text:
Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California

Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California, 509 U.S. 764 (1993), was a controversial United States Supreme Court case which held that foreign companies acting in foreign countries could nevertheless be held liable for violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act if they conspired to restrain trade within the United States, and succeeded in doing so.

Facts
Various reinsurance companies in the United Kingdom had conspired through Lloyd's of London to coerce U.S. insurers into abandoning certain policy practices that were beneficial to consumers, but costly to the reinsurers. When U.S. states (including the named plaintiff, California) filed a lawsuit alleging antitrust violations, the defendant companies raised a number of defenses, asserting that the United States lacked jurisdiction over their acts, that various statutes exempted them from liability, and that principles of comity dictated that they should not be brought before a U.S. court. The United States district court in which the case was brought accepted these arguments and dismissed the case. The Court of Appeals reversed the dismissal.

Result
The Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Souter, stated that "it is well established by now that the Sherman Act applies to foreign conduct that was meant to produce and did in fact produce some substantial effect in the United States."

The defendants raise, and the Court rejects the applicability of § 402 of the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 (FTAIA), which states that the Sherman Act does not apply to conduct involving foreign trade or commerce (other than import trade or import commerce), unless "such conduct has a direct and reasonably foreseeable effect" on domestic or import commerce. The Court found that the conduct at issue here clearly had such an effect.

The Court also found that, in enacting the FTAIA, the U.S. Congress did not intend to write principles of comity into the Sherman Act - but even if they had, this would not affect the outcome. Both the defendant and Hartford argued that the conduct in which the reinsurers had engaged was lawful in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the Court looked to the Restatement (Third) Foreign Relations Law, § 415, Comment j for the principle that:
 * The fact that conduct is lawful in the state in which it took place will not, of itself, bar application of the United States antitrust laws, even where the foreign state has a strong policy to permit or encourage such conduct.

Furthermore, the Court cited Restatement (Third) Foreign Relations Law, § 403, Comment e for the proposition that no conflict exists "where a person subject to regulation by two states can comply with both."

Dissent
Justice Scalia dissented, joined in part by Justices O'Connor, Kennedy, and Thomas. Scalia acknowledged that the federal courts had jurisdiction over this case, and that the Sherman Act could be applied extraterritorially, so long as the foreign acts complained of were directed into the United States. Nevertheless, Scalia contended that the actions of the U.S. courts showed a lack of judicial respect for the comprehensive regulatory scheme enacted by the UK. Although Congress may have intended the Sherman Act to apply to acts originating abroad, it was unreasonable to assume that Congress intended to apply the antitrust laws where they would be disruptive of another country's legislative scheme.


text:
Haddington

Haddington may refer to:

Places

 * Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland
 * Haddington, Lincolnshire, England
 * Haddington, Philadelphia, United States
 * Haddington Range
 * Haddington Island (British Columbia)

Other

 * Haddington Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Earl of Haddington

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Haddington


text:
Margo Timmins

Margo Timmins (born January 27, 1961) is the lead vocalist of Canadian alternative country and folk rock band Cowboy Junkies. Her brothers Michael Timmins and Peter Timmins are (respectively) the band's lead guitarist and drummer.

Childhood
Margo Timmins was born (and spent most of her childhood) in Montreal as one of six children of Barbara and John Timmins. She described her mother Barbara as "a very honest person, and very confident in who she was and her emotions and her place in the world. And I think if she gave anything, that's what she gave us: the sense that you do what you do, and not to worry about it too much. A confidence. Not a confidence that we're necessarily right, but even if we're wrong, well, too bad".

Although her father John Timmins did not have a professional career in music, having worked in the sales and marketing divisions of several aviation companies, he was a lover of music (particularly jazz) who passed on his passion for music to his children, including Margot.

As a young girl, she remembered going through her brother Michael's extensive record collection. Some of her early favourites that influence her to this day include: Highway 61 Revisited (1965), Blonde on Blonde (1966), and Nashville Skyline (1969), by Bob Dylan, Nebraska (1982) by Bruce Springsteen, Harvest (1972) by Neil Young, and Townes Van Zandt's Flyin' Shoes (1978).[citation needed]

In 1977, the Timmins family moved from Montreal to Toronto. They lived in Etobicoke in the west-end of the city and Margo attended Richview Collegiate Institute in her high school years.

Young adult
After graduating from high school, Timmins spent her evenings along with her brother Michael exploring the punk music scene in Toronto that was happening on Queen Street West. When Michael started his first band, the Hunger Project, she would hang out with the band, take the tickets, and carry the equipment.

Timmins supported herself by doing clerical work for her father and performing chores around the house.

But by her mid-20s, Timmins had left the night life behind and was studying social work at university. It was also during this time that Timmins developed her signature mane of long hair. As she tells it, "As a kid I was always mistaken for a boy. I didn't get long hair until my early 20s. That's when I discovered hair was important."

Cowboy Junkies
Michael Timmins, Margo's brother, formed the band Cowboy Junkies, with Margot's voice as a distinctive feature. Her ethereal vocals, paired with the band's spare and low-key instrumentation played at a relaxed pace, lend the band its unique atmospheric sound. In 1985, her brother Michael recruited Margo as the lead vocalist for Cowboy Junkies even though she had never sung publicly before. Initially Margo would not sing in front of the other band members, she would only sing in front of Michael. Eventually, Michael convinced Margo to sing in front of the other band members and they liked her performance.

Margo Timmins has said about that time, "So when he asked me I was freaked out, but I said 'Okay, so long as if I don't do a good job, you fire me.' I didn't want to hurt his music, because his music is so important to him." It took a long time for her to get comfortable singing in front of an audience. In fact, many of the early shows had Margo singing with her back to the audience.

Timmins has stated that it took her ten years to get comfortable singing in front of an audience, and she suffers from stage fright.

Present
She lives in Toronto with her husband Graham Henderson and their son Ed. However, she likes to spend most of her time at their 100-year-old farmhouse in Grey County, Ontario.

She married Graham Henderson in 1988. She met her husband, an entertainment lawyer, in the mid-1980s after he heard the band's demo tapes and went to see them at Toronto's bar, restaurant and performance space The Rivoli. Shortly thereafter he was not only working to get the Junkies their recording contract with BMG in the U.S., but he and Margo started dating. Graham Henderson has been a partner at the law firm of McCarthy Tétrault and served as vice-president of business affairs and e-commerce at Universal Music Canada until 2000 when he was named president of the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA).

While Timmins celebrated her 20th year of marriage she admitted to having a crush on Bruce Springsteen. She said, "When I got married, I told my husband that if Bruce ever wanted me, that I would be his. And my husband said, OK".

She loves animals and she and Graham have had two Rhodesian Ridgeback dogs, Achilles and Drusilla, as well as Spartacus the cat. In 2002, Margo and Graham suffered a significant loss in the death of their dog Gaius. Graham described the loss this way, "On August 20, 2002 our dog Gaius was diagnosed with pneumonia. Margo and I had just finished a three week vacation. I left to come home for work on the Sunday evening. Margo noticed trouble almost right away. Though he was in hospital almost immediately, the disease ravaged him and his great, loving heart gave out in the early hours of August 25, 2002. For those of us without children, our animals often become our children".

It was after the death of this beloved pet, that Margo and Graham started exploring the possibility of adopting a child. The adoption process took a year, during the recording in 2004 of the Cowboy Junkies studio album One Soul Now. Margo and Graham eventually adopted Edward.

When Timmins is not on the road touring with Cowboy Junkies, she is home on the farm with her son Ed. Ed travels with the band on longer tours, but for shorter tours stays in Canada with his grandparents.

In 2009, she released a solo album of covers, Margo's Corner: Ty Tyrfu Sessions, Volume 1.

Honours
In 2016, she was made a member of the Order of Ontario.

Additional information

 * Every square inch of her refrigerator door at her farm house is covered with a personal photo gallery of famous people she has met over the years, including Molly Ringwald, Sylvester Stallone, Meat Loaf, Bruce Springsteen, Jon Lovitz, Stephen Huff and Sean Penn.
 * She sang "O Canada" at the 1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Pittsburgh, while Meat Loaf sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the same game.
 * In 1990, Timmins was named one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world by People magazine.

title: Margo Timmins


text: File:USCoEaC Committee Seal Small.jpg

title: File:USCoEaC Committee Seal Small.jpg


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Chris Barrows

Chris Barrows (born Wichita, Kansas) is an American vocalist and songwriter best known as frontman of the punk band Pink Lincolns. Barrows co-founded The Pink Lincolns in 1986 in Tampa, Florida, quickly becoming known for his "trademark snotty humor" and stage antics. Still active in Florida, the band has released a number of albums and EPs including splits such as Screeching Weasel/Pink Lincolns Split and Live At Some Prick's House with The Queers. In 1998 Barrows released one album as vocalist of the group The Jackie Papers, and in 2009 he released the album Shove while vocalist of the punk group The Spears. His debut solo album, Human Being, will be released by 24 Hour Service Station on September 9, 2014.

1986-97: Founding Pink Lincolns
Chris Barrows was born in Wichita, Kansas, and later moved to Tampa, Florida. He first started his music career as vocalist of the local punk group Pink Lincolns, which he co-founded with guitarist Dorsey Martin. Barrows had first met Dorsey while hanging out with the local punk band Not Much; Barrows was friends with their guitarist, and Dorsey was in the band as well. The rest of the Pink Lincoln's lineup has frequently changed and currently includes bassist Kevin Coss and drummer Jeff Fox, who joined in 2005.

Their first album was "Back From The Pink Room", released in 1987. The band has since released four more studio albums, one live album and six EP's as well as splits with Screeching Weasel and The Queers. The band's track have appeared on over 20 compilations from labels like Lookout, Stiff Pole and Choking Hazard.

About their later EP Sumo Fumes, released in 1993, Miami New Times wrote "opening the slab of wax is a raucous rendition of Wire's "Ex-Lion Tamer" that is somehow better and completely owned in the hands of this band... This is followed by the pure rock and roll snot of "Tarzan #2" where they assert themselves with an original take on Edgar Rice Burrough's canon. The band closes out the B-side with another cover, this time of the Psychedelic Furs; 'Pretty in Pink.'"

