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Macedonian Orthodox Church

The Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid (MOC-AO; Македонска православна црква – Охридска архиепископија), or simply the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC) or the Archdiocese of Ohrid (AO), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in North Macedonia. The Macedonian Orthodox Church claims ecclesiastical jurisdiction over North Macedonia, and is also represented in the Macedonian diaspora. The primate of the Macedonian Orthodox Church is Stefan Veljanovski, the Metropolitan of Skopje and Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia.

In 1959, the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church granted autonomy to the Macedonian Orthodox Church in the then-Socialist Republic of Macedonia, as the restoration of the historic Archbishopric of Ohrid; the MOC was united with the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) as a part of the SOC. In 1967, on the bicentennial anniversary of the abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, the Macedonian Holy Synod unilaterally announced its autocephaly from the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Serbian synod denounced the decision and condemned the clergy as schismatic. Thenceforth, the Macedonian Church had remained unrecognized by all mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches for 55 years.

The Macedonian Orthodox Church was formally reintegrated into the mainstream Eastern Orthodox community in 2022. On 9 May 2022, the Ecumenical Patriarchate accepted the MOC into communion and recognized North Macedonia as its canonical territory. On 16 May of the same year, the schism between the Serbian and Macedonian churches ended, with the Serbian church stating the MOC was restored as an autonomous part of the Serbian church according to its 1959 status. On 24 May, the SOC announced it recognised the autocephaly of the MOC. In June 2022, the Serbian Orthodox Church officially granted autocephaly to the MOC, though this autocephaly has not been recognized by all autocephalous churches. Recognition of autocephaly from the Ecumenical Patriarchate is pending resolution of the name of the MOC, as well as issues surrounding diaspora dioceses, and MOC relations with the Orthodox Church in Ukraine.

Background
Following the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire, Byzantine Emperor Basil II acknowledged the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and set up its boundaries, dioceses, property and other privileges. The Archbishopric was seated in Ohrid in the Byzantine theme of Bulgaria and was established in 1019 by lowering the rank of the autocephalous Bulgarian Patriarchate and its subjugation to the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

In 1767 the Ohrid Archbishopric was abolished by the Ottoman authorities and annexed to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. During the Bulgarian National awakening, efforts were made in Ottoman Macedonia for the restoration of a Bulgarian church in the region separate from the Greek Patriarchate, and in 1870 the Bulgarian Exarchate was created. The Christian population of the bishoprics of Skopje and Ohrid voted in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the exarchate, and the Bulgarian Exarchate became in control of most of the Macedonian region. There were also unsuccessful attempts made by some to specifically restore the Ohrid Archbishopric itself, most notably by Theodosius of Skopje.

Following Vardar Macedonia's incorporation into Serbia in 1913, several of the Bulgarian Exarchate's dioceses were forcefully taken over by the Serbian Orthodox Church. While the region was occupied by Bulgaria during World War I and World War II, the local dioceses temporarily came under the control of the Bulgarian Exarchate.

The first modern assembly of Macedonian clergy was held in the village of Izdeglavje near Ohrid in 1943. In October 1944, an initiative board for the organization of the Macedonian Orthodox Church was officially formed. In 1945, the first clergy and people's synod met and adopted a resolution for the restoration of the Ohrid Archbishopric as a Macedonian Orthodox Church. It was submitted to the Serbian Orthodox Church, which since 1919 had been the sole church in Vardar Macedonia. The resolution was rejected, but a later one, submitted in 1958 at the second synod, was accepted on June 17, 1959, by the Serbian Orthodox Church under pressure from the Socialist authorities. Dimitrija Stojkovski, a Macedonian, was appointed the first archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Macedonia under the name Dositheus II.

Self-proclaimed autocephaly
At its third synod in 1967, on the bicentennial anniversary of the abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, the Macedonian Church proclaimed its autocephaly (full administrative independence). Serbian Church bishops denounced the decision and condemned the clergy as schismatic. For all the subsequent efforts to gain recognition, the autocephaly of the Macedonian Church was not recognized by other canonical Eastern Orthodox churches, due to opposition from the SOC.

Since the breakup of Yugoslavia (the 1990s), the Serbian Patriarchate had sought to restore its control over the Macedonian Church.

The later chain of events turned into a vicious circle of mutual accusations and incidents involving the Serbian Orthodox Church and, partly, the Serbian government on one side, and the MOC, backed by the Macedonian government on the other. The Macedonian side regarded Jovan as a traitor and Serbian puppet. Jovan complained of a new state-backed media campaign against his church. The government has denied registration to his organisation, and launched a criminal case against him. He was arrested, removed from his bishopric and then expelled from the country and later sentenced to 18 months in prison and jailed with "extremely limited visitation rights".

In turn, the Serbian Church denied a Macedonian delegation access to the monastery of Prohor Pčinjski, which was the usual site of Macedonian celebration of the national holiday of Ilinden (literally meaning St. Elijah Day) on August 2 and the site where the First Session of ASNOM was held. Macedonian border police often denied Serbian priests entry into the country in clerical garb.

On 12 November 2009, the Macedonian Orthodox Church added "Archdiocese of Ohrid" to its official name and changed its coat of arms and flag. This name change was a way for the MOC to proclaim itself as the successor of the Archbishopric of Ohrid.

Recognition efforts
In November 2017, Bulgarian National Television announced the content of a letter that the MOC had sent to the Holy Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church requesting talks on recognition of the Macedonian Orthodox Church. The letter was signed by Archbishop Stefan Veljanovski. Among other things, the letter stated: "The Bulgarian Orthodox Church - Bulgarian Patriarchate, taking into account the unity of the Orthodox Church and the real spiritual and pastoral needs, should establish eucharistic unity with the restored Ohrid Archbishopric in the face of the Macedonian Orthodox Church". On 27 November, the Holy Synod of the Bulgarian patriarchate accepted the proposal that it become Macedonia's mother church and agreed to work towards recognition of its status. The Serbian Church expressed its surprise over the Bulgarian decision to be “mother” to the Macedonian Church.

On 14 May 2018, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church decided to decline the invitation from the Macedonian Orthodox Church to participate in the festivities celebrating the 1000th anniversary of the establishment of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. They also declined to send a representative to the celebration.

In late May 2018, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople announced it had accepted the request from Skopje to examine the canonical status of the Ohrid Archbishopric.

On 13 January 2020, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew received North Macedonia's prime minister Oliver Spasovski and his predecessor Zoran Zaev. According to the Ecumenical Patriarchate's statement, "The purpose of the visit was to examine the ecclesiastical problem of the country. The previous stages of the matter were discussed during the meeting." It was announced that the patriarch would invite both the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Macedonian Orthodox Church to a joint meeting in a bid to find a mutually acceptable solution to the country's ecclesiastical issue. In September 2020, the President of North Macedonia, Stevo Pendarovski, wrote a letter asking the Ecumenical Patriarch, asking him to recognise the MOC.

Communion with mainstream Eastern Orthodoxy
On 9 May 2022, the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate stated it recognised the Macedonian Orthodox Church, its hierarchy and faithful, and established eucharistic communion with it. It also stated that it recognised the MOC's jurisdiction as being over North Macedonia. However, the Ecumenical Patriarchate explicitly refused to recognise the word "Macedonia" or any other derivative to designate the church, and stated it would use "Ohrid" to refer to it. The Holy Synod also stated it was the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church to settle the administrative issues the Serbian Church had with the MOC. The decision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate was welcomed by North Macedonia's Prime Minister, Dimitar Kovačevski. After the Ecumenical Patriarchate announced communion with the MOC, the Russian Orthodox Church came to the conclusion that it recognizes only the canonical rights of the Serbian Orthodox Church and refuses to recognize the MOC's jurisdiction over North Macedonia. On 16 May, the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church released a statement that the situation of the MOC was resolved. The Holy Synod stated that full ecclesiastical autonomy was restored to the MOC under the Patriarchate of Serbia, bringing the MOC-OA fully into communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox world.

