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Decwar

DECWAR is a multiplayer computer game first written in 1978 at the University of Texas at Austin for the PDP-10. It was developed from a lesser-known two-player version, WAR, adding multi-terminal support for between one and ten players. WAR and DECWAR are essentially multiplayer versions of the classic Star Trek game, but with added strategic elements. The game was later used, by scrubbing copyright notices and replacing them, as MegaWars on CompuServe and Stellar Warrior on GEnie. Both versions ran for years.

Original versions
The original game that led to DECWAR was WAR, a two-player version of Star Trek for the CDC 6600. In Star Trek, a single player would hunt around the galaxy looking for an invasion force of Klingon warships, and return to a number of starbases to refit and repair. In WAR, the starbases were replaced by planets that either player could capture after attacking them, turning them "friendly". The game ended when one user captured all of the planets and destroyed his opponent's ship. The 6600 supported only one operating terminal, so the players had to take turns entering their commands.

During a port to the PDP-10, the game was more heavily modified and became DECWAR. The game was no longer run as a single instance, but instead as a number of programs (or "jobs"), one for each user, communicating through a shared memory. This allowed up to 18 players to join or leave the game as they wished, the other players continuing to see the map as it was before. Another addition was a single computer-controlled Romulan ship, who would be spawned into games with less than full players in order to give the humans someone to fight. When the roster filled with players (the number depended on the version) the Romulan would not be re-spawned after being killed.

Version 1.0 of DECWAR was released in August 1978. The university would make copies available on tape for the nominal fee of $50, and it soon appeared on PDP-10s around the world. The greatly updated 2.0 was released in July 1979, and another major version, 2.3, on 20 November 1981.

Commercial versions
Bill Louden, who was in charge of games at CompuServe, purchased a version of DECWAR from UT Austin after having been told of its existence one night on CB Simulator by Merlyn Cousins. In 1982, Louden gave it to the programmers at Kesmai, who wrote many of CompuServe's games. They found that the copyright said nothing about commercial uses, and quickly produced a new version after replacing any potentially lawsuit-friendly references to the Star Trek universe with more generic references.

The new version, MegaWars, went live on CompuServe in 1983 and ran continuously until 1998, although there were a few times where they closed it down during that period only to revive it after receiving complaints from the players. Numerous additions were made during its run, notably different classes of ships, and later versions looked little like the original DECWAR.

Kesmai also worked on an extensively updated version to be known as MegaWars II, the original retroactively becoming MegaWars I. Among other features, MegaWars II was able to run in a client–server mode and was intended to be used with graphical front-ends running on a variety of popular home computers. However, the imminent release of MegaWars III ended these plans, and MegaWars II was abandoned.

In 1985 Louden left CompuServe to form GEnie at General Electric. Kesmai re-scrubbed the system for use on GEnie, producing Stellar Warrior. Like MegaWars, Stellar Warrior ran for years, and was finally killed when GEnie was shut down in 1999.

Other versions
On May 27, 2011, the University of Texas published the source code of Decwar. The source code is hosted at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History and GitHub.

A clone of Decwar called decwars.com was written in Go by Harris Newman and runs in the cloud. Commands were modeled on the original game with minor variations, except the game supports unlimited players.

Later the CIS (CompuServe Information Service) version of Decwar was released to the public by The University of Texas. This version was highly modified to run on CIS's version of TOPS-10. Merlyn Cousins (Drforbin) later reverse engineered the source back to a form which would run on standard TOPS-10 and simh. This code is archived at the Briscoe Center for American History. The source is also available on GitHub.

Description
The basic aim of DECWAR was to take control of a "universe" consisting of a 79 × 79 "sector" grid (in v2.3, it was smaller in earlier versions) containing a number of planets, bases and black holes. One change from the original Star Trek were the planets, which could be captured and fortified to create additional bases.

Players could join either the Federation or Klingon Empire, although the difference was purely cosmetic and each side had identical ships. In games where one team had too many players, new players would be forced onto the smaller team. When joining, the player was presented with a list of ships on each side that were not currently being played, and could re-enter the game in the same ship if they were killed. Each ship was equipped with warp and impulse engines, photon torpedoes, phasers, deflector shields, a computer, life support, sub-space radio, and a tractor beam. Each ship started with 5000 units of energy, 2500 units of shield strength, and 0 units of damage. If a ship receives 2500 points of damage it is destroyed, and a ship that loses all of its energy is likewise "dead". In addition to total damage for the ship as a whole, each hit would do damage to a part of the ship, which would be rendered inoperative if this reached 300 points.

Another change from Star Trek was that fully charged and operative shields would deflect torpedoes completely, whereas in the original they often overwhelmed the Klingon ships with a single shot. This forces the players to first reduce the enemy's shields with phaser fire before finishing them off with a torpedo. Players could also shoot at stars with their torpedoes, causing them to go nova and destroy any nearby ship.

The bases were the key strategic element of the game, allowing allied ships to be repaired and rearmed. The game ended when one team destroyed all of the opposing ships, bases, and captured their planets. Bases will fire on enemy ships within four sectors, and had massive phaser and shield power. Neutral planets were essentially small bases with a range of two sectors and less power. Bases and planets could be easily reduced by staying slightly outside their firing range; torpedoes, for instance, had a range of ten sectors.

Although, like Star Trek, each user interacted through a turn-based command line, the game as a whole was essentially real-time because any user could enter commands at any time and update the global game state. This gave the advantage to players who could interpret output and enter commands faster. To improve performance, DECWAR had three different levels of "detail" in commands and output, with the tersest mode condensing commands into a code-like format. Command structure was similar to the command structure of TOPS-10, the operating system for the PDP-10; commands could be abbreviated to their most simple and unique form. DECWAR allowed the user to enter coordinates in absolute, relative or computed format (one position +/- another). Finally, commands could be stacked on a line, allowing a list of commands to be executed at once. If the user wanted, the last command line could be re-entered by simply pressing the escape key.

title: Decwar


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Talk:1453

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It came to my attention that the date the Fall of Constantinople happened, was May 29 according to Julian and not Gregorian calendar. It was a Tuesday. Should the date change to June 7 or note the different calendar? --geraki 20:22, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

1453 as a number is a prime number SkippyUK 11:07, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

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Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police (also known as the T Police or Transit Police and colloquially known as the "Subway Cops") is a police force which has primary jurisdiction on Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) property and vehicles in each of the 177 cities and towns within the MBTA. The department has grown to an authorized strength of 266 officers and 10 civilians. The majority of the MBTA Police Department's efforts are focused on patrol in Boston and surrounding communities, particularly around heavy rail (Red, Orange, and Blue Lines) The department patrols and protects the 5 subway lines to include the Silver Line, 13 commuter rail lines, 4 passenger ferry routes, 181 bus routes and The Ride paratransit system in Massachusetts communities.

