text:
Talk:Iraq Campaign Medal

This isn't really in the development stages anymore, so I think we can put more info about criteria, etc. --Kenyon 05:22, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

April 16, the DoD just decided to award campaign stars for this and the ACM, so the ICM and ACM will be awarded with at least one bronze service star. AGB, SFC, USA —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.27.1.3 (talk) 17:51, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Can you give a citation!!!--Ron John (talk) 12:28, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Service Stars for New Dawn.
There needs to be the report that cites if additional services stars are being given for Operation New Dawn. Otherwise the last phase for approval is Iraqi Soverenty.Articseahorse (talk) 14:35, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Offical end date.
There are troops still in Iraq and there has not been a official end date announced for the medal. The Vietnam Service Medal was awarded until 1975 when most of the troops were gone by 1972. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Articseahorse (talk • contribs) 23:13, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Devices and campaigns service stars
This layout/table with the campaign phases and service stars layed out next to each other is confusing. That is, we have phase 5 next to the ribbon with a silver star, phase 4 next to 4 stars, phase 1 next to one star, etc. It leads the reader to think the number of stars on the ribbon are linked to the particular phase served in. Compare -- what if the service member was there during phase 1, 4, and 5 or 2, 4, 5? What stars would be awarded? None of the other campaign medal articles have such a layout. I recommend removing the table and simply listing the phases as a separate bullet list.--S. Rich (talk) 14:34, 30 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry I didn't see this earlier; you're absolutely right, the table was causing confusion. I think it's fixed now, now that the tables are separated. Regards, AzureCitizen (talk) 00:33, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Service Star
The ICM is worn with at least one Service Star to represent a Phase of OIF and not the number of deployments. This is word for word from the Human Resource Command FAQ and for the ICM FAQ. The use of the Service star does not represent the number of deployments.

Does a Soldier have to serve 30 consecutive or 60 nonconsecutive days during a designated campaign to get a BSS/CS?

''The BSS/CS are not awarded based on 30 consecutive days or 60 nonconsecutive days. The campaign medal is awarded based on 30 consecutive days or 60 nonconsecutive days, and the BSS/CS is authorized based on one or more days of participation during a designated/named campaign phase. ONLY ONE BSS PER INCLUSIVE PERIOD. A BSS is authorized for each different period the Soldier serves.''

'''If a Soldier deploys numerous times during one particular phase (as do some Special Forces Soldiers), do they qualify for just one BSS/CS or more than one? ' A BSS is authorized for each campaign in which the Soldier serves. If a Soldier has multiple deployments during the same campaign, he or she would be eligible for only one BSS.''

Does a Soldier have at least one Bronze Service Star (BSS) if he/she has an ICM or ACM?

Yes, Soldiers who earn the ICM or ACM will wear at least one BSS.

Articseahorse (talk) 03:24, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Navy Does award the ICM and ACM with at least one Star.
I found this one line from the Navy's Website.

'' 4. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA. A. THE ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR AWARD OF THE ACM AND ICM CONTAINED IN REFERENCE B AND ARTICLES 420.12 AND 420.13 OF REFERENCE (C) REMAIN UNCHANGED.

B. INDIVIDUALS WHO MEET THE ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR THE ACM OR ICM SHALL WEAR ONE CAMPAIGN STAR ON THE SUSPENSION RIBBON OF THE MEDAL AND ON THE RIBBON BAR IN RECOGNITION OF THEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE CAMPAIGN PHASE FOR WHICH THE MEDAL WAS AWARDED. '''THEREFORE, THE ACM AND ICM WILL ALWAYS BE AWARDED WITH AT LEAST ONE CAMPAIGN STAR.'''

C. IF AN INDIVIDUAL'S INITIAL QUALIFYING PERIOD OF SERVICE FOR THE ACM OR ICM EXTENDED AT LEAST ONE DAY INTO A SUBSEQUENT CAMPAIGN PHASE, THE ACM OR ICM WILL BE AWARDED WITH TWO CAMPAIGN STARS. THIS IS THE CASE WHETHER THE INDIVIDUAL'S INITIAL QUALIFYING PERIOD OF SERVICE WAS COMPRISED OF CONSECUTIVE OR NONCONSECUTIVE DAYS IN THE RESPECTIVE AREA OF ELIGIBILITY.

D. AN ADDITIONAL CAMPAIGN STAR SHALL BE WORN FOR EACH ONE OR MORE DAYS OF PARTICIPATION IN EACH DESIGNATED CAMPAIGN PHASE. HOWEVER, ONLY ONE CAMPAIGN STAR IS AUTHORIZED FOR EACH PHASE, REGARDLESS OF THE NUMBER OF DEPLOYMENTS MADE DURING ANY DESIGNATED PHASE.''

Articseahorse (talk) 00:14, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Good job; we now have sourcing in the article that covers USA, USN, USAF, USMC, and USCG regarding the use of one 3/16" star per campaign. Regards, AzureCitizen (talk) 00:33, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

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Mac MacLeod

Keith "Mac" MacLeod (9 July 1941 – 16 November 2020), was an English musician who was a part of the Hertfordshire folk and blues scene from 1959 onwards. He played in St Albans alongside Mick Softley and Maddy Prior and toured with John Renbourn. Influences include Softley, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Derroll Adams, Jesse Fuller, Big Bill Broonzy, Snooks Eaglin, Reverend Gary Davis and Davey Graham.

MacLeod was an early influence on Donovan, and was the bassist for the original line-up of Hurdy Gurdy which also inspired the Donovan song "The Hurdy Gurdy Man". MacLeod has also worked with Argent. Other bands MacLeod formed of note include Soft Cloud, Loud Earth with Mick Softley and the acoustic-based band Amber.

Biography
Keith MacLeod was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, on 9 July, 1941.

The St Albans crowd and beyond
In the early days in The Cock and later The Peahen pubs, MacLeod was a regular and one of the few finger pickers around. He often played with other musicians of note: the flat picking Mick Softley and school friend Maddy Prior. In the summer time MacLeod travelled to the South West where he made friends with John Renbourn. The two busked together from around 1961 to 1964.

In 1964 MacLeod and Renbourn recorded three or four demos together; 'South Coast', 'Cocaine', 'It Hurts Me Too' and 'Train Blues'. Donovan was influenced from 1961 onwards by MacLeod's finger picking and the flat pick styles made popular by Ramblin' Jack Elliott which had been a big inspiration on Mick Softley and 'Dirty Hugh'. MacLeod taught Donovan claw hammer style and finger pick techniques (see Hurdy Gurdy) and many songs from his folk blues heroes. Donovan said in an interview for Beat Instrumental in May 1965 titled 'Donovan's Big Influence? It's Not Dylan!' "The man who encouraged and helped me most was a fellow called Keith 'Mac' MacLeod. I've known him for about three years, and he's taught me everything from chord progressions on the guitar, to how to appreciate folk and real blues".

In the summer of 1964 MacLeod was back in Torquay, this time Donovan joined him for his final summer before fame came knocking. MacLeod joined Donovan's first national tour of Britain which kicked off at the NME poll winners' party on 11 April 1965. Donovan's set has been called the first folk-rock gig by music writer Richie Unterberger. One of the tour dates saw Donovan and MacLeod playing on stage with Joan Baez.