Recognized autocephaly
On 24 May 2022, the feast of saints Cyril and Methodius, during a liturgy presided by both primates of the MOC-OA and the Serbian Orthodox Church in Skopje, Patriarch Porfirije of the Serbian Church announced to the faithful that "the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church has unanimously met the pleas of the Macedonian Orthodox Church and has accepted and recognized its autocephaly." During this liturgy, the primate of the MOC-OA stated he considered the Mother Church of the MOC to be the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

On 5 June 2022, during a concelebration of the Divine Liturgy in Belgrade between the SOC and the MOC, Patriarch Porfirije of Serbia gave a tomos of autocephaly to Archbishop Stefan. On the same day, Archbishop Stefan stated that he only recognised autocephaly that is granted from the Ecumenical Patriarchate, in accordance, he stated, with canon law. The formal statement from the MOC released the following day explained that it viewed the document it had received from the SOC as a mere "recommendation [...] of autocephaly".

On 8 June 2022, the Church of Greece agreed to recognize the canonicity of the MOC, but continues to object to the inclusion of the term "Macedonian" in the church's title, as well as the fact that its tomos was granted by the SOC instead of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The question of whether the right to grant autocephaly remains with a respective church's Mother Church or the Ecumenical Patriarchate is part of a long-lasting and serious debate within the Orthodox world.

On 10 June 2022, on a visit to Istanbul, Archbishop Stefan was handed the Patriarchal and Synodal Act confirming the canonical and liturgical unity with the Church of Constantinople. On 12 June, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and Archbishop Stefan concelebrated the Divine Liturgy at the Church of St. George in the Phanar. Present at this liturgy was a delegation of the Government of North Macedonia: the prime minister of North Macedonia, Dimitar Kovačevski, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bujar Osmani, the Minister of Defence, Slavjanka Petrovska, and the Minister of Internal Affairs, Oliver Spasovski; also present was a delegation of the Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy led by its General Secretary Maximos Charakopoulos. After this liturgy, Kovačevski was received by the Ecumenical Patriarch in a private audience; Kovačevski thanked the Ecumenical Patriarch for his decision of recognizing the MOC, and stated the Patriarch had corrected a historical injustice by doing so.

On 22 June 2022, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church established communion with the MOC. On 25 August 2022, the Russian Orthodox Church established communion with the MOC and formally recognized it as autocephalous.

The autocephaly of the MOC was then formally recognized by the Polish Orthodox Church in October 2022, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine in November 2022, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in December 2022, and the Romanian Orthodox Church and Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia in February 2023. However, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church continues to object to the inclusion of "Archdiocese of Ohrid" in the MOC's name, as it understands itself as the continuation of the ancient Archbishopric of Ohrid.

In addition to the Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the canonicity of the MOC was recognized by the Patriarchate of Antioch in October 2022, and the Georgian and Albanian Orthodox Churches in February 2023. The church has also concelebrated with the Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Orthodox Church in America, whose synods have not formally addressed the issue of its canonicity or its autocephaly as of March 2023.

As of March 2023, the MOC has neither concelebrated with, nor have its canonicity and autocephaly been recognized by the Patriarchate of Alexandria and the Church of Cyprus.

In May 2024, the Macedonian Orthodox Church has rejected Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople's final conditions for its independence. It has not yet received any official decree for its recognition. MOC has not agreed to change its name, dropping "Macedonian" from it to secure for itself such a decree. Many fear MOC has been caught between the interests of Moscow and Constantinople, with the Serbian Church close to Moscow. Some observers worried that this has put the Macedonian Church in the Russian sphere of influence. Moreover in the last year the MOC aligned with Moscow against the new Ukrainian Church. Some observers link these facts to the outcome of the May elections in North Macedonia. Much of the Greek media is associating this situation with the newly-elected Macedonian President's refusal to use "North Macedonia" during her oath. Meanwhile, the Ecumenical Patriarchate has challenged the validity of a document issued by the Serbian church about the independence of MOC and accused the last of a pro-Russian pre-orientation.

Dioceses on the territory of North Macedonia

 * 1) Diocese of Skopje, headed by Archbishop Stefan;
 * 2) Diocese of Tetovo and Gostivar, headed by Metropolitan Joseph;
 * 3) Diocese of Kumanovo and Osogovo, headed by Metropolitan Grigorij;
 * 4) Diocese of Debar and Kičevo, headed by Metropolitan Timothy;
 * 5) Diocese of Prespa and Pelagonia, headed by Metropolitan Peter;
 * 6) Diocese of Strumica, headed by Metropolitan Naum;
 * 7) Diocese of Bregalnica, headed by Metropolitan Hilarion;
 * 8) Diocese of Povardarie, headed by Metropolitan Agathangel;
 * 9) Diocese of Kruševo and Demir Hisar, headed by Metropolitan Jovan;
 * 10) Diocese of Deljadrovci-Ilinden, headed by Metropolitan Joachim;
 * 11) Diocese of Delčevo and Makedonska Kamenica, headed by Metropolitan Mark.

Diaspora dioceses

 * 1) American-Canadian Diocese, headed by Metropolitan Methodius
 * 2) European Diocese, headed by Metropolitan Pimen
 * 3) Diocese of Australia and New Zealand, administered by Metropolitan Peter of Prespa and Pelagonia, headquarters in Melbourne.
 * 4) Diocese of Australia and Sydney, administered by Metropolitan Timothy of Debar and Kičevo, headquarters in Sydney.

Outside the country, the church is active in 4 dioceses in the Macedonian diaspora. The 12 dioceses of the church are governed by ten Episcopes, with around 500 active priests in about 500 parishes with over 2000 churches and monasteries. The church claims jurisdiction of about twenty living monasteries, with more than 100 monks.

Titular Bishops

 * David, titular Bishop of Dremvit, vicar bishop of the Diocese of Skopje.

title: Macedonian Orthodox Church


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Olivier Boulay

Olivier Boulay (born August 9, 1957, in France) is an automobile designer. Since 2009, he has been the Vice President of Daimler's Advanced Design Centre in Beijing, China.

He was educated at École supérieure d'art graphique et d'architecture intérieure in Paris until June 1981, and graduated from the Royal College of Art in London a year later. He then spent five years as an automotive designer in France and Italy before becoming the Manager of Daimler-Benz AG's Design Division in West Germany in 1987. He was responsible for the S-Class and C-Class exteriors while there, before moving to Japan in 1989. Boulay penned the second generation Subaru Legacy while working for Fuji Heavy Industries, before returning to Daimler Benz in 1992 when they established their Advanced Design Center of Japan. As general manager, Boulay was behind the 97 Maybach concept exhibited at the Tokyo Motor Show, before returning to Europe as General Manager of DaimlerChrysler's Advanced Design Germany studio to usher the Maybach 57 and 62 limousines into production.

Following DaimlerChrysler's assumption of control of Mitsubishi Motors, Boulay was appointed the head of Mitsubishi Motors' design office in May 2001. The continual financial struggle of Mitsubishi Motors hastened DaimlerChrysler's exit from being the company's biggest stockholder. It meant that only one all-new vehicle, the Mitsubishi Magna, was developed and released during his tenure. However, he was able to exert his stylistic influence on several other vehicles in development, thanks to a heavy schedule of four concept vehicles created in five months prior to the 2001 Tokyo Motor Show. These concepts, the CZ2, CZ3 Tarmac, Space Liner and SUP, all shared a common face created by the curvature of the lower edge of the grille, the size and shape of the badge and the sharp crease rising up the leading edge of the bonnet. Boulay saw this family likeness as important in establishing a strong image for the company. This would later be seen in his facelift of the Australian market Mitsubishi Magna in 2003, its successful replacement the Mitsubishi 380, and the Japanese Mitsubishi i kei car, the latter two of which would only be released after Boulay had left the company.

When DaimlerChrysler terminated its alliance with Mitsubishi in 2004, Boulay, returned to its Advanced Design Studio in Japan and his previous position. He became a professor at Keio University in Tokyo in 2009, and was named Vice President of the Mercedes-Benz Advanced Design Center of China, which opened new premises in Beijing in July 2011 where he is responsible for electric car design development for the joint venture with BYD.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Olivier Boulay


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Talk:The Ethiopians

Untitled
I have no idea why anyone would say this band is of dubious importance.

