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Acid trance

Acid trance is a genre of trance music that emerged in the late 80s focusing on using the acid sound. The trademark sound of "acid" is produced with a Roland TB-303 by playing a sequenced melody while altering the instrument's filter cutoff frequency, resonance, envelope modulation, and accent controls. This real-time tone adjustment was not part of the instrument's original intended operation. Acid trance is the best known form of trance music in Belgium. The form was first showcased at the popular Antwerp Rave 24 in Belgium, and has created four national number one singles in the country since.

Acid trance may be considered a descendant of acid house, since the genre of trance had not yet been invented during the advent of acid house (or acidhouse).

Acid trance is typically a faster tempo than acid house music, which is a genre that came before the birth of trance. This specific subgenre has a more simplistic approach to arrangement than the trance music commonly associated with the late 1990s.

The first volumes of Trancemaster compilations contains a few tracks in acid trance style, just as classic trance tracks. The difference is, while acid trance tracks focus more on the changing TB-303 lines, classic trance (e.g. Dance 2 Trance, Cosmic Baby, Age of Love, and Jam & Spoon) tracks are more atmospheric, they use "softer" synth-lines, often strings and other ambient music elements. The line between these two styles is quite blurred; they also emerged about the same time.

Acid trance is often associated with the rise of Goa Trance, another trance subgenre that focuses on spirituality and uses imagery that is very complex and existential in nature. Goa Trance was created in the Indian state of Goa. Goa Gil is thought to be the father of this genre.

The term "psytrance" is often associated with acid trance, and these terms are used interchangeably (even though the genres are not the exact same). However, typical "acid" sounds and effects are found in both genres. Typically samples are used that reference psychedelic drugs and religious topics. The umbrella genre of acid tends to reference psychedelic drugs as a variable of electronic dance music that is inseparable from the genre.

Drug use appears to be ingrained in the culture of Acid Trance and other genres that derive from acid. Percussion in the genre seems to be manufactured to allow listeners on perspective altering substances to have a psychological response. The steady beating of the drum samples in the genre provides a solid intense base for the overlapping lead melodies typically found in acid trance.

Acid trance artists are often grouped with their classical and Goa counterparts. It is not uncommon to see many of the first acid trance artists featured on Goa trance compilation albums. However, some of these artists never considered themselves part of the Goa or psychedelic scene and these compilation albums were often done by their record labels who published acid trance alongside Goa artists.

Notable labels

 * Attack Records
 * Harthouse
 * Le Petit Prince
 * Moonshine Music
 * Platipus Records
 * Rising High Records

title: Acid trance


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Spriggan

A spriggan is a legendary creature from Cornish folklore. Spriggans are particularly associated with West Penwith in Cornwall.

Etymology
Spriggan is a dialect word, pronounced with the grapheme  as /d͡ʒ/, sprid-jan, and not sprigg-an, borrowed from the Cornish plural spyrysyon 'spirits'.

In folklore
Spriggans have often been depicted as grotesquely ugly, wizened old men with large childlike heads. They were said to be found at old ruins, cairns, and barrows guarding buried treasure. Although small in stature, they have often been considered to be the ghosts of giants and retained gigantic strength, and in one story collected by Robert Hunt, they showed the ability to swell to enormous size. Hunt associated these spirits with the hillfort known as Trencrom Hill in Cornwall.

Spriggans were notorious for their unpleasant dispositions, and delighted in working mischief against those who offended them. They raised sudden whirlwinds to terrify travellers, sent storms to blight crops, and sometimes stole away mortal children, leaving their ugly changelings in their place. They were blamed if a house was robbed or a building collapsed, or if cattle were stolen. In one story, an old woman got the better of a band of spriggans by turning her clothing inside-out (turning clothing supposedly being as effective as holy water or iron in repelling fairies) to gain their loot.

On Christmas Eve, spriggans met for a midnight Mass at the bottom of deep mines, and passersby could hear them singing. However, it was not spriggans but the buccas or knockers who were associated with tin mining, and who played a protective role towards the miners.

Based on the collections of Robert Hunt and William Bottrell, Katharine Briggs characterized the spriggans as fairy bodyguards. The English Dialect Dictionary (1905) compared them to the trolls of Scandinavia.

Sculpture
A sculpture of a spriggan by Marilyn Collins can be seen in Crouch End, London, in some arches lining a section of the Parkland Walk (a disused railway line). The sculpture was installed in 1993. If walking along the Parkland Walk from Finsbury Park to Highgate station, the Spriggan is to the right just before the disused railway platforms of the former Crouch End station. To the left, on the southside of the Parkland Walk is Crouch Hill Park where Ashmount School has been located since January 2013. The sculpture is sometimes mistaken for the Green Man or Pan.

In popular culture
Spriggans have been featured as fey creatures in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game since the 1980s.

Additionally, spriggans – in the style of the Parkland Walk sculpture – can be found in The Elder Scrolls series of video games and they are portrayed as females.

In the Beyblade Burst series, the character Shu Kurenai owns a Spriggan Beyblade, represented by a red oni. In the English dub and Hasbro releases however, the Beyblade had its name changed to Spryzen.

In the video game World of Warcraft, the Spriggan are a race of fae loyal to the Drust, a dark and twisted version of the fae.

General sources

 * Briggs, Katharine. A Dictionary of Fairies. Penguin, 1976, ISBN 978-0140176582
 * Underground History: "The Northern Heights", Hywel Williams. Accessed 8 July 2007.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spriggan


text:
Talk:Warforged

Souls
The ECS states that the question of whether warforged have souls remains unanswered. The entry should be edited to reflect this.

Secrets of Xendrik
Warforged have had their backstories detailed a bit more in Secrets of Xendrik. Perhaps that information should make it into this article. Kimera757 18:09, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warforged


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Reggie Fowler

Reginald Dennis Fowler (born February 4, 1959) is an American former football player, businessman, and convicted fraudster. He played with the Arizona Wranglers, and later invested in the Minnesota Vikings. He was involved in the Alliance of American Football. He was the owner of Spiral, Inc. and Kyrene OEM, LLC (formerly OEM Logistics, Inc.) in Tempe, Arizona.

Early life
Fowler is the son of Al and Eloise Fowler, and one of their five children. When his father retired from the U.S. Air Force, he moved his family to Tucson, Arizona, where he opened a restaurant called Al's Pit Bar-B-Que. Reggie worked as a dishwasher there. The original location was to become the setting for the 1974 Martin Scorsese film, Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore.

After Fowler's family relocated to the east side of town, he attended Magee Junior High School and later Sahuaro High School, where he played football, as did his brother, Jeff. Fowler was inducted into the Sahuaro High School Alumni (Cougar Foundation) Hall of Fame in 1998.

Playing career
Fowler graduated from Sahuaro in 1977 and enrolled at Wyoming on a football scholarship. There he started out as a running back, the position he played in high school, but later switched to wide receiver and linebacker positions. He graduated in December 1981, with a bachelor's degree in Social Work. Though he was not drafted, he attended training camp for the Cincinnati Bengals but was cut from the team before the beginning of the season.

When the United States Football League (USFL) was formed in 1983, Fowler was selected to play for the Arizona Wranglers but played sparingly as a reserve linebacker. He saw action in the last six games of the 1983 season – last playing on Sunday, July 3 in Pontiac, Michigan. The Wranglers transferred the majority of their rostered players to the Chicago Blitz in September 1983; however, he was not part of the transaction and was released.

Business career
Fowler took business courses at Arizona State University, then took a job with Mobil Oil's chemical division, where he worked in sales. He left that position to start Spiral in 1989, reportedly with an initial investment of only $1,000.

Minnesota Vikings
He was one of a group of investors, led by Zygmunt Wilf, who purchased the National Football League's Minnesota Vikings from previous owner Red McCombs in 2005. He initially sought to be the general partner himself, thereby becoming the first minority owner of an NFL franchise, but withdrew his bid when he could not provide details about his stake in the ownership group. Instead, he became a limited partner in the group so that he would not lose his $20 million deposit. He did not disclose any information about his financial situation to the media. By October 2014, he was no longer a limited partner of the Minnesota Vikings.

Alliance of American Football
Fowler was a major investor in the Alliance of American Football (AAF). His decision to withdraw his funding after the first week of the season forced the league to hastily sell his stake to Thomas Dundon, ultimately leading to the league's demise. League executives were neither forthright nor truthful about the state of the league's finances throughout its existence and in particular were desperate to conceal Fowler's involvement, which was only made public after the league collapsed.

Crypto Capital
In April 2019 Fowler's funds were frozen by the Department of Justice, after his indictment on charges of money laundering for cryptocurrency exchanges.

In April 2019, New York Attorney General Letitia James filed a suit accusing cryptocurrency exchange Bitfinex of using the reserves of an affiliated company to cover up a loss of $850 million. Bitfinex had been unable to obtain a normal banking relationship, according to the lawsuit, so it deposited over $1 billion with a Panamanian payment processor known as Crypto Capital Corp. No contract was ever signed with Crypto Capital. James alleged that in 2018 Bitfinex knew or suspected that Crypto Capital had absconded with the money, but that their investors were never informed of the loss.

Fowler, who is alleged to have connections with Crypto Capital, was indicted on April 30, 2019, for running an unlicensed money transmitting business for cryptocurrency traders. He is believed to have failed to return about $850 million to an unnamed client. Investigators also seized $14,000 in counterfeit currency from his office.

In March, 2020, investors in Gerald Cotten's Quadriga filed court documents alleging Fowler played a role in the disappearance of their investment.

