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Illinois Fighting Illini

The Illinois Fighting Illini are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The university offers 10 men's and 11 women's varsity sports.

The university operates a number of athletic facilities, including Memorial Stadium for football, the State Farm Center for both men's and women's basketball, Illinois Field for baseball, the ARC Pool for women's swimming and diving, the Atkins Tennis Center for men's and women's tennis, Eichelberger Field for softball, Huff Hall for men's and women's gymnastics, women's volleyball and men's wrestling, Demirjian Park for women's soccer and for men's and women's outdoor track and field, the Atkins Golf Club at the University of Illinois for men's and women's golf, the University of Illinois Arboretum for cross country and the University of Illinois Armory for men's and women's indoor track and field.

The Fighting Illini lay claim to over 25 National Championships dating back to 1900.

Etymology
The University of Illinois official team name is the Fighting Illini. The Illiniwek, Illinois Confederation, or Illini, were made up of 12 to 13 tribes who lived in the Mississippi River Valley. The term "Illini", in relation to campus activities, appears to be first mentioned in January 1874, when the weekly newspaper changed its name from The Student to The Illini. An editorial in the first edition of the renamed newspaper indicated that Illini was a new term. During the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, it was used to refer to the students, faculty, staff, and alumni of the university, as well as to the campus as a whole. Many NCAA and High School mascots bearing reference to first nation people have changed their names. However, the University of Illinois maintains its position that the Illini nickname does not refer to the first nation inhabitants of the same land.

The term Illini referring to the university's athletic teams seems to come from secondhand accounts of the athletic teams. The earliest reference in the Illio yearbook appears to be one mention in the summary of the 1907 football season. The term was more widely used in the 1910s especially during the 1914, 1915, and 1916 football seasons. The Daily Illini and football programs prior to these dates do not extensively cite the term and also used the terms "Indians", "our men", "Orange and Blue", and the "homecomers".

The Illinois Confederation, also referred to as the Illiniwek or Illini, lived in the Mississippi River Valley and expanded their tribes in an area that stretched from Lake Michigan to Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas.

The term Fighting Illini first appeared in a January 29, 1911, newspaper article describing the basketball team's effort during a game versus Purdue. By March 3, 1911, the athletic teams appeared to have earned the Fighting Illini nickname as a formal appellation evidenced in a newspaper report. In 2005, evidence suggested Fighting Illini was first used in 1921 as part of a fundraising campaign for construction of Memorial Stadium, but articles discovered in 2013 show it was first used in 1911. The Fighting Illini nickname was adopted by general consensus as an unofficial school nickname sometime between 1921 and 1930. It was then used in newspaper articles, football programs and other publications eventually becoming the official name.

Sports sponsored
Illinois has won 18 overall men's and women's NCAA team national championships through the 2017 NCAA athletic season. Illinois ranks thirty-sixth all-time in total NCAA Division I national championships through the 2020–21 NCAA athletic season.

Baseball
Fighting Illini baseball has 10 NCAA Tournament appearances, 33 Big Ten championships and 4 Big Ten Tournament championships in 1989, 1990, 2000 and 2011.

Men's basketball
Fighting Illini men's basketball titles include the 1915 Helms national championship, five NCAA Final Four appearances in 1949, 1951, 1952, 1989, 2005, 17 Big Ten championships and four Big Ten Tournament championships in 2003, 2005, 2021, and 2024. Through the end of the 2013–14 season, Illinois ranks 11th all-time in winning percentage and 14th all-time in wins among all NCAA Division I men's college basketball programs.

Women's basketball
Fighting Illini women's basketball began play in 1974. The team won the 1997 Big Ten championship. They have made 8 NCAA Tournament appearances, including 2 Sweet Sixteen appearances in 1997 and 1998.

Men's cross country
The men's cross country team were the Big Ten Champions in 1921, 1947 and 1984.

Women's cross country
The Fighting Illini women's cross country team began play in 1977. Illinois won an individual NCAA championship in 2009.

Football
The University of Illinois has been selected for national championship titles for their accomplishments in five seasons (1914, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1951) by NCAA-designated major selectors, often using mathematical algorithms. Illinois claims championships for all five years. The Fighting Illini program recognizes the 1951 co-national title selection by William F. Boand, but as recently as 2006 this was not mentioned officially by the school. The team also has 15 Big Ten Championship Football victories with 8 Bowl Game Victories at the 1947 Rose Bowl, 1952 Rose Bowl, 1964 Rose Bowl, 1990 Florida Citrus Bowl, 1994 Liberty Bowl, 1999 MicronPC.com Bowl, 2010 Texas Bowl, and 2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl.

Men's golf
The men's golf team play their home matches on the Atkins Golf Club at the University of Illinois five miles from the university's campus, and are currently led by head coach Mike Small. The Fighting Illini men's golf program has won 18 Big Ten championships and in 2013 finished as national runner-up at the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships, which was the highest finish in the program's history. 2014 was the third time in the past four years the program had qualified for the match play portion of the NCAA Men's Golf Championships in which the final eight teams compete in a bracket format.

Women's golf
The Fighting Illini women's golf team began play in 1975. The team has made four NCAA Tournament appearances in 2002, 2003, 2011 and 2012.

Men's gymnastics
The men's gymnastics team have been invited to 44 NCAA tournaments and have won 10 team NCAA championships, which is second most all-time only to Penn State Nittany Lions 12 team titles. Additionally, the Fighting Illini have won an all-time record 53 individual NCAA titles. The Illini hold their competitions at George Huff Hall on the Champaign side of campus, and the team trains and holds practices at the Kenney Gym on the Urbana side of campus.

Women's gymnastics
The Fighting Illini women's gymnastics team began play in 1974. The team won three Big Ten Championships in 1990, 1991 and 1992.

Soccer
The Fighting Illini women's soccer team began play in 1997. The team won two Big Ten Championships in 2003 and 2011. They have made twelve NCAA Tournaments appearances in 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. The team has four sweet sixteen appearances in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2013 and one elite eight appearance in 2004. The Illini are currently led by Janet Rayfield, who has been the head coach since 2002.

Softball
The Fighting Illini softball team began play in 2000. The team has made eight NCAA Tournament appearances in 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2016, 2017, 2019, and 2022. The current head coach is Tyra Perry.

Swimming and diving
The Fighting Illini women's swimming and diving team began play in 1974. The team had individual NCAA champions in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.

Men's tennis
The Illinois men's tennis program was founded in 1908, but has enjoyed most of its success in recent years. The Illini have been one of the most successful men's tennis programs in the nation over the past twenty seasons, winning nine consecutive Big Ten Championships from 1997 to 2005; six of seven Big Ten Tournament Championships between 1999 and 2005; appearing in the NCAA Sweet Sixteen fourteen times, including eight years in a row (2002–09); advancing to three NCAA Final Fours between 2003 and 2007; and winning the 2003 NCAA National Championship. They have also won two ITA National Team Indoor Championships (2003, 2004) and lost in the championship match three other times (1998, 1999, 2002). Illinois men's tennis owns the record for longest consecutive win streak in NCAA history at 64 matches, spanning from their first match of the 2002–03 season and ending with a 4–2 defeat by UCLA in the semifinals of the 2004 NCAA Men's Tennis Tournament.

Women's tennis
The Fighting Illini women's tennis team began play in 1975. The women's tennis team has made 13 NCAA Tournament appearances in 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2018 and 2019.

Men's track and field
The men's Indoor Track and Field team has a total of 20 Big Ten Champion titles. For outdoor track and field the team has NCAA National Champions in 1921, 1927, 1944, 1946, and 1947. In addition, the team carries a total of 29 Big Ten Championships.
 * Indoor Track and Field Big Ten Champions: 1912, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1928, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1958, 1977, 1981, 1987, 1988, 1989
 * Outdoor Track and Field Big Ten Champions: 1907, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1975, 1977, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1994, 2015

Women's track and field
The Fighting Illini women's track and field team began play in 1976. The indoor track and field team won five Big Ten Championships in 1989, 1992, 1993, 1995 and 1996. The outdoor track and field team won the 1970 Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women national championship and six Big Ten Championships in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1995, 2005 and 2007.

Volleyball
Women's volleyball started in 1974., Since moving into Huff Hall from the Kenney Gym in 1990, the Illinois Volleyball team has remained in the top 10 in the nation for average home attendance. In 2013, the program broke its previous home attendance record, averaging 3,117 per match. Kenney Gym served as the initial home court from 1974 through the 1989 season. Since the founding of the volleyball program in 1974, the Fighting Illini have had 30+ winning seasons.

Wrestling
The current head coach of the University of Illinois Fighting Illini is Mike Poeta, who was a two-time NCAA finalist for Illinois. He replaced Jim Heffernan, who retired in 2021. State Farm Center is the current home arena for the wrestling team, seating approximately 15,500. Huff Hall served as home arena to the team since 1925.
 * Big Ten Champions: 1913, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1932, 1935, 1937, 1946, 1947, 1952, 2005
 * The University of Illinois has had 24 NCAA National Champion wrestlers, with the most recent being Jesse Delgado in 2013 and 2014 and Isaiah Martinez in 2015 and 2016.

Illinois Fighting Illini varsity sports timeline
References: Men's basketball, Men's fencing, Men's hockey,  Men's polo,  Men's soccer, Men's water polo

Former varsity sports
Illinois fencing won National Championships in 1956 and 1958. Fencing was dropped as a varsity sport in 1993. Men's swimming and diving was dropped as a varsity sport in 1993, but were Big Ten Champions in 1911, 1912 and 1913.

Club sports
Club sports include men's ice hockey, women's ice hockey, men's lacrosse, rowing, men's and women's rugby, tennis, men's volleyball, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's ultimate frisbee, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's track and field, and men's and women's boxing.

