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Ger Loughnane

Gerard "Ger" Loughnane (born 27 January 1953) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a right wing-back for the Clare senior team.

Born in Feakle, County Clare, Loughnane first played competitive hurling whilst at school in St. Flannan's College. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Clare minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He made his senior debut during the 1972-73 National Hurling League. Loughnane immediately became a regular member of the starting fifteen, and won two National Hurling League medals. He was a Munster runner-up on five occasions.

As a member of the Munster inter-provincial team at various times throughout his career, Loughnane won three Railway Cup medals. At club level he is a one-time championship medallist with Feakle.

Throughout his career Loughnane made 26 championship appearances. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1987 championship.

In retirement from playing, Loughnane became involved in team management and coaching. During a six-year term as manager of the Clare senior hurlers, he guided the team to two All-Ireland and three Munster titles. His two-year term in charge of Galway ended without success.

Biography
Ger Loughnane was born in Feakle, County Clare. He was educated at his local national school where he was first introduced to the game of hurling, before later attending St. Flannan's College in Ennis, a virtual academy for young and gifted hurlers. During his tenure at St. Flannan's, Loughnane won a Munster Colleges Under-15 medal, as well as playing on the college teams that lost Dean Ryan and Harty Cup finals. He also played hurling with St. Patrick's College in Dublin, where he trained as a primary school teacher. One of his contemporaries at St. Patrick's was Brian Cody, a future hurling star with Kilkenny and the current manager of the team. Following his graduation Loughnane returned to County Clare and he was the principal at St. Aidan's primary school in Shannon from its foundation in 1986 until 2011.

Colleges
As a boarder at St. Flannan's College in Ennis for five years, an experience he detested and described as being "like a jail", Loughnane excelled as a hurler. His sole success was the winning of a Munster under-15 championship medal. He was a Dean Ryan Cup and Harty Cup runner-up.

Club
Loughnane was in the twilight of his career when he enjoyed his greatest success as captain of the Feakle senior team. Having lost their first championship decider in almost thirty years in 1987, Feakle reached a second successive final the following year. Ruan provided the opposition, however, a 1–17 to 1–10 victory gave Loughnane a championship medal.

Inter-county
Loughnane arrived on the inter-county scene as a member of the Clare minor hurling team in 1970. The following year he lined out in his sole Munster decider in that grade, however, Clare endured a 6–13 to 3-5 walloping from Cork.

After progressing onto the under-21 team he faced narrow Munster defeats at the hands of Tipperary in 1972 and Waterford in 1974.

Loughnane made his senior championship debut on 24 June 1973 in a 3–11 to 3-9 Munster semi-final defeat by Limerick.

In 1974 Loughnane lined out in his first Munster decider in the senior grade. A 6–14 to 3-9 trouncing by Limerick was the result on that occasion. In spite of that defeat Loughnane later had the honour of being Clare's very first All-Star recipient.

After facing a fifteen-point defeat by Kilkenny in the league final in 1976, both sides faced each other again at the same stage the following year. A 2–8 to 0–9 victory gave Clare the title and gave Loughnane a National Hurling League medal. Clare later faced Cork in the provincial decider, on a day when armed robbers made away with the takings from the gate of £24,579 during the second half of the game. Clare conceded an early penalty but they fought back to take the lead until a contentious red card for full back Jim Power turned the tide for Cork and they fought on win by 4–15 to 4–10.

Clare retained their league title in 1978, with Loughnane collecting a second winners' medal following a 3–10 to 1–10 defeat of Kilkenny once again. In a repeat of the previous year Clare faced Cork in the subsequent Munster decider. In one of the worst ever provincial deciders and only the second one ever not to produce a goal, Clare were narrowly defeated by 0–13 to 0–11. As the final whistle sounded Loughnane, who had scored the last point of the game, slumped to the ground in frustration and thumped his hurley off the pitch. Once again he was later honoured with a second All-Star.

This defeat demoralized Clare, however, Loughnane lined out in a fourth Munster decider in 1981. A 3–12 to 2–9 defeat by Limerick was the result on that occasion.

In 1986 Loughnane's played in a fifth and final provincial decider. Victory eluded him for the fifth time, as Cork secured a 2–18 to 3–12 victory.

Loughnane retired from inter-county hurling following Clare's exit from the 1988 championship.

Inter-provincial
In 1975 Loughnane was chosen on the Munster inter-provincial team for the very first time. In spite of a narrow one-point defeat by Leinster in the decider, it was the first of seven successive seasons of Loughnane being picked for inter-provincial duty.

The following year Loughnane was dropped from the starting fifteen, however, he was introduced as a substitute in the decider against Leinster. A narrow 4–9 to 4–8 victory gave Munster the title, and gave Loughnane a first Railway Cup medal.

Defeat was Munster's lot the following year, however, Loughnane was back on the starting fifteen in 1978. A 0–20 to 1–11 defeat of Connacht secured a second Railway Cup medal for Loughnane.

Munster faced defeat at the hands of a resurgent Connacht over the next two years, however, the team bounced back in 1981. Loughnane was at right corner-back as Munster trounced archrivals Leinster by 2–16 to 2–6.

Managing Clare
Although Loughnane was noted as a great hurler in a county that was starved of success, it is for his exploits as manager of the Clare senior hurlers in the 1990s that he is best known. His managerial career began in the early 1990s when he became a selector on the Clare senior hurling team under Len Gaynor. He was later dropped after a heavy defeat, serving as manager of the Clare under-21 team in the intervening period, but returned as a senior selector in 1993. When Gaynor stepped down in 1994 Loughnane immediately became manager and was charged with preparing the team for the 1995 championship. His training sessions became infamous among players for their intensity and he made sweeping changes throughout the team.

After a winter of intense training Loughnane's side proved their worth by reaching the final of the National Hurling League. Kilkenny hammered Clare on that occasion. Loughnane was particularly annoyed when he saw one of the Kilkenny players putting the winning trophy into the boot of his car. In spite of this Loughnane still predicted that his side would win the provincial championship. Clare defeated Cork in the Munster semi-final and qualified for a final appearance against Limerick. Clare had lost the last two Munster finals, however, on this occasion Loughnane's side hurled Limerick off their feet and captured a 1–17 to 0–11 victory. It was the county's first provincial title since 1932. Clare celebrated and even took the provincial trophy on a tour of the county, however, they were given little chance against Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final. In the end the 3–12 to 1–13 victory was an easy one and Clare qualified to play reigning champions Offaly in the 1995 All-Ireland final. At half-time, in spite of conceding a goal, an animated Loughnane did a brief interview in which he confidently predicted "We're going to do it," before rushing off. His prediction came through and Clare were the All-Ireland champions for the first time in 81 years.

Clare surrendered their Munster and All-Ireland titles in their opening game in 1996. In an exciting game against Limerick Ciarán Carey provided one of the greatest match winners of all-time when he soloed the sliothar for 70 yards before scoring the winning point.

After an early defeat in 1996, Clare were out for victory in 1997. Once again they defeated Cork in a Munster semi-final before taking the scalp of Tipperary in the Munster final. The score line of 1–18 to 0-18 made them firm favourites to capture a second All-Ireland title. The subsequent All-Ireland semi-final saw Loughnane's side take on Kilkenny. Clare were on top for the entire game and ended up winning on a score line of 1–17 to 1–13. In the first year of the so-called 'back-door system' Tipperary had qualified for an historic All-Ireland final against Clare. It was the first all-Munster All-Ireland final. In what has been described as one of the games of the decade Clare came from behind at half-time to defeat Tipp for the second time that year with a score of 0–20 to 2–13. It was Loughnane's second All-Ireland title as manager. Furthermore, Clare had defeated the big three of Cork, Kilkenny and Tipperary on the way to the All-Ireland title. Only Waterford in 1959 had achieved that feat before.

The 1998 championship was to prove controversial for Loughnane and his Clare team. The replayed Munster final against Waterford was played in an extremely poor spirit with Colin Lynch of Clare and Michael White of Waterford being sent-off after a huge melee. Lynch received a three-month ban for his part in the game and Loughnane was disgusted at the decision. In spite of that Clare captured a third Munster title in four years. The subsequent All-Ireland semi-final saw Clare draw with Offaly. More controversy was to follow when Clare played Offaly in the semi-final replay. Clare were winning by two points when the referee, Jimmy Cooney, blew the whistle with two minutes of normal time left to be played. The Offaly fans were outraged and staged a sit-down protest on the pitch. The result wasn't allowed to stand and Clare were forced to meet Offaly for a third time that year. They lost the second replay, however, it has been said that if they won they would have captured a second All-Ireland title in-a-row. 1998 marked the end of the success for Loughnane's Clare side.

In 1999 Clare reached a sixth Munster final in seven years, however, in spite of aiming to retain their title a young Cork team caught Loughnane's side off guard and defeated the most dominant team in the provincial championship. Clare later drew with Galway in the All-Ireland quarter-final, however, they overcame the men from the West in the replay. Kilkenny provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final, however, 'the Cats', under new manager Brian Cody, defeated Clare by 0–19 to 0–16.

Loughnane decided to remain in charge for one more season to see if he could gain revenge. The plan came unstuck in the Munster semi-final when Clare suffered a particularly heavy defeat by Tipperary. Loughnane resigned as manager of Clare shortly afterwards.

Managing Galway
In September 2006, the Galway senior hurling team, devoid of a manager after the resignation of Conor Hayes, issued a press release indicating their desire for Loughnane to take the vacant managerial position. Although he had already stated his disinterest in the position, he remained the favourite candidate to succeed Hayes, before Loughnane himself withdrew for the contest. In true Loughnane fashion, however, he re-entered the managerial race again and was named successor to Hayes. After stating in 2000 that he would never take charge of an inter-county team again Loughnane was back.

