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Moonwalk (dance)

The moonwalk, or backslide, is a popping dance move in which the performer glides backwards but their body actions suggest forward motion. It became popular around the world when Michael Jackson performed the move during the performance of "Billie Jean" on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, which was broadcast in 1983. He included the moonwalk in tours and live performances. Jackson has been credited as renaming the "backslide" to the moonwalk and it became his signature move.

Early use
Holman (2004) identified early evidence for the moonwalk in a statement made by Arthur Marshall, who was an African American composer of ragtime music. Marshall stated, "If a guy could really do it, he sometimes looked as if he was being towed around on ice skates. The performer moves forward without appearing to move his feet at all by manipulating his toes and heels rapidly."

Holman also states: "A dance that appeared around the turn of the century in Black minstrel shows called Stepping on the Puppy’s Tail also had an amazing resemblance to the moon walk. Stepping on the Puppy’s Tail was described as moving each foot alternately backwards 'like a horse pawing the ground.'"

1930s
There are many recorded instances of the moonwalk; similar steps are reported as far back as 1932, used by Cab Calloway and Charlie Chaplin. In 1985, Calloway said that the move was called "The Buzz" when he and others performed it in the 1930s.

The 1935 animated short film Dancing on the Moon, directed by Dave Fleischer and part of the Color Classics series of animated short films, contains a segment where the protagonist cat dances the moonwalk.

1940s
In 1943, Bill Bailey performed the first on-screen backslide in the movie The Cabin in the Sky. This dance move closely resembles what was later called the moonwalk. In 1944, Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien portrayed something similar to the move in their performance of "Under the Bamboo Tree" in Meet Me in St. Louis, though their performance lacks the illusion created by the genuine moonwalk.

1950s
In 1958, on the Pat Boone Show, Dick Van Dyke performed a similar variation of the moonwalk and camel walk in his comedy routine called "Mailing a Letter on a Windy Corner".

In 1955, it was recorded in a performance by tap dancer Bill Bailey. He performs a tap routine, and at the end, backslides into the wings. The French mime artist Marcel Marceau used it throughout his career (from the 1940s through the 1980s), as part of the drama of his mime routines. In Marceau's "Walking Against the Wind" routine, he pretends to be pushed backwards by a gust of wind.

In 1958, Mexican dancer-comedian Adalberto Martinez "Resortes" also performed the moonwalk in the film Colegio de Verano ("Summer School").

1960s
In a November 1969 episode of H.R. Pufnstuf, Judy the Frog teaches everyone a new dance called "The Moonwalk", which includes two instances of a stationary moonwalk.

1970s
On the April 9, 1970 episode of The Dick Cavett Show, Marcel Marceau demonstrated several kinds of "mime walks", one of which was a backslide. Cavett tried to do it himself but found it too difficult.

In 1972, in season 5, episode 9 of Here's Lucy, "Lucy and Jim Bailey", Lucie Arnaz does the moonwalk while singing "Fever" with Jim Bailey.

In the late 1970s, the long-running African-American TV dance show Soul Train featured a dance troupe called "The Electric Boogaloos" which routinely performed popping and locking dance moves including the moonwalk.

It has also been acknowledged that the professional wrestlers Michael "Purely Sexy" Hayes, Terry Gordy, and Buddy Roberts started doing the moonwalk as their trademark ring entrance by 1979 when they formed a wrestling stable known as The Fabulous Freebirds.

1980s
James Brown used the move.

In 1980, in the music video for their single "One Step Ahead" by New Zealand rock band Split Enz, keyboardist Eddie Rayner is seen performing a predecessor of the moonwalk, and Nigel Griggs (former bassist for Split Enz) allegedly taught him how to perform it.

The 1981 music video for "Crosseyed and Painless" by new wave band Talking Heads features authentic street dancers, including Stephen "Skeeter Rabbit" Nichols, doing the moonwalk.

Another early moonwalker was popper and singer Jeffrey Daniel, who moonwalked in a performance of Shalamar's "A Night to Remember" on Top of the Pops in the UK in 1982 and was known to perform backslides in public performances (including weekly Soul Train episodes) as far back as 1974. Michael Jackson was a fan of Jeffrey Daniel's dancing and would eventually seek him out.

Also in 1982, Debbie Allen performs a moonwalk during a scene with Gwen Verdon in season 1, episode 10 ("Come One, Come All") of the TV series Fame.

In Flashdance, the move was used in the B-boy scene, where Rock Steady Crew's Mr. Freeze (Marc Lemberger), with an umbrella prop, mimed the wind blowing him backward as he first walks forward, fighting the wind, then starts moonwalking backwards. Mr. Freeze's version was also shown in the first hip hop movie Wild Style and Malcolm McLaren film clip "Buffalo Gals".

Donnie Yen performs a moonwalk in the 1984 Hong Kong film Drunken Tai Chi.

In the 1984 movie Streets of Fire, actor and performer Stoney Jackson executed a moonwalk as the leader of a fictional group, The Sorels, who lip-synced to the Dan Hartman song "I Can Dream About You". The movie was filmed in the northern spring of 1983, also predating the iconic Michael Jackson moonwalk.

Michael Jackson and the moonwalk

Singer Bobby Brown of New Edition was the one of "three kids" Jackson said taught him the dance step in his autobiography, Moonwalk. It had been rumored that Jeffrey Daniel taught Jackson the moonwalk, however, Daniel was touring with Shalamar at the time, so Jackson reached out to Soul Train dancer/employee Cheryl Song to arrange a meeting with dancer Geron "Caszper" Canidate. At this point, Ron Wiesner Jackson's management contacted Caszper to arrange private dance lessons for Jackson in June 1981. Caszper, who claims to have a copy of the check and original contract, spent one week privately instructing Jackson how to perform the moonwalk. Jackson first performed the dance in public on March 25, 1983 during the television special, Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, in front of a live audience at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium. The dance became world-famous two months later when the show made its television premiere. Dressed in his signature black trousers, silver socks, silver shirt, black-sequined jacket, and rhinestoned glove, Jackson spun around, posed, and began moonwalking. Music critic Ian Inglis later wrote that Jackson encapsulated a long tradition of African-American dance movements in that one performance. Moonwalking received widespread attention, and from then on, the moonwalk became Jackson's signature move for his song "Billie Jean". Nelson George said that Jackson's rendition "combined Jackie Wilson's athleticism with James Brown's camel walk". Following the Motown 25 special, Jackson contacted Daniel to further master the technique once Daniel returned from tour.

Jackson's autobiography was titled Moonwalk, and he also starred in a 1988 film titled Moonwalker.

2000s
Alexei Kovalev has been known for using the moonwalk in his National Hockey League career. He performed the move after scoring a goal on February 7, 2001, and on January 3, 2010. Kovalev moonwalked onto the ice after being named one of the stars of the game and again after scoring in a 2008 celebrity charity soccer game. In 2009, R&B singer The-Dream teamed up with Kanye West to create the synth-pop-R&B record "Walkin' on the Moon", in which The-Dream includes a Jackson-inspired high note. The music video does not feature the moonwalk, though it plays on the premise with a CGI moon background and a simple 2-step by the singer to give the impression he is "walkin' on the moon".

In 2000, model Eli Swanson briefly performed a moonwalk in the music video for the Britney Spears' song "Oops!... I Did It Again".

2010s
In 2017, Jason Derulo briefly used the moonwalk in his song "Swalla".

In 2018, Alessia Cara briefly used the moonwalk in the music video for her song "Trust My Lonely".

In 2019, street dancer Salif Gueye performed the moonwalk in David Guetta's music video for the song "Stay (Don't Go Away)".

In 2019, Chinese boy group WayV released a song called "天选之城 (Moonwalk)". The moonwalk is featured in the music video.

2020s
In 2020, the band Puscifer briefly features the moonwalk in their video "Apocalyptical" and it is also mentioned in the song's lyrics.

In 2020, South-Korean boy band BTS performed the moonwalk briefly in the music video of their song "Dynamite".

title: Moonwalk (dance)


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Bill Mason

Bill Mason was a Canadian naturalist, author, artist, filmmaker, and conservationist, noted primarily for his popular canoeing books, films, and art as well as his documentaries on wolves. Mason was also known for including passages from Christian sermons in his films. He was born in 1929 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and graduated from the University of Manitoba School of Art in 1951. He developed and refined canoeing strokes and river-running techniques, especially for complex whitewater situations. Mason canoed all of his adult life, ranging widely over the wilderness areas of Canada and the United States. Termed a "wilderness artist," Mason left a legacy that includes books, films, and artwork on canoeing and nature. His daughter Becky and son Paul are also both canoeists and artists. Mason died of cancer in 1988.

Canoeing
In his review of James Raffan's 1996 biography of Mason, Michael Peake refers to Mason as "the patron saint of canoeing." To many Canadian and American paddlers and canoeists growing up in the 1970s and 1980s, his series of instructional films were the introduction to technique and the canoeing experience. In many ways, Bill, Joyce, Paul, and Becky Mason were the "faces" of Canadian canoeing in the 1970s. Mason's good friend, filmmaker Blake James, also frequently appeared in his films.