The agency is currently led by Chief Kenneth Green. His predecessor was Chief Paul MacMillan who was initially appointed acting chief in 2007 by then MBTA General Manager Daniel Grabauskas to replace Joseph C. Carter who left the job to accept the position of Adjutant General (TAG) of the Massachusetts National Guard. In 2008, Grabauskas permanently appointed MacMillan chief of the agency. MacMillan is the first agency chief appointed from within the ranks of the organization.

History
In October 1968, legislation was passed (Chapter 664 of the Acts of 1968, amended by Chapter 829 of the Acts of 1970 and Chapter 329 of the Acts of 1993) which created the MBTA Police Department (hereafter referred to as the MBTA Transit Police Department or the MBTA Transit Police) under the provisions of Massachusetts General Law (M.G.L.), Chapter 31. The first full-time MBTA Transit Police Officers were hired on December 9, 1968. Chapter 664 of the Acts of 1968 (amended by Chapter 829 of the Acts of 1970 and Chapter 329 of the Acts of 1993): established a Police Department under the supervision of a Police Officer to be known as a Chief of Police; provided that all Police Officers except for the positions of the Chief, Superintendent or Major would be subject to Chapter 31; provided that all Police Officers would have, within the territorial limits of the authority, the powers and duties conferred or imposed upon Police Officers of cities and towns by Massachusetts General Law, Chapter 41, Section 98; provided MBTA Transit Police Officers additional powers of Railway Police Officers under Massachusetts General Law, Chapter 159, Section 93; and provided that MBTA Transit Police Officers have the same authority on city or town property as they have on MBTA property. Therefore, MBTA Transit Police Officers have full police powers within the territorial limits of the Authority.

After a rash of indecent sexual assaults on the Green Line in 2007 and 2008, detectives from the Criminal investigations Section began riding Green Line trains in plain clothes. Female detectives posed as patrons and had success in catching sex offenders in the act.

Possible merger
As of August 5, 2006, the local media reported the MBTA Police could merge with the Massachusetts State Police due to budgetary and staffing concerns. The union which represents the MBTA Transit Police supports this plan citing the difficulty the 257-member force has providing security for a transit system that spans 177 cities and towns in the state. They also cite a rider to officer ratio of 5,058 passengers per transit officer, far greater than the national average of 1,759 passengers per transit officer. The union reasons that after a merger, the existing MBTA officers could form a new State Police troop concentrating on providing security for inner-city Boston subway and bus systems, while state police officers could concentrate on commuter rail stations, T parking and MBTA routes outside of the city. The union representing state police officers opposes the merger citing different training methods and selection processes for officers and extra competition for promotion opportunities.

Because of the projected cost of the merger (estimated at $11 million), the merger seems unlikely, at best.

Jurisdiction
The MBTA Transit Police Department has jurisdiction and full police authority in all of the 177 cities and towns that comprise the MBTA service area. Outside the 177 cities and towns, the Transit Police exercises street railway police powers on the vehicles, properties and rights of way that comprise the Commuter Rail System. The Transit Police promotes safety and security throughout Greater Boston and eastern Massachusetts, working with federal, state and local law enforcement agencies. The MBTA Transit Police Department provides police services to patrons and employees of the Authority on MBTA property and vehicles.

Enforcement of transit-related laws off MBTA property, such as writing parking tickets at bus stops, is shared with municipal police departments, and the Massachusetts State Police on Massport and DCR property.


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Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)

The Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John of the Hospital at Jerusalem (Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem), commonly known as the Order of Saint John or the Johanniter Order (German: Johanniterorden), is the German Protestant branch of the Knights Hospitaller, the oldest surviving chivalric order, which generally is considered to have been founded at Jerusalem in 1099.

The Order is led by its thirty-seventh Herrenmeister ("Master of the Knights" or Grand Master), Oskar Prince of Prussia. Each of its knights, about four thousand men worldwide, is either a Knight of Justice (Rechtsritter) or a Knight of Honour (Ehrenritter). Membership in the Order is by appointment only, and individuals may not petition for admission; it is not limited to German citizens or German speakers, and knights include citizens and residents of numerous countries. Although membership is no longer limited to the nobility, as it was until 1948, the majority of knights still are drawn from this class. The Order comprises seventeen commanderies in Germany, one each in Austria, Finland, France, Hungary, and Switzerland, and a global commandery with subcommanderies in twelve other countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Italy, Namibia, Poland, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Venezuela).

Together with the London-based Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (of which the British monarch is Sovereign Head), the Swedish Johanniterorden i Sverige, and the Dutch Johanniter Orde in Nederland, the Order is a member of the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem. Along with the Roman Catholic Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), these four "Alliance Orders" represent the legitimate heirs of the Knights Hospitaller. They consider other orders using the name of Saint John to be merely imitative, and the Alliance and the SMOM jointly formed a False Orders Committee (renamed and reorganised as the Committee on Orders of Saint John), with representatives of each of the five orders, to expose and take action against such imitations.

The Order and its affiliate orders in the Netherlands and Sweden, which became independent of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg in 1946, after the Second World War, are Protestant. The SMOM, headquartered in Rome, admits only men and women of the Catholic faith. The Venerable Order of Saint John, a recreation of the medieval English Langue of the Order of Saint John, was chiefly Anglican at its formation in the nineteenth century but since has opened its membership to men and women of any faith.

Appearance in German-speaking lands
Soon after the formation of the Order in Jerusalem, supporters in Western Europe began to donate farmland and other assets for the objectives of the order, the military protection and medical aid of Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. In time, these landholdings were gathered into regional administrative divisions known as commanderies, each headed by a senior knight, or knight commander of the Order. The first commandery in the Germanies was founded in the mid-twelfth century.

By 1318, the Bailiwick of Brandenburg had been established in the northeastern parts of the Holy Roman Empire, an aggregation of commanderies of the Order under a bailiff, a high officer of the Order. The riches and influence of the Bailiwick (especially after augmentation by properties of the suppressed Order of the Temple) were so sizeable that, in 1382, the Prior of the German Langue (the eight territorial "Tongues" of the mediaeval Order of Saint John were its major subdivisions) in what became known as the Accord of Heimbach recognized the right of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg to choose its own governor (the Bailiff of Brandenburg, more commonly called the Herrenmeister) and preceptors (the commanders of the commanderies constituting the Bailiwick).

