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Bryan Dobson

Bryan David Dobson (born 10 February 1960) is an Irish journalist, now retired, a newscaster and presenter who worked for RTÉ. He presented the RTÉ News at One on RTÉ Radio One, RTÉ News: Six One, RTÉ News: Nine O'Clock, most recently Morning Ireland, and occasionally RTÉ News: One O'Clock.

Early life
Dobson was raised in Sandymount. He attended Newpark Comprehensive School, Blackrock, Dublin. It was one of the first schools to introduce the Transition Year programme. In it, he presented a half-hour radio programme. When he finished school, he attended a media course in the Rathmines College of Commerce, Dublin Institute of Technology.

Early career
Dobson previously worked for the Dublin pirate station Radio Nova, hosting their nightly Dublin Today programme. Before joining RTÉ, he worked for BBC Northern Ireland.

RTÉ
Dobson joined RTÉ in 1987 as a reporter for This Week on Radio 1. He was later appointed as business correspondent, before joining RTÉ News as a presenter in 1991. In September 1996, he was named as the co-presenter of the flagship early evening news programme, RTÉ News: Six One on RTÉ One, alongside Sharon Ní Bheoláin. He left his position as co-presenter on 25 October 2017 after 21 years to move to early morning radio on Morning Ireland.

He also presents various special programmes such as RTÉ's coverage of general elections. In May 2011, he fronted RTÉ television coverage of Queen Elizabeth II's visit to the Republic of Ireland.

On 24 January 2024, Dobson announced his retirement from broadcasting, having worked for RTÉ for 37 years. He presented his last show on 3 May 2024.

Controversy
In 2003, Dobson became embroiled in a minor controversy. Dobson was accused of a conflict of interest when it was reported that he had provided some training for senior local authority officials in answering questions in the media, although the controversy was somewhat defused when Dobson expressed regret for what was viewed as a misjudgment.

Personal life
Dobson lives in Dublin with his wife, Crea, and their two children.

title: Bryan Dobson


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1922 Irish general election

The 1922 Irish general election took place in Southern Ireland on Friday, 16 June. The election was separately called by a resolution of Dáil Éireann on 19 May and by an order of the Provisional Government on 27 May. The body elected was thus both the Third Dáil and provisional parliament replacing the parliament of Southern Ireland, under the provisions of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty to elect a constituent assembly paving the way for the formal establishment of the Irish Free State. From 6 December 1922, it continued as the Dáil Éireann of the Irish Free State.

The election was held under the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. It was the first contested general election held in the jurisdiction using the STV system. The election was held in the 128 seats using the constituencies designated to the Southern Ireland House of Commons in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (see Government of Ireland Act 1920 (constituencies).) Under this Act, constituencies ranged in size from 3 to 8 seats, the largest being the eight seat Kerry–Limerick West and Cork Mid.

Campaign
In the 1921 elections, Sinn Féin had won all seats in uncontested elections, except for the four in the Dublin University constituency. On this occasion, however, most seats were contested. The treaty had divided the party between 65 pro-treaty candidates, 57 anti-treaty and 1 nominally on both sides. To minimise losses due to competition from other parties, Éamon de Valera and Michael Collins worked out a pact approved on 20 May 1922. They agreed that the pro-treaty and anti-treaty factions would fight the general election jointly and form a coalition government afterwards. The sitting member would not be opposed by the other faction. This pact prevented voters giving their opinions on the treaty itself, especially in uncontested seats. However, the draft Constitution of the Irish Free State was then published on 15 June, and so the anti-treaty Sinn Féin group's 36 seats out of 128 seemed to many to be a democratic endorsement of the pro-treaty Sinn Féin's arrangements. Others argued that insufficient time was available to understand the draft constitution, but the main arguments and debates had already been made public during and after the Dáil Treaty Debates that had ended on 10 January 1922, nearly six months before.

Winston Churchill, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, opposed the Pact as undemocratic, and made a long statement on 31 May. He was responsible at the time for steering the transitional arrangements between the Provisional Government and the government of the United Kingdom in the period between the ratification of the Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State.

Despite the Pact, the election results started the effective division of Sinn Féin into separate parties. The anti-Treaty TDs then boycotted the new Dáil, even though they had requested, negotiated and approved the terms of the Pact. This boycott gave uncontested control to the pro-treaty members of Sinn Féin, and so enabled W. T. Cosgrave to establish the Second Provisional Government. The First Executive Council of the Irish Free State was appointed on 6 December 1922 on the nomination of this Dáil.

Result

 * }

Many seats were won unopposed; 17 by Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin, 16 by Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin and 4 by independents.

Voting summary
Each party's seat share was within seven percent points of its vote share percentage.

Analysis
Out of a valid poll of 621,587 votes, the pro-Treaty faction of Sinn Féin won 239,195 votes and the anti-Treaty faction won 135,310 votes. The other parties and independents (see above) all supported the Treaty and secured a further 247,080 votes.

The vote was seen as significant in several ways:
 * The pro-Treaty parties had secured support from over 75% of the electorate on the eve of the Irish Civil War.
 * The non-Sinn Féin parties had support from over 40% of the electorate.

Further, the anti-Treaty candidates had taken part in an election in line with Article 11 of the Treaty, even though they had argued that it was flawed, being partitionist. Their pro-Treaty opponents argued that this revealed that their anti-Treaty stance was opportunist, and not principled. Article 11 of the Treaty had limited such an election to the constituencies of the formative Free State, and specifically excluded constituencies in Northern Ireland, yet the anti-Treaty argument was that the Dáil represented the whole island of Ireland.

Government formation
Within 12 days, on 28 June 1922, as a result of the tensions between pro- and anti-Treatyites, the Irish Civil War broke out, when the Provisional Government's troops began a bombardment of the Anti-Treaty IRA's occupation of the Four Courts, Dublin. The Dáil had been due to convene on 1 July, but its opening was prorogued on 5 occasions, meeting on 9 September 1922.

Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith, leaders of two separate but co-operating administrations, had respectively been killed and had died in August. On 9 September 1922, W. T. Cosgrave, leader of the pro-Treaty Sinn Féin TDs, was elected as President of Dáil Éireann and formed the 5th Ministry of Dáil Éireann.

On 6 December 1922, on the establishment of the Irish Free State, Cosgrave was nominated by the Dáil to the position of President of the Executive Council, and was appointed by the Governor-General Tim Healy. He formed the 1st Executive Council of the Irish Free State.

Change in membership
As each constituency was a multi-seat contest, rows represent changes in the constituency as a whole, rather than between individual TDs.

Change in affiliation
TD who contested 1922 election under a different affiliation to 1921.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1922 Irish general election


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title: File:HMS Cadiz (D79).jpg


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Stanley Wolpert

Stanley Albert Wolpert (December 23, 1927 – February 19, 2019) was an American historian, Indologist, and author on the political and intellectual history of modern India and Pakistan and wrote fiction and nonfiction books on the topics. He taught at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), from 1959 to 2002.

Early life
Stanley Albert Wolpert was born on December 23, 1927, in Brooklyn, New York to Russian Jewish parents. While serving as an engineer aboard a U.S. Merchant Marine ship, he arrived in Bombay, India for the first time on February 12, 1948. Upon arriving, he was both fascinated and overwhelmed by the extraordinary outpouring of grief over the death of Mahatma Gandhi—whom he then knew very little about—just two weeks earlier. On returning home, he abandoned his career in marine engineering for the study of Indian history. He received a B.A. from City College in 1953, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1955 and 1959. with a dissertation (published as Tilak and Gokhale) on the revolutionary and reform wings of the Indian National Congress. The dissertation was one of the two books selected for the now discontinued biennial Watumull Prize of the American Historical Association in 1962, a prize recognizing "the best book on the history of India originally published in the United States."

Career
Wolpert began his academic career in 1959, when he took a job as an instructor in the Department of History at UCLA. He was promoted in 1960–63 to assistant professor; 1963-66 associate professor; 1967 full professor. In 1968 he was appointed department chair. He was later an emeritus professor.

Recognition
In 1975 Wolpert was awarded UCLA's Distinguished Teaching Award.

Wolpert was a guest on Connie Martinson Talks Books in 2011, promoting his 2010 book, India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation.

Personal life and death
He married Dorothy Wolpert (née Guberman) on June 12, 1953. They met in an American government class at City College of New York. She went on to become a senior partner in a Century City law firm, and made several visits to India with her husband. They had two sons and three grandchildren. His book Nine Hours to Rama was adapted to a feature film in 1963. Wolpert died on February 19, 2019.

Jinnah of Pakistan
Among Wolpert's famed works is Jinnah of Pakistan (1982), a biography compiled on Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founding father of Pakistan. Wolpert described his subject thus:

The book is regarded as one of the best biographical books on the life of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase
Wolpert served as editor alongside Richard Sisson of the volume of papers presented at the University of California, Los Angeles March 1984 international conference on the pre Independent phase of the Indian National Congress and published by the University of California Press.

Participating scholars in the conference include Dilip K. Basu, Judith M. Brown, Basudev Chatterji, Walter Huser, Stephen Northrup Hay, Eugene Irschick, Raghavan N. Iyer, D. A. Low, James Manor, Claude Markovits, John R. McLane, Thomas R. Metcalf, W. H. Morris Jones, V. A. Narain, Norman D. Palmer, Gyanendra Pandey, Bimal Prasad, Barbara N. Ramusack, Rajat Kanta Ray, Peter Reeves, Damodar Sardesai, Sumit Sarkar, Lawrence L. Shrader, William Vanderbok and Eleanor Zelliot.