The cover for the band's 1994 album Suck and Bloat was drawn by Iggy Pop, and their 1997 album Pure Swank was produced by Bill Stevenson of The Descendents. Notable songs include "Velvet Elvis", a story about a squabble over a velvet painting of Elvis Presley.

1998: The Jackie Papers
Around 1998 Barrows took a break from Pink Lincolns and founded the band The Jackie Papers in Florida. Beyond Barrows on vocals and guitar, there was Jenny Page on guitar, Heidi Flanigan on bass and vocals, and Heather Now on drums. About The Jackie Papers, Miami New Times wrote that "while it can be argued that the music is similar to The Pink Lincolns, there is without a doubt a stronger hardcore edge...chockfull of Barrows' trademark snotty humor."

In September 1998 the band recorded their only album at Morrisound Studios along with producer Steve Heritage. Mixing was handled by Bill Stevenson and Stephen Egerton. About their album Uckfay Ooyay, released that year on Stiff Pole Records, Miami New Times wrote, "The midsection of the album is an instrumental piece titled 'Coolio Iglesias' that is pretty cool and sloppy garage rock with metal tinges. Their cover of Screeching Weasel's 'Hey Suburbia' is amped-up in a slightly more hardcore vein. 'Addiction' does a good job of Heidi's vocals and it comes off as a creepy intersection of L7 and The Breeders."

2005-09: Pink Lincolns albums
After an eight-year hiatus from studio recording, the Pink Lincolns got together and recorded the original album No Lo Siento in 2004. It was their last studio recording, and released in 2005 on Hazzard Records. Bill Stevenson produced. Afterwards several of their albums were remastered and released by Jailhouse, starting with Back From The Pink Room in 2008 and Suck And Bloat in 2009, both released on vinyl and CD.

About when they release album, and their habit of not syncing tours with album releases, Barrows has stated, "We got back together and had new stuff so we were going to do an album. When we have an album's worth of shit, we'll do it. We're on our own schedule. We don't have to put out an album every year whether it sucks or not, ya know. We just.... when we have shit we wanna do, we do it."

2007-09: The Spears
On September 15, 2009, he released the album Shove as part of the punk group The Spears, which he co-founded around 2007 Signed to Jailhouse Records, The Spears lineup consisted of Barrows on vocals, Sam Williams (Down By Law) on guitar, Gary Strickland (vocalist of Hated Youth) on bass, and Rob Rampy (D.R.I.) on drums. A remastered version of Shove was released in 2013.

2012-14: Yinz and Human Being
In 2012 the Pink Lincolns released their first live album on 24 Hour Service Station. Recorded live at Pittsburgh's 31st Street Pub on April 21, 2005, Yinz: The Live Album has a lineup featuring bassist Kevin Coss and drummer Jeff Fox. Among many of their original tracks, the album includes a cover of Flipper's "Sex Bomb."

Barrows' first solo album, Human Being, is due out September 9, 2014 on 24 Hour Service Station. The album features guest vocals by Ben Weasel of Screeching Weasel on the track "Not It," while The Dwarves' He Who Cannot Be Named contributes Farfisa organ to the track "Be My Girl" and "Human Being." Among the tracks are "Champs," are cover of the Wire song from the Pink Flag album, with Lianna Hoffman contributing cello.

Style and equipment
According to Jailhouse Records, "Although frequently lumped into the pop punk category, many fans identify [Pink Lincolns] as hardcore, which given Chris Barrows stage antics, insanely rowdy shows and almost famously raucous crowds over the years, the hardcore label definitely seems appropriate."

With Pink Lincolns

 * Albums
 * 1988: Back From the Pink Room
 * 1989: Headache
 * 1994: Suck and Bloat
 * 1997: Pure Swank
 * 2005: No Lo Siento
 * 2012: Yinz: The Live Album

 * EPs
 * 1987: Cotton Mather
 * 1989: Tragedy for Tea Free
 * 1993: Sumo Fumes
 * 1995: Sumo Fumes 2
 * 1995: V.M. Live
 * 1996: Sumo Fumes 3

 * Split EPs
 * 1993: Screeching Weasel/Pink Lincolns Split (with Screeching Weasel)
 * 1994: Live At Some Prick's House (with The Queers)
 * 1997: Submachine/Pink Lincolns Split (with Submachine)

title: Chris Barrows


text:
User:Talrias/Templates/Box free

"Border free"

Possible changes to this set of templates include:
 * Instead of using the page name in the template, the words "This article" OWTTE could be used.
 * Either adding an image to each template similar to ClockworkSoul's design, or removing the one from the featured template.

title: User:Talrias/Templates/Box free


text:
Wikipedia talk:Talk page templates

subst this page
It may be a good idea to 'subst' all templates on the WP:TS page, because now that page shows up in a whole lot of unrelated categories. Radiant_* 08:54, May 23, 2005 (UTC)

Mixing requirements sets and the end of discussion on standards (?)
It seems to me that you've fallen into a trap that everyone does at one time or another when doing work of this kind, that of mixing implementation (or system requirements) with user requirements. The whole business about the code here is a system requirement and should be divorced from and considered separately from standards about appearance of the templates. Before going on, though, it seems that the standard as outlined on the project page is the standard, period, and that discussion is over essentially, considering the fact that people are changing templates to "conform" at present. Is that correct? Courtland July 4, 2005 14:01 (UTC)

What the?
CSS is messed up somewhere. Please have a look at talk:G-caron:

 * 1) "The CSS for this template should be changed"—there ain't no template there.  Please rewrite the note so it makes sense.
 * 2) "See Template Standardisation "—that link redirects. Please correct the capitalization in the CSS.

Thanks. —Michael Z. 2006-01-24 03:22 Z

Improving template code
I've made a proposal for converting disambiguation templates from table layouts to CSS-based ones atMediaWiki_talk:Common.css. —Michael Z. 2006-11-07 05:32 Z

Request for clarification
Does this guideline apply to talk page templates that are not at the top of the talk page, such as rfctag? —harej (talk) 18:48, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, any template that goes anywhere on a talk page should use this standard. (Unless it is an example showing of a template that normally should be placed in some other namespace, like an article template.) And I see that rfctag now uses this brown standard (when it is is placed on a talk page, on its template page it shows other colours). --David Göthberg (talk) 17:36, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Talk page templates


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Teamline Air

Teamline Air Luftfahrt GesmbH was an airline based in Austria, which was operational from 2001 to 2004. The airline was a sub-company of Fairline Flugbetriebs GmbH, which ceased to exist in 2006.

title: Teamline Air


text: User talk:207.108.138.120

title: User talk:207.108.138.120


text: Category:Turkish photographers

title: Category:Turkish photographers


text:
Brewers

Brewers may refer to:

 * Milwaukee Brewers, a Major League Baseball team based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * Helena Brewers, a minor league baseball team of the Pioneer League based in Helena, Montana
 * Arizona League Brewers, aka Phoenix Brewers, a minor league baseball team of the Arizona League based in Phoenix, Arizona
 * Beloit Brewers, a minor league baseball team, now known as the Beloit Snappers, based in Beloit, Wisconsin.
 * Milwaukee Brewers (1901), the original Major League Baseball team that played as the Brewers, now the Baltimore Orioles
 * Milwaukee Brewers (American Association), a 1902–1952 U.S. minor league baseball team
 * Milwaukee Brewers (1886–92), an 1891 U.S. baseball team of the American Association
 * Mascot of Vassar College, a co-educational college in Poughkeepsie, New York
 * Burton Albion Football Club, an English football (soccer) team nicknamed The Brewers

title: Brewers


text:
Parque Vidal

Parque Vidal (also known by its previous names of Plaza Central and Plaza Mayor) is a park located in the center of Santa Clara, Cuba, covering an entire square block of the city. Due to its surrounding architecture, combining eclectic neo-classical and colonial-style buildings, as well as the large number of historic monuments dating from different historical periods, the park was designated as a National Monument in a ceremony in 1998.

Monuments in the park
The Glorieta gazebo in the center of the park, erected in 1911, still serves for weekly public concerts by the city's Philharmonic Band. North of the Glorieta is a bust of Leoncio Vidal, the War of Independence colonel who died on that spot fighting Spanish forces, and for whom the Park is named. Next to this bust is an obelisk, the first monument erected in the park, dedicated to the priest who migrated from the coastal town of Remedios with other families and founded the city. Between these monuments is a statue of “el niño de la bota” (The Boy with the Leaking Boot), one of the symbols of the city. This bronze statue depicts a boy with a leaking boot in his hand. The original base was changed to a more contemporary red granite in the 1960s, and remained that way until the 1990s when, in an effort to recover the original design, the city restored it to its original form; however, the use of cheap materials has corroded the base. South of that statue is another, a 1924 bronze statue of Marta Abreu, a local patron much loved by the people of Santa Clara. The base of her statue is said to be a time capsule, containing papers, magazines and objects collected during the construction and placed inside for future generations to find.

Buildings around the park
At the border of the park is the Santa Clara Libre Hotel (formerly the Santa Clara Hilton), considered by critics and the public to be very unattractive compared to the rest of the park, as it clashes with all the surrounding architecture both in scale and design. It is thought that the Cuban Revolution of 1959 caused the cancellation of further projects for higher towers in the plaza, which would have contributed to further destroying the existing colonial and eclectic architectural style of the plaza. However, the building is rich in history. The walls of the hotel still show multiple machine gun marks from the attack of Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos' rebel forces during the 1959 revolt. The Teatro de La Caridad (Charity’s Theater) is one of the Eight Grand Theaters of the Cuban Colonial Era. Other buildings around the plaza include the Plaza Central Hotel, former City Hall and the Colonial de Santa Clara center of dance, and in the corner is the Museum of Decorative Arts, which houses one of the biggest collections of colonial decorative arts in the country.

title: Parque Vidal


text:
User:Canderson7

A Little Bit About Me
Welcome to my user page! My name's Christian Anderson. I've been kicking around Wikipedia since 2005. I've been semi-retired lately, consumed by college. But I've still been editing anonymously. Maybe you've run into me. I love what we do at Wikipedia. The quest to make knowledge freely accessible to everyone in the world. I hope to be kicking around Wikipedia for a long time to come. If you want a hand with anything, or just want to say hi, leave me a message on my talk page, or send me an email.

