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One Times Square

One Times Square (also known as 1475 Broadway, the New York Times Building, the New York Times Tower, the Allied Chemical Tower or simply as the Times Tower) is a 25-story, 363 ft skyscraper on Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz in the neo-Gothic style, the tower was built in 1903–1904 as the headquarters of The New York Times. It takes up the city block bounded by Seventh Avenue, 42nd Street, Broadway, and 43rd Street. The building's design has been heavily modified throughout the years, and all of its original architectural detail has since been removed. One Times Square's primary design features are the advertising billboards on its facade, added in the 1990s. Due to the large amount of revenue generated by its signage, One Times Square is one of the most valuable advertising locations in the world.

The surrounding Longacre Square neighborhood was renamed "Times Square" during the tower's construction, and The New York Times moved into the tower in January 1905. Quickly outgrowing the tower, eight years later, the paper's offices and printing presses moved to nearby 229 West 43rd Street. One Times Square remained a major focal point of the area due to its annual New Year's Eve "ball drop" festivities and the introduction of a large lighted news ticker near street-level in 1928. The Times sold the building to Douglas Leigh in 1961. Allied Chemical then bought the building in 1963 and renovated it as a showroom. Alex M. Parker took a long-term lease for the entire building in October 1973, buying it two years later. One Times Square was sold multiple times in the 1980s and continued to serve as an office building.

The financial firm Lehman Brothers acquired the building in 1995, adding billboards to take advantage of its prime location within Times Square. Jamestown L.P. has owned the building since 1997. In 2017, as part of One Times Square's redevelopment, plans were announced to construct a new Times Square museum, observation deck, and a new entrance to the Times Square–42nd Street subway station. Jamestown started a $500 million renovation of the building in 2022. The renovation will add an observation deck, a museum space, and a glass exterior, and is scheduled to be completed in 2025.

Site
One Times Square is at the southern end of Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It takes up the city block bounded by Seventh Avenue to the west, 42nd Street to the south, Broadway to the east, and 43rd Street to the north. The land lot is trapezoidal and covers 5,400 ft2. The full-block site has a frontage of 137.84 ft to the west, 58.33 ft to the south, 143 ft to the east, and 20 ft to the north. The shape of the site arises from Broadway's diagonal alignment relative to the Manhattan street grid. The building's address was originally 1475 Broadway, but it was changed to 1 Times Square in 1966. The current address is a vanity address assigned by the government of New York City. The addresses around Times Square are not assigned in any particular order; for example, 2 Times Square is several blocks away from 1 Times Square.

Nearby buildings include 1501 Broadway to the north, 1500 Broadway to the northeast, 4 Times Square to the east, The Knickerbocker Hotel to the southeast, the Times Square Tower to the south, 5 Times Square to the southwest, and 3 Times Square to the west. An entrance to the New York City Subway's Times Square–42nd Street station, served by the, is directly adjacent to the building. There is also an entrance to the 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue station, served by the, less than a block east.

Prior to the construction of what is now One Times Square, the northern end of the site had been part of the estate of Amos R. Eno, which had sold the site in 1901 to the Subway Realty Company. The southern end contained the Pabst Hotel, which had been built on land leased from Charles Thorley. The southeast corner of the building originally contained a plaque containing Thorley's name, as he had required that his name be placed on any building that was constructed on the site. The New York Times Company bought the site in 1927, four years after Thorley died, but the plaques remained until 1963.

Times ownership
Newspaper publisher Adolph Ochs purchased The New York Times in 1896. The paper was then headquartered at 41 Park Row in Lower Manhattan, within the city's Newspaper Row. The Times expanded greatly under Ochs's leadership, prompting him to acquire land for a new headquarters in Longacre Square. In August 1902, Ochs purchased the former Eno ground from the Subway Realty Company and obtained a long-term lease from Charles Thorley on the ground under the Pabst Hotel. At the time, the first line of the New York City Subway was being constructed through the site, spurring commercial growth in the surrounding neighborhood. In deciding to relocate to Longacre Square, the Times cited the fact that the New York City Subway's Times Square station would be directly adjacent to the new building, thus allowing the paper to expand its circulation.

Headquarters
In mid-1902, the Times hired architect Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz to draw up plans for its skyscraper headquarters at Longacre Square. Site clearing began in December 1902 and was completed within two months. Afterward, workers began constructing the building's concrete, brickwork, and ironwork in mid-1903. By the end of the year, the steel frame was being constructed at a rate of three stories per week. Ochs's 11-year-old daughter Iphigene Bertha Ochs laid the building's cornerstone on January 18, 1904, after the steel frame had been completed. Ochs successfully persuaded the New York City Board of Aldermen to rename the surrounding area after the newspaper, and Longacre Square was renamed Times Square in April 1904. Workers were installing interior finishes by the next month. Construction was temporarily halted that August when seventeen workers' unions went on strike. According to the Times, the building's completion was delayed by 299 days due to various strikes during the project, as well as inclement weather.

Prior to the building's completion, in November 1904, the Times used searchlights on the facade to display the results of the 1904 United States presidential election. The Times indicated which candidate won by flashing searchlights on different sides of the building. The New York Times officially moved into the building on January 1, 1905. To help promote the new headquarters, the Times held a New Year's Eve event on December 31, 1904, welcoming the year 1905 with a fireworks display set off from the roof of the building at midnight. The event was a success, attracting 200,000 spectators, and was repeated annually through 1907. Hegeman & Company leased most of the ground level in mid-1905, opening a drug store within that space. The same year, the paper started operating a stereopticon machine on the north side of the building, displaying news bulletins. In addition, the Times experimented with transmitting music and telephone messages to the top of its tower in 1907.

In 1908, Ochs replaced the fireworks display with the lowering of a lit ball down the building's flagpole at midnight, patterned off the use of time balls to indicate a certain time of day. By then, the New York City government had banned the fireworks displays, which were detonated directly over the crowd and, thus, posed a danger. The "ball drop" was directly inspired by a time ball atop the Western Union Telegraph Building in lower Manhattan. By then, Times Square had become a popular venue for New Year's celebrations. The ball drop is still held atop One Times Square, attracting an average of one million spectators yearly. The Times Tower was also used for telegraph experiments, and its searchlights continued to display election results, including those for the 1908 United States presidential election. The building's roof attracted visitors such as French author Pierre Loti, who called the Times Tower "one of the boldest" of New York City's skyscrapers, and Jamalul Kiram II, the Sultan of Sulu.

Times relocation and office use
There was so little space on the Times Tower site that its mechanical basements had to descend as much as 65 ft. By the early 1910s, the Times Square area had become densely developed with restaurants, theaters, hotels, and office buildings. Despite the dearth of space, a Times booklet said: "It did not occur to anyone to suggest that the [Times] should desert Times Square." On February 2, 1913, eight years after it moved to One Times Square, the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street, where it remained until 2007. Most of the Times operations quickly moved to the annex, except for the publishing and subscription divisions. The Times retained ownership of the Times Tower and leased out the former space there. The building continued to be popularly known as the Times Tower for half a century.

The original Times Square Ball above the Times Tower was replaced following the 1919–1920 New Year's celebrations. A neon beacon was installed atop the Times Tower's roof in September 1928. An electromechanical Motograph News Bulletin news ticker, colloquially known as the "zipper", started operating near the base of the building on November 6, 1928, after eight weeks of installation. The zipper originally consisted of 14,800 light bulbs, with the display controlled by a chain conveyor system inside the building; individual letter elements (a form of movable type) were loaded into frames to spell out news headlines. As the frames moved along the conveyor, the letters themselves triggered electrical contacts which lit the external bulbs (the zipper was later upgraded to use modern LED technology). The first headline displayed on the zipper announced Herbert Hoover's victory in that day's presidential election. The zipper was used to display other major news headlines of the era, and its content later expanded to include sports and weather updates as well.

During the 1940s, the building's basement contained a shooting range occupied by the Forty-third Street Rifle Club. Due to restrictions imposed during World War II, the Times Tower's zipper was powered down in May 1942, marking the first time since its installation that the zipper had shut down. The tower's lights were darkened for the same reason. Consequently, the 1942 New York state election was the first since 1904 for which the tower's lights did not broadcast any election results. The Times reactivated the building's zipper in October 1943, but, less than two weeks later, the sign was again deactivated to reduce electricity usage. The sign operated intermittently until the end of World War II, when it again ran continuously. On the evening of August 14, 1945, the building's zipper announced Japan's surrender in World War II to a packed crowd in Times Square.

Ahead of the 1952 United States presidential election, the Times temporarily installed a 85 ft electronic sign on the 4th through 11th stories of the northern facade, displaying each candidate's electoral vote count. The sign was reinstalled on the Times Tower during the 1956 United States presidential election. The tower's ball was also replaced after the 1954–1955 celebrations. The New York Community Trust installed a plaque outside the building in 1957, designating it as a point of interest and an unofficial "landmark".

Leigh and Allied Chemical ownership
The Times sold the building to advertising executive and sign designer Douglas Leigh in 1961. According to The Wall Street Journal, Leigh had attempted to purchase the Times Tower for 25 years before he succeeded. At the time, there were 110 tenants in the building; the Times only operated the zipper as well as a classified advertising office at ground level. Leigh had planned to construct an exhibition hall within the building. One of the Times Tower's subbasement levels caught fire in November 1961, killing three people and injuring 24 others; investigators later determined that the fire had been caused by "careless smoking". The building's zipper was deactivated in December 1962 due to the 1962–1963 New York City newspaper strike, and it did not operate for more than two years.

