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Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester

Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester (8 July 1640 – 13 September 1660) was the youngest son of Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and his wife, Henrietta Maria of France. He is also known as Henry of Oatlands.

From the age of two, Henry and his sister Elizabeth were separated from their family during the English Civil War and became prisoners of Parliament. For several years, the children were constantly transported from one residence to another due to the plague raging in London. They also periodically changed their governesses and guardians to those more loyal to the government. In 1645, Henry and Elizabeth were joined by their elder brother James, Duke of York, who found himself in a difficult financial situation. In 1647, Charles I was arrested, and during the years 1647–1648 he was allowed to see his children several times. In April 1648 James fled the country; it was probably planned that he would take Henry with him, but Elizabeth was afraid to let her younger brother go. When in 1649 Charles I was sentenced to death, he, fearing that Henry would be proclaimed king and made a puppet of the government, took an oath from his eight-year-old son not to take the crown for anything while both of his older brothers were alive.

After the execution of Charles I, Scotland proclaimed his eldest son Charles II as their sovereign. In the summer of 1650, he landed in Scotland, which prompted Parliament to send the children of the late monarch to Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, where their father had previously been imprisoned. Before leaving for Carisbrooke, Henry and Elizabeth were stripped of all titles and privileges. Shortly after arriving on the Isle of Wight in September 1650, Henry's sister fell ill and died. Henry remained at Carisbrooke until the following year, when, with the permission of Oliver Cromwell, he returned to the continent, where he eventually joined his mother in Paris. With Henrietta Maria, whom the prince had not seen for eleven years, Henry did not have a good understanding: the prince was an ardent Protestant, and his mother was an implacable Catholic. The Queen, against the wishes of her late husband and eldest son, tried to convert Henry to Catholicism, but this only deteriorated their relationship. Henry went to his brother Charles in Cologne. In 1657, the prince fought on the side of the Spanish against France with his brother James. In May 1659, Charles restored to his brother the title of Duke of Gloucester, which Henry had been deprived of by Parliament in 1650, and bestowed the title of Earl of Cambridge.

After the restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660, Henry accompanied his brother during his return to Britain. There Henry received a number of appointments, but before the coronation of Charles II, he contracted smallpox and died. He was buried in the vault of Mary, Queen of Scots in Westminster Abbey, where his elder sister Mary, who also died of smallpox, was buried a few weeks later.

Birth and early years
Henry was born on 8 July 1640 at Oatlands Palace near Weybridge in Surrey as the youngest son and penultimate child of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland and his wife, Henrietta Maria of France. In total, the royal couple had nine children—four sons and five daughters; the eldest son of the royal couple, Charles James, was either stillborn or died immediately after birth, the fourth daughter, Catherine, died less than half an hour after baptism, and the third daughter, Anne, died at the age of three. Since Henry was born after the death of Charles James, throughout his life he was the third son of the King. With the deaths of Catherine and Anne, the boy also became the fifth child of the royal couple to survive infancy.

His paternal grandparents were King James VI of Scotland and I of England (the first one of the House of Stuart in England) and his wife Anne of Denmark, and his maternal grandparents were King Henry IV of France and his wife Marie de' Medici; of all his grandparents at the time of Henry's birth, only Marie de Medici was alive. The prince was baptized on 22 July 1640, and his only godmother was his elder sister Mary, for whom this ceremony was her first public appearance. From birth, Henry received the title of Duke of Gloucester.

In the spring of 1641, Henry's elder sister and godmother, nine-year-old Mary, was betrothed to William, the eldest son and heir of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. It was planned that until reaching the age of twelve (the minimum age of marriage consent) the princess would remain in England, but by the beginning of 1642 the situation in the country was tense, and in February Mary and her mother left for The Hague. Henrietta Maria hurriedly said goodbye to Henry and Elizabeth at Hampton Court Palace and did not see her son again until 1653: in August 1642, the English Civil War broke out, and two-year-old Henry and his sister were held as hostages in the hands of the English Parliament.

English Civil War
As a result of the civil war that began in August, Charles I and Henrietta Maria were forced to leave their two youngest children at that time, Henry and Elizabeth, in the care of Parliament. In October 1642, the plague reached the outskirts of Hampton Court Palace, where the siblings lived together. Elizabeth, who had not been in good health since childhood, fell ill again and was so weak that she could not leave the capital. On the recommendation of the governess, the Countess of Roxburghe, and with the permission of the House of Lords, the children were transferred to St. James's Palace for lack of a more suitable residence. Although Parliament did not intend to punish the children for the actions of their father, at the same time, the amount of expenses for the court of the prince and princess was considered, and in the process of discussion it was decided to dismiss without payment of salary almost all the servants who, in the opinion of Parliament, were papists, sympathizers or simply opponents of Parliament. However, Elizabeth achieved some mitigation for the court, although the children were replaced by a chaplain and cut costs for the wardrobe, which became truly puritanical.

In December 1642 and January 1643, Henry and Elizabeth were visited by two of the King's squires, with the permission of Parliament, to make sure that the children were healthy and did not need anything. Later, the prince and his sister were completely deprived of wardrobe payments: this was the result of the confrontation between Charles I and the Parliament; as the representative of the House of Commons wrote: "...if the King wants to fight with us, they [children] must pay for clothes at their own expense!". This action angered not only the King, but also the children's governess, the Countess of Roxburghe, who wrote a letter to the Parliament. After an investigation by the House of Commons and a second discussion, it was decided to return the payments; however, all expenses of Henry and Elizabeth had to be announced publicly. In addition, an investigation and discussion were held by the House of Lords, which confirmed the decision of the House of Commons. The royal children were allotted an amount of £800 a month each, the expenditure of which was overseen by an officer, Sir Ralph Freeman. The Parliament also conducted an investigation into the activities of the clerics of the chapel of the royal palace to make sure that children were brought up in the "correct" religion. On 20 July 1643, the staff of the servants of the royal children were again revised: the Countess of Roxburghe was replaced by the Countess of Dorset, who was loyal to the government.

In the summer of 1643, Parliament decided to transfer Henry and his sister to Oxford under the protection of the local garrison, but in the fall during a game, Elizabeth fell and broke her leg, and Parliament decided to postpone the move. By the summer of 1644, the princess had fully recovered from her injury, but soon fell ill. In July, doctors recommended that Elizabeth change the climate, so the children were moved to Chelsea, to the residence of Sir John Danvers, who would later become one of the signatories of the death warrant of Charles I. During the move, Henry and Elizabeth were denied the honorary escort that was due to members of the royal family. At the same time, the plague epidemic did not weaken the position, so the prince and princess were moved from time to time from one residence to another: St. James, Whitehall and Chelsea. By winter, the royal children were again transported, but not as planned to St. James's Palace, next to which the plague was raging, but to Whitehall, which seemed more reliable.

At the beginning of 1645, the governess of the children, the Countess of Dorset, fell seriously ill and died. Shortly before her death, Henry and Elizabeth were placed under the care of the Earl and Countess of Northumberland, which was reported in the newspapers on 13 March 1645. The Earl was a close friend of the King and therefore treated his children with all respect and care. Under the care of the Northumberlands, the royal children spent a happy summer at one of the Earl 's residences, probably Syon House. Elizabeth wrote about this to her older sister, Mary, on 11 September 1645. On the day on which the letter to Mary is dated, hearings were held in Parliament on the maintenance of the royal children; the composition of the servants, the amount required for the maintenance of the children and their court, as well as the place of their permanent residence were agreed. The Earl of Northumberland was asked to choose one of the royal residences, and he chose St. James's Palace, where Henry and Elizabeth were soon transferred. Also, the Earl managed to achieve a reduction in the number of protection of children for their comfort.

In September, the prince's brother, the Duke of York, found himself in a difficult position: he was in Oxford, where the plague was creeping up, accumulated debts and lost all provisions. In a letter to his father, he asked permission to join his brother and sister in London. The prince did not wait for an answer from his father, but Parliament approved the move and the placement of the prince under the guardianship of the Earl of Northumberland and with a magnificent escort delivered the boy to St. James Palace. The Duke of York remained with his brother and sister until April 1648.

Father's arrest and execution
In March 1647, the Earl of Northumberland moved the royal children to Hampton Court Palace, but almost immediately they were recalled back to St. James Palace. At the same time, the Scots handed over Charles I to the English Parliament. According to the decision of Parliament, the King was to be placed under arrest in Caversham, and before leaving, Charles I, having learned how close his children were to him, asked to see them. In the summer of 1647, due to a new epidemic, the Earl of Northumberland was forced to transport the royal children from one residence to another and ended up staying at Syon House. In August, the arrested King was again transported to Hampton Court Palace, from where on the 23rd he was allowed to leave for Syon House and see his children there. On 31 August, the visit was repeated, and on 7 September, Henry, with his brother and sister, arrived at Hampton Court Palace to see their father. On one of these visits, the King insisted that his youngest son should not be subjected to religious pressure; it is not clear whether he feared the influence of Catholics or Protestants. At the same time, Charles I gave all three children a conflicting instruction "to be faithful to the Anglican Church, but more than that, to their Catholic mother".

