text:
User talk:Jamieli

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Lots of edits
I've noticed you've been making many subsequent edits to the same articles (such as Hip hop rivalries). You may want to use the "show preview" button to preview the pages you edit before saving them, to reduce the number of edits you save. -℘yrop (talk) 20:42, May 6, 2005 (UTC)

Freestyle rap
Excellent work. Thanks. TimMony 23:02, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

NPOVing White Dawg
I noticed we were both making some similar nips and tucks to this article at the same time. In resolving the edit conflict, I may have inadvertently overwritten some of your changes. If I did, I apologize; you may want to check and see that nothing important was overwritten. Thanks! Demi T/C 21:40, 2005 May 12 (UTC)

Yo bitch ass
[[Image:BLING.JPG|frame|What up bitch ass "Jamieli." Don't make me think you is jealous of homeboy's money, fame, hoes, and this here BLING. If yall haters try to stop him, we be here to change the game, and willing and waiting to blast at haters if yall dont skaten up. You heard what I said? -[[User:BrowardBulldawg|BrowardBulldawg]] 11:21, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wu-affiliates
Sounds good to me. If you could create the skeleton article, I'd be really grateful. I could help flesh it out, too. Also, a lot of the wiki'ing I do is when I'm at work and there are no major projects to be completed, but, unfortunately, this week we're rather busy. If you want to go ahead and get started, I'll be around here and there. Let me know what's up. jglc | t | c 17:03, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Raekwon
Thank you Jamieli for citing sources within the Raekwon article. Hall Monitor 17:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Yo bitch ass Volume 2: White Dawg's Back
Who you callin a troll bitch? Seen mah pic? If Im a troll then Im a Troll that rolls IN STYLE and IN WEALTH son. I bet you be rollin in some broke down car, while I be cruisin in mah BENTLEY, ROLLS ROYCE and ESCALADE bitch. Dont make me skraten up on you hoe. -BrowardBillionaire 20:42, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * BrowardBillionaire has been blocked for disruption for this and several other edits. I was tempted to remove this post as vandalism, but as I know some contributors prefer not to have personal attacks removed, I opted not to. However, I wanted you to know he got his just desserts. -- Essjay ·  Talk 08:30, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Auto Infoboxes
Thanks for adding those infoboxes! --SFoskett 15:43, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

"Most"?
Forgive me, but what hip-hop music (outside of instrumentals) doesn't have rapping to it? Or is it instrumentals that we're talking about here? --FuriousFreddy 14:03, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, okay; we are talking about instrumentals. Never mind. LOL. --FuriousFreddy 14:24, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Rae07 b.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Rae07 b.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged imaged will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Evil Monkey∴Hello 09:42, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Having a source for images is an important part of claiming them as fair use. From Fair use, "Proper attribution of the source of the media is given, and attribution of the copyright holder (if it is different) is given where possible". Evil Monkey∴Hello 20:38, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Rapping
While I admit that the article could be copyedited and needs citations (where I would get them in published form, however, would be the question). However, I don't read any glaring innacuracies. Can you help to point the innacuracies out, please? (I do admit to being a chronic skimmer, but what I'm reading is pretty on-point) --FuriousFreddy 22:36, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

silliness
whats the point of limiting to seperate group feuds on hip hop rivalries? --Urthogie 18:47, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

history of rapping
i have a history of rapping because it details the innovations made in delivery and lyrical content. you have certain people doing new things sometimes, that advance the TECHNIQUE.--Urthogie 09:23, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to take your advice, and I've decided to keep rapping before hip-hop, but integrate rapping in hip-hop into the other sections from my workshop. Thanks for advice.--Urthogie 09:30, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Important WikiProject Automobiles Discussion
Hello! As a WikiProject Automobiles member, I just thought you might want to input your opinions on an important discussion we're currently having about whether articles regarding similar vehicles should be merged into one or split by brand. If you would like to comment or read further, please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Automobiles. Thank you in advance for your thoughts and feedback. Airline 23:43, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:MastaKillaMastaKilla.ogg
Thanks for uploading Image:MastaKillaMastaKilla.ogg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. BRossow 02:51, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

freestyle rap
There are some other problems, but take the first sentance: "Freestyle rap is, strictly speaking, rapping that is done in the moment at pure free flow". Flow is hip hop slang for either a)prosody or b)a rap. Not only is it confusing to people who don't know the word, but it even confused me a bit, because there's two meanings. Just an example.--Urthogie 10:15, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It should be more obvious to people who never heard of hip-hop. Something like: Freestyle rap is an improvisation of rapping and one of the most visible elements of hip hop culture in the mainstream media.  I guess if it could be more obvious it wouldnt needs the template.--Urthogie 10:39, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Request for edit summary
Hi. I am a bot, and I am writing to you with a request. I would like to ask you, if possible, to use edit summaries a bit more often when you contribute. The reason an edit summary is important is because it allows your fellow contributors to understand what you changed; you can think of it as the "Subject:" line in an email. For your information, your current edit summary usage is 38% for major edits and 45% for minor edits. (Based on the last 150 major and 47 minor edits in the article namespace.)

This is just a suggestion, and I hope that I did not appear impolite. You do not need to reply to this message, but if you would like to give me feedback, you can do so at the feedback page. Thank you, and happy edits, Mathbot 16:31, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Citroen-c5.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Citroen-c5.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that your image can be used under a fair use license. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If your image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why your image was deleted. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Citroen xantia.jpg)
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Image Tagging Image:GhostfaceChildsPlay.ogg
Thanks for uploading Image:GhostfaceChildsPlay.ogg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:GhostfaceDaytona500.ogg
Thanks for uploading Image:GhostfaceDaytona500.ogg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 12:12, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:GZAWuBanga101.ogg
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Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 18:12, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Renault template
Hi, you`ve edited the Renault template because of the order of the cars. The original one was: Numeric, Non-numeric, Post-WWII, Between wars, Pre-WWI

It was like that because of the corological order, the olderst at the bottom.

