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Alyn and Deeside (UK Parliament constituency)

Alyn and Deeside (Alun a Glannau Dyfrdwy) is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (at Westminster). The constituency was created in 1983, and it elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post method of election.

The Alyn and Deeside Senedd constituency was created with the same boundaries in 1999.

The constituency retained its name and gained wards, as part of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies and under the June 2023 final recommendations of the Boundary Commission for Wales for the 2024 United Kingdom general election.

Constituency profile
This Welsh seat on the English border is part of the industrial hinterland north of Wrexham and west of Chester, with large employers including Toyota, BAE and Airbus. The main population areas in the current seat include Shotton, Connah's Quay, Buckley, Hawarden and Caergwrle. It was formerly known as East Flintshire until the 1983 boundary review, in which it was renamed after the Alyn and Deeside district created in 1974.

Boundaries
1983–1997: The District of Alyn and Deeside, and the Borough of Wrexham Maelor wards 13 and 14.

1997–2010: The District of Alyn and Deeside.

2010–2024: The Flintshire County electoral divisions of Aston, Broughton North East, Broughton South, Buckley Bistre East, Buckley Bistre West, Buckley Mountain, Buckley Pentrobin, Caergwrle, Connah's Quay Central, Connah's Quay Golftyn, Connah's Quay South, Connah's Quay Wepre, Ewloe, Hawarden, Higher Kinnerton, Hope, Llanfynydd, Mancot, Penyffordd, Queensferry, Saltney Mold Junction, Saltney Stonebridge, Sealand, Shotton East, Shotton Higher, Shotton West, and Treuddyn.

2024–present: From the 2024 United Kingdom general election the seat of Alyn and Deeside was expanded towards Flint as a result of the abolition of the Delyn constituency in the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. It consists of the Flintshire electoral divisions:

 * Aston, Broughton North East, Broughton South, Buckley Bistre East, Buckley Bistre West, Buckley Mountain, Buckley Pentrobin, Caergwrle, Connah’s Quay Central, Connah’s Quay Golftyn, Connah's Quay South, Connah's Quay Wepre, Ewloe, Hawarden, Higher Kinnerton, Hope, Llanfynydd, Mancot, Penyffordd, Queensferry, Saltney Mold Junction, Saltney Stonebridge, Sealand, Shotton East, Shotton Higher, Shotton West, Treuddyn, Bagillt East, Bagillt West, Flint Castle, Flint Coleshill, Flint Oakenholt, and Flint Trelawny.

Elections in the 2010s
Of the 121 rejected ballots:
 * 103 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for.
 * 17 voted for more than one candidate.
 * 1 had want of official mark.

Of the 84 rejected ballots:
 * 63 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for.
 * 17 voted for more than one candidate.
 * 4 had writing or mark by which the voter could be identified.

Of the 50 rejected ballots: In February 2015, the Conservative Party inadvertently leaked a list of non-target seats considered safe Labour, or where winning was considered highly unlikely, which included Alyn and Deeside. Independent Phil Woods announced he would stand, but did not do so.
 * 41 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for.
 * 9 voted for more than one candidate.


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/Buffyverse task force/General

Use this page to talk about grammar, literary conventions, formatting, templates, moving, and what is and is not appropriate article content.

Capitalization conventions
I beg of project members to please follow Wikipedia's capitalization conventions in Buffyverse articles. I spent a huge amount of time fixing Buffy episode section headings a few months ago, and I just had to repeat this horrendous effort for 20+ Veronica Mars episodes just because someone made the mistake of using Angel instead of Buffy as a template. I am not sufficiently interested in Angel to go through 110 articles and fix this massive breach of style practices. I see that Rhobite and Paxomen have also mentioned this problem, but apparently to no avail. If we expect the rest of Wikipedia to take our efforts to create encyclopedia-quality articles on television shows seriously, we need to follow basic WP principles. /* end rant */ ~ Jeff Q (talk) 16:15, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The users User:Lil_Flip246 and Ooks (no user page) have been having edit wars on at least a handful of BVse pages with blatant disregard for, oh, everything standard in Wikipedia. As far as I can tell, they don't consider themselves associated with this project, but I left a couple of notes for them. -  Che Nuevara:  Join the Revolution 11:49, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * That sounds like time for the use of revert rule. Can you add the link to the capitalization rule or even move it here? Xiner 06:58, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Oops! I should have included the link. I don't recall if somewhere in the megabytes of the Manual of Style this is clearly stated, but section headings follow the same sentence-capitalization rule that article titles do. The latter is explicitly described at Naming conventions (capitalization). ~ Jeff Q (talk) 08:21, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Verb tense: Literary present (PLEASE read!)
Reading over the 'verse articles, I have noticed that there is absolutely no consistency of tense. Scholarly discussion of historical events always take the past tense. On the other hand, the MLA standard for scholarly discussion of literature is the literary present. (I assume other English-speaking countries have a similar standard.) Yes, that's right, the present tense. The exception to this rule is personal history, flashbacks and whatnot which handle a time before the time actually being discussed. Three correct examples from the Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) episode are: The Spike article is, as far as I can see, completely correct. Most of the other articles are not. I implore you as you continue to write and edit a) to follow these guidelines in any future material you write and b) when occasion arises, take some time to fix some errors that you notice. Don't go crazy and read every word of every 'verse article; just fix what you find in the course of your business. It would help enormously, as improper use of tense looks terribly unprofessional.
 * Spike became a regular character in the show's fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh seasons. (Describes the real-world historical event of his appearance on the show and thus is in past tense.)
 * William Pratt was born in 1860 in London, England ... (Describes an event which took place prior to the events of the show and thus is in past tense.)
 * Spike first appears in Sunnydale in Buffy's second season in the episode School Hard ... (Describes something that happens in the course of the story and thus is in present tense.)

How to handle flashbacks: If the flashback is described in an episode article as part of the episode's summary, then it is literary present. If it is presented in a character, concept, etc. article, then it is background, and thus is past. - Che Nuevara: Join the Revolution 18:01, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * One way to remember this is that the episode you are watching (you are watching it to confirm your data, aren't you?) is present as you watch it. The creation of the episode, however, is in the past. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 08:26, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

One space after each period
I've noticed many articles contain two spaces after each period. I was guilty of doing that in my work until several months ago. It is not accepted on-line or off- nowadays.

 * Actually, per Manual of Style, it is accepted, given that extra inter-sentence spaces don't print. (No matter how annoying it is. ☺) I recommend we not do any editing specifically to add or remove these unnecessary spaces, and if someone does it while doing other edits, we count to ten and remember the wiki goal of cooperative editing.

 * On the other hand, I'd suggest we try to add a space between wiki markup elements (like "==" section markup and bulleted or numbered lists) and their adjacent text, a single blank line between section headings and paragraphs, and a single blank line between paragraphs and image markup. These extra spaces also don't affect display, but they make the resulting source text easier to edit, because they look a bit less like obfuscated C programs. Consider:

 * *A Tale of Two Cities
 * versus:
 * * A Tale of Two Cities

 * The latter, when many elements are present, is much easier to recognize as a bulleted list than the former. Likewise, having a blank line above and below a section heading or an image tag helps it to stand out when examining a long article. These kind of minor aids help newcomers absorb wiki markup without a lot of assistance. Just my 2¢ ~ Jeff Q (talk) 08:42, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is. It is still the standard in most circles for hard print.  In the internet, it doesn't matter either way, since HTML formats all spaces the same size, no matter how many times you hit the spacebar. -  Che Nuevara: Join the Revolution 17:19, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Do not underlink, but DON'T overdo it, either
It's great that many contributor take the time to link to other Wiki pages when they use a term, but I also see a lot of unnecessary linking. Remember that people can easily look up words in Wikipedia, Answers.com, etc. or even the dictionary! so words like "witch" or "California" can just be used as regular words. Too much linking also affects readability.

Episode titles in double quotes ("), not italics
This came up on the talk page, but I thought I'd bring it up here as well. I request project members to please put episode titles inside quotes, as per Manual of Style (titles). Italics should be reserved for TV show titles, novels, games, etc. Thanks. --SHODAN 19:08, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Encyclopedic Style
Been reading through the episdoe guides for Buffy and the style they are written in is very informal - "Willow tells Faith that she's made her decision and that it's over now and they fight for a bit until Faith brings out her knife and the fun becomes less existent." From the Choices Episode is just one example. I'm fixing them as I find them, but this seems to be a very wide spread problem and I ust don't have the time to do them allNatashaUK 14:44, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Ratliff Boon

Ratliff Boon (January 18, 1781 – November 20, 1844) was an American politician who briefly served as the second Governor of Indiana — taking office following the resignation of Governor Jonathan Jennings, whom he served as lieutenant governor under, after his election to Congress, and subsequently serving again as lieutenant governor under Governor William Hendricks — and a six-term member of the United States House of Representatives. A prominent politician in the state, Boon was instrumental in the formation of the state Democratic Party, and he supported President Andrew Jackson's policies while in the House.

Background and education
Ratliff Boon was born January 18, 1781, in Franklin County, North Carolina, the son of Jesse and Kessiah Boon. At a young age he moved with his parents to Warren County, Kentucky, where he attended a public grade school and later apprenticed as a gunsmith in Danville, Kentucky. In 1801 he was married to Delilah Anderson, together the couple had seven children. In 1809 he moved to what is now Boon Township of Warrick County, Indiana. Boonville, the county seat, was later named in his honor. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, Boon joined the Indiana Territorial militia and eventually rose to the rank of colonel.

Legislator
Warrick County was organized in 1813 and Boon was appointed by Governor Thomas Posey to the position of County Treasurer. In 1816 he was elected to the first state legislature where he served two one-year terms. During his terms, his primary accomplishment was successfully promoting legislation to divide Warrick County into three separate counties. He was elected to the state senate in December 1818 but resigned after winning the election to become the second Lieutenant Governor in December 1819.

