text:
Talk:Decimation (punishment)

Use by Leon Trotsky
The source for the claim that Trotsky used the Decimation is quite controversial. This should be reflected in the Text. (Source that the Book is controversial can be found on the Page about Robert Service-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian) )

 * The source being controversial doesn't even matter here. The citation refers to one line in the text "He implemented a policy of decimating regiments which deserted or showed cowardice under enemy fire, and the victims included the commanders.26". The footnote refers to a text from Roger Reese, The Soviet Military Experience. In that text, it says that Trotsky implemented a draconian policy where deserters were to be shot, but it was seldom carried out by commanders. That is not what this article means by decimation. With that in mind, I'm removing the claim due to lack of citation.  Istandwiththesilent  19:52, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

Missing Citation
"In addition, troop morale often increased dramatically after a decimation"

Where is the citation for this claim?

This seems to be a counterintuitive statement, it would be hard to imagine one's morale improving after having executed one's own comrade.
 * I guess there'd be a sense of relief and strengthened resolve in the soldiers not chosen. But yeah, we need a source for that one. Rufous 23:45, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * References sure, but it's not implausible with a proper understanding of morale. Morale has two meanings and perhaps this is the source of the confusion.  The nice version of morale means how happy and upbeat the troops are.  The meaning to commanders refers to their level of adherence to command. sometimes being happy and upbeat makes you more obedient as a soldier, but sometimes being treated poorly makes you more apt to carry out orders too.Grabba (talk) 06:50, 24 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Morale is not the same as discipline. Being treated poorly may make one tow the line, but it certainly is never good for morale. Morale is conviction and belief in one's own cause, one's own abilities, one's comrades, one's leadership etc. The notion that decimation should in any way be good for morale is indeed highly implausible. --Tsuka (talk) 04:59, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

The last bit about Finnish decimation is having broken reference (nr 21). Also link to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery_of_Huruslahti is heavily requesting citations. Maybe original research? 64.210.21.210 (talk) 10:45, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

Noise Shaping
What the heck does "decimation" have to do with "noise shaping" (under "See also")?? I've been to the Noise Shaping page and there's absolutely nothing to do with decimation on it. I recommend removal of that link unless there's some extenuating circumstance that I'm not seeing here. The Chief 03:34, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. Link removed. -- DocSigma 22:14, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Leadership
It might be worth adding that when a legion was decimated, the leadership of the legion was usually executed, independen of the 1 in 10 deatsh of the rank and file. I am new and still learning the system, and so am not yet comfortable adding the edit myself...

Use by the French
I've heard, that decimation was used by the French forces in 1917 as a reaction to mutiny. Can anyone confirm? /da:Bruger:Poul G

I heard the same thing, cited by Wesley Clark in an interview. Some googling gives this. This is highly relevant for the article. Haakon 14:48, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

I remember reading somewhere that as late as 1914 or 1915, some senegalese soldiers refused to advance, so the French army ordered that the unit be decimated. Djandersonza 14:07, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Hey guys, I just updated the page and put this back in with a citation from a book I'm reading on the subject of the usage of Colonial Soldiers by the French Army. The incident I found related to a Company of Tunisian Soldiers in November of 1914. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.168.176.63 (talk) 03:41, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Article Title
When this is included- the article name should be change from roman army also because there is a "current usage" sectionVeggieburgerfish 12:07, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

I agree, should be something like Decimation_(Punishment) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.83.72.208 (talk) 15:31, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

World of Warcraft Team
I honestly do believe this does not fit in here. Wikipedia is a place for much, but not for everything in my opinion. Am I the only one thinking this or shouldn't this be removed? /204.162.xx.xx 00:09, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Current Usage
Unless someone has survey data, I think "some" is a better descriptor than "few" for the number of people who use the historical meaning. Erall 20:00, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

The word no longer has any value, as it is only ever misused; correct useage is just confusing.

I’ve seen the word used recently :-

.a) as a malapropism for ‘devastate’: The German U-boat force in WWII was described as being decimated; the loss was actually 60-70%.

.b) correctly, but implying a worse situation: Staff numbers were described as having been decimated; actually the reduction in numbers was about 10% over the past so many years.

.c) as above, in a Roman context: After the fall of Carthage in the 3rd Punic War the city was said to be decimated; actually it was far worse than that.

On the other hand, in two instances where it did apply, the word wasn’t used at all.

.d) A headline about a murderer, sentenced to life (ie 20years) being released after 2 years.

.e) An item about a woman given 22 days in prison being let out after 2 or 3 days.

I've given up saying it; I just get funny looks. Xyl 54 07:42, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Extreme?
We have seriously missed the point on this, and no mistake.

The punishment for mutiny, or cowardice in the face of the enemy, is usually death: If the punishment for a whole unit doing this is to kill one man and let another nine off with a warning, Then that isn’t extreme, that’s an exercise in leniency, borne no doubt of practicality.

For example:-

When the crew of the Bounty mutinied, all of the mutineers were under sentence of death; there was no suggestion of a 10% punishment.The Admiralty mounted a huge effort to re-capture them; though only 6 of the mutineers were returned for trial, 3 of those were hanged (50%)

In the Hermione mutiny, of the 33 mutineers re-captured, 24 were hanged (60-70%)

Before the battle of Bunker Hill, 5 men broke from the British lines and ran towards the Americans. All of them were caught; General Howe (who had a reputation as a humanitarian) ordered 2 to be taken at random and hanged, while /and the other 3 returned to their unit. (40%)

The contrary view is from the mutinies at Spithead and the Nore (which was more of a strike, really); the Admiralty (recognizing its own faults in the matter), ‘only’ hanged the ringleaders.

Thats where our view that decimation is severe probably stems from. Xyl 54 07:36, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Speculation
And this bit:-

"However, because a decimation significantly reduced the troop strength of an army, and because it damaged unit cohesion by requiring soldiers to kill their comrades in a close-up and personal way, it is believed that the punishment was rarely used."

Is pure speculation: It either needs a citation to back it up, preferably from a Roman source, or it should be deleted.Xyl 54 07:47, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I’ve removed this; it implies also that a Roman Army unit mutinied, or ran, one time, and was not decimated; is there any evidence that ever happened? Xyl 54 12:07, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Citations needed
"As a result, the threat of decimation inspired fear and resolve in the Roman Legions."

I’ve asked for a citation for this. The threat of a death sentence might inspire fear and resolve; a 90% chance of getting away with it probably less so.Xyl 54 11:58, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

"In his book Stalingrad, Antony Beevor recounts how the corps commander of a division that had retreated practiced decimation on them by walking down the line of soldiers at attention, and shooting every tenth soldier in the face until his pistol ran out of ammunition."

A reference would be good; book details, page number, Xyl 54 12:01, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

"The Byzantine Emperor Maurice forbade in his Strategikon the decimatio and other brutal punishments. According to him, punishments where the rank and file see their comrades dying by the hands of their own brothers-in-arms could lead to a collapse of morale. Moreover, it could seriously deplete the manpower of the fighting unit."

