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Downtown Athletic Club

The Downtown Athletic Club, also known as the Downtown Club, was a private social and athletic club that operated from 1926 to 2002 at 20 West Street, within the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The Downtown Athletic Club was known for formerly issuing the Heisman Trophy, an annual award for outstanding college football players that was named after John Heisman, the club's first athletic director.

The Downtown Athletic Club was founded in 1926 as an all-male club. The club bought land for their building near the Hudson River in 1927 and completed the structure in 1930. The building was sold off in 1936 following the club's bankruptcy, but was reacquired in 1950. The club started admitting female members in 1977, and after facing further financial troubles in the late 1990s, sold off part of its building. Following the September 11 attacks on the nearby World Trade Center, the surrounding neighborhood was blockaded, and the club closed down, having filed for bankruptcy due to the clubhouse's inaccessibility.

The 35-story Downtown Athletic Club building was designed in the Art Deco style by Starrett & van Vleck, who also designed the adjacent 21 West Street at the same time. The building housed all of the club's athletic activities, as well as living and dining spaces. Its architectural features include several setbacks to allow light to reach the street, as mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution, in addition to the design of the brickwork and the different architectural concessions made for the building's various facilities. 20 West Street was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission as an official city landmark in 2000. The club building was converted to the Downtown Club, a residential building with condominiums, after the club's closure.

Site
The Downtown Club building is located near the southernmost point on Manhattan Island, closer to its western shore. It faces West Street to the west, and Washington Street and the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel portal to the east. The building officially carries the address 20 West Street, but also includes all address numbers on 18-20 West Street, inclusive, and even address numbers on 28-32 Washington Street, inclusive. It is bounded by the Whitehall Building (also known as 17 Battery Place) to the south and 21 West Street to the north; both are also New York City designated landmarks, though the landmark designation only applies to 17 Battery Place's western and southern sections.

The building stands on filled land along the shore of the North River (an archaic name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River). The surrounding neighborhood, the Financial District, was the first part of Manhattan to be developed as part of New Netherland and later New York City; its population growth led city officials to add land on Manhattan's shore by filling and land reclamation in the 18th and 19th centuries. As the North River shoreline was deeper and had a denser concentration of buildings than the East River shoreline on the east side of Manhattan Island, the land under the Downtown Club building was not filled until 1835, when debris from the Great Fire of New York was dumped there. As a result of the land filling, neighboring buildings such as 21 West Street were constructed without a basement. The site of the Downtown Athletic Club was first occupied by small landowners who built houses in the area. The surrounding neighborhood became a financial and shipping hub during the late 19th century, and as the Financial District became more densely developed, the residential landowners moved uptown and their former lands were replaced with larger commercial buildings.

Architecture
The Downtown Club building was designed in the Art Deco style by Starrett & van Vleck, who simultaneously designed the adjacent 21 West Street in the same style. The two buildings were constructed for different purposes and accordingly have different appearances; namely, the facade of the Downtown Athletic Club is darker than that of 21 West Street. Starrett & van Vleck had already designed several New York City department stores, including the Lord & Taylor, Bloomingdale's, and Saks Fifth Avenue buildings. Including attics, the Downtown Club has 39 above-ground stories and is 518 ft tall.

As originally designed, the Downtown Club building included different facilities and living spaces on each of its floors: the lower floors were mostly reserved for athletic facilities and the upper floors contained bedrooms. The design of an athletic club in a skyscraper was characterized by architect Rem Koolhaas as an "instrument of the Culture of Congestion".

Form
The Downtown Club building extends the entire block between West and Washington Streets. Though the Downtown Club building was designed first, Starrett & van Vleck examined the relationship of the Downtown Club's and 21 West Street's designs on the surrounding neighborhood and on each other. The facade of the Downtown Club building is of slightly darker brick, with more recessed setbacks on both West and Washington Streets, compared to 21 West Street. The Downtown Club is the tallest building on the block.

The building contains setbacks as mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution; the locations of the setbacks are based on the original uses of the interiors. The bottom stories were the largest, occupying nearly the entire land lot. The 4th through 19th stories, which included the athletic facilities, were set back on the western and eastern facades. Another setback existed above the 26th story, which contained the club's private hotel rooms.

Facade
The facade of the Downtown Athletic Club building consists of mottled, patterned orange brick that is used to provide texture. The color contrasts with the multicolored brick designs of the adjacent 21 West Street. Sections of the facade are punctuated with vertical brick segments, and the brick is especially prominent around the windows, the corbels around the entrance, and the parapets on the roof. Other features include window sills and parapet caps made of stone, as well as spandrels made of zinc and lead in a chevron layout. The facade design also reflects the building's interior use. The hotel stories above the 20th floor had smaller windows, while the athletic facility floors between the 4th and 19th stories had larger windows. Some of the facilities, such as the squash courts, did not require windows and so are placed in windowless sections of the building.

Base
The lowest four stories comprise the base. The facades of the base on both West Street and Washington Street are divided into three vertical bays. The main entrance is on West Street, where three brick columns rise to either side of the central entrance bay. A set of metal doors is located at the center of the entrance bay, above which is a metal marquee, followed by a large window opening with four rows of three chevron-patterned glass panels. Atop that large window are a stone panel and a large brick panel, with rows of corbelled bricks in between. On the second and third floors of the West Street facade, there are two windows on either side of the large entrance bay.

The Washington Street entrance is less elaborate: it contains a set of metal doors topped by a metal marquee, but the window above is only one story high with three chevron-patterned panels. The center entrance bay protrudes from the facade only slightly. On the first floor, there are two doors to the north (or right) of the central doorway and two windows to the south (left). On the second floor, there is one window on either side of the doorway, with an additional vent grate to the left. The third floor contains seven windows.

Tower
On West Street to the west, the building is set back above the fourth story. The north (left) bay contains a separate window arrangement with one window on the 4th floor and two small windows on each of the 5th through 15th floors. The facades of the center and south (right) bays are combined, and contain recessed windows, with varying placements and designs of the spandrels above the windows on each floor. On the center and south bays, each story from the 7th through 15th stories contains five windows; the 5th story contains five window grates; and the 4th and 6th stories contain no windows at all. Above the 16th story, there are four windows per floor. There are further setbacks above the 16th floor of the center and south bays, and above the 17th floor of the north bay, with smaller setback portions on the south side of the 18th story and the north side of the 20th story. Another setback on the 26th story contains a limestone-capped parapet.

On Washington Street to the east, the building is set back above the fourth story. As with the West Street facade, the north (right) bay contains a separate window arrangement and the facades of the center and south (left) bays are combined. The center and south bays have an identical window arrangement to their counterparts on West Street, being five windows wide, but the north bay on Washington Street has only one window per floor on each of the 5th through 15th floors. The 16th floor contains only ventilation grates; the building has another setback at the 17th floor, with a glass balcony rail. Above the 16th story, there are four windows per floor; there is another setback at the 29th story with a stone parapet.

The northern facade is largely blocked by 21 West Street, while the southern facade has a similar window arrangement to the western and eastern facades. On all sides, the 35th story has a brick band, chevrons above each of the window bays, and a parapet with limestone caps. There is a three-story mechanical tower above the northern part of the roof, with decorative brickwork and three recessed brick panels on each of its four facades.

Interior
The lower floors were devoted mostly to recreation. The ground floor contained the lobby and offices, and the lobby hosted exhibitions such as a Staten Island Museum show on ferries in New York City and displays of the Heisman Trophy. The third floor contained billiard tables and cardrooms, while the fifth floor contained bowling alleys. The fourth and sixth floors contained racquetball, handball, tennis, and squash courts; the seventh floor, a miniature golf course; and the eighth floor, a gym. The twelfth floor had a swimming pool, which was described as the world's highest aquatic facility when it was built. The 10th floor had medical rooms, and the 13th through 19th floors contained dining rooms and lounges. There were also kitchens on the 13th through 15th floors, a balcony with greenhouse on the 15th floor, and maintenance facilities on the 16th through 19th floors.

On the 20th through 32nd floors were 143 private hotel rooms. The rooms had been occupied by guests such as boxer Muhammad Ali, baseball players Joe DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle, comedian Bob Hope, and Heisman Trophy winners. The water tank and mechanical equipment occupied the top three stories. There was also a staircase along the building's northeastern corner, as well as six passenger elevators and one freight elevator.

Interior designers Barnet Phillips and Duncan Hunter were responsible for the interior design. Design elements included "unusual lighting" as well as Meso-American style murals and geometrically patterned flooring. The style was highly praised as being among the era's "finest high style" and was equated with the ornate designs of steamship rooms. Christopher Gray of The New York Times said that "the scale and sophistication of the work made it one of the most developed Art Deco interiors in New York."

