text: User talk:82.82.94.250

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:82.82.94.250


text:
Talk:Val Doonican

Notability
If you have never heard of Val Doonican you obviously didn't live in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s! He was a fixture on Saturday night TV for 25 years! I will expand the article once I have gathered and prepared my material. Dabbler 17:14, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * He was often on TV in New Zealand as well. rossnixon 00:55, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Correction - his TV ran for 25 years, but not on Saturday. It moved to Saturday eventually but not for a full 25 years!

Is the date of birth correct?
 * Yes, according to his official website, linked to in article. rossnixon 01:15, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

NO it isn't! The singer was born in 1928. Source: Guinness British Hit Singles 14th edition and confirmed by the registry office births indexes for Ireland - which also say he was born "Michael Doonican". The website - "official" or not is wrong - sorry. John2o2o2o (talk) 01:46, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Changed it from 1927 to 1928. (rossnixon, sorry for not logging in) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.234.242.74 (talk) 11:20, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

I note that the year of birth has been changed back to 1927 again. Does this mean that the information quoted above, which seemed fairly definitive, is inaccurate after all? Gwladys24 (talk) 15:53, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

Walk Tall
The Walk Tall linked here is the song by John Mellencamp, not the Val Doonican one. I've removed the link. 47.251.0.13 14:53, 15 August 2006 (UTC) Rojomoke 14:53, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * He is also fond of using the 'Spell check' function on his computer as he said in an interview found on his website.

That has to be the most trivial information I've ever read on WP. 213.84.156.15 17:48, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Sandy Denny and Led Zeppelin - hoax?
I've removed this sentence: "A long-standing friend of the singer Sandy Denny, in 1970 Doonican was present at the recording of the Led Zeppelin track "The Battle of Evermore", contributing to the song's Gaelic-influenced backing harmonies." The source was given as "Interview, Raidió Teilifís Éireann, October 14th, 1971". That source is, obviously, inaccessible, and as far as I can see no other sources repeat the claim. I know that Denny and Led Zeppelin were mates, but Doonican's involvement sounds to me very much like a hoax. The claim was added yesterday, after his death was announced. If anyone can demonstrate that it is not a hoax, of course it can be reinstated. Ghmyrtle (talk) 15:29, 3 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Curiously, this source claims that Jimmy Page played on Doonican's 1964 hit "Walk Tall". I'm not sure that's any more believable.Martinevans123 (talk) 15:49, 3 July 2015 (UTC)
 * That's actually very believable - he played on loads of crap. Ghmyrtle (talk) 15:54, 3 July 2015 (UTC)
 * In that case I guess it might lend support! Martinevans123 (talk) 16:05, 3 July 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Val Doonican


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Pál Schmitt

Pál Schmitt (born 13 May 1942) is a Hungarian Olympic fencer and politician who served as President of Hungary from 2010 until his resignation in 2012, following his academic misconduct controversy.

Schmitt was a successful fencer in his youth, winning two gold medals at the Summer Olympics. Later, he served as an ambassador during the 1990s and was a Vice-President of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2010. After briefly serving as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary in 2010, Schmitt was elected President of Hungary in a 263 to 59 vote in the National Assembly. He was sworn in as president on 6 August 2010. On 2 April 2012, Schmitt announced to the Hungarian Parliament his resignation as president, following the outbreak of a controversy surrounding his 1992 doctoral dissertation.

Personal life
Born on 13 May 1942 in Budapest to a middle-class family, he graduated from high school in 1960 and later studied domestic trade at Karl Marx University of Economics, from which he graduated in 1965.

Sporting career
Schmitt started a successful fencing career in 1955 competing for MTK-VM. After winning two Hungarian Championship titles in individual competitions he participated as part of the Hungarian National Fencing Team 130 times between 1965 and 1977. He won the team épée gold medal at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics. He also won team and individual World Championships in fencing, and collected several second and third-place finishes until his active career ended in 1977. He later became the Chief of Protocol of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and presided over the World Olympians Association between 1999 and 2007.

Political career
Between 1983 and 1989, Schmitt was the general secretary of the Hungarian Olympic Committee and under-secretary of sports between 1981 and 1990. In 1989 after the End of Communism in Hungary he became president of the Hungarian Olympic Committee. He later became a diplomat, serving as Hungary's ambassador to Spain (1993–1997) and Switzerland (1999–2002). While in Spain he was also accredited to Andorra from 1995.

In 2002 he ran for the position of mayor of Budapest, but his independent candidacy also supported by Fidesz was unsuccessful. In 2003, he became a deputy president of Fidesz. He led the party list of Fidesz in the 2009 European elections in Hungary and was elected as a Member of the European Parliament with the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union, to the Bureau of the European People's Party and was vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education.

Schmitt chaired the Delegation to the EU–Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee. On 14 July 2009 he was elected one of the 14 Vice-Presidents of the European Parliament. He became the Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary after the Hungarian parliamentary election in 2010.

President of Hungary
In the 2010 Hungarian presidential election, Schmitt was elected President of Hungary by the National Assembly, for a term commencing on 6 August. He succeeded László Sólyom. He was elected with the support of the Fidesz and Christian Democratic People's (KDNP) parties, receiving 263 out of 322 votes. András Balogh of the Socialist Party received 59 votes.

Schmitt had been the deputy president of Fidesz and the speaker of the Hungarian Parliament. From the first free elections in 1990, the nominating party has typically picked one of its high-ranking members for president: for example the SZDSZ nominated Árpád Göncz, who was a founding member of the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). The previous MSZP government's nominee was Katalin Szili, an MSZP member who was the then speaker of the Hungarian Parliament. Schmitt signaled a positive relationship with the Fidesz-KDNP government, saying: "In the current situation, when we undertake rebuilding the country economically, socially and morally, it is imperative that the president get along with the prime minister, as well as all leaders and government members." Schmitt said he did not intend to take an obstructionist stance towards the government, and sought a more active role in the political process such as the drafting of the country's new constitution. After taking office, Schmitt resigned all posts and offices previously held. Soon after his election Schmitt came under heavy attack from some opposition parties, that refused to attend the presidential inauguration, citing high costs and a late invitation.

Drafting of a new constitution began in 2010, and was finalized by 11 April 2011, being adopted by Parliament on 18 April. Schmitt signed the new constitution into law on 25 April and it went into effect on 1 January 2012.

As a supporter of the second cabinet of Viktor Orbán, already it was probable before his appointment that the presidential position is his reversioner. This confirmed that he proclaimed it at the time of the starting of his presidential activity, he wants to be "man of the people", and would like to favour and help the current government's work.

He created a sensation by personally identifying himself with the government's politics repeatedly in an interview with Time on 15 October 2010. In particular, the subject of the last sentence was "we, the government." The interview in its entirety can be found on the website of the Office of the President.

In November 2010, during a presidential speech he declared one of his major goals to be the preservation and fostering of the Hungarian language and stressed that this would be made compulsory by law. However, after this speech the website of the Office of the President published statements that were full of grammatical and stylistic errors and were ridiculed by the general public.

By 31 December 2010, Schmitt had signed nearly one hundred bills which had been voted on by the National Assembly; he did not send any back for consideration by the parliament, nor submit any to the Constitutional Court for judicial review.

Academic misconduct and resignation
In 1992 Pál Schmitt defended his dissertation for a doctor of philosophy degree summa cum laude at the Testnevelési Egyetem (University of Physical Education). In the year 2000, this institution was merged into Budapest's Semmelweis University to become one of its Faculties. On 11 January 2012, the website of the Hungarian magazine Heti Világgazdaság accused Schmitt of plagiarizing the work of a Bulgarian sport expert in his doctoral dissertation. Nikolay Georgiev's Analyse du programme olympique (des Jeux d’Olympiade) had been finished in 1987, and Schmitt's dissertation, completed in 1992, appears to be almost entirely a translation of this work. The accusation was denied by the Office of the President, which explained that Schmitt and Georgiev were friends and had worked together, from the same sources. Additional plagiarized sources, including 17 pages written by the German sport sociologist Klaus Heinemann, were identified later. Semmelweis University announced that a fact-finding committee would investigate the matter. The fact-finding committee's report, issued on 27 March, confirmed the plagiarism (word-by-word translations of "unusually large extent"), but blamed the Testnevelési Egyetem for not revealing the copied sources, and fell short of putting any blame on Schmitt ("the author may have thought that his dissertation satisfied the requirements"). However, a minority report was issued by the single non-faculty member of the committee, which called for the revocation of Schmitt's doctoral degree. On 29 March 2012 the Senate of Semmelweis University decided to revoke the degree.

