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María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias

María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias (María de las Mercedes de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena; 11 September 1880 – 17 October 1904) was the eldest child of King Alfonso XII of Spain and his second wife, Maria Christina of Austria. She was Princess of Asturias, the heiress presumptive to the Crown of Spain, for all 24 years of her life.

Had her younger sibling, unborn at the death of Alfonso XII, been a daughter, Mercedes would have been Queen of Spain. The sibling proved to be a boy, Alfonso XIII, and on his birth in 1886, Mercedes turned out not to be queen. She resumed the position of heiress presumptive, which she held until her own death, and was succeeded in it by her own infant son Alfonso, Alfonso XIII having not yet married and fathered a legitimate child.

Mercedes married in Madrid on 14 February 1901, her second cousin, Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, a nephew of the King of the then-defunct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, who was elevated to the rank of Infante of Spain. The marriage was highly controversial due to her father-in-law's ties with the Carlists. She died three years later from complication while giving birth to her third child.

Early life
Born on 11 September 1880 at the Royal Palace of Madrid, Mercedes was the first child of King Alfonso XII and his second wife, Maria Christina of Austria. She was christened María de las Mercedes Isabel Teresa Cristina Alfonsa. Her godmother was Queen Isabella II, her paternal grandmother, who came from retirement in Paris to attend the birth of her first grandchild. There was great disappointment because family and nation were hoping for a boy. To smooth things out, Queen Maria Christina suggested giving her daughter the name Mercedes in honor of her husband's first wife, Mercedes of Orléans.

Mercedes was heiress presumptive at birth, but the disappointment was so great that she was initially treated only as an infanta. Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, then head of the government, who disliked Maria Christina and did not want the crown to pass again to a female after the disastrous reign of Isabella II, decided to ignore the newborn. Mercedes's paternal aunt Isabella retained the title of Princess of Asturias until Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, President of the government replacing Cánovas, pressured King Alfonso XII to accord the title to Mercedes, which he did on 10 March 1881. On 12 November 1882, Mercedes gained a sister, Infanta Maria Teresa. The marriage of their parents was unhappy. Alfonso had married Maria Christina in order to secure the succession to the throne. He did not love his wife and was disappointed after she gave birth to two daughters, while he already had two extramarital sons. In July 1883, Maria Christina left the Spanish court and traveled with her daughters to visit her own family in Austria.

By the summer of 1884, Alfonso XII's health had deteriorated and he had tuberculosis. After a brief improvement, the 27-year-old king died on 25 November 1885, leaving behind a widow who was three months pregnant. Mercedes was not declared queen because she would be displaced if a son was born, and instead there was a six month interregnum until the birth of her brother Alfonso XIII on 17 May 1886, who assumed the throne as king immediately upon birth. Had the pregnancy been lost or resulted in another daughter, Mercedes would have become queen regnant and been retroactively recognized as such during the interregnum. She resumed the position of heiress presumptive, which she held for the rest of her life.

Education

Mercedes made her first public appearance at the royal court by the hand of her mother when Queen Maria Christina was declared regent. The education of the Princess of Asturias and her younger sister Infanta Maria Teresa was confined to the Royal Palace of Madrid in an austere environment headed by two widows: their mother and their paternal aunt Isabella (herself formerly Princess of Asturias). The Queen brought up her three children strictly. Despite her constitutional status, Mercedes was not given an education that would have prepared her to govern the nation. She received instead the conventional upbringing of princesses of her time. There were piano and painting lessons, knitting practices and the Queen involved her daughter in palace duties. Particular attention was paid to obedience and religious precepts.

Mercedes grew up to be a serious young woman, shy and unprepossessing. She was more Habsburg in appearance due to her long face. The family spent the summer months in the Miramar Palace in San Sebastián.

In her adolescence, Mercedes accompanied her mother on trips abroad visiting her paternal grandmother in Paris, her paternal aunt Paz in Munich, and her maternal grandmother Elisabeth Franziska in Vienna. The situation in Spain became more complicated with the Spanish–American War in 1898. Mercedes and her sister lived a restricted life. Their conservative mother did not allow them to take part in the social life of the Spanish nobility. The Queen offered a party in the Royal Palace to mark the debut in society of her daughters on 9 May 1899, the event having been delayed due to the war. At the dance, Mercedes fell in love with Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies; the two were frequently seen together.

