text:
Madusa

Debrah Ann Miceli (born February 9, 1963), better known as Madusa, is an American monster truck driver and retired professional wrestler. She is currently signed to National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) as a producer. In professional wrestling Miceli is also known by the ring name Alundra Blayze, which she used while in the WWF/WWE. Outside of the WWF, she wrestled under her professional name of Madusa, which was shortened from "Made in the USA". Her early career was spent in the American Wrestling Association, where she once held the AWA World Women's Championship. In 1988, she was the first woman to be awarded Pro Wrestling Illustrated's Rookie of the Year. The following year, she signed a contract with All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling, making her the first foreign wrestler to do so.

She later joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where she was a member of The Dangerous Alliance, a group of wrestlers managed by Paul E. Dangerously. In 1993, she joined the rival World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the name Alundra Blayze. In the WWF, she feuded with Bull Nakano and Bertha Faye, while holding the WWF Women's Championship three times. Two years after joining the WWF, Miceli returned to WCW, showing up on an episode of Monday Nitro to throw the WWF Women's Championship belt into a trash can; she was blacklisted by the WWF for the next 20 years as a result. In her second WCW run, Miceli feuded with Bull Nakano and Oklahoma, and became the first woman to hold the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship. After training wrestlers such as Torrie Wilson, Stacy Keibler, and Nora Greenwald (Molly Holly) at the WCW Power Plant, she left the company in 2001. On March 28, 2015, she was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2015, under the Alundra Blayze moniker. In 2015, she additionally served as the commissioner of Japanese promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom.

Miceli is a former monster truck driver, and second longest tenured female driver in the sport to Scarlet Bandit. She drove a truck named Madusa, and won the 2004 co-championship at the Monster Jam World Finals for freestyle in the first-ever three-way tie. The following year, she won the Racing Championship in the Monster Jam World Finals.

Early life
Miceli was born in Minneapolis. Before entering professional wrestling, she participated in both gymnastics and track, and at age 14, she worked at an Arby's fast-food restaurant. During the beginning of her wrestling career, she also worked as a part-time nurse.

American Wrestling Association (1986–1989)
In 1984, Miceli trained with Eddie Sharkey in Minneapolis and began working on the independent circuit for $5 a match. In 1986, she started wrestling in the American Wrestling Association (AWA) feuding with Sherri Martel as Madusa Miceli. After Martel left the AWA, she replaced her as "Mr. Magnificent" Kevin Kelly's manager, who often teamed with Nick Kiniski as "The Perfect Tag Team". In a tournament final, she won the AWA World Women's Championship over Candi Devine on December 27, 1987. At that time Madusa also began managing the AWA World Heavyweight Champion Curt Hennig. She later lost the title to Wendi Richter on November 26, 1988. Hennig and Madusa joined the Diamond Exchange, a stable led by Diamond Dallas Page that included Badd Company. With Badd Company she faced the team of the Top Guns (Ricky Rice and Derrick Dukes) and Wendi Richter at the only AWA pay-per-view SuperClash III. Both Badd Company's Tag-Team Title and Wendi Richter's AWA World Women's Championship were on the line, but since Richter pinned Miceli, Badd Company remained the champions. In 1988, Miceli was also the first woman to be awarded Pro Wrestling Illustrated's Rookie of the Year.

All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling (1989–1991)
Miceli wrestled a six-week tour for All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling at the beginning of 1989, where she won the IWA Women's title from Chigusa Nagayo before dropping it back to her the very next day. She then began training in Japan, learning the Japanese wrestling style, as well as Muay Thai, kickboxing, and boxing. She eventually signed a three-year deal with All Japan, which made her the first non-Japanese wrestler to do so. In addition, she worked for the TWA, feuding with Luna Vachon, whom she faced in a Hair vs Hair Mixed Tag Team match in September 1991. Miceli and her partner Eddie Gilbert defeated Vachon and Cactus Jack, which resulted in Vachon having her head shaved.

World Championship Wrestling (1991–1993)
She then went to WCW and helped Paul E. Dangerously form his Dangerous Alliance. She acted primarily as Alliance member Rick Rude's valet. On October 25, Dangerously kicked her out of the Dangerous Alliance at Halloween Havoc. She, however, defeated him by count-out on November 18, 1992, at Clash of the Champions XXI.

World Wrestling Federation (1993–1995)
In 1993, the WWF reinstated its Women's Championship, a title that had been vacant since 1990, and Miceli was brought in by the company to revive the women's division. She debuted under the ring name Alundra Blayze, because WWF owner Vince McMahon did not want to pay Miceli to use the name Madusa, which she had trademarked. She wrestled in a six-woman tournament to crown a new Women's Champion, and in the finals, she pinned Heidi Lee Morgan on December 13 to win the title. After the tournament, Miceli asked WWF management to bring in new women for her to wrestle. In mid-1994, Bull Nakano joined the WWF roster and began feuding with Blayze. Blayze defeated Nakano at SummerSlam, but lost the belt to her on November 20, 1994, in Japan at the Big Egg Wrestling Universe event. Five months later on April 3, 1995, Blayze regained the title from Nakano on an edition of Monday Night Raw. As part of the storyline, immediately following the win, she was attacked by Bertha Faye, who broke her nose. According to Rhonda Sing (Faye), the storyline was written so Miceli could take time off to get breast implants and a nose job. She returned to the ring in August 1995, losing the Women's Championship to Faye at SummerSlam on August 27. Two months later, she won the title a third time, defeating Faye on October 23. In December, due to financial troubles the WWF was having at the time she was released from her contract and was stripped of the title following her jump to rival company World Championship Wrestling, and the WWF Women's Championship remained vacant until 1998. Miceli was blacklisted by the WWF for the next 20 years, owing to her participation in a controversial incident upon returning to WCW during which she dropped the WWF Women's championship belt into a trash can.

Return to WCW (1995–2001)
In December 1995, Miceli signed with WCW, and as part of a storyline by booker Eric Bischoff, showed up on WCW Monday Nitro on December 18, where she threw the WWF Women's belt into a trash can. She later admitted that she regretted the action and would not have done it had Bischoff not coerced her. Miceli immediately began using the Madusa name again. Upon her debut she attacked Sherri Martel during her wedding to Col. Robert Parker. She had a match the following Monday on Nitro against Sherri Martel which she lost. After that, the company brought in Bull Nakano to feud with her; they battled in a match at Hog Wild in August 1996. Due to pre-match stipulations, Madusa was allowed to destroy Nakano's motorcycle after the match.

The company then decided to establish the WCW Women's Championship, but Madusa lost to Akira Hokuto in the finals of the tournament to crown the first champion on December 29 at Starrcade. On June 15, Hokuto retained the title against Madusa at The Great American Bash in a Title vs. Career match. The latter then took a nearly two-year hiatus from the company.

Madusa returned to WCW in April 1999 as part of Randy Savage's faction Team Madness with Gorgeous George and Miss Madness. After that storyline ended, Madusa entered into a tournament for the WCW Championship, but she was defeated and eliminated from the tournament. She was later re-entered into the tournament in a match against Evan Karagias, but was eliminated the next week. After her elimination, Madusa put all her focus on managing Karagias. After Karagias won the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship at Mayhem, he was found flirting with Spice of the Nitro Girls. At Starrcade, however, Spice gave Karagias a low blow during the match, and Madusa pinned him to become the first female ever to win the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship. Spice then aligned herself with Madusa and became her manager for a short time.

In January 2000, Madusa developed a rivalry with Oklahoma. In a farcical Evening Gown match on an episode of WCW Thunder on January 12, Madusa defeated Oklahoma by stripping off his dress, but he attacked her after the match. She eventually lost the Cruiserweight belt to Oklahoma at Souled Out on January 16, 2000.

In the meantime, Miceli became an instructor at the WCW Power Plant, where she helped train women such as Nora Greenwald (Molly Holly) to wrestle. Before WCW's collapse, she engaged in a brief feud with Torrie Wilson and Shane Douglas, who defeated her and partner Billy Kidman at Fall Brawl in a Mixed Tag Team Scaffold match. Madusa took a big bump during this match and wasn't seen again on WCW TV. She left the company when she heard that Vince McMahon, the owner of the World Wrestling Federation, was going to buy WCW. Because she had a previous falling-out with McMahon, she opted not to stay with the company. She retired from professional wrestling for good in 2001 because she did not like the direction in which women's wrestling was going; according to her, it was becoming less about real wrestling and more about Bra and Panties matches.

Late career and WWE Hall of Fame (2001–present)
On March 2, 2015, it was announced that Miceli would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2015, under her Alundra Blayze moniker. On Twitter, she said this was a sign of respect, since that was her name in WWE, but "that bitch Madusa will be on stage speaking." During her speech, in response to constant questions about her dumping the WWF Women's Championship belt in the trash on Monday Nitro, her inductor, Natalya, wheeled a trash can onstage. Miceli (calling herself both Madusa and Alundra Blayze) withdrew the belt, which she stressed was a good-looking "women's wrestling belt", and said it was finally "back home where it belongs" after 20 years. She held the belt on her shoulder, and referred to herself as the reigning WWF Women's Champion. Following her Hall of Fame induction, she made a special appearance during the WrestleMania 31 event the following day on March 29, along with the other Hall of Fame inductees.

In September 2015, Miceli was appointed the commissioner of Japanese women's promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom.

On January 27, 2016, Miceli appeared on WWE Network's program Table for 3, along with fellow wrestlers Ivory and Molly Holly.

In September 2017, the WWE Network released a documentary entitled "TrailBlayzer" detailing Miceli's careers in both wrestling and monster truck driving.

Miceli as Alundra Blayze was announced as an entrant into the battle royal for a women's championship opportunity at WWE Evolution, marking a return to the ring after an 18-year hiatus, however she was eliminated by Nia Jax

On July 22, 2019, Alundra Blayze appeared as a heel and attacked 24/7 Champion Candice Michelle, after which she captured the title from Candice by forcing her to submit, with Melina acting as the official, becoming the third woman to win the title, while also becoming the first individual to win the title via submission. She also became the second woman to hold both the WWE Women's Championship, and the 24/7 Championship. She later attempted to toss the 24/7 Championship into the trash (similar to when she did the same to the WWF Women's Championship in 1995), only to instead sell the title to WWE Hall of Famer Ted DiBiase.