Although he used a variety of Chestnut models in his films, including the "Pal", his favourite boat was a red "Fort" Chestnut Prospector, a 16-foot canvas covered wood canoe that he claimed was the most versatile design ever manufactured, in spite of the popularity of more modern construction techniques and materials. After his death, this canoe was donated to the Canadian Canoe Museum in Peterborough, Ontario, where it is on display. His wife, Joyce, and children, Paul and Becky, frequently travelled with him and contributed to his later books and films, and have continued his life work and environmentalism.

Honours
Mason won several honours, including being featured on a Canadian postage stamp in 1998. After his death, a warden at Nahanni National Park Reserve informally started calling the dramatic rock spire, in the midst of Virginia Falls, "Mason's Rock". This usage appears to have become widespread, although it has not yet been made official. His films can be viewed for free on the internet through the website of the National Film Board of Canada.

The Ottawa-Carleton District School Board has memorialized Mason with a "72 acre outdoor classroom on the west side of the City of Ottawa which its primary focus to provide an opportunity to Ottawa-Carleton District School Board (OCDSB) and non-OCDSB students to explore, experience, appreciate and learn about natural science and outdoor activities in an outdoor setting."

Books

 * Path of the Paddle ISBN 1-55209-328-X, on the technique of Canadian style canoeing
 * Song of the Paddle ISBN 1-55209-089-2, on wilderness canoe travel
 * Canoescapes - a compilation of text and his paintings

Films

 * Quetico (1958) - a young Bill Mason paddles in Quetico Provincial Park in a short Christopher Chapman production
 * Wilderness Treasure (1962) - won a Canadian Film Award in the category of Travel and Recreation in 1963
 * The Voyageurs (1964)
 * Paddle to the Sea (1966) - nominated for Best Short Film, 1968 Academy Awards
 * The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes (1968)
 * Blake (1969) - on the passion of flying, about his friend, fellow filmmaker and pilot Blake James, nominated Best Live Action Short Film, 1970 Academy Awards
 * Death of a Legend (1971) - a documentary on the threats to wolves
 * Cry of the Wild (1972) - a film on timber and Arctic wolves
 * Goldwood (1974) A journey to a past family homestead on a now deserted island.
 * In Search of the Bowhead Whale (1974) - adventure film of a whaling expedition
 * Wolf Pack (1974) - a short film on wolf pack interrelationships, including among wolves the Mason family kept on their own property.
 * Face of the Earth (1975)
 * Path of the Paddle (1977) - a series of films on the techniques of canoeing
 * Song of the Paddle (1978) - a film of one of Bill Mason's family wilderness canoeing trips—Canadian Film Awards 1978 (Best Direction, Best Cinematography in Documentary under 60 Minutes, Best Sound Editing)
 * Coming Back Alive (1980) - an instructional film on recreational boating safety
 * Pukaskwa National Park (1983) - a film covering one of Mason's favourite areas, the Pukaskwa region of Lake Superior.
 * The Land that Devours Ships (1984)
 * Waterwalker (1984) - a feature-length film of Bill Mason's journey on Lake Superior

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bill Mason


text:
Sallingsund Municipality

Until 1 January 2007 Sallingsund municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Viborg County in the northwest of the Salling Peninsula, a part of the larger Jutland peninsula in northwest Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 99 km2, and had a total population of 6,083 (2005). Its last mayor was Jens Jørn Justesen, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The municipal seat was the town of Durup.

The 1,717 meter long Sallingsund Bridge, which opened on 30 May 1978, connects the towns of Sallingsund to the town of Nykøbing Mors on the island of Mors, and then continues northwest to the island of Vendsyssel-Thy. Before the bridge was built there was a train ferry connection over the strait from the town of Glyngøre to Nykøbing on the ship Pinen og Plagen ("The Torment and the Plague").

Sallingsund municipality was, as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007), merged with Spøttrup, Sundsøre and Skive municipalities to form the new Skive municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 682 km2 and a total population of 48,368 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region").

title: Sallingsund Municipality


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Postmaster (slang)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete, already transwikied (pending delete; block-compress error). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:20, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Postmaster (slang)
Dicdef, and obscure at that. No potential merge or redirect. Already been transwikied, so now should be deleted.--Dmcdevit 03:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vegaswikian 06:16, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Allen v. Wright

Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737 (1984), was a United States Supreme Court case that determined that citizens do not have standing to sue a federal government agency based on the influence that the agency's determinations might have on third parties.

Background
The Internal Revenue Service denies tax-exempt status under the Internal Revenue Code to racially discriminatory private schools, and has established guidelines and procedures for determining whether a particular school is in fact racially nondiscriminatory. As a consequence, those private schools deemed by the IRS to be racially discriminatory are not eligible to receive tax deductible charitable contributions.

Plaintiffs/respondents, parents of African-American children in seven states where public schools had recently been desegregated, brought a nationwide class action lawsuit against the Internal Revenue Service in federal district court, contending that IRS guidelines and procedures for determining whether private schools were racially discriminatory, and subsequent denial of tax exempt status to such schools, were insufficient. Federal law prohibited tax-exempt status to private schools that discriminate on the basis of race, but the parents contended that the standards the IRS used to determine if a school was discriminating were not capable of identifying all of the discriminating private schools. White parents were therefore able to avoid integration by sending their children to the private schools and deducting charitable contributions to the institution, thereby making it harder for black children to attend integrated schools. The plaintiffs sued the IRS and W. Wayne Allen was granted permission to intervene as the defendant in his official capacity as the chairman of the board of Briarcrest Christian School, a segregation academy founded in 1973 in response to the desegregation of Memphis city schools.

Respondents also alleged that many racially segregated private schools (segregation academies) were created or expanded in respondents' communities at the time the public schools were undergoing desegregation, and had received tax exemptions despite the IRS policy and guidelines; and that these unlawful tax exemptions harmed respondents in that they constituted tangible financial aid for racially segregated educational institutions, and encouraged the organization and expansion of institutions that provided segregated educational opportunities for white students avoiding attendance in the public schools. Respondents did not allege that their children had ever applied or would ever apply for admission to any private school. Respondents sought declaratory and injunctive relief. The District Court dismissed the complaint on the ground that respondents lacked standing to bring the suit and the Court of Appeals reversed. The United States Supreme Court granted cert.

Two injuries were alleged:
 * 1) Direct harm by government financial aid (through allowing tax deductions for donations) to discriminatory schools. This was argued to be a stigmatic injury because of the appearance of government approval for discrimination against Black people.
 * 2) Tax exemptions for discriminatory schools impaired the ability of Black people to force desegregation of public schools, because white parents would simply withdraw their children from public schools and place them in discriminatory private schools.

Issue
The Court framed the issue as whether the plaintiffs had standing to bring the lawsuit.

Result
The Court said that the plaintiffs had no standing to bring this suit: "In essence the question of standing is whether the litigant is entitled to have the court decide the merits of the dispute or of particular issues. Standing doctrine embraces... the general prohibition on a litigant's raising another person's legal rights, the rule barring adjudication of generalized grievances more appropriately addressed in the representative branches, and the requirement that a plaintiff's complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law invoked. The requirement of standing, however, has a core component derived directly from the Constitution. A plaintiff must allege personal injury fairly traceable to defendant’s allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief."

The court found that the asserted right to hold the government to the law is not enough by itself to create standing to sue. Nor is discrimination enough unless the plaintiff is personally denied equal treatment by the government. Here, the link between IRS standards and school discrimination was too tenuous. The Court concluded that the doctrine of the separation of powers dictated this result, because otherwise the courts could always be called upon to restructure the Executive branch.

Dissents
Justice Brennan wrote a dissenting opinion complaining that the use of separation of powers is a truism. He opined that the injury of the children's opportunities was enough to grant standing to sue.

Justice Stevens wrote that the allegation really is that the government is subsidizing white flight, which is sufficient to allow standing – the harm (lack of desegregated schools) was traceable to government conduct. Stevens also asserted that standing has nothing to do with separation of powers.

title: Allen v. Wright


text:
User:Slauson

Image Notification
Hello, just wanted to let you know that Image:TintagelCastle.jpg is marked for deletion due to the duplicate file Image:TintagelCastle_sm.jpg, in addition to not being linked. Feel free to message me if you have any further questions, thanks! -Eclipsael 03:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Slauson


text: Category:New Zealand physicists

title: Category:New Zealand physicists


text:
User talk:Fpo

Your article, Congressional Country Club, was selected for DYK!
Thanks for your contributions, glad to see you back to contributing more than just reverts!  + +Lar: t/c 12:08, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Pete Dye
No problem. Judging by your contributions, you are more of an authority on Golf than I. If looks like you have already written an article for one of the red links. Good job! --rogerd 01:20, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

CFB Project
Hello, I noticed that you have edited a College football related article. You may be interested to know that there is a college football WikiProject which you can join if you like. We would love to have you! Thank you for your corrections to the MasterTeamTable. Information changes so rapidly it's hard to keep such a large table correct. MECU ≈ talk 12:49, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Oak Tree Golf Club
Much ado about a noose! I thought it to be a very interesting tagline. Thanks for the contribution to DYK! -- Samir  धर्म 06:19, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Loves Art
First off, I apologize for the spam. You are receiving this message because you have indicated that you are in Southern California or interested in Southern California topics (either via category or WikiProject).