Hello
{|cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#F5F5F5; margin-bottom:.5em" width=100%
 * Hello, I noticed you edited a Hip Hop related article. If you wish you can join the new Hip Hop Wikiproject. --Chubdub 16:14, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello, I noticed you edited a Hip Hop related article. If you wish you can join the new Hip Hop Wikiproject. --Chubdub 16:14, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Image:P104.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:P104.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Shizhao 03:28, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Renaultspider.jpg)
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Image tagging for Image:05clios.JPG
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 18:59, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Image:Cliotxi.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Cliotxi.JPG. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:
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Image:Clio98maroon.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Clio98maroon.JPG. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:
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Image:Renault5turbo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Renault5turbo.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:
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If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that any fair use images which are replaceable by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -- Chowbok 01:31, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Image:Renaultcaravelle.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Renaultcaravelle.JPG. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:
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If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that any fair use images which are replaceable by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -- Chowbok 01:32, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * P.S. This also applies to Image:Alfa166.jpg, and any other replaceable non-free images you may have uploaded.

More replacable images
I have tagged these as replacable fair use too: Image:Activa88.jpg Image:Activa01.jpg. --Sherool (talk) 13:16, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no problem defending the deletion of promo images of "mainstream cars", Wikipedia is the free-licensed ensyclopedia and fair use should only be used when absolutely nessesary, that goes beyond weter or not the copyright holder is likely to object to our particular use (and Wikipedia is not "the media"). Yes it's constraining sometimes, but it is important for the long term viability of the project. We do have lots of free licensed photos of cars and most are of perfectly good enough quality for our purposes. Aaaanyway, that said I admit to beeing a bit quick to tag these two, totaly missed the bit about them beeing concept cars that where only shown at once auto show 10+ years ago, my bad. I closed those two as "kept". I would recomend adding a fair use rationale for those images though. --Sherool (talk) 22:03, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject Automobiles Notification
Hi Jamieli, you were on the list of members at WikiProject Automobiles and we are introducing a new way of listing members, as the old list was becoming too long. Our new method involves having all of our members in a category.

To add yourself to the category just add the userbox to your user page by putting   where you want the userbox. Alternatively if you don't like the userbox you can add   to your userpage.

If you no longer wish to be a member of the project, simply don't add the userbox or category, there's no pressure. Thanks for your time, James086Talk 04:03, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Your image
is this your picture? please answer here.. Forrester 11:46, 19 January 2007 (UTC)Ĝ

Non-free use disputed for Image:Bulletproof wallets.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Digitalinstereo.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Ironmangfk.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Rza digitalbullet.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:B00000ILTK.01.LZZZZZZZ.gif)
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Fair use rationale for Image:Activa01.jpg
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Unspecified source for Image:Activa88.jpg
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Image:Tical0.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Tical2000.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Tical.jpg
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Five Percenters
Hello--Discussion of The Nation of Gods and Earths came up at Fringe_theories/Noticeboard. I don't particularly care about that, but out of curiosity followed the category and found lots of bios with the sub-categories Category:Five Percenters and Category:Former Five Percenters. Clicking on several of the bios there was no material in them to source the affiliation, which makes me think its a wp:blp problem. I removed the "former" tags from the few articles it was in, but then got lazy and don't want to undo something real. I'm wondering if you can clarify things. (I'll post this same message to ReverendG who also worked on the caegory page..) C RETOG 8(t/c) 05:12, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Madonna
You've reached 3RR on Madonna. I notice you've been going through a few pop star pages recently; I think you ought to slow down and look at things a little more case by case (e.g. Madonna's business activities are well known). I should add that I'm not a Madonna fan, I just ended up watching the page after I was clearing up after a roaming vandal who had vandalised stuff I do actually care about. All the bestVsevolodKrolikov (talk) 16:12, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamieli


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User talk:Indole~enwiki

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User talk:Siuming~enwiki

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Metropolitan Commission of Sewers

The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers was one of London's first steps towards bringing its sewer and drainage infrastructure under the control of a single public body. It was absorbed by the Metropolitan Board of Works on 1 January 1856.

Formation
The commission was formed by the  (11 & 12 Vict. c. 112), partly in response to public health concerns following serious outbreaks of cholera. The commission's mandate was renewed and amended with supplementary acts:
 * Metropolitan Sewers Act 1851 (14 & 15 Vict. c. 75)
 *  (15 & 16 Vict. c. 64)
 *  (16 & 17 Vict. c. 125)
 *  (17 & 18 Vict. c. 111)
 *  (18 & 19 Vict. c. 30)

Commissioners included Sir Edwin Chadwick, Robert Stephenson and Thomas Field Gibson.

The new body combined eight local boards of commissioners that had been established by earlier acts of Parliament:
 * Tower Hamlets Commission of Sewers
 * St Katharine's Commission of Sewers
 * Poplar and Blackwall Commission of Sewers
 * Holborn and Finsbury Commission of Sewers
 * Westminster and Middlesex Commission of Sewers
 * Surrey and Kent Commission of Sewers
 * Greenwich Commission of Sewers
 * Commissioners of the Regent's Park Sewers

The area covered by the Metropolitan Commission was defined as the City and Liberties of Westminster, the borough of Southwark, the areas of the previous commissioners and "any such other place in the Counties of Middlesex, Surrey, Essex and Kent or any of them, being not more than twelve miles distant in a straight line from St. Paul's Cathedral, but not being in the City of London or the liberties thereof". No area was to be exempt from the commission's jurisdiction by virtue of being extra-parochial or beyond the ebb or flow of the tide. The headquarters of the commission were at 1 Greek Street, Soho.

The City of London was excluded as it had its own Commission of Sewers dating back to 1669.

Activities
The commission surveyed London's antiquated sewerage system and set about ridding the capital of an estimated 200,000 cesspits, insisting that all cesspits should be closed and that house drains should connect to sewers and empty into the Thames (ultimately, a major contributing factor to "The Great Stink" of 1858).

The commission was notable in that it employed Joseph Bazalgette, first as assistant surveyor (from 1849), taking over as engineer in 1852 after his predecessor died of "harassing fatigues and anxieties". Bazalgette was then appointed chief engineer of the commission's successor, the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1856, and by the end of the decade after "The Great Stink" – his proposals to modernise the London sewerage system were being implemented.

Chairmen

 * Viscount Ebrington (1 January 1849 – 6 October 1851)
 * Edward Lawes (6 October 1851 – 24 July 1852)
 * Richard Jebb (24 July 1852 – 1 January 1856)

title: Metropolitan Commission of Sewers


text:
Talk:Antineutron

Possibly vandalism?
Could someone please verify the statement "composed of anti-quarks down down up." The change was made by 207.218.152.146, who has vandalised other pages. Depending on whether 207.218.152.146 is a dynamic IP or not, the addition of that statement might be some sneaky vandalism.

