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Lisa the Tree Hugger

"Lisa the Tree Hugger" is the fourth episode of the twelfth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 19, 2000. In the episode, Lisa falls in love with the leader of a radical environmentalist group and tries to impress him by living in Springfield's oldest tree in order to keep it from being cut down. The episode is based on the story of the American tree sitter Julia Butterfly Hill. Actor Joshua Jackson guest starred in the episode as Jesse.

Plot
Bart, needing money for the new video game console Gamestation 256, takes a job hanging menus on doors for a Thai restaurant. Lisa is concerned that the menus are wasting paper and hurting the environment, but the family ignores her worries. On a trip to Krusty Burger to celebrate Bart's new job, they see protesters dressed as cows on the roof of the restaurant. The protesters unfurl a banner and accuse Krusty Burger of deforesting the rainforest to create grazing land for cattle. The police arrive and shoot the protesters with bean bag rounds. As the protesters are being arrested, Lisa meets their leader—radical environmentalist Jesse Grass—and is instantly smitten with him.

Lisa visits Jesse in jail, but feels intimidated when she sees that he is more dedicated to environmentalism than she is. She attends a meeting of Jesse's activist group, Dirt First, and learns that an ancient tree in Springfield is scheduled for demolition. Jesse asks if anyone in the group would be willing to live in the tree to prevent its destruction. Lisa, hoping to impress him, volunteers. She climbs the tree and sets up camp, but after a few days she begins to miss her family. She sneaks away from the tree at night and goes home to see them, but finds them asleep. She lies down with them and accidentally falls asleep. When she rushes to the tree in the morning, she finds it has collapsed.

Upon returning home, Lisa learns that the tree was not cut down by the loggers, but struck down by lightning (attracted by a metal bucket she left near the top), and that she is presumed dead. When Lisa learns that the forest will be turned into a nature preserve in her honor, she decides not to reveal that she is alive. Marge is angered by Lisa's decision, considering the fact that the Simpson family had suffered bad luck when it comes to farces for a noble cause. Homer and Bart immediately begin to take advantage of the sympathy of the townspeople, but when the Rich Texan decides to turn the forest into an amusement park called "Lisa Land" rather than a nature preserve, Lisa angrily reveals herself to the public. Jesse Grass cuts down the log that has been turned into a "Lisa Land" sign, and it slides down a hill and into Springfield's business district, destroying a number of environmentally damaging businesses as well as a hemp clothing company. Jesse is jailed again, and the log travels across the country, passing Mount Rushmore and ultimately winding its way down Lombard Street in San Francisco before reaching the Pacific Ocean and heading out to sea, all set to a parody of "This Land is Your Land" called "This Log is Your Log".

Production and analysis
"Lisa the Tree Hugger" was written by Matt Selman and directed by Steven Dean Moore as part of the twelfth season of The Simpsons (2000–2001). It is based on a story Selman heard on the radio about Julia Butterfly Hill, an American activist and environmentalist who lived in a millennium-old California Redwood tree known as Luna for more than two years between 1997 and 1999 to prevent loggers from cutting it down. The character Jesse Grass was named after Selman's brother Jesse Selman, who according to Matt acts a lot like Jesse Grass. The last name came from Jesse Selman's bluegrass band named Grass. Canadian American actor Joshua Jackson guest starred in the episode as Jesse Grass. Although guest stars most often record their lines with the cast members of the show, Jackson did not. "Lisa the Tree Hugger" originally had a different, more complicated ending compared to what is seen in the episode. The final version was added at the last minute of production.

In his 2007 book Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the U.S., Roland Kelts analyzed the scenes from the beginning of the episode in which Bart hangs menus on doors for a Thai restaurant. These scenes allude to the film The Matrix. Kelts wrote: "Bart needs cash to buy a Japanese game console, so he takes a job delivering flyers for a Thai restaurant. He is quickly taught martial arts so he can drop off the menus with ninja stealth. He runs sideways along walls, his actions accompanied by staccato swishing noises. At one point the scene freezes, he hangs in the air, and the 'camera' does a 360-degree pan around him. The episode dates back to 2000, a year after the look and feel of The Matrix had seeped into viewers' consciousness, and the makers of The Simpsons were very adroitly appropriating it into their shtick."

Release and reception
The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 19, 2000. On August 18, 2009, it was released on DVD as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Twelfth Season. Staff members Mike Scully, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Matt Selman, Don Payne, Tom Gammill, Tim Long, Yeardley Smith, and Steven Dean Moore participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode. Deleted scenes from the episode were also included on the box set.

Since airing, "Lisa the Tree Hugger" has received generally positive reactions from critics.

DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson described it as "arguably [the season's] best show," adding: "The first act fares best, as I love Marge’s tune about saving, and 'Menu Boy' offers a clever spoof of martial arts-based action flicks. 'Hugger' hits a minor lull when Lisa becomes environmentally active, but it bounces back pretty quickly, and the scenes with the runaway log delight. 'Hugger' provides a winner."

Den of Geek critic Matt Haigh cited "Lisa the Tree Hugger" as one of the highlights of season twelve in his review of the box set.

Jon Perks of The Birmingham Post highlighted the episode in an article mentioning the twelfth season DVD, writing that like the rest of the season's episodes, "Lisa the Tree Hugger" is "sure to put a smile on anyone's face".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lisa the Tree Hugger


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Rut Blees Luxemburg

Rut Blees Luxemburg (born 1967) is a German-born British photographer. Her technique is to take photographs at night, mostly exploring the urban landscape. She is a Tutor at the Royal College of Art. In 2020, Luxemburg was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society, Bristol.

Life and work
Luxemburg studied photography at London College of Communication and gained her last formal education at the University of Westminster. She employs long exposures to allows her to use the light emanating from the street only, for instance from office blocks or street lights in her photos. Luxemburg created a series of images for the London Underground in 2007. Many of her photographs and prints deal with nocturnal themes. In 2016, she was one of the judges in Sky Art's Master of Photography talent competition.

CD cover art
Her photograph, "Towering Inferno" was used as the cover art for The Streets' debut album Original Pirate Material. The photo depicts the beauty of a lit up council tower block. She also contributed "A Modern Project" for use as the cover of Bloc Party's second album, A Weekend in the City.

Books

 * The Lesson of the Vine / Die Lektion der Rebe. Everyday, 2019. ISBN 978-1-912458-07-3.
 * Visurbia. With Martin Liebscher. Germany: Wunderhorn, 2000. ISBN 3-88423-173-1.
 * London: A Modern Project. With Michael Bracewell. London: Black Dog, 2001. ISBN 1-901033-50-3.
 * Liebeslied: My Suicides. With Alexander García Düttmann. London: Zwemmer, 1982. ISBN 1-901033-52-X
 * Commonsensual: The Works of Rut Blees Luxemburg. With Regis Durand, Douglas Park, and Alexander Garcia Duttman. London: Black Dog, 2009. ISBN 1-906155-57-7.
 * The Academic Year. London: Self Publish, Be Happy, 2014. With texts by Alexander and García Düttmann.
 * The Lesson of the Vine, Die Lektion der Rebe. London : Everyday, 2019. With texts by Tom McCarthy, Chloe Arijidis, Fourthland, Ellen de Wachter, et al.

Exhibitions

 * 2011: The Rencontres d'Arles Discovery Award laureate. France.

title: Rut Blees Luxemburg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Melsondorph the Powerful

Guess what guys. You are wrong. Melsondorph the Powerful most certainly exists. I am best friends with the guy in the group. They are hilarious.

