text:
User talk:Jmabel/Archive 13

Baltasar Gracián
Thanks for pointing out my mistake, and the proper avenue for incorporating foreign language material. – Morning star | Talk 01:29, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I do plan to work on it. I didn't mean to obligate anyone else, but thought others (perhaps more capable) might take a crack at it. – Morning star | Talk 02:26, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

Sí, es Tarazona
Sí, es en Tarazona, una ciudad en la provincia de Zaragoza, donde murió Baltasar Gracián.

Saludos cordiales,

Aromera 22-III-2005

About San Marcos
Regardless of the name of the University (Saint Mark or San Marcos) I wish that you could help me dealing with the grammatic mistakes of the article. It is really messy (I, myself have difficulties for reading it) and I really wish that an arrange can be made. The information Itself its not a problem, just the way that its expressed. Please, take a look and add all the mistakes on the talk page. National_University_of_San_Marcos I would gladly recieve any help. Messhermit 04:02, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

New York
Oh yes. I see I didn't ever transfer the sources from the main article way back when. Thanks for pointing that out. – Decumanus 06:08, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

Tibetan people
Do you have any clues about the sources about the images of the Tibetan people? It has no information about the source of the images for more than one year, and images without information should be deleted if lied docile for too long.

Did you ever go to Tibet? If you have, do you have any images of any Tibetan individuals? I think that new images should be replaced, as these old images do not have any information concerning their sources. Can fair-use images be deleted so as to achieve 1.0? (See the rules here. Pushing to 1.0)

I also feel that this article has a potential to achieve a near-featured article standard, and cleaning up is needed. I do not intend stubborness, but I think that the paragraphs in the customs should be broken up as it looks neater. Gramatical errors are important to be corrected, as a viewed that at least 35% of the wikipedians have poor grammar standard. Even I, do have some grammar defects.

Let's join forces to construct this article into the 1.0 standard.

Mr Tan, 18:09, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I did. As I've told you, they have the [unverified] tag being placed up, and it has been more than one year since the person uploaded it. Images like these should be deleted if lie docile for too long. If you are an admin, I don't know about their tasks, but you may either delete them off or request for deletion.

also, I also seek foward to the future of working with you. In the case of any help needed, do come and approach me.

Thanks and Bye.

Mr Tan, 23:24, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

ro:Mihai Eminescu

 * Halló Jmabel! I do not know if you received an answer regarding your question at ro:Discu&. There are considerable differences between ro:Mihai Eminescu and now. If you have further questions please leave a message at ro:Discu&.
 * ro:Mihai Eminescu used / uses many links to Wikisource. I made a template ro:Format:Wikisource inline and am not shure how to implement it (as a interwiki or as a external link). Normaly such links are only in the "External links" section. What is your opinion about this?
 * GlobalWPSearch is a help tool developed by de:Benutzer:Aka. It searches titles with the same name in 18 Wikipedias see http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch.pl?timeout=30&search=Mihai_Eminescu . As an improvement I suggested that it should detect also templates as Template:Copyvio, Template:Delete, Template:Interwikiconflict.
 * I made lots of efforts to identify the equivalent of Template:Disambig in many Wikipedias, see de:Bild Diskussion:Logo Begriffsklärung.png and would be happy if you could help to make somthing similar for the different variants of Template:Copyvio (Template:Copyvio1, Template:Copyvio2 etc.) in many languages. Normaly I used links like pt:Special:Allpages/Copy (template namespace) to do this.
 * If Image server overload 2005-03 is fixed Image:Disambig.png could be used at Template:Disambig.
 * Thanks in advance for your efforts. Gangleri | [ Th] | T 11:28, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * Thanks Jmabel for the answers! Best regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 22:05, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

San Marcos
Hi Jmabel -

I do not know what you think, but it seems to me that HappyApple is simply being unreasonable. Apparently he and his friend Messhermit read a welcome message Viajero wrote to me (in my discussion section), and have teamed up to erase my edits to completely non-political texts.

Also - I wonder why on earth HappyApple is so focused on "Saint Mark". Abundant reasons against it have been given in the village pump, if I remember correctly.

PS. I now realize that his father may know my parents; perhaps this dispute can be solved on a friendly basis. Whether you use his original version or my corrected version as the basis of the article is up to you, of course; for what it's worth, it seems to me that the original version was far too verbose, sometimes self-contradictory, and often on the verge of incomprehensibility.

Hasdrubal 17:45, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Grammatical Help please
Hello, this is Messhermit once again. I don't known if you have enought time to take a look at this article that I have just created: Francisco Morales Bermúdez. I still have troubles with the grammar part. By the way, regarding the "San Marcos" article, I will talk with HappyApple to prevent an edit war a make it more a compromise page rather than a POV. Thanks a lot. Messhermit 01:13, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cerdagne
I moved Cerdanya to Cerdagne, since Cerdagne is the name common in English. Also, the name Cerdanya creates confusion with the Spanish comarca of Baixa Cerdanya, so in the end the article Cerdanya was very confusing, not knowing if it refered to the historical region known as Cerdagne, or to the administrative comarca known as Baixa Cerdanya. I also rewrote part of the article to clarify and avoid confusion. I have changed the links to link to the new Cerdagne article. I erased the comment on the discussion page at Cerdanya and pasted it on the discussion page at Cerdagne, so it is not lost. Hardouin 20:50, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Cerdagne was already a redirect page towards Cerdanya, so it was not possible to use the move function. Hardouin 20:58, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The last time I tagged an article for an admin to move it, it took THREE WEEKS before I got an answer. Hardouin 21:07, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I put a note at Requested moves. That's where it took three weeks. And actually, after three weeks my request was deleted without an explanation, so I put it again, before FINALLY someone answers me and move the article. Hardouin 21:36, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Forum link... stealth style!
My meaning was not to vandalize. The forum I linked to used to be present on the page, I came yesterday and noticed it was gone, and instead there was a link to a site with several "third positionist" moderators and administrators. So instead of a site with 8600 leftist members, anarchists and marxists, we had a site with 400 members, and a large part of the active ones raving about "the jewish world domination" and other neo-nazi crap. I don't know if this was originally a switch, or if someone added this site and then deleted che-lives, but I don't think the link makes sense in the context of both membership and content.--Che y Marijuana 23:58, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, you're right, usually I do put an edit summary, but I was making the edit in the morning and I hadn't slept yet :P Sorry about that.--Che y Marijuana 20:04, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)

Article reviewing?
Ahoy JM, would you be willing to help review articles for a little contest at the end of the month? Cheers, +sj + 12:23, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be a mini contest this week, to come up with entries for the international writing contest. Would entail skimming 30-40 nominations to identify the best ones, then discussing briefly to reach consensus.  1-2 hours.  +sj +  23:22, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure 'nuff. There should be enough judges to pick up slack if neccessary. +sj +  23:35, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * International_writing_contest is up! +sj +  17:33, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Egregious?
Why would you say that in regards to: "The best known example of this is the schism between the Communists, Syndicalists, and Fascists in Italy." I direct you to this section (Fascism and right-wing politics) of the Right-wing politics article:

 * Despite the important differences from other right-wing ideologies, fascism is almost universally considered to be a part of "the right." This is somewhat parallel to the customary inclusion of Marxism-Leninism (and, in particular, that of the Stalinist Soviet Union and Maoist China) in "the left." Nonetheless, fascism differs significantly from other politics that are usually classified as right wing, and most right-wingers (even many far right groups) reject any association with it, just like most left-wingers (even many communists) reject any association with Stalinism and Maoism.

 * Many of the creators of Italian Fascism had originally been supporters of the political left. Philosophers such as Robert Michel, Sergio Panunzio, and Giovanni Gentile were originally syndicalists, a group normally identified with the left and whose tactical propensity for direct action became an element in Italian Fascism. Benito Mussolini himself was originally a socialist, though he had ceased even to claim to be one by the time he was leading the fascist party (and, indeed, many of his old comrades were the first targets of his political police). In the treatise Doctrine of Fascism (written by Gentile but approved by Mussolini); fascism is identified as being of the "collective" century and it is declared that the 20th century will be the "century of the state".

Actually, the truth is even a bit more substantive than the current text alleges. I intend to add several notes to it...
 * The name Fascism and the movement itself goes back to the 1890s's when they were called the "fasci" a radical left-wing party that broke from the Marxist movement. They did so because they rejected class-struggle as the means by which to achieve the Marxist utopian ideal.  They believed instead that the different classes should unity to jointly erect the Socialist state.  Thus, they became the enemy of Marxist Socialists because they opposed fomenting civil unrest.  Of course this anti-revolution position elicited support from the anti-Socialist parties and a bit of an alliance formed.

 * The syndicalists leaders, Agostino Lanzillo and Michele Bianchi were founding members of the Fascist party in 1919. Their platform at the time was: "a democratic republic, a separation of church and state, a national army, progressive income taxation, and the development of labor cooperatives"  Syndicalism "is a political and economic ideology which advocates giving control of both industry and government to labor union federations"
 * Mussolini was also strongly influenced by Henri De Man's Audela du Marxism.  Henry De Man was a leading Socialist Theoretician.

