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Database index

A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes and storage space to maintain the index data structure. Indexes are used to quickly locate data without having to search every row in a database table every time said table is accessed. Indexes can be created using one or more columns of a database table, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient access of ordered records.

An index is a copy of selected columns of data, from a table, that is designed to enable very efficient search. An index normally includes a "key" or direct link to the original row of data from which it was copied, to allow the complete row to be retrieved efficiently. Some databases extend the power of indexing by letting developers create indexes on column values that have been transformed by functions or expressions. For example, an index could be created on, which would only store the upper-case versions of the   field in the index. Another option sometimes supported is the use of partial index, where index entries are created only for those records that satisfy some conditional expression. A further aspect of flexibility is to permit indexing on user-defined functions, as well as expressions formed from an assortment of built-in functions.

Support for fast lookup
Most database software includes indexing technology that enables sub-linear time lookup to improve performance, as linear search is inefficient for large databases.

Suppose a database contains N data items and one must be retrieved based on the value of one of the fields. A simple implementation retrieves and examines each item according to the test. If there is only one matching item, this can stop when it finds that single item, but if there are multiple matches, it must test everything. This means that the number of operations in the average case is O(N) or linear time. Since databases may contain many objects, and since lookup is a common operation, it is often desirable to improve performance.

An index is any data structure that improves the performance of lookup. There are many different data structures used for this purpose. There are complex design trade-offs involving lookup performance, index size, and index-update performance. Many index designs exhibit logarithmic (O(log(N))) lookup performance and in some applications it is possible to achieve flat (O(1)) performance.

Policing the database constraints
Indexes are used to police database constraints, such as UNIQUE, EXCLUSION, PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY. An index may be declared as UNIQUE, which creates an implicit constraint on the underlying table. Database systems usually implicitly create an index on a set of columns declared PRIMARY KEY, and some are capable of using an already-existing index to police this constraint. Many database systems require that both referencing and referenced sets of columns in a FOREIGN KEY constraint are indexed, thus improving performance of inserts, updates and deletes to the tables participating in the constraint.

Some database systems support an EXCLUSION constraint that ensures that, for a newly inserted or updated record, a certain predicate holds for no other record. This can be used to implement a UNIQUE constraint (with equality predicate) or more complex constraints, like ensuring that no overlapping time ranges or no intersecting geometry objects would be stored in the table. An index supporting fast searching for records satisfying the predicate is required to police such a constraint.

Non-clustered
The data is present in arbitrary order, but the logical ordering is specified by the index. The data rows may be spread throughout the table regardless of the value of the indexed column or expression. The non-clustered index tree contains the index keys in sorted order, with the leaf level of the index containing the pointer to the record (page and the row number in the data page in page-organized engines; row offset in file-organized engines).

In a non-clustered index,

 * The physical order of the rows is not the same as the index order.
 * The indexed columns are typically non-primary key columns used in JOIN, WHERE, and ORDER BY clauses.

There can be more than one non-clustered index on a database table.

Clustered
Clustering alters the data block into a certain distinct order to match the index, resulting in the row data being stored in order. Therefore, only one clustered index can be created on a given database table. Clustered indices can greatly increase overall speed of retrieval, but usually only where the data is accessed sequentially in the same or reverse order of the clustered index, or when a range of items is selected.

Since the physical records are in this sort order on disk, the next row item in the sequence is immediately before or after the last one, and so fewer data block reads are required. The primary feature of a clustered index is therefore the ordering of the physical data rows in accordance with the index blocks that point to them. Some databases separate the data and index blocks into separate files, others put two completely different data blocks within the same physical file(s).

Cluster
When multiple databases and multiple tables are joined, it is called a cluster (not to be confused with clustered index described previously). The records for the tables sharing the value of a cluster key shall be stored together in the same or nearby data blocks. This may improve the joins of these tables on the cluster key, since the matching records are stored together and less I/O is required to locate them. The cluster configuration defines the data layout in the tables that are parts of the cluster. A cluster can be keyed with a B-Tree index or a hash table. The data block where the table record is stored is defined by the value of the cluster key.

Column order
The order that the index definition defines the columns in is important. It is possible to retrieve a set of row identifiers using only the first indexed column. However, it is not possible or efficient (on most databases) to retrieve the set of row identifiers using only the second or greater indexed column.

For example, in a phone book organized by city first, then by last name, and then by first name, in a particular city, one can easily extract the list of all phone numbers. However, it would be very tedious to find all the phone numbers for a particular last name. One would have to look within each city's section for the entries with that last name. Some databases can do this, others just won't use the index.

In the phone book example with a composite index created on the columns, if we search by giving exact values for all the three fields, search time is minimal—but if we provide the values for  and    only, the search uses only the   field to retrieve all matched records. Then a sequential lookup checks the matching with. So, to improve the performance, one must ensure that the index is created on the order of search columns.

Applications and limitations
Indexes are useful for many applications but come with some limitations. Consider the following SQL statement: sql. To process this statement without an index the database software must look at the last_name column on every row in the table (this is known as a full table scan). With an index the database simply follows the index data structure (typically a B-tree) until the Smith entry has been found; this is much less computationally expensive than a full table scan.

Consider this SQL statement: SELECT email_address FROM customers WHERE email_address LIKE '%@wikipedia.org';. This query would yield an email address for every customer whose email address ends with "@wikipedia.org", but even if the email_address column has been indexed the database must perform a full index scan. This is because the index is built with the assumption that words go from left to right. With a wildcard at the beginning of the search-term, the database software is unable to use the underlying index data structure (in other words, the WHERE-clause is not sargable). This problem can be solved through the addition of another index created on reverse(email_address) and a SQL query like this: SELECT email_address FROM customers WHERE reverse(email_address) LIKE reverse('%@wikipedia.org');. This puts the wild-card at the right-most part of the query (now gro.aidepikiw@%), which the index on reverse(email_address) can satisfy.

When the wildcard characters are used on both sides of the search word as %wikipedia.org%, the index available on this field is not used. Rather only a sequential search is performed, which takes $O(N)$ time.

Bitmap index
A bitmap index is a special kind of indexing that stores the bulk of its data as bit arrays (bitmaps) and answers most queries by performing bitwise logical operations on these bitmaps. The most commonly used indexes, such as B+ trees, are most efficient if the values they index do not repeat or repeat a small number of times. In contrast, the bitmap index is designed for cases where the values of a variable repeat very frequently. For example, the sex field in a customer database usually contains at most three distinct values: male, female or unknown (not recorded). For such variables, the bitmap index can have a significant performance advantage over the commonly used trees.

Dense index
A dense index in databases is a file with pairs of keys and pointers for every record in the data file. Every key in this file is associated with a particular pointer to a record in the sorted data file. In clustered indices with duplicate keys, the dense index points to the first record with that key.

Sparse index
A sparse index in databases is a file with pairs of keys and pointers for every block in the data file. Every key in this file is associated with a particular pointer to the block in the sorted data file. In clustered indices with duplicate keys, the sparse index points to the lowest search key in each block.

Reverse index
A reverse-key index reverses the key value before entering it in the index. E.g., the value 24538 becomes 83542 in the index. Reversing the key value is particularly useful for indexing data such as sequence numbers, where new key values monotonically increase.

Inverted index
An inverted index maps a content word to the document containing it, thereby allowing full-text searches.

Primary index
The primary index contains the key fields of the table and a pointer to the non-key fields of the table. The primary index is created automatically when the table is created in the database.

Secondary index
It is used to index fields that are neither ordering fields nor key fields (there is no assurance that the file is organized on key field or primary key field). One index entry for every tuple in the data file (dense index) contains the value of the indexed attribute and pointer to the block or record.

Hash index
A hash index in database is most commonly used index in data management. It is created on a column that contains unique values, such as a primary key or email address.

Linear hashing
Another type of index used in database systems is linear hashing.

Index implementations
Indices can be implemented using a variety of data structures. Popular indices include balanced trees, B+ trees and hashes.

In Microsoft SQL Server, the leaf node of the clustered index corresponds to the actual data, not simply a pointer to data that resides elsewhere, as is the case with a non-clustered index. Each relation can have a single clustered index and many unclustered indices.

Index concurrency control
An index is typically being accessed concurrently by several transactions and processes, and thus needs concurrency control. While in principle indexes can utilize the common database concurrency control methods, specialized concurrency control methods for indexes exist, which are applied in conjunction with the common methods for a substantial performance gain.

Covering index
In most cases, an index is used to quickly locate the data records from which the required data is read. In other words, the index is only used to locate data records in the table and not to return data.

A covering index is a special case where the index itself contains the required data fields and can answer the required data.

Consider the following table (other fields omitted):

To find the Name for ID 13, an index on (ID) is useful, but the record must still be read to get the Name. However, an index on (ID, Name) contains the required data field and eliminates the need to look up the record.

Covering indexes are each for a specific table. Queries which JOIN/ access across multiple tables, may potentially consider covering indexes on more than one of these tables.

A covering index can dramatically speed up data retrieval but may itself be large due to the additional keys, which slow down data insertion and update. To reduce such index size, some systems allow including non-key fields in the index. Non-key fields are not themselves part of the index ordering but only included at the leaf level, allowing for a covering index with less overall index size.

This can be done in SQL with CREATE INDEX my_index ON my_table (id) INCLUDE (name);.

Standardization
No standard defines how to create indexes, because the ISO SQL Standard does not cover physical aspects. Indexes are one of the physical parts of database conception among others like storage (tablespace or filegroups). RDBMS vendors all give a CREATE INDEX syntax with some specific options that depend on their software's capabilities.

title: Database index


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Thorniewood United F.C.

Thorniewood United Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in Viewpark, North Lanarkshire. Formed in 1924, they compete in the. Their home ground is Robertson Park and the team colours are all red.