Boxing
Both the men's and women's boxing teams compete as part of the United States Intercollegiate Boxing Association. Illinois hosted the USIBA national championships in 2018, and the men's team won the 2018 and 2019 tournaments. The women's team won the 2022 tournament.

Ice hockey
The men's ice hockey team has played in the Division I Central States Collegiate Hockey League conference since 1979, which is part of the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA), winning national championships in 2005 and 2008, with runner-up finishes in 2009 and 2018. A second team competes in the Division II Mid-American Collegiate Hockey Association. A feasibility study published in March 2018, and commissioned by the NHL, NHLPA, and College Hockey, Inc., found a high probability of success for the hockey program to transition to NCAA Division I.

Men's rugby
Founded in 1963, the University of Illinois Men's Rugby Football Club plays in Division 1-A in the Big Ten Universities conference. The Illini have experienced success in college rugby, including winning several Big 10 championships in the 1980s and reaching the national semifinals in 1980, 1983 and 1985. The Illini play their home matches in Urbana at the Complex Fields.

Wheelchair basketball
The men's wheelchair basketball team was founded in 1948 by Timothy Nugent in response to a large number of disabled veterans using the G.I. Bill to attend the University of Illinois. Nugent later started a women's team in 1970. A total of 29 national championships are claimed between the men and women's teams.

Rowing
Founded in 2005, Illini Rowing is one of the youngest university rowing teams in the country. They practice on Clinton Lake and in the ARC. On Clinton Lake, they host the Illinois Collegiate Rowing Invitational where they race against many other midwestern universities. They compete across the country in the American Collegiate Rowing Association.

Current facilities

 * Activities and Recreation Center (ARC Pool) — Women's swimming and diving
 * Atkins Tennis Center — Men's and women's tennis
 * Eichelberger Field — Softball
 * Huff Hall — Men's and women's gymnastics, women's volleyball
 * Illinois Field — Baseball
 * Demirjian Park — Women's soccer, Men's and women's outdoor track and field
 * Memorial Stadium — Football
 * State Farm Center (formerly Assembly Hall) — Men's and women's basketball, wrestling
 * Atkins Golf Club at the University of Illinois — Men's and women's golf
 * University of Illinois Arboretum — Men's and women's cross country
 * University of Illinois Armory — Men's and women's indoor track and field

Practice facilities

 * Demirjian Golf Practice Facility — Men's and women's golf indoor practice facility
 * Irwin Indoor Practice Facility — Football, women's soccer, baseball, softball
 * Kenney Gym and Kenney Gym Annex — Men's and women's gymnastics
 * Lauritsen/Wohlers Outdoor Golf Practice Facility — Men's and women's golf outdoor practice facility
 * U of I Orange and Blue Golf Courses — Men's and women's golf short-game practice center

Former facilities

 * Huff Hall — Men's basketball (1925–1963)
 * Original Illinois Field — Baseball (1884–1987) and football (1893–1922)
 * Kenney Gym and Kenney Gym Annex — Men's basketball (1905–1925)

Club and intramural facilities

 * Activities and Recreation Center — Intramural sports
 * Complex Fields — Intramural sports
 * CRCE — Intramural sports
 * University of Illinois Ice Arena — Men's and women's club hockey, Synchronized skating

Marching Illini

The Marching Illini is the marching band of the university. The Marching Illini is an organization which annually includes approximately 350 students. Part of the College of Fine and Applied Arts and the School of Music, the Marching Illini represent virtually every college, discipline, and major on the university's diverse Urbana-Champaign campus. The band primarily performs before, during, and after University of Illinois home football games. The band also performs an indoor concert at the Krannert Center for the Performing Arts featuring special lighting effects, performances by individual sections, and slightly pithy comic routines. The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music houses a collection of University Band recordings and performances and recording sessions from 1940 to 1987. The band has several traditions such as the Pregame Show, Three-In-One, Illinois Loyalty and Oskee Wow-Wow.

Illinois Loyalty
Illinois Loyalty is the main school song of the university. It was first performed on March 3, 1906, and is one of the oldest songs of its kind in the United States. The song was written by Thacher Howland Guild, instructor in rhetoric and a member of the band's solo cornet section. Due to the song's length, it is normally played only at the beginning, halftime, and end of football games.

Oskee Wow-Wow
Oskee Wow-Wow is the official fight song of the University of Illinois. Most commonly, it is played "from the hold" at the start of the chorus, when the "O" in "Oskee Wow-Wow" is held out. This version is played after first downs and touchdowns in football, and leading into time outs in basketball. Coincidentally, the buzzers at nearly every arena are in the same chord as the hold.

For many years, the band started playing the song "from the top" toward the end of the warmup period in basketball. When conducted correctly, the "hold" is played just as the buzzer sounds.

Oskee Wow-Wow yell
The Oskee Wow-Wow yell is a University of Illinois spirit yell originated in 1899. The yell was modified in 1912 and 1916.

Athletic directors

 * Edward K. Hall (1892–1894)
 * Fred D. Dodge (1894–1895)
 * Henry H. Everett (1895–1898)
 * Jacob K. Shell (1898–1901)
 * George Huff (1901–1936)
 * Wendell S. Wilson (1936–1941)
 * Douglas R. Mills (1941–1966)
 * Leslie Bryan (interim) (1966–1967)
 * Gene Vance (1967–1972)
 * Charles E. Flynn (interim) (1972)
 * Cecil Coleman (1972–1979)
 * Ray Eliot (interim) (1979)
 * Neale Stoner (1980–1988)
 * Ron Guenther (interim) (1988)
 * Karol A. Kahrs (interim) (1988)
 * John Mackovic (1988–1991)
 * Robert Todd (interim) (1991–1992)
 * Ron Guenther (1992–2011)
 * Mike Thomas (2011–2015)
 * Paul Kowalczyk (interim) (2015)
 * Josh Whitman (2016–present)

Notable alumni
The university has a number of notable alumni and administrators in the world of athletics. In football, notable Alumni include Dick Butkus, Red Grange, Jeff George, Simeon Rice, Ray Nitschke and George Halas. Famous basketball alumni include Dee Brown, Deron Williams, Luther Head, Derek Harper, Nick Anderson, Chuck Carney, Brian Cook, Kendall Gill, Steve Bardo, Jerry Colangelo, and Johnny Orr. Notable athletes in baseball include Lou Boudreau, Hoot Evers and Ken Holtzman. The university has also a number of Olympic athletes that include George Kerr, Don Laz, Daniel Kinsey, Harold Osborn, Bob Richards, and Justin Spring,

Mascot controversy
From 1926 to 2007, Chief Illiniwek was the symbol for the Fighting Illini. Chief Illiniwek was a Native American symbol portrayed by a white student. Chief Illiniwek symbolized the Illini, a confederation of indigenous tribes who historically had inhabited much of present-day Illinois; however the clothing and regalia for the symbol was from the Sioux nation. Chief Illiniwek would perform during halftime at Illinois football and basketball games, wearing a feathered headdress and buckskin clothes, and dancing while the marching band played "Three in One", an arrangement of three original songs. It was customary for Illinois fans and attendees to raise their arms at the end of the halftime proceedings and, in unison, yell "chief".

In 2005, the Chief was one of 18 mascots (though Illiniwek was considered a symbol and not a mascot) cited as "hostile or abusive" by the NCAA in a policy that banned schools from full participation in postseason activities as long as they continued to use such mascots. The University of Illinois retired Chief Illiniwek in 2007. Debate about the Chief has continued to this day. The university chancellor appointed a Commission on Native Imagery to recommend ways "to provide closure, healing and reconciliation... to facilitate the establishment of new traditions... [and] to honor and partner with the Native Nations for whom Illinois is their ancestral home."

The Fighting Illini are one of three Big Ten programs that do not have a mascot. (The other two are the Wolverines and the Hoosiers.)

In the 2020 student elections, the student body voted 4222 to 3597 for a preliminary proposal to adopt a new mascot, the belted kingfisher. The female belted kingfisher, who is "naturally true to the orange and blue", would be the first female mascot in the Big Ten. The referendum was downplayed by the university administration who said that the "results will be shared with the university administration and the board of trustees but will not result in a new mascot at this time."

title: Illinois Fighting Illini


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Talk:Alas, Babylon

Is quoting an unpublished source OR?
I don't know whether including the "personal reminiscences" of a former civil defence official can be used unless it has been published. I believe WP:NOR prohibits this sort of thing. Thoughts? 23skidoo 01:47, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I would suggest references published in a fix form a cited according to an accepted and verifiable standard. Newsandrumor 21:50, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * True, but I was there when he said it. GABaker 23:29 18 Oct 2006

 * It is OR. However, it is also in violation of WP:V, since it cannot be independently verified.  Have removed this content. Yaf 02:52, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

"Racial segregation"
All that is shown in the book itself is that they disregard some segregation signs in a park for economic convenience...is that enough for the statement at hand to be true?24.73.17.162 05:05, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Randy disregarded the henrys race and made them a part of the community. He also allowed Caleb to be part of the school while noting that only 2/3 of the country did not segregate the schools. Another example is how he did not segregate the militia. So either you need to go read the book or get off the drugs. XD --Aegisxgundam 00:02, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Plot introduction
It is most correct to say that "Fort Repose" is based upon a somewhat hybrid of Mandarin, FL; Tangerine; "Greater Mount Dora" including Pistolville and certain African-American areas which had become de facto segregated after the 1920's. Frank himself would only state that Fort Repose was somewhere within 100 miles of Orlando and based upon Mandarin. However, no other place name of "Pistolville" has been identified in FL other than that adjoining Mt. Dora. It will also be noted that the Bragg house was outside the town proper. The existing references are sufficient to support this conclusion. It should be said that virtually no published bio of Frank (including his publisher's) makes any mention of his having lived in Tangerine. Ms. Owen's book reflects the remembrances of town resident's acquainted with Frank, who was no stranger to the local newspaper either. It seems that to maintain the intrique regarding Fort Repose, he desired to obscure the fact that he lived within perhaps walking distance of Pistolville. Newsandrumor 18:59, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AlasBabylon.jpg
Image:AlasBabylon.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Adaptations
I removed the following assertion: The television show Jericho is arguably a modern take on this tale.

