text:
Talk:Josephus

Should his full Jewish name Yosef ben Matityahu be mentioned in lead sentence?
In the lead sentence, his Roman name (Flavius Josephus) is recited, which he adopted in A.D. 69. Before then he had a Jewish name, which I think also ought to be given in the lead sentence, so that the lead sentence would read as follows:

Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος, Iṓsēpos; c. AD 37 – c. 100), earlier known as Yosef ben Matityahu, was a 1st-century Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.

The full Jewish name is not as well known as the Roman Josephus (or Flavius Josephus), but it is standard practice for Wikipedia to include birth name in lead sentence, see e.g. Cher. This matter was discussed in the preceding talk page section, but that section started before the proposed version was developed (i.e. before the Goodman source was added, and before another version of Josephus’s name was removed). Anythingyouwant (talk) 23:26, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Per MOS:BIOFIRSTSENTENCE, “The name of a person is presented in full if known, including any given names that were abbreviated or omitted in the article's title. For example, the article on Calvin Coolidge gives his name as John Calvin Coolidge Jr. If a person changed their full name at some point after birth, the birth name may be given as well, if relevant.”  It is relevant because he was a Jew who became a Roman so both the Jewish and Roman names are correct and provide a fuller picture of the subject. Anythingyouwant (talk) 23:31, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

 * He never changed his name of birth aside from adding a Latin name. Patronymics were common at the time, but virtually no Wikipedia article includes them in the lede unless it's part of an official naming convention. It should not be added in the present article either. The proposed addition is not his "full Jewish name", and is only mentioned by a statistically meaningless number of English sources. Avilich (talk) 00:05, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * So, in your opinion, we should make sure the lead paragraph never mentions the Jewish name “Yosef” that he was born with, but only the Roman name he used later in life? Should we also delete the following footnote from the article?
 *  Anythingyouwant (talk) 02:34, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I would put ‘Jewish traitor” in the lead. Agree? Riskit 4 a biskit (talk) 08:08, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
 * An IP added the full Jewish name with patronymic in the lead, so I restored just the Jewish name without the patronymic, because the patronymic seems to be the point of contention. Anythingyouwant (talk) 22:30, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

This needs an honest clean up.
The Josephus references to "Jesus" etc. are known later edited forgery. Sparky (talk) 02:14, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

Literary Influence and Translations
The opening of this section asserts common non facts about Josephus. There is no evidence of Josephus being considered a traitor in any Rabbinic or Jewish texts until the nineteenth century. Though the author of this section notes “parallel tales “ of Josephus in rabbinic texts, they fail to mention that it is Josephus’ tale of his supposed treachery, that becomes the founding story of the first yeshiva. In other words, the Rabbis identify with Josephus, and take his story and his evaluation of the Zealots as thugs as their point of view. Josephus’ encounter w Vespasian is recounted with Rabbi Yochanan Ben Zakkai filling in for Josephus. And it is this rabbinic homage to Josephus, praising rabbis who escaped death in the seige of Jerusalem, that ultimately makes it difficult for rabbinic Jews in our own day, to talk about Josephus, not because Josephus is considered a traitor. We know the tale is taken from Josephus because the Babylonian Talmud used Vespasian as the general who met Rabbi Yochanan. But if Rabbi Yochanan had really met a Roman general, it would have been Titus since Vespasian had returned to Rome to become emperor by that time. So the author of this article has covered up the significance of “parallel tales” of Josephus in rabbinic texts. Moreover when Rashi misidentifies the author of the Yosipon as Josephus, there seems to be no problem at all for Jews to embrace this text and it becomes one of their most beloved collections for centuries. There is no evidence of widespread dislike of Josephus among Rabbinic Jews in the ancient or medieval period. The author of this article has to fabricate “a softening” to explain this acceptance of the Yosipon. Josephus only becomes labeled a traitor among some Zionistic and anti rabbinic Jews beginning in the late nineteenth century. The truth is that Josephus resembles Jeremiah in many ways. Ask this author to provide one shred of evidence that Josephus was considered a traitor to his own people from anywhere from 70ce to 1800ce. He’s not mentioned in the Talmud because his story becomes the story of Rabbi Yochanan Ben Zakkai! HaggaiZechariah (talk) 06:22, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I have discovered that Jewish commentary on Josephus goes back to at least the 1500’s and not the late nineteenth century as I earlier maintained. This is found in work of Isaac Abravanel. However, I still maintain that the use of Josephus’ personal narrative in the depiction of the life of Ben Zakkai must be taken as an indication of rabbinic support for Josephus’ choice to remain alive and for acceptance of support from the Emperor. The Babylonian Talmud tells tales of Zealot treachery like Josephus and labels them as “biryonim” or thugs as does Josephus. There decidedly at least two streams of rabbinic tradition, one pacifist and one warlike. One which does not recount the battles of the Maccabean warriors and another which lionizes the rabbinic martyrs killed by Romans after the Bar Kochba Revolt. But there is no question that Josephus’ story has been taken up by the pacifists who dominated Jewish life until the Holocaust. HaggaiZechariah (talk) 07:13, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

Though there have been some edits in response to my first post, the author(s) persist in several ways of maintaining a completely non factual notion that Jews in the ancient and early Middle Ages widely considered Josephus a traitor. Stated in this article: “ On the Jewish side, Josephus was far more obscure as he was perceived as a traitor.” I ask the author(s)to provide one shred of evidence that this is the case from 70-1400 ce. Moreover in the following sentence, they fail to exemplify their second claim : “Rabbinical writings for a millennium after his death (e.g. the Mishnah) almost never call Josephus by name although they sometimes tell parallel tales of the events Josephus narrated.” The author(s) fail to produce these narratives because they prove that not only was Josephus not considered a traitor by the rabbis but rather his personal story becomes the story of Rabbi Yochanan Ben Zakkai’s founding of Yavneh in the Babylonian Talmud Gittin 56a-b. Ben Zakkai sneaks out of the Jerusalem seige, meets with Vespasian, tells he will be king, and in exchange for the prophesy gets a yeshiva in Yavne. We know this narrative comes from Josephus not only because it follows the same story but also because by the time the Jerusalem seige began (years after Josephus’ Jotapata event) Vespasian had already become emperor and Titus was the general. Yet Ben Zakkai is described as meeting Vespasian just like Josephus did. So Ben Zakkai could not have met Vespasian. The rabbis who compiled the Babylonian Talmud are certainly importing Josephus whole narrative proudly and are not ashamed at all of Ben Zakkai being sneaked out of besieged Jerusalem in a coffin ( an original addition to what is Josephus story). Unfortunately, proponents of rabbis cannot be too supportive of Josephus because then they have to acknowledge that the narrative of Ben Zakkai has been lifted from Josephus. So many Orthodox Jews then maintain that Josephus took the story from the Talmud! So Josephus can’t get too much support from Rabbinic Jews even though their fundamental beliefs in seeking life over suicide dovetail. When the authors of this article write that/ “ Josephus’ critics were never satisfied as to why he failed to commit suicide in Galilee and after his capture accepted patronage by the Romans” they are talking about folks in our time because we have no statements from the Zealots or any of Josephus’ critics from his time or even a thousand years later! Nor are they referring to the authors of the Babylonian Talmud. Rather they are referring to certain ideologues from the late nineteenth century and much more commonly people in the twentieth century who subscribe to nationalist inspired suicide. The author(s) cite a ban on reading Josephus from Nitsa Ben Ari but I am sceptical about this or when such a ban existed. If Josephus had been a maligned figure there is no way that the Yosippon would have become as popular as it was with Rashi giving it a seal of approval and affirming its Josephus authorship. I am waiting for the author(s) to acknowledge that the narrative of the traitorous Josephus is a late one and that in fact his story of supposed treachery is the basis of the story of the founding of Yavneh. Moreover the famed prophet Jeremiah who also forthrightly condemned the rebellion of Jerusalem against the Babylonians and who met a Babylonian general and was granted a role in the administration of a new Babylonian province, is never considered a traitor. Although there are many fine summaries of facts in this article it continues to be very out of touch basic traditional Jewish notions of accommodation, non rebelliousness, and life affirming pragmatism. If the authors wish to be factual they are going to have be accurate about the period in which Josephus became a figure of great contention. In truth, this does not happen until recent times. Wikipedia deserves a truthful assessment of Josephus’ critics. Statements like attitudes “softened “ towards Josephus in the twentieth century are pure bosh. Quite the opposite happened. Hardly any Jews even knew the real works of Josephus until the late nineteenth century. And in one place the authors acknowledge this. Until that time, Josephus was known as the author as one of the popular Jewish books of all time beside the TaNAK and Talmud: the Yossifon. HaggaiZechariah (talk) 00:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Josephus


text:
Ocean Dream Diamond

The Ocean Dream is a diamond measuring 5.51 carats (1.102 g), rated in color as Fancy Deep Blue-Green by the Gemological Institute of America. The Ocean Dream is the first and one of the only natural diamonds known to the GIA to possess a blue-green hue (besides the Ocean Paradise Diamond owned by the Nahshonov Group, found in Brazil in 2012), making it one of the rarest diamonds in the world. (A blue-green colour is commonly seen in artificially enhanced diamonds, whose colour is imparted by various irradiation methods. The Ocean Dream originated in Central Africa, and is currently owned by the Cora Diamond Corporation.