History
Nicknamed the Wood, they were formed in 1924 and play at Robertson Park, having moved from Thorn Park in nearby Tannochside in 1957 when the Caterpillar Tractor Company acquired the land to build a new factory at the time.

Negotiations to secure Robertson Park were made by the club's founder William Cowan with Caterpillar, who secured the site as a direct replacement for the original ground. A senior vice president of Caterpillar travelled from the US to meet with William to identify what was holding up the acquisition of the land.

In an agreement that resulted from the request to "move our park from here to there", Thorniewood moved to the current location and over the years have sold off parts of the land around the park. Robertson Park itself is named in recognition of the club's lawyer John Robertson, who provided much needed advice to William and other co-formers when the club was in its infancy.

While William Cowan will always be remembered as "Mr Thorniewood", many older supporters will recall that all of the Cowan family took roles in ensuring the club continued from washing the strips to collecting the gate money.

They currently compete in the West Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association; they wear all red strips (uniforms) with a change strip of all blue, although their original colours were either black and white striped shirts or latterly white shirts, black shorts and white socks. Thorniewood used to be called Tannochside Recreation for a short period in the 1960s but soon reverted to their original name. Tunnocks, the large biscuit manufacturer, are Thorniewood United's main sponsor and have been for many years. Fans of the club are known as Woodites or Woodies and The Shed Boys.

The club had its most successful era from the 1940s to the early 1960s,under the management of William Cowan, with its most recent league honour achieved in 1981 under the management of Stuart Noble.

In June 2015, Thorniewood won their first cup in 50 years when they defeated Blantyre Vics in a penalty shoot out to lift the Euroscot Engineering Central League Cup. The game had finished 2–2 with Thorniewood playing with nine men for 30 minutes after two straight red cards. The team have been managed since February 2017 by Gerry Bonham.

Central League Division 2

 * Winners: 1992–93

Other Honours

 * Lanarkshire League winners: 1950–51, 1955–56, 1959–60, 1963–64
 * Central League C Division winners: 1980–81
 * Lanarkshire Junior Cup: 1963–64, 1964–65
 * Euroscot Engineering Central League Cup: 2014–15

Current players
Season 2023/2024

Craig Murdoch

Craig Smith

Jordan Duncan

Ali Miller

Jack McClair

Callum Shields

Fraser Stobbie

Callum Nolan

Callum Scott

Declan Walsh

Michael Archer

Jamie Pollock

James Martin

Cody McLeod

Robbie Leighton

Josh Winton

Dan Kindlan

Jack Smith

Cammy Smith

Gary Smith

Former players
1. Players that have played/managed in the top two divisions of the Scottish Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league). 2. Players with full international caps. 3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club.
 * Jon Connolly
 * David Dunn
 * Joe Murray
 * Kenny Wright
 * Denis McCormack
 * Liam Anderson

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thorniewood United F.C.


text:
Theatre Europe

Theatre Europe is a turn-based strategy video game developed and published by Personal Software Services (PSS). It was first released in the United Kingdom for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, and Atari 8-bit computers in 1985. It was later released in France by ERE Informatique in 1986, and was released in the United States by Datasoft later that year. A port for the Tatung Einstein was released in 1989, in the UK. It is the fifth installment of the Strategic Wargames series.

The game is set during a fictional war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, in which both sides use nuclear and chemical weapons. The developers used information and statistics on military strength from the Ministry of Defence and the Soviet embassy in London. The objective is to fight conventional battles in continental Europe, whilst trying to avoid a worldwide nuclear holocaust. During the game, capital cities and their civilian populations are destroyed by nuclear weapons. The game ends once either side is forced to surrender or if the entire population of Europe perishes. To request a nuclear strike, the player was required to call a dedicated telephone number to hear an automated message giving the authorisation code.

Theatre Europe was criticized by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and The Sun newspaper. Some high street retail chains refused to sell the game upon release. The game received critical acclaim for its accuracy, playability and value for money. It won the "Best Strategy Game" award at the 1985 Golden Joystick Awards and was nominated for "Game of the Year".

PSS released a 16-bit follow-up game in 1989, Conflict: Europe.

Gameplay
The game is a turn-based strategy and revolves around a fictional conflict between the powers of NATO and allies of the Warsaw Pact. The player has the choice of choosing either NATO or the Warsaw Pact (collectively referred to as Soviet forces), or a "demo" computer versus computer option, where the game plays itself. The game takes place over a period of 30 in-game days, in which one day is equal to one "round". There are three types of difficulty; level one, in which unless provoked, the enemy will not use nuclear weapons, whilst levels two and three will enable the enemy to use nuclear and chemical attacks to prevent the player from winning the game.

The main feature of the game is focused on a map of Europe and western Russia, which displays accurate terrain such as mountain ranges, major cities, borders and all military forces belonging to each side. The game also features an arcade sequence which involves shooting down enemy units in order to secure combat bonuses; this gameplay mode, however, can be ignored by changing the game's settings. If the arcade sequences are turned on, the player will be notified to choose a battle on the map. Depending on the area chosen, an illustration of a battle commencing in countryside or a city is presented with various forms of military equipment including aeroplanes, helicopters and tanks. The player must shoot down and destroy enemy units using their cursor, in similar style to Missile Command. The outcome of the arcade sequence will affect the game; performing poorly will result in severe losses throughout that round.

After combat has been resolved, the player must move and assemble their forces in continental Europe, which is known as the movement phase. Two special units are exclusively available to the Warsaw Pact: "the 1st Airborne Army which can be flown directly behind enemy lines, and the 1st Amphibious Army which can move over the sea to a tactical attack point". Units are moved by cursor, and only one may be moved at a time. Once all units have been moved within a round, the attack phase will begin. Any amount of friendly units may attack an opposing army; however, once a unit has been dispatched for battle it cannot be stopped until the current attack phase concludes. During the attacking phase, a separate screen displaying combat information, such as enemy numbers and casualties, is displayed. If the screen detailing the attacking phase has been turned off in the settings, the battle will instead be decided on warrants of air superiority and armaments.

After battle sequences, the player will have the opportunity to rebuild their units by allocating a quantity of armament supplies, such as air support, which can be issued to any friendly unit on the map. After rebuilding ground units, the game will move onto an "air phase", which consists of commanding aircraft such as aeroplanes, bombers and a limited number of reserve air units. Several options for allocating air forces include: counter air strikes, reconnaissance on enemy movement, interdiction, assault breakers, and deep strikes. Counter air strikes involve attacks on enemy air bases, whereas interdiction involves aircraft being sent behind enemy lines in order to attack supply and movement networks. If interdiction aircraft are discovered in enemy territory, there will be a chance that the side will respond with a retaliatory nuclear strike. The remaining three aircraft options are to attack a single unit, strike enemy territory, and attack railways in order to disable enemy reinforcements, respectively.

The game allows the player to request chemical and nuclear tactical strikes against the enemy. A chemical attack is automatically targeted at an enemy capital city, and will conclude with a readout announcing the outcome of the attack, such as civilian casualties. In order to launch a strategic nuclear attack, the player is given 30 seconds to call a dedicated 1-800 telephone number and obtain a special authorisation code from the automated answerphone message (the authorisation code was 'Midnight Sun'). Once the authorisation code has been received, the player will be given three separate options on how to proceed. Standby mode will postpone the nuclear launch, whereas a strategic launch will involve one nuclear warhead targeting a city. The third option, known as "Fire-Plan", will issue a full-scale nuclear strike across Europe and results in a nuclear holocaust, which will end the game.

Release
In an interview with Your Computer magazine, Gary Mays stated that Theatre Europe received heavy criticism from the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). The CND accused the developers of "bad taste", despite Cockayne claiming that the organisation never "looked into the product". During development of the game, Cockayne and Mays obtained figures and statistics of various military strength from the Ministry of Defence and the Soviet embassy in London. Cockayne asserted that the statistics the developers gained were realistically plausible, stating that he would let the "horrifying results speak for themselves" during the game. Game designer Alan Steel stated that during testing, he was "alarmed" to discover when the computer played itself, the Warsaw Pact always won a conventional war overwhelmingly, forcing NATO to either surrender or begin a nuclear war. Steel adjusted the game to give NATO a chance to win. Theatre Europe was first released in the United Kingdom for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Atari 8-bit home computers in 1985. It was then re-released in France and the United States for those consoles in 1986. Due to lobbying from the CND, high street outlets such as Boots and John Menzies refused to sell the game in their stores, with the former finding it "morally offensive".

Reception
The game received critical acclaim upon release. Gwyn Hughes of Your Sinclair defended the accuracy and morality of the game, stating that it was not in "bad taste" and that the game was a "well researched program", which he thought would give the player an insight into the nature of modern war. Philippa Irving of Crash similarly stated that Theatre Europe offered more than a usual "run-of-the-mill" war game and heralded its simplistic nature, adding that novice gamers would "get in to it with ease". John Gilbert of Sinclair User added scepticism over the developer's intention of making something "so serious" as opposed to their other titles; however he praised the game as a "brilliant, if chilling" simulation. A reviewer writing for ZX Computing similarly stated that the game was "superbly chilling" and "extremely" well-presented. A reviewer of Computer and Video Games criticised the inferior graphics on the ZX Spectrum, stating that they were "a bit flawed" in comparison to the Commodore 64 version.

Bill Harrington reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that " TE does a credible job of demonstrating the perils of escalation and dramatizing how slippery the slope to nuclear war might be, but is basically a game in search of a market."

