text:
Country of the Blind

Published in 1997, Country of the Blind is Christopher Brookmyre's second novel. Following the adventures of Quite Ugly One Morning, the storyline finds Parlabane living in domestic bliss and about to get married. As part of the engagement package, he has promised his soon-to-be-wife that he will give up the more dangerous and illegal parts of his investigative journalism career.

Plot summary
Set against mounting dissatisfaction with the Tory government of John Major, disquiet intensifies when conservative tabloid media mogul Roland Voss is found murdered in his country house in Scotland.

Next to Voss's body lies his murdered wife and their two bodyguards lie slain outside their room. The culprits appear to be the burglars, covered in blood, caught fleeing the scene. Four men are arrested for the crime, including former thief Thomas McInnes, his son Paul, and a man who goes by the name of "Spammy".

However questions remain. Why did McInnes pay a visit to his Edinburgh lawyer, Nicole Carrow, a few days before the crime took place, and what are the secret contents of the envelope he left with her?

When his lawyer shows up at the police station demanding to see her client, she claims to have a letter that proves her client's innocence, a statement she makes under intense media attention. The last thing she expects is to have an attempt made on her life within hours.

title: Country of the Blind


text:
United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon

The United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon is a 24-man rifle platoon led by a Captain and Platoon Sergeant of the United States Marine Corps (USMC).

Often referred to as The Marching Twenty-Four, the unit performs a unique silent precision exhibition drill. The purpose of the platoon is to exemplify the discipline and professionalism of the Marine Corps. The Silent Drill Platoon, which first performed in November 18, 1928, originally as a one-time show, received such an overwhelming response that it soon became part of the routine parades at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.

In 2022 Captain Kelsey M. Hastings became the first woman to command the Silent Drill Platoon.

Drill movements
The Marines execute a series of calculated drill movements and precise handling of their hand-polished 10.5 lb M1 Garand rifles with fixed bayonets. The routine concludes with a unique rifle inspection involving elaborate rifle spins and tosses. All drill movements are done with superfluous spins of the rifle, making the Silent Drill Platoon's drill unique from other Marine units' drill movements.

Selection and training
Marines are selected from students at the two Schools of Infantry, located at Camp Pendleton, California and Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, from interviews conducted by barracks personnel.

Once selected, Marines are assigned to Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., to serve up to a two year ceremonial tour.(Ref the USMC Silent Drill Platoon website (Link below)Beyond their ceremonial duties, the Marines collaterally train in the field as infantrymen. Throughout the year, these Marines hone their infantry skills at the Marine Corps Combat Development Command in Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia and other bases. The Marines selected must be between 5'11" and 6'1" (71 and 73 in) tall and be in the median of their weight requirements for their height. Uniformity is a key asset.

Experienced members of the Silent Drill Platoon, usually non-commissioned officers, have the opportunity to audition to become rifle inspectors. They must go through inspection tryouts graded by rifle inspectors of the previous year. Only two Marines who audition will become rifle inspectors.

Once the year's Silent Drill Platoon members are selected, they begin their training in Washington, and continue to train at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, perfecting their routine year-round. Throughout the year, they perform at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., and at numerous events across the United States, and also represent the Marine Corps abroad.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Wągrowiec

Ok Halibutt, I defanged your your section on the WWII era. I entirely sympathize with most your point of view, especially since I had family living in the area during that awful time. But it was still too POV.

It was shaemeful that you basically equated Germans with Nazis. Germans like Curt Jurgens did time in concentration camps for opposing the Nazis, and many were killed, yet you tar all Germans with the same broad brush. Maybe there weren't enough people like that, and maybe they weren't powerful enough to stop Hitler, but they did exist.

And speaking of personal POV, did the Soviets really "liberate" Wagrowiec in 1945? It seems more like a case of "out of the frying pan, into the fire" to me. --Jpbrenna 19:17, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wągrowiec


text:
Madhouse (band)

Madhouse was an American jazz fusion band from Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, created by Prince. Two Madhouse albums (and several singles) were officially released, both in 1987.

History
Prince had considered the idea of an instrumental jazz–funk album ever since he recorded his first tracks with Eric Leeds for his 1985 side-project, The Family. In late 1985–early 1986, he recorded hours of instrumental music with Leeds and other musicians from his band, Sheila E. and musicians from her own band, as well as members from Wendy & Lisa's families. From these sessions, Prince compiled an album called The Flesh, supposed to be released by an eponymous pseudo-band, but the project was abandoned and its concept modified to become Madhouse.

The Japanese LP release of 8 credits the band members of Madhouse as: Eric Leeds – saxophone, John Lewis – drums, Bill Lewis – bass, Austra Chanel – keyboards. The band "members" are listed and mentioned on both sides of the obi issued with the Japanese LP release, as well as in the contained insert. As stated on the backside of the Obi: "In the U.S., rumors have arisen that 'Austra Chanel' is a pseudonym for Prince." More biography from the obi: "The group leader is Eric Leeds of The Revolution" and came to be formed after the Prince and The Revolution tour in Japan (summer 1986) when Eric Leeds returned to Atlanta to join old friends John Lewis, his brother Bill Lewis, and Austra. As noted on the Prince Estate official website, the background story of the Madhouse project was presented as a fictional band. Prince and Eric Leeds were the only participants in 8.

The title of each song on each album is also its numerical designation on the record (e.g., the third song on the first album is titled "Three"). Cover art for both albums featured Maneca Lightner playing with a small dog, reminiscent of a 1940s pinup photograph. The videos from 16 were more 1940s gangster-themed. The cover of 16 features the subtitle "new directions in garage music", an homage to Miles Davis' Directions in Music series (in 2002–2003, Prince would dub a jazz album series of his own New Directions in Music). The only vocals on either album consists mainly of audio snippets lifted from the first two Godfather films and samples of Vanity simulating an orgasm (from the Vanity 6 outtake "Vibrator", later used on Prince's own song "Orgasm" from Come). There is also a short unreleased 1987 movie, titled Hard Life, featuring Madhouse.

At least two other Madhouse albums were later recorded and remain unreleased, both albums titled 24.

The first 24 was recorded in 1988, mostly by Prince and Eric Leeds. Only one track eventually emerged, heavily edited, on Leeds' 1991 solo-album Times Squared and only bootlegged copies of the whole album are available. This album is more "electronic" than the first two, with a lot of drum programming, samples and keyboards. "21" through "24", also known as "The Dopamine Rush Suite", also feature vocals.

The second 24 was recorded in 1993 with a line-up consisting of Prince (keyboards), Leeds (saxophone), Levi Seacer Jr. (guitar), Sonny T. (bass) and Michael B. (drums). Only two tracks were officially released, "17 (Penetration)" (as "17" on the 1-800-NEW-FUNK 1994 compilation) and on the CD single "Standing at the Altar", the other one "Asswoop" (or "Asswhuppin' in a Trunk") in 2001, via Prince's website. There was also a limited release on the "NPG Sampler Experience" promo cassette, handed out during the 1995 Gold Tour, which contains excerpts from three tracks from this album: "Asswoop", "Ethereal Segue", and "Parlour Games". The album in its entirely is circulating on bootleg.

8

 * 1) "One" – 7:16
 * 2) "Two" – 5:31
 * 3) "Three" – 3:16
 * 4) "Four" – 2:24
 * 5) "Five" – 1:15
 * 6) "Six" – 4:28
 * 7) "Seven" – 4:09
 * 8) "Eight" – 10:05

Produced and written by Madhouse, label: Paisley Park/Warner Bros., released: 1987

Billboard Top Pop Albums #107, Top Black Albums #25

16

 * 1) "Nine" – 2:06
 * 2) "Ten" – 5:04
 * 3) "Eleven" – 6:14
 * 4) "Twelve" – 5:14
 * 5) "Thirteen" – 4:46
 * 6) "Fourteen" – 5:12
 * 7) "Fifteen" – 3:49
 * 8) "Sixteen" – 4:17

Produced and written by Madhouse, label: Paisley Park/Warner Bros., released: 1987

7" Singles

 * "Six" b/w "6 and 1/2" (Hot Black Singles #5)
 * "(The Perfect) 10" b/w "Ten and 1/2" (Billboard R&B Chart #66)
 * "Thirteen" b/w "Four"

12"

 * "Six" – "Six", "Six (End of the World Mix)", "6 and 1/2" (Hot Dance / Disco 12-inch Singles Sales #24)
 * "Ten" – "Ten (The Perfect Mix)", "Ten and 1/2", "Two".
 * "Thirteen" – "Thirteen (The Paisley Park Mix)", "Thirteen and 1/4", "Four".

title: Madhouse (band)


text:
Rutland and Melton (UK Parliament constituency)

Rutland and Melton was a county constituency spanning Leicestershire and Rutland, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1983 to 2024. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election. For its entire existence, the seat elected members of the Conservative Party.

