text:
1986 in art

Events from the year 1986 in art.

Events

 * 21 May – Eighteen Old Master paintings from the Beit collection are stolen from Russborough House in Ireland by Martin "The General" Cahill, the second major art theft from this location.
 * 19 August – Two weeks after it was stolen, the Picasso painting Weeping Woman is found in a locker at Spencer Street station in Melbourne, Australia.
 * Opening of the Musée d'Orsay (formerly the Gare d'Orsay) in Paris.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize – Davida Allen, Dr John Arthur McKelvey Shera
 * Sulman Prize – Wendy Sharpe, Black Sun – Morning and Night
 * Turner Prize – Gilbert and George
 * Shortlisted: Art & Language, Victor Burgin, Derek Jarman, Stephen McKenna and Bill Woodrow

Exhibitions

 * 23 November – The Spiritual in Art: Abstract Painting 1890–1985 opens at Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Organized by Maurice Tuchman, this is the first public showing of the abstract art of Swedish painter and mystic Hilma af Klint (died 1944).

Works

 * David Adickes – Cornet (sculpture, Galveston, Texas)
 * Yaacov Agam - Fire and Water Fountain at Dizengoff Square in Tel Aviv, Israel (Dedicated)
 * Ruth Asawa – Aurora (sculpture, San Francisco)
 * John Buckley – The Headington Shark (Untitled 1986; painted fibreglass sculpture)
 * Daniel Buren - Les Deux Plateaux in the inner courtyard (Cour d'Honneur) of the Palais Royal in Paris, France
 * John Burgee and Philip Johnson – Clarke Memorial Fountain (Notre Dame, Indiana)
 * Wayne Chabre – Einstein Gargoyle (sculpture, Eugene, Oregon)
 * John Doubleday – Royal Marines Commando Memorial (Lympstone, England)
 * Georgia Gerber – Animals in Pools (sculptures, Portland, Oregon)
 * Robert Graham - Monument to Joe Louis installed at Hart Plaza in Detroit, Michigan, United  States
 * David Hockney – Pearblossom Highway #2 (photocollage)
 * Ellsworth Kelly – Houston Triptych (bronze sculpture, Houston, Texas)
 * Igor Mitoraj – Heros de Lumiere
 * Odd Nerdrum – Return of the Sun
 * Kantilal B. Patel – Mohandas Gandhi (sculpture, New York City)
 * Andy Warhol
 * Camouflage
 * Map of Eastern U.S.S.R. Missile Bases
 * The Last Supper (Series completed )
 * Andrew Wyeth – Flood Plain
 * Jamie Wyeth – Kalounna in Frogtown (Terra Foundation for American Art)
 * Yu Tang Wang and Sun Chau – Chinatown Gateway (structure, Portland, Oregon)

Births

 * 15 April – Amy Louise Nettleton, British installation and sculpture artist.
 * Oscar Murillo, Colombian-born artist.

January to June

 * 6 March – Georgia O'Keeffe American artist (b. 1887).
 * 26 April – Dechko Uzunov, Bulgarian painter (b. 1899).
 * 11 May – Henry Plumer McIlhenny, American art collector, philanthropist and chairman of Philadelphia Museum of Art (b. 1910).
 * 31 May – Jane Frank, American painter, sculptor, mixed media artist and textile artist (b. 1918).
 * 9 June – Ilona Harima, Finnish painter (b. 1911).

July to December

 * 7 April – Cecil King, Irish abstract-minimalist painter (b. 1921).
 * 30 June – Guan Zilan, Chinese avant-garde painter (b. 1903)
 * 22 July – Floyd Gottfredson, American cartoonist (b. 1905).
 * 31 August – Henry Moore, English artist and sculptor (b. 1898).
 * 9 September – Albert Malet, French painter (b. 1912).
 * 12 September
 * Ernst Haas, Austrian photographer (b. 1921).
 * Jacques Henri Lartigue, French photographer and painter (b. 1894).
 * 18 September – Corita Kent, American nun and silkscreen printer (b. 1918).
 * 11 October – Barker Fairley, English-born Canadian painter, writer, and educator (b. 1887).
 * 23 October – Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, British intelligence officer, mountaineer and painter (b.1893).

Undated

 * Marko Čelebonović, Serbian painter (b. 1902).
 * Guan Liang, Chinese artist (b. 1900).

title: 1986 in art


text:
Sid Grauman

Sidney Patrick Grauman (March 17, 1879 – March 5, 1950) was an American entrepreneur and showman who established two of Hollywood's most recognizable and visited landmarks, the Chinese Theatre and the Egyptian Theatre.

Early years
Grauman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, the son of David Grauman (1851–1921) and Rosa Goldsmith (1853–1936). Grauman's parents were theatrical performers on show circuits. They were both Jewish.

Grauman and his father went to Dawson City, Yukon, for the Gold Rush when he was a young man. He worked there as a paperboy. Since newspapers were scarce, they could command a dollar each. Grauman told a story about a store owner who purchased a newspaper from him for $50. The shopkeeper then read the paper aloud in his store, charging admission to local miners. In the Yukon, the young Grauman learned a lesson which would serve him the rest of his life: that people would willingly pay handsomely for entertainment. Sid and his father began organizing events like boxing matches, which paid them well. It was also in the Yukon that Grauman saw his first motion picture. A failed prospector in the Klondike gold rush, David Grauman initially took his young son to the Klondike with the idea of building a theater there. Though they did not strike gold, both of the Graumans gained considerable wealth by their Klondike entertainment activities. When his father's sister became ill and he left the territory to care for her, young Grauman remained in Dawson City for a time. His parents settled in San Francisco and Grauman joined them there in 1900.

San Francisco
David and Sidney Grauman decided to open a vaudeville theater in San Francisco. Their first venture was on Market Street near Mason called the Unique Theater. Before long, they added motion pictures to the vaudeville shows, and another theater called the Lyceum. As the theater manager, though Sid Grauman had seen just about every type of performance, there were some that startled and amazed him, turning down an offer to learn how to swallow swords. The Graumans were also instrumental in establishing the Northwest Vaudeville Company, which stretched from San Francisco to Minneapolis and Portland, Oregon. The association brought quality live entertainment at reasonable prices to the Northwest area of the United States.

David Grauman tried his hand at expanding his theater business in New York City and the East Coast, where he was far from successful; for a time, Sid worked in Scranton, Pennsylvania, at one of the theaters in which he and his father were interested. David Grauman suffered enough financial loss to have the need to take a business partner in his Lyceum Theater, and to accept an offer from the partner to buy him out in 1905. He later arranged to take over the lease of the Lyceum, which would then evict his former partner from the theater in 1907. By early 1906, the Graumans had lost their lease of the Unique Theater. The building had been purchased by the president of the Orpheum Theater circuit and Grauman's rent was doubled by the new owner. The structure was able to house a theater only because Grauman had established one there before a fire ordinance prohibiting it was passed. Before his tenancy was over, Grauman hired a crew of men with axes to demolish the interior of the Unique, so it could not be re-built for use as a theater.

With the Unique Theater gone and the Lyceum unable to be occupied by the Graumans until 1907, father and son appeared to be temporarily out of business when the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 destroyed both the Unique and Lyceum theaters. Sid was able to save one of the theater's movie projectors from the ruins. He was also able to get a tent from an evangelist preacher in Oakland. Putting those together with some pews from a destroyed church, he set up on the site where the Unique once stood. The Graumans posted a sign outside of their makeshift theater that said: "Nothing to fall on you but canvas if there is another quake." The family received a commendation from the City of San Francisco for their help in boosting citizens' morale during the trying times. They operated their tent theater for two years; by that time David Grauman had opened a theater called the New National Theater. The Graumans expanded their theaters within a short period of time, opening the Imperial and the Empress in San Francisco, and branching out further to other Northern California cities. By 1917, the Graumans decided they would relocate to Los Angeles and build theaters there. They approached Adolph Zukor, who would go on to be the owner and founder of Paramount Pictures, regarding a business deal. Zukor agreed to buy the San Francisco theaters from the Graumans and also to assist them with financing in beginning their theater business in Los Angeles.

San Jose
Grauman introduced film shows to San Jose, California. On February 7, 1903, Sid Grauman opened the Unique Theatre at 20 East Santa Clara Street in San Jose. The theatre presented movies, stock theater companies, amateur nights, and vaudeville acts. The most notable amateur to develop his talent there was Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle. The 1906 earthquake demolished the Unique Theatre, and Grauman moved on to Los Angeles, founding the Princess Theatre and Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.

Los Angeles
By 1918, the first of the three Grauman Los Angeles movie palaces was open for business: the Million Dollar Theatre. In 1921 in Los Angeles, David Grauman died suddenly, never able to see the completion of the Egyptian Theatre which opened the year after his death. Now working on his own, Sid Grauman began the building of his last theater, the Chinese Theatre in 1926. It was opened for a premiere on May 18, 1927. There was a crush of onlookers eager to have a glimpse of both the stars attending and the splendor of the building. Many of the fittings were imported from China and Chinese artisans were brought in to create works of sculpture which were originally located in the theater's forecourt and are now housed inside the theater.

The forecourt still contains the celebrity hand and footprints in cement. The tradition began by accident, while the finishing touches were being put on the Chinese Theatre. Two versions of the story have been published; one has Mary Pickford as the actress who stepped in the wet cement on her way to see Sid Grauman's new building, and the other credits Norma Talmadge with the misstep. Grauman decided it was a wonderful way to have a permanent record of the stars, and began inviting selected film personalities to put their hand and footprints in concrete. Grauman himself made the choices; the tradition continued after his death using a secret system for choosing celebrities.

