text:
Franklin Gothic

Franklin Gothic and its related faces are a large family of sans-serif typefaces in the industrial or grotesque style developed in the early years of the 20th century by the type foundry American Type Founders (ATF) and credited to its head designer Morris Fuller Benton. "Gothic" was a contemporary term (now little-used except to describe period designs) meaning sans-serif.

Franklin Gothic has been used in many advertisements and headlines in newspapers. The typeface continues to maintain a high profile, appearing in a variety of media from books to billboards. Despite a period of eclipse in the 1930s, after the introduction of European faces like Kabel and Futura, they were re-discovered by American designers in the 1940s and have remained popular ever since. Benton's Franklin Gothic family is a set of solid designs, particularly suitable for display and trade use such as headlines rather than for extended text. Many versions and adaptations have been made since.

Probably the best-known extension of Franklin Gothic is Victor Caruso's 1970s ITC Franklin Gothic, which expands the series to include book weights similar to Benton's News Gothic in a high x-height 1970s style. It is in part bundled with Microsoft Windows.

History
Franklin Gothic itself is an extra-bold sans-serif type. It draws upon earlier, nineteenth century models from many of the twenty-three foundries consolidated into American Type Founders in 1892. Historian Alexander Lawson speculated that Franklin Gothic was influenced by Berthold’s Akzidenz-Grotesk types but offered no evidence to support this theory which was later presented as fact by Philip Meggs and Rob Carter. It was named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, who was also a prolific printer. The faces were issued over a period of ten years, all of which were designed by Benton and issued by A.T.F.

 * Franklin Gothic (1902)
 * Franklin Gothic Condensed + Extra Condensed (1906)
 * Franklin Gothic Italic (1910)
 * Franklin Gothic Condensed Shaded (1912)

Many years later, the foundry again expanded the line, adding two more variants:

 * Franklin Gothic Wide (1952) designed by John L. "Bud" Renshaw
 * Franklin Gothic Condensed Italic (1967) designed by Whedon Davis

It can be distinguished from other sans serif typefaces by its more traditional double-storey a and especially g (double-storey gs, common in serif fonts, are rare in sans-serif fonts following German models, but were quite common in American and British designs of the period), the tail of the Q and the ear of the g. The tail of the Q curls down from the center of the letterform.

Hot metal copies
Barnhart Brothers & Spindler copied the face as Gothic #1, while both Linotype and Intertype, called their copies Gothic #16. Monotype’s copy kept the name Franklin Gothic, but because of the demands of mechanical composition, their version was modified to fit a standard arrangement. The Ludlow version was known as Square Gothic Heavy.

Cold type copies
Due to the post-war popularity of Gothic faces, most producers of cold type offered their own versions of Franklin Gothic. These included:

 * Franklin Gothic — Alphatype, Autologic, Berthold, Dymo, Star/Photon, Mergenthaler, MGD Graphic Systems, Varityper
 * Franklin — Compugraphic
 * Pittsburgh — Graphic Systems Inc.

Digital copies
Digital copies have been made by Adobe, International Typeface Corporation, Monotype Imaging, and URW. Victor Caruso drew a multi-weight family for the International Typeface Corporation (ITC) in 1979 and in 1991, ITC commissioned the Font Bureau in Boston to create condensed, compressed and extra compressed versions of ITC Franklin Gothic. Bitstream’s version is called Gothic 744. Microsoft Windows has distributed "Franklin Gothic Medium," one of ITC's variants of the font, in all copies since at least Windows 95.

While ITC Franklin Gothic is the most common release, it has been criticised for modifying the structure of the family considerably. Calligrapher and design historian Paul Shaw argued that it was a failure for "mucking about with the distinctive Franklin Gothic g. In ITC Franklin Gothic...the ear on the g keeps popping up like a schoolchild overly eager to answer a question."

The American Type Founders Collection (ATF Collection; unrelated to the original American Type Founders) has released a version named ATF Franklin Gothic. The characters of this version are more expanded than many previous releases.

An open source interpretation of Franklin Gothic has been made by Impallari Type as Libre Franklin. Libre Franklin is available on Google Fonts.

Alternate Gothic
Alternate Gothic was designed by Morris Fuller Benton for A.T.F. in 1903. It is essentially a moderately bold condensed version of Franklin Gothic, made in three numbered widths. No.1 is the most condensed, 3 the least.

Hot metal copies
This face was copied by Monotype under the same name, #1 by Ludlow, Linotype and Intertype as Gothic Condensed. Ludlow’s Trade Gothic Condensed is very similar as well. Two variants were made:
 * Alternate Gothic Modernized (1927, Monotype), added thirteen alternate characters drawn by Sol Hess.
 * Condensed Gothic Outline (1953, Ludlow), is essentially an outline of Alternate Gothic #2.

Cold type copies
Alternate Gothic was copied by Compugraphic as Alpin Gothic.

Digital copies
Digital copies have been made by URW, Elsner+Flake, and Monotype as CG Alternate Gothic #3.

Micah Rich and several contributors of The League of Moveable Type have made a popular OFL-licensed version of Alternate Gothic #1, League Gothic.

League Gothic
League Gothic is a condensed sans-serif typeface released by The League of Moveable Type. The design of League Gothic was based on Alternate Gothic, a typeface originally designed by Morris Fuller Benton in 1903. Both No. 1 and No. 2 are available, each in a single semi-bold weight.

League Gothic was also used as the basis for Warsaw Gothic, an expanded font family with some altered glyphs produced in 2015 by Robert Jablonski.

Oswald
Oswald, by Vernon Adams, is a screen-optimized adaptation of Alternate Gothic No. 2, with six weights and no italics.

Libre Franklin
Libre Franklin is an open source spinoff of Franklin Gothic made by the Argentine type foundry, Impallari Type. It has nine weights with italics.

Public Sans
Public Sans is based on Libre Franklin with numerous modifications by the United States Web Design System (General Services Administration). It has nine weights with matching italics and a variable weight axis.

Public Sans is the official font of the government of New South Wales, Australia's most populous state.

Raph Levien's Franklin Gothic
Raph Levien began work on an adaptation of the heavy variant of Franklin Gothic found in a 1941 specimen, copying its irregularities. Levien's adaptation was never finished with only the lowercase completed. Levien had stated at the time of abandonment that he planned on switching to a cleaner 1912 specimen if and when the project is completed.

Oswald, League Gothic, Warsaw Gothic, Libre Franklin, and Public Sans are all licensed under the SIL Open Font License.

Monotone Gothic
Monotone Gothic was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1907. It is essentially a lighter, more extended version of Franklin Gothic. Only one weight was made and it was apparently never copied under that name by any other foundry. Digital versions of Franklin Gothic Light Extended are essentially knock-offs of this face.

News Gothic
News Gothic was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1908 as a continuing effort to consolidate and systematize the 19th-century Gothic faces inherited from the company’s predecessors. It is essentially a medium weight companion to Franklin Gothic.

 * News Gothic
 * News Gothic Condensed
 * News Gothic Extra Condensed
 * News Gothic Extra Condensed Title

As with Franklin Gothic, the foundry expanded the line sometime later, adding two more variants:

 * News Gothic Bold (1958) designed by John L. "Bud" Renshaw
 * News Gothic Condensed Bold (1965) designed by Frank Bartuska

Particularly extensive designs in the same style were Trade Gothic from Linotype and ''Record Gothic by Ludlow. Benton Sans is a notable, and extremely comprehensive, modern revival.

Lightline Gothic
Lightline Gothic was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1908 as a lighter version of News Gothic, which makes it an ultra-light version of Franklin Gothic.  Only one weight was made and it was apparently never copied under that name by any other foundry. Digital versions of Franklin Gothic Ultra-Light are essentially knock-offs of this face.

Hot metal variants
In 1921, M.F. Benton had the capitals of this face cast in different sizes on identical bodies, thus creating, ex nihilo, a lining Gothic which was sold under the name Lightline Title Gothic

Usage

 * New York University lists Franklin Gothic as an official font.
 * Franklin Gothic Condensed was the typeface used for subtitles in the Star Wars films, but contrary to some reports, News Gothic and Univers are used for the opening crawl. The "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away...." title card is set in Franklin Gothic, however.
 * Columbia College Chicago implements Franklin Gothic in its primary branding.
 * A custom cut of the font is used to display player numbers on the player kit in Indian Premier League.
 * Some stations on the Malaysian Railway network use the Franklin Gothic typeface on some of its stations' signages. Some stations used Arial instead, while RapidKL stations use Trebuchet MS (or Arial Black on its newer stations ). MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line meanwhile adopts the Aller font.
 * The video game series You Don't Know Jack uses Franklin Gothic for almost all text, including its logo (until Sagona, a Clarendon-based font, was also heavily used in Full Stream).
 * Vehicle registration plates of Texas from 1990 to 2000 used Franklin Gothic for the state name.
 * Franklin Gothic Medium Condensed was used for the end credits of the 1996 Warner Bros. live-action/animation comedy sports film, Space Jam.
 * Microsoft used Franklin Gothic for its product logos from the launch of Windows 95 in 1995 until the introduction of Windows Vista in 2007.
 * The band logo of the U.S. hip hop group Run-DMC is rendered in Franklin Gothic Heavy.
 * The band logo for the U.S. punk band Ramones is rendered in Franklin Gothic Heavy.
 * Franklin Gothic Extra Condensed is used by the U.S. military on their uniforms.
 * Some stations of Kyiv Metro use Franklin Gothic for glowing information signs.
 * The Electric Company (1970s) used Franklin Gothic as its default typeface.
 * The QI klaxon which goes off when someone gets an obvious but wrong answer text uses this font

title: Franklin Gothic


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matthew petre

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was userfy. – ABCD 14:10, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Matthew petre
Not notable. Unverifiable. Written by User:Mpetre, which rather suggests vanity. Delete --BM 18:26, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * My apologies, I did not completely understand the concept of Wikipedia, I did not do this in vanity as much as just experimentation with the format and thought that the entry would be rather innocuous and only helpful to someone who knew me personally. I apologize.--User:Mpetre 18:26, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Welcome. Great to say you're staying cool. I'd be happy to move it to your user space if you want to. Otherwise, delete. Mgm|(talk) 19:43, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy, new user test. Barno 20:07, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Initiate trans-format user-contributed data disposition. (Move to user page) Asriel86 06:02, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * User:Mpetre has made other contributions. Therefore Userfy. Uncle G 19:10, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Speedy Userfy. The author obviously wants it as his main user page. --cesarb 20:37, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy. Welcome aboard!! - Lucky 6.9 07:49, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Chalga

Chalga (чалга; often referred to as pop-folk, short for "popular folk" or ethno-pop, short for "ethnic pop") is a Bulgarian pop-folk music genre. Chalga or pop-folk is essentially a folk-inspired dance music genre, with a blend of Bulgarian music (Bulgarian ethno-pop genre) and also primary influences from Greek, Turkish and Arabic, as well as American hip-hop.