Returning to TNT for the first time in 20 years, Miceli was presenter of the All Elite Wrestling (AEW)'s Women's Tag Team Cup Tournament: The Deadly Draw, which began on August 3, 2020. The tournament concluded on the August 22, 2020 Saturday episode of AEW Dynamite, where she gave the championship cup to the tournament winners Ivelisse and Diamante.

Miceli would also appear in WWE on the July 26, 2022 episode of NXT in a backstage segment with Roxanne Perez and McKenzie Mitchell, announcing a fatal four-way elimination match for the vacant NXT Women's Tag Team Championship.

On January 23, 2023, Miceli appeared backstage during Raw is XXX, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Monday Night Raw.

Miceli inducted Bull Nakano into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2024.

National Wrestling Alliance (2019–present)
On April 27, 2019, at Crockett Cup Miceli appeared on National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) as Madusa, where she presented the vacant NWA Women's Championship before Allysin Kay and Santana Garrett competed for it. She would later accompany The Wild Cards (Royce Isaacs and Thomas Latimer) who challenged the Villain Enterprises (Brody King and PCO) at the Crockett Cup finals for the vacant NWA World Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. Madusa would later become a producer in NWA.

Monster truck career
Miceli entered the monster truck business under Dennis Anderson in 1999. She made her first American hot rod appearance at the Trans World Dome. Afterward, she purchased her own truck and named it Madusa, as she still held the rights to the name. She began winning freestyle competitions in 2001. Miceli won the 2004 co-championship at the Monster Jam World Finals for freestyle in the first-ever three-way tie. In March 2005 in Las Vegas, she beat her trainer Dennis Anderson in the final bracket of the Monster Jam World Finals for the Racing Championship, thus making her the first woman to win the Monster Jam World Finals racing championship. Also in 2005, she was the only female competitor in the Super Bowl of Motorsports.

As of January 2008, she is also the Executive Vice President of the Major League of Monster Trucks. In 2009, she returned to Monster Jam for the first time since 2006.

On October 10, 2014, she was injured in a Monster Jam event in Melbourne, Australia, and was taken to a Melbourne hospital for treatment.

Other media
She appeared in the video game WCW Nitro, WCW Backstage Assault, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18 and WWE 2K19.

Personal life
After a brief first marriage to Eddie Gilbert in 1990, Miceli's second marriage was on February 14, 1998, to NFL player Ken Blackman, eight months after they met in June 1997. They shared homes in Cincinnati and Homosassa, Florida. In 1998, they opened a motorcycle shop called Spookee Custom Cycles, which made motorcycles for other NFL players such as Kimo von Oelhoffen, Darnay Scott, Bradford Banta, and Dan Wilkinson. The couple later divorced in 2008.

On June 25, 2011, Miceli married Alan Jonason, a sergeant major in the U.S. Army, in Memphis. The wedding took place at Graceland and was broadcast over the internet for over 22,000 fans.

In 1995, she appeared in the films Shootfighter II, Death Match, and Intersanction II. In Japan, she released a CD of songs sung in Japanese. She owns a grooming, pet spa, and doggy bakery called Koolkats and Hotdogs in Lecanto, Florida. In February 2004, she provided commentary for boat races.

Professional wrestling
Championship]] (1 time)
 * All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling
 * IWA World Women's Championship (2 times)
 * Tag League the Best (1989) – with Mitsuko Nishiwaki
 * American Wrestling Association
 * AWA World Women's Championship (1 time)
 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Iron Mike Mazurki Award (2020)
 * International World Class Championship Wrestling
 * IWCCW Women's Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Rookie of the Year (1988)
 * Stanley Weston Award (2020)
 * Women's Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2023
 * World Championship Wrestling
 * [[WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007)|WCW Cruiserweight
 * World Wrestling Federation/WWE
 * WWF Women's Championship (3 times)
 * WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015)

Motorsports

 * United States Hot Rod Association
 * USHRA Monster Jam World Finals Freestyle Co-Championship (2004)
 * USHRA Monster Jam World Finals Racing Championship (2005)

title: Madusa


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Maryland Route 396

Maryland Route 396 (MD 396) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Massachusetts Avenue, the highway runs 2.23 mi from MD 614 southeast to Westmoreland Circle near the District of Columbia boundary in Bethesda. MD 396 is an extension of Washington's Massachusetts Avenue into southwestern Montgomery County. The highway was constructed from Westmoreland Circle to Glen Echo in the early to mid-1930s. MD 396 was rolled back to its present western terminus in favor of MD 614 in the late 1970s.

Route description
MD 396 begins at an intersection with MD 614 (Goldsboro Road) on the edge of Bethesda near Glen Echo. The highway heads southeast as a two-lane undivided road that widens to four lanes at Sangamore Road. Just east of its underpass of the Capital Crescent Trail, MD 396 meets the southern end of Little Falls Parkway and crosses Little Falls Branch. The highway reaches its eastern terminus at its entrance to Westmoreland Circle, which straddles the District of Columbia boundary and whose Maryland half is unsigned MD 396A. Massachusetts Avenue continues southeast through Washington on the opposite side of the circle.

History
MD 396 was constructed as a concrete road along a new alignment from Westmoreland Circle to just west of the Georgetown Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Little Falls between 1931 and 1933. The Georgetown Branch's bridge across the highway, which is now used by the Capital Crescent Trail, was constructed at the same time as the highway. MD 396 was extended west to Goldsboro Road, then west along Goldsboro Road to what is now MacArthur Boulevard, in 1934 and 1935. The Goldsboro Road segment of MD 396 became a western extension of MD 614 in 1978. The MD 396–MD 614 intersection was originally a wye; the junction was changed to its current T intersection by 1999.

Auxiliary route
MD 396A is the designation for the 0.10 mi portion of Westmoreland Circle on the Maryland side of the District of Columbia boundary. The three-lane, one-way highway begins on the east side of the circle at Western Avenue. MD 396A continues counterclockwise around the circle through intersections with MD 396 and Wetherill Road before ending on the west side of the circle at Dalecarlia Parkway. MD 396A was assigned to the Maryland half of Westmoreland Circle in 2011.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maryland Route 396


text:
Sarah Vandenbergh

Sarah Vandenbergh (born 9 October 1972 in Sydney, Australia) is an Australian actress and presenter.

Vandenbergh played the original role of Lauren Carpenter in Neighbours, 1993–94, and Kerri in Hollyoaks in 1999. She was also a presenter on Fully Booked from 1996 to 1997 and appeared in the guest role of Lana Hemmings in Holby City. Later, appeared as a nun in short film Fancy Dress and as student Cassie Sanderson in Inbetweeners, a film about the British student experience. In 2006, she guest starred in an episode of McLeod's Daughters.

Today, Vandenbergh presents for TVSN, an Australian television shopping network.

title: Sarah Vandenbergh


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Guanella Pass

Guanella Pass (elevation 11669 ft) is a high mountain pass in central Colorado, in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States.

The pass is located in southwestern Clear Creek County, in the Front Range west of Denver and south of Georgetown. The pass was named in 1953 for Byron Guanella, a road supervisor and commissioner in Clear Creek County for nearly 50 years.

The pass provides a route between Georgetown in the valley of Clear Creek to the north and Grant in the valley of Geneva Creek, a tributary of the North Fork South Platte River, to the south. The pass is traversed by the Guanella Pass Scenic Byway. The road provides a link between Interstate 70 to the north and U.S. Highway 285 to the south. From Georgetown, take Clear County Route 381 south for 11 miles to the pass; from Grant, take Park County Route 62 13.5 miles to the pass.

The entire route from Georgetown to U.S. Highway 285 is paved. The road is no longer maintained in the winter and expect closure after the first heavy snow in the winter. There is a parking area at the closure gate on the Georgetown side of the pass to allow access to the pass by foot or snowmobile during the winter.

At the summit of the pass, hiking trails lead east to Mount Bierstadt (elevation 14060 ft) and west to Square Top Mountain among other places.

The Geneva Basin Ski Area which existed from 1963 to 1984 was located just a few miles south of the pass.

Climate
Guanella Pass has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc).

title: Guanella Pass


text: File:Predator two.jpg

title: File:Predator two.jpg


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Talk:Symphony No. 94 (Haydn)

Form, please
If anyone has a detailed analysis of the form and variation of this symphony I would greatly use any information.

I have an assignment that i need some help on.... What kind of piece is it Describe the form...
 * ≈≈***********What kind of music, and form *****≈≈*******

Any help is wonderful!! Thanks..
 * NIKKI**

The form of each of the four movements is clearly given in the article with links to the relevant articles. If you are unaware of what the names are:

1) Sonata 2) Theme & Variations 3) Classical Menuet (ternary) 4) Sonata Rondo

Good luck with your assignment. Eusebeus (talk) 18:31, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Feeble
Thanks for the compliment, Ashley, but "feeble" is correct. After 1803 the elderly Haydn evidently had heart trouble, and he felt so sick that he couldn't even perform the largely-mental work of musical composition. His legs were uncomfortably swollen due to poor circulation, and the highlight of his day was to reach the point where he was properly dressed and could receive visitors. On the question of whether the elderly Haydn was also senile, biographers seem to be ambivalent.

The point of including "feeble" is that the quotation sounds a little bit empty-headed, and it seems unlikely that Haydn would have so expressed himself during the period of his life when his powers were intact.

The information given above can be found in the Haydn bios cited in the article Joseph Haydn.