Early modern Europe
During the Protestant Reformation, large parts of the German Langue of the then-undivided Order of Saint John followed the leadership of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg and accepted Lutheran theology while continuing to recognize the headship of the grand master of the Order, who, with the majority of the knights, remained Roman Catholic. The higher officials of the Order, now headquartered on the Mediterranean island of Malta after the successive losses of Jerusalem, Acre, and Rhodes to Muslim Arabs and Turks, evinced a desire to maintain a relationship with the Protestant knights despite the theological and ecclesiological differences between the two groups. But in 1581, then Grand Master Jean de la Cassière called Herrenmeister Martin von Hohenstein before the Chapter (ruling council) of the Order of Saint John in Malta; when the Herrenmeister did not appear, De la Cassière declared the expulsion of the knights of the Bailiwick from the order, though he did so without the agreement of the Chapter.

Though separated from the Roman Catholic main stem of the Order of Saint John, the Bailiwick of Brandenburg continued to flourish. Admitting only noblemen, principally from the Germanies, the Bailiwick maintained hospitals and other institutions to care for the poor, the sick, and the injured. Elections of successive Herrenmeister (including a Roman Catholic, Adam von Schwarzenberg, in 1641) were announced to the Grand Prior of Germany in the Roman Catholic Order of Malta and, in accordance with the requests from the governing authorities of the Order of Malta, responsions (periodic remittances from revenues) were paid to the Grand Priory.

The horrific Thirty Years' War devastated the Bailiwick, resulting in the deaths of many knights and the destruction of much of the wealth of the Bailiwick. By the terms of the Peace of Westphalia ending the conflict, the Bailiwick was effectively placed under the protection of the Prince Electors of Brandenburg, later Kings of Prussia, members of the House of Hohenzollern. Under this protection, the Johanniterorden, as the Order came to be known, came to be headquartered at Sonnenburg Castle in the Neumark of Brandenburg, east of the Oder River, though the Herrenmeister resided in the Ordenspalais in Berlin from its completion in 1738.

As the intense sectarianism of early modern Europe gave way to the Enlightenment, further if sporadic attempts were made to accommodate the Protestant Bailiwick within the Roman Catholic Order of Malta. Despite cordial relations, however, including payment of responsions to Malta and participation of delegates from the Bailiwick in the Chapter General of the Order of Malta in 1776, nominal reunion of the two orders was prevented by the withholding of papal approval.

The nineteenth century and thereafter
In 1811 and 1812, as protector of the Order, King Frederick William III of Prussia transferred the powers of the Herrenmeister and the Chapter (the governing council of the Order) to the Prussian Crown, effectively dissolving the Bailiwick and confiscating its possessions. In its place he established a similarly named order of merit, the Royal Prussian Order of Saint John which also had similar insignia. The Herrenmeister of the Bailiwick, Prince August Ferdinand, became the first grand master of the new order of merit and continued to reside in the Ordenspalais, the palace of the Bailivick of Brandenburg. All knights of the Bailiwick became members of the new order of merit.

In 1852 the order of merit was in its turn dissolved and King Frederick William IV of Prussia, again exercising the powers of the kings of Prussia as protectors of the Order, restored the original Bailiwick. The eight surviving knights of justice of the original Order were among its first members. In 1853, they elected the younger brother of the Prussian king, Prince Friedrich Karl Alexander, the new Herrenmeister of the restored Order. He announced his election to the head of the Order of Malta, who in acknowledgement recognized this restoration as the continuation of the historic Bailiwick. The Johanniterorden and its branches became fully independent of the Roman Catholic grand master in Rome, although the Herrenmeisters then and since have continuously and explicitly recognized the Order's historical connection with the Roman Catholic Order of Malta.

During the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Order created and supported more and more charitable activities. It now owns and operates numerous hospitals, ambulance services, old-age homes, and nurseries and provides first-aid training courses and disaster relief, both within Germany and abroad.

After World War II, with the Neumark given by the victorious Allies to Poland (Sonnenburg has been renamed "Słońsk", and the castle lies in ruins), the Order moved its headquarters to Bonn, West Germany. After the reunification of West and East Germany, the headquarters were moved again, to Berlin.

More than the location of the seat of the Order changed in the aftermath of the Second World War. The Swedish and Dutch commanderies separated from the direct oversight of the Bailiwick (though continuing in loose association with it through the Alliance since 1961) in 1946, and two years later, the Bailiwick itself began to admit commoners as knights, because the post-monarchical German nobility was seen as a "frozen caste". The Finnish commandery, however, remains a purely noble society, as do the now independent Swedish and Dutch orders.

Although the Herrenmeister is now elected and no is longer nominated by the king of Prussia or emperor of Germany, each holder of the office since 1693 has been a member of the House of Hohenzollern, the family of the former Prussian kings and last German emperors.

The present status of the Order under German law derives from its incorporation in 1852, and from official recognition by the German government in 1957 and 1959 of the badges of rank in the Order as German decorations of merit.

Ranks
There are three active classes in the Order: Commander (Kommendator), Knight of Justice (Rechtsritter), and Knight of Honour (Ehrenritter). There are also classes of Honorary Commander (Ehrenkommendator), given to Knights of Justice who have rendered distinguished service to the Order, and Honorary Member (Ehrenmitglieder), which can be bestowed on men (including non-evangelical Christians) who do not belong to the Order but have given it some extraordinary service.

Charitable works
Through its Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe ("Saint John Accident Assistance"), its hospitals, nursing homes, hospices, and other institutions, the Order today is a major provider of medical and rescue services in Germany and, to a lesser extent, of comparable services elsewhere in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. These services are similar to the St. John Ambulance in many Commonwealth nations, and to various organisations affiliated with the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. All are carried out under the auspices of the Christian faith.

Additionally, spiritual retreats and other activities of the Order concentrate on the spiritual formation and development of Christian citizens in the modern world.

Insignia

The cloak of the Order is plain black with a large, white, linen eight-pointed cross on the left breast. For most knights, the cloak is black woollen (to which French knights add distinctive white woollen collars) with a plain lining, but the Herrenmeister’s cloak is of black velvet lined in satin. The cloaks of most knights are closed only at the neck, but the Herrenmeister, Commanders, Honorary Commanders, and Knights of Justice also wear a long black cord called a cingulum.

The insignia, also known as crosses of honor, are no longer bestowed by the Order automatically (reception into the Order now involves only ceremonial robing with the cloak in a church service). Knights of Honor now must have rendered five years of service to the Order before a cross of honor is granted. Promotion to Knight of Justice requires at least seven years of distinguished service.

