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Astronomy on Mars

Many astronomical phenomena viewed from the planet Mars are the same as or similar to those seen from Earth; but some (e.g. the view of Earth as an evening/morning star) are quite different. For example, because the atmosphere of Mars does not contain an ozone layer, it is also possible to make UV observations from the surface of Mars.

Seasons
Mars has an axial tilt of 25.19°, quite close to the value of 23.44° for Earth, and thus Mars has seasons of spring, summer, autumn, winter as Earth does. As on Earth, the southern and northern hemispheres have summer and winter at opposing times.

However, the orbit of Mars has significantly greater eccentricity than that of Earth. Therefore, the seasons are of unequal length, much more so than on Earth:

In practical terms, this means that summers and winters have different lengths and intensities in the northern and southern hemispheres. Winters in the north are warm and short (because Mars is moving fast near its perihelion), while winters in the south are long and cold (Mars is moving slowly near aphelion). Similarly, summers in the north are long and cool, while summers in the south are short and hot. Therefore, extremes of temperature are considerably wider in the southern hemisphere than in the north. The seasonal lag on Mars is no more than a couple of days, due to its lack of large bodies of water and similar factors that would provide a buffering effect. Thus, for temperatures on Mars, "spring" is approximately the mirror image of "summer" and "autumn" is approximately the mirror image of "winter" (if the solstices and equinoxes are defined to be the beginnings of their respective seasons), and if Mars had a circular orbit the maximum and minimum temperatures would occur a couple of days after the summer and winter solstices, rather than about one month after, as on Earth. The only difference between spring temperatures and summer temperatures is due to the relatively high eccentricity of Mars' orbit: in northern spring Mars is farther from the Sun than during northern summer, and therefore by coincidence spring is slightly cooler than summer and autumn is slightly warmer than winter. However, in the southern hemisphere the opposite is true.

The temperature variations between spring and summer are much less than the very sharp variations that occur within a single Martian sol (solar day). On a daily basis, temperatures peak at local solar noon and reach a minimum at local midnight. This is similar to the effect in Earth's deserts, only much more pronounced.

The axial tilt and eccentricity of Earth (and Mars) are by no means fixed, but rather vary due to gravitational perturbations from other planets in the Solar System on a timescale of tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years. Thus, for example Earth's eccentricity, currently about 1% regularly fluctuates and can increase up to 6%.

Aside from the eccentricity, the Earth's axial tilt can also vary from 21.5° to 24.5°, and the length of this "obliquity cycle" is 41,000 years. These and other similar cyclical changes are thought to be responsible for ice ages (see Milankovitch cycles). By contrast, the obliquity cycle for Mars is much more extreme: from 15° to 35° over a 124,000-year cycle. Some recent studies even suggest that over tens of millions of years, the swing may be as much as 0° to 60°. Earth's large Moon apparently plays an important role in keeping Earth's axial tilt within reasonable bounds; Mars has no such stabilizing influence, and its axial tilt can vary more chaotically.

The color of the sky
The normal hue of the sky during the daytime can vary from a pinkish-red to a yellow-brown “butterscotch” color; however, in the vicinity of the setting or rising sun it is blue. This is the exact opposite of the situation on Earth. On Mars, Rayleigh scattering is usually a very small effect. It is believed that the color of the sky is caused by the presence of 1% by volume of magnetite in the dust particles. Twilight lasts a long time after the Sun has set and before it rises, because of all the dust in Mars' atmosphere. At times, the Martian sky takes on a violet color, due to scattering of light by very small water ice particles in clouds.

Generating accurate true-color images of Mars's surface is surprisingly complicated. There is much variation in the color of the sky as reproduced in published images; many of those images, however, are using filters to maximize the scientific value and are not trying to show true color. Nevertheless, for many years, the sky on Mars was thought to be more pinkish than it now is believed to be.

Earth and Moon
As seen from Mars, the Earth is an inner planet like Venus (a "morning star" or "evening star"). The Earth and Moon appear starlike to the naked eye, but observers with telescopes would see them as crescents, with some detail visible.

An observer on Mars would be able to see the Moon orbiting around the Earth, and this would easily be visible to the naked eye. By contrast, observers on Earth cannot see any other planet's satellites with the naked eye, and it was not until soon after the invention of the telescope that the first such satellites were discovered (Jupiter's Galilean moons). At maximum angular separation, the Earth and Moon would be easily distinguished as a double planet, but about one week later they would merge into a single point of light (to the naked eye), and then about a week after that, the Moon would reach maximum angular separation on the opposite side. The maximum angular separation of the Earth and Moon varies considerably according to the relative distance between the Earth and Mars: it is about 25′ when Earth is closest to Mars (near inferior conjunction) but only about 3.5′ when the Earth is farthest from Mars (near superior conjunction). For comparison, the apparent diameter of the Moon from Earth is 31′. The minimum angular separation would be less than 1′, and occasionally the Moon would be seen to transit in front of or pass behind (be occulted by) the Earth. The former case would correspond to a lunar occultation of Mars as seen from Earth, and because the Moon's albedo is considerably less than that of the Earth, a dip in overall brightness would occur, although this would be too small to be noticeable by casual naked eye observers because the size of the Moon is much smaller than that of the Earth and it would cover only a small fraction of the Earth's disk.

Mars Global Surveyor imaged the Earth and Moon on May 8, 2003, 13:00 UTC, very close to maximum angular elongation from the Sun and at a distance of 0.930 AU from Mars. The apparent magnitudes were given as −2.5 and +0.9. At different times the actual magnitudes will vary considerably depending on distance and the phases of the Earth and Moon.

From one day to the next, the view of the Moon would change considerably for an observer on Mars than for an observer on Earth. The phase of the Moon as seen from Mars would not change much from day to day; it would match the phase of the Earth, and would only gradually change as both Earth and Moon move in their orbits around the Sun. On the other hand, an observer on Mars would see the Moon rotate, with the same period as its orbital period, and would see far side features that can never be seen from Earth.

Since Earth is an inferior planet, observers on Mars can occasionally view transits of Earth across the Sun. The next one will take place in 2084. They can also view transits of Mercury and transits of Venus.

Phobos and Deimos

The moon Phobos appears about one third the angular diameter that the full Moon appears from Earth; on the other hand, Deimos appears more or less starlike with a disk barely discernible if at all. Phobos orbits so fast (with a period of just under one third of a sol) that it rises in the west and sets in the east, and does so twice per sol; Deimos on the other hand rises in the east and sets in the west, but orbits only a few hours slower than a Martian sol, so it spends about two and a half sols above the horizon at a time.

The maximum brightness of Phobos at "full moon" is about magnitude −9 or −10, while for Deimos it is about −5. By comparison, the full Moon as seen from Earth is considerably brighter at magnitude −12.7. Phobos is still bright enough to cast shadows; Deimos is only slightly brighter than Venus is from Earth. Just like Earth's Moon, both Phobos and Deimos are considerably fainter at non-full phases. Unlike Earth's Moon, Phobos's phases and angular diameter visibly change from hour to hour; Deimos is too small for its phases to be visible with the naked eye.

Both Phobos and Deimos have low-inclination equatorial orbits and orbit fairly close to Mars. As a result, Phobos is not visible from latitudes north of 70.4°N or south of 70.4°S; Deimos is not visible from latitudes north of 82.7°N or south of 82.7°S. Observers at high latitudes (less than 70.4°) would see a noticeably smaller angular diameter for Phobos because they are farther away from it. Similarly, equatorial observers of Phobos would see a noticeably smaller angular diameter for Phobos when it is rising and setting, compared to when it is overhead.

Observers on Mars can view transits of Phobos and transits of Deimos across the Sun. The transits of Phobos could also be called partial eclipses of the Sun by Phobos, since the angular diameter of Phobos is up to half the angular diameter of the Sun. However, in the case of Deimos the term "transit" is appropriate, since it appears as a small dot on the Sun's disk.

Since Phobos orbits in a low-inclination equatorial orbit, there is a seasonal variation in the latitude of the position of Phobos's shadow projected onto the Martian surface, cycling from far north to far south and back again. At any given fixed geographical location on Mars, there are two intervals per Martian year when the shadow is passing through its latitude and about half a dozen transits of Phobos can be observed at that geographical location over a couple of weeks during each such interval. The situation is similar for Deimos, except only zero or one transits occur during such an interval.

It is easy to see that the shadow always falls on the "winter hemisphere", except when it crosses the equator during the vernal and the autumnal equinoxes. Thus transits of Phobos and Deimos happen during Martian autumn and winter in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. Close to the equator they tend to happen around the autumnal equinox and the vernal equinox; farther from the equator they tend to happen closer to the winter solstice. In either case, the two intervals when transits can take place occur more or less symmetrically before and after the winter solstice (however, the large eccentricity of Mars's orbit prevents true symmetry).