Gandhi's Passion: The Life and the Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi
Published in 2001, Gandhi's Passion is a biography of Mahatma Gandhi. Wolpert describes the subject thus:

"'Mahatma Gandhi proved the strength of invisible soul-force. By so passionately embracing suffering all his mature life and fearlessly following his inner voice wherever it led him, Gandhi lived the message of Love and Truth he believed to be twin faces of God. His greatest luxury was to serve those who needed him: the sick, the hungry, people without work or pride or hope. He never gave up his quest to liberate India from imperial bonds of exploitation and to liberate humankind from the shackles of prejudice, fear, and hatred, and from the terrors of brutal racial and religious, class and caste conflict. He courted pain as most men did pleasure, welcomed sorrow as others greeted joy, and was always ready to face any opponent or his own death with a disarming smile of love. He lived to the full his mantra, “Do or die!” Still, he failed to convert most of modern India to his faith in the ancient yogic powers of Tapas and Ahimsa as superior to the atom bomb. He was not, of course, the first or only prophet of peace murdered by a self-righteous killer, nor, most unfortunately, would he be the last. But he was the greatest Indian since the fifth-century B.C. “Enlightened One,” the Buddha.'"

Delhi University historian Shahid Amin in his review for the Outlook, called it an "empathetic and meticulous biography". He observed, "Wolpert's attempt is to demonstrate through a close reading of Gandhi's own voluminous writings the unique combination of yogic tapas and Christian passion (the suffering of Jesus Christ on the cross") that the Mahatma embodied in his body-polity." The biography was severely criticised by columnist Swapan Dasgupta, who wrote in India Today, "Wolpert's biography is not the work of a professional historian.... it is essentially a sympathetic assessment, a study of Gandhi the saint that only tangentially — and with some glaring factual inaccuracies (like describing the Jallianwala Bagh meeting in Amritsar as a gathering of peasants 'celebrating their spring harvest') and sweeping over-generalisations takes into account the environment he operated in."

Pankaj Mishra, in his review for The New York Times, described it as a "somewhat perfunctory biography". He wrote, "the best that can be said about Wolpert's book is that while it tells you nothing about Gandhi that hasn't been said before, it doesn't oversimplify its subject." Further adding, "Wolpert mentions Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela as having drawn inspiration from Gandhi's methods. Disappointingly, he doesn't go into the manifold ways Gandhi's distrust of modernity has found echoes among many political and environmental movements around the world."

Ahmed Abbas in his review for ISSI, called the book "a valuable addition to the literature on the contemporary history of the Indian subcontinent". Diplomat and author, Shashi Tharoor in his review for The Washington Post called it " a smooth, highly readable but flawed book." He added, "Wolpert's narrative is rather bloodless; the characters on its pages are largely just names, with little physical description, social background or political context provided. Two skimpy chapters on Gandhi's legacy are all that justify the book's subtitle.... the book is riddled with minor errors unworthy of a historian of Wolpert's eminence, ranging from the description of Ahmedabad in 1887 as the capital of Gujarat, a state that did not come into existence till the 1950s, to placing the British Viceroy in 1925 in Calcutta, though British India had moved its capital to Delhi in 1911.... Wolpert gives us the saint, but the shrewd politician is little in evidence in this book. And yet Wolpert gets all the essentials right, and he does so in lucid and lively prose."

Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India
Published in 2006, Shameful Flight is a chronological study of the last days of the British Empire in India from the fall of Singapore in 1942 to the Jammu and Kashmir war of 1947–48.

Columnist Swapan Dasgupta in his review for The Times Of India criticised Wolpert's 'central argument' for mirroring 'the misgivings of the relics of the pre-War Conservative Party to the management of decolonization.' Yet, he refused to lump him with the Tory "revisionist" historians such as Andrew Roberts and Niall Ferguson and called his central thesis 'intriguing'. He observed, 'The problem is that Wolpert's own narrative doesn't justify singling out Mountbatten for all the opprobrium'. Furthermore, 'On Wolpert's suggestion that a united, independent Bengal would have prevented the tragedy in the east ignores cruel ground realities'.

Non-fiction

 * Tilak and Gokhale : Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India (1962)
 * Morley and India, 1906-1910 (1967)
 * A New History of India (1977, 1982, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2008)
 * Roots of Confrontation in South Asia : Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and the Superpowers (1982)
 * Jinnah of Pakistan (1984)
 * Congress and Indian Nationalism : The Pre-Independence Phase (co-edited with Richard Sisson) (1988)
 * India (1991)
 * Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His Life and Times (1993)
 * Nehru : A Tryst With Destiny (1996)
 * Gandhi's Passion : The Life and the Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi (2001)
 * Encyclopedia of India (editor) (2005)
 * Shameful Flight:The Last Years of British Empire in India (2006)
 * India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation (2010)

Fiction

 * Aboard the Flying Swan (1954)
 * Nine Hours to Rama (1962)
 * The Expedition: A Novel (1967)
 * An Error of Judgment (1970)

title: Stanley Wolpert


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William Alison

William Pulteney Alison FRSE FRCPE FSA (12 November 1790 – 22 September 1859) was a Scottish physician, social reformer and philanthropist. He was a distinguished professor of medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He served as president of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh (1833), president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1836–38), and vice-president of the British Medical Association, convening its meeting in Edinburgh in 1858.

Life
Alison was born in Boroughmuirhead on 12 November 1790, eldest son of Dorothea Gregory and Reverend Archibald Alison, the elder brother of the advocate Archibald Alison; and godson of Laura Pulteney, 1st Countess of Bath. In his youth he climbed Mont Blanc and other mountains. He entered the University of Edinburgh in 1803, and studied under his father's friend Dugald Stewart, and for a time was expected to follow a career in philosophy rather than medicine. In 1811 he graduated as a physician.

In 1814 he opened the New Town Dispensary at 4 East James Street, at the east end of the city's New Town.

His academic career was impressive. He became a Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in 1820. From 1822 to 1842 he lectured in the Institutes of Medicine. From 1842 to 1856 he lectured in the Theory of Physic.

His Edinburgh townhouse was at 43 Heriot Row in the Edinburgh's Second New Town.

In 1821 he was elected a member of the Aesculapian Club. In 1821 Alison was also elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and served as President in 1834. He was President of the Royal College of Physicians 1836–8, a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, President of the Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1833, and Vice President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1842–59.

His uncle was Professor James Gregory and his cousin was Professor William Gregory.

Ameliorating the lot of the poor

Struck by the poverty he encountered, Alison advocated poor relief in Scotland be extended from the sick and infirm to include the healthy impoverished. This was a radical suggestion as the ethos of the age was for poor relief to be withheld from the able-bodied destitute who were presumed to be indolent and sinful.

Published in his report on the generation of fever in English reformer Edwin Chadwick's “Report on the sanitary condition of the laboring population,” despite the general feeling of many physicians at the time, Alison was of the opinion that malarias, or diseases, were not a result of putrescent animal and vegetable matters or human excretions, as many medical professionals believed, but rather was convinced that some diseases were “nearly beyond the power of medicine, but the causes of which are known, and under certain circumstances may be avoided; and the conditions necessary for avoiding them are in a great measure in the power of communities, though beyond the power of many of the individuals composing them. ”

Alison proposed using the Scottish Poor Law to alleviate poverty as a means of assuaging disease, but the Poor Law Commissioners supported the position of Edwin Chadwick that disease was caused by filth and miasmas. Alison held to the contagion theory of disease, stating its spread was facilitated through poverty and overcrowding. He argued that poverty arose from social factors, not sin and sloth, and that higher wages should be paid to workers to mitigate disease by reducing the effect of overcrowding and destitution. In stating a case for fighting disease that appeared to be outside the province of contemporary medicine Alison was a pioneer of "political" medicine, as well as social epidemiology and public health.

In his 1840 publication Observations on the management of the poor in Scotland and its effect on the health in the great towns, Alison argued that the government and its agencies had a major role in the alleviation of poverty and that this undertaking should not be left to religious groups or private charities. He advocated using public taxes to assist widows, orphans and the unemployed poor, and criticised the establishment for ignoring those who were fit but impoverished. The findings of the 1844 Royal Commission on Poor Laws (Scotland) lent support to Alison's viewpoint. Alison was very critical of the Scottish upper class for not providing what Alison believed to be adequate relief to the impoverished citizens of the country, while praising the English system, which had a long-established legislative framework to maintain minimum standards of relief for those suffering from poverty. Contrary to England's governmental standards, Scotland's system was based around voluntary charity by the wealthier members of society, justified by claiming that legal guarantees of support and relief for the impoverished would remove any motivation for the poor to work out of their situation and would rather create an incentive to stay stagnant as poor in order to receive governmental benefits. Alison counter argued, saying that it was unrelieved poverty that truly lowered the morality of the poor, and not providing any relief not only made the impoverished more prone to contract disease, but also more short-sighted and reckless. There was also no evidence in Alison's mind that the English system of governmental relief had brought any of the negative consequences that the Scottish had attributed to it, and rather “the English people receive a temporal reward for their more humane and merciful management of the poor, in the comparative exemption of most of their great towns from the curse of contagious fever.”

Alison also promoted preventive social medicine and initiated a program to vaccinate children against smallpox, and he established Edinburgh's Fever Board to combat epidemics. He advocated speedy diagnosis of the ill and, where found to be contagious or infectious, he recommended fumigation and ventilation of the residence and prompt hospitalisation for the patient. His methods bore fruit during the cholera epidemic of 1831–1832, whereby Edinburgh took immediate and effective action to mitigate the outbreak without awaiting instructions from London.

In strongly advocating government intervention to alleviate poverty as a means to combat disease, Alison was ahead of his time but he lived to see public opinion move closer to his initiatives.

Personal life
He married his first cousin Margaret Craufurd/Crawford Gregory (1809–1849), daughter of James Gregory in 1832; the marriage was childless.

Attacks of epilepsy forced him to retire in 1856. He was succeeded by Thomas Laycock. He died at home, "Woodville" in Colinton on 22 September 1859. He was interred at St John's Episcopal Cemetery in Edinburgh.

Artistic Recognition
A bust of Alison by William Brodie is held by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.

