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Budapest Metro

The Budapest Metro (Budapesti metró) is the rapid transit system in the Hungarian capital Budapest. Opened in 1896, it is the world's second oldest electrified underground railway after the City and South London Railway of 1890, now a part of London Underground, and the third oldest underground railway with multiple stations, after the originally steam-powered Metropolitan Railway, now a part of London Underground (1863), and the Mersey Railway, now part of Merseyrail in Liverpool (1886).

Budapest's first line, Line 1, was completed in 1896. The M1 line became an IEEE Milestone due to the radically new innovations in its era: "Among the railway's innovative elements were bidirectional tram cars; electric lighting in the subway stations and tram cars; and an overhead wire structure instead of a third-rail system for power." In 2002, the M1 line was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History

To clarify where the first "metro" in continental Europe was built, a few distinctions must be made. While the original metro line M1 is the oldest electrified underground railway in continental Europe, it is not the oldest underground railway. Outside of the United Kingdom, the oldest fully underground urban railway in the world is the Tünel line in Istanbul, built in 1875. However since Tünel is two stop funicular transport, it may or may not be considered a "metro", in the classic sense, or even a railway with the cable hauled Tünel funicular being more close to an inclined elevator. Therefore, depending on one's definition of a metro, the Budapest Metro is either the oldest or 2nd oldest underground urban railway in continental Europe.

The original line M1 ("Földalatti", from Hungarian föld "earth, ground", alatt "under"; so "the underground") ran for 5 km from Vörösmarty tér to Széchenyi fürdő. Line M1 was inaugurated on 2 May 1896, the year of the millennium (the thousandth anniversary of the arrival of the Magyars), by emperor Franz Joseph. It was named "Franz Joseph Underground Electric Railway Company" ("Ferenc József Földalatti Villamos Vasút Rt.").

Works on line M2 started in the 1950s, although the first section did not open until 1970. It follows an east–west route, connecting the major Keleti (Eastern) and Déli (Southern) railway stations.

Planning for Metro Line 3 began in 1963 and construction started in 1970 with help of Soviet specialists. The first section, consisting of six stations, opened in 1976. It was extended to the south in 1980 with five additional stations, and to the north in 1981, 1984, and 1990, with nine additional stations. With a length of approximately 16 km and a total of 20 stations, it is the longest line in Budapest.

Construction of the fourth Metro line began in 2006. The line opened after several delays and budget overruns in May 2014.

Routes
The metro consists of four lines (M1–M4), each denoted by a different colour. M1 (yellow) runs from Mexikói út south-west towards the river. The M2 (red) line travels east–west through the city, crossing the Danube. The M3 (blue) runs in a broadly north–south alignment, interchanging with the three other lines. The M4 (green) line commences at Keleti pályaudvar and travels south-west, crossing the river, to terminate at Kelenföld vasútállomás.

Metro line M1
Line M1 runs northeast from the city centre on the Pest side under Andrássy út to the Városliget, or City Park. Like line M3, it does not serve Buda. Metro line M1, the oldest of the metro lines operating in Budapest, has been in constant operation since 1896. In the 1980s and 1990s, the line underwent major reconstruction. During the construction of line M2, space needed to be made for its station at Deák Ferenc tér, as a result, M1's station at Deák Ferenc tér had to be rebuilt approximately 40 meters from the original station. Of its 11 stations currently served, eight are original and three were added during the reconstruction. The original appearance of the old stations has been preserved, and each station features displays of historical photographs and information. As part of the reconstruction, the Millennium Underground Museum in the old station at Deák Ferenc tér connected to the concourse. There are plans for the future extension of the line in both directions.

Metro line M2
Line M2 runs east–west from Déli pályaudvar in Buda's Krisztinaváros, through the city center, to Örs vezér tere in eastern Pest. It offers connections to Hungarian State Railways at Déli and Keleti pályaudvars, to metro lines M1 and M3 at Deák Ferenc tér, to M4 at Keleti pályaudvar, to suburban railway lines H8 and H9 at Örs vezér tere, and to suburban railway line H5 at Batthyány tér. Prior to the opening of M4, it was (for more than 45 years) the only metro line that served the Buda side of the city. Metro Line 2 underwent a major reconstruction in the second half of the 2000s, with all of the track replaced and stations revamped by 2007. The entire fleet of Metrovagonmash 81-717/81-714 and Ev/EvA carriages operating on the line were replaced with Alstom Metropolis metro cars by 2013. Planning of a direct connection of line M2 and the suburban railway lines with a shared new station at Örs vezér tere and the addition of a potential new underground station near Hungexpo Budapest Congress and Exhibition Center, offering another interchange point to mainline railways began in 2021.

Metro line M3
Line M3 runs in a north–south direction (more exactly, from north-northeast to southeast) on the Pest side of the river and connects several populous residential areas with the Inner City. It has a transfer station with line M1 and line M2 at Deák Ferenc tér, and an interchange with line M4 at Kálvin tér. It is the longest line in the Budapest metro system, its daily ridership is estimated at 610,000. A semi-automatic train drive system was introduced in 1990. A complete renovation of the line started in 2017. The upgrades included reconstructing the stations, rebuilding the track, safety equipment, ventilation and tunnel insulation. Design works were entirely funded by the European Union under the New Széchenyi Plan. The project also included the renovation of the rolling stock and a possible extension of the metro line to Káposztásmegyer. The renovation finished in May 2023, with the opening of Nagyvárad tér and Lehel tér stations.

Metro line M4

Line M4 runs southwest–northeast from Kelenföld vasútállomás in Buda's Kelenföld neighborhood to Keleti Railway Station in Józsefváros. With a length of 7.4 km, it connects to Hungarian State Railways at its termini, to the metro line M3 at Kálvin tér, and to line M2 at Keleti pályaudvar. Line M4 was completed in March 2014 and comprises ten stations.

Metro line M5

Metro line M5 is a proposed north–south railway tunnel to connect the currently separated elements of the suburban rail network, namely the H5, H6 and H7 suburban railway lines, and optionally the Budapest-Esztergom and Budapest-Kunszentmiklós-Tass railway lines. Currently the project does not have mainstream political support, only included in long-term plans. The first phase (planned until 2030) would be the extension and connection of the southern H6 and H7 lines to Astoria metro station via Kálvin tér, thus connecting these lines to metro lines M2, M3 and M4. The second phase would create a connection to metro line M1 as well at Oktogon, M3 at Lehel tér then cross the Danube to the Buda side to connect suburban railway line H5 towards Szentendre.

Tickets and transfer system
The usual BKK tickets and passes can be used on all lines. Single tickets can be re-used when changing metro lines.

There are plans for an automated fare collection system. A contract for a system was signed in 2014, but terminated in 2018 without completion. The Budapest Pay&GO system, that was introduced on bus line 100E in June 2023, is planned to begin a test phase on line M1.

Since 1st March 2024 free public travel was extended to anyone 65 years and older including non-Hungarian citizens. Anyone over 65 can ride the metro (and other local transport) for free.

In popular culture
The internationally acclaimed 2003 Hungarian thriller Kontroll is set and was filmed in the metro system on the line M3.

title: Budapest Metro


text:
Douglas Academy

Douglas Academy is a non-denominational, co-educational, comprehensive secondary school in the town of Milngavie, East Dunbartonshire, serving the Milngavie, Craigton and Baldernock areas. In 2007, Douglas Academy was ranked as Scotland's top performing state school, and with every year the school continues to place among the highest in Scotland.

History
The school is named after the Douglases of Mains, who were a branch family of the Clan Douglas. The Douglases are an ancient clan, and subsequent noble house from the Scottish Lowlands who held vast territories throughout the Scottish Borders; Angus, Lothian, Moray, and in France and Sweden. The Douglases of Mains were related to the main branch through their common ancestor Archibald I, Lord of Douglas, a Scottish medieval nobleman born in the 12th century.