I've seen the series and read the book, and I don't see any support for this assertion whatsoever. Alas, Babylon is a tale of post-apocalyptic survival, while Jericho is a more action-oriented storyline that follows two drifters who help establish a new U.S. government in the face of a series of rival regional gangs.

Anyone who sees parallels I don't, post them for debate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pipedreamergrey (talk • contribs) 23:50, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * While I wouldn't call Jericho and adaption, I'd say it takes heavy marks from Frank's novel. They even use the name Randy Peyton in the series! 71.115.129.28 (talk) 05:12, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

You're confusing the TV series Jericho with the TV series Jeremiah. Jeremiah is about 2 drifters and regional gangs, Jericho is about a town and it's people (Yes I am aware the comments above are years old)

Too much focus on beginning
I think that the novel summary is too focused on The Day, which is essentially an intro to the book, which is actually about the survival after the day. Also the books ending involving the fact that the United States "clobbered them" in the war is somewhat of a twist ending and should probably be included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.241.27.81 (talk) 10:03, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Character Section
There should be a short section with the names of the main characters and their roles in the stories. On second thought.......would I be allowed to make it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gelatart (talk • contribs) 13:45, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Be bold. Cactus Wren (talk) 00:35, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

The Bible passage is not interpreted to mean nuclear war
The passage is actually the signal from the main character's brother letting him know that the war was about to start. It refers to their hometown preacher's habit of using the phrase in many of his sermons. It is not directly interpreted to mean nuclear war or holocaust by the characters in the book. It is an indirect reference to the war by the author, not the characters in the book. --KJRehberg (talk) 18:12, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

I don't believe the author means to imply that nuclear war is winnable
The existing entry stated that "the author advances the argument that nuclear war is winnable," or something to this effect. I completely disagree, and even the supporting statements provided in the article (which I did not change) are consistent with the statement I created, which says "the author employs irony to cloud the question of whether or not a nuclear war is winnable." One could say that the question is open-ended, but I'm pretty sure Pat Frank considers a nuclear war unwinnable, since the cost is so dire (eradication of most of the population, and the reduction of national status to sub-third world) that the idea of victory is moot.

That the residents of Fort Repose would rather go it alone than join the rest of the United States should be evidence alone that the country was basically destroyed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.175.222.116 (talk) 03:12, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Add to References
Pat Frank's Alas Babylon 50 Years Later http://jacksonville.com/lifestyles/literature/2009-06-12/story/pat_franks_alas_babylon_50_years_later Thanks for your great article, Regards, Rumjal rumjal 12:16, 17 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rumjal (talk • contribs)

Fort Repose is Mount Dora?
In the book, Fort Repose is described as a town located on the east bank of the Saint Johns River. Also, the main character in the story takes FL-50 to get to/from Orlando when he visits his brother at McCoy AFB. This would put the town, as far as I can tell, across the river from Christmas (a location that is not populated). However, if you look at the background information about Fort Repose, it sounds very similar to the history of Fort Christmas. What evidence do you have that Fort Repose is based on Mount Dora? Baron52 (talk) 04:09, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

In the book, Frank directly mentions a portion of Fort Repose as Pistolville, which has been a colloquialism for the southern portion of Mount Dora since its settlement. The description of the actual town of Fort Repose is also very close to Mount Dora. Clearly, creative liberties were taken (It is a work of fiction, after all), but to dismiss the descriptive evidence (and the fact that Frank penned the book literally down the road from Mount Dora) on account of Mount Dora not meeting the scientific geographic position of where Fort Repose would have been located is somewhat intellectually dishonest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.243.113.66 (talk) 12:00, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

US won war
Since the US government was largely destroyed (as presumably was the Soviet), in what sense did the US win the war?Royalcourtier (talk) 05:12, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Alas, Babylon


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Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- 23:26, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Spyglass Media Group

Spyglass Media Group, LLC (formerly Spyglass Entertainment) is an independent film and television production and finance company founded by Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum in 1998.

Spyglass Entertainment
On August 21, 1998, Gary Barber, former vice chairman and COO of Morgan Creek Productions, together with Roger Birnbaum, co-founder and former head of Caravan Pictures, founded Spyglass Entertainment. The startup company signed a five-year distribution agreement with the Walt Disney Studios, which took an equity stake.

Birnbaum previously left Caravan at the prompting of then Disney studio chief Joe Roth; with Disney cutting its yearly production output, Roth recommended forming a self-financing production firm similar to New Regency Productions. After Caravan's remaining three films were released, Caravan went inactive.

Its slate of film projects and an initial financial advance of $10 million to $20 million against future overages were also contributed by Disney. Spyglass's operations were formed and based at the Disney lot in Burbank.

On October 29, 1998, European media conglomerates Kirch Group and Mediaset invested in theatrical, video and television distribution rights to between 15 and 25 films in Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland and the former Soviet Union for over five years. M. Night Shyamalan's The Sixth Sense (released 1999), Spyglass's second film after Instinct, grossed $661 million at the global box office.

By May 23, 2000, Disney took a 10% equity stake in Spyglass, along with Svensk Filmindustri of Scandinavia and Lusomundo of Portugal. On March 7, 2003, Spyglass Entertainment agreed to a four-year distribution output deal with Village Roadshow for Australia, New Zealand and Greece.

On August 6, 2002, Spyglass Entertainment launched a television division, and it was focused on small screen projects. One of its projects was the short-lived series Miracles. That same year, it attempted to merge with smaller independent distributor Intermedia, but it failed.

In December 2003, Spyglass ended its deal with Disney and agreed to a four-year first-look non-exclusive co-financing and production deal with DreamWorks. This deal was never finalized and the relationship was not working well. Thus on September 23, 2003, Spyglass instead made a similar deal with Sony Pictures. Spyglass did not move to the Sony lot, but to Murdoch Plaza in Westwood, Los Angeles.

By March 25, 2010, Spyglass was acquired by Cerberus Capital Management.

On December 20, 2010, Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum became co-chairmen and CEOs of the holding company of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), which had at that time recently emerged from bankruptcy. The original plan had the Spyglass library being added to MGM, but it was later removed from the plan.

Spyglass Media Group
On March 13, 2019, Barber and Lantern Entertainment revived the company as Spyglass Media Group, bringing in Eagle Pictures and Cineworld as investors. Lantern made a majority investment and also transferred its film library and rights to Miramax film sequels to the Spyglass. Barber owns the Spyglass trademark and the sequel and remake rights to the old Spyglass library, which he has contributed. The company plans to produce content for all platforms. Spyglass closed the former Lantern Entertainment/TWC office in New York City while laying off 15 staff members across divisions.

On April 1, 2019, Lauren Whitney, the president of television for Miramax, took on the same position for Spyglass. Damien Marin followed Barber from MGM to be appointed Spyglass president of worldwide distribution and acquisitions on September 3, 2019.

On April 16, 2019, Warner Bros. bought an equity stake in Spyglass, which signed a first-look deal with the studio. Spyglass was involved on August 1, 2019, in a potential purchase of part of Miramax but dropped out in two weeks.

Spyglass's first greenlit film since its revival is a revival of the Hellraiser franchise announced on May 6, 2019. With the company winning the rights to Stephen King's The Institute book in November 2019, Jack Bender and David E. Kelley were paired to development and produce the book as a mini-series. Also, Bender was signed by Spyglass to a television first-look deal.

MGM President of Physical Production Peter Oillataguerre was appointed President of Production for Spyglass Media Group reporting to Barber. He left in September 2023 for Amazon MGM Studios.

On October 28, 2020, Spyglass teamed up with Propagate Content, Artists First and Off-Road Productions to form a new comedy joint-venture Artists Road, and it focuses on financing and producing mid-budgeted commercial comedy movies.

On July 15, 2021, Lionsgate acquired 200 films from The Weinstein Company's film library for $191.4 million, which until then had been owned by Spyglass, with Lionsgate getting an 18.9% equity stake in Spyglass and Spyglass getting a first look TV deal with Lionsgate Television.

In November 2023, Spyglass fired Melissa Barrera from her lead role in the upcoming sequel Scream VII due to her social media posts during Israel Hamas war in support of Palestine, which Spyglass considered as antisemitic.

Foreign distributors

 * Village Roadshow: Australia, New Zealand and Greece (2003–2007)
 * Canal+: France, Benelux, Sweden and Poland pay TV
 * Sogecable: Spanish pay cable
 * Toho-Towa: Japanese theatrical
 * Pony Canyon: Japanese home video
 * Lusomundo: Portugal
 * Forum: Israel
 * SF Studios: Scandinavia
 * Ster-Kinekor: South Africa

title: Spyglass Media Group


text:
Poyushchiye Gitary

Pojuschie Gitary (Поющие гитары, The Singing Guitars) are among the most popular bands of Russia and the former USSR. They were the Soviet Union's first rock band to reach a phenomenal rate of success and popularity in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and in other countries.

The band was founded in 1966 in Petersburg by Vladimir Vasilyev - (guitar, vocal) and Evgeny Bronevitsky (vocal, bass guitar) and other pro-western Russian musicians. Initially inspired by the music of The Beatles and other bands of the 1960s the band also played in a manner not that different from Hungary's Illés and Poland's Czerwone Gitary, whose name means "Red Guitars".