I think that this paragraph needs a citation. I've not found the Strategikon's passage where it is said that the decimatio was forbidden.Juancasilva (talk) 16:55, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

R+Y
"The current corporate managerial practice of rank and yank bears some similarities to this practice."

Can someone explain the connection? The implication is that sacking 10% of your workforce at random would improve productivity; “rank and yank” sounds more like culling. Xyl 54 12:06, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That's correct. In "rank and yank", the key is to rank before yanking. There is no randomness or lottery... key aspects of decimation. I'm removing the reference. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 20:31, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

First use of dëcīmo -āvi, ātum
The dictionary says that the word itself is post-Augustan, while the practice was in use by at least 283 A.U.C. as Livy wrote. Did Caesar use this word, or Livy for that matter? Legis Nuntius (talk) 22:46, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Oxford Dictionaries has an interesting article on the term. Does ‘decimate’ really mean ‘destroy one tenth’?. It says that decimate comes from the Medieval Latin word decimatus, which means ‘to tithe’.Kuitan (talk) 18:49, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Guilt
The article is unclear, or perhaps contradictory, regarding the guilt of those "decimated". It says

"Because the punishment fell by lot, all soldiers in the selected cohort were eligible for execution, regardless of guilt and innocence or rank and distinction."

But then

"the officers reject the idea of bludgeoning or slaughtering all the men involved [as is the case with a small group or an individual]. Instead they find a solution for the situation which chooses by a lottery system sometimes five, sometimes eight, sometimes twenty of these men, always calculating the number in this group with reference to the whole unit of offenders so that this group forms one-tenth of all those guilty of cowardice."

So the 1-in-10 is selected from "all the men *involved*", not *all the men*; so it's just 1 in 10 guilty parties who are killed, no? One tenth of "all those guilty", so this is *not* "regardless of guilt".

I think that should be amended. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.76.32.145 (talk) 20:08, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The second statement is sourced, so I'd rely on that. the group to be decimated would be those involved, be it 50, or 80 or 200; so those that stood fast wouldn't be included. But the group at fault would be punished without regard to the degree of their individual fault. I've tried to clarify this. Xyl 54 (talk) 03:04, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Articlespace outgrowing 'Roman army'
Terribly interesting article that is held back by its title. Since all other articles are derivations (in some sense) of this original meaning, its probably a good idea to move it to simply 'Decimation' and let the other two (rather obscure.. minor Marvel comic and computering?) disambig from there.

Also, this article only factually revolves around the Roman army in the beginning. Seems like a good 'origins' section to me, and all kinds of other input would be more welcomed.Yeago (talk) 07:36, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, no; this is an article about decimation in the Roman army, which has attracted a lot of extranaeous material. To that extent it would make more sense to move the "modern instances..", "current usage.." and "popular culture" sections to the Decimation page and revamp that as an article. Xyl 54 (talk) 02:44, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Modern instances of decimation
It is very strange that reference to veryyyyy doubtful author (see Antony Beevor's wikipage) is enough to add decimation in Red Army during Stalingrad battle as known fact. :(

Such provocative things should be confirmed and re-confirmed before added to article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.245.152.166 (talk) 10:55, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, Antony Beevor is a published author, so as a source he is a lot less doubtful than an anonymous contributor who hasn't even signed his post. You could always produce a counter source that casts doubt on the statement...Xyl 54 (talk) 02:50, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Below is full text of p117, paragraph about decimation is in bold
 * begin of p117

manders were 'worried and angry'. Although their infantry greatly outnumbered the Germans facing them, none of their tanks, no artillery, and few of their anti-tank guns had arrived. The situation proved even more disastrous for 64th Rifle Division, which was assembling to the rear. Morale collapsed under German air attacks, which also destroyed its field hospital killing many doctors and nurses. The wounded being taken to the rear recounted tales of horror which unnerved the inexperienced troops waiting in reserve to be marched forward. Individuals, then whole groups, began to desert. The divisional commander ordered the most fragile units to form up. He harangued and cursed them for such a cowardly failure to serve the Motherland. He then adopted the Roman punishment of decimation. With pistol drawn, he walked along the front rank counting in a loud voice. He shot every tenth man through the face at point-blank range until his magazine was empty. Zhukov, having just been appointed Deputy Supreme Commander, second only to Stalin, had arrived in Stalingrad on 29 August to oversee operations. He soon discovered that the three armies earmarked for the operations were ill-armed, manned by older reservists, and short of ammunition, as well as artillery. On the scrambler line to Moscow, he persuaded Stalin that the attack must be delayed by a week. Stalin agreed, but the German advance to the western edge of the city, now that Seydlitz's corps had linked up with Fourth Panzer Army, alarmed him again on 3 September. He rang General Vasilevsky, the chief of staff, demanding to know the exact position. As soon as Vasilevsky admitted that German tanks had reached the suburbs, his exasperation with Zhukov and other generals exploded. 'What's the matter with them, don't they understand that if we surrender Stalingrad, the south of the country will be cut off from the centre and will probably not be able to defend it? Don't they realize that this is not only a catastrophe for Stalingrad? We would lose our main waterway and soon our oil, too!' 'We are putting everything that can fight into the places under threat,' Vasilevsky replied as calmly as possible. 'I think there's still a chance that we won't lose the city.' A short time later Stalin rang back, then dictated a signal to be sent

'''The situation proved even more disastrous for 64th Rifle Division, which was assembling to the rear. Morale collapsed under German air attacks, which also destroyed its field hospital killing many doctors and nurses. The wounded being taken to the rear recounted tales of horror which unnerved the inexperienced troops waiting in reserve to be marched forward. Individuals, then whole groups, began to desert. The divisional commander ordered the most fragile units to form up. He harangued and cursed them for such a cowardly failure to serve the Motherland. He then adopted the Roman punishment of decimation. With pistol drawn, he walked along the front rank counting in a loud voice. He shot every tenth man through the face at point-blank range until his magazine was empty.'''

Zhukov, having just been appointed Deputy Supreme Commander, second only to Stalin, had arrived in Stalingrad on 29 August to oversee operations. He soon discovered that the three armies earmarked for the operations were ill-armed, manned by older reservists, and short of ammunition, as well as artillery. On the scrambler line to Moscow, he persuaded Stalin that the attack must be delayed by a week. Stalin agreed, but the German advance to the western edge of the city, now that Seydlitz's corps had linked up with Fourth Panzer Army, alarmed him again on 3 September. He rang General Vasilevsky, the chief of staff, demanding to know the exact position. As soon as Vasilevsky admitted that German tanks had reached the suburbs, his exasperation with Zhukov and other generals exploded. 'What's the matter with them, don't they understand that if we surrender Stalingrad, the south of the country will be cut off from the centre and will probably not be able to defend it? Don't they realize that this is not only a catastrophe for Stalingrad? We would lose our main waterway and soon our oil, too!'

'We are putting everything that can fight into the places under threat,' Vasilevsky replied as calmly as possible. 'I think there's still a chance that we won't lose the city.'

