text:
Cohen's kappa

Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ, lowercase Greek kappa) is a statistic that is used to measure inter-rater reliability (and also intra-rater reliability) for qualitative (categorical) items. It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation, as κ takes into account the possibility of the agreement occurring by chance. There is controversy surrounding Cohen's kappa due to the difficulty in interpreting indices of agreement. Some researchers have suggested that it is conceptually simpler to evaluate disagreement between items.

History
The first mention of a kappa-like statistic is attributed to Galton in 1892.

The seminal paper introducing kappa as a new technique was published by Jacob Cohen in the journal Educational and Psychological Measurement in 1960.

Definition
Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of $\kappa$ is

 * $$\kappa \equiv \frac{p_o - p_e}{1 - p_e} = 1- \frac{1 - p_o}{1 - p_e}, $$

where $p_{o}$ is the relative observed agreement among raters, and $p_{e}$ is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly seeing each category. If the raters are in complete agreement then $\kappa=1$. If there is no agreement among the raters other than what would be expected by chance (as given by $p_{e}$), $\kappa=0$. It is possible for the statistic to be negative, which can occur by chance if there is no relationship between the ratings of the two raters, or it may reflect a real tendency of the raters to give differing ratings.

For $k$ categories, $N$ observations to categorize and $$n_{ki}$$ the number of times rater $i$ predicted category $k$:

 * $$p_e = \frac{1}{N^2} \sum_k n_{k1}n_{k2}$$

This is derived from the following construction:

 * $$p_e = \sum_k \widehat{p_{k12}} \overset{\text{ind.}}{=} \sum_k \widehat{p_{k1}}\widehat{p_{k2}} = \sum_k \frac{n_{k1}}{N}\frac{n_{k2}}{N} = \frac{1}{N^2} \sum_k n_{k1}n_{k2}$$

Where $$\widehat{p_{k12}}$$ is the estimated probability that both rater 1 and rater 2 will classify the same item as k, while $$\widehat{p_{k1}}$$ is the estimated probability that rater 1 will classify an item as k (and similarly for rater 2). The relation $\widehat{p_k} = \sum_k \widehat{p_{k1}}\widehat{p_{k2}}$ is based on using the assumption that the rating of the two raters are independent. The term $$\widehat{p_{k1}}$$ is estimated by using the number of items classified as k by rater 1 ($$n_{k1}$$) divided by the total items to classify ($$N$$): $$\widehat{p_{k1}}= {n_{k1} \over N}$$ (and similarly for rater 2).

Binary classification confusion matrix
In the traditional 2 × 2 confusion matrix employed in machine learning and statistics to evaluate binary classifications, the Cohen's Kappa formula can be written as:

 * $$\kappa = \frac{2 \times (TP \times TN - FN \times FP)}{(TP + FP) \times (FP + TN) + (TP + FN) \times (FN + TN)}$$

where TP are the true positives, FP are the false positives, TN are the true negatives, and FN are the false negatives. In this case, Cohen's Kappa is equivalent to the Heidke skill score known in Meteorology. The measure was first introduced by Myrick Haskell Doolittle in 1888.

Simple example
Suppose that you were analyzing data related to a group of 50 people applying for a grant. Each grant proposal was read by two readers and each reader either said "Yes" or "No" to the proposal. Suppose the disagreement count data were as follows, where A and B are readers, data on the main diagonal of the matrix (a and d) count the number of agreements and off-diagonal data (b and c) count the number of disagreements:

e.g.

The observed proportionate agreement is:
 * $$p_o = \frac{a+d}{a+b+c+d} = \frac{20+15}{50} = 0.7$$

To calculate $p_{e}$ (the probability of random agreement) we note that:
 * Reader A said "Yes" to 25 applicants and "No" to 25 applicants. Thus reader A said "Yes" 50% of the time.
 * Reader B said "Yes" to 30 applicants and "No" to 20 applicants. Thus reader B said "Yes" 60% of the time.

So the expected probability that both would say yes at random is:

 * $$p_\text{Yes} = \frac{a+b}{a+b+c+d} \cdot \frac{a+c}{a+b+c+d} = 0.5 \times 0.6 = 0.3$$

Similarly:

 * $$p_\text{No} = \frac{c+d}{a+b+c+d} \cdot \frac{b+d}{a+b+c+d} = 0.5 \times 0.4 = 0.2$$

Overall random agreement probability is the probability that they agreed on either Yes or No, i.e.:
 * $$p_e = p_\text{Yes} + p_\text{No} = 0.3 + 0.2 = 0.5$$

So now applying our formula for Cohen's Kappa we get:
 * $$\kappa = \frac{p_o - p_e}{1 - p_e} = \frac{0.7-0.5}{1-0.5} = 0.4 $$

Same percentages but different numbers
A case sometimes considered to be a problem with Cohen's Kappa occurs when comparing the Kappa calculated for two pairs of raters with the two raters in each pair having the same percentage agreement but one pair give a similar number of ratings in each class while the other pair give a very different number of ratings in each class. (In the cases below, notice B has 70 yeses and 30 nos, in the first case, but those numbers are reversed in the second.) For instance, in the following two cases there is equal agreement between A and B (60 out of 100 in both cases) in terms of agreement in each class, so we would expect the relative values of Cohen's Kappa to reflect this. However, calculating Cohen's Kappa for each:

 * $$\kappa = \frac{0.60-0.54}{1-0.54} = 0.1304$$

 * $$\kappa = \frac{0.60-0.46}{1-0.46} = 0.2593$$

we find that it shows greater similarity between A and B in the second case, compared to the first. This is because while the percentage agreement is the same, the percentage agreement that would occur 'by chance' is significantly higher in the first case (0.54 compared to 0.46).

Hypothesis testing and confidence interval
P-value for kappa is rarely reported, probably because even relatively low values of kappa can nonetheless be significantly different from zero but not of sufficient magnitude to satisfy investigators. Still, its standard error has been described and is computed by various computer programs.

Confidence intervals for Kappa may be constructed, for the expected Kappa values if we had infinite number of items checked, using the following formula:

 * $$CI: \kappa \pm Z_{1-\alpha/2} SE_{\kappa}$$

Where $$Z_{1-\alpha/2} = 1.960$$ is the standard normal percentile when $$\alpha = 5\%$$, and $$SE_{\kappa} = \sqrt{{p_o (1- p_o)} \over { N (1- p_e) ^2 }}$$

This is calculated by ignoring that $p_{e}$ is estimated from the data, and by treating $p_{o}$ as an estimated probability of a binomial distribution while using asymptotic normality (i.e.: assuming that the number of items is large and that $p_{o}$ is not close to either 0 or 1). $$SE_{\kappa}$$ (and the CI in general) may also be estimated using bootstrap methods.

Interpreting magnitude

If statistical significance is not a useful guide, what magnitude of kappa reflects adequate agreement? Guidelines would be helpful, but factors other than agreement can influence its magnitude, which makes interpretation of a given magnitude problematic. As Sim and Wright noted, two important factors are prevalence (are the codes equiprobable or do their probabilities vary) and bias (are the marginal probabilities for the two observers similar or different). Other things being equal, kappas are higher when codes are equiprobable. On the other hand, Kappas are higher when codes are distributed asymmetrically by the two observers. In contrast to probability variations, the effect of bias is greater when Kappa is small than when it is large.

Another factor is the number of codes. As number of codes increases, kappas become higher. Based on a simulation study, Bakeman and colleagues concluded that for fallible observers, values for kappa were lower when codes were fewer. And, in agreement with Sim & Wrights's statement concerning prevalence, kappas were higher when codes were roughly equiprobable. Thus Bakeman et al. concluded that "no one value of kappa can be regarded as universally acceptable." They also provide a computer program that lets users compute values for kappa specifying number of codes, their probability, and observer accuracy. For example, given equiprobable codes and observers who are 85% accurate, value of kappa are 0.49, 0.60, 0.66, and 0.69 when number of codes is 2, 3, 5, and 10, respectively.

Nonetheless, magnitude guidelines have appeared in the literature. Perhaps the first was Landis and Koch, who characterized values < 0 as indicating no agreement and 0–0.20 as slight, 0.21–0.40 as fair, 0.41–0.60 as moderate, 0.61–0.80 as substantial, and 0.81–1 as almost perfect agreement. This set of guidelines is however by no means universally accepted; Landis and Koch supplied no evidence to support it, basing it instead on personal opinion. It has been noted that these guidelines may be more harmful than helpful. Fleiss's equally arbitrary guidelines characterize kappas over 0.75 as excellent, 0.40 to 0.75 as fair to good, and below 0.40 as poor.

Kappa maximum
Kappa assumes its theoretical maximum value of 1 only when both observers distribute codes the same, that is, when corresponding row and column sums are identical. Anything less is less than perfect agreement. Still, the maximum value kappa could achieve given unequal distributions helps interpret the value of kappa actually obtained. The equation for κ maximum is:

 * $$\kappa_{\max} =\frac{P_{\max} - P_{\exp}}{1-P_{\exp}}$$

where $$P_{\exp} = \sum_{i=1}^k P_{i+}P_{+i}$$, as usual, $$P_{\max} = \sum_{i=1}^k \min(P_{i+},P_{+i})$$,

k = number of codes, $$P_{i+}$$ are the row probabilities, and $$P_{+i}$$ are the column probabilities.

Limitations
Kappa is an index that considers observed agreement with respect to a baseline agreement. However, investigators must consider carefully whether Kappa's baseline agreement is relevant for the particular research question. Kappa's baseline is frequently described as the agreement due to chance, which is only partially correct. Kappa's baseline agreement is the agreement that would be expected due to random allocation, given the quantities specified by the marginal totals of square contingency table. Thus, κ = 0 when the observed allocation is apparently random, regardless of the quantity disagreement as constrained by the marginal totals. However, for many applications, investigators should be more interested in the quantity disagreement in the marginal totals than in the allocation disagreement as described by the additional information on the diagonal of the square contingency table. Thus for many applications, Kappa's baseline is more distracting than enlightening. Consider the following example: The disagreement proportion is 14/16 or 0.875. The disagreement is due to quantity because allocation is optimal. κ is 0.01. The disagreement proportion is 2/16 or 0.125. The disagreement is due to allocation because quantities are identical. Kappa is −0.07.

