text:
User talk:Akira625

Hi, List of Japanese surnames might become problematic soon in the format it is in now. Japanese probably has as many or more diffferent surnames than almost any other language. It needs to be busted up a little. Williamb 21:40, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Dog Fart Neutralizing Thong
Just a reminder that there's no need to put your deletion reason on the article itself when you list it at AfD. The place to explain why you think it should be deleted is the AfD page. BigHaz - Schreit mich an

Thanks
Thanks for your contribution to the pillow angel article. James Kidd 06:14, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

List of noted people in animation
Looks like you built this List of noted people in animation page about a year ago. Seems like it's need is being met by the Category:Animators. What are your thoughts? As the original author and sole major contributer you can request it be deleted with db-author if you chose. Jeepday (talk) 03:17, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Blutkind.jpg
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title: User talk:Akira625


text:
User talk:Blikus

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 17:31, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Blikus


text:
User talk:Sam Spade/PV chat

My response to your reason for not defending the TRUTH nor me-PV
Indopedia talk:AMA Requests for Assistance à¤œà¥à¤žà¤¾à¤¨à¤•à¥‹à¤¶: - The Indological Knowledgebase

[edit]PV If anyone is able or willing to help Paul Vogel (See wikien-1 mailing list), I'd expect he'd appreciate it. - Woodrow XXIIIII, Emperor of the United States, Minister of Ministry 20:08, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I am already acting in his defense, is he requesting a different advocate or what? I no longer use the mailing list, so a link to or cut/paste of his exact request would be appreciated. Sam Spade 20:19, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I think Calmypal/Woodrow may not have been aware that you were already involved, Sam. I haven't seen any request for a different advocate, and Paul has mentioned you recently in a way that I would assume he still sees you in that capacity. But you may want to check out the posts on wikien-l anyway, if you haven't already, because the arbitration committee may well consider it as evidence. I trust you know how to find the archives, even if you no longer subscribe. --Michael Snow 20:39, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

No, I am not asking anyone else to be my advocate, Sam Spade, although, you really should have read my own honest response to "Texture"'s typical slanderous and "false-witnessing", first, and before your own posting of that comment. -Paul Vogel

Kangaroo court for Thoughtcrime or for Paul Vogel's NPOV edits being pov and falsely called "vandalism" or "spam" when it is really for my lacking Political correctness or for my posting Hate speech in the Social Marxist-Jewish pov of the actual "Haters", "Trolls", and their POV political bigots and "Censorship": of this article[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Cosmotheism&action=history) on Cosmotheism[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Cosmotheism&oldid=3472204) below: and many others:

PS-BTW: Actually, some of those "criticisms" links for Judaism were actually your idea, Sam Spade, remember? The actual and only point of my posting these "criticisms" links to Judaism was only to NPOV have the two very false and slanderously pov links to Cosmotheism that were posted by "David Gerard" deleted, both for NPOV and to demonstrate that no such pov biased and to protest that no such pov double-standards should be allowed to stand within ANY religious Wikipedia articles. :D

That's just it: we want political correctness. That's part of NPOV. NPOV is not puttingin one POV section and balancing it out with another, it's keeping the whole article neutral. The Anti-Semitic site you linked to is insane nonsense about how the Jews secretly control the world, while the Cosmotheism criticisms were about Cosmotheism. That site had no information to contribute about the Jews and Judaism, it was just saying that they're all evil (well, no true information). Hoping you're reading this, George Washington III 01:32, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

That’s a POV of your own, Calmy. I dislike PC about as much as Paul does, to be honest. Your statements about his site are also POV, but I have to say, it’s not a particularly coherent site, and all the broken links and other foolishness make me rather skeptical myself, despite the high Google rating.

You have a right to your own POV, Sam. I and many others happen to disagree.-PV

And now that your case is pretty much decided, I feel comfortable pointing out why I recused myself from your case, Paul. It was because you personally were making sure it was unwinnable, and I would assume you were doing so consciously. From what I saw on the mailing list, you managed to provoke Jimbo himself, much less the various arbitrators involved. With that sort of a deficit to work with, I really didn't feel able to justify continuing on.

In other words, Sam, you just were not willing to stick your own neck out to uphold the truth, verses the gang of PC liars, hypocrites, and Jewish cabal of censorious bigots at Wikipedia, that would have had your head if you did properly defend any factual NPOV within those articles.-PV

I would like to point out to you Paul that since Cosmotheism see's God in every one of us, that would include Black folks and Jews. Heck, even Commies exist, and are therefore an aspect of God.

True enough, that GOD being the Consciousness of Being, itself. However, this awareness is NOT EQUAL in every one of us, nor by race, ethnicity, nor belief. Intelligence, just like this Cosmic Conscious Awareness, is NOT EQUAL in every one of us.-PV

If, as a white person you feel closer to God, I would hope that we could judge that by your fruits. Rather than being angry and yelling at commies, I find it best to focus on doing what good and charity that we can, assisting those we love. And in the end, when God is All, we should have some basic good will and charity towards everyone. Sam Spade 02:51, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

A White person that is closer to GOD/COSMOS always judges by both my own and by others fruits. The "fruit" of commies has been the vile murder and death of millions both born and unborn. My anger is based upon being fully aware of the "fruits" of ignorant and Blind Faith based secular and traditional religions and beliefs. I do assist all that wish to know the WHOLE TRUTHS of REALITY to discover them for their own selves. That is my form of "charity" and is my form of "doing good", in upholding only the WHOLE TRUTHS of REALITY that is deliberately being denied and suppressed by the Usual Suspects, for only selfish and egotistical and materialistic reasons and blind faith based false beliefs. My basic good will is reserved for only all of those that do have good will in return and that actually do have Personal Integrity, or intellectual honesty and actual moral courage, of whatever race, breed, or ethnicity. Those, alone, are my spiritual and moral and intellectual equals and only these few are considered by Cosmotheists to be any true brothers and sisters worthy of both our "good will" and "charity".

Best regards, Paul Vogel aka the NEEDLE http://www.cosmotheism.net bannedneedle@yahoo.com http://www.nationalvanguard.org

Leaving a message and response to your non-defense of me-PV
Indopedia talk:AMA Requests for Assistance à¤œà¥à¤žà¤¾à¤¨à¤•à¥‹à¤¶: - The Indological Knowledgebase

[edit]PV If anyone is able or willing to help Paul Vogel (See wikien-1 mailing list), I'd expect he'd appreciate it. - Woodrow XXIIIII, Emperor of the United States, Minister of Ministry 20:08, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I am already acting in his defense, is he requesting a different advocate or what? I no longer use the mailing list, so a link to or cut/paste of his exact request would be appreciated. Sam Spade 20:19, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I think Calmypal/Woodrow may not have been aware that you were already involved, Sam. I haven't seen any request for a different advocate, and Paul has mentioned you recently in a way that I would assume he still sees you in that capacity. But you may want to check out the posts on wikien-l anyway, if you haven't already, because the arbitration committee may well consider it as evidence. I trust you know how to find the archives, even if you no longer subscribe. --Michael Snow 20:39, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