In October, Parliament planned to move the children to St. James's Palace for the winter; learning of this, the King asked the government to allow the Earl of Northumberland to transmit letters between Charles I and his children and to allow them to visit their father from time to time. Charles I' request was granted, but in November 1647 the King managed to escape. Upon learning of her father's escape, Elizabeth took every opportunity to persuade her older brother, the Duke of York, to flee the country; this was done, probably, according to the instructions given by Charles I earlier and in correspondence with Elizabeth. Thanks to the ingenuity of the princess, James managed to deceive the personal guard and, disguised as a woman in Elizabeth's chambers, escaped to the continent to The Hague at the side of his sister Mary on 21 April 1648. Probably, the King planned that Henry would also escape with the Duke of York, but Elizabeth was afraid to let Henry go because he was too small. After James's escape, Parliament investigated and ordered the Earl of Northumberland to transport Henry and Elizabeth without delay to one of the residences –Syon House or Hampton Court– and the Earl chose Syon House.

In August 1648, Charles I was again captured, but in October he sent an encouraging letter from Newport to his daughter Elizabeth with his trusted servant Sir Thomas Herbert, with whom the princess had a long conversation about her father. The fateful autumn and winter of 1648 remained vague for Henry and Elizabeth: they did not receive any more news from their father, in addition, the Earl of Northumberland took them out of town for the whole winter and did not devote all the details of the trial of the King—a process that horrified him. However, the royal children knew that on 26 January 1649, Charles I was convicted and sentenced to death. The day before the sentencing, he asked to see the children; a similar request was submitted to the government on 27 January. On 29 January, the day before the execution, the King was allowed to see Henry and Elizabeth, after which the royal children were returned to Syon House.

At their last meeting, Charles I gave instructions to his children. He feared that after his death, Henry might be proclaimed King and made a puppet in the hands of Parliament. The King knelt down in front of his son and said: "Now they will deprive your father of his head. Listen, my child, what I say: they will decapitate me and, perhaps, make you King. But remember what I say. You must not become King while your brothers Charles and James are both alive...I oblige you not to become King before them". Eight-year-old Henry replied that he would rather be torn apart first.

Change of guardians and death of sister
There are no records of how the royal children spent the fateful hours of 30 January 1649. By this time, their guardian the Earl of Northumberland had become very attached to the children of Charles I. He became one of five English peers who opposed the execution of the King. As a result, the royal children were transferred to the care of the Earl and Countess of Leicester at Penshurst Place. Elizabeth, who did not want to move to new, and in her opinion, less benevolent guardians, again sent a request to Parliament to let her and Henry go to live with their sister Mary in Holland, and again to no avail. The royal children, accompanied by the Countess of Leicester and ten or eleven servants, arrived at Penshurst on 14 June 1649.

In Penshurst Place, the Countess of Leicester was mainly involved in the upbringing of the royal children, since the Earl was almost constantly in London. The numerous children of the Earl and Countess became companions of Henry and Elizabeth; with them, they sat at the table without royal honors, but as members of the family. This was done on the basis of instructions given by Parliament. Here the royal children were lucky to have a mentor, Robert Lovel, who was a maternal relative of the Earl of Leicester and a supporter of the royalists. Shortly after being sent to the Leicester household, rumors spread that royal children might be poisoned or sent to an insane asylum or charity school under the names of Harry and Bessie Stewart; there were also fears that the children would become victims of the matrimonial plans of their guardians. However, most likely, these rumors were spread by order of their mother Henrietta Maria, who was in exile in France, and had no basis.

The Parliament had a real plan, according to which the royal children were to be deprived of all their privileges, transferred to the custody of a trusted family and raised in obscurity but this plan was not destined to come true: immediately after the execution of Charles I, Scotland proclaimed Henry's elder brother, Charles II, as its new king. In the summer of 1650, when it became known that Charles II had landed in Scotland, it was decided to transfer Henry and Elizabeth to Carisbrook Castle on the Isle of Wight, where their father had previously been imprisoned, under the care of Anthony Mildmay and his wife. Elizabeth was horrified at the prospect of being imprisoned in her father's former prison and petitioned for her and her brother to be left in Penshurst Place on the pretext of the princess's ill health, but was unsuccessful. Before leaving for Carisbrook Castle, the number of the royal children's servants was reduced to four people (including Lovel); they were deprived of their status of prince and princess, and Henry of his the ducal title: Elizabeth was now called Lady Elizabeth Stewart, and Henry was named Harry Stewart or Mr. Harry.

On 23 August, about a week after arriving at Carisbrook Castle, Elizabeth fell ill after playing outdoors. On 8 September 1650 at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, she died, and ten-year-old Henry was left alone.

Life abroad
Henry remained at Carisbrooke Castle until 1652, when Oliver Cromwell allowed the prince to leave the country and provided him with funds to cover his travel expenses. Henry went to Holland to his sister Mary, where he was warmly received by her and other relatives. Here, on Easter Sunday 1653, the prince was knighted in the Order of the Garter. Then, at the special invitation of his mother, the prince joined her in Paris. In 1653, his elder brother Charles II went to Germany, where he moved his court a year later; he offered to take Henry with him, but their mother insisted that the prince stay in Paris: Henrietta Maria believed that after a long stay in England, Henry should improve his education in the capital of France. Charles II yielded to his mother on the condition that she would not force Henry to change his faith.

With his mother, the prince, who had not seen her since the age of two, could not establish a good understanding, because during the separation he became a zealous Protestant, and Henrietta Maria was a staunch Catholic. The widow of Charles I went against the will of her eldest son and late husband, to whom she also promised not to persuade her youngest sons to change their faith, and tried to convert not only Henry, but also her other son, James, Duke of York, to Catholicism. The more mature James became fascinated with his mother's religion but did not convert to Catholicism until many years after her death. Henrietta Maria could not give up trying to make her youngest son a Catholic, because she believed that only the true church could save his soul. At first, she acted cautiously and did not even send away his teacher Robert Lovel, who professed Anglicanism, from his son. Henry visited his brother James, and on his return to Paris found that his teacher had been sent back to England. The prince was transferred to the care of the Aumônier of Henrietta Maria, Walter Montagu, abbot of a monastery near Pontoise, who was supposed to take care of the religious education of fourteen-year-old Henry. In the absence of Lovel, the prince succumbed to the abbot's persuasion and agreed to get acquainted with Catholicism, but was deeply indignant at the actions of his mother. Not getting a quick result, Henrietta Maria joined Montague and began to persuade her son to change religion but Henry was adamant, and it was decided to send him to a Jesuit College.

When news of his mother's actions reached Charles II, he became furious and immediately sent the Marquess of Ormonde to Paris to bring Henry to him in Cologne. Initially, Henry refused to leave Paris, and Ormond agreed with his decision. At the same time, the prince assured his mother that he intended to adhere to the Protestant religion in all dangers, to which she stated that she did not want to see him anymore. When Henry returned from another Anglican service, he found that, on the orders of Henrietta Maria, his horses had been taken out of the stables, bedding removed from his bed, and orders had been given to the kitchen not to cook food for the prince; this meant that the prince was effectively kicked out of the palace. Henry moved into the house of Lord Hutton, where he spent two months, while the Marquess of Ormond collected funds to send the prince to his brother in Cologne. Thus, Henrietta Maria's attempts to convert Henry to Catholicism not only failed and angered the royalists and Charles II, but also completely ruined her relationship with her younger son.

Henry remained with Charles in Cologne until 1656. In July 1655, their sister Mary visited them, then together they made a trip to Frankfurt, where they visited the fair incognito, although they did not manage to remain unrecognised. Prior to this, Henry had also visited Mary in the Netherlands a couple of times with his brother and alone. In 1656 the brothers left for Bruges, where Henry became a member of the Archers of Saint George. In December 1656, Henry became colonel of the "old" English regiment of the Spanish army and volunteered with his brother James to enter the service of the Spanish in 1657 in the Low Countries. The mother of the princes opposed: she believed that Henry was too young to become a soldier. The prince did not listen to her and fought side by side with his brother in the defence of Dunkirk on 17 June 1658, where both showed great courage. When the city fell, Henry managed to escape capture by gathering some of the scattered troops and making a desperate breakthrough through the enemy battle formations. In the battle, the prince lost his sword, and while Villeneuve, the groom of the Prince de Ligne, was looking for the lost weapon, Henry covered him with a pistol.

On 26 February 1657 or 1658, Charles II knighted his brother, on 27 October 1658 he introduced him to his Privy Council, and on 13 May 1659 he restored to him the title of Duke of Gloucester and additionally bestowed him the title of Earl of Cambridge.

Stuart Restoration and death
Following the restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660, Henry accompanied his brother Charles II to his homeland; the costs of their trip were again paid by Parliament. Henry settled in the Palace of Whitehall and on 31 June 1660 he was already sitting in the House of Lords. On 13 June he was appointed Chief Steward of Gloucester, and on 3 July he became Ranger of Hyde Park.

Early in September 1660, Henry contracted smallpox, an epidemic that raged in London. The prince died on 13 September 1660 before his brother Charles II's coronation. On 21 September, his remains were moved to Somerset House, from where they were taken by river to Westminster. He was buried in Westminster Abbey in the vault of Mary, Queen of Scots. Henry's death overshadowed the joy of a family reunion. A few weeks later Henry's elder sister Mary, Dowager Princess of Orange, also died of smallpox; on her deathbed, she wished to be buried next to her brother.

The Earl of Clarendon, an English historian, statesman and father of the Duke of York's first wife, wrote enthusiastically of Henry as one of the finest youth, "the most manly...that I ever knew" and "a prince of extraordinary hopes, who had a personality of comely and graceful with liveliness and the power of reason and understanding." Gilbert Burnet believed that the prince "had a different character than any of his brothers. He was active and liked to do things, had a penchant for special friendships, and a quirky personality that tended to be very pleasant." As Burnet wrote, "his death was mourned by many, especially the King, who had never been so upset".

