text:
Einiosaurus

Einiosaurus is a genus of herbivorous centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian stage) of northwestern Montana. The name means 'bison lizard', in a combination of Blackfeet Indian eini and Latinized Ancient Greek sauros; the specific name (procurvicornis) means 'with a forward-curving horn' in Latin. Einiosaurus is medium-sized with an estimated body length at 4.5 m.

The Landslide Butte expeditions
Einiosaurus is an exclusively Montanan dinosaur, and all of its known remains are currently held at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana. At least fifteen individuals of varying ages are represented by three adult skulls and hundreds of other bones from two low-diversity, monospecific (one species) bonebeds, which were discovered by Jack Horner in 1985 and excavated from 1985 to 1989 by Museum of the Rockies field crews. Horner had not been searching for horned dinosaurs. In the spring of 1985 he had been informed by landowner Jim Peebles that he would no longer be allowed access to the Willow Creek "Egg Mountain" site where during six years a nesting colony of Maiasaura had been excavated. This forced Horner to find an alternative site because supplies had already been bought for a new summer season and fourteen volunteers and students expected to be employed by him. He investigated two sites, Devil's Pocket and Red Rocks, that however proved to contain too few fossils. For some years, since 1982, Horner had requested from the Blackfeet Indian Tribal Council access to the Landslide Butte site. The field notes of Charles Whitney Gilmore from the 1920s indicated that dinosaur eggs could be found there. The council had consistently turned down his requests because they feared widespread disturbance of the reservation. However, one of its members, Marvin Weatherwax, had earlier in 1985 observed that an excavation by Horner of a mosasaurid in the Four Horns Lake had caused only limited damage to the landscape. In early July, the council granted Horner access to the entire reservation.

Early in August, Horner's associate Bob Makela discovered the Dino Ridge Quarry, containing extensive ceratopsid remains, on the land of farmer Ricky Reagan. Continual rainfall hampered operations that year. On 20 June 1986, a crew of sixteen returned to reopen the quarry. A large and dense concentration of bones, a bonebed, was excavated, with up to forty bones per square metre being present. This was interpreted as representing an entire herd that had perished. In late August 1986, Horner and preparator Carrie Ancell on the land of Gloria Sundquist discovered a second horned dinosaur site, at one mile distance from the first, called the Canyon Bone Bed, in which two relatively complete skulls were dug up. The skulls had to be removed from a rather steep cliff and weighed about half a tonne when plastered. They were airlifted by a Bell UH-1 Iroquois of the United States Army National Guard into trucks to be transported. The aberrant build of these skulls first suggested to Horner that they might represent an unknown taxon. Unexpectedly benefiting from a grant of $204,000 by the MacArthur Fellows Program, Horner was able to reopen the two bonebed quarries in 1987. That year almost all fossils were removed that could be accessed without using mechanised earth-moving equipment. Also, an additional horned dinosaur skull was excavated from a somewhat younger layer. In 1988, more ceratopsid material was found in a more southern site, the Blacktail Creek North. In the second week of June 1989, student Scott Donald Sampson in the context of his doctoral research with a small crew reopened the Canyon Bone Bed, while Patrick Leiggi that summer with a limited number of workers restarted excavating the Dino Ridge Quarry. The same year, Horner himself found more horned dinosaur fossils at the Blacktail Creek North. In 1990, the expeditions were ended because the reservation allowed access to commercial fossil hunters who quickly strip-mined sites with bulldozers, through a lack of proper documentation greatly diminishing the scientific value of the discoveries.

Identification problems
At the time of the expeditions, it was assumed that all horned dinosaur fossils found in the reservation belonged to a single species, especially as they came from a limited geological time period, its duration estimated at about half a million years. In the 1920s, George Freyer Sternberg had already found ceratopsid bones there, that were named as a second species of Styracosaurus: Styracosaurus ovatus. The material had been rather limited and the validity of this species had been doubted, some considering it a nomen dubium. The abundant new remains seemed to prove that the species was real, also because it clearly differed from the type species of Styracosaurus, Styracosaurus albertensis. The comprehensive taphonomic study by Raymond Robert Rogers from 1990 however, did not commit itself fully to this identification, merely mentioning a Styracosaurus sp. Rogers had joined the expedition in 1987. This reflected the fact that the expedition members had started to take the possibility into account that the species was completely new to science, informally referring to it as "Styracosaurus makeli" in honour of Bob Makela, who had died in a traffic accident in June 1987. In 1990, this name, as an invalid nomen nudum because it lacked a description, appeared in a photo caption in a book by Stephen Czerkas. Horner was an expert on the Hadrosauridae, several sites of which had also been discovered in Landslide Butte, including the juveniles and eggs that were the focus of his research. He had less affinity for other kinds of dinosaurs. In 1987 and 1989, to resolve the Styracosaurus question, horned dinosaur specialist Peter Dodson was invited to investigate the new ceratopsian finds. In 1990, the fossil material was seen by Dodson as strengthening the case for the validity of a separate Styracosaurus ovatus, to be distinguished from Styracosaurus albertensis.

Horner had gradually changed his mind on the subject. While still thinking that a single population of horned dinosaurs had been present, he began to see it as a chronospecies, an evolutionary series of taxa. In 1992, he described them in an article as three "transitional taxa" that had spanned the gap between the older Styracosaurus and the later Pachyrhinosaurus. He deliberately declined to name these three taxa. The oldest form was indicated as "Transitional Taxon A", mainly represented by skull MOR 492. Then came "Taxon B" – the many skeletons of the Dinosaur Ridge Quarry and the Canyon Bone Bed. The youngest was "Taxon C", represented by skull MOR 485 found in 1987 and the horned dinosaur fossils of the Blacktail Creek North.

Sampson names Einiosaurus
In 1994, Sampson, in a talk during the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, named Horner's "Taxon B" as a new genus and species, Einiosaurus procurvicornis. Although an abstract was published containing a sufficient description, making the name valid, it did not yet identify by inventory number a holotype, a name-bearing specimen. The same abstract named Type C as Achelousaurus horneri. In 1995, Sampson published a larger article, indicating the holotype. The generic name Einiosaurus is derived from the Blackfeet eini, "American bison", and Latinised Greek saurus, "lizard". The name was chosen to honour the Blackfeet tribe but also to reflect the fact that ceratopsids were, in Sampson's words, "the buffalo of the Cretaceous", living in herds and having a complex life. According to Sampson, the name should be pronounced as "eye-knee-o-saurus". The specific name is derived from Latin procurvus, "bent forwards", and cornu, "horn", referring to the forwards curving nasal horn.

The holotype, MOR 456-8-9-6-1, was found in a layer of the Two Medicine Formation dating from the late Campanian. It consists of a partial skull, including the nasal horn, the supraorbital area and part of the parietal bone of the skull frill. The skull represents an adult individual. Sampson referred many other specimens to the species. He indicated that additional fossil material from the Canyon Bone Bed had been subsumed under the inventory number MOR 456. This included two further adult skulls and single cranial and postcranial bones from individuals of varying age classes. Furthermore, the fossils from the Dino Ridge Quarry were referred. They had been catalogued within number MOR 373. They consisted of about two hundred non-articulated bones, again from animals of different ages.

In 2010, Paul renamed E. procurvicornis into Centrosaurus procurvicornis, but this has found no acceptance, subsequent research invariably referring to the taxon as Einiosaurus.

Size and distinguishing traits
Einiosaurus was a herbivorous dinosaur. It is generally as large as Achelousaurus, though far less robust. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated the body length of Einiosaurus at 4.5 m, its weight at 1.3 t. Both taxa fall within the typical size range of the Centrosaurinae.

In 1995, Sampson indicated several distinguishing traits. The nasal horn has a base that is long from front to rear, is transversely flattened, and is strongly curved forwards in some adult specimens. The supraorbital "brow" horns as far as they are present are low and rounded with a convex surface on the inner side. The parietal parts of the rear edge of the skull frill together bear a single pair of large curved spikes sticking out to behind.

Einiosaurus differs from all other known Centrosaurinae by a longer-based and more procurved nasal horn and by a supraorbital horn that is longer-based and more rounded in side view. It differs from Achelousaurus in particular in having large parietal spikes that are not directed sideways to some extent.

As a centrosaurine, Einiosaurus walked on all fours, had a large head with a beak, a moderately large skull frill, a short powerful neck, heavily muscled forelimbs, a high torso, powerful hindlimbs and a relatively short tail.

Skeleton
In 1995, Sampson only described the skull, not the postcrania, the parts behind the skull. This was motivated by the fact that in centrosaurines the postcranial skeleton is "conservative", i.e. differs only slightly among species. Sampson could not find traits in which Einiosaurus differed from a generalised centrosaurine.

The holotype skull is the largest known and has a total length of 1.56 m. The snout is relatively narrow and pointed. The top of the snout is formed by the paired nasal bones. Their top surfaces together bear the core of the nasal horn. In 1995, apart from the skulls eight nasal horns from both bonebeds were referred to Einiosaurus. Two of these were from subadults. These show how the horn developed during the growth of the animal. The initially separated core halves fused from the tip downwards and joined into a single structure on the midline. In the subadult stage, the core still showed a suture, however. The subadult cores were transversely flattened and relatively small, not higher than 12 cm. Six cores were of adults. They showed two distinctive types. Two cores were small and erect, i.e. vertically directed. The four others were large and procurved, strongly curving to the front. The adult horns resembled the subadult ones in being transversely compressed and having a long base from front to rear. To behind they nearly reached the frontal bones.

Sampson compared the nasal horn of Einiosaurus with the horns of two related species, Centrosaurus and Styracosaurus. From large bonebeds, numerous nasal horns of Centrosaurus are known, presenting a considerable range of morphologies. Despite all this variation, Einiosaurus horns can be clearly distinguished from them. They are more laterally compressed, unlike the more oval cross-section of Centrosaurus horns. The adult horns are also much more procurved than any nasal horn found in Centrosaurus beds. Styracosaurus horncores are much longer than those of Einiosaurus, up to half a metre in length, and erect or slightly recurved to the rear.