The lands of the Mains, where the school is situated, were originally granted by the Earl of Lennox to Maurice Galbraith in the 13th century. The Galbraith Family held these lands until 1373, when a descendant of Lord Douglas's second son, Nicholas Douglas, married Janet Galbraith, the heiress of the Mains. Thus, the Douglas family inherited the extensive lands of the Mains, and were elevated to Lairds of the estate in the same year by King Robert II of Scotland.

The title became extinct in the 20th century; the last 33+1/2 acre of the estate (including the house) was sold to Dunbartonshire county and was subsequently used for the erection of the secondary school, Douglas Academy, in Milngavie prior to the death of the last heir, the 21st Lord of Mains, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Vivian Campbell Douglas in 1977.

The original school building served the site from 1967 until 2009, when it was demolished and replaced with a newer one.

New building
As part of an extensive PPP project (Public-Private Partnership) marshalled by the Scottish Government with £100 million funding, Douglas Academy has been rebuilt along with various other East Dunbartonshire schools. The new Douglas Academy building replaced the old school with a modern new look from the beginning of the 2009–2010 school year.

Associate schools

 * Baldernock Primary School, Baldernock
 * Clober Primary School, Milngavie
 * Craigdhu Primary School, Milngavie
 * Milngavie Primary School, Milngavie

These schools, as associate schools, are the main "feeder" schools for Douglas Academy.

School badge
The coat of arms on the school badge combines references to the school's geographical position and to the history of the grounds in which it is situated. It was designed by a student. The upper half, with its cross and roses, is part of the arms of the Burgh of Milngavie, while the lower half is the arms of Douglas of Mains, owners for many generations of the Mains Estate on which the school stands. By tradition, the heart represents the heart of Bruce, taken by a member of the Douglas family on crusade against the Moors. The Gaelic motto "Neart-Tre-Eolas" means "Strength Through Knowledge".

Notable alumni

 * Katie Archibald – cyclist (Olympic gold medallist)
 * Greg Docherty – professional footballer
 * Rob Harley – professional rugby player
 * Jo Swinson – former leader of the Liberal Democrats, former MP for the local constituency
 * The Ayoub Sisters – professional musicians (cello and violin)
 * Alix Mathieson - elected councillor for the Milngavie Ward

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Douglas Academy


text:
Talk:Theotokos

Article Needs reorganization
Honestly this article should be titled Mother-of-God and the "Theotokos" article should redirect here. The word "theotokos" is not known to most non-Greek speakers and it is very confusing (not to mention - somewhat unpleasant sounding to English speakers). I am Orthodox and I did not know what this meant until just now. This is the English version of Wikipedia, and main articles should have titles in English where such exist. The term "Mother-of-God" is very well known and deep rooted in the English language and is easy to understand for international users who have English as a second language. That's what the article should be named.

Also, in the opening sentence after Theotokos in brackets the variations of this name need to be listed in all Eastern Orthodox languages. The Greek one is in no way universal and NOT used in the other liturgical languages.

Not to mention that labeling Slavic orthodox icons at the top with "Theotokos" (instead of the proper Slavic term "Bogoroditsa") could be infuriating as it implies supremacy of the Greek term over the Slavic one. Most Orthodox people in the world are Slavic so if anything, the Slavic term is way more popular and more widely understandable. Which brings me back to the above - just use the neutral and proper English term, it keeps the article from going into lots of murky areas. ~George

 * Theotokos can be used as person's name in English-speaking countries; so as name is part of language, is a word in this language (albeit borrowed, non-native root), it is part of English language as well. Like Peter or smth. :) BirgittaMTh (talk) 11:49, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

In need of translation
MATIA added the following, which I do not have sufficient Greek to translate. JHCC (talk) 14:29, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

And I don't have the sufficient english :) I 've added some of them in english but I could use some help. +MATIA ☎ 14:37, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

I've translated the phrase "Τελικά και ο Νεστόριος πείστηκε στη χρήση του όρου Θεοτόκος, προβάλλοντας την θέση της φαινομενικής μετάδοσης των ιδιωμάτων." into "By the end of his life, Nestorius had agreed to the title Theotokos, stating the apparent communication of the attributes (idiomata)." (now that I see it I'm not sure if it was "by the end of his life" or "finally"). +MATIA ☎ 15:52, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I don't really know enough Greek for this sort of translation. Regarding Nestorius, I remember our priest reading us a prayer attributed to his later days in which he repents and acknowledges Mary as Theotokos. Wesley 12:46, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

The Virgin Mary is from Northeast Africa, Ethiopia. Jesus was an African priest. Christianity is a European concept that has adopted African scrolls and writings. Information should be translated from the orgins of the people. 69.148.247.46 14:59, 3 December 2006 (UTC)Ragland

 * Funny, if you ask the Ethiopians they have a completely different opinion. TCC (talk) (contribs) 05:43, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Reductions by Csernica
Csernica has removed the English translations from the introduction. I have reinstated them. The reason for putting in the heading what the word "Theotokos" means in English is becasue this is an English encyclopedia. Using Greek alone is not enough to introduce the topic of this article. It is quite ok for something mentioned in the introduction to be discussed in further detial in subsequent paragraphs. That is exactly what a good introduction does. Also Csernica may not be aware of 'Theotokos' being translated 'Mother of God Incarnate' but that does does not mean it is never translated this way. It is. There are more people engageing in theoloigcal conversations in English than Csernica is aware of. If someone thinks it is a pecular or contentious translation they are free to look for quotes or ask others for a quoted example. Just stripping information about things you do not know from articles is not a good editorial habbit.--Just nigel 08:56, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Then add a citation. It's a very bad translation, frankly, and not at all common. (One often comes across the phrase, not as a translation of "Theotokos" but as an additional epithet.) Also, it seems absurd to insert information in the intro that's given again just a few lines down; it makes for very tiresome reading. TCC (talk) (contribs) 08:59, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Citation added as requested. I am in a cantacerous mood tonight, so in response to your "It's a very bad translation, frankly, and not at all common." I can't help myself but say you will have to take it up with the officials of the Catholic Church and Anglican communion who use it. This is an encyclopaedia for acurately describing what is beleived and spoken about 'Theotokos' not for editing to keep out things you consider bad. -- Have a good night, and ask me to be more gracious tomorrow. I'll try harder then. --Just nigel 09:51, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The citation does not support the claim. "Mother of God incarnate" is not here being used to translate "Theotokos" -- if it is, then it's ambiguous -- but is a separate title. If you read the article, you'll find that "Mother of God" (not exclusive of further qualifications like "incarnate") has its own tradition of usage even in Greek. See, for example, any Greek Orthodox icon of the Theotokos. The inscription abbreviates «Μήτηρ Θεού», "Mother of God". See also the hymn "Axion estin" which uses both epithets. There does exist a Latin equivalent to "Theotokos" which eludes me for the moment, but it just happens that their tradition favors "Mother of God" in prayers and hymns. Show me where it's clearly being used as you claim -- preferably in an English translation of a hymn where "Theotokos" is used in the original -- and I'll believe you.

