text:
Talk:WE.177

Tornado
Isn't the plural of the proper noun "Tornado" properly spelled "Tornados"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.152.178.76 (talk) 16:37, August 26, 2007 (UTC)

By the way guys
This article should have a picture of the kind of plane which would have dropped these bombs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.2.180.230 (talk) 03:11, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Would this one do? Or did you mean 'aeroplane' - different device entirely? DieSwartzPunkt (talk) 14:14, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

Design history
Does anyone know if the WE177 physics package was based on the American Mark 28 bomb? --ManInStone 13:11, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Use as Depth Charge
The article states that it was "used by the Royal Navy as a nuclear depth charge". Is this appropriate to say, even though none were ever actually utilized in this manner?

 * I think the phrase "used by ..." is purely a literary device meaning that the Navy had the devices available for use. No nuclear depth charge of any description has ever been used operationally by the Royal Navy.

 * It depends what you mean by "used". For example "Were nuclear weapons USED to prevent nuclear war even though no angry shot was fired during the cold war?"--ManInStone 13:17, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Rainbow Code
Has anyone else heard of this device being rainbow coded as 'Green Parrot'? I dimly recall overhearing service conversations about a Green Parrot as a child in the context of the Falklands War and being told that it was a bomb when I asked. This maybe an ass pull - I was very young at the time - and I may misremember, but could this have been a reference to the RN WE.177s? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.121.242.7 (talk) 16:47, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

I have not heard of a rainbow code for the WE177 but earlier bombs did have code names such as "Orange Herald", "Green grass", "Yellow Sun" I think. There is a link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Code, but no reference to "Parrot". 90.205.123.105 (talk) 14:59, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

 * See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rainbow_Codes#Non-Rainbow_codes I would suspect the item in question was the Soviet era air delivered anti–personnel mine. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.7.34.57 (talk) 13:07, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

 * The Rainbow Code for WE.177 was Red Flag although that may have only been used during early development. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.68.219 (talk) 19:38, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

Article is complete Rubbish
The article contains a number of errors. Although I have the correct information, unless I can find that information on publicly available resources, I am unable to correct the article as I have no way of knowing the current classification of this correct information. (Anonymous comment by 20.133.0.14)

 * To provide a clue: A thermonuclear (fusion) bomb having twice the yield of a fision bomb wouldn't be nearly twice as heavy, it would in fact be much lighter. It is therefore reasonable to conjecture that either both were fision or both were fusion weapons.

 * I would assume someone with close personal knowledge of a nuclear weapons program would know how to spell "fusion".

 * My spelling, though good, isn't always 100% perfect. You could always have corrected it.

 * Searching around various sources, it is clear how little information has been released on these weapons. Some of the misinformation comes from people who operated the weapons on RAF bases.  Nearly every source carries different information.  I even believe I have located the COPYRIGHTED source from which the article itself was clearly plagiarised (there is nothing to beat errors to betray plagiarism).  Some sources state that the weapons are fission weapons, some fussion.  Some state that the weapons were of American design, some claim entirely British.  At least one source claimed that the information on the weapons is now public knowledge - clearly not.  Several sources include photographs of museum exhibits of what is clearly not a WE177 weapon (they are the wrong colour for a start).  I worked closely on the WE177 project at its height and, as I said before, if I can verify the correct information from a publicly available source or can verify that the information is no longer classified, I will produce a correct article.  (Note IP address changed from 21.133.0.14).

 * UPDATE: The more I investigate, the more I gather that the relevant information does not appear to have been released as such. I can only assume that much that has been published is guesswork.  I note that the article has acquired some additional information since the above comment was added - much of it inaccurate.
 * Question to above IP - email me and I will provide you with my real identity, I will then get in touch with you and if you are not a crank provide you with the identity of someone I know who lives in aldermaston (he is a cambridge fizzy-cyst but not actually to do with bombs or whatever) then we can discuss things... Egg   Centri  c  22:48, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Follow the link from the comment on 'Blue disc' and it will reveal my relationship with the whole project. 86.169.33.6 (talk) 16:12, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

"...as I have no way of knowing the current classification of this correct information"

Mate, if you know it, and you aren't aware of its classification, and you havent' been doing any espionage, then it isn't classified. It sounds very impressive - "Guys, I have to tell you you're wrong about something but I cant tell you why because what I know might be a super-secret!" - but this is the internet dude, claims like that make you sound like a kook. I'm very sorry if you are legitimately in a position of knowledge, but it really sounds like you are talking rubbish, eg: why couldnt a fusion device with a larger yield weigh more? The physics package may weigh less, but to think for 5 seconds, a higher yield would mean a larger and heavier parachute, or a stronger casing, or any number of other things. That is certainly enough of an omission to defeat what little evidence of expertise that you provided.

If you are an expert on something, but you are not sure if you are allowed to prove it or even talk about it, then how about you just spare us.94.175.244.252 (talk) 08:13, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

Production Numbers
What was the total production run of the variants and when were they made?

 * That information is (or was) TOP SECRET.

Inconsistent data
The data in the text regarding model suffix, weight, and yield does not agree with the data in the table. What's more, there are at least two transpositions, so that it is not possible to determine the correct matchups upon inspection. --Blainster 10:14, 18 February 2006 (UTC).

A reliable and factual update
May 2006. Much of this article is factually inaccurate. As are the comments on the talk page. This is not a criticism of the authors, merely that time moves on, more official documents are declassified, more research is done correcting earlier speculation used to fill gaps in factual knowledge that cannot be supported by hard evidence. The article does need to be rewritten. and perhaps I will do that later, time permitting. Meanwhile, here are some comments starting at the top.

'Used by' is better replaced by 'deployed by' since no UK armed service has ever 'used' a nuclear weapon. The most useful comments are those that suggest that most contributions are largely guesswork, or based on unsubstantiated data from elsewhere.

WE.177B was a thermonuclear bomb of 950lbs weight and 450kt yield. Not variable. It was the first to be deployed circa 1966 for use as a strategic laydown bomb to enable the Vulcan force to continue in service until Polaris became operational, following the cancellation of Skybolt. This bomb was retained in service until the 1990's for use with Vulcan successor aircraft. It comprised two parts, a fission primary, known as KATIE, and a fusion secondary known as SIMON. RAF stock is believed to number 53 (speculation). All were retired by August 1998.

Katie was developed from a British designed boosted fission weapon that evolved from CLEO, earlier Super Octopus, and tested in Nevada at Pampas and Tendrac UGTs. Although intended for the cancelled Skybolt, it was also intended for use in a 'family' of other weapons, including the British version of Polaris. The original US primary for these weapons used HE that did not meet British safety standards and was replaced with a British design. The SIMON secondary had a similar history, being a UK variant of the US W-59 secondary intended for RE.179, the Skybolt warhead. With Skybolt cancellation both were adapted for use in Polaris and the WE.177 series.

KATIE was originally conceived as the 'Improved Kiloton Bomb' a replacement for RED BEARD, but with the cancellation of Skybolt was put onto the back burner until the WE.177B bomb and the Polaris warheads were completed, explaining why WE.177B was deployed first, followed by Polaris, followed by WE.177A.

Katie was adapted to become KATIE A and WE.177A was deployed 1971. It used an adaptation of KATIE re-engineered to fit a shorter and lighter casing and was known as KATIE A. It was a boosted fission bomb for use against tactical surface targets by RAF and Royal Navy fixed-wing aircraft, and in an anti-sub role as an NDB. It weighed 600lbs and yielded approx 10kt. Not variable except in the NDB role. As a NDB (nuclear depth bomb) it was deployed on Royal Navy surface vessels for use with embarked helicopters. For this role it also had hydrostatic fusing and a variable yield facility of 0.5kt for use in shallow coastal waters or to safeguard nearby shipping. For deep oceanic waters it could use the full 10kt yield below 130ft (40m). There is, as yet no hard evidence of numbers deployed. The Navy stock of approx 20 for fixed-wing use was transferred to the RAF with the Bucanneer aircraft, the Navy retaining 43 for ASW helicopters. These 43 were retired by 1992. The RAF stock believed to be approx 150 was retired by Aug 1998. In the mid-1970's, some were 'converted' for use as a primary with a 200kt thermonuclear bomb known as WE.177C. Quantities are unknown but believed to be approx 48-60 'conversions'.

WE.177C was a 200kt thermonuclear laydown bomb deployed only by RAF Germany for use on tactical aircraft. It comprised two parts. The primary was a 'converted' KATIE A. The secondary was known as REGGIE. This secondary was removed from the Polaris warhead ET.317 when ET.317 was replaced by the Chevaline warhead. Polaris A3T had three ET.317 warheads. Chevaline had only two of a different design. The primaries of the retired ET.317 warheads were scrapped. The secondaries not required (one third) for re-use in the Chevaline warhead were re-used in WE.177C, matched with converted KATIE A 'conversions' as primaries in a bomb casing identical to WE.177B, ballasted to match WE.177B ballistic properties. It remained in service until the mid-1990's. There is hard evidence that a boatload of Polaris ET.317 warheads numbered 48 plus 12 spares for use in the servicing/re-supply chain. 32 plus 8 spares numbering 40 of those secondaries were re-used in Chevaline, leaving 20 of these to be re-used as WE.177C. We can speculate that with three boatloads to re-use, WE.177C numbers might range from 48 to 60. For those with an interest in politics, this is a neat illustration of how the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson was able to reconcile his election promises of 'no new nuclear weapons' with the actualitié. Astute readers will focus on the word 'new'.

