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Silver Sable

Silver Sable (Silvija Sablinova) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz, Silver Sable first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #265 (June 1985). She is usually depicted as a mercenary, hunter of war criminals, leader of the Wild Pack, and owner of Silver Sable International. Her work as a mercenary has sometimes brought her into conflict with several superheroes. Silver Sable is primarily an ally and occasional opponent of Spider-Man.

The character has appeared in several media adaptations over the years, including animated series and video games.

Publication history
Created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz, Silver Sable first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #265 (June 1985). The inspiration for the character comes from safari cards bought by DeFalco. After her debut, she made occasional appearances in various Spider-Man titles, often (but not always) as an ally. Marvel Comics began to publish the series Silver Sable and The Wild Pack in June 1992, written by Gregory Wright and penciled by Steven Butler. This series lasted for 35 issues, until it was canceled in 1995.

After the cancellation, Silver made occasional guest appearances in various comics. A limited series titled Sable and Fortune and featuring Silver Sable and Dominic Fortune began in 2006. Originally solicited as a six issue series, Sable and Fortune was later shortened to four issues.

Fictional character biography
The operations of Wild Pack and Silver Sable International drive the national economy of the fictional small European state of Symkaria. The name Wild Pack had been used by the mercenary squad led by Cable for some time, until a legal notice forced them to change it to Six Pack.

The State of Symkaria is adjacent to Latveria, the nation ruled by Doctor Doom. Silver Sable and Victor Von Doom have an annual diplomatic dinner at Castle Doom, situated in Doomstadt. Apparently, the friendship between the two states is deep-rooted and dates back to World War II.

The family of Silver Sable is composed of her father Ernst Sablinov, her uncle Morty, and the young cousin Anna, who Silver Sable calls her niece, orphaned daughter of an unnamed uncle. Silver's mother, Anastasia Sablinova, was killed in front of her by enemies of her father, who ran a Nazi-hunting group. After this traumatic event, she was trained by her father to become a Nazi-hunting mercenary. After her father's death, she became the leader of the Wild Pack, a team formed by Ernst to apprehend international criminals. She also founded her own company, the Silver Sable International. Like her father's, Sable's squad originally focused on bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, but over time they started to accept other type of missions for profit.

Silver was briefly married to the Foreigner, an international assassin and the head of the 1400 Club, but they divorced after she discovered his attempt to kill the President of U.S. After that, their relation varied between non-belligerent and attempts to kill one another.

Uncle Morty functions as Sable's assistant, organizing some missions and sometimes trying to influence her sense of judgement. Silver supports Anna's boarding school education. When HYDRA agents took over Anna's school, Sable infiltrated it, rescuing the hostages with the help of Spider-Man, Sandman, and the Wild Pack.

While hunting the international criminal Black Fox to recover valuable gems stolen by the thief, she was inadvertently thwarted by Spider-Man. She was later hired by a South African government to neutralize the international terrorist Jack O'Lantern. She enlisted Spider-Man's aid against the Sinister Syndicate, and forms a first alliance with the Sandman. Some time later, she joined forces with Spider-Man, Paladin, Solo, and Captain America to track down Sabretooth and the Red Skull, who masterminded a plot to put the United States against Symkaria. She later worked with Spider-Man to steal incriminating documents from a Maggia money launderer; soon after, she formed The Outlaws. An intelligence mission in Iraq resulted in the death of a Wild Pack member, and she denied compensation to the slain man's family due to his negligence. She devised an initiation test for the Prowler to join The Outlaws, while teaching him a lesson in humility in the process. She hired The Outlaws to retrieve a Symkarian nuclear device in England and to rescue the kidnapped daughter of a Canadian official.

Sable's cordial diplomatic relationship with Doctor Doom once proved almost fatal when the annual dinner happened to fall on the time when Doctor Doom's castle had been overtaken by an alien impersonator during the Infinity War crisis. Although Silver noticed that the doppelgänger looked differently, she interpreted it as Doom's desires to change his look. During the dinner, Sable's driver was killed by Doom's robots and a human butler was killed by the doppelgänger himself. Sable protested the brutality and was attacked herself, leading to a chase throughout the castle. The Silver Sable International's soldier came to rescue her, despite Sandman himself also having been replaced by another doppelgänger.

Silver has collaborated with various superheroes, including the aforementioned Spider-Man, the Punisher, Daredevil, Luke Cage, Venom, and Captain America. Sandman was a mercenary working for Silver Sable as part of her Wild Pack for a long time, heading The Intruders, the squad of superpowered mercenaries employed by Silver Sable International.

Later, Sable was hired to protect Professor Wolfgang Hessler holed up in the Symkarian monastery of St. Eboars. Wolfgang knew of a powerful genetic weapon and, attacked by guilt, was working on a neutralizing agent to give to the world so the weapon would be useless. For this mission, Silver Sable hired a new team formed by The Cat, Paladin, and what she thought was Nomad but turned out to be Madcap. The group fought the Heroes for Hire, who had been hired to take the Professor. Sable's team had the upper hand until Deadpool freed his Heroes allies and Luke Cage turned out to be a traitor, sending the Professor off to the Master of the World.

During the Shadowland storyline, Silver Sable ended up paired up with Misty Knight, Paladin, and Shroud when Daredevil's Hand ninjas secretly targeted members of the mafia.

During the Ends of the Earth storyline involving one of Doctor Octopus' schemes, Silver Sable recovered Spider-Man and Black Widow after the Avengers are defeated by the Sinister Six. She joined them in an attack on a Sahara facility controlled by Doctor Octopus, with the three defeating Sandman after Spider-Man's allies at Horizon Labs helped determine a way to identify the one particle of sand containing Sandman's consciousness. She was apparently drowned by the Rhino in the final battle when Rhino pinned her to the ground in a flooding corridor in Doctor Octopus' base. Even though Doctor Octopus' plan had been stopped, Rhino also decided to kill himself in the process after the loss of his own wife. However, Madame Web later revealed to Spider-Man that Silver Sable did not perish in the fight within Doctor Octopus' underwater base.

She was later seen with other dead people in a Peter Parker's post-mortem experience.

She has later revealed to be alive, as she requested Spider-Man's help in thwarting a recent coup of Symkaria organized by Norman Osborn. Sable explained that she had survived her confrontation with the Rhino by using her suit to cloak herself, distracting him long enough for her to escape, using her apparent death to discreetly hunt down most of her enemies. She also had a brief affair with Nightcrawler, and helped him and Mystique in taking down an Orchis facility run by the Vulture.

Powers and abilities
Silver Sable is an athletic woman with no superhuman powers. She is a formidable hand-to-hand combatant, and skilled in various martial arts. She is also an expert markswoman, swordswoman, gymnast and strategist. Silver Sable also possesses strong leadership capabilities.

Silver Sable wears synthetic stretch fabric lined with Kevlar throughout the torso. She often carries a katana, chais (three-pronged half-moon throwing projectiles), a stun gun, and a derringer. Silver Sable generally has the latest technology and equipment at her disposal, provided by Silver Sable International.

Reception
Deirdre Kaye of Scary Mommy called Silver Sable a "role model" and "truly heroic." Brenda Hernandez of Screen Rant named Silver Sable one of Spider-Man's "10 Best Female Villains." Peter Eckhardt of CBR.com ranked Silver Sable 6th in their "10 Best Mercenaries In Marvel Comics" list, while Derek Faraci ranked her 5th in their "10 Coolest Bounty Hunters In Comics" list.

Spider-Verse
In the Spider-Verse storyline, a character resembling Silver Sable but called Sable appears as a member of the Hounds who works for Verna of the Inheritors. She and the other Hounds accompany Verna to Earth-1610 to hunt Miles Morales. She is killed by the Superior Spider-Man, and his allies Spider-Punk and Assassin Spider-Man.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel iteration of Silver Sable is the mercenary leader of the Wild Pack. A mercenary from Symkaria, she had a troubled childhood, apparently ignored by her father and abused by her alcoholic mother. In reality, her father hunted Nazis and she forgave him at his deathbed, deciding to follow his footsteps. While an antagonist to Spider-Man, she is not actually a villain so much as a bounty hunter, and she holds no particular ill-will towards Spider-Man.

As the central antagonist in the "Silver Sable" story arc, Silver Sable was hired by Donald Roxxon to capture Spider-Man for questioning. After weeks of tracking, Sable's mercenaries mistakenly captured Flash Thompson. As they discussed whether to murder Thompson to prevent him from identifying them, Flash escaped. Sable's Wild Pack later captured and brought Spider-Man to Roxxon, who wanted to know why Spider-Man had been defending his company from super villain attacks. Not believing Spider-Man's explanation that he was only in a position to defend the company through sheer chance, Sable and Roxxon ran a background check on him, but this caused a high level S.H.I.E.L.D. alert. While listening to Roxxon's argument for protection, Sable's Wild Pack were attacked by the Vulture. After escaping the chaos, Sable threateningly demanded Roxxon to pay the reward money and swore she will kill Roxxon if their names were told to the authorities.

During the "War of the Symbiotes" story arc, Silver Sable and her Wild Pack members were hired by Bolivar Trask to capture Eddie Brock Jr. Sable and the Pack captured Venom after a fight with Spider-Man. Sable spared Spider-Man from being taken by the Wild Pack as a thanks for subduing Venom. After delivering Venom to Trask, Sable's Wild Pack provided security for Trask's experiment to remove the Venom symbiote. The Beetle breached the facility, paralyzing Sable with knockout gas. Sable's Wild Pack later fought with the Venom symbiote after it abandoned Brock and possessed Spider-Man. Sable's Wild Pack tried to subdue Venom, but were unable to do so until the Ultimates arrived. Despite trying to escape, the Ultimates took the Wild Pack into custody, with Sable being tranquilized by the Wasp. Sable and the Pack were then imprisoned by S.H.I.E.L.D.