Loughnane's first game in charge saw Galway take on Laois in the first-round of the qualifiers on 30 June 2007. A comprehensive 3–20 to 1–14 victory gave Loughnane hope for his next game against his own-native county of Clare. The game, which took on a derby-type feel to it, was an exciting and close one, however, victory went to the Claremen. The final whistle saw scenes resembling that of an All-Ireland final win with hundreds of Clare supporters bursting onto the pitch. A huge victory over Antrim allowed Loughnnane's team advance to an All-Ireland quarter-final meeting with Kilkenny. This would be the first meeting of Loughnane and Brian Cody, two of the greatest managers of the modern era. For sixty minutes both sides were neck and neck with no team taking too much of a lead. On several occasion it looked as if Galway might pull away and win the game, however, Kilkenny's Eddie Brennan scored two goals in the last ten minutes to give Kilkenny a 3–22 to 1–18 victory. Following the game Loughnane entered into a war of words with Brian Cody after the former accused Kilkenny of striking late with the hurley and then referees letting them away with it.

When Loughnane took the Galway job he famously promised to quit if he failed to deliver the All-Ireland within two years. Galway had gone unbeaten in the National Hurling League and pipped Tipperary to a semi-final spot. Galway defeated Cork in this game, resulting in a league final showdown with Tipperary. The team has been a lot more settled compared to this time last year especially in the area of defence which is considered Galway's greatest weakness. Loughnane himself has adopted a much lower media profile with less of his trademark outbursts and wasn't even present for the launch of the National Hurling League. His side went out of the All-Ireland in the qualifiers after failing to beat Cork in July 2008. Following a county board meeting on 19 August 2008 Loughnane agreed to stay on for one more year as Galway manager. This decision resulted in some players expressing unease about his style and tactics. Amid accusations of 'player power', Loughnane was voted out of the job in October 2008.

Managing St Aidan's National School
Loughnane enjoyed considerable success as manager of St Aidan's hurling team. In 2004 Loughnane lead the team to their first Division one Cumann na mBunscol title.

Media involvement
Loughnane spent a number of years as a hurling analyst in the media. He wrote a column in The Star newspaper and regularly appeared as a pundit on RTÉ's The Sunday Game. In this capacity he earned a reputation as an outspoken critic of many hurling teams, including Clare.

Personal life and health
In June 2011 Loughnane was diagnosed with Leukemia. It was falsely reported on 28 July 2011 that Loughnane had died. The news had spread over a number of social networking sites although it was quickly exposed as a hoax.

Player

 * St. Flannan's College
 * Munster Colleges Under-15 Hurling Championship (1): 1968

 * Feakle
 * Clare Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1988 (c)
 * Clare Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 1973

 * Clare
 * National Hurling League (2): 1976-77, 1977-78

 * Munster
 * Railway Cup (1): 1976, 1978, 1981

Individual

 * Honours
 * All-Star (2): 1974, 1978

Manager

 * Clare
 * All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1995, 1997
 * Munster Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1995, 1997, 1998

title: Ger Loughnane


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Peter Pratt

Peter Pratt (21 March 1923 – 11 January 1995) was an English actor and singer. He was best known for his comic roles in the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas.

Pratt started his career in the chorus of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1945, moving up to small roles and then understudying Martyn Green, the principal comedian. From 1951 to 1959, he was the company's principal comedian, earning critical praise in the famous "patter" roles. After leaving the company, he moved on to a career in theatre, television, concert and radio, although he continued to perform the Gilbert and Sullivan roles throughout his career.

Among his television roles Pratt was the second actor to play the Master in the science fiction series Doctor Who.

Biography
Pratt was born and grew up in Eastbourne, England, where he began to study singing as a child and was a soloist in his church choir. He was also involved in amateur theatrical societies.

D'Oyly Carte years
Peter Pratt joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in the chorus in September 1945, at the age of 22. He began to play small roles with the company in 1947, including Go-To in The Mikado. In the 1948–49 season, he became second understudy to Martyn Green and continued to play several of the smaller roles, including Bouncer in Cox and Box, Bill Bobstay in H.M.S. Pinafore and Major Murgatroyd in Patience. He got his big break when he was called upon to play Robin Oakapple in Ruddigore on short notice in May 1949 (and several of the other "patter" roles that summer), when both Green and the principal understudy fell ill. He was soon given the primary understudy responsibilities, filling in for most of the comic "patter" roles, as well as playing several of the other smaller roles from time to time.

In September 1951, exactly six years after joining the company, Pratt became the principal comedian following Green's departure, and he served in that capacity for the next eight seasons, playing Sir Joseph Porter in Pinafore, the Major-General in The Pirates of Penzance, Bunthorne in Patience, the Lord Chancellor in Iolanthe, Ko-Ko in The Mikado, Robin in Ruddigore, Jack Point in The Yeomen of the Guard, the Duke of Plaza-Toro in The Gondoliers and King Gama in Princess Ida. In 1953, his first London season as principal comedian, The Times reviewed him in the role of the Lord Chancellor: "Mr. Peter Pratt... had a good delivery, a quiet manner, and a nimble pair of legs that contrasted suddenly and superbly with his dry demeanour. He refrained from overplaying the part". In reviewing a 1956 Ruddigore, The Times wrote, "Mr. Pratt showed true operatic talent in the [twin roles] changing the colour of his tone and the expression of his face with decisive skill." In a 1957 review, a correspondent for The Times called Pratt's Jack Point, in Yeomen, "very human, not over-dramatized".

Pratt suffered an illness in the spring of 1959, and in May he announced that he had decided not to rejoin the company the next season. His last appearance with the company was on 30 May 1959. During his tenure with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, Pratt recorded the roles of Major Murgatroyd (Patience, 1951), John Wellington Wells (The Sorcerer, 1953), King Gama (Princess Ida, 1955), Ko-Ko (The Mikado, 1957), and Major-General Stanley (Pirates, 1957).

Later years
After leaving the D'Oyly Carte organisation, Pratt turned his attention to theatre, television, concert, and radio work. In 1964, for example, he appeared in All in Love, a musical based on Sheridan's The Rivals. In 1965, he was seen in the comic play A Month in the Country at the Cambridge Theatre in London. He was a member of the BBC Drama Repertory Company in the early 1960s.

In 1966, BBC Radio presented a complete cycle of the thirteen extant Gilbert and Sullivan operas, with dialogue, with Pratt starring in ten of them and working behind the scenes as co-producer. His love of Gilbert and Sullivan continued during his later career, and he frequently turned to their operas for inspiration. As a writer, narrator, and performer he presented a television play called Jack Point (1973), and radio programmes such as Afternoon at the Savoy, Evening at the Savoy, and Take a Sparkling Pair. Pratt also toured his own companies, "Music Mosaic" and "The World of Gilbert and Sullivan" presenting Gilbert and Sullivan and other works to audiences in Britain, North America, and Australia. He appeared in a full costume production of The Mikado at Royal Albert Hall. As part of the 1975 centennial season, before the first of the four performances of Trial by Jury, a specially-written curtain raiser by William Douglas-Home, called Dramatic Licence, was played by Pratt as Richard D'Oyly Carte, Kenneth Sandford as Gilbert and John Ayldon as Sullivan, in which Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte plan the birth of Trial in 1875.

In 1976, Pratt appeared in the serial The Deadly Assassin from the BBC's long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who, replacing the late Roger Delgado to become the second actor to play the Master. Pratt received praise for the performance, which relied heavily on his voice because of the restrictive nature of his mask and costume. In 1977, Pratt appeared with Hinge and Bracket in an episode of "The Stackton Music Festival, A sonic jamboree" for BBC Radio. In 1981, he toured with a group called the "London Savoyards". He also appeared as a soloist in the concert video recording "Gilbert & Sullivan Present their Greatest Hits," made at Royal Albert Hall in 1982.

Pratt died in London in 1995, aged 71.

Personal life
Pratt was married to D'Oyly Carte soubrette Joyce Wright during his days with that company. He later married Patience Sheffield, a BBC drama Studio Manager and daughter of former D'Oyly Carte baritone Leo Sheffield.

Filmography

 * The Stackton Music Festival The Enchanting World of Hinge & Bracket TV – Himself
 * The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1964) TV – Peter Brayder
 * The Edwardians (1972) TV – Charlie Coburn
 * Van der Valk Blue Notes (1972) TV – Westermann
 * Murder Must Advertise (1973) TV – Mr. Pym
 * The Brontes of Haworth (1973) TV – Mr. Woolven
 * Menace The Solarium (1973) TV – Singer
 * Play for Today Jack Point (1973) TV – Fenner
 * Z-Cars Cadet (1973) TV – Fisherman
 * Fall of Eagles (1974) TV – Singer
 * Doctor Who The Deadly Assassin (1976) TV – The Master
 * The Story of Ruth (1981) – Dr. Peter Ferris
 * Squadron The Veteran (1982) TV – Len Travis
 * The Best of Gilbert and Sullivan (1983) (V) – Soloist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter Pratt


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Estes v. Texas

Estes v. Texas, 381 U.S. 532 (1965), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court overturned the fraud conviction of petitioner Billy Sol Estes, holding that his Fourteenth Amendment due process rights had been violated by the publicity associated with the pretrial hearing, which had been carried live on both television and radio. News photography was permitted throughout the trial and parts of it were broadcast as well.

There was no doubt that the Court was displeased with the intensive pretrial and trial coverage, but its biggest concern was the presence of cameras at the two-day-long pretrial hearing. It included at least 12 still and television photographers, three microphones on the judge's bench, and several aimed at the jury's box and attorney's table. When it was time for the trial to be held, it was moved about 500 miles away and the judge had imposed rather severe restrictions on press coverage. However, the justices did mark the notion that cameras would return to courtrooms eventually:
 * It is said that the ever-advancing techniques of public communication and the adjustment of the public to its presence may bring about a change in the effect of telecasting upon the fairness of criminal trials. But we are not dealing here with future developments in the field of electronics. Our judgment cannot be rested on the hypothesis of tomorrow but must take the facts as they are presented today." The Supreme Court ruled in Chandler v. Florida, 449 U.S. 560 (1981) that a state could allow the broadcast and still photography coverage of criminal trials.

title: Estes v. Texas


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Planning Commission (India)

The Planning Commission was an institution in the Government of India which formulated India's Five-Year Plans, among other functions.

In his first Independence Day speech in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced his intention to dissolve the Planning Commission. It has since been replaced by a new institution named NITI Aayog.