Almost all the above is supported by hard evidence in declassified official documents in the National Archives, some declassified as recently as Jan 2006. There is so much inaccurate speculative data on the web on nuclear issues that I have learned not to contribute to it by adding my own speculation, except where it is clearly identified as such.

I too worked very briefly on the ballistic casing for the WE.177 series in 1959, or a very similar weapon. The requirements of secrecy then means I can never be completely certain. I have also drawn heavily on the work done by fellow researchers, especially Dr Richard Moore and Chris Gibson. B.Burnell.

 * The article is now much better. It would seem that the author of the current work has (wisely) refrained from adding information that he (or she?)has not been able to verify.  I can report that there are still one or two factual inaccuracies, but they are of such a minor nature, that they do not detract from the informative nature of the article.  As previously promised, if I can verify the correct information from a publicly accesible source, I will correct the article.

 * As the author referred to and signing off as Brian Burnell, I am most definitely male, and after a recent look 'down there' I can confirm that.

 * Aplogies if I caused offence - it was not intentional.

Page move to WE.177?
Apparently the offical name/designation of the weapon is WE.177 (with a full-stop/period), so unless anyone objects or can think of a good reason not, to I'll have a go at moving the page sometime within the next few days. Ian Dunster 10:46, 27 May 2006 (UTC).

 * Done. Ian Dunster 18:20, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The MOD apparently added the period to all its project codes sometime in the late 80's or early 90's. In the period 1970 to late 1980 it was definately WE177 (without the period).  The standard project code at that time consisted of 2 letters followed by 3 numbers.

 * If I can figure out how to upload photographs anonomously, I might upload a photograph of the official project tie. All projects had an official tie that people associated with the project could wear.  WE177 was refused one for many years until someone figured out a way of working the project code into the pattern without it being apparent unles you knew what had been done. 86.134.121.61 16:38, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless there are very good reasons for needing to be anonymous i.e. as protection from obsessives, or a public official who's employment would be at risk, it is never a good idea to upload photographs; especially photographs, anonymously. Wikipedia has policies on copyright verification that are there for a good reason; and are a protection against the site being sued for copyright violation. In my experience; and having an old-fashioned view of these things; contributions signed with the author's name are regarded as more reliable and verifyable than contributions that are anonymous. Although others might take a different view. Brian.Burnell 17:29, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have good reasons to remain anonymous. If anonymous photos are discouraged then I will naturally bow to the policy.  The proposed photograph does not yet exist.  I was proposing to take a photograph of my own personal project tie (now do you understand why I am able to comment on the factual accuracy - and why I am unable to publish corrections?) 86.132.201.65 20:35, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You can be as anonymous as you want to be - just open an account (which will allow you to upload photos) and then choose a username. This name can be anything you want (within reason!), such as Fred Nurke or something similar. If you are bothered about the IP address being traceable then use an Internet Cafe or a PC away from your usual surroundings.

 * The use of a username is more to do with allowing an editor's contributions to be assigned to one particular user, which then allows a picture of the editors credibility and responsibility to be built-up and known throughout Wikipedia - it's for accountability really, you don't need to use a real name, just the same one when you edit.

 * As a last resort, you can e-mail me the photo and I'll do any processing needed and upload it myself, stating in the image tag that the picture was uploaded by me and supplied by a person who wishes to remain anonymous - use the E-mail this user link on my user page. Ian Dunster 14:26, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the offer, but I have now sorted it. I B Wright 12:44, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * OK - good picture! - I have added the image to the Necktie page and also added your explanation of the tie's motif to the image page itself, for anyone who comes across the image from somewhere else. Ian Dunster 12:19, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

In-the-field
This term has a specific military usage; and that is why it was used here; although I recognize that it may not meet with the approval of language purists, as many other examples of specialist jargon fail to do. It has the great advantage of meaning exactly what it says on the tin. It doesn't mean that the user didn't undertake any servicing tasks; and they did do some, eg on the tail mechanisms etc. I hope this clears up this confusion. Brian.Burnell 17:01, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Retirement date
There is no known verifiable source to identify when each version was retired. All that is known is that the Navy (who only used WE.177A) retired its by 1992. The RAF had both the C and C models, and both these were retired by 1998. In what sequence is unknown. Source Strategic Defence Review. Brian.Burnell 14:33, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

WE.177A In-Service date
It had previously been thought that the in-service date was 1971 or 1972 when it appears the RAF took first delivery, although the AWE Timeline at does not mention an in-service date for WE.177A, but only for the B variant. There had been reports that the Navy took delivery of their WE.177As before the RAF, and a recently declassified file in the archives confirms that. Public Record Office file DEFE 24/389 E42 Annex, Appendix 1 dated June 1969 Item 1. states verbatim
 * "Although politically sensitive, the NDB [WE.177A] which is NOW BEING ISSUED TO THE FLEET is considered a tactical weapon. Its employment is based on tactical considerations alone, once initial political release has been given."

Note the words 'now being issued' NOT 'planned to be issued' or any other variant. The file reports the issue as a FACT, as of that date. Brian.Burnell 13:23, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Design of project tie
I think the use of a hydrogen and two nitrogen atoms is rather curious. I am aware that nitrogen oxygen mediated fusion reactions occur in the sun but artificial fusion does not involve nitrogen. I would have expected the symbol to consist of hydrogen isotopes. Can anyone explain the design of the tie? --ManInStone 11:49, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

The atomic numbers are 177. --ManInStone 11:47, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Removed citations
The recently removed citations had been uploaded for a considerable length of time, with no response from those editors asked to verify their sources. The citations should IMHO be restored until the assertions made can be verified. This is after all, an encyclopaedia, and encyclopaedic standards should be maintained to meet criteria for classification as a reliable source.

There is so much wrong about this article it's hard to know what most merits attention; so perhaps the best place to start is with an example from the very beginning. The first two sentences made up of a mere fifty words, make three assertions, with two citations requiring sources.

The opening phases were: "In May 1960 Prime Minister Macmillan signed an agreement with President Eisenhower to purchase 144 AGM-48 Skybolt missiles for their V-bomber force. Along with the missiles, the UK would receive the design of the Skybolt's W59 warhead citation needed, which was much smaller and lighter than even the smallest UK designs of the era. citation needed

Three assertions there. Only the first is true.

1. The WE.177 Improved Kiloton Bomb project began in 1959, before the Skybolt agreement. Lots of sources can be referenced in support of that. Several, both primary and secondary can be found here:

2.  Along with the missiles, the UK would recieve the design of the Skybolt's W-59 warhead, ....  Untrue. The Americans didn't select the W-59 warhead for Skybolt until 1962, after considering various others, including W-28, W-47, W-43, W-49, W-50, W-56. The reason the Americans delayed selection was that they were awaiting results of the Dominic atmospheric nuclear tests when all these warheads were tested. W.59 was tested at Dominic Questa, Alma, Rinconada and Sunset. All these references have been freely available on the web for several years now. So how could the W-59 warhead possibly be copied for WE.177 from WE.177's start in 1959? A physical impossibility. Except for the Time Lord perhaps? All the other warheads except the W-28 that were considered for Skybolt were also tested in the Dominic series of 1962. They had not been designed and tested until then because until then an Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty circa 1959 was in place until first broken by the Russians in 1962 and then by the Americans later that year in the events that preceded the Cuban Missile Crisis. All that has been in the public domain for years and with lots of source material available. So the Skybolt warhead wasn't selected until after the results of the 1962 tests, by which time the WE.177 project was well underway since 1959, with a British warhead selected and under development. Lots of primary and secondary source material here:

3.  ... which was smaller and lighter than even the smallest and lightest UK designs of the era.   Untrue. the writer cannot possibly produce references for this, and hasn't, despite the citation request being online for a very long time. A source cannot be produced because it isn't true. Because the W-59 was not the smallest and lightest warhead. Ulysses, a UK design was as small and lighter and could be available sooner. See here from a published source that reproduces photo reproductions of declassified documents from official archives:

After deconstructing just the first two sentences totalling 50 words, the scale of the task in dealing with the untruths and misconceptions highlighted by the deleted citations in the whole page is obvious.

It appears to me that the editor who added those citation requests, all ignored, had a suspicion or knowledge that the claims were unproven and unprovable. IMHO he/she was probably right and until there is a full-blooded rewrite of the whole page his citations should remain as a means of drawing to the attention of readers, that these claims are not in fact referenced, or capable of being referenced.

 * And those editors who added this erroneous material originally, and then compounded their errors by failing to provide their sources when asked are not doing Wikipedia any favours. It stands or falls by its accuracy and its encyclopaedic standard of content. Beneath this text in the edit box is a short message that cannot be repeated often enough. It reads: Encyclopaedic content must be verifiable. 81.156.89.116 (talk) 17:58, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Retirement
The article says under "retirement":

 * Following retirement, a number of WE.177 training rounds were donated to museums in the United Kingdom, and one was donated to the National Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where it can be viewed alongside similar American weapons. Another is at RAF Hendon.

I think a list of known sites of training rounds could be included. I have seen these displayed at:

 * Manchester (UK) Imperial War Museum
 * Orford Ness (UK)

I think I may also have seen training rounds at:

 * Duxford (UK) air museum
 * Secret bunker museum (UK)

can anyone update this list further please?