Observers on Mars can also view lunar eclipses of Phobos and Deimos. Phobos spends about an hour in Mars's shadow; for Deimos it is about two hours. Surprisingly, despite its orbit being nearly in the plane of Mars's equator and despite its very close distance to Mars, there are some occasions when Phobos escapes being eclipsed. Phobos and Deimos both have synchronous rotation, which means that they have a "far side" that observers on the surface of Mars can't see. The phenomenon of libration occurs for Phobos as it does for Earth's Moon, despite the low inclination and eccentricity of Phobos's orbit. Due to the effect of librations and the parallax due to the close distance of Phobos, by observing at high and low latitudes and observing as Phobos is rising and setting, the overall total coverage of Phobos's surface that is visible at one time or another from one location or another on Mars's surface is considerably higher than 50%.

The large Stickney crater is visible along one edge of the face of Phobos. It would be easily visible with the naked eye from the surface of Mars.

Comets and meteors
Since Mars has an atmosphere that is relatively transparent at optical wavelengths (just like Earth, albeit much thinner), meteors will occasionally be seen. Meteor showers on Earth occur when the Earth intersects the orbit of a comet, and likewise, Mars also has meteor showers, although these are different from the ones on Earth. The first meteor photographed on Mars (on March 7, 2004, by the Spirit rover) is now believed to have been part of a meteor shower whose parent body was comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff. Because the radiant was in the constellation Cepheus, this meteor shower could be dubbed the Martian Cepheids.

As on Earth, when a meteor is large enough to actually impact with the surface (without burning up completely in the atmosphere), it becomes a meteorite. The first known meteorite discovered on Mars (and the third known meteorite found someplace other than Earth) was Heat Shield Rock. The first and the second ones were found on the Moon by the Apollo missions.

On October 19, 2014, Comet Siding Spring passed extremely close to Mars, so close that the coma may have enveloped the planet.

Auroras
Auroras occur on Mars, but they do not occur at the poles as on Earth, because Mars has no planetwide magnetic field. Rather, they occur near magnetic anomalies in Mars's crust, which are remnants from earlier days when Mars did have a magnetic field. Martian auroras are a distinct kind not seen elsewhere in the Solar System. They would probably also be invisible to the human eye, being largely ultraviolet phenomena.

Celestial poles and ecliptic
The orientation of Mars's axis is such that its north celestial pole is in Cygnus at R.A. 21:10:42 Decl. +52°53.0′ (or more precisely, 317.67669 +52.88378), near the 6th-magnitude star BD +52 2880 (also known as HR 8106, HD 201834, or SAO 33185), which in turn is at R.A. 21:10:15.6 Decl. +53°33′48″.

The top two stars in the Northern Cross, Sadr and Deneb, point to the north celestial pole of Mars. The pole is about halfway between Deneb and Alpha Cephei, less than 10° from the former, a bit more than the apparent distance between Sadr and Deneb. Because of its proximity to the pole, Deneb never sets in nearly all of Mars's northern hemisphere. Except in areas close to the equator, Deneb permanently circles the North pole. The orientation of Deneb and Sadr would make a useful clock hand for telling sidereal time.

Mars's north celestial pole is also only a few degrees away from the galactic plane. Thus the Milky Way, especially rich in the area of Cygnus, is always visible from the northern hemisphere.

The South celestial pole is correspondingly found at 9:10:42 and -52°53.0′, which is a couple of degrees from the 2.5-magnitude star Kappa Velorum (which is at 9:22:06.85 -55°00.6′), which could therefore be considered the southern polar star. The star Canopus, second-brightest in the sky, is a circumpolar star for most southern latitudes.

The zodiac constellations of Mars's ecliptic are almost the same as those of Earth — after all, the two ecliptic planes only have a mutual inclination of 1.85° — but on Mars, the Sun spends 6 days in the constellation Cetus, leaving and re-entering Pisces as it does so, making a total of 14 zodiacal constellations. The equinoxes and solstices are different as well: for the northern hemisphere, vernal equinox is in Ophiuchus (compared to Pisces on Earth), summer solstice is at the border of Aquarius and Pisces, autumnal equinox is in Taurus, and winter solstice is in Virgo.

As on Earth, precession will cause the solstices and equinoxes to cycle through the zodiac constellations over thousands and tens of thousands of years.

Long-term variations

As on Earth, the effect of precession causes the north and south celestial poles to move in a very large circle, but on Mars the cycle is 95,500 Martian years (179,600 Earth years) rather than 26,000 years as on Earth.

As on Earth, there is a second form of precession: the point of perihelion in Mars's orbit changes slowly, causing the anomalistic year to differ from the sidereal year. However, on Mars, this cycle is 43,000 Martian years (81,000 Earth years) rather than 112,000 years as on Earth.

On both Earth and Mars, these two precessions are in opposite directions, and therefore add, to make the precession cycle between the tropical and anomalistic years 21,000 years on Earth and 29,700 Martian years (55,900 Earth years) on Mars.

As on Earth, the period of rotation of Mars (the length of its day) is slowing down. However, this effect is three orders of magnitude smaller than on Earth because the gravitational effect of Phobos is negligible and the effect is mainly due to the Sun. On Earth, the gravitational influence of the Moon has a much greater effect. Eventually, in the far future, the length of a day on Earth will equal and then exceed the length of a day on Mars.

As on Earth, Mars experiences Milankovitch cycles that cause its axial tilt (obliquity) and orbital eccentricity to vary over long periods of time, which has long-term effects on its climate. The variation of Mars's axial tilt is much larger than for Earth because it lacks the stabilizing influence of a large moon like Earth's Moon. Mars has a 124,000-year obliquity cycle compared to 41,000 years for Earth.

title: Astronomy on Mars


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Krya Vrysi, Pella

Krya Vrysi (Κρύα Βρύση, before 1927: Πλάσνα Plasna ) is a town and a former municipality in Pella regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pella, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 76.956 km2. It is located 75 km west of Thessaloniki and 2 km east of the Early Neolithic settlement of Nea Nikomideia.

History
The town of Krya Vrysi, named Plasna before 1927, became an independent community in 1934, when it was separated from Valta. After the lake that covered the place was drained, the people had trouble finding drinkable water. When they found a source of cold, clear water, they called it "water from the Krya Vrysi (Cold Spring)", thus giving the town its name. The community Krya Vrysi became a municipality in 1990. The economy in the area is primarily based on agriculture with the farmers mainly growing corn and asparagus. They were also growing a great amount of Berley tobacco, until 2005 when the production was stopped in the region due to European Union's economical issues.

Annual events
Krya Vrysi, being the centre for many smaller villages, is the host of various annual events. The Krya Vrysi Carnival has been the biggest regional multi-event including a large carnival procession. It takes place each year on the carnival three days' holiday since 1988 and has become an important tourist attraction for the town. During the Greek economic crisis it was temporarily paused (2009-2011). Another major annual event is the Agrotechnical Expo which is held in September. It combines a number of agricultural-related exhibits with a funfair (gr. πανηγύρι).

Sports
Krya Vrysi hosts at the Yiannis Tserkezidis Municipal Stadium the Apollon Krya Vrysi sports club founded in 1960. It currently competes in the 1. local league, but in the past it was promoted to the 2. national league. On the occasion of an initiative of the association of Veteran Footballers of Apollon Krya Vrysi for the creation of the Apollo Museum and the Folklore Museum of Krya Vrysi, the club invited the 2004 European Champion to the municipal stadium in September 2023 along with many other internationally known football personalities (see images below ). The international guests competed in a friendly game with the team of Veteran Footballers

Notable natives

 * 1) Demosthenes Delegiannis (*1938), lawyer, politician. From 1973 to 1981 he had been Member of Parliament.
 * 2) Takis Fostiropoulos, *1950, President of the Piraeus Coaches Association (Σύνδεσμος Προπονητών Ποδοσφαίρου Πειραιά)  that received honours from UNESCO (2016). In 1990 he had been the first coach of the then founded Greece women's national football team, and 1989–2002 coach of the Joint Youth and Children Groups of Piraeus Football Clubs Association. 1966–74 he had been team member of Apollon Kryas Vrysis (Απόλλων Κρύας Βρύσης) when the team had been playing in the second national league.
 * 3) Dimitra Markovitsi, *1954, is an Emeritus Research Director at the French National Center for Scientific Research. Her studies shed light on the first steps occurring when ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by DNA. She is the Chair of the International Foundation for Photochemistry and served as President of the European Photochemistry Association (2007-2010). With her husband,  Gérard Balland,she translated into French the historical novel by M. Karagatsis "Sergius and Bacchus" ( ISBN 978-2-336-44392-8 ) et (ISBN 978-2-336-44795-7
 * 4) Nikolaos Fostiropoulos, *1958, had been elected to the Karlsruhe (Germany) City Council from 1999 to 2019 as a member of the left party Die Linke. He is founder and owner of company alfatraining that has been listed in the top 20 of German providers of further education.
 * 5) Konstantinos Fostiropoulos, *1960, physicist, 2003–2016 head of the Organic Solar Cells Group at HZB. In 1989/90 he was the first to develop a method to synthesize the "football molecule" C60 fullerene. (ΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ)

title: Krya Vrysi, Pella


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Arthur Hughes

Arthur Hughes may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Arthur Hughes (American actor) (1894–1982), American actor on the stage, radio and films
 * Arthur Hughes (artist) (1832–1915), English painter and illustrator
 * Arthur Hughes (British actor) (born 1992), British actor on stage, radio and television
 * Arthur Foord Hughes (1856–1934), English artist
 * Arthur Wellesley Hughes (1870–1950), Canadian musician and composer
 * Frank Randle (1901–1957), English comedian, born as Arthur Hughes