Anyways, lots of this information can be found (with Sources) by going through the articles on Fascism and the Syndacalists. The point is that this classification difficulty is not obscure or dubious, but well-known.

It was not my intention to suggest that Orwell specifically used this example. I put the example there as a reference to a known example to explain the point. If there is too much of an implication that the example itself is Orwell's, that will have to be improved.

Thanks for your fixups. – Pearlg 22:11, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Judaism/converts
Hi!

I'm the one who added the paragraph on conversion - I couldn't find a section on Jewish conversion in wikipedia, and I was also concerned that in the "what makes a person Jewish" section, there was no affirmation that Judaism, as a whole, does accept converts. I have, over the course of my life, met many people who genuinely believed that Orthodox Judaism does not accept converts - and some people who think that other branches of Judaism (such as the Conservative movement) do not accept converts either. In my experience, this misunderstanding was either due to people's experiences with more orthodox branches of the religion not recognizing the conversions of other branches (which is obviously not at all the same as not allowing conversion) or because someone once told them that converts were "not accepted" in a given community, a comment that was no doubt meant to have a social meaning but which has no religious significance. (I.e., you could be a convert, but a community might not be very accepting). I think this is a sad state of affairs, that people might think that there are Jews who do not allow other people to become Jewish, because I think it a) adds fuel to psuedo-race theories about Judaism, which are patently false, and b) because I've known at least one person who was interested in becoming Jewish and thought it was impossible. Anyway, that's why I included the portion about orthodox vs. less orthodox conversions, because I know that people might discount the affirmation that all Jewish sects accepted converts unless it explained why some Jewish sects might require a second conversion. However, I think I see your point about that being awkward and possibly more confusing than helpful. So I've removed it.

I now see that there is a main article "Who is a Jew" that has much more information. Thank you for your guidance! (unsigned, 141.158.48.71)

fun with citations
I have perhaps been a little slow at getting up to speed with the new, "official" citation style, but finally I have put together an article using it, templates and all. It isn't a totally satisfying system, IMO, because it seems more oriented towards conventional bibliographies than numbered endnotes; for example, numbering in the reference section can't be automatically generated, which in a short piece is no big deal but could be a major PITA in a longer one. Anyway, the subject matter may not be part of your regular beat, but feel free to have a look at it: Bolkestein Directive; I know you have a good eye for detail. As you see, I haven't forgotten your suggestion with regard to the citations of the Japan embassy piece, but I thought I would first have a go at it in a more managable context. All the best. – Viajero 16:20, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Please see
Talk:Arabist, thanx. Cheers, (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 16:44, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Alberto Kenya Fujimori Fujimori
I think Alberto is his first name, Kenya is his middle name (and Japanese name), Fujimori is his father's name, and Fujimori is also his mother's name - they were cousins, if I am not mistaken. Hasdrubal 19:47, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Biweekly special article
Dear Fact and Reference Check member,

After many months, the biweekly special article has been brought back! The article we will be referencing is Titan (moon). Please do your best to help out!

I'm asking all members to verify at least three facts in the article, and I'd really appreciate it if you could try and help with this. We have about 19 members, so if even 3/4 of us try and fulfil this 'dream', that'll be 45 references!

If you need some information on how to use footnotes, take a look at Footnote3, which has a method of autonumbering footnotes. Unfortunately, they produce brackets around the footnotes, but it seems to be our best alternative until they integrate the footnote feature request code into MediaWiki. You may be interested in voting for the aforementioned feature request.

Cheers,

Frazzydee|✍ 20:03, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh gosh no, it's not an expectation; I apologize if I made it sound like I was forcing you. It was nothing more than a request that members do so, so if you don't want to, then that's perfectly fine- please don't remove yourself from the members list :)

 * I just sent a message to all the members, so I didn't know that you weren't referencing. That's perfectly fine, we need help in all departments.

 * Thanks for your message! -Frazzydee|✍ 20:35, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

DYK
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Peretz Hirshbein, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

Spam?
Hi Jmabel – could I just get a quick second opinion on whether you think these contributions by User:65.8.14.99 count as spam? I've reverted them all, but have since recieved several angry messages and emails saying they ought not be counted as spam (and, oddly, calling me a Communist). If you have a moment, I'd appreciate an opinion. Thanks! – Asbestos | Talk 10:48, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course. Absolutely spam, and commercial spam at that. Not even in a gray zone. – Jmabel | Talk 15:43, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I had reverted all his edits on that assumption, but wanted a second opinion after such angry messages. Much appreciated. – Asbestos | Talk 16:19, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Anarcho-capitalist critique of left-anarchism
Could you please delete this page in accordance with the unanimous vote on its VfD page?--Che y Marijuana 10:10, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * The wiki tells me "Can't delete this article because it contains new block-compressed revisions, which are not supported by the new selective undelete feature and could result in data loss if deletion and undeletion happened. This is a temporary situation which the developers are well aware of, and should be fixed within a month or two. Please mark the page for deletion, protect the page and wait for a software update to allow normal deletion. If there is an actual complaint from a copyright holder or other suitable legal complaint and they are unwilling to accept page blanking and protection as a temporary measure, please ask a developer for assistance." I recommend you blank it, except for a note explaining the situation. – Jmabel | Talk 17:17, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

Template:Jewish_language
Can you please glance at the proposal to include Yinglish and Yeshivish in the Template:Jewish languages, and the minidiscussion about the overall organization of the template at Template talk:Jewish language? Thanks. Tomer TALK 18:46, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

Usage of (h) in Spanish
It's not very common, though. The only example that comes to my mind is Julio Argentino Roca (h), son of Julio Argentino Roca and vicepresident with Agustín P. Justo. Also, there exists (n)
 * Ejrrjs | What? 21:41, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Merge some redundant lists to categories
In response to:

 * Phil, I understand that you are not advocating turning all lists into categories, but I believe that if you look at the discussion that has gone by, you are wrong in claiming that no one is advocating that. In fact, it seems to me that quite a few people are advocating it.

Perhaps, but that's a ridiculous idea that's completely beyond anything I ever proposed, so I have good reason to treat it dismissively. Philwelch 01:12, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Certainly, but not to deny that anyone is proposing it, which is what a recent remark of yours claimed. We both agree that it's a bad idea, but that doesn't mean we should say no one is proposing this bad idea. – Jmabel | Talk 01:21, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, only if you insist on interpreting everything I say so damn literally ;) Philwelch 01:33, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Printing shop
Happens. BTW I nominated it for WP:COTW: how come this article is still missing? Or there is a synonym I don't know? Then please edit the redirect. Mikkalai 01:25, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Papua (Indonesian province) -> Papua Province
new facts for page move at Talk:Papua (Indonesian province), regards Tobias Conradi 05:54, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Peretz Hirshbein
Hi! Thanks for the note on Hirshbein. I understand your concerns and I will also see that Hirshbein in catagorized in the Yiddish Theater category. As it is, I've taken to redoing the theatre categories and I'm classifying playwrights by nationality in terms of those playwrights born in the country and also playwrights who do the majority of their work in said country. I believe there is a Yiddish Theatre category and add Hirshbein, but if not I will see that one is created as I know there are a great many very well written entries on the subject. If you have any other questions or concerns please feel free to address them on my talk page. Thanks! Ganymead 07:33, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * My plan is to create a catagory for dramatists and playwrights by ethnicity. This would include only playwrights that are associated with specific types of ethnic or minority theatre such as Yiddish and Hebrew Theatre (as it is, I plan on separating these), African-American Theatre, or Gay and Lesbian Theatre. Indeed, Yiddish dramatists such as Goldfaden and Hirshbein will also be catagorized as directors or musical theatre lyricists. As it is, I don't believe that theatre directors or lyricists will be large enough to have to break down into smaller catagories. I don't pretend to know loads about Yiddish theatre and your input has been very helpful! Ganymead 08:20, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * One other note, I just realized after looking at your main page that it was you who had written many of the wonderful pages on Yiddish theatre! Thanks! The theatre entries as a whole on Wikipedia are rather poor except for Yiddish Theatre, English Restoration Theatre and Shakespeare. Your contributions have helped tremendously! I will certainly add your pages to my reading list. Ganymead 08:31, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Walker reference - an overdue response
Wow. This note is long overdue. I was looking over my talk page and came across your question about my deletion of the reference to Walker's effort to reclaim "negress." I seem to recall going back to the article at some time in the past and seeing the restoration of that paragraph and agreeing with it, but I'm pretty sure it wasn't in response to your note. Back then, I was in the habit of ignoring that orange message banner for a time, because it just never seemed to disappear. I'm not sure I ever read it. If I did, I was probably crunching a deadline, set aside a response and never got back to it. My apologies. (Is there a special trick to making that banner go away? It's really annoying sometimes!) Anyway, I just returned to the article (again) to see if I could figure out how that happened, and as near as I can figure, I was probably reading too quickly (skimming, actually – terrible, I know!) and simply skipped over the preceding, 2-line paragraph. (My bad.) Until I just googled her, I was unfamiliar with Walker's art, so it didn't ring any bells – and reclaiming "Negro" (as it read without the preceding paragraph) was just weird. (Actually, I remember thinking "absurd".) I am familiar with works like The Good Negress, though, and of course would have agreed and probably added that author's name (which escapes me at the moment) had I read the last two paragraphs more closely. Hope that answers your question. Peace. deeceevoice 08:26, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I don't see "My Authentic Negro Experience" as an attempt to "reclaim" the word. Use of it to characterize a particular period in history or mind-set isn't quite the same. Frankly (and thankfully :-p), I don't see anyone reclaiming that one! I feel somewhat differently about "negress" and use it often facetiously myself. From what little I've seen online, Walker isn't quite my cup of tea, though. I prefer Jacob Lawrence and Romare Bearden, even Alma Thomas – a lot more color and vibrance.