90.205.123.105 (talk) 14:42, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

I can't update your list but I have seen green coloured rounds at all of the above listed sites except Orford Ness which has a white one. 94.5.82.95 (talk) 11:35, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Both green and white were used for live rounds (white originally, green later). Training rounds (which is what all the weapons that you see are) were coloured Oxford blue.  The ones on display have presumably been repainted to match live rounds (but the word 'training' still appears on the side).  The white cross over the ejectable parts of the weapon have also been retained to indicate that no such ejection can occur. 109.145.21.107 (talk) 16:47, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Blue disk
Anyone actually know what the situation is with that? For quite some time the image caption has stated that it's most likely a museum inventory tag; however take a look at the image description page - you'll see that a wikipedia editor of good repute states otherwise. I've removed the commentary for the time being but perhaps we ought to actually, y'know, work it out... Egg  Centri  c  22:45, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

sorry, I mean see what reliable sources say yada yada

 * I have added a commentary to the image talk page detailing the points by which I know that very little of what is in the picture is actually genuine. Briefly, the white plastic tools are part of a genuine key set along with the stainless steel discs.  Nothing else is genuine, not even the keys.  The blue disc and the hexagonal tag behind it are not part of the key set and have been added subsequently for unknown reasons.  If the key set was genuine this would have been impossible as the key rings were welded closed.  As for supporting references?  These keys were a highly classified component of a highly classified weapon system, so useable references are unlikely to be found. 86.169.33.6 (talk) 16:04, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The "Hexagonal Tag". It's untrue to describe it as a tag. It had a different function as a handle for the hexagonal Allen key that is seen clearly welded to it. It was kept with the key to operate the various settings on the Ground Control Unit. Without that Allen key the weapon was useless. Furthermore, its function is demonstrated in this BBC | film clip shown on BBC2 Newsnight.
 * I cannot speak about the blue tag, - it may be a later addition.
 * However, the genuineness or otherwise of the key can easily be verified by inserting it into the weapon identified by the serial number on the key itself. The weapon filmed for the BBC report was a training round located at the | Bristol Aero Collection at Kemble Airfield, and the key certainly fitted the weapon and was genuine, as shown in the film. Similarly with the hexagonal Allen key. Since I was the person filmed for the demonstration I can vouch personally for that.
 * Your talk of it being part of a "highly classified weapon system" were once true, but no longer. All the data on this website and others and books elsewhere is long since declassified and in the public domain. Declassified official records abound in various locations, and available to any researcher with proof of ID, including foreign ones. So you are utterly wrong to claim that usable references cannot be found. Although I do understand the reluctance of former Servicemen to accept that fact. The Cold War is over. Weapons found in museums are no longer secret weapons, - they are by definition, merely museum artifacts, - history. 2.222.226.169 (talk) 02:12, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

 * So when was the last time that you saw a live round in a museum? 86.157.171.34 (talk) 17:30, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm pleased to report that no one has ever seen a live round in any museum; nor are they ever likely to. A better description would be a former operational round. There are two of those that I'm aware of. One is at the | Boscombe Down Aviation Collection, and the other is in the Historical Collection at the | Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston. Sadly, that museum is inside the security perimeter at AWE and not open to the public; although access is possible by special invitation. 94.14.132.138 (talk) 15:07, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

RAF Harrier weapon usage incorrect
I'd just like to add that another error in this article is that the RAF Harrier fleet was never a carrier of this weapon. The RN Sea Harriers were designated FRS as 'Fighter/Reconnaissance/Strike', Strike being the parlance for Nuclear weapons. Although the RAF seemed to ignore this designation with Tornado and Jaguar, calling them GR for Ground Attack/Recce, even though Strike capable platforms. I served in the RAF on both Harrier GR3 and Tornado GR1/4; I know which ones carried what.

 * Changed that, thanks. The RAF Harrier (OR.345) were specified to be able to carry WE.177 but never deployed with it. Nifty table here. Rwendland (talk) 12:49, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Warhead physics
I feel the article would benefit from a discussion of the engineering physics of the warhead. Was the core made of uranium or plutonium or both? What was the tamper made of? What was the primary neutron source? Was it tritium boosted? What was its efficiency? Did it use Lithium? How many explosive detonation points were there? What were the conventional explosives? What were the safety mechanisms? What maintenance did they require? Were the designs based on American bombs? How were the bomb settings set and what were the options? 194.176.105.135 (talk) 12:34, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Yes this article on a nuclear bomb COULD benefit from a ton of highly classified data, you're right!94.175.244.252 (talk) 08:05, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

Weapon classification
The article contains a claim that the designation 'MC (medium capacity)' refers to a weapon in the kiloton range and "HC (high capacity)" refers to a weapon in the megaton range. A reference is definately required to confirm that nuclear weapons are classified any differently from regular ordnance. The terms 'Medium Capacity' and 'High Capacity' have no connection with the amount of explosive power any particular weapon has.

The designations appertain to the ratio of the weight of the active explosive content relative to the overall weight of the weapon. For example the wartime RAF weapon known as the 'cookie' was a "Bomb, High Capacity, 4000lb" whereas the significantly more powerful 'grand slam' was a "Bomb, Medium Capacity, 22,000lb". The 'Medium Capacity' bomb designation applies to any bomb where the weight of the explosive content contributes not more than 50% of the total bomb weight. Any bomb where the weight of the explosive contributes more than 50% of the total weight is designated as 'High Capacity'.

In the case of these weapons, the weight of the plutonium core assembly plus fusion secondary (for the 'B' and 'C' variants) is less than 50% of the total weight of the bombs and thus they are all designated as a 'Medium Capacity' bomb for that reason alone. DieSwartzPunkt (talk) 14:52, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

 * But you're OK with a nuclear weapon being labelled as "HE" (High Explosive)?
 * The HC / MC distinction, just like the HE term, was a somewhat crude bit of secret squirrel security through obscurity. Whitehall thought that the Russkis would never realise they were nuclear weapons if they were labelled with conventional terminology? "MC" doesn't mean anything in this case as it did for conventional weapons, it's a whole new series of nomenclature. it could have been made to mean anything, and kiloton / megaton range is entirely plausible. If a bit childish. Andy Dingley (talk) 12:14, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

Parachute
The artice says at the beginning: "All types were parachute retarded". I think this should actually read: "All types were optionally parachute retarded". 90.221.252.156 (talk) 14:30, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

Ejection ports
There are ejection ports at the nose the side and the rear. I imagine that the rear ports are for a parachute and the front ones may cover proximity fuses. Can anyone confirm their uses and what the side ports are for please? 2A02:C7D:A8BF:4100:9C74:D175:10AB:B39D (talk) 15:18, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Often a source of confusion. The only explosive ejectable parts were the parachute from the rear (only used in retarded modes) and the two round caps that covered the velocity sensing unit's erectable fences.  There were no ejectable parts on the front of the weapon.  The presence of the ejector symbol on either side of the nose is because all aircraft fittable weapons must be marked with ejector symbols on either side of the nose and tail (along with actually over any ejectable part).  Some people have used the presence of the ejector symbol on the nose as evidence that the radome is explosively ejectable.  Although it was originally designed to be so, it was not on operational rounds as the radome along with the radar fuze behind it was designed to double up as a shock absorber when the round was delivered in a ground impact mode allowing the war head to remain intact long enough to detonate.   -- Elektrik Fanne   13:01, 22 May 2016 (UTC)
 * The Nose cone was "ejectable" in that it was the radar proximity fuse. When the weapon was being used as a depth charge, the Nose cone was indeed ejected.  This exposed ports which allowed the free flow of water into a barometric measuring device which was in the fusing chain. Jim Whitaker (talk) 15:35, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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Retarded
Excuse me, I'm not fluent in English, but I believe that data tables include incorrect spelled word "Retarded" instead of "Retired". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.188.121.222 (talk) 17:23, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

 * "Retarded" means "slowed down" (or "held back", perhaps); in this case it means the bombs were slowed down by a parachute, to give the plane that delivered them time to escape. It's correct the way it is. -- Finlay McWalter··–·Talk 17:26, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

 * It is a long time since I visited this page.The weapon was retarded for the Laydown Land delivery. The parachute slowed the weapon down so the warhead survived impact. It was a time delay unit which allowed the aircraft to escape.XJ784 (talk) 16:05, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

"Red Flag (nuclear weapon)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Flag_(nuclear_weapon)&redirect=no Red Flag (nuclear weapon)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 13:04, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:WE.177


text: User talk:70.51.154.184

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.51.154.184


text:
List of extreme points of U.S. states and territories

Extreme points are portions of a region which are further north, south, east, or west than any other. This is a list of extreme points in U.S. states, territories, and the District of Columbia.

Although many borders were initially defined by treaty or other agreement to be along a specific line of latitude or longitude, inaccuracies with surveying equipment/techniques caused the surveyed lines to deviate slightly from the true boundaries. Even as equipment/techniques improved, the initial surveyed line still remains the official border, which is why the extreme points may be either side of the agreed-upon line.


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Nahor

Nahor, Nachor, or Naghor may refer:

 * Nahor, son of Serug, a person mentioned in the Bible and the father of Terah
 * Nahor, son of Terah, a person mentioned in the Bible and the brother of Abraham
 * Nahor, a town in the region of Aram-Naharaim that was named after the son of Terah
 * Nahor, Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * Nahor, Assamese name for Mesua ferrea, a tree

title: Nahor


text:
Cark & Cartmel railway station

Cark & Cartmel is a railway station on the Furness line, which runs between Barrow-in-Furness and Lancaster. The station, situated 15+1/4 mi north-east of Barrow-in-Furness, serves the villages of Allithwaite, Cark, Cartmel and Flookburgh in Cumbria. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
The station is architecturally interesting, with buildings constructed by the Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway. The station opened on 1 September 1857 as Cark-in-Cartmell. The station was then renamed a number of times, including Cark, Cark and Cartmel and Cark-in-Cartmel, with the current name adopted on 13 May 1984.