I would like to invite you to the Los Angeles edition of Wikipedia Loves Art, a photography scavenger hunt to be held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) on Saturday, February 28, 2009, from 1:00 to 7:00 PM. All photos are intended for use in Wikipedia articles or on Wikimedia Commons. There will be a prize available for the person who gets the most photos on the list.

If you don't like art, why not come just to meet your fellow Wikipedians. Apparently, we haven't had a meetup in this area since June 2006!

If you are interested in attending, please add your name to Wikipedia Loves Art. Please make a note if you are traveling to the area (train or plane) and need transportation, which can probably be arranged via carpool, but we need time to coordinate. Lodging is as of right now out of scope, but we could discuss that if enough people are interested.

Thank you and I hope to see you there!  howcheng  {chat} 23:53, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Great West Conference navbox
Template:Great West Conference navbox has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Jrcla2 (talk) 21:32, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fpo


text:
Talk:Left anarchism

Proposal for overhaul
Although this article itself is a minefield of POV, OR, uninformative mishmash, the sources look pretty strong and the topic itself is surely worthy of inclusion. Thus, I propose we stub the article right down to one line and rebuild, cited statement by cited statement, from the references. Any thoughts? скоморохъ 23:20, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No responses, so I was bold and went ahead with the stubbing. скоморохъ  01:55, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * All it needs are some more sources. But you seem to have taken some out.  maxrspct  ping me  02:30, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I took out some of the external links that didn't seem to address the issue directly - I don't have a problem restoring them if you feel they're relevant. But to say all the text of the article needs is a few more sources is to overlook the fact that the article has been in this sorry state of uncited original research since its creation. My idea is, if we strip he article back to an uncontroversial definition and a list of sources, we can start building it back up, line by line, from those sources instead of having to contort them to fit problematic text. So how about the compromise - re-remove the text I originally purged, but restore all the previous sources? скоморохъ  02:34, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Actually.. i am probably more in favour of deleting it as a NON-Notable term. I have never seen this in print and even a simple google search comes up with nothing but Wendy Elroy (?) site, wikimirrors, rightwing blogs and one essay -"The Incredible Lameness of Left-Anarchism " which has been syndicated in a few anarchist columns including the 'Institute of Anarchism's journal. -- maxrspct  ping me  02:43, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, you could nominate it for deletion, but I tried that before and it was unsuccessful. In the meantime, what to you say to my proposal? скоморохъ  02:47, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * At the very least some of the ancap trash needs to be removed. People like Bryan Caplan simply are not reliable sources simply for the fact they espouse the irrational nonsense that anarcho-capitalism is a form of anarchism when by definition we know it isn't (It fails the principle test of anarchism of being against bosses and tolerates the sort of rothbardian "its ok to sell children into slavery"(rothbard literally argues this) nonsense that all anarchists are by definition opposed to. Why the hell is the confused and fucked up anarchist faq (Incorrect answers for frequently asked questions!) by caplan in there, or at least not marked as suspicious whilst the excellent and well researched faq at infoshop dismissively marked as a "social anarchist" text (And does anyone IRL refer to themselves as a "social anarchist", we're bloody economic anarchists too because we advocate the overthrow of capitalism ffs. RANT RANT. 121.45.242.182 (talk) 08:29, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Title change?
It looks like it's much more often called "left-wing anarchism." Operation Spooner (talk) 06:09, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Google begs to differ: 643 for "left-wing anarchism" vs. 5,170 for "left anarchism". скоморохъ  06:14, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok. Operation Spooner (talk) 06:19, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Get a grip Spooner/RJII.. i am still up for deleting the article. This is still just a POV ditty with only a few fringe and obscure references.  maxrspct  ping me  15:25, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Well.. i just reread the archive. RJII all over it plus other voices on the term being non-notable. -- maxrspct  ping me  15:28, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I am going to remind you, max, to assume good faith on the part of your fellow editors. You have accused, and not for the first time, two editors in good standing of being sockpuppets of another editor, and you have done so with no evidence whatsoever.  Please try to remember that, for the most part, the motivations of other editors are at least as pure as your own. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  17:26, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * You have no information on what evidence or not I have. Don't bite me over something that goes back 4 years.  maxrspct  ping me  18:19, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * All I will say is that Wikipedia is an openf forum, so if you have evidence relating to another editor, present it and make your case. Otherwise, please refrain from making accusations and, once again, assume good faith. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  19:49, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It is arguable whether it is forum or not or more. I do assume good faith but if I see subsequent behaviour or activity that shows otherwise I will adjust my responses accordingly. Are you not just wound up about my editing of this article? feel free to contribute. - maxrspct  ping me  20:52, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Dear Admins and all those concerned
I spend 15 mins reading the contorted AFD guidelines and information .. but i am obviously none the wiser. How am i spossed to know how to clear AFD old nomination backlogs? For those in the dark about the reasons for my nomination - Its a non-notable or fringe term that belongs in wiktionary + the page is just being filled with fringe right-wing libertarian claptrap. -- maxrspct  ping me  15:36, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I nominated it properly for you; the discussion is Articles for deletion/Left anarchism (2nd nomination). Friendly advice: with your current rationale, editors are likely to vote keep, because the term has received coverage in reliable third party sources. You might want to find another reason for deletion besides notability, such as WP:FORK or WP:SYN. скоморохъ  15:43, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Bob Black?
Doesn't Bob Black talk about "left anarchism", with respect to "post-left anarchism"? Isn't that a starting point for a decent article? I definitely think a very good first-class article can be built here, even though it might take a lot of time and several volunteers. AllGloryToTheHypnotoad (talk) 17:22, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Article Should Be Deleted
This article should be deleted. Having references does not make a subject automatically valid. Anarchists do not use the term "left anarchism" and it is most certainly not a positive term. The term has been used to attack anarchists, sow confusion, or place them on an equal footing with the left. Terms like "Social anarchism" and "left libertarianism" are not interchangeable. simply because one person said this or that, especially discredited writers or unpopular ones does not make this term valid. This entry was created by RJII/Operation Spooner who had their account deleted, and their activities on Usenet still show their intention to rewrite and redefine history, terms, language, etc around the concepts of "anarchism" in a basically dishonest manner. --Radical Mallard 8:22 AM EST 5/16/09
 * There's nothing stopping you from nominating the article for deletion again, but please don't vandalise the article by making it about "right anarchism" – there is an empty space at right anarchism for that. The last deletion discussion did not attract a great deal of input, so I don't think the article would be an automatic keep if it were put up for deletion again. But until such a discussion has occured, please respect the existing consensus in favour of giving the article a chance. Sincerely,  Skomorokh   16:48, 16 May 2009 (UTC)
 * (THIS IS A RESPONSE TO BOTH "Skomorokh" and "RepublicanJacobite") I don't believe consensus has been reached, there has been no real effort towards it. The problem with this issue, and several others I have been trying to deal with in regard to my edits is that there are some misinterpretations of anarchism created by a small number of individuals who will make an entry and then post-facto people will search for references, which come from a different context, or in which mention of the term is by a writer who is not an anarchist but a person doing research who encountered the misrepresentation from the person who made it in the first place. With absolutely EVERY concept on wikipedia this is an issue. I do believe there is an unspoken reality established on wikipedia in which certain subjects cannot be edited by adherants of a given group because they are like members of a cult.. however in other cases, people supporting a subject (so long as their support is more of a secular an non-fanatical nature) are the ones who have to make most edits because they are the source of accurate information - for example, the people editing the "Libertarian" entries are obviously followers of the pro-capitalist tendency in the United states. Whether they find references to back up their assertions or not, they will give a specific point of view and will use or discard certain terms. In the case of this issue (regarding the unused-by-anarchists terms "anarchist socialism, anarcho-socialism, socialist anarchism" ("socialist anarchism" was used once by Bakunin and then abandoned and today it is only used by detractors and some non anarchist bloggers) and the semi-valid term "social anarchism", used by Bookchin but no one else... "left anarchism" has been used specifically by Bob Black and his friends as an attack/degradation term, as well as by some rightists) there is overwhelming evidence that these terms are used by detractors who wish to misinterpret what anarchism means. I am sure even you would agree that individualists of the capitalist sense would prefer to not have people understand that anarchism's socialism comes from egoist, self-interest, and not the traditional authoritarian left's moral and altruistic arguments. And yet without this distinction made, anarchism (and it's synonym, libertarian socialism) becomes indistinguishable from "run of the mill socialism". The pro capitalist libertarians have gone out of their way to put forth their arguments, yet anarchists are repeatedly made to have their ideas misinterpreted. This is not a "personal vendetta", this is the same process anyone would go through who tried to set a record straight. I want to know two things from you, to prove you are interested in something fair and objective... 1) are you willing to let people discuss this in the talk pages and find ways to make more people aware of this issue so they will come here. And 2) Is there some way a "call for papers" from existing anarchists can be made so their own positions on this can be made clear? A 3rd question is: 3) What if I or others do not have a lot of time to deal with this issue? Is the Wikipedia rule that "he with the most time to spend wins"? It would take me a tremendous amount of effort to contact people and persuade them to take this issue seriously, and yet there's no guarantee that any changes made based on such research would even be accepted. I want to also mention a final problem here. Once the misleading terms "anarcho-socialism", "anarchist socialism", and "socialist anarchism" are used, repeatedly in anarchist and libertarian entries, a sentence in which the legitimate terms (anarcho communism, left libertarian, libertarian socialist) are said to be the same as the illegitimate terms is added. Do you even care who is responsible for doing this, what their motivation is, and what effect it has? Let me give you a simmilar example... it would be like writing that "lifestyle anarchism is used by some to mean anti work anarchism, anti civilization anarchism, and primitivism", when the fact is, the situation is more complex than this and clarification is needed. It would be also simmilar to saying "anarcho-capitalism and free market anarchism are synonymous with anarcho-fascism", because detractors wrote books in which comparisons were made between private economic capital concentration and state economic capital concentration... and yet even if you gave all the references in the world the anarcho-capitalists would protest and change the entry. Would you then call this "vandalism"?  Do you see what I am saying here? I am no paltry vandal to wikipedia. I have created entries from scratch that exist today, and I have cleaned up entries and made them relevant.. many that are non political. I ask you to please take me seriously and not simply revert my edits, if you care about what Wikipedia is about. Also, note: the reason this statement is not broken up into paragraphs is because of the nature of the structure of the wikipedia talk page response format.--Radical Mallard June 23, 2009, 5:35 PM EST