Opus33 14:56, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Bored audience?
I've moved this to the talk page:

 * It is said that Haydn had become fed up with his audience falling asleep during his concerts. Particularly, he was most annoyed at royalty whom would commission him to write a piece, only to fall asleep during its performance. Adding insult to injury, his pieces were often commissioned for uninteresting galas or simply dinner guests. Haydn wrote "Surprise Symphony" with this in mind.

because it's a classic instance of the "it is said" syndrome and thus violates policy. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_terms. It could legitimately be restored if there is a proper source for it. Opus33 17:15, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * How about "Many musical historians and biographers speculate that..." . Almost all of them at least say he wasn't fond of his audience falling alseep all the time. I'm sure there's a source for that at least.--Ben 02:35, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if we said "Many musical historians...", we would still be in violation of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_terms, which is highly recommended reading.

 * As far as those Web references given by Ben, #2 appears to be incompetent--this person thinks that Prince Eszterhazy heard the Surprise Symphony, which would be quite a feat, since he was already dead when it was composed. #1 specifically labels the "bored audience" tale as speculation--"the audience may be imagined to have comfortably settled...".

 * The five Haydn biographies I've read make no mention of this tale, and as a result I strongly suspect it is a fiction. Everybody knows the story, of course, because it is told to children, but all sorts of nonsense is told to children.  Unfortunately they don't normally check the elementary curriculum for scholarly accuracy.  Opus33 19:55, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Various excisions
I removed this from the article as unverified:

 * Trivia: Among the symphony's detractors was Charles Ives, who labeled it "easy music for the sissies."

Can we have a context and a reference for this quote? Was Ives specifically citing this symphony, or classical symphonies of this ilk in general? Also, the quote says more about Ives than about the Surprise Symphony. --RobertG ♬ talk 12:36, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * A reference is easy enough, at least one already existed when you made that excision. A context, well, maybe someone else can provide that. If not, oh well. Willi Gers07 (talk) 18:58, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

I removed this as requiring more context and discussion:

 * and the scherzo became the norm with Beethoven's symphonies.

This contention probably belongs on the discussion of the historical development of the symphony rather than specifically this symphony. --RobertG ♬ talk 12:36, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

I removed this rhythmic discussion as subjective:

 * The time signature is 2/4, but rhythmically the music is likely to be felt as being "in one"; i.e. just one beat to the bar. A higher-level beat is defined by the prevalence of four-bar phrases.

It seems a bit original to me. While I see the point being made (the perception of rhythmic ambiguity in the movement as having an effective time signature of either 1/2 or 4/2), Haydn definitely wrote 2/4 and anything else is interpretation unless someone produces a reference otherwise. --RobertG ♬ talk 12:36, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

G major??
I've never seen the song arranged in G major; the common key I've seen is C major. The notes are:

C-C-E-E-G-G-E

F-F-D-D-B-B-G

C-C-E-E-G-G-E

C-C-F#-F#-G

Note that the F#'s are a small modulation to G, but then it returns to C after the modulation. It repeats the same notes, but then, the next note after the G of the second section is an F natural, in C, and the last few notes are:

E-E-G-G-C-C-E

D-D-C-B-A-B-C-C-C

Any clarification?? Georgia guy 01:09, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have the score in front of me. The second movement is most definitely C Major. To further confirm this, the second section is in C Minor. Spamguy 20:18, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Georgia guy, the article already contained the answer to your question: "Andante.  This is the surprise movement, a theme and variations in 2/4 time and the subdominant key of C major."  Typically, symphony composers don't write all the movements in the same key.  Opus33 20:01, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Can anyone help me out with a listening guide for the first movement of the this Symphony No. 94. I am a non-music major and have this as part of an assignment. Thanks.

If some one could help me answer thies question that would be wonderful!!! What kind of piece is the susprise symphony?.....and also what is the form....

Nikki

Charles Ives's opinion
I have removed the Ives quotation. This link provides a direct reference for the cite to Cowell & Cowell, 1955 which suggests this quotation refers to Debussy. Pending direct verification, this should not be restored. (The cite I removed was itself unsubstantiated in the original). Eusebeus (talk) 19:37, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Here is the closest thing to a source I've been able to find: , a work by Ives from 1909 parodying the second movement of the 94th.  It's not clear how much it reflects Ives's views on the symphony, and how much it reflects his unhappiness with audiences that showed unadventurous musical tastes.  Perhaps there's more out there somewhere....  Opus33 (talk) 21:32, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * "Sissies" is a very colorful expression, but it looks like Ives used it a lot. I'm getting a lot of hits doing a google book search for "Ives sissies".  You'll find lots of hits for "pansies", "lily pads" and "pussies" as well.  He's got colorful things to say about Wagner ("soft-bodied sensualist -- pussy") and Chopin ("one just naturally thinks of him with a skirt on").  As RobertG said several years ago on this talk page, above, this does say more about Ives than it says about these other composers.  But since he is famous, his most amusing quotes do get repeated often.DavidRF (talk) 22:40, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I hope no one here thinks he's the reincarnation of Joseph Haydn. His legacy is quite secure enough to withstand a little criticism, even if it's from Ives or Debussy. Willi Gers07 (talk) 19:44, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I thought the confusion was not whether Ives or Debussy said it about Haydn, but whether Ives said it about Haydn or Debussy.DavidRF (talk) 19:48, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That's right. Neither of the Google books that return the quotation provide a citation. The one that does (to Cowell 1955) links it to Debussy. That said, it is perfectly believable that Ives did say this about Haydn. I'll remove it again temporarily until we can verify the quote per WP:V. (As a post scripta, I should note that this quote is generally associated with Haydn, so we should probably make reference to it in the article, even if its attribution may be spurious or dubious. We just need to find the right wording Eusebeus (talk) 19:54, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * "The right wording" = wording that doesn't come from Robert G or from me, but mostly that it doesn't come from me. Willi Gers07 (talk) 20:15, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, you come across as churlish, dilettantish, and disagreeable - I'll hand you that. But in this case the right wording refers to establishing whether this falls within the large corpus of Ivesian apocrypha or whether it can be directly sourced. Eusebeus (talk) 20:27, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * So, because of your assessment of me, that must mean my edits are completely invalid even if I cite a thousand Cambridge and Oxford books. You, on the other hand, are so awesome that you can cite a blog post and it's a perfectly valid source per WP:RS. Willi Gers07 (talk) 19:22, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, however we decide to go forward here, what you've posted on the page at the moment is obviously not correct. No one thinks Debussy said this.  Ives definitely said it.  "Sissy" is one of Ives favorite terms and I don't think "sissy" would come out of the translation from the French language.  Could you please rephrase the section so that attributes the quote to Ives?  Thanks. DavidRF (talk) 20:10, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi David, I have fixed this for the moment. Wish we could get an actual cite though. Eusebeus (talk) 21:43, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * OK. Thanks.  Lots of these famous quotes live on in semi-hearsay status, but this one is oft-repeated so I don't mind it staying.  Cheers. DavidRF (talk) 21:58, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello, For what it's worth, User:Flutedude has visited my talk page to express unhappiness about this quote, in particular the sourcing. As far as I can tell, the sourcing we currently have is not literal sourcing; i.e. something like "In a letter to X, Ives said that...".  Also, perhaps the "quote" was just made up by someone who saw the parody, and was trying to summarize Ives's feelings? Lastly, the quote make Ives look like something of a philistine, and might not be fair to him.  So I think we ought to consider withdrawing the quote if we can't find a gold-standard source for it.  Cheers, Opus33 (talk) 22:23, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, the one source I found did attribute it back to Cowell 1955, which is fine as a source, although I haven't bothered to check the original. However, as I noted above, the only online attribution I found made it unclear whether the quotation was about Haydn or Debussy. Upon reflection, however, it seems very unlikely that Ives was referring to Debussy. I'll remove it given the concerns we've noted above generally - it is not particularly helpful one way or the other.

One final note, I see from your talk page that this flute fellow was rather put off by the exchange here. I take exception that the discussion between three seasoned editors with a lengthy history of friendly interaction (Op, me, DRF) be derided as engaging in oneupmanship. Just shows how much the intervention of a single disagreeable and obsessed voice can poison the air. I suggest a healthy dose of WP:DFTT. Eusebeus (talk) 23:03, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Instead take exception to listing Opus33. The "flute fellow," in his remarks to Opus 33, blamed everyone "except you," meaning Opus33. Opus33 is in a class way above me and my boyfriend Eusebeus. Willi Gers07 (talk) 17:32, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Eusebeus. I feel more comfortable with this version, though of course I remain curious about whether the quote can sooner or later be nailed down... Opus33 (talk) 23:14, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
 * FWIW, several famous quotes of this nature are not verifiable to the point of absolute certitude. And that goes for good quotes as well as bad quotes.  The Brahms quote on Haydn's 88th is one of those.  Authors are usually quick to point out that the quote is "oft repeated" or cite that "Tovey claims that" instead of claiming that its true.  The same goes for Weber's famous "ripe for the madhouse" quote about Beethoven's 7th.  There's considerable doubt that Weber was the one who actually said that.  These quotes have taken a life of their own in program notes, though.  And so what if a cranky modernist doesn't think its daring to listen to a 125-year old symphony?  Anyhow, stay or go, it doesn't bother me either way, just thought I'd make the case for why it *could* be included.  Cheers.DavidRF (talk) 00:05, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * This is the part of Flutedude's comment I would have emphasized: "I think it would be alot [sic] easier to just talk about the parody lyrics and chuck the 'sissies' quotation" (emphasis mine). If the Ives parody lyrics really are so much easier to verify, I wonder why not just talk about those instead? Don't those lyrics say more about both this symphony in particular and about Ives? James470 (talk) 01:01, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * There's two problems with that, Jimmy. First, it makes way too much sense. Where do you think you are, New Grove? Second, I added it, which means it will be reverted in 10, 9, 8, 7... Willi Gers07 (talk) 17:32, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Right on schedule. Willi Gers07 (talk) 18:05, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * You created the second problem. The first problem remains the same. James470 (talk) 00:28, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Generated audio of score
LilyPond’s MIDI output doesn’t take articulations such as staccato into account, which makes the generated audio for the score in the Nickname section sound rather odd, in my opinion. This variant uses the Articulate script to produce a somewhat more accurate version:

It’s not perfect – the  block, for instance, might be incomplete. (The LilyPond code is based on Score.php, but there may be some parts I missed.) I’m also not sure if measures 9-16 are lacking the staccato articulations because they’re supposed to be absent, or if they’re merely hidden to avoid visual repetition, in which case  should probably be employed instead so that the articulations are still available to the Articulate script. —Galaktos (talk) 22:28, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Symphony No. 94 (Haydn)


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File:The The - Mind Bomb CD cover.jpg

The The - Mind Bomb. Original UK CD album cover

Fair use rationale

 * No free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information.
 * The image does not replace the original market role of the original copyrighted media.
 * The image is low resolution.
 * The image has previously been published.
 * The image meets general Wikipedia content requirements.
 * The image contributes significantly to the article by identifying the subject of the article.