Marriage

Prince Carlos, Queen Maria Christina's first cousin once removed, belonged to the deposed royal family of the Two Sicilies and had arrived in Spain years earlier in order to follow a military career in the Spanish army. The pairing of the princess and Prince Carlos was not accidental. He had been chosen as a prospective husband by both Queen Maria Christina and Infanta Isabella, who was his aunt as well. It was considered paramount to marry Mercedes to a member of the Bourbon family in order to avoid a change of the dynasty in case she succeeded her brother. Prince Carlos offered other advantages as groom to the Princess of Asturias. As he did not belong to a reigning royal family, he could settle permanently in Spain and adopt the necessary Spanish nationality. He had, however, to resign his rights to the crown of the Two Sicilies as he was third in line after his father and his elder brother.

Carlos was of serious character, shy, handsome, and Mercedes was attracted to him. Their engagement was announced on 14 December 1899. It immediately faced the strong opposition of the liberal party, the republican faction and a wide spectrum of the Spanish society. There was nothing personal against the Prince himself, but his father, the Count of Caserta, had been a general in the last Carlist War and had taken part in the looting of the city of Cuenca by Carlist troops. It was feared that Caserta's son marrying Mercedes would bring the Carlist party too close to the Spanish throne. Even the Prince's name – Carlos – aroused suspicion. In addition, the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies was considered the most conservative Catholic dynasty, which worried the liberal party.

There were bitter attacks against Mercedes's marriage in the newspapers and protest on the streets in Madrid, Seville and Granada. The Archbishop of Valladolid, one of Spain’s most prominent prelates, wrote a letter to the Queen warning her against the dire consequences if the marriage would take place. The Queen wrote him back: " Monsignor, dedicate yourself to direct your diocese and praying, which are your main obligations, perhaps this way none of the catastrophe you predict will happen". Mercedes herself expressed her frustration to the strong opposition to her choice of groom in a letter to her aunt Paz: "I am happy to marry him, but I am also upset at those who have created such a fuss and made mother suffer for this... all because his father fought alongside don Carlos. Is this fair?"

The controversy marred the wedding festivities. On the day of the wedding, the streets leading to the Royal Palace were barricaded for fear of the protesters and a vast number of troops deployed through the capital. There were no major incidents, however, and the ceremony took place on 14 February 1901 in the chapel of the Royal Palace of Madrid.

Death
The couple lived at the Royal palace of Madrid in close proximity to Queen Maria Christina, as she herself had wished. The union was happy and two children were born in quick succession: Prince Alfonso (1901–1964) and Prince Fernando (1903–1905).

Pregnant for the third time, Mercedes longed for a daughter after having two sons. In September 1904, she turned twenty four years old. The following month, twenty days before her due day, Mercedes fell seriously ill. She had appendicitis which initially was misdiagnosed as simple intestinal cramps. Peritonitis set in and on the early hours on 16 October 1904 Mercedes gave birth prematurely to her third child, Princess Isabella Alfonsa (1904–1985).

The health of the mother was so seriously compromised that little attention was given to the child, who was believed to have been stillborn until the young King Alfonso realized the baby was alive. Mercedes died the following day, on 17 October 1904, surrounded by her family.

Mercedes' three children were left in the care of Queen Maria Christina and raised in the court of King Alfonso XIII. The elder son was not given the title of Prince of Asturias, but replaced his mother as heir presumptive.

Honours

 * Order of Queen Maria Luisa (Spain) - ribbon bar.png 816th Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa (Spain)
 * JPN Hokan-sho 1Class BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Precious Crown, 10 June 1902 (Empire of Japan)


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Talk:Daewoo Nubira

Daewoo or Chevrolet?
See Votes for deletion/Daewoo Nubira for some discussion as to what this article should be named.

I own a Daewoo Nubira and do know a good deal about it. I understand that GMDaewoo cars are sold under the Chevrolet brand in a large percentage of its world. However, I was stunned to find this car under the name Chevrolet!