After Donovan's first UK tour MacLeod teamed up first with Dana Gillespie then with another regular on the St Albans music scene, Maddy Prior, to form Mac & Maddy. A demo tape of Mac & Maddy was made but has subsequently been lost. Donovan has since the early 1990s changed his stories as regards MacLeod's influence, naming 'Dirty Hugh' or 'Dirty Phil' as his finger picking teacher and John Vanstone as his early guitar mentor, removing MacLeod's name from the story. However, no interviews with him from the 1960s mention either 'Dirty Hugh', 'Dirty Phil' or John Vanstone. A guitarist called 'Dirty Hugh' (so called because he dressed in rags) played at 'The Cock', but he could only strum and flat pick the guitar, he could not finger pick and therefore was unable to teach Donovan that art. Donovan's first two albums included many songs that he learnt from MacLeod as revealed in Pete Frames ZigZag Wanderer No.5 March 1999 and in the Nigel Cross interviews for Terrascope

Sweden, Denmark and back again
MacLeod's odyssey was to take him around Britain, and across Sweden and Denmark. The anthology Mac MacLeod – The Incredible Musical Odyssey of the Original Hurdy Gurdy Man on RPM/Cherry Red Records contains many rare recordings, from the acoustic folksy beginnings through a succession of one-off groups like The Other Side (with Boz Scaggs) and Exploding Mushroom, to the Hurdy Gurdy (with producers Rod Argent and Chris White). The group became an underground favourite and went on to headline at Middle Earth, supporting Pink Floyd at the same venue.

Hurdy Gurdy
MacLeod was the lead singer and bassist in a power trio style group in Denmark (inspired by Cream) which he named Hurdy Gurdy. The group sound was heading in a similar direction to The Jimi Hendrix Experience who had also started at around the same time. After a run-in with the law, MacLeod had written to Donovan's manager, Ashley Kozak, in December 1967 and asked if he could help. Donovan then penned them a song and "Hurdy Gurdy Man" was the result. However, Donovan changed his mind on his gift of the song to MacLeod and recorded it himself.

Donovan explained the story to Keith Altham of the NME on 15 June 1968 (a different version of the article appeared in Hit Parader December 1968, but also with the MacLeod link being mentioned):

"Hurdy Gurdy Man" was originally written for a Danish group by that name (...). There is a friend of mine in the group – Mac MacLeod – whom I looked to in the early days to learn how to pick the guitar. I wrote the song especially for them but then we got into a disagreement over how it was to be produced. I wanted to do it one way and they another. So I said, 'Right then – I'll do it myself because I think it's good enough for a single.' So I did it. And it's out. And doing very nicely, thank you.

In addition to the above article, Donovan also confirmed the genesis of the "Hurdy Gurdy Man" song to Melody Maker in July 1968, during an interview with Tony Wilson.

Donovan had written the song before going to India with The Beatles, and handed a demo tape to MacLeod to work from; he had originally wanted the song to be gentle and angelic but what Hurdy Gurdy played was more like heavy metal. It was during this time in India that Donovan taught John Lennon and Paul McCartney the fingerpicking styles he had learned from MacLeod; this resulted in songs like "Julia" and "Blackbird" being recorded for the so-called White Album (The Beatles). Donovan has also stated that George Harrison added an extra verse to the "Hurdy Gurdy Man" song while they were in India.

MacLeod encountered problems with work permits for the Danish members of the group during their stay in England, so the other members went back to Denmark, still under the name Hurdy Gurdy, and recorded an album for CBS Records.

From Skye to Soft Cloud
After the demise of Hurdy Gurdy, MacLeod recorded with the post-The Zombies: Argent whose song "Telescope" was a lost classic until released on MacLeod's Anthology. Macleod also played bass on two other Argent tracks, "To Julia" and "Girl Help Me".

At the end of the 1960s MacLeod was reunited with Donovan who whisked him off, with a group of other old friends, to the Isle of Skye. MacLeod was asked to be a sideman once more for Donovan's US tour with Candy Carr, which was to be the prototype 'Open Road' band. After several weeks of rehearsals all was well acoustically, however when the band went electric it did not work out as well as Donovan hoped. Rather than rehearse the new electric approach, Donovan had a change of heart and went to the U.S. alone.

MacLeod returned to St Albans and formed Soft Cloud-Loud Earth with Mick Softley, 'Candy' John Carr (who also went to Skye for Donovan's U.S. tour line-up) and Mike Thomson. Due to the erratic behaviour of Softley, Carr and Thomson jumped ship and soon formed Open Road with Donovan, leaving MacLeod to continue with Softley in the duo Soft Cloud. After Soft Cloud had evaporated MacLeod formed a new band, the sitar-drenched Amber with Julian McAllister and Ray Cooper. Amber had some tracks produced by former The Yardbirds singer Keith Relf.

Silverlining
After many years out of the music industry MacLeod returned with a new band, Silverlining, in 1999. He continued to play live both solo and with a full band line-up (sometimes including his old school friend The Kinks' and The Zombies' bassist Jim Rodford) and he made plans for another album. He also added flute to the new St Albans band Maya on their new album Revelations, and supplied some guitar for the band The Coming. Pete Frame, author of Rock Family trees, has also written a special edition of Zigzag Wanderer entitled 'Catching Dreams From the Clouds' all about MacLeod's early days.

Later years
MacLeod was in communication with Donovan, first when he co-nominated him for his Honorary Doctorate at the University of Hertfordshire in November 2003. and later Donovan's birthday on 10 May 2005 (where he met up with old friend Gyp Mills) where MacLeod was a special guest. On 9 June that year Donovan and MacLeod played together again on stage at Oxford ; the last time they played onstage together was during Donovan's first UK tour in 1965. MacLeod had a new more acoustic based album in the works. MacLeod had a recent reunion with his old Amber partner Julian McAllister and he was also in touch with his old friends John Renbourn and Maddy Prior.

Death
MacLeod had been ill for some six years prior to his death on 16 November 2020. He had been suffering from tuberculosis, cancer and emphysema. He died after being infected with pneumonia whilst being treated in hospital.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mac MacLeod


text:
Talk:Exarchate of Africa

Untitled
This page should be merged with the page Exarch of Ravenna, or the Ravenna material should be excised and merged with theat page while this becomes a page solely devoted to the Exarchate of Carthage. A separate page should be written on the catapanate of Italy

Grammar
This page needs some grammatical revision (commas please!) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.103.184.76 (talk • contribs) 18:30, 30 July 2007

Romano-Byzantine rule survived in Algeria during Vandal occupations?
One of my most respected sources, Bruce Gordan's Regnal Chrononlogies, makes a mention in his entry for the city of Constantine in north Africa. And Euratlas' maps of Europe in 500 AD and 600 AD both show a "Kingdom of the Romans and Moors in Algeria, not under Vandal control.

They also show a distinct "Mauri" kingdom in Morrocco.

Would it be plausible to then say that part of the Western Empire survived the fall of Nepos and Syagrius? I unfortunately don't yet have more information, and wanted to bring it to your mutual attentions. It would make a very interesting note in this and a few other articles... Respectfully, Thomas Lessman (talk) 07:30, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It was not a kingdom under Roman or Byzantine rule in any sense, rather it was a leftover of the old Roman province of Mauretania, which was not occupied by the Vandals. The kingdom was based primarily on the indigenous Mauri, plus the Romanized population of the coasts and cities (much like post-Roman Britain or the kingdom of Syagrius). Its capital was at Altava, and it survived until the late 570s, when it was defeated by the Byzantines, although whether they occupied its territory is unknown. AFAIK, there isn't much information on the kingdom, except some references by Byzantine and other authors, especially John of Biclaro, and various inscriptions of "imperator" Masties at Arris and Masuna at Altava, bearing the titles "rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum"... There is little concrete info on the exact number of Mauri tribal kingdoms in Mauritania and Numidia, nor of their mutual relations, as mostly only the names of their chiefs are known. At any rate, the last great ruler was one Garmul, who was defeated by the Byzantines. If you can read French, check this out for some more info. Cplakidas (talk) 16:30, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Tangiers
The accounts of the last bits of the Muslim conquest of northwest Africa and first bits of their conquest of Spain are fairly legendary but make a point of noting that Tingis (=Tangiers) was conquered, presumably from the same power that was holding Ceuta. Is there any reason to think Byzantium held on to Ceuta after Tangiers had fallen to the Visigoths or acknowledged their hegemony? — Llywelyn II   13:11, 11 November 2018 (UTC)

The biography of Julian, Count of Ceuta, a Byzantine governor who defected to the Umayyad Caliphate.Dimadick (talk) 13:14, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

Merging of articles
As a new overarching article called Byzantine North Africa now exists, I suggest merging of the articles Praetorian prefecture of Africa and Exarchate of Africa into that new article, along migrating any information. Antisyntagmatarchos (talk) 19:45, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exarchate of Africa


text:
Virus (KMFDM song)

"Virus" is a KMFDM song from their fifth album, Naïve. In 2008, KMFDM Records re-released this as a 7" vinyl single, limited to 250 copies. The album version is considered a remix, entitled "Virus (Dub)", making the single version the original version.

