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Superconducting quantum computing

Superconducting quantum computing is a branch of solid state quantum computing that implements superconducting electronic circuits using superconducting qubits as artificial atoms, or quantum dots. For superconducting qubits, the two logic states are the ground state and the excited state, denoted $$|g\rangle \text{ and } |e\rangle$$respectively. Research in superconducting quantum computing is conducted by companies such as Google, IBM, IMEC, BBN Technologies, Rigetti, and Intel. Many recently developed QPUs (quantum processing units, or quantum chips) use superconducting architecture.

, up to 9 fully controllable qubits are demonstrated in the 1D array, and up to 16 in 2D architecture. In October 2019, the Martinis group, partnered with Google, published an article demonstrating novel quantum supremacy, using a chip composed of 53 superconducting qubits.

Background
Classical computation models rely on physical implementations consistent with the laws of classical mechanics. Classical descriptions are accurate only for specific systems consisting of a relatively large number of atoms. A more general description of nature is given by quantum mechanics. Quantum computation studies quantum phenomena applications beyond the scope of classical approximation, with the purpose of performing quantum information processing and communication. Various models of quantum computation exist, but the most popular models incorporate concepts of qubits and quantum gates (or gate-based superconducting quantum computing).

Superconductors are implemented due to the fact that at low temperatures they have infinite conductivity and zero resistance. Each qubit is built using semiconductor circuits with an LC circuit: a capacitor and an inductor.

Superconducting capacitors and inductors are used to produce a resonant circuit that dissipates almost no energy, as heat can disrupt quantum information. The superconducting resonant circuits are a class of artificial atoms that can be used as qubits. Theoretical and physical implementations of quantum circuits are widely different. Implementing a quantum circuit had its own set of challenges and must abide by DiVincenzo's criteria, conditions proposed by theoretical physicist David P DiVincenzo, which is set of criteria for the physical implementation of superconducting quantum computing, where the initial five criteria ensure that the quantum computer is in line with the postulates of quantum mechanics and the remaining two pertaining to the relaying of this information over a network.

We map the ground and excited states of these atoms to the 0 and 1 state as these are discrete and distinct energy values and therefore it is in line with the postulates of quantum mechanics. In such a construction however an electron can jump to multiple other energy states and not be confined to our excited state; therefore, it is imperative that the system be limited to be affected only by photons with energy difference required to jump from the ground state to the excited state. However, this leaves one major issue, we require uneven spacing between our energy levels to prevent photons with the same energy from causing transitions between neighboring pairs of states. Josephson junctions are superconducting elements with a nonlinear inductance, which is critically important for qubit implementation. The use of this nonlinear element in the resonant superconducting circuit produces uneven spacings between the energy levels.

Qubits
A qubit is a generalization of a bit (a system with two possible states) capable of occupying a quantum superposition of both states. A quantum gate, on the other hand, is a generalization of a logic gate describing the transformation of one or more qubits once a gate is applied given their initial state. Physical implementation of qubits and gates is challenging for the same reason that quantum phenomena are difficult to observe in everyday life given the minute scale on which they occur. One approach to achieving quantum computers is by implementing superconductors whereby quantum effects are macroscopically observable, though at the price of extremely low operation temperatures.

Superconductors
Unlike typical conductors, superconductors possess a critical temperature at which resistivity plummets to nearly zero and conductivity is drastically increased. In superconductors, the basic charge carriers are pairs of electrons (known as Cooper pairs), rather than single fermions as found in typical conductors. Cooper pairs are loosely bound and have an energy state lower than that of Fermi Energy. Electrons forming Cooper pairs possess equal and opposite momentum and spin so that the total spin of the Cooper pair is an integer spin. Hence, Cooper pairs are bosons. Two such superconductors which have been used in superconducting qubit models are niobium and tantalum, both d-band superconductors.

Bose-Einstein condensates
Once cooled to nearly absolute zero, a collection of bosons collapse into their lowest energy quantum state (the ground state) to form a state of matter known as Bose–Einstein condensate. Unlike fermions, bosons may occupy the same quantum energy level (or quantum state) and do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle. Classically, Bose-Einstein Condensate can be conceptualized as multiple particles occupying the same position in space and having equal momentum. Because interactive forces between bosons are minimized, Bose-Einstein Condensates effectively act as a superconductor. Thus, superconductors are implemented in quantum computing because they possess both near infinite conductivity and near zero resistance. The advantages of a superconductor over a typical conductor, then, are twofold in that superconductors can, in theory, transmit signals nearly instantaneously and run infinitely with no energy loss. The prospect of actualizing superconducting quantum computers becomes all the more promising considering NASA's recent development of the Cold Atom Lab in outer space where Bose-Einstein Condensates are more readily achieved and sustained (without rapid dissipation) for longer periods of time without the constraints of gravity.

Electrical circuits
At each point of a superconducting electronic circuit (a network of electrical elements), the condensate wave function describing charge flow is well-defined by some complex probability amplitude. In typical conductor electrical circuits, this same description is true for individual charge carriers except that the various wave functions are averaged in macroscopic analysis, making it impossible to observe quantum effects. The condensate wave function becomes useful in allowing design and measurement of macroscopic quantum effects. Similar to the discrete atomic energy levels in the Bohr model, only discrete numbers of magnetic flux quanta can penetrate a superconducting loop. In both cases, quantization results from complex amplitude continuity. Differing from microscopic implementations of quantum computers (such as atoms or photons), parameters of superconducting circuits are designed by setting (classical) values to the electrical elements composing them such as by adjusting capacitance or inductance.

To obtain a quantum mechanical description of an electrical circuit, a few steps are required. Firstly, all electrical elements must be described by the condensate wave function amplitude and phase rather than by closely related macroscopic current and voltage descriptions used for classical circuits. For instance, the square of the wave function amplitude at any arbitrary point in space corresponds to the probability of finding a charge carrier there. Therefore, the squared amplitude corresponds to a classical charge distribution. The second requirement to obtain a quantum mechanical description of an electrical circuit is that generalized Kirchhoff's circuit laws are applied at every node of the circuit network to obtain the system's equations of motion. Finally, these equations of motion must be reformulated to Lagrangian mechanics such that a quantum Hamiltonian is derived describing the total energy of the system.

Manufacturing
Superconducting quantum computing devices are typically designed in the radio-frequency spectrum, cooled in dilution refrigerators below 15 mK and addressed with conventional electronic instruments, e.g. frequency synthesizers and spectrum analyzers. Typical dimensions fall on the range of micrometers, with sub-micrometer resolution, allowing for the convenient design of a Hamiltonian system with well-established integrated circuit technology. Manufacturing superconducting qubits follows a process involving lithography, depositing of metal, etching, and controlled oxidation as described in. Manufacturers continue to improve the lifetime of superconducting qubits and have made significant improvements since the early 2000s.

Josephson junctions
One distinguishable attribute of superconducting quantum circuits is the use of Josephson junctions. Josephson junctions are an electrical element which does not exist in normal conductors. Recall that a junction is a weak connection between two leads of wire (in this case a superconductive wire) on either side of a thin layer of insulator material only a few atoms thick, usually implemented using shadow evaporation technique. The resulting Josephson junction device exhibits the Josephson Effect whereby the junction produces a supercurrent. An image of a single Josephson junction is shown to the right. The condensate wave function on the two sides of the junction are weakly correlated, meaning that they are allowed to have different superconducting phases. This distinction of nonlinearity contrasts continuous superconducting wire for which the wave function across the junction must be continuous. Current flow through the junction occurs by quantum tunneling, seeming to instantaneously "tunnel" from one side of the junction to the other. This tunneling phenomenon is unique to quantum systems. Thus, quantum tunneling is used to create nonlinear inductance, essential for qubit design as it allows a design of anharmonic oscillators for which energy levels are discretized (or quantized) with nonuniform spacing between energy levels, denoted $$\Delta E$$. In contrast, the quantum harmonic oscillator cannot be used as a qubit as there is no way to address only two of its states, given that the spacing between every energy level and the next is exactly the same.

Qubit archetypes
The three primary superconducting qubit archetypes are the phase, charge and flux qubit. Many hybridizations of these archetypes exist including the fluxonium, transmon, Xmon, and quantronium. For any qubit implementation the logical quantum states $$\{|0\rangle,|1\rangle\}$$ are mapped to different states of the physical system (typically to discrete energy levels or their quantum superpositions). Each of the three archetypes possess a distinct range of Josephson energy to charging energy ratio. Josephson energy refers to the energy stored in Josephson junctions when current passes through, and charging energy is the energy required for one Cooper pair to charge the junction's total capacitance. Josephson energy can be written as $$U_j = - \frac{I_0 \Phi_0}{2 \pi} \cos \delta$$,

where $$I_0$$ is the critical current parameter of the Josephson junction, $$\Phi_0 = \frac{h}{2e}$$ is (superconducting) flux quantum, and $$\delta$$ is the phase difference across the junction. Notice that the term $$cos \delta$$ indicates nonlinearity of the Josephson junction. Charge energy is written as

$$E_C = \frac{e^2}{2C}$$,

where $$C$$ is the junction's capacitance and $$e$$ is electron charge. Of the three archetypes, phase qubits allow the most of Cooper pairs to tunnel through the junction, followed by flux qubits, and charge qubits allow the fewest.