On 2 April 2012 Schmitt announced his resignation as president, saying that he felt the plagiarism debate had divided the country. He reiterated that his conscience was clear, vowed that he would complete a PhD program, and threatened to launch a lawsuit against Semmelweis University. On 15 May 2013, Schmitt formally surrendered his doctorate after an academic remedy committee declared that his thesis did not meet the criteria, either in terms of content or formal requirements.

On 22 March 2014, Schmitt said in a short interview that he had given up his plans for graduating as a PhD, but instead would write a monograph on the effects of sports on the environment and sustainable development, which would have been the theme of the promised degree thesis.

After presidency
In October 2015, Schmitt was appointed chairman at the first meeting of the EU's Sports Diplomacy Advisory Group, which was established by the Hungarian European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Youth and Sport, Tibor Navracsics.

In January 2016, Schmitt was appointed Chairman of the Budapest 2024 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games Bid Committee. The committee was nicknamed "the Guardians of the Olympic Bid", as Schmitt stated that it is a decisive step in Hungary's bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and 2024 Summer Paralympics. The committee was put together in order to promote efforts inside and outside of Hungary and it is made up of 23 members from various sport, business and public backgrounds working together to monitor, review and find a strategic direction for the bidding process.

The Hungarian Olympic Committee re-elected Krisztián Kulcsár in June 2020, as well as other appointments including that of Schmitt to the executive body as representative of the IOC.

In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, in January 2021 the Government of Hungary announced that they would provide vaccinations for Olympic Athletes who had a chance of qualifying for the next Summer and Winter Olympic games. Schmitt stated in an interview that athletes and coaches should be vaccinated as soon as possible, which would amount to approximately six to seven hundred people. Taking such actions would ensure that Hungarian athletes could participate in the qualification tournaments in preparation for the Tokyo Olympic Games.

International Olympic Committee (IOC)
Schmitt became an official of the IOC in 1983 when he became Vice-Chairman of the IOC Athletes' Commission until 1988. He was also member of the Study for the Preparation of the Olympic Games Commission from 1985 to 1991, the Coordination for the 1992 Winter Olympics Commission from 1989 to 1992, the Coordination for the 1994 Winter Olympics Commission from 1989 to 1994. He was member of the Eligibility Commission from 1989 to 1992, the Olympic Movement Commission from 1993 to 1999, the Olympic Collectors Commission from 1994 to 1995, the Council of the Olympic Order Commission from 1995 to 1999, as well as a member of the "IOC 2000" (Executive Committee) in 1999. Schmitt was also a member of the International Relations Commission from 2005 to 2013, a Delegate Member for Protocol from 1999 to 2010, and part of the Public Affairs and Social Development through Sport Commission starting in 2015. From 1991 to 1999 he was Member of the Executive Board, then from 1995 to 2013 he was Chairman of the Sport and Environment Commission, as well as being Vice-President of the IOC from 1995 to 1999.

After his resignation as President of Hungary in 2012, Schmitt was removed of his position as Chief of Protocol by the IOC but remained a member.

In 2017, he was present at various events for the IOC, including meeting with the IOC President, Thomas Bach, while he was attending the FINA World Championships in Budapest. During the event, Schmitt stated in an interview that he was once again going to run for an IOC Executive Board membership. At that time, he was 75 years of age at the time, and also the fourth longest serving IOC member at the time. In September 2017, the IOC elected 8 new members, as well as a new Vice-President and three members of the Executive board. As well as re-electing 16 members that were at the end of their 8-year bloc, including Pál Schmitt who had run for one of the two vacancies in the IOC Executive Board.

In May 2018, Schmitt met once again with IOC President Bach for meetings while he was visiting the IOC headquarters in Lausanne for the farewell visit from IOC Member Alexander Zhukov. He also accompanied President Bach to the World Wrestling Championships held in Budapest in October 2018.

In 2023, he became an honorary member (instead of a regular member) of the IOC.

title: Pál Schmitt


text:
Talk:List of countries without political parties

Untitled
Article should differentiate between one party states, and "No party" states.

One-party states are listed at one-party state. The countries listed in this article have no parties at all. — Sesel wa  19:58, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

New Discussion
A discussion has been started at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries/Lists of countries which could affect the inclusion criteria and title of this and other lists of countries. Editors are invited to participate. Pfainuk talk 11:53, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

I added a new category to the article about historical countries that did not have any political parties. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.176.249.19 (talk) 13:50, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

bahrain and kuwait has legal de facto parties
see List of political parties in Bahrain and List of political parties in Kuwait both countries has legal de facto parties Gooduserdude (talk) 17:40, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

 * as both lists say: "Political parties are illegal in Bahrain [...]" and "political parties in Kuwait have not been legalized since independence in 1961". This list is defined as "a list of countries and dependencies with a permanent population that have no legal political parties", so it is incorrect to delete countries from the list where "legal political parties" do not exist. The list includes even jurisdictions such as Guernsey, where parties do exist and even run in the elections. To delete Bahrain and Kuwait is unreasonable.--Anatoli Iliou (talk) 14:55, 16 December 2021 (UTC)


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Media ethics

Media ethics is the subdivision dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. The field covers many varied and highly controversial topics, ranging from war journalism to Benetton ad campaigns.

Media ethics promotes and defends values such as a universal respect for life and the rule of law and legality. Media Ethics defines and deals with ethical questions about how media should use texts and pictures provided by the citizens.

Literature regarding the ways in which specifically the Internet impacts media ethics in journalism online is scarce, thereby complicating the idea for a universal code of media ethics.

History of media ethics
Research and publications in the field of information ethics has been produced since the 1980s. Notable figures include Robert Hauptman (who focused his work specifically on censorship, privacy, access to information, balance in collection development, copyright, fair use, and codes of ethics), Rafael Capurro, Barbara J. Kostrewski and Charles Oppenheim (who wrote the article "“Ethics in Information Science”, discussing issues as confidentiality of information, bias in information provided to clients or consumers, the quality of data supplied by online vendors, etc.).

In the 1990s, the term "information ethics" began to be explored by various Computer Science and Information departments in the United States.

In the late 1990s, textbooks such as Richard Severson's The Principles of Information Ethics and Marsha Cook Woodbury's Computer and Information Ethics, and Deborah G. Johnson's Computer Ethics were published.

Areas of media ethics
Media ethics: Issues of moral principles and values as applied to the conduct, roles, and content of the mass media, in particular journalism ethics and standards and marketing ethics;  also the field of study concerned with this topic. In relation to news coverage it includes issues such as impartiality, objectivity, balance, bias, privacy, and the public interest. More generally, it also includes stereotyping, taste and decency, obscenity, freedom of speech, advertising practices such as product placement, and legal issues such as defamation. On an institutional level it includes debates over media ownership and control, commercialization, accountability, the relation of the media to the political system, issues arising from regulation (e.g. censorship) and deregulation.

Ethics of journalism

The ethics of journalism is one of the most well-defined branches of media ethics, primarily because it is frequently taught in schools of journalism. Journalistic ethics tend to dominate media ethics, sometimes almost to the exclusion of other areas. Topics covered by journalism ethics include:
 * News manipulation. News can manipulate and be manipulated. Governments and corporations may attempt to manipulate news media; governments, for example, by censorship, and corporations by share ownership. The methods of manipulation are subtle and many. Manipulation may be voluntary or involuntary. Those being manipulated may not be aware of this. See: news propaganda.
 * Truth. Truth may conflict with many other values.
 * Public interest. Revelation of military secrets and other sensitive government information may be contrary to the public interest, even if it is true. However, public interest is not a term which is easy to define.
 * Privacy. Salacious details of the lives of public figures is a central content element in many media. Publication is not necessarily justified simply because the information is true. Privacy is also a right, and one which conflicts with free speech. See: paparazzi.
 * Fantasy. Fantasy is an element of entertainment, which is a legitimate goal of media content. Journalism may mix fantasy and truth, with resulting ethical dilemmas. See: National Enquirer, Jayson Blair scandal, Adnan Hajj photographs controversy.
 * Taste. Photo journalists who cover war and disasters confront situations which may shock the sensitivities of their audiences. For example, human remains are rarely screened. The ethical issue is how far should one risk shocking an audience's sensitivities in order to correctly and fully report the truth. See photojournalism.
 * Conflict with the law. Journalistic ethics may conflict with the law over issues such as the protection of confidential news sources. There is also the question of the extent to which it is ethically acceptable to break the law in order to obtain news. For example, undercover reporters may be engaging in deception, trespass and similar torts and crimes. See undercover journalism, investigative journalism.

