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Talk:Anthracite coal strike of 1902

Less is more
Rather than justify all of the cuts I made, anyone who thinks that the old, largely unwikified article was a better encyclopedia article can restore it. I suggest, however, that you restore it a sentence or a paragraph at a time, just as I cut a sentence or a paragraph here and there. 24.126.41.116 10:27, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) aka User:Italo Svevo

Lead section
The lead needs to longer and a more comprehensive summary of the entire article. See WP:LEAD. A good way to start in that direction would be to "chop up" the sentence, which is a run-on -- hardly the "compelling prose" that is required of a GA. -Fsotrain09 14:03, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Failed "good article" nomination
First, I would like to congratulate the editors involved on choosing a good topic and getting off to an excellent start. While I failed this article, I think it can be improved over time with a little effort to meet the criteria.

This article failed good article nomination. This is how the article, as of September 10, 2006, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: The only issue I have with the writing is the issue mentioned in the section above this review. The introduction should be two paragraphs that summarize the article. The run-on sentence structure in the introduction is also problematic.
 * 2. Factually accurate?: The largest problem with this article is the wholesale lack of in-line citations. This is admittedly my first review, but I checked other candidates with reviews and see no chance for this article to make the status without at least one appropriate in-line citation per section. It would be preferable to have one in-line citation per paragraph.
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: I am not aware of any major details that are missing in this article. It does an excellent job of setting out the context of the strike in light of prior strikes.
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: The article does a good job with this matter. I do not get a feeling of bias, which is commendable because this article would definitely lend itself to advocacy.
 * 5. Article stability? There are no issues here.
 * 6. Images?: The use of appropriate images is wonderful.

When these issues are addressed, the article can be resubmitted for consideration. Thanks for your work so far. --Erechtheus 20:17, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Problems with this article
For NPOV discussion, see also: Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Organized_Labour

My area of knowledge is coal mining in the west. I have some problems with this article, both factually, and point of view.

Statements in the article that are offered as fact introduce a pro-company slant, such as:

 * "[the coal companies] adamantly refused to recognize the union, for then it would control the coal industry."

This is not a fair statement, it is a company talking point. Likewise,

 * "The owners told Roosevelt that strikers had killed over 20 men..."

This appears to be a sensational allegation, but it is unsubstantiated in the article. Is there a factual basis? The writers of a neutral point of view article should be obligated to either substantiate the facts supporting such a sensational allegation, balance it if that is possible (how many strikers were killed?), or leave it out.

 * "...the federal government intervened as a neutral arbitrator."

If that is the case, from my reading of labor history it is the historical exception. But this article could have been written by advocates for such intervention. The article promotes moderate cooperation with the companies and mediation, as well as federal intervention. It attacks the Western Federation of Miners as violent, and claims that:

 * "...moderate leaders gained more than the radical Socialists who denounced capitalism but were forced to the fringe of organized labor."

What data is used to justify this statement?

 * It was my understanding (from admittedly limited sources) that the intervention was more a personal entreaty on the part of Theodore Roosevelt because so much of the nation was dependent upon coal and he feared a "coal famine" that would cause "untold misery" to working families. One outcome of TR's initiative was that the American public began to perceive the coal operators in a negative light for refusing to compromise with TR, who from the accounts I've read had acted more as a peacemaker than a strikebreaker.  As for the WFM, I thought it was the United Mine Workers who were representing the strikers, as they had in the  bituminous coal miners' strike several years earlier. - Mark Dixon 03:22, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

In 1902 the miners in the Cripple Creek District of Colorado had union power through organizing with the Western Federation of Miners that very likely surpassed anything in the coal mining regions of the east. I make this observation after reading Jameson, a very scholarly work that offers a great deal of statistical data to back it up. But the above appears to be a sweeping generalization that simply doesn't hold up.

Concerning being "...forced to the fringe of organized labor..." Well, in Colorado that was the result of bayonets, machine guns, and gross violations of the law by a militia that was run by, and allied with the mining companies. Company goons were found to have planned a train derailment in the mountains that might have killed hundreds, hoping that the union would be blamed. Yes, there was awful violence and law-breaking, but it did not happen in a vacuum.

Speaking of violence-- the article mentions the west to put down the Western Federation of Miners, but then ignores western history. The conclusion appears to refer to the national situation:

 * "The settlement was an important step in the Progressive era reforms of the decade that followed. There were no more major coal strikes until the 1920s."

Anyone ever hear of the Ludlow Massacre? That happened during a strike that lasted from 1910 (beginning in Colorado's northern field) until 1914. Twelve thousand coal miners walked out. Scores died. I think that qualifies as "major".

And why shouldn't the UMWA be attacked for violence the way the WFM is in this article? (Late edit-- observing this just for comparison... not making a suggestion! -rtm) The Ludlow massacre occurred during a UMWA strike, and it inspired what historians have called the "Ten Days War," or "the Great Coalfield War," in which striking miners killed mine guards and dynamited mining camps throughout southern Colorado.

And then there was the UMWA's Matewan, Bloody Mingo, Harlan County, the Battle of Blair Mountain... Pot calling the kettle black?

Perhaps the article ought not to sing the praises of John Mitchell so loudly, considering accusations that WFM leader Bill Haywood made in his autobiography (page 135) suggesting Mitchell's role in organizing a miners' union wasn't so lily-white. Specifically, the locals of the WFM were collectively the largest contributor per capita to the UMWA strike fund in 1902 of all unions, but (probably because the WFM was no longer affiliated with the AFL), the UMWA did not acknowledge the fact. Haywood further charges throughout his autobiography that Mitchell undercut the WFM at every opportunity, and that he even had ties with the Citizen's Alliance, the front group for the mining corporations in Colorado which Haywood described as a "craven, underhand, murderous force." When Mitchell came to Denver (Haywood wrote,) it was to go see the Citizen's Alliance rather than the WFM. I'm not advocating inclusion of (probably off-topic) issues, but i am calling for a less fawning look at Mitchell. Richard Myers 19:16, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I suggest that critics read about the EASTERN coal issues before complaining. Start with Wiebe. Rjensen 19:30, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Would this be Robert H. Wiebe, Karl Rove's and Ken Mehlman's favorite historian? (Karl Rove being the adviser to President Bush, and Ken Mehlman being the recent head of the Republican Party, who personally intervened to maintain sweatshop conditions in the Marianas Islands?) []

 * "In conversations with me, Rove cited with great enthusiasm the work of Robert H. Wiebe, a historian at Northwestern who died not long ago. Ken Mehlman, Rove's deputy, mentioned Wiebe, too..."
 * []
 * That may explain some of the conservative bias in the article.

 * Rjensen, you added many-- if not all-- of the passages i've complained about. Why not address my individual concerns (some of which are, admittedly, stronger than others)? One doesn't need to consult another book to detect conservative bias in a labor article. Richard Myers 23:49, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I've been asked to look this article over and offer my observations with an eye towards improving it and removing bias. Toward that end, here's what I'm finding here. I'll list passages that seem problematic to me:

 * He (Sen. Mark Hanna) worked through the National Civil Federation which brought labor and capital together. (in section The 1899 and 1900 strikes). Problem: sophomoric, as if lifted from a bland civics textbook. Makes it sound as if that body benevolently reconciled labor & management, besides saying nothing more about how the Federation deliberated, who was on it, etc.

 * The following paragraph shows a subtle shift in tone and point of view, starting neutrally in describing the conflicting interests of labor and management, but finally sounding as if written from the coal operators' point of view (from the Federal intervention section):

 * ''Roosevelt therefore convened a conference of representatives of government, labor, and management on October 3, 1902. The union considered the mere holding of a meeting to be tantamount to union recognition and took a conciliatory tone. The owners told Roosevelt that strikers had killed over 20 men and that he that he should use the power of government "to protect the man who wants to work, and his wife and children when at work." With proper protection they would produce enough coal to end the fuel shortage; they refused to enter into any negotiations with the union. The governor sent in the National Guard, who protected the mines and the minority of men still working.
 * In this case, I use the term "point of view" not only to indicate possible bias, but also more subtly to indicate confusion over whose voice is speaking where, and for whom, in this passage.

 * Later in this same section, the sentence The owners welcomed the strike, but they adamantly refused to recognize the union, for then it would control the coal industry. is unsupported. I can't vouch for the veracity of any part of this—hopefully someone here knows enough about labor history to evaluate this—but the addition of a couple of weasel words might be an improvement: "... for then the owners felt it would control the coal industry". As it is, it sounds somewhat murkily and conspiratorily anti-labor.

 * Finally, this sentence in the last section sends up a red flag for me: Membership in other unions soared, and moderate leaders gained more than the radical Socialists who denounced capitalism but were forced to the fringe of organized labor. As it is unreferenced, it looks like classic Red-baiting to me; nothing about "radical Socialists" has been conclusively demonstrated in this article, and while there was an undeniable link between the labor movement in the U.S. and socialists (or even Socialists, notice the difference), this sentence smells of not-so-subtle insinuation that the labor movement was "infiltrated" with Socialists (later Communists).

Since I'm by no means an expert on labor history, this is all I can say about the article from a cursory scan through it. The article definitely needs work. Hope this helps. +ILike2BeAnonymous 03:43, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * the solution is not toread the article over and over again, but to read the scholarly literature and see how well it matches. I have done that and think it matches the scholarship, which is Wiki's main goal. People should read Wiebe. Rjensen 06:41, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify-- Rjensen, it appears to me that in most, if not all cases, you are critiquing your own writing here, because you are the individual whose writing is considered somewhat biased (by a couple of us so far.)

