text:
Category talk:Places in Hong Kong

CFD Discussion
Places is too broad a term. Category:Places and various subcats were previously deleted along similar lines. See Places CFD discussion. RedWolf 05:16, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * This category was listed for deletion on April 6, 2005. The consensus was to Keep although there was some suggestions for changing Names to Neighborhoods but no clear consensus on that matter. The following discussion from CFD is now closed and should not be modified.
 * Keep. This is a category for neighbourhoods, however the term neighbourhood is almost unheard in Hong Kong for this meaning. — Instantnood 06:49, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * What word would be appropriate? -Kbdank71 13:21, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: People just say the names of the places. Actually there's no specific word. And there's also no systematic nor official classification and demarcation.  — Instantnood 14:45, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Change to Neighbourhoods JuntungWu 14:26, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Change, but i'm not sure to what - i favor neighborhoods. though that also isn't exactly how the category is being used now. "places", as i understand it, is a too-direct translation of the chinese and used by such. it's not a native english speakers usage. usage of "areas" is the same ("areas" is more common in hk govt writing). "places" and "areas" are just too regional (and inaccurate) to be useful to an encyclopedia. nobody misunderstand "neighborhoods" when i speak it but that doesn't mean it's used natively there. SchmuckyTheCat 15:12, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. There are random locations that don't fit common categories: vista points, neighborhoods, etc., notable for one reason or another. "places" category is a good place to collect them into one place; at least until a more resonable new category of them emerges. Mikkalai 18:54, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Additional information: the category is linked to zh:Category:& and de:Kategorie:Ort in Hongkong, both titles meaning "places in Hong Kong". — Instantnood 19:08, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Oh, and it'd be "neighbourhoods". James F. (talk) 21:28, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Places in Hong Kong


text:
Talk:Turn signal

Untitled
Can a driver be fined in the US or EU for not using turn signals?
 * Heh, yeah, but you usually have to (not) do it in combination with some other bonehead maneuver for cops to make note of it (in the US, at least) —Mulad (talk) 03:56, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Turn signal


text:
Leiden University Library

Leiden University Libraries is a library founded in 1575 in Leiden, Netherlands. It is regarded as a significant place in the development of European culture: it is a part of a small number of cultural centres that gave direction to the development and spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment. This was due particularly to the simultaneous presence of a unique collection of exceptional sources and scholars. Holdings include approximately 5,200,000 volumes, 1,000,000 e-books, 70,000 e-journals, 2,000 current paper journals, 60,000 Oriental and Western manuscripts, 500,000 letters, 100,000 maps, 100,000 prints, 12,000 drawings, 300,000 photographs and 3,000 cuneiform tablets. The library manages the largest collections worldwide on Indonesia and the Caribbean. Furthermore, Leiden University Libraries is the only heritage organization in The Netherlands with five registrations of documents in UNESCO's international Memory of the World Register.

 * "Est hic magna commoditas bibliothecae ut studiosi possint studere"
 * —Josephus Justus Scaliger

 * "The greatest advantage of the library is that those who want to study, can study."

History

The 16th-century Dutch Revolt against the Habsburgs created a new country with a new religion. Soon, the need for a seat of higher learning was felt and in 1575 Leiden University was founded with the spoils from a confiscated Catholic monastery nearby.

At the time the university was founded, it was immediately determined that a library in the vicinity of lecture halls was an absolute necessity. The library's first book was the Polyglot Bible, printed by Christoffel Plantijn, a gift of William of Orange to the library in 1575. The presentation of this book is regarded as the base on which the library is built (fundamentum locans futurae aliquando bibliothecae). The library became operational in the vault of the current Academy building at Rapenburg on 31 October 1587.

In 1595 the Nomenclator appeared, the first catalogue of Leiden University Libraries as well as the first printed catalogue of an institutional library in the world. The publication of the catalogue coincided with the opening of the new library on the upper floor of the Faliede Bagijnkerk (now Rapenburg 70) next to the Theatrum Anatomicum.

In 1864 the copy for the complete alphabetical catalogue of the library in Leiden from 1575 to 1860 was finished; it was never to appear in print. Readers were able to consult alphabetical and systematic registers of the Leiden library in the form of bound catalogue cards, known as Leidse boekjes. This remained the cataloguing system for the library until 1988.

The 22nd Librarian of Leiden University, Johan Remmet de Groot took the initiative for the Dutch library automation endeavor PICA (Project Integrated Catalogue Automation). Pica was started up in 1969 and was bought by OCLC in 2000. The first automation project in Leiden started in 1976, produced 400,000 titles via the Dutch PICA-GGC and resulted within a few years in a catalog on microfiche, which partly replaced the famous Leiden booklets catalogue.

In 1983 the library moved to its present location on Witte Singel in a new building by architect Bart van Kasteel. The first online catalogue became available in 1988.

According to Nicholas A. Basbanes, Leiden University Libraries represent "an essential benchmark [...] not only for the teeming collection of extraordinary materials it has scrupulously gathered and maintained over a sustained period of time, but most of all for being the world's first scholarly library in a truly modern sense. The litany of 'firsts' recorded at Leiden is dazzling – the first printed catalogue to be prepared by an institution of its holdings, the first attempt to identify and maintain what today are known as 'special collections,' the first systematic attempt to develop a corps of influential friends, patrons, and benefactors throughout the world, the first 'universal' library, the list goes on and on – and underpinning it all is a humanistic approach to education and discovery that has figured prominently throughout its history, along with an unbending belief in the limitless potential of human inquiry."

Leiden University Libraries today
Leiden University Libraries focuses on the complete information chain. The library facilitates not only access to (published) information but increasingly supports the evaluation, use, production and dissemination of scholarly information. To accomplish this the library's activities range from supporting education in information literacy to serving as an expert center for digital publishing. The library aims to function as the scholarly information manager of Leiden University. The strategic plan Partner in Kennis (Partner in Knowledge) focuses on the transformation of the library to an expert centre supporting research and education in digital spaces through Virtual Research Environments and Datalabs, the realization of library learning centres, the development of new expert areas such as data curation and text & data mining, and on digital information skills.

Leiden's Catalogue makes available a considerable array of digital scholarly information: more than 400 databases, >70,000 e-journals, >5,000 newspapers and newsmagazines, >1,000,000 e-books and reference works, many hundreds of millions of journal articles, its digital special collections and repository materials. These digital information resources are available worldwide to Leiden University students and staff.

The special collections and archives of Leiden University (see below) are increasingly made available through the library's Catalogue and Digital Collections environment.

The library supports researchers from Leiden University through its Centre for Digital Scholarship which focuses on open access, copyright, data management, text and data mining and virtual research environments.

The library makes all doctoral dissertations available online through the Catalogue and Leiden University Scholarly Publications that functions according to the open access principles. Furthermore, publications from Leiden researchers are increasingly made available through the same repository. Thanks to the use of international standards, among others the Open Archives Initiative, the repository is visited daily by general and specialized search engines that harvest and index this information.

In 2007, the library started with an ambitious program to renew and renovate its facilities: wireless access became available throughout the library in December 2007, in March 2008 the completely renovated Special Collections Reading Room Dousa was reopened, in June 2008 the fire protection systems installed in the closed stacks and the vaults of the library were taken into use, in December 2008 library patrons were able to make use of the new facilities created in the renovated Information Centre Huygens, and a new exhibition space was opened on 25 March 2010, in the direct vicinity of a completely renovated entrance. In 2012–2013 the study areas (the complete first floor and parts of the second floor) of the University Library were renovated and a media centre was opened.

Since 1 June 2009, the Leiden libraries form one organization: Leiden University Libraries (UBL). Leiden University Libraries has a number of locations: the University Library, the libraries of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Law, Mathematics and Natural Sciences and the East Asian Library. The collections of the former Archeology, Art History and Kern libraries are available at the University Library. On 3 September 2012, a Library Learning Centre was opened on the university's The Hague campus.

Leiden University Libraries took over in 2013 the colonial collections including the entire map collections (colonial and modern) of the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) and in 2014 the complete collection of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV). By bringing these collections together with those of the university libraries, the largest Indonesian and Caribbean collections worldwide were created. Furthermore, Leiden University Libraries took over the KITLV-Jakarta office where extensive paper and digital collections on modern Indonesia are collected and cataloged. To house its world-famous and vast Asian collections a number of new facilities have been created: an open stack area making 5 km of materials directly available and a new remote storage facility housing 38 km of library materials. On 14 September 2017, H.M. Queen Máxima opened The Asian Library, a new floor on top of the University Library.

In 2017, the Academic Historical Museum became part of UBL. The library of The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, specialised in the fields of Assyriology, Egyptology and Near Eastern Archaeology, became part of UBL in 2018. In 2021, the Walaeus Library of the Leiden University Medical Center joined UBL.

In 2024 a new Science Library was opened.

Leiden University Libraries works together with other organizations nationally and internationally on innovation projects in this area. The library e.g. participated in the DAREnet project and in projects financed by the European Union such as DRIVER-II,  OAPEN, PAGODE and ARMA.

Special Collections
Leiden University Libraries hold a large number of special collections of national and international importance. These include manuscripts, early printed books, maps, atlases, prints, drawings, and photographs. To make these collections visible for a broad audience, the library partnered in 2015 with , a richly illustrated magazine in Dutch for lovers of books with information about the early and modern book and graphic art.

Western Manuscripts
The collection Western Manuscripts contains all western manuscripts (including 2,500 medieval manuscripts and fragments and 25,000 modern manuscripts), 300,000 letters, archives and 3,000 annotated prints of the University Library, including the archives of the university.