History
The constituency was created in 1983 from the former seats of Rutland and Stamford and Melton. Initially, it covered all of Rutland and Melton borough and part of Charnwood. A boundary change implemented in 1997 saw the area of Charnwood replaced with part of Harborough district up to the boundary of the city of Leicester (for example Scraptoft).

The constituency was considered a safe Conservative seat throughout its existence, electing a Conservative with a significant margin even with the 1997 national swing towards the Labour Party. Sir Alan Duncan held the seat from 1992 to 2019, when he was replaced by Alicia Kearns.

Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished for the 2024 general election, with its contents distributed as follows:

 * The Borough of Melton to the newly created seat of Melton and Syston
 * The County of Rutland and the parts in Harborough District, including Thurnby, to the re-established seat of Rutland and Stamford

Boundaries
1983–1997: The district of Rutland, the Borough of Melton, and the borough of Charnwood wards of East Goscote, Queniborough, Six Hills, Syston, and Thurmaston.

1997–2010: The county of Rutland, the Borough of Melton, and the District of Harborough wards of Billesdon, Easton, Houghton, Scraptoft, Thurnby, and Tilton.

2010–2024: The county of Rutland, the Borough of Melton, and the District of Harborough wards of Billesdon, Nevill, Thurnby and Houghton, and Tilton.


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Gruffydd ap Rhys

Gruffydd ap Rhys (c. 1090 – 1137) was Prince of Deheubarth, in Wales. His sister was the Princess Nest ferch Rhys. He was the father of Rhys ap Gruffydd, known as 'The Lord Rhys', who was one of the most successful rulers of Deheubarth during this period.

Family
Issue prior to marriage to Gwenllian:

 * Anarawd (murdered in 1143). He had a son, Einion, who was murdered in his bed in 1163
 * Cadell (died 1175)

Second he married Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd and by her he had issue:

 * Morgan (born c. 1116)
 * Maelgwyn (born c. 1119)
 * Gwladus (born between 1120 and 1130)
 * Nest (born between 1120 and 1130)
 * Owain ap Gruffydd (born c. 1126)
 * Maredudd (born c. 1130/1, died 1155)
 * Rhys (born c. 1132)
 * Sion ap Gruffydd (born c. 1134)

Early life
Gruffydd was born in Llandeilo. Following the death of his father Rhys ap Tewdwr in 1093, Deheubarth was taken over by the Normans, and Gruffydd spent much of his early years in exile in Ireland.

In 1113 or 1115 Gruffydd returned to South Wales. He was accused by King Henry I of England and so went to Gruffudd ap Cynan for help. Gruffudd ap Cynan planned to murder Gruffydd to receive a reward from King Henry I, but Gruffydd's sister Nest warned him and he was able to escape to Llŷn.

Even if true, this was followed by the marriage of Gruffydd ap Rhys to Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd daughter of Gruffydd ap Cynan. The story goes that the two became romantically involved and eloped. She married Gruffydd ap Rhys shortly after 1116.

In 1116 Gruffydd attacked Castle Llanmyddyfri, but was defeated. He also attacked Swansea Castle, and destroyed the outer walls; and captured or destroyed Carmarthen Castle, and either in this year or in 1114 captured Kidwelly Castle. However an attack on Aberystwyth was defeated and Gruffydd's army dispersed.

In 1121 or 1122 Gruffydd made peace with King Henry I and was allowed to rule a portion of his father's kingdom, the Cantref Mawr, although he was soon under pressure from the Normans again and was forced to flee to Ireland for a period in 1127.

Rebellion
In 1135 Gruffydd was summoned by King Stephen of England to London, but refused to go.

In 1136 he joined Owain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr, the sons of Gruffudd ap Cynan of Gwynedd, in a rebellion against Norman rule. While Gruffydd was away from home, his wife Gwenllian led her husband's troops against Maurice of London, but was defeated, captured, and beheaded. In this battle his son Morgan was also slain, and his son Maelgwn was captured. In revenge for his wife's execution Gruffydd attacked the English and the Fleming residents of South Wales, causing great destruction of property, crops, and livestock. Gruffydd himself with Owain and Cadwaladr gained a crushing victory over the Normans at Crug Mawr near Cardigan the same year. In celebration of driving the English and the Fleming from South Wales, Gruffydd hosted a grand festival that lasted for 40 days.

Death and succession
In 1136 or early 1137 Gruffydd died in uncertain circumstances. Florence of Worcester claimed that Gruffydd was murdered by his second wife. Of course, this is impossible, since Gwenllian herself had already been executed by the English at Kidwelly Castle.

He was succeeded by his son, Anarawd. Of his other sons, Cadell, Maredydd, and Rhys (later known as The Lord Rhys) all ruled Deheubarth in turn.

title: Gruffydd ap Rhys


text:
Talk:Melinda Clarke

Photo
more recent photo of her is needed! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.40.53.69 (talk) 04:05, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair Use Image
I have removed the image from this article. There is no valid fair-use claim for a TV-show screenshot to illustrate a living person. Refer to fair use policy. --Cheeser1 17:21, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AmazonVelasca.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:42, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Melinda Clarke


text:
Prayer Tower

The Prayer Tower is a late Googie design-influenced tower located on the campus of Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The 200 ft (60.9 m) glass and steel structure, designed by Tulsa architect Frank Wallace, opened in 1967. An enclosed observation deck gives a 360° view of the surrounding area and enables a self-guided visual tour of the ORU campus. The landscaped Ralph L. Reece Memorial Gardens surround the tower base. The tower is a popular local tourist attraction.

Symbolism
ORU is a charismatic Christian university. According to school publicity the tower's form is laden with Christian symbolism. The Prayer Tower is located at the center of campus to symbolize prayer's central role in the goals of the university. The disc and spindle design takes on the look of a cross from any horizontal bearing, and from the air resembles the Star of David. The tower's "upward spiral" is intended to mirror one's relationship with God. The latticework which surrounds the observation deck is reportedly built in part from standard white PVC pipe (with the original specification markings still somewhat visible) and is meant as a semi-literal representation of the crown of thorns worn by Jesus on the cross, with red coloring for the blood Christ shed in death. The Seattle space needle inspired look along with the white, gold and black palette created an image of luxury. The luxurious image that was displayed conveyed Roberts condition and wealth gospel. The tower's peak features an eternal flame representing Baptism of the Holy Spirit.

title: Prayer Tower


text:
Singles 1963–1965

Singles 1963–1965 is a box set compilation of the singles and EPs by The Rolling Stones spanning the years 1963 to 1965. Part of a series of repackages by ABKCO Records, who licence The Rolling Stones' 1963–1970 recorded works, Singles 1963–1965 is the first of three successive volumes to commemorate their non-LP releases during this era.

While the set features faithful replicas of all individual single covers (even the CDs are reproduced in black), the set—and both its successors—came under some criticism as to their necessity, especially as 1989's Singles Collection: The London Years included eighteen of this set's thirty-two songs. However, Singles 1963–1965 is notable for the first ever CD editions of The Rolling Stones' three British EPs released by Decca Records in 1964 and 1965, reinstating what had been long sought-after recordings to the band's catalogue.

Journalist Nigel Williamson provides a liner notes essay.