 * Is that not so? Should you not then dispense with the "...see how well it matches. I have done that..." dispassionate observer charade, since you are defending your own writing? Please tell me if i'm wrong... Richard Myers 08:32, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I did write portions of the article, but only after closely reading the key documents. The reading of the experts is the key, in my opinion, to making improvements, not trying to make one side or the other look good or look bad according to 2007 views of labor unions, and all that. Sooner or later someone will want to denounce the settlement that put men back to work because they dug the coal that has generated global warming. Rjensen 08:36, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Edited name of Strike Leader out.
I just thought you should know I removed the name Sean Aloysius O'Brian as the leader of the strike. This was from Star Trek. I could not find any evidence to the contrary. If anyone believes this mistake is in error, please feel free to remove my edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.225.64.133 (talk) 10:18, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Recent changes
Three recent edits removed some useful lead summarizing, and added a good deal of stuff lifted directly, by the look of it, from Jonathan Grossman's The Coal Strike of 1902 -Turning point in US Policy, albeit credited in the body. That's way too much of a "quotation." Anmccaff (talk) 02:29, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Anthracite coal strike of 1902


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Procession of the Holy Blood

The Procession of the Holy Blood (Heilig Bloedprocessie, Procession du Saint-Sang) is a large religious Catholic procession, dating back to the Middle Ages, which takes place each Ascension Day in Bruges, Belgium. In 2009, it was included in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

History
The Procession of the Holy Blood seems to have emerged as a civic ceremony by the late thirteenth century. By 1303, if not earlier, the ceremonial procession carried the holy blood relic around the perimeter of the city walls, completed in 1297. The procession commemorates the deliverance of the city, by the national heroes Jan Breydel and Pieter de Coninck, from French tyranny in May of the previous year. It takes place on Ascension Day, as one of the great religious celebrations in Belgium. Residents of the area perform an historical reenactment of the phial's arrival together with similar dramatizations of Biblical events. The passion play, the Jeu du Saint Sang takes place every five years. Sixty to one hundred thousand spectators watch the procession, a parade of historical scenes and biblical stories. Choirs, dance groups (e.g. dance theatre Aglaja), animals (ranging from geese to camels), horse-drawn floats and small plays with many actors pass by within a couple of hours.

The centerpiece is the Relic with the Precious Blood of Jesus. The traditional account holds that Joseph of Arimathea wiped the blood-stained face of the dead Christ and carefully preserved the cloth, which was later, after the 12th century Second Crusade supposedly brought to the city by Thierry, Count of Flanders, who had received it from Baldwin III of Jerusalem in recognition of his bravery. However, an alternative view says after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, Baldwin, Count of Flanders was chosen emperor and sent looted relics to Flanders. His two daughters lived at Bruges. The earliest documentation of the Holy blood relic dates from 1256.

In 2015 the procession was cancelled, a few hours before it was scheduled to start, due to bad weather. In 2020 it was cancelled from health concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pilgrimage
More than 3,000 people of Bruges participate in the spectacle, which is also called "Brugges Schoonste Dag" (Dutch for "The Most Beautiful Day in Bruges"). People of Bruges used to decorate their facades with flags in the colours of the City and country. The event retains its formal spiritual aspect. Every year, the bishop and governor invite high diplomatic guests. Among the most famous guests were the archbishop of Krakow, Cardinal Wojtyła, in 1973 and Cardinal Wiseman in 1849. Many bishops, priests and nuns from all over the world come to celebrate this famous procession. In the morning, a pontifical Mass is celebrated in the cathedral, and, in the afternoon, the procession takes place. Clergy carry the relic on their shoulders, guarded by the brotherhood. When the relic of the Holy Blood passes by, the crowd becomes still and silent in reverence. In 2009, the event was inscribed in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Procession of the Holy Blood


text:
User:SebastianHelm/sig0

S e b a s ti a n

title: User:SebastianHelm/sig0


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Gerald Seymour

Gerald Seymour (born 25 November 1941 in Guildford, Surrey) is a British writer of crime and espionage novels.

Early life
Gerald Seymour was born to William Kean Seymour and his second wife, Rosalind Wade. He was educated at Kelly College, now known as Mount Kelly in Tavistock, Devon, and took a BA Hons degree in Modern History at University College London.

Career
Initially a journalist, he joined ITN in 1963, covering such topics as the Great Train Robbery, Vietnam War, The Troubles, the Munich Olympics massacre, Germany's Red Army Faction, Italy's Red Brigades and Palestinian militant groups. His first book, Harry's Game, was published in 1975, and Seymour then became a full-time novelist, living in the West Country. In 1999, he featured in the Oscar-winning documentary, One Day in September, which portrayed the Munich massacre. He has been a full-time writer since 1978.

Television adaptations have been made of his books Harry's Game, The Glory Boys, The Contract, Red Fox, The Informant based on Field of Blood, A Line in the Sand and The Waiting Time.

title: Gerald Seymour


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Kirkcaldy High School

Kirkcaldy High School is a 6-year co-educational comprehensive state school in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland.

History
The school was established in 1582 as Kirkcaldy Burgh School; the "High School" name dates from the middle part of the 19th century. The school's motto is Usque conabor, "I will strive to my utmost".

The High School was originally on St Brycedale Avenue and part of the old building is now incorporated into Kirkcaldy College. In 1958 a new school was built on Dunnikier Way in the shape of a 'H' and opened by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1970 the last entrance exams for the school were taken after which pupils were zoned into their nearest high school. The following year Templehall High School (about half a mile away) became the "Junior" building of the High School originally accommodating 1st, 2nd & 3rd year pupils (later just 1st and 2nd years). The original high school became home for the seniors. As requirements changed over the years the senior school was extended and pupil numbers declined. The requirement for two buildings was no longer necessary. In 1994 the junior building was closed and demolished; the site is now occupied by a housing estate.

The most recent inspection of the school took place in 2012. The reports stated that the school was making good progress with its goals and identified key strengths: pupils who were proud of their school and positive about learning, high achievement in out-of-class learning, high quality pastoral care, very good community partnership working, staff who listened to and involved pupils, and the headteacher's leadership of an improving school.

In March 2014, the school won the COSLA (Convention of Scottish Local Authorities) Excellence Award for its work in relation to teenage sexual health and pregnancy prevention. Working with NHS Fife, the school was recognised as being an example of best practice in this field and was featured in the national press, TV and radio.

Later in 2014, Kirkcaldy High School was shortlisted as a finalist in the Scottish Education Awards 2014 in the Health and Wellbeing section and were selected as the "Kingdom FM" Best School in their "Local Hero" Awards in August 2014.

During session 2015–2016, the school was increasingly involved in promoting "STEM" (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) Education, with a staff member being recognised as UK STEM Teacher of the Year, the school winning the Scottish finals of the Engineering Development Trust's "Go4SET" competition and another finalist place in the Scottish Education Awards

On 22 February 2017, the school received a visit from Stonewall Ambassador Sir Ian McKellen. Sir Ian spoke to the S6 about his experiences before having lunch with the school LGBT+ Group. Sir Ian was awarded a Kirkclady High School tie which he wore on The Graham Norton Show.

In 2018, the school won a second COSLA Excellence Award for their work tackling LGBT+ bullying and promoting equality across the school as well as taking training to a number of local and national organisations.

In 2020, the school was awarded "Gold" status as a UNICEF "Rights Respecting School" and was awarded the "Gold" Charter by LGBT Youth Scotland.

House system
The pupils of Kirkcaldy High School are organised into four different houses. Originally the House system was named after areas of Kirkcaldy – Balwearie, Raith, Ravenscraig & St. Serfs. Now the houses are named after famous persons of the town.

 * Oswald (green) – Named after an old Kirkcaldy family, at one time associated with the Dunnikier estate, on which the school is now sited.
 * Adam Smith (purple) – Named after the economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and attended the school in the eighteenth century.
 * Carlyle (blue) – Named after the writer Thomas Carlyle who taught at the school between 1816 and 1818.

Former rectors

 * Derek Allan: 2009–2022

Notable former pupils

 * Gordon Aikman, motor neurone disease campaigner
 * Gordon Brown, former UK Prime Minister
 * John Buchan, author
 * David Raitt Robertson Burt, zoologist
 * Bob Carruthers, filmmaker and author
 * Harry Colville, footballer
 * William Barron Coutts FRSE, military scientist
 * Ewan Dow, politician
 * Douglas Dryburgh, Olympic curler
 * Murray Elder, Baron Elder, life peer and political chief of staff
 * Robert Fyfe, actor
 * Harry Gourlay, politician
 * John Grahl, economist
 * Sandy Hinshelwood, rugby international
 * Archie Howie, physicist
 * Bob Howie, rugby international
 * Dave Howie, rugby international
 * William Oliphant Hutchison, painter
 * Jackie Leven, musician
 * Val McDermid, novelist
 * Alan Ormrod, cricketer
 * Richard Park, broadcaster
 * Aileen Paterson, author
 * Harry Ritchie, author
 * Meg Ritchie, Olympic athlete
 * Anneila Sargent, astronomer
 * Adam Smith, economist
 * Shirley-Anne Somerville, politician
 * R.C. Stevenson, rugby player
 * Melissa Terras, professor
 * Brian Thomson, journalist
 * Andrew Weir, 1st Baron Inverforth, industrialist
 * Bertha Wilson, Canadian Supreme Court Judge

title: Kirkcaldy High School


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User:SebastianHelm/sig0t

( T )

title: User:SebastianHelm/sig0t


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User talk:Stockma

Hi Stockma, and welcome to Wikipedia. I was just wondering where you got the information that Andrea Dworkin recently died. Another editor and I can't seem to find any news sources etc on this.

Thanks, moink 10:30, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

First with the news
Your note of the death of Andrea Dworkin on Wikipedia beat most of the major news outlets by about a day. There's an interesting blog post about Wikipedia (thanks to you) scooping the mainsteam media at The Guardian that you might be interested in. -- Seth Ilys 15:00, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, you rock; I promise to never question your sources again! moink 16:20, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stockma


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David Swing

David Swing (August 23, 1830 – October 3, 1894) was a United States teacher and clergyman who was the most popular Chicago preacher of his time.

Early life
Swing was born to Alsatian immigrant parents in Cincinnati, Ohio.

He spent most of his boyhood on a farm and earned his schooling. He graduated from Miami University in 1852, where was Phi Delta Theta fraternity brother of Benjamin Harrison and classmate of Whitelaw Reid. Swing studied theology at Lane Seminary; and was principal of the preparatory school at Miami in 1853-1866.