In April 2022, Fowler pleaded guilty to bank fraud, bank fraud conspiracy, operation of an unlicensed money transmitting business, conspiracy to operate an unlicensed money transmitting business, and wire fraud.

On Monday June 5, 2023 Fowler was sentenced in Manhattan federal court to six years and three months in prison and was ordered to forfeit $740 million and pay restitution of $53 million.

title: Reggie Fowler


text: Category:Zen texts

title: Category:Zen texts


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Mjällby

Mjällby is a locality situated in Sölvesborg Municipality, Blekinge County, Sweden with 1,254 inhabitants in 2010. It is located on the Listerlandet peninsula.

The town has traditionally lived of fishing. The nearby harbour of Nogersund is the third largest fishery harbour in Sweden. The fishery industry is also dominant on the peninsula. Listerlandet is also the fur farming centre of Sweden. Fur farming is currently under heavy political debate in Sweden.

Mjällby is known for its football team which has played in the Swedish national football league a few times. Among footballfans in Sweden the team of Mjällby AIF is known as "the team that always returns". In September 2009 the team once again qualified for the highest division and played five seasons in Allsvenskan before being relegated at the end of the 2014 season.

The mathematician Lars Hörmander was born in Mjällby.

A suburb of the town built by a local housing company was unofficially known for around 40 years by locals as Negerby (Negro village) because of the black chimneys on the houses. In 2012 the use of this name was reported by a journalist and following the public outcry the housing company decided to use the temporary name of Slottsstaden (Castle City).

title: Mjällby


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Pete Willis

Peter Andrew Willis (born 16 February 1960) is an English guitarist, best known as a founder member of the hard rock band Def Leppard. He was with Def Leppard from 1977 to 1982, when he was fired from the band and replaced by Phil Collen due to drinking problems.

Career
He co-wrote many tracks and played guitar on the band's first three albums: On Through the Night, High 'n' Dry, and Pyromania, which was being recorded at the time of his departure.

He was dismissed from the band on 11 July 1982, during the recording of Pyromania, due to excessive drinking that hampered his guitar playing, and was replaced by guitarist Phil Collen the next day. Willis later recorded with the bands Gogmagog (with former and current members of Iron Maiden) and Roadhouse. Willis played Hamer Standard guitars almost exclusively during his tenure with Def Leppard.

In 2019, Willis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Def Leppard. He did not attend the induction ceremony, however.

Personal life
Willis married Lindsay Smith in 1985, and had two sons: Luke and Andrew. The family resides in Crookes, Sheffield. Willis left the music business. He now runs his own property management company in Sheffield.

With Def Leppard

 * The Def Leppard E.P. (1979) (aka Getcha Rocks Off EP)
 * On Through the Night (1980)
 * High 'n' Dry (1981)
 * Pyromania (1983)

With Gogmagog

 * I Will Be There EP (1985)

With Roadhouse

 * Roadhouse (1991)

title: Pete Willis


text: Talk:Tina Brown

title: Talk:Tina Brown


text: User talk:216.52.110.253

title: User talk:216.52.110.253


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Category talk:Murderers

comment unsigned
Why is Kimberly Ann Guglielmo in the list of murderers? She was the one murdered according to the article.

Convicted of committing?
In light of the NPOV, wouldn't it be more precise to say that these people are convicted of committing murder? I'm just new here, but that seems to be a better and more proper way of describing this category. RevDave 19:51, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

It's not a very well-thought-out categorization. Some people convicted of manslaughter are currently classified as murderers. No distinction is made between being accused of murder, committing murder, or being convicted of murder. (It also doesn't make much sense classifying murderers by nationality, but Wikipedia's classification system is (irrationally) obsessed with nationality, probably beyond repairing.) - Nunh-huh 04:06, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

I have had a discussion on this issue on the Maxwell Stuart article. (Mumia Abu-Jamal is another person whose conviction is widely disputed.) But people convicted in Stalin's show trials are not so labelled. The response I got was: (a)that the conviction was sound, (b)that "murderer" means "a person convicted of murder" (c)that this is Wikipedia's policy (that old fallback). But nothing about NPOV which is supposedly strenuously upheld by Wikipedia.--Jack Upland 07:44, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Further to the discussion raised at Talk:Maxwell Stuart, I have suggested that given Stuart was convicted, had unsuccessfully appealed, the verdict had been reviewed by a Royal Commission and upheld, to fail to categorise him as a murderer seemed to be POV, rather than the other way around. It is not the Wikipedia's role to unconvict someone - the issue is to report the facts.  To categorise someone as a murderer, Verifiability is met by reference to court decisions and, in the Stuart case, the report of the Royal Commission.  As the issue perhaps was with the category label, the discussion has been referred to category discussion pages and a discussion has been initiated here.  The label descriptor for Category:Australian murderers states: "Australian who have been convicted of murder." - in Australia the legal system is the arbiter.--A  Y  Arktos 10:22, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The suggestion at the Australian Wikipedians' notice board by User:LiquidGhoul is to "make the category Category:Convicted murderers and Category:Australian convicted murderers. They seems less POV." I endorse the suggestion.--A  Y  Arktos 10:31, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I also agree with that suggestion, and it really should be applied to all the categories in Category:Criminals (which should itself be Category:Convicted criminals). If someone has not been convicted, they might go in a category for people who have been charged and awaiting trial. All the others should be dropped from the category. --bainer (talk) 10:47, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Please see further discussion at Categories for deletion/Log/2006 February 21 --A  Y  Arktos 20:06, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Murderers


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ian Guy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ian Guy
A non-notable academic and teacher. CDC  (talk)  00:49, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity, same person as the anon who created Casey's Nursing Model (I know because they signed the article and linked to the Ian Guy article in their signature.) If this were a logged in user, we could Userfy this article, but since he's an anon, we should delete.  RickK 01:50, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This anon is now user:Ianguy. Matt 12:39, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete I'm a graduate in this field and I've never heard of him. Oliver Keenan 09:16, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:47, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ian Guy


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White power skinhead

White power skinheads, also known as racist skinheads and neo-Nazi skinheads (but derided as boneheads by anti-racist skinheads), are members of a neo-Nazi, white supremacist and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture. Many of them are affiliated with white nationalist organizations and some of them are members of prison gangs. The movement emerged in the United Kingdom between the late 1960s and the late 1970s, before spreading across Eurasia and North America in the 1980–1990s.

Skinheads
Scholar Timothy S. Brown defines the skinheads as a "style community", that is to say a "community in which the primary site of identity is personal style", which allows innovative configurations to be made in new geographical and cultural contexts, or around opposing political ideologies – as in the dichotomy between racist and anti-racist skinheads. From a group perspective, John Clarke, a professor who studied skinheads in the 1970s, has noted that the "skinhead style represents an attempt to recreate the traditional working class community, as a substitution for the real decline of the latter which started in the 1960s."

White power skinheads
According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, the white power skinhead movement, which emerged within the skinhead subculture from the late 1970s onward, can be defined by "racism; proletarian consciousness; an aversion to organization, dismissed in favor of gang behavior; and an ideological training that began with or is based on music." They have mostly emerged from working-class backgrounds, except in Russia, where they have mostly emerged from the educated, urban middle class.

Origins in England
The original skinhead subculture began in the United Kingdom in 1968–1969, probably in London and Southeast England, more specifically in the East End of London according to Clarke. It had heavy British mod and Jamaican rude boy influences, including an appreciation for black music genres like rocksteady, ska, and early West Indian reggae. The particular lifestyle and aggressive look of skinheads was a self-declared reaffirmation of the traditional working class puritanism and gender roles – in fact "a stylized re-recreation of an image of the working class", which seemed threatened in their views with contamination by the permissive and hedonistic culture of the British middle-class in the 1960–1970s. For instance, the defining skinhead short haircut mostly emerged in reaction to the perceived shift in men's styles away from traditional masculinity, which was embodied by the "middle-class, peace-loving, long-haired student" of the hippie movement.

The identity of the 1960s skinheads, however, was not based on white power, neo-Nazism or neo-fascism, even though some skinheads had engaged in "Paki-bashing", i.e. violence against Pakistanis and other South Asian immigrants. Even so, black West Indians ("Caribs") were also involved in skinhead gang attacks against South Asian immigrants, and the violence has been interpreted by Alexander Tarasov as a social conflict caused by the new presence of South Asian traders and shopkeepers within a community of white and West Indian poor factory workers. Clarke similarly notes that areas where skinheads became the most prominent were "typically either new council housing estates or old estates being either developed or experiencing an afflux of outsiders", either Commonwealth immigrants or middle-class whites in search of affordable housing.

The leading politician Enoch Powell and his inflammatory 1968 "Rivers of Blood" speech gave a public voice to widespread anxieties concerning non-white immigration and the "threat" which was supposedly posed by South Asian immigrants. Although there is "little agreement [among scholars] on the extent to which Powell was responsible for racial attacks", the speech may have helped unleash "Paki-bashing" violence against South Asian immigrants, which was referred to as "skinhead terror" by The Observer in April 1970, with the "Paki-bashers" simply being referred to as "skinheads" in many contemporary reports. By the early 1970s, the reggae scene had ceased to be simply a "party music" and, under the influence of Rastafarism, got closer to community-oriented themes like black liberation and African mysticism, which participated in alienating some white proletarians from the community. In 1973 white skinheads launched a violent melee in a night club, chanting "young, gifted and white" and cutting the speakers as the West Indian disc jockey was playing Young, Gifted and Black by Bob and Marcia.