 * But really, the trouble with putting this in the intro is that there are significant translation issues with this word, and to just give various translations without explaining the issues is misleading. That's why the Translations section immediately follows the intro. TCC (talk) (contribs) 23:27, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right this Greek word is often translated "Mother of God". I agree and wrote this into the introduction. You are also right that there are significant translation issues with the word. I agree and that too is indicated in the introduction - both through the variety of translations listed and an explicit indication that "Mother of God" while an accurate transliteration has the potential to be misleading. The deatils of these translation issues and the context in which "Mother of God" can be understood or misunderstood are then spelt out in the body of the article. It is correct Wikipedia style for the introduction to include information spelt out in greater detail in the body of the article.
 * You assert the quote I cited does not support the statement 'Theotokos is translated "Mother of God incarnate"'. In good faith I can offer another similar, earlier, example from the Anglican and Catholic chruch "We agree in recognising the grace and unique vocation of Mary, Mother of God Incarnate (Theotókos)" 1981. I do wonder if your assertion is infulenced by your inclination to not accept it as a valid translation. There is no ambiguity here in my mind.
 * You also reveal your own preferance for an English translation of a Greek hymn. This again suggests your bias. I once again point out that "there are more people engageing in theoloigcal conversations in English than Csernica is aware of." such debate or veneration may even include styles or expression that you find unaceptable - so what? It doesn't stop it needing a place in an encyclopeadia that is trying to accurately describe how 'Theotokos' is used.
 * Also, Csernica, when you say things like "if you read the article" i feel you are trying to patronise me. This is troubling me. I suggests we focus on what is true not on what you do or don't like or do or don't know. --Just nigel 03:03, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I never said "Mother of God" was a translation of "Theotokos", and I very much do not agree with you that it is. I said "Mother of God" has its own tradition of usage independent of "Theotokos" and that's one reason why it's not a good choice for translation, quite apart from the problems raised by its failure to preserve the sense of the original. I suggested that you read the part of the article where it explained this for no other reason than to save myself some typing. The implication in your preferred intro, that "Mother of God Incarnate" is preferable to "Mother of God" is a POV claim you may not make so baldly. It translates "Theotokos" no better than the other, for the same reasons.

 * On the other hand, your continued insistence that I disagree with you out of simple ignorance is more than patronizing; it's downright insulting. Please assume good faith and believe me when I say I disagree out of some actual knowledge, as I have also said elsewhere in exchanges with you.

 * Neither phrase is in any way a "transliteration" of "Theotokos" as you claim above.

 * I'm afraid your new citation is no better. It reads to me as if one is intended as a gloss of the other, not a translation. Perhaps it's you who is being affected by your bias.

 * It is entirely reasonable, when saying that a word from one language translates a word in another, to ask for an example of a text where the one word occurs in the original and the other in the translation, when that translation is carried out by a reliable person. "Theotokos" is a Greek word. I would therefore expect to see "Mother of God Incarnate" used in its place in a translation of a Greek text, if a valid translation it be. That's not a theological issue at all. It need not be a hymn, which I mentioned simply because Greek-language hymns containing "Theotokos" are plentiful and many are translated. Any text will do. TCC (talk) (contribs) 04:19, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Where did the phrase 'Mother of God incarnate' go? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Just nigel (talk • contribs) 12:19, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Good translation: 'birthgiver' ? If 'birth' is no verb in English, only 'to give birth'. Or, if it is, 'birthing', then - 'birther'...? Well, no good translation, was joking. Theotokos = Godbirther - ? As English sometimes uses shamelessly latin words as very own, like, vice versa and like, maybe adopt Deipara into English as well? - or, even simpler, ol' Theotokos. as word in English language. like 'poet' or 'pelagic' or 'geology' - as greek words as any. So no tranlsation, just explanation needed. 'who give birth to god (incarnate)' BirgittaMTh (talk) 11:58, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

Merge with Mother of God
I was wondering if anyone could comment at Talk:Mother of God on merging that article (which was only recently created, and doesn't contain much original content) here and to Mary, mother of Jesus. Any comments would be appreciated-Andrew c 02:35, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

comments merged from Talk:Mother of God -- Pastordavid 04:08, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

This article is redundent with content found at Mary, mother of Jesus and Theotokos and Blessed Virgin Mary. I am of the theory that wikipedia should have detailed, and reliable broad articles, instead of a dozen small articles that could have been combined. This artice drags out three basic concepts and turns them into a few paragraphs. There is a lot of redundancy (I tried to reduce some). Also, there isn't a single source. I don't see what this article adds that a user couldn't find at any of the other 3 stated articles. Any existing content should be merged, andt his page restored as a redirect.-Andrew c 13:27, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I guess I am confused as to what unique information necessitated a seperate article for the Greek theological term - theotokos - and the English translation of it. At a glance I would say Merge Away.  If there is a compelling reason not to, speak up please, because I just don't see it.  -- Pastordavid 06:52, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * By now it has already happened, but just so you know, I too agree with the merge.--Just nigel 02:03, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your support. I figured 2 weeks (well a little less) was enough time for comment. Because this is wikipedia, all edits can easily be undone, so I felt bold enough going on with the merger after waiting a good while. -Andrew c 02:09, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * This articles references the Catholic Church enshrining "numerous Marian dogmas." In point of fact, there are only four: the Immaculate Conception, the Perpetual Virginity, the Assumption, and the Theotokos.  That's it.  Only two more than the Orthodox.  That hardly qualifies as "numerous."

 * I believe there are three more. It is, of course, a matter of dogma that the Lord was born of Mary while she was yet a virgin, but I can't recall any dogma of her perpetual virginity. That she remained a virgin all her life is also a matter of Tradition, enshrined in our hymnology and the writings of the Fathers, but not (IIRC) dogma. TCC (talk) (contribs) 21:11, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

To merge these articles would be missing the entire point of Theotokos and its importance in the history of the church. Take notice of the specific role it played within the Council of Ephesus (i.e. the founding of doctrine that most of the church follows to this day). If you relate this entirely to Mary (a figure that plays a very small role within both orthodox and evangelical circles) then you're missing 99% of the debate in which this term is used. The term roots itself in Mary in an effort to preserve Jesus' purported human nature (i.e. proving that he was born of a human). At the time of the widespread debate within the church people were questioning Jesus' nature. Some, such as the Monophysites, believed in a singular nature, while others were convinced of a two-part nature. My point is this: Mary is not the source or center of this term and its usage but rather used as the proof of Jesus' human birth within the context of a much broader debate. Placing it solely within the body of her article would misconstrue and dilute its value and history. 206.114.191.254 (talk) 20:57, 15 October 2009 (UTC)refutatus

I suggest unmerging Mother of God from Theotokos, from this article dominated by an Eastern POV. Mother of God deserves it's own page or at least a disambiguation of its own because it was and still is an important doctrine of ancient Ecumenical councils of the United Church, before the Great Schism. The Theotokos article deals specifically with the Greek understanding of Theotokos, not with the common Christian "Mother of God" concept as a whole. Unmerging Mother of God from Theotokos would also benefit non-Christian readers who might be mistaking Mother goddess with Mother of God. See also: Talk:Theotokos Nolicmahr (talk) 04:19, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

Mother of Allah
I noticed that some Arab Christians used the expression Mother of Allah when talking about the Theotokos. It would be interesting to find sources on this and perhaps include it in the article. ADM (talk) 22:05, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * That's probably because "Allah" simply means "God" in Arabic. I can't say I'd consider a difference in the language used to be particularly notable. Farsight001 (talk) 00:06, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Agree. "Allah" is a literal translation of God in Arabic, so there is no conceptual difference I believe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.232.205.22 (talk) 03:45, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Embryo/Foetus of Jesus
With the development of modern embryology and neonatology, there is a debate within the pro-life movement on whether the embryo and foetus of Jesus should be proclaimed as fully divine and whether it could be venerated as such. This is an interesting theological perspective that is directly related to the Theotokos doctrine, which was promulgated at a time when people did not have the same kind of scientific knowledge about un-born, pre-born and newborn babies. ADM (talk) 10:01, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Mary's other kids
I think this should be mentioned as it is scriptural and people get in a right state over it.