Leigh sold the building in April 1963 to Allied Chemical, which planned to renovate the building and use it as a sales headquarters and showroom. The first three stories would be re-clad in glass and serve as a showroom for nylon products, and the interior would be completely overhauled. Benjamin Bailyn of architectural firm Smith Haines Lundberg Waehler designed the renovation. Due to recent changes to New York City zoning laws, it was more economically efficient to renovate the Times Tower than to demolish it, as a new building on the site could not be as tall. Work began in October 1963, and the Times Tower's original cornerstone was unsealed in a ceremony in March 1964. Allied Chemical stripped the building to its steel frame, replacing the intricate granite and terracotta facade with marble panels as part of a $10 million renovation. The first panel of the new facade crashed to the ground while it was being installed in August 1964. The modifications occurred one year before the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission gained the power to protect buildings as official landmarks, leading architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable to express opposition to the renovation. Huxtable praised the building as "radical and conservative at the same time", saying that it was full of "vintage structural details".

Allied Chemical reactivated the news zipper on the building's facade in March 1965 as part of a joint venture with Life magazine. Allied Chemical turned on four 39 ft electric signs atop the tower in July 1965. The Times Tower was officially rededicated that December as the Allied Chemical Tower. Shortly after the renovation was completed, Allied Chemical's nylon division had outgrown the space, and the building's elevator service was also reportedly unreliable. The Stouffer Foods Corporation also agreed to operate an English-themed restaurant on the 15th and 16th floors. The restaurant, known as Act I, opened in 1966. The United States Postal Service officially changed the building's address from 1475 Broadway to 1 Times Square in September 1966.

Allied Chemical announced in late 1972 that it had placed 1 Times Square for sale. By that time, the company no longer needed the surplus space in its namesake tower. Allied Chemical had relocated other workers to Morris Township, New Jersey, during early 1972, and it planned to move its nylon division into smaller space at the nearby 1411 Broadway. The firm wanted to sell the building outright at a minimum price of $7 million. It is unknown whether anyone submitted a bid to purchase the building, but Allied Chemical ultimately failed to sell it.

Parker renovations
Alex M. Parker took a long-term lease for the entire building in October 1973, with an option to purchase the structure. Parker then renamed the building Expo America. He planned to convert 17 of the building's stories into an exhibition hall while also continuing to operate the Act I restaurant. Shortly after buying the building, Parker said: "It is my hope that the activity and excitement generated by Expo America will flow outward through the surrounding area, encouraging others to join in the effort to once again make Times Square a great area." In early 1974, Parker announced that the building's zipper would display only advertising and good news because "I've had it with bad news". According to Parker, it cost him $100,000 a year to operate the zipper. Reuters provided the headlines for the zipper.

Parker exercised his option to buy the building in 1975 at a cost of $6.25 million. He then hired the architectural firm of Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects to redesign the tower with a glass facade and sloping roof. Under Parker's plan, four stories would be added to the tower, and the facade would be replaced with panels of one-way glass. Parker also planned to host a competition to select a new name for the building. This plan was never carried out. Instead, Parker and mayor Abraham Beame officially reopened One Times Square as an exhibition center on March 2, 1976. Spectacolor Inc. installed a new zipper on the building's facade later that year. The zipper only operated for a short time before being deactivated entirely in 1977.

Early plans
The City at 42nd Street Inc. proposed demolishing One Times Square in 1979 as part of a plan to redevelop a section of West 42nd Street near Times Square. Parker, who had not been consulted about the proposal, expressed his opposition by calling it "obscene". Another plan for the site, announced in 1981, called for renovating One Times Square into a "potential civic sculpture" with a brightly lit facade. In a plan presented to the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC) in June 1981, architectural firm Cooper Eckstut proposed doubling the height of One Times Square's northern section. Parker had sold the building to the Swiss investment group Kemekod in February 1981. Kemekod sold the tower to TSNY Realty Corporation, an investment group led by Lawrence I. Linksman, in 1982 for $12 million. Linksman promised further renovations to the building, including the possibility of using its north face for signage displays.

As part of the 42nd Street Redevelopment Project, in 1983, architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee had planned to raze One Times Square and construct four new towers immediately surrounding the site. Park Tower Realty, which had been designated as the developer of these towers, offered to buy the building in November 1983. Park Tower planned to demolish the building and transfer the Times Square Ball to the tallest of the four new buildings. A month afterward, TSNY sued Park Tower to prevent the demolition. Allan J. Riley acquired the building in 1984 for $16.5 million, at which point the building was almost fully leased. Also in 1984, the Municipal Art Society held an architectural design competition for the site, attracting over 1,380 entrants from 15 nations. That December, the building's owner objected to the ESDC's plans to condemn the site. The city and state governments of New York created a six-member committee in 1985 to discuss the future of One Times Square.

Israel and Calmenson ownership
Steven M. Israel and Gary Calmenson paid $18.1 million for the building in December 1985 and leased the building's ticker to local newspaper Newsday the next month. The ticker displayed headlines, advertising, and weather from 6 a.m. to midnight each day. Israel started converting 12,000 ft2 on the lower stories into the Crossroads Fashion Center, a retail complex designed by Fernando Williams Associates. By then, Park Tower had begun promoting a plan to replace One Times Square with a seven-story building containing an "open staircase running up its middle and a waterfall running over rough stones at its base". City and state officials debated whether to acquire One Times Square through condemnation for several years, but they canceled these plans in 1988 after failing to reach an agreement.

By 1988, Israel had renovated the first two stories for $1 million. In addition, he converted the 11th floor into an amenity area for the building's tenants; the space contained production rooms, a reception area, and a screening room. At the time, the building was known as One Times Square Plaza. Israel and Calmenson refinanced the building in 1989 with a $30 million loan from French bank Banque Arabe Internationale d'Investissement (BAII), and Cofat & Partners bought an equity stake in the building. By then, the zipper was profitable, leading Israel to say: "We have blank exterior walls that are screaming out to be used." The building's owners negotiated to lease additional advertising space on the building to Newsday, but the deal was canceled. Sony agreed to start operating a Jumbotron on the exterior of the tower in 1990; the Jumbotron was upgraded in March 1994.

BAII moved to foreclose on the property in 1991, prompting Israel and Calmenson to file for bankruptcy protection in March 1992. At the time, the building had 41 tenants but was half vacant. Israel wanted to avoid a foreclosure, as he would be liable for $2 million in taxes if the building were foreclosed upon. Rebecca Rawson was named as the receiver for the bankrupt property. Israel proposed reducing the building's first mortgage in 1993 to avoid foreclosure, but BAII opposed the plan. Newsday stopped operating the building's ticker on December 31, 1994, and declined to renew its lease, believing that it "[didn't] get very much out of that sign" financially. Publishing company Pearson PLC agreed to operate the zipper three days before Newsday lease expired, using the zipper for news, announcements, and advertisements of its own products.

Lehman Brothers ownership
Banque National de Paris (BNP) bought the building at a foreclosure auction in January 1995 for $25.2 million. The financial services firm Lehman Brothers acquired the building shortly afterward for $27.5 million. According to the Times, Lehman Brothers had been "ridiculed" for buying the building at that price. Madame Tussauds, a subsidiary of Pearson PLC, had sought to lease space for a museum in One Times Square but could not reach an agreement with the new owner. Lehman Brothers felt that it would be economically inefficient to use the tower as an office building because it was so small, so the firm decided to market the tower as a location for advertising. The entire exterior of One Times Square above the ticker was modified to add a grid frame for mounting billboard signs. Dow Jones & Company started operating the zipper in June 1995, and Dow Jones replaced the zipper in mid-1997, donating part of the old zipper to the Museum of the City of New York.

Sony's Jumbotron operated until 1996. Alongside its use for advertising and news, it was also frequently used by the producers of the late-night talk show Late Show with David Letterman, who could display a live feed from its studio on the screen as well. As a cost-saving measure, Sony declined to renew its lease of the space, leading to the subsequent removal of the Jumbotron in June 1996. Due to its frequent use by Late Show, its producer Rob Burnett jokingly considered the removal of the Jumbotron to be "a sad, sad day for New York." The last office tenants moved out of the building in 1996, and the first electronic billboards were installed the same year. In October 1996, Warner Bros. agreed to lease the building and operate a retail store at the base. The complex would include a four-story restaurant on the roof. Warner Bros. hired Frank O. Gehry to design the store, and Gehry released his plans in early 1997. The proposal called for gutting the lowest eight stories and replacing the facade with a translucent wire mesh.

Late 1990s and 2000s
Lehman Brothers sold One Times Square in June 1997 to Jamestown L.P. for about $110 million, four times more than what Lehman Brothers had paid for the building just two years earlier. Sherwood Equities owned a minority stake in the building and was the leasing agent for the retail space. The Warner Bros. store then opened in April 1998, occupying 15000 ft2 on three stories. The store was known as "1 Toon Square", a reference to its address. In advance of the 1999–2000 New Year's celebrations, the ball atop One Times Square's roof was replaced once again. After a portion of the building's exterior signs collapsed in March 1999, the New York City Department of Buildings ordered that four of the building's billboards be removed.

Time Warner announced in mid-2001 that it would close the Warner Bros. store that October due to a decline in business. Time Warner continued to pay rent for the vacant retail space. In 2002, plans were announced for a 7-Eleven convenience store, the Times Square Brewery, and Two Boots Pizza in One Times Square. However, the planned 7-Eleven store was ultimately canceled. Jamestown then repaired 450 panels on the building's facade in the mid-2000s. During this project, one of the facade's panels fell to the ground in 2004, injuring two pedestrians.

Due to the building's small size, it only housed a single office tenant during the 2000s and 2010s: the production company in charge of the Times Square Ball drop. In early 2006, the lower floors were occupied by a pop-up store operated by J. C. Penney and known as The J C. Penney Experience. The pharmacy chain Walgreens leased the entire building in 2007, paying $4 million yearly. The chain had previously operated a store in the building for four decades until 1970. Walgreens opened a new flagship store in the space in November 2008. As part of the store's opening, Gilmore Group designed a digital sign for the facade, constructed by D3 LED. The 17000 sqft sign ran diagonally up the western and eastern elevations of the building and contained 12 million LEDs, surpassing the nearby Nasdaq MarketSite sign as the largest LED sign in Times Square. The sign operated 20 hours a day and advertised Walgreens's products.

