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Simon Garner

Simon Garner (born 23 November 1959) is an English former professional footballer who spent the majority of his career playing for Blackburn Rovers, where he is the record holder for most goals scored: 194 in all competitions and 168 in the Football League. He also played for West Bromwich Albion, Wycombe Wanderers and Torquay United before spending time playing non-league football.

Career
Born in Boston, Lincolnshire, Garner was educated in his hometown at Boston Grammar School. He played for local club Boston United before joining Blackburn Rovers as an apprentice, turning professional in July 1978. His debut came the following season at Newcastle United in the Second Division, the first of 474 league games for Rovers, in which he scored a club-record 168 league goals. Rovers were relegated in Garner's first season as a senior player, but he helped them win promotion at the first attempt, and they only narrowly missed out on a second successive promotion in 1981.

By 1982–83, Garner was established as one of the Second Division's leading marksmen, when he scored 22 league goals.

Garner scored 14 league goals in the 1987–88 season, when they qualified for the recently introduced playoffs, but defeat in the semi-finals denied them promotion. They reached the playoff final a year later and looked to have secured First Division football after beating Crystal Palace, but were heavily beaten by Palace in the return leg and missed out on promotion again. In 1990, Rovers suffered a third successive playoff defeat. Garner found the net 20 times in the league that season, in a successful partnership up front with Howard Gayle.

In his final season at Ewood Park, he helped fulfil chairman Jack Walker's dream as Blackburn were promoted in time for the inaugural Premier League season, although he played fewer games that campaign following the arrival of new signings including David Speedie and Mike Newell, and then came the summer signing of Alan Shearer. Garner had scored a total of 168 goals in the league and a total of 192 in all competitions – which remains a club record more than quarter of a century later. In February 2019 he was one of the first seven players to be inducted into the club's Hall of Fame.

After his long spell at Rovers, he moved to West Bromwich Albion for £30,000 in August 1992 and made 33 league appearances for the Baggies, scoring eight league goals and helping them win promotion from Division Two before moving to Wycombe Wanderers.

He first played a league match for Wycombe in the 1993–94 season and helped the club to promotion from the Third Division, scoring a goal in the play-off final at Wembley against Preston North End. Following Martin O'Neill's departure as manager, he fell out of favour with new boss Alan Smith and went on loan at Torquay United, playing 11 league games for the Gulls. He had a brief stint with Woking in 1996, before spending a couple of years with non-league Wealdstone, where he helped the side to win the Isthmian League Third Division – the only league title of his career. He would go on to turn out for Dagenham & Redbridge, Windsor & Eton and Flackwell Heath before finally retiring from football in 2000.

Personal life
In 1996, Garner served a brief sentence in prison for contempt of court during his divorce proceedings. He was released after a successful appeal.

After working in mortgage sales and as a postman, Garner became a painter and decorator based in Berkshire.

title: Simon Garner


text: Category:Tourist attractions in Surrey

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Tourist attractions in Surrey


text:
User talk:Dogtag

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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If you want to move an article to a new location, please use the "Move page" function, not copy-and-pasting the contents to the new location. Only with the Move the editing history is preserved. I have undone the copy-and-paste move you did with Yom Kippur War - if you think it really needs to be move you can also ask at Requested moves. 15:54, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no strong opinion about where the article should be located, the only reason why I undid your changes was to preserve the editing history. I don't know what is the generally accepted term for that war for english, in Germany it is commonly known as Yom-Kippur war. andy 15:58, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I hate Nazis same as you, but here we write a encyclopedia which is intended to be neutral, see NPOV. Thus your statement in Hate, even though I agree with it, does not belong here. andy 16:08, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Article naming conventions
Wikipedia naming conventions indicate that common names should be used. Six-Day War is by far the most common English name for the 1967 war. Britannaca refers to both "The Six-Day war" and "The Yom Kippur war". And finally, "Suez War" gets 11,300 Google hits vs 282 for "1956 Arab-Israel war". Jayjg (talk) 16:22, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem with categories is that the only allow alphabetical listing; nothing can be done about that. Articles on the topic give the timeline. As for "Yom Kippur war", that is the English name for the war, not the Israeli name.  Israelis give it a Hebrew name.  And "Yom Kippur war" is 5 times as popular as the next most popular name for the war, the "October War".  I'm sure in other Wikipedias (like the Arabic one) it has other names, based on whatever terms are most commonly used in those languages. Jayjg (talk)  17:03, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding categories, the purpose of categories is not to provided chronological summaries of topics, so your complaint that they do not do so is moot. As well, as I've explained before, Wikipedia policy says that articles should use common names.  In English, the common name is the "Yom Kippur war"; that gets 106,000 Google hits, vs. 9,440 for "1973 Arab-Israeli war".  Please stop trying to inject politics into a matter of common English usage and Wikipedia policy. Jayjg (talk)  18:52, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding "Suez Crisis" vs. "1956 War", you are incorrect about that; the former gets 62,100 Google hits, over 5 times as many as the next most popular "1956 War" (which gets 11,300 hits). As well, as I've explained many times before, Wikipedia convention is to use the most common English name.  If you want to get the naming convention changed, you'll have to try to work out a new policy and get everyone to agree to it.  In the meantime please follow Wikipedia policy, and please do not bother to re-hash your philosophy and re-make the same arguments when they contradict both common English usage and Wikipedia policy. Jayjg (talk)  21:04, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What is it?
You've been banned, Alberuni. Go break out the other sockpuppets, cause if you edit-war with this one again I'm banning it. Jayjg (talk) 02:22, 13 May 2005 (UTC) Wow, you're so familiar with Wikipedia procedure for a guy with a dozen edits. You fool no-one. Jayjg (talk) 02:30, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've removed your listing of a non-existant RFC. Radiant_* 08:17, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dogtag


text:
Twitchers' vocabulary

Twitchers' vocabulary is the set of jargon words used by twitchers (committed birdwatchers who travel long distances to see a new species to add a species to their "life list", year list or other list). Some terms may be specific to regional birding communities, and not all are used due to dialectic and cultural differences.

Terms

 * Big Day: a birding event in which a birder or team of birders tries to see as many species of birds as possible within a calendar day.
 * Big Year: a birding event in which a birder tries to see as many species of birds as possible within a defined area (county, state, ABA area, etc.) within a calendar year; originated with the American Birding Association, and the basis for the movie The Big Year.
 * To burn out: To bird to the point of no longer wanting to continue birding/twitching.
 * To burn up or flog: to beat around in the undergrowth hoping to flush a bird. A desperate measure and not a kind way to treat an exhausted migrant.
 * BVD: "Better View Desired", describing a lifer that was observed well enough to identify, but not enjoy.
 * CBC: Christmas Bird Count, an annual bird census in North America and Canada.
 * CFW (Eastern North America): An abbreviation that stands for “Confusing Fall Warbler” (During fall migration and through mid spring, most members of Parulidae found in the Eastern US and Canada tend to be in nonbreeding plumage, and therefore have relatively few distinctive markings or patterns).
 * Chooks (Australia): already seen or common birds.
 * Crippler (UK): a rare and spectacular bird that shows brilliantly, perhaps an allusion towards its preventing people from moving on.
 * Crush (verb, U.S.): to get very high-quality photos of a bird, often referred to as a banger. See hammer
 * Dip (or dip out): to miss seeing a bird which you were looking for.
 * Dude: "a bird-watcher who doesn't really know all that much about birds." A novice birdwatcher; slightly pejorative term.  Also used to refer to someone who primarily seeks out birds for photography rather than study.
 * Empid (US): any of the flycatchers of the genus Empidonax, infamous among North American birders for being difficult to identify in the field without the aid of vocalizations.
 * Fallout: a natural occurrence where migratory birds are forced down by adverse weather in a way that makes them congregate in large numbers; generally associated with meteorological and geographical conditions (exclusively in spring, generally in the United States along the Texas and Florida coasts of the Gulf of Mexico).
 * First: a first record of a species (in a defined area, such as a county first).
 * Grip (or grip off) (UK): to see a bird which another birder missed and to tell them you've seen it.
 * Hammer (US): to get high-quality photos of a bird.
 * Jizz or giss: the overall impression given by the general shape, movement, behaviour, etc., of a species rather than any particular feature. Experienced birders can often identify species, even with only fleeting or distant views, on jizz alone.
 * LBJ (or little brown job. UK): drab songbirds that are difficult to differentiate and identify.
 * Lifer: a first-ever sighting of a bird species by an observer; an addition to one's life list.
 * List: as a noun, a list of all species seen by a particular observer (often qualified, e.g. life list, county list, year list, etc.). Keen twitchers may keep several lists, and some listers compete to amass longer lists than their rivals. As a verb, it means to keep or compile a bird list (a lister is someone who is intensely focused on keeping and growing lists, and can be used negatively).
 * m.ob. or mob or MOB: an abbreviation that stands for "many observers," often used as a collective noun
 * Mega or megatick or meguh: a very rare bird
 * Nemesis (or nemesis bird): a bird that has eluded a birder despite multiple attempts to see it.
 * NFC: Stands for Nocturnal Flight Count: To conduct a survey of birds migrating at night by listening for their flight calls, often with a specialized microphone.
 * Patagonia Picnic Table Effect (or Patagonia Roadside Rest Effect) (US): the phenomenon that occurs when one bird draws many birders to a remote area, who then find more rarities and other interesting species in that same location. Named after an actual roadside rest area just west of Patagonia, Arizona.
 * Patch (or local patch): a birding location or set of birding locations near one's home that a birder visits frequently.
 * Pelagic (noun): a boat trip designed for birders to find open-ocean (pelagic) species, such as albatrosses.
 * Pish (US): an emphatic shushing or hissing noise used by North American birders to elicit mobbing behavior; made in imitation of alarm calls of chickadees and titmice.
 * Peep (US): a collective term for the five smallest North American Calidris sandpipers: least sandpiper, semipalmated sandpiper, Western sandpiper, white-rumped sandpiper, and Baird's sandpiper
 * Plastic (UK): adjective used to indicate a bird which has escaped from captivity, rather than a genuinely wild bird.
 * To rack (or colloquially as a noun, rackery): To add multiple birds to your list in an unexpectedly short period of time.
 * Sibe (US): a bird from Siberia (usually applied to rare migrants).
 * Siesta time (also the doldrums) (US): the period in mid-afternoon when birds (and therefore birders) are least active.
 * Skywatch (noun): a term used to describe a stationary period of observation of birds migrating overland birds, usually passerines (the word used to describe most songbirds)
 * Slash: a cryptic species pair (on a day list), e.g. long-billed dowitcher/short-billed dowitcher, willow flycatcher/alder flycatcher
 * SOB: "Spouse of Birder", a non-birder spouse.
 * Spark bird: a species that triggers a lifelong obsession with birding.
 * Spuh: birds that are only identifiable to genus level (on a day list) (from "sp.", abbreviated form of species).
 * String: a dubious, "ropy" record. As an adjective a record may be stringy, and to claim one is to string. The term stringer usually denotes people who intentionally mislead and falsify bird sightings, as opposed to well-intentioned mistakes made from lack of field experience.
 * Tick: an addition to a personal list (sometimes qualified as year tick, county tick, etc.). Life tick and lifer are synonymous. A tart's tick is a relatively common species added to one's list later than might be expected. An armchair tick is an addition without leaving one's home, typically as a result of a taxonomic change.
 * To pull an Easterla (California): to find a ridiculously rare vagrant in a place with no vagrant potential whatsoever. As in: "A first state record of Yellow-browed Warbler in Alpine County? How did a Sibe end up 160 miles inland alongside a mountain stream?! And how was it even found?!?"
 * Trash bird: a bird that is so common to an area it becomes annoying and is largely ignored by birders (as the European Starling, Rock Pigeon, or House Sparrow). Sometimes used sarcastically, as in "You're excited about seeing a Bald Eagle? It's a trash bird for us in Alaska."
 * Twitch: the act of traveling a long distance to see a rare bird. Synonymous with chase.
 * Vagrant: a stray far from normal ecological range.
 * Warbler Neck (US): a painful crick in the neck from looking at birds high in the treetops. Named after the New World warblers, which are often found in the tops of trees.
 * Yank (UK): a bird from North America (usually applied to vagrants seen in Europe).
 * Zootie (US, uncommon): a locally rare or unusual bird.