Founding and clubhouse construction
The Downtown Athletic Club was organized on September 10, 1926, by a group of lawyers led by Schuyler Van Vechten Hoffman. The Downtown Athletic Club had been organized as a men-only club and would remain that way for the next 51 years. The club was geared toward businessmen, lawyers, and other white-collar workers of the Financial District and other Lower Manhattan neighborhoods. Initially, it was housed in the Singer Building on nearby Broadway. Soon after, the club began planning its own clubhouse, studying other athletic clubs across the United States to determine which features would be included in its building. In 1927, it acquired a plot on West Street from the Whitehall Realty Company, measuring 80 by. At the time, the club planned to build a 20-story structure. The construction of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company's elevated railroad lines and later the New York City Subway had spurred the relocation of the area's residential population uptown in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The tenements that developed at the edges of the Financial District were being demolished and replaced with office buildings.

The Downtown Athletic Club already had 1,000 members when it formally announced plans for a clubhouse in February 1928. The new structure would include facilities for numerous sports, and Starrett & van Vleck were selected as the new clubhouse's architects. The limited amount of available space in Lower Manhattan required that the new clubhouse be a skyscraper. The project was expected to cost $4.5 million and initially called for a 44-story skyscraper topped by a pyramid, with recreational facilities on 16 floors and bedrooms and dining rooms on the remaining floors. By November 1928 the plans called for a 17-story clubhouse; contracts for clearing the site of the future clubhouse were awarded the same month. Around 1929, the plans were again modified to 38 stories, and the same year $3 million was loaned toward the building's construction.

By mid-1930, the building was almost completed and 3,500 people had submitted applications for membership. The new clubhouse opened in September 1930, with a special 3-day preview period before the building was turned over to the club. At this point, the club had 3,826 members, 1,000 of whom were "life members". Ultimately the building was composed of 35 stories.

Operations
John Heisman was hired as the club's first athletic director in 1930, and he founded a touchdown club at the Downtown Athletic Club, which ultimately became popular. In 1935 club member Willard Prince suggested that the Downtown Athletic Club issue annual trophies for most outstanding college football player, and the first such trophy was awarded that year. When Heisman died in October 1936, the Downtown Athletic Club Trophy became the Heisman Trophy.

Because of the Downtown Athletic Club's wide offerings, it needed at least 5,000 members to remain profitable, and most of its members worked in the financial or law industries or in lower Manhattan. In the aftermath of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, many people in that demographic could no longer pay for the cost of membership. The club declared bankruptcy in April 1936 despite having 3,500 members. It had defaulted on its previous four years of real estate taxes; had claimed earnings before interest and taxes of negative $231,000 during the previous year; and had assets of $4.9 million, including a $4.6 million mortgage on the $4.3 million building. In August 1936, the club mortgaged its property to pay $260,000 of back taxes. Subsequently, the building was sold to a third party in 1947. The Downtown Athletic Club reacquired title to the building in 1950, having signed a 10-year mortgage with the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. Full control of the building was not reestablished until 1963.

Over the years, several modifications were made to the building. For instance, a bar was added to the restaurant after the repeal of Prohibition, and the 15th-story dining room was expanded westward in 1952 to align with the lower stories' facades on West Street. In addition, many of the original features were removed, such as the golf course. The club reached its maximum membership in the 1960s, with 4,500 members. By 1976, the Downtown Athletic Club had a waiting list and 4,000 members. The club's members voted to change the club's bylaws in December 1977, allowing women to become members for the first time. The move was largely for economic reasons: to stay solvent, the club needed 3,500 "resident members"—defined as due-paying members over 30 years old who lived or worked in a 35 mi radius—but only had 2,000 such members at the time. In 1987, an electrical transformer exploded in the building, slightly damaging the 19th and 20th floors.

Demise
By 1998, The New York Times reported that the club only had fewer than 1,300 members and that the structure was "crumbling". Further, the club owed $3 million of back taxes to the New York City government. Discussions were held with local real estate developers to sell off the suites on the top floors and for the club to retain ownership of the lower floors. One such proposal called for the building to be redeveloped as the "Hotel Heisman", with an interior redesign by Rafael Viñoly. However, these plans were complicated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission's desire to officially protect the building's exterior as a city landmark. In 1999, shortly before the club building was set to be auctioned off, the Downtown Athletic Club and its creditors finalized an agreement that would let the club remain in its building and recover from bankruptcy. Under the plan, "at least 13" floors on the lower part of the building, which contained athletic facilities, would be retained by the club. The Connecticut-based firm Cheslock Bakker Associates would renovate the club's bedrooms on the upper floors into a commercial hotel. The Downtown Club building was designated by the Landmarks Preservation Commission as an official city landmark in 2000.

The Downtown Athletic Club permanently closed following the September 11 attacks in 2001. The building was four blocks south of the World Trade Center, which had been destroyed in the attacks. The Downtown Athletic Club building was not damaged, but the building was part of an exclusion zone that the public could not enter for an extended period after the attacks. At the time, the upper floors were undergoing renovations, and all the windows were open, which caused debris and other material to seep into the building. In addition, the building's abandonment led to gradual deterioration of other elements such as peeling paint, burst water pipes, and malfunctioning elevators. The extended closure caused significant decreases in the Downtown Athletic Club's finances, so it considered merging with another club.

By November 2001, club officials were still hoping to reopen the club in January 2002, although there was an $8.3 million mortgage due to be paid that August. Furthermore, the building needed another $20–30 million for renovation, yet few club members were able to provide funds, and the club was accumulating debt quickly, losing $100,000 a month. The Downtown Athletic Club was ultimately unable to pay back the $8.3 million mortgage. In mid-2003, the Downtown Athletic Club formally turned over the mortgage on 20 West Street and vacated the building completely.

Redevelopment
The building was converted into a residential tower named the "Downtown Club", which opened in 2005. The redeveloped tower contained 288 condominium units and was renovated by The Moinian Group. At the time of its conversion, most of the units were studio apartments or one-bedroom units costing $400,000 to $1.5 million; some units also included home offices or an additional bedroom. The structure's amenities included a 12,000 ft2 fitness center, lounge with pool table, and outdoor terrace. A preschool academy called the Learning Experience was also established in the ground floor.

Heisman Trophy
The Downtown Athletic Club formerly issued the Heisman Trophy, an annual event that recognizes the most outstanding player in National Collegiate Athletic Association college football. The Heisman Trophy was first awarded in 1935 and was renamed after former athletic director Heisman. The trophy itself is made out of cast bronze, measures 13.5 in tall by 14 in long by 16 in wide, and weighs 45 lb.

After the neighborhood around the Downtown Club was closed off following the September 11 attacks, and the club's subsequent bankruptcy, the Heisman Trophy ceremony was moved to numerous locations, including the Yale Club of New York City and Hilton New York, before moving to the Palladium Times Square in 2005. Since the club's bankruptcy, the trophy has been distributed by the Heisman Trust.

title: Downtown Athletic Club


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Hatakeyama Yoshinari

Hatakeyama Yoshinari (畠山 義就) was a Japanese samurai and feudal lord (daimyō) of the Muromachi period (early 15th century), who is most known for his rivalry with Hatakeyama Masanaga over the position of Kanrei, or Shōgun's Deputy.

This rivalry grew out of the larger conflict between Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen, which escalated into the Ōnin War. Masanaga and Yoshinari were largely stalemated for much of this period, as Yamana and Hosokawa Katsumoto warned that the first to engage in battle within the capital would be declared a rebel. Becoming a "rebel" meant losing alliances as well as honor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hatakeyama Yoshinari


text:
User talk:Captain FREEDOM

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

This is just User:JoeM...no warnings are necessary, he's hard-banned. Adam Bishop 00:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Captain FREEDOM


text:
Talk:Committee on the Present Danger

Copyright violation or plagiarism?
This looks like yet another nail in the credibility of Wikipedia. The bulk of this article (including the long stretch in quotes) is ripped straight from a "progressive" group's website, and not a responsible one at that. Pathetic. ________

Ummm. . . . should American-Israel Public Affairs Committee be the American-Israeli Political Action Committee? (AIPAC) I would change it, but I want to be sure of the author's intention here.