Original UK release CD album cover - album covers are fair use. Picture scanned by me Ian Dunster from original UK CD album.

title: File:The The - Mind Bomb CD cover.jpg


text:
Arrow notation

Arrow notation may refer to:
 * Conway chained arrow notation
 * Knuth's up-arrow notation
 * Arrow notation (Ramsey theory), or infinitary combinatorics
 * Arrow notation as a way of representing functions

title: Arrow notation


text:
Rosemary & Thyme

Rosemary & Thyme is a British television cosy mystery thriller series starring Felicity Kendal and Pam Ferris as gardening detectives Rosemary Boxer and Laura Thyme. The show began on ITV in 2003. The third series ended in August 2007. The theme is murder mysteries in the setting of professional gardening jobs. It was created by Brian Eastman to entertain his wife, Christabel Albery, who is an avid gardener. The show was directed by Brian Farnham (10 episodes, 2003–2006), Simon Langton (8 episodes, 2004–2006), Tom Clegg (3 episodes, 2003) and Gwennan Sage (1 episode, 2004). Clive Exton, who helped create the show, contributed 10 of the 22 scripts.

Plot
A cosy mystery series set in beautiful British and European gardens, Rosemary & Thyme features two women brought together by a sudden death who discover their shared love of the soil. Being gardeners means that they overhear secrets and dig up clues which lead them to handle floral problems, solve crimes and capture criminals.

Main
Laura Thyme (Pam Ferris) is a former police officer and recently broke up with her husband, who cheated on her with a younger woman. She is an avid gardener with a lot of practical knowledge about plants and garden design.

Rosemary Boxer (Felicity Kendal) has a doctorate in plant pathology and was a university of Malmesbury lecturer in applied horticulture for eighteen years, before her academic position was suddenly and sneakily removed (which pushes her to punch her ex-boss, a former beau, who fired her underhandedly). Rosemary owns a somewhat dilapidated 1980 Land Rover Series III which has occasional breakdowns.

The series' title was taken from the English poem "Scarborough Fayre".

While many guests starred, only two people (other than Kendal and Ferris) have appeared in more than one episode, Ryan Philpott and Daisy Dunlop, who appeared as Laura Thyme's children Matthew and Helena.

Guest appearances

 * Anthony Andrews
 * Catherine Bailey
 * Jill Baker
 * Suzanne Bertish
 * Crispin Bonham-Carter
 * Tracy Brabin
 * Michael Carter
 * Lara Cazalet
 * Jan Chappell
 * Michael Cochrane
 * Abigail Cruttenden
 * Amelia Curtis
 * Joanna David
 * Richard Durden
 * Beatie Edney
 * Michael Elwyn
 * Lucy Fleming
 * Oliver Ford-Davies
 * Clive Francis
 * Tristan Gemmill
 * Christopher Good
 * Murray Head
 * Ella Kenion
 * Belinda Lang
 * Phyllida Law
 * Charles Lawson
 * Michael Maloney
 * Mel Martin
 * Neil McDermott
 * Philip McGough
 * Rachel Pickup
 * Robert Portal
 * Claire Price
 * John Sackville
 * Michael Siberry
 * Malcolm Sinclair
 * Kim Thomson
 * Pip Torrens
 * Martin Turner
 * Margaret Tyzack
 * Christopher Villiers
 * Julian Wadham
 * Niky Wardley
 * Anna Wilson-Jones

Finale
On 12 May 2006, ITV announced that the show was to be axed as part of a major refresh in ITV1's programming. The final two episodes of series three ("Racquet Espanol" and "Enter Two Gardeners") were not aired with the rest of the series during 2005–06. They were eventually broadcast in late July and early August 2007.

Because of the outdoor nature of the show and the brevity of the British summer, it became the practice to set two episodes of each series in overseas locations. Two stories were already ready for shooting in Portugal when changes in production personnel caused delays. By the time that shooting was rescheduled, some actors were otherwise committed, and the ITV Network Centre was left with no option but to cancel filming for a fourth series.

Novels
Three novelisations, credited to series creator Brian Eastman and ghostwritten by crime writer Rebecca Tope, were published in Britain by Allison and Busby and in Australia by Hardie Grant Books:

 * And No Birds Sing (published in 2004, based on the pilot episode)
 * The Tree of Death (published in 2005, based on the final episode of Series 1)
 * Memory of Water (published in 2006, based on the feature-length opening episode of Series 2)

Related media
Composed and conducted by Christopher Gunning, a CD of incidental music and the opening theme (performed by John Williams) from the first two series of Rosemary & Thyme.

"The Case of the Dead Wait", by Peter Lovesey (January 2007 Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine)

DVD releases

title: Rosemary & Thyme


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User talk:Jagginess

Response on User talk:Smyth. – Smyth\talk 15:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Personal attacks
Now would be an appropriate time for you to (a) read No personal attacks and (b) apologize to Smyth for your extreme rudeness. People have been banned from Wikipedia for milder insults.

You're welcome to help fix up articles here, but please understand that you should explain why you are rephrasing articles heavily - it's not obvious from your changes. Explain what terminology you feel is used incorrectly on JavaScript, for example. And please remember that poor grammar will probably be reverted. Please spend some time proofreading, so that your words are phrased correctly. Rhobite 02:45, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jagginess


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The Power of Kroll

The Power of Kroll is the fifth serial of the 16th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 23 December 1978 to 13 January 1979.

The serial is set on the third moon of the human colony world Delta Magna. In the serial, a methane catalysing refinery's operations in the swamp disturbs the giant squid Kroll, which grew in size after ingesting the fifth segment of the powerful Key to Time. When Kroll surfaces, it subsequently rampages on the moon.

Plot
The Fourth Doctor and Romana have arrived on the third moon of Delta Magna, searching for the penultimate segment of the Key to Time. They find themselves caught in the middle of a dispute between the crew of a methane refinery and the natives (known as 'Swampies'). The Swampies claim that the crew have disturbed the waters, and will incur the wrath of their god, Kroll. Kroll is revealed to be a giant squid, which surfaces to feed every few centuries and is the source of the abnormally large amount of methane being mined. Originally a normal size squid, Kroll ingested the fifth segment of the Key to Time and began to grow, becoming a god-like figure to the Swampies and their descendants.

After Kroll awakens and begins to attack both the Swampies and the refinery indiscriminately, the Doctor uses the tracer to retrieve the segment of the Key, which destroys Kroll and instigates cellular regeneration within the creature to produce hundreds of normal-sized squid. This process not only saves the planet's inhabitants but removes the source of methane from the refinery. The Doctor and Romana return to the TARDIS and set off on their next adventure.

Production
When script editor Anthony Read asked Robert Holmes to write the story, there were two requirements: that it include the largest monster in series history and that Holmes minimise the humour that many scripts from the era were known for. This second requirement was a request from higher up at the BBC. Early titles for the story were The Shield of Time, Moon of Death and Horror of the Swamp. Holmes said that he considered the idea of a large monster a mistake given the budgetary constraints at the BBC and named The Power of Kroll as his least favourite Doctor Who story.

Extensive location filming took place in Snape, Suffolk around the River Alde from Monday 18 September 1978 to represent the marshes featured in the script. Nine days of location filming were afforded to the serial, including two night shoots, more than is usual for a Doctor Who story. Studio sequences were taped during October 1978. The serial was directed by Norman Stewart, who had directed the Underworld story a year previously. This was his final assignment on the programme. The actors playing Swampies were coloured green with a special water-resistant dye ordered from Germany. Unfortunately, the make-up artist failed to order the special dye remover, with the result that many of the actors had to take chemical baths to get the green dye off, and many had a green tint for a long period after production was finished. Costume designer Colin Lavers introduced a new tweed coat for the Doctor, which sported four flying duck brooches on its lapels. Around this time, producer Graham Williams fell ill and his duties were taken on by Anthony Read and production unit manager John Nathan-Turner, assisted by Blake's 7 producer David Maloney.

Cast notes
Among the cast were a number of actors who had previously appeared in Doctor Who playing other characters. The most notable of these was Philip Madoc who had previously appeared in The Krotons (1968–69), The War Games (1969) and The Brain of Morbius (1976). He had initially been invited to play Thawn, but the role was given to George Baker, who then pulled out. Madoc agreed to play the part of Fenner when Alan Browning, who was slated to play Fenner, fell ill before the start of production, but was dissatisfied with the role. John Leeson, best known as the voice of K9, appears in this story as Dugeen. This is his only on-screen appearance in Doctor Who and was given the role due to the fact that K9 doesn't appear in this story. (The role had previously been offered to Martin Jarvis.) Neil McCarthy previously played George Barnham in The Mind of Evil (1971), while John Abineri previously played Van Lutyens in Fury from the Deep (1968), General Carrington in The Ambassadors of Death (1970) and Richard Railton in Death to the Daleks (1974).

Broadcast and reception
Part One was broadcast only a few hours after BBC1 had come back on-air following a strike. The channel had ceased transmitting programmes after the early evening news on Wednesday 20 December and the dispute was resolved in time for services to resume at 3pm on Saturday 23 December. (BBC2 had been similarly affected, and BBC Radio operated a reduced service.) This disruption accounts for the large drop in ratings compared with the preceding episode, Part Four of The Androids of Tara, which was watched by 9m viewers. By contrast Part Two of The Power of Kroll aired during the week between Christmas and New Year, when viewing figures are often higher, and was watched by nearly twice as many people as Part One: BBC ratings were also boosted by a strike which had taken the Yorkshire region of ITV off-air for the entire Christmas period.