My history on Wikipedia
I edited Wikipedia for the first time in March of 2005, and I started contributing more regularly shortly thereafter. I became an admin that July after being nominated by Meelar. I edited actively until spring of 2009 when my edits trickled off as I geared up for freshman year of college. After the start of college, I started editing anonymously: wanting to avoid the slight pressure I felt when editing from an admin account and wanting to continue to understand the experience of being a new editor. My account was automatically de-admined due to inactivity in July 2011. In October 2011, I saw the site banner for Wikipedia Loves Libraries and decided that I wanted to run an event at my school! This drove me to resume editing from this account. Hopefully you'll see more of me around. Canderson7 (talk) 19:04, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

My Contributions Me in the Logs (Deletes Blocks Protects)

Some Useful Links

 * Articles for Deletion
 * Administrator Intervention Against Vandalism
 * Administrators' Noticeboard
 * Incidents
 * Backlogs
 * Criteria for Speedy Deletion
 * Category:Candidates for Speedy Deletion
 * Logs
 * Newpages
 * Recentchanges
 * Stub Types
 * Welcoming Templates
 * User Talk Warnings

Best Wikipedia Humor

 * The Wrong Version
 * Song/The RfA Candidate's Song
 * Lamest edit wars

Constructive edits to this page are always welcome.

title: User:Canderson7


text:
Amateur Transplants

Amateur Transplants were a parody music band fronted by London-based, British comedian Adam Kay and Suman Biswas (born 1978). Amateur Transplants came to prominence in 2005 with a song about the London Underground, parodying the Jam song "Going Underground". They regularly performed live, and have been recommended by Time Out, including several successful years at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The band's final performance was in Reading in May 2016.

Music and biography
Their music primarily consists of parody comic songs mostly dealing with medical subjects. A few of their parodies are based on the works of American comedic songwriter Tom Lehrer. They performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe every year for several years from 2005 and Adam Kay performed at Latitude 2012. Ten percent of their sales, and all proceeds from the London Underground Song are donated to Macmillan Cancer Relief. The duo have released three studio albums, Fitness to Practice, Unfit to Practise and Have Yourself a Sweary Little Christmas. They also released an album of a live recording of their stage show called In Theatre. Their song Anaesthetist's Hymn was featured in Geek Pop 2008.

The band's most famous track "London Underground", along with its accompanying flash animation, was a popular internet fad in the UK in 2005. It is set to the tune of "Going Underground" by The Jam and criticises the London Underground strike of the time. It was released as part of their first album, and a newly recorded version with a rock music accompaniment was included in Unfit to Practise, as well as being released as a single on the iTunes Store, reaching number one on the 'Comedy' chart having been downloaded over 4 million times.

Both Kay and Biswas studied medicine at Imperial College London. Their songs "Snippets" and "Careless Surgeon" ridicule those who study medicine at rival London medical schools King's College London and Barts respectively. "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life", the final song of their first album, ridicules most of the other London medical schools.

The band's official website stated that "Locum Amateur Transplant Suman Biswas appeared with Adam for a few years, but is now back to healing the sick and lame". Biswas works full-time in the NHS as an anaesthetist and in 2013 released a solo album entitled Still Alive after Amateur Transplants.

Discography

 * 2004 – Fitness to Practice
 * 2007 – The Black and White Menstrual Show (DVD of performance)
 * 2008 – Unfit to Practise
 * 2009 – In Theatre (Live recorded album)
 * 2010 – Have Yourself a Sweary Little Christmas
 * 2013 – Specimens
 * 2016 – The Remains of Tom Lehrer

Tours
Amateur Transplants toured the UK in 2007 with "The Black and White Menstrual Show" which resulted in their first DVD.

In 2010 the duo toured the UK with the "Amateur Transplants in Theatre" show leading to the live album of the same name.

In October 2011 the duo toured Trondheim, Norway, and performed at Rockheim during Frampeik, an annual conference for Norwegian medical students.

During 2012, Adam Kay toured Britain under the title "From Amateur Transplants: Adam Kay's Smutty Songs".

title: Amateur Transplants


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DOTA

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:48, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DOTA
Article about a custom map of a video game. We already deleted Defense of the Ancients. See Votes for deletion/Defense Of The Ancients. Delete this for the same reasons. Dave the Red (talk) 19:33, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, all you need to know about a map can be put in the game article. If kept, it should be rid of jargon. Mgm|(talk) 20:12, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as advertising. Also note that everything that points to the article was either speedied or is now on VfD. --InShaneee 20:26, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, if this is just the recreation of something that is deleted, then it should qualify as a speedy delete. Zscout370 22:36, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahh, but its a different article than the one that was deleted. Same subject, different article. Dave the Red (talk) 02:28, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redir Defence of the Ancients (which have just cleanup'd). Feel that the map SHOULD have an article--is pretty notable w/in the Warcraft III community--but anything more than slight detail is totally unnecessary. Marblespire 22:52, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Defence of the Ancients. Megan1967 09:17, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Seems like if you guys don't even know about the map, why should you be passing judgement on it? DOTA is a *huge* part of WC3, and deserves it's own page.
 * Redirect to Defence of the Ancients. The map is notorious enough for an separate article. But the other article is cleaner. --vininim 22:52, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DOTA


text:
University of the Arts

University of the Arts or University of Arts may refer to:

 * University of the Arts (Philadelphia) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
 * University of the Arts London in London, England, United Kingdom

China

 * Jilin University of Arts in China
 * Nanjing University of the Arts in China

Germany

 * Berlin University of the Arts
 * University of the Arts Bremen
 * Folkwang University of the Arts in the Ruhr Area
 * Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design

Japan

 * Kyoto City University of Arts
 * Kyoto Saga University of Arts
 * Kyoto University of the Arts
 * Nagoya University of Arts
 * Osaka University of Arts
 * Tokyo University of the Arts

Romania

 * Bucharest National University of Arts
 * George Enescu National University of Arts

Switzerland

 * University of the Arts Bern
 * Zurich University of the Arts

Taiwan

 * National Taiwan University of Arts in New Taipei
 * Taipei National University of the Arts in Taipei City
 * Tainan National University of the Arts

Other countries

 * University of Arts, Tirana (formerly Academy of Arts in Tirana) in Albania
 * Universidad Nacional de las Artes in Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * University of Art and Design Linz in Austria
 * Alberta University of the Arts in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * University of the Arts Helsinki in Finland
 * Iceland University of the Arts in Reykjavík, Iceland
 * Isfahan University of Art in Iran
 * Amsterdam University of the Arts in the Netherlands
 * Magdalena Abakanowicz University of the Arts Poznan in Poland
 * University of Arts in Belgrade in Serbia
 * University of the Arts Singapore in Singapore
 * Korea National University of Arts in Seoul, South Korea
 * Stockholm University of the Arts in Sweden
 * Norwich University of the Arts in Norfolk, United Kingdom

title: University of the Arts


text:
File:Quatexp01.JPG

Summary
Screenshot from the opening title sequence of the BBC television serial The Quatermass Experiment

Licensing
Source : Screenshot from a DVD copy of The Quatermass Experiment created and uploaded by User:Angmering. Image copyright for the production is owned by the British Broadcasting Corporation.

Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article The Quatermass Experiment:

 * The article is about a BBC television drama from 1953, and due to its age there are no free alternatives readily available.

 * The image is used for informational purposes only and is not believed to detract from the original production in any way.

 * The image is of a lower resolution than the original, as required by Wikipedia fair use policy.

title: File:Quatexp01.JPG


text:
Dietrich von Hildebrand

Dietrich Richard Alfred von Hildebrand (12 October 1889 – 26 January 1977) was a German Roman Catholic philosopher and religious writer.

Hildebrand was called "the twentieth-century Doctor of the Church" by Pope Pius XII. He was a leading philosopher in the realist phenomenological and personalist movements, producing works in every major field of philosophy, including ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophical anthropology, social philosophy, and aesthetics. Pope John Paul II greatly admired the philosophical work of Hildebrand, remarking once to his widow, Alice von Hildebrand, "Your husband is one of the great ethicists of the twentieth century." Benedict XVI also had a particular admiration and regard for Hildebrand, who knew Ratzinger as a young priest in Munich: "When the intellectual history of the Catholic Church in the twentieth century is written, the name of Dietrich von Hildebrand will be most prominent among the figures of our time."

Hildebrand is known for his consistent, public opposition to Nazism before and during World War II.

Biography
Born and raised in Florence, in the Kingdom of Italy, Hildebrand grew up in a German secular household, the son of sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand (grandson of economist Bruno Hildebrand and Therese Guttentag) and Irene Schäuffelen, who lived in a former Minim friary. He received his early education from private tutors. Although raised in a home without religion, Hildebrand developed a deep sense for beauty, value, and the sacred from an early age.

Sent to Munich at the age of fifteen for his Abitur, Hildebrand enrolled at the University of Munich two years later, where he joined a circle of students who first followed the philosopher Theodor Lipps but soon were swayed by the teachings of Edmund Husserl. Through this circle he came to know Max Scheler, through whose influence (and through his depiction of St. Francis of Assisi) Hildebrand converted to Catholicism in 1914. In 1909 he attended the University of Göttingen, where he completed his doctorate in philosophy under Husserl and Adolf Reinach, whom he later credited with helping to shape his own philosophical views.

In 1912, he married Margarete Denck, and with her had one child, Franz. His grandson is environmental leader Martin von Hildebrand.

In 1914, he and his wife were received into the Catholic Church. Upon the outbreak of the First World War Hildebrand was drafted into service as a physician's assistant in Munich, serving as a kind of surgical nurse.

Hildebrand published his first book, The Nature of Moral Action (Die Idee der Sittlichen Handlung), in 1916, and two years later, after the war had ended, was given a teaching position at the University of Munich, eventually gaining an assistant professorship there in 1924. By then he had published another work, Morality and the Knowledge of Moral Values (Sittlichkeit und Ethische Werterkenntniss) (1921).

Hildebrand was a vocal critic of National Socialism, which he saw as anti-Christian and contrary to true philosophical views, as early as 1921. During the Putsch of 1923, Hildebrand was forced to flee Munich briefly for his safety. When Hitler came to power in 1933 Hildebrand fled Germany, going first to Italy, and then to Vienna. There, with the support of the Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, he founded and edited an anti-Nazi weekly paper, Der Christliche Ständestaat ("The Christian Corporative State"). For this, he was sentenced to death in absentia by the Nazis.

