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Echinococcus multilocularis

Echinococcus multilocularis, the fox tapeworm, is a small cyclophyllid tapeworm found extensively in the northern hemisphere. E. multilocularis, along with other members of the Echinococcus genus (especially E. granulosus), produce diseases known as echinococcosis. Unlike E. granulosus, E. multilocularis produces many small cysts (also referred to as locules) that spread throughout the internal organs of the infected animal. The resultant disease is called Alveolar echinococcosis, and is caused by ingesting the eggs of E. multilocularis.

The parasite is commonly maintained in a wildlife life cycle involving two mammalian hosts. Wild canids, dogs, and less commonly cats act as definitive hosts, harbouring the adult stage of the tape worm. Voles are the intermediate hosts. Ingestion of a rodent containing alveolar hydatid cysts by a wild canid can result in a heavy infestation of tapeworms.

Signs and symptoms
Human alveolar echinococcosis is characterized by a lengthy incubation period of 5 to 15 years in immunocompetent individuals. The progression of disease is potentiated in immunocompromised patients. Following the ingestion of the eggs of E. multilocularis, the metacestode (larval) stage of the parasite typically embeds in the liver. As the disease progresses, the larval stage proliferates exogenously within the tissue, behaving similar to hepatic neoplasia. Patients with human alveolar echinococcosis typically present with headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Jaundice is rare, but hepatomegaly is a common physical finding.

Life cycle
The life cycle of E. multilocularis involves a primary or definitive host and a secondary or intermediate host, each harboring different life stages of the parasite.

Foxes, coyotes, domestic dogs, and other canids are the definitive hosts for the adult stage of the parasite. Cats may also be involved. The head of the tapeworm attaches to the intestinal mucosa by hooks and suckers. It then produces hundreds of microscopic eggs, which are dispersed through the feces.

Voles are the intermediate host. Beavers may also be affected; and reintroduction of beavers from affected areas is a cause for concern. Eggs ingested by rodents develop in the liver, lungs and other organs to form multilocular cysts. The life cycle is completed after a fox or canine consumes a rodent infected with cysts. Larvae within the cyst develop into adult tapeworms in the intestinal tract of the definitive host.

Humans can become an aberrant intermediate host by accidentally ingesting eggs of E. multilocularis when handling infected animals or consuming contaminated food, vegetable, and water. Except in rare cases where infected humans are eaten by canines, humans are a dead-end or incidental host (an aberrant intermediate host that does not allow transmission to the definitive host) for E. multilocularis.

 * Summary of the life cycle:
 * 1) adult worm present in intestine of definitive host
 * 2) eggs passed in feces, ingested by humans or intermediate host
 * 3) onchosphere penetrates intestinal wall, carried via blood vessels to lodge in organs
 * 4) hydatid cysts develop in liver, lungs, brain, heart
 * 5) protoscolices (hydatid sand) ingested by definitive host
 * 6) ingested protoscolices attach to small intestine and develops into adult worm

Morphology
The adult parasite is a small tapeworm that is 3-6 mm long, and lives in the small intestine of canines. The segmented worm contains a scolex with suckers and hooks that enable attachment to the mucosal wall, since tapeworms do not have a digestive tract. A short neck connects the head to three proglottids, the body segment of the worm which contains the eggs to be excreted in the feces.

Diagnosis
Serological and imaging tests are commonly used to diagnose this disease. Since the serological tests for alveolar echinococcosis only indicate exposure to the parasite and not ongoing infection, visualization of the parasitic mass is required to confirm the diagnosis. Frequently used serological tests include antibody tests, ELISA and indirect hemaglutination (IHA). An intradermal allergic reaction test (Casoni test) has also been used to diagnose patients. Imaging tests include: X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound. Histology is another important diagnostic tool to use. In the past, the PAS staining technique has proven beneficial in helping determine if infections are caused by Echinococcus multiocularis. More recently, a new immunohistochemistry technique that uses a monoclonal antibody (Em2G11) has provided professionals with more accuracy and precision in diagnosing Echinococcus multiocularis and distinguishing it from other species like Echinococcus granulosus.

Disease staging
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a highly lethal helminthic disease in humans, caused by the larval form of the parasitic tapeworm E. multilocularis. The disease represents a serious public threat in China, Siberia, and central Europe. However, since the 1990s, the prevalence of the disease seems to be increasing in Europe, not only in the historically endemic areas but its neighboring regions. AE primarily affects the liver by inducing a hepatic disorder similar to liver cancer, therefore becoming extremely dangerous and difficult to diagnose. If the infection metastasizes, it may spread to any other organ and could be lethal if not treated. The most common treatment for AE is to surgically remove the parasite. Since it is difficult and not always possible to remove the entire parasite, medicine such as Albendazole is utilized to keep the cyst from growing back.

Guided by the Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) system of liver cancer, the European Network for Concerted Surveillance of Alveolar Echinococcosis and the World Health Organization Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis, a clinical classification system has been proposed. This classification system has been designated as the "PNM" system (P = parasitic mass, N = involvement of neighboring organs, M = metastasis). The system was developed by a retrospective analysis of records from 97 patients treated in France and Germany (2 treatment centers). Amongst other characteristics, the system takes into consideration the localization of the parasite in the liver, the extent of lesion involvement, regional involvement, and metastasis.

Treatment
If no specific therapy is initiated, in 94% of patients the disease is fatal within 10–20 years following diagnosis.
 * Currently, benzimidazoles (such as albendazole) are used to treat AE: only halt their proliferation and do not actually kill the parasites, side effects such as liver damage
 * 2-ME2, a natural metabolite of estradiol, is tested with some results in vitro: decreased transcription of 14-3-3-pro-tumorogenic zeta-isoform, causes damage to germinal layer but does not kill parasite in vivo
 * Treatment with a combination of albendazole/2-ME2 showed best results in reducing parasite burden
 * Despite the improvements in the chemotherapy of echinococcosis with benzimidazole derivatives, complete elimination of the parasitic mass cannot be achieved in most infected patients, although studies indicate that long-term treatment with mebendazole typically increases the survival rate..

Epidemiology
The incidence of human infestation with E. multilocularis and disease is increasing in urban areas, as wild foxes (an important reservoir species of the sylvatic cycle) are migrating to urban and suburban areas and gaining closer contact with human populations. Also, restocking fox enclosures for fox hunting with infected animals spreads the disease. Children, health care workers and domestic animals are at risk of ingesting the eggs after coming into contact with the feces of infected wild foxes. Even with the improvement of health in developed/industrialized countries, the prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) did not decrease. On the contrary, incidents of AE have now also been registered in eastern European countries and sporadic incidences in other European countries.

The disease has extended its range in Europe in the last few decades. Still the infection is fairly rare. Between 1982 and 2000 a total of 559 cases were reported throughout Europe.

Recent findings indicate that E. multilocularis is likely expanding its range in the central region of the United States and Canada and that invasions of European strains might have occurred; the endemic presence of the parasite in urban areas and a total of 16 human cases in Alberta, Canada have been reported. The first human case in Alberta was diagnosed in 2013. In one case, the infection caused a grapefruit sized tumour in the lung, kidney and diaphragm, which had to be surgically removed. Because of the significant difficulty in diagnosising an infection caused by Echinococcus multiocularis, it is suspected that this parasite is often misdiagnosed. Several studies that have been done since the 1950s in North America indicate a higher prevalence of Echinococcus multiocularis than previously thought. However, due to limited knowledge about the parasite, it is often not monitored in wild or domestic animals; this monitoring will become crucial to the control of the parasite in the future as it continues to spread.

title: Echinococcus multilocularis


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Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:People from Quebec stubs

The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. This is an archive of the discussion only; please do not edit this page. -Kbdank71 16:44, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:People from Quebec stubs
Unnecessary. Can use Canada affiliated category. --Spinboy 06:09, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

unofficial voting summary after 20 days: Oppose - 2, Support - 2 Courtland 23:08, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