Emergence of the white power skinheads
The skinhead scene had mostly died out by 1973. Around 1977, a second wave started to emerge from the disintegration of the punk subculture, which was radicalized as "street punk" when some of its members accentuated its aggressive character. Although the punk movement emphasized nihilistic and narcissistic values instead of the working class heritage, their opposition to the middle and upper class, the adoption of Nazi imagery by some punks to maximize shock value, and the development of an underground network of punk fanzines, inspired and facilitated the parallel emergence of a racist skinhead subculture. The latent right-wing and anti-immigrant leaning, present within the skinhead movement since the late 1960s, became progressively dominant in the United Kingdom, fuelled by the job crisis, the economic decline, and an increase in immigration during the late 1970s–early 1980s. By the early 1980s, the white power skinhead subculture had spread across most of Britain, largely "through face to face interaction among the fans at football matches." The cartoon character Black Rat, created in 1970 by French artist Jack Marchal, was adopted by young neo-Fascists in various European nations and became an essential marker of the fringe culture.

Music played a key symbolic role in the political polarization of the skinhead subculture. Marchal recorded a French rock album named Science & Violence in 1979, and German students of the neo-Nazi party NPD formed the first German nationalist rock group in 1977. A new music genre, Oi! – a contraction of "Hey, you!" pronounced with a Cockney accent – emerged as a skinhead version of punk rock in the late 1970s, contrasting with the sometimes multiracial bands of the left-wing and unpolitical skinhead resurgence, which rather drew influence from the original Jamaican ska roots of the late 1960s. Coined as a nickname for the new genre by British journalist Gary Bushell in 1980, "Oi!" soon became synonymous with "skinhead". Unlike many of their followers, however, early Oi! band members were generally not neo-Nazi or even affiliated with right-wing organizations, and they increasingly distanced themselves from some of their fans, who contributed to recurrent riots at concerts.

In July 1981, the "Southall Riots" were sparked when hundreds of skinheads were welcomed at an Oi! gig which was performed in a predominantly-Asian suburb of London. Some skinheads began to attack the neighboring Asian stores, and 400 Asians later responded by burning the venue with paraffin bombs while the skinheads were fleeing with help from the police. The event led to a moral panic in Britain and the skinhead subculture was firmly associated with right-wing politics and "white power music" in the public's opinion by 1982. According to Brown, some lyrical themes of Oi!, such as social frustrations, political repression and working-class pride, were common to other genres such as country music or blues, but others like violence ("Aggro", for 'aggressiveness') and football hooliganism "could be easily interpreted in extreme right-wing terms." The phrase "all cops are bastards" was popularized among some skinheads by the Oi! band The 4-Skins' 1982 song "A.C.A.B."

Political links and radicalization
From the late 1970s the National Front (NF), a British neo-fascist party which was losing ground in electoral politics, began to turn toward the skinhead movement to obtain grassroots supporters among the working class. The Rock against Communism (RAC) genre, relaunched in 1982 by Skrewdriver leader Ian Stuart Donaldson in association with the National Front, appeared in reaction to the Rock against Fascism movement. To draw new adherents, the National Front attempted to use the white power music scene to re-frame its message from overt hate of foreigners and minorities to self-love and collective defence of white identity. Donaldson and the National Front founded a record label named White Noise Club, which released Skrewdriver's album White Power in 1983, the eponymous song becoming "the most recognizable neo-fascist skinhead song". In 1987, a music festival was organized by National Front member Phil Andrewon on Nick Griffin's Suffolk property, and was attended by hundreds of racist skinheads from across Europe who gave the Nazi salute and sang along a chorus that demanded "white power for Britain".

A split within White Noise Club led to the establishment of Blood & Honour in 1987. Donaldson had become involved with the West German label Rock-O-Rama and felt the need to create his own global neo-fascist skinhead movement without any political party affiliation. The music promotion network quickly turned into the "major reference point for young neo-fascists and neo-Nazis throughout Europe who came to Britain to attend the gigs of Skrewdriver and other bands." Even though skinhead violence helped damage the National Front's public image, the movement draw thousands of young people to neo-fascism and provided the party with a new medium to diffuse their message. In an effort to clean up both the British National Party's discourse and public image, Griffin publicly distanced the party from the skinhead subculture after he became its chairman in 1999. The party expelled skinhead members, although it has allowed white power band members to join and has accepted donations from neo-fascist skinhead concerts in the early 2000s.

In 1990 the European Parliament's Committee of Inquiry into Racism and Xenophobia reported that the violent and racist skinhead subculture was "by far the most worrying development since the last Committee of Inquiry report [in 1985]." The death of Donaldson in a car crash in September 1993, followed by that of Nicky Crane who succumbed to AIDS in December of the same year, led to the takeover of Blood & Honour by Combat 18, "a more extreme, semi-terrorist neo-Nazi splinter group", and eventually to bloody internal feuds between Combat 18 supporters and Blood & Honour loyalists in the mid- and late 1990s. In 1985, a French worker at the Brest Arsenal, Gaël Bodilis, created the label Rebelles Européens, which had an allegiance to neo-Nazism. It was associated with the FNJ, the youth wing of the Front National, the neo-fascist Troisième Voie and later with the neo-Nazi organisation PNFE. The label rapidly grew as the second-largest white power music label in Europe, although the European white power rock scene only managed to enter the mainstream market in Sweden, where the band Ultima Thule reached the top of the charts in 1993.

Internationalization
Racist faction of the skinhead subculture began to appear in the first half of the 1980s in Scandinavia, the Netherlands, West Germany, Austria, the United States, Canada, and Australia; and by the mid-1980s in France, Belgium, Denmark, and Switzerland. During the 1990s, the movement rapidly grew in the West and began to spread more intensively towards Eastern Europe, Russia in particular. Before the Internet came to be widely available after the mid-1990s, white power skinhead music played a key role in the international diffusion of white supremacist ideologies within a highly fragmented racist movement. In many European countries, merchandising – and sometimes illegal racist or Holocaust-denying material – was sold via mail-order or during the touring of bands.

Measuring the number of white power skinheads is made difficult by the lack of a formal and organized structure, the issue of overlapping memberships, and a tradition of silence set up to cultivate the mystique of their clandestine activities and to prevent the police from estimating the size of local groups. In 1995, around 70,000 of them were estimated to be present in 33 countries (half being "hard-core activists", the others friends and associates), including 5,000 in Germany, 4,000 in Czechia, 4,000 in Hungary, and 3,500 in the US. By 2002, 350 white power music bands were active the US and Western Europe, and as of 2012, about 138 racist skinhead organizations operated worldwide.

Europe
In most European countries, the racist skinhead subculture became polarized on the far-right between 1983 and 1986, and shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 in Eastern Europe, where it has been particularly strong since the transition to capitalism. The white power music scene rapidly embraced the growth of the Internet, which allowed them to bypass local European hate speech laws and further develop their international networks. In 2013, Hammerskin Nation (HSN) managed to bring together over 1,000 skinheads from all over Europe at a Nazi rock gig organized in Milan.

In Germany, the hard rock band Böhse Onkelz ('Evil Uncles'), formed in 1980 in Frankfurt am Main, lay the ground for the radicalization of the skinhead movement by connecting the music scene with right-wing nationalism. Although they never openly embraced "white power" ideas, their 1981 song Türken Raus ('Turks Out') earned them a reputation as a racist band. In the 1980s, the German neo-Nazi skinheads were known for their violence, sometimes murderous. In 1985, a 76-year-old Jew who had survived the Holocaust was trampled to death during a fight between skinheads and anti-fascist demonstrators. In 1987, skinheads attacked Christians during a festival in Lindau because of the town council's refusal to allow the neo-Nazi Alliance of the German People to hold a meeting in the town hall. In August 1992, racist skinheads participated in the Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots, lynching immigrants with the help of ordinary citizens as passersby cheered. During the 1990s, the number of Neo-Nazi groups in reunified Germany skyrocket, with numerous unemployed young East Germans joining the white power skinhead movement.

In France, the white power skinhead movement was structured around Jeunesses Nationalistes-Révolutionnaires (JNR), founded in 1987 by Serge Ayoub. It was linked to the label Rebelles Européens and to the neo-fascist organization Troisième Voie, then to the French Nationalist Party. The JNR initially performed policing functions for the French Front National, but the latter eventually distanced itself from Ayoub and the JNR after mass skinhead attacks on immigrants in Rouen and Brest.

Russia
The Russian white power skinhead subculture takes its roots in the Glasnost during the 1980s, a period of relative liberalization led by the Soviet regime which allowed for fascist discourses to emerge among young Russian punks, primarily as a reaction against the ideology and history of the Soviet Union. Football hooliganism also played a role in the diffusion of neo-fascist rhetoric in the 1980s. The subculture, known in Russian as skinkhedy, appeared in 1992 in Moscow with a dozen of skinheads. Their size became noticeable by 1994, in the atmosphere of chaos that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Mikhail Gorbachev's attempts at liberal reforms and rapid economic privatization. Their number skyrocketed throughout the 1990s, fuelled by economic disorder, the collapse of the education system, and the legitimization of violence against political opponents and minorities by the newly established liberal state, illustrated by Boris Yeltsin's attack on the Russian parliament during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, and the introduction of a state of emergency the same year to police and deport Caucasians in preparation for the First Chechen War. Sensationalized coverage of the skinhead movement by Russian state-owned media until the early 2000s has also participated in the large-scale diffusion of the movement. By the end of 1999 there were 3,500 to 3,800 skinheads in Moscow, up to 2,700 in St Petersburg, and at least 2,000 in Nizhnii Novgorod.