Track listing
All songs by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, except where noted.
 * Disc one
 * 1) "Come On" (Chuck Berry) – 1:48
 * 2) "I Want to Be Loved" (Willie Dixon) – 1:52

 * Disc two
 * 1) "I Wanna Be Your Man" (John Lennon/Paul McCartney) – 1:44
 * 2) "Stoned" (Nanker Phelge) – 2:07

 * Disc three (The Rolling Stones)
 * 1) "Bye Bye Johnny" (Chuck Berry) – 2:09
 * 2) "Money" (Berry Gordy Jr./Janie Bradford) – 2:31
 * 3) "You Better Move On" (Arthur Alexander) – 2:39
 * 4) "Poison Ivy" (Jerry Leiber/Mike Stoller) – 2:06

 * Disc four
 * 1) "Not Fade Away" (Norman Petty/Charles Hardin) – 1:47
 * 2) "Little by Little" (Nanker Phelge/Phil Spector) – 2:39

 * Disc five
 * 1) "It's All Over Now" (Bobby Womack/Shirley Jean Womack) – 3:28
 * 2) "Good Times, Bad Times" – 2:30

 * Disc six (Five by Five)
 * 1) "If You Need Me" (Robert Batemen/Wilson Pickett) – 2:03
 * 2) "Empty Heart" (Nanker Phelge) – 2:37
 * 3) "2120 South Michigan Avenue" (Nanker Phelge) – 2:07
 * 4) "Confessin' the Blues" (Walter Brown/Jay McShann) – 2:48
 * 5) "Around and Around" (Chuck Berry) – 3:05

 * Disc seven
 * 1) "Tell Me" – 2:37
 * 2) "I Just Want to Make Love to You" (Willie Dixon) – 2:17

 * Disc eight
 * 1) "Time Is on My Side" (Norman Meade) – 2:52
 * 2) "Congratulations" – 2:28

 * Disc nine
 * 1) "Little Red Rooster" (Willie Dixon) – 3:05
 * 2) "Off the Hook" – 2:34

 * Disc ten
 * 1) "Heart of Stone" – 2:46
 * 2) "What a Shame" – 3:03

 * Disc eleven
 * 1) "The Last Time" – 3:42
 * 2) "Play with Fire" (Nanker Phelge) – 2:14

 * Disc twelve (Got Live If You Want It!)
 * 1) "We Want The Stones" (Nanker Phelge) – 0:13
 * 2) "Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" (Solomon Burke/Bert Russell/Jerry Wexler) – 0:36
 * 3) "Pain in My Heart" (Naomi Neville) – 2:03
 * 4) "Route 66" (Bobby Troup) – 2:36
 * 5) "I'm Moving On" (Hank Snow) – 2:13
 * 6) "I'm Alright" – 2:22

title: Singles 1963–1965


text:
User:Flamepainter88

I dont have too much time right now, but I think it's real cool that I can share what I know, and help people out. i like to work on the automotive and motorcycle pages, and pages for related TV shows.

title: User:Flamepainter88


text:
PEN America

PEN America (formerly PEN American Center), founded in 1922, and headquartered in New York City, is a nonprofit organization whose goal is to raise awareness for the protection of free expression in the United States and worldwide through the advancement of literature and human rights. PEN America is the largest of the more than 100 PEN centers worldwide that together compose PEN International. PEN America has offices in New York City, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and since late 2023 also in Florida.

PEN America's advocacy includes work on educational censorship, press freedom and the safety of writers, campus free speech, online harassment, artistic freedom, and support to regions of the world with challenges to freedom of expression. PEN America also campaigns for individual writers and journalists who have been imprisoned or come under threat for their work and annually presents the PEN/Barbey Freedom to Write Award.

PEN America hosts public programming and events on literature and human rights, including the PEN World Voices Festival of International Literature and the annual PEN America Literary Awards, sometimes referred to as the "Oscars of Books." PEN America also works to amplify underrepresented voices, including emerging authors and writers who are undocumented, incarcerated, or face obstacles in reaching audiences.

The organization's name was conceived as an acronym: Poets, Essayists, Novelists (later broadened to Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists). As membership expanded to include a more diverse range of people involved in literature and freedom of expression, the name ceased to be an acronym in the United States.

PEN America celebrated its centenary in 2022 with an event featuring authors Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Margaret Atwood, Jennifer Finney Boylan, and Dave Eggers; an exhibition at the New York Historical Society; and a large light-projection by the artist Jenny Holzer at the Rockefeller Center.

History

PEN America was formed on April 19, 1922, in New York City, and included among its initial members writers such as Willa Cather, Eugene O'Neill, Robert Frost, Ellen Glasgow, Edwin Arlington Robinson, and Robert Benchley. Booth Tarkington served as the organization's first president.

PEN America's founding came after the launch of PEN International in 1921 in London by Catherine Amy Dawson-Scott, a British poet, playwright, and peace activist, who enlisted John Galsworthy as PEN International's first president. The intent of PEN International was to foster international literary fellowship among writers that would transcend national and ethnic divides in the wake of World War I. PEN America subscribes to the principles outlined in the PEN International Charter.

PEN America presidents have included current president Jennifer Finney Boylan, Ayad Akhtar, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Louis Begley, Ron Chernow, Joel Conarroe, Jennifer Egan, Frances FitzGerald, Peter Godwin, Francine Prose, Salman Rushdie, Michael Scammell, and Andrew Solomon.

In 2018, the organization filed suit against President Trump for allegedly using the powers of his office to retaliate against unfavorable reporting. In 2023, it filed suit against the school district in Escambia County, Florida, over book bans, joined by publisher Penguin Random House, several banned authors, and parents in the district.

PEN America staff announced their intention to unionize. The Los Angeles Times reported that workers unionized with Unit of Work, a venture capitalist startup to help workers unionize, and that PEN America recognized the union the day after it was announced.

Membership
"MEMBERS OF PEN pledge themselves to do their utmost to dispel race, class, and national hatreds and to champion the ideal of one humanity living in peace in the world. And since freedom implies voluntary restraint, members also pledge themselves to oppose such evils of a free press as mendacious publication, deliberate falsehood, and distortion of facts for political and personal ends. – from PEN's Founding Charter, New York City, 1922."Full membership in PEN America generally requires being a published writer with at least one work professionally published, or being a translator, agent, editor, or other publishing professional. There is also a "reader" tier of membership open to supporters from the general public, as well as a "student" membership.

Notable members of PEN America past and present include: Chinua Achebe, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Edward Albee, Maya Angelou, Paul Auster, James Baldwin, Saul Bellow, Giannina Braschi, Teju Cole, Don DeLillo, E.L. Doctorow, Roxane Gay, Langston Hughes, Barbara Kingsolver, Norman Mailer, Thomas Mann, Arthur Miller, Marianne Moore, Toni Morrison, Viet Thanh Nguyen, Lynn Nottage, Grace Paley, Philip Roth, Salman Rushdie, Richard Russo, Sam Shepard, Susan Sontag, John Steinbeck, Elizabeth Strout, Anne Tyler, and Colson Whitehead.

PEN Board of Trustees
The PEN America Board of Trustees is composed of writers, artists, and leaders in the fields of publishing, media, technology, law, finance, human rights, and philanthropy.

Jennifer Finney Boylan, author and LGBTQ rights advocate, became president of PEN America on December 11, 2023, succeeding Ayad Akhtar, a recipient of the Pulitzer Prize who was named president December 2, 2020, and Jennifer Egan, a recipient of the Pulitzer Prize and the 2018 Carnegie Medal for literary excellence, who became president in 2018. Other members of the Board of Trustees Executive Committee are: Vice President Ayad Akhtar, Executive Vice President and Interim Treasurer Markus Dohle, Vice President Tracy Higgins, Roxanne Donovan, Michael Pietsch, and Marvin S. Putnam.

Additional trustees are: Marie Arana, Peter Barbey, John Chao, Susan Choi, Bridget Colman, Patricia Duff, Lauren Embrey, Patricia Fili-Krushel, James Hannaham, Tom Healy, Elizabeth Hemmerdinger, Linda E. Johnson, Zachary Karabell, Sean Kelly, Min Jin Lee, Franklin Leonard, Margo Lowy, Margaret Munzer Loeb, Dinaw Mengestu, Ken Miller, Wesley Morris, Paul Muldoon, Lynn Nottage, George Packer, Alix Ritchie, Anya Salama, Richard Sarnoff, Andrew Solomon, Luis Alberto Urrea, Suzy Wahba, Tara Westover, and Jamie Wolf. Ex-Officio Trustees are Krystyna Poray Goddu and Allison Markin Powell.

The Chief Executive Officer of PEN America is Suzanne Nossel.

Literature
PEN America holds multiple events in the United States throughout the year with the goal of celebrating literature in multiple forms. Many feature prominent authors who appear at festivals and on panel discussions, give lectures, and are featured at PEN America's Authors' Evenings. As a part of its work, PEN America also gives recognition to emerging writers, recognizing them through PEN America's Literary Awards or bringing them to new audiences at public events. Among them are: Hermione Hoby, Morgan Jerkins, Crystal Hana Kim, Alice Sola Kim, Lisa Ko, Layli Long Soldier, Carmen Maria Machado, Darnell L. Moore, Alexis Okeowo, Helen Oyeyemi, Tommy Pico, Jenny Zhang, and Ibi Zoboi.

PEN World Voices Festival
The PEN World Voices Festival is a week-long series of events in New York City hosted by PEN America each spring. It is the largest international literary festival in the United States, and the only one with a human rights focus. The festival was founded by Salman Rushdie in the aftermath of September 11 Attacks, with the aim of broadening channels of dialogue between the United States and the world.

