (UTC)

definition
Although I added the commentary on the origin of the term, I have some questions on the subjects. As I know it, "étendue géometrique" in french is not defined exactly as you define it, although it has the same properties (being constant, and a perfect system supposedly keeping it unchanged). The slight difference is that you count the surface of the cross section of the cone of light, we usually count the surface lighted by this cone, instead. The advantage of that definition is that we can define the "étendue géométrique" of a system in three different but equal ways, either from the source point of view (the area of the source times the solid angle the diaphragm of the system subtends as seen from the source), from the system point of view (the area of the diaphragm times the solid angle the source subtends as seen from the diaphragm), or from an 'intermediate' point of view (the area of the source times the area of the diaphragm divided by the square of the distance between the 2). These definitions are for elementary parts though, and have to be summed over both the source and the diaphragm. A basic illustration and the equations can be found there : http://www.bibsciences.org/bibsup/opt-coll/pub/3/pdf/l1t3p15_Ibis.pdf on page 12. The angles used are the angles between the normal of the area considered and the axis. One can also find another illustation in this wikibook : http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Photographie_-_05_-_Notion_d'étendue_géométrique. In any case, an illustration would be, I think, a good idea, to better grasp what étendue is. Palleas 13:53, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, now that I look at this again I understand it. Your definition is certainly correct and agrees with the reference I have here (although the description is so different this was not immediately clear). The definition given in the article here is not really different, just unacceptably vague. I assume you actually mean entrance pupil where you wrote diaphragm. Am I correct?--Srleffler 23:35, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I copied the French definition into the article for now, because it seems pretty clear to me. I will attempt to translate it in a little while.--Srleffler 00:04, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

I've been absent a long while, and couldn't come here. Of course, I meant entrance pupil, and thanks for re-writing the article, it's much clearer now, and I'm flattered you partly used my words :p Palleas 11:02, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Refractive Index
I added a brief mention of entendue in systems that have a non-constant refractive index. The n^2 rule is very important to know if you're designing concentration systems, particularly Winston concentrators. (I don't know any good reference for this derivation, although I wouldn't be surprised if Winston derived it somewhere. Long ago I derived it for some specific geometries in my thesis (following earlier work by Eli Yablonovich), but in fact it's true for all geometries.  You can derive this easily enough using statistical mechanics, if you keep in mind that the density of states increases with refractive index.) Geoffrey.landis 02:19, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

No increase in etendue ?
I am confused by the statement that the etendue can not be increased, phenomena like aberrations or scattering can cause an increase, I think.

85.100.127.184 (talk) 11:43, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think you're right. The étendue never decreases, because the light can never become less "spread out" than it is initially. I changed the article. (Radiance never increases, and radiance is inversely proportional to étendue.)--Srleffler (talk) 23:32, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

French Origin
The french word etendue is rarely in french to mean extent but rather spread, stretch or grow. The term is this case should be to the familiar use of spread, not extent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.139.236.185 (talk) 20:18, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I wonder if the usage has changed over the last century or so. I notice that my copy of Larousse's dictionary lists "extent" as the first meaning of étendue, followed by expanse, range, stretch, and scope.--Srleffler (talk) 04:01, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Lagrange invariant?
This article and Lagrange invariant mention eachother offhand, but don't explain how these terms are connected. They also both mention optical invariant, which just redirects to Lagrange invariant. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 14:37, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The Lagrange and optical invariants are invariant relationships between the position and direction of a ray in an optical system. Etendue is a property of a bundle of rays (possibly all of the rays in the system). Etendue is conserved in an ideal system because each ray obeys the optical invariant.--Srleffler (talk) 17:53, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Is this related to surface brightness?
Is this related to the concept of surface brightness, which an optical system cannot improve on? 82.46.253.56 (talk) 15:29, 21 December 2012 (UTC)
 * It sounds like it. Etendue is related to radiance and luminance, which may be what you are thinking of when you say "surface brightness". "Brightness" is kind of an ambiguous term.--Srleffler (talk) 01:03, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

Phase conjugate mirrors
I'm not comfortable with the new section on phase conjugate mirrors. Overarching my specific concerns, is the general concern that this section really needs to cite a reliable source, since what it is expressing is essentially an opinion about how to interpret what happens when a phase conjugate mirror reflects light. One can have a good philosophical argument about whether the etendue decreases after reflection, or whether it never actually increased in the first place. Perhaps one concludes in the end that etendue never increases in any system, since in principle all light paths are reversible. Because the section is advancing an arguable point of view without reference to sources, I am inclined to remove it altogether unless some sources are provided.

Beyond that, a discussion of different interpretations may be required, depending on what one finds in the literature.--Srleffler (talk) 02:49, 12 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Point well taken. I can't find literature about it, so I just deleted it. Sorry. --Steve (talk) 14:03, 12 June 2013 (UTC)

Beam emittance
I'm not 100% sure, but this seems to be closely related to beam emittance? This should probably be commented on and the pages cross-linked. See also my comment on the talk page there. Kyrsjo (talk) 13:36, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

This article is very dense
It feels like whoever wrote this doesn’t understand the strategies to providing simpler models for people to understand the overarching ideas presented; this article dives straight into jargon, a sign it’s writer isn’t deeply familiar with the content. It would be useful for the article to provide a layman description of the ideas presented. 159.196.132.71 (talk) 22:25, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Etendue


text:
Talk:Hugh Tanser Jarvis

Is this guy significant in any way? He returns no hits on Google, and the citation given sys only that he died and who his parents were (and the link to the father in this article returns a page about someone who lived on a different continent). Avocado 19:20, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

No, he is just a name and a link in the casualty list of the S/S Sauternes. My main reason to give him his own article, is to have somewhere to link to the War Graves Commission. And maybe also because I belong to the Scandinavian encyclopedia tradition, whith many short articles and many references, in contrast to the anglo-american tradition with fewer and longer articles. (But we are not running out of space, are we?) Now, if someone knows something more about this guy, they have somewhere to write it. And you are right, the link to the father was obviously wrong. abu ari Apr 10, 2005

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hugh Tanser Jarvis


text:
Hoover Wilderness

The Hoover Wilderness is a wilderness area in the Inyo and Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forests. It lies to the east of the crest of the central Sierra Nevada in California, to the north and east of Yosemite National Park - a long strip stretching nearly to Sonora Pass on the north and Tioga Pass on the south.

The headwaters of the East Walker River begin in the Hoover Wilderness. It comprises 48,601 acres (197 km2). Many trails lead into it from the east, from Walker Meadow (off the Sonora Pass road), Buckeye Creek, Green Lakes, Virginia Lakes, Lundy Lake, and Saddlebag Lake (off the Tioga Pass road).

The Hoover Wilderness was originally designated as a Primitive Area by the Forest Service in 1931. It was named in honor of President Herbert Hoover. In 1956, it was designated as a Wild Area and became a Wilderness Area when the 1964 Wilderness Act was passed. It was significantly expanded to its present size in 2009.

The Hoover Wilderness was the setting of Camping Adventure, a children's book published in 1976 by the National Geographic Society as part of its "Books for Young Explorers" series.

Places
Notable locations in the Hoover Wilderness include:
 * Twenty Lakes Basin, above Saddlebag Lake 37.98333°N, -119.3°W
 * Virginia Lakes Basin 38.05°N, -119.275°W
 * The Sawtooth Ridge and Matterhorn Peak 38.1°N, -119.4°W

title: Hoover Wilderness


text: Category:Lakes of Colorado

title: Category:Lakes of Colorado


text:
Stephen Whittle

Stephen Thomas Whittle, (born 29 May 1955) is a British legal scholar and activist with the transgender activist group Press for Change. Since 2007, he has been Professor of Equalities Law in the School of Law at Manchester Metropolitan University. Between 2007 and 2009, he was president of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). Having been assigned female at birth, he is described as "a radical lesbian before his sex change and now a leading commentator on gender issues", who after the Gender Recognition Act 2004 came into force in April 2005, achieved legal recognition as a man and so was able to marry his female partner.

Early life
Whittle was born on 29 May 1955 at Altrincham Cottage Hospital, Cheshire, where his grandmother was a senior nurse. He was assigned female at birth. He was a sickly child, suffering from rickets. He was the middle child of the five children in his family. In 1955 the family lived in Wythenshawe. At that time, Wythenshawe was said to be the biggest council estate in Europe, providing workers for the Trafford Park estate. After several years of sun lamp treatment for his rickets, at St Mary's Hospital, he was considered well enough to attend Havely Hay Primary school at the age of five. In 1963, the family moved to Withington village, an inner suburb of Manchester. From the age of eight he attended Old Moat Junior school.