The Ocean Dream was displayed in 2003 as part of the Smithsonian's "The Splendor of Diamonds" exhibit, alongside the De Beers Millennium Star, The Heart of Eternity, the Steinmetz Pink, and the Moussaieff Red.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ocean Dream Diamond


text:
Trichlorofluoromethane

Trichlorofluoromethane, also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11, is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). It is a colorless, faintly ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature. CFC-11 is a Class 1 ozone-depleting substance which damages Earth's protective stratospheric ozone layer. Also R-11 is not flammable at ambient temperature and pressure but it can become very combustible if heated and ignited by a strong ignition source.

Historical use
Trichlorofluoromethane was first widely used as a refrigerant. Because of its high boiling point compared to most refrigerants, it can be used in systems with a low operating pressure, making the mechanical design of such systems less demanding than that of higher-pressure refrigerants R-12 or R-22.

Trichlorofluoromethane is used as a reference compound for fluorine-19 NMR studies.

Trichlorofluoromethane was formerly used in the drinking bird novelty, largely because it has a boiling point of 23.77 C. The replacement, dichloromethane, boiling point 39.6 C, requires a higher ambient temperature to work.

Prior to the knowledge of the ozone depletion potential of chlorine in refrigerants and other possible harmful effects on the environment, trichlorofluoromethane was sometimes used as a cleaning/rinsing agent for low-pressure systems.

Production
Trichlorofluoromethane can be obtained by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride at 435 °C and 70 atm, producing a mixture of trichlorofluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane in a ratio of 77:18:5. The reaction can also be carried out in the presence of antimony(III) chloride or antimony(V) chloride:

Trichlorofluoromethane is also formed as one of the byproducts when graphite reacts with chlorine and hydrogen fluoride at 500 °C.

Sodium hexafluorosilicate under pressure at 270 °C, titanium(IV) fluoride, chlorine trifluoride, cobalt(III) fluoride, iodine pentafluoride, and bromine trifluoride are also suitable fluorinating agents for carbon tetrachloride.

Trichlorofluoromethane was included in the production moratorium in the Montreal Protocol of 1987. It is assigned an ozone depletion potential of 1.0, and U.S. production was ended on January 1, 1996.

Regulatory challenges
In 2018, the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 was noted by researchers to be declining more slowly than expected, and it subsequently emerged that it remains in widespread use as a blowing agent for polyurethane foam insulation in the construction industry of China. In 2021, researchers announced that emissions declined by 20,000 U.S. tons from 2018 to 2019, which mostly reversed the previous spike in emissions. In 2022, the European Commission announced an updated regulation that mandates the recovery and prevention of emissions of CFC-11 blowing agents from foam insulation in demolition waste, which is still emitted at significant scale.

Dangers
R11, like most chlorofluorocarbons, forms phosgene gas when exposed to a naked flame.

title: Trichlorofluoromethane


text:
Brian Gill, Lord Gill

Brian Gill, Lord Gill, (born 25 February 1942) is a retired Scottish judge and legal academic. He served as Lord President and Lord Justice General from June 2012 until May 2015. Gill previously served as Lord Justice Clerk from 2001 to 2012, and as Chairman of the Scottish Law Commission from 1996 to 2001. As an advocate, he practised principally in agricultural law and is the author of The Law of Agricultural Holdings in Scotland. In 2007–2009, Gill undertook a far-reaching review of the civil courts system in Scotland, recommending a shift of much of the workload of the Court of Session to Scotland's local sheriff courts.

Education
Gill was born in Glasgow and educated at St Aloysius' College, an independent Jesuit school in the city. He studied at the School of Law of the University of Glasgow (M.A., LL.B.), where he was a member of the Glasgow University Union and Dialectic Society, and at Edinburgh where he gained his PhD in 1975 and lectured in the Faculty of Law from 1964 until 1977. He was awarded Honorary Degrees by Glasgow University in 1998 (LL.D.), Edinburgh University in 2007, and the University of Abertay, Dundee, in 2008 (LL.D.).

Career
He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1967 and appointed Queen's Counsel in 1981. He was called to the English Bar (Lincoln's Inn) in 1991. Lord Gill was an Advocate Depute from 1977 to 1979, and standing Junior Counsel to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1974–77), the Home Office (1979–81) and the Scottish Education Department (1979–81). He has been a member of the Scottish Legal Aid Board and the Scottish Valuation Advisory Council and Deputy Chairman of the Copyright Tribunal. Gill was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice in 1994, and was Chairman of the Scottish Law Commission from 1996 until 2001. Lord Gill was appointed Lord Justice Clerk and President of the Second Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session in November 2001.

From 1987 to 1994 he was Keeper of the Advocates' Library and a Trustee of the National Library of Scotland. He is the author of The Law of Agricultural Holdings in Scotland.

He retired as Lord President in May 2015. Since then he has sat on occasion as an acting judge of the United Kingdom Supreme Court.

title: Brian Gill, Lord Gill


text:
Josephine Miles

Josephine Louise Miles (June 11, 1911 – May 12, 1985) was an American poet and literary critic; the first woman tenured in the English department at the University of California, Berkeley. She wrote over a dozen books of poetry and several works of criticism. She was a foundational scholar of quantitative and computational methods, and is considered a pioneer of the field of digital humanities. Benjamin H. Lehman and Josephine Miles' interdepartmental "Prose Improvement Project" was the basis for James Gray's Bay Area Writing Project, which later became the National Writing Project. The "Prose Improvement Project" was one of the first efforts at creating a writing across the curriculum program.

Early life and education
Miles was born in Chicago, in 1911. When she was young, her family moved to Southern California. Due to disabling arthritis, she was educated at home by tutors, but was able to graduate from Los Angeles High School in a class that included the composer John Cage.

In reference to her lifelong disability, Thom Gunn recollected that "The unavoidable first fact about Josephine Miles was physical. As a young child she contracted a form of degenerative arthritis so severe that it left her limbs deformed and crippled. As a result, she could not be left alone in a house, she could not handle a mug...she could not use a typewriter; and she could neither walk nor operate a wheelchair."

Miles attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where she earned a bachelor's degree in English literature before moving to Berkeley to pursue a doctorate. She received a Fellowship from the American Association of University Women in 1939. Her dissertation work on Wordsworth led to Wordsworth and the Vocabulary of Emotion, published in 1942.

Career
During the 1930s and 1940s, Miles conducted quantitative stylistic research projects, first on "the adjectives favored by Romantic poets" and second on "the phrasal forms of the poetry of the 1640s, 1740s, and 1840s." She later became a foundational scholar of quantitative and computational methods in the humanities.

In 1951, she became director of a project at Berkeley to create a concordance to the poetical works of John Dryden. The project had been initiated years earlier by her colleague in the English department, Guy Montgomery, who by the time of his death had amassed 250,000 manual index cards listing the various words used by Dryden and the poems and line numbers where they occurred. Miles worked with the Electrical Engineering department to complete the concordance using punched cards and card-reading computers. After five years of work by Miles, her graduate students Mary Jackman and Helen S. Angoa, and with assistance from several punch card operators, the concordance was completed and published in 1957. This has been described as "possibly the first literary concordance to use machine methods"; it was published seventeen years before the first volume of Roberto Busa's Index Thomisticus, a work widely credited with this first. Her innovative computational approach to literary analysis has resulted in her being considered a pioneer of the field of digital humanities.

In 1964, Miles was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She remained in Berkeley for the rest of her life, receiving multiple fellowships and awards until her death in May 1985. She was the first woman to receive tenure in the English Department at Berkeley and, at the time of her death, held the position of University Professor.

Miles was fascinated with Beat poetry, and was both a host and critic to many Beat poets from her chair at Berkeley. Most notably, she helped Allen Ginsberg publish Howl, recommending it to Richard Eberhart who published an article in the New York Times praising the poem. In 1974, she founded the internationally distributed Berkeley Poetry Review on the U.C. Berkeley campus. She mentored many young poets, including Jack Spicer, Robin Blaser, Diane Wakoski, Diana O'Hehir, William Stafford, and A. R. Ammons.