The movement remained unnoticed in the general public until the early 2000s, when acts of violence began to multiply. Skinheads attacked a Vietnamese hostel in October 2000, an Armenian school in March 2001, led a pogrom at the Yasenevo Market on Hitler's birthday in April 2001, then a second pogrom in the Moscow underground transit system in November 2001, which resulted in 4 deaths. Despite some common grounds with Vladimir Putin's nationalist agenda, skinheads remain opposed to vestiges of authority in the country. The skinhead subculture presents itself, in the words of scholar Peter Worger, as an "ultra-nationalist alternative to Putin’s state-sanctioned patriotism." The neo-Nazi Russian National Unity group, in contrast, as known to have enrolled young members from skinhead gangs. The Federal Law on Counteracting Extremist Activity, adopted in 2002 after the skinhead pogroms, was rarely enforced by the police and skinheads are rather prosecuted for murders associated with hooliganism and everyday-life conflicts than for hate speech and racist violence.

Some of the skinhead groups are autonomous, while others are linked to the US-based organizations Blood & Honour and Hammerskin Nation. Contrary to most other countries, the Russian skinhead subculture has attracted members from all income levels, and they have tended to come from the educated middle class in the urban centres. In 2004, there were about 50,000 self-identified skinheads in the country, with groups active in approximately 85 cities. Up to 2,000 rioters linked to the Russian skinhead movement have participated in an anti-Chechen pogrom in 2006.

Under serious police pressure, the number of racist acts and Neo-Nazis started to significantly decline in Russia from 2009.

United States
In the 1980s and 1990s, many young American neo-Nazis and white supremacists, often associated with the Ku Klux Klan, joined the growing US white power skinhead movement. By 1988, there were ~2,000 neo-Nazi skinheads in the United States.

The first identifiable neo-Nazi skinhead group was the short-lived Chicago's Romantic Violence, established in 1984 by 25-year-old Clark Martell. The group collapsed when Martell was imprisoned for assault. Shortly thereafter in 1985, the American Front emerged in San Francisco. As other groups like the Hammerskins (1987) or Volksfront (1994) were growing in the country, racist skinheads gained acceptance among existing and organized US white power organizations like the Church of the Creator, White Aryan Resistance, National Alliance or KKK, which perceived the popularity of the subculture as an opportunity to expand their audience.

At the time of his death in 2002, National Alliance leader William Luther Pierce, who regarded music as an opportunity to reach a young audience and counteract mainstream cultural productions, had become the world's largest white power music producer thanks to his label Resistance Records. In 2004, the white power label Panzerfaust Records launched a "Project Schoolyard USA" to distribute sample CDs to middle and high students across the United States.

In the United States, most white power skinhead groups are organized at either the state, county, city or neighborhood level; the Hammerskin Nation is one of the few exceptions, due to its international presence. A 2007 report by the Anti-Defamation League says groups such as white power skinheads, neo-Nazis, and the KKK have been growing more active in the United States, with a particular focus on opposition to illegal immigration. The Aryan Brotherhood has grown in some parts of the United States by swallowing whole skinhead gangs.

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) noted in 2020 that the skinhead movement had "almost no young recruits" in the United States. The SPLC writes, "Image-conscious white nationalist groups and militant neo-Nazi groups are attracting the younger generation, while new racist skinhead groups are emerging only from the fragments of existing groups. No group is recruiting in significant numbers." Sarah Lawrence College journalist Chelsea Liu identified their fashion style as one possible reason for the decline, seeing it as "increasingly obsolete" and noting the alt-right's preference for casual clothing.

Anti-racist skinhead opposition
Since the emergence of white power skinheads in the late 1970s, anti-racist forces within the skinhead subculture, sometimes called "Red Skins" when associated with left-wing politics, have sought to resist the white power skinheads, who they often deride as "boneheads".

Anti-racist skinheads generally emphasize the multicultural roots of the original skinhead subculture, and the authenticity of the skinhead style, which developed outside of the political realm. They oppose the views of white power skinheads, for whom the skinhead subculture emerged from a "pure white", working-class cultural and social context, emphasizing the "Paki-bashing" of the late 1960s to allege that the original skinheads as "white separatists".

The Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice (SHARP), founded in 1986 in New York City, stress the importance of the Jamaican influence in the original British skinhead subculture. The next largest antiracist skinhead organizations are SLO (Skinheads Liberation Organization) and RASH (Red and Anarchist Skinheads).

Style and clothing
Early skinheads typically wore steel-toed combat boots or Doc Martens, thin red suspenders, Crombie coats, sheepskin bomber jackets, blue jeans, mohair suits, in addition to a shaved head or very closely-cropped hair.The Anti-Defamation League writes that although steel-toed workboots are typical of both racist and anti-racist skinheads, white power skinheads commonly fit their boots with white- or red-coloured laces to signify their affiliation to the subculture. These laces are usually done in a "ladder" style: laces are done horizontally instead of crossed. In a few gangs, these laces must be "earned" through acts of racist violence against a "perceived enemy of the white race".

In the early 2000s, the Lonsdale clothing brand became popular among some neo-Nazi skinheads in Europe, partly due to the association of the four middle letters of Lonsdale – NSDA, the only visible part if worn under open jackets – with NSDAP, the acronym of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party. However, the brand has also been popular since the 1980s among non-Nazi skinheads. Lonsdale has publicly denounced the trend and sponsored various anti-racist events and campaigns.

White power skinheads also tend to bear tattoos displaying their affiliation to the white power movement, although some leaders have encouraged members to abstain from receiving tattoos. Frequent depictions include Viking warriors or Berserkers, World War II German soldiers (especially Waffen-SS), and skinheads themselves – often all three together. Tattoos portraying a "crucified skinhead" are also extremely popular among white power skinheads, with the traditional crucifix sometimes replaced with a Tiwaz rune.

Ideology
The central themes of white power skinheads revolve around "the ethnic war which will be waged in the future and the denunciation of a global Jewish conspiracy to promote miscegenation" (see White genocide conspiracy theory). The white power skinhead movement is generally associated with neo-Nazism, in part, this is due to its origins in the National Front and the British Movement, along with the presence of former Nazis (especially former members of the SS) who mentored members of nascent German racist skinhead groups in the 1980s–1990s. Historian John F. Pollard contends that "the racist skinhead ideology is fundamentally neo-Nazi in inspiration." Camus and Lebourg also argue that although not all racist skinheads can be classified as 'neo-Nazi', neo-Nazism remains hegemonic in the far-right skinhead movement. Scholars concede at the same time the difficulty of separating the public use of the provocative and subversive aesthetics surrounding Nazi symbols from actual belief in, and commitment to, Nazi ideology.

The early-20th century Judeo-Bolshevik and Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theories have since evolved into the idea of a Zionist Occupied Government (ZOG), which claims that Jews secretly control the governments of Western states. Their attitude toward the Holocaust ranges from outright denial to minimization of the death toll, and even to glorifying the event in the lyrics of white power bands such as No Remorse or Warhammer. Nazi theories of Slavs as Untermenschen ('sub-humans') have been largely abandoned in favor of a more "inclusive" concept of white supremacy. American neo-Nazism and white supremacism largely helped "crystallize" the Nazi imagery and have had a powerful influence on the worldwide movement, as evidenced by the popularity of David Lane's Fourteen Words and William Luther Pierce's The Turner Diaries, which some Combat 18 leaders regard as their "Bible".

According to Camus and Lebourg, the Nazifying imagery of white power skinheads was "at first largely provocative", and sometimes a way for the proletarian youth "of responding to the sacralization of the memory of World War II". Pollard also notes that "adolescent rebellion", involving a desire to be different by rejecting prevailing societal norms by using shocking imagery (like the wearing of Nazi regalia by motorcycle gangs in the 1960s and punk rockers in the 1970s), probably plays some part in the decision to wear neo-Nazi or racist symbols, or even to adopt the ideas they embody. References to Nazism have also been less significant in countries like Italy or Hungary, where fascist figures like Benito Mussolini and Ferenc Szálasi still exert a strong cultural influence on the local far-right.

Puritanism
White power skinheads see both the permissive society and the sexual revolution as "perversions", and they generally promote an image of "clean-living, drug-free, heterosexual, working-class males". Homophobia and rejection of any form of drug-taking (except tobacco and alcohol) are common traits found across skinhead groups. According to historian John F. Pollard, this "puritanical" stance takes its roots in the anti-permissive way of life of the original skinheads who rejected the mod and hippie subcultures.

A central element of this puritanism is the skinhead idea of "naturalness"; their aim is to "eliminate all abnormalities like, homosexuals, lesbians and other kinds of 'sick' and 'deviant' people". Skinheads' opposition to abortion partly results from a backlash against feminism and the sexual revolution, and from a paranoid anxiety about the demographic decline of the white race embodied in the widespread slogan "9 per cent", meaning that only 9 per cent of the world's population is white by their own calculations.

Women are a minority among the white power skinhead movement. In Britain, France and Germany, they rarely attend events. Female presence at gigs is however more frequent in Italy, and entire families have been seen attending the Aryan and Nordic Fest in the United States. Despite a widespread misogynistic culture and a general absence of commitment to female equality, some skinhead women have rejected the traditional gender roles and can act as aggressively as their male counterparts.