family of Jesus Mat 12:46-50 Matt 13:55 -56, Luke 8:19-21, John 2:11-12, John 7:3-5, Acts 1:13-14. There are clear distinctions here about the family and disciples, Also they Recognise Jesus's family as being such. I think we need to look at the truth verses tradition even if it costs us in the end, we need to be right before God —Preceding unsigned comment added by Darthsuma (talk • contribs) 14:35, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not the place to get people "right before god". It appears you are trying to insert your own personal interpretations of biblical verses into the article. I'd ask you to review some of our policies and guidelines WP:NOR and WP:PSTS. We need to use care when adding primary sources, and in most circumstances, instead, cite scholars who hold these interpretations. Furthermore, you should take care in writing encyclopedic content. You should follow basic rules of grammar. Your addition to the article was not even a complete sentence, and has poor sentence structure. Anyway, I don't want to discourage you from editing in any way. I just want you to be familiar with our rules, and encourage you to make your contributions that much better. Finally, touching on my first point, you should review WP:NPOV. Wikipedia is not about The Truth, but instead about presenting all notable points of view, in due weight. We don't take sides, or say one view is better or truer (though we can say if one view is held by more people. however, in this case, Catholic + Orthodox adherents clearly outnumber)-Andrew c [talk] 15:42, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

I have a question
Why didn't you input the protestant's opinion of this article, and how these Consensus made? If someone tell the reason, I can refer on the making of Korean article. - Ellif (talk) 03:20, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Most Eastern Orthodox are not Greek
The article begins by claiming that "theotokos (Greek Θεοτόκος) is a title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity". This is factually incorrect. Maybe the article means Greek Eastern Christianity? Russians, Romanians, Serbs, Bulgarians etc. do not speak Greek, they don't use Greek as their liturgical language and therefore do not call her theotokos. In Romanian her title is născătoare de Dumnezeu, bearer [forth] of God, she who gave birth to God. Her Russian title has a similar meaning. In both cases the titles use usual words combined in a usual way with no special technical meaning. There has never been a time during the last half millenium when most Eastern Orthodox spoke Greek. Imerologul Valah (talk) 14:10, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I fail to see your point tbh. Of course the article by saying "the title" means the original Greek title and its various vernacular translations. It spends a lot of time going into the various Slavic translations. I didn't include discussion of the Romanian translation because I didn't have references on it, but clearly nobody has kept you from adding such a discussion in the appropriate place. The entire point about "the Church" is that it is a diachronous entity spanning two millennia. The important decisions regarding the terminology were made in the 5th century, and obviously both the terminology and the language of the discussion were Greek. This would still be the case today even if every single Christian for the past "half millennium" had been monolingual in Klingon. --dab (𒁳) 05:14, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

Missing word (apparently)
In the final paragraph of the Iconography portion of the article, the second sentence reads: "The tradition of Luke the Evangelist being the _____ [sic] to have painted Mary is established by the 8th century." The missing word may have been "first." I do not know what the intended word was, but there is an error of a missing word(s). Torcher01 (talk) 14:55, 28 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Noting that this was fixed some time ago. Klbrain (talk) 06:01, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

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Requested move 15 March 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by page mover) GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 23:58, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

Theotokos → Mother of God – Many inlinks to this article are named "Mother of God". That is also a perfectly prevalent expression in English language. Although indeed existing in theological circles, no reason to keep a Greek term here like this as default title. See also discussion on this issue above. Chicbyaccident (talk) 16:40, 15 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Theotokos is a specific usage from Eastern Christianity and the Greek word is usually used by theologians and art and architectural historians even in English-language sources. I think Mother of God should probably redirect to Mary, mother of Jesus. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:33, 21 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose no. Theotokos is a title used commonly in Eastern Christianity for devotional purposes and the Latin Mater Dei, from where we get Mother of God, is an approximation of it. The term is also used in Western Christianity in academic theology, and has seen an increased usage in those groups belonging to the Western Christian tradition, including in English. I'd oppose Mother of God redirecting anywhere but here as it is a title that is used to approximate this theological concept in English. TonyBallioni (talk) 14:38, 21 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Except that the common Catholic prayer/exclamation "Holy Mary, Mother of God" (or, as an exclamation, just "Mother of God"), which is probably by far the commonest usage of the phrase "Mother of God" in English, doesn't really refer to the theological concept of the Theotokos. It seems like a primary redirect to me. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:57, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Rename to Mother of God/ God bearer
Theotokos is a Greek Christian term that most English speakers will not be able to relate to. Why name the article Theotokos in Greek when you have an English equivalent? "Mother of God" is the most widely accepted translation of Theotokos and Deipara. Mother of would be more suitable and appropriate from an encyclopedic& reader friendly for non-Christians on "English Wikipedia." Nolicmahr (talk) 13:05, 5 June 2021 (UTC)
 * , Eastern Christians typically leave this term untranslated, and so the preponderance of reliable secondary sources on this topic will call her "Theotokos" rather than "Mother of God". Elizium23 (talk) 13:06, 5 June 2021 (UTC)
 * So this article is only for Eastern Christians? What about Western Christian POV "Deipara" and "Mater Dei"? It's been reduced to a footnote. There ought be a separate article for "Deipara"/ "Mother of God" as used by Western Christians who are not familiar with the Greek term. Nolicmahr (talk) 13:14, 5 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Mother of God is the common ground. English speaking Eastern Christians will agree that this phrase is the widely accepted English rendering of Theotokos Nolicmahr (talk) 13:17, 5 June 2021 (UTC)
 * There is a separate article, Catholic Mariology. The Theotokos article is chiefly about her veneration in the Eastern Churches, so yes, it does take an Eastern POV as compared to the Western Catholic one, of which there is plenty of documentation in other articles. So why do you have to attack this one? What do you have against Eastern Christianity? Elizium23 (talk) 13:19, 5 June 2021 (UTC)
 * This is not an attack or war, it's a discussion on wiki. Mother of God and Mariology are not the same topics. You cannot take down an article on the EU simply because there's already a page on Europe. The name of the article ought to be a common one, with both Western and Eastern POVs represented equally. Nolicmahr (talk) 13:30, 5 June 2021 (UTC)
 * No, it shouldn't. We editors have chosen quite prudently that the topics are separable and deserve independent coverage, and that's how we've set it up. Elizium23 (talk) 13:32, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

Then please separate the mother of God article. I read in an earlier discussion that it was merged into this. Nolicmahr (talk) 17:07, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

Syriac Tradition
Using a current Chaldean Catholic liturgy that says “Mother of God” to claim that this goes back to the third century doesn’t make sense. This isn’t part of the original text of the Liturgy. 108.174.97.50 (talk) 15:20, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theotokos


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National Democratic Party (British Virgin Islands)

The National Democratic Party (or NDP) is a political party in the British Virgin Islands. In the 2019 general election the NDP was voted out of office; it most recently held power after winning the 2015 general election.

Leadership
The party had only one leader for the first 19 years of its existence: Orlando Smith. In June 2018 Orlando Smith announced he would be stepping down, and on 23 June Myron Walwyn was elected as the new party leader. At the same time the title of the party leader was changed from Chairman to President. In February 2019, after the territory's general election Marlon A. Penn became the Party President due to Myron Walwyn not being successful in the election.

History
Prior to 2011 the party most recently held power after the 2003 general election held on 16 June 2003, the party won 52.4% of popular votes and 8 out of 13 elected seats. It fought that campaign on a platform offering new leadership for the 21st century and promises to clean up corruption and victimisation. The NDP garnered much credit during its time in office for taking a pro-active approach to the development of the offshore finance industry, working closely with the private sector in relation to a number of initiatives. Ultimately however, this was not sufficient to prevent a resounding defeat when it returned to the polls in 2007.

During the party's term of office following the 2003 election, the party's majority was cut to just one in May 2006 when the Hon. Alvin Christopher was removed from his position as Minister of Communications and Works, and at the next meeting of the legislative council he "crossed the floor" to sit with the opposition; both moves are believed to be related to differences of opinion in relation to the Telecommunications Bill 2006 and telecoms liberalisation programme in the British Virgin Islands generally, although neither side has given any public indication of this. Mr Christopher subsequently ran as an independent against the NDP in the 2007 election, and was returned with a handsome majority. During the party's time in office, the loss of Mr Christopher was offset by Hon. Mark Vanterpool leaving the Virgin Islands Party to join the NDP.