Reception
The original four track EP was called "easily their strongest" in 1996. AllMusic's Johnny Loftus described the title track as "innocent new wave gone very naughty in a PVC hell." Eric Olsen called the song one of industrial's best, with the same "razor-sharp guitars, hummable tune, clever lyrics, and danceable beat in the funky-to-brutal range" as many of the band's other songs.

title: Virus (KMFDM song)


text:
User talk:Algri

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Komnenos
Hi. Redirects are very easy to create, and also very easy to get wrong. Take a look at the finished product here to see how I've fixed your mistaken redirect. In short, I removed a space immediately following the # symbol. -- Longhair | Talk 22:31, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Trebizond
Hi, you don't need to create a separate template for Emperors of Trebizond, you can just use the regular succession templates:

Just fill in the fields as appropriate. Thanks for all the work on Trebizond, by the way - I had pretty much given up following that page. You seem well-prepared to take on Levzur. Adam Bishop 22:44, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Roman Africa
I'm probably not the best person to ask about that...try checking with the people who work on the Roman province articles. Adam Bishop 05:17, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, try Stan Shebs or Llywrch for a start...I haven't been working any ancient stuff for awhile so I'm not sure who is active anymore, but they should be able to help or point you to someone else. Adam Bishop 19:09, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

Pre-colonial Indonesia
Hi. I saw your intro on Wikipedia_Talk:Indonesia-related topics notice board, and I would like to know if you would be interested in trying to stitch together the various articles on Pre-colonial Indonesian kingdoms and empires into one big page (Pre-colonial Indonesia) using summary style? I ask because I would like one master article on this era of Indonesia, to make it easier to summarise for History of Indonesia, and to add to the an article series using Template:History of Indonesia.

I would do this myself, but as I've said elsewhere, when it comes to this era of Indonesian history I don't know a Majapahit from a Nasi Goreng.

Please let me know what you think on my Talk page. --Daniel 00:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

process of Indianisation in South East Asian history
I noticed you wanted to start an article on the process of Indianisation in South East Asian history. I tried collecting the empires on History of Hinduism in cultural expansion into southeast asia section. I wanted to put a map there like in the History of Buddhism. I also updated the template:History of Indonesia. --Dangerous-Boy 06:59, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Srivijaya ever Hindu?
Do you know if Srivijaya was ever Hindu? I could have sworn they were at least some part in their history but the article says they were Buddhist. --Dangerous-Boy 00:28, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
How are you (apa kabar) ? And welcome to Wikipedia! Just to let you know, at the Indonesian WikiProject there are a group of editors collaborating to improve the articles related to Indonesia. We hope you can join us to make the project even better!

Here are some Indonesia-related project resources which may be of use:
 * Indonesian WikiProject
 * Indonesia Portal

Hope you find these useful. If not you can improve them, it's Wikipedia! Okay, happy editing and take care.

Cheers -- Imo eng  05:45, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Indianized kingdom
I see you have a history of working on the article Indianized kingdom. I am looking at it from the project Unreferenced articles where it is one of the longest unreferenced tagged articles that does not meet at least the barest minimum of verifiability. It has been tagged and completely without references since June 2006. It would be extremely helpful if you had some references you could add to the article to help support its verifiability and notability. Thanks for any help you can give.  Birgitte SB  21:49, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Copyright problem: Executive Council of New South Wales
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Sydney meetup
Hi, I got your name from this list, and thought you might be interested in a meetup in Sydney at the Alexandria Hotel tomorrow. I hope you can join us. Sorry for the late notice. --99of9 (talk) 11:06, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Algri


text:
Emer de Vattel

Emer (Emmerich) de Vattel ( 25 April 1714 – 28 December 1767) was a Prussian international lawyer. He was born in Couvet in the Principality of Neuchâtel (now a canton part of Switzerland but part of Prussia at the time) in 1714 and died in 1767.

Vattel's work profoundly influenced the development of international law. He is most famous for his 1758 work The Law of Nations. This work was his claim to fame and won him enough prestige to be appointed as a councilor to the court of Frederick Augustus II of Saxony. Vattel combined naturalist legal reasoning and positivist legal reasoning.

Early life and career
The son of a Protestant minister, Vattel was born at Couvet, Neuchâtel, on the 25th of April 1714. He studied classics and philosophy at Basel and Geneva. During his early years his favorite pursuit was philosophy and, having carefully studied the works of Leibniz and Christian Wolff, he published in 1741 a defence of Leibniz's system against Jean-Pierre de Crousaz. In the same year Vattel, who was born a subject of the king of Prussia, repaired to Berlin in the hope of obtaining some public employment from Frederick II, but was disappointed in his expectation. Two years later he proceeded to Dresden, where he experienced a very favourable reception from Count Brühl, the minister of Saxony. In 1746 he obtained from the elector, Augustus III, the title of councillor of embassy, accompanied with a pension, and was sent to Bern in the capacity of the elector's minister. His diplomatic functions did not occupy his whole time, and much of his leisure was devoted to literature and jurisprudence.

The Law of Nations
Vattel's seminal work was largely influenced by a book titled Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractum (The Law of Nations According to the Scientific Method) by Christian Wolff. Vattel's work began, in fact, by translating Wolff's text from Latin, and adding his own thoughts. Vattel's work was also heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Hugo Grotius. Focused largely on the rights and obligations of citizens and states, Vattel's work also had ramifications for Just War Theory as it outlined international diplomacy as we now know it.

Vattel elucidated the "Golden Rule of Sovereigns":

One cannot complain when he is treated as he treats others.

English editions
Vattel's Law of Nations was first translated into English in 1760, based on the French original of 1758. A Dublin translation of 1787 does not include notes from the original nor posthumous notes added to the 1773 French edition. Several other English editions were based on the edition of 1760. However, an English edition from 1793 includes Vattel's later thoughts, as did the London 1797 edition. The 1797 edition has a detailed table of contents and margin titles for subsections.

Benjamin Franklin
Charles W.F. Dumas sent Benjamin Franklin three original French copies of de Vattel's Le droit des gens (The Law of Nations). Franklin presented one copy to the Library Company of Philadelphia. On December 9, 1775, Franklin thanked Dumas: "It came to us in good season, when the circumstances of a rising State make it necessary to frequently consult the Law of Nations." Franklin also said that this book by Vattel, "has been continually in the hands of the members of our Congress now sitting".

George Washington
Two notable copies of The Law of Nations owned by the New York Society Library have been associated with US President George Washington. One copy had been borrowed by Washington on 8 October 1789, along with a copy of Vol. 12 of the Commons Debates, containing transcripts from Great Britain's House of Commons. When the staff of the Washington museum at Mount Vernon heard about the overdue books, they were unable to locate them, but purchased a second copy of the de Vattel work for US$12,000. This identical copy was ceremoniously "returned" 221 years late on 20 May 2010. The library waived the unpaid late-fees.

Other works
Vattel also published works other than his magnum opus. He worked so intensely that his health broke down, and a return to Dresden in 1766 did not improve him. His last work, Questions de droit naturel, ou Observations sur le traité du droit de la nature, par Wolff ("Questions of natural rights...") was published in 1762 and concerned Wolff's natural law philosophy. He died in 1767 during a visit to Neuchâtel.

Influence
Vattel was a highly influential international lawyer. Vattel was one of a number of 18th century European scholars who wrote on international law and were "well known in America" at the time, including Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Cornelius van Bynkershoek, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, Thomas Rutherforth, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Christian Wolff. The Law of Nations has been described as "unrivaled among such treatises in its influence on the American founders".