Computer Gamer noted that the game attracted media attention, despite the objective of the game discouraging the use of nuclear weapons. Reed praised the presentation and gameplay, also stating that the use of a joystick and keyboard is "excellent". A reviewer from Zzap!64 heralded the presentation and value for money, stating that it is overall "very special indeed". The reviewer also gave praise to the sound, suggesting that the game featured "one of the best pieces of micro music ever". Antic stated that the Atari 8-bit version's "execution is uneven". The magazine reported that the arcade portion "quickly becomes a nuisance" and NATO could not defeat the Warsaw Pact because of lack of balance, flaws that did not exist in the Commodore 64 version. Peter Connor of Advanced Computer Entertainment said that Theatre Europe was a "gift", in regards to its value of money and level of playability. In a 1994 survey of wargames Computer Gaming World gave the title two-plus stars out of five, stating that it was "rendered obsolete by history and game play".

The game won the "Best Strategy Game" award at the 1985 Golden Joystick Awards and was nominated for "Game of the Year".

title: Theatre Europe


text:
Talk:Janusz Radziwiłł (1579–1620)

Untitled
I believe there is typo in this site. It show Janusz Radziwill dieing in 1620 but marrying a Hoehenzollern in 1623. I believe the marriage was in 1613. Three years after his death? >R.M. You are correct about the typo, and I have cleaned this article up a little with other grammatical and historical corrections. Essentially minor ones.Dr.Dan

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title: Talk:Janusz Radziwiłł (1579–1620)


text:
Germania (airline)

Germania Fluggesellschaft mbH, trading as Germania, was a privately owned German airline with its headquarters in Berlin. It began by focusing on charter operations, then moved towards becoming a scheduled carrier, although some charter flights were still flown under the brand. The change in strategy led to growth over its last few years, and Germania operated to destinations in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East from several German bases. It carried 2.5 million passengers in 2009 and had around 850 employees as of summer 2014. It declared bankruptcy on 4 February 2019 and it ceased operations on 5 February 2019.

Early years 1978-1999
The airline was founded in April 1978 as Special Air Transport or SAT for short in Cologne and started operations on 5 September 1978 with a Fokker F-27. In November 1978, a Sud Aviation Caravelle was purchased from LTU, which was replaced by two used Boeing 727-100 from Hapag-Lloyd Flug (now TUIfly). Germania Express adopted the IATA code "ST" which was previously used by Yanda Airlines.

In spring 1986, the company was re-organised and its name was changed to Germania, the traditional Latin name of Germany, on 1 June 1986. For many years, Germania's main area of doing business were charter services for TUI, Condor and Neckermann Reisen – an area in which Germania earned a reputation for offering the lowest prices. In 1992 the registered office was relocated to Tegel. In the same year Germania won the bid for flight services between the old and new capital of Germany (Bonn and Berlin) on behalf of the German government, establishing a short-lived Beamten-Shuttle (German for “shuttle for civil servants”).

In 1998, the airline pioneered the use of aircraft for advertising in Germany (advertisers included Siemens and various tour operators). In the same year, Germania began to lease more and more planes to other airlines such as Hapag-Lloyd Express, Maersk and Delta.

Scheduled services
On 12 November 2001, Germania launched scheduled services between Berlin Tegel and Frankfurt. Germania initially offered a one-way ticket at EUR 99.00. Incumbent operator Lufthansa reacted immediately by lowering its prices and effectively matching the low Germania fares. Previously, Lufthansa sold tickets between these two cities for EUR 485.00 return. Lufthansa was sued for its anticompetitive practice and was forced to raise its fare to at least EUR 30.50 one-way over the Germania fare.

By early summer 2002, it became public that Germania obviously would lose its major leisure charter contract with German tour operator TUI from late 2002. The contract accounted for 75 percent of Germania's flight volume. The loss of the TUI charter contract combined with other business development led to skepticism regarding the financial health of the company. At that time, Germania and S.A.T. had a fleet of 27 aircraft of which only eight were deployed on the carriers charter and scheduled services. All remaining aircraft were leased to others.

Later, Germania was again partnered by TUI for creation of its new low-cost division Hapag-Lloyd Express. While TUI took a 100%-stake in the start-up, Germania was contracted to wet-lease eight of its Boeing 737-700 aircraft. Hapag-Lloyd Express commenced operations with the first four Boeing 737 on 3 December. Germania flights between Berlin and Cologne/Bonn were moved to Hapag-Lloyd Express as part of the deal.

However, Germania retained own scheduled operations between from Berlin Tegel to Frankfurt and Munich. In November 2002, flights to Palma da Mallorca was added. Reportedly in late 2002 or very early 2003, Germania acquired a fleet of 17 Fokker 100 from bankrupt US Airways at an extremely low price.

Budget airline operations as "gexx"
Germania decided to use its acquired Fokker 100 fleet to build a low-budget airline named "gexx". Set-up as a virtual carrier with flights operated by its mother Germania, gexx commenced short-haul operations out of Berlin Tegel on June 1, 2003. Unlike most other airlines, gexx used a fixed-fare scheme - depending the route tickets were sold at a single price with no differentiation concerning time of booking. Germania gradually refurbished further Fokker 100, allowing a continued growth of its gexx division. Within the first year of operations, gexx handled 1,42 million passengers while maintaining an average load factor of 72 percent and an average ticket fare of EUR 82, allowing a profitable operation. At the same time, it operated 15 Fokker 100 to 26 destinations around Europe.

Following a purchase of a 64% stake in dba (later part of Air Berlin) on 28 March 2005, Germania wet-leased 12 Fokker 100 aircraft to dba. At the same time, dba took over Germania Express's 15 established low-cost routes and thus absorbed Germania's gexx brand. Germania on the other hand, with all aircraft having been leased to other airlines, no longer offered routes directly to passengers.

Germania relaunched scheduled flights under its own brand name out of Berlin and Düsseldorf, beginning with the 2008 summer schedule.

The foundations were laid for the first maintenance hangar at Berlin Brandenburg Airport on 21 March 2011. Germania planned to use the hangar together once the airport becomes operational.

On 3 March 2014, Germania had its traffic rights for flights to Iraq revoked after an intervention by Iraqi Airways. On 12 March 2014, Germania was allowed to resume all operations to Iraq with the first flight resuming on the 17 March 2014.

Further expansion plans
Germania opened two seasonal UK bases in summer 2013, Manchester and London-Gatwick after securing charter contracts from several holiday companies. London-Gatwick remained as a permanent base after opening two scheduled routes to Pristina and Erfurt. London-Gatwick also served an inbound destination for sister company, Gambia Bird airlines. In summer 2014, Norwich International was added as Germania's third UK (seasonal) base.

In spring 2015, Germania announced plans to phase out all of their recently refurbished Boeing 737-700s by 2020 to become an all-Airbus operator. The airline therefore ordered 25 new Airbus A320neos for delivery from 2020.

In September 2016, Germania announced it would cease all operations at Kassel Airport where it was the only scheduled carrier at the time. In August 2017, the airline obtained an air operator's certificate (AOC) for its Bulgarian subsidiary, Bulgarian Eagle, and it has registered an Airbus A319 in Bulgaria. The aircraft was going to be, according to the airline, wet-leased to partner companies.

Bankruptcy and liquidation
In December 2018, it was reported that the airline had suffered heavy losses in recent years, especially during 2018 and that its owners were seeking potential buyers for the airline. On 31 January 2019, it was reported that payment of employee salaries would be delayed. Germania eventually ceased flight operations without previous notice in the night from 4 to 5 February 2019 and declared bankruptcy for itself and its technical and service divisions (excluding Germania Flug in Switzerland ). The final scheduled Germania flight to be in the air was ST 3711 from Fuerteventura to Nuremberg which landed on 5 February at 01:11 CET in the morning.

Ownership and structure
Germania Fluggesellschaft mbH was a private company that had been founded and run for many years by Hinrich Bischoff, who died on 11 November 2005. His wife Ingrid Bischoff was the main shareholder, but she sold it. Germania had its headquarters at Riedemannweg 58, Berlin, Germany.

There are three main operating subsidiaries:
 * Germania Flug, founded in 2014 in Switzerland to operate leisure flights under the newly established HolidayJet brand in cooperation with Swiss tour operator Hotelplan (three aircraft).
 * Bulgarian Eagle, founded in 2016 in Bulgaria as an ACMI carrier, with aircraft based at London Gatwick (two aircraft).
 * Germania Technik Brandenburg GmbH, the wholly owned aircraft maintenance subsidiary, based at Berlin Schönefeld.

Germania also had an interest in:
 * Gambia Bird, an airline based at Banjul, The Gambia, which ceased operations on 30 December 2014

Business trends
As Germania was a private company, annual reports did not have to be published. Very few figures were released into the public domain. In the absence of these, the little information for the Germania group that appears to be available was:

*In the absence of meaningful published data, the number of scheduled seats operated is shown as a proxy for the trends of the business.

Destinations
Germania offered a wide range of some year-round and mainly seasonal leisure and some metropolitan routes from several German airports. From its bases, scheduled flights to Armenia, Turkey, Kosovo, Israel and Lebanon were also offered, servicing minorities living in Germany and Austria.

Codeshare agreements

 * Sky Express

Final fleet
At the time of shutdown, the Germania fleet (excluding the Swiss and Bulgarian subsidiaries Germania Flug and Bulgarian Eagle) consisted of the following aircraft:

Historical fleet
Over the years, Germania operated the following aircraft types:

title: Germania (airline)


text:
User talk:Bigkahunaman

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:03, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bigkahunaman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Helen Schelle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep - Mailer Diablo 17:06, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Helen Schelle
Not notable enough to warrant an article of her own, even if she was one of the founders of Fisher Price I don't think her name well known. I will vote to delete this article. Oliver Keenan 21:05, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Founder of a notable corporation. Needs expansion though/ If that fails, merge into Fisher-Price (did I spell that correctly?) Mgm|(talk) 23:12, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, borderline. In need of expansion. Megan1967 01:11, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep all founders of major companies. N-Mantalk 09:52, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Co-founder of notable organisation. Capitalistroadster 10:17, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep founders of large companies. Dave the Red (talk) 05:39, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Quick Shot Ed

=Exclusive Quotes=

Untitled

 * Ed: I found a donut!
 * Eddy: That's a record, Ed
 * Rolf: I am a wiener!
 * Ed: You are Rolf!

