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Alice Wilson

Alice Evelyn Wilson, MBE, FRSC, FRCGS (August 26, 1881 – April 15, 1964) was Canada's first female geologist. She is most well known for her scientific studies of rocks and fossils in the Ottawa region between 1913 and 1963.

Early life
Alice Wilson was born in Cobourg, Ontario in 1881. Her father, Dr. John Wilson, was a professor of classics at the University of Toronto. From childhood, she was often exposed to nature during canoeing and camping trips with her father and two brothers, which helped to improve her struggling health. Alice Wilson's early fascination with palaeontology had roots in her childhood, when she had begun collecting fossils from the Cobourg Limestones near her home. Her passion for palaeontology led her to a role as a museum assistant within the palaeontology department of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in 1909.

Life
Growing up, Alice Wilson was surrounded by academics, such as her older brother, Alfred, who was a Ph.D. graduate from Harvard University and a respected geologist. When Wilson reached the age of 20, she enrolled at the University of Toronto to study Modern Languages. However, due to her health, Wilson had to drop out during her final year and did not complete her degree. According to her close friend Winston Sinclair, Wilson once confided that, during her youth, teaching was often viewed as the most socially acceptable career path for young women, so it is uncertain whether her choice to go into teaching was a personal choice or a result of societal expectations.

Wilson retired when she reached the mandatory retirement age of 65, as dictated by the prevailing laws of the time. Five individuals were hired to undertake the tasks she handled. However, even in retirement, Dr. Wilson continued to contribute her expertise to the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), volunteering her services without compensation. She continued to work in the field until shortly before her death.

In 1932, Alice Wilson spent a month in the Bahama Islands and Guyana. She traveled to Brazil, where she explored the depths of the Amazon jungle, and she also visited Mexico to participate in the International Geological Congress.

Challenges
Alice Wilson's significant contributions to the understanding of the geology of Ontario and Quebec were motivated in part by gender-based restrictions within the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). The prevailing policy at the time prevented women, including Wilson, from participating in the field alongside male colleagues, a restriction that persisted until 1970. To overcome this challenge, Wilson proposed an alternative approach to conducting fieldwork, successfully persuading the GSC to grant her permission for solo research expeditions in the relatively unexplored Ottawa-St. Lawrence Valley. Wilson embarked on these expeditions to study geological formations, exploring the terrain on foot and by bicycle. When faced with the GSC's refusal to provide her with a car, a convenience routinely provided to male counterparts, she independently purchased a vehicle to facilitate her research endeavors.

Despite being a reputable geologist, Wilson experienced consistent denials of promotions based solely on her gender. She also encountered challenges in her relationships with colleagues, often being excluded and finding difficulty in project inclusion. Her final year of university took an unexpected turn when a severe bout of anemia affected her health to the point where she could not complete her coursework. She had to the discontinuation of her studies. But after a recovery period spanning several years, she began a new chapter in 1907 by accepting a position as a clerk at the University of Toronto.

Education
In 1901 Wilson began studying modern language and history at the Victoria College in Toronto originally intending to be a teacher. She did not finish her last year of studies due to health problems; suffered anemia and had to drop out, but continued education after recovering. After regaining her health, Alice Wilson worked at the Museum of Mineralogy as an assistant. She eventually completed her degree in 1911. In 1909, Wilson joined the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), where she was a staff member for more than 50 years. Despite being eligible to undertake a doctorate in 1915, Wilson was repeatedly denied paid time off from the GSC, even though the GSC was granting paid absences at the time. Wilson's direct boss from 1920, Edward M. Kindle, was supportive of Wilson and wanted her to take a leave and finish her doctorate though others in leadership roles at the GSC were much less so. For seven years Wilson persisted, and finally was awarded a scholarship by the Canadian Federation of University Women (CFUW) in 1926.

During the seven years, Wilson's health continued to decline further. However despite facing health problems, and knowing that if she was a man the leave would have been granted, she continued to ask for permission to pursue her Ph.D. She explained that as to her understanding “the grounds for refusal have been various, the fundamental reason has been that it would make a woman eligible for the highest positions in the Survey” In 1924 she received leave however she faced another challenge of not receiving pay. This meant that she would need to find a way to fund her research outside of the Survey, something that was also not required of the men. During the seven years and after them, she actively applied for scholarships. This included one from the Canadian Federation of University Women. Despite the institution being in place to support women, Wilson faced another challenge with the Survey when they refused her allowance to apply for the annual scholarship. After much more resistance, Wilson was finally allowed to apply and became the 1926 recipient of the Canadian Federation of University Women's annual scholarship.

Career
In 1907, Wilson started her career at the University of Toronto museum in the mineralogy division, despite not having completed her degree. In 1909, she took an assistant job at the Victoria Memorial Museum, and then became eligible and took a temporary clerk position at the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), which was headquartered at the Victoria Memorial Museum in Ottawa. Her past education of studying languages would later prove useful when she was requested to translate a portion of Karl Alfred von Zittel's Text-Book of Paleontology from German to English by Percy Raymond, whom also advocated Wilson to take a leave of absence from the GSC in order to finish her degree, which she received in 1910. Following her return in 1911, she was given a permanent position at the GSC, although she was still not allowed to participate in field studies alongside her male peers. This policy was finally changed in 1970.

Before the departure of colleague Percy Raymond, she wrote two articles, both of which recorded new species of animals. Respectively, a new branchiopod and then a bivalve. Wilson faced significant difficulty being included in her colleagues' work after that.

In 1916, during the First World War, Wilson's place of work, the Victoria Memorial Museum, was shut down and reoccupied as a war-time parliament. During this time, Wilson funded her projects with her own money, studying comparative anatomy and marine biology in Long Island, New York. Later, Wilson took part in the war-time effort on the home front, joining the Canadian equivalent of the Women's Land Army.

Meadowcroft had written that Wilson had become primary Geologist in 1945 but there is no proof of this. At war's end in 1920, Wilson went back to the Victoria Memorial Museum. She was promoted to assistant geologist in 1936. This was in lieu of the position she had requested for, which was Assistant Paleontologist. This was the highest position she had been allowed to advance to, due to her difficulty obtaining the scholarships to pursue the level of education she wanted.

While working at the GSC, they did not allow women to work together with men during fieldwork. So Wilson created her own niche and did fieldwork at local sites in the Ottawa area, going on to eventually map over 14,000 km2 of the Ottawa St Lawrence Lowlands entirely on her own. For fifty years she studied the area on foot, by bicycle and eventually by car. The GSC published the results of her fieldwork in 1946 and her Geology of the St. Lawrence Lowland, Ontario and Quebec was the first major geological publication about the area. In addition to a comprehensive discussion of its geology, Wilson covered the area's economic resources, including building stone, sand, gravel and drinking water. Wilson's research into the stratigraphy and invertebrate palaeontology of the Palaeozoic strata of eastern Canada was significant, though her contributions to the field did not gain recognition until after her retirement. In Ontario, her focus was on invertebrate fossils during the Ordovician period, specifically sediments and fossils in the Ottawa Valley. In the Rocky Mountains and the Arctic, Wilson studied Ordovician fauna. During the Great Depression, however, Wilson had to switch her focus from Ordovician to Devonian rocks, to meet the growing demand of petroleum in Western Canada. One of her tasks was to identify and categorize all Paleozoic invertebrates for examination. As a result, Wilson ordered the National Type Collection of fossils—an internationally recognized reference collection.

During her work on the Devonian fossils, Alice Wilson was still devoted to her educational work by leading field trips, serving as a tour guide for the Museum, and as a speaker to organizations.

From 1948 until 1958 Wilson was a lecturer in Paleontology at Carleton College (later Carleton University). Carleton recognized Wilson both as a geologist and as an inspiring teacher with an honorary degree in 1960. Wilson also worked to bring geology to a broader public. She wrote a children's book, The Earth Beneath our Feet, aimed at encouraging broader knowledge and interest in the science she was so passionate about. The book for children is a sweet and interesting story about three kids asking a geologist different questions about the Earth starting with: “Why do some rocks skip on water better than others?” Dr. Wilson once said that “The earth touches every life. Everyone should receive some understanding of it” (Massive Science). This explains her passion for teaching others about geology and the admiration she gained from her students at Carleton who knew her affectionately as the “rock doctor.”

Wilson's work on researching the geology and paleontology in the area of Cornwall, Ontario and the St. Lawrence lowlands was important for the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway that was built in 1954.

Wilson became a respected member of the GSC and mentored many young geologists through her lectures, field trips, publications, and museum exhibits. However, she was not referred to as "Doctor" by her colleagues until 1945—16 years after she obtained her doctorate. She retired two years later, at the age of 65, as was required by law, though five new hires were required to do the same amount of work as Wilson. However, she kept her office at the GSC and continued her work regardless of not being paid until her death in 1964.

Death
A few months before her death, Alice gave up her office at the GSC and informed Dr. James M. Harrison about it. Although Dr. Harrison tried to convince her not to leave, Alice responded by saying, “[Her] work is done.” She was recognized by the GSC and they named a meeting room named after her, “Alice Wilson Hall” in Ottawa.

Alice Wilson died in Ottawa on April 15, 1964, at the age of 84 years old.

Awards and recognition
Wilson was the first woman geologist hired by the Geological Survey of Canada (1909); one of the first two women elected as Fellows of The Royal Canadian Geographical Society (1930); the first Canadian woman to be admitted to the Geological Society of America (1936); and the first female Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (1938).

In 1935, when the government of R. B. Bennett was looking to honour a woman in the federal civil service, Wilson was chosen to become a Member of the Order of the British Empire.