Vattel is also cited extensively in Lysander Spooner's The Unconstitutionality Of Slavery and appears to be a key Enlightenment thinker in Spooner's thought.

US Department of Defense 2015 Law of War Manual
In 2015 the United States Department of Defense published its Law of War Manual. Vattel is cited after Hugo Grotius and before Francis Lieber and Hersch Lauterpacht as a subsidiary means and an authority in determining the rules of law of war.

Primary

 * Le loisir philosophique ou pieces diverses de philosophie, de morale et d'amusement par Mr. de Vattel, Dresde : 1747 chez George Conrad Walther via Google Books
 * Le droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains. Tome 1 / par M. de Vattel, Londres : 1758 via Gallica
 * Le droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains. Tome 2 / par M. de Vattel, Londres : 1758 via Gallica
 * The Law of Nations (full text)
 * Le droit des gens, Emer de Vattel, Translation of 1758 edition, Ed. Charles Ghequiere Fenwick
 * Law of Nations, 1883 Ed. Joseph Chitty, & Edward D. Ingraham

Secondary

 * Chetail, Vincent: "Vattel and the American Dream: An Inquiry into the Reception of The Law of Nations in the United States", in: Pierre-Marie Dupuy and Vincent Chetail (editors): ″The Roots of International Law / Les fondements du droit international: liber amicorum Peter Haggenmacher″, Leiden 2014, pp. 251–300
 * Ossipow, William and Gerber, Dominik: "The Reception of Vattel's Law of Nations in the American Colonies: From James Otis and John Adams to the Declaration of Independence", in: "American Journal of Legal History", 2017, pp. 1–35
 * Peter Haggenmacher,"Vattel, Emer de" in Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse, 02/07/2013.;
 * Ossipow, William and Gerber, Dominik: "The Reception of Vattel's Law of Nations in the American Colonies: From James Otis and John Adams to the Declaration of Independence", in: "American Journal of Legal History", 2017, pp. 1–35
 * Peter Haggenmacher,"Vattel, Emer de" in Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse, 02/07/2013.;
 * Peter Haggenmacher,"Vattel, Emer de" in Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse, 02/07/2013.;
 * Peter Haggenmacher,"Vattel, Emer de" in Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse, 02/07/2013.;

title: Emer de Vattel


text:
User talk:AKWiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
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 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 05:30, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AKWiki


text:
NFL 2K1

NFL 2K1 is an American football simulation video game that uses remediation, and was published by Sega and developed by Visual Concepts. It was released on Dreamcast on September 7, 2000, with multiple in-game commercialization like its Dreamcast ads in stadiums. Randy Moss of the Minnesota Vikings is featured as the cover athlete. Upon its release, it outsold the PlayStation 2 version of Madden NFL 2001 by 13,000 units in its first week, and 49,000 units its second week.

In the early 2000s, SegaNet was shut down and the online features of the game were shut down as well until July 2017 when online features were brought back thanks to DreamPi. The game along with the rest of the 2K titles on the Dreamcast have had their online components revived and are completely playable online today.

Reception
NFL 2K1 received "universal acclaim" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Metacritic ranks it as the joint third highest-rated game of all-time. Rob Smolka of NextGen called it "A great-playing game, both online and offline, and a significant advance over last year's version." In Japan, where the game was ported for release on March 29, 2001, Famitsu gave it a score of 32 out of 40.

The game won the awards for "Dreamcast Game of the Year", "Multiplayer Game of the Year", and "Sports Game of the Year" at the Electronic Gaming Monthly 2000 Gamers' Choice Awards (the latter at the 2000 Readers' Choice Awards); and was a runner-up for the overall Game of the Year award, which went to Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2. The game also won "Best Dreamcast Game" and "Best Sports Game (Traditional)" awards at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2000 Awards, and was a runner-up for the "Best Multiplayer Game" and "Game of the Year" awards, both of which went to Quake III Arena and Chrono Cross, respectively. The staff wrote that they "argued for more than an hour over whether Square's Chrono Cross or Sega's NFL 2K1 should win the award for Game of the Year."

Studies have been done on how effective in-game commercialization is in sports games on people, including NFL 2K1.

title: NFL 2K1


text:
Ian Haugland

Jan-Håkan "Ian" Haugland (born 13 August 1964) is a Norwegian-Swedish drummer in the Swedish rock band Europe. When he was eight months old, he and his family moved to the Stockholm suburb of Märsta, Sweden. He joined Europe in the summer of 1984, replacing Tony Reno. Previously Haugland had played in a number of bands, including Trilogy, where Candlemass bassist Leif Edling sang, and Yngwie J. Malmsteen's band Rising Force.

After Europe went on hiatus in 1992, Haugland recorded and toured with bands like Brazen Abbot, Clockwise, Last Autumn's Dream, Europe colleague John Norum and former Black Sabbath / Deep Purple vocalist Glenn Hughes. In 1998 Haugland recorded a cover version of the Black Sabbath song "Changes", for the Ozzy Osbourne tribute album Ozzified. When he's not on the road or in the studio, he works as a host on the radio channel 106.7 FM Rockklassiker in Stockholm and occasionally plays drums in the studio.

As a drummer he endorses Ludwig drums, Paiste cymbals, Evans heads and Promark sticks.

Europe

 * The Final Countdown (1986)
 * Out of This World (1988)
 * Prisoners in Paradise (1991)
 * Start from the Dark (2004)
 * Secret Society (2006)
 * Last Look at Eden (2009)
 * Bag of Bones (2012)
 * War of Kings (2015)
 * Walk the Earth (2017)

Other artists

 * Tone Norum – One of a Kind (1986)
 * Baltimoore – Thought for Food (1994)
 * Trilogy – Lust Provider (1994)
 * Niva – No Capitulation (1994)
 * Glenn Hughes – From Now On... (1994)
 * Glenn Hughes – Burning Japan Live (1994)
 * R.A.W. - First (1995)
 * Brazen Abbot – Live and Learn (1995)
 * Peter Jezewski – Swedish Gold (1996)
 * Brazen Abbot – Eye of the Storm (1996)
 * Clockwise – Nostalgia (1996)
 * R.A.W. - Now We're Cookin' (1997)
 * Brazen Abbot – Bad Religion (1997)
 * Brains Beat Beauty – First Came Moses, Now This... (1997)
 * Clockwise – Naïve (1998)
 * Ozzy Osbourne Tribute – Ozzified (1998)
 * Thore Skogman – Än Är Det Drag (1998)
 * Candlemass – Dactylis Glomerata (1998)
 * Totte Wallin – M M M Blues (och lite country) (1998)
 * Nikolo Kotzev – Nikolo Kotzev's Nostradamus (2001)
 * Baltimoore – The Best of Baltimoore (2001)
 * Sha-Boom – FIIIRE!! - The Best of Sha-Boom ( 2002)
 * Brazen Abbot – Guilty as Sin (2003)
 * Last Autumn's Dream – Last Autumn's Dream (2003)

title: Ian Haugland


text:
User talk:Nationalseries

This is my talk page. I am the only user to delete. Please do not delete.

Welcome message
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 05:31, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reminders
There are no reminders available at this time.

