text:
Kenneth Rogoff

Kenneth Saul Rogoff (born March 22, 1953) is an American economist and chess Grandmaster.

He is the Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Public Policy and professor of economics at Harvard University. During the Great Recession, Rogoff was an influential proponent of austerity.

Early life
Rogoff grew up in Rochester, New York. His father was a professor of radiology at the University of Rochester.

Rogoff received a BA and MA from Yale University summa cum laude in 1975, and a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980.

Chess
At sixteen Rogoff dropped out of high school to concentrate on chess. At that time he met Bobby Fischer, who was impressed by Rogoff's "self-assured style and his knowing exactly what he wanted over the chessboard". He won the United States Junior Championship in 1969 and spent the next several years living primarily in Europe and playing in tournaments there. However, at eighteen he made the decision to go to college and pursue a career in economics rather than to become a professional player, although he continued to play and improve for several years afterward. Rogoff was awarded the IM title in 1974, and the GM title in 1978. He was 3rd in the World Junior Championship of 1971 and finished 2nd in the US Championship of 1975, which doubled as a Zonal competition, a half point behind Walter Browne; this result qualified him for the 1976 Interzonal at Biel where he finished 13–15th. In other tournaments, he drew for first at Norristown in 1973 and at Orense in 1976. He has also drawn individual games against former world champions Mikhail Tal and Tigran V. Petrosian. In 2012 he drew a blitz game with the world's highest rated player Magnus Carlsen.

Career
Early in his career, Rogoff served as an economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

Rogoff was the Charles and Marie Robertson Professor of International Affairs at Princeton University.

In 2002, Rogoff was in the spotlight because of a dispute with Joseph Stiglitz, former chief economist of the World Bank and 2001 Nobel Prize winner. After Stiglitz criticized the IMF in his book, Globalization and Its Discontents, Rogoff replied in an open letter. He is also a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 2002.

2008 near-meltdown
Fellow economist Alan Blinder credits both Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart with describing highly relevant aspects of the 2008 financial institution near-meltdown and resulting serious recession.

In a normal recession such as 1991 or 2000, the Keynesian tools of tax cuts and infrastructure spending (fiscal stimulus), as well as lowered interest rates (monetary stimulus), will usually right the economic ship in a matter of months and lead to recovery and economic expansion. Even the serious recession of 1982, which Blinder states "was called the Great Recession in its day," fits comfortably within this category of a normal recession which will respond to the standard tools.

By contrast, the 2008 near-meltdown destroyed parts of the financial system and left other parts reeling and in serious need of de-leveraging. Large amounts of governmental debt, household debt, corporate debt, and financial institution debt were left in its wake. And because of this debt, the normal tools of tax cuts and increased infrastructure spending were somewhat less available and/or politically difficult to achieve. (Fiscal policy at times even ended up becoming pro-cyclical, which it was in some European countries under austerity policies.) In the United States, economist Paul Krugman argued that even the combination of the Oct. 2008 bailout plus the Feb. 2009 bailout was not big enough, although Blinder states that they were large compared to previous bailouts. And, since interest rates were already near zero, the standard monetary tool of lowering rates was not going to provide much help.

Recovery from what Blinder terms a Reinhart-Rogoff recession may require debt forgiveness, either directly, or implicitly through encouraging somewhat higher than normal rates of inflation. "Not your father’s recovery policies," writes Blinder.

During the 2010 United Kingdom general election, Rogoff contributed to an open letter to The Sunday Times endorsing the Conservative Party and Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne's demands for greater austerity during the European debt crisis.

Criticism and controversy
In April 2013, Rogoff was at the center of worldwide attention with Carmen Reinhart (coauthor of the book This Time is Different) when their widely cited study "Growth in a Time of Debt" was shown to contain computation errors which critics claim undermine its central thesis that too much debt causes low growth. An analysis by Thomas Herndon, Michael Ash and Robert Pollin argued that "coding errors, selective exclusion of available data, and unconventional weighting of summary statistics led to serious errors that inaccurately represent the relationship between public debt and GDP growth among 20 advanced economies in the post-war period." Their calculations demonstrated that some high debt countries grew at 2.2 percent, rather than the $-0.1$ percent figure initially cited by Reinhart and Rogoff. Rogoff and Reinhart claimed that their fundamental conclusions were accurate after correcting the coding errors detected by their critics. They disavowed their claim that a 90% government debt-to-GDP ratio is a specific tipping point for growth outcomes. The subject remains controversial, because of the political ramifications of the research, though in Rogoff and Reinhart's words "[t]he politically charged discussion ... has falsely equated our finding of a negative association between debt and growth with an unambiguous call for austerity."

Memberships

 * 2004: Council on Foreign Relations
 * Economic Advisory Panel of the Federal Reserve.
 * National Academy of Sciences
 * American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 2008: Group of Thirty.

Publications
His book This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, which he co-authored with Carmen Reinhart, was released in October 2009.

In The Curse of Cash, published in 2016, he urged that the United States phase out the 100-dollar bill, then the 50-dollar bill, then the 20-dollar bill, leaving only smaller denominations in circulation.

title: Kenneth Rogoff


text:
Talk:Wilhelm von Humboldt

Untitled
A recent edit inserted "European" in the statement "Humboldt is credited with being the first European linguist to identify human language as a rule-governed system." Just the first European linguist? Who is the non-European who beat him to it? --Wetman 23:39, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pāṇini. --Angr/undefined 4 July 2005 15:49 (UTC)
 * Oh. Then every grammarian in Antiquity and the Middle Ages identified human language as a rule-governed system, and the statement is rendered vacuous. Can someone determine what is Humboldt's advance over Pāṇini et al and edit in in? Let us make an assessment that has some content. --Wetman 4 July 2005 20:31 (UTC)

AFAIK European linguists up to Humboldt's time hadn't heard of Pāṇini, so no, they didn't identify human language as a rule-governed system. As I understand it, Humboldt came up with the idea on his own, and only later did European linguists figure out that Pāṇini had beaten him to it by a couple of millennia. --Angr/undefined 4 July 2005 22:09 (UTC)

The title Freiherr
Actually Alexander (and Wilhelm) von Humboldt did not carry the title Freiherr. They used this name for themselves but the family got the title from the emperor Wilhelm I. not before 1875. Before 1806 the title had to come from the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and there is no record of this. It is also not reasonable that a Habsburgian emperor (at that time) may have given the title to a Prussian. Christian Jaeh (talk) 18:51, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Data mining
The German version of this article is rather more advanced... --- Charles Stewart 18:44, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Translations of the relevant parts of it, edited into this article, would make a great improvement. --Wetman 22:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Chomsky?
"This idea is one of the foundations of Noam Chomsky's theory of language." I find it difficult to understand why Humboldt should be valued by the fact that Chomsky reffered to his ideas. This implies that Chomsky has a much more important role in linguistics than he really does. His paradigm has been surpassed; by Integralism, for example.

The point is that Humboldt's impact on linguistics should not be assessed via Chomsky. It should either be objective, or, if refferences must be made, they should be to all paradigms Humboldt influenced.

 * I don't agree that Chomsky's paradigm has been "surpassed", since there is still plenty of research going on within a Chomskian framework. (In fact, there is probably far more Chomskian research than there is Integralist research. That small quantity of work within Integrationism which is available on the internet seems to consist mainly of long diatribes against everything that isn't Integrationism, attempts to show that every other approach is some variant of Sassurianism, and vague programmatic rhetoric which makes no contribution to our understanding of anything within linguistics -- sorry, just had to vent). Anyway, I agreee that we shouldn't assess Humboldt's ideas in terms of Chomsky's theories, but I don't think the article is doing that. Chomsky is partly responsible for the fact that Humboldt is still well known, and a sentence or two mentioning that Chomsky was influenced by Humboldt doesn't seem out of place to me. Cadr 12:25, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I also agree that the Chomsky reference is just fine. It is important to understand the way in which the work of a particular intellectual lives on, for better or worse, in the work and lives of other scholars, living or dead.  In fact, another reference to Chomsky on this page wouldn't bother me, namely that Humboldt's theories of classical liberalism are also cited by Chomsky as a deep influence.  Chomsky uses numerous passages from Humboldt's writings to argue and justify his own political worldview.  Looks like good ol' Willie has at least one  fan.72.78.175.68 (talk) 03:41, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Wheres Humboldts works?
I couldnt find almost anything from Humboldt himself on the web. I´ve searched google and archive.org. Anyone could help me?