Works

 * Outlines of physiology (1831)
 * Observations on the management of the poor in Scotland and its effect on the health in the great towns. Alison WP. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1840.
 * Obituary notice. The late Dr Alison. Edinburgh Medical Journal 1859; 5:469–86.
 * William Pulteney Alison. Pitman J . Proc R Coll Physicians Edinburgh 1989;19:219–24.[Medline]
 * History of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Craig WS. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1976.
 * Observations on the Famine of 1846–47 in the Highlands of Scotland and in Ireland, in Illustrating the Connection of the Principle of Population with the Management of the Poor (1847) W.P. Alison Edinburgh, 1857.
 * Remarks on the Report of Her Majesties Commissioners on the Poor Laws of Scotland W. P. Alison, Edinburgh, 1844.
 * William Pulteney Alison (1790–1859) a Scottish social reformer. I Milne, Head of Library and Information Services, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2004; 58:887. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd

title: William Alison


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Vaska's complex

Vaska's complex is the trivial name for the chemical compound trans-carbonylchlorobis(triphenylphosphine)iridium(I), which has the formula IrCl(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2. This square planar diamagnetic organometallic complex consists of a central iridium atom bound to two mutually trans triphenylphosphine ligands, carbon monoxide and a chloride ion. The complex was first reported by J. W. DiLuzio and Lauri Vaska in 1961. Vaska's complex can undergo oxidative addition and is notable for its ability to bind to O2 reversibly. It is a bright yellow crystalline solid.

Preparation
The synthesis involves heating virtually any iridium chloride salt with triphenylphosphine and a carbon monoxide source. The most popular method uses dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent, and sometimes aniline is added to accelerate the reaction. Another popular solvent is 2-methoxyethanol. The reaction is typically conducted under nitrogen. In the synthesis, triphenylphosphine serves as both a ligand and a reductant, and the carbonyl ligand is derived by decomposition of dimethylformamide, probably via a deinsertion of an intermediate Ir-C(O)H species. The following is a possible balanced equation for this complicated reaction.

 * IrCl3(H2O)3 + 3 P(C6H5)3 + HCON(CH3)2 + C6H5NH2 → IrCl(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2 + [(CH3)2NH2]Cl + OP(C6H5)3 + [C6H5NH3]Cl + 2 H2O

Typical sources of iridium used in this preparation are IrCl3·xH2O and H2IrCl6.

Reactions
Studies on Vaska's complex helped provide the conceptual framework for homogeneous catalysis. Vaska's complex, with 16 valence electrons, is considered "coordinatively unsaturated" and can thus bind to one two-electron or two one-electron ligands to become electronically saturated with 18 valence electrons. The addition of two one-electron ligands is called oxidative addition. Upon oxidative addition, the oxidation state of the iridium increases from Ir(I) to Ir(III). The four-coordinated square planar arrangement in the starting complex converts to an octahedral, six-coordinate product. Vaska's complex undergoes oxidative addition with conventional oxidants such as halogens, strong acids such as HCl, and other molecules known to react as electrophiles, such as iodomethane (CH3I).

Vaska's complex binds O2 reversibly:
 * IrCl(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2 + O2 ⇌ IrCl(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2O2

The dioxygen ligand is bonded to Ir by both oxygen atoms, called side-on bonding. In myoglobin and hemoglobin, by contrast, O2 binds end-on, attaching to the metal via only one of the two oxygen atoms. The resulting dioxygen adduct reverts to the parent complex upon heating or purging the solution with an inert gas, signaled by a colour change from orange back to yellow.

Spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy can be used to analyse the products of oxidative addition to Vaska's complex because the reactions induce characteristic shifts of the stretching frequency of the coordinated carbon monoxide. These shifts are dependent on the amount of π-back bonding allowed by the newly associated ligands. The CO stretching frequencies for Vaska's complex and oxidatively added ligands have been documented in the literature.
 * Vaska's complex: 1967 cm−1
 * Vaska's complex + O2: 2015 cm−1
 * Vaska's complex + MeI: 2047 cm−1
 * Vaska's complex + I2: 2067 cm−1

Oxidative addition to give Ir(III) products reduces the π-bonding from Ir to C, which causes the increase in the frequency of the carbonyl stretching band. The stretching frequency change depends upon the ligands that have been added, but the frequency is always greater than 2000 cm−1 for an Ir(III) complex.

History
The earliest mention of IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2 is by Vaska and DiLuzio. The closely related IrBr(CO)(PPh3)2 was described in 1959 by Maria Angoletta, who prepared the complex by the treating IrBr(CO)2(p-toluidine) with PPh3 in acetone solution. In 1957, Linda Vallerino had reported RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2.

title: Vaska's complex


text:
Wikipedia:Inactive collaborations

General

 * Collaboration/Improvement Drive
 * Spotlight

Geography

 * Africa
 * Australia - active October 2004 until April 2009
 * Canada
 * China - Active in late 2004 and August–December 2011
 * EU
 * Essex
 * France
 * Hong Kong
 * India
 * Irish
 * Japan
 * Mexico
 * New Jersey
 * New Zealand
 * Ottawa
 * Pakistan
 * Philippine
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Quebec
 * Russia
 * Serbia
 * Singapore
 * South African
 * Texas
 * UK - active October 2004 to August 2005.
 * United States
 * Southern U.S. - October-November 2004, June-July 2005, attempted reactivation October 2009.
 * Western U.S.
 * Northern U.S.
 * West Midlands, UK

Culture and media

 * Alternative Music - active February 2007 until May 2010
 * Anti-war movement
 * Book Club
 * Comics
 * Countering systemic bias
 * Country music
 * Discographies
 * Entertainment
 * French Translation
 * Horror
 * James Bond
 * Literature
 * Lordi
 * Music
 * Rock Music
 * Novels - active July 2006 until August 2009 (one collaboration lingering until March 2010)

Games and sports

 * Baseball - active mid-2008 to early 2009
 * Canadian football
 * Football (soccer)
 * Professional wrestling
 * Rugby union
 * Tennis
 * Video games

Religion

 * Anglicanism
 * Catholicism

 * Latter Day Saint Collaboration of the fortnight
 * Orthodox Judaism Rabbis

Science and Technology

 * Apple Inc. Collaboration
 * WikiProject Cetaceans/Collaboration - active September 2006 until January 2007, semiactive in 2007 until April 2008
 * Chemistry active June 2006 to July 2009
 * Computer
 * CVGID
 * Fungi - active Jan-July 2007
 * Horticulture and Gardening
 * Macintosh
 * Mammals
 * Mathematics
 * Medicine
 * Molecular & Cellular Biology
 * Pharmacology
 * Plants
 * Robotics
 * Science - initiated November 2004, but only active July 2005 to July 2006 (weekly), then monthly until the end of May 2008. Update: Project is currently active. Inactive again since July 2013.
 * Space
 * Tropical cyclones

Other

 * Beer
 * Presidents of Colombia
 * Core topics
 * Leftism
 * Micronation
 * New York State routes
 * Conservatism
 * Wikimedia
 * Universities
 * Unusual - active August-October 2005

title: Wikipedia:Inactive collaborations


text:
Mark Tremonti

Mark Thomas Tremonti (born April 18, 1974) is an American guitarist and singer, best known for his tenures with the rock bands Creed and Alter Bridge. He is a founding member of both bands, and has also collaborated with many other artists over the years. He formed his own band Tremonti in 2011 and has released five albums with them, including A Dying Machine, which was adapted by Tremonti and science fiction novelist John Shirley.

Since his early years with Creed, Tremonti has received positive recognition as a guitarist and songwriter and has received a number of accolades, including one Grammy Award for Creed's single "With Arms Wide Open". He was also named "Guitarist of the Year" for three consecutive years by Guitar World, and in 2011 he was listed in Total Guitar magazine as the fourth-greatest heavy metal guitarist of all time.

Early life
Tremonti was born on April 18, 1974, in Detroit, Michigan. He grew up in a Catholic family of Italian descent in Grosse Pointe, just outside Detroit, for most of his childhood before moving to Wilmette, Illinois. He began to become interested with music, and bought his first guitar at the age of eleven. When he was fifteen, his family moved again to Orlando, Florida, where he enrolled in Lake Highland Preparatory School. During this time, his mother was diagnosed with a life threatening illness.

After graduation, he moved to Clemson, South Carolina to attend Clemson University to major in finance. After his freshman year in college, he moved back to Florida to enroll in Florida State University, where he was reunited with his then future Creed bandmate Scott Stapp, whom Tremonti had known since high school.

Before Creed took off, he worked as a cook at Chili's.

Creed
Tremonti is a founding member of the American hard rock band Creed. He formed the band with lead vocalist Scott Stapp in 1994 with fellow members Brian Marshall and Scott Phillips joining as bassist and drummer, respectively. Creed is recognized by many as one of the major acts of the post-grunge movement of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Tremonti and Stapp have been collectively recognized as one of the most prolific songwriting teams in all of rock music.

The band released their debut album My Own Prison in 1997 to strong mainstream success, selling over six million copies. Four singles were released from the album: "My Own Prison", "Torn", "What's This Life For", and "One". Each song reached No. 1 on Billboard's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, making Creed the first band to achieve such a feat with a debut album. My Own Prison was followed in 1999 by Human Clay, which was an immediate success and certified diamond and eleven times platinum by the RIAA. The band released four singles from Human Clay: "Higher", "With Arms Wide Open", "What If", and "Are You Ready". "Higher" spent a record-breaking 17 weeks on the top of the rock radio charts. Marshall left the band in 2000 due to increasing tension with Stapp and to pursue other interests. He was temporarily replaced by touring bassist Brett Hestla.

Creed also won their first, and to date only, Grammy Award for Best Rock Song for "With Arms Wide Open" in 2001. That same year, after a tour, the band released another multi-platinum selling album, Weathered, from which six singles were released: "My Sacrifice", "One Last Breath", "Hide", "Don't Stop Dancing", "Weathered", and "Bullets". It would be the band's only album without Marshall on bass; Tremonti handled the bass parts himself. The tour to support this record was overwhelmingly successful but ended with a considerably controversial concert in Chicago that ultimately led to the band's breakup.