Online journalism
Internationally recognized journalists and scholar Steven J. A. Ward defines journalism ethics as the responsible use of freedom of speech. The ethics of online journalism holds great importance to the authenticity and credibility of reported literature although it can be difficult to gauge a set standard because of differences in national and international cultural values. In this current digital climate with multiple new technologies and broad availability of information, Journalists have less ascendancy over what is considered important news. Online journalists must now assist consumers make sense of it all. The Internet has shaped and redefined various ethical and moral issues for both online journalists and journalists utilizing online resources. While some journalists continue to adhere to ethical principles of traditional journalism, many journalists believe that with the absence of a mutually agreed upon code of ethics specifically pertaining to internet ethics, and lack of literature dealing specifically with the ways in which the Internet impacts media ethics in journalism online, the online environment poses new threats to the profession.

Some of the core issues of media ethics in online journalism include commercial pressures, accuracy and credibility (which include the issues dealing with hyperlinks), verification of facts, regulation, privacy, and news-gathering methods. In addition the ethics in question are not only limited to the action of reporters, but the decisions organizations and outlets that release information. Questions emerge on the ethical responsibilities of organizations to the public such as whether it is unethical for stories to be reported expediently to get the better of competition rather than taking time to receive the full story.

Ethics of entertainment media
Issues in the ethics of entertainment media include:
 * The depiction of violence and sex, and the presence of strong language. Ethical guidelines and legislation in this area are common and many media (e.g. film, computer games) are subject to ratings systems and supervision by agencies. An extensive guide to international systems of enforcement can be found under motion picture rating system.
 * “Fluff or “Celebrity News”: Over the years, print media has been dying out so journalists began to report on what is referred to as “Celebrity News”, or “Fluff.” As more outlets adopt this topic to report on, people become dependent on them. According to Alden Weight, most people know not to completely trust these outlets due to ethical discrepancies, but the issue arises when people who are not as mature or educated find these reports to be completely true.
 * Product placement. An increasingly common marketing tactic is the placement of products in entertainment media. The producers of such media may be paid high sums to display branded products. The practice is controversial and largely unregulated. Detailed article: product placement.
 * Advertising: Attraction and persuasion are currently found in modern journalism. It is found that these methods of advertising may alter an audience's point of view of what is realistic and falsified information.
 * Stereotypes. Both advertising and entertainment media make heavy use of stereotypes. Stereotypes may negatively affect people's perceptions of themselves or promote socially undesirable behavior. The stereotypical portrayals of men, affluence and ethnic groups are examples of major areas of debate
 * Women in Media: Entertainment media often exploits female bodies by objectifying and de-humanizing them. By doing so, the concept of female bodies being bought and sold becomes common.
 * Media outlets usually use either images or imagery of female bodies to counter negative news that is provided throughout the day.
 * Taste and taboos. Entertainment media often questions of our values for artistic and entertainment purposes. Normative ethics is often about moral values, and what kinds should be enforced and protected. In media ethics, these two sides come into conflict. In the name of art, media may deliberately attempt to break with existing norms and shock the audience. That poses ethical problems when the norms abandoned are closely associated with certain relevant moral values or obligations. The extent to which this is acceptable is always a hotbed of ethical controversy. See: Turner Prize, obscenity, freedom of speech, aesthetics.

Media and democracy
In democratic countries, a special relationship exists between media and government. Although the freedom of the media may be constitutionally enshrined and have precise legal definition and enforcement, the exercise of that freedom by individual journalists is a matter of personal choice and ethics. Modern democratic government subsists in representation of millions by hundreds. For the representatives to be accountable, and for the process of government to be transparent, effective communication paths must exist to their constituents. Today these paths consist primarily of the mass media, to the extent that if press freedom disappeared, so would most political accountability. In this area, media ethics merges with issues of civil rights and politics. Issues include: See: freedom of information, media transparency Right to Information. L Mera
 * Subversion of media independence by financial interests.
 * Government monitoring of media for intelligence gathering against its own people. See, for example, NSA call database.

Media integrity
Media integrity refers to the ability of a media outlet to serve the public interest and democratic process, making it resilient to institutional corruption within the media system, economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism. Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet:
 * independence from private or political interests
 * transparency about own financial interests
 * commitment to journalism ethics and standards
 * responsiveness to citizens

The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region of South East Europe, within the project South East European Media Observatory, gathering organizations which are part of the South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM).

Digital media ethics
Digital news media includes online journalism, blogging, digital photojournalism, citizen journalism, and social media. It talks about how journalism should interact and use the 'new media' to publish stories including how to use texts and images provided by other people.

Ethics of images
There are new ethical issues due to the new image technology. Citizens now have the availability to take pictures and videos in easier and faster ways like smartphones which allow them to not only collect information but also edit and manipulate it.

This convergence of ease of capture, ease of transmission, and ease of manipulation questions the traditional principles of photojournalism which were developed for non-digital capture and transmission of pictures and video.

The main issues regarding the new image technology is that the newsroom cannot trust the easily obtained images and also the limit of the image edit. It is vague and very difficult to decide the borderline of image manipulation.

It is very complicated and still a dilemma to clarify the principles of responsible image-making and ethics on it.

Attempts to develop a universal code of media ethics
Within the last two decades, numerous regional discussions have taken place in Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia in order to create a universal code of ethics for the information society.

One of the core issues in developing a universal code for media ethics is the difficulty of finding a common ground between ethical principles from one culture to another. Also, such codes may be interpreted differently according to various moral and legal standards.

UNESCO INFOethics Congresses
The ethical facet of the global information society has been on the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) agenda since 1997, when the organization initiated their first INFOethics Congress. The objective of this summit was to spark debate on the ethical dimension of the global information society. The UNESCO INFOethics Congresses then met in 1998 and 2000, where specialists coming from a wide range of educational, scientific, and cultural environments addressed the ethical dimensions of global media and information.

International Symposium on Information Ethics, Karlsuhe, 2004
In 2004, the ICIE, or International Center for Information Ethics, organized the first international symposium on information ethics in Karlsuhe, Germany. Experts with varying scientific backgrounds such as computer science, information science, media studies, and economics, gathered from all over the world to discuss the internet from both an ethical and intercultural perspective.

Media ethics and public officials
The media has manipulated the way public officials conduct themselves through the advancement of technology. Constant television coverage displays the legislative proceedings; exposing faster than ever before, unjust rulings throughout the government process. Truth telling is crucial in media ethics as any opposition of truth telling is considered deception. Anything shown by the media whether print or video is considered to be original. When a statement is written in an article or a video is shown of a public official, it is the original “truthful” words of the individual official themselves.

Intercultural dimensions of media ethics
If values differ interculturally, the issue arises of the extent to which behaviour should be modified in the light of the values of specific cultures. Two examples of controversy from the field of media ethics:
 * Google's self-censorship in China.
 * The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy in Denmark, and subsequently worldwide.

Meta-issues in media ethics
One theoretical question for media ethics is the extent to which media ethics is just another topical subdivision of applied ethics, differing only in terms of case applications and raising no theoretical issues peculiar to itself. The oldest subdivisions of applied ethics are medical ethics and business ethics. Does media ethics have anything new to add other than interesting cases?

Similarities between media ethics and other fields of applied ethics
Privacy and honesty are issues extensively covered in medical ethical literature, as is the principle of harm-avoidance. The trade-offs between economic goals and social values has been covered extensively in business ethics (as well as medical and environmental ethics).

Differences between media ethics and other fields of applied ethics
The issues of freedom of speech and aesthetic values (taste) are primarily at home in media ethics. However a number of further issues distinguish media ethics as a field in its own right.

A theoretical issue peculiar to media ethics is the identity of observer and observed. The press is one of the primary guardians in a democratic society of many of the freedoms, rights and duties discussed by other fields of applied ethics. In media ethics the ethical obligations of the guardians themselves comes more strongly into the foreground. Who guards the guardians? This question also arises in the field of legal ethics.

A further self-referentiality or circular characteristic in media ethics is the questioning of its own values. Meta-issues can become identical with the subject matter of media ethics. This is most strongly seen when artistic elements are considered. Benetton advertisements and Turner prize candidates are both examples of ethically questionable media uses which question their own questioner.

Another characteristic of media ethics is the disparate nature of its goals. Ethical dilemmas emerge when goals conflict. The goals of media usage diverge sharply. Expressed in a consequentialist manner, media usage may be subject to pressures to maximize: economic profits, entertainment value, information provision, the upholding of democratic freedoms, the development of art and culture, fame and vanity.