The Furness Railway took over the Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway on 21 January 1862. It was later absorbed into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway on 1 January 1923.

The station had a particular importance, as it serves Holker Hall, the home of Lord Cavendish of Furness formerly belonging to the Dukes of Devonshire. Special waiting rooms were provided for the dukes and their guests. The actual building retains many original features and is now a private residence. It extends to approximately one acre of gardens and woodland.

Facilities
The station is unstaffed but has been provided with ticket machines to allow intending travellers to buy tickets prior to travel. There are shelters and digital information screens on each platform, along with a long-line PA system for train running information provision. The platforms are linked by a footbridge, but step-free access is also available on each side for disabled travellers.

Service
The station is on the Furness line linking Lancaster and Barrow (though some services extend south to Preston or north east to Carlisle). The station receives a roughly hourly service to Barrow-in-Furness, with a limited number of services continuing to Carlisle via Whitehaven.

There is also a roughly hourly service towards Lancaster, with a limited number of services continuing to Preston. A number of services continue through to Manchester Airport. These were formerly operated by First TransPennine Express up until the end of the old Northern and TransPennine franchises on 31 March 2016. Sundays see an hourly service each way (with some longer gaps).

title: Cark & Cartmel railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Metropolitan School District of Perry Township

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Postdlf 21:23, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Metropolitan School District of Perry Township
Non-notable. TigerShark 01:08, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say merge into Perry Township, Marion County, Indiana, but it appears we don't have that one. Did Rambot fail us? Meelar (talk) 01:10, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like it, since Perry Township appears to actually exist. Indianapolis is located within Marion County; maybe this township is a more-or-less obsolete township because of Indianapolis's sizable metro area? I've never been to Indiana, so I've got no clue. android↔talk 04:10, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Townships in Indiana (even in Indianapolis) often form the basis for structuring school districts. Indianapolis has eleven school districts; three of them (Indianapolis Public Schools, Speedway and Beech Grove) are legacy districts from before Unigov; the other eight correspond to (but do not exactly coincide with) eight of the nine townships that comprise Indianapolis.  Elsewhere in Indiana, it's quite commonly the case that school districts closely follow township boundaries, although it's far more common in less densely populated areas for one district to contain multiple townships.  (There are other township-related functions -- property tax assessment and collection is a township function, as are poor relief, small claims courts, and, in many places, fire protection.) Kelly Martin 03:34, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perry Township, Indiana is redlinked on the Perry Township dab page. Perhaps it should be moved there? Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 07:42, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There is more than one Perry Township in Indiana. It should be Perry Township, Marion County, Indiana (there are also Perry Townships in Allen and Vanderburgh Counties, and possibly in others as well.) Kelly Martin 03:34, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. School districts I believe are inherently keep-worthy (whereas the schools themselves aren't always) Arkyan 07:56, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a listings directory. Do the districts not have websites with this info? The JPS 11:06, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep despite the usual attempt to stack the vote for this vfd, and be sure to merge in any attempts to make useless stubs for the constituent schools. —Korath (Talk) 14:16, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and pray it gets expanded. --Carnildo 20:58, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A school district has the combined notability of each of its constituent schools. Klonimus 00:00, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A perfectly valid article subject. --Gene_poole 00:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The mergists out there should appreciate that this is an article about an entire school district, not just one school.  Ostensibly, this would save us 4 or 5 VfDs down the road when the constituent schools would without a doubt be nominated.  --BaronLarf 22:12, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand -CunningLinguist 02:05, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep There is a place for school districts on Wikipedia :o). --ShaunMacPherson 03:43, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this school district please for reasons by baronlarf Yuckfoo 06:27, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Baronlarf, despite not being Romanian, has a good point. NazismIsntCool 00:07, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article as it stands is a worthless list that should probably be deleted on its face, but school district articles themselves are a good idea provided that information on individual schools is placed in such articles rather than on independent pages. Indrian 05:08, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth since this passes the Pokemon comparative notability test.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 09:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep. For crying out loud.  —RaD Man (talk) 10:17, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep until there is something to merge it into.  Noisy | Talk 11:50, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep What's wrong with school district's? We should really be watching for real nonsense like...you know what I mean. Let the school districts shine!!! What's more, it's first Wikipedia article ever made (I think?) Pufferfish101 04:19, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is merely a link-farm, although without the links. Basically I could find similar in the local phonebook. Master Thief Garrett 01:29, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

I wish they had a page on the middle school. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tirerotation (talk • contribs) 22:57, 26 March 2019 (UTC)


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Kents Bank railway station

Kents Bank is a railway station on the Furness Line, which runs between Barrow-in-Furness and Lancaster. The station, situated 17+1/4 mi north-west of Lancaster, serves the village of Kents Bank in Cumbria. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
The station building was designed in 1865 by the Lancaster-based architects, Paley and Austin, for the Furness Railway. Though it remains, it is in private residential use.

Facilities
The station is unstaffed but now has ticket machines available, allowing passenger to buy before boarding. Shelters are located on each platform, along with digital information screens and a PA system. Access to the northbound platform is via a user-worked barrier level crossing, so whilst it has step-free access disabled travellers should exercise caution when crossing the line.

Services
Kents Bank is served by Northern Trains, who operate a basic hourly service with some two-hour gaps between and. Certain northbound trains are extended to Whitehaven and, and several southbound trains are extended to and. A (mostly) hourly service runs each way on Sundays.

title: Kents Bank railway station


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Division of Moreton

The Division of Moreton is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland.

History
The division was one of the original 65 divisions contested at the first federal election. It is named after Moreton Bay, and originally stretched from southern Brisbane all the way to the Gold Coast. While successive redistributions have left the seat completely landlocked, it has nonetheless retained the name of Moreton, mainly because the Australian Electoral Commission's guidelines on electoral redistributions require it to preserve the names of original electorates where possible.

The seat was in the hands of the Liberal Party and its predecessors for 86 years before Labor regained it in 1990. From then until 2013, it was a bellwether seat, electing the candidate from the winning party in every election.

The seat is known for having decided the 1961 federal election. The Liberals only won the seat by 130 votes to give the Coalition a bare one-seat majority; had 93 Communist preferences gone the other way, it would have resulted in a hung parliament.

On its current boundaries, the seat is very multicultural, with significant Asian, South Eastern European, Arab and African population in the southern part of the electorate particularly in the suburbs of Sunnybank, Acacia Ridge, Kuraby and Moorooka.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

Moreton is located in south east Queensland, and is based in the southern suburbs of the City of Brisbane. The division includes Acacia Ridge, Archerfield, Chelmer, Fairfield, Graceville, Karawatha, Kuraby, MacGregor, Moorooka, Nathan, Oxley, Robertson, Rocklea, Runcorn, Salisbury, Stretton, Sunnybank, Sunnybank Hills, Tennyson, Yeronga, and Yeerongpilly, and parts of Algester, Berrinba, Calamvale, Coopers Plains, Corinda, Drewvale, Eight Mile Plains, Parkinson, Sherwood and Tarragindi.

Election results
{{legend|#1456F1|Liberal}}
 * {{legend|#006644|National}}

{{legend|#DE3533|Labor}} {{legend|#FFCD00|Australian Democrats}} {{legend|#10C25B|Greens}} {{legend|#F36C21|One Nation}} {{legend|#FFED00|Palmer United/United Australia Party}}

title: Division of Moreton


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Palatine Guard

The Palatine Guard (Guardia Palatina d'Onore) was a military unit of the Vatican. It was formed in 1850 by Pope Pius IX, who ordered that the two militia units of the Papal States be amalgamated. The corps was formed as an infantry unit, and took part in watch-keeping in Rome. The only occasion on which it saw active service was during the token resistance on 20 September 1870 to the occupation of Rome by Italian government troops.

History
After 1870 and the unification of Italy, the corps was confined to Vatican City where they performed ceremonial functions as a guard of honor. The Palatine Guard were usually seen either when the Pope was in Saint Peter's Square, or when a head of state or other important visitors were received by the Pope. Members of the corps were part-time volunteers, who were not paid for their service, though they received an allowance for replacement or repair of their uniforms. The unit lacked modern weapons and the guardsmen received little training beyond drill in marching and presenting arms. The corps was also the only one in the service of the Vatican to have a full military band.

The Second World War was a high point in the history of the Palatine Guard. In September 1943, when German troops occupied Rome in response to Italy's conclusion of an armistice with the Allies, the Guard was given the responsibility of protecting Vatican City, various Vatican properties in Rome, and the Pope's summer villa at Castel Gandolfo. The guardsmen (mainly Roman shop keepers and office clerks) whose service had previously been limited to standing in ranks and presenting arms at ceremonial occasions, now found themselves patrolling the walls, gardens and courtyards of Vatican City and standing guard at the entrances to papal buildings around the Eternal City. On more than one occasion this service resulted in violent confrontations with Italian Fascist police units working with the German authorities to arrest political refugees who were hiding in buildings protected by the Vatican. At the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 the Palatine Guard mustered some 500 men, but the German occupation required the recruitment of additional personnel. By the liberation of Rome in June 1944 the corps had grown to 2,000 men, but at the end of the war the majority of these men left the Pope's service and the unit returned to its pre-war force level.

Uniform
Throughout most of its history the Palatine Guard wore a nineteenth-century uniform comprising a shako or kepi, dark blue tunic and light blue trousers. During World War II armed members of the Guard undertook patrols and guard duty in a practical field uniform consisting of grey overalls and red beret.

