text:
Green Alliance (think tank)

Green Alliance is a charity and independent think tank based in central London, United Kingdom (UK).

It researches and recommends new environmental policy proposals, and works strategically, in alliance with other non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and businesses, on promoting greater political support for the environment.

The organisation conducts analysis on a range of policy themes: ‘natural environment’, ‘low carbon future’, ‘greening the economy’ and ‘resources’. Its ‘political leadership’ theme focuses on raising the ambition and commitment of politicians to act on climate and nature, highlighting the social and economic advantages of doing so.

Many of Green Alliance's projects involve collaboration with partners, in businesses, academia and other NGOs. For instance, it has run a Circular Economy Task Force of businesses to advocate better resource management since 2013, and it leads the Greener UK NGO coalition, which has worked on UK post-Brexit environmental governance since 2016.

Green Alliance hosts a blog and a podcast giving voice to organisations, opinion formers, experts and commentators on environmental issues. It holds regular events, including hosting major speeches by senior ministers and political leaders, such as Tony Blair, Caroline Lucas, David Cameron, Al Gore, Nicola Sturgeon, Alok Sharma and Kwasi Kwarteng.

People
Notable individuals involved in Green Alliance's early years include Maurice Ash, Tim Beaumont, Tom Burke, Julie Hill and Rebecca Willis. Shaun Spiers has been executive director since 2017.

Since the early 1990s, Green Alliance has regularly convened a strategic alliance of the chief executives of UK's foremost environmental NGOs, leading joint advocacy on major national policy issues.

Many senior British environmentalists and environmental professionals are members and supporters of Green Alliance, listed in the organisation’s annual report.

History
Green Alliance was launched in March 1979 to inject an 'ecological perspective into the political life of Britain'. One of the founders, Maurice Ash, said at the launch "We’re a bunch of optimists. We’re not the doomsters. We believe in the possibilities of the future...” The initial ‘alliance’ was a cross party, cross sectoral group of senior figures, including peers, judges, organisational leaders and academics. Green Alliance has since focused on influencing the ambitions of UK government environment policy using a collaborative approach.

In the 1980s, it elicited the first ever environmental policy statements from all the main UK political parties. It was the first organisation in the UK to raise genetic modification (GM) as an environmental issue at the end of the 80s, with a risk analysis which informed government regulation.

In 1998, it hosted the UK Green Globe Network of foreign policy experts, supported by cross-cutting funding from three government departments: the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Department for International Development and the then Department of the Environment.

A number of new organisations and initiatives have arisen from Green Alliance's work, including the National Food Alliance (now Sustain), the Environment Agency, the Carbon Trust, the UK's Renewables Obligation and the Greener UK coalition.

In 2015, Green Alliance brought Prime Minister David Cameron, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg and the Leader of the Opposition, Ed Miliband together in a cross party agreement to tackle climate change. It sought a climate change deal at the Paris climate summit which limited temperature rises to below 2 °C, set carbon budgets according to the Climate Change Act and aimed to accelerate the UK’s transition to an energy efficient and low carbon economy. The agreement was widely welcomed, marking a milestone for the UK ahead of the climate summit. In November 2015, the government announced it would phase out unabated coal fired power and, in November 2016, the UK signed the Paris climate change agreement.

Green Alliance founded Greener UK in 2016, after the EU referendum decision. It is a coalition of 12 major UK environmental organisations, supported by over 50 smaller organisations. Its purpose was to ensure that environmental protections were maintained and enhanced during the Brexit process, particularly through domestic legislation. After the UK left the EU, the coalition continued to build on existing environmental standards and protections through its successful campaign for a new Environment Act and a focus on new trade agreements.

Recognition
An independent evaluation of Green Alliance in 2008 said: “Green Alliance’s key strengths are its influence within Westminster and Whitehall and its understanding of the political process. Green Alliance’s relationships with politicians, special advisers and civil servants are its primary strength. It is considered influential within government. Those in government value the ability of Green Alliance to bring them policy positions and mediate relations with NGOs.”

In 2009, Green Alliance was awarded Think Tank of the Year at the Public Affairs News Awards.

Green Alliance’s report The future savings challenge was highly commended in the 2015 Farsight Awards.

Green Alliance was awarded 'Best environmental campaign by a non-governmental organisation' at the 2016 Green Ribbon Political Awards for securing the party leaders' climate agreement in February 2015.

Green Alliance was Highly Commended for NGO of the Year at the 2016 Business Green Leaders Awards, in recognition of brokering climate pledges from party leaders.

Green Alliance’s leadership of the Greener UK coalition was awarded Highly Commended at the 2019 Charity Awards.

Commenting on the work of Greener UK, steered by Green Alliance since 2016, the book Environmental groups and legal expertise: shaping the Brexit process, by Professor Carolyn Abbot and Professor Maria Lee (published in 2021 by UCL Press) said that “Greener UK has been a crucially important actor in the environmental NGO sector’s response to Brexit-environment. Our interviewees expressed almost unanimous, and in most cases unconditional, support for the work that Greener UK has done in shaping the post-Brexit environmental law landscape.”

title: Green Alliance (think tank)


text:
Vito Bonsignore

Vito Bonsignore (born 3 July 1943 in Bronte, Catania, Sicily) is an Italian politician.

Biography
Bonsignore graduated in economics and commerce in Messina, he was manager of the Turin-Alessandria-Piacenza (SATAP) motorway company, where he gradually held increasingly important roles, up to the position technical director and general manager. He was also Director of the Italian Mobiliar Institute (IMI) and INSUD S.p.A.

He has been member of the central direction of the Christian Democracy, from 1970 to 1980 he was municipal councilor of Venaria Reale, MP in the Chamber of Deputies (from 1987 to 1994) and Undersecretary of the Budget (from 1992 to 1993) in the Giuliano Amato government.

He was also elected MEP twice, the first time in 2004 on the UDC list (in the North-West|north-west constituency]]), the second time in 2009 on The People of Freedom's list, receiving over 53,000 personal preferences. He was a member of the European People's Party group of which he was vice-president. He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control and its Committee on Budgets. He was also a Vice-chair of the Delegation for relations with the United States and a substitute for the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

On 16 November 2013 he joined the New Centre-Right led by Angelino Alfano.

Conviction
He has been convicted and sentenced to 2 years for attempted corruption in the construction of a hospital in Asti.

During Mani pulite (in Turin), he has been accused by Alberto Zamorani to have accepted more than 100 million of lire as under-secretary of the Budget (1992), hidden in a chocolate box. This assertion turned out to be groundless as it did not result in any actual charge or imputation.

In 2011 he was sentenced to three years in prison and a fine of 600,000 euros, together with the financier Emilio Gnutti, the builder Gaetano Caltagirone and the industrialists Ettore Lonati and Tiberio Lonati. Same penalty for Stefano Ricucci, Giovanni Leoni, Giuseppe Statuto, Danilo Coppola, for the Unipol climb. On 6 December 2013 the Milan Court of Appeal totally overturns the first degree sentence and acquits him because "the fact does not exist": in the grounds of the sentence, in fact, the judges of the third penal section write that the alleged occult pact between Unipol, the "friendly banks" and the so-called "contropattisti" was only a "theorem" brought to trial and based on "mere perceptions, inferences or presumptions". On 6 May 2015, the Cassation confirmed the acquittal by putting an end to the affair.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vito Bonsignore


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Worcestershire


text:
Mario Borghezio

Mario Borghezio (born 3 December 1947) is an Italian politician who represented Lega Nord in the Chamber of Deputies from 1992 to 2001, and as a Member of the European Parliament from 2001 to 2019.

Early political activities
Borghezio was born in Turin. A former member of the Jeune Europe movement founded by Jean Thiriart, he was also a member of Ordine Nuovo in the 1970s. In the mid 1980s, Borghezio was a member of the group around the Orion magazine, a meeting point of Piemontese neofascists, and he served as director of the economic supplement, Orion-Finanza. A proponent of antisemitic conspiracy theories at the time, Borghezio later went on to join the "autonomist" movement at the suggestion of Maurizio Murelli, the founder of the journal and close acquaintance of Borghezio. He has also regularly taken part in rallies and congresses of the neo-fascist New Force.

Convictions and issues
Borghezio was sentenced to pay a fine of the equivalent of 450 € for violence on a minor in 1993. He forcefully held and turned over to the police a 12-year-old Moroccan unregistered street seller.

He was found guilty of arson in July 2005, for setting fire to the pallets of some migrants sleeping under a bridge in Turin during a vigilante raid. For this he was sentenced to two months and twenty days in prison, converted into a fine of €3,040.

On 17 December 2005, Borghezio was injured by No Tav activists, who recognised him on a train from Turin to Venice. Because of the encounter, he had to undergo an operation for a fractured nasal septum. That morning, he had participated in a counter-protest against the No Tav movement in the Susa Valley.

Borghezio was arrested by Belgian police on 11 September 2007 for participating in a protest against the Islamisation of Europe. On 9 June 2011, he was arrested by Swiss policemen after attempting to join the 2011 annual Bilderberg conference at St. Moritz (Switzerland). He was banished from the Canton of Graubünden for the duration of the meeting. The Italian embassy in Berne lodged a diplomatic protest.

He was suspended for three months on 30 July 2011 by his party for praising several of the ideas in the manifesto of Anders Behring Breivik, the terrorist who perpetrated the 2011 Norway attacks.