No, I am not asking anyone else to be my advocate, Sam Spade, although, you really should have read my own honest response to "Texture"'s typical slanderous and "false-witnessing", first, and before your own posting of that comment. -Paul Vogel

Kangaroo court for Thoughtcrime or for Paul Vogel's NPOV edits being pov and falsely called "vandalism" or "spam" when it is really for my lacking Political correctness or for my posting Hate speech in the Social Marxist-Jewish pov of the actual "Haters", "Trolls", and their POV political bigots and "Censorship": of this article[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Cosmotheism&action=history) on Cosmotheism[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Cosmotheism&oldid=3472204) below: and many others:

PS-BTW: Actually, some of those "criticisms" links for Judaism were actually your idea, Sam Spade, remember? The actual and only point of my posting these "criticisms" links to Judaism was only to NPOV have the two very false and slanderously pov links to Cosmotheism that were posted by "David Gerard" deleted, both for NPOV and to demonstrate that no such pov biased and to protest that no such pov double-standards should be allowed to stand within ANY religious Wikipedia articles. :D

That's just it: we want political correctness. That's part of NPOV. NPOV is not puttingin one POV section and balancing it out with another, it's keeping the whole article neutral. The Anti-Semitic site you linked to is insane nonsense about how the Jews secretly control the world, while the Cosmotheism criticisms were about Cosmotheism. That site had no information to contribute about the Jews and Judaism, it was just saying that they're all evil (well, no true information). Hoping you're reading this, George Washington III 01:32, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

That’s a POV of your own, Calmy. I dislike PC about as much as Paul does, to be honest. Your statements about his site are also POV, but I have to say, it’s not a particularly coherent site, and all the broken links and other foolishness make me rather skeptical myself, despite the high Google rating.

You have a right to your own POV, Sam. I and many others happen to disagree.-PV

And now that your case is pretty much decided, I feel comfortable pointing out why I recused myself from your case, Paul. It was because you personally were making sure it was unwinnable, and I would assume you were doing so consciously. From what I saw on the mailing list, you managed to provoke Jimbo himself, much less the various arbitrators involved. With that sort of a deficit to work with, I really didn't feel able to justify continuing on.

In other words, Sam, you just were not willing to stick your own neck out to uphold the truth, verses the gang of PC liars, hypocrites, and Jewish cabal of censorious bigots at Wikipedia, that would have had your head if you did properly defend any factual NPOV within those articles.-PV

I would like to point out to you Paul that since Cosmotheism see's God in every one of us, that would include Black folks and Jews. Heck, even Commies exist, and are therefore an aspect of God.

True enough, that GOD being the Consciousness of Being, itself. However, this awareness is NOT EQUAL in every one of us, nor by race, ethnicity, nor belief. Intelligence, just like this Cosmic Conscious Awareness, is NOT EQUAL in every one of us.-PV

If, as a white person you feel closer to God, I would hope that we could judge that by your fruits. Rather than being angry and yelling at commies, I find it best to focus on doing what good and charity that we can, assisting those we love. And in the end, when God is All, we should have some basic good will and charity towards everyone. Sam Spade 02:51, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

A White person that is closer to GOD/COSMOS always judges by both my own and by others fruits. The "fruit" of commies has been the vile murder and death of millions both born and unborn. My anger is based upon being fully aware of the "fruits" of ignorant and Blind Faith based secular and traditional religions and beliefs. I do assist all that wish to know the WHOLE TRUTHS of REALITY to discover them for their own selves. That is my form of "charity" and is my form of "doing good", in upholding only the WHOLE TRUTHS of REALITY that is deliberately being denied and suppressed by the Usual Suspects, for only selfish and egotistical and materialistic reasons and blind faith based false beliefs. My basic good will is reserved for only all of those that do have good will in return and that actually do have Personal Integrity, or intellectual honesty and actual moral courage, of whatever race, breed, or ethnicity. Those, alone, are my spiritual and moral and intellectual equals and only these few are considered by Cosmotheists to be any true brothers and sisters worthy of both our "good will" and "charity".

Best regards, Paul Vogel aka the NEEDLE http://www.cosmotheism.net bannedneedle@yahoo.com http://www.nationalvanguard.org

 * OK, #1. I did defend you, and for some time, I meerly recused myself (w/o revoking my previous defense, BTW) when i realized you were Pissing off Jimbo on the mailinglist!!!

 * Next, #2. The website had all type of broken links, or did when I read it. That makes me think its pretty wack, underfunded or understaffed. I'm ok w links to wanky websites, but don't expect me to have confidence in the info if I can't even link to it!

 * Now, #3, I don;t stick my neck out? WTF, read my edit history.

 * And #4. Of course our awareness of God isn't equal, nothing is equal, equality is a commie lie. See User:Sam Spade/Theoretical Biases. We agree there.

 * Finially, #5, you sound like an exclusionist, only loving your own neighbors. I say everybodies my neighbor, and yeah, i do love people who are handy better than those who arn't, but I try. I do my best to love and do well for anyone and everyone, part of why I'm here editing an encyclopedia btw. Not saying i'm perfect, but I am an inclusionist.

 * In conclusion, pray alot, study alot, get out and party and meet people. Its a big beautiful world, and all of its God, from your stool to the moon, from pamela anderson to a bushman, God is.

tattvam asi,

Sam Spade 17:20, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sam Spade/PV chat


text:
User:Khamm

Hello and goodbye.

title: User:Khamm


text:
Assassin (group)

Assassin is a French hardcore rap group formed in the 18th municipal district (arrondissement municipal) of Paris. The group was formed in 1985 by Rockin' Squat and Solo. Later, Doctor L joined them, as well as DJ Clyde. The group had a significant presence on the French underground music scene in the 1980s and 1990s, with lyrics referencing social inequalities and denouncing commercialism.

Rockin' Squat is Mathias Crochon, Jean-Pierre Cassel's son and brother of Vincent Cassel. He has tried for more than 15 years to elevate the mind of the ghetto, similar to KRS-One, Immortal Technique, and Chuck D in the US. The group undertook national tours in France in the 1990s.

