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Purple Aki

Akinwale Oluwafolajimi Oluwatope Arobieke (born 15 July 1961), commonly known as Purple Aki, is a British man known for his criminal convictions for harassment. He has been convicted for touching and measuring the muscles of young men and asking them to squat his body weight.

These crimes were originally ruled as sexually motivated - in 2006 Merseyside Police successfully applied to Liverpool Magistrates' Court for a Sexual Offences Prevention Order. This was lifted in May 2016, and Arobieke has never been convicted of a sexual offence.

On 12 September 2016 BBC Three published an online documentary about Arobieke called The Man Who Squeezes Muscles: Searching for Purple Aki. Later that year, he made an allegation against the BBC of incitement to racial hatred, complaining to Merseyside Police that the documentary was racist and had demonised him.

Early life
Akinwale Oluwafolajimi Oluwatope Arobieke was born on 15 July 1961 at Crumpsall Hospital in Crumpsall, Lancashire. His mother was a secretarial student of Nigerian descent. His father's identity is unknown. He was placed in care at the age of six months, and spent some time in a Barnardo's home in Llandudno. As an adult, he held several jobs such as a cleaner in the Mersey Tunnels and as a messenger for Liverpool City Council.

Alleged manslaughter
On 15 June 1986, a 16-year-old from Birkenhead named Gary Kelly died from electrocution at New Brighton railway station. He was allegedly running away from Arobieke, who was convicted of involuntary manslaughter but successfully appealed against the conviction on the grounds that he had not acted unlawfully by "standing on the platform and looking into trains". In addition, Arobieke was awarded an estimated £35,000 compensation, due to alleged racial overtones in the prosecution case.

Indecent assault and witness intimidation
Arobieke appeared in court on 22 November 2001, pleading not guilty to 50 counts of indecent assault and harassment against 14 teenage boys between February 1995 and September 2000. He was convicted of threatening behaviour and jailed for 30 months.

Released in 2003, Arobieke resumed his activities and was quickly arrested and charged. During the course of the trial, 123 people were interviewed by police, including one family who were forced into witness protection as a result of threats from Arobieke. This led to Arobieke being additionally charged with witness intimidation. On 15 December 2003, he was jailed for six years by Preston Crown Court, pleading guilty to 15 counts of harassment and witness intimidation. A further 61 counts, mostly of indecent assault, were left on file. When sentencing Arobieke, judge Edward Slinger said, "You are a danger to young men and your behaviour is both strange and obsessive". After the case, Detective Superintendent Mike Dale said, "Over the years, Akinwale Arobieke has been persistent in his pursuit and harassment of a number of young men, instilling fear into them. We are pleased with the sentencing. Most importantly it's to the credit of the witnesses, who despite their fears and apprehensions, have remained steadfast and determined to see justice done and this man prosecuted to stop him from making other people's lives a misery".

Muscle touch ban
Arobieke was released on licence from prison on 26 October 2006. Unusually, Merseyside Police applied to Liverpool Magistrates' Court for an interim Sexual Offences Prevention Order against him, although he was never convicted of a sex offence. Under the terms of the order, he was banned from touching, feeling, or measuring anyone's muscles; asking people to do squats in public; entering the towns of St Helens, Warrington, or Widnes without police permission; and loitering near schools, gyms, or sports clubs. The ban was later overturned as "draconian", but remained in force after a successful appeal by police.

On 25 May 2007, Arobieke approached a man in a shopping centre in Preston and commented upon the size of his biceps before "touching them without permission". He was arrested shortly afterwards on suspicion of breaching his Sexual Offences Prevention Order, and later convicted. and jailed for a further 15 months, with the muscle touching ban being made permanent.

In July 2008, Arobieke was unsuccessful in trying to overturn the "muscle touching ban", at one point "behaving erratically" just before appearing in court. During the case proceedings, details of Arobieke's "stalker's manual" were disclosed; this was a book Arobieke had compiled that was "full of details about victims' body measurements, contact numbers and families". It was alleged that he would "do research into his victim, confronting them with such details as their father's car registration number or sibling's place of education".

In addition, DC Andrew Rowlings claimed that Arobieke "became sexually aroused while forcing terrified young men to perform 'inverted piggybacks' – ordering them to squat so he could lean over their backs with his face by their buttocks and his genitalia on their necks, while squeezing their quad muscles". During the court case, Arobieke made an apology to his victims and admitted that he was "infamous, notorious, everything from a bogeyman to whatever".

Breaches of SOPO
In late 2008, Arobieke approached a 17-year-old in Birkenhead and asked to feel his biceps. By doing so, he was in breach of the Sexual Offences Prevention Order (SOPO) which specifically prohibited him from approaching young men and touching their muscles. He was arrested and convicted for this breach of the SOPO, receiving a sentence of 18 months.

In April 2010, Arobieke appeared in court in the Welsh town of Mold, having been charged with further offences. On 24 June 2010, after a jury found him guilty of touching the calf and quadriceps muscles of a 16-year-old boy in Llandudno, the judge said that Arobieke was a "sexual predator" and jailed him for two and a half years. The offence was a breach of his Sexual Offences Prevention Order. Arobieke, who defended himself in court, insisted he was the victim of malicious false allegations to the police: "They receive several calls a day saying I am in locations across the country even when I am in prison".

In June 2012, Merseyside Police issued a statement denying rumours that Arobieke had died and stating that he remained in prison. The same month, Arobieke was released from prison after serving two years of his sentence.

In August 2013, Arobieke was put on trial at Manchester Crown Court after being accused of targeting young men in St Peter's Square in Manchester, as well as in Trafford and Bolton, and was cleared of all charges.

In February 2014, a Greater Manchester Police Professional Standards investigation found evidence to support police misconduct against Arobieke. This related to interactions with an off-duty police officer at body building events in the second half of 2012 (one of which led to arrest) and an October 2013 trial during which Arobieke was found not guilty of breaching his Sexual Offences Prevention Order. Arobieke claims to have spent almost two years in prison awaiting charges that were either dropped or from which he was acquitted.

On 1 October 2015, Arobieke was once again found guilty of breaching his SOPO, having asked to touch and measure the muscles of a student travelling on an Arriva Trains Wales service from Manchester Piccadilly to Colwyn Bay on 11 October 2013. Arobieke, representing himself, denied the offence and claimed he was set up by the police because of his notoriety, but was convicted by a unanimous jury. He also complained about the use of the nickname "Purple Aki" throughout prosecution papers, as he regards it as racist. Arobieke had previously complained to the Press Complaints Commission on these grounds, regarding newspaper use of the nickname.

In May 2016, Manchester Crown Court lifted the Prevention Order. In rendering his decision, Judge Richard Mansell indicated that while breaching the order was a "serious matter", the order's restrictions could "no longer be justified" as "none of the recent complainants had formed the slightest impression that Arobieke had derived sexual gratification from their muscles" and, unlike earlier incidents, the victims "hadn't suffered physical or psychological harm".

Racial discrimination
The 1986 conviction of involuntary manslaughter was overturned a year later, and Arobieke was awarded an estimated £35,000 in compensation due to alleged racial overtones in the prosecution case. There was no evidence that Arobieke had threatened or touched Kelly and three judges ruled that his mere presence at the station was not an unlawful act of harm.

After his hearing in 2008, Arobieke explained that psychiatric counselling had helped him realise that "if I am towering over them, and I am a big black man, they may not be really consenting, they may be consenting out of fear".

In August 2013, after being cleared of breaching his SOPO, Arobieke told the court he was the victim of a "modern-day witch hunt" and noted that officers had approached one alleged victim at his home rather than waiting for him to come forward. Arobieke had been arrested after being spotted by Detective Inspector Lewis Hughes while off-duty at the Manchester event. In a call to a police operator, DI Hughes said: "There's a famous paedophile here" and then referred to Mr Arobieke by his nickname before adding: "His real name is quite a lengthy Nigerian name. He's very famous... He's here accosting people in the toilets. As far as I know he's got bail conditions that prevent him from attending this sort of event". He was then held in prison for six weeks before being released. In 2014, Arobieke sued Merseyside and Greater Manchester Police (GMP) over his treatment, noting that he had almost two years in jail awaiting charges that were either dropped or from which he was acquitted.

A GMP Professional Standards investigation found two senior officers were given "words of advice" over their handling of an earlier complaint by Arobieke against DI Hughes. That complaint, which police failed to deal with correctly, was later to form part of a charge against Mr Arobieke of harassing DI Hughes and the case collapsed after the 28-year-old detective acted in what the investigation described as an "unacceptable and unprofessional" manner outside court.

On 23 January 2014, the findings of the investigation were released and include a number of complaints that were rejected but three that were upheld. One of the upheld complaints by Mr Arobieke alleged that during a visit to GMP headquarters on 9 December 2013, a staff member "came from behind the counter and confronted him in a threatening manner". The report said CCTV was viewed and "the conduct of the counter clerk was overly confrontational and likely to cause offence". The staff member "has been formally advised about his conduct".

In 2016, police began investigating an allegation against the BBC of incitement to racial hatred after Arobieke complained that the 2016 documentary The Man Who Squeezes Muscles: Searching for Purple Aki was racist. In the film, he is referred to as a "big black man" three times, and it is said that "everyone has seen him or been chased by him" and "everyone thinks they have spotted him and felt a shiver". One alleged victim in the documentary calls Arobieke "purple and huge".