The party was ousted from power in the 2007 general election, but was voted back into office in the 2011 general election. It was then re-elected in the 2015 general election with an increased majority.


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Virgin Islands Party

The Virgin Islands Party (VIP) is a political party in the British Virgin Islands. It is presently led by Natalio Wheatley. It is the oldest active political party in the British Virgin Islands, and it has won more general elections (seven) than any other political party in the British Virgin Islands.

The party was founded by Lavity Stoutt in 1971 when Stoutt left the United Party in order to contest 1971 election after a dispute with Conrad Maduro as to who should be leader of the United Party. The Virgin Islands Party led by Stoutt lost to coalitions led by Willard Wheatley in the 1971 and 1975 general elections but triumphed in the 1979 general election. Stoutt continued to lead the party until his death in 1995. After Stoutt's death, leadership of the party fell to Ralph T. O'Neal who led it until he stepped down on 28 May 2014.

Prior to the 2011 general election the Virgin Islands Party had held power in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) for all except for 15 years since the adoption of the modern Legislative Council in 1967. Between its foundation in 1971 and 2014, the party had only two leaders: Lavity Stoutt and Ralph O'Neal; these two-party leaders are also the two longest serving elected politicians in BVI history and the first two leaders of the territory to have served more than two terms as either Chief Minister or Premier. On 28 May 2014 Julian Fraser took over from Ralph O'Neal, and led the party to defeat in the 2015 general election. On 30 November 2016 Andrew Fahie replaced Julian Fraser as party leader, making Fraser the first (and, so far, the only) leader of the Virgin Islands Party not to ascend to either the Chief Minister or Premiership.

The party most recently held power after the 2019 general election held on 25 February 2019 winning 8 seats out of 13.

Virgin Islands Party had held power continuously from 1986 until 2003, winning four consecutive general elections, which is the longest unbroken streak in government for a political party in the British Virgin Islands.

Party leaders
The party has had five leaders in its history. Four of the five leaders have served as Chief Minister or Premier of the Virgin Islands on at least one occasion. All five leaders have been men. The party's early history was dominated by two men: Lavity Stoutt who founded the party and led it until his death in 2015, and Ralph O'Neal who led the party through the next four general elections. No other leader has led the party in more than one general election.

title: Virgin Islands Party


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Air Chathams

Air Chathams Limited is an airline based in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. It was established in 1984 and operates scheduled passenger services between the Chatham Islands and mainland New Zealand along with routes between Auckland and Whakatāne, and Auckland and Whanganui. Its main base is Chatham Islands / Tuuta Airport.

History
The airline was set up by Craig and Marion Emeny in 1984, and facilitates the transportation of both freight and people to and from mainland New Zealand.

Craig Emeny first moved to the Chatham Islands as a pilot to operate services primarily between Chatham and Pitt Islands. At that time the lack of regularity in flights to mainland New Zealand saw him start his own airline and begin operations to mainland airports. Air Chathams had the advantage of being based on the Chatham Islands and were able to avoid many of the weather related issues that other airlines had operating to the Chathams. As the freight and passenger market developed Air Chathams grew from operating small piston engine aircraft to large 50 seat two engine turbo-prop aircraft.

In 2014 Air Chathams established a flight operations and maintenance base at Auckland International Airport. From this base the company provides maintenance services both internally and to third party airlines under contract. A fully owned subsidiary (Chathams Pacific) operated scheduled flights in Tonga until March 2013. The introduction of Chinese (PRC) aid financed aircraft and training facilities at the request of the Tongan government introduced competition to Chathams Pacific's routes. Air Chathams' management decided not to compete with the new airline, Real Tonga, and ceased all Tongan operations. With the Air New Zealand regional route cut backs, Air Chathams began serving the Auckland to Whakatāne route on 29 April 2015, Auckland to Whanganui on 31 July 2016 and Auckland to Kāpiti Coast from 20 August 2018.

In mid 2018, the airline announced that it was looking to re-establish flights between Auckland and Norfolk Island. Air Chathams in April 2019 announced they will be taking over a fourth Air NZ route by starting a weekly service from Auckland to Norfolk Island on 6 September 2019.

Air Chathams destinations
This is a list of destinations served by Air Chathams, excluding subsidiaries.

Chathams Pacific destinations
This is a list of destinations formerly served by Chathams Pacific, a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Chathams that operated between 2007 and 2013.

Fleet
As of June 2024, the Air Chathams fleet includes the following aircraft:

The ATR, Saabs and Dc-3 are used across the company's operations as well as contract freight services and charter work. The Cessna 206 provides a non-regular service between Chatham Island and Pitt Island and is on standby for search and rescue or local flights around the Chatham Islands. The airline's Aero Commander 690 has been wet-leased out for aerial mapping and survey duties, while the DC-3 is often chartered out for scenic flights and tours in a retro NAC livery.

In 2018 Air Chathams acquired an ATR 72-500 from Mount Cook Airline. The ATR 72-500 runs flights for Tauck Tours in summer seasons, while assisting with peak traffic to Whanganui in the winter.

title: Air Chathams


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Brendan Gill

Brendan Gill (October 4, 1914 – December 27, 1997) was an American journalist. He wrote for The New Yorker for more than 60 years. Gill also contributed film criticism for Film Comment, wrote about design and architecture for Architectural Digest and wrote fifteen books, including a popular book about his time at the New Yorker magazine.

Biography
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Gill attended the Kingswood-Oxford School before graduating in 1936 from Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, along with John Hersey. He was a long-time resident of Bronxville, New York, and Norfolk, Connecticut.

In 1936, St. Clair McKelway, an editor at The New Yorker, hired Gill as a writer. One of the publication's few writers to serve under its first four editors, he wrote more than 1,200 pieces for the magazine. These included Profiles, Talk of the Town features, and scores of reviews of Broadway and Off-Broadway theater productions.

In 1949, Gill published a negative critique of John O'Hara's novel A Rage to Live. Gill described his colleague's book as "a formula family novel" turned out by "writers of the third and fourth magnitude in such disheartening abundance" and declared it "a catastrophe" by an author who "plainly intended to write nothing less than a great American novel." One recent critic called Gill's review a "savage attack" and a "cruel hatchet job." "During the preceding two decades O'Hara had been The New Yorker's most prolific contributor of stories" (197 by one count). Thereafter, O'Hara wrote nothing for the magazine for more than a decade.

In his memoir, Gill wrote that James Thurber — whom he described as an "incomparable mischief-maker" — compounded the animosity by falsely informing O'Hara that the review had been written by Wolcott Gibbs. "Thurber was never so happy as when he could cause two old friends to have a falling-out," Gill wrote. "With a single bold lie ... Thurber had ensured that O'Hara would see me as a jackal, willing to let my name be used for nefarious purposes ... and ... that Gibbs and O'Hara would quarrel." At a forum on O'Hara's legacy held in 1996, Gill stood up in the crowd to recall his attack on O'Hara nearly 50 years before, and claimed, "I had to tell the truth about the novel." In the end he expressed regret: "I am sorry now for that review ... not because of what it said, but because it provided Thurber with the opportunity to make our relationship come to nothing. We were not likely to have become close friends, but we need not have become enemies."

As The New Yorker's main architecture critic from 1987 to 1996, Gill was a successor to Lewis Mumford as the author of the long-running "Skyline" column before Paul Goldberger took his place. He was also a regular contributor to Architectural Digest in the 1980s and 1990s. A champion of architectural preservation and other visual arts, Gill joined Jacqueline Kennedy's coalition to preserve and restore New York's Grand Central Terminal. He also chaired the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts and authored 15 books, including Here at The New Yorker and the iconoclastic Frank Lloyd Wright biography Many Masks.

Death
Brendan Gill died of natural causes in 1997, at the age of 83. In a New Yorker "Postscript" following Gill's death, John Updike described him as "avidly alert to the power of art in general."