Christopher Harrison had resigned his position as lieutenant governor after a scandal, leaving no incumbent. Two other men briefly competed against Boon for the position, but he defeated them in the general election, 7,397 votes to his closest competitors 3,882. In 1820 the legislature passed laws to lower the wolf population. Wolves had been creating havoc on the frontier. They offered a premium reward for wolf pelts, Boon capitalized on the new law and earned more than seven-hundred dollars by killing wolves. His success led to the rapid repeal of the law which quickly became a drain on the state's limited resources.

Governor
In 1822 he was re-elected as lieutenant governor on a ticket with William Hendricks. When Governor Jonathan Jennings resigned to take a seat in Congress, Boon succeeded him and became the second governor of the state on September 12, 1822, and served until Hendricks's inauguration on December 5, 1822. Boon's only act of consequence during his short time as governor was to conduct a census of the area purchased by the Treaty of St. Mary's and make recommendations for the creation of counties in the region. His proposal was adopted by the General Assembly, which organized county governments and created three seats in the assembly to provide representation to the subjects of the census. Boon returned to the lieutenant governor's office and remained in that position until January 30, 1824, when he resigned after winning the election to the United States House of Representatives.

Congressman
Boon was elected as a Jacksonian and served in Congress from March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1827. He was unsuccessful in his re-election attempt in 1826, defeated by Thomas H. Blake who ran on an internal improvement platform which Boon's party was opposed to. During the term he sat out of office, he was instrumental in establishing the Democratic Party in Indiana. Up until that time, there were no formal political parties in the state, and all politicians loosely affiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party. He ran again for the office in 1828, and won. He served in Congress again from March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1839. While in congress he was chairman of the Committee on Public Lands from 1835 until 1839. He made an unsuccessful run for re-election in 1839, and was defeated by Oliver H. Smith.

The same year of his defeat, Boon moved to Louisiana, Missouri. In Missouri he quickly rose in prominence and became a fierce opponent of Thomas H. Benton and the pro-slavery faction of the state government. In 1844 he ran for Congress again, hoping to defeat the pro-slavery candidate, but he became ill and withdrew from the race. Boon remained sick and died shortly after hearing of his party's victory in the election. He died there on November 20, 1844. He is interred in Riverview Cemetery of Louisiana, his son, Baily Hart Boon, later erected a monument over his grave.

title: Ratliff Boon


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/Buffyverse task force/Strategy

Use this page to divvy up work, suggest subprojects, ask for assistance, etc.


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Frank Ragan King

Commander Frank Ragan King (October 15, 1884 – July 12, 1919) was an officer in the United States Navy who died while conducting minesweeping operations shortly after World War I.

Biography
Born in Montevallo, Alabama, King was appointed midshipman at the Naval Academy 6 May 1903 and graduated February 11, 1907. After serving as a passed midshipman, he was commissioned Ensign February 12, 1909.

King served in Arkansas, USS Hartford (1858), Milwaukee, Pennsylvania, and Illinois before attaining the rank of Commander September 21, 1918.

Comdr. King assumed command of the trawler USS Richard Bulkeley (1917) July 7, 1919, during minesweeping operations in the North Sea. On July 12, 1919, his ship struck a mine and went down in only seven minutes.

During the crisis, King exerted himself to see that all of his crew might be saved. King's feeling for his men was evidenced by the fact that his final act before going down with his ship was to strap his own life preserver to a stunned sailor and help him over the side. Comdr. King received the Distinguished Service Medal for his valor.

USS Richard Buckley
Commander Frank Ragan King assumed command of the trawler Richard Buckley July 7, 1919 during minesweeping operations in the North Sea. On July 12, 1919, his ship struck a mine and went down in only seven minutes. During the crisis, King exerted himself to see that all of his crew might be saved. King's feeling for his men was evidenced by the fact that his final act before going down with his ship was to strap his own life preserver to a stunned sailor and help him over the side. Commander King received the Distinguished Service Medal for his valor.

Namesake
The destroyer USS King (DD-242) was named for him.

title: Frank Ragan King


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Darth Nihilous

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Darth Nihilus. Postdlf 04:12, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Darth Nihilous
Superfluous article, misspelling of the pre-existing Darth Nihilus. Delete. - Jon Hart
 * Just...redirect to the correct spelling. Shiri — Talk 02:02, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as reasonable misspelling. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:28, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect --Fuzzball! (talk) 02:41, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Megan1967 08:10, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. For some reason, this made me think of Darth Millhouse. -- 8^D gab 03:48, 2005 May 1 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Laotian rock rat

Untitled
Really can't find a real picture of this rat on the web, one month after its discovery. A tribute to the science or to the copyright ?

One is now on the news article from the NHM, London.

"The genus name for this animal, Laonastes, means "inhabitant of stone". Is it surely not "inhabitant of Laos"? --Wetman 01:49, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not according to the article. I reread the relevant sentence there several times because I thought the same thing.  --Aranae 02:00, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's probably one of those taxonomic puns. At any rate, if "stone" is genuine, the etyma are λᾶος (Greek: laos "stone") + νάστης (Greek: nastes "inhabitant").  —Muke Tever 13:12, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Any Pics? Also I hope this wouldn't be one of those genetically altered animals.

location of the article
Shouldn't it be at Laotian rock rat? (not capitalized?) Dave (talk)

 * There's been a lot of discussion about this on the tree of life pages and the decision seems to be that for vertebrate wikipedia articles common names of species (i.e. Laotian Rock Rat) are capitalised. Common names for larger groups (i.e. rodent) are lowercase.  I personally think the lowercase form is more grammatically correct, more appropriate and more searchable, but I set up the article in all caps to fit with that decision.  --Aranae 07:02, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * could you show me the relevant tree of life page so I can see (and possibly influence) the current consensus? Thanks, Dave (talk) 14:22, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm happy with the article where it is. I just suspect someone else will come along and try to change it back.  Some of the links to the discussions are (in no particular order) here, here, here, and here, but note on the final one that it pertains to birds and there are rules for capitalization of birds that are specific to that group and designed specifically by ornithologists.  There are also an incredible number of talk pages for different organisms throughout wikipedia that have more arguments about it.  Again, I want to go on record saying that I don't care and I'm not proposing that it be moved back.  --Aranae 16:41, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

links removed
I removed two links that require registration in order to read. If somebody wants to put them in the References section that would also be good. I don't have the articles to do it myself. Liblamb 21:15, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Oddball Rodent' Found (in Plain View) Is Called New to Science
 * Globe and Mail: New family of rodent found

I've moved the zoo-talk link here to the discussion page, as the destination seems to no longer exist. With a quick browse of their on-site search engine, I didn't find a new link location. I'm not well-versed in Wikipedia consensus/policy, but following the sentiment of the previous comment, the first news link is to the NY Times, (sometimes?) requiring registration to read. DamienJR 18:13, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Zoo-talk.com: New species of rodent discovered

New Mammals
I question this sentence, at least as written.

The most recent incident prior to the discovery of the Laotian Rock Rat by western science was the discovery of the Bumblebee Bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai; family Craseonycteridae) in 1974.

Muntiacus putaoensis This article calls it a 'bovid'. I think 'cervid' is meant.

Pseudoryx nghetinhensis This one really is a bovid.--FourthAve 09:15, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The section refers to discovering a new family. Your first example is a new genus of muntjac (a cervid) and your second refers to a new genus of bovid.  If clarification is needed in the wording of the article, I'd encourage you to do so.  --Aranae 15:11, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am reasonably content with the rewrite. The idea that a large mammal could escape our description in the late 1990s is embarassing, but it happened. What's interesting is that all these mammals, including the Laos Rock Rat, inhabit very rugged terrain, where Burma, Laos, Vietnam and China all come together. I remember the leaf deer being called a 'laughing deer', i.e., a deer that vocalizes (and we all good Americans know whitetail don't make serious vocalizations).
 * A new (taxonomic) family is sexy, downright sensational. But it has to be reported responsibly, gravely, boringly. But a certain excitement has been introduced.--FourthAve 09:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Drawing- copyvio?
I don't see the fair use justification for using that drawing. This is not an article which discusses the drawing. As far as I can see, we're just stealing someone else's work. Markyour words 13:36, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you f'n serious? It's fair use because, apparently, no one has a photograph of the bloody rat and it's not being used for financial profit. As long as it's noted where/who the drawing came, why are you being so touchy about it? --260 15:09, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Simmer down. Mark's question is entirely valid since the picture is technically a copyvio - no question.  Someone drew it and now it's being used without their consent or knowledge.  On the page for the pic, the uploader listed a variety of reasons why it should be used and I don't necessarily disagree with them, but I'm also quite leery about rather blatantly using copyrighted material just because no other option is available.  Matt Deres 17:25, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

precise etymology?
I'dlike to see the precise words from which the genus name was derived. Circeus 18:11, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