Phase qubit
The phase qubit possesses a Josephson to charge energy ratio on the order of magnitude $$10^6$$. For phase qubits, energy levels correspond to different quantum charge oscillation amplitudes across a Josephson junction, where charge and phase are analogous to momentum and position respectively as analogous to a quantum harmonic oscillator. Note that in this context phase is the complex argument of the superconducting wave function (also known as the superconducting order parameter), not the phase between the different states of the qubit.

Flux qubit
The flux qubit (also known as a persistent-current qubit) possesses a Josephson to charging energy ratio on the order of magnitude $$10$$. For flux qubits, the energy levels correspond to different integer numbers of magnetic flux quanta trapped in a superconducting ring.

Fluxonium
Fluxonium qubits are a specific type of flux qubit whose Josephson junction is shunted by a linear inductor of $$ E_{J} \gg E_{L} $$ where $$E_L = (\hbar/2e)^2 / L $$. In practice, the linear inductor is usually implemented by a Josephson junction array that is composed of a large number (can be often $$ N > 100 $$) of large-sized Josephson junctions connected in a series. Under this condition, the Hamiltonian of a fluxonium can be written as:

$$\hat{H} = 4 E_C \hat{n}^2 + \frac{1}{2} E_L (\hat{\phi}- \phi_\mathrm{ext})^2 - E_J \cos \hat{\phi} $$.

One important property of the fluxonium qubit is the longer qubit lifetime at the half flux sweet spot, which can exceed 1 millisecond. Another crucial advantage of the fluxonium qubit biased at the sweet spot is the large anharmonicity, which allows fast local microwave control and mitigates spectral crowding problems, leading to better scalability.

Charge qubit
The charge qubit, also known as the Cooper pair box, possesses a Josephson to charging energy ratio on the order of magnitude $$< 1$$. For charge qubits, different energy levels correspond to an integer number of Cooper pairs on a superconducting island (a small superconducting area with a controllable number of charge carriers). Indeed, the first experimentally realized qubit was the Cooper pair box, achieved in 1999.

Transmon
Transmons are a special type of qubit with a shunted capacitor specifically designed to mitigate noise. The transmon qubit model was based on the Cooper pair box (illustrated in the table above in row one column one). It was also the first qubit to demonstrate quantum supremacy. The increased ratio of Josephson to charge energy mitigates noise. Two transmons can be coupled using a coupling capacitor. For this 2-qubit system the Hamiltonian is written

$$\hat{H} = \frac{\hbar J}{2} (\sigma_{1}^{x} \sigma_{2}^{x} + \sigma_{1}^{y} \sigma_{2}^{y})$$,

where $$J$$ is current density and $$\sigma$$ is surface charge density.

Xmon
The Xmon is very similar in design to a transmon in that it originated based on the planar transmon model. An Xmon is essentially a tunable transmon. The major distinguishing difference between transmon and Xmon qubits is the Xmon qubits is grounded with one of its capacitor pads.

Gatemon
Another variation of the transmon qubit is the Gatemon. Like the Xmon, the Gatemon is a tunable variation of the transmon. The Gatemon is tunable via gate voltage.

Unimon
In 2022 researchers from IQM Quantum Computers, Aalto University, and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland discovered a novel superconducting qubit known as the Unimon. A relatively simple qubit, the Unimon consists of a single Josephson junction shunted by a linear inductor (possessing an inductance not depending on current) inside a (superconducting) resonator. Unimons have increased anharmocity and display faster operation time resulting in lower susceptibility to noise errors. In addition to increased anharmocity, other advantages Unimon qubit include decreased susceptibility to flux noise and complete insensitivity to dc charge noise. In the table above, the three superconducting qubit archetypes are reviewed. In the first row, the qubit's electrical circuit diagram is presented. The second row depicts a quantum Hamiltonian derived from the circuit. Generally, the Hamiltonian is the sum of the system's kinetic and potential energy components (analogous to a particle in a potential well). For the Hamiltonians denoted, $$\phi$$ is the superconducting wave function phase difference across the junction, $$C_J$$ is the capacitance associated with the Josephson junction, and $$q$$ is the charge on the junction capacitance. For each potential depicted, only solid wave functions are used for computation. The qubit potential is indicated by a thick red line, and schematic wave function solutions are depicted by thin lines, lifted to their appropriate energy level for clarity.

Note that particle mass corresponds to an inverse function of the circuit capacitance and that the shape of the potential is governed by regular inductors and Josephson junctions. Schematic wave solutions in the third row of the table show the complex amplitude of the phase variable. Specifically, if a qubit's phase is measured while the qubit occupies a particular state, there is a non-zero probability of measuring a specific value only where the depicted wave function oscillates. All three rows are essentially different presentations of the same physical system.

Single qubits
The GHz energy gap between energy levels of a superconducting qubit is designed to be compatible with available electronic equipment, due to the terahertz gap (lack of equipment in the higher frequency band). The superconductor energy gap implies a top limit of operation below ~1THz beyond which Cooper pairs break, so energy level separation cannot be too high. On the other hand, energy level separation cannot be too small due to cooling considerations: a temperature of 1 K implies energy fluctuations of 20 GHz. Temperatures of tens of millikelvins are achieved in dilution refrigerators and allow qubit operation at a ~5 GHz energy level separation. Qubit energy level separation is frequently adjusted by controlling a dedicated bias current line, providing a "knob" to fine tune the qubit parameters.

Single qubit gates
A single qubit gate is achieved by rotation in the Bloch sphere. Rotations between different energy levels of a single qubit are induced by microwave pulses sent to an antenna or transmission line coupled to the qubit with a frequency resonant with the energy separation between levels. Individual qubits may be addressed by a dedicated transmission line or by a shared one if the other qubits are off resonance. The axis of rotation is set by quadrature amplitude modulation of microwave pulse, while pulse length determines the angle of rotation.

More formally (following the notation of ) for a driving signal

$$\mathcal{E}(t)=\mathcal{E}^x(t)\cos(\omega_d t)+\mathcal{E}^y(t)\sin(\omega_d t)$$

of frequency $$\omega_d$$, a driven qubit Hamiltonian in a rotating wave approximation is

$$H^R/\hbar=(\omega-\omega_d)|1\rangle\langle 1|+\frac{\mathcal{E}^x(t)}{2}\sigma_x+\frac{\mathcal{E}^y(t)}{2}\sigma_y$$,

where $$\omega$$ is the qubit resonance and $$\sigma_x,\sigma_y$$ are Pauli matrices.

To implement a rotation about the $$X$$ axis, one can set $$\mathcal{E}^y(t)=0$$ and apply a microwave pulse at frequency $$\omega_d=\omega$$ for time $$t_g$$. The resulting transformation is

$$U_x=\exp\left\{-\frac{i}{\hbar}\int_0^{t_g}H^R dt\right\}=\exp\left\{-i\int_0^{t_g}\mathcal{E}^x(t) dt\cdot\sigma_x/2\right\}$$.

This is exactly the rotation operator $$R_X(\theta)$$ by angle $$\theta=\int_0^{t_g}\mathcal{E}^x(t) dt$$ about the $$X$$ axis in the Bloch sphere. A rotation about the $$Y$$ axis can be implemented in a similar way. Showing the two rotation operators is sufficient for satisfying universality as every single qubit unitary operator $$U$$ may be presented as $$U=R_X(\theta_1)R_Y(\theta_2)R_X(\theta_3)$$ (up to a global phase which is physically inconsequential) by a procedure known as the $$X-Y$$ decomposition. Setting $$\int_0^{t_g}\mathcal{E}^x(t) dt=\pi$$ results in the transformation

$$U_x=\exp\left\{-i\int_0^{t_g}\mathcal{E}^x(t) dt\cdot\sigma_x/2\right\}=e^{-i\pi\sigma_x/2}=-i\sigma_x$$

up to the global phase $$-i$$ and is known as the NOT gate.

Coupling qubits
The ability to couple qubits is essential for implementing 2-qubit gates. Coupling two qubits can be achieved by connecting both to an intermediate electrical coupling circuit. The circuit may be either a fixed element (such as a capacitor) or be controllable (like the DC-SQUID). In the first case, decoupling qubits during the time the gate is switched off is achieved by tuning qubits out of resonance one from another, making the energy gaps between their computational states different. This approach is inherently limited to nearest-neighbor coupling since a physical electrical circuit must be laid out between connected qubits. Notably, D-Wave Systems' nearest-neighbor coupling achieves a highly connected unit cell of 8 qubits in Chimera graph configuration. Quantum algorithms typically require coupling between arbitrary qubits. Consequently, multiple swap operations are necessary, limiting the length of quantum computation possible before processor decoherence.

Quantum bus
Another method of coupling two or more qubits is by way of a quantum bus, by pairing qubits to this intermediate. A quantum bus is often implemented as a microwave cavity modeled by a quantum harmonic oscillator. Coupled qubits may be brought in and out of resonance with the bus and with each other, eliminating the nearest-neighbor limitation. Formalism describing coupling is cavity quantum electrodynamics. In cavity quantum electrodynamics, qubits are analogous to atoms interacting with an optical photon cavity with a difference of GHz (rather than the THz regime of electromagnetic radiation). Resonant excitation exchange among these artificial atoms is potentially useful for direct implementation of multi-qubit gates. Following the dark state manifold, the Khazali-Mølmer scheme performs complex multi-qubit operations in a single step, providing a substantial shortcut to the conventional circuit model.