Discography (Assassin)

 * 1991 : "Note mon nom sur ta liste" (Maxi)
 * 1993 : "Le futur que nous reserve-t-il?" (album) (Assassin Productions/Delabel)
 * 1993 : "Non à cette éducation" (EP)
 * 1995 : "L'homicide volontaire" (album) (Assassin Productions/Delabel), re-released on Virgin France
 * 1995 : "L'odyssée suit son cours" (maxi)
 * 1996 : "Shoota Babylone" (maxi)
 * 1996 : "Écrire contre l'oubli" (EP), re-released on EMI; #32 France
 * 1996 : "Underground Connexion" (maxi)
 * 1998 : "Wake up" (maxi)
 * 2000 : "Touche d'espoir" (album) (Assassin Productions/Delabel), re-released on Virgin France; #11 France
 * 2001 : "Perspective" (maxi)
 * 2002 : "Assassin live" (album live à l'Olympia), re-released on EMI; #12 France
 * 2004 : "Perles rares ( 1989 - 2002 ) (Livin'Astro), re-released on EMI
 * 2004 : "Le futur, que nous reserve-t-il?"(Réédition) (Livin'Astro), re-released on EMI
 * 2005 : "Touche d'espoir" (Edition 2005) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2005 : "Note mon nom sur ta liste" (Réédition) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2006 : "Académie Mythique" (Best of CD & DVD) (Livin' Astro), re-released on EMI

Discography (Rockin' Squat)

 * 2002 : "Illegal mixtapes" (Street album) (Assassin Productions)
 * 2003 : "Illegal mixtapes 2" (Street album) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2004 : "Libre vs démocratie fasciste" (EP) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2007 : "Too hot for TV" (EP) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2008 : "Confessions d'un enfant du siècle Vol 1" (Album) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2009 : "Confessions d'un enfant du siècle Vol 2" (Album) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2010 : "Olympia 2009" (Album Live) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2010 : "Confessions d'un enfant du siècle Vol 3" (Album) (Livin'Astro)
 * 2011 : "US Alien Chapter one" (Compilation) (Livin'Astro)

title: Assassin (group)


text:
Beaver Valley Nuclear Power Station

Beaver Valley Power Station is a nuclear power plant on the Ohio River covering 1000 acre near Shippingport, Pennsylvania, United States, 27 miles roughly northwest of Pittsburgh. The plant is operated by Energy Harbor and power is generated by two Westinghouse pressurized water reactors. As of 2023, it is the fourth largest employer in Beaver County.

In 2018, previous owner FirstEnergy Solutions filed for bankruptcy and announced the plant would begin deactivation by 2021. However, upon emergence from bankruptcy in 2020 as new owner Energy Harbor, the shutdown of the plant was reversed largely due to then Governor Tom Wolf's decision to join the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative.

In 2023, it was announced that parent company Energy Harbor will be acquired by retail electricity and power generation company Vistra Corp, who is based in Irving, TX.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of Beaver Valley was 114,514, a decrease of 6.6 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 3,140,766, a decrease of 3.7 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Pittsburgh (27 miles away, located upriver from the station).

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Beaver Valley was Reactor 1: 1 in 20,833; Reactor 2: 1 in 45,455, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

Fessenheim
Beaver Valley 1 was used as the reference design for the French nuclear plant at Fessenheim.

title: Beaver Valley Nuclear Power Station


text:
User talk:Jconnort

Why are you turning DoubleClick back into a copy of the company's marketing prose? -- Coneslayer 17:35, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jconnort


text:
Talk:Lasagna

Requested move 21 August 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. per discussion consensus, based on WP:COMMONNAME. While it is true that some other countries sometimes use "lasagne", it was most persuasive to discussion participants that "lasagna" is the most common almost everywhere, and it is mixed usage outside the US. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 10:36, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

Lasagne → Lasagna – per WP:SINGULAR. An extensive RM discussion occurred nearly 10 years ago and much of the evidence marshal(l)ed is still valid. After having bounced between two titles, the present title was established by no-consensus intertia after the article was created and spent most of its life at. To make things interesting, the name lasagne is used as plural in the article, to conform with Italian, not English, usage. This Google ngram shows that "lasagna" is the more common name and that both it and "lasagne" are overwhelmingly used in the singular. If lasagne is indeed correctly a plural, then the article should be moved per WP:SINGULAR. If the title should remain (per WP:ENGVAR vs. WP:COMMONALITY or whatever), then the article should be edited to use that name as a singular. What say ye? —  AjaxSmack 16:45, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I appreciate that pun Red  Slash  19:34, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * I have no opinion on this move, but is there any policy/guideline-based reason not to use either the title in the singular? (No, lasagne/a is not a class of objects in English.)  —  AjaxSmack  16:45, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * If you have no opinion, why are you proposing it? This article has been stable for nearly a decade, and I don't think the guidelines have changed substantially since then in a way that would affect the outcome. Ibadibam (talk) 09:26, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Because a) the current title does not appear to be the common name (not in accord with WP:UCN), (b) if "lasagne" is a plural, the the title is contrary to WP:SINGULAR and (c) if "lasagne" is singular as the ngram seems to overwhelmingly show, then the article text "Lasagne (singular lasagna) are a type of pasta" is at best non-idiomatic and at worst contrary to WP:UE. Two of these three issues involve the title of the article, so I chose the RM process to bring them up.  "I have no opinion" means I don't have a preferred solution, but hope to spur discussion to resolve these issues. —  AjaxSmack  15:51, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment. To me, the point we have lots of articles about different pasta shapes: spaghetti; fettucine; ravioli; rigatoni etc.  They are all (as far as I've checked) titled using Italian plurals.  To me, this article is about just another pasta shape and ought to follow the same pattern.  No one is going to apply WP:SINGULAR to move spaghetti to spaghetto; that would just be silly.  This is a "common-sense exception" to WP:SINGULAR. --Trovatore (talk) 19:46, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Spaghetto is not a common name and is not English; lasagna is. And the spaghetti article uses the singular ("Spaghetti is a long, thin,...") and so is in perfect harmony with WP:SINGULAR. —  AjaxSmack  00:25, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Some of the other pasta articles do use the plural, though. Look, this is not the hill I'm going to die on.  A move to lasagna is plausible and wouldn't break my heart.  I'm just suggesting that consonance with the source language is an advantage, even if a small one, and that it militates for lasagne. --Trovatore (talk) 03:14, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Would you support no move but a text change "Lasagne or lasagna is a type of pasta, possibly one of..." (singular verb) with a footnote explaining the Italian singular-plural distinction? —  AjaxSmack 15:51, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Support WP:USEENGLISH "lasagne" is not English -- 64.229.88.43 (talk) 04:45, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Support move. The common name in English is "lasagna".  O.N.R.  (talk) 05:45, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Per, all pasta articles on Wikipedia are titled in the plural. And as was demonstrated in the prior discussion, lasagne is the dominant usage in UK English, while lasagna is more common US usage. That makes this a case of WP:RETAIN, not WP:USEENGLISH. Ibadibam (talk) 09:19, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * But a Google ngram shows that "lasagne" is not plural in English. And not all pasta articles use the plural.  Fettucine, macaroni, penne, spaghetti and vermicelli among others use the singular in the first line of the intro. —  AjaxSmack  15:51, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Let's clarify our terms: when I say "titled in the plural", I mean that the noun itself is in the morphologically plural inflected form. I'm focusing on the noun alone because the purpose of this discussion is to determine the title of the article; usage within the article is a secondary issue. When you say those articles "use the singular", I agree that the article bodies treat the nouns as syntactically singular by way of notional agreement. Your example articles treat the plural form as a class name or collective noun, in some cases explicitly describing it as a "type". Note:
 * "Fettucine is a type of pasta" (ngram: is)
 * "Macaroni is dry pasta" (ngram: is)
 * "Penne is [a] ... type of pasta" (ngram: is)
 * "Spaghetti is a ... pasta" (ngram: is)
 * "Vermicelli is a ... type of pasta" (ngram: is)
 * In none of these do we see, for example, " spaghetti is a ...". And note also:
 * "Bucatini" are a ... pasta" (ngram: inconclusive, trending toward is)
 * "Gnocchi are a ... family of dumpling" (ngram: are)
 * "Ravioli are a type of pasta" (ngram: inconclusive, trending toward is)
 * "Rigatoni are a form of ... pasta" (ngram: is)
 * "Tagliatelle are a ... type of pasta" (ngram: inconclusive, trending toward is)
 * All that to say, there isn't uniform consistency in the way pasta names are treated on Wikipedia or the wider world, so I don't have a strong opinion which construction this article uses. Second issue (in this specific example just a nitpick, but in another example it could affect the statistics), the ngram result you linked uses a case-sensitive search with "Lasagna" and "Lasagne" capitalized, which excludes lowercase "lasagna" and "lasagne". For complete results, use the case-insensitive setting. Ibadibam (talk) 19:50, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I appreciate the "nitpick".  I forgot to click the "case insensitive".  The nouns are not in the morphologically plural inflected form in English, though.  And English usage should drive the title: either "lasagne" is plural, in which case move to "lasagna", or it's singular (which ngrams suggests), in which case simply WP:RETAIN the current title and edit the article. —  AjaxSmack  02:09, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorta oppose, but ok with either - dictionaries do a good job at codifying actual usage, and they seem to all be perfectly ok with lasagne (with a UK/US split).
 * Merriam Webster (US) - lasagna ("less commonly lasagne") for noodle, lasagna for dish
 * Cambridge (UK) - separate entries for both: lasagne ("mainly UK") or lasagna ("usually US")
 * Collins (UK) - entry at lasagne for dish, entry at lasagna ("American English") for pasta or dish
 * Oxford (Lexico, UK) - separate entries for lasagne ("also lasagna") and lasagna ("also lasagne") 🤷♂
 * American Heritage (US) - lasagna, "also lasagne"
 * Macquarie (Australia) - lasagne "also lasagna" Fredlesaltique (talk) 13:13, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME.--Ortizesp (talk) 14:06, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per Garfield, who calls it "lasagna". Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 20:40, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I supported moving to lasagna last time on the grounds that the article (unlike other pasta articles) is about the dish more than it's about the noodle. As far as I can see that's still the case, but I'm open to arguments otherwise. Powers T 01:24, 23 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Didn't we figure out last time that lasagna is the name of the dish in North American English only, and that the dish is lasagne everywhere else? Ibadibam (talk) 21:38, 23 August 2022 (UTC)
 * My own understanding is that the dish is only "lasagna" in American English (maybe not 100%, but 90%) and it's mixed use everywhere else. Red   Slash  15:44, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:29, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Strong support per last time; it's a name that provides commonality between varieties of English, and it is by far the common name overall in this language. Italian grammar is irrelevant, just like how I am not going to go over to the Spanish Wikipedia and criticize them for saying "smoking" is a noun that refers to a jacket. Red   Slash  19:32, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Out of curiosity, however, I did check, and... voila Spanish's article ends with an "a". Red   Slash  19:34, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Just a note on the "commonality" point: lasagne most definitely is in use in the United States.  If I remember correctly, you took the position last time that it was not, but that is not so. --Trovatore (talk) 19:47, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's not even close, actually; the "a" version is waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaay more common (for comparison, gray,grey in British English Red   Slash  15:31, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * For further comparison, your same word pair but in UK English is about 2:1 in favor of -e. Ibadibam (talk) 04:31, 26 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose a move. I've seen no strong evidence in this discussion to override or ignore WP:RETAIN (although the article was also called "lasagna" for long periods in the 00s) and no reason why "lasagne" can't be used as a singular in the article's text to settle the WP:SINGULAR issue. —  AjaxSmack  18:55, 26 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per common usage in the English language. BD2412  T 03:08, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

