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1968 Washington, D.C., riots

Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a leading African-American civil rights activist, on April 4, 1968, Washington, D.C., experienced a four-day period of violent civil unrest and rioting. Part of the broader riots that affected at least 110 U.S. cities, those in Washington, D.C.—along with those in Chicago and in Baltimore—were among those with the greatest numbers of participants. President Lyndon B. Johnson called in the National Guard to the city on April 5, 1968, to assist the police department in quelling the unrest. Ultimately, 13 people were killed, with approximately 1,000 people injured and over 6,100 arrested.

Background
Starting in the late 19th century through the 1960s, the ready availability of jobs in the United States government attracted many people to Washington, D.C., including African American men, women, and children. This era is known as the Great Migration. As a result, middle-class African American neighborhoods prospered, but the lower class was plagued by poor living conditions and fell deeper into poverty.

Despite the end of legally mandated racial segregation after the 1954 decision of Brown v. Board of Education, the neighborhoods of Shaw, the Atlas District Northeast corridor, and Columbia Heights remained the centers of African-American commercial life in the city.

Housing
Housing in D.C. was deeply segregated. Most of the slums in the city were in the southern quarter of the city, and most of the inhabitants of these slums were black. The United States Commission on Civil Rights said in a 1962 report that housing was much harder to attain for blacks than for whites, and that the housing blacks could find within the city's border was in a severely worse condition than the housing of their white counterparts. The Commission also stated that it was the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) segregationist zoning plot for the city that was to blame for housing inequality. HUD also came under fire from a group called ACCESS (Action Coordinating Committee to End Segregation in Suburbs) when they protested HUD for giving federal money to buildings that restricted blacks from living in them.

Education
Ghettoization resulting from housing discrimination led into a feedback loop of low property taxes and low funding for public schools in D.C., with many white parents sending children to private schools. Two-thirds of D.C.'s population was black, while 92% of public school children were black. Striking statistics such as one out of three ninth grade public school students ending up graduating gave way to rising frustration from the black majority towards the white-dominated government and only gave way to louder and louder calls for their demands to be met. The federal government granted $5.5 million under Title 1 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, but none of that money went to majority black schools.

Police
With 80% of the D.C. police force being white and 67% of the city being black, tension between police and the community rose along with tension between whites and blacks before 1968. Harsh police tactics, which started in the South in the 1960s to put a buffer on civil rights protests, left inner-city nationwide blacks more scared of police than ever. In the years leading up to 1968, there were many incidents in which D.C.'s black community held protests and turned angry against white police officers. In 1965, the same time and place as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. worked with white lawmakers to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965, two white D.C. police officers arrested a group of black boys with ages ranging from 12 to 16 for playing basketball in an alley. This prompted majority black crowds to gather around police stations around the city throwing rocks and, in some cases, firecrackers. These small, disorderly protests would happen multiple times before the end of 1965.

There were three programs put in place after a long string of controversial arrests of black people by white police officers:

 * 1) A police run Department of Community Relations.
 * 2) A civilian-run Advisory Council for every precinct.
 * 3) A Complaint Review Board made up of civilians that would look over complaints thrown out by the police chief and see if the complaint warranted a look at a repeal by the mayor.

In 1968, before the riots began, a popular black D.C. reverend said that relations between black residents and white cops had reached a "danger point."

Unemployment
In June 1967, the national unemployment rate was 4% for white Americans and 8.4% for non-white Americans. In D.C., non-white unemployment was over 30% for much of the 1960s, many times higher than national rates.

Looting and arson
On the evening of Thursday, April 4, as word of King's assassination in Memphis, Tennessee spread, crowds began to gather at the intersection of 14th and U Streets. Stokely Carmichael, the militant civil and political rights activist who had parted with King in 1966 and had been removed as head of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in 1967, led members of the SNCC to stores in the neighborhood demanding that they close out of respect. Although polite at first, the crowd fell out of control and began breaking windows. Carmichael, who supported the riots, told rioters to "go home and get your guns."

The disturbances began when a window was broken at the People's Drug Store at the intersection of 14th and U Streets, NW. An hour and half later, by 11 pm, window-smashing and looting spread throughout the area. Looting occurred generally where there was little police protection. The local police department could not handle the disturbance, as one officer said, "This situation is out of control, we need help it's too much for us to handle." The civil disturbance unit was later activated, but by the time order was restored around 3 am, 200 stores had their windows broken and 150 stores were looted, most of them emptied. Black store owners wrote "Soul Brother" on their storefronts so that rioters would spare their stores.

The looting and arson spread throughout DC by April 5 with 4 major areas containing much of the violence, the first being the downtown area where many department stores were looted which was bounded by H Street NW in the north, F Street NW in the south, 15th Street NW in the west, and 7th Street NW in the east. The second area hit was along 7th Street NW from K to P Streets, which was where much of the fires took place and drained much police manpower. The third area hit was an over 2 mile long strip along 14th Street from downtown F Street NW to Park Rd, halfway to the border with Maryland. Another area of looting and arson was the area across the Anacostia River in Southeast DC, where 2 deaths took place.

The District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department reported 1,180 fires between March 30 and April 14, 1968, as arsonists set buildings ablaze.

Carmichael speeches
The next morning, Mayor-Commissioner Walter Washington ordered the damage cleaned up immediately. However, at 10 am, anger and discontent was still evident, and was exacerbated when Carmichael addressed a rally, saying "white America has declared war on black America", there is "no alternative to retribution" and "Black people have to survive, and the only way they will survive is by getting guns". "White America killed Dr. King last night. She made a whole lot easier for a whole lot of black people today. There no longer needs to be intellectual discussions, black people know that they have to get guns. White America will live to cry that she killed Dr. King last night. It would have been better if she had killed Rap Brown and/or Stokely Carmichael, but when she killed Dr. King, she lost." "I think white America made its biggest mistake when they killed Dr. King last night... He was the one man in our race who was trying to preach mercy and forgiveness for what the white man has done." He said "Execution of this retaliation will not be in the courts but in the streets,...We're going to die on our feet-we’re tired of living on our stomachs."

During a Havana broadcast, he told blacks to stay away from their jobs to protest the slaying and "make the white racist Americans understand that Negroes have the necessary force to set right the outrages which have been made against Negroes in the United States."

Clashes with police and firefighters
Rioters walking down 7th Street NW and in the Atlas District came into violent confrontations with police. Around midday, arsonists set buildings ablaze while firefighters were attacked with bottles and rocks and unable to address the fires. By 1 pm, the riot was once again in full effect. Police unsuccessfully attempted to control the crowds using tear gas.

Presidential radio address
In a radio address after the announcement of King's death, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked all citizens not to resort to violence. The following morning, he held a meeting at the White House with black civil rights leaders and government officials. He made a statement saying to "deny violence its victory," pleading that all citizens come together to keep King's dream alive. He declared the Sunday of that week to be Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a day of mourning, and ordered that all American flags be flown at half staff. He also made the final decision to bring in the military to stop the rioting.

Mayor-Commissioner Walter E. Washington attempts to quell the violence
Walter Washington made nightly appearances during the riots, and these appearances were credited by many in the city with helping dampen the violence during the time. In addition, he refused FBI director J. Edgar Hoover's commands to shoot at rioters on the grounds that it would be needless slaughter and to avoid nearby harm to civilians. In 1974, Washington became the city's first elected mayor and its first black mayor, but only served one term after being overwhelmed with managing the city.

Coordination by Cyrus Vance
Cyrus Vance was the former Deputy Secretary of Defense and special Pentagon representative in D.C. 1968 Riots. Mayor Washington acted with Vance's guidance during Thursday night, the first hours of rioting. He also acted as the Pentagon's special representative from Friday night and on. He was called upon by Mayor Washington on Friday afternoon to coordinate the National Guard, the Army, and the police. He was the leading force in a shift in the military emphasis which focused on the overwhelming use of men, the use of tear gas, and an early, strictly enforced curfew.

Police response
Before the riots, John Layton, the police chief of Washington, emphasized that if there ever was a riot in Washington, he would use a large number of policemen with no guns, rather than fewer policemen with guns. During the riots, Layton put those words into action. Rather than acting immediately to the reports of rioting, looting, and window-breakings with a smaller force, he played the waiting game until a large enough force could be brought together. They then used tear gas instead of bullets to disrupt the rioting.

Military intervention

On Friday, April 5, President Johnson invoked the Insurrection Act of 1807 and dispatched 11,850 federal troops along with 1,750 D.C. Army National Guardsmen to assist the overwhelmed D.C. police force. Marines mounted machine guns on the steps of the Capitol and Army soldiers from the 3rd Infantry Regiment guarded the White House. The 2nd Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division from Fort Bragg, North Carolina and 6th Cavalry Regiment from Fort Meade, Maryland were among the principal federal forces sent to the city. At one point, on April 5, rioting reached within two blocks of the White House before rioters retreated. The occupation of Washington was the largest of any American city since the Civil War.

Federal troops and National Guardsmen imposed a strict curfew, worked riot control, patrolled the streets, guarded looted stores, and provided aid to those who were displaced by the rioting. They continued to remain after the rioting had officially ceased to protect against a second riot and further damage.

Deaths
By Sunday, April 7, when the city was considered pacified, 13 people had been killed in fires, by police officers, or by rioters. An additional 1,097 people were injured and over 7,600 people were arrested.

Civil Rights Act
On April 11, 1968, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which included the Fair Housing Act section that prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or gender. While a bill had been in question for some time, Johnson sped up the process following the assassination of Dr. King. The Act helped desegregate D.C. and reduced the amount of blacks living in ghettos, separated from wealthier whites-only areas.