Grauman was not the sole owner of the Chinese Theatre, even though it bears his name. His business partners in the venture were Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and Howard Schenck. Two years after its opening, he sold his share of the theater to Fox West Coast Theatres, but remained its Managing Director for the rest of his life. Over four million people visit the Chinese Theatre yearly.

In addition to his theater, and Hollywood energies, Sid Grauman built the Hollywood Roller Bowl which led to the 'discovery' of Gloria Nord, who would become one of the most important people in roller skating's history.

Grauman's non-entertainment ventures turned out as badly as his father's. He formed the Black Hills Exploration Corporation in a gold mining effort near Deadwood, South Dakota. Grauman had convinced others such as entertainer Al Jolson and many movie company executives to join him in investing in the company. The company was not successful, and Grauman advised everyone to get out of the investment. Grauman was well-known to Hollywood's leading stars and was considered to be a close friend to many, including Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle. It was in Grauman's office at the Million Dollar Theatre that Arbuckle called the San Francisco police to turn himself in. Arbuckle began working for Grauman as a singer at his San Francisco Unique Theater as R. C. Arbuckle. The San Francisco theater connections of father and son meant the Graumans knew people like Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford, as the stars had performed at one of the Grauman theaters when they were on their way up. David Grauman was the originator of Pickford's "America's Sweetheart" nickname.

Grauman, who never married, was devoted to his mother. She was the only non-celebrity whose imprints were taken for display; after Rosa's death, Grauman kept all of her personal effects. Grauman was very closely connected with the motion picture industry and appeared in several cameo appearances that nodded to his fame in Hollywood and further afield in the Gold Rush. Living for 35 years at Los Angeles' Ambassador Hotel, Grauman spent the last six months of his life at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, but not because of illness. Grauman liked being at Cedars and would leave to eat at various premier restaurants and return to the hospital to sleep.

Death and legacy
Grauman received an honorary Academy Award in 1949 for raising the standard for film exhibition. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6379 Hollywood Blvd. He was one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).

Grauman died of a coronary occlusion at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on March 5, 1950, twelve days shy of his 71st birthday. He was interred in the Sanctuary of Benediction alcove in the Memorial Terrace section of the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

After Grauman's death, a woman named Carrie Adair came forward with claims of being his common-law wife and the mother of his child. Adair produced a copy of a will and a letter naming her as Grauman's childhood sweetheart. Adair's sister, Agnes Gerlich, gave testimony that her sister was living in Texas during the time she was said to be with Grauman. She also stated that the child Adair referred to was actually her daughter and not Adair's.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sid Grauman


text:
Tollcross, Glasgow

Tollcross (Toll na Croise) is an area north of the River Clyde in Glasgow and has a popular park, opened in 1897, which is famed for its international rose trials. It lies approximately a mile east of the neighbouring suburb of Parkhead, and just north of Braidfauld and south of Shettleston. Tollcross was incorporated into the City of Glasgow in 1912.

History
The area was once host to mass employment in the industrial age thanks largely to the large Fullarton steel works (now occupied by housing). McVitie's biscuit factory was one of the main employers in the area before its closure in 2022: its facility had been active in the area since the 1920s.

Many residents of the Lilybank housing estate would consider themselves residents of Tollcross, but they, like the biscuit factory, were officially placed within the separate Braidfauld Ward of Glasgow City Council until its reorganisation in 2007; since then, Maukinfauld Road has been the local administrative boundary, with land to the west in the Calton ward and land to the east in Shettleston ward along with the rest of Tollcross.

Part of the Tollcross area was formerly known as Egypt, and is still marked so on a number of maps; the name is believed to have been derived from a farm that existed at one time in the vicinity, operated by a former soldier who had been stationed in Egypt. The farm, owned by the Gordon family in the 1920s before being sold to the Hamilton family.

The poet William Miller, author of "Wee Willie Winkie", is buried in Tollcross.

In June 2011, pupils from St. Aidan's and St. Joan of Arc School combined into a new school located on Fullarton Avenue. They voted to call the new school Cardinal Winning, after Thomas Winning, the late Archbishop of Glasgow who died in 2001; the new school opened on 21 June 2011.

Just south of the school is Fullarton Park, home to the local football club Vale of Clyde, and the Tollcross Bowling Club adjacent to a modern retail park on London Road.

Tollcross Park and Winter Gardens
Tollcross House  was built in 1848 for James Dunlop, who was one of the owners of the Clyde Iron Works. David Bryce and William Burn were the architects and the building replaced a substantial house that the original owners of the estate, the Corbets, had occupied. In 1897 the house, now within the centre of the public park, became a Children's Museum and was converted into flats in 1989, then as accommodation for the elderly in 2003.

Tollcross Park occupies an area of 37 ha between Shettleston and Tollcross. It opened in 1897, having been purchased by Glasgow Corporation from the Dunlop family. In 2008, Tollcross was voted the best park in Scotland with its children's farm based around the former main lodge building at its eastern side, the rose garden in the southern section (set out in 1986, which holds annual cultivation trials) playing fields in the north part and a secret garden area.

The Tollcross conservatories were originally erected in 1870 at Redholm in Ardrossan, North Ayrshire. Baillie A.G. MacDonald of Redholm gifted them to the Glasgow Corporation in 1898 as a gesture to commemorate his links with the area. They were carefully dismantled and re-erected at their present-day site. The Tollcross cast-iron Victorian conservatory (NS 63659 63721), is a B-Listed structure, known as the 'Winter Gardens'. It is Latin-cross shaped in layout, has two semicircular ends and is crowned with a dome. The scrolled cast iron buttresses are a notable feature.

The conservatory suffered storm damage in December 2010 and January 2011. The conservatory and associated building have been closed since that time. The Winter Gardens are on the 'register of buildings at risk in Scotland'.

The Winter Gardens underwent a £1.9 million refurbishment between 1998 and 2000 carried out by a partnership of the Heritage Lottery Fund, Historic Environment Scotland and Glasgow City Council. A tent-like extension was built that housed a cafe, toilets, etc. and after being closed for fourteen years the Winter Gardens were opened again in November 2000.

In 1997, the East End Leisure Centre in Tollcross Park became a feature of the area, featuring an Olympic-sized swimming pool which is used by the City of Glasgow Swim Team. It was renamed as the Tollcross International Swimming Centre and renovated to serve as the swimming venue of the 2014 Commonwealth Games held in the city.

Notable people

 * Jack House (1906-1991) Journalist and author
 * Tom Leslie (1884–1961), footballer

title: Tollcross, Glasgow


text: User talk:68.80.79.35

title: User talk:68.80.79.35


text:
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April 2008
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title: User talk:TravisBatos


text:
Clan Macrae

The Clan Macrae is a Highland Scottish clan. The clan has no chief; it is therefore considered an armigerous clan.

Surname
The surname Macrae (and its variations) is an anglicisation of the patronymic from the Gaelic personal name MacRaith. This personal name means "son of grace".

Traditional origins of the clan
According to the late 19th-century historian Alexander Mackenzie, and Rev. Alexander Macrae in the early 20th century, the main authority for the early history of Clan Macrae is the late 17th-century manuscript account of the clan written by Rev. John Macrae. Alexander Macrae largely based his history of the clan upon John Macrae's earlier account.

According to tradition, the Macraes were originally from Ireland and shared a common ancestry with the Mackenzies and Macleans. The Macraes were said to have originated from Clunes, which is located near the southern shore of the Beauly Firth, and was within the lordship of Lovat. Alexander Macrae stated that these traditions likely refer to a period sometime in the middle of the 13th century.

According to John Macrae, after a violent dispute arose between the Macraes and more powerful Frasers of Lovat, three sons of the Macrae chief set off for new lands. One of the sons settled in Brahan, near Dingwall (later the site of Brahan Castle); another settled in Argyll; and the other settled in Kintail.

At that time Kintail was held by the Mackenzies, and according to John Macrae's account, there were very few Mackenzies of the chiefly line and thus the chief of that clan welcomed the Macraes because they shared a common descent and could be relied upon. Although John Macrae did not know the name of the Macrae brother who settled in Kintail, he stated that this Macrae brother married the daughter, or granddaughter, of Macbeolan who possessed a large part of Kintail before Mackenzie's rise to power. Alexander Mackenzie considered this marriage to be the real reason for the loyalty given by the Macraes to their Mackenzie lords; he did not believe the Macraes and Mackenzies to share a common ancestry in the male line as John Macrae had claimed.

Alexander Macrae was of the opinion that these events probably took place sometime in the first half of the 14th century before the Mackenzies became firmly established in the Kintail area. He stated that there didn't appear to be any evidence that the Macraes were in the Kintail area before the time of these events, but noted that it was said that Eilean Donan Castle was garrisoned by Macraes and Maclennans in the late 13th century, during the period when the fortress was first taken into possession by Kenneth, founder of the Mackenzies of Kintail.

According to tradition, one of the prominent ancestors of the Macraes from Kintail was Fionnla Dubh mac Gillechriosd, According to John Macrae, Fionnla Dubh mac Gillechriosd was about two, or three, generations removed from the Macrae who settled in Kintail from Clunes. Alexander Macrae stated that Fionnla Dubh was a contemporary of Murdo Mackenzie, fifth chief of the Mackenzies of Kintail. In 1416, Murdo died and was succeeded by his son, Alexander.