Cross resonant gate
One popular gating mechanism uses two qubits and a bus, each tuned to different energy level separations. Applying microwave excitation to the first qubit, with a frequency resonant with the second qubit, causes a $$\sigma_x$$ rotation of the second qubit. Rotation direction depends on the state of the first qubit, allowing a controlled phase gate construction.

Following the notation of, the drive Hamiltonian describing the excited system through the first qubit driving line is formally written

$$H_D/\hbar=A(t)\cos(\tilde{\omega}_2t)\left(\sigma_x \otimes I-\frac{J}{\Delta_{12}}\sigma_z\otimes\sigma_x+m_{12}I\otimes\sigma_x\right)$$,

where $$A(t)$$ is the shape of the microwave pulse in time, $$\tilde{\omega}_2$$ is resonance frequency of the second qubit, $$\{I,\sigma_x,\sigma_y,\sigma_z\}$$ are the Pauli matrices, $$J$$ is the coupling coefficient between the two qubits via the resonator, $$\Delta_{12}\equiv \omega_1-\omega_2$$ is qubit detuning, $$m_{12}$$ is stray (unwanted) coupling between qubits, and $$\hbar$$ is Planck's constant divided by $$2\pi$$. The time integral over $$A(t)$$ determines the angle of rotation. Unwanted rotations from the first and third terms of the Hamiltonian can be compensated for with single qubit operations. The remaining component, combined with single qubit rotations, forms a basis for the su(4) Lie algebra.

Geometric phase gate
Higher levels (outside of the computational subspace) of a pair of coupled superconducting circuits can be used to induce a geometric phase on one of the computational states of the qubits. This leads to an entangling conditional phase shift of the relevant qubit states. This effect has been implemented by flux-tuning the qubit spectra and by using selective microwave driving. Off-resonant driving can be used to induce differential ac-Stark shift, allowing the implementation of all-microwave controlled-phase gates.

Heisenberg interactions
The Heisenberg model of interactions, written as

$$\hat{\mathcal{H}}_\mathrm{XXZ}/\hbar =\sum_{ i,j} J_\mathrm{XY}(\hat{\sigma}_\text{x}^{i}\hat{\sigma}_\text{x}^{j} + \hat{\sigma}_\text{y}^{i}\hat{\sigma}_\text{y}^{j}) + J_\mathrm{ZZ}\hat{\sigma}_\text{z}^{i}\hat{\sigma}_\text{z}^{j}$$,

serves as the basis for analog quantum simulation of spin systems and the primitive for an expressive set of quantum gates, sometimes referred to as fermionic simulation (or fSim) gates. In superconducting circuits, this interaction model has been implemented using flux-tunable qubits with flux-tunable coupling, allowing the demonstration of quantum supremacy. In addition, it can also be realized in fixed-frequency qubits with fixed-coupling using microwave drives. The fSim gate family encompasses arbitrary XY and ZZ two-qubit unitaries, including the iSWAP, the CZ, and the SWAP gates (see Quantum logic gate).

Qubit readout
Architecture-specific readout, or measurement, mechanisms exist. Readout of a phase qubit is explained in the qubit archetypes table above. A flux qubit state is often read using an adjustable DC-SQUID magnetometer. States may also be measured using an electrometer. A more general readout scheme includes a coupling to a microwave resonator, where resonance frequency of the resonator is dispersively shifted by the qubit state. Multi-level systems (qudits) can be readout using electron shelving.

DiVincenzo's criteria
DiVincenzo's criteria is a list describing the requirements for a physical system to be capable of implementing a logical qubit. DiVincenzo's criteria is satisfied by superconducting quantum computing implementation. Much of the current development effort in superconducting quantum computing aim to achieve interconnect, control, and readout in the 3rd dimension with additional lithography layers.The list of DiVincenzo's criteria for a physical system to implement a logical qubit is satisfied by the implementation of superconducting qubits. Although DiVincenzo's criteria as originally proposed consists of five criteria required for physically implementing a quantum computer, the more complete list consists of seven criteria as it takes into account communication over a computer network capable of transmitting quantum information between computers, known as the “quantum internet”. Therefore, the first five criteria ensure successful quantum computing, while the final two criteria allow for quantum communication.

The final two criteria have been experimentally proven by research performed by ETH with two superconducting qubits connected by a coaxial cable.
 * 1) A scalable physical system with well characterized qubits.  "Well characterized implies that that Hamiltonian function must be well-defined i.e the energy eigenstates of the qubit should be able to be quantified.. A scalable system is self-explanatory, it indicates that this ability to regulate a qubit should be augmentable for multiple more qubits. Herein lies the major issue Quantum Computers face, as more qubits are implemented it leads to a exponential increase in cost and other physical implementations which pale in comparison to the enhanced speed it may offer. As superconducting qubits are fabricated on a chip, the many-qubit system is readily scalable. Qubits are allocated on the 2D surface of the chip. The demand for well characterized qubits is fulfilled with (a) qubit non-linearity (accessing only two of the available energy levels) and (b) accessing a single qubit at a time (rather than the entire many-qubit system) by way of per-qubit dedicated control lines and/or frequency separation, or tuning out, of different qubits.
 * 2) Ability to initialize the state of qubits to a simple fiducial state. A fiducial state is one that is easily and consistently replicable and is useful in quantum computing as it may be used to guarantee the initial state of qubits. One simple way to initialize a superconducting qubit is to wait long enough for the qubits to relax to the ground state. Controlling qubit potential with tuning knobs allows faster initialization mechanisms.
 * 3) Long relevant decoherence times . Decoherence of superconducting qubits is affected by multiple factors. Most decoherence is attributed to the quality of the Josephson junction and imperfections in the chip substrate. Due to their mesoscopic scale, superconducting qubits are relatively short lived. Nevertheless, thousands of gate operations have been demonstrated in these many-qubit systems. Recent strategies to improve device coherence include purifying the circuit materials and designing qubits with decreased sensitivity to noise sources.
 * 4) A “universal” set of quantum gates. Superconducting qubits allow arbitrary rotations in the Bloch sphere with pulsed microwave signals, implementing single qubit gates. $$\sigma_z \sigma_z$$ and $$\sigma_x \sigma_x$$ couplings are shown for most implementations and for complementing the universal gate set.  This criterion may also be satisfied by coupling two transmons with a coupling capacitor.
 * 5) Qubit-specific measurement ability. In general, single superconducting qubits are used for control or for measurement.
 * 6) Interconvertibility of stationary and flying qubits. While stationary qubits are used to store information or perform calculations, flying qubits transmit information macroscopically. Qubits should be capable of converting from being a stationary qubit to being a flying qubit and vice versa.
 * 7) Reliable transmission of flying qubits between specified locations.

Challenges
One of the primary challenges of superconducting quantum computing is the extremely low temperatures at which superconductors like Bose-Einstein Condensates exist. Other basic challenges in superconducting qubit design are shaping the potential well and choosing particle mass such that energy separation between two specific energy levels is unique, differing from all other interlevel energy separation in the system, since these two levels are used as logical states of the qubit.

Superconducting quantum computing must also mitigate quantum noise (disruptions of the system caused by its interaction with an environment) as well as leakage (information being lost to the surrounding environment). One way to reduce leakage is with parity measurements. Another strategy is to use qubits with large anharmonicity. Many current challenges faced by superconducting quantum computing lie in the field of microwave engineering. As superconducting quantum computing approaches larger scale devices, researchers face difficulties in qubit coherence, scalable calibration software, efficient determination of fidelity of quantum states across an entire chip, and qubit and gate fidelity. Moreover, superconducting quantum computing devices must be reliably reproducible at increasingly large scales such that they are compatible with these improvements.

The Journey of Superconducting Quantum Computing:

Although not the newest development, the focus began to shift onto superconducting qubits in the latter half of the 1990s when quantum tunneling across Josephson junctions became apparent which allowed for the realization that quantum computing could be achieved through these superconducting qubits.

At the end of the century in 1999, a paper was published by Yasunobu Nakamura, which exhibited the initial design of a superconducting qubit which is now known as the "charge qubit". This is the primary basis point on which later designs amended upon. These initial qubits had their limitations in respect to maintaining long coherence times and destructive measurements. The further amendment to this initial breakthrough lead to the invention of the phase and flux qubit and subsequently resulting in the transmon qubit which is now widely and primarily used in Superconducting Quantum Computing.The transmon qubit has enhanced original designs and has further cushioned charge noise from the qubit.

The journey has been long, arduous and full of breakthroughs but has seen significant advancements in the recent history and has massive potential for revolutionizing computing.

The Future of Superconducting Quantum Computing:

The sector's leading industry giants, like Google, IBM and Baidu, are using superconducting quantum computing and transmon qubits to make leaps and bounds in the area of quantum computing.

In August 2022, Baidu released its plans to build a fully integrated top to bottom quantum computer which incorporated superconducting qubits. This computer will be all encompassing with hardware, software and applications fully integrated. This is a first in the world of quantum computing and will lead to ground-breaking advancements.