Notable guests have included: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Margaret Atwood, Paul Auster, Samantha Bee, Giannina Braschi, Carrie Brownstein, Ron Chernow, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Ta-Nehisi Coates, Teju Cole, E. L. Doctorow, Dave Eggers, Roxane Gay, Masha Gessen, John Irving, Marlon James, Saeed Jones, Jhumpa Lahiri, Ottessa Moshfegh, Hasan Minaj, Sean Penn, Cecile Richards, Salman Rushdie, Gabourey Sidibe, Patti Smith, Zadie Smith, Andrew Solomon, Pia Tafdrup, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Colm Toibin, Amor Towles, and Colson Whitehead.

PEN America Literary Awards
The PEN America Literary Awards annually honor outstanding voices in literature across genres, including fiction, poetry, drama, science and writing, essays, biography, and children's literature. PEN America confers 11 awards, fellowships, grants, and prizes each year, presenting nearly US$350,000 to writers and translators.

The US$75,000 PEN/Jean Stein Book Award is currently the top award given by PEN America, and among the largest literary prizes in the United States. Among other awards conferred are the US$25,000 PEN/Hemingway Award for a Debut Novel, the US$25,000 PEN/Bingham Award for a Debut Short Story Collection, and the US$10,000 PEN/Open Book Award for new books by writers of color.

PEN America Literary Gala and PEN America Los Angeles Gala
The PEN America Literary Gala in New York and PEN America Los Angeles Gala are annual events celebrating free expression and the literary arts. These events include tributes and calls to action to audiences of authors, screenwriters, producers, executives, philanthropists, actors, and other devotees of the written word. Honorees have included Salman Rushdie, Stephen King, J. K. Rowling, Toni Morrison, and Margaret Atwood. Celebrated writers serve as Literary Hosts for the events.

PEN America Prison and Justice Writing Program
Founded in 1971, the PEN Prison Writing Program provides hundreds of inmates across the country with writing resources and audiences for their work. The program sponsors an annual writing contest, publishes a free writing handbook for prisoners, provides one-on-one mentoring to inmates whose writing shows promise, and seeks to bring inmates' work to the public through literary events, readings, and publications. PEN America also provides assistance to other prison writing initiatives around the country and offers a Writing for Justice Fellowship for writers inside and outside of prison seeking to advance the conversation around the challenges of mass incarceration through creative expression.

Support to writers
The PEN Writers' Emergency Fund assists professional writers in acute, emergency financial crisis. PEN America Membership committees focus on the interests of literary professionals in different fields and include the Translation Committee and the Children and Young Adult Book Authors Committee. The Emerging Voices Fellowship is a literary mentorship that aims to provide new writers who are isolated from the literary establishment with the tools, skills, and knowledge they need to launch a professional writing career. The DREAMing Out Loud program helps aspiring migrant writers. PEN America also has offered workshops that nurture the writing skills of domestic workers, taxi drivers, street vendors, and others wage earners.

Publications
PEN America has several periodic publications. They include the Prison Writing Awards Anthology featuring winning entries from the annual contest for incarcerated authors, and PEN America Best Debut Short Stories, a yearly anthology of fiction by the recipients of the PEN/Robert J. Dau Short Story Prize for Emerging Writers.

Free Expression
PEN America's Free Expression programs defend writers and journalists and protect free expression rights in the United States and around the world. This work includes research and reports on topical issues, advocacy internationally and in the United States, and campaigns on policy issues and on behalf of individual writers and journalists under threat.

Free Expression and Education
After 2020, PEN America increasingly focused on tracking book bans, including with its annual Banned in the USA report and educational censorship in public schools and higher education, including "educational gag order" bills. In 2023, PEN America, along with publisher Penguin Random House and several banned authors, and parents, filed suit against the Escambia County School District, claiming that book bans violate Constitutional rights to free speech and equal protection under the law. The organization also hosts regular Free Speech Advocacy Institutes to train young people to advocate for free speech.

Writers at Risk
PEN America's work is sustained advocacy on behalf of individual writers and journalists who are being persecuted because of their work. With help from its members and supporters, PEN America carries out campaigns to ensure the freedom, safety, and ability to write and publish without constraint. Advocacy is conducted from PEN America's Washington, D.C., office, as well as through national and international campaigns, events, reports, and delegations. The organization publishes an index of threats to writers and gives out an annual Freedom to Write award. PEN America also focuses on countries and regions where free expression is under particular challenge, including China, Myanmar, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Central Asia.

Press Freedom and Disinformation
PEN America monitors the freedom of the press and safety of journalists in the United States and internationally. PEN America also focuses on issues of fraudulent news and media literacy, and has produced an in-depth report, "Faking News: Fraudulent News and the Fight for Truth", alongside its "News Consumers Bill of Rights and Responsibilities." Current work focuses on how to fight disinformation ahead of the 2024 presidential election, with particular focus on Florida, Texas, and Arizona.

Campus Free Speech
PEN America has a focus on issues surrounding free speech at colleges and universities and seeks to raise awareness of the First Amendment and foster constructive dialogue that upholds the free speech rights of all on campus. This work includes the "PEN America Principles on Campus Free Speech", and the report "And Campus for All: Diversity, Inclusion, and Freedom of Speech at U.S. Universities".

Digital Safety and Online Abuse
In April 2018, PEN America launched the Online Harassment Field Manual in an effort to aid writers and journalists who must navigate online spaces by providing resources, tools, and tips to help them respond safely and effectively to incidents of online harassment and hateful speech. PEN America also leads workshops to equip writers, journalists, and all those active online with tools and tactics to defend against hateful speech and trolling.

Artists at Risk Connection
The Artists at Risk Connection is an international hub of more than 800 organizations working to protect artistic freedom around the world by improving access to resources for artists at risk, raising awareness of the threats, and enhancing connections among supporters of artistic freedom. This program extends support to artists of all kinds, encompassing writers, cartoonists, visual artists, filmmakers, musicians, and performance artists, as well as other individuals who produce significant creative output.

War in Gaza
Several authors have requested that their names be removed from PEN referring to dissatisfaction with the organization's position regarding the Gaza war; among them were Camonghne Felix nominated by Jean Stein, Eugenia Leigh a poetry finalist and Ghassan Zeineddine nominated for a short story. In a letter signed by Naomi Klein, Lorrie Moore, and dozens of others protested that PEN had not “launched any substantial coordinated support” for Palestinians.

Chris Hedges reports in his The Chris Hedges Report website in March 2024, "In May 2013 I resigned from PEN America over the appointment of former State Department official Suzanne Nossel." And "[PEN's] refusal to condemn the genocide in Gaza and Israel’s targeted killings of writers, academics and journalists, has seen numerous writers withdraw from the annual PEN World Voices Festival in New York and Los Angeles, scheduled for April and May."

Cancellations
PEN America has canceled its World Voices festival after twenty-eight of the 61 nominated authors withdrew their books from consideration in the annual PEN America Awards ceremony as they condemned America's Pen for failing to strongly condemn what they called the genocide in Palestine. The cancellation comes days after the organization canceled the 2024 annual awards festival. The festival was supposed to be held on May 8 in New York City and Los Angeles.

Labor
Alex N. Press reports in Jacobin, May 01, 2024, "'PEN America management’s recent actions reflect what is becoming an appalling pattern of blatant disrespect towards its unionized staff,' said the union in a statement." And "The union has also filed two unfair labor practices (ULP) against PEN America with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). The ULPs concern workers’ just-cause and labor-management committee proposals: workers say the company engaged in 'regressive bargaining' with both proposals, meaning they offered less than they had previously, after bringing on Tanya Khan from Kauff McGuire & Margolis, a union-busting law firm, late last year."

title: PEN America


text:
George Shrinks

George Shrinks is a Canadian children's animated television series. It is based on the children's book by the well-known author William Joyce, produced in China by Jade Animation and Canadian studio Nelvana, in association with PBS. The show premiered as part of the "Bookworm Bunch" block on September 30, 2000, and ended with the final episode on January 23, 2003.

Plot
The show tells the story of a ten-year-old boy named George Shrinks who is only 3 in tall. George lives with his musician father Harold, his artist mother Perdita, and his little brother Harold Jr. ("Junior" for short), finding adventure with them and his friends (primarily his best bud and neighbour Becky Lopez) in mundane situations - something that comes naturally as a result of his diminutive size. But through a mixture of his own ingenuity and imagination, as well as a variety of highly adaptable mini machines built by him and his dad, George proves that being tiny is no obstacle to solving problems and having fun.

Content
George's tiny size turns mundane activities, such as working around the house or playing outside, into dramatic adventures. His primary mode of transportation is his Zoopercar, a multi-purpose miniature vehicle he built with his father that can do things like transform into a submarine, an airplane or a helicopter. George often has interesting encounters with animals who, although they don't talk, seem to be able to communicate with George throughout the series. On one occasion, he encountered a robotic alien that was his own size and helped it get back home.