The article may be brief so far, but I definitely plan to expand it. I am not sure if all the information in "discography" is correct. I own a CD called "Let's Ska and Rock Steady" by the Ethiopians which was released by the "Jamaican Gold" label in 1992 (and not 1968 or 1990). Unfortunately I don't have the cover of that CD (I bought it second-hand), so I am not sure if it is a compilation or a re-release of The Ethiopians' debut album. Researching the internet I was not able to find a track listing for their debut LP "Engine '54: Let's Ska and Rock Steady". If anyone can provide track listings of the albums mentioned in the article, it would be greatly appreciated. AVD —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.2.147.202 (talk) 17:28, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-ethiopians-mn0000758920/biography. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 17:23, 7 February 2014 (UTC)

Request article for review (article needs a picture)
Hello, hopefully a Wikipedia editor who knows what to do will see this. I'd really like to see a picture put on the main page of this topic, because I feel that a Wikipedia page without a picture lacks proper representation. I'm avoiding the headache of learning all the rules and guidelines Wikipedia has regarding copyright images, which means that I'm clueless on how to do this myself. So could someone who knows how to fix this problem with this Wikepedia page please work on it. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 16noodles66 (talk • contribs) 07:48, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Ethiopians


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Arkansas Nuclear One

Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO) is a two-unit pressurized water nuclear power plant located on Lake Dardanelle outside Russellville, Arkansas. Owned by Entergy Arkansas and operated by Entergy Nuclear, it is the only nuclear power facility in Arkansas.

Units
Both units were designed by Bechtel Power and both are located on the Northeast Shore of Lake Dardanelle. Both units employ a combined number of 950 personnel at ANO. The two units generate enough power to meet approximately 56% of the total energy demand of Entergy Arkansas’ 700,000 customers.

Unit One
Unit One has a generating capacity of 836 megawatts and began commercial operation on December 19, 1974. ANO Unit 1 had its license to operate issued May 21, 1974 and it was later renewed June 20, 2001. It is licensed to operate through May 20, 2034. Its nuclear reactor and turbine generator were supplied by Babcock & Wilcox and Westinghouse, respectively. Unit One utilizes Lake Dardanelle as its source of cooling.

Unit Two
Unit Two has a generating capacity of 988 megawatts and began commercial operation on March 26, 1980. ANO Unit 2 had its license to operate issued September 1, 1978 and it was later renewed June 30, 2005. It is licensed to operate through July 17, 2038. Its nuclear reactor and turbine generator were supplied by Combustion Engineering and General Electric, respectively. Unit Two utilizes a recirculating-water system from a 447-foot tall cooling tower.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of Arkansas Nuclear One was 44,139, an increase of 17.2 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 308,219, an increase of 13.3 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Russellville (6 miles to city center).

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Arkansas Nuclear One was 1 in 243,902, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

March 2013 incident
On March 31, 2013, an industrial accident at the facility killed one person and injured eight other workers, including four seriously. The accident took place "in a non-radiation area, and there was no risk to public health and safety." According to Entergy, the old stator of Unit One's generator fell during an operation to replace it. The falling component ruptured a water pipe, causing water infiltration into the plant's switchgear, which knocked out power to all of Unit One and one train of Unit Two's electrical system, which was online at the time. The electrical failure caused an automatic shutdown of Unit Two. The plant's emergency generators started and restored power to the emergency systems of both units. Unit One was in a refueling outage. Emergency diesel generators, water pumps and feed water were functioning following a loss of all off-site power on Unit One, according to the NRC event notification. The plant was placed under an "unusual event classification", which is the lowest of four emergency classification levels for abnormal events designated by the federal Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which regulates American civil nuclear installations. One plant worker died, and ten other injuries required offsite medical treatment. The company released an official statement of condolence. Entergy announced that they would immediately commence repairs to Unit Two and hope to have the unit back online within several weeks. Entergy also acknowledged that Unit One would be offline for an extended time while the company surveyed the damage and established a timeline for repairs.

The cost of the repairs was estimated at $95–120M, not counting additional costs to replace lost electricity from the reactors being down for four months. Both units were repaired, and started up on August 7, 2013, capable of returning to full power. During the recovery from the incident a specialist engineering company named Lowther-Rolton assisted with the recovery of the existing Stator and performed a "Technical Audit" (also called a "third-party review") of the engineering for lifting and installation of the new Stator to ensure safety of operations.

December 2013 incident
On December 9, 2013, Unit Two was taken offline due to a transformer fire in the site switchyard. The fire was contained without injuries or threats to safety.

Potentially defective reactor vessel head
In December 2016, it was disclosed that a certificate of conformity for Unit 2's steel reactor vessel head, supplied by Creusot Forge, had been forged by the manufacturer, violating safety standards and potentially undermining the vessel head's mechanical ability to withstand sudden breakdown in certain conditions if excess carbon is present inside the steel.

title: Arkansas Nuclear One


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Princes Street Gardens

Princes Street Gardens are two adjacent public parks in the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland, lying in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle. The Gardens were created in the 1820s following the long draining of the Nor Loch and building of the New Town, beginning in the 1760s.

The loch, situated on the north side of the town, was originally an artificial creation forming part of its medieval defences and made expansion northwards difficult. The water was habitually polluted from sewage draining downhill from the Old Town.

The gardens run along the south side of Princes Street and are divided by The Mound, on which the National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy buildings are located. East Princes Street Gardens run from The Mound to Waverley Bridge, and cover 8.5 acre. The larger West Princes Street Gardens cover 29 acre and extend to the adjacent churches of St. John's and St. Cuthbert's, near Lothian Road in the west.

In 1846 the railway was built in the valley to connect the Edinburgh-Glasgow line at Haymarket with the new northern terminus of the North British line from Berwick-upon-Tweed at Waverley Station.

The Gardens are the best known parks in Edinburgh, having the highest awareness and visitor figures for both residents and visitors to the city.

Railway
In 1846, the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway company constructed a railway line in a cutting along the southern edge of the Gardens to join its Haymarket terminus to a new General Station adjoining the North British Railway Company's North Bridge terminus (both stations later renamed Waverley Station). This involved constructing the Haymarket Tunnel (comprising separate north and south tunnels), 910 metres long, between the western end of the gardens and Haymarket Station. A shorter tunnel (again comprising two separate tunnels) was also dug through The Mound which separated the East and West Gardens.

History

East Princes Street Gardens originated after a dispute between Edinburgh Corporation (town council) and the early New Town proprietors, among whom was the philosopher David Hume who resided in St. David Street, a side street off Princes Street. In 1771 the council acquired the land as part of the First New Town development. It began feuing ground on the south side of Princes Street (on the site of the current Balmoral Hotel and Waverley Market) for the building of houses and workshops for a coach-builder and a furniture-maker. After a failed petition to the council the proprietors raised two actions in the Court of Session to halt the building and to condemn the Corporation for having contravened their feuing terms by which they had presupposed open ground and a vista south of the street. After the Court found in favour of the council on the first point the decision was quickly appealed to the House of Lords and overturned, but when the Court again supported the council on the second point, the matter was submitted to judicial arbitration. This resulted in a judgement that the houses could be completed which later allowed the North British Hotel (Balmoral Hotel) to be built on the site, that the adjacent furniture-maker's premises must not rise above the level of Princes Street (which is the reason the roof of Waverley Market is at street level) and that the ground westwards for half the length of Princes Street "shall be kept and preserved in perpetuity as pleasure-grounds to be dressed up at the expense of the town council as soon as may be."

Monuments
Along the south side of Princes Street are many statues and monuments. In the East Gardens most prominent is the Scott Monument, a Neo-Gothic spire built in 1844 to honour Sir Walter Scott. Within East Princes Street Gardens there are statues of the explorer David Livingstone, the publisher and Lord Provost Adam Black and the essayist Professor John Wilson, who wrote under the pseudonym Christopher North. There is also a small commemorative stone honouring the volunteers from the Lothians and Fife who fought in the Spanish Civil War.

Edinburgh's Christmas
Every year, in the weeks leading up to the end of the year, the East Gardens are transformed into 'Edinburgh's Christmas'. This includes a variety of amusement park rides and the Christmas Market, which has food and gifts from all around the world. The most notable attraction is the 33 metre (108 feet) high Ferris wheel, often dubbed 'The Edinburgh Eye'.

Early history
West Princes Street Gardens were originally the private property of "the Princes Street Proprietors" who overlooked them from their houses on the western half of the street. This was passed to them from the council in 1816 and the gardens were opened to subscribers generally in the New Town in 1821.