Why are there so many quotation marks in this article? Is it copied from another source? -Will Beback 21:50, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There's this note near the end: Note: See original article for footnoted material, as well as other extensive information on CPD. What up with that? heqs 11:38, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like the whole article is a copyvio from a page that doesn't exist anymore. This needs a complete rewrite (though most of the information copied seems both accurate and mostly NPOV). csloat 22:44, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The article has been largely copied from a website, RightWeb, which does have a Creative Commons 3.0 license. However, the failure to properly cite or footnote the contributions of that source does appear to violate WP policies. This is being investigated by experts with the copyright violation noticeboard. Kiefer .Wolfowitz 08:54, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * This content was imported from SourceWatch (then Disinfopedia), a website with a compatible license, in 2004 (see ). However, much of it seems to have been copied from this website, which was not compatibly licensed. Looking to determine how much of the content was theirs. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 19:30, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

SDUSA
How is the SDUSA a neoconservative group? Socialists are usually part of the New Left in the USA, arent they? Not trying to disagree so much as try to get a coherent and truthful answer. holyinsaneone (talk) 03:53, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * If you read the SD, USA article you'll find this description of the group:
 * "Although most of SD USA's members are Democrats[citation needed], the organization has maintained ties with both major political parties[citation needed] and has, in the past, supported a strongly interventionist foreign policy.[1] It has been unwavering in its support for Israel, strongly supported the 2003 war in Iraq, and has come to generally favor the international policies of the United States under George W. Bush[citation needed], a stance which is also at odds with the views of the Continental European social democratic parties.[2]"
 * If you read up on the neoconservative movement, you'll understand that it has its roots in socialism. Seriously.
 * --John Bahrain (talk) 04:56, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a discussion forum. Please use talk pages for discussing improvements to articles. You may ask questions at the help desk. Kiefer .Wolfowitz 08:54, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Lest error stand uncorrected, I should add that John's serious quotation came from an old version of Social Democrats, USA, which has been corrected to comply with WP policies of no original research (as in footnote 2, which stated "See the SI website") and reliable sources; please review the current article, which makes no such claims. Second, Bush's efforts against the Taliban in Afghanistan had the support of many social-democratic governments, certainly Göran Persson's in Sweden. Many social-democratic governments, notably Tony Blair's Labour government, also participated to some extent in the Iraq intervention.  Kiefer .Wolfowitz 19:38, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://web.archive.org/web/20021217213107/http://www.publiceye.org/research/Group_Watch/Entries-42.htm. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 19:42, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks again for your help! Cheers, Kiefer .Wolfowitz 20:01, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Adding Citations and Additional Information
I'm going to add some sources and expand some of the sections on the CPD. I've just finished a PhD that examined the 1970s version of the group, so have some good sources to contribute. nickblackbourn (talk) 13:06, 18 July 2016 (UTC)

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This article is in need of updating
The Committee on the Present Danger has been "reborn", so to speak, as evidenced by https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piT8Zmuo6J4, as well as https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/2019/03/25/live-stream-blue-ribbon-team-launches-the-committee-on-the-present-danger-china%EF%BB%BF/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by AndreskX (talk • contribs) 20:53, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

NYT story
Good article in the NYT, which includes some quotes that would improve the WP:NPOV of the entry.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington By Ana Swanson The New York Times July 20, 2019

The administration paints the crackdown as necessary to protect the United States. But there are growing concerns that it is stoking a new red scare, fueling discrimination against students, scientists and companies with ties to China and risking the collapse of a fraught but deeply enmeshed trade relationship between the world’s two largest economies.

“I’m worried that some people are going to say, because of this fear, any policy is justifiable,” said Scott Kennedy, a China expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

--Nbauman (talk) 22:52, 20 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Committee on the Present Danger


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Latrobe Brewing Company

Latrobe Brewing Company was founded in 1893 in Latrobe, Pennsylvania as part of the Pittsburgh Brewing Company. Forced to close in 1920 due to prohibition, it was purchased by the Tito brothers and reopened in 1933 selling “Latrobe Old German” and “Latrobe Pilsner” beers. The year 1939 saw the introduction of Rolling Rock beer (famous for its small green bottles) and Latrobe became one of the largest breweries in the United States. It was purchased by Labatt Brewing Company in 1987, which in turn was purchased in 1995 by the Belgian brewing conglomerate corporation Interbrew, which merged later into InBev in 2004.

In May 2006, InBev announced that it was selling the Rolling Rock brands to Anheuser-Busch, (Budweiser), the largest brewer in the United States. This sale, however, excluded the brewery, leaving an uncertain future for the Latrobe brewery, which only continued producing the Rolling Rock Brands through July 31, when production was moved to an Anheuser-Busch facility in Newark, New Jersey.

On June 21, 2006, InBev signed a letter of intent with City Brewing Company from La Crosse, Wisconsin, "giving it exclusive rights for an undetermined time to negotiate a purchase of the plant." City Brewing currently operates the historic G. Heileman Brewery in La Crosse. However, with the sale of the plant still in limbo, the Latrobe Brewing Company plant officially shut down on July 31, 2006, and the plant sat idle.

In September 2006, City Brewing Company agreed to purchase the brewery.

In March 2007, the brewery reopened its doors and produced "Samuel Adams." The Boston Beer Company signed a deal with the plant's current owners, City Brewing Company in April 2007 to produce beer in the plant. The Boston Beer Company had pledged 3 to 7 million dollars to upgrade the plant. It is estimated that 200,000 to 250,000 barrels of beer would be produced in the plant during the remainder of 2007.

In late October 2008 City Brewery-Latrobe laid off 70 workers, forcing a temporary shutdown, and had not brewed beer at the plant since November. Boston Beer Co. has since moved their operations to an old Schaefer plant they purchased near Allentown, PA. In May 2009, Iron City Brewing signed a deal with City Brewing Co to once again begin producing beer at the plant, with brewing started in June and bottling/kegging production resumed in July 2009.

In July 2009 some Southampton brands (Double White, IPA, Altbier, Pumpkin, Imperial Porter) were moved to Latrobe from Lion Brewing.

In addition to Iron City Beer, City Brewing also produces Stoney's and Stoney's Light.

On December 8, 2009 City Brewing completed the installation of a can line and started canning in 12 and 16 ounce packages. A 24 ounce can line was expected to be completed in early 2010.

In 2012, Diageo moved production of the U.S. supply of Red Stripe from Jamaica to the U.S., with City Brewing Company making the beer in their Latrobe brewery. Guinness Blonde was also currently being brewed in this brewery.

On September 7, 2016 Diageo returned production of Red Stripe to Kingston.

title: Latrobe Brewing Company


text:
Simpsons Already Did It

"Simpsons Already Did It" is the seventh episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series South Park and the 86th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 26, 2002. In the episode, which continues on from the events of the previous episode "Professor Chaos", Butters thinks up a series of schemes to take over the world, but realizes that each one has already been performed on the show The Simpsons. Meanwhile, Ms. Choksondik dies and Cartman, Kyle and Stan think that they are responsible.

Plot
Cartman shows Kyle, Stan and Tweek an advertisement he found for "Sea People". Cartman imagines them to be a race similar to mermaids. He convinces everyone to buy them.

Butters, in his alter-ego persona Professor Chaos, plots to block out the sun. His assistant, Dougie/General Disarray, informs him that this mirrors a plot of Mr. Burns' from The Simpsons and Butters abandons the idea.

Cartman places the Sea People in the water, but Stan reveals that they are merely brine shrimp. The group places the shrimp in Ms. Choksondik's coffee. Ms. Choksondik later dies.

Butters beheads the town's statue. A newscaster interprets Butters' vandalism as an homage to a similar incident in The Simpsons; the police are not investigating because they want the statue to remain headless as a tribute.

Learning that semen was discovered in Ms. Choksondik's stomach, the boys conclude that they killed her. Butters devises increasingly outlandish schemes, but Dougie keeps pointing out that they have already been done on The Simpsons.

Chef explains the difference between "sea men/semen" and "Sea People", and that the brine shrimp did not kill their teacher. Cartman discovers that when the semen they recovered is added to the Sea People aquarium, it combines with the brine shrimp to create a race of sea people.

Butters watches every episode of The Simpsons before introducing his newest plan: a machine that replaces the centers of chocolate covered cherries with rancid mayonnaise. Before Butters can use his device, a Simpsons commercial announces that Bart will do the same thing in that night's episode. Butters snaps and hallucinates everyone as Simpsons characters.

At the Cartman household, the boys have bought more Sea People, a larger aquarium and several gallons of semen. Their Sea-Ciety evolves into an ancient Greek-esque civilization that worships Cartman.