Marginality
Skinheads present themselves as an excluded or martyr group repressed by the "police state" of liberal democracies. Blood & Honour and Combat18 have promoted conspiracy theories about the death of Ian Stuart Donaldson, suggesting that he was the victim of a political "assassination". The common skinhead motto "hated but proud" expresses the closed, excluded, but feared lifestyle of white power skinheads.

Odinism
Odinism, the modern pagan religion reconstructed on the beliefs of Norse and Ancient Germans, is particularly popular among skinheads due to its warrior ethos. Blood & Honour magazine regularly points out that Odinism is a "religion of warriors", while Christianity is a "religion of slaves". In the United States, racialist pagan groups like the Odin Brotherhood or Wotansvolk have found some followers in the skinhead movement, and skinhead groups have also tended to revive Slavic paganism. Pollard says, however, "the appropriation of Odinist/pagan imagery and iconography by racist skinheads seems to be largely symbolic, rather than a serious attempt to adopt an alternative religion to Christianity." Also, Odinism and neo-paganism have been less popular in countries like Italy or Spain, where skinhead groups have maintained a cultural attachment to Catholicism.

Notable organizations

 * Aryan Guard
 * Blood & Honour
 * Boot Boys
 * British Movement
 * Combat 18
 * Format18
 * Fourth Reich (New Zealand gang)
 * Hammerskins
 * National Front
 * Public Enemy No. 1 (gang)
 * Ryno-Skachevsky gang
 * Volksfront
 * White Aryan Resistance

In popular culture
Music groups

 * Kolovrat
 * Landser
 * No Remorse
 * Skrewdriver (originally a non-racist punk rock band)
 * Skullhead

Films

 * Adam's Apples (2005)
 * American History X (1998)
 * The Believer (2001)
 * Dead Bang (1989)
 * Erasing Hate (2011)
 * Green Room (2015)
 * Higher Learning (1995)
 * I.D. (1995)

 * Ill Manors (2012)
 * Imperium (2016)
 * The Infiltrator (1995)
 * Made in Britain (1983)
 * Neo Ned (2005)
 * Pariah (1998)
 * Orange Is the New Black (2016)
 * Romper Stomper (1992)

 * Russia 88 (2009)
 * Skinhead Attitude (2003)`
 * Skinning (2010)
 * SLC Punk! (1998)
 * Sökarna (1993)
 * Steel Toes (2006)
 * This Is England (2006)
 * Tic Tac (1997)
 * "Skinhead Attitude" (2003)
 * American History X" (1998)

Video games
 * Ethnic Cleansing (2002)
 * Manhunt (2003, known in-game as the Skinz)
 * RoadKill (2003, known in-game as "Talons" and "Dreg Lords")

title: White power skinhead


text:
User talk:EvilCheeseWedge

Iron Maiden
Your last 3 edits to this article have been lost. If you look at the history, an anon IP vandalised the article 3 times in between your half dozen 11 Apr edits, and I've had to revert back to the last good version you'd done before he stuck his oar in. You'll have to either redo your last 3 edits or revert back to the damaged version I reverted, leave your good edits in and clean up the vandalism. I'd do it myself, but I don't have time right now, and it's more important to have an unvandalized article available. Sorry. Djbrianuk 00:50, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oye, it's no problem. I'll take a look at when I get a chance. Thanks for the heads up. EvilCheeseWedge 03:05, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:EvilCheeseWedge


text:
User:Wickbam

Long time viewer, first time user.

Articles I've worked on:

Soviet 8th Guards Army

Raghuvamsha

Battle of the Hydaspes River (edited)

title: User:Wickbam


text:
Anfillo language

Anfillo (also known as Mao or Southern Mao) is a Northern Omotic language spoken in western Ethiopia by a few hundred people. The term Anfillo is used to refer both to the language and the people found in a small community in the Anfillo woreda, part of the Mirab Welega Zone. The language is on the verge of extinction as it is spoken only by adults above the age of sixty. All younger generations have shifted to Western Oromo as of 2007.

Anfillo has five vowels and about 22 consonants. Long vowels and consonants do occur and may have phonemic value. The basic word order is subject–object–verb. Nouns follow their modifier. Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect and mood. Three tenses are marked morphologically: present, past, and future. Gender and number are expressed lexically.

title: Anfillo language


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Arzier-Le Muids

Arzier-Le Muids is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
The first mention of Arzier was in 1306 as the village Argie. Throughout the Middle Ages Arzier's name is seen in documents as Arsie, Argier, and Arsier. Le Muids is first mentioned as a barn (dependent upon the abbey of Oujon) in 1250. Settlers were granted land (for farming) in Arzier by the abbey of Oujon in 1304. In 1536 control of the region, and of all of the lands of the abbey were lost to a conquering duke from Bern. This duke wasn't appreciated because he did not let each village govern itself, causing numerous problems and much discontent. Less than a century had past before the Brennards and Rafi lost their patience and stopped farming altogether, descending into extreme poverty. As time went by and the land went to waste, the regional government decided to take drastic measures, and in 1664, granted Arzier political independence. The village still had to pay a tax to Nyon, but henceforth it managed its own affairs independently. This is seen as the beginning of Arzier's prosperity.

In the early days of independence, the local council was composed of 8 members, each elected for life terms. Half came from Arzier, the other half from Le Muids. Today the political structure is much more complex, with the executive branch being made up of a mayor (syndic), a vice-mayor (vice-syndic) and three ministers (municipaux), and the legislative being made up of a council of a president, two vice presidents and 52 general members.

Geography
Arzier has an area,, of 51.9 km2. Of this area, 13.11 km2 or 25.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 36.86 km2 or 71.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.61 km2 or 3.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.0% is either rivers or lakes and 0.26 km2 or 0.5% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.1%. Out of the forested land, 67.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.1% is used for growing crops and 1.6% is pastures and 20.4% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the old Nyon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Arzier became part of the new district of Nyon.

The official name of the municipality was "Arzier", and has been officially changed to "Arzier-Le Muids" in September 2013. The name is a mix of two villages, Arzier and Le Muids and the hamlet of Montant and La Chèvrerie. Le Muids (altitude : 695 m) is a small village which, due to its small size and proximity to Arzier (altitude : about 800 m) is part of the same municipality as its larger neighbor. Arzier natives are called "Brennards" because the village experienced a severe fire in its early days (derivative of French for burn "bruler"). Residents of Le Muids are called "Rafi."

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Gules and Azure, overall a branch Vert with three leaves and two roses Argent, from dexter and sinister a cloud of the last from each issuing hand of the same clothed Or shaking the other one.

Demographics
Arzier has a population of. , 25.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 24.4%. It has changed at a rate of 18% due to migration and at a rate of 6.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,421 or 78.5%), with German being second most common (144 or 8.0%) and English being third (124 or 6.8%). There are 23 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.

The age distribution,, in Arzier is; 261 children or 12.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 371 teenagers or 17.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 169 people or 7.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 259 people or 11.9% are between 30 and 39, 406 people or 18.6% are between 40 and 49, and 327 people or 15.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 237 people or 10.9% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 83 people or 3.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 49 people or 2.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 16 people or 0.7% who are 90 and older.

, there were 758 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 894 married individuals, 62 widows or widowers and 97 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 655 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 158 households that consist of only one person and 62 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 679 households that answered this question, 23.3% were households made up of just one person and there were 3 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 188 married couples without children, 242 married couples with children There were 49 single parents with a child or children. There were 15 households that were made up of unrelated people and 24 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 518 single family homes (or 81.8% of the total) out of a total of 633 inhabited buildings. There were 64 multi-family buildings (10.1%), along with 33 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (5.2%) and 18 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.8%). Of the single family homes 28 were built before 1919, while 62 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (137) were built between 1971 and 1980. The most multi-family homes (16) were built before 1919 and the next most (14) were built between 1981 and 1990. There were 5 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

, a total of 629 apartments (73.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 203 apartments (23.6%) were seasonally occupied and 28 apartments (3.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 5.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Oujon Charterhouse along with the House Basse is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 27.51% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (15.36%), the Green Party (14.05%) and the FDP (12.69%). In the federal election, a total of 541 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.6%.

Transport
It is served by the NStCM Train. The station has a siding where the 2 trains cross.

Economy
, Arzier had an unemployment rate of 4.5%. , there were 25 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 16 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector. 156 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 54 businesses in this sector. There were 905 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.7% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 160. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 19, of which 12 were in agriculture and 6 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15 of which 13 or (86.7%) were in manufacturing and 2 (13.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 126. In the tertiary sector; 21 or 16.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 16 or 12.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 7 or 5.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4 or 3.2% were in the information industry, 3 or 2.4% were the insurance or financial industry, 33 or 26.2% were technical professionals or scientists, 11 or 8.7% were in education and 5 or 4.0% were in health care.

, there were 111 workers who commuted into the municipality and 737 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 22.5% of the workforce coming into Arzier are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 15.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 69.2% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 513 or 28.3% were Roman Catholic, while 700 or 38.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 20 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.10% of the population), and there were 103 individuals (or about 5.69% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.11% of the population) who were Jewish, and 6 (or about 0.33% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 406 (or about 22.42% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 100 individuals (or about 5.52% of the population) did not answer the question.

The communal tax rate in Arzier le Muids is 64% of the cantonal tax rate. The commune does not have any competent authority for tax reclamation, billing issues and property gains, these roles are taken over by the Rolle-Nyon district tax office.