 * Edd and Eddy: Victor's gone mad!

 * (Eddy takes picture of the Kankers)
 * May: We're being abducted!
 * Lee: No we're not! It's Eddy!
 * Eddy: Run boys.

 * Johnny: (taking a bath with Plank) Do you think they saw anything, Plank?

 * Eds: PLANK'S GONE MAD!!!

 * Kankers (To Edds): We're gonna make you pretty!

=Goofs=
 * Ed: (wearing the fuzzy coat) I am a werewolf! AROOOOOOOOOOO!!
 * Eddy only took 1 picture of each kid he could get (except that Eddy took three pictures of Kevin and two pictures of Johnny). There are only 10 kids in the cul-de-sac, even with Plank.
 * At the end when the Eds put bags over their heads with drawings of their faces, we see D.D pull his bag over his head to reveal he was wearing his hat on top of his new do, does that mean that the Kankers took off his hat?
 * There was a color mistake after Eddy takes a picture of Ed and Edd during the beginning of the episode that made it look like Double D had no hat.
 * Thee Kankers had the Eds trapped but the boys didn't come out of it covered in lipstick from kisses? Not likely.

=Story (taken from TV Tome)= The Eds are rummaging through Eddy's attic, when they come across an antique camera. They're not sure what to do with it, until Eddy comes up with a great idea to make cash, go on a photo safari, taking pictures of the cul-de-sac kids, then make a calendar and sell it to them. They go on a photo safari, taking pictures of everyone. Their safari soon leads them to the Park-n-Flush trailer park, where Eddy tries to sneak a picture of the Kankers. The Kankers spot the Eds, though and give them a little "makeover." =Episode Information= =OLD CAMERA= Eddy, Edd and Ed rummage through Eddy's attic. They find a old camera. Eddy comes up with a great idea to make cash, go on a photo safari, taking pictures of everyone. But Sarah, Victor and Plank go mad. The Eds' safari soon leads them to the Park-n-Flush trailer park, where Eddy tries to sneak a picture of the Kankers. The Kankers spot the Eds, though and give them a little makeover. =List of people whose picture is taken= Here's a list of every person that the Eds must take pictures of. =List of kids= List of kids, their picture are also taken in this episode (except Nazz). =Captioning Mistake= When Eddy sees that Plank is mad, he says "PLANK GONE MAD!". The captions say "WOOD GONE MAD!".
 * Episode Number 7
 * First Aired January 25, 1999
 * Rolf, but his goat Victor's gone mad.
 * Kevin, he chased the Eds into the sewers.
 * Sarah, she got mad.
 * Jimmy, he didn't get mad. He crys.
 * Johnny 2x4 & Plank, Plank got mad.
 * Nazz, her picture wasn't taken.
 * May, she gives one of the Eds a little makeover.
 * Lee, she gives Eddy a little makeover.
 * Marie, she gives one of the Eds a little makeover.
 * Eddy (while trying to take a picture of Nazz, he falls down the tree ledge and Eddy's picture has been taken)
 * Edd (pictures taken with Ed and ending with Ed and Eddy)
 * Ed (pictures taken with Edd and ending with Edd and Eddy)
 * Jonny (picture is taken when he is reading a book to Plank in the swing, making Plank MAD and last picture is taken in a shower)
 * Plank (he got mad at the Eds, causing the Eds to scream and run)
 * Rolf (the flash made him fall down and transforms him into a wiener and orders Victor to hit the Eds)
 * Kevin (while riding a bike, he's blinded)
 * Nazz
 * Sarah (her picture is taken, Jimmy crys and Sarah throws toys at the Eds)
 * Lee (she gives Eddy a makeover)
 * Marie (she gives Ed a makeover)
 * May (she gives Edd a makeover)

title: Talk:Quick Shot Ed


text:
USS Bulmer

USS Bulmer (DD-222/AG-86) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. It was the last warship of the Asiatic Fleet in USN commission.

Namesake
Roscoe Carlyle Bulmer was born on 4 November 1874 in Virginia City, Nevada. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1894. After World War I, he served as United States naval representative at a conference which met at the British Admiralty to consider clearing the seas of mines after the war. On 5 January 1919 he assumed command of that operation. Captain Bulmer died at Kirkwall, Scotland on 5 August 1919.

Construction and commissioning
Bulmer was launched 22 January 1920 by William Cramp & Sons; sponsored by Miss Anita Paor Bulmer, daughter of Captain Bulmer; and commissioned on 16 August 1920.

Inter-War Period
In 1920, Bulmer joined the Pacific Fleet, based at San Diego, California. In 1923, she joined the U.S. Naval Forces, Europe, and later the U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters. Early in 1925, she was assigned to the Asiatic Fleet. She operated as a unit of Destroyer Squadron 5 (DesRon 5), Destroyer Division 14 (DesDiv 14), alternately based in the winter at Manila and Cavite, Philippine Islands, and in the summer at Chefoo, China. Early in 1939, Bulmer was assigned to the South China Patrol and was later reassigned to DesRon 29, DesDiv 58, on Neutrality Patrol under the Commandant, 16th Naval District. In January 1941, she participated in the Asiatic Fleet Problem and then continued patrolling in the Philippines.

World War II
When the United States entered World War II, Bulmer was still assigned to the Asiatic Fleet and stationed in the Philippines. During the early months of the war she engaged in patrol, escort, and antisubmarine duties throughout the southwest Pacific. On 9 January 1942 Bulmer was one of five destroyers in an escort composed of the cruisers USS Boise (CL-47) and USS Marblehead (CL-12), with the other destroyers USS Stewart (DD-224), USS Pope (DD-225), USS Parrott (DD-218), and USS Barker (DD-213) departing from Darwin to Surabaya escorting the transport Bloemfontein. That transport had been part of the Pensacola Convoy and had left Brisbane 30 December 1941 with Army reinforcements composed of the 26th Field Artillery Brigade and Headquarters Battery, the 1st Battalion, 131st Field Artillery and supplies from that convoy destined for Java.

As a unit of Task Force 5 (TF 5), DesRon 29, Bulmer took part in the Battle of Bali Sea on 4 February 1942, where the allies were defeated. She also took part in the unsuccessful Allied attempt to intercept Japanese invasion convoys off Palembang, Sumatra. On 19 February, along with USS Barker (DD-213) and USS Black Hawk (AD-9), she departed Tjilatjap, Java, for Exmouth Gulf, Australia, and an overhaul.

Bulmer served on patrol duty at various Australian ports until May. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 16 June and reported to Commander, Service Force, Pacific Fleet, for duty. From June 1942 to May 1943, she operated as an escort vessel for convoys sailing between Pearl Harbor and San Francisco and return.

Bulmer was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet in May and arrived at New York on 14 June. Her first Atlantic assignment was as a unit of Task Group 21.12 (TG 21.12) from 14 June to 22 September. During this sweep of the North Atlantic, aircraft from USS Core (CVE-13) sank GERMAN SUBMARINE U-487 on 13 July.

Bulmer next made a trans-Atlantic voyage to Swansea Wales and then commenced convoy escort duty between northeastern Atlantic ports and North Africa from 4 October 1943 to 31 July 1944. On 13–14 January, during one of these voyages, Bulmer and other escorts made several attacks against a German wolf pack of submarines in the eastern Atlantic. Bulmer conducted her attacks very aggressively and although not officially credited there is a chance that she sank or severely damaged GERMAN SUBMARINE U-377. On the morning of 14 January, under the command of Lt. Cdr. George Towne Baker (USNA,'35), she rescued 17 German survivors, including the captain, of a sunken German submarine believed to have been GERMAN SUBMARINE U-231, which was sunk on 13 January by a British flying boat. (On at least one occasion after the war, at a reunion of the officers and crew of the Bulmer, the German captain attended. When he was no long able to travel, his daughter attended a reunion. "Had it not been for the rescue of my father, I would not have been born.")

From 1 August to 4 October 1944, she conducted operations in Narragansett Bay. Bulmer's designation was changed to AG-86 on 1 December. She reported to the Panama Canal Zone on 27 December for training duty with newly commissioned submarines. In July 1945, she returned to the United States and was assigned to the operational control of Commander, Air Force, Atlantic Fleet, and operated out of Port Everglades, Florida. Bulmer was decommissioned on 16 August 1946 and sold on 19 February 1947.

Awards
She received two battle stars for her World War II service.

As of 2005, no other ship has been named Bulmer.

title: USS Bulmer


text:
User talk:Goldstar~enwiki

Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Goldstar, I changed your page Guru Gobind Singh Ji into a redirect to the main article at Guru Gobind Singh. Ji and Dev are generally considered honorifics (similar to Mister, Reverend, Brother, Beloved, etc.) and not part of a personal name when naming encyclopedic articles. If you think differently, go ahead and revert the edits. Thanks. 12.74.169.137 21:04, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Battle of Saragarhi
Goldstar, sorry to bother you again so quickly. Battle of Saragarhi appears to have been copied from which states that it is copyrighted by Bharat Rakshak. Unless you have his permission to place it here, Wikipedia policy (Copyright problems) is to delete it and start with a fresh article. If you have inadvertantly created a copyrighted article, you can request it be deleted per the instructions at WP:CP and start a new article at Battle of Saragarhi/temp until an admin can get to it. Welcome to Wikipedia, by the way. Your contributions are welcomed and I hope you continue. 12.74.169.137 21:46, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Goldstar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Goldstar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:08, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:22, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Goldstar~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Slacker League

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. – ABCD 02:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Slacker League
A group of students at a Texas high school, not affiliated with school, and by admission "contribute nothing to the world around them". On the other hand, they weren't too lazy to capitalize both letters. Well done! Delete. Meelar (talk) 21:04, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Meelar, You are so wrong. Delete. Feydey 21:24, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I would take offense, but I can't work up the energy. ;) Meelar (talk) 22:36, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Less article creation, more homework completion. --Asriel86 23:20, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 01:12, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted. -- user:zanimum

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Steak 'n Shake

Untitled
A heads up...many SNS locations are no 24 hrs. any longer. The NC locations close at 3am Mon-Sat and 12am on Sundays. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.71.250.195 (talk) 04:09, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

MOVE
The name of the article is incorrect.