Sports

 * Art Hughes (American soccer) (born 1965), American soccer player
 * Art Hughes (Canadian soccer) (1930–2019), Canadian soccer player
 * Arthur Hughes (English footballer) (1883–1962), English footballer for Bolton Wanderers, Southampton and Manchester City
 * Arthur Hughes (rugby union) (1924–2005), New Zealand rugby union player
 * Arthur Hughes (Scottish footballer) (1927–2015), Scottish footballer for Grimsby Town and Gillingham
 * Arthur Hughes (Welsh footballer) (1884–1970), Chirk F.C. and Wales international footballer

Others

 * Arthur Hughes (archbishop) (1902–1949), British prelate of the Catholic Church
 * Arthur Hughes (politician) (1885–1968), Australian politician
 * Arthur William Hughes (1883–1964), British businessman in Hong Kong
 * Arthur Hayden Hughes (born 1939), United States Ambassador to Yemen, 1991–1994

title: Arthur Hughes


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Atmospheric refraction

Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height. This refraction is due to the velocity of light through air decreasing (the refractive index increases) with increased density. Atmospheric refraction near the ground produces mirages. Such refraction can also raise or lower, or stretch or shorten, the images of distant objects without involving mirages. Turbulent air can make distant objects appear to twinkle or shimmer. The term also applies to the refraction of sound. Atmospheric refraction is considered in measuring the position of both celestial and terrestrial objects.

Astronomical or celestial refraction causes astronomical objects to appear higher above the horizon than they actually are. Terrestrial refraction usually causes terrestrial objects to appear higher than they actually are, although in the afternoon when the air near the ground is heated, the rays can curve upward making objects appear lower than they actually are.

Refraction not only affects visible light rays, but all electromagnetic radiation, although in varying degrees. For example, in the visible spectrum, blue is more affected than red. This may cause astronomical objects to appear dispersed into a spectrum in high-resolution images.

Whenever possible, astronomers will schedule their observations around the times of culmination, when celestial objects are highest in the sky. Likewise, sailors will not shoot a star below 20° above the horizon. If observations of objects near the horizon cannot be avoided, it is possible to equip an optical telescope with control systems to compensate for the shift caused by the refraction. If the dispersion is also a problem (in case of broadband high-resolution observations), atmospheric refraction correctors (made from pairs of rotating glass prisms) can be employed as well.

Since the amount of atmospheric refraction is a function of the temperature gradient, temperature, pressure, and humidity (the amount of water vapor, which is especially important at mid-infrared wavelengths), the amount of effort needed for a successful compensation can be prohibitive. Surveyors, on the other hand, will often schedule their observations in the afternoon, when the magnitude of refraction is minimum.

Atmospheric refraction becomes more severe when temperature gradients are strong, and refraction is not uniform when the atmosphere is heterogeneous, as when turbulence occurs in the air. This causes suboptimal seeing conditions, such as the twinkling of stars and various deformations of the Sun's apparent shape soon before sunset or after sunrise.

Astronomical refraction
Astronomical refraction deals with the angular position of celestial bodies, their appearance as a point source, and through differential refraction, the shape of extended bodies such as the Sun and Moon.

Atmospheric refraction of the light from a star is zero in the zenith, less than 1′ (one arc-minute) at 45° apparent altitude, and still only 5.3′ at 10° altitude; it quickly increases as altitude decreases, reaching 9.9′ at 5° altitude, 18.4′ at 2° altitude, and 35.4′ at the horizon; all values are for 10 °C and 1013.25 hPa in the visible part of the spectrum.

On the horizon, refraction is slightly greater than the apparent diameter of the Sun, so when the bottom of the sun's disc appears to touch the horizon, the sun's true altitude is negative. If the atmosphere suddenly vanished at this moment, one couldn't see the sun, as it would be entirely below the horizon. By convention, sunrise and sunset refer to times at which the Sun's upper limb appears on or disappears from the horizon and the standard value for the Sun's true altitude is −50′: −34′ for the refraction and −16′ for the Sun's semi-diameter. The altitude of a celestial body is normally given for the center of the body's disc. In the case of the Moon, additional corrections are needed for the Moon's horizontal parallax and its apparent semi-diameter; both vary with the Earth–Moon distance.

Refraction near the horizon is highly variable, principally because of the variability of the temperature gradient near the Earth's surface and the geometric sensitivity of the nearly horizontal rays to this variability. As early as 1830, Friedrich Bessel had found that even after applying all corrections for temperature and pressure (but not for the temperature gradient) at the observer, highly precise measurements of refraction varied by ±0.19′ at two degrees above the horizon and by ±0.50′ at a half degree above the horizon. At and below the horizon, values of refraction significantly higher than the nominal value of 35.4′ have been observed in a wide range of climates. Georg Constantin Bouris measured refraction of as much of 4° for stars on the horizon at the Athens Observatory and, during his ill-fated Endurance expedition, Sir Ernest Shackleton recorded refraction of 2°37′:

“The sun which had made ‘positively his last appearance’ seven days earlier surprised us by lifting more than half its disk above the horizon on May 8. A glow on the northern horizon resolved itself into the sun at 11 am that day. A quarter of an hour later the unreasonable visitor disappeared again, only to rise again at 11:40 am, set at 1 pm, rise at 1:10 pm and set lingeringly at 1:20 pm. These curious phenomena were due to refraction which amounted to 2° 37′ at 1:20 pm. The temperature was 15° below 0° Fahr., and we calculated that the refraction was 2° above normal.”

Day-to-day variations in the weather will affect the exact times of sunrise and sunset as well as moon-rise and moon-set, and for that reason it generally is not meaningful to give rise and set times to greater precision than the nearest minute. More precise calculations can be useful for determining day-to-day changes in rise and set times that would occur with the standard value for refraction if it is understood that actual changes may differ because of unpredictable variations in refraction.

Because atmospheric refraction is nominally 34′ on the horizon, but only 29′ at 0.5° above it, the setting or rising sun seems to be flattened by about 5′ (about 1/6 of its apparent diameter).

Calculating refraction
Young distinguished several regions where different methods for calculating astronomical refraction were applicable. In the upper portion of the sky, with a zenith distance of less than 70° (or an altitude over 20°), various simple refraction formulas based on the index of refraction (and hence on the temperature, pressure, and humidity) at the observer are adequate. Between 20° and 5° of the horizon the temperature gradient becomes the dominant factor and numerical integration, using a method such as that of Auer and Standish and employing the temperature gradient of the standard atmosphere and the measured conditions at the observer, is required. Closer to the horizon, actual measurements of the changes with height of the local temperature gradient need to be employed in the numerical integration. Below the astronomical horizon, refraction is so variable that only crude estimates of astronomical refraction can be made; for example, the observed time of sunrise or sunset can vary by several minutes from day to day. As The Nautical Almanac notes, "the actual values of …the refraction at low altitudes may, in extreme atmospheric conditions, differ considerably from the mean values used in the tables."

Many different formulas have been developed for calculating astronomical refraction; they are reasonably consistent, differing among themselves by a few minutes of arc at the horizon and becoming increasingly consistent as they approach the zenith. The simpler formulations involved nothing more than the temperature and pressure at the observer, powers of the cotangent of the apparent altitude of the astronomical body and in the higher order terms, the height of a fictional homogeneous atmosphere. The simplest version of this formula, which Smart held to be only accurate within 45° of the zenith, is:

 * $$R = (n_0 - 1) \cot h_\mathrm{a} \,,$$

where R is the refraction in radians, n0 is the index of refraction at the observer (which depends on the temperature, pressure, and humidity), and ha is the apparent altitude angle of the astronomical body.

An early simple approximation of this form, which directly incorporated the temperature and pressure at the observer, was developed by George Comstock:

 * $$R = \frac {21.5 b} {273 + t} \cot h_\mathrm{a} \,,$$

where R is the refraction in seconds of arc, b is the atmospheric pressure in millimeters of mercury, and t is the temperature in Celsius. Comstock considered that this formula gave results within one arcsecond of Bessel's values for refraction from 15° above the horizon to the zenith.

A further expansion in terms of the third power of the cotangent of the apparent altitude incorporates H0, the height of the homogeneous atmosphere, in addition to the usual conditions at the observer:

 * $$R = (n_0 - 1)(1 -H_0) \cot h_\mathrm{a} - (n_0 - 1)[H_0 - \frac{1}{2}(n_0 - 1)]\cot^3h_\mathrm{a} .$$

A version of this formula is used in the International Astronomical Union's Standards of Fundamental Astronomy; a comparison of the IAU's algorithm with more rigorous ray-tracing procedures indicated an agreement within 60 milliarcseconds at altitudes above 15°.