Western Printed Works
The collection Western Printed Works contains materials printed before 1801 (including 700 incunabula) and rare and precious works from after 1801. In the course of four centuries the collection has been expanded through bequests, gifts and acquisitions of collections from scholars. Furthermore, the University Library obtained the deposit right for a copy of each book for which the States of Holland had given the privilege to print. The collection also includes more than 100,000 printed works from the library of the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde which has been deposited on permanent loan since 1876.

Bodel Nijenhuis Collection
The Bodel Nijenhuis Collection contains mainly old maps, atlases, topographical prints and drawings. Most of the collection was obtained as a bequest from J.T. Bodel Nijenhuis. The lawyer Johannes Tiberius Bodel Nijenhuis (1797–1872), director of the publishing house Luchtmans, for 25 years a member of the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, was a passionate collector of cartographical and topographical material.

The collection contains 60,000 maps (of which 3,000 drawings), 1,500 atlases, 24,000 topographical prints, 1,600 drawings and the archive of Youssouf Kamal's Monumenta Cartographica Africae et Aegypti.

Oriental Collections
From its very onset the study of the Orient was of vital importance to the new university. Theologians studied the Semitic languages to perceive the meaning of the Bible. Political and commercial interests prompted the new-born Dutch Republic to establish relations with its enemies' enemies, among whom the Ottoman Empire, then at the zenith of its power. In the course of its expansionist policy the Dutch Republic secured possession of the Indonesian archipelago and other territories in South East Asia. In Japan, Dutch merchants maintained a trading post to the exclusion of all other European powers.

In the course of four centuries countless manuscripts, printed books and photographs on the Orient and Oriental Studies have found their way to the library of Leiden University. Oriental Studies are still flourishing at Leiden University, and the Oriental Collections are still growing to serve the needs of the national and international scholarly community.

The Oriental Collections of Leiden University Libraries are known as the Legatum Warnerianum (Warner's Legacy), referring to Levinus Warner (1619–1665), envoy to the Sublime Porte at Constantinople, whose collection of 1,000 Middle Eastern manuscripts forms the core of the present-day Oriental Collections. In 1659 following the death of the Ottoman bibliophile-encyclopedist Kâtip Çelebi his library was sold. At the time it was the largest private library in Istanbul, and Warner acquired part of it for the University of Leiden.

The Oriental Collections nowadays contain 30,000 manuscripts and 200,000 printed books on subjects ranging from Archaeology to Zoroastrianism and in languages from Arabic to Zulu.

Bibliotheca Thysiana

The Bibliotheca Thysiana was erected in 1655 to house the book collection of the lawyer Joannes Thysius (1622–1653). Upon his early death, he left a legacy of 20,000 guilders for the building of a public library ("tot publycque dienst der studie") with a custodian's dwelling. Designed by the architect Arent van 's-Gravensande, the building follows the Dutch Classical style and is regarded as one of the jewels of Dutch 17th century architecture. It is distinguished by its balanced proportions and the purity of its Ionic order on top of a high basement.

The Bibliotheca Thysiana is the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building that was designed as a library. It is quite extraordinary that a complete private 17th century library has been preserved and thus offers a good impression of the book collection of a young, learned bibliophile from the period of late Humanism. The collection contains about 2,500 books and thousands of pamphlets in all scientific fields.

Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde
Otherwise known as the MNL, the "Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde" (Dutch Society of Letters) was founded in Leiden in 1766 to promote the study of Dutch historical linguistic subjects. This society joined the Leiden University Libraries in 1876, and since 1999 forms the basis of the DBNL – the digital online library of the Dutch Language, an initiative for an online open access archive of the greatest works in Dutch literary history. The society had regular meetings in Leiden on literary subjects, but also on scientific subjects. It became fashionable for the elite to become members, and many were also members of the Dutch Society of Science (Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen), a similar society for the study of scientific subjects founded in Haarlem in 1752. Both societies still hold contests and award prizes for achievement.

Print Room
Founded in 1822, the Print Room possesses art works from the sixteenth century until the present day. Whether you are interested in mythological scenes from the Italian Renaissance, daguerreotypes, the largest collection of portraits in the Netherlands, stereophotography or Dutch landscapes by Rembrandt and his pupils, the Print Room has them. The holdings presently amount to some 12,000 drawings, around 100,000 prints and some 80,000 photographs, with an emphasis on Dutch art. Amongst the drawings and prints you will find works by famous Dutch artists like Goltzius, Visscher, Rembrandt, Troost, Maris, Toorop, and Veldhoen, but prominent artists from other European Schools, like Hogarth, Callot, Canaletto, and Dürer are also present with specimens up to 1900. The photography collection spreads from its earliest history to the present day and boasts examples of virtually every Dutch photographer, from anonymous nineteenth-century pioneers through Piet Zwart and Paul Citroen to Ed van der Elsken and Johan van der Keuken, including a lot of attention to present day photographers such as Erwin Olaf and Hendrik Kerstens.

Colonial Collection (KIT)
The collection was started in 1864 with the opening of the Colonial Museum in Haarlem, but parts date back to the predecessor of the museum: the department of 'Trade and Colonies' founded in 1777 and part of the Hollandsche Maatschappij van Wetenschappen. In 1913 the collection was taken over by the Colonial Institute in Amsterdam founded in 1910. In 1950, after the Dutch decolonization, the mission of the Colonial Institute changed which was reflected in a name change to Royal Tropical Institute. But also the development of the collection changed quite drastically. In 2013 the library of the Royal Tropical Institute was closed and the part of the collection that dealt with the former Dutch colonies was housed at Leiden University Libraries.

Collection of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV)
The KITLV was founded in 1851 and created the foremost collections on Southeast Asia (especially on Indonesia) and the Caribbean (especially Suriname, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles). The collection contains about 1 million – mostly postcolonial – books and special collections, including 150.000 digitized historical photographs, maps, prints and unique archives.

On 1 July 2014, the management of the collection was transferred from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences to Leiden University Libraries.

De Liagre Böhl collection
3,000 cuneiform tablets of Sumerian and Babylonian/Assyrian origin, the largest collection of its kind in The Netherlands. The collection was brought together in the 1920s and ‘30s by F.M.Th. de Liagre Böhl, Professor of Assyriology at Leiden University and Co-Director of NINO 1939-1955. Diverse text genres are present in the tablet collection: literary texts, omens, incantations, archival texts etc. In addition to the tablets, the collection includes a smaller number of seals, bullae, terracottas and other objects. In 2024 the collection was moved from NINO to Leiden University Library.

Scaliger Institute

The Scaliger Institute, founded in 2000, aims to stimulate and facilitate the use of the special collections in both teaching and research. For this purpose, the institute offers favourable working conditions and expertise, organizes lectures, symposia, master classes, and special courses, and provides fellowships to junior and senior scholars from the Netherlands and elsewhere who wish to work in Leiden for a longer period. These include the Brill, Elsevier, Lingling Wiyadharma, Van de Sande, Juynboll en Ailion fellowships, which focus on different disciplines or regions.

The Scaliger Chair, affiliated with both the Institute at Leiden University Libraries and the university's Faculty of Humanities, is tasked with "promot[ing] teaching and research relating to the Special Collections held by the University library" through outreach activities directed towards academic and non-academic audiences.

Scaliger professors:
 * (2002–2006)
 * Harm Beukers (2007–2016)
 * Erik Kwakkel (2016–2018)
 * Rick Honings (2020–present)

Furthermore, an internationally prominent scholar is frequently appointed as 'Visiting Scaliger Professor' who delivers i.a. the Scaliger Lecture: Anthony Grafton (2009), François Déroche (2010), Peter Frankopan (2017), (2019).

The institute was named after Josephus Justus Scaliger (1540–1609), Leiden's most renowned scholar during the early years of its existence and a great benefactor of the University Library through the donation, at his death, of his exceptional collection of manuscripts and all his oriental books.

Specific information

 * Areas of concentration: archaeology, anthropology, art, astronomy, cartography, classics, education, history, law, literature, medicine, Orientalism, papyrology, philosophy, politics, publishing, religion, science.
 * Some individual collections: Emmy Andriesse, D. Bierens de Haan, Willem Bilderdijk, T. Bodel Nijenhuis, G.J.P.J Bolland, J. Golius, Robert van Gulik, A.P.H. Hotz, J. Huizinga, Constantijn and Christiaen Huygens, F. Kellendonk, Justus Lipsius, P. Marchand, E.M. Meijers, K.H. Miskotte, J. Oort, V. Perelešin, M. Rijke, J.J. Scaliger, C. Snouck Hourgronje, C.P. Tiele, H.N. van der Tuuk, I. Vossius, L. Warner, N. van Wijk, Jan Wolkers.
 * Some institutional collections: Bohn Publishers, Sijthoff Publishers, Bibliothèque Wallonne, NHK (Dutch Reformed Church), Seminarium Remonstrantum, photographs Indonesia, ISIM (Islam), Zaken Overzee (Netherlands Ministry of Overseas Affairs), Leiden Observatory.