Call for Deletion if this Entry
It is a fact that anarchists do not use the term "left anarchism", and it is NOT synonymous with libertarian socialism and left libertarianism, which are the proper terms that anarchists actually use. Anarchism that opposes capitalism derives it's core concepts not from morality, marx, socialism, etc but from the rational self interest of the working class individual. terms such as "left anarchism" and "socialist anarchism" or "anarcho-socialism" imply that such an anarchism is just another flavor of marxist or leninist or moralistic ideas that have characterized the traditional authoritarian or statist left. to allow people who have a pejorative point of view of anarchism to define it doesn't make any sense... should the same thing be done about those who believe in capitalism? I have noticed more and more attempts to remove the terms "libertarian socialism" and maneuver it into terms like "anarcho socialism"... this was done originally by the banned user "RJII", "Anarcho-Capitalist" and "Operation Spooner", who was very likely silicone vally resident James Donald who has done everything he can, especially on Usenet, to attack and destroy the definition of anarchism in all the encyclopedias from the past 100 years (along with the help of Bryan Caplan) and make everyone believe that the only anarchists are those who believe in capitalism. This section should be deleted or left as a stub. --Radical Mallard June 23, 2009, 9:09 AM EST
 * You are obviously on a vandalism spree motivated by a vendetta. Please stop. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  14:50, 23 June 2009 (UTC)
 * No, I am making the edits based on actual history. It is a fact that the people who started these entries were banned from Wikipdia.. how is this a vendetta? And how are my edits vandalism but yours are not? I explained my reasoning. There is evidence to back it up. Update: Please see the long comment in the above section.--Radical Mallard June 23, 2009, 4:50 PM EST
 * Your right that anarchists don't use the term 'left wing anarchism', but thats principally because there isn't a right wing version (the misleadingly named anarcho-capitalism isn't a type of anarchism as it supports capitalism, rather its a form of stateless capitalism). But I don't know where this rational self-interest stuff comes from. Its certainly not a feature of early writing on the topic. However the concept of left-anarchism does exist in reference to post-left anarchism, which is a (mostly) individualist rupture in theory from workerist accounts, either from a post-structuralist perspective, or primitivist/green perspective. 121.45.247.39 (talk) 16:15, 14 June 2011 (UTC)
 * actually on reflection I'm not too up to date on the earliest mutualist stuff. Maybe it was talked about in that? 121.45.247.39 (talk) 16:16, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Post-left anarchism is not a reference to left anarchism, considering there is no such thing as left or right anarchism, it is a reference to left and post-left ideologies in general. Socialism is left, and primitivism or insurrectionism is post-left, therefore primitivist anarchism or insurrectionist anarchism would be post-left anarchism.--  Void kom  talk 13:26, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Only anarcho-collectivism?
Whether you all like my edit of the link in the first sentence, from anarcho-collectivism to social anarchism, or not, please bare in mind anarchocollectivism is specifically distinct from anarchocommunism and other models because of the use of labor notes, (currency), and is associated mostly with Bakunin and popularly contrasted with Kropotkin's communist model. It never should have specified left-anarchism was a term meant to contrast anarcho-collectivism with so-called right-anarchism, that excludes most left-anarchism from left-anarchism. Many other philosophies/movements/sets-of-tactics exist other than anarcho-collectivism and most are distinct from anarchocollectivism as far as terminology and most do not necessarily have much overlap. Traditionally the philosophies of the "big three" are compared and contrasted to represent the spectrum of opinion in classical anarchism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.82.67.49 (talk) 05:35, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

Page should be deleted and be a redirect
It's my belief that this topic doesn't warrant a page, just like Right-wing anarchism is a disambiguation page only; but only a subsection as part of Issues in anarchism and/or Anarchism and capitalism. Unless somebody can show me that Left anarchism has been used or described as a concept by someone other than just anarcho-capitalists, I stand by what I said.--87.17.95.218 (talk) 21:32, 3 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Per the sparse sourcing, this topic is more of a comparative phrase than an independently notable concept with its own body of literature. I agree that a restoration of your prior redirect to Issues in anarchism would be sufficient. czar  15:32, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you.--Davide King (talk) 23:00, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I think that there should be a redirect to Social anarchism as the most complete article about "left-wing" anarchism.
 * What is your opinion?
 * Yours sincerely, Гармонический Мир (talk) 02:52, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * If we did that, we would probably still need a hatnote to explain why "left anarchism" is redirecting there, if it won't be explained in the lede. The redirect to Issues in anarchism does a good job of explaining the term and then offering a direct link to social anarchism to read more. How does that sound? czar  03:10, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Left anarchism


text:
Glenwood Canyon

Glenwood Canyon is a rugged scenic 12.5 mi canyon in western Colorado in the United States. Its walls climb as high as 1300 ft above the Colorado River. It is the largest such canyon on the Upper Colorado. The canyon, which has historically provided the routes of railroads and highways through western Colorado, currently furnishes the routes of Interstate 70 and the Union Pacific's Central Corridor between Denver and Grand Junction.

Location

The canyon stretches from near Dotsero, where the Colorado receives the Eagle River, downstream in a west-southwest direction to just east of Glenwood Springs, on the mouth of the Roaring Fork. Most of the canyon is in Garfield County, with the upper portion near Dotsero lying in Eagle County.

Geology
The canyon was formed relatively recently in Pleistocene time by the rapid cutting of the Colorado down through layers of sedimentary rock. The upper layers of the canyon are sandstone from Pennsylvanian and Mississippian. Sections of the lower canyon walls are made of Cambrian rock. The Mississippian layer that is prominent throughout much of the upper rim sections of the canyon is part of the Leadville Formation.

Railroads
In 1906, the canyon provided the route of the Taylor State Road, a gravel road that was the first route for automobiles through the Colorado Rockies. The canyon also provided the route for the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad in the late 19th century. Through acquisitions, the line is currently part of the Union Pacific system, comprising part of its Central Corridor between Denver and Grand Junction.

As Glenwood Canyon was one of the iconic scenic views along the California Zephyr passenger train, a monument to the dome car design was originally installed in the canyon. In the 1990s, the monument was relocated to the Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden to make way for the construction on Interstate 70.

Interstate 70
The canyon is widely considered one of the most scenic natural features on the Interstate Highway System of the United States. Foot access to the canyon is available at four rest areas along Interstate 70 in the canyon. The Hanging Lake Rest Area (exit 125) provides access to the canyon along a stretch where I-70 is concealed in the Hanging Lake Tunnel. The freeway is also prone to rockslides in the canyon, such as the ones that closed it in February 2016 and July 2021.

title: Glenwood Canyon


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Stephanie Pakrul

Stephanie Pakrul (born September 9, 1982), also known as StephTheGeek, is an internet personality.

Biography
Pakrul is from Mississauga, Ontario. She studied as an information technology student at Ryerson University in Toronto and earned a master's degree from the University of California, Berkeley.