Nationality
Why does it say German, when every other person who has a article born in this age from the provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia says Prussian. There were no German nationality back then. He was a Prussian diplomat and even a Prussian minister, but not German. comment added by Wis (talk • contribs) 09:57, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Prussians were mostly German...112.198.78.94 (talk) 10:41, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Auerbach on bad categorization
See the note above in the "mentioned by a media organization" template. Thought I might leave this note here as well. I'm not familiar with the subject, so I won't endeavor to resolve the issue. Leonxlin (talk) 03:56, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

Friend of Danilo Stojanovic
The phrase 'Friend of Danilo Stojanovic' appears to be an orphan phrase, disconnected from the preceding text and from the subsequent text. And our article on Danilo Stojanovic seems to be unrelated to Wilhelm von Humboldt. Should the phrase be removed? IjonTichyIjonTichy (talk) 19:04, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Improvement of the Article - The Divide between the Universities and the Political System
I think the article can be improved on the important topic of "The Divide between the Universities and the Political System" that has numerous significant implications. Given his work The Sphere and Duties of Government (The Limits of State Action) (1854 ed.) [1792] and the SEP of Stanford, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-humboldt/#HumAppAntPolAes, second paragraph. Cheers! 109.189.211.11 (talk) 08:05, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The exact text can be no other than this, from its Chapter VIII, "Amelioration of Morals", "If now, in addition to this, we bring forward the principles before unfolded, which disapprove of all State agency directed to positive aims, and which apply here with especial force, since it is precisely the moral man who feels every restriction most deeply; reflecting, further, that if there is one aspect of development more than any other which owes its highest beauty to freedom, this is precisely the culture of character and morals; then the justice of the following principle will be sufficiently manifest, viz. that the State must wholly refrain from every attempt to operate directly or indirectly on the morals and character of the nation, otherwise than as such a policy may become inevitable as a natural consequence of its other absolutely necessary measures; and that everything calculated to promote such a design, and particularly all special supervision of education, religion, sumptuary laws, etc., lies wholly outside the limits of its legitimate activity." and that this constitutes the very divide we live with today that separates State and the Universities, necessarily, today. Hurray for history, celebrations for W. v. Humboldt more! 109.189.211.11 (talk) 04:49, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The exact text can be no other than this, from its Chapter VIII, "Amelioration of Morals", "If now, in addition to this, we bring forward the principles before unfolded, which disapprove of all State agency directed to positive aims, and which apply here with especial force, since it is precisely the moral man who feels every restriction most deeply; reflecting, further, that if there is one aspect of development more than any other which owes its highest beauty to freedom, this is precisely the culture of character and morals; then the justice of the following principle will be sufficiently manifest, viz. that the State must wholly refrain from every attempt to operate directly or indirectly on the morals and character of the nation, otherwise than as such a policy may become inevitable as a natural consequence of its other absolutely necessary measures; and that everything calculated to promote such a design, and particularly all special supervision of education, religion, sumptuary laws, etc., lies wholly outside the limits of its legitimate activity." and that this constitutes the very divide we live with today that separates State and the Universities, necessarily, today. Hurray for history, celebrations for W. v. Humboldt more! 109.189.211.11 (talk) 04:49, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

Critique in last paragraph of Minister of Education section doesn't belong
The paragraph beginning "In the original text from which this section has been lifted without attribution..." explaining the reference system used in this section is hardly appropriate to the section. A hyperlink in each reference to the original in the References should be sufficient, or a note in the references at the bottom of the page is more appropriate, removing the author's irritable "from which this section has been lifted without attribution." Very well, thanks for adding attribution. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bluespapa (talk • contribs) 02:02, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

Underhill
There are two paragraphs lionizing someone called "Underhill" as a scholar carrying on Von Humbolt's work. Whenever I see two paragraphs about a scholar I don't know in a Wikipedia article about another scholar or topic, I begin to suspect that the scholar or his students have been editing. Someone might want to look into that. 126.27.11.108 (talk) 23:50, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

How did he gain his knowledge of Kawi?
There seems to be no Western grammars of this language even today. So how did he do it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.26.246.149 (talk) 18:18, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

Translation of Bildung
It is incorrect to translate Bildung with education, the special meaning of this concept gets lost in the translation. The concept of Bildung has a long philosophical history and is opposed to the concept of Erziehung (which is a direct translation of education). At least the fragment "Theorie der Bildung des Menschen," should therefore be translated like the actual translation as "Theory of Bildung" (http://blogs.ubc.ca/nfriesen/files/2015/01/Humboldt-on-Bildung.pdf)

here the Translator's Note: "ln preparing for the present translation, two main problems were identified for which no comfortable solution could be found. These were the term Bildung itself and the question of inclusive language. As noted several times in this volume, although the word Bildung is conventionally translated as "education," this is not an adequate translation; it does not cover the connotations the word has in German. As in the rest of this volume, we have chosen to leave the term in German in order to avoid inappropriate connotations. (...)"

You can translate Bildungssystem with educational system but especially in the context of Humboldt or philosophical theory the translation is incorrect and the German word should be used. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:5B9:B5E0:BD9E:9639:720F:6680 (talk) 15:38, 17 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Wilhelm von Humboldt. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050406010258/http://www.acton.org/publicat/randl/liberal.php?id=12 to http://www.acton.org/publicat/randl/liberal.php?id=12

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:55, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Election Year for American Antiquarian Society
The current text states "elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820", yet the reference states he was elected on 10/23/1816. I propose updating the text to 1816 unless there is an overriding reason for using 1820. - DutchTreat (talk) 11:18, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

HTML Cleanup Needed?
I suggest that we remove cleanup HTML from Feb 2019. I don't see any <cite> tags in use by the current version of the article. - DutchTreat (talk) 11:27, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

Brother, Alexander von Humboldt
In the Biography section. I propose adding Alexander von Humboldt (1769 – 1859) as Wilhelm's brother. - DutchTreat (talk) 11:23, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Wilhelm von Humboldt


text:
Tickle Me

Tickle Me is a 1965 American musical comedy western film directed by Norman Taurog and starring Elvis Presley as a champion rodeo bull rider and bronco buster.

Presley won a 1966 Golden Laurel Award as best male actor in a musical film for his role. It is the only Presley film released by Allied Artists Pictures, and it saved the studio from financial collapse and bankruptcy. The film made $5 million at the box office.

For the first and only time in a Presley film, the soundtrack had no new material, utilizing album cuts dating back as early as 1960. Some of these tracks were overdubbed for the film. In one case, a different take was used ("I Feel That I've Known You Forever", featuring what appears to be a vocal done on the soundstage). In another case, a song was presented without the harmony vocal and narration of the original release ("I'm Yours"). The cost-cutting experiment of recycling older recordings would not be repeated by Presley. However, another song from its recycled soundtrack, "(Such an) Easy Question", peaked at #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart in July 1965.

Julie Adams and Jocelyn Lane co-star with Presley. The screenplay was written by Elwood Ullman and Edward Bernds, who had written The Three Stooges film shorts and theatrical films as well as scripts for The Bowery Boys. They brought to the film a sizable quota of slapstick, sight gags and general silliness not found in any other Presley vehicle.

Plot
Lonnie Beale, an out-of-work rodeo star with a heart of gold, is trying to make ends meet until the season starts up again. He comes to the fictional Western town of Zuni Wells because a friend said that Lonnie could get a job on a ranch, but the friend cannot be found.

Having no other option, Lonnie begins singing in a local club, but he gets fired after a fight with one of the customers. Vera Radford sees his performance and offers him a job taking care of the horses at a ranch that she runs called the Circle-Z. However, the ranch is not what Lonnie had expected; it is a fitness salon referred to as Yogurt Gulch where actresses and models go to lose weight and get in shape.

After upsetting the staff a few times by disrupting activities with his singing, Lonnie follows Pam Meritt to the nearby ghost town of Silverado, where he learns that one of her relatives has hidden a treasure. They share a comical vision of what the town must have been like when it was still populated.

There is a brief interlude parodying Western films in which Lonnie becomes the Panhandle Kid, a milk-drinking cowboy, with Pam and ranch hand Stanley in costume as characters in the saloon.

Back at the ranch, people try to abduct Pam to find the location of the treasure, and they want a letter that Pam possesses. Lonnie defends Pam, and they begin a relationship, but matters are complicated when Vera throws herself at Lonnie and Pam walks in on them.

When rodeo season starts, Lonnie goes on the circuit. But because things were left unresolved with Pam, he is unable to do his job well. Every time he tries to call, she hangs up on him, and when he writes to her, she sends his letters back marked "Return to Sender" (an homage to a 1962 Presley hit). Eventually, Stanley finds Lonnie on the circuit and talks him into confronting Pam.

When the two reach the Circle-Z, Pam is on her way to Silverado, so they follow her. A fierce storm begins, so the trio spends the night in a hotel that seems to be haunted, as strange things happen to Pam and Stanley whenever Lonnie is not around. Eventually it is revealed that the ghosts and goblins in the hotel are actually masked men trying to capture Pam's treasure.

The men are unmasked, and the hiding place of the treasure is discovered. Lonnie and Pam get married, with a big reception at the Circle-Z. Stanley gets tangled up in the decorations behind their car. Lonnie sings to Pam as they drive off toward their honeymoon, dragging Stanley in a metal tub behind them.

Production
By mid-1964, Allied Artists was a studio in financial trouble. Presley's management knew that Allied head Steve Broidy hoped that the profits from a new Presley vehicle would keep the studio solvent. On the suggestion of Colonel Parker, instead of recording a new soundtrack, previously issued LP tracks were used instead to save costs; this had not been done on any of Presley's earlier films.

The film was originally called Isle of Paradise. It was written by Edward Bernds and Elwood Ullman, who had written for The Three Stooges and the Bowery Boys.

Presley was paid $600,000 plus $150,000 in expenses and was allocated 50% of the profits. The below-the-line costs were estimated at $399,750; it went $6,650 over budget and finished at $406,400. This made Tickle Me the cheapest of Presley's films to date.

Although produced by Allied Artists, the film was actually made at Paramount Pictures Studios, which Allied hired for the duration of the shoot. It was shot over 23 days in October–November 1964, plus two days of second-unit photography.

Reception
Howard Thompson of The New York Times called the film "the silliest, feeblest and dullest vehicle for the Memphis Wonder in a long time. And both Elvis and his sponsors, the time Allied Artists, should know better." Variety noted that the screenplay was "wispy thin" but allowed Presley to "rock over nine numbers from past albums to good effect." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film had "lousy color, cheap sets, hunks of stock footage, painted scenery and unconvincing process work. But who's to quibble when the movie is so much fun?" The Monthly Film Bulletin called it an "Exceptionally routine Presley vehicle" with "uninspired songs."