In the course of their career spanning almost 60 years, Pojuschie Gitary are often nicknamed "the Soviet Beatles"

Lineup in 2023:
 * Evgeny Bronevitsky - vocal, bass guitar
 * Milena Vavilova - lead vocal
 * Vladimir Vasilyev - guitar, vocal
 * Vasily Borisov - guitar, vocal
 * Valery Kocheguro - guitar, vocal
 * Vladimir Savenok - keyboards, vocal
 * Michael Soytu - drums

Past members included: Yuriy Antonov, Irina Ponarovskaya, Albert Asadullin and other musicians

title: Poyushchiye Gitary


text:
User talk:Monkeyspanker

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

I asked on block on you. Pavel Vozenilek 01:47, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monkeyspanker


text:
User:Gulp

Hi!

I´m Gulp from Hamburg / Germany. You´ll meet me in the german wikipedia most the time.

da:Bruger:Gulp de:Benutzer:Gulp nds:Bruker:Gulp

title: User:Gulp


text:
Saccharomyces

Saccharomyces is a genus of fungi that includes many species of yeasts. Saccharomyces is from Greek σάκχαρον (sugar) and μύκης (fungus) and means sugar fungus. Many members of this genus are considered very important in food production where they are known as brewer's yeast, baker's yeast and sourdough starter among others. They are unicellular and saprotrophic fungi. One example is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is used in making bread, wine, and beer, and for human and animal health. Other members of this genus include the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus that is the closest relative to S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, used in making wine, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, used in medicine.

Morphology
Colonies of Saccharomyces grow rapidly and mature in three days. They are flat, smooth, moist, glistening or dull, and cream in color. The inability to use nitrate and ability to ferment various carbohydrates are typical characteristics of Saccharomyces.

Cellular morphology
Generally, they have a diameter of 2–8 μm and length of 3–25 μm. Blastoconidia (cell buds) are observed. They are unicellular, globose, and ellipsoid to elongate in shape. Multilateral (multipolar) budding is typical. Pseudohyphae, if present, are rudimentary. Hyphae are absent.

Saccharomyces produces ascospores, especially when grown on V-8 medium, acetate ascospor agar, or Gorodkowa medium. These ascospores are globose and located in asci. Each ascus contains 1–4 ascospores. Asci do not rupture at maturity. Ascospores are stained with Kinyoun stain and ascospore stain. When stained with Gram stain, ascospores appear Gram-negative, while vegetative cells appear Gram-positive.

History
The presence of yeast in beer was first suggested in 1680, although the genus was not named Saccharomyces until 1837. It was not until 1876 that Louis Pasteur demonstrated the involvement of living organisms in fermentation and in 1883, Emil C. Hansen isolated brewing yeast and propagated the culture, leading to the discovery of the importance of yeast in brewing. The use of microscopes for the study of yeast morphology and purity was crucial to understanding their functionality.

Use in brewing
Brewing yeasts are polyploid and belong to the genus Saccharomyces. The brewing strains can be classified into two groups; the ale strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the lager strains (Saccharomyces pastorianus or Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in the old taxonomy). Lager strains are a hybrid strain of S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus and are often referred to as bottom fermenting. In contrast, ale strains are referred to as top fermenting strains, reflecting their separation characteristics in open square fermenters. Although the two species differ in a number of ways, including their response to temperature, sugar transport and use, the S. pastorianus and S. cerevisiae species are closely related within the genus Saccharomyces.

Saccharomyces yeasts can form symbiotic matrices with bacteria, and are used to produce kombucha, kefir and ginger beer.

Saccharomyces fragilis, for example, is part of kefir cultures and is being grown on the lactose contained in whey (as a byproduct in cheesemaking) to be used as animal fodder itself.

Pathology
Saccharomyces cause food spoilage of sugar-rich foods, such as maple sap, syrup, concentrated juices and condiments. Case report suggest extended exposure to S. cerevisiae can result in hypersensitivity.

title: Saccharomyces


text:
Breakdown (1997 film)

Breakdown is a 1997 American thriller film directed and co-written by Jonathan Mostow. It stars Kurt Russell, J. T. Walsh and Kathleen Quinlan. The original music score was composed by Basil Poledouris. The film was produced by Dino De Laurentiis and Martha De Laurentiis, and released on May 2, 1997 by Paramount Pictures. It is one of the final films featuring Walsh to be released in his lifetime. The film received positive reviews and gained a strong cult following. It is currently being adapted in Tamil cinema as Vidaa Muyarchi.

Plot
Jeff Taylor and his wife Amy are driving from Boston to San Diego in their new Jeep Grand Cherokee. They narrowly avoid colliding with a beat-up pickup truck in Arizona. At a gas station, Earl, the driver of the truck, confronts Jeff and they exchange hostile words. Shortly after the couple resume their trip, their car breaks down on a desolate road. Leaving Jeff with the Jeep, Amy accepts a ride from a passing tractor trailer driver to get to a nearby diner and call for help. Jeff eventually discovers that someone has tampered with the Jeep's battery connections. After reconnecting them, he drives to the diner, only to discover that no one has seen Amy. Jeff sees the trucker on the road and forces him to stop, but the trucker claims he has never seen Jeff or Amy. Jeff then hails a passing sheriff named Boyd, but a brief search of the truck yields no sign of Amy. The trucker, Red Barr, is allowed to leave and Boyd tells Jeff to see the deputy sheriff in the town of Brackett.

After speaking with the deputy, Jeff goes back to the diner. Billy, a mentally-impaired mechanic, informs Jeff that Amy left with some men, but refuses to speak with the police, claiming they are involved. Jeff rushes to the location Billy mentioned, but is ambushed on a back road by Earl. He escapes by driving his Jeep into a river and swimming away. Jeff circles back to watch Earl and another accomplice, Al, pull his Jeep out of the water. He is then discovered and knocked out by Billy.

When Jeff awakens, he is confronted by Billy (who feigned mental impairment earlier) and Earl. Their leader is Red Barr, who informs Jeff that he wants the $90,000 in Jeff's bank account in exchange for Amy's life, ordering him to withdraw the money in the nearby town of Brackett. Realizing he only has $5,000, Jeff attempts to alert the bank manager of his situation. However, paranoid that Red's group is watching him, Jeff abandons the idea and steals marked money ribbons and a letter opener. He uses the money ribbons to pack stacks of $1 bills between two $100 bills.

Jeff is then instructed to leave town, where Earl picks him up and binds him with duct tape. Earl begins gloating about how Jeff and his wife were easy targets, how he tampered with their Jeep, and that his group intends to kill them anyway. Jeff frees himself with the letter opener and stabs Earl. Jeff takes over the vehicle, binds Earl, and tortures him to reveal his rendezvous with Red at a local truck stop. They pass Boyd, who sees the speeding, swerving pickup and stops the vehicle. When Jeff exits the truck with Earl's gun, Boyd mistakes the situation and forces him to lie down. Earl frees himself and shoots Boyd with a concealed gun. Before Earl can shoot Jeff, a wounded Boyd shoots and kills him. Jeff uses Boyd's radio to call for an ambulance and rushes to the truck stop.

At the stop, Jeff stows away under the trailer of Red's truck. Early the next morning, Red arrives at his farm. Jeff sneaks into the barn, discovering evidence that Red and his accomplices have a history of robbing and killing tourists, and that his real name is Warren. Al and Billy arrive with a bound and gagged Amy, whom they lock in a freezer in the barn's cellar. Unable to open the cellar door, Jeff finds a gun and demands the cellar key from Red. When he is distracted by Red's young son Deke, Billy escapes. Jeff forces Red to release Amy, exposing him in the process, and then locks him and his family in the cellar.

Jeff and Amy steal a pickup truck and flee, while Billy returns to free his accomplices, who each pursue the Taylors in their own vehicles. During the pursuit, Billy is killed in an explosion when Jeff forces his car off the road. Shortly after, the trailer from Red's truck detaches, causing Al to fatally crash into it. Undeterred, Red attempts to push Jeff and Amy's vehicle off a bridge with his truck, trapping Amy's leg underneath the dashboard. Jeff rushes out of the vehicle and into Red's tractor unit, where a struggle over the steering wheel forces Red's truck over the edge, leaving it dangling on a steel bridge support. Red attacks Jeff with a chain, until Jeff abruptly catches the chain and hurls Red to the rocks below. Jeff frees Amy from the dashboard. Seeing that Red survived the fall, Amy pulls the automatic shifter on their pickup truck, causing the suspended tractor unit to fall and crush him. Sitting on the edge of the bridge, Jeff and Amy embrace each other, waiting for the police to arrive.

Cast

 * Kurt Russell as Jeff Taylor
 * J. T. Walsh as Warren 'Red' Barr
 * Kathleen Quinlan as Amy Taylor
 * M. C. Gainey as Earl
 * Jack Noseworthy as Billy
 * Ritch Brinkley as Al
 * Moira Harris as Arleen Barr
 * Rex Linn as Sheriff Boyd
 * Kim Robillard as Deputy Sheriff Len Carver
 * Jack McGee as Bartender
 * Vincent Berry as Deke Barr
 * Steve Waddington as Cowboy In Bank
 * Thomas Kopache as Calhoun

Filming
Breakdown was filmed on location in Sacramento, California; Victorville, California; Pyramid Lake; and Moab, Utah.

Music
The score was written by Basil Poledouris, with contributions from Steve Forman, Judd Miller, Eric Colvin and Richard Marvin.

It was released as a limited edition of 3,000 units by LaLaLand Records in June 2011. The release comprises a 3-CD set: the first CD contains the score as heard in the film, which contains material from additional composers. This is not 100% complete, omitting a few extremely low-key passages from the early scenes, nor is it chronological – some cues have been combined and re-ordered to maintain a listening experience.