Fauntroy's proposal
Walter Fauntroy, City Council vice chairman and the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, played a key role in the rebuilding of D.C. after the 1968 riots. When the riots first broke out, Fauntroy expressed his connection with Dr. King, stating that "There is no one in the city whose heart is more crushed and broken than [his]" after King's assassination. He challenged people to "Handle your grief the way Dr. King would have wanted it," and those who acted otherwise "do dishonor to the life and mission of Dr. King."

Following the riots, Fauntroy proposed a program that would allow property owners the right to build bigger and more profitable buildings, as long as they spent money on community projects such as housing, apartment renovations, or retail centers. If someone wanted to go forward with a commercial project, they would need to first make a firm commitment to undertake a local project in a D.C. neighborhood. As part of their returning to the community, participants would be required to return 50% of the cash value of the bonuses they received through the program. Fauntroy estimated an increase of $500 million in revenue for the city government.

Property damage and white flight
The property loss caused by the riots was extensive and included damage to 1,199 buildings, including 283 residential and 1,590 commercial units. Losses to at least partially insured properties in the concentrated area of looting and destruction were estimated at $25 million. Insurance covered only 29% of the total loss suffered by these businesses. As a result of the riot damage, an estimated 2,900 insurance policies were cancelled and 500 businesses suffered inflated insurance rates. The Board of Trade estimated a loss of $40 million in tourist trade during April and May including those due to the cancellation of the National Cherry Blossom Festival.

The riots devastated Washington's inner city economy. With the destruction or closing of businesses, thousands of jobs were lost, and insurance rates soared. Made uneasy by the violence, white flight from the city accelerated, depressing property values. Crime in the burned out neighborhoods rose sharply, further discouraging investment.

On some blocks, only rubble remained for decades. Columbia Heights and the U Street Corridor did not begin to recover economically until the opening of metro (subway) stations at U Street in 1991 and Columbia Heights stations in 1999, which in turn assisted the areas' gentrification in the 2010s.

A 2024 study found that destruction during the riots "caused lots to remain vacant for the next thirty years and only recently converge in terms of structure value. The city acted to preclude for-profit land owners from leaving land vacant until demand conditions improved by purchasing nearly half of all properties in damaged neighborhoods. Despite this and other steps, the city had limited success in speeding up redevelopment."

title: 1968 Washington, D.C., riots


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List of Desperate Housewives episodes

Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy drama-mystery that premiered on October 3, 2004 on ABC. Seasons one through eight have been released on DVD in Regions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Desperate Housewives follows the lives of four women – Susan (Teri Hatcher), Lynette (Felicity Huffman), Bree (Marcia Cross) and Gabrielle (Eva Longoria) – through the eyes of Mary Alice (Brenda Strong), their deceased friend and neighbor.

The vast majority of the episodes are titled after lyrics by composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim. Episodes were broadcast on Sunday nights at 9/8c.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Desperate Housewives episodes


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(B, N) pair

In mathematics, a (B, N) pair is a structure on groups of Lie type that allows one to give uniform proofs of many results, instead of giving a large number of case-by-case proofs. Roughly speaking, it shows that all such groups are similar to the general linear group over a field. They were introduced by the mathematician Jacques Tits, and are also sometimes known as Tits systems.

Definition
A (B, N) pair is a pair of subgroups B and N of a group G such that the following axioms hold:

 * G is generated by B and N.
 * The intersection, T, of B and N is a normal subgroup of N.
 * The group W = N/T is generated by a set S of elements of order 2 such that
 * If s is an element of S and w is an element of W then sBw is contained in the union of BswB and BwB.
 * No element of S normalizes B.

The set S is uniquely determined by B and N and the pair (W,S) is a Coxeter system.

Terminology
BN pairs are closely related to reductive groups and the terminology in both subjects overlaps. The size of S is called the rank. We call A subgroup of G is called
 * B the (standard) Borel subgroup,
 * T the (standard) Cartan subgroup, and
 * W the Weyl group.
 * parabolic if it contains a conjugate of B,
 * standard parabolic if, in fact, it contains B itself, and
 * a Borel (or minimal parabolic) if it is a conjugate of B.

Examples
Abstract examples of BN pairs arise from certain group actions.
 * Suppose that G is any doubly transitive permutation group on a set E with more than 2 elements. We let B be the subgroup of G fixing a point x, and we let N be the subgroup fixing or exchanging 2 points x and y. The subgroup T is then the set of elements fixing both x and y, and W has order 2 and its nontrivial element is represented by anything exchanging x and y.
 * Conversely, if G has a (B, N) pair of rank 1, then the action of G on the cosets of B is doubly transitive. So BN pairs of rank 1 are more or less the same as doubly transitive actions on sets with more than 2 elements.

More concrete examples of BN pairs can be found in reductive groups.
 * Suppose that G is the general linear group GLn(K) over a field K. We take B to be the upper triangular matrices, T to be the diagonal matrices, and N to be the monomial matrices, i.e. matrices with exactly one non-zero element in each row and column. There are n − 1  generators, represented by the matrices obtained by swapping two adjacent rows of a diagonal matrix. The Weyl group is the symmetric group on n letters.
 * More generally, if G is a reductive group over a field K then the group G=G(K) has a BN pair in which
 * B=P(K), where P is a minimal parabolic subgroup of G, and
 * N=N(K), where N is the normalizer of a split maximal torus contained in P.
 * In particular, any finite group of Lie type has the structure of a BN-pair.
 * Over the field of two elements, the Cartan subgroup is trivial in this example.
 * A semisimple simply-connected algebraic group over a local field has a BN-pair where B is an Iwahori subgroup.

Bruhat decomposition
The Bruhat decomposition states that G = BWB. More precisely, the double cosets B\G/B are represented by a set of lifts of W to N.

Parabolic subgroups
Every parabolic subgroup equals its normalizer in G.

Every standard parabolic is of the form BW(X)B for some subset X of S, where W(X) denotes the Coxeter subgroup generated by X. Moreover, two standard parabolics are conjugate if and only if their sets X are the same. Hence there is a bijection between subsets of S and standard parabolics. More generally, this bijection extends to conjugacy classes of parabolic subgroups.

Tits's simplicity theorem
BN-pairs can be used to prove that many groups of Lie type are simple modulo their centers. More precisely, if G has a BN-pair such that B is a solvable group, the intersection of all conjugates of B is trivial, and the set of generators of W cannot be decomposed into two non-empty commuting sets, then G is simple whenever it is a perfect group. In practice all of these conditions except for G being perfect are easy to check. Checking that G is perfect needs some slightly messy calculations (and in fact there are a few small groups of Lie type which are not perfect). But showing that a group is perfect is usually far easier than showing it is simple.

title: (B, N) pair


text: Talk:Boom town

title: Talk:Boom town


text: User talk:62.65.192.22

title: User talk:62.65.192.22


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Catawba (grape)

Catawba is a red American grape variety used for wine as well as juice, jams and jellies. The grape can have a pronounced musky or "foxy" flavor. Grown predominantly on the East Coast of the United States, this purplish-red grape is a likely a hybrid of the native American Vitis labrusca and the Vitis vinifera cultivar Semillon. Its exact origins are unclear but it seems to have originated somewhere on the East coast from the Carolinas to Maryland.

Catawba played an important role in the early history of American wine. During the early to mid-19th century, it was the most widely planted grape variety in the country and was the grape behind Nicholas Longworth's acclaimed Ohio sparkling wines that were distributed as far away as California and Europe.

Catawba is a late-ripening variety, ripening often weeks after many other labrusca varieties and, like many vinifera varieties, it can be susceptible to fungal grape diseases such as powdery mildew.

Origins
The exact origins and parentage of the Catawba grape are unclear. While most sources agree that Major John Adlum was growing the variety at his nursery in Georgetown, Washington, D.C by at least 1823, where he got the cuttings of the vine is unknown with two widowed Maryland women given attribution by different writers. Wine writer Bern Ramey and University of California, Davis viticulture professor Lloyd A. Lider credit Mrs. J. Johnston of Fredericktown, Maryland who wrote to Adlum and said while her late husband always called the grapes "Catawba", she did not know where he got the original vines from. Historian Thomas Pinney describes a similar story with Adlum receiving the cuttings in 1819 from a Mrs. Scholl of Clarksburg, Maryland whose late husband grew the grape. Again, the story goes that Mrs. Scholl told Adlum that while her husband always called the grape "Catawba", she could not recall where the vines came from. It is possible that the source of the Catawba grapes came from the Rose Hill property, in Rockville, Maryland, which was acquired early in the 19th century by Lewis and Eliza Wootton Beall, as part of Eliza's dowry from her father Richard Wootton. It is during their ownership of Rose Hill that grapes were first cultivated on their property. The remnants of these grapes are still evident in the sole surviving grapevine that runs eastward from the side of the barn towards the Rose Hill Mansion. According to J. Thomas Scharf, the presence of Catawba grapevines at Rose Hill can be traced back to the early decades of the 19th century. Cuttings of the Catawba grape, first discovered in western North Carolina around 1801, are believed to have been transported to Montgomery County before 1816, when they were left by a traveler with Jacob Scholl, an innkeeper in Clarksburg. They appeared at Rose Hill shortly thereafter when Eliza Beall obtained some cuttings from her brother Singleton Wootton, who had, in turn, gotten them from Scholl.