2010s to present
In September 2017, Jamestown unveiled plans to use much of its vacant space. Under the proposal, a museum dedicated to the history of Times Square would be built on the 15th through 17th floors, and the 18th floor would contain a new observatory. At the time, the building's billboards had started to become dated because of the increasing popularity of interactive programming. The ground level would also be renovated to provide an expanded entrance to the New York City Subway's Times Square–42nd Street station, directly underneath the building. Work on the subway entrance was originally supposed to be completed in 2018, but the MTA did not start construction on the 42nd Street Shuttle reconstruction project until August 2019. As part of the redevelopment of One Times Square, a new 20 ft staircase entrance with a glass canopy, as well as a new elevator entrance, would be built. The new $40 million station entrance, including the elevator, formally opened in May 2022.

Jamestown announced in January 2019 that it planned to renovate the building and lease the upper floors, which at the time were completely blocked by billboards. Jamestown also planned to either terminate Walgreens's lease or reduce the size of the pharmacy. The Real Deal magazine estimated that Jamestown was earning $23 million per year from the building's billboards. Later that year, the Zipper was removed due to the installation of a new display spanning the entire height of the tower. The Walgreens store at the building's base had closed permanently by 2022. Jamestown started renovating 1 Times Square in May 2022 at a cost of $500 million. To finance the project, Jamestown received a $425 million mortgage from JPMorgan Chase, a building loan of $88.7 million, and a project loan of $39.8 million. S9 Architecture designed the renovation, while AECOM and Tishman Construction were the general contractors. The advertising boards on the northern facade remained in place, but the advertisements on the other three facades were removed. The 1960s marble facade would be removed and replaced with a glass curtain wall. The structure would contain only one story of office space after it reopened; the museum would occupy six stories. Technology companies would be able to lease 12 stories for interactive attractions. The building's observation deck would be open year-round, and the Times Square Ball would drop several times a day throughout the year. Jamestown would also install a new elevator to the building's observation deck. The building would continue to display ads on its northern facade, and it would host New Year's Eve celebrations during the renovation.

The Durst Organization, which owned the neighboring 4 Times Square, sued the city's DOB in July 2022, claiming that the scaffolding around One Times Square would attract crime while worsening congestion on the sidewalk. The renovated tower topped out on December 7, 2023.

Architecture
Eidlitz & McKenzie had originally designed One Times Square in the neo-Gothic style. This style was reportedly used because the irregular shape of the site prevented the architects from designing a neoclassical or neo-Renaissance building. The Times had described the edifice as being 476 ft tall, measured from the deepest basement level to the pinnacle of the tower's flagpole. The actual height from street level to roofline was 362 ft, making it the city's second tallest office building when it opened, after the Park Row Building. Without its tower, the Times Building only measured 228 ft tall. David W. Dunlap of the Times wrote that, when the building was completed, it was in his employer's "self-interest to assert that building heights ought to be measured from the lowest level."

Facade
When the Times Tower opened, it contained an elaborately decorated facade of limestone and terracotta. The facade's articulation consisted of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. The facade contained several slightly projecting sections, which indicated the locations of steel columns in the building's superstructure. The southern portion of the building extended about 60 ft back from 42nd Street and was taller than the northern portion. This increased the amount of rentable space, since the southern part of the site was wider. The plate glass used in the building weighed 28 ST.

The first three stories were elaborately decorated and were clad entirely in cream-colored Indiana limestone, a material chosen for its durability. There were elaborately carved doorways on both Broadway and Seventh Avenue, as well as a horizontal band course of limestone above the third story. Some of the decoration on the lower levels was made of iron, including the ground-floor windows. The windows at the base were smaller than they normally would have been, thereby giving the impression of massiveness. The 4th through 12th stories, comprising the shaft, contained little decoration. These stories were clad in cream-colored brick, which was glazed to resemble the terracotta on the rest of the facade. The upper stories contained extremely ornate terracotta details such as brackets and cornices. There were ornamental ironwork window frames above the 12th story.

Above the 16th story, the roof of the northern section was made of wire glass. The trapezoidal "tower" above the southern half of the building was designed to resemble a square campanile. Each elevation of this tower contained one arched window flanked by smaller, single windows. Critics compared the tower's detail to that of Giotto's Campanile in Florence. Arthur G. Bein of American Architect magazine said: "The architect has been free to reproduce almost exactly Giotto's great machicolated cornice with perforated parapet above." Each corner of the tower contained projecting piers, designed in a manner that resembled turrets. Originally, Eidlitz had planned to build a dome atop the southern part of the building, but he scrapped these plans because of the difficulty in placing a circular dome above an irregular trapezoidal massing.

In 1965, the building's original facade was replaced with 420 concrete and marble panels. Each panel was made of a 5 in layer of precast concrete covered with a 7/8 in layer of white Vermont marble. Twenty of these panels measured 9 by and the other 400 panels measured 9 by. The rear of each panel was anchored to the building's superstructure. Progressive Architecture magazine criticized the renovation as "a face-lifting job of thorough-going blandness". All four elevations of the facade were covered with billboards in the 1990s. From 2022 to 2024, the concrete-and-marble facade of the western, southern, and eastern elevations was removed and replaced with glass panels. In addition, a cantilevered observation deck was installed outside the building.

Substructure
The foundation of the building extended 60 ft deep and was excavated to the underlying layer of bedrock. It is surrounded by waterproof retaining walls, which are backfilled with a mixture of loose stone and cement. The foundation itself consists of cast-steel footings, above which rise the building's steel columns. The footings each measure 5 by across, and their centers are spaced 17 ft apart. Each steel footing is placed atop a heavy granite block measuring 8 by across and 2 ft thick, which in turn rests directly on the underlying bedrock. Structural loads from the upper stories are carried down into the footings and then spread across the layer of bedrock, which carries a load of 20 ST/ft2. The retaining walls of the foundation are made of red brick. On the eastern part of the site (where the underlying rock sloped upward), workers built a retaining wall with embedded I-beams, providing additional wind bracing.

The building contains three basement levels, the lowest of which is 55 ft deep. The Times Square subway station encroaches on a portion of the first and second basement levels. The subway station itself is placed 22 ft below ground and has a ceiling 10 ft high. The pillars of the subway tunnel were covered in brick and were placed atop sound-dampening sand cushions, minimizing vibrations caused by passing subway trains. Part of the superstructure is cantilevered above the subway tunnel, since the city's Rapid Transit Commission forbade any obstructions in subway tunnel's right-of-way. The northern wall rests on a 30 ST plate girder above the subway tunnel; at the time of construction, it was the heaviest girder in the world to be installed in an office building. This girder measures 60 ft long and consists of a group of three I-beams, which collectively measure 3 ft wide and 5 ft high. Seven piers in the basement, each measuring 43 ft high, carry the entire structural load of the upper levels; they are encased in Portland cement.

Superstructure
The superstructure contains two-story-tall sections of steel columns. At each story, the columns are connected horizontally by a grid of steel girders. On average, each girder measures 25 ft long, and there are about 150 pieces of steel used on each story. The seven main structural columns are embedded within the walls on each story. Structural engineers Purdy and Henderson designed three systems of wind bracing for the building. The first system consists of the girders on each story, which are welded to the building's columns via gusset plates. The building also contains X-shaped diagonal bracing, placed within the partitions next to each of the elevator shafts. Between the individual elevator shafts is a system of knee bracing; it consists of diagonal steel bars shaped like a rotated "K", which extend downward from the centers of the horizontal girders. The structural steel frame carried a dead load of 46 psf.

Originally, the spaces between the girders were spanned by flat arches made of hollow bricks, which were then covered with a layer of cement. Fireproof timber sleepers were then installed atop these flat arches, and a layer of fireproof wood was installed above these sleepers. The finished wooden floor was then installed above the layer of fireproof wood. The partition walls were constructed of square bricks, which were then finished in plaster. The building's elevator shafts were surrounded by walls made of fire-clay, which were then covered with a layer of tiled brick. The superstructure used 82.923 e6lb of iron, brick, mortar, terracotta, limestone, masonry, and other materials.

Interior
Initially, the entrance on Broadway led to an elevator lobby with decorative pilasters, while the entrance on Seventh Avenue led to an ornamental staircase. The lobby contained a ceiling measuring 15.5 ft high. The lowest part of the wall contained a marble wainscoting that measured 8 ft high, while the upper portion of the wall was painted white. The top of the main hall contained a paneled cornice decorated with a shell motif. The floor was made of white mosaic. There were seven oak-framed revolving doors in the building: two at the Broadway entrance to the lobby, one at the 42nd Street entrance, and four leading to the subway station in the basement.

On the first basement level was a pedestrian arcade with several small stores, which ran from street level to the Times Square station's southbound platform. The arcade was closed in 1967 due to high crime, but an archway leading from the station to One Times Square's basement remained visible until the 2000s. The rest of the first basement contained storefronts and the Times's mailing department, while the second basement contained the mailing and repair departments. The third basement is larger than the other basement levels, extending underneath the sidewalk to the curb line on all sides. It covers an area of 17000 ft2, three times as large as each of the office stories above. The third basement level contained the pressroom, which was connected via a freight elevator to the second basement. The southern section of the pressroom originally contained four printing presses. The pressroom was illuminated by areaways on 42nd Street and Seventh Avenue, which measured 30 ft deep and contained glazed-brick cladding. These areaways, as well as the southbound platform of the Times Square station, were covered by glass skylights.