Charles II planned to betroth Henry to Princess Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark to reinforce the English-Danish maritime alliance, and King Frederick III of Denmark also agreed to the marriage, but the prince's early death prevented this union. Henry's death led to the fact that the throne eventually passed to William III and Mary II—the children of Henry's older sister and older brother, respectively, and later to the House of Hanover.

Titles
Though it is said that he was created Duke of Gloucester and Earl of Cambridge on 13 May 1659, he was probably styled as such from birth.

Honours

 * KG: Knight of the Garter, 4 April 1653

Arms
Henry's own coat of arms is based on the royal coat of arms of the Stuarts. The shield holders are burdened with a title (tournament collar) as in a shield: on a green lawn, a golden leopard armed with scarlet and crowned with a golden crown [rising lion alert] and a silver unicorn armed with gold, topped like a collar with a golden crown with a chain attached to it.

A four-part shield with a silver tournament collar [title], the teeth of which are burdened with a Tudor rose (a scarlet rose with a silver core and green leaves ): in the 1st and 4th parts—the English royal coat of arms (four times: in the 1st and 4th parts in the azure field three golden lilies [France]; in the 2nd and 3rd parts in the scarlet field three golden leopards [walking on the alert of a lion], armed with azure, one above the other); in the 2nd part—the coat of arms of Scotland (in a golden field, scarlet, armed with azure, a rising lion, surrounded by a double flourishing and counter-blooming inner border); in the 3rd part—the coat of arms of Ireland (a gold harp with silver strings in an azure field).

The shield is surmounted by a crown corresponding to the dignity of the children of the monarch with the owner's cap. Above the crown is a crest: a golden leopard crowned with a golden crown of the monarch's children with a silver title (as in a shield) around its neck, also standing on a golden crown. The shield is girded with the ribbon of the Order of the Garter of dark blue velvet with a gold border woven with a gold inscription: "Honi soit qui mal y pense" ("Shame on him who thinks ill of it").

Elias Ashmole's Institutions, Laws and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter lists a coat of arms with three roses (one above the other) on each prong of the title.

title: Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester


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Albany and Schenectady Railroad

The Mohawk & Hudson Railroad was the first railroad built in the state of New York and one of the first railroads in the United States. It was so-named because it linked the Mohawk River at Schenectady with the Hudson River at Albany. It was conceived as a means of allowing Erie Canal passengers to quickly bypass the circuitous Cohoes Falls via steam powered trains.

The railroad was incorporated on April 17, 1826,Christopher T. Baer, Pennsylvania RR Chronology, Sunday, January 20, 2013, A GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY PREDECESSORS AND SUCCESSORS AND ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT © 2004-2011 Pennsylvania Technical and Historical Society p.5 as the Mohawk & Hudson Company and opened for public service on August 9, 1831. On April 19, 1847, the company name was changed to the Albany & Schenectady Railroad. The railroad was consolidated into the New York Central Railroad on May 17, 1853.

History
On December 28, 1825, Schenectady County resident (Duanesburg) George William Featherstonhaugh (pronounced Fenshaw ) ran a newspaper notice announcing the formation of the Mohawk & Hudson Rail Road Company. The intention was to bypass the Erie Canal between Albany and Schenectady, cutting time for the trip from a whole day to under one hour. The Mohawk & Hudson became the first chartered railroad in New York State on April 17, 1826.

Construction began in August 1830 and the railroad opened September 24, 1831, on a 16-mile route between Albany and Schenectady through the Pine Bush region that separates both cities. The civil engineer Peter Fleming surveyed the right-of-way and provided the cost estimates. Fleming resigned in 1830 and was replaced by John B. Jervis. The tracks were made of strap rail resting on stone blocks rather than crossties that later became standard. Initially the line ended outside the two cities to avoid steep grades — in Albany the line ended near the current intersection of Madison and Western Avenues — and the passengers covered the remaining distance in stagecoaches. Later at each end an inclined plane with a fixed steam engine was used to raise and lower the train.

The DeWitt Clinton locomotive, built by the West Point Foundry in New York, made its first test run on July 2, 1831. After some hesitation it was decided that the engine would burn wood rather than coal. The official opening took place on September 24, 1831, with approximately eighty politicians and dignitaries. The DeWitt Clinton, pulling three cars, covered the route in forty-seven minutes. Another eight cars had to be pulled by horses.

In 1832, a rider wrote in his journal. "June 28, arrive in Schenectady. Among the astonishing inventions of man, surely that of the locomotive steam engine hath no secondary rank. By this matchless exercise of skill, we fly with a smooth and even course along once impassible barriers, the valleys are filled, the mountains laid low, and distance seems annihilated. I took my seat as near as possible to the car containing the engine, in order to examine more minutely the operation of this, to me, novel and stupendous specimen of human skill. Having thus, as if by some invisible agency flown the distance of 16 miles in 40 minutes, at Schenectady I took passage on the Hudson and Erie Canal for Buffalo."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Albany and Schenectady Railroad


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Simple view of ethics and morals

Banned Use EntmootsOfTrolls is back, and wrote the following on the Article page.

 * You edited the article yourself, in the damaged form, then propose to delete it? This is a hidden agenda.  The topic is not the same, what ordinary people mean when they say "ethics and morals" is not what the academic philosopher means, whether the academic likes it or not.  As to the article on ethics there has been a lot of damage to it from your POV and similar POV that need to be fixed up.  There's a systemic bias problem that too many male Western philosophers and not enough female, Asian, or postmodernists are here to defend their views from constant attacks from those who feel threatened by them.

 * This article is by no means a duplicate and now has been restored to a version that is nicely balanced.

 * Finally, avoid ad hominem delete arguments or you will soon be considered one of the Young Jacobins

Hararssment by a banned user
Although EntmootsOfTrolls has been hard banned, he repeatedly resurfaces on Wikipedia in various guises, usually with anonymous IPs beginning with 142.xxx. (And he repeatedly is blocked, over and over.) Well, he has just made a new attack on on my User discussion page, for the "crime" of following standard Wikipedia policy for the deletion of a duplicate article.

(1) EntmootsOfTrolls (EoT) originally broke Wikipedia policy by creating his own article on Ethics, parallel to our real article. His parallel article existed solely to promote his own point of view. All I did was follow standard polict for redirection or deletion, by asking others for their input. Yet see EoT's diatribe against me on my home page!

(2) He is publicly accusing me of "censorship" on the Ethics article. (This is despite the fact that the edits I made are part of the consensus version that has been accepted by the vast majority of all editors of this article.)

(3) He explicitly violated Wikipedia policy by anonymously deleting the link which had the article say "This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. Please see this article's entry on the Votes for Deletion page for voting and discussion on the matter." When an article is up for discussion on such issues, a single user may not unilaterally just delete this. So do you have any suggestions? I'd hate for this banned user to start an edit war. Its only a matter of time before he goes after other of his self-perceived adversaries. RK 20:02, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)


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Napoleon Lapathiotis

Napoleon Lapathiotis (Ναπολέων Λαπαθιώτης; 31 October 1888 – 7 January 1944) was a Greek poet. A native of Athens, he began writing and publishing poetry when he was eleven. In 1907, along with others, he established the Igiso (Ἡγησώ, from the Attic Greek name Hēgēso) magazine, in which he published his works. In 1909, he graduated from the law school of the University of Athens. His only book of poems while alive was published in 1939; in 1964, Aris Diktaios published his poems posthumously.

Personal life
Lapathiotis was openly gay and had communist beliefs. Poor in later life and an opium addict, he committed suicide with a revolver on 7 January 1944.

The 1985 film Meteor and Shadow was based on his life.

Poems
Famous poems by Lapathiotis include:
 * Τὰ καημένα τὰ πουλάκια
 * Τὰ χλωμά τὰ κοριτσάκια
 * Ἔχω ἕνα ἀηδόνι...
 * Ποιητής
 * Μυστικό...
 * Ἐπεισόδιο
 * Ἡ χαρά
 * Συντριβή
 * Ἀναμνήσεις
 * Our old song (Τὸ παλιό μας τραγοῦδι)
 * Small song (Μικρὸ τραγοῦδι)
 * Παραμύθι
 * Πόθος
 * Στὴ νυχτερινὸ κέντρο
 * Χειμωνιάτικο τοπίο
 * Ἐκ βαθέων
 * Στὴ φυλακή...
 * Κούραση
 * Κλείσε τὰ παράθυρα
 * Φαντάσματα
 * Βαθύ κι ἐξαίσιο βράδυ
 * Μοναξιά
 * Ἑκάτης πάθη
 * Νυχτερινό
 * Οἱ μπερντέδες
 * Ἐρωτικό
 * Οἱ κύκνοι τὸ φθινόπωρο
 * Λυπήσου
 * Προσμένω πάλι
 * Σπαρασμός
 * Untitled (Ἄτιτλο)
 * 1939
 * Φάντασμα
 * Προσμονή
 * Εἶμαι μόνος...
 * Ἐρινύες
 * Vao, ghao, dhao (Βαο, γαο, δαο)
 * Τ᾿ ἁπλὸ παιδί πού ἐγὼ ἀγαπῶ...
 * Song (Τραγούδι)
 * Ὅταν βραδιάζει
 * Ἕνας χαμένος κύκλος
 * Ἀποχαιρετισμοί στη μουσική
 * Ἀποχαιρετισμός
 * Ἀποχαιρετιστήριο
 * Κραυγή

Other works

 * My Life (Ἡ Ζωή μου), unfinished autobiography
 * Nero the tyrant (Νέρων ὁ Τύραννος), 1901, theatrical play for children

title: Napoleon Lapathiotis


text:
Frame semantics

Frame semantics can refer to:

 * Kripke semantics - semantics for modal logics
 * Frame semantics (linguistics) - linguistic theory developed by Charles J. Fillmore

title: Frame semantics


text:
David Rubincam

David Perry Rubincam (born February 27, 1947) is an American geophysicist with specialties in solid-earth geophysics, planetary geodynamics and celestial mechanics. He has worked as a civilian scientist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration since 1978. The main-belt asteroid 9921 Rubincam was named in his honor.