What If?
In the What If? storyline "What If Spider-Man had married the Black Cat?", after Black Cat was accidentally killed by the Paladin, Silver Sable and Spider-Man entered into a romantic relationship due to their shared grief over the loss of their loved ones. Uatu the Watcher left it ambiguous whether this relationship will work out or not.

Television

 * Silver Sable appears in the Spider-Man: The Animated Series five-part episode "Six Forgotten Warriors", voiced by Mira Furlan.
 * Silver Sable appears in Spider-Man: The New Animated Series episode "Spider-Man Dis-Sabled", voiced by Virginia Madsen. This version, also known as Silver Sablinovia, is from Russia instead of Symkaria.
 * Silver Sable, renamed Sable Manfredi, appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Nikki Cox. This version is the daughter of the crime boss Silvermane and ex-girlfriend of Hammerhead.
 * Silver Sable appears in Marvel's Spider-Man (2017), voiced by April Stewart.
 * Sony cancelled its planned female team-up film Silver & Black (see below) in August 2018 with the intention of reworking it as two separate solo films focusing on each of the title characters, Silver Sable and Black Cat respectively. Silver & Black's planned director Gina Prince-Bythewood was expected to remain involved as a producer. By January 2020, the project was believed to be in development as a television series, which Prince-Bythewood confirmed in April 2020. She suggested that it could be a limited series and that it had the potential to be released on Disney+.

Film
In March 2017, it was reported that Sony Pictures was developing a Black Cat and Silver Sable-centered film with writer Christopher Yost. It was intended to be a part of a shared universe called the Sony's Spider-Man Universe, which is centered on characters from the Spider-Man mythology and began with the live-action Venom in 2018. The film was to be more adult-oriented and though it would have taken place in the same reality as the Marvel Cinematic Universe, they would have not crossed over with each other. In May 2017, it was announced that Gina Prince-Bythewood would direct the film, now titled Silver & Black. Production was to begin in March 2018, but the film was later delayed "indefinitely". Prince-Bythewood revealed that the cause of the delay was due to script issues. While the film was initially scheduled to be released on February 8, 2019, Sony removed the release date from the schedule. In August 2018, Sony announced that Silver & Black was canceled in favor of having both characters appear in their own feature films. Black Cat was reportedly a re-worked version of the Silver & Black script while the studio was searching for screenwriters for Silver Sable. Prince-Bythewood will serve as a producer on both projects. As of April 2020, the film is now believed to be cancelled in favor of the proposed live-action television series (see above).

Video games

 * The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Silver Sable appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Jennifer Hale. This version is aware of Peter Parker's identity as Spider-Man.
 * The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Silver Sable appears as a boss in Spider-Man: Battle for New York, voiced again by Jennifer Hale.
 * Silver Sable appears as a playable character in the Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, and Wii versions of Spider-Man: Friend or Foe, voiced again by Jennifer Hale.
 * Silver Sable appears as a playable character in The Punisher: No Mercy.
 * Silver Sable appears in Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions, voiced again by Jennifer Hale.
 * Silver Sable appears as a gear vendor in the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier in Marvel Heroes.
 * Silver Sable appears as a boss and playable character in Spider-Man Unlimited, voiced by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn.
 * Silver Sable appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy, voiced by Morgan Berry.
 * Silver Sable appears in Marvel's Spider-Man (2018), voiced by Nichole Elise. This version is the leader of Sable International, a private military firm hired by Mayor Norman Osborn to stop Mister Negative and the Inner Demons. Additionally, she appears as the first boss of the "Silver Lining" DLC.

title: Silver Sable


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United States House Committee on House Administration

The United States House Committee on House Administration deals with the general administration matters of the United States House of Representatives, the security of the United States Capitol, and federal elections.

History
The Committee on House Administration was created by the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, which merged the Committees on Enrolled Bills (created in 1789 as Joint Committee), Elections (created in 1794), Accounts (created in 1803), Printing (created in 1846), Disposition of Executive Papers (created in 1889), Memorials (created in 1929), and some functions of the Joint Committee on the Library (created in 1806 as a Joint Committee) into one new standing committee, the Committee on House Administration. (See National Archives's Records of the House Administration Committee and Its Predecessors)

In 1975 its responsibilities expanded to include oversight of parking facilities and campaign contributions to House candidates. In 1979, as part of the annual appropriations bill for the legislative branch, this committee absorbed the responsibilities of the former Select Committee on the Beauty Shop, which had been chaired by Rep. Yvonne Brathwaite Burke and was responsible for overseeing the operations of a beauty shop for House members, employees, and their families.

In 1995 its responsibilities expanded to include oversight of the Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards.

Jurisdiction
The Committee on House Administration is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. The powers and duties of the Committee include the statutory responsibilities of the Committee on House Administration, as determined primarily by the Legislative Reorganization Acts of 1946 and 1970; the House of Representatives Administrative Reform Technical Corrections Act of 1996; and the Rules of the House of Representatives adopted on January 6, 1999.

The Committee on House Administration, which consists of 12 members, has jurisdiction over all legislation and other matters relating to the House of Representatives, such as:
 * Appropriations from accounts (and the expenditure, auditing and settling thereof) for committee salaries and expenses, except for the Committee on Appropriations; House Information Resources; and allowances and expenses of Members, Delegates, the Resident Commissioner, Officers, and administrative offices of the House.
 * Employment of persons by the House, including staff for Members, Delegates, the Resident Commissioner, and Committees; and reporters of debates.
 * The Library of Congress, including management thereof.
 * The House Library.
 * Statuary and pictures.
 * Acceptance or purchase of works of art for the Capitol.
 * United States Botanic Garden.
 * Purchase of books and manuscripts.
 * The Smithsonian Institution and the incorporation of similar institutions.
 * The Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards (Franking Commission).
 * Printing and correction of the Congressional Record.
 * Accounts of the House generally.
 * Assignment of office space for Members, Delegates, the Resident Commissioner, and Committees.
 * Disposition of useless executive papers.
 * Election of the President, Vice President, Members, Senators, Delegates, or the Resident Commissioner; corrupt practices; contested elections; credentials and qualifications; and Federal elections generally.
 * Services to the House, including House food services, parking facilities, and administration of the House Office Buildings and of the House wing of the Capitol.
 * Travel of Members, Delegates, and the Resident Commissioner.
 * Raising, reporting, and use of campaign contributions for candidates for office of Representative, of Delegate, and of Resident Commissioner.
 * Compensation, retirement, and other benefits of the Members, Delegates, the Resident Commissioner, Officers, and employees of Congress.

Additionally, the Committee:
 * Provides policy direction for the Inspector General and oversight of the Clerk, Sergeant at Arms, Chief Administrative Officer, and Inspector General.
 * Has the function of accepting on behalf of the House of Representatives a gift, except as otherwise provided by law, if the gift does not involve a duty, burden, or condition, or is not made dependent on some future performance by the House; and promulgating regulations under which to do so.
 * Is responsible for considering amounts of payments of funds resulting from settlements of complaints under the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995.
 * Membership on the Joint Committee on Printing and the Joint Committee on the Library are drawn from House Administration along with Members from the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. The Chairman of the Appropriation Committee's Legislative Branch Subcommittee is also a member of the Joint Committee on the Library.

Members, 118th Congress
Resolutions electing members: (R),  (D)

Subcommittees
Due to its relatively small size, the House Administration Committee has not had subcommittees for most of its existence. For the 110th Congress, Chairwoman Millinder-McDonald recommended the creation of two new subcommittees, on Elections and Oversight, which were approved by the full committee on February 16, 2007. However, in the 113th Congress, the committee abolished both subcommittees. The Elections Subcommittee was reconstituted for the 116th Congress.

For the 118th Congress:

117th Congress
Resolutions electing members: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (D),  (R)

 * Subcommittees

116th Congress
Sources: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (D),  (R)

 * Subcommittees

 * Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards (Franking Commission)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:69.86.107.156

title: User talk:69.86.107.156


text: User talk:209.67.213.122

title: User talk:209.67.213.122


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Talk:Zhou Yu

Untitled
It would be helpful if someone could add the Chinese characters for this name. 24.7.64.203 (talk) 21:06, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The Chinese characters are on the right side, in the infobox...._dk (talk) 00:18, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Romance of 3 kingdoms section
Where is this whole thing taken from, Ma Chao wasn't even a shu oficer at the time of Zhou Yu's Death Aurora sword (talk) 05:31, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Truthfulness of this passage
A significant amount of the information on this page is based on legends, fiction (Romance of the Three Kingdom is a fiction and should not be used as a historical source), and even popular fanfictions on the internet. A thorough edit is needed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MarleneSkywalker (talk • contribs) 22:54, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I have much interest on the lesser-concerned characters, but I can work on this article 2 days later (as there are so much tags in the main page). But I think the info. presented is not solely based on inaccurate sources, we'll look into it...EkmanLi (talk) 03:48, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zhou Yu


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User:Talrias/Templates/Box free/fac

  is a candidate to become a featured article.

If you agree or disagree with this article's candidacy, please contribute to the discussion.

title: User:Talrias/Templates/Box free/fac


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Clerke Rocks

The Clerke Rocks are a group of small rocky islands some 35 mi southeast of South Georgia that extend 5 mi from east to west. The Clerke Rocks include The Office Boys (Los Mandaderos) at the northeastern end and Nobby (Spanish: Islote Llamativo or Roca Notable) at the southeastern end of the group. The highest island reaches 242 m above sea level. The rocks are similar to those found at Drygalski Fjord on South Georgia. Vegetation is largely absent but there is a sparse lichen flora.