'Laonastes, means "inhabitant of stone" (from Greek λαος = laos = stone and ναστης = nastes = inhabitant)' is wrong. Greek λαος(laos) means people not stone, whereas ναστης(nastes) means inhabitant derived from the verb ναιω = I inhabit, I reside. So, Laonastes actually means inhabitant of Laos. 'aenigmamus means "enigma mouse" (from Greek αινγμα = ænigma and μυς = mus, "mouse")' is correct. Astrofos 08:45, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Inhabitant of stone is what's listed in the article and is the official explanation for why it was named as it is. That leaves an interesting difficulty in how we word things since the authors appeared to have made a mistake in their usage of λαος.  Perhaps they thought the country Laos was named after a word for rock and named the animal after the supposed root of Laos in an attempt to describe the rocky habitat (and simultaneously the country from whence it's found).  There is a detailed etymology in the paper, but absolutely no mention that it was named after the country, but instead that λαος neans stone.  Jenkins et al. (2004) state: "The generic name of the animal is derived from the Greek λαος (laos), stone and ναστης (nastes), an inhabitant and is based on its habitat among the rocks of the limestone karst."
 * I don't think we should stick with the current wording (The genus name for this animal, Laonastes, means "inhabitant of Laos" (from Greek ναστης = nastes = inhabitant). The specific epithet aenigmamus means "enigma mouse" (from Greek αινγμα = ænigma and μυς = mus, "mouse") referring to its unknown position among the rodents (Jenkins et al., 2004).) because I think it implies that the authors intended to name it after the country instead of "stone". I suspect the section needs a longer explanation.  --Aranae 09:12, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Apparently the "Lao-" part of the word derives not from the word λαος (which indeed means "people"), but "λᾶας" (genitive λᾶος, "stone" ), so the official explanation of the name's meaning is correct! Kaarel 11:53, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed, Kaarel is right. Although the use of λάας(laas) goes way back to Homeric Greek, it does mean "stone" and by the way is where the word λαός(laos)=people derives from according to mythology. Nevertheless the selection of a word like laas (gen laos), among several ancient Greek words suitable, as a reference to limestone rocks cannot be coincidental. Even as a wordplay it implicitly refers to the country of Lao(s). So, I suggest to revert to the old text with a minor change stating just that. I won't edit the page yet, waiting for your opinions this time :)
 * "The genus name for this animal, Laonastes, means "inhabitant of stone" (from Greek λάας = laas = stone, gen λάος = laos = of stone and ναστης = nastes = inhabitant). This is in reference to its presence around limestone rocks and also to the country where it was recently discovered. The specific epithet aenigmamus means "enigma mouse" (from Greek αινγμα = ænigma and μυς = mus, "mouse") referring to its unknown position among the rodents (Jenkins et al., 2004)." --Astrofos 16:35, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. --Aranae 17:56, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Molecular phylogenetics
Does anyone know if anyone is studying the molecular phylogenetics of the Laotian rock rat? I'm surprised it's taken this long Nil Einne 18:26, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Looking at the reference list, it appears the original authors did as I would have expected... Ooops Nil Einne 18:30, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

refute
"In 2006 the classification of the Laotian rock rat was refuted by Mary Dawson et al." - POV? See Wiktionary on refute: "The accepted meaning of this word is "to prove false". The meaning "to deny" is non-standard and is avoided by careful speakers and writers." Gabriel R 12:43, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Changed to "reconsidered". Ucucha (talk)  14:36, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

First time?
I've deleted the following sentence:

This is the first time that such an old species has been found that had long thought to have been extinct.

Surely the case of the coelacanth invalidates this statement?Jon Rob 13:00, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, that species (Latimeria chalumnae) was newly discovered. It is a member of a group that has long been though to be extinct. The same goes true for Laonastes, which is actually the third/fourth (Willmus was described in the same year) genus of Diatomyidae. In any case, the sentence does not make any sense. Ucucha (talk)  14:26, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

"In this photo provided by Florida State University, a Diatomyidae is seen in Laos in May 2006. The Diatomyidae, or Laotian rock rat, was the first live specimen of its species to be photographed in Doy, a small village in central Laos during an expedition by Florida State University professor David Redfield and Thai biologist Uthai Treesucon. The species once was thought to have been extinct for 11 million years. (AP Photos/Florida State University, Uthai Treesucon)" - AP Press

First photographs! We found it!

 * The Diatomyidae, or Laotian rock rat, was the first live specimen of its species to be photographed

An excerpt from the article is below. Have fun! RK 23:53, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * TALLAHASSEE, Fla. - The first pictures showing a live specimen of a rodent species once thought to have been extinct for 11 million years have been taken by a retired Florida State University professor and a Thai wildlife biologist. They took video and still photographs of the "living fossil," which looks like a small squirrel or tree shrew, in May during an expedition to central Laos near the Thai border.

 * Known as Diatomyidae, scientists have nicknamed it the Laotian rock rat. The creature is not really a rat but a member of a rodent family once known only from fossils. The pictures show a docile, squirrel-sized animal with dark dense fur and a long tail but not as bushy as a squirrel's. It also shows that the creature waddles like a duck with its hind feet splayed out at an angle — ideal for climbing rocks....

More etymology
Can anyone explain what the name kha-nyou means exactly, and in what language (presumably Laotian)? Widsith 10:51, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Citation tag
Would someone please be more specific as to which statements are challenged and require more references? I actually think the article is fairly well referenced. --Aranae (talk) 02:19, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks pretty well referenced to me too. At the least, I don't think it would be possible to add more different references. Laotian rock rat could probably use a citation, but that's about all I can see. Helioseus (talk) 16:44, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ratsquriiall.jpg
The image Image:Ratsquriiall.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --05:14, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Photographs of Laonastes aenigmamus
I have my own photographs of Laonastes aenigmamus which I would like to donate. I have taken them myself and they have no copyright attached to them. What is the best way I can do this so that they can be used on Wiki? Alanboatman (talk) 08:00, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Major umbridge with the Lao (local) name
The local name for Laonastes aenigmamus is "Nou Pha Yu". This litterally means "Storm Rat". This is what the locals in Khammouane Province call it. "Kha Nyou" is not known to be the local name and if it is in places, it is using a perjorative epithet. 'Kha' is a perjorative label for the Khamu ethnic group used by the Lao ethnic group. It has meanings similar to 'slave' and is considered very rude by Khamu people. Hence whoever told the scientists this Lao name were saying Khamu Rat, but the meaning carries implications similar to 'Nigger Rat'. Alanboatman (talk) 08:27, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Amber Valley (UK Parliament constituency)

Amber Valley is a constituency in Derbyshire, represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. It has been represented in Parliament by Linsey Farnsworth, a Labour politician, since the 2024 General election.

History
The constituency was created in 1983, and was held by Phillip Oppenheim of the Conservative Party from its creation until Judy Mallaber of the Labour Party won the seat in 1997. She was narrowly defeated in 2010 by Nigel Mills, a Conservative, who increased his majority in 2015 and 2017. Amber Valley has been a bellweather seat in having been won by the winning party at each general election, since its creation.

Historic
1983–1997: The District of Amber Valley wards of Aldercar, Alfreton East, Alfreton West, Codnor, Denby and Horsley Woodhouse, Heage and Ambergate, Heanor and Loscoe, Heanor East, Heanor West, Holbrook and Horsley, Kilburn, Riddings, Ripley, Ripley and Marehay, Shipley Park, Somercotes, Swanwick, and Wingfield, and the Borough of Erewash wards of Breadsall and Morley, Little Eaton, and Stanley.

1997–2010: The Borough of Amber Valley wards of Aldercar, Alfreton East, Alfreton West, Codnor, Crich, Denby and Horsley Woodhouse, Heage and Ambergate, Heanor and Loscoe, Heanor East, Heanor West, Holbrook and Horsley, Kilburn, Riddings, Ripley, Ripley and Marehay, Shipley Park, Somercotes, Swanwick, and Wingfield, and the Borough of Erewash wards of Breadsall and Morley, Little Eaton, and Stanley.

2010–2024: The Borough of Amber Valley wards of Alfreton, Codnor and Waingroves, Heage and Ambergate, Heanor and Loscoe, Heanor East, Heanor West, Ironville and Riddings, Kilburn, Denby and Holbrook, Langley Mill and Aldercar, Ripley, Ripley and Marehay, Shipley Park, Horsley and Horsley Woodhouse, Somercotes, Swanwick, and Wingfield.

Current
Further to a local government boundary review which came into effect in May 2023, the constituency now comprises the following wards of the Borough of Amber Valley:

 * Alfreton; Codnor, Langley Mill & Aldercar; South Wingfield from Crich & South Wingfield ward; Heage & Ambergate; Heanor East; Heanor West & Loscoe; Ironville & Riddings; Kilburn, Denby, Holbrook & Horsley; Ripley; Ripley & Marehay; Smalley, Shipley & Horsley Woodhouse; Somercotes; Swanwick.

Following the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the composition of the constituency (based on the ward structure which existed on 1 December 2020) is unchanged.

Constituency profile
The Amber Valley constituency is located in the east of Derbyshire, and covers the market and manufacturing towns of Alfreton, Heanor and Ripley; in a majority of council elections from 1960 to 2012, these were favourably disposed to the Labour Party. The constituency also contains many rural and suburban wards, which during the same period generally had a majority in support of the Conservatives. The constituency stretches from the edge of the Peak District to the northern edge of Derby, which forms another set of neighbourhoods more favourably disposed to the Conservatives.

From 2000 to 2023 the Conservatives controlled Amber Valley Borough Council with the exception of a year from 2014 to 2015 and from 2019 to 2021 when Labour were in power. In 2023, Labour retook control. Prior to this, the council was held by Labour or under no overall control for all but three years from its formation in 1973.

The constituency's generally small majorities and bellwether status since 1983 (being won by the party that nationally holds the most parliamentary seats) means Amber Valley was, by most common measures, a marginal seat.

Members of Parliament
Belper, Derbyshire South East and Ilkeston prior to 1983

Elections in the 2010s
Going into the 2015 general election, this was the 24th most marginal constituency in Great Britain, Labour requiring a swing from the Conservatives of 0.6% to take the seat (based on the result of the 2010 general election).


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1928 Okeechobee hurricane

The Okeechobee hurricane of 1928, also known as the San Felipe Segundo hurricane, was one of the deadliest hurricanes in the recorded history of the North Atlantic basin, and the fourth deadliest hurricane in the United States, only behind the 1900 Galveston hurricane, 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, and Hurricane Maria. The hurricane killed an estimated 2,500 people in the United States; most of the fatalities occurred in the state of Florida, particularly in Lake Okeechobee. It was the fourth tropical cyclone, third hurricane, the only major hurricane of the 1928 Atlantic hurricane season, and remains the deadliest disaster in Florida’s history to date. It developed off the west coast of Africa on September 6 as a tropical depression, but it strengthened into a tropical storm later that day, shortly before passing south of the Cape Verde islands. Further intensification was slow and halted late on September 7. About 48 hours later, the storm strengthened and became a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Still moving westward, the system reached Category 4 intensity before striking Guadeloupe on September 12, where it brought great destruction and resulted in 1,200 deaths. The islands of Martinique, Montserrat, and Nevis also reported damage and fatalities, but not nearly as severe as in Guadeloupe.