Hildebrand was once again forced to flee when Hitler annexed Austria in 1938; after the members of the Austrian government, Hildebrand was the person most wanted by the Gestapo. He spent eleven months in Switzerland, near Fribourg. He then moved to Fiac in France, near Toulouse, where he taught at the Catholic University of Toulouse. When the Nazis invaded France in 1940 he went into hiding; after many hardships, and the heroic assistance of Frenchmen, including Edmond Michelet and the American journalist Varian Fry, he was able to escape to Portugal with his wife, their son Franz, and their daughter-in-law. From there they travelled by ship to Brazil and then on to New York City, arriving in 1940. There he taught philosophy at the Jesuit Fordham University on Rose Hill in the Bronx where he then mentored the Catholic author and philosophy professor Ronda Chervin.

In 1957 his wife of forty-five years died, and in 1959 he married Alice M. Jourdain, also a philosopher and theologian who was a student of his at Fordham University.

Hildebrand retired from teaching in 1960, spending the remaining years of his life writing dozens of books in both German and English. He was a vocal critic of many of the ways in which the Second Vatican Council was implemented, especially the Mass of Paul VI in the vernacular. Because of this, he helped to promote appreciation of and attendance at the Tridentine Mass in Ecclesiastical Latin. He was a founder of Una Voce America and vice director of Luigi Villa's Chiesa viva ("Living Church") But his personalist work—for example, on the freedom of persons and on the unitive end of sexual intercourse—also helped prepare for many aspects of the Second Vatican Council's teachings, and Hildebrand always advocated reading the council's texts in continuity with the Catholic Church's tradition.

Hildebrand died in New Rochelle, New York in 1977, after a long struggle with a heart condition.

Career
Von Hildebrand's academic career spanned several decades, during which he held positions at various institutions, including the University of Munich, Fordham University, and the Jesuit Gregorian University in Rome. He was a prolific author, with over 30 books to his name, covering a range of topics including ethics, aesthetics, philosophy, and theology. Von Hildebrand was particularly known for his opposition to Nazi ideology, and he emigrated from Germany in 1933 after being banned from teaching of publishing his writings under censorship in Nazi Germany.

Realist Phenomenology
Like Reinach, Scheler, Roman Ingarden, and many Munich phenomenologists, Hildebrand reacted against Edmund Husserl's transcendental idealist turn in phenomenology, on which the meaning of all objects is constituted by conscious subjects. Rather, Hildebrand endorsed a realist version of phenomenology. On this phenomenological method, we set out to focus attention on explanatory, causal, or abstract theories regarding the things we experience, so as to attain "existential contact with reality" and a "living plenitude and full flavor of being" and to do "justice to the qualitative nature of the object." The goal of this method is a direct, intuitive perception of real beings. Hildebrand focuses especially on experiences of essences, that is, of necessary unities of content, like what it is to be a triangle or what it is to be justice. But he also uses this method to show how we can directly analyze all sorts of real phenomena, including human persons, organisms, artworks, and communities. Unlike in Husserl's idealist phenomenology, Hildebrand's philosophical psychology focuses on how real beings appear as intrinsically meaningful, and as giving their content to our perceptual acts, rather than our acts bestowing meaning upon them.

Rather than seeing knowledge primarily in terms of its utility, Hildebrand emphasizes how we as knowing subjects can be fulfilled by a contemplative, perceptual union with various beings. Contemplation, which is intrinsically enjoyable and done for its own sake, can occur in relation to beautiful artworks and natural beings, friends and loved ones, essential and necessary truths, and God. Human persons not only experience themselves subjectively, and experience certain phenomena as subjective in the sense of being important for their lives, but human persons can also transcend themselves, going beyond their own subjectivity to make contact with what is other than them, and concerning themselves with others for their own sake.

Categories of Motivation
Hildebrand focused on ethics more than on any other branch of philosophy. Throughout his ethical works, Hildebrand distinguishes three ways in which human choices and actions are motivated:

 * 1) We can be motivated by the subjectively satisfying, that is, by what is pleasing to us as individuals, without consideration of what objectively fulfills our nature or is important in itself.
 * 2) We can be motivated by the objective good for persons, that is, by what objectively fulfills the needs, abilities, appetites, and desires that we have insofar as we have human nature.
 * 3) We can be motivated by values or what is important in itself, that is, by what calls for a certain response as due to it, without reference to our own fulfillment or satisfaction.

In many of his works, Hildebrand focuses on distinguishing kinds of values and describing the intellectual, volitional, or affective response that is due to it. Values must be grasped by direct perception, and so realist phenomenology is an excellent method for describing exactly how values appear. Hildebrand frequently engages in this description by distinguishing experiences in which a certain value appears from experiences in which other values or other phenomena appear. For example, in Graven Images, he carefully describes the difference between experiences of genuine moral values from experiences of similar, but non-moral values, like honor.

Kinds of values that he distinguishes include: moral values (like justice or generosity), intellectual values (like the importance of genius and creativity), ontological values (the value a thing has in virtue of the kind of thing it is), aesthetic values (like beauty and elegance), and many other sorts of value. Each value gives its bearer importance in itself, which categorically calls for a response of a kind appropriate to the value in question. Values present themselves as real properties, and as having their own ideal, necessary structure.

Throughout his works, Hildebrand describes many ways in which values impact our lives. For example, in In Defense of Purity, he describes how awareness of values in the sexual sphere can lead to the virtue of purity and to having chaste reverence for other persons' bodies. In The Nature of Love, he describes how different values and different sorts of motivation give rise to different kinds of love; there, he also describes how we can be motivated by different kinds of values at the same time—for example, in falling in love with another person, I simultaneously see both the value of that other and that other as an objective good for me. In Metaphysics of Community, he describes how different sorts of values unify different kinds of communities, like families, nations, and the Church.

The Heart
In addition to the traditionally-distinguished intellect and will, Hildebrand argues in The Heart that some feelings or affective acts are properly personal acts. A personal or spiritual act is one that is not just caused in us, but is motivated by intentional awareness of its object. While Hildebrand grants that many feelings are purely bodily acts, which are caused by physiological or other physical events, he also argues that many feelings are intentional (that is, object-directed) acts. These include feelings of love, reverence, gratitude, disgust, hatred, and pride. Many such affective acts are responses to values; some values call for feelings as their proper response. It is a sign that some feelings are properly speaking personal or spiritual that they are meaningful, motivated responses to values. A person is not fully virtuous until he or she gives valuable goods their proper affective response; to merely perform morally right acts or hold true beliefs is not sufficient for full virtue, or for giving objects and persons all that is due to them. Feelings must be received as a gift, and cannot be forced by our own volitions, but we can encourage the right feelings to arise by voluntarily sanctioning them and by voluntarily disavowing undue feelings. As in his discussion of values, Hildebrand writes a lot about distinguishing kinds of feelings, and about analyzing their place in the moral life, as well as in the Christian life—something he emphasizes by a careful analysis of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

Transformation in Christ
Transformation in Christ is a book written by Dietrich von Hildebrand that explores the idea of spiritual transformation and the journey toward holiness in the Christian life. The book consists of 35 chapters, each of which focuses on a different aspect of the Christian life and the process of transformation.

Von Hildebrand argues that the goal of the Christian life is not simply to follow a set of rules or to achieve a certain level of moral perfection, but rather to be transformed from within and to develop a deep personal relationship with God. He stresses the importance of cultivating virtues such as humility, faith, hope, and love, and of seeking to overcome the obstacles that stand in the way of our spiritual growth.

Throughout the book, von Hildebrand draws on the teachings of the Bible, the writings of the saints, and his own personal experiences to offer insights into the spiritual life. He emphasizes the need for prayer, meditation, and self-examination, and he encourages readers to seek out the guidance of spiritual directors and to participate in the sacraments of the Church.

Books

 * Marriage: The Mystery of Faithful Love (1929)
 * Metaphysics of Community (1930, Hildebrand Project, 2022)
 * In Defense of Purity: An Analysis of the Catholic Ideals of Purity and Virginity (Longmans, Green and Co., 1931, Hildebrand Project, 2018)
 * Actual Questions in the Light of Eternity (1931)
 * The Essence of Philosophical Research and Knowledge (1934)
 * Liturgy and Personality (Longmans, 1943, Hildebrand Project, 2017)
 * Transformation in Christ (Longmans, 1948, Ignatius Press, 2011)
 * Fundamental Moral Attitudes (Longmans, 1950)
 * Christian Ethics (McKay, 1952; Hildebrand Press, 2020)
 * The New Tower of Babel (P. J. Kenedy, 1953)
 * True Morality and Its Counterfeits, with Alice M. Jourdain (McKay, 1955)
 * Graven Images: Substitutes for True Morality, with Alice M. Jourdain (McKay, 1957; Hildebrand Press, 2019)
 * Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert (J. Habbel, 1961)
 * Not as the World Gives; St. Francis' Message to Laymen Today (Franciscan Herald Press, 1963)
 * The Art of Living, with Alice von Hildebrand (Franciscan Herald Press, 1965; Hildebrand Press, 2017)
 * Man and Woman: Love & the Meaning of Intimacy, (Franciscan Herald Press, 1966)
 * Morality and Situation Ethics, (Franciscan Herald Press, 1966; Hildebrand Press, 2019)
 * Love, Marriage, and the Catholic Conscience: Understanding the Church's Teachings on Birth Control
 * The Trojan Horse in the City of God: The Catholic Crisis Explained (Franciscan Herald Press, 1967)
 * The Encyclical Humanae vitae, a sign of contradiction; an essay on birth control and Catholic conscience, (Franciscan Herald Press, 1969, Hildebrand Project, 2018,2021)
 * Celibacy and the crisis of faith, (Franciscan Herald Press, 1971)
 * What is Philosophy? (Franciscan Herald Press, 1973; Routledge, 1991; Hildebrand Press, 2021)
 * The Devastated Vineyard (1973)
 * Jaws of Death: Gate of Heaven (1976, Hildebrand Project, 2020)
 * The Heart: an Analysis of Human and Divine Affectivity, (Franciscan Herald Press, 1977; St. Augustine's Press, 2012)
 * Making Christ's Peace a Part of Your Life
 * Humility: Wellspring of Virtue
 * The Nature of Love (St. Augustine's Press, 2010)
 * My Battle with Hitler: Defiance in the Shadow of the Third Reich (Image, 2014)
 * Aesthetics, Vols. I (Hildebrand Press, 2016) and II (Hildebrand Press, 2018)

title: Dietrich von Hildebrand


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User:BryanVillarin

My name is Bryan Villarin. You can find me at All Narfed Up. I was going to add one thing in the Wikipedia, so I thought I might as well create an account. That's all...

title: User:BryanVillarin


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Edgewood Botanic Garden

The Edgewood Botanic Garden is a small botanical garden of less than 1 acre (0.4 ha) on the southeastern side of Mount Tamalpais, in Mill Valley, Marin County, California. It is located at 436 Edgewood Avenue, near the intersection with Cypress Avenue in Mill Valley.