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 01:29, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Melsondorph the Powerful
Non-notable band. 13 Google hits, allmusic and artistdirect never heard of them. RickK 23:49, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as ūber vanity. Why couldn't this individual put this much thought in a real page?  Go figure. - Lucky 6.9 00:41, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Tell the truth, Rick. 60 Google hits, including a newspaper article from a major newspaper, art festival entries, and samples on soundclick. And, hey, Lucky, why don't you take a look at my actual work before saying that I haven't put anything into a "real page." Rick, you seem to bear a neat little grudge against me ever since the Bart McQueary page. Hmmm. I wonder. — (Unsigned comment by 70.241.23.115.)
 * You might want to learn how to use Google. 60 hits is for every occurrence of the phrase on every page it's on.  13 is the count of the unique pages in which the phrase appears.  RickK 20:26, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not meet any one notability criterion at WP:MUSIC. (BTW, I get 45 Google hits for the exact phrase "melsondorph the powerful". Some search options will alter the total number. Arguing about 13 vs. 60 vs. whatever is pointless; it's a very low number of hits, no matter how you slice it.) android↔talk 01:37, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * It meets the requirement for #6-- it is the premiere representative of the Tulsa and Oklahoma City grindcore/noise music scenes. I respectfully request that you remove your delete vote based on that criteria.
 * From WP:MUSIC: Has become the most prominent representative of a notable style or the local scene of a city (or both, as in British hip hop); note that the subject must still meet all ordinary Wikipedia standards, including verifiability. Since the album/style is described in this article as comedy and not grindcore/noise music, I find it hard to believe that any such scene exists. In fact, Google for "melsondorph the powerful" grindcore yields 0 hits. android↔talk 03:12, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Verifiability? You verified it yourself-- there's a newspaper article about it! We can have a Wiki page for Bart McQueary, who few people outside of Harrodsburg, Kentucky, have heard about, just because he sucks up to Fred Phelps, yet a band that has performed at festivals in such large cities as Tulsa and Oklahoma City is ineligible? Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. Another unsigned comment by 70.241.23.115
 * I verified its existence but could not find any verifiable evidence that it meets WP:MUSIC criterion 6 as you have stated. Please sign your posts with ~ . android↔talk 11:19, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't meet WP:MUSIC Slac speak up!  03:31, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg (talk) 05:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails WP:MUSIC. Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:12, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way, what makes something like Grand Theftendo eligible but not this group? They have newspaper articles. They have albums. Just because people at Wiki haven't heard of them, that makes them ineligible? Isn't that a bit counter-productive? People come to an encyclopedia to learn new things, not things they already know. Another unsigned comment by 70.241.23.115
 * Then please give us more evidence about Melsondorph the Powerful that satisfies the criteria laid out in WP:MUSIC. Thanks. Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:20, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 07:24, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Very questionable on #6 of WP:MUSIC and non-qualifying on all of the others. A Man In Black 11:15, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Laer

Laer is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 10 km south of Steinfurt and 20 km north-west of Münster.

Since the ae spelling already contradicted the rules in force before 1996, it was not amended in accordance with a recommendation of the Standing Committee on Geographical Names.

title: Laer


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Operation Deep Freeze

Operation Deep Freeze (OpDFrz or ODF) is codename for a series of United States missions to Antarctica, beginning with "Operation Deep Freeze I" in 1955–56, followed by "Operation Deep Freeze II", "Operation Deep Freeze III", and so on. (There was an initial operation before Admiral Richard Byrd proposed 'Deep Freeze'). Given the continuing and constant US presence in Antarctica since that date, "Operation Deep Freeze" has come to be used as a general term for US operations in that continent, and in particular for the regular missions to resupply US Antarctic bases, coordinated by the United States military. Task Force 199 was involved.

Prior to International Geophysical Year

The U.S. Navy already had a record of earlier exploration in Antarctica. As early as 1839, Captain Charles Wilkes led the first U.S. Naval expedition into Antarctic waters. In 1929, Admiral Richard E. Byrd established a naval base at Little America I, led an expedition to explore further inland, and conducted the first flight over the South Pole. From 1934 to 1935, the second Byrd Expedition explored much further inland and also "wintered over". The third Byrd Expedition in 1940 charted the Ross Sea.

Byrd was instrumental in the Navy's Operation Highjump after World War II from 1946 to 1947, which charted most of the Antarctic coastline. In 1948, Commander Finn Ronne led an expedition that photographed over 450,000 square miles (1.1 million km2) by air. Then in 1954–55, the icebreaker USS Atka made a scouting expedition for future landing sites and bays.

Operation Deep Freeze I
The impetus behind Operation Deep Freeze I was the International Geophysical Year 1957–58. IGY as it was known was a collaborative effort among forty nations to carry out earth science studies from the North Pole to the South Pole and at points in between. The United States along with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Norway, Chile, Argentina, and the U.S.S.R. agreed to go to the South Pole, the least explored area on Earth. Their goal was to advance world knowledge of Antarctic hydrography and weather systems, glacial movements, and marine life.

The U.S. Navy was charged with supporting the U.S. scientists for their portion of the IGY studies. Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, a veteran of four previous Antarctic Expeditions, was appointed as officer in charge of the expedition.

In 1955, Task Force 43, commanded by Rear Admiral George J. Dufek, was formed to provide logistical support for the expedition. Operation Deep Freeze I prepared a permanent research station and paved the way for more exhaustive research in later Deep Freeze operations. The expedition transpired over the Antarctic summer of November 1955 to April 1956, and was filmed by the U.S. Navy and Walt Disney Studios. For having designed the emblem of Task Force 43, Walt Disney became an honorary member of the expedition.

Task Force 43 consisted of the following ships:
 * USS Wyandot (AKA-92), freighter
 * USS Arneb (AKA-56), freighter
 * USS Edisto (AGB-2), ice breaker
 * USS Glacier (AGB-4), ice breaker
 * USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279), ice breaker
 * USS Nespelen (AOG-55), gasoline tanker
 * USNS Greenville Victory (T-AK-237), merchant marine freighter
 * USS YOG-34, aviation fuel carrier
 * USS YOG-70, aviation fuel carrier

The ships of the task force were supplemented by a specially trained Navy Construction Battalion, formed at the Naval Construction Battalion Center at Davisville, Rhode Island and several aircraft.

On October 31, 1956, at 8:34 p.m. local time, the first aircraft ever to touch down at the South Pole skied to a halt atop the Antarctic ice sheet at 90 degrees South latitude. The U.S. Navy R4D, was piloted by Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) Conrad C. "Gus" Shinn USN. Immediately after the plane halted--with engines running to avoid a freeze-up (a practice still followed to this day)--U.S. Navy Adm. George J. Dufek., commander of Operation Deep Freeze, stepped out onto the ice, along with pilot Douglas Cordiner, to plant the stars and stripes at the Pole. They were the first to stand there since Briton Robert Falcon Scott did more than 40 years before. Norwegian Roald Amundsen had beaten Scott in his race to the Pole. Amundsen's party survived the 800-mile return trip, Scott's did not. This flight was one part of the expeditions mounted for the IGY. This was not only the first aircraft to land at the South Pole, it was also the first time that Americans had ever set foot on the South Pole. The aircraft was named Que Sera, Sera after a popular song and is now on display at the Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida. This marked the beginning of the establishment of the first permanent base, by airlift, at the South Pole (today known as the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station) to support the International Geophysical Year. It was commissioned on January 1, 1957. The original station ("Old Byrd") lasted about four years before it began to collapse under the snow. Construction of a second underground station in a nearby location began in 1960, and it was used until 1972. The station was then converted into a summer-only field camp until it was abandoned in 2004–05. The mission's second base, Byrd Station, was a (former) research station in West Antarctica established by the US Navy for Operation Deep Freeze II during the International Geophysical Year. The United States Antarctic Program airfield, built to service Operation Deep Freeze (first mission) was later named Williams Field or Willy Field.

Subsequent developments
The Operation Deep Freeze activities were succeeded by "Operation Deep Freeze II", and so on. In 1960, the year of the fifth mission, codenames began to be based on the year (e.g., "Operation Deep Freeze 60"). The Coast Guard sometimes participated; among others, the USCGC Northwind, the USCGC Polar Sea and the USCGC Glacier occasionally supported the mission. The Navy's Antarctic Development Squadron Six had been flying scientific and military missions to Greenland and the arctic compound's Williams Field since 1975. The 109th operated ski-equipped LC-130s had been flying National Science Foundation support missions to Antarctica since 1988. The official name for the Navy's command in Antarctica was US Naval Support Force Antarctica, (NSFA) Terminal Operations.

In early 1996, the United States National Guard announced that the 109th Airlift Wing at Schenectady County Airport in Scotia, New York was slated to assume that entire mission from the United States Navy in 1999. The Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The 109th expected to add approximately 235 full-time personnel to support that operation. The decision to switch from Naval leadership to National Guard was one of a cost-saving measure due to post cold war budget cuts.

The possibility of the Air National Guard assuming operational control of the mission had first emerged in 1988. The 109th Airlift Wing had been notified that, almost overnight, one of the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) radar sites that it supported in Greenland was going to be shut down. The other sites would soon follow, and the 109th would be largely out of business because its primary mission had ended. The unit had been informally keeping tabs on Navy LC-130 operations supporting the National Science Foundation in Antarctica. Because of its aging aircraft fleet and extensive depot maintenance period, the United States Navy asked if the 109th could provide limited emergency search and rescue (SAR) capability for two years to support Operation Deep Freeze, which the Air Guard accepted. At that time, it had no thought of taking over the mission. The 109th believed it to be an exercise in futility for its aircraft to deploy to the Antarctic to merely wait for emergency SAR missions, so it asked if the Navy could help carry cargo to the South Pole. The Navy resisted at first because its procedures and cargo configurations differed from those of the Air Guard, but eventually it agreed. The main mission of the U.S. Navy and Air National Guard C-130s was to airlift fuel and supplies to the National Science Foundation's South Pole Station so that its personnel could survive the isolation of the long Antarctic winter, which lasted from February to October.