In 1966 his mother, Barbara Elizabeth Whittle (née Stead), being concerned at how different he was from his sisters, entered him in the examination for Withington Girls' School. Being one of the highest scorers in the city in the eleven-plus exam that year, he received a scholarship to attend. It was during his time at Withington Girls' School that he started reading medical books. He knew he was romantically attracted to other girls at school – he never told them, and so his love was not reciprocated – but he also knew that he was sexually attracted to men. On top of that was a strong desire to be a man, to grow a beard and to have a hairy chest. He had read articles about people like Della Aleksander and April Ashley who had had a sex change. At the age of 17, whilst visiting his doctor about a sore throat he read about a trans man.

Transgender rights campaigning
In 1974 Whittle came out as a trans man, after returning from a women's Liberation Conference in Edinburgh, which he attended as a member of the Manchester Lesbian Collective. He began hormone replacement therapy in 1975. He has been active in transsexual and transgender communities since the age of twenty when in 1975 he joined the Manchester TV/TS group which had been started in 1972/3 by two trans women the very first support group for transsexual people in the United Kingdom. In 1979 he joined a former Army officer and then royal sculptor, Judy Couzins, a trans woman in the Self Help Association for Transsexuals (SHAFT).

In 1989, he founded the UK's FTM Network which he coordinated until November 2007. In 1992, along with Mark Rees, the actress Myka Scott and an airline pilot Krystyna Sheffield, he founded and became vice-president of Press for Change that works to change the laws and social attitudes surrounding transgender and transsexual lives. Whittle remains as one of the vice-presidents (there is no president, as it is a consensus group), and Press for Change was called "one of the most successful lobby groups seen in the last 25 years" by Lord Alex Carlile, Baron Carlile of Berriew as early as 1994 at the reading of his Gender Reassignment Bill. The bill failed but "for 40 minutes members of parliament discussed trans people which without it, would have never happened." Whittle underwent phalloplasty surgeries from 2001 to 2003. The Channel 4 documentary Make me a Man followed his life during the surgeries.

Though unable to marry legally in the United Kingdom until the passing of the Gender Recognition Act 2004, he and his partner (now wife), Sarah Rutherford, have four children by artificial insemination. Whittle wrote in Disembodied Law: Trans People's Legal(Outer) Space, "I face an inadequate legal framework in which to exist. We are simply 'not' within a world that only permits two sexes, only allows two forms of gender role, gender identity or expression. Always falling outside of the 'norm' our lives become less, our humanity is questioned, and our oppression is legitimized." The Whittles' efforts to gain recognition of Stephen as their children's legal father led to X, Y and Z v. The United Kingdom before the European Court of Human Rights in 1996. When the Gender Recognition Act 2004 came into force in April 2005, Whittle obtained a new, male birth certificate. He then married Sarah (née Rutherford) later that year. They had been cohabiting since 1979. They have four children by artificial insemination, the first of whom was born on 13 October 1992. In April 2006, they jointly adopted the children, making Whittle their legal father.

He has written and spoken extensively on his personal journey, most notably in his autobiographical statement in Will Self's essay for David Gamble's photography collection 'Perfidious Man.' His writings have included, among other things, an article on the ground-breaking transsexual employment discrimination case decided on by the European Court of Justice. In 2005 he was awarded The Sylvia Rivera Award for Transgender Studies by the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies for the monograph 'Respect and Equality.' In 2007, along with his co-editor, Susan Stryker, he was awarded a Lambda Literary Award for their annotated collection of 50 key historical and contemporary transgender science, political and theory texts; 'The Transgender Studies Reader'.

In 2002, Whittle was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Having experienced a variety of health problems since his early 20s, he had had suspicions and was neither surprised nor terrified by the diagnosis. His multiple sclerosis has been an increasing problem since late 2005, yet he continues in his full-time university post, and his fight for the human rights of trans people throughout the world. In recent years, he has collaborated with other members; Paisley Currah, Shannon Minter and Alyson Meiselmann, of the World Professional Association of Transgender Health (WPATH) on amicus briefs to courts in many jurisdictions. In 2007, he was the first non-medical professional and first trans person to become President of WPATH. Whittle continues to write extensively on the law and policy surrounding transsexual and transgender people, along with several recent academic articles returning to the question of the law and trans people. He also continues to work on what he hopes will be the defining history of transgender, and the sources of the many theories surrounding gender variant people. Throughout his life he has maintained an interest in the avant-garde of the arts, and has started to collaborate with Sara Davidmann, a photographer and Lecturer in Fine Art at Wimbledon College of Art.

In early 2007, the research report Engendered Penalties: Transsexual and Transgender People’s Experience of Inequality and Discrimination was instrumental in ensuring the inclusion of trans people in the remit of the new Commission for Equalities and Human Rights.

Honours
In 2002, Whittle was given the Human Rights Award by the Civil Rights group Liberty, for his commitment and dedication to ensuring the advancement of rights for transsexual people through judicial means in the UK, Europe, and around the world.

In the 2005 New Year Honours, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) "for services to Gender Issues".

In 2006, he was awarded the Virginia Prince Lifetime Achievement Award by the USA's International Federation for Gender Education.

In March 2015, Whittle was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS).

Roles

 * Press for Change founder and Vice-president
 * FTM Network, co-coordinator
 * Professor of Equalities Law at Manchester Metropolitan University.

Books

 * (with Turner, L.) (2007) Engendered Penalties: Transsexual and Transgender Experience of Inequality and Discrimination by Trans People, London: Cabinet Office
 * (with Stryker, S., eds) (2006) A Transgender Studies Reader, New York & London: Taylor & Francis: Routledge
 * (2002) Respect and Equality: Transsexual and Transgender Rights, London: Cavendish Publishing
 * (2000) The Transgender Debate: The Crisis Surrounding Gender Identities, Reading: South Street Press
 * (with More K, eds) (1999) Reclaiming Genders: Transsexual Grammars at the fin de siecle, London: Cassell Publishing
 * (with McMullen. M.) (1998), The Transvestite, the Transsexual and the Law (4th edition); 1996 London: Beaumont Trust (3rd Edition); 1995 London: Beaumont Trust, (2nd Edition); 1994 London: The Gender Trust ( 1st Edition.)
 * ed. (1994), The Margins of the City: Gay Men's Urban Lives, Hampshire: Arena Press, Hampshire

Chapters in books

 * (2007) Transsexual people in the Military, In J. Barrett ed. The Practical Management of Adult Disorders of Gender Identity, Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing
 * (2007) The Gender Recognition Act 2004, In J. Barrett ed. The Practical Management of Adult Disorders of Gender Identity, Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing
 * (2006) Impossible People: Viewing the Self-portraits of Transsexual People in A. Rogers ed. Parody, Pastiche and the Politics of Art: Materiality in a Post-material Paradigm, University of Central England in Birmingham in association with Ikon Gallery
 * (with Watson, K.) (2004) Slicing Through Healthy Bodies: The media of body modification In M. King and K.Watson, Representing Health: Discourses of health and illness in the media London: Palgrave pp. 104–136. pages: 35
 * (2005) Sustaining Values: Feminist Investments in the Transgender Body, In Y.W. Haschemi and B. Michaelis, eds.. Quer durch die Geisteswissenschaften. Perspektiven der Queer Theory. Berlin: Querverlag, pp. 157–168, pages: 10

Journal articles

 * (2007) "Respectively a Man and a Woman": The Failures of the Gender Recognition Act 2005 and the Civil Partnership Act 2005, Lesbian and Gay Psychology Review, Vol.8, no.1, Spring
 * (with Turner, L.) (2007)'Sex changes'? Paradigm shifts in 'sex' and 'gender' following the Gender Recognition Act?’, Sociological Research Online, Volume 12, Issue 1, January
 * (2006) 'The opposite of sex is politics – the UK Gender Recognition Act and why it is not perfect, just like you and me' Journal of Gender Studies, Volume 15, Number 3, November.
 * (with Witten, T.M.) (2004) 'TransPanthers: The Greying of Transgender and the Law', Deakin Law Review , 4(2) pp. 503–522
 * (with Hartley, C.F.) (2003) 'Different Sexed and Gendered Bodies Demand Different ways of Thinking About Policy and Practice, Practice', A Journal of the British Association of Social Workers, 15(3) pp. 61–73
 * (with Poole, L., Stephens, P.) (2002) 'Working with Transgendered and Transsexual People as Offenders in the Probation Service' Probation Journal, 49(3) pp 227–232
 * (with Little, C., Stephens, P.) (2002)'The Praxis and Politics of Policing: Problems Facing Transgender People' QUT Law & Justice Journal, 2(2)
 * (1999) 'New’isms: Transsexual People and Institutionalised Discrimination in Employment Law' Contemporary Issues in Law, 4(3), pp 31–53.
 * (1998) 'The Trans-Cyberian Mail Way' Journal of Social and Legal Studies, 7(3), pp 389–408
 * (1998) 'Editorial' in The Journal of Gender Studies : Special Edition – Transgender, 7(3), pp 269–272

title: Stephen Whittle


text:
Heliodor Píka

General Heliodor Píka (3 July 1897 – 21 June 1949) was a Czechoslovak army officer who was the first Victim of judicial murder of the Czechoslovak Communist show trials.