Education
In Arzier about 585 or (32.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 404 or (22.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 404 who completed tertiary schooling, 43.8% were Swiss men, 22.5% were Swiss women, 18.6% were non-Swiss men and 15.1% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 291 students in the Arzier school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 1,249 children of which 563 children (45.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 152 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 137 students in those schools. There were also 2 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 232 students from Arzier who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Arzier-Le Muids


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KTAB News

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (blk-cmp error). – ABCD 23:07, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

KTAB News
Looks like an uninformative stub without any potential to be anything but a web guide entry. :) — Helpful Dave 00:53, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. :) — Helpful Dave 00:53, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems notable enough with 4840 google hits, but Alexa rank is abysmal (1,886,406). Willing to change if other info surfaces. Mgm|(talk) 08:13, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, website advert. Megan1967 10:54, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per the Alexa rank. Just imagine if the top two million websites all felt entitled to articles. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:45, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not a web directory--nixie 02:03, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ubuntu Is Also An Operating System

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ubuntu Is Also An Operating System
Stubby duplicate of Ubuntu Linux, but with a terrible name, so I don't want to redirect. CDC  (talk)  00:54, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Doesn't seem to add any new information to aforementioned article. Can't imagine anyone typing that in and then being redirected. --Alexs letterbox 02:14, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: agree with Alexs. Jonathunder 04:22, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with you lot.   — J I P | Talk 04:48, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useful (include history info on talk of Ubuntu Linux) and delete. Not a useful redirect. Mgm|(talk) 08:15, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete gosh, terrible article name. The Ubuntu Linux article is fairly comprehensive, so a simple delete will suffice. Oliver Keenan 09:08, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Is Also A VfD Vote Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:47, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no content that isn't already better covered in Ubuntu Linux. I'm an Ubuntu user, and by WP standards that topic is encyclopedic, but neither this topic (if you can identify one from the title) nor its content is.  Mgm, there is no useful material here to merge, so there is no GFDL reason to keep its edit history.  Barno 02:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Timothy Donahue

Vfd
On April 6, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Timothy M. (Tim) Donahue for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 00:54, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

CV/ COI/ PROMO
This article reads like a job application with CV or self-promotion. What does it really say as an article here? I'm surprised it was not deleted back in April '21 (?)

Currently books by EA Koetting are being listed under this name: Timothy Donaghue on World of Books, available as POD here—

https://www.worldofbooks.com/en-au/books/timothy-donaghuehttps://www.worldofbooks.com/en-au/books/timothy-donaghue/spider-the-green-butterfly/9781730982880?gclid=CjwKCAjwvuGJBhB1EiwACU1Aie4m-c9GSJK9rNHdYGv7-OopXCVCRdF-3voVLBrjXAjcP35V1aCljBoCegsQAvD_BwE#NLS9781730982880

The book info is that Timothy Donaghue is an independent publisher and all covers are printed in yellow as being "by Timothy Donaghue" over the author's name at the time of writing this addition to Talk.

Meanwhile I'll add a banner. Just can't decide which one. Manytexts (talk) 07:14, 10 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I can't find a way to contact World of Books. The bit.ly version of this url is blacklisted on WP.Manytexts (talk) 07:28, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timothy Donahue


text:
Super NES Mouse

The Super NES Mouse, sold as the Super Famicom Mouse (スーパーファミコンマウス) in Japan, is a peripheral created by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It was released in 1992, on July 14 in Japan, in August in North America, and on December 10 in Europe. Originally designed for use with the game Mario Paint, the Super NES Mouse was sold in a bundle with the game and included a plastic mouse pad. Soon after its introduction, several other titles were released with Mouse support.

Although this device closely resembles and mimics the functionality of a two-button computer mouse, it is smaller than most computer mice of the time and has a significantly shorter cord than the standard Super NES controller. Due to its proprietary connector it is not compatible with PCs' motherboards.

The Mario Paint and Mouse package sold more than 1 million units by March 1993. In 2017, Hyperkin released the Hyper Click Mouse, an aftermarket Super NES mouse that utilizes optical motion detection in place of the rolling ball used in the original model.

List of compatible games
The Super NES Mouse was supported by many games during its lifetime, and even by the Super Game Boy accessory. Certain games released after the Mouse—such as Super Mario All-Stars, Tetris & Dr. Mario, Yoshi's Island, and Kirby Super Star—display a warning message indicating that the mouse is incompatible with that game.

This is an incomplete list of games that support the accessory: • Acme Animation Factory

• Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Eye of the Beholder

• Alice no Paint Adventure (Japan only)

• Arkanoid: Doh It Again

• Asameshimae Nyanko (Japan only)

• Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon S: Kondo wa Puzzle de Oshiokiyo! (Japan only)

• Brandish 2: Expert (Japan only)

• BreakThru!

• Cameltry (called On the Ball in North America and the UK)

• Cannon Fodder (PAL only)

• Dai-3-ji Super Robot Taisen (Japan only)

• Dai-4-ji Super Robot Taisen (Japan only)

• Dōkyūsei 2 (Japan only)

• Dragon Knight 4 (Japan only)

• Dynamaite: The Las Vegas (Japan only)

• Farland Story 2 (Japan only)

• Fun 'n Games

• Galaxy Robo (Japan only)

• Hiōden: Mamono-tachi tono Chikai (Japan only)

• J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings: Volume 1

• Jurassic Park

• King Arthur's World

• Koutetsu no Kishi (Japan only)

• Koutetsu no Kishi 2: Sabaku no Rommel Shougun (Japan only)

• Koutetsu no Kishi 3: Gekitotsu Europe Sensen (Japan only)

• Kid Kirby (unreleased)

• Lamborghini American Challenge

• Lemmings 2: The Tribes

• Lord Monarch (Japan only)

• Majin Tensei (Japan only)

• Mario no Super Picross (Japan only)

• Mario Paint

• Mario & Wario (Japan only)

• Mario's Early Years: Fun with Letters

• Mario's Early Years: Fun with Numbers

• Mario's Early Years: Preschool Fun

• Mega lo Mania (PAL only)

• Might and Magic III

• Motoko-chan no Wonder Kitchen (Japan only)

• Nobunaga's Ambition

• Operation Thunderbolt

• Oryouri Pon! (Japan only)

• Pieces

• Populous II: Trials of the Olympian Gods (PAL only)

• PowerMonger (PAL/Japan)

• Revolution X

• Sangokushi Seishi: Tenbu Spirits (Japan only)

• Sgt. Saunders' Combat! (Japan only)

• Shanghai - Banri no Choujou (Japan only)

• Shanghai III (Japan only)

• Shien's Revenge

• Sid Meier's Civilization

• SimAnt: The Electronic Ant Colony

• Snoopy Concert (Japan only)

• Sound Fantasy (unreleased)

• SpellCraft: Aspects of Valor (unreleased)

• Super Caesars Palace

• Super Castles (Japan only)

• Super Game Boy

• Super Pachi-Slot Mahjong (Japan only)

• Super Robot Taisen EX (Japan only)

• Super Solitaire

• T2: The Arcade Game

• Tin Star

• Tokimeki Memorial: Densetsu no Ni no Shita de (Japan only)

• Troddlers

• Utopia: The Creation of a Nation

• Vegas Stakes

• Warrior of Rome III (unreleased)

• Wolfenstein 3D

• Wonder Project J: Kikai no Shounen Pino (Japan only)

• Zan II Spirits (Japan only)

• Zan III Spirits (Japan only)

• Zico Soccer (Japan only)

title: Super NES Mouse


text:
List of settlements in the Thessaloniki regional unit

This is a list of settlements in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece:

 * Adam
 * Adendro
 * Agia Paraskevi
 * Agia Triada
 * Agios Antonios
 * Agios Athanasios
 * Agios Charalambos
 * Agios Pavlos
 * Agios Vasileios
 * Akropotamos
 * Ampelokipoi
 * Analipsi
 * Anatoliko
 * Anchialos
 * Angelochori
 * Ano Scholari
 * Ano Stavros
 * Anoixia
 * Apollonia
 * Ardameri
 * Arethousa
 * Areti
 * Askos
 * Asprovalta
 * Assiros
 * Asvestochori
 * Avgi
 * Chalastra
 * Chalkidona
 * Chorouda
 * Chortiatis
 * Chrysavgi
 * Diavata
 * Dorkada
 * Drakontio
 * Drymos
 * Efkarpia
 * Eleftherio-Kordelio
 * Eleousa
 * Epanomi
 * Evangelismos
 * Evosmos
 * Exalofos
 * Exochi
 * Filadelfio
 * Filothei
 * Filyro
 * Galini
 * Gefyra
 * Gerakarou
 * Irakleio
 * Kalamaria
 * Kalamoto
 * Kalochori
 * Kardia
 * Karteres
 * Kastanas
 * Kato Scholari
 * Kato Stefanina
 * Kavallari
 * Kokkalou
 * Kolchiko
 * Koufalia
 * Krithia
 * Kryoneri
 * Kymina
 * Lachanas
 * Lakkia
 * Lagkadikia
 * Lagyna
 * Langadas
 * Lefkochori
 * Lefkouda
 * Liti
 * Limni
 * Livadi
 * Lofiskos
 * Loudias
 * Loutra Volvis
 * Mavrorrachi
 * Mavrouda
 * Megali Volvi
 * Melissochori
 * Melissourgos
 * Menemeni
 * Mesaio
 * Mesimeri
 * Mesokomo
 * Mesopotamo
 * Mikra Volvi
 * Mikrokomi
 * Mikro Monastiri
 * Modi
 * Monolofo
 * Monopigado
 * Nea Apollonia
 * Nea Filadelfeia
 * Nea Kallindoia
 * Nea Kerasia
 * Nea Madytos
 * Nea Magnisia
 * Nea Malgara
 * Nea Mesimvria
 * Nea Michaniona
 * Nea Raidestos
 * Nea Vrasna
 * Neapoli
 * Neo Rysio
 * Neochorouda
 * Neoi Epivates
 * Nikomidino
 * Nikopoli
 * Nymfopetra
 * Oraiokastro
 * Ossa
 * Paliampela
 * Panorama
 * Partheni
 * Pefka
 * Pentalofos
 * Pente Vryses
 * Peraia
 * Peristera
 * Peristerona
 * Perivolaki
 * Petrokerasa
 * Petroto
 * Plagiari
 * Plateia
 * Polichni
 * Polydendri
 * Prochoma
 * Profitis
 * Pylaia
 * Sarakina
 * Scholari
 * Sindos
 * Skepasto
 * Sochos
 * Souroti
 * Spitakia
 * Stavros
 * Stavroupoli
 * Stefania
 * Stefanina
 * Stivos
 * Sykies
 * Tagarades
 * Thermi
 * Thessaloniki
 * Triandria
 * Trilofos
 * Vaiochori
 * Valtochori
 * Vamvakia
 * Vasilika
 * Vasiloudi
 * Vathylakkos
 * Vertiskos
 * Volvi
 * Vrachia
 * Vrasna
 * Xirochori
 * Xiropotamos
 * Xylopoli
 * Zagliveri