Etymology
The name Chalga is derived from the Turkish word Çalgı, meaning "musical instrument".

History
Although it originated in parallel with ex-Yugoslav (now Serbian) turbofolk in 60s and 70s, the current Chalga music hasn't emerged until 1989 with the collapse of communist rule. The people began to rejoice that the restrictions over what to listen to had vanished, thus Chalga took off. There were critics who complained that Chalga was only about corruption, easy money, and indiscriminate sex, but many ordinary people have embraced it due of their new freedom as their alternative to officialdom.

Throughout the Balkans, folk traditions have seen a process of modernization. In Greece, there are similarities with Laiko Greek music. The eastern music of Byzantine tradition in history, became very close to early Bulgarian Chalga music.

In Turkey, Arabesque music, with similar "popular" elements was developed, incorporating Turkish music elements and lyrics and mixing it more with Arab influences due to religious and sometimes cultural similarities, with Arabesque becoming increasingly popular since the 1960s and has now its position in Turkish music.

Whilst in the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Chalga was forbidden by the ruling Communist governments. Todor Zhivkov, the last communist leader of Bulgaria, took a more nationalistic stance in the 1980s, considering Chalga music tradition as inferior to purely Slavic roots music. Chalga often came with a provocative hip-shaking dance and at times lewd sexual lyrics, so it was also considered inappropriate from a moral standpoint. While discouraged in Bulgaria, and not played on official radio stations, in comparison, the similar Turbofolk, of which has influneced Chalga in neighboring SFR Yugoslavia, was met with less restriction by the Yugoslav official media.

1990s onwards: Surge in popularity
In 1989, when the communism fell, restrictions on broadcasting Chalga or Pop-folk music were lifted. A new generation of musicians adopted the genre and grabbed the public spotlight, performing daring and overtly sexual songs forbidden earlier. Pop-folk also infiltrated the mass media with a string of controversial sensational coverage. Though it was still widely considered "degenerate" and "low level" music, it managed to gain popularity in the following decade. In the first years of the rise of Chalga, the melodies were influenced by Arabic, Turkish, Roma and Greek folk music featuring instruments such as zurna, clarinet, accordion and buzuki. The early Pop-folk divas and "kings", such as Toni Dacheva and Boni- singers of Kristal Orchestra - Gloria, Valdes, Rado Shisharkata and Sasho Roman, opened the way for uprising stars such as Sashka Vaseva, Desi Slava, Ivana, Kamelia, Reni, Extra Nina, Tsvetelina, Vesela, Joro Lyubimetsa. Although, some had only several years of success, many of the stars of the early Pop-folk years became icons for the genre. Several recording studios such as Payner Music and ARA Music, pumped out a steady stream of tracks every week on dedicated TV channels.

By the 2000s, Chalga's popularity greatly increased, in far greater proportion to its neighboring popular traditions of Serbian Turbo-folk or Greek Laïko. The processes of liberalisation in the country allowed the Chalga genre to deal openly with more provocative displays of sex, money, as well as profanity in general similar in attitude to the rap or hip-hop music videos. The beginning of the 21st century gave rise to the star of Azis in the Bulgarian musical scene. His provocative public displays of nudity and homosexuality along with the more vulgar lyrics of some of his songs and his flamboyant clothing played a great role in controversially popularizing the genre internationally as a typical Bulgarian music. His shocking public behaviour and announcements, alongside his undisputed musical talent boosted his fame and he is considered by many to be the king of the Chalga genre. However, constant competition among for media attention singers and reliance on displays of sex, alcohol, money and the use of vulgar language has left the public with negative attitude towards the genre. A particular example of infamy in seeking commercial success is the incorporation of the anthem of the Bulgarian army into a song.

Other competing styles made efforts to create fusion using Chalga elements in rap and hip-hop music, represented by artists and groups like Ustata, by acts like Dope Reach Squad, and Mangasarian Bros.

Today Pop-folk record companies collaborate with various partners, mainly from other Balkan countries, giving in to the popular world trends of RnB and hip-hop, as well as dance, techno, house, trap music and even dubstep, dub, EDM and drum and bass, making this type of music having a more widespread popularity abroad.

2015 onward: decline in popularity
Since about 2015, Chalga has been declining in popularity in favor of pop music based on Bulgarian folk music. Notable singers of this new wave of Bulgarian pop-folk include Rayna, Rositsa Peycheva and Rumyana Popova. There is also the growing popularity of Bulgarian trap-folk, as exemplified by singer Boryana Vasileva, who often works with trap music artist DJ 89.

Criticism
Chalga has become popular in "Chalga dance clubs" and Chalga-oriented pubs or bars. Most Chalga clubs or Pop-folk clubs are called 'дискотека' (discotheque). Chalga clubs are sometimes the most busy venues in Sofia and touristic venues. But this apparent success and upsurge in popularity has invited great controversy about Chalga and its quick proliferation and has led to some musical and linguistic research, critical study, and heated public discussions about the subject.

Chalga proponents often claim Chalga or Pop-folk is the new Bulgarian folk music, but critics have unconvincingly argued that it lacks connection to any indigenous music traditions and that its origins are largely Middle Eastern. The Chalga industry promotes Chalga as having Bulgarian-roots to the local population and to tourists, with the latter accepting it as a novel approach to Balkan pop.

Chalga is often criticized for its "tawdriness", "loose morals", its so-called "disconnection from Bulgarian music tradition"s (i.e. its Middle Eastern, Arabic, Arabesque roots), and its sexually explicit lyrics. In addition, the Chalga industry has been criticized for "exploiting women and degrading them through sexism".

Chalga music videos often feature a wealthy man who spends money on promiscuous women and insinuate that they engage in indiscriminate sexual acts.

Chalga venues are largely criticized for not regulating entry by underage individuals and for failing to protect its customers from sexual assault by promoting sexual interactions. Chalga venues also do not regulate distribution of illicit drugs and are related to smuggling and drug-trafficking. Some artists, performers, and musicians shun the Chalga industry for undermining music creativity by encouraging formulaic and predictable music, plagiarism, and lewd lyrics.

In addition, many Chalga critics claim the genre is made predominately for the minority Gypsy people.

There has been a long, intensive and very hostile rivalry between Chalga fans (or 'chalgadzhii'/'chalgari' (the latter is sometimes used as a derogatory term)and heavy metal fans (or metalheads) in Bulgaria, due to genre and their respective subculture differences. Bulgarian metalheads tend to oppose Chalga due to its 'ethnic backwardness', proving that 'capitalism is only another modernist lie'.

Lyrics and music videos
Modern-day Chalga or pop-folk lyrics and music videos have overwhelmingly liberal sexual content. The texts and/or lyrics, although sung primarily in Bulgarian, can be sung interchangeably in many languages and Bulgarian Chalga or Bulgarian Pop-folk have been subject of covers in a multiple of languages. But even in Bulgarian Chalga, sometimes especially in duet with foreign singer the actual Chalga song lyrics do contain a mixture of many languages – Bulgarian often mixed with some lyrics in Serbian, Albanian, Turkish, Romani, Greek, Persian, Romanian, Arabic  and more recently with some lyrics in English, Russian, French, Spanish, Italian and German.

Because of its appeal and thanks to Bulgarian music television channels like Balkanika TV, Fan TV and Planeta TV, Chalga has become popular in other Balkan countries, notably North Macedonia, Greece, Romania, Albania, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia, Turkey, and to a lesser extent in the post-Soviet nations of Russia, Ukraine and Moldova.

title: Chalga


text:
Talk:Creed (band)

Why did the band breakup?
Some conspiracy theories regarding why the band broke up? 2600:100C:B24C:7323:BC52:AE3C:C559:AFAB (talk) 17:16, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:NOTFORUM. CJ-Moki (talk) 22:31, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Creed (band)


text:
Acorn Communicator

The Acorn Communicator is a discontinued business computer developed by Acorn Computers. Mentioned in the computing press in late 1984 as the C30, previewed in early 1985 with estimated pricing between £500 and £800, in late 1985 with a built-in LCD display, and subsequently unveiled in a slightly different form, the system sold in very low numbers to companies requiring a computer with a built-in modem.

Orders for the machine were reported in late 1986, with an initial 500 units to be rebadged by Thorn EMI Business Communications for its own customers and approximately 1400 units going to Pickfords Travel for use in its high street stores. As a "smart videotex terminal" and a "complete turnkey comms solution" featuring Prestel connectivity and built-in word processing and spreadsheet capabilities, the extensibility of the product through the development of additional software appealed to customers such as Pickfords. Although not openly priced, rumoured pricing of a Communicator was around £1000 in late 1985 for the basic model, remaining at a similar price level in early 1987 with colour monitor included.

Origins
Launched as part of Acorn's range of new products (alongside the Acorn Cambridge Workstation) targeting "new and more specialised market areas" following the decline of the home computer market and the financial crisis that led to Acorn's rescue by Olivetti, the Communicator had its origins in a concept mentioned publicly by co-founder Chris Curry as early as April 1984, envisioning a communications terminal aimed at business users offering a single-device solution for online information access in an elegant package with a small footprint. Acting as a personal computer, desirable features included the ability to run existing business software, offer networking support and connectivity to mainframes, connect to public data services such as Prestel and Telecom Gold mailboxes, and also support services over other cable-based infrastructure (such as cable television infrastructure then being introduced in the United Kingdom). A meeting between Curry and product design consultant David Morgan, who had approached Acorn with an idea for a personal computer, led to a deeper collaboration that would establish the nature of the Communicator's physical characteristics.

Intending for the product to be customised and sold by other vendors, an emphasis was placed on a physical product design that would permit such customisation and offer a degree of modularity. Thus, a "basic keyboard unit" would be central in any eventual product configuration, being augmented by a telephone, display, storage, printer and other peripherals and accessories. Although Morgan had proposed an electroluminescent display within a lid folding shut over the keyboard in an arrangement that would become common with laptop computers, cost and reliability concerns directed the design towards an optional LCD display and the use of a separate monitor. Alongside the industrial design activity, Ram Bannerjee of Acorn's research and development division was directed to find existing Acorn-developed components that would fit in the physical unit to deliver "a smaller, neater, faster, sweeter machine". From August 1984, four engineers and a sales and marketing employee worked from Acorn's original premises to reconcile the functionality requirements of the product with the physical constraints imposed by the product design, eventually requesting only a minor modification to the height of the keyboard and a slight extension of the keyboard "to accommodate another row of function keys". The Communicator was envisaged as being an always-on device, capable of being programmed to access online services at predetermined times, and it was therefore decided not to provide a power switch on the unit itself.