Early life
Heliodor Píka was born in a village of Štítina in Austrian Silesia, near Opava, then Austria-Hungary. During World War I, Píka served as a Czechoslovak legionnaire in the Russian theatres. He was captured at Berestechko on 5 October 1916, during the Russian campaign but by 1917 he had returned to duty as a member of the French Army and would later serve with the Czechoslovak Legions in France. By 1920, when the Legion was disbanded, Píka had risen to the rank of lieutenant. After the war, Píka studied at a French military academy, graduating in 1920.

Service in the Czechoslovak Army
In the 1930s, Píka acted as a military attaché to Romania and Turkey. In 1938, in a bid to prevent the occupying German forces from using Czechoslovak Army matériel, he disposed of it by selling arms to the militant Haganah organization in Palestine. (Selling arms to non-state actors was forbidden by international conventions but the Czechoslovak foreign affairs department granted its approval.) He would later travel to the Balkans, from where he arranged defections of Czechoslovaks and Hungarians from German-occupied territory. In 1941, during World War II, Píka was appointed chief of the Czechoslovak Military Mission to the Soviet Union (in Moscow). Loyal to the London-based government of exiled Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš, Píka supported their democratic policies despite Soviet opposition. Píka was under constant pressure from the Soviets to betray Beneš, but despite attempts at blackmail, Píka remained loyal throughout his tenure, which lasted until 1945.

Following the war, Beneš promoted Píka to deputy chief of the general staff of the Czechoslovak Army, where he was responsible for the arms industry. He held this position until late February 1948, when he was dismissed from the Army on the orders of Rudolf Slánský, with the assistance of Army Security Intelligence Office (known as (Obranné zpravodajství), (OBZ) its Czech abbreviation) chief Bedřich Reicin (the former head of Czechoslovak military intelligence, who held a grudge against Píka from the time in which they served together in the USSR).

Charges of high treason
In early May 1948 (after the Communist coup of February 1948), Heliodor Píka was arrested without a warrant and accused of espionage and high treason. The Czechoslovak authorities forged a memorandum that purported to link General Píka to British military intelligence. (Historian Edward Crankshaw noted that the document, written in broken English, was "the most appalling and most unimaginably inefficient bit of forgery [he had] ever come across".) Despite the inadequacy of the memorandum, Píka was held through 1948 and interrogated by NKVD-trained officers of the OBZ.

Reicin appointed Karel Vaš as chief investigator in the Píka case. Reicin would later, in a departure from standard practice, name Vaš the second prosecutor at Píka's trial. According to Reicin's secretary, Vaš told Reicin: "[j]ust tell me how much you need for Píka, fifteen years or the gallows, and the indictment can be manufactured accordingly...."

From 26 to 29 January 1949, Píka was tried in secret before the Military Senate of the State Court in Prague. (This court was specially created as an instrument of political repression in mid-1948.) Charged with high treason, damaging the interests of the Czechoslovak Republic and the Soviet Union, and undermining the ability of the state to defend itself, Píka was not allowed to present a defence, and no witnesses were called. Píka was sentenced to death. He unsuccessfully appealed to the Supreme Court. Píka and his lawyer asked President Klement Gottwald (leader of the communist government) for clemency but this effort was unsuccessful.

Heliodor Píka was hanged in the yard of Bory Prison in Plzeň around 06:00 on the morning of 21 June 1949. In a farewell letter to his family, written the night before his execution, he wrote: "I am sure that this is not a judicial error but a political murder". Offered the chance to express his last wishes as he stood at the gallows, he said: "my ultimate desire is that the nation remain united, and that everyone, without regard for their differences, work toward the unity of our people". He was the first of more than 200 Czechoslovaks tried and executed for political reasons by the communist government of Czechoslovakia. His body was never found.

Aftermath
The day after Píka's conviction, Reicin, writing under a pseudonym in the Czechoslovak Army's newspaper, published a series of articles casting a politico-ideological slant upon the Píka affair. Reicin's articles were soon republished in a widely circulated pamphlet entitled "A Path That Leads to the Depths of Treason".

During the Prague Spring of 1968, Píka's case was reopened at the request of Milan Píka (son of Heliodor) and the elder Píka's lawyer, and a military tribunal declared Heliodor Píka innocent of all charges. Milan Píka passed away in March 2019. He had become a general in both the Czech and Slovak armies – the only person in history ever to do so.

In 2001, Karel Vaš was indicted by the Czech police's State Office of Investigation on charges of having knowingly used false evidence, falsifying a confession, exceeding his powers and using psychological violence during the Píka affair. These counts would carry a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison.

In June 2001, after a trial before the Senate of the Prague City Court, the eighty-five-year-old Vaš was found guilty of introducing false documents and statements, and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment. Both Vaš and his attorney maintained Vaš's innocence, and promised to appeal.

Honours
The Czechoslovak government conferred the Milan Rastislav Stefanik Order, 3rd class upon Píka in 1991.

On 1 September 2004, Píka was awarded the highest Slovak decoration, the Order of the White Double Cross, 1st Class. (Píka was the first, and, the only recipient of the military version of this award.)

Píka earned several French medals for his military service as a Legionnaire in France during the First World War. He was also the recipient of many Soviet, American and British military decorations. A street in Prague 6 (Dejvice) was renamed in his honor in 1990 (Generála Píky).

In 1992, Píka was posthumously promoted to the rank of general. Following the conviction of Vaš, on 21 June 2001 a ceremony was held at Czech Army headquarters in Prague to confer full military honours upon Píka.

title: Heliodor Píka


text:
Talk:Lucius Vitellius (consul 34)

Question
The original text for this article first described the younger L. Vitellius as the younger son of the elder, then as his elder son. Which is it? Binabik80 19:21, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lucius Vitellius (consul 34)


text:
Fabrika Zvyozd

Fabrika Zvyozd (Фабрика звёзд, literally "Factory of stars"), sometimes known internationally as Star Factory, is a popular Russian television talent show that aired on Channel One from 2002 until 2007. It was the Russian version of the Endemol format Operación Triunfo. In 2011, the show announced that it would be returning with an eighth, All-Star season and in 2012 for the ninth season with the format Star Factory: Russia vs. Ukraine. The programme then went on a hiatus for five years before relaunching the tenth season in 2017 broadcast on Muz-TV. Nine out of ten seasons were hosted by Yana Churikova and one by Ksenia Sobchak.

Fabrika Zvyozd, meaning Star Factory, stayed true to its name in Russia; many of the contestants, nicknamed as "fabrikanty" (Russian: фабриканты), have established successful careers in the Russian-language music world. The show's alumni include Polina Gagarina, Fabrika, Zara, Irina Dubtsova, Timati, Yulia Savicheva, Natalia Podolskaya, Dmitry Koldun, Anastasia Prikhodko, and Elena Temnikova. The show also had a tight connection with the Eurovision Song Contest. In total, seven of the past fabrikanty sang at the contest at some stage between 2004 and 2019.

Throughout its run, Fabrika Zvyozd had a high television rating. In 2006, the show was so popular that producers decided to prolong the season by one whole month mid-season. This decision was regarded controversial, because contestants had to stay inside the house against their wishes for an extra month. The 2017 series was less successful in its ratings and finished its final with a market share of 1.3%.

Fabrika Zvyozd gained a cult status in Russia. It was the first real Russian reality music competition and the first reality show on Channel One Russia. Although it was axed in 2007 in favour of Interzvezda, which was later cancelled in its production phase, the show and its contestants stayed popular long after its axing. In 2017, Channel One Russia featured a special two-week special of Segodnya vecherom about Fabrika Zvyozd, celebrating the show's fifteenth anniversary. The episodes mostly focused on the contestants’ fate after the show.