The band announced that they had disbanded in 2004, citing tension between Stapp and the other members, Tremonti in particular. The three instrumental members went on to found Alter Bridge while Stapp opted for a solo career, and Creed released their Greatest Hits in November 2004.

However, after months of speculation, despite early claims from Tremonti that Creed would never return, it was announced that Creed had reunited with plans for a tour and a new album. The record, Full Circle, was released in October 2009, accompanied by three singles, "Overcome", "Rain", and "A Thousand Faces". Though a moderate critical success, it ultimately became the band's only album to not be certified by the RIAA. Creed supported the album by touring throughout North and South America, Europe, and Australia during the summers of 2009 and 2010.

The band released a record-breaking concert film titled Creed Live in December 2009. Tremonti, Marshall, and Phillips, initially planned to alternate tours between Alter Bridge and Creed with the singers of both bands working on their own projects while the other band is active.

A fifth Creed album was expected in late 2011 or early 2012 according to Tremonti, and in early 2012 the band reconvened to tour and start work on a fifth album which never began production.

In June 2015, while promoting his second solo album Cauterize, Mark Tremonti claimed in interview with Kerrang that he "[hasn't] been a close friend of Scott's in 9 years". He said that Stapp thought that Tremonti, Marshall and Phillips would return to Creed permanently and forget their work with Alter Bridge. The band felt this was unfair and didn't talk any further about Creed's future during the whole South American Tour in 2012. Alter Bridge kept going at the tour's conclusion.

Alter Bridge
Alter Bridge was formed in January 2004 by Tremonti, Marshall, and Phillips after Creed disbanded. They asked Myles Kennedy, formerly of The Mayfield Four and the future vocalist for Slash's solo project, to be their singer.

The newly formed band released their debut album, One Day Remains, in August 2004 on Wind-up Records. It saw mostly mixed reviews, but became Alter Bridge's only RIAA-certified album, going gold. Three singles were released from One Day Remains: "Open Your Eyes", "Find the Real", and "Broken Wings".

After a tour, it was followed by a second album, Blackbird, in October 2007 on Universal Republic. Blackbird was met with largely positive reviews and released four singles: "Rise Today", "Ties That Bind", "Watch Over You", and "Before Tomorrow Comes". Its title track received strong acclaim from reviewers, and its guitar solo, which was performed by both Tremonti and Kennedy, was later named the greatest guitar solo of all time by Guitarist magazine in 2011.

Alter Bridge embarked on a successful world tour in support of Blackbird, recording their December 7, 2008, show at the Heineken Music Hall in Amsterdam for a live DVD titled Live from Amsterdam.

A single-disc version of this DVD was sold exclusively at venues during the Creed reunion tour in 2009 and on Amazon with a Blu-ray version and a deluxe DVD edition scheduled to be released later in stores. However, the distribution in stores was delayed as a result of record label issues multiple times, causing frustration amongst Alter Bridge fans and band members. It was finally released in stores in North America on January 11, 2011, after two years of delays.

Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, was released on October 11, 2010, in Europe and the UK on Roadrunner Records, and on November 9, 2010, in North America on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI. A loose concept album, AB III has received critical acclaim, with Rick Florino from Artistdirect calling it a "sprawling masterpiece".

Its lead single, "Isolation", reached No. 1 on active rock radio and the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, the band's first single to do so. The band toured extensively in support of the record, with Black Stone Cherry and Like a Storm in the spring of 2011, in addition to co-headlining the second annual Carnival of Madness Tour with Theory of a Deadman. The tour continued into January 2012. Four more singles from AB III have since been released: "I Know It Hurts", "Ghost of Days Gone By", "Wonderful Life", and "Life Must Go On". The band also released a second concert film titled Live at Wembley on March 26, 2012.

The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album, Fortress, released on September 30, 2013. The band reconvened in January 2016 to record their fifth studio album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016.

Tremonti
During the time that Creed was at the end of its career in the early 2000s, Tremonti had intentions to form a speed metal side project called Downshifter (with Hatebreed vocalist Jamey Jasta and Slipknot drummer Joey Jordison), but the project never got off the ground. Later, in 2008, Tremonti and his brother formed FRET12, an online musicians' community, production company, and record label, to release his 2008 instructional guitar documentary DVD titled Mark Tremonti: The Sound & the Story, wherein he teaches all of his guitar solos from Alter Bridge's sophomore release, Blackbird. He also teaches warm-ups, alternate tunings, finger picking style, legato techniques, and other advanced exercises.

His DVD, which is the first in The Sound & the Story series of instructional DVDs, also features guest appearances from Myles Kennedy, Michael Angelo Batio, Rusty Cooley, Bill Peck, and Troy Stetina. The aforementioned series also includes DVDs by Leslie West and Troy Stetina.

Tremonti later began expressing interest in releasing a solo album in 2010. "The bands are so different", he said of his two current main projects. "And I write so much. I'm going to do a solo record because there are some songs that I'd hate to think wouldn't see the light of day because they don't work for Creed or Alter Bridge." He plays guitar and singing lead on all of the songs himself, and former Submersed members Eric Friedman and Garrett Whitlock perform on the record as well. Tremonti described the music as "melody driven",

In a May 2011 interview, Tremonti said that it would be a "heavier-sounding" thrash metal album. He later said that the album is "probably heavier than either Creed or Alter Bridge", and that it would have "lots of soloing".

On January 20, 2012, Tremonti launched a website for his solo album where fans can sign up to receive news, previews, live streams, and giveaways. A list of working song titles was also included on the webpage, as well as the album title, All I Was. He later launched a new website for his solo work after the album's release.

It was set for a July 10, 2012 release on FRET12 Records with "You Waste Your Time" being the first single from the album, and according to FMQB, "You Waste Your Time" would be released to active rock radio stations in May 2012.

The entire song was made available for listening on May 6, 2012, one day before its release, on Loudwire.com. One day after its release, the song reached number 10 on the iTunes Rock Songs Chart, and Tremonti's live music video for it premiered on May 17, 2012, on Noisecreep. The album's official release date was announced on Ultimate Guitar Archive as July 17, 2012.

His solo band originally consisted of Friedman and Whitlock alongside Alter Bridge and Creed bassist Brian Marshall playing bass guitar as a touring member. The band performed its first solo concert at The Social in Orlando, Florida, on July 17, 2012, with the performance filmed for a future video release. Wolfgang Van Halen replaced Brian Marshall as a touring bassist in September 2012.

Tremonti recorded their second album with Wolfgang Van Halen playing bass for the 2015 release. On March 3, 2015, Tremonti released a sample of the song "Radical Change" whilst revealing the album title Cauterize and the track listing for the upcoming sophomore effort. On March 17, 2015, Tremonti released another song preview for the track "Flying Monkeys" and also gave a concrete release date of June 9, 2015, for Cauterize. On March 20, 2015, Tremonti unveiled via Twitter that the first single, titled "Another Heart", was released March 24, 2015. On March 23, 2015, the single Another Heart was made available for streaming via fret12. On March 27, 2015, the artwork for Cauterize was revealed and it was revealed that Cauterize was the first of two albums to be released as the two albums were recorded together. "The second album titled Dust will be released in early 2016, "after [they] record the Alter Bridge record and [they] have that three or four month gap, [he]'ll be looking to tour on it to support it." Tremonti said he "wanted to make sure both albums flowed dynamically. If there were two slow moody songs, [he]'d put one on each album, same thing if there were two really heavy aggressive songs, [he] would split them up evenly. There's isn't a specific theme to one or the other. Each record is mixed" and that "it's definitely not the 'b-sides' of this album." Dust was released on April 29, 2016, via FRET12 records, and produced by Michael Baskette who produced Tremonti's past two records and has also produced most of Alter Bridge's records.

Tremonti's fourth solo album, the concept album A Dying Machine, was released on June 8, 2018, via Napalm Records. The record was once again produced by Michael Baskette. The album is accompanied by a full-length novel under the same name written by Mark Tremonti and John Shirley, tying together loose ends of the album's plot. Tremonti supported Iron Maiden on the European leg of their Legacy of the Beast Tour in June 2018.

Other works
Tremonti has worked with several artists since his beginning years with Creed. In 2001 he collaborated with comedian Larry the Cable Guy on his comedy album Lord, I Apologize, on which Tremonti is credited as a performer and songwriter. Tremonti later recalled, "We had become friends a long time ago, before his career really started to take off. We joked about getting together and doing a song, and he called me up one day to say he actually wanted to do it. So he sang me his idea, and I went to record my guitar lines that day, and the record went gold."

Tremonti later began performing in the neo-classical metal genre with guitarist Michael Angelo Batio, whose 2004 album Hands Without Shadows featured Tremonti as a guest musician on the Deep Purple cover "Burn". He said that he is "really good friends" with Batio, and that working with him was "an honor". Batio later appeared on Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story as a guest tutor. In 2009 he appeared on Batio's next album, Hands Without Shadows 2 – Voices, performing a solo on the Metallica medley "Metallica Rules".

In 2004, Tremonti co-produced, with Don Gilmore and Kirk Kelsey, some songs on In Due Time by Submersed, whom Tremonti helped get signed to Wind-up Records. Former Submersed guitarist Eric Friedman recalled his experiences with Tremonti in the studio, saying that watching him "taught us a lot as far as music and songwriting and being able to get across the things we want to get across."

Tremonti said that producing is not "something I'd do any time soon again." He later continued working with other artists on the musical side, in 2005 with Fozzy on their album All That Remains, performing a guitar solo on the song "The Way I Am". His Alter Bridge bandmate Myles Kennedy also appeared on the album.