Apart from a horn on the snout, centrosaurines also had horns above the eye sockets, supraorbital horncores. These cores were formed by a fusion of the postorbital bone with the much smaller palpebral bone in front of it. Nine subadult or adult "brow horns" were found. They all shared the same build in being low, long and rounded. This differs from the usual pointed horns with an oval base seen in typical centrosaurines. It is also unlike the supraorbital bosses seen in Achelousaurus and Pachyrhinosaurus. Nevertheless, some Einiosaurus horns seemed to approach bosses. Three older individuals featured a total of five instances in which the horn as such was replaced by a low rounded mass, sometimes with a large pit in the usual location of the horn point. The large holotype has a rounded mass above the left eye socket but a pit, eighty-five millimetres long and sixty-four millimetres wide, on the right side. According to Sampson, this reflects a general trend with centrosaurines to re-absorb the brow horns in later life. All known specimens of Styracosaurus e.g. have a pitted region instead of true horns. The Einiosaurus holotype additionally has a rough bone mass at the rear postorbital region on the left side. In all centrosaurines, the frontal bones re folded in such a way that a "double" roof is formed with a "supracranial cavity" in between. A fontanelle pierces the upper layer. In Einiosaurus, this cavity runs sideways, continuing to below into the brow horn. With Centrosaurus and Styracosaurus these passages are more narrow and do not reach the horns but Pachyrhinosaurus shows a comparable extension. Sampson in 1995 also expounded his general views on such skull roofs, which are not easy to interpret due to fusion. According to him, the frontal bones always extended to the parietals, so that the paired postorbitals never contacted. The parietal bone made only a small contribution to the fontanelle. The floor of the cavity is, at the frontal-parietal suture, pierced by a large foramen into the braincase, the function of this "pineal opening" being unknown.

Its snout is narrow and very pointed. It is typically portrayed with a low, strongly forward and downward curving nasal horn that resembles a bottle opener, though this may only occur in some adults. The supraorbital (over-the-eye) horns are low, short and triangular in top view if present at all, as opposed to the chasmosaurines, such as Triceratops, which have prominent supraorbital horns. A pair of large spikes, the third epiparietals, projects backwards from the relatively small frill. Smaller osteoderms adorn the frill edge. The first epiparietals are largely absent.

Classification
The placement of Einiosaurus within Centrosaurinae is problematic due to the transitional nature of several of its skull characters, and its closest relatives are either Centrosaurus and Styracosaurus or Achelousaurus and Pachyrhinosaurus. The latter hypothesis is supported by Horner and colleagues, where Einiosaurus is the earliest of an evolutionary series in which the nasal horns gradually change to rough bosses, as in Achelousaurus and Pachyrhinosaurus which are the second and third in this series. The frills also grow in complexity.

Regardless of which hypothesis is correct, Einiosaurus appears to occupy an intermediate position with respect to the evolution of the centrosaurines.

The cladogram presented below follows a phylogenetic analysis by Chiba et al. (2017):

Paleobiology
Low-diversity and single-species bonebeds are thought to represent herds that may have died in catastrophic events, such as during a drought or flood. This is evidence that Einiosaurus, as well as other centrosaurine ceratopsians such as Pachyrhinosaurus and Centrosaurus, were herding animals similar in behavior to modern-day bison or wildebeest. In contrast, ceratopsine ceratopsids, such as Triceratops and Torosaurus, are typically found singly, implying that they may have been somewhat solitary in life, though fossilized footprints may provide evidence to the contrary. In 2010, a study by Julie Reizner of the individuals excavated at the Dino Ridge site concluded that Einiosaurus grew quickly until its third to fifth year of life after which growth slowed, probably at the onset of sexual maturity.

Like all ceratopsids, Einiosaurus had a complex dental battery capable of processing even the toughest plants. Einiosaurus lived in an inland habitat.

Paleoecology
Einiosaurus fossils are found in the upper part of the Two Medicine Formation of Montana, dating to the mid-late Campanian stage of the late Cretaceous Period, about 74.5 million years ago. Dinosaurs that lived alongside Einiosaurus include the basal ornithopod Orodromeus, hadrosaurids (such as Hypacrosaurus, Maiasaura, and Prosaurolophus), the centrosaurines Brachyceratops and Stellasaurus, the leptoceratopsid Cerasinops, the ankylosaurs Edmontonia and Euoplocephalus, the tyrannosaurid Daspletosaurus (which appears to have been a specialist of preying on ceratopsians), as well as the smaller theropods Bambiraptor, Chirostenotes, Troodon, and Avisaurus. Einiosaurus lived in a climate that was seasonal, warm, and semi-arid. Other fossils found with the Einiosaurus material include freshwater bivalves and gastropods, which imply that these bones were deposited in a shallow lake environment.

title: Einiosaurus


text:
Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil

Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil is a municipality in southwestern Quebec, Canada, east of Montreal in the Regional County Municipality of La Vallée-du-Richelieu. The population as of the 2021 Canadian Census was 2,952.

Population
Population trend:

Language
Mother tongue language (2021)

Education
The South Shore Protestant Regional School Board previously served the municipality.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil


text:
Forbidden Broadway Strikes Back

Forbidden Broadway Strikes Back is a version of Forbidden Broadway created by Gerard Alessandrini. It previewed September 5, 1996 and opened at the Triad Theater October 16, 1996. The show won Alessandrini the 1997 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics and was nominated for the 1997 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revue.

It later moved to the basement of Ellen's Stardust Diner and, as is the show's tradition, spoofed Broadway's latest. An album was later released to accompany it, being the fourth volume of the FB franchise. The album was recorded and mixed by Cynthia Daniels at Giant Sound, Dec. 11-14, 1996, and released in 1997 after Original cast member David Hibbard moved on to Once Upon A Mattress and was replaced by Tom Plotkin. It bears the label "Another Unoriginal Cast Recording", since FB Strikes Back is technically the same show as the original, and features none of the original cast members.

The show and album parody shows like Show Boat, Beauty and the Beast, The King and I, Cats, Sunset Boulevard, and Rent, stars like Ann Reinking, Cameron Mackintosh, and Julie Andrews, and attack topics such as the Disneyfication of Broadway, the money the producers of the British shows make from souvenirs, the success of Cats, and the hype over Rent.

Opening night cast

 * Bryan Batt
 * Donna English
 * Christine Pedi (performed in other FB shows)
 * David Hibbard replaced by Tom Plotkin

Tracks
The numbers on the album are listed below, with each number's title, the original song's title, and the original composer. The "new" parody lyrics are by Gerard Alessandrini.

 * 1) Parody Tonight ("Comedy Tonight") Oh What A Beautiful Moron ("Oh What A Beautiful Mornin'") One Foot More ("With One Look")
 * 2) Show Boat Medley P.C. Show Boat ("Cotton Blossom") Make Believe ("Make Believe", Ol' Show Show Boat ("Ol' Man River")
 * 3) Cameron Mackintosh-My Souvenir Things (My Favorite Things)
 * 4) Elaine Stritch ("Zip")
 * 5) Big ("Fun")
 * 6) Bernadette ("Wunderbar", Porter) Mandy Is So Miscast ("So In Love", Porter)
 * 7) The King Is Her ("The King And I", Whistle A Sondheim Tune; Shall We Boink? ("Shall We Dance?", with a brief snippet of "La Bamba" since the revival's star Lou Diamond Phillips was in the movie of the same name)
 * 8) Disney On Broadway-Be Depressed ("Be Our Guest", Menken-Ashman)
 * 9) Patti-Class ("Master Class")
 * 10) Grease - Infomercial With Fran And Barry Weisler And Sally Struthers ("You're The One That I Want", "Look At Me I'm Sandra Dee", "There Are Worse Things We Could Do")
 * 11) Stop Cats! - A Chorus Cat Meow! I Hope I Get It ("God I Hope I Get It", Hamlisch) Cats ("One", Hamlisch)
 * 12) Ethel Merman And Sunset Boulevard You Just Can't Sing ("You're Just in Love")
 * 13) Ann Reinking In Chicago ("Roxie" )
 * 14) Kiss Me Kate - Corrective Casting - Jerry And Liza ("So Miscast") Julie Andrews Returns To Broadway
 * 15) Le Julie Hot ("Le Jazz Hot")
 * 16) A Spoonful Of Julie ("Spoonful of Sugar")
 * 17) The Tony Nominating Committee: Victor/Ignor-Ee-Ya ("Victor/Victoria")
 * 18) Crazy Girl ("Crazy World") Rent Medley (Rent, Out Tonight, Today 4 U, Seasons of Love, La Vie Boheme)
 * 19) Finale-Something Wonderful
 * 20) Encore-Ta-Ta-Folks
 * 21) Bonus Track-Exit Music-Julie The Star! ("Star!")
 * 1) Finale-Something Wonderful
 * 2) Encore-Ta-Ta-Folks
 * 3) Bonus Track-Exit Music-Julie The Star! ("Star!")
 * 1) Finale-Something Wonderful
 * 2) Encore-Ta-Ta-Folks
 * 3) Bonus Track-Exit Music-Julie The Star! ("Star!")

title: Forbidden Broadway Strikes Back


text: User talk:69.177.234.100

title: User talk:69.177.234.100


text:
Talk:Regis Philbin

Poor Wording In Opening Section
"After Philbin's contract with Live! with Regis and Kelly was not renewed, his final episode of Live aired on November 18, 2011.[10][11]"

This makes it sound like he was pushed out. This is totally not true, and the two cited sources do not have the word 'contract' in them. My source is I listened to him talking about retirement on air for years...about how he'd consider retiring and then a new offer would change his mind. Plus he had been pressured by his wife for years to retire, but the network kept enticing him back. The network did offer him an extension at the end, but he would've required an amazing offer to stay. So yes, his contract did expire, but please change the wording. Here's a source. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/11/regis-philbin-it-was-time-to-move-on/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wadexyz (talk • contribs) 18:21, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Needs work
This article needs work?

I think a lot of work has been done. :) --Tinlinkin 12:23, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

It looks pretty good now :) -Wikitoddia 06:15, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

I think that....

Philbin gained his first national exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show[19] on television (1967–1969). In a Johnny Carson-Ed McMahon vein, Bishop would playfully tease Philbin and Philbin would take the barbs in stride. Philbin, however, got his feelings wounded when he learned from the network grapevine that ABC executives were dissatisfied with his work. When The Joey Bishop Show was canceled, Bishop walked off the show on the air unannounced, leaving Philbin to successfully carry the show on his own.

...should really read...

Philbin gained his first national exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show[19] on television (1967–1969). In a Johnny Carson-Ed McMahon vein, Bishop would playfully tease Philbin and Philbin would take the barbs in stride. Philbin, however, got his feelings wounded when he learned from the network grapevine that ABC executives were dissatisfied with his work. Philbin walked off the show on the air unannounced, leaving Bishop to successfully carry the show on his own.