The second CD contains an alternative early version of many cues by Poledouris that represent a different, far more orchestral approach to scoring the film (the score in the film stripped away many layers, and left mostly percussive and sound design elements for many cues.)

The third CD contains further alternates that demonstrate the changing nature of the music as scenes were re-scored.

Release
Breakdown was released in the United States on May 2, 1997.

Home media
The film was first released on Blu-ray disc in Australia by Imprint on February 24, 2021. It was released by Paramount Pictures on 4K remastered Blu-ray on the “Paramount Presents” line in the United States on September 21, 2021 with new extra features including audio commentary by director Jonathan Mostow and Kurt Russell, an isolated score and an alternate opening of the film.

Box office
Breakdown debuted at first place at the box office with $12.3 million. After initially opening to 2,108 theaters, the film later expanded to 2,348 theaters and grossed a total of $50,159,144 in the United States and Canada.

Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 83% of critics gave the film positive reviews based upon a sample of 58, with an average score of 7.2/10. The site's consensus describes it as "A brainy and suspenseful – if somewhat uneven – thriller". At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 73 based on 19 reviews.

Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle praised the film, "Breakdown use[s] old-fashioned ingenuity – plus a compelling star, a fast-paced mystery and a deadpan villain – to come up with a sizzler." Roger Ebert gave the film a positive review, calling it "taut, skillful and surgically effective". Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post criticized Russell for not conveying a desperate husband willing to fight for his missing wife, writing "He does a lot of running around while making desperate faces, but he never projects a sense of deep rage. He never gets dangerous. Thus the movie is shorn of its one primitive gratification: the image of the civilized man who finds the Peruvian commando inside himself and lays waste to louts who have underestimated him."

Gregg Turkington of On Cinema briefly mentions this film is one of his 'popcorn classics' on Season 8 episode 4 of the show.

title: Breakdown (1997 film)


text:
Talk:Lacuna Coil

Name
How do you pronounce Lacuna Coil? Just wondering... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.113.182.77 (talk • contribs).

(pronounced, the good ole american way)

(Lacuna) La-coo-nuh Coil (cOIL)

The History graph is messed up
Don't know if anyone will check this page anytime soon, but the history graph has some lines that cross the graph and interfere with the names, pretty sure it's not intended.

I have no idea how to fix it so I'll just leave this comment here and hope someone takes notice.

EDIT: date posted: 06/28/18

title: Talk:Lacuna Coil


text: User talk:67.162.161.15

title: User talk:67.162.161.15


text: User talk:208.62.1.197

title: User talk:208.62.1.197


text:
Ernest II

Ernest II may refer to:

 * Ernest II, Duke of Swabia (died in 1030)
 * Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1418–1466)
 * Ernest II, Count of Mansfeld-Vorderort (1479–1531)
 * Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1564–1611)
 * Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1745–1804)
 * Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1818–1893)
 * Ernest II, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1842–1904)
 * Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1863–1950)
 * Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1871–1955)
 * Ernest Augustus II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1737–1758)
 * Ernest Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1707–1745)
 * Ernst Günther II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (1863–1921)
 * Ernst Ludwig II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1709–1729)

title: Ernest II


text:
Talk:Krzysztof Kieślowski

HIV
The List_of_HIV-positive_people entry refers to Kieslowski as being HIV-positive. If true, this should be included.
 * It's not true. The only source for this appears to be the not very credible Hello magazine. It could be a misunderstanding from something Kieslowski said about communism. He said that fighting communism didn't make you immune against its influences. This was like doctors fighting against AIDS. They were not immune either. Denis Diderot 09:44, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the rumor has gotten around pretty widely, I think it would be appropriate for our article to mention it and explain how it got started, if Denis or someone can explain that more specifically. WP is a good place to debunk stuff that gets passed around without attribution on the Internet. Unfortunately, in this case WP has also helped to spread the rumor via the above-mentioned list.  ←Hob 04:07, 2005 Jun 25 (UTC)
 * Was this information ever added to the page? I would like to add it in, but as a new editor I'm not sure how to determine if this has been addressed further or not. psimionides 10:39, 2014 Sep 26 — Preceding undated comment added 14:39, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Could someone please clarify the pronounciation? Many people are intimated by seven consecutive consonants! I heard a Polish interviewer on The Decalogue refer to him as "Keezhtaff Kizhlovski".--Adoniscik 16:38, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I speak about ten words of Polish, but as I understand it, for English speakers: rz is roughly equivalent to the sound of the "s" in "treasure" (think "zh"); sz is like "sh", and the accented s in Kieślowski is also like "sh"; and w is like "v". So, more or less, "Kzhishtoff Kyeshlovski". His first name is the equivalent of Christopher.  ←Hob 03:31, 2005 Jun 23 (UTC)

 * Listen to the pronunciation here --Denis Diderot 07:12, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What does the silent man symbolise?
What do you think,what does the sylent man (Dekalogue) symbolise?

 * Not sure if you're serious with this question and if so, you probably figured the answer out by now, but regardless the silent man could represent God. Ten Commandments and all. Cheers. Igorrr 11:25, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

IPA or sound file
A audio file or an IPA spelling would be helpful. however, if I'm not mistaken his name is pronounced (kzh-i-shtof kyesh-lov-skee)

 * Soundfile has been taken care of, I don't know anything about IPA. Fwend 21:36, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Filmography
I have added some items and made a correction or two from the list given in the Region 2 Artificial Eye releases (specifically on my copy of Camera Buff). Unfortunately, the font used their takes no account of accents, so my additions in Polish are liable to be inconsistent with the rendering of other entries in the list. Philip Cross (talk) 01:33, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

It's misleading to give a date of 1987 for Blind Chance. It was released then but filmed in 1981 (as the main WP entry for the film makes clear). User: Tim Cawkwell 24 November 2015 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iconophile Cawkwell (talk • contribs) 09:50, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Social realism vs. socialist realism
In the book Kieslowski on Kieslowski, Kieslowski himself refers to The Scar as it being Socialist realism, not Social realism. He also makes a remark about the Socialist realism movement-produced movies depicting realism how the people funding them want the 'realism' to be depicted and not how it really was. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.149.234.180 (talk) 11:42, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Birthplace
I must admit I'm quiet new to editing in Wikipedia, and there might be some Wikipedia policy about birth places in occupied countries that I don't know about yet, but it seems wrong to me to say that Kieslowski was born in Warsaw, Third Reich. I don't think that's what his passport said. It's not like a new country was created or changed its name, no, an existing country was invaded and then, 6 years later, somehow "liberated" (though invaded by another nation, but that's another discussion). I don't think there are many persons born in Warsaw during World War II considering themselves as being born in the "Third Reich". Therefore changing it to Warsaw, Poland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ElectricSheep 456 (talk • contribs) 00:47, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

B-class review
Failed due to insufficient inline citations. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:19, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect source for quote. Does the quote even exist?
I could tell just by reading this quote that it was incorrect from what I've read of Kieslowski:

"I am not a believer. For forty years I have not entered a church."

The source of the quote is supposed to be '''Danusia Stok (ed.). Kieslowski on Kieslowski. Londom: Faber & Faber. pp. 149,150.''' I have the source in front of me now and the quote is not on those pages, nor is it anywhere in the book. I searched for the words "forty years" and "believer." I found many instances of "forty years," none of "believer," but not the quote itself. I think whoever attributed the quote to that source knew that it was incorrect but did it anyways since this article needs citations. Obviously the person did not read the source.

Here's the portion of pages 149-150 where Kieslowski talks about God:

 * I think that an absolute point of reference does exist. Although I must say that when I think of God, it's more often the God of the Old Testament  rather   than   the  New. The   God  of   the   Old Testament is a demanding, cruel God; a God who doesn't  forgive, who ruthlessly demands obedience to the principles which He has laid   down.   The  God   of   the  New   Testament  is   a   merciful, kind-hearted  old  man  with   a  white  beard,  who  just   forgives everything.  The  God  of  the  Old  Testament  leaves  us  a  lot  of freedom  and  responsibility,   observes  how  we  use  it  and then rewards  or  punishes,  and  there's  no  appeal  or  forgiveness.  It's something which  is lasting,  absolute, evident  and is not relative. And that's  what a point of reference must be, especially for people like me, who are weak, who are looking for something, who don't know.

 * The concept  of  sin  is  tied   up  with   this  abstract,  ultimate authority which we often call God. But I think that there's  also a sense of  sin against yourself which  is important to me and really means the same thing. Usually, it results from weakness,  from the fact that we're  too weak  to resist  temptation;  the temptation  to have more money, comfort, to possess a certain woman or man, or the temptation to hold more power.

 * Then there's the question  of  whether we should live in fear  of sin.  That's  an entirely different problem  which  also results  from the tradition of the Catholic or Christian faith. It's a little different in  Judaism;  they  have  a  different  concept  of  sin.  That's  why  I spoke about a God of the Old Testament and a God of the New. I think that an authority like this does exist. As somebody once said, if  God didn't  exist then somebody would have to invent Him. But I don't  think we've  got perfect justice  here, on earth, and we never will  have.  It's  justice  on our own scale and our scale is  minute. We're  tiny and imperfect.

Even if Kieslowski did say that he wasn't a "believer" in this context the quote would be misleading at best - he obviously believes in some sort of "god."