 * Agree in both cases - see arguments at WikiProject Stub sorting/Criteria and Templates for deletion. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 04:09, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think Quebec is significantly different enough to merit it's own stubs, because of it's different civil laws, language, and the push to secede from Canada. (NOTE: because of Louisiana's different civil laws, it too should have a separate set of stubs.) 132.205.45.148 19:42, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Disagree. This sets a bad precident. There is a stub category: Category:Utah people stubs which is currently being used by WikiProject Utah. This is used to sort stubs for this project. I don't know if Quebec has a project, but I wouldn't want to see the Utah cat up for deletion next... --[jon ]   [talk ]    12:13, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * General consensus on WSS is that separate categories for stubs such as this are okay as long as there is a WikiProject. There is in Utah's case, so it is supported at WSS. There isn't for Quebec, and, again, general consensus on WSS seems to suggest that division should be primarily by nation, then by occupation if necessary (rather than by nation and then by subregion). Oh, and almost every country in the world has a region that is "significantly different" - stub sorting would get out of hand very rapidly if all of them were given separate stub categories (Nagorno-Karabakh-bio-stub, anyone?) Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]]
 * ok, change significantly to majorly different. I have no problem with stubs cats for Nagorno-Karabakh, the Basque regions, Brittany, Corsica, Tibet, Karelia, Lappland, the Khosian regions, Chinese Turkistan, the Ainu regions... 132.205.94.174 00:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't feel particularly strongly about this either way. I can understand the value of a distinct stub category, so that the people who are most knowledgeable about Quebec-related topics have a central location for them. I do, however, have some concern about the way that Liberlogos (who created this) uses categories to create the misleading impression that Quebec sovereignty is already a fait accompli: eg. by filing Quebec-related categories as subcategories of "subject by country" categories (and sometimes reverting the inclusion of "subject by Canadian province" groupings), by removing Canadian categories from individual articles even when equivalent Quebec categories don't exist, etc. Bearcat 20:38, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Delete - there are too many categories already. We don't need to start more for Provinces, Staes, Regions and so on.
 * Keep it if there are enough notables from that Provinces, Staes, Regions and so on then it deserves a category.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:Jammydodger/Gustavus Baines

The Right Honourable Gustavus Baines (born 25 October 1960) is a Britannican politician and was Prime Minister of Britannica from 1998–2000.

Early Life
Gustavus Baines was born teh son of Charlie Baines, a newspaper editor, and Audrey Morrace. In 1978 he started a course in law at university, which he finished early in 1982. He worked as junior lawyer until 1985.

Political Career
In 1985, he was selected as a candidate for North St. George Greens, which he won in the general election that year.

He immediately was made Royalist Spokesman on Home Affairs, and caused controversy in 1986 when he claimed that "Labour is criminal, the Tories' weakness is criminal". In later 1986 he was appointed Shadow Constitutional Secretary, where he developed even more radical Royalist policies. In

title: User:Jammydodger/Gustavus Baines


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Talk:Greywater

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Grace DYJ.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:46, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Commercial information
Under "Indoor reuse" there is some commercial information about greywater treatment. As must be expected this is very, very incomplete, and should be removed. A much more general information could be provided. This could be: Greywater, being only slightly polluted but representing the larger part of a household's wastewater, can be easily treated and reused in single or apartment houses, offices or tourism facilities, thus tremendously reducing freshwater demand. Greywater uses can be toilet flushing, garden irrigation, outdoor uses, but also laundry and even showering. The treatment technique and the quality of the treated greywater will have to be adapted to the reuse purposes. Normally greywater is collected seperately in each building or group of connected buildings, treated in a decentralised system and fed into a supply network for service water in the same building. There are a wide range of decentralised treatment techniques and ready made treatment devices available worldwide, not all being marketed in all countries. Among the most successful techniques are sequencing batch reactors (SBR), membrane bio-reactors (MBR), constructed wetlands (CW) and similar systems. For marketed devices see a list below. Successful examples include an apartment building in the Klosternga in Olso, the office buildings of the KFW and the GTZ in Frankfurt, the | Arabella hotel in Offenbach, or | apartment buildings in Berlin. Many other examples can be found on the internet. List of marketed systems List the ones already presented in the text Add for example (and invite others to add their links): | AEE INTEC (CW) | Busse (MBR) | GEP (MBR) | Pontos (SBR)

Carpeting
The thing about carpeting seems absurd. I'm taking it out for the time being - anyone have any information? Hardwick

 * No, but I agree with you.

Cleanup
I have started a cleanup and extension of this article. My plan is basically to have introduction, description and 'how it is reused' sections. I also suggest that a section on the plumbing aspect be included because greywater uses distinctly different plumbing from blackwater.--ChrisJMoor 03:32, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It's going well, but I've added a cleanup tag for now, to get more attention onto it from editors. I've just created Water conservation, which links here.

 * It seems that there's not much else on Wikipedia about reuse of wastewater - the reuse section of the wastewater article could be expanded, or perhaps a separate article started. --Singkong2005 02:24, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Septic tanks
I thought greywater was the water in septic tanks. Say explicitly if true or not. -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.201.31.246 (talk • contribs)

 * I would say it is true and if not then that is where it belongs. What do your think about, greywater being used for fake snow? -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.67.164.80 (talk • contribs)

 * My greywater tank comes from the bath/shower and kitchen/bathroom sinks. The kitchen sink goes via a grease trap to remove the grease from washing up (it gets pumped out every 3 months or so and disposed of). The greywater gets pumped out every day into my acreage yard. The septic tank is ONLY hooked up to the toilets and settles out before gravity feeding into a soakaway pit.

 * So no, greywater isn't necessarily in septic tanks.-- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.25.140.98 (talk • contribs)

 * Australian laws define grey water as non-toilet - ie no faeces. However, the laws also say we may only use grey water from showers, bathroom handbasins and laundries.  We may not use water from kitchens because people use caustic dishwashing powder, and because the volume of solids is so much higher than the other sources.  Our native plants also die if fed phosphates, so we must use nil-phosphorous or very low phosphorous laundry powders.  Another issue is that we can't release grey water above ground.  This minimises human contact.  See Art Ludwig's site below.

Greywater is generally defined as anything not coming from the toilet. In recycling practice however, the water from the kitchen sink, dishwasher, and bathroom sinks is considered to be too "dirty" to reuse for the volumes of water produced, and is usually not captured for recycling, leaving bath water and laundry water as your best options. (Highest volume of water, lowest amount of contaminants.) Hope that helps. Crockspot 13:28, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

I am an Environmental Health Officer responsible for enforcing provisions surrounding waste water treatment systems. No, grey water is not water found in a septic tank. Packaged treatment plants tend to combine both black and grey water treatment to a secondary degree. However, traditional septic tanks should only be supplied with black water, since the introduction of grey water and its associated chemicals interferes with the microbial action that is designed to occur within the tank.

Living Walls
The article on Living Walls is somewhat lackluster but it still does say that these walls can be used to clean greywater. At the end of this article a section should be added with a link to the living wall article.

Hazards of greywater
The article states in the first paragraph “greywater … is still considered to be a health and pollution hazard if released into the natural environment untreated”. What are the threats to health? I am storing water from my worm farm (it smells a bit) and would like to know whether handling this water and putting it on the garden is unhealthy.

Gg39au 20:44, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm just responding to this because nobody else has responded quickly and not because I'm an expert. I assume you have a worm farm as a hobby or to dispose of kitchen scraps. Your worm water is probably smelly because you are storing it and it is becoming anerobic. Use it at once and it should not present any greater risk than water that percolates from pot plants and composting containers. The water may present a greater health risk if you put kitchen scraps into your wormery, although this is probably negligible if you only put scraps of veg/teabags/paper into it.
 * How much water are you getting from this worm farm anyway? If you are putting it into the garden simply to dispose of it, you can probably just water the worm farm less and have less to worry about.--ChrisJMoor 01:41, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Moved from main page:

Continual discharge of incorrectly managed greywater can lead to cesspool conditions promoting the outbreak of Giardia in the community. In the past, outbreaks of Giardia have been the catalyst for local authorites expanding their sewage systems and improving the community health. Combined with this there is the added risk of food matter in kitchen wastewater providing breeding conditions for vermin.