The show affects a retro-1950s look, with simple animation and colours, similar to Warner Bros. Animation's Superman: The Animated Series. Primarily jazz is used for background music and music cues, reflecting both his father's occupation as a musician who tinkers with inventing new musical instruments and his mother's style as an avant-garde artist. However, statements made in the characters' dialogue indicate that events take place in the present, or the year that the showing episode was produced and animated.

The theme song, composed by Roberto Occhipinti, in a jumping blues style, is sung by Canadian musician Colin James.

One main difference from the book and the show is that in the book, George turns back to normal size by the end - his small stature lasting only a day while his parents are out (it could've all been a dream as well, as it is not explained how he turns back). In the show, George appears to be permanently small with no statement, appearing big in one episode (which was a dream).

Main

 * George Bernard Shrinks (voiced by Tracey Moore) is the 10-year-old titular protagonist of the series, who wakes up from a dream to discover he is small; his golden-plated baby shoes were completely tiny seen in "Round Up the Usual Insects". Because of his small stature, George has had to invent his own adaptive devices, most notably the Zoopercar (a small vehicle which George built with his father, and which can be automatically transformed into an airplane, a helicopter, or a submarine). Another invention is a system of pneumatic tubes, which George also uses for transportation.
 * Harold Shrinks Jr. (referred to as "Junior" in the show) (voiced by Robbi Jay Thuet) is George's little brother, who often accompanies George in his adventures around the house. Junior is George's "sidekick" and "gofer", doing the tasks that are too difficult for George because of the latter's stature. However, his playfulness and his size sometimes lead to accidents, though Junior's sincere "Sowwy, George", always gets his brother to forgive him.
 * Rebecca "Becky" Lopez (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is George's Latina best friend who lives next door. She and George go on many exploits and adventures. Becky is the captain for a Little League ice hockey team called, "The Storks", whose poorly-bad scoring drought was the focus of one of the later episodes.
 * Perdita Shrinks (voiced by Kathleen Laskey) is George and Harold Junior's mother, a freelance artist by trade who builds, sculpts and welds with a very abstract style. She is a member of the town's art committee and is into healthy foods. She is also very supportive of the projects that the family and kids work on, and enjoys helping out in the community. She also used to be a Radio City Rockette which George reveals his father told him in the episode "If It Ain't Broke".
 * Harold Shrinks Sr. (voiced by Paul O'Sullivan) is George and Junior's father, a musician in a jazz band who is constantly building and trying out new instruments (most of which resemble oversized and distorted tubas and saxophones) in the search for the "perfect sound". Harold is a little eccentric, but still loves his family and is a good father.

Others and one-time characters

 * Aunt Eunice (voiced by Catherine Gallant) is George and Junior's great-aunt (but whom the whole family calls 'aunt'), who sometimes serves them as their babysitter. The first time she saw the boys, she was very patronizing toward George, treating him as though his size were a handicap and "assisting" him. However Aunt Eunice's ways have changed when George fixes her prized plant, a Bonsai tree "Maurice", which seemingly been damaged beyond repair. In "Return to Sender", she expresses complete confidence in that George will handle himself just fine when he was mailed to different locations across the planet, and that he could mail himself back home safely. She has travelled all over the world; as such, she knows a great deal about different places as well as people. The boys' mother, Perdita Shrinks, is Eunice's niece.
 * Sparkle Tangerine is a furry, bright orange stray cat that roams George's neighborhood, also the main antagonist. She often tries to eat George or anyone his size. A similar cat, though unnamed, appeared in the original book by William Joyce. Seen in some episodes: "Can We Keep Him?", "Close Encounters of the Bird Kind", "Zoopercar Caper", "King Kongo", "George vs. the Space Invaders", "Journey to the Centre of the Garden", "Dog-Sitting Miss Daisy", "The George-Lo-Phone", "Return of the Space Invaders", "Small of the Wild", "Hound of the Bath-ervilles", "George Unshrinks", "If I Ran the Circus", "Becky in Wonderland", and "The Lost World of George Shrinks".
 * Russell Copeland (voiced by Sean McCann) is a kindhearted senior that used to live in George's house as a boy. He is also a retired veterinarian.
 * Ellen (voiced by Lisa Yamanaka) is a kindhearted girl next door of Chinese heritage. Despite only appearing in three episodes, Ellen plays a major role in two of them. Ellen is a fan of vintage horror movies and enjoys playing harmless practical jokes. She has an older brother, Matt, who is an owner of an anole lizard named Ting-Ting (which, as Ellen describes, has a literal meaning of "Gracefully Graceful" in the Chinese language). She is left-handed and a member of the Storks, Becky's hockey team, as a forward on the left wing.
 * Timmy (voiced by Noah Reid) and Jimmy (voiced by Jamie Haydon-Devlin) Fortevoce are identical twins, members of Becky's hockey team- Jimmy plays centre and Timmy plays defence. Despite appearing in just two episodes, they still play an important role as supporting members of the cast. In Italian, their last name means "Loud Voice".
 * Hilda (voiced by Annick Obonsawin) and Henry (voiced by Noah Reid) Cooper are two blonde-haired, glasses wearing dizygotic fraternal twins/sororal twins. They enjoy playing tricks on one another, such as during a scary movies night at the Shrinks' residence. They are somewhat competitive but are good friends with George and Becky.
 * Helga (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is the goaltender for the Storks, Becky's Little League hockey team. She usually wears glasses, except on the ice because the lenses fog up.
 * Lizzy is right-wing forward for the Storks, Becky's Little League hockey team. She's skilled at turning on the spot because of her past experience figure skating; she joined the hockey team because she thought it was kind of lonely and wanted to join the team.
 * Hannah (voiced by Annick Obonsawin and Hurlden (voiced by Michael Cera) Cadwell appear only in the episode, "Speed Shrinks". These kids are two twins similar to Hilda and Henry, but are somewhat villainous. They build a craft similar to the SR-71 Blackbird and use its special features to destroy and unfairly halt the other racers in order to win.
 * Skyler (voiced by Julie Lemieux) is George and Junior's first cousin once removed (so it is believed, but her father Tyler is the first cousin of Harold Sr., which would actually have made Skyler the boys' second cousin). Seen only in "Toy George". She is about the same age as Junior and has similar personalities to him. She attended the school play which George was putting on, "Pinocchio".

Broadcast
In Canada, the show aired on CBC, TVO, and YTV. The show premiered on PBS Kids in the United States on September 30, 2000, as a segment on the Bookworm Bunch block. The block was dropped altogether at the end of 2004, but the show was given an individual PBS debut on January 6, 2003, along with The Berenstain Bears and Maurice Sendak's Seven Little Monsters.

Internationally, the show aired on ABC Kids in Australia, and on Milkshake! in the United Kingdom.

Home media
Treehouse Direct also released the series on YouTube.

title: George Shrinks


text:
User talk:Sherefong

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Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia! Matani2005| Talk 19:22, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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Animals with diplomas
I removed your addition to List of animals with diplomas. It was not supported by reference citations, and it appeared to be a commentary about an animal known personally. Please abide by WP:Verifiability -- even nonserious-sounding articles require reliable sources. Thank you. --Orlady (talk) 13:16, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I moved your re-addition to Talk - the provided source didn't mention the story - discuss there. We may yet be able to work it out. --Lexein (talk) 13:25, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

May 2012
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title: User talk:Sherefong


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User talk:Flamepainter88

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Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia! Matani2005| Talk 19:23, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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- You got an interesting angle in the station wagon picture you added to the Impala page! However, it's technically a Caprice. Note the Caprice emblem (a modified fleur-de-lys) on the front of the hood. The Impala had nothing there, but the Chevy bowtie in the middle of the grille. I changed the caption accordingly. Thanks. RivGuySC 9 July 2005 05:06 (UTC)

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DD&F8R
Hi, Flamepainter88,

This message is in regards to the page DD&F8R. The way I read it, it was created so that if somebody typed in the shorthand, they would be able to get to the real article.