Around midday on September 13, the storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane and peaked with sustained winds of 160 mph. About six hours later, the system made landfall in Puerto Rico; it remains the only tropical cyclone on record to strike the island at Category 5 intensity. Very strong winds resulted in severe damage in Puerto Rico; 24,728 homes were destroyed and 192,444 were damaged throughout the island, leaving over 500,000 people homeless. Heavy rainfall also led to extreme damage to vegetation and agriculture. On Puerto Rico alone, there were 312 deaths and about US$50 million ($ million today) in damage. While crossing the island and emerging into the Atlantic, the storm weakened slightly, falling to Category 4 intensity. It began crossing through the Bahamas on September 16, where it resulted in 18 fatalities.

The storm made landfall near West Palm Beach, Florida, early on September 17, with winds of 145 mph. In the city, more than 1,711 homes were destroyed; the effects were most severe around Lake Okeechobee. The storm surge caused water to pour out of the southern edge of the lake, flooding hundreds of square miles to depths as great as 20 ft. Numerous houses and buildings were swept away in the cities of Belle Glade, Canal Point, Chosen, Pahokee, and South Bay, Florida. At least 2,500 people drowned, while damage was estimated at $25 million. The system weakened significantly while crossing Florida, falling to Category 1 intensity late on September 17. It curved north-northeast and briefly emerged into the Atlantic on September 18, but soon made another landfall near Edisto Island, South Carolina, with winds of 85 mph. Early on the following day, the system weakened to a tropical storm and became an extratropical cyclone over North Carolina hours later. Overall, the hurricane caused $100 million in damage and killed at least 4,112 people.

Meteorological history
On September 6, ships reported a tropical depression developing just off the west coast of Africa near Dakar, Senegal. On the next day, a ship reported winds of 60 mph, or tropical storm status; on this basis, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project estimated that the system attained tropical storm status late on September 6. However, lack of observations for several days prevented the system from being classified in real time as it moved generally westward across the Atlantic Ocean. On September 10, the S.S. Commack first observed the storm about 900 mi to the east of Guadeloupe, which at the time was the most easterly report of a tropical cyclone ever received through ship's radio. Later that day, two other ships confirmed the intensity of the storm, and the Hurricane Research Division estimated it strengthened into a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on September 10.

As the storm neared the Lesser Antilles, it continued to intensify. Between 17:30 and 18:30 UTC on September 12, the hurricane's eye moved over Guadeloupe with a barometric pressure of 940 mb, suggesting maximum sustained winds of 140 mph, or Category 4 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Continuing to the west-northwest, the hurricane passed about 10 mi south of Saint Croix before approaching Puerto Rico. On September 13, the 15 mi eye crossed Puerto Rico in eight hours from the southeast to the northwest, moving ashore near Guayama and exiting between Aguadilla and Isabela. A ship near the southern coast reported a pressure of 931 mbar, and the cup anemometer at San Juan reported sustained winds of 160 mph before failing. As the wind station was 30 mi north of the storm's center, winds near the landfall point were unofficially estimated as high as 200 mph. On this basis, the hurricane is believed to have made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale, although there was uncertainty in the peak intensity, due to the large size and slow movement of the storm.

After emerging from Puerto Rico, the hurricane had weakened to winds of about 140 mph, based on a pressure reading of 941 mbar at Isabela. The storm brushed the northern coast of Hispaniola while moving west-northwestward, gradually restrengthening. On September 15, it passed within 35 mi of Grand Turk, by which time the winds increased to 155 mph. The storm continued through the Bahamas as a strong Category 4 hurricane, passing near Nassau at 10:00 UTC on September 16. Initially, Richard Gray of the U.S. Weather Bureau was optimistic that the storm would spare South Florida. However, at 00:00 UTC on September 17, the large hurricane made landfall in southeastern Florida near West Palm Beach, with estimated winds of 145 mph. This was based on a pressure reading of 929 mbar in the city, which at the time was the lowest pressure reading in the mainland United States; this broke the previous record of 935 mbar set during the 1926 Miami hurricane. Peak gusts were estimated near 160 mph at Canal Point.

The hurricane quickly weakened as it progressed inland and moved over Lake Okeechobee, although its large size enabled it to maintain hurricane status for several more days. Late on September 17, the hurricane recurved to the northeast and passed near Jacksonville early the next day with winds of 75 mph. At 08:00 UTC on September 18, the storm again reached open waters. Later that day, the hurricane restrengthened slightly over open waters, making a second United States landfall near Edisto Island, South Carolina, at 19:00 UTC with winds of 85 mph. Accelerating northeastward, the system quickly weakened into a tropical storm over North Carolina. On September 19, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, although it restrengthened slightly to hurricane strength, due to baroclinic forcing caused by a frontal system. The cyclone turned to the north-northwest, moving quickly through the eastern United States. On September 21, the former hurricane dissipated over Ontario, having merged with another disturbance.

Leeward Islands
The hurricane moved directly over the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean Sea, strengthening as it did so. On the island of Dominica, winds were clocked at 24 mph; there were no reports of damage, though one fatality occurred. In Martinique, further south of the storm's path, there were three fatalities. Guadeloupe received a direct hit from the storm, apparently with little warning; the death toll there was 1,200, and damage reports relayed through Paris indicated "great destruction" on the island. About three-fourths of the island's residents were left homeless. In the community of Saint-François, the only structure to remain standing was the police station, which was built with reinforced concrete. To the east of the town, the merchant ship Albatros sank; it had been carrying 80 casks of rum. The crew and the five men attempting to save the ship drowned. Approximately 85%–95% of banana crops were destroyed, 70%–80% of tree crops suffered severe damage, and 40% of the sugar cane crop was ruined. The people struggled to survive both in the short and longer term after the storm.

Montserrat, just north of the storm's center, was warned in advance of the storm but still suffered £150,000 (1928 UKP) in damages and 42 deaths; Plymouth and Salem were devastated, and crop losses caused near-starvation conditions before relief could arrive. All commercial and government buildings on the island were destroyed, as were more than 600 homes. Saint Kitts and Nevis also suffered heavily. On the island of St. Kitts, a number of homes built on wooden foundations were demolished. Nine deaths were reported, six of which occurred in a schoolhouse collapse. Thirteen people were killed on the island of Nevis.

The storm destroyed hundreds of homes on Antigua, including a doctor's home and a "poor house". Government offices, hospitals, and school were also damaged. On Saint Croix, nearly all of the island's 11,000 residents suffered some degree of loss. A total of 143 buildings were destroyed, including a sugar mill. The storm resulted in nine deaths on the island. Throughout the Virgin Islands, as many as 700,000 people were rendered homeless.

Puerto Rico
While the storm was passing near Dominica, the U.S. Weather Bureau located at San Juan, Puerto Rico, warned about the threat of the hurricane which would strike the island within a day or two. The advisory was sent via telegraph to 75 police districts and was broadcast from the naval radio station every two hours; this was the first hurricane warning broadcast by radio. Warnings were also posted for 12 ports along the southern coast, causing ships to avoid the island or remain at port. Effective preparation is credited for the relatively low death toll of 312, and not a single ship was lost at sea in the vicinity of Puerto Rico. By comparison, the weaker 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane killed approximately 3,000 people.

According to the San Juan National Weather Service office, the storm was "up to this time the greatest and more [sic] intense and destructive hurricane of record in Puerto Rico." Along the storm path, the eye passed over Guayama, Cayey, and Aibonito, resulting in a period of calm lasting 20 minutes. The island of Puerto Rico received the worst of the storm's winds when the hurricane moved directly across the island at Category 5 strength. The hurricane was extremely large as it crossed Puerto Rico. Hurricane-force winds were measured in Guayama for 18 hours, where a low pressure of 931 mbar was reported. Since the storm is estimated to have been moving at 13 mph, the diameter of the storm's hurricane winds was estimated very roughly to be 234 mi.

The rainfall recorded on September 13–14, 1928, remains the record for the maximum rainfall associated with a hurricane in Puerto Rico within a period of forty-eight hours. In those regions where precipitation is more common place, as in Adjuntas in the Cordillera Central and in the Sierra de Luquillo, the rain was over 25 in, with 29.60 in recorded in Adjuntas. The anemometer located in Puerta de Tierra lost one of its cups at 11:44 am on September 13, just when it had registered a maximum speed of 150 mph —a speed that was sustained for five consecutive minutes. Previously the same instrument had measured 160 mph for one minute. Because these measurements were taken 30 mi from San Felipe's eye, at the time, it seemed possible that some estimates of 200 mph near the center of the storm were not overdrawn.

There was general destruction through the island, with the towns where the eye passed being swept away. Property damage on the island from winds and rain was catastrophic. The northeast portion of the island received winds in excess of Category 3 strength, with hurricane-force winds lasting as long as 18 hours. Official reports stated "several hundred thousand" people were left homeless, and property damages were estimated at $50 million.

On the island there was no building that was not affected. Some sugar mills ("Centrales") that had cost millions of dollars to build were reduced to rubble. Reports say that 24,728 homes were destroyed and 192,444 were partially destroyed. Most of the sugarcane fields were flooded, ruining the year's crops. Half of the coffee plants and half of the shade trees that covered these were destroyed; almost all of the coffee harvest was lost. The coffee industry would take years to recover since coffee needs shade trees to grow. The tobacco farms also had great losses. After this hurricane, Puerto Rico never regained its position as a major coffee exporter.