Legacy
Miles bequeathed her Berkeley home to the University of California, which offers the house for use by the visiting Roberta C. Holloway Lecturer in the Practice of Poetry. The PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award was established in her honor to recognize achievement in multicultural literature.

title: Josephine Miles


text:
Charles Horetzky

Charles George Horetzky or Horetsky (20 July 1838 – 30 April 1900) was a Canadian surveyor and photographer noted for his work in Western Canada as a member of the Canadian Pacific Survey under Sir Sandford Fleming and Frank Moberly.

Early life
Horetzky was born to Felix Horetzky and Sophia Roberton on July 20, 1838 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the only son and child of the Horetzky family.

In 1853, after his incomplete education at Blair's College and another college in Belgium, he left Scotland for the Australian gold-fields.

Early career and marriage
In 1858, he traveled to the Canadas where he was engaged by the Hudson's Bay Company to settle as a clerk at Fort William on the Ottawa River. In 1864, his position was promoted to an accountant at Moose Factory, one of the Hudson's Bay Company's post. Shortly after, he was married to Mary Julia Ryan and went on to have two sons and a daughter. In August 1869, Horetzky was assigned the same position as an accountant at Upper Fort Garry, but was short lived due to the Red River Rebellion, so he was given permission to travel back. While in Ottawa, He faced many difficulties from the Hudson's Bay Company with his overdrawn account and with the company's officials for his uncompromising attitude that his engagement was terminated in April, 1870. He tried an appeal to the company to reverse their decision, but was ultimately rejected.

Photographing
Following these events, Horetzky and his family turned to Charles Tupper, a friend of his. He constantly recommended Horetzky to Sandford Fleming for his abilities to which Horetzky was eventually hired as a photographer for the future surveys conducted on the lesser known parts of the Northwest Territories and British Columbia.

During the fall and winter of 1871, Horetzky was assigned to, and took many decent views of the country between the Red River and Yellowhead Pass in the Rocky Mountains and returned back to Ottawa. Fleming was pleased to his results and asked him to guide and accompany him through the Yellowhead pass, to which Horetzky agreed. And so they, along with Flemling's son and a two authors traveled from Upper Fort Garry to Fort Edmonton. Horetzky and one of the authors, John Macoun, parted from the group to survey a more northern route through the Peace River Country.

Author and sanitary engineering
In March, 1873, Horetzky went on to publish many articles from his experiences in the northern route in the Ottawa Daily Citizen along with a short pamphlet, The north-west of Canada. In his later years, Horetzky became a sanitary engineer and supervised many projects from the 1880s to the 1890s. He made way for many sewage systems such as the one at the Ontario Agriculture College.

title: Charles Horetzky


text: Category:Rivers of Denmark

title: Category:Rivers of Denmark


text:
John Wesley Hyatt

John Wesley Hyatt (November 28, 1837 – May 10, 1920) was an American inventor. He is mainly known for simplifying the production of celluloid.

Hyatt, a Perkin Medal recipient, is included in the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He had nearly 238 patents to his credit, including improvements to sugar cane mills and water filtration devices.

Biography
Hyatt was born in Starkey, New York, and began working as a printer when he was 16. Later, he invented a simpler celluloid production process, receiving several hundred patents. Among the most well-known of his inventions was that of a substitute for ivory to produce billiard balls. An award of $10,000 had been instituted by Michael Phelan in 1863 due to the cost of ivory and concerns on its shortage.

Aided by his brother Isaiah, Hyatt experimented with Parkesine, a hardened form of nitrocellulose. Parkesine had been invented by the Englishman Alexander Parkes in 1862, and is considered the first true plastic, although it was not a success as a commercial or industrial product.

Liquid nitrocellulose, or collodion, had been used as early as 1851 by another English inventor, Frederick Scott Archer, in photographic applications; it had also been used extensively as a quick-drying film to protect the fingertips of printers. Hyatt's eventual result was a commercially viable way of producing solid, stable nitrocellulose, which he patented in the United States in 1869 as "Celluloid" (US patent 50359; now a genericized trademark).

In 1870, Hyatt formed the Albany Dental Plate Company to produce, among other things, billiard balls, false teeth, and piano keys. Hyatt’s Celluloid Manufacturing Company was established in Albany, New York in 1872 and moved to Newark, New Jersey, in 1873.

Hyatt's celluloid discovery went into court in a patent dispute with English inventor, Daniel Spill, who had patented essentially the same compound in the UK as "Xylonite". Spill and Hyatt clashed in court between 1877 and 1884. The eventual decision was that the true inventor of celluloid was Parkes, but that all manufacturing of celluloid could continue, including Hyatt's.

Hyatt's other patented inventions include the first injection moulding machine, sugarcane milling, juice extraction, roller bearings, and a multiple-stitch sewing machine. Hyatt was inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 1974.

John Wesley Hyatt founded the Hyatt Roller Bearing Company in 1892 in Harrison, New Jersey. The company's customers included General Motors and the Ford Motor Company. In 1895 he hired Alfred P. Sloan, son of a major investor in the company, as a draftsman. In 1905 he made Sloan president. The company was sold to General Motors in 1916, and Sloan went on to become president of GM.

title: John Wesley Hyatt


text:
Márquez

Márquez or Marquez is a surname of Spanish origin, meaning "son of Marcos or Marcus". Its Portuguese equivalent is Marques.

It should not be confused with the surname Marqués, also of Spanish origin.

People

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 * Manuela Antonia Márquez García-Saavedra (1844-1890), Peruvian writer, poet, composer pianist
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 * Paloma Márquez, Mexican actress
 * Paula Contreras Márquez, Spanish writer
 * Paz Márquez-Benítez, Filipina writer
 * Pedro Menéndez Márquez, Spanish conquistador
 * Pedro Pablo Pérez Márquez, Cuban cyclist
 * Pío García-Escudero Márquez, Spanish architect
 * Pompeyo Márquez, Venezuelan politician
 * Rafael Márquez, Mexican footballer
 * Rafael Márquez (boxer), Mexican professional boxer
 * Rafael Márquez Esqueda, Mexican footballer
 * Rafael Márquez Lugo, Mexican footballer
 * Rafael Ángel Rondón Márquez, Venezuelan writer
 * Ramona Marquez, English child actress
 * Ranulfo Márquez Hernández, Mexican politician
 * Raúl Márquez, American boxer
 * Ramón Zaydín y Márquez Sterling, Cuban politician
 * Raymond Márquez a.k.a. Spanish Raymond Márquez or Spanish Raymond (born 1930), American gangster who ran the Harlem numbers racket
 * Rene Marquez, Puerto Rican writer
 * Rey Marquez, Filipino sports executive
 * Ricardo Márquez, Colombian footballer
 * Richie Marquez, American soccer player
 * Roberta Marquez, Brazilian ballet dancer
 * Roberto Márquez (field hockey), Argentine field hockey player
 * Roberto Márquez (painter), Mexican painter
 * Rosemary Márquez, American judge
 * Salvador Márquez, Mexican footballer
 * Salvador Márquez Lozornio, Mexican politician
 * Sandra Marquez, American actor
 * Sheila Márquez, Spanish fashion model
 * Soraya Marquez, American street artist Indie184
 * Teejay Marquez, Filipino actor
 * Teresita Marquez, Filipina model and actress, Reina Hispanoamericana 2017
 * Tintín Márquez, Spanish footballer
 * Tomás Menéndez Márquez, Spanish Florida colonial official
 * Valeria Márquez (born 2004), Spanish rhythmic gymnastics
 * Vanessa Marquez, American actress
 * Vanessa Rubio Márquez, Mexican politician
 * Vernon Oswald Marquez, Trinidadian businessman
 * Victoria Méndez Márquez, Mexican politician
 * Victorino Márquez Bustillos, Venezuelan former president
 * Walter Márquez, Uruguayan basketball player
 * William Márquez Uzcátegui, member of the Venezuelan boy band Los Chamos
 * Yénier Márquez, Cuban footballer
 * Zia Marquez, Filipina actress

Fictional characters

 * Chuny Marquez, character from the television show ER
 * Diego Marquez, main character of Go, Diego, Go! and the cousin of Dora the Explorer
 * Dora Marquez, the main protagonist of the television series Dora the Explorer
 * Eva Marquez, main character of New Amsterdam (2008 TV series)
 * Gabrielle (Marquez) Solis, main character of Desperate Housewives
 * Juanita Marquez, character in the novel Snow Crash
 * Lea Marquez, character from the soap opera All My Children
 * Lorena Marquez, Aquagirl in Aquaman by DC Comics
 * Mandy Marquez, character from the BBC soap opera Doctors
 * Mimi Marquez, central character in Rent (musical)
 * Samantha (Sam) Marquez, main character of Las Vegas (TV series)

title: Márquez


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Voter database

A voter database is a database containing information on voters for the purpose of assisting a political party or an individual politician, in their Get out the vote (GOTV) efforts and other areas of the campaign.