In 2020, the show became popular on the internet due to the lockdown in Russia as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2020, Channel One Russia made a four-hour long special broadcast on Fabrika Zvyozd on the television programme Segodnya vecherom, hosted by Maksim Galkin and Yana Churikova. In this programme, a large share of the successful contestants were re-invited to look back on their memories of the time they were on the show. Next to that, Channel One rebroadcast a selection of some of the best performances in the show's history in primetime slots. The broadcasts solely focused on the first seven series, neglecting the revival version that was produced by Muz-TV.

On 9 January 2022, the producer of the tenth season of the show, Yulia Sumacheva, confirmed that the show is set to return in 2022.

Format
Similarly to Operación Triunfo, in Fabrika Zvyozd a selection of young potential musical stars is boarded in a house together. In this house, they are constantly monitored by cameras, an idea borrowed from another of Endemol's major reality shows Big Brother. In the house, they are "produced" or "manufactured" by an important Russian producer to become household names in the Russian music world once the show is over. In daily summary programmes, viewers are informed about the daily activities of the contestants.

After an “opening ceremony” in the first week, every single week, the contestants come together during a so-called “reporting concert” on Saturday to show their progress. Each show, one of the contestants gets dropped until a handful remain for the final.

The Monday before each concert, three contestants are nominated to be eliminated. These three nominees sing solo numbers on the Friday or Saturday show, while the safe contestants usually sing duets with famous artists. The nominations are based on the verdicts of the producers and can be either a good or a bad sign. At times, nominations are awarded because producers want to see a well-performing contestant sing a solo number, while other times, the weaker contestants are nominated. In rare cases, contestants are nominated for displaying poor behaviour.

From Monday to Saturday, viewers can vote for their favourite among the nominations. The winner of the televoting gets an automatic pass to stay in the house. The safe contestants determine themselves who gets the final pass to stay and who gets eliminated. Once per season, the producer is allowed to save a contestant from elimination as a veto right, although not all producers have exercised this privilege. Additionally, the audience chooses their favourite overall performer, who receives a prize.

In the original run of the show, the final concert was held in the Olympic Stadium in Moscow. In this concert, all of the contestants of the season would return to perform the best songs of the season once again. In 2007, the last series of the original run, the producers opted to hold the final in the usual television studio at the Ostankino Technical Center instead, as all other episodes were taped there. The 2017 revival's final was also held in a television studio rather than in the Olympic Stadium.

First season (2002)
The very first series of Fabrika Zvyozd was commissioned by Channel One with the interest of Igor Matvienko, who wanted to create a new platform for young musical talent after Morning Star had ended a year earlier. Although auditions were held across Russia, most of the contestants of the first series of Fabrika Zvyozd had been recruited elsewhere. Yulia Buzhilova had already been working with Igor Matvienko prior to the season's debut. During the first episode, all contestants and star duet partners sang live, unlike later seasons of the show.

The first season of the show knew two incidents. During the second concert, singer Yuriy Antonov and contestant Nikolay Burlak were supposed to open the concert, but Antonov had felt insulted by the young Burlak asking him: “Are you the one that sings with me tonight?” to which Antonov answered that he did not want to perform with Burlak anymore. Eventually, the producers persuaded Antonov to perform with Burlak, but they rescheduled the duet to a later moment in the show. During the third concert, the first black contestant of the show, Sherif Musa, was voted away after facing the contestants’ vote. In later interviews, he noted that several contestants had made racist comments towards the colour of his skin.

The final of the show took place in May 2002 in the Olympic Stadium in Moscow. Prior to the final, Matvienko decided that Artemiev, Astashenok, Berdnikov and Kabanov were to form a boyband, while Kazanova, Toneva, Savelyeva and Alalykina were to form a girl group. Unlike other seasons, the final result was not determined on the basis of televoting, but rather by the producers. For finishing third, Mikhail Grebenshikov received an apartment in Moscow. Fabrika received a minibus for finishing second. Winners Korni received a recording deal, a tour through Russia, a microphone and the opportunity to represent Russia at Eurobest in Paris.

After the show, Korni and Fabrika became breakout successes. While Fabrika stayed popular in the Russian-speaking world, the popularity of Korni gradually declined, especially after Artemiev and Astashenok left the group. Sati Kazanova left Fabrika in 2010, establishing a solo career. Most of the participants of the first season of Fabrika Zvyozd went into oblivion.

Producer: Igor Matvienko

Second season (Early 2003)
The second series of the show was commissioned after the first series received overall great ratings and the producers wanted to continue to support new opportunities for young talented Russian singers. The second series was led by producer Maxim Fadeev, starting on 6 March 2003. Similar to the first series, Fadeev recruited several artists by himself and invited them on a personal basis. Oxana Fedorova was given an offer to host but she declined.

The final of the show took place in the Olympic Stadium in Moscow on 11 June 2003. For finishing third, Elena Temnikova received the microphone she used during the length of the series. Yelena Terleyeva was promised an album and several music videos. Polina Gagarina was allowed to represent Russia at the international festival Worldbest in Paris. However, Gagarina refused to sign a contract with Fadeev and instead, Yulia Savicheva was sent to the festival.

Producer: Maxim Fadeev

Third season (Late 2003)
The third season was led by producer Alexander Shulgin. Initially, both Ivan Shapovalov and Alla Pugacheva had been rumoured to be the season's producer. The third Fabrika Zvyozd became infamous for the inclusion of children of famous Russian singers. The show included Nikita Malinin, the son of Alexander Malinin, Sofiya Kuzmina, the daughter of Vladimir Kuzmin and Nikolai Slichenko Jr, the grandson of Nikolai Slichenko. According to an editor at the time, they had chosen them because it would be more interesting for the viewers to see familiar names. The season ran from 5 September until 12 December 2003, when the season was completed with a final concert held in the Olympic Stadium in Moscow.

For winning the third season, Nikita Malinin received a music video and the opportunity to sing at a festival. Kireev received the proposal to record a solo album from Shulgin and received a piano from the producers at Channel One. For finishing third, Yulia Mikhalchik received the proposal to record an album and release a music video. During the final, Yulia Mikhalchik received a wedding proposal from Shulgin. However, the wedding proposal was cut in the Moscow version of the broadcast.

The third season of the show became the most popular of all three seasons shot so far at that moment. However, the songs were noted to be weaker than in the previous series. Being unhappy with that, Channel One decided to let the contestants be signed with musical producers Viktor Drobysh and Iosif Prigozhin in the end. Viktor Drobysh scouted Kireev, Golubev and Barsukov to create the group K.G.B. and invited Yaroslavskaya, Ortman, Veber and Krainova to form the girlband Tootsie.

Producer: Alexander Shulgin

Fourth season (Early 2004)
The fourth season of the show was led by Igor Krutoy, one of the founders of New Wave. However, Viktor Drobysh and Igor Nikolaev were also involved in the creative direction of the season as Krutoy could not take the heavy workload on his own. Initially, Evgeniy Orlov was supposed to work together with Krutoy as a co-producer, but after a dispute between the two, Krutoy took the leadership of the season on himself without Orlov. It was the first season that the veto right for producers was used, as Krutoy saved Irina Dubtsova during the ninth concert.

Unlike previous seasons, the fourth season had 18 contestants instead of 16. A few contestants were already known prior to the show, including Dominik Joker, Timati, Edita Piekha’s grandson Stas Piekha and Irina Dubtsova, who had sung in the girl group Devochki. Similar to the two previous seasons, almost all performances were playbacked. Ksenia Sobchak had auditioned for this season of Fabrika Zvyozd, but did not make it past the auditions.

The show started on 12 March and finalised its season on 11 June 2004 with a concert in the Olympic Arena. For winning the season, Dubtsova received a Peugeot cabriolet, an album and two music videos. She was also allowed to represent Russia at New Wave that same year. Zatsepin received a car, an album and two music videos. For finishing third, Piekha received an album, two music videos and a motorbike. Krutoy and Drobysh also awarded special prizes to Aleksa, who received the opportunity to record a studio album, Yuriy Titov and Banda, who received an album and a music video, and Ksenia Larina, who received a microphone.

The show came under fire in April 2004 after two contestants had an intimate relationship and performed sexual acts live on television. Earlier, the show had published a promotional photoshoot in which the contestants had posed naked.

15-year-old Aleksa from Donetsk became the most widely discussed participant of the fourth season. Aleksa showed herself non-participative at several times, hiding from guest star Lara Fabian by climbing underneath her bed. In the house, she pursued a romantic relationship with Timati, which was widely discussed in the press. Meanwhile, the season attracted media attention when the boyfriend of Irina Dubtsova proposed to her during one of the concerts and their wedding took place mid-season.