The basic insignia of the Order is a white-enamelled Maltese cross. The crowned Brandenburg (later, Prussian) eagles between the arms of the crosses date from 1668; they are gold for Knights of Justice, Honorary Commanders, Commanders, and the Herrenmeister, but, on the crosses of Knights of Honour and Honorary Members, the eagles are enamelled black with only the tiny crowns on each eagle's head left unenamelled gold. The closed crown of the king of Prussia on the Herrenmeister's cross and the crosses of Commanders, Honorary Commanders, Knights of Justice, and Honorary Members dates from the time of Frederick the Great, when his government authorised it to be used on the insignia. Excluding the crown, the cross of a Knight of Justice is 5 cm in diameter; the cross of a Commander, Honorary Commander, or Honorary Member, 5.5 cm; and the cross of the Herrenmeister, 7 cm The uncrowned cross of a Knight of Honour is 6 cm in diameter. Each cross is worn from a black-moire, 4.5-centimeter-wide ribbon worn about the neck.

All members of the Order may also wear a plain, Maltese cross as a star or 'breast badge'. Most such stars are of plain linen, though enamelled stars in either silver or silver gilt, of about 5.5cm in diameter, also are worn in formal evening attire.

A white-enamelled Maltese cross in either gold (generally about 1.8 centimeters in diameter) or silver (1.3), may be worn on the left lapel of a knight's suit coat or sportcoat.

From the late eighteenth century, the Johanniter have had a uniform similar to the Knights of Malta. Though not abolished, this uniform has not been worn since before the Second World War.

Related orders
In 1946, the Dutch and Swedish commanderies of the Order separated from the direct oversight of the Bailiwick to form distinct, though related, orders.

Order of Saint John in the Netherlands
The mediaeval Dutch Bailiwick of Utrecht and Commandery of Haarlem formed parts of the German Langue (one of the "Tongues", the major divisions of the mediaeval Order of Saint John) until, during the Reformation, they associated themselves with the reformed Bailiwick of Brandenburg. Both the Bailiwick of Utrecht and the Commandery of Haarlem were suppressed in 1810, during the Napoleonic occupation.

Dutch knights of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg formed their own commandery within the Johanniterorden in 1909, when the Dutch monarch afforded it royal protection; and the commandery separated from the German Johanniterorden in 1946. The commandery became an independent order in 1958 and is known as Johanniter Orde in Nederland, now admitting noblewomen as well as noblemen. The Dutch monarch is an honorary commander. With the German and Swedish orders, the Dutch order helped found the Alliance of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem on June 13, 1961.

Dutch insignia of the Johanniter Orde in Nederland replace Prussian eagles with the Dutch lion.

Order of Saint John in Sweden
A Swedish commandery of the Order of Saint John had been established by 1185, but laicized in 1530 as a result of the Reformation. Some Swedish noblemen had become knights of the Johanniterorden by the early nineteenth century; by 1920, when King Gustav V placed them under his protection as a union of Swedish knights of the Order, they were 54 in number.

In 1946, the union of Swedish knights separated from the German Johanniterorden and a Swedish order was established. Known as the Johanniterorden i Sverige, and with the Swedish monarch as its High Protector, it helped found the Alliance of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem on June 13, 1961. Even though it is still a semi-official chivalric order of the Swedish state, membership of the Swedish order in practice remains limited to noblemen.

Swedish insignia of the Johanniterorden i Sverige replace Prussian eagles with the sheaf of the House of Vasa.

Herrenmeister

Following is a list of the men who have headed the Order, with the title of Herrenmeister, from the beginning of the institution as a subdivision of the Knights Hospitaller.

 * 1323–1336: Gebhard von Bortefelde (praeceptor generalis), considered the first Herrenmeister
 * 1341–1371: Hermann von Wereberge
 * 1371–1397: Bernhard von der Schulenburg
 * 1397–1399: Detlev von Walmede
 * 1399–1418: Reimar von Güntersberg
 * 1419–1426: Busso von Alvensleben
 * 1426–1437: Balthasar von Schlieben
 * 1437–1459: Nicolaus von Thierbach
 * 1459–1460: Heinrich von Redern
 * 1460–1471: Liborius von Schlieben
 * 1471–1474: Kaspar von Güntersberg
 * 1474–1491: Richard von der Schulenburg
 * 1491–1526: Georg von Schlabrendorff
 * 1527–1544: Veit von Thümen
 * 1544–1545: Joachim von Arnim
 * 1545–1564: Thomas von Runge
 * 1564–1569: Franz von Naumann
 * 1569–1609: Martin, Graf von Hohenstein
 * 1610–1611: Friedrich, Markgraf zu Brandenburg
 * 1611–1613: Ernst, Markgraf zu Brandenburg
 * 1614–1615: Georg Albrecht, Markgraf zu Brandenburg
 * 1616–1624: Johann Georg, Markgraf zu Brandenburg
 * 1624–1625: Joachim Sigismund, Markgraf zu Brandenburg
 * 1625–1641: Adam, Graf von Schwarzenberg
 * 1641–1652: Georg von Winterfeld, Landvogt der Neumark, Komtur zu Schivelbein
 * 1652–1679: Johann Moritz, Fürst von Nassau-Siegen
 * 1689–1692: Georg Friedrich, Fürst zu Waldeck, Graf zu Pyrmont
 * 1693–1695: Karl Philipp, Markgraf zu Brandenburg-Schwedt
 * 1696–1731: Albrecht Friedrich, Prinz in Preußen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg-Schwedt
 * 1731–1762: Karl, Prinz in Preußen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg-Schwedt
 * 1762–1812: August Ferdinand, Prinz von Preußen
 * 1853–1883: Friedrich Carl Alexander, Prinz von Preußen
 * 1883–1906: Albrecht, Prinz von Preußen
 * 1907–1926: Eitel Friedrich, Prinz von Preußen
 * 1927–1958: Oskar, Prinz von Preußen
 * 1958–1999: Wilhelm Karl, Prinz von Preußen
 * 1999–present: Oskar, Prinz von Preußen

Commanders

 * Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)
 * Alexis, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt
 * Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885)
 * Otto von Bismarck
 * Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld
 * Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
 * Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
 * Prince Frederick of the Netherlands
 * Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
 * Julius, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * Helmuth von Maltzahn
 * Otto Theodor von Manteuffel
 * Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
 * Emil von Schlitz
 * Karl von Schlitz
 * Wilhelm von Wedell-Piesdorf
 * Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode
 * Remus von Woyrsch
 * Friedrich Graf von Wrangel