Pakrul began developing webpages at around the age of 15 and started her personal site a few years later, in 2001, as a small personal website. The site has since become a blog, sharing many personal details of her life, including music, relationships, gadgetry, and sexuality.

In 2003, Pakrul self-published a crowdfunded album, Not a Victim. Feminist blog The F-Word praised Not a Victim, writing: "Beautifully crafted songs with wonderful melodies, emotional lyrics and understated piano/guitar accompaniment make this a stand-out debut."

Pakrul has been featured on TechTV, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Street Cents, MTV Live, and in Young Entrepreneur, Cosmogirl, and several newspapers. Her interests include consumer rights, sex work, and increasing efficiency in everyday life through innovative uses of technology. She was also a member of Industry Canada's SchoolNet Youth Advisory Board.

As of 2016, Pakrul lives in San Francisco.

title: Stephanie Pakrul


text:
User talk:Julianx

Where did you get this picture? Image:Sakura.jpg. - I may list it on "Images for Deletion". WhisperToMe 03:36, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Julianx


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Schlock

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:27, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Schlock
Pure dicdef. I see little potential here, and no need for a redirect. Already been transwikied. --Dmcdevit 03:37, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Schlock


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Heterojunction bipolar transistor

A heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that uses different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, creating a heterojunction. The HBT improves on the BJT in that it can handle signals of very high frequencies, up to several hundred GHz. It is commonly used in modern ultrafast circuits, mostly radio frequency (RF) systems, and in applications requiring a high power efficiency, such as RF power amplifiers in cellular phones. The idea of employing a heterojunction is as old as the conventional BJT, dating back to a patent from 1951. Detailed theory of heterojunction bipolar transistor was developed by Herbert Kroemer in 1957.

Materials

The principal difference between the BJT and HBT is in the use of differing semiconductor materials for the emitter-base junction and the base-collector junction, creating a heterojunction. The effect is to limit the injection of holes from the base into the emitter region, since the potential barrier in the valence band is higher than in the conduction band. Unlike BJT technology, this allows a high doping density to be used in the base, reducing the base resistance while maintaining gain. The efficiency of the heterojunction is measured by the Kroemer factor. Kroemer was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2000 for his work in this field at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Materials used for the substrate include silicon, gallium arsenide, and indium phosphide, while silicon / silicon-germanium alloys, aluminum gallium arsenide / gallium arsenide, and indium phosphide / indium gallium arsenide are used for the epitaxial layers. Wide-bandgap semiconductors such as gallium nitride and indium gallium nitride are especially promising.

In SiGe graded heterostructure transistors, the amount of germanium in the base is graded, making the bandgap narrower at the collector than at the emitter. That tapering of the bandgap leads to a field-assisted transport in the base, which speeds transport through the base and increases frequency response.

Fabrication
Due to the need to manufacture HBT devices with extremely high-doped thin base layers, molecular beam epitaxy is principally employed. In addition to base, emitter and collector layers, highly doped layers are deposited on either side of collector and emitter to facilitate an ohmic contact, which are placed on the contact layers after exposure by photolithography and etching. The contact layer underneath the collector, named subcollector, is an active part of the transistor.

Other techniques are used depending on the material system. IBM and others use ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD) for SiGe; other techniques used include MOVPE for III-V systems.

Normally the epitaxial layers are lattice matched (which restricts the choice of bandgap etc.). If they are near-lattice-matched the device is pseudomorphic, and if the layers are unmatched (often separated by a thin buffer layer) it is metamorphic.

Limits
A pseudomorphic heterojunction bipolar transistor developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, built from indium phosphide and indium gallium arsenide and designed with compositionally graded collector, base and emitter, was demonstrated to cut off at a speed of 710 GHz.

Besides being record breakers in terms of speed, HBTs made of InP/InGaAs are ideal for monolithic optoelectronic integrated circuits. A PIN-type photo detector is formed by the base-collector-subcollector layers. The bandgap of InGaAs works well for detecting 1550 nm-wavelength infrared laser signals used in optical communication systems. Biasing the HBT to obtain an active device, a photo transistor with high internal gain is obtained. Among other HBT applications are mixed signal circuits such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.

title: Heterojunction bipolar transistor


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Sundsøre Municipality

Until 1 January 2007 Sundsøre municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Viborg County on the Salling Peninsula, a part of the larger Jutland peninsula in northwest Denmark. The municipality included the island of Fur, and covered an area of 171 km². It had a total population of 6,464 (2005). Its last mayor is Flemming Eskildsen, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party.

The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Breum.

To the north are the waters of the Limfjord, Fur Strait (Fur Sund), and Risgårde Bredning. The former municipality's island of Fur is located north of the mainland in these waters.

Ferry service connects the former municipality near the town of Selde northwest over Fur Strait to the town of Stenøre on the island, and at the town of Sundsøre southeast over Hvalp Strait to the town of Hole.

Sundsøre municipality was, as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007), merged with existing Spøttrup, Sallingsund and Skive municipalities to form the new Skive municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 682 km² and a total population of 48,368 (2005). The new municipality belongs to the new Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region").

title: Sundsøre Municipality


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Guemes Island

Guemes Island is a small island in western Skagit County, Washington, United States. It is located north of Fidalgo Island and the city of Anacortes, and is accessible by private boat and by the Guemes Island ferry operated by Skagit County.

Guemes Island was named after the Viceroy of New Spain, Juan Vicente de Güemes, who commissioned an expedition that revealed the islands to Spain in 1794.

Island life
Guemes Island has a rural character with limited facilities.

Some of the island’s beaches are public but most beaches' access is private. There are also two parks: one in the middle of the island known as Schoolhouse Park, and another, Young's Park, located on North Beach near The Guemes Island Resort.

The community located on Guemes Island is generally referred to as "Guemes".

History
Guemes Island is within the historical territory of the Samish Nation. It was a traditional location for Samish winter villages. The Samish language name for the island is Qweng qwengila, which means "many dogs", referring to Salish Wool Dogs, also called Samish Woolley Dogs. Around 1873, the Samish, displaced from their original village by U.S. government policy that made land available to newcomers, established a new village on Guemes near Potlatch Beach. Because they occupied the only natural spring on the island, the Samish were forced off the island by their neighbors in 1912.

Guemes Island was named by the Spanish explorer José María Narváez as Isla de Güemes during the 1791 expedition of Francisco de Eliza, in honor of the Viceroy of Mexico, Juan Vicente de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo.

In 1841 Charles Wilkes of the United States Exploring Expedition gave the name "Lawrence Island" to Guemes Island, to honor the American naval officer James Lawrence. He also gave the name "Hornet Harbor" to Guemes Channel, for the USS Hornet, which Lawrence commanded during the War of 1812. To the waterway north of the island, part of Bellingham Bay, Wilkes gave the name "Penguin Harbor", for the British vessel Penguin, captured by Lawrence. These names disappeared after 1847, when the British Captain Henry Kellett reorganized the British Admiralty charts, in the process removing the "pro-American" names given by Wilkes and affirming pro-British names and Spanish names.

Guemes Island was also commonly known locally as Dog Island in the early 20th century, from the large number of Salish Wool Dogs living wild on the island.

Demographics
The following Census statistics represent a block group that also contains the neighboring islands of Cypress Island, Sinclair Island, and Vendovi Island. As of the census of 2000, there were 605 people, 292 households, and 180 families residing in the block group. There were 626 housing units. The racial makeup of the block group was 95.70% White, 1.16% African American, 0.83% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.99% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races. 1.32% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 292 households, out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 39.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.38.

In the block group, the population was spread out, with 16.0% under the age of 18, 2.6% from 18 to 24, 11.6% from 25 to 44, 41.3% from 45 to 64, and 27.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males.

The median income for a household in the block group was $40,039, and the median income for a family was unavailable. Income by sex was also unavailable, as was per capita income. 8.1% of the population was below the poverty line. Family poverty statistics were unavailable. Out of the total population, 36.1% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Magnetic disturbance
Nautical and aeronautical charts note a magnetic disturbance off the southeastern tip of Guemes Island. The disturbance affects compasses enough to cause as much as 2° discrepancy from average local variation.

title: Guemes Island


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User:Frazzydee/FARC

Welcome to the Fact and Reference Check WikiProject
Dear new member,

Welcome to the Fact and Reference Check WikiProject!

No doubt you're familiar with what our noble (and somewhat lofty!) goal is, and I'm really glad you've decided to help to try and make it a reality. Thank you so much for helping out in our noble cause :)

You might find the biweekly special article interesting. Every fortnight, an otherwise good article that lacks any sources is chosen, and the Fact and Reference Check team works collaboratively to add references to the article. The current biweekly special article is Johann Sebastian Bach.

Two convenient templates for adding references are and. By specifying a footnote name (eg. "which_university"), these templates allow us to link to notes effectively.

For example, if you want to reference which university somebody went to, simply add next to the fact. At the bottom of the page in a seperate "Notes" section, add, and then your website or book. Wikibib can be used for generating correctly-styled references. Titan (moon) is a good example of a nicely referenced article.