An Air National Guard working group had been formed to study the idea in 1990. The following year, a dialog began among the Air National Guard, the Air Staff, and the United States Navy. Among other issues, it was difficult at first for the Air Guard to convince the Air Staff to commit long term resources to an area of the world that had not been declared a warfighting region because of international treaties. The Air Guard had supported military operations in Greenland and the Arctic (including classified U.S. Navy operations) since the mid-1970s with the ski-equipped C-130s of the 109th Airlift Wing. It convinced Headquarters, United States Air Force that it was not in the nation's best interest to abandon the capability to achieve quick and reliable air access to both polar regions.

In March 1993, the U.S. Navy hosted a two-day workshop with representatives of the National Science Foundation, Air National Guard, and other interested parties to explore logistics support options for the operation. A draft concept of operations had been prepared by the Air Directorate of the National Guard Bureau in 1993. In February 1996, a commitment was made to transfer the Operation Deep Freeze mission and all LC-130H aircraft operating within the U.S. Department of Defense to the Air National Guard. In September 1996, senior officers from the 109th Airlift Wing briefed the National Guard Bureau on their concept of operations and the status of their preparations to implement Operation Deep Freeze.

Under the transition plan which they had developed, the Air National Guard would continue to augment the United States Navy during the October 1996 – March 1997 operating season for the United States Antarctic Program. At the end of the October 1997 – March 1998 season, the Air National Guard would assume command of the program. During the third year of the transition program (October 1998 to March 1999), the U.S. Navy would augment the ANG before the latter took over the entire program the following year. There would be seven LC-130s in theater. They would stage from Christchurch International Airport in Christchurch, New Zealand to McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Traditional Guardsmen, technicians, and the cadre of Active Guard Reservists specifically brought on board to support Operation Deep Freeze would all be involved in the mission. When fully transitioned to the Air National Guard, the 109th Airlift Wing would have ten LC-130s in its inventory. These would include upgrades of four LC-130 aircraft in-service with the unit plus three new aircraft and three that would be transferred from the U.S. Navy. Air National Guard estimates of the savings to be realized by consolidating the operation in the hands of the 109th Airlift Wing ranged from US $5 million to US$15 million a year. The actual transition to Air Guard control began in March 1996.

By 1999, the United States Navy had transferred military support operations for Antarctica over to the United States Air Force and its contractor Raytheon Polar Services. Operation Deep Freeze was managed by the U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard members of Air National Guard Detachment 13, a subordinate unit which administratively reported directly to the Air National Guard Readiness Center (ANGRC) at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland, and operationally reported to United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) in Honolulu, Hawaii. Upon its deactivation in 2005, the detachment consisted of a full-time officer (Commander) and four full-time non-commissioned officers (Logistics, Communications, Security Forces, and Information Management) which remained in New Zealand year-round. Operational command now belongs to Commander, Thirteenth Air Force as part of USPACOM. In 2005, through the office of the Secretary of Defense, the commander of U.S. Pacific Command was designated to support the Joint Task Force Support Forces Antarctica, Operation Deep Freeze. CDRUSPACOM delegated this joint operation to the Commander, Pacific Air Forces, who then delegated primary responsibility for execution of the JTF SFA operation to the Commander, 13th Air Force.

Current status

United States civilian and scientific operations on the Antarctic continent are overseen by the United States Antarctic Program as well as the National Science Foundation. Military support missions flown from Christchurch International Airport are conducted during the Antarctic summer (late September to early March) each year by The 109th Airlift Wing Scotia New York. The Ski equipped LC-130 Hercules is the backbone of Operation Deep Freeze. LC-130 Hercules aircraft provide the logistical movement of cargo to remote operating locations on the continent. These aircraft are augmented by the United States Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Polar Star, the Air Force Materiel Command, and the Military Sealift Command. The United States Air Force 13th Air Expeditionary Group deploys to Christchurch, New Zealand during the operational season.

A documentary on the early missions, Ice Eagles: An Account of American Aviation in Antarctica, was scheduled to be released in 2016.

Lockheed Martin is currently the prime contractor for the National Science Foundation's United States Antarctic Program. The contract award was announced via a NSF press release on 28 December 2011 after a bid solicitation process of almost four years. Support operations began on 1 April 2012. The original contract synopsis indicated that the government was contemplating a contract period of $11 1/2$ years.

title: Operation Deep Freeze


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/List of people on stamps of Kionga

If it is trivial is because Kionga issued only 4 stamps with the same figure. With this I can do nothing more then list the content of the country in the same principals of other existing lists. And sometimes what is trivial for someone maybe important for another one. As for merge this list on Portuguese colonies category in the same way of Australia, I dont see any logical reason for that.French colonies, British colonies are listed separately.Why not the same for Portuguese colonies?Are they different from the others? Most of French ,British and Portuguese colonies are now independent countries.Should them be listed under the colonizer country?
 * Assuming that the list of countries exist and anybody can contribute, I dont understand why such discussion on the votes for deletion.This page is no diferent from the Oltre Giuba list which is on Wikipedia a long ago.
 * This discussion belongs on the VfD page. And please remember to sign your comments (just put at the end) so we know who made them. Isaac R 00:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your precious and ambiguous ideas and advices.I'm feeling much better now knowing that you are always searching the perfection in the others ,the kind of perfection that you can't have beeing so stupid as you are.--JPPINTO 04:57, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You might want to have a look at No personal attacks and Civility. android↔talk 04:59, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * As for No personal attacks I suggest that you read carefully all the comments of Isaac R. about this particular list and about the interest of this kind of work in Wikipedia project.Don't forget the upper comment about sign my comments and the way he wrote it.As for Civility if you consider Isaac R. comments a civilized Wikipedia behaviour then something is wrong about the way you deal with this concept.What solutions did he point to this kind of lists?? And what to say about 'No sane person, not even a hardcore philatelist, is going to sit down and read that...'.What do you think he is saying??Is this really a comment for the content??For me is no different from my comment above.I've just give the right name for that kind of attitude--JPPINTO 15:54, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, we don't have Two wrongs don't make a right; apparently, it's needed. Were Isaac's comments uncivil? Perhaps, but you took it to a whole new level by calling him 'stupid' outright. Isaac was referencing the content in his remarks, blunt though he may have been. Direct personal attacks just bring down the level of discourse to a shouting match, which serves no one. android↔talk 20:47, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)


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Naubakht

Nobakht Ahvazi, also spelled Naubakht Ahvaz and Naubakht, along with his sons were astrologers from Ahvaz (in the present-day Khuzestan Province, Iran) who lived in the 8th and 9th centuries AD.

Nobakht was particularly famous for having led a group of astrologers who picked an auspicious electional chart for the founding of Baghdad. His family also helped design the city. Originally Zoroastrians, Nobakht and his sons converted to Islam and were employed as Pahlavi translators of the Abbasid court.

Life as a court astrologer
Nawbakht was the most prominent among 'Abbasid caliph al-Mansur's court astrologers. He rose to this position after having successfully predicted al-Mansur's rise to power as a caliph. There were other astrologers retained at the court, including Mashallah (d. ca. 199/815 or 204/820) who aided Nawbakht in his analysis of the stars in determining ”the most auspicious date and time for the foundation of the new capital, the round city of Madīnat al-Salām (“The City of Peace”)”, historically known as Baghdad.

While part of al-Mansur’s court, Nawbakht is said to have correctly predicted the caliph’s victory over Ibrahim b. ‘Abdallah who, along with his brother, had rebelled against the ‘Abbasid rule. In addition to al-Mansur’s victory, Nawbakht predicted the death of Ibrahim as well. Reportedly, Nawbakht was so confident in the accuracy of his calculations that he volunteered to be imprisoned until the outcome of the encounter between Ibrahim and the ‘Abbasid army was reported, and agreed to being executed should he had been mistaken.

It’s suspected that part of Nawbakht’s career included translating scientific works from Pahlavi into Arabic, and the Risāla fī sarāʾir aḥkām al-nujūm (“A treatise on the secrets of astrology”, an unpublished manuscript) is attributed to him although this attribution remains unconfirmed.

Al-Mansur gifted the astrologer with 2,000 jeribs of land south of Baghdad as an eqta’ (grants of land given by a caliph in exchange for service).

Descendants
In addition to being known as an influential 'Abbasid astrologer, Nawbakht is known as a father and ancestor to a very successful family under 'Abbasid rule and as part of the court - various sources refer to Nawbakht as the progenitor of a lineage of court astrologers, thus successfully elevating his family's position in the 'Abbasid court.

According to Sean Anthony, Nawbakht’s accumulation of wealth and social status placed his family in such a position that they would go on to become notorious for patronizing and entertaining intellectuals of ‘Abbasid society.