The film was popular at the box office, making over $3 million in the US and $5 million worldwide. It became the third highest-grossing film in the history of Allied Artists and saved the studio from bankruptcy.

Awards
Presley won a 1966 Golden Laurel Award for best male performance in a musical film. This was the only acting award that he received during his film career.

Home media
The film was first released in the VHS format in the early 1980s in a limited version from Allied Artists Home Video. The film was released on videocassette by Key Video in February 1985 as part of the release of 11 videos to mark the 50th anniversary of Presley's birth. It was issued again by CBS/Fox Video in 1987 and 1992, and by Warner Home Video in 1997. In 2007, Tickle Me was released for the first time on DVD, in widescreen letterbox format.

title: Tickle Me


text:
Talk:Siren Song of the Counter Culture

Untitled
This article looks like it was written by someone reviewing it, not talkinga bout it.

I don't really see any opinions stated, so I disagree.

Hmm I think I remember writing some of this and it was when I was a wikipedia rookie. So yeah I'll fix some of the POV, review-sounding stuff. - Razorhead August 16th 2006 3:29 AM PST

"Project"
Recently, this showed up "Surprisingly on some rare copies of this album a bonus hidden track listed as "Project" on certain computer music players has appeared.It seems to be a early demo version of "Survive". A few of the lyrics are different and it has a different pace to it, but overall the same idea and basicness of "Survive"." Can anyone confirm this?

I found nothing on it, and the same IP had added stuff to other albums which seemed equally as baseless and incorrect, so I'm pretty confident that it's completely false. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emitime (talk • contribs) 01:01, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Heatseekers Chart
on billboard.com's artist chart history for rise against it says the album hit #1 on the heetseekes chart and not #3.

just thought id fix that :)

Genre
The genre of the siren song album is not hardcore punk it is Melodic hardcore then hardcore punk so please don't take it out (some songs like blood to bleed, swing life away and anywhere but here are less than hardcore, and songs like Give it all start heavy but then mellow out)

Melodic hardcore is melodic vocals with occasional screaming, Dancing for rain, The first drop, Paper wings and Tip the scales all fit the roles very well.

There's no way this album can be just hardcore with songs like swing life away, blood to bleed and many others, its definately both but a lot more melodic hardcore.

OH no! this record is not hardcore punk!! because there is one ballad(Swing life away) on this record! boy! the most songs are hardcore Melodic Horror

EMO??
THey are not emO!! Silverstein is emo but not rise against —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.167.204.34 (talk) 14:48, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Cinnamon Rolls
Apparently one of the band members eats cinnamon rolls —Preceding unsigned comment added by Domie18 (talk • contribs) 08:17, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Sales
Its wrong to say that the album was a huge commercial success with out confirming sales. Does anyone know what the final sales were. albums that don't reach the hot 100 top 10 could only sell a few thousand a week, hardly a huge commercial success. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.86.160.62 (talk) 15:32, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed, now where to find album sale data. RockManQ  (talk) 02:54, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Paper Wings
Paper Wings is the forth single from this album. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nicholasmajestic (talk • contribs) 03:53, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It was? I don't seem to recall that it was. RockManQ  (talk) 02:54, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Miscellaneous Section
We need to clean this one. I am going to try to move some of these into the main parts of the articles, but only the ones that have references. --66.253.145.149 (talk) 17:55, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Siren Song of the Counter Culture


text:
Category:Kannada literature

This category links biographies, works and articles related to Kannada language.

title: Category:Kannada literature


text:
User:Maayanh

me, myself and i
Hello there!!

I am a ex-wikiholic. . I do, however, have terrible spelling, and please forgive me. I'm sorry I don't cleanup my own mess

he:user:maayanh

title: User:Maayanh


text:
User:Msiddalingaiah/NFA to CFG

The following context-free_grammar describes the same language as the regular expression (a|b)*abb:

 * $$A_0 \rightarrow a A_0 \quad | \quad b A_0 \quad | \quad a A_1$$
 * $$A_1 \rightarrow b A_2$$
 * $$A_2 \rightarrow b A_3$$
 * $$A_3 \rightarrow \epsilon$$

From page 178 of Aho, Sethi, Ullman

title: User:Msiddalingaiah/NFA to CFG


text: User talk:68.196.187.85

title: User talk:68.196.187.85


text: Category:British Columbia provincial electoral districts


text:
Christopher Rich (theatre manager)

Christopher Rich (1657–1714) was a lawyer and theatrical manager in London in the late 17th and early 18th century.

Life
Originally an attorney, on 24 March 1688 Rich purchased from Alexander D'Avenant, co-patentee with Charles Killigrew, a share in the management of the Theatre Royal. D'Avenant retired, while Killigrew allowed Rich to become the active partner. The management of the Drury Lane theatre was combined with that of the subordinate house in Dorset Garden. From the first, Rich was involved in continual lawsuits and difficulties with the actors, the proprietors, and the lord chamberlain, but his legal training assisted him.

Christopher Rich managed the monopoly United Company from 1693, with such autocratic methods that the senior actors including Thomas Betterton, Elizabeth Barry, and Anne Bracegirdle rebelled.

His difficulties were at their height in 1695, when Betterton obtained a patent for a new theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and successfully opened it on 30 April with William Congreve's Love for Love. Rich would not listen to any suggestion of accommodation between the rival companies. He busied himself, according to Colley Cibber, in tinkering with alterations at Drury Lane, and prophesied failure for the other house. In 1705 Betterton transferred his company to the new theatre in the Haymarket, which had been planned by John Vanbrugh for opera during the previous year, but of which the projector had wearied. In October 1706 Vanbrugh leased the Haymarket Theatre to Rich's agent, Owen Swiney; who took with him a small detachment of actors from Drury Lane. The three London playhouses (Drury Lane, Dorset Garden, and Haymarket) were thus alike for a short while under Rich.

Rich, however, was abrasive, and one of the chief proprietors, Sir Thomas Skipwith, parted with his share to Henry Brett. Intrigue by Brett seems to have influenced Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, the Lord Chamberlain, to issue, on 31 December 1707, an edict restricting the Haymarket to opera under Swiney's directorship, and ordering Rich's actors back to Drury Lane. About the same time Swiney became completely estranged from Rich. The Haymarket and Drury Lane companies appeared together in Hamlet at Drury Lane on 15 January 1708. But the reunion satisfied no one. On 31 March 1708 Brett assigned his share in the patent to Robert Wilks, Richard Estcourt, and Cibber, and these actors planned for a secession.

Rich now meddled with benefit performances: the agreements of the actors were only verbal, and were disregarded by the patentees, who refused any actor a benefit until he or she had signed a paper signifying voluntary acceptance of the condition of paying one-third to the patentees. The actors applied to the Lord Chamberlain for redress, and the patentees were directed to satisfy their claims. The patentees demurred, and the theatre was reduced to silence (6 June 1709), no performances being allowed. Rich then published an advertisement, claiming Wilks, Betterton, Estcourt, Cibber, John Mills, and Mrs. Oldfield had received nearly £2000. Rich, with other patentees, in a petition to the queen, stated their grievances against the lord chamberlain, who refused them any redress. A second petition was sent by a few of the silenced actors, members of Drury Lane. Wilks, Thomas Dogget, Cibber, and Mrs. Oldfield did not join in the petition; they had formed an agreement to join Swiney at the Haymarket, where they opened with Othello on 15 September 1709.

Rich kept together Barton Booth and other actors; the order, however, remained in force, and William Collier, one of the proprietors of the patents, applied for and obtained a license, and ultimately succeeded in obtaining a lease of Drury Lane. Now that no performances were given, Rich was paying no rent, but he sought to retain the theatre in his hands. He stripped it of everything worth moving, except scenery. In The Tatler, on 15 July, No. 42, Richard Steele gave a mock catalogue of the contents of "the palace in Drury Lane, of Christopher Rich, Esquire, who is breaking up housekeeping." There are such things as a rainbow, a little faded; Roxana's nightgown, Othello's handkerchief, the imperial robes of Xerxes, never worn but once, a basket-hilted sword, very convenient to carry milk in, and the like. Collier obtained, on 22 November 1709, possession of the house. A humorous account of these proceedings is given in The Tatler, No. 99, 26 November 1709, in which Rich, depicted under the name of Divito, is said to "have wounded all adversaries with so much skill that men feared even to be in the right against him". Collier claimed to have the consent of a majority of the other renters for what he had done, and was joined by actors who had once worked for Rich. Finally Rich lost his hold on Drury Lane.

Rich had already acquired a lease, with the patent granted by Charles II, of the deserted theatre erected by Sir William D'Avenant in Little Lincoln's Inn Fields. On the strength of this he erected a new theatre on about the same site in Portugal Row, his architect being James Shepherd, who had also built the playhouse in Goodman's Fields. Before it was finished Rich died, 4 November 1714, leaving the building to be opened by his sons, John Rich and Christopher Mosyer Rich.

title: Christopher Rich (theatre manager)


text: User talk:84.47.90.201

title: User talk:84.47.90.201


text:
Talk:X86 virtualization

List of Processors with Nestded Virtualization support in Hardware
How about adding a list of Intel and AMD processors that do or don't support this AMD-V or V-x mode in hardware? A reference like that is important because otherwise people apparently have to search each model for the feature?

2005 topic
Maybe I don't understand the topic, but weren't there x86 virtalization products long before VMWare? VirtualPC and SoftWindows95 come to mind. Anirvan 23:46, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The article is specifically addressing the case of virtual machine monitors for carving up an x86 machine into multiple virtual x86 machines. This is not as easy a task as one might imagine, which is why some pretty nifty technology is required. Mark Williamson 18:14, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Enabled

 * Maybe someone can research the following, provide citations. I don't have time myself.