Someone42 10:16, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Not Vandalism
The statement made by 207.218.152.146 was correct. I will put the info back.

other characteristics?
The "Other Characteristics" section doesn't really mention any new facts--the similarity to neutrons in mass and (lack of) charge has already been mentioned, as has the difference in magnetic moment. Anyone object to my deleting it? 65.213.77.129 (talk) 20:53, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Could we list the measured as opposed to predicted properties
Could we list the measured as opposed to predicted properties ? How was it discovered (interactions seen, or existence inferred ?) ? Are they too hard to produce to directly determine a half life ? - Rod57 (talk) 10:18, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antineutron


text: User talk:203.101.81.98

title: User talk:203.101.81.98


text:
Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution, sometimes called "thermal enrichment", is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. Thermal pollution is the rise or drop in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Urban runoff—stormwater discharged to surface waters from rooftops, roads, and parking lots—and reservoirs can also be a source of thermal pollution. Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.

When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the sudden change in temperature decreases oxygen supply and affects ecosystem composition. Fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by an abrupt change in water temperature (either a rapid increase or decrease) known as "thermal shock". Warm coolant water can also have long term effects on water temperature, increasing the overall temperature of water bodies, including deep water. Seasonality effects how these temperature increases are distributed throughout the water column. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter food chain composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species.

Industrial wastewater
In the United States about 75 to 80 percent of thermal pollution is generated by power plants. The remainder is from industrial sources such as petroleum refineries, pulp and paper mills, chemical plants, steel mills and smelters.

Heated water from these sources may be controlled with:
 * cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by evaporation, convection, and radiation
 * cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere through evaporation and/or heat transfer
 * cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes.

One of the largest contributors to thermal pollution are once-through cooling (OTC) systems which do not reduce temperature as effectively as the above systems. A large power plant may withdraw and export as many as 500 million gallons per day. These systems produce water 10°C warmer on average. For example, the Potrero Generating Station in San Francisco (closed in 2011), used OTC and discharged water to San Francisco Bay approximately 10 °C (20 °F) above the ambient bay temperature. Over 1,200 facilities in the United States use OTC systems as of 2014.

Temperatures can be taken through remote sensing techniques to continually monitor plants' pollution. This aids in quantifying each plants' specific effects, and allows for tighter regulation of thermal pollution.

Converting facilities from once-through cooling to closed-loop systems can significantly decrease the thermal pollution emitted. These systems release water at a temperature more comparable to the natural environment.

Reservoirs
As water stratifies within man-made dams, the temperature at the bottom drops dramatically. Many dams are constructed to release this cold water from the bottom into the natural systems. This may be mitigated by designing the dam to release warmer surface waters instead of the colder water at the bottom of the reservoir.

Urban runoff
During warm weather, urban runoff can have significant thermal impacts on small streams. As storm water passes over hot rooftops, parking lots, roads and sidewalks it absorbs some of the heat, an effect of the urban heat island. Storm water management facilities that absorb runoff or direct it into groundwater, such as bioretention systems and infiltration basins, reduce these thermal effects by allowing the water more time to release excess heat before entering the aquatic environment. These related systems for managing runoff are components of an expanding urban design approach commonly called green infrastructure.

Retention basins (stormwater ponds) tend to be less effective at reducing runoff temperature, as the water may be heated by the sun before being discharged to a receiving stream.

Warm water effects
Elevated temperature typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen and of water, as gases are less soluble in hotter liquids. This can harm aquatic animals such as fish, amphibians and other aquatic organisms. Thermal pollution may also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, as enzyme activity, resulting in these organisms consuming more food in a shorter time than if their environment were not changed. An increased metabolic rate may result in fewer resources; the more adapted organisms moving in may have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer temperature. As a result, food chains of the old and new environments may be compromised. Some fish species will avoid stream segments or coastal areas adjacent to a thermal discharge. Biodiversity can be decreased as a result.

High temperature limits oxygen dispersion into deeper waters, contributing to anaerobic conditions. This can lead to increased bacteria levels when there is ample food supply. Many aquatic species will fail to reproduce at elevated temperatures.

Primary producers (e.g. plants, cyanobacteria) are affected by warm water because higher water temperature increases plant growth rates, resulting in a shorter lifespan and species overpopulation. The increased temperature can also change the balance of microbial growth, including the rate of algae blooms which reduce dissolved oxygen concentrations.

Temperature changes of even one to two degrees Celsius can cause significant changes in organism metabolism and other adverse cellular biology effects. Principal adverse changes can include rendering cell walls less permeable to necessary osmosis, coagulation of cell proteins, and alteration of enzyme metabolism. These cellular level effects can adversely affect mortality and reproduction.

A large increase in temperature can lead to the denaturing of life-supporting enzymes by breaking down hydrogen- and disulphide bonds within the quaternary structure of the enzymes. Decreased enzyme activity in aquatic organisms can cause problems such as the inability to break down lipids, which leads to malnutrition. Increased water temperature can also increase the solubility and kinetics of metals, which can increase the uptake of heavy metals by aquatic organisms. This can lead to toxic outcomes for these species, as well as build up of heavy metals in higher trophic levels in the food chain, increasing human exposures via dietary ingestion.

In limited cases, warm water has little deleterious effect and may even lead to improved function of the receiving aquatic ecosystem. This phenomenon is seen especially in seasonal waters. An extreme case is derived from the aggregational habits of the manatee, which often uses power plant discharge sites during winter. Projections suggest that manatee populations would decline upon the removal of these discharges.

Cold water
Releases of unnaturally cold water from reservoirs can dramatically change the fish and macroinvertebrate fauna of rivers, and reduce river productivity. In Australia, where many rivers have warmer temperature regimes, native fish species have been eliminated, and macroinvertebrate fauna have been drastically altered. Survival rates of fish have dropped up to 75% due to cold water releases.

Thermal shock
When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair or other causes, fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the abrupt change in water temperature, either an increase or decrease, known as "thermal shock".

Biogeochemical effects
Water warming effects, as opposed to water cooling effects, have been the most studied with regard to biogeochemical effects. Much of this research is on the long term effects of nuclear power plants on lakes after a nuclear power plant has been removed. Overall, there is support for thermal pollution leading to an increase in water temperatures. When power plants are active, short term water temperature increases are correlated with electrical needs, with more coolant released during the winter months. Water warming has also been seen to persist in systems for long periods of time, even after plants have been removed.