In 2017, Solita Bar and Grill, which owned four restaurants in Manchester, apologised for naming a burger "Purple Teriyaki" in reference to Arobieke's nickname, after complaints that the name could be construed as racist. The restaurant had posted the name on Twitter with a photo of a sign which included an arm squeezing a biceps.

In November 2021 newspapers reported on a social media video which showed youths throwing fireworks at Akinwale Arobieke, in Wavertree Street, Liverpool.

Civil case vs Greater Manchester Police
On 16 June 2022 Arobieke was awarded a substantial but undisclosed sum in settlement of a civil case he brought against GMP for malicious prosecution and misfeasance in public office. Arobieke alleged that, from 2012, he was targeted by two particular officers, who have not been named. His case was that the officers made false allegations against him which ultimately resulted in him being charged and prosecuted.

title: Purple Aki


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Jim Gilliam

James William "Junior" Gilliam (October 17, 1928 – October 8, 1978) was an American second baseman, third baseman, and coach in Negro league and Major League Baseball who spent his entire major league career with the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers. He was named the 1953 National League Rookie of the Year, and was a key member of ten National League championship teams from 1953 to 1978. As the Dodgers' leadoff hitter for most of the 1950s, he scored over 100 runs in each of his first four seasons and led the National League in triples in 1953 and walks in 1959. Upon retirement, he became one of the first African-American coaches in the major leagues.

Negro leagues
Born in Nashville, Tennessee, Gilliam began playing on a local semi-pro team at age 14 and dropped out of high school in his senior year to pursue his baseball career. He joined the Negro National League's Baltimore Elite Giants, with whom he played from 1946 to 1950. He received his nickname, "Junior", during this time. He was voted an All-Star three straight years from 1948 to 1950. Veteran George Scales taught him to switch hit.

Minor leagues
In 1951, he was signed as an amateur free agent by the Brooklyn Dodgers, who sent him to play for their Triple-A International League farm team, the Montreal Royals; he could not play for the Dodgers' Double-A affiliate, the Fort Worth Cats, as blacks were still barred from the Texas League. He led the International League in runs in both 1951 and 1952.

Brooklyn Dodgers
Gilliam made his debut with the Dodgers in April 1953, with the formidable task of taking over second base from Jackie Robinson, who was shifted to the outfield and third base; he proved capable, batting .278 with a team-leading 125 runs for the National League champions. His 17 triples led the National League, and remain the most by a Dodger since 1920; he was second in the league (behind Stan Musial) with 100 walks, and third with 21 stolen bases. For his excellent season he earned National League Rookie of the Year honors, as well as The Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award.

He continued to play well during the team's Brooklyn years, batting .282 in 1954 with a career-high 13 home runs before slipping to a .249 average for the 1955 champions; he scored over 100 runs both years, as well as in 1956. With the 1956 pennant winners, he batted a career-best .300 and made his first major league All-Star team, also finishing fifth in voting for the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award; he was again second in the league in walks (95, behind teammate Duke Snider) and steals (21, behind Willie Mays). On July 21 of that year, he tied John Montgomery Ward's 1892 major league record of 12 assists in a game. In the Dodgers' last season in Brooklyn in 1957, he batted .250 but led the National League in putouts and fielding percentage and again finished second behind Mays in stolen bases.

Los Angeles Dodgers
He continued to star with the team after their 1958 move to Los Angeles, though he gradually shifted to third base; for the 1959 champions he led the National League in walks (96), along with 23 steals, and was again an All-Star, hitting a home run in that year's second All-Star Game. During the team's Los Angeles years, he moved back to second base from 1961 to 1963, batting .282 in the 1963 pennant year and placing sixth in that year's MVP vote; he also relinquished the leadoff role to Maury Wills in the 1960s, instead batting second in the order.

Gilliam was named a coach after the 1964 season, and intended to end his playing career, but team injuries resulted in his seeing substantial play at third base in 1965 and 1966, with the team again winning the National League championship in both seasons. In 1965 he was part of the major leagues' first all-switch-hitting infield, with shortstop Wills, first baseman Wes Parker, and second baseman Jim Lefebvre. On September 5, Gilliam hit a 2-run pinch triple in a road game against the Houston Astros, giving the Dodgers a 3–2 lead in the ninth inning; the Los Angeles Rams, playing a preseason game against the Philadelphia Eagles at the Coliseum, were playing so poorly despite their 10–0 win that the biggest cheer from the stands came from people listening to portable radios tuned to the Dodger game who cheered when Gilliam got the hit.

He finally retired as a player following the 1966 season with a .265 career batting average, 1,889 hits, 1,163 runs, 65 home runs, 558 runs batted in, 304 doubles, 71 triples, 1,036 walks, and 203 stolen bases over 14 seasons. Defensively, he recorded an overall .973 fielding percentage.

Post-season games
Gilliam played in seven World Series with the Dodgers, four of them against the New York Yankees. In the 1953 World Series he singled to lead off Game 1, and had a solo homer in the fifth inning batting left-handed. He hit three doubles, scoring once and driving in two runs, in the 7–3 Game 4 victory; he had another homer, this time batting right-handed, in the 11–7 loss in Game 5. In Game 3 of the 1955 World Series, he drew a walk with the bases loaded in the second inning to give the Dodgers the lead for good, and he drove in the first run of the 8–5 Game 4 win; the Dodgers won in seven games for their first Series championship. In the 1956 World Series, he walked with one out in the tenth inning of Game 6 and scored on a single by Robinson to give the Dodgers a 1–0 victory, tying the Series; in Game 5, he struck out and grounded out twice in the perfect game pitched by the Yankees' Don Larsen. In the 1963 World Series, he scored the only run of Game 3 in the first inning, after walking and advancing to second base on a wild pitch; after advancing all the way to third base on an error by Joe Pepitone in the seventh inning of Game 4, he scored on a Willie Davis sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers a 2–1 win and a Series sweep. He was also on Dodgers teams which won the Series in 1959 against the Chicago White Sox and 1965 against the Minnesota Twins. His final major league appearance was in Game 2 of the 1966 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles.

Coach
Gilliam served as a player-coach beginning in 1965, and became a full-time coach in 1967. He continued as a coach with the Dodgers until his death in 1978, including three more Dodger pennant teams in 1974, 1977, and 1978; they lost the World Series in each year.

Death and legacy
Gilliam suffered a massive brain hemorrhage at his home on September 15, 1978, and, following surgery, lapsed into a coma from which he did not recover. He died in Inglewood, California, nine days before his 50th birthday, one day after the Dodgers clinched their tenth pennant during his tenure in the 1978 National League Championship Series. His uniform number 19 was retired by the Dodgers two days after his death, prior to Game 1 of the 1978 World Series. He and Fernando Valenzuela are the only Dodgers whose numbers have been retired but are not in the Hall of Fame. He is interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery.

The Dodgers wore a black memorial patch with Gilliam's number 19 on the left sleeve of their jerseys during the 1978 World Series, won by the archrival New York Yankees in six games.

Gilliam was respected for his personal qualities and sportsmanship, in addition to his playing ability, over his 28-year career with the Dodgers. Quotations about him include the following: "What a great team player he was. He'd hit behind Maury, take pitch after pitch after pitch. And when Maury got to second, he'd give himself up by hitting the ball to the right side, even with two strikes, which most hitters won't do."

"He didn't hit with power, he had no arm, and he couldn't run. But he did the little things to win ballgames. He never griped or complained. He was one of the most unselfish ballplayers I know."

"Father, friend, and locker room inspiration that will never be forgotten."

The book Carl Erskine's Tales from the Dodgers Dugout: Extra Innings (2004) includes short stories from former Dodger pitcher Carl Erskine. Gilliam is prominent in many of these stories.

In 1981, the City of Los Angeles dedicated a park in honor of Junior Gilliam's legacy. In 1984 the Jim Gilliam Park opened to the public, and is located on La Brea Avenue. The Jim Gilliam Park is marked by several facilities named after him. The first ball ceremony was thrown by the Honorable Tom Bradley, Mayor of Los Angeles (1973–1993).

On May 21, 2015, the Nashville Metro Council passed an ordinance renaming a part of Jackson Street between Second Avenue and to an alley slightly past Fifth Avenue to "Junior Gilliam Way". The center part of this stretch named for Gilliam is the location of Nashville's First Horizon Park, a minor league baseball stadium built in 2015 for the Triple-A Nashville Sounds.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jim Gilliam


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jacob Neusner bibliography

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 01:35, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jacob Neusner bibliography
This very long list was dumped here by User:RK. I don't think Wikipedia should be in the business of listing every publication by a living scholar, some of which will probably not achieve notability. Delete, or perhaps condense and merge with Jacob Neusner. JFW | T@lk  23:25, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, it's too big to merge, no need to condense. Kappa 23:45, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And is it encyclopedic? JFW | T@lk  21:11, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, condense it to only major publications to Jacob Neusner. Megan1967 06:50, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete/Transwiki, This does feel like something that belongs in wikisource or wikibooks. Radiant_* 08:49, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge: it is a significant record and research resource.
 * Comment by User:68.196.203.80, who has three edits.
 * Keep, significant. --mz 16:49, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wireless router

A wireless router or Wi-Fi router is a device that performs the functions of a router and also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is used to provide access to the Internet or a private computer network. Depending on the manufacturer and model, it can function in a wired local area network, in a wireless-only LAN, or in a mixed wired and wireless network.