I've not read anything about a connection between domestic or industrial greywater use and giardia contamination occurring in the community - the greywater would have to contaminate the municipal drinking water supply. Please re-add this content if suitable referencing can be provided.Natronomonas 22:57, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Has anyone noticed that the article says because of bacteria you should both store greywater before use, and also use it within a day?
 * "It is also not recommended to use water that has been in the greywater filtration system for more than 24 hours or bacteria builds up affecting the water that is being reused."
 * "Given that greywater may contain nutrients, pathogens, and is often discharged warm, it is very important to store it before use in irrigation purposes"
 * Now, I don't know about you, but I find that a bit contradictory JBel (talk) 19:21, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

My article
Can I add a link to this article on cheap ways to use greywater?

http://www.ozpolitic.com/gardening/water.html

Ozfreediver 07:07, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Remove section
In my edit, I removed the section entitled "Tips on how to minimize health risks associated with greywater", because I think it violates WP:NOT --83.255.42.37 15:34, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I copied that deleted content to Appropedia as it fits the purpose of that wiki. I also added a link to the site under external links.  Thank you, --LRG 02:16, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

what about soap?
Are soap and detergents safe to discharge onto plants or soil? --71.107.217.63 18:06, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

I'm trying to find information about this as well, and I suspect you would have to consider carefully what soaps and detergents and what else goes out in the "greywater". But I haven't been able to find any information on the topic yet. —Apis (talk ) 20:15, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Definition of Greywater
The definition of the expression refers to a colour which has become commonly used for this type of slghtly polluted used water. Due to the fact that the same words have been used in legislation, in the text of the laws of many countries, it is preferable to use the same denomination in other languages. In countries where precipitaion is scarce there are legal ragulations at the highest level in the form of greywater laws. (in many states of the USA, in Australia). In Germany, the equivalent of grey [Grauwasser]is used, too, for the definition of the same notion, for the description of slghtly polluted used water. In the majority of countries, however, this notion is not in the public knowledge. Therefore, in countries where this notion is not known by the general public, on introducing this notion it is preferable to use the distinct denomination and mirror translation of greywater, using the same term, for the sake of exactness and accuracy.

The "California gray water law" is considered to be the strictest one of all the national grey water laws. It defines grey water as follows:

"Graywater is untreated waste water which has not come into contact with toilet waste. Graywater includes waste water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom wash basins, clothes washing machines, and laundry tubs, or an equivalent discharge as approved by the Administrative Authority. It does not include waste water from kitchen sinks, photo lab sinks, dishwashers, or laundry water from soiled diapers."

It can be seen that grey does not mean the colour of the water, but rather it means the quality of this type of slightly polluted used water. It is interesting to see that waste water from kitchen sinks does not qualify as grey water, it is already considered as "black water", because it may contain food remains and it is greasy, so it might contain a higher count of bacteria.

The most important criteria for reusing grey water are the following: Grey water can be reused only after filtering and disinfection. There are two types of grey water: 1. rainwater is considered a lighter grey water, because it does not contain so much contaminants, only leaves, feathers and other contaminants from birds. We can use rainwater to water the garden and food plants, and to wash the car. The darker grey water is washing-water from the bath tub and from the washing machine, and that darker type needs more treatment, i.e. filtering and disinfecting, following which grey water can be used to flush the toilet. This darker type of household greywater from washing can be used for watering food plant only in case it contains bio-degradeable detergents. Otherwise, food plants can not be irrigated by gray-water conaminated by not biodegradable detergents and soaps. (for more info and suggested domestic reuse of grey-water, please, visit: www.grey-water.com)

http://www.grey-water.com

Neutrality notice
Does anybody know the history behind the Neutrality Notice that someone inserted back in 2007? Aside from the lack of apparent discussion here, it doesn't look like there is a basis for keeping that notice in place.--Coro (talk) 21:19, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think the article needs improving but it doesn't seem particularly biassed. I'll remove it. Chris55 (talk) 11:10, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

COPYVIO
THIS ARTICLE IS A COPYRIGHT VIOLATION SEE HERE: ☻☻☻Sithman  VIII !!☻☻☻ 16:47, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not a copyright violation - it's recycling. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.64.0.252 (talk) 23:19, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Someone please consider adding these links
Hi, Oasis Design here, greywater advocates/ educators/ researchers.

We'd like to respond to the plea to improve the organization and referencing of this article. There are various references to information on our own site that could be beneficial to Wikipedia readers and appropriate within all external link guidelines ([|Wikipedia:External links])--provided we do not post the links ourselves. (Someone posted ours as the top link on the appropedia greywater wiki page, where it's been unchallenged since as far back as the edit history goes [2006]).

Would you please take a look at these links and post any that you think have merit?

Possible external link: Grey Water Information Central

Possible references: Gray Water Policy Center {under "Governmental regulation"} Greywater risk calculations and references {under "Recycling/ ...health hazards associated with greywater} Open Source Laundry to Landscape Greywater System {under "Garden irrigation water diversion systems/Laundry to Landscape" Common greywater Mistakes and Preferred Practices {under various locations, for example indoor reuse, health issues...}

Thanks Gwguru (talk) 21:10, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Discover (magazine) resource
Are Americans Ready to Start Drinking Their (Treated) Toilet Water? "Tests show it's impressively clean and safe. And good enough for Texans who are drinking it." by Elizabeth Svoboda, from the November 2011 issue; published online October 28, 2011 Discover (magazine).

Also current (December 2011) issue cover story is "Water Wars: The coming battle over Earth's most precious resource ... The Future of Water", starting page 48 with Heidi Cullen for Climate Central, Bill Richardson on World Resources Institute, Grady Gammage Jr. attorney with Arizona State University Global Institute of Sustainability, and Pat Mulroy of the Southern Nevada Water Authority. Past notice http://discovermagazine.com/nsf/changing-planet-adapting-to-our-water-future/

See Planetary boundaries.

97.87.29.188 (talk) 00:08, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

Image removal
I deleted the photo at the top right because my friend requested that she not have that picture of her there... It was not exactly kosher. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.10.70.163 (talk • contribs) 22:50, 29 November 2011
 * No problem. I've restored a cropped version of it, as the rest of the picture seems useful. --McGeddon (talk) 09:53, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Hey guys I solved it better and just put up a different photo with all parts of the system. -- David  Shankbone  02:47, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Why does self-evident material need citation?
In the article I read: "Greywater typically breaks down faster than blackwater and has lower levels of nitrogen and phosphorus[citation needed]. " Now, I don't know whether the intention was: "Greywater typically breaks down faster than blackwater[citation needed] and has lower levels of nitrogen and phosphorus." which I suppose would be reasonable, but as it stands citation demand suggests that the citation must support the N&P content remark, which seems to me so self-evident that I would not know where to look for a citation (I was not the author btw, just passing). Surely a comment equivalent to saying that blackwater contains more muck than greywater doesn't need citation, any more than the claim that water in drains runs downhill needs one??? JonRichfield (talk) 07:02, 4 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm just driving by this talk page - haven't looked at the content you're referring to, but there must be tables of breakdown times for different waste streams under various treatments. Joja  lozzo  16:11, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Well, that is OK as far as it goes, but this is not a quantitative claim; if someone had said "Greywater typically breaks down 3-5 times faster than blackwater depending on oxygenation and temperature and has levels of nitrogen and phosphorus 5-7 times lower." Then citations certainly would be needed (a lot of them, given the vagueness of the claim!) But as a non-quantitative though relevant remark, the text seems pretty unobjectionable as it stands. JonRichfield (talk) 18:33, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Complete Overhaul
I am planning on overhauling this page over the next month or so, one section at a time, I am an expert in the field and the page, as it currently stands is pretty conflicting with professional opinion, British and International Standards, I will be bringing the page in-line with BS8525 : 2010 part 1 and 2 and also with references to the american LEED standards. The combination of these two standards should bring the whole page up to date with most current international views of grey water and it's use in recycling.

Please use this "talk" section to comment and help me bring this page up to scratch, I will be using comprehensive citations to the relevant sections of each standards, however I am based in the UK with experience of UK, US and Middle East markets and standards. I would greatly appreciate input from other geographical areas. Will Douglas Shearer (talk) 21:08, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

Image Change
I have changed the image to a real grey water recycling system - myself and many other people have all commented on how silly the image of a wash hand basin sitting atop a WC cistern is, it really bares no resemblance to what grey water recycling is about. I have added a small domestic system with no branding, please feel free to comment, perhaps we could add another image of a larger commercial MBR or Multi-media filtration system too.