The actual name is Steak n Shake. The apostrophe is not used in the corporate name. Unless otherwise protested, this article will be relocated to Steak n Shake and this current article will form a redirect within two days. KC9CQJ 21:05, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The original text of this article was moved to Steak n Shake and all redirects changed to that article by KC9CQJ 22:16, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC).

General Edits
The article has been edited to reflect correct corporate wordmarks as evidenced in the current materials available. The apostrophe has been removed in all instances of the brand name, some information has been added, and some deleted. I have also changed any instance of Steakburger to STEAKBURGER to reflect Steak n Shake's modification of the word thereof and will be looking at other restaurant articles to see what their trademarking methods are.
 * Articles within the McDonalds space use "McRib" and "McFlurry" - to remain consistent, all instances of Steakburger will be changed to STEAKBURGER and trademarked.

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:13, 2 July 2008 (UTC) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

For cryin' out loud ye varmints. Somebody shout out and let us know if the grub is any good.

Sure, it's a subjective opinion but it's better than no opinion at all. 24.206.248.102 (talk) 03:37, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's good. Find a citation and it maybe could be mentioned in the article. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 03:40, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Regards of Vision and Mission
Vision and Mission is part of steak 'n shake policy and needs to be displayed on the wiki. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.64.41.172 (talk) 21:39, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Per Avoid mission statements, mission and vision statements almost never meet Wikipedia guidelines for inclusion. They are non-neutral (violation of WP:NPOV) attempts to frame opinions about future desires as if they were facts already in progress (violation of WP:CRYSTAL) with no evidence that what is claimed will ever be met (violation of WP:Verifiability and WP:Reliable sources).  In addition, many of them have blatant advertising claims inserted in them.  Let's take SnS's specifically, as it's a great example of why these things are removed:
 * "Steak n Shake is a classic American brand" — blatant WP:SPAM. WP:COI statements are inappropriate for Wikipedia.
 * "we intend to lead and dominate" — Is there a company that doesn't? Violates WP:CRYSTAL.
 * "the premium burger and milk shake segment of the restaurant industry" — Redundant to any description of the company, and also unquantifiable. "Premium burger and milk shake segment"?  What?
 * "Constantly to serve our patrons the highest quality ... along with extending them great service at the lowest possible prices" — Meaningless description of nearly every business. WP:CRYSTAL again, and WP:PEACOCK, and  ("highest quality", "great", "possible").
 * "burgers and shakes" — #3, so twice redundant.
 * I think you will find that every mission statement is pretty much like this. And yes, a bunch of companies force their employees to memorize the words without any further guidance, like they are magical incantations, often accompanied by some ridiculous statement with "Quality" or "Excellence" in it.  In almost no case does any of it meet Wikipedia standards for claims in an article. --Closeapple (talk) 04:38, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Steakburgers, then and now
In June 2013 I edited the article to reflect the fact that Sardar Biglari’s steakburger is not Gus Belt’s steakburger. Using USDA terminology, Belt’s burgers were “ground beef” (or better), while Biglari’s are “pure beef”, which is not the same thing. I appended a sentence to this effect at the end of the second paragraph, which included documentation for this assertion. That sentence was disparaged and removed without consultation by another editor on 4 August 2013. I restored it today by reversion, and I invite discussion here. Prairie View (talk) 23:42, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

General Edits
My name is Sarah Brady and I work at the Steak 'n Shake corporate office in Indianapolis, IN. I am writing to suggest some minor edits and additional information be made or added to our page. Changes we are suggesting and references for each are below:

We currently have over 519 stores total with 419 being corporate and 104 franchise. This changes frequently so we would like to say "There are more than 400 company-owned Steak 'n Shakes and more than 100 that are franchised."

Key People
We suggest removing Gus Belt and E.W. Kelly from the Key People section since they are no longer key figures in the business.

Locations
We would also like to update the list of states where Steak 'n Shake restaurants are located. The current list is: o	Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia

We also suggest adding in the opening of our first international stores located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

We would also like to add the signing of the brand's second international franchise agreement. The agreement with AB Holdings was announced on December 18, 2013 and will bring 50 Steak 'n Shake restuarants to Saudi Arabia.

We also suggest adding the opening of an international office in Monaco which will support its future expansion into Europe.

--Sarah SteaknShake (talk) 21:27, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you for posting to the talkpage of the article in conformity with the relevant guidelines. I will try to verify the information posted and update the article as appropriate. Newyorkbrad (talk) 22:13, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

"High School Diner" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect High School Diner. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 August 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 16:18, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steak 'n Shake


text:
Southeast Freeway

Southeast Freeway, South Eastern Freeway, South East Freeway, or Southeast Expressway may refer to:

Australia

 * South Eastern Freeway, a freeway running southeast from Adelaide to Murray Bridge in South Australia, part of the national M1 route
 * South Eastern Freeway, a freeway amalgamated with the Mulgrave Freeway to create the Monash Freeway, a freeway in Victoria, Australia
 * Southeast Freeway, the first section of the Pacific Motorway (Brisbane–Brunswick Heads), opened in 1972, Queensland, Australia

United States

 * Southeast Freeway (Baltimore), a Maryland highway designated I-695 and MD 702
 * Southeast Expressway (Massachusetts), designated I-93, US 1, and Route 3
 * Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.), designated I-695, as well as an unbuilt extension into Maryland as the Southeast Expressway

title: Southeast Freeway


text: User talk:70.111.34.227

title: User talk:70.111.34.227


text:
Crestonia

Crestonia (or Crestonice) (Κρηστωνία) was an ancient region immediately north of Mygdonia. The Echeidorus river, which flowed through Mygdonia into the Thermaic Gulf, had its source in Crestonia. It was partly occupied by a remnant of the Pelasgi, who spoke a different language from their neighbors (Thracians and Paeonians); later the Greeks. The main towns of Crestonia were Creston (Crestone) and Gallicum (Romanized name). The region, along with Mygdonia, was held by Paeonians for a time, later by Thracians. At the time of the invasion of Xerxes I of Persia, Crestonia was ruled by an independent Thracian prince (Herodotus, 8. 116). By the time of the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, Crestonia had been annexed to the kingdom of Macedonia.

Today, ancient Crestonia is comprehended within the regional units of Kilkis and Thessaloniki (northern part) in Greece.

title: Crestonia


text:
Talk:V-wing starfighter

It appears to be common practice, here on wikipedia and over at the Star Wars Databank, for "wing" to not be capitalized. Therefore, I'm going to fix all instances within this article and the move it. Mackensen (talk) 21:06, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What's a Q7 droid?
The V-wing is my choice starfighter of all of the star wars movies, but what is a standard Q7-series astromech droid? How is it different than an R-unit? And is it built into the V-wing like R4-P17, or does it have its own body?

V-Wings As Seen In Rogue Squadron
Unless I'm mistaken, the final mission of the N64's "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron" game, set during the early years of the New Republic, featured a V-wing fighter. This would seem to conflict deeply with this model V-wing.

I believe you are mistaken. The final mission of the N64's "Star Wars: Rogue Squadrom" game featured half of a W-wing fighter, not the V-wing fighter. Sorry.

title: Talk:V-wing starfighter


text:
Wishaw F.C.

Wishaw Football Club (previously known as Wishaw Juniors) is a Scottish football club based in the town of Wishaw, North Lanarkshire. The club currently competes in the.

History
The club was founded in 1903 as Wishaw Amateurs, itself formed after the collapse of Wishaw United F.C., a club made from the remnants of the town's senior clubs Wishaw Thistle F.C. and Wishaw F.C., both of which were wound up in 1900.

The club originally played in the Midland League and changed its name to Wishaw Thistle in 1906. The club replaced Stenhousemuir F.C. in the Scottish Football Union in 1907, and entered the Scottish Cup on a number of occasions, but never made the tournament proper. The club however won the Scottish Consolation Cup (for clubs eliminated from the qualifying rounds) in 1909.

The First World War had a dramatic effect on football but the club managed to continue to operate for a time, sometimes fielding 'guest players', i.e. service personnel who had been players with top English sides such as Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City, but were stationed locally. Wishaw Thistle's Club Captain, William Angus of Carluke who had also turned out for Glasgow Celtic, was to see action in France very early on in the war and was awarded the Victoria Cross for what was described as the most heroic deed ever by a British soldier in rescuing his officer, Lt William Martin (also from Carluke) on 12 June 1915 at Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée. William Angus was badly injured in the course of the rescue and although retaining a keen interest in football throughout his life – later being president of Carluke Rovers – he was unable to resume playing. After being presented with his medal by King George V, the injured Angus returned to Scotland a National Hero and was presented to packed attendances at Parkhead (Glasgow Celtic) and Ibrox Park (Glasgow Rangers) receiving standing ovations at each stadium.

When football re-commenced at the end of World War I Wishaw Thistle attempted unsuccessfully to restart as a senior club then appears to have re-invented itself as a Junior club in the form of Wishaw YMCA Juniors bringing to an end over 30 years of Senior football in the town.