Some species have nicknames, for example: "RB Flicker" for Red-breasted Flycatcher, "Gropper" for Grasshopper Warbler, "PG Tips" for Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler; in the US, these are generally reserved for common species ("TV" for Turkey Vulture or "butterbutt" for Yellow-rumped Warbler). Every bird found in the US has a formal four-letter banding code formed with the first letters of its name (for example, Carolina Chickadee is CACH), and these abbreviated species terms often find their way into American slang. Twitchers (and birders in general) will also use a mixture of scientific and slang terms for feather tracts and so on.

title: Twitchers' vocabulary


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Florida State Road 202

State Road 202 (SR 202) is a 13.042 mi state highway that extends from U.S. Route 1 (US 1; Philips Highway), in Jacksonville, Florida to SR A1A (Third Street), in Jacksonville Beach, near the Atlantic Ocean, just north of Ponte Vedra Beach, and includes a bridge over the Intracoastal Waterway. To locals, the road is better known as J. Turner Butler Boulevard, Butler Boulevard, or JTB. Despite being named as a boulevard, the road is a completely limited-access expressway, with the exception of the westernmost 0.5 miles (800 meters) between US 1 and Interstate 95 (I-95),. It was constructed in sections by the Jacksonville Transportation Authority (before 1971, the Jacksonville Expressway Authority). The first section opened in 1979, but the entire road was not completed until 1997.

Route description
SR 202 begins at U.S. Route 1 (Philips Highway) and starts its run east as a divided, six lane surface street, going east towards I-95 and becoming a six lane freeway. Between SR 115 (Southside Boulevard) and San Pablo Road, the freeway is seven lanes, with the westbound lanes carrying four lanes going into town, and the eastbound lanes providing six. The freeway passes many areas of residential development and office parks, as well as interchanging with I-295 (The East beltway) before passing through mostly marshland as it heads east towards the Intracoastal, before entering the Jacksonville area beaches and ending at SR A1A, just west of the Atlantic coastline.

Points of interest
St. Johns Town Center, a super-regional shopping mall is located near the I-295 intersection, as is the University of North Florida. Further east, Mayo Clinic Florida is located near the intersection with San Pablo Road.

History
The expressway is named for J. Turner Butler, a well-known Jacksonville attorney and Florida legislator who was instrumental in advancing various transportation projects in the region and the establishment of the Jacksonville Expressway Authority. J.T.B. was a toll road until 1988 when the JTA removed all the toll-collection facilities in Jacksonville.

When J.T.B. initially opened, it was described by locals as "the road to nowhere". The moniker has diminished over the years as increased growth in Jacksonville's Southside area, as well as at the beaches in St. Johns County, has transformed the road into a major commuter route. Because of the heavy traffic on J.T.B. and projected continued growth in the Jacksonville area, the Florida Department of Transportation, in the early 2000s, conducted a study on making long-term improvements to J.T.B. The study results recommended widening the road and designating "inside" express lanes with limited on and off points along the route, surrounded by additional "outside" local lanes, albeit at a considerable cost. While this was not implemented, most of the highway between I-95 and the Intracoastal Waterway was widened to three to five lanes in each direction in the early-to-mid 2000s.

The Arthur Sollee Bridge spans the Intracoastal Waterway and is known by locals as the "Whubba Whubba" bridge, due to defects in construction that make for an amusing bouncy ride on the eastbound side of the roadway.

Between the summer of 2005 and December 24, 2008, an $80 million freeway-to-freeway turbine interchange was constructed at the interchange of J.T.B. and I-295, with the final piece to open being a flyover ramp from J.T.B. east to I-295 north.

Until late 2017, access to J.T.B eastbound from I-95 southbound was handled through a traffic-signaled intersection that was located near the highway's western end. This configuration created significant congestion during rush-hours, causing traffic to back-up onto I-95. To alleviate this situation, a flyover was constructed during the mid-2010s from I-95 southbound to J.T.B eastbound, along with other improvements to the I-95/J.T.B/Belfort Road/Salisbury Road interchanges. Under this new configuration, the signaled intersection remained in place but is now only used to provide access from I-95 to the Belfort/Salisbury/Southpoint commercial area since the new flyover merges into J.T.B eastbound past the existing off-ramps in the Belfort/Salisbury interchange.

In 2022 work was completed to reconfigure the San Pablo Road interchange to a diverging diamond interchange format (with right-in/right-out access to Mayo Clinic).

Improvements
In late 2022 construction began on a loop ramp in the southeast quadrant of the Kernan Blvd. interchange that will replace the existing traffic light for eastbound J.T.B. traffic headed to northbound Kernan Blvd.

title: Florida State Road 202


text:
HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong

The HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong is a 940 kilometre-long bipolar HVDC transmission line in China for the transmission of electric power from the Three Gorges power plant to the area of Guangdong. The powerline went into service in 2004. It runs from the static inverter station Jingzhou near the Three Gorges power plant to the static inverter plant Huizhou near Guangdong. The HVDC Three Gorges-Guangdong is a bipolar 500 kV powerline with a maximum transmission power rating of 3,000 megawatts.

title: HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong


text:
Talk:South Africa

White South Africans
White South Africans are WHITE SOUTH AFRICANS! Ons is mense van die land! Don't relate us to Europeans. Edit that 188.172.158.82 (talk) 15:40, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

 * No, your invanders on another continent, 2601:8C:B80:6660:4958:DCED:9E49:35A7 (talk) 19:23, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The same way that white Americans are invaders in the USA, Zulu Africans are invaders in South Africa, and so on. Reality is, anyone born in Africa is African, just as anyone born in America is American. More centuries have passed since white South Africans settled in South Africa than has passed since white Americans settled in the United States. 192.143.8.207 (talk) 20:13, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Why is it necessary for you to divide Africans? The Khoisan, Zulu and all other black folk are Africans. Furthermore, why should the frame of reference of outsiders determine whether so-called Zulu Africans as invaders or not, when in those days the continent did not even have borders. Look, we all know that at the heart of this attempted differentiation of Africans, is the desperation to conjure up some sort of legitimacy over the lands. 102.132.165.246 (talk) 18:49, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 May 2024
Economy section, first paragraph:

"South Africa has a mixed economy, South Africa's economy is the most industrialized and technologically advanced in Africa respectively, it has the second largest economy in Africa, after Nigeria and the 39th largest in the world."

This is a strange run-on sentence and I don't even know what the "respectively" means here. At the very least please change the first comma to a full stop (or period as Americans call it?) but here's my proposal to rephrase it (or something like this, feel free to rephrase it, English isn't my first language)

"South Africa has a mixed economy. The country has the most industrialised and technologically advanced economy in Africa, the second largest in Africa overall after Nigeria and the 39th largest in the world."

There is also what I think is an unnecessary capital letter in the next paragraph:

"South Africa is ranked 40th by total Wealth"

I think "Wealth" shouldn't be capitalised?