The first twelve stories above ground were rented out to other tenants, except for the New York Times publication office at ground level. The 13th through 21st stories contained various departments for The New York Times. Each office was decorated with ornamental cornices and red-oak doors. Offices occupied the northernmost 60 ft of the building, which was extremely narrow. In the southern half of the building, a hallway ran down the middle of each story, separating offices to the west and east. These hallways were decorated with white mosaic tile floors and marble wainscoting on the walls. The 16th story, used as a composing room, was the highest story in the northern section of the building. The top six stories, which contained the Times's editorial offices, had windows on all four sides. All offices were located within 23 ft of a window, and the building was narrow enough that there were no light shafts to provide natural light to interior offices. When the building was completed, each office was illuminated by natural light for at least five hours every day.

The former electrical room in the tower's basement serves as a "vault" for the storage of items relating to New Year's Eve celebrations at Times Square, including the ball itself (prior to 2009, when it was replaced with a weatherproofed version that is displayed atop the tower year-round), spare parts, numeral signage and other memorabilia. A room near the top of the tower likewise contains the ball's electronics, including its lighting controller and winch.

Mechanical features
Stairs and elevators were placed on the western side of the building, and there were restrooms on each story next to the stairs and elevators. When the building was constructed, it had seven elevators and over a hundred other motorized appliances, including printing presses, pumps, and fans. Of these, five elevators were for passengers and two were for freight. Two of the building's elevators (one passenger and one freight) ran from the basement to the top story, while the other elevators only ran to the 16th story. Although all the passenger elevators could travel at 500 ft/min, one of these elevators could also be used to transport heavy equipment and could be slowed down to 25 ft/min, thereby doubling its carrying capacity. The elevator cabs were originally copper cages with mirrors on each wall.

The building contained two boilers, which were each capable of 200 hp. Steam risers distributed heat from the boilers to 542 radiators. Water from the New York City water supply system was drawn into the basement and filtered at a rate of 250 gal per minute. The filtered water was then pumped up to the 23rd floor and distributed to other stories. In case of a fire, there was a 10000 gal water tank in the basement and two 3000 gal tanks on the 23rd floor. Three sewage pumps, with a combined capacity of 600 gal, were used to pump wastewater out of the building. In addition, there was a gas pipe extending from the cellar to the 16th floor.

Outdoor air was drawn into an air-intake opening at street level and through air filters in the basement; the filtered air was then distributed to the offices. On the Seventh Avenue side of the building was a 389 ft ventilation pipe, which faced the building's outer wall and was surrounded by the stairs, elevators, and restrooms on each floor. During the summer, a large electric fan pushed stale air upward through the ventilation pipe. The building also contained 2,400 electrical outlets and over 6,200 lamps. The offices were illuminated by 150 ornate chandeliers on the 2nd through 14th floors. There originally were 74 mi of electrical wires and 21 mi of electrical conduits in the building.

Billboards
One Times Square's first electronic billboards were installed in 1996. Filings related to the building's 1997 sale revealed that the billboards on the tower had been generating a net revenue of $7 million yearly, representing a 300% profit. Sherwood Equities president Brian Turner estimated in 2005 that over 200 million people saw the Times Square Ball drop at the building every year. With growing tourism and high traffic in the Times Square area (with a yearly average of over 100 million pedestriansalongside its prominence in media coverage of New Year's festivities, seen by a wide audience yearly), annual revenue from the signs grew to over $23 million by the year 2012rivaling London's Piccadilly Circus as the most valuable public advertising space in the world.

Front billboard and displays
A Cup Noodles billboard was added to the front facade of the tower in early 1996, later accompanied by an animated Budweiser sign. The Cup Noodles billboard, operated by Nissin Foods, emitted steam (an effect that had also been used by other Times Square billboards, such as the Camel Cigarettes sign). The Cup Noodles billboard was replaced in 2006 by a General Motors billboard featuring a Chevrolet branded clock. Due to cutbacks resulting from GM's bankruptcy and re-organization, the Chevrolet Clock was removed in 2009 and eventually replaced by a Kia Motors advertisement billboard. This billboard was itself replaced in 2010 by a Dunkin' Donuts display.

At the base of the tower, a Panasonic display operated by NBC known as Astrovision was introduced as a replacement for Sony's Jumbotron in December 1996. News Corporation (later renamed 21st Century Fox) replaced NBC as the operator and sponsor of the Astrovision screen in 2006. Sony returned to One Times Square in 2010, replacing the News Corp. Panasonic screen with a new high-definition LED display.

In 2019, the individual billboard screens on the front of the tower were replaced by one 350 ft Samsung LED display, with a resolution of 1312×7380 pixels. The installation of the display necessitated the removal of the Zipper. The display measures about 25 stories high and consists of four connected screens. When the building's 2020s renovation is complete, the structure is planned to have additional electronic displays.

Topmost screen

A 55 ft video screen sponsored by ITT Corporation was introduced to the top of the tower, which would feature video advertisements and community service announcements. In 1998, Discover Card replaced ITT Corporation as the operator and sponsor of the topmost screen on One Times Square as part of a ten-year deal. The deal came alongside the announcement that Discover Card would be an official sponsor of Times Square's 1999–2000 festivities.

In December 2007, Toshiba took over sponsorship of the top-most screen of One Times Square from Discover Card in a 10-year lease. During its sponsorship, the display featured advertising for Toshiba products, as well as advertising promoting Japanese tourism. Upgrades to the upper portion of One Times Square commenced in 2008, including the installation of new Toshiba high-definition LED displays (known as ToshibaVision), and the redesign of its roof to accommodate a larger New Year's Eve ball, which became a year-round fixture of the building beginning in 2009. Toshiba announced that it would end its One Times Square sponsorship in early 2018, citing ongoing cost-cutting measures.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: One Times Square


text:
Evan C. Kim

Evan C. Kim (born February 17, 1953) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Harry Callahan's partner Inspector Al Quan in the fifth and most recent Dirty Harry film, The Dead Pool (1988).

Early and personal life
Kim was born in New Jersey to immigrant parents from Korea. He developed passions for martial arts (tae kwon do) and writing when he was young; Kim has reflected on this. one of your typical small, slow-to-grow kids. I was getting beat up, fairly often, and also ignored in school, so I found I needed to channel my feelings of revenge and hurt into something constructive.... Tae kwon do worked for becoming physically respected, and writing proved the means for periodically emptying the vessel.

Career and roles
He also played Loo in the comedy The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977) (in the segment "A Fistful of Yen"), the interpreter Cowboy in the Vietnam War film Go Tell the Spartans (1978), the erudite caveman Nook in the cult comedy Caveman (1981), Suki in the B movie Megaforce (1982), and Tony in the miniseries V (1983). His other film roles include the film Hollywood Vice Squad (1986), the film Thousand Pieces of Gold (1991), and the film Loving Lulu a year later.

Kim was a series regular in the short-lived Khan! (1975), as the college-educated son of the titular character (played by Khigh Dhiegh), helping his father solve crimes alongside his sister (played by Irene Yah-Ling Sun). His television guest appearances include Kung Fu, CHiPs, Police Story, The Secrets of Isis, C.P.O. Sharkey, Fantasy Island, Serpico, Knight Rider, Sword of Justice, Matt Houston, Knots Landing, Max Headroom, Matlock and Alien Nation. Kim also directed an episode of Alien Nation.

title: Evan C. Kim


text:
America West Holdings

America West Holdings Corporation was an Arizona-based company whose primary holding was America West Airlines. On May 19, 2005, America West Holdings Corporation announced it would acquire the Arlington, Virginia-based US Airways Group.

The merged company adopted the well-known US Airways Group name and was based in America West's former corporate offices in Tempe. US Airways Group corporate offices in Arlington were closed, and most US Airways management were laid off. America West CEO Doug Parker became CEO of the merged company. The merger was completed on September 27, 2005. A merger of the two airlines' FAA operating certificates occurred on September 25, 2007 (the US Airways certificate survived), ending the 24-year history of the America West Airlines name.

History
The company was founded September 4, 1981, by a group of investors led by Edward R. Beauvais. The first flight for America West Airlines took place on August 1, 1983, using a leased Boeing 737. Beauvais ran the company until he resigned in 1992.

In December, 2004, America West Holdings Corporation announced interest in buying part of ATA Airlines, but did not submit a bid.

Merger with US Airways Group
On April 22, 2005, it was reported that America West Holdings Corporation was in talks with US Airways Group, which owned US Airways, regarding a possible merger with the latter. As reported in the press, US Airways would create a new holding company. Shares in that company would be given to America West Holdings shareholders as well as creditors of US Airways.

On May 19, 2005, America West Holdings Corporation and US Airways Group announced plans to merge their operations. Doug Parker, America West's chief executive, said the merger would create "the nation's first full-service airline with the customer-friendly pricing structure of a low-fare carrier." The proposed combined airline hoped to achieve profitability by cutting $600 million a year in costs. New equity investors, including Air Wisconsin Airways Corporation and ACE Aviation Holdings, the parent company of Air Canada, pledged to invest a total of $350 million in the new company. Airbus was also one of the investors. The combined airline would have primary hubs in Phoenix, Philadelphia and Charlotte; secondary hubs in Las Vegas and Pittsburgh; and focus cities in Boston, New York, Washington and Fort Lauderdale.

Later investments increased the total new equity raised to $565 million. Of that, ACE Aviation contributed $75 million for a 7% ownership stake. ACE Aviation also received a five-year, C$1.5 billion (US$1.19 billion) contract to maintain all of the merged company's mainline jets. ACE Aviation would also provide other services for the new company, including ground handling, training, and operation of regional jets. Such cooperation was expected to bring more traffic to Air Canada from the merged carriers, and lead to a code-sharing alliance in the future.

On September 13, 2005, America West's shareholders approved the merger with 95.5 percent in favor.