A short time later Stalin rang back, then dictated a signal to be sent

 * end of p117
 * At the end of book there is bibliography list with references to sources. For page 117 there are two sources
 * * p. 117 'worried and angry', Glichov, conversation, 6 Nov. 1995
 * * p. 117 'What's the matter . . .', Volkogonov, p. 461
 * As everyone can see there are no proofs for paragraph about decimation. So looks like that Beevor's fiction book without any proofs from real world has been used as proof link for doubtful statement. I'm pretty sure it is not acceptable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.9.231.184 (talk) 22:18, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Just to add some context to this; the commander "shot every tenth man ... until his magazine was empty". If he had a full, 9-shot magazine that means he executed nine men from the first 90 in the group. Out of how many altogether? A whole division? A group of the ”most fragile units” less than a division? A Brigade? A Regiment or two? A few of Battalions? Even a Company has more than 90 men in it. Pretty rough justice, but numerically it sounds worse than it actually was. Xyl 54 (talk) 11:38, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

Its misuse a synonym for "annihilate"
" The word decimation is often used to refer to an extreme reduction in the number of a population or force, much greater than the one tenth defined by the "deci" root. It is often inaccurately used as a synonym for the word "annihilate" which the OED lists as meaning "to reduce to non-existence, blot out of existence "
 * I find that the claim that people misuse the term for annihilate to be dubious, in that the misusers of the term have always implied to me that the decimated party was at the very least in highly critical condition. For the other misuses I have no gripe - I have encountered others use the term in a way mirroring Stephen Jay Gould's "nine in ten" definition, and I have encountered people use it as a malaprop for "devastate".--Soft and Stout (talk) 15:04, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

until none were left
In Sources:
 * "A legend suggests that the Theban Legion was decimated in the third century AD. The Legion had refused to a man, to accede to an order of the Emperor, and the process was repeated until none were left. They became known as the Martyrs of Agaunum."

Mathematically impossible. Did the last man kill one tenth of himself? Heavenlyblue (talk) 18:33, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Also, concerning its historicity: Theban_Legion   Heavenlyblue (talk) 18:51, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

broken link
Kanliot (talk) 14:18, 25 January 2013 (UTC) http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.plsinfo.org:2048/view/Entry/7893?rskey=A5fZHh&result=2#eid link doesn't work, maybe i'm not logged in to plsinfo.org? as of today, this is the last link in the footnotes.

Suetonius
The text claimed Suetonius said Augustus used it "for the last time" in 17BC, but I don't see in Suetonius where it says that was the last time. S. also says Galba used decimation, and Galba came after Augustus. I fixed the text accordingly, but I'm no expert, so some expert please check it. I also don't know what year S. says G. did it; I don't know how Suetonius reports dates. Cbogart2 (talk) 01:58, 16 August 2013 (UTC)

Unicode broken
In the "See also" section some of the unicode appears for me as "?": http://i.imgur.com/RpVkZAs.png

Since you're reading this - could you do me a favor and answer a question "Can I embed an image in a talk page? And if so - how?" AllThatJazz2012 (talk) 09:06, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

Huruslahti
Huruslahti had nothing to do with decimation. See for reference s.232. Marko Tikka / Ajatuskirjat 2006 : Terrorin aika / ISBN 951-20-7051-0 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.23.200.178 (talk) 16:08, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 28 April 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move. Opposers argue: that clickstream data show our readers often want other topics, inappropriate incoming links would be difficult to fix, and that decimation often means more general topics, such as a tenth of something or killing a large portion of a population. There may be consensus to move to Decimation (military punishment), but I'm not seeing a clear consensus in this discussion, so I would suggest a follow up discussion on that. (t · c)  buidhe  23:39, 4 May 2021 (UTC)

– Primary topic per both pageviews (over the last 30 days) and long-term significance. Plus the current title is a bad choice, because this punishment was not limited to the Romans. Srnec (talk) 00:02, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Decimation (Roman army) → Decimation
 * Decimation → Decimation (disambiguation)

 * Support per nom. Egsan Bacon (talk) 04:05, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Support. Since about 2007 the article has undergone extensions to include additional post-Roman instances of decimation. That is fine but the title should be updated. Would Decimation (military punishment) make it absolutely clear? Buistr (talk) 04:30, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Not the commonly known modern meaning. No primary. Dicklyon (talk) 04:48, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There's no primary topic with respect to usage. According to the clickstream data for March, the link from the dab page to this article did not receive significantly more clicks (450) than the link for the concept in signal processing (390). I also don't see a primary topic with respect to long-term significance. – Uanfala (talk) 13:55, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. The historical concept is clearly primary.  The other choices are a 15-year-old comic book storyline, technical jargon that's the second-listed synonym for another article title, and a mostly-unused synonym for another comic book/movie event, none of which have long-term significance.  The technical jargon doesn't seem even close to primary—the corresponding redirect gets very little traffic.  A hatnote is more than sufficient to direct people to other uses.  P Aculeius (talk) 15:00, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I would just like to clarify that the "technical jargon" is a concept in signal processing (I don't think there are any prima facie reasons to see military history topics as inherently more significant over topics in electrical engineering). The views for the redirect aren't really relevant: as presented above, we've already got direct data for outgoing traffic from the dab page, and there's no significant difference in usage between those two articles. – Uanfala (talk) 15:29, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I'm inclined to agree with . Etymologically the term relates to a tenth of something, which means it can be appropriated for more than just one situation, and so mere historical usage is probably not enough to establish the punishment as a primary topic with long-term significance. Thus, this is unlike (say) 'muse', about which there was a similar discussion not long ago, and it was decided (correctly, in my opinion) that the Greek goddess ought to be the primary topic. Atm I prefer moving the page to Decimation (military punishment), as was suggested above. Avilich (talk) 16:53, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I'm swayed by Uanfala's argument. Also, it's the kind of word that some editors will be tempted to wikilink even when it's used with the generic meaning of "the killing or destruction of any large portion of a population." When the basename is a dab page, these mistargeted wikilinks can be detected and removed automatically. (Cranky sidenote: if you're going to mention pageview stats in the nom, please include a link!) Colin M (talk) 00:32, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
 * That is a good argument too Avilich (talk) 14:20, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Support Per nom. Looking through the other potential primary topics, I see nothing nearly on this article's level of primacy.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 17:38, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose unless you want the encyclopedia to collect yet more bad links. This is the sort of polysyllable which editors link when they don't understand it; and its modern meaning is - like it or not - closer to 90% than 10%, and doesn't necessarily involve violence.
 * I support renaming to Decimation (military pinishment). Narky Blert (talk) 14:31, 4 May 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 7 June 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved to Decimation (punishment). (closed by non-admin page mover) Elli (talk | contribs) 21:13, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

Decimation (Roman army) → Decimation (military punishment) – This move was suggested by several editors during Talk:Decimation (Roman army); but there was no formal proposal, and so could be no WP:CONSENSUS. I now make that formal proposal.

Although the practice is often associated with the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, the article makes it clear that it was not limited to there. Alexander the Great ordered one before Rome and Macedon ever came into conflict. There are also examples through the 17th to 20th centuries. It is uncertain if Marshal Luigi Cadorna actually ordered a decimation after one of the repeated bloodbaths at Caporetto during WWI, but the question of whether or not he did has been discussed seriously in scholarly literature; in addition to the enwiki article, see it:Decimazione. Even if Rome has the dubious privilege of claiming priority, the qualifier (Roman army) is too narrow.