Features
Alongside its personal computer features, an Acorn brochure for the C series describes a range of telephony facilities offered by the product range including auto-dialling and auto-answering for data and electronic mail, call answering and message storage using optional microcassette hardware, and telex sending. Microcassettes could also support dictation. A real time clock, perpetual calendar, desk diary and calculator are featured.

The system uses a 16-bit Western Design Center 65816 chip rather than the 8-bit MOS Technology 6502 or variants, which were used by virtually all of Acorn's previous microcomputer products. 128 KB or 512 KB RAM could be fitted, expandable to 1024 KB. For display capabilities, it employs the ULA originally developed for the Electron (reputed to be the largest ULA or gate array ever developed at that time ) and supported a monochrome version of Teletext using software emulation for access to services such as Prestel. Full-colour teletext was supported using an additional expansion board.

RGB and composite video outputs were provided as standard interfaces. A 25-character by 8-line LCD display (256 x 64 pixels) is described as an option and is depicted in the C series brochure, with a monochrome monitor also offered as an option. One version of the Communicator was initially indicated to provide a teletext adapter "enabling it to receive Ceefax and Oracle", and the C series brochure notes a "cable TV interface for teletext" as optional. The microcassette facilities featured in the C series brochure were reportedly prototyped as a peripheral, and the telephone handset featured in the brochure was supported by an optional bracket. General expansion capabilities were provided by an "Electron-style expansion connector" as also featured in the Master Compact.

The machine offered no built-in storage mechanism (such as a disk drive) nor a connector for an external storage mechanism, although the C series brochure mentions a 3.5-inch disk drive as an option. A separate file and print server "in the same style as the Communicator itself" offering floppy and hard drive support plus a Centronics printer interface, based on the 6512 CPU and having 64 KB RAM plus 64 KB ROM, was intended to be the means by which Communicator machines, fitted with a standard Econet module, would access files and print documents. The Acorn Filestore product had essentially this specification and capabilities, and documentation was made available describing its use with the Communicator. Distinct versions of the FileStore E01 base unit and E20 hard disc unit were made for use with the Communicator, these having a different colour but, in the case of the E01 unit, also providing different software. The E01S unit was also usable by the Communicator and could be expanded by the E40S and E60S hard disc units.

The Communicator provided an office software suite, including View (word processor), ViewSheet (spreadsheet), Videotex and VT100 terminal emulation, plus Econet local area networking, a telephone line input port for connection to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), an RS423 serial port for connection to serial printers or other computers, and a Centronics parallel port to connect a printer. The system software that bound the packages together was a mixture of BBC Basic and assembly language. The software development team was led by Paul Bond, who led development of the original Acorn MOS, a keen pilot who would occasionally fly team members in his Cessna when things were quiet.

First versions of the Communicator were monochrome-only; later (but before first customer delivery), a daughterboard provided full colour.

A briefcase version of the Communicator was apparently offered as the Spectar II by Advanced Medical Communications, supposedly for use by pharmaceutical company representatives, offering a bar code reader and "credit-card size memory packs", with one version having "a flat screen in the briefcase". Acorn records suggest that the memory cards employed the Astron format, apparently being evaluated by Acorn who had acquired one of the "100-or-so" development systems for the technology. The system documentation confirms this hardware configuration.

Hardware details
The hardware specifications of the Communicator, observed from manufactured units, include the G65SC816 CPU, ULA, 512 KB of dynamic RAM, 32 KB of static RAM, 6522 VIA, AM2910PC modem, SCN2641CC1N24 UART, and SAA5240 teletext decoder and display generator, (with 2 KB of static RAM presumably employed for page storage). The components chosen and the capabilities provided are broadly similar to the BT Merlin M2105 variant of the Acorn Electron, with an upgraded CPU, the addition of teletext circuitry, the provision for Econet, and the omission of speech synthesis hardware apparently refining the Communicator as a product offering in the same general category.

The Centre for Computing History notes that an example of the machine in their possession does not contain a Ferranti-manufactured ULA, indicating that a Mietec IC with an Acorn part number of 0252,602 could possibly be a ULA from another source. According to archived Acorn product documentation, it is indeed a ULA, although the system documentation refers to it as a video ULA, despite it also providing support for the keyboard and sound generation.

The system documentation notes the presence of 32 KB of video RAM (accessed at 1 MHz), 512 KB or 1 MB of system RAM (accessed at 2 MHz), 32 KB of non-volatile RAM, up to 512 KB of internal ROM, and up to 3.5 MB of ROM accessible via the expansion bus. The modem, asynchronous serial port, Econet port, printer port, and expansion bus connector are noted, along with an IIC bus providing access to a real-time clock and the DTMF dialler. Support was present to access dynamic and non-volatile RAM using a RAM filing system, and the Spectar II variant of the machine supported a memory card filing system allowing "the use of up to eight ASTRON Data Cards at one time".

The development system for the Communicator as intended for original equipment manufacturer (OEM) use was centred on the BBC Master 128 with ARM second processor, floppy and hard drives, a monochrome monitor, and an external ROM expansion. The provided development tools included the TWIN editor, MASM assembler (supporting the 65SC816 instruction set), and the 65TURBO emulator for running the tools and utilities written for 6502-based machines.

Legacy
Ultimately, the Communicator, being a product from Acorn's custom systems division, was apparently abandoned when that division was closed having contributed to "more than two-thirds" of Acorn's £3.3 million loss in 1987. It having been noted that Acorn would "probably throw the computer away and use the case for something else", Acorn did indeed appear to employ a very similar case for the Master Compact, incorporating the expansion connector on the right-hand side of the unit,  and even retaining the casing features for the Communicator's optional handset.

Although considered to be either a potential successor to the Model B in the BBC Micro range or to be presaging the arrival of a 16-bit BBC "Model C", the Communicator's heritage draws much from the Electron and its BT Merlin M2105 derivative, giving some substance to contemporary speculation about a successor to the Electron being readied for launch, despite such speculation ultimately proving to be about the Master Compact.

In 1986, Acorn co-founder Chris Curry was reported to have recruited the team responsible for developing the Communicator - 12 employees in all including technical project manager Ram Bannerjee - for his new company, General Information Systems, with one potential application of the machine or a follow-on product suggested as being the online submission of news stories by journalists and other newspaper contributors.

title: Acorn Communicator


text:
Talk:Isaac Roberts

Untitled
I think that there's too much detail about his equipment integrated into the life section. It can sometimes seem a bit random, and it's almost always unnecessary.

For example:
 * Isaac Roberts married his first wife, Ellen Anne, in 1875, making him the son-in-law of Anthony Cartmell. In 1878, Roberts had a 7-inch refractor at his home in Rock Ferry, Birkenhead.

It seems a bit random to me to go straight from him marrying his wife to saying he has a 7-inch refractor. IMO, it would be a lot more effective to have two seperate sections (maybe 'Life' and 'Equipment'?). -Frazzydee|✍ 18:28, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Disputed birth date
"Roberts's exact birth date is disputed, and different biographies about him specify different dates." But looking at the url you give in this article ( section Obituary of Isaac Roberts) all bio except the one from the Proceedings of the Royal Society give January 27 as birth date. I found a scan of the proceedings and the date is really 27 not 17 as stated in the transcription of the RS obituary, unless there is other independant source which gave 17, it look like a transcription error rather a disputed date. phe 04:09, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmm, you're definitely right. I don't remember exactly why I wrote that the date was disputed, but it seems to be almost definitely because of that error. -Frazzydee|✍ 05:42, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isaac Roberts


text:
Talk:Commission on Presidential Debates

The CDP is not controlled by the Dem/GOP parties.
From the Commission on Presidential Debate website:

"The CPD is an independent organization. It is not controlled by any political party or outside organization and it does not endorse, support or oppose political candidates or parties. It receives no funding from the government or any political party, political action committee or candidate. The CPD has sponsored general election presidential debates in every election since 1988."

So I'm going to go ahead and remove where it says the Dem/GOP parties control the CPD and are its "parent organizations", unless anyone can provide a damn good reason why such a wholly untrue statement should be included in this article. DojoIrl (talk) 16:01, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

 * As a compromise, I would avoid language using the phrase "bi-partisan" or "non-partisan" altogether. The CPD was created in 1987 by the then-heads of the Democratic Party (Paul G. Kirk) and Republican Party (Frank J. Fahrenkopf Jr.) to sponsor the debates (see: nytimes) and while it touts its financial and de jure political independence, it still has deep ties to both parties by virtue of its leadership - e.g. there are no current or former Green Party, Constitution Party, or Libertarian Party members on the board - and has acted to the detriment (rightly or not) of third parties ever since Ross Perot was invited to debate in '92. I think it would be more appropriate instead to include the history of the CPD and the facts surrounding its establishment and leadership, rather than edit-warring about shades of meaning between the terms "bi-partisan" vs. "non-partisan". Reading the NYTimes article from 1987, the CPD's establishment seems hardly non-partisan. The founders stated at the time (emphasis added): "We believe the Democratic and Republican Parties are making history today by assuming their rightful responsibility for the single most effective voter education project" and "The extremely competitive nature of the two parties will ensure that we will reach the best possible agreement for all concerned, most importantly for the voters of this nation." I will BE BOLD and expand the history section accordingly.- Ich (talk) 21:40, 28 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Also worth looking at is this article from FAIR from August 2000.- Ich (talk) 21:59, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

 * If Democrats and Republicans CREATED the commission and fill the commission, and set the standards for exclusion, it is FAIR to say it is "controlled" by them. How many independents are on their board. Tom Ruen (talk) 23:38, 29 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I still don't think it's correct to list it as having the DNC/GOP as parent organizations. It's true it has shared history and deep ties, but it's not a subsidiary of either party. Perhaps the "|affiliations  = " field would be more suitable, as it sidesteps the argument between de jure vs. de facto control.- Ich (talk) 11:16, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Sounds better. I moved them to "affiliations". Tom Ruen (talk) 16:50, 1 October 2016 (UTC)
 * There's been some more back-and-forth on the use of "controlled" in the lede. While there is an appearance of de facto control, there is no de jure control by the parties as User:DojoIrl clearly pointed out above. As a compromise, I will change to "created by" rather than "controlled by". "Created by" is backed up by available sources, and "controlled". For the reasons I listed above, I will remove "bipartisan".- Ich (talk) 16:15, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I still feel the tone of the article strays outside the bounds of neutral POV so I suggest amending the introduction to say that the CPD was initially "sponsored" by the two main political parties in 1987 to replace the rather ad hoc nature of presidential debates prior to this. Creating something really isn't the same as sponsoring something. I suggest the following: "The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is an independent nonprofit corporation, first established in 1987 under the sponsorship of both the Democratic and Republican parties for the purpose of conducting US presidential debates. A non-party political organization, the CPD sponsors and produces debates for presidential and vice-presidential candidates and undertakes research and educational activities relating to the debates. It has run each of the presidential debates held since 1988. The Commission's debates are sponsored by private contributions from foundations and corporations." Also, the fact that it doesn't receive funding from either party, or any other political party for that matter proves it is a totally independent body. I feel this would be the most neutral and fairest way of presenting this introduction. The section below on the CPD's creation does a good job in going into detail the body's creation and establishment. If anyone wishes to edit the introduction then do so on the understanding that the article's neutral POV is respected. Thank you. DojoIrl (talk) 19:36, 11 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your feedback and changes. I find that fair and agree that there's a fair amount of POV in terms of perhaps undue focus on the controversies: the article contains a laundry list of complaints, lawsuits, and legal challenges. I tried before to flesh it out with content unrelated to its conduct vis-a-vis third parties. As it is, separate "Criticism" sections are best avoided (WP:NOCRIT); the content should be integrated into the article. Given that much of the article is already about the perceived 3rd-party-exclusion and attendant court cases, it might make sense to include a sentence in the lede noting that this controversy exists while acknowledging the CPD's financial and political independence in spite of its genesis. I would also move the board of directors out of the lede and into a separate "Leadership" section or similar. What say you to adding to the lede: "The CPD has drawn criticism from third parties for adopting rules that exclude their candidates from the general election debates" or "The CPD has been the subject of controversy over the years for its exclusion of third-party candidates from the general election debates". I will be bold about the leadership section.- Ich (talk) 20:16, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