Disbandment
The corps, along with the Papal Gendarmerie and the Noble Guard, was abolished on 14 September 1970 by Pope Paul VI as part of the reforms of the Church following the Second Vatican Council. Before it stood down it was transformed into the Papal Honor Guard (Guardia d'Onore del Papa). Former guardsmen were invited to join a new group called the Saints Peter and Paul Association (Associazione SS. Pietro e Paolo), whose statutes were approved by the Pope on 24 April 1971. This civilian association supports charitable, educational, and religious programs in Rome.

title: Palatine Guard


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Normal Park

Normal Park is the name of a former football and baseball field in Chicago, Illinois, during approximately 1914 through 1951. It was most notably the home field of the Chicago Cardinals before they moved to Comiskey Park.

The field was on a block bounded by South Racine Avenue (to the east, previously Centre Avenue); West 61st Street (north); West 62nd Street (south); and South Throop Street (west). Normal Avenue (or Normal Boulevard) is also sometimes given as one of its bordering streets, although Normal Avenue (500W) is about 7 blocks east of Racine (1200W). There may have been some confusion due to "Normal Park" also having been the name of a Chicago neighborhood in the general area. In local newspapers, the location of the field was typically given as "61st Street and Racine Avenue."

The Chicago Cardinals started out as the "Morgan Athletic Club" in 1898 and changed their name to "Racine Normals" after they began playing at Normal Park. Soon after, they became the "Racine Cardinals". According to legend, they assumed that nickname upon acquiring some reddish hand-me-down jerseys from the University of Chicago football team, the Maroons.

The Cardinals joined the new American Professional Football Association (soon renamed to what is now the National Football League) and continued to use Normal Park as their home field for several years and continued to be called the Racine Cardinals for a while. They changed their name again, to "Chicago Cardinals", to avoid confusion after the National Football League fielded a team in Racine, Wisconsin.

Starting in 1922, they split time between Normal Park and Comiskey Park before finally abandoning the old field in the late 1920s. The park no longer exists. On the eastern portion of the site along Racine sits a Chicago Police Department facility which was built in 1952. The western portion of the site is occupied by single family homes built on a cul-de-sac where the field once was. The only evidence of the field is an otherwise unexplained discontinuation of Elizabeth Street, which abruptly ends halfway between 61st and 62nd Streets and then resumes again a half-block north at 61st.

title: Normal Park


text:
Keying (ship)

Keying (Chinese:, p Qíyīng) was a three-masted, 800-ton Fuzhou Chinese trading junk which sailed from China around the Cape of Good Hope to the United States and Britain between 1846 and 1848. Her voyage was significant as it was one of the earliest instances of a Chinese sailing vessel making a transoceanic journey to the Western world. It served as a cultural exchange and offered Western audiences a glimpse into Chinese maritime traditions and craftsmanship.

History and voyages
Keying had been purchased in August 1846 in secrecy by British businessmen in Hong Kong, defying a Chinese law prohibiting the sale of Chinese ships to foreigners. She was renamed after the Manchu official Keying. Keying was manned by 12 British and 30 Chinese sailors (the latter all Cantonese). She was commanded by Captain Charles Alfred Kellett, also British.

Hong Kong
Keying left Hong Kong in December 1846. Before her departure she was visited by Sir John Davis, the Governor of Hong Kong; Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, and officers of the fleet, the Commander-in-Chief and most of the principal residents of the Colony.

Cape of Good Hope and St Helena
She rounded the Cape of Good Hope in March 1847, 114 days out, having been delayed by strong westerly gales, and a severe hurricane.

After 17 days at sea she anchored at St Helena in April 1847.

New York

She remained at St Helena for some time before taking course to Sandy Hooks and then arriving in New York City in July 1847. The Keying was the first ship from China to visit New York. She moored off the Battery on the southern tip of Manhattan and was received with great fanfare. No less than seven thousand visitors went on board of her every day. She remained in New York for several months. The Chinese crew of Keying were understandably angry as they had signed on only for an eight-month voyage to Singapore and Batavia (now Jakarta). Twenty-six of them left Keying and returned to Canton on board the Candace, which sailed 6 October 1847.

P. T. Barnum had a copy of Keying built in Hoboken (Barnum claimed he had it towed from China), and exhibited it with a crew which may have included some of the Keying Chinese. However the Brooklyn Eagle described Barnum's crew as "one third white and two thirds negroes or mulattoes", so probably no real Keying crew were present.

Boston
Keying also moored in Boston on 18 November 1847, by the Charles River Bridge, according to the Boston Evening Transcript of 1847. She was visited by many people, with as many as four to five thousand on Thanksgiving Day.

British visit
Keying next sailed on 17 February 1848 for Britain. A storm on 28 February wrecked her two boats, ripped the foresail, and disabled the hardwood ironbound rudder, which was hung in the Chinese manner without gudgeons or pintles. During the repair of the rudder the second mate drowned.

Keying was fast, as was noted by the press:
 * The Keying next visited Boston, whence she sailed direct for London on 17 February last, and arrived in St Aubin's Bay, on 15 March, having performed the voyage, from land to land, in 21 days - a short period even for the American packet-ships. (Illustrated London News, 1848)

Keying reached Britain in March 1848, and a medal was made in honor of her arrival. The obverse of the medal gives the following account:
 * The first junk that ever rounded the Cape of Good Hope, or appeared in British waters. Her dimensions are length 160ft. Depth of hold: 19ft. Burden: 800 tons Chinese measurement. Rudder 7½ tons, mainsail 9 tons. Mainmast 85ft long from deck. The ship is built of teak wood. She sailed from Hong Kong 6 December 1846, arrived in England 27 March 1848, 477 days from Canton. "Captain Kellet", commander.

Keying was praised by the British as excellent in seaworthiness, and practically superior to their own:
 * She proved herself an excellent sea-boat; and her powers of weathering a storm equal, if not surpass, those of vessels of British build. (Illustrated London News, 1848)

She lay in the Thames at Blackwall. A multitude visited the ship, including Queen Victoria and other members of the royal family.

The Illustrated London News of 29 July 1848 described the visits to the Keying as follows:

 * The ROYAL CHINESE JUNK "KEYING" manned by a Chinese Crew. Visitors received by a Mandarin of rank and Chinese Artist of celebrity. Grand Saloon, gorgeously furnished in the most approved style of the Celestial Empire. Collection of Chinese Curiosities, &c. The "Keying" is now open for Exhibition, from Ten to six, in the East India Docks, adjoining the Railway and Steam-boat Pier, Blackwall.—Admission, One Shilling.

 * ADMISSION, ONE SHILLING.—During the limited period which the ROYAL CHINESE JUNK will remain in London, the charge for admission will be reduced to One Shilling. This most interesting Exhibition, which has been justly called "the greatest novelty in Europe," has been visited by her Majesty the Queen, all the Royal Family, and an immense number of persons, including nearly all the nobility and foreigners of distinction in London. Junk Tickets, including fare and admission, are issued by the Blackwall and Eastern Counties Railways. Omnibuses direct, and conveyance also by Steam-boat from all the Piers between Westminster and Woolwich; fare 4d. Catalogues obtainable only on board, price 6d.

The Times also reported Keying's visit:
 * There is not a more interesting Exhibition in the vicinity of London than the Chinese Junk: one step across the entrance, and you are in the Chinese world; you have quitted the Thames for the vicinity of Canton.

Specifications
Keying's specifications was recorded differently between British and American sources.

Sale and final fate
The Keying was sold to Messrs Crippin & Forster of Rock Ferry, Cheshire and towed from London to the river Mersey by the steam tug Shannon, arriving 14 May 1853. It was moored at the Rock Ferry slipway for public exhibition. On 29 September 1853, Keying was preparing to leave for foreign ports in three weeks. But instead it was dismantled "for research" at the shipyard of Redhead, Harling, and Brown.

The Plymouth and Devonport weekly journal for Thursday, 6 December 1855 reported
 * The Chinese junk once a most popular attractive exhibition, is now rotting neglected and uncared for on the shore at Tranmere Ferry opposite Liverpool.

Commemoration
A large-scale model of the Keying is on display at the Hong Kong Maritime Museum, at Central Ferry Pier 8. This model was based on contemporary reports and images allied to a comprehensive analysis of traditional Fuzhou junk lines. The model was constructed on a 1 to 12 scale. The model was also intentionally aged to look like a vessel that had seen service prior to is famous journey.

The model is thought by some to be incorrect: the shape of the hull lacks the great curvature which is clearly and consistently shown in some of the many contemporary illustrations of the original vessel. However, the Currier print made at the time (part of the exhibit) does not show this. The exaggerations of other renditions probably resulted from western artists' being confused by the unfamiliar style of Keying's hull, particularly the high 'wings' either side of the bow, typical of the Fuzhou style, and the similarly elevated bulwarks of the poop deck.

The actual sheerline of Fuzhou junks is not so extreme. Much of the confusion with respect to the Keying may come from reported bow and stern heights above the waterline that may have been for the tops of 'wings' and 'poop', not of the weather deck at bow and stern. The exaggerated measurements in most contemporary reports suggest it was the former, not the latter.

The museum model unquestionably fits the accounts of Keying's sea-keeping qualities better than a model with the bizarrely exaggerated curvatures shown in other contemporary illustrations. Such curvature was unknown in similar vessels: the acutely distorted waterlines that would result when heeled would have rendered the vessel unmanageable.

These large trading junks moored off the waterfront of Guangzhou towards the end of the 19th century would have been broadly similar to the Keying and give us a better idea of how she may really have appeared than the contemporary images of her by western artists.

title: Keying (ship)


text:
Pretty Maids

Pretty Maids is a Danish hard rock/heavy metal band from Horsens. Formed in 1981 by Ken Hammer, and completed with Ronnie Atkins in 1982, their sound and music can be described as classic guitar-laden heavy rock with a strong emphasis on melody.