Documents inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register
In the prestigious UNESCO Memory of the World Register documents are inscribed that affirm their world significance and outstanding universal value.
 * The Leiden La Galigo manuscript, written in Buginese (25 May 2011). From the NBG collection. NBG-Boeg 188
 * The Dutch translation of the autobiographical manuscript of the Javanese prince Diponegoro (1755 -1855), national hero and pan-Islamist (18 June 2013). From the KITLV collection. D H 589 a
 * The Panji manuscripts with ancient tales revolving around the mythical Javanese prince Panji (30 October 2017).
 * Voyage of circumnavigation by Ferdinand Magellan: Viagem de Fernao de Magalhaes, secundum narrationem cuiusdam socii et suppletus ex aliis fontibus, lusitanice (18 May 2023). VLF 41
 * Hikayat Aceh manuscripts (18 May 2023). Or. 1954 and Or. 1983

Treasures in the Leiden collections

 * 'Leyden Manuscript'. Fragment (Latin, Breton/Cornish): Medical recipes, MS VLF 96 A, late 8th century/9th century.
 * 'Leiden Glossary'. MS VLQ 69, 800.
 * ‘Leiden Aratea’. Aratus, Phaenomena interprete Claudio Germanico Caesare, MS VLQ 79, 813-840.
 * Lucretius, De rerum natura, MS VLF 30, 825.
 * Lucretius, De rerum natura, MS VLQ 94, first half 9th century.
 * 'Anonymus Leidensis', De situ orbis, MS VLF 113 p.II, 850-875.
 * Composite manuscript, two parts (Latin): 1. (ff. 1r-65v) Old Testament: 1 Maccabees, and other text(s). - 2. (ff. 150-211) Index and vocabulary on Vegetius' Epitoma rei militaris, and other text(s), MS PER F 17, 10th century.
 * Ibn Hazm, Ṭawq al-ḥamāma fī 'al-ulfa wa-al-ullīf, MS Or. 927, 1002.
 * Liber manualis or notebooks of Ademar of Chabannes, MS VLO 15, 1023-1025.
 * ‘Leiden Dioscorides’. Dioscorides, Kitāb al-Ḥašāʾiš fī hāyūlā al-ʿilāg ̌al-ṭibbī, MS Or. 289, 1083.
 * 'Leiden Willeram, MS BPL 130, 1090-1110?.
 * 'Saint Louis Psalter', MS BPL 76 A, 1190.
 * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhahammad al-Farisi al-Istakhri, مختصر كتاب المسالك والممالك لابي اسحاق ابراهيم بن محمد الاصطخري / World map in a summary of Kitab al-masalik wa’l mamalik, MS Or. 3101, 1193.
 * Rashi, Peirush, MS Or. 4718, 13th century.
 * ‘Leiden Jerusalem Talmud’, MS Or. 4720, 1289.
 * Vincent of Beauvais, Miroir historial, MS VGG F 3 A, 1332-1335.
 * Penninc en Pieter Vostaert, Roman van Walewein, MS LTK 195, 1350.
 * Heinric van Aken, Roman van Heinric ende Margriete van Limborch, MS LTK 195, 1350.
 * Jacob van Maerlant Der naturen bloeme, MS BPL 14 A, 1366?.
 * Wirnt von Gravenberg, Wigalois, MS LTK 537, 1372.
 * Shahnama, MS Or. 494, 1437.
 * Jan Gossaert, The Spinario, PK-T-AW-1041, 15??-1532.
 * Pseudo-Albertus Magnus, Alchemical miscellany (German, Latin): De lapidibus and other text(s), MS VCF 29, 1522-1566.
 * Melchior Lorck, Prospect of Constantinople, BPL 1758, 1559.
 * Zakariya al-Qazwini, Aja'ib al-Makhluqat, MS Or. 8907, 1602.
 * Rembrandt, Adam and Eve (Study for Bartsch 28), PK-T-AW-1097, 1638.
 * Willem Piso, Georg Marcgraf and Johannes de Laet, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, 1407 B 3, 1648.
 * Christiaan Huygens, Scientific archive ‘Codices Hugeniani’, 17th century.
 * Georg Eberhard Rumphius, Amboinsch Kruidboek, MS BPL 314, 1692-1701.
 * Raden Adjeng Kartini, Kartini Letters, 1900-1926.
 * Paul Citroen, Metropolis, PK-F-57.337, 1923.
 * Emmy Andriesse, Photographs, 1930-1953.
 * Jan Wolkers, Archive, 1930-2007.
 * Frans Kellendonk, Archive, 1971-1991.
 * Hendrik Kerstens, Paula photograph series, 1992-.
 * Erwin Olaf, Liberty: Plague and Hunger during the Siege of Leiden, PK-F-2011-0036, 2011.

Librarians of Leiden University
Since the founding of the university in 1575 there have been 25 Librarians of Leiden University:

Present locations

 * University Library, Witte Singel 27, Leiden (Architect: Bart van Kasteel)
 * Asian Library, Witte Singel 27, Leiden (Architect: Katja Hogenboom studio with FELSCH architecten)
 * African Library, Witte Singel 27A, Leiden (African Studies Centre, Leiden)
 * Law Library, Steenschuur 25, Leiden
 * Social and Behavioral Sciences Library, Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden
 * Science Library, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden
 * Walaeus Library (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, Leiden
 * NINO Library, Witte Singel 25, Leiden
 * Academic Historical Museum, Rapenburg 73, Leiden
 * Wijnhaven Library, Campus The Hague, Turfmarkt 99, The Hague
 * KITLV-Jakarta, Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav S-3, Jakarta, Indonesia

Former locations
1587–1595:, Rapenburg 73, Leiden.

1595–1983: Faliede Bagijnkerk, Old University Library, now: University Board, Rapenburg 70, Leiden.

Leiden University Libraries in fiction

 * Dutch author Frans Kellendonk (1951–1990) located his novel Letter en Geest. Een spookverhaal. (1982) in Leiden University Libraries.  The main character in the novel Frits Mandaat replaces a sick colleague in the library.  Kellendonk worked briefly in 1979 as a subject specialist for English literature at Leiden University Libraries.

Membership
Leiden University Libraries participates as a member in:
 * NVB, the Dutch Association of Information Professionals
 * UKB, the Dutch consortium of university libraries and the National Library
 * SAE, Academic Heritage Foundation
 * FOBID, the Netherlands Library Forum
 * Centre for the Study of the Book, Bodleian Library
 * LIBER, Association of European Research Libraries
 * IFLA, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
 * OAPEN, Open Access Publishing in European Networks (Founding member)
 * IIIF, International Image Interoperability Framework (Founding member)

Programmes
Leiden University Libraries creates programmes about different topics highlighting its rich collections. These programmes are mostly in Dutch.

 * UBL Boekensalon. Interview programme with authors discussing their books including specialists from the Library showing relevant items from the collections. Featured authors: Nadine Akkerman, Jacqueline Bel, Abdelkader Benali, Ingrid Biesheuvel, Frans Blom, Onno Blom, Martin Bossenbroek, Dirk van Delft, Wim van den Doel, Karwan Fatah-Black, Louise Fresco, Arnon Grunberg, Carl Haarnack, Rick Honings, Wilt Idema, Anne Sytske Keijser, Mark Leenhouts, Olga van Marion, Silvia Marijnissen, Djoeke van Netten, Gert Oostindie, Frits van Oostrom, Willem Otterspeer, Norbert Peeters, Alicia Schrikker, René van Stipriaan, Coen van ‘t Veer, Karina Wolkers, Kees Zandvliet.
 * Van kluis naar kussen. Conversations with researchers, students, experts and curators about specific Leiden collections: Dutch Caribbean and Suriname literature, women artists, anatomical drawings, song collection, Bibliotheca Thysiana, photography, prints and drawings, portraits, Medieval manuscripts, maps and atlases, letters, Charles Baudelaire, Chinese collections, collection of the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, conservation and restoration.
 * UBL Podcast. Conversations with researchers about specific topics illustrated by items from the Leiden special collections, incl. slavery, freedom of religion, decolonisation, Hugo Grotius, student revolt, Christiaan Huygens, prosecution homosexual Leiden student, Caspar Reuvens, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Sranan Tongo, piracy in the Caribbean, Indentured servitude, Kakera Akotie, The Book of Kings, etc.

Exhibitions
Leiden University Libraries regularly organizes extensive exhibitions in collaboration with museums. In the past period the following exhibitions have been realized:

 * Hello darkness, my old friend. Kunsthal, Rotterdam, 15 June - 22 September 2024.
 * Between the Lines. Prints from Leiden University in Museum Bredius. Museum Bredius, The Hague, 25 April - 30 June 2024.
 * Strijden ga ik – Anton de Kom en de Surinaamse Studenten Unie. Museum De Lakenhal, Leiden, 10 November 2023 - 7 July 2024.
 * Steef Zoetmulder. Kunsthal, Rotterdam, 2 September 2023 - 7 January 2024.
 * Hendrik & Paula Kerstens: Self-Reflective. Museum Hilversum, Hilversum, 9 April 2023 - 25 June 2023.
 * Kaarten: navigeren en manipuleren. National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden, 21 October 2022 – 29 October 2023.
 * Books that made History. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, 22 June 2022 – 4 September 2022.
 * Alexine Tinne, photographer – her world view. Haags Historisch Museum, The Hague, 26 January 2022 – 12 Juni 2022.
 * Photography Becomes Art. Photo-Secession in Holland 1890–1937. The Hague Museum of Photography, The Hague, 7 September 2019 – 8 December 2019.
 * Leiden Celebrates! Highlights of an Academic Collection. Rembrandt House Museum, Amsterdam, 17 October 2014 – 26 January 2015.
 * Straatwerken (drawings by 17th century artist Leonaert Bramer). Westfries Museum, Hoorn, 14 December 2013 – 3 March 2014.
 * World Treasures! From Cicero to Erwin Olaf. Discover the Special Collections of Leiden University. Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal, Leiden, 9 March 2013 – 30 June 2013.
 * Turcksche boucken (Turkish books) from Levinus Warner. A seventeenth century diplomat and book collector in Istanbul. Museum Meermanno, House of the Book, The Hague, 15 December 2012 – 3 March 2013.
 * Sweet&Salt. Water and the Dutch. Kunsthal, Rotterdam, 14 February 2012 – 10 June 2012.
 * Erwin Olaf: Relief of Leiden. Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal and Leiden University Libraries, Leiden, 29 September 2011 – 8 January 2012.
 * In Atmospheric Light. – Picturalism in Dutch Photography 1890–1925. Rembrandt House Museum, Amsterdam, 1 April 2010 – 20 June 2010.
 * Photography! A special collection at Leiden University. The Hague Museum of Photography, The Hague, 23 January 2010 – 18 April 2010.
 * On route to the Golden Age – Hendrick Goltzius & Jacob de Gheyn II., Venlo, 28 November 2009 – 28 February 2010.
 * City of Books. Seven Centuries of Reading in Leiden. Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal, Leiden, 22 February 2008 – 1 June 2008.
 * Goed gezien. Tien eeuwen wetenschap in handschrift en druk. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden. 30 October 1987 – 17 January 1988.