The Daewoo Nubira is the J100 and J150 platform, as known internally by Daewoo Motor Company. I cannot find a Chevrolet version of the Daewoo Nubira sold anywhere in the world! The current cars, Lacetti, are of Daewoo's new replacement platform, the J200, and is largely unrelated to the Nubira (J100/150). This is the car many of you are thinking of, and already has a location on Wikipedia, under Chevrolet Lacetti. There are a few J200 Lacettis sold with the Nubira name (very few), under the Chevrolet brand. Let me stress this, they are not Nubiras! To call the Nubira a Chevrolet because its replacement is sold as one does not make sense. It is also highly inaccurate. This is clearly destroying the history of Daewoo Motor Company!

The best example that I can think of at the moment is the Imperial Japanese Navy ships around the time of World War II. Today, the Japanese Navy ships are under Self Defense Force, not IJN. However, that does not change the name of the IJN Yamato to JSDF Yamato because of later government changes. bmcclain

I'm fascinated. I admit that when it was renamed to Chevrolet Nubira from Daewoo Nubira, I just assumed we were going from the international name to the US one. But it's now claimed that this is not a US name at all, so where is it used I wonder? India maybe? Africa? The article doesn't say.

Anyway, my point was that the original name for the vehicle was Daewoo, and no case had been made for moving the article (it was actually a breach of procedure to move it during the VfD vote). And it's now claimed that the vehicle is called a Chevrolet in neither the US nor Korea! It's certainly not called a Chevrolet in Australia, any Chevs sold here are rebadged to something else, Holden or Suzuki I guess.

It's not a big deal. I think the main damage of using the name Chevolet for the article is that it makes Americans look a bit silly to the rest of the world, quite unfairly IMO. Andrewa 17:34, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Chevrolet Nubira is the European name and as long as it's in use by official GM Media site, http://media.chevroleteurope.com (the successor to http://media.daewoo-auto.com/ aka http://media.gm.com/division/daewoo ), that's more than enough for me. Daewoo brand is simply non-existant outside Korea as of now.
 * Suzuki Forenza is the badge engineered version sold in the US. I'm not aware of all the local names in existance because there isn't an easy way to gather this information. It's named Chevrolet Lacetti sedan in one half of Europe, Chevrolet Nubira in the other half, Chevrolet Optra in Arabia, India and Canada, Buick Excelle in China, and I'm not sure about Latin America, Asia, South Africa and Australia/Oceania. If you think it's a mess, blame the General Motors management who thinks Daewoo should be Chevrolet Europe. I'm just trying to make a point that local versions differ by grille style at most and it's still the same car produced in exactly one place along with CKD kits, as opposed to say Ford Focus. DmitryKo 19:59, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Normally, we sign our posts on talk pages, User:DmitryKo.

 * I see you have now. Thank you.

 * No, I don't think it's a particular mess, I just think that the current article title is misleading. It describes cars by a name that they quite simply never had. In a sense, the Chevrolet Nubira is a rebadged Daewoo, but there is no sense that the many Daewoo Nubiras still on the road (and sold new in their country of origin) are Chevrolets. They remain Daewoos in every sense. Not all GM cars are Chevs.
 * GM would now like us to think of all Nubiras as Chevs, but we should not necessarily follow GM's direction as to the way they engineer their brands. We should describe their models accurately. The article title you have chosen conforms to GM's strategy well, but not to the facts. Andrewa 12:51, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Look, there are many historical references to Bombay but the city is officially called Mumbai now, even though it remains the same old Bombay.
 * We're describing cars in the first place, not their names. The fact is that this car is currently known as Chevrolet everywhere and it hasn't changed enough since it was Daewoo to justify its own article. Let's not create another artifical convention like General Motors Corsa just for the sake of political correctness. DmitryKo 17:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Cars are a bit different to geographical features such as cities. Point taken, but I don't think it's applicable. For a closer parallel, maybe consider Austin-Healey Sprite. This wasn't renamed MG Midget just because BMC once decided that all future sprites would be badged as midgets.

 * And you've contradicted yourself about what the car is known as now. You said before it was still a Daewoo in Korea. It's certainly still a Daewoo in Australia.

 * Political correctness doesn't enter into it. I'm talking accuracy.

 * I'm accepting your decision that the Chev Nubira doesn't deserve its own article. So the question then is, what should this one article be called?

 * All Chev Nubiras are Daewoo Nubiras, they (or at least the kits) are made in the Daewoo plant. Not all Daewoo Nubiras are Chevs. So, if we're to have one article, it should be under a name that covers all the cars in question.