IBM released the following roadmap publicly that they have set for their quantum computers which also incorporated superconducting qubits and the transmon qubit.

2021: In 2021, IBM came out with their 127-qubit processor.

2022: On November 9, IBM announced its 433 qubit processor called "Osprey".

2023: IBM plan on releasing their Condor quantum processor with 1,121 qubits.

2024: IBM plan on releasing their Flamingo quantum processor with 1,386+ qubits.

2025: IBM plan on releasing their Kookaburra quantum processor with 4,158+ qubits.

2026 and beyond: IBM plan on releasing a quantum processor that scaled beyond 10,000 qubits to a 100,000 qubits.

Google in 2016, implemented 16 qubits to convey a demonstration of the Fermi-Hubbard Model. In another recent experiment, Google used 17 qubits to optimize the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model. Google produced the Sycamore quantum computer which performed a task in 200 seconds that would have taken 10,000 years on a classical computer.

title: Superconducting quantum computing


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 April 13

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Sleepy Brown

Untitled
How about telling people which album he had released?? There is no mention of it, that album being "Sleepy's Theme - The Vinyl Room"

Also it isn't listed under "albums"

I would edit it myself, but I think it would be best if the original author did so himself. ---Chris K. Lewis

I can't find any information on that album. Are you sure that it is a real album? His upcomming album is his debut album. Please give me a source of that album and tracklist. --Darkneonflame 18:21, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Sorry I'm late on the response. Here is some information about "Sleepy's Theme" http://www.answers.com/topic/sleepy-s-theme http://music.yahoo.com/ar-286884-bio--Sleepys-Theme

track listing at: http://www.amazon.com/Vinyl-Room-Sleepys-Theme/dp/B000009OFG

-Chris K. Lewis

Age / Date of Birth
Dude always wears sunglasses.. makes it tough to tell his age but he's got some wrinkles.. 40?

How could he perform with Sly and the Family Stone?
According to Sly & The Family Stone = Active from 1966 to 1983

Sleepy was 13 in 1983. -- Mitch 3000  05:01, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
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title: Talk:Sleepy Brown


text:
Moe's

Moe's or Moes may refer to:

 * Moes (surname), includes a list of people with the name Moes
 * Mões, civil parish in the municipality of Castro Daire, Portugal
 * Moe's Southwest Grill, an American fast casual restaurant franchise
 * Moe's Tavern, fictional bar in The Simpsons
 * Moe's (bar and lounge), bar in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, New York City that closed in 2011

title: Moe's


text:
Talk:Loyola High School

Comment by Viewer:

There is another Loyola High School in Montréal. Loyola High School of Montreal website

Unsourced sections
There are currently no reliable sources for this article. Please provide them. Thanks. Roxy, the PROD. . wooF 21:08, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Loyola High School


text:
Battle of Big Black River Bridge

The Battle of Big Black River Bridge was fought on May 17, 1863, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. During the war, the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, was a key point on the Mississippi River. On April 30, 1863, a Union army commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant began crossing onto the east side of the Mississippi River as part of a campaign against Vicksburg. After engaging and defeating Confederate forces in several intermediate battles, Grant's army defeated Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton's Confederates at the decisive Battle of Champion Hill on May 16. During the retreat from Champion Hill, one division of Pemberton's army, commanded by Major General William W. Loring, was cut off from Pemberton's main body. Pemberton did not know the location of Loring's division, and he held a bridgehead on the east side of the Big Black River to cover Loring's anticipated withdrawal across the river on the morning of May 17.

The Confederate force east of the Big Black River was commanded by Brigadier General John S. Bowen and consisted of the two brigades of his division, the brigade of Brigadier General John C. Vaughn, and one additional regiment. Bowen's men had taken heavy casualties at Champion Hill, and most of Vaughn's men were conscripts of uncertain loyalty. On the morning of May 17, the Union XIII Corps commanded by Major General John A. McClernand approached the Confederate position. Two divisions and another brigade from a third deployed to face the Confederates. Union Brigadier General Michael Kelly Lawler advanced his troops into an old meander scar in advance of the main Union line on the north end of the battlefield. From this sheltered position, Lawler's men charged, striking the Confederate line in the region held by Vaughn's brigade.

Vaughn's troops broke, with the men either running away or surrendering. The collapse of this portion of the Confederate line forced the troops on either side to withdraw. The withdrawal became chaotic and 1,751 Confederate soldiers and 18 cannons were captured. The cannons were captured because their teams of horses were erroneously positioned on the other side of the Big Black River. Fewer than 300 Union soldiers became casualties. The retreating Confederates burned both the railroad bridge over the Big Black River and a steamboat that had been serving as a bridge. Loring had already given up on rejoining his division to Pemberton's army and his troops marched to Jackson, Mississippi. On May 18, the Union army crossed the Big Black River. The surviving Confederate soldiers entered the fortifications at Vicksburg, and the siege of Vicksburg began the next day; it ended in the Confederate surrender on July 4, 1863.

Background
Early in the American Civil War, the Union military leadership developed the Anaconda Plan, which was a strategy to defeat the Confederate States of America. A significant component of this strategy was controlling the Mississippi River. Much of the Mississippi Valley fell under Union control in early 1862 after the capture of New Orleans, Louisiana, and several land victories. The strategically important city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, was still in Confederate hands, and it served as a strong defensive position that commanded the river and prevented the Union from separating the two halves of the Confederacy. Union Navy elements were sent upriver from New Orleans in May to try to take the city, a move that was unsuccessful. In late June, a joint army-navy expedition returned to make another campaign against Vicksburg. Union Navy leadership decided that the city could not be taken without more infantrymen, who were not forthcoming. An attempt to cut Williams's Canal across a meander of the river in June and July, bypassing Vicksburg, failed.

In late November, about 40,000 Union infantry commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant began moving south towards Vicksburg from a starting point in Tennessee. After a supply depot and part of his supply line were destroyed during the Holly Springs Raid and Forrest's West Tennessee Raid in December, Grant ordered a retreat. Meanwhile, another arm of the expedition under the command of Major General William T. Sherman left Memphis, Tennessee, on the same day as the Holly Springs Raid and traveled down the Mississippi River. Then after diverting up the Yazoo River, Sherman's men began skirmishing with Confederate soldiers who were defending a line of hills above the Chickasaw Bayou. A Union attack on December 29 was defeated decisively at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, and Sherman's men withdrew on January 1, 1863.

By late March, further attempts to bypass Vicksburg had failed. Grant then considered three plans: to withdraw to Memphis and retry the overland route through northern Mississippi; to move south along the west side of the Mississippi River, cross below Vicksburg, and then strike for the city; or to make an amphibious assault across the river directly against Vicksburg. An assault across the river risked heavy casualties, and a withdrawal to Memphis could be politically disastrous if the public perceived such a movement as a retreat. Grant then decided upon the downstream crossing. The advance along the west bank of the Mississippi began on March 29, and was spearheaded by Major General John A. McClernand's XIII Corps troops. The movement down the river was masked by decoy operations such as Steele's Greenville expedition, Streight's Raid, and Grierson's Raid. Confederate regional commander John C. Pemberton fell for the Union decoys (especially Grierson's Raid), and lost touch with the true tactical situation, believing Grant was withdrawing.

Prelude
On April 29, the Union Navy's Mississippi Squadron, commanded by David Dixon Porter, bombarded the Confederate defenses at Grand Gulf, Mississippi, but the resulting Battle of Grand Gulf failed to drive the Confederates away. With Grand Gulf still in enemy hands, Grant decided to cross further downriver. Beginning on the morning of April 30, the lead elements of Grant's army, McClernand's corps, crossed the river at Bruinsburg, Mississippi. Brigadier General John S. Bowen, the Confederate commander at Grand Gulf, would be flanked out of the position there if Grant crossed Bayou Pierre. Bowen moved a portion of his force to Port Gibson to block the Union movements, but he did not have enough troops to destroy Grant's bridgehead and had to hold out for further reinforcements. The two armies collided on May 1, and the Battle of Port Gibson began. After a day of fighting, the Confederates were defeated, and Grand Gulf was abandoned on May 3.

After Port Gibson, Grant moved his troops to the northeast. McClernand advanced on the Union left with his corps, Sherman and the XV Corps in the center, and Major General James B. McPherson and the XVII Corps on the right. On the morning of May 12, McPherson's corps encountered Confederate troops near Raymond, Mississippi, bringing on the Battle of Raymond. The Union won the battle, but the fighting at Raymond led Grant to change his plans to swing over towards Jackson, Mississippi, to disperse a Confederate force gathering there. The Confederate commander at Jackson, General Joseph E. Johnston, decided to abandon Jackson. A delaying action was fought on May 14 as the Confederates bought time to evacuate the city. The Union took the city and then destroyed military facilities within it.