When warm water from power plant coolant enters systems, it often mixes leading to general increases in water temperature throughout the water body, including deep cooler water. Specifically in lakes and similar water bodies, stratification leads to different effects on a seasonal basis. In the summer, thermal pollution has been seen to increase deeper water temperature more dramatically than surface water, though stratification still exists, while in the winter surface water temperatures see a larger increase. Stratification is reduced in winter months due to thermal pollution, often eliminating the thermocline.

A study looking at the effect of a removed nuclear power plant in Lake Stechlin, Germany, found a 2.33°C increase persisted in surface water during the winter and a 2.04°C increase persisted in deep water during the summer, with marginal increases throughout the water column in both winter and summer. Stratification and water temperature differences due to thermal pollution seem to correlate with nutrient cycling of phosphorus and nitrogen, as oftentimes water bodies that receive coolant will shift toward eutrophication. No clear data has been obtained on this though, as it is difficult to differentiate influences from other industry and agriculture.

Similar to effects seen in aquatic systems due to climatic warming of water, thermal pollution has also been seen to increase surface temperatures in the summer. This can create surface water temperatures that lead to releases of warm air into the atmosphere, increasing air temperature. It therefore can be seen as a contributor to global warming. Many ecological effects will be compounded by climate change as well, as ambient temperature rises in water bodies.

Spacial and climatic factors can impact the severity of water warming due to thermal pollution. High wind speeds tend to increase the impact of thermal pollution. Rivers and large bodies of water also tend to lose the effects of thermal pollution as they progress from the source.

Rivers present a unique problem with thermal pollution. As water temperatures are elevated upstream, power plants downstream receive warmer waters. Evidence of this effect has been seen along the Mississippi River, as power plants are forced to use warmer waters as their coolants. This reduces the efficiency of the plants and forces the plants to use more water and produce more thermal pollution.

title: Thermal pollution


text:
Yos Sudarso

Commodore Yosaphat "Yos" Sudarso (24 November 1925 – 15 January 1962) was an Indonesian naval officer killed at the Battle of Arafura Sea. At the time of his death, Yos Sudarso was deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy and in charge of an action to infiltrate Dutch New Guinea. He was promoted to vice admiral (Laksamana Madya) posthumously.

The Battle near Vlakke Hoek (Etna Bay) of the Arafura Sea stopped an attempt by the Indonesian Navy to drop off 150 soldiers in Kaimana in Dutch New Guinea for sabotage and to incite the local population against the Dutch government. Sudarso was in charge of the operation at sea, while Colonel Murshid commanded the infiltrants. Three Jaguar-class torpedo boats left the Aru Islands in the middle of the night but were intercepted by a Dutch reconnaissance plane, as the Dutch had anticipated the action for weeks. The torpedo boats responded to the flares sent off by the plane by shooting at it. The Dutch destroyer HNLMS Evertsen then joined the scene and sunk the RI Matjan Tutul, commanded by Sudarso. The other two ships, RI Matjan Kumbang and RI Harimau, fled, but one hit a reef and the other was disabled by shooting. The Evertsen was able to save most occupants of the Matjan Tutul, but at least three sailors died, among whom was Commodore Sudarso.

The action itself was an abject failure and General Nasution even refused to relay the bad news to Sukarno, forcing Colonel Murshid to do this in person. However, the small battle was partially responsible for the subsequent involvement of the Soviet Union and United States in the case of Dutch New Guinea, and it is honored in Indonesia by "Sea Sacrifice Day," an annual nationwide day of remembrance. Twelve years after his death, Yos Sudarso was officially added to the register of Indonesian heroes of the Revolution. Indonesia issued a special postage stamp to commemorate his service to his country, while the RI Harimau was made into a monument at Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Indonesia's Yos Sudarso Island and Yos Sudarso Bay are named in his honor. There are two Indonesian Navy ships named after him. The first ship was KRI Jos Sudarso (351), a Riga-class frigate commissioned in 1963 and retired in 1986. The second ship is an ex-Dutch Van Speijk-class frigate named KRI Yos Sudarso (353) which is still active in the fleet today.

title: Yos Sudarso


text:
Negamax

Negamax search is a variant form of minimax search that relies on the zero-sum property of a two-player game.

This algorithm relies on the fact that $\min(a, b) = -\max(-b, -a)$ to simplify the implementation of the minimax algorithm. More precisely, the value of a position to player A in such a game is the negation of the value to player B. Thus, the player on move looks for a move that maximizes the negation of the value resulting from the move: this successor position must by definition have been valued by the opponent. The reasoning of the previous sentence works regardless of whether A or B is on move. This means that a single procedure can be used to value both positions. This is a coding simplification over minimax, which requires that A selects the move with the maximum-valued successor while B selects the move with the minimum-valued successor.

It should not be confused with negascout, an algorithm to compute the minimax or negamax value quickly by clever use of alpha–beta pruning discovered in the 1980s. Note that alpha–beta pruning is itself a way to compute the minimax or negamax value of a position quickly by avoiding the search of certain uninteresting positions.

Most adversarial search engines are coded using some form of negamax search.

Negamax base algorithm
NegaMax operates on the same game trees as those used with the minimax search algorithm. Each node and root node in the tree are game states (such as game board configuration) of a two player game. Transitions to child nodes represent moves available to a player who is about to play from a given node.

The negamax search objective is to find the node score value for the player who is playing at the root node. The pseudocode below shows the negamax base algorithm, with a configurable limit for the maximum search depth:

function negamax(node, depth, color) is if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then return color × the heuristic value of node value := −∞ for each child of node do value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth − 1, −color)) return value

(* Initial call for Player A's root node *) negamax(rootNode, depth, 1)

(* Initial call for Player B's root node *) negamax(rootNode, depth, −1)

The root node inherits its score from one of its immediate child nodes. The child node that ultimately sets the root node's best score also represents the best move to play. Although the negamax function shown only returns the node's best score, practical negamax implementations will retain and return both best move and best score for the root node. Only the node's best score is essential with non-root nodes. And a node's best move isn't necessary to retain nor return for non-root nodes.

What can be confusing is how the heuristic value of the current node is calculated. In this implementation, this value is always calculated from the point of view of player A, whose color value is one. In other words, higher heuristic values always represent situations more favorable for player A. This is the same behavior as the normal minimax algorithm. The heuristic value is not necessarily the same as a node's return value due to value negation by negamax and the color parameter. The negamax node's return value is a heuristic score from the point of view of the node's current player.