Thank you! 2A02:C7E:3188:4C00:75C1:4528:894D:8DAA (talk) 12:28, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I uncapitalized "Wealth" for you, however I'm not sure if the rest should be changed, since the article is written in South African English (if this grammar issue is an issue in all forms of English, then I'm stupid). My real namm  (💬talk · ✏contribs) at 18:19, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 08:32, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Is the economic data still relevant? Last I checked South African is the largest economy in Africa. MikeySok234 (talk) 19:05, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

South African Sign Language video requested
See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Deaf for more info on request. ― Howard • 🌽33 15:45, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 July 2024
The request is under the heading of Government and Politics the information is outdated. The most recent election was May 30 2024 and it needs to be updated on the new Government of National Unity which was created a week ago. CaydynLendrum1910 (talk) 10:10, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Geardona (talk to me?) 18:23, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 July 2024 (2)
Hi there I would like to edit on South Africa being the second largest economy, according to IFM South Africa is now the largest economy in Africa 41.150.217.106 (talk) 22:02, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Could you provide a link for the source? Geardona (talk to me?) 18:25, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Africa


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Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland

The Irish Free State, subsequently known as Ireland, resolved in the mid-1920s to design its own coins and banknotes. Upon issuing the new currency, the Free State government pegged its value to the pound sterling. The Currency Act, 1927 was passed as a basis for creating banknotes and the "Saorstát pound" (later the "Irish pound") as the "standard unit of value." The legal tender notes issued under this act began circulating on 10 September 1928.

Background
When the Irish Free State came into existence in 1922, three categories of banknote were in circulation. These consisted of notes issued by the Bank of England, the British Treasury, and six Irish banks that were chartered to issue notes. Only British Treasury notes were legal tender within the state. The issuing of banknotes by multiple private institutions was an everyday aspect of banking in Great Britain and Ireland at the time and remains so in Northern Ireland and Scotland.

A banking commission was created in 1926, the Commission of Inquiry into Banking and the Issue of Notes, to determine what changes were necessary relating to banking and banknote issue in the new state. The commission was chaired by Professor Henry Parker Willis of Columbia University who was Director of Research of the Federal Reserve Board in the United States. The commission's terms of reference were:

""To consider and to report to the Minister for Finance what changes, if any, in the law relative to banking and note issue are necessary or desirable, regard being had to the altered circumstances arising from the establishment of Saorstát Éireann.""

The commission's report of January 1927 recommended creating a currency for the state that would be directly backed and fixed to the pound sterling in the United Kingdom on a one-for-one basis. This new currency, the "Saorstát pound," was overseen by the politically independent Currency Commission created by the Currency Act, 1927. Because the notes of the commission were backed by the pound sterling, they could be presented at the London Agency of the Currency Commission and exchanged with the pound sterling, without charge or commission, on a one-for-one basis.

A second banking commission, the Commission of Inquiry into Banking, Currency and Credit, was created in November 1934 to inquire into creating a central bank. The majority report of August 1938 recommended creating a central bank with enhanced powers and functions. This resulted in the creation of the Central Bank of Ireland, but it would take three decades before the bank would have all the rights and functions associated with a central bank.

As per the usual convention for banknote issue, banknotes are and were issued in the name of the Currency Commission or Central Bank existing at printing.

The pound
Before the advent of the euro, three series of legal tender notes were issued; these are referred to as "Series A," "Series B," and "Series C," respectively. A series of notes known as the "Consolidated Banknotes" were issued but were not legal tender.

1928–1977: Series A banknotes
The Currency Commission devised the "Series A" notes. They were printed by Waterlow and Sons, Limited, London which was acquired by De La Rue. The commission created an advisory committee that determined the theme and design of the notes. Notes were in the denominations of 10/-, £1, £5, £10, £20, £50, and £100. Each note has a portrait of Lady Lavery, the wife of the artist Sir John Lavery, who was commissioned to design this feature. The original oil on canvas painting of Lady Lavery, titled Portrait of Lady Lavery as Kathleen Ni Houlihan (1927), is displayed at the National Gallery of Ireland on loan from the Central Bank of Ireland.

The theme on the reverse of the notes is the rivers of Ireland, which are depicted as heads taken from the Custom House, Dublin. Rivers in both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland were chosen. Each note also contains a watermark of the Head of Erin.

1929–1953: Consolidated banknotes
This series of banknotes were never legal tender. They were equivalent to "promissory notes" that continue to be issued by some banks in the United Kingdom. Notes were issued as a transitional measure for the eight "Shareholding Banks" of the Currency Commission: Bank of Ireland, Hibernian Bank, Munster & Leinster Bank, National Bank, Northern Bank, Provincial Bank of Ireland, Royal Bank of Ireland, and Ulster Bank. These notes were first issued between 6 May and 10 June 1929 under the arrangement that the banks withdraw previous notes and refrain from issuing further notes. The consolidated notes were only issued by the Currency Commission. The last notes were printed in 1941. The notes were officially withdrawn on 31 December 1953.

The front of each note depicted a man ploughing a field with two horses. They are referred to as the "Ploughman Notes." The notes' denominations and the back designs were; £1 (Custom House, Dublin), £5 (St. Patrick's Bridge, Cork), £10 (Currency Commission Building, Foster Place, Dublin), £20 (Rock of Cashel, County Tipperary), £50 (Croagh Patrick, County Mayo), and £100 (Killiney Bay, County Dublin). The name of the issuing Shareholding Bank also varied, along with the corresponding authorising signature.

1976–1993: Series B banknotes
The Central Bank of Ireland commissioned the "Series B" notes. They were designed and brought into circulation between 1976 and 1982. Servicon, an Irish design company, designed the £1, £5, £10, £20, £50, and £100 denominations. The £100 note was never issued or circulated. This is the only series of Irish banknotes without a note of this denomination.

The theme of these notes was the history of Ireland. Each note featured the portrait of a historical figure. The Lady Lavery portrait, from Series A, was retained as a watermark.

1992–2001: Series C banknotes
This series of notes called "Series C" was the outcome of a limited competition, held in 1991, to which nine Irish artists were invited. The winner and designer of the series was Robert Ballagh. This series of notes had denominations of £5, £10, £20, £50 and £100. No Irish pound note was designed because the currency had a coin of this value since 1990. This series was introduced at short notice, with the £20 note being the first to be issued, following widespread forgery of the Series B £20 note. The last banknote of the Series C issue was a £50 note that was issued in 2001.

The theme for this series was people who contributed to the formation of modern Ireland. To this effect, it includes politicians, a literary figure, and a religious figure. To avoid potential factional and sectarian issues with the notes only uncontroversial political figures were chosen.

Transition
The euro became the currency of the eurozone countries, including Ireland, on 1 January 1999. As with all eurozone countries, Ireland continued to mint its own banknotes after the currency changeover to the euro. Previously issued Irish banknotes circulated concurrently with the newer Irish-minted euro denominated banknotes. On 1 January 2002 the eurozone countries, including Ireland, began to withdraw banknotes and coins denominated based on their earlier currencies, including the Irish pound, replacing them with euro specie. Irish pound banknotes ceased to be legal tender on 9 February 2002, although they are intended to be exchangeable indefinitely for euro at the Central Bank.

On 31 December 2001, the total value of Irish banknotes in circulation was €4,343.8 million. The Irish cash changeover was one of the fastest in the eurozone, with some shops illegally ceasing to accept pounds after the first week or two. With a conversion factor of 0.787564 Irish pounds to the euro, of the 15 national currencies originally tied to the euro (also including the currencies of Vatican City, Monaco and San Marino ), the Irish pound was the only one whose conversion factor was less than 1, i.e. the unit of the national currency was worth more than one euro. 56%, by value, of Irish banknotes were withdrawn from circulation within two weeks of the introduction of euro and 83.4% by the time they ceased to have legal tender status.

Generally
The Central Bank of Ireland, as an agency of the European Central Bank, produces euro banknotes at its Currency Centre in Sandyford Industrial Estate, Dublin.

Central banks in the Eurozone provide banknotes of one denomination each year, according to demand and a rotating allocation (determined by the ECB). Before the introduction of the euro in 2002, national banks produced several lower denominations to build stockpiles. Since 2002, however, the Central Bank of Ireland has only printed €10 notes. Although notes produced in other Eurozone states circulate alongside domestically produced notes, the country of origin for any euro banknote can be identified by a one-letter prefix to the serial number. Banknotes issued in Ireland use the prefix "T."

Printing banknotes is not necessarily undertaken in the country in which banknotes are given a serial number and released. The Central Bank of Ireland is the sole Irish printer of euro banknotes. (In some other Eurozone countries, notes are printed by a private company commissioned by the central bank, rather than by the central bank itself.) Any notes printed by the Central Bank of Ireland have the prefix "K" before the series code in a small star on the front of the banknote. The decision to continue printing a comparatively small number of euro notes in Dublin, when those notes could be printed much more cheaply on existing presses elsewhere, benefiting from economies of scale, has been described as a "colossal waste of money".

The Central Bank of Ireland does not currently introduce €200 and €500 notes into circulation, although they are legal tender. If spent (by people from other Eurozone member states), they are unlikely to be passed to other consumers and will find their way back to the banks (which only dispense notes up to €100).

title: Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland


text:
Immigration detention

Immigration detention is the policy of holding individuals suspected of visa violations, illegal entry or unauthorized arrival, as well as those subject to deportation and removal until a decision is made by immigration authorities to grant a visa and release them into the community, or to repatriate them to their country of departure. Mandatory detention refers to the practice of compulsorily detaining or imprisoning people who are considered to be illegal immigrants or unauthorized arrivals into a country. Some countries have set a maximum period of detention, while others permit indefinite detention.

United States

In the United States, a similar practice began in the early 1980s with Haitians and Cubans detained at Guantanamo Bay, and other groups such as Chinese in jails and detention centres on the mainland. The practice was made mandatory by legislation passed in 1996 in response to the Oklahoma City bombing, and has come under criticism from organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights First, all of whom have released major studies of the subject, and the American Civil Liberties Union. As of 2010, about 31,000 non-citizens were held in immigration detention on any given day, including children, in over 200 detention centres, jails, and prisons nationwide.

The T. Don Hutto Residential Center opened in 2006 specifically to house non-criminal families. There are other significant facilities in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Oakdale, Louisiana, Florence, Arizona, Miami, Florida, Seattle, York, Pennsylvania, Batavia, New York, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, and all along the Texas–Mexico border.