See...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joey_Bishop_Show_%28talk_show%29

If there was a time when Bishop did the same thing, it needs to be mentioned separately. As a teen at the time (and the son of a boyhood friend of Bishop's), I remember Philbin's walk off, not one by Bishop that may or may not have happened upon the program's cancellation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.249.91.14 (talk) 17:26, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Why no mention of his daughter in law blackmailing him? It was in all the papers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.207.116.55 (talk) 18:12, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

Regis and Sarah?
I removed the line: "From 1975 to 1983, he co-hosted what was then known as A.M. Los Angeles and what became "Live with Regis and Sarah" on KABC-TV with Sarah Purcell."

I did not see a mention of "Live with Regis and Sarah" in IMDB, and a Google search only showed entries that mirrored the Wikipedia article. --Tinlinkin 12:29, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Albanian
he's listed as being albanian american is that right
 * Probably not. Anyone care to cite a source for it? He says he's half - Italian here. Mad Jack O'Lantern 02:52, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Wow, and I always thought Regis was Jewish! --M.Neko 09:02, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

here is a video that he admitt that his Albanian... he supposedly half Arbereshe, Albanians of Italy. --Albanau 12:46, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I faintly recall that on Live, he said that he has heard Albanian from his mother, and either he cannot speak it or only knows one or two phrases in Albanian. I don't know if I have a tape of that episode, so I can't verify that. --Tinlinkin 03:31, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

His mother was Italian-Albania. She was from Greci, Italy, in which ethnic Albanians lived. Note that I believe her name was Florence, not Julia, as the entry says (many sources also say his father's name was Frank). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.86.152.42 (talk) 15:03, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

His NNDB profile states that he has Albanian ancestry on his mother's side.Werdnawerdna (talk) 03:46, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Age and birth year
The subject of Regis's age and year of birth always seems to be debatable. A majority of sources I see say 1931, some (including the first version of this Wikipedia article) say 1933, and I have seen the year 1934. The profile of Regis from the website of A&E's Biography has a birth year of 1933. I believe, with what I have observed, that Regis's birth year is 1931. Here's why: Feel free to discuss this, as I will revert Reege's birth year to 1931. --Tinlinkin 03:32, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Regis graduated from Notre Dame in 1953 (supposedly). Assuming that he didn't skip grades in elementary and high school, unless he was very bright or enrolled in some sort of accelerated program, if he was born in 1933, he would have been 20 when he got his bachelor's.
 * On Live with Regis and Kelly, there was a recent episode where Vanessa Minnillo was the guest co-host with Regis. She mentioned some facts about Regis (that she said she got from her father, and the bulk of which seemed to come from Wikipedia), and one of them was that Regis was born in 1931.  He responded, something to the effect of "That's right."  I have a videotape of that episode, but I have to fish it out of my collection.

The infobox and the beginning of the article state that he was born in 1933, yet he is in the 1931 births category. NNDB state 1931, www.aveleyman.com states 1934. Biography.com states 1933. Does anyone have actual proof of which year he was born in?Werdnawerdna (talk) 03:46, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Birthplace
Regis grew up and was raised in the Bronx, that is well-known. But he was born in Manhattan's West Side. He often references that on Live with Regis and Kelly.

From I'm Only One Man! (by Regis Philbin), page 4:
 * "When I first arrived at WABC-TV in New York, I remember looking down Columbus Avenue and beyond—where it becomes Ninth Avenue at St. Paul's on 59th Street. I remembered my mother telling me that I was baptized there. And I was born only a few blocks farther—at Childs Hospital, which was torn down to become Power High School, which was torn down to make way for a high-rise apartment house. But that church remains as it has for over a hundred years. I see it every day. A reminder that my life began on the West Side of Manhattan."

--Tinlinkin 08:20, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Philbin's nicknames
An editor removed the nicknames paragraph with the reason "Philbin's nicknames are not releveant, especially because they are just short forms of his name." The passage in question is:

 * Philbin is frequently addressed by his first name, which means "king" (a nickname of his). His other nicknames include "Reege" (spelling variants "Rege" or "Reeg"), "Big Daddy", "Big Man", and "#1"; the first of the latter three popularized by his former Live co-host Kathie Lee Gifford, the last two by current co-host Kelly Ripa.

I was never happy with the way the paragraph was written. But I feel the nicknames should be included because Philbin is noted for these nicknames. And people refer to him more often by his first name (in casual usage, at least) than his last. What do others think? Tinlinkin 10:38, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

A Big Accomplishment
Hasn't Regis been on television for more hours (overall) than anyone else in the world? I think I saw that fact in the Guiness Book of World Records, but I can't remember, so I didn't write it. Can anyone else verify the fact that he's been on TV more than anyone else? --Rebelkass 20:04, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Isn't that stated in the article? Quote from Regis Philbin:
 * Philbin set a Guinness World Record for "Most Hours on Camera" on his August 20, 2004 Live show (replacing Hugh Downs), which gave him a total of 15,188 hours on television. On the September 14, 2006 episode of Live, his record was updated to 15,662 hours. His on-air time continues to accumulate.
 * I will include a citation within the week unless someone beats me to it. And if this needs to be stated clearer in the article, feel free to improve it. Tinlinkin 02:02, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

If you combine all the television appearances of Bill Smitrovich, Fred Ward, Richard Mull, and Tom Bergeron, then the four of them combined have a record for most television appearances. 206.192.35.125 (talk) 18:25, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Parents names?
Many sources say his parents' names were Florence and Frank (not Jacob and Julia, as the entry says). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.86.152.42 (talk) 15:05, 15 May 2008 (UTC) His NNDB profile states his parents names as Frank and Florence.Werdnawerdna (talk) 03:51, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Died on May 10 2009?
unless it's vandalism--71.177.165.192 (talk) 09:46, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

Is Regis Philbin Jewish?
The following sentence appears in the article:

"He later converted to Judaism, and was circumsized at age 24."

The pronoun "he" is ambiguous here, because the assertion that Regis Philbin is Jewish is so peculiar that it is hard to believe that the pronoun refers to him and not somebody else, his father. This assertion requires a citation and the pronoun needs to be disambiguated.

I am tempted to delete this sentence because the fact that it asserts appears absurd on the face of it, but I wanted to post this first to give the editors of the article the opportunity to confirm this fact, since if it is true, it is very interesting. --SLMarcus (talk) 15:45, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Nikki Minaj
I remove the Nikki Minaj claim. is there any truth to it b/c i cant find any verific sources that i can use tos upport it, so i hae redacted it forthwith until further evidence is bourne out. User:Smith Jones 18:49, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Joey Bishop Show
That paragraph is confusing. It says Philbin was aggravated, but Bishop walked out. I thought Philbin walked out.

Also, it says he gained his first national exposure with the Bishop show in 1967, but the article earlier says he replaced Steve Allen on a show in 1964. Glkanter (talk) 15:05, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Early Regis TV
All of the biography information I have seen says that Regis started his career as a talk show host in San Diego in the mid-60's. When I first moved to LA in Feb 1963, Regis was on a local channel in the early afternoon. After a few weeks, he vanished. In March or April I moved to San Diego County and there he was! Perhaps his local LA show wasn't considered a talk show... 98.219.100.103 (talk) 14:37, 4 April 2011 (UTC) jingles 4/4/11 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.219.100.103 (talk) 14:34, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Neutral Desription of Political Beliefs
"While coming from a somewhat liberal Bronx upbringing, he has transformed into a barely cloaked right wing Republican..." - This clearly fails the neutral point of view which must be the guiding force in an encyclopedia. A more neutral approach would be "While coming from a somewhat liberal Bronx upbringing, he has become a conservative Republican". Of course, allowing the pendulum to swing the other direction would have the description "While coming from a somewhat liberal Bronx upbringing, he has matured as a conservative Republican..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.64.0.252 (talk) 17:10, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
 * It's not cited in any case - it's just some editor's opinion. So it's gone. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 18:41, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks - NPOV tag removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.64.0.252 (talk) 21:33, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Early Regis TV
Regis received another award from the Guinness people on today's LIVE! with Regis and Kelly, which indicated his total hours on tv covers 52 years. This would mean he first appeared on local tv in southern California sometime in 1959, which isn't actually stated in your thorough and interesting bio. Prwhitmey (talk) 19:17, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

God Speed Big Reeg !
Wishing Big Reeg all the best ... CINCG jr IXth 24.45.45.30 (talk) 15:15, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Wishing him the best as well. Superemmy868 (talk) 21:10, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Miami Dolphins
Did I not hear something correctly? Thought I heard on the radio that Regis Philbin is going to coach the Miami Dolphins for the 2012 season. 206.192.35.125 (talk) 18:20, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I guess it didn't happen. Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 16:25, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

In other sports news, I just saw him on FoxNews talking about joining "Fox Sports News" as it is kicked off: “I’ll be coming over to the new Fox Sports News, one hour every day.” Regis Philbin “We get started August 19.” Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 20:20, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Albanian
His parents are immigrant from Albania. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.204.69.112 (talk) 16:57, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Departure from Live!
There's hardly any details in here about his departure from Live! The lead says "After Philbin's contract with Live! with Regis and Kelly was not renewed" but does not go on to elaborate in anyway. Surely the end of a 28 year end run on a popular TV show deserves a little more mention. 71.16.78.252 (talk) 13:57, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

personal section
I removed some irrelevant and unsourced information on his children and grandchildren (example: the birth weight of one of his grandchildren).209.212.5.67 (talk) 19:42, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 July 2020
Conflicting dates of death 71.203.8.99 (talk) 19:46, 25 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Appears to be "24 July" in all instances here. – Thjarkur (talk) 20:13, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

Nominated for the main page at ITN
-Ad Orientem (talk) 01:15, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 July 2020
The page notes that his spouse died in 2020. This is an error. Gbouskila (talk) 15:10, 27 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Corrected the entry. I believe "death/died" in the spouse parameter should be indicated only if the spouse's death ended the marriage. MPFitz1968 (talk) 16:09, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

Date of death dispute
Regis died on July 25 2020, according to his cemetery tombstone. I have tried to rectify the error of July 24, numerous times. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.74.111.54 (talk) 17:19, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
 * A pic of the cemetery tombstone in question is found at, which was in one of the IP's edit summaries. It was uploaded to the FindAGrave.com web site, which is not reliable per WP:RSP. The IP also left a link, in another of their edit summaries, to the FindAGrave page with Philbin's information and photos here; in the statistics, above the photos, the date of death they show is July 24, 2020 (inconsistent with the tombstone photo, but reflecting what reliable sources in this article say). The tombstone can be seen as a primary source, but as this has not been verified (as authentic) by independent, reliable secondary sources, we can't accept it as evidence to change the death date as listed in the article. MPFitz1968 (talk) 17:41, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It seems at lest one source (TMZ) has Saturday the 25th as date of death. Eccekevin (talk) 00:18, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Might need additional sources, as it's unclear as to TMZ's overall reliability concerning this kind of information, per WP:TMZ. MPFitz1968 (talk) 00:02, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, I am just pointing out that the anonymous IP editor who keeps changing it might be right. It's a tricky situation, when all RS sources might have the wrong date, when the tombstone and maybe one other source might have the right one. Eccekevin (talk) 00:18, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