Negamax scores match minimax scores for nodes where player A is about to play, and where player A is the maximizing player in the minimax equivalent. Negamax always searches for the maximum value for all its nodes. Hence for player B nodes, the minimax score is a negation of its negamax score. Player B is the minimizing player in the minimax equivalent.

Negamax variant with no color parameter
Negamax can be implemented without the color parameter. In this case, the heuristic evaluation function must return values from the point of view of the node's current player (Ex: In a chess game, if it is white's turn and white is winning, it should return a positive value. However if it is black's turn, it should return a negative value). function negamax(node, depth) is if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then return evaluatePosition // From current player's perspective value := −∞ for each child of node do value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth − 1)) return value

// Example picking best move in a chess game using negamax function above function think(boardState) is allMoves := generateLegalMoves(boardState) bestMove := null bestEvaluation := -∞ for each move in allMoves board.apply(move) evaluateMove := -negamax(boardState, depth=3) board.undo(move) if evaluateMove > bestEvaluation bestMove := move bestEvaluation := evaluateMove return bestMove

Negamax with alpha beta pruning

Algorithm optimizations for minimax are also equally applicable for Negamax. Alpha–beta pruning can decrease the number of nodes the negamax algorithm evaluates in a search tree in a manner similar with its use with the minimax algorithm.

The pseudocode for depth-limited negamax search with alpha–beta pruning follows:

function negamax(node, depth, α, β, color) is if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then return color × the heuristic value of node childNodes := generateMoves(node) childNodes := orderMoves(childNodes) value := −∞ foreach child in childNodes do value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth − 1, −β, −α, −color)) α := max(α, value) if α ≥ β then break (* cut-off *) return value

(* Initial call for Player A's root node *) negamax(rootNode, depth, −∞, +∞, 1)

Alpha (α) and beta (β) represent lower and upper bounds for child node values at a given tree depth. Negamax sets the arguments α and β for the root node to the lowest and highest values possible. Other search algorithms, such as negascout and MTD(f), may initialize α and β with alternate values to further improve tree search performance.

When negamax encounters a child node value outside an alpha/beta range, the negamax search cuts off thereby pruning portions of the game tree from exploration. Cut offs are implicit based on the node return value. A node value found within the range of its initial α and β is the node's exact (or true) value. This value is identical to the result the negamax base algorithm would return, without cut offs and without any α and β bounds. If a node return value is out of range, then the value represents an upper (if value ≤ α) or lower (if value ≥ β) bound for the node's exact value. Alpha–beta pruning eventually discards any value bound results. Such values do not contribute nor affect the negamax value at its root node.

This pseudocode shows the fail-soft variation of alpha–beta pruning. Fail-soft never returns α or β directly as a node value. Thus, a node value may be outside the initial α and β range bounds set with a negamax function call. In contrast, fail-hard alpha–beta pruning always limits a node value in the range of α and β.

This implementation also shows optional move ordering prior to the foreach loop that evaluates child nodes. Move ordering is an optimization for alpha beta pruning that attempts to guess the most probable child nodes that yield the node's score. The algorithm searches those child nodes first. The result of good guesses is earlier and more frequent alpha/beta cut offs occur, thereby pruning additional game tree branches and remaining child nodes from the search tree.

Negamax with alpha beta pruning and transposition tables
Transposition tables selectively memoize the values of nodes in the game tree. Transposition is a term reference that a given game board position can be reached in more than one way with differing game move sequences.

When negamax searches the game tree, and encounters the same node multiple times, a transposition table can return a previously computed value of the node, skipping potentially lengthy and duplicate re-computation of the node's value. Negamax performance improves particularly for game trees with many paths that lead to a given node in common.

The pseudo code that adds transposition table functions to negamax with alpha/beta pruning is given as follows:

function negamax(node, depth, α, β, color) is alphaOrig := α (* Transposition Table Lookup; node is the lookup key for ttEntry *) ttEntry := transpositionTableLookup(node) if ttEntry is valid and ttEntry.depth ≥ depth then if ttEntry.flag = EXACT then return ttEntry.value else if ttEntry.flag = LOWERBOUND then α := max(α, ttEntry.value) else if ttEntry.flag = UPPERBOUND then β := min(β, ttEntry.value) if α ≥ β then return ttEntry.value if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then return color × the heuristic value of node childNodes := generateMoves(node) childNodes := orderMoves(childNodes) value := −∞ for each child in childNodes do value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth − 1, −β, −α, −color)) α := max(α, value) if α ≥ β then break (* Transposition Table Store; node is the lookup key for ttEntry *) ttEntry.value := value if value ≤ alphaOrig then ttEntry.flag := UPPERBOUND else if value ≥ β then ttEntry.flag := LOWERBOUND else ttEntry.flag := EXACT ttEntry.depth := depth ttEntry.is_valid := true transpositionTableStore(node, ttEntry) return value

(* Initial call for Player A's root node *) negamax(rootNode, depth, −∞, +∞, 1)

Alpha/beta pruning and maximum search depth constraints in negamax can result in partial, inexact, and entirely skipped evaluation of nodes in a game tree. This complicates adding transposition table optimizations for negamax. It is insufficient to track only the node's value in the table, because value may not be the node's true value. The code therefore must preserve and restore the relationship of value with alpha/beta parameters and the search depth for each transposition table entry.

Transposition tables are typically lossy and will omit or overwrite previous values of certain game tree nodes in its tables. This is necessary since the number of nodes negamax visits often far exceeds the transposition table size. Lost or omitted table entries are non-critical and will not affect the negamax result. However, lost entries may require negamax to re-compute certain game tree node values more frequently, thus affecting performance.

title: Negamax


text:
North Midlands

The North Midlands is a loosely defined area covering the northern parts of the Midlands in England. It is not one of the ITL regions like the East Midlands or the West Midlands.

A statistical definition in 1881 included the counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Rutland, an area historically known as the Five Burghs of Danelaw. A Second World War civil defence region called North Midland included the five counties and Northamptonshire. It has remained in informal use for Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, the northern parts of Lincolnshire and Staffordshire, and sometimes the far south of Northern England. A North Midlands combined authority area was proposed in 2016 for Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, but cancelled later that year.