During the five years between 2003 and 2008, about 104 mostly young individuals died in detention of the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) or shortly afterwards, and medical neglect may have contributed to 30 of those deaths. For example, on 6 August 2008, 34-year-old New Yorker Hiu Lui Ng died in the detention of ICE. Editors at The New York Times condemned the death and urged that the system must be fixed. ICE has stated that the number of deaths per capita in detention is dramatically lower for ICE detainees than for US prison and jail populations, that they provide "the best possible healthcare" and that the nation as a whole is "experiencing severe shortages of qualified health professionals." In May 2008 Congress began considering a bill to set new standards for immigrant detainee healthcare.

In 2009, the Obama Administration pledged to overhaul the current immigration detention system and transform it into one that is less punitive and subject to greater federal oversight. Immigrants' rights advocates expressed concern over Obama's reform efforts. Immigrants' rights advocates believe the all current immigration policies "have been undermined by the Immigration agency's continued overreliance on penal incarceration practices and by the pervasive anti-reform culture at local ICE field offices."

Canada
In Canada, immigration detainees are held in Immigration Holding Centres (IHCs), known as Le centre de surveillance de l'immigration (CSI) in French, under the auspices of the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), who are granted such authority through the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA). Immigration detainees may also be kept in provincial jails, either because the IHCs are full, there is no centres in their region, or the detainee's file has a link to criminality.

As of 2020, Canada has three IHCs, each facility with different ownership and operations:
 * Laval IHC (Laval, Quebec): Opened in 1999, the Laval IHC operates under a Memorandum of Understanding between CBSA and the Correctional Services of Canada, the latter of whom owns the facility. The facility, known as Le centre de surveillance de l'immigration de Laval in French, is located approximately 30 km from the Montréal-Trudeau International Airport, and includes three buildings and a capacity of holding up to 109 detainees.
 * Greater Toronto Area IHC (Toronto, Ontario): Opened in 2003, GTA IHC is provided to the CBSA under a third-party service contract with a vendor. The facility is located around 8 km from Pearson International Airport, containing three stories, with an accommodation capacity of up to 183 detainees.
 * British Columbia IHC (Surrey, British Columbia): Opened in 2020, BC IHC facility is owned by the CBSA. The facility is located about 30 km from Vancouver International Airport, and able to accommodate up to 70 detainees.

There is no maximum limit to the length of detention, and children may be "housed" in IHCs to prevent the separation of families. Detainees can include: asylum seekers without sufficient amount of necessary identification papers, foreign workers whose visas had expired, and people awaiting deportation. In 2017, Canada received the highest number of asylum claims in its history; between 2017 and 2018, 6609 people were detained in holding centres, compared to 4,248 a year prior.

Between April 2019 and March 2020, CBSA detained 8,825 people, including 138 minors (mostly with a detained parent)—almost 2,000 of these detainees were kept in provincial jails. However, as of November 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were only 94 immigration detainees in provincial jails, 12 in Laval IHC, 18 in Greater Toronto IHC, and 11 in British Columbia IHC.

Asia-Pacific
Most Asian states imprison immigrants on visa violations or for alleged trafficking, including the victims of trafficking and smuggling. These include Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

Australia
In Australia, mandatory immigration detention was adopted in 1992 for all non-citizens who arrive in Australia without a visa. That only 'border applicants' are subject to detention has sparked criticism, as it is claimed to unfairly discriminate against certain migrants. Other unlawful non-citizens, such as those that overstay their visas, are generally granted bridging visas while their applications are processed, and are therefore free to move around the community. The long-term detention of immigrant children has also sparked criticism of the practice by citizen's groups such as ChilOut and human rights organizations. Nonetheless, the High Court of Australia has confirmed, by the majority, the constitutionality of indefinite mandatory detention of aliens. This and related decisions have been the subject of considerable academic critique.

Australia has also sub-contracted with other nations to detain would-be immigrants offshore, including Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Nauru. Australia also maintains an offshore detention facility on Christmas Island. In July 2008, the Australian government announced it was ending its policy of automatic detention for asylum seekers who arrive in the country without visas. However, by September 2012, offshore detention was reinstated. Following the 2013 Australian federal election policies have been toughened and Operation Sovereign Borders has been launched.

India
The first immigration detention centre in Assam state had come up in 2008 when the Indian National Congress (INC) government was in power. In 2011 the Congress government set up three more camps. In 2018 and onwards the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) government has plans to build more camps across India.

Japan
Japanese immigration law permits indefinite detention without a court order including for those that overstay and those who seek asylum. Three immigration detention centers are maintained by immigration bureau for long-term detainees:

Additionally, 16 regional detention houses are managed for short-term detention. However, many of the long-term detainees have been detained in regional short-term detention houses that lack facilities such as common rooms and recreational area. Some detainees spend significant time (up to 13 days) in isolation due to disciplinary measures. Practices of immigration bureau has been criticized for the "lack of transparency", "indefinite detention" and its "arbitrary" nature.
 * Higashi Nihon Nyukoku Kanri Center (Ushiku, Ibaraki, East Japan) – capacity: 700
 * Nishi Nihon Nyukoku Kanri Center (Ibaraki, Osaka, West Japan)
 * Omura Nyukoku Kanri Center (Omura, Nagasaki) – capacity: 800

Austria
The largest facility in Austria is the Federal care center east in Traiskirchen.

Greece
In late 2019, Greece's liberal-conservative government of New Democracy, led by Kyriakos Mitsotakis, announced the creation of five closed, pre-departure detention centers for refugees and immigrants, located on the Aegean islands of Leros, Chios, Lesvos, Kos, and Samos. Hosting over 20,000 immigrants, the islands will be compensated with a 30% VAT reduction. Ten other closed detention camps were planned as of 2019.

Italy
Since 6 March 1998 (law n.40/1998, aka the Turco-Napolitano law), the irregular immigrants whose asylum request had been denied were interned into "Provisional Stay Centers" (Centri di Permanenza Temporanea, CPT), pending their expulsion from Italy.

Since 30 July 2002, the Bossi-Fini law (law n. 189/2002) made illegal entry and stay on Italian territory a criminal offence. Centers interned both people already sanctioned to expulsion (as before) and other irregular immigrants pending their proper identification and the individual evaluation of their asylum requests. Accordingly, since 23 May 2008 (law n.125/2008), they were renamed as "Identification and Expulsion Centers" (Centri di Identificazione ed Espulsione, CIE).

Since 13 April 2017, the Minniti-Orlando (law n. 46/2017) renamed the centers again, as "Permanence Centers for Repatriations" (Centri di Permanenza per i Rimpatri, CPR). It was planned to activate 20 CPRs, but by 2018, only the following CPRs were operational:

 * Roma, for 125 female inmates.
 * Bari, for 90 male inmates.
 * Brindisi, for 48 male inmates.
 * Torino, for 175 male inmates.
 * Potenza, for 100 male inmates.

The facility of Caltanissetta (for 96 male inmates) was provisionally inoperative, pending extensive repairs after an inmates revolt. Works were undergoing to open further CPRs at Gradisca d'Isonzo, Modena, Macomer, Oppido Mamertina and Montichiari.

Besides the CPRs, in Italy there are two other types of not-detention centers for the migrants:

 * "First Aid and Reception Centers" (Centri di Primo Soccorso e Accoglienza, CPSA), short-stay centers handling first medical aid and health screening of the incoming migrants, their first identification and the reception of the asylum requests. By 2018 the operational CPSA were located at Lampedusa, Elmas, Otranto and Pozzallo.
 * "Reception Centers for Asylum Seekers" (Centri Accoglienza per i Richiedenti Asilo, CARA), were are housed the vast majority of the incoming migrants that due to the limited overall capacity cannot be detained in the CPRs, or the migrants previously detained in the CPRs that have not been repatriated within the statutory maximum detention period and have therefore been released from custody. By the 2018 the operational CARA were located at Gradisca d'Isonzo, Arcevia, Castelnuovo di Porto, Manfredonia, Bari, Brindisi, Crotone, Mineo, Pozzallo, Caltanissetta, Lampedusa, Trapani and Elmas. It has been reported by several NGOs and government organizations that the condition inside the chronically overcrowded CARA centres are often "inhuman".   Amnesty International denounced that the immigrants are often placed in containers and in other types of inadequate housing in an extended stay, exposed to extreme temperatures, under conditions of overcrowding.

Malta
In 2002 and the following years, Malta began to receive a large influx of migrants. The government then begun to apply the 1970 Chapter 217 of the Laws of Malta (Immigration Act), providing for detention for all "prohibited migrants", including prospective asylum seekers, soon after apprehension by the immigration authorities. In 2003, the Maltese government substituted the indefinite detention policy with an 18-month detention length (the maximum under EU law) after which the applicant is transferred to an open centre if the processing of his/her application has not been finished.

The Maltese detention policy, the strictest in Europe, gathered heavy criticism by the UNHCR for the extensive duration of detention, and in 2004 it was also criticized by the Commissioner for Human Rights of Council of Europe, Álvaro Gil-Robles, as international standards required cautious and individual examination of each case and proper legal checks before incarceration, which were missing in the Maltese legislation. The Council of Europe also criticised four of the administrative detention centres as in "deplorable conditions" and failing to live up to legally binding international standards

The Ministry for Justice and Home Affairs pursued the migrants detention policy nevertheless, justifying it in 2005 by "national interest, and more specifically, for reasons concerning employment, accommodation and maintenance of public order." In 2008, an EP-OIM comparative study found that "following a long stay in detention [illegal immigrants] are then released into the community...joining the black market economy and suffering abuse with regard to conditions of work.

The detention policy was criticised, in the following years, by NGOs and international bodies, including Human Rights Watch, the Jesuits and UNHCR. In 2012, the Council of Europe reiterated that such a policy is contrary to the prohibition of arbitrary detention in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, foreigners who fail to obtain a residence status can be detained prior to deportation, as to prevent them from avoiding deportation. Detention centers are located in Zaandam, Zeist, and Alphen aan den Rijn. Besides these detention centers there are deportation centers in Schiphol and Rotterdam (at Rotterdam Airport).