Family
Gill's son, Michael Gates Gill, is the author of How Starbucks Saved My Life: A Son of Privilege Learns to Live Like Everyone Else. His youngest son, Charles Gill, is the author of the novel The Boozer Challenge.

Offices held

 * Chairman of the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts
 * Chairman of the Municipal Art Society
 * Chairman of the New York Landmarks Conservancy
 * Vice President of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Non-fiction

 * Cole Porter (Cole Porter biography) (1972)
 * Tallulah (Tallulah Bankhead biography) (1972)
 * The introduction to Portable Dorothy Parker (Dorothy Parker collection of her stories & columns) (1972)
 * Here at The New Yorker (1975)
 * Biographical essay as introduction to “States of Grace: Eight Plays by Philip Barry” (1975)
 * Summer Places (with Dudley Whitney Hill) (1978)
 * The Dream Come True: Great Houses of Los Angeles (1980)
 * Lindbergh Alone - May 21, 1927 (1980)
 * Fair Land to Build in: The Architecture of the Empire State (1984)
 * Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright (1987)
 * New York Life: Of Friends and Others (1990)
 * Late Bloomers (1996)
 * Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright (1987)
 * New York Life: Of Friends and Others (1990)
 * Late Bloomers (1996)
 * New York Life: Of Friends and Others (1990)
 * Late Bloomers (1996)

Novels

 * The Trouble of One House (1950)
 * The Day the Money Stopped (1957)

Short fiction
———————
 * Collections
 * Ways of Loving (1974)
 * Stories
 * Notes

title: Brendan Gill


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User:Njk

Hi, my name is Nikolas Nyby! My website: http://nikolas.us.to/

My friend Tony

title: User:Njk


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Unexpected Productions

Unexpected Productions (UP) is an improvisational comedy company in Seattle, Washington, USA. From their home at the Market Theater in Seattle's historic Pike Place Market, in Post Alley, Unexpected Productions produces year-round shows, teaches improv classes, and hosts the Seattle International Festival of Improvisation.

History
Unexpected Productions was formed by three different improv groups as the “Seattle Theatresports League”, and was the first improv group in the US to perform Theatresports, which now holds the title of the longest running show in Seattle. By 1988, the group was exploring many additional forms of spontaneous theatre, and the name was changed to “Unexpected Productions”. In June 2008, Unexpected Productions celebrated the 25th anniversary of its first Theatresports match.

Actor Brendan Fraser is among the graduates of Unexpected Productions improv classes, and Joel McHale was a Theatresports cast member from 1993 to 1997.

The Seattle International Festival of Improvisation
Unexpected Productions has, since 1997, hosted The Seattle Festival of International Improvisation. The festival gathers individual improvisers from around the world, who train together for a week long period, culminating in several performances. The festival has traditionally been held in June, around the anniversary of Unexpected Productions.

title: Unexpected Productions


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Category:Airlines of Guam

See Also: List of airlines and List of defunct airlines

title: Category:Airlines of Guam


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Praying Indian

Praying Indian is a 17th-century term referring to Native Americans of New England, New York, Ontario, and Quebec who converted to Christianity either voluntarily or involuntarily. Many groups are referred to by the term, but it is more commonly used for tribes that were organized into villages. The villages were known as praying towns and were established by missionaries such as the Puritan leader John Eliot and Jesuit missionaries who established the St. Regis and Kahnawake (formerly known as Caughnawaga) and the missions among the Huron in western Ontario.

Early history

In 1646, the General Court of Massachusetts passed an "Act for the Propagation of the Gospel amongst the Indians." It and the success of Reverend John Eliot and other missionaries preaching Christianity to the New England tribes raised interest in England. In 1649, the Long Parliament passed an ordination forming "A Corporation for the Promoting and Propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England," which raised funds to support the cause.

Contributors raised approximately £12,000 to invest in the cause, to be used mainly in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and in the Province of New York. Eliot received financial aid from the corporation to start schools to teach the Native Americans. The Indian nations involved appear to have included the Massachusett and the Nipmuc.

On October 28, 1646, in Nonantum (now Newton), Eliot preached his first sermon to Native Americans in their Massachusett language in the wigwam of Waban, the first convert of his tribe. Waban later offered his son to be taught in the ways of the European colonists and served as an interpreter. Eliot translated the Bible into the Massachusett language and published it in 1663 as Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God. By 1675, 20% of New England's Natives were living in praying towns.

Christian Indian Towns were eventually located throughout Eastern and Central Massachusetts and included Littleton (Nashoba), Lowell (Wamesit, initially incorporated as part of Chelmsford), Grafton (Hassanamessit), Marlborough (Okommakamesit), Hopkinton (Makunkokoag), Canton (Punkapoag), Mendon-Uxbridge (Wacentug), and Natick. Only Natick has retained its original name. Praying Indian Towns started by Eliot extended into Connecticut and included Wabaquasset (Senexet, Wabiquisset), six miles west of the Quinebaug River in present-day Woodstock, the largest of the three northeastern Connecticut praying towns.

The towns had a location that served as an outlying wall of defense for the colony, a function that came to an end in 1675, during King Philip's War. Praying Indians offered their service as scouts to the colonists in Massachusetts but were rejected by the Puritans in Boston. Instead, Praying Indian residents were first confined to their villages and were thus restricted from their farms and unable to feed themselves. Many were confined on Deer Island in Boston Harbor.

John Eliot and many others in the Plymouth Colony tried to prevent it, but it is reported that it became dangerous in Massachusetts to talk positively about any Native Americans, which likely contributed to the initial successes of the Indian rebellion. The order for removal was passed in October 1675, and by December, well over 1,000 Christian Indians had been brought to the island, where many died during the winter due to the harsh conditions. The survivors were released in 1676.

After the war, in part because of the loss of life, the General Court of Massachusetts disbanded 10 of the original 14 towns in 1677 and placed the rest under the supervision of colonists, but some communities survived and retained their religious and education systems.

Slavery
Indigenous peoples of the Americas including Praying Indians were trafficked through Atlantic trade routes. The 1677 work The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians, for example, documents English colonial prisoners of war (not, in fact, opposing combatants, but imprisoned members of allied Praying Indian) being enslaved and sent to Caribbean destinations.

Praying Indians of Dedham
In the mid-17th century, John Eliot and a group of praying Indians from Dedham, Massachusetts, won a lengthy court battle and were awarded the title to the 2,000 acre of land in the town that is now known as Natick. The dispute, which lasted from 1651 to 1665 and flared up again sporadically in the years afterward, centered on the Indians' use of a tract of land along the Charles River. They claimed to have an agreement to use the land for farming with the Town Fathers, but Dedham officials objected to them.

Eliot had converted many of the native people in the area to Christianity and taught them how to live a stable agrarian life. He converted so many that the group needed a large portion of land on which to grow their own crops. The law was on the side of the town, Elliot made a moral argument that the group had a need for land of their own.

The case eventually went before the General Court, which granted the land in question to the Indians and, in compensation for the land lost, gave another piece of land in what is today Deerfield, Massachusetts, to the Dedham settlers. The town's actions in the case were characterized by "deceptions, retaliations, and lasting bitterness" and harassed its Native neighbors with petty accusations even after the matter had been settled.

American Revolutionary War
There are several narratives regarding Native American history that are greatly underrepresented. A significant number of Praying Indians fought for the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. During the war, the vast majority of those Indians had been completely assimilated into their surrounding Christian communities and had fewer significant ties to other Native communities. They fought in entirely integrated units, unlike the African-American soldiers who fought for their country from the Revolutionary War to World War II.