If you have any questions, feel free to leave a message on the project's talk page. You can also contact me personally. Thanks for joining, and taking the time to read this!

—

title: User:Frazzydee/FARC


text: Category:New Zealand chemists

title: Category:New Zealand chemists


text:
Banded stilt

The banded stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus) is a nomadic wader of the stilt and avocet family, Recurvirostridae, native to Australia. It belongs to the monotypic genus Cladorhynchus. It gets its name from the red-brown breast band found on breeding adults, though this is mottled or entirely absent in non-breeding adults and juveniles. Its remaining plumage is pied and the eyes are dark brown. Nestling banded stilts have white down, unlike any other species of wader.

Breeding is triggered by the filling of inland salt lakes by rainfall, creating large shallow lakes rich in tiny shrimp on which the birds feed. Banded stilts migrate to these lakes in large numbers and assemble in large breeding colonies. The female lays three to four brown- or black-splotched whitish eggs on a scrape. If conditions are favourable, a second brood might be laid, though if the lakes dry up prematurely the breeding colonies may be abandoned.

The banded stilt is considered to be a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Under the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, however, this bird is considered to be Vulnerable. This is due to the predation of it by silver gulls, which are considered to be a serious threat. Black falcons and wedge-tailed eagles are also predators, taking the banded stilt and its young.

Taxonomy
French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot described the banded stilt in 1816, classifying it in the avocet genus Recurvirostra and giving it the name Recurvirostra leucocephala, "L'avocette a tete blanche" ("white-headed avocet"). He only recorded the species as being found in terres australes, the meaning of which is unclear. Amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews interpreted this as Victoria, while Erwin Stresemann concluded this was Rottnest Island in Western Australia. The species name is derived from the Ancient Greek words leukos "white", and kephale "head". French naturalist Georges Cuvier described it as Recurvirostra orientalis the same year. Belgian ornithologist Bernard du Bus de Gisignies described it as a new genus and species, Leptorhynchus pectoralis, to the Royal Academy of Belgium in 1835.

English zoologist George Robert Gray placed the banded stilt in its own genus Cladorhynchus in 1840, noting that the name Leptorhynchus had been previously used. The genus name is from the Ancient Greek klados "twig" and rhynchos "bill". Likewise, German naturalist Johannes Gistel proposed the name Timeta to replace Leptorhynchus in 1848. John Gould had described the banded stilt as Himantopus palmatus in 1837, but recorded it as Cladorhynchus pectoralis in his 1865 work Handbook to the Birds of Australia. Gould also wrote that its distribution was unclear after it was first recorded at Rottnest Island though not elsewhere in Western Australia, and later in South Australia, until large numbers were seen by the British explorer Charles Sturt at Lepson's Lake north of Cooper Creek in what is now western Queensland. German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach placed it in a new genus, naming it Xiphidiorhynchus pectoralis in 1845. Australian ornithologist Fred Lawson gave it the name Cladorhynchus australis in 1904. Gregory Mathews in his 1913 List of the Birds of Australia synonymised all subsequent genus and species names, using Cladorhynchus australis. He listed his subspecies rottnesti from 1913, though this has not been recognised since. Both Joseph G. Strauch in a 1978 study and Philip C. Chu in a 1995 re-analysis of bone and muscle characters found that the banded stilt was sister taxon to the avocets, with the stilts of the genus Himantopus an earlier offshoot. A 2004 study combining genetics and morphology reinforced its position as sister to the avocet lineage.

English naturalist John Latham gave the bird the name "oriental avocet" in 1824, after Cuvier's description. "Banded stilt" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC). Other common names include "Rottnest snipe" and "bishop snipe". The Ngarrindjeri people of the Lower Murray River region in South Australia knew it as nilkani.

Description
The banded stilt is 45–53 cm long and weighs 220-260 g, with a wingspan of 55–68 cm. Adults in breeding plumage are predominantly white with black wings and a broad well-demarcated u-shaped chestnut band across the breast. The central part of the base of the upper tail is tinted a pale grey-brown. The slender bill is black, relatively straight, and twice as long as the head. The irises are dark brown and the legs and feet are a dark red-pink. The wings are long and slim and have eleven primary flight feathers, with the tenth being the longest. In flight, the wings are mostly black when seen from above, but have a white trailing edge from the tips of the inner primaries. From underneath, the wings are predominantly white with dark tips. White feathers on the head and neck have pale grey bases, which are normally hidden. Non-breeding plumage is similar, but the chest band is less distinct and often diluted to an ashy brown or mottled with white. The legs are a paler- or orange-pink. There is no difference in plumage between the sexes, nor has any geographic variation been recorded.

Juvenile birds resemble adults but have a greyish forehead and lores, duller black wings, and lack the characteristic breast band. Adult plumage is attained in the second year. Their legs and feet are grey, becoming more blotched with pink until adulthood. Nestling banded stilts are covered in white down.

A distinctive bird, the banded stilt is hard to confuse with any other species; the white-headed stilt lacks the breast band, and the red-necked avocet has a chestnut head and neck, and a distinctly upcurved bill.

Adults make a barking call that has been written as cow or chowk, sometimes with two syllables as chowk-uk or chuk-uk. Birds also chatter softly and tunefully while nesting.

Distribution and habitat
The banded stilt is generally found in southern Australia. In Western Australia, it is found predominantly in the southwestern corner, though can be as far north as the saltworks in Port Hedland. Breeding took place at Lake Ballard in the Goldfields-Esperance after heavy rainfall from Cyclone Bobby in 1995, and then again after flooding in 2014. In 1933 a large colony had been recorded at Lake Grace, but had succumbed to attack presumably by foxes. The banded stilt has been recorded in southeastern South Australia, as well as the drainage of the Lake Eyre system, and in Victoria west of Port Phillip and the Wimmera. In July 2010 Lake Torrens filled with water, resulting in the influx of around 150,000 banded stilts. The Natimuk-Douglas Wetlands in western Victoria are an important nesting ground for the species, though lower numbers come here if there is flooding elsewhere in southeastern Australia. In New South Wales, it is most commonly found in the Riverina and western parts of the state, and has reached southern Queensland and the Northern Territory, where it has been found at the sewage ponds at Alice Springs and Erldunda. It has been recorded as a vagrant to Tasmania, with significant numbers recorded in 1981.

The preferred habitats are large, shallow saline or hypersaline lakes, either inland or near the coast, including ephemeral salt lakes, salt works, lagoons, salt- or claypans and intertidal flats. The species is occasionally found in brackish or fresh water, including farm dams and sewage ponds.

The banded stilt is highly nomadic, having adapted to the unpredictable climate of Australia's arid interior. Sudden rainfall results in the influx of water to and filling of dry inland salt lakes. The stilts respond by travelling to these areas and breeding, dispersing and returning to the coast once the lakes begin to dry up. How banded stilts on the coast become aware of inland rainfall is unknown. The distances travelled can be large; two birds have been tracked travelling from a drying Lake Eyre in South Australia to a newly filled lake system in Western Australia over 1500 km away. One of these birds veered northwest over the Gibson Desert, travelling a minimum of 2263 km in 55.9 hours.

Behaviour
The banded stilt is gregarious; birds are almost always encountered in groups, from small troops of tens of birds, to huge flocks numbering in the tens of thousands.

Breeding
The breeding habits of the banded stilt were unknown until 1930, when a colony was discovered at Lake Grace. Even then they remained poorly known until 2012, when researcher Reece Pedler and colleagues attached tracking devices to 21 birds to gain an insight into the species' movements. They discovered that the birds travel large distances inland and gather at the recently filled bodies of water.

The majority of observed breeding events have occurred at inland salt lakes in South Australia and Western Australia immediately following freshwater inflows. An exception to this exists where some breeding was attempted at The Coorong during a time in which salinity in the Lower Lakes was significantly elevated due to reduced environmental flows down the Murray River. Breeding events are initiated by the filling of shallow inland lakes after rainfall and resultant explosion in numbers of food animals such as Parartemia brine shrimp. This can happen at any time of year. Breeding sites are generally on low islands, of 1–1.5 m (3–5 ft) elevation, or spits on or alongside large lakes, on clay or gravel and generally with sparse or no vegetation. The nests themselves are scrapes in the soil, up to 15 cm across and 3 cm deep, with or without some dead vegetation as lining. Birds on stony soils generally gather vegetation instead of digging scrapes.

Egg clutches number three to four (or rarely five) oval eggs, which vary from fawn to white marked with brown to black splotches. They can be 49 - 58 mm long and 35 - 48 mm wide. Incubation takes 19 to 21 days, with both sexes sharing duties, although the male takes over as sole incubator as the eggs hatch and immediately afterwards. This is thought to allow the females to lay and incubate a second brood if the water and food in the lake persists. Parent birds incubate for one to six days before swapping with the other parent. These intervals are much longer than other waders, and thought to be due to the remoteness of food—either the prey are blown to remote corners of the lakes by the wind or the lakes themselves have receded as they have dried. Parents almost always changeover incubating at night, generally within two hours of nightfall, presumably to avoid predators. On hot days with temperatures over 40 C, incubating birds may leave briefly to wet their brood patches to presumably cool the eggs or young. Birds on nests always face into the wind.