Education
He received a B.S. in Physics (1970), M.S. in Physics (1972), and Ph.D. in Physics (1973) from the University of Maryland, College Park.

Career
From 1974-1976 he served as a Resident Research Associate at the National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council.

From 1976-1978 he served as Lead Analyst in Geophysics at Wolf Research and Development Group, EG&G, Inc.

From 1978 to present, he has served as a Geophysicist in the Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. He studies secular effects in the solar system such as tidal friction, the Yarkovsky effect, and the Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect (YORP) effect. One of his many contributions while at NASA was conducting research to understand the dynamics of orbital decay of artificial Earth satellites. Current interests include asteroids and asteroid pairs.

Society memberships
Rubincam is a member of the American Geophysical Union and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

title: David Rubincam


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Frank Martin

Frank Martin may refer to:

 * Frank Martin (American football) (1919–1981), NFL football halfback
 * Francis Martin (athlete), runner known as Frank Martin
 * Frank Martin (Australian footballer) (1895–1969), Australian rules footballer
 * Frank Martin (baseball) (1878–1942), American baseball player
 * Frank Martin (basketball) (born 1966), head men's basketball coach
 * Frank Martin (boxer) (born 1995), American boxer
 * Frank Martin (composer) (1890–1974), Swiss classical composer
 * Frank Martin (councillor), Democratic Alliance councillor in Cape Town, South Africa
 * Frank Martin (cricketer) (1893–1967), West Indian cricketer
 * Frank Martin (equestrian) (1885–1962), Swedish horse rider
 * Frank Martin (ER character), fictional character on ER
 * Frank Martin (ice hockey) (1933–2007), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Frank Martin (mayor) (1938–2012), mayor of Columbus, Georgia
 * Frank Martin (sculptor) (1914–2004), British sculptor
 * Frank Martin (sport administrator), from Australia
 * Frank Martin (Transporter), fictional protagonist in the Transporter series

 * Pancho Martin (Frank Martin, 1925–2012), U.S. Racing Hall of Fame horse trainer
 * Frank Martin (footballer, born 1887) (1887–1967), English footballer

title: Frank Martin


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Elefant (disambiguation)

Elefant is the spelling of elephant in several languages. It may refer to:

 * Zechariah Elefant, a rabbi, author, and publisher
 * Elefant, a German World War II tank destroyer
 * SLT 50 Elefant, a tractor unit and tank transporter of the modern German Army
 * Elefant (band), an indie band from New York, U.S.
 * Elefant Records, a Spanish record label
 * Elefant Traks, an Australian record label
 * Seeteufel, a prototype German submarine also known as Elefant

title: Elefant (disambiguation)


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Talk:Pope Innocent IV

Untitled
"He had for his immediate predecessor Celestine IV, who however, was pope for eighteen days only, and therefore the events of Innocent's pontificate practically link themselves on to those of the reign of Gregory IX."

This sentence at the start of the second paragraph doesn't actually make sense. I would change it but I can't work out what it is trying to say. Thryduulf 20:12, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Innocent IV as Pope
Tne New Catholic Encyclopedia states that the Innocent IV was elected Pope on June 25, 1243 and NOT June 28, 1243.

Neutral point of view, please?
The section "Later Developments and Death" is absolutely against one of the 3 prime rules of Wikipedia - neutrality. How can you say "Within twenty years Frederick's grandson would also be dead and the world would sigh with relief at the end of the ambitions of the House of Hohenstauffen." on the article about one of the treacherous and willing to use religious power to put the worldly leaders to their knees popes throughout the history? How can you say that Europe "sigh with relief" after the illegal execution of a 16 years old boy ? Another thing - "Nonetheless, when Conrad died in May 1254 the Pope recognized the hereditary claims of his son, Conradin. Manfred at first submitted to papal authority adn the pope met with him in Naples in October 1254. This appears to have been a ruse concocted by Manfred or his advisors." What? Steven Runciman in "The Sicilian Vespers" for example states that "When the Pope crossed the river Garigliano into the Kingdom on 11 October, Manfred came to meet him and walked beside him leading his horse. But meanwhile the Pope's nephew, Cardinal William dei Dieschi, led the papal army southward, demanding oaths of allegiance with omitted all reference to Conradin..." /that's in 1254/.

Please fix this article! :]

--Tour noir (talk) 18:16, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

How far is Far East?
"many other bishops were prevented from attending either by the invasions of the Mongols (Tartars) in the Far East" uses some weird meaning of the name "Far East". I very much doubt there were many bishops in Japana and Korea. --82.131.125.77 (talk) 08:40, 15 July 2016 (UTC)

torture and Ad Extirpanda
should we mention that Ad Extirpanda doesnt explicitly mentioned torture. Of course the inquisition used torture (though rarely) like many secular courts and many theologians agreed with torture. But I dont see any explicit mention of torture.Ilikerabbits! (talk) 11:33, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Innocent IV


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Talk:Napoleon Lapathiotis

Untitled
It's short and it doesn't contain much information, but what information it does contain is accurate.

title: Talk:Napoleon Lapathiotis


text: Template:User et-1

title: Template:User et-1


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2005 Pacific hurricane season

The 2005 Pacific hurricane season was a near-average Pacific hurricane season which produced fifteen named storms, seven hurricanes and two major hurricanes. It was also the second consecutive season in which no tropical cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year.

Activity began with the formation of Hurricane Adrian, the fourth-earliest-forming tropical storm on record in the basin at the time. Adrian led to flash flooding and several landslides across Central America, resulting in five deaths and $12 million (2005 USD) in damage. Tropical storms Calvin and Dora caused minor damage along the coastline, while Tropical Storm Eugene led to one death in Acapulco. In early October, Otis produced tropical storm-force winds and minor flooding across the Baja California peninsula. The remnants of Tropical Depression One-C in the central Pacific, meanwhile, caused minor impacts in Hawaii. The strongest storm of the season was Hurricane Kenneth, which attained peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) over the open Pacific.

Pre-season forecasts
The first forecast for the 2005 season was produced by the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) in the second month of the year. In their report, the organization cited a list of analog years – 1952, 1957, 1985, 1991, and 1993 – with similar oceanic and atmospheric patterns. An overall total of 17 tropical storms, 10 hurricanes, and 7 major hurricanes was forecast, above the average. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), meanwhile, released their seasonal outlook on May 16, predicting 11 to 15 named storms, 6 to 8 hurricanes, and 2 to 4 major hurricanes. The organization noted that when the Atlantic basin was busier than average, as expected in 2005, the eastern Pacific generally saw lesser activity. That same day, NOAA issued a forecast for activity across the central Pacific, expecting 2 to 3 tropical cyclones to occur across the basin. A normal season averaged 4 to 5 tropical cyclones, including 1 hurricane. A near-normal El Niño–Southern Oscillation existed across the equatorial Pacific throughout 2005, which indicated conditions generally less conducive for activity there.

Seasonal summary
The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index for the 2005 Pacific hurricane season as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the National Hurricane Center was 96.6 units. Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h).

The season's first tropical cyclone, Adrian, developed on May 17 and reached its peak as a Category 1 hurricane. Named storms are infrequent in May, with one tropical storm every two years and a hurricane once every four years. At the time, Adrian was the fourth earliest tropical cyclone to form in the eastern Pacific since reliable record-keeping began in 1971. Activity throughout the remainder of the season was far less notable, with 16 tropical cyclones, 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. The long-term 1971–2004 average suggests an average season to feature 15 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. October in particular was notably quiet, with the formation of only one tropical depression; only three other seasons, 1989, 1995, and 1996, ended the month without the designation of a named storm.

Analysis of the environment suggested that most storms formed during the passage of the positive Madden–Julian oscillation and its associated upper-air divergence, which is favorable for tropical cyclone formation. Extended reprieves in tropical activity were connected to upper-level convergence. Another factor that led to a below-average season was the presence of cooler than average ocean temperatures during the peak months, helping to extend the period of lesser activity that began throughout the eastern Pacific around 1995.

Hurricane Adrian
In early to mid-May, several areas of disturbed weather moving westward from Central America aided in the formation of a broad area of low pressure well south of Mexico. A poorly-defined tropical wave became intertwined with the larger system over subsequent days, leading to the formation of a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on May 17. The nascent cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Adrian six hours later. Despite the effects of moderate wind shear, the system steadily organized as convection became concentrated around the center, and Adrian attained its peak with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) at 18:00 UTC on May 19. Environmental conditions became less conducive thereafter as downsloping from mountains along the coastline of Mexico combined with the already-marginal upper-level winds. The cyclone fell to tropical storm intensity at 00:00 UTC on May 20, tropical depression intensity at 18:00 UTC that day, and dissipated at 06:00 UTC on May 21 along the coastline of Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca.