During its Senior years, Wishaw Thistle won a number of trophies and played host to visiting English Clubs Liverpool, Everton, Stoke, Sunderland and Notts County in friendly matches. It also took part in the Invitation Football Tournament at the 'International Exhibition' held by Edinburgh City Council to commemorate the opening of the world-famous Forth Railway Bridge  and also played against many of today's current senior Scottish clubs in the S.F.A. Scottish Cup including, on one occasion hosting Glasgow Celtic in Wishaw. A number of the club's players went on to play for more illustrious clubs. One player, David Calderhead, was later to become manager of Chelsea F C, a position he held for about 25 years; he is credited with turning the London side from being a relatively small club into a major force in the English game.

Wishaw Thistle was a well-supported club in an era when football was growing rapidly as a spectator pastime and high four- and even five- figure crowds were not uncommon for major matches.

Wishaw Juniors
Wishaw's football club started its second 'incarnation' as a 'Junior' Club under the name of Wishaw YMCA Juniors in 1919–20 as members of the Scottish Junior League, enjoying early success in winning the Scottish Junior League Victory Cup and also the Hozier Cup (named after Lady Hozier, wife of Sir Winston Churchill). A second Hozier Cup was added the following season. The name was then shortened to Wishaw Juniors in 1924 and the club switched to the Lanarkshire Junior Football League.

The club were then one of a large number of rebel clubs which broke away from the Scottish Junior FA in the bitter player contract based 'Intermediate dispute' in the late 1920s – playing for several seasons in the East Division of the Western Intermediate League before returning to the Junior fold once again after the dispute was resolved in 1930–31 as members of the Lanarkshire Junior League where the club remained until World War II.

The war had a major impact on football across the country with many clubs and Leagues closing down – many never to return However, Wishaw  managed to continue in operation, competing in the short-lived Lanark and Lothians League which lasted during the War years with a number of Lanarkshire teams joining with their counterparts in West Lothian. During this period Wishaw reached the final of the East of Scotland Cup and have the unusual claim to be the only team to have played in the Scottish, West and East Cup finals. The club also won the St Michael's Cup one of the most prestigious trophies played for by East Junior Clubs. After the end of the War, Wishaw returned to the Lanarkshire Junior League when it reformed.

Re-organisation of Scottish Junior football in 1968 saw the end of the Lanarkshire Junior League which had been losing clubs as junior football declined with the remaining Lanarkshire clubs joining with those from the greater Glasgow area to form the Central Junior Football League. Although Wishaw did start out in the top 'A' Division of the new Central Junior League, being one of the stronger Lanarkshire sides – for various reasons the club was unable to sustain its position  and dropped to the bottom 'C' division where it remained for a number of years.

Further re-organisation of Junior football saw the Central League amalgamate with the Ayrshire Junior Football League to form the SJFA West Region in 2002. The club once again found itself stranded in the bottom tier of an expanded 'Regional' structure playing in the Central District Division 2. After struggling for most of the next dozen seasons, Wishaw finally achieved promotion out of the bottom Division in 2013/14 under then manager John McKeown. McKeown was to leave shortly thereafter to take over as manager of top Ayrshire side Cumnock Juniors.

It has been many years since Wishaw tasted success but despite the club's current lower league status it has nevertheless managed to reach the Sectional League Cup Semi-finals in each of seasons 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17 and the Semi-final of the prestigious West of Scotland Junior Cup in 2015–16. In season 2017–18 Wishaw belied their third tier status by reaching the semi-final of the Scottish Junior Cup losing by a single goal in a two-leg tie against Ayrshire side Hurlford United.

Recent history
Beginning in the late 1960s, Wishaw suffered a prolonged period in the junior football 'wilderness' during which the club not only lost its home ground and most of its support base but also came close to folding completely on several occasions. The club's home town suffered significantly from the 1970s onwards with very high rates of unemployment following the demise of traditional industries locally particularly that of steel making and heavy engineering. Eventually a small group of enthusiastic volunteers took over the running of the club in the early part of the current century and despite very restricted budgets, slow but steady progress was made in rebuilding the club on and off the pitch.

After moving to a new home at The Beltane, Wishaw finally secured promotion out of the bottom tier of the S.J.F.A. West Region in season 2013/14 under then manager John McKeown who left the club shortly thereafter to take over as manager of Cumnock Juniors. The club moved quickly to secure a replacement and from October 2014 until August 2017 were managed by former Dunfermline Athletic midfielder, Chris McGroarty. Despite losing several key players, Chris was successful not only in keeping the club in the 1st Division in his first season but also in building an attractive team which was to mount a serious challenge for further promotion in season 2015/16, only to miss out on this by a single point. The team started season 2016/17 well and having been drawn against Cumnock Juniors at home in the 1st Round of the Scottish Junior Cup then defeated the Premier League side by two goals to nil. However, the club failed to end the season in a promotion position.

In August 2017 Chris McGroarty and his assistant Glen Weir and coach Mark Daly left the club to join Kilsyth Rangers. Wishaw again moved quickly to appoint former professional footballer John Brogan as their new manager. Brogan played for Scottish senior clubs St Johnstone (where he was that club's record goal scorer), Hibernian and Hamilton Academicals and also had extensive appropriate managerial experience having managed several other Junior Football clubs. Brogan resigned in February 2018 and was replaced by former Hearts striker, Derek Holmes. Wishaw were then managed by Kieran McGuinness, assisted by Barry Fraser and Paul Finnigan until resigning in Dec 2019 citing other commitments. The club then moved quickly bringing back the former McGroarty, Daly, & Weir management team with Mark Daly taking the manager role.

Stadia
Wishaw has had a number of home grounds down the years and has played at Stewarton Street, at the Old Public Park (off Main Street) and at the original Belhaven Park (better known as the site of the former Wishaw Dog Track and originally the home of the Town's long defunct cycling club) but for most of its existence the club was based at Recreation Park at Kirk Road, Wishaw. The ground, which had banked terracing, a grandstand and a covered spectator area and Social Club was lost to the club in the early 1990s and thereafter Wishaw became homeless sharing with Coltness United at Victoria Park, Newmains for a number of years until 1999 when they secured tenancy at Wishaw Sports Centre. This agreement did not work out though and they returned to sharing with Coltness. Wishaw then secured a second deal to play at the Sports Centre, before moving into the nearby Beltane Park for the beginning of the 2011–12 season.[2]

Beltane Park
The Beltane, as it is known locally, is likely to be the team's home for the foreseeable future. Originally just an open public pitch, the club's enthusiastic small committee has managed to develop The Beltane into a mini stadium despite only having a very modest budget. The ground is fully fenced off and offers a mixture of hard and grassed standing accommodation for c1,000 persons with Ladies and Gents toilets, Snack Bar, Hospitality Facility, a covered wheelchair viewing platform and a small covered enclosure for 50/60 persons. The Beltane was opened on 28 July 2012 with a match against a Motherwell F.C XI. For a number of years the record attendance was 300 set in a West of Scotland Cup tie against Ayrshire junior giants Auchinleck Talbot which was won 3–2 by the home team despite a three-division gap between the two clubs. However, this was surpassed by an attendance of c650 persons who attended a first leg semi-final of the Scottish Junior Cup on Saturday 14 April 2018.

In 2010, Wishaw Juniors secured a 10-year lease to use Beltane Park as the home ground. Since then, the once open-grassed area has been transformed into a football ground, with terracing along the east side of the ground, and fencing around the whole pitch. Also recently installed at the venue are toilets, a snack bar, a players lounge and dressing rooms, with each of them based in portacabins.

The ground had a capacity of around 500 spectators when officially opened on 28 July 2012, when Wishaw played the under-17's of the local senior side Motherwell.

Associated teams
The club had an under-19 side (now disbanded) and a women's team, which was originally formed in 1995 and has had its name changed several times. It was originally Wishaw Ladies then Lanarkshire Ladies and then Motherwell Ladies Football Club until it was changed to, Wishaw Juniors Ladies. The ladies team folded midway through 2011.

Honours

 * Scottish Consolation Cup:
 * 1908–09

 * Lanarkshire Cup
 * 1915–16, 1916–17

 * Lanarkshire Express Cup:
 * 1915–16

 * Lanarkshire Consolation Cup
 * 1898–99

Near Misses
 * Lanarkshire Junior Challenge Cup: 1890–91
 * Lanarkshire Alliance League Runner-up: 1896–97

Wishaw Juniors

 * West of Scotland Cup: 1933–34
 * West of Scotland Consolation Cup: 1931–32, 1936–37
 * Lanarkshire League: 1925–26, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1940-41 1945–46
 * Lanarkshire Junior Challenge Cup: 1925–26, 1933–34, 1937–38, 1941–42, 1965–66
 * Lanarkshire Junior Consolation Cup 1919–20
 * Lanarkshire Hozier Cup: 1919–20, 1920/21, 1936–37, 1946–47, 1950–51, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1966–67
 * Lanarkshire Central Cup:1926–27, 1932–33, 1938–39, 1964–65
 * Lanarkshire League Cup: 1925–26,1950–51, 1960–61
 * Lanarkshire Intermediate Cup: 1928–29
 * St Michael's Cup: 1944–45
 * Scottish Junior League Victory Cup: 1919–20

Near misses
 * Scottish Junior Cup Semi-Finalists: 1934–35, 2017–18
 * Scottish Intermediate Cup Finalists: 1928–29
 * West of Scotland Cup Finalists: 1950–51
 * East of Scotland Cup Finalists: 1942–43
 * St Michael's Cup Finalists: 1941–42
 * McIver Cup Finalists 1942–43
 * Scottish Junior League Runner-up:1919–20
 * Evening Citizen Cup Finalists: 1949–50
 * Lanarkshire Junior Challenge Cup Finalists: 1920–21, 1934–35,1945–46
 * Lanarkshire Junior League Runner-up: 1933–34, 1936–37, 1962–63
 * Lanarkshire League Cup Finalists: 1926–27, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1954–55
 * Lanarkshire Central Cup Finalists: 1938–39, 1964–65
 * Lanarkshire Consolation Cup Finalists: 1931–32
 * Hozier Cup Finalists: 1921–22, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1945–46, 1955–56, 1961–62, 1964–65

Former players
Down the years approximately 150 Wishaw players have moved on to senior professional football clubs in Scotland, England and further afield. Several of these were involved in major trophy success as players, management and backroom staff. Two former players Bobby Moncur (Newcastle United captain) and Jimmy Gordon (as Part of Brian Clough's management team which won the European Cup twice With Nottingham Forest) enjoyed successes in the major European football club competitions. Others continued to play their football at Junior level and enjoyed success with Wishaw being capped also for the Scottish Junior FA International team.