Knights of Justice

 * Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
 * Adolf von Bonin
 * Bernhard von Bülow
 * Bruno, Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen
 * Charles of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
 * Karl von Einem
 * Ludwig von Falkenhausen
 * Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
 * Heinrich VII, Prince Reuss of Köstritz
 * Heinrich von Gossler
 * Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck
 * Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)
 * Hermann, Prince of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
 * Theodor von Holleben
 * Dietrich von Hülsen-Haeseler
 * Georg von Kameke
 * Adolf von Glümer
 * Günther von Kirchbach
 * Hugo von Kirchbach
 * Alexander von Linsingen
 * Moriz von Lyncker
 * Georg von der Marwitz
 * Ernst von Prittwitz und Gaffron
 * Maximilian von Prittwitz
 * Wichard von Alvensleben
 * Ferdinand von Quast
 * Gustav Waldemar von Rauch
 * Albrecht von Roon
 * Prince Albert of Saxe-Altenburg
 * Gustav von Senden-Bibran
 * Eberhard Graf von Schmettow
 * Wilhelm von Tümpling
 * Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz
 * Karl von Wedel
 * Alfred von Waldersee
 * William, Prince of Wied
 * Karl von Wrangel
 * Duke Nicholas of Württemberg
 * Duke William of Württemberg
 * Ferdinand von Zeppelin

Knights of Honour

 * Vladimir Fyodorovich Adlerberg
 * Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg
 * Alexander Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse
 * Alexander of Battenberg
 * Aleksandr Baryatinsky
 * Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
 * Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck
 * Julius von Bose
 * Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
 * Ludwig von Bogdandy
 * Konrad von Burgsdorff
 * Hans von Bülow
 * Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
 * Prince Charles of Prussia
 * Chlodwig, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld
 * Edward VII
 * Emich, Prince of Leiningen
 * Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
 * Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia
 * Botho zu Eulenburg
 * Friedrich, Prince of Wied
 * Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Konstantin Quirin Freiherr von Forcade de Biaix
 * Ludwig von Gablenz
 * Karl von der Gröben
 * Heinrich LXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line
 * Miklós Horthy
 * August von Kleist
 * Ludwig Wilhelm, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt
 * Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel
 * Christoph Johann von Medem
 * Gustav Bogislav von Münchow
 * Prince Oscar of Prussia (born 1959)
 * Prince Oskar of Prussia
 * Thorleif Paus
 * Dubislav Friedrich von Platen
 * Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
 * Prince Wilhelm-Karl of Prussia
 * Hermann, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau
 * Philip Riedesel zu Camberg
 * Alexander von Schleinitz
 * Charles Gonthier, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
 * Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen
 * Victor II, Duke of Ratibor
 * August von Werder
 * Wilhelm, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
 * William II of Württemberg

Honorary Members

 * Friedrich Sixt von Armin
 * Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt
 * George Albert, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt


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Osam

The Osam (Осъм ) is a river in northern Bulgaria. Its drainage basin is between that of the river Vit to the west and the Yantra system to the east. The river has two main tributaries in its upper course: the Black Osam takes its source from the foot of Levski Peak in the Balkan Mountains, at an altitude of 1821 m, while the White Osam has its source on the northern slopes of the Kozya Stena peak. In Troyan, the black and white Osams join. It runs north towards Lovech, then north-east until Letnitsa and Levski, where it turns north-west until it flows into the Danube 5 km west of the town of Nikopol. The ancient name of the river was Assamus.

title: Osam


text:
Oberliga (football)

The Oberliga (, "Upper League"; plural: Oberligen) is the fifth tier of the German football league system. Before the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008, it was the fourth tier. At the end of the 2011–12 season the number of Oberligas was increased from eleven to fourteen.

With the exception of the Nazi-era Gauliga, the term Oberliga (equivalent to Premier League in English) was used prior to the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 for first-division leagues in Germany. Between 1978–94 the term Amateuroberliga was used for third-tier leagues, which were then the highest level of amateur play in the country. The current usage of the designation Oberliga was introduced in 1994. In East Germany a separate league structure was in place from 1948–1990 and the top flight division there was known as the DDR-Oberliga.

Pre-Bundesliga Oberligen
From the end of the Second World War until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 there were five regional Oberligen:
 * Oberliga Berlin
 * Oberliga Nord
 * Oberliga West
 * Oberliga Südwest
 * Oberliga Süd

Based on criteria outlined by the German association in October 1962 an evaluation system covering the last 12 seasons was established through which the sixteen clubs from these five leagues were established which were to form the new nationwide first division Bundesliga, with the others going to the new second tier Regionalligen.

2. Oberliga
Below the Oberliga the 2. Oberliga existed from 1949 to 1963 as the second tier in West Germany, except in Northern Germany and West Berlin where this level was never introduced. The 2. Oberligas were:
 * 2. Oberliga Süd
 * 2. Oberliga Südwest
 * 2. Oberliga West

Overview
Oberliga champions are usually promoted to Regionalliga which is directly below the 3. Liga. The Oberliga Nordost has two divisions ("Süd" and "Nord").

If the champion of an Oberliga is the B-team of a club which already has a team in the Regionalliga, or which has a team which will be relegated to the Regionalliga, the B-team cannot be promoted, and the next highest qualified team will be promoted instead.

There are fourteen "Oberligen", based on states and regions of Germany.

Promotion from the Oberligas to the 2nd Bundesliga
From 1974 to 1994, the Oberligas, originally called 1st Amateurliga, were set right below the two 2nd Bundesligas, North and South. Originally there was 15 Amateurligas which were reduced to 8 Oberligas in 1978. From 1981 the 2nd Bundesliga was reduced to one single league. Because there always were more Oberliga champions then promotion spots, these clubs had to determine the promoted teams by the way of a promotion play-off to the 2. Bundesliga, called "Aufstiegsrunde zur 2. Bundesliga".

Short history of the Oberligas
Since 2012–13 fourteen leagues exist on Oberliga level, increased from eleven the previous season:

Oberliga Baden-Württemberg
The Oberliga Baden-Württemberg was formed in 1978 to provide a single-division 3rd tier league for the state of Baden-Württemberg. Previously, the clubs in the state had played in four separate Amateurligas: Nordwürttemberg, Schwarzwald-Bodensee, Nordbaden and Südbaden. Two of those were merged, the Amateurligas Nordwürttemberg and Schwarzwald-Bodensee to form the Verbandsliga Württemberg.

 * Feeder leagues to the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg
 * Verbandsliga Nordbaden
 * Verbandsliga Südbaden
 * Verbandsliga Württemberg

Bayernliga
The Bayernliga was formed in 1945. In 1946–47, 1947–48 and from 1953–54 till 1962–63 it was split in a northern and a southern division. From 1963 to 2012 it played in the single division format. Since 2012 it again plays with a northern and a southern division.

 * Feeder leagues to the Bayernliga
 * Landesliga Bayern-Nordost
 * Landesliga Bayern-Nordwest
 * Landesliga Bayern-Mitte
 * Landesliga Bayern-Südost
 * Landesliga Bayern-Südwest

Bremen-Liga
The Bremen-Liga was established in 2008.