Features
Wireless routers typically feature one or more network interface controllers supporting Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet ports integrated into the main system on a chip (SoC) around which the router is built. An Ethernet switch as described in IEEE 802.1Q may interconnect multiple ports. Some routers implement link aggregation through which two or more ports may be used together improving throughput and redundancy.

All wireless routers feature one or more wireless network interface controllers. These are also integrated into the main SoC or may be separate chips on the printed circuit board. It also can be a distinct card connected over a MiniPCI or MiniPCIe interface. Some dual-band wireless routers operate the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands simultaneously. Wireless controllers support a part of the IEEE 802.11-standard family and many dual-band wireless routers have data transfer rates exceeding 300 Mbit/s (For 2.4 GHz band) and 450 Mbit/s (For 5 GHz band). Some wireless routers provide multiple streams allowing multiples of data transfer rates (e.g. a three-stream wireless router allows transfers of up to 1.3 Gbit/s on the 5 GHz bands).

Some wireless routers have one or two USB ports. These can be used to connect printer or desktop or mobile external hard disk drive to be used as a shared resource on the network. A USB port may also be used for connecting mobile broadband modem, aside from connecting the wireless router to an Ethernet with xDSL or cable modem. A mobile broadband USB adapter can be connected to the router to share the mobile broadband Internet connection through the wireless network. Some wireless routers come with either xDSL modem, DOCSIS modem, LTE modem, or fiber optic modem integrated.

The Wi-Fi clone button simplifies Wi-Fi configuration and builds a seamless unified home network, enabling Super Range Extension, which means it can automatically copy the SSID and Password of your router.

Operating system

The most common operating system on such embedded devices is Linux. Less frequently, VxWorks is used. The devices are configured over a web user interface served by a light web server software running on the device. It is possible for a computer running a desktop operating system with appropriate software to act as a wireless router. This is commonly referred to as a SoftAP.

In 2003, Linksys was forced to open-source the firmware of its WRT54G router series (the best-selling routers of all time) after people on the Linux kernel mailing list discovered that it used GPL Linux code. In 2008, Cisco was sued in Free Software Foundation, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. due to similar issues with Linksys routers. Since then, various open-source projects have built on this foundation, including OpenWrt, DD-WRT, and Tomato.

In 2016, various manufacturers changed their firmware to block custom installations after an FCC ruling. However, some companies plan to continue to officially support open-source firmware, including Linksys and Asus.

title: Wireless router


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The Presbyterian College, Montreal

The Presbyterian College/Le Collège Presbytérien, 3495 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, is a Theological College of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, and is affiliated with McGill University through its School of Religious Studies. The Presbyterian College's student base comes from across Canada and around the world.

Mission
The Presbyterian College is a theological College of The Presbyterian Church in Canada. It is a member of the Montreal School of Theology, a Consortium of three theological colleges: Diocesan College (Anglican), The Presbyterian College, and the United Theological College.

Programs of The Presbyterian College

 * Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
 * Diploma in Ministry
 * Maitrise en Étude Théologique Pratique
 * McGill Bachelor of Theology (B.Th.)
 * McGill Master of Sacred Theology degree (S.T.M.)

History
The official history of the college began in the early 1860s, but the date of 1865 is the benchmark as the Canada Presbyterian Church approved the request of the Presbytery, to complement that denomination's only Theological College, Knox College, located in Toronto.

Lay leadership in this cause came from prominent Montrealers John Redpath and McGill Principal John William Dawson.

Classes began in the autumn of 1867 in the basement of Erskine Presbyterian Church in downtown Montreal, with Professor (later Principal) Donald Harvey MacVicar.

The college remained within the Presbyterian Church in Canada after church union, although most of the faculty departed. The 1925-1926 academic year was held from the Anglican Diocesan College, until the provincial Quebec Courts awarded the College back to the "continuing" Presbyterian Church in Canada.

During World War II, Presbyterian College was used for soldier training, and temporarily moved to Toronto, Ontario, and joined with Knox College, from 1943 to 1946. Some graduates of the College, in the spirit of good natured competition, still refer to that period as "the Babylonian captivity"!

Buildings and features
The first building was completed in 1873, and located on McTavish Street. In 1882, the David Morrice Hall containing a large library, dining hall, convocation hall, offices, and residences was completed. These building served the College until the 1950s. By the 1950s, the older buildings were in need of repair; rather than embarking on lengthy renovations, Presbyterian College and McGill University transferred lands. The university took the McTavish Street site, and Presbyterian College constructed a new building on the corner of University Avenue and Milton Street, just north of Sherbrooke Street, and adjacent to the aforementioned Diocesan College. The building was dedicated on April 28, 1963. The chapel, was renovated in the 1980s, then rebuilt following a fire in November 1990. In recent years, the college has rented out two floors of its residences as dormitories for McGill University students.

Alumni
In 1890, one of the Presbyterian College's most famous alumni graduated, in the person of James Naismith. He did not go to a congregation; instead, he went to serve with the YMCA in the United States. His invention of the sport of basketball, brought him back to Montreal, just before his 1939 death, to receive the Honorary Doctor of Divinity.

Another notable alum was James R. Reid (1885), who became president of both the College of Montana (1889-1893) as well as the second president of Montana State University (1894-1904).

Keith Markell's 1986 (posthumous) history of Presbyterian College cited some famous alumni; Most were in Canadian Church circles, including the first Moderator of the United Church of Canada, George C. Pidgeon. Another alumnus, who like James Naismith (see above), gained a reputation away from the pastorate and/or academia, was John Weir Foote (1934 Graduate), a heroic World War II Chaplain, and later Ontario Cabinet Minister.

W. G. Brown (1902) was a minister who fought for the continuation of the PCC from Red Deer, Alberta, where he served from 1907 to 1925, then moved to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan where he re-organized the Presbyterian Minority groups into St. Andrew's Church in Saskatoon; and died after he was elected to the Canadian Parliament in 1940.

Partnership
In 1969, Presbyterian College entered into an agreement with McGill University Faculty of Religious Studies and the other Theological Colleges (United College and Diocesan College), that renewed an agreement made in 1912, that was dissolved following 1925. In 1981, the Institute de Théologie de Montréal was established, to provide teaching in French, although French courses had been provided from 1869 to 1925, and the College became known as The Presbyterian College/Le Collège Presbytérien. Another significant partnership is with the Montreal School of Theology (MST).

Principals

 * Donald Harvey MacVicar* (1873–1902)
 * John Scrimger* (1904–1915)
 * D. H. Fraser (1916–1929)
 * Francis Scott MacKenzie (1929–1945)
 * Robert Lennox (1948–1969)
 * William Klempa (1978–1998)
 * John A. Vissers (1999–2013)
 * Dale Woods (2014–2020)
 * Roland De Vries (2021–)

During the periods between settled Principals (especially 1969-1978), there were a number of "Acting Principals".

Histories of the university

 * Robert Campbell, A History of the St. Gabriel Street Church, Montreal, 1887.
 * John H. MacVicar, The Life of Principal MacVicar, by His Son, 1904.
 * John. S. Moir, Enduring Witness, (Third Edition), 2004. (The Official History of the Presbyterian Church in Canada)
 * Dr. Stanley Frost.'The History of McGill in Relation to the Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects of Montreal and Quebec' (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1979).
 * Dr. Stanley Frost. 'McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning.' Vols I.(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press © 1980)
 * Dr. Stanley Frost. 'McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning.' Vol II.(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press © 1984)
 * H. Keith Markell 'The Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, 1948-1978' (Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, 1979)
 * Prof. Peter F. McNally ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning (1970–2002)' Vol III(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press © 2002)
 * Brian J. Young 'The Making and Unmaking of a University Museum: The McCord, 1921-1996' (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, June 1, 2000)

title: The Presbyterian College, Montreal


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Adrian Mourby

Adrian Roy Bradshaw Mourby (born 1955) worked for many years as an international opera correspondent and as a producer of operas and BBC dramas. He currently works primarily as a writer and journalist.

Career
Son of Roy Mourby and Peggy, daughter of Charles Edward Bradshaw, a regimental sergeant major, Mourby graduated from the University of Wales, Lampeter and Bristol University Film School. Roy Mourby, who grew up in Wales, was a teacher, and served with the Air Ministry in the Second World War. Mourby's great-grandfather, Tom Mourby, was a former Merchant Navy chief engineer who went on to run gasworks on the Welsh border, later owning one and establishing a family firm later taken over by Mourby's grandfather.

Mourby worked as a producer at the BBC for twelve years, where, amongst other series, he produced a television adaptation of Sir Kingsley Amis' The Old Devils. For these productions, he won numerous national and international awards [Smith/Kline 1982/ Sony 1985/BAFTA Cymru 1991 /Golden Gate 1993/ / BAFTA Cymru 1993 / Celtic Film Festival 1994/ New York Festivals 1994 / Sony 1995], before turning to full-time writing, broadcasting and opera production.