I have restored the date of death to July 24, 2020, for now, and have tagged the date as disputed in the lede. This date should not be changed back to the 25th unless/until more reliable sources (NOT, absolutely NOT, FindAGrave.com or the pic of the gravestone there) have been established to justify a date change. Even then, there's going to be dispute, as the huge volume of reliable sources already cited go with the 24th at this time. MPFitz1968 (talk) 17:34, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

What I've found from the sources cited to back the date:

 * People - "died on July 24, PEOPLE confirms" (2020)
 * Entertainment Tonight - "Regis Philbin died at the age of 88 last Friday" (July 24, 2020)
 * TMZ - "pronounced dead Saturday" (July 25, 2020) (cite in Eccekevin's post above)
 * South Bend Tribune - "who died Friday of natural causes" (July 24, 2020)
 * Yahoo! News - "who died Friday at the age of 88" (July 24, 2020)
 * another TMZ source, which seems to contradict itself - "who died Friday of heart disease" and "As we previously reported, Philbin [died] early Saturday after suffering a heart attack at his home"

MPFitz1968 (talk) 17:46, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

And other sources scattered about the article:

 * The Sportster - "On Friday, Regis Philbin, best known as a daytime television talk show host, died of natural causes at 88" (July 24, 2020)
 * Forbes - "died on Friday, July 24 at the age of 88"
 * Variety - "the TV veteran who died on July 24 at 88"
 * Catholic Voice Omaha - "Game show and talk show host Regis Francis Xavier Philbin died July 24 at 88"

Should be enough to illustrate the established date of death by reliable sources, though TMZ being the only one in this set right now that says otherwise, and is a questionable source at WP:RSP. MPFitz1968 (talk) 18:13, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

And something more recent, from Today about five months ago (11 months after Philbin's passing), still going with July 24, 2020 as the date of death, which they also did at the announcement of his death as well:

"who died last year on July 24 at age 88"

So it appears to be established well after his passing. Won't go into finding other more recent sources about this; most may say the same thing, but if there is something reliable that says a different date, please share. MPFitz1968 (talk) 19:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't think that it's in doubt that most reliable sources say the 24th, that much is clear. This is a clear example of WP:VERIFY: Wikipedia publishes what RS say, not the truth. This might be a case in which the majority of sources have it incorrectly (these publications usually just latch onto others for these details, so it's plausible that a few big sources said 24 and all others went along). But regardless, we have to stick to 24th since the RS say so. I do agree with the note of dispute you added. Ultimately, the most important primary source is the death certificate, and if RS even publish it or correct this, but until then it must stay as is per policy. As a final note, this actually happens often, with Wikipedia publishing the wrong birthday (more often than death day) of celebrities, and then RS using wikipedia as a source and perpetuating a cycle. I found another source too that claims 25, but yes, it seems like the vast majority have the 24th. Eccekevin (talk) 23:06, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The latest IP edits to the article brought up two sources, both from YouTube, which show the gravestone and the July 25, 2020 date of death. (I went thru the videos to see when the gravestone appears and placed the timestamps in the video URLs.) These stand a better chance at presenting the gravestone as being authentic, rather than just a still photograph. Definitely two independent videos about the gravestone from Notre Dame cemetery, with the latter addressing the question about the date the media has reported as the day Philbin passed. Thoughts? MPFitz1968 (talk) 18:57, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

More on death date
I stumbled on the year-old discussion about Regis' death date above. And since I stumbled across the years long debate about Scott Baio's birth year earlier this year and helped sort it out, i figured I'd take a fresh look here. It appears to me Regis Philbin most likely died on July 25, not July 24 (as the article currently says, based on using RS). And by this, I mean he died after midnight Eastern US Time on July 24. People magazine broke the news of his death before any other outlet, at 3:02pm Eastern US Time (ET) on July 25, 2020. That article starts with a contradiction that is not immediately obvious: "The longtime television host died on July 24, PEOPLE confirms. 'We are deeply saddened to share that our beloved Regis Philbin passed away last night of natural causes, one month shy of his 89th birthday,' his family shares with PEOPLE in an exclusive statement on Saturday." We learn from this text that People learned from a statement from the family that Regis "passed away last night"--which doesn't say whether he died before or after midnight. But it does say "one month shy of his 89th birthday". Regis' birthday was August 25. The most reasonable implication of that statement is that Regis died after midnight on July 24 (thus on July 25). Yes, the PEOPLE article starts by saying he died on July 24, but the family statement which is the source for that claim does not back that up. It is a simple and understandable error made in a rush to publish a breaking story. And the error was repeated broadly. Based on tweets, I can see TMZ was reporting his death by 3:12pm ET (ten minutes later). That original article is missing and appears lumped into an article updated a few times later in the day, which says "A source tells TMZ Regis died early Saturday after suffering a heart attack at his home, possibly the one in Connecticut -- although, we have not confirmed that with the family at this point." I'd say this unnamed source would normally be less trustworthy, but it actually merely confirms the July 25 reading of the family statement. And obviously, we see that his gravestone says july 25. I don't credit a gravestone as always being 100% correct just because someone chiseled something into a rock, but the gravestone also confirms the July 25 of the family statement. Pinging User:MPFitz1968 and User:Eccekevin who did good digging last year. If a death certificate would help clear this up, I'm happy to go look for it.--Milowent • hasspoken 19:28, 24 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I also see the death date has been attempted to be updated to July 25 a number of times by IP address editors. See e.g.,, , ("I am a friend of the Philbin family and know for a fact he died on the 25th of Jul"), , , , , ("I am a family friend"), .  I call this the "grandkid editor" issue. I don't know who these editors are but its not uncommon for a family member to try to fix a date on wikipedia without knowledge of how we do things around here.  You don't see repeated activity like this for no reason.--Milowent • hasspoken  21:09, 24 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Having heard no complaints (though acknowledging people don't hang on Regis' talk page every day, I suppose) I have gone ahead and edited the page to update the death date to July 25. I hope any discussion, should it be necessary, can continue here.--Milowent • hasspoken  18:02, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I support this. Eccekevin (talk) 20:16, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with this discussion, but the page as it stands is written confusingly. There's a clear reference to the idea that his date of death was disputed, but no further reference - just a vaguely conspiratorial statement that "His tombstone states his date of death as July 25, 2020, creating a discrepancy with what was reported in the media." Is a one-day discrepancy really worth remarking upon at all, outside of the talk page? Or did you just keep that statement there to forestall people editing the death date back to the 24th again? N nebulosa (talk) 11:13, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Joy Philbin into Regis Philbin
Doesn't seem to have any accomplishments other than being married to Regis Philbin. The two shows she hosted don't have their own articles, and most sources give no mention of her even so much as existing prior to the marriage. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 23:41, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * you've commented on this page before; any thoughts? Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 23:33, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Pinging all of you for feedback since you've posted here before. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 21:30, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Re-pinging      Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 20:44, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support Merge No credible claim to stand alone notability. -Ad Orientem (talk) 21:02, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * After my battle over fixing Regis' death date, I haven't waded back into Regis related issues, so I don't know if Joy merits her own article. I know this is not relevant to notability, but i see it averages 311 page views a day, so some people definitely want to see it.--Milowent • hasspoken  12:07, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Regis Philbin


text:
Talk:Kiefer Sutherland

Emperor name
Emperor name in the movie Pompeii is? 41.13.198.88 (talk) 05:56, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

His sister is not listed under relatives
Rachel Sutherland 2604:3D09:CD84:C800:F1D1:2EE7:EB9E:7C54 (talk) 13:54, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

I have owned this house for over 20 years now you're taking it away from me
Morgan walls in mountain pine Arkansas and Kiefer are buying up property I don't blame them for that the problem is is being forced out of my property the police are running people out of town that has any kind of criminal background I have been out of the prison system for several years all I want to do is sit back and live out the rest of my life and have a place for my kids to reside and now I'm being forced off my property they walked up the other day and told me that if I did not leave my property that I was going to be arrested and they arrested me because I refused I have court July 18th at 8:30 a.m. in Hot springs Arkansas I'm looking at 5 years for just asking what the police were doing on my property 174.230.149.226 (talk) 12:42, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kiefer Sutherland


text: User talk:70.51.216.26

title: User talk:70.51.216.26


text:
Maldon & Tiptree F.C.

Maldon & Tiptree Football Club is a football club based in Maldon, Essex, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Wallace Binder Ground.

History
Maldon Town Football Club was established in August 1946 as part of the Maldon Social and Athletic Club. The club initially joined Division Two of the Chelmsford & Mid-Essex League. Although they transferred to the North Essex League the following season, the club returned to the Chelmsford & Mid-Essex League in 1949. They were Premier Division champions in 1949–50, retaining the title the following season, as well as winning the League Cup. The club then joined the Essex & Suffolk Border League for the 1951–52 season, finishing as runners-up in the Premier Division and losing the League Cup final. They were Premier Division runners-up again in 1955–56 and 1959–60.

In 1964–65 Maldon won the League Cup and the following season they were Premier Division champions. The club then moved up to the Eastern Counties League. They finished in the bottom half of the Eastern Counties League every season until leaving to join the Essex Senior League in 1972. The club won the Essex Senior League in the 1984–85 on goal difference. In 1996 they rejoined the Eastern Counties League, becoming members of Division One. In the 1997–98 season the club were runners-up and were promoted to the Premier Division.

Maldon reached the semi-finals of the FA Vase in 2002–03, losing 3–0 on aggregate to AFC Sudbury, with the home leg attracting a record Wallace Binder Ground crowd of 1,163. The 2003–04 season saw the club finish as runners-up in the Premier Division, earning promotion to the Eastern Division of the Southern League. A third-place finish the following season led to them qualifying for the promotion play-offs; after beating Barking & East Ham United 3–2 on penalties in the semi-finals, they defeated Uxbridge in the final by the same scoreline and were promoted to the Premier Division of the Isthmian League. However, the club's first season in the division saw them finish in the bottom three, resulting in relegation to Division One North. Although they finished fourth in Division One North in 2006–07, they were ineligible for promotion and not allowed to take part in the play-offs.