Furthermore, Leiden University Libraries often serves as lender to exhibitions by major museums in The Netherlands and abroad.

General (selection)

 * Christiane Berkvens-Stevelinck: Magna commoditas – Leiden University's great asset. 425 years library collections and services. Amsterdam, Leiden University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-90-8728-165-6 [Enlarged and updated edition] Digital version
 * Elfriede Hulshoff Pol: 'The first century of the Leiden University Library'. In: Leiden University in the seventeenth century. An exchange of learning. Leiden, Universitaire Pers Leiden, 1975. ISBN 90-04-04267-9
 * Quaestiones leidenses. Twelve studies on Leiden University Library and its holdings published on the occasion of the quarter-centenary of the university'. Ed. by Christiane Berkvens-Stevelinck ... et al. Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, 1975 ISBN 90-221-9996-7

Collections (selection)

 * Tot Publijcque Dienst der Studie. Boeken uit de Bibliotheca Thysiana. Redactie: Wim van Anrooij & Paul Hoftijzer. Hilversum: Verloren, 2023. ISBN 9789464550030
 * Self-Reflective. Hendrik & Paula Kerstens. Maartje van den Heuvel (ed.). Zwolle: W Books, 2023. ISBN 9789462585577
 * Maps That Made History. 1000 Years of World History in 100 Old Maps. Martijn Storms (ed.). Tielt: Lannoo, 2022. ISBN 978-94-014-8530-2
 * Kaarten die geschiedenis schreven. 1000 jaar wereldgeschiedenis in 100 oude kaarten. Martijn Storms (ed.). Tielt: Lannoo, 2022. ISBN 978-94-014-8529-6
 * Books That Made History. 25 Books from Leiden That Changed the World. Edited by: Kasper van Ommen and Garrelt Verhoeven. Leiden: Brill, 2022. ISBN 978-90-04-52342-5
 * Boeken die geschiedenis schreven. Redactie: Kasper van Ommen & Garrelt Verhoeven. Amsterdam: Athenaeum, 2022. ISBN 978-90-253-1479-8
 * Kester Freriks & Martijn Storms. Grensverkenningen. Langs oude grenzen in Nederland. Amsterdam: Athenaeum, 2022. ISBN 978-90-253-1463-7
 * Fotografie wordt Kunst. Photo-Secession in Holland 1890–1937. Photography Becomes Art. Photo-Secession in Holland 1890–1937. Concept, image editing and text: Maartje van den Heuvel. Zwolle: WBOOKS in collaboration with Leiden University Libraries, 2019. ISBN 978-94-6258-358-0
 * Voyage of Discovery. Exploring the Collections of the Asian Library at Leiden University. Edited by: Alexander Reeuwijk. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-90-8728-274-5 Digital version
 * Luitgard Mols & Arnoud Vrolijk. Western Arabia in the Leiden Collections. Traces of a Colourful Past. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-90-8728-259-2 Digital version
 * For Study and Delight. Drawings and Prints from Leiden University. Edited by: Jef Schaeps, Elmer Kolfin, Edward Grasman, Nelke Bartelings. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-90-8728-241-7
 * Leiden viert feest. Hoogtepunten uit een academische collectie. Onder redactie van Jef Schaeps en Jaap van der Ven. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-90-8728-220-2
 * Arnoud Vrolijk, Jan Schmidt & Karin Scheper. Turcksche boucken. De oosterse verzameling van Levinus Warner, Nederlands diplomaat in zeventiende-eeuws Istanbul. The Oriental collection of Levinus Warner, Dutch diplomat in seventeenth-century Istanbul. Eindhoven: Lecturis, 2012. ISBN 978-90-70108-93-9
 * Corien J.M. Vuurman. Nineteenth-century Persia in the Photographs of Albert Hotz. Images from the Hotz Photograph Collection of Leiden University Library, the Netherlands. Rotterdam en Gronsveld: Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn & Co's Uitgeversmaatschappij, 2011. ISBN 978-90-5613-000-8
 * Maartje van den Heuvel, Janrense Boonstra & Jan van Dijk. In atmospherisch licht. Picturalisme in de Nederlandse fotografie 1890–1925. In Atmospheric Light. Picturalism in Dutch Photography 1890–1925. Zwolle: Waanders, 2010. ISBN 978-90-400-7686-2
 * Maartje van den Heuvel & Wim van Sinderen. Photography! A Special Collection at Leiden University. Leiden: Leiden University & the Hague Museum of Photography, 2010. ISBN 978-90-89101-91-4
 * Fotovoorkeuren. 50 auteurs kiezen een foto uit de collectie van het Leids Prentenkabinet. Onder redactie van Joke Pronk & Tineke de Ruiter. Amsterdam: Voetnoot, 2007. ISBN 978-90-78068-15-0
 * Bronnen van kennis. Wetenschap, kunst en cultuur in de collecties van de Leidse Universiteitsbibliotheek. Onder redactie van Paul Hoftijzer, Kasper van Ommen, Geert Warnar & Jan Just Witkam. Leiden: Primavera Pers, 2006. ISBN 978-90-5997-028-1
 * Oostersche weelde. De Oriënt in westerse kunst en cultuur. Met een keuze uit de verzameling van de Leidse Universiteitsbibliotheek. Onder redactie van Jef Schaeps, Kasper van Ommen & Arnoud Vrolijk. Leiden: Primavera Pers, 2005. ISBN 978-90-5997-023-6
 * Hora est! On dissertations. Leiden, 2005. Digital version
 * Jan Oort, astronomer, with contrib. by Jet Katgert-Merkelijn & . Leiden, 2000. Digital version
 * Goed gezien. Tien eeuwen wetenschap in handschrift en druk. Eindredactie R. Breugelmans. Leiden 1987. ISBN 90-6385-141-3
 * R. Breugelmans: Leiden imprints 1483–1600 in Leiden University Library and Bibliotheca Thysiana. A short-title catalogue. Nieuwkoop, De Graaf, 1974. ISBN 90-6004-341-3

title: Leiden University Library


text:
Sonoma Botanical Garden

Sonoma Botanical Garden (formerly Quarryhill Botanical Garden) is a 501(c)3 private nonprofit education and research botanical garden, home to one of the largest collections of scientifically documented, wild-source Asian plants in North America and Europe.

The Asian garden is primarily species from temperate China, Japan and the Himalayas, with more than 90 percent of its species grown from wild-collected, scientifically documented seed. The collection includes rare varieties such as Acer pentaphyllum, Cornus capitata, Holboellia coriacea, Illicium simonsii, and ''Rosa chinensis var. spontanea'', all native to Sichuan. It also has many Asian dogwoods, lilies, magnolias, maples, oaks, roses, and rhododendrons.

History
The Sonoma Botanical Garden property was originally a sandstone quarry that previously produced road foundation stone. The quarry became inactive circa 1902.

In 1964, the Nuns Canyon Fire burned more than 10,000 acres in the Mayacamas Mountains above Glen Ellen, CA.

In 1968, San Francisco resident Jane Davenport Jansen purchased forty-plus acres northeast of Glen Ellen, CA for a summer home. In 1970 she planted cabernet vineyards on the valley floor of the property.

In 1982, Jane began to consider the uncultivated parts of the property inspired by a partnership with Roger Warner. After a flood around Jane's house in 1982, Jane was introduced to Roger who redesigned the landscape reminiscent of an English garden with a selection of California native plants and rarities from China. In 1985, a landscape partnership between Jane and Roger was formed and plans for a 25-acre hillside botanical garden began.

In 1987, Jane sponsored the first collecting expedition to Asia. In that year, the relationship between her and Roger Warner suddenly dissolved and Lord Howick of the Howick Arboretum helped Jane refocus her vision for the garden. They planned for a conservation of rare and endangered Asian species.

In 1988, cooperative expeditions with the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew Gardens, and the Howick Arboretum began. The property was named Quarryhill Botanical Garden and a small nursery was established to cultivate the wild-collected seeds. Planting began in 1990. Preserving these threatened species and celebrating biodiversity was the foundation for the garden's mission.

Jansen appointed William A. McNamara Director in 1994 and he became executive director in 2007. In 1998, an additional 22-acres, Three Springs Ranch, was purchased.

In 2000, Jane died suddenly at the age of 60. In 2002, the garden opened to the general public (previously open only to private tours).

In 2003, the garden developed a multi-institutional online database (DAPC) to share information about the rare and endangered Asian plants both at the garden and in the larger botanical community.