Gee, thanks. I appreciate your comments about my "forbearance." Yep. People often mistake my relentlessness, plainspokenness/directness and sometimes passion for hostility. I guess the archetype of the evil, ball-busting, black b**** is truly alive and well here. It's good to know even some white folks (like you) notice just how off-the-wall a lot of our fellow, white Wikipedians are. I find their racism, ignorance, obstructionism and just plain obtuseness on matters dealing with race, ethnicity and racism is pervasive and systemic. When I'm not being the Omarosa-in-residence (:p) here in the virtual world, I don't deal with that mind-set at all. I tend to eschew such contact in the real world; I really do have better things to do with my time! But some of the stuff I've read on Wikipedia simply shouldn't be in print anywhere – and certainly not as any kind of authoritative source of information on the race. This place can be truly appalling in that regard. It needs more contributors of color, particularly black folks who aren't confused or self-loathing accommodationist, assimilationist knee-grows. (That may sound strident/judgmental, but it's not meant to be; such labels are merely a rather unfortunate-sounding shorthand for certain even more unfortunate pathologies.) But Wikipedia isn't exactly the kind of site that attracts such people – and it most certainly is not the kind of site that is likely to retain any in significant numbers for very long.

But when Wikipedia is good, it's really good. And the quirky mix of people and individual interests is a reminder of just how different our experiences are, how varied, how diverse. The place is dynamic. And I've encountered some truly decent, well-meaning people here, as well. Not enough to stop me from pausing each time before I click the Wiki icon on my web brower, but I've determined to stay as long as my patience will permit.

Good luck on the archiving of talk:African American. I'm glad someone has the patience for it!

Peace 2 u. :) deeceevoice 23:05, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

By the way, thanks for signing on to that RfC. deeceevoice 08:29, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep. I would imagine Seattle is full of Lawrence's work.  I checked out the ethnic groups project – and whose name did I find?  JCarriker, a member I had a run-in with only a couple of days ago.  Another one of those people who took a misunderstanding and ran with it – in this case, straight to the Wareware RfC page.  Completely unwarranted and unpardonable.  Because his talk page was automatically on my watchlist, I noticed he's already archived our exchange.  Guess he's not too proud of it – but too proud to remove his unfair reference to our dispute from his comments on the RfC.  So-ooo typical.  (No comment expected; just venting.)  deeceevoice 12:57, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of Nazi Jew-hating image
Hi Joe: Please see Images and media for deletion for vote on deletion of Image:MoneyJews.jpg. Thanks. IZAK 09:22, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jmabel/Archive 13


text:
Video assist

Video assist is a system used in filmmaking that allows filmmakers to view and distribute a video version of a take immediately after it is filmed. On set, the location where the assist is reviewed is called a video village.

Usage
Originally developed to show the camera's view to more people than the one looking through the eyepiece, today video assist is the name of a complex system, consisting of monitors, recorders, video transmitters, video switchers, IT and RF equipment, and hundreds of yards of cables. The video assist crew—the video assist operator, assistant operator, cable guy and video trainee—are in charge of moving, plugging in cables, and troubleshoot. The whole system can easily fill a medium-sized truck. Their job is to set up the video village, consisting of the central video cart and accessories, and in the same or separate villages: director's monitors, producer's monitors, and sometimes DP's monitors (however that nowadays usually done by the DIT). Modern video assist is not only about signal reception and distribution, but recording, rough editing, visual effect previz and streaming.

All the camera connections coming into the video village go into the video trolley. On the cart are the video recorders, the most important equipment of a VA op. The cart usually holds a video matrix, for making quick interconnections, two small operator monitors, a powerful computer, an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and a collection of small tools. The camera images are fed to the larger monitors for the director, and sometimes for secondary arrays of monitors for the producers, clients, etc. More often than not the director and DP request a smaller, more private monitor set, and then the second array can be watched by everyone else. Hair, make-up, costume or Art Department members can watch streamed video on iPads. Off-set crew members like producers or clients from remote locations can watch and give notes/directions over video streams. On-board monitors, mounted directly on the camera, helps the focus puller to follow the shot.

History
Comedian and director Jerry Lewis is widely credited with inventing the precursor to this system, although some similar systems existed before Lewis first used a video camera to simultaneously record scenes alongside his film camera during production of The Bellboy in 1960. Director Blake Edwards was the first to use the beam-splitter single-camera system invented by engineer Jim Songer in the 1968 film The Party.

Video assist on film cameras
Originally a small device, called the Video tap, was installed inside a movie camera that allows (with the addition of a monitor) the director to see approximately the same view as the camera operator, and thus ensure that the film is being shot and framed as desired. This is done by using a small charge-coupled device (CCD) (similar to ones in consumer camcorders) inside the viewfinder. On modern film cameras, the assist is fed off a beam splitter, which splits the beam between the optical viewfinder and the video tap. The light enters through the lens, and hits the rotating mirror shutter, which bounces the light to the horizontal ground glass. The beam splitter is directly over the ground glass and turns the light again 90 degrees, and projects it onto the chip of the video assist camera—through its own lens system. The chip, together with its electronics, lens system and mounting hardware, is the video tap, and was commonly called video assist until the video assist industry grew large.

On steadicam and remote head or crane operation, the viewfinder and beam splitter is often removed because it's not needed. Then the full image is projected onto the video tap, making the image twice as bright, and hence better quality (lower noise). In these cases, even the camera operator uses a video monitor to operate the camera.

Though the quality of the film video assist feed can vary greatly based on both the camera and the assist, it is always used as a guide and nothing more. Because the assist has its own controls for exposure, contrast, focus and color correction, it is not possible to use it to learn anything more than the frame lines. The video assist camera is usually significantly lower in resolution than the film camera as well, so critical focus is still usually determined by distance from the lens to the subject via a tape measure.

After the revolution of the electronic HD cameras, film camera manufacturers added HD resolution video taps to their cameras.

Video assist on electronic cameras
While the traditional video tap no longer applies to modern CCD based cameras, large-scale productions with HD cameras still use video assist in its wider meaning. In this case, the video signal is fed from the camera's own video output, and is a significantly better quality than the original video tap technology. HD cameras can output HD-SDI video signals, which, when presented on a high-grade calibrated monitor, is an almost what-you-see-is-what-you-get quality. Because the video cameras are often less tolerant of images with high contrast and quick light changes, and their behavior is harder to foresee than a film camera, DPs shooting HD cameras are often found in darkened tents, watching expensive HD monitors to make sure the image is captured correctly. This situation is getting better as newer cameras tend to simulate film gamma curves better.

Other uses
While very simple video assist equipment is only capable of showing a live image, the modern VA equipment does much more than that. In the past, image feed from cameras were recorded onto an inexpensive medium (usually MiniDV or Hi8). Today hard disks are used. The VA software used by the operator keeps a precise log about which take was recorded where, noting the time code or file name. The operator then enters scene and take data, and then able to play back any shot in a short time, even right after the shot. This is essential for a director to show actors where to change their moves, or to recheck dialogue lines, check shooting angles, correct overlaps, and time camera or stunt actions. The VA recorder can usually simulate the under-cranking or over-cranking of the camera, and speed up or slow down the action. Ramps (speed changes in the shot) can be shown also.

Continuity
Video Assist also helps the script supervisor and other departments with continuity requirements. By having all the recorded takes in the system, and often being supplied by cuts from the editors and previz videos from VFX dept, the VA operator can call up a continuity shot that was maybe shot weeks ago, but happens right before the current take in the movie. This helps costume to check how a garment was buttoned, make-up to check a fake scar's position, and helps the actors to exactly continue their previous actions. Using Video Assist can save expensive hours of post-production cleanups.

Nowadays movies often use more than one shooting units - parallel shooting crews working on separate parts of the same scenes. VA operators of the two units are in charge of moving video files between them, to reference the shoot units to each other. It is also often used so that the main unit director can check of the work done by the second unit. In modern systems, this sync can be done by automated software which takes care of copying the relevant files based on metadata.

Editing and VFX
The video assist gear often includes an editing software, usually running on the same or a networked machine, so rough cuts can be made by the VA operator right on set.

A portable video mixer, or a similar function built right into the VA software, is useful to check out key, blends or pre-visualize visual effects. A more complex effect involving motion control or programmable remote heads can see the VA system sending or receiving triggers to such systems, to sync up live and playback images to show the director the effect in real time - for example when the same actor is playing more than one character.