Career

He became pastor in 1866 of the Westminster Presbyterian Church (after 1868 the Fourth Church) in Chicago, which was destroyed in the fire of 1871; he then preached in McVicker's Theatre until 1874, when a new building was completed.

In April 1874, he was tried before the Presbytery of Chicago on charges of heresy preferred by Dr Francis Landey Patton, who argued that Professor Swing preached that men were saved by works, that he held a "modal" Trinity, that he did not believe in plenary inspiration, that he unduly countenanced Unitarianism, etc. The presbytery acquitted Dr. Swing, who resigned from the presbytery when he learned that the case was to be appealed to the synod. As an action was taken against the church, of which he had remained pastor, he resigned the pastorate, again leased McVicker's theatre (and after 1880 leased Central Music Hall, which was built for the purpose), and in 1875 founded the Central Church, to which many of his former parishioners followed him, and in which he built up a large Sunday school, and established a kindergarten, industrial schools, and other charities.

He published Sermons (1874), including most of his "heretical" utterances, Truths for To-day (2 vols, 1874–1876), Motives of Life (1879), and Club Essays (1881).

He died in Chicago on October 3, 1894, and was buried at Rosehill Cemetery.

A residence hall is named in Swing's honor at Miami University.

title: David Swing


text:
User:FleetfootMike

Fixing the odd typo as I find 'em!

title: User:FleetfootMike


text:
Kami-Shishiori Station

Kamishishiori Station (上鹿折駅) was a JR East railway station located in Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The station was closed following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and has now been replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line.

History
Kamishishiori Station opened on 19 March 1932. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. Operations were suspended after the 11 March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and have been replaced by a provisional bus service.

Lines
Kamishishiori Station was served by the Ōfunato Line, and is located 69.5 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Ichinoseki Station.

Layout
Kamishishiori Station had two opposed side platforms connected by a level crossing. The station was unattended.

Surrounding area

 * Kesennuma Shiroyama Elementary School

title: Kami-Shishiori Station


text: User:Halibutt/Medal gallery

title: User:Halibutt/Medal gallery


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Twin Linear Aerospike XRS-2200 Engine

Twin Linear Aerospike XRS-2200 Engine
No special reason for nomination, image is simply really nice! Shows a test firing of an aerospike rocket engine, which was in development at NASA for the Venture Star spaceship. Used in Spacecraft propulsion, Aerospike engine, X-33. Created by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. --Bricktop 10:37, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

+7 / -0 -- Solipsist 07:01, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - Bricktop 10:37, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support.  I might try cleaning up some of the graininess later.  -- brian0918  ™  15:47, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Major WOW-factor going for it. Minimal graininess should be expected at this resolution and I don't feel it a problem. Circeus 16:59, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -Stunning and beautiful. I still can't intuitively perceive its method of thrust production. Just looks like it shouldn't work!! :)--Deglr6328 18:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Great photo. Echo User:Deglr6328's sentiments --Fir0002 06:26, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support; no need for cleanup. —Korath (Talk) 15:56, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Powerful shot. -- Solipsist 17:52, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Francis Landey Patton

Francis Landey Patton (January 22, 1843 – November 25, 1932) was a Bermudan-American educator, Presbyterian minister, academic administrator, and theologian, and served as the twelfth president of Princeton University.

Background, 1843–1871
Patton was born in Warwick Parish, Bermuda, to a family of Scottish descent. He attended Warwick Academy. As a child, the family relocated to Canada. Patton received collegiate education at the University of Toronto, followed by a theological education at Knox College, Toronto. He graduated from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1865; was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in June 1865; was pastor of the 84th Street Presbyterian Church, New York City, and in 1867–1870, of the South Church, Brooklyn.

Years in Chicago, 1871–1881
In 1871, Patton moved to Chicago to become minister of the Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church, Chicago (1874–1881). From 1872 to 1881, he was also a professor at McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago. He wrote The Inspiration of the Scriptures (1869), and Summary of Christian Doctrine (1874).

Patton was opposed to the spread of liberal Christianity in his denomination, the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. As editor of a Presbyterian weekly entitled Interior, he denounced the growth of liberalism in the Chicago Presbytery.

He brought charges of heresy in 1874 against David Swing (a confidant of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln), and was prosecuting attorney at Swing's trial. He accused Swing of subscribing to a modern version of the heresy of Sabellianism and of unduly countenancing Unitarianism. Patton lost his case and Chicago Presbytery acquitted Swing, but Patton had gained a new prominence in the denomination and this was partially responsible for his election as moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1878.

Early years at the College of New Jersey, 1881–1888
In 1881, he left Chicago and became Stuart professor "of the relation of philosophy and science to the Christian religion" (a chair founded for him) at Princeton Theological Seminary. He co-edited the Presbyterian Review with Dr. Charles A Briggs, 1880-1888. At Princeton, Patton found like-minded theologians - proponents of the so-called Princeton theology - a conservative theological position that, within the Presbyterian church, was a competitor to the liberal "Chicago school".

President of Princeton University, 1888–1902
In 1888, he was elected president of the College of New Jersey (which in 1896 became Princeton University), replacing out-going president James McCosh. His appointment was criticized by some alumni, who noted that Patton was not an American citizen, while some feared he would harangue students with John Knox-style sermons. He won over a large number of the alumni with a speech given in New York in 1888, in which he remarked "I am not prepared to say that it is better to have gone and loafed than never to have gone at all, but I do believe in the genius loci; and I sympathize with Sir Joshua Reynolds when he says, 'that there is around every seminary of learning, an atmosphere of floating knowledge where every one can imbibe something peculiar to his own original conceptions.'" The phrase "Better to have gone and loafed than never to have gone at all" was often quoted by proponents of the so-called "Gentleman's C." Patton was a popular president, and his class in Ethics was one of the most popular on campus.

During Patton's time as university president, Princeton more than doubled in size, growing from 600 students in 1888 to 1,300 students in 1902. Patton appointed many prominent Princeton professors, including: Woodrow Wilson, Bliss Perry, John Grier Hibben, Henry van Dyke, Paul Van Dyke, and Howard C. Warren. Patton announced the name change from "the College of New Jersey" to "Princeton University" in the midst of the ceremonies celebrating the College's Sesquicentennial in 1896. Although Princeton founded a graduate school while Patton was president (in 1900), Patton played little role in the foundation of the graduate school.

In 1891, Dr. Charles A. Briggs, Patton's former co-editor at the Presbyterian Review was appointed the first-ever Professor of Biblical Theology by Union Theological Seminary. In his inaugural lecture, Briggs praised higher criticism, a component of liberal Christianity, and argued that the Scriptures as a whole are riddled with errors and that the doctrine of biblical inerrancy taught at Princeton Theological Seminary "is a ghost of modern evangelicalism to frighten children." Patton was outraged by this lecture and moved that the General Assembly, which had the authority to veto all appointments of professors of theology at Presbyterian seminaries, should exercise this power and remove Briggs from the Union faculty. On Patton's urging, the General Assembly voted to remove Briggs from his position. The faculty of Union Theological Seminary voted to withdraw from the denomination rather than remove Briggs from his chair in order to defend the institution's academic freedom.

Although Patton was popular as an academic, a theologian, and a public speaker, he was not a gifted administrator. In the 1890s, clerical control over Princeton waned, and more and more businessmen and lawyers were elected as Trustees of Princeton University. Dissatisfied with Patton's management of the university, in 1902, the Trustees voted to replace Patton as president, naming Woodrow Wilson as his successor. During his time at Princeton, Patton was elected to the American Philosophical Society (1897).

President of Princeton Theological Seminary, 1902–1913
Patton thus became president of Princeton Theological Seminary. In that capacity, he opposed Henry van Dyke's proposal to revise the Westminster Confession of Faith.

Later years, 1913–1932
Patton retired in 1913 and returned to his native Bermuda. He continued to speak out on controversies within the Presbyterian church, and during the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy, he supported the Fundamentalist side. He published a book entitled Fundamental Christianity, in which he wrote "We cannot change Christianity. We may reject it if we please, but its meaning is plain".

He died in Hamilton, Bermuda on November 25, 1932.

title: Francis Landey Patton


text: Category:Schools in Leeds

title: Category:Schools in Leeds


text: Category:Education in Leeds

title: Category:Education in Leeds


text:
Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh

Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh (20 August 1930 – 25 June 2024) was an Irish Gaelic games commentator for the Irish national radio and television, RTÉ. In a career that has spanned six decades he came to be regarded as the "voice of Gaelic games." He has been described as a national treasure. His prolific career earned him a place in Guinness World Records.

Early life
Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh was born in Dún Síon just outside Dingle, County Kerry on 20 August 1930. Ó Muircheartaigh grew up on the family farm and was educated locally in Dingle. In September 1945 he began studying at Coláiste Íosagáin in Baile Bhúirne in the County Cork Gaeltacht where he was in training to be a teacher. It was at this all-Irish school that his name changed from Michael Moriarty to the Irish version Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh. He has said that Irish is his stronger language. In September 1948 he began the final year of his teacher training at St Patrick's College of Education in Drumcondra, Dublin.

Broadcasting career
In early March 1949, Ó Muircheartaigh, along with ten other students from the college, and several from other colleges, did a test commentary on a hurling game at Croke Park. Each student had to commentate for five minutes in Irish and the most successful would be selected for further commentary work. Ó Muircheartaigh had never seen a game of hurling before in his life. But he knew that those adjudicators judging his commentary were not able to see the game:

"'Twas a new game to me. But I knew one person. He was in goal for UCD and his name was Tadhg Hurley. He went to school in Dingle and he had hurling because his father was a bank manager and had spent time in Tipperary or Cork. The moment my minute started, he was saving a fantastic shot. And he cleared it away out, I can still see it, out over the sideline, Cusack Stand side of the field, eighty yards out. But it was deflected out by a member of the opposition. The adjudicators couldn't see that that didn't happen. Who was called out to take the line-ball? The only person I knew, Tadhg Hurley. And he took a beautiful line-ball—Christy Ring never took better. He landed it down in front of the Railway goal, there was a dreadful foul on the full-forward, and there was a penalty. And who was called up to take the penalty? Tadhg Hurley. 'Twas the best individual display ever seen in Croke Park. It took him at least a minute to come from the Canal goal up. And while he was coming up I spoke about his brother Bob, who was in Donal's class, and his sister who used to come out to Dún Síon strand during the summer. So eventually he took the penalty. I've seen DJ Carey, I've seen Nicky Rackard, I've seen Christy Ring. None of them could ever equal the display he gave that day... Sin mar a thosaigh sé!"