Communications were disrupted by fallen trees, landslides, and damaged bridges. Some 770 school buildings were destroyed or damaged. According to some estimates of the day, excluding personal losses, the damages reached $85.312 million and more than 500,000 people were left homeless. Until Hurricane Maria 89 years later, San Felipe II was officially classified as Puerto Rico's biggest, worst, and most devastating hurricane to ever have hit the island.

Greater Antilles and Bahamas
After affecting Puerto Rico, the hurricane passed just north of the Dominican Republic, causing very little damage. This was due to the small core and weaker winds to the south of the center. Advance warning reduced the number of ships traversing the region.

While the hurricane was passing nearby, Grand Turk reported winds of 120 mph. According to a ship report in the region, "The force of the wind ... could only be judged by the noise made by the storm, which reminded me of the New York subway going full speed passing switches." Winds approached 120 mph at Nassau before the anemometer failed. In addition to the winds, the storm dropped heavy rainfall in the region, totaling 9 in in Nassau. As in Puerto Rico, authorities in the Bahamas had ample warning of the hurricane's approach, and preparations minimized the loss of life in the islands. Two boats were wrecked as they washed ashore in Grand Turk, although the crews were saved. A sloop traversing from Ambergris Cay to Grand Turk was lost, killing all 18 people on board. The storm caused heavy damage throughout the Bahamas, mostly to property and crops.

In Nassau, some buildings which had been recently repaired after the 1926 Nassau hurricane were destroyed during this storm. A 10-year-old girl drowned after falling into an open trench filled with water. At the Fort Montague Hotel, the windows, doors, and furniture were badly damaged. Similar damage was reported at the Royal Victoria Hotel, while the British Colonial Hotel was largely spared. However, the gardens of the three hotels were "damaged almost beyond recognition".

On Bimini, sustained winds of 140 mph were observed, causing major damage to buildings. Ninety-five houses and some other buildings, including a few churches and government buildings, were damaged or destroyed on Eleuthera. Minor damage was reported on Rum Cay. Most of the food crops were destroyed. On San Salvador Island, four buildings were demolished, including two churches, while several other structures suffered minor damage. Food crops were nearly wiped out.

Florida

While the hurricane was moving through the Bahamas, the Weather Bureau issued storm warnings from Miami to Titusville, later upgrading to a hurricane warning from Miami to Daytona Beach. The agency advised residents to take precautions for the hurricane, citing the potential for strong winds and waves. Hurricane warnings were also posted for the west coast from Punta Rassa to Apalachicola, and after the storm recurved, hurricane warnings were extended along the east coast to Jacksonville. Because of well-issued hurricane warnings, residents were prepared for the storm, and only 26 deaths were recorded in the coastal Palm Beach area.

Strong winds struck southern Florida as the hurricane moved ashore, with three unofficial reports of 100 mph. In Miami to the south of the center, winds reached 78 mph, and farther south, Key West reported winds of 39 mph. The eye at landfall was 25 mi wide, and after moving inland crossed Lake Okeechobee, where a calm was reported for 30 minutes. Winds at Canal Point, adjacent to the lake, were estimated as high as 160 mph; the anemometer blew away after reporting sustained winds of 75 mph. The pressure at Canal Point dropped to 942 mbar. The lowest pressure north of Lake Okeechobee was 966 mbar in Bartow, and along the west coast, winds reached 31 mph in Tampa.

The hurricane left thousands of people homeless in Florida; property damage was estimated at $25 million ($). It is estimated if a similar storm were to strike as of the year 2003, it would cause $18.7 billion in damages. The cyclone remains one of three Atlantic hurricanes to strike the southern mainland of Florida with a central pressure below 940 mbar, the others being the 1926 Miami hurricane and Hurricane Andrew of 1992.

In addition to the human fatalities, 1,278 livestock and 47,389 poultry were killed. Agriculture was significantly affected, with the storm destroying what may have been the largest "citrus crop in the history of the industry". Approximately 6% of oranges and 18% of grapefruit were ruined. Harvesting the remaining crops was delayed until mid-October due to inundated groves. Communications also suffered severely. Throughout the state, 32,000 households were left without telephone service and 400 poles were broken and about 2,500 others leaning. Governor of Florida John W. Martin estimated that 15,000 families were left homeless in Palm Beach County alone. Additionally, about 11,500 families would need to be "re-established".

Coastal South Florida

In Miami, damage was minimal, limited to broken windows and awnings. In Hollywood and Fort Lauderdale, windows and roofs were damaged, although to a fairly minor extent. Numerous power lines and telephone wires were downed in the latter city. Northward, from Pompano Beach to Jupiter, buildings suffered serious damage from the heavy winds and 10 ft storm surge. Nearly all small frame houses were destroyed in Deerfield Beach, while several citizens estimated that at least 50% of homes were demolished. The town's post office, depot, and an entire business block were also destroyed. An eight-year-old boy drowned in a ditch near where his family sought refuge. In Boca Raton, two garages and several houses were destroyed. At the Cloister Inn, windows were shattered and the roof was damaged; across the street, 32 freight cars belonging to a train along the Florida East Coast Railway were tossed by the wind into a nearby ditch. A short distance to the north, a warehouse was flattened. A building occupied by a restaurant and a store was flattened. In Delray Beach, four churches suffered severe damage and the Alta Repp and Seacrest hotels both lost a portion of their roof. The police reported three deaths within the city. In Delray Beach and Lantana, all houses and the railroad station were badly damaged. In Boynton Beach, about 75% of businesses suffered complete destruction. Fifteen people were injured by a roof collapse while taking refuge in the auditorium of a high school.

In Lake Worth, approximately 50% of homes were damaged or destroyed, while 75% of buildings in the business district suffered damage. Damage along the coast was most severe in Palm Beach. Total coastal damages were estimated as "several million" dollars. In West Palm Beach, the storm destroyed 1,711 homes and damaged 6,369 others, and demolished 268 businesses and impacted 490 other businesses; the city suffered the worst damage, totaling just under $13.8 million. Likewise, there was also severe wind damage in Palm Beach. A few buildings constructed by Henry Flagler, such as The Breakers, the Royal Poinciana Hotel, and Whitehall, were damaged. Mar-a-Lago suffered few effects other than uprooted trees and the destruction of a large Roman-style window, according to Marjorie Merriweather Post. Rodman Wanamaker's house, known as "La Querida" and later the "Winter White House" when used by President John F. Kennedy, suffered heavy damage during the storm. The Alba, Billows, New Palm Beach, and Royal Daneli hotels all suffered water damage, while the Alba Hotel was also deroofed. Nearby, the Rainbow Pier had only structural damage to its railings, though the pier office was blown away. Approximately 600 structures, including 10 hotels, were damaged in Palm Beach. Damage totaled over $2 million.

The strongest winds in the eyewall affected northern Palm Beach County, particularly the vicinity of Jupiter as the eye made landfall farther south. At the Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse, the mortar was reportedly "squeezed ... like toothpaste" from between the bricks during the storm, swaying the tower 17 in off the base. The lighthouse keeper, Captain Seabrook, and his son, Franklin, worked to keep the light on during the storm after the electricity went out. After the generator failed to work, they hand-cranked the light's mantle. The building formerly used as a Weather Bureau Office was destroyed. Nearby, six people died after a house was demolished. Six other fatalities occurred west of Jupiter after a school where people sought shelter collapsed.

Lake Okeechobee and Everglades
Inland, the hurricane wreaked much more widespread destruction along the more heavily populated coast of Lake Okeechobee. Residents had been warned to evacuate the low ground earlier in the day, but after the hurricane did not arrive on schedule, many thought it had missed and returned to their homes. In the weeks prior to the storm, heavy rainfall had caused the lake to rise 3 ft between August 10 and September 10 and filled nearby canals and ditches. Precipitation from the hurricane itself caused Lake Okeechobee to rise further. When the worst of the storm crossed the lake, the south-blowing wind caused a storm surge to overflow the small dike that had been built at the south end of the lake. The resulting flood covered an area of hundreds of square miles with water that in some places was more than 20 ft deep. Houses were floated off their foundations and dashed to pieces against any obstacles encountered. Most survivors and bodies were washed out into the Everglades, where many of the bodies were never found. Agricultural losses in the area surrounding Lake Okeechobee were also significant, with virtually all crops destroyed and over 150 tractors suffering damage.

As the rear eyewall passed over the area, the flood reversed itself, breaking the dikes along the northern coast of the lake and causing similar but smaller flooding. Route 98, then known as Conner's Highway, was closed until January, when the bridge across the Onosohatchee River at Taylor Creek was replaced after the original bridge was carried about 150 ft upstream during the storm. In Okeechobee County, homes along the lake were destroyed by the storm surge, while dwellings within the city of Okeechobee were severely damaged or demolished by winds of at least 90 mph. However, brick and concrete dwellings suffered little damage. A number of three-story business buildings collapsed during the storm. Almost all roads were left impassable, while communications were nearly wiped out. Overall, 27 deaths occurred in Okeechobee County. Along the southwestern shore of Lake Okeechobee, the towns of Clewiston and Moore Haven were both flooded, but most houses suffered more damage due to strong winds.

On Kreamer Island, many residents received information about the storm when it was too late to evacuate. In some houses, 20–30 people sought shelter inside and later stood on tables and chairs to remain above the water. Most of the houses were swept away into rows of pine trees and others more than 1/2 mi away. Despite this, only one person drowned on the island. Residents of Torry Island did not have enough time to prepare for the storm. They tried to evacuate, but with the causeway already inundated, twenty-three people sought refuge in a packinghouse. Floodwaters entered the building, forcing the occupants into the rafters. The building was eventually pushed into a nearby canal. Ten people drowned, but thirteen others survived by clinging to a barge or tree tops, while one woman tied herself to a telegraph pole. Others who survived were swept far away from the original sites of the building and the barge. A teenage boy was carried from the packinghouse to the Everglades Experiment Station in Belle Glade – a distance of about 8 mi. On Ritta Island, a number of persons who had successfully climbed to the roof of their houses to escape floodwaters were struck by trees or received fatal bites from water moccasins.