On September 16, 2005, the US Bankruptcy Court approved USAirways Chapter 11 Plan of Reorganization, clearing the way for the merger to be closed as soon as September 27, 2005. The merger was completed on September 27, 2005.

In the weeks leading up to the merger announcement, Phoenix-area media reported that local passengers worried about cuts in service to the city's Sky Harbor International Airport, where America West has its largest hub; such things have happened before when US Airways (or a predecessor company) merged with a regional airline. But while the new company would operate under the US Airways name, management would be led by America West Airlines managers and would be located at America West's Phoenix headquarters.

Under terms of the merger agreement, the America West board of Directors created two new entities. 1. A new US Airways Group was created to receive the bankrupt US Airways assets and form the new corporation. 2. America West Holdings was merged into Barbell Acquisition Corporation, a subsidiary of the new US Airways Group, on September 27, 2005. Through this transaction, America West Holdings became a wholly owned subsidiary of the new US Airways Group. The America West Holdings stockholders were required to authorize these changes. Upon completion the new US Airways Group would be owned by 37% of America West Holdings stockholders, 11% from the old US Airways Group debtholders, and 52% for new equity investors. Both of the merged airlines retained their names and continued operating until September 25, 2007, when America West's FAA certificate was merged into US Airways. On November 4, 2007, all America West flights listed in the Official Airline Guide and airline computer reservation systems were converted to operating under the US code at which time the former HP code was retired.

Divisions

 * America West Airlines
 * America West Express
 * America West Vacations provided vacation packages that include airfare, accommodations and optional rental cars at selected destinations. These were only offered for destinations that America West flew to or offered as a code share destination.

title: America West Holdings


text:
Kanayi

Kanayi is a village in Kannur district, Kerala, in South India. It is at a distance of 12 km from Payyannur. Vannathi Puzha and Meenkuzhi Dam are very important for its agriculture and fishing. It is the birthplace of the noted sculptor Kanayi Kunhiraman.

Geography
Kanayi is located on the northern bank of Perumba River. Its average elevation is at 13 metres above the sea level.

Climate
Kanayi has a Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am) under the Köppen Climate Classification. Its monsoon season starts in late April and ends in Early November. It receives the least amount of rainfall in February, with an average precipitation of 4 mm; and the most rainfall in June, with an average precipitation of 615 mm.

Plants of Kanayi

 * Rijuraj M P et al (2017) reported a new endemic plant Rotala kanayensis from the marshy substratum of a drying depression on the lateritic rock surface.

title: Kanayi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leadervalues

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 02:52, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Leadervalues
Delete. Not encyclopediac, IMHO, and appears to be shilling for some web page. --Wtshymanski 05:26, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 03:09, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: link spam. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:09, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. jni 13:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. And I say that as the person mentioned in the article - not my post mickyates 17:31, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, while I draft a proposal for making this crap speedy. Chris talk back 16:56, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Jilin Northeast Tigers

The Jilin Northeast Tigers (吉林东北虎) or Jilin Tonggang, Jilin Tonggang Northeast Tigers (吉林通钢东北虎) or Jiutai Rural Commercial Bank are a professional basketball team based in Changchun, Jilin, China, which plays in the North Division of the Chinese Basketball Association. The Tonggang Group is the club's corporate sponsor while its mascot is a Siberian tiger.

History
The team was founded in 1956 but became a professional club in 1998. It was known as Jilin Henghe (吉林恒和) in the 2000–01 CBA season, Jilin Jiliang (吉林吉粮) in the 2001–02 CBA season, and Jilin Yiqi (吉林一汽) in the 2002–03 CBA season. The multiple name changes reflect the annual turnover in corporate sponsorship that characterized this era.

During the 2004–05 CBA season, the Jilin Northeast Tigers finished in fourth place in the CBA's North Division, but lost in the Quarter-Finals of the CBA Playoffs to the defending champions, the South Division's Guangdong Southern Tigers.

In the 2005–06 CBA season, they posted the same finish, and ultimately suffered exactly the same fate. This was the third year in a row, in fact, that the Northeast Tigers were eliminated from the CBA Playoffs by the Southern Tigers.

Notable players
Current
 * 🇨🇳 Cui Jinmin (2013–)
 * 🇺🇸 Dominique Jones (2018–)

Former

 * 🇨🇳 Sun Jun (1994–2005)
 * 🇨🇳 Xue Yuyang (2001–2003)
 * 🇺🇸 David Vanterpool (1997–1999)
 * 🇺🇸 Marcus Session (2004)
 * 🇸🇳 Babacar Camara (2005–2008)
 * 🇻🇪 Leon Rodgers (2008–2010, 2013)
 * 🇺🇸 Dewarick Spencer (2012–2013)
 * 🇺🇸 Denzel Bowles (2013–2015)
 * 🇸🇾 Michel Madanly (2014–2015)
 * 🇺🇸 Marcus Williams (2015–2016)
 * Peter John Ramos (2015–2016)
 * 🇳🇬 Josh Akognon (2015–2016)
 * 🇺🇸 Bob Donewald, Jr. (Head coach, 2016–2017)
 * 🇺🇸 Jabari Brown (2016–2017)
 * 🇺🇸 Malcolm Thomas (2016–2017)
 * 🇮🇷 Mehdi Kamrani (2016–2017)
 * 🇺🇸 Von Wafer (2018–2019)
 * 🇺🇸 Carl Landry (2018–2019)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Lampe (2018–2019)
 * 🇺🇸 Alex Poythress

title: Jilin Northeast Tigers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Polyphonic ring tone

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 00:12, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Polyphonic ring tone
Delete after merging usable contents with ring tone.--Wtshymanski 05:30, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently either never listed on vfd or removed out of process, so I'm bringing it to today's page for resolution. —Korath (Talk) 03:28, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Far easier to merge and redirect than to delete, and the term seems legit. Meelar (talk) 05:20, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect --Halidecyphon 05:54, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with ringtone --nixie 06:14, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ring tone. Megan1967 08:18, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Is viable term. Mgm|(talk) 10:03, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect the term is in very widespread use, at least in the UK. Thryduulf 10:20, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Good example of a title that is useful as an "index entry" (redirect), for content that much more sense in the context of a larger article than it does by itself. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:49, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to ring tone, there's nothing to merge, this is a flat copy of content already there. I also agree with Dpbsmith, this is good larger context title. --bainer 00:32, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Che y Marijuana

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 05:44, 8 Apr 2005), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

 * (Che y Marijuana | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
''This is a summary written by users who dispute this user's conduct. Users signing other sections should not edit here.''

Description
This user is an avowed left-anarchist skewing the articles Anarchism, Individualist anarchism, Anarcho-capitalism, Template:Anarchism sidebar, etc. to his POV. (posted by User:Philwelch)

Absolutely. Che y, along with long-termer User:Kevehs, is part of a group of leftwing anarchists who edit almost exclusively articles relating to their political POV and attempt to maintain a stranglehold on those pages. Although, I have to say that Che y is a bit more civil than some others. - Nat Krause 07:10, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 *
 *
 *
 * ,
 * A set of edits from Che y on March 24, introducing his POV into the anarcho-capitalism article: ,,,,,
 *
 *
 *
 * Here, Che y removes a very brief reference to anarcho-capitalism at the end of the text of anarchism, on the grounds that, for some reason, it cannot be both disambiguated and mentioned in the text
 * Here and here: removal of links from see also sections
 * Responds to a new disambiguation page by tagging it for speedy delete, then changes his mind.
 * These edits ( and ) are debatable on their merits, but they clearly serve his POV.

Applicable policies
{list the policies that apply to the disputed conduct}
 * Neutral_point_of_view
 * What Wikipedia is not

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * Template talk:Anarchism
 * Talk:Anarchism
 * Talk:Anarcho-capitalism

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 23:46, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nat Krause 12:27, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

It is my belief that the ancaps themselves are being pandered to, to the detriment of the facts and historical reality. The idea that despite the fact that all the historical figures of anarchism were also anti-capitalist, we are now discussing having a "left anarchism" page and an "anarcho-capitalism" page as though they were two major divisions is rediculous. How a movement, based mostly on the net and rejected by the movement that inspired the Spanish Revolution, May 1968 and Seattle, is now redefining anarchism to be what they wish, I have no idea. It is not NPOV to give the ancaps the right to define the entire movement. It is pandering.

I removed references that stated "some" anarchists didn't consider ancaps to be anarchists at all, because looking at the history of anarchism and anarchist thinkers, it has been a defining feature of the movement to oppose capitalism. Thus it is enough to say "anarchists" don't consider ancaps to be anarchists.

As for the disambiguation, it is not necessary, as there aren't enough people who would mistake anarchism for ancapism to justify it, unless we are here to raise ancaps to mainstream status against all historical evidence to the contrary. I had a knee-jerk reaction to speedy it, as it seemed to be useless. I then rethought it, and decided it wasn't a case of straight delete, and needed to be discussed despite my own reaction to it, how does that counts as a strike against me?

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1)     Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 17:44, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * :) — Helpful Dave 00:13, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Kev 05:40, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) --harrismw 06:26, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

It appears I acted too soon, and since I have moderated my stance to one that Che does not appear to actively oppose, I no longer have a grievance with him, nor do I believe he is violating policy. My apologies to all involved. Philwelch 04:22, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

Anyone who has even the faintest familiarity with the history of anarchism -- going back to William Godwin, The Diggers, or even earlier examples -- will know that it is fundamentally and exclusively a socialist, progressive, anti-capitalist project. The anarchism described in the Anarchism article isn't "left-anarchism", is anarchism, period. Che y Marijuana is absolutely correct to resist all efforts to skew the article otherwise. Anarcho-capitalism is not a flavor or schism of anarchism proper; it is a different philosophy which has no basis in classical anarchism, and Che is correct to reject it being listed under "schools of anarchism". That "anarchism" and "anarcho-capitalism" have the Greek root anarch in their names is about the only meaningful thing the two have in common. Che is also correct to reject the disambiguation page; the only thing that would be appropriate in this situation is a See also on the Anarchism page pointing to Anarcho-capitalism.