History
Rudimentary economic planning, deriving from the sovereign authority of the state, was first initiated in India in 1938 by Congress President Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Atul Tiwari, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who had been persuaded by Meghnad Saha to set up a National Planning Committee. M. Visvesvaraya had been elected head of the Planning Committee. Meghnad Saha approached him and requested him to step down, putting forward the argument that planning needed a reciprocity between science and politics. M. Visvesvaraya generously agreed and Jawaharlal Nehru was made head of the National Planning Committee. The so-called "British Raj" also formally established the Advisory Planning Board under K. C. Neogy that functioned from 1944 to 1946.

Industrialists and economists independently formulated at least three development plans. Some scholars have argued that the introduction of planning as an instrument was intended to transcend the ideological divisions between Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru. Other scholars have argued that the Planning Commission, as a central agency in the context of plural democracy in India, needs to carry out more functions than rudimentary economic planning.

After India achieved independence, a formal model of planning was adopted, and accordingly the Planning Commission, reporting directly to the Prime Minister of India, was established on 15 March 1950, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. Authority for creation of the Planning Commission was not derived from the Constitution of India or statute; it is an arm of the Central Government of India.

The first Five-Year Plan was launched in 1951, focusing mainly on development of the agricultural sector. Two subsequent Five-Year Plans were formulated before 1965, when there was a break because of the Indo-Pakistan conflict. Two successive years of drought, devaluation of the currency, a general rise in prices and erosion of resources disrupted the planning process and after three Annual Plans between 1966 and 1969, the fourth Five-Year Plan was started in 1969.

The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre, and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies.

For the first eight Plans the emphasis was on a growing public sector with massive investments in basic and heavy industries, but since the launch of the Ninth Plan in 1997, the emphasis on the public sector has become less pronounced and the current thinking on planning in the country, in general, is that it should increasingly be of an indicative nature.

In 2014, Narendra Modi government decided to wind down the Planning Commission. It was replaced by the newly formed NITI Aayog.

Organisation
The composition of the Commission underwent considerable changes since its initiation. With the Prime Minister as the ex officio Chairperson, the committee had a nominated deputy chairperson, with the rank of a full Cabinet Minister. Cabinet Ministers with certain important portfolios acted as ex officio members of the commission, while the full-time members were experts in various fields like economics, industry, science and general administration.

Ex officio members of the Commission included the Finance Minister, Agriculture Minister, Home Minister, Health Minister, Chemicals and Fertilisers Minister, Information Technology Minister, Law Minister, Human Resource Development Minister and Minister of State for Planning.

The Commission worked through its various divisions, of which there were two kinds:
 * General Planning Divisions
 * Programme Administration Divisions

The majority of the experts in the commission were economists, making the commission the biggest employer of the Indian Economic Service.

Functions
The Indian Planning Commission's functions as outlined by the Government's 1950 resolution are following:

 * 1) To make an assessment in the material, capital and human resources of India, including technical personnel, and investigate the possibilities of augmenting those are related resources which are found to be deficient in relation to the nation's requirement.
 * 2) To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of country's resources.
 * 3) To define the stages, on the basis of priority, in which the plan should be carried out and propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage.
 * 4) To indicate the factors that tend to retard economic development.
 * 5) To determine the conditions which need to be established for the successful execution of the plan within the incumbent socio-political situation of the country.
 * 6) To determine the nature of the machinery required for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all its aspects.
 * 7) To appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan and also recommend the adjustments of policy and measures which are deemed important vis-a-vis a successful implementation of the plan.
 * 8) To make necessary recommendations from time to time regarding those things which are deemed necessary for facilitating the execution of these functions. Such recommendations can be related to the prevailing economic conditions, current policies, measures or development programmes. They can even be given out in response to some specific problems referred to the commission by the central or the state governments.

Social media
In March 2013, Planning Commission launched a massive social media campaign for spreading Awareness about 12th Five Year Plan. It was followed by a series of Google+ Hangouts and a Plan Hackathon. By September 2013, it had made a considerable presence on social media with over a hundred thousand Twitter followers and a considerable size on Facebook, YouTube and SlideShare and Instagram.

title: Planning Commission (India)


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New York State Route 25

New York State Route 25 (NY 25) is an east–west state highway in downstate New York in the United States. The route extends along the central parts and North Shore of Long Island for just over 105 mi from east midtown Manhattan in New York City to the Cross Sound Ferry terminal at Orient Point on the end of Long Island's North Fork. NY 25 is carried from Manhattan to Queens by way of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge over the East River.

NY 25 is unique among New York State Routes on Long Island, as it is the only one to leave the geographical boundaries of Long Island, albeit minimally; it ends at the western terminus of the Queensboro Bridge. It is also one of only two signed New York State routes in Manhattan (the other is NY 9A). Additionally, NY 25 is the second-longest highway on Long Island after its South Shore counterpart: NY 27 (Sunrise Highway / Montauk Highway).

NY 25 runs along several differently-named roads. In the borough of Queens, it is called Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue and finally Braddock Avenue. Braddock Avenue ends immediately upon crossing over the Cross Island Parkway. At that point, NY 25 turns east onto Jericho Turnpike, which runs along the Queens-Nassau border from Braddock Avenue to 257th Street. Continuing east through Nassau and western Suffolk counties, NY 25 retains the name Jericho Turnpike. Further east, the highway becomes Main Street in Smithtown, Middle Country Road in central Suffolk, Main Street again in Riverhead, and finally Main Road in eastern Suffolk.

Two alternate routings exist bearing the designation NY 25 Truck, both along the North Fork. They began as two separate routes, one between Laurel and Mattituck and the other in the vicinity of Greenport; however, they were effectively merged after a truck route was established between Mattituck and Greenport.

Manhattan and Queens

NY 25 begins near Second Avenue in Manhattan, at the western end of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge spanning the East River and Roosevelt Island. East of the bridge, NY 25 becomes Queens Boulevard at the intersection with NY 25A, in the Long Island City section of the borough of Queens. Queens Plaza is based around this section of the road.

In Long Island City, NY 25 runs southeast beneath the elevated tracks of the IRT Flushing Line. At Thompson Avenue, the route turns to run eastward as the multi-lane divided Queens Boulevard, straddling the Flushing Line's elevated structure eastward to 48th Street, at which point the Flushing Line turns northeast onto Roosevelt Avenue and Queens Boulevard becomes 6 lanes in each direction, with main and service roads. In Woodside, NY 25 meets I-278 at exit 39. In Elmhurst, the road runs over the eponymous subway line starting at the intersection with Grand Avenue and Broadway. In Corona, the road intersects the Long Island Expressway (I-495) and the northern terminus of Woodhaven Boulevard.

Outside of Rego Park, NY 25 turns slightly southeast towards Forest Hills and Jamaica. In Kew Gardens the route is connected to the westbound and eastbound roadways of Union Turnpike and passes over the Jackie Robinson Parkway without access. Near Jamaica, the road meets I-678 at exit 9, a partial interchange. Three blocks southeast of I-678, NY 25 turns east and is known as Hillside Avenue, a city street that begins at Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill near the site of the former LIRR station. This section of NY 25 is undivided but has several lanes in the Jamaica-Hollis area. In Queens Village the route connects with both I-295 and NY 24 at an interchange that serves as NY 24's western end and I-295's southern terminus. East of I-295, NY 25 intersects the western terminus of NY 25B; NY 25 turns southeast onto Braddock Avenue while Hillside Avenue continues east as Route 25B.

In Bellerose, the roadway passes over the Cross Island Parkway and turns east onto Jericho Turnpike. This section, to just before 257th Street, is the border between the Bellerose and Floral Park neighborhoods of Queens to the north and the villages of Bellerose and Floral Park in Nassau County to the south. The westbound lanes are in New York City, whereas the eastbound lanes are in Nassau County.

Nassau and Suffolk counties
NY 25B and Hillside Avenue merge into NY 25 in Mineola. NY 25 continues in this area as a divided highway and parallels the Northern State Parkway. NY 25 again intersects with the Long Island Expressway in Jericho. NY 106 and NY 107 interchange with NY 25 in downtown Jericho, however the exit is not numbered. The northern end of the Seaford–Oyster Bay Expressway (NY 135) terminates at NY 25 in Syosset. NY 110 intersects at the 32.76 mi mark, in South Huntington. NY 454 begins at an intersection with NY 25 in Commack. Just after the NY 454 intersection, NY 25 meets the Sunken Meadow State Parkway by way of an interchange. NY 25A, a spur of NY 25, becomes concurrent with NY 25 in Smithtown. In Village of the Branch, NY 25A leaves to the north where NY 111 intersects from the south. New York State Bicycle Route 25 (NYS Bike Route 25) also begins along NY 25A at this intersection.

NY 347 intersects at 47.93 mi in Nesconset. In Coram, NY 25 intersects with NY 112. NY 25A ends at NY 25 in Calverton, and NYS Bike Route 25 joins NY 25 on its way to Orient Point, with occasional diversions in Riverhead, Aquebogue, and Greenport. Four miles (6 km) later, NY 25 encounters the Long Island Expressway one final time at another interchange. 20 mi further eastward, in Greenport, NY 25 intersects with NY 114 at its northern terminus. NY 25 continues on the northeastern end of Long Island for the final ten miles (16 km). NY 25 enters Orient and ends at the Orient Point Ferry Landing. An attraction along NY 25 in Orient is Orient Beach State Park.

History
NY 25 was assigned in the mid-1920s along all of what is now NY 25A east of the New York City line and its current alignment from the modern east end of NY 25A to Greenport. At the time, the section of modern NY 25 between the New York City line and Smithtown was state-maintained but unnumbered. It was designated as NY 25A c. 1927. In the late 1920s, NY 25 was realigned to follow Jericho Turnpike and Middle Country Road between Smithtown and Riverhead while its former alignment to the north became part of NY 25A. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the routings of NY 25 and NY 25A were flipped west of Smithtown, placing both routes on their current alignments. NY 25 was extended east to Orient Point c. 1932.