Over the years, Pretty Maids have sold hundreds of thousands of records, but have never broken through in a major way, except in Japan during the 1990s. They have supported well known bands such as Black Sabbath, Whitesnake, Deep Purple, Alice Cooper, and Saxon, and were also featured at the 1987 German version of Monsters of Rock, where Metallica headlined along with Deep Purple.

After a prolonged international touring hiatus before the release of the 2006 Wake Up to the Real World album, the band have every year since been touring their primary markets of Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany and Japan.

1980s
Pretty Maids were formed in 1981 by friends Ken Hammer and John Jacobsen in Horsens, Denmark. Ronnie Atkins joined Pretty Maids in 1982, replacing John Jacobsen on vocals. They wrote their own material and a self-financed demo resulted in a deal with the English record label Bullet Records.

In 1983, the band released their debut self-titled EP under the name Pretty Maids, recognition was fuelled by their UK tour the same year. In 1984 they signed to CBS Records in Denmark, who remixed and re-released their self-titled EP with a different cover.

In 1984, the band released their debut studio album, Red, Hot and Heavy, which was a success. More acclaim followed with their second studio album, Future World, released in 1987. It was recorded in Bearsville Studios, New York, with renowned producer Eddie Kramer. The collaboration did not work out and Flemming Rasmusen ended up producing the more hard rocking songs and Kevin Elson produced the more melodic tracks.

1990s
The 1990 follow up Jump the Gun, produced by Deep Purple bassist Roger Glover, offered more of the same catchy riffs. The band more or less broke up after the lack of success with this record, leaving only founding members Ron Atkins and Ken Hammer.

They would not quit so recruited drummer Michael Fast and bass player Kenn Jackson, and went on to record Sin-Decade in 1992, once again teaming up with Metallica's producer Flemming Rasmussen. The album produced the hit single "Please Don't Leave Me" - a John Sykes/Phil Lynott cover which opened the band up to an even wider audience.

The band did very well in Japan in the first half of the 1990s and have a large fanbase there.

In 1995 however, the band surprised the fans and critics by releasing the storming Scream. This was an altogether heavier and guitar-lead approach which gained numerous plaudits and saw the band release their first live album, Screamin' Live.

The follow-up Spooked, released in 1997, was regarded by many as an instant classic, maintaining the energy and heaviness of Scream whilst still capturing the quintessential melody that is Pretty Maids.

1999's Anything Worth Doing Is Worth Overdoing produced the commercial, hard driving rock song Hell on High Heels.

2000s
In 2000, the band released the album Carpe Diem, which was more melodic than their previous offerings, disappointing certain factions of their fan-base.

In 2002, Pretty Maids released the album Planet Panic which was a trip back to the heavier sides of their catalogue.

In 2003, their management company Rock On went bankrupt due to some unwise business moves in September 2002. This left Pretty Maids in a bad financial situation and also left them with a lot of legal problems as well as lot of business and copyright mess.

Lead guitarist Ken Hammer had a heart attack on 6 December 2003. He has since recovered completely and has been on stage numerous times since the incident.

As of July 2005, the drummer since 1991, Michael Fast, decided to leave before the recording of Wake Up to the Real World - an album that was originally intended to be released in 2005, but the initial recordings was postponed to the summer of 2006. In April 2006, new drummer Allan Tschicaja (Royal Hunt, Kingdom Come) was announced as Michael Fast's replacement. In 2006, Morten Sandager (ex-Mercenary) joined Pretty Maids, playing the keyboards.

2010s
On 14 May 2010, Pretty Maids released their twelfth studio album, Pandemonium, through Frontiers Records, which was a fantastic "comeback album" although they never had been gone. First single released from the album was Little Drops Of Heaven. In April 2010, Pretty Maids announced that they have parted ways with bass player Kenn Jackson. In May 2010, it was announced that American bass player Hal Patino (formerly of King Diamond) had temporarily replaced Jackson. Patino announced in April 2011 that he had left Pretty Maids.

Celebrating their 30th anniversary, Pretty Maids played a concert at Tivoli, Copenhagen, which featured Rene Shades [Mike Tramp] on bass.

On 15 September 2012, Pretty Maids played in the US for the first time at the ProgPower festival.

Pretty Maids released their thirteenth studio album Motherland on 22 March in Europe and on 26 March in North America through Frontiers Records. Ronnie Atkins has called it the band's "best album song by song".

In December 2015, Pretty Maids announced that their fifteenth studio album is set to be released in 2016.

In February 2016, Pretty Maids announced that keyboard player Morten Sandager had left the band. In September 2016, Pretty Maids announced that Chris Laney has joined the band, playing keyboards and guitars.

Pretty Maids released their fifteenth studio album Kingmaker on 4 November 2016 through Frontiers Records.

On 1 May 2017 it was announced that drummer Allan Tschicaja had left the band. In a statement he said: "It’s been a difficult decision for me, but I want to focus more on family, friends and other projects." He was replaced by Allan Sørensen on 9 May 2017, where he played for the first time with Pretty Maids on their opening slot for Kiss in Horsens, Denmark.

On 9 July 2019 it was announced that Pretty Maids were forced to cancel their September 2019 ProgPower appearance due to personnel changes.

2020s
In March 2020, the band's lead singer and frontman Ronnie Atkins revealed that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer at the end of 2019. Despite the initial treatment proving successful, his cancer went out of remission in October 2020. In 2021, Atkins released his debut solo album One Shot in lieu of touring or working in the studio with Pretty Maids, mainly for health and logistical reasons. In November 2021, the band released two authorized books. One in Danish called "40 år med Pretty Maids", based on interviews with Ken Hammer and Ronnie Atkins. "We Came To Rock – The Official Pretty Maids Journals" is written in English and based on interviews with former and present members of the band, managers etc as well as a journal of the whereabouts for 40 years.

Influences and legacy
Pretty Maids have on various occasions mentioned Thin Lizzy, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple, Kiss, Icon, Slade, and Queen as some of their influences.

Over the years, they have recorded cover songs from many of these influences, including their most famous hit to date: A 1992 cover of John Sykes' ballad, "Please Don't Leave Me".

Pretty Maids' song "Back to Back" from their debut album Red, Hot and Heavy was covered by two Swedish metal bands; HammerFall on their Legacy of Kings album in 1998, and Arch Enemy on their Will to Power album in 2017.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Red Hot and Heavy (1984)
 * Future World (1987)
 * Jump the Gun (1990)
 * Sin-Decade (1992)
 * Stripped (acoustic) (1993)
 * Scream (1994)
 * Spooked (1998)
 * Anything Worth Doing Is Worth Overdoing (1999)
 * Carpe Diem (2000)
 * Planet Panic (2002)
 * Wake Up to the Real World (2006)
 * Pandemonium (2010)
 * Motherland (2013)
 * Kingmaker (2016)
 * Undress Your Madness (2019)

title: Pretty Maids


text:
A1(M) motorway

A1(M) is the designation given to a series of four separate motorway sections in the UK. Each section is an upgrade to a section of the A1, a major north–south road which connects London, the capital of England, with Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. The first section, the Doncaster Bypass, opened in 1961 and is one of the oldest sections of motorway in Britain. Construction of a new section of A1(M) between Leeming and Barton was completed on 29 March 2018, a year later than the anticipated opening in 2017 due to extensive archaeological excavations. Its completion linked the Barton to Washington section with the Darrington to Leeming Bar section, forming the longest A1(M) section overall and reducing the number of sections from five to four.

In 2015, a proposal was made by three local government organizations to renumber as M1 the section of A1(M) between Micklefield and Washington, making this section a northern extension of the M1.

Overview
From London to Sunderland, 123.33 mi of the route are non-motorway while the remaining 145.38 mi are to motorway standards.

The motorway sections are discussed below.

South Mimms to Stotfold
This section opened in stages:
 * Junctions 1 to 2 opened in 1979
 * Junctions 2 to 4 opened in 1986
 * Junctions 4 to 6 opened in 1973
 * Junctions 6 to 8 opened in 1962
 * Junctions 8 to 10 opened in 1967

Alconbury to Peterborough
This section runs through the Cambridgeshire countryside between Alconbury and Peterborough. It was officially opened by Lord Whitty on 31 October 1998, and is the most isolated of the motorway sections as it connects with no other motorway. It is designed to a noticeably high standard, 8 mi of it being four lanes from junction 14 at Alconbury to junction 16 at Norman Cross in each direction whilst the remainder has three lanes in each direction. It is managed by Road Management Services (Peterborough) under a DBFO contract with National Highways.

Junctions
Following the rerouting of the A14 road in 2019 at Brampton Hut interchange this section needs review.

Doncaster By-Pass (Blyth to Skellow)
This 15 mi section which runs from Skellow in South Yorkshire to the village of Blyth in the far north of Nottinghamshire first opened in 1961 and was one of the first sections of motorway to be built in Britain; it has two lanes in each direction. Between junction 36 and 37 the motorway crosses the River Don on the Don Bridge.

Junctions
Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information.

Skellow to Darrington (proposed)
Proposals were made by a previous government to upgrade the Skellow to Darrington section of the A1 to motorway, meaning the entire stretch of A1 from Blyth in Nottinghamshire to Washington in Tyne and Wear would be motorway-standard road.