In June 2013, he was expelled from the Europe of Freedom and Democracy, a eurosceptic group in the European Parliament, for making racist remarks regarding Italy's first black cabinet minister, Cécile Kyenge. He was fined 1000 euros in May 2017 by the Milan Tribunal for racist and defamatory remarks made against Kyenge during a call-in radio show. He was also ordered to pay her an indemnity of 50'000 euros.

Views and activities
Borghezio participated in an Anti-Islamisation Congress arranged by the Pro Cologne Citizens' Movement in Cologne, Germany in opposition against a mosque in 2008.

In August 2010, he called for the European Union to have its own, centralised, X-Files where anyone would be able to access information on UFOs, even records held by the military. Borghezio argued that governments should go public with the information they hold and stop what he believes is a “systematic cover-up”. Not satisfied with a central archive, Borghezio also wants a scientific centre to research UFOs, because he feels that such study would have “major scientific and technological spin-offs”. “I think that, under the principle of transparency, the EU member states have a duty to make public and available to all scientific data on UFOs which today are partially or wholly withheld”.

He participated in and held a speech at an international counter-jihad conference in Paris in December 2010.

In May 2011, he made inflammatory remarks after the arrest of Ratko Mladić, the Serbian military leader indicted for war crimes at the Hague, including the genocide of 8000 Muslim men and boys at Srebrenica. Borghezio was quoted as saying that "Mladić is a Patriot" and "The Serbs could have halted the advance of Islam into Europe, but they weren't allowed to do so."

In August 2019, Borghezio was reported to have asked the Italian government to sell Sicily, Sardinia and Naples to foreign countries.

Quotes
In an interview published on 7 February 2006 on Corriere Della Sera, Borghezio said: "When I'm on stage at a political rally, I become a different person. I say whatever comes out of my gut. It's exciting. No, it's more than exciting: it's like having an orgasm".

"Gaddafi was a great leader, a true revolutionary who should not be confused with the new Libyan leadership swept into power by NATO's bayonets and by oil multinationals", Reaction to the death of Muammar Gaddafi.

In October 2012 Borghezio cosponsored with fellow MEP Lorenzo Fontana a motion for a declaration by the EU Parliament calling upon Pope Benedict XVI to carry out the Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

title: Mario Borghezio


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/30 mph

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 00:27, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

30 mph

 * Delete as non-encyclopedic, POV rant. The encyclopedic content has already been merged with speed limit, so it seems to be an easy delete. Feco 19:12, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for all the above reasons. P Ingerson 19:20, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Much better to have a single "speed limit" article than one on each of the twenty or so commonly used speed limits (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 mph, and various kph counterparts) -- 8^D gab 20:34, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's very naughty to merge, then delete. Kappa 21:45, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic. Jayjg (talk) 21:46, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you actually merged anything, then we must redirect as the easiest way to preserve the attribution history (a requirement of GFDL). Rossami (talk) 23:33, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-encyclopedic Dsmdgold 12:46, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic. Megan1967 05:45, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-encyclopedic, POV --Ebz 08:55, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Speed limit. dramatic 21:20, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Move any relevant information to the pages Speed Limit or 30 (number)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/30 mph


text:
Hwang Byungki

Hwang Byungki (31 May 1936, in Seoul – 31 January 2018) was the foremost South Korean player of the gayageum, a 12-string zither with silk strings. He was also a composer and an authority on sanjo, a form of traditional Korean instrumental music.

In 1951, he began playing the gayageum at The National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts in Seoul, where he studied under the renowned gayageum masters Kim Yeong-yun (김영윤), Kim Yun-deok (김윤덕), and Shim Sang-geon (심상건). In 1959 he graduated from Seoul National University School of Law. In 1962, he began composing concert and film music using traditional Korean instruments. He presented the premiere performance of Alan Hovhaness's Symphony no. 16 in South Korea in 1963. In 1964 he traveled around the world to Europe, the United States, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries, giving gayageum performances in each place.

In 1985, he served as visiting professor of Korean Music at Harvard University.

In 1990, he led a group of musicians from the South Korea at the Pan-Korean Unification Concert in Pyongyang, North Korea.

After producing his fifth gayageum album in 2007, Hwang continued to compose innovative Korean music. Ranging in style from the evocation of traditional genres to avant-garde experimentation, a selection of these pieces is available on a series of five albums. He was an emeritus professor of Korean music at Ewha Womans University. Hwang also taught a course entitled ″Introduction to Korean Traditional Music″ at Yonsei University in Seoul.

Hwang served on the government's Cultural Properties Preservation Committee, and in 2000 was appointed to the National Academy of Arts.

He was married to writer Han Malsook and their eldest son is mathematician Jun-Muk Hwang.

Discography
Hwang has published a number of albums, among which is a set of five volume albums that are representative of his work:

 * Vol. 1: Chimhyang-moo (침향무; 沈香舞), literally "Dancing Among Agarwood Incense"
 * Vol. 2: The Silk Road (비단길; 絲綢之路)
 * Vol. 3: The Labyrinth (미궁; 迷宮)
 * Vol. 4: Spring Snow (춘설; 春雪)
 * Vol. 5: Darha Nopigom (달하 노피곰), based on the Baekje gayo (a type of Korean poetry) named Jeongeupsa (정읍사 井邑詞)

title: Hwang Byungki


text:
Zinc–air battery

A zinc–air battery is a metal–air electrochemical cell powered by the oxidation of zinc with oxygen from the air. During discharge, a mass of zinc particles forms a porous anode, which is saturated with an electrolyte. Oxygen from the air reacts at the cathode and forms hydroxyl ions which migrate into the zinc paste and form zincate, releasing electrons to travel to the cathode. The zincate decays into zinc oxide and water returns to the electrolyte. The water and hydroxyl from the anode are recycled at the cathode, so the water is not consumed. The reactions produce a theoretical voltage of 1.65 Volts, but is reduced to 1.35–1.4 V in available cells.

These batteries have high energy densities and are relatively inexpensive to produce. Zinc–air batteries have some properties of fuel cells as well as batteries: the zinc is the fuel, the reaction rate can be controlled by varying the air flow, and oxidized zinc/electrolyte paste can be replaced with fresh paste.

Sizes range from very small button cells for hearing aids, larger batteries used in film cameras that previously used mercury batteries, to very large batteries used for electric vehicle propulsion and grid-scale energy storage. Zinc–air batteries can be used to replace now discontinued 1.35 V mercury batteries (although with a significantly shorter operating life), which in the 1970s through 1980s were commonly used in photo cameras and hearing aids. Possible future applications of this battery include its deployment as an electric vehicle battery and as a utility-scale energy storage system.

History
The effect of oxygen was known early in the 19th century when wet-cell Leclanche batteries absorbed atmospheric oxygen into the carbon cathode current collector. In 1878, a porous platinized carbon air electrode was found to work as well as the manganese dioxide of the Leclanche cell. Commercial products began to be made on this principle in 1932 when George W. Heise and Erwin A. Schumacher of the National Carbon Company built cells, treating the carbon electrodes with wax to prevent flooding. This type is still used for large zinc–air cells for navigation aids and rail transportation. However, the current capacity is low and the cells are bulky.

Large primary zinc–air cells such as the Thomas A. Edison Industries Carbonaire type were used for railway signaling, remote communication sites, and navigation buoys. These were long-duration, low-rate applications. Development in the 1970s of thin electrodes based on fuel-cell research allowed application to small button and prismatic primary cells for hearing aids, pagers, and medical devices, especially cardiac telemetry.

Reaction formulas

The chemical equations for the zinc–air cell are:

 * Anode:
 * (E0 = －1.25 V)
 * Fluid:
 * Cathode:
 * (E0 = 0.34 V pH＝11)
 * Overall
 * (E0 = 1.59 V)
 * (E0 = 1.59 V)

Zinc–air batteries cannot be used in a sealed battery holder since some air must come in; the oxygen in 1 liter of air is required for every ampere-hour of capacity used.

Storage density
Zinc–air batteries have higher energy density than many other types of battery because atmospheric air is one of the battery reactants, in contrast to battery types that require a material such as manganese dioxide in combination with zinc. Energy density, when measured by weight (mass) is known as specific energy. The following table shows the calculation of specific energy for a specific zinc-air battery and several other commonly available batteries of different chemistries.

Storage and operating life
Zinc–air cells have long shelf life if sealed to keep air out; even miniature button cells can be stored for up to 3 years at room temperature with little capacity loss if their seal is not removed. Industrial cells stored in a dry state have an indefinite storage life.

The operating life of a zinc–air cell is a critical function of its interaction with its environment. The electrolyte loses water more rapidly in conditions of high temperature and low humidity. Because the potassium hydroxide electrolyte is deliquescent, in very humid conditions excess water accumulates in the cell, flooding the cathode and destroying its active properties. Potassium hydroxide also reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide; carbonate formation eventually reduces electrolyte conductivity. Miniature cells have high self-discharge once opened to air; the cell's capacity is intended to be used within a few weeks.

Discharge properties
Because the cathode does not change properties during discharge, terminal voltage is quite stable until the cell approaches exhaustion.