Immigration detention in the Netherlands is criticised for the circumstances immigrants are held in, which is often worse than that of criminal detainees, especially because of the lack of probationary leave, rehabilitation assistance, legal assistance, laws restricting the maximum detention time and a maximum time for judicial review from a judge.

Portugal
In Portugal, the Ministry of Interior is responsible for immigration matters. The country currently has one officially designated immigration detention centre, Unidade Habitacional de Santo António, located in Porto. Opened in 2006, the centre is managed by the Foreigners and Borders Service (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras, SEF).

There are also five Temporary Installation Centres (Centros de Instalação Temporária, CIT) located in each major airport, including that of Porto, Lisbon, Faro, Funchal, and Ponta Delgada. Besides this government-led places, in Lisbon there is the Bobadela reception centre for asylum seekers run by the Portuguese Council for Asylum Seekers (Conselho Português para os Refugiados, CPR) and the Pedro Arupe reception centre managed by the Jesuit Refugee Service.

Spain
There are nine detention centers in Spain, known as CIEs (Centro de Internamiento de Extranjeros), run by the Ministry of the Interior, which can be found in the cities of Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Algeciras, Tarifa, Malaga, and in the islands of Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Tenerife.

Expulsion paperwork can be initiated when a foreign person is in one of the following situations:

 * 1) Lacking documentation in Spanish territory.
 * 2) Working without a work permit, even if they have a valid resident permit.
 * 3) Be involved in activities that violate public order or interior or exterior state security or any activity contrary to Spanish interests or that could put in danger Spain's relations with other countries.
 * 4) Be convicted inside or outside of Spain of a crime punishable by incarceration for greater than one year.
 * 5) Hiding or falsifying their situation from the Ministry of the Interior.
 * 6) Lacking a legal livelihood or taking part in illegal activity.

Various civil organizations (e.g. APDHA, SOS Racismo, and Andalucía Acoge) have appealed to the Supreme Court of Spain, declaring the regulations behind the CIEs null and void for violating several human rights.

Ukraine
In Ukraine "Temporary Detention Centres", including one in Pavshyno, are run by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, responsible to the President.

United Kingdom
The British Home Office has a number of detention centres, including : 11 designated Immigration Removal Centres (IRCs), 4 designated Residential and Short Term Holding Facilities, and 1 Non-Residential Short Term Holding Facility. Four of the IRCs are managed by the Prison Service and the others are outsourced to private companies including Mitie, GEO Group, G4S Group, and Serco. Individuals can be detained under Immigration Act powers for a number of reasons. The largest category of detainees is people who have claimed asylum. Other people include those detained awaiting determination of their right to entry to the UK, people who have been refused permission to enter and are awaiting removal, people who have overstayed the expiry of their visas or have not complied with their visa terms, and people lacking the required documentation to live in the UK.

The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 formally changed the name of "detention centres" to "removal centres".

Both operation centres ran by G4S Group (as of 2018. Since 2020 both centres have been run by Serco) are located near Gatwick Airport:

 * Brook House Immigration Removal Centre
 * Tinsley House Immigration Removal Centre

Operation centres ran by Mitie (as of 2018) include:

 * Campsfield House (Oxfordshire)
 * Colnbrook Immigration Removal Centre (near Heathrow Airport)
 * Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre (near Heathrow Airport)

Other operation centres (as of 2018) include:

 * Larne House (Larne, Antrim), run by Tascor, a subsidiary of Capita
 * Pennine House, at Manchester Airport which is run by Tascor
 * Dungavel (Lanarkshire), run by GEO Group
 * Morton Hall Immigration Removal Centre (near Newark), run by Her Majesty's Prison Service
 * Yarl's Wood Immigration Removal Centre (Bedfordshire), run by Serco

Additionally, some prisons detain migrants or asylum seekers purely under Immigration Act powers, usually if they have been serving a prison sentence which has expired. There are also four short term holding facilities in Manchester, Dover, Harwich and Colnbrook.

The British government has been given powers to detain asylum seekers and migrants at any stage of the asylum process. The use of asylum has increased with the introduction of the process of 'fast track', or the procedure by which the Immigration Service assess asylum claims which are capable of being decided quickly. Fast-tracking takes place in Oakington Reception Centre, Harmondsworth, and Yarl's Wood.

There are three situations in which it is lawful to detain an asylum seeker or migrant.

 * 1) To fast track their claim
 * 2) If the government has reasonable grounds to believe that the asylum seeker or migrant will abscond or not abide by the conditions of entry.
 * 3) If the asylum seeker or migrant is about to be deported.

Once detained, it is possible to apply for bail. There is legal aid for representation at bail hearings and the organisation Bail for Immigration Detainees provides help and assistance for those subject to detention to represent themselves.

Since summer 2005, there has been an increase in the detention of foreign nationals since Home Secretary Charles Clarke's foreign prisoners scandal, which revealed that there were a number of foreign nationals who had committed crimes and had not been deported at the end of their sentence.

Criticism of UK immigration detention focuses on comparisons with prison conditions in which persons are kept though they have never been convicted of a crime, the lack of judicial oversight, and on the lengthy bureaucratic delays that often prevent a person from being released, particularly when there is no evidence that the detainee will present a harm or a burden to society if allowed to remain at large while their situation is examined. In 2006, the conditions of detention centres were criticised, by the UK Inspector of Prisons.

title: Immigration detention


text:
Ninigi-no-Mikoto

Ninigi-no-Mikoto (瓊瓊杵尊) is a deity in Japanese mythology. (-no-Mikoto here is an honorific title applied to the names of Japanese gods; Ninigi is the specific god's name.) Grandson of the sun goddess Amaterasu, Ninigi is regarded according to Japanese mythology as the great-grandfather of Japan’s first emperor, Emperor Jimmu. The three sacred treasures brought with Ninigi from Heaven and divine ancestry established the Japanese Imperial Family.

The three generations of kami starting with Ninigi are sometimes referred to as the three generations of Hyūga, they are said to represent a transitional period between the heavenly kami and the first emperor.

Name and etymology
Ninigi-no-Mikoto (瓊瓊杵尊), means "The Great God Ninigi." Another name of his is Ame-nigishi-kuni-nigishi-amatsuhiko-hiko-ho-no-ninigi-no-Mikoto (天邇岐志国邇岐志天津日高日子番能邇邇芸命) or "The Great God Ninigi, of the Imperial State, The Child of the Sun of Many Talents." Ninigi is speculated to be translated as "beloved jeweled mallet."

Birth
Ninigi was born from Ame-no-oshihomimi and Takuhadachiji-hime. Takamimusubi treated him with special affection and nurtured him with great regard.

Sent to rule
Depending on the version Amaterasu sends Ninigi to rule either after his father refuses the offer, after several failures, or to replace Ōkuninushi after his troubled rule.

In many stories, Ninigi receives three gifts. The sword Kusanagi, the mirror Yata no Kagami, and the jewel Yasakani no Magatama.

Descent to earth
Ninigi's descent to earth appears in both the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki. In a earlier version of the Nihon Shoki Ninigi descends to earth unaccompanied.

But in a later version of the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki, other gods accompany Ninigi’s journey to earth; who accompanies him and how many depends on the version. But it usually includes the following gods: Uzume, Sarutahiko, Ame-no-Koyane, Futodama, Ishikori dome, and Tamanoya; many of these deities would later become the ancestors of many clans like Sarume clan, Nakatomi clan, Shinabe clan, and Inbe clan.

Ninigi tries to go to earth but he is blocked by Sarutahiko. Uzume then persuades Sarutahiko to let Ninigi pass.

In most versions Ninigi descents to earth landing on to Mt. Takachiho located on the island of Kyushu in Kagoshima Prefecture where Ninigi built his palace.

Loss of immortality
One story involves Ninigi looking for a wife; he meets this mountain god named Oyamatsumi, Oho-Yama presents Ninigi his two daughters Konohana and Iwa-Naga. However, Ninigi rejects Iwa-Naga for her looks and is cursed for rejecting her. Now he and his descendants will live shorter lives.

Birth of Ninigi’s children
Soon after Ninigi and Konohanasakuya-hime got married, Konohanasakuya-hime got pregnant. Ninigi accused his wife of adultery. In many versions his wife decided to go in to a hut and set the hut on fire to prove that she was a faithful wife. Konohanasakuya-hime and her sons survived, she gave birth to three sons named Hoderi, Hoori, and Hosuseri.

One variation says that Konohanasakuya-hime gave birth to Hoderi in the hut and had the other two children later.

Death
Later on, Ninigi died and was buried at E no Goriyo.

Family
Many versions have Amaterasu and Takamimusubi as Ninigi's grandparents, and the son of Ame-no-oshihomimi and Yorozuhatahime as his parents. Ninigi is said to be the nephew to Futotama and Ame-no-Koyane.

Ninigi is in the Three generations of Hyuga a time period between Tenson kōrin and Jimmu's Eastern Expedition.

Children
Most stories state that Ninigi had three sons Hoderi, Hosuseri, and Hoori. However, other ancient Japanese texts say that he had four sons and lists "Hikohohodemi no mikoto" as the fourth child of Ninigi. However, it isn’t clear if Hikohohodemi is a fourth child or another name of Hoori.

According to Nihongi, Tamanoya is a offspring of Ninigi.

Shrines
Ninigi has very few temples where he is enshrined.

Shrines like Amatsu Shrine and Kirishima-jingu Shrine are dedicated to Ninigi. At Ise shrine, Ninigi is said to be worshipped with Kunitokotachi.

title: Ninigi-no-Mikoto


text:
Embassy of Canada, Washington, D.C.

The Embassy of Canada in Washington, D.C. (Ambassade du Canada à Washington, D.C.) is Canada's main diplomatic mission to the United States. The embassy building designed by Arthur Erickson and opened in 1989 is located at 501 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, D.C., between the United States Capitol and the White House, just north of the National Gallery of Art. In addition to its diplomatic role, the embassy provides consular services for Delaware, Washington, D.C., Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. It also hosts a Trade Commissioner Service office responsible for the states of Maryland, Washington, D.C., Virginia, and West Virginia.