History and extent
A North Midlands region was first defined for the 1881 UK census. It was defined as the entirety of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Rutland. A new definition of the region appeared in 1939, for various government statistical purposes: Derbyshire without High Peak, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and the Soke of Peterborough. In 1942, High Peak was added, but it was removed again in 1946. In 1962, it was merged into a new Midlands statistical region.

The North Midlands has remained in use as an informal term for part of the area, covering Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, the northern parts of Lincolnshire and Staffordshire, and Cheshire and South Yorkshire to a lesser degree, even though Staffordshire, Cheshire and South Yorkshire never formed part of the statistical region. For example, in the 1960s, Sheffield was described in an official publication as "the vigorous shopping and cultural centre of the North Midlands".

The introduction to J. B. Priestley's play An Inspector Calls specifies that it is set in the fictional town of Brumley in the North Midlands.

A somewhat different definition of the North Midlands appeared in David Hackett Fischer's 1989 book Albion's Seed, which detailed migrations from distinct parts of Britain to the American Colonies. It defines the North Midlands as broadly comprising Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire and Yorkshire.

Organisations
The North Midlands Helicopter Support Unit was operated jointly by Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Police until 2013, when all police air support functions were taken over by the newly formed National Police Air Service. The service subsequently closed the North Midlands unit in 2016. The University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust operates in Staffordshire and covers the Royal Stoke University Hospital in Stoke-on-Trent and Stafford County Hospital.

A North Midlands Combined Authority was to have been formed in 2017. South Derbyshire District Council, High Peak Borough Council, Amber Valley Borough Council and Erewash Borough Council all voted to reject the proposal, and Chesterfield Borough Council decided to sign up to the South Yorkshire Combined Authority instead.

Politics
The North Midlands covers a part of the red wall; areas traditionally represented by the Labour Party and which voted to Leave the European Union in the 2016 Referendum, and which subsequently swung to the Conservative Party at the 2019 General Election. Constituencies in the region which typified this trend include Bolsover (where the veteran Labour MP since 1970, Dennis Skinner, lost his seat), Bassetlaw (where the largest Labour to Conservative swing occurred), Mansfield, and all three constituencies of city of Stoke-on-Trent.

title: North Midlands


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Butt-Ugly Martians

Butt-Ugly Martians is an animated television series co-produced by Mike Young Productions, Digital Content Development Corporation Limited and Just Entertainment. It was sold to ITV on October 2, 2000, for the original television pilot and premiered on CITV in the UK on February 19, 2001. It also premiered on Nickelodeon on November 9, 2001, in the United States. But also aired on Nicktoons until 2003.

The series is produced using Alias Wavefront Maya 3D software.

Premise
The plot of the series begins when the Butt-Ugly Martians (B.U.M.) are forced to invade planets for the evil Emperor Bog. When they are sent to Earth, they become addicted to American culture. Deciding not to hurt Earth, they simply pretend to be occupying the planet for Bog. They are shown around by their Earthling friends: Mike, Cedric, and Angela. The Butt-Ugly Martians continue to hang out on Earth as long as Emperor Bog never finds out.

Main

 * B-Bop A-Luna (voiced by Charlie Schlatter ) – Commander B-Bop A-Luna is the diplomat and leader of the Butt-Ugly Martians. Brave, comedic, showy, and a little big headed (although increasingly less as the show went on), B-Bop can always be trusted to think up a good cover story and look convincing doing it. He's a natural leader, able to get even the most cowardly characters behind him even when he's not entirely sure what to do. Nevertheless, B-Bop can think on the fly and usually comes up with a plan that works. He also has a bit of a temper; 2T and Do-Wah are usually the two to calm him down. He is more tactile than the other two Martians. B-Bop is officially the commanding officer of 2T and Do-Wah in the Martian Fleet (he is occasionally addressed as "Commander" by the two). He wears a yellow uniform and a Yellow BKM suit. His age (along with 2T and Do-Wah's) is not revealed. It is assumed that the three are teenagers, although they refer to Mike, Cedric and Angela as kids.
 * 2T Fru-T (voiced by Rob Paulsen ) – 2T Fru-T is the mechanic (described on the BUM merchandise as a "tech officer", he is most likely a lieutenant as he is of lower status than B-Bop but higher than Do-Wah) for the Butt-Uglies and inventor of BKM. Sometimes B.Bop and Do-Wah can pick on 2T although they are his friends. A mechanical prodigy, 2T is the MacGyver of Martians and has been able to construct anything from invisibility rays to the BKM (Butt Kicking Mode) suits using parts that were immediately available. He often finds himself at the mercy of sub-standard parts sent to him by Dr. Damage, but these never slow him down for long. 2T is a bit socially inept, often forgetting Earth colloquialisms and fading into technical jargon when it is not necessary. He's also a bad liar under stress, although he can think of a good cover story whenever B-Bop is indisposed. He's usually calm, but has been known to snap at his friends whenever he feels betrayed (this may be insecurity; one episode has him stopping Muldoon in his usual slew of anti-alien insults with a cracking voice, as if he's about to cry). He wears a blue uniform and a Blue BKM suit.
 * Do-Wah Diddy (voiced by Jess Harnell ) – Corporal Do-Wah Diddy is the fun Martian of the Butt-Uglies. Do-Wah has a huge appetite and loves milkshakes, hamburgers, junk food and all other unhealthy foods. Not surprisingly, Do-Wah is the fattest of the Martians (although not obese). Despite a prominent belly, Do-Wah has super-Martian strength (Martians on the show are stronger than humans by themselves, so this is a particularly powerful statement). Despite his thickness (or possibly because of it), he is extraordinarily sweet and usually the first to look on the bright side and find the good in people. Do-Wah has a light crush on Angela, the show's only female human. Do-Wah Diddy wears a red uniform and a Red BKM suit, and the merchandise gave his rank as a corporal.
 * Shaboom Shaboom (voiced by Kath Soucie ) – A female Martian secret agent. Dr. Damage mind-controlled her and sent her to Earth to remove the trio's ability to BKM so his new robot could destroy them. Luckily, 2T was able to locate the device controlling her to protect the earth and free her. She's aware of the trio's defection but keeps it a secret, and it is often implied that the Butt-Uglies have crushes on her.
 * Michael "Mike" Ellis (voiced by Rob Paulsen ) – A red-headed, green eyed 13-year-old boy, Mike is the unofficial and sometimes debatable leader of the human friends of the Martians. A typical teenager, Mike enjoys TV, junk food, hoverboarding, and the newest pop music. Mike is prone to bouts of big headedness, much like B-Bop, but can also get his confidence shattered readily whenever he's upset. Mike's also a pessimist at times, but is the first to jump in and take charge whenever the situation calls for it. Along the course of the show, Mike has been exposed to deadly radiation, electrocuted, kidnapped (twice), and subjected to several other unearthly threats. Mike hates it when people call him "Mikey".
 * Angela Young (voiced by Kath Soucie ) – The only female human ever shown on the show. Angela is level-headed and smart, often the voice of reason to the more reckless male characters on the show. Much to Mike's dismay, she is also very good at video games (breaking another stereotype in the process) and once saved the world with her skills with a joystick. Angela is typically considered beautiful by other alien species, and has been kidnapped twice as a result. Both instances had her fighting her kidnapper, but being rescued by the Martians anyway. Not quite a tomboy, Angela will sometimes "squeak" when she talks, especially when she's excited. Angela acknowledges that Do-Wah has a crush on her; whether she likes him back romantically is debatable.
 * Cedric Cyles (voiced by Ogie Banks ) – A 12-year-old African-American boy, Cedric hangs out with Mike and Angela (he was moved forward in school, which explains his age and his height). Cedric has big glasses and, for some reason, brown eyes that reflect silver if the light hits them the right way (this was most likely an animation glitch or the light reflecting off of his glasses, as it is never addressed on the show). He is a technical wizard akin to 2T, although he is more of a computer hacker than a mechanic. Cedric also has incredible aim, able to hit very small targets from very far away. Cedric tends to make corny jokes which either go unheard or make him the target of strange looks. Cedric can be very nervous, and is sometimes seen wringing his hands in worry. Surprisingly, Cedric is obsessed with fame and, more importantly, fortune, with his quest for money leading to almost callousness towards his friends (although, in the end, he always pulls through). Overall, he is a good person. Cedric was not given a last name on the show.
 * Stoat Muldoon (voiced by Robert Stack) – Stoat Muldoon is a well meaning but overly zealous alien hunter who discovers the martians on Earth several times throughout the series, but every time he has, the Martians have outwitted him and erased his memory. He has an underground base in the middle of the desert where he broadcasts his television show and dedicates his time to studying paranormal activity. Throughout most of the series, Stoat Muldoon is considered the antagonist of the show, but on a few special occasions, he joins forces with the Martians to defeat Emperor Bog and Dr. Damage. He is also allergic to nuts. His name is a reference to another famous alien obsesser, Fox Mulder of the X-Files. He is not evil, merely over-eager. Although he seems to be rather incompetent, he is a very brave man, as when the children were threatened by Klaktor, he put himself in danger to protect them despite having no weapon. This was Stack's final TV series and his final role of any kind. He would pass away in May 2003, 3 months after the series ended.
 * Dog – Their robot pet dog that can fly and seems to always find a way to get the martians out of trouble.