In 1991 the Royal Society of Canada established the Alice Wilson Awards for emerging women scholars. Wilson was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame in 2005.

On 18 October 2018, the Government of Canada dedicated a plaque to Wilson, recognizing her as a "person of national historic significance at the Canadian Museum of Nature."

In 2019, the tunnel boring machine used for the Réseau express métropolitain (REM) in Montreal was named "Alice" in honour of Wilson. The name was chosen out of 1400 public suggestions.

title: Alice Wilson


text: Template:WikiProject Doctor Who

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Baltasar Fernandes

Captain Baltasar Fernandes (also spelled Baltazar or Balthazar) (c. 1580 - c. 1667) was a Portuguese colonist of Brazil who led the expeditions called Bandeirantes into the interior seeking gold, silver, and iron. He was the founder and one of the first settlers of Sorocaba in 1654.

Early life
Fernandes was born in São Paulo and raised in Santana do Parnaíba. His mother, Susana Dias, would establish the farm that would become the city of Santana de Parnaíba. He was the brother of the founder of Itu, Domingos Fernandes, and founder of Santana de Parnaíba, André Fernandes. He married Maria de Zunega of Paraguay, daughter of Bartolomeu de Torales with whom he had a daughter, Mary Torales. After being widowed, married Isabel de Proenca, daughter of João de Abreu who had twelve sons.

He began as a bandeirante (or pioneer) who would enslave natives in Rio Grande do Sul and Paraguay to forcefully work in the fields.

Founding of Sorocaba
Baltasar Fernandes and his son, Captain Andrew of Zunéga Y Leon, along with his family and hundreds of captive native slaves, founded the city of Sorocaba on 15 August 1654.

Around 1654, Fernandes built a house on the edge of the Sorocaba River and a chapel—Nossa Senhora da Ponte—known today as Sorocaba Metropolitan Cathedral. On 21 April 1660 he donated land, plantations and indigenous slaves to the Benedictines. This later became the foundation of the Monastery of St. Benedict (Mosteiro de São Bento).

In 1661, Baltazar Fernandes went to São Paulo to talk to the governor general Salvador Corrêa de Sá e Benevides. Fernandes wanted Sorocaba to cease being a village and turned into a vila (the name given to cities at the time). The governor granted his request and, on 3 March 1661, Sorocaba was elevated to the category of Vila (or town). The full name became the Vila de Nossa Senhora da Ponte de Sorocaba. Sorocaba immediately started a city council and that same day, they named the main members of the board: Judges Baltazar Fernandes and André de Zunega, Aldermans Cláudio Furquim and Paschoal Leite Paes, and Attorney Domingos Garcia, accompanied by Registrar Francisco Sanches.

The seemingly positive attitude Baltasar Fernandes had in relation to the Catholic Church was because he had to mask his Jewish origin. According to the historian Anita Novinsky, Fernandes, as well as many other pioneers, was Jewish and a "New Christian" (cristão-novo). According to one account, Fernandes shot Father Diogo de Alfaro in the head after the Portuguese Inquisition sent him to investigate the Paulista "heretics".

title: Baltasar Fernandes


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Handel Cossham

Handel Cossham (31 March 1824 – 23 April 1890 ) was a British colliery owner, lay preacher and Liberal politician who was active in local government and sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1890.

Early life
Cossham was born in High Street, Thornbury, in a house where his father, grandfather and great-grandfather were also born. His father Jesse Cossham, a carpenter and builder, named his son after the composer of Messiah, George Frederic Handel. A plaque at his birthplace describes him as a "non-conformist Preacher, Industrialist, Geologist, Politician, Educationalist and Public Benefactor".

Career
Cossham began his involvement in the coal industry in 1845 at Yate colliery. In 1848 he married Elizabeth Wethered and through a partnership with her family, began Parkfield Colliery at Pucklechurch in 1851. As a caring employer, Cossham also built houses and a school for his colliery workers at Parkfield. The partnership opened several other coal pits, initially under the name of Cossham and Wethered Ltd and from 1867, the Kingswood Coal and Iron Company Ltd. The business came under control of Handel Cossham and Charles S. Wills after 1879 when the Kingswood and Parkfield Colliery Company Ltd was formed. In 1862, Handel Cossham built the British School in Thornbury, which remains today. The Cossham Hall, which was built as a Wesleyan chapel, was purchased and donated to Thornbury by Cossham in 1888.

Political life
Cossham represented St. Paul's ward on Bristol City Council as a Liberal during the 1860s. He stood unsuccessfully for Parliament at Nottingham in 1866, at Dewsbury in 1868 and at Chippenham in 1874. He was Mayor of Bath from 1882 to 1885. At the 1885 general election he was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the newly created Bristol East and retained the seat in 1886.

Death
In April 1890, whilst in the library of the Houses of Parliament, Cossham was taken ill and died the following day aged 66. An estimated 50,000 people lined the streets on the day of his funeral. His estate amounted to £59,127. In 1900, his collieries were sold at auction for £61,000. The Cossham Memorial Hospital in Kingswood, Bristol is a memorial to Handel Cossham, who instructed in his will that his estate be used for the building of a hospital.

Personal papers
Records relating to Handel Cossham's collieries and estates are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 9492).

title: Handel Cossham


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Talk:White gold

Raw white gold
Somebody told me that the colour of raw white gold was yellow. Raw anything gold is yellow isn't it ? Gold does't come out of the ground as an alloy and it needs to be alloyed to be made white. Surely I'm right aren't I ?

-- The phrase "raw white gold" has no meaning - you have to process metal to create an alloy, and thus there is no such thing as "raw white gold". I suppose that as the primary constituent of white gold could well be gold you could say the raw stuff is yellow, but by the same logic you could say its raw color is gray since it's made of Palladium. --65.0.236.68 00:52, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

I heard from someone that it is best to keep white gold in the dark when its not being worn to minimise it tarnishing or something. Is this true and does it apply to other golds or silver?

From the article: "During World War II, the use of platinum and nickel for nonwar-related applications was prohibited." What country/countries?

Strange language
Some people (about 12.5%) are sensitive or allergic to white gold. This occurs because of reaction to nickel found in some white gold alloys. Reactions are mild and only involve skin rashes. However, depending on where you buy the jewelry, this may not happen.

"this may not happen"? Can anyone find any citation for that last sentance? -- Irixman (t) (m) 15:38, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, perhaps I get it now... does it depend on the amount of nickel found in the gold? -- Irixman (t) (m) 01:18, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

The external reference has a different value. No wonder the entry lacks citation, even it's references are inconsistent with it.

 * I've changed the article and the reference. Does this seem more helpful?

--Seraphim Whipp 23:20, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Saying "About 12.5% of the population" implies an unreasonable level of preceision. Even though this language is in the original reference, I'm changing to "one person in eight." Chester320 00:39, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Inappropriate Reference
The reference to the U.S. Patent Sever i.e., "According to the U.S. Patent Server, [1]: '...nickel-based white gold..." is inappropriate. The reference should be to US Patent No. 6863746 "White gold compositions without nickel and palladium". The US Patent Sever does not appear to be associated with the U.S. Patent Office. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.50.113.28 (talk • contribs) 17:30, 12 June 2006
 * Thanks, cleaned it up! -- Irixman (t) (m) 13:58, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Comparison
How does white gold compare with gold? which is more expensive? 71.250.17.62 12:58, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It depends on the alloy, but, at the retail level, white gold ranges from the same to 15% more expensive. (This is using standard retail pricing; All sorts of assumptions, but this is making everything as equal as possible.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.87.69.65 (talk) 15:44, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Is white gold magnetic?
If you lose your ring in sand and u get a big magnet will it stick to it?

 * No. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.194.13.104 (talk) 03:17, 17 January 2007 (UTC).

White Powder Gold??
Can anyone (preferably a metallurgist) elaborate what "white powder gold" is? It's claimed to be monatomic gold in form of a white powder and has alleged medical value? Is this for real or a new internet scam? You can buy it from some web sites, also white powder silver and platinum, also allegedly being monatomic powders. -Boris

Making room for a new article
Hi. I'm making room for the article on the game White Gold: War in Paradise. So I need commit changed to respective pages. Although I made a mistake to use a capital "G" where I should've used a lower case one. You can revert the changes anytime if you don't like the results. Thanks Admins. --EaZee —Preceding unsigned comment added by EaZee (talk • contribs) 02:57, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You don't make room by dis-associating pages from their history and talk pages with illegal moves. Simply start the article with that - or a similar unique name, such as White Gold (game). You don't need to mess with this page or the White Gold movie page. Vsmith 03:06, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

My intentions were good. Sorry for any inconvenience caused. --EaZee

 * Understood. We're all learning here. Cheers, Vsmith 03:30, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:White gold


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Alexander Dalrymple

Alexander Dalrymple FRS (24 July 1737 – 19 June 1808) was a Scottish geographer and the first Hydrographer of the British Admiralty. He was the main proponent of the theory that there existed a vast undiscovered continent in the South Pacific, Terra Australis Incognita. He produced thousands of nautical charts, mapping a remarkable number of seas and oceans for the first time, and contributing significantly to the safety of shipping. His theories prompted a number of expeditions in search of this mythical land, until James Cook's second journey (1772–1775) led to the conclusion that, if it did exist, it was further south than the 65° line of latitude South.

Life
Dalrymple was born at Newhailes, near Edinburgh, the eleventh of fifteen children of Sir James Dalrymple and his wife, Lady Christian Hamilton, the daughter of the Earl of Haddington.