Some notable members of this family are:

 * Abū Sahl al-Faḍl ibn Nawbakht – Nawbakht’s immediate successor as a court astrologer for al-Mansur, Abu Sahl is known to have also worked as a translator in the Ḵezānat al-ḥekma (Treasury of wisdom) of one of al-Mansur’s successors, Hārun al-Rašid. Three of Abu Sahl’s sons, ‘Abdallah, Esma’il, and Abu’l-Abbas Fazl, all also served as court astrologers for al-Ma’mun and were patrons of the poet Abu Nowas and it was the Nawbakhti family that preserved much of his poetry.
 * Abū Sahl Ismāʿīl ibn ʿAlī – the first of Nawbakht’s descendants that can decisively be determined as contributing to Shi’ite doctrine. Abu Sahl was a prominent theologian of Imami Shi’ism, and while the family is known for their loyalty to and influence on Twelver Shi’ism, the family’s relationship to the sect are difficult to discern prior to Abu Sahl’s contributions.
 * al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā – nephew of Abu Sahl, also a Shi’ite theologian as well as a philosopher and astronomer.
 * Abu’l-Qāsem Ḥosayn ibn Ruḥ ibn Abi Baḥr Nawbaḵti – perhaps the most politically prominent member of the Nawbakhti family, ibn Ruh became the third safir or deputy of the twelfth Imam.

title: Naubakht


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Danimals

Danimals is an American brand of low-fat drinkable yogurt. Launched by Dannon in 1994, it is decorated with pictures of wild animals and is popular among children and in school lunches.

History
Danimals parent company Dannon popularized yogurt in the United States in the 1950s and has remained the nation's leading producer of yogurt. Danimals was released in 1994 and initially donated a small part of their proceeds to the National Wildlife Federation. Intended to be marketed to children, Dannon's marketing team told a New York Times reporter that "Yogurt hasn't been very kid-friendly in the past because the taste was too sour. This is a way of creating a new generation of yogurt eaters."

Danimals was promoted by Dylan and Cole Sprouse, the stars of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody. They starred in various commercials and in 2009 were part of a sweepstake with a grand prize of $10,000 and a trip to Hollywood to meet the Sprouses.

Variations
One variation of the product is Danimals Yo-Tubes, which lets kids squeeze yogurt out of a tube. The same design concept is used in Danimals Squeezables. The Danimals Crush Cup was a similar product that allowed consumers to squeeze yogurt out of a specially-designed cup without the need for a spoon.

In 2020, Danimals launched Super Danimals, a probiotic version of their product advertised as supporting the immune system.

Ingredients and nutrition
Danimals used to have 14 grams of sugar per serving, but in 2013 Dannon cut the sugar in the product to 9 grams per 50-calorie serving, accounting for 72 percent of the total calories. Their fruit flavors do not contain any real fruit. As of 2019, their products are Non-GMO Project verified.

title: Danimals


text:
Talk:Conspiracy (demogroup)

Can I (as a CNS member) edit the page without being rushed over with "WAAAAAAA VANITY" VfD's? // Gargaj 23:52, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)
 * WAAAAAAAAAAAA VANITY!!!1122`2`62.1.133.34 09:20, 11 June 2006 (UTC) (ps: u guys rox0r teh box0rz)

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title: Talk:Conspiracy (demogroup)


text:
Altenbochum

Altenbochum is a statistical area and a district of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. Altenbochum is East of the central business district. Altenbochum lies between Gleisdreieck and Laer. Altenbochum is connected to Gelsenkirchen, the district Langendreer, central Witten and Heven (district of Witten) by tram. Tram lines 302 and 310 and several bus lines stop here.

title: Altenbochum


text: File:Leviathan (comics).png

title: File:Leviathan (comics).png


text:
Battle of Gadebusch

The Battle of Gadebusch or Wakenstädt (20 December 1712) was Sweden's final great victory in the Great Northern War. It was fought by the Swedes to prevent the loss of the city of Stralsund to Danish and Saxon forces.

Prelude
During 1712, all of Sweden's dominions south of the Baltic Sea, apart from forts, had been conquered by the allies Denmark, Saxony, and Russia. In the Baltic the Danish admiral Gyldenløve patrolled with a squadron to disrupt Swedish supply lines to the Continent. It was vital for Sweden not to lose Stralsund, as it was the gateway to campaigns in Poland.

While a Danish army moved in the region of Hamburg, a large Russian-Saxon force stood south of Stralsund. Stenbock could hardly attack this force with a frontal assault, but hoped that by moving west towards Mecklenburg it could be encircled or scattered. Such a movement would also prevent the joining of the two allied forces. The Danish army under Frederick IV of Denmark was led by general Jobst von Scholten closer to the Russian-Saxon army, and on 3 December the Danish forces reached the little town of Gadebusch, southwest of Wismar. The allied movements were slowed due to disagreements among the allied commanders. On 8 December he marched the Swedish army to Gross Brütz less than ten kilometers east of Gadebusch. Now the Russian infantry was too far away to assist the Danes, but the Saxon cavalry under Jacob Heinrich von Flemming was approaching quickly.

That night the Danish forces broke camp and moved to a better position around the village of Wakenstädt, three kilometers south of and today incorporated by Gadebusch. Scholten expected the Swedish attack to come from the south to avoid the marshy Radegast river. At four in the morning of 9 December the Danish army was arrayed in defensive formation, with cavalry wings flanking the infantry in the center. As hours passed, snowfall turned to rain. Finally, the Saxon cavalry under Flemming arrived at Wakenstädt at mid-morning.

Swedish reconnaissance made it clear that the only Swedish option was a frontal assault. Stenbock judged that although the passable terrain was narrow and his men somewhat outnumbered, the thirty Swedish field guns would provide an advantage over the Danish thirteen.

Battle
The Swedish onslaught from the east began around 11 a.m. Swedish artillery opened fire on the tightly grouped Danish battalions and provided cover for the deploying cavalry and infantry. Stenbock held a short speech to his battleready army:

"Nu sen I för Eden våra fiender, ha´n I lust att gå på dem och visa Eder kärlek för Eder Konung och Fädernesland?” (Now you see your enemies before you, do you wish to get at them and show your love for your king and Fatherland?) the answers from the army was a resounding JA! (Yes!).

At 1 p.m. the order to attack was given. While the artillery kept firing, the infantry marched towards the Danes, not firing until reaching a distance of twelve paces. During this time, the Danish opponent remained relatively passive although firing several long range volleys with little effect. A Danish cavalry counterattack was broken by the infantry, supported by the constant artillery fire.

To the north, the Swedish cavalry made a flanking movement and surprised the Danish cavalry on the Danish left wing. The subsequent retreat into Wakenstädt caused confusion in the Danish ranks, which was exploited by the infantry on the Swedish right wing. Meanwhile, heavy fighting was taking place on the Danish right wing where the elite of the Danish army, the royal guard, was positioned supported by the main bulk of the Saxon cavalry. But despite the numerical superiority of the allies, attacks by the Saxon cavalry were repelled. The two Danish guard regiments fought a hard pressed melee battle with the Swedish Dalarna Regiment and Hälsinge Regiment. The fight was eventually won by the Swedes when the Danes realized that cavalry support would not come (the cavalry was engaged with the Swedish cavalry during the whole fight) while they were slowly pushed back by the Swedish infantry onslaught. Eventually the order for retreat came and the guard regiments withdrew in quite good order but with big losses, the Swedes were tired and had also taken considerable losses from the battle and could not make any determined pursuits.

The battle wound down by dusk: Danish and Saxon forces withdrew more or less orderly to a position several kilometers west of Gadebusch to regroup. All of the Danish artillery had been abandoned.

Aftermath
After the battle Stenbock was promoted to Field Marshal by an approving King Charles. The battle was won by efficient use of artillery combined with determined flanking attacks by infantry and cavalry, and it gave the hard-pressed Swedish forces some well needed breathing room.

Stenbock who had earlier fought in the Nine Years' War, later pronounced: "Never have I seen such a combination of uncontrollable dash and perfectly controlled discipline; such soldiers and such subjects are not to be found the wide world over except in Sweden." Referring to his Swedish troops that fought in the battle. Even from the other side, Maurice of Saxony claimed the Swedish bravery at Gadebusch to have been absolutely astounding.

Strategically, however, there was little impact, and the allies with their overwhelming numerical superiority would surround and defeat Stenbock's forces after a siege in the fortress of Tönningen the next year.

title: Battle of Gadebusch


text:
Talk:Anton

God
We have notice that several names of God keep getting deleted WE wonder who keeps doing this. It is very helpful to have all the information that various people from different regions provide about different names of God so that this can be one of the most cutting edge encyclopedias with all the possible names for God. Someone has a real problem with the name of God being Anton which is fine but you do not have the right to decide for everyone else if we do not want to know about this information. Any name of God is a Faith issue so if you believe it fine if not don't censor the encyclopedia for everyone else on the planet earth because you personally feel you have the right to decide what information is or is not available to every person on the planet.