After he had already withdrawn from Jackson, Johnston sent Pemberton orders to move east, stating that Johnston's army would move west and catch Grant's command between the two Confederate forces. However, Johnston then marched his army away from the area in which a combination with Pemberton could have been easily be made. Pemberton decided that Johnston's orders were not compatible with previous directives that he had received from the Confederate president. While Pemberton favored making a stand behind the Big Black River, he was convinced by some of his subordinate officers to make an offensive strike where Grant's supply line was believed to be. When planning this offensive, Pemberton did not know that Grant had forgone utilizing a traditional line of communications during his movement inland. Beginning the offensive, the Confederates started a difficult march slowed by poor road conditions and a washed-out bridge, while Grant moved west in three columns towards Edwards. On the morning of May 16, elements of the Union and Confederate armies made contact, and Pemberton ordered his force to march back to Edwards. The ensuing Battle of Champion Hill was a decisive Confederate defeat. Major General William W. Loring's Confederate division was cut off during the retreat from the field and withdrew using a different route, separated from the rest of the army. Pemberton did not know the location of Loring's division.

Battle

In preparation for what was likely to transpire, Pemberton had a portion of his army hold the line east of the Big Black River to prevent Loring from being cut off from the main Confederate body at the river crossing. In early May the Confederate defensive line was laid out by Samuel H. Lockett. The fortifications were made of cotton bales and dirt. To the south lay Gin Lake, the Confederate right flank was at the lake with the line running north to the Big Black River, which made a bend east of the bridge across the Big Black River. Both the Jackson Road and the Southern Railroad of Mississippi ran through the center of the Confederate line and crossed the river. The tracks of the railroad ran on a raised roadbed. While the area west of the bridge contained 60 ft high hills, the area east of the river was flat. A bayou ran about 0.75 miles east of the railroad bridge, cutting its course in front of most of the Confederate line and emptying into the Big Black River at the north end. The Confederate line was just west of the bayou, and trees were felled at the bayou to form an abatis. The southern portion of the Confederate line contained several artillery positions and faced flat, open fields to the east, while the northern part of the line contained only one artillery position and its field of fire was obstructed by woods. At the Confederate far left, a smaller set of works had been built east of the bayou, in a position where it could enfilade a Union advance. This set of works could contain only one regiment. Behind the Confederate line but east of the river were a pair of blockhouses that had been built earlier in the year to protect the bridge against cavalry raids. A secondary bridge was created by turning a small steamboat named Dot crossways in the river where a ferry had existed; the boat's machinery was removed and planks were placed on the decks. This position was 11 miles east of Vicksburg.

Manning the position was Pemberton's rear guard, which consisted of Brigadier General John C. Vaughn's brigade, Bowen's division, and the 4th Mississippi Infantry Regiment. Bowen commanded this 5,000-man force, which he deemed insufficient to strongly man the entire Confederate defensive works. The Confederates had 18 cannons. Vaughn's men were inexperienced troops, mostly conscripts from the East Tennessee region, which was loyal to the Union. While they were fresh their loyalty to the Confederacy was uncertain. Bowen's division was the elite unit of Pemberton's army, but they were exhausted after hard fighting at Port Gibson and Champion Hill and had suffered nearly 1,000 casualties in the latter battle. Colonel Francis M. Cockrell's Missouri brigade held the southern portion of the Confederate line and the area where the Jackson Road crossed the line, as Bowen considered this unit to be his best and he expected the Union attack to fall there. Vaughn's men and the 4th Mississippi were positioned in an area north of the railroad where the Union was least expected to attack, and Brigadier General Martin E. Green's brigade held the far left. If the Confederates were forced to retreat, they would have to cross open ground to the bridge and Dot, which would become bottlenecks in a retreat.

Early on the morning of May 17, McClernand's troops advanced through Edwards and then encountered the Confederate line. His advance was led by the division of Brigadier General Eugene Carr. Carr's lead brigade was led by Brigadier General William P. Benton; the 33rd Illinois Infantry Regiment led the way as skirmishers. The Illinoisans encountered the Confederate lines, and they then took up a position in the woods facing the north end of the Confederate line. Carr was informed of the encounter and brought up more troops. Benton's men took up a position in the fields east of the woods on the Union right, and Brigadier General Michael Kelly Lawler's brigade formed south of the road. One of Green's regiments, the 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (dismounted), had remained on the far side of the Big Black River, but Bowen now ordered it across the river and into the works on the east side of the bayou. This movement worried Carr who shifted Lawler to Benton's right, while Brigadier General Peter J. Osterhaus's division deployed to the south. Brigadier General Theophilus Garrard's brigade was the left portion of Osterhaus's line, and that of Colonel Daniel W. Lindsey was to the right.

The Union artillery opened fire, and an artillery duel developed. Lindsey advanced his brigade along the railroad 300 yds, placing his men ahead of the rest of the Union line. Osterhaus wanted to position Garrard's men behind Lindsey's, but it was believed that Lawler needed assistance, so two of Garrard's regiments, the 49th Indiana Infantry Regiment and 69th Indiana Infantry Regiment, were sent to support the Union right. Osterhaus suffered a leg wound during the exchange and was replaced by Brigadier General Albert Lee. Grant was confident of victory, and at 8:00 am sent a message to Sherman stating that he believed that the Confederates would be forced to retreat in such a rapid fashion that they could not destroy the bridge. The Confederates, meanwhile, had such poor morale that Lockett believed the position could not be held; he requested and received permission to prepare the bridge and Dot for burning.

Confederate attention was drawn to the center, near the railroad, by the Union artillery fire. Lawler believed that the remains of a meander scar near the Big Black River would shelter his brigade, and had three regiments – the 11th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, the 21st Iowa Infantry Regiment, and the 23rd Iowa Infantry Regiment – dash across open ground to reach the depression. Two cannons were positioned in a small clearing between the right of the woods and the Big Black River, and with the 22nd Iowa Infantry Regiment in support. This position allowed Lawler to enfilade the Confederate position east of the bayou, as well as part of the primary defensive works. This advance was accomplished without significant casualties. While these movements were occurring, Brigadier General Stephen G. Burbridge's brigade of Brigadier General A. J. Smith's division arrived and was positioned on the Union far left.

The two regiments sent from Garrard's brigade took the position previously occupied by the 22nd Iowa, and they also moved into the meander scar. Colonel William Kinsman, the commander of the 23rd Iowa, proposed to Lawler that his regiment should attack the Confederates. Kinsman's reasoning was that the Confederates would only have time to fire one volley before the Union soldiers reached the defenses, and the Confederates might not put up a stiff fight after the Champion Hill defeat. Lawler ordered a charge by his whole brigade; with the 21st and 23rd Iowa in the front rank while the other two regiments charged behind. His men were ordered not to fire before reaching the Confederate line. The attack quickly moved across the front of the 1st Missouri Cavalry (dismounted) and out of the regiment's field of fire, although not before Kinsman was killed and the commander of the 21st Iowa, Colonel Samuel Merrill, was wounded. The 49th and 69th Indiana joined the attack; while Lawler's men advanced at an angle across Green's front and struck one of Vaughn's regiments, the 61st Tennessee Infantry Regiment. Green's men fired a volley into Lawler's brigade that the historian Timothy B. Smith describes as "wild and ragged". Lawler's men stopped to fire once they reached the abatis; the Tennesseans were routed and the defenders either ran away or surrendered. Bearss describes the attack, which took three minutes, as one of the shortest of the war.

The hole in the Confederate line reached to the railroad, and Green's men withdrew as well, although some were captured. In the 1st Missouri Cavalry (dismounted), 90 men and the unit's commander, Colonel Elijah Gates, were captured. Cockrell watched the Confederate left run away and ordered his men to withdraw, as their position was no longer tenable. Cockrell's retreat became chaotic as well. Confederate artillery west of the river provided covering fire for the retreat. Benton's brigade attacked around the time Lawler broke through the line. Burbridge's and Albert Lee's men charged the Confederate defenses, only to meet no resistance. Once almost all of the fleeing Confederates crossed the bridge, Lockett had the bridge and Dot set on fire. He then formed a new line west of the river by using the brigades of Brigadier Generals Stephen D. Lee and William E. Baldwin, who had arrived from Bovina, Mississippi, and part of Landis's Missouri Battery that had been positioned on the west bank before the battle. Two other Confederate steamboats, Charm and Paul Jones, who had been located downstream from the bridge were also burned.

Albert Lee's men spent the afternoon after the battle in low-intensity fighting across the river against a Confederate force while Carr and Smith's men patrolled the field. The Union reported the capture of 1,751 Confederates as well as 18 cannons. The Confederate artillery losses came about because the horse teams for the cannons had been erroneously moved across the river before the battle for unclear reasons. Green reported having suffered 485 casualties while two of Vaughn's regiments combined for 546 losses. Most of the casualties were prisoners or those missing in action. The 4th Mississippi, one of Vaughn's regiments, and Cockrell's brigade did not report losses, but they were known to have suffered heavily in men captured. Union casualties were 279 men killed, wounded, or missing, of which 211 were in Lawler's brigade. Grant's 12-year old son Fred was wounded in the leg while following the pursuit of the routed Confederates; Fred was present with his father for the entire campaign. Sergeant William Wesley Kendall of the 49th Indiana Infantry Regiment was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading a company in the main Union charge; he was among the first Union soldiers to enter the Confederate fortifications.