Ó Muircheartaigh was the one selected and his first assignment was to provide an all-Irish commentary on the 1949 Railway Cup final on St Patrick's Day.

He graduated from St Patrick's College a little later and also completed a Bachelor of Arts degree (1952) from University College Dublin. He also completed a Higher Diploma in Education (1953). He taught economics, accountancy and Irish in both primary and secondary schools throughout Dublin, the majority of which were run by the Christian Brothers. He continued teaching up until the 1980s, when he became a full-time broadcaster with RTÉ.

For the early part of his broadcasting career Ó Muircheartaigh commentated on Minor GAA matches, in the Irish language. He also replaced the legendary Micheál O'Hehir when he was not available to commentate. Eventually when O'Hehir was forced to retire in the mid-1980s Ó Muircheartaigh took over as the station's premier radio commentator. He developed his own inimitable style of commentary and his accent was unmistakably that of a native Irish speaker. He was a true lover of Gaelic Athletic Association and it was reflected in the enthusiasm he brought to matches. His unusual turn of phrase made him a much loved broadcaster and often imitated character. He became particularly famous in Ireland for his unusual turns of phrase in the heat of the moment while commentating. Towards the end of his life he commentated on RTÉ Radio 1. In 2004 he published his autobiography, 'From Dún Sion to Croke Park'.

On 5 March 1988, he presented the Saturday Live show on RTÉ 1.

In 1990, Ó Muircheartaigh held an impromptu interview with Britain's Prince Edward, as his greyhound had won at the English Derby qualifier that he was commentating at.

Ó Muircheartaigh's commentaries for RTÉ Radio 1's Sunday Sport show won him a Jacob's Award in 1992. He was also the Parade Grand Marshal for the 2007 St Patrick's Festival, having been given the honour by the chairman of the Festival in recognition and appreciation of his unique contribution to Irish culture. He was the Parade Grand Marshal for the 2011 St Patrick's Parade in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, also in recognition and appreciation of his unique contribution to Irish culture.

On 16 September 2010, he announced his retirement from broadcasting. The last All-Ireland he commentated on was the 2010 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final on 19 September 2010.

On 29 October 2010, it was announced that the 2nd International Rules test at Croke Park would be Ó Muircheartaigh's final broadcast as commentator on RTÉ Radio 1.

On 30 October 2010, Ó Muircheartaigh commentated his final commentary alongside RTÉ's pundit and former Meath footballer Bernard Flynn.

He was contracted to officiate at the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race finish in Galway where he commentated on the finish to the round-the-world race, to give it a uniquely Irish conclusion. Sailing was a longtime hobby of Ó Muircheartaigh.

Ó Muircheartaigh wrote a weekly sports column for Foinse, the Irish-language newspaper free with the Irish Independent each Wednesday.

Ó Muircheartaigh was invited to read out a piece in Irish and in English at an event called "Laochra" in Croke Park on 24 April 2016 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Easter Rising.

Ó Muircheartaigh's nephew by marriage, John McGuire, has presented several programmes on RTÉ.

In 2007, Ó Muircheartaigh was awarded the UCD Foundation Day Medal.

Death
Ó Muircheartaigh died at a hospital on 25 June 2024, at the age of 93.

Other media
Ó Muircheartaigh is the main commentator in the 2005 video game Gaelic Games: Football for the PlayStation 2 and its 2007 sequel.

He was featured in the video "Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh - Making a ham sandwich" which was posted on a Reddit forum, noting his "relaxing" voice.

Honours
Ó Muircheartaigh was awarded an honorary doctorate by NUI Galway in 1999 for his lifetime service to broadcasting.

Shortly after his 90th birthday, Ó Muircheartaigh was awarded the only All Star of 2020. No further All Stars could be awarded as competition was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and only completed that December.

title: Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh


text:
Urawa, Saitama

Urawa (浦和市) was a city located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

On May 1, 2001, Urawa was merged with the cities of Ōmiya and Yono to create the city of Saitama.

Since April 1, 2003, the area of former Urawa City has been divided into 4 wards: Urawa-ku, Midori-ku, Minami-ku and Sakura-ku of Saitama City. The city hall and the prefectural government building are located in Urawa-ku.

Origin and pre-modern history
In the Edo period, the area that became Urawa flourished as a posting station of the Nakasendō, a highway connecting Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and Kyoto. But it was not as big a town as Iwatsuki, which was the only castle town in the area of the modern-day city of Saitama.

Modern Urawa

 * In 1869, the Prefectural Government of Urawa Prefecture was set up, and the Government's Office was located in Urawa.
 * In 1871, Iwatsuki, Urawa, and Oshi Prefectures merged to form Saitama Prefecture, and Urawa became the capital of this new Prefecture.
 * The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake heavily damaged Tokyo and many nearby cities. Although Urawa is not far from Tokyo, it suffered less damage than Tokyo, Yokohama, and other cities in Kantō region, so many intellectuals, especially painters, moved to Urawa, and this old posting station started to change into a modern city.
 * Several neighboring villages then merged into Urawa, and in 1934, Urawa became a city.

Saitama City era

 * On May 1, 2001, Urawa was merged with the cities of Ōmiya and Yono to create the new capital city of Saitama. At that time, the city had a population of 488,000.
 * On April 1, 2003, when Saitama became a designated city, the former area of Urawa City has been divided into 4 wards: Urawa-ku, Midori-ku, Minami-ku and Sakura-ku.

title: Urawa, Saitama


text:
Talk:Free France

Updates on Prelude
I've expanded this as I think the original was too Anglo-centric. Brits tend to see the Battle of France as ending at Dunkirk but that wasn't the case even at the time (eg Alanbrooke and the Canadian First Division were landed in France on 2 June). It matters because one cannot understand French bitterness against both the British and De Gaulle without the context of what happened after Dunkirk (a period that features a number of the most heroic episodes in French military history eg the Samur cavalry cadets).

Happy to discuss. Robinvp11 (talk) 11:14, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

Section edit links missing
As of this date, there are no section edit links. This can be caused by an archive template, which turns them off, or unbalanced tags of other types. I will check briefly, but don't have time for an extended investigation of this. Mathglot (talk) 23:28, 27 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I've checked as far back as 809824702 of 17:47, November 11, 2017, and there are no section edit links that far back .  It's extremely unlikely this would not have been noticed that long, and in any case, there are plenty of edit summaries with section names generated by section edit link editing; this is almost certainly the fault of a template transcluded here, with a bug in it recently added.  (I just hope it's not something I introduced, because I edit templates, but haven't made any relevant changes lately to anything that seems a likely culprit.) Can someone take a look?  Mathglot (talk) 23:35, 27 January 2021 (UTC)
 * From the Archive template in this edit, as analyzed and fixed by users and, with my thanks. Mathglot (talk) 00:26, 28 January 2021 (UTC) Struck irrelevant/inaccurate part. Mathglot (talk) 00:31, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

Anthem?
The anthem is not a recording from the ww2 era, and the anthem came from 1909, by Jean Note and the file is even in La Marseillaise — Preceding unsigned comment added by TTTTRZON (talk • contribs) 15:28, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

 * welcome to Wikipedia! I think you're talking about the audio file of the recording linked near the top of the Infobox in the right sidebar, is that right? The anthem itself, La Marseillaise, dates to 1795.  That audio file contains a recording identified as having been made in 1907. The song itself is the same one that became the national anthem in 1795.
 * I can imagine that an older recording was chosen on purpose, in order to show the continuity of Free France with older Republican tradition, rather than select a recording from the time when the Vichy regime was in nominal control of French soil, although in reality Metropolitan France was under the boot of Nazi Germany. Choosing an earlier recording imho, is a subtle way to reject the validity of Vichy, and I find it a nice touch. If audio recording had existed in 1795, I would've chosen one recorded then. Mathglot (talk) 18:23, 28 March 2021 (UTC)
 * For god sake, why all that talk for what is basically trivia, and that 99.9 % of readers won't care about. Why not spend that energy on improving the article as such? One way of improving it would be to reduce it by about a third to a half, as it contains way too much trivia and minor or peripheral info, especially in the eye of the non-French reader. --Lubiesque (talk) 20:17, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

That dreadful infobox map
Looking at that map in the infobox with its complicated color scheme and dates ― probably made by some editor with too much free time on his/her hands ― I can understand why so many Wikipedia contributors hate infoboxes.--Lubiesque (talk) 20:41, 28 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Mathglot (talk) 21:00, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

About the racism paragraph.
I'm new at this but the above mentioned paragraph really strike my attention for it's totally unneutral tone, and some facts (like in the liberation of Paris black troops were prevented to act when the only Free French unit present was the 2nd Armored, a unit formed by white french from all over the world) seems wrong but the thing at the end a about the last betrayal about ending colonial troop pentions, is false. They were frozen after the independences. Here you have a BBC article from 2010 about a change that make again those pentions like the one's for metropolitan France.

https://www.bbc.com/news/10617955

The whole paragraph seems based on a few pages of one book. I hope that somebody with more experience and some knowledge can clarify this.