1. FORMER PLAYERS AWARDED JUNIOR INTERNATIONAL CAPS
 * 1920 McNab – member of touring party which played 6 matches in Norway with 3 matches against Stavanger (in Stavanger) and 3 matches against Brann (in Bergen) – the first ever tour abroad by a Scottish 'representative' side at any level.
 * 1924 Mackay v Ireland
 * 1924 Kerr v England
 * 1926 Lynas v Ireland
 * 1926 Baillie v Wales
 * 1926 Lynas v Wales
 * 1937 Whiteford V England
 * 1938 Watt (capt) v Wales
 * 1939 Thomson v England
 * 1948 Hunter v Wales

2. FORMER PLAYERS AWARDED FULL SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CAPS
 * Bobby Moncur (16)
 * Alex Wilson (Arsenal) Also won FA Cup.
 * John May (Rangers) (5)
 * Bob Telfer (Australia)
 * Peter Buchanan(Chelsea) v Wales 1935

3. FORMER PLAYERS WITH OTHER INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL
 * Peter Houston (Assistant Scotland Manager).
 * Bob Telfer Player, Coach, Referee, Selector and Administrator of football in Australia – Member of Australian Football Hall Of Fame

4. FORMER PLAYERS WITH INVOLVEMENT IN EUROPEAN CLUB COMPETITIONS
 * Bobby Moncur – Captain of Newcastle United 1969 Inter City Fairs Cup winning team.
 * Jimmy Gordon – Coach for Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest twice European Cup winning side. Assistant manager of Clough's Leeds United. Played for Newcastle and Middlesbrough. See book/film The Dammed United.
 * Jackie Hutton – Manager of Cliftonville, took club into Cup Winners Cup against FC Nantes after winning Irish Cup in 1979.

5. PLAYERS WHO HAVE PLAYED AND/OR MANAGED IN SENIOR FOOTBALL
 * Peter Buchanan – Chelsea
 * Jimmy Gordon – Newcastle, Middlesbrough
 * Peter Houston – Falkirk, Dundee United
 * Jackie Hutton – Cliftonville, Crusaders & Portadown.
 * George McGowan – Motherwell, Preston, Chester and Stockport County. Youth Coach at Wrexham
 * Matthew McVittie – Celtic
 * Bobby Moncur – Newcastle, Sunderland, Carlisle. Managed Carlisle United, Heart of Midlothian, Plymouth Argyle, Hartlepool.
 * Jimmy Moran – Leicester City, Norwich City, Northampton Town, Darlington and Workington
 * John May – Rangers
 * Jimmy Porter – Accrington Stanley, also was temporarily in charge of Manchester United.
 * Clatworthy 'Charlie' Rennox – Manchester United, Clapton Orient, Grimsby Town.
 * Alex Wilson – Arsenal (FA Cup winner)

6 PLAYERS TRANSFERRED / ETC to Senior Clubs before WWII INCOMPLETE LIST

 * Bill Michael	 	1898           Heart of Midlothian, Liverpool, Bristol City, Falkirk, Motherwell. One Scottish League Cap.
 * John May 	 	?1904	Rangers 178 appearance 18 goals 5 international appearances v Wales and Ireland 3 league appearances
 * David Calderhead	 ?
 * John Boylen	 	1921	       Lincoln City (Wigan, Grimsby)
 * William McFadyen      1921/22         Motherwell 1 International Cap 1 League Cap
 * George Harper         1921/22         Sunderland (Manchester City, Chrystal Palace Luton Town, Weymouth)
 * James W Porter	 	1921/22        Bury (Manchester City) (was City trainer in 1944, Managed Bury & Accrington Stanley).
 * Thomas McKay          1924/25         St Mirren (Brighton)
 * James Yardley         1924/25         Clapton Orient (Luton, Charlton, Millwall, Third Lanark, Ayr United, Morton).
 * Alexander L McDougall 1925/26         Derby County (Wolverhampton Wanderers).
 * Craig Arnott          1926/27         Motherwell (Swansea).
 * Robert C Kerr         1927            Heart of Midlothian
 * Philip R Watson       1927/28         Hamilton Academicals (Barnsley, Blackpool, Queen of the South).
 * Robert Donnelly       1931/32         Partick Thistle (Manchester City, Morton). Won League Title With Manchester City.
 * John Wood             1932/33         Clyde
 * Tommy Egan            1933            Hibernian
 * Robert Johnstone      1933/34         Partick Thistle (Motherwell, St Mirren, Albion Rovers).
 * Bob Telfer	 	?
 * John McInally	 	1934
 * William Stoddart      1934            St Mirren
 * William Black         1934            Hibernian (Watford, Dumfermline)
 * Peter Buchanan	 	1935
 * James McCombe 	 	1934/35	       Heart of Midlothian (Clyde, Kings Park, Clapham Orient).
 * James 'Jimmy'Gordon   1934/35         Newcastle United ( Middlesbrough) Trainer for Brian Clough (see separate entry).
 * William H Stoddart    1934/35         St Mirren
 * Peter S Buchanan      1935            Chelsea (Fulham) Scottish Cap v Ireland 1937
 * Thomas Brady          1935/36         Hibernian
 * Frank Farrell         1935/36         Hibernian (Clapham Orient)
 * George S Hull         1936            Sheffield United
 * James M Lees          1937/38         Leith Athletic
 * James Watt            1937/38         Motherwell (Blackpool) Scottish Cap v Australia 1933
 * William Thornton      1937/38         Motherwell
 * John Divers           1938/39         Airdrieonians (Dundee United)
 * Alex Smith            1938/39         Motherwell (Clyde, East Fife)
 * Hugh O'Neil           1938/39         Celtic
 * William Hannah        1940/41         Partick Thistle (Albion Rovers)
 * George Henderson      1940/41         Dumbarton
 * DFG Hopkin            1940/41         Hamilton Academicals ( Previously with Wolverhampton Wanderers)
 * George Jeffrey        1940/41         Dumbarton (Aberdeen, Hamilton Academicals)
 * Andrew Jack 	 	?	       Tranmere
 * G Ross                1940/41         Albion Rovers
 * James O'Neil           1940/41         Motherwell
 * Richard Hamilton       1941/42         Airdrionians
 * Richard Hamilton       1941/42         Morton
 * John Hunter            1941/42         Albion Rovers
 * Archibald Shaw         1941/42         Motherwell
 * Robert Torrance        1942            Dumbarton
 * John Craig             1942/43         Dumbarton (East Fife)
 * Charles Higgins        1942/43         Morton (Kilmarnock)
 * Reginald F Westbrook   1942/43         East Fife
 * Francis Walsh          1943/44         Ardeer Rec (Kilmarnock)
 * William Callan         1943/44         Kilmarnock
 * ? Cunningham           1943/44         Falkirk
 * Robert Taggart         1944            Motherwell
 * John Collins           1944/45         Hibernian
 * David Mathie           1944/45         Motherwell
 * Alexander L Wemyss     1944/45
 * Samuel C Campbell      1945/46         Partick Thistle
 * Thomas McD McCabe      1945/46         Hibernian
 * James Henderson (1)    1945/46         Raith Rovers
 * James Henderson (2)    1945/46         Motherwell
 * Alexander Jardine      1945/46         Dundee United
 * James Kilgour          1945/46         Kilmarnock