Here, reporting quantity and allocation disagreement is informative while Kappa obscures information. Furthermore, Kappa introduces some challenges in calculation and interpretation because Kappa is a ratio. It is possible for Kappa's ratio to return an undefined value due to zero in the denominator. Furthermore, a ratio does not reveal its numerator nor its denominator. It is more informative for researchers to report disagreement in two components, quantity and allocation. These two components describe the relationship between the categories more clearly than a single summary statistic. When predictive accuracy is the goal, researchers can more easily begin to think about ways to improve a prediction by using two components of quantity and allocation, rather than one ratio of Kappa. Some researchers have expressed concern over κ's tendency to take the observed categories' frequencies as givens, which can make it unreliable for measuring agreement in situations such as the diagnosis of rare diseases. In these situations, κ tends to underestimate the agreement on the rare category. For this reason, κ is considered an overly conservative measure of agreement. Others contest the assertion that kappa "takes into account" chance agreement. To do this effectively would require an explicit model of how chance affects rater decisions. The so-called chance adjustment of kappa statistics supposes that, when not completely certain, raters simply guess—a very unrealistic scenario. Moreover, some works have shown how kappa statistics can lead to a wrong conclusion for unbalanced data.

Scott's Pi
A similar statistic, called pi, was proposed by Scott (1955). Cohen's kappa and Scott's pi differ in terms of how $p_{e}$ is calculated.

Fleiss' kappa
Note that Cohen's kappa measures agreement between two raters only. For a similar measure of agreement (Fleiss' kappa) used when there are more than two raters, see Fleiss (1971). The Fleiss kappa, however, is a multi-rater generalization of Scott's pi statistic, not Cohen's kappa. Kappa is also used to compare performance in machine learning, but the directional version known as Informedness or Youden's J statistic is argued to be more appropriate for supervised learning.

Weighted kappa
The weighted kappa allows disagreements to be weighted differently and is especially useful when codes are ordered. Three matrices are involved, the matrix of observed scores, the matrix of expected scores based on chance agreement, and the weight matrix. Weight matrix cells located on the diagonal (upper-left to bottom-right) represent agreement and thus contain zeros. Off-diagonal cells contain weights indicating the seriousness of that disagreement. Often, cells one off the diagonal are weighted 1, those two off 2, etc.

The equation for weighted κ is:
 * $$\kappa = 1 - \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{k} \sum_{j=1}^{k} w_{ij} x_{ij}} {\sum_{i=1}^{k} \sum_{j=1}^{k} w_{ij} m_{ij}}$$

where k=number of codes and $$w_{ij}$$, $$x_{ij}$$, and $$m_{ij}$$ are elements in the weight, observed, and expected matrices, respectively. When diagonal cells contain weights of 0 and all off-diagonal cells weights of 1, this formula produces the same value of kappa as the calculation given above.

title: Cohen's kappa


text:
Sweden at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Sweden competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union. 145 competitors, 122 men and 23 women, took part in 102 events in 18 sports.

Gold

 * Johan Harmenberg — Fencing, Men's Épée Individual
 * Bengt Baron — Swimming, Men's 100 metres Backstroke
 * Pär Arvidsson — Swimming, Men's 100 metres Butterfly

Silver

 * Per Holmertz — Swimming, Men's 100 metres Freestyle
 * Lars-Göran Carlsson — Shooting, men's Skeet Shooting
 * Agneta Eriksson, Tina Gustafsson, Carina Ljungdahl and Agneta Mårtensson — Swimming, Women's 4x100 metres Freestyle Relay

Bronze

 * Per Johansson — Swimming, Men's 100 metres Freestyle
 * Sven Johansson — Shooting, Men's Small-bore Rifle, Three Positions
 * Benni Ljungbeck — Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman Bantamweight
 * Lars-Erik Skiöld — Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman Lightweight
 * Göran Marström and Jörgen Ragnarsson — Sailing, Men's Tornado Team Competition
 * George Horvath, Svante Rasmuson and Lennart Pettersson — Modern Pentathlon, Men's Team Competition

Archery
Two of the three Swedish archers in 1980 had competed at both the 1972 and 1976 Olympics. Anna-Lisa Berglund and Rolf Svensson were both less successful than they had been in Montreal four years before. Women's Individual Competition: Men's Individual Competition:
 * Anna-Lisa Berglund — 2283 points (→ 16th place)
 * Göran Bjerendal — 2408 points (→ 12th place)
 * Rolf Svensson — 2357 points (→ 20th place)

Athletics
Men's Marathon
 * Kjell-Erik Ståhl
 * Final — 2:17:44 (→ 19th place)

 * Tommy Persson
 * Final — 2:21:11 (→ 30th place)

 * Göran Hagberg
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's 400 m Hurdles
 * Christer Gullstrand
 * Heat — 50.95
 * Semifinals — did not start (→ did not advance)

Men's 3,000 m Steeplechase
 * Anders Carlson
 * Heat — 9:01.8 (→ did not advance)

Men's Pole Vault
 * Miro Zalar
 * Qualification — 5.40 m
 * Final — 5.35 m (→ 10th place)

Men's Discus Throw
 * Kenth Gardenkrans
 * Qualification — 62.58 m
 * Final — 60.24 m (→ 12th place)

Men's 20 km Walk
 * Alf Brandt
 * Final — 1:34:44.0 (→ 13th place)

 * Bo Gustafsson
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Men's 50 km Walk
 * Bengt Simonsen
 * Final — 3:57:08 (→ 4th place)

 * Bo Gustafsson
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Women's 100 metres
 * Linda Haglund
 * Heat — 11.37
 * Quarterfinals — 11.31
 * Semifinals — 11.36
 * Final — 11.16 (→ 4th place)

Women's 100 m Hurdles
 * Helena Pihl
 * Heat — 13.46
 * Semifinal — 13.68 (→ did not advance)

Women's High Jump
 * Susanne Lorentzon
 * Qualification — 1.85 m (→ did not advance)

 * Ann-Ewa Karlsson
 * Qualification — 1.80 m (→ did not advance)

Basketball

 * Summary

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group C)
 * Lost to Italy (77-92)
 * Lost to Cuba (59-71)
 * Lost to Australia (55-64)

 * Semi Final Round (Group B)
 * Defeated Senegal (70-64)
 * Lost to Czechoslovakia (61-83)
 * Defeated India (119-63)
 * Defeated Poland (70-67) → 10th place

 * Team Roster:
 * Peter Andersson
 * Thomas Nordgren
 * Peter Gunterberg
 * Göran Unger
 * Torbjörn Taxén
 * Joon-Olof Karlsson
 * Jan Enjebo
 * Bernt Malion
 * Roland Rahm
 * Sten Feldreich
 * Leif Yttergren
 * Åke Skyttevall

Boxing
Men's Featherweight (57 kg) Men's Lightweight (60 kg) Men's Light-Welterweight (63,5 kg) Men's Heavyweight (+ 81 kg)
 * Odd Bengtsson
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Lost to Adolfo Horta (Cuba) on points (0-5)
 * Kalervo Alanenpää
 * First Round — Lost to Omari Golaya (Tanzania) on points (0-5)
 * Shadrach Odhiambo
 * First Round — Defeated Bogdan Gajda (Poland) on points (4-1)
 * Second Round — Lost to Anthony Willis (Great Britain) on points (0-5)
 * Anders Eklund
 * First Round — Bye
 * Quarter Finals — Lost to István Lévai (Hungary) on points (1-4)

Cycling
Six cyclists represented Sweden in 1980.

 * Individual road race
 * Peter Jonsson
 * Bernt Scheler
 * Anders Adamson
 * Mats Gustafsson

 * Team time trial
 * Anders Adamson
 * Bengt Asplund
 * Mats Gustafsson
 * Håkan Karlsson

Fencing
Six fencers, five men and one woman, represented Sweden in 1980.

 * Men's épée
 * Johan Harmenberg
 * Rolf Edling
 * Hans Jacobson

 * Men's team épée
 * Johan Harmenberg, Rolf Edling, Leif Högström, Göran Malkar, Hans Jacobson

 * Women's foil
 * Kerstin Palm

Judo
Wolfgang Biedron

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Sweden in 1980. They won the bronze in the team event.

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Svante Rasmuson — 5,373 pts → (4th place)
 * Lennart Pettersson — 5,243 pts → (7th place)
 * George Horvath — 5,229 pts → (9th place)

Men's Team Competition:
 * Rasmuson, Pettersson, and Horvath — 15,845 pts → ([[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)

Swimming
Men's 100 m Freestyle
 * Per Holmertz
 * Heats — 52.01
 * Semi-Finals — 51.19
 * Final — 50.91 (→ [[Image:Silver medal.svg|16x16px]] Silver Medal)

 * Per Johansson
 * Heats — 52.11
 * Semi-Finals — 51.42
 * Final — 51.29 (→ [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze Medal)

 * Per Wikström
 * Heats — 52.29
 * Semi-Finals — 52.15 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200 m Freestyle
 * Thomas Lejdström
 * Heats — 1:53.04
 * Final — 1:52.94 (→ 7th place)

 * Per-Ola Quist
 * Heats — 1:55.38 (→ did not advance)

 * Per Wikström
 * Heats — 1:53.59 (→ did not advance)

Men's 100 m Butterfly
 * Pär Arvidsson
 * Final — 54.92 (→ [[Image:Gold medal.svg|16x16px]] Gold Medal)

Men's 200 m Butterfly
 * Pär Arvidsson
 * Final — 2:02.61 (→ 7th place)

Men's 100 m Backstroke
 * Bengt Baron
 * Final — 56.53 (→ [[Image:Gold medal.svg|16x16px]] Gold Medal)

Men's 200 m Backstroke
 * Michael Söderlund
 * Final — 2:04.10 (→ 6th place)

Men's 200 m Breaststroke
 * Peter Berggren
 * Final — 2:21.65 (→ 7th place)

Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
 * Michael Söderlund, Per Wikström, Per-Alvar Magnusson, and Thomas Lejdström
 * Final — 7:30.10 (→ 4th place)

