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Ratangarh, Churu

Ratangarh is a town and Tehsil of the Churu district in Rajasthan, India. Ratangarh was previously called Kolasar. It is famous for grand havelis (mansions) with frescoes, which is an architectural specialty of the Shekhawati region. Ratangarh is also famous for its handicraft work.

History
According to historical documents Ratangarh was founded by Surat Singh, the maharaja of Bikaner in the year 1798 (Samvat 1855) while he was returning from Churu with his son Ratan Singh. He selected the place Kolasar and Rajia ki Dani for a new town and named it Ratangarh on his son's name. He handed over the responsibility to Purohit Hulashchand, Deepchand and Charan Sidayach Shankar to build Ratangarh as a modern 1812 (Samvat 1869) during the layout of Ratangarh. According to some old people, present Ratangarh was built at Kolasar village, and Asha Charni (Lado Bhuwa) constructed Raghunathji temple.

A historical Devali was found near village Hudera just three kilometers from Ratangarh. This is located at MEGA HIGHWAY near by 220KV GSS, Devali of Samvat 1309 was found in an old Sidhan Jogioan Nath math. According to historians this Devali is nearly 750 years old. As per a text written on Devali, This Devali is the wife of Rathoor Nahardass when she became satti on Baishak sudi 1, Samvat 1309. A similar Devali was also found in Rajaldeshar near Ratangarh. This Devali called Rajasi ki Devali is also 475 years old. Samvat 1581, Ashad Sudi 10 is written on the Devali. An artistic slab stone of 11th Century engraved with dancing figures was found in Ratangarh which is now placed in Government Museum, Bikaner.

In the year 1812 (Samvat 1869) Ratangarh fort was also completed. It is said that Ratangarh fort was attacked two times by Thakur Prithvi Singh the son of Churu with the support of Maharaval Laxman Singh of Sikar in the year 1815 and 1816 (Samvat 1872and 1873). In both attacks caretakers of Fort Lalshah Syed and Purohit Jethmal were killed. According to famous historian Gourishankar Hirachand Ojha, Maharaja Ratan Singh held a meeting with Cornel Velsin in 1834 to organize the Shekhawati Brigade of English army.

Ratangarh was planned before construction and its bazaar is laid out in the design of a cross with shops painted like the town. The massive fort (garh) was constructed in the middle of the town with a boundary wall around the city with four gates. A second small fort was built in the city. But now the original fort and also the second fort has nothing left except for a few ruined monuments and now used as offices of civil courts. A Clock Tower is at the main crossing of the bazaar called Ghantagar.

Ratangarh is a place of well-known businessmen, learned people, great saints, literary persons, poets, vaidyas, artists and great patriots. Ratangarh was also called second Kashi due to its center of learning. Shri Hanuman Prasadji Poddar founder 'Kalyan' is an international figure. Shri Jeevanand Anand freedom fighter, Social worker who worked whole life for promotion of Sanskrit, vedshastra and puran. he had also established the value of Sanskrit education in Rajasthan through Rajasthan Rishikul Brahamcharyaashram-

Ratangarh region also remains a part of ancient culture. A 10th-century stone silalekh engraved with folk dance was found from an old temple now placed in the Bikaner museum. Ratangarh Mathadish Sivalaya was supposed to be built 200 years before the foundation of Ratangarh. Bikaner maharaja Sujan Singh (Year 100- 1735) gifted Kolasar village (present Ratangarh) to Charan Mala of Nath sect for his Rajasthani literature ' Gari bat doye'. Charan Mala built 'Karniji temple' in Kolasar which now at the heart of the town. Sidhan Math of Nath sect in Hudera village is said to be built in the early 10th century.

With the efforts of Maharaja Ganga Singh railway station built in 1910 and electricity was availed in 1930. Water Works was built and Water to houses was introduced in 1945 by Seth Durgadutt Anantram Thard. Seth Soorajmull Jalan, Sitaram bhuwalka, Seth Naarmal Bajoria, Seth Shankarlal Bajoria and Seth Jethmal Dhanuka were the main contributors to develop the town in the present form. They laid network of roads( in 1945), opened hospital (1939), schools and colleges, public library, parks and several charitable societies.

Geography
Ratangarh is located at 28.08°N, 74.6°W. It has an average elevation of 312 metres (1023 feet).