Due to pressure from Microsoft (No citations available*), Intel's VT and AMD's V technologies have been proactively disabled in many desktop/laptop bioses. This is to prevent people from easily testing out alternate operating systems at full speed. It is -not- a technology which needs Bios support.

Intel had their own software development labs which created technologies in the past, Microsoft saw as a threat, and under pressure from Microsoft, Intel closed those efforts. Meanuwhile, Intel has been promoting alternate operating systems, such as desktop Linux. Microsoft's control of Intel is not as strong as their control of the hardware marketers, like Dell, and every large PC and laptop hardware vendor.

 * the logical conclusions can be supposed from existing circumstantial evidence and past records of actions, and from comments from engineers in companies which have commented they were told to specifically disabled VT/V in the Bios for no good reason. 39xb20xc (talk) 09:35, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Eh? You don't need VT for Virtualization. You can even download a ‘’free’’ application from Microsoft that can run alternate operation systems such as Ubuntu at full speed on CPU's ‘’lacking’’ VT and AMD V. What VT does is make Virtualization easier, but neither Virtual PC nor VMWare needs it and as for “full speed”, according to benchmarks VT is actually slower than both Virtual PC and VMWare. Disabeling VT to prevent Windows from virtualizating Linux is in that light pointless, OTOH Linux may not have any free virtualizers that can run Windows without the VT or AMD V feature (I don't know).Anss123 (talk) 13:23, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know anything regarding Windows, but I've tried running Mandriva linux in another Mandriva linux box by the means of VirtualBox. It failed starting with an error message saying that I have AMD-V disabled, but it is required for running 64-bit guest. It turned out, I had an option in BIOS setup called something like «Secure virtualization» set to «Disable». --213.180.99.197 (talk) 17:25, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Merge
Perhaps this article and Virtualization Technology should be merged? They both try to discuss hardware and software virtualization on the x86 architecture. -- Bovineone 18:51, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

=>Mabye, mabye not, first they should both be cleaned up. Second, they should be seperated and cleaned so that Virtualization Technology should contain implemented hardware (with accompying software) techniques, where X86 virtualization should discuss generic techniques involved (ring 0 and the like). But I agree, at the mement they are both very similar. --220.237.182.188 10:21, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree that they should not be merged. Virtualization Technology is about a very specific hardware feature, while X86 virtualization is about virtualization on x86 processors in general. Surely the latter should link to the former, but including the former in the latter would be putting too much specific information in a general article. ThinkingInBinary 22:06, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

I think they probably should be merged, since both are quite short, and the data in Virtualization Technology is highly relevant for the future of virtualization on x86. However, if they're not, then at least the name of the Virtualization Technology article needs to be changed. It's an incredibly general name, sounding far more general than the name of the X86 virtualization article, while in fact being much more specific. It should properly be named something like AMD and Intel hardware features for virtualization (horrible name) or some such. JZ 17:52, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

How about Hardware X86 Virtualisation? RealLink 11:48, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Surely the other way round, Virtualization Technology can cover ALL types of Virtualization, where as X86 Virtualization can only cover a subsection.... --NigelJ talk 02:44, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The phrase "Virtualization Technology" in that capitalization refers specifically to the name being used by Intel and AMD for the hardware-assisted virtualization features, not something more general than that. -- Bovineone 06:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

There doesn't seem to be enough non-x86 information here to justify separate pages. Even including a little information about IBM and HP virtualization won't really do it. The pages can always be separated later when sufficient material is available. Also, the information under the Use heading on the Xen page looks like it would fit well here. Zik 16:52, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, since both articles were relatively short and overlapped in some areas content, I've just merged them. -- Bovineone 06:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Cite sources tag?
Under "Software utilizing VT," and "The following software is known to conditionally make use of virtualization technology features:" Microsoft Virtual PC has a "citation needed" tag... doesn't the link cite itself? Maybe I'm not quite getting what the list is specifically speaking of, but isn't the added html comment "since what version?" is answered by the link as well... right? Again, I might just be missing what the list is specifying. -- KyleP 00:39, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Would love to know where people think the 939 processors don't support AMD's Virtualization, I have two 939's here that are Virtualization enabled, so this is misleading. 75.71.217.152 (talk) 05:02, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

x86 virtualization is the method by which the x86 processor architecture is virtualized
Recursive definitions are uninformative, in general. Can someone come up with a definition which is actually helpful? I admit to being at a loss for one at the moment. --Scott McNay 00:54, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Virtualization describes a process by which a CPU is shared between multiple operating systems, each of which believes it has the CPU in supervisor mode. Virtualization of x86 processors from i386 and up has required "emulating" Ring 0-specific instructions in software. Ring 0 is the "supervisor" mode where protected OS functions are controlled. These supervisor functions can include shutting down the CPU and disabling/enabling interrupts. Newer x86 and x86_64 architecture chips provide instructions which offer Ring 0 work-alike functions that do not affect the overall CPU, but only the specific virtual CPU, allowing the virtualization software to delegate the trapping of Ring 0 instructions to the hardware. --Anonymous contributor 9:19, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Popek/Goldberg, x86 virtualization and the tone of the opening pp
I disagree with the spirit of the opening statement. Popek and Goldberg guidelines are, as openly stated within their paper, only general and not a list of "necessities". Virtualization on the x86 platform evolved quite nicely over the years well before the advent of AMD-V and Intel-VT. Even now, the leading virtualization technologies are only beginning to take advantage of the very early hardware support that the AMD and Intel extensions are adding. It is not until the next wave of hardware support that virtualizes I/O, and the next wave of virtualization products that are optimized to take advantage of hardware extensions fully and capitalize on the advances of Intel-VT-d and AMD-V+1, that we will really understand the implications of hardware supported virtualization on the x86 platform. Despite that, there are many real-world production case studies of VMWare and Virtual Server being utilized on a large-scale today. The article implies that Popek-Goldberg somehow establishes a gospel for what is absolutely mandatory to have successful virtualization and that, it is only now, that the x86 platform has "met the requirements" that it can be done "easily". That is all a dramatic oversimplification. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mlambert890 (talk • contribs) 06:35, 8 January 2007 (UTC).

is the virtualization detectable from the guest?
Can a guest detecht if it is running as a guest within a hypervisored environment? If not it should be possible that it starts its own hypervisor and the virtualization can be nested endlessly, right? --84.72.190.27 13:22, 26 March 2007 (UTC) (de:Benutzer:RokerHRO)
 * The presence of a hypervisor is usually made known to a guest OS in order to prevent this scenario. According to this thread it is also possible to detect running as a guest, even if the hypervisor does not advertise this state. 95.112.101.51 (talk) 15:16, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Several hypervisors actively try to hide themselves, and make the VM think it is running on bare metal. For example, this is used in virus detection, a virus researcher (or AV company) may create a VM and infect it with a virus to monitor its actions. Several virus actively look to see if they are running in a VM and if so, then they do nothing. They look for things like VMware drivers, etc. sneakier hypervisors can use generic are "real" drivers, but then there are other methods of attack, like looking for known x86 processor arithmetic errors that were not properly emulated. Then the hypervisor can try and emulating them, it is a clear cat-and-mouse game. ADNewsom (talk) 18:48, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Blog links
Should we really be linking to these? What are the criteria for inclusion?24.127.51.40 21:21, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Windows Vista and Virtualization
The following article argues that Windows Vista Home Basic and Premium may be installed on a virtual machine, *if* the accompanying license is not otherwise in use:

http://blogs.zdnet.com/Bott/?p=157

Microsoft reacted and explained, that the cheapest versions of Vista really cannot be used as guests

Urocyon 18:36, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

buying a secure IOMMU
How is a buyer supposed to know which systems have secure (isolating) IOMMUs? These are needed for crash protection and malware sandboxing.

AMD: All chips have some IOMMU, but mostly they are not secure. Which model numbers are secure? What about motherboard chipset requirements? One would need to have each PCI slot be a separate bus, in practice meaning PCI Express.

Intel: As with AMD, what CPU models and what motherboard chipsets? There is a worse problem with Intel though. Unlike AMD, Intel allows the BIOS to disable features at boot -- and the PC vendors actually do this!

24.110.144.116 03:24, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Performance benefit ?
What is the performance benefit of hardware assisted virtualization ? The only data I could find is from 2006 by VMWare A Comparison of Software and Hardware Techniques for x86 Virtualization. From its results it seems HW virtualization has no performance benefit. Is there newer data about this issue ? --Xerces8 (talk) 15:37, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Para-virtualization will generally out-perform pure virtualization. The best hardware support can do is to reduce the penalty (by reducing the number of traps required). This is what Intel and AMD are doing. Heiser (talk) 05:18, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Intel Core2 Duo E7300 mistake
To the contrary of what section «Virtualization for IA32» says, Intel Core2 Duo E7300 do *not* include VTx as per http://www.intel.com/products/processor/core2duo/specifications.htm. I do have one and it doesn't include VTx. The article should be updated. 83.99.66.90 (talk) 14:12, 15 December 2008 (UTC) V. Cadet

Athlon 2400
I suppose Athlon 2400 does not support this according to the web page? Is there a proogram to run to tell for sure or a list of all processors with a check off of whether it has this feature or not?
 * CPUZ can check for the feature, but you do not need it for virtualization. Just download VirtualBox (free) and you're good. Hardware based virtualization is only needed for 64-bit OSes - something a 2400+ does not support anyway.--Anss123 (talk) 00:30, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Contradiction with Zen, VT and Windows
On this wikipedia page the statement: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_virtualization#Intel_Virtualization_Technology_for_x86_.28Intel_VT-x.29

"Xen — Xen is a separate and independent operating system that virtualizes everything else on the machine. It supports both architectures, but does not require them for supported guest OS's."