In most countries, the election agency makes the electoral roll available to all campaigns soon after the election campaign has begun. Campaigns can then merge this information with the other data they have collected on voters over the years to create their database. Often basic information such as phone numbers and postal codes are not included on the voters list, and the campaign will have to procure this data as well.

Uses
The voter database is central to many parts of a campaign:
 * Fundraising: The database can determine who should receive fundraising direct mail or telephone calls. These letters and calls can be tailored to reflect the issues and concerns of each potential donor. Past donor history, support for related advocacy groups, magazine subscriptions, and consumer behaviour can all be used to find likely donors and maximize the returns of any fundraising efforts.
 * Recruitment: As with fundraising, databases, especially those with detailed past election behaviour, are essential to recruiting volunteers and also finding locations for lawn signs.
 * Issue tracking: A campaign can track how certain issues are perceived across geographic and demographic lines and can show how to adjust the campaign's message for different audiences. By databasing all incoming telephone calls and e-mails as well as entering petitions and supporter lists from advocacy groups and NGOs (Non-Government Organizations) one can closely track how issues are followed by the electorate.
 * Get out the vote: One of the most important parts of a modern campaign is the campaign to ensure one's own supporters go to the polls on election day, and databases are central to this. A successful voter identification campaign requires connecting with a significant portion of the electorate and recording how they are going to vote in a database. On election day this information needs to be given out with accurate contact information for each voter so that they can be pulled to the polls.

Voter information
Personal data frequently included in a voter database:

 * Name
 * Physical address
 * Mailing address
 * Phone number
 * Party membership or affiliation
 * Voting history (including federal, sub-national, primary, municipal, or special election voting history)
 * Absentee or military voter designations
 * Source of voter registration, e.g. DMV/MVA, Public Assistance Office, etc.
 * Ethnicity or emerges race hypothesis
 * Gender
 * Birth date or age range

Data that may be added from commercial sources:

 * "Extreme voters" status (voters who vote very frequently)
 * Homeownership
 * Hunting or fishing license holders
 * Boat owners
 * Concealed Weapon Permit Holders
 * Occupation such as physical therapist, teacher, etc.
 * Charitable or political contributions
 * Magazine subscription status

Voter database management software
The use of voter databases has been established in political campaigns at all levels from local to national elections:

In the United States
The United States does not have a federal election agency, and thus has no official national voter list. In 2002, the United States Congress passed the Help America Vote Act (HAVA). HAVA required that each state compile an official state voter database by January 2006. Most states complied with HAVA by gathering the voter files available from each individual county. States decided what information to include, what restrictions to place on the use of their voter database, and how much the database would cost. In the United States, several companies have merged state voter information with commercially obtained data to create comprehensive voter databases that include a plethora of personal details on each voter. These companies often provide United States Voter Files to statutorily permitted or otherwise non-restricted users.

In the 2004 presidential election in the United States, the Republican Party used the Voter Vault platform and the Democratic Party used DataMart. Currently, the Republicans use rVotes Data Center and the Democrats use Votebuilder from the Voter Activation Network (VAN). There are non-partisan firms that offer registered voter data in the United States, too: NationBuilder, Aristotle, eMerges and Labels and Lists.

In 2015, a database of 191 million U.S. voters was exposed on the internet and included names, addresses, birth dates, party affiliations, phone numbers and emails of voters in all 50 U.S. states and Washington.

In the United Kingdom
Since the beginning of 2015 the British Conservative Party has used an online database called Votesource which is a centrally held database that local activists administer. The database merges both the membership database and the electoral roll and the centralised nature of it means the party can build demographic models based on Mosaic in to it to identify voters who are more likely to support the party at an election. The system is not without criticism and faced particular problems during the 2015 General Election and the primary to select the Conservative candidate for 2016 London Mayoral Election. A similar system with a similar Mosaic-based demographic model was used by Britain Stronger in Europe during the 2016 EU referendum.

From 2009 to the end of 2014 the Conservative Party used a system called MERLIN (Managing Elector Relationships through Local Information Networks) which was a national database accessible by every local Conservative Association in the country. This was commissioned in 2005, and went live in 2008.

From the mid-1990s to 2009 the Conservative Party used a programme called BlueChip which was a programme held on individual Conservative Association computers. BlueChip was not a nationally centralised database and it relied entirely on local activists maintaining it and updating it. For the 2005 General Election the party incorporated a national model called Voter Vault into the BlueChip system for the first time to direct canvassers towards voters based on demographics.

Britain's Labour Party has used a variety of voter databases through the past two decades. Its most recent incarnation is the Labour Contact Creator system, an online tool accessible from anywhere with an internet connection. Party members and activists are provided with a username and password and voter contact details, preferences, interests, past voting behaviour, and demographic/socio-economic information are available. The system allows voters to be selected on the basis of a MOSAIC grouping, which attempts to determine the sort of interests and activities a voter or a household might display. Maps of where key voters live and information can be cross-referenced so users can find where target voters live, how often they are contacted, how they prefer to be contacted, and what responses have been provided upon making contact.

The Contact Creator system is also linked with the Labour Party's other new media tools, Print Creator and Email Creator. Print Creator allows key voters identified through Contact Creator to be targeted with direct mails and leaflets about Labour Party activity. Email Creator allows the user to collect a list of email addresses on the Contact Creator system, e-mail thousands of voters, and monitor the response rate from targets.

The Labour Party also operates 'Membersnet', which allows party members to update their registration details, inform other members and Party HQ of rival campaign activities, create events and invite others to attend, email members, create blogs, and share best practice campaign material.

The Labour Party introduced a new system to Membersnet and Contact Creator in 2013, focusing on a new user-friendly interface, which allows Party Members anywhere in the UK to contact target voters and identify their voting preferences. They will then be able to enter the information gained directly into the Contact Creator system.

In late 2011 Liberal Democrats began to adopt the use of a variant of NGP VAN's Voter Activation Network (VAN) software named "Connect".

In 2016 Vote Leave built a bespoke database called VICS (Voting Intention Collection System) which was an online database that local activists used for canvassing and Get Out the Vote operations. The VICS system was the first of its kind to incorporate a geographic street-based reactive demographic model which directed activists towards streets likely to support leaving the European Union. As canvass returns were entered into VICS the model reacted to adjust which streets were priorities so it became more accurate based on actual canvass returns rather than relying solely on demographic modelling. The VICS system was widely credited with the success of Vote Leave's campaign.

In Canada
In Canada, the Conservative Party of Canada developed their in-house software C-VOTE database, which replaced their previous system Constituent Information Management System (CIMS). After major flaws arose in 2013 over C-VOTE (including not being able to identify undecided Voters), the Conservative Party switched back to CIMS for the 2015 election. CIMS was originally developed by the same company which produced Trackright, which the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, used to manage voter information prior to the 2011 election, before switching to CIMS as well. It is similar to the Voter Vault software. The New Democratic Party uses their own custom database system called Populus. Previously the NDP used a system called NDP Vote. The Liberal Party has recently introduced "Liberalist" based on the US's Democrats' Voter Activation Network (VAN) Previously the Liberals used a system called ManagElect.

Availability
The availability of voter files sometimes creates a need for voter list management software as opposed to, for example, using Excel spreadsheets. Political campaigns generally have three options:

 * Write-their-own software: A political campaign may choose to build their own database management system to handle their voter registration files. This may be accomplished in a spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel. This method can be time-consuming and require a certain level of technology know-how, but may be the only option for certain campaigns.
 * Desktop-based software: A variety of companies provide voter list management software for a desktop or laptop computer. Generally, this type of software is distributed on a per-computer basis and can therefore be expensive for larger campaigns. However, desktop-based software is easier to use than create-your-own and can provide many integrated, helpful solutions for political campaigns such as walking list generation, computer-based phone banking, and more.
 * Internet-based software: Many companies provide online voter list management software. Internet-based software has many of the same benefits of desktop-based software, and has the additional advantage of being accessible from any computer (Windows, Mac, or Linux) with an Internet connection. Internet-based software helps campaigns eliminate the need for large campaign offices with central computer and phone banks.

title: Voter database


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Yolk plug

Yolk plug is the remaining patch of endodermal cells that is created during the formation of the dorsal lip of the blastopore in the amphibian. It is a patch of large endodermal cells which remains exposed on the vegetal surface of the blastula that will eventually be internalized by epiboly.

title: Yolk plug


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Voter Vault

The Voter Vault is a database of voters in the United States used by the Republican Party. Construction started in the 1990s, and it was first used in 2002. By 2004 it had about 168 million entries. By around 2019 it had been renamed GOP Data Center.

title: Voter Vault


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File:Charles Horetzky.jpg

Charles Horetzky

Online at

title: File:Charles Horetzky.jpg


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Marie de St Pol

Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke (c. 1303 – 1377) was the second wife of Franco-English nobleman Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and is best known as the founder of Pembroke College, Cambridge.