Hurricane Adrian was responsible for five deaths: two died in a mudslide in Guatemala, a pilot crashed in high winds and a person drowned in El Salvador, and a person was killed by flooding in Nicaragua. Heavy rainfall up to 16.4 in (418.4 mm) in El Salvador led to landslides, damaged roads, and flash flooding. In Honduras, a few shacks were destroyed, a few roads were blocked, and some flooding occurred; similar effects were noted in Guatemala and Nicaragua. Monetary losses topped $12 million (2005 USD) in El Salvador alone.

Tropical Storm Beatriz
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic on June 8 and entered the East Pacific over a week later, merging with a number of disturbances within a broad area of low pressure south of Mexico on June 17. The disturbance's cloud pattern—although initially elongated—steadily coalesced, leading to the formation of a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on June 21 and further intensification into Tropical Storm Beatriz at 12:00 UTC on June 22. The system battled easterly wind shear and marginal ocean temperatures on its west-northwest track, attaining peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) the next day before weakening to tropical depression intensity at 00:00 UTC on June 24. Six hours later, it degenerated into a remnant low which slowed and turned southward prior to dissipating early on June 26.

Tropical Storm Calvin
A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on June 11, remaining inconspicuous until reaching the southwestern Caribbean Sea eight days later. The system entered the eastern Pacific on June 21, where steady organization led to the formation of a tropical depression around 06:00 UTC on June 26 while located 330 mi (530 km) south-southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. Upon formation, the cyclone moved north-northwest and then west-northwest under the dictation of a subtropical ridge to its north. It intensified into Tropical Storm Calvin at 18:00 UTC on June 26, attaining a peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h) early the next morning in conjunction with a well-defined spiral band on radar. Calvin then dove west-southwest and weakened as strong wind shear exposed the storm's circulation; it fell to tropical depression status at 12:00 UTC on June 28 and further degenerated to a remnant low by 06:00 UTC the next day. The low moved generally westward before dissipating well southwest of the Baja California peninsula on July 3. As a tropical cyclone, Calvin caused only minor damage to roofs and highways, flooded a house, and toppled two trees.

Tropical Storm Dora
The genesis of Tropical Storm Dora can be attributed to a westward-moving tropical wave that emerged off Africa on June 18. By July 3, the wave passed through the Gulf of Tehuantepec, where broad cyclonic flow began to develop along its axis. Following further organization, the disturbance intensified into a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC on July 4 and further strengthened into Tropical Storm Dora six hours later. The cyclone moved north-northwest and then west-northwest, paralleling the coastline of Mexico under the influence of a subtropical ridge, where landslides and mudslides cut communication to 12 mountain villages. Under a moderate easterly wind shear regime, Dora ultimately changed little in strength, peaking with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) as the center became obscured on the eastern edge of extremely deep convection. A track over colder waters caused the storm to fall to tropical depression intensity late on July 5 and degenerate into a remnant low by 12:00 UTC on July 6. The low then dissipated six hours later.

Tropical Storm Eugene
A tropical wave first identified over the Caribbean Sea on July 10 entered the eastern Pacific four days later. The disturbance organized as banding features became distinct, leading to the formation of a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on July 18. The cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Eugene six hours later as a mid-level ridge steered it generally northwest. Amid an environment of light wind shear, Eugene steadily organized to reach peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) by late on July 19, although it is possible the storm briefly attained hurricane intensity. Already tracking over cooler waters, Eugene quickly weakened immediately after its peak, becoming a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on July 20 and degenerating into a remnant low twelve hours later. The low continued northwest before losing its character on July 22. As a tropical cyclone, Eugene flooded streets (which displaced six vehicles), left at least 30 houses inundated, and caused one death after a man's boat overturned.

Tropical Depression One-C
In late July to early August, an organized thunderstorm cluster persisted within the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Upon further development, the disturbance was designated as a tropical depression as it tracked swiftly west, the first and only cyclone to form in the central Pacific throughout the season. Despite initial forecasts of a minimal tropical storm, increasing wind shear and cooler ocean temperatures prompted the depression to instead dissipate by 00:00 UTC on August 5, having only attained peak winds of 30 mph (45 km/h).

As a tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression One-C had no impact on land. However, the remnants of the depression dropped moderate to heavy rainfall in Hawaii, particularly on the Island of Hawaii. Rainfall totals measured up to 8.8 in (223.5 mm) in Glenwood, Hawaii. Flash floods was reported in Kona and Ka‘ū, while minor flooding occurred in Hilo, Hamakua, and Kealakekua. In addition, minor street flooding was reported in several cities on that island; most notably, a nearly overflown drainage ditch threatened to submerge the Hawaii Belt Road. Some coffee plants were damaged.

Hurricane Fernanda
A vigorous tropical wave observed over western Africa in late July maintained vigor until passing the Windward Islands, becoming disorganized as it moved across South America and then into the eastern Pacific on August 5. Convection gradually redeveloped south of Mexico, leading to the formation of a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on August 9 and intensification into Tropical Storm Fernanda twelve hours later. The nascent cyclone continued on a west-northwesterly course amid a favorable shear regime; it became a hurricane at 06:00 UTC on August 11 and attained peak winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) early the next day as a ragged eye became discernible. After leveling off in intensity, Fernanda fell to tropical storm intensity early on August 14, weakened to a tropical depression late on August 15, and degenerated into a remnant low by 06:00 UTC on August 16, all the while diving west-southwest. The low produced intermittent convection until dissipating the next day.

Tropical Storm Greg
A tropical wave that first crossed the western coastline of Africa on July 27 entered the eastern Pacific ten days later, gradually developing into a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on August 11. The depression trekked west-northwest along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge, intensifying into Tropical Storm Greg six hours after formation and reaching peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) by 00:00 UTC on August 12 as deep convection flared near the center and upper-level outflow became well established. Northerly shear from nearby Fernanda and a nearby upper-level trough caused Greg to level off and maintain its status as a low-end tropical storm for several days as steering currents collapsed. Drifting south, stronger upper-level winds caused Greg to weaken to tropical depression intensity by 18:00 UTC on August 14 before degenerating into a remnant low by 00:00 UTC on August 16. The low was absorbed into the ITCZ shortly thereafter.

Hurricane Hilary
A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on August 4, eventually organizing into a tropical depression south of Mexico by 18:00 UTC on August 19. Twelve hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Hilary. The newly named system tracked west after formation, steered on the south side of a subtropical ridge. Favorable upper-level winds and warm ocean temperatures allowed it to quickly intensify, and Hilary became a hurricane by 00:00 UTC on August 21. After leveling off briefly, the cyclone attained its peak as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph (185 km/h) early the next morning, consistent with a ragged eye on infrared satellite imagery. Hilary entered a progressively cooler ocean after peak, resulting in the loss of deep convection. The system fell to tropical storm intensity late on August 24, tropical depression intensity late on August 25, and degenerated to a remnant low by 00:00 UTC on August 26. The low moved generally west until dissipating early on August 28.

Tropical Storm Irwin
The formation of Irwin can be traced to a tropical wave that emerged off Africa on August 10. It continued west, fracturing into two portions near the Leeward Islands; the northern half aided in the formation of Hurricane Katrina, whereas the southern portion continued into the eastern Pacific. Steady organization led to the formation of a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on August 25 and intensification into a tropical storm twelve hours later. With the center located on the edge of deep convection, Irwin attained peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) early on August 26 before northeasterly wind shear prompted weakening. The cyclone fell to tropical depression intensity early on August 28 and further degenerated to a remnant low by 18:00 UTC on August 28. The low moved west and then southwest until dissipating on September 3.

Hurricane Jova
A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on August 28. Similar to the setup that spawned Irwin, the northern half of the wave fractured and led to the formation of Hurricane Maria, whereas the southern part of the wave continued into the eastern Pacific on September 4. The disturbance initially changed little in organization; an increase in convection on September 12, however, aided in the formation of a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC that day. Affected by moderate easterly shear, the depression failed to intensify into Tropical Storm Jova until 00:00 UTC on September 15. The cyclone intensified at a faster rate thereafter, attaining hurricane intensity early the next day as it turned west-southwest. Jova crossed into the central Pacific early on September 18, where environmental conditions favored continued intensification. As the storm moved into the basin, it abruptly turned northwest toward a weakness in the subtropical ridge.

Nearby dry air acted to temporarily but significantly weaken Jova's spiral banding despite a favorable upper-level environment. By 12:00 UTC on September 19, however, it intensified into the first major hurricane – a Category 3 or larger on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – of the season; twelve hours later, it attained peak winds of 125 mph (205 km/h). Cooler ocean temperatures took their toll on Jova as it progressed westward, with Jova falling to tropical storm intensity early on September 23, dropping to tropical depression intensity early on September 24, and ultimately dissipating by 06:00 UTC on September 25 a few hundred miles north of Hilo, Hawaii.

Hurricane Kenneth
A tropical wave led to the formation of a tropical depression well southwest of the Baja California peninsula by 18:00 UTC on September 14. On a generally westward track, light wind shear and warm ocean temperatures allowed the depression to rapidly intensify, becoming Tropical storm Kenneth twelve hours after formation and further intensifying into a hurricane by 00:00 UTC on September 16. The storm underwent an eyewall replacement cycle later that day, temporarily halting the storm's development. By 06:00 UTC on September 17, however, Kenneth attained major hurricane status, and by 12:00 UTC the next morning, it attained its peak as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h).