As on the Shag Rocks, cormorants make up a large part of the bird population. Macaroni penguins and black-browed albatrosses are known to breed here, and other birds may also do so. Antarctic fur seals also breed here.

The islands, possibly seen first by Anthony de la Roché in April 1675, were discovered in 1775 by a British expedition under Captain James Cook, who named them for Charles Clerke, an officer on HMS Resolution, who first saw the rocks. There are no natural landing places; the first landing was made in 1927 by Norwegian whalers, who collected rock samples. Since then, three further landings have been recorded, two of them for scientific purposes.

Along with South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and the Shag Rocks, the islands are part of a 200 mile maritime zone proclaimed in 1992. The islands belong to the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and are also claimed by Argentina as part of Tierra del Fuego Province. Fishing in the zone is licensed by the South Georgia authorities which administer quotas and regulate the trade.

title: Clerke Rocks


text: User talk:165.29.82.126

title: User talk:165.29.82.126


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Mirassou Winery

The Mirassou Winery was a winery, founded in 1854 by Louis Pellier (1817–72) and his brother Pierre (1823–94) in what is now known as California's Silicon Valley, and for many years an icon of the agricultural heritage of the Santa Clara Valley. In 1881 Pierre Mirassou (1856–89) married Pierre Pellier's daughter Henriette (1860–1937).

The brand name "Mirassou" was purchased by wine industry giant Gallo in 2003, and the Mirassou family no longer controls its wine making process or marketing. Instead, the wines are made in the Modesto area, headquarters of Gallo. David Mirassou is employed by Gallo and markets the wine as a Mirassou family product. The Mirassou winery itself, in San Jose, California, was not part of the Gallo purchase but the land was sold and winery torn down. The original vineyards have been converted into housing developments.

Another scion of the family, Steven Mirassou, continues the family's six generations of wine-making in the Livermore Valley with his wine brands, Steven Kent Winery and Lineage. He is the only family member connected to the family winery who still owns a wine brand.

Steven Mirassou briefly owned the La Rochelle winery after purchasing the brand from his cousins, fifth-generation family members, Daniel and Peter Mirassou in May 2005. La Rochelle was sold in 2015 and is now in Sonoma County.

There was also a winery in Oregon owned by descendants of the Pellier and Mirassou family which branded as Pellier between 1985 and 1992.

title: Mirassou Winery


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Space weapon

Space weapons are weapons used in space warfare. They include weapons that can attack space systems in orbit (for example, anti-satellite weapons), attack targets on the earth from space or disable missiles travelling through space. In the course of the militarisation of space, such weapons were developed mainly by the contesting superpowers during the Cold War, and some remain under development today. Space weapons are also a central theme in military science fiction and sci-fi video games.

Space-to-space weapons
The Soviet Almaz secret military space station program was equipped with a fixed 23mm autocannon to prevent hostile interception or boarding by hostile forces. This was the first and so far the only space-to-space weapon to be fired in orbit.

The Soviet uncrewed Polyus weapons platform was designed to be equipped with a megawatt carbon-dioxide laser and a self-defense cannon.

Earth-to-space weapons
Anti-satellite weapons, which are primarily surface-to-space and air-to-space missiles, have been developed by the United States, the USSR/Russia, India and the People's Republic of China. Multiple test firings have been done as part of recent Chinese and U.S test programs that involved destroying an orbiting satellite. In general, the use of explosive and kinetic kill systems is limited to relatively low altitudes due to space debris issues and so as to avoid leaving debris from launch in orbit.

Strategic Defense Initiative
On March 23, 1983, President Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative, a research program with a goal of developing a defensive system which would destroy enemy ICBMs. The defensive system was nicknamed Star Wars, after the movie, by its detractors. Some concepts of the system included Brilliant Pebbles, which were Kinetic Kill Vehicles, essentially small rockets launched from satellites toward their targets (a warhead, warhead bus, or even an upper stage of an ICBM). Other aspects included satellites in orbit carrying powerful laser weapons, plasma weapons, or particle beams. When a missile launch was detected, the satellite would fire at the missile (or warheads) and destroy it. Although no real hardware was ever manufactured for deployment, the military did test the use of lasers mounted on Boeing 747s to destroy missiles in the 2000s, however these were discontinued due to practical limitations of keeping a constant fleet airborne near potential launch sites due to the lasers range limitations keeping a small number from being sufficient. The tests took place at Edwards Air Force Base.

Orbital weaponry
Orbital weaponry is any weapon that is in orbit around a large body such as a planet or moon. As of December 2022, there are no known operative orbital weapons systems, but several nations have deployed orbital surveillance networks to observe other nations or armed forces. Several orbital weaponry systems were designed by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. During World War II Nazi Germany was also developing plans for an orbital weapon called the Sun gun, an orbital mirror that would have been used to focus and weaponize beams of sunlight.

Development of orbital weaponry was largely halted after the entry into force of the Outer Space Treaty and the SALT II treaty. These agreements prohibit weapons of mass destruction from being placed in space. As other weapons exist, notably those using kinetic bombardment, that would not violate these treaties, some private groups and government officials have proposed a Space Preservation Treaty which would ban the placement of any weaponry in outer space.

Orbital bombardment
Orbital bombardment is the act of attacking targets on a planet, moon or other astronomical object from orbit around the object, rather than from an aircraft, or a platform beyond orbit. It has been proposed as a means of attack for several weapons systems concepts, including kinetic bombardment and as a nuclear delivery system.

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union deployed a Fractional Orbital Bombardment System from 1968 to 1983. Using this system, a nuclear warhead could be placed in low Earth orbit, and later de-orbited to hit any location on the Earth's surface. While the Soviets deployed a working version of the system, they were forbidden by the Outer Space Treaty to place live warheads in space. The fractional orbital bombardment system was phased out in January 1983 in compliance with the SALT II treaty of 1979, which, among other things, prohibited the deployment of systems capable of placing weapons of mass destruction in such a partial orbit.

Orbital bombardment systems with conventional warheads are permitted under the terms of SALT II. Some of the proposed systems rely on large tungsten carbide/uranium cermet rods dropped from orbit and depend on kinetic energy, rather than explosives, but their mass makes them prohibitively difficult to transport to orbit.

As of 2020 the only true orbital bombardment in history has been executed for scientific purposes. On 5 April 2019 the Japanese Hayabusa2 robotic space probe released an explosive device called an "impactor" from space onto the surface of asteroid 162173 Ryugu, in order to collect debris released by the explosion. The mission was successful and Hayabusa2 retrieved valuable samples of the celestial body which it brought back to Earth.

In fiction
Fictional or real space weapons in various forms are often prominently featured in science fiction, particularly in military science fiction and in video games with a sci-fi theme.

title: Space weapon


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User talk:Shane Smith

Possibly unfree Image:070924 katyn memorial jc.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:070924 katyn memorial jc.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. —Wknight94 (talk) 13:58, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I asked for clarification at Image copyright help desk. It appears questions get answered more quickly there.  —Wknight94 (talk) 18:07, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Stephen Weierman
Only admins can delete articles. It's up to an admin to look through the VfDs from five days ago and make a decision based on the votes whether or not articles should be deleted. There's no fixed schedule or fixed admin, it's whoever has the inclination at the time. RickK 23:09, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

Mação - Macau
Hello! Why have you redirected Mação to Macau? While Macau is a former Portuguese territory, Mação is a municipality in central Portugal. 'ç' is not 'c' and 'ã' is not 'a'. I've reverted that. Afonso Silva 12:27, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Whoops! I guess I wasn't paying attention. Thanks for fixing it, Afonso. Shane Smith 17:49, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

thanks
Hi Shane, thanks for the welcome message! BTW, since you used the template of UtherSRG, the link to "my talk page" in your message to me referred to *his* talk page ;-) Rob 14:22, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
I liked UtherSRG's welcome message so much I decided to keep it. Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

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Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 05:02, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Request of help translating from pt to en
Hi, could you please help me in creating an en version of the Estoril conferences page and translating its content into en please? 1990ricardo (talk) 17:41, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

Spanish to English -- Film reviews
Hi Shane! I found you on the list of translators. I have a few paragraphs of information about Argentine films, and short review excerpts (1-2 sentences) that I need translated for some articles both in existence and in the draft stage. Would you be willing to do so? If so, how should I send you the text? Thank you. --DiamondRemley39 (talk) 21:55, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

Spanish to English articule petition
Hi shane, i found you on the translator list. I would like to ask for an article translation from ES wiki to EN wiki if you have the time for it, could be summarized on EN wiki. Greets. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.188.169.87 (talk) 18:08, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

Translation petition
Hi Shane, could you translate an ES article to EN? It's this one. You can summarize it if you think is better. Thank you so much. --Cristina CF22 (talk) 14:02, 11 May 2021 (UTC) Cristina CF22

Can you create English articles out of Spanish articles?
I'm an active member in English Wikipedia on the Philippines article. (https://xtools.wmflabs.org/articleinfo/en.wikipedia.org/History_of_the_Philippines) and I noticed two articles in Spanish Wikipedia that should be crucially translated into English, the Spanish articles on Ramón Fabié, a Filipino who joined the Mexican revolution and Juan Fermín de San Martín the brother of Argentinian Revolutionary José de San Martín, who migrated to the Philippines. I would like to expand the information on Argentinian and Mexican diplomatic relations with the Philippines, hence I consider these articles very important, can you translate those for me? I would like to do it myself but I'm not fluent in Spanish, I am afraid I might translate it wrong.-Rene Bascos Sarabia Jr. (talk) 14:37, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shane Smith


text:
Macho Sluts

Macho Sluts is a 1988 book of erotic short stories by Pat Califia, published by Alyson Publications. Then lesbian identified, Califia had written the stories between 1977 and 1988 during a period of fierce struggle between lesbian feminist sadomasochism practitioners and anti-pornography feminists in the San Francisco Bay Area. Media scholar Carolyn Bronstein has characterized these articles, and the anthology, as lesbian romance fiction. As such, they made lesbians visible within the leather and sadomasochist communities, and lesbians practicing what came to be known as "power exchange" visible in the feminist community. Bronstein characterizes the collection as an activist response to anti-pornography feminists' characterization of sadomasochism as a "dangerous form of sexuality that reproduced the positions of power associated with heterosexuality."