The Catawba grape is one of the earliest Vitis labrusca grapes used in wine production, but can also be eaten or made into grape juice, jam, or jelly. The Vitis International Variety Catalogue gives credit to the Scholls and describes Catawba as a crossing of the North American species Vitis labrusca with the European species Vitis vinifera and list 1819 as its likely introduction. The Oxford Companion to Wine states the vine was identified in North Carolina even earlier, in 1802, but does not state who discovered the variety. British wine expert Oz Clarke also places the vine's origins in North Carolina but claims that it was first identified in 1801.

The possible Carolina origins do correspond with circumstantial details about the name "Catawba". In the Carolinas there is the Catawba River, which flows through the territory of the Catawba people. While the Catawba Indian Nation is currently centered in South Carolina, the Catawba people have historically populated the entire area that extended from the western Piedmont of North Carolina across the South Carolina border.

History
From its obscure origins, the Catawba grape began appearing on nursery inventory lists across the United States and soon became a major grape in the growing American wine industry. From 1825 to 1850, it was the most widely planted grape in the United States. One early adopter was Nicholas Longworth of Cincinnati, Ohio who founded America's first commercially successful winery. After difficulties cultivating the Alexander, Longworth purchased Catawba cuttings from Major Adlum and planted a vineyard along the Ohio River. After accidentally stumbling upon sparkling wine production in his winery, Longworth began producing a sparkling Catawba modeled after the wines of Champagne.

From the 1830s through the 1850s, Longworth's still and sparkling Catawba were being distributed from California to Europe where it received numerous press accolades. In the 1850s, a journalist from The Illustrated London News noted that the still white Catawba compared favorably to the hock wines of the Rhine and the sparkling Catawba "transcends the Champagnes of France". The wines were also well received at home in the United States where Henry Wadsworth Longfellow published a poem dedicated to Nicholas Longworth titled Ode to Catawba Wine. The popularity of Longworth's wine encouraged a flurry of plantings along the Ohio River Valley and up north to Lake Erie and Finger Lakes region of New York. So influential was Longworth's Catawba wine that newspapers began referring to him as "the founder of wine culture in America, author of sparkling Catawba."

Longworth was a fervent champion of Catawba, particularly grown in the Ohio River Valley, as a grape that he believed would lead the American wine industry for years to come. Prior to his sparkling Catawba, no other American wine had received the level of critical acclaim in Europe that his wines received. In the American journal Culture of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine, Longworth wrote in 1847, "The day is not distant, when the Ohio River will rival the Rhine, in the quantity and quality of its wine. I give the Catawba preference over all other grapes, for a general crop, for wine."

The year 1859 was Catawba's peak in the Ohio wine industry, with the state being the largest producer in the United States, producing more than 568000 gal of wine from 2000 acre acres of mostly Catawba vines. But the 1860s brought an end to the enthusiasm when powdery mildew decimated Catawba plantings and the economic turmoil of the American Civil War led to many vineyards being pulled up or abandoned. Another labrusca variety, the Concord developed in 1849 in Concord, Massachusetts by Ephraim Wales Bull soon eclipsed Catawba in plantings and ended its dominance of the American wine industry.

Description and viticulture
Like many Vitis labrusca varieties, the Catawba grapevine has large leaves that can be mono-lobed or moderately three-lobed with the slightly smaller leaves that are closer to the apical meristem of the vine shoot. The upper surface of the leaves have a medium green color with a leathery texture while the underside has dense white tomentum (wooly hairs). The vine produces moderate size clusters that are nearly cylindrical and fairly compact. The large berries have an oval shape with what Bern Ramey describes as'"a dull purplish-red with a lilac-colored bloom". The Catawba has the characteristic labrusca "slip-skin" which is thick but slides easily off between the fingers, leaving the pulp intact.

The Catawba is a hardy vine that can handle the severe continental climate of the Eastern United States which includes hot, humid summers and cold winters. However, the vine is a late ripening variety, usually one to two weeks later than other labrusca varieties like Concord and Delaware which means that it is susceptible to harvest time hazards that can come in locations with short growing seasons before incremental winter weather sets in. The possible vinifera parentage also means that the Catawba has a higher susceptibility to various grape diseases, like powdery and downy mildew, than typical labrusca varieties.

Pink Catawba
In the 1940s, French-American viticulturalist Charles Fournier discovered a clonal mutation of Catawba in his Finger Lake vineyards that had less pigmentation in skin and could produce a lighter rosé wine than the usual Catawba variety. Fournier decided to use this variety, named Pink Catawba, in his New York sparkling wine from Gold Seal Vineyards. In 1950, this sparkling pink Catawba was the first non-California wine to win a gold medal at the wine tasting competition of the California State Fair.

Wine regions
The Catawba grape can still be found throughout the Midwest and Eastern United States, though its numbers are not very large due to the prevalence of more recent French-American hybrid varieties and increased plantings of Vitis vinifera in area suitable for its cultivation. The areas with the largest concentration of plantings are the Lake Erie and Finger Lakes wine region, but Catawba can also be found in Arkansas, Georgia, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina and Washington.

Winemaking and wine styles
In favorable locations that can accommodate the grape's late ripening, Catawba can produce a medium bodied wine with moderate acidity and enough sugars to produce off-dry to dry styles of wine. Though the grape is technically considered a "red wine" grape, Catawba actually produces rosés of varying shades of pink and white wines because the concentration of anthocyanins in the grapes is very low and they contribute little color during maceration. Similarly, the low amount of phenols from the skins also means that Catawba wines are very low in tannins and extract. Winemakers wishing to produce a darker Catawba can use thermovinification, with heat breaking down some of the coloring compounds from the skin, but that can have an effect on the overall flavor profile of the wine.

The flavor of Catawba can have varying degrees of "foxiness", which refers to the earthy and musky aromas commonly associated with Vitis labrusca varieties. While European tasters, such as Oz Clarke and Jancis Robinson, often describe the level of foxiness as "distinctive", American writers such as Ramey note that Catawba wines usually fall somewhere in the middle between Concord and vinifera when it comes to foxy aromas.

Synonyms
Catawba is also known under the synonyms Arkansas, Captraube Rot, Catawba Rosa, Catawampus, Catowba Tokay, Cher Kee, Cherokee, Fancher, Francher Kello White, Francher Kells White, Keller's White, Lebanon, Lebanon Seedling, Lichigan, Lincoln, Lincolun, Mammoth Catawba, Meads Seedling, Mecleron, Merceron, Michigan, Muncy, Muncy Pale Red, Municipale Red, Omega, R'd Muncy, Red Muncy, Rose Of Tennessee, Rote Captraube, Sarato A, Saratoga, Singleton, Tekomah, Tokay, Virginia Amber, and White Catawba.

Catawba (color)
At right is displayed the color catawba.

The color catawba is a representation of the color of the outer skin of catawba grapes.

The first recorded use of catawba as a color name in English was in 1916.

title: Catawba (grape)


text: User talk:68.0.144.160

title: User talk:68.0.144.160


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Talk:Running on Empty (album)

Who is the guy who joins JB and sings "Stay" at the end of the album??? I can't seem to find out. One source http://www.warr.org/browne.html#RunningOnEmpty says David Lindley, but I had heard it was someone else. 65.40.167.36 18:21, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Correction made on location of track 2 "The Road". Cross Keys Inn is in Baltimore, not Columbia. Beeracuda 11:32, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Added concert venue for Tracks 1, 9, 10. Beeracuda 11:39, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Running on Empty (album)


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text: File:Clutch - Live at the Googolplex.jpg


text: File:Clutch - The Elephant Riders.jpg

title: File:Clutch - The Elephant Riders.jpg


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User talk:Stalvenson

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

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For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

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title: User talk:Stalvenson


text: File:CMXAion.jpg

title: File:CMXAion.jpg


text:
User talk:Neilf4321

Please use the move function, instead of copy-and-paste, when renaming a page. This avoids splitting the page history in several places. --cesarb 19:14, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Non-free rationale for File:Wlwriter1.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Wlwriter1.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 13:53, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neilf4321


text:
Talk:Port (nautical)

IALA area B: Americas, Japan, South Korea and the Philippines IALA area A: Everywhere else

Mnemonics
There is another sailor's mnemonic for starboard and port, having to do with channel markers, which goes "Red on right returning." Thought it might be useful. O0drogue0o (talk) 09:47, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Would it not be easier for Port and Starboard to be merged? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.153.190.59 (talk) 12:57, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Aircraft and spacecraft
Though I've held a Commercial Pilot rating for over 25 years, I've never heard any flight instructor or other pilot refer to the left side of an airplane or helicopter as "port", or the right side as "starboard". This may be true for seaplanes, but certainly not for land-based aircraft. The concept is totally meaningless in spacecraft, where there is no "up" or "down". Who makes up this stuff?—QuicksilverT @ 21:13, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Regarding spacecraft, try this NASA google search I can see "attached to the port side of the S0 truss", "the port side of the Space Station", and it says, 245,000 others. Let's try Boeing... There's "spraying pod mounted under port-side wing", "The Lufthansa brand name on the port-side nose" and 111,000 others. So it's not that uncommon. --Nigelj (talk) 21:39, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Port (nautical)


text:
Talk:Conjugate transpose

One more way of denoting the conjugate transpose?
Why aren't "*T" listed as a possible notation for the conjugate transpose? This notation, which I've previously encountered in statistical signal processing, is presumably more intuitive, since it really is just a combination of conjugate and transpose. --Fredrik Orderud 00:57, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I never encountered the notation as you say, $$A^{*T}\,$$. I'd say it looks a bit clumsy. Besides, note that in this article (and in many other places) they use the bar for the conjugate, so then your notation might need to be changed to $${\overline A}^{T}$$.