Bennett developed another simple empirical formula for calculating refraction from the apparent altitude which gives the refraction R in arcminutes:

 * $$R = \cot \left ( h_\mathrm{a} + \frac {7.31} {h_\mathrm{a} + 4.4} \right ) \,.$$

This formula is used in the U. S. Naval Observatory's Vector Astrometry Software, and is reported to be consistent with Garfinkel's more complex algorithm within 0.07′ over the entire range from the zenith to the horizon. Sæmundsson developed an inverse formula for determining refraction from true altitude; if h is the true altitude in degrees, refraction R in arcminutes is given by

 * $$R = 1.02 \cot\left ( h + \frac {10.3} {h + 5.11} \right ) \,;$$

the formula is consistent with Bennett's to within 0.1′. The formulas of Bennet and Sæmundsson assume an atmospheric pressure of 101.0 kPa and a temperature of 10 °C; for different pressure P and temperature T, refraction calculated from these formulas is multiplied by

 * $$\frac {P} {101} \, \frac {283} {273 + T} $$

Refraction increases approximately 1% for every 0.9 kPa increase in pressure, and decreases approximately 1% for every 0.9 kPa decrease in pressure. Similarly, refraction increases approximately 1% for every 3 °C decrease in temperature, and decreases approximately 1% for every 3 °C increase in temperature.

Random refraction effects

Turbulence in Earth's atmosphere scatters the light from stars, making them appear brighter and fainter on a time-scale of milliseconds. The slowest components of these fluctuations are visible as twinkling (also called scintillation).

Turbulence also causes small, sporadic motions of the star image, and produces rapid distortions in its structure. These effects are not visible to the naked eye, but can be easily seen even in small telescopes. They perturb astronomical seeing conditions. Some telescopes employ adaptive optics to reduce this effect.

Terrestrial refraction
Terrestrial refraction, sometimes called geodetic refraction, deals with the apparent angular position and measured distance of terrestrial bodies. It is of special concern for the production of precise maps and surveys. Since the line of sight in terrestrial refraction passes near the earth's surface, the magnitude of refraction depends chiefly on the temperature gradient near the ground, which varies widely at different times of day, seasons of the year, the nature of the terrain, the state of the weather, and other factors.

As a common approximation, terrestrial refraction is considered as a constant bending of the ray of light or line of sight, in which the ray can be considered as describing a circular path. A common measure of refraction is the coefficient of refraction. Unfortunately there are two different definitions of this coefficient. One is the ratio of the radius of the Earth to the radius of the line of sight, the other is the ratio of the angle that the line of sight subtends at the center of the Earth to the angle of refraction measured at the observer. Since the latter definition only measures the bending of the ray at one end of the line of sight, it is one half the value of the former definition.

The coefficient of refraction is directly related to the local vertical temperature gradient and the atmospheric temperature and pressure. The larger version of the coefficient k, measuring the ratio of the radius of the Earth to the radius of the line of sight, is given by:

 * $$k = 503 \frac{P} {T^2} \left ( 0.0343 + \frac {dT} {dh} \right ), $$

where temperature T is given in kelvins, pressure P in millibars, and height h in meters. The angle of refraction increases with the coefficient of refraction and with the length of the line of sight.

Although the straight line from your eye to a distant mountain might be blocked by a closer hill, the ray may curve enough to make the distant peak visible. A convenient method to analyze the effect of refraction on visibility is to consider an increased effective radius of the Earth Reff, given by

 * $$R_\text{eff} = \frac {R} {1 - k} ,$$

where R is the radius of the Earth and k is the coefficient of refraction. Under this model the ray can be considered a straight line on an Earth of increased radius.

The curvature of the refracted ray in arc seconds per meter can be computed using the relationship

 * $$ \frac {1} {\sigma} = 16.3 \frac{P} {T^2} \left ( 0.0342 + \frac {dT} {dh} \right ) \cos \beta$$

where 1/σ is the curvature of the ray in arcsec per meter, P is the pressure in millibars, T is the temperature in kelvins, and β is the angle of the ray to the horizontal. Multiplying half the curvature by the length of the ray path gives the angle of refraction at the observer. For a line of sight near the horizon cos β differs little from unity and can be ignored. This yields

 * $$ \Omega = 8.15 \frac{L P} {T^2} \left ( 0.0342 + \frac {dT} {dh} \right ),$$

where L is the length of the line of sight in meters and Ω is the refraction at the observer measured in arc seconds.

A simple approximation is to consider that a mountain's apparent altitude at your eye (in degrees) will exceed its true altitude by its distance in kilometers divided by 1500. This assumes a fairly horizontal line of sight and ordinary air density; if the mountain is very high (so much of the sightline is in thinner air) divide by 1600 instead.

title: Atmospheric refraction


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South Hobart, Tasmania

South Hobart is one of Hobart's inner suburbs. It is bound by Dynnyrne, Fern Tree, West Hobart and the Hobart City Centre.

Landmarks
South Hobart is home to many of the most beautiful homes in Hobart, including the classical Georgian residence of Milton and the Henry Hunter-designed Ashleigh (which was owned by Alfred Totenhöfer).

"The World Heritage-listed Cascades Female Factory Historic Site in South Hobart is Australia’s most significant site associated with female convicts and sits in the shadow of Mount Wellington, a short distance from the Hobart CBD." When the factory operated from 1828 to 1856, more than 5,000 convict women spent time there. The factory "was originally established on the site of a failed rum distillery which was adapted and gradually expanded to comprise five conjoined, rectangular walled yards. After 1856, the site was used for a variety of institutional purposes before being sold in 1904 and subdivided."

The Cascade Brewery, the oldest brewery in Australia, is located here.

Another landmark is All Saints' Anglican Church. Established in 1858, it is heritage listed. The building was designed by the prominent architect Henry Hunter. The Church is also renowned for containing a memorial plaque for school teacher and founder of women's cricket in Australia, Lily Poulett-Harris.

South Hobart is also famous for its Keen's Curry sign. Originally, the sign read "VR 60" to mark the Jubilee of Queen Victoria. This was created when the son-in-law of the company's founder "purchased land in the foothills of Mount Wellington, overlooking Hobart, and in 1905 transformed it into a large advertising sign. Heavy stones were collected from the site, painted white and used to form the words 'Keen's Curry' in letters some fifty feet (15 m) high. Public uproar resulted, but Horace won the right to use it as an advertising sign. In June 1926 the familiar landmark briefly changed to read 'Hell's Curse' as a university prank, and students altered it again in 1962 to promote a theatre production. In 1994 the landmark read 'No Cable Car' as a protest against a proposed development. After every change the sign was restored and as of 2012 was still in place."

Culture
Known as 'SoHo (South Hobart) village' by locals, the area is known for its high green vote which is reflected by the existence of a community sustainability network. This is coordinated through a community. There is a strong sense of community, in part created by the suburb's location. It has an active community association – The South Hobart Progress Association Inc. founded in 1922 making it one of the oldest such organisations in Tasmania.

Additionally, community involvement to preserve the presence of platypus in the Hobart Rivulet has attracted media attention.

All Saints' Anglican Church is today known for being Hobart's centre of Anglo-Catholic worship.

The suburb is home to the very successful South Hobart SC.

The H Thompson Badminton Centre is located at 101 Cascade Road.

The Cascade Hotel was host to the weekly Gypsy Jazz Jam session, every Wednesday, for locals and visiting artists, but ceased around 2019. The restaurant and public bar remain vibrant with live music (occasionally) and food.

Education
South Hobart Primary School is the local public primary school, located at 59 Anglesea Street. Students, if using the public education system will eventually attend Taroona High School for grades 7 through 10, and then Hobart College for year 11 and 12.

It is notable that according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021 data, that South Hobart has 51.7% tertiary education compared to 21.9% for other Tasmanian residents, and 26.3% for Australia in general. Snapshots of South Hobart population statistics are available from the ABS website.

History
Upper Macquarie Street Post Office opened on 1 April 1874. It was renamed Cascade Road in 1884 and Hobart South in 1895.

Settled by the merchant and professional classes, who wanted to get away from the noise and smell of Hobarton, South Hobart is Hobart's first suburb.

Utilities
Huon Road runs through South Hobart and is an extension of Davey Street (formerly Holbrook Place). Huon Road used to be named "The Huon Highway" and was the major road to the Huon Valley until the opening of the Southern Outlet during the latter half of the 20th century. Autumn time during the 1950s would see apple trucks continually travelling along this road carting apples to Europe, thus helping Tasmania to earn its title of "The Apple Isle".

South Hobart is located alongside the Hobart Rivulet which was the main fresh water source that leads through to the Hobart City Centre from kunanyi / Mount Wellington. As a result, it has facilities as a popular park and transportation route for recreation and commuting to access destinations. The suburb also has one of the highest rates of commuter cycling in Australia, seven times higher than Greater Hobart. 15% walk to work.

A refuse tip is located here within McRobies Gully, and also contains The Tip Shop, which is located at the McRobies Gully Waste Management Centre (the tip), at the end of McRobies Road in South Hobart. This facility provides reuse, recycling, and refuse options for disposal of unwanted goods.