Family and early life
Marie was born into the powerful French house of Châtillon, Counts of Saint Pol. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Châtillons married more often into the royal line than any other noble family, and they were renowned for holding prominent positions as Cardinals and Constables of France. Marie herself was cousin to Charles, Duke of Brittany. She was the fourth daughter of Guy, Count of St Pol and Marie of Brittany. She had four sisters and two brothers, but nothing is known about her childhood. She was also the great-granddaughter of Henry III of England through her mother.

Marriage to the Earl of Pembroke
Marie and Pembroke were married in Paris in 1321. Both Philippe V of France and Edward II of England were involved in the negotiations for her marriage. Marie was only seventeen when she married, whilst her husband was already fifty. It was his second marriage after the death of his first wife Béatrice de Clermont in 1320. Almost nothing is known of their three years of marriage except the occasion of his death in France on 23 June 1324. They had no children.

Legend has it that she was maiden, wife, and widow all in the space of a single day when her husband was killed in front of her in a friendly jousting match, arranged to celebrate their marriage in 1324. However, other writers indicate he was murdered or died of apoplexy.

After Aymer's death, Marie was free to use her considerable wealth for religious and charitable ends.

Temple Newsam, Leeds
In 1327, Marie de St Pol was granted the estate at Temple Newsam, Leeds by Edward III in exchange for estates in Hertford, Haverford, Higham Ferrers, Monmouth and Hodenak. The deed stated that it was for Edward's "dear kinswoman" and that the estate was worth £70 per annum. She was also granted the estate at Temple Hirst, now in North Yorkshire, which was worth £30 per annum. Marie held the manor at Temple Newsam for 50 years. It is not known whether she lived there and built a house on the site, but it is likely.

Denny Abbey
In 1336, Marie was granted the manor of Denny in Cambridgeshire by Edward III, and there organised the foundation of a Franciscan nunnery in 1342; the order is known as the Poor Clares. The order was strengthened when the nearby community at Waterbeach was closed. Marie adapted part of the abbey as a home. The former choir of the church was pulled down and Marie built a more spacious choir, divided between herself and the nuns. The former nave was also divided and partly converted into her private accommodation. The south aisle of the church was pulled down and a two-storey building was made for her ladies-in-waiting and domestic staff. After Marie's death, this accommodation became the guest lodgings for the nunnery.

Foundation of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Edward III’s charter in 1347 gave Marie the authority to found a house of scholars in Cambridge, allowing them to study in the faculties of the university and also awarded them property in Cambridge for their habitation. The resulting college was known as the Hall of Valence-Mary, and is known today as Pembroke College, home to over 700 students and fellows. This makes it the oldest Cambridge College with an unbroken constitution from its foundation to survive on its original site. In 1355 and 1366, Marie acquired papal bulls to allow the college its own chapel, which was the first college chapel to be built in Cambridge. This chapel building still exists as the Old Library, immediately to the left of the college gatehouse. It should not be confused with the later classical chapel to the south by Sir Christopher Wren.

The first statutes of the college gave preference to students born in France who had already studied elsewhere in England. The foundation of the college demonstrates Mary's piety as well as her interest in education. Mary favoured the Franciscan order of Christianity, so she required that at least one proctor always be a Franciscan friar. In addition, this kind of charitable bequest to house and support thirty scholars benefited her soul, according to the tenets of medieval Christianity.

Marie arranged for the fellows of the college to be the counsellors and instructors of the nuns at Denny Abbey.

Later life
Marie had important ties with both the English and French kings. In 1326 Edward II exempted her from the royal order to arrest all French persons, and Edward III exempted her from the 1337 confiscation of the lands of aliens. As well as lands in France that she held in her own right, she also acquired the estates that had belonged to her husband. However, in 1372 her lands in France were confiscated by King Charles V.

Marie drew up her will on 20 February 1377 at her estate of Braxted Park in Great Braxted in Essex, which stipulated that she wanted to be buried in the choir of the chapel at Denny in the habit of a Franciscan nun. Marie died on the 16 or 17 March 1377 and was buried in Denny Abbey, to the north of Cambridge on the road to Ely. The abbey became a farmhouse and all traces of Marie de St Pol's tomb have been lost. She is believed to have been buried next to the high altar; the site is now grass.

In 1992 a memorial was placed on a pillar opposite her husband's splendid tomb effigy in Westminster Abbey, situated in the north ambulatory. Designed by Donald Buttress, Abbey Surveyor, the memorial was made from slate and stone with partial gilding, and bears the Countess's coat of arms and the inscription:

“MARY DE ST POL COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE 1304 AD 1377”.

title: Marie de St Pol


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Comproportionation

Comproportionation or synproportionation is a chemical reaction where two reactants containing the same element but with different oxidation numbers, form a compound having an intermediate oxidation number. It is the opposite of disproportionation.

Frost diagrams
In electrochemistry, the tendency of two redox species to disproportionate, or comproportionate, can be determined by examining their Frost diagram. It is a graphical plot of nE° = −ΔG°/F as a function of the oxidation number for the different redox species of a given element.

The Gibbs free energy ΔG° is related to the reduction potential E° by the formula: ΔG° = −nFE° or nE° = −ΔG°/F, where n is the number of transferred electrons, and F is the Faraday constant = 96,485 Coulomb).

If the value of nE° = −ΔG°/F for a species is lower than the line joining two adjacent, or more generally, neighboring species, having thus a lower and a higher oxidation number, then this species is more stable than its neighbors, and the two surrounding species will undergo comproportionation to minimize the Gibbs free energy of the system. Example: a mixture of Mn(III) and Mn(VI) will comproportionate towards Mn(IV) as illustrated in the Frost diagram for manganese. Non-adjacent neighboring species of Mn obeying the same general rule will also react together as, e.g., Mn(2+) and MnO4-  to form MnO2. So, the more distant Mn(II) and Mn(VII) can also react together to form Mn(IV). The reacting redox species do not have to be necessarily adjacent on a Frost diagram.

The comproportionation reaction cannot easily occur in solids in which the potentially reactive species are immobile and thus cannot react together, or the reaction will be extremely slow and will also require high temperature close to the melting point of the solid to render the reactive species more mobile. However, if these species are soluble, and thus highly mobile in an aqueous solution, they will much more easily encounter, react and undergo comproportionation. In the case of heterogeneous systems involving a solution and one or more solid phases, as in a lead–acid battery, a comproportionation reaction is possible thanks to the mobile dissolved Pb$2+$ ions released into solution at the surface of the battery solid electrodes (Pb and PbO2). In the gas phase, the comproportionation reaction is much faster because of the much higher mobility of the reacting species as illustrated, e.g., in the Claus reaction where H2S and SO2 react together to form elemental sulfur. Various classical comproportionation reactions are detailed in the series of examples here below.

Examples

 * In lead batteries, the spontaneous reaction is:
 * Pb + PbO2 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O

 * The laboratory preparation of manganese dioxide involves comproportionation of Mn(II) and Mn(VII) reagents:
 * 2 + 3  + 2  → 5  +  + 2

 * In selenium chemistry:
 * 15 Se + SeCl4 + 4 AlCl3 → 2 Se8[AlCl4]2

 * In the Claus process, two gaseous compounds of sulfur comproportionate in the presence of a catalyst to give elemental sulfur:
 * 2 H2S + SO2 → 3 S + 2 H2O

 * In halogen chemistry:
 * IO3− + 5 I− + 6 H + → 3 I2 + 3 H2O

 * In anammox ( an aerobic amm onium ox idation) biochemistry:
 * NH4+ + NO2− → N2 + 2 H2O

 * Iron(III) chloride reacts with iron powder to form iron(II) chloride:
 * 2 FeCl3 + Fe → 3 FeCl2

title: Comproportionation


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User:911focus

I created this special account because the people who disagree with my changes may wish to hunt down my changes in other articles and contest my changes out of anger that would have nothing to do with the other articles. No one so sacrosanct as the subject of that first article, eh?

Despite the highly partisan nature of some folks, I am not going to propose any changes that are not motivated by an wikepedia/encyclopediasts' viewpoint.

The changes in the wc article are actually pretty nuetral - though people will vehemently disagree whether those statements are true, they are essentially what churchill says in the essay.

title: User:911focus


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MG Magnette

The MG Magnette is a car that was produced by MG between 1953 and 1968. The Magnette was manufactured in two build series, the ZA and ZB of 1953 through to 1958 and the Mark III and Mark IV of 1959 through to 1968, both using a modified Wolseley body and an Austin engine.