Regarding the edits listed above, there isn't a single one in which demonstrates the least inappropriate behaviour on the part of Che, hence this RfC is misguided and frivolous. That there is a dispute is clear, but it is over content, not behaviour.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Viajero 10:43, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * :) — Helpful Dave 00:13, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I do think removing a POV dispute tag is inappropriate, but otherwise I'm in general agreement with the above. RadicalSubversiv E 08:14, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) El_C 08:41, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.


text: Template:Laguna

title: Template:Laguna


text:
Bobby Valentín

Roberto "Bobby" Valentín Fret (born June 9, 1941), is a musician and salsa bandleader. He is known as "El Rey del Bajo" (King of the Bass).

Early years
Valentín was born in Orocovis, Puerto Rico. He was taught by his father to play the guitar at a young age. When his mother died in 1947, he went to live with his older sister and was raised in the town of Coamo where he received his primary education and studied music. When he was 11 years old, he participated in a local talent contest with a trio that he had formed. He played the guitar and sang for the trio and they won the first place prize. One of his teachers suggested that he attend the Jose I. Quinton Academy of Music, which he did. It was there that he learned to play the trumpet.

In 1956, Valentín moved with his family to New York City, United States, where he attended George Washington High School and continued to take music lessons. In 1958, he went to play for Joe Quijano but, shortly after, he played in the band of Willie Rosario, who was from the same neighborhood.

Musical career
In 1963, Valentín joined Tito Rodriguez, and traveled twice with Rodriguez's orchestra to Venezuela. He also made musical arrangements for Rodriguez, and at times for Charlie Palmieri, Joe Quijano, Willie Rosario, and Ray Barretto. In 1965, he formed his own band and was signed by the Fania record label. He recorded Young Man With a Horn (1966). He held his first concert in Puerto Rico during that period of time. After several years with the same lead singer, Marcelino Morales, they parted, and Valentín introduced a new singer, Frankie Hernandez. About a year after he introduced another singer, Marvin Santiago; with him he had many hits, including "Soy Boricua" and "Jibaro y La Naturaleza." In 1975, Valentín left Fania Records and formed his own record label, Bronco Records, on which he recorded a pair of live albums from the State Penitentiary of Puerto Rico. After Hernandez left the band that year, Valentín employed Johnny Vazquez (a vocalist who remained in the band for over 15 years.) Santiago then left the band and was replaced by Carlos "Cano" Estremera (who remained in the band for seven years). In 1980, another singer, Rafu Warner, joined.

In 1982, the band had a hit with the song, "El Caiman," which was followed by another success with "Brujeria." In 1984, the band recorded En Accion, after this album Estremera left the band. In 1985, with a third singer in place, Luisito Carrion, they recorded Algo Excepcional, which yielded another hit single, "Me Diste de tu Agua". In 1986, the band released an album that featured the hit "Part Time Lover" a cover of the Stevie Wonder song, sung in Spanish by Rafu Warner. In 1988, he released the album that featured "Yo No Te Dejo De Amar" a cover of Michael Jackson's "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", again sung in Spanish by Warner. A couple of less successful albums followed, which saw Rafu replaced by Tato Peña. Como Nunca (1990) had another hit single, "Si Un Dia Te Sientes Sola." Giovanni Lugo joined the band and recorded the hit "Complicacion" in 1990. Symbol of Prestige (1997) introduced two new singers; a male and female duo of Marima and Juan Jose Hernandez.

In 2001, La Gran Reunion featured seven invited artists, including Nestor Sanchez, Luigi Texidor and Frankie Hernandez. In 2004, Valentin's En Vivo Desde Bellas Artes was released in DVD form, as was his 35th anniversary, Vuelve a la Carcel. Valentin's "El Caiman" can be heard in the video game, Scarface. After a seven year hiatus, Valentín returned with his album, Evolution, which saw Ray De La Paz sing with Louie Ramirez. In 2016, Mi Ritmo Es Bueno was issued, before 2018 saw the Latin jazz based instrumental album, Mind of a Master. As of 2020, Valentín is still performing around the world.

Discography

 * 1965- Young Man With A Horn (Fania 00332)
 * 1966- Ritmo Pa' Gozar/El Mensajero (Disco Hit 2024)
 * 1967- Bad Breath (Fania 00335)
 * 1968- Let's Turn On/Arrebatarnos (Fania 00343)
 * 1969- Se La Comió (Fania 00366)
 * 1970- Algo Nuevo/Something New (Fania 00401)
 * 1971- Rompecabezas (Fania 00418)
 * 1972- Soy Boricua (Fania 00439)
 * 1973- El Rey Del Bajo (00457)
 * 1974- In Motion (Fania 00469)
 * 1975- Va A La Carcel Vol. 1 (Bronco 101)
 * 1975- Va A La Carcel Vol. 2 (Bronco 102)
 * 1976- Afuera (Bronco 104)
 * 1977- Musical Seduction (Bronco 106)
 * 1978- Bobby Valentin (Bronco 107)
 * 1979- Bobby Valentin (Bronco 111)
 * 1980- Bobby Valentin (Bronco 114)
 * 1981- Siempre En Forma (Bronco 120)
 * 1982- Vicentico Valdés y la Orquesta Bobby Valentin (Bronco 121)
 * 1982- Presenta Al Cano Estremera (Bronco 124)
 * 1983- En La Lejania (Bronco 125)
 * 1983- Bobby Valentin (Bronco 126)
 * 1984- En Acción (Bronco 129)
 * 1985- Presenta Orquesta Siguaraya (Bronco 133)
 * 1985- Algo Excepcional (Bronco 135)
 * 1986- Bobby Valentin (Bronco 143)
 * 1988- Bobby Valentin (Bronco 148)
 * 1989- Mas Amor (Bronco 153)
 * 1991- Como Nunca (Bronco 157)
 * 1997- Symbol of Prestige (Bronco 166)
 * 2001- La Gran Reunion (Bronco 170)
 * 2004- ¡En Vivo! 35 Aniversario- Vuelve A la Carcel (Bronco 171)
 * 2008- Evolution (Bronco 176)
 * 2016- Mi Ritmo Es Bueno (Bronco 178)
 * 2018- Mind of a Master (Bronco 179)

title: Bobby Valentín


text:
Talk:Chess opening book

Old talk
I removed an external link because our own chess opening articles are (finally) better than this page. I have preserved it here in talk in case anyone wants to check it out or disagrees and wants to put it back. Quale 05:30, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * A Beginner's Garden of Chess Openings by David A. Wheeler http://www.dwheeler.com/chess-openings

rename?
It has been suggested that this be renamed Opening book (chess) to avoid confusing people interested in other games. The rename seems fine to me. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 17:09, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I support this change. Newwhist (talk) 17:33, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Or how about Chess opening book ? Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 20:37, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I am not a chess player so my thoughts are entirely from the perspective of one who would be encountering and trying to understand the phrase 'Opening book' for the first time. So for me, it boils down to what is the key work  - 'opening' or 'book'?  I think in the context of the article, it is the noun 'book' modifyed by the adjective 'opening' where book is meant to mean a 'collection' of alternative opening moves.  In contract bridge 'book' has an analagous meaning - the 'collection' of the first six tricks by declarer.  IMHO 'Chess opening book' places undue, albeit subtle, emphasis on 'opening'.  I leave it to you chess players to decide on the move proposal. Newwhist (talk) 14:03, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

 * A chess opening book is about the chess opening phase of the game, as opposed to chess middlegame or chess endgame, so I think it is fine to emphasize "opening" in referring to the chess opening book. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 19:41, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Splitting the article
It seems to me as if there are two different things here; there are opening books written to inform other players of new openings and there are databases used by computers near the start of each game, I suggest we have one article for the written guides and a different article for the computer databases. Cliff12345 (talk) 12:27, 7 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I will probably split the article within two weeks if no objections are given (either here or on my talk page). Cliff12345 (talk) 12:49, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Ok, I've split the article now. Cliff12345 (talk) 15:26, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

The last bit seems more like an advert
The section listing several chess books seems like an advert; given that there are so many chess books, yet these few have been selected. Should we still keep this section? Cliff12345 (talk) 18:03, 12 June 2012 (UTC) I've also just noticed that The Encyclopedia of Chess Openings is referred to as a very technical and advanced work, followed by a link (http://www.sahovski.com/) that leads to a site which would make a profit from sending people from here to the site, so I'm inclined to remove the General chess opening books (or at least change it) unless someone objects over the next few weeks. Cliff12345 (talk) 18:08, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I removed that link, but otherwise I think the section is fine. Those are major general books on chess openings that are in print.  It is a subset of list of chess books.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 18:39, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Ok, I won't remove the section, but what about the phrase that says a very technical and advanced work, I'm inclined to see that as a bit biased in favour of that particular book. Cliff12345 (talk) 18:55, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

 * To me it is a argument against the book for almost all players. It is certainly not like the others.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 20:09, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Surely the statement that it is very technical and advanced (regardless of whether one would view this attribute as good or not) carries a certain level of bias? Cliff12345 (talk) 20:39, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * OK, let's take that phrase out - then all of them are a simple list of the name of the book, the author(s), the publisher, date, and ISBN. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 20:43, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chess opening book


text:
Guangzhou Loong Lions

The Guangzhou Loong Lions are a Chinese professional basketball team based in Guangzhou, Guangdong. They play in the Southern Division of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA).