Journals

 * The Journal of Mass Media Ethics

Cases

 * Louisiana State University, School of Mass Communication
 * Indiana University, School of Journalism
 * The Poynter Institute

title: Media ethics


text:
April 1945

The following events occurred in April 1945:

April 1, 1945 (Sunday)

 * The Battle of Okinawa began. 50,000 American troops landed on Okinawa against little initial resistance and established a 13 km beachhead.
 * The Japanese ocean liner-turned-hospital ship Awa Maru was passing through the Taiwan Strait when the American submarine USS Queenfish (SS-393) mistook it for a destroyer, torpedoed and sank it. Of the 2,004 passengers and crew there was only one survivor.
 * The 6th Guards Tank Army of the 3rd Ukrainian Front captured the Hungarian city of Sopron on the Austrian border.
 * The Battle of Kassel began between German and American troops for the city of Kassel.
 * British Commandos began Operation Roast in an effort to push the Germans back to and across the River Po and out of Italy.
 * Adolf Hitler moved his headquarters from the Reich Chancellery to the Führerbunker.
 * Died: Isaac Wolfe Bernheim, 96, American businessman; William Fairbanks, 50, American actor

April 2, 1945 (Monday)

 * Operation Roast ended in British victory in Italy.
 * The Soviet 3rd Ukrainian Front launched the Vienna Offensive in order to capture the city of Vienna.
 * German submarine U-321 was depth charged and sunk southwest of Ireland by a Vickers Wellington of No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron.
 * Born: Jürgen Drews, singer, actor and restaurateur, in Nauen, Germany; Linda Hunt, actress, in Morristown, New Jersey; Reggie Smith, baseball player, in Shreveport, Louisiana; Don Sutton, baseball player, in Clio, Alabama (d. 2021)

April 3, 1945 (Tuesday)

 * The Ninth United States Army captured Münster and attacked the Ruhr Pocket.
 * Thousands of prisoners of Buchenwald concentration camp were forced to evacuate and march away from the Allied advance.
 * Died: Fritz Vogt, 27, German Waffen-SS Sturmbannführer (killed during an Allied air raid on Fürstenfeld, Austria)

April 4, 1945 (Wednesday)

 * The East Pomeranian Offensive ended in Soviet victory.
 * The Battle of Kassel ended in Allied victory.
 * The Battle of Buchhof and Stein am Kocher began between German and American forces for territory between the Neckar and Kocher Rivers.
 * Born: Daniel Cohn-Bendit, politician, in Montauban, France

April 5, 1945 (Thursday)

 * The Georgian uprising on Texel began.
 * The first of the incidents at the Freeman Army Airfield near Seymour, Indiana known as the Freeman Field Mutiny took place.
 * The Soviet Union renounced the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 1941, explaining that the "prolongation of that pact has become impossible."
 * Kuniaki Koiso resigned as Prime Minister of Japan.
 * German submarine U-242 struck a mine and sank in St. George's Channel.
 * Born: Cem Karaca, rock musician, in Antakya, Turkey (d. 2004)

April 6, 1945 (Friday)

 * The Allies began Operation Grapeshot, the Spring offensive in Italy.
 * The Battle of Slater's Knoll ended in decisive Australian victory on Bougainville Island.
 * Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze was beached at Amoy after an attack by American B-25s.
 * American destroyers Bush, Colhoun, Leutze, Morris, Mullany, Newcomb, Rodman and Witter were all hit by Japanese kamikaze attacks off Okinawa. Bush and Colhoun were sunk while Leutze and Necomb were subsequently declared constructive total losses.
 * Died: Leon Feldhendler, 34, Polish Jewish resistance fighter (shot through the door of his home by an unknown assailant)

April 7, 1945 (Saturday)

 * Operation Ten-Go: The Japanese battleship Yamato and nine other warships launched a suicide attack on Allied forces engaged in the Battle of Okinawa. Yamato was bombed, torpedoed and sunk by U.S. Navy aircraft south of Kyushu with the loss of 2,055 of 2,332 crew. Five other Japanese warships were sunk by American aircraft.
 * The Allies began Operation Amherst, a Free French and British Special Air Service attack with the goal of capturing Dutch canals, bridges and airfields intact.
 * Germany sent out 120 student pilots to face 1,000 American bomber planes in a suicide operation with the objective of ramming their planes into the U.S. aircraft and then parachuting to safety. Only a few of the pilots managed to hit the bombers and three-quarters of the Luftwaffe pilots were shot down. It was the Sonderkommando Elbe group's first and last mission.
 * Kantarō Suzuki replaced Kuniaki Koiso as Prime Minister of Japan.
 * German submarine U-1195 was depth charged and sunk southeast of the Isle of Wight by British destroyer Watchman.
 * Born: Werner Schroeter, film director, in Georgenthal, Germany (d. 2010)
 * Died: Elizabeth Bibesco, 48, English writer and socialite (pneumonia); Seiichi Itō, 54, Japanese admiral (killed in the sinking of the Yamato)

April 8, 1945 (Sunday)

 * Operation Amherst ended in Allied victory in the Netherlands.
 * The Battle for Cebu City ended in Allied victory.
 * The Battle of Lijevče Field ended in victory for the forces of the Independent State of Croatia.
 * The 1945 NFL draft was held in New York City. The Chicago Cardinals selected halfback Charley Trippi of the University of Georgia as the #1 overall pick.

April 9, 1945 (Monday)

 * The Battle of Königsberg ended in Soviet victory.
 * The Battle of West Hunan began as part of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
 * The Battle of Bologna began in Italy.
 * German cruiser Admiral Scheer was sunk in an RAF raid on Kiel.
 * German submarines U-804 and U-843 were sunk in the Kattegat by de Havilland Mosquitos of No. 143 Squadron RAF. U-1065 was sunk in the neighboring Skaggerak by Mosquito aircraft of No. 143 and No. 235 Squadron RAF.
 * Australia's Z Special Unit began Operation Opossum with the objective of rescuing the Sultan of Ternate from Ternate Island.
 * Charles de Gaulle nationalized Air France.
 * The last B-17 rolled off the line at Boeing's assembly plant in Seattle.
 * Born: Peter Gammons, sportswriter and media personality, in Boston, Massachusetts
 * Died: Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 39, German Lutheran pastor; Wilhelm Canaris, 58, German admiral; Ludwig Gehre, 49, German officer; Hans Oster, 57, German major general; Karl Sack, 48, German jurist; and Theodor Strünck, 50, German lawyer (executed for treason by the Nazis in Flossenbürg concentration camp); Johann Georg Elser, 42, German carpenter who attempted to assassinate Hitler on November 8, 1939 (shot at Dachau concentration camp)

April 10, 1945 (Tuesday)

 * The U.S. 84th Infantry Division captured Hanover.
 * The U.S. Ninth Army captured Essen.
 * The Battle of Authion began in the French Alps.
 * In the "day of the great jet massacre," Allied aircraft shot down thirty of 50 Me 262 jet fighters. The loss was fatal to the Luftwaffe and the defense of Berlin was abandoned.
 * US Army Corporal Rick Carrier discovers the Nazi Buchenwald concentration camp, leading to the liberation of the camp on April 11th.
 * German submarine U-878 was depth charged and sunk in the Bay of Biscay by British warships.
 * Died: Gloria Dickson, 27, American actress (asphyxiation from a fire at her home); Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman, 62, Dutch artist, typographer and printer (executed by the Gestapo); Walther Wever, 22, German Luftwaffe fighter ace (shot down near Neuruppin); Carl L. Becker, 81, American historian

April 11, 1945 (Wednesday)

 * Operation Opossum ended successfully with the rescue of the Sultan of Ternate and his family.
 * Allied commando unit Z Special Unit launched Operation Copper with the objective of capturing a Japanese officer for interrogation and discovering the location of two naval guns of Muschu Island, New Guinea. Eight commandos were landed but only one survived.
 * Chile declared war on Japan.
 * Born: Christian Quadflieg, television actor and director, in Växjö, Sweden (d. 2023)
 * Died: Alfred Meyer, 53, German Nazi official, (suicide)

April 12, 1945 (Thursday)