Ratangarh is situated in the Thar Desert, on the dhoras (large sand dunes). Some neighborhoods in town are named after these dhoras.

Government
Currently Shri Abhinesh Maharshi from BJP is the MLA of this seat.

Notable structures
The Raja of Bikaner, Surat Singh, built a massive fort at Ratangarh in 1820 AD. The marketplace of the town is in the shape of a cross suggesting that the city was planned before construction. An array of stately Havelis line the main crossing, which is also graced by a Clock Tower. The town is the site of a major power station, supplying electricity is supplied from Ratangarh up to Jaipur.

The Soorajmull Jalan family, which was once one of the ten wealthiest families in India, has contributed to the city by constructing over 20 structures including hospitals, schools, libraries, and sporting centers. The clock tower, roads, colleges and schools in this city have been donated by the Jalan family, which is now based in Kolkata.

Connectivity
Ratangarh Junction is a major rail head in northern Rajasthan, connecting Bikaner and Jodhpur to Delhi via railways.

Ratangarh is situated in National Highway 11 (running between Bikaner, Jaipur, and Agra).

Ratangarh is the center as it connects all the major cities in Rajasthan including Jaipur, Bikaner, Sardarshahr and Sujangarh and many small towns.

It also connects the northern tip of Rajasthan (Hanumangarh-Sriganganagar) to Jaipur and Ajmer through the High-speed State Megahighway system; roads are in place between Hanumangarh and Ratangarh, and between Ratanagarh and Ajmer.

Trains from Ratangarh to other States
Direct trains to Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Mumbai, Goa, Ahemdabad, Jammu, Jaiselmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Hisar & Haridwar.

Demographics
India census, Ratangarh had a population of 71,124. Males constitute 51.11% of the population and females 48.89%. Ratangarh has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 77%. In Ratangarh, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. Area of Ratangarh is 40.16 square kilometre.

title: Ratangarh, Churu


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Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/25

From the Nuttall encyclopedia (Project Gutenberg):

<<Ti-Vz W-Zz

This page is Done! -
 * 1) Yokuba - a 19th century definition of a town does not an article make
 * -- could be Ya'qub, Sudan
 * the problem is that Sokoto is in Nigeria on the wrong side of Africa, not in Sudan

 * Well, be careful. The Sudan, as meant by a British encyclopedia written 100 years ago, means a huge swath of north-central Africa. The Sokoto empire was also well-spread around west and central Africa at one time, so we have quite a wide area to search. However, even with that in mind, I think Nuttall may be talking rubbish here. It claims that Yokuba had a population of 150,000, which is big even now by the standards of that region. Back then it would've been even more significant. With that in mind it seems odd that

 * Google and Yahoo! searchs reveal nothing (although searching is difficult because Yokuba appears to be a word in Xhosa).
 * A wide-ranging Jstor journal search reveals one (unrelated) hit.
 * An Amazon "Search inside" of Pakenham's Scramble for Africa reveals no hits.
 * Searchs in the 2004 and 1911 Britannica reveal nothing.

 * Maybe the good reverend made a spelling mistake, but I haven't found it yet. Pcb21| Pete 15:40, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The list of trade goods does not help. indigo grows throughout tropical africa, cotton was grown on both the west and east coasts, tobacco suggests the slave trade on the west, which puts us back into sokoto, and so I'm going to spend some more time looking at old maps of what is now Nigeria...... Rick Boatright 00:59, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Good luck. It probably is bad spelling of an obsolete name. However if you don't get anywhere. There is precedent for declaring certain entries in Nuttall as plain wrong and wiping them from the list - page done! Pcb21| Pete 07:40, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

One to go.

 * I've made an edit to the wikipedia page indicating that the location may be wrong or is at least currently indeterminate... I think we could call this done.  Rick Boatright 18:36, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. Any reason why we shouldn't mark this done? Womble 13:05, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

I've marked this as done, on the main page. JesseW 22:10, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Dale Keown

Dale Keown (born July 23, 1962) is a Canadian comic book artist known for his runs on The Incredible Hulk and his creator-owned comic book Pitt.

Career
Keown started working in comics in 1986 drawing several series for Aircel Comics, including Samurai, Elflord, Dragon Ring (later Dragonforce), and Warlock 5.