Notable residents

 * Richard Flanagan (1961-) – author
 * Haughton Forrest Cpt. (1826–1925) – artist
 * John Skinner Prout (1805–1876) – colonial artist
 * Morton Allport (1830–1878) – photographer

title: South Hobart, Tasmania


text:
Talk:Jordan Pundik

Cat Like Thief by Box Car Racer
The article originally noted that Jordan Pundik supplied backup vocals to this track. It is not clear that the lead vocals on this track were also supplied by a guest vocalist (Tim Armstrong of Rancid). Armstong's page lists Box Car Racer as an associated act but with no details / citations. Since neither the album nor the track have pages of their own, I inserted this factoid here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.159.93.187 (talk) 23:58, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
Since there is no other article that reveals his bio, I'm reinserting his info in this article.

Jordan Pundik: Origin
Please revise the origin of this musician. The article first states that the was born in Pompano Beach, Florida. Later in the early life section, it says he was born in Englewood, New Jersey. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BFLOw (talk • contribs) 02:14, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jordan Pundik


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Federal Council of Australasia

The Federal Council of Australasia was a forerunner to the current Commonwealth of Australia, though its structure and members were different.

The final (and successful) push for the Federal Council came at a "Convention" on 28 November 1883, which met in Sydney, and at which the six Australian colonies, New Zealand and Fiji were represented. The conference was called to debate the strategies needed to counter the activities of the German and French in New Guinea and in New Hebrides.

Sir Samuel Griffith, the Premier of Queensland, drafted a bill to constitute the Federal Council. The Federal Council was a limited legislative body. It had powers to legislate directly upon certain matters, such as in relation to extradition, regulation of fisheries, patents of invention and discovery and copyright, and so on, but it did not have a permanent secretariat, executive powers, or any revenue of its own. The representatives considered that the formation of the council was a constitutional change that required an Act of the British Parliament. In July and August, 1884, the Legislatures of Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland, Western Australia, and Fiji petitioned the Imperial Parliament to enact the bill. The bill became law on 14 August 1885 as the Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885, and gave any Australasian colony power to join or withdraw from the council.

The first assembly of the Federal Council took place on 25 January 1886 in Hobart, Tasmania, and consisted of representatives of the self-governing colonies of Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria, and the Crown Colonies of Western Australia and Fiji were involved. New South Wales and New Zealand did not join the Federal Council. South Australia was briefly a member between 1888 and 1890. The Federal Council met eight times between 1886 and 1899, to discuss matters of importance and common interest. It had no power to enforce its decisions beyond that provided by the member colonies. Furthermore, the absence of the powerful colony of New South Wales weakened its representative value.

Robert Hamilton from Tasmania presided over the Federal Council meetings held in Hobart in 1887, 1888, and 1889. Adye Douglas, Premier of Tasmania from 1884 to 1886, represented Tasmania on the Federal Council. Thomas Joseph Byrnes represented Queensland at meetings of the Federal Council in 1895 and 1897. He became Premier of Queensland in 1898 and died in the same year. Robert Frederick Sholl, a member of the Parliament of Western Australia, was also a representative at the Australasian Federal Convention of 1897. Sir Alexander Matheson, 3rd Baronet, member of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 1897 to 1901, was also a member of the Federal Council from 1897 to 1900.

The Federal Council was abolished by the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, section 7. The final meeting of the Federal Council had taken place in January 1899.

title: Federal Council of Australasia


text:
Category:Museums in India

Museums in India.

title: Category:Museums in India


text:
Launceston Reception Centre

Launceston Reception Centre, formerly the Launceston Remand Centre, an Australian maximum security prison for male and female inmates held on remand, is located in Launceston, Tasmania. The facility is operated by the Tasmanian Prison Service, an agency of the Department of Justice of the Government of Tasmania. The facility accepts felons charged under Tasmanian and/or Commonwealth legislation pending legal proceedings; and also detains convicted felons, pending their classification and placement at other correctional facilities in Tasmania.

History
Convicts transported from England's overflowing prison system made a major contribution to Tasmania's settlement and development. Although some convicts returned to the United Kingdom at the completion of their sentence, a substantial number settled to become the farmers and business and professional people who helped build Tasmania into a thriving community. When transportation ceased in 1853, Tasmania was left with persons who still had lengthy sentences to complete. There was also a system of prison buildings and probation stations strategically located around Tasmania to serve the needs of convicts who were allocated to work on farms or public works such as road and bridge building. As the remaining number of convicts reduced, country prisons and probation stations, including Port Arthur, fell into disuse. The existing facilities left over from colonial times in Hobart and Launceston became the basis of the Tasmanian prison system for those persons who committed offences within Tasmania.

Records from Launceston Gaol date back to 1839. By 1900, the Launceston Gaol, which by then held only a small number of short-term prisoners, was under the control of a superintendent who reported to the governor in Hobart. Female prisoners were kept in an annex attached to the male prison. The main purpose of the Launceston Gaol was as a repository for persons required to appear in courts in Launceston and those in transit to courts on the North West Coast. In 1914 part of the Launceston prison site was given to the Education Department for a new high school. The incompatibility of the new high school and the prison immediately adjacent resulted in the prison site being completely abandoned and the prison function transferred to the police watch house in 1917. The condition of the watch house was no better than the prison but continued in use until 1976 when new police buildings were constructed. The management of the Launceston Gaol was handed over to the Police department after World War I although the prisoners remained the responsibility of the prison system. A police officer in Launceston and each of the major towns was appointed as gaoler under the prison legislation to provide administrative control of prisoners outside Hobart. This system persisted until 1991 when full control and staffing of the prison function in Launceston was returned to Corrective Services.

Facilities
The centre has been described as an "horrendously bad building" and since the mid–1970s has provided short–term accommodation with 33 cells. It is located in the main police building and provides short-term remand and watch house accommodation. In 1991 bars on the doors were replaced with solid doors and there are two observation cells.

title: Launceston Reception Centre


text: User talk:202.131.118.10

title: User talk:202.131.118.10


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Category:Humans

Humans (Homo sapiens) are a species of hominid and the only surviving species of the genus Homo. There is only one extant subspecies, H. sapiens sapiens. Humans are notable for their intelligence, language, culture, and technology.

title: Category:Humans


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Sydney Smith (disambiguation)

Sydney Smith (1771–1845) was an English writer and clergyman.

People
Sydney Smith may also refer to:

 * Sydney Smith (composer) (1839–1889), English composer
 * Sydney Smith (Australian politician) (1856–1934)
 * Sydney Smith (footballer) (1875–?), English football player for Liverpool FC
 * Sydney Smith (cricketer, born 1881) (1881–1963), Trinidad and Tobago cricketer who played for West Indies and New Zealand
 * Sir Sydney Smith (forensic expert) (1883–1969), New Zealander and Scottish scientist
 * Sydney Smith (British politician) (1885–1984), Labour MP for Hull South West 1945–1950
 * Sydney Smith (cricketer, born 1892), English cricketer
 * Sydney Smith (illustrator) (fl. 2010s–2020s), Canadian illustrator
 * Sydney Bernard Smith (1936–2008), Scots-Irish poet, dramatist, actor and novelist
 * Sydney Ernest Smith (1881–1943), English pioneer aviator, soldier and company director
 * Sydney George Smith (c. 1879–1943), New Zealand politician
 * Sydney Goodsir Smith (1915–1975), New Zealand-born Scottish poet and artist
 * Sydney Howard Smith (1872–1947), British badminton and tennis player
 * Sydney John Smith (1892–1976), Canadian politician
 * Sydney M. Smith (1869–1948), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi
 * Sydney Philip Smith (1896–1918), World War I flying ace
 * Sydney Ure Smith (1887–1949), Australian arts publisher and promoter
 * Sydney Wigham Smith (c. 1866–1933), architect in Melbourne, Australia

"Sidney Smith" sometimes written "Sydney Smith", may refer to:

 * Sir Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer) (1764–1840), often written as "Sydney Smith", British admiral
 * Sidney Smith (lawyer) (1823-1889), Canadian lawyer and politician

Other uses

 * Sir Sidney Smith, a list of ships by that name, including ships named "Sir Sydney Smith"

title: Sydney Smith (disambiguation)


text:
Darling Downs Correctional Centre

Darling Downs Correctional Centre was a low-security prison facility in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. The prison had a capacity of 140 as well as 40 work camp prisoners. It provided employment to 40 full-time staff.

The prison closed in 2012 as part of a cost cutting measure.

title: Darling Downs Correctional Centre


text: File:Polgara.jpg

title: File:Polgara.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bix nood

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Academic Challenger ((nonsense)) --cesarb 00:47, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bix nood
It's /b/tard nonsence. -- Bobdoe (Talk) 08:25, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Speedied as patent nonsense. Academic Challenger 08:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Lotus Glen Correctional Centre

Lotus Glen Correctional Centre is an Australian prison facility located 14 km south of Mareeba and 20 km north of Atherton in the locality of Arriga in Far North Queensland. Lotus Glen provides a correctional service for high, medium, low and open classification inmates, including a Prison Farm with a capacity for 115 "open security" inmates.