Now on the Zen Page the statement "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_virtualization#Intel_Virtualization_Technology_for_x86_.28Intel_VT-x.29

"Xen version 3.0 introduced the capability to run Microsoft Windows as a guest operating system unmodified if the processor supports hardware virtualization provided by Intel VT (formerly codenamed Vanderpool) or AMD-V (formerly codenamed Pacifica)."

So what is the answer? Does Windows on Zen need Intel-Vt / AMD-V hardware assistance to run under Xen? The Xen pages says yes you do need it and the X86 Virtualization page says No you don't need it. Facts need to be checked. 67.174.7.187 (talk) 23:24, 12 August 2009 (UTC)
 * for what i remember, it should go as such (but don't blindly trust my memories, do check it):
 * 1) Xen 0.x was not a virtual machine, it was virtual OS. That is: it used specially altered (so called 'host') Linux (kernel of GNU/Linux operating system) to run simultaneously a bunch of specially (but differently) altered 'guest' Linuxes, each of those loaded its own separate virtualised GNU/Linux and the programs in them.
 * 2) This was relied on FLOSS state of Linux. It might also be extended to FreeBSD kernel (also FLOSS) but not on the Windows kernel.
 * 2.1) Hardware virtualisation really did not matter for "Virtual operating system" approach - all required changes were made directly into Linux source files.
 * 2.2) Since XEN does not possess neither sources nor license grants for Windows kernel they could not make (and run) "virtual Windows OS" on top of altered Windows kernels.
 * 3) adding to this old abilities, the version XEN 3.0 introduced full-featured virtual machine, capable of running proprietary OS like Windows, if assisted by hardware VT
 * 3.1) older XENs than 3.0 can not run Windows on any hardware
 * 3.2) Even modern Xen can not run Windows without hardware VT
 * 3.3) But both Xen 3.0 and older XENs can run GNU/Linux and maybe other FLOSS operating systems without hardware VT
 * So, no contradiction, u c. 79.111.223.5 (talk) 21:37, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

T5500
Here T5500 was reported to support virtualization, but at least my notebook's T5500 does not contain it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.234.117.12 (talk) 09:48, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Can someone add that AMD-V is not HV and hwMMU?
Can someone add that AMD-V is not real HV and hwMMU (RVI)?

It seems that regular consumer processors with AMD-V only support BT, and not HV and hwMMU with the 4th generation server processor Operons? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.243.207.3 (talk) 14:07, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Intel Core 2 Duo T5500 and VT-x
Although it's stated that only SL9U8 of T5500 model has Vt-x, Intel product info shows that it's not true. All SKUs of T5500 have VT-x feature. This needs to be fixed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Parsek77 (talk • contribs) 20:39, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Either the product info or the processorfinder has incomplete information. The processorfinder lists VT only for SL9U8. --Virtimo (talk) 13:57, 18 February 2010 (UTC)
 * In the case of the T5500 the issue was clarified in a forum post by an Intel representative. So from a purist point of view the product info on Intels website is incomplete, but the feature should be regarded a bonus on certain T5500 SKUs according to Intel, while it certainly shouldn't be expected in general on this model. --SCF0 (talk) 02:13, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

March 2010
If you dont have a computer background, you cannot understand this page. What the hell is the point of these virtual machines? What does virtual mean in this context? Needs a top to toe re-write. 124.171.42.238 (talk) 23:30, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

AMD Turion™ 64 X2 have not virtualization support
Not all of AMD Turion have virtualization support. Have virtualization support: - AMD Turion™ X2 Dual-Core (RM-7X) - AMD Turion™ X2 Ultra Dual-Core (ZM-8X) - AMD Turion™ Neo X2 Dual-Core (L625, K625, K655) - AMD Turion II Dual-Core (N530, P520, M5X0) - AMD Turion II Ultra Dual-Core (M6X0) Have not virtualization support: - AMD Turion™ 64 X2 Dual-Core (TL-5X, TL-6X)

http://products.amd.com/en-us/NotebookCPUResult.aspx —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bozaro (talk • contribs) 17:17, 1 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Contrary to this, my Compaq F504EA Notebook with a TL-52 has the option to toggle AMD-V in the BIOS and if it is enabled then Windows Virtual PC is able to run without the hotfix, confirming that the functionality is indeed there. 86.21.32.83 (talk) 02:08, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Renamed and moved sections
I renamed sections, moved sections, added a new section called "Chipset" and bumped up the subsections under it since those are part of the chipset instead of the CPU, merged 64-bit sections, and added more references. If I made any mistakes, please correct instead of doing a bulk "undo", and please no throwing rocks at me :-) •  Sbmeirow  •  Talk  •  08:50, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Great job! Can I throw marshmellows?
 * Do you think "Memory and I/O virtualization is performed by the chipset" is too tied in to current designs rather than an innate feature of virtualization? On the low end, System On a Chip designs are already putting the chipset in the CPU, and I expect that trend to continue.  See http://www.eetimes.com/General/DisplayPrintViewContent?contentItemId=4027661 and http://www.thegurureview.net/aroundnet-category/intels-oak-trail-chip-to-do-well-in-the-tablet-space.html for a couple of interesting examples.   Guy Macon  12:16, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It's very cold here, so throw some marshmallows in my hot coca.
 * It's correct for multi-chip designs, but as integration combines more and more logic into fewer chips, like Atom and Bobcat, then "chipset" isn't correct. What other word or short description could we use instead of "chipset" for the section name?  Ideas?  <<<<<
 * My point of moving those things under chipset was to make it obvious those virtualization features were NOT special software intructions. Maybe there is some other way to make this point obvious?  Ideas?  <<<<<
 * More text needs to be added and this articles needs further refinement. I didn't add a bunch more because I didn't want to waste a lot of time on text if people wanted to undo my big changes.
 * • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  •  23:56, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

VIA Nano processors ?
Here is press-release for 4-core Nano CPU: http://www.via.com.tw/en/resources/pressroom/pressrelease.jsp?press_release_no=5507 It is caimed that in 4-core Nan (as well as in some 2-core Nano X2-E ) there is "VIA VT" hardware virtualisation. Did anyone saw reviews of it ? how it compares with AMD-V and Intel VT ? Does it have software support ? etc 79.111.223.5 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 21:20, 12 May 2011 (UTC).

references ?
refs 320 n 330 - seems to be exactly the same. Can wiki merge them and use same number for both ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.111.223.5 (talk) 19:38, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

WP:NOTHOWTO
Please do not add tests to check whether a system has virtualization on or not. This violates our policies on what Wikipedia isn't. Also, please do not use the word "you" in the article per WP:MOS. Thank you.Jasper Deng (talk) 05:24, 14 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Don't see how describing the processor bits violates nothowto. On the other hand, the OS-level checks might, but then it's only a few words. Someone not using his real name (talk) 17:41, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

Redirect from VT-i?
I'm writing this article on Japanese Edition now, taking the section of this article into account.

I noticed that VT-i (Virtualization/Vanderpool Technology for the Intel Itanium Architecture) was redirected by this article, but this article does not mention VT-i.

I don't have a good command of English, so I wish it is revised in some way. --61.89.14.86 (talk) 04:39, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * [report] Because I found that 'Intel VT-i' was redirected from 'Itanium', I edited 'VT-i' and redirected to proper section 'Itanium'. --61.89.14.86 (talk) 00:12, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on X86 virtualization. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090415210555/http://www.amd.com:80/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_8796_8806~111165,00.html to http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_8796_8806~111165,00.html#111166
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090416073603/http://www.amd.com:80/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_8796_8806~119722,00.html to http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_8796_8806~119722,00.html#119726

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:59, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

 * ✅, did a few more . — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 12:17, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on X86 virtualization. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://2013.asiabsdcon.org/papers/abc2013-P5A-paper.pdf:
 * Added tag to http://download.intel.com/products/processor/manual/326019.pdf:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20140908110038/http://download.microsoft.com/download/9/8/f/98f3fe47-dfc3-4e74-92a3-088782200fe7/TWAR05015_WinHEC05.ppt to http://download.microsoft.com/download/9/8/f/98f3fe47-dfc3-4e74-92a3-088782200fe7/TWAR05015_WinHEC05.ppt
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130122011049/http://www.via.com.tw:80/en/resources/pressroom/pressrelease.jsp?press_release_no=4247 to http://www.via.com.tw/en/resources/pressroom/pressrelease.jsp?press_release_no=4247

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:36, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:X86 virtualization


text:
User:KelisFan2K5

Music minded Wikipedia editor. Created the now debunk articles Two-hit wonders in the United States and Zero-hit wonder.

title: User:KelisFan2K5


text:
Wikipedia:Titles

There are a few guidelines on titles:
 * Article titles on the titles of Wikipedia articles
 * Naming conventions (royalty and nobility) on titling articles about royalty and nobility, which may include their title
 * on the titles of people within articles
 * Manual of Style/Titles of works on the presentation of the titles of things (works of literature or art, court cases, ships, trains and species) within articles
 * , the guideline for section titles

title: Wikipedia:Titles


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Club-house

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 20:43, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Club-house

 * This article was tagged for deletion by Bobblewik, who did not create a discussion page, add the discussion to the per-day VFD sub-page, or indicate any reason for nomination anywhere else. The nomination process was completed by SuperDude115 and SPUI.