 * Would it perhaps be better to just call the article Nubira, or Nubira (GM car) or somesuch if the manufacturer must be listed? Andrewa 03:20, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

As of now, Daewoo is effectively a local Korean brand for some Chevrolets built in S.Korea, sold through General Motors dealerships around the world by various names and brands. Chevrolet Europe (formerly Daewoo Europe) remains the only sales network of GMDAT outside the South Korea since Daewoo Motors USA went bankrupt in 2002. So I honestly don't think Daewoo Nubira is the name that covers all of these versions anymore, and anyone looking for Daewoo branded cars on the GM.com is not going to find it, anywhere. Holden is not going to use Daewoo brand for the imports from GMDAT (see the PR from media.gm.com/division/holden). Introducing artifical entities for the sake of correctness is not the right way to solve the names conflict either, because the convention is to use Brand/Make Name order.

Considering your example, MG Midget should simply be merged with Austin-Healey Sprite as a subsection to Mark II, as it's conventionally done with many cars like Opel Corsa and Opel Kadett/Opel Astra (altough I don't like the artifical General Motors in the name, which should be changed to Opel). DmitryKo 18:33, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I realise I'm coming to this a little late but since I'm the one who mentioned on the VfD about renaming I thought I'd better comment. Personally I would not support a renaming to something like Nubira (GM car) b/c it might not even be known as the Nubira in a lot of places. My logic on the Chevrolet Nubira was simply that it is now known as a Chevrolet across most market places now and that at the time all the other Daewoo articles had been renamed calling it a Daewoo was inconsistant...

 * Looking at the Opel Corsa situation, imo it looks a bit silly to call it General Motors Corsa b/c it isn't known by that name anywhere, however since it's known by a lot of different names in a various different markets I don't really there is a clear naming option (unlike here with the prevalence of the Chevrolet badge now) so GM Corsa will have to do. -- Lochaber 16:02, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Since GM Daewoo took over responsibility for the GM Gamma platform, I think the choice is clear now: General Motors Corsa should be moved to... Daewoo Corsa!!! Ha ha ha. --DmitryKo 20:12, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm surprised any of this has come up. On the page, there appeared to be a consensus that the country of origin's convention be adopted to avoid any of these issues. Point on the Opel Corsa, Kadett and Astra above taken: I agree General Motors Corsa is daft, and there were no objections for that to be shifted to the Opel brand: Russelheim developed the car, and it is the country of origin. In fact, I support any such edits. However, if this convention is to be adopted as was once discussed, and is brought up again above, then it should be noted that in Korea, the Nubira ceased to be after the first generation. Hence here at Wikipedia, the Nissan Sunny entry, for instance, follows the Japanese market. I vote to have this page moved to Daewoo and the facts aligned to that of the Korean market. All second-generation references should be placed with Daewoo Lacetti. Stombs 12:22, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * If you think this page should be moved, first list it at WP:RM to start a proper voting procedure and then provide a correct voting template on this talk page, as suggested by Requested moves. --DmitryKo 14:40, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Note: This naming convention/move discussion has been centralized at the Automobile WikiProject. Dragons flight 02:30, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * The car is called the Daewoo Lacetti in South Korea (go to www.dm.co.kr, click "Korean," click "Showroom." I think the article should be named "Daewoo Lacetti" because South Korea is the origin of this global car.  All other names could be redirected.
 * Do you mind to come with a clear and simple redirection scheme? This is where these 'conventions' fail to provide any improvement... in fact, they just confuse things for the benefit of noone. --DmitryKo 00:00, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Move descision
Moved to the Daewoo version as requested and double redirects fixed. Ryan Norton T 07:30, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion
This article was proposed for deletion; the result was to keep. See Votes for deletion/Daewoo Nubira for a record. Postdlf 01:45, 2 May 2005 (UTC) Please, do not delete this page.--188.26.230.68 (talk) 14:03, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

engine model listing
this article should include the list of actual engine use in these vehicles. they can vary between models being the X20SED, C20SEL, A16DMS and other slight revisions as the Family engine is a class of engines but does not specifically describe any particular one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.2.158.234 (talk) 08:58, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

 * If you know the codes, please add them to the article. Cheers! OSX (talk • contributions) 05:16, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

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6666667477 babaibenettzsombor@gmail.comh 80.252.52.81 (talk) 12:45, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Daewoo Nubira