Courtesy pings to the editors who took part in that recent move discussion:, , , , , , , , and.

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support as proposer. Narky Blert (talk) 20:31, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. Even if the practice were limited to the Roman army, the proposed title would still be arguably clearer, since it's generally preferable to use a disambiguator that describes the article topic, rather than an entity associated with that topic. This isn't an article about a Roman army named "Decimation". Colin M (talk) 20:42, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support as better reflecting the scope of the article as written. – Uanfala (talk) 21:10, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. Decimation (punishment) is a more concise option. If you look the decimation disambiguation page, you can see that the other uses are trivial compared to this one. This should be the primary topic. 99to99 (talk) 23:00, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support alternate move To Decimation as previously proposed. Wikipedia is not a dictionary, and the punishment is the obvious primary topic. The "Decimation" comic story, which is what ostensibly could be an alternate primary topic, clearly takes its name from the Roman punishment, and there is longterm historical significance and precedent to the name.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 01:10, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
 * That proposal was closed as WP:NOCONSENSUS in May 2021. It is far too early to revisit it. Narky Blert (talk) 19:26, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Although I agree with that this subject has the clear long-term significance to ideally be at Decimation, I would support the proposal here if there's no consensus for that at this time. Egsan Bacon (talk) 01:27, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support decimation (punishment) per abve. 'military punishment' is still better than the current one. Avilich (talk) 13:25, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

Alexander the Great Citation
I can't find a ready online source that confirms that Alexander the Great used decimation. The current citation does not include a page number. There should, in addition, be a classical source, but I'm not aware of one. Andwats (talk) 15:40, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * It's on page 88 of the book in question, for what it's worth. As for an ancient source, the assertion appears to be based upon Book Ten of Quintus Curtius Rufus's Histories of Alexander the Great, which relays an account of Alexander judging the misdeeds (rapes, looting, etc) of 5,000 foot soldiers and 1,000 cavalry and deciding to punish them by executing 600 men. 2601:152:A00:1E90:6F38:792:BB92:DED7 (talk) 06:58, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Decimation (punishment)


text:
Category:Tourist attractions in County Durham

Tourist attractions in the ceremonial county of County Durham, England.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
The Brain of Morbius

The Brain of Morbius is the fifth serial of the 13th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 3 to 24 January 1976. The screenwriter credit is given to Robin Bland, a pseudonym for writer and former script editor Terrance Dicks, whose original script had been heavily rewritten by his successor as script editor, Robert Holmes. It is the first serial to feature the Sisterhood of Karn.

The serial is considered to have many thematic links to Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. It is set on the planet Karn, where the surgeon Mehendri Solon (Philip Madoc) seeks to create a body for the Time Lord war criminal Morbius (Stuart Fell and Michael Spice) from parts of other creatures that have come to the planet.

Plot
On the planet Karn, an insect-like alien is killed by Condo who takes its head to a castle and his master Solon. However, the head is unsuitable — Solon needs a head from a warm-blooded humanoid.

The TARDIS materialises and the Fourth Doctor rushes out, the Time Lords having diverted him to this planet. Sarah Jane Smith finds a valley filled with wrecked spacecraft, as well as the headless body of the alien which is identified as a Mutt. She and the Doctor make for the castle that she spots. The travellers are welcomed by Solon who compliments the Doctor on his "magnificent" head.

Meanwhile, the Sisterhood of Karn discover the TARDIS and teleport it to their temple. Their elderly leader, Maren, identifies it as a Time Lord vessel, and believes that the Doctor has come to steal their Elixir of Life.

The Doctor knows of Solon as an authority on microsurgical techniques and tissue transplant. The Doctor recognises a clay bust as that of Morbius, one of the Time Lords' greatest criminals. Before he can say anything further, a drug takes effect, and the Doctor passes out. Sarah Jane pretends that she has succumbed. In the laboratory, Solon's examination of the Doctor confirms that he is a Time Lord. As he and Condo leave the room, the Doctor vanishes. Sarah Jane keeps hidden and enters the lab. She draws back the curtain on a bed, thinking it is the Doctor, but as the lights come up, she sees a headless, patchwork creature made from various body parts.

The Doctor regains consciousness to find himself surrounded by members of the Sisterhood. The Doctor realises that just before he passed out, he felt the mind of Morbius. Maren refuses to believe him.

Sarah Jane follows Solon and Condo as they make their way towards the temple. Solon asks the Sisters to spare the Doctor, or at least give him the Doctor's head. A disguised Sarah frees the Doctor, but she is blinded by the energy from Maren's ring. They return to the castle, where the Doctor asks Solon to examine Sarah Jane's eyes. Solon tells him that Sarah's retinas have been almost completely destroyed, but there is one chance: the Elixir of Life. The Doctor goes to the Sisterhood, unaware that Solon has lied about Sarah Jane's condition and has notified the Sisterhood that the Doctor is coming back.

Sarah Jane hears a voice calling for Solon. Following the sound, she enters a hidden laboratory and stumbles blindly towards a glowing brain in a tank, which accuses her of being sent by the Sisterhood to destroy it. Solon enters and drags her away. As he closes the door, she hears Solon address the voice as "Morbius" and hears how Solon has sent the Doctor into a trap. She locks Solon in the laboratory and, still blind, makes her way out of the castle.

The Doctor is captured by the Sisterhood. When he explains why he came back, Maren tells him that the ray's effect is not permanent, and Solon knows that. The Doctor believes that something evil related to Morbius is happening. Maren affirms that she saw Morbius dispersed. The Doctor asks if Solon was present. Morbius had led an army of mercenaries, promising them the Elixir and immortality and revealing its existence to the cosmos. The Doctor reignites the flame with a "Little Demon."

Sarah Jane is captured and taken back to the castle. Learning that the Doctor is a Time Lord, Morbius fears the Time Lords have tracked him down and will return in force. Morbius insists that he be transferred into the patchwork body now, with an artificial brain casing that Solon constructed. Solon protests, as there may be severe pain and seizures, but Morbius insists. Back in the castle, Solon prepares to operate, but Condo is enraged when he recognises his lost arm attached to the patchwork body. He attacks Solon before being shot in the stomach, their struggle knocking Morbius' brain to the floor. Not knowing what damage has been done, Solon places the fallen brain in the casing, releasing Sarah Jane so she can assist in the operation. He threatens her into doing so, saying that if Morbius dies, then so does she.

The wounded Condo crawls into the hallway as outside, the Sisters carry the Doctor through the lightning storm. In the meantime, the operation is finished — within minutes Morbius will live again. Solon goes to answer the doorbell, and sees the Sisters leaving the Doctor's body in the parlour. In the laboratory, Sarah Jane's eyesight starts to clear, but the monstrous body of Morbius gets off the operating table and lumbers towards her.