September 29th, 2020
Someone less angry at the CPD than me should take to the task of documenting how thoroughly effed up the whole process is and how it led to this debacle. Seanr (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:47, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

Possible overhaul and unbalanced tag
Hi everyone, so I went ahead and tagged the article for being unbalanced due to the heavy focus on the anti-third party stance of the Commission in most of the sections. Given that by its very nature this article concerns political topic, I think getting input and taking a more collaborative approach to revising the article would be beneficial.

Some of the suggestions I would make include:

Moving all information about the third-party controversies to the criticism section or making one of its own.

Adding more information about presidential debates prior to the commission’s founding and what led to it being established

Reworking the leadership section to provide a more chronological list of the commissions leaders similar to other articles and sections showing membership of a group body

Possibly listing the debates, participants and locations of the debates sponsored by the Commission again in a chronological list format

Again, I would stress that it might be beneficial to avoid bringing up the controversies except where strictly relevant to the commissions history except in a dedicated section. Antcomp (talk) 03:53, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

Non-CPD debates in the 2024 general election
This line was recently added to the article: “In 2024, the major-party presidential candidates bypassed the CPD, separately agreeing to two debates.” I am suggesting it be removed or amended since we do not yet know if the two major candidates (Biden and Trump) will participate in the CPD debates. According to the CPD official website, they are in the process of coordinating 2024 debates and are still planning on hosting them. Jgfordham (talk) 00:40, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commission on Presidential Debates


text:
Barney Fife

Bernard "Barney" Fife is a fictional character in the American television program The Andy Griffith Show, portrayed by comic actor Don Knotts. Barney Fife is a deputy sheriff in the slow-paced, sleepy southern community of Mayberry, North Carolina. He appeared in the first five seasons (1960–65) as a main character, and, after leaving the show towards the end of season five, made a few guest appearances in the following three color seasons (1965–68). He also appeared in the first episode of the spin-off series Mayberry R.F.D. (1968–1971), and in the 1986 reunion television film Return to Mayberry. Additionally, Barney appeared in the Joey Bishop Show episode "Joey's Hideaway Cabin", and, unnamed, in the first episode of The New Andy Griffith Show.

In 1999, TV Guide ranked him ninth on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list.

Production history
According to Andy Griffith, the character of Barney Fife was suggested by Don Knotts himself. At the same time The Steve Allen Show was ending, Knotts was looking for work. When he saw the episode of The Danny Thomas Show featuring Andy Taylor, he called Griffith suggesting that his sheriff character might reasonably need a deputy. Griffith liked the idea and suggested that he call Executive Producer Sheldon Leonard. Griffith later recalled that Don Knotts' contribution was the show's saving grace because he was uncomfortable with the original concept to have Andy Taylor being the comic lead. In an interview with The Archive of American Television, Griffith admitted, "The second episode was called 'Manhunt' and I knew by that episode that Don should be the comic and I should play straight for him. That made all the difference."

Fife appeared on The Andy Griffith Show from the show's beginning in 1960 until 1965, when Knotts left the show to pursue a career in feature films. It is explained that Fife had left Mayberry to take a job as a detective in Raleigh, North Carolina. Knotts reprised the character in guest appearances each season until The Andy Griffith Show left the air in 1968. Barney also appeared in the inaugural Mayberry R.F.D. episode, in which Andy and Helen Crump marry. In 1971, the character, whose name is not explicitly mentioned, appears in the premiere episode of The New Andy Griffith Show, visiting the mid-sized city of Greenwood to catch up with Mayor Andy Sawyer, who looks exactly like Andy Taylor and shares some of Taylor's earlier mannerisms and friendships with Fife, Goober Pyle and Emmett Clark. Fifteen years would pass before the character was again reprised in the reunion film Return to Mayberry in 1986. By then, Fife had moved back and become the town's acting sheriff.

Personality
Barney Fife is outwardly smug and self-important, covering up his insecurities and low self-confidence with a display of bravado. He presents himself as an expert on such diverse subjects as firearms, martial arts, women, singing, wilderness survival, psychology and American history. He frequently tries to impress others with his knowledge or skill in areas where his expertise is quite limited. He wishes to be perceived as "a man of the world", but he is quite naïve, and his fear of appearing ignorant leaves him easily duped. This gullibility is evident when, for example, he is conned into buying a lemon from a crafty old widow ("Barney's First Car"). Although he believes himself a skilled singer, he has a tin ear, as highlighted in "Barney and the Choir" and "The Song Festers", although at other times, when he's not trying to show off, he has a pleasant singing voice, performing duets with Andy and his guitar. His attempts to impress others sometimes cause him to accidentally reveal both personal and police secrets, often with dire consequences. An emotional powder-keg, Barney often overreacts to challenging situations with panic, despair or bug-eyed fear.

As a law enforcement officer, Barney is overly officious and insistent on doing things "by the book" to the point of absurdity. In one case when Andy was briefly summoned away, as acting sheriff, Barney proceeded to book and lock up everyone in town for various minor infractions ("Andy Saves Barney's Morale"). However in at least one case, he is commended for his apparent overzealousness, after he tickets the state governor's car for being parked illegally ("Barney and the Governor"). Barney tends to be alarmist, and overreacts to potential dangers. In a case where he believed an ex-convict was coming back to Mayberry to attack Sheriff Taylor, he deputized Goober Pyle and Otis Campbell (who are even more inept) and attempted to provide 24-hour protection for the sheriff, although there was in fact no threat and the bodyguards did little except interfere with each other ("High Noon in Mayberry").

Barney is often frustrated with the primitive technological tools available to the Mayberry sheriff's department. He sometimes attempts to modernize the department by acquiring equipment of little use in sleepy Mayberry, such as an intercom system for the jailhouse ("The Great Filling Station Robbery"), and a search-and-rescue dog ("Barney's Bloodhound"). On occasion, Barney believes his experience as a long time deputy qualifies him to be a sheriff. In a second season episode ("Sheriff Barney"), he is offered the position of sheriff in the nearby town of Greendale, only to learn from Andy the difference between serving as sheriff versus deputy. He runs against Andy, only to later withdraw, in the fifth season episode "Barney Runs for Sheriff." In Return to Mayberry, Barney finally holds the position of "acting sheriff" of Mayberry and runs for the office proper; but, at the end, encourages the town to vote for Andy who has returned to Mayberry.

One frequent source of comedy is Barney's incompetence with firearms. After numerous negligent discharges (usually with a Smith & Wesson or Colt .38 caliber revolver), Andy restricts Barney to carrying his gun unloaded, with only one bullet in his shirt pocket, "in case of an emergency". However, Barney tends to load his gun unnecessarily, and often ends up firing it into the floor, the ceiling, or his own gun holster. The negligent discharge of Barney's gun becomes a running gag, usually followed by Barney sheepishly handing his gun to Andy. Another recurring gag has Barney locking himself or both himself and Andy in one of the jail cells, with the keys just out of reach. Another running gag is Barney being captured by escaped criminals twice. A third gag is that even when Barney is competent, the result backfires on him. In the episode "Barney's Sidecar," Barney drives a motorcycle/sidecar quite well on patrol; however, Mayberry is so small a town that the motorcycle is practically useless for local law enforcement.

Nonetheless, Barney has rare moments of courage and competence, such as when he saves a member of the state police who has been captured by criminals, and apprehends the criminals by driving to the jail with the crooks and their hostage trapped in their trailer ("Jailbreak"). This is one of the few occasions when Barney catches the crooks intentionally rather than by accident. When a vindictive newspaper publisher uses a female employee to trick Barney into giving away "dirt" on Andy to get the latter removed as sheriff (as revenge for getting a speeding citation which he neglected to pay) ("Andy on Trial"), Barney redeems himself and Andy with a speech defending Andy and his record as sheriff. He explains how much of a benefit Andy is to Mayberry; then - in a rare display of candor and a departure from his usual insistence on following the letter of the law - he explains what Andy had been trying to teach him from the moment Barney first became a deputy: that a lawman does better in dealing with people when he goes more by the heart than by the book, thereby allowing Andy to remain sheriff.

Biography
In a few early episodes in the first season, Andy and Barney comment that they are cousins (initially as part of a joke implying that this relationship is responsible for Barney being hired as deputy), but this relationship is rarely mentioned later, and it is sometimes suggested in later episodes that they are not related. Genetics aside, Barney and "Ange" (as he frequently addresses Andy, a derivation from Knotts' real-life nickname for Griffith) are best friends, having grown up together in Mayberry, and graduated from the same class at Mayberry Union High School in 1948. Barney maintains warm relations with Andy's son Opie and his Aunt Bee.

Although graduating from high school in 1948, both Barney and Andy claim to have served in the military. Andy was stationed in France during "the war" and Barney was a file clerk who never left the United States (he stated that "me and this other fella ran the PX library" on Staten Island). Barney was nevertheless proud of his war record: "I did my part in helping to whip the dreaded Hun", he boasted in the episode "Quiet Sam."

Andy administered Barney his oath of office as deputy and issued him his gun in August 1953.

Barney is mentioned as residing in a few places during the course of the show. In the second season episode "Sheriff Barney," his address is given at 411 Elm Street. By the fourth season episode "Up in Barney's Room," he's residing in Mrs. Mendelbright's boarding house, where she forbids him from owning either a hot plate or light bulb over 40 watts. However, by episode’s end she allows him to cook and use bulbs up to 100 watts. During his vacations, he takes a room at the Raleigh YMCA, as first mentioned in the third season episode "Andy and Opie, Bachelors."