Exploring sadomasochism fantasy concepts, it includes the stories "The Calyx of Isis" and "Jessie" along with six other shorter works, "The Finishing School", "The Hustler", "The Surprise Party", "The Vampire", "The Spoiler", and "A Dash of Vanilla". It includes lesbians, gay men, and those of indeterminate sexuality, with their broad ranges of fantasies.

On its original publication the book was sold in a plastic shrink wrap with a free badge stating "Macho Slut".

title: Macho Sluts


text:
User:Jack Cox

Jack Cox (Born November 20, 1987 in Manhattan, New York) is a graduate of Humber College in the Radio Broadcasting Program, he holds a diploma in General Arts and Sciences from Sheridan College.

A Profile
Born in New York City but raised in Oakville, Ontario, He attended Thomas A. Blakelock High School in Oakville, Ontario and graduated in 2005. He holds a diploma from Sheridan College for General Arts and Sciences as well as a diploma from Humber College in Radio Broadcasting. He is on the autism spectrum.

He first got involved and interested in politics after taking a High School History Class in late 2003 and decided to learn more on his own time. He eventually got into politics and learned quickly a lot of the issues surrounding the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election. He was a Howard Dean supporter for the Democratic Party, switching to John Kerry after he had won the nomination. In 2008, he was an early supporter of Barack Obama and supported him in his re-election efforts in 2012. Cox is a dual citizen.

Cox is opposed to extreme conservatism, He believes it is "scary and frightening that certain people try to force their own personal religious views on us", he believes that "people are entitled to their opinion, but I hope people would focus more on economic matters." A member of the Federal Liberal Party of Canada as well as a member of the Ontario Liberal Party, Cox is not an ideologue stating that he is willing to listen to anyone's views on a subject because to him he truly cares about finding a solution to satisfy everybody. He holds semi-conservative views on fiscal policy and is a staunch social liberal, he is pro-choice though has stated that while he believes abortion is morally wrong, a woman's right to choose must be allowed as he fears that unsafe and dangerous back alley abortions will happen unless a woman's right to choose is upheld. He is also very supportive of Same-Sex Marriage and Gay Rights issues.

American

 * President
 * 2008: Barack Obama, Democrat
 * 2012: Barack Obama, Democrat
 * 2016: Hillary Clinton, Democrat
 * 2020: Joe Biden, Democrat

 * Senate
 * 2010-New York: Chuck Schumer, Democrat
 * 2010-New York Special: Kirsten Gillibrand, Democrat
 * 2012-New York: Kirsten Gillibrand, Democrat
 * 2016-New York: Chuck Schumer, Democrat
 * 2018-New York: Kirsten Gillibrand, Democrat

 * House
 * 2008-New York 8th: Jerrold Nadler, Democrat
 * 2010-New York 8th: Jerrold Nadler, Democrat
 * 2012-New York 10th: Jerrold Nadler, Democrat
 * 2014-New York 10th: Jerrold Nadler, Democrat
 * 2016-New York 10th: Jerrold Nadler, Democrat
 * 2018-New York 10th: Jerrold Nadler, Democrat
 * 2020-New York 10th: Jerrold Nadler, Democrat

Canadian

 * Federal Elections
 * 2006-Oakville: Bonnie Brown, Liberal
 * 2008-Oakville: Bonnie Brown, Liberal
 * 2011-Oakville: Max Khan, Liberal
 * 2015-Toronto Centre: Bill Morneau, Liberal
 * 2019-Toronto Centre: Bill Morneau, Liberal
 * 2021-Toronto Centre: Marci Ien, Liberal
 * Federal By-Elections
 * 2013-Toronto Centre: Chrystia Freeland, Liberal
 * 2020-Toronto Centre: Marci Ien, Liberal

 * Provincial Elections
 * 2007-Oakville: Kevin Flynn, Liberal
 * 2011-Oakville: Kevin Flynn, Liberal
 * 2014-Toronto Centre: Glen Murray, Liberal
 * 2018-Toronto Centre: Suze Morrison, NDP
 * 2022-Toronto Centre: David Morris, Liberal

 * Municipal Elections
 * 2006-Oakville Ward 1: Rob Burton-Mayor, Alan Johnston-Town & Regional Councillor, Don Vrooman-School Trustee
 * 2010-Oakville Ward 1: Rob Burton-Mayor, Alan Johnston-Town & Regional Councillor
 * 2014-Toronto Ward 28: John Tory-Mayor, Pam McConnell-City Councillor, Chris Moise-School Trustee
 * 2018-Toronto Ward 13: Jennifer Keesmaat-Mayor, Kristyn Wong-Tam-City Councillor, Chris Moise-School Trustee

 * Municipal By-Elections
 * 2016-Toronto District School Board, Ward 14: Chris Moise

Edit Milestones
136 Edits in a Single Day–August 10, 2005

 * 1st–February 18, 2005 Article–Brian Masse
 * 500th–April 8, 2005 Article–British Columbia general election, 2005
 * 1000th–May 19, 2005 Article–Template:Canadian federal election, 2005/yk
 * 1500th–June 22, 2005 Article–Template:Canadian federal election, 2005/on-hn
 * 2000th–August 5, 2005 Article–Amos T. Akerman
 * 2500th–August 16, 2005 Article–John Ellis Martineau
 * 3000th–August 21, 2005 Article–Peter Fonda
 * 3500th–August 30, 2005 Article–My Own Page, ironically I was editing this exact section.
 * 4000th–September 10, 2005 Article–Dan Edward Garvey
 * 4500th–September 25, 2005 Article–Mark Dayton
 * 5000th–October 7, 2005 Article–Mae Whitman
 * 5500th–October 18, 2005 Article–Morris Chestnut
 * 6000th–October 29, 2005 Article–Julie Cooper
 * 6500th–November 3, 2005 Article–Doogie Howser, M.D.

Articles I've Worked On

 * 39th Canadian federal election
 * British Columbia general election, 2005
 * Desperate Housewives
 * Jim Gibbons
 * Lost
 * The O.C.
 * United States Senate
 * William Donohue

Template Pages

 * User:Jack Cox/Templates - State House Templates
 * User:Jack Cox/Templates 2 - State House Templates Part 2
 * User:Jack Cox/State Senate Templates - State Senate Templates

Favorite Movies

 * Airplane!
 * Annie Hall
 * Fargo
 * Kill Bill
 * The Leopard
 * Persona
 * The Godfather
 * The Usual Suspects
 * Woman in the Dunes

Favorite Anime Series

 * Black Butler
 * The Big O
 * C
 * Cowboy Bebop
 * Death Parade
 * Digimon
 * Ergo Proxy
 * Eureka Seven
 * Excel Saga
 * Fafner
 * Fairy Tail
 * Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
 * Full Metal Panic!
 * Future Diary
 * Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
 * Gilgamesh
 * Hell Girl
 * Hellsing Ultimate
 * Lupin the Third: The Woman Called Fujiko Mine
 * Mushi-shi
 * Nerima Daikon Brothers
 * Outlaw Star
 * Paranoia Agent
 * Planetes
 * Samurai Champloo
 * Samurai 7
 * Speed Grapher
 * Trigun
 * Witch Hunter Robin
 * Wolf's Rain

Favorite Video Games

 * Broken Sword
 * Final Fantasy
 * Katamari Damacy
 * Kingdom Hearts
 * Kingdom Hearts II
 * Parasite Eve
 * Xenogears
 * We Love Katamari

title: User:Jack Cox


text:
Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido

Nakashibetsu (中標津町) is a town located in Nemuro Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. As of March 31, 2008, it has an estimated population of 23,958, and an area of 684.98 km2.

Nakashibetsu Airport, the easternmost airport in mainland Japan, is located in the town.

History

 * 1901 - Division opening of Nakashibetsu area. Development is begun.
 * July 1, 1946 - The village of Nakashibetsu splits from Shibetsu.
 * January 1, 1950 - Nakashibetsu Village becomes Nakashibetsu Town.

In 2004, there was an abortive effort to merge Nakashibetsu with the nearby town of Rausu. The new city would have been named "Higashishiretoko", but the plan was defeated in a referendum held in Nakashibetsu.

title: Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Haunted seton hill university

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (blk-cmp error). – ABCD 21:18, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Haunted seton hill university
Article about ghost sightings at a university. Considered merging, but notability is shaky at best, and this article is 3 times the size of the university's. --InShaneee 20:23, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established, speculation, original research. Megan1967 07:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Salmita Mine

The Salmita Mine was a gold producer in the Northwest Territories, Canada during 1983 to 1987. The deposit was first discovered in 1945 and underground exploration was carried out in 1951–1952. It was reactivated for exploration by Giant Yellowknife Mines Limited in 1975 and entered production in 1983. They used the old camp and milling plant of the abandoned Tundra Mine, located a few kilometres to the south. The mine produced 179,906 ozt of gold from the milling of 238,177 tons of ore. The area is now owned by Seabridge Gold.

title: Salmita Mine


text:
Hall subgroup

In mathematics, specifically group theory, a Hall subgroup of a finite group G is a subgroup whose order is coprime to its index. They were introduced by the group theorist.