 * Feeder league to the Bremen-Liga
 * Landesliga Bremen

Oberliga Hamburg
The Oberliga Hamburg was established in 2008.

 * Feeder leagues to the Oberliga Hamburg
 * Landesliga Hamburg-Hammonia
 * Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa

Hessenliga
The Hessenliga was formed in 1945. In its first two seasons, 1945/46 and 1946/47 it played in two separate divisions, east and west. Since then it has been a single league and is the oldest Oberliga to operate continuously in this format.

 * Feeder leagues to the Hessenliga
 * Verbandsliga Hessen-Nord
 * Verbandsliga Hessen-Mitte
 * Verbandsliga Hessen-Süd

Oberliga Mittelrhein
The Oberliga Mittelrhein was elevated to Oberliga status in 2012 after the disbanding of the NRW-Liga which it previously had served.

 * Feeder leagues to the Oberliga Mittelrhein
 * Landesliga Mittelrhein Staffel 1
 * Landesliga Mittelrhein Staffel 2

Oberliga Niederrhein
The Oberliga Niederrhein was elevated to Oberliga status in 2012 after the disbanding of the NRW-Liga which it previously had served.

 * Feeder leagues to the Oberliga Niederrhein
 * Landesliga Niederrhein Gruppe 1
 * Landesliga Niederrhein Gruppe 2

Oberliga Niedersachsen
The Oberliga Niedersachsen was established in 2008, initially in two regional divisions, in 2010 reduced to a single division league, and reverted to two divisions in 2020 for one season only.

 * Feeder leagues to the Oberliga Niedersachsen
 * Landesliga Hannover
 * Landesliga Weser-Ems
 * Landesliga Braunschweig
 * Landesliga Lüneburg

NOFV-Oberliga
The NOFV-Oberliga was established in 1991 after the German reunification. It covers former East Germany and the city of Berlin. Originally having three divisions, in 1994 the NOFV-Oberliga Mitte ceased to continue and its clubs were split between the other two divisions, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and NOFV-Oberliga Süd.

 * Feeder leagues to the NOFV-Oberliga
 * Berlin-Liga
 * Brandenburg-Liga
 * Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 * Landesliga Sachsen
 * Verbandsliga Sachsen-Anhalt
 * Verbandsliga Thüringen

The participating teams are redistributed between the northern and the southern division based on geographical needs. If possible, teams from Berlin, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern promote to the northern division, whereas teams from Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia promote to the southern division. In some seasons, the northern and southern divisions cover teams from northern Saxony-Anhalt and southern Brandenburg respectively.

Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar
The Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar, named Oberliga Südwest until 2012, was formed in 1978 to provide a single-division third tier league for the two states Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate. Previously, the clubs that make up this Oberliga played in three separate leagues: the Amateurligas Südwest, Saarland, and Rheinland. The league split into two divisions in 2020 for one season only.

 * Feeder leagues to the Oberliga Südwest
 * Verbandsliga Südwest
 * Saarlandliga
 * Verbandsliga Rheinland

Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein
The Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein was established in 2008 as the Schleswig-Holstein-Liga and took its present name in 2017. It also split into two divisions in 2020 for almost one year only.

 * Feeder leagues to the Schleswig-Holstein-Liga until 2017
 * Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-West
 * Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Ost
 * Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein-Süd-West
 * Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein-Süd-Ost

 * Feeder leagues to the Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein after 2017
 * Landesliga Schleswig
 * Landesliga Holstein
 * Landesliga Mitte (2020–2023)

Oberliga Westfalen
The Oberliga Westfalen was formed in 1978 to provide a single-division for the Westphalia region. It was disestablished in 2008 with the introduction of the NRW-Liga but reestablished in 2012.

 * Feeder leagues to the Oberliga Westfalen
 * Westfalenliga Staffel 1
 * Westfalenliga Staffel 2

Defunct Oberligas
The Amateur-Oberliga Berlin was established in 1974 to accommodate the majority of clubs of the Regionalliga Berlin when this league ceased to exist. With the German reunification in 1991 the Oberliga Berlin ceased to exist and its clubs were spread between the NOFV-Oberliga Nord and the NOFV-Oberliga Mitte. The highest level of league play in Berlin is now the Berlin-Liga.

The NOFV-Oberliga Mitte existed from the German reunification in 1991 until its dissolution in 1994. Its clubs were moved to either the NOFV-Oberliga Nord or the NOFV-Oberliga Süd.

The Oberliga Niedersachsen/Bremen existed from 1994 till 2004 as a replacement for the Oberliga Nord. With the reestablishment of the Oberliga Nord, the Oberliga Niedersachsen/Bremen ceased to exist.

The Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein existed from 1994 till 2004 as a replacement for the Oberliga Nord. With the reestablishment of the Oberliga Nord, the Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein ceased to exist.

The Oberliga Nordrhein was established in 1978 as a new joint amateur top flight for the best teams of the Verbandsliga Niederrhein and the Verbandsliga Mittelrhein. It was replaced by the NRW-Liga in 2008, which is a merger of the Oberliga Nordrhein and the Oberliga Westfalen.

The NRW-Liga was formed in 2008 and disbanded again in 2012 and replaced by the Oberliga Westfalen, the Oberliga Mittelrhein and the Oberliga Niederrhein.

The Oberliga Nord was formed in 1974 to form the highest playing level for the states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and Bremen. As such it was a continuation of the old Regionalliga Nord which was superseded by the 2. Bundesliga Nord in 1974. It stopped operating in 1994 when the Regionalliga Nord was reformed, now as the third tier of the German football league system. It was replaced by the Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein and the Oberliga Niedersachsen/Bremen. In 2004 the Oberliga Nord was re-established to replace these two leagues. To add to the confusion, the Oberliga Nord again ceased to exist after the 2007–08 season with the establishment of the 3. Liga.

Oberliga timeline
Source:

title: Oberliga (football)


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Unlimited distance; 20–25 years

title: Template:Nuclear ship range


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text:
Grigoris Bithikotsis

Grigoris Bithikotsis (Greek Γρηγόρης Μπιθικώτσης, ; December 11, 1922 – April 7, 2005) was a Greek folk singer/songwriter with a career spanning five decades. He is considered one of the most important figures in Greek popular music.

Biography
Bithikotsis was born in Peristeri, Athens, in 1922 to a poor family. He became interested in music at an early age, and acquired a bouzouki as soon as he was able. At first, he had to hide the instrument at a friend's house and practice in secret, as his father disapproved of the new rembetiko style that had captured his son's interest.