He has published several novels, including We Think the World of Him (1996) The Four of Us (1997) Wishdaughter (2004). He wrote the 1994 BBC Radio 4 series Whatever Happened to ...? about the further adventures of various fictional characters, for which he won the Sony Silver Award for Creative Writing on Radio. In 1997, his book "Whatever Happened to ...?: The Ultimate Sequels" was published with more such tales.

Mourby is a prolific programme essayist working in the UK and Europe. His own opera productions include Semele (Malta 2002) Cosi fan tutte (Oxford 2004) Marriage of Figaro (Blewbury Festival 2006). In 2015 he worked as dramaturg on Wienerstaatsoper's Idomeneo. In 2007 Mourby was awarded the Special Award for Opera Journalism by the Fondazione Festival Pucciniamo, Italy. In 2010 he was one of the finalists for UK Travel Journalist of the Year and in 2013 won the award for Best Travel Article in a Magazine (Italian Tourist Board). Mourby has also written AA guides to Venice, Brussels and Bruges and contributed to various Dorling Kindersley travel guides.

In June 2017 Icon Press published two books based on Mourby's travels round the world "Rooms of One's Own" focussed on places where great works of literature were written. Its sequel, "Rooms with a View" told the story of 50 grand hotels around the world. "Rooms of One's Own " was Highly Commended in the 2018 British Guild of Travel Writers Awards in the Best Narrative Travel Book category.

In January 2019 Mourby was Writer in Residence on Ocean Drive, Miami a post sponsored by The Betsy Hotel. In the Summer of 2019 he was guest lecturer on a number of opera tours of Italy with even more tours lined up in 2020. As a writer on opera and travel- two things that abruptly ceased in 2020- Mourby saw a career that had become too busy suddenly implode during the Covid lockdowns. He continued to write about Greece- and even managed to visit twice during 2020- but he returned to writing fiction in the quiet months of that lost year and wrote the novel Flora Antiparos.

title: Adrian Mourby


text: Category:Dutch engineers

title: Category:Dutch engineers


text:
Talk:Peony

Image
I removed Image:Peony.jpg because it seemed to be messing up the layout. — Pekinensis 19:47, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Recent addition
Fastifex just added some 1911 material into the article which may be outdated, i.e. Peony is also classed as a member of Ranunculaceae etc. Alexander 007 19:39, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Psychoactive?
Why might one "eat a peony"? As in: http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_mallick/20070202.html 72.140.89.23 05:35, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

herbs given to me by a specialist in Chinese Medecine. What properties is "peony" supposed to have medically?

Link edited
Hi, I added an external link to this page that was promptly removed, without any explanation or consultation. I think the link was valid, as it send interested readers to an article about peonies, including pictures. I looked at other similar pages, and found links to clearly commercial pages. The page I added links to is not-for-profit. The page is in the public domain, so is free to reference on wiki. Please advise. 192.104.39.2 (talk) 19:51, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

 * External links policy on Advertising and conflicts of interest states You should avoid linking to a website that you own, maintain or represent, and in this case, you are adding a link ( mobot.org) to Missouri Botanical Gardens  from an IP registerd to  Missouri Botanical Gardens . Unfortunately your  conflict of interest editing involves contributing to Wikipedia in order to promote  Missouri Botanical Gardens . Such a conflict is strongly discouraged. Your contributions to wikipedia consist (in september) entirely of adding external links to  Missouri Botanical Gardens and is considered  WP:Spam. --Hu12 (talk) 17:33, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Historical?
Any information about when it was introduced outside its native regions? Justinc (talk) 09:17, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Intersectional?
Quoting our article: "Plant growth types are Herbaceous (nonwoody), Tree (shrub), and Itoh (or "Intersectional"), which is intermediate between herbaceous and tree forms. In winter herbaceous peonies die back to their underground parts, whereas tree peonies lose their leaves but retain viable woody stems above ground."

Saying "intermediate" doesn't say much. It doesn't tell readers whether the Itoh peonies die back to the ground or retain viable woody stems. Or whether they should be considered as shrubs, or how large they grow.

Please could someone provide more information?

Wanderer57 (talk) 21:37, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

Help request: Mythological discrepancy with Paean (god)
Paean (god) does not have the name-origin story given in this article. See § Help request: Mythological discrepancy with Peony at Talk:Paean (god) for details & discussion.

Sorry all I can do is point this out, but my real-life limitations are getting in the way of my doing this myself and I might not make it back here. Thanks in advance if you can work on this! — Geekdiva (talk) 09:47, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

paean; etymology
The etymology overlaps with that of paean, an ode. It was originally an ode to Apollo, who assimilated the aspect of a healer-god. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:ECB6:B17B:BD26:E125 (talk) 05:01, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

New family designation
I tried editing the family Paoneaceae to be Ranunculaceae, which I believe is the latest APG IV designation, but edit did not stick, so there must be something preventing that -- perhaps some kind of automating. At any rate, this needs to be udpated throughout with references, etc. //actually, just discovered I might be (or am likely) in error, so hold off.

Correct pronounce 74.193.25.183 (talk) 17:00, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peony


text:
User talk:Damieni

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Sorry about putting The Impaler up for deletion. Sometimes people upload RPG characters here and at first glance that's what the article looked like. Gazpacho 23:33, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Damieni


text:
Canadian Club

Canadian Club is a brand of Canadian whisky produced by Suntory Global Spirits, an subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. Popularly known as CC, Canadian Club was created by Hiram Walker and Sons, an evolution of a brand around a product that took place over the second half of the nineteenth century. Hiram Walker merged with Gooderham & Worts, Ltd. in 1926, yielding Hiram Walker-Gooderham & Worts, Ltd.

History
Hiram Walker founded his distillery in 1858 in Detroit. He first learned how to distill cider vinegar in his grocery store in the 1830s before moving on to whisky and producing his first barrels in 1854. However, with the Prohibition movement gathering momentum and Michigan already becoming "dry," Walker decided to move his distillery across the Detroit River to Windsor, Ontario. From here, he was able to export his whisky and start to develop Walkerville, a model community that Walker financed to provide housing and services for his employees.

Walker's whisky was particularly popular in the late 19th century gentlemen's clubs of the United States and Canada; hence it became known as "Club Whisky." Walker originally positioned the whisky as a premium liquor, pitching it not only on its smoothness and purity but also its five-year oak barrel aging.

Club Whisky became very popular and American distillers petitioned for the inclusion of the word "Canada" on the bottle to distinguish it from their competing whiskies, thinking it would hamper the popularity of Walker's. This backfired, only making Club Whisky more exclusive. Walker saw this and changed the label again in 1889 adding the word "Canadian" to the top of the label, distinguishing Walker's recipe for his whisky from the other processes of the time. In 1890, the word "Canadian" was moved down from the top of the label and incorporated into the name of the whisky.

Walker's distillery passed to his sons upon his death in 1899. At one point, the Walkers employed almost the entire population of Walkerville, where they built police and fire stations, brought in running water and installed street lights. In 1890, the Ontario government acknowledged Walkerville as a legal town. It was incorporated into Windsor in 1935.

During the years of Prohibition, one of the distillery's most important clients was Chicago gangster Al Capone, who smuggled in thousands of cases of Canadian Club via a route from Windsor to Detroit.

Canadian Club has received the royal warrants of Queen Victoria, Edward VII, George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II. Hiram Walker & Sons is the only North American distiller to have been granted a royal warrant.

The Walker distillery remains in production in Windsor. Canadian Club is now part of the Suntory Global Spirits portfolio. It is its number four–selling alcoholic product, behind Jim Beam bourbon whiskey, Sauza Tequila, and DeKuyper cordials.

During the Whisky War between Canada and Denmark, Canadian Club was the usual bottle left by the Canadians.

Advertising
In 1967, Hiram Walker & Sons launched their "Hide A Case" advertising campaign that enticed drinkers to seek out cases of Canadian Club hidden at exotic locations throughout the world, including Mount Kilimanjaro, Angel Falls, Mount St. Helens and the Swiss Alps. The Mount Kilimanjaro case was not discovered until a Dutch journalist happened upon it in the mid-1970s. A small number of cases, such as one hidden above the Arctic Circle, were never found.

The first "Hide A Case" campaign officially ended in 1971. A second was started in 1975, where cases were hidden in places intended to be easier to access, such as in Death Valley and on top of a skyscraper in New York City. This second campaign ended in 1981; between it and the first, 22 cases were hidden and at least 16 recovered.

A print ad for the drink would serve as inspiration for the pre-title sequence of the 1977 Bond movie, The Spy Who Loved Me.

In the 2007 IndyCar Series season, they were main the sponsor for Andretti Green Racing #27 driver, Dario Franchitti during their championship winning season, which also included winning the 2007 Indianapolis 500.

The "Hide A Case" campaign was revived in 2010. According to the contest website, there is a $100,000 grand prize, among other prizes, for the contest's latest incarnation.

Canadian Club was a frequent product placement in the AMC show Mad Men, often being the drink of choice for the main character Don Draper.

Current Lineup
Canadian Club whisky comes in seven versions, and as a straight rye. All are 80 proof (40% alcohol by volume) except where noted otherwise.