Definitions
A Hall divisor (also called a unitary divisor) of an integer n is a divisor d of n such that d and n/d are coprime. The easiest way to find the Hall divisors is to write the prime power factorization of the number in question and take any subset of the factors. For example, to find the Hall divisors of 60, its prime power factorization is 22 × 3 × 5, so one takes any product of 3, 22 = 4, and 5. Thus, the Hall divisors of 60 are 1, 3, 4, 5, 12, 15, 20, and 60.

A Hall subgroup of G is a subgroup whose order is a Hall divisor of the order of G. In other words, it is a subgroup whose order is coprime to its index.

If π is a set of primes, then a Hall π-subgroup is a subgroup whose order is a product of primes in π, and whose index is not divisible by any primes in π.

Examples

 * Any Sylow subgroup of a group is a Hall subgroup.
 * The alternating group A4 of order 12 is solvable but has no subgroups of order 6 even though 6 divides 12, showing that Hall's theorem (see below) cannot be extended to all divisors of the order of a solvable group.
 * If G = A5, the only simple group of order 60, then 15 and 20 are Hall divisors of the order of G, but G has no subgroups of these orders.
 * The simple group of order 168 has two different conjugacy classes of Hall subgroups of order 24 (though they are connected by an outer automorphism of G).
 * The simple group of order 660 has two Hall subgroups of order 12 that are not even isomorphic (and so certainly not conjugate, even under an outer automorphism). The normalizer of a Sylow 2-subgroup of order 4 is isomorphic to the alternating group A4 of order 12, while the normalizer of a subgroup of order 2 or 3 is isomorphic to the dihedral group of order 12.

Hall's theorem
proved that if G is a finite solvable group and π is any set of primes, then G has a Hall π-subgroup, and any two Hall π-subgroups are conjugate. Moreover, any subgroup whose order is a product of primes in π is contained in some Hall π-subgroup. This result can be thought of as a generalization of Sylow's Theorem to Hall subgroups, but the examples above show that such a generalization is false when the group is not solvable.

The existence of Hall subgroups can be proved by induction on the order of G, using the fact that every finite solvable group has a normal elementary abelian subgroup. More precisely, fix a minimal normal subgroup A, which is either a π-group or a π′-group as G is π-separable. By induction there is a subgroup H of G containing A such that H/A is a Hall π-subgroup of G/A. If A is a π-group then H is a Hall π-subgroup of G. On the other hand, if A is a π′-group, then by the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem A has a complement in H, which is a Hall π-subgroup of G.

A converse to Hall's theorem
Any finite group that has a Hall π-subgroup for every set of primes π is solvable. This is a generalization of Burnside's theorem that any group whose order is of the form paqb for primes p and q is solvable, because Sylow's theorem implies that all Hall subgroups exist. This does not (at present) give another proof of Burnside's theorem, because Burnside's theorem is used to prove this converse.

Sylow systems
A Sylow system is a set of Sylow p-subgroups Sp for each prime p such that SpSq = SqSp for all p and q. If we have a Sylow system, then the subgroup generated by the groups Sp for p in π is a Hall π-subgroup. A more precise version of Hall's theorem says that any solvable group has a Sylow system, and any two Sylow systems are conjugate.

Normal Hall subgroups
Any normal Hall subgroup H of a finite group G possesses a complement, that is, there is some subgroup K of G that intersects H trivially and such that HK = G (so G is a semidirect product of H and K). This is the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem.

title: Hall subgroup


text: User talk:65.140.182.124

title: User talk:65.140.182.124


text:
File:Quat201.JPG

Screenshot from the opening title sequence of the BBC television serial Quatermass II

Source : Screenshot from a DVD copy of Quatermass II created and uploaded by User:Angmering. Image copyright for the production is owned by the British Broadcasting Corporation.

Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article Quatermass II

 * The article is about a BBC television drama from 1955, and due to its age there are no free alternatives readily available.

 * The image is used for informational purposes only and is not believed to detract from the original production in any way.

 * The image is of a lower resolution than the original, as required by Wikipedia fair use policy.

title: File:Quat201.JPG


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S-E-X-X-Y

"S-E-X-X-Y" is a single released in 1996 by musical group They Might Be Giants, alongside their sixth album, Factory Showroom. It was the lead single from Factory Showroom.

Lyrically, the title track revolves around an attractive woman. They Might Be Giants have directly claimed that this song is simply an "ode to getting it on." The song states that "X, because it's extra, baby; Y, because it's extra, baby," to imply that the X and Y are extraneous, leaving only "S-E-X". However, it's possible to interpret the song as a depiction of a person with Klinefelter's syndrome — a person with two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome, or possibly a transgender person, as evidenced by the final lyrics of the song: "You gotta understand; she wants to be your man; she's got another plan". These theories have been denied by band member John Flansburgh.

Track listing

 * 1) "S-E-X-X-Y" (Radio Mix) – 3:21
 * 2) "SenSurround" – 3:02
 * 3) "Unforgotten" – 3:06
 * 4) "We've Got a World That Swings" – 2:03
 * 5) "S-E-X-X-Y" (The Warren Rigg Microwave Mix) – 7:52

Australian bonus track

 * 1) "S-E-X-X-Y" (Tee's Freeze Mix) – 5:21

 * Notes

title: S-E-X-X-Y


text:
File:Quat202.JPG

Screenshot of actor John Robinson as Professor Bernard Quatermass in the 1955 BBC Television serial Quatermass II. Screengrab from a DVD copy of Quatermass II, created and uploaded by User:Angmering. Copyright in the original production is owned by the BBC.

Fair use rationale for the inclusion of the image at John Robinson (actor)

 * Robinson was an actor who died in 1979, so there are no easily available free use images for him.
 * The role in which he is pictured here, as Professor Bernard Quatermass, is that for which he is best remembered and most likely to be looked up in Wikipedia.
 * The image is of a lower resolution than the original, as required by Wikipedia fair use guidelines.
 * The image is used for informational purposes only, and not believed to detract from the original in any way.

title: File:Quat202.JPG


text: User talk:207.235.235.72

title: User talk:207.235.235.72


text:
Monocacy Aqueduct

The Monocacy Aqueduct — or C&O Canal Aqueduct No. 2 — is the largest aqueduct on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, crossing the Monocacy River just before it empties into the Potomac River in Frederick County, Maryland, USA. The 438 foot (133.5 m) aqueduct was built by three separate contractors between 1829 and 1833 at a cost of US$127,900.

Description
The aqueduct is a stone masonry structure with a waterway of 19 feet at the bottom and 20 feet at the top. The towpath parapet wall is 8 feet wide and the upstream wall is 6 feet wide. Benjamin Wright, the project's chief engineer, drew the plans with 6 piers, 2 abutments and 7 arches, each with a span of 54 feet. The piers are 10 feet thick with a pilaster at each end. The aqueduct is 438 feet in length. Much of the building material was large quartzite stone blocks quarried at the base of nearby Sugarloaf Mountain.

History
The first contract for the aqueduct was awarded in August 1828 to Hovey and Legg, which began work in 1829. The contract was next awarded to Asher Osbourn, but by the end of 1830, it was in the hands of Byrne and Lebaron.

During the American Civil War the Union used the canal to transport war materials and troops along the border between Maryland, Virginia, and points west. For this reason, the canal and the aqueducts were often under Confederate attack. There were many Confederate sympathizers among the canal employees, including Thomas Walter, keeper of Lock 27. Walter loved the South, but he loved the Monocacy Aqueduct more. When he learned that Confederate General D. H. Hill had orders to destroy it in order to halt boat traffic during the Antietam campaign in September 1862, Walter convinced Hill that draining the canal would achieve the same end. Walter saved the Monocacy Aqueduct, only for it to be threatened once again a few days later when another Confederate party attempted to blow up the aqueduct. However, the soldiers were unable to drill enough holes into the hard stone to place enough explosives to breach the structure.

Granary
Like at Whites Ferry, a granary was built here, having three storage bays, two passageways for the boats, and only one story. The remains of the granary are next to the parking lot.

Current status
The aqueduct is part of the C&O Canal National Historic Park and is administered by the National Park Service.