According to the traditions of John Macrae, when the bastard uncles of the young Mackenzie chief began oppressing the folk of the district, Fionnla Dubh was instrumental in retrieving him from the south of Scotland; upon Alexander's return, the Mackenzie lands were brought back under control. The main line of the Macraes from Kintail, the Macraes of Inverinate, trace their descent from Fionnla Dubh.

History
The Macraes are known to have been constant supporters of the Clan Mackenzie in recorded times; in 1520, and for many years onwards, they were constables of Eilean Donan Castle. In 1539 the Clan Macdonald of Sleat besieged Eilean Donan as part of their attempt to restore the Lordship of the Isles and Duncan Macrae is credited with slaying the Macdonald chief with an arrow which brought the siege to an end. In view of their constant service to the Mackenzies, the Macraes of Kintail became known as the Mackenzies' "shirt of mail".

17th century and civil war
The Rev. Farquhar Macrae, born in 1580, Constable of Eilean Donan, was both an energetic churchman and a great Latin scholar. On his first visit to the Isle of Lewis, he is said to have baptised all the inhabitants under forty years of age, no clergyman having resided on the island during that period. His second son, John Macrae, became minister of Dingwall in 1640 and died in 1704.

During the Civil War the Clan Macrae supported the Royalist cause but under the equivocating Earl of Seaforth firstly fought valiantly on the losing Stateside at the Battle of Auldearn in May 1645 before following Seaforth to support the royalist James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose.

Rev. Farquhar Macrae's grandson, Duncan Macrae of Inverinate was the compiler of the famous Fernaig manuscript 1688-93.

Jacobite risings
In 1721 William Ross, 6th chief of the Pitcalnie line, his brother, Robert Ross, and a force of their clansmen tried to levy rents in the Clan Mackenzie lands, but were confronted by Colonel Donald Murchison and three hundred Mackenzies and Macraes. Both Walter Ross, the chief's son, and Robert's son, William, were wounded in the short Battle of Glen Affric, and the outnumbered Rosses parleyed and withdrew. Walter died of his wounds the next day.

In the Jacobite rising of 1745, the Macraes were divided. A number are known to have sided with the Jacobites under George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie, while others joined the government's Independent Highland Companies under Captain Colin Mackenzie In June 1746 the Mackenzie Company at Shiramore in Badenoch had over sixty Macraes, including an Ensign John MacRae.

American Revolution
At the outbreak of the American Revolution, many members of Clan Macrae who had settled along the Cape Fear River in the Colony of North Carolina, rose up and fought under the command of Brigadier General Donald MacDonald as Loyalists at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. Among them was the war poet John MacRae, who has been termed one of the "earliest Scottish Gaelic poets in North America about whom we know anything."

MacRae was taken prisoner by Patriot militia following the Loyalist defeat. His son Murdo was mortally wounded.

Even though John MacRae is believed to have been killed either during or soon after the Battle of King's Mountain in 1780, his poems and songs celebrating the Loyalist cause remain an important part of Scottish Gaelic literature and are equally popular among speakers of Canadian Gaelic.

In more recent interviews with John Lorne Campbell, Barra seanchaidh John The Coddy MacPherson recalled that Clan Macrae of Kintail were famous throughout Scotland for cooking high quality moonshine, or "peatreek" in Scots, from illegal pot stills (poit dhubh).

Symbols
Clan crests, clan badges, and clan tartans are means of identifying and displaying members' allegiance to their clan.

Macraes may wear on a bonnet or upon the chest either a badge of the Crest, A cubit arm grasping a sword, all proper. encircled by a strap with the Latin motto FORTITUDINE, meaning "with fortitude";, or the more authentic plant badge of a real sprig of club moss. sometimes referred to as staghorn grass. It may refer to the Mackenzie chief's arms, since the Macraes proudly admit no chief of their own but are closely associated with the Mackenzies.

The clan's war cry Sgurr Uaran refers to Sgùrr Fhuaran, a mountain near Loch Duich which is one of the "Five Sisters of Kintail", and a prominent rallying point in the clan's traditional lands.

"In Flanders Fields" was scribbled by a Canadian war poet of Scottish descent, Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae, following the death of a close friend on the Western Front during the First World War. He threw it away, but one of his orderlies retrieved it for posterity.

A 2/4 March for bagpipes has been composed in honour of Clan Macrae.

title: Clan Macrae


text:
Category:Education in Gloucestershire

Education in Gloucestershire, England.

title: Category:Education in Gloucestershire


text:
Talk:Sid Grauman

Untitled
Hi. I don't know how to edit an article title, but the first letter of the surname should be a capital G. Thanks. Jez 22:00, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Chinese Theatre or Chinese Theater?
It would be good to have an "official" name. Currently both "theatre" and "theater" are used in the article. CBHA (talk) 22:37, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

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Pronunciation
How do you pronounce his name? This article needs an IPA pronunciation. - Gilgamesh (talk) 10:23, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sid Grauman


text: File:Tangophobia vol. 1 cover art.jpg

title: File:Tangophobia vol. 1 cover art.jpg


text:
Germany at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Germany competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. It was the first time the European nation participated after German reunification in 1990 and for the first time as a single nation since 1936. Previously, West Germany and East Germany had sent independent teams to the Games. 463 competitors, 300 men and 163 women, took part in 237 events in 26 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
In Germany's fifth archery competition, only one of the six archers qualified for the individual elimination rounds. He lost his first match, as did both the men's and women's teams.

 * Men

 * Women

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined events – Decathlon

 * Women
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined event – Heptathlon

Badminton

 * Men

 * Women

Basketball
Key:
 * Summary
 * OT – Overtime.

Men's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Quarterfinal

 * Classification 5th-8th place

 * 7th place match

Sprint

 * Men

 * Women

Cycling
Seventeen cyclists, thirteen men and four women, represented Germany in 1992.

Road

 * Men

 * Women

Track

 * Sprint

 * Time trial

 * Pursuit

 * Points race

Diving

 * Men

 * Women

Fencing
20 fencers, 15 men and 5 women represented Germany in 1992.

 * Individual
 * Pool stage

 * Elimination phase

 * Team

Men

 * Team

 * Individual finals

Women

 * Team

 * Individual finals

Handball
Key:
 * Summary
 * ET: After extra time
 * P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.

Men's tournament

 * Team roster
 * Andreas Thiel
 * Bernd Roos
 * Frank-Michael Wahl
 * Hendrik Ochel
 * Holger Schneider
 * Holger Winselmann
 * Jan Holpert
 * Jochen Fraatz
 * Klaus-Dieter Petersen
 * Matthias Hahn
 * Michael Klemm
 * Michael Krieter
 * Richard Ratka
 * Stephan Hauck
 * Volker Zerbe
 * Wolfgang Schwenke
 * Head coach: Horst Bredemeier

 * Group play

 * 9th place game

Women's tournament

 * Team roster
 * Andrea Bölk
 * Andrea Stolletz
 * Anja Krüger
 * Bianca Urbanke
 * Birgit Wagner
 * Carola Ciszewski
 * Eike Bram
 * Elena Leonte
 * Gabriele Palme
 * Kerstin Mühlner
 * Michaela Erler
 * Rita Köster
 * Sabine Adamik
 * Silke Fittinger
 * Silvia Schmitt
 * Sybille Gruner

 * Group play

 * Semifinal

 * Bronze medal game

Hockey
Key:
 * Summary
 * FT – After full time.
 * P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.

Men's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Michael Knauth
 * Christopher Reitz
 * Jan-Peter Tewes
 * Carsten Fischer
 * Christian Blunck
 * Stefan Saliger
 * Michael Metz
 * Christian Mayerhöfer
 * Sven Meinhardt
 * Andreas Keller
 * Michael Hilgers
 * Andreas Becker
 * Stefan Tewes
 * Klaus Michler
 * Volker Fried
 * Oliver Kurtz

 * Group play

 * Semifinal

 * Gold medal game

Women's tournament
Head coach: 🇩🇪 Rüdiger Hanel
 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Semifinal

 * Gold medal game

Judo

 * Men

 * Women

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Germany in 1992.

Rowing

 * Men

 * Women

Sailing

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open
 * Fleet racing

 * Match racing

Shooting

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Synchronized swimming
Two synchronized swimmers represented Germany in 1992.

Table tennis

 * Men

 * Women

Tennis

 * Men

 * Women

Water polo
Key:
 * Summary
 * FT – After full time.

 * Team roster
 * Frank Otto
 * Hagen Stamm
 * Dirk Theissmann
 * Ingo Borgmann
 * Rene Reimann
 * Uwe Sterzik
 * Piotr Bukowski
 * Raúl de la Peña
 * Jörg Dresel
 * Torsten Dresel
 * Reibel Guido
 * Carsten Kusch

 * Group play

 * Classification round 5th-8th place

Wrestling

 * Greco-Roman

 * Freestyle

title: Germany at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text:
Alton line

The Alton line is a railway line in Hampshire and Surrey, England, operated by South Western Railway; it is a relatively long branch of the South West Main Line.

The branch leaves the main line at Pirbright Junction to the west of Brookwood station, Surrey, then turns to the south-west. The route crosses and recrosses the Surrey/Hampshire border, serving the towns of Aldershot and Farnham, before reaching its present-day terminus at Alton in East Hampshire. The line originally continued west to Winchester; the section between Alton and New Alresford is preserved as the heritage Watercress line.