Sarah Jane screams as she sees the Morbius creature, and dodges out of the way. She warns Solon that the creature is loose and he runs back to the lab. Sarah Jane notices the Doctor's body, but as she approaches, the Doctor wakes up and smiles at her. He is here to stop Solon, but Sarah Jane tells him it is too late. But Morbius is revealed to not be in his right mind as he knocks Solon out and then the Doctor. Morbius chases Sarah Jane, but Condo intervenes, knocking Sarah Jane down the stairs into the cellar while he grapples with Morbius. Morbius kills Condo then wanders out of the castle as the Doctor regains consciousness. He carries Sarah Jane into the secret lab to let her recover.

Solon has awakened and assembles a tranquilliser gun. He tells the Doctor that the operation was not complete, only the motor functions are working, the rest on an instinctual level. Knowing Morbius' hatred, he will seek out the Sisterhood. Morbius finds one of the Sisters in some ruins nearby and kills her. The Doctor and Solon find the body and they search the ruins. Morbius attacks the Doctor, but is knocked out by Solon's tranquilliser. As they carry the creature back to the castle, the Doctor tells Solon that Morbius's brain will be detached and returned to the Time Lords.

The body of the dead Sister is brought back to Maren. Ohica reports that witnesses saw a creature and then the Doctor and Solon hunting for it. Maren realises that Solon has succeeded in his experiments and resurrected their ancient enemy. But Maren is too old and weak to leave the shrine, and she gives Ohica permission to lead the Sisters to the castle.

The Doctor gives Solon five minutes to disconnect the brain as he goes and checks on Sarah Jane. However, Solon locks them in the secret lab instead and begins to repair Morbius. Using materials from the secret lab, the Doctor makes cyanogen gas, which he then pipes through a vent that leads to the operating room above, reaching Solon and killing him, but Morbius survives, as his lungs filter out the poison. Morbius confronts Sarah Jane and the Doctor, claiming that when the knowledge of his resurrection spreads, his followers will rise in their millions. The Doctor and Sarah Jane mock Morbius in an attempt to overheat his brain, and the Doctor challenges him to a mindbending contest.

They grab hold of the appropriate apparatus in the laboratory and begin. The machine's display shows Morbius' brain casing head, then his previous face, then the Doctor, then the Doctor's previous incarnation. After going through the Doctor's previous incarnations, eight other faces are shown before Morbius' brain case shorts out. The Doctor collapses, as Morbius stumbles out in a daze. The Sisterhood arrive and chase Morbius over a cliff, apparently to his death. Then Ohica finds Sarah Jane crying over the Doctor.

Taking the Doctor back to the shrine, Maren says only the Elixir of Life can save him, but there is none left. However, the revived Flame has gathered enough Elixir. There is enough for the Doctor, but not for Maren, who accepts that the Doctor was right: there should be an end. The Elixir is given to the Doctor, who revives almost immediately. Maren steps into the Flame of Life, becoming younger, and then vanishes.

Ohica starts to thank the Doctor, but he stops her, saying that he and Sarah Jane have another engagement. He gives her a pair of curious objects in case they need to relight the Flame again. When Ohica asks what they are, the Doctor answers, "A mighty atom and a thunderflash." He explains that the writing on the cardboard tubes reads: "Light the blue touch paper and stand clear." This time, the TARDIS vanishes in a puff of light and smoke.

Continuity
"The Timeless Children", the final episode of twelfth series of the programme's revival, revealed that the Doctor is in fact a transdimensional foundling originally known as the Timeless Child, possessing an infinite capacity to regenerate but now retaining only memories from the incarnation known as the "First Doctor" forward. The Time Lords developed the ability to regenerate by studying the Timeless Child's natural ability. The episode included a sequence where scenes from throughout the programme's run are used to represent the Doctor's recollection of her past incarnations, with the incarnations from The Brain of Morbius specifically included.

Production
The original script was written by Terrance Dicks, using some ideas from his script of the stage play Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday to a requirement from Hinchcliffe for a story about a human/robot relationship. However, after delivery Dicks was out of the country when it was decided that the robot, core to the story, could not be realised under the budget constraints. In excising the character, script editor Robert Holmes had to undertake the substantial rewrites without informing Dicks, who could not be contacted. The robot character was replaced with Solon who required a different motivation—that of a mad scientist. Dicks later said of the decision that it was not original but it was the "only one available". Upon his return to the United Kingdom, Dicks learnt of the changes and angrily phoned Holmes. Since the work was more Holmes than his own, Dicks demanded the removal of his name from the credits saying it could go out under a "bland pseudonym". This ended up being the name Robin Bland. The episodes were recorded entirely in studios during October 1975.

Cast notes
Philip Madoc had already appeared in The Krotons (1968–69) and The War Games (1969) and would appear afterwards in The Power of Kroll (1978–79). He also had a role in the film Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. (1966) and appeared in the audio plays Master and Return of the Krotons. Colin Fay was a fortunate find for the production team: an opera singer by trade, he was a large man and, as a newcomer to television, cheap to hire. Other cost cutting included hiring only a single professional dancer who was copied in the scenes by actresses who had been chosen because of previous dancing experience.

Faces in the mind-bending sequence
During the Doctor's mental battle with Morbius, the mind-bending machine displays two images of Morbius, then images of the Doctor's four incarnations as of the serial's production. These are followed by images of eight previously unseen faces, intended to represent incarnations preceding the First Doctor. The Doctor's previous faces are almost all portrayed by members of the Doctor Who crew who worked on this serial or the following serial, The Seeds of Doom: production unit manager George Gallaccio, script editor Robert Holmes, production assistant Graeme Harper, director Douglas Camfield, producer Philip Hinchcliffe, production assistant Christopher Baker (who is the exception as he has no credits on Doctor Who), writer Robert Banks Stewart, and director Christopher Barry. Hinchcliffe stated, "We tried to get famous actors for the faces of the Doctor. But because no one would volunteer, we had to use backroom boys. And it is true to say that I attempted to imply that William Hartnell was not the first Doctor". After a complaint that actors were not used, the BBC paid a sum of money to the acting union Equity's benevolent fund. In 2020 it was announced that Hinchcliffe, Gallaccio and Harper had returned to reprise theirs roles as the Doctor for a feature-length web film entitled The Timeless Doctors produced by multimedia artist Stuart Humphryes.

The season 14 story The Deadly Assassin introduced the idea that Time Lords are limited to 12 regenerations. The season 10 story The Three Doctors, produced and aired before both The Brain of Morbius and The Deadly Assassin, calls the William Hartnell Doctor the "earliest Doctor". Attempts to retrofit this with the number of faces seen in the mind test machine have brought about explanations including the possibility that the faces were Morbius' previous incarnations, younger versions of the First Doctor, or the Doctor's potential future incarnations. The Virgin Missing Adventure Cold Fusion by Lance Parkin implies that one of these prior Doctors was the incarnation of the Doctor active at the time of the birth of Susan Foreman. However, the subsequent Virgin New Adventures novel Lungbarrow states that Hartnell's Doctor was the first, implying instead that the faces represent incarnations of the Other, one of the founders of Time Lord civilisation, of whom the Doctor is the reincarnation.

The series 12 episode "The Timeless Children" (2020) confirmed that the faces were indeed incarnations pre-dating the First Doctor; the same story also confirmed that the Doctor is not subject to the same regeneration limit as the rest of the Time Lords.