Keown moved to Marvel Comics in 1989, where he first worked on Nth Man: the Ultimate Ninja, before replacing Jeff Purves on The Incredible Hulk. Keown worked on Hulk with writer Peter David, creating one of the more memorable runs of the book. David has named Keown one of the three artists whose art has mostly closely matched the visuals he conceived when writing a comic book scripts (the others being George Pérez and Leonard Kirk).

He left in 1993, to start publishing his self-created Pitt at Image Comics. Keown was originally offered "founder" status at Image after Whilce Portacio withdrew to deal with his sister's illness but declined due to having a criminal record making traveling outside of Canada difficult. In 1995, publication of Pitt was moved over to Keown's own company, Full Bleed Studios.

He eventually began working for other companies once more, drawing The Darkness for Top Cow and teaming up with Peter David once more with Hulk: The End for Marvel. Keown also drew a crossover featuring The Darkness and the Hulk.

Keown drew many of the pictures for the Hulk memorabilia that was released to coincide with the 2003 feature film Hulk.

In 2009 Keown illustrated the three-issue crossover of The Darkness / Pitt, which was written by Paul Jenkins. It was preceded by a special preview book released in December 2006.

Keown worked with Milo Ventimiglia on Top Cow Productions' Berserker, which premiered June 2009.

Aircel Publishing

 * Dragonforce #1-12 (1988–89) -from #5 it was published by Malibu Comics-
 * Dragonring #9-15 (1987–88)
 * Samurai #13-16 (full art); #23 (among other artists) (1986–87)
 * Warlock 5 #16-17 (1988)

DC

 * Superman, vol. 2, #170 (2001)

Image

 * Darkness, vol. 2, #1-6 (2002)
 * The Darkness/Pitt #1-3 (2009)
 * Pitt #1-20 (1993–99) -from #10 it was published by Full Bleed Studios-
 * Tomb Raider: Journeys (Darkness) #8 (2002)
 * Youngblood (Pitt) #4 (1993)

Marvel

 * Incredible Hulk #367, 369-377, 379, 381-388, 390-393, 395-398 (1990-1992)
 * Hulk: The End, one-shot (2002)
 * Incredible Hulk: Last Call #1 (2019)
 * Maestro (Vol. 1) #1-3, 5 (2020)
 * Giant-Size Hulk #1 (2006)
 * Avengers (Vol. 5) #34.1 (2014)
 * Avengers (Vol. 8) #26, 39 (2019-2020)
 * Heroes Reborn (Vol. 2) #2 (2021)
 * Nth Man (Vol. 1) #8 (1990)

Image/Marvel

 * Hulk/Pitt, one-shot (1996)
 * The Darkness/Hulk, one-shot (2004)

title: Dale Keown


text:
May 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

May 7 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 9

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 21 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For May 8th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 25.

Saints

 * Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, the "beloved disciple" of the Lord (c. 101)
 * The holy group of Soldier Martyrs
 * Saint Augustina the Martyr, in Byzantium
 * Saint Agathius (Acacius of Byzantium) (303)
 * Saint Emilia, mother of saints Macrina, Basil the Great, Naucratius, Peter of Sebaste, and Gregory of Nyssa (375)
 * Saint Arsenius the Great, of Scetis (448)
 * Saint Hierax (Ierakos) of Egypt (5th century)
 * Saint Milles the Melodist (hymnographer), monk

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Hieromartyr Dionysius of Vienne (193)
 * Martyr Victor of Milan (Victor the Moor, Victor Maurus) (c. 303)
 * Saint Helladius of Auxerre (387)
 * Saint Gybrian (Gobrian) of Ireland, Priest (509)
 * Saint Desideratus, successor of St Arcadius as Bishop of Bourges, in France (550)
 * Saint Iduberga, foundress of Nivelles (Nijvel), (Neth.) (652)
 * Saint Benedict II, Pope of Rome (685)
 * Hieromartyr Indract of Glastonbury, and his companions at Shapwick (c. 7th or 8th century) (see also: February 5)
 * Saints Wiro (Bishop of Utrecht) (710), Plechelm (730), and Hierodeacon Otger (Odger) (8th century), Missionary bishops in the Maas Valley at Limburg
 * Saint Macarius of Ghent, archbishop (1012)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Saint Pimen the Faster, of the Far Caves in Kiev (c. 1141)
 * Venarable Cassian, recluse and faster of the Kiev Caves (13th-14th centuries)
 * Saint Arsenius the Lover of Labor, of the Kiev Caves (14th century)
 * The Monks Zosima and Adrian of Volokolamsk, founders of the Sestrinsk monastery on the banks of the River Sestra (15th-16th centuries)