Steering currents collapsed after peak, causing the storm to move erratically, but generally toward the west. Kenneth fell to tropical storm intensity late on September 20, but a brief reprieve in these winds allowed it to regain hurricane strength early on September 25. The hurricane entered the central Pacific on September 26 and weakened to a tropical storm again as south-southwesterly wind shear increased. After little change in strength for several days, Kenneth weakened to a tropical depression early on September 29 and ultimately dissipated just east of Hawaii by 00:00 UTC on September 31. The remnants of Kenneth interacted with an upper-level trough, producing up to 12 in (305 mm) on Oahu. Lake Wilson and the Kaukonahua Stream both overflowed their banks as a result. A few homes were flooded along Hawaii Route 61 by up to a foot of flowing water. Waves of 8–10 ft (2–3 m) affected the coastline of the Hawaiian Islands.

Tropical Storm Lidia
In mid-September, a series of tropical waves entered the eastern Pacific from the Caribbean Sea. One of these waves led to the formation of a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on September 17, which intensified into Tropical Storm Lidia and attained peak winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) six hours later. Initial forecasts were of low confidence, with forecasters citing uncertainty in whether Lidia or a developing disturbance to its east would become the dominant cyclone. Nearly stationary, the cyclone's cloud pattern soon became distorted by the much larger circulation of developing Tropical Storm Max. Lidia weakened to a tropical depression late on September 18 and was completely absorbed by Max twelve hours later.

Hurricane Max
A tropical wave exited Africa on September 4, entering the eastern Pacific nine days later. The disturbance was initially slow to organize due to its broad nature, but finally began to show signs of organization early on September 18 as the system approached a stalled-out Tropical Storm Lidia. Remnants of Hurricane Max brought a weak cold front, heavy rainfall in Southern California on September 20. The system became a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC that day and intensified into Tropical Storm Max six hours later, simultaneously absorbing the weaker, much smaller Lidia. The storm turned northwest on the periphery of a subtropical ridge and continued to develop in a light wind shear environment. Max became a hurricane by 00:00 UTC on September 20 and attained peak winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) twelve hours later, as a large but well-defined eye became apparent. It began steady weakening shortly thereafter as the storm entered cooler waters, falling to tropical storm intensity early on September 21 and further to tropical depression status early the next day as a mid-level ridge forced it back west. Max degenerated to a remnant low by 18:00 UTC on September 22, which then drifted south before dissipating on September 26.

Tropical Storm Norma
An area of disturbed weather formed south of Mexico on September 19, followed by the formation of a broad area of low pressure within the disturbance two days later. A few small vortices were observed within the broad low over subsequent days, one of which cled to the formation of a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC on September 23. On a west-northwest course, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Norma twelve hours later and ultimately attained peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) by 18:00 UTC on September 24 as the circulation became centrally located within the convection and banding features developed. Norma turned northwest as easterly wind shear increased, causing it to weaken to a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC on September 26 and degenerate to a remnant low a day later. The low turned south and east, persisting for several days before dissipating on October 1.

Hurricane Otis
A tropical wave moved off Africa on September 9, the northern half of which led to the formation of Hurricane Philippe. After emerging into the eastern Pacific nearly two weeks later, the system showed signs of organization, attaining tropical depression status by 00:00 UTC on September 28. It drifted west-southwest before turning northwest on September 29, at which time it intensified into Tropical Storm Otis. A favorable environment allowed the storm to become a hurricane early on September 30 and attain peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) by 06:00 UTC on October 1. Steering currents weakened after peak, allowing Otis to meander into cooler waters offshore the Baja California peninsula. It weakened to a tropical storm early on October 2, weakened to a tropical depression early on October 3, and degenerated to a remnant low by 00:00 UTC on October 4. The low drifted southwest and dissipated the next day.

Although the center of Otis remained offshore, Cabo San Lucas recorded sustained winds of 49 mph (79 km/h), with gusts to 63 mph (101 km/h). Periods of heavy rainfall resulted in minor flooding across the southern portions of the Baja California peninsula. Offshore, two ships reported tropical storm-force winds.

Tropical Depression Sixteen-E
A tropical depression developed from a tropical wave that emerged off Africa on September 28. The wave entered the eastern Pacific over two weeks later, still embedded within the ITCZ. Deep convection and a better defined circulation became established as the system detached from the feature, leading to the formation of a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC on October 15. Steered on the south side of the Mexican subtropical ridge, the depression organized as extremely deep convection burst over its center; this led to the formation of an eye-like feature on microwave imagery, and it is possible the depression briefly attained tropical storm intensity. Shortly thereafter, however, easterly wind shear exposed the low-level center, and the depression degenerated to a remnant low by 00:00 UTC on October 18.

The remnant low continued westward, now steered by low-level easterly flow across the basin. Early on October 19, deep convection began to reform near the circulation, leading to the re-designation of a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC that day. Like its previous incarnation, however, a combination of dry air and southeasterly wind shear prevented the cyclone from intensifying to tropical storm status, with only a few curved band in its northern semicircle. Steady weakening occurred until the depression degenerated to a remnant low for a second time around 00:00 UTC on October 21. The remnant low turned southwestward before becoming reabsorbed into the ITCZ well southwest of the Baja California peninsula twelve hours later.

Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W during 2005. This was the same list used for the 1999 season. No names were retired from this list by the World Meteorological Organization following the season, and it was used again for the 2011 season.

For named storms that form in the North Pacific between 140°W and the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list. No named storms formed within the region in 2005. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (*).

Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2005 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2005 USD.

title: 2005 Pacific hurricane season


text:
Talk:Brazilian cuisine

Religious/Historical Significance
This Wikipedia page contains a wealth of important information but lacks historical context and religious significance. The purpose of this section will be to explain how the religious backgrounds have contributed to the creation of iconic Brazilian dishes such as aracaje. To elaborate on the impact of Candomble's religion on the dish, I will refer to a secondary source titled “African Diaspora in Brazil: History, Culture and Politics”. This secondary source is reliable because it is from a book written by Dr. Fassil Demissie, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. In addition, I will elaborate on other dishes that were created in response to this particular religion and culture, such as Bolinhos de Jesus. To give the reader a deeper understanding of the time period during which these dishes were created, I intend to include specific dates of when the enslaved individuals arrived in Brazil. I will also provide a more detailed explanation of how rice and beans became so popular in Brazil, utilizing another secondary source entitled “With Grains in Her Hair: Rice in Colonial Brazil”. This secondary source is written by Dr. Judith Carney of UCLA’s geography department. My final edits will summarize the contributions these dishes have made to Brazilian culture and history. You are welcome to comment on my edits and make comments on this talk page. (Halsey10 (talk) 04:56, 4 May 2023 (UTC))

Halsey10 (talk) 19:22, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

 * The article already talks about Brazilian food having influences from all peoples. But we have rules here, such as undue weight in the article (WEIGHT): Brazilian cuisine is not limited to black people or the Northeast. It has strong European (German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, etc.), Middle Eastern (Lebanese, etc) and Asian (Japanese, Chinese, etc) influences. Also, if you want to talk specifically about history, you would need to create another article. This one is more general, having only a summary of the subject, not going into so much depth.2804:14D:5C87:8E8C:E859:FA09:5173:FAB8 (talk) 09:24, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

"Feijoada, one of the most traditional dishes of Brazil" photo
I think feijoada should be the top photograph in this article, with the photograph currently second on the page, which clearly depicts black beans. -  Julietdeltalima   (talk)  19:34, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Feijoada is widely regarded as the national dish of Brazil. This can be seen from all top google results and informal sources, as well as the information on the Wikipedia page National dish, which provides 2 references.
 * More importantly, even if feijoada were not the right dish to display, displaying bife à parmegiana is outright misleading.
 * As suggestive evidence, consider the data in google trends. While bife à parmegiana exclusively shows up in the southeast and south regions, feijoada appears in every state. Furthermore, the popularity of feijoada compared to bife à parmegiana is overwhelming in every state.
 * The page would be improved by removing the picture of bife à parmegiana and leaving no picture in its place. The choice of feijoada however has considerable evidence for it. Victordamatta (talk) 20:15, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with anything written above. The article already has two pictures of the feijoada, one is in the "brazilian cuisine" box and appears every time someone clicks on a link to this article. Another photo is below of the parmigiana steak. I see no need to remove or relocate the parmigiana steak photo.Information that feijoada is the country's main dish should be placed in the feijoada article, and can be placed next to the feijoada data written in this article, if it is missing. In any case, this fact is well known.2804:214:87E2:DED6:38EB:E9B7:37A3:CA86 (talk) 22:21, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @2804:214:87E2:DED6:38EB:E9B7:37A3:CA86 feijoada, as the main Brazilian dish, should of course appear first. It is common sense after all
 * PedroHMSchneider (talk) 20:10, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Certainly! It doesn't make any sense to show bife á parmegiana, because bife á parmegiana is NOT a Brazilian dish, despite the name seem being so, I strongly think it must be in, and not here. 177.105.90.10 (talk) 14:19, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brazilian cuisine


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Crazy Bone

Crazy Bone may refer to:
 * Krayzie Bone - A member of the rap/hip-hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony.
 * Gogo's Crazy Bones - small, collectible figurines, popular in the 1990s and 2000s.
 * Another term for the funny bone

title: Crazy Bone


text:
Port Glasgow F.C.

Port Glasgow Junior Football Club is a Scottish football club, based in the town of Port Glasgow, Inverclyde.