Ratmir Shishkov was the first Fabrika Zvyozd contestant to die after being killed in a car crash at the age of 18 in March 2007.

Producer: Igor Krutoy

Fifth season (Late 2004)

Producers: Alla Pugacheva, Igor Matvienko, Maxim Fadeev

Sixth season (2006)

Producer: Viktor Drobysh

Seventh season (2007)

The seventh season was sponsored by singer Alla Pugacheva, together with Maxim Galkin and Verka Serduchka.

Spares:
 * Elena Mizuk
 * Vitaliy Chirva
 * Leonid Panov
 * Yulia Zemskaya

Producers: Konstantin Meladze, Valery Meladze

All stars season (2011)
On March 12, 2011, Channel One debuted an eight-week all-stars season of the show, called ''Fabrika Zyozd. Vozvryashchenie (Фабрика звёзд. Возвращение, literally Fabrika Zyozd. The return''). It was not strictly competition of new talent, but rather a competition between earlier graduates and finalists from previous Fabrika Zyozd seasons.

The eighth season included four composers that had previously produced a season of the show: Igor Matvienko (one and five), Igor Krutoy (four), Viktor Drobysh (four and six), and Konstantin Meladze (seven). Each composer had three acts that they had previously produced for. As a result of Alexander Shulgin and Maxim Fadeev's non-participation, there were no competing acts from the second and third season of the show.

During the final, only the top three results were given alongside a Producer's Award, which was determined by the producers themselves. The producers were not allowed to vote for their own acts. Drobysh and Matvienko voted for Mark Tishmann, Meladze voted for Irina Dubtsova, and Krutoy voted for Chelsea.

The show received criticism for its judging panel, which at one moment drew straws to make a decision with regards to the elimination of one of the nominated contestants.

Fabrika Zvyozd: Russia-Ukraine (2012)
In 2012, there was a continuation of the 2011 project called Star Factory: Russia-Ukraine, in which the best graduates of the Russian and Ukrainian versions of the "Factory" competed.

National Team of Russia
 * Polina Gagarina
 * Victoria Dayneko
 * Dominik Joker
 * Dmitriy Koldun
 * Vlad Sokolovskiy

National Team of Ukraine
 * Max Barskih
 * Eva Bushmina
 * DiO.filmy
 * Stas Shurins
 * Erika

Producers: Igor Matvienko, Maxim Fadeev, Igor Krutoy, Viktor Drobysh, Konstantin Meladze, Natalia Mohylevska

Tenth season (2017)
After a hiatus from 2012 to 2017, a new 10th season was launched on Muz-TV. The premiere took place on September 2, 2017 [13]. The main show ran on Saturdays with diaries of the project broadcast on weekdays from Monday to Friday at three time slots per day. The show would be rebroadcast on Saturdays and Sundays on the alternative U channel (repetitions of the reporting concerts are broadcast on Saturdays at 11:00 and on Sundays at 22:00 on the "U" channel (Ю in Russian). Producer: Victor Drobysh
 * Andrey Beletskiy
 * Radoslava Boguslavskaya
 * Elvira Brashchenkova
 * Maria Budnitskaya
 * Samvel Vardanyan
 * Lolita Voloshina
 * Daniil Danilevskiy
 * Marta Zhdanuyk
 * Elman Zeynalov
 * Vladimir Idiatullin
 * Nikita Kuznetsov
 * Zinaida Kupriyanovich (Zina Kupriyanovich)
 * Anna Saltykova (Anna Mun)
 * Daniil Ruvinskiy
 * Ulyana Sinetskaya
 * Evgeniy Trofimov
 * Gusel Khasanova

Criticism, incidents and scandals
Throughout and especially after its runtime, Fabrika Zvyozd has received a large number of criticism. Russian composer and rock singer Alexander Gradsky was an early critic of the show, as well as Diana Arbenina.

Accusations of viewer deception
Several past fabrikanty and viewers have accused the show of being fake. In 2012, season two producer Maxim Fadeev revealed that Yelena Terleyeva had actually won the season but the producers preferred that Polina Gagarina would be crowned as the winner as she was "bright, prideful and spoke several languages".

2006 winner Dmitry Koldun said that producers initiated fights between contestants in the house. Next to that, Koldun stated that there had been only one vocal class in the whole sixteen weeks he spent at Fabrika Zvyozd, and that the producers used fragments of that one class throughout the series to deceive viewers that there were regular classes. Rita Dakota, who finished fourth in the seventh series, called the house "a prison" and said everything about the house they lived in was fake. During the live final of the sixth season, producer Viktor Drobysh promised all five finalists to give them 100,000 rubles (equivalent to $4,800.86 in 2021) each, but in the end, he did not pay.

In season six, a contestant named Prokhor Chaliapin made heads turn, telling audiences that he was a descendant of Feodor Chaliapin. In the end, this didn't turn out to be true. In 2013, it was revealed that Prokhor was neither a Chaliapin nor a Prokhor as his real name was revealed to be Andrei Zakharenkov. However, prior to applying to Fabrika Zvyozd, Zakharenkov had legally changed his name to Prokhor Chaliapin.

The show has received criticism for its extensive use for playback, including for the contestants that took part. Most of the songs that were performed on the stage were playbacked with prerecorded and edited vocals.

Accusations of nepotism
Fabrika Zvyozd has also received criticism for nepotism. Several contestants have been said to have been admitted to the show based on the fact that they had connections to the producers at that time.

Yulia Savicheva, who was a fabrikant in 2003, publicly admitted that she was promised a place on the show by producer Maxim Fadeev as they knew each other from previous efforts.

In the third season of 2003, one of the finalists of the show, Yulia Mikhailchik was revealed to be a romantic relantionship with the season's producer Alexander Shulgin since already before the show. During the show, Shulgin gave her more solo songs than any other contestant.

Poor treatment of contestants
In the fourth season of 2004, there was a food restriction on several female contestants who had started to gain weight.

In season 7, Rita Dakota was told "not to cry" and "not to downpour the mood in the house" after a family member had suddenly passed away. Dakota also spoke of a female contestant being harassed by other contestants for her skin colour and that the producers did not do anything about this.

In the tour that followed the sixth and seventh series, artists were reportedly underpaid and had to sustain in poor conditions. Several times, there was no place for the artists to sleep on tour and the tour managers did not provide the artists with food. Despite selling out large stadiums, the artists earned as little as 50$ a day. Several artists had gone on a strict diet to save money from the tour. The sleeping venues were often the cheapest hostels in the visited city. At one stage, the 2006 cohort resided in a drug clinic due to lack of hotel space. The 2007 cohort reportedly once slept in a psychiatric hospital and once on the floor of a shop.

title: Fabrika Zvyozd


text:
User talk:Passerby~enwiki

Hello, Passerby, could you please explain why you consider the article Children of God not according to the NPOV guidelines on its its talk page. You have to give a reason for this NPOV warning. Andries 19:22, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Again, please give a reason for your disputed NPOV warning. If you do not explain yourself then other contributors will probably remove it. Andries 22:21, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Passerby. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Passerby~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:18, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:26, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Passerby~enwiki


text: User talk:84.27.153.16

title: User talk:84.27.153.16


text:
User:Kissekatt

sv:Användare:kissekatt

title: User:Kissekatt


text:
Rua Oscar Freire

Rua Oscar Freire (in English: Oscar Freire Street) is a tree-lined street stretching from Alameda Casa Branca to Avenida Doutor Arnaldo in the Jardins district of São Paulo. It was named after Oscar Freire de Carvalho, a physician and forensic medicine professor from Bahia, who helped develop the city's first morgue (Instituto Médico Legal).

According to Excellence Mystery Shopping International, Rua Oscar Freire is the 8th most luxurious street in the world and second in the Americas behind 5th Avenue in New York.

Shops located on Rua Oscar Freire and surrounding streets include Louis Vuitton, Armani (Giorgio Armani and Emporio Armani lines), Carmen Steffens, Dior, Montblanc, Cartier, MaxMara, Ermenegildo Zegna, Versace, Diesel, Cavalli, Bulgari, Salvatore Ferragamo, Marc Jacobs, Gant, Lacoste, Timberland, Tommy Hilfiger, Nike, Adidas, Benetton. Top-notch Brazilian fashion is present with the likes of Alexandre Herchcovitch, Cris Barros, Reinaldo Lourenço, Glória Coelho, Animale, Forum, Ellus, NK Store, Sergio K, Havaianas, Carlos Miele, Cavalera, Le Lis Blanc, Canal, Triton, Iódice and Osklen. National high end jewelry stores include Vivara and H Stern.