New martyrs and confessors

 * Martyr Nicephorus Zaitsev (1942)

Other commemorations

 * Apparition of the Archangel Michael on Mount Gargano near Manfredonia in southern Italy, to Bishop Laurence of Siponto, in memory of which the famous Monastery of the Archangel was founded (c. 490)
 * Commemoration of the miraculous healing of blinded Stephen by the Most Holy Theotokos of Kassiopi, Corfu (1530)
 * Translation of the relics (1785) of St. Arsenius of Novgorod, Fool-for-Christ (1570)
 * Schema-hieromonk Michael of Valaam, Confessor for the Orthodox Calendar (1934)

title: May 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text: Category:Swedish sociologists

title: Category:Swedish sociologists


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Fatehpur, Rajasthan

Fatehpur is a city in the Sikar district of Indian state Rajasthan. It is part of the Shekhawati region. It is midway between Sikar city and Bikaner on National Highway 52. It is also the land to Havelis built by Marwari Seth's. It also has many Kuldevi Temples of the Agarwal community for Bajoria,Bindal, Saraf, Chamadia, Choudhary, Goenka, Lohia, Singhania, Saraogi, Bhartia Families. It is famous for its extreme weather conditions throughout the year. In winters, the minimum temperature falls below 0 °C at night for many days making it the coldest town in India in non mountainous region. In summer the temperature rises to 50 °C in the afternoon making it one of the hottest places in India. 1985 Bollywood film Ghulami starting Dharmendra, Naseeruddin Shah, Mithun Chakraborty and Smita Patil was extensively shot here in many of its havelis and the railway station.

Fatehpur Shekhawati Railway Station
Fatehpur Shekhawati Railway station is in Sikar district making it an important railway station in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The station code name of Fatehpur Shekhawati is "FPS". As part of one of the busiest and populated Indian states, Rajasthan, the Fatehpur Shekhawati railway station is known amongst the top hundred train ticket booking and train traveling stations of the Indian Railway. The total number of trains that pass through Fatehpur Shekhawati (FPS) junction is 20.

History
Fatehpur was established by Fateh Khan Kayamkhani in 1449. Shekhawats later defeated Kayamkhanis and took over Fatehpur and other areas from them. It is also said that Rao Fateh Singh, the then Rao of Sikar founded Fatehpur in 1515. I After it remained under them till Independence. It is also a location of battle with Maratha invaders in 1799 called the Battle of Fatehpur. Fought between the Maratha Kingdom of Gwalior supported by General George Thomas and the Rajput Kingdom of Jaipur under Sawai Pratap Singh and Rora Ram Ji Khawas, which resulted in a decisive Jaipur victory.

Geography
Fatehpur is located at 27.98°N, 74.95°W. It has an average elevation of 324 metres (1066 ft). It is home to very rare Jojoba farm.

Behlim Kingdom 1922

Behlim Kingdom is a Heritage Haveli built in the year 1922 by the legendary, Haji Deen Mohammad Behlim, one of the prominent figures of the region.

Qureshi Farm
The livestock farm was constructed in October 2011 and was officially inaugurated by the local MLA Bhanwaru Khan and Senior Yaqub Haji on 30 April 2012. The project 'Empower rural India through Goat farming via social media' landed the owner Akbar Khan Qureshi as the Top 3 humanitarian projects worldwide by Nations United. The farm conducts research on breed development and maintains pedigree of Indian goats and camels.

Nadine Cultural Centre
A haveli was purchased in 1998 by French artist Nadine a descendant of prestigious French painter Jean-Baptiste Le Prince. The "Nand Lal Devra Haveli" (meaning "The Haveli of Nandlal Devra": Nandlal Devra is the name of the merchant who constructed the haveli) was originally built in 1802 by a rich family of traders, the Devras, who were officers at the court of the local Maharaja. Since then, Nadine Le Prince has entirely restored the palace and all the frescoes. She is doing much to preserve and restore the heritage of havelis throughout Shekhawati, working with other associations to give the havelis a second life.