Co-op disagrees
https://www.coop.co.uk/products/co-op-beef-lasagne-400g In ictu oculi (talk) 19:10, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

Usage
Notice the following from April 2019, "‘Lasagna’ is also the American English spelling of the word, with ‘lasagnas’ being the American plural. English speakers outside of North America usually use ‘lasagne.’ ... Most pastas dishes in Italian are referred to by their plural name because recipes requires the use of more than one lone noodle (of course) ... many popular Italian foods in the United States nowadays are referred to by the wrong name." https://craves.everybodyshops.com/lasagna-or-lasagne-which-is-correct/ and, from August 2020: "... I very recently realized I (along with most Americans) have apparently been spelling my favorite Italian dish wrong my entire life. Recently, Google Trends reported "lasagne" saw a nearly 200% increase in searches within the United States." https://news.yahoo.com/lasagna-lasagne-same-thing-191015380.html.

Since the spelling with a at the end is exclusively American (and there appears to be a change in America) surely there's less reason for the WP article intended for all English speakers to spell it that way. Mcljlm (talk) 22:23, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

"ALSO"?
"Either term can also refer to an Italian dish made of stacked layers of lasagna alternating with fillings such as ragù (ground meats and tomato sauce), béchamel sauce, vegetables, cheeses (which may include ricotta, mozzarella, and Parmesan), and seasonings and spices." "ALSO"? This dish is only Italian, the others are just imitations. JacktheBrown (talk) 17:56, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lasagna


text:
Category:Nonmetal halides

This category includes all halides of nonmetals, which are nearly all covalent compounds. It does not include oxohalides such as phosgene, or similar mixed compounds. This category serves as a complement to Category:Metal halides.

title: Category:Nonmetal halides


text:
The Chimes of Midnight

The Chimes of Midnight is the twenty-ninth audio drama of the British science fiction audio series Doctor Who: The Monthly Adventures from Big Finish Productions. It was written by Robert Shearman and directed by Barnaby Edwards.

Initially released as a CD on 25 February 2002, this story was later broadcast on digital radio station BBC 7 in four weekly parts, starting on 17 December 2005, and has been rebroadcast on the same channel beginning on 17 December 2006, and again on 26 and 27 September 2007.

Plot
An Edwardian home, Christmas 1906. Or is it? The Doctor and Charley are caught in a mysterious house outside of time and when the grandfather clock strikes, someone will get murdered. Can the Doctor unmask the murderer? Or is something far more sinister at work?