The Alton line was electrified (750 V DC third rail) during the late inter-war years by Southern Railway. Freight trains, operated by DB Cargo UK, and steam trains connected to the Mid Hants Watercress Railway (by way of rolling stock supply or special excursion) operate on the line.

History
The first railway line to Farnham opened in 1849 and was a branch from Guildford via Tongham. The line from Farnham to Alton opened on 28 July 1852. On 2 October 1865 the Alton, Aldershot & Winchester Railway extended the line from Alton to Winchester, with Alton station moving to a new site. On 2 May 1870 the present-day line from Brookwood to Farnham opened. Alton became a junction station on 1 June 1901 when the Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway opened, temporarily closed 1917–1924 as the track was taken up for use in France during the First World War, but reopened after local pressure. Use was light and the line closed in 1933. On 1 June 1903 the Meon Valley Railway opened from Alton to Fareham on the south coast. This line closed to passengers in 1955.

The section between Alton and Winchester was closed in 1973. The 10 mile stretch from Alton to Alresford was reopened in stages from 1977 to 1985 as the Watercress heritage railway. The route between Alresford and Winchester is unlikely to be reopened, as houses and the M3 motorway have since been built across the route.

Temporary closures
The line closed briefly in August 2006 between Brookwood and Ash Vale due to a landslip at Foxhills Tunnel, causing most commuter journeys to be diverted via Guildford. Heavy rainfall destabilised the embankment near Wrecclesham causing closure of the line between 13 April 2016 and 3 May 2016. Network Rail undertook further work to fully stabilise the earthworks.
 * August 2006
 * April 2016

Passenger services

There are two trains per hour in each direction between Waterloo and Alton (Mondays to Saturdays). On Sundays, the service is hourly until the early afternoon when half-hourly. Peak time trains take between 67 and 71 minutes for the whole journey; off-peak trains take between 75 and 78 minutes for the journey and Sunday services take 79 to 85 minutes.

Passenger trains that serve this line during off-peak hours also stop at the following stations (from north to south):

 * Clapham Junction
 * Surbiton
 * West Byfleet
 * Woking

During peak hours trains typically do not stop at Clapham Junction; some peak trains also omit calls at Surbiton, West Byfleet or Brookwood. On Sundays, the service also calls at Wimbledon.

Historical timetables
From 1937 to 1967, Alton trains ran fast from Waterloo to Surbiton and then ran all stations to Alton. They formed the front (country) end of an 8-car train that split at Woking with the rear 4 cars running to Portsmouth. The trains ran throughout the day and left Waterloo at 27 and 57 minutes past the hour and took exactly 80 minutes to reach Alton. Additionally, there were trains in the rush hours that ran fast to Woking and then all stations – at 16:17, 18:14, and 18:17 (also stopping at Surbiton) to Farnham, and at 16:47, 17:17, 17:47 to Alton taking between 72 and 76 minutes. Trains from Waterloo to Alton from 05:25 to 08:25 left two minutes earlier than the standard departures and called at Wimbledon. All trains took the fast line from Waterloo to Surbiton. The last train in the evening was the 22:57 to Farnham, which ran to Alton on Wednesday and Saturday nights only, arriving at 00:17. On Sundays there was a 23:27 that only ran to Farnham. On weekdays the 17:27 and 19:27 had connections at Bentley to Bordon with a five-minute connection at Bentley and a journey time to Bordon of 15 minutes. The diminutive army town of Bordon had a very regular service on Sunday nights from Bentley.

On the up line the pattern was similar, with several departures from Farnham to Waterloo starting at 06:05 and then from Alton at 06:54, then every 30 minutes till 22:54 with three extra rush hour services in the morning. In those days the line from Farnham to Alton was double track.

In the 1980s the pattern was somewhat different: the off-peak trains ran half-hourly and stopped at Surbiton, Woking then all stations, being detached from the Bournemouth (hourly) or Basingstoke (hourly) stopping services. Around 1985 Alton lost its half-hourly service, with half the trains terminating at Farnham. Peak services were approximately every 20 minutes until 1985, half-hourly thereafter, generally going fast Waterloo to Woking, occasionally stopping at West Byfleet or Surbiton

In 1989 the service changed again with three trains an hour as far as Farnham: a fast train (Clapham Junction, Woking and all stations to Alton), a semi-fast (Surbiton, certain stations to Woking, then all to Farnham) and a slow (Clapham Junction, Wimbledon, Surbiton and all stations to Farnham).

Freight services
A daily service used to run to Holybourne Oil Terminal from Fawley, but this service has ceased. Oil tank wagons are stored in the terminal at Holybourne.

As of February 2024 most of the Holybourne Sidings have been lifted with very little remaining of how it once appeared. There is still the main aspect signal controlling movements back on to the Alton single line in the Up Direction.

Farnham Traincare Depot
Farnham Traincare Depot (51.2051°N, -0.8102°W) is located on Weydon Lane in Wrecclesham; it is close to the border between Surrey and Hampshire, in between Farnham and Bentley stations.

The depot was opened by the Southern Railway, at the time of the electrification of the Portsmouth and Alton lines in 1937. It was refurbished for the introduction of modern units when slam-door trains were replaced circa 2005. At the same time, disused quarry and ballast dump sidings behind the carriage shed were removed and a number of outdoor sidings were laid for overnight storage and servicing of units.

South Western Railway uses the depot, as part of their franchise agreement; it houses mainly Class 450 electric multiple units, but also Class 444 and Class 458 units.

More recently, the depot has been used as sidings for the Class 701 fleet pending their introduction to passenger service.

Notes and references

 * References

 * Notes

title: Alton line


text:
Talk:Joe Paterno

The quotation box
I think that the quotation box at Joe Paterno presents a neutrality issue. It features two pulled quotations, one directly from the accused and one taking the position that the accused was innocent. I don't think a quotation from the Freeh report should be added—because I think then the impulse will be to add a quote from the response to the Freeh report, and a response to the response, on end—but I'd suggest that the box should be removed entirely (or perhaps limited to the Paterno quotation).--2604:2000:1742:A11F:E8F1:593B:E169:738F (talk) 01:49, 22 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree that the quotation box presents a neutrality issue. The appropriate remedy is to remove the box entirely. Jeff in CA (talk) 09:01, 12 June 2021 (UTC)

Wording seems baseless and non-neutral concerning Freeh report
In the "Posthumous Findings" subsection, Freeh's findings are labeled a "mischaracterization" for unclear reasons and wording that specifies "press" as the ones "inferring" from it further baselessly spins a subtly doubtful undertone. The three sources for this line are two news articles that do not suggest that the Freeh report "mischaracterized" anything (presumably, this is supposed to evidence the "inferred by press" line) as well as a broken link. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FRKatona (talk • contribs) 18:56, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Agreed. Reads like this was written by a cabal of PS alums. Gag. No one us fooled. But that is wiki for you. Never an issue it can't bias. NaySay (talk) 18:29, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

1970s rapes
More history of ignoring sexual assault on his watch.

https://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/32496588/before-jerry-sandusky-penn-state-football-had-another-serial-sexual-predator-untold-story-crimes-fight-bring-justice — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.212.231.250 (talk) 01:23, 12 April 2022 (UTC)

JoePa
This is a comment about the issue regarding a misinforming fact. Joe Paterno at no point concealed any information about Sandusky. This was cleared in 2015 during the reinvestigation when they returned his titles to Penn State. A more accurate representation of Paterno's name is that he was used as a scape goat. It is widely known that this is true. I don't mean to be rude about all this, but it is horrible that you paint Penn State and Paterno in such a horrible light in this article. Paint Snadusky in that light, not Paterno. 2600:1700:840:5DD0:392F:8529:9317:FD93 (talk) 03:56, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joe Paterno


text: Category:Home Ownership Scheme

title: Category:Home Ownership Scheme


text:
John Bentley (football manager)

John James Bentley (June 1860 – 2 September 1918) was an English football player and manager, captain, and variously secretary, treasurer and president of Turton F.C., secretary of Bolton Wanderers, the fourth full-time secretary of Manchester United, president of the Football League and vice-president of The Football Association.

Background
Turton F.C. is one of the oldest football clubs in the world; records show that Christ Church F.C. (now Bolton Wanderers) were "initiated by Turton into the technicalities of the London Association Game". Turton played many famous sides including Bolton Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Everton, Nottingham Forest, Preston North End and Sheffield Wednesday, and many lesser known local teams such as Westhoughton, Astley Bridge and Darwen F.C. Records show that most of them "retired well beaten", until the introduction of professionals "put the boot on the other leg".

Many of these teams came to Turton for guidance, learning the newly established rules of the game; as such Turton F.C. played a substantial role in the development of the game as we now know it. Records show Turton hosting matches as far back as 1830, though it was not until August 1874 that members voted "that the Rules of the London Football Association be adopted".

Professional life
Bentley's first match for Turton F.C. was against Westhoughton in November 1878, at the age of eighteen. Bentley stepped in when Turton were a man down. After "showing his paces" he became a regular in the team, proving himself to be an excellent half-back. From 1879 onward, he was sending in match reports to local newspapers. He wrote up the Turton matches under the pen name "Free Critic" and, freely critical of his own performances, contributed regular articles to the Bolton Weekly Journal "Cricket and Football Field".