Dogs, cricket, perambulators and smoking were prohibited under their rules, and people using bath-chairs had to present a doctor's certificate to the Committee of the garden attesting to their ailment not being contagious. An application by the Scottish Association for Suppressing Drunkenness that the gardens be opened during Christmas and New Year "with the object of keeping parties out of the dram shops (i.e. illegal drinking premises)" led eventually to them being opened to the general public on Christmas Day, New Year's Day and one other day in the year.

Public park
In 1876, despite much opposition from residents, the town council reacquired the ground for use as a public park. The new park was laid out by the City Architect Robert Morham including the building of a very picturesque gardeners cottage at the east end of the West Gardens. As part of a later agreement (c.1880) the council widened Princes Street (resulting in a far steeper embankment on that side). A series of statues were erected along the edge of the widened road.

Modernization of the gardens is currently under discussion with the launch of The Quaich Project fundraising campaign from the Ross Development Trust. The new design will improve accessibility and provide new pathways and connections across the city.

Shelters
In 1939 four huge air-raid shelters were created within this northern embankment. The distinctive shelters now on the upper walkway date from 1950 and were designed by Alexander Garden Forgie. As with most structures in the gardens they are listed buildings.

Ross Bandstand and Ross Fountain

The Ross Bandstand in the centre of the West Gardens is named after William Henry Ross, Chairman of the Distillers Company Ltd., who gifted the first bandstand on the site in 1877. The present building and terraces date from 1935.

The Princes Street proprietors contributed £500 as a goodwill gesture to the cost of the bandstand. Various concerts and other events are held at the Ross Bandstand including the Festival Fireworks Concert, Men's Health Survival of the Fittest, and during the city's Hogmanay celebrations. The Ross Development Trust proposed to rebuild the bandstand as a Ross Pavilion based on design by architects wHY following an international competition in 2017.

The Ross Fountain is the focus of the western end of the gardens. Gifted by Edinburgh gunsmith Daniel Ross, it was originally installed in 1872 and restored in 2018 with the help of the Ross Development Trust.

Monuments
Along the south side of Princes Street are statues of the poet Allan Ramsay, the church reformer Thomas Guthrie, and the obstetric pioneer James Young Simpson. Other monuments are the Royal Scots Greys Memorial, the Scottish American War Memorial, the Norwegian Brigade War Memorial, and Wojtek the Bear.

The statuary group on the lower path represents The Genius of Architecture crowning the Theory and Practice of Art and is by William Brodie originally for the garden of Rockville, the home of his maverick architect son-in-law Sir James Gowans. It was moved here in the 1960s following the demolition of Rockville. The Swedish runestone U 1173 was located beneath the Castle walls, however due to security concerns it was removed from its location in November 2017 and was moved to George Square, outside the school of Scandinavian studies in 2020.

At the eastern entrance to the Gardens there is the world's first floral clock dating from 1903.

Royal Scots Monument
The large curved monument to the Royal Scots stands slightly hidden just south of the gardener's cottage. It was designed by Sir Frank Mears with sculpture by Pilkington Jackson. Described as a "modern henge" it dates from 1950 but was added to and "finalised" in May 2007 following the termination of the Royal Scots in 2006. This added additional Battle Honours gained since the 1950s.

Mortonhall Baby Ashes Memorial
A new monument, in the form of a baby elephant by sculptor Andy Scott, was added to the gardens on 2 February 2019. Located by The Genius of Architecture, this is a permanent reminder of the 250 babies and their families affected by the Mortonhall scandal, which was uncovered in 2012.

Castle Hill Gardens
Running along the southern edge of the West Princes Street Gardens is a train line separating the garden from the Castle Hill Garden. You can access Castle Hill Garden via a bridge behind the Ross Band Stand. The garden has been closed for several years due to rockfall and subsidence.

Castle Terrace Gardens
Until the 1960s on the western side of the West Princes Street Gardens the Castle Terrace Gardens were adjoined. In 1964 these gardens were dug up to construct a 750-bay car park.

title: Princes Street Gardens


text:
Société des Artistes Français

The Société des Artistes Français (, meaning "Society of French Artists") is the association of French painters and sculptors established in 1881. Its annual exhibition is called the "Salon des artistes français" (not to be confused with the better-known Salon, established in 1667).

When the Société was established, it associated all the French artists. Its president was a painter and its vice-president a sculptor. The main task of the Société is to organize the Salon, since the French government ceased to do it.

Secession
In December 1890 president Bouguereau suggested that the Salon should be an exhibition of young, yet unrecognized, artists. Ernest Meissonier, Puvis de Chavannes, Auguste Rodin and others rejected this proposal and left the organization. They quickly created their own exhibition (Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in 1899) that was also named the Salon, officially Salon de la Société Nationale des Beaux–Arts, in short Salon du Champs de Mars. The original Salon was sometimes called Salon de Champs-Élysées, or simply Salon des artistes français).

Presidents of the association since 1881

 * 1881: Antoine-Nicolas Bailly, architect
 * 1891: Leon Bonnat, painter
 * 1896: Édouard Detaille, painter
 * 1900: Jean-Paul Laurens, painter
 * 1901: William Bouguereau, painter
 * 1904: Tony Robert-Fleury, painter
 * 1907: Henri-Paul Nénot, architect
 * 1910: Victor Laloux, architect
 * 1913: Antonin Mercie, sculptor
 * 1917: Francois Flameng, painter
 * 1920: Victor Laloux, architect
 * 1922: Jules Coutan, sculptor
 * 1924: Henri-Paul Nénot, architect
 * 1926: Paul Chabas, painter
 * 1936: Alphonse Defrasse, architect
 * 1939: Albert Tournaire, architect
 * 1941: Henri Bouchard, sculptor
 * 1945: Albert Tournaire, architect
 * 1947: Jules Formigé, architect
 * 1955: Georges Labro, architect
 * 1959: Jean-Gabriel Goulinat, painter
 * 1965: Georges Cheyssial, painter
 * 1977: Georges Muguet, sculptor
 * 1979: Paul Ambille, painter
 * 1981: Arnaud d'Hauterives, painter
 * 1991: Jean-Marie Zacchi, painter
 * 1994: Jean Campistron, painter
 * 1997: Françoise Zig-Tribouilloy, engraver
 * 2000: Christian Billet, painter
 * 2010: Viviane Guybet, sculptor
 * 2013: Martine Delaleuf, architect

Present day
The Société des Artistes Français still exists and organizes each year the "Salon des Artistes Français". Its current President is Ms. Martine Delaleuf.

title: Société des Artistes Français


text: User talk:82.43.130.78

title: User talk:82.43.130.78


text:
C. B. van Niel

Cornelis Bernardus van Niel (also known as Kees van Niel; November 4, 1897 – March 10, 1985) was a Dutch-American microbiologist. He introduced the study of general microbiology to the United States and made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis.

Early life
In 1923, Cornelis van Niel graduated in chemical engineering at Delft University and became an assistant to Albert Kluyver, who had initiated the field of comparative biochemistry. In 1925 he married Christina van Hemert in Bloemendaal, North Holland, Netherlands. In 1928 he wrote his PhD dissertation ('The Propionic Acid Bacteria') after which he left for the United States to continue his work at the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University.

Photosynthesis (1931)
By studying purple sulphur bacteria and green sulphur bacteria he was the first scientist to demonstrate, in 1931, that photosynthesis is a light-dependent redox reaction in which hydrogen from an oxidizable compound reduces carbon dioxide to cellular materials. Expressed as:
 * 2 H2A + CO2 → 2A + CH2O + H2O

where A is the electron acceptor. His discovery predicted that H2O is the hydrogen donor in green plant photosynthesis and is oxidized to O2. The chemical summation of photosynthesis was a milestone in the understanding of the chemistry of photosynthesis. This was later experimentally verified by Robert Hill.

In a nutshell, van Niel proved that plants give off oxygen as a result of splitting water molecules during photosynthesis, not carbon dioxide molecules as thought before.

Bacterial taxonomy
Van Niel also played a key role in the development of bacterial taxonomy. In 1962, van Niel in collaboration with Roger Y. Stanier defined prokaryotes as cells in which the nuclear material is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane, a definition that is still used to date.