The nestlings are born covered in white down—unlike any other waders—and mobile with open eyes (precocial) and leave the nest soon after hatching (nidifugous). Adults lead the young birds to the water by the time they are two days old. Once in the water, they begin to feed on tiny crustaceans.

Nest predators and hazards
Banded stilt colonies suffer greatly from predation by silver gulls (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae), while wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax), white-bellied sea eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster), spot-bellied eagle-owls (Bubo nipalensis) and black falcons (Falco subniger) also take stilts and young. Premature drying of the lakes leads to parents abandoning their eggs or nestlings, resulting in the deaths of many thousands of young.

Feeding
The banded stilt forages by walking or swimming in shallow water, pecking, probing or scything into the water or mud. The bulk of its diet is made up of tiny crustaceans, including branchiopods, ostracods (seed shrimp), anostraca (fairy shrimp) such as Artemia salina and members of the genus Parartemia, both genera of notostraca (tadpole shrimp), and isopods such as the genera Deto and Haloniscus. They also eat molluscs, including both gastropods such as the land snail Salinator fragilis and members of the genus Coxiella, and bivalves of the genus Sphaericum, insects (such as bugs, beetles, flies and flying ants, which they glean from the water surface), and plants such as Ruppia. Small fish such as hardyheads (Craterocephalus spp.) have also been reportedly eaten.

Status and conservation
In 2016, the banded stilt was rated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered species. This was on the basis of its large range—greater than 20,000 km2 (7700 mi2)—and fluctuating rather than declining population. However, it is listed as Vulnerable under the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. The listing was made after breeding attempts observed at Lake Eyre revealed heavy predation from silver gulls. The Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources has developed a strategy for managing silver gull predation at chosen banded stilt breeding sites by applying site-specific culling measures. Breeding events observed at ephemeral lakes in Western Australia have proven to be more successful without the need for intervention due to their remoteness.

title: Banded stilt


text:
Alagappa College of Technology

Alagappa College of Technology is an educational institution located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India that offers higher education in engineering, technology and allied sciences. The college was established in 1944 and was integrated with Anna University in 1978 from University of Madras as a constituent part of Anna University within its Guindy Campus.

History
Alagappa College of Technology was founded in 1944. Funds for its establishment was donated by philanthropist Dr. Alagappa Chettiar to Dr. A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar, Vice Chancellor of Madras University in 1943. Dr. Alagappa Chettiar expressed an interest in setting up a college that offered newer technology related courses like Chemical Engineering, Textile Technology, Apparel Technology, Industrial Biotechnology, Food Technology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Ceramic Technology, Leather Technology and also courses related to Nanoscience. As a token of appreciation for his generosity Madras University resolved to name the college as Alagappa College of Technology and also conferred on him an honorary degree of LL.D. at a special convocation.

Departments
There are six departments and two autonomous centres in Alagappa College of Technology.

 * Department of Chemical Engineering
 * Department of Applied Science and Technology
 * Department of Textile Technology
 * Center for Bio-Technology
 * Department of Ceramic Technology
 * Department of Leather Technology

Autonomous Centres
 * Crystal Growth Centre
 * Centre for Nanoscience and Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering
The Department of Chemical Engineering was established in 1944 under the University of Madras. In 1978, the department was integrated with the newly formed Anna University. In the early days of the college research was carried out in the conventional areas of chemical engineering like absorption, adsorption, liquid-liquid extraction, and fluid dynamics. Over the years, the areas of research have moved in line with developments in the chemical process industries. The department focuses on areas like bioprocesses, modeling, nanofiltration, bioengineering and environmental systems.

The department offers two undergraduate courses:

 * B.Tech - Chemical Engineering
 * B.Tech - Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Technology (discontinued in 2012)

It also offers three postgraduate courses:
 * M.Tech - Chemical Engineering
 * M.Tech - Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Technology
 * M.Tech - Environmental Science and Engineering

The annual technical festival of the department is called Chemfluence. It features paper presentation sessions, lectures, video conferences and technical quizzes.

Department of Textile Technology
The Department of Textile Technology was established in 1945 under the University of Madras and was later integrated with the Anna University.

It offers two undergraduate courses:

 * B.Tech - Textile Technology
 * B.Tech - Apparel Technology

It also offers a postgraduate course M.Tech in Textile Technology. PhD programmes are also available. For subjects related to Physics, Chemistry, Engineering Graphics etc., the common laboratories of the Chemical Engineering Department building are used, while the Textile Department also has its own laboratories like the Fabric Science Lab, Chemical Processing Lab, Weaving Lab, Spinning Lab, Knitting Lab, Garment Construction Lab, Computer-Aided Designing Lab, Quality Assurance and Testing Lab. The department houses a library with a variety of books on standard engineering subjects, textile technology, fabric science, pattern making, garment industries, textile merchandising and marketing, knitting, sewing, fashion illustration, and other topics, which are available to be borrowed during the weekends.

Center for Biotechnology
The Center for Biotechnology was established in 1987 in Anna University with financial support from the Department of Biotechnology, University Grants Commission and Anna University. The center has a building of about 1000 square metres sponsored by Southern Petrochemicals Corporation Limited at Taramani Campus with facilities for carrying out research in areas such as biotechnology, bioprocess technology, molecular biology, cell biology, and immunology.

The department offers 3 undergraduate courses:

 * B.Tech - Industrial Biotechnology
 * B.Tech - Food Technology
 * B.Tech - Pharmaceutical Technology

It also offers 5 postgraduate courses:
 * M.Tech - Biotechnology
 * M.Tech - Food Technology
 * M.Tech - Pharmaceutical Technology
 * M.Tech - Computational Biology
 * M.Tech - Nano Science and Technology

The administrative building is located in the main campus at Guindy, and a separate academic complex offers teaching programs. The postgraduate program in Computational Biology is a network program conducted by Pondicherry University-Madurai Kamaraj University and anna University. It is the first of its kind in India started by DBT, India. It had been upgraded to M.Tech computational biology from the academic year 2014 in collaboration with Pondicherry university.

Department of Ceramic Technology
Anna University started an M.Tech Programme in Ceramic Technology in the Department of Chemical Engineering in 1990 with financial support of Rs.50 lakhs from M/s Carborundum Universal Ltd, Chennai. The Division of Ceramic Technology was formed in 1993. A B.Tech Programme in Ceramic Technology was started in 1996 with financial support of Rs.25 lakhs from M/s Carborundum Universal Ltd., Chennai.

Department of Applied Sciences and Technology
The Department of Applied Sciences was established in 2013. It offers a B.Tech course in Petroleum Engineering and Technology and an M.Tech course in Industrial Safety and Hazards Management.

Centre for Nanoscience and Technology
The Centre for Nanoscience and Technology was established at Anna University in 2005. The centre has been actively pursuing research in various aspects of nanoscience and technology including chemical, mechanical and biosynthesis of nanomaterials like semiconductor nanostructures, nanocrystalline thin films, carbon nanotubes and nanofibres, metallic nanoadhesives, polymer based nanocomposites and nanostructured ferroic materials.

The centre has been offering M. Tech. course in Nanoscience and Technology since 2008, which is supported by DST-Nanomission with a multi-disciplinary curriculum.

Notable alumni

 * C. Anandharamakrishnan, Director, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Tanjavur
 * M. S. Ananth, IIT Madras
 * Viveck Goenka, Indian Express Group
 * Y. G. Mahendra, Tamil and Malayalam actor
 * M. M. Murugappan, of Murugappa Group
 * G. V. Prasad, Dr. Reddy's labs
 * Thirumalachari Ramasami, Secretary to Government of India, Department of Science and Technology
 * N. Sankar of Chemplast Sanmar
 * N. Srinivasan, India Cements
 * L. K. Doraiswamy Padma Bhushan Awardee in 1990

title: Alagappa College of Technology


text:
Talk:Burette

Untitled
Does anyone agree that the Buretol ref seems like a bump for their product? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.253.168.230 (talk • contribs) 14:16, October 12, 2007 (UTC)

why is the last drop water or any fluid remain at the tip of the pipette cannot be blow during the transfusion? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.111.234.133 (talk • contribs) 00:42, April 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think I answered this question. I removed the stub template from this article, since I think it is about as done as we can expect. Information on the history of burettes would be nice, but I couldn't find any. Jon the Geek 19:15, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

Because they're calibrated TD. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.253.168.230 (talk • contribs) 14:16, October 12, 2007 (UTC)

Fucking Nature — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.246.173.139 (talk • contribs) 10:04, December 12, 2008 (UTC)

 * Here's a little note. The Burette was invented by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. And watch that potty mouth — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dillon lowery (talk • contribs) 14:33, March 2, 2012 (UTC)

According to "The history of chemical laboratory equipment", it was Descroizilles who coined the words "burette" and "pipette" after having developed the precursor to the burette, later refined by Gay-Lussac.Qaute (talk) 02:10, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

Burett
English 103.54.39.167 (talk) 15:34, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burette


text:
Roman finance

The practices of ancient Roman finance, while originally rooted in Greek models, evolved in the second century BC with the expansion of Roman monetization. Roman elites engaged in private lending for various purposes, and various banking models arose to serve different lending needs.