Bentley was playing for Turton F.C. in September 1880, when at the invitation of Darwen F.C. the two teams formed the Lancashire County Football Association. Challenges were sent to the Manchester Association, Bolton Wanderers, Cob Wall (Blackburn), Blackburn Rovers, Birch Association, Astley Bridge and Christ Church (Blackburn) Clubs for matches.

Bentley was first team captain in 1881 when Sheffield Wednesday came to Turton for an FA Cup match, soon becoming first secretary and then treasurer of Turton F.C.

In 1882, aged 22, he set himself up as an accountant in Acresfield, Bolton. His business thrived, and by 1885 he had given up playing, becoming a collector of income tax and the secretary of Bolton Wanderers. He was described at this time as "bold but extravagant, a genius who lived in the future, inspired by a vision of what football could become".

In 1886, he left his Bolton accountant's office to work in Manchester as assistant editor, and later editor, of The Athletic News. He became a regular columnist in the Daily Express, Daily Mail and Football chat, a weekly magazine.

In 1887, William McGregor contacted Bentley about the formation of a football league, because of his influence over Lancashire football. He became a founder committee member of the football league, becoming president on McGregor's retirement in 1894, holding the position until 1910 when he became a life member of the Football League management committee.

After leaving Bolton Wanderers, he became the secretary of Manchester United in 1912. However, he was rather less successful in this role than his predecessor, Ernest Mangnall; he took little interest in the running of the team and largely left the players to their own devices. As a result, the club slumped from being title challengers to barely avoiding relegation, and Bentley handed over to Jack Robson in 1914. He remained involved with Manchester United until retiring from club administration, in 1916, due to ill health. He became vice-president of the FA. Throughout he maintained contact with Turton FC, and was president of the club in the early years of the 20th century.

Turton FC

 * Lancashire Junior Cup
 * Winners 1899–1900, 1901–02, 1902–03, 1904–05
 * Lancashire Amateur Shield
 * Winners 1912-1913

Personal life
Bentley was born in June 1860 in Chapeltown, a small village to the south of Darwen, between Bolton and Blackburn. His father ran the grocer's shop on Chapeltown high street, next door to the Chetham Arms public house. His older brothers Thomas and William joined in with the first games played under the Harrow rules, but John was too young to play until the Association Rules had been introduced.

Family
Bentley married and had three children.

Death
Bentley died aged 58, on 2 September 1918 at Fairhaven, Lytham St Annes. He was buried in St Anne's Churchyard, Chapeltown, on 5 September 1918.

title: John Bentley (football manager)


text:
Talk:Round table groups

The source page linked to was posted March 18th, 2004 - the article history indicates this page was present on Wikipedia before that date, and was substantially the same, suggesting that the original source was really Wikipedia. I don't think it is a high quality article, but nor do I think that this is evidence of any copyright violation. Crosbiesmith 22:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Round table groups


text:
Ridgewood, Queens

Ridgewood is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It borders the Queens neighborhoods of Maspeth to the north, Middle Village to the east, and Glendale to the southeast, as well as the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bushwick to the southwest and East Williamsburg to the west. Historically, the neighborhood straddled the Queens-Brooklyn boundary.

The etymology of Ridgewood's name is disputed, but it may have referred to Ridgewood Reservoir, the local geography, or a road. The British settled Ridgewood in the 17th century, while the Dutch settled nearby Bushwick. The adjacent settlements led to decades of disputes over the boundary, which later became the border between Queens and Brooklyn. Bushwick was developed rapidly in the 19th century, but Ridgewood remained sparsely populated until the early 20th century, when rowhouses were built for its rapidly growing, predominantly German population. Ridgewood has become more ethnically diverse since the mid-20th century. Large parts of the neighborhood are national and city historic districts.

Ridgewood is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 104th Precinct. It is represented by the New York City Council's 30th District.

Etymology
The origin of the neighborhood's name is disputed. One theory is that it came from the Ridgewood Reservoir in Highland Park, in Brooklyn just south of Ridgewood. The reservoir was on a high ridge in the middle of the Harbor Hill Moraine, a terminal moraine that runs the length of Long Island. Another possible etymology is the forests that covered the area before colonial settlement, and that early English settlers called the moraine the "ridge" of Long Island. Yet another possible etymology is "Ridge Road".

The name was originally applied by the government of Kings County (now coextensive with Brooklyn), and referred to an area within Brooklyn along the border between Kings and Queens Counties. In the early 20th century, developers gave the area various names, including Germania Heights, St. James Park, Ridgewood Heights, Wyckoff Heights, and Knickerbocker Heights, but only "Ridgewood" gained enough popularity past the 1910s.

Early settlement
Ridgewood is adjacent to Bushwick, Brooklyn, and the two neighborhoods have similar histories. Both were initially settled by the Lenape Native Americans, specifically the Mespachtes tribe (for whom the adjacent neighborhood of Maspeth is named). In 1638, the Dutch West India Company secured a deed from the Lenape; subsequently, Peter Stuyvesant chartered present-day Bushwick in 1661 under the name Boswijck, meaning "neighborhood in the woods" in 17th-century Dutch. Likewise, Ridgewood was part of Newtown, one of the three initial towns in Queens, and was settled by the British.

In both neighborhoods, British and Dutch families tilled farms and grew crops for Brooklyn's and Manhattan's markets. Many of these farms also had slaves. The only known remaining Dutch farmhouse in the neighborhood is the Onderdonk House, which was erected in 1709. Also at the Onderdonk House site is Arbitration Rock, a marker for the disputed boundary between Bushwick and Newtown, and by extension Brooklyn and Queens (see ). The land remained rural through the American Revolutionary War, though there may have been a burial ground in the area. Ridgewood's oldest streets are Myrtle Avenue, Metropolitan Avenue, and Fresh Pond Road, which were used by farmers to take their goods to markets. Fresh Pond Road was formerly a Native American trail; the other roads were laid out as plank roads in the early to mid-19th century.

19th-century development
The development of public transportation, starting with horse-drawn cars in the mid-19th century and later succeeded by trolleys and elevated trains, helped to spur residential and retail development. The first transit line to arrive in the neighborhood was the Myrtle Avenue horsecar, which was extended to Brooklyn's Broadway in 1855. Following this, the Bay Ridge Branch opened in 1878, connecting to Sheepshead Bay, Manhattan Beach, and the Brooklyn shorefront via the Manhattan Beach Railroad. The Myrtle Avenue elevated railroad, running above Myrtle Avenue within Brooklyn, was extended to the Queens border in 1889. An electric trolley line through Ridgewood, running to Lutheran Cemetery, was opened along a private right-of-way in 1894. Ten years later, the Myrtle Avenue Elevated was extended on a ground level alignment over that trolley line. The current elevated structure would be erected along the Lutheran Cemetery line's right-of-way in 1915.

Simultaneously, northern Brooklyn was seeing an increase in the number of German immigrants. Many of the city's German immigrants had originally settled in Manhattan's Little Germany, located mostly within the East Village and Lower East Side, in the mid-19th century. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, German immigrants had moved to other enclaves such as Yorkville, Manhattan; Steinway, Queens; and the north Brooklyn/Ridgewood area. The discovery of freshwater under northern Brooklyn resulted in the development of breweries, where many Germans worked. By 1880, there were 35 breweries in Brooklyn, including a 14-block "brewer's row" within Bushwick that contained at least 11 breweries. Factories and knitting mills were also opened within the communities, and speculative German developers built houses, consisting mostly of multi-family stock that were three or four stories tall. "Brewer's Row" had grown to 14 breweries by 1890.

Residential construction
Ridgewood remained rural until the unification of New York City's boroughs in 1898, even as Bushwick had become fully developed. Development in Ridgewood in the 19th century consisted mostly of picnicking locations, beer gardens, racetracks, and amusement areas for the residents of Bushwick. By the end of the century, developers had bought these sites and started constructing rowhouses and tenements, usually two to three stories high. The Ridgewood Board of Trade, created in 1902, was organized to develop the streets and utilities, and to improve the transit infrastructure.

Much of the housing stock was erected between 1905 and 1915. Most of the houses built before 1905 were wood-frame houses; that year, a zoning ordinance was passed, requiring new buildings to be made of masonry. The area was developed more quickly after the Queensboro Bridge opened in 1909, connecting Queens to Manhattan. According to a 1909 issue of the Real Estate Record and Guide, development was concentrated in a 150-block area around East Williamsburg in Brooklyn, namely the present-day area of Ridgewood. More than five thousand buildings were built from the beginning of the 20th century to World War I's start in the mid-1910s. Residential construction predominated in the southern part of Ridgewood while industrial factories and mills were prevalent in the northern section, near Newtown Creek.

Construction slowed down during World War I, but resumed shortly after the war's end, and by the 1930s the last farmland in Ridgewood had been developed. Some of the later houses were single-family homes with garages. Two of the more drastic changes to Ridgewood's character in the 1920s were the implementation of a street numbering system across Queens in 1925, followed by the opening of the Canarsie subway on the neighborhood's southern border in 1928.

Ethnic changes
Ridgewood was among New York City's most quickly-developing neighborhoods between at least 1906 and 1911. Much of the new housing was originally settled by Germans, who had mostly moved from other neighborhoods such as Williamsburg. To the German newcomers, the modern and more expansive houses in Ridgewood provided an improvement over the cramped housing stock in their former neighborhoods. A 1913 Real Estate Record article stated that, for several years, Germans had been moving to Ridgewood from the city's other boroughs. Figures from the 1910 United States Census indicated that much of Ridgewood's population was working-class and of German or Eastern European descent, and many homes were owner-occupied. Ridgewood's German population was so large that the Ridgewood Times' first issue in 1908 was published in both English and German.