In 2017, the Nuns fire burned three sides of adjacent property to the garden. Aside from a few scorched fenceposts and lost vines, the garden was unscathed.

In 2021, Quarryhill Botanical Garden became Sonoma Botanical Garden and expanded its mission to include California native plants.

Seed-collecting expeditions

From its founding in 1987 through 2017, staff of the garden went on annual expeditions to collect seeds and herbarium specimens from the following Asian regions: Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan; India - Himachal Pradesh; Japan - Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyūshū, Shikoku, Yakushima; and Nepal. A few other expeditions collected in North America. The garden has also received wild-collected seed courtesy of Index Seminum publications from Japan, Taiwan and South Korea, as well as Asian seed and plants from North American gardens.

The garden's collection of includes approximately 25,000 wild origin plants, representing over 2,000 individual species. Most of these planting took place annually beginning in 1990. Some of the garden's plants are available for sale in the garden's Gift Shop.

title: Sonoma Botanical Garden


text:
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE; የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝባዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ) was a socialist state that existed in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea from 1987 to 1991.

The PDRE was established in February 1987 as a Marxist-Leninist one-party state upon the adoption of the 1987 Constitution, three weeks after approval in the national referendum. The Derg, the military junta that had ruled Ethiopia as a provisional government since 1974, planned for transition to civilian rule and proclaimed a socialist republic in 1984 after five years of preparation. The Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) was founded that same year as a vanguard party led by Derg chairman Mengistu Haile Mariam. The Derg was dissolved with the proclamation of the PDRE, but continued to rule de facto until September when the new government took office, three months after the June general election. It was dominated by surviving Derg members, with Mengistu as both President of Ethiopia and General Secretary of the WPE.

The PDRE's government was highly centralized with a de facto power structure similar to other communist states. The legislature, the National Shengo, was nominally the highest organ of state power. A president served as head of state and head of government, with sweeping executive and legislative powers. The president served as chairman of the Council of State, which acted for the Shengo between sessions. In practice, the principles of democratic centralism meant that the Shengo did little more than rubber-stamp decisions already made by the WPE and its Politburo. As both president and party leader, Mengistu was a virtual dictator. He and the surviving members of the Derg dominated the WPE's Politburo. The constitution guaranteed all manner of personal freedoms, but the government paid almost no attention to them in practice, since the constitution gave citizens no recourse against abuse.

The PDRE inherited issues that ravaged Ethiopia during the Derg era including the 1983–1985 famine, reliance on foreign aid, and the decline of the world communist movement. The Soviet Union ended support of the PDRE in 1990, and internal conflict brought on by the Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence saw the WPE's authority increasingly challenged by ethnic militias and anti-government groups. In May 1991, Mengistu fled into exile. The regime only lasted another week before the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front entered Addis Ababa, dissolving the PDRE and replacing it with the Transitional Government of Ethiopia.

Advances
Following the demise of imperial rule, the feudal socioeconomic structure was dismantled through a series of reforms which also affected educational development. By early 1975, the government had closed Haile Selassie I University and all senior secondary schools, then deployed the approximately 60,000 students and teachers to rural areas to promote the government's "Development Through Cooperation Campaign". The campaign's purposes were to promote land reform and improve agricultural production, health, and local administration and to teach peasants about the new political and social order.

Primary school enrollment increased from about 957,300 in 1974/75 to nearly 2,450,000 in 1985/86. There were still variations among regions in the number of students enrolled and a disparity in the enrollment of boys and girls. Nevertheless, while the enrollment of boys more than doubled, that of girls more than tripled. However, with most of the rebel controlled northern Ethiopia regions as well as parts of Somali and Oromo regions out of the government's control, most of its claims were not perceived to be comprehensive.

The number of senior secondary schools almost doubled as well, with fourfold increases in Arsi, Bale, Gojjam, Gondar, and Wollo. The pre-revolutionary distribution of schools had shown a concentration in the urban areas of a few administrative regions. In 1974/75 about 55 percent of senior secondary schools were in Eritrea and Shewa, including Addis Ababa. In 1985/86 the figure was down to 40 percent. Although there were significantly fewer girls enrolled at the secondary level, the proportion of females in the school system at all levels and in all regions increased from about 32 percent in 1974/75 to 39 percent in 1985/86.

Among the PDRE's successes was the national literacy campaign. The literacy rate, under 10 percent during the imperial regime, increased to about 63 percent by 1984. In 1990/91 an adult literacy rate of just over 60 percent was still being reported in government as well as in some international reports. As with the 1984 data, it several wise to exercise caution with regard to the latest figure. Officials originally conducted the literacy training in five languages: Amharic, Oromo, Tigrinya, Wolaytta, and Somali. The number of languages was later expanded to fifteen, which represented about 93 percent of the population.

A number of countries were generous in helping the PDRE meet its health care needs. Cuba, the Soviet Union, and a number of East European countries provided medical assistance. In early 1980, nearly 300 Cuban medical technicians, including more than 100 physicians, supported local efforts to resolve public health problems. Western aid for long-term development of Ethiopia's health sector was modest, averaging about US$10 million annually, the lowest per capita assistance in sub-Saharan Africa. The main Western donors included Italy and Sweden. The UN system led by UNDP and including such agencies as FAO, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UNFPA and WHO, continued to extend assistance as they had to the Emperor's regime. In the early 1980s, at least one UNDP representative, a former minister in a Caribbean country, had the credibility to get access to Mengistu, and may have moderated his excesses in some instances. The World Bank also continued to provide assistance during his rule doubtless recognising the surprisingly conservative and prudent fiscal discipline the regime tried to follow.

Failures and collapse
Ethiopia had never recovered from the previous great famine of the early 1970s, which was the result of a drought that affected most of the countries of the African Sahel. The famine was also caused by an imbalance of population which was concentrated in the highland areas, which were free of malaria and trypanosomiasis. Both the Emperor's and Mengistu's regimes had tried to resettle people in the lowlands, but the Mengistu regime came in for heavy international criticism on the grounds that the resettlements were forced.

There has been an approximately decade long cycle of recurrent droughts in this part of east Africa since earlier in the 20th century and by the late 1970s signs of intensifying drought began to appear. By the early 1980s, large numbers of people in central Eritrea, Tigray, Welo, and parts of Begemder and Shewa were beginning to feel the effects of renewed famine.

A drought that began in 1969 continued as dry weather brought disaster to the Sahel and swept eastward through the Horn of Africa. By 1973 the attendant famine had threatened the lives of hundreds of thousands of Ethiopian nomads, who had to leave their home grounds and struggle into Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, and Sudan, seeking relief from starvation. By the end of 1973, famine had claimed the lives of about 300,000 peasants of Tigray and Welo, and thousands more had sought relief in Ethiopian towns and villages.

The PDRE's limited ability to lead development and to respond to crises was dramatically demonstrated by the government's reliance on foreign famine relief between 1984 and 1989. By 1983 armed conflict between the government and opposition movements in the north had combined with drought to contribute to mass starvation in Eritrea, Tigray, and Welo. Meanwhile, drought alone was having a devastating impact on an additional nine regions. This natural disaster far exceeded the drought of 1973–74, which had contributed to the downfall of Emperor Haile Selassie. By early 1985, some 7.7 million people were suffering from drought and food shortages. Of that number, 2.5 million were at immediate risk of starving. As it had in the past, in the mid-1980s the international community responded generously to Ethiopia's tragedy once the dimensions of the crisis became understood, although the FAO had been warning of food security problems for several years before the famine hit. Bilateral, multilateral, and private donations of food and other relief supplies poured into the country by late 1984. In 1987 another drought threatened 5 million people in Eritrea and Tigray. This time, however, the international community was better prepared to get food to the affected areas in time to prevent starvation and massive population movements. According to library of Congress studies, "many supporters of the Ethiopian regime opposed its policy of withholding food shipments to rebel areas. The combined effects of famine and internal war had by then put the nation's economy into a state of collapse." Also according to Human Rights Watch's reports and research, the counter-insurgency strategy of the PDRE caused the famine to strike one year earlier than would otherwise have been the case, and forced people to migrate to relief shelters and refugee camps. The economic war against the peasants caused the famine to spread to other areas of the country. If the famine had struck only in 1984/5, and only affected the "core" areas of Tigray and North Wollo  (3.1 million affected people), and caused only one quarter of the number to migrate to camps, the death toll would have been 175,000 (on the optimistic assumptions) and 273,000 (on the pessimistic assumptions). Thus between 225,000 and 317,000 deaths—rather more than half of those caused by the famine—can be blamed on the government's human rights violations.

He was succeeded on an interim basis by Vice President Tesfaye Gebre Kidan. However, with the rebels closing in on Addis Ababa from all sides, the PDRE only survived another week. In late May, while peace talks were underway, Tesfaye notified American officials that he had lost the ability to maintain order, and could no longer command what remained of the army. Washington then cleared the way for the rebels to take over the capital on May 28.