Sophisticated food shops and restaurants can also be found. Among them are A Figueira Rubaiyat, Fasano, Antiquarius and 'Gero, four of the city's most traditional and expensive restaurants, as well as Ben & Jerry's. There is a Nespresso store, and in 2010 a Valrhona boutique was opened.

In 2006, stores along the street funded a project to remove unsightly electrical poles and install underground fiber-optic lines instead, in an attempt to make the street more appealing to shoppers.

A new Line 4 - Yellow Metro station was constructed on this street and opened in 2017.

title: Rua Oscar Freire


text: Category:Ace Troubleshooter albums

title: Category:Ace Troubleshooter albums


text:
Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

Sainte-Croix is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
Sainte-Croix is first mentioned in 1177 as Sancta Crux. In 1317 it was mentioned as Saint Crueyz. Previously it was known by its German name Heilig Kreuz.

Geography
Sainte-Croix has an area,, of 39.42 km2. Of this area, 16.21 km2 or 41.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 19.57 km2 or 49.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.74 km2 or 7.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.1 km2 or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.69 km2 or 1.8% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.6%. Out of the forested land, 45.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.0% is used for growing crops and 21.2% is pastures and 18.9% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Grandson District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Sainte-Croix became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.

It is located between Yverdon in Vaud, Fleurier in Neuchâtel, and Pontarlier in France.

The village of Sainte Croix is situated at an altitude of 1086 m in the Jura Mountains at the foot of the Chasseron. The municipal area stretches over two valleys, Sainte Croix and Les Granges and includes 27 villages. Some of the most notable include Sainte Croix, L' Auberson, La Gitte Dessous, La Chaux, La Vraconne, La Sagne and Le Château.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Latin Cross Or issuant from a Coupeaux Vert.

Demographics
Sainte-Croix has a population of. , 14.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 7.5%. It has changed at a rate of 14.3% due to migration and at a rate of -5.8% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (3,914 or 90.3%), with German being second most common (96 or 2.2%) and Italian being third (93 or 2.1%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 1,734 or about 40.0% were born in Sainte-Croix and lived there in 2000. There were 885 or 20.4% who were born in the same canton, while 618 or 14.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 746 or 17.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 43 live births to Swiss citizens and 9 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 49 deaths of Swiss citizens and 2 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 6 while the foreign population increased by 7. There were 7 Swiss men who immigrated back to Switzerland and 2 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 25 non-Swiss men and 22 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 3 and the non-Swiss population increased by 39 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.0%.

The age distribution,, in Sainte-Croix is; 400 children or 9.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 448 teenagers or 10.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 499 people or 11.2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 464 people or 10.4% are between 30 and 39, 623 people or 14.0% are between 40 and 49, and 581 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 639 people or 14.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 417 people or 9.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 322 people or 7.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 69 people or 1.5% who are 90 and older.

, there were 1,549 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,086 married individuals, 443 widows or widowers and 255 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 1,980 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2. persons per household. There were 836 households that consist of only one person and 105 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 2,053 households that answered this question, 40.7% were households made up of just one person and there were 20 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 609 married couples without children, 416 married couples with children There were 87 single parents with a child or children. There were 12 households that were made up of unrelated people and 73 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 579 single family homes (or 47.2% of the total) out of a total of 1,226 inhabited buildings. There were 367 multi-family buildings (29.9%), along with 193 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (15.7%) and 87 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (7.1%). Of the single family homes 173 were built before 1919, while 33 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (183) were built before 1919 and the next most (72) were built between 1946 and 1960. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 2,847 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 1,049. There were 155 single room apartments and 485 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,926 apartments (67.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 643 apartments (22.6%) were seasonally occupied and 278 apartments (9.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0.9 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.26%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire villages of L’Auberson and Sainte-Croix and the hamlet of La Chaux are designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

The Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art is located in the municipality.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 35.49% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (25.48%), the FDP (11.66%) and the Green Party (10.93%). In the federal election, a total of 1,263 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 40.8%.

Economy
, Sainte-Croix had an unemployment rate of 6.3%. , there were 91 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 36 businesses involved in this sector. 674 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 60 businesses in this sector. 891 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 145 businesses in this sector. There were 1,704 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.3% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,385. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 63, of which 55 were in agriculture and 8 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 630 of which 543 or (86.2%) were in manufacturing and 88 (14.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 692. In the tertiary sector; 151 or 21.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 32 or 4.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 78 or 11.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 16 or 2.3% were in the information industry, 10 or 1.4% were the insurance or financial industry, 22 or 3.2% were technical professionals or scientists, 102 or 14.7% were in education and 185 or 26.7% were in health care.

, there were 886 workers who commuted into the municipality and 585 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.5 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 33.9% of the workforce coming into Sainte-Croix are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 8.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 57% used a private car.

Transportation
The meter gauge electric Yverdon–Ste-Croix railway line links Sainte Croix with Yverdon-les-Bains.

Religion
From the, 920 or 21.2% were Roman Catholic, while 2,275 or 52.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 12 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.28% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 308 individuals (or about 7.11% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who were Jewish, and 104 (or about 2.40% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist, 12 individuals who were Hindu and 5 individuals who belonged to another church. 457 (or about 10.55% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 385 individuals (or about 8.89% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Sainte-Croix about 1,433 or (33.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 348 or (8.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 348 who completed tertiary schooling, 61.8% were Swiss men, 22.7% were Swiss women, 10.6% were non-Swiss men and 4.9% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 464 students in the Sainte-Croix school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 223 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 223 students in those schools. There were also 18 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 160 students in Sainte-Croix who came from another municipality, while 106 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Sainte-Croix is home to the Musée des Arts et des Sciences and the CIMA. In 2009 the Musée des Arts et des Sciences was visited by 757 visitors (the average in previous years was 530). In 2009 the CIMA was visited by 14,171 visitors (the average in previous years was 18,096).

Sport
In the winter, it is a popular winter sports resort.

title: Sainte-Croix, Switzerland


text:
Talk:Debs Tendency

This needs more help toward NPOV – it is currently still biased toward the Debs Tendency in my opinion. I would really like a source on Appeal to Reason being one of the U.S.' largest publications prior to 1922 – I don't know for a fact that it is not, but have no real reason beyond this article to believe that it was, either. Rlquall 19:25, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I actually stumbled across a source a couple of days ago, in Bruce Watson's Bread and Roses (ISBN 0-670-03397-9), pg. 127, discussing media coverage of the 1912 Lawrence textile strike: ""Lawrence is a typical capitalist mill town," wrote Appeal to Reason, a Socialist paper out of Kansas that was America's most popular weekly." -David Schaich Talk/Cont 00:22, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Biased
I'm not involved in whatever internal disputes are happening in the SP-USA, but, as a trained scholar, it is easy to see by the use of language that this article is biased and written by a member of the DT. Please check for accuracy and objectivity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.217.184.214 (talk • contribs) 04:51, 28 November 2005
 * Doesn't take a trained scholar, exactly--perhaps it should have been reworded back in 05 rather than tagged, but I'll do it now. DGG 04:12, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I decided to leave in one use of "comrades" -- as appropriate to the subject matter of the article. DGG 04:24, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Redirect?
I propose redirecting this page, as well as Fist and Rose Tendency and Grass Roots Tendency, to Socialist Party USA. I just don't think these groupings are notable by themselves. The Direct Action Tendency is already a redirect. In part that's because it disbanded a couple of years ago, but none of the others have been especially active that I can tell. -David Schaich Talk/Cont 00:09, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Hearing no objections, it's done. -David Schaich Talk/Cont 04:15, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Debs Tendency


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Wrestling halfbeak

The wrestling halfbeak (Dermogenys pusilla) also known as Malayan halfbeak is a species of viviparous halfbeak native to the fresh and brackish waters of rivers and coastal regions in South-East Asia, in Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra. It is a small, slender, livebearing fish, with the elongated lower jaw characteristic of its family. The colour of this species varies, depending on where the specimen is found. It is the type species of the genus Dermogenys.

Wrestling halfbeaks are surface-feeding fish and feed on a variety of small invertebrates including crustaceans and insect larvae, but especially mosquito larvae and flying insects that have fallen onto the surface of the water. As with all halfbeaks, the upper jaw lifts upwards when the fish is opening its mouth. Wrestling halfbeaks are livebearing fish, the females giving birth to around twenty offspring after a gestation period of about a month.

Wrestling halfbeaks are sexually dimorphic. The females are larger than the males and grow up to 7 cm long; males only reach about 5.5 cm and typically has red or yellow patches on the dorsal fin and the beak. The males of wrestling halfbeaks will fight among themselves by locking jaws, hence their name, for up to thirty minutes.