Thanks Will Douglas Shearer (talk) 21:33, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

non sequitur
"Sewage can then be treated to limit pollution and health risks" "Then" should follow one of two things. Either a previous step in the process, or a conditional "if" statement. Which is this supposed to be? 71.163.117.143 (talk) 11:14, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

Grey Water vs. Greywater
The single word Greywater looks weird to me; Grey Water looks comfortable, so I checked with Google.

"Grey Water" gets about 590,000 hits compared with 366,000 for "Greywater". "Gray Water" gets fewer hits than either, but far more than "Graywater". It appears the world agrees with me, but not strongly.

Any objection to changing the article to consistently use 'Grey Water' as the main term? -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamie Lokier (talk • contribs)

 * You're right about google hits. I prefer greywater - maybe something to do with being a chemical engineer, that we make our common terms, such as "flowrate" into a single word. But Wikipedia isn't a specialist's resource, and it appears either is acceptable so I wouldn't object to a move. --Singkong2005 (t - c - WPID) 13:42, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

I work in the industry, and "greywater", "grey water", "graywater", and "gray water" are all commonly used. I personally use "greywater". Crockspot 13:22, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

I checked Cambridge Online Dictionary and "greywater" is not correct. Nor is "graywater" accepted by Dictionary.com. I think the article should be renamed "grey water." How people spell it in the industry is something that dictionary editors will pay attention to, and when enough people spell it a new way, that spelling will be added. But so far, "greywater" is not a word. DBlomgren (talk) 05:18, 22 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Let's leave it as "greywater". I don't think one particular dictionary is relevant here. What is relevant is common usage at a global level. Same applies to wastewater versus waste water by the way. EMsmile (talk) 14:16, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I'd like to make a case (again) for changing the article page to "Greywater" (one word). I work in wastewater treatment and all the literature uses "greywater" not "grey water" - see also the references cited in this article. Google hits are 4.5 mio for greywater and 3.1 mio for "grey water" (interesting how the numbers have changed compared to 2006, see comments just above!). EMsmile (talk) 06:24, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

 * After no further communications since Dec 2019, I take it as broad consensus that greywater is better and have changed it to that now. Will also get the article name changed now. EMsmile (talk) 01:52, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 24 August 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Lennart97 (talk) 09:49, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

Grey water → Greywater – Copied from talk page discussion: I'd like to make a case (again) for changing the article page to "Greywater" (one word). I work in wastewater treatment and all the literature nowadays uses "greywater" not "grey water" - see also the references cited in this article. Google hits are 4.5 mio for greywater and 3.1 mio for "grey water" (interesting how the numbers have changed compared to 2006) EMsmile (talk) 02:11, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Compare also with blackwater (waste) which is already spelled as one word. And of course wastewater is one word as well, even though older literature used to spell it in two words. EMsmile (talk) 02:57, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment: Ngram chart here. It seems like basically a wash (pun intended). It looks like the sum of "grey water" and "gray water" is more popular then the sum of "greywater" and "graywater", but "greywater" has been gaining ground in the last few years. — BarrelProof (talk) 03:53, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The case insensitive n-grams makes the case more clearly — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blindlynx (talk • contribs) 14:27, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't notice that making much of a difference. I don't think it would normally be capitalized unless at the beginning of a sentence or in a title. — BarrelProof (talk) 15:51, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * It doesn't in this case, but it is a good practice to look at how capitalization affects ngrams in general—blindlynx (talk) 18:14, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that. Looks like it's supporting my proposal. :-) EMsmile (talk) 05:40, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Support. This reverses a previous move, the justification for which has been removed by consensus. Andrewa (talk) 08:12, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

Previous move
11:54, 15 August 2020 Thumperward talk contribs block 71 bytes +71  Thumperward moved page Greywater to Grey water over redirect: conform with article use

The article usage having changed (see above) this rationale is no longer valid. Andrewa (talk) 08:13, 31 August 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Variants that of Greywater
A section discussing types of greywater is needed. In particular to their properties for reuse.

A good example is clean water that is flushed through the system for particular reasons. When running a hot bath, the initial cold water can be flushed away. Potentially this cold, clean water could be captured before going down a drain. It may not be pristine drinking water, but is much, much lighter greywater than most other domestic greywater. In particular, it hasn’t got much in the way of contamination restricting how it can be stored.

Here is one of the better commercial articles that does attempts some of this. See https://thesafegroup.co.uk/guides/what-are-the-different-types-of-domestic-wastewater/

This commercial article also describes different types with a wider perspective.

https://thesafegroup.co.uk/guides/what-are-the-different-types-of-domestic-wastewater/

I am not familiar with the details of greywater, but a brief overview that can help readers appreciate how different types of greywater can be identified and addressed prior to be treated as generic greywater, or worse, as generic blackwater. CuriousMarkE (talk) 05:42, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greywater


text:
Norridgewock

Norridgewock was the name of both an Indigenous village and a band of the Abenaki ("People of the Dawn") Native Americans/First Nations, an Eastern Algonquian tribe of the United States and Canada. The French of New France called the village Kennebec. The tribe occupied an area in the interior of Maine. During colonial times, this area was territory disputed between British and French colonists, and was set along the claimed western border of Acadia, the western bank of the Kennebec River.

Archaeological evidence has identified several different sites associated with the settlement known as Norridgewock. The last one, where the French Jesuit priest Sebastian Rale had a mission, is today called Old Point, and is located in Madison. Other sites are located nearby in Starks and the present-day town of Norridgewock. Three of these historically and archaeologically significant areas have been collectively designated as the Norridgewock Archaeological District, a National Historic Landmark District.

Norridgewock village
Norridgewock is a corruption of the word Nanrantsouak, meaning "people of the still water between the rapids." Their principal village, also called Norridgewock, was located near 44.767°N, -69.8833°W on a plateau within a broad bend of the Kennebec River, opposite its confluence with the Sandy River. A 1716 account by surveyor Joseph Heath describes the village as a square fort surrounded by a 9 ft palisade fence, each side 160 ft long with a gate at its center. The fort's walls faced the major points of the compass. Two streets connected the gates, forming an open square at the center marked by a large cross. The stockade enclosed 26 cabins "built much after the English manner"—probably of logs. Canoes were beached along the river, although paddles were stored in the cabins. Extensive fields were cleared nearby for cultivation of maize, wheat, beans, pumpkins and squash. Twice a year, summer and winter, the tribe spent a few months at the seashore catching fish, seals, clams, oysters and seafowl.

France claimed the Kennebec River because it provided a potential route to invade Quebec (as Benedict Arnold would demonstrate in 1775). English colonists claimed the St. George River because they held deeds, even though the sachems who signed them often believed they were only granting the right to use the land for hunting, fishing or safe passage. The French insisted that the sachems were not empowered to sell land, since the Abenaki territory belonged to the entire tribe. France and England were at peace, and New France could not take overt action against the settlements (and particularly their alarming blockhouses) in the disputed area. Instead, the French government secretly engaged the Indians, guided by their French Jesuit missionaries, to hinder the expansion of English colonists. Missionaries with a dual loyalty to church and king were embedded within Abenaki bands on the Penobscot, St. Croix and Saint John rivers. However, Norridgewock Village was considered Quebec's predominant advance guard.

In 1694, Father Sébastien Rale (or Rasle) arrived at Norridgewock to establish a Jesuit mission, the first school in Maine. He built a chapel of bark in 1698, and despite objections from the medicine men, Rale converted most of the inhabitants to Roman Catholicism. The chapel burned in 1705, but it was replaced with a church in 1720. It stood twenty paces outside the east gate, and measured 60 ft long by 25 ft wide, with an 18 ft ceiling. Forty Abenaki youths in cassocks and surplices served as acolytes. In a 1722 letter written to John Goffe, the church was described by Johnson Harmon and Joseph Heath as:

"... a large handsome log building adorned with many pictures and toys to please the Indians ..."

Speaking the Abenaki language fluently, Father Rale immersed himself in Indian affairs. His "astonishing influence over their minds" raised suspicions that he was inciting hostility toward the Protestant British colonists, whom he considered heretics.