 * Canadian Club 1858
 * The base version, does not carry an age statement. Sold in more than 150 countries, it is most popular line of Canadian Club and is often used as a mixer. In Australia and New Zealand it is 74 proof (37% abv).

 * Canadian Club Reserve
 * Aged 9 years.

 * Canadian Club Classic
 * Aged 12 years.

 * Canadian Club 100% Rye
 * Crafted entirely from single-grain rye.

 * Canadian Club Apple
 * Canadian Club 1858 with added apple flavour.

 * Canadian Club Dock No. 57
 * Canadian Club 1858 with added blackberry flavour.

 * Canadian Club Mixed & Ready
 * Launched in Australia in April 2001, Canadian Club Mixed & Ready is a ready-to-drink (RTD) mix consisting of a 4.8% ABV pre-mixed blend of six-year-old Canadian Club with dry ginger ale, cola, or soda and lime. It is sold in 330mL bottles and 375mL cans. All flavours are also available in New Zealand. An Australian advertising campaign to pitch Canadian Club to those who were "over beer" was hugely successful, and launched internationally.

 * 6% ABV "Premium Strength" is available only in 375mL cans and is mixed with dry ginger ale.

Limited edition / Discontinued

 * Canadian Club Premium

 * Canadian Club Reserve
 * Aged 10 years.

 * Canadian Club Limited Edition
 * Aged 20 years.

 * Canadian Club Chronicles 41, 42, 43 and 44
 * Aged 41, 42, 43 or 44 years.

 * Canadian Club 100 Proof
 * Aged six years and bottled at 100 proof (50% abv).

 * Canadian Club Sherry Cask
 * Double-matured, first in white oak barrels for at least eight years; then casks from the Sherry wine region (Spain). It is 82.6-proof (41.3% abv).

Canadian Club is also produced in limited quantities in older agings (15 years and up) for special markets. For the whisky's 150th anniversary in 2008, a 30-year-old version was released in a very limited bottling.

title: Canadian Club


text: Category:Austrian mineralogists

title: Category:Austrian mineralogists


text:
Mame Madior Boye

Mame Madior Boye (Maam Maajoor Bóoy; born 7 December 1940) is a Senegalese politician who served as Prime Minister of Senegal from 2001 to 2002. She was the first woman to hold that position.

Background and career
Boye was born to a family of lawyers in Saint-Louis, Senegal and like her three brothers, she was educated as a lawyer in Dakar and Paris. Her father was a clerk and a bailiff. She graduated from Faidherbe High School in her hometown. In 1963, she enrolled at the Faculty of Legal and Economic Sciences at the University of Dakar and then continued her training at the National Center for Judicial Studies (CNEJ) in Paris until 1969.

She spent most of her career in the Senegalese administration of justice. She was successively Deputy Public Prosecutor, judge and first vice President of the Regional First Class Court of Dakar and chamber President of the Court of Appeal. She was a founder and the first woman president of the Association of Senegalese Lawyers from 1975 to 1990, then became the Director of Engagements for the West African Banking Company (Compagnie bancaire de l'Afrique Occidentale, CBAO) from September 1990 to April 2000. Boye was also vice president of the International Federation of Women Lawyers from 1978 to 1998. She was a feminist, Muslim and divorced with two children. Her relations with the regime of President Abdou Diouf were strained and she did not accept high positions in the judicial system.

Prime Minister
Following the victory of Abdoulaye Wade in the 2000 presidential election, Boye became Minister of Justice in April 2000. But tensions arose between the President and the Prime Minister, who was from another political party. Moustapha Niasse resigned and Boye was appointed by Wade as Prime Minister on 3 March 2001, two months before the legislative elections. Wade lacked a majority in the legislature and more than 30 non-partisan women's organizations organized a campaign before the elections demanding more women in the legislature. Boye was not only a woman, she was also non-partisan, which looked good. She remained as Minister of Justice in the new government. The elections gave Wade a large majority - 89 of 120 seats. The representation of women increased, but not to more than 19 per cent. Following the April 2001 legislative elections, Boye was reappointed as Prime Minister on 10 May 2001; she was, however, replaced as Minister of Justice in the government appointed on 12 May.

Boye's second government saw an increase in female representation, with five women among the 25 ministers, up from two previously. Despite this achievement, the government grappled with significant economic and social hurdles. Efforts were directed towards bolstering education and healthcare, enhancing salaries, curbing youth unemployment, and supporting the agricultural sector. The coalition faced internal disagreements due to the inexperience of its members. As Prime Minister, Boye was under the authority of President Abdoulaye Wade, known for his hands-on leadership style and authoritarian tendencies. On November 4, 2002, Boye and her government were dismissed by the President, purportedly due to her handling of the MV Joola sea disaster in September 2002, which claimed over 1,800 lives when the state-owned ferry sank, marking one of the deadliest shipping disasters in history. Initially, Boye attributed the accident to adverse weather conditions, absolving the ship and crew of blame. However, subsequent investigations revealed alleged high-level errors, leading to the dismissal of the navy chief and the resignation of two ministers.

Afterwards
Later, in September 2004, Boye was appointed by Alpha Oumar Konaré as the African Union's Special Representative for the promotion of the protection of civilians in armed conflicts.

On 12 September 2008, a judge in France issued an arrest warrant for Boye, along with eight others, in connection with the Joola disaster. The Senegalese government rejected this and, in response, decided to prosecute the judge who issued the warrants. The Paris Court of Appeal annulled the arrest warrant for Boye in mid-June 2009.

title: Mame Madior Boye


text: Category:German mineralogists

title: Category:German mineralogists


text: Category:Swedish mineralogists

title: Category:Swedish mineralogists


text:
Talk:Purple Aki

So what's the 'legend'?
get this outta here and into a category for convicted criminals or something. FOUR TILDES 17:57, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * There are extensive legends about this guy. I certainly remember the wild and exaggerated stories that were told about him when I was a child. Marwood 16:49, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * maybe we could get some of those 'legends' on here so it could be justifyed that he be in the 'urban legens' article,maybe its regional or something? im from the U.S. and ive never even heard of this dude,so i thought by reading about him i would gain som knowledge of his 'legend',but i was left confused as to why he is included in this article.FOUR TILDES 17:58, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The problem is, by their very nature, urban legends are unsubstantiated. And we have to be very careful about sourcing material for this article because of WP:BLP. Certainly there were lots of rumours and stories about "Purple Aki" in the Merseyside area in the 80s and 90s. Most of the ones I heard suggested that he kidnapped school children, and carved the initials 'PA' on their buttocks. I've since heard stories from other people involving murder and sexual assault. It was nonsense, but not total nonsense. There is a real 'Purple Aki', although his exploits (as described in the article) aren't nearly as graphic as the stories. Indeed the most notable thing about Akinwale Arobieke (and probably the only reason that he is notable enough for a Wikipedia entry, as the AfD has it) is that he is a rare case of an urban legend turned out to be based - at least in part - on fact.Marwood 18:29, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * so its impossible to refrence any of the 'legends' here so why dont we stick to the facts & move the article to 'murders' or something..know what i mean?FOUR TILDES 17:58, 29 June 2007 (UTC)(4 of em)
 * Because he isn't a convicted murderer. Or sex offender. He is already in the category of 'English Criminals' and the introduction to the article explains that he was believed to be an urban legend until he was actually arrested. I never believed he even existed, until I saw reports of his arrest appearing in the newpapers! And as I say, the only reason Aki is notable enough for a Wikipedia entry is that he is an Urban Legend which turned out to be true. What we really need is to find some verifiable sources reporting the existance of the legends, and add information on that basis. But so far (although I haven't looked very hard) I've turned up a blank. Marwood 18:27, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I've attempted to write a NPOV and properly sourced section on the "Purple Aki" myths. It's a difficult line to walk, because obviously Akinwale Arobieke is a real person and so WP:BLP applies. But "Purple Aki" (though based upon Arobieke) is fiction, and exists only as folklore. And so most sources are blogs, forums etc. Stories like this don't find their way into university-type text books! I hope any serious objections can be discussed here. Marwood 20:07, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * we could have an article of stuff that he did do,then have a list of 'legends' that may be attributed to him.problem solved.

4tildes_7/3/2007_@4:07pm.