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Unspecified source for Image:HMS Torquay.jpg
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Plainmoor_Football_Stadium.jpg
I have tagged Image:Plainmoor_Football_Stadium.jpg as replaceable fair use. If you wish to dispute this assertion, please add to the image description page and a comment explaining your reasoning to the the image talk page. Big ΔT 22:39, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

View_From_Family_Stand_At_Plainmoor_Football_Stadium.jpg
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Image source problem with Image:Robin Stubbs.jpg
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Image source problem with Image:Frank O'Farrell.jpg
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License tagging for Image:The Face At Kent's Cavern, Torquay.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Fulgrim (Book Cover).jpg
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February 2008
Hi, the recent edit you made to Torquay United F.C. has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thanks.   Compwhiz II ( Talk )( Contribs )  01:06, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Torquay United F.C. constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thanks.   Compwhiz II ( Talk )( Contribs )  01:06, 7 February 2008 (UTC))

Unspecified source for Image:Chris_Roberts_Torquay_United_Chairman.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Living_Coasts.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Living_Coasts.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

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Image copyright problem
Thanks for your uploads. You've indicated that the following images are being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why they meet Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page an image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --05:57, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:OlympicParade.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (File:Horus Rising.jpg)
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Orphaned non-free media (File:False Gods.jpg)
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Orphaned non-free image File:Soccerpulse Logo.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Soccerpulse Logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Articles for deletion nomination of Soccerpulse
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Non-free rationale for File:Torquay United 1927.jpg
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File:New Zealand Troops in Torquay 1918.jpg needs authorship information
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The media file you uploaded as File:New Zealand Troops in Torquay 1918.jpg appears to be missing information as to its authorship (and or source), or if you did provide such information, it is confusing for others trying to make use of the image.

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File source problem with File:Map of Torquay, 1795.jpg
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File source problem with File:Torquay Town Hall during World War Two.jpg
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File permission problem with File:Dreadnoughts in Torbay.jpg
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title: User talk:Devonian1776


text:
Talk:German cruiser Emden

Relationship with other ships called Emden
German cruiser Emden seems a strange choice of name for this article which describes one of three German (light) cruisers called Emden. I notice there are a number of WW2 ship articles with the prefix German cruiser or German battleship. However, the similar WW1 ships seem to be referred to with the simpler prefix SMS. What would an article on the second Emden be called?

The article itself refers to it being the third Emden but doesn't link to pages for the other two. Note that there is already a detailed article on the famous First World War merchant raider Emden (i.e. the first Emden), see SMS Emden.

There is a useful article in the German wikipedia called Emden (Schiff) at http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emden_(Schiff) which describes in detail all three cruisers and also two frigates called Emden although it has much less information on this third Emden than is provided here.

How about a disambiguation page for Emden that could clear this up? Nigel Campbell 00:31, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

I am confuse, In the start of the article it states she was given 4 single turret. The Botton picture also show single turret. Yet the stats table on the right says 8*5.9" gun. When was the refit done? Or is it a mistake?Muniam 10:00, 3 august 2006

 * Original design was 4 twin turrets, this was changed to 8 single turrets. Click on the picture in the table to magnify it, then you will see that two single-turrets were put on each side of the ship. Nevfennas 10:33, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Added a small clarification ( 8 less effective single-gun turrets)--Muniam 15:57, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Source?
Near the header, there is this interesting detail:

"She was armed with a main battery of surplus 15 cm (5.9 in) guns left over from World War I, mounted in single gun turrets, as mandated by the Allied powers."

I found no mention of the sort in the Versailles treaty. Strange, too, since the K-classes, also made before the AGNT had a new turret design and all. Can somebody point me to the source? Thanks in advance. MVictorP (talk) 19:49, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Versailles also set up the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control, which had authority over all German armaments produced during the Treaty period. If you want to know more about this, read Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond by Phillips O'Brien (around page 112).
 * The specific citation is lower in the main body of the article, in the first paragraph of the "Design" section. Parsecboy (talk) 19:59, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

Operation Weserübung
About "The group consisted of the flagship …":

If Emden was the flagship, I think this would be better phrased as "The group consisted of Emden as the flagship …". If she wasn't - who was? --2003:C4:DF27:4472:BD45:5890:4E71:7D67 (talk) 23:38, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Clarified, thanks for bringing it up. Parsecboy (talk) 15:31, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:German cruiser Emden


text:
Gadomski (crater)

Gadomski is a lunar crater on the far side of the Moon. It is located to the south of the much larger crater Fowler, and to the west of Klute.