7 PLAYERS TRANSFERRED ETC TO SENIOR CLUBS POST WWII INCOMPLETE LIST
 * Archie Shaw	 FB	1946–58		Motherwell 2 Scottish League Caps
 * Willie Thomson	 	1946–47		Falkirk
 * John McFarlane	 	1946–47		Hamilton Accies
 * Alec Jardine	 FB	1946–47		Dundee United, Millwall
 * Sammy Campbell	 W	1946–47		Partick Thistle
 * Willie McSeveney D	1946–48		Dunfermline then Motherwell (one of the Ancell Babes).
 * Jim Barclay	 W	1947–49		Airdrie
 * Phil Ward	 	1947		Hamilton
 * Dick Hamilton	 GK	1949–52		Motherwell
 * Guy Lennox	 CF	1951–53		Airdrie
 * Jimmy Greenock	 WH	1951–59		Queen of the South, Falcons New Jersey
 * Bob Park	 G	1951–52		Queen of the South, Hull City
 * John Murray	 	1951–52		Airdrie
 * Jack Henderson	 FB	1952–53		Clyde
 * Dave Shaw	 CF	1954–56		Airdrie
 * Harry Cross	 	1955–56		Hamilton Accies
 * Jimmy McManus	 	1955–57		Airdrie
 * James Moran	 IF	1956		Leicester City
 * Jim Ewart	 IR	1958	30 Aug	Airdrie
 * Tommy Milligan	 LH	1958	30 Aug	Airdrie
 * Johnny McCulloch OR	1958	11 Oct	Airdrie
 * Jim MacDonald	 IF	1958	11 Oct	Hibernian
 * John Markie	 CH	1959	2 July	Newcastle United
 * Eddie King	 IF	1960	27 Aug	Luton Town
 * Eddie King	 IL	1960	17 Sept	Hibernian
 * Robert Plenderlieth CH	1960	20 Oct	Hibernian
 * John McVittie	 W	1961–63		Celtic
 * Bobby Waugh	 OL	1961	25 Feb	East Fife then Boca Juniors, Argentina
 * John McCulloch	 CF	1961	28 Oct	Berwick Rangers
 * Eddie King	 IF	1961	4 Nov	Berwick Rangers
 * Bobby McSeveney	 FB	1961	16 Dec	Hull City
 * Bobby Moncur	 	1961	?	Newcastle United
 * John (Jackie) Hutton IF	1962	3 Mar	Hamilton Accies
 * George McGowan	OR	1962	11 Aug	Preston North End
 * George McGowan	OR	1962	18 Aug	Preston North End
 * John Carson	 	1962–63	?	Hamilton Accies
 * Willie Todd	OR	1963	1 June	Third Lanark
 * John Gilmour	IF	1964	29 Feb	Hamilton Accies
 * Peter Campbell	OL	1965		Stirling Albion
 * Enoch Gilchrist	IF	1967	19 Aug	Hamilton Accies
 * Bobby Fulton	LH	1970	12 Dec	Airdrionians
 * Jim McGuigan	CF	1971	27/11	Kilmarnock
 * Brian Lannon	M	!972-75		Ayr United
 * Joe Cairney	F	1975	13 Sep	Airdrie, Brisbane City and Brisbane Lions (favourite trick was the 'Cairney shuffle').
 * Douglas Watt	FB	1975	27 Dec	Airdrionians
 * Andy Docherty	FB	1976–79		Airdrie
 * Peter Houston	F	1977–78		Airdrie
 * Martin McBride	W	1985–90		Motherwell
 * Kevin McKeown	 	1985		Motherwell
 * Neil Candlish	F	1986–88		Motherwell
 * Mark Reilly	M	1989–90		Motherwell
 * Chris Newall	D	2003		Arbroath
 * Alan Creer	GK	2005		Albion Rovers
 * Daniel Kindlan F      2018            Queens Park
 * Dean Kindlan  M       2018            Queens Park
 * Paul McGeough M       2018            Albion Rovers

8 BITS AND PIECES In the previous round it took four games to separate Wishaw and Shotts United with a total of 26,500 watching the matches the last being hosted at Fir Park (Motherwell FC).
 * 1932/33 Wishaw v Royal Albert Scottish Junior Cup – 1-1, 1-1, 2-0 (Protest) 1-1, Wishaw 1- Royal Albert 0
 * 1935/36 On Sat 2 April 1935 Wishaw lose 2–1 to Tranent in Round 7 of the Scottish Junior Cup in front of 16,513 at Tynecastle (Heart of Midlothian FC) ending a 33-game unbeaten run.
 * In 1935 Wishaw also played host to Edinburgh senior clubs Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian in testimonial matches for players Jimmy Sommerville and Archie Bryce respectively.
 * 1979/80 Wishaw v Musselburgh Scottish Junior Cup - 0-0, 0-0, 3-3, 1-1, Musselburgh 0 Wishaw 2
 * Local lad Jimmy Delaney played one trial for Wishaw before signing for Celtic and later moving to Manchester United.

9. In Progress

 * Pat Holton
 * Jim McCafferty
 * Tally Sneddon

title: Wishaw F.C.


text:
Skiringssal

Skiringssal (Skíringssalr) was the name of a Viking Age hall which stood at a site now known as Huseby, about 1.2 km southwest of the village of Tjøllingvollen in Larvik Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. It is located in what was the old Viking village of Kaupang, which is about 5 km east of the present-day town of Larvik. By extension, the name also referred to the local bygd, or settlement area, and in the 15th century it was probably used synonymously for the ecclesiastical parish of Tjølling.

Skiringssal is mentioned in several early medieval sources, including the Ynglinga saga, the Fagrskinna and the Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum. The name last occurs in 1445, in the form "Skirisall", in a hospital register from Tønsberg. This and other documents from earlier in the 15th-century associate Skiringssal with locations in the parish of Tjølling.

Archaeological excavations at Huseby have shown that a large hall was built there in the mid-8th century and went out of use by about 900. Excavations at Kaupang, near the shoreline south-west of Tjølling, have shown that this was the location of a trading place from about 800 to the late 10th century. The hall at Huseby may have been established by the first Norwegian members of the Yngling dynasty, the trading place at Kaupang would have been established and continued under the control of the chieftain at Huseby, and Tjølling probably began as a site for public assemblies, or things, a role which it continued to play in the 16th century.

Etymology
The Old Norse place-name "Skíringssalr" comprises two elements, skíring and salr. Salr denotes "a major banqueting hall, a king’s or a chieftain’s hall": in Scandinavian place-names it is also found in "Oðinssalr", "Sala" and "Uppsala". The element skíring is of uncertain meaning, though several meanings have been suggested. In the early 20th century Oluf Rygh suggested that there may have been a pagan god whose name was Skíringr, probably formed from the Old Norse adjective skírr, with the meaning "clear, pure, bright, light", combined with a suffix -ing, after whom Skíringssalr may have been named, following the model of Oðinssalr, which includes the name of the pagan god Odin; Gustav Storm suggested that Skiringr may have been an alternative name for the pagan god Freyr; and Sophus Bugge suggested that Skíringr compounded skírr with Ing, the eponymous hero of Tacitus' Ingvaeones and of the Ynglings.

In 1980 Swedish linguist Sigurd Fries suggested that Skíringr may have been an old name for Viksfjord – the bay south of Tjølling – since skírr could refer to clear water, and the suffix -ing is found in the names of numerous Scandinavian bays and fjords. In 2003 historian Andreas Nordberg suggested that Skíringssalr means "bright, shining hall". Historian Stefan Brink regards all of these interpretations as "practically impossible". While Skiringr is not found as the name of a god in medieval sources, nor is an Old Norse word skíring with a meaning "bright, shining", or indeed any such extension of an adjective with the suffix -ing; and an old name for Viksfjord was probably "Ælftangr", meaning "swans' bay". Instead Brink regards skíring as a word with unknown meaning and denotation.

Location
Saga sources such as the 13th-century Fagrskinna place Skiringssal in the region of Vestfold, in Viken, a historical area around Oslofjord, and documents from the 15th century indicate that Skiringssal was then a district which included Tjølling, a settlement a little over 3 mi east of Larvik. In 1419 a farm at Guri, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south-west of Tjølling, was said to be in Skirix saal, and in 1445 properties belonging to a hospital in Tønsberg were listed under the heading "Skirissal": those properties which can be identified lay in Tjølling parish. Since Old Norse salr means "hall", the name of this district was presumably understood as the "district ... under the influence of [Skíringssalr]", the hall in question belonging to a king or chieftain. While it is likely that the original name of the local ecclesiastical parish was Tjølling, by the 15th century Skíringssalr had become the name of the bygd, or settlement district, and these names could have been used synonymously.

The eponymous hall was located at Huseby, about 0.73 miles (1.2 km) south-west of Tjølling. The place-name "Huseby" seems to have originated as an appellative for a place with an older name, it occurs frequently in Scandinavia, and it is linked with administrative control of a district. Archaeological excavations at Huseby south-west of Tjølling in 2000–01 uncovered the remains of a large hall measuring between 105 and 112 feet (32–4m) long and between 30 and 33 feet (9–10m) wide, with tapered ends, standing on a raised area which was partly man-made. This building was in existence from the mid-8th century, but went out of use by about 900.

History
Stefan Brink suggests that the settlement area known in the Middle Ages as Skíringssalr had its origin in an Iron Age settlement area centred on a lake immediately north of Tjølling, around which he identifies numerous place-names that are cultic in origin, suggesting in turn that the lake itself had been a sacred place. Further, Brink suggests that the focus of this settlement area migrated southwards to Skiringssalr, now Huseby, attracted towards the shoreline by a significant fall in sea-level between the Iron Age and the establishment of the hall at Huseby.

The earliest written reference to Skiringssal is in the 9th-century Ynglingatal, where it is said that the legendary petty king Halfdan Whiteshanks died in Toten but was buried in a mound at Skiringssal. Similarly the head of Halfdan the Black, a 9th-century king of Vestfold, is said by the Fagrskinna to have been buried at Skiringssal. The Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum reports that, in the time of the legendary Sigurd Hring, there was an important, annual sacrifice made at Skiringssal, which was attended by the whole population of Viken. On the basis of these reports Norwegian historian Gerhard Munthe wrote in 1838 that Tjølling church stood on the site of "Viken's grandest Pagan Temple". Gustav Storm also believed that there was a pagan temple at Tjølling "under official management". Why the Christian church was built at Tjølling and not at Huseby is an "intriguing question": while Tjølling was evidently a public place of assembly for the area in medieval times, it is known that early Scandinavian churches were often built in such places, but the presence of a chieftain, or royal control, at Huseby would normally have made that the place to build a church.

The trading place at Kaupang would also have been dominated by whoever controlled Skiringssal, and was probably established by them. The place-name "Kaupang" represents Old Norse kaupangr, meaning a "market" or "trading place", which was "obviously ... organised and controlled." Archaeology has identified the earliest buildings at Kaupang as dating from between 800 and 810 – about 50 years after the establishment of the hall at Skiringssal – and the latest from the mid-9th century, although some activity continued at Kaupang until the late-10th century. Archaeologist Dagfinn Skre links the development of Skiringssal and Kaupang with the first two Norwegian members of the Yngling dynasty, Halfdan Whiteleg and Eystein Fart, and introduces the idea of "king[s] of Skiringssal", but historian Przemysław Urbańczyk regards this interpretation as requiring "a specific way of reasoning, [through which] a nice-looking puzzle [has been] constructed [from historical sources] using carefully selected pieces of unclear shape and of uncertain origin."

title: Skiringssal