History
Nicknamed the Undertakers, they were formed as Port Glasgow Athletic Juveniles F.C. in 1948 as an offshoot of Clune Rock Juveniles. They stepped up to the Junior ranks a year later and obtained a place in the Central Junior Football League. They are not related to the pre-War Port Glasgow Athletic Juniors who disbanded in July 1939 after losing their ground.

Their first ground was Woodhall Park, Port Glasgow where they played until being evicted by the local council in 2000 to make way for an industrial development, which was not built until 2014. They then groundshared with local rivals Greenock Juniors at both Ravenscraig Stadium and Battery Park, while Ravenscraig was redeveloped for the 2014 Commonwealth Games. The club returned to Port Glasgow in 2012 at a new £4.4 million community stadium at Parklea.

Currently playing in, they wear white striped uniforms with a black trim. The team is managed by Thomas Jamieson, assisted by Alex McWatters

An unrelated senior club, also called Port Glasgow F.C. (1876–1879), participated in the early Scottish Cup seasons.

Staff
Co-Managers: Thomas Jamieson Ass Manager: Alec McWaters Coach: Alan Jamieson Coach: Abou Mansare Goalkeeper coach: Gary Hogan

Honours

 * Central League A Division winners: 1978–79
 * Central League C Division winners: 1975–76
 * Central Division Two winners: 1999–2000
 * Glasgow Dryburgh Cup: 1957–58
 * Evening Times Cup Winners Cup: 1999–2000
 * Central League First Division winners : 2007–2008
 * Pompey Cup Winners 1967–68
 * Erskine hospital Cup winners: 1971, 1981, 1988
 * Kirkwood Shield winners 1967–68.

title: Port Glasgow F.C.


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MEDIA sub-programme of Creative Europe

The MEDIA sub-programme of Creative Europe or simply Creative Europe MEDIA (formerly The MEDIA Programme of the European Union) is designed to support the European film and audiovisual industries.

Administration
MEDIA is an abbreviation from French: Mesures pour Encourager le Développement de L'Industrie Audiovisuelle - "measures to support the development of the audiovisual industries. The MEDIA programme used to be jointly run by the European Commission Directorate-General for Education and Culture (DG EAC) and the Education, Audiovisual & Culture Executive Agency (EACEA Unit P8), which was in charge of the operational management of the MEDIA programme. Since 2014, it is run by the European Commission Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (CONNECT).

The MEDIA strand within the Creative Europe programme serves as a support system for the advancement of European film and audiovisual industries. Its primary objectives encompass the development, distribution, and promotion of European creative works, with a keen awareness of the contemporary digital landscape.

A core aspect of its mission involves active engagement with audiences of all demographics, with a particular emphasis on reaching and resonating with younger generations.

In a significant evolution, the 2021-2027 period saw the inception of the new Creative Europe programme, coinciding with MEDIA's 30th anniversary. To enhance adaptability and foster synergies across the audiovisual value chain, the programme's priorities are now structured around four distinct clusters.

The MEDIA strand of the Creative Europe programme is dedicated to several key focal points:

 * Encouraging cooperation: This entails fostering collaboration both within the audiovisual value chain and at the European Union level to enhance the global reach of audiovisual enterprises and European content.
 * Nurturing talents: MEDIA seeks to cultivate talents irrespective of their origins while broadening participation and collaboration across different countries.
 * Supporting new technologies: The programme aims to facilitate the effective utilization of new technologies, ensuring that the digital transformation is fully harnessed within the industry.
 * Fostering industry sustainability: This involves promoting environmentally sustainable practices within the audiovisual sector, as well as advocating for societal objectives such as gender balance and diversity.

These objectives translate into supporting actions categorized into four thematic clusters:

 * Content: This cluster focuses on encouraging collaboration and innovation in the creation and production of high-quality audiovisual works.
 * Business: Here, the emphasis lies on promoting business innovation, competitiveness, scalability, and talent development to bolster Europe's audiovisual industry in the face of global competition.
 * Audience: This cluster aims to enhance the accessibility and visibility of audiovisual works to potential audiences through various distribution channels and audience development initiatives.
 * Policy: This cluster is dedicated to supporting policy discussions, exchange fora, studies, reports, as well as awareness-raising activities aimed at promoting a conducive environment for the audiovisual sector.

title: MEDIA sub-programme of Creative Europe


text:
QPP

QPP may refer to:
 * Quadratic permutation polynomial
 * Quebec Pension Plan (QPP)
 * Queensland People's Party
 * Queerplatonic partnership
 * Sûreté du Québec, sometimes referred to in English as "Quebec Provincial Police"

title: QPP


text:
Talk:John McLean

Untitled
Incorrect link for John McLean (the head coach who followed George Imlach. Points to the politician, there is no page for the Head Coach.  User:Stmoose (sig added by PedanticallySpeaking 17:19, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC))
 * I disambiguated the hockey coach on the page you noted and added him to the John McLean DAB page. If you'd like to create an article on the coach, you can click on the red-link I created.  PedanticallySpeaking 17:19, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Washington McLean
I don't have time to consult geneological reference books, but wondered if this jsutice (who died in Cincinnati) is related to the publisher Washington McLean (born in Cincinnati and died in Washington DC) for whom the Washington DC suburb of McLean, Virginia is named.Jweaver28 (talk) 10:30, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Slave owner
This WP article says that "McLean was once an enslaver." "More than 1,700 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation." DouglassFA (talk) 16:10, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:John McLean


text: Template:User et-3

title: Template:User et-3


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Papal inauguration

Papal inauguration is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church within Mass celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements of Byzantine Rite for the ecclesiastical investiture of a pope. Since the inauguration of Pope John Paul I, it has not included the 820-year-old (1143–1963) papal coronation ceremony.

It was in the 11th century that the inauguration took the form of a coronation. Along with other ceremonies used at papal inaugurations, a coronation became part of a pope's inauguration ritual from the time of Pope Nicholas II (1059–1061) until 1963. Pope Paul VI, the last pope to be crowned or to use a papal tiara, abandoned the use of his tiara in a ceremony at the end of the second period of the Second Vatican Council.

Over twenty tiaras are held in the Vatican. That of Paul VI is in the crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.

A small one is still used to symbolically crown a statue of Saint Peter on his saint's day every year. The first pope for over eight centuries to inaugurate his pontificate without a coronation was Pope John Paul I.

Abandonment of the coronation
Pope Paul VI, the last pope to be crowned or to use a papal tiara, abandoned the use of his tiara in a ceremony at the end of the second period of the Second Vatican Council, and announced that it would be sold and the money obtained would be given to charity; it was in fact bought by Catholics in the United States and is now kept in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.

Though Paul VI decided not to wear a tiara, his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo continued to envisage a "coronation" ceremony for his successors. However, Pope John Paul I, elected in the August 1978 conclave, wanted a simpler ceremony, and commissioned Virgilio Noè, the Papal Master of Ceremonies, to design the inauguration ceremony that was used. Taking place in the context of a "Mass of Inauguration", the high point of the ceremony was the placing of the pallium on the new pope's shoulders, and the receiving of the obedience of the cardinals.

His successor, Pope John Paul II, followed suit, maintaining the changes made by his predecessor, though with additions. The Mass of inauguration was celebrated, not in the evening, as for John Paul I, but in the morning. Referring in his inauguration homily to coronation with the papal tiara, John Paul II said: "This is not the time to return to a ceremony and an object considered, wrongly, to be a symbol of the temporal power of the Popes."

In his 1996 apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis, John Paul II laid down that a "solemn ceremony of the inauguration of a pontificate" should take place, but did not specify its form, which he left to each pope to decide.

Modern inauguration
Four modern popes have now used an inauguration ceremony without coronation: Pope John Paul I, Pope John Paul II, (both in 1978), Pope Benedict XVI (2005) and Pope Francis (2013).

The modern papal inauguration, developed from the form used for John Paul I, takes place during Mass (usually in Saint Peter's Square) and involves the formal bestowal of the pallium, the symbol of the pope's universal jurisdiction, on the newly elected pope by the senior Cardinal Deacon.

Pope Benedict XVI maintained those changes and also shortened, as explained below, the ceremony of homage previously paid at a papal inauguration by each cardinal individually, repeating the "act of homage and obedience" made in the conclave to the new pope before the announcement of his election to the people.

The ceremony does not include the alleged Papal Oath that some traditionalist Catholics claim, without evidence, to have been sworn by the popes before John Paul I. They criticise its absence, and some sedevacantist groups refuse to accept the legitimacy of the modern popes due to the absence of both the alleged oath and the symbolic tiara.

Inauguration of Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI celebrated his inauguration on 24 April 2005 after being elected on 19 April 2005 having approved new procedures for the papal inauguration previously on 20 April 2005 the day after his election. The ceremony began with the pope and the cardinals kneeling at the Tomb of Saint Peter beneath the high altar of Saint Peter's Basilica—the popes are, according to Catholic dogma, the successors of Saint Peter, the first head of the Church in Rome—to give him homage, and ask his prayers. Pope Benedict said, "I leave from where the Apostle arrived." The pope and the cardinals then went in procession to Saint Peter's Square for the inauguration Mass, while the "Laudes Regiæ" was chanted, asking help for the new pope.