In their book The Discontinuity Guide (1995), Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping wrote that The Power of Kroll was "very slow" with little humour, and "horribly acted" aside from Madoc and Abineri. They also criticised the "unconvincing" realisation of Kroll. In 2011, Mark Braxton of Radio Times gave a negative review of the serial, describing it as uninteresting with poor effects, "tepid dialogue and dull characters". However, he felt that some parts were "enlivened by Tom Baker's sprightly performance". DVD Talk's Justin Felix gave the story two and a half out of five stars, calling it the "least inspired" story of The Key to Time. While he praised Baker and Tamm and their dialogue, he criticised the "flimsy" concept and the Swampies.

The Power of Kroll was voted at #174 by readers of Doctor Who Magazine in a 2009 poll of the top 200 stories — the fifth lowest of any Tom Baker story.

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Terrance Dicks, was published by Target Books in May 1980.

Home media
The Power of Kroll was released on VHS on 5 June 1995. This serial, along with the rest of season sixteen, was released as part of the Key to Time box set on region 2 DVD on 24 September 2007, and in Region 1 on 3 March 2009.

Target novelisation

 * On Target — Doctor Who and the Power of Kroll
 * On Target — Doctor Who and the Power of Kroll

title: The Power of Kroll


text:
Chain-growth polymerization

Chain-growth polymerization (AE) or chain-growth polymerisation (BE) is a polymerization technique where monomer molecules add onto the active site on a growing polymer chain one at a time. There are a limited number of these active sites at any moment during the polymerization which gives this method its key characteristics.

Chain-growth polymerization involves 3 types of reactions :

 * 1) Initiation: An active species I* is formed by some decomposition of an initiator molecule I
 * 2) Propagation: The initiator fragment reacts with a monomer M to begin the conversion to the polymer; the center of activity is retained in the adduct. Monomers continue to add in the same way until polymers Pi* are formed with the degree of polymerization i
 * 3) Termination: By some reaction generally involving two polymers containing active centers, the growth center is deactivated, resulting in dead polymer

Introduction
In 1953, Paul Flory first classified polymerization as "step-growth polymerization" and "chain-growth polymerization". IUPAC recommends to further simplify "chain-growth polymerization" to "chain polymerization". It is a kind of polymerization where an active center (free radical or ion) is formed, and a plurality of monomers can be polymerized together in a short period of time to form a macromolecule having a large molecular weight. In addition to the regenerated active sites of each monomer unit, polymer growth will only occur at one (or possibly more) endpoint.

Many common polymers can be obtained by chain polymerization such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl acetate (PVA).

Typically, chain-growth polymerization can be understood with the chemical equation:

 * $$ P_x^* + M \rightarrow P_{x+1}^* + L (x=1,2,3...)$$

In this equation, P is the polymer while x represents degree of polymerization, * means active center of chain-growth polymerization, M is the monomer which will react with active center, and L may be a low-molar-mass by-product obtained during chain propagation. For most chain-growth polymerizations, there is no by-product L formed. However there are some exceptions, such as the polymerization of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides to oxazolidine-2,5-diones.

This type of polymerization is described as "chain" or "chain-growth" because the reaction mechanism is a chemical chain reaction with an initiation step in which an active center is formed, followed by a rapid sequence of chain propagation steps in which the polymer molecule grows by addition of one monomer molecule to the active center in each step. The word "chain" here does not refer to the fact that polymer molecules form long chains. Some polymers are formed instead by a second type of mechanism known as step-growth polymerization without rapid chain propagation steps.

Reaction steps
All chain-growth polymerization reactions must include chain initiation and chain propagation. Chain transfer and chain termination steps also occur in many but not all chain-growth polymerizations.

Chain initiation
Chain initiation is the initial generation of a chain carrier, which is an intermediate such as a radical or an ion which can continue the reaction by chain propagation. Initiation steps are classified according to the way that energy is provided: thermal initiation, high energy initiation, and chemical initiation, etc. Thermal initiation uses molecular thermal motion to dissociate a molecule and form active centers. High energy initiation refers to the generation of chain carriers by radiation. Chemical initiation is due to a chemical initiator.

For the case of radical polymerization as an example, chain initiation involves the dissociation of a radical initiator molecule (I) which is easily dissociated by heat or light into two free radicals (2 R°). Each radical R° then adds a first monomer molecule (M) to start a chain which terminates with a monomer activated by the presence of an unpaired electron (RM1°).

 * I → 2 R°
 * R° + M → RM1°

Chain propagation
IUPAC defines chain propagation as a reaction of an active center on the growing polymer molecule, which adds one monomer molecule to form a new polymer molecule (RM1°) one repeat unit longer.

For radical polymerization, the active center remains an atom with an unpaired electron. The addition of the second monomer and a typical later addition step are

 * RM1° + M → RM2°
 * RMn° + M → RMn+1°
 * RMn° + M → RMn+1°

For some polymers, chains of over 1000 monomer units can be formed in milliseconds.

Chain termination
In a chain termination step, the active center disappears, resulting in the termination of chain propagation. This is different from chain transfer in which the active center only shifts to another molecule but does not disappear.

For radical polymerization, termination involves a reaction of two growing polymer chains to eliminate the unpaired electrons of both chains. There are two possibilities.

1. Recombination is the reaction of the unpaired electrons of two chains to form a covalent bond between them. The product is a single polymer molecule with the combined length of the two reactant chains:

 * RMn° + RMm° → Pn+m

2. Disproportionation is the transfer of a hydrogen atom from one chain to the other, so that the two product chain molecules are unchanged in length but are no longer free radicals:

 * RMn° + RMm° → Pn + Pm

Initiation, propagation and termination steps also occur in chain reactions of smaller molecules. This is not true of the chain transfer and branching steps considered next.

Chain transfer
In some chain-growth polymerizations there is also a chain transfer step, in which the growing polymer chain RMn° takes an atom X from an inactive molecule XY, terminating the growth of the polymer chain: RMn° + XY → RMnX + Y°. The Y fragment ls a new active center which adds more monomer M to form a new growing chain YMn°. This can happen in free radical polymerization for chains RMn°, in ionic polymerization for chains RMn+ or RMn–, or in coordination polymerization. In most cases chain transfer will generate a by-product and decrease the molar mass of the final polymer.

Chain transfer to polymer: Branching
Another possibility is chain transfer to a second polymer molecule, result in the formation of a product macromolecule with a branched structure. In this case the growing chain takes an atom X from a second polymer chain whose growth had been completed. The growth of the first polymer chain is completed by the transfer of atom X. However the second molecule loses an atom X from the interior of its polymer chain to form a reactive radical (or ion) which can add more monomer molecules. This results in the addition of a branch or side chain and the formation of a product macromolecule with a branched structure.

Classes of chain-growth polymerization
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends definitions for several classes of chain-growth polymerization.

Radical polymerization
Based on the IUPAC definition, radical polymerization is a chain polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are radicals. Usually, the growing chain end bears an unpaired electron. Free radicals can be initiated by many methods such as heating, redox reactions, ultraviolet radiation, high energy irradiation, electrolysis, sonication, and plasma. Free radical polymerization is very important in polymer chemistry. It is one of the most developed methods in chain-growth polymerization. Currently, most polymers in our daily life are synthesized by free radical polymerization, including polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, styrene butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, neoprene, etc.

Ionic polymerization
Ionic polymerization is a chain polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are ions or ion pairs. It can be further divided into anionic polymerization and cationic polymerization. Ionic polymerization generates many polymers used in daily life, such as butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, polyphenylene, polyoxymethylene, polysiloxane, polyethylene oxide, high density polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, butadiene rubber, etc. Living anionic polymerization was developed in the 1950s. The chain will remain active indefinitely unless the reaction is transferred or terminated deliberately, which allows the control of molar weight and dispersity (or polydispersity index, PDI).

Coordination polymerization
Coordination polymerization is a chain polymerization that involves the preliminary coordination of a monomer molecule with a chain carrier. The monomer is first coordinated with the transition metal active center, and then the activated monomer is inserted into the transition metal-carbon bond for chain growth. In some cases, coordination polymerization is also called insertion polymerization or complexing polymerization. Advanced coordination polymerizations can control the tacticity, molecular weight and PDI of the polymer effectively. In addition, the racemic mixture of the chiral metallocene can be separated into its enantiomers. The oligomerization reaction produces an optically active branched olefin using an optically active catalyst.

Living polymerization
Living polymerization was first described by Michael Szwarc in 1956. It is defined as a chain polymerization from which chain transfer and chain termination are absent. In the absence of chain-transfer and chain termination, the monomer in the system is consumed and the polymerization stops but the polymer chain remains active. If new monomer is added, the polymerization can proceed.

Due to the low PDI and predictable molecular weight, living polymerization is at the forefront of polymer research. It can be further divided into living free radical polymerization, living ionic polymerization and living ring-opening metathesis polymerization, etc.

Ring-opening polymerization
Ring-opening polymerization is defined as a polymerization in which a cyclic monomer yields a monomeric unit which is acyclic or contains fewer cycles than the monomer. Generally, the ring-opening polymerization is carried out under mild conditions, and the by-product is less than in the polycondensation reaction. A high molecular weight polymer is easily obtained. Common ring-opening polymerization products includes polypropylene oxide, polytetrahydrofuran,, polyoxymethylene, polycaprolactam and polysiloxane.

Reversible-deactivation polymerization
Reversible-deactivation polymerization is defined as a chain polymerization propagated by chain carriers that are deactivated reversibly, bringing them into one or more active-dormant equilibria. An example of a reversible-deactivation polymerization is group-transfer polymerization.

Comparison with step-growth polymerization
Polymers were first classified according to polymerization method by Wallace Carothers in 1929, who introduced the terms addition polymer and condensation polymer to describe polymers made by addition reactions and condensation reactions respectively. However this classification is inadequate to describe a polymer which can be made by either type of reaction, for example nylon 6 which can be made either by addition of a cyclic monomer or by condensation of a linear monomer.