He went to London in 1752 and was appointed a writer in the British East India Company, being first posted to Madras. He arrived in Madras in 1753. While with the East India Company he became interested in the possibilities of trade with the East Indies and China, and subsequently negotiated a treaty with the sultan of Sulu and visited Canton (Guangzhou) at age 22. He was elected Provisional Deputy Governor by the Manila Council with the departure of Dawsonne Drake on 29 March 1764. He then departed Manila 10 April for Sulu with Sultan Alimuddin I.

In 1765 he returned to London where was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. There he became acquainted with the civil engineer John Smeaton, who during the course of his studies on windmills had devised a descriptive scale for grading wind speed. This scale was included in the paper for which he was awarded the Copley Medal. In Defining the Wind: The Beaufort Scale and How a 19th-Century Admiral Turned Science into Poetry, author Scott Huler relates that Dalrymple's voyages had convinced him that a standard scale for measuring the speed of wind at sea would be of great value to sailors, and that he had included Smeaton's scale in his work Practical Navigation, which was written around 1790 but never published. It is believed that Dalrymple conveyed this information to Francis Beaufort, who later refined the wind scale that bears his name and that is still in use today.

Whilst translating some Spanish documents captured in the British occupation of Manila in 1762, Dalrymple had found Luis Váez de Torres' testimony proving a passage south of New Guinea now known as Torres Strait. This discovery led Dalrymple to publish the Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1770–1771, which aroused widespread interest in his claim of the existence of an unknown continent. Meanwhile, James Cook had been appointed in his place to lead an expedition to the South Pacific which in 1770 discovered the east coast of Australia.

In 1772 Dalrymple published his first set of charts, four of which were of the seas around Sulu. In 1779, he headed the hydrographic office of the East India Company, and that of the Admiralty in 1795. He remained Hydrographer of the Royal Navy until his death in 1808.

In 1782 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

In 1820, he was honoured when a Scottish surgeon and botanist William Roxburgh, first published the genus name Dalrympelea to a group of flowering shrubs from Tropical Asia, in Pl. Coromandel Vol.3 on page 76 in 1820.

title: Alexander Dalrymple


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Aces Up

Aces Up is a quick and simple, one-pack, patience or solitaire card game.

One advantage of Aces Up is its minimal use of space: it requires only four piles of cards, and a place to discard cards to. Winning chances with good play are about 1 in 43 games.

Names
Aces Up is also known as Aces High, Idiot's Delight, Firing-Squad and Drivel or Drivel Patience. It shares the name Idiot's Delight with two other unrelated solitaire games, Perpetual Motion and King Albert. It shares the name Aces Up with Easthaven, which is a variation of Klondike and is also unrelated.

History
The rules are first recorded in England as Drivel Patience by Mary Whitmore Jones in 1900 who acknowledges that "this is not a complimentary name... but it is the one by which it is generally known, and to those accustomed to play games required care and consideration it seems appropriate enough to this one, which stands in need of neither." In 1940, Wood & Goddard describe it under the name of Firing Squad, but most later authors call it Aces Up, while sometimes acknowledging its earlier names. Spadaccini (2005) is an exception, calling the game Idiot's Delight and giving alternative names as Aces Up and Aces High.

Rules
Gameplay for Aces Up works as follows:
 * 1) Deal four cards in a row face up.
 * 2) If there are two or more cards of the same suit, discard all but the highest-ranked card of that suit.  Aces rank high.
 * 3) Repeat step 2 until there are no more pairs of cards with the same suit.
 * 4) Whenever there are any empty spaces, you may choose the top card of another pile to be put into the empty space. After you do this, go to Step 2.
 * 5) When there are no more cards to move or remove, deal out the next four cards from the deck face-up onto each pile.
 * 6) Repeat Step 2, using only the visible, or top, cards on each of the four piles.
 * 7) When the last four cards have been dealt out and any moves made, the game is over. The fewer cards left in the tableau, the better. To win is to have only the four aces left.

When the game ends, the number of discarded cards is your score. The maximum score (and thus the score necessary to win) is 48, which means all cards have been discarded except for the four aces, thus the name of the game.

Variations
A much more challenging variation on Aces Up allows only the aces to be moved onto an empty pile. This makes game play much more restrictive and consequently the game can only be completed roughly once in every 270 games.

Literature

 * Parlett, David (1979). The Penguin Book of Patience, Penguin, London. {ISBN 0-7139-1193-X
 * Spadaccini, Stephanie (2005). The Big Book of Rules. London, NY: Penguin. ISBN 0-452-28644-1
 * Whitmore Jones, Mary (1900). Games of Patience for One or More Players. 5th Series. Lon: L. Upcott Gill.
 * Wood, Clement and Gloria Goddard (1940). The Complete Book of Games. Garden City.

title: Aces Up


text: User talk:62.59.197.144

title: User talk:62.59.197.144


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Names of the American Civil War

The most common name for the American Civil War in modern American usage is simply "The Civil War". Although rarely used during the war, the term "War Between the States" became widespread afterward in the Southern United States. During and immediately after the war, Northern historians often used the terms "War of the Rebellion" and "Great Rebellion", and the Confederate term was "War for Southern Independence", which regained some currency in the 20th century but has again fallen out of use. The name "Slaveholders' Rebellion" was used by Frederick Douglass and appears in newspaper articles. "Freedom War" is used to celebrate the war's effect of ending slavery.

During the Jim Crow era of the 1950s, the term "War of Northern Aggression" developed under the Lost Cause of the Confederacy movement by Southern historical revisionists or negationists. This label was coined by segregationists in an effort to equate contemporary efforts to end segregation with 19th-century efforts to abolish slavery.

Several names also exist for the forces on each side; the opposing forces named battles differently as well. The Union forces frequently named battles for bodies of water that were prominent on or near the battlefield, but Confederates most often used the name of the nearest town. As a result, many battles have two or more names that have had varying use, but with some notable exceptions, one name has eventually tended to take precedence. Commentators sometimes explain the naming scheme as linked to the economic and demographic differences between North and South – to the more industrialised North natural features like creeks would be notable whereas the more rural and agrarian Southerners would consider towns more remarkable. In truth both North and South were far less urbanised than modern societies and most Americans North and South did not live in cities and most of the workforce were agricultural laborers of some sort.

Civil War
In the United States, "Civil War" is the most common term for the conflict and has been used by the overwhelming majority of reference books, scholarly journals, dictionaries, encyclopedias, popular histories, and mass media in the United States since the early 20th century. The National Park Service, the government organization entrusted by the US Congress to preserve the battlefields of the war, uses this term. Writings of prominent men such as Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, P. G. T. Beauregard, Nathan Bedford Forrest, and Judah P. Benjamin used the term "Civil War" during the conflict. Abraham Lincoln used it on multiple occasions.

English-language historians  outside the United States usually refer to the conflict as the "American Civil War". Such variations are also used in the United States if the war might otherwise be confused with another civil war such as the English Civil War, the Russian Civil War, or the Spanish Civil War.

War Between the States
The term "War Between the States" was rarely used during the war but became prevalent afterward among proponents of the "Lost Cause" interpretation of the war.

The Confederate government avoided the term "civil war", which assumes both combatants to be part of a single country, and so referred to it in official documents as the "War between the Confederate States of America and the United States of America". European diplomacy produced a similar formula for avoiding the phrase "civil war". Queen Victoria's proclamation of British neutrality referred to "hostilities ... between the Government of the United States of America and certain States styling themselves the Confederate States of America".

After the war, the memoirs of former Confederate officials and veterans (Joseph E. Johnston, Raphael Semmes, and especially Alexander Stephens) commonly used the term "War Between the States". In 1898, the United Confederate Veterans formally endorsed the name. In the early 20th century, the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) led a campaign to promote the term "War Between the States" in the media and public schools. UDC efforts to convince the US Congress to adopt the term began in 1913 but were unsuccessful. Congress has never adopted an official name for the war. The name "War Between the States" is inscribed on the USMC War Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. The name was personally ordered by Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr., the 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps.

Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to the Civil War as "the four-year War Between the States". References to the "War Between the States" appear occasionally in federal and state court documents, including in Justice Harry Blackmun's landmark opinion in Roe v. Wade. Their usage demonstrates the generality of the term's use. Roosevelt was born and raised in New York State, and Blackmun was born in southern Illinois but grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota.

The names "Civil War" and "War Between the States" have been used jointly in some formal contexts. For example, to mark the war's centenary in the 1960s, the State of Georgia created the "Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Commemorating the War Between the States". In 1994, the US Postal Service issued a series of commemorative stamps, "The Civil War: The War Between the States".

War of the Rebellion/Slaveholders' Rebellion

During and immediately after the war, US officials, Southern Unionists, and pro-Union writers often referred to Confederates as "Rebels". The earliest histories published in the northern states commonly refer to the war as "the Great Rebellion" or "the War of the Rebellion", as do many war monuments, hence the nicknames Johnny Reb (and Billy Yank) for the participants.

Frederick Douglass delivered a speech entitled "The Slaveholders' Rebellion" on July 4, 1862, in Himrod, New York, and John Harvey wrote The slaveholders' rebellion, and the downfall of slavery in America in 1865. More than 7000 newspaper articles used the term "The Slaveholders' Rebellion" between 1860 and 1900.

The official US war records refer to the war as the "War of the Rebellion". The records were compiled by the US War Department in a 127-volume collection, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, which was published from 1881 to 1901. Historians commonly refer to the collection as the Official Records.

War of Separation/Secession
"War of Separation" was occasionally used by people in the Confederacy during the war. In most Romance languages, the words used to refer to the war translate literally to "War of Secession" (Guerre de Sécession, Guerra di secessione, Guerra de Secesión, Guerra de Secessão, Războiul de Secesiune), a name that is also used in Central and Eastern Europe: Sezessionskrieg is commonly used in German language, and Wojna secesyjna is used in Polish. (Walt Whitman calls it the "War of Secession" or the "Secession War" in his prose).