Barney's main girlfriend is a local girl, Thelma Lou (Betty Lynn), whom he eventually marries in Return to Mayberry, a 1986 NBC movie. He had two other girlfriends: Miss Rosemary followed by Hilda May. Barney also dates other women, in particular, a waitress at the Junction Cafe and Bluebird Diner named Juanita, with whom Barney has phone conversations but who is never seen. She was first mentioned in the episode "Andy Forecloses".

When Don Knotts left the series in 1965 to pursue film roles, the character Barney Fife was said to have left Mayberry to join the police department in Raleigh. After that, the character remained mostly offscreen for the remainder of the show, although Knotts made five guest appearances as Barney Fife in the last three seasons.

As the series had several writers, there were occasional continuity errors, most frequently in Barney's middle name, which changed each time it was referenced. For example, both Barney and Andy are given different middle names in different episodes. In the episode "Class Reunion", Barney's middle name is Milton, though at other times he is called "Bernard P. Fife". In another episode, where he believes he is the descendant of Nathan Tibbs, a Mayberry Revolutionary hero, he says his name is "Barney Tibbs Fife". Andy jokingly says, "I thought your middle name was Oliver." Another inconsistency is Barney's military service in WW II, which is not easily reconciled with his having graduated high school in 1948 (although in fact World War II for the US officially ended December 31, 1946, by order of President Truman).

Although Barney and Andy are best friends, Andy is often exasperated with him. This includes various storylines showing Barney’s innocent disruptions of Andy’s romantic pursuits; his professional incompetence in allowing prisoners to escape; and, his unorthodox approach to police work, among other things. Andy, however, usually covers for Barney’s foibles, even making Barney appear competent, which Barney realizes.

The Andy Griffith Show appearances
He is featured in these  The Andy Griffith Show episodes:

Season 1

 * Episode 1: "The New Housekeeper"
 * Episode 2: "The Manhunt"
 * Episode 3: "The Guitar Player"
 * Episode 4: "Ellie Comes to Town"
 * Episode 5: "Irresistible Andy"
 * Episode 6: "Runaway Kid"
 * Episode 7: "Andy the Matchmaker"
 * Episode 10: "Ellie for Council"
 * Episode 11: "Christmas Story"
 * Episode 12: "Stranger in Town"
 * Episode 13: "Mayberry Goes Hollywood"
 * Episode 14: "The Horse Trader"
 * Episode 15: "Those Gossipin' Men"
 * Episode 17: "Alcohol and Old Lace"
 * Episode 18: "Andy the Marriage Counselor"
 * Episode 19: "Mayberry on Record"
 * Episode 20: "Andy Saves Barney's Morale"
 * Episode 21: "Andy and the Gentleman Crook"
 * Episode 22: "Cyrano Andy"
 * Episode 24: "The New Doctor"
 * Episode 25: "A Plaque for Mayberry"
 * Episode 26: "The Inspector"
 * Episode 27: "Ellie Saves a Female"
 * Episode 28: "Andy Forecloses"
 * Episode 29: "Quiet Sam"
 * Episode 30: "Barney Gets His Man"
 * Episode 31: "The Guitar Player Returns"
 * Episode 32: "Bringing Up Opie"

Season 2

 * Episode 1: "Opie and the Bully"
 * Episode 2: "Barney's Replacement"
 * Episode 3: "Andy and the Woman Speeder"
 * Episode 5: "Barney on the Rebound"
 * Episode 6: "Opie's Hobo Friend"
 * Episode 7: "Crime-Free Mayberry"
 * Episode 8: "The Perfect Female"
 * Episode 10: "The Clubmen"
 * Episode 11: "The Pickle Story"
 * Episode 12: "Sheriff Barney"
 * Episode 13: "The Farmer Takes a Wife"
 * Episode 14: "Keeper of the Flame"
 * Episode 15: "Bailey's Bad Boy"
 * Episode 16: "The Manicurist"
 * Episode 17: "The Jinx"
 * Episode 18: "Jailbreak"
 * Episode 19: "A Medal for Opie"
 * Episode 20: "Barney and the Choir"
 * Episode 21: "Guest of Honor"
 * Episode 22: "The Merchant of Mayberry"
 * Episode 23: "Aunt Bee the Warden"
 * Episode 24: "The County Nurse"
 * Episode 25: "Andy and Barney in the Big City"
 * Episode 27: "Three's a Crowd"
 * Episode 28: "The Bookie Barber"
 * Episode 29: "Andy on Trial"
 * Episode 30: "Cousin Virgil"
 * Episode 31: "Deputy Otis"

Season 3

 * Episode 1: "Mr. McBeevee"
 * Episode 2: "Andy's Rich Girlfriend"
 * Episode 3: "Andy and the New Mayor"
 * Episode 5: "The Cow Thief"
 * Episode 6: "Barney Mends a Broken Heart"
 * Episode 7: "Lawman Barney"
 * Episode 8: "The Mayberry Band"
 * Episode 11: "Convicts-at-Large"
 * Episode 13: "The Bank Job"
 * Episode 14: "One-Punch Opie"
 * Episode 15: "Barney and the Governor"
 * Episode 16: "Man in a Hurry"
 * Episode 17: "High Noon in Mayberry"
 * Episode 18: "The Loaded Goat"
 * Episode 19: "Class Reunion"
 * Episode 20: "Rafe Hollister Sings"
 * Episode 21: "Opie and the Spoiled Kid"
 * Episode 22: "The Great Filling Station Robbery"
 * Episode 23: "Andy Discovers America"
 * Episode 24: "Aunt Bee's Medicine Man"
 * Episode 26: "Andy's English Valet"
 * Episode 27: "Barney's First Car"
 * Episode 28: "The Rivals"
 * Episode 29: "A Wife for Andy"
 * Episode 30: "Dogs, Dogs, Dogs"
 * Episode 31: "Mountain Wedding"
 * Episode 32: "The Big House"

Season 4

 * Episode 1: "Opie the Birdman"
 * Episode 2: "The Haunted House"
 * Episode 3: "Ernest T. Bass Joins the Army"
 * Episode 4: "The Sermon for Today"
 * Episode 7: "A Black Day for Mayberry"
 * Episode 8: "Opie's Ill-Gotten Gain"
 * Episode 9: "A Date for Gomer"
 * Episode 10: "Up in Barney's Room"
 * Episode 11: "Citizen's Arrest"
 * Episode 12: "Opie and His Merry Men"
 * Episode 13: "Barney and the Cave Rescue"
 * Episode 14: "Andy and Opie's Pal"
 * Episode 15: "Aunt Bee the Crusader"
 * Episode 16: "Barney's Sidecar"
 * Episode 17: "My Fair Ernest T. Bass"
 * Episode 18: "Prisoner of Love"
 * Episode 19: "Hot Rod Otis"
 * Episode 20: "The Song Festers"
 * Episode 21: "The Shoplifters"
 * Episode 22: "Andy's Vacation"
 * Episode 25: "Divorce, Mountain Style"
 * Episode 26: "A Deal is a Deal"
 * Episode 27: "Fun Girls"
 * Episode 28: "The Return of Malcolm Merriweather"
 * Episode 29: "The Rumor"
 * Episode 30: "Barney and Thelma Lou, Phfftt"
 * Episode 31: "Back to Nature"

Season 5

 * Episode 1: "Opie Loves Helen"
 * Episode 2: "Barney's Physical"
 * Episode 4: "The Education of Ernest T. Bass"
 * Episode 6: "Barney's Bloodhound"
 * Episode 7: "Man in the Middle"
 * Episode 8: "Barney's Uniform"
 * Episode 9: "Opie's Fortune"
 * Episode 10: "Goodbye, Sheriff Taylor"
 * Episode 11: "The Pageant"
 * Episode 12: "The Darling Baby"
 * Episode 13: "Andy and Helen Have Their Day"
 * Episode 14: "Three Wishes for Opie"
 * Episode 15: "Otis Sues the County"
 * Episode 16: "Barney Fife, Realtor"
 * Episode 18: "The Rehabilitation of Otis"
 * Episode 19: "The Lucky Letter"
 * Episode 20: "Goober and the Art of Love"
 * Episode 21: "Barney Runs for Sheriff"
 * Episode 22: "If I Had a Quarter-Million Dollars"
 * Episode 23: "TV or Not TV"
 * Episode 25: "The Case of the Punch in the Nose"
 * Episode 26: "Opie's Newspaper"
 * Episode 27: "Aunt Bee's Invisible Beau"
 * Episode 28: "The Arrest of the Fun Girls"
 * Episode 29: "The Luck of Newton Monroe"
 * Episode 30: "Opie Flunks Arithmetic"

Season 6

 * Episode 17: "The Return of Barney Fife"
 * Episode 18: "The Legend of Barney Fife"

Season 7

 * Episode 18: "A Visit to Barney Fife"
 * Episode 19: "Barney Comes to Mayberry"

Season 8

 * Episode 21: "Barney Hosts a Summit Meeting"

Legacy
Calling a police officer or authority figure "Barney Fife" has become an American slang term for gross ineptitude or overzealousness. A notable example occurred during the Scott Peterson case, in which the defendant's mother referred to the local police captain as "Barney Fife".

During oral arguments for the Supreme Court case Herring v. United States regarding evidence exclusion by negligent law enforcement, Stanford law professor Pamela Karlan told the court, "There's not a Barney Fife defense to the violation of the Fourth Amendment."

In popular culture
At least two cartoons pay homage to Barney Fife: In The New Scooby-Doo Movies, Don Knotts guest stars as himself to help solve the mystery, but wearing Barney Fife's uniform as deputy of "Juneberry." In Freakazoid "Toby Danger" when a out of control giant robot is destroying Las Vegas, Nevada, there is a cameo of a Barney Fife deputy sheriff in a crowd.

In The Sopranos season 6, episode 15, Paulie Gualtieri tells Tony Soprano a story about getting pulled over by a state trooper while driving Tony's father's Cadillac without a license in the 1960s. Mr. Soprano, Sr. tells the young Paulie to smooth things over by telling the trooper he has a cousin who is a trooper named Barney Fife. He gets punched in the head by the trooper for his troubles and Mr. Soprano has to bribe the trooper $100 (said to be an average month's wage at the time) to avoid charges.

Accolades
Knotts' portrayal of Barney Fife earned him five Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series, the most in that category.

title: Barney Fife


text: User talk:159.250.21.110

title: User talk:159.250.21.110


text:
Three Kingdoms (manhua)

Three Kingdoms, also known as Sangokushi in Japanese, is a Hong Kong manhua based on Yū Terashima's novel Sangokushi Meigentan, which is loosely adapted from Records of the Three Kingdoms and the 14th century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The manhua was illustrated by Lee Chi Ching and was released in 14 volumes between 1991 and 1999 by Culturecom Limited. It was also the first Hong Kong manhua to be published in cooperation with Japanese publishers.