 * U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had an intracerebral hemorrhage, collapsed and died while sitting for a portrait painting by Elizabeth Shoumatoff at the Little White House in Warm Springs, Georgia. The painting is known as the Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
 * Harry S. Truman was inaugurated president in the Cabinet Room of the White House.
 * A devastating tornado outbreak occurs across the United States, which kills 128 people and injures over 1,000 others. This outbreak would be heavily overshadowed due to the death of President Roosevelt.
 * American destroyers Lindsey, Mannert L. Abele and Zellars were severely damaged off Okinawa by kamikaze attacks. Mannert L. Abele was sunk but Lindsey and Zellars survived, although they were out of action for the rest of the war.
 * The Syrmian Front northwest of Belgrade was broken by the Allies.
 * The Battle of Authion ended in Allied victory.
 * The Battle of Buchhof and Stein am Kocher ended after one week.
 * German submarines U-486 and U-1024 were sunk by British warships in the North Sea and Irish Sea, respectively.
 * The Berlin Philharmonic gave one of its final performances of the Nazi era at the Philharmonic Hall in Berlin, with various members of the military and political elite in attendance. Robert Heger conducted Brünnhilde's last aria (the Immolation Scene) and the finale from Richard Wagner's Götterdammerung, Beethoven's Violin Concerto, and Anton Bruckner's Romantic Symphony. Historical records confirm that members of the Hitler Youth offered cyanide capsules to the audience as they left the building.
 * Died: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 63, 32nd President of the United States (cerebral hemorrhage)

April 13, 1945 (Friday)
The Vienna Offensive ended with the Soviet capture of Vienna itself.
 * Soviet forces began the Samland Offensive.
 * German SS and Luftwaffe troops carried out the Gardelegen massacre in the northern German town of Gardelegen. 1,016 slave laborers were forced into a large barn which was then lit on fire.
 * Born: Tony Dow, television actor, filmmaker and sculptor, in Hollywood, California; Lowell George, rock musician (Little Feat), in Hollywood, California (d. 1979); Bob Kalsu, football player, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (d. 1970)
 * Died: Ernst Cassirer, philosopher, 70; Aarne Michaël Tallgren, Finnish prehistorian, 60;

April 14, 1945 (Saturday)

 * The Fifth United States Army opened a major offensive into the Po Valley in Italy.
 * Admiral Karl Dönitz grouped six U-boats into Wolfpack Seewolf and ordered them to the Atlantic to tie down Allied forces in the region. The Allies suspected that the U-boats were equipped to attack America's eastern seaboard with V-1 or V-2 rockets and launched Operation Teardrop with the objective of sinking them.
 * German submarine U-235 was sunk in error by the Kriegsmarine torpedo boat T17.
 * A brief memorial service for Franklin D. Roosevelt was held in the East Room of the White House.
 * Born: Ritchie Blackmore, guitarist and songwriter (Deep Purple, Rainbow, Blackmore's Night), in Weston-super-Mare, England

April 15, 1945 (Sunday)

 * The Race to Berlin began between two Soviet marshals, Georgy Zhukov and Ivan Konev.
 * The British 11th Armoured Division liberated Bergen-Belsen concentration camp pursuant to an April 12 agreement with the retreating Germans to surrender the camp peacefully. There they found 60,000 ill and emaciated prisoners and more than 13,000 corpses strewn about the camp.
 * The First Canadian Army captured Arnhem.
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt was buried on the grounds of his family estate in Hyde Park, New York.
 * First Flight of North American Aviation XP-82 Twin Mustang 483887.
 * German submarines U-285, U-1063 and U-1235 were all depth charged and sunk by Allied warships in the Atlantic Ocean.
 * Died: Joachim Albrecht Eggeling, 60, German Nazi Gauleiter (suicide by gunshot); Friedrich von Rabenau, 60, German general (executed at Flossenbürg concentration camp for opposing the Nazis)
 * 11 Ki-84 Hayates attacked US airfields on Okinawa, destroying many aircraft on the ground

April 16, 1945 (Monday)

 * The Battle of Berlin began, opening with the Red Army launching the Battle of the Oder–Neisse and the Battle of the Seelow Heights.
 * Canadian forces took Harlingen and occupied Leeuwarden and Groningen in the Netherlands.
 * The German transport ship Goya was sunk in the Baltic Sea by Soviet submarine L-3 with the loss of over 6,000 lives.
 * German submarines U-78, U-880 and U-1274 were lost to enemy action.
 * Oflag IV-C, a prisoner-of-war camp in Colditz Castle, was captured by soldiers of the U.S. 1st Army.
 * Death marches from Flossenbürg concentration camp began.
 * Harry S. Truman addressed Congress for the first time as president, in a speech broadcast over the major networks. "With great humility I call upon all Americans to help me keep our nation united in defense of those ideals which have been so eloquently proclaimed by Franklin Roosevelt," Truman said. "I want in turn to assure my fellow Americans and all of those who love peace and liberty throughout the world that I will support and defend those ideals with all my strength and all my heart. That is my duty and I shall not shirk it. So that there can be no possible misunderstanding, both Germany and Japan can be certain, beyond any shadow of a doubt, that America will continue the fight for freedom until no vestige of resistance remains!"
 * American destroyer USS Pringle was sunk by a kamikaze attack off Okinawa.
 * Died: Ernst Bergmann, 53, German philosopher and proponent of Nazism (suicide)

April 17, 1945 (Tuesday)

 * The Battle of the Hongorai River began in New Guinea.
 * The Martin B-26 Marauder Flak Bait completed a record 200th bombing mission.
 * Flooding of the Wieringermeerpolder in the Netherlands, when retreating German troops breached the IJsselmeerdijk
 * In the House of Commons, Winston Churchill paid tribute to Franklin Roosevelt as "the greatest American friend we have ever known, and the greatest champion of freedom who has ever brought help and comfort from the new world to the old."
 * One-armed baseball player Pete Gray made his major league debut on the St. Louis Browns, going 1-for-4 against the Detroit Tigers.
 * Historian Tran Trong Kim was appointed the Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam.

April 18, 1945 (Wednesday)

 * The First Canadian Army captured the eastern end of the IJsselmeer causeway, trapping German forces in the western Netherlands.
 * SS guards began loading 5,000 concentration camp prisoners aboard the immobilized ocean liner Cap Arcona in the Baltic.
 * Waffen-SS General Karl Wolff met with Adolf Hitler and disclosed his negotiations with the Allies. Hitler told him to get better terms.
 * Benito Mussolini went to Milan to establish his government there. His mistress Clara Petacci came along.
 * Died: Arthur Andrew Cipriani, 70, Trinidad and Tobago labour leader and politician; Hans Källner, 46, German general (killed in action in Olomouc, present-day Czech Republic); Joseph F. Merrell, 18, U.S. Army soldier and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action in Germany); Ernie Pyle, 44, American journalist (killed in action on Iejima); Edward G. Wilkin, 27, U.S. Army soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action in Germany); William, Prince of Albania, 69

April 19, 1945 (Thursday)

 * Pyinmana, the base of the Japanese puppet Burma Defence Army, fell to the 5th Indian Division.
 * The Battle of the Seelow Heights ended in Soviet/Polish victory.
 * The Battle of Odžak began in Croatia between Yugoslav Partisans and the Croatian Armed Forces.
 * Richard Dimbleby described Belsen concentration camp on the BBC shortly after its liberation by the British.
 * German submarines U-251, U-548 and U-879 were lost to enemy action.
 * Johnny Kelley won the Boston Marathon.
 * The Rodgers and Hammerstein stage musical Carousel opened at the Majestic Theatre on Broadway.
 * Died: Sōsaku Suzuki, 53, Japanese general (killed in action in the Philippines); Fritz Wächtler, 54, Nazi German politician (executed by the Nazis for desertion)

April 20, 1945 (Friday)

 * Soviet artillery began shelling Berlin at 11 a.m. on Hitler's 56th birthday. Preparations were made to evacuate Hitler and his staff to Obersalzberg to make a final stand in the Bavarian mountains, but Hitler refused to leave his bunker. Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler departed the bunker for the last time.
 * The Seventh United States Army captured Nuremberg and pushed south.
 * Operation Herring began, with American aircraft dropping Italian paratroopers over Northern Italy.
 * Mussolini gave the last interview of his life to one of his few remaining loyal followers, the fascist newspaper director Gian Gaetano Cabella. Mussolini declared that "Italy will rise again ... For me, however, it is over."
 * The comedy-fantasy film The Horn Blows at Midnight starring Jack Benny was released.
 * Born: Gregory Olsen, entrepreneur, engineer and scientist, in Brooklyn, New York
 * Died: Karl Holz, 49, German Nazi official (found dead in a barricaded police building in Nuremberg; unknown whether suicide or injury sustained in firefight); Herbert Lange, 35, German SS officer and commandant of Chełmno extermination camp (killed in action during the Battle of Berlin)

April 21, 1945 (Saturday)