Streaming and remote shooting
Live streaming of the camera images has been around for a while, but it really took off during the 2020 Covid lockdowns. Film crews needed better ways of distancing, and to get rid of the group of people standing around monitors. Streaming to personal phones and iPads allows crewmembers to socially distance while still watch the camera feeds. After the borders were closed, crews had hard time to travel, and were looking for solutions. Streaming encrypted live feeds from shooting to decisionmakers' homes was one of them. Directors shooting pickup shots, Agency and Creatives watching commercial shootings can now participate without travelling overseas. Streaming usually originates from the Video Assist cart (they have both video from camera and audio from sound).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Video assist


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Novocaine (2001 film)

Novocaine is a 2001 American black comedy thriller film written and directed by David Atkins and starring Steve Martin, Helena Bonham Carter, Laura Dern, Lynne Thigpen and Elias Koteas. It was shot in the Chicago, Illinois area. The film premiered at the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival and went on to screen in limited release in the United States on November 16, 2001.

Plot
Dr. Frank Sangster is a dentist with a fairly pleasant but rather innocuous, ordinary and uneventful life. His life takes an interesting turn when a beautiful and seductive new patient, Susan Ivey, comes to him seeking a root canal and a little pain relief.

On Susan's initial office visit, Frank schedules her for a root canal the very next day, and offers her some Ibuprofen to address her pain in the meanwhile. Claiming that she is allergic to the offered medication, Susan requests a prescription for the addictive pain-killer Demerol. Frank provides the prescription, but only for five tablets. However, Susan changes the dosage from five tablets to fifty when she collects the medication from her pharmacist.

Susan arrives for her appointment twelve hours late, claiming to have mistaken the time. She seduces Frank, talking him into getting drunk and having sex with her. During the night, Susan steals all of Frank's narcotics. The next day, there is a DEA agent at Frank's office demanding to see the dentist's narcotics supply, because an 18-year-old has driven a car off a cliff under the influence of cocaine hydrochloride from a bottle registered to the dentist. Knowing that Susan has stolen his entire drug supply, Frank puts the agent off, saying he dispensed it all to patients. The agent leaves with the promise that if Frank fails to produce the empty containers in two days, the DEA will place him under arrest.

That night Frank goes to Susan's hotel room to demand the empty containers, threatening that he'll call the police if she doesn't provide them. Once again, she overrides his initial intentions and seduces him, with the result that they have sex and he spends the night with her.

The next day at his office, Frank is confronted violently by Susan's brother, Duane Ivey, who says to him: "Stay the hell away from my sister" and "I don't appreciate your threats". Duane ends the confrontation with, "I don't ever want to see you again, because if I do, goddamn it, I'm gonna hurt you."

That night, Frank returns to Susan's hotel room and, assuming that Susan is the form he sees in the bed, starts talking to her. The person under the blanket turns out to be not Susan but brother Duane, who leaps up and attacks Frank, attempting to strangle him. Frank takes scissors from a nearby desk and stabs Duane in the hand, impaling him and embedding the scissors. Frank flees, stopping off at a bar to calm down. On arriving at home, just minutes ahead of his girlfriend Jean, he finds Duane dead on the floor.

Police arrive on the scene to question Frank. Comically adding to Frank's distress and anxiety is actor Lance Phelps, a hack actor doing research for a role, and permitted by the police to question Frank at aggressive levels that cause Frank heightened discomfort. After the police depart, Frank tells Jean about the whole ordeal.

A while later, Frank is arrested for the murder of Duane Ivey based on finding Frank's teeth marks on the body - that someone else put there after killing Duane. After Frank breaks free, all of Chicago is on the look out for him. He goes to his office in the night, only to find his brother Harlan lying dead.

At this point, it is revealed that Frank's girlfriend Jean is behind all of the killing. Jean had been conspiring with Harlan, with whom she'd been having an affair, to use Susan to frame Frank for selling drugs so she could take full control of the company she and Frank had started together. However, Duane came along with Susan, which was not part of the plan, and Jean ended up killing him, using Frank's dentures to make the bite marks. Unfortunately for Harlan, her plan was to eventually kill him as well with the shotgun to tie up all loose ends and make it appear that Frank killed him after Duane.

Realizing he'll never be free without starting over, Frank pulls out all of his dead brother's teeth, as well as all of his own. Frank uses his dental skills to place his own teeth into his dead brother's skull, and then sets fire to the dental office with Harlan's corpse, replete with replaced teeth, left inside. Frank and Susan, now lovers, escape to France, where they live happily ever after in a little cottage on the countryside.

Meanwhile, Jean's attempts to frame Frank fall apart. Unbeknownst to her, Harlan was playing with a medical video camera while he was shot and the recovered footage shows Jean firing the shotgun at the camera holder but fails to show it was Harlan who was shot. Therefore, the police wrongly assume that Jean shot Frank and arrest her.

Cast

 * Steve Martin as Dr. Frank Sangster
 * Helena Bonham Carter as Susan Ivey
 * Laura Dern as Jean Noble
 * Elias Koteas as Harlan Sangster
 * Scott Caan as Duane Ivey
 * Lynne Thigpen as Pat
 * JoBe Cerny as Pharmacist Wayne Ponze
 * Preston Maybank as Melvin Gelding, DEA Agent
 * Kevin Bacon as Lance Phelps (uncredited)
 * Keith David as Detective Larry Lunt
 * Len Bajenski as Trooper Jarvis

Production
Screenwriter David Atkins wrote the screenplay while working in the dental practices of his father and brothers. "I was looking for an everyman kind of character, and I just thought a dentist is a perfect everyman. I find dentists to be very sympathetic, actually. They know that people don't jump up and down with excitement when they have to go see a dentist, yet they welcome people into their offices, always with a smile. Then they lay them down in their chairs and take away the pain," said Atkins.

The film was shot in Chicago over 32 days.

Reception
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three out four stars and appreciated the film's screwball and film noir elements, declaring its "loopholes" forgivable for a comedy. The Los Angeles Times review had high praise for Martin's portrayal and director Atkins' work, but found the appearance by Kevin Bacon "ludicrous" and the film's tension reduced by the "virtually slapstick run from the cops".

In her review for Salon, Stephanie Zacharek found the film "so aggressively stylish that it comes off more like a stunt" with a "plodding" plot. She added though Laura Dern's performance made the film "clack along efficiently when she's onscreen," by the time of the film's "feebly shocking conclusion, we're left feeling heavily sedated, and not in the good way."

On the Rotten Tomatoes review aggregator, the film has a 38% "rotten" score, with the critical consensus being, "The quirky Novocaine flirts with both dark comedy and noir suspense, but the result is a jarring mix of tones which never quite mesh." Metacritic gave the film a 45 out of 100, indicating "mixed or average" reviews based on 27 reviews.

title: Novocaine (2001 film)


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Talk:Last Post

Recording
There seems to be a few request here for a recording of the Last Post so I decided to tweak an existing one on the commons, upload it and add it to this article. Cj005257 (talk) 18:09, 19 March 2011 (UTC)
 * It sounds like a midi thing and not a recording to me. 92.29.119.112 (talk) 11:22, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Correct. :) It is a recording but in a rather limited and perhaps slightly misleading sense. I'll change the label. It could do with a more convincing performance, certainly. I have a better synth performance, but a proper recording of an actual instrument might take longer ... :) DBaK (talk) 07:45, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Last Post and Taptoe, again
Well, this is interesting. I reverted these edits because it seemed that what we already said about Last Post and Taptoe contradicted this. But this makes it clear that in at least one MH17 event it was indeed Last Post that was used. I don’t have a ref for two services, nor the WW2 commemoration claim, which still sounds unlikely to me, nor for the usage claim (military vs general). Note, indeed, that the article linked above makes it clear that the usage issue was internationalism, not military/civilian.

So where does this leave us? We have a ref for one bit, but I am not even sure that the article needs to cover this at all – we can’t write about every time it’s played. I’d be interested to read others’ views. Thanks and best wishes DBaK (talk) 13:51, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

History?
Is there any reason why there's no mention of how old The Last Post is, when and how it originated? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ianbrettcooper (talk • contribs) 15:04, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The following BBC article provides some information if you or others are interested. The story of the Last Post — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.18.134.184 (talk) 13:32, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

Score
Why is the score in C major, when the article says it should be in B-flat and the recording is too? – filelakeshoe (t / c)  10:49, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Ah. It's because the bugle is a transposing instrument and music for it is not notated at concert pitch. Very surprising if you haven't encountered it. BPMullins | Talk 02:01, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

The Last Post
There is inaccuracy in this description, the music is rhythmically wrong and the reference to Eb is also wrong as there are two versions of the last post one for British Army infantry (Bb version posted here) and one for British Army cavalry (Eb version mentioned) but they are different calls. I have 32 years experience in Army music as a trumpet player, and have played both, I feel this post needs correcting. The American Taps is of course different again. 2A02:C7E:34BD:EC00:F85E:E6B2:D471:2A1B (talk) 21:53, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Last Post


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Anaglyph 3D

Anaglyph 3D is the stereoscopic 3D effect achieved by means of encoding each eye's image using filters of different (usually chromatically opposite) colors, typically red and cyan. Anaglyph 3D images contain two differently filtered colored images, one for each eye. When viewed through the "color-coded" "anaglyph glasses", each of the two images reaches the eye it's intended for, revealing an integrated stereoscopic image. The visual cortex of the brain fuses this into the perception of a three-dimensional scene or composition.