After World War I, the population expanded with an influx of Gottscheers, an ethnic German population from Slovenia who were dislocated in the aftermath of World War I, and spoke the Gottscheerish dialect. Other Eastern Europeans came as well. As recorded in the 1920 United States Census, the population of Ridgewood was mostly working-class homeowners from Germany, Austria, or Italy, with a smaller population from Hungary, Ireland, Poland, and Sweden. The demographic figures remained relatively unchanged through the 1930 United States Census. The large German presence led to disputes following the rise of Nazi Germany, and a large, 9,000-person boycott of Nazi Germany in April 1934 resulted in brawls between Nazi sympathizers and about 200 Communists, members of the Anti-Fascist League of Brooklyn, as well as several hundred members of the Blue Shirt Minutemen of Brownsville and members of the Jewish War Veterans League. Still, in the 1939 WPA Guide to New York City, workers for the Federal Writers' Project described Ridgewood and Bushwick as "old-fashioned and respectable", and said that Ridgewood "rivals Manhattan's Yorkville as a German center."

By the 1940 United States Census, Southern Europeans were also recorded as having moved into Ridgewood. In the mid-20th century, Romanians, Serbs, and Puerto Ricans arrived. By the late 20th century, Poles, Dominicans,  and Ecuadorians—including a significant population of Quechua-speaking Amerindians from the Imbabura and Cañar provinces of Ecuador—had moved to Ridgewood. Other large populations included Yugoslavians, Chinese, Koreans, and Slovenians.

Late 20th century
Originally, Ridgewood and Glendale shared ZIP Code 11227 with Bushwick. Following the 1977 blackout, the communities of Ridgewood and Glendale expressed a desire to disassociate themselves from Bushwick. Residents voted on a proposal to create a new ZIP Code, and a majority of votes were cast in favor of the proposal. The communities were given the ZIP Code 11385 in 1980.

By the mid-1980s, parts of Ridgewood had been given federal landmark designations. Young professionals were also moving to the neighborhood in large numbers, and Ridgewood's homeownership rates increased.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Ridgewood was 69,317, a decrease of 138 (0.2%) from the 69,455 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,156.31 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 59.9 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 39.8% (27,558) White, 2.0% (1,380) African American, 0.1% (93) Native American, 7.7% (5,331) Asian, 0.0% (19) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (204) from other races, and 1.1% (765) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 49.0% (33,967) of the population. The entirety of Community Board 5, which comprises Maspeth, Ridgewood, Middle Village, and Glendale, had 166,924 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.4 years. This is about equal to the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 22% are between the ages of 0–17, 31% between 25 and 44, and 26% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 8% and 13% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Board 5 was $71,234. In 2018, an estimated 19% of Ridgewood and Maspeth residents lived in poverty, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in seventeen residents (6%) were unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 46% in Ridgewood and Maspeth, lower than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Maspeth, Ridgewood, Middle Village, and Glendale are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Land use and terrain
Ridgewood is zoned for various land uses, but is mostly commercial along main streets and residential alongside streets. Large parts of the neighborhood are residential historic districts. In addition, the large Cemetery Belt is located directly to the south.

The majority of the neighborhood covers a large hill, part of the glacial moraine that created Long Island, which starts at Metropolitan Avenue, rises steeply for about two blocks, then slopes down gently. For instance, at Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Parish on 60th Place, the front entrance of the church is almost level with the second floor of the Parish school next door. Part of Ridgewood around the Linden Hill Cemetery, centered around Flushing and Metropolitan Avenues, was once known as Linden Hill, distinct from the neighborhood of Linden Hill in Flushing, Queens. Linden Street is named after this subsection of Ridgewood.

Residential
Ridgewood is a densely settled neighborhood, with housing stock ranging from six-family buildings near the Brooklyn border to two-family and single-family row houses deeper into Queens. Ridgewood is visually distinguished by the large amount of yellow face brick construction, which is characteristic of the early-20th-century rowhouses built in the neighborhoods.

Most of Ridgewood was developed block-by-block around the turn of the 20th century. Most of the buildings were designed by local architect Louis Berger & Co., which designed more than 5,000 buildings in the area. The neighborhood has been largely untouched by construction since then, leaving many centrally planned blocks of houses and tenements still in the same state as their construction. These blocks include the Mathews Flats (six-family cold water tenements), Ring-Gibson Houses (two- and four-family houses with stores), and Stier Houses (curved two-family rowhouses). Many of these houses are well-kept and retain much of their early 20th century appeal.

Commercial
There are low-density commercial districts along Myrtle, Forest, and Metropolitan Avenues and Fresh Pond Road.

Ridgewood is home to Ridgewood Savings Bank, the largest mutual savings bank in New York State. Their headquarters is located at the intersection of Myrtle and Forest Avenues and was built in 1929. The building architects were Halsey, McCormack and Helmer, Inc. and the general contractors were Stamarith Construction Corporation. The building's exterior is made of limestone and contains an eight-foot granite base. The interior has travertine walls and marble floors.

Historic districts
In Ridgewood 10 national historic districts were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

 * 68th Avenue-64th Place Historic District
 * Central Ridgewood Historic District
 * Cornelia-Putnam Historic District
 * Cypress Avenue East Historic District
 * Cypress Avenue West Historic District
 * Fresh Pond-Traffic Historic District
 * Madison-Putnam-60th Place Historic District
 * Seneca Avenue East Historic District
 * Stockholm-DeKalb-Hart Historic District
 * Summerfield Street Row Historic District

In addition, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission has designated four landmark districts in Ridgewood:

 * Stockholm Street Historic District, designated 2000. This historic district consists of 36 two-story brick rowhouses, two garages, and a stable built primarily in 1907-1910 by Joseph Weiss & Company along Stockholm Street, the only remaining brick street in Ridgewood.
 * Ridgewood North Historic District, designated 2009. This historic district includes 96 buildings, mostly three-story brick rowhouses called "Mathews Model Flats", built in 1908-1914 by the G.X. Mathews Company.
 * Ridgewood South Historic District, designated 2010. This historic district includes 210 buildings, a large collection of three-story brick rowhouses as well as the St. Matthias Roman Catholic Church, built in 1911-1912 by the G.X. Mathews Company.
 * Central Ridgewood Historic District, designated 2014. This historic district includes 990 buildings, mostly brick rowhouses, constructed in 1906-1915 by various small builders.

Individual landmarks
There are two individual city-designated landmarks:
 * The Vander Ende-Onderdonk House, built in the mid-to-late 18th century and designated in 1995. The house was a crucial point in the 1769 survey that established the Kings–Queens county border.
 * The Ridgewood Theater Building was built 1916 and designated in 2010. The 1,950 seat William Fox moviehouse operated until 2008 and is now a Blink Fitness.

The Vander Ende-Onderdonk House, the Evergreens Cemetery, and St. Matthias Roman Catholic Church Complex are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Police and crime
Maspeth, Ridgewood, Middle Village, and Glendale are patrolled by the 104th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 64-02 Catalpa Avenue. The 104th Precinct ranked 21st safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. However, the precinct covers a large diamond-shaped area, and Maspeth and Middle Village are generally seen as safer than Ridgewood. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 19 per 100,000 people, Ridgewood and Maspeth's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 235 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 104th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 87.4% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 17 rapes, 140 robberies, 168 felony assaults, 214 burglaries, 531 grand larcenies, and 123 grand larcenies auto in 2018.

Fire safety
Ridgewood contains a New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire station, Engine Co. 291/Ladder Co. 140, at 56-07 Metropolitan Avenue.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in Ridgewood and Maspeth than in other places citywide. In Ridgewood and Maspeth, there were 70 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 17.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Ridgewood and Maspeth have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 13%, slightly higher than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Ridgewood and Maspeth is 0.008 mg/m3, more than the city average. Twenty percent of Ridgewood and Maspeth residents are smokers, which is higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Ridgewood and Maspeth, 19% of residents are obese, 7% are diabetic, and 20% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 22%, 8%, and 23% respectively. In addition, 19% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Ninety-two percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 78% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", equal to the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Ridgewood and Maspeth, there are 5 bodegas.

The nearest major hospitals are Elmhurst Hospital Center in Elmhurst and the Wyckoff Heights Medical Center in Bushwick.

Post offices and ZIP Code
Ridgewood is covered by ZIP Code 11385, which it shares with neighboring Glendale. The United States Post Office operates three post offices nearby:
 * Fresh Pond Station – 60-80 Woodbine Street
 * Ridgewood Station – 60-60 Myrtle Avenue
 * Wyckoff Heights Station – 86 Wyckoff Avenue

Border with Bushwick
Today, Ridgewood's land area lies within Queens County. However, its political boundary with Brooklyn causes confusion and debate about where the western boundary of Ridgewood truly lies and whether part of Ridgewood is considered to be actually part of Brooklyn. The political dispute dates to the 17th century, when Newtown was under English rule and Boswijck was under Dutch rule. Disputes over the boundary between the two settlements continued until 1769, when a boundary line was drawn through what later became known as the Arbitration Rock. The street grid plan in Ridgewood and Bushwick was laid out in the late 19th century. Because the Arbitration Rock lay along a diagonal with this grid plan, numerous houses were built on the Brooklyn-Queens boundary, their owners sometimes subject to taxes from both counties. During the 19th century, this resulted in situations where some houses received water and fire protection from what was then the city of Brooklyn, while their neighbors in Queens had to rely on volunteer firefighting squads and paid exorbitant water bills to private utilities in Elmhurst.