It is times like this when we wish that Wikipedia did not allow such bordering on censorship editing.

Folks for Anton Anna Cipponeri Libby Hodges Mary Summers Dessica Hodges Susan Brennen

The Anton additions to Names of God are oddly formatted and editted. As a result, people think they're a practical joke. Try adding to the Names of God talk page? Also, do you have any external sources to site? Web sites to link?

 * (First poster)Would you please: sign your posts so you don't behave in a similar manner as the person you are accusing of "censor[ing]" this issue, cite your claims, and clarify what you are trying to say so you aren't rant/rambling.Anthonzi 10:35, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anton


text:
Manolo Sanchís

Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo (born 23 May 1965) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a sweeper.

A part of the famous La Quinta del Buitre which stemmed from the Real Madrid youth academy, he was the only of its five members to spend his entire career with the club. His father Manuel Sanchís also played for Real Madrid, and both were Spanish internationals.

Sanchís appeared in more than 700 competitive matches for his only club, and represented the national team in one World Cup and one European Championship.

Club career
A product of Real Madrid's prolific youth system, Madrid-born Sanchís made his debut with the first team on 4 December 1983, scoring the only goal at Real Murcia and finishing his debut campaign with a further 17 appearances (and two goals) for the main squad.

Sanchís only appeared in less than 30 matches in two of the following 15 seasons, and was instrumental in the team's several conquests, including six La Liga championships, two UEFA Champions Leagues and two UEFA Cups. In 1999–2000 he featured sparingly, but still helped to their eighth European Cup, playing 11 minutes in the final against fellow Spanish side Valencia CF in a 3–0 win.

Sanchís retired in 2001 at the age of 36, having played 710 official games for his only club – 523 of those in the league – while also captaining it for 13 years.

International career
After excelling with the Spanish under-21s, with which he won the 1986 UEFA European Championship, Sanchís made his senior debut on 12 November of that year in a UEFA Euro 1988 qualifier against Romania (1–0 win). He went on to earn 48 full caps, appearing at both Euro 1988 and the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

Sanchís' last match was a friendly with the United States, on 11 March 1992.

Style of play
As a central defender, Sanchís stood out for his defensive composure, placement and agility. He set a new standard within his club due to both his sporting and human skills. An aggressive yet fair player, he was also noted for his tactical intelligence and positional sense, and usually played as a sweeper.

Club

 * Notes

Honours
Real Madrid Castilla
 * Segunda División: 1983–84

Real Madrid
 * La Liga: 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1994–95, 1996–97, 2000–01
 * Copa del Rey: 1988–89, 1992–93
 * Copa de la Liga: 1985
 * Supercopa de España: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1997
 * UEFA Champions League: 1997–98, 1999–2000
 * UEFA Cup: 1984–85, 1985–86
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1998

Spain
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1986

Individual
 * Spanish Footballer of the Year (El País): 1989–90

title: Manolo Sanchís


text:
Pope Peter

Pope Peter may refer to:

 * Saint Peter, regarded by the Christian tradition to be the first bishop of Rome
 * Pope Peter I of Alexandria, Pope of Alexandria 300–311
 * Pope Peter II of Alexandria, 373–380
 * Pope Peter III of Alexandria, 477–490
 * Pope Peter IV of Alexandria, 565–569
 * Pope Peter V of Alexandria, 1340–1348
 * Pope Peter VI of Alexandria, 1718–1726
 * Pope Peter VII of Alexandria, 1809–1852

Others

 * Manuel Alonso Corral, or Pope Peter II of the schismatic Palmarian Catholic Church from 2005 to 2011
 * Joseph Odermatt, or Pope Peter III of the schismatic Palmarian Catholic Church, the incumbent pope since 2016

title: Pope Peter


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Irshadcassim

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:04, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Irshadcassim
you know, for someone as influential as Irshad Cassim is supposed to be, he's got a surprisingly low amount of Google hits: one - and reading the page shows that his name isn't even actually there. His multimillionaire wife "who owns six chemical industries" doesn't show up either. Some of his famous ancestors appear to have existed outside of this entry, but I'm dubious as to whether they were actually his ancestors. Purge. DS 23:55, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * DS, I've shortened your URL cutting out the unnecessary tags so future editors don't have to put up with a horizontal scrollbar. Hope you don't mind... Master Thief Garrett 22:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, only 1 Google hit from a letters column in a newspaper - not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 03:24, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ONE Google hit?!? I've never, never, never seen so few listings for a real person. Probably vanity, there looks to be as much info here as there is at that other site. It talks of relation to royalty, but like DS I severely doubt this is real. Delete I say! Delete away! Master Thief Garrett 22:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nothing links to it as well.Tobycat 00:46, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Villages in Tyne and Wear

title: Category:Villages in Tyne and Wear


text:
Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme

The Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme, or SERS for short, is an urban redevelopment strategy employed by the Housing and Development Board in Singapore in maintaining and upgrading public housing flats in older estates in the city-state. Launched in August 1995, it involves a small selection of specific flats in older estates which undergo demolition and redevelopment to optimise land use, as opposed to upgrading of existing flats via the Main Upgrading and Interim Upgrading Programmes. To date, 82 SERS sites have been announced, of which 77 were completed. The implementation of SERS also depends on the availability of replacement sites and the Government's financial resources. It will be replaced by Voluntary Early Redevelopment Scheme (VERS) in 20 years time.

Only 4% of HDB flats have been identified for SERS since it was launched in 1995. All residents displaced by the redevelopment works are offered a new 99-year lease in new flats constructed nearby. These residents have the privilege to select their units prior to public release of the remaining units, are compensated financially, and are given subsidised prices for their new flats. The scheme also gives residents the opportunity to continue living near their kin and neighbours, thereby retaining kinship bonds and strengthening community ties.

The Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme has attracted opposition and controversy. The national government has power, under the Land Acquisitions Act of 1966, to carry out the Selective En Bloc scheme. This power invokes the principle of eminent domain as with most urban redevelopment projects.

In April 2020, to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in foreign worker dormitories, it was announced that HDB blocks in Bukit Merah which had been purchased as part of the SERS would be used to temporarily house those foreign workers who were well and worked in critical services.

title: Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme


text:
Ernst von Bergmann

Ernst Gustav Benjamin von Bergmann (16 December 1836 – 25 March 1907) was a Baltic German surgeon. He was the first physician to introduce heat sterilisation of surgical instruments and is known as a pioneer of aseptic surgery.

Biography
Born in Riga, Livonia Governorate (now Latvia), in 1860 he earned his doctorate at the University of Dorpat. He then worked as an assistant at the surgical clinic, and trained for surgery under Georg von Adelmann (his future father-in-law), and Georg von Oettingen. He received his certification in 1864. From 1871 to 1878 he was a professor of surgery at Dorpat. In 1878 he became a professor at Würzburg; in 1882 he relocated to the University of Berlin as a successor to Bernhard von Langenbeck. He continued as a professor of surgery at Berlin for the remainder of his career. Two of his assistants in Berlin were Curt Schimmelbusch (1860–1895) and Friedrich Gustav von Bramann (1854–1913). His son, Gustav von Bergmann (1878–1955) was a noted doctor of internal medicine.

Contributions
Bergmann was the first physician to introduce heat sterilization of surgical instruments, thus greatly reducing the number of infections in surgery. He also used steam sterilized dressing material, demonstrating its superiority to chemical antisepsis. He was also an early adopter of the "white coat".

He served as a medical officer in the Austro-Prussian War (1866), the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), and the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), gaining valuable experience in treating wounds. He was deeply interested in the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases associated with battle-related wounds. As a medical officer, he expressed the need for a well-trained ancillary and nursing personnel and also for the implementation of a modified procedure for handling gunshot wounds, in particular, wounds involving the joints and cranium.

Bergmann pioneered the hydrocelectomy (hydrocele operation), contributed to improved appendectomy procedures, and performed the first successful esophageal diverticulum operation.

Bergmann wrote numerous medical and surgical works, including a classic treatise on head injuries, Die Lehre von den Kopfverletzungen (1880), and a book on brain surgery, Die Chirurgische Behandlung der Hirnkrankheiten (1888). In 1904, with Martin Kirchner and Robert Kutner, he co-founded the Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung ("Journal of Medical Education"). With Friedrich von Bramann and English physician Morell Mackenzie (1837–1892), he attended to Frederick III (1831–1888), when the emperor was dying of laryngeal cancer.