Cast

 * The Doctor — Paul McGann
 * Charley Pollard — India Fisher
 * Edith — Louise Rolfe
 * Shaughnessy — Lennox Greaves
 * Mrs Baddeley — Sue Wallace
 * Frederick — Robert Curbishley
 * Mary — Juliet Warner

title: The Chimes of Midnight


text:
Category:Australian Formula One drivers

This category includes all Australian drivers who have participated in (or attempted to participate in):
 * a Formula One race, or
 * an FIA World Championship race (not all of which were Formula One races).

title: Category:Australian Formula One drivers


text:
128-bit computing

General home computing and gaming utility emerged at 8-bit word sizes, as 28=256 words, a natural unit of data, become possible. Thus, early 8-bit CPUs (Zilog Z80, 6502, Intel 8088 introduced 1976–1981 by Commodore, Tandy Corporation, Apple and IBM) inaugurated the era of personal computing. Many 16-bit CPUs already existed in the mid-1970s. Over the next 30 years, the shift to 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit computing allowed, respectively, 216 = 65,536 unique words, 232 = 4,294,967,296 unique words and 264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique words respectively, each step offering a meaningful advantage until 64 bits was reached. Further advantages evaporate from 64-bit to 128-bit computing as the number of possible values in a register increases from roughly 18 quintillion ($1.8$) to 340 undecillion ($3.4$) as so many unique values are never utilized. Thus, with a register that can store 2128 values, no advantages over 64-bit computing accrue to either home computing or gaming. CPUs with a larger word size also require more circuitry, are physically larger, require more power and generate more heat. Thus, there are currently no mainstream general-purpose processors built to operate on 128-bit integers or addresses, although a number of processors do have specialized ways to operate on 128-bit chunks of data, and are given in.

Representation
A processor with 128-bit byte addressing could directly address up to 2128 (over $3.4$) bytes, which would greatly exceed the total data captured, created, or replicated on Earth as of 2018, which has been estimated to be around 33 zettabytes (over 274 bytes).

A 128-bit register can store 2128 (over 3.40 × 1038) different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 128 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 340, 282, 366, 920, 938, 463, 463, 374, 607, 431, 768, 211, 455 (2128 − 1) for representation as an (unsigned) binary number, and −170, 141, 183, 460, 469, 231, 731, 687, 303, 715, 884, 105, 728 (−2127) through 170, 141, 183, 460, 469, 231, 731, 687, 303, 715, 884, 105, 727 (2127 − 1) for representation as two's complement.

Quadruple precision (128 bits) floating-point numbers can store 113-bit fixed-point numbers or integers accurately without losing precision (thus 64-bit integers in particular). Quadruple precision floats can also represent any position in the observable universe with at least micrometer precision.

Decimal128 floating-point numbers can represent numbers with up to 34 significant digits.

History
A 128-bit multicomparator was described by researchers in 1976.

The IBM System/360 Model 85, and IBM System/370 and its successors, support 128-bit floating-point arithmetic.

The Siemens 7.700 and 7.500 series mainframes and their successors support 128-bit floating-point arithmetic.

Most modern CPUs feature single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction sets (Streaming SIMD Extensions, AltiVec etc.) where 128-bit vector registers are used to store several smaller numbers, such as four 32-bit floating-point numbers. A single instruction can then operate on all these values in parallel. However, these processors do not operate on individual numbers that are 128 binary digits in length; only their vector registers have the size of 128 bits.

The DEC VAX supported operations on 128-bit integer ('O' or octaword) and 128-bit floating-point ('H-float' or HFLOAT) datatypes. Support for such operations was an upgrade option rather than being a standard feature. Since the VAX's registers were 32 bits wide, a 128-bit operation used four consecutive registers or four longwords in memory.

The ICL 2900 Series provided a 128-bit accumulator, and its instruction set included 128-bit floating-point and packed decimal arithmetic.

A CPU with 128-bit multimedia extensions was designed by researchers in 1999.

Among the sixth generation of video game consoles, the Dreamcast and the PlayStation 2 used the term "128-bit" in their marketing to describe their capability. The Playstation 2's CPU had 128-bit SIMD capabilities. Neither console supported 128-bit addressing or 128-bit integer arithmetic.

Hardware
The RISC-V ISA specification from 2016 includes a reservation for a 128-bit version of the architecture, but the details remain undefined intentionally, because there is yet so little practical experience with such large word size.

Software
In the same way that compilers emulate e.g. 64-bit integer arithmetic on architectures with register sizes less than 64 bits, some compilers also support 128-bit integer arithmetic. For example, the GCC C compiler 4.6 and later has a 128-bit integer type  for some architectures. GCC and compatible compilers signal the presence of 128-bit arithmetic when the macro  is defined. For the C programming language, 128-bit support is optional, e.g. via the  type, or it can be implemented by a compiler-specific extension. The Rust programming language has built-in support for 128-bit integers (originally via LLVM), which is implemented on all platforms. A 128-bit type provided by a C compiler can be available in Perl via the  module.

Uses

 * Universally unique identifiers (UUID) consist of a 128-bit value.
 * IPv6 routes computer network traffic amongst a 128-bit range of addresses.
 * ZFS is a 128-bit file system.
 * 128 bits is a common key size for symmetric ciphers and a common block size for block ciphers in cryptography.
 * The IBM i Machine Interface defines all pointers as 128-bit. The Machine Interface instructions are translated to the hardware's real instruction set as required, allowing the underlying hardware to change without needing to recompile the software. Past hardware had a CISC instruction set with 48-bit addressing, while current hardware is 64-bit PowerPC/Power ISA. In the PowerPC/Power ISA implementation, the first four bytes contain information used to identify the type of the object being referenced, and the final eight bytes are used as a virtual memory address. The remaining four bytes are unused, and would allow IBM i applications to be extended to 96-bit addressing in future without requiring code changes.
 * Increasing the word size can speed up multiple precision mathematical libraries, with applications to cryptography, and potentially speed up algorithms used in complex mathematical processing (numerical analysis, signal processing, complex photo editing and audio and video processing).
 * MD5 is a hash function producing a 128-bit hash value.
 * Apache Avro uses a 128-bit random number as synchronization marker for efficient splitting of data files.

title: 128-bit computing


text:
Pallini

Pallini (Παλλήνη) is a suburban town in Greater Athens Area and a municipality in East Attica, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Gerakas. It is the seat of administration of the East Attica regional unit.

Geography
Pallini is situated in the eastern part of the Athens conurbation, at about 150 m elevation. It lies in a plain between the mountains Penteliko and Hymettus. It is 2 km east of Gerakas and 14 km east of Athens city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Gerakas and Anthousa. Pallini station, west of the town centre, is served by commuter trains and Athens metro. Greek National Road 54 (Athens - Rafina) passes through Pallini. The municipal unit Pallini includes the subdivision of Leontari.

Municipality
The municipality Pallini was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Anthousa
 * Gerakas
 * Pallini

The municipality has an area of 29.430 km2, the municipal unit 18.932 km2.