Flory revised the classification to chain-growth polymerization and step-growth polymerization, based on polymerization mechanisms rather than polymer structures. IUPAC now recommends that the names of step-growth polymerization and chain-growth polymerization be further simplified to polycondensation (or polyaddition if no low-molar-mass by-product is formed when a monomer is added) and chain polymerization.

Most polymerizations are either chain-growth or step-growth reactions. Chain-growth includes both initiation and propagation steps (at least), and the propagation of chain-growth polymers proceeds by the addition of monomers to a growing polymer with an active centre. In contrast step-growth polymerization involves only one type of step, and macromolecules can grow by reaction steps between any two molecular species: two monomers, a monomer and a growing chain, or two growing chains. In step growth, the monomers will initially form dimers, trimers, etc. which later react to form long chain polymers.

In chain-growth polymerization, a growing macromolecule increases in size rapidly once its growth is initiated. When a macromolecule stops growing it generally will add no more monomers. In step-growth polymerization on the other hand, a single polymer molecule can grow over the course of the whole reaction.

In chain-growth polymerization, long macromolecules with high molecular weight are formed when only a small fraction of monomer has reacted. Monomers are consumed steadily over the course of the whole reaction, but the degree of polymerization can increase very quickly after chain initiation. However in step-growth polymerization the monomer is consumed very quickly to dimer, trimer and oligomer. The degree of polymerization increases steadily during the whole polymerization process.

The type of polymerization of a given monomer usually depends on the functional groups present, and sometimes also on whether the monomer is linear or cyclic. Chain-growth polymers are usually addition polymers by Carothers' definition. They are typically formed by addition reactions of C=C bonds in the monomer backbone, which contains only carbon-carbon bonds. Another possibility is ring-opening polymerization, as for the chain-growth polymerization of tetrahydrofuran or of polycaprolactone (see Introduction above).

Step-growth polymers are typically condensation polymers in which an elimination product as such as H2O are formed. Examples are polyamides, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyimides, polysiloxanes and polysulfones. If no elimination product is formed, then the polymer is an addition polymer, such as a polyurethane or a poly(phenylene oxide). Chain-growth polymerization with a low-molar-mass by-product during chain growth is described by IUPAC as "condensative chain polymerization".

Compared to step-growth polymerization, living chain-growth polymerization shows low molar mass dispersity (or PDI), predictable molar mass distribution and controllable conformation. Generally, polycondensation proceeds in a step-growth polymerization mode.

Application
Chain polymerization products are widely used in many aspects of life, including electronic devices, food packaging, catalyst carriers, medical materials, etc. At present, the world's highest yielding polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), etc. can be obtained by chain polymerization. In addition, some carbon nanotube polymer is used for electronical devices. Controlled living chain-growth conjugated polymerization will also enable the synthesis of well-defined advanced structures, including block copolymers. Their industrial applications extend to water purification, biomedical devices and sensors.

title: Chain-growth polymerization


text:
Saint Bonaventure's College

St. Bonaventure's College (commonly called St. Bon's) is an independent kindergarten to grade 12 Catholic School in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is located in the St. John's Ecclesiastical District, adjacent to the Roman Catholic Basilica of St. John the Baptist. The school is named in honour of one of the Doctors of the Catholic Church, St. Bonaventure.

Early history
In 1855, there was a public auction to sell more than 30,000 building stones from Waterford, Ireland, which had been imported to build the local penitentiary. The Catholic Bishop of the day, Right Rev. John Thomas Mullock, took advantage of plans to build a smaller penal institution and purchased sufficient surplus stones to construct a Franciscan monastery.

In April 1857 the bishop laid the cornerstone of the college named after the Franciscan Order's most scholarly and famous theologian, St. Bonaventure. A year later, in March 1858, the new facilities opened. Dormitories were installed upstairs as the institution operated as a seminary. Seven years later in 1865 the college began to admit secular students and, in 1889, the Irish Christian Brothers assumed administrative responsibilities for the school.

The college remains significant in the history of the Irish language in Newfoundland as, during the Gaelic revival, the sixth President of St. Bonaventure's College was not only a member of the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language, but also taught classes in the Irish-language there during the 1870s. Although the subject still remains to be explored, Kenneth E. Nilsen, an American linguist specializing in the Celtic languages, has argued in a posthumously published essay that "closer inspection would likely reveal a Canadian counterpart to the American language revival movement."

Mullock Hall was designated as a Registered Heritage Structure on May 15, 1989, by the Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador and is listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.

Holland Hall
One of the more modern buildings on the campus is Holland Hall, which sits on the site of the school's former tennis courts (built 1931) which were previously Brother Strapp's "Cricket and Football Crease," affectionately known as "Bartie's Pitch." Holland Hall is a three-storey institutional building, construction on which began in 1957. The building was designed by Frank Noseworthy, while working for architect Frederick A. Colbourne, and is constructed of cast-in-place concrete with large areas of glass block The building of the school was overseen by Brother J.B. Darcy, Present of the college from 1956 to 1960. The building was completed in 1958, and named after Brother F.L. Holland, founding superior of the Christian Brothers in Newfoundland in 1875. In 2018, Holland Hall was one of series of modernist buildings listed by the City of St. John's that could be considered for heritage status.

Modern History
St. Bon's school was closed in 1998 due to the end of denominational education in the province. In 1999, the school was reopened with the Society of Jesus, from their local St. Pius X Church, offering administrative help; it is now the only K-12 private school, and the only Catholic school, in the city.

The school was also a perennial leader in sports and was the first educational institution to institute an annual sports day. The prestigious Boyle Trophy has a long association with the school.

In 2003, St. Bon's became a member of the Jesuit Secondary School Association.

A Strategic Plan was approved by the Board of Governors in 2015. This plan which outlines strategic initiatives to further the school's mission has met with considerable success.

In May 2017, the school launched a news magazine, "Magis." This magazine distributed to the school community and benefactors, outlines how the school is achieving its mission. The school also presents an award to successful young alumni, called the Magis Award. Recipient history can be found on the school's website.

Music Education
The choral program is now currently under the direction of Susan Quinn.

Notable Graduates
Several of Newfoundland's political leaders were educated at St. Bonaventure's. Among its graduates are many Rhodes scholars, Jubilee scholars, two lieutenant governors, three chief justices, five archbishops and six regular Bishops. Newfoundland prime ministers Sir Edward Morris and Sir Michael Cashin were both St. Bon's alumni. Former premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, Danny Williams, also attended St. Bon's, although he graduated from nearby Gonzaga High School.

title: Saint Bonaventure's College


text:
Mordechai Gichon

Mordechai Gichon (Hebrew:מרדכי גיחון; born August 16, 1922; died September 19, 2016) was an Israeli non-fiction author and military historian.

Early life and military career
Gichon was born Mordechai Gicherman in Berlin, Germany, to a Jewish family. In 1934, the family moved to Mandatory Palestine and settled in Tel Aviv, where his father Nachum ran a German-language newspaper. Gichon was educated at the Ben-Yehuda Gymnasium, and later at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

In 1940, he joined the Haganah, and in 1942, he enlisted in the British Army to fight in World War II. He saw action in Europe with the Jewish Brigade. Following the war, Gichon become one of the Nakam, who hunted down and killed former Nazis, and was among the Jewish Brigade veterans who organized Aliyah Bet, or illegal immigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. Gichon was placed in charge of an assembly point in the Netherlands from where Holocaust survivors were sought out and helped in their journey to Palestine. He was discharged from the British Army in 1946, and returned to Palestine, where he resumed his studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

In 1947, he rejoined the Haganah, and served as an intelligence officer in the Jerusalem area during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Gichon served in the newly created Israel Defense Forces, and established military intelligence units in the Jerusalem area.

Following the war, Gichon remained in the IDF as a career military intelligence officer, and in 1950 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He served in several senior positions, and was involved in the 1956 Sinai Campaign. He retired from the army in 1963. During his military service, he completed a master's degree in 1956.

Academic career
Gichon's academic career began in 1961, during his military service. When Israel Bar was arrested as a Soviet spy, Gichon was asked to take his place as head of the Department of Military History at Tel Aviv University. He served in this position from 1961 to 1965, when he moved to the Department of Classics and began studying archaeology. He completed a PhD in 1969. He wrote his thesis with the guidance of Professor Michael Avi-Yonah. He was appointed an associate professor in 1971, and professor in 1980. In 1990, he retired from Tel Aviv University as a professor emeritus in archaeology.

Personal life
Gichon married Chava Goldberg (formerly Renate Eva Goldberg), the daughter of physicist and inventor Emanuel Goldberg, in 1948. The couple had three children.

Books

 * Battles of the Bible with Chaim Herzog.
 * En Boqeq: Ausgraben in einer Oase am Toten Meer
 * Palestine from Bethther to Tel Hai
 * Sinai as a Border Region in Historic Retrospect

title: Mordechai Gichon


text:
Psicosis

Dionicio Castellanos Torres (born May 19, 1971) is a Mexican professional wrestler, better known by the ring names Psicosis (sometimes Anglicised as Psychosis) and Nicho el Millonario. He is best known for his appearances with the promotions Lucha Libre AAA World Wide, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre and the World Wrestling Association, as well as his appearances in the United States with Extreme Championship Wrestling, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, World Championship Wrestling, and World Wrestling Entertainment. Championships held by Psicosis include the AAA World Tag Team Championship, WWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship, WWA World Welterweight Championship, and WWA World Trios Championship.

Early career (1989–1996)
Castellanos debuted as "El Salvaje" after being trained by Rey Misterio and his brother, Fobia. He often teamed with Fobia and wore face paint. In March 1989, Castellanos began wrestling as "Psicosis" for the local promotion in his native Baja California, where some of his biggest feuds pitted him against El Hijo del Santo and Rey Mysterio Jr. He would eventually wrestle Mysterio Jr. over five hundred times throughout this career. He also frequently feuded with La Parka as well as Juventud Guerrera and Fuerza Guerrera.