Aftermath and preservation

The Confederates withdrew into the Vicksburg fortifications. Pemberton ordered several outlying positions withdrawn into the main lines and the Vicksburg defenses were also physically improved. There was much outrage against Pemberton within the Confederate army due to the outcome of the movements and battles of the last several days. Loring had noticed light from fires in Union-occupied Edwards on the morning of May 17, and with the way blocked he marched his men to Jackson where they joined forces with Johnston on May 19. McClernand had a replacement bridge built over the Big Black River on the morning of May 18, while McPherson's and Sherman's corps crossed at other points. Sherman sent a cavalry regiment towards Snyder's Bluff, where the Confederate fortifications were found to have been abandoned; while Grant's army had regained a connection to the Union Navy elements on the Yazoo River. Sherman's main force came into contact with the Confederate defenders of Vicksburg, and McClernand and McPherson's men arrived late that day. The Siege of Vicksburg began. Believing that the Confederates in Vicksburg could be easily defeated, Grant launched significant attacks on May 19 and 22. Both attacks were repulsed bloodily, and Grant settled in for siege operations. The Confederates ran low on supplies, and Pemberton surrendered on July 4. The fall of Vicksburg was one of the key events of the war.

The site of the battle was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 as the Big Black River Battlefield. , portions of the piers of the railroad bridge existing during the battle still remain at the crossing of the Big Black River. A trail runs along the river bank, and a historical marker is placed in the vicinity of the battlefield, although the battlefield itself is privately owned.

title: Battle of Big Black River Bridge


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The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime

The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime is an American game show which offered a $1 million (annuitized) grand prize to winning contestants. The show aired in syndication from January 6, 1986, until May 22, 1987. The show was hosted by Jim Lange, and he was joined by Karen Thomas as co-host during the second season. Mark Summers was the show's announcer for the first few weeks and Johnny Gilbert announced the remainder of the series. The show was produced by XPTLA, Inc., and distributed by Lorimar-Telepictures.

Gameplay
Two couples competed each day, one of which was usually a returning champion. The two couples tried to win money by solving hangman-style word puzzles, but only one member of each couple played at any given time.

In order to fill-in the blank spaces in the puzzle, a series of toss-up clues were played. The clues were usually one word in length, but certain clues called for two or even three words to be used. The contestants were told how many letters were in the clue and the letters were put into the clue one at a time until one of the contestants buzzed in. If that contestant gave a correct answer, the couple scored $25. If not, the clue would be filled in up to the last letter and the opposing contestant got the chance to guess.

Once a contestant guessed correctly, he/she stepped up to an oversized keyboard to place letters in the puzzle, which was displayed on a giant computer screen. All of the letters appearing in the puzzle, as well as a star that would represent numbers or punctuation marks, were lit on the keyboard. There was always an additional key lit that represented what did not appear in the puzzle; the decoy key was referred to as "The Stinger". Correctly guessing the clues earned the contestants the choice of two keys on the keyboard, and each time what was chosen appeared in the puzzle $25 was added to a bank that went to the couple who solved the puzzle. Finding the Stinger ended a contestant's turn immediately; the contestant had to avoid it on both key choices in order to be able to guess the puzzle. A new clue was played whenever a contestant either failed to guess the puzzle or found the Stinger.

In the second round, the couples switched positions and the values for each word and correctly placed letter doubled to $50. For the third round, as well as any subsequent rounds, the values rose to $100 and each couple had to choose which one of them would play. The game continued as long as time permitted. If time ran short during a puzzle, each of the remaining letters was put into the puzzle one at a time and the bank continued to accumulate until one of the couples answered correctly.

The couple in the lead at the end of the game won their bank and played the bonus round. If there was a tie after the final puzzle, a final toss-up clue was played with sudden death rules; a correct answer won the game, but an incorrect answer resulted in an automatic loss.

Losing couples received consolation prizes, including a copy of the show's home game.

Bonus round
In the bonus round, the couple had to solve six words or phrases within 60 seconds. Before the round, they were presented with three categories to choose from. Once they made the selection, the show's on-stage security guard led them into an isolation booth which was wired so they could only hear Lange and could only see the game board screen.

The round began on Lange's command and one letter at a time was placed in the word or phrase. Letters were revealed at a rate of approximately one per 1.5 seconds, continuing until every blank except one had been filled in. The couple could not pass and had to keep guessing at each word until they either solved it or ran out of time.

If the couple successfully completed the bonus round in their first attempt, they were offered $5,000 and a choice to retire as undefeated champions or to return the next day and face another couple on the following show. If the couple chose to return and then completed the bonus round a second time, the offer increased to $10,000.

If the couple advanced to the bonus round for a third day, they played for the top prize of $1,000,000. In the first season, the grand prize was an annuity, with the couple receiving $40,000 a year for 25 years. For the second season, the couple received over $900,000 as an annuity and an additional $100,000 in prizes, including a pair of automobiles and 20 round-trip tickets on Delta Air Lines valid for any destination in the continental United States.

If at any time the couple failed to win the bonus round, they were retired as champions and left with whatever they had won in the main game to that point.

During its two-season run, a total of nine couples won the grand prize.

Merchandise
A single board game based on the show was released by Cardinal in 1986.

title: The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Global Transformation Institute

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (blk-cmp error). – ABCD 23:55, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Global Transformation Institute

 * Vanity entry for what is apparently a small religious splinter sect. Googling found almost no information. Their homepage is under construction. Delete. -- Marcika 23:09, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising/vanity. Not notable at present. -- Brhaspati\talk/contribs 00:07, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 07:42, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:128.61.59.141

title: User talk:128.61.59.141


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Wellington Airport (disambiguation)

Wellington Airport may refer to:

 * Wellington Airport in Wellington, New Zealand (IATA: WLG)
 * Wellington Municipal Airport in Wellington, Kansas, United States (FAA: EGT)

Other airports in places named Wellington:
 * Reader-Botsford Airport in Wellington, Ohio, United States (FAA: 67D)
 * Marian Airpark in Wellington, Texas, United States (FAA: F06)
 * Wellington Aerodrome in Wellington, New South Wales, Australia (ICAO code YWEL)

title: Wellington Airport (disambiguation)


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Ethylbenzene

Ethylbenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3. It is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of gasoline. This monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is important in the petrochemical industry as a reaction intermediate in the production of styrene, the precursor to polystyrene, a common plastic material. In 2012, more than 99% of ethylbenzene produced was consumed in the production of styrene.

Occurrence and applications
Ethylbenzene occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum.

The dominant application of ethylbenzene is its role as an intermediate in the production of polystyrene. Catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene gives hydrogen and styrene:
 * → C6H5CH=CH2  +

As of May 2012, more than 99% of all the ethylbenzene produced is used for this purpose.

Ethylbenzene hydroperoxide, a reagent and radical initiator, is produced by autoxidation of ethylbenzene:
 * C6H5CH2CH3 + O2 → C6H5CH(O2H)CH3

Niche uses
Ethylbenzene is added to gasoline as an anti-knock agent to reduce engine knocking and increase the octane rating. Ethylbenzene is often found in other products, including pesticides, cellulose acetate, synthetic rubber, paints, and inks. Used in the recovery of natural gas, ethylbenzene may be injected into the ground.

Production
Ethylbenzene is produced on a large scale by combining benzene and ethene in an acid-catalyzed chemical reaction:

In 2012, more than 99% of ethylbenzene was produced in this way.

Small amounts of ethylbenzene are recovered from the mix of xylenes by superfractioning, an extension of the distillation process.

In the 1980s a zeolite-based process using vapor phase alkylation offered a higher purity and yield. Then a liquid phase process was introduced using zeolite catalysts. This offers low benzene-to-ethylene ratios, reducing the size of the required equipment and lowering byproduct production.

Industrial accidents
On June 3, 2014, an explosion occurred in the Dutch Moerdijk industrial area. This happened in a chemical reactor operated by Shell which overheated due to an exothermal runaway reaction between the metal oxide catalyst and ethylbenzene.

Health effects
The acute toxicity of ethylbenzene is low, with an LD50 of about 4 grams per kilogram of body weight. The longer term toxicity and carcinogenicity is ambiguous. Eye and throat sensitivity can occur when high level exposure to ethylbenzene in the air occurs. At higher level exposure, ethylbenzene can cause dizziness. Once inside the body, ethylbenzene biodegrades to 1-phenylethanol, acetophenone, phenylglyoxylic acid, mandelic acid, benzoic acid and hippuric acid. Ethylbenzene exposure can be determined by testing for the breakdown products in urine.

As of September 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that drinking water with a concentration of 30 parts per million (ppm) for one day or 3 ppm for ten days is not expected to have any adverse effect in children. Lifetime exposure of 0.7 ppm ethylbenzene is not expected to have any adverse effect either. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) limits exposure to workers to an average 100 ppm for an 8-hour workday, a 40-hour workweek.

Ethylbenzene is classified as a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) however, the EPA has not determined ethylbenzene to be a carcinogen. The National Toxicology Program conducted an inhalation study in rats and mice. Exposure to ethylbenzene resulted in an increased incidence of kidney and testicular tumors in male rats, and trends of increased kidney tumors in female rats, lung tumors in male mice, and liver tumors in female mice.

As with all organic compounds, ethylbenzene vapors form an explosive mixture with air. When transporting ethylbenzene, it is classified as a flammable liquid in class 3, Packing Group II.