Anaglyph images have seen a recent resurgence due to the presentation of images and video on the Web, Blu-ray Discs, CDs, and even in print. Low cost paper frames or plastic-framed glasses hold accurate color filters that typically, after 2002, make use of all 3 primary colors. The norm is red and cyan, with red being used for the left channel. The cheaper filter material used in the monochromatic past dictated red and blue for convenience and cost. There is a material improvement of full color images with the cyan filter, especially for accurate skin tones.

Video games, theatrical films, and DVDs can be shown in the anaglyph 3D process. Practical images, for science or design, where depth perception is useful, include the presentation of full scale and microscopic stereographic images. Examples from NASA include Mars rover imaging, and the solar investigation, called STEREO, which uses two orbital vehicles to obtain the 3D images of the sun. Other applications include geological illustrations by the United States Geological Survey, and various online museum objects. A recent application is for stereo imaging of the heart using 3D ultra-sound with plastic red/cyan glasses.

Anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel (diverging) or crossed-view pairs stereograms. However, these side-by-side types offer bright and accurate color rendering, not easily achieved with anaglyphs. Also, extended use of the "color-coded" "anaglyph glasses" can cause discomfort, and the afterimage caused by the colors of the glasses may temporarily affect the viewer's visual perception of real life objects. Recently, cross-view prismatic glasses with adjustable masking have appeared, that offer a wider image on the new HD video and computer monitors.

History
The oldest known description of anaglyph images was written in August 1853 by W. Rollmann in Stargard about his "Farbenstereoscope" (color stereoscope). He had the best results viewing a yellow/blue drawing with red/blue glasses. Rollmann found that with a red/blue drawing the red lines were not as distinct as yellow lines through the blue glass.

In 1858, in France, delivered a report to l'Académie des sciences describing how to project three-dimensional magic lantern slide shows using red and green filters to an audience wearing red and green goggles. Subsequently, he was chronicled as being responsible for the first realisation of 3D images using anaglyphs.

Louis Ducos du Hauron produced the first printed anaglyphs in 1891. This process consisted of printing the two negatives which form a stereoscopic photograph on to the same paper, one in blue (or green), one in red. The viewer would then use colored glasses with red (for the left eye) and blue or green (right eye). The left eye would see the blue image which would appear black, whilst it would not see the red; similarly the right eye would see the red image, this registering as black. Thus a three dimensional image would result.

William Friese-Green created the first three-dimensional anaglyphic motion pictures in 1889, which had public exhibition in 1893. 3-D films enjoyed something of a boom in the 1920s. As late as 1954, films such as Creature from the Black Lagoon remained very successful. Originally shot and exhibited using the Polaroid system, Creature from the Black Lagoon was successfully reissued much later in an anaglyph format so it could be shown in cinemas without the need for special equipment. Although not anaglyphic, Jaws 3-D was a box-office success in 1983. At present the excellent quality of computer displays and user-friendly stereo-editing programs offer new and exciting possibilities for experimenting with anaglyph stereo.

The term "3-D" was coined in the 1950s. In 1953, the anaglyph had begun appearing sporadically in newspapers, magazines and comic books.

Anaglyph from stereo pairs
A stereo pair is a pair of images from slightly different perspectives at the same time. Objects closer to the camera(s) have greater differences in appearance and position within the image frames than objects further from the camera.

Historically cameras captured two color filtered images from the perspective of the left and right eyes which were projected or printed together as a single image, one side through a red filter and the other side through a contrasting color such as blue or green or mixed cyan. One may typically use an image processing computer program to simulate the effect of using color filters, using as a source image a pair of either color or monochrome images. This is called mosaicing or image stitching.

In the 1970s filmmaker Stephen Gibson filmed direct anaglyph blaxploitation and adult movies. His "Deep Vision" system replaced the original camera lens with two color-filtered lenses focused on the same film frame. In the 1980s, Gibson patented his mechanism.

Many computer graphics programs provide the basic tools (typically layering and adjustments to individual color channels to filter colors) required to prepare anaglyphs from stereo pairs. In simple practice, the left eye image is filtered to remove blue & green. The right eye image is filtered to remove red. The two images are usually positioned in the compositing phase in close overlay registration (of the main subject). Plugins for some of these programs as well as programs dedicated to anaglyph preparation are available which automate the process and require the user to choose only a few basic settings.

Stereo conversion (single 2D image to 3D)
There also exist methods for making anaglyphs using only one image, a process called stereo conversion. In one, individual elements of a picture are horizontally offset in one layer by differing amounts with elements offset further having greater apparent changes in depth (either forward or back depending on whether the offset is to the left or right). This produces images that tend to look like elements are flat standees arranged at various distances from the viewer similar to cartoon images in a View-Master.

A more sophisticated method involves use of a depth map (a false color image where color indicates distance, for example, a grayscale depth map could have lighter indicate an object closer to the viewer and darker indicate an object further away). As for preparing anaglyphs from stereo pairs, stand-alone software and plug-ins for some graphics apps exist which automate production of anaglyphs (and stereograms) from a single image or from an image and its corresponding depth map.

As well as fully automatic methods of calculating depth maps (which may be more or less successful), depth maps can be drawn entirely by hand. Also developed are methods of producing depth maps from sparse or less accurate depth maps. A sparse depth map is a depth map consisting of only a relatively few lines or areas which guides the production of the full depth map. Use of a sparse depth map can help overcome auto-generation limitations. For example, if a depth finding algorithm takes cues from image brightness an area of shadow in the foreground may be incorrectly assigned as background. This misassignment is overcome by assigning the shaded area a close value in the sparse depth map.

Mechanics
Viewing anaglyphs through spectrally opposed glasses or gel filters enables each eye to see independent left and right images from within a single anaglyphic image. Red-cyan filters can be employed because our vision processing systems use red and cyan comparisons, as well as blue and yellow, to determine the color and contours of objects.

In a red-cyan anaglyph, the eye viewing through the red filter sees red within the anaglyph as "white", and the cyan within the anaglyph as "black". The eye viewing through the cyan filter perceives the opposite.

Actual black or white in the anaglyph display, being void of color, are perceived the same by each eye. The brain blends together the red and cyan channeled images as in regular viewing but only green and blue are perceived. Red is not perceived because red equates with white through red gel and is black through cyan gel. Green and blue, however, are perceived through cyan gel.

Complementary color

Complementary color anaglyphs employ one of a pair of complementary color filters for each eye. The most common color filters used are red and cyan. Employing tristimulus theory, the eye is sensitive to three primary colors, red, green, and blue. The red filter admits only red, while the cyan filter blocks red, passing blue and green (the combination of blue and green is perceived as cyan). If a paper viewer containing red and cyan filters is folded so that light passes through both, the image will appear black. Another recently introduced form employs blue and yellow filters. (Yellow is the color perceived when both red and green light passes through the filter.)

Anaglyph images have seen a recent resurgence because of the presentation of images on the Internet. Where traditionally, this has been a largely black & white format, recent digital camera and processing advances have brought very acceptable color images to the internet and DVD field. With the online availability of low cost paper glasses with improved red-cyan filters, and plastic framed glasses of increasing quality, the field of 3D imaging is growing quickly. Scientific images where depth perception is useful include, for instance, the presentation of complex multi-dimensional data sets and stereographic images of the surface of Mars. With the recent release of 3D DVDs, they are more commonly being used for entertainment. Anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel sighting or crossed eye stereograms, although these types do offer more bright and accurate color rendering, most particularly in the red component, which is commonly muted or desaturated with even the best color anaglyphs. A compensating technique, commonly known as Anachrome, uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses associated with the technique. Processing reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less parallax to obtain a more useful image when viewed without filters.

Compensating focus diopter glasses for red-cyan method
Simple sheet or uncorrected molded glasses do not compensate for the 250 nanometer difference in the wavelengths of the red-cyan filters. With simple glasses the red filter image can be blurry when viewing a close computer screen or printed image since the retinal focus differs from the cyan filtered image, which dominates the eyes' focusing. Better quality molded plastic glasses employ a compensating differential diopter power to equalize the red filter focus shift relative to the cyan. The direct view focus on computer monitors has been recently improved by manufacturers providing secondary paired lenses, fitted and attached inside the red-cyan primary filters of some high-end anaglyph glasses. They are used where very high resolution is required, including science, stereo macros, and animation studio applications. They use carefully balanced cyan (blue-green) acrylic lenses, which pass a minute percentage of red to improve skin tone perception. Simple red/blue glasses work well with black and white, but the blue filter is unsuitable for human skin in color. U.S. Patent No. 6,561,646 was issued to the inventor in 2003. In the trade, the label "www.anachrome" is used to label diopter corrected 3D glasses covered by this patent.

(ACB) 3-D
(ACB) 'Anaglyphic Contrast Balance' is a patented anaglyphic production method by Studio 555. Retinal Rivalry of color contrasts within the color channels of anaglyph images is addressed.