Following damage caused to several canal structures caused by Hurricane Agnes and other flooding incidents in the early 1970s, the National Park Service and the Federal Highway Administration designed a steel banding system to stabilize the structure and installed a steel rod reinforcing system. The National Park Service and park supporters were concerned about the structural stability of the aqueduct and a major engineering evaluation was undertaken to determine stabilization needs and associated cost. The C&O Canal National Historical Park and its partners restored the aqueduct to its original appearance in 2004-2005. The aqueduct was formally rededicated in May 2005.

title: Monocacy Aqueduct


text:
Talk:Pope Paul VI

Papal election on 21 June, and coronation on 30 June 1963
To anyone's knowledge, is there information explaining in more detail the breakneck speed in which the diocese of Milan was able to gift a completely newly designed tiara for Paul VI's coronation on 30 June 1963 (i.e. within nine days of his election to the seat of St. Peter)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.122.53.113 (talk) 20:37, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * For one thing, John XXIII passed away on 3 June, so that's an extra 27 days when everyone knew there would be a new Pontiff. Also, was there something unique and bespoke about the tiara that said they custom-designed it for that person? Or was it just a newly designed tiara that had been knocking around for a while and awaiting the occasion? For all we know, it could've been intended for John and they missed their chance. But I would imagine that tiara designers are more proactive than waiting for a conclave and election. Elizium23 (talk) 20:59, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

@Elizium23: Thank you for your comments and feedback. Based on everything I've read with regards to Paul VI's papal tiara: There was a certain precedent that a pope's former diocese or archdiocese would gift to him a new papal tiara sometime after his accession to the chair of St. Peter. Such was the case e.g. with John XXIII who received in mid-1959 a newly made lightweight tiara, designed by Attilio Nani, from the provincial administration of Bergamo (Sotto il Monte, his home village, is located in Bergamo province of the Lombardy region of Italy). But John XXIII was crowned on 4 November 1958 with the 1877 Palatine Tiara (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnxxiii-color-tiara-sm.jpg), as were all popes following Pius IX up to Paul VI (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#cite_note-chico-13). Another example is Pius XI who was crowned with the 1877 Palatine Tiara, too, on 12 February 1922, and was gifted his new tiara by his former archdiocese of Milan later that year in 1922. Pius XII, however, was never gifted a papal tiara since he had been a career diplomat and had served as nuntio and in curia positions (but never as ordinary of an active metropolitan see) before his election as pope. Prima facie evidence suggests that the design and manufacture of a papal tiara may take about 6 months, potentially longer. And a tiara wasn't something you got from Gammarelli's but from a goldsmith. E.g. when the British imperial state crown was completely remade by Garrad's in 1936/37 it took them about a year to do so. Paul VI's tiara, with which he was crowned on 30 June 1963, was custom made for him by the workshops of the Scuola Beato Angelico in Milan. If it had been intended for John XXIII it would not have fit John XXIII since he had quite a different head shape and a larger head size than Paul VI, and viewing from the pictures available, Paul VI's tiara was even a tight fit for Paul VI himself. It is also worthy of note that the design of Paul VI's tiara departed from previous design forms ('bullet shape' vs 'bee-hive shape') and its main conical corpus appears to have been worked from silver (with flower shaped cut-outs) and not white felt. Its design and craftsmanship, however, are so unique it appears unlikely to be made almost (if not literally) overnight. To make a long story short: if this newly designed tiara had indeed been 'knocking around for a while and awaiting the occasion', did the archdiocese of Milan expect cardinal Montini to be elected pope at some point in the near to mid-term future and hedged their bets by ordering a new tiara for Montini to be made well in advance of John XXIII's passing away? While it is now public information that John XXIII was diagnosed with stomach cancer in September 1962, he guarded this information a secret not to risk the convocation and start of the Second Vatican Council, and he did not refer to his health status publicly before April 1963 - but that may not work time wise either (see above). It would be quite interesting to learn when exactly the Paul VI tiara was commissioned, and by whom. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.122.53.113 (talk) 20:47, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't know the answer to your questions. Nobody really knows unless we have reliable secondary sources that would document minutiae like this, it has no place on Wikipedia, or really, even this talk page. Elizium23 (talk) 02:03, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

New map added
A new map has been added to this article -.

The previous map had four errors per a 19 January 2011 note left on the previous map's Discussion page

 * * The first two are rather confusing. You may want to read the Wikipedia article on Bangladesh for further clarification.  In 1970, Pope Paul VI visited the city of Dacca, Pakistan.  However Dacca is now Dhaka and is the capital city of Bangladesh.  When the Pope visited Dacca, it was located in the part of Pakistan that was then known as East Pakistan. After the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, East Pakistan broke away from Pakistan and became the seperate nation of Bangladesh.  Therefore, Pakistan should NOT be colored yellow on this map and Bangladesh SHOULD be colored yellow.

 * * Jordan was visited by Pope Paul VI in 1964. It SHOULD be colored yellow.

 * * France was NOT visited by Pope Paul VI during his papacy. It should NOT be colored yellow."

The new map corrects the above errors. A special "thank you" to User:Golden for creating the new map. Mtminchi08 (talk) 00:51, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

The Pope in the Tempest
In Paul VI: The Pope in the Tempest, there are some mentions that may be interesting for this article. Can you find references for them?
 * Montini has a study group of French philosophers with students such as Aldo Moro who would later found the Christian Democracy. The article says "a friend of Paul VI's from his FUCI student days", but it is the only mention to FUCI in the article. He later counsels the party leaders. The article should mention more of his involvement with the DC and DC personalities.
 * He bounds with Pius XII(?) over Brescian dialect. Should the article mention the dialect?
 * The article does not mention The Gates of Heaven. According to it:La porta del cielo:
 * e ad ottenere dal responsabile del progetto, il sostituto Giovan Battista Montini, che fosse veramente scritturato come regista De Sica
 * How involved was Montini in the film?

--Error (talk) 12:35, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

Birthtime of Pope Paul VI and his deathtime
Pope Paul VI was born around 10:00 PM (21:00 GMT) on the 26th Sunday of Ordinary Time, 26 September 1897, and died at 9:41 PM (19:41 GMT) on Sunday, a Feast of the Transfiguration of the Lord of 1978. Birthtimes and deathtimes are important because the difference of timezones. The standard timezone of Wikipedia is GMT, not including DST.

189.98.244.242 (talk) 13:27, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

First Catholic president
I am not sure why it would be more remarkable that Kennedy was the first Catholic US president that Paul VI had met with, rather than Kennedy being the first Catholic US president, period full stop. The comment in there is disruptively insisting that editors not touch it, yet there was no discussion or consensus here on the talk page. Elizium23 (talk) 11:11, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Well, amusingly it was I who wrote the comment in the first place. So I reserve the right to change my mind, 2 years on. Elizium23 (talk) 11:15, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Humanae vitae in intro doesn't match article content
At the moment, in the article introduction we mention:

"His positions on birth control, promulgated famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, were often contested, especially in Western Europe and North America. The same opposition emerged in reaction to the political aspects of some of his teaching on.."

Yet in this article, in the section on that encyclical, we say:

"The reaction to the encyclical's continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was very mixed. In Italy, Spain, Portugal and Poland, the encyclical was welcomed. In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in La Paz, Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque declared, "If American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent"."

So why when giving a summary of the article on this issue, do we only highlight that it was "contested" by the United States and its, in some cases literally militarily occupied proxies in Western Europe and not the support it recieved in Latin America and Catholic Europe? Torchist (talk) 23:38, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Paul VI


text:
Category talk:User en-N

How can we encourage more users to use the language tags? I'm a newish user and am not well acquainted with all the announcements pages and so on. Shane Smith 20:31, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Language tags

 * (added heading afterwords --Tunheim 08:43, 16 January 2007 (UTC))
 * I don't understand how they work. I stumbled upon this page after reading another person's profile. I'd like to be pointed to a guide to language tages. Please leave a note on my talk page if you can help. Thanks. --Westendgirl 04:32, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

How does one put a tag on?--1 black hand °T° 17:26, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. You can add the "native speaker of English" tag by adding    to your user page.  Complete instructions are available at Babel, but I will add them to this page as well.  -- Rachel 17:42, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay so let me know some up dates I have not had my phone on 165.166.159.90 (talk) 18:48, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

I REALLY DONT UNDERSTAND WHAT MEANS ALL THIS.I AM JUST LIKE KNOW SAME ABOUT BRILHANT SINGER PIET ARION. Thank you. Helena Spirin WHITINGTON Whitington16 (talk) 03:54, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

3
I'm somewhat concerned about Category:User en-3, the text of which is "These users are able to contribute with an advanced level of English". It's the third of four grades for non-native English speakers, but the wording strongly suggests that it's even better' than Category:User en-4 and Category:User en-N. It should be made explicit that, despite being advanced, the user is still not a native English speaker. -Ashley Pomeroy 15:41, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

You should also take a look at Category:User en-5. I'm not certain what "professional level" implies. Is that the skill level of a professional, such as a doctor or lawyer, or is the skill level of someone who specialises in English, such as an editor? David Corbett 23:45, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Like a native speaker?
My native language is not English, but having grown up in Australia, I use English like a native speaker. I use this particular tag, but it's not entirely clear whether it's for people whose native tongue is English, or those with competencies near that of a native speaker. What is the actual role of this tag? Should the wording be changed? 02:46, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Being Irish, I was thinking the same thing.--Danny Invincible 22:57, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

One +cat only
We only need to put Native Users in the EN-N +cat and then add the EN +cat to the bottom of EN-N +cat. Thanks SirIsaacBrock

Some details about how language tag categories work?
I don't understand what the N does. vs. The first tag is in use at the page Category:User_en-N --Tunheim 08:47, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It just sorts the entry by "N" rather than "User en-N". Rich Farmbrough, 20:31, 16 March 2012 (UTC).

Better level?
Why does the en-N say that the next better level is en-5, while the en-5 article says that en-N is better? It seems logical that en-N is better, but that's just me. C0N6R355 20:36, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I fixed it. Taric25 03:51, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Next worse level?
A little vandalism I guess.Tourskin 18:13, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Some concensus needed
Not just here, but for all language categories. I think it should be based on functional competency. I also believe the Native category should be removed from the scale - I know non-native speakers who are embarrasingly more fluent and with a greater vocabulary than native speakers.