Darrington to Washington
This section opened in sections:
 * Walshford to 49 opened in 1995
 * Junctions 43 to 44 opened in 1999
 * When this section opened it ended at a temporary terminus south of the M1. There was a final exit into Micklefield Village for non-motorway traffic onto what is now the access road. During the first week of June 2009, junctions 44 and 45 were renumbered to 43 and 44. At the same time the existing A1/A659 Grange Moor junction became A1(M) junction 45. As a result many atlases show incorrect junction numbering for this stretch of motorway.
 * Junction 46 to temporary junction at Walshford opened in 2005
 * Junction 40 to south of 43 opened in 2005 and 2006
 * The northern section of the upgrade, bypassing Fairburn village, opened to traffic in April 2005 with a temporary connection with the existing A1 between Fairburn and Brotherton. The southern section, with a free-flow interchange with the M62 motorway, opened to traffic on 13 January 2006.

 * Junctions 44 to 46 opened in 2009
 * Junctions 49 to 51 opened in 2011 and 2012
 * Work began in March 2009 to upgrade the Dishforth to Leeming section to dual three-lane motorway standard with existing connections being replaced by two new junctions. The Dishforth to Baldersby Section (J49 to J50) was completed in October 2011 and the Baldersby to Leeming section (J50 to J51) was opened to traffic on 31 March 2012.

 * Junctions 51 to 56 opened in 2017 and 2018 - there are no junctions 54 and 55
 * Work on upgrading the Leeming Bar to Barton section to three-lane motorway began in April 2014. Work was expected to be completed by summer 2017. In early 2017, the Highways Agency announced that the full opening would be delayed until December 2017. In the end, the motorway opened up on 29 March 2018, making the A1 continuous motorway standard from Darrington, West Yorkshire, to Washington, Tyne and Wear, though residual works were still to be completed.

 * Junctions 56 to 59 opened in 1965
 * Junctions 59 to 63 opened in 1969
 * Junctions 63 to 65 opened in 1970

Junctions
Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information.

title: A1(M) motorway


text:
Jag Panzer

Jag Panzer is an American power metal band from Colorado Springs, Colorado.

History
Jag Panzer came together in late 1981, being inspired by the onslaught of the new wave of British heavy metal. The original line-up consisted of Harry Conklin on vocals (later nicknamed the "Tyrant"), Mark Briody, the sole guitarist of the group in its first incarnation, John Tetley (bassist) and Rick Hilyard (drummer). The band was known as Tyrant in its first incarnation, but they soon had to change the name, because another band already existed in California with that name.

They saw a poster featuring a German World War II tank, named Jagdpanzer literally "hunting tank" in German, but actually referring to what in English would be called a tank destroyer, which they decided to name their band after. They were, however, unable to pronounce the name correctly and as a result, dropped the letter "D" from the name and simply called it Jag Panzer. The band, who were all in their late teens at the time, played at local venues in the Denver club circuit, and recorded an EP in 1983, later known as Tyrants. In early 1984, the band recruited Joey Tafolla, a native of California, and promptly recorded their first album, Ample Destruction.

After the release of the album, the band relocated to Southern California. Tafolla quit the band in 1986, releasing a solo album, Out of the Sun, in 1987, while Conklin played with Riot for a brief period in the late 1980s, before forming his own band, Titan Force. Without the two key members of the Ample Destruction line-up, Jag Panzer, or more accurately Briody and Tetley, as Hilyard had also been replaced by Reynold 'Butch' Carlson (who also left in 1986 along with Tafolla), revamped the band by recruiting vocalist Bob Parduba, and guitarist Christian Lasegue.

The Swedish born drummer, Rikard Stjernquist, was added to the line-up and the band proceeded to record the follow-up to their debut LP. The album was recorded in late 1987, but never got an official release.

By 1994, the band had reunited, this time with vocalist Daniel J. Conca, with Tetley and Briody on bass and guitar. Guitarist Chris Hostka and drummer Rikard Stjernquist were employed on their first official album in almost 10 years, Dissident Alliance. It was released by the German indie label Rising Sun.

The next album was on Century Media, The Fourth Judgement, which came out in late 1997, followed by Age of Mastery (1998). Jag Panzer sought to tackle more ambitious territory for their next album, with Thane to the Throne, a concept album about William Shakespeare's Macbeth.

Mechanized Warfare was released in 2001, then the band released a double album in 2003 that featured previously unreleased tracks as well as songs from their first LP. Decade of the Nail Spiked Bat came out in 2003, and featured re-recorded and remixed old material. In 2004, the band released Casting the Stones. The previously unreleased Chain of Command album was remixed and was issued in 2004 as a limited edition.

In 2008, Chris Broderick left the band to join Megadeth, and was replaced by Christian Lasegue, who handled lead guitar duties on Chain of Command.

By 2014, Jag Panzer had commenced working on their tenth album for a near future release, also featuring lead guitarist Joey Tafolla for the first time since 1997's The Fourth Judgement. Jag Panzer announced in August 2014 that it was looking for a new vocalist. However, it now appears that Harry Conklin has rejoined the group as of March 2015. In October 2015 the band announced their new album title would be The Deviant Chord and would be released sometime in 2017. The album, which was released by SPV/Steamhammer on September 29, 2017, included a cover version of the Irish folk song "Foggy Dew".

Jag Panzer's eleventh studio album, The Hallowed, was released on June 23, 2023.

Current

 * Harry "The Tyrant" Conklin – lead vocals (1981–1985, 1996–2011, 2013–present)
 * Mark Briody – rhythm guitar, keyboards (1981–1988, 1994–2011, 2013–present)
 * John Tetley – bass, backing vocals (1981–1988, 1994–2011, 2013–present)
 * Rikard Stjernquist – drums (1986–1988, 1994–2011, 2013–present)
 * Ken Rodarte – lead guitar, backing vocals (touring 2018-2022, 2022-present)

Former

 * Rick Hilyard – drums (1981–1984)
 * Reynold 'Butch' Carlson – drums (1984–1986)
 * Bob Parduba – lead vocals (1987–1988)
 * Daniel J. Conca – lead vocals (1994; died 2004)
 * Chris Kostka (Hostka) – lead guitar (1994)
 * Chris Broderick – lead guitar, keyboards (1997–2008)
 * Christian Lasegue – lead guitar (1986–1990, 2008–2011)
 * Joey Tafolla – lead guitar (1984–1986, 1994–1997, 2013–2017)
 * Jake Dreyer – lead guitar (2011)

Touring

 * Aric Avina – bass (2015–present)

Studio albums

 * Ample Destruction (1984)
 * Dissident Alliance (1994)
 * The Fourth Judgement (1997)
 * The Age of Mastery (1998)
 * Thane to the Throne (2000)
 * Mechanized Warfare (2001)
 * Decade of the Nail Spiked Bat (2003)
 * Chain of Command (2004, inedits in 1987)
 * Casting the Stones (2004)
 * The Scourge of the Light (2011)
 * The Deviant Chord (2017)
 * The Hallowed (2023)

Other releases

 * Tyrants (EP, 1983)
 * Death Row (single, 1983)
 * Demo 85 (1985)
 * Demo 86 (1986)
 * Shadow Thief (demo, 1986)
 * Jeffrey Behind the Gate (single, 1994)
 * The Return (demo, 1996)
 * The Era of Kings and Conflict (DVD, 2002)
 * The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald (single, 2005)
 * Historical Battles – The Early Years (LP box set, 2013)

title: Jag Panzer


text: User talk:24.254.89.178

title: User talk:24.254.89.178


text: User talk:68.159.142.227

title: User talk:68.159.142.227


text:
Talk:Chris Adams (wrestler)

Discussion
While Chris Adams may have used "The Iron Claw" a time or two to aggravate the Von Erich family, his finishing move was always "The Superkick". 216.138.59.228 (talk · contributions) 17 April 2005

Regarding the Iron Claw, I don't recall Chris ever using it, but I do remember him talking about a time when the heels were trying to come up with a claw of their own to aggravate the Von Erichs. Chris is the originator of the Superkick, and these changes were corrected a while back. RobDon33

If anybody out there in England has any information on Chris' career in Judo, please pass that info along. Thanks.

At the age of 12, I worked as a ring attendent for a UWF match in East Liverpool, OH. Some of the top stars of recent years such as Cactus Jack, Terry Taylor, Eddie Gilbert, Iceman King Parsons, Sting, and Troy Orndorff (AKA Shane Douglas) competed, but my fondest memory of that night was meeting Chris Adams in the locker room. He was so nice to me and seemed very fatherly, when the other wrestlers seemed to have egos and didn't want me around them. I didn't realize he died and I'm saddened to hear that. I hope his legacy will live on and others will treat their fans as Gentlemanly as "Gentleman" Chris Adams.

wife?
The article states "His final marriage occurred six weeks prior to his death to Karen" Who is Karen? That is the first mention of her in the article. Sephiroth storm (talk) 05:15, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

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Ballistic trauma?
Seriously? Is there any reason except snootiness that "gun shot" wouldn't be a better way to word his COD?22:27, 16 June 2017 (UTC)22:27, 16 June 2017 (UTC)22:27, 16 June 2017 (UTC)73.18.173.40 (talk)

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title: Talk:Chris Adams (wrestler)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hohne

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MEH. No one actually voted. The only remaining problem cited by the lister appears to be cleaning up the article. And anyone is still free to merge and redirect to the main show article. Meh. Postdlf 22:57, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Hohne (Andromeda)
This is an unwikified block of text (despite having been listed as such for almost two months), it appears to be a bio for some bit part character in a sci-fi tv show and as such doesn't count as encyclopedic in my view. If this article is kept it should be disambiguated, Hohne is also the name of a town in Germany which is host to a sizable British garrison. Rje 01:17, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

Uncle G added a piece about the town, and I split these in two. You may still want to delete the original one, which sits at Hohne (Andromeda). Mikkalai 04:35, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hohne


text:
The Confessions of Nat Turner

The Confessions of Nat Turner is a 1968 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by American writer William Styron. Presented as a first-person narrative by historical figure Nat Turner, the novel concerns Nat Turner's Rebellion in Virginia in 1831, but does not always depict the events accurately. It is based on The Confessions of Nat Turner: The Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Virginia, a first-hand account of Turner's confessions published by a local lawyer, Thomas R. Gray, in 1831.