 * If you think the notation you mention is in widespread use, and its addition would be helpful, you could add it to the list of alternative notations, next to     $$A^*, A^H, \mbox{ or } A^\dagger\,$$.  But again, the * thing might mean different things to different people. Oleg Alexandrov 01:47, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, the notation may very vell not be in widespread use. I've previously also used the "H" notation (in medical ultrasound). What about including the $$ A^H \equiv {\overline A}^{T} $$ (or simmilar using the "*" notation) equation, which I find easier ut understand than the current definition? --Fredrik Orderud 09:07, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure. But again, putting the notation with the star where star means conjugate, will conflict with the star where star means transpose. The notation with $$ {\overline A}^{T} $$ looks fine. Probably it is more appropriate to include it in the list of alternative notations, than to replace everywhere the current notation with this one. What do you think? Oleg Alexandrov 15:27, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I added the $$ A^H \equiv {\overline A}^{T} $$ definition since it seemed like that was ok.

 * I added the A' notation because it is used in a lot of books and papers. For some history see:

https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2582286/who-established-the-tradition-of-using-x-prime-instead-of-xt-to-denote Jeff Fessler — Preceding undated comment added 13:33, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

Rant
Start Rant. i just wanted to say that this maths article is yet another overly jargon filled maths wikipedia page. I know this is a general gripe but I find these maths pages seem to be written for the use of some one who already understands the ideas, which is completely the opposite idea behind the whole reason for having a wikipedia. that said, i still don't know how to fix the problem. i spose the problem is that the people qualified to write about these sorts of things are mathematicians who have mentally digested the jargon a long time ago and dont have to think about them. also there is this whole 'minimalism' thing in maths where if you show a proof or something you only show the bare minimum number of steps such that a laymen often can't follow the proof all the way through because an 'assumed' step has been ommitted.

but this isn't a proof, this is wikipedia, a platform on which people can share ideas and so omitting 'assumed' steps is probably a bad thing. It limits the audience, makes the person who can't understand it feel swamped and dumb (yes im speaking from personal experience ;-P ) and from my perspective makes the writer of the 'proof' or explanation look elitist. oh well. End Rant. -anon

 * One thing which would go towards a fix of this issue is if people like you were more specific. What parts do you have problems with? As you say, many people writing maths articles already know the subject, which makes it hard to see what parts are problematic. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:49, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Which "proof" do you have a problem with? There aren't even any proofs on the page as far as I can tell. --King Bee 14:41, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

No joke. I have been searching forever to just figure out what U*U=UU*=I was referring to mentioned everywhere else. A quick easy 2x2 matrix multiplied by another 2x2 matrix with a link to examples of how a matrix is multiplied. We need links to complex symbols explained down to the most very basic terms. Wikipedia is extremely bad at drilling down basic easy concepts like this. Perhaps a link to U* to explain exactly how this property works. The faster more people understand things, the faster society will progress. examples like this: http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/LinAlg/PropsOfMatrixArith.aspx

Other meaning of Adjoint
Hiya, there should be a link here to Adjugate Matrix. 'll do it if no-one else does, just don't know how yet. Herman Stel 23:10, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Did you see that there already is a link to adjugate matrix, at the end of the section "Basic remarks"? -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 00:25, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Conventional depiction of matrices
In the literature, matrix variables are usually upright Roman boldface. This page needs editing to fit the standard. The overbar for conjugation is a new one on me. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 200.122.159.125 (talk) 01:30, 28 December 2006 (UTC).

 * That depends very much on which literature you are familiar with. Both italics for matrices and overbar for conjugation are common in the mathematical literature. So I changed it back. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:30, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Shouldn't the comma between the subscripts in the first equation be ommitted? Scot.parker 11:32, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Another way to find the adjoint of a transformation?
An adjoint of a transformation is just one for which the inner product $$\langle Av,w\rangle = \langle v, A^* w \rangle$$. But for a transformation in terms of a basis which isn't orthonormal, it's not so simple as a conjugate transpose. Check for yourself. --68.161.190.195 (talk) 07:09, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Incorrect Definition
The page's definition ($$A^* = (\overline{A})^\mathrm{T} = \overline{A^\mathrm{T}}$$) is lacking: is it only true when we are working with orthonormal bases. The following is an excerpt from Chapter 6, page 120-1 of "Linear Algebra Done Right" (by Sheldon Axler):

"The proposition shows how to compute the matrix of T* from the matrix of T. Caution: the proposition below applies only when we are dealing with orthonormal bases -- with respect to nonorthonormal bases, the matrix of T* does not necessarily equal the conjugate transpose of the matrix of T." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Smithg86 (talk • contribs) 22:31, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

 * In that quote, T is a linear operator and T* denotes the adjoint of the operator. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 16:33, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Eigenvectors & conjugate transposition
Is there anything known about the relation between eigenvectors of A and eigenvectors of its conjugate transpose? I know they are equal if A is diagonalisable, but is there something known about the non-diagonalisable case (other than: left & right singular vectors are exchanged)? Catskineater (talk) 19:31, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Motivation Section
In the Motivation section, the matrix shown is not skew symmetric. I'm not sure what it should be called. John Yoepp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.223.116.200 (talk) 22:28, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

I removed the claim about a complex number being representable as a skew-symmetric matrix. However, the paragraph might be rewritten. You can define the complex number as a sum of a diagonal matrix (the real part) and a skew-symmetric matrix (the imaginary part). And it would of course be true for a pure imaginary number. Andy (talk) 16:49, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Better citation for notation
Wolfram MathWorld is not a reliable source. I have often found unsupported opinions and outright mistakes in it. As a reference for notations for the complex conjugate, a real book would be highly desirable. Zaslav (talk) 11:27, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conjugate transpose


text:
Talk:Stony Brook University

Notable alumni
Travis Jankowski now plays for the Texas Rangers. Delete New York Mets. 35.137.2.171 (talk) 23:23, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stony Brook University


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xplosive hosting

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Xplosive hosting
Delete: Advertising. --Durin 00:58, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under A1. Doesn't even give a specific definition of that company in particular. Mgm|(talk) 08:07, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete tag added. -Casito⇝Talk 08:08, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedily deleted. Concur with Mgm.  SWAdair | Talk  10:24, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of Arkansas locations by per capita income

Arkansas is the 48th richest state in the United States of America, with a per capita income of $16,904 (2000).

Arkansas Counties Ranked by Per Capita Income
Note: Data is from the 2010 United States Census Data and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.


text:
User talk:JyThanatos

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

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 * Help desk
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For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 00:59, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JyThanatos


text:
Namco System 21

The Namco System 21 "Polygonizer" is an arcade system board unveiled by Namco in 1988 with the game Winning Run. It was the first arcade board specifically designed for 3D polygon processing. The hardware went through significant evolution throughout its lifespan until the last game, Cyber Sled, was released in 1993. It was preceded by the Namco System 2 in 1987 and succeeded by the Namco System 22 in 1993.

System 21 specifications
The System 21 consists of four PCBs housed in a metal crate.

 * Main CPU: 2x Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz
 * DSP (used for performing 3D math): 4x Texas Instruments TMS320C25 @ 24.576 MHz (Starblade uses 5xTMS320C20 instead)
 * Sound CPU: Motorola 6809 @ 3.072 MHz
 * Sound Chip: Yamaha YM2151 @ 3.58 MHz
 * MCU Hitachi HD63705 @ 2.048 MHz
 * + Namco custom chips

Development
It was in development for over three years before release, since around the mid-1980s. According to Phil Harrison (in the September 1989 issue of Commodore User), who visited Namco's Tokyo office, Atari's Hard Drivin' ran on an earlier, less powerful, version of this hardware, stating that Namco and Atari Games were sister companies at the time and that the System 21 was a shared development.

List of Namco System 21 arcade games

 * Winning Run (1988)
 * Winning Run Suzuka Grand Prix (1989)
 * Galaxian³ (1990)
 * Driver's Eyes (1990)
 * Winning Run '91 (1991)
 * Starblade (1991)
 * Solvalou (1991) - 3D sequel to Xevious
 * Air Combat (1993)
 * Cyber Sled (1993)
 * Attack of the Zolgear (1994)

title: Namco System 21


text: User talk:66.30.215.145

title: User talk:66.30.215.145


text: Category:Cooking fats

title: Category:Cooking fats


text:
Talk:Eponymous (album)

Cant Get There From Here
This song is spelled without the apostrophe on the original album and single, as well as the back of this album. The only time it is spelled with the apostrophe is in the liner notes for this album. I have changed it to not include the apostrophe since 4/5 sources exclude the apostrophe. Bsd987 18:51, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Links to "eponymous"
I have eliminated all direct links from regular Wikipedia articles to this page. Here is why.

There is a problem having a single word as the title of an article that is not about that word. Lots of articles link to "Eponymous". Some use it as the word; others mean the R.E.M. album that this article covers. I've set myself the task of making sure these links go to the right place. However, it can be tricky to tell the difference between the two, because they are nearly all band/musician/album pages. Those that say, "the band's eponymous album" really want to link to eponym. Those that are about this album want to link here.

In order to make these links easy to distinguish, I made all article links to the album go to Eponymous (album), which is a redirect here. Thus, on the What links here page, there should be no regular articles listed as linking here directly. (We can ignore special pages: user, talk, the Village Pump, etc.)