Notable people

 * Dimitri Nanopoulos (1948-), physicist
 * Katerina Stefanidi (1990-), Olympic gold medalist in the women's pole vault

title: Pallini


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Iranian numbers

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - no real consensus, for now I have redirected it to Numbers in various languages, which already has the names in Persian. - SimonP 21:45, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

Iranian numbers
List of digits with a latinized translation into Persian or some other language. If this type of information is useful, it may be placed into the appropriate number articles. Delete --Allen3 talk 17:38, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. RickK 19:43, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary if they want it and Delete --Carnildo 22:57, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wiktionary doesn't want transliterations. —Korath (Talk) 03:04, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with Korath. Megan1967 05:23, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Korath. Radiant_* 08:56, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic list. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:39, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. At most, merge with Persian language. - Mustafaa 00:02, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - I would be quite happy to see a List of numbers in different languages, with this as one small section of it. I think it would be fairly useful to have the numbers 1-10 in as many languages as possible here. This article could be merged with it, if such a beast existed. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 05:16, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge - into List of numbers in different lanugages, as per Grutness's suggestion. - Pioneer-12 09:16, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, there are alot of different languages: Numbers from 1 to 10 in Over 5000 Languages. It seems the research has been done. A set of lists of numbers by language would be most helpful to the linguistic articles. It's one of the standard means of language comparison.
 * Merge into Numbers in various languages: this article dates back to 2003. Unless there are special numerals, in which case it would be useful as an article along with Chinese numerals, Japanese numerals. Fg2 10:18, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool. Iranian = Modern Persian. That article already contains an entry for Persian. That entry contains the same numbers as this list, with very slight differences - Transliteration error or regional/temporal variation? The big list contains several closely related dialect variations, including Farsi and Tati. Farsi is described in sources as "the Official language of Iran", and another name for Persian. Actually, I think Farsi is the official and self-identified name for Farsi/Persian/Iranian - I believe that, if you asked someone from Iran, they would tell you that they spoke Farsi.... Yes, the wiki entry for Persian language confirms this.
 * So... these Iranian numbers are a dialect of Persian/Farsi - a meaningfully different dialect or simply a transliteration error? Without a source for the info, we have no way of knowing. So I say delete this info as redundant and unsourced and redirect the link to Numbers in various languages so future efforts/searches are coordinated with that list. No harm is done by deleting this unsourced info, as "Numbers in various languages" already contains an entry for Persian. - Pioneer-12 15:00, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:209.2.4.76

title: User talk:209.2.4.76


text:
Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant

The Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) is a nuclear power plant located on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay near Lusby, Calvert County, Maryland in the Mid-Atlantic United States. It is the only nuclear power plant in the state of Maryland.

Overview
The plant is owned and operated by Constellation Energy and has two 2737 megawatt thermal (MWth) Combustion Engineering Generation II two-loop pressurized water reactors. Each generating plant (CCNPP 1&2) produces approximately 850 megawatt electrical (MWe) net or 900 MWe gross. Each plant's electrical load consumes approximately 50 MWe. These are saturated steam plants (non-superheated) and are approximately 33% efficient (ratio of 900 MWe gross/2700 MWth core). Only the exhaust of the single high-pressure main turbine is slightly superheated by a two-stage reheater before delivering the superheated steam in parallel to the three low-pressure turbines. Unit 1 uses a General Electric–designed main turbine and generator, while Unit 2 uses a Westinghouse–designed main turbine and generator. The heat produced by the reactor is returned to the bay, which operates as a cooling heat-sink for the plant.

Unit 1 went into commercial service in 1975 and Unit 2 in 1977. The total cost of the two units was approximately US$766 million, about $3.699 billion in.

Unit 1 had its two steam generators replaced in 2002 and its reactor vessel closure head replaced in 2006, while unit 2 had its two steam generators replaced in 2003, and its vessel closure head replaced in 2007.

The water around the plant (see lower-right-center of photograph) is a very popular place for anglers. Unit 1 & 2 each takes in bay water (from the fenced-in area) to cool its steam driven turbine condensers plus other bay-water–cooled primary and secondary system heat exchangers. The bay water is pumped out at a nominal flow rate of 1.2 million gallons per minute (75,000 L/s) per unit (Unit 1 and 2) for each steam turbine condenser. The water is returned to the bay no more than 12 °F (6.7 °C) warmer than the bay water. Unlike many other nuclear power plants, Calvert Cliffs did not have to utilize water cooling towers to return the hot water to its original temperature. As the water comes out very quickly and creates a sort of artificial rip current, it can be a dangerous place to fish. CCNPP 3 will only need about 10% of the bay cooling water volume needed for Unit 1 and 2 combined. The increase in fish and shellfish impingement and entrainment will be less than 3.5% over Unit 1 and 2 existing conditions.

In February 2009, Calvert Cliffs set a world record for pressurized water reactors (PWRs) by operating 692 days non-stop. In addition, Unit 2's capacity factor in 2008 was a world-record high of 101.37 percent.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 US population within 10 mi of Calvert Cliffs was 48,798, an increase of 86.4 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 2,890,702, a decrease of 2.0 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Washington, D.C., (45 miles to city center).

Proximity to LNG plant
In 2001, when the Dominion Cove Point LNG plant was scheduled to reopen, many local residents were concerned about the proximity to this nuclear power plant (3 miles). Residents thought that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission did not consider the risks could be caused by an attack or an explosion before opening the plant.

Seismic risk
The NRC's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Calvert Cliffs was 1 in 100,000 for Reactor 1 and 1 in 83,333 for Reactor 2, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

Environmental concerns
In the 1960s scientists at Johns Hopkins University became concerned that the discharge of heated cooling water from the plant would be detrimental to a crucial element of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem, the bay's famed blue crabs. Litigation pursuant to the 1970 National Environmental Policy Act led to a 1971 decision by the District of Columbia Court of Appeals requiring the Atomic Energy Commission (succeeded by the NRC in 1974) to consider the environmental impact of building and maintaining such an atomic energy plant.

2000 renewal of operating license
In 2000, the NRC extended the license of the plant for 20 additional years, making Calvert Cliffs the first nuclear plant in the United States to receive such an extension. President George W. Bush visited the plant in June 2005, the first time a president had visited a nuclear power plant in nearly two decades.

Proposal to add a third reactor
UniStar Nuclear Energy announced plans to build a unit of the Evolutionary Power Reactor (US-EPR variant) at Calvert Cliffs. UniStar Nuclear Energy, a Delaware limited liability company, was jointly owned by Constellation Energy (CEG) and Électricité de France (EDF), the French builder and supplier of nuclear power plants. The proposed unit was to produce approximately twice the energy of each individual existing unit. On July 13, 2007, UniStar Nuclear Energy filed a partial application to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to review its plans to build a new nuclear power plant, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant 3 (CCNPP 3) based on the AREVA US Evolutionary Power Reactor (US-EPR), Generation III+, four loop pressurized water reactor.

The third reactor was intended to address a need for more baseload power generation in the Mid-Atlantic region. The unit proposed to be located south of the existing units 1 and 2, set back from the shoreline. Although only a single unit, its power plant footprint was almost twice the size of the existing units together. It was to have a closed-loop cooling system using a single hybrid mechanical draft cooling tower, incorporating plume abatement for no visible water vapor plume from the tower. Units 1 and 2 use an open-cycle heat dissipation system without cooling towers. The cooling tower of the Unit 3 reactor was to release two thirds of its waste heat to the atmosphere. The proposed EPR design was a saturated steam plant with one high-pressure turbine in tandem with three low-pressure turbines and a main generator design similar to Unit 1 and 2. Alstom was to supply the main steam turbine and main generator.