Conviction and successful appeal
I'm surprised there's no mention of the death of the boy at New Brighton station. Arobieke was convicted for playing some part in his death, and then won his appeal. I can't remember the details, but I've seen the law report. I'll try to find some citations.Thewilk 22:38, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not mentioned, because there are no citations. The boy in question, Gary Kelly, supposedly electrocuted himself in New Brighton Station while trying to hide from Arobieke under a train. Everyone seems to know the story, but no-one can produce a reliable citation - only forums and reposts of earlier versions of this article 80.93.170.99 18:08, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I've added it, with a citation to the law report. Not sure if this is enough, if a link is needed there's one here http://sixthformlaw.info/02_cases/mod5/cases_assaults_actus.htm  Thewilk 19:44, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent, thanks. 80.93.170.99 12:54, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

why doesnt marwood read the godam thing proporly widnes is in halton he was banned from entering therfore banned from halton jeez louise
 * Two things. One, yes Widnes is in Halton. But he was banned from Widnes, not from Halton. Leeds is in England, if I'm banned from entering Leeds that doesn't mean I'm banned from entering England. Secondly, no citation was provided to demonstrate that his ban from entering anywhere has been lifted - only the ban from 'touching muscles'. Marwood 10:19, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Deletion
Why is this page up for deletion?--194.81.33.39 13:21, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

KEEP - I vote against deletion Andrew Oakley 16:24, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * i say move this to another categoryFOUR TILDES 17:55, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Needs research to find correct crime
Sorry, I have to remove tags. Not exact crime as tagged. Wish I had more time to research this case and apply correct tag. I hope someone else will do the research.--FloNight 20:21, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The article at the moment is very confusing. It labels Arobieke as a sex offender, but he was convicted of no sex crime. It says he was convicted of sexual harassment (he wasn't) of hundreds, and then in the next sentence says he was convicted on only 15 counts of harassment and one count of intimidation. 80.93.170.99 12:27, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Name
I think this article should be called Akinwale Arobieke and leave this page as a redirect. Comments?Obina 14:05, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. 80.93.170.99 12:27, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

'Jacob Milroy'
I've removed this story from the article, as no citation has been provided, and no 'Jacob Milroy' exists on the UK electoral role. A google search doesn't turn up anything with reference to Aki except this article. 80.93.170.99 14:31, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Can't be too careful
I try to be careful when scanning for vandalism and this is a good example. Looks unbelievable, made up, but true. Want to trade this judge for a judge in Florida? Shenme 08:48, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Maintenance
This article is practically impossible to maintain. Because of the nature of the subject matter, it's prone to vandalism from every idiot Scouser who thinks it is funny to put a comment saying that Arobieke abused their best mate/worst enemy and he/she enjoyed it. Surely it can be afforded from protection on this basis?? 80.93.170.99 18:11, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

so everyone who makes an edit you don't like is an 'idiot scouser', perhaps yous hould leave your prejudice views to yourself.

The problem with keeping this page clean is that in many ways Purple Aki has become a local anti-hero. The legend of Aki is part and parcel of Liverpool Culture - and has now spanned two generations.(He's on Myspace now!) There have been frequent attempts on this page to mention elements of the legend of Aki, but often these are deleted due to them being unsourced and without reference, but this is the whole point of an urban myth! - There IS no proof! I've just tidied up a recent attempt to summarise the legend of Aki and hope it stays. Sadly, you will always get idiots abusing this page just like any other on Wikipedia.--Johncollinswork 18:53, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Surely, an encyclopaedia should be reporting the fact that myths exist (for which there is proof) rather than the content of the myths themselves (for which there is, as you say, none)? 80.93.170.99 17:03, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Unsourced legend section
I have twice deleted the unsourced "Legend" section. This is a biography of a living person and thus higher standards of sourcing apply. I understand the difficulty in providing citations for urban legends, longstanding rumors, and other similar statements but that in way means that they can be added to this article without sufficient citations. --ElKevbo 20:41, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Is there no way to distinguish the living person from the urban legend? Must have very similar problems with Banksy.  Or, for that matter, the real Chuck Norris vs the Internet Chuck Norris.  76.10.128.105 (talk) 20:34, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Edit war brewing
User:62.31.200.124 keeps removing a dead link from the 'history' section. I'm not going to revert the change again as I don't want to get into an edit war. If you're reading, 62.31.200.124, can you explain why you are removing the link? Marwood 12:42, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Dont know how to use this wiki thing that well so I'm just editing my reply into your post, I kept removing the link since its my blog and really dont want that many people reading it. Sorry to be a pain, I probably shouldnt have posted the thing in the first place if I didnt want people reading it.
 * As you've taken the article down, then no-one is going to be reading the blog post anyway. I'll look for a replacement link and swap it out as soon as I find one. Is that okay? Marwood 12:55, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

I ried to replace it with this link http://www.lfcreds.com/reds/index.php?PHPSESSID=b35129e3a4f80d076e77c05ae3f329d8&topic=1206.msg12351#msg12351 only I'm really crap at wiki. Could you fix it?
 * That link is no good, as it is actually a copy of an earlier version of this article. We can't cite ourselves! Marwood 13:08, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've replaced it with some other citations. The whole section is very tentative and could well be on the wrong side of WP:BLP. Marwood 13:10, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

What we really need to understand here is hard to ditinguish between comments about the 'living person' Akinwale Arobieke, the 'alter-ego' Purple Aki (information on which is almost all opinion / folk myth). Obviously the two are the same and it's the legend 'Purps' that brings people to this great page.) Both information about Akinwale Arobieke and Purple Aki should remain on this page. There are tonnes of pages about urban myths on wikipedia without them being backed up by 'facts', by nature of them being myths.--Johncollinswork 20:07, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

"unsubstantiated references"
Some references to discussions about the Purple Aki legend were recently removed as B3ta.com seems to have been taken as an unreliable source. For the biographical information about Akinwale Arobieke (which should be subject to WP:BLP, I would agree. But for the folklore/mythology of "Purple Aki" (as distinct from the real life Arobieke), then I'd contend so-called webzines like B3ta are suitable references. Marwood 20:47, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Far as I know, Purple Aki and Akinwale are the same people! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.152.245.152 (talk) 11:22, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Webzines are not suitable references. See WP:RS. Indeed, B3ta operates more like a BBS. I've removed these sources accordingly. Rklawton 14:59, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Can you suggest a better reference for urban myths and stories of this sort? As a general rule, I'd absolutely agree that B3ta is not a reliable source. However, as a source supporting myths like Purple Aki it seems ideal. We're not using B3ta to support "facts" here, we're citing people telling the fanciful stories they heard from their childhood. These stories are the only reason Arobieke is notable enough for a WP article at all. Although in all honesty, I still think this article should be deleted. 80.93.170.99 (talk) 18:12, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Current event
November 14 Rklawton 15:38, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Past criminal record
A precis of his past criminal record can be found in paras 44-57 of this court transcript from 2004. This is his appeal refusal relating to the 2003 conviction. 86.21.74.40 13:41, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Latest trial coverage
Man 'breached muscle-squeeze ban'. Nanonic (talk) 10:33, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Reliable sources
I see these problems were raised above and ignored, but ignoring the problems doesn't fix the problem. Urban dictionary, some webzine, Youtube clips, etc. are not anything close to reliable sources. There wasn't a s ingle reliable source for any legend aspect. Claims that there are generally no reliable sources for legends and therefore bad sources must remain are simply false. Legends can be documented in newspapers, books, journals and other sources just like anything else. If none for these claims can be found, then the claims must be removed from the article, which I just did. Do NOT put them back without first finding sources that meet WP:RS. DreamGuy (talk) 21:01, 7 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Though I disagree with your reasoning, the removal of the 'legend' section has wider implications for the article, specifically the issue of notability. The only notable thing about Arobieke is that he is the origin of "Purple Aki" myth. Indeed, this is the only reason that the article came through the AFD a couple of years ago. Without the Purple Aki myth, this article would not exist. However, as no reliable sources exist (or can be located) for the myth, we cannot establish notability and the article shouldn't be here at all. Marwood (talk) 14:13, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * (reference 3 in the article) refers to Arobieke as Purple Aki, considered to be a urban myth in north-west England. -- Neil N   talk  ♦  contribs  17:30, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * While accurate, it is entirely possible that the comment was sourced from an earlier version of this page. Arobieke even alleged as much in his defense. Assuming this isn't the case, however, it still says nothing about the Purple Aki myth, other than the fact it exists. I'm still struggling to see how we can establish notability. Marwood (talk) 13:11, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
 * We cannot asssume where that comment is sourced from. An October 2006 article also mentions Purple Aki . -- Neil N    talk  ♦  contribs  13:27, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Intro
Shouldn't there be something in the page intro explaining exactly why this person is famous?--Phil5329 (talk) 00:56, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

How he got his name
Every single version of the Purple Aki legend that I have heard mentions that he was given his nickname because he is "so black he's purple". I am going to include this hilarious fact in the article unless someone can suggest a sensible reason why I shouldn't. Anty (talk) 13:32, 23 December 2009 (UTC)
 * You need a reliable source to back that up. -- Neil N   talk to me  13:38, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Re: Purple Aki - "so black he's purple", the lack of a 'reliable source' doesn't stop (eg) King Arthur having a wiki page. I come form the area of his haunts and everyone knows of this 'mythical' character as "Purple Aki". Quite a shock that years later, turns out he's real. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.146.0.208 (talk) 13:16, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

There should definitely be something in there explaining his name. The fact that there isn't a reliable source is irrelevant. Surely it is better to explain that there isn't a reliable resource in the name info, than to not mention it at all. People reading might be thinking "but why is he purple?" I'm putting it in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.234.165.109 (talk) 13:44, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Verifiability of his age
I see TheRedPenOfDoom has marked Aki's age as unreliable since The Court of Appeal is cited. I understand it's a primary source and all that, but do we really have reason to doubt it? Other sources already used in the article cite an age consistent with a July 1961 birth date. EG. this article says "Arobieke, 54, of Devonshire Road, Liverpool, also complained that…" This is  already used in the article. you've contributed to this article recently - your thoughts, please?