Bergmann died in Wiesbaden. The Ernst von Bergmann Clinic in Potsdam, the Ernst-von-Bergmann-Kaserne in Munich, and the Ernst von Bergmann Plaque of the German Medical Association, are named in his honor.

title: Ernst von Bergmann


text: Category:Housing in Singapore

title: Category:Housing in Singapore


text:
Pastoral (disambiguation)

A pastoral is a work in the genre of literature, art, and music known as the pastoral genre, that depicts the simple life of a shepherd in an idealised manner.

Pastoral may also refer to:

Animal husbandry

 * Pastoral farming, the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock
 * Pastoralism, a form of animal husbandry where livestock are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands (pastures) for grazing, historically by nomadic people

Arts and entertainment

 * Pastoral: To Die in the Country, a 1974 Japanese film
 * Pastoral (theatre of Soule), a traditional kind of play from the Basque Country
 * Pastoral (Shute novel), by Nevil Shute
 * Pastoral (Alexis novel), by André Alexis
 * Pastoral (album), by Gazelle Twin, 2018
 * Pastoral, Beethoven's 6th Symphony
 * Pastoral, Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 15
 * "Pastoral", a song by The Jesus Lizard from the 1990 album Head
 * Pastoral, a 2000 poetry collection by Carl Phillips
 * English Pastoral School, a group of English composers of classical music working during the early to mid 20th century

Other uses

 * Pastoral letter, or pastoral, an open letter by a bishop to the clergy or laity of a diocese

title: Pastoral (disambiguation)


text:
São Gonçalo

São Gonçalo, named after Gonçalo de Amarante (1187-1259), may refer to:

Brazil

 * São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro
 * São Gonçalo do Amarante, Rio Grande do Norte
 * São Gonçalo do Amarante, Ceará
 * São Gonçalo do Abaeté, Minas Gerais
 * São Gonçalo dos Campos, Bahia
 * São Gonçalo do Gurguéia, Piauí
 * São Gonçalo do Pará, Minas Gerais
 * São Gonçalo do Piauí, Piauí
 * São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Minas Gerais
 * São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Minas Gerais
 * São Gonçalo do Sapucaí, Minas Gerais
 * São Gonçalo Channel
 * São Gonçalo River

Portugal

 * São Gonçalo (Funchal), Madeira
 * São Gonçalo de Lagos, Lagos

Other uses

 * Convent of São Gonçalo (Angra do Heroísmo), Terceira, Azores
 * Igreja de São Gonçalo, a church in Amarante, Portugal
 * São Gonçalo Futebol Clube (RN), a Brazilian football club, São Gonçalo do Amarante, Rio Grande do Norte

title: São Gonçalo


text:
File:Flyover Sandgate 2005.jpg

Diagram of proposed railway flyover at Sandgate, New South Wales, proposed for construction starting 2005.

title: File:Flyover Sandgate 2005.jpg


text:
Rita Celli

Rita Celli (born 1969 in Sudbury, Ontario) is a Canadian radio journalist, who was the host of Ontario Today on CBC Radio One's stations in Ontario from 2006 to 2023.

Born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario, she graduated from Carleton University’s journalism program in 1991. Prior to Ontario Today, she held a number of positions at CBC on both radio and television, including anchor of CBOT-DT's supper-hour newscast.

In 2000, she and a team of CBC journalists won an investigative award from the Canadian Association of Journalists. In 2014, Celli was awarded the Michener-Deacon Fellowship for Investigative Journalism.

title: Rita Celli


text: User talk:208.11.16.28

title: User talk:208.11.16.28


text:
Africa (disambiguation)

Africa is the world's second largest continent.

Africa may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Africa (1930 film), an American animated short featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
 * África (film), 1996 Spanish film
 * Africa (2011 film), an Iranian crime drama
 * Africa (2019 film), an Israeli drama
 * Africa (1984 TV series), a Channel 4 documentary series
 * Africa (2013 TV series), a BBC documentary series
 * "Africa", (also known as "Antelopes"), a Series A episode of the television series QI (2003)

Classical music

 * "Africa" (William Billings), an 18th-century hymn tune
 * Africa, an 1891 fantasia by Camille Saint-Saëns
 * Africa (Still), a 1930 symphonic poem

Albums

 * Africa (Miriam Makeba album), a 1991 compilation album
 * Africa (Perpetuum Jazzile album), 2009
 * Africa (Pharoah Sanders album), 1987

Songs

 * "Africa" (Toto song), 1982
 * Africa (Weezer cover), a cover of the Toto song by Weezer
 * "Africa" (Karl Wolf song), 2007, based on the Toto song
 * "Africa" (Rose Laurens song), 1982, also released as "Africa (Voodoo Master)"
 * "Africa", by D'Angelo from his 2000 album Voodoo
 * "Africa", by E-Type from his 2001 album Euro IV Ever
 * "Africa", by Hall & Oates from their 1980 album Voices
 * "Africa", by The Knack from their 1981 album Round Trip
 * "Africa", by The Meters from their 1974 album Rejuvenation
 * "Hollywood (Africa)", a cover by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, 1985
 * "Africa", by Yemi Alade from her 2016 album Mama Africa
 * "Africa", by Toto Cutugno, on which the1975 song "L'Été indien (Africa)" was based
 * "Africa" (Lost Fields song), 2019

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * Africa (Petrarch), a 14th-century epic poem
 * Africa (journal), an academic journal
 * Africa, an academic journal from Italy

Places

 * Africa (Roman province), a province of the Roman Empire
 * Kingdom of Africa
 * Africa, Indiana, U.S.
 * Africa, Ohio, U.S.

Other uses

 * Africa (goddess)
 * Africa (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * 1193 Africa, an asteroid
 * Honda Africa Twin, a motorcycle
 * HMS Africa, the name of several ships
 * Africa Safari Adventure Park, in Costa Rica

title: Africa (disambiguation)


text:
Clapboard

Clapboard, also called bevel siding, lap siding, and weatherboard, with regional variation in the definition of those terms, is wooden siding of a building in the form of horizontal boards, often overlapping.

Clapboard, in modern American usage, is a word for long, thin boards used to cover walls and (formerly) roofs of buildings. Historically, it has also been called clawboard and cloboard. In the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, the term weatherboard is always used.

An older meaning of "clapboard" is small split pieces of oak imported from Germany for use as barrel staves, and the name is a partial translation (from klappen, "to fit") of Middle Dutch klapholt and related to German Klappholz.

Riven
Clapboards were originally riven radially by hand producing triangular or "feather-edged" sections, attached thin side up and overlapped thick over thin to shed water.

Radially sawn
Later, the boards were radially sawn in a type of sawmill called a clapboard mill, producing vertical-grain clapboards. The more commonly used boards in New England are vertical-grain boards. Depending on the diameter of the log, cuts are made from 4+1/2 to 6+1/2 in deep along the full length of the log. Each time the log turns for the next cut, it is rotated 5/8 in until it has turned 360°. This gives the radially sawn clapboard its taper and true vertical grain.

Flat-sawn
Flat-grain clapboards are cut tangent to the annual growth rings of the tree. As this technique was common in most parts of the British Isles, it was carried by immigrants to their colonies in the Americas and in Australia and New Zealand. Flat-sawn wood cups more and does not hold paint as well as radially sawn wood.

Chamferboard
Chamferboards are an Australian form of weatherboarding using tongue-and-groove joints to link the boards together to give a flatter external appearance than regular angled weatherboards.

Finger jointed
Some modern clapboards are made up of shorter pieces of wood finger jointed together with an adhesive.

Wood species

In North America clapboards were historically made of split oak, pine and spruce. Modern clapboards are available in red cedar and pine.

In some areas, clapboards were traditionally left as raw wood, relying upon good air circulation and the use of 'semi-hardwoods' to keep the boards from rotting. These boards eventually go grey as the tannins are washed out from the wood. More recently clapboard has been tarred or painted—traditionally black or white due to locally occurring minerals or pigments. In modern clapboard these colors remain popular, but with a hugely wider variety due to chemical pigments and stains.

Clapboard houses may be found in most parts of the British Isles, and the style may be part of all types of traditional building, from cottages to windmills, shops to workshops, as well as many others.

In New Zealand, clapboard housing dominates buildings before 1960. Clapboard, with a corrugated iron roof, was found to be a cost-effective building style. After the big earthquakes of 1855 and 1931, wooden buildings were perceived as being less vulnerable to damage. Clapboard is always referred to as weatherboard in New Zealand.