Time Magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005.

Historical background
The novel is based on an extant document, the "confession" of Turner to the white lawyer Thomas R. Gray. In the historical confessions, Turner claims to have been divinely inspired, charged with a mission from God to lead a slave uprising and destroy the white race. He claimed to receive messages, and these messages told him to follow through with his rebellion killing white families with their weapons.

Styron's ambitious novel attempts to imagine the character of Nat Turner; it does not purport to describe accurately or authoritatively the events as they occurred. Some historians consider Gray's account of Turner's "confessions" to be told with prejudice, and recently one writer has alleged that Gray's account is itself a fabrication. Some scholars believe that mental illness may have driven Nat Turner's actions, while others believed Turner to have been moved by religiosity.

Plot summary
The time is November 1831. African American slave Nat Turner sits in a Virginia jail awaiting execution for his crimes. Nat led a slave rebellion which ended in the deaths of dozens of white people as well as many of his own closest friends. Thomas Gray, a smug, oily prosecuting attorney, urges Nat to "confess" his crimes and make peace with God. Nat begins to think back on his past life and tells the novel in a series of flashbacks.

Nat's first master was Samuel Turner, a wealthy Virginia aristocrat who believed in educating his slaves. Nat learned to read and write and also became a skilled carpenter. Unfortunately, when he was still a child Nat's mother was brutally raped by an Irish overseer while the master was away. This traumatic experience gives Nat both a burning hatred of white people and a secret revulsion from women's bodies and sex.

Samuel Turner has vaguely promised Nat his freedom, but through a series of misunderstandings Nat is sold instead to an impoverished preacher named Reverend Eppes. Eppes is a filthy, drooling homosexual who is obsessed with young boys, and he is determined to make Nat "pleasure" him at the earliest opportunity. Though Nat is not especially interested in young women at this point, he finds Eppes physically distasteful and shies away from physical contact. Discouraged, Eppes soon sells young Nat to a pair of cruel redneck farmers who brutally whip the frightened, timid slave and treat him like an animal. This intensifies his growing hostility towards whites.

After bouncing around different masters for several years, Nat finally ends up as the property of a decent, hard-working farmer named Travis. Travis allows Nat to do skilled work as a carpenter, read his Bible, and preach to other slaves. During his religious fasts deep in the deserted woods, Nat begins to have strange visions of black and white angels fighting in the sky. Gradually he comes to believe these visions mean he is to lead the black race in a holy war to destroy all whites.

Complications arise, however, when Nat meets Margaret Whitehead, the beautiful, vivacious daughter of a wealthy widow who lives nearby. Though her family owns many slaves, high-spirited Margaret opposes slavery and openly admires Nat's preaching. Gradually the two of them become friends, though Nat is haunted by the fear that if his plans succeed lovely Margaret must die.

With several loyal slaves behind him, Nat finally launched his rebellion in late August 1831. This is a time when most wealthy whites are away on vacation, which will make it easier for the slaves to seize weapons and attack the nearby town of Jerusalem. From the very beginning, however, Nat's rebellion goes all wrong. His recruits get drunk and waste precious time plundering and raping. A crazed, axe-wielding, sex-obsessed slave named Will begins ridiculing Nat's leadership and attempting to seize control of the tiny slave army. Nat himself, unexpectedly sickened by the sight of blood and the screams of his white victims, begins to doubt both his mission and God's plan for his life.

The final crisis occurs as the slaves storm the Whitehead plantation. In a tragic twist, Margaret and her sisters have not gone away on vacation after all. Filled with unreasoning hatred, Will the axe-wielding maniac slays all the white women but Margaret, openly taunting Nat and daring him to prove his black manhood to the rest of the recruits. With a heavy heart, Nat grabs his sword and chases Margaret into a nearby field, where he slays her with great reluctance. As the breath leaves her body, the pure young maiden sighs her forgiveness for her unwilling executioner.

Back in the jail cell, lawyer Gray smugly announces that the hangman is ready to punish Nat for his crimes. As he concludes their final interview, he asks the failed black leader if he has any regrets for having caused so much suffering and death.

Literary significance and criticism
Despite defenses by notable African-American authors Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin, the novel was strongly criticized by many African Americans. Styron's portrayal of a legendary black resistance leader as a reluctant warrior who bumbles every attack and fumbles his way to total defeat generated enormous resentment. No less offensive to many black readers was the narrator's flattering portrayal of many of the novel's slaveowners, such as the "saintly" Samuel Turner. The character of Margaret Whitehead, in particular, seemed to enrage black readers, as she is permitted to flirt with Nat and chatter on endlessly about her love for poor downtrodden blacks while remaining sunnily unaware of her slave-owning status. For much of the novel, Nat sighs over the slim, virginal blonde like a love-struck adolescent, while showing little or no interest in women of his race.

Issues of class divided readers as well. While the white slaveowners in the novel, especially the wealthy ones, are represented as generous, courteous, and decent, poor whites are held up to ridicule as simpletons and deviants. Turner and his supporters (particularly the scene-stealing, scenery-chewing madman Will, who many readers saw as a thinly disguised version of black rock and roll pioneer Little Richard) are caricatured as disturbed, monstrous figures. Nat and his rival Will are both continually shown fantasizing about sexually assaulting white women. Critics took issue with Styron using the "myth of the black rapist", as portraying black men as prone to sexual violence against white women. Suspected sexual assault was a longstanding racist stereotype used as rhetorical justification for lynching black men.

To address these concerns, ten black intellectuals wrote essays criticizing the work, collected in William Styron's Nat Turner: Ten Black Writers Respond (1968). Elsewhere, historian Eugene D. Genovese defended Styron's right to imagine Turner as a fictional character.

In 1968, despite protests against the novel, Styron's work won critical acclaim and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

The 1969 novel Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut has Billy Pilgrim in a Manhattan radio studio amongst a group of literary critics there "to discuss whether the novel was dead or not." "One of them said that it would be a fine time to bury the novel now that a Virginian, one hundred years after Appomattox, had written Uncle Tom's Cabin" – a reference to Styron's novel.

The 1971 Italian Mondo docudrama Goodbye Uncle Tom has a section featuring the book The Confessions of Nat Turner and Nat Turner's slave rebellion.

Bill Clinton has cited the novel as one of his favorite books.

title: The Confessions of Nat Turner


text:
File:CoP-photo.jpg

Aerial photograph (likely enhanced) of the Centennial of Progress world's fair with the Graf Zeppelin in the skies overhead.

Fair use in Sky Ride
Source: http://alphabetilately.org/Cisfor/CoP/CoP-photo-50.jpg

Copyright: 1933 Chicago Aerial Survey Company (Current-day Recon Optical) Recon Optical,

Fair use rationale: Image is intended only to convey information regarding the subject in question. Image is lower resolution than original. Use of image does not detract from sales. Historically unique image is not replaceable except by another fair use image, and cannot be recreated as the event in question took place in 1933-34.

title: File:CoP-photo.jpg


text:
Santa Luzia (Funchal)

Santa Luzia (Portuguese meaning Saint Lucy) is a parish in the municipality of Funchal in the Madeira Islands. The population in 2011 was 5,866, in an area of 1.34 km2.

History
Santa Luzia is one of the four urban parishes of Funchal, which, along with Sé, São Pedro and Imaculado Coração de Maria, developed from the concentration of the first settlers to the southern coast. The parish grew out of necessity, since congestion in the parish of Sé had already limited available lands along the coast. The civil parish's name was a consequence of the older parish of Santa Luzia, but created from the dissection of lands in Sé and Nossa Senhora do Monte.

Geography
Santa Luzia is boxed in by the Ribeira of João Gomes (whose origin is in the Serra do Poiso in the interior), in the east, and on the west by Ribeira de Santa Luzia (which springs from the area around the Pico do Areeiro and Pico do Escalvado, and is responsible for the volume of spring run-off that flows into the Ribeiro de Cideral, Ribeira dos Frades, Ribeira do Pisão an Ribeira do Til.

title: Santa Luzia (Funchal)


text:
E11

E11, E-11, E.11 or E 11 may refer to:
 * HMS E11, a United Kingdom Royal Navy submarine which saw service during World War I
 * Bombardier E-11A, a United States Air Force aircraft
 * E11, a postcode area in the E postcode area, covering the Leytonstone district in Greater London, England
 * Bogo-Indian Defence, by Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
 * E11, an infinite dimensional Kac–Moody algebra
 * E11 screw, a type of Edison screw
 * E11, a visa for the United States, see Alien of extraordinary ability
 * Damansara–Puchong Expressway, Malaysia
 * E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)
 * European route E11, a European E route in France
 * E11 European long distance path, a long-distance hiking path in Europe
 * E11 Expressway in Japan:
 * Tokushima Expressway (between Tokushima JCT and Naruto JCT)
 * Takamatsu Expressway
 * Matsuyama Expressway (between Kawanoe JCT and Matsuyama IC)
 * E11 (album), by Janice Vidal, 2014
 * Citybus Route E11

title: E11