War for Southern Independence/The War of Northern Aggression
The names "War for Southern Independence" or "The War of Northern Aggression" and their variations are used by some Southerners to refer to the war. That terminology aims to parallel usage of the American Revolutionary War. While popular on the Confederate side during the war (Stonewall Jackson regularly referred to the war as the "second war for independence"), the term lost popularity in the immediate aftermath of the Confederacy's defeat and its failure to gain independence. The term resurfaced slightly in the late 20th century.

A popular poem published in the early stages of hostilities was South Carolina. Its prologue referred to the war as the "Third War for Independence" since it named the War of 1812 as the second such war. On November 8, 1860, the Charleston Mercury, a contemporary southern newspaper, stated, "The tea has been thrown overboard. The Revolution of 1860 has been initiated."

In the 1920s, the historian Charles A. Beard used the term "Second American Revolution" to emphasize the changes brought on by the Union's victory. The term is still used by the Sons of Confederate Veterans organization but with the intent to represent the Confederacy's cause positively.

War for the Union
Some Southern Unionists and northerners used "The War for the Union", the title of a December 1861 lecture by the abolitionist leader Wendell Phillips.

Ordeal of the Union, a major eight-volume history published from 1947 to 1971 by the historian and journalist (Joseph) Allan Nevins, emphasizes the Union in the first volume's title, which also came to name the series. Because Nevins earned the Bancroft, Scribner, and National Book Award Prizes for books in his Ordeal of the Union series, his title may have been influential. However, the fourth volume is titled Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861, and the next four volumes use "War" in their titles. The sixth volume, War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863, picks up on that earlier thread in naming the conflict, but Nevins neither viewed Southern secession as revolutionary nor supported Southern apologist attempts to link the war with the American Revolution of 1775–1783.

War of Northern/Yankee Aggression
The name "War of Northern Aggression" has been used to indicate the Union as the belligerent party in the war. The name arose during the Jim Crow era of the 1950s when it was coined by segregationists who tried to equate contemporary efforts to end segregation with 19th-century efforts to abolish slavery. The name has been criticized by historians such as James M. McPherson, as the Confederacy "took the initiative by seceding in defiance of an election of a president by a constitutional majority" and "started the war by firing on the American flag".

Since the free states and most non-Yankee groups (Germans, Dutch-Americans, New York Irish and southern-leaning settlers in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois) showed opposition to waging the Civil War, other Confederate sympathizers have used the name "War of Yankee Aggression" to indicate the Civil War as a Yankee war, not a Northern war per se.

Conversely, the "War of Southern Aggression" has been used by those who assert that the Confederacy was the belligerent party. They maintain that the Confederacy started the war by initiating combat at Fort Sumter.

Miscellaneous
Other names for the conflict include "The Confederate War", "Buchanan's War", "Mr. Lincoln's War", and "Mr. Davis's War". In 1892, a Washington, D.C. society of war-era nurses took on the name National Association of Army Nurses of the Late War, with "late" meaning simply "recent". More euphemistic terms are "The Late Unpleasantness" and "The Recent Unpleasantness". Other postwar names in the South included "The War of the Sections" and "The Brothers' War", especially in the border states.

Names of battles and armies
There is a disparity between the sides in naming some of the battles of the war. The Union forces frequently named battles for bodies of water or other natural features that were prominent on or near the battlefield, but Confederates most often used the name of the nearest town or artificial landmark. The novelist and historian Shelby Foote claimed that many Northerners were urban and regarded bodies of water as noteworthy, but many Southerners were rural and regarded towns as noteworthy. That caused many battles to have two widely used names.

However, not all of the disparities are based on those naming conventions. Many modern accounts of Civil War battles use the names established by the North. However, for some battles, the Southern name has become the standard. The National Park Service occasionally uses the Southern names for its battlefield parks located in the South, such as Manassas and Shiloh. In general, naming conventions were determined by the victor of the battle. Examples of battles with dual names are shown in the table.

Civil War armies were also named in a manner reminiscent of the battlefields since Northern armies were frequently named for major rivers (Army of the Potomac, Army of the Tennessee, Army of the Mississippi), and Southern armies for states or geographic regions (Army of Northern Virginia, Army of Tennessee, Army of Mississippi).

Units smaller than armies were named differently in many cases. Corps were usually written out (First Army Corps or simply First Corps), but a postwar convention developed to designate Union corps by using Roman numerals (XI Corps). Often, particularly with Southern armies, corps were more commonly known by the name of the leader (Hardee's Corps, Polk's Corps).

Union brigades were given numeric designations (1st, 2nd, etc.), but Confederate brigades were frequently named after their commanding general (Hood's Brigade, Gordon's Brigade). Confederate brigades so named retained the name of the original commander even when they were commanded temporarily by another man; for example, at the Battle of Gettysburg, Hoke's Brigade was commanded by Isaac Avery and Nicholl's Brigade by Jesse Williams. Nicknames were common in both armies, such as the Iron Brigade and the Stonewall Brigade.

Union artillery batteries were generally named numerically and Confederate batteries by the name of the town or county in which they were recruited (Fluvanna Artillery). Again, they were often simply referred to by their commander's name (Moody's Battery, Parker's Battery).

title: Names of the American Civil War


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Rabbit Ears Pass

Rabbit Ears Pass (el. 9426 ft, 2873 m) is a high mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado in the United States, where U.S. Route 40 crosses the Continental Divide. North of the summit is Rabbit Ears Peak which has the shape of rabbit ears, which displays two large columns of basalt rock formations from the second volcanic episode. Rabbit Ears Peak is underlain by a pink tuff and the basalt immediately to the west is underlain by red, vesicular ash. Volcanic breccia occurs only at the Peak, which is a large stratified breccia pile. The three basal layers are cut by a basalt dike immediately beneath the peak. From petrographic evidence there appears to have been one period of lava flows and this surface can be seen at Rabbit Ears Peak.

The Rabbit Ears Pass area covers 56 square miles in north central Colorado at the junction of the Rabbit Ears Range and the Park Range. The Rabbit Ear Pass highway, which is one of the most important transcontinental road links in the nation, was built by the state of Colorado, Routt, Grand, and Jackson counties, and the United States Forest Service. It was started in 1911 and was not completed until 1917. Present work is along lines of reducing curves and improving the roadbed. The road connects Routt with Jackson and Grand counties and furnishes direct connection with Denver by way of Kremmling and Berthoud Pass, where the main range is crossed again. The pass straddles the Continental Divide at the southern end of the Park Range. The name is taken from nearby Rabbit Ears Peak, a mountain in Jackson County, CO in the Park Range to the north that is prominently visible from the east side of the pass during good weather. The pass separates the upper basin of the Yampa River on the west from North Park and the upper basin of the North Platte River on the east. U.S. Highway 40 travels over the pass between Steamboat Springs and Kremmling; this is one of three crossings of the Continental Divide along the highway, along with nearby Muddy Pass to the southeast and the much higher Berthoud Pass closer to Denver.

The climate of Rabbit Ears Pass is generally semi-arid to humid. Vegetation consists mostly of pine, spruce, and aspen trees. Sagebrush grows on the Niobrara, Pierre and Coalmount formations. Undergrowth is dense in most places. Like many places in the West, Rabbit ears Pass experienced a decline in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) trees due to episodic outbreaks of the spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis). During the 1940s much of the subalpine zone of Northwest Colorado was severely affected by beetle outbreak. Spruce beetle outbreaks have taken place in this area in 1716-1750, 1827-1845, 1860-1870, and 1940-1960. Large-scale outbreaks of spruce beetle have long been an important component of the dynamics of subalpine forests in Colorado. During outbreaks, spruce beetle may attack and kill lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) as well as spruce. Nearly all attacked trees are killed

This pass offers habitat to many different animal species. It supports important winter and summering ranges for many animals. Species commonly seen on the pass range from elk, mule deer, and moose, to black bears, foxes, long-tailed weasels, snowshoe hares, and a variety of bird species. The winter snowpack provides a seasonal habitat for many non-hibernating burrowing animals such as voles, lemmings, and shrews. The snowpack helps to make a subnivean zone, which is a porous material composed mostly of air acting as a reliable thermal insulator.

Although lower in elevation than many of the high mountain passes farther to the south in the Colorado Rockies, Rabbit Ears Pass often receives a great deal of snow in winter and is subject to regular short closures during heavy winter storms. The seasonal snowpack on this pass is a major source of water for residence in the nearby area. Rabbit Ears pass is a place for many different outdoor recreational activities. In the winter, it is a popular spot for back country snowboarding and skiing, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing. There are boundaries set up to separate motorized use from foot traffic. These established boundaries decrease conflicts between users and seasonal closures related to snow depth and animal wintering ranges. Non-motorized recreation is permitted west of the pass and motorized recreation is permitted east of the pass. The boundary designating winter recreational usage on Rabbit Ears Pass provides an opportunity to study the influence of motorized recreation on the physical properties of the snowpack and animal use. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service managing the Routt National Forest has not only implemented boundary regulations, but they have also put into effect regulatory practices designating the start of the snowmobile season when the unpacked snow depth equals or exceeds 30 cm (12 inches). There have been limited studies regarding the effectiveness of the current management plan with respect to an adequate snow depth that would minimize the potential impact motorized winter recreationalists have on this seasonal habitat.