In September 2009, Maldon Town were taken over by Tiptree United chairman Ed Garty, with both clubs playing at Maldon's ground. It was announced in April 2010 that Maldon Town would be rebranded as Maldon & Tiptree Football Club, with Tiptree United withdrawing from the Essex Senior League; a new blue and red striped kit was revealed ahead of the 2010–11 season. In 2012–13 they were runners-up in Division One North; in the subsequent play-offs the club defeated Aveley 3–1 in the semi-finals before losing 4–1 on penalties to Thamesmead Town in the final after the match had ended 2–2. They were Division One North runners-up again in 2016–17, beating Haringey Borough 5–4 in the play-off semi-finals and then losing 1–0 to Thurrock in the final. A third-place finish in the renamed North Division in 2018–19 resulted in another play-off campaign. After beating Coggeshall Town 1–0 in the semi-finals, they lost the final 3–0 on penalties to local rivals Heybridge Swifts following a 2–2 draw.

In 2019–20 Maldon & Tiptree reached the first round proper of the FA Cup for the first time in their history. After defeating League Two club Leyton Orient 2–1 in the first round, they lost 1–0 at home to another League Two club, Newport County, in the second. The club reached the first round again the following season, losing 1–0 at home to Morecambe.

Grounds

The club initially played home games at Sadd's Ground on The Causeway. Between 1947 and 1950 they played at the Promenade before acquiring a new ground in Fambridge Road, where they remained until 1994. The club then moved to their current Wallace Binder Ground in Park Drive. The ground has a seated stand on one side of the pitch and a covered standing area behind one goal.

A record attendance at the Wallace Binder Ground was set in 2003 when 1,163 watched the FA Vase semi-final against AFC Sudbury. This was broken for the FA Cup match against Newport County on 29 November 2019, which attracted a crowd of 1,876.

Honours

 * Essex Senior League
 * Champions 1984–85
 * Essex & Suffolk Border League
 * Premier Division champions 1965–66
 * League Cup winners 1964–55
 * Mid-Essex League
 * Premier Division champions 1949–50, 1950–51
 * League Cup winners 1950–51
 * Essex Intermediate Cup
 * Winners 1951–52

Records

 * Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 2019–20
 * Best FA Trophy performance: Third qualifying round, 2011–12, 2019–20
 * Best FA Vase performance: Semi-finals, 2002–03
 * Record attendance: 1,876 vs Newport County, FA Cup second round, 29 November 2019

title: Maldon & Tiptree F.C.


text: Category:Lists of towns

title: Category:Lists of towns


text:
Maximum a posteriori estimation

In Bayesian statistics, a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimate is an estimate of an unknown quantity, that equals the mode of the posterior distribution. The MAP can be used to obtain a point estimate of an unobserved quantity on the basis of empirical data. It is closely related to the method of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, but employs an augmented optimization objective which incorporates a prior distribution (that quantifies the additional information available through prior knowledge of a related event) over the quantity one wants to estimate. MAP estimation can therefore be seen as a regularization of maximum likelihood estimation.

Description
Assume that we want to estimate an unobserved population parameter $$\theta$$ on the basis of observations $$x$$. Let $$f$$ be the sampling distribution of $$x$$, so that $$f(x\mid\theta)$$ is the probability of $$x$$ when the underlying population parameter is $$\theta$$. Then the function:

 * $$\theta \mapsto f(x \mid \theta) \!$$

is known as the likelihood function and the estimate:

 * $$\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{MLE}}(x) = \underset{\theta}{\operatorname{arg\,max}} \ f(x \mid \theta) \!$$

is the maximum likelihood estimate of $$\theta$$.

Now assume that a prior distribution $$g$$ over $$\theta$$ exists. This allows us to treat $$\theta$$ as a random variable as in Bayesian statistics. We can calculate the posterior distribution of $$\theta$$ using Bayes' theorem:

 * $$\theta \mapsto f(\theta \mid x) = \frac{f(x \mid \theta) \, g(\theta)}{\displaystyle\int_{\Theta} f(x \mid \vartheta) \, g(\vartheta) \, d\vartheta} \!$$

where $$g$$ is density function of $$\theta$$, $$\Theta$$ is the domain of $$g$$.

The method of maximum a posteriori estimation then estimates $$\theta$$ as the mode of the posterior distribution of this random variable:

 * $$\begin{align}

\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{MAP}}(x) & = \underset{\theta}{\operatorname{arg\,max}} \ f(\theta \mid x) \\ & = \underset{\theta}{\operatorname{arg\,max}} \ \frac{f(x \mid \theta) \, g(\theta)} {\displaystyle\int_{\Theta} f(x \mid \vartheta) \, g(\vartheta) \, d\vartheta} \\ & = \underset{\theta}{\operatorname{arg\,max}} \ f(x \mid \theta) \, g(\theta). \end{align} \!$$

The denominator of the posterior distribution (so-called marginal likelihood) is always positive and does not depend on $$\theta$$ and therefore plays no role in the optimization. Observe that the MAP estimate of $$\theta$$ coincides with the ML estimate when the prior $$g$$ is uniform (i.e., $$g$$ is a constant function).

When the loss function is of the form

L(\theta, a) = \begin{cases} 0, & \text{if } |a-\theta|<c, \\ 1, & \text{otherwise}, \\ \end{cases} $$

as $$c$$ goes to 0, the Bayes estimator approaches the MAP estimator, provided that the distribution of $$\theta$$ is quasi-concave. But generally a MAP estimator is not a Bayes estimator unless $$\theta$$ is discrete.

Computation
MAP estimates can be computed in several ways:
 * 1) Analytically, when the mode(s) of the posterior distribution can be given in closed form.  This is the case when conjugate priors are used.
 * 2) Via numerical optimization such as the conjugate gradient method or Newton's method. This usually requires first or second derivatives, which have to be evaluated analytically or numerically.
 * 3) Via a modification of an expectation-maximization algorithm. This does not require derivatives of the posterior density.
 * 4) Via a Monte Carlo method using simulated annealing

Limitations
While only mild conditions are required for MAP estimation to be a limiting case of Bayes estimation (under the 0–1 loss function), it is not very representative of Bayesian methods in general. This is because MAP estimates are point estimates, whereas Bayesian methods are characterized by the use of distributions to summarize data and draw inferences: thus, Bayesian methods tend to report the posterior mean or median instead, together with credible intervals. This is both because these estimators are optimal under squared-error and linear-error loss respectively—which are more representative of typical loss functions—and for a continuous posterior distribution there is no loss function which suggests the MAP is the optimal point estimator. In addition, the posterior distribution may often not have a simple analytic form: in this case, the distribution can be simulated using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, while optimization to find its mode(s) may be difficult or impossible.

In many types of models, such as mixture models, the posterior may be multi-modal. In such a case, the usual recommendation is that one should choose the highest mode: this is not always feasible (global optimization is a difficult problem), nor in some cases even possible (such as when identifiability issues arise). Furthermore, the highest mode may be uncharacteristic of the majority of the posterior.

Finally, unlike ML estimators, the MAP estimate is not invariant under reparameterization. Switching from one parameterization to another involves introducing a Jacobian that impacts on the location of the maximum.

As an example of the difference between Bayes estimators mentioned above (mean and median estimators) and using a MAP estimate, consider the case where there is a need to classify inputs $$x$$ as either positive or negative (for example, loans as risky or safe). Suppose there are just three possible hypotheses about the correct method of classification $$h_1$$, $$h_2$$ and $$h_3$$ with posteriors 0.4, 0.3 and 0.3 respectively. Suppose given a new instance, $$x$$, $$h_1$$ classifies it as positive, whereas the other two classify it as negative. Using the MAP estimate for the correct classifier $$h_1$$, $$x$$ is classified as positive, whereas the Bayes estimators would average over all hypotheses and classify $$x$$ as negative.

Example
Suppose that we are given a sequence $$(x_1, \dots, x_n)$$ of IID $$N(\mu,\sigma_v^2 )$$ random variables and a prior distribution of $$\mu$$ is given by $$N(\mu_0,\sigma_m^2 )$$. We wish to find the MAP estimate of $$\mu$$. Note that the normal distribution is its own conjugate prior, so we will be able to find a closed-form solution analytically.

The function to be maximized is then given by

 * $$f(\mu) f(x \mid \mu)=\pi(\mu) L(\mu) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma_m} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\mu-\mu_0}{\sigma_m}\right)^2\right) \prod_{j=1}^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma_v} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{x_j - \mu}{\sigma_v}\right)^2\right),$$

which is equivalent to minimizing the following function of $$\mu$$:

 * $$ \sum_{j=1}^n \left(\frac{x_j - \mu}{\sigma_v}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\mu-\mu_0}{\sigma_m}\right)^2.$$

Thus, we see that the MAP estimator for μ is given by

 * $$\hat{\mu}_\mathrm{MAP} =    \frac{\sigma_m^2\,n}{\sigma_m^2 \,n+ \sigma_v^2 } \left(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{j=1}^n x_j \right) + \frac{\sigma_v^2}{\sigma_m^2 \,n+ \sigma_v^2 } \,\mu_0

=\frac{\sigma_m^2\left(\sum_{j=1}^n x_j\right) + \sigma_v^2 \,\mu_0}{\sigma_m^2\,n + \sigma_v^2 }.$$

which turns out to be a linear interpolation between the prior mean and the sample mean weighted by their respective covariances.

The case of $$\sigma_m \to \infty$$ is called a non-informative prior and leads to an improper probability distribution; in this case $$\hat{\mu}_\mathrm{MAP} \to \hat{\mu}_\mathrm{MLE}.$$

title: Maximum a posteriori estimation


text:
Galena Nuclear Power Plant

The Galena Nuclear Power Plant was a proposed nuclear power plant to be constructed in the Yukon River village of Galena, Alaska. If it had been built in the projected timeframe, it would have been the first non-military nuclear power plant built in Alaska to be utilized for public utility generation.

In April 2008, Marvin Yoder, a consultant on the project, said that Toshiba was planning to make the application to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 2009, and that if approval had been given in 2010 or 2011, the reactor could have been operational by 2012 or 2013. The company was also developing a 50 megawatt (electric) version of the reactor.