There is a WP command you can use that can streamline the process, detailed here: WP:R

Happy editing!! Kareeser|Talk! 20:15, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In fact, I already fixed it for you - I made it into a redirect, and I was about to leave a message for you explaining how to do it yourself.It's like this: #redirect name of proper article . DS 20:19, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flamepainter88


text:
Celebration

Celebration or Celebrations may refer to:

Film, television and theatre

 * Celebration (musical), by Harvey Schmidt and Tom Jones, 1969
 * Celebration (play), by Harold Pinter, 2000
 * Celebration (TV series), a Canadian music TV series
 * Celebration at Big Sur, or Celebration, a 1969 concert film
 * The Celebration, or Festen, a 1998 Danish film
 * "Celebration" (Succession), the first episode of the television show Succession

Music

 * Celebration (2000s band), a Baltimore-based band
 * Celebration (2006 album), 2006
 * Celebration (1970s band), an American band fronted by Mike Love
 * Celebration (1979 album)

Albums

 * Celebration (Bheki Mseleku album), 1991
 * Celebration (Deuter album), 1976
 * Celebration (DJ BoBo album), 2002
 * Celebration (Eric Kloss album), 1979
 * Celebration (Irène Schweizer and Hamid Drake album), 2021
 * Celebration (Janie Frickie album), 1987
 * Celebration (Julian Lloyd Webber album), 2001
 * Celebration (Madonna album), or the song title, 2009
 * Celebration: The Video Collection
 * Celebration (Simple Minds album), 1982
 * Celebration (Smokie album), 1994
 * Celebration (United DJ's vs. Pandora album), 2007
 * Celebration, by Ilegales, 2011
 * Celebration, by Olsen Brothers, 2005
 * Celebration, by Osibisa, 1980
 * Celebration, by Roger Whittaker, 1993
 * Celebration!, by The Wiggles, 2012
 * Celebration – Forty Years of Rock, by Uriah Heep, 2009
 * Celebration – The Anniversary Album, by Johnny Mathis, 1981
 * Celebrations, by Bob Degen, 1968
 * Celebration (Andrew Cyrille album), 1975

Songs

 * "Celebration" (AnnaGrace song), 2010
 * "Celebration" (Kool & the Gang song), 1980, also covered by Kylie Minogue
 * "Celebration" (Madonna song), 2009
 * "Celebration" (The Game song), 2012
 * "Celebration", by Dareysteel, 2014
 * "Celebration" (Fun Factory song), 1995
 * "Celebration", by Hafdis Huld, from Dirty Paper Cup, 2006
 * "Celebration", by Kanye West, from Late Registration, 2005
 * "Celebration", by Kendrick Lamar, from Kendrick Lamar, 2009
 * "Celebration", by Krokus, from Hardware, 1981
 * "Celebration", by Kendrick Lamar from Kendrick Lamar, 2009
 * "Celebration", by Lil Gotit, from Hood Baby, 2018
 * "Celebration", by Paul McCartney, from Standing Stone, 1997
 * "Celebration", by They Might Be Giants, from Join Us, 2011
 * "Celebration", by Tommy James, 1972
 * "Celebration", by Tyga, from Careless World: Rise of the Last King, 2012
 * "Celebrations", by Brothers Johnson, from Light Up the Night, 1980
 * "A Celebration", by U2, 1982
 * "A Celebration", by Joe Satriani from Unstoppable Momentum, 2013
 * "Celebration", by Wet Wet Wet, from High on the Happy Side, 1992

Concert tours

 * "Celebration Tour", by No Angels, 2022
 * "The Celebration Tour", by Madonna, 2023

Other uses

 * Celebration, Florida, a place in the United States
 * Celebration High School, a public high school located in Celebration, Florida, United States.
 * Celebration (Alaska festival), a biennial Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian cultural event
 * Celebration (ship), a cruise ship, now MS Grand Celebration
 * Celebration (Tyeb Mehta), a triptych painting
 * 'Celebration', a variety of barley
 * Celebration series of art works by Jeff Koons
 * Celebration, a type of public performance event created by the American choreographer Marilyn Wood
 * Celebrations (confectionery), a miniature chocolate bar collection by Mars
 * Celebrations Group, a chain of British greeting cards stores
 * McDowell's No.1 Celebration, or Celebration Rum, a rum by United Spirits Limited of India

title: Celebration


text:
Talk:Celebration

Untitled
Celebration itself should have its own article.

Obviously, many celebrations will be in the form of social gathering, holidays, and what not, but the aspect of celebration has a very special meaning in human behaviors.

One showing happiness and joy over an observation or event can exteriorize his or her emotions by celebrating. This festivity can take many form on the social-cultural context and the importance of reasons behind it.

For example, someone may be happy over success or harmony, and wish to celebrate on this. His or her behavior will sometimes correspond with others seen in social gathering, sacred events, or holidays, but the celebration is not any of them.

Anyhow, it's something to consider. Maybe generalizing the aspect of celebration with various examples may better demonstrate what I'm trying to explain. - Enigma55  ( talk •  email ) 06:17, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Celebration


text:
User talk:ThatDamnDave

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Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia! Matani2005| Talk 19:23, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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User talk:Zozer

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Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia! Matani2005| Talk 19:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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Coprinus

Coprinus is a small genus of mushroom-forming fungi consisting of Coprinus comatusthe shaggy ink cap (British) or shaggy mane (American)and several of its close relatives. Until 2001, Coprinus was a large genus consisting of all agaric species in which the lamellae autodigested to release their spores. The black ink-like liquid this creates gave these species their common name "ink cap" (British) or "inky cap" (American).

Molecular phylogenetic investigation found that Coprinus comatus was only a distant relative of the other members of Coprinus, and was closer to genera in the Agaricaceae. Since Coprinus comatus is the type species of Coprinus, only that species and its close relatives C. sterquilinus and C. spadiceisporus retained the name of the genus.

The majority of species of Coprinus were therefore reclassified into three genera placed in Psathyrellaceae: Coprinellus, Coprinopsis, and Parasola. Coprinus and these segregate genera are now referred to collectively as coprinoid fungi.

Coprinus is New Latin, from the Greek koprinos, "of dung", in reference to the habitat of some of the species.

Species
Species of the genus include, but are not limited to:
 * Coprinus calyptratus
 * Coprinus comatus (shaggy ink cap, shaggy cap, lawyer's wig)
 * Coprinus spadiceisporus
 * Coprinus sterquilinus

Selected former species

 * Coprinus atramentarius - now Coprinopsis atramentaria (Common inkcap)
 * Coprinus micaceus - now Coprinellus micaceus (Mica cap)
 * Coprinus plicatilis - now Parasola plicatilis

Other works cited

 * Pierre Montarnal : Le petit guide : Champignons (Genève, 1964; Paris-Hachette, 1969).
 * Régis Courtecuisse, Bernard Duhem : Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe (Delachaux & Niestlé, 1994–2000). ISBN 2-603-00953-2
 * Roger Phillips : Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe (Pan Books Ltd. 1981 / Book Club Associates 1981) - for the English names.

title: Coprinus


text:
USS Acme

Two ships of United States Navy have been named Acme.

 * USS Acme (AMc-61), an Accentor-class minesweeper that was launched on 31 May 1941.
 * USS Acme (MSO-508), a minesweeper that was launched on 23 June 1955.

title: USS Acme


text:
User talk:DanDawson

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title: User talk:DanDawson


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Talk:Medieval demography

Older comments
In the 1200-1350 section I personally feel that the population boom is not adequately explained.

It is my understanding that the increase of population is in part, if not primarily, caused by advancements in agriculture e.g. the horse collar (allowing a horse/donkey, which can be trained, to pull farm equipment instead of an oxen, which has the tendency to go where it pleases, or your wife... no really this apparently happened), and the metal plow was invented and made accessable at this time increasing the amount of ariable land (the thick, infertial topsoil from the reclaimed forests required a "blade" infront of the actual plow to cut into the ground making it able to turn with the plow).

 * A very large and complex issue to discuss in this article. The horse collar and plow thing is what we are told in college and high school when the teacher has only a few minutes to spend on the topic. It would be like saying the world popultion boom of the 19th and 20th century was a result of the use of fossil fuels (fertilizer, tractors, etc..). Yeah sure its true, but it ignores all the other social, political and environmental factors. Indeed one could say technological innovation comes in response to population increase, to meet new needs that didnt exist before.. they are symbiotic, it is the nature of Demography. Anyway, also see Medieval technology, certainly the individual articles on the technologies could discuss their contributions to increased populations. Stbalbach 23:30, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article should have a different name. This is not "medieval demography" but the medieval demography of Europe. Otherwise, it ought to be expanded to at least include the larger Eurasian civilization(s) of which Europe was a part during the Middle Ages. To discuss the demography of Europe outside of the context of the demography of the Middle East, the Muslim Empires, and Eurasia in general makes little sense to me, particularly since demography is a macrolevel look and the locus of civilization was elsewhere during that time period.Saurav 06:30, 29 Jan 2006 (UTC)

 * Medieval generally means Europe. --Stbalbach 16:32, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Just late backing for Stbalbach here. The term medieval applied to this span of years really does only apply to the historiography of Europe. Other civilization regions, even one interacting as closely with Europe as the Middle East, were operating on different cycles with regard to unity/disunity, population, economic and social trends. Although many have had periods that corresponded to medieval Europe in specific ways, they were not really at the same times and need their own treatment of historical demographics. Random noter (talk) 17:25, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

3rd paragraph of 1300-50
Couple issues.