I do agree with this editor; the racism section is completely biased and needs to be renovated. Have tagged it for POV issues. Lettlerhello • contribs 20:47, 23 May 2021 (UTC)

Free French land force name
Would anyone know if there was a unified name for the Free French land forces/army? I have been looking through the article but have found nothing to answer my question. Lettlerhello • contribs 20:49, 23 May 2021 (UTC)

Racism Section
The whole section is written in a non-neutral and biased tone. It refers to the "final betrayal" of the soldiers and reads more like a book review or summary than an encylopedia. There are other examples throughout the whole section(eg."disheartening rejection", "valiant efforts" ) as well as collected anecdotes used to further highlight an editors viewpoint. I tried to remove the section for these reasons and got reverted but I feel that the whole section still needs to be removed due to it being unneutral and being partially irrelevant.Originalcola (talk) 02:08, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

The racism section
It is completely accurate and sourced. The complaints about this section are racist and incorrect. This section should absolutely not be labeled as disputed or inaccurate. 24.101.44.56 (talk) 23:49, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

This section has been removed. While discussion on racism and racial hierarchy in the Free French is a valid topic, the section in it's current state is purely pushing POV. Johny Potts is also not exactly a historian. If the section is rewritten with multiple sources cross referencing, examining ideas that things such as the blanchiment were based on concepts of troops being able to deal with climatic conditions (which was a concept developed in World War One), the idea of De Gaulle wanting a more extensive French role in the victory rather than merely doing it because they were of 'colour' etc. then section should be re-added. Until then it is better removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FR1914 (talk • contribs) 10:02, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

 * freeflee 45.122.44.209 (talk) 14:28, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Untrue
The opening paragraph is simply untrue. De Gaulle was still in France when the French Cabinet agreed they had to ask the Germans for an armistice. He had been conspiring with the British already, while an Under-Secretary of State. This was discovered and General Weygand issued orders for an arrest warrant for de Gaulle. The British Ambassador in France secretly aided de Gaulle to escape to England. The French army units which had been evacuated with the British at Dunkirk had in the meantime already been recalled to France, leaving tiny numbers of men in England who, essentially, deserted and did not return. The Armistice was signed on June 22, 1940 by the legitimate French Government, then situated in Bordeaux, having evacuated Paris. De Gaulle placed himself at the disposal of British Government and Churchill, who allowed him to make broadcasts to France. It was some time afterwards that the British set up the so-called "Free French" force, then a tiny unit of de Gaulle and the AWOL dissidents already mentioned. France had left the war in June 1940 and this was begrudgingly acknowedged by Britain. It was much much later that the British set up their fake French "Government-in-exile" which had no credibility whatsoever under international law and at a time when the USA still maintained full diplomatic relations with the French Government now relocated to the town of Vichy (Paris being under German military occupation). Your page reads like a British propaganda page. 2A00:23C4:B617:7D01:CDDE:F751:312E:83D9 (talk) 19:08, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

Hindi
jffevsns Vvjond gen DJ dlsbdbd 45.122.44.209 (talk) 14:27, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

About the mistakes in this article
I was recently translating this article into the Chinese Wiki, and when I checked the references inserted, I found a lot of mistakes.

1. When quoting the books of Kim Munholland and C.P. Stacey, one author's name is put into the other's book, and vice versa.

2. Two books by Jean-François Muracciole are cited. However, the footnotes are not marked with the year, so it is impossible to figure out which book the footnotes refer to.

3. None of the footnotes follow Harvard's book citation format, and according to my inspection, many of them do not match the content to be cited.

-- Yankees from Canada (talk) 22:32, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free France


text: Talk:Disneyland Resort

title: Talk:Disneyland Resort


text:
Fugloyarfjørður

Fugloyarfjørður is the firth separating Svínoy from Fugloy in the Faroe Islands.

title: Fugloyarfjørður


text:
Rosa Sucher

Rosa Sucher (23 February 1849 – 16 April 1927), née Hasselbeck, was a German operatic dramatic soprano renowned for her Wagnerian performances.

Life
Sucher was born in Velburg. Her debut occurred in Munich in 1871 as Waltraute in Die Walküre and engagements followed in Berlin and Leipzig. She married Josef Sucher (1844–1908), a well-known conductor and composer in 1876, when he was conductor at the Leipzig city theatre.

Frau Sucher soon became famous for her interpretations of Wagner's operatic roles, with her seasons in London in 1882 and 1892 proving her great capacity both as singer and actress. In 1886 and 1888, she sang at Germany's Bayreuth, and in later years she was principally associated with the opera stage in Berlin, retiring in 1903. She died at Eschweiler.

Her rendering of the part of Isolde in Wagner's opera was especially acclaimed. Her other roles included Agathe, Euryanthe, Elsa, Eva, Brünnhilde, Kundry, and Desdemona in Otello. Unfortunately, she left no gramophone recordings of her singing.

title: Rosa Sucher


text:
Quality circle

A quality circle or quality control circle is a group of workers who do the same or similar work, who meet regularly to identify, analyze and solve work-related problems. It consists of minimum three and maximum twelve members in number. Normally small in size, the group is usually led by a supervisor or manager and presents its solutions to management; where possible, workers implement the solutions themselves in order to improve the performance of the organization and motivate employees. Quality circles were at their most popular during the 1980s, but continue to exist in the form of Kaizen groups and similar worker participation schemes.

Typical topics for the attention of quality circles are improving occupational safety and health, improving product design, and improvement in the workplace and manufacturing processes. The term quality circles was most accessibly defined by Professor Kaoru Ishikawa in his 1985 handbook, "What is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way" and circulated throughout Japanese industry by the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers in 1960. The first company in Japan to introduce Quality Circles was the Nippon Wireless and Telegraph Company in 1962. By the end of that year there were 36 companies registered with JUSE by 1978 the movement had grown to an estimated 1 million Circles involving some 10 million Japanese workers. The movement built on work by Dr. W. Edwards Deming during the Allied Occupation of Japan, for which the Deming Prize was established in 1950, as well as work by Joseph M. Juran in 1954.

Quality circles are typically more formal groups. They meet regularly on company time and are trained by competent persons (usually designated as facilitators) who may be personnel and industrial relations specialists trained in human factors and the basic skills of problem identification, information gathering and analysis, basic statistics, and solution generation. Quality circles are generally free to select any topic they wish (other than those related to salary and terms and conditions of work, as there are other channels through which these issues are usually considered).

Quality circles have the advantage of continuity; the circle remains intact from project to project. (For a comparison to Quality Improvement Teams, see Juran's Quality by Design. ).

Handbook of Quality Circle: Quality circle is a people-development concept based on the premise that an employee doing a certain task is the most informed person in that topic and, as a result, is in a better position to identify, analyse, and handle work-related challenges through their innovative and unique ideas. It is, in fact, a practical application of McGregor's Theory Y, which argues that if employees are given the right atmosphere and decision-making authority, they will enjoy and take pride in their work, resulting in a more fulfilling work life. A quality circle is a small group of workers that work in the same area or do similar sorts of work and meet once a week for an hour to identify, analyse, and resolve work-related issues. The objective is to improve the quality, productivity, and overall performance of the company, as well as the workers' quality of life at work. TQM World Institution of Quality Excellence publication division published a book, "Handbook of Quality Circle" by Prasanta Kumar Barik which tried to bring all the theoretical concepts with detailed implementation steps for Quality Circle. This will be useful in Quality Circle implementation in all types of organizations.

History
Quality circles were originally described by W. Edwards Deming in the 1950s, Deming praised Toyota as an example of the practice. The idea was later formalized across Japan in 1962 and expanded by others such as Kaoru Ishikawa. The Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) coordinated the movement in Japan. The first circles started at the Nippon Wireless and Telegraph Company; the idea then spread to more than 35 other companies in the first year. By 1978 it was claimed by JUSE in their publication Gemba to QC Circles, that there were more than one million quality circles involving some 10 million Japanese workers. they operate in most East Asian countries; it was recently claimed by the President of the Chinese Quality Circles Society at the ICSQCC Conference in Beijing 30 August 1997 that there were more than 20 million quality circles in China.

Quality circles have been implemented even in educational sectors in India, and QCFI (Quality Circle Forum of India) is promoting such activities. However this was not successful in the United States, as the idea was not properly understood and implementation turned into a fault-finding exercise – although some circles do still exist. Don Dewar, founder of Quality Digest together with Wayne Ryker and Jeff Beardsley established quality circles in 1972 at the Lockheed Space Missile factory in California.

TQM World Institution of Quality Excellence (TQM-WIQE) through its E-learning division Quality Excellence Forum (QEF) is providing training on Quality Circle with three different levels of certification for better implementation of Quality Circle worldwide. The certifications level are Quality Circle Fundamentals (QCF), Quality Circle Professional (QCP) and Quality Circle Master (QCM).

Empirical studies
In a structures-fabrication and assembly plant in the south-eastern US, some quality circles (QCs) were established by the management (management-initiated); whereas others were formed based on requests of employees (self-initiated). Based on 47 QCs over a three-year period, research showed that management-initiated QCs have fewer members, solve more work-related QC problems, and solve their problems much faster than self-initiated QCS. However, the effect of QC initiation (management- vs. self-initiated) on problem-solving performance disappears after controlling QC size. A high attendance of QC meetings is related to lower number of projects completed and slow speed of performance in management-initiated QCS QCs with high upper-management support (high attendance of QC meetings) solve significantly more problems than those without. Active QCs had lower rate of problem-solving failure, higher attendance rate at QC meetings, and higher net savings of QC projects than inactive QCs. QC membership tends to decrease over the three-year period. Larger QCs have a better chance of survival than smaller QCs. A significant drop in QC membership is a precursor of QC failure. The sudden decline in QC membership represents the final and irreversible stage of the QC's demise. Attributions of quality circles' problem-solving failure vary across participants of QCs: Management, supporting staff, and QC members.

There are seven basic quality improvement tools that circles use:

 * Cause-and-effect diagrams (sometimes called Ishikawa or "fishbone" diagrams)
 * Pareto charts
 * Process mapping, data gathering tools such as check sheets
 * Graphical tools such as histograms, frequency diagrams, spot charts and pie charts
 * Run charts and control charts
 * Scatter plots and correlation analysis
 * Flowcharts

Student quality circles
Student quality circles work on the original philosophy of total quality management. The idea of SQCs was presented by City Montessori School (CMS) Lucknow India at a conference in Hong Kong in October 1994. It was developed and mentored by two engineers of Indian Railways PC, Bihari and Swami Das, in association with Principal Dr. Kamran of CMS Lucknow India. They were inspired and facilitated by Jagdish Gandhi, who founded CMS after his visit to Japan, where he learned about Kaizen. CMS has continued to conduct international conventions on student quality circles every two years. After seeing its utility, educators from many countries started such circles.