Contrasts and details from the stereo pair are maintained and re-presented for view within the anaglyph image. The (ACB) method of balancing the color contrasts within the stereo pair enables a stable view of contrast details, thus eliminating retinal rivalry. The process is available for red/cyan color channels but may use any of the opposing color channel combinations. As with all stereoscopic anaglyphic systems, screen or print, the display color should be RGB accurate and the viewing gels should match the color channels to prevent double imaging. The basic (ACB) method adjusts red, green and blue, but adjusting all six color primaries is preferred.

The effectiveness of the (ACB) process is proven with the inclusion of primary color charts within a stereo pair. A contrast-balanced view of the stereo pair and color charts is evident in the resulting (ACB) processed anaglyph image. The (ACB) process also enables black and white (monochromatic) anaglyphs with contrast balance.

Where full color to each eye is enabled via alternating color channels and color-alternating viewing filters, (ACB) prevents shimmer from pure-colored objects within the modulating image. Vertical and diagonal parallax is enabled with concurrent use of a horizontally oriented lenticular or parallax barrier screen. This enables a Quadrascopic full color holographic effect from a monitor.

ColorCode 3-D
ColorCode 3-D was deployed in the 2000s and uses amber and blue filters. It is intended to provide the perception of nearly full color viewing (particularly within the RG color space) with existing television and paint mediums. One eye (left, amber filter) receives the cross-spectrum color information and one eye (right, blue filter) sees a monochrome image designed to give the depth effect. The human brain ties both images together.

Images viewed without filters will tend to exhibit light-blue and yellow horizontal fringing. The backwards compatible 2D viewing experience for viewers not wearing glasses is improved, generally being better than previous red and green anaglyph imaging systems, and further improved by the use of digital post-processing to minimize fringing. The displayed hues and intensity can be subtly adjusted to further improve the perceived 2D image, with problems only generally found in the case of extreme blue.

The blue filter is centered around 450 nm and the amber filter lets in light at wavelengths at above 500 nm. Wide spectrum color is possible because the amber filter lets through light across most wavelengths in spectrum and even has a small leakage of the blue color spectrum. When presented the original left and right images are run through the ColorCode 3-D encoding process to generate one single ColorCode 3-D encoded image.

In the United Kingdom, television station Channel 4 commenced broadcasting a series of programs encoded using the system during the week of November 16, 2009. Previously the system had been used in the United States for an "all 3-D advertisement" during the 2009 Super Bowl for SoBe, Monsters vs. Aliens animated movie and an advertisement for the Chuck television series in which the full episode the following night used the format.

Inficolor 3D
Developed by TriOviz, Inficolor 3D is a patent pending stereoscopic system, first demonstrated at the International Broadcasting Convention in 2007 and deployed in 2010. It works with traditional 2D flat panels and HDTV sets and uses expensive glasses with complex color filters and dedicated image processing that allow natural color perception with a 3D experience. This is achieved through having the left image using the green channel only and the right using the red and blue channels with some added post processing, which the brain then combines the two images to produce a nearly full color experience. When observed without glasses, some slight doubling can be noticed in the background of the action which allows watching the movie or the video game in 2D without the glasses. This is not possible with traditional brute force anaglyphic systems.

Inficolor 3D is a part of TriOviz for Games Technology, developed in partnership with TriOviz Labs and Darkworks Studio. It works with Sony PlayStation 3 (Official PlayStation 3 Tools & Middleware Licensee Program) and Microsoft Xbox 360 consoles as well as PC. TriOviz for Games Technology was showcased at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 by Mark Rein (vice-president of Epic Games) as a 3D tech demo running on an Xbox 360 with Gears of War 2. In October 2010 this technology has been officially integrated in Unreal Engine 3, the computer game engine developed by Epic Games.

Video games equipped with TriOviz for Games Technology are: Batman Arkham Asylum: Game of the Year Edition for PS3 and Xbox 360 (March 2010),  Enslaved: Odyssey to the West + DLC Pigsy's Perfect 10 for PS3 and Xbox 360 (Nov. 2010),  Thor: God of Thunder for PS3 and Xbox 360 (May 2011), Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters for PS3 and Xbox 360 (June 2011), Captain America: Super Soldier for PS3 and Xbox 360 (July 2011). Gears of War 3 for Xbox 360 (September 2011), Batman: Arkham City for PS3 and Xbox 360 (October 2011), Assassin's Creed: Revelations for PS3 and Xbox 360 (November 2011), and Assassin's Creed III for Wii U (November 2012). The first DVD/Blu-ray including Inficolor 3D Tech is: Battle for Terra 3D (published in France by Pathé & Studio 37 - 2010).

Anachrome red/cyan filters
A variation on the anaglyph technique from the early 2000s is called "Anachrome method". This approach is an attempt to provide images that look nearly normal, without glasses, for small images, either 2D or 3D, with most of the negative qualities being masked innately by the small display. Being "compatible" for small size posting in conventional websites or magazines. Usually a larger file can be selected that will fully present the 3D with the dramatic definition. The 3D (Z axis) depth effect is generally more subtle than simple anaglyph images, which are usually made from wider spaced stereo pairs. Anachrome images are shot with a typically narrower stereo base, (the distance between the camera lenses). Pains are taken to adjust for a better overlay fit of the two images, which are layered one on top of another. Only a few pixels of non-registration give the depth cues. The range of color perceived, is noticeably wider in Anachrome image, when viewed with the intended filters. This is due to the deliberate passage of a small (1 to 2%) of the red information through the cyan filter. Warmer tones can be boosted, because each eye sees some color reference to red. The brain responds in the mental blending process and usual perception. It is claimed to provide warmer and more complex perceived skin tones and vividness.

Interference filter systems
This technique uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Eyeglasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a full color 3D image. Special interference filters (dichromatic filters) in the glasses and in the projector form the main item of technology and have given the system this name. It is also known as spectral comb filtering or wavelength multiplex visualization. Sometimes this technique is described as a "super-anaglyph" because it is an advanced form of spectral-multiplexing which is at the heart of the conventional anaglyph technique. This technology eliminates the expensive silver screens required for polarized systems such as RealD, which is the most common 3D display system in theaters. It does, however, require much more expensive glasses than the polarized systems.

Dolby 3D uses this principle. The filters divide the visible color spectrum into six narrow bands – two in the red region, two in the green region, and two in the blue region (called R1, R2, G1, G2, B1 and B2 for purposes of this description). The R1, G1 and B1 bands are used for one eye image, and R2, G2, B2 for the other eye. The human eye is largely insensitive to such fine spectral differences so this technique is able to generate full-color 3D images with only slight color differences between the two eyes.

The Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system also used this technology, though with a wider spectrum and more "teeth" to the "comb" (5 for each eye in the Omega/Panavision system). The use of more spectral bands per eye eliminates the need to color process the image, required by the Dolby system. Evenly dividing the visible spectrum between the eyes gives the viewer a more relaxed "feel" as the light energy and color balance is nearly 50-50. Like the Dolby system, the Omega system can be used with white or silver screens. But it can be used with either film or digital projectors, unlike the Dolby filters that are only used on a digital system with a color correcting processor provided by Dolby. The Omega/Panavision system also claims that their glasses are cheaper to manufacture than those used by Dolby. In June 2012 the Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions". Although DPVO dissolved its business operations, Omega Optical continues promoting and selling 3D systems to non-theatrical markets. Omega Optical's 3D system contains projection filters and 3D glasses. In addition to the passive stereoscopic 3D system, Omega Optical has produced enhanced anaglyph 3D glasses. The Omega's red/cyan anaglyph glasses use complex metal oxide thin film coatings and high quality annealed glass optics.

Viewing
A pair of glasses, with filters of opposing colors, is worn to view an anaglyphic photo image. A red filter lens over the left eye allows graduations of red to cyan from within the anaglyph to be perceived as graduations of bright to dark. The cyan (blue/green) filter over the right eye conversely allows graduations of cyan to red from within the anaglyph to be perceived as graduations of bright to dark. Red and cyan color fringes in the anaglyph display represent the red and cyan color channels of the parallax-displaced left and right images. The viewing filters each cancel out opposing colored areas, including graduations of less pure opposing colored areas, to each reveal an image from within its color channel. Thus the filters enable each eye to see only its intended view from color channels within the single anaglyphic image. Red-green glasses are also usable, but may give the viewer a more strongly colored view, since red and green are not complementary colors.

Red sharpened anaglyph glasses
Simple paper uncorrected gel glasses, cannot compensate for the 250 nanometer difference in the wavelengths of the red-cyan filters. With simple glasses, the red filtered image is somewhat blurry, when viewing a close computer screen or printed image. The red retinal focus differs from the image through the cyan filter, which dominates the eyes' focusing. Better-quality molded acrylic glasses frequently employ a compensating differential diopter power (a spherical correction) to balance the red filter focus shift relative to the cyan, which reduces the innate softness and diffraction of red filtered light. Low-power reading glasses worn along with the paper glasses also sharpen the image noticeably.