MG Cars had previously used the Magnette name on their K-type and N-type models of the 1930s.

Magnette ZA
The Magnette ZA was announced on 15 October 1953 and debuted at the 1953 London Motor Show. Deliveries started in March 1954. Production continued until 1956, when 18,076 had been built. It was the first monocoque car to bear the MG badge.

The Magnette was designed by Gerald Palmer, designer of the Jowett Javelin. It was the first appearance of the new four cylinder 1489 cc B-Series I4 engine with a pair of 1+1/4 in-bore twin-choke SU carburettors, delivering 60 bhp, driving the rear wheels through BMC's new four-speed manual gearbox with synchromesh on the top three ratios.

Suspension was independent at the front using coil springs and had a live axle with half elliptic leaf springs at the rear. The steering was by rack and pinion. Hydraulically operated Lockheed 10 in drum brakes were fitted to front and rear wheels. When leaving the factory the Magnette ZA optionally fitted the recently developed belted textile-braced, radial-ply Pirelli Cinturato 145HR15 tyres (CA67) but had 5.5-15 Dunlop tyres as standard.

The car had leather trimmed individual front seats and rear bench seat. The dashboard and door cappings were in polished wood. Although the heater was standard, the radio was still an optional extra. Standard body colours were black, maroon, green, and grey.

The similar Wolseley 4/44, first sold one year earlier, used the 1250 cc engine from the MG TF. Although visually similar, the MG has lower suspension and only the front doors, boot lid and roof panels are shared. The 4/44 was replaced in 1956 by the 15/50.

In 1955, The Motor tested a Magnette and recorded a top speed of 79.7 mph acceleration from 0-60 mph in 23.1 seconds and a fuel consumption of 24.9 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £914 including taxes.

Magnette ZB
The ZA was replaced by the Magnette ZB that was announced on 12 October 1956. Power was increased to 64 hp fitting 1+1/2 in-bore carburettors, increasing the compression ratio from 7.5 to 8.3, and modifying the manifold. The extra power increased the top speed to 86 mph and reduced the 0 - 60 mph time to 18.5 seconds. The similar Wolseley 15/50 now shared the ZB's B-Series engine.

A semi-automatic transmission, marketed as Manumatic, was fitted as an option on 496 1957 Magnettes.

A Varitone model featured larger rear window and optional two tone paintwork, using a standard Pressed Steel body shell, the rear window opening enlarged in the Morris Motors body shop, Cowley, before painting. 18,524 ZBs were built.  MHV MG ZB 1958 01.jpg|1958 ZB monochrome MHV MG ZB 1958 02.jpg|1958 ZB monochrome

Magnette Mark III
The Mark III announced 2 February 1959 was nearly identical to the Riley version (the 4/68) of the new Pinin Farina-designed midsize BMC saloon line. They both had truncated tail fins.

All versions (including the Austin A55 Cambridge Mark II, Morris Oxford V and Wolseley 15/60) were produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC).

The car featured BMC's 1489 cc B type engine but, in the MG Magnette III (and its Riley sibling), performance was enhanced by fitting twin S.U. H.D.4 carburetters.

The interior featured a walnut veneer facia panel, door cappings and leather upholstery as well as safety glass windows.

A Mark III was tested by The Motor magazine in 1959. They recorded a top speed of 85.5 mph, acceleration from 0-60 mph in 19.7 seconds and a fuel consumption of 31.4 mpgimp. The test car cost £1012 including taxes. 16,676 Mark IIIs were built.

Magnette Mark IV
The Mark III was updated in 1961 as the Mark IV. A larger 1.6 L (1622 cc) B-Series engine, with capacity increased by increasing the bore to 76.2 mm, was fitted, and the car had a longer wheelbase and wider track. To improve handling anti-roll bars were fitted front and rear. From the outside, the Mark IV was almost identical to the Mark III, apart from the remodelled and slightly less sharply pointed tailfins, a modification shared with its Riley sibling.

Automatic transmission was offered as an option.

The model continued to be listed through till May 1968 when the manufacturers announced that production had ceased with "no immediate replacement ... contemplated". 14,320 Mark IVs were built.

Other cars carrying the Magnette name
In 2011, MG Motor confirmed that the saloon version of the MG 6 would carry the Magnette name for the UK, Europe and China.

At the media launch held at the historic Goodwood Circuit, MG Motor displayed the MG 6 Magnette alongside examples of the earlier ZA and ZB Magnettes to reinforce the continuity of the brand.

title: MG Magnette


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Jerzy Passendorfer

Jerzy Passendorfer (April 8, 1923 in Wilno – February 20, 2003 in Skolimów, near Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish film director, specialising in films about the German occupation of Poland in World War II, and member of parliament.

Passendorfer graduated from the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague in 1951, and went on to become the leading exponent of the popular "national combatant" genre in the 1960s. As well as many films he directed the popular TV serial Janosik.

Passendorfer served in the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish parliament, from 1993 to 1997 on the Democratic Left Alliance list.

Filmography

 * Signals (1959)
 * Assassination (1959)
 * The Return (1960)
 * Judgment (1961)
 * Broken Bridge (1962)
 * Bathed in Fire (1963)
 * The Colors of the Fight (1964)
 * Justice Sunday (1965)
 * The Big Bang (1966)
 * The Day of the Purification (1969)
 * The Last Days (1969)
 * Kill the Black Sheep (1971)
 * Janosik (1974)
 * Victory (1974)
 * Seagulls (1986)

title: Jerzy Passendorfer


text:
List of monarchs of Prussia

The Monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia. The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order, a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master, the last of whom, Albert, converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands, which then became the Duchy of Prussia.

The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland, as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following the Prussian War. When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618, the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family, who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire. While still nominally two different territories, Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia.

Following the third Northern War, a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from vassalage to any other state, making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right. This complex situation (where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. For diplomatic reasons, the rulers of Prussia called themselves King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772. They still nominally owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg, so the "King in Prussia" title (as opposed to "King of Prussia") avoided offending the Emperor. Additionally, calling themselves "King of Prussia" implied sovereignty over the entire Prussian region, parts of which were still part of Poland.

As the Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century, it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power in its own right. By 1772, the pretense was dropped, and the style "King of Prussia" was adopted. The Prussian kings continued to use the title "Elector of Brandenburg" until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, reflecting the legal fiction that their domains within the empire were still under the ultimate overlordship of the Emperor. Legally, the Hohenzollerns ruled Brandenburg in personal union with their Prussian kingdom, but in practice they treated their domains as a single unit. The Hohenzollerns gained de jure sovereignty over Brandenburg when the empire dissolved in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally merged into Prussia.

In 1871, in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was formed, and the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor. From that point forward, though the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the empire (by far the largest and most powerful), all subsequent Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor, and that title took precedence.

Pretenders to the Prussian throne since 1918

 * William II (9 November 1918 – 4 June 1941)
 * Frederick William (4 June 1941 – 20 July 1951)
 * Louis Ferdinand (20 July 1951 – 26 September 1994)
 * George Frederick (26 September 1994 – present)

title: List of monarchs of Prussia


text:
User:Poseidon^3

I graduated high school from Eden Prairie High School in Eden Prairie, MN in the class of 2005. I am also in the Stanford University class of 2009. I like math, piano, soccer, frisbee, trivia, and, umm...more math. Wikipedia's great, but a lot of clean-up can be done, so that's what I'm mainly doing: fixing links and redirects, creating disambiguation pages, correcting spelling/grammar errors, etc.

Current articles: Junior Achievement and IHUM

"My Contributions"

title: User:Poseidon^3


text:
Kadashman-Enlil I

Kadašman-Enlil I, typically rendered mka-dáš-man-d EN.LÍL in contemporary inscriptions (with the archaic masculine determinative preceding his name), was a Kassite King of Babylon from ca. 1374 BC to 1360 BC, perhaps the 18th of the dynasty. He is known to have been a contemporary of Amenhotep III of Egypt, with whom he corresponded (Amarna letters). This places Kadašman-Enlil securely to the first half of the 14th century BC by most standard chronologies.

Correspondence with Egypt
Five cuneiform tablets are preserved in the Amarna letters corpus. The letters designated EA (for El Amarna) 1 through 5 include three letters authored by Kadašman-Enlil and two by Amenhotep III, who is addressed as and calls himself Nibmuareya, or variants thereof (from Neb-Maat-Ra). In the first letter from Amenhotep III, EA 1, he writes to assure Kadašman-Enlil that his sister, the daughter of Kurigalzu I, has not in fact died, nor had she been banished to a distant harem as a minor concubine, and to acknowledge the offer of one of Kadašman-Enlil’s daughters, to become, as yet another wife. He suggests Kadašman-Enlil dispatch a kamiru, tentatively translated as eunuch, to identify his sister, rather than the pair of envoys actually sent, on whom Amenhotep casts aspersions, describing one as a donkey-herder. The text is not entirely legible at this point, and the unfortunate envoy may actually be referred to as a caravan leader, and his companion a merchant, thus – these “nobodies” are merely common 'tradesmen' unfamiliar with the members of the royal household and thus unable to recognize Kadašman-Enlil’s sister.