This crater, like many features on the Moon, has an eroded outer rim that has been modified by subsequent impacts. A merged pair of craters is attached to the exterior of the southern rim, and satellite crater Gadomski X is attached along the north-northwest. A small crater also intrudes slightly into the eastern flank. Gadomski in turn overlies the western portion of a still larger, and unnamed crater feature that is even more heavily eroded. The rim is roughly circular, but is slightly distended toward the southwest. The interior floor is relatively featureless, with a few tiny craterlets marking the surface.

The crater was named after Jan Gadomski (1889–1966), polish astronomer.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gadomski.

title: Gadomski (crater)


text:
User talk:Nevfennas

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 17:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Titanic edits
Hi, I was wondering if you can cite your sources for the detailed additions in RMS Titanic about how the Titanic was damaged and how the ship's design helped cause the ship's to break apart. Thanks MechBrowman 18:03, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've simply translated it from the german wiki-article. The leaks are described in great detail, also the construction of the compartements. I'll enter some more details once I' ve got the time. BTW the combined size of the leaks was only 1,18 m², if you can calculate the correct imperial measurements (I would estimate ~ 1888 square inches, but I'm not sure), it would be an interesting number, as it is awfully small. Nevfennas 22:41, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Image:300px-SMS Derfflinger.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:300px-SMS Derfflinger.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. — Nv8200p talk 03:54, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Convoy SC-7
I noticed your edit to convoy SC 7;

It’s OK, but that wasn’t the only, or even the main, reason why the escort was ineffective (see Conclusion).

Attacking from within a convoy was a high-risk tactic, and it was a minority of U-boat commanders who tried it ( though Kretschmer was one of them, and he did so on this occasion).

Regards, Xyl 54 (talk) 16:36, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Nevfennas


text:
Zanzibar Football Federation

The Zanzibar Football Federation (ZFF) (previously known as Zanzibar Football Association) (Shirikisho la Mpira wa Miguu Zanzibar) is the governing football Federation for Zanzibar, Africa.

The ZFA were an associate member of the African governing body, the Confederation of African Football. Following a rejection from FIFA in 2005, the ZFA were removed from CAF and after much lobbying were reinstated as an associate member. This meant that the club sides associated with the ZFA can participate in the continental club competitions organised by CAF but the Zanzibar national team could not. The ZFA are not entitled to vote in CAF affairs due to their associate member status. Players from Zanzibar are eligible to play in international competition for the Tanzania team, the representative of the sovereign territory.

As a nation state, it has competed in regional competitions since 1949. It currently competes in CECAFA organised tournaments.

The ZFA was admitted as a full member of the CAF in March 2017 but lost membership four months later.

In March 2017, the Zanzibar Football Association voted on whether to change their name to Zanzibar Football Federation, which succeeded.

title: Zanzibar Football Federation


text:
Fox Animation Studios

Fox Animation Studios was an American animation production company owned by 20th Century Fox and located in Phoenix, Arizona. It was a subsidiary of 20th Century Fox Animation. It operated for six years, until the studio was shut down on June 26, 2000, ten days after the release of its final film, Titan A.E.. Most of the Fox Animation Studios library was later acquired by Disney (via 20th Century Studios) on March 20, 2019. Anastasia is the studio's most critically praised and commercially successful film, as well as the most commercially successful film by Don Bluth.

Founding
After the financially unsuccessful release of the Don Bluth Entertainment-produced film Thumbelina on March 30, 1994, animators Don Bluth and Gary Goldman were hired by Bill Mechanic, then-chairman of 20th Century Fox, to create a brand new Fox animation studio. Mechanic and John Matoian, president of Fox Family Films, also brought in Stephen Brain (Executive VP at Silver Pictures) as Senior VP/General Manager to oversee the startup of the studio and run day-to-day operations of the division.

The company was designed to compete with Walt Disney Feature Animation (owned by The Walt Disney Company – which would later acquire certain Fox assets in March 2019, including the rights to Fox Animation Studios' film library), which had phenomenal success during the late 1980s and early 1990s with the releases of films such as The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). Disney veterans Bluth and Goldman came in 1994 to Fox from Sullivan Bluth Studios, which had produced The Secret of NIMH (1982), An American Tail (1986), The Land Before Time (1988), and All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989), among other films.