The correction is only about 1/2 + diopter on the red lens. However, some people with corrective glasses are bothered by difference in lens diopters, as one image is a slightly larger magnification than the other. Though endorsed by many 3D websites, the diopter "fix" effect is still somewhat controversial. Some, especially the nearsighted, find it uncomfortable. There is about a 400% improvement in acuity with a molded diopter filter, and a noticeable improvement of contrast and blackness. The American Amblyopia Foundation uses this feature in their plastic glasses for school screening of children's vision, judging the greater clarity as a significant plus factor.

Anachrome filters
Plastic glasses, developed in recent years, provide both the diopter "fix" noted above, and a change in the cyan filter. The formula provides intentional "leakage" of a minimal (2%) percentage of red light with the conventional range of the filter. This assigns two-eyed "redness cues" to objects and details, such as lip color and red clothing, that are fused in the brain. Care must be taken, however, to closely overlay the red areas into near-perfect registration, or "ghosting" can occur. Anachrome formula lenses work well with black and white, but can provide excellent results when the glasses are used with conforming "anachrome friendly" images. The US Geological Survey has thousands of these "conforming" full-color images, which depict the geology and scenic features of the U.S. National Park system. By convention, anachrome images try to avoid excess separation of the cameras and parallax, thereby reducing the ghosting that the extra color bandwidth introduces to the images.

Traditional anaglyph processing methods
One monochromatic method uses a stereo pair available as a digitized image, along with access to general-purpose image processing software. In this method, the images are run through a series of processes and saved in an appropriate transmission and viewing format such as JPEG.

Several computer programs will create color anaglyphs without Adobe Photoshop, or a traditional, more complex compositing method can be used with Photoshop. Using color information, it is possible to obtain reasonable (but not accurate) blue sky, green vegetation, and appropriate skin tones. Color information appears disruptive when used for brightly colored and/or high-contrast objects such as signs, toys, and patterned clothing when these contain colors that are close to red or cyan.

Only few color anaglyphic processes, e.g. interference filter systems used for Dolby 3D, can reconstruct full-color 3D images. However, other stereo display methods can easily reproduce full-color photos or movies, e.g. active shutter 3D or polarized 3D systems. Such processes allow better viewing comfort than most limited color anaglyphic methods. According to entertainment trade papers, 3D films had a revival in recent years and 3D is also used in 3D Television.

Depth adjustment
The suggested adjustment is applicable to any type of stereogram but is particularly appropriate when anaglyphed images are to be viewed on a computer screen or on printed matter.

Those portions of the left and right images that are coincident will appear to be at the surface of the screen. Depending upon the subject matter and the composition of the image it may be appropriate to make this align to something slightly behind the nearest point of the principal subject (as when imaging a portrait). This will cause the near points of the subject to "pop out" from the screen. For best effect, any portions of a figure to be imaged forward of the screen surface should not intercept the image boundary, as this can lead to a discomforting "amputated" appearance. It is of course possible to create a three-dimensional "pop out" frame surrounding the subject in order to avoid this condition.

If the subject matter is a landscape, one may consider putting the frontmost object at or slightly behind the surface of the screen. This will cause the subject to be framed by the window boundary and recede into the distance. Once the adjustment is made, trim the picture to contain only the portions containing both left and right images. In the example, the upper image appears (in a visually disruptive manner) to spill out from the screen, with the distant mountains appearing at the surface of the screen. In the lower modification of this image the red channel has been translated horizontally to bring the images of the nearest rocks into coincidence (and thus appearing at the surface of the screen) and the distant mountains now appear to recede into the image. This latter adjusted image appears more natural, appearing as a view through a window onto the landscape.

Dual purpose, 2D or 3D "compatible anaglyph" technique
Since the advent of the Internet, a variant technique has developed where the images are specially processed to minimize visible mis-registration of the two layers. This technique is known by various names, the most common, associated with diopter glasses, and warmer skin tones, is Anachrome. The technique allows most images to be used as large thumbnails, while the 3D information is encoded into the image with less parallax than conventional anaglyphs.

Modern Anaglyph Rendering Techniques
Anaglyphic images made with cameras used to be constructed by having the lens covered with the appropriate coloured filter. Modern video/image rendering programs use a similar technique to achieve the anaglyph effect. Modern anaglyphic rendering programs used to use simulated filters over the virtual cameras, for Red/Cyan anaglyphs the left camera blocking all but red light being perceived and the right blocking all but the blue and green light being received. This worked okay for creating colourful anaglyph images but the results were prone to retinal rivalry

In 2001 Eric Dubois released a paper titled 'A projection method to generate anaglyph stereo images'. This paper described a method of filtering for anaglyph images that retained much of the colour and reduced ghosting and retinal rivalry The algorithm used to create this effect is called the least-squares algorithm. The result is a matrix that is applied over each virtual camera and forms a filter. His Matrix has been incorporated into many anaglyph programs such as StereoPhoto Maker and threeJs's anaglyph effect.

Anaglyphic color channels
Anaglyph images may use any combination of color channels. However, if a stereoscopic image is to be pursued, the colors should be diametrically opposed. Impurities of color channel display, or of the viewing filters, allow some of the image meant for the other channel to be seen. This results in stereoscopic double imaging, also called ghosting. Color channels may be left-right reversed. Red/cyan is most common. magenta/green and blue/yellow are also popular. Red/green and red/blue enable monochromatic images, especially red/green. Many anaglyph makers purposely integrate impure color channels and viewing filters to enable better color perception, but this results in a corresponding degree of double imaging. Color channel brightness % of white: red-30/cyan-70, magenta-41/green-59 or especially blue-11/yellow-89), the lighter display channel may be darkened or the brighter viewing filter may be darkened to allow both eyes a balanced view. However the Pulfrich effect can be obtained from a light/dark filter arrangement. The color channels of an anaglyphic image require pure color display fidelity and corresponding viewing filter gels. The choice of ideal viewing filters is dictated by the color channels of the anaglyph to be viewed. Ghosting can be eliminated by ensuring a pure color display and viewing filters that match the display. Retinal rivalry can be eliminated by the (ACB) 3-D Anaglyphic Contrast Balance method patented by that prepares the image pair prior to color channeling in any color.

In theory, under trichromatic principles, it is possible to introduce a limited amount of multiple-perspective capability (a technology not possible with polarization schemes). This is done by overlapping three images instead of two, in the sequence of green, red, blue. Viewing such an image with red-green glasses would give one perspective, while switching to blue-red would give a slightly different one. In practice, this remains elusive as some blue is perceived through green gel and most green is perceived through blue gel. It is also theoretically possible to incorporate rod cells, which optimally perform at a dark cyan color, in well-optimized mesopic vision, to create a fourth filter color and yet another perspective; however, this has not yet been demonstrated, nor would most televisions be able to process such tetrachromatic filtering.

Applications
On April 1, 2010, Google launched a feature in Google Street View that shows anaglyphs rather than regular images, allowing users to see the streets in 3D.

Home entertainment
Disney Studios released Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert in August 2008, its first anaglyph 3D Blu-ray Disc. This was shown on the Disney Channel with red-cyan paper glasses in July 2008.

However, on Blu-ray Disc anaglyph techniques have more recently been supplanted by the Blu-ray 3D format, which uses Multiview Video Coding (MVC) to encode full stereoscopic images. Though Blu-ray 3D does not require a specific display method, and some Blu-ray 3D software players (such as Arcsoft TotalMedia Theatre) are capable of anaglyphic playback, most Blu-ray 3D players are connected via HDMI 1.4 to 3D televisions and other 3D displays using more advanced stereoscopic display methods, such as alternate-frame sequencing (with active shutter glasses) or FPR polarization (with the same passive glasses as RealD theatrical 3D).

Comics
These techniques have been used to produce 3-dimensional comic books, mostly during the early 1950s, using carefully constructed line drawings printed in colors appropriate to the filter glasses provided. The material presented were from a wide variety of genres, including war, horror, crime, and superhero. Anaglyphed comics were far more difficult to produce than normal comics, requiring each panel to be drawn multiple times on layers of acetate. While the first 3D comic in 1953 sold over two million copies, by the end of the year sales had bottomed out, though 3D comics have continued to be released irregularly up until the present day.

Science and mathematics
Three-dimensional display can also be used to display scientific data sets, or to illustrate mathematical functions. Anaglyph images are suitable both for paper presentation, and moving video display (see neuroimage related paper ). They can easily be included in science books, and viewed with cheap anaglyph glasses.

Anaglyphy (including, among others, aerial, telescopic, and microscopic images) is being applied to scientific research, popular science, and higher education.

Also, chemical structures, particularly for large systems, can be difficult to represent in two dimensions without omitting geometric information. Therefore, most chemistry computer software can output anaglyph images, and some chemistry textbooks include them.