History
The team was founded in November 2000 as Shaanxi Gaitianli Kylins by the Xi'an Dongsheng Group. In August 2001, they won the "B" league championship, and were promoted to the CBA. In the 2004–05 season, the Shaanxi Kylins finished in fifth place in the North Division, and were out of the playoffs. In 2005–06, they finished sixth, and were once again out of the playoffs. The team was scheduled to participate in the 2008 season of the International Basketball League (IBL). They were replaced by the Shanxi Brave Dragons.

In 2010, the Shaanxi Kylins moved from Xi'an to Foshan, and renamed themselves the Foshan Dralions. The club opted to start rendering its English name as "Long-Lions" rather than "Dralions" before the start of the 2014–15 season.

In 2016, the Foshan Long-Lions moved from Foshan to Guangzhou, and renamed themselves the Guangzhou Long-Lions. In 2017, the Nanhai Long-Lions were founded as the affiliate team. The team competes in the ASEAN Basketball League (ABL).

Notable players

 * Lorenzo Brown
 * Jeremy Lin

Games against NBA teams
On 2 October 2017, the team played a pre-season game with the Washington Wizards at the Capital One Arena, which made them the second CBA club to play against the National Basketball Association club.

Honours
Seri Mutiara Cup 2016 Champion

Seri Mutiara Cup 2017 (6th place)

Affiliates

 * Macau Black Bears

title: Guangzhou Loong Lions


text:
New Church

New Church may refer to:

Church buildings

 * New Church (Amsterdam), 15th-century church in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 * New Church (Constantinople), 9th-century church in Constantinople, Turkey
 * New Church of the Theotokos, 6th-century church in Jerusalem, Israel
 * Nykirken ("the New Church"), a 12th-century church in Bergen, Norway

Church organization

 * The New Church (Swedenborgian), a Protestant denomination

Location

 * New Church, Virginia, a census designated place in Virginia, USA

title: New Church


text:
Weathersfield Bow, Vermont

Weathersfield Bow is an unincorporated community in the town of Weathersfield, Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is located in the southeastern corner of Weathersfield, along the Connecticut River. To the south lies the town of Springfield, and to the north is the village of Ascutney.

Notable people

 * William Wade Dudley, soldier in the Civil War, lawyer, government official and Republican campaigner
 * William Jarvis, consul to Portugal under president Thomas Jefferson

title: Weathersfield Bow, Vermont


text:
Nicholas Eymerich

Nicholas Eymerich (Nicolau Eimeric) (Girona, c. 1316 – Girona, 4 January 1399) was a Roman Catholic theologian in Medieval Catalonia and Inquisitor General of the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon in the later half of the 14th century. He is best known for authoring the Directorium Inquisitorum, that mostly summarized previous texts and mores.

Education and early tenure as Inquisitor General
Nicholas Eymerich was born in Girona c. 1316. He entered the local monastery of the Dominican Order on 4 August 1334. Here, during his novitiate he was instructed in theology by the friar Dalmau Moner. In order to complete his studies, he went to Toulouse, and then to Paris, where he obtained his doctorate in 1352. He then returned to the monastery in Girona where he replaced Moner as the teacher of theology.

In 1357, Eymerich replaced Nicola Roselli as the Inquisitor General of Aragon, as Roselli had been raised to a cardinal. A year after obtaining the position, Eymerich was given the honorific Chaplain of the Pope as a recognition of his diligence in pursuing heretics and blasphemers. However, the zeal he displayed as Inquisitor General earned him many enemies. As he directed much of his efforts to the apparent errors of members of the clergy, he often found his investigations blocked by the court, curia, or papacy. When Eymerich interrogated the Franciscan spiritualist, Nicholas of Calabria, King Peter IV of Aragon had him removed from office at the general chapter held at Perpignan in 1360.

Eymerich was elected to be the Vicar General of the Dominicans in Aragon in 1362 however, this election was contested by one of them: priest Bernardo Ermengaudi who, in addition to having a long-standing dispute with Eymerich, was also politically backed by Peter IV. When called on to settle the matter, Pope Urban V, invalidated Eymerich's election on the grounds that the office of Vicar General conflicted with the office of Inquisitor General. He did not, however, confirm Ermengaudi in the position, opting for a neutral third, Jacopo Dominici.

For a time Peter IV prevented Eymerich from serving as inquisitor. His hostility toward Eymerich intensified in 1366 when Eymerich began to attack the written works of Ramon Llull and to harass his followers, who were known as Lullists. The king forbade Eymerich to preach in the city of Barcelona. Eymerich disobeyed covertly and subsequently supported the revolt of the diocese of Tarragona against the monarch. This conflict ended around 1376 when the local governor took 200 horsemen and encircled the Dominican monastery where Eymerich was residing. Eymerich fled to the papal court of Pope Gregory XI in Avignon. While Raimon Llull supported the concept, now Dogma, of Immaculate Conception of Virgin Mary, Eymerich didn't accept it.

An example of Eymerich as Inquisitor General is his sentence of the Jew Astruc Dapiera in 1370. Dapiera was a native of Barcelona accused of sorcery. He was sentenced to publicly repent in a cathedral and then to life imprisonment. He was the first inquisitor to circumvent the Church's prohibition against torturing a subject twice by interpreting directive very liberally, permitting a separate instance of torture for a separate charge of heresy. The Directorium Inquisitorum includes the sentence: Quaestiones sunt fallaces et inefficaces -'Interrogatories are misleading and futile'.

First exile and return
While living in Avignon, Eymerich completed his most famous work, the Directorium Inquisitorum. In 1377, he accompanied Gregory XI to Rome, where he remained until the Pope's death in 1378. In the schism that erupted after the death of Pope Gregory XI, Eymerich sided with Antipope Clement VII, and so returned to Avignon late in 1378. While living in Avignon, Eymerich conflicted with St. Vincent Ferrer, because Eymerich believed that Ferrer had begun to sympathize with Pope Urban VI, the Pope in opposition to Clement VII.

Eymerich returned to Aragon in 1381. Where he discovered that in his absence, Bernardo Ermengaudi had assumed the position of Inquisitor General. Eymerich refused to recognize Ermengaudi in that office, and in 1383, acting as Inquisitor General, notified the inhabitants of Barcelona that he had banned the works of Ramon Llull. Furious, Peter IV ordered Eymerich to be drowned, however, the Queen Eleanor of Sicily influenced him to change the sentence to permanent exile. Once again, Eymerich ignored the sentence and remained in his native land, thanks largely to the support of Peter's son, John.

King Peter IV died in 1386 and was succeeded by his son, John I, who recognized Eymerich's authority as Inquisitor General. At first, John I favored the repression of the Lullists, but this lasted only until 1388 when Eymerich decided to investigate the entire town of Valencia for heresy. King John I intervened to free the Chancellor of the University (secretary of the municipality), who had been imprisoned. Calling Eymerich a diabolicus fratrem, the King then forced him into exile again.

Second exile and return
After the violence at Valencia, Eymerich sought shelter from John's reprisals in a church, but two years later, retreated again to Avignon, where he remained until the death of King John I. In Avignon, Eymerich devoted himself to the defence of the legitimacy of Clement VII as Pope. He remained in Avignon after the death of Clement VII in 1394, writing in support of Clement's successor, Antipope Benedict XIII. After King John's death in 1396, Eymerich returned to the Dominican monastery in Girona, where he remained until his death on 4 January 1399. His epitaph describes him as praedicator veridicus, inquisitor intrepidus, doctor egregius (i.e. "a preacher of truth, intrepid inquisitor, excellent scholar").

The Directorium Inquisitorum
Eymerich's most prominent and enduring work was the Directorium Inquisitorum, which he had composed as early as 1376. It defined witchcraft, and described means for discovering witches. In compiling the book, Eymerich used many of the magic texts he had previously confiscated from accused sorcerers. The Directorium Inquisitorum was to become the definitive handbook of procedure for the Spanish Inquisition until into the seventeenth century. It can also be considered as an assessment of a century and half of official Inquisition in the "albigensian" country. For another clergyman, the Directorium Inquisitorum is written in 'Barbarian Latin'.

Other works
Although the Directorium Inquisitorum was Eymerich's only book-length work, he wrote numerous tracts and papers on various theological and philosophical subjects.

A good deal of Eymerich's life and writings were taken with opposing the writings of Ramon Llull. Owing to Aymerich's work, Pope Gregory XI banned several of Llull's writings and issued a papal decree against some postulates derived from his works. He would later dedicate his Tractatus contra doctrinam Raymundi Lulli to Clement VII. In this document, he indicated 135 heresies and 38 errors in the Lullists' theology. His Dialogus contra Lullistas is another example of his anti-Lullist works.

Eymerich also wrote numerous works, including his Tractatus de potestate papali (1383) defending the legitimacy of the Avignon antipopes, Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

Variant spellings of Aymerich's name
There appears to be very little scholarly consensus on the spelling of Aymerich's name. "Nicolau Aymerich" is the correct form of his name in medieval Catalan language spelling, and the most used form in Catalan, although nowadays it would be spelled "Eimeric". Aymerich, or Eimeric, is still a common Catalan surname, also a French name, as in Aimery de Gramont, an oncologist, "Nicolau" is the Catalan spelling for "Nicholas". Jose Meir Estrugo, in his book about 'Sephardim', points about a converse, Vidal Abnarrabí (Ibn-Arabí), who pick-up the surname Aymerich in Girona, 1492, this surname is found in the Hebrew communities of Salonica and Smirna. The Spanish spelling, "Nicolas" is also occasionally used. The title page of the 1578 impression of the Directorium Inquisitorum, which is printed in Latin gives his name as "Nicolai Eymerici", -ich being a derivative of Roman genitive -ici, also used as diminutive, to point a child's parenthood. The most common ways his name is spelled in English writing on the subject is "Nicholas Eymerich", with the spelling "Eymeric" being a close second. Occasionally, the Spanish form of Nicolas is used in English writings as well. Other, less common, variant spellings of his last name include, Emeric, Eimeric, Aimery, and Eymericus. The surname of blessed nun Anne Catherine Emmerich -Emmerick- comes from a town to which her family was bond, is not a Patronimic

Literary character
Valerio Evangelisti, an Italian novelist, has written a cycle of ten science fiction books featuring Eymerich as the main character. There is also a French comic book series on Eymeric, which is an adaptation of Evangelisti's novels.