Security

 * Ethiopian Revolutionary Armed Forces - Military
 * Ethiopian Army
 * Ethiopian Air Force
 * Ethiopian Navy
 * People's Militia
 * People's Protection Brigades - Law enforcement
 * Central Revolutionary Investigation Department - Secret police

Presidents

 * Mengistu Haile Mariam (September 10, 1987 – May 21, 1991)
 * Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (acting; May 21, 1991 – May 28, 1991)

Prime Ministers

 * Fikre Selassie Wogderess (September 10, 1987 – November 8, 1989)
 * Hailu Yimenu (acting; November 8, 1989 – April 26, 1991)
 * Tesfaye Dinka (acting; April 26, 1991 – June 6, 1991)


text: Category:Pharmaceutical companies of Canada


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Smoddy

Smoddy
final (36/0/0) ending 18:16 24 April 2005 (UTC)

I have now been a user of Wikipedia for over six months, and have just totalled 2000 edits to all namespaces. Before I go any further with this self-nomination, I had better recognise my fairly (and that is fairly) sparse level of actually writing articles. I don't really find that stuff fun. What I do find fun is the janatorial stuff (i.e. WP:CSD, WP:VFD, WP:TFD, WP:RFPP, and RC patrol) that other users find less enjoyable. For example, I have no aversion to going through the What links here of a disambig page and correcting them all. And, to avoid the questions, I know that's not stuff I'd need adminship for, but it's similar. I think I am calm and fairly (!) rational, and could handle the proverbial mop and bucket. I would also note that I am very keen to look at the village pump and the help desk and respond to requests there. Smoddy (tgeck) 18:16, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

To follow Peter Ellis's example, I shall respond to Blankfaze's standards for adminship.

Number of edits: over 2000

Time on project: over 6 months

POV editing: that I am aware, none

Dispute issues: Bar a small semantic brush at Maori language and the below-mentioned issue with Irate, none.

Support
 * 1) violet/riga (t) 19:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Good 'janitor'. Phils 19:34, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) — Matt Crypto  22:28, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) My direct experience is positive. I didn't find anything in history to reject. Thanks for dealing with vandals. Pavel Vozenilek 23:34, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Almost anyone who is a janitor gets my vote. Howabout1 00:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Good janitor, interacts well, extra points for the selfnom.--Bishonen | talk 01:09, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Mais certainement.  Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 01:21, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Looks good.-gadfium 03:19, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Seen positive good work. Zzyzx11 | Talk 04:26, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. jni 05:26, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support Seen this user on cricket-related articles Squash 08:20, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) PedanticallySpeaking 16:24, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) But of course. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  16:50, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) A good chap, he is obviously passionate about what he doesThe.griffter 17:57, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) *I should mention that I know this user personally. I did not ask him to make this vote. Smoddy (tgeck) 17:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Support – From what I've seen, he's very active in the delete listed pages and the cricket projects. Will make a fine wiki "janitor". However I find it hard to believe that a 16 year old is a qualified cricket umpire and scorer. :)  == 18:54, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) *Qualified scorer, yes. I was stretching the truth with umpire – I have an exam in two weeks.  I didn't see the need to go into that level of detail, and it was essentially correct.  I'm sorry if I misled anyone... Smoddy (tgeck) 19:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) **I was pulling your leg. I didn't intend on making it an issue. :) == 06:13, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) ***Consider my leg well, truly and decisively pulled. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:28, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support - Taxman 19:19, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 19:57, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Support. SlimVirgin (talk) 21:10, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Support. He dealt with User:Irate in an exemplary manner, and is also a good janitor, how can I not support? Rje 00:46, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Support. JuntungWu 14:00, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) SUPPORT. I'm new here, and Smoddy helped me find my feet; I've also had a little chat with him and I have concluded that he is a very responsible Wikipedian. Admin material. Good record. Etc, etc. I've checked his history and dealings with the user Irate. Pretty laudable for a 16-yr.-old. A very good friend to have and a very reliable ally. Very passionate about Wpdia. Responsible chap, etc. etc. JMBell° 16:29, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) Support. Reasonable person and good janitor. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 17:36, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) Support. I thought he was an Admin Trampled talk 14:33, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 28) Support - I just now read his Featured Article, nice work, I can say, as I have been a student of international law 'one generation' before. And, Smoody is only 16, that is today's news for me. All the best to Smoddy: me, the oldest of the lot voting for the youngest amongst most of us.--Bhadani 20:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 29) Support - someone who goes through the "What links here" of a disambig page and corrects them all is a dedicated janitor. -- M P er el ( talk 04:31, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 30) Support - Strict and stern, but controlled and fair too (in his dispute with User:Irate). Just like an admin should be. Sjakkalle 14:47, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 31) *Oh dear. Stern?  Looks like I'm  taking this Wikipedia lark a bit too seriously  Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 17:55, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC).
 * 32) **That you will act responsibly as an admin is the point I am trying to get across. :-) Sjakkalle 06:23, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 33) *** : ) Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 11:00, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 34)   BanyanTree 19:31, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 35) Support. RickK 22:15, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 36) Jiang 06:50, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 37) Support. Looking good! :) - Mailer Diablo 10:26, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 38) I didn't vote here yet? Wow. Strongly support. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  22:15, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 39) utcursch | talk 12:45, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * 40) Support--Bjarki 00:49, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 41) Of course. ugen 64 06:37, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 42) Does not meet my admin criterion, (though, of course, if Mark Butcher and Alan Knott were truly comprehensive, they'd be up to FA status too! :) jguk 07:25, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 43) *I said fairly ;) Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 11:00, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 44) Support. Noisy | Talk 07:51, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

Neutral

Comments
 * Having seen his dealings with Irate, and then looking into other contributions, I think Smoddy would make an excellent admin. violet/riga (t) 19:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Smoddy currently has 2006 edits: 1008/53 to articles/talk, 475/32 to Wikipedia/talk, 106/253 to User/talk, 50 to Image, 20/6 to Template/talk, 2 to Help, and 1 to MediaWiki talk. —Korath (Talk) 19:57, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would say now that most of my edits to User pages are to people's archived talk pages or to my stylesheet, most of the Wikipedia pages are VfD subpages and most of the Image pages are reverts of vandalism. Smoddy (tgectek) 22:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. As I say above, I can see me dealing with deletions, CSD, VfD and otherwise, as well as page protection when needed. I would be prepared to block problem users, but would probably get used to the responsibility before doing this – I don't like creating enemies.  The quick revert tool would also be very useful.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Well, I have nudged two articles towards FA status. I made a significant part of the successes and failures sections at League of Nations, and recently nominated and guided Swastika to featured status.  Of articles I essentially took from scratch, I feel Mark Butcher and Alan Knott are both fairly comprehensive on their subjects.  I do, however, prefer to take an overall picture.  I feel that the janatorial work I have done has improved Wikipedia significantly, and it is with that that I am most pleased.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I did get into a certain degree of conflict with Irate over a string of personal attacks (I got into his bad books for defending a new user he unjustly attacked).  I filed the RFC against him and instigated the RFAr which is going to see him blocked (if it hasn't already).  I feel pleased with the way I handled the matter, although I am disappointed that Irate could never feel that he could reform, as I dislike seeing users booted off Wikipedia.  I tend to save stress for real life – there's little point in get in really het up about a hobby!

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Smoddy


text:
Strip farming

Strip cropping is a method of farming which involves cultivating a field partitioned into long, narrow strips which are alternated in a crop rotation system. It is used when a slope is too steep or when there is no alternative method of preventing soil erosion. The most common crop choices for strip cropping are closely sown crops such as hay, wheat, or other forages which are alternated with strips of row crops, such as corn, soybeans, cotton, or sugar beets. The forages serve primarily as cover crops. In certain systems, strips in particularly eroded areas are used to grow permanent protective vegetation; in most systems, however, all strips are alternated on an annual basis.

Dimensions
Widths of strips are determined by a number of factors, with the two most important being the average wind velocity in a specific site and the features of the slope, particularly the gradient. Each strip typically ranges from 25 feet (7.6 m) to 75 feet (23 m) in width, but certain conditions may necessitate widths outside of this range. A minimum width of 50 feet (15 m) is ideal for the use of most farm equipment.

Use in conservation
The growing of a cultivated crop (as corn) in strips alternating with strips of a sod-forming crop (as hay) arranged to follow an approximate contour of the land and minimize erosion. Saffron can also be planted with strip farming.

Strip cropping helps to stop soil erosion by creating natural dams for water, helping to preserve the strength of the soil. Certain layers of plants will absorb minerals and water from the soil more effectively than others. When water reaches the weaker soil that lacks the minerals needed to make it stronger, it normally washes it away. When strips of soil are strong enough to slow down water from moving through them, the weaker soil can't wash away like it normally would. Because of this, farmland stays fertile much longer.

The term strip cropping also refers to a method of dry farming sometimes used in areas including parts of the Great Plains of the United States and the Prairies of Canada. To accumulate moisture in these dry areas, cropland is periodically left fallow. Typically, the fallow and planted areas are organized in parallel long, narrow strips that are oriented normal to the prevailing winds, in order to minimize the erosion of soil from the bare fields.

Strip farming helps to prevent mass erosion by having the roots of crops hold on to the soil to prevent it from being washed away.

In the midwestern US, prairie strips integrate "native plant species into farm fields as contour buffers and edge-of-field filters." Prairie strips attract pollinators, build soil health, help prevent erosion, and provide wildlife habitat.

Strip intercropping
Intercropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same field. In strip intercropping, the field is still divided into strips, but the strips are narrower and contiguous. This helps facilitate modern farm machinery as well as allowing adjoining plants to benefit from synergistic growth effects.