The World Council for Total Quality & Excellence in Education was established in 1999 with its Corporate Office in Lucknow and head office in Singapore. It monitors and facilitates student quality circle activities in its member countries, which number more than a dozen. SQC's are considered to be a co-curricular activity. They have been established in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Mauritius, Iran, UK (Kingston University and started in University of Leicester), and USA.

In Nepal, Prof. Dinesh P. Chapagain has been promoting the approach through QUEST-Nepal since 1999. He has written a book entitled A Guide Book on Students' Quality Circle: An Approach to prepare Total Quality People, which is considered a standard guide to promote SQC's in academia for students' personality development.

The TQM World Institution of Quality Excellence through its Academic Outreach Initiative (WIQE-AOI), promoting Student Quality Circle concept.Its providing training and certification for students and mentors at Universities, Management & Engineering Institutions and schools for better implementation of Student Quality Circle in academics and overall growth of students.

title: Quality circle


text:
This Week (American TV program)

This Week, originally titled as This Week with David Brinkley and billed as This Week with George Stephanopoulos since 2012, is an American Sunday morning political affairs program airing on ABC. It premiered on November 15, 1981, replacing Issues and Answers with David Brinkley as its original anchor until his retirement in 1996. The program has been anchored by George Stephanopoulos since 2012, after first hosting it from 2002 to 2010. Martha Raddatz and Jonathan Karl have been co-hosts since 2016 and 2021, respectively. The program airs live at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time although many stations air the program at a later slot to air local newscasts, especially those in other time zones. During the David Brinkley era, the program drew consistent #1 ratings and in Stephanopolous era generally runs in third place among the Sunday morning talk shows, behind Meet the Press and Face the Nation.

History
In 1960, ABC launched its first Sunday talk show Issues and Answers, which featured policy discussions, prior to the age of political pundits dominating the talk shows. One of its early hosts was Howard K. Smith, who also had his own prime-time public affairs program Howard K. Smith: News and Comment air on the network during the 1962–1963 season. Among the program's later hosts was Bob Clark.

On November 15, 1981, David Brinkley came to the network from NBC News and was given full responsibility for the show, which was relaunched as This Week with a network time slot at 10:30 AM Eastern Time. During Brinkley's run, three major sponsors were part of the show: General Electric (which departed after taking control on NBC in 1987), Archer Daniels Midland and Merrill Lynch.

On November 10, 1996, David Brinkley retired as host of This Week but continued to appear on the program providing commentary segments until September 28, 1997. Following Brinkley's retirement, ABC News journalists Sam Donaldson and Cokie Roberts subsequently became co-hosts of This Week. Since 1981, the names of the primary anchors have been included with the show's title, such as This Week with David Brinkley and during this era, the program was billed as This Week with Sam Donaldson & Cokie Roberts (or This Week with Sam & Cokie).

Longtime panelist George Stephanopoulos became the new host of This Week on September 15, 2002; he ended his first tenure with the program on January 10, 2010, shortly after being named the co-host of Good Morning America. ABC News Senior White House Correspondent Jake Tapper served as the interim anchor from March to July 2010.

On April 20, 2008, production of This Week relocated to the Newseum in Washington, D.C., in a studio that overlooks the U.S. Capitol. In addition, the program began broadcasting in high definition, becoming the first Sunday morning talk show to broadcast in HD. Following the transition, the program discontinued the segments Images and Voices. ABC and This Week moved out of the Newseum in 2013 due to infrequent use of the studio and other facilities, with the former studio later being used for the Washington bureau of cable news channel Al Jazeera America.

Christiane Amanpour, a longtime world affairs correspondent at CNN, began as the program's host on August 1, 2010. During her first two months as host, the ratings for This Week reached their lowest point since 2003. In December 2011, it was announced that Amanpour would step down as anchor of the program, while returning to CNN in turn. On January 5, 2012, ABC News announced that Stephanopoulos would return as the host of This Week. With the return of Stephanopolous as moderator, the program began using former Good Morning America and World News Tonight anchor Charles Gibson to perform the voice-over heard during the opening of each broadcast; this lasted until 2014.

In 2016, Martha Raddatz was named co-anchor of This Week, alternating each weekend with Stephanopoulos.

Ratings
In February 2009, the ratings gap between Meet the Press and its competitors – This Week and CBS' Face the Nation – began closing. Meet the Press posted its lowest ratings since NBC News correspondent David Gregory became moderator in early February of that year, with the February 1 telecast averaging just 3.9 million viewers. Face the Nation averaged 3.33 million total viewers, while This Week came in just behind with 3.32 million. This Week beat Meet the Press on January 11, when George Stephanopoulos interviewed President-Elect Barack Obama.

Key features
One of the key features of This Week is the roundtable discussion (currently branded as The Powerhouse Roundtable), which included pundits such as George Will and ABC News correspondents such as Sam Donaldson and Cokie Roberts, and other guests discussing the major issues of the week. Will, a regular panelist who was with the program from its launch with David Brinkley until he left ABC to join Fox News as a contributor in 2013, sometimes contributed short reports to the broadcast.

After George Stephanopolous became host in 2002, new segments were added to the program including:

 * Images, a selection of photographs illustrating various news stories from the past week.
 * In Memoriam, a listing of prominent deaths, including all reported military deaths, that occurred during the week.
 * Sunday Funnies, excerpts from various late night talk and sketch comedy programs that aired during the week.
 * Voices, excerpts from various interviews conducted during the week.

In 2010, Jake Tapper arranged with Bill Adair to get PolitiFact.com to fact check the statements made by panelists and guests featured on This Week.

Hosts

 * David Brinkley (November 15, 1981 – November 10, 1996)
 * Sam Donaldson and Cokie Roberts (November 17, 1996 – September 8, 2002)
 * George Stephanopoulos (September 15, 2002 – January 10, 2010, January 8, 2012 – present)
 * Jake Tapper (March–July 2010)
 * Christiane Amanpour (August 1, 2010 – December 25, 2011)
 * Martha Raddatz, co-host (January 24, 2016 – present)
 * Jonathan Karl, co-host (February 21, 2021 – present)

Regular panelists
The Roundtable typically includes three or four panelists along with the moderator. Recurring panelists have included George Will, Cokie Roberts, Sam Donaldson, Bill Kristol, Fareed Zakaria, Martha Raddatz, Peggy Noonan, Victoria Clarke, Donna Brazile, Ann Coulter, Paul Krugman, Jay Carney, Claire Shipman, E.J. Dionne, Jr., Robert Reich, David Corn, Katrina vanden Heuvel, Mark Halperin, Joe Klein, Van Jones, David Brooks, Matthew Dowd, Mary Matalin, Ed Gillespie, Sarah Isgur and Chris Christie.

International broadcasts
ABC News programming, including This Week, is shown weekly on the 24-hour news network OSN News in the Middle Eastern/North Africa region. It also airs in Australia on SBS, in Japan on NHK BS 1.

title: This Week (American TV program)


text:
This Week (1956 TV programme)

This Week was a British weekly current affairs television programme that was first produced for ITV in January 1956 by Associated-Rediffusion (later Thames Television), running until 1978, when it was replaced by TV Eye. In 1986, the earlier name was revived and This Week continued until Thames lost its franchise at the end of 1992.

In September 1958, This Week filmed George Harrison Marks and Pamela Green at their photography studio in Gerrard Street. David Kentick directed and Nick Barker interviewed Marks and Green. They were filmed working with a nude model, who was strategically covered by a very long wig. The film sequence ended with a montage of their photographs, mostly of nudes. However, the night it was to be broadcast Pope Pius XII died and the programme was cut, and the interview never shown. In 1964, This Week returned to their studio. This time round they showed a clip of the infamous striptease comedy film The Window Dresser.

However, its most influential episode was an exposé on the National Front in 1974, which led to the party's members firing their Chairman John Tyndall and National Activities Organiser Martin Webster two weeks later as a result of the revelations on the show from former NF Chairman John O'Brien of their neo-Nazi paramilitary pasts and continued links.

In 1976 the episode Death in the West believed to contain the first recorded admission from a tobacco company representative that smoking causes health problems resulted in an injunction from Philip Morris International.

The most controversial edition was "Death on the Rock", a 1988 documentary which questioned the official account of the Gibraltar shootings.

During its run, the programme's presenters included Ludovic Kennedy, James Cameron, Jonathan Dimbleby, Robert Kee, Dan Farson, Jeremy Thorpe (who became leader of the Liberal Party), Desmond Wilcox, Bryan Magee, Peter Taylor (noted for his coverage of Northern Ireland), Denis Tuohy, John Morgan and Yvonne Roberts.

The programme used the Intermezzo from Sibelius's Karelia Suite as a signature tune.

title: This Week (1956 TV programme)


text:
DBZ

DBZ may refer to:

 * dBZ (meteorology), decibels of Z, a meteorological measure of equivalent reflectivity (Z) of a radar signal
 * dB(Z), zero-weighted decibel
 * Dean Zelinsky (born 1957), American guitar designer and founder of DBZ Guitars
 * Dragon Ball Z, the anime adaptation of the second portion of the Dragon Ball manga
 * Dolderbahn, a rack railway in the city of Zürich, Switzerland
 * Division by zero, a term used in mathematics if the divisor (denominator) is zero

title: DBZ


text:
Alesis

Alesis is an American company that designs and markets electronic musical instruments, audio processors, mixers, amplifiers, audio interfaces, recording equipment, drum machines, professional audio, and electronic percussion products. Based in Cumberland, Rhode Island, Alesis is an inMusic Brands company.

Early years

Alesis Studio Electronics was founded in Hollywood in 1984 by MXR co-founder Keith Elliott Barr. Leveraging his ability to design custom integrated circuits, Barr's company was able to introduce technologically advanced products at prices within the realm of most project studios. Alesis' first product was the XT Reverb. Introduced in 1985, the XT Reverb was an all-digital reverb that carried an unprecedented low price of $799. Barr recruited Russell Palmer as Operations Manager and Robert Wilson (Vice Chairman) to handle international sales so that Barr could continue to focus on engineering.