There is no evidence of official discrimination towards Native American soldiers. They received equal pay and treatment as compared to their white counterparts. That is a direct contrast to unit segregation in the Civil War, for instance. African-American soldiers fought in segregated units, such as the 54th Massachusetts Regiment under Col. Robert Gould Shaw. They were initially paid less than their white counterparts. Soldiers of Native American origin fought in several significant battles during the Revolutionary War such as Bunker Hill, Battle Road, Trenton, and Saratoga. The number of Praying Indian soldiers was likely over 100, but an entirely accurate count is hard to come by.

Unlike other Native groups such as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the Praying Indians were cohesive and steadfast in their support for the colonists. The Iroquois Confederacy had several factions, most of which supported the British during the Revolutionary War, but some decided to fight with the colonists. That inevitably led to clashes involving previously aligned groups, when Native tribes on opposite sides of the conflict met on the field of battle. For example, the Battle of Oriskany on August 6, 1777, saw Loyalist Seneca soldiers fighting against colonially-aligned Oneidas.

The Praying Indians never saw such a split. They had extremely close ties to both the Puritan clergy that established the Praying towns, as well as non-Native peoples that lived among them. Despite the continued seizure of Native lands, the various Praying Indian communities realized that their continued survival could be ensured only by close ties to their communities. Support of a distant government would only alienate them from those who were in proximity.

In particular, Praying Indians from Natick and Ponkapoag (now Canton) served in large numbers. The borders of Natick have since changed and includes parts of what was Needham, Dedham.

The first significant engagements Praying Indians participated in were the Battles of Battle Road and Bunker Hill. Approximately five out of the estimated 21 Native Americans at Battle Road were from Praying Indian communities, and out of the estimated 103 Native Americans at Bunker Hill, about 10 were Praying Indians from the Natick area (primary source confirmation of service histories has numbers that are significantly less). As a result of the unit integration in the Continental Army, most cases had no real concentration of Praying Indians in a single unit. Praying Indians served in dozens of distinct units throughout the Revolutionary War. The Battle of King's Bridge in the Bronx, where both Daniel Nimham, the last sachem of the Wappinger and his son Abraham were killed alongside some 60 members of the Stockbridge Militia is a notable exception.

Soldiers of Praying Indian origin

Historian George Quintal Jr. discusses Revolutionary war veterans who were Native American, African-American, and other minority groups in his book Patriots of Color: ‘A Peculiar Beauty and Merit’. A sampling of histories of Praying Indian soldiers is found below.

James Anthony was born in Natick and initially served for eight months in 1775 in the regiment of Col. Jonathan Ward and in the company of Capt. James Mellen. He later re-enlisted for three years from 1777 to 1780 in the 4th Massachusetts Regiment under Col. William Shepherd, serving in Capt. Reuben Slayton's company. The unit fought at Saratoga and was present at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777. Anthony was discharged 14 March 1780. Joseph Paugenit Jr. (Mashpee Wampanoag) was born in Framingham and was baptized in Natick in 1754. His father, Joseph Sr., fought during the French and Indian War. He served in the company of Capt. Thomas Drury under the command of Col. John Nixon, and fought at Bunker Hill. He later re-enlisted in Col. Thomas Nixon's fourth Regiment in New York and fought at the Battles of Harlem Heights and White Plains. After his second discharge, he re-enlisted a second time, once again under Col. Thomas Nixon. He fought at the Battle of Saratoga and was reported as deceased soon after, likely as the result of wounds sustained during the battle or from contracting smallpox.

Alexander Quapish (Wampanoag, 1741–1776), born in Wampanoag territory in Yarmouth, Massachusetts, enlisted in Dedham in 1775. He served as a member 13th Massachusetts Regiment of Col. Jonathan Brewer. He took ill in November 1775 and died in Needham in March 1776. Michael Bacon cared for him in his last days and conducted his burial. Quapish's remains were disinterred and donated to the Warren Anatomical Museum. Under NAGPRA, the Mashpee Wampanoag and Nipmuc Nation were able to return his remains to the Pond Street Burial Ground in Needham (now Natick).

Samuel Comecho served in the Battle of Bunker Hill under the command of Capt. Benjamin Bullard in Col. Jonathan Brewer's regiment. Born in Natick, Comecho enlisted for eight month's service and his unit held the line at Bunker Hill between the redoubt and the rail fence. He re-enlisted on the first day of 1776 in Col. Asa Whitcomb's regiment and served in Capt. William Hudson Ballard's company in the Canadian theater. It was reported that he died on March 14, 1776. The cause of death was likely smallpox.

Legacy
The sacrifices made by Praying Indians and other minority groups during the Revolutionary War have never been properly celebrated. It was not until the 20th century that these veterans were first recognized. The town of Natick installed a monument to Native American veterans of the Revolutionary War in 1900, which still stands today on Pond Street near Natick Center. However, it was not until Needham historian Robert D. Hall Jr. that their final resting places were properly honored. Hall and volunteers placed grave markers and American flags in a Needham cemetery to honor these veterans in 2003.

Self-government
The Praying Indian communities were able to exercise self-government and to elect their own rulers (sachems) and officials, to some extent exhibited continuity with precontact social system and used their own language as the language of administration of which a wealth of legal and administrative documents has survived. However, their self-government was gradually curtailed in the 18th and 19th centuries, when their languages also became extinct. During that period, most of the original Praying Towns eventually declined because of epidemics and the communal land property of others passing out of Native control. The Indian-inhabited areas were eventually transformed into "Indian districts."

Contemporary heritage groups
In the 21st century, people who identify as descendants of Praying Indians have formed different organizations. They are unrecognized and are not federally recognized tribes or state-recognized tribes. These include the Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag and Praying Indians of Natick and Ponkapoag.

title: Praying Indian


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User talk:Joojoo

Batar
Hello - welcome to Wikipedia!. I've removed the images from Batar again. Based on the prominent text across these images, Getty Images holds copyright on them, so Wikipedia is probably not permitted to use them. For details, see the notice at Image:Batar_projectile_2.jpg, and the Copyright problems page. Please don't reinsert the images until their copyright status is resolved. Thanks! CDC  (talk)  21:19, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Also, please take a look at WP:NOT. Friday (talk) 21:46, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Underground barbecue
Did you mean for this to go in your user space? Friday (talk) 21:55, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess not. FYI, I've listed the article on votes for deletion. Nothing personal, but this isn't what the encyclopedia is for. Friday (talk) 00:12, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You have your own copy of this article now here. You can do pretty much whatever you like with this and no one will try to delete it.  Please understand that the deletion isn't meant as a value judgement on the topic.  People are voting delete primarily because this topic lacks verifiability.  No offense is intended.  Friday (talk) 04:32, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Copyright
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Image copyright problem with Image:Alghoul.JPG
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Unreferenced BLPs
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 * 1) Salama Hamad -
 * 2) Wa'el Nassar -

Nomination of Salama Hamad for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Salama Hamad is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Salama Hamad until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Shirt58 (talk) 12:31, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joojoo


text:
Naruto the Movie: Legend of the Stone of Gelel

Naruto the Movie: Legend of the Stone of Gelel (劇場版 大激突!幻の地底遺跡だってばよ) is a 2005 Japanese animated martial arts fantasy adventure film based on Masashi Kishimoto's manga and anime franchise, written by Hirotsugu Kawasaki and Yuka Miyata. It was released in theaters in Japan on August 6, 2005.

Unlike Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow, Legend of the Stone of Gelel became a direct-to-video film in the United States. It aired on Cartoon Network on July 26, 2008 and was released to DVD on July 29, 2008. The film is set after episode 147. The theme song "Ding! Dong! Dang!" is performed by TUBE.

Plot
At a desolated beach, a night-time battle rages between the sand ninjas and bulky, robot-like, armored warriors. Gaara and the group of sand ninjas gain the upper-hand and when the remaining warriors begin to retreat back into the ocean, they shoot flares into the night to reveal a large warship waiting just offshore.