Three Kingdoms was followed by a sequel, Three Kingdoms: The Last Chapter, also known as Sangokushi: Kanketsuhen in Japanese.

title: Three Kingdoms (manhua)


text:
Talk:Cuisine of New York City

Pastrami and bagels
Can someone write up New York style pastrami and bagels? Right now they are redirects to pastrami and bagel.

 * New York bagel/New York style bagel/New York-style bagel
 * New York pastrami/New York style pastrami/New York-style pastrami

Needs Work!!!!!!
i believe that this article needs some work. The links are not really helping. I realy only want to learn about New York Cuisine, not regional cuisines of New York.Birdie1999 (talk) 23:56, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cuisine of New York City. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040805001339/http://members.cox.net/jjschnebel/cookin.html to http://members.cox.net/jjschnebel/cookin.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:50, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

Chino-Latino cuisine
Most sections of this article consist only of lists, so I think a extended prose section on Chino-Latino cuisine is not in keeping with the page style. At the same time, I think the content is most useful in the context of an article on Chino-Latino cuisine, which is why I've moved it to the newly created Chinese Latin American cuisine article. Wikiacc (¶) 19:19, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Capitalization
A series of IP editors have continued to insist that this article capitalize every word in the name of a dish, which seems to me to go against MOS:CAPS and the names of the dishes' actual articles. I am not sure what their reasoning is. An explanation is most welcome. Wikiacc (¶) 00:48, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cuisine of New York City


text:
Areani

The areani or arcani were a force of the Roman Empire, based in Roman Britain during the later part of the Roman occupation of the island. They had played some part in the campaign of Constans in Britain in 343; later they helped to instigate the Great Conspiracy in 367-368. Due to their participation in the Conspiracy, Count Theodosius disbanded them.

The term areani is a hapax legomenon, occurring once only, in a passage in Ammianus:

The duties that Ammianus describes, traveling and reporting the news of the tribes to Roman leaders, are appropriate to military scouts. They may have lived in the paramilitary zone between the Antonine Wall and the Vallum to the south. The term "areani" means "people of the sheep-folds", and many of the homesteads in their frontier region were indeed sheep-folds.

It has been suggested that the term is a misreading of "arcani", the secret ones. The term "arcanus" is known from Hadrian's Wall; Vindolanda tablet 162 bears the text "miles arcanu...", written in a good capital hand.

title: Areani


text:
John Josiah Robinette

John Josiah Robinette, (November 20, 1906 – November 18, 1996) was a Canadian lawyer who was one of Canada's premier legal authorities and litigators.

Born in Toronto, Ontario, he attended the University of Toronto Schools. In 1926, he received a B.A. in political science from the University of Toronto, where he was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School and was called to the bar in 1929.

He joined the Toronto firm of McCarthy & McCarthy (now McCarthy Tetrault) in 1949 and stayed until his retirement in the early 90s.

He became renowned as a barrister and was lead counsel in a number of prominent cases. In 1947, he appealed and eventually won the case of Evelyn Dick after her conviction for murder in 1946. In 1952 he unsuccessfully defended the notorious bank robbers, The Boyd Gang. He was lead counsel in the Patriation Reference before the Supreme Court of Canada. Robinette was also hired by opponents of the cancelled Spadina Expressway in 1971 to make their case at the Ontario Municipal Board.

He was appointed King's Counsel in 1944.

From 1958 until 1962 he was treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada.

In 1973 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He served as Chancellor of Trent University from 1984 to 1987.

title: John Josiah Robinette


text:
Talk:Abul Hasan Qutb Shah

Communal violence
This author writes that his tyrannical Brahman viziers and their involvement in communal violence against the Shea populace, which was quick to join Aurangzeb during the Siege of Golconda.

It further states that: "Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, escaped from his administrative duties by retreating into the Golconda Fort along with 1000 women who were known for their mastery in music and song."

Abul Hasan Qutb Shah's two Brahman viziers are not viewed as very honest or loyal people.

While Aurangzeb and his forces initiated the Siege of Golconda, Abul Hasan Qutb Shah's, most experiences commander Muqarrab Khan, defected to the Mughals. Muqarrab Khan and his forces proved their worth when they eventually hunt-down Sambhaji and brought him to justice (for the slaughtering of innocent people).

Untitled
Some of the material on this page was copied from a page on the Vepachedu Educational Foundation. This text is released under the GFDL, and is not a copyright violation. For further information, see Talk:Qutb Shahi dynasty. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 18:34, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

--Singersiz (talk) 22:11, 11 April 2010 (UTC)== Information regarding Hazrat Raju shah Qattal RA ==

Hazrat Raju shah qattal is the father of Hazrat Khwaja Banda Nawaz gesu daraaz RA. And is not actually the descendent of Hazrat Khwaja banda nawaaz RA as is mentioned in this article. This information is also engraved on the entry gate to his (Hazrat Raju shah qattal) RA's Masoleum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Singersiz (talk • contribs) 22:08, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

abul hasan qutb shah bio
hello, contributers. plz edit with accurate information about successor/consort/offspring/royal anthem/father/mother. someone has typed gibberish. Vk i maverick (talk) 22:48, 2 July 2012 (UTC) Please make a change the that Hyderabad is now in Telangana State — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.89.156.253 (talk) 21:13, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

Bdj
Abulhasan 45.124.142.82 (talk) 14:54, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

refuge in diamond mines
tana Shah was very warlike and when the armies of the Great Mogul overrun Golconda Sultanate his nation sought refuge in the diamond mines until the conflict ended until all the realm was under the imperial flag of the Mogul Empire.

09:02, 23 February 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\09:02, 23 February 2024 (UTC)09:02, 23 February 2024 (UTC)~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 43.242.178.200 (talk) 09:02, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abul Hasan Qutb Shah


text:
Arcani

Arcani may refer to:
 * Arcani, Gorj, a commune in Romania
 * Areani, possibly a misspelling of Arcani, Late Roman secret agents in Roman Britain

title: Arcani


text: User talk:66.25.166.173

title: User talk:66.25.166.173


text:
User:Hooloovoo/Scratchpad/PowerBASIC

PowerBASIC is a variant of the BASIC programming language. Its syntax is very close to GWBasic, QBasic, and Turbo BASIC. It compiles to native code on PCs (DOS and Win32). The executable files it creates are compact, run fast, and require no runtime dependencies. PowerBASIC compilers are made by PowerBASIC Inc. and are the successor of Turbo BASIC (MSDOS) which was published by Borland International, itself a successor of BASIC/Z (CP/M, MDOS).

PowerBASIC compilers are a popular alternative to Visual Basic, yet actually compare well with C programming language compilers in terms of power. PowerBASIC can create and use DLLs. Unlike Visual Basic's large and mandatory runtime overhead, it is common for a sophisticated application written in PowerBASIC to be small enough to fit on a single floppy disk.

title: User:Hooloovoo/Scratchpad/PowerBASIC


text:
Brecon Jazz Festival

The Brecon Jazz Festival is a music festival held annually in Brecon, Wales. Normally staged in early August, it has played host to a range of jazz musicians from across the world.

Created in 1984 by local enthusiasts – musicians, promoters and fans – the early festival featured live jazz music on the streets and in the pubs and cafes of Brecon. It was a community event originally created by the town's residents, modelled on New Orleans-style jazz events. Jed Williams as president of the Welsh Jazz Society, and founding editor of the Cardiff-based magazine Jazz UK had many international connections and was involved since 1984, working with local organisers including Liz Elston and Tony Constantinescu. George Melly, who had a house close by, and was a friend of Tony Constantinescu, performed the following year after the success of the first festival. Since 2016 the festival has been directed and presented by the Brecon Jazz stakeholders coordination group, founded by members of the local jazz club. Assets and historic rights to the festival are held by Brecon Jazz Festival Ltd and Friends of Brecon Jazz on behalf of the town of Brecon.

As well as the main festival, a Brecon Fringe is organised as alternative free music in pubs, hotels, galleries and cafes in the town.

Jazz musicians at Brecon
Jazz musicians who have performed at the Brecon Jazz Festival.

1984 Humphrey Lyttelton, George Melly, Bruce Turner, John Barnes 1985 Jan Garbarek, Slim Gaillard, Stan Tracey, Ken Colyer 1986 Al Grey, Buddy Tate, George Chisholm, Dudu Pukwana, Blanche Finlay 1987 Joe Henderson, Helen Shapiro, Woody Shaw, Pasadena Roof Orchestra 1988 Lee Konitz, Humphrey Lyttelton, Slim Gaillard, Louisiana Red 1989 Sonny Rollins, Jimmy Giuffre, George Melly 1990 Humphrey Lyttelton, Sun Ra, Scott Hamilton (musician) 1991 Gerry Mulligan, Ruby Braff, Joe Pass 1992 Michel Petrucciani, Johnny Griffin, Pat Metheny, Courtney Pine 1993 Lionel Hampton, Stéphane Grappelli, Wynton Marsalis, Hank Jones, McCoy Tyner 1994 Benny Carter, George Shearing, Slide Hampton, Ray Brown 1995 Cleo Laine, Toots Thielemans, Kenny Barron, McCoy Tyner 1996 Van Morrison, Joshua Redman, Phil Woods, Charles Brown 1997 Milt Jackson, Hank Jones, Courtney Pine, Diana Krall 1998 Branford Marsalis, Van Morrison, Michel Petrucciani, Ahmad Jamal 1999 Ruby Braff, Stan Tracey 2000 Wayne Krantz, Kenny Barron, Scott Hamilton 2001 Van Morrison, Joshua Redman, Dianne Reeves 2002 Courtney Pine, Scott Hamilton, McCoy Tyner 2003 Humphrey Lyttelton, George Melly, Richard Galliano 2004 Amy Winehouse, Humphrey Lyttelton, George Melly 2005 Phil Woods, Peter King, Jon Faddis, Marty Grosz 2006 Stan Tracey, Kirk Lightsey, Gwilym Simcock 2007 Catrin Finch, Mulgrew Miller, Joe Lovano, Jools Holland 2008 Joan Armatrading, Cerys Matthews, Courtney Pine 2009 Anouar Brahem, Manu Dibango, Abdullah Ibrahim 2010 Hugh Masekela, Orquesta Buena Vista Social Club, Hypnotic Brass Ensemble 2011 Allen Toussaint, Femi Kuti, Monty Alexander, Courtney Pine 2012 Dionne Warwick, Roy Ayres, Soweto Kinch, Brecon Jazz Club Events 2013 Jools Holland, Courtney Pine, Mavis Staples, Brecon Jazz Club Events 2014 Laura Mvula, Gregory Porter, Loose Tubes, Brecon Jazz Club Events 2015 Robert Glasper, Phronesis, GoGo Penguin, Brecon Jazz Club Events 2016 Tina May, Jacqui Dankworth, Dennis Rollins, Nerija, Asterope, Capital City Jazz Orchestra, Geoff Eales, Brownfield Byrne, Trish Clowes. 2017 Darius Brubeck, Nigel Price, Atsuko Shimada, Rod Paton, Gerard Cousins 2018 Elaine Delmar, Maite Hontelé, Ian Shaw, Jim Hart, Adam Glasser, Byron Wallen 2019 Barbara Dennerlein, Stochelo Rosenberg, Scott Hamilton, Liane Carole, Karen Sharpe 2020 virtual Steve Lehman, Toni Kofi, Deelee Dubé, Xhosa Cole, Bryan Corbett 2021 hybrid Regina Carter, Huw Warren, Joanna Eden, Paula Gardiner, Art Themen 2022 Joan Chamorro, Simon Spillett, Claire Teal, Charlotte Glasson, Monmouth Big Band 2023 Emma Rawicz, The Louis and Ella Music Show, Faith I Branko, Lavon Hardison