Women's 100 m Freestyle
 * Agneta Eriksson
 * Final — 57.90 (→ 8th place)

Women's 100 m Butterfly
 * Agneta Mårtensson
 * Final — 1:02.61 (→ 6th place)

Women's 200 m Butterfly
 * Agneta Mårtensson
 * Final — 2:15.22 (→ 7th place)

Women's 100 m Breaststroke
 * Eva-Marie Håkansson
 * Heats — 1:12.26
 * Final — 1:11.72 (→ 5th place)

Women's 400 m Individual Medley
 * Ann-Sofi Roos
 * Heats — 4:57.13 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Carina Ljungdahl, Tina Gustafsson, Agneta Mårtensson, and Agneta Eriksson
 * Final — 7:30.10 (→ [[Image:Silver medal.svg|16x16px]] Silver Medal)

Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Annika Uvehall, Eva-Marie Håkansson, Agneta Mårtensson, and Tina Gustafsson
 * Final — 4:16.91 (→ 4th place)

Water polo

 * Summary

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group B)
 * Lost to Spain (3-7)
 * Drew with Italy (4-4)
 * Lost to Soviet Union (1-12)

 * Final Round (Group B)
 * Lost to Greece (5-9)
 * Lost to Italy (3-8)
 * Lost to Romania (3-8)
 * Lost to Australia (4-9)
 * Defeated Bulgaria (8-6) → 11th place

 * Team Roster
 * Anders Flodqvist
 * Kenth Karlson
 * Hans Lundén
 * Tommy Danielson
 * Sören Carlsson
 * Christer Stenberg
 * Gunnar Johansson
 * Peter Carlström
 * Lars Skåål
 * Per Arne Andersson
 * Arne Claesson

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sweden at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text:
The Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide can refer to:
 * The general topic of the Armenian genocide
 * The 2006 PBS documentary titled The Armenian Genocide

title: The Armenian Genocide


text:
Walter Mittelholzer

Walter Mittelholzer (2 April 1894 – 9 May 1937) was a Swiss aviation pioneer. He was active as a pilot, photographer, travel writer, as well as of the first aviation entrepreneurs.

Life
Mittelholzer was born on 2 April 1894 in St. Gallen, the son of a baker, earned his private pilot's license in 1917. In 1918 he completed his instruction as a military pilot.

On 5 November 1919 he co-founded an air-photo and passenger flight business, Comte, Mittelholzer, and Co. In 1920 this firm merged with the financially stronger Ad Astra Aero. Mittelholzer was the director and head pilot of Ad Astra Aero, which later became Swissair.

He made the first north–south flight across Africa. It took him 77 days. Mittelholzer started in Zürich on 7 December 1926, flying via Alexandria and landing in Cape Town on 21 February 1927. Earlier, he had been the first to do serious aerial reconnaissance of Spitsbergen, in a Junkers monoplane, in 1923. On 8 January 1930 he became the first person to fly over Mount Kilimanjaro; he planned to fly over Mount Everest later in 1930. In 1931, Mittelholzer was appointed technical director of the new airline called Swissair, formed from the merger of Ad Astra Aero and Balair. Throughout his life he published many books of aerial photographs and marketed his expeditions through films and the media as well. He died in 1937 in a climbing accident on an expedition in the Hochschwab massif in southwest face of Stangenwand in Styria, Austria.

Among other Swiss air pioneers, he is commemorated in a Swiss postage stamp issued in January 1977. His legacy of some 18,500 photographs is kept at ETH Library's image archive in Zürich, Switzerland.

Select bibliography

 * Im Flugzeug dem Nordpol entgegen: Junkers'sche Hilfsexpedition für Amundsen nach Spitzbergen, 1923 (with Kurt Wegener, Adolf Miethe, Hans Boykow). Orell Füssli, 1924.
 * Die Schweiz aus der Vogelschau: 274 Abbildungen aus der Sammlung von Walter Mittelholzer (with Otto Flückiger. Eugen Rentsch, 1926.
 * Persienflug (with Otto Flückiger). Orell Füssli, 1926.
 * Kilimandjaro Flug. Orell Füssli, 1930.
 * Alpenflug (with F. Hass, Hans Kempf, Willi Fritz Burger). Orell Füssli, 1930.
 * Mittelmeerflug, mit 120 Fliegeraufnahmen und einer Einleitung (with Gustav Ehrhardt). Rascher & cie, 1930.
 * Tschadseeflug: Mit dem drei-motorigen Fokker der Swissair durch die Sahara zum Tschadsee (with Auguste Piccard). Schweizer aero-revue, 1932.
 * Abessinienflug: Mit dem dreimotorigen Fokker an den Hof des Negus Negesti. Schweizer aero-revue, 1934.
 * Fliegerabenteuer (with Willi Rickmer Rickmers, Werner von Langsdorff). Brockhaus, 1938.
 * Die Schweiz von damals, 1917-1937: 350 historische Flugaufnahmen (with Walter M. Borner). Weltbild-Verlag, 2005. ISBN 3-03812-104-5, ISBN 978-3-03812-104-6.

title: Walter Mittelholzer


text:
The Quakes

The Quakes are an American psychobilly band from Buffalo, New York, United States. They were formed in 1986. When the band began in the late 1980s, there was no psychobilly scene to speak of in the United States. The Quakes moved to London to try to find an audience.

1980s
The Quakes were started by Paul Roman (guitar, vocals), Rob Peltier (upright slap bass), and Dave "The Ace" Hoy (drums) in the fall of 1986. After visiting London twice in attempts to start a band in 1985 and again in 1986, Roman continued a band he had with Hoy called the Quiffs. Peltier later saw the band playing at a party, and once he joined, the band's name was changed to the Quakes. The band originally played modern rockabilly, but found it tough to book shows with Buffalo's teenage music scene being dominated by hardcore punk.The band began playing faster and dressing in ripped jeans and combat boots instead of their usual peg pants. While they did gain a following, it was small compared to the attention European psychobilly bands were getting.

In the fall of 1987, the Quakes decided to move to London in order to become part of the European scene. Once in London, they looked for gigs and contacted Nervous Records. They were told another band, the Rattlers, had cancelled out of a psychobilly fest in Weize, Belgium, and they could have the slot. The band was able to play for an audience of 4000 for their very first European gig. Upon returning to England, the band was stopped at the border and deported because they did not have work permits. The band were soon able to return to Europe when they were offered a slot as an opening band for the Coffin Nails on a tour of Belgium and Germany. Before the tour, Rob Peltier quit the band, and was replaced with Chris VanCleve, who had played drums in the Quiffs. VanCleve was put on drums, and Dave Hoy was switched to bass.

After the tour, the band was signed by Nervous Records to record the first album. Peltier was convinced by the record deal to rejoin. Peltier moved to London, and the band was living in a squat. The Quakes began playing around London, and made their debut at legendary psychobilly club, the Klubfoot, on June 4, 1988. The last half of 1988 saw the release of their self-titled debut, The Quakes,[1] For the recording Roy Williams of Nervous Records teamed the band with producer Paul "Doc" Stewart, who chose to record and mix the tracks at Opaz Studio in Hackney, in East London. Stewart also co-engineered the album and shot the cover pictures using the nom de plume of Stewart Barker for the photo credit. Peltier and Hoy ended up quitting and returning to Buffalo after a planned tour of Europe offered by “Doc” Stewart, failed to materialize. Roman stayed in London and began a new band, Paul Roman and the Prowlers, with the Rattlers' bassist Nick Peck. Shortly after returning to Buffalo, Dave Hoy was struck by a car while crossing the highway and killed a week before his 18th birthday.

The Prowlers played a few shows in London and a small psychobilly festival in Belgium. Upon returning to London, Paul Roman was deported to the US for the second time. As soon as Paul Roman returned to Buffalo, the Quakes were put back together for a few gigs just for fun with Rob Peltier on upright bass, Chris VanCleve on rhythm guitar, and one of Peltier's friends on drums. Paul Roman returned to England, this time with a work permit, but found that his plans with a record label had fallen through to record a solo record. By chance Paul met Ant Thomas, a member of English psychobilly band Demented Are Go, in a laundromat and learned they lived in the same neighbourhood. Demented Are Go's guitarist, Lex, had just quit the band, and Paul Roman joined to fill in on Demented Are Go's already booked tour of England. In the fall of 1989, Paul Roman moved back to Buffalo. He rented an apartment with Peltier, and they decided to continue with the Quakes again. Chris VanCleve was invited back on drums, but he was replaced with Brian Doran, one of Peltier's friends from high school. The Quakes celebrated their newest reformation by playing the first and second Big Rumble, a renowned England-based psychobilly festival, and doing a few small tours of Europe.

1990s
On January 1, 1992, the Quakes released their second record, Voice of America [engineered by Robbie Takac of the Goo Goo Dolls]. In the spring of 1991, the Quakes planned to appear at a large festival in Germany and go on tour, but Brian Doran was unable to go, resulting in Chris VanCleve returning to the band. In the next few months, the Quakes went on tour in Japan based on their strong record sales for an independent band. First, the Quakes recorded a live album from Tokyo with Planet Records, then were signed by the Japanese division of Sony Records with plans for a new album and a large Japanese tour. New Generation, the band's next album, was recorded in 1992 and released in March 1993. The album featured some production by Tim Polecat. It was followed with a 13 stop tour of Japan and strong Japanese record sales. However, New Generation was closer to a pop-rockabilly sound than a psychobilly sound, and was poorly received by the band's European fans. Chris VanCleve quit the band again after the Japanese tour. The band released their fourth album, Quiff Rock, in 1996. This album marked a return to a psychobilly sound and minimalistic production. They played a few festivals, but still could not find a permanent drummer. Paul Roman moved to Phoenix, AZ and Rob Peltier joined a new band, the Irving Klaws. In 1998, the Quakes decided to only play one or two festivals a year rather than touring and recording extensively.

2000s
The Quakes played at the American Rumble festival in New Jersey on Halloween 2000. In October 2001, the Quakes released a new full-length, Last of the Human Beings. This marked their first release on Paul Roman’s new record label, Orrexx Records. They spent 2002 and 2003 doing a series of shows and festivals around the US including headlining the American Nightmare festival in Pomona California. Other shows included trips to Germany, Spain, and Finland.