Power capacity is a function of several variables: cathode area, air availability, porosity, and the catalytic value of the cathode surface. Oxygen entry into the cell must be balanced against electrolyte water loss; cathode membranes are coated with (hydrophobic) Teflon material to limit water loss. Low humidity increases water loss; if enough water is lost, the cell fails. Button cells have a limited current drain; for example an IEC PR44 cell has a capacity of 600 milliamp-hours (mAh) but a maximum current of only 22 milliamps (mA). Pulse load currents can be much higher since some oxygen remains in the cell between pulses.

Low temperature reduces primary cell capacity but the effect is small for low drains. A cell may deliver 80% of its capacity if discharged over 300 hours at 0 C, but only 20% of capacity if discharged at a 50-hour rate at that temperature. Lower temperature also reduces cell voltage.

Primary (non-rechargeable)

Large zinc–air batteries, with capacities up to 2,000 ampere–hours per cell, are used to power navigation instruments and marker lights, oceanographic experiments and railway signals.

Primary cells are made in button format to about 1 Ah. They were also manufactured in a rectangular housing, compatible with 9V applications, albeit offering only an 8.4V output. These were sold under the brand name "Tronox" and used for medical applications. Prismatic shapes for portable devices are manufactured with capacities between 5 and 30 Ah. Hybrid cell cathodes include manganese dioxide to allow high peak currents.

Button cells are highly effective, but it is difficult to extend the same construction to larger sizes due to air diffusion performance, heat dissipation, and leakage problems. Prismatic and cylindrical cell designs address these problems. Stacking prismatic cells requires air channels in the battery and may require a fan to force air through the stack.

Secondary (rechargeable)
Rechargeable zinc–air cells require zinc precipitation from the water-based electrolyte to be closely controlled. Challenges include dendrite formation, non-uniform zinc dissolution, and limited solubility in electrolytes. Electrically reversing the reaction at a bi-functional air cathode, to liberate oxygen from discharge reaction products, is difficult; membranes tested to date have low overall efficiency. Charging voltage is much higher than discharge voltage, producing cycle energy efficiency as low as 50%. Providing charge and discharge functions by separate uni-functional cathodes increases cell size, weight and complexity. A satisfactory electrically recharged system potentially offers low material cost and high specific energy. As of 2014, only one company has commercial units for sale, as described in a Dept. of Energy produced video at the ARPA-e Energy Innovation Summit in 2013. Fluidic Energy has apparently covered hundreds of thousands of outages in Asia at distributed critical load sites. EOS Energy Storage has deployed a 1MWh system for a microgrid at a New Jersey wastewater treatment plant and has previously tested grid-scale backup applications. AZA Battery has announced development of pilot production of prismatic zinc air cells with characteristics suitable for both stationary storage and mobility applications.

Mechanical recharge
Rechargeable systems may mechanically replace the anode and electrolyte, essentially operating as a refurbishable primary cell, or may use zinc powder or other methods to replenish the reactants. Mechanically recharged systems were investigated for military electronics uses in the 1960s because of the high energy density and easy recharging. However, primary lithium batteries offered higher discharge rates and easier handling.

Mechanical recharging systems have been researched for decades for use in electric vehicles. Some approaches use a large zinc–air battery to maintain charge on a high discharge–rate battery used for peak loads during acceleration. Zinc granules serve as the reactant. Vehicles recharge via exchanging used electrolyte and depleted zinc for fresh reactants at a service station.

The term zinc–air fuel cell usually refers to a zinc–air battery in which zinc metal is added and zinc oxide is removed continuously. Zinc electrolyte paste or pellets are pushed into a chamber, and waste zinc oxide is pumped into a waste tank or bladder inside the fuel tank. Fresh zinc paste or pellets are taken from the fuel tank. The zinc oxide waste is pumped out at a refueling station for recycling. Alternatively, this term may refer to an electrochemical system in which zinc is a co-reactant assisting the reformation of hydrocarbons at the anode of a fuel cell.

The benefits of mechanical recharging systems over rechargeable batteries include the decoupling of energy and power components, providing design flexibility for different charge rate, discharge rate, and energy capacity requirements.

Catalysts
Cobalt oxide/carbon nanotube hybrid oxygen reduction catalyst and nickel-iron layered double hydroxide oxygen evolution cathode catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity and durability in concentrated alkaline electrolytes than precious metal platinum and iridium catalysts. The resulting primary zinc–air battery showed peak power density of ~265 mW/cm3, current density of ~200 mA/cm3 at 1 V and energy density >700 Wh/kg.

Rechargeable Zn–air batteries in a tri-electrode configuration exhibited an unprecedented small charge–discharge voltage polarization of ~0.70 V at 20 mA/cm3, high reversibility and stability over long charge and discharge cycles.

In 2015, researchers announced a carbon-based, metal-free electrocatalyst that works efficiently in both reduction and oxygenation reactions. Organic compound aniline, polymerized into long chains in a phytic acid solution, was freeze-dried into a stable, mesoporous carbon aerogel with 2–50 nm pores, providing high surface area and room for the battery electrolyte to diffuse. The researchers pyrolized the aerogel to 1,000 degrees Celsius, turning the foam into a graphitic network, with many catalytic graphene edges. The aniline doped the foam with nitrogen, which enhances reduction. Phytic acid infuses the foam with phosphorus, helping oxygen evolution. The foam has a surface area of ~1,663 m2/gr. Primary batteries demonstrated an open-circuit potential of 1.48 V, a specific capacity of 735 mAh/gr (Zn) (energy density of 835 Wh/kg (Zn)), a peak power density of 55 mW/cm3 and stable operation for 240 h after mechanical recharging. Two-electrode rechargeable batteries cycled stably for 180 cycles at 2 mA/cm3.

Vehicle propulsion
Metallic zinc could be used as an alternative fuel for vehicles, either in a zinc–air battery or to generate hydrogen near the point of use. Zinc's characteristics have motivated considerable interest as an energy source for electric vehicles. Gulf General Atomic demonstrated a 20 kW vehicle battery. General Motors conducted tests in the 1970s. Neither project led to a commercial product.

In addition to liquid, pellets could be formed that are small enough to pump. Fuel cells using pellets would be able to quickly replace zinc-oxide with fresh zinc metal. The spent material can be recycled. The zinc–air cell is a primary cell (non-rechargeable); recycling is required to reclaim the zinc; much more energy is required to reclaim the zinc than is usable in a vehicle.

One advantage of utilizing zinc–air batteries for vehicle propulsion is the mineral's relative abundance when compared to lithium. As of 2020, the total global zinc reserves are estimated to be around 1.9 billion tons, whereas total lithium reserves are estimated as 86 million tons.

Grid storage
The Eos Energy System battery is about half the size of a shipping container and provides 1 MWh of storage. Con Edison, National Grid, Enel and GDF SUEZ began testing the battery for grid storage. Con Edison and City University of New York are testing a zinc-based battery from Urban Electric Power as part of a New York State Energy Research and Development Authority program. Eos projects that the cost of storing electricity with such EOS batteries is US$160/kWh and that it will provide electricity cheaper than a new natural-gas peaking power station. Other battery technologies range from $400 to about $1,000 a kilowatt-hour.

Pressure generation
When a load is applied over zinc-air batteries without access to oxygen, they generate hydrogen gas at a fairly controllable rate, proportional to the load. This can build up pressure, which is used in certain applications to expel another liquid over a longer period, like automatic lubricators or air fresheners.

Alternative configurations
Attempts to address zinc–air's limitations include:

 * Pumping zinc slurry through the battery in one direction for charging and reversing for discharge. Capacity is limited only by the slurry reservoir size.
 * Alternate electrode shapes (via gelling and binding agents)
 * Humidity management
 * Careful catalyst dispersal to improve oxygen reduction and production
 * Modularizing components for repair without complete replacement

Safety and environment
Zinc corrosion can produce potentially explosive hydrogen. Vent holes prevent pressure build-up within the cell. Manufacturers caution against hydrogen build-up in enclosed areas. A short-circuited cell gives relatively low current. Deep discharge below 0.5 V/cell may result in electrolyte leakage; little useful capacity exists below 0.9 V/cell.

Older designs used mercury amalgam amounting to about 1% of the weight of a button cell, to prevent zinc corrosion. Newer types have no added mercury. Zinc itself is relatively low in toxicity. Mercury-free designs require no special handling when discarded or recycled.

In United States waters, environmental regulations now require proper disposal of primary batteries removed from navigation aids. Formerly, discarded zinc–air primary batteries were dropped into the water around buoys, which allowed mercury to escape into the environment.

title: Zinc–air battery


text:
User talk:Shinofreak

Shinofreak is an awsome guy!!! He is really cool. One of his friends Tony Pulickal is a gay fagget and likes to do his mom and dad at the same time. Rex Reese is also one of shinofreaks friends. He is a rich bastard who likes to be invited to Tony's house and get it going also!

title: User talk:Shinofreak


text:
User talk:Jenmoa

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jenmoa


text:
Frieda Brepoels

Frederika Marie Joseph (Frieda) Brepoels (born on 7 May 1955 in Mopertingen, Belgium) is a Belgian politician of N-VA, former mayor of Bilzen and former Member of the European Parliament for Flanders.

Career
Brepoels is architect by profession, having studied architecture in Hasselt. She worked from 1978 to 1993 as an independent architect.

Brepoels started her political career in the People's Union (Volksunie, VU). Aged 27, she became municipal councillor in Bilzen in 1982. From 1985 until 1987, she was provincial councillor of Limburg.