Eymerich is also one of the main antagonists in the novel Cathedral of the Sea by Ildefonso Falcones.

title: Nicholas Eymerich


text:
Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro

The Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro is a Chalcolithic archaeological site in the civil parish of Vila Nova de São Pedro, municipality of Azambuja, in the Portuguese Estremadura area of Lezíria do Tejo. It is important for the discovery of thousands of arrowheads within its fortified settlement, associated with the Chalcolithic period of human settlement. associated with the long-lived fortified town, or castro, of Zambujal, near the municipality of Torres Vedras. The period of "urban" settlement lasted from 2600 to 1300 BCE, and was a contemporary of the southeastern Spanish settlements of Los Millares and El Argar.

Architecture
The rural site, is located on a small hilltop dominated by the ruins of a castle, and intersected in the north, east and west by the Ribeira de Alcoentre, Ribeira do Carrascal and Ribeira do Massuca (respectively).

The castro settlement was built during two phases: initially (associated with the Vila Nova de São Pedro I or VNSP I culture), an open settlement; followed by a fortified settlement (VSNP 2) encircled by wall of rocks (covered in clay). Within its perimeter are the vestiges of a semi-circular domed oven/kiln, alongside a limestone space and cistern. Many of these pre-existing structures were dismantled and/or destroyed during a phase of settlement (VNSP III), followed by a fourth period of occupation which resulted in another phase of destruction (VNSP IV), leading to the construction of a new system of defense.

The oven and ancillary space (where was discovered full of pottery from the VSNP 2 era) constitutes a group associated with the industrial fabrication of ceramics, receiving water from the cistern for its operation. These structures were destroyed and substituted for new spaces (VNSP III) when the spaces were expropriated for the metallurgic manufacture of copper, spinning and weaving, and the manufacture of dairy products, etc.

History

The southwestern region of the Iberian peninsula is a focus of Megalithism, predating by 1000 years the megalithic region of western France: The erection of dolmens, menhirs and castros developed over a long period of southern and central Portugal. At about the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE, contemporaneous with metallurgy associated with the copper and precious metals, new types of tomb-building appeared in the western Mediterranean regions. There has been some debate as to whether these developments originated in the Eastern Mediterranean or whether they are independent of these cultures, although there is little evidence to support the hypothesis, other than the use of the term tholoi (which can be seen as a more contemporaneous development).

VNSP I

It has been determined that early inhabitants in this region began building fortifications around 2700 BCE, with the Dolmen of Herdade de Zambujal being the more central, with a very complex plan and up to six reconstructions in its lifetime. These cultures left behind many traces of their culture: stylized cups, crescents of clay, sticks of slate and the so-called plate-idols, that some archaeo-astronomers consider to be precise calendars. Nevertheless, the exchange with other groups, particularly Los Millares, is also present in the archaeological record. The inhabitants of the fort had its economy based on agriculture and grazing, which was suitable to the surrounding lowlands.

VNSP II

But, trade proved to have greater interest: the first settlers brought with them red-tinged pottery, more delicate then later ceramics, with excellent decoration, suggesting their contact with peoples of a superior civilization (something that they could not produce with similar quality). With the arrival of the Beaker peoples around 2200 BCE, the local culture entered a new period of development that mixed the Beaker people burial rites, while maintaining other traditions. It is likely that the Beaker people's presence within this region also resulted in secondary phase of development of this culture. The inter-cultural exchanges between groups were more frequent, and their influence spread to distances of 1000 kilometres or greater, as was the case with the Treilles, in the French Languedoc. Local artifacts associated with these cultures, such as the Palmela arrowheads or bell-shaped beakers, were commonly found dispersed in the western half of the Iberian peninsula, suggesting an origin in the region. After 1900 BCE there is a decentralization in the Iberian peninsula, resulting in a dispersion of many of these artifacts to as far as Bohemia.

With the arrival of Bronze Age technologies in southern Iberia after 1800 BCE (particularly in El Argar), the influence of the castro culture of Vila Nova de São Pedro begins to slowly decline. Finally, around 1300, it merges with the wider culture associated with internally burnished pottery, including most of Portugal and the wider Atlantic Bronze Age cultures.

Excavations
The site was discovered in 1936 by Raposo, and followed in 1937 by excavations under the auspices of the Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses (Association of Portuguese Archaeologists). Between 1941-1948, 1949–1954, 1959 and 1960–1967, Afonso do Paço was responsible for the dig.

In 1961, the Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (DGMEN) (General Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments) also conducted investigations, in conjunction with the Serviços de Monumentos Nacionais (National Monument Services branch).

Following the authorization of Vitor Manuel dos Santos Gonçalves, in 1985, new archaeological investigations were undertaken at the site.

title: Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kathleen (Kirchner) Achterberg

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:05, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kathleen (Kirchner) Achterberg
Delete. Not encyclopediac, impossible to tell from this article if the 6 Google hits for the choir leader are the same person. --Wtshymanski 05:36, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 00:19, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Fuzzball! (talk) 02:14, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable scrap of info. Mikkalai 16:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pure junk. Mcfly85 08:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Kathleen Kirchner Achterberg is a Non-Notable member of a Non-Notable Choir. --Irishpunktom\talk 13:33, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences

The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences was first published in 1968 and was edited by David L. Sills and Robert K. Merton. It contains seventeen volumes and thousands of entries written by scholars around the world. The 2nd edition is composed entirely of new articles. It was published in 2008 and edited by William A. Darity Jr., an American economist.

Though the 1968 Encyclopedia was initially intended to "complement, not supplant" MacMillan's earlier, fifteen-volume Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, which had been published from 1930 to 1967 and was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson, it effectively replaced the earlier Encyclopaedia, in practice.


text:
Shandong Hi-Speed Kirin

Shandong Hi-Speed Kirin is a Chinese professional basketball team based in Jinan, Shandong, which plays in the Northern Division of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). Some home games are held in the nearby city of Linyi.

The Hi-Speed Group is the club's corporate sponsor. The long-time previous corporate sponsor was Kingston.

History
In its early years, the team was known as the Shandong Flaming Bulls, but was renamed the Shandong Lions at the start of the 2003–04 CBA season. At the same time, the club moved its homecourt from Jinan to Yantai (six games) and Dongying (five games). For the 2004–05 CBA season, they relocated to Tai'an, but have been back in Jinan since the 2005–06 CBA season.

During the 2004–05 CBA season, the freshly-rebranded Shandong Gold Lions finished in sixth place in the CBA North Division, and out of the playoffs. In the 2005–06 season, the team finished fifth, yet again out of the playoffs.

The club's most successful campaign so far has been the 2012–13 CBA season, when it advanced to the CBA Finals, but got swept in the best-of-seven championship series in just four games by the Guangdong Southern Tigers.

title: Shandong Hi-Speed Kirin


text:
Gaston de Banneville

Gaston Robert Morin de Banneville, Marquis de Banneville (26 April 1818 – 13 June 1881) was a French diplomat and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the nineteenth century. He was appointed to the peace conference to end the Austro-Sardinian War and would sign the Treaty of Zürich as the official French representative. He was ambassador to the Holy See between 1868 and 1871. His term as Foreign Minister lasted just three weeks after prime minister Gaëtan de Rochebouët resigned.

title: Gaston de Banneville


text:
Ice Glen

The Ice Glen is a ravine in the southeast area of Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The park is essentially a lush, untended, romantic landscape consisting of piled rocks thick with mosses. Ice Glen derives its name from the fact that ice can persist at the bottom of deep rock crevices there into the summer. Its north-south orientation protects the glen from much direct sunlight. Surrounding the glen is an old growth forest, rare in New England.

In 1891, the Ice Glen was donated by David Dudley Field to the Laurel Hill Association, the first incorporated village improvement society in the United States. As the association's existing property at Laurel Hill, which directly abuts the village center of Stockbridge, is separated from the forested hills in which the Ice Glen is located by the Housatonic River, the association built a bridge to connect the two properties. A trail still runs from Laurel Hill, behind the former Stockbridge Plain School, now the Town Offices building, over the bridge, through the glen, and exits on Ice Glen Road behind Villa Virginia.

Beginning in the late nineteenth century, annual torchlight parades through the glen became popular.

Appearances in literature
In chapter 102 of Moby-Dick the narrator invokes the “Icy Glen” as the apotheosis of verdant nature run wild: "It was a wondrous sight. The wood was green as mosses of the Icy Glen; the trees stood high and haughty, feeling their living sap; the industrious earth beneath was as a weaver’s loom …"

Melville was living in nearby Pittsfield when he wrote the novel and is known to have visited the Ice Glen on at least one occasion. As Katharine Mixer Abbott wrote, "If Ice-Glen and Laurel Hill had kept a sentimental guest-book, then ingenious visitors might have left us a legacy of individual impressions of this most curious fissure in all Berkshire, lying concealed between Bear and Little Mountain. Veritable moss castles of gnomes and elves seem the tumbled boulders in the twilight of the gorge: all too sunless here for lovers’ tryst— not even golden Queen Summer succeeds in erasing the chill of his majesty the Frost-King’s footsteps, yet by her commands beautiful fern-clusters line the yawning black rock caverns."

title: Ice Glen


text: Category:German units in the Arctic

title: Category:German units in the Arctic


text: Category:Islands of Quebec

title: Category:Islands of Quebec