So, if you see a regular article listed on the What links here page but not in the indented list under "Eponymous (album) (redirect page)", look at its usage of "eponymous" that is linked here. Those referring to the R.E.M. album should be edited to read something like Eponymous while those that are using the word "eponymous" should be edited to read something like eponymous

By the way, I think calling this page "Eponymous" is a bad idea. I'd make "Eponymous" a disambig and have the album article on "Eponymous (album). However, the matter seems to have been Decided (see User talk:Gamaliel/Archive 5), and, in any case, it isn't that important.

Regardless, whenever there are multiple meanings for a term, but there is some reason not to make the "main" page a disambig, I think the no-direct-link technique I've outlined above is a reasonable way to make link management easy.

— Nowhither 11:00, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's sort of ironic, because I'd guess the fact that every band has an "eponymous album" is from where the title of this album came. Maybe Wikipedia should start using the more common term "self-titled". -Unknownwarrior33 23:22, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Greatest hits vs. Compilation (general actually)
This is both a greatest hits (such as they had at the time) and a comp (outtakes, etc.). So what does one call it? Fantailfan 12:10, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Significance of title
Should be mentioned. -Emiellaiendiay 23:20, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Eponymous (album)


text:
Lisa LoCicero

Lisa LoCicero (born April 18, 1970) is an American actress, known for her role as Sonia Toledo in ABC soap opera One Life to Live and Olivia Falconeri in another ABC soap opera General Hospital.

Career
Her first notable role was Jocelyn Roberts Brown on the ABC daytime soap opera Loving in 1995. LoCicero stayed with the series when it was spun off as The City, and remained until its cancellation in 1997. She next appeared in small roles in the films The Family Man (2000) and Rush Hour 2 (2001). LoCicero played Miral Paris in the 2001 series finale of Star Trek: Voyager, as well as the recurring role of Nina Shaw on the sitcom Raising Dad in 2002. Her role in the 2004's After the Sunset was cut from the final version of the film.

LoCicero appeared as reporter Maria Storm on the comedy series Reno 911! in September 2004. Around this time she auditioned for the character Lois Cerullo on General Hospital, and was offered the recurring role of Kathryn Fitzgerald on One Life to Live. With her family in Los Angeles and One Life to Live taped in New York City, LoCicero declined. When One Life to Live executive producer Frank Valentini later offered LoCicero the contract role of Sonia Toledo, she accepted it. However, after head writer Michael Malone was replaced by Dena Higley in late 2004, LoCicero and fellow cast member Javier Morga (Tico Santi) were written off the series. 2006 films Invasión robótica In 2008, LoCicero appeared on It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. She next began portraying the role of Olivia Falconeri on General Hospital in September 2008. In 2011, she appeared on Rizzoli & Isles as a murder suspect.

Personal life
LoCicero was born in Grosse Pointe, Michigan on April 18 1970, and she is a graduate of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

In 2001, LoCicero and husband Michael Patrick Jann had a son, Lukas.

On June 2, 2015, LoCicero announced on her official Twitter account that she gave birth to a daughter, Verity Marion, on May 30.

title: Lisa LoCicero


text:
Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire

Ingri d'Aulaire (December 27, 1904 – October 24, 1980) and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire (September 30, 1898 – May 1, 1986) were American writers and illustrators of children's books who worked primarily as a team, completing almost all of their well-known works together. The couple immigrated to the United States from Europe and worked on books that focused on history such as Abraham Lincoln, which won the 1940 Caldecott Medal. They were part of the group of immigrant artists composed of Feodor Rojankovsky, Roger Duvoisin, Ludwig Bemelmans, Miska Petersham and Tibor Gergely, who helped shape the Golden Age of picture books in mid-twentieth-century America.

Background
Edgar Parin, originally of Swiss citizenship, was born in Munich, Germany to an Italian portrait painter Gino Parin and Ella Auler, a talented artist and musician who had moved from St. Louis to Paris. His parents separated when Parin was six years old and he grew up spending time with each, travelling around Europe with his father. Edgar Parin took his mother's maiden name when she changed it from Auler to d'Aulaire. After studying architecture for a year in Munich, he began art studies at its School of Arts and Crafts (German:Kunstgewerbeschule). Edgar, a pupil of Hans Hofmann and Henri Matisse, studied fresco in Florence, painted murals in France and Norway, and exhibited in Paris, Berlin and Oslo. He illustrated many books in Germany from 1922 to 1926 and painted frescoes in Norway from 1926 to 1927.

Ingri Mortenson was born in Kongsberg, Norway into an artistic family. Her uncle, for instance, was a clergyman and poet who translated the Icelandic Eddas into Norwegian and set his own poetry to music by Edvard Grieg. When she was 15, the Norwegian painter Harriet Backer encouraged her to pursue art as a career, and Ingri later studied at art schools in Norway, Germany and France.

Ingri and Edgar met in Munich when Ingri was an art student. They were married in 1925. A modest insurance settlement following a near-fatal bus–trolley collision in Paris provided the seed money for Edgar's steerage-class voyage to the U.S. to scout for opportunities. He garnered enough commissions illustrating books to send for Ingri and they moved into a cold-water walk-up flat in Brooklyn in 1929.

At first they pursued separate careers. Edgar concentrated on illustrating books using wood block engravings and stone lithography; Ingri garnered commissions to paint portraits of prominent businessmen.

Their work caught the eye of the director of the New York Public Library. Acting on her suggestion, the d'Aulaires decided to turn their talents to children's books and collaborated to create The Magic Rug in 1931. Shortly thereafter they became U.S. citizens. They lived and worked in Wilton, Connecticut, from 1941 until their deaths in the 1980s. They also had a farm in Royalton, Vermont.

Literary works
Many of the d'Aulaires' early books depict the scenery and folktales of Norway: Ola, Children of the Northlights, East of the Sun and West of the Moon. Later their attention shifted to their adopted country and they produced books about American heroes such as Pocahontas, Benjamin Franklin, and Buffalo Bill.

Using their research and travel experiences as inspiration, the husband-and-wife team produced 27 illustrated books for children including many picture books. Edgar illustrated Children of the Soil: A Story of Scandinavia by Nora Burglon, who was a 1932 Newbery Medal runner-up for that work.

The d'Aulaires won the third annual Caldecott Medal in 1940 for Abraham Lincoln, a picture-book life of the 16th U.S. President. They won the 1953 Boy's Club award for their version of Buffalo Bill (1952).

Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaires' Book of Greek Myths, published by Doubleday in 1962, was an elaborately illustrated compendium of Greek mythology, 192 pages in 46 chapters.

In 1967, they published Norse Gods and Giants, based on the Prose Edda and Poetic Edda. The 154-page book presents 30 Norse myths and includes most of the basic stories of the Norse pantheon.

D'Aulaires' Trolls was one of The New York Times Book Review outstanding books of 1972. It was also a National Book Award finalist. They completed a sequel in 1976, The Terrible Troll Bird, an adaptation of one of their earlier works, Ola and Blakken.

Reprints
In 2005, New York Review Books reissued Norse Gods and Giants under the name d'Aulaires' Book of Norse Myths. This volume was carefully printed to reproduce the vibrant color and texture of the original lithographs, and includes a glowing foreword by Michael Chabon. Its immediate popularity prompted NYRB to reissue d'Aulaire's Trolls in 2006, which likewise was a meticulous reprint of the 1972 original pressing. That was followed by a reprint of The Terrible Troll Bird.

Animals Everywhere was reprinted and retitled d'Aulaires' Book of Animals in late April 2007, followed by a new edition of The Two Cars, then by Too Big and Foxie, a retelling of Anton Chekhov's short story "Kashtanka".

In 2016, University of Minnesota Press reissued East of the Sun and West of the Moon under the title d'Aulaires' Book of Norwegian Folktales.

Translations
In 2007 and 2008, respectively, the Italian publisher Donzelli Editori reissued smaller-format Italian language editions of Norse Myths, retitled Miti Del Nord, and Trolls, retitled Il Libro Dei Troll. Several of the d'Aulaires' books are also available in Korean and Japanese language editions.

Awards
The d'Aulaires received the Catholic Library Association Regina Medal for "continued distinguished contribution to children's literature" in 1970. They were the 1974 U.S. nominee for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award for children's illustrators.

The d'Aulaires and Abraham Lincoln won the Caldecott Medal from the American Library Association in 1940, recognizing the previous year's "most distinguished American picture book for children". Buffalo Bill (1952) won the 1953 Boy's Club award. D'Aulaires' Trolls (1972) was a finalist for the annual National Book Award, Children's Literature and a New York Times Book Review "outstanding book" for 1972.