Summer activities on the pass include the increasingly popular "Run Rabbit Run" 50 mile or 100 mile trail run. The area offers many car camping spots and hiking trails. One of the most popular summer sports to take place on the pass is road biking. Steamboat Springs often hosts a stage of the USA Pro Cycling Tour. This international bike competition takes riders up and over the pass descending into Steamboat Springs during end of a stage, and ascending over the pass during the beginning of the next stage. The pass also hosts the "Ride the Divide" Mountain bike race that takes place from Montana to Mexico every year. The trail over the pass begins at 10,038' (3060 m) at Base Camp Trailhead and ends at 9250' (2819 m) in the Medicine Bow National Forest, WY. The trail is 68.1 miles (99.5 km). This trail offers outstanding views east into North Park and west towards Utah. Users need to be prepared for weather extremes at all times.

Somewhat unusually, the highway over Rabbit Ears Pass has a gently rolling character in the vicinity of the summit. After crossing the Divide westbound, the road dips briefly and then reaches its highest point (about 9426 ft) before descending gently to the west summit (9400 ft) and then dropping steeply (6.8% N) toward Steamboat Springs. This is the 28th steepest pass in the State of Colorado. The steep grade necessitates many sharp curves because of the steep rise of 3,000' in the seven mile descent into the town of Steamboat Springs. There is a single runaway truck ramp on this last stretch for truckers whose brakes become hot while descending the grade. The highway is significantly less steep on the eastern side of the pass, where it descends along a slow incline towards Muddy Pass. The current crossing of the Divide represents a realignment of the highway from a somewhat higher crossing just to the north. Access to Old Rabbit Ears Pass can be achieved by turning north off U.S. 40 toward Dumont Lake. The old summit is marked with a stone monument. The old highway is now Grand County Road 199. From the old summit, it is easy to reach the base of Rabbit Ears Peak via 4x4 trails.

title: Rabbit Ears Pass


text:
User talk:HaroldRex

I have no idea what this is about, but if you're looking for serious discusion, posting threatening warnings all over Wikipedia is not going to convince people. Don't disrupt Wikipedia to make a point - instead, try to communicate with people on their talk pages if you have anything relevant to say. Thanks, Ferkelparade π 17:23, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Contact info
If you want to contact Jimmy, the address is jwales@wikia.com - please be sure to include the word "Wikipedia" in the subject line. He has seen your talk page message, but the address you gave there bounced. -- sannse (talk) 19:01, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You might at least tell us what ID your father was posting from. RickK 21:50, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:HaroldRex


text:
North Luffenham

North Luffenham is a village in Rutland, in the East Midlands of England. The population of the civil parish at the 2001 census was 704, decreasing to 679 at the 2011 census. It lies to the north of the River Chater, 5 mi east of Uppingham and 7 mi west of Stamford. Located to the north of the village is St George's Barracks, formerly RAF North Luffenham.

History
The village's name means 'homestead/village of Luffa'.

Discovery of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery to the north of the modern village suggests that there were people living here in the village in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D. The village grew and prospered during the Middle Ages.

In the 17th century the village was the scene of a small English Civil War siege when in 1642 Lord Grey and his parliamentary forces were gathered at Leicester. With gunpowder and ammunition taken in raids on Oakham, they marched to Brooke to arrest Viscount Campden. Henry Noel, a known royalist, heard of this and decided to take a "little guard" into his house, Luffenham Hall. Disappointed at Brooke, Lord Grey and his 1300 soldiers made their way to North Luffenham, destroying the nearby hamlet of Sculthorpe and surrounded the Hall. There was little actual fighting, although the church register does record the burial of an unnamed parliamentary soldier on 21 February 1642. Outnumbered by seven to one, Henry Noel had little choice but to surrender. The Hall was plundered and the parliamentary soldiers attacked the nearby church, smashing windows and defacing a statue of Henry Noel's first wife (the damage to the fingers and nose can still be seen). Noel was taken as a prisoner to London, where he died shortly afterwards.

The original Luffenham Hall (the village school is now on the site) was built in around 1635 and belonged to the Noel family. Although besieged during the Civil War it was occupied by the Noels until the 18th century. It was demolished in 1806. All that remains is the garden ha-ha (a sunken boundary wall) and outbuildings along Church Street.

To the east of the parish church is the present day North Luffenham Hall. Built in the mid-1500s, this was originally Digby Manor House and only later became known as Luffenham Hall.

The Church of St John the Baptist is a fine antique fabric, with a tower surmounted by a spire. The churchyard contains 31 graves maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. These include 11 Canadian servicemen who died while North Luffenham was a RCAF base in the 1950s.

Archdeacon Robert Johnson (1540–1625) was Rector of North Luffenham for 51 years, from 1574 until his death; he founded Oakham and Uppingham Schools in 1584, as well as other charitable institutions including almshouses.

St Mary & St John's Primary School is a Voluntary Aided Church of England school. It is built on the site of North Luffenham Hall and the southern boundary is a ha-ha.

One pub remains in the village; The Fox (previously The Fox & Hounds). The Horse & Panniers (popularly known as The Nag & Bag) closed in 2013.

Arts & Crafts architect C. F. A. Voysey designed The Pastures in 1903 and he also worked on another house in the village.

title: North Luffenham


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Carrie Derick

Carrie Matilda Derick (January 14, 1862 – November 10, 1941) was a Canadian botanist and geneticist, the first female professor in a Canadian university, and the founder of McGill University's genetics department.

Early life and education
Born in the Eastern Townships in Clarenceville, Canada East (now Quebec) in 1862, Derick was educated at the Clarenceville Academy in Clarenceville, QC. She began teaching by the age of fifteen. Derick later received teacher training at the McGill Normal School, graduating in 1881 as a Prince of Wales Gold Medal winner. She then went on to become a school teacher in Clarenceville and Montreal, and later serving as a principal (at the age of nineteen) of the Clarenceville Academy.

In 1889, Derick pursued a B.A. from McGill University, and graduated in 1890, at the top of her class in natural science with first-class honours, the highest GPA (94%) that year, and received the Logan Gold Medal. Her graduating class included two other notable Canadian women: Elizabeth Binmore and Maude Abbott. She began teaching at the Trafalgar Institute for Girls in 1890, while also working part-time as McGill's first female botany demonstrator.

In 1891, Derick began her master's program at McGill under David Penhallow and received her M.A. in botany within four years (1896), while holding two simultaneous jobs. She then attended the University of Bonn, Germany, in 1901 and completed the research required for a Ph.D. but was not awarded an official doctorate since the University of Bonn did not give women Ph.D. degrees at the time.

Derick also studied at Harvard University for three summers, the Royal College of Science, London in 1898, and the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts for seven summers.

Achieving university professorship
Following her PhD research, Derick then returned to McGill University. Given her previous seven years of teaching, researching, administration work and publishing (without pay) at McGill University, Derick wrote directly to Principal Peterson and was promoted to the position of assistant professor at one-third the salary of her male counterparts in 1905.

In 1909, when Penhallow (Derick's former Master's supervisor, then chair for McGill University's Botany Department) fell ill, Derick assumed his role as chair. Penhallow died in 1910. Following Penhallow's death, Derick continued to run the department for three years. In 1912, McGill University began a search for a new department chair and did not recruit Derick, despite her previous experience or the strong support she received.

Instead, Derick was officially appointed as professor of morphological botany by McGill University in 1912. This made Derick the first woman both at McGill University and in Canada to achieve university professorship. However, morphological botany was not Derick's research expertise, and this new position did not come with a pay rise, or a seat on the faculty. Derick was told by the McGill University president that this was a 'courtesy title' and she was not actually a professor. Furthermore, the new botany department chair assigned Derick work suitable for a demonstrator, not a professor.

Derick continued to persevere in her role, and returned to teaching and research after a new demonstrator was hired. She later petitioned to have her title changed to professor of comparative morphology and genetics to be more representative of her expertise and research interests.

Derick founded McGill University's genetics department. She created the Evolution and Genetics course (the first of its kind in Canada) and published a number of academic publications on botany. She was one of the few women to be listed in the American Men of Science (1910).

Due to poor health, Derick retired in 1929. McGill University awarded her the honorary title of "professor emerita," making her the first female professor emeritus in Canada.

Service and advocacy
Derick was a leader in early feminism: fighting for women's right to education, the vote, and work. Derick also co-founded and was a lifelong member of the National Council of Women of Canada. Her co-founder was Maude Abbott: McGill's pioneer cardiologist and curator of the Medical Museum.

Derick was a member of the Mu Iota Society, a group whose name was later changed to The Alumnae Society. She was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, vice president of the Natural History Society of Montreal, and a member of the Botanical Society of America, the American Genetics Association, the Montreal Philosophical Club, the Canadian Public Health Association, the Executive Committee of the National Council of Education, and the first woman on the Protestant Committee of Public Instruction, Quebec, from 1920 to 1937.

Derick was also president of the Montreal Suffrage Association from 1913 to 1919. She publicly supported birth control in Canada (which was then illegal from 1891 to 1969). In 1915, Derrick confronted then Quebec premier Sir Lomer Gouin regarding his views on the topic of birth control. Derick also supported other social causes, including the need for mandatory school attendance for children, and care for 'abnormal' children.

In 1914, Derick supported Annie Langstaff, the first female law graduate from McGill University, in her unsuccessful bid to join Quebec's bar. One of Derick's students, Faith Fyles, went on to become assistant botanist on the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa.

Death
Derick died on November 10, 1941, in Montreal, Quebec.

Posthumous recognition
A street (Rue Carrie-Derick) is named after her in Montreal's Southwest borough.An award has been created in her honour at McGill University, titled the Carrie M. Derick Award for Graduate Supervision and Teaching.