In 2008 Tremonti made two guest appearances, one with the metalcore band Bury Your Dead on their self-titled album, and another with Sevendust on the song "Hope" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow, which also featured appearances from Myles Kennedy and Chris Daughtry.

In March 2022, Tremonti announced that he would be releasing a covers album of Frank Sinatra songs that were recorded with former members of Sinatra's band. The album, titled Tremonti Sings Sinatra was released on May 27, 2022, with proceeds going to the National Down Syndrome Society. Mark would go on to announce the release of a Christmas album titled Christmas Classics Old & New, which was released on October 27, 2023.

Work with other artists
Tremonti, who gained some playing tips from Troy Stetina, has also collaborated with him. One occasion was the guitar clinic which was held at the Conservatorium van Amsterdam in November 2010. Stetina was a major feature in the third installment of The Sound And The Story dvd by Fret12 Productions which ran for three hours. Besides Tremonti, it featured, Michael Angelo Batio, Eric Friedman and Bill Peck. Tremonti is featured on the track "Burn" from Stetina's band's album Beyond the Infinite. In an October, 2004 article about Tremonti with interview, Tremonti talked about how he would give Stetina producing ideas and in return Stetina would go over classical pieces with him. Sometimes Stetina's going over theory stuff and getting to the third or fourth topic would be overwhelming with Temonti telling him to stop so he could take it all in first. He referred to him as a theory genuis. He also said that the last time he was with him, he wrote a couple couple of the solo's for Stetina's record.

Personal life
On December 14, 2002, Tremonti married Victoria Rodriguez, with whom he has two sons, Austen and Pearson, and a daughter, Stella. They currently reside in Windermere, Florida. Tremonti's daughter Stella has Down syndrome and he supports Down syndrome charities.

Tremonti is a collector of guitars, amplifiers, and pinball machines, and is known to enjoy playing table tennis. He is also an avid fan of reading: "Five or six years ago", he told Artistdirect, "I started going crazy reading books. Now, I can't get enough." He has listed works such as the Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, The Book of the New Sun by Gene Wolfe, Old Man's War by John Scalzi, The First Law trilogy by Joe Abercrombie, The Prophet by Kahlil Gibran, and On Writing by Stephen King as some of his favorites.

One of Tremonti's brothers, Michael, is Alter Bridge's fan liaison and publicist. Another brother, Dan, has created the artwork for all of the albums by both Alter Bridge and Creed and is the president and creative director of a design/marketing company called Core Twelve. Tremonti's mother died in January 2002 and Alter Bridge's song "In Loving Memory" is a tribute to her.

RIAA certifications
These statistics were compiled from the RIAA certification online database.

 * Studio albums
 * My Own Prison: 6× platinum (August 2002)
 * Human Clay: 11× platinum, 1×(+) diamond (January 2004)
 * Weathered: 6× platinum (January 2003)
 * One Day Remains: gold (November 2004)

 * Compilations
 * Greatest Hits: 2× platinum (November 2008)

Grammy Awards and nominations
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. With Creed, Mark Tremonti has been nominated for three Grammy Awards resulting in one win.

 * "With Arms Wide Open" – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, 2001 (nomination)
 * "With Arms Wide Open" – Best Rock Song, 2001 (winner)
 * "My Sacrifice" – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, 2003 (nomination)

Other accolades
Loudwire Music Awards

 * 2013 || Mark Tremonti || Best Guitarist || Nominated
 * 2015 || Mark Tremonti || Best Guitarist || Won
 * 2015 || Mark Tremonti || Best Guitarist || Won
 * 2015 || Mark Tremonti || Best Guitarist || Won

Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards

 * 2008 || Mark Tremonti || Best Shredder || Nominated
 * 2014 || Mark Tremonti || Riff Lord || Won
 * 2014 || Mark Tremonti || Riff Lord || Won
 * 2014 || Mark Tremonti || Riff Lord || Won

Tremonti was also named "Guitarist of the Year" for three consecutive years by Guitar World magazine, and in 2011 he was listed as the fourth greatest heavy metal guitarist of all time by Total Guitar. In addition, and also in 2011, the guitar solo in the Alter Bridge song "Blackbird", which Tremonti performed with Myles Kennedy, was named the greatest guitar solo of all time by Guitarist magazine. In December 2019, he was named Guitarist of the Decade by Guitar World and was featured in its covers along with Tosin Abasi, Gary Clark Jr. and Nita Strauss who captured the next three positions respectively.

Creed
Studio albums
 * My Own Prison (1997)
 * Human Clay (1999)
 * Weathered (2001)
 * Full Circle (2009)

Alter Bridge
Studio albums
 * One Day Remains (2004)
 * Blackbird (2007)
 * AB III (2010)
 * Fortress (2013)
 * The Last Hero (2016)
 * Walk the Sky (2019)
 * Pawns & Kings (2022)

Tremonti
Studio albums
 * All I Was (2012)
 * Cauterize (2015)
 * Dust (2016)
 * A Dying Machine (2018)
 * Marching in Time (2021)

Solo
Studio albums Holiday albums
 * Mark Tremonti Sings Frank Sinatra (2022)
 * Mark Tremonti Christmas Classics New & Old (2023)

Filmography

 * Behind the Music: Creed (2000)
 * Mark Tremonti: The Sound & the Story (2008)
 * Alter Bridge: Fortress: The Sound & the Story (2014)
 * OSW Review: Episode 84 - Survivor Series 93 (2019)

title: Mark Tremonti


text:
Architecture parlante

Architecture parlante (French: speaking architecture) is architecture that explains its own function or identity.

The phrase was originally associated with Claude Nicolas Ledoux, and was extended to other Paris-trained architects of the Revolutionary period, Étienne-Louis Boullée, and Jean-Jacques Lequeu. Emil Kaufmann traced its first use to an anonymous critical essay with Ledoux's work as the subject, written for Magasin pittoresque in 1852, and entitled "Etudes d'architecture en France".

Nonce orders
Within more practical applications, nonce orders, invented under the impetus of Neoclassicism, have served as examples of architecture parlante. Several orders, usually simply based upon the Composite order and only varying in the design of the capitals, have been invented under the inspiration of specific occasions, but have not been used again. Thus, they may be termed "nonce orders" on the analogy of nonce words.

In 1762, James Adam invented a British order featuring the heraldic lion and unicorn. In 1789, George Dance invented the Ammonite order, a variant of Ionic substituting volutes in the form of fossil ammonites for Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in Pall Mall, London. In the United States, Benjamin Latrobe, the architect of the Capitol Building in Washington DC, designed a series of American orders. Most famous is the order substituting corncobs and their husks, which was executed by Giuseppe Franzoni and installed in a vestibule of the Capitol Building.

Beaux-Arts
The same concept, in the somewhat more restrained form of allegorical sculpture and inscriptions, became one of the hallmarks of Beaux-Arts structures, and thereby filtered through to American civic architecture. One fine example is the 1901 New York Yacht Club building on 44th Street in Manhattan, designed by the team of Warren and Wetmore. Its three front windows are patterned on the sterns of early Dutch ships, and the façade fairly drips with nautical-themed applied sculpture. The same team designed the 1912 Grand Central Terminal, which also contains self-explaining architectural elements in the form of the oversized allegorical sculpture group, and in the ingenious way that the shapes, surfaces, steps, arches, ramps and passageways inherent in the structure constitute a language that helps visitors orient themselves and find their way through the building.

The same year, McKim, Mead & White designed the Farley Post Office Building with its famous inscription adapted from Herodotus: "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds."

The civic architecture of Washington, D.C. provides some of the most poetic and most verbose inscriptions. Beaux-Arts architect Daniel Burnham is responsible for the Washington Union Station (1908), with its inscription program developed by Harvard president Charles William Eliot. It includes over the main entrance this paean:  "Fire: greatest of discoveries, enabling man to live in various climates, use many foods, and compel the forces of nature to do his work. Electricity: carrier of light and power, devourer of time and space, bearer of human speech over land and sea, greatest servant of man, itself unknown. Thou hast put all things under his feet."

Neo-Classical
The 1932 Commerce Department Building, part of the capital's neo-Classical building boom in the 1930s, has this example: "The inspiration that guided our forefathers led them to secure above all things the unity of our country. We rest upon government by consent of the governed and the political order of the United States as the expression of a patriotic ideal which welds together all the elements of our national energy promoting the organization that fosters individual initiative. Within this edifice are established agencies that have been created to buttress the life of the people, to clarify their problems and coordinate their resources, seeking to lighten burdens without lessening the responsibility of the citizen. In serving one and all they are dedicated to the purpose of the founders and to the highest hopes of the future with their local administration given to the integrity and welfare of the nation."

Beyond such inscriptions, in the United States the concept of architecture parlante likely reached its zenith in the Nebraska State Capitol (1922) and the Los Angeles Public Library (1925), both by architect Bertram Goodhue and both containing inscriptions by iconographer Hartley Burr Alexander. With their extensive architectural sculpture programs, tile murals, painted murals, ornamental fixtures and inscriptions (Goodhue worked with a sort of multimedia repertory company of artists, such as the sculptor Lee Lawrie), both of these buildings seem particularly eager to communicate a set of social values.

Contemporary era
With the advent of Modernism, its formal rigor and its distaste for ornament of any kind, by 1940 or so architectural parlante was eliminated from the serious architectural vocabulary and found only in vernacular novelty architecture such as The Brown Derby.

Postmodern architecture has seen a revival of these ideas. Terry Farrell's eggcup-surmounted headquarters for TV-am in London and the book-shaped towers of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, can be seen as examples. Michael Graves's unbuilt project, Fargo-Moorhead Cultural Center, also is a revivalistic example of Ledoux's Inspector's House of Chaux.