In 1925, the political boundary was adapted to the street grid, resulting in a zig-zag pattern. The change resulted in 2,543 persons' addresses being reassigned from Queens to Brooklyn, and 135 persons' addresses reassigned from Brooklyn to Queens. Modern addresses in the two boroughs can be distinguished by the presence or absence of a hyphen in the house number. Queens's house numbering system uses a hyphen between the closest cross-street (which comes before the hyphen) and the actual address (which comes after the hyphen). While buildings fronting on streets that are west of Forest Avenue and the Bay Ridge Branch follow the Queens address numbering system, the avenues which run parallel to the county line—bounded by Metropolitan Avenue to the north, Forest Avenue to the east, and the Brooklyn border to the south—do not follow this address numbering system. Streets in this area that run perpendicular to the county line are demarcated by a jump in numbering sequence between the two boroughs.

ZIP Code changes
Since at least 1898, when the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens were created as part of the City of Greater New York, Glendale and Ridgewood's postal mail had been routed through the main Brooklyn post office in Williamsburg, rather than the main post office in Flushing, because they are located closer to Williamsburg. When ZIP Codes were assigned in 1963, the neighborhoods were assigned Brooklyn ZIP Codes with the 112 prefix, along with all areas whose mail was routed through a Brooklyn post office. This gave Glendale and Ridgewood a Brooklyn mailing address despite actually being located in Queens. The neighborhoods' ZIP Code of 11227 was shared with Bushwick, Brooklyn, as well as with Wyckoff Heights on the border of the two boroughs. After the 1977 New York City blackout, newspapers around the country published UPI and Associated Press' photos of Bushwick residents with stolen items and a police officer beating a suspected looter, and Bushwick became known for riots and looting. Afterward, the communities of Ridgewood and Glendale expressed a desire to disassociate themselves from Bushwick.

Following complaints from residents, Postmaster General William Bolger proposed that the ZIP Codes would be changed if United States Representative Geraldine Ferraro could produce evidence that 70% of residents supported it. After Ferraro's office distributed ballots to residents, 93 percent of the returned ballots voted for the change. The change to ZIP Code 11385 was made effective January 13, 1980.

Newspaper
The Ridgewood Times, established in 1908 and now known as the Times Newsweekly, serves as the community newspaper. It is published in English and was formerly published in German as well.

The Ridgewood Post is an online version of the community newspaper. It is a part of the Queens Post group, a subsidiary of Outer Boro Media, which publishes seven local news sites in Queens and one in North Brooklyn.

Education
Ridgewood and Maspeth generally have a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. While 33% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 16% have less than a high school education and 50% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Ridgewood and Maspeth students excelling in math rose from 36% in 2000 to 67% in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 42% to 49% during the same time period.

Ridgewood and Maspeth's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is less than the rest of New York City. In Ridgewood and Maspeth, 14% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, lower than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 82% of high school students in Ridgewood and Maspeth graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
Ridgewood's public schools are operated by the New York City Department of Education. Ridgewood contains the following public elementary schools, which serve grades PK-5 unless otherwise indicated:

 * PS 68
 * PS 71
 * PS 81
 * PS 88
 * PS 239
 * PS 305 (PK-3)

The following middle schools are located in Ridgewood:

 * IS 77
 * IS 93

Grover Cleveland High School is the only high school in Ridgewood, and is the zoned public high school to most of Ridgewood.

There are two Catholic grammar schools located in the neighborhood. The first one is the Notre Dame Catholic Academy (formerly known as Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal School) located on Bleecker and 61st Streets. The second one is St. Matthias Catholic Academy located on Catalpa Avenue between Onderdonk and Woodward Avenues.

Libraries
The Queens Public Library's Ridgewood branch is located at 20-12 Madison Street.

The Brooklyn Public Library's Washington Irving branch is located at 360 Irving Avenue near Woodbine Street, just across Ridgewood's border with Bushwick. The Queens and Brooklyn Public Libraries are separate library systems and are not interchangeable.

Transportation
The New York City Subway's BMT Myrtle Avenue Line runs through the heart of Ridgewood with stops at Seneca Avenue, Forest Avenue, and Fresh Pond Road. Additionally, the Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues station, in the southern portion of Ridgewood, is a transportation hub serving the Myrtle Avenue Line, the BMT Canarsie Line, and several buses. At the end of the Myrtle Avenue Line is the Fresh Pond Yard, a storage yard for the. Halsey Street has entrances in both Ridgewood and Bushwick.

The Ridgewood Terminal at the Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues station serves New York City Bus' lines. The bus lines also serve Ridgewood. In addition, the neighborhood is home to the large Fresh Pond Bus Depot, which services many of the buses that run throughout Brooklyn and Queens.

Parks and recreation
The Ridgewood Park baseball ground, built on land owned by William Wallace, was part of a larger entertainment area bounded by Wyckoff Avenue, Covert Street, Halsey Street, and Irving Avenue. From 1886 to 1889, it was home to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms (later the Brooklyn Dodgers and now the Los Angeles Dodgers) for their Sunday games. The property continued to operate until 1959. Another similarly named site, called Grauer's Ridgewood Park, was located between Myrtle Avenue, Cypress Avenue, Seneca Avenue, and Decatur Street, and was used mainly as a picnic site.

Mafera Park, named after former Queens borough president Joseph F. Mafera, is located south of the Fresh Pond Junction, between the Myrtle Avenue elevated line to the west and the Bay Ridge Branch to the east.

Notable people
Notable current and former residents of Ridgewood include:
 * Pedro Beato (born 1986), pitcher who played for the New York Mets
 * James Cagney (1899–1986), actor
 * Peter Daempfle (born 1970), author
 * Chris Distefano (born 1984), comedian
 * Joe Duplantier (born 1976), French-American musician and producer, owner of Silver Cord Studio (Rockwall studios complex on the Halsey stop)
 * Ron Eldard (born 1965), actor
 * Philip Giaccone (1932–1980), Bonanno crime family capo
 * Nick Hakim (born 1992), singer-songwriter
 * Mitski (born 1990), singer-songwriter
 * Jeannie Ortega (born 1986), recording artist, songwriter, actress
 * Rosie Perez (born 1964), actress (attended school in Ridgewood)
 * Tommy Ramone (1949–2014), musician, original member of the Ramones
 * Katie Sandwina (1884–1952), circus strongwoman and one time "Strongest Woman in the World" opened a restaurant at 70–02 Cypress Hills Street in 1942
 * Dan Schneider (born 1965), poet and critic
 * Genesis P-Orridge (1950–2020), avant-garde musician (Throbbing Gristle, Psychic TV)
 * Bob Sheppard (1910–2010), public address announcer for the New York Yankees and New York Giants
 * Gus Van (1886–1968), singer and vaudeville star, part of the team of Van & Schenck
 * Reginald VelJohnson (born 1952), actor
 * John Ventimiglia (born 1963), actor who played Artie Bucco on The Sopranos
 * John Wilson (born 1986), documentary filmmaker

In popular culture

 * Parquet Courts' 2013 song "Stoned and Starving" includes the lyric "I was walking through Ridgewood, Queens".

title: Ridgewood, Queens


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/Buffyverse task force

The WikiProject Television Buffyverse taskforce is an attempt to organize, categorize, and standardize articles about the Buffyverse (Buffy, Angel, Fray, & its novels/comics). All Buffyverse articles can be found at this index. This immense project needs many writers, editors, readers, researchers, etc. Anyone with a knowledge/interest in the Buffyverse is welcome to join this project. Feel free to contact members for help getting to grips with everything.

Writing and editing can currently be done from:
 * WikiProject Buffyverse Episodes page - Buffy/Angel Episode articles
 * Checklist below - Non episode articles
 * Pending tasks - Details of episode/non-episode articles
 * Talk page - Discussion of progress/tasks

Goals
Scope - Project focuses on the works derived from Joss Whedon's Buffy the Vampire Slayer including Angel and non-televised medium, such as comics and novels.

Short Term
 * Develop character articles with further real-universe context. Add more sources, and citations (especially those from published print).
 * Develop episode articles with further real-universe context. Add more sources, and citations (especially those from published print) here.
 * 1) implement naming conventions for Buffyverse articles
 * 2) continue implementing format conventions for characters / episodes

Long Term
 * 1) re-categorize Buffyverse articles (incl. a parent category with browsable and specific subcategories)
 * 2) implement a more seamless browsability between articles

Structure

Here are examples of the structures that should be used, the infoboxes that should be used are found on the example pages:

 * Episodes: See "Lessons".
 * Characters: See "Spike (Buffyverse)".
 * Demons: See "Hellhound (Buffyverse)".
 * Institutions: See "Wolfram and Hart".
 * Novels: See "Halloween Rain (Buffy novel)".
 * Comics: See "Strange Bedfellows (Angel comic)".