The plan had been to build a 10-megawatt Toshiba 4S reactor that would have been buried underground, and fuel would have powered the reactor for 30 years. According to Dennis Witmer, an energy consultant with the Center for Energy and Power at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the project was "effectively stalled." Toshiba never began the expensive process for approval that is required by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

title: Galena Nuclear Power Plant


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tali Waterman

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 09:46, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Tali Waterman
I do not think this ghostwriter is notable enough, especially writing books that I cannot seem to find on Amazon.com. Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:56, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as per above. Ghost writers will never be famous enough for mention here unless they're an alleged back for Jeffrey Archer. Master Thief Garrett 02:25, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 04:30, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics

The United States of America (USA) competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. 527 competitors, 332 men and 195 women, took part in 230 events in 27 sports. The United States finished outside of the top two in the overall medal count (third behind the Soviet Union and East Germany) for the first time and in the gold medal count for only the second time. That was mainly caused by the extensive state-sponsored doping programs that were developed in these communist countries to fulfil their political agenda on an international stage.

Medalists
The following U.S. competitors won medals at the games. In the by discipline sections below, medalists' names are bolded.

 * style="text-align:left; width:78%; vertical-align:top;"|

 * style="text-align:left; width:22%; vertical-align:top;"|

* - Indicates that the athlete competed in preliminaries but not the final.

Archery
The United States continued to be a strong contender in archery, though it found that South Korea had taken the top spot in the sport. Jay Barrs was the only non-Korean to win a gold medal for archery in Seoul. Two-time gold medallist Darrell Pace and 1984 silver medallist Richard McKinney joined Barrs in winning the team silver, while the women's team added a bronze medal despite not having any of the individual archers advance to the final. With her women's team bronze, 15-year-old Denise Parker become the youngest medalist in the history of Olympic archery.

 * Men

 * Women

Athletics
The men's 100 meter sprint was marred by the usage of performance-enhancing drugs when the initial winner, Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, tested positive for banned substances after the race and was stripped of the gold medal and his world record time of 9.79 seconds, thus allowing Carl Lewis to repeat as gold medal winner. In 1989, Johnson admitted to further PED usage between 1981 and 1988 and his world record of 9.83 seconds from the 1987 World Championships was rescinded as well, allowing Lewis's 9.92 seconds in the Olympic final became the new world record. This put the United States in position to sweep the gold medals in the men's sprint distances, including a sweep of all medals at the 400 meter distance. The United States men also won medals while setting Olympic records at both hurdle distances. In the men's relays, a fumbled baton exchange in the heat of the 4 × 100 caused a heartbreaking disqualification for the favored American team. In the 4 × 400, however, the United States cruised to victory while equaling the 20-year-old world record which had been set in Mexico City. In men's field events, the highlight came from Carl Lewis defending his gold medal from Los Angeles and leading the United States to a medal sweep in the long jump. In the women's events, Florence Griffth-Joyner had dominating performances in the 100 and 200 meter sprints, lowering the Olympic record by over 0.2 seconds in the 100 and lowering the world record by almost 0.4 seconds in the 200. She also helped the United States to strong performances in the relays, winning gold in the 4 × 100 and coming in second, while beating the previous world record, to a record-shattering performance by the Soviet team in the 4 × 400. Meanwhile, in the heptathlon, Jackie Joyner-Kersee dominated the competition while setting a world record that has not been approached in the succeeding 30 years. Joyner-Kersee's long jump performance in the heptathlon was enough to set the Olympic record for the discipline, only for her to eclipse it in the final of the long jump event. The high jump event also saw Louise Ritter eclipse the Olympic record on the way to a gold medal. Finally, the only United States medal in the middle-distance events came from Kim Gallagher, who captured bronze in the 800 meters.

 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target

* - Indicates the athlete ran in a preliminary round but not the final.
 * Men
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined event – Decathlon

* - Indicates the athlete ran in a preliminary round but not the final.
 * Women
 * - Griffith-Joyner's final time was faster than the Olympic record she had set in the quarterfinal but the wind reading during the race was 3 meters/second in favor of the sprinters, thus disallowing the race for any IAAF records.

 * Field events

 * Combined event – Heptathlon

Basketball

 * Summary

Men's tournament
This was the last time that the United States was represented by college players in Olympic competition. Other countries, meanwhile, used their best professionals.
 * Roster

 * Group play

 * Quarterfinal

 * Semifinal

 * Bronze medal game

Women's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Semifinal

 * Gold medal game

Boxing
There were several controversies involving the American boxers at the games. Young and talented Roy Jones Jr. dominated his opponents, never losing a round en route to the final, where he controversially lost a 3–2 decision to South Korean fighter Park Si-Hun despite pummeling Park for three rounds and landing 86 punches to Park's 32. The decision sparked outrage and an International Olympic Committee investigation found that the three judges who voted for Park Si-Hun had been bribed by South Korean officials. With some elements of corruption in Olympic boxing coming to light, refereeing standards were changed after the games to avoid future controversies. Corruption was also suspected in Michael Carbajal's decision loss in his gold medal match. In another controversial gold medal match, Riddick Bowe lost to future world heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis. After Lewis landed several hard punches the referee gave Bowe two standing eight counts and waved the fight off after the second one, even though Bowe seemed able to continue. In yet another controversy, Michael Carbajal lost the gold medal bout in the light flyweight, with suspicions of politics influencing the judges decision being quite widespread. Members of the U.S. Army Boxing Team (Anthony Hembrick, Andrew Maynard, Kennedy McKinney, Ray Mercer) trained for the Olympics at Fort Huachuca, Arizona.

Furthermore, middleweight Anthony Hembrick never had the opportunity to fight. Hembrick and his coach, Ken Adams, misinterpreted the fight schedule. Afterwards, they blamed the schedule for being too confusing. By the time Hembrick arrived at Chamshil Students' Gymnasium twelve minutes late, he had been disqualified and the match was being awarded to South Korean Ha Jong-ho.

Canoeing

 * Men

 * Women

Key: QF – Qualified to medal final; SF – Qualified to semifinal; R – Qualified to repechage; * - Heat not held due to lack of competitors. All competitors scheduled for this heat advanced to the next round.

Cycling
Nineteen cyclists represented the United States in 1988. Connie Paraskevin-Young won bronze in the women's sprint.

Track

 * Points race

 * Pursuit

 * Sprint

 * Time trial

Diving

 * Men

 * Women

Equestrian

 * Dressage

 * Eventing

 * Jumping

Fencing
19 fencers represented the United States in 1988.

 * Men

 * Women

Field hockey
Summary

Women's tournament
The US women's field hockey team competed for the second time at the Summer Olympics.

Roster
 * ( 1.) Patty Shea (gk)
 * ( 2.) Yolanda Hightower
 * ( 3.) Mary Koboldt
 * ( 4.) Marcia Pankratz
 * ( 5.) Cheryl Van Kuren
 * ( 6.) Diane Bracalente
 * ( 7.) Beth Beglin
 * ( 8.) Marcella Place
 * ( 9.) Sandra Vander-Heyden
 * (10.) Tracey Fuchs
 * (11.) Sheryl Johnson
 * (12.) Sandra Costigan
 * (13.) Christy Morgan
 * (14.) Barbara Marois
 * (15.) Megan Donnelly
 * (16.) Donna Lee

Head coach: Boudewijn Castelijn

Preliminary round

5th-8th place classification

8th place game

Football

 * Summary

Roster Head coach: Lothar Osiander

Preliminary round

Artistic

 * Men
 * Team

 * Individual finals

 * Women
 * Team

 * Individual finals

Handball
Summary

Men's tournament
Roster

Preliminary round

11th place match

Women's tournament
Roster

Preliminary round

Placement round

Modern pentathlon
Three pentathletes represented the United States in 1988.

Rowing

 * Men

 * Women

* - Race not run, times from heats were used to rank boats. Qualification legend: FA = Final A (medal); FB = Final B (non-medal); SF = Semifinal; R = Repechage

Sailing

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open

Shooting

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open shotgun

Swimming

 * Men

* - Athlete swam in the heat but not the final.
 * Women

Note: Times in the first round ranked across all heats.

Qualification legend: FA – Advance to medal final; FB – Advance to non-medal final

Synchronized swimming
Three female synchronized swimmers represented the United States in 1988.

Tennis

 * Men

 * Women

Volleyball
Summary

Men's tournament
Roster

 * Head coach: Marv Dunphy

Preliminary round

Semifinal

Final

Women's tournament
Roster
 * Deitre Collins
 * Caren Kemner
 * Laurel Kessel
 * Liz Masakayan
 * Jayne McHugh
 * Melissa McLinden
 * Kim Oden
 * Prikeba Phipps
 * Angela Rock
 * Kimberly Ruddins
 * Liane Sato
 * Tammy Webb

 * Head coach: Terry Liskevych

Preliminary round

Classification semifinal

7th place final

Water polo

 * Summary

 * Roster
 * Craig Wilson
 * Kevin Robertson
 * James Bergeson
 * Peter Campbell
 * Douglas Kimbell
 * Edward Klass
 * Alan Mouchawar
 * Jeffrey Campbell
 * Greg Boyer
 * Terry Schroeder
 * Jody Campbell
 * Christopher Duplanty
 * Michael Evans

 * Head coach: Bill Barnett

 * Preliminary round

 * Semifinal

 * Gold medal game

Wrestling
Key:
 * TO – Victory by fall.
 * PP – Decision by points – the loser with technical points.
 * PO – Decision by points – the loser without technical points.
 * ST – Technical superiority – a margin of victory of at least 15 points.
 * SP - Technical superiority - a margin of victory between 12 and 14 points, the loser with technical points.
 * SO - Technical superiority - a margin of victory between 12 and 14 points, the loser without technical points.
 * DQ - Decision by forfeit
 * PA - Decision by injury
 * PZ - Loser disqualified for passivity, no technical points scored by either wrestler.
 * P1 - Loser disqualified for passivity, winner leading by 11 points or less.
 * Q – Qualify to gold medal bout
 * q – Qualify to bronze medal bout


text:
User:Andulf

hi

title: User:Andulf


text:
Talk:Ramada

Australia
Ramada Hotels outside of the U.S. and Canada fall under the jurisdiction of Ramada International which a separately operated division of Cendant, They are not part of the U.S. and Canadian Ramada operations and to include Australia after the words U.S. and Canada is inappropriate because that part only refers to the U.S. and Canadian operations whereas under the Ramada International section that refers to all other countries which operate Ramada hotels. Misterrick 06:01, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Makes sense, but now, of course, we need to turn the Ramada International article into a full article and not make it a redirect to Ramada. SchuminWeb (Talk) 09:31, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I suggested it, and now I did it. Ramada International is now a separate article.  Let's nurture and expand it.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 21:39, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Spanish?