 * The Battle of Bautzen, one of the final battles of the Eastern Front, began around Bautzen, Germany.
 * Hitler ordered a final, all-out attack by the troops in Berlin under the command of Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner. Hitler expected every single man, tank and aircraft to be used in this attack.
 * The battle of the Ruhr Pocket ended in Allied victory.
 * The Battle of Bologna ended with the Polish II Corps and supporting Allied units capturing Bologna.
 * German submarine U-636 was depth charged and sunk west of Ireland by British warships.
 * Norbert Masur, German-born representative of Sweden to the World Jewish Congress who had flown in from Stockholm, met in Germany with Heinrich Himmler to agree the release of women from Ravensbrück concentration camp.
 * The stage musical Perchance to Dream by Ivor Novello premiered at the Hippodrome Theatre in London.
 * Died: Karl Decker, 47, German panzer general (suicide); Martin O. May, 23, U.S. Army soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action on Iegusuku-Yama, Iejima, Ryuku Islands); Walter Model, 54, German field marshal (suicide)

April 22, 1945 (Sunday)

 * Hitler held a conference that afternoon in the Führerbunker to discuss the military situation. Upon being informed that the Steiner attack had not happened, and that the Soviets were now entering the northern suburbs of Berlin, he flew into a rage. He denounced the Army, complained that his generals and anyone who had deserted him were cowards and had failed him, then finally conceded that "everything is lost". Over the protests of all those present, Hitler stated that he would stay in Berlin to the absolute end and then shoot himself, rather than try to escape to the south. He allowed those who so wished to leave the bunker.
 * Heinrich Himmler secretly met with Count Folke Bernadotte of Sweden and asked him to act as an intermediary to offer the surrender of all German forces in the west. The message took 48 hours to reach the Allies and they did not take it seriously.
 * The U.S. Seventh Army crossed the Danube.
 * German submarine U-518 was depth charged and sunk north of the Azores by U.S. destroyer escorts Carter and Neal A. Scott.
 * The British Fourteenth Army captured Taungoo and Oktwin, Burma.
 * The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the Detroit Red Wings 2-1 to win the Stanley Cup, four games to three.
 * Soviet forces liberated the 3,000 remaining inmates of Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
 * Earth and High Heaven by Canadian author Gwethalyn Graham topped the New York Times Fiction Best Sellers list.
 * Died: Wilhelm Cauer, 44, German mathematician and scientist (shot dead by the Soviets during the battle of Berlin); Käthe Kollwitz, 77, German artist; William H. Thomas, 22, U.S. Army soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action in the Zambales Mountains, Luzon, Philippines)

April 23, 1945 (Monday)

 * The Race to Berlin saw Soviets approaching first
 * German radio broadcast a report that Adolf Hitler was in the "main fighting line" in Berlin and would "remain there despite all rumors." Allied circles doubted the report and suspected (incorrectly) that Hitler was in Bavaria organizing a last stand.
 * Hermann Göring sent the so-called Göring Telegram, a message asking for permission to assume leadership of the Third Reich. Interpreting the telegram as an act of treason, Hitler relieved Göring of his official titles and ordered his arrest.
 * The main Flossenbürg concentration camp was liberated by the 90th Infantry Division, 358th and 359th Regiments (United States Army).
 * Action of 23 April 1945: In one of the rare actions of the Pacific War to involve a German submarine, U-183 was sunk off the southern coast of Borneo by American submarine Besugo.
 * Antiship Bat missiles were used for the first time in combat when Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateers of the U.S. Navy launched two of them at Japanese vessels in Balikpapan Harbor in Borneo.
 * The 101 arrestees in the Freeman Field Mutiny were released.
 * The U.S. Supreme Court decided Cramer v. United States, deciding five-to-four to overturn the conviction of Anthony Cramer, a German-born naturalized citizen, for treason.
 * The Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) was founded in the United Kingdom when the Institution of Industrial Safety Officers (IISO) was formed as a division of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). The Institution gained its charitable status in 1962 and would continue to operate as a not-for-profit organisation.

April 24, 1945 (Tuesday)

 * Battle of Berlin: Red Army troops completed encirclement of Berlin.
 * The Battle of Halbe began on the Eastern Front.
 * Shortly after sinking the American destroyer Frederick C. Davis, German submarine U-546 was sunk in the North Atlantic by U.S. Navy ships. With four of the six submarines in Seewolf now lost, Admiral Dönitz disbanded the wolfpack.
 * The British Royal Air Force conducted its last significant mission of the war with a raid against Hitler's retreat at Berchtesgaden.
 * The final evacuation of the Dachau concentration camp system began, with Jewish prisoners from the main camp's satellite camps arriving at Dachau, to head southwards on a death march away from liberating American troops.
 * On Budget Day in the United Kingdom, Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Anderson announced that expenditure over the past year had exceeded £6 billion for the first time in history, exceeding revenue by £2.825 billion. He also revealed that the war had cost the country a total of £27 billion through March 31. Anderson presented a "no change" budget and said that it might have to be superseded by another budget before the end of the year due to the tremendous impending events throughout the world.
 * The 1945 Major League Baseball All-Star Game scheduled for July 10 at Fenway Park was cancelled due to wartime travel restrictions.
 * Born: Doug Clifford, rock drummer (Creedence Clearwater Revival), in Palo Alto, California
 * Died: Ernst-Robert Grawitz, 45, German physician and SS officer (probable murder-suicide of his entire family with grenades)

April 25, 1945 (Wednesday)

 * Elbe Day: Soviet and American troops met at the Elbe River near Torgau in Germany.
 * The East Prussian Offensive and the Samland Offensive ended in Soviet victory.
 * The Red Army consolidated its investment of Berlin and cut the telephone lines to the Führerbunker.
 * General Robert Ritter von Greim was taken on a risky flight from Munich to Berlin by Hanna Reitsch for a meeting with Hitler. During the flight Greim was injured by enemy fire that struck the cockpit. Hitler promoted Greim to field marshal (making him the last German officer ever to achieve that rank) and gave him command of the Luftwaffe. Greim was then flown back out of Berlin with the only airworthy plane left in the city.
 * Via telephone hookup, President Truman addressed the delegates at the opening session of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) in San Francisco. "You members of this Conference are to be the architects of the better world," Truman said. "In your hands rests our future. By your labors at this Conference, we shall know if suffering humanity is to achieve a just and lasting peace. Let us labor to achieve a peace which is really worthy of their great sacrifice. We must make certain, by your work here, that another war will be impossible."
 * The final Luftwaffe air victories of World War II were recorded when five Allied bombers were shot down over Aussig in the modern-day Czech Republic.
 * Born: Stu Cook, bass guitarist (Creedence Clearwater Revival), in Oakland, California; Björn Ulvaeus, musician and member of ABBA, in Gothenburg, Sweden
 * Died: Miotero Geninetti, 40, Italian partisan (shot); Walter Gross, 40, German physician and Nazi politician (suicide)

April 26, 1945 (Thursday)

 * The Battle of Baguio ended in Allied victory.
 * The Battle of Collecchio began around the town of Fornovo di Taro, Italy.
 * Philippe Pétain was arrested on the border between Switzerland and France.
 * At the first plenary session of UNCIO, State Secretary Edward Stettinius, Jr. said that the world body should work out only a charter. Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov said that the lessons of the failed League of Nations must be remembered.
 * Horka massacre: Germans carried out a massacre of a field hospital column of the 9th Polish Armored Division in Horka, Saxony, killing some 300 Polish POWs, mostly wounded soldiers and medical personnel (see German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war).
 * The war film Counter-Attack starring Paul Muni and Marguerite Chapman was released.
 * Died: Sigmund Rascher, 36, German SS doctor (executed by the Nazis at Dachau concentration camp for fraud)

April 27, 1945 (Friday)

 * While attempting to flee to Switzerland, Benito Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci were captured by partisans. The next day, both were summarily executed near Lake Como along with twelve other leading fascists. The bodies of Mussolini, Petacci and others were then brought to the Piazzale Loreto in Milan and hung upside down on public display at a gas station.
 * The Soviet 1st Ukrainian Front captured Potsdam directly adjacent to the city of Berlin.
 * The Battle of Davao began.
 * The U.S. Fifth Army reached Genoa, although most of the city was already in the hands of resistance fighters.
 * The Western Allies rejected Himmler's proposal to surrender all German forces in the west, interpreting the offer as an attempt to split their alliance with the Soviets.
 * The Red Army captured the Berlin airports of Tempelhof and Gatow, preventing the capital from receiving any further supplies by air.
 * U.S. troops liberated Kaufering concentration camp and found thousands of corpses.
 * The provisional government of Austria headed by Karl Renner asserted its independence from Germany.
 * Born: August Wilson, playwright, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 2005)
 * Died: Hans Schleif, 43, German architect and member of the SS (suicide)