Enemies

 * Emperor Bog (voiced by S. Scott Bullock ) – The evil but foolish ruler of the Martian populace, Bog is often fooled by the Butt-Ugly Martians' fake progress reports. He has little tolerance for imperfection, his idea of perfection being everything going according to what he wants. In short, Bog is little more than a whiny, spoiled brat. As the show progressed, Bog became more suspicious of his "loyal subjects". He likes to roll his R's. He is incredibly lazy, admitting to not even having to pluck his own nose hair, but for some reason has prominent abs and pecs.
 * Dr. Damage (voiced by S. Scott Bullock ) – Bog's more intelligent right-hand-man, Damage (pronounced "da-MAHJ") constantly suspects that the Butt-Uglies are up to something. He's usually right, but rarely noticed. Damage develops many instruments, machines and mutant creatures to conquer Earth, but these are usually destroyed by the Butt-Uglies, making Damage look like a fool in the process. He constantly insults Bog behind his back, despite Bog usually hearing him, and so always has to make up a compliment that sounds vaguely like what he was saying (e.g. "Royal nincompoop" becomes "loyal troops" in the first episode). He has also, on some occasions, tried to overthrow Emperor Bog as Martian Emperor. However, Emperor Bog eventually found out about this ambition and punished Damage by making him wash and wax every ship on their base, with Shaboom and Infi-Knight watch him to make sure that he did the job right.
 * Jax The Conqueror – A warlord who despises Martians, but after being defeated and imprisoned by B-Bop and the others pretends to be willing to help them invade Earth to get a chance for revenge. He pilots a ship called the Doom Jax which is impervious to Martian weaponry. He has been "destroyed" three times in the series run, but always manages to come back.
 * Humanga – A giant alien villain who is the only player of an alien game called Toget. Humanga has won as many games as the Butt-Uglies themselves.
 * Infi-Knight – A four-armed robotic warrior created by Damage to speed the Earth invasion along. Probably the Butt-Uglies' most powerful enemy.
 * Koo Foo – The last surviving member of an alien race. His race was an evil species that tried to conquer the whole universe 2000 Earth years ago before mysteriously vanishing. His crashed ship was submerged in the desert and believed to be a pyramid due to its shape. Muldoon accidentally released him at the same time the Martians arrived to destroy him. He took Angela to save her from danger but the Martians thought he was kidnapping her. It was eventually revealed that Koo Foo was not evil like the rest of his kind and had left the swarm of ships before crashing on Earth. He says he does not want to fight or hurt anyone. The Martians do not believe him until Angela points out that they themselves are different from almost all of their species. Koo Foo leaves in peace. He reappears as a one-off at Do-Wah's birthday party in the comic series.
 * Gorgon – A fire-breathing lizard-like alien characterized by the ability to change into or possess others and a TERRIBLE smell. He speaks with a hiss.
 * Klaktor – A Reconabot (portmanteau for "reconnaissance robot") that the Butt-Uglies defeated in the first episode, though he reappeared later in the series. Can fall apart and reassemble himself at will. This trait turned into a common sight gag; his action figure is equipped with ejectable arms.

Video games
There were also three video games based on the series named Butt Ugly Martians: Zoom or Doom for PlayStation 2 and GameCube, Butt-Ugly Martians: B.K.M. Battles for Game Boy Advance, and Butt-Ugly Martians: Martian Boot Camp for PC. The franchise also had a toy line by Hasbro.

Broadcast and home media
Butt-Ugly Martians was sold to ITV on October 2, 2000, for the original television pilot and premiered on CITV on February 19, 2001.