NY 25 was one of several routes that was extended west into New York City in mid-December 1934 when the city signed routes within its limits for the first time. The route followed Jericho Turnpike, Braddock Avenue, Springfield Boulevard, Horace Harding Boulevard, and several smaller streets (including Corona, Woodside, and Skillman Avenues) westward to Queens Boulevard, then part of NY 24. NY 25 joined NY 24 here, overlapping NY 24 (and NY 25A west of Northern Boulevard) along Queens Boulevard and across the Queensboro Bridge into Manhattan. The three routes continued west for several more blocks along 2nd Avenue and 57th Street to Park Avenue (then NY 22 and NY 100), where NY 24, NY 25, and NY 25A all ended. At the time, the segment of modern NY 25 between Skillman Avenue and 212th Street was part of NY 24.

The overlaps with both NY 24 and NY 25A into Manhattan were eventually eliminated. In the mid-1940s, NY 24 was realigned to enter Manhattan by way of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel. As a result, NY 24 now left NY 25 at what is now exit 36 on the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway. The overlap with NY 25A was removed by 1952 after that route was truncated to the intersection of Northern and Queens Boulevards. NY 25 continued to extend into Manhattan until the mid-1960s when NY 22 was truncated to end in the North Bronx. At that time, westbound traffic on NY 25 continued off the Queensboro Bridge onto 60th Street to Park Avenue, where it turned south, then west along 57th Street to its terminus at the West Side Highway (NY 9A). Eastbound traffic traveled on 57th Street from NY 9A to the Queensboro Bridge entrance ramp. In the mid-1960s, NY 25 was truncated to end in Queens as a result. It was reextended across the Queensboro Bridge on January 1, 1970, to a new terminus at FDR Drive.

New York City and vicinity
NY 25 has been realigned several times within the New York City limits. In the late 1930s, NY 25 was realigned to follow Queens Boulevard (NY 24) from Skillman Avenue to Horace Harding Boulevard, where NY 25 turned eastward to follow Horace Harding Boulevard back to its original alignment at Corona Avenue. The route was altered again in the early 1940s to follow an even more southerly alignment between Horace Harding and Springfield Boulevards via Queens Boulevard and Union Turnpike. NY 25 went unchanged until January 1, 1970, when NY 24 was truncated to begin at the junction of 212th Street and Hillside Avenue. NY 24's former alignment along Queens Boulevard and Hillside Avenue became part of a realigned NY 25, which also used a previously unnumbered segment of Hillside Avenue between 212th Street and Braddock Avenue.

From 1920 to 2005, the section of NY 25 that forms the border between New York City and Nassau County was simultaneously named Jamaica Avenue on the westbound (Queens, New York City) side and Jericho Turnpike on the eastbound (Nassau County) side. Some map makers only showed one of the names. The confusion ended where the road wholly entered Nassau County and thus became Jericho Turnpike in both directions. Similarly, both sides of the road west of Braddock Avenue (where NY 25 splits off to the northwest) were known as Jamaica Avenue even though the south side is still the Nassau County border until 225th Street. Legislation renaming the westbound side of NY 25 between Braddock Avenue and the Nassau County line as Jericho Turnpike was signed into law by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg on June 6, 2005, and took effect on September 4.

Former segments
Many former segments of the roads NY 25 follows exist along the current alignment, with most prefaced by the word "Old" in the road name. Within Jericho, Old Jericho Turnpike parallels the current road from a point east of the NY 106–NY 107 interchange and Marian Lane, where the old alignment merges with the current NY 25. Smithtown contains a former segment in the vicinity of the Nissequogue River with a bridge and former right-of-way that still exists today. In Coram, an old alignment of Middle Country Road (NY 25) extends from east of Paul's Path to Grant Smith Road. The road, however, is discontinuous at NY 112. At Middle Island, a former segment of Middle Country Road exists east of Church Lane and north of Bartlett Pond and runs to Robin Drive in Middle Island, where it rejoins NY 25. Another former segment used to dip south to avoid a small lake to the north. A small segment of the road remains intact as Old Middle Country Road from Picaso Way to Woodville Road. Prior to the construction of Picaso Way and the cluster developments it leads to, this section of Old Middle Country Road connected to the existing section at its west end, the stub of which can still be found.

Near Riverhead, Middle Country Road once followed a parallel roadway to the south of the current roadway between River Road and Forge Road. Although some of this section has been dismantled, a portion still exists as modern Forge Road from the Peconic River Bridge to Kroemer Avenue. In Laurel, New York (Southold township), A quarter mile section was rerouted past the town hamlet of Laurel in a more direct and straight manner. The old section became Franklinville Road which connects to NY 25 at both ends of the 1/4 mile bypass. In Mattituck, an old alignment of Main Road (NY 25) exists as Old Main Road from Bray Avenue to west of Sigsbee Road. Southwest of Southold, Main Road originally followed the length of Lower Road and Ackerly Pond Lane between Lower Road and Main Road. To the northeast of the community, another former segment remains intact as Old Main Road between Budd's Pond and Mill Creek to Hashamomuck Pond.

East of Greenport, a former alignment of Main Road is located between the creek from Silver Lake and Silvermere Road. In Orient, two former routings of Main Road exist, both in the vicinity of Bight Road. The first, a loop connecting Grandview Drive to NY 25, is located west of Bight Road. The second, a loop providing access to Whalers Road from NY 25, is west of Charles Rose Airport.

Reconstruction and widening projects
In the early 1970s, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) wanted to install frontage roads along a divided NY 25 between Nesconset and Lake Grove as part of a proposed upgrade of NY 347 into a freeway.

In the 1960s and 1970s, NYSDOT wanted to realign both NY 25 and NY 112 in Coram. The realignment and widening of NY 25 was to take place between NY 112 and Winfield Davis Road.

The interchange between I-495 and CR 58 in Riverhead was completed as a result of I-495's eastern completion. This interchange was fully operational by 1972. It features grade separated ramps, high-speed banked curves, and interstate standard signing. A traffic light at Manor Road was installed at the time of completion of Splish Splash Water Park in 1991.

Suffixed routes
NY 25 once had as many as four suffixed routes; two no longer exist.
 * NY 25A (72.91 mi) is an alternate route of NY 25 across northern Long Island. The route begins at the Queens Midtown Tunnel in Queens and ends at NY 25 in Calverton. It was assigned c. 1927.
 * NY 25B (7.25 mi) is an alternate route of NY 25 between eastern Queens and Mineola, Nassau County. The route was assigned c. 1935.
 * NY 25C was a connector between NY 25 in the New York City borough of Queens and NY 25B in western Nassau County that utilized Union Turnpike and Marcus Avenue. It was assigned in the mid-1930s and removed in 1970.
 * NY 25D was a connector between NY 25 in Queens and NY 25A in Nassau County. The route was assigned c. 1933 and removed in 1958.

NY 25 Truck
There are two separate routes designated NY 25 Truck on the North Fork of Long Island. The longest of the two routes roughly parallels NY 25 along Franklinville Road, Aldrich Lane, Sound Avenue, and County Route 48 (CR 48) between Laurel and Greenport, while the other follows the north–south Moore's Lane between NY 25 and the east–west truck route just west of Greenport. Together, they bypass a low railroad bridge that carries the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road over NY 25 in Laurel and narrow historic streets in Greenport.

The two routes were originally distinct highways that did not connect to one another. The truck route along Franklinville Road, Aldrich Lane, and Sound Avenue began as a route between Laurel and Mattituck, which followed Old Sound Avenue at its east end. The other NY 25 Truck began west of Greenport at the junction of NY 25 and Moore's Lane and followed Moore's Lane and CR 48 northeast to NY 25 north of the village. At some point, the section of CR 48 between Mattituck and Greenport was also posted as NY 25 Truck, effectively merging the two routes while retaining the north–south leg of the Greenport truck route along Moore's Lane.

title: New York State Route 25


text:
Talk:John Harvey & Sons

Sourcing
I'm struggling to get any information, let alone sources, for this article. What is currently there is simply moved from the Bristol article. I think Harvey's are owned by Allied Domecq, but judging by their website it is definately a case of stealth marketing; it isn't eveb listed under their brands, so maybe I'm mistaken. Any info gratefully received. -- 217.34.7.241 18:04, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC).

How about, , , , , , ,. I haven't checked these out, but found them with a few minutes googling. Have you got access to a university or a large public library - they have access to archived newspaper sources like LexisNexis, so you should be able to access The Bristol Evening Post and Western Daily Press. The Times Digital Archive would probably also have material. Jezhotwells (talk) 02:08, 10 January 2010 (UTC), better late than never :-)

The link to a harveys website in the box on the top RHS is broken. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.155.226.211 (talk) 12:14, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Somebody must have fixed it. It works now.NorthCoastReader (talk) 23:41, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Attribution note
Some of the content in the Bristol Cream section is from the merged stub Bristol Cream. AgneCheese/Wine 00:02, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Spelling
"Harveys Cellars" per Harvey's Cellars itself, at http://harveyscellars.co.uk/ "Harveys Cellars at 12 Denmark Street, Bristol … certainly one of Bristol’s finest hidden gems and a name alone that conjures up visions of a glorious past!"

and http://harveyscellars.co.uk/about-us/ "A SOPHISTICATED BAR WITH ELEGANT SURROUNDINGS, HARVEYS CELLARS IS THE IDEAL PLACE TO [...]"

and "Harveys Bristol Creme" per http://harveyscellars.co.uk/the-harveys-story/ "THE HARVEYS STORY > A FEW PIECES OF HARVEYS HISTORY … they became most famous for their blend of fortified Spanish wine, Harveys Bristol Cream which was created in these very cellars."

--Tenebrae (talk) 01:03, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Harvey & Sons


text:
Talk:Fugacity

Comment
Definition of Fugacity

Fugacity is a pressure-like property, that allows us to apply the same equations from the perfect gas to a real gas.

In a perfect gas, the molecules are so distant apart, such that collisions only occur between molecules and walls.

However, in a real gas, interference between molecules does happen, and statistical properties such as entropy can no longer be linearly added together (eg: say, for a two fluid mixture).

The fugacity definition solves the problem, as it directly relates to the compressibility factor (Z), which quantifies how far our assumptions are from the perfect gas, pV = ZRT. In turn, it represents a way to "correct" the idealized pressure, so as to remain able to use the classic equations.

The compressibility factor can be found in charts for different substances.