--1) "These bad economic conditions of the poor aggravated the calamities of the plague because of poor living conditions and access to food and medical help." If I'm not mistaken 14th century medical help was ineffective against the plague, so this should not be an issue.  Not that you couldn't mention poor conditions in the context of famine or even typhoid, but plague hit even the British royal family.

--2) "Responding to these problems required a more equitable redistribution of wealth, which did not happen right away because property owners resisted change through wage freezes." is not wrong, but unclear. The plague and other exogenous causes of population decline caused wage inceases (lower labor supply) and a redistribution of wealth, which were resisted by such means as wage and price controls.  The article does not make clear cause and effect.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.170.210.251 (talk • contribs).

--1) True medical help in the 14th century would not have been effective; the poor did suffer more, they had no recourse, such as fleeing to a villa in the country, as in the Decameron, and lived in more crowded conditions, harder to isolate a sick person, and were generally weaker immune wise from a poorer diet and harder life. --2) Thats true too. Thank you for your input. --Stbalbach 05:51, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Population height

 * Stbalbach, I'm not sure it belongs in this article, but I stumbled upon this research about variations in population’s height from the medieval period to modern times: . There are some interesting, and possibly unexpected, findings here. --Leinad ¬ [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|18px]] »saudações! 20:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

So, how many were they?
Having read through this article, I'm unfortunately none the wiser as to how many people there were in Europe in the Middle Ages. There are a few figures here and there in the text, and some of those don't make sense ("at the time of Charlemagne it is thought to be between 25 and 30 million, and of this 15 million are in Carolingian France", would mean that at least half of the Europeans lived in France), but most of the text talks vaugely abut populations growing and declining without including any numbers. So, is there anyone who could add some more numbers to the text? I realise that scientists are mainly making educated guesses, but it's still better than nothing. The person who have added the bibliography at the bottom will hopefully have access to those books, which ought to be a bit more specific than this. Thomas Blomberg 23:51, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Even if all we could have would be rough guesses or ranges, like between 10 and 30 million people, that would be helpful to certain activities. KellyCoinGuy (talk) 04:33, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

Also, the numbers in the demographic table don't match the statement earlier in the text that the population of Europe fell between 1300 and 1450.Aaron (talk) 05:54, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Odds are, in the fifteen years since the OP made the statement, that there've been alterations.   Ravenswing     21:54, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

Improving Clarity
Are there any year on year figures/estimates? It would be great to see this information in the form of a graph/timeline. Is there an accepted set of figures - I'd like to see something similar for other time periods too.

RafaelG
We can work in multiple POV's on what the numbers are (there is no single right answer) but you need to provide a source. The external link you gave makes no mention of medieval demography. The numbers in the article are based on the David Herlihy article from the Dictionary of the Middle Ages. -- Stbalbach 01:55, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * How this link makes no mention of medieval demography?--RafaelG 02:27, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Strange when I looked earlier it went to a different page, now I see it. Well, the numbers are from a single source, Josiah Russell, from 1972, from a paper. The DotMA article is more up to date (it draws from a bunch of sources), although I'm sure there are even more up to date sources. As the link says, hard numbers are highly speculative "Josiah Russell is the historian who has stuck his neck out" - when giving number we also have to give a source. Do we want to list lots of different numbers and sources in this article, or stick to a single source? --Stbalbach 03:00, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * My opinion is that we should have various estimates, since there is not any absolute number (like a census) for its total population.--RafaelG 19:27, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Europe
Reading the text of the article, I was struck by the relative imprecision of the term "Europe" as used in the context. Would the term Europe refer to everything from the Urals to northern Sweden, and from Gibraltar to Constantinople? My hunch is that something less was intended (i.e Europe, south of the Baltic and west of Russia) but the article never defines its real geographical scope.

If all of Europe, in a broad continental sense, was intended, then that fact might need to be clarified in the opening sentences.Bonbga 22:22, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

The Medieval Warm Period
It is suggested that the rise in population was associated with the Medieval warming period which saw warm wet climates increase across the Mid Latitude areas of the world, (and a hotter drier period in the southern and eastern Mediterranean). As a result agricultural yields in Western Europe increased. Similarly the demographic collapse of the end of the 13th century is marked by the onset of the "Little Ice Age". John D. Croft 06:09, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

mobility
"Feudalism, which also brought increased social stability and thus more mobility. "

Could someone explain this? I always thought social mobility was heightened in times of cultural or social upheaval (e.g. when the feudal system began to become unnecessary and collapse at the end of the middle ages, and Europe began to transition from a land-based to monetary-based economy, the new moneyed bourgeois was better able to purchase nobility for their children. This is what I have been taught, anyway).

How would a more stable, rigid social structure make it easier to move around in the ranks?

population increase compared to grain ratio (Re;1200-1350)
I would like to point out something about how this reads. It says that the average grain ratio is 2:1 - 7:1, from the readers perspective this means that the average is about 4.5:1. Whereas at present the ratio of return is 30:1 or more. If for arguments sake it is 30:1. and if we assume that during both periods all of the reasonably available crop land is in use. then since 30/4.5 ~ 6. An increase in population of 5-7 does not read as immediately strange. Whereas the line "Modern grain yields are 30:1 or more, but the population is only 5-7 times higher." implies that it is immediately strange.

As a reader, I think it would be nicer to have the data provided in a way that allows me to share the author's immediate suspicion that europe was overcrowded.

overpopulation
"overpopulation" is a very subjective term and I think it should be avoided. 203.206.162.25 (talk) 03:45, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Malthus
"A classic Malthusian argument has been put forward that says Europe was overcrowded with people; even in good times it was barely able to feed its population.[by whom?]." By whom? Malthus.Menswear (talk) 02:24, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Ostsiedlung and reconquered lands in Spain
'''At the same time, during the Ostsiedlung, Germans settled east of the Elbe and Saale rivers, in regions previously only sparsely populated by Polabian Slavs. Crusaders expanded to the Crusader states, parts of the Iberian Peninsula were reconquered from the Moors, and the Normans colonized southern Italy. These movements and conquests are part of a larger pattern of population expansion and resettlement that occurred in Europe at this time.''' I believe that first Polabians Slavs were slaughtered and later their empty areas settled again. The same applies to Spain, where Moors supported high density of populations. Change of population must have at first negative effect on population. In Silesia for example, Germans populated mountain areas that must have been empty at the beginning. Cautious (talk) 03:07, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

Adequate numbers missing
My purpose for visiting this page was finding out if other numbers than the (old) ones I found about the population boom in the fifteenth century would be available, only to find out that this article is speaking of a population loss in this century. How can this be when M. K. Bennett in 1954 estimated a total population rise for Europe from about 45 million in 1400, to 60 in 1450, to 69 in 1500? This would represent a more stunning expansion than the so-called population boom of the sixteenth century (from 69 to 89). So, if this article wants to claim otherwise I need to see some sources.K-Billy (talk) 16:54, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Rename
This article only discuss the demography of Europe in the Medieval times. So the title is misleading as it seems that it discuss about the demography of all humans in the medieval age. It is better to add information of other continents or rename it to 'Medieval demography of Europe' or 'demography of medieval Europe'. Thank you. Runehelmet (talk) 13:58, 26 February 2012 (UTC) I agree. The Middle Ages weren't just in Europe or the Occident, and so the title is misleading. 自教育 (talk) 19:04, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

Well, historiographic comfort zones with terminology, but the contellation of ideas/phenomena that go with the word medieval really apply only to Europe. You can definitely find comparable phenomena in other civilizations, whether by post-imperial eras, eras of fragmentation, comparable social systems, etc., but not in the same span of years exactly and not always in the same combinations. You'd end up shoving together all civilizations during the era roughly 800-1500 AD, when they were all undergoing different experiences, or shoving comparable periods of different civilizations from different eras of time together. Either would be worthwhile as comparative history, but that would be a different thing than this. One also needs to guard against applying terms that apply to Europe, or any other civilization, and the particular characteristics of its development, and using those to frame developments in some other. Historians using the term "feudalism" in a generic way across civilizations, for example, really have to caveat and hedge their terms to avoid this problem. Random noter (talk) 17:30, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

What about changing agricultural techniques?
I don't see much about these in the article. Aren't agricultural techniques a major constraint on population density? 96.231.17.131 (talk) 16:19, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