Teaching
Shortly after his arrival at Hopkins Marine Station, van Niel developed a course in general microbiology which was to become widely influential. During its run from 1938 to 1962, the course drew students from around the world, and included several accomplished scientists among its alumni, including Esther Lederberg and Allan Campbell. and Arthur Kornberg, the recipient of the 1959 Nobel prize for DNA synthesis.

Scientific legacy and awards
Van Niel was the first biologist to receive the American National Medal of Science; he was awarded the 1963 Medal in biological sciences for "his fundamental investigations of the comparative biochemistry of microorganisms, for his studies of the basic mechanisms of photosynthesis, and for his excellence as a teacher of many scientists." Additional awards include:

 * 1955: Marjory Stephenson Prize of the Society for General Microbiology
 * 1966: Charles F. Kettering Award of the American Society of Plant Biologists
 * 1967: Rumford Prize
 * 1970: Leeuwenhoek Medal

van Niel was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1945 and the American Philosophical Society in 1948. In 1950 van Niel became a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950.

title: C. B. van Niel


text:
Talk:Cultural regions of Lithuania

Is Dzūkija a part of Aukštaitija or is it another region ? Lysy 14:00, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It is now explained in article DeirYassin 22:09, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think I've encountered also other division in two regions only: Žemaitija and Aukštaitija.
 * Then I think that Dzūkija and Sudovia were considered a part of Aukštaitija and Lithuania Minor would be a part of Žemaitija. Is this correct or did I get everything completely mixed up ? Lysy 14:37, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is the dialect division I think, modern dialect divisions says that there are 2 dialects of Lithuanian, Aukštaičių and Žemaičių (Samogitian), and subdialects, which are east aukshtaitian (or, formerly just aukshtaitian), south aukshtaitian (dzukian), west aukshtaitian (sudovian), south and north samogitian (both in Samogitia) and west samogitian, which is in part of what was formerly Memelland. The dialect of Lietuvininks was similar to that of Sudovians.DeirYassin 14:49, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Renaming ?
How about renaming this article to Regions of Historic Lithuania ? --Lysytalk 16:09, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, makes no sense whatsoever. Original Lithuanian name is etnografiniai regionai... But I am not sure if a direct translations is appropriate here. And why rename it in general? Renata 17:16, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought a rename would be in place, as the article and the map refer not only to Lituania but also neighbouring areas, mostly of Kaliningrad Oblast and Belarus. Therefore I assume the author meant "historic Lithuania", not present-day Lithuania, which would probably have the regions smaller ? Overall, the article has a tad revisionistic flavour to it, don't you think ? I do not insist on renaming, however, just asked.

Areas of dialects? Areas of tribes? Henq 18:24, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "Lithuanian ethnographic regions" (but I see a direct thanslation might be inapprorpiate) ? Dialects would result in another divide, as I understand it ? Anyway, how many people speak Lithuanian in Kaliningrad Oblast ? --Lysytalk 18:43, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * These regions are different in much greater extent than just dialect. It's dialects, clothes, all kinds of art, food, traditions, festivals, etc etc. Cultural regions? But then again, they are not only regions of historic Lithuania, they are very much present today. So the most accurate name would be Cultural regions of historic and present-day Lithuania. Renata 19:59, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * How about "Lithuanian cultural regions" ? Then it would not imply modern Lithuania so much. Or maybe it'd be better to rework the article ? Or split it into two ? Almost every country has such regions, are there similar articles for other countries ? --Lysytalk 20:14, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Image:Liet-etno-regionai.png
Image:Liet-etno-regionai.png is a very good and needed map, however its colours seem a bit pale and its readability suffers when thumbnailed. --Lysytalk 18:10, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

This map is completely wrong. Only now in Lithuania goes discussion about regions. From historical point of view in Lithuania existed such regions: 1. Samogitia - Samogitian seniorship 1441-1795, eastern border was river Nevezis; 2. Memel Teritorry 1923-1939; 3. Suvalkija - part of Congress Poland, northern and eastern borders were river Nemunas. 4. Vilnius teritory - to Poland 1920-1939, this region still has many differencies from other parts of Lithuania, because many natives speaks polish. Dainava (Dzukija) is not a region, but area of linguistic dialect where people instead of d pronounces dz, this area had nothing particular in history and never had clear borders. Aukstaitija never had clear borders, from XIII century it is part of Lithuania. Sometimes Lithuania is divided in such way: Lithuania (wide meaning) consists of Lithuania (narrow meaning) and Samogitia. Lithuania (narrow meaning) consists of Aukstaitija, Dzukija, Suvalkija. Memel teritorry is excluded, because belongs to Lithuania from 1945. Samogitia had autonomy till 1795, and this Samogitia - Lithuania opposition was used till mid of XIX century. I know it is a poem or something, where Bear (symbol of Samogitia) meats Horse (symbol of Lithuania (narrow meaning)) on the bridge over river Nevezis.--Vulpes vulpes 08:19, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not wrong, it's official, confirmed by some sort of commission in Seimas. Ethnographic regions have very little to nothing to with political history or recent population migrations. Renata 11:19, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Then give a link or something. I know Suvalkija region has clear border, and this border goes by river Nemunas, but on these maps are shown another configuration. I guess there are shown linguistic areas, but not regions. If you are talking about lithuanian ethnographic regions, maybe this map is correct, but then area of Vilnius should be excluded because majority around Vilnius are poles!--Vulpes vulpes 12:23, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Renata3, but regions in Europe and appeared due political circumstances. Let's not mix different things: regions and ethnographic areas. If this article about ethnographic areas, then this map is wrong. Around Vilnius, majority of population in Vilnius rayon consists of poles, with their own culture. I saw earlier maps where small towns near Nemunas are not in Samogitia, and from Lithuania Minor nothing is left. Where is this shown? If this article about regions of Lithunia, sorry, this map is wrong too. Since when Vilnius is part of Dzukija?--Tarakonas 13:46, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * For crying out loud, argue with this map . And if you find a good translation for "etnografiniai regionai" be my guest. Renata 23:44, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I looked at the link you gave. First, there are no text why boundaries are such. Second, I looked carefully and understand why borders of areas are so chewed, it's because those "etnografiniai regionai" are based on seniorships! It's ridiculous draw boundaries based on seniorships, because seniorships are only some ten years old!!! While region of Samogitia is nearly 600 years old! Third, I looked at the proposals and at least I was right, there is nearly nothing left of Lithuania Minor/Klaipėda district. Author of proposals talks nothing about Vilnius region, but it's clear this region has many differencies from another part of Lithuania. Probably, this is due negative attitude to poles. Most interesting there was an idea to draw boundaries based on rayons, while there are creation of soviet era! Fourth, it's clear this map is based on nothing - not on linguistic arguments, nore on historicals - it's hard to understand on what. Sorry, but this mаp still is wrong.--Tarakonas 08:03, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I know. (BTW, the proposals have nothing to do with the regions, they are about reform of administrative division.) But that's the only map available. And it's semi-official. So either you go to Seimas and start bullying that they are all wrong or stop complaining to me as per WP:NOR. Sorry to be rude, but that's not a place to change the world. Renata 11:21, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not doing researches, I'm not changing the world. The fact: this map is wrong and unfinished. Better not use this misleading map at all. At first, you said this map shows ethnographic regions, but it's clear - this map is based on propasal of new administrative division - so it's not an ethnographic :-).--Tarakonas 12:53, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No, you are mixing up several things. This map (link I provided) was designed by a special commission at Seimas to determine the borders or the etnografiniai regionai. The link you dig up was about proposed administrative division that would be based on these regions and have nothing to do with the map we are discussing here. Any map is better than nothing. How else to show where is Samogitia and where is Aukštaitija? Etnografiniai regionai is something abstract and their borders will be whatever we agree upon. And what's so misleading about the map? It shows regions as they were some hundred years ago. There are no regions today, if you haven't noticed. Renata 13:38, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I know it is idea to make administrative divison of Lithuania based on ethnographic regions. That's why such maps appeared. In proposals (the link I gave) this question is discussed. In proposals are said many things too. It's hard to understand on what is based this map we are discussing about. It's clearly written, the are no left differencies of Klaipėda Region from other part of Lithuania, and it's strange why Vilnius Region is not mentioned. I am repeating, borders of regions in map we are discussing about are wrong, because they are based on borders of seniorships, while seniorships are created some 10 years ago. Is it logical? It's shame for me, that we are misleading foreigners showing wrong map. You are saying this map shows regions they were some hundred years ago, sorry, but it is not so. First, explanation of this map says - Regions as contained within modern Lithuania. Second, till 1795 in Lithuania existed Samogitia, Vilnius and Trakai voivodships. I agree, there are no regions in administrative division of Lithuania, but read once more the title of this map! But on other hand it's the fact: etnografiniai regionai exists today! If we want to show etnografiniai regionai that are today - this map is not representing them very well - simply misleads showing/not showing some etnografiniai regionai. We should show only good maps or nothing. To explain where etnografiniai regionai are let's write Samogitia is in the west, Aukštaitija is in the east. Why not say aproximate borders of ethnographic regions or something similar, or place old maps where Samogitia is showed? --Tarakonas 06:30, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