In EA 2 he declares “my daughters are available (for marriage).”

In EA 3, Kadašman-Enlil feigns offence about being overlooked for an invite to the isinnu festival. Disarmingly, however, he invites his “brother” (Pharaoh Amenhotep III) to his own inauguration. ‘Now I am going to have a grand opening for the palace. Come yourself to eat and drink with me. I shall not do as you did!”

In another of his letters, EA 4, Kadašman-Enlil complains to Amenhotep III about not being given one of his daughters as a wife, quoting Amenhotep’s earlier response that “since earliest times no daughter of the king of Egypt has ever been given in marriage [to anyone]”. He urges that if he could not receive a princess, then a beautiful woman should be sent, but immediately follows up by proposing to exchange one of his own daughters for gold, needed to fund a building project he had in mind.

In EA 5, Amenhotep writes to detail the long list of gifts that will be provided in exchange for Kadašman-Enlil’s daughter, and the deal is sealed.

Building works
Difficulties are encountered distinguishing between inscriptions belonging to Kadašman-Enlil I and his descendant Kadašman-Enlil II, who ruled around one hundred years later. Historians disagree on whether building inscriptions at Isin, for the Egalmaḫ of Gula, or in Larsa, on bricks bearing a sixteen-line inscription of the restoration of the Ebabbar temple for Šamaš, should be assigned to the earlier King. The inscriptions from Nippur which include stamped bricks from the east stairway of the ziggurat and elsewhere describing work on the Ekur, the “House of the Mountain” of Enlil, four inscribed slab fragments of red-veined alabaster, a five-line agate cameo votive fragment, an engraved stone door socket, and so on, could be assigned in part to either King.

Length of reign
An economic tablet from Nippur is dated “15th year (of) Kadašman-Enlil, month of Tašrītu, 18th day”, and is ascribed to him, rather than his descendant name-sake, because of the more archaic use of the masculine personal determinative before the royal name (the single vertical cuneiform stroke), and the likelihood that the later king reigned for no more than nine years. Another one refers to the 1st year of Burra-Buriaš and the 15th of the preceding king, presumed to be Kadašman-Enlil.

His successor was his son, ascertained from an inscription on an irregular block of lapis lazuli found in Nippur and now housed in the İstanbul Arkeoloji Műzeleri, the considerably more well-known Burna-Buriaš II, who also wrote several letters preserved in Egyptian archives to the Egyptian pharaoh (Amarna letters).

title: Kadashman-Enlil I


text:
Barbara Buono

Barbara A. Buono (born July 28, 1953) is an American politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 2002 to 2014, where she represented the 18th Legislative District. She served from 2010 to 2012 as the Majority Leader in the Senate, succeeding Stephen Sweeney, and was succeeded by Loretta Weinberg. She is a member of the Democratic Party and was the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey in the 2013 general election, which she lost to Republican incumbent Chris Christie.

Before entering the Senate, Buono served in the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, the General Assembly, from 1994 to 2002, where she served as the Minority Parliamentarian from 1996 to 1998. In the Assembly, Buono became the ranking Democrat on the Assembly Budget Committee. She was Democratic Conference Chair from 2004 to 2007.

Biography
Buono was born in Newark, grew up in Nutley, New Jersey and attended Nutley Public Schools, graduating from Nutley High School in 1971. Buono received a B.A. in 1975 from Montclair State College in Political Science and earned a J.D. in 1979 from the Rutgers School of Law–Camden.

Before joining the Metuchen borough council, she was a member of the Middlesex County Democratic Committee. While serving on the borough council, she served on the Metuchen Planning Board for one year in 1994.

Buono is married to Dr. Martin Gizzi and has four children with her first husband and two step-children with Dr. Gizzi. In 2015, Buono sold her home in Metuchen and moved to Portland, Oregon.

Political career
She began her career as a criminal trial attorney for the New Jersey Department of the Public Advocate and later entered private practice. Buono first ran for local office on November 3, 1992, serving on the Metuchen, New Jersey Borough Council from January 1, 1993 to December 1, 1994.

Buono ran against and beat incumbent Republican State Assemblywoman Joanna Gregory-Scocchi in 1994, who had been chosen by a Republican special convention in February 1994 to fill the vacant seat of Republican Assemblywoman Harriet Derman (who was chosen by Governor Christine Whitman to head the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs). In the November 8, 1994, special election, early favorite Gregory-Scocchi was defeated by Buono, after disclosures that a temporary employment firm owned by Gregory-Scocchi had hired illegal immigrants, with Buono having received 27,229 votes (53.74%) and Gregory-Scocchi 23,436 votes (46.26%). Buono was sworn into office on December 1, 1994. After serving seven years in the New Jersey General Assembly she was elected to the New Jersey Senate on November 6, 2001. Buono served in the Senate on the Budget and Appropriations Committee (as Chair), the Intergovernmental Relations Commission and the Joint Budget Oversight Committee. She was the first woman to serve as Chair of the Senate Budget and Appropriations Committee. At the beginning of the 2010 session, Senator Buono became the first woman to be elected Majority Leader of the New Jersey State Senate. She held the position through the end of the 2011 session, when she was succeeded by Loretta Weinberg, after Buono declined to agree with Senate President Stephen Sweeney on the terms of a power-sharing deal.

Buono was the author of the New Jersey "Anti-Bullying Law", which requires school districts to implement anti-harassment and bullying prevention policies to make schools safer for vulnerable children. She was also the prime sponsor of consumer protection measures restricting telemarketing by creating the most stringent "Do Not Call" database legislation in the nation. Senator Buono is also the prime sponsor of the law prohibiting the practice of predatory lending, in which lenders issue loans with hidden costs and excessive fees to homeowners, eroding their financial security and putting their homes at risk. She currently serves as Vice-Chair of the Senate Legislative Oversight Committee, and serves on the Health, Human Services and Senior Citizens Committee, and the State Government, Wagering, Tourism, & Historic Preservation committee.

Buono voted for the legalization of medical marijuana. Word bills related to the measure were signed into law by Democratic Governor Jon Corzine and six bills related to the measure were vetoed by Republican Governor Chris Christie.

District 18
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly. The other representatives from the 18th District for the 2012-2013 Legislative Session were:
 * Assemblyman Peter J. Barnes III (D)
 * Assemblyman Patrick J. Diegnan (D)

2013 campaign for Governor
On December 11, 2012, Buono announced her candidacy for Governor of New Jersey in the Democratic primary, with the winner to face Republican incumbent Chris Christie in the 2013 election. Buono gained considerable party support by late January. In the primary election on June 4, 2013, she was chosen over one opponent to be the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey in the 2013 general election. Despite New Jersey being a historically Democratic state in presidential contests, her campaign struggled to gain traction against Christie, who was popular at the time.

On July 29, Buono selected Milly Silva, executive vice president of 1199 SEIU, as her running mate for lieutenant governor.

On November 5, Buono was defeated by incumbent Governor Chris Christie by a 60.3% to 38.2% margin.

Post election
Buono moved to Portland, Oregon in 2015 and became advisor to Mayor Ted Wheeler. She returned to the East Coast in 2019.

title: Barbara Buono


text: User talk:68.110.250.10

title: User talk:68.110.250.10


text:
Bere Alston

Bere Alston is a village in West Devon in the county of Devon in England. It forms part of the civil parish of Bere Ferrers.

History and geography
With a population of about 2,000, the village lies in the Bere peninsula, between the rivers Tamar and Tavy. Its origins lie in the once thriving local mining industry, including silver and lead, and the market gardening sector. At one time, the mainline trains to London would stop at the village to pick up locally grown produce destined for the capital.

Bere Alston is about 12 km north of the centre of Plymouth as the crow flies, but the road trip requires either a long detour via Tavistock or else negotiating narrow lanes and a narrow bridge.

Trains still run to Bere Alston railway station on the picturesque Tamar Valley Line between Plymouth and Gunnislake, and trains reverse at this station. There has been discussion of making the station a junction once again by reopening the former 'main line' to Tavistock, the largest town in Devon currently without a railway station. Occasionally, the reopening of the line through to Okehampton and Exeter is suggested, since the current Plymouth to Exeter route is dependent on an extremely vulnerable route below the sea cliffs at Dawlish Warren.