Raid on Oyster River
During King William's War, on July 18, 1694, French soldier Claude-Sébastien de Villieu with about 250 Abenakis from Norridgewock under command of their sagamore (paramount chief), Bomazeen (or Bomoseen) raided the English colonial settlement of Durham, New Hampshire, in the "Oyster River Massacre". The French and Abenakis killed 45 English settlers and took 49 more captive, burning half of the village, including five garrisons. They destroyed the crops and killed all of the livestock, causing famine and destitution for the survivors.

Queen Anne's War
When Queen Anne's War broke out, with New France and New England again fighting over the border between New England and Acadia, Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley arranged a conference with tribal representatives in 1703 to propose that they remain neutral. On the contrary, however, the Norridgewock tribe in August joined a larger force of French and Indians, commanded by Alexandre Leneuf de Beaubassin, to attack Wells in the Northeast Coast Campaign. Father Rale was widely suspected of inciting the tribe against English colonists because their settlements and blockhouses encroached on Abenaki land (and so uncomfortably close to Quebec), but also because they were Protestant and therefore heretics. Governor Dudley put a price on his head. In the winter of 1705, 275 English colonial militia under the command of Colonel Winthrop Hilton were dispatched to seize Rale and sack the village. Warned in time, the priest escaped into the woods with his papers, but the militia burned the village and church.

Raid on Wells (1703)
As part of the Northeast Coast Campaign (1703), 500 Indians, including those from Norridgewock and a few French, commanded by Alexandre Leneuf de Beaubassin, raided Wells on August 10 and 11, 1703.

Raid on Norridgewock (1705)
In retaliation, there was a bounty put on Father Rale. Finding the village deserted in the winter of 1705 because its occupants, including Rale had been warned of an impending attack, Colonel Winthrop Hilton ordered his 275 English colonial militia to burn the village and the church.

With the Treaty of Utrecht and Treaty of Portsmouth (1713), however, peace was restored between France and England. Terms of the treaty required that the French yield Acadia to the English. The boundary of Acadia remained in dispute. The two nations disagreed, and consequently imperial boundaries between Quebec and the Province of Massachusetts Bay remained unclear and disputed until the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

In 1713, the Norridgewocks had sought peace with English at the Treaty of Portsmouth, and accepted the convenience of trading posts operated by English settlers on their land (though they protested the tendency of the settlers to cheat them). After all, beaver and other skins could be exchanged for cheap goods following a journey of one or two days, when travel to Quebec up the Kennebec, with its rapids and portages, required over 15 days.

Father Rale's War
But their acceptance of English settlers faded as Rale instigated the tribe against the encroachment of houses and blockhouses that followed trading posts. He taught the Abenaki that their territory should be held in trust for their children. On July 28, 1721, 250 Abenakis in 90 canoes delivered a letter at Georgetown addressed to Governor Samuel Shute, demanding that English settlers quit Abenaki lands. Otherwise, they would be killed and their settlements destroyed.

Raid on Norridgewock (1722)
In response, Norridgewock was raided in January 1722 by 300 English colonial militia under Colonel Thomas Westbrook. They discovered the village almost deserted, with the gates wide open. The tribe was gone hunting. Troops searched for Rale but found only his papers, including letters from New France Governor-general Vaudreuil promising ammunition for Abenaki raids on English colonial settlements. The tribe retaliated for the invasion by attacking settlements below them on the Kennebec, burning Brunswick on June 13, 1722. Some of the raids were accompanied by Rale, who would occasionally allow himself to be seen from houses and blockhouses under siege. On July 25, 1722, Massachusetts Governor Samuel Shute declared war on the eastern Indians.

Battle of Norridgewock (1724)
During Father Rale's War, at about 3:00 pm on August 23, 1724 (N. S.), a force of English colonial militia attacked Norridgewock for the last time. A force of 208 militia had left Fort Richmond (now Richmond) and divided, leaving about 80 militiamen including three Mohawks under the command of Captain Jeremiah Moulton. His militia quietly approached the village, which at that time no longer had a stockade. A startled Indian emerging from a cabin gave a war whoop, then darted back inside to get his musket. Norridgewock women and children ran from houses to swim or ford across the river and up into the woods. In the confusion, about 60 braves fired guns wildly but did little harm. At that point the militia, ordered to withhold fire until after the enemy's first volley, took aim—with deadly effect. The warriors fired again, then fled across the river, leaving 26 dead and 14 wounded. Bomazeen (or Bomaseen), the sachem, who with Sebastien de Villieu had led 250 Abenakis to Durham, New Hampshire on July 18, 1694, for the Oyster River Massacre, was shot fording the Kennebec at a place thereafter called Bomazeen Rips. From a cabin, old Chief Mogg shot one of the Mohawks, whose brother then shot him. Meanwhile, from another cabin Father Rale was firing at the militia. Refusing to surrender, he was shot through the head while reloading his gun.

Scalps of the dead were collected for bounties in Boston. The militia plundered 3 oilbbl of gunpowder, together with a few guns, blankets and kettles, before returning to their whaleboats at Taconic Falls. One of the Mohawks, a brave named Christian, slipped back to set the village and church on fire, then rejoined the militia. The 150 survivors of Norridgewock returned the next day to bury the dead. Subsequently, most abandoned the area and, "in deplorable condition", relocated to Saint-François and Bécancour in Quebec. A few years later, however, many survivors returned to the Upper Kennebec from their refuge in Quebec, and a Jesuit missionary, Jacques de Sirenne, was assigned to their spiritual care.

Legacy
Norridgewock Village is the setting for the 1836 poem Mogg Megone by John Greenleaf Whittier.

Archaeological investigation of the Old Point area has identified three separate areas that are historically associated with the appellation "Norridgewock". The principal site at Old Point has long been well documented, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as "Old Point and Sebastian Rale Monument", recognizing not just the site itself, but also the placement of a commemorative marker at the site in 1833. A second site called Tracy Farm is located about 500 m north of the confluence of the Sandy and Kennebec Rivers in Starks, on the west side of the Kennebec. This site was first professionally excavated in 1983, with finds matching historical descriptions of very early references to Norridgewock. Extensive excavation in 1990 collected 15,000 artifacts from the Late Woodland and early contact periods, and identified the site of at least one longhouse. Another site, located nearer the confluence of the two rivers in Starks, also yielded evidence of habitation during the Late Woodland period. This site showed evidence of repeated flooding, suggesting that the habitation areas were later moved to the higher grounds of Tracy Farm and Old Point. These three sites were collectively designated a National Historic Landmark District and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

title: Norridgewock


text:
Stonewall Brigade

The Stonewall Brigade of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, was a famous combat unit in United States military history. It was trained and first led by General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, a professor from Virginia Military Institute (VMI). His severe training program and ascetic standards of military discipline turned enthusiastic but raw recruits into an effective military organization, which distinguished itself from the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) in 1861 to Spotsylvania Court House in 1864. Its legacy lives on in the 116th Infantry Brigade, which bears the unofficial nickname "Stonewall Brigade," and in several living history reenactment groups.

1861
The brigade was formed by Jackson at Harpers Ferry, April 27, 1861, from the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd Virginia Infantry regiments and the Rockbridge Artillery Battery of Rockbridge County, 1 unit recruited in or near the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Thirteen companies of the brigade were recruited from western counties that would become part of West Virginia. It was officially assigned to the Virginia Provisional Army, then to the Army of the Shenandoah on May 15, and the Valley District on July 20.

The Stonewall Brigade was initially armed with weapons captured from the arsenal at Harpers Ferry; its regiments went to First Bull Run carrying a wide range of muskets from Model 1816/1822 muskets converted to percussion to modern Model 1855 rifles to VMI cadet muskets (a Model 1842 musket downsized to .58 caliber). Company K of the 33rd Virginia, the Shenandoah Sharpshooters, had the misfortune of getting flintlock muskets. In September, Jackson received a request from Virginia governor John Letcher asking for the return of the VMI muskets (carried primarily by Company H of the 4th Virginia, known as the "Rockbridge Grays"). Jackson replied back that the muskets could not be returned until better weapons became available.