 * The name "Ramada" was coined from the Spanish definition of "shady resting place."

DRAE has: --84.20.17.84 09:16, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * set of branches
 * shack made of branches (Is this the intended meaning?)
 * Ramada is considered an English word of Spanish origin. (www.etymonline.com) In English, additional meanings have arisen, such as the steel shade structures over picnic tables in public parks, thatched roof domes at beach resorts,       and makeshift housing built by southwest Indians.  Contrib. who wrote "Spanish definition" probably wants to rule out some of these.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ramada. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081011212702/http://www.bartleby.com/61/11/R0031175.html to http://www.bartleby.com/61/11/R0031175.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:23, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

Ramada Investor Ben Mallah .. Covid closure .. forced sales in the hotel business...bleeding money with no end in ...
Investor Ben Mallah to sell several hotels - Tampa Bay Timeshttps://www.tampabay.com › News › Business Jun 11, 2021 — Mallah is selling two hotels near Tampa International, including the Four Points by Sheraton Suites Tampa Airport Westshore and the Holiday Inn. Mallah said he made the decision to sell several of his hotels after more than a year of “bleeding” money to keep them open. To maintain the hotels, he had to spend about $200,000 a month per hotel — losing hundreds of thousands a month with no end. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.124.226.238 (talk) 16:34, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ramada


text:
Linkage principle

The linkage principle is a finding of auction theory. It states that auction houses have an incentive to pre-commit to revealing all available information about each lot, positive or negative. The linkage principle is seen in the art market with the tradition of auctioneers hiring art experts to examine each lot and pre-commit to provide a truthful estimate of its value.

The discovery of the linkage principle was most useful in determining optimal strategy for countries in the process of auctioning off drilling rights (as well as other natural resources, such as logging rights in Canada). An independent assessment of the land in question is now a standard feature of most auctions, even if the seller country may believe that the assessment is likely to lower the value of the land rather than confirm or raise a pre-existing valuation.

Failure to reveal information leads to the winning bidder incurring the discovery costs himself and lowering his maximum bid due to the expenses incurred in acquiring information. If he is not able to get an independent assessment, then his bids will take into account the possibility of downside risk. Both scenarios can be shown to lower the expected revenue of the seller. The expected sale price is raised by lowering these discovery costs of the winning bidder, and instead providing information to all bidders for free.

Use in FCC auction
Speaking of FCC spectrum auctions, Evan Kwerel said, "In the end, the FCC chose an ascending bid mechanism, largely because we believed that providing bidders with more information would likely increase efficiency and, as shown by Paul Milgrom and Robert J. Weber, mitigate the winner's curse. (Kwerel, 2004, p.xvii)

The result alluded to by Kwerel is known as the linkage principle and was developed by Milgrom and Weber (1982). Milgrom (2004) recasts the linkage principle as the 'publicity effect.' It provided a theoretical foundation for the intuition driving the major design choice by the FCC between an ascending bid and sealed bid auction.

Formal derivation
According to Perry and Reny:

"The linkage principle has come to be considered one of the fundamental lessons provided by auction theory. The significance and general acceptance of the linkage principle as a guide to auction design, even in contexts beyond single-unit auctions, is highlighted by the recent design of the spectrum auction held by the FCC, which contains an open-auction component. Although the experts agreed that collusion among the bidders (which ultimately did occur; The Economist, May 17, 1997, p. 86) is more easily sustained within an open auction, in the end the faith placed in the linkage principle outweighed this concern and an open auction format was employed. Indeed, according to McMillan (1994), the experts 'judged [the negative collusion effect] to be outweighed by the bidders' ability to learn from others' bids in the open auction.'"

The linkage principle implies that open auctions generally lead to higher expected prices than sealed-bid auctions. As stated by Milgrom and Weber (1982, p.1095),"'One explanation of this inequality is that when bidders are uncertain about their valuations, they can acquire useful information by scrutinizing the bidding behavior of their competitors during the course of an [ascending-bid] auction. That extra information weakens the winner's curse and leads to more aggressive bidding in the [ascending-bid] auction, which accounts for the higher expected price.'"The linkage principle also implies that the auctioneer maximizes the expected price by always fully revealing all information it has regarding the object being sold completely. In the words of Milgrom and Weber (1982, p. 1096), "Honesty is the best policy."

In order to provide a statement of the linkage principle, we follow the presentation of Krishna, which notes that the linkage principle "was first set forth and used by Milgrom and Weber (1982)." (Krishna, 2002, p. 111) We begin by defining the necessary concepts and notation required to state the linkage principle. Define a standard auction format to be one in which the high bidder wins. Suppose that each bidder, $i ∈ {1, ..., N},$ receives a signal $X_{i}$ regarding the value of the object. We assume the valuation to each bidder depends on its own observed signal and symmetrically upon the unobserved signals of the other bidders (so that the signals of the other bidders can be interchanged without affecting a given bidder's value). More specifically, assume all signals $X_{i}$ are drawn from the interval $[0, ω]$ and that for all $i$ we can write the value of bidder $i$ as $$v_{i}(\mathbf{X})=u(X_{i},\mathbf{X}_{-i}),$$ where the function $u$ is symmetric in the last $N − 1$ components.

We now define other random variables and mappings with respect to bidder 1, but because of the assumed symmetry, they are the same for all bidders. Define random variables $$Y_1, \cdots, Y_{N-1}$$ to be the largest, second largest, etc., from among $$X_2, \cdots, X_{N}$$. Let $$G(\cdot \mid x)$$ denote the distribution of $$Y_{1}$$ conditional on $$X_{1}=x$$, i.e., $$G(z\mid x)\equiv \Pr \left( Y_{1}<z\mid X_{1}=x\right)$$, and let $$g(\cdot \mid x)$$ be the associated density. We let

 * $$v(x,y)=E \left [ V_1 \mid X_1 =x, Y_1 =y\right ]$$

be the expectation of the value to a bidder when the signal he receives is $x$ and the highest signal among the other bidders, $Y_{1}$ is $y$. We assume that $v$ is nondecreasing in $y$ and strictly increasing in $x$ and that $v(0, 0) = 0$.

For each standard auction format $A$, suppose that the auction has a symmetric and increasing equilibrium $β^{A}$, which is a mapping from a bidder's observed signal to its bid. Let $$W^{A}(z,x)$$ denote the expected payment by a bidder if he is the winning bidder when he receives a signal $x$ but bids as if their signal were $z$, i.e., he bids $β^{A}(z)$. Let $$W_{1}^{A}(x,z)$$ denote the derivative of $W^{A}$ with respect to its first argument and $$W_{2}^{A}(x,z)$$ the derivative with respect to its second argument, evaluated at $(x, z)$.

For specific examples, in a first-price sealed-bid auction, labeled $I$, where the high bidder wins and pays the amount of their bid, we have $$W^{I}(z,x)=\beta^{I}(z),$$ and in a second-price auction, labeled $II$, where the high bidder wins and pays the amount of the second-highest bid, we have

 * $$W^{II}(z,x)=E\left[ \beta^{II}(Y_{1})\mid X_{1}=x,Y_{1}<z\right].$$

Now we may state:

 * Linkage Principle. (Krishna, 2002, Proposition 7.1) Let $A$ and $B$ be two standard auctions, each having a symmetric and increasing equilibrium such that
 * (i) for all $x$, $$W_{2}^{A}(x,x)\geq W_{2}^{B}(x,x);$$
 * (ii) $W^{A}(0,0) = 0 = W^{B}(0,0).$
 * Then the expected revenue in $A$ is at least as large as the expected revenue in $B$.

Proof: The expected payoff of a bidder with signal $x$ who bids $β^{A}(z)$ is

 * $$\int_{-\infty }^{z}v(x,y)g(y\mid x)dy-G(z\mid x)W^{A}(z,x)$$.

In equilibrium, it is optimal to choose $z = x$ and the resulting first-order conditions imply that

 * $$v(x,x)g(x\mid x)-g(x\mid x)W^{A}(x,x)+G(x\mid x)W_{1}^{A}(x,x)=0,$$

which we can rewrite as

 * $$W_{1}^{A}(x,x)=\frac{g(x\mid x)}{G(x\mid x)}v(x,x)-\frac{g(x\mid x)}{G(x\mid x)}W^{A}(x,x).$$

Letting

 * $$\Delta (x)=W^{A}(x,x)-W^{B}(x,x),$$

we conclude that

 * $$\Delta ^{\prime }(x)=-\frac{g(x\mid x)}{G(x\mid x)}\Delta (x)+\left(W_{2}^{A}(x,x)-W_{2}^{B}(x,x)\right)$$.

By hypothesis (i), the second term is positive, and by hypothesis (ii), which implies $Δ(0) = 0$, it follows that $Δ(x)$ and $Δ′(x)$ cannot be of different signs, implying that for all $x$, $Δ(x) ≥ 0$. Q.E.D.

To use this proposition to rank, for example, the second-price and first-price auctions, we need to assume that the bidders signals are affiliated (see Milgrom and Weber, 1982, Appendix on Affiliation, pp. 1118–1121), which implies that $$G(z\mid \cdot )$$ is decreasing and that $$W_{2}^{II}(x,x)\geq 0$$. Note that $$W_{2}^{I}(x,x)=0$$. Thus, under the assumption of affiliation, $$W_{2}^{II}(x,x)\geq W_{2}^{I}(x,x)$$. In addition, $W^{II}(0,0) = 0 = W^{I}(0,0),$ so the Linkage Principle implies that expected revenue from a second-price auction is at least as great as that from a first-price auction.

To use this proposition to show that expected revenue is greater when public information is made available, consider the first-price auction. Let $S$ be a random variable denoting the information available to the seller and suppose a symmetric equilibrium strategy $$\widehat{\beta}(S,X_{1})$$ that is increasing in both variables. Then let

 * $$\widehat{W}^{I}(z,x)=E\left[ \widehat{\beta} (S,z)\big| X_{1}=x\right]$$

be the expected payment of a winning bidder when he receives signal $x$ but bids as if it were z. Assuming $S$ and $X_{1}$ are affiliated, so that

 * $$\widehat{W}_{2}^{I}(z,x)\geq 0,$$

then

 * $$\widehat{W}_{2}^{I}(x,x)\geq W_{2}^{I}(x,x)$$

and the linkage principle implies that expected revenue is at least as great when information is revealed as when it is not.