History
The Embassy of Canada was originally located at 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW on Embassy Row, in a house that had been purchased in 1927 from the widow of Clarence Moore, a financier who died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. The location subsequently became the Embassy of Uzbekistan.

By 1969, the chancery had spread across three buildings and could not accommodate additional staff. At the same time, the federally chartered Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation was looking to revitalize the avenue. In 1978, the Canadian government purchased a vacant lot on Pennsylvania Avenue NW for $5 million. The site had been a Ford dealership (built in 1916 by Irwin and Leighton as Ford Service Building) and a public library. The six floor building was demolished before it was purchased by the Government of Canada.

The embassy building was officially opened by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney on May 3, 1989. The building houses approximately 265 Canadian diplomatic and locally engaged staff. The embassy houses representatives from two provinces (Ontario and Alberta) and 13 Canadian federal government agencies, including Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Development Canada, Industry Canada, Transport Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada, the Department of National Defence, the Permanent Mission of Canada to the Organization of American States, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, amongst others. Additionally, the Government of Quebec's Ministry of International Relations and La Francophonie has operated a bureau in Washington since 1978; it is located near McPherson Square.

Canada has the embassy closest to the Capitol Building and is the only country to have its embassy along the presidential inaugural route between the Capitol Building and the White House. The Embassy of Canada hosts numerous events throughout the year for visiting ministers as well as for a wide range of diplomatic, military, and public functions.

Architecture
The Pennsylvania Avenue NW building was designed by British Columbia's Arthur Erickson, one of Canada's most decorated architects. Erickson tried to evoke a sense of Canada in the architecture of the building, using long horizontals, wide open spaces and water features. The large airy courtyard includes the sculpture Spirit of Haida Gwaii by Bill Reid, featured on Canada's twenty-dollar bill from 2004 to 2012, which sits in a pool of water representative of Canada's ocean limits.

The "Rotunda of the Provinces" on the courtyard's southeast corner has a domed roof that is supported by 12 pillars, each featuring one of the crests of the ten provinces and two territories in existence at the time of the embassy's construction. The seal above the rotunda's entranceway represents the territory of Nunavut, which was established in April 1999. The rotunda is also an echo chamber; noise is reflected and focused back, though this magnified volume is only appreciated by the person at the rotunda's centre. Surrounding the rotunda is a waterfall, incorporated by the architect to represent Niagara Falls, the most famous site along the Canada–U.S. border.

In the words of former U.S. Secretary of State James Baker, "I think just as diplomats represent their country, people and interest to the world, so too an embassy chancery displays its country's face to the world…This bold and dramatic building, the new Chancery of Canada does that. Monumental in its appearance, it also I think conveys the warmth and the openness of the people of Canada. Your new home here in the centre of our new capital [is] along an avenue which is steeped in the history of American democracy between the White House and the Congress."

Artwork
The Embassy of Canada has four collections on display: the Foreign Affairs Fine Art Collection (a permanent collection at the embassy), the Canada Council Art Bank, the Imperial Oil collection and the Scotiabank Corporate Art collection. The embassy also currently has several arctic-themed works that are on loan from TD Bank, in honour of Canada's 2013–2015 chairship of the Arctic Council. The Foreign Affairs Fine Art Collection contains Canadian art for use in Embassies and Official Residences abroad. By displaying Canadian art in this manner, the collection assists in the promotion of Canadian culture abroad.

The Canada Council Art Bank is a collection of Canadian art that is loaned to Canadian government departments, agencies and private sector corporations.

Imperial Oil has lent the embassy 10 works from their corporate collection, providing a regional perspective of Canadian art. Of particular note are the works "Heart of the Forest" by Emily Carr and the Group of Seven's, A.J. Casson's piece "Morning near Whitefish Falls."

The Scotiabank Corporate art collection is one of the leading corporate art collections in Canada, consisting of significant works of art by renowned Canadian contemporary artists. This includes photography by Edward Burtynsky and Geoffrey James and a silkscreen on paper by Christopher Pratt.

The embassy also has a small gallery set just off of the main foyer that showcases Canadian artists or Canada-themed exhibits. In September 2014, the gallery hosted a special exhibit honouring the embassy's 25th anniversary.

Ambassador
Canada's 24th Ambassador to the United States was David MacNaughton, who presented his credentials to President Barack Obama on March 3, 2016. MacNaughton previously served as Canadian and North American president of Hill and Knowlton, and president of Public Affairs International, which purchased Decima Research to create Public Affairs Resource Group.

MacNaughton left the post at the end of August 2019, and was replaced by Acting Ambassador of Canada to the United States Kirsten Hillman.

Kirsten Hillman was appointed Canada's Ambassador to the United States in March 2020. Prior to her position as Acting Ambassador, Hillman served as Deputy Ambassador in Washington from August 2017 to August 2019. Before joining the Embassy of Canada in Washington, D.C., Ambassador Hillman held multiple positions with Global Affairs Canada, practised law in Montréal and Ottawa, and was educated at the University of Manitoba and McGill University.

Consulates general
The ambassador is also ultimately responsible for the 12 regional consulates:

 * 1) Consulate General of Canada in Atlanta, serving the states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee
 * 2) Consulate General of Canada in Boston, serving the states of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island, as well as the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
 * 3) Consulate General of Canada in Chicago, serving the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri, as well as the northwestern portions of Indiana in metropolitan Chicago, the portions of Kansas in metropolitan Kansas City, and the portions of Iowa in the Quad Cities area
 * 4) Consulate General of Canada in Dallas, serving the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
 * 5) Consulate General of Canada in Denver, serving the states of Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah, as well as all of Kansas outside metropolitan Kansas City
 * 6) Consulate General of Canada in Detroit, serving the states of Michigan, Ohio, and Kentucky, as well as all of Indiana outside metropolitan Chicago
 * 7) Consulate General of Canada in Los Angeles, serving Southern California, Clark County/Las Vegas in Nevada, and the state of Arizona
 * 8) Consulate General of Canada in Miami, serving the U.S. state of Florida and the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
 * 9) Consulate General of Canada in Minneapolis, serving the states of Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and the portions of Iowa outside the Quad Cities area
 * 10) Consulate General of Canada in New York City, serving the states of New York, Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, as well as the British overseas territory of Bermuda
 * 11) Consulate General of Canada in San Francisco/Silicon Valley, serving Northern California, the state of Hawaii, and all of the state of Nevada except Clark County/Las Vegas
 * 12) Consulate General of Canada in Seattle, serving the states of Washington, Alaska, Idaho, and Oregon

Trade offices

 * 1) Canadian Consulate in Houston
 * 2) Palo Alto
 * 3) San Diego

Gallery
 File:Canadian embassy in US1.jpg|Rotunda of the Provinces File:Inukshuk, Canadian Embassy, Washington.jpg|Inukshuk sculpture by David Ruben Piqtoukun in the lobby File:Bill Reid Haida Gail 01.jpg|Spirit of Haida Gwaii File:Embassy.jpg|Embassy courtyard, looking toward the Rotunda of the Provinces

title: Embassy of Canada, Washington, D.C.


text:
Buttermilk (horse)

Buttermilk (April 13, 1941 – October 7, 1972) was a buckskin Quarter Horse. He appeared in numerous Western films with his owner/rider, cowgirl star Dale Evans.

Buttermilk was ridden by Evans in the 1950s television series The Roy Rogers Show with her husband Roy Rogers who rode his palomino, Trigger. Both horses were extremely popular and became a marketing success with cast iron and plastic replicas, lamps, and dozens of other products purchased by adults and children.

After Buttermilk died in 1972, his hide was stretched over a plaster likeness and put on display at the Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Museum in Victorville, California (the museum has since been relocated to Branson, Missouri).

In 2010, the Branson museum was closed and all artifacts were sold, including Trigger and Buttermilk.

title: Buttermilk (horse)


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Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:London Government

The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. This is an archive of the discussion only; please do not edit this page. -Kbdank71 16:04, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:London Government
'''No agreement. No votes for change for over a month and no votes at all for over a fortnight. I will removed the cfd tag.''' Philip 00:12, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Badly capitalised categories. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 17:24, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose - these were amongst the first-created categories and (personally - ymmv) and just as there is the 'London Borough of xxx' I feel that this word order better reflects usage and meaning. --Vamp:Willow 23:40, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The current standard for government categories is "Category:Government of X". See, for instance, Category:Government of Israel, Category:Government of the UK, and Category:State governments of the United State. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 00:40, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Government of X. -- Beland 23:32, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Government of X. — Sortior 19:01, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Rename as 'Government of London'. Dbiv 02:47, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think "Local government in London" would be preferable:most of the organisations listed in the article are not concerned with the government "of" London, but only of a part of it. To me a phrase like "Government of London", while appropriate for a sovereign state, or a city or province with a high level of federal or devolved powers, misrepresents the situation in London, and therefore also misdescribes the contents of the category.Philip 11:47, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

If recent category clean-ups suggested below are anything to go by, there is a gradually approaching consensus of "Natural features of X", "Artificial features in X". Thus "River crossings in London", "Rivers of London" ("Rivers in..." is not the standard! See Landforms tidy-up below!). Government is a little different, not being a geographic term. Personally I'd favour Government of London, but ymmv. As far as Districts is concerned, "Districts in London" makes sense, but there are several other "X districts"-type categories, so just dropping it to a minuscule would be okay by me. Grutness hello? 01:19, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that. Thanks for that catch. It's one of the two, anyway. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 13:46, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * IMO "Government of London" would be seriously inappropriate and misleading because most of the bodies in that category do not govern London at all, but either only administer some services in a small part of it, or are specialised agencies, or have even less "governing" power than that. "Administrative bodies in London" would be more better.Philip 10:29, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose - phrases like 'Government of x' are only appropriate if talking about one body in a state, such as the UK as a whole. This describes several layers of government, both current and historic, mostly at a sub-London level. 'London Government' is the phrase used in London itself, as in Association of London Government that brings together the 33 boroughs and Greater London Authority. Mtiedemann 17:50, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)


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Klaus Kleinfeld

Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld (born 6 November 1957 in Bremen, West Germany) is the former chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Arconic. Kleinfeld is former chairman and CEO of Alcoa Inc., and former president and CEO of Siemens AG. Kleinfeld stepped down as chairman and CEO of Arconic on 17 April 2017. In October 2017, he was named director of Saudi Arabia's Neom initiative. It was announced in July 2018 that Kleinfeld would be promoted from director of Neom to advisor of Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman on 1 August 2018, and that Nadhmi Al-Nasr would succeed him as director of Neom.