From 1987 until 2003, she was member of the Chamber of Representatives, except for the period 1991–1999 when she was deputy in the provincial executive of Limburg.

She became Member of the European Parliament in 2004 as a substitute for Geert Bourgeois, who did not take up his seat. In the European Parliament, she sat on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and she was a substitute for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, a member of the Delegation to the EU-Armenia, EU-Azerbaijan and EU-Georgia Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the countries of the Andean Community.

Since 1 January 2013, following the October 2012 local elections, she is mayor of Bilzen. Mark Demesmaeker succeeded her in the European Parliament.

She was candidate for the Chamber of Representatives in the 2014 elections, but was not elected.

Career

 * 1978–1993: Self-employed architect
 * 1988–2001: Member of the VU party council and executive
 * since 2001: Vice-Chairwoman of the N-VA
 * since 2001: Member of the administrative committee
 * since 2001: Member of the party executive
 * since 2001: Member of the party council
 * since 2001: Member of the Limburg provincial executive and council
 * 1982–1991: Member of the Bilzen Municipal Council
 * 1982–1988: Deputy Mayor of Bilzen
 * 1987–1991: Flemish Council (double mandate with the federal parliament)
 * 1985–1987: Member of the Limburg Provincial Council
 * 1991–1999: Member for Limburg
 * 1987–1991 and 1999–2003: Member of the federal parliament
 * 2000–2003: group chairwoman, House of Representatives

title: Frieda Brepoels


text:
Epigaea

Epigaea is a small genus of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae. The species are small creeping shrubs that are typically anywhere from 10 to 20 cm tall at full growth, forming large patches. The leaves are evergreen, alternate and simple, ranging amongst the three species from 2 to 10 cm long. The flowers are small, white or pink, with a five-lobed tubular corolla which is produced in mid-spring. The fruit is a dry capsule with numerous small seeds.

Extant species
There are three species:

Epigaea repens is listed as an endangered species in some U.S. states.

Symbolism
The name Mayflower was in tradition given to E. repens by the Pilgrim Fathers after their ship the Mayflower; the plant was abundant where the ship landed at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts. For this reason, it was chosen to be the state flower of Massachusetts. It is also the provincial flower of Nova Scotia. The name Trailing Arbutus reflects its similarity to the trees in the related genus Arbutus, while being much smaller and prostrate on the ground.

Cultivation and uses
All three species are grown as ornamental plants in rockeries, where they require moist, acidic soil. A hybrid between E. repens and E. asiatica, Epigaea × intertexta has also been developed for garden planting.

title: Epigaea


text:
The Sex Party

The Sex Party was a political party based in British Columbia, Canada. The party was guided by the philosophy of the sex-positive movement. Among other points, the party advocated for reform of sex education in schools so that sexual issues are taught more gradually over time and included a more comprehensive coverage of them. They advocated for the repeal of laws that promote antisexualism, such as prostitution laws and censorship. They also supported making Valentine's Day a statutory holiday and renaming Victoria Day to Eros Day.

The Sex Party was active for nearly eight years, between March 2005 and December 2012 when it de-registered with Elections BC. Its leader was John Ince, a Vancouver lawyer, author of The Politics of Lust and small business owner. He was one of three candidates representing The Sex Party in the May 2005 provincial election and one of the party's three candidates in the 2009 provincial election. None of its candidates won an election. The party attempted to become active in the 2006 federal election but encountered resistance from Canada Post, which refused to distribute its election material. The Sex Party challenged the Canada Post decision in federal court. The judgement found that Canada Post was within its rights to reasonably restrict (within that specific ad-mail program) material that was sexually explicit but that its application to the party's election material was improper. The court then ordered Canada Post to re-write its policy regarding sexually explicit material in that program.

Political positions
The Sex Party was guided by the philosophy of sex-positivism. While the party did not maintain a full slate of policy positions, both its federal and provincial election platforms have three goals: reform of how sex education is taught, "repeal sex-negative laws and regulations, and support sex-positive community". Regarding education the party advocated for a restructuring of sex education in public schools so that it is taught gradually, rather than all in one class, and would include other aspects of human sexuality, like non-coital contact, emotional intimacy, and LGBT issues. The Sex Party wanted provincial funding directed at research into sexuality policy issues and an expansion University of British Columbia's Critical Studies in Sexuality program into an entire department. Regarding sex-negative laws, The Sex Party wanted to work towards undoing legislation and regulations that support antisexualism. This included legalizing prostitution, starting a Sex Worker Empowerment Program to counsel and educate sex workers, reserving areas on public parks and beaches for nudists, allowing for sexually explicit private gatherings, (uncensored) films, and entertainment, and repealing provisions that allow municipalities to prohibit the sale of sex toys. Regarding sex-positive community issues, The Sex Party wanted to enable residents of long-term care facilities to express their sexuality in a safe, respectful and dignified manner, create a Sex Positive Press Council to expose and remove censorship, make Valentine's Day a statutory holiday, and rename Victoria Day to Eros Day.

2005 provincial election
The Sex Party was registered with Elections BC in March 2005 with its founder, John Ince, also acting as the party leader. Ince was a Vancouver lawyer, author and co-owner of a store that hosted educational seminars and artistic shows about human sexuality, as well as selling sex-themed merchandise. He had been critical of government laws that perpetuated or resulted in harmful attitudes towards sex-related issues. Ince previously authored a non-fiction book, The Politics of Lust, which addresses the impact of antisexual attitudes or erotophobia on a society's political organization. The party launched its election platform and candidates at a press conference at the Vancouver Public Library in April.

The party nominated three candidates in the May 17, 2005 provincial election, none of whom were elected:
 * John Ince in Vancouver-Burrard,
 * Sex educator and small business owner Yvonne Tink in Vancouver-Kingsway,
 * Patrick Clark, a man living with cerebral palsy who sought to raise awareness about the sex lives of people living with disabilities, in Vancouver-Fairview.

Prior to the election, the party held a fundraiser which featured erotic art meant to illustrate political themes and a performance piece involving couples having sex behind a screen, erotic poetry, and body painting. After employees of the Liquor Control and Licensing Branch told Ince that the art installation would likely result in the refusal of a special event liquor licence, the party asked for judicial review. Both a provincial court and an appeal court refused the review because an actual application had not been submitted for a decision to be reviewed, and the fundraiser went ahead with the serving of alcohol.

Federal campaign and Canada Post lawsuit
The party intended to participate in the 2006 federal election. They prepared a pamphlet and sent it to Canada Post to deliver via their Unaddressed Admail Program. The Canada Post employees rejected the pamphlet because their policy document, the Unaddressed Admail Customer Guide, allowed them to refuse to deliver sexually explicit material. The four-page pamphlet had several images depicting people in the nude and objects shaped like human body parts, and because the pamphlet also contained the party's election platform, they complained that Canada Post was violating its directive to be politically impartial. The Sex Party objected to the refusal by filing a lawsuit against Canada Post saying the organization violated their right to freedom of expression. The Federal Court of Canada ruled that the "sexually explicit material" phrase used in the Canada Post policy document was undefined and too vague to be arbitrarily applied to any particular pamphlet. The Court found that their freedom of expression was reasonably restricted, and not prohibited, as Canada Post did offer alternative means of distribution. The judgement, which was delivered in January 2008, ordered Canada Post to rewrite its policy regarding sexually explicit material.

2009 provincial election
The party nominated three candidates in the May 2009 provincial election, none of whom were elected:
 * John Ince in Vancouver-Point Grey,
 * Scarlett Lake, president of an escort agency, in Vancouver-West End,
 * Dietrich Pajonk, co-owner of a condom distribution company, in Vancouver-Hastings.

Election results
In the 2005 provincial election, the party had three candidates. John Ince stood in the Vancouver-Burrard riding but got only 111 votes (0.39%), losing to the incumbent BC Liberal Lorne Mayencourt. In Vancouver-Fairview, The Sex Party candidate was Patrick Clark who received 121 votes (0.43%), losing to the BC NDP candidate Gregor Robertson. In Vancouver-Kingsway, their candidate was Yvonne Tink, who received 73 votes (0.37%), losing to the NDP candidate Adrian Dix.

In the 2009 provincial election, the party nominated candidates in three ridings. John Ince stood in the Vancouver-Point Grey riding but got only 130 votes (0.56%), coming in last place, losing to BC Liberal leader and Premier Gordon Campbell. In Vancouver-Hastings, The Sex Party candidate was Dietrich Pajonk. He came in last with 99 votes (0.51%), losing to the incumbent NDP candidate Shane Simpson. In Vancouver-West End, their candidate was the operator of an escort business, Scarlett Lake, who received 90 votes (0.51%), losing to the NDP candidate Spencer Chandra Herbert.

Finances
In the 2005 provincial election, the party reported $1,283 in general election expenditures, while all three candidates reported $100 each in expenditures.

In 2009 provincial election the party reported $750 in general election expenditures. Dietrich Pajonk reported spending $269, while John Ince and Scarlett Lake each reported $250. The party de-registered with Elections BC effective December 21, 2012, five months prior to the 2013 provincial election.

title: The Sex Party


text:
Renato Brunetta

Renato Brunetta (born 15 May 1950) is an Italian economist and politician. He was the Minister of Public Administration and Innovation from 8 May 2008 to 16 November 2011 in the Berlusconi government. He was also the Minister for Public Administration in the Draghi government, from 13 February 2021 until 22 October 2022. He was the head of Forza Italia's deputies group at the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2018.