Composite references
Unfortunately, the use of composite references makes it hard if not impossible to move from any given claim to the specific references supporting it. It also carries the potential for hidden improper synthesis, when the text contrasts estimates from different sources while using the same citation for both. 96.231.17.131 (talk) 04:42, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

"All of Europe" and therefore the "population of Europe" are poorly defined.
Admittedly, the ambiguous areas, such as the Caucasus, are often thinly populated, but it can be unclear what area various population estimates refer to. Ananiujitha (talk) 20:31, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Reference synthesis.
Regarding reference number 1.:

"1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au The citation combines sources from David Herlihy article "Medieval Demography" in the Dictionary of the Middle Ages (see Bibliography this article), and from Josiah C. Russell, "Population in Europe", in Carlo M. Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Middle Ages, (Glasgow : Collins/Fontana, 1972), 25–71"

Reference number 1. is a huge problem. It is a mash-up of two distinct sources that combine to create a reference synthesis. Perhaps this was done as a way to short-cut the referencing procedure, but whatever the reason, there is no way that all those alphabetical components attributed to this synthesized reference are on the opening page of each source. The "referred-to" material must be scattered through the individual components of the mega-reference, but where? No individual page numbers or URLs are provided for the reader to prove statements, disprove them, or merely read more about that aspect of the article. I hope it's not true, but this synthesis technique seems like a good way to hide information that may conflict with what authors wrote in the article. Another reader has tagged Reference 1. in several places as a possibly unreliable source. Even if the individual two amalgamated sources are totally reliable, the way they have been forced together here make them totally unreliable and impossible to verify.

What encyclopedia or journal would allow this situation to stand? In my opinion, either the author who took this tack this needs to clean everything up and provide real references with page numbers or URLs for each instance of use or Reference 1. needs to be deleted. It may as well be, because, as it is, the material is so poorly handled that it is essentially unreferenced.

I see that a lot of reliance on Mr Russell's writings, some of which are not extensive. A mixture of viewpoints, even if they conflict, would add more dimension to the article. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 17:05, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

Brenner debate
I'm no expert on the Brenner thesis but the numbers for Europe and country/area population do not match this section at all. Either this article disproves his thesis, or those numbers are wrong, or those numbers do not reflect a subtler understanding of this thesis. Whichever it is, those tables show increase of overall and almost every region population with the exception of the post plague era. Random noter (talk) 17:32, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

Outdated map
The map about the German eastward expansion is an old, outdated one. Strongly not recommend to use it for any reason in any scientific or semi scientific work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Szeitzp (talk • contribs) 09:35, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

It's not really demography
The article doesn't really say anything about demography (fertility, mortality, population structure and drivers of change), rather it's just a random collection of guesstimates of population size of various areas, supplemented by Urlanis's long obsolete speculations (he was a pioneer, but after 80 years those numbers really can't be relied on).

In fairness we don't have a lot to go on in terms of meaningful demographic indicators, but as it stands the title's just silly. "Population of medieval Europe" would at least sum up the content. Demography it isn't. Demography isn't just speculative population totals. Quantist (talk) 18:01, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

High middle ages misquote
The part talking about population density:

"Population density was only two to five persons per square kilometer in Britain, similarly in Germany, and somewhat higher in France.[9]" This is a quote from "The village & house in the middle ages" (Chaplot and Fossier), is from chapter one that talks about early middle age. So I'm moving it there. 191.245.69.238 (talk) 01:40, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medieval demography


text:
Wikipedia:Wikifun/Round 8

'''Round 8 is closed, and the winners are FreplySpang, Thejesterx, and Alphax. Congratulations!'''

Round 8 is similar to the previous round: 20 questions will be posted, all at once. The first nine questions correctly answered are worth one point each for the poster of the first correct answer. The next five questions answered are worth two points. The next five questions to be answered are worth three points, and the last one is worth four. (Note: it's the order in which questions are answered correctly that determines the number of points awarded for a question, not the numbering below!) In case of a tie, there will be a tie-breaker, to be answered only by those tied. Hopefully the questions are difficult (or mean, if you like :-) enough to let the contest last for a few days...

This round was prepared by: Eugene van der Pijll

The Questions
These are the questions for round 8. If you have found the answer to one of them, use the "Answer this question" links below the questions. You have to specify where on Wikipedia you found the answer, and I would like to know too how you found that location.

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Eugene van der Pijll

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Question 1
What, according to Wikipedia, is the difference in height between the two highest mountains of Mauritius?

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Question 2
What church was founded by John Quincy Adams?

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Question 3
Which Russian philosopher shares part of his name with the river that was the inspiration for the official song of a U.S. state?

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Question 4
Ralph Waldo Emerson is to Edward Bulwer-Lytton as Charles Darwin is to who?

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Question 5
What cause of problems in the gastrointestinal tract can be color-coded to indicate on which day it was used?

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What material is the dark-coloured lion in this picture made of?

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Question 7
Many nations and states have laws on price gouging, but few of them carry really severe penalties. When and where was there a death penalty for price gouging?

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Question 8
We're here now, and for most of us, that means earth. One and a half years ago, we were somewhere else, apparently. What is the distance between here and somewhere else?

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Question 9
The mansion Bronbeek near Arnhem is now a retirement home for Dutch war veterans (orginally only for KNIL soldiers). When did this house become Dutch state property?

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Question 10
What article links Edwards Air Force Base, Oscar Hammerstein, William Jennings Bryan, and Star Trek: Nemesis?

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Question 11
What island group was mentioned three times more often in Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories than New Zealand?

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Question 12
He was a son of a German missionary in China, and became rich by stealing gold and selling bird droppings. What is his connection with Saruman the Many-Coloured?

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Question 13
A village near Bevel shares its name with a former village in another municipality. Who died in 2002 in that municipality?

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Question 14
What street is named after George IV of the United Kingdom and Prince Frederick, Duke of York?

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Question 15
To find this page, just type something in the search box. If then you unexpectedly find a page discussing passwords and domain names, you've found the answer to this question.

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Question 16
What colour is the animal that can not be seen in this picture?

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Question 17
Solve this equation: H - P - O - A - 100 = E, where:
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Question 18
On the corner of which two streets will the new national library of Quebec be situated?

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Question 19
Our journey starts in what many people would call the pre-eminent Australian city. We take bus number 3, and from the end point of that line, we go southeast. We're not stopping at that most interesting museum, but we catch the connection to Kentucky from here. Add one year, subtract two, and we're in Scotland... but this place reminds us of Chicago, New York, or another large city. We go to that last city, where our travels end on an island that has a name that reminds us of our most important policy here on the Wikipedia. What places did we visit, and where did we end up at the end of this trip?

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Final score

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 * Papable Prostate - 2 points
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Thank for participating, everyone, and congratulations for all of you who scored points!

title: Wikipedia:Wikifun/Round 8


text:
User talk:Xepherys

Welcome!

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Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia! Matani2005| Talk 19:25, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Xepherys


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USS Acoma

USS Acoma has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Acoma (SP-1228), a patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1918
 * USS Acoma (YTB-701), tug in service from 1946 to 1985

title: USS Acoma


text:
Talk:The Rolling Stones (EP)

Fair use rationale for Image:RSEP1.jpg
Image:RSEP1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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West Hampstead
From the infobox:

Recorded 8 August 1963, Decca Studios, West Hampstead, New York, United States

Was it really West Hampstead in New York? And were the Stones there as early as August 1963? Or was it actually the West Hampstead in north London?

BTLizard (talk) 13:48, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Rolling Stones (EP)


text:
User talk:Olympia7464

Welcome!

 * Hi,, Welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or The Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on My User talk Page. Additional Tips:

Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia! Matani2005| Talk 19:26, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
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title: User talk:Olympia7464


text:
User talk:Mel Gibson

Welcome!

 * Hi,, Welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or The Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on My User talk Page.

Additional Tips:

Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
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Matani2005| Talk 19:26, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- The Anome 19:31, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. l o l  →  Jarlaxle Artemis   23:12, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mel Gibson


text:
USS Active

USS Active may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Active (1779), a brigantine-rigged packet launched in 1779 and captured by the British man-of-war HMS Proserpine on 23 March 1782.
 * USS Active (1837), a schooner purchased in 1837 and sold in 1838.
 * USS Active (1888), a harbor tug launched in 1888, sunk in 1926, then raised and sold in 1929.
 * USS Active (1917), a motorboat that came under Navy control in April 1917.
 * USS Active (YT-112), a harbor tug acquired by the Navy from the United States Shipping Board on 20 April 1925.

title: USS Active


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