Butters notes that the Sea-City plot is similar to that of the "Treehouse of Horror VII" short "The Genesis Tub". The boys note that The Simpsons has done everything, so worrying about that is pointless. Chef also points out that The Simpsons borrowed their ideas from a classic Twilight Zone episode, "The Little People". Butters understands and stops hallucinating. Some Sea People worship Tweek, leading to a holy war. Seconds later, they develop nuclear weapons and destroy themselves, a plot used in the Futurama episode "Godfellas". While Kyle concludes war is inevitable, Cartman wonders "Why can't societies live in peace?!"

Production
"Simpsons Already Did It" was inspired by the fact that The Simpsons did in fact beat South Park to several plot concepts. In the season 4 episode "The Wacky Molestation Adventure", Cartman was supposed to block out the sun, but one writer pointed out that "The Simpsons already did it". The episode "calls out" the obvious observation that The Simpsons have realized a vast number of ideas throughout their long-lived run. Some have found a certain reciprocity to this statement, finding instances of repetitiveness in The Simpsons itself while quoting South Park.

The episode is also a reference to the fact that the Fox Broadcasting Company passed on the South Park series, as network executive hated the idea of the talking poo character, Mr. Hankey, being in the show and fearing that such character would tarnish their network branding. Another reason for the episode's title is that in addition to the disdain for Mr. Hankey, Trey Parker, who coproduced South Park with friend Matt Stone, said that Fox executives told them, "It'll never work because adults don't want to watch a show about kids. They want to watch a show about a family", implying that the show premise should be modeled around a family similar to The Simpsons in order to be successful.

The Simpsons crew has a friendly relationship with South Park, which they demonstrated several times, going as far as sending flowers to the South Park studios when South Park parodied Family Guy in the season 10 episodes "Cartoon Wars Part I" and "Part II". In 2010, The Simpsons crew congratulated South Park for reaching 200 episodes, with a message reading "Congratulations on 200 Episodes. (We Already Did It.) (Twice.)".

Soon after, in reference to the controversies and terrorist threats surrounding depictions of the Muslim prophet Muhammad in the South Park episodes "200" and "201", the chalkboard gag on that week's The Simpsons episode, "The Squirt and the Whale", read "South Park – we'd stand beside you if we weren't so scared".

South Park was parodied in a 2003 Simpsons episode, "The Bart of War", showing a scene with three of the South Park boys Stan, Kyle and Cartman drawn in Simpsons style, with Marge disapproving of Bart and Milhouse's apparent enjoyment of "cartoon violence", and the latter two contemplating about adults voicing children's characters. The 2009 Simpsons episode "O Brother, Where Bart Thou?" has Bart, Milhouse, Nelson and Ralph dressed up as the four main South Park boys, standing at the bus stop – similarly to the iconic bus stop scenes of South Park –, and Otto using the catchphrase "Oh my God! I killed Kenny!" when he hits Ralph (dressed as Kenny) driving the school bus.

Reception
The episode received generally positive reviews. Travis Pickett of IGN gave it an 8.5 rating, especially praising Trey Parker and Matt Stone for managing to contrast the episode with the actual Simpsons with themes like Cartman performing fellatio on "some guy in an alley", while respectfully paying their dues.

title: Simpsons Already Did It


text:
Talk:Haikou

encyclopedic
Haikou article is not encyclopedic in that a viewpoint is visible. contains little raw data (population, area) like most entries for cities.

If I'm not mistaken, Haikou is NOT on the mainland, but on an island??

Copyvio
The history section is taken verbatim from the latest Britannica. --Ghirla-трёп- 16:33, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Reworded.--Anna Frodesiak (talk) 22:38, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

New photo
I would like to replace the night time bridge photo with a daytime skyline and move the former to another location. Any objections? --Anna Frodesiak (talk) 15:18, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Swapped--Anna Frodesiak (talk) 22:38, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Bicycle rental service table
Is this space-saving table better or just confusing? Is this too much info?

Anna Frodesiak (talk) 02:03, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Looks good, but this seems to be the sort of material that should appear on WikiTravel, and not here. --HXL's Roundtable, and Record 03:04, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * True. Maybe we should zap the service station and rate part, but keep the blurb. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 03:36, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry Anna, I was about to post a comment along the lines of HXL's Roundtable but was beaten too it :). This really isn't encyclopedic and belongs on Wikitravel. Best Philg88 (talk) 06:22, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * No need to be sorry. I agree. I have removed all but a sentence or two about the system. If you want to zap that too, no problem. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 06:37, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually, I do support the inclusion of the small bit about the system. It seems to be an improvement to the article. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 06:39, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Sections
I rather like the London and New York section layouts. They both put climate into geography section. However, they differ when it comes to parks. Thoughts? Anna Frodesiak (talk) 12:16, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Ok, but the New York article has an entirely separate Cityscape section. I am not so comfortable if Parks itself is a Level 2 header. Though Parks could fit under a Tourism and Sights section and belong to Environment; Environment, of course, should come right after geography/climate either as a Level 2 or 3. --HXL's Roundtable, and Record 15:00, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * True. NYC does deserve a cityscape section. Haikou is too small for that. Your parks and other suggestions are good. I would suggest that we nix the international relations section and bump up the sister city section. If you would like to suggest a layout here: User:Anna_Frodesiak/Silver_sandbox, I would be delighted to help design it. All are welcome of course. The London and NYC models are inspiring me to create new sections in this article. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 16:36, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Haikou
Could someone please check the colours on the map of districts? I may be getting the red and blue mixed up due to the pop. density figures: Longhua District = 2,156

Thanks Anna Frodesiak (talk) 06:49, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

Urban area
How can Haikou have an area of 2,237 km while Singapore has 718.3 km? Looking at a map, Haikou's built-up urban area is way smaller. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 02:15, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

City Emblem of Haikou
Please see the. Many thanks. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 00:06, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

As a resident of Haikou, I never seen this seal before.And CPC forbidden the making of city flags or seals, so it should be made up.--113.16.247.169 (talk) 15:39, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Haikou. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Add Modiin as a twin city
Add Modiin as a twin city The ultimate editorxyzyazz (talk) 07:55, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Please provide a reliable source that shows Haikou and Modiin as twin cities. PAper GOL (talk) 08:48, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haikou


text:
Picunche

The Picunche (a Mapudungun word meaning "North People"), also referred to as picones by the Spanish, were a Mapudungun-speaking people living to the north of the Mapuches or Araucanians (a name given to those Mapuche living between the Itata and Toltén rivers) and south of the Choapa River and the Diaguitas. Until the Conquest of Chile the Itata was the natural limit between the Mapuche, located to the south, and Picunche, to the north. During the Inca attempt to conquer Chile the southern Picunche peoples that successfully resisted them were later known as the Promaucaes.

The Picunche living north of the Promaucaes were called Quillotanes (those living in the Aconcagua River valley north to the Choapa) and Mapochoes (those living in the Maipo River basin) by the Spanish, and were part of the Inca Empire at the time when the first Spaniards arrived in Chile.

Among the peoples the Spanish called the Promaucaes, the people of the Rapel River valley were particularly called by this name by the Spanish. Those of the Mataquito River valley were called the Cures. The people in the Maule River valley and to the south were distinguished as Maules and those to the south of the Maules and north of the Itata were known as Cauqui by the Inca and Cauquenes by the Spanish and that gave their name to Cauquenes River.

They did not survive as a separate society into the present day, because of a general population decline and having been absorbed into the general Chilean population during the colonial period.

The indigenous Picunche disappeared by a process of mestizaje by gradually abandoning their villages (pueblo de indios) to settle in nearby Spanish haciendas. There Picunches mingled with disparate indigenous peoples brought in from Araucanía (Mapuche), Chiloé (Huilliche, Cunco, Chono, Poyas ) and Cuyo (Huarpe ). Few in numbers, disconnected from their ancestral lands and diluted by mestizaje the Picunche and their descendants lost their indigenous identity.

Agriculture
The Picunches' primary crops consisted of corn and potatoes, and they lived in thatched-roof adobe houses.

title: Picunche


text:
Lucien Laurent

Lucien Laurent (10 December 1907 – 11 April 2005) was a French footballer who played as a forward. Playing for France, at the 1930 World Cup he scored the first ever FIFA World Cup goal against Mexico.

Career
Laurent was born in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, Val-de-Marne, near Paris. He was the younger brother of Jean Laurent, who also played football and represented France and was named to the squad for the 1930 World Cup. He was also part of France's squad for the 1928 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches.