Early life and career
Renato Brunetta was born on 15 May 1950, in Venice, Italy, the youngest of three brothers. He grew up in a poor family and his father was a peddler. He attended the classical lyceum Foscarini. Brunetta once said that as a boy, he often studied classics on his own, to "reduce the social gap between him and his fellow students".

On 2 July 1973, he graduated in Political and Economic Sciences at the University of Padua. His academic career began at the same University shortly after graduation. Beginning as an Assistant Professor of Theory and Development Policy and Applied Economics, he went on to focus on Labour Policy in 1977. In 1982, he joined the Department of Economic and Social Analysis of the Territory at the Luav University of Venice where he performed the role of Associate Professor of Fundamentals of Economics.

From 1991 to 1999, he was Associate Professor of Labour Economics at University of Rome Tor Vergata, where he also held the position of Professor of Political Economy until 2009.

Since 1976, Brunetta has been enrolled as a freelance journalist in the Order of Journalists of Veneto. He is a columnist of Il Sole 24 Ore and Il Giornale. Moreover, he is the founder and editor of the magazine Labor – Reviews of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, published by Wiley-Blackwell for the Center for Economic and International Studies (CEIS) of the Tor Vergata University.

Together with Vittorio Feltri, he wrote a series of Manuals of Political Conversation published by Libero. In June 2020, he briefly became a columnist for Il Riformista, a centrist and liberal newspaper directed by Piero Sansonetti, which he left in October 2020.

Political activity
He is a former member of the Italian Socialist Party, Member of the European Parliament for the North-East from 2004 to 2009 with the Forza Italia, part of the European People's Party, and vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy.

Career

 * He is a former Professor of Labour Economics at the University of Rome Tor Vergata.
 * In the 1980s and 1990s he was an economics adviser to the governments of Bettino Craxi, Giuliano Amato, and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.
 * From 1985 to 1989, he was the Vice-Chairman of the Labour and Social Affairs Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (in Paris).
 * From 1983 to 1987 he was an official of the Ministry of Labour with overall responsibility for employment strategy and incomes policy.
 * In 1989 he founded the European Association of Labour Economists, of which he is the first chairman.
 * From 1999 to 2008 he was a member of the European Parliament.
 * He is the founder and editor of the journal Labour - Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations. He has also written for the newspapers Il Sole 24 Ore, Il Giornale, and Avanti!.

title: Renato Brunetta


text:
George H. Smith

George Hamilton Smith (February 10, 1949 – April 8, 2022) was an American author, editor, educator, and speaker, known for his writings on atheism and libertarianism.

Biography
Smith grew up mostly in Tucson, Arizona, and attended the University of Arizona for several years before leaving without a degree; he relocated to Los Angeles during 1971. With the help of libertarian editor Roy A. Childs, Jr., he secured a contract from Nash Publishing (then located in Los Angeles) to produce a book on atheism. The finished product was his first book, Atheism: The Case Against God (1974).

Smith began teaching in the 1970s, first under the auspices of his own Forum for Philosophical Studies (with offices on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles), later under the auspices of the Cato Institute and the Institute for Humane Studies (IHS). For nearly twenty years, from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, he spent his summers teaching political philosophy and American political and intellectual history to university students at seminars sponsored by Cato Institute and IHS.

During the 1980s, Smith worked for more than six years as the general editor of Knowledge Products, a Nashville-based company that produced educational audio recordings in philosophy, history, economics, and current affairs. During those years, in addition to his duties as editor, Smith was also the primary scriptwriter for Knowledge Products' Great Political Thinkers series. These recordings have been used widely in college classrooms.

Since 1971, more than one hundred of Smith's articles and book reviews have appeared in a wide range of publications, including The New York Times, the Arizona Daily Star, Reason Magazine, Free Inquiry, The Humanist, Inquiry, Cato Policy Report, Liberty, The Voluntaryist, Academic Associates Book News, Journal of Libertarian Studies, and Humane Studies Review. He wrote a weekly column on libertarian and classical liberal thought for Libertarianism.org, a website operated by Cato.

He presented his arguments in favor of non-political participation in his "party" dialogue neither bullets nor ballots, considering it a practice of power, through rhetoric; even though its activity is carried out by parties in favor of freedom and justice, since every party exercises the coercive power of the State, whether it uses it or not, and always under political commitments. Mistrusting all political activity, he separated libertarianism from partisanship.

His published works often dealt with such issues as capital punishment (which he opposed), anarchism, libertarianism, religious toleration, and atheism. He wrote about William Wollaston, Herbert Spencer, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Ayn Rand, and other figures. On December 31, 2007, George Smith provided a humorous "qualified endorsement" of Republican Party candidate Ron Paul via YouTube for libertarian voters, but also one that was consistent with his published writings on electoral politics.

In 2013, Cambridge University Press published his book The System of Liberty: Themes in the History of Classical Liberalism.

He died on April 8, 2022, in Bloomington, Illinois, United States.

Selected publications

 * Atheism: The Case Against God. Los Angeles: Nash, 1974. ISBN 0-8402-1115-5
 * The Literature of Freethought, Libertarian Review, Vol. VI, No. 1 (January–February 1977).
 * "William Wollaston on Property Rights", Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 2, no. 3, 1978, pp. 217–25.
 * "Justice Entrepreneurship in a Free Market", Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 3, no. 4 (Winter 1979): pp. 405–26.
 * "Justice Entrepreneurship Revisited", Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 3, no. 4 (Winter 1979): pp. 453–69.
 * "Herbert Spencer's Theory of Causation", Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 5 (Spring 1981), no. 2: pp. 113–52.
 * Atheism, Ayn Rand and Other Heresies. 1991. ISBN 0-87975-577-6.
 * "A Killer's Right to Life", Liberty, Vol. 10, no. 2 (November 1996): 46.
 * "Inalienable Rights?", Liberty, Vol. 10, no. 6 (July 1997): 51.
 * Why Atheism? Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2000. ISBN 1-57392-268-4.
 * The System of Liberty: Themes in the History of Classical Liberalism New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
 * The System of Liberty: Themes in the History of Classical Liberalism New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

title: George H. Smith


text:
Pierre Dansereau

Pierre Dansereau (October 5, 1911 – September 28, 2011) was a Canadian ecologist from Quebec known as one of the "fathers of ecology".

Biography
Born in Outremont, Quebec (now part of Montreal), he received a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (B.Sc.A.) in 1936 and a Ph.D. in Biological Science in 1939 from the University of Geneva. From 1939 until 1942 he worked at the Montreal Botanical Garden. From 1943 until 1950 he taught at the Université de Montréal. From 1950 until 1955 he worked at the University of Michigan Botanical Gardens. From 1955 until 1961 he worked in the Faculty of Science and as the director of the Botanical Institute at the Université de Montréal. In 1961 he returned to the United States as the assistant director of the New York Botanical Garden and as a professor of botany and geography at the Columbia University. From 1972 until 1976 he was the Director of the Research Centre for Sciences and the Environment at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). In 1988 he was made a Professor Emeritus at UQAM, but he still worked there after mandatory retirement (in 1976, at 65 years old) to year 2004, aged 93.

He was the subject of a 2001 documentary An Ecology of Hope by his cousin, Quebec filmmaker Fernand Dansereau.

On September 28, 2011, Pierre Dansereau died, one week before his 100th birthday, after 76 years of marriage, and three months after his wife (a painter) became a centenarian — they had no children.

UQAM's Complexe des sciences Pierre-Dansereau was named for him.

Honours
In 1987 the Canadian Botanical Association awarded him the George Lawson Medal.
 * 1949 - Made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (MSRC)
 * 1959 - Awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan
 * 1965 - Awarded the Léo-Pariseau Prize
 * 1969 - Made a Companion of the Order of Canada
 * 1971 - Awarded honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University.
 * 1972 - Delivered the Massey Lecture
 * 1973 - Awarded the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's Massey Medal
 * 1974 - Won the Molson Prize
 * 1983 - Awarded the Université de Sherbrooke's prix Esdras-Minville
 * 1983 - Won the Government of Quebec's Prix Marie-Victorin
 * 1985 - Made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec; promoted to Grand Officer in 1992
 * 1985 - Awarded the Canada Council for the Arts' Killam Prize
 * 1986 - Awarded the Canadian Botanical Association's George Lawson Medal
 * 1995 - Awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Sir John William Dawson Medal
 * 2001 - Inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame

title: Pierre Dansereau


text:
Archie Bell (singer)

Archie Lee Bell (born September 1, 1944) is an American solo singer and former lead singer of Archie Bell & the Drells.

Background
Born to African-American parents Langston and Ruthie Bell in Henderson, Texas, United States, Archie is the second oldest of seven brothers, including USC and NFL football player Ricky Bell and Jerry Bell, a former world karate champion and singer in the bands New Birth and the Dazz Band. He also is related to the record producer, Thom Bell.

Career
Bell was singing in Houston night clubs at age ten, and credits seeing the performances of Jackie Wilson and Sam Cooke as influencing him to become a singer. He formed the Drells in 1956 while in junior high school.