In 1986 Alesis produced the first under-$1000 16-bit professional effects processor, the MIDIverb, which had a 12-bit A/D converter and MIDI control. It was joined later in the year by the Microverb, which lacked MIDI but had a 16-bit A/D converter. After enlisting the expertise of Fast Forward Designs, co-founded by veteran Oberheim Electronics designers Marcus Ryle and Michel Doidic (who went on to found Line 6), Alesis introduced the MMT8 hardware sequencer and the very successful HR-16 drum machine in 1987. The HR-16 was employed on the English industrial metal band Godflesh's first few releases; Loudwire called it "the most devastating drum machine ever employed".

The Alesis ADAT
At the 1991 Winter NAMM Show, Alesis introduced the ADAT digital tape recorder. Alesis created the File Streaming Technology (FST) proprietary disk file system for their ADAT HD24 recorder. Each ADAT could record 8 tracks of 16-bit audio on an S-VHS videocassette tape, and up to 16 ADATs could be connected together to record 128 tracks of audio simultaneously. With the same digital resolution as an Audio CD and a price that was a fraction of the other digital recording solutions for home recording at the time, the ADAT was a tremendous success, and its impact on the recording industry has been recognized by induction to the.

Boom and bankruptcy
For the next ten years, Alesis created a wide variety of products such as the QuadraSynth synthesizer, D4 and DM5 drum modules, and Monitor One studio monitors. In 1997, Alesis Semiconductor was formed, again taking advantage of Barr's custom integrated circuits to produce and market chips for the audio industry. A series of chips was introduced that ranged from digital signal processors for audio effects to analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.

By 2001, however, the company's business suffered as market trends changed, and on April 27 of that year, Alesis filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In the subsequent restructuring, Jack O'Donnell acquired the company.

After 2001
Under O'Donnell's direction, Alesis expanded into new product categories such as mixers, portable PA speakers, and other recording equipment while continuing to produce Alesis legacy products like the SR-16 drum machine.

Alesis founder Keith Barr died of an apparent heart attack on August 24, 2010, at age 60. In 2012 Alesis became part of the newly created inMusic Brands group of companies.

Target market
Alesis is known for budget equipment but has produced high-end and innovative gear such as the Alesis Fusion music production workstation, the Andromeda A6 analog synthesizer, the Ion virtual analog modeling synthesizer or the Ion-based Micron.

Alesis developed equipment for recording studios during the 1990s.

Alesis models

 * Quadrasynth & Quadrasynth Plus synthesizer keyboards
 * Andromeda A6 polyphonic analog synthesizer
 * Fusion 6HD, 8HD synthesizer workstation keyboard
 * ION analog modeling synthesizer
 * Recital, 61 & Pro stage pianos
 * Virtue stage piano
 * Concert stage piano
 * Prestige & Prestige Artist stage pianos.

title: Alesis


text:
Sheffield Parkway

The Sheffield Parkway is a major dual carriageway which runs between the City of Sheffield and junction 33 of the M1 in South Yorkshire, England. The 5.5 mi road was opened in 1974.

Route
The route runs east of the City, connecting Park Square in the city centre with the inner ring road, outer ring road and out to the M1 motorway at junction 33. It passes the districts of the city council which are former villages: Wybourn, Darnall and Handsworth and the large village of Catcliffe, at which a slip road connects to Sheffield Business Park and the Advanced Manufacturing Park (AMP). At Handsworth the road passes through Bowden Housteads Woods, where it is possible to see the Parkway Man statue. Many businesses and Sheffield attractions are within sight of The Parkway, as it is known in South Yorkshire, and it can become highly congested. For approximately 2.5 mi the road forms part of the A57; the rest is part of the A630. The South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue service Parkway Fire Station, which opened on 14 July 2015, has direct access to the Parkway, via Reynolds Road, at the junction of the A57 and A630.

A £46 million upgrade to create three lanes between Catcliffe junction to the M1 on both carriageways, and four lanes on the M1 slip roads, started in February 2021 with a completion date of autumn 2022. The upgrade will also include new barriers, traffic lights, resurfacing and a permanent speed restriction of 50 mph.

title: Sheffield Parkway


text: Category:Local government districts in West Yorkshire


text:
Kesennuma Station

Kesennuma Station (気仙沼駅) is a junction railway station located in the city of Kesennuma, Miyagi, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Kesennuma Station was a junction station served by the Ōfunato Line and the Kesennuma Line. The station is 62.0 kilometers from Ichinoseki and 72.8 kilometers from Maeyachi. Since the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, services on the Kesennuma Line between Kesennuma and Yanaizu have been suspended, and services replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line. The Ōfunato Line still serves Kesennuma from its terminal at Ichinoseki; however services past Kesennuma have likewise been suspended and replaced by a Bus Rapid Transit Line.

Station layout
The station has a single side platform and an island platform connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

History
Kesennuma Station opened on 31 July 1929 on the Ōfunato Line. Passenger services on the Kesennuma Line began on 11 February 1957. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japanese National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. Since the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the station has become the de facto terminal station of the Ōfunato Line, with services beyond the station replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line. Services on the Kesennuma Line have also been suspended and replaced by a bus line.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2018, the station was used by an average of 196 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area

 * Kesennuma Furumachi post office
 * Kesennuma tax office
 * Kesennuma tax office

title: Kesennuma Station


text:
Long Beach Ice Dogs

The Long Beach Ice Dogs were an American professional ice hockey team based in Long Beach, California, at the Long Beach Sports Arena. They played until the end of the 2006–07 ECHL season.

History
The Ice Dogs trace their origins to the San Diego Gulls, a team in the now-defunct International Hockey League (IHL), that began play in 1990. In 1995, the team moved north to become the Los Angeles Ice Dogs. Due to poor attendance at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena, the team was on the move again after just one season, this time to Long Beach, California, where it retained the "Ice Dogs" name and played at the Long Beach Sports Arena. During the team's time in the IHL, it was coached by John Van Boxmeer. The Ice Dogs lost the 1997 IHL Turner Cup finals four-games-to-two against the Detroit Vipers. The Ice Dogs were also the first professional sports franchise to ever broadcast their full season (1997–98) schedule on the internet, at Broadcast.com, with Ted Sobel calling the play for all five of their IHL seasons in Los Angeles/Long Beach.

In 2000, Barry Kemp, the television executive who had become the team's owner, withdrew the team from the IHL and moved it to the West Coast Hockey League (WCHL), where it remained until the league was folded in 2003 by the member clubs, which were then admitted into the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL), at the behest of owners who had interests in both leagues.

In 2005, it was forced to play first-round ECHL playoff games in the HealthSouth Training Center, owned by the Los Angeles Kings, when the Long Beach facilities were being used as garage space for the Champ Car Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach during the ECHL playoffs.

In the summer of 2006, Kemp sold the Ice Dogs to a new investment group led by Chicago businessman Ted Foxman and the Los Angeles-based brothers, attorney Steven Bash and physician Isaac Bash, M.D. The new ownership group had plans to keep the team in Long Beach. The future of the team there had been uncertain because the Ice Dogs typically had the lowest average attendance in the ECHL. The new owners also planned to promote boxing cards at the Long Beach Arena.

On October 20, 2006, the Ice Dogs reached an affiliate agreement with the NHL's Boston Bruins.

Suspension of operations
On April 20, 2007, the ECHL announced the suspension of the team's operations, citing that Foxman had informed the board that the Ice Dogs would not play in Long Beach Arena in 2007–08. The ECHL added that the team's status would be clarified at the league's next meetings in June.

Team co-owner Steven Bash told the Press-Telegram that the team was losing too much money for it to continue operations. Bash added that the Ice Dogs were negotiating a buyout of the remaining five years of their lease with Spectacor Management Group, which operates the Long Beach Arena.

On June 18, 2007, during the ECHL Board of Governors Annual Meeting, the Ice Dogs membership in the ECHL was immediately terminated due to the Long Beach ownership group being unable to continue to operate in 2007–08.

Meanwhile, former owner Barry Kemp, after originally being awarded a new franchise for Ontario, California, during the merger of the WCHL and ECHL that eventually became the Phoenix RoadRunners in 2005, relocated one of his other teams in 2008 to Ontario as the Ontario Reign.

title: Long Beach Ice Dogs


text:
In hoc signo vinces

"In hoc signo vinces" is a Latin phrase conventionally translated into English as "In this sign thou shalt conquer", often also being translated as "By this sign, conquer".

The Latin phrase itself renders, rather loosely, the Greek phrase "ἐν τούτῳ νίκα", transliterated as "en toútōi níka", literally meaning "in this, conquer".

History
Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius was an early Christian author (c. 240) who became an advisor to the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine I (and tutor to his son), guiding the Emperor's religious policy as it developed during his reign. His work De Mortibus Persecutorum has an apologetic character, but has been treated as a work of history by Christian writers. Here Lactantius preserves the story of Constantine's vision of the Chi Rho before his conversion to Christianity. The full text is found in only one manuscript, which bears the title, Lucii Caecilii liber ad Donatum Confessorem de Mortibus Persecutorum.

The bishop Eusebius of Caesaria, a historian, states that Constantine was marching with his army (Eusebius does not specify the actual location of the event, but it is clearly not in the camp at Rome), when he looked up to the sun and saw a cross of light above it, and with it the Greek words "(ἐν) τούτῳ νίκα" ("In this, conquer"), a phrase often rendered into Latin as in hoc signo vinces ("in this sign, you will conquer").

At first, Constantine did not know the meaning of the apparition, but on the following night, he had a dream in which Christ explained to him that he should use the sign of the cross against his enemies. Eusebius then continues to describe the Labarum, the military standard used by Constantine in his later wars against Licinius, showing the Chi-Rho sign. The accounts by Lactantius and Eusebius, though not entirely consistent, have been connected to the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 AD), merging into a popular notion of Constantine seeing the Chi-Rho sign on the evening before the battle.