The botanical garden is dedicated to the native plants of the region. It is not actively maintained currently.

The native Coast redwood trees (Sequoia sempervirens) dominate the local landscape. It also has about ten species of other trees, either locally native or from other California Coast Ranges habitats.

title: Edgewood Botanic Garden


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File:Particle filter example.png

An example result after particle filtering. The blue line is a the set of actual beta values and the dotted red line with "x" marks is the set of estimated beta values from the particle filter.

Related images

 * Image:Particle filter example small.png for a smaller image for thumbnails in an article

NOTE: This image is used as a larger reference to the smaller one above. The problem is when reducing this image way down that it becomes blurry so the smaller exists to be sharper when shown in the article. However, particle filter links to this image for better viewing.

This picture/image was taken/created by me. See my User:Cburnett page for attribution or for other licenses.

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John Elliot (songwriter)

John Elliot (also known as Jack Elliot, John M. Elliot, John M. Elliott and Jack Elliott) (7 May 1914 – 3 January 1972) was an American songwriter, credited with having written more than 600 songs for motion pictures.

Biography
Elliot was born in Gowanda, New York, on 7 May 1914. He was educated at Bennett High School in Buffalo, New York and then worked as an entertainer in vaudeville, nightclubs, and on radio. In 1939, he also worked as a theatre reporter for the Chicago edition of Variety magazine. He began to write songs in 1940, moved to Hollywood in 1943, and became a member of ASCAP in 1945. Jack subsequently composed songs for over 40 Western movies at Republic Studios alone, most notably for Roy Rogers and Dale Evans films.

He was the lyricist for several songs by Harold Spina, including "It's So Nice To Have A Man Around The House" (made famous by Dinah Shore). With Lew Quadling, he wrote "Sam's Song", which was a hit recording in 1950 for both Bing Crosby (Decca 27112) and Joe "Fingers" Carr (Capitol 962). Elliot also wrote songs with Sonny Burke for Walt Disney's Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom which won the 1953 Oscar for Best Short Animated Feature.

By 1955, Time magazine was describing him as an "ex-songwriter and Hollywood producer of TV commercials" and as the manager of French-born nightclub singer, Vicki Benet. At the time, Elliot and Benet were developing a television series called Rendezvous with Vicki, which was to be hosted by a "genuine British lord" who would also do the commercials. In 1964, Elliot and Benet married in Sydney where Elliot was working on a television series with Australian producer and promoter Jack Neary.

Elliot died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, on 3 January 1972 at the age of 57. He had married Judy Rotman in 1940: they had a son John Michael.

title: John Elliot (songwriter)


text: Category:Iranian photographers

title: Category:Iranian photographers


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Talk:List of political parties in the Falkland Islands

Untitled
I removed the VfD notice because there was no corresponding VfD page and the edit was made by an anonymous user with only a handful of edits. The precedent for keeping pages like these was established with Votes for deletion/List of political parties in Saint Helena. — Sesel wa  19:37, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

N'est pas une pipe.
This has to be one of the more surreal articles here!

 * Bizarre unnecessary article. MacRusgail 17:14, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Actually to be fair, I believe there has been one political party. No idea, whether it's still active...--MacRusgail (talk) 19:24, 26 January 2011 (UTC)


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Eelam

Eelam  (ஈழம், īḻam,, also spelled Eezham, Ilam or Izham in English) is the native Tamil name for the South Asian island now known as Sri Lanka. Eelam is also the Tamil name for the spurge (a plant), toddy (an intoxicant) and gold.

The exact etymology and the original meaning of the word are not clearly known, and there are number of conflicting theories. The Retroflex approximant ḻ in īḻam is a characteristic phoneme for Dravidian languages, now only retained in the closely related languages Tamil and Malayalam. Conventionally it has been represented in the Latin script with the digraph zh.

History
The earliest use of the word is found in a Tamil-Brahmi inscription as well as in the Sangam literature. The Tirupparankunram inscription found near Madurai in Tamil Nadu and dated on palaeographical grounds to the 1st century BCE, refers to a person as a householder from Eelam (Eela-kudumpikan). The inscription reads,

": erukatur eelakutumpikan polalaiyan 'Polalaiyan, (resident of) Erukatur, the husbandman (householder) from Eelam.'"

The Sangam literature Paṭṭiṉappālai, mentions Eelattu-unavu (food from Eelam). One of the prominent Sangam Tamil poets is known as Eelattu Poothanthevanar meaning Poothan-thevan (proper name) hailing from Eelam. (Akanaṉūṟu: 88, 231, 307; Kuṟuntokai: 189, 360, 343; Naṟṟiṇai: 88, 366). The Tamil inscriptions from the Pallava and Chola period dating from 9th century CE link the word with toddy, toddy tapper's quarters (Eelat-cheri), tax on toddy tapping (Eelap-poodchi), a class of toddy tappers (Eelath-chanran). Eelavar is a caste of toddy tappers found in the southern parts of Kerala. Eela-kaasu and Eela-karung-kaasu are refers to coinages found in the Chola inscriptions of Parantaka I.

Since the 1980s the words Eelam and Eelavar have been taken up by the Tamil separatist movements. Eelavar now refers to the citizens of the proposed Tamil Eelam, which would have taken up the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.

Sihala>Eelam
Late-19th-century linguists took the view that the name Eelam was derived from the Pali (An Indo-Aryan language) form Sihala for Sri Lanka. Robert Caldwell, following Hermann Gundert, cites the word as an example of the omission of initial sibilants in the adoption of Indo-Aryan words into Dravidian languages. Sri Lankan historian Karthigesu Indrapala in his thesis released in 1965 suggested that the people from whose named Eelam is derived were Sinhalese. The earliest occurrence of the name Eelam is in the Brahmi inscriptions of South India in which it occurs as Ila (Eela), the Prakrit form of the Eelam. He derived Eelam from Sinhala as follows; "Sinhaḷa>Sîhaḷa (in Pali) / Sihiḷa (in Prakrit)>Sîḷa>Iḷa>Iḻam (Eelam)."

Eelam>Sihala
Thomas Burrow, in contrast, argued that the word was likely to have been Dravidian in origin, on the basis that Tamil and Malayalam "hardly ever substitute (Retroflex approximant) 'ɻ' peculiarly Dravidian sound, for Sanskrit -'l'-." He suggests that the name "Eelam" came from the Dravidian word "Eelam" (or Cilam) meaning "toddy", referring to the palm trees in Sri Lanka, and later absorbed into Indo-Aryan languages. This, he says, is also likely to have been the source for the Pali '"Sihala". The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, which was jointly edited by Thomas Burrow and Murray Emeneau, marks the Indo-Aryan etymology with a question mark.

Karthigesu Indrapala updated his theory in 2005 and claims that Eela, the stem of Eelam, is attested in Sri Lanka for centuries before the common era as a name of an ethnic group, and eventually it came to be applied to the island as Eelam. He also believes that the name of the island was applied to the popular coconut tree or vice versa in Tamil. He believes the early native names for the present Sinhalese ethnic group, such as Hela, are derivations of Eela, which was Prakritized as Sihala and eventually Sanskritized as Simhala in the 5th century CE. "Iḷa (Eela)>Sihaḷa>Simhaḷa."

Other theories
Peter Schalk, a professor of theology from University of Uppsala, concludes that it is a word used exclusively for toddy beginning from the common era up until the medieval period.

Another theory based on archeological evidence suggests the word is a Tamil word which originated from South India. Also the Tamil meaning of "Eelam" is postulated to be homeland.

The Tamil lexicons (நிகண்டு), Thivaakaram, Pingkalam and Choodaama'ni, dating from c. 8th century CE, equate the word Eezham with Chingka'lam (the Sinhala country).

Ancient ethnic group
Eela and Eelavar are etymologically related to Eelam. The stem Eela is found in Prakrit inscriptions dated to 2nd century BCE in Sri Lanka in terms such as Eela-Barata and Eela-Naga, proper names. The meaning of Eela in these inscriptions is unknown although one could deduce that they are either from Eela, a geographic location, or were an ethnic group known as Eela.

South Indian caste theory
Eelavar in South Indian medieval inscriptions refer to the caste or function of toddy-drawers, drawn from the Dravidian word for palm tree toddy, Eelam. From the 19th century onwards, sources appeared in South India regarding a legendary origin for caste of toddy drawers known as Eelavar in the state of Kerala. These theories stated that Eelavar were originally from Eelam. The consciousness of the South Indian Eelavar caste being of Sri Lankan origin is not older than 150–200 years.

title: Eelam


text: Category:Japanese photographers

title: Category:Japanese photographers


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Disproportionation

In chemistry, disproportionation, sometimes called dismutation, is a redox reaction in which one compound of intermediate oxidation state converts to two compounds, one of higher and one of lower oxidation states. The reverse of disproportionation, such as when a compound in an intermediate oxidation state is formed from precursors of lower and higher oxidation states, is called comproportionation, also known as synproportionation.

More generally, the term can be applied to any desymmetrizing reaction where two molecules of one type react to give one each of two different types:

This expanded definition is not limited to redox reactions, but also includes some molecular autoionization reactions, such as the self-ionization of water. In contrast, some authors use the term redistribution to refer to reactions of this type (in either direction) when only ligand exchange but no redox is involved and distinguish such processes from disproportionation and comproportionation. For example, the Schlenk equilibrium

is an example of a redistribution reaction.