Receiving the pallium and the Ring of the Fisherman
The pope received the pallium and the Ring of the Fisherman. Cardinal Jorge Medina, the cardinal protodeacon, formally bestowed the pallium on the pope. The pallium used was different from that of previous popes: it was an earlier form practically identical to the ancient omophorion (still used to this day by Eastern bishops); wider than the standard archiepiscopal pallium, though not as wide as the modern omophorion; 2.4 metres (2.6 yards) long, made of wool with black silk tips. It had five embroidered red silk crosses instead of the six black ones of the normal archbishops' pallium. Pope Benedict later in his pontificate would use a pallium similar to that of his immediate predecessors, but with a longer, wider cut and six red crosses.

After the pallium was bestowed and before the Ring of the Fisherman was presented, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, as the senior cardinal-priest, pronounced the formal prayer for the new pope.

Cardinal Angelo Sodano, as the senior cardinal-bishop, formally presented the Ring of the Fisherman to the pope.

Act of homage
Instead of having each of the more than one hundred cardinals kneel before the pope individually to do him homage, twelve people, lay as well as clerical, did so: the senior Cardinal bishop Angelo Sodano, the Cardinal protopriest Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, the Cardinal protodeacon Jorge Medina, Bishop Andrea Erba the bishop of Benedict's former suburbicarian diocese of Velletri-Segni, Father Enrico Pomili the priest serving as pastor of Benedict's former titular church Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino when he was a Cardinal priest, a deacon, a religious brother, a Benedictine nun, a married couple from Korea, and a young woman from Sri Lanka and a young man from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, each of whom had been recently confirmed.

After the ceremony
After Mass, Pope Benedict greeted inside St. Peter's Basilica, before the main altar, various delegations present for his inauguration. In the days following, he visited the other major basilicas of Rome. On 25 April 2005, the day after his inauguration at St. Peter's, he paid homage to the other founder of the church of Rome by visiting St. Paul Outside the Walls. On 7 May, he took possession of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran—his cathedral church. Later that evening he venerated the Salus Populi Romani icon of Mary in the Basilica of Saint Mary Major.

Inauguration of Francis
Pope Francis celebrated his papal inauguration on 19 March 2013, the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, following his election on 13 March 2013. He used a mitre he has had since he first became a bishop. His chasuble matched the mitre. He used the same pastoral staff that Benedict XVI used. Pope Francis kept the chants and liturgical actions simple. The fact that he himself does not chant the liturgy has been attributed by Cardinal Timothy Dolan to his having only one lung.

Francis first descended to the tomb of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica where, along with the patriarchs and major-archbishops of the Eastern Catholic Churches, he prayed at the tomb. Then the pallium and the Ring of the Fisherman were carried up from the tomb by two deacons to be borne in procession. Then the pope and the Eastern Catholic patriarchs and major-archbishops returned to the main floor of the basilica and processed along with the other cardinals, bishops and other clergy to the square chanting the Laudes Regiae.

Cardinal Protodeacon Jean-Louis Tauran bestowed the pallium on the pope. The most senior elector from the cardinal-priests present, Godfried Daneels, read aloud the formal prayer for the new pope before the Ring of the Fisherman was presented. Angelo Sodano, Dean of the College of Cardinals, presented him with his Fisherman's Ring of gold-plated silver, unlike his predecessors', which were of gold. Six cardinals, two of each order, then professed their obedience to Pope Francis on behalf of the College of Cardinals. The six cardinals were: Giovanni Battista Re and Tarcisio Bertone representing the cardinal-bishops; Joachim Meisner and Jozef Tomko representing the cardinal-priests; and Renato Raffaele Martino and Francesco Marchisano representing the cardinal-deacons.

Liturgical book
Ad hoc rituals were used for the inaugurations of the pontificates of Popes John Paul I and John Paul II. On 20 April 2005, Pope Benedict XVI approved a permanent rite, a draft of which had been made by the Office of Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff under John Paul II. This was published as an official liturgical book of the Church with the name Ordo Rituum pro Ministerii Petrini Initio Romae Episcopi (Order of the Rites for the Inauguration of the Petrine Ministry of the Bishop of Rome). Archbishop Piero Marini, the Papal Master of Ceremonies, described it as part of the application to papal rites of the liturgical reforms that followed the Second Vatican Council.

The Ordo contains not only the rite of the Mass of the Inauguration, but also that of the Mass of the Enthronement on the cathedra romana, the chair of the Bishop of Rome, in the Lateran Basilica, Rome's cathedral and the Catholic Church's primary basilica, outranking even the St. Peter's Basilica. Popes usually take possession of the Lateran Basilica within a few days of the inauguration of the pontificate.

Shortly before he resigned, Pope Benedict XVI introduced some modifications: strictly non-sacramental ceremonies take place not within Mass but either before Mass or without Mass; the individual act of homage by each cardinal is restored; a wider choice of music is provided; and the time for taking possession of the basilicas of Saint Paul Outside the Walls and Saint Mary Major is not limited to the two or three weeks following the inauguration.

title: Papal inauguration


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Matsumae

Matsumae may refer to:

 * Matsumae (surname), a Japanese surname
 * Matsumae clan, a former Japanese clan
 * Matsumae Castle, a castle located in Matsumae in Hokkaidō, Japan
 * Matsumae, Hokkaidō, a town located in Matsumae District, Oshima, Hokkaidō, Japan
 * Matsumae District, Hokkaidō, a district located in southwestern Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaidō, Japan

title: Matsumae


text: User talk:65.164.203.65

title: User talk:65.164.203.65


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Action alert

An action alert is a message that an organization sends to mobilize people, often members of the group and supporters of a specific point of view, calling on them to take action to influence public policy. Typically, action alerts are in reference to a timely issue, where prompt action is needed in order to affect upcoming decisions.

Description
Action alerts are considered a cost-effective and efficient grassroots organizing tool and are employed widely by many advocacy organizations. A well-designed action alert can be a "powerful way to invite people to participate in the processes of a democracy."

Action alerts may, for instance, ask supporters to: Action alerts commonly begin by explaining the public policy issue to the recipients, and then tell the reader how they can impact the decision. Action alerts go by many other names. Amnesty International, for instance, refers to them as "Urgent actions".
 * Contact their legislator to highlight the issue or argue for/against proposed legislation; or
 * Write a letter to the editor about a specific item in the news.

Organisations that use action alerts

 * Citizens Against Government Waste
 * People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
 * Electronic Frontier Foundation
 * Union of Concerned Scientists
 * American Family Association
 * Public Citizen
 * National Right to Work Committee
 * Tea Party Express
 * Free Software Foundation
 * Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
 * Amnesty International
 * Human Rights Watch
 * Corruption Watch (South Africa)
 * Transparency International
 * Indonesia Corruption Watch
 * Anti-Corruption Foundation
 * Watchdog.org
 * International Republican Institute

title: Action alert


text:
Externship

Externships are experiential learning opportunities, similar to internships, provided by partnerships between educational institutions and employers to give students practical experiences in their field of study. In medicine, it may refer to a visiting physician who is not part of the regular staff. In law, it usually refers to rigorous legal work opportunities undertaken by law students for law school credit, similar to that of a junior attorney. It is derived from Latin externus and from English -ship.

The term externship has a first known use date of 1945 in the Merriam-Webster dictionary.

Advantages
Externships are often viewed as job shadowing since externs are closely supervised by employee volunteers who agree to walk them through day-to-day routines at the company or organization. They can be viewed as external studies which combine classroom knowledge with real-world experience. This knowledge prepares students for the transition from school to career.

The experience obtained through externships allows students to apply their coursework learning to real-life settings, and to observe and ask questions within that context. Externships may lead to opportunities after students complete their studies. They can help pre-graduates get their foot in the door for possible job openings or even make them better candidates for aggressive internship opportunities, and to allow externs to become familiar with new professions and job fields. Externships are also a source of networking contacts once a profession is chosen.

Externships are not only conducted for the benefit of the extern, but for the host as well. Both parties get a chance to observe one another. Successful externships could lead to recruitment possibilities which would be based on a thoroughly informed decision.

Legal externships
Legal externships, like internships, can be taken for law school credit. Internships and externships offered by law schools accredited by the Council of the ABA Section on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar are called "law clinic" and "field placement" courses, respectively, by (Accreditation) Standard 304. Experiential Courses: Simulation Courses, Law Clinics, and Field Placements. Standards 304(b) and (c) address the Council's expectations for simulation courses in clinics/internships and placements/externships, respectively.

Standard 304(d) applies to field placements (externships), defining them as follows for purposes of law school accreditation: "A field placement course provides substantial lawyering experience that (1) is reasonably similar to the experience of a lawyer advising or representing a client or engaging in other lawyering tasks in a setting outside a law clinic under the supervision of a licensed attorney or an individual otherwise qualified to supervise..."

Law schools accredited by state government agencies, such as the State Bar of California, in addition to or in place of the ABA Council, must comply with the accreditation standards of those agencies, in order to maintain those accreditations. In California's case, Rule 4.102 in Division 2. Accredited Law School Rules of Title 4. Admissions and Educational Standards provides: "A law school provisionally or fully approved by the American Bar Association is deemed accredited by the Committee [of Bar Examiners, of the State Bar of California] and exempt from these rules, unless the American Bar Association withdraws its approval." (Inset added.) Other states that accredit law schools within their boundaries include Alabama, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Tennessee.

No university or free-standing law school allows students to receive academic credit in simulation, clinic (internship) or field placement (externship) courses for making coffee, taking inventory, or other tasks unrelated to practical experience to develop lawyering skills. Students can make the coffee if they wish - but the time they spend doing it cannot be counted as part of their experiental course time commitment. Neither can they receive academic credit for performing a paid job.

title: Externship