Bell became known around the world for the hit that he had with the Drells, "Tighten Up". He has pursued a solo career since the breakup of the Drells in 1980. Bell later released one solo album (I Never Had It So Good – 1981) on Beckett Records and continued to perform with The Drells off and on for the next twenty years. During the 1990s the line-up also included Steve "Stevie G." Guettler (guitar, vocals), Jeff "JT" Strickler (bass guitar, vocals), Steve Farrell (guitar, vocals), Mike Wilson (keyboards, vocals) and Wes Armstrong (drums, vocals) of the Atlanta-based group The Rockerz.

In more recent times Bell has been diversifying his repertoire to include blues, and has recorded a blues album. He has also recorded some country music, having professed a love for that genre. Tommy Allsup, country producer and former member of Bob Wills' Texas Playboys, recruited Bell to sing "Warm Red Wine", which appeared on an album with songs from Glen Campbell, Tanya Tucker and Roy Clark. On May 5, 2021 Bell suffered a stroke on the right side of his body.

Singles
Archie Bell & The Drells
 * "She's My Woman, She's My Girl" / "Love Will Rain on You" – Ovide 222 [1967]
 * "A Soldier's Prayer" / "One in One" – Ovide 226 [1967]
 * "Tighten Up" / "Dog Eat Dog" – Ovide 228 [1967]
 * "She's My Woman, She's My Girl" / "The Yankee Dance" – East West 55102 [1967]
 * "She's My Woman, She's My Girl" / "The Yankee Dance" – East West 2048 [1968]
 * "Tighten Up" / "Dog Eat Dog" – Atlantic 2478 [1968]
 * "Tighten Up" / "pt II" – Atlantic 2478 [1968]
 * "I Can't Stop Dancing" / "You're Such A Beautiful Child" – Atlantic 2534 [1968] (#17 Canada )
 * "Love Will Rain on You" / "Do The Choo Choo" – Atlantic 2559 [1968] ("Do The Choo Choo" #44 Canada )
 * "There's Gonna Be A Showdown" / "Go For What You Know" – Atlantic 2583 [1968] (#14 Canada )
 * "Just A Little Closer" / "Love My Baby" – Atlantic 2612 [1969]
 * "Girl You're Too Young" / "Do The Hand Jive" – Atlantic 2644 [1969] (#47 Canada )
 * "Dancing To Your Music" / "Count The Ways" - Glades 1707 [1973]
 * "I Could Dance All Night" / "King Of The Castle" - TSOP ZS8 4767 [1975]
 * "Soul City Walk" / "King Of The Castle" - TSOP ZS8 4774 [1975]
 * "Let's Groove" (Part 1) / "Let's Groove" (Part 2) - TSOP ZS8 4775 [1976]
 * The Kays Band featuring Archie Bell – "Soul'd Out" – Major Records MR 906 (12")
 * "Any Time Is Right" / "Without You" – Becket Records BKA 45-4 – 1981 (7")
 * "Any Time Is Right" / "Why Didja Do Me" – Becket BKD-501 – 1981 (12")
 * "Touchin' You" / "Touchin' You" (Instrumental) – WMOT Records WMOT-101 – 1982 (12")

Albums

 * I Never Had It So Good – Becket 013 – 1981

title: Archie Bell (singer)


text:
Niels Busk

Niels Busk (born 2 August 1942 in Vadum) is a Danish politician and Member of the European Parliament with the Venstre, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and its Committee on Fisheries.

He is a substitute for the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and a member of the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Education

 * 1959: Lower secondary school-leaving certificate
 * 1962: Danish Royal Lifeguards
 * 1963: Lieutenant
 * 1965: Dalum Agricultural College

Career

 * Since 1981: Major in the Reserve
 * Since 1981: Chairman of the vice-chairman and board member of various trade organisations, financial companies and farming bodies
 * Since 1999: Member of the European Parliament
 * Since 1999: Member of the Executive of Venstre, Denmark's Liberal Party
 * Knight of the Dannebrog
 * Commendation for good service in the national defence reserve force
 * Nobel Peace Prize as active member of UN Peace-Keeping Forces
 * UN Emergency Force decoration

title: Niels Busk


text:
Sun Cellular

Digitel Mobile Philippines, Inc., doing business as Sun Cellular (or simply known as Sun), was a wholly owned subsidiary of Digital Telecommunications Philippines (Digitel), which in turn was owned by PLDT and is one of the Philippines' largest mobile telecommunications companies. It was established by Digitel in September 2001 to provide wireless public and private telecommunications services. Sun Cellular was known for introducing unlimited call and text services in the Philippines.

Early history
On August 7, 2000, Digitel was granted a permit by the NTC to establish and operate a Nationwide Cellular Mobile Telephone System (CMTS) using Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and/or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology. The following month, the company founded the Digitel Mobile Philippines, Inc. (DMPI) to assist in its wireless service.

On December 11, 2002, the government granted DMPI, through Republic Act No. 9180, the right to establish a permanent franchise to create and manage a wireless telecommunications service. DMPI launched its wireless service, known as Sun Cellular, on March 3, 2003. From mobile telephony, Sun Cellular expanded its services to voice, messaging and international roaming services, to wireless broadband and value-added services for consumers and businesses.

Acquisition by PLDT
In 2011, PLDT acquired Digitel, including Sun Cellular, from JG Summit Holdings. Although PLDT also owns Sun's former competitor Smart Communications, the two networks initially remained separate entities with completely independent mobile network infrastructure and corporate management structures.

Transition to Smart (2016-2022)

Since 2016, Sun has been integrated into the Smart network in terms of mobile network infrastructure and corporate management and has been transitioned into a Smart brand (vis-a-vis TNT). Aside from the migration of all Sun data users to its new parent by way of them having to change their Internet settings, postpaid subscribers have been migrated to Smart "in order to efficiently handle their needs following access of Sun customers to Smart’s ‘nationwidest’ network."

On October 21, 2020, PLDT announced that Sun's prepaid service was integrated into Smart Prepaid, leaving its postpaid service under "Sun" branding.

On April 25, 2022, Sun's postpaid service was merged with Smart Postpaid, resulting to the subsequent forced retirement of all Sun Postpaid plans and add-ons. Smart encouraged those planning to subscribe to Sun to instead take advantage of Smart Signature plans, while existing subscribers can either still use their current subscription plans or upgrade to Smart Signature. With the integration of Sun Postpaid to Smart and the deprecation of Sun's remaining social media assets, the Sun Cellular brand was officially retired by PLDT and Smart after two decades.

Awards

 * Most Promising Telecom Service Provider in Asia Pacific award in the 2009 Frost & Sullivan ICT Award in Singapore.
 * The Agora Marketing Company of the Year in 2009 Award for its excellence in pioneering intra-network unlimited services and revolutionizing the country's telecommunications industry practices.
 * The 2004 Philippine Marketing Excellence Award.
 * The 2005 Silver Prize for Most Effective New Service Introduction and Top 25 Philippine Companies recognized by Business Mirror and Stern Steward & Co.
 * In 2011, Sun Cellular won the Philippines Mobile Service Provider of the Year from the Frost & Sullivan Asia Pacific Best Practices Awards in Singapore.

title: Sun Cellular


text:
Over Wyre

Over Wyre is the collective name given to a group of villages in Lancashire, England, situated on the Fylde, to the north and east of the River Wyre. The group is usually considered to include Hambleton, Stalmine, Knott End-on-Sea, Preesall, Pilling and Out Rawcliffe. The name distinguishes these villages from the larger southern part of the Fylde, between the Wyre and the Ribble, which includes the urban areas of Blackpool, Poulton-le-Fylde, Thornton, Cleveleys, Fleetwood and Lytham St Annes.

title: Over Wyre


text:
User talk:Pano34

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Gareth Hughes 19:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pano34


text:
Benny Bell

Benny Bell (born Benjamin Samberg, March 21, 1906 – July 6, 1999) was an American singer-songwriter who reached popularity in the 1940s, with a comeback in the 1970s. He is remembered for his risqué but cheerfully optimistic songs.

Career
Benny Bell was born to an immigrant Jewish family in New York City. His father wanted him to be a rabbi, but after trying various odd jobs including self-employed street peddler, he decided to pursue a career in vaudeville and music, sometimes under the names Benny Bimbo and Paul Wynn. His first record, "The Alimony Blues" (backed with "Fast Asleep on a Mountain"), for Plaza Records on December 16, 1929 was a comical song about preferring to spend time in jail rather than pay alimony. He went on to write approximately 600 songs, most of which are documented in his many notebooks, ledgers and copyright papers.

In addition to songs with English lyrics, he wrote and recorded in Yiddish and Hebrew, sometimes mixing two or three languages in one song (e.g. "Bar Mitzvah Boy" which uses three). According to liner notes on his albums, these songs should be understood by listeners who speak any of the languages.

Bell founded his own record company under a variety of names: Bell Enterprises, Madison Records, Zion Records, and Kosher Comedy Records. He also wrote and recorded commercial jingles for radio. His jingle for Lemke's cockroach powder, sung in a mixture of Yiddish and English, has been released on record.

Bell enjoyed writing risqué lyrics, and in 1939 he was advised that he could make so-called party records with "blue" lyrics, primarily for use in jukeboxes in cocktail bars. He entered into this endeavour using his self-established record company, while continuing to make ethnic and mainstream comedy records. In an interview on the Dr. Demento radio program, Bell stated that he kept his straight and blue careers separate for many years, the latter being a secret. His eventual fame would come from his risqué material. His first jukebox release was a hot jazz arrangement of a traditional risqué drinking song, "Sweet Violets", but his first big success in this field was an original song, "Take a Ship for Yourself".