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Akinwale Arobieke. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20040112084400/http://www.sthelenstoday.net:80/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=70&ArticleID=713136 to http://www.sthelenstoday.net/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=70&ArticleID=713136

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:23, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Aki's status as a "sex offender"
The infobox for this article describes the subject as convicted of Indecent assault in 2001 and 2003. I don't think this is true - the Sexual Offences Prevention Order was controversial because of "the fact he has not been convicted of a sex crime." (BBC, 2006). For this reason, I think he should also be removed from Category:British people convicted of indecent assault and Category:English sex offenders. Stroller (talk) 02:56, 26 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Regarding the comment you made when editing today - if you're thinking of doing some work on this article, please see the above. I dislike "his criminal activities are sexually motivated, a fact which was recognised by the issue of the SOPO" in the lede. Aki appears to be a bit of a local legend, a figure of both mockery and controversy - this article attracts both childish vandalism and those who think him a "nonce" and guilty of killing Kelly. I've wanted for some time to give this article a thorough revision but am reluctant because I know I'd spend literally hours at it. --Stroller (talk) 22:12, 6 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks Strolls I will take a look. The guy is a local "legend" in the weakest possible sense and this article is overly detailed in discussing an otherwise not-notable minor criminal. Koncorde (talk) 22:16, 6 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I was using the word "legend" in its most colloquial sense, not advocating his notability. I'm not really au fait with wikipedia's notability guidelines, but he's in the national headlines fairly often. I would say his notability is primarily the unique nature of this ban, which one judge described "draconian" but which was reinstated when the police appealed the verdict. I find many articles here excessively detailed, but abridging them is the kind of editing which past experiences have made me wary of - it seems in the nature of wikipedia that editors like to add any pertinent fact (I don't claim to be immune from this). --Stroller (talk) 04:22, 7 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Sorry, was using legend in the same way myself, was not trying to imply anything. This article is cruft. All that is notable (really) is the SOPO, the rest of it is tabloid journalism (and rejected in other BLP's for such). Koncorde (talk) 21:19, 7 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Really it sounds like you should be nominating the article for deletion. --Stroller (talk) 00:53, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
 * could I draw your attention to the above, please? If you go through some of the many previous stories about Aki, the SOPO was quite controversial because of he's never been convicted of a sexual offence. I appreciate you want to do good work here (and the article does need it, really) but Aki's status is a bit complicated. Stroller (talk) 15:45, 12 September 2016 (UTC)
 * thanks, I appreciate your eye on this. I would read this: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/s_to_u/sentencing_and_ancillary_orders_applications/#a51 You don't need to have been convicted of a sexual offense to receive a SOPO, I would like to see sources that show the controversy of assigning him with this sentence when he has been convicted of indecent assault, a crime merged with sexual offences in the 2003 act. In effect this makes it a sexual offence by today's law, as noted in the CPS source: "the power to make a SOPO may be exercised in relation to an offence committed before the commencement of the Act." So there is by law no controversy here I can see in issuing him with an order. The idea of the civil order is for him not to be in a position to re-offend on prior crimes: indecent assault in this case which after 2003 falls under the Sexual Offenses act. Mountain cirque 09:59, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I didn't believe he has been convicted of indecent assault. I've been meaning to tag with WP:CITENEED where that's claimed in the infobox. I'm not sure if I'm misunderstanding the difference between a "sex crime" and a "sexual offence", but in respect of definitions post the 2003 Act, the BBC article I linked above, which says "despite the fact he has not been convicted of a sex crime", is dated 2006. A 2014 Liverpool Echo article says "Mr Arobieke – who has never been convicted of a sexual offence". The SOPO was granted when he was released after being "jailed for five years in 2003 for 15 charges of harassment". In total he has "more than 40 convictions, including eight for actual bodily harm, seven for assaulting police, six for threatening behaviour and one for a threat to kill." You see that "indecent assault" isn't mentioned.
 * I thought, for these reasons, the BBC described the SOPO as "controversial" in their coverage of it. I must've been mistaken, though, as I can't now cite that. One might say that the judge describing it as "draconian" and the subsequent appeal would make it inherently controversial, but obviously that's open to debate. I've actually unsubbed from this page this week, as I can't be bothered to keep up with this kind of discussion. There's a lot of good material in this week's BBC articles about him; I think this page could make much more of his harassment and the effect on his victims - there are quotes (in this article, I think) from his victims, talking about how his attentions made them feel. I think that would make for a much more rounded article - he clearly is quite terrifying to those he victimises. I think it would need hours of work to reflect this, however, and I don't tend to work on high traffic articles. Stroller (talk) 12:57, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, the BBC article makes it clear that Arobieke has never been convicted of a sexual offence, and in fact the judge who lifted the SOPO specifically rejected the idea that his behavior is sexually motivated. I am therefore amending the page text accordingly. Nick Cooper (talk) 13:25, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 3 September 2023
He is dead so I think his death should be acknowledged. 82.132.187.145 (talk) 18:57, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Jalen Folf   (talk)  19:08, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * He is dead 2A00:23C6:9C61:8D01:8D9D:C2E:FCF0:1060 (talk) 11:49, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * And we should just believe you? Reports of this nature need to come from reliable sources. The best I've seen so far is a few AI-generated spam sites and speculation on forums. It's not enough. -- zzuuzz (talk) 20:45, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 4 September 2023
Change potentially dead to Very much alive. The story about Akinwale is click bait, Akinwale is very much alive and well apart from his property having damage due to a flood he is alive and well. (SOURCE - I am a (contractor) dealing with the damage to his property.) 2A00:23EE:12D0:A849:B4F9:DFFF:FE80:29BE (talk) 20:34, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Well that's somehow more believable than some of the 'sources' I've seen saying otherwise. In any case I've removed the "has been presumed dead" tag, as there's no reliable sources reporting such speculation. -- zzuuzz (talk) 20:45, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

BLP issues
Why is this article so gigantic? This guy does not seem notable in any way, other than being really weird, and being (apparently falsely (?)) accused of being a pervert. I have just removed an entire section(!) of the article that detailed him getting a single traffic ticket in 2023 -- preposterous. jp×g🗯 04:44, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Looking through the sources here, trying to see what is even going on -- so what, they were sexual offenses? They weren't sexual offenses? It is really hard to figure out what the article is trying to say here. If they were not sexual offenses, we should be clear about this. At any rate, this seems like an extremely long article considering what facts exist about the guy. jp×g</b>🗯</b> 04:48, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Is purple aki dead??
Was wondering if this man was still alive? 2A00:23C4:2EC4:1001:A01A:10F3:5A38:DCC1 (talk) 14:20, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Purple Aki


text: Category:Danish mineralogists

title: Category:Danish mineralogists


text:
Summoning (disambiguation)

Summoning is the act of calling or summoning a spirit, demon, deity or other supernatural agent, in the Western mystery tradition.

Summoning or The Summoning may also refer to:

Film and television

 * "The Summoning" (Babylon 5), an episode of Babylon 5
 * The Summoning, the UK release name of the 2016 film more widely known as Planetarium
 * The Summoning, a 2017 animation short aired as part of Go! Cartoons
 * The Summoning (film), a 2018 Sri Lankan horror short film

Literature

 * The Summoning (novel), a 2008 Darkest Powers novel by Kelley Armstrong
 * The Summoning, a 1993 novel by Bentley Little
 * The Summoning, a 2001 novel by Troy Denning

Music

 * Summoning (band), an Austrian black metal band
 * The Summoning (album), a 2011 album by Glamour of the Kill
 * "The Summoning", a spoken-word segment by Twilight Force from the album Tales of Ancient Prophecies
 * "The Summoning", a song by Linkin Park from The Hunting Party
 * "The Summoning", a song by Sleep Token from Take Me Back to Eden

Video gaming

 * The Summoning (video game), a 1992 isometric-view fantasy role-playing game
 * Summoning, a game mechanic in the Final Fantasy video game series

title: Summoning (disambiguation)


text: Category:Danish geologists

title: Category:Danish geologists


text: User talk:24.239.157.28

title: User talk:24.239.157.28


text:
User:Hailey C. Shannon

Hi, Well, as you can see, that's my real name, (I will not tell you my middle name). I think I spend too much time on here, but it's worth it!

Did You knows from my created articles
Did You Know:
 * That Uchchaihshravas is declared the king of horses in Hindu mythology?

 * That Walter Keane, known for paintings of "big-eyed waifs," claimed a sore shoulder and declined a 1986 court-ordered paint-off with his ex-wife, resulting in a US$4 million judgment against him?

People I have a Personal Connection to

 * Carl Nafzger
 * Steve Asmussen
 * Cash Asmussen
 * Stoll Vaughan

simple:User:Hailey C. Shannon

title: User:Hailey C. Shannon


text:
Fredrik Rosing Bull

Fredrik Rosing Bull (25 December 1882 – 7 June 1925) was a Norwegian scientist, information technology pioneer, known for his work on improved punched card machines. Bull was born in Kristiania (Oslo, Norway). In 1907, he finished his studies in civil engineering at the Technical School of Kristiania (Kristiania Tekniske Skole). In 1916, he was hired as a technical inspector for the insurance company Storebrand, where he developed an interest for punched card technology and began developing one of his own. In 1919, he obtained a patent for his machine, and in 1921 he prepared a team that took over the implementation of the machine at Storebrand. This team provided several new ideas for improving the Bull machine, rendering it superior to Herman Hollerith's device, the precursor to the IBM punched card machine, in use at that time. Bull continued to develop his ideas and improve the machine, which became a success throughout Europe. He was diagnosed with cancer in 1924 and died in 1925 at the age of 42. His patents were later sold in 1931 and constituted the basis for the founding of the French company Groupe Bull, a large information technology company operating in over 100 countries.