Between 1921 and 1930, he played for the semi-professional team Cercle Athlétique de Paris, before being taken on by Sochaux, then a workers team for the car manufacturer Peugeot, where he was employed. As an amateur player, he only received basic compensation from the French Football Federation while at the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay.

At the Estadio Pocitos in Montevideo, Laurent made history by scoring the first ever World Cup goal: a volley in the 19th minute of a game against Mexico on 13 July 1930. France won the game 4–1, but lost their remaining group matches to Argentina and Chile, and were thus eliminated in the group stage. Laurent was ruled out of the third game due to an injury.

Laurent was named to the French squad for the 1934 World Cup, but was unable to play due to an injury. He later moved to Rennes, playing for them until 1937, then for RC Strasbourg until 1939. In all, Laurent played 10 times for France, but scored only one other goal against England in May 1931.

He joined the French armed forces during World War II, but spent three years as a prisoner of war in Saxony before being released in 1943. He played two years of wartime football for Besançon before retiring in 1946, opting to become a trainer and youth coach. He was the only surviving member of the 1930 French team to see France lift the 1998 FIFA World Cup on home soil, and died seven years later at the age of 97 in Besançon.

List of international goals scored by Lucien Laurent
France's goal tally first

Honours
CA Paris
 * Coupe de France Finalist: 1928

FC Sochaux
 * Peugeot Cup: 1931

title: Lucien Laurent


text:
Sonic Chaos

Sonic Chaos is a 1993 platform game published by Sega for the Master System and Game Gear. Players control Sonic the Hedgehog and his sidekick Miles "Tails" Prower in their quest to retrieve the Chaos Emeralds from Doctor Robotnik, who has stolen them to construct nuclear weapons. Gameplay involves running through stages, collecting rings, and defeating enemies. It is largely based on the Master System version of Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and is thus considered a follow-up to that game. Chaos is the first Sonic game for the Master System and Game Gear to feature Tails as a separate playable character with his own unique abilities.

Developed by Japanese studio Aspect Co., Chaos is the first original Sonic game made for a handheld, instead of a port or remake of an existing game. Aspect used the knowledge gained from its work on previous Sonic games while designing Chaos to make it more expansive and faster than its predecessors. Chaos received a generally positive reception initially, with its levels and gameplay being praised; however, in retrospect it has gained a more average response for its unimpressive presentation and levels being of lackluster quality, alongside its slow framerate. A direct sequel, Sonic the Hedgehog: Triple Trouble, was released in 1994.

Gameplay
In Sonic Chaos, players control one of two characters—Sonic the Hedgehog or his sidekick Miles "Tails" Prower—and must complete each of the game's six worlds in a quest to retrieve the Chaos Emeralds from the evil scientist Dr. Robotnik, who plots to use them to rule the world. Each world, referred to as "zones" in-game, is made up of three levels, called "acts", the third one consisting of a boss fight against one of Robotnik's henchbots, or Robotnik himself in the final zone. Levels are designed to allow the player to move as quickly as possible, and are largely based on those in its precursor Sonic the Hedgehog 2. The gameplay itself involves running through each level while collecting rings and defeating Robotnik's robotic minions; rings protect Sonic and Tails from being hit by an enemy or obstacle. Levels also contain small television monitors that can be smashed to reveal a power-up icon, which grant Sonic and Tails with unique abilities, such as speed shoes, a one-hit shield, and extra lives.

Chaos adds several new additions to the core Sonic gameplay. Both characters have their own unique characteristics; Sonic can perform a move called the "Super Peel-Out", originally in Sonic CD, that makes him move extra fast, while Tails is able to fly and can hover over traps and other obstacles. Sonic can collect a new power-up called the "Rocket Shoes", which grant him the ability to fly for a short period of time; Tails is unable to use this, and will simply be granted extra rings if he were to smash a monitor containing Rocket Shoes. If Sonic collects 100 rings in a level, he will be teleported to a special stage, which, if completed, will award him with a Chaos Emerald. There are multiple endings that are based on the number of Chaos Emeralds collected.

Development and release
Sonic Chaos was developed by Japanese studio Aspect Co., being the third Sonic the Hedgehog game they produced, and published by Sega for the Master System and Game Gear. Chaos is largely based on the Master System version of Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and is thus considered a follow-up or successor to that game. Aspect used the experience it received for its work on previous Sonic games while designing Chaos to make it more expansive and faster than its predecessors, in addition to improving the quality of the visuals. For the same reason, they were also able to make the game run faster. Chaos is both the first portable Sonic game and the first to feature Tails as a separate playable character with his own unique abilities.

Sonic Chaos was released for the Master System on November 23, 1993 exclusively to PAL regions, and for the Game Gear worldwide on the same day to coincide with the release of Sonic CD. In Japan, it was titled Sonic & Tails. Chaos is included as an extra in the GameCube version of Sonic Adventure DX: Director's Cut (2003) as one of the eleven unlockable Sonic Game Gear games, and in Sonic Mega Collection Plus (2005) for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and PC. In 2009, it was digitally released for the Wii Virtual Console in North America. Sonic Chaos is also included in the blue-colored model of the Game Gear Micro in 2020, alongside Gunstar Heroes, Sylvan Tale, and Baku Baku Animal.

Reception and legacy
In the United States, it was the top-selling Game Gear game in January 1994.

Sonic Chaos initially received a positive response from publications. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that the Game Gear version retains all the elements that made the 16-bit Sonic games fun to play. They also praised the graphics and the ability to play as Tails. Sonic Chaos was awarded Best Game Gear Game of 1993 by Electronic Gaming Monthly. Entertainment Weekly gave the game an A− and wrote that the game may be enjoyable for younger children. In their review for Sonic Mega Collection Plus, GameSpy felt that both it and the 8-bit Sonic the Hedgehog were the only Game Gear games in the series that are worth playing.

In later years, Chaos was met with a more average reception. Nintendo Life criticized the Master System version for being a generally uninspired game, criticizing its difficulty for being too easy and its level designs for being bland and mediocre. Retrospectively in 2019, Hardcore Gaming 101 gave a rather mixed response to the game; they felt disappointed with the gameplay and stage designs for lacking the uniqueness and puzzle-solving in Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and disliked its slow framerate. They were also critical of the soundtrack for being generally lacking in quality and for the overall presentation being unimpressive. Hardcore Gaming 101 said that Chaos was only worth checking out for dedicated Sonic fans writing: "Sonic Chaos is by no means a bad game, but it’s not a particularly great game either. It’s a functional platformer that’s only worth checking out if you’re really into 8-bit Sonic games, or have an interest in a traditional Sonic platformer with a bigger focus on exploration."

A fan-made remake of Sonic Chaos was announced in 2018, and a demo was released in August 2018. It features 16-bit era-styled graphics, as well as new game mechanics and boss fights. VG247 described the project as "incredibly well produced" and wrote it could "pass for the next project from Sega after Sonic Mania."

title: Sonic Chaos


text:
New Belgium Brewing Company

New Belgium Brewing Company is a nationally distributed brewery in the United States. The brand produces Fat Tire Ale, Voodoo Ranger IPA, Mural Agua Fresca Cerveza, and La Folie Sour Brown Ale, among other regular and seasonal beer varieties. Founded by Kim Jordan and Jeff Lebesch in 1991 in Fort Collins, Colorado, the company expanded to Asheville, North Carolina, in 2016 and Denver, Colorado, in 2018.

History
New Belgium Brewing Company was founded in 1991 by Kim Jordan and Jeff Lebesch. Lebesch left the company in 2009.

The Fat Tire recipe originates from a co-founder's bicycle trip through Belgium from brewery to brewery. The company promotes its Fat Tire ale locally by the public placement of colorful vintage bicycles outside its brewery, which is located adjacent to the public bike path along the Cache La Poudre River.

In 1999, New Belgium became the first wind-powered brewery in the United States.

Before 2002, New Belgium distributed in only 16 states; by 2015, it had become the fourth-largest craft brewer in the country and the eighth-overall largest brewer in the United States.

As of August 2017, New Belgium beers were available in all 50 states.

As of February 2018, New Belgium was distributed in Canada, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Sweden and Norway.

In 2019, New Belgium was acquired by the Australian subsidiary of Kirin beverage group of Japan, Lion.

In January 2023, New Belgium changed the recipe of its flagship Fat Tire ale, changing it from an amber ale to a lighter colored crisper ale.

In early 2023, New Belgium acquired a production brewery in Daleville, Virginia from Constellation Brands, where they will focus on brewing Voodoo Ranger's Juice Force IPA and Fruit Force IPA.

On June 13, 2023, New Belgium Brewing CEO Steve Fechheimer stepped down after six years. CFO Danielle McLarnon was named interim CEO while they search for a new CEO for the company.