Environmental effects
Ethylbenzene is found mostly as a vapor in the air since it can easily move from water and soil. A median concentration of 0.62 parts per billion (ppb) was found in urban air in 1999. A study conducted in 2012 found that in country air the median concentration was found to be 0.01 ppb and indoors the median concentration was 1.0 ppb. It can also be released into the air through the burning of coal, gas, and oil. The use of ethylbenzene in the industry contributes to ethylbenzene vapor in the air. After about three days in the air with the help of sunlight, other chemicals break down ethylbenzene into chemicals that can be found in smog. Since it does not readily bind to soil it can also easily move into groundwater. In surface water, it breaks down when it reacts with chemicals naturally found in water. Generally, ethylbenzene is not found in drinking water, however it can be found in residential drinking water wells if the wells are near waste sites, underground fuel storage tanks that are leaking, or landfills.

As of 2012, according to the EU Dangerous Substances Directive, ethylbenzene is not classified as hazardous to the environment.

Ethylbenzene is a constituent of tobacco smoke.

Biodegradation
Certain strains of the fungus Cladophialophora can grow on ethylbenzene. The bacterium Aromatoleum aromaticum EbN1 was discovered due to its ability to grow on ethylbenzene.

title: Ethylbenzene


text: Category:Schools in the Netherlands

title: Category:Schools in the Netherlands


text:
Charoset

Charoset, haroset, or charoises (חֲרֽוֹסֶת, חרוסת) is a sweet, dark-colored mixture of finely chopped fruits and nuts eaten at the Passover Seder. According to the Talmud, its color and texture are meant to recall mortar (or mud used to make adobe bricks), which the Israelites used when they were enslaved in Ancient Egypt, as mentioned in Tractate Pesahim 116a of the Talmud. The word comes from the Hebrew word for clay (חֶרֶס).

Charoset is one of the symbolic foods on the Passover Seder Plate. After reciting the blessings, and eating first maror dipped in charoset and then a matzah "Hillel sandwich" (with two matzot) combining charoset and maror, people often eat the remainder spread on matzah.

History
Charoset is mentioned in the Mishna in connection with the items placed on the Passover table: "unleavened bread and lettuce and charoset". Some say it can be traced back to the custom of symposia in ancient Greece, where philosophical discussions were accompanied by drinking large quantities of wine and consuming foods dipped into mixtures of pounded nuts and spices.

Variations
There are many recipes for charoset. Many include at least some of the fruits and spices mentioned in the Song of Songs: apples 2-3, figs 2-13, pomegranates 4-3, grapes 2-15, walnuts 6-11, dates 7-7 with the addition of wine 1-2, saffron 4-14 and cinnamon 4-14. According to Jonathan Brumberg-Kraus "the influence of Persian culinary preferences on Jews living in the medieval Islamic empires probably reinforced this 'Song of Songs' flavor profile.

The spices used vary among cultures; Yemenites use cloves and pepper, while American Jews typically use cinnamon. In Italy, Venetian Jews have been known to add chestnuts and pine nuts. Halek is a variation made by Persian Jews using dates instead of apples. Locally grown blueberries are added to the traditional recipe in Maine.

Sephardi traditions
Sephardi charoset is a paste made of raisins, figs and dates.

Egyptian Jews make it from dates, raisins, walnuts, cinnamon, and sweet wine.

Greek and Turkish Jews use apples, dates, chopped almonds, and wine. Italian Jews add chestnuts.

Suriname Jews add coconut.

Iraqi Jews make it from a mixture of dates and nuts.

Yemenite tradition
Yihye Bashiri (17th century) described the manner in which the charoset was made in Yemen: "They take figs or raisins or dates, and pound them into the consistency of dough. They then put vinegar thereto, and add spices. Some there are who put ground sesame seeds into this admixture. On the night of the Passover, a person is required to put therein whole spices that have not been ground; either two or three seeds of valerian (Arabic: sunbul), or sprigs of marjoram  [alternatively: wild thyme ] (Arabic: za'tar), or savory  (Arabic: hasha), or things similar to them, so that it will resemble straw in mortar—in remembrance of that thing by which our fathers were enslaved in Egypt, seeing that it is like unto bricks and straw." In Yemenite Jewish tradition, the charoset is also called dukeh (דוכה), a name also referred to as such in the Jerusalem Talmud.

Mizrahi traditions
Not all Jews use the term charoset. Some of the Jews of the Middle East instead use the term "halegh". The origin of halegh is not clear. Rav Saadia Gaon uses the word and attributes it to a kind of walnut that was a mandatory ingredient in the preparation of the halegh.

Parts of the Jewish Diaspora in Iran have a tradition of including 40 different ingredients in the halegh. The number 40 signifies the 40 years of wandering in the desert.

Ashkenazi traditions
Eastern European (or Ashkenazi) charoset is made from chopped walnuts and apples, spiced with cinnamon and sweet red wine. Honey or sugar may be added as a sweetener and binder. The mixture is not cooked.

Modern variations
In 2015 Ben & Jerry's Charoset ice cream became widely available in Israel and was covered in several major news outlets.

Leftovers
Leftover charoset is commonly eaten with matzah, but it can also be used as a filling for hand pies.

title: Charoset


text:
ATM Forum

The ATM Forum was founded in 1991 to be the industry consortium to promote Asynchronous Transfer Mode technology used in telecommunication networks; the founding president and chairman was Fred Sammartino of Sun Microsystems. It was a non-profit international organization. The ATM Forum created over 200 implementation agreements.

History
In 1996 ATM technology stabilized with the "Anchorage Accord", which established the baseline of ATM implementations. While ATM did not live up to every expectation, it remained an important core network technology. The Frame Relay Forum (promoting Frame Relay) also started in 1991. The MPLS Forum (which supported Multiprotocol Label Switching had begun in 2000. Those two merged in 2003 to become the MPLS and Frame Relay Alliance (MFA). In 2005, the ATM Forum joined forces with the MFA to form the MFA Forum, which was renamed to be the IP/MPLS Forum. In May 2009 the  IP/MPLS Forum merged with the Broadband Forum.

Sampling of specifications

 * ATM-MPLS Network Interworking
 * Multi-Protocol Over ATM
 * TM 4.1
 * User-Network Interface
 * B-ICI
 * ANNI
 * PNNI
 * Frame-based ATM
 * ILMI
 * 622.08 Mbit/s physical layer
 * Inverse ATM Mux
 * Circuit Emulation Service
 * ATM Security Framework

Circuit Emulation Service
A widely adopted specification to emerge from the ATM Forum was the Circuit Emulation Service (CES) specification. This specification defined a method of creating a service out of mapping TDM DS0 and DS1/E1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) signals into Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cells. It also supported J2 and DS-3 signals. The service was built around the ATM Adaption Layer 1 specification from the ITU. The 1.0 version was approved about 1995 and the 2.0 version was approved in January 1997.

title: ATM Forum


text:
1st Ski Division (Wehrmacht)

The 1st Ski Division (1. Skijäger-Division) was a mountain infantry unit of the German Waffen-SS/Army trained to use skis for movement during winter. It was created on the Eastern Front in the autumn of 1943 in preparation for upcoming winter operations. It was enlarged into a full division in the summer of 1944. The division fought exclusively on the Eastern Front as part of Army Group Centre, including an approach to the Vistula river and during the retreat into Slovakia, southern Poland and the Czech lands (now the Czech Republic), where it surrendered to the Red Army in May 1945.

History
The American writer and publisher George Nafziger states that the 1st Skijäger Division was formed on 2 June 1944 by expanding the 1st Skijäger Brigade, which had been initially formed in September 1943. As was usual for German formations at this point in the war, the division was formed around existing units which were strengthened with new recruits. Elements of the 19th Panzergrenadier Brigade, the 65th Heavy Artillery Regiment, the 152nd Panzerjäger Battalion and the 18th Werfer (Rocket) Battalion with the 615th Flak (anti-aircraft) Battalion which was used to expand the brigade into a division.

On 1 January 1945, the 1st Ski Division (then under Army Group Heinrici of Army Group A) had a strength of 12,014 men.