No, you still mixing up things. Link I provided and Image:Liet-etno-regionai.png have nothing to do with administrative division or reforms of administrative division. The caption should be Regions as contained within _borders of_ modern Lithuania. Etno regions have nothing to do with voivodships, occupation of Vilnius, or any other stuff. Open any book and you'll see Lithuania has 5 etno regions: Samogitia, Lithuania minor, Aukstaitija, Suvalkija, Dzukija. I don't think you fully understand what's etno region... It's not Vilnius Region, Klaipeda Region, Wilno Voivodeship, Troki Voivodeship, or something like that. Etno regions are based not on politics but on culture of peasants. Read &. And since its a semi-official map, leave it there. We will cannot make a better map. Renata 12:23, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I am mixing nothing. There are no official regions in Lithuania, only projects. This map is based on project. Right? So, the caption should be: Proposal, project of Regions or something similar. What's the right translation of etnografiniai regionai into english - I am not sure. Seems, you are not sure too, because you wrote ethnographic region, now - etno region. Look, I know what are you talking about, I'd read many books about cultural differencies of Lithuania. You are right, the thing we are talking about (in lithuanian term etnografiniai regionai) is based on traditional culture of peasants. But if this map is based on traditional culture of peasants - where is shown Vilnius region, where many people speak in polish, and has different culture? Second, it's hard for foreigner to understand what we are talking about: is it ethnic regions, is it historical regions, is it cultural regions, is it geographical regions, is it administrative divison, is it what? The word ethnographical - it's a bit confusing. And for many foreigners such division is hard to understand, because in western Europe regions appeared due political circumstances: Bretagne once was an indepenadant duchy, Schleswig-Holstein once belonged to Denmark, and so on. While etnografiniai regionai are based on other things.--Tarakonas 07:17, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cultural regions of Lithuania


text:
Wilfrid Lewis

Sir Wilfrid Hubert Poyer Lewis, (9 February 1881 – 15 March 1950) was a British judge, barrister, and ecclesiastical lawyer. He served as Junior Counsel to the Treasury (Common Law) (one of the British government's most senior lawyers) from 1930 to 1935. Then, from 1935 until his death, he was a Judge of the High Court of Justice. He presided over the trial of the alleged murderer Timothy Evans in January 1950, two months before his death.

Life
Lewis was born on 9 February 1881 in London, England. He was the son of Arthur Griffith Poyer Lewis, a barrister, and Annie Wilhelmine, née Ellison. His grandfather was Richard Lewis, Bishop of Llandaff. He was educated at Eton College and University College, Oxford, where he took a Third in Modern History.

After reading in the chambers of John Simon and John Sankey, he was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1908, and began practicing at Cardiff. During World War I, he was commissioned into the Glamorgan Yeomanry, and served as aide-de-camp to Sir Charles Fergusson in France. He was twice mentioned in dispatches and appointed OBE.

After the war, he joined the chambers of Thomas Inskip in London, gaining a large practice. In 1930, he was appointed Junior Counsel to the Treasury (Common Law) (commonly known as the 'Treasury Devil'). In 1935, in succession to Mr Justice Avory, Lewis was appointed a Justice of the High Court, assigned to the King's Bench Division, and received the customary knighthood. At Caernarfon, he heard the case of the burning of the aerodrome at Penyberth in September 1936 by Saunders Lewis and two other prominent members of Plaid Cymru, the Fire in Llŷn or Tân yn Llŷn. The jury failed to agree on a verdict.

title: Wilfrid Lewis


text:
User talk:Bky1701

AfD nomination of Trevor Chan
I have nominated Trevor Chan, an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Trevor Chan. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. clpo13(talk) 06:32, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bky1701


text:
User talk:Nr10232

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 14:01, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nr10232


text:
Talk:Space Ghost Coast to Coast

"Story Book House"
Yes, it counts as a season 2 episode. FlapjackRulez (talk) 05:32, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't. If you believe otherwise provide a reference that supports your assertion. It was a special that didn't air as an episode in the broadcast run which is what this article is documenting, or an alternative name for an existing episode. Geraldo Perez (talk) 04:38, 20 December 2022 (UTC)
 * https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0706096/?ref_=rvi_tt FlapjackRulez (talk) 06:03, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * See WP:IMDB. Needs a reliable source. Geraldo Perez (talk) 06:09, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Here's proof that it does count (not the IMDB source): https://www.metacritic.com/tv/space-ghost-coast-to-coast/season-2/episode-2-story-book FlapjackRulez (talk) 06:26, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Metacritic ís fine as a source but only for what is in it. Geraldo Perez (talk) 06:31, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space Ghost Coast to Coast


text:
Wallaroo, South Australia

Wallaroo is a port town on the western side of Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, 160 km northwest of Adelaide. It is one of the three Copper Triangle towns famed for their historic shared copper mining industry, and known together as "Little Cornwall", the other two being Kadina, about 8 km to the east, and Moonta, about 18 km south. In 2016, Wallaroo had a population of 3,988 according to the census held.

Description
Wallaroo is about 18 km north of Moonta and 8 km west of Kadina. Since 1999, the rural broadacre farming area to the north of the town has been officially known as Wallaroo Plain The area south of Wallaroo is Warburto. The Warburto railway station name was derived from the Narungga name for a nearby spring.

Aboriginal
The Narungga are the group of Indigenous Australians whose traditional lands include what is now termed Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. The name "Wallaroo" comes from the Aboriginal word wadlu waru, meaning wallaby urine. The early settlers tried to copy the Aboriginals by calling it Walla Waroo. However, they found this too big to stamp on the wool bales, so they shortened it to Wallaroo. During the early years of European settlement, the Narungga maintained a healthy population, but it has since declined.

European
Matthew Flinders was the first European to visit the location. When he sailed by on 16 March 1802, he recorded that "the intermediate coast ... which extends several leagues to the north of the point, is low and sandy, but a few miles back it rises to a level land of moderate elevation, and is not ill-clothed with small trees." Wallaroo was first settled in 1851 by a sheep grazier, Robert Miller. In 1857, Walter Watson Hughes purchased the land and named it "Walla Waroo". The name was subsequently shortened to "Wallaroo". Copper was soon discovered in the Kadina area in 1859, and in Moonta (in a wombat hole) in 1861. Confusingly, the famous Wallaroo Mines were at Kadina, not Wallaroo. There were no copper mines at Wallaroo itself, although Wallaroo became a smelting and harbour town, not a mining town.

The copper smelter was established in 1861. Wallaroo settlement was established on Wallaroo Bay by 1861 and was proclaimed as a government town on 29 January 1862. In June of that year, the cadastral Hundred of Wallaroo was proclaimed, allowing the surrounding land from coast to Wallaroo Mines to be allotted and sold as sections. The smelter grew and developed to eventually become the largest copper smelter outside of Wales. In addition to copper, the smelter also produced gold and lead, and included a sulphuric acid works, forming the largest and most important producer in Spencer Gulf, until the Port Pirie smelters were established in 1890. Trading prospered, and a jetty was built in 1861 for ships to bring in coal, timber, food and mining equipment. The first load of refined copper was shipped in 1862, and by 1868 over 100 tons were produced each week.