In 1946, he released his three highest-selling songs: "Take a Ship for Yourself," "Pincus the Peddler" which drew from his personal experience in the trade, and the notorious "Shaving Cream". "Pincus the Peddler" became Bell's signature tune, despite the title character's disreputable violent tendencies, and it concludes with his deportation to Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). Each verse in "Shaving Cream" ends with a mind rhyme of shit, the initial sh- segueing into the refrain, "Shaving Cream, be nice and clean..." The same technique was used in "Sweet Violets" and many other songs — it is known among folklorists as "teasing songs".

He continued recording and releasing records into the 1980s, but he remained little-known beyond New York City until the 1970s when "Shaving Cream" was played regularly on the Dr. Demento radio program, leading to its re-issue as a single in 1975 on the Vanguard Records label, along with a similarly titled album. The single reached No. 30 in the US and No. 57 in Australia. Around this time, Bell was writing songs about topics such as disco and the Watergate scandal.

Bell continued self-releasing vinyl albums into the 1980s, and they often resemble 1950s releases, featuring somewhat plain covers with the same graphics (an array of laughing heads) re-used for decades, or with no art except a plain cover with hole to view the label. He continued to issue LP albums long after that format was considered obsolete. Some albums have new spoken jokes edited into breaks in older songs as "asides", a technique Bell had been using since the 1950s, and some songs contain comic interruptions made over several decades.

In the early 1990s Bell appeared at the Bottom Line with Doctor Demento and Weird Al Yankovic.

A book called Grandpa Had a Long One: Personal Notes on the Life, Career and Legacy of Benny Bell, which is a combination biography and memoir written by his grandson, Joel Samberg, was published by BearManor Media and released in 2009. Joel Samberg, who collaborated with his grandfather on a few recordings and videos in the 1970s and 1980s, also recorded several new versions of "Shaving Cream" after Benny Bell's death, using his grandfather's music with updated lyrics. These include "Presidential Shaving Cream," which skewered the presidential and vice presidential candidates in 2008, and "Holiday Shaving Cream," which paints potent pictures of Christmas and Chanukkah traditions.

In 1995, Bell suffered a fall and was admitted to Good Samaritan Hospital in Suffern, New York. Bell died in New York in July 1999, at the age of 93. His son, Charles Samberg, donated the vast majority of Bell's works to Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida.

Albums discography

 * Kosher Comedy (Kosher Comedy Records, 1956)
 * Kosher Comedy (Zion Records 126, 1956, not the same album as above)
 * Kosher Comedy (Madison Records 120, 1960, not the same album as either of the above)
 * Jewish Comedy (1st Issue) (Bell Enterprises, LP album)
 * Jewish Comedy (2nd Issue) (Bell Enterprises, LP album, essentially a "volume 2")
 * Jewish American Novelty Tunes (Bell Enterprises, 1958)
 * Pincus the Peddler (Zion Records 234, 1959, re-issue of above, as Benny Bell and the Agony Trio)
 * To the Bride: "G'zint mit Parnussa" (Zion Records 252, as Benny Bell and the Brownsville Klezmers)
 * Laugh Along With Pincus (Madison Records 523, re-issued with different cover in 1972)
 * The Opera Star (Comic Opera) (Bell Enterprises 900, LP album)
 * Be a Comedian (1958, re-issued as Bell Enterprises BB-801, 1961, LP instructional album)
 * Shaving Cream (Vanguard Records VSD-79357, 1975)
 * Showtime (Bell Enterprises 303, 1977, jokes by Slim Jim and songs by Benny Bell)
 * The Hilarious Musical Comedy of Benny Bell (volumes 1 to 8, Benny Bell Records, on CD)
 * Benny Bell: Another Close Shave (Benny Bell, 2005)

title: Benny Bell


text: User:Pouya/Languages

title: User:Pouya/Languages


text:
Kent Island (Maryland)

Kent Island is the largest island in the Chesapeake Bay and a historic place in Maryland. To the east, a narrow channel known as the Kent Narrows barely separates the island from the Delmarva Peninsula, and on the other side, the island is separated from Sandy Point, an area near Annapolis, by roughly four miles (6.4 km) of water. At only four miles wide, the main waterway of the bay is at its narrowest at this point and is spanned here by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge. The Chester River runs to the north of the island and empties into the Chesapeake Bay at Kent Island's Love Point. To the south of the island lies Eastern Bay. The United States Census Bureau reports that the island has 31.62 sqmi of land area.

Kent Island is part of Queen Anne's County, Maryland, and Maryland's Eastern Shore region. The first English establishment on the island, Kent Fort, was founded in 1631, making Kent Island the oldest English settlement within the present day state of Maryland and the third oldest permanent English settlement in what became the United States—after Jamestown, Virginia (1607), and Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620). The census-designated places of Stevensville and Chester are located on the island, along with several other communities, including the fishing community of Kent Narrows, which is located partially on the island. Although all of Kent Island's communities are unincorporated, the census designated places of Stevensville and Chester on the island are both more populous than any of Queen Anne's County's incorporated towns.

Early and Colonial
Before European colonization, Kent Island was inhabited by Native Americans for nearly 12,000 years. The island was inhabited by the Matapeake people, members of the Algonquian nation whom the Matapeake area of Kent Island is named after. Other tribes that inhabited the area and often visited the island included the Ozinie tribe. The Matapeake people referred to the island as Monoponson in their language. During the 16th and 17th centuries, early explorers of the Chesapeake Bay, including Captain John Smith, were the first Europeans to see Kent Island; however, it wasn't until August 1631 that the island became an English settlement. At that time, William Claiborne, a resident of Jamestown, founded a settlement near the southern end of the island for the purpose of trading with Native Americans and named the island after his birthplace of Kent, England. The settlement burned down in the winter of 1631–32 but was quickly rebuilt, and in 1634 the settlement included a gristmill, courthouse, and trading station. Following the formation of the province of Maryland, Claiborne continued to recognize the island as part of his home colony of Virginia, while Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore recognized it as part of Maryland. Claiborne was forced from and returned to the island twice before leaving permanently in 1658, thus effectively ending the disputes. Virginia's official claims to the island, however, continued until 1776.

Industrial Revolution
Until the early 19th century, Kent Island was used almost entirely for farming of tobacco and corn, however that ended due to the depletion of nutrient-rich soil as a result of the lack of crop rotation and poor farming practices. The island's economy went into decline while the soil recovered, except for the port town of Broad Creek. This began to change around the time of the Industrial Revolution. In 1850, the town of Stevensville, was founded after the sale of farms owned by James and Charles Stevens and prospered as a major hub for steamboat travel across the Chesapeake Bay. Stevensville was also the home of a railroad station known as the Stevensville Train Depot that was located near the western end of a railroad that carried ferry passengers to other parts of the Eastern Shore. Also during this time, small resorts on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean were established in the area. Such a resort existed at Love Point, to the north of Stevensville. Farming returned to the economy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with farmers growing crops including corn, wheat, berries, and melons. Many of the island's inhabitants worked as watermen in the expanding seafood industry capitalizing on the Chesapeake's supply of Maryland Blue Crab, rockfish, and oysters.

Twentieth century
As roads replaced railroads and steamboats into the twentieth century, there was a growing need for a road bridge connecting the two shores of the Chesapeake Bay. In 1952 the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was completed, connecting the island directly to the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. The bridge completely replaced the steamboat system and also led to further growth of Kent Island and the rest of the Eastern Shore. In 1973, to accommodate growing traffic across the bay, the bridge was expanded with an additional span built next to the existing one. Then, in the late 1980s and early 1990s U.S. Route 50 was converted to a freeway across the island.

Recent history
In September 2003, Kent Island was one of the many places in the Chesapeake Bay Area affected by Hurricane Isabel. Local businesses and historic local landmarks were either damaged or destroyed in the storm and the storm surge caused by it. Much of the damage from the hurricane, mostly caused by flooding, took several months to repair.

Today, Kent Island is considered a suburb of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area and was home to 16,812 residents at the time of the 2000 U.S. Census. The combined area of the Stevensville and Chester CDPs had 9,603 residents. Many have relocated from the Washington, D.C., or Baltimore metro areas and continue to commute back there. Stevensville and Chester are also among the most densely populated areas of the Eastern Shore, and the most densely populated in Queen Anne's County, making up 23.67 percent of its population and only 3.07 percent of its land area.

Historic places
As of 2006, many of the island's historic places have been preserved and are highlighted by the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway and the American Discovery Trail, both of which pass through the island. Several buildings on the island that are still leftover from the 19th century and earlier include the Cray House, a rare remaining example of post and plank construction, the old Stevensville post office (left, yellow building in center), Christ Episcopal Church, and the Stevensville Train Depot (right). Stevensville's historic district along with some of the buildings in the town are on the National Register of Historic Places.

Notable residents
Listed are notable people who have lived on Kent Island.
 * Brock Adams – United States Secretary of Transportation and United States Senator from Washington
 * Elbert N. Carvel – Governor of Delaware
 * William Claiborne – Founder of Kent Island
 * James Earickson – former State Treasurer of Missouri
 * Henry R. Gibson – U.S. representative from Tennessee
 * Theodore N. Lerner – Principal owner of the Washington Nationals
 * Herbert D. Riley - U.S Navy Vice Admiral, highly decorated officer, Commanding Officer of USS Makassar Strait, World War II Veteran of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Roads
The main mode of transportation on Kent Island, as with most other suburban areas of the United States, is the automobile. Kent Island's main roads include the U.S. Route 50/U.S. Route 301 freeway, which connects the island to Central Maryland via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and to the Delmarva Peninsula via the Kent Narrows Bridge. The island is also served by Maryland Routes 8, 18, and 552.