In February 2004, Paul Roman moved to Helsinki, Finland. He began doing solo shows as The Paul Roman 3. This band mostly played Quakes songs. They did a 25 show European tour in the summer of 2004. In October 2004, the Quakes headlined the Wreckers' Ball 2 in Pomona California. Roman returned to Finland in November, and put together the new Paul Roman 3, which featured Aki Savolainen on bass and Tommi Hanninen on drums. The band had a successful tour of the Ukraine in January 2005. In April 2005, the Quakes toured France, Belgium, and Germany. In June 2005,The Quakes toured the southwest United States and Japan in September 2005. In December 2005, The Quakes released the album "Psyops" on Orrexx records. The album combined psychobilly with new wave and was recorded in Finland, Las Vegas and Phoenix.

In 2006, the Quakes celebrated their 20-year anniversary. They did a 34-show tour of the US and then 23 more shows all across Europe and Russia.

In 2007, Orrexx records re-released the album Quiff Rock after obtaining the rights back from Tombstone records. The re-release added eight extra songs, seven of which had been unreleased. The Quakes added Kenny Hill on slap bass. The band did a short tour of the southwest in September and then a 28 show tour all over Europe.

In 2008, The Quakes added drummer Juan Carlos who also played in The Limit Club. The band headlined the Psychomania festival in Potsdam Germany on May 10. In 2009, The Quakes put out a new album titled "Negative Charge” on Orrexx records. They did a 20 show west coast tour starting with a sold out show in Hollywood at The Fonda theater. Following a trip to Germany to play a festival, The Quakes did the"Negative Charge" East coast tour. In 2010, The Quakes headlined the Psychobilly Meeting, a long running festival in Spain and also headlined the Rock n Roll Jamboree in Finland. In July,The Quakes made their first trip to Brazil. They were featured on a national television show as well as a radio interview and an article in Rolling Stone magazine/Brazil. In September, the band headlined the Bedlam Breakout festival in the UK. In October, The Quakes did a series of warm up shows around Arizona before heading to Europe for a 10 country, 21 show tour to promote the vinyl release of Negative Charge.

In 2011, Paul Roman and Kenny Hill recorded a cover version of Duran Durans’s “Planet Earth” for a compilation album on Cleopatra Records.

In 2012 The Quakes welcomed Wes Hinshaw in on bass taking over for Kenny Hill. On May 10 the new album Planet Obscure was released on Orrexx Records. Later that year,The Quakes played at the Ink & Iron festival in Long beach California as well as the Psychobilly Meeting in Pineda, Spain. A European tour started in September 2012 taking The Quakes to 13 countries for a total of 31 shows to promote Planet Obscure. During the tour,The Quakes headlined The Psychobilly Earthquake festival in Bremen Germany.

In May 2013,The Quakes headlined The Psychomania festival in Potsdam, Germany. In December, The Quakes returned to Brazil for a show in Curitiba and Sao Paulo.

In September 2014, The Quakes headlined the Long Beach Psyclone festival in Long Beach California. A new Ep called “Live By The Sword” was also released on Orrexx records that same month. A European tour followed in October taking The Quakes to 13 countries in 4 weeks including headlining the Psychobilly Earthquake festival in Bremen Germany. In 2015 The Quakes were one of the headliners at the Psychobilly meeting festival in Spain. In 2016 The Quakes celebrated their 30 year anniversary by playing shows in Phoenix, San Diego, Los Angeles and a trip to Northampton, England to headline the Bedlam Breakout festival. In June 2017, a documentary was made by Paul Roman chronicling the band's early days and was released on YouTube. The digital single “Psycho fest” was also released. In October, The Quakes headlined the Tawastia Stomp in Finland. The new single “Winter Drag” was released in January 2018. A video for the song was shot in Flagstaff AZ. In April, The Quakes played in Las Vegas and then headlined the Mayhem festival in Los Angeles. In July, they were one of the headliners at the Psychobilly meeting in Spain.

In 2019, The Quakes played in St.Petersburg and Moscow, Russia. It was the first time the band had played there in 13 years.

Discography

 * The Quakes (Nervous Records) - 1988
 * Voice of America (Nervous Records) - 1990
 * Live in Tokyo (Planet Records, Nervous Records) - 1991
 * New Generation (Sony Japan, Nervous Records) - 1993
 * Quiff Rock (Tombstone Records) - 1996
 * Last of the Human Beings (Orrexx Records) - 2001
 * Psyops (Orrexx Records) - 2005
 * Quiff Rock (Orrexx Records) - 2007
 * Negative Charge (Orrexx Records) - 2009
 * Planet Obscure (Orrexx Records) - 2012
 * "Live By The Sword"  (Orrexx Records) - 2014

title: The Quakes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pagan Liberation Army

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 02:47, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pagan Liberation Army
Non-notable (0 google hits) borderline advertising. Fire Star 19:41, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Halidecyphon 22:03, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm pagan friendly, but this doesn't seem notable.  RickK 23:32, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:4.137.196.151

title: User talk:4.137.196.151


text:
Romania at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Romania competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 228 competitors, 154 men and 74 women, took part in 135 events in 20 sports.

Medalists

 * style="text-align:left; width:72%; vertical-align:top;"|

 * style="text-align:left; width:23%; vertical-align:top;"|

Archery
In its first appearance at the Olympic archery competition, Romania was represented by two men and two women. The best result for the nation was earned by Aurora Chin, at 13th place.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Aurora Chin – 2319 pts (→ 13th place)
 * Terezia Preda – 2195 pts (→ 24th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Andrei Berki – 2389 pts (→ 15th place)
 * Mihai Birzu – 2280 pts (→ 25th place)

Athletics
Men's 10,000 metres
 * Ilie Floroiu
 * Heat — 29:03.1
 * Final — 28:16.3 (→ 10th place)

Men's 400 m Hurdles
 * Horia Toboc
 * Heat — 50.89
 * Semifinals — 50.58
 * Final — 49.84 (→ 6th place)

Men's 3,000 m Steeplechase
 * Vasile Bichea
 * Heat — 8:35.4
 * Semifinals — 8:24.3
 * Final — 8:23.9 (→ 9th place)

 * Paul Copu
 * Heat — 8:45.6
 * Semifinals — 8:45.0 (→ did not advance)

 * Nicolae Voicu
 * Heat — 8:49.0 (→ did not advance)

Men's High Jump
 * Adrian Proteasa
 * Qualification — 2.21 m
 * Final — 2.21 m (→ 7th place)

 * Sorin Matei
 * Qualification — 2.21 m
 * Final — 2.18 m (→ 13th place)

Men's Discus Throw
 * Iosif Nagy
 * Qualification — 59.34 m (→ did not advance, 14th place)

Women's 800 metres
 * Doina Melinte
 * Heat — 2:01.9
 * Semifinals — 2:00.8 (→ did not advance)

 * Fiţa Lovin
 * Heat — 2:00.2
 * Semifinals — 1:59.2 (→ did not advance)

Women's 1,500 metres
 * Maricica Puică
 * Heat — 4:01.7
 * Final — 4:01.3 (→ 7th place)

 * Ileana Silai
 * Heat — 4:04.7
 * Final — 4:03.0 (→ 8th place)

 * Natalia Mărășescu
 * Heat — 4:05.9
 * Final — 4:04.8 (→ 9th place)

Women's High Jump
 * Cornelia Popa
 * Qualification — 1.88 m
 * Final — 1.88 m (→ 8th place)

Women's Discus Throw
 * Florenţa Ţacu
 * Qualification — 60.40 m
 * Final — 64.38 m (→ 6th place)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Éva Ráduly-Zörgő
 * Qualification — 63.84 m
 * Final — 64.08 m (→ 7th place)

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (48 kg)
 * Dumitru Şchiopu
 * First Round — Defeated Adel Hammoude (Syria) after knock-out in second round
 * Second Round — Defeated Antti Juntumaa (Finland) on points (4-1)
 * Quarter Finals — Lost to Li Byong-Uk (North Korea) on points (4-1)

Men's Flyweight (51 kg)
 * Daniel Radu
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Defeated Keith Wallace (Great Britain) on points (4-1)
 * Quarter Finals — Lost to János Váradi (Hungary) on points (1-4)

Men's Bantamweight (54 kg)
 * Dumitru Cipere → Bronze Medal
 * First Round — Defeated Mario Behrendt (East Germany) on points (5-0)
 * Second Round — Defeated Lucky Mutale (Zambia) on points (5-0)
 * Third Round — Defeated Ryszard Czerwinski (Poland) on points (5-0)
 * Quarter Finals — Defeated Samson Khachatrian (Soviet Union) on points (4-1)
 * Semi Finals — Lost to Bernardo Piñango (Venezuela) on points (2-3)

Men's Featherweight (57 kg)
 * Titi Cercel
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Defeated Róbert Gönczi (Hungary) on points (5-0)
 * Third Round — Lost to Adolfo Horta (Cuba) on points (0-5)

Men's Lightweight (60 kg)
 * Florian Livadaru
 * First Round — Defeated Tadesse Haile (Ethiopia) after disqualification in third round
 * Second Round — Defeated Sean Doyle (Ireland) after referee stopped contest in first round
 * Quarter Finals — Lost to Kazimierz Adach (Poland) after referee stopped contest in third round

Men's Light-Welterweight (63,5 kg)
 * Simion Cuçov
 * First Round — Lost to Serik Konakbaev (Soviet Union) on points (0-5)

Men's Heavyweight (+ 81 kg)
 * Teodor Pîrjol
 * First Round — Lost to Francesco Damiani (Italy) on points (1-4)

Cycling
Two cyclists represented Romania in 1980.

 * Individual road race
 * Mircea Romaşcanu
 * Teodor Vasile

Diving
Men's Springboard
 * Alexandru Adrian Bagiu
 * Preliminary round — 427.35 points (→ 23rd place, did not advance)

Fencing
18 fencers, 13 men and 5 women, represented Romania in 1980.