Wallaroo was connected to Kadina by horse-drawn tramway in 1862 and to Moonta in 1866. By 1865, the population of Wallaroo was 3,000, and soon the government town was incorporated as the Town of Wallaroo on 25 June 1874. A rail connection to Adelaide was completed by 1880. Distilled sulphuric acid was also produced and superphosphate was manufactured between the 1890s and 1920s. The areas population peaked at 5,000 in 1920, and Wallaroo was Yorke Peninsula's largest and most important port until when copper production ceased in 1923. An automatic grain loader was built on the town's third jetty in 1958 and is currently in use. The local railway yards expanded to a significant size, but the use of the line diminished and it was closed in the 1990s. Tourist trains occasionally used the line between Wallaroo and Bute until 2009. The line was pulled up in 2014. Today Wallaroo remains as a major grain port.

Heritage listings
Wallaroo has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 1 Jetty Road: Wallaroo Customs House
 * John Terrace: Wallaroo railway station
 * 1 John Terrace: Old Wallaroo Police Station and Dwelling
 * 32 Lydia Terrace: Wallaroo Courthouse
 * 8 Stirling Road: Wallaroo Wesleyan Methodist Church
 * Wallaroo Smelters Site

Geography and climate
Wallaroo exists in a grain farming area with a moderate to low rainfall. It is located on the foreshore and is 13 metres above sea level. Wallaroo has a dry Mediterranean climate with seasonal temperatures a few degrees above Adelaide's temperatures. The temperature ranges are similar to those of Kadina and the weather patterns are similar to those of Kadina and Adelaide. In the summer Wallaroo has a light cool sea breeze on hot afternoons that sometimes makes the hottest afternoons more bearable than further inland.

Media
Wallaroo was home to a number of historic publications. One of these, the Wallaroo Times, went through a series of evolutions, namely:
 * Wallaroo Times and Mining Journal (1 February 1865 – 31 December 1881)
 * Wallaroo Times (4 January 1882 – 28 July 1888)
 * Kadina and Wallaroo Times (1 August 1888 – March 1966)
 * Kadina, Wallaroo and Moonta Times (7 April 1966 – 29 August 1968)
 * Yorke Peninsula Country Times (4 September 1968 – present)

Another publication was the Wallaroo Wheatsheaf (December 1911 – November 1918), which was produced monthly by Roland Campbell for Wallaroo Amalgamated Co-operative Society Ltd. Its successor, Wheatsheaf (December 1918 – 16 June 1921), used the subtitle "an official organ of the Co-operative Movement of South Australia, application being made for registration as a newspaper".

Economy
Historically, Wallaroo was part of the "copper triangle" copper mining industry. One of the large mining chimneys still stands, aptly named the 'big stack'. Copper mining ceased in the area in the 1920s, but the old copper smelter is now a tourist attraction. From the 1880s onwards the most important economic driver in the area has been cereal cropping, despite the proximity to Goyder's Line, which traditionally marks the geographic edges of agricultural viability in South Australia. Wallaroo is a significant sea port in South Australia and is the point of international export for many agricultural products originating on Yorke Peninsula and nearby parts of the South Australian Mid North. This especially includes seeds and grain products via the Wallaroo Grain Terminal. Wallaroo's surrounds are used for growing barley, wheat and other crops such as legumes, canola, chickpeas and field peas.

Tourism associated with the copper mining history and marine leisure activity has become a major part of Wallaroo's economy in the latter 1900s. The three-day Kernewek Lowender Cornish festival is held every odd year in May, with Kadina, Moonta and Wallaroo each hosting the festival for one day. From the 1990s, beachfront development in the town has accelerated with new housing developments situated at Office and North beaches. The Copper Cove Marina commenced construction at North Beach in 1997 and expects, on completion, to contain a total of 154 marina berths with a proportionate number of new residential and commercial plots. The marina development is almost one third of the size of the original township (prior to 1997).

Transport
Wallaroo is at the western end of the Copper Coast Highway and on the Spencer Highway. The Balaklava-Moonta and Kadina-Brinkworth railway lines closed in the 1990s. From the 1990s until 2009, the Lions Club of Yorke Peninsula Rail operated tourist services between Wallaroo, Kadina and Bute on some Sundays on the previously disused railway line. Grain is transported to the storage near the wharf by road, and loaded to ships by conveyor belts at the Wallaroo jetty. The jetty is also regarded as one of the best scuba diving sites in South Australia. The water is only 5–6 metres deep so can also be enjoyed by snorkelers and free-divers.

A passenger and vehicle ferry has run intermittently between Wallaroo and Lucky Bay (near Cowell) on Eyre Peninsula.

Nearby Kadina Airport caters to general aviation and emergency services users, although there are no scheduled passengers flight as of 2024.

Governance
The Copper Coast Council governs Wallaroo at the municipal level, replacing the former Corporate Town of Wallaroo which existed from 1874 to 1997. As such, it remains part of the Hundred of Wallaroo which itself is part of the County of Daly. Wallaroo lies in the state electoral district of Narungga and the federal electoral Division of Grey.

Notable people

 * Caroline Carleton, writer of "Song of Australia"
 * Ernest Cowan, Western Australian member of parliament
 * Adam Goodes, Australian rules footballer and dual Brownlow Medal winner
 * Leslie Heath, South Australian member of parliament.
 * Sir Walter Watson Hughes, Pioneer philanthropist, founder of the University of Adelaide
 * Leslie Renfrey, cricketer
 * Rex Wilson, Norwood Football Club President.

title: Wallaroo, South Australia


text:
Upton Magna

Upton Magna is a village and civil parish in Shropshire, England. (Magna is Latin, meaning "great". Therefore, the translation of Upton Magna is "Great Upton".) Nearby are the villages of Uffington, Rodington and Withington, as well as the wooded Haughmond Hill. The nearest town to Upton Magna is Shrewsbury, just 2.4 mi to the west.

Upton Magna is situated on the National Cycle Route 81 between Wellington and Shrewsbury.

Buildings
Upton Magna is notable for containing the oldest still-standing cottage in Europe – Cruck Cottage, a thatch-roofed, timber-framed cottage located near the church. The entry for this Grade II listed building on the Historic England website suggests that it dates from the 15th or 16th century. However, although the building appears to have been remodelled in the 15th century, dendrochronological tests on the crucks in the cottage have dated the timber to 1269.

Key features of the village include a primary school, a Church of England parish church (dedicated to St Lucia), a village hall, a pub ("The Haughmond", formerly "The Corbet Arms"), and a small business park.

Upton Forge
Near the village is the site of Upton Forge. (The location is ; 52.69806°N, -2.65194°W.) The forge was in operation by 1675, and during the 18th century it was one of the largest forges in the country, with an output of 200 tons per year. It was leased by William Hazledine from 1800, and further developed; the works extended over about 2 mi of the valley. The chains of the Menai Suspension Bridge and the Conwy Suspension Bridge were made here. The works closed after Hazledine's death in 1840.

Notable people

 * Samuel Fisher (died 1681), puritan clergyman and writer, was Rector of Upton Magna 1635-42
 * Upton Magna is identifiably the "Upton-under-Amon near Shrewsbury" where John Plimmer (1812–1905) was reportedly born, "Amon" being Haughmond Hill. Educated at the village school, he later emigrated to New Zealand, where he became known as "the father of Wellington". He was registered as having been baptised, with the parental names given as Isaac and Mary, on 19 July 1812 at the parish church.
 * Civil engineer Sir Henry Maybury (1864-1943) was educated at Upton Magna village school.
 * Russian-born novelist, biographer and children's writer, E. M. Almedingen (1898-1971) lived at house Frogmore on the road to Atcham lifelong after World War II.
 * Sir Derrick Capper (1912–1977), ultimately Chief Constable West Midlands Police, was son of a farmer at Downton, Upton Magna.

title: Upton Magna


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Pocket trumpet

The pocket trumpet is a B♭ or C trumpet that is constructed with the tubing wound into a much smaller coil than a standard trumpet, generally with a smaller diameter bell. It is not a standard instrument in a concert band or orchestra and is generally regarded as a novelty. It has been used by soloists in jazz (Don Cherry played the similar pocket cornet) or other ensembles to add flair and variety.

History
The concept of reducing the brass instrument size without reducing the resonating tube length can be seen in several 19th century models of cornet. Pocket cornets have been constructed since the 1870s.