On November 13, 2007, UniStar Nuclear Energy filed an application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity with the Maryland Public Service Commission for authority to construct CCNPP 3. This application is being considered in Case Number 9127.

Opponents and supporters of the proposed third reactor at Calvert Cliffs were involved in a series of public hearings before officials of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. In March 2009, Bill Peil of southern Calvert County asked the NRC to deny an emissions permit for the reactor due to health and safety concerns he asserted that the plant posed to the community. UniStar Nuclear Energy President and CEO George Vanderheyden urged the NRC to approve the air permit application.

In October 2010, Constellation Energy said that it had reached an impasse in negotiations for a federal loan guarantee to build the proposed third reactor. The government sought a fee of $880 million on a guarantee of about $7.6 billion, to compensate taxpayers for the risk of default. Constellation Energy replied that such a fee would doom the project, “or the economics of any nuclear project, for that matter”.

In November 2010 a deal to transfer Constellation Energy Group's stake in a nuclear development company to its French partner, EDF Group, closed, according to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. A month prior, Constellation agreed to sell its 50 percent stake in UniStar Nuclear Energy to EDF for US$140 million, giving EDF sole ownership of the joint venture and its plans to develop a third unit at Calvert Cliffs in Southern Maryland. The deal called for EDF to transfer 3.5 million shares it owns, valued around US$110 million, to Constellation and give up its seat on the Constellation board. EDF designee Samuel Minzberg resigned.

In April 2011 the NRC stated that UniStar is not eligible to build a third reactor, as it is not a US owned company since Constellation pulled out of the partnership in 2010. The NRC would continue to process the application, but a license would not be issued until the ownership requirements were met. The reactor was estimated to cost $9.6 billion.

Constellation Energy merged into Exelon in 2012.

In 2015 Areva, struggling with internal restructuring of its corporation, withdrew from the certification process for the US EPR reactor design, effectively putting on hold plans for the deployment of a European reactor in the US.

Incidents
Unit 2 at the Calvert Cliffs nuclear power plant was shut down on September 5, 2013, after a malfunction during testing. It was re-opened September 10, 2013, after the required maintenance was performed.

Reactor data
The Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant consist of two operational reactors, one additional was proposed in 2007 and withdrawn.

title: Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant


text:
Second messenger system

Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers. (Intercellular signals, a non-local form of cell signaling, encompassing both first messengers and second messengers, are classified as autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, and endocrine depending on the range of the signal.) Second messengers trigger physiological changes at cellular level such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis and depolarization.

They are one of the triggers of intracellular signal transduction cascades.

Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium. First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin. Because peptide hormones and neurotransmitters typically are biochemically hydrophilic molecules, these first messengers may not physically cross the phospholipid bilayer to initiate changes within the cell directly—unlike steroid hormones, which usually do. This functional limitation requires the cell to have signal transduction mechanisms to transduce first messenger into second messengers, so that the extracellular signal may be propagated intracellularly. An important feature of the second messenger signaling system is that second messengers may be coupled downstream to multi-cyclic kinase cascades to greatly amplify the strength of the original first messenger signal. For example, RasGTP signals link with the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade to amplify the allosteric activation of proliferative transcription factors such as Myc and CREB.

Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., discovered second messengers, for which he won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Sutherland saw that epinephrine would stimulate the liver to convert glycogen to glucose (sugar) in liver cells, but epinephrine alone would not convert glycogen to glucose. He found that epinephrine had to trigger a second messenger, cyclic AMP, for the liver to convert glycogen to glucose. The mechanisms were worked out in detail by Martin Rodbell and Alfred G. Gilman, who won the 1994 Nobel Prize.

Secondary messenger systems can be synthesized and activated by enzymes, for example, the cyclases that synthesize cyclic nucleotides, or by opening of ion channels to allow influx of metal ions, for example Ca2+ signaling. These small molecules bind and activate protein kinases, ion channels, and other proteins, thus continuing the signaling cascade.

Types of second messenger molecules
There are three basic types of secondary messenger molecules:
 * Hydrophobic molecules: water-insoluble molecules such as diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositols, which are membrane-associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane into the intermembrane space where they can reach and regulate membrane-associated effector proteins.
 * Hydrophilic molecules: water-soluble molecules, such as cAMP, cGMP, IP3, and Ca2+, that are located within the cytosol.
 * Gases: nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which can diffuse both through cytosol and across cellular membranes.

These intracellular messengers have some properties in common:
 * They can be synthesized/released and broken down again in specific reactions by enzymes or ion channels.
 * Some (such as Ca2+) can be stored in special organelles and quickly released when needed.
 * Their production/release and destruction can be localized, enabling the cell to limit space and time of signal activity.

Common mechanisms of second messenger systems

There are several different secondary messenger systems (cAMP system, phosphoinositol system, and arachidonic acid system), but they all are quite similar in overall mechanism, although the substances involved and overall effects can vary.

In most cases, a ligand binds to a cell surface receptor. The binding of a ligand to the receptor causes a conformation change in the receptor. This conformation change can affect the activity of the receptor and result in the production of active second messengers.

In the case of G protein-coupled receptors, the conformation change exposes a binding site for a G-protein. The G-protein (named for the GDP and GTP molecules that bind to it) is bound to the inner membrane of the cell and consists of three subunits: alpha, beta and gamma. The G-protein is known as the "transducer."

When the G-protein binds with the receptor, it becomes able to exchange a GDP (guanosine diphosphate) molecule on its alpha subunit for a GTP (guanosine triphosphate) molecule. Once this exchange takes place, the alpha subunit of the G-protein transducer breaks free from the beta and gamma subunits, all parts remaining membrane-bound. The alpha subunit, now free to move along the inner membrane, eventually contacts another cell surface receptor - the "primary effector."

The primary effector then has an action, which creates a signal that can diffuse within the cell. This signal is called the "second (or secondary) messenger." The secondary messenger may then activate a "secondary effector" whose effects depend on the particular secondary messenger system.

Calcium ions are one type of second messengers and are responsible for many important physiological functions including muscle contraction, fertilization, and neurotransmitter release. The ions are normally bound or stored in intracellular components (such as the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)) and can be released during signal transduction. The enzyme phospholipase C produces diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, which increases calcium ion permeability into the membrane. Active G-protein open up calcium channels to let calcium ions enter the plasma membrane. The other product of phospholipase C, diacylglycerol, activates protein kinase C, which assists in the activation of cAMP (another second messenger).

Second Messengers in the Phosphoinositol Signaling Pathway
IP3, DAG, and Ca2+ are second messengers in the phosphoinositol pathway. The pathway begins with the binding of extracellular primary messengers such as epinephrine, acetylcholine, and hormones AGT, GnRH, GHRH, oxytocin, and TRH, to their respective receptors. Epinephrine binds to the α1 GTPase Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) and acetylcholine binds to M1 and M2 GPCR.