 * Men's foil
 * Petru Kuki
 * Mihai Ţiu
 * Tudor Petruş

 * Men's team foil
 * Petru Kuki, Mihai Ţiu, Sorin Roca, Tudor Petruş

 * Men's épée
 * Ioan Popa
 * Anton Pongratz
 * Octavian Zidaru

 * Men's team épée
 * Ioan Popa, Octavian Zidaru, Anton Pongratz, Costică Bărăgan

 * Men's sabre
 * Cornel Marin
 * Ioan Pop
 * Marin Mustaţă

 * Men's team sabre
 * Ioan Pop, Marin Mustaţă, Cornel Marin, Ion Pantelimonescu, Alexandru Nilca

 * Women's foil
 * Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic
 * Marcela Moldovan-Zsak
 * Suzana Ardeleanu

 * Women's team foil
 * Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic, Marcela Moldovan-Zsak, Viorica Ţurcanu, Suzana Ardeleanu, Aurora Dan

Handball

 * Men's team competition
 * Preliminary round (Group B)
 * Defeated Kuwait (32-12)
 * Defeated Algeria (26-18)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (21-23)
 * Defeated Soviet Union (22-19)
 * Defeated Switzerland (18-16)

 * Classification Match
 * Bronze Medal Match: Defeated Hungary (20-18) → Bronze Medal

 * Team Roster
 * Nicolae Munteanu
 * Marian Dumitru
 * Iosif Boros
 * Maricel Voinea
 * Vasile Stîngă
 * Radu Voina
 * Cezar Draganita
 * Cornel Durau
 * Ştefan Birtalan
 * Alexandru Fölker
 * Neculai Vasilca
 * Lucian Vasilache
 * Adrian Cosma
 * Claudiu Eugen Ionescu

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Romania in 1980.

Men's Individual Competition: Men's Team Competition:
 * Dumitru Spîrlea — 5058 pts, 22nd place
 * Gyula Galovici — 4,935 pts, 27th place
 * Cezar Răducanu — 4,397 pts, 41st place
 * Spîrlea, Câllovits, and Râducanu — 14,390 pts, 11th place

Sailing

 * Open

Shooting

 * Open

Swimming
'''Women's 100 m Breaststroke
 * Brigitte Prass
 * Heats — 1:15.10 (→ did not advance)

Women's 400m Individual Medley
 * Irinel Panulescu
 * Heats — 5:07.74 (→ did not advance)

 * Mariana Paraschiv
 * Heats — 5:04.56 (→ did not advance)

Volleyball

 * Women's Team Competition
 * Preliminary round (Group B)
 * Lost to Bulgaria (1-3)
 * Defeated Hungary (3-2)
 * Defeated Brazil (3-2)

 * Classification Matches
 * 5th/8th place: Lost to Peru (0-3)
 * 7th/8th place: Lost to Brazil (0-3) → 8th place

 * Team Roster
 * Mariana Ionescu
 * Gabriela Coman
 * Doina Savoiu
 * Victoria Georgescu
 * Ileana Dobroschi
 * Victoria Banciu
 * Irina Petculet
 * Crina Georgescu
 * Iuliana Enescu
 * Ioana Liteanu
 * Corina Crivat
 * Elena Piron

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary round, Group B
 * Defeated Libya 3-0 (3, 1, 1)
 * Lost to Poland 1-3 (9,-12, -13, -13)
 * Defeated Brazil 3-1 (-11, 4, 12, 3)
 * Defeated Yugoslavia 3-1 (9, -14, 8, 12)

 * Semi-final
 * Lost to Soviet Union 0-3 (-6, -10, -5)

 * Bronze Medal Match
 * Defeated Poland 3-1 (10, -9, 13,9) (→ [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze Medal)

 * Team Roster

 * Corneliu Oros
 * Laurențiu Dumănoiu
 * Dan Gîrleanu
 * Nicu Stoian
 * Sorin Macovei
 * Constantin Sterea
 * Neculae Pop
 * Günther Enescu
 * Corneliu Chifu
 * Marius Căta-Chițiga
 * Florin Mina
 * Viorel Manole

Water polo

 * Men's team competition
 * Preliminary round (Group B)
 * Drew with Hungary (6-6)
 * Defeated Greece (6-4)
 * Lost to Netherlands (3-5)

 * Final Round (Group B)
 * Lost to Italy (3-5)
 * Drew with Australia (4-4)
 * Defeated Sweden (8-3)
 * Defeated Bulgaria (10-6)
 * Defeated Greece (11-8) → 9th place

 * Team Roster
 * Doru Spînu
 * Vasile Ungureanu
 * Dorin Viorel Costras
 * Adrian Nastasiu
 * Dinu Popescu
 * Claudiu loan Rusu
 * Ilie Slâvei
 * Liviu Râducanu
 * Viorel Rus
 * Adrian Schervan
 * Florin Slâvei

title: Romania at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text:
Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund

The Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund — the Socialist German Students' Union or Socialist German Students' League — was founded in 1946 in Hamburg, Germany, as the collegiate branch of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In the 1950s, tensions between the SDS and the main party surfaced, particularly over the party's support of West Germany's rearming, until the SPD expelled all members of the SDS from the party in 1961.

History
After its exclusion from the parent organization Social Democratic Party of Germany, the SDS became the leading element in the Außerparlamentarische Opposition (APO; English: Extraparliamentary Opposition). In late 1966, it became active when the SPD and Christian Democratic Union formed a grand coalition, which left Germany without a strong opposition inside parliament, since members of those two parties represented more than 90% of the seats in the Bundestag. The group consisted mainly of college and university students. The SDS opposed the Vietnam War and Germany's political involvement in it, as well as the use of nuclear weapons; and objected that many former National Socialists (or Nazis) still held influential positions in West Germany. They also wanted to advance democratic structures in all institutions, for example in schools.

In May and June 1967, the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi visited West Germany. On June 2, 1967 in West Berlin, Iranian and German students (including the Socialist German Student Union and Confederation of Iranian Students) protested the Shah's visit, and it resulted in one student being killed.

Alternative lifestyles and more tolerance for same-sex couples, a more open treatment of sexual topics, the right to abortion and equal rights for women are also associated with the APO, and the SDS as its best known representative. The students involved used the same methods of protest as the anti-war movement in the United States at that time, for example sit-ins and demonstrations. The student movement reached its height in 1968 (its membership peaked at 2,500 at that time); after that the influence of the SDS declined. In 1970 it disbanded. A resurrection of the SDS in 1988 proved of no importance.

Important members of the SDS were Helmut Schmidt, later Chancellor of Germany (he was a member while the SDS was still part of the SPD); the later Red Army Faction member Ulrike Meinhof; and Rudi Dutschke.

In 2007, the student organization of the recent German Left Party, Die Linke, adopted the name Die Linke.SDS (Sozialistisch-Demokratischer Studierendenverband) at its founding congress.

Members
A number of people who would later hold important positions in German society and politics were members of the SDS:

 * Rudi Dutschke, left-wing activist
 * Otto Fichtner, politician (SPD) (SDS chairman 1955–1956)
 * Joschka Fischer, former foreign minister (Alliance 90/The Greens)
 * Hajo Funke, political scientist
 * Dieter Kunzelmann, left-wing activist
 * Ulrike Meinhof, founding member of Red Army Fraction
 * Bernd Rabehl, left-wing activist
 * Helmut Schmidt, former chancellor (SPD) (SDS chairman 1947–1948)
 * Fritz Teufel, political activist

title: Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund


text:
User:Eck~enwiki

I am an undergraduate student at the University of California, Berkeley. Right now I am working towards a physics major (and possibly a major in applied math). I spend a lot of time on Wikipedia, although admittedly a lot more time reading than editing pages! I've read a lot about math and science on Wikipedia, and many of the pages I've seen are incomplete or of dubious accuracy. Once I start taking upper division math and physics courses (next year) I should be able to start making significant edits to these pages!

title: User:Eck~enwiki


text:
American Platinum Eagle

The American Platinum Eagle is the official platinum bullion coin of the United States. In 1995, Director of the United States Mint Philip N. Diehl, American Numismatic Association President David L. Ganz, and Platinum Guild International Executive Director Jacques Luben began the legislative process of creating the Platinum Eagle. After over two years of work, the 99.95% fine platinum coins were released by the United States Mint in $1/undefined$, $1/undefined$, $1/undefined$ and 1 troy oz denominations. In late 2008, the fractional denominations were discontinued, leaving only the one ounce denomination. The Platinum Eagle is authorized by the United States Congress, and is backed by the United States Mint for weight, content, and purity.

Proof versions of the coins are intended for coin collectors and sold directly to the public whereas the bullion versions are sold only to the Mint's authorized buyers. The proof American Platinum Eagles are unique in the fact that they are the only U.S. bullion coins that have a yearly alternating design. Bullion versions are minted with the same design every year. While minted, the uncirculated Platinum Eagles matched the proof designs and were struck on burnished coin blanks with a "W" mint mark signifying West Point, further distinguishing them from the bullion versions.

Denominations
The $1/undefined$, $1/undefined$, and $1/undefined$ troy oz coins are identical in design to the 1 troy oz coin except for the markings on the reverse side that indicate the weight and face value of the coin (for example, .9995 PLATINUM 1 OZ.). As is often the case with bullion coins, the face values of these coins ($10, $25, $50, and $100) are their legal values reflecting their issue and monetized value as coins. They are legal tender for all debts public and private at their face values. The 1 troy oz coin's face value of $100 is the highest to ever appear on a U.S. coin.

The specifications of each denomination are presented below:

Value
The intrinsic values of the coins are much greater than their face values. In one notable case, this was involved in a money laundering and tax evasion case where defendant Robert Kahre paid employees a wage in bullion coins with a fair intrinsic value but a very low face value, then proceeded to use the low face values to claim zero tax withholdings, allegedly defrauding a total of $120 million.