History
The first disproportionation reaction to be studied in detail was:

This was examined using tartrates by Johan Gadolin in 1788. In the Swedish version of his paper he called it söndring.

Examples

 * Mercury(I) chloride disproportionates upon UV-irradiation:

 * Phosphorous acid disproportionates upon heating to 200°C to give phosphoric acid and phosphine:

 * Desymmetrizing reactions are sometimes referred to as disproportionation, as illustrated by the thermal degradation of bicarbonate:
 * The oxidation numbers remain constant in this acid-base reaction.
 * The oxidation numbers remain constant in this acid-base reaction.

 * Another variant on disproportionation is radical disproportionation, in which two radicals form an alkene and an alkane.

 * Disproportionation of sulfur intermediates by microorganisms are widely observed in sediments.

 * Chlorine gas reacts with dilute sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride, sodium chlorate and water. The ionic equation for this reaction is as follows:
 * The chlorine reactant is in oxidation state 0. In the products, the chlorine in the Cl− ion has an oxidation number of −1, having been reduced, whereas the oxidation number of the chlorine in the ClO3− ion is +5, indicating that it has been oxidized.
 * The chlorine reactant is in oxidation state 0. In the products, the chlorine in the Cl− ion has an oxidation number of −1, having been reduced, whereas the oxidation number of the chlorine in the ClO3− ion is +5, indicating that it has been oxidized.

 * Decomposition of numerous interhalogen compounds involve disproportionation. Bromine fluoride undergoes disproportionation reaction to form bromine trifluoride and bromine in non-aqueous media:

 * The dismutation of superoxide free radical to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, catalysed in living systems by the enzyme superoxide dismutase:
 * The oxidation state of oxygen is −1/2 in the superoxide free radical anion, −1 in hydrogen peroxide and 0 in dioxygen.
 * The oxidation state of oxygen is −1/2 in the superoxide free radical anion, −1 in hydrogen peroxide and 0 in dioxygen.

 * In the Cannizzaro reaction, an aldehyde is converted into an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. In the related Tishchenko reaction, the organic redox reaction product is the corresponding ester. In the Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement, a peroxide is converted to a ketone and an alcohol.

 * The disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen catalysed by either potassium iodide or the enzyme catalase:

 * In the Boudouard reaction, carbon monoxide disproportionates to carbon and carbon dioxide. The reaction is for example used in the HiPco method for producing carbon nanotubes, high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionates when catalysed on the surface of an iron particle:

 * Nitrogen has oxidation state +4 in nitrogen dioxide, but when this compound reacts with water, it forms both nitric acid and nitrous acid, where nitrogen has oxidation states +5 and +3 respectively:

 * Dithionite undergoes acid hydrolysis to thiosulfate and bisulfite:

 * Dithionite also undergoes alkaline hydrolysis to sulfite and sulfide:

 * Dithionate is prepared on a larger scale by oxidizing a cooled aqueous solution of sulfur dioxide with manganese dioxide:

Polymer chemistry
In free-radical chain-growth polymerization, chain termination can occur by a disproportionation step in which a hydrogen atom is transferred from one growing chain molecule to another one, which produces two dead (non-growing) chains.
 * Chain—CH2–CHX• +  Chain—CH2–CHX•  →  Chain—CH=CHX  +  Chain—CH2–CH2X

in which, Chain— represents the already formed polymer chain, and • indicates a reactive free radical.

Biochemistry
In 1937, Hans Adolf Krebs, who discovered the citric acid cycle bearing his name, confirmed the anaerobic dismutation of pyruvic acid into lactic acid, acetic acid and CO2 by certain bacteria according to the global reaction:

The dismutation of pyruvic acid in other small organic molecules (ethanol + CO2, or lactate and acetate, depending on the environmental conditions) is also an important step in fermentation reactions. Fermentation reactions can also be considered as disproportionation or dismutation biochemical reactions. Indeed, the donor and acceptor of electrons in the redox reactions supplying the chemical energy in these complex biochemical systems are the same organic molecules simultaneously acting as reductant or oxidant.

Another example of biochemical dismutation reaction is the disproportionation of acetaldehyde into ethanol and acetic acid.

While in respiration electrons are transferred from substrate (electron donor) to an electron acceptor, in fermentation part of the substrate molecule itself accepts the electrons. Fermentation is therefore a type of disproportionation, and does not involve an overall change in oxidation state of the substrate. Most of the fermentative substrates are organic molecules. However, a rare type of fermentation may also involve the disproportionation of inorganic sulfur compounds in certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Disproportionation of sulfur intermediates
Sulfur isotopes of sediments are often measured for studying environments in the Earth's past (Paleoenvironment). Disproportionation of sulfur intermediates, being one of the processes affecting sulfur isotopes of sediments, has drawn attention from geoscientists for studying the redox conditions in the oceans in the past.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria fractionate sulfur isotopes as they take in sulfate and produce sulfide. Prior to 2010s, it was thought that sulfate reduction could fractionate sulfur isotopes up to 46 permil and fractionation larger than 46 permil recorded in sediments must be due to disproportionation of sulfur intermediates in the sediment. This view has changed since the 2010s. As substrates for disproportionation are limited by the product of sulfate reduction, the isotopic effect of disproportionation should be less than 16 permil in most sedimentary settings.

Disproportionation can be carried out by microorganisms obligated to disproportionation or microorganisms that can carry out sulfate reduction as well. Common substrates for disproportionation include elemental sulfur, thiosulfate and sulfite.

Claus reaction: a comproportionation reaction
The Claus reaction is an example of comproportionation reaction (the inverse of disproportionation) involving hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) to produce elemental sulfur and water as follows:

The Claus reaction is one of the chemical reactions involved in the Claus process used for the desulfurization of gases in the oil refinery plants and leading to the formation of solid elemental sulfur, which is easier to store, transport and dispose of.

title: Disproportionation


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UEFA Euro 1996 squads

These are the squads for the UEFA Euro 1996 tournament, which took place in England between 8 June and 30 June 1996. The players' listed ages are as of the tournament's opening day (8 June 1996).

England
Coach: Terry Venables

Terry Venables announced England's 22-man squad on 28 May 1996.

Netherlands
Coach: Guus Hiddink

Scotland
Coach: Craig Brown

Switzerland
Coach: Artur Jorge

Bulgaria
Coach: Dimitar Penev

France
Coach: Aimé Jacquet

Romania
Coach: Anghel Iordănescu

Spain
Coach: Javier Clemente

Czech Republic
Coach: Dušan Uhrin

Germany
Coach: Berti Vogts

Germany were allowed to call up an additional player, Jens Todt, prior to the final, due to injury problems.

Italy
Coach: Arrigo Sacchi

Russia
Coach: Oleg Romantsev

Caps include those for USSR, CIS, and Russia, while those for other countries, such as Ukraine, are not counted.

Croatia
Coach: Miroslav Blažević

Denmark
Coach: Richard Møller Nielsen

Portugal
Coach: António Oliveira

Turkey
Coach: Fatih Terim

title: UEFA Euro 1996 squads


text:
Narrative therapy

Narrative therapy (or narrative practice) is a form of psychotherapy that seeks to help patients identify their values and the skills associated with them. It provides the patient with knowledge of their ability to live these values so they can effectively confront current and future problems. The therapist seeks to help the patient co-author a new narrative about themselves by investigating the history of those values. Narrative therapy is a social justice approach to therapeutic conversations, seeking to challenge dominant discourses that shape people's lives in destructive ways. While narrative work is typically located within the field of family therapy, many authors and practitioners report using these ideas and practices in community work, schools and higher education. Narrative therapy has come to be associated with collaborative as well as person-centered therapy.

History
Narrative therapy was developed during the 1970s and 1980s, largely by Australian social worker Michael White and David Epston of New Zealand, and it was influenced by different philosophers, psychologists, and sociologists such as Michel Foucault, Jerome Bruner, Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky etc.

Re-authoring identity
The narrative therapist focuses upon assisting people to create stories about themselves, about their identities, that are helpful to them. This work of "re-authoring identity" helps people identify their values and identify the skills and knowledge to live out these values by way of the therapist's skilled use of listening and questioning. Through the process of identifying the history of values in people's lives, the therapist and client are able to co-author a new story about the person.

The story people tell about themselves and that is told about them is important in this approach, which asserts that the story of a person's identity may determine what they think is possible for themselves. The narrative process allows people to identify what values are important to them and how they might use their own skills and knowledge to live these values.

This includes a focus on "unique outcomes" (a term of Erving Goffman) or exceptions to the problem that wouldn't be predicted by the problem's narrative or story itself.

Externalizing conversations
The concept of identity is important in narrative therapy. The approach aims not to conflate people's identities with the problems they may face or the mistakes they have made. Rather, the approach seeks to avoid modernist, essentialist notions of the self that lead people to believe there is a biologically determined "true self" or "true nature". Instead, identity, seen as primarily social, can be changed according to the choices people make.

To separate people's identities from the problems they face, narrative therapy employs conversations. The process of externalization allows people to consider their relationships with problems. A person's strengths or positive attributes can also be externalized, allowing people to recognise the stories of how such strength and positive attributes come into the person's life, and engage in the construction and performance of preferred identities.

An emphasis involves naming a problem so that a person can assess the problem's effects in their life, can analyze how the problem operates or works in their life, and in the end can choose their relationship to the problem.

"Statement of Position Map"
In a narrative approach, the therapist aims to adopt a collaborative therapeutic posture rather than imposing ideas on people by giving them advice. Michael White developed a conversation map called a "Statement of Position Map" designed to elicit the client's own evaluation of the problems and developments in their lives. Both the therapist and the client are seen as having valuable information relevant to the process and the content of the therapeutic conversation. By adopting a posture of curiosity and collaboration, the therapist aims to give the implicit message to people that they already have knowledge and skills to solve the problems they face. When people develop solutions to their own problems on the basis of their own values, they may become much more committed to implementing these solutions.

Re-membering practice
Narrative therapy identifies that identities are social achievements and the practice of re-membering draws closer those who support a person's preferred story about themselves and dis-engages those that do not support the person.