This species was described as Dermogenys pusillus by Heinrich Kuhl and Johan Coenraad van Hasselt in 1823 with the type locality given as Bogor, Java, the name was subsequently amended to the feminine form.

Fish fighting
In the wild, and in large aquaria, the weaker male will quickly disengage and swim away, and fights therefore rarely result in serious injury to either party. However, in their native range, local people sometimes use wrestling halfbeaks as fighting fish for betting purposes (like fighting cocks or siamese fighting fish).

Wrestling halfbeaks in aquaria
Wrestling halfbeaks, as well as other species in the genus Dermogenys, are quite widely traded as aquarium fish, sometimes under the "silver halfbeak" or "golden halfbeak" names, depending on the colouration of the fish. As with all freshwater halfbeaks, these fish are sensitive to sudden changes in pH and hardness, but they are otherwise adaptable, and can be maintained in anything from soft and acid freshwater through to slightly brackish water. When first introduced into the aquarium, wrestling halfbeaks are nervous fish that tend to be timid. They may swim frantically if suddenly frightened, even crashing into the walls. However, once they are used to their surroundings, they become lively, easy to care for fish.

title: Wrestling halfbeak


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User talk:Majestiq

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Quran
Copies of the Quran, several different interpretations and the original arabic text, can be found at wikisource already. freestylefrappe 04:37, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

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July 2018
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title: User talk:Majestiq


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Margaret Mary Alacoque

Margaret Mary Alacoque, VHM (Marguerite-Marie Alacoque) (22 July 1647 – 17 October 1690) was a French Catholic Visitation nun and mystic who promoted devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus in its modern form.

Early life
Alacoque was born in 1647 in L'Hautecour, Burgundy, France, now part of the commune of Verosvres, then in the Duchy of Burgundy. She was the fifth of seven children, and the only daughter of Claude and Philiberte Lamyn Alacoque. Her father was a well-to-do notary. Her godmother was the Countess of Corcheval. Margaret was described as showing intense love for the Blessed Sacrament from early childhood.

When Margaret was eight years old, her father died of pneumonia. She was sent to a convent school run by the Poor Clares in Charolles, where she made her First Communion at the age of nine. She later contracted rheumatic fever which confined her to bed for four years. At the end of this period, having made a vow to the Blessed Virgin Mary to consecrate herself to religious life, she was instantly restored to perfect health. In recognition of this favor, she added the name "Mary" to her baptismal name of Margaret. According to her later account of her life, she had visions of Jesus Christ, which she thought were a normal part of human experience, and continued to practice austerity.

With the death of Alacoque's father, the family's assets were held by an uncle who refused to hand them over, plunging her family into poverty. During this time, her only consolation was frequent visits to pray before the Blessed Sacrament in the local church. When she was 17, however, her brother came of age, took undisputed possession of the home and things improved. Her mother encouraged her to socialize, in the hopes of her finding a suitable husband. Out of obedience, and believing that her childhood vow was no longer binding, she began to accompany her brothers in the social events, attending dances and balls.

One night, after returning home from a ball for Carnival dressed in her finery, she experienced a vision of Christ, scourged and bloody. He reproached her for her forgetfulness of him; yet he also reassured her by demonstrating that his heart was filled with love for her, because of the childhood promise she had made to his Blessed Mother. As a result, she determined to fulfill her vow and entered, when almost 24 years of age, the Visitation Convent at Paray-le-Monial on 25 May 1671, intending to become a nun.

Monastic life

Alacoque was subjected to many trials to prove the genuineness of her vocation. She was admitted to wearing the religious habit on 25 August 1671, but was not allowed to make her religious profession on the same date of the following year, which would have been the usual course. A fellow novice described Margaret Mary as humble, simple and frank, but above all kind and patient. She was finally admitted to profession on 6 November 1672. It is said that she was assigned to the infirmary and was not very skillful at her tasks.

Visions
At the monastery, Alacoque reportedly received several apparitions and private revelations of Jesus Christ between 27 December, 1673 and June 1675. Among other things, these visions revealed to her different forms of devotion to the Sacred Heart.

On 27 December 1673, the feast of St. John, Margaret Mary said that Jesus had permitted her to rest her head upon his heart, and then disclosed to her the wonders of his love, telling her that he desired to make them known to all mankind and to diffuse the treasures of his goodness, and that he had chosen her for this work.

Between 1674 and 1675, other apparitions followed and revealed practices for the devotion to the Sacred Heart. The First Fridays Devotion, which is the reception of Holy Communion on nine first Fridays of each month as an act of reparation, was asked to Margaret Mary and a "Great Promise" was given to those who accomplish it: "I promise you in the excessive mercy of My Heart that My all-powerful love will grant to all those who shall receive communion on the First Friday in nine consecutive months the grace of final penance; they shall not die in My disgrace nor without receiving their sacraments; My Divine Heart shall be their safe refuge in this last moment." In an other vision, Margaret Mary also stated that she was instructed to spend an hour every Thursday night in prayer and meditation on Jesus' Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane : "and on each night of Thursday to Friday, I will make you participate in the mortal sadness that I have accepted to feel in the Garden of Olives, (...), you will get up from eleven until midnight, to prostrate yourself during an hour with Me..." . That practice later became widespread among Catholics, know as the Holy Hour, also frequently performed during an hour of Eucharistic adoration on Thursdays.

Between 13 and 20 June 1675, she had a vision of Jesus in which he asked her "that the first Friday after the octave of the Blessed Sacrament be dedicated to a particular feast to honor my heart, by receiving communion on that day and making reparation to it by honorable amends..." That vision later led to the institution of the Feast of the Sacred Heart, which is now a solemnity in the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church, celebrated eight days after the Feast of Corpus Christi.

On 16 June 1675, Alacoque reported three specific requests for France, directly from her spiritual talks. These will have political and religious repercussions and will successively be realized under the royal, imperial and republican French regimes:

Initially discouraged in her efforts to follow the instruction she had received in her visions, Alacoque was eventually able to convince her superior, Mother de Saumaise, of the authenticity of her visions. She was unable, however, to convince a Benedictine and a Jesuit, whom Saumaise had consulted. Nor was she any more successful with many of the members of her own community.
 * 1) The first message is addressed to kings: "He desires to enter pompously and magnificently into the house of princes and kings, to be honored, as much as he has been outraged, despised and humiliated in his passion ... that the adorable Heart of his divine Son was received ... to establish his empire in the heart of our Great Monarch, from which he wants to serve for the execution of his designs."
 * 2) The second message is: "to build a building where the painting of this divine Heart will be, to receive the consecration and the homage of the King and of the whole court ..."
 * 3) The third message asks the King: "to be painted on his standards and engraved on his weapons to make him victorious over all his enemies, by bringing down at his feet the proud and superb heads, in order to make him triumphant to all the enemies of the Holy Church".

Sometime around 1681, Alacoque felt compelled to write a personal testament, passionately donating her life completely to Jesus with her own blood. With the permission of her superior she used a pocket knife to carve the name of Jesus into her breast and used the blood to sign the document. The following account recalls this event:

"She herself wrote out the donation, and signed this humble formula: Sister Peronne-Rosalie Greyfie, at present Superioress, and for whom Sister Margaret Mary daily asks conversion with the grace of final penitence. This done, Sister Margaret Mary implored Mother Greyfie to allow her, in turn, to sign, but with her blood. The Mother having assented, Sister Margaret Mary went to her cell, bared her breast, and, imitating her illustrious and saintly foundress, cut with a knife the name of Jesus above her heart. From the blood that flowed from the wound she signed the act in these words: Sister Margaret Mary, Disciple of the Divine Heart of the Adorable Jesus"

Upset by the fact that the wounds which she had cut into her breast were beginning to fade, she attempted to reopen the original wounds on more than one occasion using a knife. But, having failed to open them to her liking, she decided to burn her chest with fire. This incident placed her in the infirmary: "Trembling and humbled, she went to acknowledge her fault. Mother Greyfie, true to her custom, apparently paid little attention to what Margaret said, but ordered her in a few dry words to go to the infirmary and show her wound to Sister Augustine Marest, who would dress it."

She eventually received the support of Claude de la Colombière, the community's confessor for a time, who declared that the visions were genuine. In 1683, opposition in the community ended when Mother Melin was elected Superior and named Margaret Mary her assistant. She later became Novice Mistress, and saw the monastery observe the Feast of the Sacred Heart privately, beginning in 1686. Two years later, a chapel was built at Paray-le-Monial to honor the Sacred Heart. Observation of the feast of the Sacred Heart spread to other Visitation convents.