Jackson's brigade was referred to informally as "Virginia's First Brigade" until July 21, 1861, when, at First Manassas, both the brigade and its general received the nickname "Stonewall". General Barnard E. Bee of South Carolina is said to have made his immortal remark as he rallied his brigade for the final phase of the battle. Although the exact words were not recorded at the time, he probably said, "There stands Jackson like a stone wall. Rally behind the Virginians!" This is considered the turning point of the first major battle of the American Civil War, and the Union troops were repulsed and sent reeling back toward Washington D.C. in defeat. Jackson was promoted to higher command, but the brigade remained under his overall command until his death. Upon Jackson's promotion, he was replaced as brigade commander by Brig. Gen. Richard B. Garnett that fall.

In the fall of 1861, Jackson was promoted to division command and reassigned to the Shenandoah Valley and Potomac River area, where they overwintered. During this time, a trickle of better weapons reached the Stonewall Brigade as Confederate agents began purchasing rifles from Europe. However, the brigade still had a large number of smoothbore muskets until the Gettysburg Campaign, by which time the majority of its men had .58 caliber rifles.

1862
On March 13, 1862, the Valley District was incorporated into the Army of Northern Virginia, under General Joseph E. Johnston. Jackson and the Stonewall Brigade operated in the Valley as part of the left wing of Johnston's army. During Jackson's Valley Campaign, Jackson's only defeat of the Civil War occurred at the First Battle of Kernstown on March 25, 1862. After receiving faulty intelligence, the brigade was ordered to attack a much larger Union force. Out of ammunition and almost surrounded by the superior force, Garnett ordered a withdrawal. Jackson was infuriated by this action, taken without his explicit permission, and Garnett was relieved of command and subject to court martial (Garnett was later killed during Pickett's Charge in the Battle of Gettysburg, attempting to restore his military honor).

For the remainder of the Valley Campaign, Brig. Gen. Charles S. Winder commanded the brigade and there were no more defeats in store. The brigade marched over 400 miles in four weeks, was victorious in six significant battles, and helped Jackson achieve a strategic victory in the Eastern Theater. The brigade's mobility in the campaign (particularly a 57-mile march in 51 hours) earned it the oxymoronic title "Jackson's foot cavalry".

At the end of the Valley Campaign, the brigade moved to reinforce General Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days Battles on the Virginia Peninsula. In the Battle of Gaines' Mill, the brigade assaulted the Federal right and helped Lee achieve a victory. In the Northern Virginia Campaign, the brigade suffered high casualties at the Battle of Cedar Mountain and General Winder was killed on August 9, 1862. Jackson personally rallied his old brigade and won the battle. The brigade would suffer more casualties in the Second Battle of Bull Run. On August 30, 1862, the Stonewall Brigade repulsed the attack of the Union's Iron Brigade and rallied for a counterattack. Its acting commander, Colonel William S. Baylor, was killed. Colonel Andrew J. Grigsby assumed command and led the brigade through the Maryland Campaign and the Battle of Antietam. The brigade defended the West Woods, where the fighting was so severe and attrition so high that Grigsby was commanding the division ("Jackson's Division") by the end of the day.

Grigsby did not receive permanent command of the brigade, for reasons Jackson did not record. Instead, Brig. Gen. Elisha F. Paxton, former commander of the 27th Virginia Infantry, moved from Jackson's staff to brigade command, which he performed in the Battle of Fredericksburg. There, under the division command of William B. Taliaferro, the brigade was on the right flank of the Confederate defense and counterattacked the encroaching Union division of George G. Meade, but was overall lightly engaged.

In 1862, casualties in the brigade surpassed 1,200.

1863
At Chancellorsville, the brigade was part of Isaac R. Trimble's division and participated in Stonewall Jackson's audacious flanking movement of May 2, 1863. The brigade attacked on the Union right flank along the Orange Plank Road, falling in behind J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry. More than 600 men out of 2,000 were killed or wounded, and among the killed was General Paxton. This was the same night that Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded. As Jackson and his staff were returning to camp on May 2, they were mistaken for a Union cavalry force by a Confederate North Carolina regiment who shouted, "Halt, who goes there?," but fired before evaluating the reply. Jackson was hit by three bullets, two in the left arm and one in the right hand. The men of the brigade were devastated to learn that their commander had been struck down by friendly fire and they renewed their attacks on May 3 with extra determination. The commander of the 13th Virginia, Colonel James A. Walker, was promoted to brigadier general to replace Paxton.

In the Gettysburg Campaign, the brigade was part of Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's division. At the Second Battle of Winchester, the brigade launched a spirited counterattack at Stephenson's Depot that captured six Union regiments. The brigade arrived in the evening of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, too late to participate in the day's fighting. Early on July 2, the Stonewall Brigade was assigned to screen the Confederate left flank, sparring with Union skirmishers on Wolf's Hill. Later, they fought Brigadier General David M. Gregg's division of Union cavalry for control of Brinkerhoff's Ridge, east of Gettysburg along the Hanover Pike. Repositioned to the base of Culp's Hill before dawn on July 3, the 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd Virginia regiments participated in multiple unsuccessful assaults on Union entrenchments. The 2nd Virginia was dispatched to cover the Confederate flank near Spangler's Spring and on Wolf's Hill, where they fended off probes by the First Potomac Home Brigade, and the Union brigades led by Colonel Silas Colgrove and Brigadier General Thomas Neill.

1864
In the Overland Campaign, at the Battle of the Wilderness, the brigade fought along the Orange Courthouse Turnpike. At Spotsylvania Court House, the brigade was on the left flank of the "Mule Shoe" salient, in the part of the line known as the "Bloody Angle", where Winfield S. Hancock's II Corps launched a massive assault. All but 200 men of the brigade were killed, wounded, or were among the 6,000 captured Confederates following the bloody hand-to-hand fighting. The prisoners included Johnson, the division commander, while Walker was seriously wounded. The Stonewall Brigade was officially dissolved after Spotsylvania and consolidated into a single regiment.

The remaining regiment fought as part of Brig. Gen. William Terry's brigade (which itself was the remnant of the Stonewall Division) in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 under Jubal A. Early. It figured prominently in the Battle of Monocacy on July 9, 1864, routing the Union defenders and opening the road to Washington. Early's army was eventually defeated in the Valley by Philip Sheridan at the Battle of Cedar Creek and they rejoined Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia for the Siege of Petersburg and the Appomattox Campaign. Of the 6,000 men who served in the Stonewall brigade during the war, by the time of the surrender at Appomattox Court House, only 219 soldiers were left, none above the rank of captain.

Legacy
The military lineage of the brigade has reached modern times in the form of the 116th Infantry Regiment, formerly the 1st Brigade "The Stonewall Brigade" of the 29th Infantry Division (Light), Virginia Army National Guard, which counts historical ties to the 5th Virginia Infantry, one of the five original regiments in the Civil War Stonewall Brigade. As a result of US Army modularization, the 1st Brigade is now the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. The brigade's colors carry battle streamers for the Stonewall Brigade's actions in the Civil War.

A number of living history reenactment organizations also carry on the legacy of the Stonewall Brigade and its component regiments. These include:

 * The Stonewall Brigade: The Stonewall Brigade is an authentic living history association concentrated in Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania dedicated to accurately portraying the common soldier of the Civil War. It currently consists of the 4th Virginia Company A, the 5th Virginia Company A, and the 33rd Virginia Company H.

title: Stonewall Brigade


text:
Talk:Coffeehouse

1629 or 1645?
“The first coffeehouses appeared in Venice in 1629,[19] due to the traffic between La Serenissima and the Ottomans; the very first one is recorded in 1645.” What does “the very first one” refer to? If they appeared in Venice in 1629, wouldn’t they be recorded (how else would we know)? Or does “recorded in 1645” mean (misleadingly) that a record was made in that year of a coffeehouse that had existed earlier? 2600:1002:B01D:3D87:F426:9756:C18A:A2F7 (talk) 18:25, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

History needs elaborating
The History section starts with Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of imams who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking...

while I would expect something along the lines: The first historical mention of an establishment resembling a coffeehouse comes from ... mentioned in a (fatwa?) ..., where the practice of ... is discussed.