Population
Lotus Glen's "catchment area" for its inmate population includes Cairns, The Cape York Region, The Torres Strait Islands and other isolated communities. The centre has a total capacity of 498 (398 within the secure unit and 100 at the centre's farm). Generally, 60% - 70% of the population of the centre are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander persons.

Facilities
The centre is used as a remand and reception facility and provides the programs necessary to induct both first time inmates and repeat offenders into the correctional environment. The facility runs work programs in the fields of both farming and industry, providing useful skills to the inmates in preparation for their release.

Facilities are being expanded to house 300 secure cells and 24 low-security farm beds at a cost of A$445 million. The new buildings have been built outside the existing secure area and are expected to be completed by December 2011.

Programs
Cultural programs are conducted at Lotus Glen in response to the centre's high Indigenous population. Specialist Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander staff including correctional officers are employed to meet the needs of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoners. These needs are met through cultural programs, Elder visits, regular community visits, and ensuring that family ties are maintained.

The facility also runs a prison farm for low and open security inmates. Although not necessarily put to "hard labour" the inmates are expected to work the farms, allowing them time to develop skills and escape the daily routine of the prison.

In 2017, due to a new program of medication, Lotus Glen became Australia's first Hepatitis C-free prison.

title: Lotus Glen Correctional Centre


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Wolston Correctional Centre

Wolston Correctional Centre is an Australian high-security prison facility in Wacol, Queensland, Australia. Wolston is a 'protection' prison, and as such houses many paedophiles, sex offenders and high-profile prisoners.

In addition to those classes of prisoner mentioned above, the majority of prisoners at Wolston Correctional Centre are non-sex-offender prisoners, who have been transferred to the protection prison from other mainstream prisons because they have provided information to prison authorities about fellow inmates and their safety has been threatened. These types of prisoners are known as "informers", or more colloquially in prison slang as "dogs".

Like most Queensland prisons, Wolston Correctional Centre is severely overcrowded, with some cells designed for a single prisoner accommodating two or more prisoners. This is often achieved by requiring one or more of the prisoners to sleep on the floor. Such overcrowding has led to a dramatic increase in violent assaults as such cramped living conditions increases psychological stress and discomfort of inmates. It is also often the prison guards who become the victims of such assaults, as reported in a 2018 ABC News article.

Notable prisoners

 * Mohamed Haneef – an Indian doctor accused of aiding terrorists
 * Leonard Fraser – serial killer
 * Robert Paul Long – Convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the 2000 Childers Palace Backpackers Hostel Fire which killed 15 backpackers.
 * Massimo "Max" Sica – convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the triple murder of his former girlfriend and two siblings
 * Gerard Baden-Clay – Murderer - convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of his wife Alison Baden-Clay
 * Brett Peter Cowan – serial pedophile convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for murdering Queensland school boy Daniel Morcombe
 * Rick Thorburn – convicted of murdering foster daughter Tialeigh Palmer and sentenced to life imprisonment with non-parole of 20 years
 * Paul Pisasale – former Lord Mayor of Ipswich convicted of extortion

title: Wolston Correctional Centre


text:
Gottenheim

Gottenheim is an independent village at the northern tip of the Tuniberg, 15 km west of Freiburg im Breisgau. It is located in the administrative region Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Situated at an altitude of 207 m in one of the warmest regions of Germany, Gottenheim has a population of 2,912.

The total area of Gottenheim is 2183 acres (8.83 km2), which includes 275 acre of vines, 538 acre alluvial forest and some acres of half-bog.

History
Gottenheim was first officially mentioned in 1086.

Economy and Infrastructure
The Breisgau S-Bahn operated Breisachbahn railway line connects Gottenheim station to Breisach in the west and the national railway system (Deutsche Bahn) via Freiburg im Breisgau in the east. The Kaiserstuhlbahn connects Gottenheim to Endingen and the towns, Riegel am Kaiserstuhl, Nimburg and Bötzingen, which lay in between.

By car Gottenheim can be reached via German Autobahn A5, Frankfurt-Basel, using exit No.62 Freiburg-Mitte towards Umkirch and following signs.

Festivals

 * Gottenheim Hahlerai-fest (local wine and food festival) every second year in autumn

title: Gottenheim


text:
Talk:Federal Council of Australasia

Untitled
I hope that's right! I came across a good website about it once and bumped into something else regarding it, but can't find a good website. Please feel free to correct me, I'm almost definitely wrong. (Well, I think I'm right, but you probably know more than me.) Felix the Cassowary 08:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

why the redirect?
It seems superfluous. The thing was never well-known enough to acquire an informal name. Alan 06:21, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I've moved it to the actual name, Federal Council of Australasia. That is how it is referred to in the legislation establishing it (the Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885) and in s.7 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900: . --bainer (talk) 07:07, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Federal Council of Australasia


text:
Townsville Correctional Centre

Townsville Correctional Centre is an Australian prison facility in Stuart, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. The facility has been known in the past as "Her Majesty's Penal Establishment Stewart's Creek", "H.M. Prison Townsville", "Stuart Prison", and now known as "Townsville Correctional Centre".

It was the only correctional centre in Queensland to hold mainstream males, females and protection prisoners all within the same secure perimeter. It remains the most diverse correctional facility within Queensland accommodating high secure male, high secure female, high secure male protection, low open male custody and low open female custody operations.

A new female facility began construction in June 2006 in a complex adjacent to the male section with its own secure perimeter. Female inmates were finally moved over to the new centre in December 2008.

Townsville Correctional Centre's complex also includes a Farm Area located about 2.4 km south-east of the Prison, and near to the Woongarra Crematorium.

Inaugural superintendent – Mr. James Ryan was appointed on 6 April 1893, having been promoted from his former position as the superintendent of the "old" Townsville Gaol, which was located at the site of the current Townsville Central State School on Warburton street in North Ward.

Stewart's Creek Penal Establishment marked 120 years of operational service to the Queensland Community in 2013. Since the closure of Boggo Road Gaol in 1992, Townsville Correctional Centre is the longest continually operating Prison in Queensland. On 6 April 2015 it reached another milestone, the 125th anniversary of its establishment (6 April 1890) i.e. the date on which the building contractor Mr. Thomas Matthews accepted and signed the contract to construct the penal establishment, within two years. Work began on the "Her Majesty's Penal Establishment Stewart's Creek" on 9 June 1890.

title: Townsville Correctional Centre


text:
Breisach

Breisach (formerly Altbreisach; Low Alemannic: Alt-Brisach) is a town with approximately 16,500 inhabitants, situated along the Rhine in the Rhine Valley, in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about halfway between Freiburg and Colmar — 20 kilometres away from each — and about 60 kilometres north of Basel near the Kaiserstuhl. A bridge leads over the Rhine to Neuf-Brisach, Alsace.

Its name is Celtic and means breakwater. The root Breis can also be found in the French word briser meaning to break. The hill on which Breisach came into existence was — at least when there was a flood — in the middle of the Rhine, until the Rhine was straightened by the engineer Johann Gottfried Tulla in the 19th century, thus breaking its surge.

History
The seat of a Celtic prince was at the hill on which Breisach is built. The Romans maintained an auxiliary castle on Mons Brisiacus (which came from the Celtic word Brisger, which means waterbreak).

The Staufer dynasty founded Breisach as a city in the modern sense, but there had already been a settlement with a church at the time. An 11th-century coin from Breisach was found in the Sandur hoard.

In the early 13th century, construction on the St. Stephansmünster, Breisach's cathedral, started. In the early 16th century, Breisach was a significant stronghold of the Holy Roman Empire. On December 7, 1638, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who was subsidized by France, conquered the city, which Ferdinand II and General Hans Heinrich IX. von Reinach had defended well, and tried to make it the centre of a new territory. After Bernard's death in 1639, his general gave the territory to France, which saw it as its own conquest. In the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Breisach was de jure given to France.

From 1670, Breisach was integrated into the French state in the course of the "Politique des Réunions" followed by Louis XIV. In the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, Breisach was returned to the Holy Roman Empire, but then reconquered on September 7, 1703 by Marshal Tallard at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession. At the Treaty of Rastatt on March 7, 1714, Breisach became once again part of the Empire. Meanwhile, France founded its own fortress, Neuf-Brisach ("New Breisach"), on the left shore of the Rhine. In 1790, Breisach was part of Further Austria. In the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, Breisach sustained heavy damage and then, in 1805, was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Baden.

During World War II, 85% of Breisach was destroyed by Allied artillery as the Allies crossed the Rhine. The St. Stephansmünster was also heavily damaged.

In 1969, Breisach was considered as the construction site for a nuclear power plant, but Wyhl was chosen instead, where the construction project was later abandoned in the face of heavy opposition.

The nearby cities of Hochstetten (1970), Gündlingen (1972), Niederrimsingen (1973), and Oberrimsingen (1975) along with Grezhausen, which had been incorporated into Oberrimsingen in 1936, were all incorporated into Breisach.