Broadcast and reception
Upon the story's original broadcast, Mary Whitehouse (of the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association) complained of the violence displayed; she was quoted saying that The Brain of Morbius "contained some of the sickest and most horrific material seen on children's television". At the time the programme was under close scrutiny by the NVALA; complaints centred on the shooting of Condo by Solon with a resulting spurt of blood.

The story was repeated on BBC1 at 5:50 pm on 4 December 1976, edited and condensed into a one-hour-long omnibus episode. This edit—done without the director's participation—was similar (but not exactly the same) to the one used for the 1984 video release. The omnibus repeat was seen by 10.9 million viewers, a higher audience than the original episodic broadcast.

In 1984, Colin Greenland reviewed The Brain of Morbius for Imagine magazine, and stated that it was "lovely Gothic nonsense, enlivened by spirited characterisation." Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping wrote of the serial in The Discontinuity Guide (1995), "A superb exploration of gothic themes. Philip Madoc's portrayal of Solon is crucial to the story's success, and the pseudonymous epithet 'bland' is not at all deserved." In The Television Companion (1998), David J Howe and Stephen James Walker praised Madoc as Solon and the sets, and noted that the violence was realistic but adult. Together with Mark Stammers in the Fourth Doctor Handbook they described it as "everything a good piece of drama should be: entertaining, enjoyable, effective and emotional". In 2010, Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times awarded it five stars out of five. He noted that Solon's insistence that he only use the Doctor's head was "a fundamental lapse in logic", but otherwise said that the serial was "a salivating treat". The A.V. Club reviewer Christopher Bahn found some minor problems in the script, but gave a positive review of the story, pointing out how it did not rip off classic stories but repurposed them. DVD Talk's David Cornelius gave the serial four out of five stars, saying that it "allows for a wide range of storytelling tones without feeling cluttered or uneven", though at points the "silliness" of the Morbius costume threatened to "overtake" the story.

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Terrance Dicks, was published by Target Books in June 1977. An unabridged reading of the novelisation by actor Tom Baker was released on CD in February 2008 by BBC Audiobooks.

Dicks also wrote a second adaptation for younger readers that was published in 1980 as Junior Doctor Who and the Brain of Morbius. A French translation of the full novelisation was published in 1987.

Home media
The serial was released on VHS in a 59-minute heavily edited omnibus format in July 1984 and complete in episodic form in July 1990. The edited version was also released on Betamax, Video 2000, and Laserdisc. The story was released in complete form on DVD on 21 July 2008.

title: The Brain of Morbius


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LGBT rights in Niger

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Niger face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Although same-sex sexual activity is legal, the Nigerien LGBT community faces stigmatization among the broader population.

Law regarding same-sex sexual activity
Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Niger, but the age of consent is not equal for same-sex and opposite-sex sexual activity. The age of consent is set at 13 years for heterosexuals and 21 years for homosexuals.

Recognition of same-sex relationships
Niger does not legally recognize same-sex unions.

Discrimination protections
There is no legal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

Living conditions
The U.S. Department of State's 2010 Human Rights Report found that "there were no known organizations of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender persons and no reports of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. However, gay persons experienced societal discrimination."

title: LGBT rights in Niger


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Myrica gale

Myrica gale is a species of flowering plant in the family Myricaceae, native to parts of Japan, North Korea, Russia, mainland Europe, the British Isles and parts of northern North America, in Canada and the United States. Common names include bog-myrtle, sweet willow, Dutch myrtle, and sweetgale.

Description
Myrica gale is a deciduous shrub growing to 1–2 m tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, simple, 2–5 cm long, oblanceolate with a tapered base and broader tip, and a crinkled or finely toothed margin. The flowers are catkins, with male and female catkins on separate plants (dioecious). The fruit is a small drupe.

Distribution and habitat
Bog-myrtle is distributed throughout parts of the Northern Hemisphere, including: Japan, North Korea, Russia, mainland Europe, the British Isles, Canada and the United States.

It typically grows in acidic peat bogs, and to cope with these difficult nitrogen-poor growing conditions, the roots have nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria which enable the plants to grow.

Ecology
Sweetgale can grow in a narrow band in the intertidal zone, especially if logs have been washed into the estuary on which to establish itself. It is a favorite food of beavers, and low beaver dams can be found in the intertidal zone if sufficient sweetgale is present. The ponds thus formed are often completely submerged at high tide but retain enough water at low tide to provide refuge for fish. If too deep for predation by wading birds, juvenile salmon may flourish.

Uses
The foliage has a sweet resinous scent and is a traditional insect repellent, used by campers to keep biting insects out of tents. It is also a traditional component of royal wedding bouquets and is used variously in perfumery and as a condiment.

In Scotland, UK, it has been traditionally used to ward off the Highland midge, and it is marketed as an insect repellent and as an ingredient in some soaps.

Queen Victoria was given a sprig of bog-myrtle which she planted on the Isle of Wight. Her daughter used some of the plant that grew in her wedding bouquet, starting a royal tradition.

Food and medicine
The leaves can be dried to make tea, and both the nutlets and dried leaves can be used to make a seasoning.

In north-western Europe (Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands), it was much used in a mixture called gruit as a flavouring for beer from the Middle Ages to the 16th century, but it fell into disuse after hops supplanted gruit herbs for political and economic reasons. In modern times, some brewers have revisited this historic technique and in Denmark and Sweden the plant is commonly used to prepare home-flavoured schnaps.

In some native cultures in Eastern Canada, the plant has been used as a traditional remedy for stomach aches, fever, bronchial ailments, and liver problems. "The Creole Doctor", an 1886 article by Lafcadio Hearn, discusses the uses of the plant, known locally as " ," in Louisiana creole folk remedies.

In 2007 there were plans to increase production of the plant in Scotland for use as an essential oil for treating sensitive skin and acne. The plant has been listed as an abortifacient and therefore should not be consumed by women who are, or might be, pregnant.

title: Myrica gale


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Adam Liszt

Adamus List (Liszt Ádám; 16 December 1776 – 28 August 1827) was the father of composer and pianist Franz Liszt.

Family background
As the second child of Georg Adam List and Katharina (née Baumann) he was born in Nemesvölgy (today Edelstal, Austria), a village close to the Austrian border in the Kingdom of Hungary. His family was of Danube Swabian German descent. There are Germanic, Slavic and Magyar claims of the Liszt family. They lived in Márcz, Nagymarton and also Malacka, Kingdom of Hungary (today Marz, Mattersburg in Austria and Malacky in Slovakia).

Georg was in service for the Hungarian Nikolaus II, Prince Esterházy and both he and his son, Adam, were Hungarian citizens. The family lived mostly in the German-speaking parts of Hungary, which is why they had only rudimentary knowledge of Hungarian. Franz tried to learn the common tongue of his kingdom in the 1870s, but in spite of his great language skills he could not reach fluency level.

In his youth, Adam changed his surname "List" to the spelling "Liszt", according to Hungarian pronunciation. In his lifetime, Latin, not Hungarian, was the administrative language of the multi-ethnic Kingdom of Hungary, hence the recorded Latinised name "Adamus". After the great success of his son Franz, the father Georg also started to use the surname Liszt in the 1820s. Other family members also adapted this form, e.g. Adam's brother, Eduard, father of Franz von Liszt.