Pooling capital
Before banks were established in Rome the Romans operated largely within the constraints of the property wealth of their own households. When household wealth was exhausted, the elites in Roman society often extended loans amongst themselves. The value of these loans to the lender was not always derived from interest payments, but rather from the social obligations that were an implication of being a lender. The formation of a societas allowed for coordination of resources among property-owners. Societates were groups who combined their resources to place a bid for a government contract, and then share in the resulting profit or loss.

The publicani (public contractors) were an early incarnation of societates, who bid for the right to collect taxes from the Roman provinces. Senators were not allowed to engage in trade, so it fell to the knights (equites) to bid on these contracts issued by the censors every five years. Banks were established in Rome, modelled upon their Greek counterparts, and introduced formalized financial intermediation. Livy is the first writer to acknowledge the rise of formal Roman banks in 310 BC.

Ancient Roman banks operated under private law, which did not have clear guidance on how to decide cases concerning financial matters. This forced Roman banks to operate entirely on their word and character. Bankers congregated around the arch of Janus to conduct their business and despite their informal location, were clearly professional in their dealings.

Private loans
Up until the dawn of the Roman Empire, it was common for loans to be negotiated as oral contracts. In the early Empire, lenders and borrowers began to adopt the usage of a chirographum (“handwritten record”) to record these contracts and use them for evidence of the agreed terms. One copy of the contract was presented on the exterior of the chirographum, while a second copy was kept sealed within two waxed tablets of the document, in the presence of a witness. Informal methods of maintaining records of loans made and received existed, as well as formal incarnations adopted by frequent lenders. These serial lenders used a kalendarium to document the loans that they issued to assist in tabulating interest accrued at the beginning of each month (Kalends).

Parties to contracts were supposed to be Roman citizens, but there is evidence of this boundary being broken. Loans to citizens were also originated from public or governmental positions. For example, the Temple of Apollo is believed to have engaged in secured loans with citizens’ homes being used as collateral. Loans were more rarely extended to citizens from the government, as in the case of Tiberius who allowed for three-year, interest-free loans to be issued to senators in order to avert a looming credit crisis.

Deferred payment
There is sufficient evidence of deferred payments and financing arrangements to be negotiated for large purchases. Deferred payments were used in the auction of wine or oil that was "on the tree", not yet harvested or produced, requiring payment from the winning bidder, long after the auction had ended. Roman peasants who needed money to pay their taxes used an inverted form of this process, by selling the right to a portion of their harvest in the future, in exchange for cash in the present. The sulpicii arose as professional bankers in the first century AD. Among other forms of financial intermediation, they offered financing for speculators in grain markets.

Public finance
For centuries the monetary affairs of the Roman Republic had rested in the hands of the Senate. These elite liked to present themselves as steady and fiscally conservative, but as the 19th-century historian of Rome Wilhelm Ihne remarked:Though individually the Romans were exceedingly economical and careful in the management of their private property, the state as such was extravagant and careless with the state revenue. It was found impossible to protect the public property from being plundered by private individuals, and the feeling of powerlessness resulted in reckless indifference. It was felt that revenues which could not be preserved intact and devoted to the common good were of no value to the state and might as well be abandoned.

The aerarium (state treasury) was supervised by members of the government rising in power and prestige, the quaestors, praetors, and eventually the prefects. With the dawn of the Roman Empire, a major change took place, as the emperors assumed the reins of financial control. Augustus adopted a system that was, on the surface, fair to the Senate. Just as the world was divided in provinces designated as imperial or senatorial, so was the treasury. All tribute brought in from senatorially controlled provinces was given to the aerarium, while that of the imperial territories went to the treasury of the emperor, the fiscus.

Initially, this process of distribution seemed to work, although the legal technicality did not disguise the supremacy of the emperor or his often used right to transfer funds back and forth regularly from the aerarium to the fiscus. The fiscus actually took shape after the reign of Augustus and Tiberius. It began as a private fund (fiscus meaning purse or basket) but grew to include all imperial monies, not only the private estates but also all public lands and finances under the imperial eye.

The property of the rulers grew to such an extent that changes had to be made starting sometime in the 3rd century, most certainly under Septimius Severus. Henceforth, the imperial treasury was divided. The fiscus was retained to handle actual government revenue, while a patrimonium was created to hold the private fortune, which was inherited by the Emperors successor. There is a considerable question as to the exact nature of this evaluation, involving possibly a res privata so common in the Late Empire.

Just as the Senate had its own finance officers, so did the emperors. The head of the fiscus in the first years was the rationalis, originally a freedman due to Augustus' desire to place the office in the hands of a servant free of the class demands of the traditional society. In succeeding years the corruption and reputation of the freedman forced new and more reliable administrators. From the time of Hadrian ((r. undefined – undefined)117–138), any rationalis hailed from the Equestrian Order (equites) and remained so through the chaos of the 3rd century and into the age of Diocletian.

With Diocletian came a series of massive reforms, and total control over the finances of the Empire fell to the now stronger central government. Tax reforms made possible a real budget in the modern sense for the first time. Previously it had issued the tax demands to the cities and allowed them to allocate the burden. From now on the imperial government driven by fiscal needs dictated the entire process down to the civic level.

Under Constantine the Great, this aggrandizement continued with the emergence of an appointed minister of finance, the comes sacrarum largitionum ("Count of the Sacred Largesses"). He maintained the general treasury and the intake of all revenue until Constantine divided the treasury into three, giving the prefect, count, and the manager of the res privata their own treasuries. The treasury of the prefect was called the arca. His powers were directed toward control of the new sacrum aerarium, the result of the combination of the aerarium and the fiscus.

The comes sacrarum largitionum was a figure of tremendous influence. He was responsible for all money taxes, examined banks, ran the mints and mines everywhere, weaving mills and dye works, paid the salaries and expenses of many departments of the state, the upkeep of imperial palaces and other public buildings, supplied the Courts with clothing and other items. To accomplish these many tasks, he was aided by a large central staff, a regional field force and small staffs in larger cities and towns.

Just below the comes sacrarum were the rationales, comptrollers, positioned in each diocese. They supervised the collection of all tribute, taxes, or fees. They were everywhere and omnipotent until Constantine demoted them after his reorganization of the palatine level ministries' competencies in the years 325–326 by restricting their activity to supervision of the collection of taxes collected in gold and silver performed by the governors under the general supervision of the vicars. The rationales lost the last of their provincial field force of procurators between 330–337.

Only the praetorian prefects were more powerful. His office, as vice-regent to the emperors, took precedence over all other civilian officials and military officers. They were chief finance officers of the Empire. They composed the global budget and set the tax rates across the board. Before Constantine's reforms they were directly responsible for the supply of the army, the annona militaris, which was a separate tax form the time of Diocletian in place of arbitrary requisitions.

The annona civilis, the general in kind taxes were turned over to the prefects alone. To their care was entrusted the supply of food stuffs to the capitals, the imperial armament factories, the maintenance of the state post. The magister officiorum ("Master of Offices"), who was a kind of Minister of the Interior and State Security and the comes rerum privatarum ("Count of the Private Fortune") could counter  the political the comes sacrarum largitionum.

The magister officiorum made all the major decisions concerning intelligence matters was not a fiscal officer and could not interfere with the operation of the sacrae largitiones and the res privata. The comes sacrarum largitionum gradually lost power to the prefects as more and more in kind taxes of his department were converted to gold. By the 5th century their diocesan level staff were no longer of much importance, although they continued in their duties. However, the heads of the office continued to have power into the 430s in part because appellate jurisdiction in fiscal cases had been returned to them in 385.

The imperial estates and holdings were huge. Their res privata was directly under the management of the RP. The patromonium, or imperial inheritance were lands leased to individuals. Both were under the jurisdiction of the comes rerum privatarum. In the West the rents and tax income was shared with the sacrae largitionum but not in the East. In the East the palace administration took over gradually post-450 and the RP was finally dissolved by Justinian's successors.

title: Roman finance


text:
Spin angular momentum (disambiguation)

Spin angular momentum is a concept in classical mechanics.

It may refer to:

 * Spin angular momentum of light, a property of electromagnetic waves
 * A type of quantum mechanics angular momentum operator

title: Spin angular momentum (disambiguation)


text: Category:New Zealand engineers

title: Category:New Zealand engineers


text: Category:New Zealand mathematicians

title: Category:New Zealand mathematicians