Absent but implicit
Inspired by the work of Jacques Derrida, Michael White became curious about the values implicit in people's pain, their sense of failure, and actions. Often, people only feel pain or failure in when their values are abridged, or when their relationships and lives are not as they should be. Furthermore, there are often stalled initiatives that people take in life that are also guided by implicit values.

Outsider witnesses map
In this particular narrative practice or conversation, outsider witnesses are invited listeners to a consultation. Often they are friends of the consulting person or past clients of the therapist who have their own knowledge and experience of the problem at hand. During the first interview, between therapist and consulting person, the outsider listens without comment.

Then the therapist interviews them with the instructions not to critique or evaluate or make a proclamation about what they have just heard, but instead to simply say what phrase or image stood out for them, followed by any resonances between their life struggles and those just witnessed. Lastly, the outsider is asked in what ways they may feel a shift in how they experience themselves from when they first entered the room.

Next, in similar fashion, the therapist turns to the consulting person, who has been listening all the while, and interviews them about what images or phrases stood out in the conversation just heard and what resonances have struck a chord within them.

In the end, an outsider witness conversation is often rewarding for witnesses. But for the consulting person the outcomes are remarkable: they learn they are not the only one with this problem, and they acquire new images and knowledge about it and their chosen alternate direction in life. The main aim of the narrative therapy is to engage in people's problems by providing the alternative best solution.

Therapeutic documents
Narrative therapy embodies a strong appreciation for the creation and use of documents, as when a person and a counsellor co-author "A Graduation from the Blues Certificate", for example. In some instances, case notes are created collaboratively with clients to provide documentation as well as markers of progress.

Social-political therapeutic approach
A strong awareness of the impact of power relations in therapeutic conversations, with a commitment to checking back with the client about the effects of therapeutic styles in order to mitigate the possible negative effect of invisible assumptions or preferences held by the therapist. There is also an awareness of how social narratives such as femininity and masculinity can be corrupted and negatively influence peoples identities.

Eating disorders
Narrative therapy has made numerous contributions to the field of eating disorders. David Epston, Stephen Madigan and Catrina Brown have made the most significant contribution to bringing a depathologizing approach to this issue.

Men and domestic violence
Narrative therapy has also been applied to work with men who abuse their female partners. Alan Jenkins and Tod Augusta-Scott have been the most prolific in this field. They integrated a social-political analysis of the violence, while at the same time engaging men in a respectful, collaborative manner.

Community work
Narrative therapy has also been used in a variety of community settings. In particular, an exercise called "Tree of Life" has been used to mobilize communities to act according to their own values.

Criticisms
There have been several formal criticisms of narrative therapy over what are viewed as its theoretical and methodological inconsistencies, among various other concerns.
 * Narrative therapy has been criticised as holding to a social constructionist belief that there are no absolute truths, but only socially sanctioned points of view, and that Narrative therapists simply privilege their client's concerns over and above "dominating" cultural narratives.
 * Several critics have posed concerns that narrative therapy has made gurus of its leaders, particularly in the light that its leading proponents tend to be overly harsh about most other kinds of therapy.
 * Narrative therapy is also criticized for the lack of clinical and empirical studies to validate its many claims. Etchison & Kleist (2000) stated that narrative therapy's focus on outcomes is not congruent with larger  research and findings which the majority of respected empirical studies employ today. This has led to a lack of research material which can support its claims of efficacy.

title: Narrative therapy


text:
Nicol Stephen

Nicol Ross Stephen, Baron Stephen (born 23 March 1960) is a Scottish politician who served as Deputy First Minister of Scotland and Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning from 2005 to 2007. A member of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, he was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Aberdeen South from 1999 to 2011, and was leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2005 to 2008.

Stephen was elected to the Scottish Parliament in 1999. Following the coalition agreement between the Scottish Liberal Democrats and Scottish Labour, he became Deputy Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning. Later in the same parliamentary term he became Deputy Minister for Education, Europe and External Affairs, and then for Education and Young People. Following the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, he joined the Scottish Executive cabinet as Minister for Transport.

In 2005, following the resignation of his predecessor Jim Wallace, Stephen was elected leader of the party and also became deputy first minister and Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning. He led his party into the 2007 election, where it won 16 seats (down one on 2003). He resigned as party leader on 2 July 2008, triggering a leadership election. In 2011 he joined the House of Lords. He became a patron of The Aberdeen Law Project in 2011.

Background and family life
Born in Aberdeen, he was educated at Robert Gordon's College in Aberdeen and at the University of Aberdeen, where he obtained an LLB in 1980. He then took his Diploma in Legal Practice at the University of Edinburgh School of Law and worked for a number of years as a solicitor before moving into corporate finance as a senior manager with Deloitte & Touche.

He was a former Chair of CREATE (a group campaigning for rail electrification between Aberdeen and Edinburgh); a chairperson of STAR (Save Tor-na-Dee Hospital and Roxburghe House); and the founder and director of Grampian Enterprise.

He is married with 4 children.

Early political career
He was elected to Grampian Regional Council in 1982 (as Scotland's youngest councillor) and was Chair of Grampian's Economic Development and Planning Committee from 1986 to 1991.

He was briefly a Member of Parliament for the Kincardine and Deeside constituency, elected in the November 1991 by-election following the death of Conservative and Unionist Alick Buchanan-Smith. He was a member of the Liberal Democrat treasury team and spokesperson on small business during his time in the House of Commons. The seat returned to the Conservative and Unionist party at the 1992 general election, when it was won by George Kynoch.

He later stood for the Aberdeen South constituency in the 1997 election for Aberdeen South, but was defeated by the Scottish Labour candidate.

Minister and Deputy Minister roles
Nicol Stephen was elected as MSP for Aberdeen South in the first elections to the Scottish Parliament. He later helped negotiate the Partnership Agreement for the coalition government with the Labour Party.

He later served in the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning (1999 to 2000), then as Deputy Minister for Education, Europe and External Affairs (2000 to 2001), and as Deputy Minister for Education and Young People (2001 to 2003).

Following the 2003 election, he was appointed Minister for Transport. During his time in this post, he was responsible for approving the controversial M74 extension.

Deputy First Minister
Following the resignation of Jim Wallace in May 2005 as leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, Nicol Stephen announced his intention to stand for the leadership. He defeated rival candidate, Mike Rumbles, who advocated ending the coalition agreement with the Scottish Labour Party, winning 76.6%, becoming party leader on 23 June 2005. Four days later on 27 June 2005, he was appointed Deputy First Minister of Scotland. Following his leadership victory, a mini-reshuffle of the Scottish Cabinet, saw him take on the role of Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning.

Opposition
Following the 2007 general election, the SNP emerged as the largest party by one seat but short of an overall majority, they held discussions with the Scottish Green Party and also intimated that it would be open to discussions with the Liberal Democrats. However, since the Liberal Democrats had indicated that they would not enter discussions with parties which continued to favour a referendum on independence, no formal talks were held. The SNP became a minority administration and officially entered government on 17 May 2007; Nicol Stephen ceased to be Deputy First Minister and began led his party to the opposition benches.

Despite being out of government, his party worked with the SNP Government on certain issues where they broadly agreed, including replacing the Council Tax with a local income tax to fund a proportion of local government revenue. He developed a reputation among some journalists as an effective and forceful critic of some aspects of the Scottish Government's policy and performance, especially at First Minister's Question Time.

Along with Wendy Alexander and Annabel Goldie, he took his party into the Commission on Scottish Devolution chaired by Sir Kenneth Calman, but was opposed to any suggestion that this would result in powers of the Parliament being returned to Westminster.

Resignation as party leader
On 2 July 2008, Nicol Stephen announced he was stepping down as party leader with immediate effect because of the pressures of leading a political party while having a young family based in Aberdeen, some distance from Parliament in Edinburgh. Nicol Stephen's resignation took many in Scottish politics by surprise, and came only four days after the resignation of the former leader of Labour in the Scottish Parliament, Wendy Alexander. He was succeeded by Tavish Scott.

On 24 September 2010, Nicol Stephen announced he would not be standing again at the Scottish elections in May 2011.

House of Lords
On 2 February 2011, he was created a life peer as Baron Stephen, of Lower Deeside in the City of Aberdeen, and was introduced in the House of Lords on 7 February 2011, where he sits on the Liberal Democrat benches. He said he would use his new position to help reform the House of Lords.

title: Nicol Stephen


text: Category:Brazilian photographers

title: Category:Brazilian photographers


text:
Goldeneye

Goldeneye or GoldenEye or Golden Eye, may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * The Golden Eyes, 2019 Chinese TV show

Film

 * GoldenEye, a 1995 James Bond film starring Pierce Brosnan, written by Michael France
 * Goldeneye (1989 film), a TV film starring Charles Dance as Ian Fleming
 * The Golden Eye, a 1948 mystery film starring Roland Winters as Charlie Chan

Music

 * GoldenEye (soundtrack), of the 1995 film
 * "GoldenEye" (song), a song performed by Tina Turner for the 1995 film
 * Golden Eye (album), an 1997 album by Christina Aguilar
 * "The Juvenile", a 2002 song written by Jonas "Joker" Berggren from Ace of Base, renamed from "GoldenEye" after the song was cut from the film's soundtrack

Games

 * GoldenEye (1995 video game), a Tiger Electronics handheld game
 * GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game), a video game released for the Nintendo 64
 * GoldenEye 007, a cancelled Virtual Boy video game
 * GoldenEye: Rogue Agent, a video game released for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Nintendo GameCube in 2004, and for the Nintendo DS in 2005
 * GoldenEye 007 (2010 video game), a video game released for the Wii and Nintendo DS in 2010
 * GoldenEye 007: Reloaded, an HD remaster of the video game released a year earlier on Wii, released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011
 * GoldenEye: Source, a total conversion mod of the 1997 video game
 * GoldenEye (pinball), a pinball machine produced by Sega in 1996

Places

 * Goldeneye (estate), Ian Fleming's Jamaican estate, now the Goldeneye Hotel and Resort

 * Goldeneye Gas Platform, a former gas production platform
 * Golden Eye Cluster, a star cluster in the Milky Way Galaxy

Biology

 * Goldeneye (duck) (Bucephala), a genus of duck
 * Common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), a species
 * Goldeneye (Viguiera), a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae
 * False goldeneye (Heliomeris), a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae
 * Golden or amber coloured eyes, an eye color
 * Golden coloured eyes, of some species of insects in the family Chrysopidae

Other uses

 * Golden Eye Diamond, a 43.5 carat Canary Yellow diamond
 * Operation Goldeneye, a World War II plan developed by James Bond author Ian Fleming
 * Aurora Goldeneye, a reconnaissance UAV
 * Herreshoff Goldeneye, an American sailboat design
 * Golden Eye, a design award at the Dutch Design Awards

title: Goldeneye


text:
User talk:Guglio

Hey there and welcome to Wikipedia!