Newer, cheaper designs often imitate the form of clapboard construction as siding made of vinyl (uPVC), aluminum, fiber cement, or other man-made materials. These materials can provide a lightweight alternative to wooden cladding.

title: Clapboard


text:
Talk:Overpass

Flyover
It was my understanding that here (in the UK) as well as in America a 'flyover' is specifically a high level overpass, or one existing solely for grade-separation (ie not part of an embankment etc). Midlandstoday 22:06, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Copied from User talk:Ewlyahoocom: I'm in the UK, and I always understood a 'flyover' to be a high-level road overpass, or one existing solely for grade seperation. I had never heard of an 'overpass' until relatively recently. In short, I do not believe that use of 'flyover' to be US-centric. Midlandstoday 16:32, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I assumed using "flyover" to only mean a high-level overpass was US-centric, but since you're not USian I guess I assumed wrong. Also, http://m-w.com/dictionary/flyover just shows them as synonyms. (I think a lot of these roadway terminology pages are horribly ambiguous e.g. Expressway vs Freeway vs Motorway.) Anyways, I changed the link on the Flyover disambiguation page to a redirect which I hope we can both agree on. Ewlyahoocom 04:11, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree international road terminology is rather ambiguous, possibly due to the residents and governments of different nations developing their own terms for roads which are, in engineering terms, very similar. I must admit though that my understanding of the word 'flyover' may apply mainly to English Midland Dialect which is of course the most familiar to me. As far as I can tell, 'overpass' is rarely used here, yet 'flyover' has much the same meaning as in the US. Most people would call a US-'overpass' simply a 'bridge', with no specific term in common use. 'Underpass' however is widely used, especially to refer to a pedestrian underpass, particularly those constructed as part of the grand urban road schemes of the 60s and 70s. Midlandstoday 16:39, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I've always seen the terms flyover and overpass as fairly synonymous in Australian usage, with flyover being less common and possibly perceived as a "foreign" term. A flyover would generally have approach ramps at both ends to get it "up and over", but a lot of older flyovers are referred to as overpasses.  In particular, a road flyover going over a railway line to replace a level crossing is often referred to as a railway overpass.  A pedestrian footbridge over a road is usually referred to as a "pedestrian overbridge", "pedestrian walkway" or similar.  Here, where a road and a railway line cross, the choice between calling it an "overpass" or "underpass" appears to be whether the road passes over or under the railway line.  To make it really confusing, in some places where a road or footpath was put through an existing raised railway formation by replacing part of the formation with a bridge or tunnel, it's not uncommon to see it referred to as a "subway" by people over about 60yo. --Athol Mullen 00:09, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * In aussieland, flyover is purelyu an americanism, all overpasses down here :)Nbound (talk) 00:48, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I live in Australia too, and I agree with the above comment. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 03:57, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

List of railroad over railroad flyovers
I think the list of places where a track that is a part of the US national rail system (by which I mean, not a subway track) crosses above another such track would be short enough that making a list would be practical, were someone so inclined. The only example I can think of in Massachusetts is at Readville, where there's a bridge so that a train from the MBTA's Franklin Line can continue to the Fairmount Line, above the Providence Line / Northeast Corridor tracks. JNW2 (talk) 10:58, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Would there be any reason to limit this to the USA? In general, they're fairly rare, and the only 2 that I'm aware of in Australia are the Sandgate Flyover and Hanbury Dive, although the Southern Sydney Freight Line will have a flyover at one point to get it from one side to between the passenger lines and a dive at another point where the freight line branches away from the passenger lines. I suspect that the overall list of rail-over-rail flyovers and dives would be fairly small. --Athol Mullen (talk) 12:04, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * No reason to limit this to the US, other than the challenge of coming up with the right terminology to scope the category in such a way that it's an interesting, non-huge list. In the US, we have some pretty clear rules that subway type trains are not a part of the national rail system.  If you start including subway tracks, the US list becomes a lot longer.  For example, in Massachusetts, the MBTA Red Line crosses the below the Green Line and Orange Line; the MBTA Blue Line crosses the Green Line and Orange Line in some grade separated fashion; the Orange Line goes under some commuter rail tracks a bit east of Back Bay Station; the Red Line crosses under commuter rail tracks at Porter Square; and my list here is probably incomplete.  I think the British may not have such a clear separation of subway from heavy rail (in part because they also don't run such large freight trains at all).  But heavy rail is also not a terribly precise choice of terminology, as I think I have seen the MBTA's Orange Line, at least, described as heavy rail even though it's a subway line that's not a part of the national rail system.  JNW2 (talk) 20:49, 15 June 2008 (UTC).thank you

Gallery Added
Original message from my talk page is here.

My reply on Jojalozzo's talk page:

Regarding the images on the article Overpass, the prior arrangement was somewhat unsightly due to the relatively small amount of text on the page and the large number of images. I left one image out of the gallery because, in my opinion, it was the image that is most descriptive of the concept of Overpass/flyover.

I did intend to move the image to the right side of the article, but I forgot to do that. I have just corrected that oversight.

In your note you mentioned that the images were, "moved ... to the railroad overpass section." I'm not sure what you mean. The article, and the gallery I added, is about both highway and railroad overpasses. What I did was create a gallery for all but one of the images to make the article flow better visually.

Finally, the policy I mentioned in my edit summary is Section 3.2 of Wikipedia Manual of Style/Images which talks about how to locate an image. But I was also influenced by Section 2 of Wikipedia:Picture tutorial, Avoiding stack-ups where we learn that stacking multiple images against large amounts of white space is visually undesirable. My edit was intended to fix that.

Finally if your interest is in railroad overpasses, I think the article would benefit from more railroad related images. If you have any that would be appropriate that would be great.

— Bill W. (Talk) (Contrib) –  29 July 2024,  (UTC)

title: Talk:Overpass


text:
Talk:Tatooine

Is our Earth becoming like Tatooine?
I was reading the article and some of this information sounds like what our planet will be like once we run out of natural resources. Is it true that we might have to live underground and resort to moisture farming once the global warming and the depletion of our resources will result in us living like the people on Tatooine? GVnayR (talk) 19:47, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

Hutts
were the hutts not from Nal Hutta instead of Tatooine? Jelle Gouw (talk) 12:06, 29 December 2014 (UTC)

The Force Awakens
While speaking from the stage at Star Wars Celebration J.J. Abrams confirmed that the desert planet featured prominently in Star Wars footage so far is not Tatooine.

--86.56.15.232 (talk) 21:53, 16 April 2015 (UTC)

The Most Iconic Planet
The lede states, quite authoritatively, that:
 * "Since [Tatooine] is the home planet of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker, as well as the meeting place for Obi-Wan Kenobi and Han Solo, it's the most iconic planet in the Star Wars universe".

Now then ... I'm not saying my opinion differs from that statement. However I will say that my opinion is completely and utterly irrelevant! As is anyone else's unless they've also written it somewhere else that can be used as a valid source. If that sentence isn't an example of Original Research then I don't know what is. I mean ... it's making a logical argument to support itself, right there before our eyes, in the very article itself and, as such, it does not belong unless someone can find a relevant source for it. Given that it is at least half of the lede, it really needs to be removed if a source can't be found because, contrary to almost every other aspect of life, the rules of Wikipedia were not made to be broken... ;-) FillsHerTease (talk) 09:27, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Came here to say exactly the same, calling it the "most iconic" is (even if correct) subjective and just doesn't have a place here. Maybe something less definitive would be more fitting? Atreem (talk) 05:46, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

 * So ... we have our own Rebellion??? ;-) I see the change you've made; "I heartily endorse this product or opinion" - Krusty The Clown. Nice work Sir! Have a wonderful New Year... FillsHerTease (talk) 06:49, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

cleanup
Im undoing a destructive edit (452197167) by a now banned user. Autumn Wind (talk) 16:24, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

Also I'm trying to figure out how to archive the older undated content... Autumn Wind (talk) 16:40, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Tatooine


text: User talk:65.189.32.44

title: User talk:65.189.32.44


text:
Pope Victor

Pope Victor has been the papal name of three popes of the Catholic Church.

 * Pope Victor I (189–199)
 * Pope Victor II (1055–1057)
 * Pope Victor III (1086–1087)

There were also two antipopes called Victor IV.

 * Antipope Victor IV (1138)
 * Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)

title: Pope Victor


text:
Pope Callixtus

Pope Callixtus has been the papal name of three popes of the Catholic Church.

 * Pope Callixtus I (217–222)
 * Pope Callixtus II (1119–1124)
 * Pope Callixtus III (1455–1458)

title: Pope Callixtus


text:
São Gonçalo do Amarante (disambiguation)

Gundisalvus of Amarante is a Portuguese priest and hermit.

São Gonçalo do Amarante may also refer to:

 * São Gonçalo do Amarante, Rio Grande do Norte, a municipality in Brazil
 * São Gonçalo do Amarante, Ceará, a municipality in Brazil


text:
Pope Lucius

Pope Lucius may refer to:

 * Pope Lucius I (c 200–254), 22nd Catholic pope
 * Pope Lucius II (died 1145), 166th Catholic pope
 * Pope Lucius III (c 1100–1185), 171st Catholic pope

title: Pope Lucius


text:
Henry Denham

Henry Denham was one of the outstanding English printers of the sixteenth century.