Binding of a primary messenger to these receptors results in conformational change of the receptor. The α subunit, with the help of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFS), releases GDP, and binds GTP, resulting in the dissociation of the subunit and subsequent activation. The activated α subunit activates phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes membrane bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), resulting in the formation of secondary messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3). IP3 binds to calcium pumps on ER, transporting Ca2+, another second messenger, into the cytoplasm. Ca2+ ultimately binds to many proteins, activating a cascade of enzymatic pathways.

title: Second messenger system


text:
Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven

Alexander Otto Hermann Wolfgang Bernd(t) Freiherr Freytag von Loringhoven (6 February 1914 – 27 February 2007), was a Baltic German officer in the German Army during World War II. In 1956, he joined the German Federal Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr, and rose to the rank of Generalleutnant.

Early life
The Frydag, including the Freytag-Loringhoven, family was an ancient Baltic German noble family of Westphalian origin, originating in Münster. They were first mentioned in the 12th century (Baron: Livonia, Courland 1198; Master of the Teutonic Order 1485, Gotha Register 1896, 1934 1942). He was born in Arensburg, Governorate of Livonia (now Kuressaare, Estonia) to Baron Burchard Haro Charles Napoleon Freytag von Loringhoven and Leonide Klara Oda von Möller. The family left their ancestral home after Estonia proclaimed independence in 1918 and the German land titles and assets were confiscated. After one year of law studies at the University of Königsberg, he joined the Reichswehr in 1933. He was promoted to Leutnant in 1937.

World War II
In late 1942, the tank battalion under Loringhoven's command was encircled during the Soviet counter-offensive at the Battle of Stalingrad. In January 1943, he was flown out of the pocket and later transferred to the staff of 111th Infantry Division on 2 March 1943. On 23 January 1943, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold as Hauptmann (captain) in the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Panzer Regiment, 16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht). In November 1943, Loringhoven was promoted to major. From July 1944 to April 1945, he served as an adjutant to the Chief of Army General Staff (first, General Heinz Guderian and then General Hans Krebs).

Berlin 1945
Loringhoven's last assignment was as a staff officer responsible for the preparation of reports for Adolf Hitler. This work required a constant presence in Hitler's entourage. After 23 April 1945, when Hitler's communications staff began to desert, he had to improvise and he based his intelligence reports on information he was able to gather from the Allied news agencies Reuters and the BBC. Hitler was not aware of this.

In the evening of 29 April, he left the Führerbunker with Gerhard Boldt and Lieutenant-Colonel Rudolf Weiss. That morning, Loringhoven had approached Krebs and asked if he and Boldt could leave Berlin and "return to the fighting troops". Krebs talked to Burgdorf to get his advice. Burgdorf approved but indicated that they should take his assistant, Weiss. Hitler was approached for his approval at midday. Surprisingly, he asked many questions and offered his advice. Hitler asked, "How are you going to get out of Berlin?" When Loringhoven mentioned finding a boat, Hitler became enthusiastic and advised, "You must get an electric boat, because that does not make any noise and you can get through the Russian lines." When he agreed that an electric boat would be best but added that, if necessary, they might have to use a different craft, Hitler was suddenly exhausted. He shook hands limply with each of them and quickly dismissed the group.

All three men left the Reich Chancellery grounds, first crawling and then running under fire to the Tiergarten. From there the men reached the Zoo station. It had taken them hours to get that far. Loringhoven had packed some food, maps and carried a machine-pistol for the journey. The men had been tasked with trying to reach General Walther Wenck's Twelfth Army, tell of the dire situation and request relief for Berlin. The men reached Pichelsdorf where they obtained a boat from some Hitler Youth and then headed south on the Havel river. By 3 May, Weiss had become separated from his companions and was captured. Loringhoven and Boldt changed into civilian clothes and reached Wittenberg where they registered under false names at a camp. They soon left and reached the Elbe river, which they crossed by boat. Then after swimming across the Mulde river, the two men went their separate ways.

Post-war
Loringhoven almost made it to Leipzig where his family was living, but was detained by a US Army soldier who did not believe his story and put in a jail cell for a few days. Later, a British major took him to an interrogation camp at Bad Nenndorf. He then was taken to a camp near Ostend and lastly ended up in Adelheide camp, near Delmenhorst. After his release in January 1948, Loringhoven lived in Munich, where he became a publisher. He joined the German Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) in 1956 after West Germany joined NATO. He served in various army and NATO positions; his highest rank was lieutenant-general. He was later appointed Deputy Inspector General of the Armed Forces and retired from the army in 1973, with full honours.

Late in life, Loringhoven, long a knight of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg), actively served the Order as its chancellor and governor. At the time of his death at the age of 93, he was one of the last three known living witnesses (along with bunker telephone operator Rochus Misch and Hitler Youth courier Armin Lehmann) to the events in the Führerbunker at the end of World War II.

Works

 * Loringhoven, Bernd Freytag von and d' Alançon, François (2006). In the Bunker with Hitler: The Last Witness Speaks, London, ISBN 0-297-84555-1

title: Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven


text:
Quintus Gargilius Martialis

Quintus Gargilius Martialis was a third-century Roman writer on horticulture, botany and medicine. He has been identified by some with the military commander of the same name, mentioned in a Latin inscription of 260 as having lost his life in the colony of Auzia in Mauretania Caesariensis. Considerable fragments of his work (probably called De hortis), which treated of the cultivation of trees and vegetables, and also of their medicinal properties, have survived, chiefly in the body of and as an appendix to the Medicina Plinii (an anonymous 4th century handbook of medical recipes based upon Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historiae, xx–xxxii). Extant sections treat of apples, peaches, quinces, citrons, almonds, chestnuts, parsnips, and various other edibles, with an emphasis on the medical effects they have on the body (quoting Dioscorides sometimes). Gargilius also wrote a treatise on the tending of cattle (De curis boum). A biography of the emperor Alexander Severus is also attributed to him in the Augustan History. This attribution has been read as a joke by some critics.

Editions and Translations

 * Edited by Valentin Rose, Teubner edition, 1875, in Latin. Downloadable at Archive.org
 * Gargilius Martialis: Curae boum ex corpore Gargili Martialis. Edidit Ernestus Lommatzsch, Leipzig 1903
 * Q. Gargilius Martialis: De hortis. A cura di Innocenzo Mazzini, Bologna 1978 (2nd revised ed. 1988)
 * Gargilius Martialis: Les remèdes tirés des légumes et des fruits. Text établi, traduit et commenté par Brigitte Maire, Paris 2002
 * Gargilius Martialis: The Agricultural Fragments. Edited by James L. Zainaldin. Cambridge University Press, 2020 (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries 60)
 * Gargilius: Gesundheit aus dem Garten. Bilingual edition in Latin and German, by Kai Brodersen. Stuttgart: Reclam 2022, ISBN 978-3-15-014251-6

title: Quintus Gargilius Martialis


text:
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