The beauty and generality of it lies on that, for different substances, if the whole chart is normalized regarding a critical pressure (easily identified by an inflection point), all charts (of a given molecule shape) will look alike.

Contributed by E.Hwang, March 22nd, 2006.

Too many definitions
The above definition is clear enough. To me this means that fugacity is a theoretical (or imaginary) property of gases diamensionally the same as pressure, the magnitude of which is such that substituting its value for pressure gives correct relationships for the ideal gas law. Why do we complicate it so that no one can understand it?

This is not the same as what is said under 'Detail', that is Fugacity is the change of pressure required etc. A change of pressure is dimensionless and the dimension of fugacity ought to be [mass]/[distance][time]*[time]. Perhaps someone will tell me if I am totallly wrongLouisBB 22:19, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

1) definitions not specific ; 2) is the sign in the formula for $$\mu$$ correct?
There should be a clear mathematical formula defining fugacity. I found none (admittedly, the page is more than disorderly now) so I added one following from the definition of chemical potential in terms of fugacity. So far I have seen chemical potential appear first... And I believe there should be a minus sign in this formula [should be $$ f=\exp (-\mu/k_B T) $$] but I found no reference so I left an expression following from the above "definition of $$\mu$$". If anyone can confirm there is a minus sign please correct it. I think the whole thermodynamics section should be rewritten anyway since it is much more customary to defime $$\mu$$ as the primary variable for a grand canonical ensemble.
 * There is no minus sign. You are probably tricked by the form that the partition function is usually written down, where the Boltzmann weight is given by $$ e^{-\beta ( E - \mu N )} $$. It is a common misconception to misread this as the sign of the beta-mu exponent being negative. However, it rearranges to $$ e^{-\beta ( E - \mu N )} = e^{-\beta E} \cdot e^{+ \beta \mu N } = e^{-\beta E} f^N$$, where $$f := e^{+\beta \mu}$$ (and $$ \beta = 1/k_{\rm B}T$$ as usual).--134.76.88.179 (talk) 10:01, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

definition
$$\mu$$ - chemical potential is partial molar derivation of Gibbs energy

fugacity (or its increment) was originally by Lewis defined as follows: d$$\mu_i$$ = RT d Ln(fi) - this is original definition

Lewis also stated that fugacity of some component in ideal solution is equal of partial pressure of this component. Then fugacity coefficient was defined because formal integration between 2 states real and ideal solution with same T,p, and composition.

as f/(f*) where f* = p*, is fugacity odf i in ideal solution equal to its partial pressure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.5.210.202 (talk) 10:51, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Suggested things to add
Isn't fugacity (or the partial fugacity of each component) equal for each phase at equilibrium? That's a major reason it's useful and should be included... the article mentions that its useful but doesn't mention why. See

Also a useful way to calculate fugacity is in terms of the Compressibility factor Z: $$ f = P*\int \frac{Z-1}{P} dP $$. Best, Mattb112885 (talk) 02:41, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Units?
It is stated that the units of fugacity are the same as for pressure. But later the defined quantity $$f$$ is unitless as it is an exponential of a fraction of chemical potential (energy per added particle) $$\mu$$ and $$k_B T$$ (thermal energy). This should be explained.

Major problems
This article hasn't seen a critical review in some time and as a result it has issues with format, lack of references, and validity of the the content. For example:

f \approx \frac $$

 * "This formula allows us to calculate quickly the fugacity of a real gas at $$P$$,$$T$$, given a value for V (which could be determined using any equation of state), if we assume $$\Phi$$ is constant between 0 and $$P$$."

I may be wrong but "f" is an empirically determined value based on a gases V at a given P and T. There is no way V could be determined equation of state. I would be happy to be corrected but it seems as if the author got lost in the theory and math. In the process the author forgot the intended use of fugacity and its relationship to the real world. It seems like this disconnect is pervasive through out the article.

Fugacity is used to describe the pressure behavior of real gases more accurately than the ideal gas law. Since pressure is also the most common term to describe the concentration of gases fugaicty is also used to describe a gases effective concentrations in a mixture. For a gas the "fugacity coefficient" is essentially the same as "activity" for a condensed state. Fugacity has a relation ship to liquids and solids but it largely mediated by the liquids and solids relationship to gases. This whole subject should be predicated on describing real world gases more accurately than is allowed by the ideal gas law. After that many of the other applications could be described, then after that perhaps someone could have a field day with equations.--OMCV (talk) 05:13, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, and I think your edits are great. The article was conceptually very muddy. The article has definitely needed a significant overhaul for a long time. It ought to first describe fugacity in broad, general, and conceptual terms that have meaning in the real world, and then move toward more precise and technical material.  As to the above Taylor expansion approximation, I don't think it's necessary at all in the article and I agree with taking it out. It's good for textbooks, but Wikipedia has a different purpose than a textbook. CO GDEN  19:02, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your estimate of my previous edits. I've gone a bit further with the material and I hope you like what I've done.  I must admit that I'm not qualified to review the mathematical derivations that I've left in the text, I would have been better qualified as an undergraduate than I am now after years in the lab.  They look right but I'm not sure.  At times the associated language makes me I wonder if the authors goal is develop fancy models that grow out or first principles rather than to describe the real world.  Then I wonder the same thing about Peter Atkins so maybe its best I keep to synthetic chemistry.--OMCV (talk) 03:20, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Φ - broken definition?
Came to the page wondering what fugacity was, and have a reasonable idea now, thanks. But am confused on one aspect - either I'm misunderstanding or the bit about Φ is broken. It on the one hand states that for an ideal gas Φ is 1.0, but then also has the equation $$\bar V = \frac{P} + \Phi$$ which is my problem - surely for an ideal gas $$\bar V = \frac{P}$$ which would mean that Φ is 0 for an ideal gas, not 1... ? 194.81.223.66 (talk) 13:10, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Fixed. The problem was a little more subtle. It is not capital Φ = V - RT/P which is 1, but rather small φ = f/P further down which is 1. Dirac66 (talk) 03:39, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Not real-world pressure but effective pressure
The intro repeatedly describes the fugacity as the real or "real-world" pressure of a gas. This leaves the incorrect impression that if one measures the pressure of a real gas, one obtains a value equal to the fugacity. Not true - if one measures the pressure, one obtains a value equal to ... the pressure. For example nitrogen at 0oC and a pressure of 100 atm has a fugacity of 97.03 atm (Atkins and de Paula 8th edn, p.112), and measurement of the mechanical pressure with a pressure gauge gives the value 100 atm (which is different from the ideal pressure nRT/V).

So what does 97.03 atm refer to? The fugacity is an effective pressure, meaning that the species' chemical potential depends on the fugacity of a real gas in the same way that it would depend on pressure for an ideal gas. In the example, the chemical potential of real nitrogen at 100 atm equals that of ideal nitrogen at 97.03 atm. One could say that fugacity is a pressure corrected to describe the real-world chemical potential and the real-world law of mass action.

This point is clear in the article's mathematical development, the current intro is likely to confuse the reader before s/he gets to the math. I intend to revise the intro and eliminate the mentions of "real-world" pressure. Dirac66 (talk) 18:11, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

to Dirac66. "Ideal nitrogen" is not good expression. I suppose "Real nitrogen at 100 atm has chemical potential (molar Gibbs free energy) 0.9703 times lesser than that of ideal gas at 100 atm due to nonideality of nitrogen gas: intermolecular attraction forces at 100 atm". Please see Atkins, de Paula, 8th. edition, p.111, Fig. 3.24., p.112. With best regards — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.40.243.251 (talk) 11:41, 6 October 2012 (UTC) to Dirac 66. Correction: ... has chemical potential increase ln 0.9703 times lesser than that of ideal gas ... . With best regards — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.40.243.251 (talk) 12:00, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I have now replaced ideal nitrogen by the phrase if nitrogen were an ideal gas, and added a brief paragraph to say that the difference in chemical potential is due to nonideality and attractive forces. Dirac66 (talk) 15:19, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

Liquid phase fugacity
This article reads like fugacity only applies to the vapor phase. Fugacity can be applied to the liquid phase (or even solid phase) as well. Amazingly, the equation for the fugacity of a pressurized solid/liquid doesn't appear to be on Wikipedia, so I have added it as a new section in this article. Obviously, this section (as well as the article) could use some sprucing up by some devoted soul. Stieltjes (talk) 20:27, 28 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Do you have sources for fugacity in the liquid or solid phase? I have three physical chemistry books (Atkins and de Paula, Engel and Reid, Laidler and Meiser) which discuss fugacity in the gas phase, but none of them mentions fugacity in liquids or solids. Instead they discuss (thermodynamic) activity, which would be related to fugacity but not quite the same thing. Dirac66 (talk) 21:59, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, Prausnitz et al. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid Phase Equilibria 3rd Ed. pp41.  I'm not sure how to add this reference since it has reflist in the markup??  Anyway, it is important to note that fugacity being defined for the liquid phase is a key requirement for a lot of real vapor-liquid-equilibrium done by chemical engineers.  Makes sense to me that physical chemist would be interested in activity and highlight it, but it certainly makes sense to define fugacity for a liquid or solid phase.
 * Also, equality of individual component fugacities in the respective phases is a requirement for equilibrium. Again, this reinforces the sensibility of a definition of fugacity in non-gaseous phases but seems important to point out in this article in its own right.Stieltjes (talk) 23:45, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

Original paper of Lewis
The 1908 paper is on osmotic pressure. I added his 1901 article where the phrase was first introduced. Feel free to double-check if this really is the first one.

Ethane graph
For the graph at the end of the fugacity of ethane, the caption says that the temperature is +60°F, but on expanding the figure we see that both the graph title and the file name say T = -60°F. Which is correct please? Also what is the source for the data which is graphed? Dirac66 (talk) 00:22, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 15:41, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Deletion of helpful numerical example
I disagree with the recent deletion by Rock Magnetist of nitrogen as a numerical example. In my teaching experience when introducing new quantities, it helps students to provide a numerical example. This is even more true when several related quantities are involved, as here fugacity, fugacity coefficient, chemical potential and activity. Perhaps all the values cluttered up the lede somewhat, so I will restore them as a separate section after the lede.