Derick was designated as a National Historic Person in 2007, and as of 2023, her designation is identified for review. On her 155th birthday in 2017, she was recognized through a Google Doodle.

Awards

 * The J.C. Weston prize

title: Carrie Derick


text:
River Arth

The River Arth is a small river that rises in the hills near Bethania, Ceredigion, Wales, and runs west for 15 mi and discharges into Cardigan Bay at Aberarth.

Despite its small size it is one of the few rivers in Britain which has a bore when the incoming tide cause a tidal wave to run upstream. The bore is only a few inches high and it runs only for a short distance upstream; beyond the road bridge in Aberarth the terrain rises steeply, preventing the bore propagating any further.

In the 1970s, the River Arth suffered severe intermittent agricultural pollution from a dairy unit not far from the village but improved pollution control and a change of ownership of the farm rectified that position.

title: River Arth


text:
Tentaculites

Tentaculites is an extinct genus of conical fossils of uncertain affinity, class Tentaculita, although it is not the only member of the class. It is known from Lower Ordovician to Upper Devonian deposits both as calcitic shells with a brachiopod-like microstructure and carbonaceous 'linings'. The "tentaculites" (i.e. tentaculita) are also referred to as the styliolinids.

Affinity
The taxonomic classification of tentaculitids is uncertain. Some grouped them with pteropods, but there is no modern support and only superficial similarity. They may also be related to other conical shells of uncertain affinity including cornulitids, Anticalyptraea, microconchids and trypanoporids. Their shell microstructure has warranted their comparison with the brachiopods and phoronids, and the possible Ediacaran lophophorate Namacalathus.

Morphology
Tentaculitids have ribbed, cone-shaped shells which range in length from 5 to 20 mm. Some species septate; their embryonic shell, which is retained, forms a small, sometimes spherical, chamber.

Ecology
Some species are inferred to have been planktonic.

title: Tentaculites


text:
Brock, Saskatchewan

Brock (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Kindersley No. 290 and Census Division No. 13. The village is located 165 km southwest of the City of Saskatoon.

History
Brock incorporated as a village on July 7, 1910. Brock was named for Isaac Brock, hero of the War of 1812.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brock had a population of $134$ living in $62$ of its $71$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $142$. With a land area of 0.7 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Brock recorded a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of. With a land area of 0.74 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Notable people

 * John Badham, sportscaster inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame
 * Steve MacIntyre, professional ice hockey player

title: Brock, Saskatchewan


text: File:Wario World game cover.jpg

title: File:Wario World game cover.jpg


text:
20th Century Home Entertainment

20th Century Home Entertainment (previously known as 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and also known as 20th Century Studios Home Entertainment) is a home video brand label of Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment that distributes films produced by 20th Century Studios, Searchlight Pictures, and 20th Century Animation, and television series by 20th Television, Searchlight Television, 20th Television Animation, and FX Productions in home entertainment formats.

Established in 1982, it served as its own distinct home video distribution arm of Fox Entertainment Group. On March 20, 2019, The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox, and as a result, 20th Century Home Entertainment's operations were folded into Disney's own home entertainment division. It now operates as a brand label of Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment and also releases titles from other third-party studios it has prior distribution deals with.

Prior to 1982, from 1976 to 1982, the video distribution arm had been under a deal with a home entertainment company called Magnetic Video. Disregarding the dissolution of Magnetic Video into 20th Century-Fox Video, the video distribution arm had been in the videocassette business in North America from 1976 to 2005, and have been in the videodisc business since 1981, when Magnetic Video Corporation began releasing their titles to the newly discovered LaserDisc format. 20th Century Fox was not the only film company under the Magnetic Video deal, but other companies such as Paramount Pictures, United Artists and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (Which 20th Century would handle from 1999 to 2020) had been serving in the business under their parent distribution companies, United Artists and Viacom International. Magnetic also had been releasing titles from ABC Pictures International and Avco-Embassy, as well as older films with the Estate of Charles Chaplin. United Artists had also released their library of films released by Warner Bros. Pictures during the 1920s-1940s, through Magnetic Video.

20th Century-Fox Video (1982)
In March 1979, 20th Century-Fox acquired Magnetic Video Corporation, a small independent home video distributor founded by Andre Blay and Leon Nicholson that was based in Farmington Hills, Michigan, after a previous relationship with the company. In 1982, Fox renamed Magnetic Video Corporation to 20th Century-Fox Video and continued to be headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan. However, Blay was forced out at the time, with Telecommunications division president and CEO Steve Roberts taking charge of TCF Video.

During this time, 20th Century-Fox Video released a few titles for rental only, including Eye of the Needle, Caveman, Death Hunt, Dr. No, A Fistful of Dollars, Rocky, Taps, For Your Eyes Only, Omen III: The Final Conflict, Chu Chu and the Philly Flash (aka Chu Chu and the Philadelphia Flash), La Cage aux Folles II, and Star Wars. While sale tapes were in big boxes that were later used by CBS/Fox in its early years (dubbed "Fox Boxes" by VHS collectors), Video Rental Library tapes were packaged in black clamshell cases. Similar approaches were taken by other companies; however, none lasted long.

CBS/Fox Video/FoxVideo (1982–2001)
In June 1982, 20th Century Fox entered into a joint venture with CBS to form CBS/Fox Video; Roberts remained head of the joint-venture, but was replaced as president in January 1983 by a former Columbia Pictures executive, Larry Hilford. Hilford had been a verbal critic of the video rental business, but with the situation out of their control, he attempted to make the situation work for them. CBS/Fox and other home video units increased prices of the cassettes by around 67% to maximize income. They also moved to encourage customer purchasing instead of renting. As a part of that, CBS/Fox looked to existing retail chains for direct sales. Toys R Us and Child World signed the first direct deals in July 1985 with CBS/Fox. Walt Disney Home Video soon followed with a direct deal with Toys R Us.

During this period, two sub-labels of the company were created. The first was Key Video, launched in April 1984, structured as a separate company but utilizing the CBS/Fox sales and marketing arms; Key's remit was to exploit catalog titles (from both CBS and Fox as well as other companies whose catalogs CBS/Fox had access to at the time, including Lorimar, ITC and United Artists) targeted towards collectors and longer shelf life than other titles (later expanded to include acquired titles and non-theatrical programming from outside CBS/Fox, primarily B-movies). Key's offerings were often, though not always, priced for sale at cheaper rates than mainstream CBS/Fox titles. The other was Playhouse Video, launched in February 1985 (replacing the short-lived CBS/Fox Children's Video label) and run in a similar fashion to Key Video, with am emphasis on children's and family titles, including those of The Muppets, Planet of the Apes original pentalogy, Shirley Temple movies and content from CBS (including the Dr. Seuss specials owned by the network and Peanuts movies and specials). Both of these labels were rendered inactive by 1991; under Fox, the Key Video name (later renamed to Key DVD) made a brief comeback in the 2000s.

In March 1991, a reorganization of the company was made, which would give Fox greater control of the joint venture. All of CBS/Fox's distribution functions were transferred to the newly formed FoxVideo, which would also take over exclusive distribution of all 20th Century Fox products. CBS began releasing their products under the "CBS Video" name (which had been sparingly used since the 1970s), with CBS/Fox handling marketing and Fox Video handling distribution. CBS/Fox would retain the license to non-theatrical products from third parties, including those from BBC Video and the NBA.

Fox Video was run by president Bob DeLellis, a 1984 hire at CBS/Fox who had risen to group vice president and president by 1991. With expected repeat viewing, FoxVideo dropped prices on family films starting in June 1991 with Home Alone at a suggested list price of $24.98, to encourage purchasing over rental.

Bill Mechanic's arrival in 1993 from Walt Disney Home Video, as the new head of Fox Filmed Entertainment, saw new plans to move Fox forward, including Fox Video. However, DeLellis was initially left alone, as Mechanic was occupied setting up multiple creative divisions within Fox. Mechanic had been the one to install the "Vault" moratorium strategy at Disney. Mrs. Doubtfire was released soon after Mechanic's arrival with a sell through price, and surpassed sale projections at 10 million tapes. In 1995, FoxVideo launched a line, Fox Kids Video, in order to release various titles that was aired on the Fox Kids Network, such as Bobby's World, The Tick, Eek! the Cat and Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?, although the name was previously used a year earlier on the three volumes of the Bobby's World show.

20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (1995–2020)

The company was renamed 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on March 16, 1995, after Fox Entertainment Group acquired CBS's interest in CBS/Fox. The reorganization also created additional distribution operations (Fox Kids Video, CBS Video, and CBS/Fox Video) and two new media units, Fox Interactive and Magnet Interactive Studios. Total revenue for the expanded business unit would have been over $800 million, with FoxVideo providing the bulk at $650 million. Mechanic kept DeLellis as president of the expanded unit's North American operation, with Jeff Yap as international president. By May 1995, Fox had Magnet under a worldwide label deal for 10 to 12 titles through 1996. TCFHE would also be responsible for DVD when they hit the market. Mechanic had Fox Home Entertainment institute the moratorium strategy with the August 1995 release of the three original Star Wars movies giving them a sales window before going off the market forever; four months for New Hope, and until the fall of 1997 for The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. Sales topped 30 million copies over expectations. The company's 1996 release of Independence Day sold 18 million units, making it the industry's bestselling live-action home video release.