In the terminology of Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, "any building that is shaped like its product is called a 'duck'," in reference to the Big Duck.

title: Architecture parlante


text:
Chuck Fager

Charles Eugene Fager (born 1942), known as Chuck Fager, is an American activist, author, editor, publisher and an outspoken and prominent member of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers. He is known for his work in both the Civil Rights Movement and in the Peace movement. His written works include religious and political essays, humor, adult fiction, and juvenile fiction, and he is best known for his 1974 book Selma 1965: The March That Changed the South, his in-depth history of the 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement, which led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Fager served as Director of Quaker House in Fayetteville, North Carolina, a peace project founded in 1969 near Fort Bragg, a major US Army base from 2002 to 2012.

Early life
Charles E. Fager was born in Kansas to a Roman Catholic family. He is the oldest of eleven children. He grew up on various United States Air Force bases.

Education
In high school, Fager left Catholicism, and for some years regarded himself as an atheist. However, he was interested in religion, and at that time was much influenced by the work of C.G. Jung, who took religion seriously, if in an unorthodox way.

Fager enrolled at Colorado State University in 1960. There he was in the Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps at Colorado State University, where he won a medal as the Outstanding Freshman Cadet, and later commanded a prize-winning AFROTC drill team. However, by his senior year his interest in the air force had waned, and he voluntarily left the ROTC. After leaving Colorado in late 1964, he completed a B. A. in Humanities from Colorado State University in 1967.

He attended Harvard Divinity School, mostly part-time, for four years, starting in 1968. In 1994 he completed a Doctor of Ministry at the Graduate Theological Foundation now in Mishawaka, Indiana.

Activism
Fager moved to Atlanta, Georgia in late summer 1964, and soon became active in the Civil Rights Movement. In December 1964 he joined the staff of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in Atlanta, and was later sent by the SCLC to Selma, Alabama where he took part in the 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement organized and directed by James Bevel. During that time Fager was arrested three times and spent one night in a jail cell with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., as told in his book, Eating Dr. King's Dinner, his personal story of his early life and activism.

Fager left Selma in early 1966. His experience with Dr. King's nonviolence led him to jettison the pro-war outlook he had inherited from a youth spent on military bases, and in late 1965 he had successfully applied for status as a conscientious objector (or CO) to the military draft. As a result, he was required to perform two years of alternative service. This service was performed first at Friends World Institute, later Friends World College based in Long Island, New York. He then completed his service at the New York City Department of Social Services.

Fager later participated in several peaceful protests against the Vietnam War. During that time he was arrested twice.

In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.

In the late 1970s, Fager was briefly active in the anti-abortion movement, making connections with some anti-war-minded activists in it. However, he never supported the idea of legal prohibition of all abortions. He taught workshops on nonviolent protest at anti-abortion conferences, as described in the book, "Wrath of Angels," by James Risen and Judy Thomas (Basic Books, 1998, P. 60f). However, as the political and religious right essentially absorbed the anti-abortion movement in the early 1980s, Fager moved away from it, repudiated its increasingly rightwing and repressive character, and also reconsidered his understanding of the embryology and metaphysics involved. This evolution is described in his essay, "Abortion and Civil War". A portion of this essay was published in The New Republic, in its May 30, 1988 issue under the title, "Fetal Distraction."

Membership
Fager first met Quakers in Selma, Alabama in late 1965 when students from the newly launched Friends World Institute came to help with voter registration. He joined the Institute to serve his CO obligation and became acquainted with some Quakers who were involved in it. He worked as a junior instructor at that college in 1966–1967. In 1969 he joined the Friends Meeting at Cambridge, Massachusetts, while he was studying at Harvard Divinity School. Since then he has been a member of a number of Friends Meetings. He is currently (2014) a member of State College Meeting which is dually-affiliated with Baltimore Yearly Meeting and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. As he now lives in Durham, NC, he looked around the Meetings in the area and now attends Spring Meeting near Eli Witney in Alamance County.

Publications and Professional Pilgrimage
In high school during the late 1950s, Fager got in trouble for writing and circulating a clandestine collection of satiric articles poking fun at teachers and school administrators. He has been writing ever since. He began work as a journalist in college, and in 1967, published his first book, White Reflections On Black Power, followed in 1969 by Uncertain Resurrection: The Poor Peoples Washington Campaign. He later took up journalistic reporting, mainly for "alternative" papers in the Boston-Cambridge area, while still enrolled at Harvard Divinity School. By late 1970, he was free-lancing full-time. In the early 1970s he was commissioned by Charles Scribner's Sons to write a history of the Selma Voting Rights Movement. This became Selma 1965, the March that Changed the South, first published in 1974 and republished in 1984 and 2005. It is available from Kimo Press.

From Massachusetts Fager moved in 1975 to San Francisco, where he became a full-time freelance feature reporter for the San Francisco Bay Guardian. One subject of his reporting there was former Congressman Pete McCloskey. By 1978, after Fager had moved to the Washington DC area, McCloskey hired him as a Congressional staffer for the U.S. House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee. He stayed in this position until early 1981, when McCloskey began an unsuccessful run for the Senate. Despite his high regard for McCloskey, Fager was not drawn to stay on Capitol Hill, and was content to leave it shortly thereafter for the renewed uncertainties of the freelance writer's path.

In 1985 Fager began work for the U.S. Postal Service in northern Virginia, first as a substitute Rural Mail Carrier, and then as a Mailhandler, until mid-1994. The pay and benefits of the jobs were good for him and his family (four children). During these years of blue collar manual labor, however, Fager continued to be productive as a writer. He drew on this experience for his second mystery novel, Un-Friendly Persuasion, available from Kimo Press.

In 1979 Fager founded his own Kimo Press, which publishes Quaker literature, most of which was written by Fager himself. Beginning in 1981, he also edited an independent, muckraking and gadfly Quaker newsletter called A Friendly Letter, which continued until early 1993. He founded a journal entitled Quaker Theology in 1999. This is still published once or twice a year covering current events and religious thought among Quakers.

After leaving the Postal Service in 1994, Fager was hired to create an Issues Program at Pendle Hill, a Quaker study center in Wallingford, Pennsylvania. From there, in 1997, he moved to Bellefonte, PA, where he returned to freelance writing, and later taught courses in Business Writing at Penn State University. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, he agreed to take the position of Director of Quaker House, a Quaker peace project in Fayetteville NC, near Fort Bragg. He retired from Quaker House in November 2012.

Fager continues his research and writing. In 2013–2014, he was the Cadbury Scholar in Quaker history at Pendle Hill; while there he researched and wrote two books on the "Progressive Friends" movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

In his writing, Fager has pursued several abiding interests: reporting, especially about current social issues such as the Civil Rights Movement, recent wars, militarism, and torture; religion, with special focus on Quakerism, or the Society of Friends; and stories, particularly for younger readers.

In July 2013, Fager was arrested in a peaceful protest that was part of the "Moral Mondays" campaign in North Carolina.

Organizations
From 1996 to 2002 Fager also held the position of Clerk in the Fellowship of Quakers in the Arts. He also was Clerk for the 2001 Quaker Peace Roundtable, and organizer of "A conference on The Military-Industrial Complex at 50", in January 2011. Since early 2005 he has been part of the Quaker Initiative to End Torture (QUIT).

Personal life
Fager has been married and divorced twice. He has fathered four children.

Selected works

 * White Reflections on Black Power, Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1967.
 * Uncertain Resurrection: The Poor Peoples Washington Campaign, Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1969.
 * Selma 1965: The March That Changed the South, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974; Beacon Press, 1985; Kimo Press, 2005.
 * The Magic Quilts: A Fantasy, Kimo Press, 1981 and 1989.
 * A Respondent Spark: the Basics of Bible Study, Kimo Press, 1984 and 1994.
 * A Man Who Made a Difference: the Life of David H. Scull, Langley Hill Friends Meeting, 1985.
 * Quakers Are Funny, Kimo Press, 1987.
 * Editor, Quaker Service at the Crossroads, Kimo Press, 1988.
 * Life and Death and Two Chickens: Stories for Children, Stories of Childhood, Kimo Press, 1989.
 * Wisdom and Your Spiritual Journey: A Study of Wisdom in the Biblical and Quaker Traditions, Kimo Press, 1990.
 * Fire in the Valley, Quaker Ghost Stories, Kimo Press, 1991.
 * Murder Among Friends, A Quaker Mystery, Kimo Press, 1993.
 * Un-Friendly Persuasion, A Quaker Mystery, Kimo Press, 1995.
 * Without Apology: the Heroes, the Heritage and the Hope of Liberal Quakerism, Kimo Press, 1996.
 * Editor, Friends and the Vietnam War, Pendle Hill, 1998.
 * A Quaker Declaration of War, Kimo Press, 2003.
 * The Harlot's Bible: Quaker Essays, Kimo press 2003.
 * Shaggy Locks & Birkenstocks: Studies in Liberal Quaker History, Kimo Press, 2003.
 * Why God Is Like A Wet Bar of Soap: Quaker Stories, Kimo Press 2004.
 * Eating Dr. King's Dinner: A Memoir of the Movement, Kimo Press, 2005.
 * Tom Fox Was My Friend. Yours, Too., Kimo press 2006.
 * Friends and Torture, Friends Journal, September 1, 2007.
 * Study War Some More (If You Want to Work for Peace), Quaker House, 2010.
 * Editor, Keeping Us Honest, Stirring the Pot: A Festschrift in Honor of H. Larry Ingle , Kimo Press, 2012.
 * Quakers Are Hilarious, Kimo press 2013.
 * Paper Trail: Writings from the Front Line of Peace Action: Quaker House/Fort Bragg North Carolina, Kimo press 2013.
 * Angels of Progress: A Documentary History of Progressive Friends, 1822-1940, Kimo Press 2014
 * Remaking Friends: How Progressive Friends Changed Quakerism & Helped Save America, Kimo Press 2014
 * Meetings: A Religious Autobiography, Kimo Press, 2016

title: Chuck Fager


text:
Aliwal

Aliwal may refer to:

 * Aliwal, Taran Taran, a village in the Indian state of Punjab
 * Aliwal, Jalandhar, a village in the Indian state of Punjab
 * Battle of Aliwal fought in 1846 between the British and the Sikhs
 * Aliwal North, a town in central South Africa
 * Aliwal South, another name for the Mossel Bay area of South Africa

title: Aliwal


text:
Omar Asghar Khan

Omar Asghar Khan (3 July 1953 – 25 June 2002) was a Pakistani economist, social, political scientist. A professor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics at the Quaid-i-Azam University, he was the founder of Qaumi Jamhoori Party (National Democratic Party).