Before Bluth came to Fox, the studio distributed three animated features during the 1990s which were produced by outside studios – FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992), Once Upon a Forest (1993) and The Pagemaster (1994), the last two of which were both commercial and critical failures. Even before, Fox distributed Hugo the Hippo (1975) by William Feigenbaum and József Gémes, two Ralph Bakshi features, Wizards (1977) and Fire and Ice (1983), as well as Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977) by Richard Williams. Also, Fox distributed Asterix Conquers America (1994) in France and the United Kingdom.

Productions
Fox Animation Studios did not achieve the same level of success as Disney's animated crop, due to increased competition from Pixar and DreamWorks Animation, the declining revenues of the Disney Renaissance, and the emergence and overall box-office success of computer-generated animated films from companies such as Pixar and DreamWorks Animation as well. The films used digital ink and paint similar to what Disney did with the CAPS software. The studio's first theatrical release Anastasia (1997) found critical and box-office success (and was and still is the most successful film by its director Don Bluth), but their second and final theatrical release Titan A.E. (2000) got mixed reviews and was a costly flop, losing $100 million for 20th Century Fox. Nearly a year before its closure, 20th Century Fox laid off 300 of the nearly 380 people who worked at the Phoenix studio in order to "make films more efficiently".

Shutdown
On June 26, 2000, the studio was shut down after six years of operation, resulting from poor financial returns. Their last film set to be made would have been an adaptation of Wayne Barlowe's illustrated novel Barlowe's Inferno, and was set to be done entirely with computer animation, which would have made it 20th Century Fox's first fully computer animated film, predating Ice Age, which was released in 2002. Another film they would have made was The Little Beauty King, an adult animated film directed by Steve Oedekerk, which would have been a satire of the films from the Disney Renaissance. It would predate DreamWorks' Shrek, which was released in 2001.

Fox Animation Studios' only other productions were the PBS television series Adventures from the Book of Virtues (1996–2000) and the direct-to-video spin-off to Anastasia, Bartok the Magnificent (1999), along with sub-contract work for DreamWorks Animation's The Prince of Egypt (1998). Out of all the television shows, sequels and spin-offs based on Don Bluth properties, Bartok was the only one to actually have Bluth and Goldman as directors.

The former headquarters for the studio sat unused and abandoned until it was demolished in 2017. An apartment complex was later built on the site.

As of March 20, 2019, most of the studio's library is now currently owned by The Walt Disney Company due to its finished acquisition of 21st Century Fox, with the exception of The Prince of Egypt, which is currently owned by Universal Pictures via DreamWorks Animation, and Adventures from the Book of Virtues, which is owned by PBS.

title: Fox Animation Studios


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Eagle rug

An Eagle rug (Greek αετός, aëtos; Church-Slavonic орлецъ, orlets) is a small rug, usually round, upon which Byzantine Rite bishops stand during divine liturgy and other services.

"The Orlets ('Eaglet') is a small round or oval rug, whereon is represented an eagle, with a glory around his head, flying above a city. During divine service, the bishop stands on such rugs, as a reminder that he should, by his teaching and his life, rise above his flock, and be to them an example of a soul aspiring from the things of earth to those of heaven."

Appearance
The eagle rug is normally woven or embroidered so as to depict an eagle soaring over a city that is surrounded by walls and towers. The walled city represents the bishop's episcopal authority over his Diocese, and his defence of the faithful in it. The eagle soaring above the city represents the bishop's uprightness of life, and his sound theological preaching of the Gospel, which should soar above all worldliness and elevate the hearts and minds of the faithful. Around the eagle's head is a halo, in imitation of the eagle used to depict St. John the Divine, and symbolizing theological attainments and the grace of the Holy Spirit. The eagle is also a reminder that, "as an eagle can see clearly over distances, so must a bishop oversee all parts of his diocese."

Use
Any time a bishop is present in the church, or functioning at some service outdoorswhether vested and serving or whether simply wearing the mantlehe stands on an eagle rug. During the Hierarchical Divine Liturgy many eagle rugs are used, there always being one where he is seated or standing, and before he moves to a spot (such as on the Ambo) to give a blessing, an eagle rug is placed there for him to stand on as he blesses. The eagle rug placed at the bishop's cathedra is slightly larger than the others used during the services. The eagle rug is always placed so that the head of the eagle faces the direction the bishop is facing.