Youth with musical career
As a teenager, Liszt played cello in the House of Eszterházy summer orchestra under the direction of Joseph Haydn. He was also an amateur pianist, and played the organ and violin and sang in a choir. His brother Eduard and one sister Barbara also showed great musical talents, as did their father Georg, who worked as an organist and played the piano and violin, but they had few resources for musical education other than within the family. After graduating from the Archigymnasium Regium Posoniense (today Gamča, Slovakia), in Pressburg (Pozsony, today's Bratislava), Liszt entered the Franciscan Order, but two years later, by his petition in 1797, was released from the order. He still kept a close relationship with the order, which probably gave him the inspiration to name his son Franz.

Adult work life
An attempt by Liszt to continue as a student of philosophy at the University of Pozsony ended in the first year due to financial reasons. He had to look for a job, and in 1798 became a clerk at the Esterházy estate in Fraknóváralja (today Forchtenstein, Austria). After two years, Liszt was transferred to Kapuvár where he was missing the musical atmosphere at Kismarton (today Eisenstadt, Austria). He started to compose music and dedicate it to the Prince in order to be transferred back to the Western part of Sopron County. Only in 1805 did he finally succeed in getting a job at the court in Kismarton. The years in Kismarton were his happy years. In his spare time, he played cello in the orchestra led by Johann Nepomuk Hummel, the successor of Haydn, and had the opportunity to work with many musicians who came to Kismarton to perform, including Cherubini and Beethoven. This happy time ended when Liszt was transferred to the Esterházy estate of Doborján (today Raiding, Austria) in 1809, as an overseer of the herd of about 50,000 sheep (Rentmeister der Fürstlich Esterházyschen Schäferei). Doborján, only 30 miles from Kismarton, was a rather provincial place.

Marriage
While visiting his father in Nagymarton (today Mattersburg, Austria) in the summer of 1810, Liszt met Anna Lager who had recently moved from Vienna to Nagymarton. Their marriage took place in the parish of Lók (today Unterfrauenhaid, Austria) on 11 January 1811.

The only child of the couple, Franz Liszt, was born on 22 October 1811. Liszt's father Georg wrote to prince Esterházy in 1812 that Adam had 3 more children, but there is no other documentation about this, and it seems unlikely.

Raising Franz Liszt
At his house in Doborján, Liszt staged chamber concerts. When Franz was 5 and his musical genius revealed itself, Adam started to teach him music. When his fame grew, sponsors could finance private education in Vienna for the young Franz. Franz's father stayed close to his son throughout his travels to Vienna and Paris, where they settled in 1823. The purpose was to let Franz study at the famous Conservatoire de Paris, but Cherubini told them that foreigners were not admitted. (Long after this piece of unintentional satire, Liszt would always scorn the conservatoires and their products). So Liszt continued to teach his son, with a rigid schedule of practicing Bach and other composers on the piano, with transposition of fugues and other daily technique improving exercises. After resigning from the Esterhazys' service Liszt spent most of his time as the manager of his son's career, with tours in many European countries. Franz found his father's supervision quite demanding. (He may also have become the main breadwinner through giving lessons and concerts). Liszt was a skillful business manager. It is possible that the father wanted the opportunities for his son that service with the Esterhazys had blocked for him. Liszt secured him lessons with Paer (composition), Salieri (singing) and, mainly, Czerny (piano). Liszt had known Czerny and Beethoven from his own musical days. Through Czerny, Liszt secured his son a meeting with Beethoven and Czerny seems to have persuaded his master to go to a concert where the young man was playing. Franz was devastated by his father's death and withdrew to a monastery for a time. His mother, Anna Lager came to look after him in Paris where she remained until her death in the 1860s. He soon became an established performer and teacher who was able to introduce Chopin to the musical world on his arrival in Paris in 1830.

The elder Liszt was the main influence on Franz in his early years, as both teacher and manager. Franz's full musical maturity was reached after his father died, when he heard the works of such composers as Mendelssohn, Schubert and Schumann. The big influence on his performing style after his father's death came from his meetings with the forty-year-old Paganini. Though he always honored the memory of Adam Liszt, who had been accused by the French gutter press of exploiting the child prodigy, he never visited his grave at Boulogne-sur-Mer.

Death
Liszt died in 1827 in Boulogne-sur-Mer at the age of 50 when Franz was 15 years old. The two were staying at a retreat centre for Franz to rest after a physician's order; however, the father became fatally ill with typhoid fever, died, and was buried there. Franz composed a funeral piece for his father's funeral service.

title: Adam Liszt


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Category:History of County Durham

Articles relating to the history of the ceremonial county of County Durham, England.

title: Category:History of County Durham


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Pat Harrington Jr.

Daniel Patrick Harrington Jr. (August 13, 1929 – January 6, 2016) was an American Emmy Award -winning stage and television actor, best known for his role as building superintendent Dwayne Schneider on the sitcom One Day at a Time (1975–1984). His father Pat Harrington Sr. was also an actor.

Early life
Harrington was born in Manhattan on August 13, 1929.

His father was a song and danceman who worked in vaudeville and performed on the Broadway stage. Harrington attended a Catholic military school, La Salle Military Academy in Oakdale, New York. then graduated from Fordham University in 1950 with a bachelor of arts and subsequently received a master's degree in political philosophy, also from Fordham. During the Korean War, Harrington served as an intelligence officer with the U.S. Air Force, where he achieved the rank of first lieutenant.

Following in his father's footsteps, he pursued a career in entertainment after graduating from college and completing military service. He took a job at NBC in New York City. He then began acting on stage and toured North America with several plays, eventually performing on Broadway.

Career
Harrington became known in the 1950s as a member of Steve Allen's television comedy troupe, "Men on the Street" (which included Don Knotts, Tom Poston and Louis Nye). He made many appearances as the comedic Italian immigrant golf pro Guido Panzini on The Jack Paar Show in the mid-1950s. In the 1959–60 season, he played the recurring role of Pat Hannigan in 11 episodes of Danny Thomas's sitcom The Danny Thomas Show.

In the 1964–1965 television season, he guest-starred on numerous programs, including the sitcom The Bing Crosby Show and Kentucky Jones (starring Dennis Weaver). In a 1965 episode of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ("The Bow-Wow Affair"), Harrington reprised his role as Guido Panzini (who he also played in the February 8, 1966, episode of McHale's Navy "McHale's Country Club Caper"). On April 6, 1965, Harrington appeared in an episode of Mr. Novak (starring James Franciscus) titled "There's a Penguin in My Garden." He also guest-starred on two episodes of The Munsters.

In 1967, he appeared in the Elvis Presley film Easy Come, Easy Go. He also parodied Get Smart in an episode of F Troop, in which he played secret agent "B Wise". From 1971 to 1974, he appeared in 11 episodes as District Attorney Charlie Giannetta of the ABC legal drama Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law, starring Arthur Hill in the title role.