He met composer Mikis Theodorakis in 1959 and the two collaborated producing folk songs. Bithikotsis composed over 80 songs, including: Stu Belami to ouzeri and Tou Votanikou o magas. He possessed a rich singing voice with which he performed his own compositions and those of Theodorakis, who frequently chose his friend Grigoris to perform his masterpieces. The two contributed greatly to the then-emerging laika style of Greek music. A leftist, he was exiled to the island of Makronisos in the 1950s during the reign of King Paul.

Throughout his life, Bithikotsis performed frequent concerts at numerous venues, including one in Athens upon the occasion of his eightieth birthday. He died in Athens, in 2005, following three months of hospitalization. His funeral was attended by thousands, including representatives of all the Greek political parties.

Discography

 * Epitafios [1960]
 * Politeia A [1961]
 * To tragoudi tou nekrou aderfou [1962]
 * Epifania [1962]
 * To Axion Esti [1964]
 * Epitafios-Epifania [1964] (with Meri Lida)
 * Politeia B [1964]
 * Romiosini [1966]
 * Na 'tane to '21 [1969]
 * 14 Hryses Epityhies N1 (14 Greatest Hits Vol. 1) [1977]
 * 14 Hryses Epityhies N2 (14 Greatest Hits Vol. 2) [1977]
 * 1950-1962 Compilation
 * 1963-1971 Compilation
 * 36 Hronia (36 Years)
 * Apo tis 45 Strofes No. 4
 * Alpha – Omega [1971]
 * Chamenes Agapes (Lost Loves) [1977]
 * I Ellada tou Grigori (The Greece of Grigoris)
 * Episimi Agapimeni (Best Loved Songs)
 * Gia panta No. 1 (Forever #1)
 * Gia ton Grigori – I Synavlia to Stadio Erininis kai Filias (For Grigoris, in Peace and Friendship Stadium)
 * Mazi (with Stelios Kazantzidis)
 * Mazi me ton Grigori (Together with Grigoris)
 * Megaloprepeia
 * Mia gynaika fevgei (One Woman Leaves) [1969]
 * Oktovriou 1978/October 1978 - with Mikis Theodorakis [1978]
 * O Agnostos Theos (Strange God) [1970]
 * Oi Magalyteres Epityhies Tou (His Greatest Hits)
 * Ouranio Toxo (Rainbow)
 * Prasino fos (Green Light) [1973]
 * Sti Megali Leoforo (On the Broad Avenue)
 * Stratos Dionysiou/Ta zebekika tou Grigori kai tou Stratou (with Stratos Dionysiou)
 * Ta Afthentika No.2 [1984]
 * Apo tous thisayrous ton 45 Strofon (with Vicky Moscholiou)
 * Tragoudia apo tis 45 Srtrofes

title: Grigoris Bithikotsis


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Love's Comedy

Love's Comedy (Kjærlighedens Komedie) is a comedy by Henrik Ibsen. It was first published on 31 December 1862. As a result of being branded an "immoral" work in the press, the Christiania Theatre would not dare to stage it at first. "The play aroused a storm of hostility," Ibsen wrote in its preface three years later, "more violent and more widespread than most books could boast of having evoked in a community the vast majority of whose members commonly regard matters of literature as being of small concern." The only person who approved of it at the time, Ibsen later said, was his wife. He revised the play in 1866, in preparation for its publication "as a Christmas book," as he put it. His decision to make it more appealing to Danish readers by removing many of its specifically Norwegian words has been taken as an early instance of the expression of his contempt for the contemporary Norwegian campaign to purge the language of its foreign influences.

The play received its first theatrical production in 1873 (eleven years after publication), opening on 24 November at the Christiania Theatre, with Sigvard Gundersen as Falk, Laura Gundersen as Svanhild, Johannes Brun as Pastor Strawman, and Andreas Isachsen as Guldstad. It became a regular part of the theatre's repertory, playing 77 times over the next 25 years. Its first Broadway production opened at the Hudson Theatre on 23 March 1908.

The London premiere of the play took place on 28 November 1905, when the New Stage Club mounted a production at the Cripplegate Institute in London (see review in Daily News, 29 November 1905). The same group had premiered Shaw's Philanderer there in February, with the same key women performers: Gwendolen Bishop, Millicent Murby, Louise Salom.

Ibsen adopted a contemporary setting (for the first time since his St. John's Night of 1853) and a rhymed verse form for the play. Its language is loaded with vivid imagery and Ibsen gives the characters arias full of passion and poetry. It dramatises the bourgeois world seen in Ibsen's later naturalistic prose problem plays but Love's Comedy elevates its characters to an emblematic status, more akin to Emperor and Galilean, Brand or Peer Gynt; characters appear to be contemporary types but are given emblematic names such as Falcon, Swan, Strawman and Gold.

Ibsen called Love's Comedy an extension of his poem "On the Heights" ("Paa Vidurne"), insofar as both works explore a need for liberation; both, he suggested, were based on his relationship with his wife Suzanna. In 1870 he wrote that the play was "much debated in Norway, where people related it to the circumstances of my personal life. I lost a great deal of face." Robert Ferguson suggests that it is Ibsen's "greatest love story", adding that "our knowledge that [Falk] is lying, that he and Svandhild voluntarily turn to a future with this act of emotional self-mutilation [...] gives Love's Comedy such extraordinary poignancy". As "the brilliant culmination of a long and awkward apprenticeship," the play is, Brian Johnson writes, Ibsen's first "assured masterpiece".

Plot summary
Two students – Falk and Lind – are staying at the country house of Mrs. Halm, romancing her two daughters Anna and Svanhild. Lind has ambitions to be a missionary, Falk a great poet. Falk criticises bourgeois society in his verse and insists that we live in the passionate moment. Lind’s proposal of marriage to Anna is accepted, but Svanhild rejects the chance to become Falk’s muse, as poetry is merely writing, and he can do that on his own and without really risking himself for his beliefs.

Falk is liberated by his words and decides to put ideas into action. When Lind is persuaded by Anna’s friends not to leave as a missionary but stay in a cosy existence looking after his wife, Falk denounces the lot of them – saying that their marriages have nothing to do with love. Society is outraged and does not wish to be reminded of the split between ideal and reality. Falk is ostracized but Svanhild admires his courage. They plan to run off together and live the ideal.