Coincidentally, when searching for "forty" I found the relevant AIDS quote:

 * Communism is like AIDS. That is, you have to die with it. You can't be cured. And that applies to anyone who's had anything to do with  Communism  regardless  of what  side they  were  on.  It's irrelevant whether they were Communists or anti-Communists or entirely   uncommitted   to   either   political   side.   It   applies   to everybody.  If  they've  been  exposed to the system as long as they have been in Poland - that is, for forty years - then Communism, its way of thinking, its way of life, its hierarchy of values, remains with  them  and there's  no way  of expelling it from their  system. They can expel it from their minds, of  course, they can say they're no longer sick. They can even say they've  been cured. But it's  not true.  It  stays  inside.  It  exists,  it remains  and  there's  no way  of getting rid of it. It doesn't particularly trouble me. I just know I've got it and know that I'll die with it, that's  all. Not die of it, die with it. It only disappears when you disappear. The same as AIDS.

There should definitely be a section on Kieslowski's anti-communism. That is extremely harsh.

I'm removing the attributed quote until someone can find a source.

Calends (talk) 05:32, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I just found this about the quote in question: Cinema, Religion, and the Romantic Legacy By Paul Coates. Here's an exchange between Kieslowski and the interviewer:

 * [Sobolewski:] There is one thing one can say: in The Decalogue faith is not linked to any denomination. And yet the question 'are you a believer' lurks in every interview. The La Suisse newspaper posed it too, and you replied: 'I haven't been to church for forty years now'.

 * [Kieslowski:] I do not remember the question well. There have been many others like it. I recalled the common definition which describes a person who attends church, who subscribes to a denomination, a believer....For me, belief in God has little in common with the church viewed as an institution. My reply to this question is that I have no need of intermediaries. What is more, I think the majority of us have no need of intermediaries.

 * Apparently the original quote was from the La Swuisse newspaper. I'm not sure if Kieslowski actually says he's not a believer, but we have him here clarifying those remarks. The quote is misleading and Kieslowski's clarification should be quoted instead. Perhaps something along the lines of "Kieslowski has said that he does not consider himself a "believer" in the sense of needing an institution, a "church," to affirm his belief. Although this position is similar to that taken by Protestantism, Kieslowski does not describe himself as Protestant." Something like that! Kieslowski is difficult to pin down on this. A quote from the same source, by the author, might suffice:

 * If Kieslowski's position may be aligned with an extreme form of the individualism often associated with Protestantism, it nevertheless eludes categorization as 'Protestant,' since 'Protestantism' itself functions institutionally.

 * Yeah...just quote that! I am now going to bed. For anyone that wants to add the quote and source: Google Books - Cinema, Religion, and the Romantic Legacy By Paul Coates

 * Calends (talk) 06:15, 30 January 2014 (UTC)
 * After reading the Coats (Google Books link above) source again I notice that Coats quotes Kieslowski as saying that he's NOT a non-believer, so the mangled quote I removed should stay removed. As far as I can tell, Kieslowski never said he was "not a believer" or a "non-believer." I'm willing to be proven wrong though.
 * Calends (talk) 14:56, 30 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Calends, thank you for removing the unreferenced quote from the article. Regarding the "extreme form of the individualism" quote, I do not see it adding anything to the article, and should probably be left out. The current statement—"retained what he called a "personal and private" relationship with God—accurately captures his relationship with God as he himself described it. Bede735 (talk) 15:53, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

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 * Hi InternetArchiveBot. Great job.  One link broken link is fixed.  Now how many do you have left? :)  --David Tornheim (talk) 19:07, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Interview
This is not with regard to changing or improving the article. This interview: is well worth a read! Made my day. --David Tornheim (talk) 19:29, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Krzysztof Kieślowski


text:
User talk:Thepracticalmormon

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 23:36, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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title: User talk:Thepracticalmormon


text:
Mathcad

Mathcad is computer software for the verification, validation, documentation and re-use of mathematical calculations in engineering and science, notably mechanical, chemical, electrical, and civil engineering. Released in 1986 on DOS, it introduced live editing (WYSIWYG) of typeset mathematical notation in an interactive notebook, combined with automatic computations. It was originally developed by Mathsoft, and since 2006 has been a product of Parametric Technology Corporation.

History
Mathcad was conceived and developed by Allen Razdow and Josh Bernoff at Mathsoft founded by David Blohm and Razdow. It was released in 1986. It was the first system to support WYSIWYG editing and recalculation of mathematical calculations mixed with text. It was also the first to check the consistency of engineering units through the full calculation. Other equation solving systems existed at the time, but did not provide a notebook interface: Software Arts' TK Solver was released in 1982, and Borland's Eureka: The Solver was released in 1987.

Mathcad was acquired by Parametric Technology in April 2006.

Mathcad was named "Best of '87" and "Best of '88" by PC Magazine's editors.

Overview
Mathcad's central interface is an interactive notebook in which equations and expressions are created and manipulated in the same graphical format in which they are presented (WYSIWYG). This approach was adopted by systems such as Mathematica, Maple, Macsyma, MATLAB, and Jupyter.

Mathcad today includes some of the capabilities of a computer algebra system, but remains oriented towards ease of use and documentation of numerical engineering applications.

Mathcad is part of a broader product development system developed by PTC, addressing analytical steps in systems engineering. It integrates with PTC's Creo Elements/Pro, Windchill, and Creo Elements/View. Its live feature-level integration with Creo Elements/Pro enables Mathcad analytical models to be directly used in driving CAD geometry, and its structural awareness within Windchill allows live calculations to be re-used and re-applied toward multiple design models.

Summary of capabilities
The Mathcad interface allows users to combine a variety of different elements (mathematics, descriptive text, and supporting imagery) into a worksheet, in which dependent calculations are dynamically recalculated as inputs change. This allows for simple manipulation of input variables, assumptions, and expressions. Mathcad's functionality includes:

 * Numerous numeric functions for statistics, data analysis, image processing, and signal processing;
 * Ubiquitous dimensionality checking and simplification;
 * Solution of systems of equations, such as ODEs and PDEs using several methods;
 * Root finding for polynomials and other functions;
 * Symbolic manipulation of mathematical expressions;
 * Parametric 2D and 3D plotting and discrete data plotting;
 * Leverage standard, readable mathematical expressions within embedded program constructs;
 * Vector and matrix operations, including eigenvalues and eigenvectors;
 * Curve fitting and regression analysis;
 * Statistical and design of experiments functions and plot types, and evaluation of probability distributions;
 * Import from and export to other applications and file types, such as Microsoft Excel and MathML;
 * Cross references to other Mathcad worksheets;
 * Integration with other engineering applications, such as CAD, FEM, BIM, and Simulation tools, to aid in product design, like Autocad, Ansys, Revit.

Although Mathcad is mostly oriented to non-programmers, it is also used in more complex projects to visualize results of mathematical modeling by using distributed computing and coupling with programs written using more traditional languages such as C++.

Current releases
As of 2024, the latest release from PTC is Mathcad Prime 10.0.0.0. This release is a freemium variant: if the software is not activated after a Mathcad Prime 30-day trial, it is possible to continue using PTC Mathcad Express for an unlimited time as "PTC Mathcad Express Free-for-Life Engineering Calculations Software". This freemium pilot is a new marketing approach for PTC. Review and markup of engineering notes can now be done directly by team members without them all requiring a full Mathcad Prime license.

The last release of the traditional (pre "Prime") product line, Mathcad 15.0, came out in June 2010 and shares the same worksheet file structure as Mathcad 14.0. The last service release, Mathcad 15.0 M050, which added support for Windows 10, was released in 2017. Mathcad 15.0 is no longer actively developed but in "sustained support".

Computer operating system platforms
Mathcad only runs on Microsoft Windows. Mathcad Prime 6.0 requires a 64-bit version of Windows 7, Windows 8.1 or Windows 10. Until 1998, Mathcad also supported Mac OS.

Support
Starting in 2011 (Mathcad 15.0) the first year of maintenance and support has been included in the purchase or upgrade price.

title: Mathcad


text:
First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates of 12 of the Thirteen Colonies held from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia at the beginning of the American Revolution. The meeting was organized by the delegates after the British Navy implemented a blockade of Boston Harbor and the Parliament of Great Britain passed the punitive Intolerable Acts in response to the Boston Tea Party.

During the opening weeks of the Congress, the delegates conducted a spirited discussion about how the colonies could collectively respond to the British government's coercive actions, and they worked to make a common cause. As a prelude to its decisions, the Congress's first action was the adoption of the Suffolk Resolves, a measure drawn up by several counties in Massachusetts that included a declaration of grievances, called for a trade boycott of British goods, and urged each colony to set up and train its own militia. A less radical plan was then proposed to create a Union of Great Britain and the Colonies, but the delegates tabled the measure and later struck it from the record of their proceedings.

The First Continental Congress agreed on a Declaration and Resolves that included the Continental Association, a proposal for an embargo on British trade. They also drew up a Petition to the King pleading for redress of their grievances and repeal of the Intolerable Acts. That appeal was unsuccessful, leading delegates from the colonies to convene the Second Continental Congress, also held in Philadelphia. the following May, shortly after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, to organize the defense of the colonies as the American Revolutionary War.

Convention
The Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, in Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia with delegates from 12 of the Thirteen Colonies participating. The delegates were elected by the people of the respective colonies, the colonial legislature, or by the Committee of Correspondence of a colony. Loyalist sentiments outweighed Patriot views in Georgia, leading that colony to not immediately join the revolutionary cause until the following year when it sent delegates to the Second Continental Congress.

Peyton Randolph was elected as president of the Congress on the opening day, and he served through October 22 when ill health forced him to retire, and Henry Middleton was elected in his place for the balance of the session. Charles Thomson, leader of the Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, was selected as the congressional secretary. The rules adopted by the delegates were designed to guard the equality of participants and to promote free-flowing debate.