Besides, she has opened a cultural center where her most precious paintings are exhibited along with many French and Indian modern artists' works to mingle old and contemporary art. The Kala Dirga Gallery of Contemporary Art features pieces made by artists about India; the Saraswati Gallery covers traditional themes of Rajasthan, through painting. In addition, there are two little Tribal Art Galleries exhibiting the artistic work of tribes, as Patachitras and Madhubani. The aim of the project is to offer the visitor a large panorama of works and visions of India; the exhibited artists and art are from France, from Jaipur Fine Art School and local Shekhawati painters.

Le Prince has established a program of artists in residence and plans to organize other cultural events, such as dance and music shows, to make this enchanting palace become a lively place for art in all forms.

Dwarkadheesh Temple
The Dwarkadheesh Temple popularly known as 'Asharam Temple' was built in the 19th century by the sons of Seth Asharam Ji Poddar in memory of their father. The murals of this temple are representative of the famous Shekhawati wall paintings also known as 'Open Air Art Gallery'.

The Lohia's are now spread in various cities of India as well as Nepal.

Saraf Haveli
This haveli was built around 200 years ago. It is a destination for tourists visiting Fatehpur Shekhawati. The walls are decorated with original mural oil paintings. Its wooden doors are aesthetically crafted.

Sitaram Kedia Ki Haveli
This haveli was constructed by Seth Shree Bohitram Kedia, grandfather of the late Sitaram Kedia. Rajendra Kumar Kedia is an eminent author and book lover. He and his son Anurag Kedia are the current owners.

The haveli has two chawnks or courtyards a garden with fountain at back and Naals on both sides; the wall paintings are traditional. It has a library and modern baths. It was first haveli in Fatehpur to have electricity (via generators) and called Bijliwali Haveli. In 1931 AD Sitaram Kedia was married to the daughter of Bajaj family of Bisau. On this occasion Rao Raja Maharaj Shri Kalyan Singh Ji Bahadur of Sikar Thikana came to bless the couple. Seth Shree Bohitram Kedia brought an aeroplane (popularly called 'Cheel Gadi' or eagle craft) to scatter invitations printed on handkerchiefs for all and flower petals on His Royal Highness. Pleased with the courtesy and respect His Royal Highness granted the family of Seth Shree Bohitram Kedia permission was given to wear gold ornaments below their waist (a privilege that only royals enjoyed in that era).

Although most rooms are locked one can visit the haveli free of any charge, courtesy the Kedia family: Sitaram Kedia Ki Haveli, opposite Poddar Girls School, near Roadways bus stand, Fatehpur Shekhawati, Rajasthan.

Goenka Haveli
The Mahaveer Prasad Goenka Haveli Fatehpur established in 1870 is one of the best havelis in Fatehpur. The frescos and murals at the haveli are reflective of the craftsmanship that flourished in the area. The Goenkas were and still are affluent businessmen. Their haveli is one of the best to be seen in the Shekhawati Region. The havelis in Rajasthan in general and the havelis in Shekhawati in particular are famous for their colorful frescos. These havelis were owned by rich traders, for whom the havelis for most part served as symbols of status. However, the families then also used to be huge and anything less than a mansion in terms of size, would have been hard put to accommodate a family.

Moreover, business was also usually collectively owned by the members of the family- brothers or kins. The sharing of the sources of income led to the sharing of the same roof and more.

Description :

The Mahaveer Prasad Goenka Haveli Fatehpur In India has excellent paintings on the walls. Many of the paintings depict Lord Krishna's pastimes- his flirtations with the gopinis, his romance with Radha, are some of the most commonly seen. Lord Krishna happened to be an interesting and common subject for frescos all over Rajasthan, considering the popularity of the god in the region.

The main highlight of the Mahaveer Prasad Goenka Haveli In Fatehpur Rajasthan is the painted ceiling in an upstairs room. The Mahaveer Prasad Goenka Haveli Fatehpur Rajasthan can be reached by taking the main road north from the bus stand, and then turning left at the main intersection. The house to the left of the Mahaveer Prasad Goenka Haveli Fatehpur also has nice mirror work another common feature when it comes to discussing fresco art in Rajasthan.

Again, like most havelis in Shekhawati, the Mahaveer Prasad Goenka Haveli Fatehpur opens with a massive carved wooden gate. The gate opens into an outer courtyard. This outer courtyard then leads to a smaller inner courtyard. The havelis in Rajasthan are built around an elaborate network of courtyards. The bigger the Haveli, the larger number of courtyards it would have and the more particular they would be to preserve the sanctity of the women of the family- prohibiting them from having a glance of the outer world.