Psicosis first made a name for himself in the United States through AAA's 1994 pay-per-view broadcast When Worlds Collide, where he, Fuerza Guerrera, and Madonna's Boyfriend defeated Heavy Metal, Latin Lover, and Rey Mysterio Jr.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995)
Psicosis debuted in the United States-promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling in September 1995, facing Mysterio Jr. in a critically acclaimed bout at Gangstas Paradise. Psicosis was recruited by ECW booker Paul Heyman – who was seeking new talent to replace Chris Benoit, Eddie Guerrero and Dean Malenko, all of whom had recently left the promotion – at the recommendation of Konnan.

Early years (1996–1998)
Castellanos signed with World Championship Wrestling in 1996, anglicizing his name to "Psychosis." His debut pitted him against Konnan at Clash of the Champions XXXII. Through the early years, Psychosis would typically face other luchadores, frequently getting a midcard spot during pay-per-view events. He engaged in a feud with Último Dragón, first working as the fan favorite. He was later signed by Dragon's former manager Sonny Onoo, turning into a villain in the process. During the entire length of the feud, he was unable to defeat the Dragon. He then began teaming with La Parka under Onoo's tutelage. After Onoo dropped them in favor of Yuji Nagata, the team began to break up, with La Parka attacking Psychosis after the matches. He beat La Parka at Spring Stampede on April 19, 1998. In 1998, Psychosis joined Eddie Guerrero's Latino World Order (LWO) group, which consisted entirely of Mexican wrestlers. The group was disbanded by Ric Flair on the January 11 episode of Nitro.

Cruiserweight Champion (1999–2000)
During the April 19 episode of Nitro, Psychosis defeated Blitzkrieg, Juventud Guerrera, and Rey Mysterio in a four-way bout to win the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship for the first time. This reign was short-lived however, as he lost it to Rey Mysterio one week later.

Psychosis originally lost his mask to Rey Misterio during a tour of Mexico, as he removed the mask and handed it to Mysterio Jr. while simultaneously covering his face with a towel. He also lost the mask to Billy Kidman on the September 27 episode of Nitro, revealing his face to the American audience. On occasion, he was also paired with Juventud Guerrera, and when the latter won the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Title, Guerrera was kayfabe injured and had Psychosis defend the title. In reality, Guerrera and Jerry Flynn were arrested on DUI charges; Psychosis immediately lost the belt to previous champion Jushin Thunder Liger. Neither Juventud Guerrera's championship win nor Psicosis' title defense was recognized by New Japan Pro-Wrestling until 2007. Psychosis had a second Cruiserweight title reign in WCW shortly after unmasking, when the previous champion Lenny Lane, who portrayed a flamboyant homosexual on television, got WCW in trouble with GLAAD. As a result, Lane was pulled from television and Psychosis was given the belt to defend. The WCW announcers claimed that he had won it at a house show. However, on his first televised appearance with the title, Psychosis lost it to Disco Inferno. This earned him the dubious distinction of having lost two titles he never won.

Return to Extreme Championship Wrestling (2000)
Psychosis was officially released from financially suffering WCW in early 2000. This resulted in his brief return to Extreme Championship Wrestling that spanned from July to November 2000. The highlight of his second run was a match with Yoshihiro Tajiri at the ECW Arena, as well as an appearance at the Heat Wave pay-per-view, competing in a four-way dance against Yoshihiro Tajiri, Mikey Whipwreck, and Little Guido. Much like WCW, ECW was on the brink of demise and soon folded.

Independent circuit (2000–2005)
Psychosis was then part of the short-lived Xcitement Wrestling Federation and World Wrestling All-Stars promotions, and had a brief stint in All Japan Pro Wrestling. He had a lengthy run in Xtreme Pro Wrestling, aligning himself with Konnan, Juventud Guerrera, Halloween, and Damien as "La Familia." Psychosis then wrestled on early Total Nonstop Action Wrestling weekly pay-per-views. He also participated in the NWA Wrestling Showcase shows.

Psychosis had a dispute with AAA in Mexico which held the rights to his ring name, so he switched it to "Nicho El Millonario" and continued to work in Mexico, mostly in Tijuana with occasional dates in the United States and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. Psicosis returned to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in 2004 and wrestled at Victory Road 2004 as part of the 20-man international invitational. He was eliminated, and the tournament was won by fellow luchadore and former lWo member Héctor Garza. In 2005, he returned to AAA to feud with the wrestler who had assumed the name "Psicosis" in September 1997 when he originally left the promotion. The two had a "name vs. name" ladder match at Triplemania XIII, but Histeria ran in and took the name for himself. Consequently, the feud evolved into a three-way rivalry.

In 2005, Castellanos appeared in the independent documentary, 101 Reasons Not To Become A Professional Wrestler.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2005–2006)
In 2005, Castellanos signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He appeared at the WWE promoted ECW One Night Stand pay-per-view on June 12, losing to Rey Mysterio. His first WWE television appearance was on the June 18 airing of WWE Velocity, teaming with Super Crazy to defeat Akio and Billy Kidman. Psicosis, Super Crazy, and Juventud grouped together to form a faction known as the Mexicools. The group made their debut as heels on the June 23 episode of SmackDown! when all three members rode to the ring on a John Deere lawn mower, with the sticker saying Juan Deere to be more Mexican, wearing matching coveralls and attacked both Chavo Guerrero and Paul London during their WWE Cruiserweight Championship match. Juventud cut a promo questioning the lack of "true Mexican Luchadores" in the cruiserweight division, before going on to deride the state of Mexican Americans in general. Psicosis dubbed the lawn mower they arrived on a "Mexican Limo 2005" and the group claimed that even Mexico's President mocks Mexicans in the United States; this referenced Vicente Fox's controversial remark that Mexican immigrants do the jobs "not even the blacks want to do." Guerrera then stated that they were no longer there to clean toilets and work for "them" (the "gringos") but "they" were going to be working for "us" (The Mexicools)," before dubbing the team "not Mexicans but Mexicools!" In the following weeks, they would continue to make run-ins in matches and mock the stereotypical image of Mexicans in the United States, even coming to the ring each with their own riding lawn mower.

On July 24 at The Great American Bash in Buffalo, New York, they defeated Blue World Order in a six-man tag match when Psicosis pinned Steven Richards to secure the Mexicools' first pay-per-view win. The trio then turned face by feuding with Nunzio and Vito. During the December 2 episode of SmackDown! Super Crazy and Psicosis won a battle royal with 5 other tag teams, earning a match against MNM at Armageddon 2005 for the WWE Tag Team Championship. MNM lost the titles before their match, however, which meant that the Armageddon match was just a standard tag team match. During the January 27, 2006 episode of SmackDown! Super Crazy and Psicosis defeated The Dicks (Chad Wicks and John Toland) and the F.B.I. in a three-way tag team match to win spots in the 2006 Royal Rumble match on January 29. Psicosis entered at #4 in the Royal Rumble match but was quickly eliminated by his former WCW rival Rey Mysterio. During June 2006 the ECW brand was revived and with this came the expectations that Super Crazy would leave Psicosis and SmackDown! for the new ECW brand. This was later fueled with a match that would see Yoshihiro Tajiri and Super Crazy team up and face the F.B.I. at ECW One Night Stand. At this time, Psicosis' partnership with Crazy began to crumble when Psicosis abandoned Crazy during incidents with The Great Khali. The team split up, with Psicosis turning heel. On the July 21 episode of SmackDown!, Psicosis lost to Super Crazy. This was Psicosis' last WWE appearance. After a four-month inactivity, WWE announced that Castellanos was released from WWE in the fall of that year because of his arrest in Mexico on November 1, 2006.

Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2006–2007)
Psicosis worked as "Nicho el Millonario" (after the main character in the soap opera El premio mayor) in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) up until 2007. At the end of 2006, he accidentally shattered his nose in a match against El Hijo de Rey Misterio, and also got his head shaved. He was rushed to a nearby hospital to get his nose set following the match.