He was apprenticed to Richard Tottel and took up the freedom of the Stationers' Company on 30 August 1560. In 1564 he set up his own printing house in White Cross Street, Cripplegate, but in the following year he moved to Paternoster Row, at the sign of the Star, where he remained for many years. His printing office was well supplied with good type in all sizes, from nonpareil to great primer, and he had a fine range of initial letters, ornaments and borders. He was particularly fond of arranging his titles with a lace border formed of printers' flowers and showed much ingenuity in their arrangement.

When Henry Bynneman died in 1583, he appointed Denham and Ralph Newbery to be his executors. Shortly after this it is thought that Denham started the Eliot's Court Printing House.

Denham was an industrious printer and in 1583 was returned as having four presses; in 1586-7 and 1588-9 he served as Junior Warden of the Stationers' Company, but he never became Master. About 1585 he removed to Aldersgate Street. The last entry under his name occurs in the Registers on 3 December 1589, after which nothing more is heard of him.

Richard Yardley and Peter Short succeeded to the business.

Denham invented the rhetorical question mark "⸮", which did not become a permanent part of the language.

title: Henry Denham


text:
Global change

Global change in broad sense refers to planetary-scale changes in the Earth system. It is most commonly used to encompass the variety of changes connected to the rapid increase in human activities which started around mid-20th century, i.e., the Great Acceleration. While the concept stems from research on the climate change, it is used to adopt a more holistic view of the observed changes. Global change refers to the changes of the Earth system, treated in its entirety with interacting physicochemical and biological components as well as the impact human societies have on the components and vice versa. Therefore, the changes are studied through means of Earth system science.

History of global-change research
The first global efforts to address the environmental impact of human activities on the environment worldwide date before the concept of global change was introduced. Most notably, in 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, which led to United Nations Environment Programme. While the efforts were global and the effects across the globe were considered, the Earth system approach was not yet developed at this time. The events, however, started a chain of events that led to the emergence of the field of global change research.

The concept of global change was coined as researchers investigating climate change started that not only the climate but also other components of the Earth system change at a rapid pace, which can be contributed to human activities and follow dynamics similar to many societal changes. It has its origins in the World Climate Research Programme, or WCRP, an international program under the leadership of Peter Bolin, which at the time of its establishment in 1980 focused on determining if the climate is changing, can it be predicted and do humans cause the change. The first results not only confirmed human impact but led to the realisation of a larger phenomenon of global change. Subsequently Peter Bolin together with James McCarthy, Paul Crutzen, Hans Oeschger and others started International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, or IGBP, under the sponsorship of International Council for Science.

In 2001, in Amsterdam, a conference was held focused around the four major global-change research programmes at the time: WCRP, IGBP, International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) and Diversitas (now continued as Future Earth). The conference was titled Challenges of a Changing Earth: Global Change Open Science Conference and was concluded with The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change, best summarized in its first paragraph:

Causes
In the past, the main drivers of planetary-scale changes have been solar variation, plate tectonics, volcanism, proliferation and abatement of life, meteorite impact, resource depletion, changes in Earth's orbit around the Sun, and changes in the tilt of Earth on its axis. There is overwhelming evidence that now the main driver of the global change is the growing human population's demand for resources; some experts and scientists have described this phenomenon as the anthropocene epoch. In the last 250 years, human-caused change has accelerated and caused climate change, widespread species extinctions, fish-stock collapse, desertification, ocean acidification, ozone depletion, pollution, and other large-scale shifts.

Scientists working on the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme have said that Earth is now operating in a "no analogue" state. Measurements of Earth system processes, past and present, have led to the conclusion that the planet has moved well outside the range of natural variability in the last half million years at least. Homo sapiens have been around for about 300,000 years.

Physical evidence
Humans have always altered their environment. The advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago led to a radical change in land use that still continues. But, the relatively small human population had little impact on a global scale until the start of the industrial revolution in 1750. This event, followed by the invention of the Haber-Bosch process in 1909, which allowed large-scale manufacture of fertilizers, led directly to rapid changes to many of the planet's most important physical, chemical and biological processes.

The 1950s marked a shift in gear: global change began accelerating. Between 1950 and 2010, the population more than doubled. In that time, rapid expansion of international trade coupled with upsurges in capital flows and new technologies, particularly information and communication technologies, led to national economies becoming more fully integrated. There was a tenfold increase in economic activity and the world's human population became more tightly connected than ever before. The period saw sixfold increases in water use and river damming. About 70 percent of the world's freshwater resource is now used for agriculture. This rises to 90 percent in India and China. Half of the Earth's land surface had now been domesticated. By 2010, urban population, for the first time, exceeded rural population. And there has been a fivefold increase in fertilizer use. Indeed, manufactured reactive nitrogen from fertilizer production and industry now exceeds global terrestrial production of reactive nitrogen. Without artificial fertilizers there would not be enough food to sustain a population of seven billion people.

These changes to the human sub-system have a direct influence on all components of the Earth system. The chemical composition of the atmosphere has changed significantly. Concentrations of important greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are rising fast. Over Antarctica a large hole in the ozone layer appeared. Fisheries collapsed: most of the world's fisheries are now fully or over-exploited. Thirty percent of tropical rainforests disappeared.

In 2000, Nobel prize-winning scientist Paul Crutzen announced the scale of change is so great that in just 250 years, human society has pushed the planet into a new geological era: the Anthropocene. This name has stuck and there are calls for the Anthropocene to be adopted officially. If it is, it may be the shortest of all geological eras. Evidence suggests that if human activities continue to change components of the Earth system, which are all interlinked, this could heave the Earth system out of one state and into a new state.

Society
Global change in a societal context encompasses social, cultural, technological, political, economic and legal change. Terms closely related to global change and society are globalization and global integration. Globalization began with long-distance trade and urbanism. The first record of long distance trading routes is in the third millennium BC. Sumerians in Mesopotamia traded with settlers in the Indus Valley, in modern-day India.

Since 1750, but more significantly, since the 1950s, global integration has accelerated. This era has witnessed incredible global changes in communications, transportation, and computer technology. Ideas, cultures, people, goods, services and money move around the planet with ease. This new global interconnectedness and free flow of information has radically altered notions of other cultures, conflicts, religions and taboos. Now, social movements can and do form at a planetary scale.

Evidence, if more were needed, of the link between social and environmental global change came with the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. The crisis pushed the planet's main economic powerhouses, the United States, Europe and much of Asia into recession. According to the Global Carbon Project, global atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide fell from an annual growth rate of around 3.4% between 2000 and 2008, to a growth rate of about 2% in 2008.

Societies everywhere are facing unprecedented challenges as a result of rapid global change (including climate change). In such a context there is need for generatively contributing to transformative social learning systems and green skills learning pathways development. Through this focus, the Chair's work contributes enhancing capacity for climate resilient development and a sustainable, socially just society in South Africa and Africa more widely.

Planetary management
Humans are altering the planet's biogeochemical cycles in a largely unregulated way with limited knowledge of the consequences. Without steps to effectively manage the Earth system – the planet's physical, chemical, biological and social components – it is likely there will be severe impacts on people and ecosystems. Perhaps the largest concern is that a component of the Earth system, for example, an ocean circulation, the Amazon rainforest, or Arctic sea ice, will reach a tipping point and flip from its current state to another state: flowing to not flowing, rainforest to savanna, or ice to no ice. A domino effect could ensue with other components of the Earth system changing state rapidly.

Intensive research over the last 20 years has shown that tipping points do exist in the Earth system, and wide-scale change can be rapid – a matter of decades. Potential tipping points have been identified and attempts have been made to quantify thresholds. But to date, the best efforts can only identify loosely defined "planetary boundaries" beyond which tipping points exist but their precise locations remain elusive.

There have been calls for a better way to manage the environment on a planetary scale, sometimes referred to as managing "Earth's life support system". The United Nations was formed to stop wars and provide a platform for dialogue between countries. It was not created to avoid major environmental catastrophe on regional or global scales. But several international environmental conventions exist under the UN, including the Framework Convention on Climate Change, Montreal Protocol, Convention to Combat Desertification, and Convention on Biological Diversity. Additionally, the UN has two bodies charged with coordinating environmental and development activities, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

In 2004, the IGBP published "Global Change and the Earth System, a planet under pressure." The publication's executive summary concluded: "An overall, comprehensive, internally consistent strategy for stewardship of the Earth system is required". It stated that a research goal is to define and maintain a stable equilibrium in the global environment.

In 2007, France called for UNEP to be replaced by a new and more powerful organization called the "United Nations Environment Organization". The rationale was that UNEP's status as a "programme", rather than an "organization" in the tradition of the World Health Organization or the World Meteorological Organization, weakened it to the extent that it was no longer fit for purpose given current knowledge of the state of the planet.

title: Global change