In August 2007, Kleinfeld was appointed COO of New York, NY-based Alcoa Inc. In May 2008, Kleinfeld was appointed CEO of Alcoa, succeeding Alain Belda. In April 2010, Kleinfeld was named chairman of Alcoa and continued to serve as CEO and chairman of the board until his resignation in April 2017.

Kleinfeld served as CEO of Munich, Germany-based Siemens AG from January 2005 until July 2007. Kleinfeld's efforts to modernize the company led to conflict with defenders of Siemens' traditional business culture. However, the company's financial performance flourished. Previously, Kleinfeld transformed Siemens Management Consulting into an effective partner for the global businesses. He contributed significantly to the profitable turnaround of Siemens' regional business in the U.S.

In 2006, a German government investigation uncovered slush funds in secret bank accounts maintained by Siemens in order to win contracts. Investigators found no evidence of wrongdoing by Kleinfeld and no charges were brought against him. In 2009, Kleinfeld, along with other former top Siemens executives, agreed to pay Siemens a sum to settle a related civil matter. In June 2007, Kleinfeld left Siemens, citing uncertainty about his future with the company after divisions among Siemens board members concerning the extension of his contract became public.

Kleinfeld started his career in 1982 by joining a marketing consulting firm.

Early life and education
Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld was born on 6 November 1957 in Bremen, Germany. He earned a business degree from Georg August University in Göttingen, Germany and a Ph.D. in management from the University of Würzburg in Würzburg, Germany.

Career
In 1982, Kleinfeld began his career as a marketing consultant. In 1986, he joined Ciba-Geigy, a multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland, where he was a product manager in the company's pharmaceutical division.

Siemens AG
In 1987, Kleinfeld joined Munich-based Siemens AG, a global engineering and technology services firm based in the U.S. and Germany. His first position was in the company's corporate sales and marketing unit, where he worked as a marketing research manager. In 1990, he founded and led Siemens Management Consulting, an internal global partner for Siemens' businesses with a major role in the restructuring of many Siemens' business units around the world.

In January 2001, Kleinfeld was promoted to chief operating officer (COO) of Siemens USA. The recession in the U.S. had adversely impacted profits and Kleinfeld conceived a radical strategy to improve the performance of Siemens' operating companies. He also sought to fix, sell or close operations of recently acquired companies and create new cross-selling opportunities. Unprofitable operations were reduced from 24 to 8, and other cost-cutting measures saved an estimated $100 million. From January 2005 to June 2007, Kleinfeld served as CEO of Siemens USA. In January 2004, Kleinfeld was appointed to Siemens' corporate executive committee. Also in 2004, Kleinfeld was appointed vice president of Siemens AG.

In 2004, Kleinfeld advocated for a customer- and shareholder-focused corporate culture, pressuring German unions to loosen labor rules and extend the German work week from 35 to 40 hours, with no additional pay. Kleinfeld said that German workers "have to adjust and understand what the world is like" to remain competitive. Two years later, sales had increased 16 percent, profits rose 35 percent, and shares rose 40 percent. In January 2005 he was named CEO, succeeding Heinrich von Pierer.

Kleinfeld's plan to modernize the company led to conflict with defenders of Siemens' traditional business culture. Because of the traditional two-tier German governance structure, a supervisory board that included union and shareholder representatives balked at Kleinfeld's restructuring plans. While his strategies were generally viewed positively by the worldwide financial press, Kleinfeld was criticized by German media, mainly for a perceived lack of social responsibility pertaining to Siemens workers.

Prior to his role as CEO, Kleinfeld led Siemens Management Consulting as a partner for the global businesses, contributing significantly to the profitable turnaround of Siemens' regional business in the U.S. By April 2007, all Siemens Groups had reached or exceeded target margins for the first time.

Bribery investigation
In November 2006, a fraud investigation by the German government became public. The investigation later found that Siemens maintained slush funds in secret bank accounts outside Germany that the company used to win contracts. Once the investigation became public, Kleinfeld hired outside legal and auditing experts to conduct an independent investigation and revamp the company's internal accounting and control practices and eliminate potential improper practices. The independent investigation later found that the company paid hundreds of millions of dollars in bribes, which were legal in Germany until 1999, but that there were "no indications of personal misconduct or that Kleinfeld had any knowledge of events" related to the scandal. Corruption charges were brought against Siemens by the SEC. Kleinfeld and other former Siemens executives and board members were accused of "failing to prevent corruption". No charges were brought against Kleinfeld and the Department of Justice cited Siemens' cooperation and the independent investigation initiated by Kleinfeld as factors for reducing Siemens' monetary penalty.

In June 2007, Kleinfeld left Siemens, citing uncertainty about his future with the company after divisions among Siemens board members concerning the extension of his contract became public. In September 2009, Siemens threatened to sue Kleinfeld and other former executives for supervisory failings and extended a settlement offer to compensate the company for millions of dollars in fines and damage to its "reputation." Kleinfeld agreed to settle the matter for 2 million euros.

Alcoa and Arconic
In 2003, Kleinfeld joined Alcoa's board of directors, receiving $2.3 million in shares on his first day. In August 2007, Alcoa appointed Kleinfeld president. In May 2008, he was named CEO, succeeding Alain J. P. Belda. In April 2010, Kleinfeld was named chairman of Alcoa.

In 2012, Kleinfeld began closing a number of costly, outdated smelting facilities. In 2013, he cited a backlog in aerospace manufacturing and an increasing demand for lightweight aluminum products in the automotive and construction industries due to a "historic shift" toward fuel and energy efficiency. Kleinfeld led diversification of the company with the additions of lightweight multi-materials technology, engineering and manufacturing, and directed the acquisition of three companies to position Alcoa to the aerospace business. He implemented a strategy to reduce the company's reliance on commodities, overseeing its rise to become a global leader in lightweight metals, and increasing its reputation for manufacturing innovation.

On 28 September 2015, Alcoa completed its transformation with an announcement that it would split into two publicly traded companies the following year – a spin-off called Alcoa Corp., and another comprising the renamed Alcoa Inc., Arconic, which would hold onto Alcoa Inc.'s value-add mid- and downstream businesses. On 1 November 2016, Alcoa fully separated its raw aluminum operation from business units that supply the aerospace and automotive markets. The spin-off retained is a newly created company Alcoa Corp. Kleinfeld remained as Arconic's chairman and CEO following the split. He initially proposed to serve as chairman of the upstream company during the transition phase, but the proposal was declined; Kleinfeld was not affiliated with the new company.

STEM education initiatives
Under Kleinfeld's direction, Alcoa has supported STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) workforce development initiatives to train and educate students and teachers globally. A July 2012 op-ed piece co-authored by Kleinfeld and Richard Haass, president of the Council on Foreign Relations, proposed closer business and government collaboration to narrow the STEM skills gap between the labor market and manufacturers. In September 2013, President Obama appointed Kleinfeld to the President's Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee 2.0 for Alcoa's continuing efforts to maintain U.S. leadership in emerging technologies.

Resignation from Arconic
On 31 January 2017, the hedge fund Elliott Management Corporation launched a proxy contest against the company. Elliott publicly called for the firing of Kleinfeld, citing the company's lackluster stock performance, missed profit forecasts, and inefficient spending. On 17 April 2017, Kleinfeld resigned as chairman and CEO by mutual agreement with the board of Arconic, after sending an unauthorized letter to Elliott.

Klaus Kleinfeld founded together with Partners the SPAC "Constellation" which was listed on the NYSE in 2021. He founded his own investment company "K2 Elevation" which invests in and develops international enterprises in the technology and biotech segment. Currently its portfolio consists of activities in Germany, Austria, and the US. he advises a number of corporations as well as different organizations.

Boards
He is a member of the Bilderberg Group Steering Committee, the Brookings Institution Board of Trustees, the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum, the Board of the World Economic Forum USA, and the Metropolitan Opera Advisory Board. In 2009, Kleinfeld was named chairman of the board of the U.S.-Russia Business Council (USRBC), which promotes trade and investment between the U.S. and Russia. In 2013, Kleinfeld joined the U.S.-China Business Council Board of Directors and is a member of the Chinese Premier's Global CEO Advisory Council. Previously, Kleinfeld served on the supervisory board of Bayer AG from 2005 to 2014, was a director of Citigroup Inc. from 2005 to 2007, and served as a member of the Managing Board of Siemens AG from 2004 to 2007. Mr. Kleinfeld also served on the Board of Directors of Morgan Stanley and Hewlett Packard Enterprise until April 2017. He is a member of the supervisory boards of NEOM, Konux and Ferolabs. Kleinfeld is Honorary Senator of the Lindau Nobel Laureates Meeting and a member of the board of the Metropolitan Opera, New York.

Awards and recognition
In December 2014, Kleinfeld received a Legend in Leadership Award from the Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute. Also in December 2014, Kleinfeld received a Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award from the Business Council for International Understanding. In May 2014, Kleinfeld was named CEO of the Year at the 2014 Platts Global Metals Awards.

Personal life
Kleinfeld resides in New York with his wife, Birgit, and two children. Kleinfeld's hobby is sport (marathon, skiing, tennis).