Factual accuracy disputions
The section concerning the Marik Ishtar nonsense should be removed because its not historically factual. I doubt the power of the king of Egypt was anything more than political, and this was checked by a large bureaucracy. Doesn't even establish notability as well as time period. -- Natalinasmpf 07:59, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your User Page
Your User page is, not to put too fine a point on it, a mess. Please clean it up, and remove it from Category:Yu-Gi-Oh!. If you do not, you will incur my displeasure. Setokaiba 16:58, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

PLEASE SEE: Marik Ishtar

Trainweb
I removed your additions of trainweb.org to the template, as that is a site that provides free website hosting, and nowhere can I find a policy like that on trwineb.com. --SPUI (talk) 21:29, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

By the way, I like the way your user page used to look. It's your page; there's no reason not to have it a mess (as long as it's not in any real categories; it shouldn't be in the Yu-Gi-Oh category). --SPUI (talk) 21:30, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Do you have any evidence of the TrainWeb logo being public domain? --SPUI (talk) 01:52, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A mess!!!
I could not do any editing on your page! Could anyone with a well-equipped computer fix this page? Acela Express

All cleaned up!
Now we're cleaned up! Acela Express

Protected tag
I have removed the from this page as it creates a nonsense link. Please do not use this tag on pages that have not been protected by an admin. Thanks, JeremyA 18:44, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have also removed the tag from your user page. Brianjd | Why restrict HTML? | 05:31, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Little nitpick about Marik image
I saw this as the description of an image of Marik Ishtar: " Nationalseries (Talk) . . 250x190 (16959 bytes) (Image of Marik Ishtar's back from Toei's Animation Yu-Gi-Oh! series - http://yuugiou.fran-web.net/Image/Malik/BC-02/index.html - Used with permission, fair use ) "

Actually its the second series anime made by Nihon Ad Systems. WhisperToMe 03:56, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Fair-use image removed from your user page
Hello, Nationalseries. I've removed Image:Acelalogo.jpg from your user page, as it is a copyrighted image that is being used under a claim of fair use. Unfortunately, by Wikipedia policies, no fair-use images can be used on user pages; please see Removal of fair use images. This image has not been deleted from any articles. If you have any questions, please let me know. —Bkell (talk) 09:06, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Malik-ep142-112s.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Malik-ep142-112s.jpg. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 00:59, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nationalseries


text:
Gaetano Moroni

Gaetano Moroni (17 October 1802, Rome – 3 November 1883, Rome) was an Italian writer on the history and contemporary structure of the Catholic Church and an official of the papal court in Rome. He was the author of the well-known Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica (Dictionary of historical-ecclesiastical learning).

Biography
He received his early education from the Brothers of the Christian Schools at Rome. Apprenticed later to a barber, his duties frequently took him to the Camaldolese Monastery of Saint Gregory the Great on the Coelian Hill. The prior there, Dom Mauro Cappellari, O.S.B. Cam., and several of the monks recognized his exceptional gifts, and made use of him in a quasi-secretarial capacity. When Cappellari became a cardinal he made Moroni his chamberlain, and when he became Pope Gregory XVI, he employed Moroni to serve as his First Assistant of the Chamber, employing him also as his private secretary. In that capacity Moroni personally wrote over 100,000 letters during his lifetime. Moroni also later served Pope Pius IX as an Assistant of the Chamber.

Among the books of the monastery and of the cardinal, as well as from conversations with learned people, Moroni acquired a vast store of information. He also gradually collected a considerable private library bearing on ecclesiastical questions, while he made notes from daily papers and from other publications for his own instruction. The subsequent arrangement of these notes in order suggested to him the idea of turning his labours to the benefit of the public, an idea which he realized in the Dictionary, a mine of interesting data and authoritative in matters concerning the Pontifical Court, the organization of the Curia and the Church, and the administration of the Papal States. In matters of history, it depends on the writers whom its author consulted. It is, however, not a well-ordered or homogeneous work, but these defects may be readily forgiven in view of the fact that its author did his work alone, without real collaboration, and wrote at times sixteen hours a day.

Moroni was also the author of official articles on papal ceremonies, the journeys of the popes, etc. During the conclaves of 1829 and 1831, he wrote the Giornale storico-politico-eremoniale delle sede vacante e il conclave per l'elezione di Pio VIII e Gregorio XVI, which, like others of his writings remained unpublished. As a member of the household of Pope Gregory XVI, Moroni was the object of much sectarian hatred. He was a friend of many cardinals, including Wiseman, and of other illustrious men. In the index of the Dictionary, he indicates the various passages of the work which speak of himself, and which thus constitute a kind of autobiography.

title: Gaetano Moroni


text:
Apache Beehive

Apache Beehive is a discontinued Java Application Framework that was designed to simplify the development of Java EE-based applications. It makes use of various open-source projects at Apache, such as XMLBeans. Apache Beehive uses Java 5, including JSR-175, a facility for annotating fields, methods, and classes so that they can be treated in special ways by runtime tools. It builds on the framework developed for BEA Systems WebLogic Workshop for its 8.1 series. BEA later decided to donate the code to Apache.

History
Version 8.1 of BEA's WebLogic Workshop includes several improvements over version 7.0. The previous version was focused on creating industrial-strength web services quickly, and it failed due to low adoption and use. For version 8.1, BEA created a whole new Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which helped programmers to develop Java EE-based applications more quickly. The improvements in Version 8.1 over Version 7 garnered several awards.

Although Workshop 8.1 only had limited success, the WebLogic Workshop Framework, which was developed for the 8.1 version Workshop, was recognized as a solid framework. In order for it to be used with other Java EE-based application servers, BEA decided to open-source the project under the purview of the Apache Software Foundation. The latest version of Beehive was released on December 4, 2006, and retired to Apache Attic in January 2010.

Netui Page Flows
This is an application framework built on top of Apache Struts that allows easier tooling and automatic updating of the various Struts configuration files.

Controls
Controls are the core of the Beehive framework. A control can be defined as a program that can be used by the developer to access enterprise-level resources, such as Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs), web services etc. For example, consider accessing an old legacy EJB 2 bean. It involved a lot of routine code like getting access to a home interface, creating/finding an EJB using finder methods, and then accessing the remote methods of the bean. Using a control simplifies this process by handling most of the routine coding for the developer, letting them work on business logic rather than the inner-details of Java EE technology. Controls are also useful to advanced developers, allowing them to concentrate on things like constructing a Facade to a complex set of application APIs. In essence, a control to a legacy EJB 2 been ensured that the developer could simply use the control and call any business method of the EJB, using it in the same way as any other Java class. When EJB 3 came around, such simplification was already provided by the EJB specification itself,   And Beehive controls were of little further use here. The Controls come with a standard set of controls wiz EJB Control, Web service Control, Database Control and JMS Control. Custom controls can also be developed, which in turn could make use of the controls already built-in.

Web services
This third component of Beehive enables a developer to create web services using meta-data/annotations. By using meta-data/annotations one can create complex web services utilizing features like conversation, state etc. Since all the metadata/annotations are in one file, it is easier to debug and maintain. Using this approach, any plain Java class can be converted into a web service just by the addition of annotations into the Java source files. This is based on JSR-181 which builds on JSR-175.

title: Apache Beehive


text:
Computer Games Magazine

Computer Games Magazine was a monthly computer and console gaming print magazine, founded in October 1988 as the United Kingdom publication Games International. During its history, it was known variously as Strategy Plus (October 1990, Issue 1 ) and Computer Games Strategy Plus, but changed its name to Computer Games Magazine after its purchase by theGlobe.com. When it closed down in April 2007, it held the record for the second-longest-running print magazine dedicated exclusively to computer games with 197 issues, behind only Computer Gaming World. In 1998 and 2000, it was the United States' third-largest magazine in this field.

History
The magazine's original editor-in-chief, Brian Walker, sold Strategy Plus to the United States retail chain Chips & Bits in 1991. Based in Vermont and owned by Tina and Yale Brozen, Chips & Bits retitled Strategy Plus to Computer Games Strategy Plus after the purchase. Its circulation rose to around 130,000 monthly copies by the mid-1990s. By 1998, Computer Games Strategy Plus was the United States' third-largest computer game magazine, with a circulation of 184,299. According to editor-in-chief Steve Bauman, this number rose to 220,000 in 1999. Chips & Bits was purchased by theGlobe.com in January 2000, alongside Computer Games Strategy Plus and its publishing division, Strategy Plus, Inc.