Jainism in Fatehpur
The Kashthasangh sect of Jainism continued to be practiced in Fatehpur among the Agrwals during the Kayam Khani rule, as attested by inscriptions of Samvat 1685, 1739, and then during the Shekhawat rule in  sam. 1861.

title: Fatehpur, Rajasthan


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Basil Hume

George Basil Hume (born George Haliburton Hume; 2 March 1923 – 17 June 1999) was an English Catholic bishop. He was a monk and priest of the English Benedictine monastery of Ampleforth Abbey and its abbot for 13 years until his appointment as Archbishop of Westminster in 1976. His elevation to the cardinalate followed during the same year. From 1979, Hume served also as president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. He held these appointments until his death from cancer in 1999. His final resting place is at Westminster Cathedral in the Chapel of St Gregory and St Augustine.

During his lifetime, Hume received wide respect from the general public which went beyond the Catholic community. Following his death, a statue of him in his monastic habit and wearing his abbatial cross was erected in his home town of Newcastle upon Tyne outside St Mary's Cathedral (opposite Newcastle station); it was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II.

Early life and ministry
Hume was born George Haliburton Hume at 4 Ellison Place in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1923, to Sir William Errington Hume (1879–1960) and Marie Elizabeth (née Tisseyre) Hume (d. 1979). His father was a Protestant and a cardiac physician from Scotland, and his mother the French Catholic daughter of an army officer. He had three sisters and one brother.

Hume was a pupil at the independent school Ampleforth College between the ages of 13 and 18. After finishing his studies there, he entered the novitiate of the Benedictine monastery at Ampleforth Abbey in North Yorkshire in 1941, at the age of 18. He received the habit and the monastic name of Basil. He was solemnly professed in 1945.

After Ampleforth, Hume went on to study at St Benet's Hall, Oxford, a Benedictine institution, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in modern history. As it was impossible to study Catholic theology at Oxford at the time, he went on to the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, to complete his theological studies, earning a Licence in Sacred Theology.

Hume was ordained a priest on 23 July 1950. He then returned to Ampleforth to teach religious education, history, French and German. He served as head of the school's Department of Modern Languages before becoming the abbot of Ampleforth in 1963.

Hume was a lifelong fan of jogging, squash and Newcastle United F.C. He once described getting an autograph from Jackie Milburn, the Newcastle United legend, as one of his "proudest achievements".

Archbishop
On 9 February 1976, Hume was appointed Archbishop of Westminster, the highest ranking prelate in the Catholic Church in England and Wales, by Pope Paul VI. He was not considered the most obvious choice for the post of archbishop as he had lacked visible pastoral experience of running a diocese and, as the first monk to hold the post since the 1850 restoration of the English hierarchy, he was seen to be something of an outsider. Receiving news of the appointment during dinner, Hume later remarked, "I must confess I did not enjoy the rest of the meal."

Hume received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 March (the feast of the Annunciation) from Archbishop Bruno Heim in Westminster Cathedral. Bishops Basil Butler OSB and John McClean served as co-consecrators.

Cardinal
Hume was created Cardinal-Priest of San Silvestro in Capite by Paul VI in the consistory of 24 May 1976. He was one of the cardinal electors in the conclaves of August and October 1978. He was considered by many the most "papabile" Englishman since Cardinal Pole in 1548–1550.

Early in his time as archbishop, Hume found himself involved in the 1981 Irish hunger strike. He visited Derry in April 1981 and stated in a letter to Edward Daly, the Bishop of Derry, that "a hunger strike to death is a form of violence to one's self and violence leads to violence." After the death of Bobby Sands in May 1981, debate over the moral aspects of the strike in The Tablet and whether or not it constituted suicide took place. Following the deaths of Patsy O'Hara and Raymond McCreesh later that month, Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich asked the British government to acquiesce to the hunger strikers' basic demands, seeking to focus more on the question of injustice leading to such an event, while the English Catholic Church preferred to focus on the question of suicide more heavily.

Even after becoming an archbishop, Hume never ceased to see himself as a Benedictine monk first and to interpret his duties in the light of those of a Benedictine abbot: "He must hate faults but love the brothers." (Rule of St Benedict, ch. 64:11).