(Kind of) Blue Plaque
In 2009, in honour of the 50th anniversary of the release of the Miles Davis album Kind of Blue (1959), the festival invited jazz fans to submit nomination for an award, in the form of a Blue plaque to be awarded annually, the first to be bestowed in 2010, honouring the venues that had made the most significant contribution to jazz in the United Kingdom. Twelve nominees were selected:

 * The Four Bars Inn (now Dempseys), Castle Street, Cardiff, 1987–present.
 * Band on the Wall, Swann Street, Manchester, 1970s–present
 * The Perch, Binsey Lane, Binsey 1928–1948.
 * Buckingham Palace, London, 1919–1932.
 * The Old Duke, King Street, Bristol, late 1960s–present.
 * The Concorde Club, Eastleigh, Hampshire, 1957–present.
 * The Feldman Swing Club, Oxford Street, London, 1942–1954.
 * Ronnie Scott's, Frith Street, London, 1959–present.
 * The Bull's Head, Barnes, south-west London, 1959–present.
 * Hippodrome, Cranbourn Street, London, 1900–1983.
 * Hammersmith Palais, London, 1919–2007.
 * Club Eleven, Windmill Street, then Carnaby Street, London, 1948–1950.

The Concorde Club received the most votes in the initial voting, followed by The Band on the Wall and Ronnie Scott's, and will receive the initial (Kind of) Blue Plaque.

Ticket information
Programmes of music over the festival weekend have included:

Free music open to everyone, performed on the bandstand or pop-up locations in the centre of Brecon and on streets closed off to traffic for the festival weekend.

The Stroller Programme, requiring the purchase of a "stroller ticket", with acts from the mainly British jazz scene performing in smaller indoor and larger outdoor venues.

The Concert Programme showcasing major acts with an international profile. Every concert requires an individual ticket.

Accommodation
Camping is popular at the festival, with two official campsites open to ticket holders and several independent campsites in the Brecon area. Hotels and bed and breakfasts are also available, but high demand usually means that early booking is required.

title: Brecon Jazz Festival


text:
HMS Hibernia (1905)

HMS Hibernia was a King Edward VII-class pre-dreadnought battleship of Britain's Royal Navy. Like all ships of the class (apart from HMS King Edward VII) she was named after an important part of the British Empire, namely Ireland. The ship was built by Devonport Dockyard; she was laid down in January 1904, was launched in June 1905, and was completed in December 1906. Armed with a battery of four 12 in and four 9.2 in guns, she and her sister ships marked a significant advance in offensive power compared to earlier British battleship designs that did not carry the 9.2 in guns.

Commissioned in early 1907, Hibernia served as the flagship of the Rear Admirals of firstly the Atlantic Fleet and then the Channel Fleet. When the latter fleet was reorganised to the Home Fleet, she was based at the Nore. In 1912, Hibernia hosted trials in naval aviation with the temporary addition of a runway to her foredeck, and the first launch of an aircraft from a vessel underway was achieved from her in early May. Later in 1912, after her experiment with aviation was completed, she and her sister ships formed the 3rd Battle Squadron. That year, the squadron went to the Mediterranean Sea during the First Balkan War as part of an international blockade of Montenegro. In 1913, the ship returned to British waters.

The squadron was assigned to the Grand Fleet at the beginning of the First World War, and served on the Northern Patrol. Through 1914 and 1915, the ships frequently went to sea to search for German vessels, but Hibernia saw no action during this period. By the end of the year, the Grand Fleet stopped operating with the older 3rd Battle Squadron ships, and in December 1915, Hibernia was transferred to the Gallipoli Campaign and provided cover for the evacuation from the Gallipoli Peninsula. On returning to the United Kingdom she was again attached to the Grand Fleet before being transferred to Nore Command in May 1916, finishing the war as an accommodation ship. She was decommissioned in 1919 and scrapped in 1922.

Design

Following the development of pre-dreadnought type battleships carrying heavy secondary guns of 8 in diameter in the Italian Regia Marina and the United States Navy, the Royal Navy decided to build similar ships. Initial proposals called for a battleship equipped with eight 7.5 in guns to support the main battery, though under the direction of William Henry White, the Director of Naval Construction, these were replaced with four 9.2 in guns. The new ships, though based on the general Majestic-class battleship type that had formed the basis of the preceding four battleship designs, marked the first significant change in the series. Like all late pre-dreadnoughts that entered service in the mid-1900s, Hibernia was made almost instantaneously obsolescent by the commissioning of the all-big-gun HMS Dreadnought (1906) in December 1906, armed with a battery of ten heavy guns compared to the typical four of most pre-dreadnoughts.

Hibernia was 453 ft long overall, with a beam of 75 ft and a draft of 25 ft. The King Edward VII-class battleships displaced 15585 to 15885 LT normally and up to 17009 to 17290 LT fully loaded. Her crew numbered 777 officers and ratings. The King Edward VII-class ships were powered by a pair of 4-cylinder triple-expansion engines that drove two screws, with steam provided by sixteen water-tube boilers. The boilers were trunked into two funnels located amidships. The King Edward VII-class ships had a top speed of 18.5 kn from 18000 ihp.

Hibernia had a main battery of four 12 in 40-calibre guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft. These were supported by a heavy secondary battery of four 9.2 in guns in four single turrets, two on each broadside. The ships also mounted ten 6-inch 50 calibre guns mounted in casemates, in addition to fourteen 12-pounder 3 in guns and fourteen 3-pounder 47 mm guns for defence against torpedo boats. As was customary for battleships of the period, she was also equipped with five 18 in torpedo tubes submerged in the hull; two were on each broadside, with the fifth in the stern.

Hibernia had an armoured belt that was 9 in thick; the transverse bulkheads on the aft end of the belt was 8 to 12 in thick. The sides of her main battery turrets were also 8 to 12 in thick, atop 12 in barbettes, and the 9.2 turrets had 5 to 9 in sides. The casemate battery was protected with 7 in of armour plate. Her conning tower had 12-inch-thick sides. She was fitted with two armoured decks, 1 and 2.5 in thick, respectively.

Early career
HMS Hibernia was laid down at Devonport Dockyard on 6 January 1904, launched on 17 June 1905, and completed in December 1906. She was the last of the eight King Edward VII-class battleships to be completed. Hibernia was commissioned on 2 January 1907 at Devonport Dockyard for service as flagship of the Rear-Admiral, Atlantic Fleet. She transferred to the Channel Fleet for service as Flagship, Rear-Admiral on 27 February 1907. During this period, William Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork, served as her executive officer. In January 1909 she became Flagship, Vice-Admiral commanding. Under a fleet reorganisation on 24 March, the Channel Fleet became the 2nd Division, Home Fleet, and Hibernia became a Home Fleet unit in that division. On 14 July 1910 she was rammed by the barque Loch Trool just after the latter had collided with the battleship Britannia, but Hibernia suffered no noteworthy damage. In January 1912, she was relieved in the Second Division by battleship Orion and was reduced to a nucleus crew in the Third Division at the Nore.

In January 1912, aviation experiments began at Sheerness aboard the battleship Africa, during which the first British launch of an aeroplane – the Short Improved S.27 biplane "S.38" (or "RNAS No. 2") flown by Commander Charles Samson – from a ship took place. Africa transferred her flying-off equipment, including a runway constructed over her foredeck above her forward 12-inch turret and stretching from her bridge to her bows, to Hibernia in May, and Hibernia hosted further experiments. Among these was the first launch of an aeroplane from a warship underway; Commander Samson, again flying "S.38," became the first man to do so. Sources differ on whether the date of the flight was 2 May, 4 May, or 9 May.

Samson took off from Hibernia while the ship steamed at 10.5 kn at the Royal Fleet Review in Weymouth Bay, England. During the fleet review, King George V witnessed a number of flights at Portland over a period of four days. Hibernia then transferred her aviation equipment to battleship HMS London (1899). Based on the experiments, the Royal Navy concluded that aircraft were useful aboard ship for spotting and other purposes, but that interference with the firing of guns caused by the runway built over the foredeck and the danger and impracticality of recovering seaplanes that alighted in the water in anything but calm weather more than offset the desirability of having aeroplanes aboard. However, shipboard naval aviation had begun in the Royal Navy, and would become a major part of fleet operations by 1917.

Under a fleet reorganisation in May, Hibernia and all seven of her sisters (Africa, Britannia, Commonwealth, Dominion, Hindustan, King Edward VII, and Zealandia) were assigned to form the 3rd Battle Squadron, which was part of the First Fleet, Home Fleet. Hibernia returned to full commission on 14 May for service as Second Flagship, Rear-Admiral, of the squadron. The squadron was detached to the Mediterranean in November because of the First Balkan War (October 1912 – May 1913); it arrived at Malta on 27 November and subsequently participated in a blockade by an international force of Montenegro and in an occupation of Scutari. The squadron returned to the United Kingdom in 1913 and rejoined the Home Fleet on 27 June.

With the Grand Fleet

Upon the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the 3rd Battle Squadron, at the time under the command of Vice Admiral Edward Bradford, was assigned to the Grand Fleet and based at Rosyth, where it was reinforced with the five Duncan-class battleships, It was used to supplement the Grand Fleet's cruisers on the Northern Patrol, and Hibernia continued her service as Second Flagship of the squadron. On 6 August, the day after Britain declared war on Germany, elements of the Grand Fleet sortied to inspect the coast of Norway in search of a German naval base violating Norwegian neutrality. Hibernia and the rest of the 3rd Battle Squadron provided distant support to the operation. No such base was found, and the ships returned to port the next day. On 14 August, the ships of the Grand Fleet went to sea for battle practice before conducting a sweep into the North Sea later that day and into 15 August. During sweeps by the fleet, she and her sisters often steamed at the heads of divisions of the far more valuable dreadnoughts, where they could protect the dreadnoughts by watching for mines or by being the first to strike them. On 2 November 1914, the squadron was detached to reinforce the Channel Fleet and was rebased at Portland. It returned to the Grand Fleet on 13 November 1914.