The phrase appears prominently placed as a motto on a ribbon unfurled with a passion cross to its left, beneath a window over the Scala Regia, adjacent to the equestrian statue of Emperor Constantine, in the Vatican. Emperors and other monarchs, having paid respects to the Pope, descended the Scala Regia, and would observe the light shining down through the window, with the motto, reminiscent of Constantine's vision, and be reminded to follow the Cross. The Kingdom of Portugal had used this motto since 1139, after the Miracle at the Battle of Ourique, when the first portuguese king D. Afonso Henriques, before his battle against the moorish King Ali ibn Yusuf, experienced a similar miracle to Constantine's. The miracle was later famously retold through the written epic poem the Lusíadas.

Cultural references

 * Motto of the Portuguese Empire and monarchy. When Jesus on the cross appeared to Afonso Henriques, the first king of Portugal, before the battle of Ouriques, he gave him the Portuguese symbol, the "Quinas", and said "In hoc signo vinces". Since then it's on every Portuguese flag.

 * Inscribed on the banner of the Sanfedismo in 1799
 * Inscribed in Greek on the flag (obverse side) of the Sacred Band of the Greek War of Independence
 * Part of the trademark for Pall Mall cigarettes. "PALL MALL IN HOC SIGNO VINCES 'WHEREVER PARTICULAR PEOPLE CONGREGATE'"
 * It is the public motto of the English Defence League, emblazoned around the group's logo.
 * The phrase is the motto on some Byzantine coins (e.g. the folles of Constans II).
 * It is the motto on most regimental flags of the Irish Brigade (France).
 * It is the official motto of the World Famous Bomber Barons 23D Bomb Squadron, Minot AFB, ND.
 * In hoc signo vinces was the motto of the Sherbrooke Regiment, which is perpetuated by the Sherbrooke Hussars, a Canadian reserve regiment
 * In hoc signo vinces is the motto on the O'Donnell coat of arms.
 * It is the motto of the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts.
 * It is the official motto of the Knights Templar in the American York Rite of Freemasonry.
 * It was the motto of the Ancient and Illustrious Order Knights Of Malta, a Protestant fraternal society
 * It is the motto of the Regimiento de Caballería «Montesa» n.º 3 of the Spanish Army.
 * It was the motto of the 4th Guards Brigade "Spiders" of the Croatian army.
 * It is the motto of the 2nd Battalion of the Norwegian Army
 * It has been the public motto of Sigma Chi, a North American collegiate mens fraternity, since 1861.

title: In hoc signo vinces


text:
Bramantino

Bartolomeo Suardi (c. 1456 – c. 1530) was an Italian painter and architect, mainly active in his native Milan.

Biography
He was born in Milan, the son of Alberto Suardi, but his biography remains unclear, and was long complicated by two "Pseudo-Bramantinos". He was trained by Donato Bramante, adopting a diminutive form of his master's name. This training gave him influences from by the Urbino quattrocento tradition of immobile realism, and later he assimilated some elements of the style of Leonardo, after he arrived in Milan, although in other respects he remained faithful to his training in the style of Central Italy.

He is documented in late 1508 as helping in the decoration of the Vatican Stanze though nothing remains of his work there, and by 1509 he was back in Milan. His style changed considerably during his career, and also shows strongly individual traits. His main influences were the serene and sometimes unnatural quietist classicism of Piero della Francesca, Leonardo da Vinci, and Ercole de' Roberti, but his works also display a sometimes disquieting immobile expressiveness comparable only to the last of these three.

The "Pseudo-Bramantinos"
There is a mention of a Bramantino da Milano by Vasari in his biographies of Piero della Francesca, Il Garofalo, Girolamo da Carpi, and Jacopo Sansovino. The Bramantino of Vasari, if he existed at all, worked for Pope Nicholas V between 1450 and 1455. If so, then he worked prior to the cited works of Bartolomeo Suardi.

An artist long known as the pseudo-Bramantino was active in Naples in the early 16th century; he is now usually identified as a Spaniard, called Pedro Fernández, Piero Francione, or various other names.

Mature works

In 1508 he was engaged in Rome. Donato Bramante taught Bramantino architecture, and the pupil assisted the master in the execution of the interior of the church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro, Milan.

In painting, he executed a number portraits of celebrated personages for the Vatican. His earliest known works are a Nativity (1490s, Brera) and an Christus Dolens (c. 1495, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid). One of his best known works is somber Adoration of the Magi (1495–98), in the National Gallery of London. In addition to the impassive, emotion-dry classicism, and the symmetric geometric logic of purity, this figure is notable for the imaginative cut-away of the building revealing a fanciful mountain backdrop.

A Pietà fresco (c. 1505, now in Ambrosiana) is in fragmentary state. Before 1508, he designed the tapestries of the Months for Gian Giacom Trivulzio (now in Castello Sforzesco). The Saint Michael Altar (or Enthroned Madonna and child with Saint Ambrogio and Saint Michael) at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, notable for the foreshortened slain man (representing an Arian heretic") before a tough-looking Saint Ambrose and giant dead frog (symbolizing Satan) with Saint Michael in the foreground and impassive saints, dates to after 1510. Freedberg sees in this painting a Leonardo-based impulse to circumscribe the painting to a world where near-abstract rigorous geometry, characterized by "looming silhouettes of imagined and unpeopled architecture, constructed with a rule and square, take increasing prominence." The figures, even when trying to betray emotion, appear vacant, distant, "automata" confined as pawns to a geometric exercise, something in common with Piero della Francesca's earlier works. Another masterpiece is the Brera Crucifixion (c. 1510–1520).

In 1525 Bramantino was appointed architect to the court by Duke Francis (II) Sforza, and his aid as an engineer in the defence of Milan brought him a multitude of rewards.

title: Bramantino


text:
Eddy Shah

Selim Jehan Shah (born 20 January 1944), commonly known as Eddy Shah or Eddie Shah, is a Manchester-based businessman, the founder of the then technologically advanced UK newspaper Today in 1986, and of the short-lived tabloid The Post. He is also the former owner of the Messenger Group.

Early life and education
Eddy Shah was born in Cambridge. His mother was English and his father was Iranian. Shah was educated at Karachi Grammar School, the Scottish co-educational independent boarding school of Gordonstoun, and at both Haywards Heath Grammar School and Haywards Heath Secondary Modern School, at Haywards Heath in Sussex. He then attended a Brighton cram school, where he obtained seven GCE 'O' Levels.

Shah held various jobs, amongst which was floor manager for Granada's television studio. One show he worked on was Coronation Street.

Publisher
After he was fired from the Manchester Evening News in 1976, he decided to launch into newspaper publishing on his own and started with the proceeds of £14,000 from the sale of his first home, in Sale, which he had bought for £4,000.

As the owner of six local newspapers, Shah employed anti-trade union laws introduced by the Margaret Thatcher governments to defeat the print unions after national strikes that went on for seven months, despite receiving death threats. The Wapping dispute followed three years later.

Shah first confronted the trade unions in July 1983 at his Warrington print works and the Manchester news offices as the owner of the Warrington Messenger, he sacked six workers when they went on strike. They had been ordered to strike by the NGA in protest against the employment of non-union members, Shah believed this to be an illegitimate reason after recent laws passed by the Thatcher government. In response, the National Graphical Association (NGA) began mass picketing of the Messenger's offices.

The NGA engaged in harassment of Shah's employees, both as they crossed the picket line, and at their homes. Three hearses bearing a child sized coffin for each of Shah's three children were sent to his house. Strikers tried to physically prevent deliveries leaving the plant; each van was escorted out by police. For several weeks the situation was described by media, politicians, and unions, as a 'siege'. Several court judgements went against the strike, imposing both fines and injunctions, which were ignored by the NGA. On 29 November the courts sequestered the NGAs bank accounts to force payment, and kept them frozen as long as the NGA continued illegal action. When other newspapers reported on picketers charged with violence, the NGA shut down those newspapers too. In November, 1983, over four thousand trade unionists attended a mass picket. The police brought in riot-trained Police Support Units from five surrounding areas and the confrontation became physical. Baton charges were used to clear the road and allow newspaper deliveries to leave. Bottles and bricks were thrown at police, 23 police and 13 picketers were injured, 86 picketers were arrested, one of whom had a replica pistol. In January 1985 the NGA agreed to abide by the court orders, and removed support for the picket. The strike ended entirely in May

In 1986 he launched Today, selling it in 1987 to Tiny Rowland's conglomerate Lonrho. He then launched The Post, which ran five weeks before shutting down. Shah sold his newspapers in 1988 and set up an independent TV company.

Author
Shah is the author of several novels, including The Lucy Ghosts (Doubleday, 1991), Ring of Red Roses (Corgi, Doubleday, 1992), Manchester Blue (Corgi, 1993), and Fallen Angels (Doubleday, 1994). After a break from writing, he returned in 2008 with a thriller entitled Second World (Pan Books).

Current business activities
Shah now owns and runs golf courses, leisure centres and hotels, including the Wiltshire Golf and Country Club, Royal Wootton Bassett. He has recently built 44 holiday homes at his Wiltshire Golf club. Eddy Shah no longer runs the Wiltshire Hotel and Golf Club having sold in or around 2013/14.

Personal life
Shah was married to the late actress Jennifer White Shah, whom he first met while he was working for Granada Television. The company was producing The Caesars (1968) and Jennifer White was an actress playing Caligula's sister in the series. They have three children, and live in Chippenham.

Controversies
In October 2012, he was charged with child sex offences allegedly committed in the 1990s. In December 2012, he denied six counts of rape involving a girl under 16. The trial started at the Old Bailey on Tuesday 7 May 2013. On 12 July he was found not guilty.

In August 2013, he said that girls who throw themselves at celebrities or who "go out and just have a good time" could themselves be to blame. In such cases, charges involving girls under the age of consent could just be a technicality. His comments drew strong criticism from the National Association of People Abused in Childhood, who said that rape was always a crime and the law was configured on the assumption that adults would want to protect children. Shah's comments came directly after a prosecuting barrister was suspended following "inappropriate comments" concerning the rape of a 13-year-old.

title: Eddy Shah