Hume was seen as moderate in his theological positions, trying to please both liberals and conservatives. While condemning homosexual acts, for instance, he accepted the validity of love between gay people. Moreover, he was opposed to women priests but described most detractors of Humanae vitae as "good, conscientious and faithful". Despite that comment, Hume supported Humanae vitae and regretted that the British government would rely on using condoms to address AIDS.

Hume's time in office saw Catholicism become more accepted in British society than it had been for 400 years, culminating in the first visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Westminster Cathedral in 1995. He had previously read the Epistle at the enthronement of Robert Runcie as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1980. It was also during his tenure in Westminster that Pope John Paul II made a historic visit to England in 1982.

In 1998, Hume asked John Paul II for permission to retire, expressing the wish to return to Ampleforth and devote his last years to peace and solitude, fly fishing and following his beloved Newcastle United Football Club. The request was refused.

In April 1999, Hume revealed that he had terminal cancer. On 2 June of that year, Queen Elizabeth awarded him the Order of Merit. He died just over two weeks later, June 17, in Westminster, London, at age 76. After a funeral service broadcast live on national television, he was buried in Westminster Cathedral. John Paul II, in his message of condolence to the Church in England and Wales, praised Hume as a "shepherd of great spiritual and moral character".

Hume was the last Archbishop of Westminster to employ a gentiluomo. The gentiluomo were a form of ceremonial bodyguard who accompanied the archbishops on formal occasions. As the role had become archaic, no new gentiluomo were appointed after the death of Hume's gentiluomo, Anthony Bartlett OBE, in 2001.

Hume was accused of "hushing up" a suspected sexual abuse scandal at Ampleforth College by not calling in the police when he received a complaint from parents in 1975 about Father Piers Grant-Ferris, the son of a Tory peer at Gilling Castle Prep (now St Martin's Ampleforth). In 2005, Grant-Ferris admitted 20 incidents of child abuse. This was not an isolated incident and involved other monks and lay members. In 2005, the Yorkshire Post reported: "Pupils at a leading Roman Catholic school suffered decades of abuse from at least six paedophiles following a decision by former Abbot Basil Hume not to call in police at the beginning of the scandal."

In 1984, Hume nominated Jimmy Savile as a member of the Athenaeum, a gentlemen's club in London's Pall Mall. Following the posthumous revelation of Savile's repeated sexual abuse of minors, members of the club have criticised Hume's nomination of him for causing embarrassment to the club.

Legacy
Hume was regularly named Britain's most popular religious figure in opinion polls and this was attributed by some to the great humility and warmth with which he treated everyone he met, regardless of their religion or background.
 * A statue of Hume was erected in his home town of Newcastle and unveiled by the Queen in 2002.
 * The Cardinal Hume Centre based in Westminster works to improve the lives of homeless young people, families and other vulnerable and socially excluded members of society.
 * The Cardinal Hume Rose is named after him.
 * Cardinal Hume Catholic School has been opened in Beacon Lough, part of Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. It replaces the ageing St Edmund Campion School and accommodates over 1,000 students.
 * The Hume Theatre of St Mary's Catholic School, Bishop's Stortford, is named after him. He opened it a few years before he died.
 * The Hume building of St. Mary's Menston school, opened in 2001, is named after him.
 * The Basil Hume Scholarship is a set of scholarships awarded to new pupils at Ampleforth College.

Writings
He also wrote To Be a Pilgrim, Searching for God, The Mystery of Love and Footprints of the Northern Saints.

National orders

 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Order of Merit

Foreign orders

 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Order pro merito Melitensi

Other

 * Member of the Athenaeum Club, London
 * Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)