It also premiered on both Nickelodeon and Nicktoons (until 2003) in the United States.

VHS and DVD
As part of Universal's broad arrangement for the franchise, Universal Pictures Video obtained worldwide video rights to the series in October 2001, with the exclusion of two European countries: UK and Germany, where Just Entertainment (Abbey Home Media post-2002, following Just's insolvency) and BMG each held the rights.

title: Butt-Ugly Martians


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User talk:Knightmare6

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 10:26, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Knightmare6


text: Category:Sport in Devon

title: Category:Sport in Devon


text:
User:BriteHumer2

Ho

title: User:BriteHumer2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Buddhist Lent

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 00:15, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Buddhist Lent
Tagged for speedy deletion because "it is obsoleted by vassa, and Lent is a spring holiday besides.". I don't know what should be done here, but speedy deletion isn't appropriate. Google search for Buddhist Lent. Kappa 10:29, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and redirect. A google search for {"Buddhist Lent" -Wikipedia} gets more than 10,000 hits. - Nat Krause 10:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think what the speedy-nominator meant is that this article is made obsolete by the one at Vassa; judging from the content, that's probably correct. So, redirect (as there's nothing left to merge). Radiant_* 12:14, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Fire Star 13:33, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, nothing here left to merge. Megan1967 06:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Mark1 04:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Tourist attractions in Devon

title: Category:Tourist attractions in Devon


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Parker Pillsbury

Parker Pillsbury (September 22, 1809 – July 7, 1898) was an American minister and advocate for abolition and women's rights.

Life
Pillsbury was born in Hamilton, Massachusetts. He moved to Henniker, New Hampshire where he later farmed and worked as a wagoner.

With the encouragement of his local Congregational church, Pillsbury entered Gilmanton Theological Seminary in 1835, graduating in 1839. He studied an additional year at Andover, and there came under the influence of social reformer John A. Collins, before accepting a church in Loudon, New Hampshire. His work in the ministry suffered after he made a number of sharp attacks on the churches' complicity with slavery. His Congregational license to preach was revoked in 1840. However Pillsbury became active in the ecumenical Free Religious Association and preached to its societies in New York, Ohio, and Michigan.

Pillsbury's hostility to slavery led him into active writing and lecturing for the abolitionist movement and other progressive social reform issues. He became a lecturing agent for the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and American antislavery societies, and held these posts for over two decades. He edited the Concord (N.H.) Herald of Freedom in 1840, and again in 1845 and 1846. In 1854, he served as an emissary from the American Anti-Slavery Society to Great Britain. He stayed with the surgeon John Estlin and his abolitionist daughter Mary Estlin. Both John and Mary became involved in Pillsbury's problematic correspondence with the British activist Louis Chamerovzow.

Pillsbury lectured widely on abolition and social reform, often in the company of fellow abolitionist Stephen Symonds Foster. He earned a reputation for successfully dealing with hostile crowds through non-resistance tactics. His support for non-resistance led to service on the executive committee of the New Hampshire Non-Resistance Society. Consequently, Pillsbury was not an active supporter of the Union (American Civil War) effort. However, he defended the actions of John Brown after the raid on Harper's Ferry, and he applauded Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. He was a supporter of the abolitionist Radical Democracy Party, which challenged Lincoln during the 1864 presidential election. However, the party refused to endorse some of his more radical proposals regarding black suffrage and land redistribution for freed slaves.

In 1865, Pillsbury broke with longtime associate William Lloyd Garrison over the need for continued activity by the American Anti-Slavery Society. He edited the National Anti-Slavery Standard in 1866.

Pillsbury helped to draft the constitution of the feminist American Equal Rights Association in 1865, and served as vice-president of the New Hampshire Woman Suffrage Association. With feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Pillsbury served as co-editor for the women's rights newsletter The Revolution, founded in 1868.

Pillsbury completed his abolition memoirs, Acts of the Anti-Slavery Apostles, in 1883.

His nephew, Albert E. Pillsbury, drafted the bylaws of the NAACP.

title: Parker Pillsbury


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JenTower

The JenTower is a skyscraper in Jena, Germany.

Common names
The tower has been known by many names, official and unofficial. From 1992 until January 2005, the tower was called the Intershop Tower after its principal tenant, Intershop Communications AG. On November 30, 2004, the building was renamed the JenTower. Until 1995 the building was used by the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, and therefore it is still colloquially known as the University Tower.

Further unofficial names include Phallus Jenensis, Cookie Roll (Keksrolle), University Tower (Uniturm) or the Henselmann tower, after the architect Hermann Henselmann. Often it is just called the tower.

Buildings in vicinity
The JenTower stands directly opposite to the so-called Building 15, which was the first German highrise building. Building 15 was erected in to a height of 43 meters in 1915, based on plans by the architect Friedrich Puetzer (1871–1922). Other buildings in the neighborhood are Building 36 (today seat of the Jenoptik) and Building 59 (Carl Zeiss Jena Research building), likewise designed by Henselmann.

Construction
The architect of the tower was Hermann Henselmann, one of the most famous architects of the former German Democratic Republic. The idea of a monolithic tower as an "urban crown" was developed by Bruno Taut, who was city architect in Magdeburg in the 1920s.

Construction began in June 1969, in a residential and business quarter spared by the Second World War. The foundation stone was laid on April 30, 1970. Construction took place in sliding scarf building method, and was completed on October 2, 1972 at the original height of 127 meters. The circular tower is a reinforced concrete construction with two basements, a 3.20-meter-thick mat foundation and a diameter of 33 meters.

In 1968‐1969 there were also state plans to build a recreation center for VEB Zeiss workers next to the tower. This additional building would have displaced the historical Collegium Jenese cloister. These plans were scrapped due to protests of the locals, in particular those of microbiologist Hans Knöll, and due to the poor financial shape of VEB Zeiss at the time. Even the tower itself proved too expensive for VEB Zeiss to maintain, and it was moved into the property of the University of Jena after it was completed, despite the University's protestations.

In 1999 the building was sold to an investor, who completed a modernization in 2001. At this time, two additional floors and a UMTS antenna were added, and the 28th and 29th floors were converted into a restaurant. Including the antenna the tower reaches 159 meters. The building was the second tallest in East Germany after the City Hochhaus Leipzig, and after two additional stories were added in 2001, became the tallest in former East Germany. It is currently the 28th-highest in Germany. All 25 that are taller are in former West Germany.

title: JenTower