With the May 1997 departure of DeLellis, a quick rotation of presidents led Fox Home Entertainment: Yapp for four months before he left to lead Hollywood Video, then an interim president—Pat Wyatt, head of 20th Century Fox Licensing & Merchandising, who assumed the post in September 1997. With DVD being a Warner Home Video property, the company did not initially issue DVDs; instead, Fox advocated for digital VHS tapes (which eventually emerged as the obscure D-Theater), then the disposable DIVX. DIVX was a DVD variant that had limited viewing time, launched by the Circuit City consumer electronics chain in June 1998. With DVD's low cost at $20 and DIVX at $4.50, and the desirability for consumers to own DVDs, the DVD format won quickly out over DIVX. News Corporation chief Rupert Murdoch wanted a deal with Time Warner Cable, as to secure a lower channel position for the then-new Fox Family Channel, so Mechanic adopted the DVD format to smooth the deal.

By 1998, Wyatt became permanent president of 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Wyatt then became head of Fox Consumer Products, which put together the video and licensing unit. Wyatt had to drop the licensing half eventually, as the home video unit boomed. DVD sales were so strong during this period that they factored into green-lighting theatrical films. Wyatt reorganized Fox Home Entertainment, and forged a partnership with replicator Cinram. Being ahead of the other studios, TCFHE began picking up additional outside labels as distribution clients, with their fees covering the company's overhead. Fox Home Entertainment won multiple Vendor of the Year awards. Wyatt's system was a great edge for years. The TV-on-DVD business was initiated by Wyatt through the release of whole seasons of The X-Files, The Simpsons and 24, which started the binge-watching concept. However, the videocassette rental business was declining such that video rental chains signed revenue-sharing deals with the studios, so additional copies of hits could be brought in for a lower price, and share sales for more customer satisfaction.

Mechanic left Fox in June 2000, while Wyatt resigned in December 2002. Jim Gianopulos replaced Mechanic, while executive vice president of domestic marketing and sales, Mike Dunn, took over from Wyatt. Wyatt left to start a direct-to-video film production and financing company for Japanese-style animated programming.

In 2004, 20th Century Fox passed on theatrical distribution, but picked up domestic home video rights to The Passion of the Christ. Passion sold 15 million DVDs. TCFHE continued obtaining additional Christian films' domestic home video rights for movies like Mother Teresa and the Beyond the Gates of Splendor documentary. After a 2005 test with a Fox Faith website, in 2006, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment launched its own film production banner for religious films using the same name.

Effective October 1, 2005, 20th Century Fox Scandinavia was split into two, 20th Century Fox Theatrical Sweden and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Scandinavia. For the Home Entertainment Scandinavia division, Peter Paumgardhen was appointed managing director and would report to senior vice president of 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Europe Gary Ferguson.

By 2005, DVD was on the decline and the rise of HDTVs required a new, high-resolution format; Fox and half the studios backed Blu-ray, while the other half backed HD DVD, and some planned to issue releases in both formats. In late 2006, the company began releasing its titles on Blu-ray. Blu-ray won the format war in 2008, but with streaming services picking up in popularity and the Great Recession, the expected rebound in disc sales never happened. In 2006, animation studio DIC Entertainment struck a deal with the studio to release DiC content on DVD.

With Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) moving its home video distribution to TCFHE in 2006, by this time the company had moved into second place behind Warner Bros. and ahead of Walt Disney, and had its best year yet. In October, Fox Home Entertainment issued the first to include a digital copy along on a disc with the special-edition DVD of Live Free or Die Hard. The 2010 Blu-ray release of Avatar was the year's top-selling title and the top Blu-ray Disc seller, with 5 million units sold. In 2011, Fox released on Blu-ray Disc the full Star Wars double trilogy on 9 discs, a premium set selling 1 million units its first week in stores, generating $84 million in gross sales.

In response to Warner Bros., Sony and MGM issuing manufactured-on-demand lines of no-frills DVD-R editions of older films in May 2012, TCFHE began its Cinema Archives series. By November 2012, the archive series had released 100 movies. Fox Home Entertainment also started the early window policy, where the digital version is released through digital retailers two or three weeks before the discs, and was launched with Prometheus in September 2012. This also started Fox's Digital HD program where customers could download or stream 600 Fox films on connected devices at less than $15/film through multiple major platforms. However, Digital HD was soon dropped as 4K, or Ultra HD, was introduced in 2012. In 2014, a high-tech think tank, Fox Innovation Lab, was formed under 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.

In September 2015, the first Ultra HD Blu-ray player was introduced, leading TCFHE to have future movies released the same day in Ultra HD Blu-ray as regular Blu-ray and DVD. The first Ultra HD Blu-ray films were released in March 2016, with Fox being one of four studios involved; Fox had had the most titles with 10.

Dunn added another title in December 2016: president of product strategy and consumer business development. Dunn turned over TCFHE in March 2017 to Keith Feldman taking over his older title, president of worldwide home entertainment. Feldman was previously president of worldwide home entertainment distribution, and, before that, president of international.

20th Century Home Entertainment (Disney acquisition: 2020–present)
In December 2017, the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company was proposed. After approval was given, Disney acquired most of 21st Century Fox's entertainment assets on March 20, 2019, including 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.

On January 17, 2020, Disney retired the "Fox" name from several of the acquired 21st Century Fox assets (to avoid confusion with Fox Corporation), including the renaming of 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment as 20th Century Home Entertainment. Disney also folded 20th Century Home Entertainment into their existing Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment division to be used solely as a brand label to distribute films and television series by 20th Century Studios, Searchlight Pictures, 20th Television, 20th Century Animation, Searchlight Television, 20th Television Animation, and FX Productions. Additionally, the 20th Century Studios logo now serves as the all-encompassing logo for 20th Century Home Entertainment.

Following the launch of Disney+ in 2019 and its international expansion in the following years, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (which had been distributing 20th Century & Searchlight titles since 2020) has begun to discontinue physical distribution entirely in certain regions such as Latin America, Australia, New Zealand, India, the Middle East, Portugal, Asia (except China, Korea and Japan), Hungary, and Romania, or to let other companies distribute in certain international markets like the United Kingdom (Elevation Sales), Poland (Galapagos), Czech Republic (Magic Box), Spain (Divisa Films), Italy (Eagle Pictures), Scandinavia and Benelux (SF Studios), France (ESC Distribution), China (Excel Media), Korea (SM Life Design Group), Russia (ND Play), Greece (Feelgood Entertainment), Germany (Leonine Studios) and Japan (Happinet).

In February 2024, Disney entered into a home video distribution agreement with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, in which Sony would handle all physical media production and distribution for Disney's home entertainment assets in North America, ending an era for a 46-year physical media distribution operation but its production will continue. The first 20th Century Studios film to be released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment will be the DVD and Blu-ray release of The First Omen on July 30, 2024.

On June 24, 2024, it was reported that Sony Pictures Home Entertainment had entered into a distribution deal with SDS to handle the physical distribution of titles from Sony Pictures as well as Disney and Lionsgate through their existing distribution deals with SPHE.

Catalogue library
20th Century Home Entertainment is used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment as the home video label for products released under the 20th Century Studios, Searchlight Pictures, 20th Century Animation, 20th Century Family, 20th Television, 20th Television Animation and FX Productions banners. 20th Century's best-selling DVD titles are the various season box sets of The Simpsons.

Guild/Pathé
Since July 1993, Fox's Home video operations in France have operated as a joint venture. The joint venture was originally between Fox, Pathé and Le Studio Canal+, and was known as PFC Vidéo (Pathé Fox Canal). In January 2001, StudioCanal exited the venture to start distributing releases through then-sister company Universal Pictures Video France (later switching to self-distributing their releases), and EuropaCorp joined the joint-venture. Effectively, the venture was renamed as Fox Pathé Europa. The venture ended shortly after Disney's purchase of 20th Century Fox, with Pathé resorting to simply self-distributing their home video releases and EuropaCorp moving to ESC Distribution.

From 1995 to 2021, Fox held a distribution partnership with Pathé's UK branch as well, which began after the then-named Guild entered into the 50-50 rental joint venture with Fox's UK branch called Fox Guild Home Entertainment. The deal also allowed Fox to take over retail distribution of Guild products from PolyGram Video. After Pathé retired the Guild name in 1998, The 50-50 rental joint venture was renamed to Fox Pathé Home Entertainment. This physical and digital agreement was later briefly carried over to Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment following the purchase of Fox before expiring on June 30, 2021, after Pathé signed a new partnership deal with Warner Bros. Pictures.

Saban Entertainment
In 1996, Fox Kids Network merged with Saban Entertainment to form Fox Kids Worldwide, which included the Marvel Productions and Marvel Films Animation library. Shortly afterward, Saban terminated its existing home video deal with WarnerVision Entertainment, and decided that they would move itself to TCFHE.

In 2001, The Walt Disney Company acquired Fox Family Worldwide, which included the Fox Family Channel, the Fox Kids brand and Saban Entertainment. A year later in 2002, Saban became BVS Entertainment and its titles transferred to Buena Vista Home Entertainment for distribution.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
In 1999, after ending their worldwide deal with Warner Home Video, MGM signed a deal with Fox to release MGM's films outside of the US & Canada.

In May 2003, MGM reinstated full distribution rights to their products in regions like Australia, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, although Fox continued distributing MGM titles in a majority of developing regions.

In 2006, after ending a similar deal with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, MGM signed a worldwide distribution deal with Fox, reinstating the rights internationally. TCFHE and MGM renewed their home video distribution deal twice (one in 2011 and one in June 2016) and it expired on June 30, 2020, with Warner Bros. Home Entertainment taking over in that same year. As of 2021, Studio Distribution Services, LLC., a joint venture between Warner Bros. Home Entertainment and Universal Pictures Home Entertainment, distributes in North America, with releases initially alternating between the two companies until 2023.