Yearly designs
All denominations of the proof American Platinum Eagles carry a yearly design. Since 1998, each design aside from the 2017 reverse commemorating the 20th anniversary of the program, has been part of a themed series:

 * 1998–2002: The Vistas of Liberty series featured reverse designs depicting a bald eagle in a different landscape of the United States, in a different region of the country.
 * 2006–2008: The Foundations of Democracy series featured reverse designs representing the three branches of government.
 * 2009–2014: The Preamble to the Constitution series explored the core concepts of American democracy by highlighting the Preamble to the United States Constitution. The themes for the reverse designs for this program are inspired by narratives prepared by Chief Justice of the United States, John Roberts, at the request of the United States Mint.
 * 2015–2016: The Torches of Liberty series featured reverse designs from the Artistic Infusion Program which represent the "nation's core values of liberty and freedom".
 * 2018–2020: The Preamble to the Declaration of Independence series features obverse designs portraying Lady Liberty and handwritten single-word inscriptions from the Declaration of Independence in addition to a new common reverse design. It is the first series to vary obverse designs, all created concurrently by the same designer, rather than reverse designs.
 * 2021–2025: The First Amendment to the United States Constitution series highlights five freedoms enshrined in the First Amendment.

Tenth anniversary set
On November 28, 2007, the U.S. Mint announced the American Eagle 10th Anniversary Platinum Coin Set. Intended to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Platinum Eagle's 1997 launch, the set contained two half-ounce ($50) Platinum Eagles, one matching the 2007 proof strike from earlier in the year and the other carrying an enhanced reverse proof finish with the same design. This first offering of a reverse proof version of the Platinum Eagle followed the prior year's release of similar sets for the American Silver Eagle and American Gold Eagle's 20th anniversary. In addition to being accompanied by a certificate of authenticity, the coins were encased in a domed mahogany box designed to display the coins at an angle.

The set's release on December 13, 2007, at a price of $1,949.95 (around $475 above platinum spot) with a seven-day one-set-per-household limit was met with strong collector interest. First week sales reached 14,682 units, almost half of the maximum ordered mintage of 30,000 units. However, due to fluctuations in the price of platinum, the Mint suspended sales on February 13, 2008, and resumed sales about a month later at $2,649.95. Initially, the increased price constituted a larger premium, around $635, above spot. The following months brought a decline in platinum's price below $1,000 per troy oz, precipitating further suspensions and a final price of $1,249.95. When sales were officially ended on December 31, 2008, over a year after its initial release, the Mint reported total sales of 19,583 units.

Mintage figures
The figures listed below are the final audited mintages from the U.S. Mint and include coins sold both individually and as part of multi-coin sets. Since 2009, only the $100 (1 troy oz) denomination has been offered.

Bullion
Bullion Platinum Eagles were not issued from 2009 to 2013. Similarly, in 2015, due to an insufficient quantity of blanks, no bullion Platinum Eagles were issued.

title: American Platinum Eagle


text:
Murter

Murter (Mortero; Colentum) is an island in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea.

Population
The main settlements on the island are Murter, located on the north-western part of the island, and the southern part of Tisno. Other settlements on the island include the villages of Betina on the northwestern side and Jezera on the southeastern coast. In the 2011 census, the total island population is about 3,608 inhabitants.

Geography
The island is in the northwest part of the Šibenik archipelago, separated from the mainland by a 20 m wide sea canal at Tisno which is spanned by a short draw-bridge. The island covers an area of about 18.7 km2, and the highest point is the peak of Raduč at 125 m above sea level. There are old military tunnels dug deep inside the hill.

The southwestern coastline is predominantly steep slopes divided by many sandy coves. The island has many rocky beaches, as well as several sandy ones.

History
The island has been populated for nearly two millennia. An Illyric-Roman settlement known as Colentum has been found near Betina. In 1293, documents show that Murter was called "Villa Magna' meaning big village. During the 13th century there were two documented settlements on the island: Jezera and Veliko Selo. Srimač (now Murter) and the island itself were mentioned in the year 1318 as Insula Mortari. Betina and Tisno were most likely built around the beginning of the 15th century, during the time of Ottoman attacks in the area. The population of the island increased as refugees fled from the Turks.

In a naval battle in June 1944, the Yugoslav torpedo boat T7 - then part of the pro-Nazi Navy of the Independent State of Croatia - was driven aground on Murter and destroyed by Royal Navy Fairmile D motor torpedo boats.

Heritage

 * Many Christian texts written in Glagolitic/Slavonic instead of the traditional Latin style have been found and are preserved here and in the Vatican.
 * St. Michael's church, St. Rock's chapel, and the church of Our Lady of Gradina are the oldest churches on the island.
 * The population of Murter traditionally are engaged in agriculture and fishing and are well-known for these skills, as well as being producers of excellent olive oil. There is a short film documentary about the touristic season; off the island, the title of the film is "Post Mortem".
 * Beaches, quality accommodation, and various services make Murter an ideal tourist destination; it has been one of the most visited destinations in this region for years.
 * A little-known fact is that the island had a military base built in World War Two on top of the hill, with tunnels bored deep inside it. Some locals believe the place is haunted.

title: Murter


text:
User talk:Tzeck~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 19:44, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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 * Thank you for Welcoming! I know already all the things about editing a page, uploading pictures and stuff, I'm active mainly in the Bulgarian Wikipedia, but I can help here with something I know, too. I have already written an article about bulgarian rock band Hipodil and probably I'm going to write articles about other bulgarian and non-bulgarian rock bands, because that's my greatest passion, or stuff about my country, I just have to find some more free time. But thanks ones again! --Tzeck 16:14, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tzeck. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tzeck~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:15, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:03, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Speedy deletion nomination of Stoichkov (band)

A tag has been placed on Stoichkov (band) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the.  SITH   (talk)   12:05, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tzeck~enwiki


text:
Man on the Moon (song)

"Man on the Moon" is a song by American alternative rock band R.E.M., released in November 1992 as the second single from their eighth album, Automatic for the People (1992). The lyrics were written by lead singer Michael Stipe, and the music by drummer Bill Berry and guitarist Peter Buck. The song was well received by critics and reached number 30 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number 17 on the US Cash Box Top 100, number 18 on the UK Singles Chart, and number one in Iceland. It remains one of R.E.M.'s most popular songs and was included on the compilations In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003 and Part Lies, Part Heart, Part Truth, Part Garbage 1982–2011.

"Man on the Moon" is a tribute to comedian Andy Kaufman, with numerous references to his career including his Elvis impersonation, wrestling, and the film My Breakfast with Blassie. The song's title and chorus refer to Moon landing conspiracy theories, as an oblique allusion to rumors that the moon landing was faked. The song gave its name to Miloš Forman's Kaufman biopic Man on the Moon (1999), and features prominently in the film's soundtrack.

Composition
"Man on the Moon" is a mid-tempo country-rock song following a verse-chorus structure with an added pre-chorus and an instrumental bridge following the second and third choruses. The song has six lines in the first verse but only four in the second and third verses.

An early instrumental demo of the song was known to the band as "C to D Slide". Guitarist Peter Buck has explained how the music came together: "'Man on the Moon' was something that Bill [Berry] had, this one chord change that he came in with, which was C to D like the verse of the song, and he said: 'I don't know what to do with that.' I used to finish some of Bill's things ... he would come up with the riffs, but I would be the finish guy for that. I sat down and came up with the chorus, the bridges, and so forth. I remember we showed it to Mike and Michael when they came in later; definitely we had the song finished. I think Bill played bass and I played guitar; we kept going around with it. I think we might have played some mandolin on it in the rehearsal studio."

Michael Stipe explained in an interview with Charlie Rose how the lyric was written independently of the music, which had no prior association with the song's eventual lyrical content regarding Kaufman. Stipe recounted the other R.E.M. members had written and performed the music of the song and recorded it along with the rest of the Automatic for the People album during studio sessions in Seattle. As of the final week of the recording sessions, Stipe was still struggling to write the lyric, and the others continued to plead with him to finish it. Stipe attempted to argue the track should be an instrumental, but his bandmates were insistent. Stipe listened to the track on a walk around Seattle on his Walkman cassette player and was inspired to write about Andy Kaufman. After Stipe went back to the studio to complete the vocal track, the track was mixed that night and sent out the following day to be mastered.

Lyric
The song's lyric does not tell a conventional story and instead forms a collection of cultural references, images and ideas. There are repeated mentions of Andy Kaufman, including references to his Elvis impersonation and work with wrestlers Fred Blassie and Jerry Lawler. The song also invokes the conspiracy theories surrounding the Moon landing and Elvis Presley's death as an indirect nod to the persistent rumors that Kaufman faked his own death. Speaking in 2017 to the NME, Mike Mills explained that the perceived ambiguity of Kaufman's legacy, including questions of whether he was a comedian or a performance artist, and whether his work was funny or irritating, was a way to frame other questions about life within the song:

"He's the perfect ghost to lead you through this tour of questioning things. Did the moon landing really happen? Is Elvis really dead? He was kind of an ephemeral figure at that point so he was the perfect guy to tie all this stuff together as you journey through childhood and touchstones of life."

Regarding the cryptic lyric, critic Greg Kot wrote that the song "presents a surreal vision of heaven." According to Ann Powers, "Mentioning Kaufman in the same breath as Moses and Sir Isaac Newton, Stipe makes a game of human endeavor, insisting that it all ends in dust. 'Let's play Twister, let's play Risk,' Stipe jokes to the notables he's invoked. 'I'll see you in heaven if you make the list.'"

The lyric to "Man on the Moon" also features a prominent refrain of "Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah". Stipe explained that the repetition of "yeah" was intended to playfully upstage Kurt Cobain's heavy use of the word.

Release and reception
"Man on the Moon" was released as the second single from Automatic for the People on November 9, 1992, reaching number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 18 on the UK Singles Chart.