As the deliberations progressed, it became clear that those in attendance were not of one mind concerning why they were there. Conservatives such as Joseph Galloway, John Dickinson, John Jay, and Edward Rutledge believed their task to be forging policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts. Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the Colonies and Great Britain. Others such as Patrick Henry, Roger Sherman, Samuel Adams, and John Adams believed their task to be developing a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies. Their ultimate goal was to end what they felt to be the abuses of parliamentary authority and to retain their rights, which had been guaranteed under Colonial charters and the English constitution.

Roger Sherman denied the legislative authority of Parliament, and Patrick Henry believed that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of government, independent from Great Britain, for the existing Colonial governments were already dissolved. In contrast to these ideas, Joseph Galloway put forward a "Plan of Union" which suggested that an American legislative body should be formed with some authority, whose consent would be required for imperial measures.

Declaration and Resolves
In the end, the voices of compromise carried the day. Rather than calling for independence, the First Continental Congress passed and signed the Continental Association in its Declaration and Resolves, which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774. After Congress signed on October 20, 1774, embracing non exportation they also planned nonimportation of slaves beginning December 1, which would have abolished the slave trade in the United States of America 33 years before it actually ended.

Accomplishments
The primary accomplishment of the First Continental Congress was a compact among the colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1, 1774, unless parliament should rescind the Intolerable Acts. While delegates convened in the First Continental Congress, fifty-one women in Edenton, North Carolina formed their own association (now referred to as the Edenton Tea Party) in response to the Intolerable Acts that focused on producing goods for the colonies. Additionally, Great Britain's colonies in the West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless they agreed to non-importation of British goods. Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775, compared with the previous year. Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each Colony to ensure compliance with the boycott. It was further agreed that if the Intolerable Acts were not repealed, the colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10, 1775.

The Houses of Assembly of each participating colony approved the proceedings of the Congress, with the exception of New York. The boycott was successfully implemented, but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of hostilities in April 1775.

Congress also voted to meet again the following year if their grievances were not addressed satisfactorily. Anticipating that there would be cause to convene a second congress, delegates resolved to send letters of invitation to those colonies that had not joined them in Philadelphia, including Quebec, Saint John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), Nova Scotia, Georgia, East Florida, and West Florida. Of these, only Georgia would ultimately send delegates to the next Congress.

General and cited references

 * Bancroft, George. History of the United States of America, from the discovery of the American continent. (1854–78), vol 4–10 online edition
 * Launitz-Schurer, Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries, The making of the revolution in New York, 1765-1776, 1980, ISBN 0-8147-4994-1
 * Ketchum, Richard, Divided Loyalties, How the American Revolution came to New York, 2002, ISBN 0-8050-6120-7
 * Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution (1943) online edition
 * Puls, Mark, Samuel Adams, father of the American Revolution, 2006, ISBN 1-4039-7582-5
 * Peter Force, ed. American Archives, 9 vol 1837–1853, major compilation of documents 1774–1776. online edition
 * Puls, Mark, Samuel Adams, father of the American Revolution, 2006, ISBN 1-4039-7582-5
 * Peter Force, ed. American Archives, 9 vol 1837–1853, major compilation of documents 1774–1776. online edition
 * Peter Force, ed. American Archives, 9 vol 1837–1853, major compilation of documents 1774–1776. online edition

title: First Continental Congress


text:
Ben Yagoda

Ben Yagoda (born February 22, 1954) is an American writer and educator. He is a professor of journalism and English at the University of Delaware.

Early life
Born in New York City to Louis Yagoda (1909–1990), a labor mediator and arbitrator with the New York State Mediation Board, visiting lecturer at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations, and a former organizer for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, and Harriet (née Lewis), he grew up in New Rochelle, New York. He entered Yale University to study English in 1971 and graduated in 1976 with a bachelor of arts. He later earned an M.A. in American civilization at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1991.

Career
He became a freelance journalist for publications such as The New Leader, The New York Times, Newsweek, and Rolling Stone. He has published a number of books including About Town: The New Yorker and the World it Made.

Besides his work as a journalism and English professor at the University of Delaware, Yagoda also writes occasionally for a New York Times blog about the English language.

He currently has a monthly podcast called The Lives They're Living with Ben Yagoda.

Personal life
Yagoda resides in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, with his wife. They have two daughters.

Selected bibliography

 * Will Rogers: A Biography (Alfred A. Knopf, 1993, ISBN 0-394-58512-7)
 * The Art of Fact: A Historical Anthology of Literary Journalism (Scribner, 1997, ISBN 0-684-83041-8), co-edited with Kevin Kerrane
 * About Town: The New Yorker and the World It Made (Scribner, 2000, ISBN 0-684-81605-9)
 * The Sound on the Page: Style and Voice in Writing (HarperResource, 2004, ISBN 0-066-21417-3)
 * When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It: The Parts of Speech, for Better and/or Worse (Broadway Books, 2007, ISBN 0-767-92077-5)
 * Memoir: A History (Riverhead Books, 2008, ISBN 1-594-48886-X)
 * How to Not Write Bad: The Most Common Writing Problems and How to Avoid Them (Riverhead Books, 2013, ISBN 1-594-48848-7)
 * The B-Side: The Death of Tin Pan Alley and the Rebirth of the Great American Song (Riverhead Books, 2015, ISBN 1-594-48849-5)

title: Ben Yagoda


text:
Vojislavljević dynasty

The House of Vojislavljević (Војислављевић, pl. Vojislavljevići / Војислављевићи) was a Serbian medieval dynasty,  named after archon Stefan Vojislav, who wrested the polities of Duklja, Travunia, Zahumlje, inner Serbia and Bosnia from the Byzantines in the mid-11th century. His successors, kings Mihailo I Vojislavljević (d. 1081) and Constantine Bodin (d. 1101) expanded and consolidated the state. During the 12th century, the main line of the Vojislavljević family was ousted by their cadet branch, the Vukanović. (which became the Nemanjić dynasty), in the late 12th century.

Stefan Vojislav
Stefan Vojislav, the progenitor of the dynasty, was a nobleman in Byzantine service who had the titles of archon, and toparch of the Dalmatian kastra of Zeta and Ston. In 1034 he led an unsuccessful revolt that resulted in his incarceration at Constantinople, he however, managed to escape and return, this time successfully gaining independence of his statelet., which he would rule as Prince of the Serbs, a title signifying supreme leadership among the Serbs. The contemporary Byzantine writers call him a Serb. The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, a later, more dubious source, calls him a cousin to previous ruler Jovan Vladimir (r. 990–1016).

Mihailo I
Mihailo I became Prince in 1046. He restored independence and maintained it from the Byzantine Empire. He sought closer relations with other great powers, such as the Pope and the Normans. Mihailo installed his son Petrislav as Prince of Rascia. After the aborted rebellion in Bulgaria, the military governor of Dyrrhachium, Nicephorus Bryennius, restored Byzantine rule to Rascia in 1073. Mihailo reportedly received royal insignia in 1077 from Pope Gregory VII, although this is still a matter of debate. An image of King Mihajlo with his crown is still found in the Church of St. Michael in Ston, a town in the Pelješac peninsula (in present-day Croatia). Mihajlo's rule ended in 1081.

Constantine Bodin
His successor was his son Constantin Bodin, who ruled from 1081 to 1101. Bodin fought Byzantium and Normans further to the south, and took the town of Dyrrachium. He established vassal states in Bosnia (under Stefan) and Serbia (under Vukan and Marko), which recognized his supremacy. Vukan and Marko, the new princes of Serbia were probably sons of the aforementioned Petrislav. Vukan (1083–1115) was the Grand Župan while Marko headed administration of a part of the land. The Byzantine Emperor Alexios later forced Vukan to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty in 1094. After Bodin died in 1101, incessant struggles for power among his heirs weakened the state. Bodin had previously exiled Dobroslav, his younger brother, together with their cousin Kočapar. In 1101 they returned, and vied for power together with another grandson of Mihajlo's, Vladimir. Vladimir at one point married the daughter of Vukan of Serbia.

Decline
In 1114, Đorđe, son of Constantin Bodin, came to power in Duklja. The next year Vukan was replaced in Serbia by his nephew Uroš I. (ca. 1115–1131). Đorđe's rule lasted until 1118. One of the sons of Uroš I was Zavida, Prince of Zahumlje. His four sons would eventually bring order to the Rascian lands and found the House of Nemanja.

In these struggles, the pro-Serbian rulers eventually managed to rise to power in Duklja, culminating in the rise of Stefan Nemanja, one of Zavida's sons (around 1166). His son Stefan Nemanjić restored the old Doclean crown in 1217 by receiving from the Pope regal insignia as "King of all Serbian and Maritime Lands".

Family tree

 * Stefan Vojislav
 * Gojslav
 * Radoslav
 * Branislav
 * Kočapar ( 1102–03)
 * Grubeša
 * Gradinja ( 1125–45)
 * Radoslav ( 1146–1148, 1162)
 * Mihailo III ( 1180–86)
 * Gradislav
 * Berinja
 * Saganek
 * Predimir
 * Mihailo I, King of Slavs (Duklja)
 * Dobroslav II
 * Vladimir
 * Konstantin Bodin
 * Mihajlo II
 * Đorđe Bodinović ( 1113–31)
 * Petrislav, Prince of Raška (ca. 1050–1083)
 * Vukan
 * Vukanović dynasty

title: Vojislavljević dynasty


text:
Talk:British Rail Mark 2

999550, Departmental coach
http://rollingstock.fotopic.net/p48850872.html

This is an image, which I think constitutes citation, that proves the 999550 is still working as a track measurement vehicle. Laseandre (talk) 15:30, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Iarnród Éireann
I don't think Iarnród Éireann use any of these now - a lot of their trains look like they've been replaced with the new non-orange coloured trains. Though I don't know much about trains or IE's new stock - could someone give an update on this?