Family
Fredrik Bull was born in Kristiania (the present-day Oslo) to Dr. Ole Bornemann Bull (1842–1916) and his first wife Marie Cathrine Lund (1843–1884). Dr. Ole Bull was a renowned eye doctor. He collaborated with Gerhard Armauer Hansen who discovered Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, while investigating the effects of leprosy on the eyes. He is also known for having developed a method to determine the degree of sensation of color.

Fredrik was raised in a large family. He was the eighth of fifteen children. The Bull family had a passion for technology and science: all of Fredrik's older brothers were engineers. His brother Anders Henrik Bull is known for his studies in wireless radiotelegraphy.

Education
Fredrik Rosing Bull began his studies in civil engineering at the reputable Technical School of Kristiania in 1904 and graduated in 1907. He scored some of the best marks of class.

Storebrand
In 1916 he was hired as a technical inspector at the insurance company Storebrand where he came into contact with the tabulating machines of those days.

The punched cards and the tabulating machines were initially developed by US engineer Herman Hollerith and were used for first time in Norway by Statistics Norway in 1894.

Fredrik Bull was sent abroad to study Hollerith's systems, returning with the conviction that Hollerith's systems were expensive and unstable. He was convinced that he could develop a device that was cheaper and more efficient than Hollerith's. As a result, Bull convinced his employer, Storebrand, to pay him an advance of $10,000 to develop a new machine. The terms of the deal required the advance to be repaid in full if the machine was not successful.

Bull's plan was to use electromagnetic technology like Hollerith, but with many improvements. The use of 45 column punched cards enabled the machine to read the information while making contact through the holes. This method allowed faster processing of information. The machines in use at that time required significant manual intervention to operate. Bull made several improvements to automate processing, such as standardization of punched-cards and pre-selection.

Bull's first machine
Bull needed nearly two years to produce a finished product. The machine was presented to the Storebrand directors at his workshop on 12 January 1921 and subsequently purchased for the sum of 20,000 pounds on 21 January 1921. The machine was not successful because it was not as efficient, stable and reliable as expected. It was operational until 1926.

Around that time Bull contacted a friend from high school in Nordstrand Reidar Knutsen, who headed the company A/S Oka. Through Reidar he met Knut Andreas Knutsen, Reidar's younger brother, who was an engineer. He and Bull began collaborating.

The Bull machine
On 31 July 1919 Bull obtained a patent for his design. The patent describes in detail his idea of a programmable tabulating machine. The new machine itself was not completed until 1923 and was referred to as a 'ordering, recording and adding machine'. After its initial success Bull undertook the production of new copies of his T-30 machine, adding improvements as he went. Several insurance companies in Denmark showed interest in the technology.

Fredrik then signed a contract the Oka company led by Reidar Knutsen, which assumed the costs of manufacturing and marketing. The production of these machines was in a precision workshop in Kristiania.

The Bull machine used punched card of 45 columns, with round holes and a rotating adder. His machine was substantially better than its competition, Hollerith and Powers, through the mechanism of punched card pre-selection.

The machine proved a success and received very good reviews and publicity The key factors for success were the technical quality of the machine, the ease of use, the new pre-selection technology, the cost savings and the opportunity for users to avoid IBM's monopoly and purchase their own equipment instead of renting it.

Other patents
Bull continued working on improvements for the machine and also in developing new machines such as a sorting machine and a new tabulating machine.

Some of the notable improvements were: the change of switches that controlled the entry of punched cards and the expansion device in larger scale.

The reading device was the most critical part of the machine. Built with electrical conducting springs, these passed through the holes of the punched cards, causing the information to be recorded by electrical contact. He obtained the ideas for this machine by stealing the notes of Henrik Hartzner, his Danish partner. One of the main problems of this method was the low durability of the material of the cards, which meant that the method did not always function correctly. Another problem was the dust that entered the holes of the contacts. One major problem Bull and Knutsen had was that because of the nature of the contacts, sparks were created causing the machine to crash frequently. All these details were being constantly improved.

Production of Bull machines was rather slow. Two machines were produced in 1921, another two in each of the subsequent years (1922 and 1923), ramping up to four in 1924, and to six in 1925. These machines were sold to companies in Norway, Denmark, Finland and Switzerland. There were constant problems with the machines. Knut Andreas Knutsen was constantly traveling to these countries for repair and modifications at client sites.

Illness and death
In the summer of 1924 Bull was diagnosed with cancer, a disease that ended his life on 7 June 1925 when Bull was 42 years old.

Despite the diagnosis in the summer of 1924, Bull continued to work until his condition worsened in the fall of that year. In the last few days he shared his latest ideas with Knutsen. Bull's patent rights were acquired by Oka, where Knutsen, loyal to the ideas of Bull, continued the improvement of the machine and the expansion of the company. Knutsen focused on new designs to record tabulation results on paper forms, sorted numerically and alphabetically. He was the first to use printing wheel methods.

Groupe Bull
The years following Bull's death, 1926, 1927 and 1928 were years of difficulty but also of joys and surprises. The machines installed and leased to Swiss companies had attracted great interest in Switzerland. In 1927, the Belgian Emile Genon bought the patents to operate in the European continent (excluding Scandinavia). In 1928 he got in agreement with the Swiss company HW Egli in order to produce Bull machines. Production began in 1929.

Later Genon, aware of the improvements Knutsen was bringing in Scandinavia also tried to improve on his patents, the technology of the vertical sorting machine and printing. He finally hired Knutsen who was given the place of chief engineer of HW Egli. This was accepted by Knutsen with the condition of the company to moving to France where there was more to reach the market. So, in 1931 HW Egli - Bull based in Paris was founded. Two years later, in 1933, the company underwent a reorganization and suffered a name change, Compagnie des Machines Bull, the current Groupe Bull. Knutsen continued as chief engineer until his retirement in 1958.

title: Fredrik Rosing Bull


text:
M40 field protective mask

The M40 field protective mask was one of various protective masks used by the United States Armed Forces and its allies to protect from field concentrations of chemical and biological agents, along with radiological fallout particles. It is not effective in an oxygen deficient environment or against ammonia.

History

The M40 was the result of a program in the 1980s to develop a successor to the M17-series protective masks which had been in service with the US armed forces since 1959. The M40 was to be a return to conventional protective mask design with an external side-mounted filter canister, rather than the internal cheek filters of the M17, which were awkward to change, especially in a contaminated environment.

The M40 was phased into service with the U.S. Army and Marine Corps in the mid-1990s, with another new design, the MCU-2/P also replacing the older M17 in service with the U.S. Air Force and Navy. However, both masks suffered from the inadequate protective capabilities of their face pieces, which was of a silicone rubber susceptible to corrosion from blister agents. Thus, the masks were effectively ill-suited for protecting against much more than riot control agents, and a butyl rubber 'second skin' had to be quickly issued for fitting over and reinforcing the M40 facepiece to make it effective in its intended role.

The M42 series masks are a variant of this mask with alterations that make it better suited for use by armored vehicle crews, who have to connect their masks to and draw air from their vehicle's own filtration system.

The M40 field protective mask is currently being replaced by the M50 joint service general purpose mask.

On September 2, 2017, the Philippine Marine Corps received 1,000 M40 gas masks and C2 filters through the U.S. Embassy's Mutual Logistics Support Agreement program.

Design
The M40 field protective mask features three voicemitters, one on either the right or left side, and one in front. A voicecom adapter may be placed over the front voicemitter to amplify the user's voice. The mask can be adjusted in the field to accept the filtering canister on either side, so that a weapon may be shouldered. Right-handed shooters will normally locate the canister on the left side of the mask and vice versa.

The C2 canister on the M40 mask can protect the user from up to 15 nerve, choking, and blister agent attacks, and two blood agent attacks.

The M40 comes with a drinking system that allows the user to drink water after donning the mask for long periods of time in a chemically contaminated environment. In order to use the drinking system the user must also have suitably equipped canteen lids or an adapter for other containers.

The prototype
In 1983, ILC Dover came out with the first, heavily influenced by the M17 mask, prototype of M40, the XM40 mask. Throughout its development it got numerous important changes that helped pave the way towards the final product, such as increased rigidity, bulk reduction and the removal of a dimple under the voice diaphragm for clearing the mask.

A year later, in 1984, the prototype was finalized as the M40 Field Protective Mask, but it did not enter service until after the Gulf War. It was mass-produced and mainstay issued from 1992 onwards.

Nowadays, XM40 models are considered extremely rare and valuable.

Current

 * 🇵🇭 Philippines: In service with the Philippine Army and Philippine Marine Corps, supplied from the Joint U.S. Military Assistance Group.

Former

 * 🇺🇸 United States: Replaced by the M50 joint service general purpose mask in active service. Still used by U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard units and the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve as of 2021.

title: M40 field protective mask


text: Category:Russian mineralogists

title: Category:Russian mineralogists