Special Form
Before his consecration, a bishop-elect is led onto a very large eagle rug, used specifically for this purpose, as the consecrating bishops examine him regarding his faith.

title: Eagle rug


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Ilanz (Kreis)

Ilanz is a Kreis, or sub-district of Surselva, in the canton of Graubünden (French: Grisons), Switzerland.

Communes
Ilanz contains the following communes, or municipalities:
 * Castrisch
 * Falera
 * Flond
 * Ilanz
 * Laax
 * Ladir
 * Luven
 * Pitasch
 * Riein
 * Ruschein
 * Sagogn
 * Schluein
 * Schnaus
 * Sevgein
 * Valendas
 * Versam

title: Ilanz (Kreis)


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Fridman (crater)

Fridman is the remains of a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies due south of the huge walled plain Hertzsprung, and is attached to the northeastern rim of the crater Ioffe.

This crater lies in the southern part of the ejecta blanket that encircles Hertzsprung, and in the west-northwestern part of the huge ejecta blanket surrounding the Mare Orientale impact basin. The outer rim of this crater is heavily damaged, with a number of smaller craters lying across the sides. The most intact portion of the rim is along the southeastern side.

The southwestern interior floor is partly overlaid by the outer rampart of Ioffe. The northern floor is marked by several small craters, while the southeastern floor is impacted by a number of tiny craterlets.

This crater is called Friedmann in some sources.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Fridman.

title: Fridman (crater)


text:
File:King's Ransom poster.JPG

Summary
Promotional poster for King's Ransom, deemed fair use.

Fair use in King's Ransom
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:King's Ransom poster.JPG


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Gore Range

The Gore Range (elevation approximately 12,000 ft) is a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains of north central Colorado in the United States.

Geography
The range runs for approximately 60 miles (100 km) northwest-to-southeast, through western Grand and Summit counties, and eastern Routt and Eagle counties. They form the southern extension of the Park Range, extending southward from Rabbit Ears Pass (U.S. Highway 40) to the Eagle River and Gore Creek near Vail. The Colorado River passes through the range at Gore Canyon. The range forms part of the western boundary of Middle Park at the headwaters of the Colorado, separating it from the upper basin of the Yampa River to the west. The northern section of the range north of Gore Pass is somewhat lower than the southern section, along the western side of the valley of the Blue River. The ridges of the range are prominently visible on clear days from the summit of Trail Ridge Road in Rocky Mountain National Park approximately 50 miles (80 km) to the east. The range is traversed at its southern and southwestern lower flanks by Interstate 70 from Silverthorne to Vail. Much of the range is located within the Arapaho and White River National Forests, and large portions are protected within the Eagles Nest Wilderness.

History
The range was named for Sir St George Gore, 8th Baronet, an Irish hunter who visited the area in the 1850s on a notorious hunting expedition throughout the American West. Gore's three-year stopover in the American West had him traversing what is today the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming and Colorado. The figures are difficult to substantiate, but Gore himself claimed to have killed more than 2,000 buffalo, 1,600 elk and deer and 100 bears for sport, with the carcasses being left to rot.

Green Mountain Reservoir Trail
Green Mountain Reservoir Trail is in the northern Gore Range, part of the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is located among the developed campgrounds along the shore of Green Mountain Reservoir, Summit County. Green Mountain Reservoir is north of Interstate 70, west of Highway 9, north of Silverthorne and near Heeney. Green Mountain projects skyward at the north end of Green Mountain Reservoir, with an escarpment that may interest rock climbers and abandoned mines that place the area in historical context. Below the peak, the surrounding hills are high desert, covered in sagebrush. Among the sagebrush, many wildflowers bloom. Green Mountain Trail winds through sagebrush fields among the campsites on the eastern shore of Green Mountain Reservoir. Wildflowers that may be found in late spring include buttercup, mountain ball cactus, moss campion, Wyoming paintbrush Castilleja and alpine phlox. Greatest Hikes in Central Colorado: Summit and Eagle Counties, a hiking guide by Kim Fenske, provides a description of Green Mountain Reservoir Trail.

title: Gore Range