Early life
Omar excelled in sports in these institutions; "In his school days he was well-known for his exceptional sporting talents. He captained the school's swimming & hockey."

Political activism
According to Professor Pervez Hoodbhoy:

He, (Omar) and the organization he founded, Sungi, stood up resolutely to hostile maulvis opposed to education of girls and against the timber mafia in Hazara. As a member of Pervez Musharraf's cabinet, he was a voice for the poor and disenfranchised. Omar's achievements were extraordinary in a society so hostile to change and forward movement. He succeeded far better than most, with his unique mix of idealism and pragmatism. Many of us have our own reasons for being grateful to Omar. He was an open, caring, and courteous person who I had never seen being rude to anyone. I am deeply grateful to Omar that he encouraged me to speak and write about General Zia's fraudulent Islamic science at the peak of that repressive dictatorship.

Work as Federal Minister under General Musharraf's interim government
His works benefited him when Omar joined General Pervaz Musharraf's cabinet as Federal Minister for Environment, Local Government & Rural Development, Labor, Manpower, and Overseas Pakistanis after a bloodless coup in October 1999. According to some circles, the local body's plan was the brainchild of Omar Asghar Khan, who as minister, did the spadework. In his earlier days, he was very close to labour leaders and organisations. His policies in the environmental field went a long way in protecting the environment.

In December 2001, he resigned from the cabinet and launched a new political party, the Qaumi Jamhoori Party, to contest the general elections, but he died on 25 June 2002, before the elections.

Death
Omar died at the age of 48, (just a week before his 49th birthday). He was found hanging from a ceiling fan at his in-laws' residence in Karachi. Khan's family continues to insist he was murdered, though the authorities still label his death as "not determined".

title: Omar Asghar Khan


text:
Talk:Tsuchinoko

Added details
So this is the Tsuchinoko details. I have been playing metal gear solid 3 snake eater you see, and wondered what it was! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.93.21.98 (talk) 19:12, April 11, 2005 (UTC)

me too :) thanks for the info, guy who wrote this (wakka?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.10.92.18 (talk) 04:00, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Glad you found it useful. I actually just translated the content from the Japanese version.  Japanese mythology is really pretty awesome. --waka 04:54, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Doraemon?
Wow, I don't think Doraemon should be used as a source of info. Yes, I know the Japanese wiki uses it, but it still doesn't belong there. It should belong in the 'fictional depictions' section. IIRC, the episode was about how Tsuchinoko were popular pets in the future, so the main characters go to the future in their time machine to buy a Tsuchinoko, and bring it back so they can win a prize for being the first to 'find' one. Of course they are foiled, and their rivals end up finding it first. If this is a credible story, I suggest the Time Machine article needs revising :) Identity0 23:44, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess I don't agree. When I translated the page, I just brought the data over verbatim.  Though Doraemon probably isn't the most reliable of sources, we're talking about the characteristics of a fictional creature here, and Doraemon predates all of the other pop-culture media references in the article.  Sure, it'd be better if we had a reference from the Kojiki, but since we don't, I think referencing Doraemon is better than omitting the data completely.  Also, as this is a translation of a Japanese article, I think that deferring this decision to the original author is appropriate.  --waka 03:20, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I would disagree with that. Wikipedia is supposed to be an encyclopedia of true and verifiable (as well as verified) information, not a resource for translated websites.  While there's nothing wrong with getting info from a good website and translating it, if the website uses questionable sources then there's no reason to be faithful there.  Also, just because the creature is "mythological" (I would use the word "folkloric" instead) doesn't mean that anything goes.  Folklore is a valid academic field of study, and you can bet that folklorists won't use sources like manga when they write their articles.  The standards of Wikipedia should be nothing less. Shikino 15:24, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

It might be feasible to add a paragraph to the effect that stories about the tsuchinoko are common in children's manga like Doraemon and Chibi Maruko Chan. I think maybe a "tsuchinoko hunt" was a somewhat common game for Japanese kids to play in the Seventies and Eighties, but that now it's been forgotten. Not sure if any of that is worth including. --Mujokan (talk) 08:57, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

El Salvador?
I removed this edit from the page recently:
 * There Is also a legend in a small latin american country that states that the tsuchinoko can be fought by luring it with alcohol.If the person kills the tsuchinoko it will release a small crystal from its mouth,as long as the victor carries the crystal he will never lose a fight.It has also been said that the tsuchinoko can be found in the small country of El Salvador(mainly in its tropical rainforests).

Now, I'm pretty confused: are there legends in El Salvador based on Japanese myth? That would be pretty interesting, if there some sort of source to site. I removed the block because it seems more likely that the author was referring to a similar cryptid from South America. --waka 14:15, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

"Something similar" would possibly be a caecilian. Some species do live in Central America. Probably they heard of the Japanese myth and adapted it to their own folklore. It is interesting to consider whether the myth of the Tsuchinoko itself was inspired by a now extinct caecilian. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.31.70.190 (talk) 00:16, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Application of WP:V
While I completely agree that assertions with no source should be backed marked per WP:V, it seems rather pointless to mark information that is speculation about a mythical creature as unverified. Even if there were a source, the information would still be speculation and not a verifiable fact, as the creature in question here is not verifiable fact itself. I guess what I mean is, I think that speculation about people mistaking other animals for the tsuchinoko should be clearly marked as speculation, but are otherwise impossible to further verify. I've put such data under a "Possible Explanations" header in order to indicate that the content is indeed speculation. In other areas of the document, such as the claim that references to this creature can be found in the Kojiki, are verifiable and therefore certainly require citations. But when it comes to theories about myth, does not seem useful. --waka 20:03, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I tagged it for one very simple reason. Wiki policy states that claims and hypothesis (even about cryptids and myths) need to have come from a third party source that can be verified by other users. This is to prevent users, such as you and I, from adding our own personal opinions and hypothesis to a page and claiming that they are shared by others. Just find a half reputable cryptid site containing that hypothesis, and put in a citation too it. It's a mythical creature on a non contentious page so WP:RS is low on the priority list (Forums and blogs are still pretty much out, as are sites that are mostly advertising).

 * As for the Kojiki, it's a book and a claim is being made about its contents, so any citation about it's would pretty much read.

 * perfectblue 21:24, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you misunderstood my point. I understand the meaning and intent of the verifiable information policy; what I'm saying is that the information in the Possible Explanations section is unverifiable by its very nature. Finding a source for the claims in that section does not make them any more factual because the topic itself is non-factual.  If the information is so speculative that it requires a source to repeat the speculation, it probably should be removed entirely.  As for easily verifiable work like the Kojiki claim, a citation notice makes sense.  Also, for the record, the contents in the Possible Explanations section come directly from the Japanese version of this page, which also lists no specific sources.  --waka 00:25, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Folklore and mythology is full of cultural meaning and is an area of academic study, and even if it weren't, it's the traditional beliefs of a specific culture and shouldn't be messed with. The idea that "anything goes" may be rampant in fantasy novels, but that idea has no place in folklore or folklore studies, and it certainly has no place at Wikipedia.  Further, with your argument, I might as well say that in Mark Twain's novels, Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn were gay, and they weren't real so why does it matter if I can't prove it?  You can make up whatever you want on your own website, but Wikipedia isn't the place for that.  Shikino 15:31, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "Finding a source for the claims in that section does not make them any more factual because the topic itself is non-factual"

 * This page is about the Tsuchinoko as a legend, and as a cryptid, NOT as a zoological animal. As things stand, 100% factual as a legend, and 100% factual as a cryptid, therefore this article should follow WP:V as much as possible, and avoid uncited claims just as if we were stating that it was a 100% factual animal (we're citign the legend about the creature, not the creature itself).

 * The purpose of WP:V in this context is not to prove that the creature is real, but to prove that the legend and what the legend says is real (EG, to prove that it's not something that you/I made up for a joke). This applies to conjecture about the creature as well. Conjecture is perfectly valid, but it can't be your/my conjecture, it has to be veritably somebody else's conjecture.

 * As for the Japanese version, I've read it, and I am aware that the information comes from there and that it isn't sourced there either, but that's no reason to accept it. Suppose that the Japanese version said that it appeared on Idol Talk and sung <>, you wouldn't simply transfer that over, would you?

 * perfectblue 09:47, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Like I said, I understand the purpose of WP:V and fully support it. The reference you've just added is excellent, and it improves the quality of the page. My specific complaint is that sourcing conjecture makes it no more useful to the reader because it is, in fact, conjecture. My suggestion was that if you feel that the possible explanation section requires citation, we should probably remove it because even with a source, it is still a non-verifiable claim. But whatever, I'm happy with the page as it stands now, so I'll leave that up to you. --waka 18:33, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not going to rush in and delete the text because it isn't source, mainly the tag is there to encourage another user to add a citation in, thus improving the entry. I still stand that guidelines state that conjecture must be WP:V to prove that it is third party conjecture. The policy is there, for example, to prevent somebody from stating their own opinion as if it were the opinion of a larger group.

 * perfectblue 19:47, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Folklore is a 100% real phenomenon, about which true things and false things can be said, even if the creatures it describes aren't. Please don't confuse the two. Kotengu 小天狗 07:45, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I've been arguing this for ages, but something needs to be proven to be real folklore (as in, there is a real world text describing it), rather than something made up recently.