Also when altering text the references should he rechecked. Atkins and de Paula p.112 was originally provided as a source for the value f = 97.03 atm for nitrogen at p = 100 atm. The current version uses it as a source for the definition of fugacity in terms of chemical potential, but Atkins and de Paula do not mention chemical potential in that chapter. On p.111 they define fugacity in terms of molar Gibbs free energy (for a pure gas), and on p.112 the values for nitrogen are given. I will fix this too. Dirac66 (talk) 01:40, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't see how it makes anything more clear, but placing in the body instead of the lead is certainly an improvement. I think an even better place for it would be after the Definition.
 * Thanks for cleaning up my citation errors. It would be nice if ref. 2 could also be combined with ref. 1 instead of having two separate editions of the same work. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 05:20, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The numerical example is intended as a quick explanation of the meaning of fugacity values. Readers who are so inclined can then go through the more complete definition.

 * And I have now referred all mentions of Atkins' book to the same (8th) edition which I have. I will not object if someone wants to look up the pages in the most recent edition. Dirac66 (talk) 10:47, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
 * In its current location, the numerical example uses "molar Gibbs energy", "ideal gas", and the constant R before any of those terms has been described. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 15:53, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

Latest equation dimensionally incorrect plus sign problem
The latest equation added is :$$\left(\frac{\partial \ln f}{\partial T}\right)_P = -\frac{S_\mathrm{m}}{R} < 0.$$

However since molar entropy has the same units as the gas constant, the right-hand side is dimensionless while the left side has units K-1.

Also the same edit says that "Since the entropy is positive, ln f increases with pressure." Yes, ln f increases with pressure but here the right-hand side is negative which would imply the opposite.

Clearly there is an error here, but I am not certain what was intended here so will not attempt to fix it myself. Dirac66 (talk) 19:48, 22 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Just a really sloppy reading of the source on my part. Thanks for bringing it to my attention. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 21:45, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The equation now looks like $$\left(\frac{\partial(T \ln f)}{\partial T}\right)_P = -\frac{S_\mathrm{m}}{R} < 0$$. However, there are still two problems with it. First, the logarithm of a non-dimensionless value is a dangerous thing and has to be dealt with carefully. Specifically, a partial derivative of log(f) is fine because one can always make f dimensionless by dividing by some unit of pressure and then notice that this extra factor vanishes from the result of differentiation. This, however, is not the case when one differentiates T*log(f) since the result of differentiation will have the term log(f) which is not well-defined outside differentiation!
 * Secondly, the r.h.s. is not correct. Physically, if I have some degrees of freedom in the real gas which does not affect the pressure (e.g., intra-molecular degrees of freedom that do not interact with translational degrees of freedom), then these degrees do not contribute to fugacity (or real-gas pressure), but they obviously contribute to entropy. Thus, it cannot be an absolute entropy in the r.h.s., but rather it must be some difference. I tried to derive the exact differential of fugacity in TP coordinates, which resulted in $$ RT d(\ln f)=-\left[S_m(T,P)-S_{m,id}(T,P)+R\ln \left(f(T,P)/P\right)\right]dT+V_m(T,P)dP$$. This expression does obviously reproduce the partial derivative with respect to pressure, but as for the derivative with respect to volume it produces $$\left(\frac{\partial(T\ln (f/P))}{\partial T}\right)_P=-\left[S_m(T,P)-S_{m,id}(T,P)\right]/R$$. This expression looks similar to what is now in the article, but it is still different. Did not want to edit before discussing. One suggestion might be to actually add this exact differential (and its derivation) to the article. Velizhan (talk) 19:59, 14 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Good catch. It appears that in the source for this equation, the author incorrectly substituted from an earlier equation. I have corrected it. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 01:05, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

That ethane figure
It has been five years since asked for a source for the data, and none has been forthcoming. It also has that little box saying "Chart area" and there is no explanation of the breakpoint at saturation pressure. Is it time to delete the figure? RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 17:32, 28 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think it is time. The figure was inserted on 28 August 2012 by who last edited Wikipedia on 20 September 2012 and never reacted to my request of 8 March 2013. So we have to judge it on its merits without expecting further input from Stieltjes. Since it is unsourced and not properly explained, I will delete it now. If someone wants to restore it, please add a source for the data and an explanation of the breakpoint as requested. Dirac66 (talk) 00:26, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

ln P
I wonder how you want to take the logarithm of apressure
 * $$d\mu = R T d \ln P.$$

of course you have to take the ratio to standard pressure first
 * $$d\mu = R T d \ln (P/p^0).$$ Ra-raisch (talk) 21:48, 14 November 2018 (UTC)
 * When it's derivatives, that's not necessary, since
 * $$ d\ln P = \frac{d P}{P}.$$
 * RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 02:17, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

 * ok, correct, the drivative does it. Ra-raisch (talk) 16:21, 14 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fugacity


text:
Act of Settlement 1704

The Act of Settlement 1704 (sometimes cited as 1703) was an Act of Tynwald passed clarifying the status of the population of the Isle of Man. It has been referred to as a Manx Magna Carta as its aim was to preserve the rights of the peasants in relation to their Lord.

In the 16th century, tenants on the Isle had begun to consider their estates as their own but at the end of that century restrictions began to be enforced. An ordinance in 1582 stated that lands were not to be alienated (bought and sold, or left in wills) except by the Lord's license, which came with a fine. This was repealed in 1608 but reimposed in 1645. This situation was not popular among tenants who found themselves losing rights they had previously considered their own. By the last quarter of the century alienation fines were being successfully imposed. These fines made it difficult for tenants to get by and many had to abandon their land.

This situation could not continue and in 1703 Bishop Wilson travelled to speak with the Earl on behalf of the tenants with a view to settling the issue. The Earl agreed to restore to his tenants their ancestral estates and impose significantly smaller fines (a third of the previous levels) and, in the case of inheritance, to allow a year for these fines to be paid. The Act was re-enacted in 1777 after revestment, and is today considered the foundation of the Island's constitution.

title: Act of Settlement 1704


text:
Lafayette Square

Lafayette Square may refer to several places in the United States:

 * Lafayette Square, Los Angeles, Mid-Wilshire neighborhood of Los Angeles, California
 * Lafayette Square (Savannah, Georgia), one of Savannah's 22 city squares
 * Lafayette Square Mall, Indianapolis, Indiana
 * Lafayette Square (New Orleans), in the Central Business District, New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Lafayette Square (Baltimore), Maryland
 * Lafayette Square, Cambridge, part of the Central Square area of Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Lafayette Square, St. Louis, a neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri
 * Lafayette Square Historic District (St. Louis)
 * Lafayette Square (Buffalo, New York), New York
 * Lafayette Square station
 * Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C., northernmost part of President's Park
 * Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C., near the White House

title: Lafayette Square


text:
German Russian

German-Russian (German Russian) or Russian-German (Russian German) may refer to:

 * Germany–Russia relations
 * People with multiple citizenship of Germany and Russia
 * Russians in Germany
 * Ethnic Germans in the old Russian Empire or present-day Russia:
 * Russia Germans
 * Baltic Germans
 * Black Sea Germans
 * Caucasus Germans
 * Crimea Germans
 * Volga Germans
 * Volhynian Germans
 * Russian Mennonites

title: German Russian


text:
User talk:Jolizein

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Bovlb 18:04, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)

Image:Userinfo.gif listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Userinfo.gif, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:10, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jolizein


text:
Party political broadcast

A party political broadcast (also known, in pre-election campaigning periods, as a party election broadcast) is a television or radio broadcast made by a political party.

In the United Kingdom the Communications Act 2003 prohibits (and previously the Broadcasting Act 1990 and earlier broadcasting practice prohibited ) political advertising on television or radio; parties are instead allocated broadcast slots (usually around five minutes long) free of charge on broadcast channels using a formula set by Parliament. From 1953 to 2012, government and opposition commentaries were broadcast on the evening of the annual budget statement. Ministerial Broadcasts are occasionally made on urgent matters of a non-partisan nature.

A similar format exists in the Republic of Ireland, though for smaller parties, because a greater number of them are represented in the Dáil, their allocated time may be as little as one or two minutes each.

In Canada, the Canada Elections Act includes provisions for free-time election broadcasts (in addition to paid advertising) during Canadian federal elections, on all licensed terrestrial television and radio networks; notably, however, none of Canada's main English-language private television networks (CTV, Global and Citytv) actually operates under a network license anymore, meaning that in actual practice in the 2020s this provision applies only to the CBC's main radio and TV networks, and the private French-language networks TVA and Noovo. CBC Television formerly broadcast the regular weekly series The Nation's Business, in which Members of Parliament from all parties could give a short speech on a political issue, but this series no longer airs.

In Asia, party political broadcasts have existed in Singapore since 1980, where they are known as political party broadcasts. In Japan, party political broadcasts are known as seiken hōsō (政見放送). In Brazil, party political broadcasts are known as horário político. In Chile, party political broadcasts are known as franja electoral.

title: Party political broadcast


text:
BYOB

BYOB or BYO is an initialism and acronym concerning alcohol or marijuana that means "bring your own bottle" or "bring your own booze", "bring your own beer", or for marijuana, "bring your own bud".

BYOB is stated on an invitation to indicate that the host will not be providing alcohol and that guests should bring their own. Some restaurants and business establishments (especially in areas where liquor licenses are difficult to obtain) allow patrons to bring their own bottle, sometimes subject to fees or membership conditions, or because the establishment itself does not have license to sell alcohol.

Etymology
Today, BYOB may mean "bring your own bottle" or "bring your own booze". BYOB is a later variant of the earlier expression, BYOL, meaning "bring your own liquor." The earliest known examples of BYOL appeared in two panels of a cartoon by Frank M. Spangler in the Montgomery Advertiser (Montgomery, Alabama), December 26, 1915, page 5. The joke was that a man received an invitation with the mysterious letters "BYOL" in place of RSVP. He looked up the initials in a "social directory" and learned that it stood for "Bring Your Own Liquor".

Other early examples of the expression appeared in newspapers in Alabama or stories relating to Alabama, suggesting that it may have originated there, perhaps coined by Spangler himself. At the time, Alabama had recently enacted a new statewide prohibition law prohibiting the sale, but not the consumption of alcohol, making it necessary to bring one's own alcohol.