On 14 December, the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, 2nd Battle Squadron, and accompanying cruisers and destroyers left port to intercept the German forces preparing to raid Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. On the first reports of contact with German units on the morning of 16 December, the Grand Fleet commander, Admiral John Jellicoe, ordered Bradford to take the 3rd Battle Squadron to support the ships in contact at 10:00. Four hours later, they met the 1st and 4th Battle Squadrons, en route from Scapa Flow, though they failed to reach the German High Seas Fleet before the latter withdrew. The Grand Fleet remained at sea until late on 17 December, at which point the 3rd Battle Squadron was ordered back to Rosyth. Hibernia and the rest of the squadron joined the Grand Fleet for another sweep into the North Sea on 25 December. The fleet returned to its ports two days later, having failed to locate any German vessels.

The 3rd Battle Squadron went to sea on 12 January 1915 for gunnery training, steaming north and passing to the west of Orkney on the night of 13–14 January. After completing training on the 14th, they returned to Rosyth on 15 January. On 23 January, the 1st and 2nd Battlecruiser Squadrons sortied to ambush the German I Scouting Group in what resulted in the Battle of Dogger Bank the following day. Later on the 23rd, the rest of the Grand Fleet, including Hibernia, sortied to support the battlecruisers. The 3rd Squadron ships left first and steamed at full speed to reach ships of the Harwich Force, which had reported contact with German vessels. The battlecruisers intervened first, and Hibernia and her sisters arrived around 14:00, by which time the battlecruisers had sunk the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher and the surviving German ships had fled. The 3rd Battle Squadron patrolled the area with the rest of the Grand Fleet over the night before being detached at 08:00 on 25 January to steam to Rosyth.

Elements of the Grand Fleet went to sea repeatedly over the next few months. The 3rd Battle Squadron patrolled the central North Sea in company with the 3rd Cruiser Squadron from 10 to 13 March. The two units again went to sea to sweep the central North Sea from 5 to 8 April. A major fleet operation followed on 11 April, with the entire Grand Fleet sortieing for a sweep of the North Sea on 12 and 13 April. The squadrons returned to their ports on 14 April to replenish their fuel. Another such operation followed on 17 April, which also failed to find any German ships. The 3rd Battle Squadron returned to Rosyth late on 18 April. The fleet sortied again on 21 April, returning to port two days later. The 3rd Battle Squadron, joined by the 3rd Cruiser Squadron, patrolled the northern North Sea from 5 to 10 May, during which a German U-boat attacked the battleships but failed to score a hit.

Another sweep into the North Sea took place on 17–19 May, and no German forces were encountered. The fleet went to sea again on 29 May for a patrol south to the Dogger Bank before returning to port on 31 May, again without having located any German vessels. The Grand Fleet spent much of June in port conducting training, but the most modern units went to sea on 11 June for gunnery practice to the northwest of Shetland. While they were training, Hibernia and the rest of the 3rd Battle Squadron, along with the 3rd Cruiser Squadron, patrolled the central North Sea. Fleet activities were limited in July, owing to a threatened strike by coal miners, which began on 18 July and threatened the supply of coal for the fleet's ships. The strike continued into August, which led Jellicoe to continue to limit fleet activities to preserve his stocks of coal. The fleet saw little activity in September, and during this period, the Grand Fleet began to go to sea without the older ships of the 3rd Battle Squadron.

Later operations
In November 1915, a division of the 3rd Battle Squadron consisting of Hibernia (which served as flagship of the division commander, Rear-Admiral Sydney Fremantle) and the battleships Zealandia, Russell, and Albemarle was detached for service in the Dardanelles Campaign. The ships departed Scapa Flow on 6 November 1915; Albemarle suffered heavy damage in a storm on the first night of the voyage and had to return for repairs, assisted by Hibernia and accompanied by Zealandia. Hibernia, Zealandia, and Russell then pressed on and arrived at the Dardanelles on 14 December 1915. Hibernia served as stand-by battleship at Kephalo and covered the evacuation of V and W Beaches at Cape Helles on 8 and 9 January 1916. Among those serving aboard her during this time was Augustus Agar, later V.C. and to become famous for exploits against the Bolsheviks and as captain of the heavy cruiser Dorsetshire in the Second World War. Later in January, Hibernia was stationed at Milo in case she was needed to cover an evacuation of the French force at Salonika.

Before the end of January, Russell relieved her as divisional flagship, and Hibernia returned to the United Kingdom, being reassigned to the Grand Fleet upon arrival at Devonport Dockyard on 5 February 1916. She underwent a refit there in February and March 1916 before rejoining the Grand Fleet. On 29 April 1916, the 3rd Battle Squadron was rebased at Sheerness, and on 3 May 1916 it was separated from the Grand Fleet, being transferred to the Nore Command. Hibernia remained there with the squadron until October 1917. In 1917 Hibernia's ten 6-inch guns were removed from their casemates because they were flooded in heavy seas and replaced with four 6-inch (152-mm) guns on the higher shelter deck. Six of the removed guns were transferred to the monitor HMS Marshal Ney. In October 1917, Hibernia left the 3rd Battle Squadron and paid off into the Nore Reserve at Chatham Dockyard, where she served as an overflow accommodation ship.

In September 1918, the Commander-in-Chief, Grand Fleet, Admiral David Beatty, called for a large target to be provided which would allow the battleships of the Grand Fleet, which had seen little action since the Battle of Jutland in 1916, realistic gunnery practice. To meet this requirement, it was suggested that Hibernia be converted to radio control and undergo other modifications so that she could assume duty as a target ship, but ultimately the pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Agamemnon became available and was selected instead. In July 1919, Hibernia was placed on the disposal list at Chatham, and on 8 November 1921 she was sold for scrapping to Stanlee Shipbreaking Company of Dover. She was resold to Slough Trading Company in 1922, resold yet again to German scrappers, and towed to Germany to be broken up in November 1922.

title: HMS Hibernia (1905)


text:
Washington Week

Washington Week with The Atlantic (originally Washington Week in Review from 1967 to 2005 and Washington Week from 2005 to August 2023) is an American public affairs television program, which has aired on PBS and its predecessor, National Educational Television, since 1967. Unlike other panel discussion shows which encourage informal (sometimes vociferous) debates as a means of presentation, Washington Week consistently follows a path of civility and moderation. Its format is that of a roundtable featuring the show's moderator and two to four Washington-based journalists. The program is produced by WETA-TV in Washington, D.C.

History
Washington Week in Review was first broadcast on February 23, 1967, on National Educational Television and was picked up by PBS in 1970. Since its first episode in 1967, the program's announcer has been Paul Anthony.

In 1999, Dalton Delan fired Ken Bode

Gwen Ifill was the host from then until her death on November 14, 2016. A successor was not announced immediately. It was Ifill who shortened the name of the program when she took over, as a sign that "the show would spend more time looking forward." On April 20, 2017, WETA announced that Robert Costa of The Washington Post would become the next moderator of Washington Week.

On January 8, 2010, Washington Week began broadcasting in high definition, with broadcasts presented in letterboxed and pillarboxed format for viewers with standard-definition television sets watching either through cable or satellite television. The program also introduced a new set and upconverted its existing graphics package to HD.

On July 13, 2018, the program underwent its first major change in presentation in years, adopting a new graphics package and a reorchestrated version of its theme music (with a new set, and music by Stephen Arnold).

In January 2021, Costa left the program to devote his time to co-authoring an upcoming book with veteran journalist Bob Woodward; guest moderators were used in Costa's place.

In May 2021, Yamiche Alcindor, at the time the White House correspondent for PBS NewsHour, became the ninth moderator of Washington Week. Alcindor had previously been a regular Washington Week panelist. In December 2021, WETA subsidiary NewsHour Productions began producing Washington Week. In February 2023, Alcindor announced that she would step down to focus full-time on her job at NBC and writing her memoirs, saying that her final date as moderator would be February 24. After Alcindor's departure, various other journalists served as guest moderator until August 2023.

On August 2, 2023, it was announced that Jeffrey Goldberg, who has served as editor-in-chief of The Atlantic since 2016, had been named as the program’s tenth moderator, and that the politics and culture publication would also enter into an editorial partnership with the television program – which was retitled accordingly as Washington Week with The Atlantic – similar to the earlier collaboration with the National Journal. The first episode under the longer title, and with Goldberg as moderator, was the one broadcast on August 11, 2023.

National Journal
In 2006, Washington Week made an agreement with National Journal which ensured that at least one National Journal reporter would be on the show. This agreement is no longer in effect.

Format
Since moving to PBS, Washington Week has used a panel discussion format moderated by a host. Panelists come from various national media organizations.

Distribution
Washington Week is on PBS's national primetime lineup. Because of the subscriber nature of PBS, local presentation of Washington Week is scheduled by individual stations, and air times vary by market. The most common airing pattern is the show leading off primetime on Friday evenings with weekend afternoon encores on most PBS member stations, and several airings per week on the affiliated network, World Channel.

Moderators

 * 1967–1968: John Davenport
 * 1968–1969: Lincoln Furber
 * 1969–1971: Max Kampelman
 * 1971–1974: Robert MacNeil
 * 1974–1994: Paul Duke
 * 1994–1999: Ken Bode
 * 1999–2016: Gwen Ifill
 * 2016–2017: Amy Walter (main interim moderator)
 * 2017–2021: Robert Costa
 * 2021–2023: Yamiche Alcindor
 * since 2023: Jeffrey Goldberg

Regular panelists

 * Peter Baker
 * Molly Ball
 * Dan Balz
 * Jeffrey Birnbaum
 * Gloria Borger
 * Michael Crowley (journalist)
 * Jeanne Cummings
 * Lisa Desjardins
 * John Dickerson
 * Major Garrett
 * Georgie Anne Geyer
 * John Harwood
 * Carl Hulse
 * Haynes Johnson
 * Katty Kay
 * Indira A.R. Lakshmanan
 * Mark Landler
 * Mara Liasson
 * Peter Lisagor
 * Neil MacNeil
 * Charley McDowell
 * Jonathan Martin
 * Doyle McManus
 * Amna Nawaz
 * Jack Nelson
 * Susan Page
 * Martha Raddatz
 * Philip Rucker
 * Stephanie Ruhle
 * Vivian Salama
 * David Sanger
 * Jake Sherman
 * Alexis Simendinger
 * Hedrick Smith
 * Kayla Tausche
 * Karen Tumulty
 * Amy Walter
 * Pete Williams
 * Nancy Youssef
 * Janine Zacharia

Reception
Washington Week has received generally positive reviews from television critics. Barry Garron of Current wrote, "Favor[s] balance over frivolity." Angelina Chapin of The Cut wrote, "[Alcindor's] job requires staying on top of a constantly evolving, 24/7 news cycle and then making those stories digestible for viewers."

title: Washington Week