Are there really no WP:RS sources about it? Zezen (talk) 08:45, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

a new image to be added to the article
There is an Ottoman miniature painting from the second half of the sixteenth century showing the interior of a coffeehouse in Istanbul around that time. I would suggest that picture to be added to this article - as a rather early image of a coffeehouse interior. The article already has an Ottoman coffeehouse image, but that's by a western artist and later. This, however, is a locally produced image. http://tarihkurdu.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Bir-Kahvehanenin-%C4%B0%C3%A7ini-G%C3%B6steren-16.-Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l%C4%B1n-%C4%B0kinci-Yar%C4%B1s%C4%B1na-Ait-Bir-Minyat%C3%BCr.jpg — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.27.149.30 (talk) 13:40, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

Coffee House Egra
A good restaurant of Egra town, available Home delivery services Souvik sharangi (talk) 17:47, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

 * this looks like trying to advertise your own place on Wikipedia. 2001:1C03:4918:A100:9DED:27CA:62FE:FF6 (talk) 17:53, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

Canadian usage
While café may refer to a coffeehouse, the term "café" generally refers to a diner, British café (colloquially called a "caff"), "greasy spoon" (a small and inexpensive restaurant), transport café, teahouse or tea room, or other casual eating and drinking place.

I've resided in BC, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia, and it seems to me that "coffeehouse" is almost never used, "coffee shop" is used quite a lot (sometimes generically), while "café" hardly ever substitutes for cafeteria or greasy spoon or teahouse (I think there are more patisseries in Vancouver than greasy spoons to begin with, which are anyway more commonly called "family restaurants" or "diners" or "truck stops" as the case may be, or simply "Tim's" or "Starbucks").

If I was planning to meet someone in a tearoom, I would try hard not to call it a café, but if I were asked "where have you been all day?" I might say "I was hanging out at the café" irrespective of the beverages served. Then it would go, "What café?" and I would say "The Blethering Place" and it would go, "Oh, you mean the tearoom!" So far as it exists, the lazy, generic use of "café" does not much hold up under scrutiny in Canadian English as I have experienced this.

That there's a large Francophone population embedded among the Anglophones probably helps to police matters.

Sometimes "café" is used for coffee shops where the coffee is incidental, and the pastries you consume with your hot beverage are the main focus. Such an establishment almost certainly lacks a deep fryer, and only serves pre-prepared sandwiches, at most passed through a microwave oven or—luxury edition—an actual panini press.

There may also be some cases where the cafe is integrated into frontage of an office facility where it's too upscale to refer to as a cafeteria, and then the local inhabitants of the building fall into using "the cafe" regardless of what it really serves.

FWIW, I don't think the paragraph in Wikipedia accurately reflects Canadian usage. — MaxEnt 04:36, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Here in Netherlands it is even more complex. Café here is more what in english is called pub or bar. Where beer is the main concentration and coffee also incidently in more daytime. The english term coffeeshop we use too, but is here a place where, coffee is a secondary item, where the main sales lay in, yeah, that where NL is known for to have. 2001:1C03:4918:A100:9DED:27CA:62FE:FF6 (talk) 17:58, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

Working remotely
A lot of people work remotely from coffee shops, sometimes to save money Perhaps this could be mentioned. 83.151.229.56 (talk) 13:46, 27 February 2023 (UTC) 83.151.229.56 (talk) 13:46, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

munyoro douglas
am munyoro douglas aged 22 years old ifinalised my uce certificate on 2022 and i joined my barista course this year so i would like to apply on yopur company as abarista my course is barista master skill.thank you for your time. 41.210.146.64 (talk) 10:53, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Islamic World?
Why bag the birthplace of coffeehouses into this "world" even Ottoman Empire while each European country gets its own subtitle? Call it christian world and be done with it then. It is almost like someone tries to lessen the visibility of Ottoman Empire. 178.233.213.56 (talk) 00:39, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

 * There is nothing to stop you adding sourced material about individual Islamic countries. Often things are as they are because nothing has been done to change them, not for negative reasons.Ponsonby100 (talk) 17:41, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coffeehouse


text:
Aesculus glabra

Aesculus glabra, commonly known as Ohio buckeye, Texas buckeye, fetid buckeye, and horse chestnut is a species of tree in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae) native to North America.

Its natural range is primarily in the Midwestern and lower Great Plains regions of the United States, extending southeast into the geological Black Belt of Alabama and Mississippi. It is also found locally in the extreme southwest of Ontario, on Walpole Island in Lake St. Clair.

It is found in a variety of natural habitats, including streambanks, upland mesic forests, and along the margins of old fields. It is typically found in calcareous areas.

Description
The leaves are palmately compound with five leaflets 8 – long and broad. The flowers are produced in panicles in spring, red, yellow to yellow-green, each flower 2 – long with the stamens longer than the petals (unlike the related yellow buckeye, where the stamens are shorter than the petals). The fruit is a round capsule 4 – diameter, containing one nut-like seed, 2 – in diameter, brown with a whitish basal scar.

The inedible seeds contain tannic acid and are poisonous to cattle and humans. The young foliage, shoots, and bark are also poisonous to some degree. However, Native Americans reportedly did eat buckeye fruit after boiling it to extract tannin.

Etymology
The name stems from Native Americans, who called the nut "hetuck", which means "buck eye". The markings of the nut resembled the eyes of a deer.

Uses
Aesculus glabra has little use as a timber tree due to its soft, light wood. Although occasionally seen in cultivation, the large, copiously produced fruits make it generally undesirable as a street tree. Extracts from A. glabra have shown anti-cancer properties.

Native American ethnobotany
The Lenape carry the nuts in their pockets for rheumatism, and an infusion of ground nuts is mixed with sweet oil or mutton tallow for earaches. They also grind the nuts and use them to poison fish in streams.

Native Americans blanched buckeye nuts, extracting the tannic acid for use in making leather. The nuts can also be dried, turning dark as they harden with exposure to the air, and strung into necklaces similar to those made from the kukui nut in Hawaii.

Culture
The Ohio buckeye is the state tree of Ohio, and its name is an original term of endearment for the pioneers on the Ohio frontier. Subsequently, "buckeye" came to be used as the nickname and colloquial name for people from Ohio. Ohio State University adopted "Buckeyes" officially as its nickname in 1950, and also uses the name for its sports teams. It came to be applied to any student or graduate of the university.

Buckeye candy, made to resemble the tree's nut, is made by dipping a ball of peanut butter fudge in milk chocolate, leaving a circle of the peanut butter exposed. These are a popular treat in Ohio, especially during the Christmas and college football seasons.

Buckeyes (the nuts) are a recurring motif in Bill Watterson's comic, Calvin and Hobbes, often as one of Calvin's tools of torment. Watterson himself grew up in Chagrin Falls, Ohio, an eastern suburb of Cleveland.

title: Aesculus glabra


text:
Centre Party (Poland)

Partia Centrum (Centre Party) was a centrist, moderately conservative political party in Poland. Established on 3 April 2004, its founding declaration proclaimed a "necessity to take immediate steps towards repairing the state and to radically change the style of politics." The party's platform could be described as centrist with evident references to the tradition of Solidarity and Catholic social teaching.

The party's founding members and leadership were mostly from the ranks of the defunct party Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), which held the government between 1997 and 2001, and other conservative to centrist groups, with some coming from the more liberal Freedom Union (UW).

Although nominally led by Janusz Steinhoff, formerly minister of economic affairs in the government of Jerzy Buzek, the main figurehead of the party was its honorary chairman and presidential candidate, senator Zbigniew Religa. Religa was leading in opinion polls until July but he withdrew on September 2 and asked his supporters to vote for the liberal Donald Tusk, his party did not enter the Sejm in the 2005 early elections with its poll results not exceeding 5%.

The party was deregistered in 2008 after not filing its 2007 financial statements.

title: Centre Party (Poland)


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Bernd Eichinger

Bernd Eichinger (11 April 1949 – 24 January 2011) was a German film producer, screenwriter, and director.