In September 2023, New Belgium integrated an industrial heat pump which is projected to reduce its greenhouse gases as well as its overall carbon footprint.

In March 2024, a new beer was developed in collaboration with Tombstone (pizza) called I(Pizza)A for National Beer Day.

Business and production
New Belgium's main brewery is in Fort Collins, Colorado. In 2013, New Belgium had some 480 employees and more than $180 million in sales. It has had an employee stock ownership plan since 2000 and in January 2013 became 100 percent employee-owned through an ESOP. The 2014 documentary  We The Owners examined New Belgium's focus on employee-ownership and how that shapes its overall culture of collaboration. 2016 saw new additions to the brand, debuts of Voodoo Ranger and Day Blazer line.

New Belgium is known for its quirky corporate culture; the company employs eight "carnies," who work the brewery's Tour de Fat fundraising events, in addition to chemists, microbiologists, electricians, forklift operators, and engineers. The company has low (3 percent) annual employee turnover, and a tenth of the brewery's employees may take extended leave in any given year. Employees who become part-owners of the business are recognized at an annual Ownership Induction Ceremony and are presented with a cruiser bicycle recalling the company's symbol. The company was named one of the "25 Most Audacious Companies" by Inc. magazine.

Esquire selected Fat Tire Amber Ale as one of the "Best Canned Beers to Drink Now" in a February 2012 article.

In May 2014, New Belgium began work on a second brewery in Asheville, North Carolina, which became fully operational in May 2016. The brewery is positioned along the French Broad River on Craven Street in Asheville's River Arts District. New Belgium's brewery, which is 133000 sqft, has capacity to produce up to a half-million barrels of beer.

Kirin beer is moving its production from Anheuser-Busch to New Belgium Brewing Company, starting in 2025. The announcment became known in July of 2024.

Label design
Most of New Belgium's beer labels were initially designed by Anne Fitch, a watercolorist whose work appeared on all New Belgium beers for 19 years.

In 2006, New Belgium changed its logo because it realized that beer drinkers could identify the Fat Tire label, but "didn't recognize the brewery label, or make the connection that New Belgium brewed Fat Tire and other best-selling brands, such as Sunshine Wheat." The company's new logo "pays homage to the well-known Fat Tire brand bicycle" drawn by Anne Fitch. Kim Jordan, the president of New Belgium Brewery, credits the success of the company in part on Fitch's artwork: "Our beers were good, our labels were interesting to people, and we pretty quickly had a fairly robust following." In 2010, however, New Belgium unveiled its four-beer Explore Series, whose labels featured a different design.

title: New Belgium Brewing Company


text:
BUNCH

The BUNCH was the nickname for the group of mainframe computer competitors of IBM in the 1970s. The name is derived from the names of the five companies: Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Control Data Corporation (CDC), and Honeywell. These companies were grouped together because the market share of IBM was much higher than all of its competitors put together.

During the 1960s, IBM and these five computer manufacturers, along with RCA and General Electric, had been known as "IBM and the Seven Dwarfs". The description of IBM's competitors changed after GE's 1970 sale of its computer business to Honeywell and RCA's 1971 sale of its computer business to Sperry (who owned UNIVAC), leaving only five "dwarves". The companies' initials thus lent themselves to a new acronym, BUNCH. International Data Corporation estimated in 1984 that BUNCH would receive less than $2 billion of an estimated $11.4 billion in mainframe computer sales that year, with IBM receiving most of the remainder. IBM so dominated the mainframe market that observers expected the BUNCH to merge or exit the industry. BUNCH followed IBM into the microcomputer market with their own PC compatibles. but unlike that company did not quickly adjust to retail sales of smaller computers.

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), at one point the second largest in the industry, was joined to BUNCH as DeBUNCH.

Fate of BUNCH

 * Burroughs & UNIVAC: In September 1986, after Burroughs purchased Sperry (the parent company of UNIVAC), the name of the company was changed to Unisys.
 * NCR: In 1982, NCR became involved in open systems architecture, starting with the UNIX-powered TOWER 16/32, and placed more emphasis on computers smaller than mainframes. NCR was acquired by AT&T Corporation in 1991. A restructuring of AT&T in 1996 led to its re-establishment on 1 January 1997 as a separate company. In 1998, NCR sold its computer hardware manufacturing assets to Solectron and ceased to produce general-purpose computer systems.
 * Control Data Corporation: Control Data Corporation is now Syntegra (USA), a subsidiary of British company BT Group's BT Global Services.
 * Honeywell: In 1991, Honeywell's computer division was sold to French computer company Groupe Bull.

Other mainframe manufacturers during the 1960s and 1970s

 * Bendix Corporation introduced the G-15 in 1956 and the G-20 in 1961, with the G-21 shortly afterwards. Control Data Corporation purchased the Bendix computer division in 1963.
 * Philco sold military computers as well as the commercial TRANSAC S-1000 and TRANSAC S-2000; Ford Motor Company purchased Philco in December 1961.
 * Scientific Data Systems (later known as Xerox Data Systems after its purchase by Xerox in 1969) also sold mainframe computers, but with around 1% market share, it was not a major factor in the marketplace. Xerox closed the division in 1975, with most rights sold to Honeywell.
 * In 1976, Cray Research (a company supported by Seymour Cray's former employer Control Data Corporation), released the Cray-1 vector computer.
 * Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) was founded in 1957 to manufacture computer components, and made many mainframe computers, notably the PDP-6 and PDP-10 series. DEC later sold to Compaq, which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard.
 * Hewlett-Packard (HP) was founded in 1939 manufacturing advanced electronic equipment. In the mid-1960s HP started producing minicomputers, which competed with mainframe computers.
 * Amdahl Corporation, founded in 1970 by IBM Fellow, chief architect of the IBM System/360 range and entrepreneur, Gene Amdahl, was an information technology company specializing in IBM mainframe-compatible computer products, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Fujitsu in 1997.
 * International Computers Limited was a large British computer hardware, computer software and computer services company that operated from 1968 until 2002. The company was progressively acquired by Fujitsu, and in April 2002 it was rebranded as Fujitsu.

title: BUNCH


text: User talk:82.66.237.23

title: User talk:82.66.237.23


text:
Talk:Natalie Imbruglia

Music videos
I am adding details on music videos currently and would greatly appreciate any help I can get. One specific question that I have is how do we add music video links in the blue box at the very bottom of the page. --Rakov 05:36, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

It has to be changed. It doesn't look good. In my opinion it should be put into the separate discography section, as it's not the most important thing. Screenshots and single covers should be in better quality. Just to let you know - there was no SonyBMG in 2001 and 2002. BMG and SonyBMG only distirbuted Nat's releases.

It does not have to be changed. I think that it does look good. The introductory page for a singer should have as much information about her music as possible in a well organized form. And I think the both pieces of information - singles and music video are essential part of the (more so with this singer's limited TV/film career). How can singles and music videos can NOT be the important information for a singer with just 3 albums? Further, addding this information in clean sections towards the end of the article does not interfere with rest of the article. This is not the comprehensive listing of all her music which discography is for. The video screen shots have been deliberately chosen at a lower resolution so as to conform to the wikipedia policy (please read up the policy on usage of video screen shots). That been said, if you plan to upload different screen shots, you are more than welcome to put them for consideration with your peers. As far as sonybmg thing is concerned, I was using information on the wikipage for singles. If you can provide published information for this, again you are more than welcome to change this info.

Photos and modeling career
(moved here so that contents is at top)

Is the photo copyrighted?

 * I don't know about that, but I removed the NPOV banner, as this doesn't seem to warrant that.

Should we say something about her modeling career with the makeup company? --Cumbiagermen 18:28, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Album covers
You wallies should try to get the ORIGINAL cover for LotM - not the noncy US one.

"Wallies" : when was it last used? June 1776

To do
1. reorganize the music section

2. Add details for single from stigmata --Rakov 00:28, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Imbruglia is also a vegetarian
Imbruglia is also a vegetarian, check her listed on the PETA site.~Vanita.

http://www.vegkids.com/celebs.asp

Music videos
I added the music video details, but it's hard to obtain screencaps. So is it legal to take them from other sites specializing in screens? what's the copyright then? And is it relevant to give Identify it's own page too since it was released, just not in physical form?

I think one cap per music video is allowed --24.170.195.189 14:12, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

I reorganized whole music videos section in discography.