Characters

 * Archived discussion: Buffyverse character discussion
 * ''Example: "Spike (Buffyverse)"

There has been a move in 2010-2011 to change character articles to redirects to a list of characters despite such articles getting hits daily. The list contains less information, and less room for useful real-world context. To counter this, the project will benefit from improving the character articles. Many of the character articles are written primarily from an in-universe perspective. The articles would benefit from more real-world context. E.g. comments from writers, actors, and reviewers. As this is done we could add sections such as "Notes and references" section and cite any sources for this real-world context. This process has already started for some of the character articles which have been given a "Writing and acting" section which deals with the characters from an out-of-Buffyverse perspective. E.g. see Riley Finn, Tara Maclay, Allen Francis Doyle, Maggie Walsh, Jonathan Levinson.

Also the Wesley Wyndam-Pryce has been given extensive out-of-Buffyverse perspective from writers and Denisof, and this perspective has been merged with the in-Buffyverse perspective.

We may require further discussions on the best way to further improve the character articles.

Episode work

 * See main article: WikiProject Buffyverse/Episodes
 * ''Example: "Lessons".

Our key task is to improve the behind the scenes information (citing our sources as we go). Sections in episodes articles:

 * Plot
 * Acting - list
 * Main cast
 * Special guest star
 * Guest stars
 * Also starring
 * Writing - Relating to writing, writers, or actors, but avoid POV
 * Arc significance - Themes or events that have a wider impact on the arc.
 * Continuity - References that are the result of earlier themes/events.
 * Quotes - Wikiquote Box logically goes here. Keep quotes without analysis to a minimum.
 * Cultural references - So far very few episodes have this section, but Buffy is a show that contains lots of pop-culture references every episode (and these are sometimes obscure especially to foreign viewers, so these sections maybe potentially be very useful for the Wikipedia Buffyverse guide). For an example of how this section can be written see, Ted (Buffy episode)
 * Production details - 'Translations' and 'Music' can have their own sub-sections in here. Other topics might include special effects, sets, camera work...
 * Music
 * Translations
 * Timing - Includes table of surrounding Buffyverse stories, e.g..
 * References
 * External links - Includes chart of Buffyverse & related topics. Template:

Research using:
 * Unofficial guide books
 * Official guides:
 * Watchers' Guides Vol.s 1-3
 * Monster Book
 * Angel: Case Files Vol.s 1-3
 * interviews in magazines
 * Especially official Buffy/Angel mags for UK which have been running for years (US version has been being released for past few years)
 * DVD commentaries, (transcripts can be found on the net - see below)
 * interviews on internet
 * internet including these:
 * The Buffy and Angel Trivia Guide - INVALUABLE for Buffy trivia (though beware that registered users submit information which potentially could be unreliable, look for a second source to confirm the trivia - a second source is often referenced.)
 * Buffyguide.com - esp useful for references/music info
 * Cityofangel.com - features such as interviews

Checklist
The following checklist is designed to highlight articles needing work on, please strike off articles once the work needed has been done. NOTE: (The separate sub-page contains the check list of episodes, and details of work needing to be done WikiProject Buffy/Episodes)

Episode articles needing appropriate 'Summary'
The summary should be around 100-200 words:

 * You're Welcome (Angel episode) - Summary too short

Episodes without any/enough quotes
Several Angel episodes have very few (or no) quotes:

 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel

Places

 * The Bronze
 * Caritas (Buffyverse)
 * Hellmouth (Buffyverse)- expansion & improvement
 * Hyperion Hotel - expansion
 * The Magic Box - expansion
 * Pylea -
 * Sunnydale
 * Sunnydale High - needs massive expansion
 * Sunnydale High School library
 * University of California, Sunnydale
 * Willy's Place

Groups

 * Example: Wolfram and Hart

 * Angel Investigations
 * Dingoes Ate My Baby
 * Order of Aurelius
 * The Powers That Be (Buffyverse) - image
 * Ra-Tet
 * Troclon
 * Watcher (Buffyverse)
 * Watchers' Council (red links)
 * Wolfram and Hart

Writers

 * Example: Jane Espenson

 * Elizabeth Craft - creation/writing/image
 * Sarah Fain - creation/writing/image

Lists

 * List of Buffyverse Villains and Supernatural Beings
 * List of Buffyverse cast and crew could benefit from further expansion (e.g. a brief description of a sentence or two on the role of each cast/crew member).
 * List of Buffyverse-related topics (but can benefit from brief descriptions of each episode), and continued additions of any new articles

Newly created articles
Newer articles may have had less editing than longer-existing ones. For a list of more recent articles see:

 * WikiProject Buffyverse/Newly created articles

Subforums and Discussion
Managing Articles
 * Characters - old discussion about Buffyverse character articles
 * Episodes - Episode checklist, outlinging what needs to be done, and what has been done so fararticles.
 * Concepts - Space for discussion of mythology, concepts...

Managing the Project
 * General - grammar, literary conventions, content and formatting
 * Strategy - Space for approaches, suggestions, requests
 * Project Talk - meta: the project itself

Awards
This barnstar can be used to award Wikipedians who make any outstanding contributions to Buffyverse-related articles. To use it, just paste the code (copy it whilst in edit-mode of this page) on the Wikipedian's discussion page with a message relevant to their contributions e.g. "Well done on improving behind the scenes information of Buffy episode articles". Wikipedians who are not fans of the Buffyverse who significatnly help out this wikiproject might especially deserve this.

 * Winners

 * User:Nalvage - Single-handedly improved/improving the respectability of Wikipedia's Buffyverse articles by working hard to improve language and remove unsubstantiated rumours/opinions (all the while providing useful edit summaries).
 * User:Smartjoe299 -For working tirelessly on improving the Buffyverse appearances and implimenting others' advice.

Members
Please feel free to add your name in here.

Similar WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Star Trek
 * WikiProject Doctor Who
 * WikiProject Horror
 * WikiProject Stargate


text:
Talk:Admissible rule

Untitled
I replaced Admissible inference rule with a redirect to this page. I believe that the other article was incorrect: Admissibility is not about composing existing inference rules, but about facts that arise because those inference rules are the only ones in the system. For instance, one cannot generally construct the cut rule by composing other rules (then it would be derivable); rather, one must actually perform a computation on the derivations of the premises in order to form a derivation of the conclusion.

A while ago I wrote some information on admissibility in the article on inference rules. I think the material rightly belongs in that article, but surely the article "Admissible rule" shouldn't be a stub that's shorter than the discussion in some larger article. Thoughts? Brighterorange 22:04, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'm confused. This article states that the concept of an admissible rule was introduced in 1955, yet Gentzen showed Cut was admissible in LK in 1934, according to the article on the Cut elimination theorem. Am I confusing matters here? Are we talking about two different notion of admissibility, or what? DPMulligan (talk) 10:34, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Gentzen proved in 1934 the cut-elimination theorem for his sequent calculus. He did not isolate admissibility as a general concept, which entered the proof theory jargon only much later. There is no need or reason to refer to admissible rules in the statement of Gentzen's theorem. — EJ (talk) 12:52, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

I am confused. Example 3 [ <>p & <>~p / _|_ ] says that  It is derivable in GL and S4.1, but i don't think it is derivable in GL (Boolos in "the logic of provability"(1993) even uses it as countermodel for GL on page 124.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.29.109.243 (talk) 15:03, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Admissible rule


text:
Slovenia at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Slovenia competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. It was the first Olympiad after Slovenia seceded from Yugoslavia. 35 competitors, 29 men and 6 women, took part in 34 events in 12 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
In Slovenia's first archery competition, the nation entered one archer. He narrowly missed qualifying for the elimination rounds.
 * Men

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

 * Women
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

Cycling
One male cyclist represented Slovenia in 1992.

Artistic

 * Men

Judo

 * Men

Rowing

 * Men

Sailing

 * Men

 * Open

Shooting

 * Men

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Table tennis

 * Women

Tennis

 * Men
 * Women

title: Slovenia at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text: User talk:70.20.215.59

title: User talk:70.20.215.59


text:
Bulgaria at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Bulgaria competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 138 competitors, 87 men and 51 women, took part in 116 events in 19 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
After a twelve-year absence from archery, Bulgaria returned in 1992. Only one archer competed. He did not qualify for the elimination rounds.

 * Men

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Women
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined event – Heptathlon

Badminton

 * Men

 * Women

Sprint

 * Men
 * Women

Cycling
One male cyclist represented Bulgaria in 1992.

Track

 * Time trial

Diving

 * Men

Men

 * Team

 * Individual finals

Women

 * Team

 * Individual finals

Judo

 * Men

 * Women

Modern pentathlon
Two male pentathletes represented Bulgaria in 1992.

Rowing

 * Men
 * Women

Shooting

 * Men
 * Women
 * Open

Swimming

 * Men
 * Women

Table tennis

 * Women

Tennis

 * Women

Wrestling

 * Greco-Roman

 * Freestyle

title: Bulgaria at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text:
George P. Cossar State Park

George P. Cossar State Park is a public recreation area in the U.S. state of Mississippi located on the shores of Enid Lake, 5 mi northeast of Oakland off Mississippi Highway 32.

History
The state park opened in 1966 as Yocona Ridge State Park. It was renamed in honor of longtime Mississippi state legislator George Payne Cossar, Sr., in 1979. The world record crappie was caught in Enid Lake in 1954.

Activities and amenities
The park features boating, waterskiing and fishing on 6100 acre Enid Lake, 76 campsites, camper cabins, visitors center, disc golf course, miniature golf course, picnic area, and nature trail. Most of the land around the lake and in nearby Holly Springs National Forest is open for hunting.

title: George P. Cossar State Park