Life and career
Eichinger was born in Neuburg an der Donau. He attended the University of Television and Film Munich in the 1970s and bought a stake in the fledgling studio company Neue Constantin Film in 1979, becoming its executive director. Under his leadership, Constantin Film evolved into one of the most successful German film businesses. As of 2005, he was chairman of the supervisory board and still owned a substantial stake in the company. Eichinger also produced some movies independently (for example, Downfall). One of Eichinger's last films was about the left-wing terrorist group Red Army Faction (RAF) and based on the book Der Baader Meinhof Komplex ("The Baader-Meinhof Complex") by Stefan Aust.

The range of genres of films, for television and the big screen, was unusually varied. He produced a 3D zombie movie, Resident Evil: Afterlife; to Atomised, a film adaptation of novel by French star writer and social critic Michel Houellebecq. He was an incredibly prolific film maker, with almost 100 films to his credit.

Eichinger was known as tenacious. It took him 20 years to convince Patrick Süskind, the German author of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, to trust him with the rights to make the international bestseller into a film. In 2006, the film was released, grossing $135 million worldwide.

In the 1980s, Eichinger obtained the film rights to the Fantastic Four and Silver Surfer, decades before making movies based on Marvel comics was trending.

In 1991, he was a co-founder of Summit, the Los Angeles-based production and film sales company. Due to the success of Twilight, Summit eventually became Summit Entertainment.

Family
Eichinger was married to Katja Hofmann, a journalist. He had a daughter from a previous relationship, Nina Eichinger, an actress and TV presenter.

Death
Eichinger died of a heart attack in Los Angeles on 24 January 2011 at the age of 61.

Awards

 * 1984 Bavarian Film Awards, Best Producing
 * 1986 Bavarian Film Awards, Best Producing
 * 1993 Bavarian Film Awards, Best Producing

Selected filmography
Bernd Eichinger's best known films include:

title: Bernd Eichinger


text:
Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Ungarn

The Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Ungarn or Homeland Society of Germans from Hungary ("Homeland Association of Germans from Hungary") is an organization which represents ethnic German refugees expelled from their homes in Hungary to western Germany during World War II and its aftermath.

The organization is based in Munich, Bavaria. Its Bundesvorsitzender (chairman) is Dr. Friedrich A. Zimmermann.


text:
Talk:Mastodon (band)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 22 external links on Mastodon (band). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Mastodon (band)


text:
Barnard Elliott Bee Jr.

Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. (February 8, 1824 – July 22, 1861) was a career United States Army officer and a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War. He was mortally wounded at the First Battle of Bull Run, one of the first general officers to be killed in the war. During that battle, he was responsible for inspiring the famous nickname for Brig. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson.

Early life
Bee was born in Charleston, South Carolina on February 8, 1824. He was the son of Barnard E. Bee Sr., and Ann Wragg Fayssoux, both of whom came from prominent Charleston families of English descent. His mother's paternal line also included French Huguenots. In 1833, the Bee family moved to Pendleton, South Carolina, where the junior Bee attended the Pendleton Academy.

In 1836, Bee's parents moved to Texas, which had achieved independence as the Republic of Texas. Bee remained in Pendleton living with his mother's three sisters to pursue his education. Bee graduated from the United States Military Academy on July 1, 1845, thirty-third in his class of forty-one and assigned as a brevet second lieutenant to the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment. He accumulated many demerits while at West Point, including several for chewing tobacco while on duty. Bee's first posting was to serve in the United States military occupation of Texas during the Mexican–American War. He was twice brevetted for gallantry in the War, first at Cerro Gordo to first lieutenant, where he was wounded, and then to captain at Chapultepec.

Bee was posted after the war to garrison duty at Pascagoula, Mississippi, where he served as adjutant. From 1849 to 1855, he was on frontier duty in New Mexico. He was stationed primarily at Fort Fillmore near Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 1855, Bee was promoted to captain of Company D of the Tenth Infantry and posted to Fort Snelling, Minnesota. While at Fort Snelling, he met and married Sophia Elizabeth Hill, the sister of a fellow officer. In 1857, Bee's company took part in the Utah War, which involved confrontation with members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as Mormons. He was placed in command of the Utah Volunteer Battalion and brevetted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1860, Bee was posted to Fort Laramie, Wyoming, where he briefly served as the fort's commanding officer.

Bee served as best man at the wedding of his West Point classmate Nathan G. Evans.

Civil War
Upon the start of the Civil War, Bee, like many Army officers from the South, was torn between loyalty to his home state or to the United States. He struggled with the decision but opted to stay with the South. On March 3, 1861, Bee resigned from the United States Army and returned to Charleston where he was elected lieutenant colonel of the 1st South Carolina Regulars.

On June 17, 1861, Bee was appointed brigadier general of a brigade mobilized at Manassas Junction, although he was confirmed by the Confederate Senate posthumously. He was given command of the third brigade of the Army of the Shenandoah, under Brigadier General Joseph E. Johnston. During the subsequent battle, later known as the First Battle of Bull Run, on July 21, 1861, Bee said, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally behind the Virginians!" in reference to Brigadier General Thomas J. Jackson and his men, giving rise to the name "Stonewall Jackson" and his Stonewall Brigade. It is unclear if this was meant to be complimentary or an insult regarding Jackson’s men not advancing. Bee was wounded in the stomach by a Union artillery shell and after considerable suffering, died the next day. As a result, it could not be determined whether his naming of Stonewall Jackson was intended as praise, a condemnation, or whether it was simply a misattributed quote. Bee is buried at St. Paul's Episcopal Church Cemetery in Pendleton, South Carolina.

Bee was the younger brother of Hamilton P. Bee, who was also a Confederate Army brigadier general, and the brother-in-law of Confederate brigadier general Clement H. Stevens.

title: Barnard Elliott Bee Jr.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mal Fletcher

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:09, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mal Fletcher
Delete, this guy isn't in the same class as f.ex. Billy Graham. Feydey 16:56, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Advertisement. Pavel Vozenilek 17:24, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Not an advertisement - it is a non-profit org. As stated, program reaches over 200 countries. John3 05:30, 7 April 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: user has only three edits, all to this VfD.
 * Non-profit organizations don't advertise? News to me. --Calton | Talk 13:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advert/promo. Megan1967 06:10, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as ad. Or vanity. Or both. Radiant_* 08:44, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is factual and I believe it should be kept.
 * Comment by User:213.105.224.14
 * It should be notable, also. Charles Matthews 13:14, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as proselytizing ad. --Calton | Talk 13:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Utica, Chenango and Susquehanna Valley Railway

The Utica, Chenango and Susquehanna Valley Railway was formed in 1866 and came under the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad in 1870.


text:
Wehrsdorf

Wehrsdorf (German) or Wernarjecy (Upper Sorbian) is a small village in a valley of the Lusatian Highlands in the region of Upper Lusatia (Oberlausitz) in Saxony, Germany. It has about 1,776 inhabitants and belongs to an administrative community of three different villages, with Sohland an der Spree and Taubenheim. This community is offícially called Sohland after the largest of these villages. Altogether, the community has about 7,700 inhabitants. The village is near the border to the Czech Republic.

Monuments
The most important building in the village is a Lutheran church, built in 1725 in the Baroque style. The tower is more than 40 meters high and sends its greetings over the valleys of the region. Near the church is an old cemetery with its typical flowered graves. The most important architectural heritage of the southern part of Upper Lusatia is the so-called "Umgebindehäuser", special, half-timbered houses which unite the differences of the Slavic and the Franconian styles of wood houses. Most of the present houses were built between 1850-1890.

Religion
Most people are still atheists, as in the time of official Socialism, but there is also a Lutheran tradition and most people are linked to this religion, as well as a strong Catholic minority. Upper Lusatia is typically a religious mixed region.

Economy
In the time before reunification in 1990, the village was still a typical "Saxon industrial village" with four big and several small enterprises, all state-owned. They produced furniture, clothing, metal instruments and more. After the reunification, most of the firms were not able to survive; only the firm that produced furnitures still exists. The high rate of unemployment today is also the primary reason why so many people have left the region. But in comparison with other villages of Upper Lusatia, Wehrsdorf is still well off.

Before 1990, Upper Lusatia was a tourist area, and tourism is still important. There are four restaurants, a hotel (****) and several private bed-and-breakfasts.

Historical Population
Quelle: http://hov.isgv.de/Wehrsdorf

title: Wehrsdorf