Harrington worked as a voice actor, including Ray Palmer/the Atom and Roy Harper/Speedy on The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure in 1967. From 1965 to 1969, Harrington portrayed the voices of both The Inspector (a character inspired by Inspector Jacques Clouseau) and his sidekick Deux Deux in all of the original 34 animated episodes of the character's eponymous series, created by Mirisch Films and DePatie-Freleng and released via United Artists. They later were shown as part of the Pink Panther cartoon TV show. Another cartoon voice he did was Jon's father on A Garfield Christmas Special.

In 1974, he appeared with Peter Falk and Robert Conrad in the Columbo episode An Exercise in Fatality. Harrington is best known for his role as building superintendent Dwayne Schneider on the 1975–1984 television sitcom One Day at a Time. He won both an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his work on this series.

He played Hank Vosmik, a crew member who wins the heart of Florence Henderson's character Diane DeMarco in "The Love Boat" S2 E11 story "Captain's Cup", 1978. In 1979, Harrington appeared as a celebrity guest star/game show contestant on Password Plus. He reprised his role as Schneider in a series of commercials in the late 1980s for Trak Auto Parts after the show ended. He appeared in an episode of The King of Queens in 2006.

On the stage, he made his Broadway debut as Walter Bagley in Happiness Is Just a Little Thing Called a Rolls Royce. He performed in the national tour of Show Boat as Cap'n Andy Hawks in 1997 and 1998. In 2000, he appeared in a regional production of Into the Woods as the Narrator.

Harrington twice appeared on former co-star Valerie Bertinelli's television shows. In 1990, he appeared on Sydney and in 2012 he appeared, in his final acting role, on Hot in Cleveland.

Personal life
Harrington married Marjorie Ann Gortner in 1955; the couple had four children, including tennis player Mike Harrington. They divorced in 1985. He married Sally Cleaver, an insurance executive, in 2001.

Death
Harrington, who had Alzheimer's disease, fell in early November 2015. He suffered a small brain hemorrhage and spent three weeks in a hospital and nursing home. Harrington's children announced his death on January 6, 2016, aged 86. He died on co-star Bonnie Franklin's birthday; she had died in 2013.

Awards and honors

 * 1980: Golden Globe Award – Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series – One Day at a Time
 * 1984: Primetime Emmy Award – Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series – One Day at a Time
 * 2003: TV Land Awards – Nosiest Neighbor – One Day at a Time (nominated)

title: Pat Harrington Jr.


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User:NicolasCH~enwiki

Welcome!

This is my work space. Please put your comments under "discussion" - thanx!

All Standard Cars (List)
The total number of cars built of a certain model prior 2001 often is difficult to determine. Figures vary with the source and even Maserati states different numbers for the same model. This information therefore has been kept off the list.

Quellen: offizielle Maserati Web Site, diverse Bücher und Dokumente

title: User:NicolasCH~enwiki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kelly McGee

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 00:20, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Kelly McGee
Non-notable model who has previously dated a rockstar. Delete --Allen3 talk 13:54, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Doesn't appear to have made any other contributions of note. — RJH 15:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with RJH, delete--nixie 04:11, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Quale 05:15, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Category:Local government in County Durham

The administrative county of County Durham is divided into seven local government districts. The ceremonial county of County Durham also includes the administratively independent unitary authorities boroughs of Hartlepool and Darlington, and part of the unitary authority of Stockton-on-Tees.


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Arboretum of the University of Central Florida

The Arboretum of the University of Central Florida is located on the main campus of the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida, United States. Covering 80 acre, it contains more than 600 species of plants, including more than 100 bromeliads, in cultivated gardens.

History
Established by President Trevor Colbourn in 1983, The Arboretum began with approximately 12 acre of a disturbed pond pine community on the east side of the developed part of campus, east of the present biology building. In 1988, at President Altman’s direction, the University expanded the Arboretum to include a 5 acre Cypress dome, an oak hammock of about 3 acre, and about 15 acre of sand pine and Florida scrub, connected to the original Arboretum by Sabal palmetto community and increasingly rare Florida longleaf pine flatwoods. During this time the director of the Arboretum was Dr. Henry O. Whittier. He would remain director of the Arboretum until his retirement in 2003, when Dr. Whittier was replaced as director by Dr. Martin Quigley, who served as director until 2009. In 2009, the Arboretum established a 0.15-ha organic community garden. In 2010, Dr. Patrick Bohlen was hired as the Director of Landscape and Natural Resources and Arboretum.

Natural areas
East of Orlando, and about five miles (8 km) north of State Route 50 on Alafaya Trail, The University of Central Florida occupies approximately 1100 acre of east central Florida natural habitats, including some of the last elevated land (about 75 ft above sea level) before the St. Johns River, which lies between the campus and the coast. Elevations range from about 50 ft to 75 ft above sea level, and more than two thirds of the campus has been described as wetlands, under the protection of the St. Johns River Water Management District. The northeast and southeast sections of campus are wetland preserves whose waters flow east and north into the little Econlockhatchee River, which in turn flows into the Big Econlockhatchee before it joins with the St. Johns River near State Highway 46.

The elevated northwest corner of campus is geologically ancient coastline ridge which, because of its excellent water drainage, includes nature preserve containing a small remnant of the easternmost longleaf pine and American turkey oak association in central Florida. Most of the American turkey oak has disappeared from the highest part of the ridge, occupied by Alafaya trail. Intermittent or Shallow ponds and a small 5 acre lake, Lake Claire, lie immediately to the east. A small beach and some picnic pavilions are maintained for campus recreation.

On the east side of campus, east of Gemini blvd and south of Orion blvd, lies a 5 acre Cypress dome, an oak hammock of about 3 acre, about 15 acre of sand pine and wild rosemary scrub, and 32 acre of pine flatwoods.

Wild rosemary scrub and longleaf pine flatwoods habitats are eminently suitable for construction, but the great majority of Florida endemic (unique) species are found in these habitats. The presence of these habitats within the Arboretum provides important opportunities for the introduction and preservation of threatened or endangered species.

The flatwoods are so flat that after heavy rains in may take water one or two days to drain off – so flat that the land slopes at a rate of not much more than 2-3 inches per mile! The vegetation may look pretty boring from the highway, but that’s because of the repetitiveness of widely spaced longleaf pines and the apparent continuity of the saw palmetto and occasional shrubby oaks, lyonias, and hollies. On foot, walking the narrow trails through this habitat in different months of the year, the person taking the time for a closer look sees a wide variety of more seasonal plants which includes wild orchids, pitcher plants, sundews, bladderworts, lobelias, mints, tar flowers, blueberries, and others.

To maintain this biodiversity, the flatwoods and scrub ecosystems require fire to help clean up the dead and dried-up plant material that after some time can completely cover the ground. When these materials are burnt they return their nutrients back into the ground as ash and the next generation of flowers and grasses can emerge and thrive. This is the continuous cycle of growth, fire, and regeneration that these ecosystems need to be healthy.

Recreation
The Arboretum currently has approximately 3 mi of walking/biking trails through the scrub and longleaf communities. The Natural Areas are open to the public from sunrise to sunset, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Pets are allowed as long as they are kept under control and on a 6 ft leash. Group tours are available by reservation. Volunteer opportunities are also available with more information available at the website.