The pastor Strawman and the clerk Styver attempt to persuade Falk from his course but the demands of respectability and security cannot assuage him. Finally, the rich businessman Guldstad asks whether their relationship can survive the waning of the first flush of love. Falk and Svanhild admit that it cannot and Svanhild accepts Guldstad’s proposal of a safe, financially secure marriage rather than sully the experience of her love for Falk by seeing it die. Falk leaves to write songs which celebrate an untainted love and Svanhild sits gloomily amongst the world of convention – a housewife who once had passion and now lives on its memory.

title: Love's Comedy


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Economic Consequences of the Peace

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki; article replaced with temp version, text dump moved to The Economic Consequences of the Peace/text awaiting transwiki. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 19:32, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Economic Consequences of the Peace
Text-dump of a book. Might be suitable for either wikibooks or wikisource but I was unsure. Xezbeth 20:29, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: If life of the author + 50 applies, then this is still copyrighted for another year. Gazpacho 20:43, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The actual rule is
 * Any copyright still in its renewal term at the time that the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act becomes effective shall have a copyright term of 95 years from the date copyright was originally secured. U.S. Copyright Law, section 304(b)
 * which takes it to 2014, assuming the 1919 date is correct. Speedy delete for Copyvio. —Wahoofive | Talk 21:00, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio is not a reason for speedy deletion, especially when the copyright status is in doubt. Kappa 00:01, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * But if the 1919 date is correct, then its copyright had already expired by the time the CTEA became effective. The U.S. public domain includes all works published before 1923.  This is a fairly notable book, though.  Transwiki to Wikisource, then Redirect to John Maynard Keynes. Shimmin 23:56, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Accord. Pre-1923 means public domain, so transwiki. -- 8^D gab 00:26, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected, of course the Mickey Mouse Copyright Protection Act (i.e. the Sonny Bono act) only protects post-Steamboat-Willie material, although it's still a transwiki/delete since it's a source. —Wahoofive | Talk 06:08, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I will rewrite this as a temp article. This is a very important book by John Maynard Keynes first pointing out the problem with the peace treaty. It was the also the first book to create Keynes' reputation in the general community and also served as a guidepost when he was involved in the discussions for establishing the financial framework for the West after the second world war. This is an important book by an important author and deserves a decent article. Capitalistroadster 10:42, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki Its source material. Perhaps replace with stub if someone care to write about the importance of this work. Gmaxwell 20:53, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As promised, I have rewritten this as an article The Economic Consequences of the Peace/temp. I would suggest that we put this temp article in its place. The book was a bestseller with 140,000 copies in 11 copies sold by 1924. It established the accepted wisdom of the Treaty of Peace as a Carthaginian peace. It was influential in the decision of the US not to join the League of Nations and was influential in undermining public support for implementing the Treaty regarding Germany. All of these points plus the ones made above are made in the article. The Economic Consequences of the Peace was one of the most influential books written in the twentieth century by anyone. Capitalistroadster 05:53, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Claude Watson School for the Arts

The Claude Watson School for the Arts (CWSA) is a public arts school for grades 4–8 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

History
The Claude Watson School for the Arts was founded in 1981 after the North York Board of Education proposed a school with a program for artistically gifted individuals in February 1980. Neil P. Johnston was the school's first principal. When the CWSA was opened, it had a capacity of 175 students.

In 1998, a proposition by Bramalea Ltd. to redevelop the CWSA Spring Garden campus into high-rises with a school in their midst was rejected by the school's trustees. In 2003, the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) sold approximately half of the school's 1.6 hectare campus to private buyers with the intention of utilizing the funds for improvements to the school.

In October 2017, the Toronto District School Board proposed ending specialty schools in Toronto, including the Claude Watson School for the Arts. The motion was retracted within a month of the initial proposal.

Admissions
The Claude Watson School for the Arts used to use an audition process to select its students. Following a school trustee vote in 2022, the process has been changed to use interest-based applications instead of an ability-based process. If program demand exceeds capacity, a lottery process will then be used. The admission process change affected all specialized high schools in the TDSB, not just Claude Watson. The TDSB said the change would help address barriers to access and ensure equal opportunity. Some parents and students critiqued the change, fearing it would be unfair to talented students who had worked hard on their auditions and artistic practices.

Academics
Students at the Claude Watson School for the Arts spend half of their day learning traditional school subjects and the other half participating in specialized arts learning. CWSA offers arts programming in four subject areas: music, dance, drama and visual arts. The dance department at CWSA was founded by Maxine Heppner. CWSA uses an extended school day to allow for specialized arts training while meeting provincial curriculum requirements.

As of 2006, CWSA has a maximum of 300 students.

Spring Garden location
The former campus of the Claude Watson School for the Arts was located northeast of Yonge Street and Sheppard Avenue on Spring Garden Avenue.

Doris Avenue location
The current campus of the Claude Watson School for the Arts is located at 130 Doris Avenue in Toronto's northern precinct. The Doris Avenue CWSA building was completed in 2007 and designed by Kohn Shnier Architects. The building has a cantilevered library that sits overtop an outdoor amphitheatre and a brise-soleil with hexagonal patterning. The Doris Avenue camps has LEED Silver certification.

Claude Watson Secondary Arts Program
The Claude Watson School for the Arts is affiliated with the Claude Watson Secondary Arts Program for high school students run out of the Earl Haig Secondary School. Students graduating from CWSA are not guaranteed entry into the Secondary Arts Program and must audition.

Notable alumni

 * Ariel Garten, artist and scientist
 * Sarah Gadon, actress
 * Scott Helman, singer-songwriter
 * Tommy Paxton-Beesly, songwriter and musician who performs as River Tiber
 * Rachel Skarsten, actress

title: Claude Watson School for the Arts


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Baseline (typography)

In European and West Asian typography and penmanship, the baseline is the line upon which most letters sit and below which descenders extend.

In the example to the right, the letter 'p' has a descender; the other letters sit on the (red) baseline.

Most, though not all, typefaces are similar in the following ways as regards the baseline:

 * capital letters sit on the baseline. The most common exceptions are the J and Q.
 * Lining figures (see Arabic numerals) sit on the baseline.
 * The following text figures have descenders: 3 4 5 7 9.
 * The following lowercase letters have descenders: g j p q y.
 * Glyphs with rounded lower and upper extents (0 3 6 8 c C G J o O Q) dip very slightly below the baseline ("overshoot") to create the optical illusion that they sit on the baseline, and rise above the x-height or capital height to create the illusion that they have the same height as flat glyphs (such as those for H x X 1 5 7). Peter Karow's Digital Typefaces suggests that typical overshoot is about 1.5%.

The vertical distance of the base lines of consecutive lines in a paragraph is also known as line height or leading, although the latter can also refer to the baseline distance minus the font size.

Northern Brahmic scripts have a characteristic hanging baseline; the letters are aligned to the top of the writing line, marked by an overbar, with diacritics extending above the baseline.

East Asian scripts have no baseline; each glyph sits in a square box, with neither ascenders nor descenders. When mixed with scripts with a low baseline, East Asian characters should be set so that the bottom of the character is between the baseline and the descender height.

title: Baseline (typography)


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