Contour stripcropping
Contour stripcropping involves employing a crop rotation system down a slope in order to minimize runoff and rain velocity. It is used mainly on gentle slope gradients. The width of protective strips is often higher than that of the row crop strips so that they may effectively intercept runoff.

title: Strip farming


text:
Jay Wright

Jay Wright may refer to:

 * Jay Wright (basketball) (born 1961), basketball coach
 * Jay Wright (poet) (born 1935), winner of the 2005 Bollingen Prize

title: Jay Wright


text:
UPortal

uPortal is a Java-based framework for creating enterprise web portals. It is sponsored by Apereo (formerly Jasig), a consortium of educational institutions and commercial affiliates sponsoring open source software projects focused on higher education. uPortal is free software under the Apache License 2.0. uPortal has integrated Apache Software Foundation's Pluto software to become JSR 168 and JSR 286 compliant allowing it to host portlets.

title: UPortal


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Square engine

Square engine may refer to:

 * a square four engine, a U engine in which two parallel-twin engines are coupled together
 * an engine with a stroke ratio of 1 (+/- 5%); see

title: Square engine


text:
User talk:H2cm

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Thanks for helping us out at the Nursing pages! Oliver Keenan 18:20, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
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Images
The above also applies to a number of other images which you have uploaded. Please check your "my contributions" log and update the images as appropriate if you do not want them to be deleted. Thanks. CLW 09:33, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:H2cm-FIG-1.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:H2cm-FIG-1.gif. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

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nursing logo
Hey, I am trying to drum up some interest and suggestions on my proposal to improve the nursing logo. I am planning to do the artwork myself and need as many comments as I can get. Tradimus (talk) 15:42, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:H2cm


text:
Xenophon (crater)

Xenophon is a small lunar impact crater that lies across the southern rim of the walled plain Fermi, to the west of the crater Tsiolkovskiy. South of Xenophon is Zhiritskiy F, a satellite crater of Zhiritskiy to the south-southwest.

The rim of this crater is eroded and crossed by several small craters, especially along the western edge. The interior floor is relatively featureless.

This crater is located on the far side of the Moon and cannot be seen directly from the Earth.

title: Xenophon (crater)


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User talk:Rush3k

Rush3k is an electrical engineer, freelance writer and linux hacker.

Proposed deletion of Ejikeme Alozie-Nwagboso

The article Ejikeme Alozie-Nwagboso has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this newly created biography of a living person will be deleted unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Everymorning  talk  22:00, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rush3k


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Drift mining

Drift mining is either the mining of an ore deposit by underground methods, or the working of coal seams accessed by adits driven into the surface outcrop of the coal bed. A drift mine is an underground mine in which the entry or access is above water level and generally on the slope of a hill, driven horizontally into the ore seam.

Drift is a more general mining term, meaning a near-horizontal passageway in a mine, following the bed (of coal, for instance) or vein of ore. A drift may or may not intersect the ground surface. A drift follows the vein, as distinguished from a crosscut that intersects it, or a level or gallery, which may do either. All horizontal or subhorizontal development openings made in a mine have the generic name of drift. These are simply tunnels made in the rock, with a size and shape depending on their use—for example, haulage, ventilation, or exploration.

Colorado
The Boulder-Weld Coal Field beneath Marshall Mesa in Boulder, Colorado was drift mined from 1863 to 1939. Measurements in 2003, 2005, and 2022 showed that the mine has an active coal-seam fire. It was investigated as a possible cause of the 2021 Marshall Fire.

Illinois
Argyle Lake State Park's website says the Argyle Hollow (occupied by a lake since 1948) has been rich in coal, clay and limestone resources. Historically, individuals commonly opened and dug their own "drift mines" to supplement their income. In Appalachia, small coal mining operations such as these were known as "country bank" or "farmer" coal mines, and usually produced only small quantities for local use.

Indiana
The Lusk Mine, now in Turkey Run State Park, was in operation from the late 1800s through the late 1920s. Too small for commercial operation, the mine probably provided coal for the Lusk family and later for the park.

Kentucky
In 1820 the first commercial mine in Kentucky, known as the "McLean drift bank" opened near the Green River and Paradise in Muhlenberg County. In Drift, Kentucky, Beaver Coal & Mining Company was the most well known operator of mines, but there were other smaller mines (Floyd-Elkhorn Consolidated Collieries, Turner-Elkhorn Coal Company, etc.) as well.

Maryland
Dorsey Coal Company's Ashby coal mine, a small drift mine probably in the Upper Freeport coal; and the mine of the Taylor-Offutt Coal Company near Oakland, MD.

Ohio
In the 1880s, State Inspector of Mines, Andrew Roy, issued a report on the Mines and Mining Resources of Ohio, which includes the following paragraphs:

"The capacity or output of the mines of the State varies greatly. Thick coals are capable of a greater daily output than thin seams, and as a general rule drift mines possess greater advantages for loading coal rapidly than shaft mining openings. In many of the mines of the great vein region of the Hocking valley the capacity is equal to 1,200 to 1,500 tons per day. In shaft mines 600 to 700 tons daily is regarded as a good output.

The first ton of coal in a shaft mine 100 feet in depth and having a daily capacity of 600 tons frequently costs the mining adventurer upwards of $20,000 (1888), and cases are on record where owing to the extraordinary amount of water in sinking, $100,000 (1888) have been expended before coal was reached. Drift mines, as they require no machinery for pumping water and raising coal, cost less than half the amount required in shaft mining.

Water is, however, an expensive item in drift mines opened on the dip slope of the coal, and underground hauling under such conditions is unusually costly."

Pennsylvania
Indiana County: Graff Drift Mines, near Blairsville. Commodore Mines, Nos. 1 & 3 (drift mines), No. 2 (slope mine), Green Twp. Empire "F" Mine (1910-?), Shanktown; a drift mine, mining the "B" coal seam, mining done by machine, owner Pioneer Coal Company, Clearfield. Empire "M" Mine (McKean Mine) (1906-?), a drift mine, non-gaseous, mining a 38" thick seam of Lower Kittaning coal using compressed air machines; ventilation provided by an 8' Stine steam-powered fan, Clymer, PA. Rodkey Mine(1906-?), a drift mine, Clymer.  Ernest Mine No. 2 (1903–1965), a drift mine, at Ernest, Rayne Twp., Indiana Co., PA.

Tennessee
The Fork Mountain, TN, drift portal entered an 84-inch unnamed seam of coal (see picture above). Most coal seams in Tennessee were not this thick.

Virginia
The first coal mine in the Pocahontas Coalfield with its famous 13 feet tall seam of Pocahontas No. 3 coal, the Pocahontas mine is a drift mine.

West Virginia
Many, many references to and photographs of WV drift mines in the Scrapbook of Appalachian Coal Towns, including Sprague, Kaymoor, Nuttallburg, Venus, Layland, Elverton, Casselman (aka Castleman), etc.

Alaska
Drift mining methods were used extensively to mine placer deposits during the early years (1899- ) of the Nome mining district. During summer, surface deposits could be worked, but some placer deposits were buried too deeply for surface placering. In addition, water to wash the gold from the placers was not available in the winter. Many miners tunneled into deep placer deposits, bringing out the high-grade gravels to be washed at the spring thaw. Most of the ground in Nome is permafrost. By drift mining, miners were able to recover much of the gold buried under the permafrost.

Gold at Nome was concentrated in three ancient beach lines, now inshore, above sea level, and buried under roughly fifty feet of permafrost overlain by two feet of tundra. Gold was usually found on top of "false bedrock," a layer of clay that occurred at the base of the beach or stream deposit. Miners initially sank shafts to prospect for the pay streaks by building a fire atop the permafrost, then as it melted, shoveling away the mud. The process would continue down to either a pay streak or bedrock.

When gold was found drift mining began. Miners would tunnel horizontally from the bottom of their prospect shaft to follow the gold along the surface of the bedrock. The tunnels did not cave in because the ground was frozen. Miners discovered old underground beach and river gravels rich with gold. Around 1900 the population of Nome was more than twenty thousand, many of them drift miners. Nome's gold fields, appearing untouched from the surface, are honeycombed with tunnels left by the gold rush drift miners. Today's miners, prospecting with modern drilling equipment, sometimes hit old drifts; this was, and is, a technique copied from the Welsh coal miners of south Wales and is much more effective than using bell pits.

California
Gold has been mined from placer gold deposits up and down the state and in varied environments. Initially, easily discovered deposits in surface and river placers were mined until about 1864. Hydraulic mines, using powerful water cannons to wash whole hillsides, were the chief sources of gold for the next 20 years. In 1884, Judge Lorenzo Sawyer issued a decree prohibiting the dumping of hydraulic mining debris into the Sacramento River, effectively eliminating large-scale hydraulic operations. For the next 14 years, drift mining placer gold deposits in buried Tertiary channels partially made up for the loss of placer gold production, but overall production declined. Production rose again with the advent of large-scale dredging. The first successful gold dredge was introduced on the lower Feather River near Oroville in 1898.

Safety and environmental issues
Drift mines in eastern Kentucky are subject to roof collapse due to hillseams, especially within 100 feet of the portal.

In 1989 the U.S. Bureau of Mines published a study of eastern Kentucky drift mines as part of an ongoing research program to characterize the outcrop barrier zone. "Hillseams" were identified as the dominant geologic cause of roof instability unique to the outcrop barrier zone, with many roof fall injuries and fatalities attributed to them. Hillseam is the eastern Kentucky miners term for weather-enlarged tension joints that occur in shallow mine overburden where surface slopes are steep. Hillseams are most conspicuous within 200 ft laterally of a coalbed outcrop and under 300 ft or less of overburden. Hillseams form by stress relief, and therefore tend to parallel topographic contours and ridges. They can intersect at various angles, especially under the nose of a ridge, and create massive blocks or wedges of roof prone to failure. Examples of hillseams are described in both outcrop and in coal mine roof to establish their geologic character and contribution to roof failure.

title: Drift mining


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Saint Charles Preparatory School

Saint Charles Preparatory School is a four-year Catholic college preparatory school in Columbus, Ohio, US. It was founded in 1923 by the fourth bishop of Columbus, James J. Hartley, as a Roman Catholic college and high school seminary. Today, it is an all-male high school serving the Catholic Diocese of Columbus.