April 28, 1945 (Saturday)

 * Adolf Hitler learned of Himmler's offer to surrender and ordered him to be arrested.
 * Hitler and Eva Braun were married in the Führerbunker.
 * The U.S. Fifth Army took Alessandria and Vicenza.
 * In the Philippines, the Eighth United States Army took Digos and advanced toward Davao City.
 * German submarine U-56 was sunk in an RAF raid on Kiel.
 * Died: Hermann Fegelein, 38, German SS-Gruppenführer (shot by the Nazis following a trial for desertion); Benito Mussolini, 61, Italian leader of the National Fascist Party and Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943 (shot by partisans); Clara Petacci, 33, mistress of Benito Mussolini (shot by partisans)

April 29, 1945 (Sunday)

 * Adolf Hitler dictated his last will and testament designating Karl Dönitz as his successor.
 * At the royal palace in Caserta, two German officers signed the terms of surrender of German forces in Italy. Hostilities would cease at noon on May 2.
 * The Battle of Collecchio ended in Allied victory.
 * Dachau liberation reprisals: German prisoners of war were killed at the Dachau concentration camp after the U.S. 45th Infantry Division entered the concentration camp complex.
 * Hitler's dog Blondi died as a result of a test verifying the potency of the cyanide capsules Hitler had in his possession. The capsules had been given to him by Himmler and, having lost trust in Himmler after the revelation of his attempted negotiations with the Allies behind Hitler's back, wanted to confirm that the capsules were truly fatal.
 * German submarines U-286, U-307 and U-1017 were lost to enemy action.
 * Born: Hugh Hopper, bass guitarist, in Whitstable, Kent, England (d. 2009); Tammi Terrell, singer, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (d. 1970)
 * Died: Matthias Kleinheisterkamp, 51, German SS-Obergruppenführer (committed suicide after being captured by the Soviets); Malcolm McGregor, 52, American film actor; Achille Starace, 55, Italian fascist leader (shot by partisans)

April 30, 1945 (Monday)

 * Death of Adolf Hitler: Adolf Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide at around 3.30 p.m., when the Red Army was less than 500m (1,640 feet) from the Führerbunker. In accordance with Hitler's Last Will and Testament, Karl Dönitz and Joseph Goebbels took on Hitler's former roles as Head of State and Head of Government of Germany respectively.
 * The Battle of Bautzen ended in a localized German victory.
 * German submarines U-879 and U-1107 were lost to enemy action.
 * German submarine U-326 was torpedoed and sunk west of Brest, France, by an American B-24.
 * The Hockey Hall of Fame named its first inductees. Players: Hobey Baker, Charlie Gardiner, Eddie Gerard, Frank McGee, Howie Morenz, Tommy Phillips, Harvey Pulford, Hod Stuart and Georges Vézina. Builders: H. Montagu Allan and Lord Stanley of Preston.
 * Died: Adolf Hitler, 56, Führer of Germany (suicide); Eva Braun, 33, German wife of Adolf Hitler (suicide); William Orlando Darby, 34, U.S. Army officer (killed in action in northern Italy); Luisa Ferida, 31, Italian stage and film actress (shot by partisans); Osvaldo Valenti, 39, Italian film actor (shot by partisans)

title: April 1945


text:
Žabalj

Žabalj (Жабаљ, ; Zsablya) is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. In 2023 the town Žabalj has a population of 9,107 and the municipality Žabalj has a population of 25,777. It is located in southeastern part of Bačka, known as Šajkaška. All settlements in the municipality have an ethnic Serb majority.

Name
Its name came from the Serbian word "žaba"/жаба ("frog" in English). In Serbian, the town is known as Žabalj (Жабаљ), in Hungarian as Zsablya or Józseffalva (between 1886 and 1919), in German as Josefdorf, and in Croatian as Žabalj.

History
Žabalj was first mentioned in 1514 as Zeble, a fortress captured by György Dózsa. During the Ottoman rule (16th-17th century), it was populated by ethnic Serbs.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Žabalj was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier (Šajkaš Battalion). The first church in Žabalj was mentioned in 1720, but it was later razed. After 1763, the village was part of Šajkaš Battalion until the military administration was abolished in 1783. Present-day Orthodox churches dedicated to Saint Nicholas were built in 1835. In 1901, a Catholic church was built as well.

It belonged to Hungary 1920, when by the Treaty of Trianon it became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and subsequent South Slavic states.

After the 1941 annexation of the town by Hungary, in a 1942 raid, 666 inhabitants of the town were murdered: 355 men, 141 women, 101 children, and 69 elderly people. Those who were liable, were convicted by Hungary in 1943.

During the Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–45, about 1500, mostly civilian Hungarians and Germans were murdered. None of the perpetrators were convicted, and during the Communist regime, the topic of the genocide was suppressed in both Hungary and Yugoslavia.

Inhabited places
Žabalj municipality encompasses the town of Žabalj, and the following villages:
 * Gospođinci
 * Đurđevo
 * Čurug

Historical population of the town

 * 1961: 7,457
 * 1971: 7,851
 * 1981: 8,503
 * 1991: 8,766

Ethnic groups
The population of the Žabalj municipality:
 * Serbs (86.25%)
 * Rusins (5.11%)
 * Romani (2.79%)
 * Hungarians (1.1%)

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017):

title: Žabalj


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 * colspan=2| Rank insignia of primo luogotenente qs of the Army of Italy (2018).svg
 * colspan=2| Rank insignia of primo maresciallo luogotenente of the Army of Italy (2018).svg
 * colspan=2| IT-Army-WO4.svg
 * style="vertical-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
 * colspan=1| [[File:Rank insignia of sergente maggiore capo qualif sp of the Army of Italy (2018).svg|50px]]
 * colspan=1| IT-Army-OR9a.svg
 * colspan=6| IT-Army-OR9b.svg
 * colspan=6| IT-Army-OR8.svg
 * style="vertical-align:center;" colspan=4 rowspan=2 |
 * colspan=2| IT-Army-OR4b.svg
 * colspan=6| IT-Army-OR2.svg
 * colspan=2| IT-Army-OR1.svg
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * colspan=2| Primo luogotenente
 * colspan=2| Luogotenente
 * colspan=2| Primo maresciallo
 * colspan=1| Sergente maggiore aiutante
 * colspan=1| Sergente maggiore capo
 * colspan=6| Sergente maggiore
 * colspan=6| Sergente
 * colspan=2| Caporal maggiore
 * colspan=6| Caporale
 * colspan=2| Soldato


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/English banana caramel dessert

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to WikiCookbook. Rossami (talk) 21:25, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

English banana caramel dessert
Wikipedia is not a cookbook, but this article is just a recipe. Johntex 17:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikibooks Cookbook. Zzyzx11 | Talk 17:21, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep on category:British cuisine AND link to Wikibooks Cookbook 2004-12-29T22:45Z
 * Wikicookbook. Gazpacho 01:07, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. Mmm... banana caramel... Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 03:03, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. Megan1967 05:21, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Cookbook. Angela. 07:27, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Grue 16:22, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to wikibooks. Please note the difference between an article and a recipe. Rje 16:25, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Clarabelle Lansing

Untitled
Probably should be moved or merged (leaving her behind as a redirect), rather than VfD, perhaps to explosive decompression (which itself needs work). Ditch the garden info. Her location not of interest unless we can specify the equipment (model of aircraft) and any variation from the standard layout of the interior. --Jerzy (t) 17:17, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clarabelle Lansing


text:
El Capitan Theatre

El Capitan Theatre is a fully restored movie palace at 6838 Hollywood Boulevard in the Hollywood neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, United States. The theater and adjacent Hollywood Masonic Temple (now known as the El Capitan Entertainment Centre) are owned by The Walt Disney Company and serve as the venue for a majority of the Walt Disney Studios' film premieres.

El Capitan early years
In the early 1920s, real estate developer Charles E. Toberman (the "Father of Hollywood") envisioned a thriving Hollywood theater district. Toberman was involved in 36 projects while building the Max Factor Building (now the Hollywood Museum), Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel and the Hollywood Masonic Temple. With Sid Grauman, he opened the three themed theaters: Egyptian (1922), El Capitan (1926), and Chinese (1927).

Barker Bros. Furniture Emporium took up the rest of the building in the 1920s.

El Capitan, dubbed "Hollywood's First Home of Spoken Drama," began presenting live performances on May 3, 1926, with Charlot's Revue starring Gertrude Lawrence and Jack Buchanan. El Capitan continued presenting live theater for a decade, with over 120 productions including such legends as Clark Gable and Joan Fontaine.