In South Bay, nearly all houses were destroyed and several buildings were unroofed. At least 160 fatalities occurred in the city. The future first mayor of South Bay, Aubrey (a.k.a. "Orb" or "A.O.") Walker, along with his brother, Haughty D. Walker (a.k.a. "Haught"), survived the great hurricane of 1928 by gathering family members and joining a number of other South Bay citizens on a barge in the canal; this action allowed them to survive the flood waters that swept over South Bay and ultimately engulfed Okeelanta. Throughout the 1920s, Okeelanta had suffered several floods and muck fires. After being flooded severely during the 1928 hurricane, it was abandoned. Bean City was also destroyed during the hurricane, but it was eventually rebuilt by Arthur Wells. Sebring Farms was reduced to piles of rubber, with only four tall royal palm trees left standing. The hotel at Miami Locks was the only building to survive the storm. Ninety-nine people died in that town. In Chosen, only two people escaped a house that had sheltered nineteen people. Twenty other residents took refuge in a building which lost its roof during the storm, forcing the occupants to move into the restroom. A house that was full of people floated about 1/2 mi from its original location. The refugees were unaware that the house was moving until it collided with a railroad embankment.

Floodwaters persisted for several weeks, greatly impeding attempts to clean up the devastation. Burial services were quickly overwhelmed, and many of the bodies were placed into mass graves. Around 75% of the fatalities were migrant farm workers, making identification of both the dead and missing very difficult; as a result of this, the count of the dead is not very accurate. The Red Cross estimated the number of fatalities as 1,836, which was taken as the official count by the National Weather Service for many years. Older sources usually list 3,411 as the hurricane's total count of fatalities, including the Caribbean. However, in 2003, the U.S. death count was revised to "at least" 2,500, making the Okeechobee hurricane one of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history. A mass grave at the Port Mayaca Cemetery east of Port Mayaca contains the bodies of 1,600 victims of the hurricane.

Central and North Florida
In Fort Myers, property damage was slight, limited mostly to scores of small boats and fishing shacks along the waterfront. Nearly all cigar factories in Tampa were closed after wind and rain drove too much moisture into the buildings. Offshore, the fishing smack Wallace A. McDonnell was beached near Piney Point, though all of the crew survived. The Cuban schooner Isabel Alvado sank offshore Boca Grande. The crew, who were immigrants, were rescued by the Coast Guard and later deported. In Martin County, a bridge connecting Stuart and Palm City was severely damaged and closed to traffic as a result. A temporary ferry service across the St. Lucie River was established and operated until repairs to the bridge were complete in the summer of 1929. In Fort Pierce, most of the effects were confined to the waterfront areas. A warehouse, fish houses, docks, and a bridge across the Indian River were destroyed, while several other buildings were unroofed. Damage in the city totaled about $150,000.

In the interior areas of Central and North Florida, effects were mainly confined to agricultural losses, particularly citrus, though wind damage occurred to structures. Between Sebring and Lake Wales, 200 telephone poles were toppled. In Bartow, business building windows were shattered and signs were knocked down, while several roofs and chimneys also suffered damage. Winds gusting up to 70 mph lashed Lakeland. Many trees were uprooted and several buildings were impacted, including the hospital and a number of businesses. At Florida Southern College (FSC), the north side of the gymnasium collapsed while other buildings on campus were damaged to a lesser degree. The trees in the citrus grove surrounding FSC lost much of their fruit. Overall, Lakeland suffered about $50,000 in damage. In Orlando, damage to properties was described as slight. Strong winds up to 50 mph affected the Jacksonville area, resulting in minor damage at Jacksonville Beach.

Elsewhere
Outside Florida, damage from the hurricane elsewhere in the United States was minor. In Georgia, low-lying streets were flooded or washed out in the Savannah area. Additionally, winds downed trees and power lines. Heavy rainfall occurred from eastern Florida through coastal Georgia, the Carolinas, and southeast Virginia. The highest rainfall total was 12.53 in at Darlington, South Carolina. The storm caused flooding in North Carolina and brought near-hurricane-force winds and a 7 ft storm surge to the Norfolk area. After the hurricane became extratropical, its wind field became very large. Atlantic City, New Jersey, recorded winds of 76 mph despite being far from the center.

Aftermath
In the immediate aftermath of the deadly storm, relief arrived from nearby areas such as Miami. Early on September 18, a train leaving Miami carried 20 doctors and 20 nurses to West Palm Beach. The Miami Red Cross Citizens Relief Committee, which was established to provide aid for victims of the storm, transported "hundreds of loaves of bread, gallons of milk, pounds of coffee and sugar, blankets, cots, and medical supplies." The first relief train was ridden by U.S. Senator Joseph T. Robinson, the Democratic vice presidential nominee during the election that year. At least 100 people were brought to Miami for medical treatment. In Lake Worth, 25 people were treated for various injuries at the Gulf Stream Hotel and the local fire station. Dr. W. A. Claxton, chief of the Miami Department of Public Welfare, requested antitoxin, typhoid serum, and at least 200 tetanus serums. There was also a request for 1,000 more cots in West Palm Beach and Kelsey City.

Racial issues

In Florida, although the hurricane's destruction affected everything in its path, the death toll was by far the highest and the aftermath the worst in the economically poor areas in the low-lying ground near Lake Okeechobee, such as the towns of Belle Glade, Chosen, Pahokee, South Bay, and Bean City. Around 75% of the fatalities were among migrant farm workers, most of whom were black.

The black workers did most of the post-hurricane cleanup work. Reflecting racial and class discrimination, authorities reserved the few caskets available for burials for the bodies of whites. White victims received a formal burial service, although in a mass grave, at Woodlawn Cemetery in downtown West Palm Beach. This was the only mass gravesite to receive a timely memorial.

In contrast, the bodies of black victims were burned in funeral pyres or thrown into mass burial sites such as the ones in West Palm Beach and Port Mayaca.

Robert Hazard, a resident of West Palm Beach, established the Storm of '28 Memorial Park Coalition Inc. to fight for recognition of the black victims of the storm. In 2000, the West Palm Beach burial site was reacquired by the city of West Palm Beach and plans for construction of a memorial began. The site was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2002 and a state historical marker was added in 2003 during events to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the hurricane. African-American writer Zora Neale Hurston explored the effects of the hurricane on black migrant workers in her seminal 1937 novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. This is her best-known work and it was included on TIME magazine's 2005 list of the '100 best English-language novels published since 1923'.

Improved building codes
In the aftermath of the hurricane in coastal Florida, observers noted that well-constructed buildings with shutters had suffered practically no damage from winds that caused serious structural problems to lesser buildings. Buildings with well-constructed frames, and those made of steel, concrete, brick, or stone, were largely immune to winds. The use of shutters prevented damage to windows and the interior of the buildings. With the 1928 hurricane coming so soon after the 1926 Miami hurricane, where a similar pattern had been noticed, one lasting result of the 1928 storm was improved state and local building codes.

Flood control
To prevent a recurrence of disasters like this one and the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926, the Florida State Legislature created the Okeechobee Flood Control District, which was authorized to cooperate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in flood control undertakings. After a personal inspection of the area by President Herbert Hoover, the Corps of Engineers drafted a plan to provide for the construction of floodway channels, control gates, and major levees along the shores of Lake Okeechobee. A long-term system was designed for the purpose of flood control, water conservation, prevention of saltwater intrusion, and preservation of fish and wildlife populations. One of the solutions was the construction of the Herbert Hoover Dike.

In the early 21st century, there are concerns related to the dike's stability because studies have indicated long-term problems with "piping" and erosion. Leaks have been reported after several heavy rain events. Proposed solutions to the dike's problems have included the construction of a seepage berm on the landward side of the dike, with the first stage costing approximately $67 million (US$).

Name
The storm was named the San Felipe II hurricane in Puerto Rico because the eye of the cyclone made landfall there on September 13, the Roman Catholic feast day of Saint Philip, father of Saint Eugenia of Rome. (King Philip II of Spain happened to die on this day.) It was named "Segundo", Spanish for "the Second", because of the weaker but destructive "San Felipe hurricane" that had struck Puerto Rico on that same day in 1876.

In Puerto Rico, since European colonization, storms and hurricanes were named after the name of the saint's day that the storm hit the island. For example, they named the Great Hurricane of 1780 as San Calixto, after Saint Callixtus, whose feast day is October 14; the 1867 San Narciso hurricane, the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, and the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane were also named after the saints' feast days on which they occurred (respectively, Saint Narcissus of Jerusalem on October 29, Saint Cyriacus on August 8, and Saint Cyprian on September 26).