A variant of BYOB is BYOS, meaning "bring your own sugar". This was used in England and the United States amid wartime rationing during World War I and again in World War II.

Shortly after passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibiting the sale of alcohol nationwide, a joke about BYOL replacing RSVP on formal invitations began circulating in newspapers across the country. The joke appeared as early as June 1919 in the Des Moines (Iowa) Daily News, and was in wide circulation by the end of the year.

BYOB appeared occasionally during the 1920s, and when defined was usually rendered as "bring your own booze", although "beer", "bottle" and "beverage" were all suggested on at least one occasion. BYOL was the dominant form of the expression until the 1950s. But when BYOB became more popular in the 1950s, it was regularly defined as "bring your own bottle", frequently in circumstances involving restaurants without liquor licenses. "Bring your own beverage" was in common use by the 1970s and was in wide circulation by the end of the year.

In the 21st century, BYOF – "bring your own food" – appeared on the scene, referring to bars lacking full kitchens, encouraging patrons to bring their own food.

Corkage
Establishments that sell alcoholic beverages for on-site consumption, such as bars or restaurants, may also allow patrons to bring their own alcohol. That alcohol is usually subject to an opening fee. Often the rule is limited to bottles of wine, where the fee is known as corkage or a corking fee. Such policies are greatly regulated by local liquor control laws and licensing restrictions.

Bottle club
As an alternative to the traditional full-service liquor license, some jurisdictions offer a similar license known as a bottle club license. It allows the business establishment to serve alcohol on the premises, but only if patrons brought the alcohol from elsewhere. The license generally prohibits the business from selling its own stock of alcoholic beverages and may require that patrons be members of the establishment. Such licenses may be preferred in situations where fees or zoning conditions imposed by a full-service liquor license are unwanted or impractical. They may also be the only license available, as some jurisdictions impose full-service liquor license quotas or business class restrictions.

In the United States, no license is required for private clubs that do not sell alcohol but allow patrons to bring their own. As obtaining a license to serve alcohol is complicated and expensive, and laws about what may happen on the premises are sometimes quite restrictive, strip clubs and other establishments providing some sexually-related service or environment often use a BYOB approach, sometimes announcing that they provide "mixers" (cocktail ingredients other than alcohol).

Regional variations
In Australia and New Zealand, the term "BYO" (Bring Your Own) emerged to describe business establishments that offered corkage. It is believed that restaurants in Melbourne, in the state of Victoria, were advertising as "BYO" establishments by the 1960s with the concept becoming popular in New Zealand in the late 1970s.

Legally, using New Zealand as an example, if a premise only holds an on-licence-endorsed (BYOB license), an owner who is also a duty manager with a General Manager's Certificate is forbidden to have a wine list and sell alcohol on the premises. The owner must have both On-License & On-License-Endorsed to have a wine list and allow BYOB, thus calling the restaurant 'fully licensed'.

In Taiwan whisky served at banquets is often brought from home.

title: BYOB


text:
Frank Johnson (basketball)

Franklin Lenard Johnson (born November 23, 1958) is an American former professional basketball player and coach. He played ten seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Washington Bullets, Houston Rockets and Phoenix Suns.

Playing career
In high school, he played basketball for the Lake Weir Hurricanes. During his junior year in 1974–1975, he was a star for the 33–0 Hurricanes team that won Marion County’s first state championship. He played collegiately for Wake Forest University, becoming an All-American selection in 1980–81. He was inducted into the school’s hall of fame in 1998. Johnson was selected in the first round of the 1981 NBA draft with the 11th pick by the Washington Bullets. He played point guard in the NBA for the Bullets (1981–1988), the Houston Rockets (1988–89) (he signed as a free agent with the New Jersey Nets, but they traded him to the Rockets before he played in any games for them). He also played for the Phoenix Suns (1992–94) where his main role was to relieve star Kevin Johnson. He was selected from the Rockets by the Orlando Magic in the 1989 expansion draft, but was waived before the 1989–90 season started. He played 650 games in the NBA (regular season and playoffs), with regular season career averages of 8.3 PPG and 4.2 APG in 21.6 minutes.

He played professionally in Italy for Ranger Varese (1989–91, played in the finals of the Italian Championship in 1990) and Marr Rimini (Serie A2, 1991).

Personal life
Frank earned his nickname “Fourth Quarter Frank” for his clutch performances helping the team grind out close games.

Family
Johnson's brother "Fast Eddie" also played in the NBA. He spent more than eight seasons with the Atlanta Hawks, and closed out his career with stints in Cleveland and Seattle. Eddie was a two-time (1980, 1981) All-Star while with the Hawks.

title: Frank Johnson (basketball)


text:
International Shoe Co. v. Washington

International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that a party, particularly a corporation, may be subject to the jurisdiction of a state court if it has "minimum contacts" with that state. The ruling has important consequences for corporations involved in interstate commerce, their payments to state unemployment compensation funds, limits on the power of states imposed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the sufficiency of service of process, and, especially, personal jurisdiction.

Facts
The plaintiff, the State of Washington, established a tax on employers conducting business therein with the stated legislative purpose of providing a fund to be used for financial assistance to newly unemployed workers in the state. The tax was in effect a mandatory contribution to the state's Unemployment Compensation Fund. The defendant, International Shoe Company, was an American company that was incorporated in Delaware with its principal place of business ("PPB") in Missouri. The corporation had maintained for some time a staff of 11-13 salesmen in the State of Washington, working on commission. The salesmen were residents of that state and they met with prospective customers in motels and hotels, and occasionally rented space to put up displays. The company thus had no permanent "situs" of business in the State. Each year, the salesmen brought in about $31,000 in compensation. International Shoe's solicitation system allegedly was set up explicitly to avoid establishing the situs of the business in other states insofar as the salesmen did not have offices, did not negotiate prices, and sent all orders back to Missouri; shipments from the plant to customers were sent f.o.b.

Procedural history
International Shoe Co. did not pay the tax at issue in this case, so the state effected service of process on one of their salesmen with a notice of assessment. Washington also sent a letter by registered mail to their place of business in Missouri. International Shoe made a special appearance before the office of unemployment to dispute the state's jurisdiction over it as a corporate "person." However, the trial court ruled that it had personal jurisdiction over the defendant corporation. This ruling was upheld in the appeal tribunal, the Superior Court, and the Supreme Court of Washington. International Shoe Co. then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Ruling
The issue involved a determination of the level of connection that must exist between a non-resident corporation and a state in order for that corporation to be sued within that state. The Supreme Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice  Harlan Fiske Stone  (and in which  Justice Robert Jackson  did not participate),  held that in view of 26 U.S.C. § 1606(a) (providing that no person shall be relieved from compliance with a  state  law requiring payments to an unemployment fund on the ground that he is engaged in interstate commerce) the fact that the corporation is engaged in interstate commerce does not relieve it from liability for payments to the state unemployment compensation fund. The activities in behalf of the corporation render it amenable to suit in courts of the State to recover payments due to the state unemployment compensation fund. The activities in question established sufficient contacts or ties between the State and the corporation to make it reasonable and just, and in conformity to the due process requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment, for the State to enforce against the corporation an obligation arising out of such activities. In such a suit to recover payments due to the unemployment compensation fund, service of process upon one of the corporation's salesmen within the State, and notice sent by registered mail to the corporation at its home office, satisfies the requirements of due process. The tax imposed by the state unemployment compensation statute—construed by the state court, in its application to the corporation, as a tax on the privilege of employing salesmen within the State—does not violate the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In reaching its decision the Court stated that throughout American  history,  the jurisdiction of courts to render judgment in personam has been grounded on their de facto power over the defendant's person. Hence, his presence within the territorial jurisdiction of a court was prerequisite to its rendition of a judgment personally binding him. But now that the capias ad respondendum has given way to personal service of summons or other form of notice, due process requires only that, in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam, if he be not present within the territory of the forum, he have certain minimum contacts with it such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Justice Hugo Black wrote a separate opinion, agreeing with the outcome in this case, but contending that the Court has excessively restricted the power of states to find jurisdiction over companies doing business therein.

Analysis
A growing body of Supreme Court precedent and incremental statutory and common law doctrines related to personal jurisdiction had been evolving over a period of several decades from the late 19th century through the early 20th century, and the Supreme Court therefore could have upheld jurisdiction over defendant corporation. Initially the courts followed a strict interpretation of territorial jurisdiction, where states only had power over property or defendants who were actually present in the state (excepting corporations or residents). Defendants wishing to avoid claims could abscond to other jurisdictions without fear of suit.

As the doctrine of personal jurisdiction evolved with additional cases directed to related subject matter, the Supreme Court expanded jurisdiction to anyone who tacitly "consented" to jurisdiction (in that case, a defendant consented to jurisdiction by merely driving on a Massachusetts state highway). These doctrines were built upon the expanding legal fiction of "presence" within the forum state or the defendant's commission of an act or failure to act within the forum state. (A "forum state" means the state in whose courts a case is being litigated.)

In International Shoe, the Court's majority chose to create a new doctrine, while still adhering to a "presence" rationale. The basic formulation is: a state may exercise personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant, so long as that defendant has "sufficient minimum contacts" with the forum state, from which the complaint arises, such that the exercise of jurisdiction "will not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice . . ." See 326 U.S. 310 (1940).

The court broke down the types of contact that a defendant can have with a state into "casual" contact and "systematic and continuous" contact. In cases with only casual contact, the claim must be related to the contact in order for the state to have jurisdiction. Casual contact is not a basis for bringing unrelated claims. Systematic and continuous contact allows for both claims related to the contact and unrelated claims.

Legal legacy
It was and remains a broad doctrine. It eventually allowed states to create "long arm" statutes and responded to the actualities of the national market of the United States. Defendants had often avoided legal responsibilities by "scampering" from the state of occurrence and not being available for service of process. This case changed that to some extent, though the "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice" are drawn from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Aristotle's notions of justice. The doctrine of International Shoe is broad, but the Court has recognized that it has limits, nevertheless.

title: International Shoe Co. v. Washington


text: File:GCM temp forecasts 10.jpg

title: File:GCM temp forecasts 10.jpg


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Bijou Heron

Helene Wallace Stoepel (September 1, 1863 – March 18, 1937), known professionally as Bijou Heron, was an American stage actress, who became famous as a child actor in the 1870s.