I remember being in some of these carriages on Limerick-Dublin trains around 2000 - they appeared to vary a lot in design internally, and were quite manky... --Zilog Jones 23:43, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)"dont lick the bunnY"

Mark IIs are on the way out on the Irish railway system, but not yet scrapped/disposed of (and still run at times). However, suburban DMUs have already been introduced on the route to Sligo in preference to the Mark IIs (although really the reason is that a bridge over the River Shannon is nearly falling down, and can't really take locomotives across it). There have been some workings of Mark IIs to Sligo since though.

The definitive withdrawal of Mark II in Ireland will likely happen either when more of the 67 CAF intercity carriages arrive, when more CAF suburban DMUs arrive, or when the 100 new intercity DMUs arrive (and certainly when the extra 30 on top of that arrive).

Mark II will not likely be kept for specials/extra trains, as there will be spare Mark IIIs at that stage.

I'm fairly certain about all of these details, but check Irish Railway News for more up to date information (esp. the thread "Last locos on the Sligo line").

zoney ♣ talk 11:46, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess this should go in Iarnród Éireann Mark 2? — Dunc|☺ 13:22, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Mk2a braking
The article states that only Mk2s were vac fitted. I note that several 2a coaches have vacuum brakes fitted, so is this verifiable? DiverScout (talk) 21:01, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Gauge
The info panel states a gauge of 1435mm but the article says they were supplied new (or converted) with other gauges. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.135.244.155 (talk) 10:48, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Mk2 'S'
There is and never was an 'S' version of this coach however there are a number of uses referring to the original Mk2 as a Mk2s - e.g. many model railway retailers (I think the original release of the Bachmann model referred the Mk2 version as a 'Mk2s'). I have reworded instances on this page where 'Mk2s' was used as a plural or collective term to 'Mk2 coaches' (or similar) to hopefully reduce this confusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2ghoti (talk • contribs) 11:29, 23 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I think this may be a misreading of the TOPS designation. When TOPS diagram numbers were introduced, the fourth character indicated the "Mark", with figure 1 indicating Mark 1, and letters A-F denoting Mark 2a through Mark 2f: so the Mark 1 corridor first was AA11; the Mark 2a corridor first was AA1A; the Mark 2b FK was AA1B; Mark 2c AA1C; and Mark 2d AA1D. For the early Mark 2, which predated Mark 2a, BR for some reason coded these as the letter Z instead of the more logical figure 2 - so the original corridor first became AA1Z and in some books, they have retrospectively been described as "Mark 2z". I expect that those model manufacturers have somehow turned the Z around, to make S. It wouldn't be the first mistake made by catalogue compilers: the Lima catalogues of the 1980s were horrific. -- Red rose64 (talk) 14:23, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

Models
Corrections to Paragraph 1 above: Bachmann only produce Mark 2 (now known as Mark 2z) and Mark 2a coaches. A few have been mis-numbered in the incorrect series. Hornby have NEVER produced Mark 2a/2b coaches, nor have they used Lima mouldings for the Mark 2 range. Originally in 1967 they manufactured two Mark 2 types (BFK & TSO) which continued in production for over 35 years, mainly in Blue/Grey livery but also latterly in Network Southeast and Royal train burgundy. Their current range of Mark 2d coaches were moulds bought from Dapol which were originally manufactured by Airfix in their GMR [Great Model Railways] range. Lima manufactured Mark 2b (BFK, FK & TSO) and Mark 2e coaches (FO & TSO) in both Blue/Grey and Executive liveries. Although it is believed that Hornby have acquired these moulds, none has been issued under the Hornby name. [Information from model catalogues and personal collection of models] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.210.29.44 (talk) 12:39, 4 November 2012
 * The above comments were added under British Railways Mark 2, which is not the proper place to raise concerns about accuracy. -- Red rose64 (talk) 09:27, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 26 December 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Adumbrativus (talk) 05:30, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

British Railways Mark 2 → British Rail Mark 2 – Name change in order to align with other British rolling stock articles, which mostly use "British Rail" instead of "British Railways" in the title. Danners430 (talk) 21:26, 26 December 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support: per nom. YorkshireExpat (talk) 09:38, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

New Zealand section referencing
Does anyone happen to have access to the 1999 book that this article appears to heavily rely on as the main citation — does it back up what's in the article? However presumably, almost everything that happened after 1999 (and especially the New Zealand section) in this article is therefore unsourced. I think for the New Zealand section, I'd suggest using the sources already cited at New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage. @Danners340 (since you reverted @Simplyinfo's edits about Te Huia). Fork99 (talk) 23:42, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Danners430 (sorry for the typo) Fork99 (talk) 23:45, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:British Rail Mark 2


text: User talk:69.174.130.5

title: User talk:69.174.130.5


text:
Outerbridge Horsey

Outerbridge Horsey III (March 5, 1777 – June 9, 1842) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as 4th Attorney General of Delaware from 1806 to 1810 and as United States Senator from Delaware from 1810 to 1821.

Early life, education and marriage
Horsey was born in Stepney Parish, Somerset County, Maryland, to William Horsey of Rewastico (1745–1786), a planter, merchant, Member for Somerset County of the Ninth Maryland Convention (which framed Maryland's first state constitution) in 1776 and a justice of Somerset County, and Eleanor ("Nellie") Wailes, daughter of George Wailes. After living in Georgetown, he moved to Wilmington, and studied the law there under James A. Bayard, who remained his lifelong political mentor. A frequent supporter of education, Horsey, early in his career, urged the establishment of a library in Georgetown, and later was appointed a trustee of the College of Wilmington.

He married Elizabeth Digges Lee, daughter of former Governor Thomas Sim Lee (1745–1819) of Maryland. They had at least two sons who survived to adulthood:

 * Thomas Sim Lee Horsey (1816–1834), who died unmarried
 * Outerbridge Horsey IV (1819–1902), an attorney who at an early age decided to consecrate his life to the manufacture of whiskey and set up a distillery at the Needwood estate, which he inherited from his father - of his four sons who survived to adulthood, only one married and had children, Outerbridge Horsey V (1875–1931), who left the family estate to study at Georgetown and thence to New York Law School, upon which he settled in New York City and established a respectable legal practice, becoming a member of the firm Nicoll, Anable, Fuller & Sullivan, where he stayed until its dissolution in 1924 and from then until his death in 1931 was a member of the firm Jackson, Fuller, Nash & Brophy - his son (Outerbridge Horsey III's great-grandson) Outerbridge Horsey (1910–1983) became a career U.S. diplomat and lived in the District of Columbia, as does his son of the same name.

Early legal career
He was admitted to the Delaware Bar in December 1807, and began a practice in Wilmington. One source believes he served as a delegate in Delaware's legislature in 1800–1802, but his father may have shared the same name.

Horsey owned more than 36 slaves during his life, and freed some of them as he grew older. Seven months after his marriage, on November 11, 1812, he manumitted fourteen enslaved people, including four enslaved people whom Elizabeth Lee Horsey had bought from her father in 1806.

Professional and political career
While practicing the law and after representing Sussex County in the Delaware State House from the 1801 session through the 1803 session, Horsey was appointed to be the Delaware Attorney General and served from 1806 to 1810.

In 1810 he was elected to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of U.S. Senator Samuel White. In the Senate he initially opposed the War of 1812 strongly, but once it had been declared, he supported it with equal vigor. He accordingly became a member of the Committee of Safety and was actively involved in preparing the defenses of Fort Union and Wilmington. In March 1814 Horsey presented a petition from the citizens of Delaware to repeal the Embargo Act of 1807; although he was able to get a committee appointed to consider the question, the effort was ultimately unsuccessful. He was reelected in 1814, and served from January 12, 1810, to March 3, 1821.

Following the War of 1812, but while still a contentious subject, the need for internal improvements had become much more apparent and recognized. It would be on Horsey's motion in January 1816, that the Senate finally passed the resolution to print and distribute copies of Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin's 1808 Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals. The report, which had been requested by the Senate in 1807 and transmitted to it in 1808 had fallen victim to the embargo, the loss of revenue, and the necessities of war. With the report's distribution, many of its concepts would be incorporated into the Bonus Bill of 1817.

Several years later, he parted ways with the Delaware General Assembly which had passed a resolution asking Delaware's congressmen to vote against any extension of slavery. Horsey did not feel U.S. Congress had the right to prohibit slavery in Missouri, or anywhere else in the Louisiana Purchase, and so supported the Missouri Compromise. Understanding the unpopularity of this position, he did not seek reelection when his term ended. During the 16th Congress, he served as Chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia.

Retirement, death and legacy
Upon his father-in-law's death, his wife inherited several hundred acres of the 945-acre Needwood tract near Petersville and Burkittsville in Frederick County, Maryland. In later life, he built an attractive but modest brick two story Federal style dwelling known as 'Horsey Needwood' and spent his declining years and died there on June 9, 1842. He is buried in St. John's Cemetery at Petersville. His son Outerbridge Horsey IV built the more grand Victorian style addition in his prosperous years. The house was eventually sold out of the family in 1939, but still stands today.

He owned the Zachariah Ferris House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The main house at Needwood Farms, operated by his brother in law Thomas S. Lee, who sympathized with the Confederacy during the Civil War, remains and is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, although the Horsey Distillery did not survive the conflict. His son, also Outerbridge Horsey (1819–1902), was a Democratic politician who represented Frederick County at the 1867 state constitutional convention.

Almanac
Elections were held the first Tuesday of October. Members of the State House took office on the first Tuesday of January for a term of one year. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term. In this case he was initially completing the existing term, the vacancy caused by the death of Samuel White.

Places with more information

 * Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161.
 * University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965.

title: Outerbridge Horsey