Meanwhile, Naruto Uzumaki, Shikamaru Nara and Sakura Haruno are on a mission to recover a lost pet ferret when they too are attacked by the armored warriors as well as a mysterious knight named Temujin. After a short battle, both Temujin and Naruto are blasted off a nearby cliff. Shikamaru and Sakura run to the edge to see if they can spot their friend, when suddenly a massive machine, like a giant moving cathedral, plows through the forest and comes to rest not far away. Naruto and Temujin wake up to find themselves in a moving caravan led by Kahiko and Emina.

Luckily the ferret, Nerugui, has survived the fall and has taken a liking to Temujin much to the chagrin of Kahiko whom Naruto discovers is the person who ordered the mission. Shikamaru investigates the cathedral and discovers a room filled with pods containing human beings. He witnesses two people, Kamina and Ranke, associates to Temujin, appear to activate the pods, which seem to use the humans to place souls in each armored, soldier body. Temujin leaves the caravan to return to his own party with Naruto in tow. Back at the cathedral, Temujin introduces Naruto to a man named Master Haido.

Haido informs Naruto and Temujin about the Gelel Stone, a mysterious, powerful mineral which controls the traveling caravan and which the annihilated clan lost. Haido plans to get the stone in order to make the world at peace. Naruto and Temujin head to the beach, where Gaara defeats Ranke and Kamina flees, while Shikamaru and Sakura save Kahiko from Fugai. Temujin recalls his past memory, before Shikamaru restrains him and reunites with the others. They interrogate Temujin, but he and Kahiko leave the caravan. At the Gelel Mine, Naruto and friends confront Haido for sacrificing anyone.

As Haido and Naruto pursue Kahiko and Temujin below the platform elevator, Shikamaru, Sakura, and Kankuro defeat Kamina and Fugai. At the Chamber of Sealing, Haido informs Temujin that he killed his parents. After destroying Teumjin's stone, Haido tries to use his power of the real one to kill him, but the sacrificing soldiers arrive to save the repentant Temujin. Naruto uses the green and orange Rasengan (螺旋丸) to destroy the stone and defeat Haido, then Naruto, Temujin, and Kahiko discover the mine losing control. Temujin uses the Space-Time Hole to destroy the mine and Naruto saves him.

In the mid-credits scene, the recovered Temujin and the children set sail, and say goodbye to Naruto and allies.


text:
Freedom Air (Guam)

Freedom Air was an airline based in Barrigada, Guam, operated scheduled passenger and cargo services in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Its headquarters is located in Guam's Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport.

The airline operated scheduled FAR part 121 passenger service between Guam, Rota and Saipan using a 30-seat Shorts 360 aircraft. Part 135 operations serve the Saipan-Tinian route using Piper Cherokee aircraft. It also operated cargo services using a Shorts 330 cargo conversion aircraft.

Guam (United States)

 * Guam (Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport) Main Hub

Northern Mariana Islands (United States)

 * Rota (Rota International Airport)
 * Saipan (Saipan International Airport) Hub
 * Tinian (Tinian International Airport)

Fleet
The Freedom Air fleet includes the following aircraft (at March 2007):

 * 1 Shorts 330-200 Sherpa Cargo configuration
 * 1 Shorts 360-300 (30 Seat passenger configuration)

As of August 2006, the airline also operated:
 * Piper PA-31 Navajo (7 Seat passenger configuration)
 * Piper PA-23 Aztec (6 Seat passenger configuration)
 * Piper PA-28 Cherokee (6 Seat passenger configuration)
 * Cessna 172 Skyhawk (3 Seat passenger configuration)

title: Freedom Air (Guam)


text:
Talk:Aztec Ruins National Monument

Untitled
''Aztec Ruins National Monument preserves structures and artifacts of Ancestral Pueblo people from the 1100's through 1200s. People associated with Chaco Canyon to the south built and used the structures, then people related to the Mesa Verde region to the north used the site in the 1200's. The monument was established in 1923, and designated a World Heritage Site in 1987. Acreage: 319.47'' From National Park Site. WBardwin 21:21, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Changed "Aztec" to "Anasazi" in two places under the History subsection as this was identified to be a misnomer in the preceding paragraphs and is historically correct. Felt (talk) 07:14, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Photos
I've added 58 photos to Commons. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 00:27, 13 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aztec Ruins National Monument


text:
Europe for Citizens

Europe for Citizens (formerly Citizens for Europe) is a European Union programme designed to help bridge the gap between citizens and the European Union. Ending in 2006, the European Commission on 6 April 2005 adopted a proposal for a programme to run from 2007 to 2013. In 2014 another programme started that will continue until 2017. The programme will provide the Union with instruments to promote active European citizenship, put citizens in the centre and offers them the opportunity to fully assume their responsibility as European citizens. The commission has determined that citizens should also be aware of their duties as citizen and become actively involved in the process of European integration, developing a sense of belonging and a European identity.

The global aim of the proposed programme is to contribute to:
 * Giving citizens the opportunity to interact and participate in constructing an ever-closer Europe, united in and enriched through its cultural diversity;
 * Forging a European identity, based on recognised common values, history and culture;
 * Enhancing mutual understanding between European citizens respecting and celebrating cultural diversity, while contributing to intercultural dialogue.

The proposal affirms that Union citizenship should be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States.

The budget for the new program is €235 million.

title: Europe for Citizens


text:
Mark Elliot (radio host)

Mark Elliot (December 24, 1953 – January 11, 2019) was the professional name of Nils Fleming Johanson, a former late night talk radio host on radio station CFRB 1010 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and an addictions counsellor in private practice. Earlier in his career, he was a popular disk jockey at Top 40 stations in various Canadian cities including Toronto, Winnipeg, Ottawa, and Windsor, Ontario.

From 2003 to February 2007, he hosted the general interest talk show The Nightside, in 2005 it was the highest-rated late night radio show in Canada. From 2001 until December 2016, he hosted People Helping People, Saturday nights from 11 p.m. to 2 a.m. EST on CFRB Toronto and CJAD Montreal, a phone-in show dedicated to addictions and addiction recovery. Elliot was a recovering alcoholic, drug abuser, and compulsive gambler.

Elliot was the only openly gay host on CFRB, where he came out on air. Politically left-wing, he presented a somewhat challenging figure for the historically conservative station.

Elliot's radio career began at what was then CHIC radio in Brampton, a Toronto suburb, in 1974. He moved on to work as a radio disk jockey at CFOM, the last English-language commercial radio station in Quebec City, Quebec, and then in Winnipeg, Manitoba. At his next home, in Ottawa, he became a legendary evening Top 40 host and local celebrity on CFRA and CFGO. In 1987, a sympathetic employer fired Elliot rather than let his position continue to enable his addictions. Retrospectively, Elliot later praised her action for saving his life.

Elliot moved to Windsor, Ontario, where he received treatment at Brentwood Recovery Home. He returned to the air with the CHUM radio group serving Windsor and Detroit.

With executive producer Warren Cosford, Elliot initiated People Helping People on Windsor's CKLW in 1995, later syndicating it to Toronto's Talk 640. Both stations dropped his program before he was picked up by CFRB, Canada's most listened-to commercial talk radio station, first to do PHP on weekends, and eventually, in 2003, to take on The Nightside after its longtime host Jim Richards moved to an earlier timeslot.

While many other electronic media shut down, Elliot was on air during the Great Blackout of 2003, providing information and reassurance to untold numbers of listeners in Southern Ontario.

Elliot also worked as a counsellor with the Salvation Army Harbour Light Treatment Centre, and was a member of Alcoholics Anonymous.

Elliot grew up in Weston, then a suburb of Toronto. He lived in the Church and Wellesley area of downtown Toronto for a number of years before moving to the Niagara peninsula later in life.

He suffered from heart trouble in his last years and was hospitalized at the end of 2018 after suffering two heart attacks. He developed pneumonia and was put in a medically induced coma before dying on January 11, 2019.

title: Mark Elliot (radio host)