If the IELTS scale, which uses nine bands, is used as a template, we could define language fluency according to these requirements

en-1 = upto level 3 ("extremely limited user - Conveys and understands only general meaning in very familiar situations. Frequent breakdowns in communication occur."). If you think this is too generous for somebody claiming some fluency we can go up to level 4 ("limited user - Basic competence is limited to familiar situations. Has frequent problems in use of complex language.")

en-2 = upto level 5 ("modest user - Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic communication in own field.").

en-3 = upto level 7 ("good user - Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning.").

en-4 up to level 9 ("expert user - Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent with complete understanding."

any comments?Kransky 02:29, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Like a native speaker
What is the meaning of "a native speaker of (English)"? Is it related to the phrase "speaks (e.g. French) like a native" which I presume means a native of France or someone born there. If Wikipedia uses the words "a native speaker of (English)" in a special way shouldn't it define them? The subject was raised above more than a decade ago but ignored.

Google defines native as "a person born in a specified place or associated with a place by birth, whether subsequently resident there or not." What is a native speaker? Eddaido (talk) 02:56, 30 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Not sure what you are actually asking. The Babel templates on Wikipedia are for self-reporting language proficiency, there is no requirement that everyone reports precisely what languages they know or that there are objective quantifiable ways to measure proficiency. A native language is presumed to mean first language, and therefore a native speaker is someone who speaks a language as a first language or on the same level. —Ynhockey (Talk) 10:49, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the link to the article where it is effectively defined for Wikipedia's purposes which is obviously sufficient for Wikipedia. I've never been aware of the concept of being native to a language before. Thanks, Eddaido (talk) 11:14, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I've just visited your user page and I now realise you will not see the oddity / absurdity of the description — not being "a native speaker of English" yourself. Eddaido (talk) 11:17, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * That's just the thing, it's a self-reported level of proficiency. I lived in an English-speaking country at a young age, and therefore feel that my English is on the level of a native speaker (including nuance). In the past I listed myself as en-4 but thought it would be silly to list another language as the native one and English as non-native, because I speak/understand three languages on about the same level. I was lucky (or unlucky) enough to live in three countries with three different languages before the age of 13, and wouldn't be surprised if others who did the same would list three native languages—as IMO they should. Again though, it's self-reported, you choose what Babel infoboxes to use for yourself. —Ynhockey (Talk) 07:00, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
 * You don't say which English-speaking country you lived in but are you unaware of the strangeness of the description "a native speaker of English"? Eddaido (talk) 07:18, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Category talk:User en-N


text: Category:Chilean photographers

title: Category:Chilean photographers


text:
Fedor Jeftichew

Fedor Adrianovich Jeftichew (Фёдор Адрианович Евтищев, Fyodor Yevtishchev, 1868 – January 31, 1904), better known as Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy (later Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Man), was a famous Russian sideshow performer who toured Europe with his father, the ‘Wild Man from the Kostroma Forest’, in 1873 and was brought to the United States of America in 1884 by P.T. Barnum.

Biography
Born in Saint Petersburg, Imperial Russia in 1868, Fedor Jeftichew suffered from the medical condition hypertrichosis. His father Adrian, also hypertrichotic, had performed in French circuses. In 1873 Adrian appeared in European exhibitions as the "Wild Man from the Kostroma Forest", along with his son. Ten years later Fedor returned as "Theodore Petroff", was recruited by a P. T. Barnum agent in 1884, and joined Barnum in America as "Jo-Jo The Dog-Faced Boy"

Barnum created a story that involved a hunter in Kostroma who tracked Fedor and his father to their cave and captured them. Barnum described Adrian as a savage who could not be civilized. Barnum made a point of stressing Fedor's resemblance to a dog, and explained that when he was upset he would bark and growl. In the show, Fedor obliged by doing so.

Fedor spoke Russian, German, and English, and toured Europe and the United States extensively.

He died in Salonica, Greece, then part of the Ottoman Empire, from pneumonia on January 31, 1904.

In popular culture

 * In the 1940 movie Strike Up the Band (time 54:27), Mickey Rooney takes his date to the fair, and they see a carnival barker who is charging $1 to come into the tent and see "Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy".
 * In the 1988 movie Big Top Pee-wee Benicio del Toro portrays Duke, the Dog-Faced Boy
 * In the 2017 movie The Greatest Showman, a fictional portrayal of P. T. Barnum, Luciano Acuna Jr. portrayed "Dog Boy"

title: Fedor Jeftichew


text: User talk:67.162.85.87

title: User talk:67.162.85.87


text:
Models Inc.

Models Inc. is an American prime time soap opera that aired on Fox during the 1994–95 television season. A spinoff of Melrose Place, it is the third series in the Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise. The series was created by Frank South and Charles Pratt Jr., and executive produced by Aaron Spelling, South, Pratt, and E. Duke Vincent. Models Inc. revolves around a Los Angeles modeling agency run by Hillary Michaels (Linda Gray), the mother of Melrose Place Amanda Woodward (Heather Locklear). The series lasted only a single season.

Main

 * Linda Gray as Hillary Michaels: Owner and president of the upmarket Los Angeles modeling agency, Models Inc. Twice-divorced, she is the mother of Amanda Woodward from her first marriage, and David Michaels from her second marriage.

 * Cameron Daddo as Brian Peterson: A jet-set photographer who is dating Teri before her death. Later, he becomes involved with Cynthia, but their relationship is plagued by her controlling ex-boyfriend, who eventually kidnaps, beats and rapes her.
 * Brian Gaskill as David Michaels (episodes 1–11): Hillary's son and vice president of the agency. He is in an on-again-off-again relationship with model Julie Dante, and also becomes involved with Sarah Owens. Midway through the series, David leaves Los Angeles for Paris to form his own modelling company.
 * David Goldsmith as Eric Dearborn: A sleazy wannabe rock star and Linda's abusive boyfriend. They eventually break up, but he feels deep regret over how he treated her, and they remain friends. When his career fails to get off the ground, he falls into prostitution. Later, Grayson recruits him to take down Adam, however he turns on her.
 * Teresa Hill as Linda Holden: A model troubled by her past with drugs, alcohol and pornography. She is initially involved with Eric, who blackmails her with secrets from her past, and later is involved with millionaire Chris White.
 * Heather Medway as Stephanie Smith (episodes 1–8): The receptionist at Models Inc., who has a crush on Brian. She is later revealed as the killer of Teri, and also tries to kill Sarah before being arrested for her crimes.
 * Carrie-Anne Moss as Carrie Spencer: An aging model, and a veteran at Models Inc. since the age of 17. She is the older sister of Teri, whom she has a rivalry with, and is murdered in the pilot episode. When Grayson gains control of the agency, Carrie is forced out and becomes a prostitute to make ends meet. In the season finale, Carrie is kidnapped and held captive in Central America.
 * Cassidy Rae as Sarah Owens: A young and naive model who is new to the fashion industry, originally from the Midwest. She moves into the beach house and becomes Julie's primary rival. During the series, she battles with alcohol and substance abuse, eventually checking herself into rehab.
 * Stephanie Romanov as Teri Spencer (episodes 1–8), and Monique Duran (from episode 8): Teri is Carrie's sister and one of the world's most famous supermodels – she is pushed off the balcony of a high rise building and killed in the pilot episode. Monique is a doppelgänger of Teri's, who enters a relationship with nightclub owner Adam Louder, and becomes a target of his vindictive ex-wife Grayson.
 * Kylie Travis as Julie Dante: An ambitious Australian-born supermodel with a bad reputation. Her wild lifestyle and public drunkenness have made her a tabloid fixture. Julie endured a rough childhood with a neglectful, alcoholic, adoptive mother and a sexually abusive, alcoholic stepfather, which gave her a cynical attitude and a pessimistic view on life. She initially feuds with Sarah, but mellows as the series progresses. Later, she fights with Monique over Adam Louder, before admitting her feelings for Craig.

 * Garcelle Beauvais as Cynthia Nichols (from episode 9): A beautiful, African-American model who suffers from bulimia and becomes involved with Brian. She endures a violent kidnapping and rape at the hands of her abusive ex-boyfriend, whom she shoots and kills.

Special guest stars

 * James Wilder as Adam Louder (from episode 10): The owner of the nightclub Stage 99 and Grayson's ex-husband, who becomes romantically involved with Monique
 * Don Michael Paul as Craig Bodi (from episode 13): A wealthy author posing as beach bum who writes an exposé called Skin Deep about the models of Models Inc., later falls in love with Julie
 * Emma Samms as Grayson Louder (from episode 20): Adam's scheming, sociopathic, English ex-wife, who is arrives in Los Angeles after being presumed dead. Trying to drive a wedge between Monique and Adam, she buys half of Models Inc. from Hilary, and brings in new "models" from her former career as a madam. In the season finale, Grayson arranges Carrie's abduction and plots to kill Monique at her wedding to Adam. In the alternate ending, it is revealed that Grayson had been slain by the hitman she had hired to kill Monique. Like Heather Locklear in Melrose Place, she is credited as "special guest star" in the opening credits, alongside the main cast.

Recurring

 * Robert Beltran as Louis Soto: A police lieutenant investigating Teri's murder
 * William Katt as Paul Carson: Carrie's married lover and adopted father of her child
 * Kurt Deutsch as Chris White: Linda's wealthy love interest
 * John Haymes Newton as Mark Warriner: a priest who has fling with Sarah
 * Lonnie Schuyler as Ben Singer: Adam's right-hand man

Production and development
Models Inc. is the third series in the Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise, and a direct spinoff of Melrose Place. In its second season (1993–94), Melrose Place was one of Fox's highest-rated shows, and had been called "arguably the hottest one-hour drama on television". In December 1993, Fox announced plans for a Melrose Place spinoff called Models Inc., set in a Los Angeles modeling agency. Spelling said, "[Fox] asked if we would do an eight-hour series. And we came up with Models." He initially explained that the series would center on Melrose Place character Jo Reynolds (Daphne Zuniga), and that two models would move into the titular apartment complex on Melrose Place before being transplanted into the new series. Entertainment Weekly also reported that the estranged mother of Amanda Woodward (Heather Locklear) would be introduced on Melrose Place to eventually lead Models Inc., and Locklear would not be headlining the new series as previously reported. Darren Star, the creator of both Beverly Hills, 90210 and Melrose Place, was not involved with Models Inc., which was created by Charles Pratt Jr. and Frank South, and executive produced by Aaron Spelling, Pratt, South, and E. Duke Vincent. Star said of the potential series, "It was one spin-off too many for me", though Spelling noted, "No one even thinks of Melrose as a spin-off anymore."