Works

 * The Magic Rug, Doubleday, 1931
 * Ola, Doubleday, 1932 * %%
 * Ola and Blakken, Doubleday, 1933
 * The Conquest of the Atlantic, Viking Press, 1933
 * The Lord's Prayer, Doubleday, 1934
 * Children of the Northlights, Viking Press, 1935 * %
 * George Washington, Beautiful Feet Books, 1936 * ∗
 * East of the Sun and West of the Moon, Viking Press, 1938 * %%%
 * Abraham Lincoln, Doubleday, Doran, 1939 * ∗
 * Animals Everywhere, Doubleday, 1940 | * ∗
 * Leif the Lucky, Doubleday, Doran, 1941 * ∗
 * The Star Spangled Banner, Doubleday, Doran, 1942
 * Don’t Count Your Chicks, Doubleday, 1943
 * Wings for Per, Doubleday, 1944
 * Too Big, Doubleday, 1945 *
 * Pocahontas, Doubleday, 1946 * ∗
 * Nils, Doubleday, 1948
 * Foxie, Doubleday, 1949 *
 * Benjamin Franklin, Doubleday, 1950 * ∗
 * Buffalo Bill, Doubleday, 1952 * ∗
 * The Two Cars, Doubleday, 1955 *
 * Columbus, Doubleday, 1955 * ∗
 * The Magic Meadow, Doubleday, 1958
 * d'Aulaire's Book of Greek Myths, Doubleday, 1962 * ∗ (Also available as an unabridged audio CD narrated by Paul Newman, Sidney Poitier, Kathleen Turner, and Matthew Broderick.)∗
 * Norse Gods and Giants, Doubleday, 1967 * † ∗
 * Trolls, Doubleday, 1972 * # ∗
 * The Terrible Troll Bird, Doubleday, 1976 * ‡

 * Currently in print

 * Reissued as d'Aulaire's Book of Animals, New York Review Books, 2007

 * 1) Reissued as d'Aulaires' Trolls, New York Review Books, 2006

† Reissued as d'Aulaires' Book of Norse Myths, New York Review Books, 2005

‡ Based on the earlier Ola and Blakken

% Reissued by the University of Minnesota Press, 2012

%% Reissued by the University of Minnesota Press, 2013

%%% Reissued as d'Aulaires Book of Norwegian Folktales, University of Minnesota Press, 2016

title: Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire


text: Category:Ports and harbours of Spain

title: Category:Ports and harbours of Spain


text:
User talk:GanCJ

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 01:05, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:GanCJ


text:
Pteropoda

Pteropoda (common name pteropods, from the Greek meaning "wing-foot") are specialized free-swimming pelagic sea snails and sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropods. Most live in the top 10 m of the ocean and are less than 1 cm long. The monophyly of Pteropoda is the subject of a lengthy debate; they have even been considered as paraphyletic with respect to cephalopods. Current consensus, guided by molecular studies, leans towards interpreting the group as monophyletic.

Pteropoda encompasses the two clades Thecosomata, the sea butterflies, and Gymnosomata, the sea angels. The Thecosomata (lit. "case-body" ) have a shell, while the Gymnosomata ("naked body") do not. The two clades may or may not be sister taxa; if not, their similarity (in that they are both pelagic, small, and transparent, and both groups swim using wing-like flaps (parapodia) which protrude from their bodies) may reflect convergent adaptation to their particular lifestyle.

Taxonomy
The group Pteropoda was established by Cuvier as "ptéropodes" in 1804. François Péron and Charles Alexandre Lesueur thought the group to be larger, and so they also included the opisthobranch taxa (Phyllirhoë and Glaucus), the heteropoda taxa (Carinaria and Firola), and even the Ctenophora (Callianira). In 1810, these authors divided the whole group in two separate groups: Those with a shell and those without a shell.

In 1824, H.M.D. de Blainville named these two groups Gymnosomata and Thecosomata and named the combining order Aporobranchia instead of Pteropoda. He rejected the additional genera, except Phyllirhoë which he upgraded to a third group that he called Psilosomata. Only much later was Phyllirhoë classified within the order Nudibranchia.

Other attempts were made to describe the Pteropoda: J.E. Gray divided the Pteropoda into Dactylobranchia (with just the genus Cavolinia) and Pterobranchia (including all the other genera). Cuvier (and his followers) did not accept the classification by de Blainville; they preferred the original classification as described in Le Règne Animal.

Rang (1829) followed the Cuvierian classification but tried to include the character of having a distinct head or not. The German naturalist L. Oken went one step further and, for the sake of symmetry, wanted each order to contain four families and each family to contain four genera. P.A. 1829, divided the Pteropoda according to the size of their fins: "Macroptérygiens" (including only Pneumonoderma) and "Microptérygiens" (including all the others). W.B. Clark (1829) treated the Pteropoda as a family and emended the spelling to Pteropodidae (a name now re-used for a family of fruit bats)

Finally, all these attempts were abandoned and, as more and more species were described as a result of several scientific expeditions, the classification of the Pteropoda into Thecosomata and Gymnosomata was generally adopted.

The relationship between these two clades is not unequivocally established, but it seems that they are sister taxa.

Evolutionary history
Pteropods are estimated to have originated during the Early Cretaceous, around 133 million years ago, with the diversification into the major lineages occurring during the mid-late Cretaceous. The oldest known fossil pteropod is a member of Limacinidae from the early-middle Campanian deposits of the San Juan Islands.

Vulnerability to ocean acidification

A study was conducted on the West Coast of the United States to see ocean acidification's effects on pteropods. Limacina helicina was used to test the sensitivity to decreasing pH. This species of pteropod is potentially vulnerable to the corrosive waters associated with ocean acidification due to their calcium carbonate shell. The shell of a pteropod was immersed in ocean water with the projected pH level that the water will reach by the year 2100. After a month and a half in the water, the shell had almost completely dissolved.

Distribution
Pteropods are found in all major oceans, usually 0 - 10 m below the ocean surface and in all levels of latitude. Pteropods can be found lower than 10 meters, but in less amounts in terms of biomass, however, pteropod distribution is more spread out deeper based on findings. This can be explained as Pteropods from tropical areas become more common in deeper areas. They are not found commonly in the deep sea, in fact, few live lower than 500 meters below sea level. Continental shelves, areas containing many opportunities for nutrients, and productivity are locations in which Pteropods are usually populous, according to patterns in data. Springtime is a peak season for pteropoda, as they reach higher populations, though data shows that pteropoda south of the equator are less abundant seasonally. In addition, current data suggests that 93% of the world's pteropods are part of the Thecosomata family, while the 7% are Gymnosomata.

title: Pteropoda


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List of Georgia (U.S. state) locations by per capita income

Georgia is the thirty-third-richest (33rd) state in the United States of America, with a median household income of US$46,007 (2011).

Georgia counties ranked by per capita income
Note: Data is from the 2015 United States Census Data and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.


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New Minas

New Minas is a Canadian village located in the eastern part of Kings County in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley. As of 2011, the population was 5,135.

Geography
New Minas borders the town of Kentville to the west and the unincorporated community of Greenwich to the east. The town of Wolfville is further east on the other side of Greenwich. New Minas is approximately 100 km northwest of Halifax. The village is located along the south bank of the Cornwallis River occupying the lower slopes of the South Mountain. Nova Scotia's Highway No. 1 runs through the village forming the main street.

History
New Minas was founded in 1682 by Acadians from the Grand Pré area, the largest of the settlements known as Les Mines or Minas after the French copper mines explored at Cape d'Or at the entrance to the Minas Basin in the 1600s. As the Minas settlement grew, families moved westward up the Cornwallis River led by Pierre Terriot and founded a new settlement which came to be known to English surveyors as "New Minas". The Acadians knew their settlement as St. Antoine. It was built beside a tidal island in the bend of the river, later known as Oak Island. They repeated the pattern of the Grand Pré settlement by connecting dykes to Oak Island to turn tidal marshland into productive farmland. The settlement grew to include a mill, chapel and burial ground at Oak Island. However the Acadians were expelled and the settlement was destroyed during the Bay of Fundy Campaign of the Acadian Expulsion in 1755. New England Planters resettled the area in 1760s as part of Horton Township but built their farms further from the river along the Old Post Road, later Nova Scotia's Highway No. 1.

New Minas was the site of one of the first accounts of a UFO sighting in North America on October 12, 1796. The diary of a merchant in Liverpool, Nova Scotia named Simeon Perkins reported that stories were circulating of ships flying in the air which "were said to be seen at one Mr. Ratchfords in New Minas" by a young woman and two men who at sunrise saw as many as fifteen "ships in the air ... and a man forward with his hand stretched out." Perkins continued, "the story did not obtain universal credit but some people believed it."

New Minas remained a predominantly farming and agricultural community between the towns of Kentville and Wolfville. The Dominion Atlantic Railway operated a gravel quarry at Oak Island in New Minas and served a growing number of food and bulk feed plants at New Minas in the mid 19th Century. However development increased with the construction of the Highway 101 expressway in the 1970s. With the village's low tax rate and the location between the population centres of Kentville and Wolfville, New Minas soon saw a shopping centre and numerous big box retail outlets and fast food shops established to make the village the retail centre for the eastern Annapolis Valley.

Recent history
The village has been a major shopping mall destination since the early 1970s. In more recent decades, New Minas has been witness to a commercial boom which has seen many large retail outlets set up shop, while pre-existing retailers and many others have rebuilt into larger venues. One of the woes of the village is its heavy concentration of minimum-wage, service industry jobs. Other similarly sized communities nearby have a much wider range of income opportunities: Wolfville is an area supported by higher-education jobs with Acadia University, and Kentville is an area which supports itself with an industrial park, hospital, and an orientation toward professional centers. Due to New Minas having no hospital of its own, citizens must travel to Kentville by way of public transit or by use of their own vehicles to go to the hospital.

In recent years, New Minas has been lampooned by many of its citizens and tourists as having notoriously poor side roads. However, in the last 2–3 years, the Village of New Minas has been working on coercing the Province of Nova Scotia to focus on repairing these roads.

New Minas played host to the film crew of the popular television show Call Me Fitz. Where the filming took place used to be the old home of the local Kia Motors, but the local branch had moved to the other end of the town, so the showroom was converted into Fitzpatrick Motors.

Recently, a rotary was installed in the middle of New Minas to accommodate the increasing number of businesses and the new highway off-ramp from the nearby Highway 101 which has since finished construction as of 2018.

title: New Minas


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Kendrick Perkins

Kendrick Le'Dale Perkins (born November 10, 1984) is a former American professional basketball player who serves as sports analyst for ESPN. He entered the NBA directly out of high school and played for the Boston Celtics, Oklahoma City Thunder, Cleveland Cavaliers and New Orleans Pelicans, winning the NBA Championship in 2008 with the Celtics.