By the late 1930s, El Capitan felt the economic effects of the Depression, showcasing fewer and fewer productions. This period saw a cycle of experimentation with entertainment. In an effort to boost attendance at the theater, its management attempted to lure revues, road shows and benefits.

Despite these efforts, business was faltering, and the theater then began showing movies. When Orson Welles was unable to locate a theater owner willing to risk screening Citizen Kane, he turned to the El Capitan, and in 1941, Citizen Kane had its world premiere there. The theater then closed for one year as Paramount Pictures purchased the theater.

Hollywood Paramount
The building was remodeled in the modern style, with the decor covered with curtains and removing the box-seat balconies. The theater reopened in 1942 as the Hollywood Paramount Theater. Its inaugural film presentation was Cecil B. DeMille's feature Reap the Wild Wind.

The theater remained the West Coast flagship for Paramount Pictures until the studio was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the antitrust case U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al. to divest itself of its theater holdings. After this, the Hollywood Paramount was operated by United Paramount Theatres for some years, then by a series of other companies, culminating with ownership by the Pacific Theatres Circuit in the 1980s.

After a 50-year stay, Barker Bros. Furniture closed its location in the building in the 1970s. In 1985, Pacific Theatres purchased the theater from SRO Theaters. The building's owners, Nick Olaerts and Thomas L. Harnsberger, had assigned authority for the theater's facade to the Los Angeles Conservancy in exchange for historical building tax credits.

Disney and restoration
Late in the 1980s, Disney purchased a controlling stake in one of Pacific Theatres' chains, leading to Disney's Buena Vista Theaters and Pacific renovating the El Capitan Theatre and the Crest by 1989. These theaters became Disney's flagship houses. They spent $14 million on a complete renovation of the Paramount, restoring much of the building's original decor as well as the theater's original name. El Capitan reopened in 1991 with the premiere of The Rocketeer. The 1992 National Preservation Honor Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation was bestowed on the restorers of the theater.

In 1984, the Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District was added to the National Register of Historic Places, with El Capitan/Paramount listed as a contributing property in the district, and in 1990, the city designated El Capitan a Los Angeles Cultural-Historic Monument.

A Michael Jackson mural was approved by the National Park Service to be placed on the side of the building in December 1992.

After the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the building's frame was compromised and the theater had been flooded by its sprinklers and was considered uninhabitable by building inspectors. The owner walked away from the theater leaving the building to its mortgage company, CUNA Mutual Group. CUNA Mutual, having Disney as a continuing tenant, not only refurbished the theater but the office floors above for $10 million. In July 1995, Buena Vista purchased the Lanterman organ from Glendale City Redevelopment Agency.

From the November 18, 1995, Toy Story premiere to January 1, 1996, Disney rented the Masonic Convention Hall, the next-door building, for Totally Toy Story, an instant theme park and a promotional event for the movie. In July 1998, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution purchased the convention hall to continue using it as a promotional venue. A Disney Store location opened next to the theater in the El Capitan Building in 1998.

The $3 million seismic retrofitting was finished in time for the June 21, 1996, premiere of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. The building's full restoration was completed in December 1997, which included the sign tower. The Hollywood Entertainment District, a self-taxing business improvement district, was formed for the properties from La Brea Avenue to McCadden Place on Hollywood Boulevard. The office space's first tenants were TrizecHahn Centers, builders of the 425,000-square-foot development on the other side of the boulevard. In conjunction with the Herbie: Fully Loaded premiere on June 22, 2005, the Disney's Soda Fountain and Studio Store opened up in the El Capitan Building on the ground floor replacing a Disney Store.

CUNA Mutual, having leased the building to full capacity, placed the building up for sale in 2008 at a price of $31 million, and eventually sold it for $28 million.

In November 2013, Ghirardelli Soda Fountain and Chocolate Shop co-located with the Disney Studio Store next to the theater in the El Capitan building.

On March 17, 2020, the theatre temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in California. The theatre eventually reopened a year later with a reduced capacity of just 100 seats. The first film shown after its reopening was Raya and the Last Dragon.

Disney Parks opened a theme ride called Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway at Disneyland Park on January 27, 2023. The facade is meant to resemble a movie theater in Toontown called "El CapiTOON Theater" based on the El Capitan.

Features
The theater is built into a six-story office building built in the 1920s. The design featured an exterior done in California Churrigueresque style of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture exterior designed by Stiles O. Clements of the architectural firm of Morgan, Walls & Clements, and mixed interior by G. Albert Lansburgh. The interior is a lavish East Indian in the main auditorium, English Tudor in the wood-paneled lower lobby and Italian Baroque on the facade.

The refurbished theater features a large Wurlitzer theatre organ originally installed in San Francisco's Fox Theatre in 1929. Below the theater is a small exhibit space, often used to display props from the films, such as costumes or set pieces. Next door is the adjacent Disney's Soda Fountain and Studio Store, where patrons can purchase ice cream themed to the film currently playing in the cinema next door. A wide variety of Disney and movie merchandise is available there.

title: El Capitan Theatre


text:
Talk:Marshmallow creme

Old Discussion
Maaaade Frooom The Beeest Stufff...... Teentitans! 02:10, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Hoax
While investigating vandalism to another article, I noticed that a schoolboy or girl using the IP which is registered to Vermont Academy, Saxtons River, VT made edits which constitute an apparent hoax related to his/her prep school. I reverted to the previous version. ---CH 04:28, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Overseas availability?
I know that Selfridges in Birmingham (UK, not Alabama) sells Fluff, and in considerable quantities judging by the space it was given on the shelves. Is this particularly unusual? 86.132.141.4 00:20, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think so. I was given some for my 18th birthday a few weeks ago, and it was bought here on the desolate (well, not very large/populated) island of Gotland. It's the times of globalization... Jobjörn (Talk ° contribs) 01:05, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

You can also buy it here in Australia. I daren't touch the stuff. 203.59.117.158 13:59, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

I have purchased it from my local Tesco Extra store here in the UK. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.32.32.105 (talk) 17:24, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

It is also available at a lot of german supermarkets. Mainly the standard and strawberry flavours, and it is the Durkee-Mower Fluff. So it is NOT "principally sold in the US" like the article states. Somebody should correct the article. --88.134.124.40 (talk) 11:09, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

I saw some on the shelf in Sainsbury's tonight in Redhill, England: http://www.flickr.com/photos/themaxsons/6931109830/. Matt 173.255.161.34 (talk) 18:39, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

Limpert Company citation in error
I believe the sentence claiming that the Marshmallow Fluff sold in the northeast and shown in the picture was invented by the Limpert Company is in error. Durkee-Mower is the maker of that Marshmallow Fluff, and they purchased the recipe from its inventor, Archibald Query, as mentioned elsewhere in the article. Durkee-Mower shares a trademark on the name Marshmallow Fluff with Limpert Brothers, but the two companies sell different, if similar, products under the name.

See this:

http://www.townonline.com/northshoresunday/homepage/x1844036025 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 192.150.10.200 (talk) 14:52, 26 April 2007 (UTC).

Composition
Some people may wish to know more about the composition of Marshmallow creme. I'm of the opinion that it contains neither Mallow nor cream, though I cannot back this up. Crashtech 03:52, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree
Ingredients are an important component of this entry, especially as it is being listed under food. I found this article to be mostly fluff. APDEF (talk) 10:20, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

Refrigeration
I, for the life of me, can't seem to find any information on why this substance doesn't need refrigeration! Article after article, even on the food blogs, no one seems to answer this question. A mission for the editors is to discover the entity behind this phenomena and add it to the article! Melia Nymph (talk) 03:34, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I would imagine it has something to do with the fact that marshmallow fluff is mostly sugar, which is a preservative of sorts. 68.116.51.126 (talk) 11:26, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Eggs can be pasteurized, and are an ingredient in many homemade and commercial marshmallows. The aforementioned levels of sugar (honey never goes bad) can then serve as a preservative. --Belg4mit (talk) 19:35, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

Uses
All that is listed about what Marshmallow Creme is used for are sandwiches and a very little bit about uses in Arab culture. In my experience the most frequent use of Marshmallow Creme is for making fudge. (And this is the recipie printed on jars of the "Kraft" brand product). Surely this and other culinary uses deserve a section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.202.33.17 (talk) 03:32, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marshmallow creme


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title: User:SebastianHelm/watchlist/t


text:
User talk:Liyu

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 17:18, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright tags
Thanks for uploading Image:AND of EPC.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag.

Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you.

Thanks so much, Zzyzx11 | Talk 17:18, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

P.S. You should also tag the other images you have uploaded too.

title: User talk:Liyu