Today, there are more advanced solutions for 3D imaging available, like shutter glasses together with fast monitors. These solutions are already extensively used in science. Still, anaglyph images provide a cheap and comfortable way to view scientific visualizations.

title: Anaglyph 3D


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Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Witchcraft

Witchcraft
Witchcraft — Article is unorganized, messy due to merger and separation of related topics, and factually disputed. Adraeus 02:35, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Referred to Tony Sidaway. · Katefan0(scribble) 03:26, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * A substantial amount of work has been done on this article since its referral. The merges have been sorted out, overlapping section integrated, and large chunks of information spun off into their own appropriate articles. It's also undergone several sweeps for grammar and spelling consistency. Fact-checking is not within my purview, as I would have little idea where to begin with this topic, but it seems well-sourced. I suggest Tony still take a look at it, but I'm now considering removing the cleanup tag. --MikeJ9919 04:44, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Witchcraft


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Mariveles

Mariveles, officially the Municipality of Mariveles (Bayan ng Mariveles), is a municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 149,879 people making it the most populous in the province.

History
Founded as a pueblo by a Franciscan Friar in 1578, Mariveles, the "Village of Camaya" was part of the Corregimiento of Mariveles, including Bagac and Morong, Corregidor and Maragondon, Cavite. The name Mariveles comes from "Maria Velez", a Mexican nun who eloped with a monk back in 1600s. With its natural cove, the port was used by ships from China and Spain to resupply.

The Superior Decree of July 1754 declared Mariveles' independence from Pampanga.

In the 19th century, the Americans established the first quarantine station in the old Spanish Leprosarium Hospital (now, the Mariveles Mental Wellness and General Hospital).

Mariveles Bay was the site of Mariveles Naval Section Base, completed for the United States Asiatic Fleet on 22 July 1941, and was surrendered to the Imperial Japanese Army on 9 April 1942. The Mariveles Airfield, a 3800 ft dirt runway at the Section Base, was the starting point of the Bataan Death March.

Today the Freeport Area of Bataan (FAB), has made the port of trading zone, and industry to the municipality. Agriculture is also a large part of the port export.

Geography
Mariveles is located around the Mariveles Bay, a large cove at the southern tip of the Bataan Peninsula. It adjacent to Manila Bay to the east, and the South China Sea to the west.

Mariveles is 40 km from Balanga and 164 km from Manila via the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), Jose Abad Santos Avenue, and Roman Highway. It borders Bagac to the west and northwest, Limay to the north and northeast, and Manila Bay to the east.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 153.90 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,372.98 km2 total area of Bataan. Of this, about 69% consist of the pastureland, 19% of forestland, 6% agricultural lands and the remaining 6% for residential and industrial use.

Barangays
Mariveles is politically subdivided into 18 barangays, with two are located within the jurisdiction of Freeport Area of Bataan (FAB). Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Mariveles had a population of 149,879. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Mariveles is home to an Aeta community speaking a Sambalic language called Mariveleño.

Economy
The Freeport Area of Bataan (formerly known as Mariveles Free Trade Zone from June 21, 1969 to November 20, 1972, and primarily as Bataan Export Processing Zone (BEPZ) and Bataan Economic Zone (BEZ) from November 20, 1972 to October 23, 2009 before the conversion from BEZ to FAB due to Republic Act (RA) 9728 and secondarily from October 23, 2009 to June 30, 2010 during the eight-month transition period for the turnover of zone's operations and management from Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) to Authority of the Freeport Area of Bataan (AFAB) and subsequent abolishment of BEPZ/BEZ) is a 1691 ha industrial complex in Mariveles town that enjoys business advantages, including tax incentives, natural endowments, and leadership under AFAB Chairman and Adminsitrator Mohammed Hussein Pangandaman. It is the only freeport in the country with a 10.9 million cubic meter-capacity dam that delivers 14 million gallons of water every day. It is complemented by water treatment and sewerage treatment plants which employ a sustainable waste water solution.

Local government

Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines", the political seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Hall. In the History of the Philippines (1521–1898), the Gobernadorcillo is the Chief Executive who held office in the Presidencia. During the American rule (1898–1946) (History of the Philippines (1898-1946)), the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones held office at the Municipal Hall. The legislative and executive departments perform their functions in the Sangguniang Bayan (Session Hall) and Municipal Trial Court, respectively, and are located in the second floor of the Town Hall and in the adjacent building.

The Municipal Mayor as of the 2022 national and local elections, serving his second term in office, is Ace Jello "AJ" C. Concepcion.

Elected officials
Members of the Mariveles Municipal Council (2022-2025):
 * Municipal Mayor: Ace Jello Concepcion
 * Municipal Vice Mayor: Angelito S. Rubia
 * Municipal Councilors:
 * Ronald R. Arcenal
 * Susan M. Murillo
 * Jester Ivan O. Ricafrente
 * Jose M. Carandang
 * Danilo T. Banal
 * Omar B. Cornejo
 * Vonnel A. Isip
 * Jeff B. Peñaloza
 * Municipal ABC President: Venancio L. Villapando Jr.

District Representative (3rd Legislative District, Bataan): Maria Angela Garcia

Tourism
Mariveles' attractions, events and historical landmarks include:
 * Mariveles Five Fingers: A series of coves that looks like five human fingers when viewed from the air.
 * Mount Mariveles
 * Km 0 marker of the Bataan Death March
 * Lazareto de Mariveles: A Quarantine station established by the Spanish government in the 1850s to check and sanitize cargoes and passengers entering Manila. The Americans, upon their conquest of the Philippines, used the same system in their ports. The ruins of the old facility can be found inside the Mariveles Mental Hospital compound in downtown Mariveles.
 * Mariveles Church

Transportation
Mariveles can be reached through jet ferry plying the Mariveles to Manila route that has an approximate travel time of 40 minutes.

Expressway
The Bataan Provincial Expressway, also called Roman Super-Highway, is a limited-access toll expressway that connects Bataan to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. Mariveles is off Exit 55.

Energy sources
Utilities:
 * Mariveles geothermal area in Bataan: a geothermal area situated along the West Luzon Volcanic Arc.
 * GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant (GMCP), Alas-asin: 600-megawatt coal-fired power plant ($155 million was purchased by Conglomerate Ayala Corp. in December 2012).
 * National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) Mariveles Substation which hosts three 500 kV transmission lines which are Balsik–Mariveles, MPGC Mariveles–NGCP Mariveles, and GNPower Dinginin–NGCP Mariveles lines. The first is operated and maintained by NGCP, while the last two are by power generation companies (Mariveles Power Generation Corporation (MPGC) and GN Power Dinginin Ltd. Co. (GNPD) while having ownership on both respective lines).

Education
Tertiary educational institutions include:

 * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Bataan (PUP), a state university that offers baccalaureate (college) degrees where students are scholars of the government (after passing an entrance exam). Opened in 1976, the campus is located at Barangay Malaya, Freeport Area of Bataan (FAB).
 * Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP) located at Kamaya Point, Barangay Alas-asin, offering courses in the maritime industry. Students are accepted after passing stringent academic and physical examinations.
 * TESDA Mariveles Bataan Branch, located at Barangay Camaya and near the Public Market, Mariveles Municipal Hall, and Freeport Area of Bataan, offering technical and vocational courses.
 * Softnet Information Technology Center (SITC) located at second floor SFB #8, FAB, offering associate degrees in computer studies.
 * Llamas Memorial Institute Inc.

title: Mariveles


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Kid hack

A kid hack was a horse-drawn vehicle used for transporting children to school in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States. The word "hack," meaning a horse-drawn cab, is short for hackney carriage. The vehicle was actually powered by both horses and mules and was usually loaded at the rear to avoid frightening the animals. In those days, most elementary school children in rural areas attended one-room schools. A typical kid hack would serve all the farms in the area of the school, and usually transport under 20 children.

The horse-drawn kid hack is considered to be the precursor to the modern yellow school bus. As early as 1914, versions of kid hacks were attached to early motor vehicles by the Wayne Works in Richmond, Indiana. As motorized trucks became more commonplace in rural locations, detachable wooden kid hack bodies were made so it could be removed when the truck was in other use. Around 1927, much heavier all-steel bodies were introduced for this purpose by Wayne Works and other companies. Permanently mounted on the truck chassis, the combined vehicle became known as a school bus.

The Wayne County Historical Museum in Richmond, Indiana has a restored horse-drawn "kid hack" on display.

title: Kid hack


text:
File:Otsego County NY 1829.png

1829 map of Otsego County, New York.

title: File:Otsego County NY 1829.png


text:
Talk:Ecological effects of transgenic plants

Source - a college paper?
This looks like someone transferred in a favorite paper - but article creation info doesn't appear on the history (User:Petaholmes evidently split the article in two- see Transgenic plants). I did a little work on the intro, topic sentences and the formating. The "royal we" needs to be removed, as well as a number of other presentation quirks. Some POV, but pretty mild. I think shortening the article as a whole might also be a good idea. I'll pick at the copy as I find the time. Comments welcome. WBardwin 03:28, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There is no evidence that MOST of trangenic plants easily hybridize with wild relatives- overwhelming majority of transgenic crop under cultivation is made up by maize, soybean, cotton and rapeseed. Maize does not even have a known wild relative. The closest is teosinte in central america, hybrids are usually infertile. soybean is selfpolinating, so is cotton. In cotton there is compatibility of some cultivated cultivars with some of the wild relatives, but at the same time there are considerable geographic distances between them. so rapeseed is the MOST? On the other hand its very likely to see exchange of genes between some transgenic crop and their non-trangenic coounter-parts. Xmort 04:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)