Publications

 * Shaping the Future. The Siemens Entrepreneurs 1847–2018. Ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Hamburg 2018, ISBN 9-783867-746243.
 * Corporate Identity und strategische Unternehmensführung, Akademie-Verlag München 1994, ISBN 3-929115-16-6

title: Klaus Kleinfeld


text: User talk:70.50.21.242

title: User talk:70.50.21.242


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Crazy Legs Conti: Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating

Crazy Legs Conti: Zen And The Art Of Competitive Eating is a 2004 documentary film portraying the culture of competitive eating. It was directed by Danielle Franco and Christopher Kenneally.

The film follows Jason "Crazy Legs" Conti, an eccentric New York window washer, nude model and sperm donor. He begins as a huge fan of the annual July 4 hot dog eating competition, but then casually breaks the world oyster eating record in New Orleans. He proceeds to dedicate himself to fulfilling his lifelong dream of becoming a professional competitive eater.


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One of Us (Joan Osborne song)

"One of Us" is a song by American singer Joan Osborne for her debut studio album, Relish (1995). Written by Eric Bazilian of the Hooters and produced by Rick Chertoff, the song was released on November 21, 1995 by Blue Gorilla and Mercury, as Osborne's debut single and lead single from Relish. It became a hit in November of that year, peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and earning three Grammy nominations. "One of Us" was also a hit around the world, topping the charts of Australia, Canada, Flanders, and Sweden, reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart, and becoming a top-20 hit in at least 12 other countries. The song went on to serve as the opening theme for the American television series Joan of Arcadia. The music video for "One of Us" was directed by Mark Seliger and Fred Woodward, and filmed in Coney Island, New York City.

In 2007, the song was ranked at number 54 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the '90s" and number ten on the network's "40 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '90s".

Composition and recording
Regarding his experience of writing "One of Us", Eric Bazilian said, "I wrote that song one night — the quickest song I ever wrote — to impress a girl. Which worked, because we're married and have two kids." The girl in question was Sarah, a Swedish girl he met on a plane when the Hooters were flying in to play in a festival in Sweden. He invited her to Philadelphia when he was making Joan Osborne's album Relish together with Rob Hyman and Rick Chertoff. While they were watching a documentary on the making of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, she became interested in four-track recording and asked him to record one. Bazilian had a guitar riff that he had been playing that day, so he recorded that expanded into a song. However, he did not have the lyrics, so he tried to write the lyrics after she fell asleep. He had the voice of Brad Roberts from Crash Test Dummies in his mind when he wrote the lyrics. He had trouble finishing the line "a stranger on the bus", and Sarah suggested "Tryin' to make his way home?" after she woke up. As for the line "Just a slob like one of us", Bazilian said that he did not intend to mean God was a slob, rather the song is about human beings.

Bazilian recorded a demo of "One of Us", which was later used as a hidden track on his first solo album (The Optimist). Bazilian had intended to send the demo to Crash Test Dummies, but played the demo to Chertoff and Osborne. He said: "And it really hadn't even occurred to me that it was something that Joan might do, but Rick, in his wisdom, asked Joan if she thought she could sing it. And I think it was better that he asked it that way rather than 'Do you want to sing it?' Because the answer to that might not have been yes. But she definitely said she could sing it, and we did a little live demo of a guitar and her singing it. And when I got into my car and popped the cassette in, I started practicing the Grammy speech that I should've gotten to give."

At the start of the song, a fragment of a song by a 1930s singer named Nell Hampton was added. Osborned had heard the song on an album of Appalachian folk songs and Chertoff suggested using it after Osborne played the song in the studio. For the lead and solo, Bazilian used his 1954 Gibson Gold Top Les Paul for the studio recording.

Lyrics
The song deals with various aspects of belief in an anthropomorphic God by asking questions inviting the listener to consider how one might relate to such a God: for example "Would you call [God's name] to his face?" or "Would you want to see [God's face] if seeing meant that you would have to believe in things like heaven and in Jesus and the saints and all the prophets?"

The album version starts off with the first four lines of a recording titled "The Aeroplane Ride", made on October 27, 1937, by American folklorist Alan Lomax and his wife Elizabeth for the Archive of American Folk Song at the Library of Congress, with Mrs. Nell Hampton of Salyersville, Kentucky, singing a variation of the 1928 John S. McConnell hymn "Heavenly Aeroplane".

Critical reception
Roch Parisien from AllMusic named the song "a simple, direct statement of faith, honest and unadorned, one framed in a near-perfect chorus and delectable Neil Young-ish guitar riff". Melody Maker wrote, "For appalling lyrics combined with enormous success though, no one could touch God-botherer Joan Osborne. Check out these lines from her extraordinary "One of Us"—What if God were one of us/Just a slob like one of us/Just a stranger on the bus/Trying to make his way home/Like a holy rolling stone/Nobody calling on the phone/'Cept for the Pope, maybe, in Rome." Alan Jones from Music Week commented, "Joan Osborne has come up with a delicious debut single 'One of Us' – an electrically charged and retro-styled song with an intimate vocal. The track addresses the question What if God was one of us?, just a slob like one of us placing him on the bus and taking phone calls from the Pope, doing so with humour, energy and a great tune, in a taut clutter-free production. A real find." Paul Evans from Rolling Stone said it "imagines a God as hurt as any human".

Music video
The accompanying music video for "One of Us" was directed by Mark Seliger and Fred Woodward, and was mainly shot in Coney Island, with various attractions like rollercoasters, ferris wheels and the New York Aquarium shown, interchanged with vintage-looking shots in sepia, and Osborne singing in front of the camera.

Track listings

 * US and Australian CD and cassette single
 * 1) "One of Us" (album version) – 5:21
 * 2) "Dracula Moon" – 6:21

 * European CD single and UK cassette single
 * 1) "One of Us" (edit) – 4:16
 * 2) "One of Us" (album version) – 5:21

 * UK CD single
 * 1) "One of Us" (edit) – 4:16
 * 2) "Dracula Moon" – 6:21
 * 3) "One of Us" – 5:21
 * 4) "Crazy Baby" (live from Fox Theatre) – 8:06

Personnel

 * Joan Osborne – lead vocals
 * Eric Bazilian – guitars, backing vocals, electric piano
 * Mark Egan – bass
 * Rob Hyman – drums, Mellotron, backing vocals
 * William Wittman – engineering, mixing

Cover versions and parodies

 * In 1996, Canadian dance music group Outta Control released their version which charted on the dance charts of both Canada and the US, charting at numbers 9 and 36, respectively.
 * Also in 1996, Prince covered this song on his album Emancipation, with backing vocals from his wife Mayte Garcia.
 * Bob Rivers wrote the parody "What If God Smoked Cannabis?" in 1997 (often incorrectly attributed to "Weird Al" Yankovic).
 * The song is covered on the Glee episode "Grilled Cheesus", by the actors Jenna Ushkowitz, Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Amber Riley, Chris Colfer, and Dianna Agron.

title: One of Us (Joan Osborne song)


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Spiritchaser

Spiritchaser is the seventh studio album by Dead Can Dance, and would prove to be the last before the duo reunited fourteen years later for Anastasis. It expands on its exploration of world music, and like Into the Labyrinth, was recorded at Quivvy Church, Brendan Perry's personal studio in Ireland.

The album was dedicated to Lisa Gerrard's deceased brother, Mark Gerrard.

The track "Indus" contains a melody that is very similar to that of "Within You Without You", a Beatles song that George Harrison wrote and recorded with Indian musicians in 1967. Although their use of a similar melody was not deliberate, Perry and Gerrard were asked to contact Harrison for his permission to use it; he granted it, but the record company insisted that they give him partial songwriting credit on "Indus".

In 2020, Spiritchaser was named by Brazilian metal musician Max Cavalera as his favorite "non-metal" album ever.

Personnel
Personnel adapted from Spiritchaser liner notes.
 * Dead Can Dance
 * Lisa Gerrard – vocals, instrumentation, production
 * Brendan Perry – vocals, instrumentation, production

 * Additional personnel
 * Robert Perry – percussion (tracks 1 and 5)
 * Lance Hogan – percussion (tracks 1 and 5)
 * Peter Ulrich – percussion (tracks 1 and 5)
 * Rónán Ó Snodaigh – percussion (tracks 1 and 5)
 * Renaud Pion – Turkish clarinet (track 3)
 * Klaus Vormehr – engineering (tracks 1 and 5)

title: Spiritchaser


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Monoboard

A monoboard is a device or product that consists of a single printed circuit board (PCB).

Benefits
The primary benefit of a monoboard solution is cost savings. There are a number of ways that incorporating all parts on a single board can reduce costs. The primary reason is that solutions with multiple boards require connections between the boards via edge connectors, and sometimes include a ribbon cable. By connecting devices directly together on the same PCB, there is no need for these additional connectors and cables. Additionally, PCB space may be optimized using electronic design automation (EDA) tools, resulting in a smaller device as well as further cost savings. Aesthetically enhanced micro branding is used as well.

Disadvantages
The disadvantages of using a monoboard solution is that they are inflexible to upgrades. For example, take a personal computer; in most personal computers, the video card is an external device that plugs into a dedicated slot in the motherboard and may be swapped out with a higher performing card. However, in small form-factor designs, a graphics processing unit (GPU) may be placed directly on the board. The typical reason is to reduce size and cost, but this removed the ability to later upgrade the device.

Another common example is with data acquisition hardware. Many DAQ solutions involve the use of DAQ modules, which are cards that plug into a backplane. Different DAQ modules can be purchased with different functionalities depending on the speed and resolution of signals being acquired. Examples of this can be seen in products ranging from Fluke DAQs to Tektronix Logic Analyzer modules (such as the TLA7000 series frames which support more than 4 different series of acquisition cards).

Examples

 * Personal computers, specifically small form-factor versions such as the UMPC or MacBook Air
 * Data acquisition hardware
 * Cameras
 * Mobile phones
 * Single-board computer

title: Monoboard


text: User talk:216.229.216.217

title: User talk:216.229.216.217