By March 2000, Computer Games' circulation had reached 240,000 copies; roughly 300,000 units of each issue were printed per month. It remained the United States' third-biggest computer game magazine by that date, according to Yale Brozen, and the publication's Ed Mitchell estimated that it was Vermont's largest magazine in any field. Its official website, cdmag.com, averaged one million unique visits per month by early 2000. The magazine experienced major growth during 2000: tracking firm BPA International recorded its average circulation from July-December as 374,576 copies, while the December issue rose to 450,515. Computer Games Magazine was subsequently redesigned, starting from its June 2001 issue.

Computer Games Magazine launched a sister publication, MMO Games Magazine, in 2006. On March 13, 2007, both publications were shut down by theGlobe.com, after that company was hit with a multimillion-dollar judgement in a lawsuit resulting from the e-mail spam of MySpace.

title: Computer Games Magazine


text:
Talk:Toothpaste

Expiration
In the US (and perhaps elsewhere), toothpaste has an expiration date. My quick research shows that this is because the FDA regulates fluoride additives, claiming that after two years, "the fluoride breaks down". Is there a toothpaste expert (e.g. Colgate scientist) who can add an expiration section? Is there a chemist in the house who can explain how a simple F- ion "breaks down"? Jeffryfisher (talk) 01:49, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

Healthier?
About usage of the word "healthier" (versus "more healthful" or "more healthy"): all these pages agree that "healthier" is fine.    - DrVeghead 05:34, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Titanium dioxide
I read this entire article and realized one of the most common ingredients in toothpaste is missing: titanium dioxide. Anyone with an interest in writing about should take a crack at it. I certainly don’t have the time. Andrew Z. Colvin • Talk 22:55, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:36, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * IncelandStampF.png

title: Talk:Toothpaste


text:
Paolo Montero

Rónald Paolo Montero Iglesias (born 3 September 1971) is a Uruguayan football manager and former player, who played as a central defender or left-back and is the manager of club Juventus Next Gen.

Montero began his career in Uruguay with Peñarol in 1990 before moving to Italian side Atalanta in 1992. He joined Juventus in 1996, where he remained until 2005, winning four Serie A titles, among other trophies; he subsequently moved to Argentine club San Lorenzo. In 2006, he transferred back to Peñarol, where he retired in 2007. At international level, he represented the Uruguay national football team at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup, at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the 2004 Copa América.

Peñarol
Montero was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, into a footballing family; his father is former Uruguay international Julio Montero Castillo. As a child, Paolo had to maintain good grades at school, otherwise his father would not allow him to attend football practice. As a professional, Montero started his career for Peñarol in 1990 and remained with the club for two seasons, making 34 appearances and scoring one goal before transferring to Atalanta in the Italian Serie A in 1992.

Atalanta
After transferring to the Bergamo-based club, Montero became an instant fixture in the club's starting eleven and was a key member of their defence. He managed 27 league appearances and two goals in his debut Serie A season. In his second season with the club, he managed 30 starts, however the club's season ended in relegation to Serie B. In the second division, Montero appeared in 34 games, scoring two goals, helping his team to immediate promotion back to Serie A. During the 1995–1996 Serie A season, Montero struggled with injuries, only making 23 appearances. After impressing greatly during his four-year stay in Bergamo, Montero made the highly anticipated switch to the Italian and European powerhouse, Juventus.

Juventus
Following the big switch to Turin in 1996, Montero made over 30 appearances in his first season with Juventus in all competitions. It was here, even after an impressive first season, that he achieved great success, winning four scudetti with the club, along with other honours; Montero also won three Italian Supercups, and reached three Champions League finals and two Coppa Italia finals with the club during this period. Montero was believed to have been the best friend of Zinedine Zidane during the pair's time together at Juventus, which ended when Zidane was sold to Real Madrid in 2001. Juventus were extremely dominant both domestically and internationally during this period and had what was considered to be the best defence in the world at the time, and teams strongly regretted ever going down a goal to the club, as they knew how hard it would be to score one back for themselves. Montero played at both center back and left back during this period, forming impressive defensive partnerships with the likes of Ciro Ferrara, Mark Iuliano, Gianluca Pessotto, Lilian Thuram, Alessandro Birindelli, Igor Tudor, Gianluca Zambrotta, Nicola Legrottaglie and Fabio Cannavaro during his ten-year tenure with the club. After the 2004–05 Serie A triumph, Montero and teammate Ferrara called it quits on their Juventus careers. The Uruguayan opted to return to South America, while Ferrara retired. Montero made over 200 appearances for i bianconeri, scoring one league goal. In the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, Montero was one of the three Juventus players to have their penalty saved by AC Milan keeper Dida in the shootout defeat. With his three Champions League final defeats, Montero is the player with the most Champions League final appearances not to win a Champions League medal, alongside former Juventus teammates Alessio Tacchinardi and Gianluigi Buffon.

San Lorenzo
After his tenure at Juventus, Montero moved to Argentinian club San Lorenzo. However, his time at the club was short-lived, as he constantly missed games due to injuries. He left the club after just 14 appearances and scored one goal against Racing Club. In 2006, offers came in from clubs such as Olympiacos and newly promoted Serie A club Catania; however, Montero chose to return to his childhood club where he began his career, Peñarol.

Return to Peñarol
For the 2006–07 season, Montero re-joined former club Peñarol for one last season before officially announcing his retirement. He scored one goal in 26 matches during his last season as a professional footballer.

International career
An important member of the Uruguayan national side, Montero first represented his team in an international tournament at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup, finishing in fourth place. He had previously played for the Uruguay U-20 side in the 1991 Under-20 World Championship. He also appeared for the senior side in the 2002 World Cup, after helping his side to qualify for the tournament, where the talented Uruguayan squad were disappointingly eliminated in the group stage. In the 2004 Copa América, Montero and Uruguay reached the semi-finals, finishing the tournament in third place. Montero also captained his country in their bid to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in an intercontinental playoff against Australia, the country the Uruguayans defeated by a very convincing margin of 3–0 to qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup tournament four years before. Sadly for Montero, he limped off with a hamstring injury during the second game in Sydney, and later, Australia went on to narrowly snatch the win and the World Cup qualification via penalties. After the defeat, Montero immediately announced his international retirement, saying "what happened today was such a pity as this group of players deserved to be at the World Cup finals." Montero made over 60 appearances for his country in between 1991 and 2006, scoring 5 goals.

Retirement
Paolo Montero reportedly retired in late May 2007 after attending a team training session in order to say goodbye to his teammates. His current squad had tried to persuade him to come back to football, with teammate Rubén Capria saying that "it's a tough blow to lose our captain".

He played his final match in what was also Marcelo Salas' farewell match, a former Juventus teammate of Montero's.

In August 2019, Montero enrolled in the UEFA Pro Licence courses at Coverciano.

Style of play
Considered to be one of the best defenders of his time, and one of Juventus's greatest ever centre-backs, Montero has been described as "skilful on the ball and calm under pressure", and a "wonderfully talented and intelligent footballer". In his prime, he was regarded as one of the best defenders in the world. His international reputation is one of a man who was "fearsome, immovable and essential, in a back line that conquered Italy and Europe". A versatile defender, he was capable of playing in the centre (both as a stopper or as a sweeper) or on the left (although this was not his favoured position), and was known for his strength, consistency, leadership and organisational skills. Montero also stood out during his career due to his aerial ability, timing, technical ability, and distribution.

A combative, tenacious, complete and talented defender, he was also frequently criticised for his aggression and hard tackling playing style throughout his career, as well as his knack for picking up unnecessary bookings. He holds the record for the most red cards received by a player in Serie A history, being sent off 16 times, and was sent off a total of 21 times throughout his career. In 2007, The Times placed him at number 39 in their list of the 50 hardest footballers in history. Welsh former winger Ryan Giggs described Montero and his defensive teammate at Juventus Ciro Ferrara as "...the toughest defenders [he] played against", also adding that they were often very hard in their challenges.

Managerial career
After retirement, Montero embarked on a career as a manager, working in his native Uruguay with Peñarol and Boca Unidos, and in Argentina with Colón and Rosario Central.