Structure
Structure of the division:
 * Division Headquarters
 * 1st Ski Jäger Regiment
 * 2nd Ski Jäger Regiment
 * 1st Heavy Ski Battalion
 * 152nd Artillery Regiment (eventually included the 18th Panzerwerfer Battalion)
 * 1st Ski Fusilier Battalion
 * 152nd Ski Tank Destroyer Battalion
 * 270th Assault Gun Battalion
 * 85th Ski Engineer Battalion
 * 152nd Ski Signal Battalion
 * 152nd Ski Field Replacement Battalion
 * 152nd Ski Division Supply Group

Commanding officers

 * Günther von Manteuffel, 1 April 1943 – September 1943
 * Martin Berg, 13 May 1944 – 2 August 1944
 * Gustav Hundt, 3 October 1944 – 15 November 1944
 * Emmanuel von Kiliani, 15 November – 7 December 1944
 * Gustav Hundt, 8 December 1944 January 1945
 * Hans Steets, January – February 1945
 * Gustav Hundt, February – April 1945
 * Bruno Weiler, April – May 1945

title: 1st Ski Division (Wehrmacht)


text: User talk:64.229.248.213

title: User talk:64.229.248.213


text:
Jardim da Serra

Jardim da Serra (Portuguese meaning "mountain garden") is a civil parish in the municipality of Câmara de Lobos in the archipelago of Madeira. The population in 2011 was 3,311, in an area of 7.36 km². It is located in the mountains north of the centre of Câmara de Lobos.

title: Jardim da Serra


text: Category:Education in Luxembourg

title: Category:Education in Luxembourg


text:
Talk:Angelo Scola

Untitled
Wasn't His Eminence being treated for depression around the time of the 2005 conclave? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.129.164 (talk) 18:51, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mitrescola.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:00, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

'Critiques on Homosexuality and Feminism'
I'm curious why a book review is used to list Scola's views on multiple issues; I'm assuming no one's actually read his book? It seems inappropriately marginalizing to list his views on several complicated and controversial issues with a one-off list:

I count ten separate issues which we're given to think Scola rattles off a blanket anathema to, with only the reviewer's one-sentence impression of Scola's arguments or thought processes regarding these. I'm new to comments and edits, so I don't know that it violates any WP standards, but it seems unfair at this point. Hopefully, or perhaps if he's elected, this section will be fleshed out as Benedict XVI's is.
 * about Scola's "condemnation not only of abortion and of genetic engineering, and of birth control, but also of feminism, of homosexuality, and of cultural traits Scola associates with feminism and homosexuality, namely individualism, libertinism, relativism, narcissism, and even nihilism.

--168.235.1.4 (talk) 01:59, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

 * IMHO this section shall either be removed or be integrated by more and different analysis on Scola's though, because the opinion of a blogger, even if in a important blog, doesn't reflect nor the actual ideas of Scola nor the scholars' consensus on such matter. Let's check WP:NEWSBLOG A ntv (talk) 12:13, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

POV Check on "Critiques"
The claim that a certain scholar (Johnson, in this case) "has rejected various Catholic Church teachings in favor of his own personal views and has often mischaracterized those teachings while promoting his own" is a deep theological claim, likely to be heavily disputed. Among Catholic scholars, in particular, whether a particular statement constitutes a rejection of Church teaching can be (and often is) hotly disputed.

This judgment should either be removed or ascribed to a source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.230.42.38 (talk) 17:28, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Angelo Scola


text: Category:Professional education in the United Kingdom


text:
Talk:VF-4 Lightning III

Untitled
Had to replace or delete some information all together because the information came from a non-official, speculative RPG site. Replaced the Macross RPG information with the information from the official English Macross website.

Macross RPG Site: http://www.steelfalcon.com/Macross/vf4.shtml Official English Macross Site: http://www.anime.net/macross/mecha/united_nations/variable/vf4/index.html

Though still needs a new background writeup --Dangman4ever 23:18, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:VF-4 Lightning III


text:
Talk:Yo La Tengo

Ira Kaplan related to Oren Kaplan?
I think the two might be related... They even look identical. Does anyone know for sure?

(Oren Kaplan is a guitarist from Gogol Bordello)
 * I dunno, you might be right. They are at least in the same kind of area in the US, but I can't verify anything yet. - ZEROpumpkins 00:16, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * This is very unlikely. Kaplan is a very common Jewish last name. To the best of my knowledge Oren Kaplan is Israeli, although he worked in the States in the last few years.
 * It's possible, of course, that they have a common grand-grand-father. (Abraham, if all else fails...)
 * If by any chance you can read Hebrew, check this out: . --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 08:10, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Exact ages?
Is there anyone who knows the birth dates of Georgia and Ira? I have never been able to track down anything definitive. Danger bird 21:39, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * According to this 2003 article by Robert Christgau, Ira was 46 and Georgia was 43 when Summer Sun was released. Thus, they must have been born circa 1957 (Ira) and 1960 (Georgia). James is around ten years younger, I believe. Also, Ira and Georgia been married since ~1988, together since ~1981. They met at a concert for The Feelies. I have not put that information in the article because it's not definitive and ultimately I think it's irrelevant to their band's career. Fetology (talk) 13:55, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

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“ Not to be confused with Los Del Río”
Sorry, is anybody likely to do that, no matter how little Spanish they know? Maybe this happened once or twice during the Macarena craze. It seems like an obscure piece of advice now. ℜ ob C. alias ALAROB 12:31, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yo La Tengo


text: User talk:207.81.94.249

title: User talk:207.81.94.249


text: Category:Schools in Luxembourg

title: Category:Schools in Luxembourg


text:
User:Dontbeakakke

Overview
I hate beans, onions, and intolerance. I love avocados, cheese, and squash.

I love trying to learn languages like French and Japanese and Basque. Languages I'd like to honestly attempt to study are Welsh, Irish, Sanskrit, Swahili, and Mandarin... in no particular order.

I am a musician. I play the marimba and I would love to study composition and performance. In fact, I plan on doing that next year. I would also LOVE to go to culinary school.

I'm in love with Gael García Bernal, and Morningstar Farms vegetarian chicken nuggets.

Reno has Stockholm Syndromed me. I still aspire to move to Vancouver soon. But for now, I'm alright staying here.

 * N S P Alabaster Pimsleydale Saint Croix (N. S. P. Alabaster P. St. Croix) 05:55, 2006.eko Irailaren 10a (PDT)

What I'm Currently Reading

 *  O nly Rev o luti o ns by Mark Z. Danielewski ©2006 Pantheon Books ISBN 0375421769

Recent Contributions

 * I recently changed the text of the Basque version of my last listed contribution from "Erabiltzaile honek kalimotxoak edaten ditu" to "Erablitzaile honi kalimotxoak edatea gustatzen zaio"
 * I recently created the kalimotxo (Basque) and kalimotxo (English) userboxes: "This user drinks kalimotxos."
 * I recently created the carbon userbox: "This user is made out of Carbon."
 * I recently created the sa-0 userbox: "This user cannot speak Sanskrit, but would love to study it."
 * I recently translated the Bernardo Atxaga article from Esperanto. Ew.  By the end I was ready to vomit.  I lament that there are more articles in Esperanto than there are in some natural languages with more native speakers.  :[
 * I recently creted the m-v userbox: "This user is a marimba virtuoso."
 * I recently created the userboxes for marimba, vibraphone, xylophone, keyboard percussion, and front ensemble.

日本語
日本語は言語です.

Gizona Bere Bakardadean Naiz
Orduan... Nathan dut izena. Renon bizi naiz oraintxe, Nevadako Unibertsitatera joaten naizelako, baina San Diegokoa naiz. Hizkuntzak ikastea gustatzen zait. Frantsesez, euskaraz eta japonesez ikasten ditut unibertsitatean. Ez zaizkit gustatzen batere nire gelalagunak. Gogaikarriak dira... >:| Logela oso txikia da, orduan etxebizitzan bizi izan nahi dut. Maiatzan, etxebizitzan bizi izango naiz, Renoko erdian. Pixka bat zikina izango da, baina ez zait gustatzen batere nire gela.

Badauzkat bi txakur, Nappy eta Josie, bainan haiek San Diegon bizi dira nire amarekin. Nappy-ri kaka jatea gustatzen zaio.

Nor zara zu?

ममनामनेथनः।
"I must say, my good man, that I think Wikipedia is a terrible organization that should be shot"

Tout ce dont vous avez besoin
Je suis né en 1987 en Californie. Mes parents se sont divorcés quand j'avais quatre ans. J'habitais chez ma mère jusqu'à 2004, quand elle a découvert que je suis tapette. Comme RuPaul. Maintenant je fais mes études à l'University of Nevada, Reno. J'étudie le basque, le français, le japonais, l'anglais (quoique je le parle comme langue maternelle) et je pense que j'aime la chimie. J'sais pas porquoi.

People on Wikpedia I "know"

 * Joshua
 * Mark

title: User:Dontbeakakke


text: Category:Schools in Germany

title: Category:Schools in Germany


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RB

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to Rb. – ABCD 23:58, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RB
Which stands for, apparently, ringbearer.org. It's a long winding entry detailing the rise of a fandom site. Wikipedia is not a web directory, and this, unlike the Lord of the Rings itself, seems non-notable. Cast into the Fire of Mount Doom!... ahem, sorry, I mean delete. Sabine's Sunbird 23:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a fansite would have to be really, really, really notable to get it's own article. With an Alexa rank of 374,669 I'm afraid this ain't it.  Nice site though. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  23:59, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * The site can host its own "History of this site" page. Redirect to retinoblastoma rb. Uncle G 01:34, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * Delete and Redirect to Rb, which is a disambig for that letter combo. Dave the Red (talk) 03:18, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Retinoblastoma. Megan1967 07:44, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, redirect to the existing disambig Rb, obviously. (Or delete and move Rb to RB, as aren't most short acronym disambigs in caps?) sjorford →•← 09:16, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not that obvious when one is doing a quick "what links here" check (which, if pursued far enough, also tells one the answer to your question, by the way). ☺  Well spotted.  Uncle G 11:48, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Rb. Kappa 09:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Rb, as per all those above. I updated List of genetic disorders to go straight to Retinoblastoma. --bainer 00:56, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RB