I've noticed you uploaded two images (Image:Aaa.JPG and Image:Gag.JPG). It is of course welcome to do so, but you need to add a copyright tag to the images, that tells us under which license the images are. Copyrighted images are not so well accepted here, so try to use free images (like the ones you make yourself) instead. Feel free to ask me if you have any questions. :-) --Conti|✉ 19:46, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hi Guglio, in addition to that what Conti has said, at least this image is a copyright-violation. The model on this picture is called Ena and a the picture is from the no longer existing bondage-website www.the-underground.net. And I think the other pictures are from the same site. --Raymond de 06:14, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Omgbag.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Omgbag.JPG. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --Secretlondon 18:39, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Guglio


text:
HMS Bat

HMS Bat was a Palmer-built three funnel, 30 knot torpedo boat destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1895 – 1896 Naval Estimates. She was the third ship to carry this name since it was introduced in 1815 for a revenue cutter in service until 1848. Bat was classified along with similar vessels as a C-class destroyer in 1913.

Construction
HMS Bat was one of four 30-knotter destroyers (Bat, HMS Chamois (1896), HMS Crane (1896) and HMS Flying Fish (1897)) ordered from Palmer's of Jarrow-on-Tyne on 8 January 1896 as part of the 1895–1896 shipbuilding programme, following on from two destroyers (HMS Star (1896) and HMS Whiting (1896)) ordered from Palmer's on 23 December 1895 as part of the same programme.

Bat's hull was 220 ft long overall and 215 ft between perpendiculars, with a beam of 20 ft and a draught of 9 ft. Four Reed water tube boilers fed steam at 250 psi to triple expansion steam engines rated at 6,200 ihp and driving two propeller shafts. Displacement was 390 LT light and 440 LT full load. Three funnels were fitted, and 91 tons of coal carried. Bat, like the other "thirty-knotters" was contractually required to maintain a speed of 30 kn for a continuous run of three hours and over 6 consecutively measured runs of 1 mi during sea trials.

Armament was specified as a single QF 12 pounder 12 cwt (3 in) gun on a platform on the ship's conning tower (in practice the platform was also used as the ship's bridge), backed up by five 6-pounder guns, and two 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. She had a crew of 60 to 63 officers and men.

Batwas laid down as Yard number 712 on 28 May 1896 at the Palmer shipyard at Jarrow and launched on 7 October 1896. The ship made an average speed of 30.2 kn in a three-hour run during Sea trials on 17 July 1897. She was completed and accepted by the Royal Navy in August 1897.

Pre-War
After commissioning Bat was assigned to the 2nd Fleet and based at Devonport on training duties.

On 22 September 1897, Bat entered into the Fleet Reserve at Portsmouth. On 27 November 1987, Bat was commissioned at Portsmouth by the crew of the destroyer HMS Thrasher (1895) for service with the Devonport Instructional Flotilla. In October 1898, the ship became the first destroyer in the Royal Navy to receive a torpedo fitted for a gyroscope.

In 1899 she was the leader of the Devonport Flotilla under the command of Commander Alexander Ludovic Duff during exercises in July. The following month she had her starboard propeller damaged while in Falmouth harbour, when the destroyer HMS Fairy (1897) dragged her moorings and drifted into Bat and other ships of the flotilla. Following repairs in Devonport, she was to go back to the flotilla, but had to withdraw for a longer period as there was an accident in the engine-room during power trials in late February. She paid off into the Dockyard reserve at Devonport on 8 March 1900. Her commanding officer, from 1901, was Commander Roger Keyes, who pioneered new aggressive tactics for destroyers during this period. Bat was paid off on 4 January 1902, when her crew was turned over to the destroyer HMS Falcon (1899), which took her place in the flotilla. After paying off, she underwent repairs to re-tube her Reed boilers.

Bat was deployed to the Mediterranean between 1902 and 1905. On 2 September 1902 she commissioned at Devonport to join the Mediterranean Fleet. Arriving at Malta, she became tender to HMS Orion (1879), depot ship for torpedo boats. In early January 1903 she took part in a three-weeks cruise with other ships of her squadron in the Greek islands around Corfu. On the night of 27 October 1904, Bat was in collision with the destroyer HMS Panther (1897) off Gozo, with both ships having to return to Malta for repairs.

In 1910, Bat was part of the Fourth Destroyer Flotilla, based at Portsmouth and tendered to the depot ship HMS Hecla (1878). By March 1913, Bat was part of the Sixth Flotilla at Portsmouth, which was equipped with older destroyers for patrol purposes. The destroyer transferred to the Eighth Flotilla, based at Chatham in early 1914.

On 30 August 1912 the Admiralty directed all destroyer classes were to be designated by letters starting with 'A'. Since her design speed was 30 knots and she had three funnels, she was assigned to the C class on 30 September 1913. The class letter 'C' was painted on the hull below the bridge area and on a funnel.

World War I
In July 1914 Bat was assigned to the 8th Destroyer Flotilla based at Chatham tendered to HMS Tyne (1878). On the outbreak of war, the Eighth Flotilla was deployed to the Firth of Forth, carrying out patrol duties in support of the Grand Fleet. By January 1915, Bat, although still supported by Tyne, was attached to the Grand Fleet. She remained attached to the Grand Fleet through the rest of 1915 and 1916.

On 3 May 1917, Bat and the destroyer HMS Ouse opened fire on the British submarine HMS C10 off Blyth, Northumberland. Although one man was killed and a second was wounded, the submarine survived. In July 1917 Bat was redeployed to the East Coast Convoy Flotilla, this merging into the 7th Destroyer Flotilla based at the Humber the next month, continuing in escort operations for East coast convoys. She would remain there for the remainder of the war.

On 29 January 1918, Bat collided with the tug ST Guiana off Whitby, sinking the tug and killing four of Guiana's crew.

In 1919 Bat was paid off and laid-up in reserve awaiting disposal. She was sold on 30 August 1919 to Hayes of Porthcawl for breaking.

title: HMS Bat


text:
Mount Longdon

Mount Longdon is a mountain in the east of East Falkland in the Falkland Islands. It is best known as the site of the Battle of Mount Longdon, and overlooks Stanley, the islands' capital.

title: Mount Longdon


text:
Frederick Crace Calvert

Frederick Crace Calvert (14 November 1819 – 24 October 1873), English chemist, was born near London. He was the son of Alfred Crace and the nephew of the noted interior decorator, Frederick Crace.

From about 1836 until 1846 he lived in France, where, after a course of study at Paris, he became manager of some chemical works, later acting as assistant to Michel Eugène Chevreul. On his return to England he settled in Manchester as a consulting chemist, and was appointed honorary professor of chemistry at the Royal Manchester Institution. Devoting himself almost entirely to industrial chemistry, he gave much attention to the manufacture of coal-tar products, and particularly carbolic acid (for use in the treatment of raw sewage), for the production of which he established large works in Manchester in 1865. Besides contributing extensively to the English and French scientific journals, he published a work on Dyeing and Calico-Printing. He died in Manchester.

He is commemorated by a Royal Society of Chemistry blue plaque on Princess Street in Manchester.

title: Frederick Crace Calvert


text:
United States House Committee on Financial Services

The United States House Committee on Financial Services, also referred to as the House Banking Committee and previously known as the Committee on Banking and Currency, is the committee of the United States House of Representatives that oversees the entire financial services industry, including the securities, insurance, banking and housing industries. The Financial Services Committee also oversees the work of the Federal Reserve, the United States Department of the Treasury, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and other financial services regulators.

The House Committee on Financial Services is considered to be one of the House's most powerful committees.

It is currently chaired by Republican Patrick McHenry from North Carolina, having assumed office in 2023. He previously served as the committee's Ranking Member. The Ranking Member is Democrat Maxine Waters from California, who previously chaired the committee under a Democrat majority in the House.

Jurisdiction
Under the rules of the 113th Congress, the Financial Services Committee's jurisdiction includes:
 * 1) Banks and banking, including deposit insurance and Federal monetary policy
 * 2) Economic stabilization, defense production, renegotiation, and control of the price of commodities, rents, and services
 * 3) Financial aid to commerce and industry (other than transportation)
 * 4) Insurance generally
 * 5) International finance
 * 6) International financial and monetary organizations
 * 7) Money and credit, including currency and the issuance of notes and redemption thereof; gold and silver, including the coinage thereof; valuation and revaluation of the dollar
 * 8) Public and private housing
 * 9) Securities and exchanges
 * 10) Urban development

History
The Banking and Currency Committee was created on December 11, 1865, to take over responsibilities previously handled by the Ways and Means Committee. It continued to function under this name until 1968, when it assumed the current name.

Members, 118th Congress
Resolutions electing members: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (R),  (D),  (amending rank)

Subcommittees
The Financial Services Committee operates with six subcommittees. The jurisdiction over insurance was transferred in 2001 to the then-House Banking and Financial Services Committee from the House Energy and Commerce Committee. Since that time it had been the purview of the Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance and Government Sponsored Enterprises. But "with plans to reform Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac expected to take up much of that panel's agenda, insurance instead [was] moved to a new Subcommittee on Insurance, Housing and Community Opportunity [as of the 112th Congress]." In the 115th Congress, a new subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance was created, dedicated to disrupting the financing of terrorist organizations.

117th Congress
Resolutions electing members: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (D),  (R),  (R),  (R)
 * Subcommittees

116th Congress
Sources: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (D),  (R),  (R),  (R)

 * Subcommittees

114th Congress
Sources: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (R),  (D)

112th Congress
Source: https://financialservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/113th_congress_membership.pdf

111th Congress
Source: https://financialservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/111thmembers.pdf


text:
User:Talrias/Templates/Box free/featured

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