Public Transportation
On week days, the Maryland Department of Transportation offers four commuter bus routes to take Kent Island commuters to Baltimore or Washington D.C. The County Ride, a transportation service operated under the Department of Aging, is available as well. It provides specialized transportation services for elderly people and people with disabilities while still serving the general public. It travels to Grasonville, Easton, Centerville, Annapolis, and other towns. It also provides door to door rides with a minimum of two days notice.

Trails
The original section of the Cross Island Trail, a walking and biking trail on Kent Island, was built in the late 1990s, as part of Queen Anne's County's portion of the American Discovery Trail. The full trail was completed in 2001.

By the time the Cross Island Trail was completed, growing concern over the safety of pedestrians using the shoulder of Route 8 prompted the construction of a new trail paralleling the road. When completed, the trail, known as the Kent Island South Trail, will run from Romancoke Pier at the southern end of Route 8, heading north and crossing the road in Matapeake, near Matapeake Elementary and Middle schools. From there it will pass through Mobray Park, then over US 50, through Stevensville to end at the Cross Island Trail in or near Old Love Point Park.

Both the Cross Island and Kent Island South Trails are part of a planned trail system for Queen Anne's County; the entire Cross Island Trail and the existing section of the Kent Island South Trail represent the only completed portions of the system.

Connections to the mainland
The bridges that currently connect Kent Island to the mainland, or once did, are as follows:
 * The Chesapeake Bay Bridge, or Bay Bridge, spans the Chesapeake Bay and carries US 50/301 to Annapolis.
 * The Kent Narrows Bridge spans the Kent Narrows and carries US 50/301 to the Delmarva Peninsula.
 * The Old Kent Narrows Bridge, Kent Narrows Drawbridge, or Route 18 Kent Narrows Bridge is a drawbridge that carries Maryland 18 into Grasonville. It was the predecessor to the current Kent Narrows Bridge and now serves local traffic.
 * An even older automobile bridge once ran across the Kent Narrows and was replaced by the current Route 18 Kent Narrows Bridge. Also in the past, railroad bridges over the Kent Narrows connected the Kent Island portion of the Queen Anne's County Railroad to the mainland.

Access to Annapolis is available via MTA Commuter Bus Service Route 210. Weekday service to the mainland begins at 5:30 am and the last bus to leave Washington departs at 6:48 pm. Also, access to Washington, D.C., is available via MTA Commuter Bus Service Route 240 and 250. Weekday service to the mainland begins at 5:00 am for Route 240 and 4:45 am for Route 250 and the last bus to leave Washington departs at 7:28 pm for Route 240 and 7:08 pm for Route 250.

Local airports on the island serve as another type of connection to the mainland. The largest is the Bay Bridge Airport, located near the Chesapeake Bay Bridge. Before the construction of the Bay Bridge, ferry services connected the island directly to Baltimore, Annapolis, and the small peninsula on which St. Michaels, is located. Some of the piers that were used as part of the ferry service are still used for fishing.

Into the 1930s the Baltimore and Eastern Railroad operated passenger service from Love Point on the northern extreme of the island east to Queenstown, Easton, Hurlock, as well as Salisbury's Union Station, Ocean City, Maryland, Berlin, and Delmar, Delaware. However, passenger service was terminated by 1938.

General information

 * Live Video Rt 50 / Rt 8 Bridge
 * Live Video Rt 50 Kent Narrows
 * Information from the Maryland Online Encyclopedia
 * Kent Island Online Kent Island Online – A guide to Kent Island aimed at both locals and tourists
 * Cross Island Trail
 * Kent Island Annual Festival Island Bay Day

History

 * Historic Sites in Queen Anne's County (Includes Kent Island)
 * Historic Sites in Stevensville
 * Maps showing early settlements on the island

title: Kent Island (Maryland)


text:
Talk:Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

I had always understood that the root cause of the KH instability (as distinct from the the RT instab) was velocity shear NOT density difference. It is indeed the origin of the transition to turbulence in a sheared flow and of the instability of counter-current flow in a pipe. Both cases are straightforwardly analysed in the early pages of classic texts such as Chandrasekhar or Drazin & Reid.

Unless I get feedback telling me that I've got it totally round my neck, I shall move to edit this article accordingly. Linuxlad 19:26, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Discrepancies between the description of Wavecloudsduval.jpg used on this page and on other pages
I've compiled a short list of discrepancies about this image at Image_talk:Wavecloudsduval.jpg. If someone really knows what this is, could you please fix the ambiguity and discrepancies between the pages? (I'd consider the discussion on the image's talk page to be the appropriate primary discussion place for this issue.) --Kaze0010 03:03, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Oops
It appears that I put the guideline for the naming move on the wrong talk page, which caused it to not move with the page. Anyone know how to fix this? See Talk:Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. Dicklyon (talk) 00:57, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

I copy it to here:

En dash in name
Manual_of_Style_%28dashes%29 says, "When naming an article, a hyphen is not used as a substitute for an en dash that properly belongs in the title, for example in Eye–hand span." So I moved it; it got moved back; I'll move it again. Dicklyon (talk) 00:53, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

File:Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability.ogv to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability.ogv will be appearing as picture of the day on March 26, 2012. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2012-03-26. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! — howcheng  {chat} 19:56, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Vortex street?
Why is there an animation of a vortex street? 98.156.185.48 (talk) 21:07, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Please see vortex street, it has some animations. Yodo9000 (talk) 20:11, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kelvin–Helmholtz instability


text:
Dollis Brook

Dollis Brook runs through the London Borough of Barnet in north London. It is a tributary of the River Brent, which is itself a tributary of the River Thames. The Dollis Valley Greenwalk follows almost all of Dollis Brook, apart from a short section at the beginning which passes through private land, and the London Loop follows it as far as Barnet Lane. The name Dollis is probably derived from the Middle English word 'dole', meaning the shares of land in the common field.

Dollis Brook rises at two points, one on Mote End Farm and the other on the London Loop and Dollis Valley Greenwalk at – the latter only has water after heavy rain. The brook then flows through private land under Hendon Wood Lane. Its course is eastwards through Totteridge Fields, a Site of Metropolitan Importance, and then through fields and open spaces to King George V Playing Fields in Totteridge.

The brook then turns southwards and forms the eastern boundary of Totteridge. It passes through Wyatts Farm Open Space and Brook Farm Open Space to Totteridge Lane near Totteridge and Whetstone Underground station, and then continues south through Woodside Park (where it merges with Folly Brook) and West Finchley, before passing under the Dollis Brook Viaduct which carries the Northern line between Finchley Central and Mill Hill East Underground stations. Until 1965 Dollis Brook formed the boundary between the municipal boroughs of Finchley and Hendon.

Dollis Brook then passes under Dollis Road and through Windsor Open Space to the Great North Way (A1). Near Bridge Lane in Hendon it merges with Mutton Brook to form the River Brent.

Upper Dollis Brook between Mill Hill and Woodside Park, including neighbouring open spaces, is a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade I. It is too shaded for aquatic plants, but plants such as yellow iris and water-pepper grow along its banks and kingfishers, grey wagtails, and moorhens can be seen along the stream.

Lower Dollis Brook is a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II. It starts at Woodside Park and includes Brent Park and the River Brent until it passes under the Northern line near Brent Cross Flyover. It is less ecologically rich than Upper Dollis Brook, but nevertheless forms a valuable green corridor through suburban areas.

title: Dollis Brook


text:
Elevation

The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum). The term elevation is mainly used when referring to points on the Earth's surface, while altitude or geopotential height is used for points above the surface, such as an aircraft in flight or a spacecraft in orbit, and depth is used for points below the surface.

Elevation is not to be confused with the distance from the center of the Earth. Due to the equatorial bulge, the summits of Mount Everest and Chimborazo have, respectively, the largest elevation and the largest geocentric distance.

Aviation
In aviation, the term elevation or aerodrome elevation is defined by the ICAO as the highest point of the landing area. It is often measured in feet and can be found in approach charts of the aerodrome. It is not to be confused with terms such as the altitude or height.

Maps and GIS
GIS or geographic information system is a computer system that allows for visualizing, manipulating, capturing, and storage of data with associated attributes. GIS offers better understanding of patterns and relationships of the landscape at different scales. Tools inside the GIS allow for manipulation of data for spatial analysis or cartography. A topographical map is the main type of map used to depict elevation, often through use of contour lines. In a Geographic Information System (GIS), digital elevation models (DEM) are commonly used to represent the surface (topography) of a place, through a raster (grid) dataset of elevations. Digital terrain models are another way to represent terrain in GIS.

USGS (United States Geologic Survey) is developing a 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) to keep up with growing needs for high quality topographic data. 3DEP is a collection of enhanced elevation data in the form of high quality LiDAR data over the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and the U.S. territories. There are three bare earth DEM layers in 3DEP which are nationally seamless at the resolution of 1/3, 1, and 2 arcseconds.

title: Elevation