Bere Alston elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons. Only a few burgage holders were entitled to vote; but as most, if not all, of these holdings were held by a single individual for most of the time that Bere Alston was a parliamentary borough, elections were seldom contested (see rotten borough). Its MPs included Sir George Beaumont, 7th Baronet, Peter King, 1st Baron King and Josceline Percy. The borough was stripped of its franchise in the Reform Act 1832.

Once home to numerous pubs, the village now only has one public house, The Edgcumbe Hotel, on Fore Street, which at one time was also a jail and later a schoolhouse. There is also a modern cafe located next door to Bere Alston United Church.

The village is surrounded by woodland and fields.

Architecture
The village is notable for having one of the oldest primary schools in Devon, Maynard's School. Erected by Sir John Maynard in 1665, the original building still forms part of the primary school today (the date is carved on a porch above the original red doorway).

The Bere Alston United Church on Fore Street was built in 1811. The Anglican church of the Holy Trinity was built in 1848.

Sport
Bere Alston United Football Club is a member of the Devon Football Association. The 1st team play their matches in the East Cornwall Premier Division. and are managed by Kevin Taylor.

There are four pool teams playing in the Winter Tamar Valley Pool League. from Bere Alston.

From the Edgcumbe Hotel: The Edgcumbe 'Aces' – Division 2 & The Edgcumbe 'B' – Premier Division (Division 1 Champions 2009–2010)

There is also a lawn bowling club in the village, playing in many leagues in Devon. The club is visited by many touring teams throughout the season.

title: Bere Alston


text:
Talk:1998 in British music

American Acts
Why is this covered here to such an extent? To me "British music" means music performed by British people, anywhere in the world, but excludes non-British people, even in Britain (unless they work substantially with British artists, or become British residents, as some do). I find the inclusion of at least two American artist photos (Rimes+Aerosmith) odd as well. An exceptionally noteworthy tour in Britain might qualify, but just being on the charts in Britain or winning some Brit awards seems not worth inclusion (if the person isn't British). --Rob 18:55, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1998 in British music


text:
John Bascom

John Bascom (May 1, 1827 – October 2, 1911) was an American professor, college president and writer.

Life
He was born on May 1, 1827, in Genoa, New York, and was a graduate of Williams College with the class of 1849. He graduated from the Andover Theological Seminary in 1855. Aside from the degrees he received in those places, he held many other scholarly and honorary degrees. He was professor of rhetoric at Williams College from 1855 to 1874, and was president of the University of Wisconsin from 1874 to 1887. He retired in 1903 and died in Williamstown, Massachusetts, on October 2, 1911.

He was the author of some thirty or forty books. He said in his biography the books cost him more money than he ever received from their publication. But he also included that he was glad to have written them and is only sorry that he could not have been of more service to his fellow men. He greatly influenced Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr. during the latter's time at the University of Wisconsin.

In 1853, John married Abbie Burt, who died shortly thereafter. John then wed Emma Curtiss, to whom he was married for over fifty years. Their three children, Jean, George and Florence, all graduated from the University of Wisconsin.

Legacy and honors
Bascom Hill and Bascom Hall on the campus of the University of Wisconsin-Madison are both named for him. Bascom House, the home of the Williams College Office of Admissions, is also named for Bascom.

During World War II the Liberty ship SS John Bascom was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor.

Relatives of note

 * Earl W. Bascom, cowboy artist/sculptor, rodeo pioneer, "Father of Modern Rodeo"
 * Florence Bascom, America's first female geologist
 * George Nicholas Bascom, army officer of Apache Wars
 * Henry Bidleman Bascom, Congressional Chaplain 1824-26
 * John U. Bascom, American surgeon
 * Willard Bascom, oceanographer
 * Bryant Butler Brooks, cowboy, rancher and Governor of Wyoming 1905-1911
 * Frederic S. Remington, western artist and sculptor, "Father of Cowboy Sculpture"
 * Jedediah S. Smith, American explorer, mountain man
 * Franchot Tone, American actor
 * Wolfe Tone, "Father of Irish Republicanism"
 * S. Dilworth Young, American religious leader

Books and articles
Many of these are in the public domain and fully viewable at Google Books.
 * An Appeal To Young Men On The Use Of Tobacco (1850)
 * Philosophy Of Rhetoric (1866)
 * The Principles Of Psychology (1869)
 * Aesthetics (1871)
 * Science, Philosophy And Religion (1871); (1872)
 * Philosophy Of English Literature (1874)
 * Education And The State (1877)
 * Comparative Psychology (1878)
 * Ethics (1879)
 * Natural Theology (1880)
 * The Science Of Mind (1881)
 * The Lawyer And The Lawyer's Questions (1882)
 * Problems In Philosophy (1885)
 * Prohibition And Common Sense (1885)
 * Sociology (1887)
 * The New Theology (1891)
 * Address Before The YMCA Of The Mass. Agricultural College (1892)
 * An Historical Interpretation Of Philosophy (1893)
 * Social Theory (1895)
 * Evolution And Religion (1897)
 * The Goodness Of God (1901)
 * The Remedies Of Trusts (1901)
 * The College Tax Exemption (1907)
 * Things Learned By Living (1913)
 * Sermons And Addresses (1913)

title: John Bascom


text:
Talk:Fianchetto

Untitled
The diagram here does not really display a typical fianchetto, especially with regard to the pawn structure. I think a King's Indian Attack/Defense type formation would be more illustrative, or maybe just pawns f2,g3,h2 and a bishop on g2 on an otherwise empty board. Cjpuffin 21:35, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I like the diagram. My only qualm is that all of them are in one picture. It makes it look like all three actually happened in a game. Splitting them into three diagram snipets would be nice. This link is Broken 20:06, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm also not too happy with the diagram, it's a pretty confusing board. Nicolasdz 15:18, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

I think at the position in the article black should play Bb7xg2(assuming it's black to move). attacking white's rook99.229.166.154 23:47, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Agreed--the problem with the diagram is that it (look at in the context of an actual game) represents a blunder by white, yielding up a rook. Joshua Kronengold (talk) 06:09, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

"It also regularly occurs in Indian defences, so-called since fianchettoing was the standard practice in chess as it was played in ancient India."

I believe this is wrong and I see no supporting documentation for this.

I have been under the understanding that "Indian" defenses are so called becasue they center on the placement of the biship via fianchetto. The Biship is refered to as an "Indian" due to the fact that it looks like a feather.

I have no supporting documentation for this either.

Suggested Diagram
From Rubinstein-Nimzowitsch, Marienbad 1925

Perhaps a position from an actual game? At this position, Nimzowitsch amusingly points out (in My System): "Each side castles now with a clear conscience, for not even the most hypermodern pair of masters can produce more than four fianchettoed Bishops!"

Spelling
I see that "fianchetto" is the preferred spelling online (including at least Merriam Webster). I also see "fiancetto." Is the latter just an error? --Robapalooza (talk) 13:11, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

Dubious claim deleted

 * It also regularly occurs in Indian defences, so-called since fianchettoing was the standard practice in chess as it was played in ancient India.

(emphasis mine). This assertion is false. The terminology of Indian defences is just a name. It has nothing to do with chess in "ancient India". Chaturanga as it was played cannot possibly have had fianchettoes because elephants moved differently to bishops and cannot occupy the b2 or g2 squares as white (b7 and g7 as black) that are the characteristic position of the fianchetto. For this reason I have deleted the bold section because it is absurd rubbish. If I am wrong, please prove it by citing sources. -- B.D.Mills  (T, C) 05:12, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I think you are right about that. Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 05:17, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

 * And see Indian defense for the origin of "Indian defenses". Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 05:20, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

 * After reviewing the Indian Defense article, I feel that deleting the whole phrase may be a little excessive. The key point is that the phrase referred to ancient India which implies Chaturanga. A better treatment may be to restore the text but replace "ancient" with more accurate phrasing, such as "nineteenth-century". Furthermore, it may be best to clarify this by having wording that suggests the style was employed by some prominent Indian masters. Or we could just leave it as it is now but link the Indian Defense article if it is not already linked. Your thoughts? -- B.D.Mills  (T, C) 11:59, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Looks like no one followed up on this. I believe I have a source that will discuss this intelligently and will post an update shortly. However, it should be pointed out that not all of the "Indian" defenses involve the fianchetto. Case in point, the Nimzo-Indian.

Ftjrwrites (talk) 18:02, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Please update it. Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 00:35, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fianchetto


text:
User talk:911focus

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Viajero 21:36, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:911focus


text:
User talk:MAS117

Proposed deletion of Fabian Hürzeler

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Football transfers
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title: User talk:MAS117


text:
Talk:Character trait

Attention
This article needs some TLC - it's a valid topic but as is reads like a poor translation - at any rate I'm confused! :) Onlyemarie 21:37, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Character trait