On 6 June 2019, he returned to Italy, being unveiled as the new head coach of Serie C club Sambenedettese for the club's 2019–20 season. He was sacked on 27 October 2020 after a string of defeats in the 2020–21 Serie C season. He was reinstated as Sambenedettese head coach on 11 February 2021, following the resignations of Mauro Zironelli. On 28 June 2022, Montero was appointed as head coach of Juventus U19.

On 19 May 2024, days after the dismissal of first team head coach Massimiliano Allegri, Juventus announced that Montero would serve as caretaker head coach for the remaining two games of the 2023–24 Serie A season. He was successively promoted in charge of the Under-23 team, Juventus Next Gen, playing in the Serie C league.

Personal life
His son, Alfonso, took part of Uruguay U17 on 2022 and 2023 and subsequently signed with Juventus.

Club

 * 1 Including 1 match in 1996 Intercontinental Cup and 1 match in 1996 UEFA Super Cup.
 * 2 Including 1 match in 1997 Supercoppa Italiana.
 * 3 Including 2 matches in season 1998–99 UEFA Cup qualification.
 * 4 Including 1 match in 2002 Supercoppa Italiana.

International

 * Source:

Club

 * Juventus
 * Serie A (4): 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03
 * Supercoppa Italiana (3): 1997, 2002, 2003
 * UEFA Super Cup (1): 1996
 * Intercontinental Cup (1): 1996
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup (1): 1999
 * UEFA Champions League: runner-up: 1996–97, 1997–98, 2002–03

Individual

 * FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Year: 1997
 * IFFHS Uruguayan Men's Dream Team (Team B)

title: Paolo Montero


text:
Slaughtermen (band)

The Slaughtermen are an Australian post-punk alternative southern gospel group, formed in Melbourne in 1984.

History
Founder members of The Slaughtermen were Rob Eastcott (piano), Mark Ferrie (bass guitar, vocals), Jans Friedenfelds (aka Johnny Crash, drums; ex-JAB, Models, Sacred Cowboys), Pierre Jaquinot (guitar), Peter Linden (pedal steel) and Ian Stephen (vocals, keyboards). Ferrie and Stephen were later joined by Andrew Pendlebury (ex-The Sports; lead guitar, vocals), Terry Doolan (ex-Sacred Cowboys; rhythm guitar, vocals), and Des Hefner (ex-The Birthday Party; drums, vocals). The band's first single, "God's Not Dead" b/w "Jesus Saves White Trash", was released on the Au Go Go label in 1986. This was followed by 1987's Still Lovin' You LP on the Cleopatra Records label, and 1988's Melbourne, Memphis and the Mansion in the Sky LP on the Agape label. The Slaughtermen gained a following playing revved up versions of southern gospel songs and barroom country classics at inner city rock venues in Sydney and Melbourne between 1985 and 1988.

The band enjoyed a year's residency at the Rising Sun Hotel in Melbourne which built a fairly even following of believers and sceptics. Singer Stephen, only added to the mystique and/or confusion by purchasing a twenty five dollar Reverendship from a religious organization from out of the back pages of the National Enquirer. A nationally broadcast hour-long live concert on Australia's ABC TV, cemented their unique place to this day, as Australia's first and only southern gospel group ( perhaps Steve Messer's Strange Country comes close but their material is fundamentally different), albeit twelve thousand miles from the original source of inspiration, America's Deep South.

"The Slaughtermen were, and still are, one of the most original bands ever to see the light of day in Australia." Mathew W. McPherson, Rolling Stone Australia

Pendlebury and Hefner left the band after the release of Melbourne, Memphis and a Mansion, and were replaced by Tony Thornton, (drums) and Martin Lubran (lead guitar and pedal steel).

After a lacklustre Sydney tour in 1988 the band ceased performing and released Jesus Can't Remember in April 1989 as a 12" EP. Later in 1989, Stephen formed the Ian Stephen Band and released solo material. In 1994 The Slaughtermen reconvened for a series of performances in Melbourne, and released a CD, Gospel Gold, on the Massive label in 1995. This 20 track disc featured live recordings of their gospel material culled from the Live Naturally album and various sound board recordings. In 1997, 2007 and 2009 the original members reformed for one-off concerts in Melbourne. In May 2012 The Slaughtermen announced performances in Melbourne for the coming August.

The Slaughtermen performed in August 2013 at the Caravan Club, Oakleigh, Victoria. Following the last song of the evening the band announced that it would no longer perform "Jesus Saves White Trash". The Slaughtermen performed twice in Sept 2014, in Melbourne, at Tago Mago in Thornbury and The Caravan Club in Oakleigh. The band once again revisited "Jesus Saves White Trash" due to many requests by the audience.

Members

 * Rob Eastcott – piano (1984)
 * Mark Ferrie – bass, vocals (1984–1987, 1989, 1994–present )
 * Jans Freidenfelds – drums (1984)
 * Pierre Jaquinot – guitar (1984)
 * Peter Linden – pedal steel (1984)
 * Ian Stephen – vocals, piano, organ (1984–1989, 1994–present)
 * Andrew Pendlebury – guitar, vocals (1985–1987 1994–present )
 * Terry Doolan – guitar, vocals (1986–87, 1989, 1994–present)
 * Des Hefner – drums (1986–1988, 1994–present)
 * Martin Lubran – pedal steel, guitar (1989)
 * Tony Thornton – drums (1989)

Singles

 * "God's Not Dead"/"Jesus Saves White Trash" - Au Go Go (ANDA 046) (June 1986)
 * "Jesus Can't Remember"/"Jesus Can't Remember" (Instrumental) - Agape (April 1989)

Albums

 * Live Naturally - Cleopatra (1986) (Cassette)
 * Still Lovin' You - Cleopatra (CLP220) (1987)
 * Melbourne, Memphis and a Mansion in the Sky Agape (1988)
 * Gospel Gold - Massive (1995)
 * Temptation - Endtime (30 May 2007)

title: Slaughtermen (band)


text:
Tattva vision

Tattva vision is a technique developed by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn to aid with the development of the faculty of astral clairvoyance. They were derived from the elements or tattvas of Hindu philosophy and the Vedantic doctrine of pancikarana, as interpreted by the Golden Dawn.

Tattva symbols
The astral forms of the tattvas and equivalent in Western elements:

Constructing tattva cards
Tattva cards can be constructed by cutting the tattva symbols out of coloured paper or card, and pasting on to small cards of about 6 inches by 6 inches in size. Alternatively the tattva symbols may be painted onto the cards, or a commercial set of cards may be obtained.

title: Tattva vision


text:
More & Faster

"More & Faster" is a KMFDM single released in 1989. The songs on this release also appeared on some European versions of UAIOE, and alternate versions of "More & Faster" and "Rip the System" both appeared on UAIOE. "More & Faster" later appeared on Virus, and "Rip the System" and "Naff Off" later appeared on the rarities collection Agogo. In 2008, KMFDM Records re-released this as a 7" vinyl single, limited to 250 copies.

Reception
Tom Popson of the Chicago Tribune said the song's vocals "actually exhibit some feeling-a bit of a novelty in a field where the singing often tends toward flat-toned, apocalyptic-doom stylings." Andy Hinds of Allmusic called it "probably the first KMFDM classic".

title: More & Faster


text:
Rummikub

Rummikub (, "rummy cube" ) is a tile-based game for 2 to 4 players, combining elements of the card game rummy and mahjong. There are 106 tiles in the game, including 104 numbered tiles (valued 1 to 13 in four different colors, two copies of each) and two jokers. Players have 14 or 16 tiles initially and take turns putting down tiles from their racks into sets (groups or runs) of at least three, drawing a tile if they cannot play. In the Sabra version (the most common and popular), the first player to use all their tiles scores a positive score based on the total of the other players' hands, while the losers get negative scores. Variations of the game contain four jokers. An important feature of the game is that players can move and reuse the tiles that have already been placed on the table.