Politics
After the municipal elections on June 13, 2004, the seats in the municipal council were distributed as follows:

Transport
Breisach station was, until 1945, the frontier station on the Freiburg–Colmar international railway line. Since the railway bridge across the Rhine was destroyed during the Second World War, railway services have been restricted to the German side of the river. The Breisgau S-Bahn connects Breisach to Freiburg via Gottenheim over the remaining section of the Freiburg–Colmar line, whilst the Kaiserstuhlbahn connects Breisach to Riegel via Vogtsburg and Endingen.

The federal road B 31 leads to Lindau and the N 415 on the French side connects Breisach to Colmar.

Local businesses
One of Europe's largest wine cellars called is located in Breisach. Viticulture is very important for the economy of both Breisach and the Kaiserstuhl.

Main sights

The museum for municipal history has an impressive collection dating from the Stone Age to the present. The Romanesque, the cathedral in Breisach, has a late Gothic altar by an unknown craftsman (with the initials H.L.) and paintings by Martin Schongauer, who is also the eponym of the Gymnasium in the city.

Jewish history

The first documentation of Jews in town dates to 1301. During the Black Death in 1349, the community was annihilated after a false blood libel, accusing the town Jews of poisoning the town wells. After the pogrom, Jews got back to the town until 1424, when they were expelled once again. In 1550, the community reopened with a cemetery. In 1750, a Jew owned a textile factory in town, employing about 330 weavers. The Synagogue, built in 1758, was destroyed in November 1938, on Kristallnacht. In 1825, 14% of the town population was Jewish, (438 individuals), though in 1933 this number had declined to 231. On October 22, 1940, the town's last 34 Jews who did not flee to nearby France or other places, were deported to Gurs internment camp, a transit camp in the South of France. In 1967, the town's sole Jewish survivor was a woman who tended the two Jewish cemeteries. A website, dedicated to the town's Jewish history, commemorates the names of Jewish victims during World War II who used to live in town, as also personal stories of survivors and their children. A Jewish survivor who lived in town named Louis Dreyfuss, gave a report on his biography on some cases. The Jewish community of pre-war Breisach maintains a documentary website.

International relations
Breisach is twinned with: Breisach is partnered with the following cities:
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Louis, France, since 1960
 * 🇦🇹 Pürgg-Trautenfels, Austria, since 1994 partnered with the borough of Niederrimsingen
 * 🇫🇷 Neuf-Brisach, France, since 2000
 * 🇵🇱 Oświęcim, Poland, since 2009
 * 🇩🇪 Küstriner Vorland

People

 * Ernst Adolf Birkenmayer (1842–1916), jurist and member of the German Reichstag (1881-1884 and 1907-1916)
 * Felix Brückmann (born 1990), ice hockey goalkeeper
 * Oliver Baumann (born 1990), football goalkeeper
 * Pascal Krauss (born 1987), mixed martial art fighter

title: Breisach


text:
Brisbane Women's Correctional Centre

Brisbane Women's Correctional Centre is an Australian prison, located at Wacol, Brisbane. It was commissioned on 28 May 1999.

Brisbane Women's Correctional Centre replaced the old Brisbane Women's Correctional Centre, located at Wacol. The centre has a capacity of 264 cells and is divided into two accommodation areas of 122 secure cells and 142 residential cells. The centre is the only reception, assessment and placement centre for female offenders in southern Queensland.

The centre accommodates female mainstream and protection prisoners and at times immigration detainees.

A purpose-built area accommodates up to eight women who are approved to have their children reside with them whilst in custody. In support of the accommodation of children within the facility and the role of women as primary carers, the centre facilitates a number of programs, activities, events and services related to women and children.

The centre has a structured daily program consisting of industry, education and vocational training programs that provide opportunities to address offending behaviour, and a comprehensive range of activities designed to enhance personal development and self esteem.

Notable prisoners

 * Cornelia Rau
 * Tracey Wigginton

title: Brisbane Women's Correctional Centre


text:
Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1903–1906

This is a list of the members of the Australian House of Representatives in the Second Australian Parliament, which was elected on 16 December 1903.


text:
Woodford Correctional Centre

Woodford Correctional Centre is an Australian prison facility located on Neurum Road, Woodford, City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, approximately 80 kilometres north from Brisbane and 30 kilometres from Caboolture.

It is a high security facility for male prisoners with a capacity of 988 prisoners in single cell accommodation. It is the largest prison in Queensland.

Woodford Correctional Centre has a very large industries base with 15 workshops that include manufacturing of furniture, steel products, upholstery, polyethylene rainwater tanks and steel rainwater tanks.

Escape
On 1 April 1997, 120 prisoners managed to escape from the secure unit by 'melting' the lexen walls with toasters & other items, making their way to the central officers unit and then going on into the low security residential area where they were joined by hundreds of angry inmates protesting the new prison policy of it being a non-smoking facility. Prisoners were offered a three-month supply of nicotine patches costing the Government $42 million. It took six hours before the centre's Custodial Officers and the TRG (tactical response group) finally resumed control. Woodford Correction Centre withdrew the ban on smoking in an effort to placate inmates. Woodford Correctional Facility now has a total ban on smoking, which began in May 2014 due to a change in Queensland Government policy.

Murders
Scott Lawrence Topping, 22, was serving time for $1,200 worth of unpaid traffic fines when he was murdered inside Woodford Correctional Centre, Queensland, on 12 September 1997. Topping had three weeks left to serve before his release. He would be the first person to be murdered by inmates in Woodford Correction Centre. The phrase "One day someone on fines will top themselves" is in reference to the murder of Scott Topping in prison. Mark Day was convicted of strangling 22-year-old Scott Topping at Woodford prison. Mark Day was murdered in a prison in 2003.

At the time of the murder of Scott Topping, the security CCTV systems were not fully operational.

Notable inmates

 * Brenden Abbott (former)
 * Michael Katsidis (former)
 * Alex Leapai (former)

title: Woodford Correctional Centre


text:
David VI

David VI Narin (დავით VI ნარინი) (also called the Clever) (1225–1293), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was joint king of king (mepe) of Georgia with his cousin David VII from to 1246 to 1256. He made secession in 1259, and from 1259 to 1293, ruled a Kingdom of Western Georgia under the name David I, while his cousin David VII continued to rule in a reduced Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329) in eastern Georgia, under Mongol control.

Life
The son of Queen Rusudan by her Seljuk husband, Ghias ad-din, David was crowned at Kutaisi, as joint sovereign by his mother in 1230. Fearing that her nephew David would claim the throne at her death, Rusudan held the latter prisoner at the court of her son-in-law, the Seljuk sultan Kaykhusraw II, and in 1243 sent her son David to the Mongol court of Batu Khan in Karakorum to get official recognition as heir apparent. She died in 1245, still waiting for her son to return. He was retained for three years at the Mongol court in Karakorum, until he was able to attend the enthronement of Guyuk Khan with his cousin David VII in August 1246.

Since David was believed by the Georgian nobles to have disappeared, two years later in 1245, they had proclaimed his cousin David VII Ulu, who had been freed on the death of Kaykhusraw, as king of Georgia. In 1246, David, son of Rusudan, was recognized by Güyük Khan as junior co-king to his cousin David. Thereafter known as David VI Narin (i.e. “the junior”) and David VII Ulu (i.e. “the senior”), the cousins ruled jointly from 1247-48 upon their return, until 1259, when the former rose, unsuccessfully, against the Mongol yoke and, then, fled to Kutaisi, from whence he reigned over western Georgia (Imereti) as a separate ruler.

In 1259, David VI rebelled against his suzerain, although he did not drag his royal colleague into the rebellion. The Ilkhanate soon put an end to this revolt after a few short, bloody battles, while David VI managed to take refuge in western Georgia. Arriving in Kutaisi, one of the largest towns in western Georgia, he declared the secession of the domains west of the Likhi mountains, and was proclaimed King of western Georgia by the local nobility.

The kingdom created by David VI included a number of powerful duchies controlling several Black Sea ports, including the duchies of Guria, Mingrelia and Abkhazia, which contained the cities of Batumi and Poti. To the north, the kingdom controlled the duchies of Svaneti and Racha, thus controlling the Caucasus mountains against the empire of the Golden Horde. This situation enabled the new government of Kutaisi to maintain important trade routes with the West, notably via the Genoese merchants based in Abkhazia and the Empire of Trebizond, leading to a large-scale immigration of Georgian nobles and merchants from eastern Georgia.

David VI Narin even managed to shelter and share his throne with his cousin, David VII Ulu, when the latter in turn revolted against the Mongol yoke in 1261; this agreement was short-lived and the two sovereigns were unable to work together to protect western Georgia, leading to David Ulu's return to Tbilisi, eastern Georgia in 1262. Thus, Georgia split into two parts and both rulers continued to be titled king of Georgia. However, David Ulu surrendered to Hulegu Khan thus becoming a nominal vassal of the Ilkhans in 1262.