MP3
Does anybody know where I can legally download the song "Troubled by the Way We Came Together"? iTunes doesn't have it and I'm kind of stumped. Thanks. jengod 18:23, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

She Will Have Her Way + Laura
Natalie also does a brillaint cover of the Crowded House song Pineapple Head on the "She Will Have Her Way: The Songs of Tim and Niel Finn" CD

Also her sister Laura Imbruglia is just getting started in the local Australian music scene. everyone should deffinatley check her out also 220.238.234.44 15:56, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Laura was recently chosen as one of triple j's next crop artists - this would now be notable enough to include in the article, (and possibly to begin a new one) if one of the article regulars feel like doing so, Brendanfox 06:46, 13 November 2006 (UTC).

Johnny English movie poster
In terms of copyright, is it OK to put here the Johnny English movie poster? Anyhow, maybe it could be legally replaced with some other picture which shows Natalie? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Garik 11 (talk • contribs) 10:49, 25 December 2006 (UTC).

Could it possibly be this one? http://img.clubic.com/photo/00063236.jpg Garik 11 11:21, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Number of albums sold
The introduction mentions she has sold over 8.5 million albums.

The article furthermore mentions that her debut album has sold 8.5 million copies, its follow-up over a million, and the article fails to mention how many copies of the third record have been sold, but since it has been on a #1 position in the UK, I am tempted to believe its sales have well-exceeded 1 million. Bringing the total using my estimation to at least 10.5 million albums.

I advise for someone to research the actual statistics on album sales and to correct them. It is at least recommended to raise the amount in the introduction since it states exactly the same number as the number of copies sold of only the debut album. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Eddyspeeder (talk • contribs) 17:47, 12 January 2007 (UTC).

4th album rumors
Why is someone posting not confirmed rumors about the 4th album all the time? If you have a source of the information (song title, date of release), privide it! I'm deleting not confirmed stuff about the album. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.173.191.149 (talk) 09:59, 7 May 2007 (UTC).

Johhny English DVD cover
Someone thinks the image in the article should be deleted. Please join in the. Garik 11 14:29, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Imbruglia redirection!?
Okay, I'm going to sound like I'm ranting here (and, in a sense, I am): I was trying to find an article on Laura Imbruglia (relationship to Natalie unknown); since no such page seemed to exist, I decided to try just typing in Imbruglia instead. The page existed, but it redirected to here, which I find extremely premature and idiotic (my opinion, of course). So, could someone please give me a reason as to why this has been the case? (For the note, Laura Imbruglia is also a recording artist, like Natalie; however, she is more alternative rock than pop.) --JB Adder | Talk 10:44, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Relationship unknown? She's Natalie's little sister... Aside from that, the reason would be that it's because Natalie is much more well known than her sister and there isn't really anyone else with that last name of any significance. Besides, there's a link on the page that you can click afterwards anyway. There is a page on her also though it's pretty much a stub, if you really did search for Laura Imbruglia it would have directed you to a results page where she'd be on top of that list or it would go to her page, which it seems to do, I'm surprised it's not more filled out. I thought it was the last time I saw it several months ago. PHOENIXZERO 00:55, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Death?
Is she really dead or someone with a poor sense of humor decided to randomly stick that information in the article?--81.172.59.131 (talk) 14:13, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Radio news says it's true —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.243.84.105 (talk) 15:45, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Can't find any confirmation anywhere. I guess she's still around. Removed the 'recent death' template from the page. C:\>RIEN_talk \ contribs 15:53, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Elise
Have there been any updates on this film?Liquidlake (talk) 11:27, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I heard from a weakish source that the film will premiere at the Cannes Film Festival; I had a small role in it, and my house was used in it, so I want to find out more than most people would... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.220.140.59 (talk) 10:45, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Mother
What is her maternal ancestry? Does the Sicilian Australians category apply if Natalie is of only 50% Sicilian ancestry? F W Nietzsche (talk) 10:48, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

Tables, clean-up
Is there a particular reason information on her film, television, and modeling career is lumped into filmography-style tables and not stated via prose in proper sections? I've never seen it done like this before and it's... odd. Also, some sections need updating, as much outdated info is still stated in future tense, and in places the writing feels a little informal.  Mbinebri  talk ← 02:22, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Respect from Russia
Very good concert of Natalie was in october on 2015 Russian Grand Prix, Sochi Autodrom. Thanks, GennadyL (talk) 17:05, 13 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Natalie Imbruglia


text: Category:394 BC births

title: Category:394 BC births


text: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/oldpeerreview


text:
Aqua Velva

Aqua Velva is an American brand of grooming products targeted at men. Its best-known product is the Ice Blue aftershave introduced in 1917 by the J.B. Williams Company.

History
Aqua Velva was first trademarked in 1917 by the J.B. Williams Company and later acquired by the Beecham Group in 1982, SmithKline Beecham in 1989, then by GlaxoSmithKline from 2000 until it was sold to Combe Incorporated in 2002. As of 2016, it is marketed by Combe Incorporated and Unilever (formerly Sara Lee) in Europe. Aqua Velva products include Classic Ice Blue, Ice Sport, and Musk, as well as Original Sport (sold only in Canada). The Classic Ice Blue serves as the original version of Aqua Velva.

Combe Incorporated began shipping Aqua Velva exclusively in plastic "Shatterproof" bottles on February 1, 2010. Previously, it had been packaged in glass bottles.The change was made reportedly at customer request, and the new plastic packaging contains the same product, with no changes in formulation.

Reception
In James Jones' autobiographical war novel The Thin Red Line, a PX store is set up behind the lines during the Battle of Guadalcanal, which stocked exactly two products: Barbasol shaving foam and Aqua Velva aftershave. Within seven hours, the entire Aqua Velva stock was sold out, while plenty of Barbasol was still available. The reason for this was the high alcohol content of Aqua Velva; mixed with canned grapefruit juice, the aftershave tasted passable and ensured a “solid high” for the narrator's entire company. Later, the alcohol in Aqua Velva was denatured with denatonium benzoate.

In a nod to the blue color, a cocktail called Aqua Velva is made with vodka, gin, lemon-lime, and blue curacao. Among other things, this is discussed in the film Zodiac — The Killer's Trail as the favorite drink of author Robert Graysmith.

title: Aqua Velva


text:
Criciúma Esporte Clube

Criciúma Esporte Clube is a Brazilian professional club based in Criciúma, Santa Catarina founded on 13 May 1947.

Criciúma is the most successful team from Santa Catarina, having won the 1991 Copa do Brasil, the 2002 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, and the 2006 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C.

History
Criciúma Esporte Clube was founded on May 13, 1947, as Comerciário Esporte Clube; however the club folded due to a financial crisis in the 1960s. The club was refounded in 1976 by some of the original Comerciário Esporte Clube members. In 1978 the club was renamed as Criciúma Esporte Clube, and its current colors black, yellow and white were adopted in 1984. The present colors of Criciúma Esporte Clube are the reason the club is called Tigre (meaning Tiger).

The club's greatest feat was winning the 1991 Copa do Brasil under coach Felipe Scolari, later World Cup winner with Brazil, while being in the second division. The achievement qualified Criciúma for the following year's Copa Libertadores.

In the following years, the club was not very successful. After being promoted to Série A in  1992, the club played in the division for 5 years before getting relegated. In 2005, Criciúma, after a very poor campaign, was relegated to the Brazilian Série C. In 2006, Criciúma won the Série C, and was promoted back to the Série B.

After a period of crisis in the club, in 2012 the club regained forces, and after being in the first four places the entire championship returned to the Série A.

Honours
Criciúma has won three national level championships. Winning the 1991 Copa do Brasil qualified the club to the 1992 Copa Libertadores where Criciúma finished in the 5th place, surpassing even the expectations of its fans. These achievements make Criciúma one of the most successful teams from Santa Catarina. 1 Champion in 1968 as Comerciário Esporte Clube
 * {{legend|gold|record}}
 * shared record

Other

 * Taça Governador do Estado (8): 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995

Runners-up

 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série B (1): 2012
 * Campeonato Catarinense (10): 1980, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2011
 * Copa Santa Catarina (1): 1998

Stadium
Criciúma's stadium is Estádio Heriberto Hülse, built in 1955, with a maximum capacity of 19,900 people.