 * perfectblue 08:58, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I think you guys are presenting an argument about factual folklore content compared to factual folklore reporting, and proposing that both require citation. That's fine, I have no complaint with that.  The myth does need to be reported correctly, and if there are questions about the credibility of the article, a citation notice is indeed warranted.  The specific citation notice I reverted, however, seemed to request a source for the allegation that the Tsuchinoko may resemble a blue-tongued lizard.  If you can find a source for that, it certainly won't damage the quality of the page, but I don't think the article would be improved significantly either.  The blue-tongued lizard does indeed appear similar to the description of the mythical creature given in the article--this can be 'verified' by looking a picture of the lizard on its page.  A citation notice for this sort of point seems superfluous.  I dunno, it's a pretty dumb thing to argue about, I guess, but I hope you can understand my confusion.  --waka 04:28, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that we're on the same wavelength. We need to ensure that we are correctly reporting the content of folklore, not that the content itself is scientifically/historically accurate. I think that the matter is closed now.

 * I've run into this before with a couple of other paranormal subjects, with users who demand that something, for example; an urban myth, be deleted because the events in the myth are not scientifically or historically accurate, even though the myth itself is real and is being reported on accurately.

 * perfectblue 09:01, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I see. It wasn't my intent to suggest that the content of the myth must be verified--I mistakenly thought that is what you were arguing for.  Sorry for the confusion.  Anyway, the article as it stands now is fine with me.  --waka 20:44, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Nuking the Pop Cult Section From Orbit (it's the only way to be sure)
I understand that those of us with no first-hand exposure to Japan outside anime and video games will think that listing monsters that vaguely resemble Tsuchinoko is somehow important. It isn't. First, nothing in Pop Cult is referenced, which means it shouldn't be there to begin with. Secondly, it embarrassing to the rest of us since it gives undue weight to things that are the definition of trivia. When you're 13 years old then I can understand why noting down every time the term Tsuchinoko is mentioned in toys and games marketed for Western audiences probably feels vastly important. Once you break open an actual book, though, and do some frikkin' research that would stand up to academic inquiry, in other words take Japanese mythology seriously, then whatever you come up, video games or no, should and will go into this article. Anything else needs to be drop kicked and deleted.Duende-Poetry (talk) 20:01, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Congratulations. Now the article is nearly empty of content.  Good job.Thetrellan (talk) 01:01, 27 May 2018 (UTC)

 * just because you do not find popculture references interesting does not mean they should not be included. Its a standard practice across wikipedia for mythological creatures or even historical events to an extent. Im happy to put together references for all of them with you however if you are not opposed to working with me on this, otherwise I will be adding them as I see them. Bgrus22 (talk) 02:49, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

Interesting. Unless I'm missing something, you seem to have lost track of what you were saying. You were talking about excluding pop culture references, not adding more of them. I don't know to what, specifically, because apparently either you were taken seriously, or else you did the deed yourself. I merely pointed out that the article is extremely minimal.

With so little information to go on, you don't think it important to note where the subject of discussion may have provided inspiration? Because I, for one, did not glean much from this, and I do know that it is common practice for Wikipedia entries to include such information where possible. So I don't understand your objection. That's all I was saying. Thetrellan (talk) 18:57, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Hammer?
I got just as many results from 土の子 "child of dirt" which makes a lot more sense as an etymology. Y'know, being a fat snake that crawls around in the dirt. Is it possible the 'hammer' homophone was more of a joke at first? Are there any etymology history studies here?

Yeah, I agree... I'm no Japanese expert nor would I say I speak the language, but I am aware that "tsuchi" means dirt and "ko" means child. STIK2009 (talk) 19:03, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

 * @STIK2009 I'm technically beating a dead horse back to life but I'll explain for future editors as well. "Tsuchi" does generally mean "dirt", but in this case it's written in a different kanji letter than that. Pretty confusing in English, but it's more obvious for jpwiki and Japanese speakers, so it makes sense why everyone's confused. With now that said, the lead section is probably fully accurate. AlphaBetaGamma (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 12:34, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tsuchinoko


text:
Talk:Java Platform, Standard Edition

Rename Article
This article should be renamed to Java Standard Edition, in accordance with the change in the naming convention announced at this year's JavaONE convention.pankaj bairwa  aidan_walsh

Package Links
Do we really need links to such packages as java.math? prashant bull dog All that's there is a limited list of classes that is much better described by the platform's javadocs. ElAmericano 02:44, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No we don't. I've merged java.math into this article and created a redirect for java.math to the section. – Doug Bell talk•contrib 19:25, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Note : Package list should now redirect to javaFx instead of java Swing, or at least mention the former as it has been officially anounced to replace the latter. 131.176.243.9 (talk) 10:19, 27 February 2018 (UTC)Random Trainee

sun.* packages
I'd like to see some information on the sun.* packages. Does anyone have anything to contribute? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.229.242.71 (talk • contribs) 15:38, May 5, 2006 (UTC)
 * If you actually read the documentation supplied with the JDK, you will see a section on the sun.* classes. In a nutshell, these classes are not part of the public API and may in fact differ between platforms. Sun does not guarantee that applications directly using these classes will work in future versions or even in the same version across multiple platforms. So, do NOT use them in your applications. RedWolf 23:22, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

complete rewrite necessary
This article is written in a way that makes it useless for almost all Wikipedia users. In fact, this is true of most articles on '"Java"' in the computer sense. Worse still, users are completely confused by the many different related articles on Java that are all written for geeks and can't decide which one they should try to read through in hopes of finding something comprehensible. Some of these articles have comprehensible parts farther down, but none in their introduction.

Java (disambiguation) starts out pretty well in a comprehensible, user-friendly manner by saying ''Java Virtual Machine, the virtual machine that runs Java byte code. This is also referred to as the portion of Java that runs on your PC or the Java run-time environment (JRE)''. However, it links to the (for most users) incomprehensible page Java_Virtual_Machine, which is in any case not what was promised ("the portion of Java that runs on your PC"), which should instead link to Java Platform, Standard Edition. That is where we're now, and this article explains nothing that a normal user could find useful. It doesn't even have the link "Test your Java Virtual Machine" which is well hidden in the previous article at the end in the external links section.

This article has no information on what is the current version nor any information on the confusion created by Sun simultaneously offering the two different current program versions 1.4 and 1.5 with their different current update versions. In addition, there is no mention of the confusion caused by 1.5 also being called 5.0, and this is topped off by the incorrect claim formerly known up to version 5.0 as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition or J2SE. In fact, it's still called "J2SE Runtime Environment 5.0 Update 8" in Windows's add/remove applet, which is one reason most users can't find Java on their machine. Version information is very important not only due to the old Sun tradition of not caring that most users are confused by their version naming chaos and version plethora. I have Java Runtime Environment Version 5.0 Update 8 installed on my computer, but http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp only offers update 6, and without comment. That seems to indicate that 8 was buggy and has been withdrawn. Just to be sure that things get confusing, they do still offer 8, and only that on http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/index.jsp

Worse still, this article does not even mention the insane nonsense caused by new versions of Java not automatically uninstalling old ones. Most users are unaware that all Java vulnerabilities are still on their machines if they have multiple versions installed; i suspect that the authors of this article were also unaware of this insanity that even beats MS insane standard security practice. --Espoo 08:18, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Just found What is the difference between JRE and J2SE platform? and now i'm completely confused.

But Sun has more chaos in store. When you go to http://www.java.com/en/download/help/testvm.xml after uninstalling all Java versions (J2SE Runtime Environments), you get 1.5.0_06, but when you restart the browser, the same page says in a broken applet (with the same parts of the text missing in IE and FF)

You are using an older version of Java techno

the latest version from Java.com

This is madness. Compared to this proof of sloppy programing at Sun, it's not surprising that the Duke logo is not animated and JRE is therefore not functioning correctly on my computer despite a complete reinstall of Java and Firefox. --Espoo 10:55, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * In order to cleanup one of the oldest articles marked for cleanup I have tidied up this article and removed the general cleanup tag as it look OK in terms of WP:MOS. In order to clarify the cleanup I have added an expert tag to the article that would more appropriately help address your concern.  Barkeep   Chat 18:22, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

PhantomReference
"A PhantomReference is used to reference objects that have been marked for garbage collection but have not yet been finalized."

This seems to contradict what is said in the Sun documentation:

It would seem that it has been finalized.

217.194.34.103 13:11, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are correct, I've corrected the article. The phantom references are not enqueued in the reference queue until after finalization, but before the object is reclaimed. —Doug Bell talk•contrib 18:19, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Information about trademarks
The article currently does not contain any information about which of the words or phrases that are mentioned are trademarks.

I would like to suggest to put that information into the first part, “Nomenclature, standards and specifications”. Unfortunately, I do not know the details about all the names like “JRE”, “Java 2 SE”, “Java Platform”, “Java Development Kit”, etc., and so I am unable to include that information myself. :-( I think “Java”, “JRE”, and “JDK” are trademarks, but I am not sure at all. And I also do not know where to look it up before I can put it into the article. :-( Perhaps someone has a pointer to some more information.

 * –87.181.89.101 10:51, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

TERMS OF LICENSING???
Can someone add something about what the licensing terms are for this software??? It would be very helpful!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Able Abraham (talk • contribs) 21:41, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Errors
This link http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/ALT/RefObj/index.html leads to 404 on Sun's site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.207.83.206 (talk) 06:41, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Java
Send java in my phone — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.0.204.211 (talk) 20:01, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Java Platform, Standard Edition


text:
Dan Schneider (disambiguation)

Dan Schneider (born 1966) is an American actor and television producer.

Dan Schneider may also refer to:

 * Dan Schneider (writer) (born 1965), American poet, writer, and film critic
 * Dan Schneider (baseball) (born 1942), former American baseball player
 * Dan Schneider (entrepreneur) (born 1981), American entrepreneur and CEO
 * Daniel Schneider, a suspect in the 2007 bomb plot in Germany

title: Dan Schneider (disambiguation)