Return to AAA (2007–2014)
On the March 3, 2007 televised episode of AAA, Psicosis came as Nicho and started a fight with Cibernético. He had worn a La Parka mask, pretending to be him, in order to get La Parka expelled from AAA. Psicosis then joined Halloween's new version of La Familia de Tijuana, along with Extreme Tiger, in AAA under the ring name Nicho el Millonario. He returned after an absence from the company and joined Joe Líder's new rudo stable, while helping attack La Familia de Tijuana and the Mexican Powers. On September 14, 2008, at Verano de Escandalo, Nicho and Joe Líder, known collectively as "La Hermandad Extrema" (the Extreme Brotherhood), won the AAA World Tag Team Championship by defeating Crazy Boy and Último Gladiador and The Hart Foundation 2.0 (Jack Evans and Teddy Hart) and champions Halloween and Extreme Tiger in a four-way ladder match. La Hermandad 187 are the longest reigning tag team champions, with a reign of 551 days. On March 19, 2010, they lost the championship to La Legión Extranjera representatives Taiji Ishimori and Takeshi Morishima. On June 6, 2010, at Triplemanía XVIII, La Hermandad 187 participated in a four-way elimination match for the AAA World Tag Team Championship. Lídereliminated the then reigning AAA World Tag Team Champions (Atsushi Aoki and Go Shiozaki) when he pinned Shiozaki. Later, Líder was pinned by James Storm of Beer Money, Inc. after interference from Konnan, denying them the chance to regain the tag team championship. Later in the night La Hermandad helped Cibernético beat up almost all the members of La Legión. Afterwards La Hermandad started feuding with La Sociedad, a superstable consisting of invaders from Los Perros del Mal and members of Los Maniacos, La Legión Extrangera and La Milicia, El Zorro and Hernandez in particular. La Hermandad received their rematch for the AAA World Tag Team Championship from Los Maniacos (Silver King and Último Gladiador) on September 19, 2010, but Líder was forced to enter the match without Nicho, who was taken out by El Zorro, Hernandez and La Legión the previous week, and was unable to regain the championship. At Héroes Inmortales IV Nicho and Líder gained a measure of revenge on Konnan by defeating him and Perros del Mal members Damián 666 and Halloween in a three–on–two handicap hardcore match. On October 30, 2010, El Zorro defeated Nicho in a Lucha de Apuesta to take his hair. On December 5 at Guerra de Titanes Nicho and Líder received a shot at the AAA World Tag Team Championship, but were unable to dethrone Los Maniacos in a three-way ladder match, which also included Hernandez and El Ilegal. During the first half of 2011, La Hermandad 187 started feuding with La Maniarquía (Chessman, Silver King and Último Gladiador), during which the rudo trio injured Nicho, forcing him out of Triplemanía XIX on June 18. At the event Nicho tried to interfere in the match between Líder, Electroshock and Heavy Metal and La Maniarquía, but was stopped by AAA president Joaquín Roldan, who suspended him from AAA for his interference and had him removed the arena. Prior to the start of his three-month-long suspension, Nicho appeared at the June 30 tapings, voicing his displeasure over the suspension, claiming that he had been there for the company from the beginning even though they had given his name (Psicosis) to another performer "not even close to his level", before noting that he had a son and that if he was suspended without pay, he would have to find work from another promotion. Nicho returned to AAA on July 16, threatening Roldan, which led to Joe Líder trying to calm his partner down. This in turn led to Nicho declaring that if Líder was with Roldan, they were no longer friends. Later in the event, Nicho interfered in Líder's match and turned on him, effectively ending La Hermandad 187. On July 31 at Verano de Escándalo, Nicho attacked Líder during a Monster's Ball match and put him through a flaming table, costing him the match in the process. On August 19, 2011, Nicho attacked Líder again before putting on a Perros del Mal T-shirt, which led to the group's leader El Hijo del Perro Aguayo officially welcoming him to the group, turning rudo in the process. On October 9 at Héroes Inmortales, Los Perros del Mal and Los Psycho Circus ended their year-long rivalry, when Nicho, Damián 666 and Halloween were defeated in a Mask vs. Hair steel cage match, following interference from Joe Líder, and were all shaved bald.

In early 2012, Nicho started carrying his old Psicosis mask to the ring with him. On April 6, Nicho and Joe Líder interfered in each other's matches, with Líder burning Nicho's face with a fireball during a main event run-in. On May 6, Nicho returned to working under his old mask and the ring name Psicosis, continuing his rivalry with Líder. In storyline, Líder's fireball had not only severely burned Nicho's face, but the incident had also driven him insane, causing him to once again don a mask and refer to himself as Psicosis. On August 5 at Triplemanía XX, Psicosis reunited with Líder for one night to take part in a Parejas Suicidas steel cage match, featuring three other former tag teams. Líder lost the match, after being turned on by Psicosis, forcing the two to face other in a Hair vs. Hair match later in the event. In the end, Psicosis won the match, forcing his rival to have his head shaved bald.

On November 22, 2013, Psicosis, along with Perros del Mal stablemate Daga, turned on El Hijo del Perro Aguayo, labeling him a traitor for forming a new partnership with Cibernético, turning Nicho técnico in the process for the first time since 2011. However, on December 8 at Guerra de Titanes, Aguayo, Daga and Psicosis revealed they had played Cibernético, when Aguayo turned on him and brought Los Perros del Mal back under the umbrella of the reformed La Sociedad. On August 2, 2014, AAA announced that Castellanos was released from AAA.

Return to the independent circuit (2014–2015)
On August 15, 2014, La Familia de Tijuana (Damian 666, Extreme Tiger, Halloween and Nicho) against and lost to Chavo Guerrero Jr., Hernandez, Homicide and Luke Hawx in an 8-man tag team match at Zeus Promotions Debut Show. The follow week later on August 22, 2014, Nicho teamed with Fuerza Guerrera and King Azteca against and lost to LA Par-K, Mascara Sagrada and Octagon in a 6-man tag team match at Colossal. Four weeks later on September 26, 2014, Psicosis and Venom defeated Freesbe and La Abeja in a tag team match at BSW. The next day on September 27, 2014, Necro Butcher defeated Nicho and Joe Líder in a 3-way match at NGX. On October 12, Psicosis reunited with Juventud Guerrera in a losing effort to Hijo del Santo & Santo Jr. at the debut Lucha Ilimitado card in Yakima, Washington. On October 24, 2014, Arandu defeated Extreme Tiger, Nicho and TJ Boy in a fatal 4-way match at BSW. On July 24, 2015, Nicho defeated Pagano in a hair vs. hair match at live event.

Second return to AAA (2016–2017)
On March 23, 2016, at Rey de Reyes, Nicho returned to AAA for the first time in nearly two years, along with Los Fronterizos members Damián 666, Halloween and Pagano attacked Pentagón Jr., Taya, Khan, Líder and Daga, after Pentagón Jr. won the match. On June 5, 2016, at Worldwide en Orizaba, Nicho came down and costed Los Perros del Mal and allowed Los Psycho Circus to win. Nicho eliminating Ricky Marvin and El Hijo de Pirata Morgan, before Los Perros del Mal distracted him in the match and allowed Psycho Clown to win in a fatal 4-way elimination match.

Personal life
On October 1, 2006, Castellanos married Anna Sabo; the couple have four children. The family divide their time between their homes in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, Manhattan, and Los Angeles in the United States.

Castellanos was arrested on October 9, 2006, the night after he allegedly stole a car from a 23-year-old Alexander Valencia Ramirez of Rosarito Beach, Baja California. Mexican newspaper El Mexicano reported that Castellanos asked to borrow Ramirez's car, who refused, which resulted in Castellanos pulling a gun on him and stealing the car. During a chase with police, Castellanos hit several other vehicles. After apprehending him, police discovered that the gun that Castellanos had used earlier in the night was actually a water gun. As a result of this incident, his contract with the WWE was officially terminated.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Pro Wrestling
 * APW Worldwide Internet Championship (1 time)
 * 	Canadian Wrestling's Elite
 * CWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mentallo
 * Lucha Libre AAA World Wide
 * AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Joe Líder
 * Mexican National Welterweight Championship (2 times)
 * Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
 * Mexican National Trios Championship (2 times) – with Fuerza Guerrera and Blue Panther (1 time), and Halloween and Damián 666 (1 time)
 * International Wrestling Revolution Group
 * Guerra de Empresas (April 2011) – with Pimpinela Escarlata
 * Latin American Wrestling Association
 * LAWA Welterweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him # 107 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the PWI Years in 2003.
 * PWI ranked him # 39 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1996.
 * World Championship Wrestling
 * WCW Cruiserweight Championship (2 times)
 * World Pro Wrestling
 * WPW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * World Wrestling All-Stars
 * WWA International Cruiserweight Championship (2 times)
 * World Wrestling Association
 * WWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * WWA World Welterweight Championship (2 times)
 * WWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Juventud and Fuerza Guerrera
 * Xtreme Latin American Wrestling
 * X–LAW Xtreme Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

title: Psicosis


text:
Bottomley projection

The Bottomley map projection is a pseudoconical equal area map projection defined as:

 * $$x = \frac{\rho \sin E }{ \sin \varphi_1}, \qquad y = \frac{\pi}{2} - \rho \cos E \,$$

where

 * $$\rho = \frac{\pi}{2} - \varphi, \qquad E = \frac {\lambda \sin \varphi_1 \sin \rho} {\rho}$$

and φ is the latitude, λ is the longitude from the central meridian, and φ1 is the given parallel of the projection which determines its shape, all in radians.

The inverse projection is then given by:

 * $$\begin{align}\varphi &= \frac{\pi}{2} - \rho \\

\lambda &=\frac{E \rho} {\sin \varphi_1 \sin \rho} \end{align}$$

where

 * $$\rho = \sqrt{ (x\sin \varphi_1)^2 + \left(\varphi_1 - y + \cot \varphi_1\right)^2 }, \qquad E= \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{x\sin \varphi_1}{\varphi_1 - y + \cot \varphi_1}\right).$$

Parallels (i.e. lines of latitude) are concentric elliptical arcs of constant eccentricity equal to cos φ1, centred on the North Pole. On the central meridian, shapes are not distorted, but elsewhere they are. Different projections can be produced by altering the eccentricity of the arcs, making it vary between the sinusoidal projection and the Werner projection. For larger values of φ1, it produces a heart shape.

It was introduced by Henry Bottomley as an alternative to the Bonne projection to reduce the extent of extreme distortion at the edges and give a more satisfying overall shape.

title: Bottomley projection


text:
Bed of Rose's

"Bed of Rose's" is a song written by Harold Reid, and recorded by American country music group the Statler Brothers. It was released in October 1970 as the first single and title track from the album Bed of Rose's. The song reached its popularity peak in the winter of 1971, eventually reaching the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, peaking at number nine. It also reached #58 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #51 on the Australian Singles Chart (Go-Set). A cover version by Irish singer/songwriter Daniel O'Donnell was also recorded for his 1990 album Daniel O'Donnell - Favourites. Tanya Tucker also recorded a slightly modified version of it, included on her 1974 Columbia album, Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone), and again for The Best Of Tanya Tucker, released in 1982 under MCA records.

Content
The title of "Bed of Rose's" is, like some of the other Statler Brothers' works, a play on words - in this case on the common English idiom "bed of roses", which means an easy and pleasant life. The song is both a challenge of narrow-minded religion and moralism, and a gentle celebration of love.

A young orphaned man in a small town (possibly modeled after the Statlers' hometown of Staunton, Virginia) has for some reason become shunned by the "polite" members of society, and is forced to beg in the streets. His life improves when a streetwalker named Rose, nearly twice his age, takes him in; he becomes her lover. The song juxtaposes the hypocrisy of the nominally Christian townspeople who would "...go to church but left me in the street" and their envy of Rose who "managed a late evening business / like most of the town wished they could do", with the care and tender love that evolves between the two outcasts.

title: Bed of Rose's


text:
User:Zappyf1

Moo

title: User:Zappyf1