By municipality
Kalamaria (no subdivisions)


text:
User talk:201.226.141.77

Empire of Japan (additional economic and financial data)
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Empire of Japan (additional economic and financial data), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 02:14, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Empire of Japan (additional economic and financial data)
An editor has nominated Empire of Japan (additional economic and financial data), an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

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Proposed deletion of Kawanishi K-200

The article Kawanishi K-200 has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence this was an actual proposal, as most cites on the internet simply repeat the information found here, usually word for word."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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title: User talk:201.226.141.77


text:
Talk:Out of Bounds (1986 film)

Vfd
On April 6, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Out of Bounds for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 01:01, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Out of bounds.jpg
Image:Out of bounds.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 12:37, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Out of Bounds (1986 film)


text:
Talk:Riley (automobile)

Untitled
This may well be a copyright violation, but it is NOT a violation of that page. http://riley.biography.ms is simply a collection of Wikipedia dumps. Compare http://yogi-berra.biography.ms to Yogi Berra, for example. Due to this, I request quick removal of the copyvio tag. Sure, the vast amount of text dumped in by a single IP user is suspicious, but we can't tell where it really came from at this point. I will happily rewrite the article to be much less verbose and reduce the risk of actual copyright violation. --SFoskett 01:03, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Not the most suitable photograph of an Elf, and a silly (if amusing) caption.

title: Talk:Riley (automobile)


text:
Talk:David Roberts (mayor)

Vfd
On April 6, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/David Roberts (Mayor) for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 01:03, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051512/http://hoboken.patch.com/articles/mayors-politicians-and-local-business-owners-support-project-play-initiative to http://hoboken.patch.com/articles/mayors-politicians-and-local-business-owners-support-project-play-initiative

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title: Talk:David Roberts (mayor)


text:
Talk:You aren't gonna need it

Aren't or Ain't, along with 'going to' or gonna
The existing title is inconsistent. Either be consistently formal or consistently informal.

 * Coherent and right acronym: "You ain't gonna need it." (YAGNI)
 * Coherent but wrong acronym: "You aren't going to need it." (YAGTNI)
 * Incoherent: "You ain't going to need it." No one would ever say that!  Artificial.  ain't is informal, but going to is formal.
 * Incoherent: "You aren't gonna need it." No one would ever say that!  Artificial.  aren't is formal, but gonna is informal.

If you have "gonna", you have to have "ain't", as well.

"you aren't gonna need it" 11200 hits at Google

"you ain't gonna need it" 17900 hits

The title needs to be changed, and I certainly advocate for consistent informality: "You ain't gonna need it." Pet peeve: artificially stiff and formal and pretentious language in encyclopedia articles, which serves to distort and misrepresent instead of clarify. -msh
 * You aren't gonna need it is how it was originally formulated. The title should not be changed, we can't just change slogans to fit our grammatical preferences. http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?YouArentGonnaNeedIt Martijn Meijering (talk) 19:23, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Aren't or Ain't
Isn't it "You AREN'T Gonna Need It"?

 * I once heard that people prefer ain't to aren't, though I don't know why. -- Taku 01:22, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be "You aren't GOING to need it." if you want proper English, but that just doesn't have the same impact.

 * Isn't the c2 wiki a definitive source on these terms? It uses the proper english, and I would disagree that the proper english has less impact. Cedear 17:49, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the lead should have both alternatives. I added "You aren't gonna need it" and referenced with c2 wiki. Fridek (talk) 14:05, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

Appropriateness Of Acronym Components
Jon (talk) 17:06, 19 November 2008 (UTC): I have a hard time accepting the formalization of YAGNI as an industry "philosophy term", not because the philosophy is wrong but because the acronym's components do not reflect the philosophy. The philosophy is "do not add features until you need them", but the acronym says that you already don't need them, which is terribly presumptuous and as such it is prone to abuse by hard-nosed, clueless tech leads and managers who end up demanding a crippled product because features didn't get implemented to begin with. The acronym should instead be something along the lines of "AYGNI", or "Are You [Truly] Gonna Need it?" More here

Wikipedia talk pages are for improving the article, not for pontificating on the subject of the article. -- 68.111.35.169 (talk) 02:39, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Good Aspects
Isn't there at least a good aspect in this philosophy? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Theups (talk • contribs)

 * No, there is none whatsoever. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.17.128.161 (talk)

 * Of course there are, DavesRealExampleWhereThinkingAheadWouldHaveHelped and YagniExceptions. -- intgr 16:04, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

I don't believe either of these pages are good counterexamples to YAGNI. As evident by its title, the first page is about a project that did no planning. This is not YAGNI; on the contrary, YAGNI requires planning beforehand so you know what YGN and what YAGN.

Similarly, the other page describes dysfunctional projects that blame YAGNI with no evidence YAGNI was the problem or even used; or implausible hypotheticals like that of a DBA who refuses to implement required functionality but is happy to implement unplanned whims. Clearly, in a case like this, what YAGN is the DBA. Corvus 01:53, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Occam's Razor
This should be related to Occam's Razor. Metaxal 22:50, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

No, it shouldn't; any similarity is at best superficial, an in any case creating such a relationship would be OR. -- 68.111.35.169 (talk) 02:46, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Ouch
"A logical conflicting factor is the notion of completeness, which tends to define missing options, or facets, mostly likely to be needed: for example, among features which allow adding items, deleting items, or modifying items, completeness could be used to also recommend "renaming items". The critical impact of completeness can be seen in some types of wiki-collaboration software which can add or delete image-files, but not simply rename images, at all, even after several years of software upgrades."

I wonder what wiki engine they are referring to? :-) Tbsdy lives (formerly Ta bu shi da yu) talk 13:17, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Simple Decision
This should be a very simple decision. YAGNI is a term programmers use, and it has an agreed meaning. Whether you LIKE that meaning is not relevant. This is part of the vocabulary of modern programming and as such should be included in Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.116.90.198 (talk) 18:57, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Totally aggred ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E34:EC06:8410:9C6A:A181:5067:BF72 (talk) 15:08, 16 October 2015 (UTC)

The Balancing Concerns section does not belong
The point of the article is to define what the term means.

The Balancing Concerns section is editorial in nature, and presents one person's view about whether YAGNI is appropriate. I don't think it belongs in the article.

Eric.Gunnerson (talk) 19:34, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

I agree. It also cites no sources, so I'm adding the "original research" banner. The article should probably just be cut down to the intro paragraph (which has sources) and rewritten based (at least initially) on c2 wiki stuff and Kent Beck's "XP Explained." DuelinMarkers (talk) 18:55, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Agreeing with Eric. It would be perfectly OK to present criticism of YAGNI in a separate section, but it shouldn't be presented as if it were part of the philosophy. Martijn Meijering (talk) 20:10, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

The article has been in a "POV-challenged state" for a long time, with no prospects of improvement any time soon. I suggest we remove the balancing concerns section altogether, making sure the remainder of the article is properly neutral and descibes YAGNI as a widespread opinion in agile software development circles, not as a generally accepted fact. I say this as a strong supporter of YAGNI. Martijn Meijering (talk) 20:53, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

I've removed it, as WP:OR. If anybody wants to advocate these points (at least some of which are not without merits, BTW - but still original research) - to comply with WP:NOR it is necessary to write an article on it outside Wikipedia and then put a link to it to the talk page (and if in doubt - feel free to ask me where the article can be published - I know a place where a good article on this subject will be welcome). Ipsign (talk) 06:34, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Neutrality
As of 2016/04/17, I removed the neutrality banner as per the discussion below. (DanBrotsky (talk) 15:28, 17 April 2016 (UTC))

Prior discussion 1: As of 2016/3/25, there is no Rationale section as mentioned in the Prior Discussion 2 comment below. There is only a Context section. I believe Context is an appropriate heading for the material in that section, and it feels completely neutral to me. Given that there's been no other discussion of neutrality since it was introduced in 6 October of last year, and that the reason for posting the neutrality banner has been redacted, I think it's time for the neutrality banner on this page to go away, as per the removal conditions. DanBrotsky (talk) 00:11, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Prior discussion 2: Given the removal of the Balancing Concerns section (however bad it was), this article now contains only arguments in support of the YAGNI principle within the Rationale section. Without hunting for sources at the present time, a few sample arguments against YAGNI might include:

 * Especially for large systems, it can be easy to forget the precise implementation-details of a family of related functions. Although existing code can be revisited later, it is difficult to document every reason for each and every implementation-decision, factors which may come into play when expanding the code to create a feature or change a behavior which was anticipated earlier.