He developed friendly relations with the Golden Horde and the Bahri dynasty of Egypt, and repulsed the Ilkhanate attacks. In 1269, David gave shelter to Teguder, relative of the Chagatai Baraq Khan, who had rebelled against the Ilkhan ruler Abaqa Khan. When Teguder’s force began terrorizing the Georgian population, David sided with Abaqa’s general Shiramun Noyan. Despite this, Abaqa attempted to overthrow David with the help of the renegade lord of Racha Kakhaber Kakhaberisdze, and sent two expeditions against Imereti in the 1270s. Nevertheless, David VI Narin succeeded in retaining his independence and attempted to restore Georgian influence in the Empire of Trebizond. For this purpose, he marched to Trebizond during Emperor John II Comnenus’ absence at Constantinople in April 1282; and although he failed to take the city, the Georgians occupied several provinces.

In 1282, during John's absence from Trebizond, David VI tried to restore Georgian influence in the empire, David invaded the empire in April 1282 and captured many provinces (including the historical Chaneti) and besieged the capital. Though David failed to take the city, the Georgians succeeded in annexing the eastern part of the empire.

In 1284, David VI helped John's half-sister Theodora, daughter of Manuel I and his second wife Rusudan, and possible niece of David VI, to seize the crown from her half-brother. She became empress for a few months, though soon in 1285 John II returned to the empire and regained power, and Queen Theodora took refuge in Georgia.

He died at Kutaisi in 1293. David was succeeded by his son, Constantine I. David is buried within the chapel (eukterion) of St. Andrew at the Cathedral of Nativity of the Theotokos of Gelati, east of the southern entrance to the church.

Marriage and children
He was married to Tamar, daughter of the Georgian noble Amanelisdze family. In 1254, he married Theodora, daughter of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.

 * Vakhtang II (by Tamar)
 * Constantine I (by Tamar)
 * Michael (by Tamar)
 * Alexander (by Theodora)

title: David VI


text:
Arthur Hughes (artist)

Arthur Hughes (27 January 1832 – 22 December 1915) was an English painter and illustrator associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

Biography
Hughes was born in London. In 1846 he entered the art school at Somerset House, his first master being Alfred Stevens, and later entered the Royal Academy schools. It was here, after reading a copy of The Germ, that he met John Everett Millais, Holman Hunt, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, although he never became an official member of the Pre-Raphaelite group of painters. His first picture, Musidora, was hung at the Royal Academy when he was only 17, and thenceforth he contributed almost annually not only to the Royal Academy but later also to the Grosvenor and New Gallery exhibitions. After having his painting Ophelia hung near Millais' version of the same name, they became friends and Hughes served as the model for the male figure in The Proscribed Royalist.

In 1855 Hughes married Tryphena Foord, his model for April Love. They had five children of whom one, Arthur Foord Hughes, also became a painter. Hughes died in Kew Green, London in 1915, leaving about 700 known paintings and drawings, along with over 750 book illustrations. Following the death of Tryphena Hughes in 1921, their daughter Emily had to move to a smaller house. There was, therefore, a shortage of space. As a result, she had her father's remaining preparatory sketches, and all his private papers and correspondence, destroyed. He was the uncle of Edward Robert Hughes.

Hughes is buried in Richmond Cemetery.

Works
His best-known paintings are April Love and The Long Engagement, both of which depict troubled couples contemplating the transience of love and beauty. They were inspired by John Everett Millais's earlier "couple" paintings but place far greater emphasis on the pathos of human inability to maintain the freshness of youthful feeling in comparison to the regenerative power of nature. April Love was purchased from Hughes by William Morris.

Like Millais, Hughes also painted Ophelia (which is housed at Toledo Museum of Art) and illustrated Keats's poem The Eve of St. Agnes. Hughes's version of the latter is in the form of a secular triptych, a technique he repeated for scenes from Shakespeare's As You Like It. His works are noted for their magical, glowing colouring and delicate draughtsmanship.

The oil portrait Springtide, first exhibited in Dublin in 1855, features his wife Tryphena.

In 1857 Hughes was persuaded by Dante Gabriel Rossetti to join with the group of young artists who were to head to Oxford to paint the walls of the newly-finished debating chamber of the Oxford Union Society. Rossetti had chosen the Legend of King Arthur as the theme of frescoes and Hughes was delegated to paint a panel depicting The Death of Arthur. Unfortunately the walls were not properly prepared for the paintings and they soon deteriorated and now only the barest outlines remain of the works.

Illustrations
Although most of Hughes' later paintings are not well regarded, it is considered that the black and white drawings of his later career were some of his best. He illustrated several books, including Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1869), George Macdonald's At the Back of the North Wind (1871) and The Princess and the Goblin (1872) and Christina Rossetti’s Sing Song (1872) and Speaking Likenesses (1874).

He also produced numerous illustrations for Norman MacLeod's monthly magazine, Good Words.

title: Arthur Hughes (artist)


text: User talk:81.79.201.225

title: User talk:81.79.201.225


text:
Shimofunato Station

Shimofunato Station (下船渡駅) was a JR East railway station located in Ōfunato, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The station was closed after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and has now been replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line.

Lines
Shimofunato Station was served by the Ōfunato Line, and was located 100.2 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Ichinoseki Station.

Station layout
Shimofunato Station had a single side platform serving traffic in both directions. The station was unattended.

History
Shimofunato Station opened on 3 September 1934. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. The station was closed after the 11 March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

Surrounding area

 * Japanese National Route Sign 0045.svg National Route 45
 * Shimofunato Shell Mound (National Historic Site)

title: Shimofunato Station


text: User talk:203.218.81.201

title: User talk:203.218.81.201


text:
Talk:Battlefield (Doctor Who)

TARDIS Set
It says here that the TARDIS set, in use since "The Invisible Enemy" was destroyed between seasons. Wasn't the TARDIS set completely rebuilt for "The Five Doctors"? Is this reference accurate? Asta2500 03:03, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Yeah I believe there was a new set introduced in "The Five Doctors" - it was the only basic design which was introduced in "The Invisible Enemy"

Avallion?
While Aaronovitch's original outline was titled Storm over Avallion, was Avallion ever mentioned anywhere in the serial as telecast? I don't remember it being named at any point. --khaosworks 08:45, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Mordred says it in his ritual Tim! (talk) 08:55, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It is of course arrived in Avallion, not from Avallion :) Tim! (talk) 09:03, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Aaronovitch as script editor
A source would be appreciated before this is reinserted, if at all. While Aaronovitch was considered a likely candidate to succeed Cartmel as script editor if the series had continued, I don't recall that he did any script editing chores on his own story. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 01:14, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The Eighties says that he was acting "as an unofficial assistant" to Cartmel during series twenty-six, but he never held any official position. I doubt he would have got the gig come season twenty-seven anyway — I think Colin Brake was the leading candidate, given that he was actually already a BBC Drama script editor (on EastEnders) and probably the only such person who wanted to do it. Certainly he himself once said to me on the OG forum that Cartmel had introduced him to McCoy on the set of Ghost Light as his probable successor. Angmering 16:09, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Jean Marsh
While I'm not a fan of bloating articles with random bits of unrelated data, the character Jean Marsh played in this episode is so strikingly similar to the role she played in Willow that perhaps it is worth mention. Dxco 04:19, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Removed some horrendous POV
There was some gratuitous only-the-telly-is-canon POV in the discussion of the Brigadier in the "Continuity" section; I've removed it and added some of that wishy-washy "unclear" boilerplate you guys like to use. --Bth (talk) 14:51, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Not "You Know What"
<>

Except the line is "...even gold-tipped bullets for you know who."

Will —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.16.214.200 (talk) 21:49, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Synopsis
There are some ambiguities in the synopsis, and a lot of gaps. For instance, the reference to explosions isn't explained. A battle between knights, presumably in the present, is referred to without further mention. Then the battle site is apparently 8th century, and being excavated. Very, very confusing to someone who has not seen the story.124.197.15.138 (talk) 01:38, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Camelot 3000
Wasn't this story somehow inspired by the DC comic series Camelot 3000? --Victory93 (talk) 07:42, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Continuity
It seems that this section is actually a collection of trivia. It's also completely unreferenced, so I've removed it. A lot of it was Original research and speculation. There's nothing particularly notable about this information (the Doctor wears a brown coat instead of a beige coat?) either. Can editors remember that this is supposed to be an encyclopedia not a fansite? Thank you.--Tuzapicabit (talk) 11:40, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battlefield (Doctor Who)


text: User talk:128.208.85.217

title: User talk:128.208.85.217


text: User talk:67.175.244.80

title: User talk:67.175.244.80


text:
User talk:Erwinlau

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Instantnood 08:47, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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HKWNB, HKCOTW, Current events
Hi. I noticed you have edited some Hong Kong-related articles. You might be interested to take a look at HK wikipedians' notice board, HK Collaboration of the Week and Current events in Hong Kong and Macao. Happy editing! — Instantnood 08:47, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erwinlau


text:
User talk:John Henry DeJong (renamed)

This account has been permanently blocked from editing, as it is being used by a rather pathetically obsessed person who creates accounts in order to attack a Wikipedia editor. Probably about forty, lives with his mother, and fanatasises about being abducted by aliens. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:47, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:John Henry DeJong (renamed)


text: User talk:218.103.230.74

title: User talk:218.103.230.74


text: User talk:202.64.174.162

title: User talk:202.64.174.162