The song was enthusiastically received by critics. Writing for the New York Times, Ann Powers said it "shines with a wit that balances R.E.M.'s somber tendencies." Stewart Mason went even further in his review for AllMusic, calling the song "near-perfect", "almost inarguably Stipe's pinnacle as a singer", and "one of R.E.M.'s most enduring achievements". In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton felt that it "may be typical R.E.M. but is not their most commercial ever. The wave of following they have at the moment though means they can do little wrong with this possibly following 'Drive' into the Top 10." Edwin Pouncey from NME commented, "There are things hidden in 'Man on the Moon' that make you feel sad, lonely, nostalgic and warm. There is also the occasional surprise, as when Michael Stipe unexpectedly summons fourth the ghostly presence of a young girl to sing along with a few words from his song. He makes you look over your shoulder while, at the same time, urging you on to look deeper into his strange and personal world." Parry Gettelman from Orlando Sentinel wrote, "The gently catchy "Man on the Moon" sounds a bit more like Lifes Rich Pageant-era R.E.M. although the arrangement is more acoustic. Mills' high harmonies, all too rare on this album, add resonance, and as Michael Stipe sings about Andy Kaufman, the Twister game and Elvis, he lapses into a humorous, appealing Elvis-via-Bryan-Ferry imitation. Peter Buck's slide guitar underlines the hummable chorus. The melody sounds a whole lot like a lower-key remake of "Fall on Me", but that was such a great song, who's complaining?" The song was listed at number 19 on the Village Voice "Pazz & Jop" year-end critics' poll in 1993.

Music video
The song's accompanying music video, directed by Peter Care, was shot over three days in Lancaster, California, in October 1992. Care kept a journal of the unusually long planning, filming, and editing process, which was published by Raygun magazine and reprinted in the R.E.M. fan club newsletter.

The video depicts Michael Stipe, attired in a cowboy hat, walking along a desert road before leaping onto a passing truck (driven by Bill Berry) and hitching a ride to a truck stop, where Peter Buck is tending bar and Mike Mills is shooting pool. Berry trades his truck seat for a bar stool, and along with a few of the other customers sings along during the choruses. Stipe eats an order of French fries and then leaves and walks back into the desert. The video is punctuated with Moon-related images, including footage of the NASA Moon landings, an orrery in motion and a clip from Georges Méliès' 1902 film A Trip to the Moon. Television footage of Kaufman wrestling and impersonating Elvis Presley is also shown.

This video, which uses the shorter version instead of the full album version, was ranked number 41 on Rolling Stone magazine's "The 100 Top Music Videos" and has been described as 'iconic' by the NME Andrew Trendell.

Track listings
All songs were written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe except as noted.

US 7-inch, cassette, and CD single
 * 1) "Man on the Moon" (album version) – 5:12
 * 2) "New Orleans Instrumental No. 2" – 3:47

UK CD1
 * 1) "Man on the Moon" (edit) – 4:39
 * 2) "Turn You Inside-Out" – 4:15
 * 3) "Arms of Love" (Robyn Hitchcock) – 3:35

UK CD2
 * 1) "Man on the Moon" – 5:12
 * 2) "Fruity Organ" – 3:26
 * 3) "New Orleans Instrumental No. 2" – 3:48
 * 4) "Arms of Love" (Hitchcock) – 3:35

UK 7-inch and cassette single
 * 1) "Man on the Moon" (edit) – 4:39
 * 2) "Turn You Inside-Out" – 4:15

title: Man on the Moon (song)


text:
Hippocratic bench

The Hippocratic bench or scamnum was a device invented by Hippocrates (c. 460 BC–380 BC), which used tension to aid in setting bones. It is a forerunner of the traction devices used in modern orthopedics, as well as of the rack, an instrument of torture.

The patient would lie on a bench, at an adjustable angle, and ropes would be tied around their arms, waist, legs or feet, depending on the treatment needed. Winches would then be used to pull the ropes apart, correcting curvature in the spine or separating an overlapping fracture.

In recent years, a similar non-surgical procedure known as VAX-D (short for Vertebral Axial Decompression) has been developed for treating certain patients with lower back pain. Patients undergoing VAX-D are fitted with a special pelvic harness and then placed on the VAX-D table. The device then applies controlled tension along the axis of the spinal column, while the harness assists in providing decompression of the lumbar spine. The decompression process is controlled by computer program with supervision by a human technician. The VAX-D process is claimed to be useful in treating cases of sciatica, degenerative disc disease, and herniated discs.

title: Hippocratic bench


text:
Talk:Bukusu

Comments
Should Silikwa redirect to Sirikwa, maybe? - Mustafaa 19:48, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sirikwa is nice! Yes, redirect it — in fact I just did it. Sirikwa seems to be the more common name. Those r/l alternations... — mark ✎

I've just written Terik and it is interesting to read what this article says about the 'Kalenjin' in the light of what the Kalenjin Terik say about the (Bukusu and Logoli) Luhya. Incidentally, this article really needs a good NPOV treatment and a thorough copyedit, which is why I slapped the cleanup tag on it. Sources would be nice also :) (see Cite your sources). — mark ✎ 20:52, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've even been thinking about the POV-tag, since it seems to be written mainly from a Bukusu point of view, but maybe it's not that bad. It's an interesting read anyway, and clearly written by someone who knows what he is talking about. Let's see what a cleanup does. — mark ✎ 20:56, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

On Silikwa and the POV
On Silikwa: There are two different pronunciations of the L/R among the Bukusu (as with many bantu groups in Kenya). Among the Western Bukusu (from the Uganda border up to Bungoma town), you find almost no 'R' in their speech, especially in place names and other nouns. This pattern is repeated among the Gisu and Masaaba of Eastern Uganda, as well as the Baganda. Among the Eastern Bukusu (mainly around Webuye town, north towards Kitale and in bukusu diaspora in the neighbouring Kakamega and Uasin Gishu districts), one finds a clear differentiation between 'L' and 'R'. This may be due to the influence of the other Luhya tribes found in these areas, principally the Tachoni, Kabras and Maragoli.

On the POV: A good, objective edit would be welcome. I have run through it severally, but I am Bukusu and some things I may not "see" at all!

--Osiris 05:31, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for adding references, and thanks for the nice explanation of the r/l-alternation in this area. It's really great to have you here. Incidentally, the article says that the Bukusu were called 'Kitosh' at one time by the neighbouring Kalenjin. First, why did they despise being called so? Secondly, which Kalenjin subgroup are we talking about: the Terik people, living to the east of the Tiriki and Logoli Luhya groups; or maybe the Nandi; or the Pok and Bong'om of the Mount Elgon area, speakers of Elgon languages?
 * I'm curious as to your thoughts about the POV of Terik people. Does that article provide a fair treatment of the matters? — mark ✎ 06:42, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

'Kitosh' directly translates to "mud" in LuBukusu. The Kalenjin meaning is similar: it stands for "people of the ground". This has been taken to mean, variously, "the farming people" (as the Bukusu were sedentary pastoralists practising a lot of agriculture), and also "people of the lowlands", as the area the Bukusu occupied was the lowlands to the west of the Cherengany hills - which were occupied by the Kalenjin. Bukusu elders around 1940, however, campaigned against the term on the grounds that it was derisive, especially since the Kalenjin traditionally despised agriculture. And hence the dislike of the term "Kitosh". The Kalenjin group in question here is undoubtedly the Nandi: the Pok and the Bong'om (after whom the town of Bungoma is named) were traditionally quite close to the Bukusu. To the present day, in most of the areas occupied by the Pok and the Bong'om, LuBukusu language is widely spoken by the locals.

Wanyonyi 09:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bukusu


text:
Astasis

Astasis is a lack of motor coordination marked by an inability to stand, walk or even sit without assistance due to disruption of muscle coordination.

The term astasia is interchangeable with astasis and is most commonly referred to as astasia in the literature describing it. Astasis is the inability to stand or sit up without assistance in the absence of motor weakness or sensory loss (although the inclusion of 'the lack of motor weakness' has been debated by some physicians). It is categorized more as a symptom than an actual disease, as it describes a disruption of muscle coordination resulting in this deficit. The disturbance differs from cerebellar ataxia in that with astasis the gait can be relatively normal, with balance significantly impaired during transition from a seated to standing position. This balance impairment is similar to patients with vestibulocerebellar syndrome, which is a progressive neurological disease with many symptoms and effects.

Astasis has been seen in patients with diverse thalamic lesions, predominantly affecting the posterior lateral region of the brain. It is most frequently accompanied by abasia, although not always. Abasia is a symptom very similar to it and is the inability to walk. The two are most commonly seen in astasia-abasia, which is also called Blocq's disease. It is more common for astasia and abasia to be seen together than it is to see either one or the other.

Signs and symptoms
Since astasis itself is more a symptom than a disease, it is more often seen associated with other signs and symptoms. People who have astasis often experience
 * Odd gyrations
 * Tightrope balancing deficits (in which a person attempts to balance on a tightrope in order to test balance and motor coordination)
 * Near falling deficits (which is a test in which the patient is slightly pushed in order to check their ability to regain posture)
 * Exaggerated effort deficits (which is an overcompensation test used to determine motor coordination ability)
 * Atypical postures and weakness
 * Paralysis
 * Jumping fits (in which motor control is partially or totally lost)
 * Tremors
 * Tremors

One study described a patient with astasis as lying in bed with a normal body posture. When the patient was sitting, he tilted his body to the left. When he was asked to stand up, the patient rotated his trunk axis to the left (left shoulder going backwards), and tilted his body to that same side, showing resistance to passive correction of posture in both of these planes. He was unable to stand and fell backwards and towards the left.

Causes
There are many speculations as to what is the main cause of astasis. A combination of weakness of the triceps surae muscle, peripheral neuropathy, and irregular postural movements are the leading theories thus far. Diabetes, spinal root or spinal cord lesions, and traumas or injuries to the motor cortex of the brain can also cause similar symptoms that are seen in patients with astasis. However, none of these have been proven definite. Many scientists also believe that this is a conversion disorder, in which patients exhibit symptoms without any neurological cause.

Peripheral neuropathy
Damage to the peripheral nerves coming from the legs to the somatosensory area is the leading candidate for the cause of astasis. These damaged nerves prevent feedback for stabilization of posture for patients with astasis. This causes a disturbance in postural movements, such as a swaying around the legs and hip joints. This swaying may be seen only when a patient in standing still, and may disappear before walking, indicating that these patients exhibit astasia without abasia. This impairment of sensation is not always required for the sensation to develop. However, impairment often worsens astasia.

Weakness of the triceps surae muscle
Weakness of the triceps surae muscle has been seen in many patients who have been diagnosed with astasis. This weakness can be caused by a myopathy to that muscle group. The bilateral triceps surae muscle, made up of the gastrocnemius and the soleus, is essential to maintain a straight posture while standing. This indicates that weakness to this muscle is the cause of the swaying and impaired posture in patients with astasis. This weakness is seen regardless of whether somatosensory feedback from the legs is impaired, suggesting it is one of the main causes of astasia without abasia.