Entertainment One
After a prior home entertainment distribution arrangement for Australia and Spain, in February 2016, Entertainment One (eOne) and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment signed a new multi-territory distribution agreement. The agreement called for a distribution joint venture in Canada. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain and Australia, Fox would manage eOne's existing home video distribution.

In March 2019, after the purchase of Fox by Disney, Entertainment One ended its deal with Fox and signed a multinational distribution deal with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment shortly after. With the acquisition of Entertainment One by Lionsgate in 2023, Lionsgate Home Entertainment and Sony Pictures Home Entertainment took over the home media distribution rights of these catalogs.

DreamWorks Animation
In 2013, as part of DreamWorks Animation's existing five-year distribution deal with 20th Century Fox, Fox also released the company's films on home media. This was extended to include DreamWorks' pre-2013 catalog following DreamWorks' purchase of it from Paramount Pictures on July 1, 2014.

Fox's rights with DreamWorks ended in 2017 after the release of Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie and the purchase of DreamWorks Animation by NBCUniversal a year prior. With that, DreamWorks transferred its home entertainment rights to its movies to Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.

Other US agreements
In the United States, the company also distributed products from Anchor Bay Entertainment, Relativity Media, EuropaCorp U.S.A. and Yari Film Group.

CBS/Fox Video also once served as a distributor for television and film products released by BBC Video in the United States until these rights expired on June 30, 2000, and weren't renewed. On June 28, 2000, BBC Worldwide announced a new partnership with Warner Home Video for US & Canada that would begin effectively on July 1, 2000, excluding the release of Walking with Dinosaurs, which was instead transferred over from CBS/Fox to Warner on September 1, 2000.

In 1998, after ending their deal with WEA Video, Artisan signed a deal with Fox to release Artisan's film library in the United States. After the Lionsgate purchase in December 2003, it was expanded to include Canada as well. The deal expired in July 2021, with Lionsgate signing a deal with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment to distribute Lionsgate's film library and future releases in US.

In 2006, following the major success of Fox's distribution of the company's Strawberry Shortcake series, animation studio DIC Entertainment struck a five-year deal with Fox to release a small selection of DIC's catalogue on DVD, with the deal including Inspector Gadget, Madeline, Dennis the Menace and Care Bears. The distribution deal continued with Cookie Jar Group after its purchase of DIC in 2008. Eventually, Cookie Jar's deal with Fox expired after 2011.

In 2007, to commemorate the successful sales of Strawberry Shortcake in North America, American Greetings extended their deal with Fox to include their Care Bears and Sushi Pack franchises. In 2009, American Greetings moved their North American distribution to Lionsgate Home Entertainment., however Strawberry Shortcake remained under Fox's distribution due to the 2003 deal.

Also in 2006, because HIT Entertainment closed its US sales and distribution arm, it signed a deal with Fox to distribute its DVDs in the US. In 2008, the distribution deal ended and HIT's titles transferred to Lionsgate Home Entertainment. Despite the US deals, HIT continued to self-distribute its own DVDs in the UK (initially having Thomas & Friends titles released through 2 Entertain until 2008).

In 2008, WWE Studios signed a deal with 20th Century Fox, allowing it to distribute one theatrical title and four direct-to-video titles annually.

20th Century Home Entertainment distributes films for Annapurna Pictures in the United States, as part of a distribution pact that began in July 2017.

Other agreements
From July 1993 until 2001, Le Studio Canal+'s content was released through PFC Vidéo in France. They exited the venture to release content through Universal.

In June 2013, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Media Distribution formed a joint-venture partnership titled Fox-Paramount Home Entertainment in Nordic territories. In 2020, the company was shut down.

In late 2013, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment began distributing Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in Spanish territories, including Latin America and Spain. The deal expired in June 2016 and was not renewed.

In June 2016, Fox signed a deal with Warner Home Video to distribute Warner's library in Spain. The deal was extended in September 2019 after Disney acquired Fox as Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment took over Fox on distributing Warner's library in Spain. When Divisa Home Video started distributing Disney's titles in Spain, the deal expired in April 2022, as Arvi Licensing signed a deal with Warner to distribute its library in the country.

In Italy 20th Century Fox has distributed the home video distribution from Mediafilm from 2005 to 2011.

title: 20th Century Home Entertainment


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Autism Network International

Autism Network International (ANI) is an advocacy organization run by and for autistic people. ANI's principles involve the anti-cure perspective, the perspective that there should not be a goal to "cure" people of autism.

History
ANI was started by Jim Sinclair, Kathy Grant, and Donna Williams in 1992. The advocacy group is organized by autistic people for autistic people. ANI started out as a pen pal group, but when they first met in person, "they felt a sense of belonging, of being understood, of having the same concepts and sharing a language, of being normal." Sinclair and the other founders created an online community where participants could discuss issues in the online forum. ANI began publishing a newsletter, called Our Voice, which was ANI's physical newsletter.

(Of which scans of the first five volumes can be found here) ANI is responsible for coining the phrase "neurologically typical". Sinclair used ANI to help focus on the positive benefits of being Autistic, rather than the negatives. ANI has helped autistic individuals learn "the important lesson of delighting in a shared autistic culture."

Autreat
Autreat was a United States retreat and conference hosted by Autism Network International for autistic people. The first Autreat was in 1996, and was held at Camp Bristol Hills in New York. In 1999, there were 80 attendees, with one woman traveling from as far as Japan. There was an Autreat every year between 1999 and 2013, except 2001. The last Autreat was held in 2013.

Autreat was a conference for autistic people "designed by autistic people. It was a contrast to other autism conferences, which ANI believes are typically about autistic people but are intended for parents and professionals. Although parents, professionals, and others were welcome, Autreat was specifically designed for autistics, and offers an "autism friendly" environment, free of sensory bombardment. Common autistic mannerisms, like exceedingly literal conversation and hand-flapping, are to be expected. Common sources of autistic irritation, like casual hugs and fluorescent lighting, are not allowed.

Guests were under no pressure to interact socially. A simple visual code in the form of a colored badge was used to indicate members who wish to interact with anyone and everyone, those who wish not to be approached by strangers, and those who wish not to be approached at all. Autreat helped allow autistic individuals a "place to pursue and enjoy a nonconforming subculture."

Autreat inspired similar programs such as AutCon in the Western United States, as well as in other countries, such as Autscape in England and Projekt Empowerment in Sweden.

title: Autism Network International


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Forklift Driver Klaus – The First Day on the Job

Forklift Driver Klaus – The First Day on the Job (Staplerfahrer Klaus – Der erste Arbeitstag) is a German short film from 2000 about the first day of Klaus' work as a forklift driver. The film is a parody of work safety films from the 1980s.

The film was written and directed by Stefan Prehn and Jörg Wagner and stars Konstantin Graudus as the title role of Klaus. The narration was provided by Egon Hoegen, who was known in Germany for narrating road safety films.

The film quickly became famous, thanks in part to its splatter film violence, which fans regard as comical due to its extreme and obviously fake nature. The film received several awards and was made available on DVD by Anolis Entertainment in 2003, dubbed in English, French, and Spanish.

Plot
The film is presented as a safety instruction video for forklift truck drivers and shows the first day of work for newly qualified forklift truck driver Klaus. The film highlights, in a gory manner, the dangers of unsafe operation of machinery, as well as inattention as a result of chitchatting and distraction by a female coworker passing by.

Shortly after Klaus' first operation of the forklift, he nearly hits a co-worker who was leaving warehouse through garage door where walking is forbidden, instead of the pedestrian exit door. While this causes no injury, it is a hint for what would be coming. As the film progresses the injuries/deaths become more brutal, beginning with things like a man falling from the forklift after he was lifted on bare wooden platform rather than in a safety cage, and closing with the most violent: ending in a stray chainsaw being driven around by a severed arm on the floor, reaching and ripping through a man who had already been cut in half waist-down due to Klaus' previous accident. A gory POV shot of the chainsaw chopping through the man is shown. The warehouse's alarm bell ends up falling from its mount due to corrosion from blood stains, and lands on a head as apparent from a screaming sound. The film ends as Klaus is decapitated by the chainsaw and two men are left impaled onto the forklift prongs, screaming. The forklift drives off into the sunset as the impaled men continue to scream with the chainsaw racing after them. The closing musical theme, "Happyland", was written by French composer Laurent Lombard.

Cast

 * Konstantin Graudus as Forklift Driver Klaus
 * Egon Hoegen as narrator
 * Sönke Korres as Plummetting Helmut
 * Erik Rossbander as Werner the Knife
 * Till Huster as No Hands Günther
 * Dieter Dost as Bisected Herbert
 * Jürgen Kossel as Chainsaw Rudi
 * Douglas Welbat as Headphone Paul
 * Gustav Adolph Artz as Seminar Instructor
 * Clarissa Schröter as Secretary

Usage as a safety film
Although the film is not officially part of the German training and education system for forklift trucks, it has been shown by some instructors as an example of what forklift drivers should not do.

Awards
The film has won many awards, including:
 * The Canal+ International Award for Best Short Film at the Cinema Jove Festival Internacional de Cine València in 2001
 * The Jury Award for Best Short Film and the Audience Award for Best Short Film at the San Sebastian Horror and Fantasy Film Festival in 2001
 * The Audience Award for Short Film and the Special Prize of the European Broadcasters Jury for Best Original Idea at the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film in 2002
 * The Friedrich-Wilhelm-Murnau-Award at the Day of the German Short Film awards in 2002
 * The German Film Critics Award for Best Short Film at the German Film Critics Association Awards in 2002
 * The Jury Prize for Best Short Film at the Fantasia Film Festival in 2003 (where it also won 3rd place in the Best Short Film category)