Farrah Fawcett was considered for the lead role in Models Inc., which ultimately went to Linda Gray. The rest of the cast were unknowns, and Spelling promised "a great deal of backbiting" on the new series. Gray's Hillary Michaels, Amanda's mother, was introduced in the last few episodes of Melrose Place second season to set up the new series.

After five months, producers were not satisfied with Models Inc. Nielsen ratings, and Pratt said, "I'm willing to try anything to keep this show on the air." A new direction in the writing dropped implausible storylines and promised "more romance, more modeling, and more personal traumas". Brian Gaskill was written off, and Emma Samms was brought in as villainess Grayson Louder. With Fox promoting her as the Heather Locklear of Models Inc., Samms said, "I will do the best I can, but I can't concern myself with whatever expectations there are."

Alternate ending
The last episode of Models Inc. ended with a cliffhanger that left multiple storylines unresolved. Later, the series aired in the European market with an alternate ending that featured Grayson's death and Hillary shuttering Models Inc. The series was subsequently aired on E! with the new ending.

Broadcast
Models Inc. aired on the Fox television network during the 1994–95 television season, premiering on June 29, 1994. Despite the presence of Gray and the mid-series introduction of Samms, the show's ratings remained poor, and it was canceled in 1995 when it placed 113th in the ratings with an average 7.1 rating.

Reception
Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised Kylie Travis, calling her the show's "major casting coup", but added that Models Inc. was "trying much too hard to match Melrose for self-consciously outrageous campiness." Tony Scott wrote in Variety, "No one does much acting, since not much is required, but the posturings are pretty. The couplings are so far uninviting, the script by creators South and Pratt off-the-rack material." David Hiltbrand of People described the show as "part underwear ad, part catfight, part Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous and part psycho ward" and noting that "so far it's also pretty stiff and strident, particularly in regard to the acting."

title: Models Inc.


text:
Talk:BPI

"Business Process Improvement is a method of improving business processes." Genius. ZephyrAnycon 20:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This was missing Benta Pharma Industries who make Gabrika which is another trade name for Pregabalin. That article links to this disambiguation page. My guess is that for some reason the original article got turned into this disambiguation page, yet the original was left off. I am adding the redlink for Benta Pharma Industries at least although I don't currently have time to write a whole article on a company I don't know a lot about. Rifter0x0000 (talk) 22:24, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:BPI


text:
Priestess of Avalon

Priestess of Avalon is a 2000 novel by American writer Marion Zimmer Bradley, completed posthumously by Diana L. Paxson. It follows detailing the life of Helena, first wife of Western Roman Emperor Constantius Chlorus and mother of Constantine.

Plot summary
The novel begins by showing her birth, with a druid giving a prophecy of her life. It proceeds to show her as a young girl named Eilan, who becomes a priestess on the Isle of Avalon. As a young woman, the British priestess Eilan, known to the Romans as Helena, falls in love with the charismatic Roman Constantius. The Roman noble takes her away from Avalon as she is banished for this forbidden love and, before long, Helena bears him a son, who will become Constantine the Great.

Helena's position in Roman society now gives her the freedom to travel about in the empire. When her son Constantine becomes Emperor, she slowly discovers brand-new roles. She faces the spread of the new Christian religion and seeks to understand the old knowledge of the goddess in light of the new religion. As Empress-Mother, Helena travels on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to find the answers to questions that arise between the old religion and the new.

Characters

 * Eilan [Julia Coelia Helena, later, Flavia Helena Augusta] – the priestess of the story, protagonist. She is the daughter of Prince Coelius, consort of Constantius, mother of Constantine, and priestess of Avalon
 * Constantius – the Roman noble she marries
 * Constantine – Eilan's (Helena's) son, Emperor AD 306-37
 * Aelia – a young priestess, trained with Helena
 * Arganax - Arch-Druid during Helena's youth.
 * Atticus – Constantine's Greek tutor
 * Ceridachos – Arch-Druid when Dierna becomes High Priestess
 * Cigfolla – a priestess of Avalon
 * Julius Colius [King Coel] – Prince of Camulodunum, father of Helena
 * Corinthius the Elder – Helena's tutor
 * Corinthius the Younger – master of a school in Londinium
 * Crispus – Constantine's illegitimate son by Minervina
 * Cunoarda – Helena's Alban slave
 * Dierna – Helena's second cousin, later Lady of Avalon
 * Drusilla – cook in Helena and Constantius's household
 * Fausta – daughter of Maximian, wife of Constantine, and mother of his legitimate children
 * Flavius Pollio – a kinsman of Constantius
 * Ganeda – Helena's aunt, Lady of Avalon
 * Gwenna – a maiden being trained on Avalon
 * Haggaia – Arch-Druid when Helena returns to Avalon
 * Helena the Younger ("Lena") – a noblewomen of Treveri, wife of Crispus
 * Heron – a maiden being trained on Avalon
 * Hrodlind – Helena's German maid
 * Katiya – a priestess of Bast in Londinium
 * Lactantius – a rhetorician and Christian apologist, tutor to Crispus
 * Lucius Viducius - a pottery merchant trading between Gallia and Eburacum
 * Macarius - Bishop of Jerusalem
 * Marcia - midwife who delivers Constantine
 * Martha - a Syrian slave, healed by Helena
 * Maxentius - son of Maximian, Augustus in Italy and North Africa
 * Minervina - Constantine's Syrian concubine, mother of Crispus
 * Philip - Constantine's Servant
 * Quintillus - brother of the Emperor Claudius II, Constantius's great uncle
 * Rain - High Priestess of Avalon, Helena's mother
 * Severus - Caesar appointed by Galerius, executed by Maximian
 * Sian - daughter of Ganeda, mother of Dierna and Becca
 * Suona - a young priestess of Avalon
 * Victorinus - rebel Emperor in the West, AD 268-70
 * Vitellia - a Christian matron living in Londinium
 * Wren - a maiden being trained on Avalon

Release details

 * 2000, UK, Voyager ISBN 0-00-224709-7, Pub date 6 November 2000, hardback (First edition)
 * 2001, USA, Viking Books ISBN 0-670-91023-6, Pub date ? May 2001, hardback
 * 2001, USA, Penguin Group ISBN 0-14-180303-7, Pub date ? May 2001, audio cassette
 * 2001, UK, Voyager ISBN 0-00-648376-3, Pub date 21 May 2001, paperback
 * 2002, USA, Roc ISBN 0-451-45862-1, Pub date ? July 2002, paperback

Reception
Publishers Weekly praised the novel, and wrote that "Paxson's own skill at bringing historical characters and places to vivid life enriches Helena's story. This final book in the Bradley canon is sure to please her devotees and win her more."

title: Priestess of Avalon


text:
Ear canal

The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM) is a pathway running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the auricle to the eardrum and is about 2.5 cm in length and 0.7 cm in diameter.

Structure
The human ear canal is divided into two parts. The elastic cartilage part forms the outer third of the canal; its anterior and lower wall are cartilaginous, whereas its superior and back wall are fibrous. The cartilage is the continuation of the cartilage framework of auricle. The cartilaginous portion of the ear canal contains small hairs and specialized sweat glands, called apocrine glands, which produce cerumen (ear wax). The bony part forms the inner two thirds. The bony part is much shorter in children and is only a ring (annulus tympanicus) in the newborn. The layer of epithelium encompassing the bony portion of the ear canal is much thinner and therefore, more sensitive in comparison to the cartilaginous portion.

Size and shape of the canal vary among individuals. The canal is approximately 2.5 cm long and 0.7 cm in diameter. It has a sigmoid form and runs from behind and above downward and forward. On the cross-section, it is of oval shape. These are important factors to consider when fitting earplugs.

Disorders
Due to its relative exposure to the outside world, the ear canal is susceptible to diseases and other disorders. Some disorders include:
 * Atresia of the ear canal
 * Cerumen impaction
 * Bone exposure, caused by the wearing away of skin in the canal
 * Auditory canal osteoma (bony outgrowths of the temporal bone)
 * Cholesteatoma
 * Contact dermatitis of the ear canal
 * Fungal infection (otomycosis)
 * Ear mites in animals
 * Ear myiasis, an extremely rare infestation of maggots
 * Foreign body in ear
 * Granuloma, a scar usually caused by tympanostomy tubes
 * Otitis externa (swimmer's ear), bacteria-caused inflammation of the ear canal
 * Stenosis, a gradual closing of the canal

Earwax
Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, causing conductive hearing loss. If left untreated, cerumen impaction can also increase the risk of developing an infection within the ear canal.

title: Ear canal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mr. Hugh Woolner

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 00:45, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mr. Hugh Woolner
Claim to fame was dying aboard the Titanic. Hardly seems notable, and most of the article approaches cruft anyway. --InShaneee 20:36, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, he didn't. According to the article he survived. Nevertheless. It's misspelled cruft, unless he ran a notable company or is one of the living survivors. Move to Hugh Woolner and abstain about further actions until more info surfaces. Mgm|(talk) 21:33, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete unless notability further established (I do not think surviving a disaster makes you automatically notable). Radiant_* 08:31, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.