The school's patron is Saint Charles Borromeo, and its motto is Building Better Men. The previous motto, Euntes Ergo Docete Omnes Gentes, was a quote from the Gospel of Matthew (28:19) in the Latin Vulgate: "Going out, therefore, teach all nations." It was replaced with the current motto in 2023 to celebrate the school's 100th anniversary. The original nickname of Saint Charles students is "Carolians", derived from the Latin word "Carolus," which means "Charles." In 1947, the students also began to refer to themselves as "Cardinals." The Saint Charles sports mascot is Charlie the Cardinal.

Campuses and founding
The school consists of two campuses. The oldest campus is Main Campus, which contains the main academic building, gymnasium, theater, and natatorium. The newest campus is West Campus, which contains the athletic facility, track, and the robotics and mentoring center. The school was founded in 1923 by Bishop James J. Hartley as a high school and college seminary for the education of Catholic priests for the service of the Diocese of Columbus. The first classes, consisting of 27 boys, were held at Sacred Heart School, an all-girls Catholic school, while the main school building was being built from 1923 to 1925.

Main Campus
On November 4, 1923, Bishop Hartley purchased the original 20-acre site, with ground being broken for the main building in July 1924. By September 1925, construction of the main school building was completed and classes were held there. In 1931, the gymnasium and the Our Lady Lourdes Grotto were completed, and in 1941 the theater building on the west side of campus was completed. Major renovations were made to the gym in 1951 to more than double the capacity. A Gaelic-style chapel (called the "Lower Chapel") was added on to the east side of the school in 1937. Bishop Hartley dedicated the chapel to Mother of Mercy. A Milwaukee art company beautified the chapel with artwork in 1952. A natatorium was built next to the multipurpose room in 1990. In 1999, the Jack Ryan Training and Fitness Facility was built adjoining to the gym.

Construction on the US$5.5 million Robert C. Walter Student Commons and the Student Services and Fine Arts Center, the largest addition to Saint Charles in its history, began in June 2005. The approximately 27000 sqft addition, which replaced the courtyard behind the school, was ready for graduation at the end of the following school year; however, it was not available for full use until the 2006–2007 school year. The addition houses the 15000 sqft Robert C. Walter Student Commons Area, which serves as a new cafeteria and provides ample seating space for school and community functions. The Walter Student Commons is named in memory of Robert C. Walter, father of 1963 graduate Robert D. "Bob" Walter, honorary chairman and lead contributor to the current capital campaign being conducted to finance the new addition. Bob Walter and his '63 classmate, architect Robert Corna of Cleveland, initiated the concept for the Commons nearly two years ago. Corna was the architect on the project, and based his designs off of a similar plan for Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland, also an all-male school. On the columns supporting the roof are glass panes, which bear the names of all of the alumni of the school, written with laser. Behind the Robert C. Walter Student Commons Area is the 12000 sqft Student Services & Fine Arts Center. The ground floor anchors the north end of the atrium, and houses a new kitchen, sponsored by Donatos Pizza, and restrooms. The second floor houses offices for the guidance and counseling programs, campus ministry, and the school nurse. On the third floor is an extensive art room and gallery, with a kiln and mud rooms; and a music and choir room, with instrument storage and practice rooms; as well as offices for the respective instructors. The second and third floor connect to the original building at its rear stairwell, and to the Robert C. Walter Student Commons Area by a staircase.

On November 1, 2018, Saint Charles announced the beginning of funding to its latest addition to main campus. The addition, once funded $20 million, will take the place of the current gymnasium and multi-purpose room and add additional classrooms, laboratories, and a new gymnasium. It is also planned that a hallway will connect the new addition to the main building. This new expansion will be on the current baseball field, and it is expected that Saint Charles will purchase a portion of a nearby park for use to build a new baseball diamond. On November 4, 2021, the school broke ground for its 11.5 million dollar Convocation Center named after its alumni Frank E. Murphy (who graduated in 1954).

In 2023, construction on the Brotherhood Center began. The Brotherhood Center will repurpose the school's former gymnasium into a multifaceted area with classrooms, offices, a library, and a new space that will help students with their academics. As of March 2024, construction is still ongoing.

West Campus
For the first time in its 89-year history, the school expanded its current Broad Street campus footprint. The centerpiece of this project is the newly purchased property which formerly housed the Dealers Lumber Company and came up for sale in the summer of 2010. St. Charles moved quickly to acquire the 6.2-acre site and closed on the purchase in December. The Robert D. Walter West Campus includes the Savko Athletic Complex, comprising a six-lane running track, the artificial-turf Dominic and Kathleen Cavello Field and parking; a 13,000-square-foot training and fitness facility (weight room and 30 yard turf field for speed and agility); and the Horvath Parking Lot. A pedestrian bridge that spans Alum Creek helps connect it with the main campus at 2010 E. Broad St. The full project, paid for through fundraisers, private donations and in-kind gifts, cost about $5.1 million.

In 2018, Saint Charles unveiled the new Robotics and Mentoring Center (even further west from Main Campus than West Campus, thus gaining the colloquial "West West Campus" or "West-er Campus"). The new center costs $2 million and is 14,000-square-feet. Along with being able to support the Robotics Team and My Brother's Keeper (MBK) mentoring programs, the new building has a recreational area for indoor sports, including an indoor basketball court and a state-of-the-art golf simulator. The new Mentoring Center is connected to West Campus via a sidewalk along Long Street.

Academics
St. Charles graduation requirements include: 4 years of religion class, English, foreign language, mathematics, and science; 3 years of social studies; and 1 year of fine arts, health, physical education. Some of the AP classes that are offered to juniors and seniors are AP Latin, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, English, Calculus, US and World History. For the 2019–2020 year, Saint Charles will add Computer Science Principles and Government.

Saint Charles requires students to take one year of Latin, a practice retained from the school's past, when four years of Latin were mandatory.

In 2005, the State of Ohio implemented the new Ohio Graduation Test (OGT) and Saint Charles Preparatory was one of three schools in Central Ohio to have every sophomore pass every section. (The statewide public school pass rate was 64%.) St. Charles kept this 100% passage rate until its cancellation in 2015.

Saint Charles has a history of a large number of students in the National Merit Scholarship Program. Since the Class of 1993, Saint Charles has had over 3000 graduates, with over 10% (335) becoming Commended Scholars, 215 of which became National Merit Semifinalists.

For the 2020-2021 school year, St. Charles decided to have all in-person classes since they had the ability to spread students out throughout their campus to meet 6 feet social distancing guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, St. Charles was approved for PPP loans ranging from $350,000 - $1,000,000.

Theatre
Since St. Charles is an all-male school, the theatre department has had to use different methods to incorporate the female roles of plays and musicals. Both prep school and seminary students performed the first plays at St. Charles in 1929 under the direction of Monsignor Joseph A. Cousins. Female roles were played by male students dressing up as women until 1971. It was then that Mrs. Teresa McLean (the school's biology teacher) became the first woman to perform in a St. Charles play. The next year, female students from St. Joseph Academy and Bishop Watterson High School played female parts in a production. Ever since then, female roles for plays have been filled by open auditions from women at other Central Ohio schools. The current theater director is Mr. R. Douglas Montgomery.

Notable alumni

 * Robert D. Walter: Founder of Cardinal Health, a Fortune 500 health care services company
 * Bob Duffy (basketball, born 1922): Basketball player
 * Robert Nugent Lynch: Bishop of St. Petersburg, Florida from 1996 to 2016
 * Matt Lampson: MLS Goalkeeper for the Columbus Crew SC
 * Aaron Diehl: Jazz pianist
 * Nick Muszynski: NCAA basketball player for Belmont Bruins

Being an all boys Catholic school, the institution has a history of producing vocations to the priesthood. As of 2000, 171 high school graduates have been ordained to the priesthood, many of whom also went to St. Charles College. The first priests were ordained in 1927 and at least one alumnus was ordained a priest every year until 1968. There were no priests ordained in 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, or 1973. From 1975 until 2000, only two priests were ordained in 1977 and one in 1991. Since 2000, many alumni have been ordained priests, with more in formation.

The college also has 121 alumni priests, not including those who also are high school alumni. The first college alumnus was ordained in 1934. There were no priest alumni in 1944, 1947, 1952, 1963, or 1975. The final college alumnus to become a priest was ordained in 1976.

Athletics
Saint Charles is a member of the Ohio High School Athletic Association and Ohio Water Polo. The list as follows:

Ohio State Championships
The usual Fall 2020 water polo season was postponed to the spring of 2021 due to the Coronavirus pandemic; as such, the 2018, 2019, and Spring 2021 State Championships constitute a three-peat.
 * Golf (Div I, 2)- 2009, 2010
 * Soccer (A-AA, 2)- 1983, 1985
 * Swimming (Div I, 1)- 2008
 * Volleyball (non-OHSAA, 2)- 2009, 2018
 * Water Polo (non-OHSAA, 7)- 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2019, Spring 2021

Borromean Lecture Series
The Borromean Lecture Series is an annual occurrence at Saint Charles, usually during the autumn semester, and is sponsored by Robert Dilenschneider, CEO of The Dilenschneider Group. It is named after the Borromeo family of which Saint Charles was a part of. The speakers are the elite in their field and are listed below:

title: Saint Charles Preparatory School


text:
User talk:Peltigera

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:23, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peltigera