To see that an ascending-bid auction has greater expected revenue than a second-price auction, note that in an ascending-bid auction, the observed points at which other bidders cease to be active provide additional signals that are also affiliated with $X_{1}$ and so the logic for information revelation increases expected revenue applies.

Although it has been shown that the linkage principle need not hold in more complex auction environments (see Perry and Reny (1999) on the failure of the linkage principle in multi-unit auctions), as argued by Loertscher, Marx, and Wilkening (2013), the intuition provided by the linkage principle for the potential benefits of open over closed auction formats, and the benefits of information revelation generally, will likely continue to influence practical auction design far into the future.

title: Linkage principle


text:
File:Nazgul.PNG

Summary
One of the Nine Nazgûl in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

title: File:Nazgul.PNG


text:
Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu

Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu is a municipality in southwestern Quebec, Canada, on the Richelieu River in the Regional County Municipality of La Vallée-du-Richelieu. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 1,735.

Communities

 * Kierkoski
 * Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu

Demographics
Population Population trend:

Language Mother tongue language (2021)

title: Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu


text:
User talk:Kspence

Welcome!
I am an Assistant Professor at Johns Hopkins University. I specialize in Black Politics, Race and Politics, Urban Politics, Public Opinion/Political Behavior, American Political Thought, and African American Studies. My entries reflect my expertise and my interests.

Afrocentrism
Hello! In resonse to your message:
 * 1) Always remember to 'sign' your emssages (as explained in the Welcome message that I've added above); it makes it much easier to find and reply to you..
 * 2) Thanks! I will.
 * 3) I'm not sure which edits you're referring to; were you the anon 68.34.46.62 (talk · contributions)? If so, then your comments about Mary Lefkowitz, for example, very clearly go against Wikipedia policy (see below).
 * 4) Lefkowitz' work doesn't contain a single reference to Afrocentricity that indicates that she read the work. When presenting critiques, we've got to work with critics that have grappled with the work itself.  It would have been better to delete reference to her, and I think I did that in the next version.
 * 5) I'm afraid that I have reverted your edits to the Afrocentrism article; as +sj points out, it's important to discuss potentially controversial issues before making edits, but you should also read documents such as Neutral point of view before making substantial edits.  Calling Toynbee a white supremacist is not only inaccurate but very definitely non-neutral, for example.
 * 6) But in the context of the sentence it was accurate. Toynbee noted that the black race had never contributed anything to civilization, and that African rhythm was exotic and uncivilized.  His comments should not be viewed as authoritative related to Egypt specifically, or to Africa, should they?  There are several non-racist scholars with strong critiques of Afrocentricity, and of the scholarly trend that the Afrocentrists consider themselves a part of.  Toynbee isn't one of them.  But again, what I should have done here was simply delete the reference.
 * 7) Don't let this put you off contributing to Wikipedia, though. We all made mistakes (some bigger than yours) when we first started, and I doubt that there are many editors who haven't had their edits reverted. The key is to discuss the issues and to be prepared to learn Wikipedia policy and style.  Happy editing! Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:42, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Thanks!!

My mistake
I started writing to your user page instead of your to Talk page; sorry. I've now switched them to the right places. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Afrocentrism rewrite
I agree with your edit that the central thrust of Afrocentrism "is the desire to re-center scholarship about black men and women." It is certainly more on target than defining who is and is not black.

I'd walked away from this article some time ago in the face of ongoing frustrating exchanges with other contributors who are wedded to the white supremacist, Eurocentric paradigm of world history.

An earlier, long-since reverted version I wrote some time ago read: "Afrocentrism is a worldview or perspective that is centered on Africa and Africans. Afrocentric scholarship attempts to shift the study and evaluation of world history and civilization from a traditionally Western, Eurocentric paradigm — that is, one that treats primarily white or European contributions and posits Greco-Roman beginnings of Western civilization — to one that treats primarily black Africa and black contributions and posits black Egyptian beginnings of Western civilization."

Not perfect by far (for my money, "black" and "African" are synonymous), but I believe you and I are on the same track. I've only just recently returned to this piece, and I'm not really heavily involved in it at the moment. If you'll visit some of the archived discussion, you will see what I'd been dealing with. Barlow took over the article from some of the more knee-jerk contributors (among them a particularly and openly racist individual) and, I think, tried to incorporate some of my comments about earlier Afrocentric scholarship -- but the treatment of that subject is still basically, IMO, fairly limited.

The only problem I see with your earlier revision is that it is part of a paragraph dealing specfically with Egypt. The statement you edited was meant as a lead-in to a discussion of black identity and ancient Egypt, and the blackness of Egypt in ancient times is, indeed, a central point of Afrocentric Egyptian scholarship. So, IMO, in fact, the statement you edited should have been reverted -- but tweaked to state that salient point more accurately. Your assertion, I think, as my earlier definition of "Afrocentrism" once did, should appear at the beginning of the article, as it speaks to the general nature of the paradigm/approach and not solely to Egyptian scholarship. (I haven't read much of this since Barlow's rewrite.)

With regard to the introductory definition of Afrocentrism as it now stands, I have a problem with defining Afrocentrism in the context of some kind of therapeutic, post Civil Rights Movement grinding axe. After all, Afrocentrism didn't start with Asante. Further, I think some of his pronouncements about Afrocentrism are valid, but ancillary -- neither central, nor relevant to true scholarship. That Afrocentrism adds a "justice" component of sorts to the search for truth, and that it can be a tool for empowerment -- these are simply important bonuses. Personally, I like Van Sertima's approach -- that he is a historian, first and foremost, and that facts are facts. The man doesn't even really consider himself an Afrocentrist per se.

Welcome to the article -- and to the Wikipedia project. Your expertise is much needed -- here and in other articles, as well. Because when it comes to matters related to black people, Wikipedia is one hell of an ignorant, white-bread, and often hostile, place. Peace 2 u. :) deeceevoice 02:17, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I just really read the current definition of Afrocentrism, and it seems at least a portion of my revision still stands. Before, the text said, "Afrocentric history is a view of history centered on the social and political concerns of various African peoples and their descendants." (What on earth does that mean?):p I suppose my primary objection now to the lead paragraph is the stuff about black education, etc., etc. That's Asante talking and, IMO, it's clap-trap in the sense of defining the approach. This information belongs elsewhere in discussing the history of the phenomenon because of the impression it conveys that Afrocentrism is some kind of intellectual/historiographical mumbo-jumbo dreamed up to heal the wounds of racism and white supremacy. deeceevoice 11:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think I understand why you deleted Lefkowitz, but on a website such as Wikipedia, such an approach is simply untenable. You may rewrite the passage, if you wish -- but you can't delete it completely. I think Lefkowitz is a lightweight, that she fails utterly to address the central issues of Afrocentrism; but she's who white folks think of when they think "Afrocentrism = militant, reverse-racist, myth-making, crackpot pseudo-history." She's the eurocentrists' great white hope -- and about as effective as that other one, too. :p deeceevoice 17:32, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I understand your point of view. Perhaps I should restart a section in talk about her. She talks about Afrocentrism but is not an expert on it by any means. There are people who are against the concept who at least have written reasonable critiques of it. She isn't one of them. --Lester Spence 22:52, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Almost forgot. What was your rationale for removing Martin Bernal from the list? deeceevoice 17:34, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The section should probably read "people associated with Afrocentrism" and then I could have kept Bernal on there. Technically Van Sertima doesn't refer to himself as an Afrocentrist. But rather than change the heading, I just took off the person that didn't fit the most. --Lester Spence 22:52, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Let me be clearer. Neither Bernal nor Van Sertima are Afrocentrists.  They do not refer to themselves as Afrocentrists--and in fact Bernal emphatically emphasizes this, even though he is sympathetic to the Afrocentric project.  The only people that should be listed on that list are those who actively refer to themselves as Afrocentrists and/or people thought to be Afrocentrist by those in the field.  And while I understand what the norms are regarding deleting, I argue that deletions should be undertaken when they enhance the entry.  In this case, Lefkowitz has published work on Greece, but she is not an expert on either Africa in general or on Egypt.  Indeed, reading her work it is apparent that she hasn't read any of the Afrocentric corpus outside of STOLEN LEGACY.  While including a section on criticisms is important, it is far more important that we include criticisms from people actually familiar with the literature.  --Lester Spence 22:10, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Neoconservatism in the United States
Hi Lester, I believe your comment on my Talk: page is referring to the article Neoconservatism in the United States. Unfortunately, I know little about the topic itself; my only edit to the page was to revert some vandalism by an IP editor. I hope you have success in working out the issue you are having. Jayjg (talk) 20:42, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Afrocentricity and Molefi Asante
Hi Lester, I saw Asante's name come up on WikiProject Countering systemic bias open tasks, and worked up a bit on him based in part on the Afrocentricity article. If you get a chance, want to take a look at it? I've just put in the biographic outline and an expansion of his central ideas is much needed; this looks like something you'd be much better at than me.

As a consequence I removed a bit of detail about Asante's history from Afrocentricity (the parts not directly bearing on the theory). I also wikified the language a bit while I was there and put in some links.

Thanks for putting up this article! It's become obvious to me that the Wikiproject on Systemic Bias is badly needed and it's good to see somebody working to help it. I'm going to start seeing what I can do to pitch in myself. Best, Dvyost 20:25, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for informing me about this aspect of Wikipedia as I was unaware of it. I'll take a look! --Lester Spence 18:37, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

editing of redirect
I assume that you know more about this than me. I think they did the same thing with postmodernity and postmodernism.--Urthogie 22:14, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Yes it looks like they did. Makes a great deal of sense. Thanks! --Lester Spence 22:29, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

great edits, but one suggestion
You've been doing some great work on Wikipedia. One thing I've noticed though is you dont seem to have the wiki-syntax and style down sharp(I'm inferring this based on the fact that Afrocentricity lacks headings and whatnot). If you want to learn how to stylize articles, you can read the short version at How to edit a page, or the long version at the Manual of style. If you have any questions regarding this or anything else, please don't hesitate to ask. Peace, --Urthogie 14:46, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kspence


text:
Talk:Reginald Graham

Untitled
The English toward the end has a sentence fragment. "Later Sir Reginald. " Was he knighted? If so, please say so, and, if possible, when. Stanning (talk) 18:39, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
 * He was not knighted, but he was known throughout his life as Reginald, not John, as many references show. He became Sir Reginald when he inherited the baronetcy. So I've just moved the article to "Sir Reginald Graham, 3rd Baronet", in accordance with WP:COMMONNAME

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Reginald Graham. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041225165403/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/edinburg.htm to http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/edinburg.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:03, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reginald Graham