Notable head coaches

 * 🇧🇷 Argel Fuchs
 * 🇧🇷 Cláudio Tencati
 * 🇧🇷 Cuca
 * 🇧🇷 Dorival Júnior
 * 🇧🇷 Edson Gaúcho
 * 🇧🇷 Gelson Silva
 * 🇧🇷 Gilson Kleina
 * 🇧🇷 Itamar Schülle
 * 🇧🇷 Lauro Búrigo
 * 🇧🇷 Levir Culpi
 * 🇧🇷 Lori Sandri
 * 🇧🇷 Luiz Gonzaga Milioli
 * 🇧🇷 Luiz Felipe Scolari
 * 🇧🇷 Roberto Cavalo
 * 🇧🇷 Vadão
 * 🇧🇷 Zé Carlos
 * 🇺🇾 Sergio Ramirez

1991 Copa do Brasil
Criciúma won the Copa do Brasil 1991, playing the following matches:

Competitions record
{|width=80%
 * valign="top" width=20%|

First Division (Serie A)

 * valign="top" width=20%|

Second Division (Serie B)

 * valign="top" width=20%|

Third Division (Serie C)

 * valign="top" width=20%|

Brazilian Cup

 * valign="top" width=20%|

Libertadores Cup

 * }

title: Criciúma Esporte Clube


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rats & Star

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 13:15, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rats & Star
Noogz marked this vfd on March 12, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just bringing it here for resolution; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 00:20, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC) Delete, not notable. Firebug 01:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Provisional Keep If somone can verify the information in this article, then it should be kept, else I vote Delete Klonimus 02:31, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 07:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the Japanese page has been there for a year and lists even more releases. They have various albums on sale at amazon.co.jp like for example. Kappa 11:31, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:69.67.254.40

title: User talk:69.67.254.40


text:
Talk:Nancy Grace

Semi-protected edit request on 10 May 2021
Nancy Grace fronts In the Valley of Sin, a true-crime docuseries for Fox Nation that explores the harrowing claims of child abuse in Wenatchee, WA. Each episode of In the Valley of Sin tells the story of an individual family affected by the false claims and the consequences that continue to haunt them to this day.

Source: https://deadline.com/2021/04/nancy-grace-fronted-true-crime-docuseries-in-the-valley-of-sin-set-at-fox-nation-trailer-premiere-date-1234746185/ WiseguyDS (talk) 15:24, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. And how exactly should this be added to the article? RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 16:08, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 October 2021
Nancy Grace is currently appearing on both Fox News Channel and ABC News Good Morning America 2601:5CB:C300:690:C1A8:3FDF:BD12:3BAB (talk) 14:03, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 15:11, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

Charles Bothuell IV
This article claims Nancy asked tough questions of IV but does not mention he was later found guilty of child abuse. To be a neutral article then this would need to mention that he has admitted to child abuse, he was found guilty of child abuse and the child himself said the abuse happened and was perpetrated by his father. In light of this fact, Nancy's questions asking why the father was unaware the child was in the basement and where his cell phone was at the moment pales in comparison by the questions asked to him by authorities during the legal case where he was found guilty and admitted to guilt of child abuse. That people don't like how Nancy questioned him is not a controversy and does not matter at all considering the larger more serious issue here is child abuse and how far perpetrators will go to control the articles written about that abuse. 2604:2D80:A48F:300:5D1E:F92D:2900:C690 (talk) 18:48, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nancy Grace


text: File:ANThology AAF.jpg

title: File:ANThology AAF.jpg


text:
Cherry bomb

[[Image:CherryBombGroup.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Some of the most common cherry bombs and globe salutes commercially available in the United States. Picture scale: the blue lines in the background are ½-inch apart.

From top left: • Kent Cherry Flash Salute, c. 1958

• Havre de Grace Cherry Bomb (aka Arrow Brand), c. 1946

• Peacock Standard Globe Cracker Bomb (India Export), c. 1995

• United Cherry Salute, c. 1964 Row two from left: • J.L. Morse Globe Salute, c. 1932

• Po Sing Phantom Bomb, c. 1977

• National Globe Salute, c. 1937

• New Jersey Fireworks Cherry Bomb Salute, c. 1962 Row three: • Miller Cherry Bomb, c. 1958

• United Globe Salute, c. 1934

• Victory Globe Salute, c. 1931

• Triumph Colored Marble Flash Salute, c. 1938 Bottom row: • United Cherry Salute, c. 1950

• Victory Globe Flash Salute, c. 1937

• Rozzi Cherry Salute (very faded), c. 1951

• Unexcelled Cherry Salute, c. 1934 ]]

A cherry bomb (also known as a globe salute or kraft salute) is an approximately spherical exploding firework, roughly resembling a cherry in size and shape (with the fuse resembling the cherry's stem). Cherry bombs range in size from 3/4 to 1+1/2 in in diameter.

Composition
A typical cherry bomb contains a core of explosive composition (e.g., flash powder or, less commonly, black powder) which is generally encapsulated inside two nested paper cups, typically of the type used to plug the ends of an M-80, which is in turn most commonly surrounded by a layer (approx. one-quarter inch thick) of sawdust infused with a mild adhesive (usually sodium silicate). An ignition fuse is inserted into a hole drilled into the hardened sawdust sphere, all the way down to reach the explosive composition. The fuse extends outside the sphere approximately one to one and a half inches. Once the fuse is ignited, it takes about three to four and a half seconds to reach the explosive composition and initiate explosion of the firework.

The color of the salute's exterior varies, depending on the manufacturer and the time period during which the salute was produced. Early on, in the late-1920s and 1930s, globe salutes had fuses which were tan, red or striped and multi-colored, and their body color varied, ranging from brown and tan to silver and red, and some were even decorated with multi-colored confetti. However, by the 1940s the most common color of the spherical salutes being marketed was a deep pink to red, with a green fuse, which is when the names cherry salute and cherry bomb entered popular use.

United States
These original spherical salutes were powerful enough to cause a legitimate safety concern. They were banned in the United States in 1966 by the federal Child Safety Act of 1966. Historically, these globe salutes and cherry bombs were made in two halves. One half was filled with powder and the other half was glued in place on top of it, and the whole globe was covered with glue-coated string or sawdust. This left an air-gap which created a louder bang when the case ruptured. Another source says they were originally charged with 5 to 10 times more explosive composition than was used in a standard 1+1⁄2 in paper firecracker. After the enactment of the Child Safety Act of 1966, all "consumer fireworks" (those available to individuals), such as silver tube salutes, cherry bombs and M-80s, were banned, and from then on, no cherry bomb or salute could contain more than 50 milligrams of powder mixture, about 5% of the original amount. The 50 mg cherry bomb law was passed in 1977.

Cherry bombs with the original potency (>50 mg of powder) are considered explosive devices in the United States and possession, manufacture, or sale is illegal for individuals, unless they have a license or permit issued by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

title: Cherry bomb


text: User talk:209.91.50.17

title: User talk:209.91.50.17


text:
Commitment (Lucky Boys Confusion album)

Commitment is the third studio album by the Chicago-area rock band Lucky Boys Confusion, released on October 21, 2003. It is their second and final album released on major label Elektra Records and was produced by Michael "Miguel" Happoldt.

Track listing

 * 1) "Champions Dub" – 1:04
 * 2) "Hey Driver" – 2:36
 * 3) "Broken" – 3:08
 * 4) "Mr. Wilmington" – 3:20
 * 5) "Beware" – 3:06
 * 6) "Commitment" – 2:47
 * 7) "Atari" – 3:10
 * 8) "Sunday Afternoon (ft. Half-Pint)" – 3:52
 * 9) "Closer to Our Graves" – 3:32
 * 10) "Something to Believe" – 3:00
 * 11) "You Weren't There" – 1:30
 * 12) "Blame" – 2:51
 * 13) "South Union" – 0:43
 * 14) "Ordinary" – 2:30
 * 15) "Medicine and Gasoline" – 3:26
 * 16) "Champions" (Bonus Track)

Note: The Japanese version of this album contains the bonus track, "Soldier Song". The track, "Hey Driver", was featured in the Vegas Car Chase scene in Looney Tunes: Back in Action.

Personnel

 * Kaustubh Pandav - vocals (Credited in the liner notes as “Stubhy”)
 * Adam Krier - guitars, backing vocals, piano, organ, keyboards, percussion
 * Joe Sell - guitars
 * Jason Schultejann- electric and upright bass, backing vocals
 * Ryan Fergus - drums, backing vocals

title: Commitment (Lucky Boys Confusion album)


text:
Laffer

Laffer may refer to:
 * Laffer, South Australia, locality
 * Arthur Laffer (born 1940), American economist
 * George Laffer (1866–1933), South Australian politician
 * Jae Laffer, Australian rock singer-songwriter
 * Larry Laffer, a fictional character from the Leisure Suit Larry game series

title: Laffer


text: User talk:141.211.231.51

title: User talk:141.211.231.51