 * Again esp. for large systems, it can be difficult to keep track of notes about how an algorithm might be implemented without either cluttering existing code with comments about components which do not exist yet, or risking that such information might be overlooked if taking the approach of storing pseudocode separately, as there may be various possibilities of what a left-for-later function might be called e.g. forge_signature(string nameOfPerson), forge(Signature signature), do_forgery(Document, string) etc. Coding standards would assist programmers in guessing what to search for, but they might give up after a few guesses and use an approach other than what was specified earlier — something inelegant, confusing, high-complexity, or plain-old-incorrect — if not all of the above. Koyae (talk) 23:13, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

Original Research in Context?
I'm a little concerned about this sentence in the Context section: Used without continuous refactoring, it could lead to disorganized code and massive rework. It is presented without reference, and thus appears to be original research. This sticks out in what otherwise is a well-referenced article. I suspect that this sentence comes from one of the references, but I am not familiar enough with them to cite it properly. Perhaps someone more familiar with XP literature could add the reference? DanBrotsky (talk) 00:20, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

 * 2023 comment: Spaghetti code has more 2 more meanings over the original "a piece of code full of GOTO operators, that's hard to read" idea. OkiPrinterUser (talk) 14:59, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

Ron Jeffries has written...
About:

XP co-founder Ron Jeffries has written: "Always implement things when you actually need them,     never when you just foresee that you need them."[5]

At first glance, the wording seems a bit muddled. You can see that you need something, and you can foresee that you *will* need something. But how do you foresee (which implies the future) that you need something (now)? Or maybe that was deliberate, to highlight the very absurdity which that wording itself suggests. Toddcs (talk) 21:30, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

 * He means "when you foresee that you will need them", but left out the "will". Martijn Meijering (talk) 19:38, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Seems like an obvious error in Jeffries' sentence. I've added [will] to the quote. Modest Genius talk 12:00, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Good edit. Andre🚐 18:50, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

Missing context
The article mentions the hurdles of supporting a large app (let alone "software package"). However, it doesn't address the other reason to dismiss features as YAGNI - the availability of other products, especially ones already designed for those "extra" features one wants to implement. Simply put, there's no mention of the UX, User eXperience part - overburdening, alienating the product in question's end users with various new buttons OkiPrinterUser (talk) 14:56, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:You aren't gonna need it


text:
Ionophore

In chemistry, an ionophore is a chemical species that reversibly binds ions. Many ionophores are lipid-soluble entities that transport ions across the cell membrane. Ionophores catalyze ion transport across hydrophobic membranes, such as liquid polymeric membranes (carrier-based ion selective electrodes) or lipid bilayers found in the living cells or synthetic vesicles (liposomes). Structurally, an ionophore contains a hydrophilic center and a hydrophobic portion that interacts with the membrane.

Some ionophores are synthesized by microorganisms to import ions into their cells. Synthetic ion carriers have also been prepared. Ionophores selective for cations and anions have found many applications in analysis. These compounds have also shown to have various biological effects and a synergistic effect when combined with the ion they bind.

Classification
Biological activities of metal ion-binding compounds can be changed in response to the increment of the metal concentration, and based on the latter compounds can be classified as "metal ionophores", "metal chelators" or "metal shuttles". If the biological effect is augmented by increasing the metal concentration, it is classified as a "metal ionophore". If the biological effect is decreased or reversed by increasing the metal concentration, it is classified as a "metal chelator". If the biological effect is not affected by increasing the metal concentration, and the compound-metal complex enters the cell, it is classified as a "metal shuttle". The term ionophore (from Greek ion carrier or ion bearer) was proposed by Berton Pressman in 1967 when he and his colleagues were investigating the antibiotic mechanisms of valinomycin and nigericin.

Many ionophores are produced naturally by a variety of microbes, fungi and plants, and act as a defense against competing or pathogenic species. Multiple synthetic membrane-spanning ionophores have also been synthesized. The two broad classifications of ionophores synthesized by microorganisms are:
 * Carrier ionophores that bind to a particular ion and shield its charge from the surrounding environment. This makes it easier for the ion to pass through the hydrophobic interior of the lipid membrane. However, these ionophores become unable to transport ions under very low temperatures. An example of a carrier ionophore is valinomycin, a molecule that transports a single potassium cation. Carrier ionophores may be proteins or other molecules.
 * Channel formers that introduce a hydrophilic pore into the membrane, allowing ions to pass through without coming into contact with the membrane's hydrophobic interior. Channel forming ionophores are usually large proteins. This type of ionophores can maintain their ability to transfer ions at low temperatures, unlike carrier ionophores. Examples of channel-forming ionophores are gramicidin A and nystatin.

Ionophores that transport hydrogen ions (H+, i.e. protons) across the cell membrane are called protonophores. Iron ionophores and chelating agents are collectively called siderophores.

Synthetic ionophores
Many synthetic ionophores are based on crown ethers, cryptands, and calixarenes. Pyrazole-pyridine and bis-pyrazole derivatives have also been synthesized. These synthetic species are often macrocyclic. Some synthetic agents are not macrocyclic, e.g. carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. Even simple organic compounds, such as phenols, exhibit ionophoric properties. The majority of synthetic receptors used in the carrier-based anion-selective electrodes employ transition elements or metalloids as anion carriers, although simple organic urea- and thiourea-based receptors are known.

Mechanism of action
Ionophores are chemical compounds that reversibly bind and transport ions through biological membranes in the absence of a protein pore. This can disrupt the membrane potential, and thus these substances could exhibit cytotoxic properties. Ionophores modify the permeability of biological membranes toward certain ions to which they show affinity and selectivity. Many ionophores are lipid-soluble and transport ions across hydrophobic membranes, such as lipid bilayers found in the living cells or synthetic vesicles (liposomes), or liquid polymeric membranes (carrier-based ion selective electrodes). Structurally, an ionophore contains a hydrophilic center and a hydrophobic portion that interacts with the membrane. Ions are bound to the hydrophilic center and form an ionophore-ion complex. The structure of the ionophore-ion complex has been verified by X-ray crystallography.

Chemistry
Several chemical factors affect the ionophore activity. The activity of an ionophore-metal complex depends on its geometric configuration and the coordinating sites and atoms which create coordination environment surrounding the metal center. This affects the selectivity and affinity towards a certain ion. Ionophores can be selective to a particular ion but may not be exclusive to it. Ionophores facilitate the transport of ions across biological membranes most commonly via passive transport, which is affected by lipophilicity of the ionophore molecule. The increase in lipophilicity of the ionophore-metal complex enhances its permeability through lipophilic membranes. The hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the complex also determines whether it will slow down or ease the transport of metal ions into cell compartments. The reduction potential of a metal complex influences its thermodynamic stability and affects its reactivity. The ability of an ionophore to transfer ions is also affected by the temperature.

Biological properties
Ionophores are widely used in cell physiology experiments and biotechnology as these compounds can effectively perturb gradients of ions across biological membranes and thus they can modulate or enhance the role of key ions in the cell. Many ionophores have shown antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of them also act against insects, pests and parasites. Some ionophores have been introduced into medicinal products for dermatological and veterinary use. A large amount of research has been directed toward investigating novel antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of different ionophores.

Chloroquine is an antimalarial and antiamebic drug. It is also used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. Pyrithione is used as an anti-dandruff agent in medicated shampoos for seborrheic dermatitis. It also serves as an anti-fouling agent in paints to cover and protect surfaces against mildew and algae. Clioquinol and PBT2 are 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives. Clioquinol has antiprotozoal and topical antifungal properties, however its use as an antiprotozoal agent has widely restricted because of neurotoxic concerns. Clioquinol and PBT2 are currently being studied for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Gramicidin is used in throat lozenges and has been used to treat infected wounds. Epigallocatechin gallate is used in many dietary supplements and has shown slight cholesterol-lowering effects. Quercetin has a bitter flavor and is used as a food additive and in dietary supplements. Hinokitiol (ß-thujaplicin) is used in commercial products for skin, hair and oral care, insect repellents and deodorants. It is also used as a food additive, shelf-life extending agent in food packaging, and wood preservative in timber treatment.

Polyene antimycotics, such as nystatin, natamycin and amphotericin B, are a subgroup of macrolides and are widely used antifungal and antileishmanial medications. These drugs act as ionophores by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and making it leaky and permeable for K+ and Na+ ions, as a result contributing to fungal cell death.

Carboxylic ionophores, i.e. monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin, maduramicin, semduramycin and laidlomycin, are marketed globally and widely used as anticoccidial feed additives to prevent and treat coccidiosis in poultry. Some of these compounds have also been used as growth and production promoters in certain ruminants, such as cattle, and chickens, however this use has been mainly restricted because of safety issues.

Zinc ionophores have been shown to inhibit replication of various viruses in vitro, including coxsackievirus, equine arteritis virus, coronavirus, HCV, HSV, HCoV-229E, HIV,  mengovirus,  MERS-CoV, rhinovirus, SARS-CoV-1,  Zika virus.

title: Ionophore


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