 * Keep. This concept is super-mainstream! --SuperDude 23:47, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * What on earth are you on about, man? Are you just trying to spite the people that have warned you about your contributions now? Shiri — Talk 00:05, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC) Er, nevermind, the person who marked it didn't make a subpage. Silly me. Shiri —  Talk 00:34, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This topic is article-worthy. This article is not quite it. -- 8^D gab 02:55, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * Comment. Ah! It seems to be copy-pasted from the external link in the article: . It's a public domain publication, if I'm not mistaken. Shiri — Talk 03:13, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC) Whoops, it says that the publication is the source. Just ignore me tonight, PLEASE. >_< Shiri —  Talk 03:16, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong condense, then merge with Clubhouse as obvious alternate spelling. Create disambig may be useful. Radiant_* 09:18, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Condense and merge. Good Idea. -Casito⇝Talk 00:15, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - Club-house seems to be an ID3 genre. --SPUI (talk) 01:55, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)--SPUI (talk) 01:55, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Juvanya

Welcome to my wikipage.

History
I started this account on 17 April 2005.

Personal
I live in a small suburb in New Jersey with my mom, dad, and sister. I like LEGO, Star Wars, Magic: The Gathering, writing, filmmaking, Nature, the internet, Neopets, K'nex, Ukraine, turtles, and of course Wikipedia! Some more educational interests are architecture, French, History, particularly Ancient cultures and the American Revolution, and science, specifically physics.

Top Movies
1. My Fellow Americans 2. Return of the Jedi 3. Scary Movie 3 4. Empire Strikes Back 5. Attack of the Clones 6. Outbreak 7. Bruce Almighty 8. A New Hope 9. Phantom Menace 10. Life Stinks

Recommended Sites
Pojo-Anime/TCGs site

NationStates-An online game where you create a nation and choose its role in the world. You can even Roleplay on the message board.

Star Wars

Neopets

Support Nature's Beauty
Please support Nature's beauty by signing this. To sign, put three tildes (~).

Juvanya

title: User:Juvanya


text:
LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

No. 4472 Flying Scotsman is a LNER Class A3 4-6-2 "Pacific" steam locomotive built in 1923 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) at Doncaster Works to a design of Nigel Gresley. It was employed on long-distance express passenger trains on the East Coast Main Line by LNER and its successors, British Railways' Eastern and North Eastern Regions, notably on The Flying Scotsman service between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley after which it was named.

Retired from British Railways in 1963 after covering 2.08 million miles, Flying Scotsman has been described as the world's most famous steam locomotive. It had earned considerable fame in preservation under the ownership of, successively, Alan Pegler, William McAlpine, Tony Marchington, and, since 2004, the National Railway Museum. 4472 became a flagship locomotive for the LNER, representing the company twice at the British Empire Exhibition and in 1928, hauled the inaugural non-stop Flying Scotsman service. It set two world records for steam traction, becoming the first locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 mph on 30 November 1934, and setting the longest non-stop run of a steam locomotive of 422 mi on 8 August 1989 while on tour in Australia.

LNER
In July 1922, the Great Northern Railway (GNR) filed Engine Order No. 297 which gave the green-light for ten Class A1 4-6-2 "Pacific" locomotives to be built at Doncaster Works. Designed by Nigel Gresley, the A1s were built to haul mainline and later express passenger trains and following the GNR's absorption into the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) after the amalgamation of 1923, became a standard design. Flying Scotsman cost £7,944 to build, and was the first engine delivered to the newly-formed LNER. It entered service on 24 February 1923, carrying the GNR number of 1472 as the LNER had not yet decided on a system-wide numbering scheme. In February 1924 the locomotive received its name after the LNER's Flying Scotsman express service between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley, and was assigned a new number, 4472.

Flying Scotsman became a flagship locomotive for the LNER, representing the company at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park in 1924 and 1925, and was frequently used in promotional materials. In 1928, the LNER decided to make The Flying Scotsman a non-stop service for the first time and 4472 was one of five A1s selected for the service. It hauled the inaugural train on 1 May, completing the journey of 392 mi in 8 hours and 3 minutes. The non-stop runs were achieved with an upgraded tender which held an extra long ton of coal and fitted with a corridor connection, so a change of driver and fireman could take place while the train was moving. Water was replenished from the water trough system several times en route. Flying Scotsman ran with its corridor tender until October 1936, after which it reverted to the original type. From 1938 until its withdrawal in 1963, it was paired with a streamlined non-corridor tender.

On 30 November 1934, Flying Scotsman became the first steam locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 mi/h, while hauling a light test train between Leeds and London, and the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact. Although the Great Western Railway's 3440 City of Truro was reported to have reached the same speed in 1904, the record was unreliable.

Following the success of Gresley's streamlined Class A4s introduced in 1935, Flying Scotsman was relegated to lesser duties but still worked on the main line and hauling passenger services. In 1943, as with all railway stock during World War II, the locomotive was painted black. In 1946, it was renumbered twice by Gresley's successor Edward Thompson, who devised a comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER. 4472 was initially assigned number 502, but an amendment to the system several months later led to its renumbering of 103.

In 1928, Gresley began to modify the A1s into an improved version, the Class A3, on a gradual basis. In 1945, the remaining unmodified A1s, which included Flying Scotsman, were reclassified as A10. 103 emerged as an A3 on 4 January 1947 with its original Apple Green livery. Its old 180 psi boiler was replaced with a 225 psi version with the long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today, and it was fitted with more efficient valves and cylinders.

British Railways
Following the nationalisation of Britain's railways on 1 January 1948, Flying Scotsman was renumbered E103 for several months, before almost all of the LNER locomotive numbers were increased by 60000, and became 60103 that December. Between 1949 and 1952 it wore a BR Express Blue livery, after which it was painted in BR Brunswick Green. On 4 June 1950, now under British Railways ownership, Flying Scotsman was allocated to its new base at Leicester Central on the Great Central Railway, running passenger services to and from London Marylebone, London St Pancras, Leicester, Sheffield, and Manchester.

60103 returned to the East Coast Main Line in 1953, initially based in Grantham, before returning to London King's Cross in the following year. In December 1958, the locomotive was fitted with a double Kylchap chimney to improve performance and economy, but it caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision. The remedy was found in the German-type smoke deflectors fitted at the end of 1961.

Amid rumours that British Railways would scrap Flying Scotsman, the Gresley A3 Preservation Society failed to raise the £3,000 to buy it. Businessman and railway enthusiast Alan Pegler stepped in, having seen the locomotive as a boy at the British Empire Exhibition and received £70,000 in 1961 for his shareholding in the Northern Rubber Company when it was sold to Pegler's Valves, a company started by his grandfather. Pegler bought the locomotive for £3,500 (equal to £ today) with the political support of Prime Minister Harold Wilson. On 14 January 1963 Jack Peckston of Copley Hill drove the Flying Scotsman for its final service with British Railways, hauling the 13:15 from London King's Cross to Leeds with the locomotive coming off at Doncaster. The event attracted considerable media interest. The Flying Scotsman had covered over 2.08 million miles in three weeks short of 40 years in operation.

Alan Pegler (1963–1972)
Pegler immediately restored Flying Scotsman at Doncaster Works as closely as possible to its LNER condition: it was renumbered 4472 and repainted in LNER Apple Green; the smoke deflectors were removed; the double chimney replaced by a single; and its standard tender was replaced with a corridor type. Pegler's contract with British Railways allowed him to run Flying Scotsman on the network until 31 December 1971; for a time, it was the only steam locomotive running on the British mainline. Its first public run was on 10 April 1963 with a round trip from London Paddington to Ruabon, Wales, where over 8,000 people came out to see the locomotive at Birmingham. In the following year, Pegler had the engine stand on the Forth Bridge for several days while it was sketched for a portrait by Terence Cuneo. On 13 November 1965, Flying Scotsman claimed the fastest steam hauled run between Paddington and Cardiff at 2 hours and 17 minutes, and set the fastest run for the return leg. By the end of 1965, Flying Scotsman had recouped the £3,000 it cost Pegler to buy it.

As watering facilities for steam locomotives were disappearing, in September 1966 Pegler spent £1,000 on a second corridor tender which, for an additional £6,000, was adapted as an auxiliary water tank and coupled behind the first tender. With a total water capacity of around 11,000 gallons, this gave Flying Scotsman an operational range of over 200 miles. The boiler and cylinder parts from Flying Scotsman scrapped sister engine, 60041 Salmon Trout were also purchased. On 1 May 1968, the locomotive completed a non-stop London to Edinburgh run, marking the 40th anniversary of the inaugural non-stop Flying Scotsman service and the year steam traction officially ended on British Railways. A non-stop return journey was made three days later.

Following an overhaul on the locomotive in the winter of 1968–69, Wilson's government agreed to support Pegler running Flying Scotsman in the United States and Canada, hauling a 9-coach exhibition train to promote British exports. To comply with local railway regulations, it was fitted with a cowcatcher, bell, buckeye couplers, American-style whistle, air brakes, and high-intensity headlamp. The first leg began in October 1969 with a run from Boston, Massachusetts to Atlanta, Georgia via New York City and Washington, D.C., and on to Slaton, Texas, where it paused for the winter. Despite a successful start, the tour ran into problems as strict anti-steam laws in some states deemed the engine a fire hazard, and either denied permission to run or required the train to be towed by a diesel or electric locomotive. Restrictions on foreign trains meant Pegler was not allowed to carry paying passengers, and had to pay local railways to run on their lines. The tour resumed in 1970 with a run from Texas to Green Bay, Wisconsin and across the Canadian border into Montreal; this was followed by a run from Toronto to San Francisco via the Rocky Mountains and Oregon in 1971, a total of 15400 mi.