Biography
Helene Wallace Stoepel was born in New York City to the German composer and orchestra conductor Robert Stoepel and the Irish-American actress Matilda Heron. She was introduced to audiences at the age of six in a production of Medea at the Bowery Theater where her mother played the title role.

In 1873, she joined the Augustin Daly company at the Fifth Avenue Theatre and took on the stage name Bijou Heron. Her first leading role was in Monsieur Alphonse, a dramatic adaptation of a novel by Alexandre Dumas. The following season she received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Oliver in Oliver Twist. The cast included actors Fanny Davenport, Charles Fisher, and James Lewis. In 1876, she joined the A. M. Palmer Company at the Union Square Theatre. She played in Miss Multon with Clara Morris and portrayed Smike an adaptation of Nicholas Nickleby. She toured with this company, playing for three months in San Francisco. Upon returning to New York, she was asked to take the place of actress Sara Jewett in A Celebrated Case starring Charles Coghlan. She later appeared in The School for Scandal with Coghlan, John Parcelle, Harry Crisp and Ann Gilbert.

Heron moved to England after the death of her mother in 1877. There she was seen in several productions at the Court Theatre in London with Maurice Barrymore and Arthur Cecil. She toured England with the actor and dramatist Dion Boucicault. After returning to New York, she rejoined Daly's company. Heron played in Odette opposite the actor and producer Henry Miller, whom she married February 1, 1883, in New York. The Millers performed and toured with C.W. Couldock in Hazel Kirke under the management of Daniel Frohman. They later joined the Clara Morris company.

They had three children: theatrical producer Gilbert Heron Miller, actor and director John Heron Miller (aka Henry Miller, Jr.) and Agnes Heron Miller, actress and first wife of entertainer Tim McCoy.

Heron died March 18, 1937, at her home in New York City and was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

title: Bijou Heron


text:
User:G.S

I am a ice hockey goalie and my favourite hockey team is The Toronto Maple Leafs and my favourite player is Ed Belfour. I am also a gifted hockey historian. My favourite actor is Tom Hanks and my favourite actress is Catherine O'Hara. I love The Simpsons and I enjoy bird watching and I have intrests in the Ibis.

title: User:G.S


text:
Paul David

Paul David (December 25, 1919 – April 5, 1999) was a Canadian cardiologist, founder of the Montreal Heart Institute, and Senator.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Louis-Athanase David and Antonia Nantel, he received his Bachelor's degree from the University of Paris in 1939 and his MD from the Université de Montréal in 1944. He specialized in cardiology in Boston at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1946 and in Paris at the Hôpital Lareboisière in 1947. Upon his return to Montreal, he worked at the Notre-Dame Hospital. He founded the Montreal Heart Institute in 1954. It was under his direction that the first heart transplant ever performed in Canada was carried out at the Institute, in 1968.

In 1985, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada on the recommendation of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. He sat as a Progressive Conservative senator representing the Senatorial division of Bedford, Quebec. He retired on his 75th birthday in 1994. His father, Louis-Athanase David and grandfather, Laurent-Olivier David were Liberal Senators. He is the younger brother of Simone David-Raymond founder of the Marie-Enfant Hospital.

In 1968, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1981. In 1988, he was named a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 2011, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.

He married Nellie Maillard, daughter of Charles Maillard director of École des beaux-arts de Montréal and had six children: filmmaker Pierre, Québec solidaire MNA Françoise, Thérèse, Anne-Marie, Liberal MNA Hélène and Charles-Philippe. A few years after Nellie Maillard's death (1969), he was remarried to Dr. Yvette Lemire. After his death in 1999, he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

title: Paul David


text:
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum

The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, also known as the LBJ Presidential Library, is the presidential library and museum of Lyndon Baines Johnson, the 36th president of the United States (1963–1969). It is located on the grounds of the University of Texas at Austin, and is one of 13 presidential libraries administered by the National Archives and Records Administration. The LBJ Library houses 45 million pages of historical documents, including the papers of President Johnson and those of his close associates and others.

History

Discussions for a Presidential library for President Johnson began soon after his 1964 election victory. In February 1965, the chairman of the Board of Regents at the University of Texas at Austin, William H. Heath, proposed building the library on the university campus, along with funds to construct the building and the establishment of the Johnson School of Public Affairs on the campus. The agreement was formally reached on September 6, 1966. While past Presidential libraries were funded by private donations, the publicly-funded University of Texas paid $15 million of the $18 million needed to construct the complex and donated the land for the library, which was formerly a low-income neighborhood acquired by the university using eminent domain.

First Lady Lady Bird Johnson toured existing Presidential libraries and university campuses to consult the design of the library. Lady Bird presented three potential architects to President Johnson; Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill was chosen. The design was completed in the Summer of 1966 and construction began in 1967. The Library was dedicated on May 22, 1971, with Johnson and then-President Richard Nixon in attendance.

In 1991 Queen Elizabeth II visited the museum and met with President Johnson's family, as he was the only president she never met; her only opportunity to meet him was when Winston Churchill was buried in 1965; but he was sick with the flu and bronchitis and hospitalized at the time of the passing and was prohibited by his physicians from leading the U.S. delegation to the funeral. He "very, very much" wanted to attend the funeral that the Queen arranged a private meeting with him at Buckingham Palace after the funeral before his doctors barred him from going.

After her death in July 2007, the body of Lady Bird Johnson lay in repose in the Library and Museum, just as her husband's had after his death, 34 years earlier in January 1973.

In 2012, the LBJ Library underwent a multimillion-dollar redesign, during which most of the exhibits were closed. On December 22, the Library reopened to the public. In 2013, the Library began charging admission for the first time since its dedication in 1971. Mark Atwood Lawrence is the current director of the LBJ Library.

Features
The complex, which was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architects Gordon Bunshaft and R. Max Brooks, is an unadorned 10-story building clad in cream Italian travertine. Library, adjacent to the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, occupies a 14-acre (57,000 m2) campus. Although the Library is on the grounds of UT Austin, it is federally run and independent from the University. The top floor of the Library has a 7/8ths scale replica of the Oval Office decorated as it was during Johnson's presidency, including the Johnson desk. Another exhibit features an animatronic LBJ. The view of the Texas State Capitol from the library's terrace became one of the Capitol View Corridors protected under state and local law from obstruction by tall buildings in 1983.

The LBJ Library provides year-round public viewing of its permanent historical, cultural, and temporary exhibits to approximately 125,000 visitors each year. It is open from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. seven days a week throughout the year. The Library is closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day.

Among the artworks on display at the Library and Museum is a photoengraved mural depicting scenes from Johnson's life created by Naomi Savage.

LBJ Liberty & Justice for All Award
The library honors public servants with the "LBJ Liberty & Justice for All Award." The award is given to leaders who demonstrate civility and bipartisanship.

Recipients:
 * 2010: John Lewis
 * 2013: George H. W. Bush
 * 2014: John Dingell and Carl Levin
 * 2015: Jim Clyburn and Eric Holder
 * 2016: Jimmy Carter
 * 2017: David Rubenstein
 * 2018: John McCain
 * 2019: Nancy Pelosi
 * 2020: Ruth Bader Ginsburg
 * 2023: Willie Nelson


text:
Friedrich Waismann

Friedrich Waismann (21 March 1896 – 4 November 1959) was an Austrian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. He is best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle and one of the key theorists in logical positivism.

Biography
Born to a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, Waismann was educated in mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna. In 1922, he began to study philosophy under the tutelage of Moritz Schlick, the founder of the Vienna Circle. He emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1938 due to the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany.

He was a reader in philosophy of science at the University of Cambridge from 1937 to 1939, and lecturer in philosophy of mathematics at the University of Oxford from 1939 until his death. He died in Oxford.

Relationship with Wittgenstein
Intermittently, from 1927 until 1936, Waismann had extensive conversations with Ludwig Wittgenstein about topics in philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of language. These conversations, recorded by Waismann, were published in Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle (1979, ed. B.F. McGuinness). Other members of the Circle (including Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, and Herbert Feigl) also spoke with Wittgenstein, but not to the extent Waismann did.

At one point in 1934, Wittgenstein and Waismann considered collaborating on a book, but these plans fell through after their philosophical differences became apparent.

Waismann later accused Wittgenstein of obscurantism because of what he considered to be his betrayal of the project of logical positivism and empirically-based explanation. Ultimately the texts for the project, written or just transcribed by Waismann, were published by Gordon Baker in 2003.

Linguistic philosophy and logical positivism
In Introduction to Mathematical Thinking: The Formation of Concepts in Modern Mathematics (1936), Waismann argued that mathematical truths are true by convention rather than being necessarily (or verifiably) true. His collected lectures, The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy (1965), and How I See Philosophy (1968, ed. R. Harré), a collection of papers, were published posthumously.

Porosity and verifiability
Waismann introduced the concept of open texture, or porosity to describe the universal possibility of vagueness in empirical statements; it is based on Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, particularly Section 80. According to the philosopher, even after measures have been taken to ensure that a statement is precise, there remains an inexhaustible source of vagueness due to an indefinite number of possibilities. Waismann's notion of vagueness is slightly different from his concept of open texture―he explained that open texture is more like the possibility of vagueness; vagueness can also be remedied so that it can be made more precise, while open texture cannot.

Open texture has been found in legal philosophy through the writings of H. L. A. Hart (see Hart's "The Concept of Law about Rule Skepticism" and Waismann's article "Verifiability"). According to Hart, vagueness constitutes a fundamental feature of legal languages. It is claimed, however, that Waismann's conceptualization has limited practical application, since it is more for the extraordinary, while Hart's view of open texture concerns the more mundane, approaching the term in the context of a particular norm.

title: Friedrich Waismann


text:
User:Demi/cramasockinit

I really appreciate your comments in this discussion. However, I believe we've reached an impasse and further discussion would only contribute to our respective Wikistress levels. Let's agree to disagree and turn our attention to improving Wikipedia in other ways. Cheers!

title: User:Demi/cramasockinit