Pocket trumpets are sometimes played as auxiliary instruments by soloists in jazz and dixieland bands, as well as for some specific studio recording demands. Don Cherry's work with the Ornette Coleman quartet is probably the best known example of pocket trumpet playing.

Design and properties
Tonal characteristics and playability vary due to differences in design. There are two basic design approaches to pocket trumpets:

 * Reduced bell and bore sizes
 * Standard bell and bore sizes

Models with reduced bell and bore sizes originated in the 19th century, and usually suffer from poor intonation and severely hindered dynamic and timbral range. Regular trumpet mutes cannot be used since their bells are not a standard size. Models with standard bell and bore sizes originally appeared in the US as late as 1968, mostly following the design of trumpet builder Louis Duda (one-piece hand-hammered "5X" bell, cornet-wound lead pipe, straight-back first valve slide with thumb-throw, fold-back third slide), manufactured by the Benge Trumpet company.

Standard features

 * Bell diameter: 4.5 - 5 in
 * Bore: Medium-large 0.460 in or large 0.468 in
 * Height: 6.5 - 7 in
 * Length: 9.5 in

Famous players
"Dirty" Walter A. Kibby II of the band Fishbone uses a pocket trumpet for all live shows and recordings.

Onetime Elevator/French Toast drummer and former Fugazi roadie Jerry Busher plays a pocket trumpet on The Evens' song "Competing With The Till", which is on The Evens' The Odds album.

New Orleans artist Shamarr Allen plays a Kanstul pocket trumpet with a raised bell in most performances.

Donald Eugene Cherry aka Don Cherry, free jazz trumpeter, played on a F. Besson Meha pocket cornet.

Common manufacturers and models

 * TRISTAR TR-05 B♭ (India)
 * Cecilio (Mendini) 77-MT B♭ (China)
 * CarolBrass Pocket CPT-3000 and CPT-4000 B♭ and C (Taiwan)
 * CarolBrass Mini CPT-1000 B♭ and C (Taiwan)
 * Taylor Trumpets The Pocket Pro 2 B♭ (UK)
 * Taylor Trumpets The Phat Puppy Pocket Flugelhorn (UK)
 * Amati ATR 314I B♭ (Czech Republic)
 * Stagg 77-MT B♭ (Flemish manufacture sold to the world)
 * Jupiter 416 B♭ (Taiwan)
 * Benge Colibri B♭ (United States)
 * Kanstul CCT-905 B♭ (United States)
 * Stomvi Pocket Forte 5009 B♭ (Spain)
 * Schagerl PT-200 B♭ (Austria)
 * Kühnl & Hoyer “Pocket“ Malte Burba B♭ (Germany)
 * Best Brass Artemis B♭ (Japan)
 * Brasspire P7 B♭ (Japan)
 * Weril EP4072 B♭ (Brazil)

title: Pocket trumpet


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S21

S21 or S-21 may refer to:

Automobiles

 * Chery S21, a city car
 * Sisu S-21, a Finnish lorry

Aviation

 * De Schelde S.21, a proposed Dutch fighter
 * Rans S-21 Outbound, an American homebuilt aircraft
 * SIAI S.21, an Italian racing flying boat
 * Sikorsky S-21, the first four-engine aircraft in the world
 * Short S.21 Maia, a British flying boat mother ship
 * Spalinger S.21, a Swiss training glider
 * Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21, a proposed American business jet
 * Sunriver Airport in Sunriver, Oregon

Lines

 * S21 (Berlin), a planned S-Bahn line in Berlin, Germany
 * S21 (RER Fribourg), an S-Bahn line in the canton of Freibourg, Switzerland
 * S21 (ZVV), an S-Bahn line in the cantons of Zürich and Zug in Switzerland
 * Stuttgart 21, a transportation and urban project in Stuttgart, Germany
 * S21, a line of the Hamburg S-Bahn

Stations

 * Ginzan Station, in Niki, Hokkaidō, Hokkaidō, Japan
 * Moto-Yawata Station, in Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
 * Shin-Fukae Station, in Osaka, Japan
 * Tokushige Station, in Midori-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

Roads

 * S21 Guangzhou–Huidong Expressway, China
 * County Route S21 (California), United States

Submarines

 * ARA Santa Fe, of the Argentine Navy
 * BRAZILIAN SUBMARINE Tonelero
 * HMS Onyx (S21), of the Royal Navy
 * INS Kalvari (S21), of the Indian Navy
 * INS Karanj (S21), of the Indian Navy
 * USS S-21 (SS-126), of the United States Navy

Other uses

 * 40S ribosomal protein S21
 * British NVC community S21, a swamps and tall-herb fens community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
 * Forward voltage gain or transmission coefficient $$S_{21}$$ of a two-port network
 * S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine, a 2003 documentary film
 * S21: When using do not smoke, a safety phrase
 * Samsung Galaxy S21, a series of smartphones
 * Security Prison 21, now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Cambodia
 * Serbia 21, a political organization in Serbia
 * s21 notice, in England & Wales, from a landlord instructing tenants to leave

title: S21


text:
Talk:1730 in gay rights

Covers a single topic spanning years 1730-1811. _R_

title: Talk:1730 in gay rights


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Bunya Highway

The Bunya Highway is a state highway of Queensland, Australia. It is a relatively short road, running approximately 173 kilometres in a south-westerly direction from Goomeri to Dalby. The highway connects the Warrego and Burnett Highways.

It is a state-controlled regional road (numbers 45A (Dalby to Kingaroy) and 45B (Kingaroy to Goomeri)).

The Bunya Highway passes near the Bunya Mountains National Park, which is popular with tourists. The highway is named after the Bunya-bunya Araucaria bidwilli, which grows in the area and the seeds of which were (and still are) a favourite food of the Aborigines.

The road continues east of Goomeri as the Wide Bay Highway, connecting it to Gympie.

In 2008, the intersection with Burnett Highway was reconstructed to favour Murgon-bound traffic.

List of towns along the Bunya Highway

 * Dalby
 * Bell
 * Kumbia
 * Kingaroy
 * Memerambi
 * Wooroolin
 * Tingoora
 * Wondai
 * Murgon
 * Goomeri

Intersecting state-controlled roads
The following state-controlled roads, from south to north, intersect with the Bunya Highway:
 * Dalby–Cooyar Road
 * Macalister–Bell Road
 * Kingaroy–Jandowae Road
 * Bunya Mountains Road
 * Kingaroy–Burrandowan Road
 * D'Aguilar Highway
 * Memerambi–Gordonbrook Road
 * Chinchilla–Wondai Road
 * Wondai–Proston Road
 * Murgon–Gayndah Road
 * Kilcoy–Murgon Road
 * Burnett Highway

Kingaroy–Burrandowan Road
Kingaroy–Burrandowan Road is a state-controlled district road (number 428), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Bunya Highway in to Chinchilla–Wondai Road in, a distance of 64.4 km. It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.

Memerambi–Gordonbrook Road
Memerambi–Gordonbrook Road is a state-controlled district road (number 4206), rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Bunya Highway in to Chinchilla–Wondai Road in, a distance of 25.1 km. It does not intersect with any state-controlled roads.

title: Bunya Highway


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Allan Waters

Allan Waters (August 11, 1921 – December 3, 2005) was a Canadian businessman and media icon. Waters was one of the founders of CHUM Limited, a Canadian media corporation.

Waters worked as a salesman in a patent medicine company owned by John H.Q. "Jack" Part. In 1954 he and Jerry Grafstein purchased one of Part's other businesses, then money-losing station 1050 CHUM. From this small humble station, Waters built his media empire.

Getting ideas from a visit to Florida, Waters returned to Toronto and introduced the CHUM Chart, CHUM Chicks and CHUM bugs to attract teenage listeners.

Waters expanded from radio into the television market by buying Barrie CBC affiliate CKVR in 1969, four television stations in the Maritimes in 1972 which formed the CTV-affiliated Atlantic Television System (ATV), and then Toronto's fledgling CITY in 1978. Today CHUM consists of 33 radio stations, 12 television stations and 21 specialty channels, including MuchMusic, Bravo and Space.

Waters stepped down from the board of directors on October 29, 2005. Waters' sons James Waters and Ron Waters serve on CHUM Limited's board of directors. His son James (Jim) took over as head of CHUM from the elder Waters.

Waters died on December 3, 2005, at the age of 84.

title: Allan Waters