In 1972, Flying Scotsman earned money running passenger trips on the San Francisco Belt Railroad and was put on show at Fisherman's Wharf. Despite a hopeful start, complaints from businesses along the route ended the trips, and the train had to relocate to a less accessible yard, causing a 90% reduction of income. Pegler, now £132,000 in debt with considerable unpaid bills, declared himself bankrupt and in August, arranged for the engine to be kept in storage at the US Army's Sharpe Depot in Lathrop, California to keep it from unpaid creditors, who by now were demanding payments and threatening legal action. Pegler worked his passage home on a P&O cruise ship, which led to a seven-year career as a cruise entertainer giving lectures about trains and travel and enabled him to discharge himself from bankruptcy.

William McAlpine (1973–1995)
Amid fears of the engine's future, horticulturist and steam enthusiast Alan Bloom asked businessman William McAlpine to help save it. McAlpine agreed and within a few days dealt with the attorneys, paid the outstanding debts owed to the local American and Canadian railways, and bought the locomotive for $72,000 (around £25,000). Flying Scotsman was shipped back to England via the Panama Canal, which cost McAlpine another $35,000. Upon arrival at Liverpool in February 1973, the engine travelled to Derby under its own steam with the route lined with crowds. McAlpine paid for its restoration at Derby Works and two subsequent overhauls in the 23 years that he owned and ran it.

Following runs on the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway in the summer of 1973, it was transferred to Steamtown in Carnforth, from where it steamed on regular tours. In December 1977, Flying Scotsman entered the Vickers Engineering Works in Barrow-in-Furness for heavy repairs, including installation of an unused replacement boiler. In 1984, it became the first preserved steam locomotive to haul the Royal Train on the British mainline, taking The Queen Mother to the official opening of the North Woolwich Old Station Museum. In 1986, McAlpine leased a former diesel locomotive maintenance shop at Southall Railway Centre in London, which became the new base for Flying Scotsman until 2004.

In October 1988, Flying Scotsman arrived in Australia to take part in the country's bicentenary celebrations as a central attraction in the Aus Steam '88 festival. The event organisers had been interested in having LNER A4 No 4468 Mallard visit, but it was unavailable due to the 50th anniversary of its world record high-speed run, and 4472 was recommended as its replacement. During the course of the next year Flying Scotsman travelled more than 45000 km over Australian rails, concluding with a return transcontinental run from Sydney to Perth via Alice Springs, in which it became the first steam locomotive to travel on the recently built standard gauge line to Alice Springs.

Other highlights included Flying Scotsman double-heading with New South Wales Government Railways Pacific locomotive 3801, a triple-parallel run alongside broad gauge Victorian Railways R class locomotives, and parallel runs alongside South Australian Railways locomotives 520 and 621. Its visit to Perth saw a reunion with GWR 4079 Pendennis Castle, which had been exhibited alongside Flying Scotsman at the 1924 British Empire Exhibition. On 8 August 1989, Flying Scotsman set another record en route to Alice Springs from Melbourne, travelling 679 km from Parkes to Broken Hill non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded. The same journey also saw Flying Scotsman set its own haulage record when it took a 735-ton train over the 790 km leg between Tarcoola and Alice Springs.

Upon returning to Britain, Flying Scotsman returned to its former British Railways condition with its number changed to 60103, refitting of the smoke deflectors and double chimney, and repainted in BR Brunswick Green. It retired from the mainline in 1992 following the expiration of its running certificate. In 1993, McAlpine sold it to help pay off a mortgage on the locomotive. Music producer and railway enthusiast Pete Waterman became involved and the two formed Flying Scotsman Railways, with Waterman running the business side of the partnership.

In April 1995, Flying Scotsman derailed during an empty stock movement on the Llangollen Railway, with all wheels coming off the track. When put back into steam, smoke emerged from a crack separating the boiler and the front cab. It was deemed a total failure and immediately withdrawn from service. It returned to Southall awaiting its next major overhaul.

Tony Marchington (1996–2004)
By 1996, McAlpine and Waterman had run into financial issues and to help pay off an overdraft, put Flying Scotsman on sale. On 23 February, entrepreneur Tony Marchington, already well known in the steam preservation movement, bought the locomotive, a set of Pullman coaches, and the Southall depot for £1.5 million. He spent a further £1 million on the locomotive's subsequent overhaul to mainline running condition, which lasted three years and at that point, the most extensive in its history. It received an upgraded 250 psi boiler originally made for a Class A4; its vacuum brakes replaced with an air type; its livery repainted in LNER Apple Green; the smoke deflectors removed; the double chimney restored; and renumbered 4472. Marchington's time with the Flying Scotsman was the subject of the 2000 Channel 4 documentary A Steamy Affair: The Story of Flying Scotsman.

Flying Scotsman first run following the works was on 4 July 1999, hauling The Inaugural Scotsman from London King's Cross to York, where an estimated one million people turned out to see it. It was the locomotive's first visit to King's Cross in 30 years. In addition to working mainline specials 4472 also hauled several Venice-Simplon Orient Express Pullman trains between 2001 and 2004, but financial issues quickly became apparent and Flying Scotsman Services failed to effectively market or price the runs, in addition to the locomotive failing several times.

In 2002, Marchington proposed a business plan which included the construction of a Flying Scotsman Village in Edinburgh, to create revenue from associated branding. After floating on OFEX as Flying Scotsman plc in the same year, in 2003 Edinburgh City Council turned down the village plans, and in September 2003 Marchington was declared bankrupt. Flying Scotsman plc CEO Peter Butler announced losses of £474,619, and with a £1.5 million overdraft at Barclays Bank, stated that the company only had enough cash to trade until April 2004. Later the company's shares were suspended after it had failed to declare interim results.

National Railway Museum (2004–present)
In February 2004, a debt agency acting on behalf of Flying Scotsman plc announced it would hold a sealed bid auction for the locomotive, to be held on 2 April. Amid fears it could be sold into foreign hands, the National Railway Museum (NRM) in York announced it would bid, and appealed for funds with a Save Our Scotsman campaign. It secured a winning bid of £2.3 million, 15% higher than the second highest bidder, and entered public ownership and a part of the NRM's national collection. The bulk of the money came from a £1.8 million grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund, with the remainder coming from £350,000 raised from public donations which was matched by businessman Richard Branson, and £70,000 raised by The Yorkshire Post newspaper. Included in the sale was a spare boiler from 1944 that Flying Scotsman carried from 1965 to 1978, spare cylinders, and a Mark 1 support coach. The locomotive arrived in York in time to be exhibited as part of the museum's Railfest in June 2004 to celebrate 200 years of rail travel.

In 2004 and 2005, Flying Scotsman intermittently hauled special trains across Great Britain, although problems with its condition soon became apparent. It failed on the delivery trip to Railfest and several times more in the following months, but the museum's engineering staff failed to spot critical faults. From September 2004 until May 2005, it sat at the NRM's workshop for a heavy intermediate repair, the intention being to improve reliability and allow operation until its general overhaul and restoration. However, by the end of 2005 the intermediate repairs failed to improve the situation and the NRM decided to proceed with the general overhaul.

2006–2016 restoration
The locomotive entered the NRM's workshops in January 2006, with the original intention to return it to Gresley's original specification and renew its boiler certificate. It was estimated that this would take one year to complete, and cost around £750,000. The works were on view for visitors at the NRM, but the engine was rapidly dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer.

In July 2007, the museum pushed back the expected completion date by 18 months, due in part to issues with the boiler restoration. By 2009, with further problems encountered including misaligned frames and a cracked cylinder, plus rising metal prices, the museum launched the SOS ("Save Our Scotsman") appeal, seeking to raise a further £250,000 with the aim of completing the work by the end of the year. In May 2011, Flying Scotsman was unveiled on the museum's turntable, finished in wartime black LNER livery; after final tests, it was to be painted LNER Apple Green and have it running excursions by the summer. However, cracks were discovered in the horn blocks and further testing revealed more cracks throughout the frame assembly, leading to the replacement of the main stretcher bar, horn ties and middle cylinder motion bracket, all of which were deemed beyond repair.

In 2012, the NRM published a report examining the reasons for the delay and additional cost. It found that the museum had greatly underestimated the work required due to the locomotive's poor condition, much of which was missed by a rushed inspection which produced an overly optimistic assessment. It also found that management lacked the experience, continuity or resources to undertake such a complex task. Problems were also caused by the conflicting objectives of producing a certified mainline locomotive while retaining as many original components and assemblies as possible, and between the need to overhaul the locomotive and use it as a marketing tool for the museum.

Following the report, First Class Partnerships (FCP) were commissioned to independently review the remaining necessary work. By March 2013, FCP had determined Flying Scotsman would not return to the mainline until 2015, and suggested the outstanding work be put out to external tender. Riley & Son was announced as the winning contractor, and on the same day the locomotive was moved to their workshop in Bury. In July 2015, it was estimated to have Flying Scotsman in service by early 2016 with electronic equipment required to operate on the mainline. The final cost of the restoration amounted to £4.2 million, having risen by a £300,000 estimate in the summer of 2015 in order to finish the necessary additional work before the deadline.

Return to service
On 7 January 2016, Flying Scotsman moved under its own steam for the first time since 2005 on the East Lancashire Railway, where it completed several low speed tests. Its inaugural mainline run was on 6 February with The Winter Cumbrian Mountain Express from Carnforth to Carlisle, still wearing its 2011 wartime black livery with 60103 on the smokebox and its LNER wartime numbers, 103 and 502, on the cab sides. After it was restored to match its appearance in 1963, Flying Scotsman returned to London King's Cross on 25 February, with a run to York. Thousands of people lined the route, and the train was forced to stop due to members of the public trespassing on the line near St Neots.