In 1689, Alacoque received a private request from Jesus to urge the King of France, Louis XIV, to consecrate the nation to the Sacred Heart, so that he may be "triumphant over all the enemies of Holy Church." Either Louis XIV never received the letter or he refused to reply.

Alacoque died on 17 October 1690.

Veneration
After Alacoque's death, the devotion to the Sacred Heart was fostered by the Jesuits even as it remained controversial within the Catholic Church. The practice was not officially recognized for 75 years.

The discussion of Alacoque's own mission and qualities continued for years. All her actions, her revelations, her spiritual maxims, her teachings regarding the devotion to the Sacred Heart, of which she was the chief exponent as well as the apostle, were subjected to the most severe and minute examination. The Sacred Congregation of Rites eventually recognized her heroic virtues, granting her the title "servant of God". In March 1824, Pope Leo XII pronounced her venerable and on 18 September 1864 Pope Pius IX declared her blessed. When her tomb was opened in July 1830, two instantaneous cures were recorded. Her body rests above the side altar in the Chapel of the Apparitions, located at the Visitation Monastery in Paray-le-Monial, which draws pilgrims from all parts of the world.

Alacoque was canonized by Pope Benedict XV on 13 May, 1920. The Pope inserted the "Great Promise" of the First Fridays Devotion into the Bull of her Canonization. In 1929 her liturgical commemoration was included in the General Roman calendar for celebration on 17 October, the day of her death. In the reforms of 1969, the feast day was moved to 16 October. It is an optional memorial in the United States.

In his 1928 encyclical Miserentissimus Redemptor, Pope Pius XI affirmed the Catholic Church's position regarding the credibility of her visions of Jesus Christ by speaking of Jesus as having "manifested Himself" to Alacoque and having "promised her that all those who rendered this honour to His Heart would be endowed with an abundance of heavenly graces".

Alacoque's short devotional work, La Devotion au Sacré-Coeur de Jesus (Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus), was published posthumously by J. Croiset in 1698 and has been popular among Catholics.

On the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia there are two flower festivals supported by their respective Societies. Each society has a patron saint on whose feast day the grande fete is celebrated. For the Roses it is the feast of St. Rose of Lima on 30 August; and for the Marguerites it is that of St. Margaret Mary Alacocque, 17 October.

Quote
"And He [Christ] showed me that it was His great desire of being loved by men and of withdrawing them from the path of ruin that made Him want to manifest His Heart to men, with all the treasures of love, of mercy, of grace, of sanctification and salvation which it contains, in order that those who desire to render Him and procure Him all the honour and love possible might themselves be abundantly enriched with those divine treasures of which His heart is the source."

In popular culture
The detente bala amulet used by Spanish soldiers is said to derive from Alacoque's emblems.

In James Joyce's short story "Eveline", in his book Dubliners, a "coloured print of the promises made to Blessed Margaret Mary Alacoque" is mentioned as part of the decorations of an Irish home at the turn of the 20th century, testifying to Joyce's fine eye for the details of Irish Catholic piety.

title: Margaret Mary Alacoque


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Mount Meigs, Alabama

Mount Meigs (also Evansville or Mount Pleasant) is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County in the state of Alabama. The Mount Meigs Campus, a juvenile correctional facility and the headquarters of the Alabama Department of Youth Services, is in Mount Meigs. Mount Meigs is located at 32.36278°N, -86.10194°W.

History
Georgia Washington established what became known as the People’s Village School and later the Georgia Washington School.

The area's major export in the mid-19th century to 1940 was lumber. Cook Station and Mount Meigs Station were two main stations in the region. During World War II they switched to hauling gravel.

Government and infrastructure
The Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) operates the Kilby Correctional Facility in Mount Meigs. Kilby serves as receiving and processing center for all male Alabama state inmates. The Montgomery Women's Facility, an ADOC facility for women, is located behind Kilby.

The Mount Meigs Campus, a juvenile correctional facility and the headquarters of the Alabama Department of Youth Services, which operates the campus, is in Mount Meigs. The campus, historically named the Alabama Industrial School, opened in 1911 as the "Alabama Reform School for Juvenile Negro Law-Breakers", was changed to the "Alabama Industrial School for Negro Children" in 1947, and became the Alabama Industrial School in 1970.

The United States Postal Service operates the Mount Meigs Post Office.

Demographics
In July, 2007 the Mount Meigs area population was 5,564.

Education
The Montgomery Public Schools district formerly operated Georgia Washington Middle School in Mount Meigs. It is now Pike Road High School.

In 1893 a woman named Georgia Washington, a former slave, arrived in Mount Meigs to start a school. By October of that year she opened a public school in her 12 ft by 13 ft rented cabin. It later moved to the Antioch Baptist Church. By February 1894 the residents bought a plot of land and built an 18 ft by 36 ft schoolhouse. By 1916 the Peoples Village School occupied a two-story schoolhouse. The current Georgia Washington School opened in 1950. Washington died in 1952, and the school occupying what was the Peoples Village School was renamed after her. In 1974 the school was converted into a middle school. A new wing at Washington Middle opened in 2004.

Notable residents

 * J. Marion Sims, physician. In a letter of 1836, Sims described the town as "nothing bur a pile of gin-houses, stables, blacksmith-shops, grog-shops, taverns and stores, thrown together in one promiscuous huddle".
 * Fred Shuttlesworth, civil rights activist; born in Mount Meigs
 * Vernon H. Vaughan, Governor of Utah Territory; born in Mount Meigs

title: Mount Meigs, Alabama


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Vaugondry

Vaugondry is a former municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

The municipalities of Fontanezier, Romairon, Vaugondry and Villars-Burquin merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Tévenon.

Geography
Vaugondry has an area,, of 0.84 km2. Of this area, 0.44 km2 or 52.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.38 km2 or 45.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.02 km2 or 2.4% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.0%. Out of the forested land, 40.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 14.3% is used for growing crops and 35.7% is pastures, while 2.4% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Grandson District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Vaugondry became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gyrrony Or and Azure, overall a Cat effarouched statant proper.

Demographics
Vaugondry has a population of 36. , 12.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 9.1%. It has changed at a rate of -12.1% due to migration and at a rate of 21.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (32 or 84.2%), with Portuguese being second most common (3 or 7.9%) and German being third (2 or 5.3%).

Of the population in the municipality 5 or about 13.2% were born in Vaugondry and lived there in 2000. There were 17 or 44.7% who were born in the same canton, while 8 or 21.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 8 or 21.1% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. The total population remained the same in 2008.

The age distribution,, in Vaugondry is; 7 children or 19.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 6 teenagers or 16.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 5 people or 13.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 4 people or 11.1% are between 30 and 39, 5 people or 13.9% are between 40 and 49, and 6 people or 16.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 2 people or 5.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 1 person is between 70 and 79, there are people or 0.0% who are between 80 and 89.

, there were 17 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 17 married individuals, 3 widows or widowers and 1 individuals who are divorced.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.59 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.61 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 60% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 15 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 4 households that consist of only one person and 1 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 16 households that answered this question, 25.0% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 3 married couples without children, 5 married couples with children There was one single parent with a child or children. There were 2 households that were made up of unrelated people and 1 household that was made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 8 single family homes (or 57.1% of the total) out of a total of 14 inhabited buildings. There were 3 multi-family buildings (21.4%) and along with 3 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (21.4%). Of the single family homes 5 were built before 1919. The most multi-family homes (3) were built before 1919.

there were 17 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 8. There were single room apartments and 4 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 15 apartments (88.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 2 apartments (11.8%) were seasonally occupied. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 5.88%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire hamlet of Vaugondry is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 24.29% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.81%), the Green Party (19.52%) and the CVP (11.43%). In the federal election, a total of 12 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.2%.

Economy
, Vaugondry had an unemployment rate of 11.6%. , there were 4 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 2 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector or the tertiary sector. There were 17 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 4. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 4, all of which were in agriculture. There were no jobs in the secondary sector or tertiary sector.

, there were 11 workers who commuted away from the municipality. Of the working population, 11.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.7% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 3 or 7.9% were Roman Catholic, while 21 or 55.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There was 1 person who was Buddhist and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 11 (or about 28.95% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individual (or about 2.63% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Vaugondry about 11 or (28.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 8 or (21.1%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule). Of the 8 who completed tertiary schooling, 12.5% were Swiss men, 50.0% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 6 students in the Vaugondry school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 4 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 2 students in those schools.

, there were 11 students from Vaugondry who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Vaugondry