History
Rummikub was invented by Ephraim Hertzano, a Romanian-born Jew, who emigrated to Israel after World War II. He hand-made the first sets with his family in the backyard of his home. Hertzano sold these sets door-to-door and on a consignment basis at small shops. Over the years, the family licensed it to other countries and it became Israel's best-selling export game. In the 1970s it was brought to the United States by Irv and Arline Kossoff to sell in their New York’s Gift, Games, and Luggage store. Arline translated the rules from Hebrew to English and by 1977, it became a bestselling game in the United States. The game was marketed as "Rummikid" during part of the 1970s.

Hertzano's Official Rummikub Book, published in 1978, describes three different versions of the game: American, Sabra, and International. Modern Rummikub sets include only the Sabra version rules, with no mention of the others, and there are variations in the rules between publishers. The game was first made by Lemada Light Industries Ltd, founded by Hertzano in 1978.

Rummikub is similar to several central European card games which are played with two decks of playing cards, including Machiavelli and Vatikan. Vatikan is played with two decks of cards and one joker per player, thus making 106 cards for two players.

In Turkey, the game is known as Okey and is widely played by families at gatherings or at local cafes.

Game pieces
Rummikub's main component is a pool of tiles, consisting of 104 number tiles and two joker tiles. The number tiles range in value from one to thirteen in four colors (blue, red, orange, and black). Each combination of color and number is represented twice. Players each have a rack to store tiles without revealing the face of the tiles to the other player(s).

Rules
The following explanation is based on the rules in the 1998 Pressman American edition.

Setup

Tiles are shuffled together and either placed into a bag or spread out face down across the table. Each player draws and reveals one tile. The player whose tile has the highest number value will start the game. Tiles are returned to the pool, and players collect 14 random tiles and arrange them on their racks. Play begins with the starting player and proceeds in a clockwise (for modern variants) direction.

Play
For the first player’s move, they must play a set (or sets in some versions) with a value of at least 30 points. The point value of a tile is taken from its face value unless the tile is a joker, in which case it assumes the value of the tile it is replacing. A player may not use other players' tiles to make the "initial meld". If a player cannot make an initial meld, they must pick up a single tile from the pool and add it to their rack. Play then proceeds to the next player.

Once a player has made their initial meld, they can, on a separate turn, play one or more tiles from their rack, making or adding to groups and/or runs. If the player cannot (or chooses not to) play any tiles, they must pick a tile randomly from the pool and add it to their rack.

Players may not make their initial meld and along with that play on groups and runs during the same turn. They can play on runs and groups after the turn of making the initial meld.

Players may play tiles by amending sets already in play. The only limit to the length of a run is the extremes of the tile values. Groups are limited to four because colors may not repeat within a group.

Sets
All tiles in play must be arranged in sets of at least three tiles. The two valid set types are called runs and groups.

A run is composed of three or more, same-colored tiles, in consecutive number order. (A 1 may not follow a 13.)

 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Example run: ||
 * }

A group is made from three or four same-value tiles in distinct colors. For example: red 3, blue 3, black 3 and yellow 3.

 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Example group: ||
 * }

Examples of invalid sets

||
 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Invalid because numbers are not consecutive: ||
 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Invalid because numbers in a run must all be the same color: ||
 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Invalid because colors may not repeat in a group:
 * }

Example of play

 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Tiles already out: ||
 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Own tiles: ||
 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Recombined result: ||    and
 * }

Manipulating existing tiles
During a player's turn, sets of tiles that have already been played may be manipulated to allow more tiles to be played. At the end of the turn, all played tiles must be in valid sets.

 * Shifting a run : Players may add the appropriate tile to either end of a run and remove a tile from the other end for use elsewhere. If red 3, 4, and 5 have already been played, a player may add the red 6 to the end and remove the 3 for use elsewhere.
 * Splitting a run : Players may split long runs and insert the corresponding tiles in the middle. Thus, if blue 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are already a run, the player may insert their own 8 to make two runs: 6, 7, 8 and 8, 9, 10.
 * Substituting in a group : Players may replace any of the tiles in a three-tile group with a tile of the fourth color and the same value. If blue 6, red 6, and yellow 6 are already a group, the player may add the black 6 and remove any one of the other three for use elsewhere.
 * Removing tiles : So long as the remaining tiles form a valid run, tiles can be removed from the ends of runs. Any one tile may be removed from a four-tile group.
 * Joker substitution :A joker may not be retrieved before the initial meld. A joker can be retrieved from a set by replacing it with a tile of the same numerical value and colour it represents. The tile used to replace the joker can come from the player's rack or from the table. In the case of a group of 3, the joker can be replaced by the tile of either of the missing colours. A joker that has been replaced must be used in the player's same turn as part of a new set. A set containing a joker can have tiles added to it, be split apart or have tiles removed from it. The joker can be moved or replaced in any possible way as long as you maintain a set of at least three tiles. The joker has a penalty value of 30 points if it remains on a player's rack at the end of the game
 * Harvested tiles : In the course of a turn, a tile that is "harvested" from an existing set must be played during the turn; it cannot be kept for later use. Example: if there is a 3, 4, 5 run on the table, the 3 can be harvested by putting down the appropriately colored 6, but the 3 must be used during that turn, not kept in the player's hand for later use.

Scoring
Once a winner has been declared, the losing players must add up the values of the tiles remaining in their racks (their score for the game). The joker has a penalty value of 30. A player's score for the game is subtracted from their current cumulative score. Once calculated, each of the losing players' scores for the game is added to the winners current cumulative score.

For example: suppose in a game player A wins, player B has a score of 5, player C has a score of 10 and player D a score of 3. Player A will now have a cumulative score of 18, player B will be −5, player C will be −10 and player D will be −3.

Should the game result in no winner, the player with the lowest number of tiles in their rack is the winner. Scoring is then carried out in the normal manner.

If one person never had the required points to make a meld and the game is over, their points are added to the score of each of the other players. The person with the fewest points is the winner.

Winning
Game play continues until a player has used all of the tiles in the rack, at which point they should call out "Rummikub," and are declared the winner. If the pool runs out of tiles, play continues until there is a winner or no player can make a valid play.

Rule variations

 * Draw Two / River :

 * Draw two - when you cannot or do not want to add a tile, you can draw from the Pool. To draw, pick up two (2) tiles, discard one (1) to the River, and place the other on your Rack, ending your turn. (The River is a row of tiles discarded during a draw. They must be kept in order of discard.)

 * Pull from River - when you want a particular Tile from the River, you must pick up all the Tiles preceding it. Tiles are added to the River from left to right. So, the oldest Tile is to the far left, and the newest is to the far right. The oldest Tile that you pick up in the River is the Key Tile and must be played during that turn. The remaining tiles pulled from the River are called the Plunder. All of the Plunder Tiles must be placed on your Rack and cannot be used this turn. Once you play the Key Tile your turn is over. You can use any tiles already on your rack in order to use the Key Tile.

 * "French" Rules :

 * Runs are played horizontally, like the original rules, but Groups are played vertically both on their own and also using the existing tiles that have been played (like Scrabble), allowing for a faster and more strategic game.

 * Like the original, the initial meld must be separate from the tiles already out but can be played with a Run and Group together from your own tiles.

Example of play using French Rules

 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Tiles already out: ||
 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Own tiles: ||
 * - style="line-height: 3em;"
 * Recombined result:

 * }

Reception
Games magazine included the game as Rummy-O II in their "Top 100 Games of 1980", noting the appeal of playing with tiles rather than cards for "the sound of snapping them onto the table when making a strong play".

Awards

 * 1980 Spiel des Jahres (German Game of the Year)
 * 1993 Gra Roku (Polish Game of the Year)

Reviews

 * Games #3
 * Family Games: The 100 Best

title: Rummikub


text:
User:VKokielov

 * "...dilexerunt homines magis tenebras quam lucem erant enim eorum mala opera"
 * "...et solem lumina aegra formidant et aversantur diem splendidum nocturna animalia, quae ad primum eius ortum stupent et latibula sua passim petunt, abduntur in aliquas rimas timida lucis."

title: User:VKokielov