In October 2018, six years after Pegler's death, it hauled the Farewell Alan Pegler special from King's Cross to York, organised at the request of his daughter. In his will, Pegler requested for half of his ashes to be placed in the firebox of the locomotive as it ascended Stoke Bank. The climb was accompanied by a long blast of the whistle as passengers onboard gave a moment of silence. In January 2019, Flying Scotsman hauled the non-stop Scotsman's Salute from King's Cross to York, this time as a tribute to McAlpine following his death in March 2018.

In April 2022, the engine was withdrawn for an overhaul in preparation for its centenary year in 2023. Following the work it will be certified to run on the mainline until 2029, after which it will run solely on heritage railways until 2032. It appeared at London King's Cross as a static display for two days to commemorate the 170th anniversary of the station's opening on 14 and 15 October 2022.

In January 2024, the museum prepared to solicit bids for a custodian to operate and maintain Flying Scotsman, expecting to pick one in late spring. With a new contract in place, the engine would resume touring in autumn 2024.

Centenary events
In celebration of turning 100 in February 2023, Flying Scotsman will take part in various events between March and December including static displays, runs on the mainline, and visits to heritage railways. A special 100 Years, 100 Voices exhibition will be held at the National Railway Museum. A collectable £2 coin was produced by the Royal Mint, some of which were in colour inspired by the locomotive's Apple Green livery, which marked the first colour coin produced in over 20 years. Royal Mail produced a set of stamps designed by David Gentleman, which were the last to feature a silhouette of the late Queen Elizabeth II. Poet Laureate Simon Armitage released a new poem entitled The Making of Flying Scotsman. On International Women's Day, Flying Scotsman was operated by an all-female crew for the second time in its history.

On 29 September, Flying Scotsman was involved in a low speed collision as it was reversing to couple onto the Belmond Royal Scotsman at Aviemore ahead of its run on the Strathspey Heritage Railway. Several people were treated for injuries, with 2 people being taken to hospital.

Film and television
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is one of the UK's most recognised locomotives. One of its first film appearances was in the 1929 film The Flying Scotsman, which featured an entire sequence set aboard the locomotive. Flying Scotsman is seen in Agatha (1979), disguised as two other members of the class–4474 Victor Wild on one side and 4480 Enterprise on the other. Flying Scotsman makes a short appearance in 102 Dalmatians (2000). It was filmed leaving London St Pancras, which was the final steam-hauled departure from the station prior to its reconstruction as the new Eurostar terminal.

In 1985, Flying Scotsman appeared alongside an InterCity 125 in a British Rail television advert. The locomotive was the first choice for the Top Gear Race to the North in 2009, but was unable to attend due to its overhaul. So LNER Class A1 60163 Tornado was used instead. In 2011, a Tri-ang Hornby model of Flying Scotsman appeared in two episodes of James May's Toy Stories. It was James May's personal childhood model and was chosen by him to complete a world record for the longest model railway. The train was meant to travel seven miles, from Barnstaple to Bideford in North Devon, but it failed early in the trip. It completed the run on a subsequent attempt. The model reappeared in James May: The Reassembler, in which it was completely disassembled and then put back together by May as a demonstration.

In 2016, Flying Scotsman was the subject of two television documentaries. Flying Scotsman from the Footplate aired on BBC 4, and Flying Scotsman with Robson Green was broadcast on ITV. The latter features Green who spent a year with the team of engineers commissioned to restore the locomotive.

The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends
Flying Scotsman was featured in The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry. It visited the fictional Island of Sodor in the 23rd book Enterprising Engines to visit its only remaining brother, Gordon. Its two tenders were a key feature of the plot of "Tenders for Henry". When the story was filmed for the television series Thomas & Friends, renamed as "Tender Engines", only Flying Scotsman’s two tenders were seen outside a shed. It was intended to have a larger role in this episode, but due to budgetary constraints, the entire model could not be constructed.

Flying Scotsman makes a full appearance in the CGI film Thomas & Friends: The Great Race (2016), where it is voiced by Rufus Jones in both the UK and US dubs.

Other
Flying Scotsman is featured on Flying Scotsman and Other Steam Locomotives in Action, an LP of field recordings of various steam locomotives in action released by President Records in 1972.

Flying Scotsman is a playable locomotive in the 2001 PC simulation game Microsoft Train Simulator. and in the 2023 PC/Console simulation game Train Sim World 4. The locomotive is also featured in the 2018 racing game Forza Horizon 4, in a Showcase event in which the player must race against the engine.

One of the specially produced £5 coins for the 2012 Summer Olympics featured an engraving of Flying Scotsman on the back.

Hornby Railways used Flying Scotsman as its Centenary Year edition logo. Hornby marketed two versions of Flying Scotsman in N scale British locomotives made by Minitrix for several years from 1977 as ‘Hornby Minitrix’. When the agreement ended Minitrix continued for a while to make and sell British locos and 2 versions of Flying Scotsman were the last listed in catalogues. It was sold first as 60103 in BR green and crest, then later as 4472 in LNER green and lettering.

title: LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman


text:
David E. Twiggs

David Emanuel Twiggs (February 14, 1790 – July 15, 1862) was an American career army officer, who served during the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, and Mexican–American War.

As commander of the U.S. Army's Department of Texas when the American Civil War broke out, he surrendered his entire command to Confederate commissioners, with facilities, armaments, and other supplies valued at $1.6 million. Dismissed from the U.S. Army as a traitor, he was commissioned as a general of the Confederate States Army in 1861. But, recognizing he was in poor health, he quickly resigned from his commission that year. He was the oldest Confederate general to serve in the Civil War.

Early life
Twiggs was born in 1790 on the "Good Hope" plantation in Richmond County, Georgia, son of John Twiggs and his wife, Ruth Emanuel. A general in the Georgia militia during the American Revolutionary War, the senior Twiggs was the namesake for Twiggs County, Georgia. He was the nephew, through his mother, of David Emanuel, Governor of Georgia.

Early military career
Twiggs volunteered for service as a captain during the War of 1812 and made a career in the military.

In 1816, Twiggs was ordered by Major General Edmund P. Gaines to set out from Fort Montgomery and establish a new fort on the border of the Alabama Territory and Spanish West Florida. This new fort was known as Fort Crawford. After serving at Fort Crawford, Twiggs became commandant of Fort Scott.

In 1828, he was sent to Wisconsin to establish a fort at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. With three companies of the First Infantry, his forces built Fort Winnebago around what has come to be known as Fort Winnebago Surgeon's Quarters at Portage, Wisconsin. This was a base of operation during the Black Hawk War.

Twiggs was commissioned as Colonel of the 2nd U.S. Dragoons in 1836 and served in the Seminole Wars in Florida, where he earned the nickname "Bengal Tiger" for his fierce temper. He also decided to act offensively against the Seminole rather than wait for them to strike first. Some of the Seminole moved deep into the Everglades, evading U.S. forces. They never surrendered, and the U.S. government finally gave up on hopes of removing them to Indian Territory.

Mexican–American War
During the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), Twiggs led a brigade in the Army of Occupation at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1846 and commanded a division at the Battle of Monterrey. He joined Winfield Scott's expedition, commanding its 2nd Division of Regulars. He led the division in all the battles from Veracruz through Mexico City. He was wounded during the assault on Chapultepec. After the fall of Mexico City, he was appointed military governor of Veracruz. Brigadier General Twiggs was awarded a ceremonial sword by the Congress on March 2, 1849. He was an original member of the Aztec Club of 1847, a military society of officers who had served in the Mexican War.

Commander of the Department of Texas
After the Mexican–American War, Twiggs was appointed brevet major general and commanded the U.S. Army's Department of Texas. He was in this command when the American Civil War broke out. He was one of five general officers in the U.S. Army in 1861, along with Winfield Scott, John Wool, Jospeh E. Johnston, and William Harney. As there was then no mandatory retirement, all but Johnston were over the age of 60, with three (Scott, Twiggs, and Wool) having served in the War of 1812 half a century earlier.

Twiggs's command included about 20% of the U.S. Army guarding the Mexican border. As states began to declare secession, he met with a trio of Confederate commissioners, including Philip N. Luckett and Samuel A. Maverick. Twiggs surrendered his entire command — all the federal installations, property, and soldiers in Texas — to the Confederacy. This included 20 military installations (including the U.S. Arsenal at the Alamo), 44 cannons, 400 pistols, 1,900 muskets, 500 wagons, and 950 horses, valued at $1.6 million. He insisted that all U.S. soldiers be allowed to retain personal arms and sidearms, all artillery (?), and flags and standards. Shortly after the declared secession of South Carolina in December 1860, Twiggs wrote a letter to Scott that proclaimed that Georgia was his home and that Twiggs would follow the state if it declared secession from the United States.

Confederate service
Twiggs was dismissed from the U.S. Army on March 1, 1861, for "treachery to the flag of his country." He accepted a commission as a major general from the Confederate States Army on May 22, 1861. He was assigned to command the Confederate Department of Louisiana (comprising that state along with the southern half of Mississippi and Alabama), but he was past the age of 70 and in poor health. He resigned from his commission before he could assume any active duty. Mansfield Lovell succeeded him in the command of New Orleans. Twiggs retired on October 11, 1861.

Death and burial
Twiggs died of pneumonia in Augusta, Georgia, on July 15, 1862. He is buried in Twiggs Cemetery, also known as the Family Burying Ground, on Good Hope Plantation in Richmond County, Georgia.

title: David E. Twiggs


text: User talk:68.155.150.144

title: User talk:68.155.150.144