Diabetes
Many patients who suffer from diabetes can have damage to a single nerve or groups of nerves in the body. Some patients experience damage to the nerves coming from the somatosensory area controlling postural stability, which can cause symptoms similar to those seen in patients with astasia. These patients exhibit trouble standing and hip swaying. This damage can be caused by a wide array of things, such as high blood glucose levels, or decreased blood flow to the brain.

Spinal cord/root lesions
Lesions in the spinal cord or the spinal root can cause damage to a nerve or nerve root. Depending on where the abnormality is in a patient they can experience a wide range of symptoms, including those that are found in patients with astasis. It has been seen that patients with spinal atrophy who have astasia without abasia have neither sensory disturbances of the lower limbs or weakness in the hip extensor flexor muscles. This helps to indicate that one of the main causes of astasia without abasia is weakness in the triceps surae muscle.

Other causes
Many other causes for astasia have been reported, such as temporal hypoperfusion in the left hemisphere and posterior cingulate infarction. However, there have only been one or two cases in which these causes have been reported. There has also been one case that reported a patient showing a hemorrhage in the right thalamo-mesencephalic junction. This region involves important structures for the control of postural stability, motor control, ocular movements and vestibulo-ocular integration. This region of the brain is not yet well understood and according to current knowledge, this is the first reported case with the simultaneous combination of astasis, pretectal syndrome, and asymmetrical asterixis.

Therapy
The most effective treatment of astasia seems to be a removal of stress inducing stimuli and allowing the patient to rest and regain strength. Despite the lack of a direct prescribable cure for the effect of astasia on the motor system of the legs, in almost all documented cases physical rehabilitation and relief from mental stressors have led to a full recovery. Although astasia is not expressly associated with any neurological disorders, due to the efficacy of stressor removal treatment, it is believed that mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, as well as acute stressors, are potential factors for development of this condition. Therefore, isolation of the patient from their current stressors has been shown to be the most efficient way to rid them of disabling motor symptoms. Another method for treatment for patients who experience astasia is to have therapy for the triceps surae muscle. This therapy can help strengthen these muscles to help maintain an upright posture. It has also been suggested that ankle-foot orthoses be prescribed for these patients. This would help patients with astasia maintain balance by preventing ankle dorsiflexion.

Currently, physical therapy and rehabilitation are widely accepted as the best treatments for the symptoms of astasia. There is, however, evidence to suggest that regulation of a patient's social situation and behavioral influences can influence the effectiveness of rehabilitation. A 1975 study shows that when a patient is given direct encouragement and social distractions, their physical recovery proceeds much faster than when only basic instructions are provided to them.

History
Paul Oscar Blocq was the first to describe astasis as the inability to maintain an upright posture despite normal function of the legs while sitting. He recognized that paralysis and other deficits could all be observed along with the syndrome astasia-abasia. Jean-Martin Charcot, Charles Lasègue, and other physicians prior to Blocq's description described astasis as "a special variety of motor feebleness of the legs from want of coordination in standing position.” Astasia-abasia is also known as "Blocq's disease". Blocq is credited with diagnosing the first eleven cases and is credited with inventing the chair test for diagnoses. This test involves each patient first walking for 20–30 feet forward then 20–30 feet backward. The patients were then to sit in a swivel chair that had wheels and to push the chair forward and backward. In a follow-up study, these trials were compared with a control group of 9 patients with movement disorders with regard to the gait that were non-psychogenic.

title: Astasis


text:
Stone Crossing railway station

Stone Crossing railway station is located on the North Kent line, north-east of the village of Stone and east of Dartford. It was originally named Stone Crossing Halt. It is 19 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. Trains are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink.

Train services from the station run eastbound to Gravesend and early morning and late evening onward to Gillingham. Westbound trains run to London Charing Cross via one of the three lines into Central London, the Dartford Loop Line via Sidcup, the Bexleyheath Line or the North Kent Line via Woolwich Arsenal.

Before rail privatisation, a ticket office was provided here, on the 'up' side, in the signal cabin adjacent to the level crossing gates at the eastern end of the station. This became unstaffed thereafter. A PERTIS passenger-operated ticket machine was in due course installed and issued 'Permits to Travel' - exchanged on-train or at staffed stations for travel tickets. In October 2016 the PERTIS machine was removed and replaced with a new ticket machine. The ticket machine is of the newer secure design and only accepts Card Payments. A ticket office service is now provided for 3½ hours in the morning on weekdays.

Layout
Planning applications were lodged by Network Rail in the autumn of 2016 for a footbridge to be built (replacing the level crossing) at a reported cost of over £2 million. The level crossing permanently closed on 25 February 2018 and the following day an adjacent footbridge, with ramped access, was opened.

Services
Services at Stone Crossing are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink using, , , and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Charing Cross via Sidcup
 * 2 tph to Luton via Woolwich Arsenal and Greenwich
 * 2 tph to Gravesend
 * 2 tph to Rainham via Chatham

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street via Woolwich Arsenal and Lewisham call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Stone Crossing railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mary lindenstein walshok

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (moved to properly capitalized title). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 01:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mary lindenstein walshok
Pretty sure this one's a delete. Google: 26 hits. See the bio. - nominated for VfD by Feydey.
 * Delete non-notable or vanity bio-stub. Fire Star 20:04, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)]
 * Keep, I think she passes the professor test by controlling programs with a budget of $27 million and two published books. Kappa 20:06, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete, I do believe that an associate vice chancellor is the assistant of someone's assistant. Radiant_* 08:48, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Google turns up a couple hundred pages on her. Burgundavia 07:09, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Switzerland at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Switzerland competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. In partial support of the American-led 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, Switzerland competed under the Olympic Flag instead of its national flag. 73 competitors, 67 men and 6 women, took part in 45 events in 10 sports.

Gold

 * Robert Dill-Bundi — Cycling, Men's 4.000m Individual Pursuit
 * Jürg Röthlisberger — Judo, Men's Middleweight (86 kg)

Archery
After not competing in the 1976 archery competition, Switzerland returned in 1980 with four competitors. Lotti Tschanz earned the nation's first top eight finish.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Lotti Tschanz — 2346 points (→ 8th place)
 * Erika Ulrich — 2240 points (→ 18th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Romeo Frigo — 2364 points (→ 18th place)
 * Patrick Jopp — 2190 points (→ 32nd place)

Athletics
Men's 1,500 metres
 * Pierre Délèze
 * Heat — 3:44.8 (→ did not advance)

Men's 5,000 metres
 * Markus Ryffel
 * Heat — 13:45.0
 * Semi Final — 13:29.3
 * Final — 13:23.1 (→ 5th place)

Men's 10,000 metres
 * Markus Ryffel
 * Heat — did not finish (→ did not advance)

Men's Marathon
 * Josef Peter
 * Final — 2:24:53 (→ 40th place)

Men's 4×400 metres Relay
 * Rolf Strittmatter, Peter Haas, Rolf Gisler, and Urs Kamber
 * Heat — 3:07.2 (→ did not advance)

Men's 400 m Hurdles
 * Franz Meier
 * Heat — 50.32
 * Semifinals — 50.12
 * Final — 50.00 (→ 7th place)

Men's Long Jump
 * Rolf Bernhard
 * Qualification — 7.98 m
 * Final — 7.88 m (→ 9th place)

Men's High Jump
 * Roland Dalhäuser
 * Qualification — 2.21 m
 * Final — 2.24 m (→ 5th place)

Men's Pole Vault
 * Felix Böhni
 * Qualification — 5.15 m (→ did not advance)

Men's Shot Put
 * Jean-Pierre Egger
 * Qualification — 19.61 m
 * Final — 18.90 m (→ 12th place)

Men's Decathlon
 * Stephan Niklaus
 * Final — 7762 points (→ 12th place)

Women's 100 metres
 * Brigitte Senglaub
 * Heat — 11.69
 * Quarterfinals — 11.56 (→ did not advance)

 * Mosi Alli
 * Heat — 12.19 (→ did not advance)

Women's 1,500 metres
 * Cornelia Bürki
 * Heat — 4:05.5 (→ did not advance)

Women's 100 m Hurdles
 * Yvonne Von Kauffungen
 * Heat — did not start (→ did not advance)

Cycling
Ten cyclists represented Switzerland in 1980. Robert Dill-Bundi won gold in the individual pursuit.

 * Individual road race
 * Gilbert Glaus
 * Richard Trinkler
 * Hubert Seiz
 * Jürg Luchs

 * Team time trial
 * Gilbert Glaus
 * Fritz Joost
 * Jürg Luchs
 * Richard Trinkler

 * Sprint
 * Heinz Isler

 * 1000m time trial
 * Heinz Isler

 * Individual pursuit
 * Robert Dill-Bundi

 * Team pursuit
 * Robert Dill-Bundi
 * Urs Freuler
 * Hans Känel
 * Hans Ledermann

Men's Team Competition

 * Preliminary Round (Group B)
 * Lost to Soviet Union (15-22)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (21-26)
 * Defeated Kuwait (32-14)
 * Defeated Algeria (26-18)
 * Lost to Romania (16-18)

 * Classification Match
 * 7th/8th place: Lost to Poland (22-23) → 8th place

 * Team Roster
 * Edi Wickli
 * Ernst Züllig
 * Robert Jehle
 * Roland Brand
 * Max Schär
 * Peter Maag
 * Walter Müller
 * Rudolf Weber
 * Hans Huber
 * Konrad Affolter
 * Hanspeter Lutz
 * Ugo Jametti
 * Peter Jehle
 * Martin Ott

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Stéfan Voléry
 * Heats — 52,68 (→ did not advance)

title: Switzerland at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grey lodge

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 02:47, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Grey lodge
Delete. Advertisement for a local pub, not really encyclopedic content. --Miles (Talk) 19:52, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a lovely place, but this isn't the place to advertise it. Delete. Fire Star 02:22, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advert/promo. Megan1967 06:25, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Swedish geologists

title: Category:Swedish geologists