Early life
Perkins was born in Nederland, Texas and raised by his grandparents, who lived on a farm. His mother was shot and killed by her best friend when Kendrick turned five. His father played professional basketball in New Zealand — where he stayed throughout — and never visited Perkins. Perkins went to a private Catholic school starting in sixth grade. Perkins' grandfather was very enthusiastic about sports, helping spark his competitive passion. In addition to basketball, Perkins also participated in pick-up football games as a defensive end, and baseball as a first baseman. Perkins stopped playing baseball in ninth grade, and gave up on football in tenth grade.

Perkins first met LeBron James in the seventh grade when playing for Houston Hoops and competing against LeBron's Ohio Shooting Stars. Perkins later became friends with LeBron during his time at ABCD Camp where they were teammates on the Oakland Soldiers. During his time on the AAU circuit beginning in eighth grade, Perkins was ranked No. 3, LeBron at No. 1, and Chris Paul at No. 2. Perkins had his largest growth spurt from eighth grade to ninth grade, where he went from 6ft 5in to 6ft 10in, his current height. Perkins' first in-game dunk was in the seventh grade.

High school career
Perkins graduated from Clifton J. Ozen High School in Beaumont, Texas, in 2003. He led Ozen High to four consecutive district championships and one state championship during his high school career. Averaging 27.5 points, 16.4 rebounds and 7.8 blocked shots a game as a senior, he led Ozen to a 33–1 record, with the only loss being a 66–54 setback to Fort Worth Dunbar in the state 4A championship game. After his senior season in 2003, Perkins was selected to the McDonald's All-American Game.

Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Perkins was listed as the No. 3 center and the No. 6 player in the nation in 2003. He had originally committed to Memphis, but opted instead to make the jump to the NBA straight out of high school.

Boston Celtics (2003–2011)
The 6ft 10in center was drafted in the first round with the 27th pick of the 2003 NBA draft by the Memphis Grizzlies, but was immediately traded along with Marcus Banks to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Troy Bell and Dahntay Jones, who had been selected by the Celtics in the same draft.

During the 2004–05 season, Perkins received more playing time than he did his rookie season, and became known as one of the tougher players on the Celtics. He had a limited role during the regular season and playoffs as the team's "enforcer". Perkins was involved in an unusual scenario in the final seconds of regulation in Game 6 of the 2005 Eastern Conference first round against Indiana. Paul Pierce was ejected but Pierce was owed free throws because he had been fouled before the ejection. Under NBA rules, Indiana coach Rick Carlisle chose to select Perkins (who had not played in the game) off the bench to shoot the crucial free throws (the game was tied). Perkins missed both, indirectly leading the game going into overtime, in which the Celtics eventually won.

After marked improvements during summer training and practice, Perkins earned more playing time from coach Doc Rivers during the 2005–06 season. He played some of the best games of his career in 2006, repeatedly reaching double figures in points and rebounds. After the trade of Mark Blount to the Minnesota Timberwolves, Perkins became the undisputed starting center for the Celtics, although he was already sharing starting time before Blount's departure. He started at center for the 2008 NBA champion Boston Celtics.

In Game 6 of the 2010 NBA Finals, Perkins injured his knee and missed the rest of the game. He was inactive for Game 7, in which the Celtics fell to the Los Angeles Lakers. According to the Los Angeles Times, he suffered torn MCL and PCL ligaments in his right knee.

Perkins did not return to the floor until January 25, 2011, when he logged 17 minutes off of the bench netting seven points, six rebounds and three assists in a win against the Cleveland Cavaliers. He received a standing ovation upon entering the game in the first quarter. After coming off the bench for his first 5 games back, Perkins returned to the starting line-up Friday, February 4 in a home loss to the Dallas Mavericks. He logged his first double-double of the season with 13 points, 12 rebounds and one blocked shot while shooting 6-for-7 from the field in 33 minutes.

2010–11 season
On February 24, 2011, Perkins and Nate Robinson were traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder for Jeff Green and Nenad Krstić. On March 1, he signed a multi-year extension with the Thunder. Perkins suffered a left knee sprain injury, which prevented him from debuting with the Thunder until March 14, 2011. On March 14, 2011, Perkins debuted with the Oklahoma City Thunder, recording six points, nine rebounds, and two assists during 20 minutes of play in a 116–89 win against the Washington Wizards. On March 20, 2011, Perkins recorded a season-high four assists, along with five points, 12 rebounds, and a steal, in a 95–93 loss to the Toronto Raptors. On March 25, 2011, Perkins recorded 13 points, five rebounds, three steals, and one block while going 6 for 6 from the field in a 111–103 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On March 30, 2011, Perkins scored 13 points again, along with three rebounds, one assist, one steal, and one block in a 116–98 win over the Phoenix Suns. On April 6, 2011, Perkins grabbed a season-high 17 rebounds, while getting five points and one block in a 112–108 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. 10 of his 17 rebounds were offensive boards. According to ESPN, after grabbing 17 rebounds, Perkins said, "We've got goals at hand. When you have bigger goals, you tend to reach smaller goals. I guess that was a good thing to see the guys not comfortable. Our guys want to go a little further than just being division champs."

The Thunder finished the season with 55 wins, clinching the fourth seed in the Western Conference. They went on versus the Denver Nuggets in the First Round of the 2011 NBA playoffs. On April 17, 2011, during Game 1 of the First Round, Perkins got four points, five rebounds, and one block in a 107–103 win against the Denver Nuggets. With just over a minute to go, Perkins scored a bucket to help the Thunder take the lead. This was later figured out as an offensive goaltending call. On April 27, 2011, Perkins got a near double-double, getting 13 points, nine rebounds and one assist during Game 5 of the First Round in a 100–97 win over the Denver Nuggets. On May 7, 2011, during Game 3 of the Western Conference Semifinals, Perkins grabbed 13 rebounds, while also getting six points, one assist, and one steal in a 101–93 overtime loss against the Memphis Grizzlies. He helped the Thunder get to the Western Conference Finals, but the team got eliminated in five games against the Dallas Mavericks. Perkins averaged 4.5 points, 6.1 rebounds and 0.8 blocks per game in the playoffs.

2011–12 season
The 2011–12 NBA season was shortened due to the collective bargaining agreement resulting in a lockout. During the 2011 NBA lockout, Perkins lost more than 30 pounds. On December 25, 2011, Perkins started the lockout-shortened season getting six points, four rebounds, one assist, and one block while also going 2 of 2 from the field in a 97–89 win against the Orlando Magic. Perkins made it on the 2012 NBA All-Star ballot, placing 6th out of the centers in the Western Conference. He got 66,380 votes. On February 10, 2012, Perkins got his first double-double of the season, getting 10 points, 10 rebounds, two assists, and one block in a 101–87 win against the Utah Jazz. On February 14, 2012, Perkins tied his career high with six assists, as well as getting seven rebounds, one steal, one block, and one point in a 111–85 win against the Utah Jazz. On February 20, 2012, Perkins got five points, 13 rebounds, three assists, and a season-high six blocks in a 101–93 win against the New Orleans Hornets. On March 5, 2012, Perkins grabbed a season-high 14 rebounds, while also getting seven points, one assist, one steal, and one block in a 95–91 win against the Dallas Mavericks. On March 18, 2012, Perkins got six points, six rebounds, two assists, two blocks, and a career-high tying three steals in a 111–95 win against the Portland Trail Blazers. On March 25, 2012, Perkins scored a season-high 16 points, while also getting six rebounds, two assists, and one steal in a 103–87 win against the Miami Heat. On April 13, 2012, Perkins got his second double-double of the season, getting 11 points and 11 rebounds in a 115–89 win over the Sacramento Kings.

The Thunder finished the season with 47 wins, first in the Northwest Division, and the 2nd seed in the West. To start the 2012 NBA Playoffs, they faced the Dallas Mavericks in the First Round. During Game 2 of the First Round, Perkins scored 13 points, six rebounds, and a block in a 102–99 win against the Mavericks. The team ended up sweeping the Mavericks in four games. They then played the Los Angeles Lakers in the Conference Semifinals. On May 18, 2012, during Game 3 of the Conference Semifinals, Perkins had six points, two rebounds, one assist, one steal, and four blocks in a 99–96 loss against the Lakers. The Thunder ended up defeating the Lakers in five games. They moved on to the Conference Finals where they faced the San Antonio Spurs. On June 2, 2012, during Game 4 of the Conference Finals, Perkins scored 15 points, while getting nine rebounds, one assist, and one block in a 109–103 win against the Spurs. The team defeated the Spurs in six games. Perkins and the Thunder reached the NBA Finals where they played the Big 3–led Miami Heat. On June 17, 2012, during Game 3 of the NBA Finals, Perkins got his first and only double-double of the playoffs, getting 10 points, 12 rebounds, and a block in a 91–85 loss against the Heat. The Thunder couldn't get past the Heat, as they were eliminated in five games. This was Perkins's third trip to the NBA Finals. The other two trips were with the Boston Celtics back in 2008 and 2010. Perkins averaged 4.7 points, 6.2 rebounds, and 1.3 blocks per game in the playoffs.