In 1953, the United States Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service) started naming hurricanes by human female names until 1978. That year both gender names began to be used after control over naming was relinquished to the World Meteorological Organization. It was not until 1960 that Puerto Rico stopped naming hurricanes after saints. Two cyclones have been given both women's and saint's names: Hurricane Betsy (Santa Clara, August 12, 1956) and Hurricane Donna (San Lorenzo, September 5, 1960).

title: 1928 Okeechobee hurricane


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Penguinize

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 18:35, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

Penguinize

 * Doesn't look like a good article. Has several external links and no Wikipedia links, and appears to start with a dic-def. Georgia guy 01:51, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this one should probably be merged and redirected, not sure where yet though. JYolkowski // talk 02:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I wrote the article, and showed it to one of my friends who then vandalized it. He isn't my friend anymore. I've been working on more examples, etc. I believe that it is worth the 2-3KB it takes up. I wrote the "dic-def" that Georgia Guy was wiki-ing about, and I thought that it explained the basic idea of "penguinizing" something. The Vandals Name is Kyle and can be reached at spetznas67 (aim) and kyle@xugle.com (hoasted on my domain... I'll be deleting his email in 2 weeks so get your rants in now). I beleive that with a little chance to gorw, the penguinizing article could have potential. I only had it up for about 10 minutes before it was vandalized. plz let it stay for the time being! (thx) JimXugle 03:02GMT, 26 APR 2005
 * Update: I have added more infromation to the article as of 03:17GMT 26 APR 2005; Please revisit the penguinize article. — (JimXugle forgot to sign.)
 * Delete. Neologism. 41 unique Google hits for penguinize. android↔talk 03:06, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. What's the policy for re-creating deleted articles?  If this gets big (which, in all fairness to JimXugle, it absolutely might), then, sure, let's have an article for it (or at least a wicidic entry).  Right now, though...  Marblespire 03:16, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary iff Linux users (I'm not one) can verify that this term is a genuine slang term among them. Otherwise delete as a neologism. --Angr/comhrá 10:48, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree with Marblespire. JimXugle, try urbandictionary.com - they let you make up words and try to get them into the vernacular.  Johntex 17:28, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I would like to refute what Johntex said. I know many people, not just my close-knit friends, who use the word "penguinize" in normal conversation. These people range (Geographically) from Birtish Columbia, Canada, to Virginia, USA. It may be a "made up word", but thats how a language Evloves. the word "digital" was unheard of in the early 1900's, but is now commonplace. I don't claim that the word "penguinize" will become as popular is digital, nor do I claim to have "made up" the word. JimXugle 20:26GMT, 26 APR 2005
 * That's all well and good, but the word is still a neologism. android↔talk 20:16, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Whats wrong with a recently created (or coined) word/phrase? Like I said before... It's how a language evolves.
 * Perhaps the fact that Wikipedia has an explicit policy against including neologisms? I quote: A Wikipedia entry (including any part of an article) counts as original research if it proposes ideas, that is: [...] it introduces neologisms. (Note that, above, I linked this policy page from neologism; I should have made that more obvious, perhaps.) android↔talk 20:56, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * (Please sign your comments by putting a ~ at the end.) In Wikipedialand, "neologism" means "The word or phrase used is not well-established enough to merit a Wikipedia article." (See WP:GVFD.) In the ordinary sense of the word, sure, there are lots of articles whose names are neologisms. But those articles are about the concept behind the word, not the word itself. If you want to write about the definition and origin of a word, you need to contribute to contribute to our sister project, Wiktionary ---Isaac R 21:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. --Carnildo 22:04, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Aight. I give Up. If it's against Wikipolicy, get rid of it. My Vote: Delete -JimXugle 02:09GMT 27 APR 2005
 * Change in vote: After reading Tony Sidaway's post, Merge and redirect to Linux -JimXugle 20:26GMT 27 APR 2005
 * Merge and redirect to Linux. Penguinizing wouldn't apply to BSD, that would be Daemonizing! :) --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:17, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Tony Sidaway; hence the idea behind wiki! edit it (while it's still up)! :-P -JimXugle 20:23GMT 27 APR 2005
 * Keep it. At what point does the term become legit enough?  A quick Google found an article from year 2000 in PCWorld that uses the term - albeit they seem to have a different understanding of the term -- newbie lurker 47.234.0.52 18:27, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Retain User:SteveBaker I'm a Linux user - and I've definitely heard this term used in the way it's defined on this page. I wouldn't say it was wildly popular - but it's definitely not something this guy just dreamed up.  As such, I think it should stay. (I like 'Defenestrating' as an almost-synonym!)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Record collecting

Record collecting is the hobby of collecting sound recordings, usually of music, but sometimes poetry, reading, historical speeches, and ambient noises. Although the typical focus is on vinyl records, all formats of recorded music can be collected.

Scope of a record collection
The scope of a record collection may include a focus on any of the following categories:
 * genres (or subgenres)
 * artists (or producers)
 * recording labels (or sublabels)
 * periods (or music scenes)
 * formats, e.g. 78s, 7"s, LPs, EPs, Mono, Reel-to-reel, Cassettes, 45s, SPs, CDs, etc.
 * specialisms, e.g. unusual physical specimens (odd shapes, colors, sizes, speeds) regardless of recorded content, records having original "stock" generic sleeves identifying the label, variations in the record's label design as issued by particular companies, or imported copies. Demand is usually highest for the "original" or earliest pressings of records, often identified by variations in the label or cover. Avid collectors develop specialized knowledge about such details.

Pressings
One collectible record format is known as a test pressing. Five to 10 initial copies are often pressed for the purpose of checking the mix or levels on a record, or to ensure that the die is cutting properly. Though usually meant for the artist, producer, pressing plant, or record label to keep as reference, they are sometimes placed in special packaging (such as a photocopy of the real record sleeve) and given out to friends or devoted fans. First pressings of original commercial releases usually have higher values among collectors than later pressings. Also collectible are 45s with picture sleeves, and original editions of LPs (and other formats) which often have inserts and other features not on subsequent editions, or tracks or cover art later withdrawn or altered. Subsequent pressings often have the same label and catalog number but can be differentiated from the first pressings by the cover, colour of the label, matrix numbers on the disc itself, etc.

Errors
Records that have been Mispressed and have incorrect content or have Misprinted labels or covers may be more valuable, especially if a very limited number was released to the public.

Promos, reissues and bootlegs
Promotional or "promo" copies are free records, cassettes or CDs sent to radio stations, music journalists, and music critics to announce a new release coming soon from the record company. They are identified by the label, which typically takes the form of plain text listing the name of the recording and its associated credits, as well as markings specifying it as "Promotional", "Audition," "Demonstration" and/or "Not for Sale." Record and cassette promo copies typically come in the form of white label discs and clear cassettes, respectively, while CD copies typically come in the form of CD-Rs with black-on-transparent labels. Because many commercial cassette releases use identical clear plastic and white print, promo copies are oftentimes distinguished solely by text on the J-card specifying them as such. Promo copies of best-selling records can have a slightly lower or higher value than "stock" first pressings. Occasionally promo copies were pressed for records that were never released; include other songs or features not found on the official commercial release (e.g. Talking Heads' 1988 album Naked).

Reissues of popular records can be released by the same label many years later with the same catalog number and cover art, but are often undertaken by a different label, some of which (such as Rhino Records) specialize in reissues and have access to certain labels' catalogs and "vaults" of unreleased master recordings.

"Bootlegs" are illegitimate releases. They vary in value and in sound and pressing quality, and come in several categories. Bootleg LPs, tapes and CDs often feature recordings from live performances or tracks not commercially released (including those never intended for release that were stolen or illegitimately acquired). Some bootleg 45s are re-releases of rare or valuable singles – exact copies of rare records, with the original label graphics and numbers - known in the industry as "counterfeits."

Background
Record collecting has been around probably nearly as long as recorded sound. In its earliest years, phonographs and the recordings that were played on them (first wax phonograph cylinders, and later flat shellac discs) were mostly owned by the rich, out of the reach of the middle or lower classes. By the 1920s, improvements in the manufacturing processes, both in players and recordings, allowed prices for the machines to drop. While entertainment options in a middle to upper-class home in the 1890s would likely consist of a piano, smaller instruments, and a library of sheet music, by the 1910s and later these options expanded to include a radio and a library of recorded sound.

After the phonograph cylinder became obsolete, the record was the uncontested sound medium for decades. The number of available recordings mushroomed and the number of companies pressing records increased. These were 78rpm, originally one-sided, then later double-sided, ten-inch shellac discs, with about two to three and a half minutes of recording time on each side.

Growth in the recorded sound industries was stunted by the Great Depression and World War II, when the recording industries in some countries were affected by a restricted supply of raw materials. By the time World War II ended, the economy of these countries began to grow again. Classical music (which was a large portion of 78rpm releases) was slowly edged into a minority status by the influx of popular and new music, which was less costly and thus more profitable to record.

Early collecting
Music journalist Amanda Petrusich has reported that retrospective 78 collecting began in the 1940s, focusing on rare early Dixieland jazz recordings. In several articles and in her book Do Not Sell At Any Price, she writes about 78rpm record collectors such as James McKune, an influential collector of jazz from the late 1930s and of country blues.

1950s
The introduction of both the 33$1/3$ rpm, 12-inch LP record and the 45rpm, 7-inch record, coming into the market in 1948/1949, provided advances in both storage and quality. These records featured vinyl (polyvinyl chloride or polystyrene), replacing the previous shellac materials. Further groups of small labels came into existence with the dawning of the rock and roll era in the early-to-middle 1950s, and the growth of a market among post-war teenagers with disposable income to spend on 45rpm singles. Rock and roll was much less costly and more profitable to produce than the big band jazz and professional singer/song-craftsman music that it replaced in popularity.

Ronald D. Cohen relates that the hillbilly-focused Disc Collector magazine was formed in 1951. Various important online library catalogs list copies of Burke's Register of Record Collectors, which existed from 1957 at the latest.

In the United Kingdom, rare 78rpm records were traded, usually American rock and roll, musicians and record labels such as Little Richard Chuck Berry, and Sun Records. Labels such as London-American (now London Records), RCA Victor, and Capitol were priced at a premium. One of the earliest UK record collectors was Mike Adams, who was first known for trading in 1958 on Merseyside. He later became a DJ on the BBC and broadcast on collecting records for many years. He wrote several books on collecting including Apple Beatle Collectables. In the UK, labels considered collectible, such as Atlantic Records, Sun Records, Motown, and Parlophone (EMI), turned into mainstream major record labels later on in the 1960s. In the US, New York's Times Square store is widely acknowledged for feeding the doo-wop revival of the early sixties, attention focusing on them from 1959.

1960s
With the folk music boom in the late 1950s to early 1960s, there was suddenly a demand for archival material. Record collectors fanned out in some countries, searching small towns, dusty barns and mountain cabins for older discs. Initially, the most-desired items were pre-World War II shellac discs containing "race records" (that is, blues, country blues and hillbilly music), the precursors to then-current rock and roll and country styles. Later generations of record collectors found their passion in digging up obscure 45s in the genre of doo-wop, or LPs from the late 1960s "garage rock" and "psychedelic" genres.

The pop music scene changed with the rise in popularity of The Beatles between 1962 and 1964. In their wake, thousands of musical bands inspired by their fresh, lively take on rock music with a sharp British sensibility, picked up guitars, and many released records. Many of these acolytes released 45rpm records in small batches to sell at local concerts and to their friends and families. Due to their relatively small pressings, these obscure local records became highly prized and valuable.

One of the famous "collector's items" in record collecting is not a record at all, but merely an album cover. The Beatles themselves accidentally contributed what is probably one of the most well-known and valuable "collector's pieces" of the rock and roll era: "The Butcher Cover". This is an informal title for an album cover for the album Yesterday and Today. Until 1967, the Beatles' LP releases in the UK were substantially different from their LP releases in the USA. These American albums were shorter, had different songs, album titles and artwork.

Another Holy Grail for some collectors is Bob Dylan's The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, the 1963 pressing that has four songs that were deleted from subsequent pressings, known to fetch up to $35,000 in stereo and $16,500 in mono in excellent condition.

1970s
In the 1970s, the record collecting hobby was aided by the establishment of record collecting publications such as Goldmine, DISCoveries, and Stormy Weather, and in the UK, Record Collector. Price guide books were published, codifying exactly how much certain "rare items" were supposed to be worth. The "grading" of records based upon condition became more standardized across the hobby with the publication of these price guides.

1980s & 90s
With the introduction of the compact disc in the middle 1980s, there began a stratification in the hobby; commonly found vinyl specimens that had been pressed in the hundreds of thousands or even millions of copies became relatively worthless, while the rarest of specimens became ever more valuable. These rare items included 45rpm discs in the genres of blues, rhythm and blues, soul, doo-wop, jazz, progressive rock, and psychedelic rock. Other rare and highly valued items include pieces from highly collectible artists such as The Beatles, Grateful Dead, James Brown, Bob Dylan, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, The Doors, and The Rolling Stones. Some are pressings from nations where they were pressed in very small quantities (such as the Sex Pistols' South African release of "God Save The Queen"). Thanks to the Hip Hop artists such at A Tribe Called Quest, DJ Premier, Monie Love and others, sampling older records that are household classics for Generation X from genres such as Funk, Jazz curated a dynamic where these records are repackaged & rebirthed for Generation Y.

2000s
Even in the 21st century, as music fans have often opted for digital downloads over physical releases (and indeed started to collect these in the same way as vinyl), certain contemporary bands have a following of record collectors. This is prominent for instance in the punk and alternative genres. For example, the special edition of NOFX's 1999 release, The Decline, on transparent vinyl has already reached prices of $1500. Due to the DIY ethic and constrained budget of many punk bands and labels, releases by lesser-known bands tend to be in limited edition. Specific pressing runs of records are sometimes printed on different colored vinyl, have new or different songs, contain spelling or mixing errors, or may be in lower quantity than other pressings. All such factors increase a specific record's collectibility. For instance, in 1988, New York City hardcore band Judge attempted to record their debut Bringin' It Down at Chung King Studios. The bad experience and low quality result left the band so disappointed that they scrapped the session and re-recorded the LP elsewhere. The older sessions, however, were pressed onto 110 copies of white vinyl entitled Chung King Can Suck It! and sent to fans who had pre-ordered Bringin It Down to reward them for their patience, as re-recording caused a major delay in the release. Copies of the record have been sold for up to $6,800 on sites like eBay.

Other music genres also have fervent adherents. For instance, fans of folk rock, psychedelia and other genres have become ever more interested in original short-run vinyl private pressings. Even when these have been reissued, the originals can continue to attract high prices. The first wave of classical collectors concentrated on early stereo orchestral recordings on labels such as the British Decca and EMI, and the American Mercury Records Living Presence series and RCA Victor Living Stereo series. Some of these records still sell at auction for hundreds of dollars. However, the focus of the top classical collectors has now shifted to earlier material, and rare European monos from the 1950s by top artists have become highly sought after. The Far Eastern collectors who dominate this market tend to prefer chamber music, and solo violin and cello. Others still focus on antique 78s.

As of 2011 many pressing plants have been reactivated and new releases in vinyl are appearing on an increasing basis, causing what many have called a revival of the format. The volume of product (9.2 million units sold in 2014, 6 percent of total music sales) confirms a continuing niche interest in the format, while formats such as CDs fail to compete with digital downloads. Sales of cassette music tapes have also increased in recent years (2014-2019) with a cassette tape interest revival almost comparable to vinyl records.

Crate digging
A more intense method of record collecting, known as crate digging, involves thorough searching of record bins to find a recording of interest. This practice is associated with and holds a particular prestige for hip hop producers, who searched for rare records with sounds to sample for a newly created recording. In her account of the North American hip-hop crate diggers of the 1980s, media and culture theorist Elodie A. Roy writes, "As they trailed second-hand shops and car boot sales – depositories of unwanted capitalist surplus – diggers were bound to encounter realms of mainstream, mass-produced LP records now fallen out of grace and fashion. They primarily used them as raw material, seeking to create beats out of them." Speaking of crate digging's broader role in hip hop culture, academic and ethnomusicologist Joseph G. Schloss says:

[I]n addition to its practical value in providing the raw material or sample-based hip-hop, digging serves a number of other purposes such as manifesting ties to hip-hop deejaying tradition, 'paying dues', educating producers about various forms of music, and serving as a form of socialization between producers.

While the practice of collecting in general was historically a bourgeoisie phenomenon tied to antiques and the fine arts, the North American hip-hop crate-diggers of the 1980s helped give rise to what material culture scholar Paul Martin calls the "popular collector" – generally interested in "obtainable, affordable and appealing" items and a consequence of mass production. With the rise of digital media in the following decades, this transitioned to the "digital" and "electronic" collector. Concurrently, the demise of physical music stores allowed for websites to emerge as domains for crate digging, including the music review database AllMusic, the streaming service Spotify, and Discogs, which began as a music database before developing into an online marketplace for physical music releases.

title: Record collecting


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Regency Records

Regency Records is a record label founded by Georgia record producer and TV/Radio syndicator Johnny Carter and North Georgia disc jockey Lamar Gravitt in 1965. Regency Records was originally a part of the C-R-Co (Cherokeeland Recording Company), based in Calhoun, Georgia near the 19th century national capital of the Cherokee Indians. The label operated as a part of Jay Enterprises when Carter moved to Tennessee in 1966, and became a part of Cherokee Album Corporation when Carter returned to Georgia in 1968. Regency released a series of singles, and one album in 1972 by a Tennessee garage band Neutral Spirits. The self-titled album by the group is a highly prized collector's item worldwide, because most copies of the disc were destroyed in a fire. The original analog master tape was preserved by the producer, and has been released on CD, as well as by Florida re-release label GearFab.

Regency later became the home of the Dutch rock band Diesel in the early 1980s, releasing a pair of this band's albums, the first of which included the internationally successful hit, "Sausalito Summernight." During this period, Regency was distributed by Warner Communications.

Regency is now a division of National Recording Corporation, and records a mixture of genres in one of the largest state-of-the-art audio/video soundstages in the State of Georgia.

 * List of record labels

title: Regency Records


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/Buffyverse task force/Characters

Use this page to discuss what needs to be done regarding character articles, including which articles should be created.

How Do I Classify (X Character)?: Generally, Buffy and Angel characters are classified thus:
 * Main Characters appear in the opening credit montage.
 * Guest Stars appear in the extended credits after the opening montage.
 * Supporting Characters appear in neither.

So Emma Caulfield as Anya Jenkins is a guest star in season 4 but a main character in season 6.

Note that "special credits" create exceptions. In episode 4.17 Superstar, Jonathan Levinson appears in the main credits. Likewise, in episode 6.19 Seeing Red, Tara Maclay is credited in the opening montage. Despite this, they are both always guest stars.
 * - Che

Suggested plan for character articles
This article assumes the above character definitions (which are the essentially universally accepted ones by Whedonverse fans).

 * Main Characters: Main characters obviously deserve their own articles.
 * Guest Stars: In most cases, Guest stars are repeat characters. In most circumstances, guest stars will appear repeatedly; in the instance that a guest star only appears in one episode, he probably ought to be put in a merged article.
 * Supporting Characters: Supporting characters should, in most cases, be entered as "minor characters" in merged articles. (I would argue a few exceptions, such as perhaps Willy the Snitch getting his own article.)
 * Baddies of the week and such probably do not need articles; if they are entirely contained in one episode and have no relevance to the story outside it, then they can probably remain contained to the episode's article.

There are far too many minor characters on Buffy and Angel to lump them all into one article, so I would break them up, like so:

Some suggested minor characters articles: etc ...
 * Potential Slayers (to include ALL "Slayerettes" from season 7)
 * Watchers (not to include Rupert Giles or Wesley Wyndam-Pryce; Gwendolyn Post should appear)
 * Wolfram and Hart employees (Lindsey MacDonald, Lilah Morgan not to be included here; Knox included)
 * Sunnydale High Students (Devon, Larry, Jesse, etc.)
 * Initiative Members (Graham, Forrest, the Commander -- Riley Finn gets his own article)

Characters who don't have a category could be arranged by season. "Baddies of the week" could be arranged by season.

 * If anyone can fill out the entire template for a character, that character probably deserves his/her own page. - User:Allycat
 * That depends on the meaning of "fill." I don't see anything wrong with lumping insignificant characters. They can still be linked to. Xiner 03:59, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Faith Lehane's article needs serious work. Xiner 03:59, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * So does her evil mentor's.

 * Each character's Trivia section could have "first line in Buffy/Angel" and "last line in Buffy/Angel" info, which I think would be interesting. Feel free to move/edit this comment. Xiner 01:52, 21 February 2006 (UTC)