2012–13 season
Perkins began the 2012–13 NBA season getting two points, six rebounds, two assists, and a block in an 86–84 loss against the Spurs. On November 9, 2012, Perkins dished a career-high tying six assists, and also had nine points, four rebounds, and a steal in a 105–94 win against the Detroit Pistons. On February 8, 2013, Perkins scored a season-high 17 points, along with nine rebounds, three assists, two steals and three blocks in a 127–96 win against the Phoenix Suns. According to The Oklahoman, Perkins said this in response to his performance: "I'm just going to keep working. Guys are doubling Kevin (Durant) and Russ now, so I'm just trying to find the open spot. I've been watching a lot of film and going to the gym and working on my game. I'm just trying to find an open spot when they get doubled." On February 10, 2013, Perkins had a career-high tying three steals, as well as four rebounds, two assists, and three blocks in a 97–69 win against the Suns. On March 20, 2013, Perkins grabbed a season-high 15 rebounds, and also had an assist in a 90–89 overtime loss against the Memphis Grizzlies.

In the 2013 NBA playoffs, the Thunder defeated the Houston Rockets in the First Round, but were defeated by the Grizzlies in the Conference Semifinals. During Game 1 of the Conference Semifinals, Perkins had seven rebounds and three assists in a 93–91 win. Perkins averaged 2.2 points and 3.7 rebounds per game in the playoffs.

2013–14 season
To start the 2013–14 NBA season, Perkins had four points, eight rebounds, one assist and one steal in a 101–98 win against the Utah Jazz. On December 13, 2013, Perkins dished a season-high four assists, and also had six points and three rebounds in a 122–97 win against the Lakers. On January 5, 2014, Perkins scored a season-high 12 points, and also had six rebounds, two assists, one steal and one block in a 119–96 win against his former team, the Boston Celtics. On January 17, 2014, Perkins grabbed a season-high 12 rebounds, and also had six points, two assists and two steals in a 127–121 win against the Golden State Warriors. On February 5, 2014, Perkins tied his season-high, getting 12 rebounds, six points, two assists, and one steal in a 106–97 win against the Minnesota Timberwolves.

In the 2014 NBA playoffs, the Thunder defeated the Grizzlies in the First Round, then the Clippers in the Conference Semifinals, but got eliminated by the Spurs in the Conference Finals. During Game 2 of the Conference Semifinals, Perkins had eight points and nine rebounds in a 112–101 win. During Game 4 of the Conference Finals, Perkins had 10 rebounds, two points, two blocks, and one steal in a 105–92 win. Perkins averaged 3.2 points and 5.4 rebounds throughout the playoffs.

2014–15 season
During the 2014–15 NBA season, Perkins was playing bench minutes, as Steven Adams replaced him. During the season opener, Perkins had four points, eight rebounds, one steal and one block in a 106–89 loss against the Portland Trail Blazers. On November 1, 2014, Perkins scored a season-high 17 points, while also getting five rebounds in a 102–91 win against the Denver Nuggets. On December 14, 2014, Perkins grabbed a season-high 10 rebounds, as well as five points, one assist, one steal, and one block in a 112–88 win against the Phoenix Suns.

On February 19, 2015, Perkins was traded to the Utah Jazz in a three-team trade that also involved the Detroit Pistons. He was subsequently waived by the Jazz two days later.

Cleveland Cavaliers (2015)
On February 24, 2015, Perkins signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers and made his debut later that day as he scored two points in two minutes off the bench in a 102–93 win over the Detroit Pistons. The Cavaliers made it to the 2015 NBA Finals, but they lost to the Golden State Warriors in six games.

New Orleans Pelicans (2015–2016)
On July 28, 2015, Perkins signed with the New Orleans Pelicans. He made his debut for the Pelicans in the team's season opening loss to the Golden State Warriors on October 27. In just under 16 minutes of action as a starter, he recorded 10 points on 5-of-5 shooting and 4 rebounds. On November 6, he was ruled out for three months with a right pectoral injury. He returned to the Pelicans' line-up on December 11, but did not play against the Washington Wizards.

Canton Charge (2017–2018)
On September 25, 2017, Perkins signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers, returning to the franchise for a second stint. On October 14, 2017, he was waived by the Cavaliers after appearing in three preseason games. He subsequently joined the Cleveland's NBA G League affiliate, the Canton Charge. On February 9, 2018, he opted to retire from the NBA G League.

Return to Cleveland (2018)
On April 11, 2018, Perkins returned to the Cavaliers, signing a contract for the remainder of the season. That same day ended up being Perkins' first and only game that he played for Cleveland during his second stint with the team, as Cleveland would lose 98–110 to the New York Knicks with Perkins recording 3 points, 2 assists, 1 rebound and 1 steal.

The Cavaliers made it to the 2018 NBA Finals, where they lost 4–0 to the Golden State Warriors, but Perkins did not play during the postseason. Perkins was waived by the Cavaliers on July 17, 2018.

Broadcasting career
Following his retirement, Perkins became an on-air sports commentator and analyst for ESPN and NBC Sports Boston including on ESPN television sports talk shows NBA Today, Get Up, First Take, and SportsCenter. He received criticism for statements made relating to race and the MVP candidacy of Serbian NBA player Nikola Jokić.

Personal life
Perkins is a practicing Catholic. He was an altar boy in his youth, although it was often problematic to find an alb to fit him due to his height. His son was born on September 10, 2007. On July 25, 2009, Perkins married his longtime girlfriend, Vanity Alpough. His second son was born on October 10, 2011. His twin son and daughter were born on October 20, 2015.

Perkins' cousin, Ethan Rusbatch, is a New Zealander who plays in the New Zealand NBL.

On October 10, 2013, Perkins posted a $1,000 bond on a misdemeanor assault charge. He allegedly punched a man and a woman after a dispute following a traffic accident.

title: Kendrick Perkins


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The Elephant Riders

The Elephant Riders is the third full-length album by the band Clutch, released April 14, 1998, on Columbia Records, the only album Clutch made for the label.

Recording and release
It was produced by Jack Douglas (whose other credits include The Who, Aerosmith, Blue Öyster Cult, John Lennon, James Gang and Mountain). The band convened in a 100-year-old house in West Virginia which they lodged in while making the album. Several incidents the band members experienced during their residence there became inspirations for some of the songs, notably in "The Soapmakers" and "Wishbone". Bassist Dan Maines had set up a BMX track in the yard surrounding the house.

Background
The original concept for the title track and what became the title for the album, according to the bonus multimedia pack which came bundled with the original CD pressings, was an alternate history version of the Civil War in which airships were used for reconnaissance and the cavalry rode elephants rather than horses. The album has some of the band's live staples on it and has a different musical angle from the previous work. There is some very noticeable trombone on some tracks, which is keeping with the band's preference to alter their previous musical 'style' somewhat each album. They have the stoner rock efforts that the previous album had started to create, but stay true to their original post-hardcore, punk rock & hard rock roots as well, and continues with some funk metal undertones. It also contains some more mellow songs as well.

It is an album that has a hidden track (one of three different ones) on the end of the song "The Dragonfly", and quite a few unreleased songs from the era (that are heavily bootlegged). Each print of the album has a different hidden track but you cannot tell from the album cover itself which one it is. The Japanese version has all three as separate tracks.

As of 2015, The Elephant Riders is out-of-print by Columbia Records and when asked about a possible reissue in 2012, vocalist Neil Fallon stated it was unlikely any time soon, saying:

"...maybe in the distant future [it] will revert to us, just because the terms of the contract will expire, but that’s not on our to-do list, because trying to talk to Sony’s lawyers is like launching a spacecraft."

Commercial performance
The Elephant Riders debuted at #104 on the Billboard 200, the first time a Clutch album had charted on the main chart, staying on the chart for one week.

As of 2001, the album has sold 88,377 copies in the US.

Track listing
All songs written by Clutch. Published © 1998 Freon Justice Music, Inc. (ASCAP)

The last track, "The Dragonfly", runs to 12:01 on the album itself; this is because each copy of the album contains one hidden track, which is after a few minutes silence, though it is not known which song you will get by the album cover itself. This gives most versions a run time of 51:03, instead of 45:21 minutes without the extra track (as the song itself fades out at the 6:19 mark). The Japanese version of the album, however, contains all three bonus tracks, separate of the last song and gives an even longer run time of 57:01.

The tracks listed below are unofficial bootlegs recorded during the album's sessions. They appear on an unofficial compilation called "Clutch: Rarities and B-Sides", alongside early hard-to-come-by Clutch songs. Its cover is a 'Clutch Cavalry - Pro-Rock' label. It is a precursor to the Slow Hole to China: Rare and Unreleased album the band would later release in 2003 under their own label, though it didn't have all of the bootlegged tracks from this unofficial release.

Personnel

 * Neil Fallon - vocals
 * Tim Sult - guitar
 * Dan Maines - bass
 * Jean-Paul Gaster - drums
 * Delfeayo Marsalis - trombone on "Crackerjack" & "Muchas Veces"

Production

 * Produced by Jack Douglas
 * Engineered & mixed by Jason Corsaro; except "Eight Times Over Miss October" which is mixed by Jack Joseph Puig
 * Recorded at Electric Lady Studios and Manhattan Center Studios, New York City
 * "Muchas Veces" & "Crackerjack" recorded by Larry Packer at Stonewall Studios, West Virginia
 * Mixed at Avatar Studios, New York City, and Ocean Way Studios & Jack's Kingdom, Los Angeles
 * Assistant engineers: Andy Salas, Kurt Garrison, Barbara Lipke, Jim Champagne
 * Mastered by Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk, New York City
 * Art direction: Sean Evans & Clutch
 * Photography by Dan Winters

Chart positions
Album

title: The Elephant Riders


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