title: Basil Hume


text:
Talk:Palmarian Christian Church

Dress code
I was a member os this church, they had some very strict rules. Women were not allowed to wear trousers,they had to wear skirts below the knees. men had to wear trousers,then someone complaind that jeans were to tight, so jeans were banned. you all had to wear long sleaves. you were banned from goin swimming and going to the beach. You were not allowed to used contraception. If you were in a violent relationship the priets would persuad you to stay with your partner. You were made to tell your children that father christmas was not real. You were not allowed to let your children listen to music as it poisoned their minds. You were banned from walking in any other church grounds or graveyards, and were not allowed to take part in religious education as school. The religion was quite brain washing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wilkie123 (talk • contribs) 20:52, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Some of this is to be expected. Marian devotees are usually pretty strict on dress, contraception, staying in abusive marriages to try to work it out, and what kind of music you could listen to. That's why I quit the sodality I was involved with in college. --Bluejay Young (talk) 21:16, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I was a member as a young child. Im so greatful that my mother desided to leave. I was bullied at school for being the 'weird' kid, who wore skirts, couldnt go swimming etc. And as i used to have to sit out during Religious education classes a lot of the other teachers thought it was because i was a 'Bad' child.
 * It was very brain washing. I remember the excitement i felt when my mum told me we were leaving the church! She went out and bought me My 1st pair of jeans and a swimming costume! I was over the moon. I ran round to all my friends houses to show them my new clothes.
 * That day was probly the best day of my life as i no longer wore skirts in my gym class. I GOT SHORTS :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.40.132.242 (talk) 01:26, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
 * WP:Not a forum. What has this to do with editing the Article? The Mysterious El Willstro (talk) 04:09, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Eating clay-like paste
When I stayed with a family who followed this religion (in the 1980s) one of their customs was to eat some form of light-coloured paste or clay-like pate with meals. They even offered it to me but I refused as it seemed distinctly mineral in nature rather than animal or vegetable - it certainly was not food in any ordinary sense. I think it might have just been the local soil/stone ground up but the PCC followers obviously thought it had some religious powers or significance. What, one wonders? Also, as regards who the followers were, many of them had come from overseas: France, Portugal, UK and elsewhere. Can anyone elaborate on these points to expand the article? AnotherPath (talk) 13:52, 25 October 2013 (UTC)
 * There is an article about geophagia, but I never heard it related to this church. --Error (talk) 14:49, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Connections
Probably the most famous person associated with the Palmarian „movement“ ist singer Sinéad O'Connor (via the Michael Cox (Clergyman) fraction). None of that appears in this article, though. Does anyone know of a  good source? --AndreasPraefcke 07:08, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Bishop Michael Cox
Bishop Michael Cox of the Irish Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church, who ordained Sinead O'Connor as priest, claims valid orders through the Palmarian Catholic Church. Is it true? Was he in communion with the PCC when he ordained her? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 00:53, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

Cult
A 2011 TV3, Dublin, exposé described it as a cult which "forbids its members from even speaking to non-Palmarians." According to Magnus Lundberg, it "has been described as a manipulative sect, based on the unquestionable authority of the leaders and an increasing separation from the world outside the church." Lundberg wrote that "some researchers" have "looked upon the Palmarians as a dangerous sect" in which "abuse was common."

I am parking this here because I am not sure how much to include and remain neutral. After watching the video segments and seeing photos of the compound perimeter that includes a high wall with concertina wire along with a guard dog run, I think the cult aspect should be included in the article after more sources are found. –BoBoMisiu (talk) 22:43, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

Adding/Removing content
This page was built by people who either have incorrect information choose to have selected information. The Holy Apostolic Palmarian Church Wishes nothing to do with the content on this page and views it as incorrect. The information on here has led to harassment of the members of this church and from now on will not be tolerated. The content on this page that declares this church to be a sect/cult is not correct and should be removed, immediately. — Preceding unsigned comment added by PatrickWalsh (talk • contribs) 00:59, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

 * @PatrickWalsh: The description as a cult is based on a TV3 documentary. In what ways are you asserting their research is faulty? We do not remove content from pages because it makes the subject look bad; WP:NPOV actually encourages making sure we look at the subject from all angles. —C.Fred (talk) 01:02, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

 * On looking further, I see your concern with the current version of the page. Although the TV3 documentary is mentioned here on the talk page, it's not mentioned on the article. —C.Fred (talk) 01:05, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

@c.fred, yes this is a concern. The TV3 documentary was done without any corresponding with current members of the church. Everything is done from the outside looking in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by PatrickWalsh (talk • contribs) 01:35, 4 June 2017 (UTC) Another notion, the mention of sects and cults on this page is incorrect according to gotQuestion.com "Steven Hassan singles out what he refers to as “destructive cults,” which he defines as “a pyramid-shaped authoritarian regime with a person or group of people that have dictatorial control. It uses deception in recruiting new members (e.g. people are NOT told up front what the group is, what the group actually believes and what will be expected of them if they become members).” Hassan also correctly points out that cults are not only religious; they may also be commercial or secular in nature." This is not the case in Palmar. Members and new members are told up front what the church expects and believes and the members have their own free will. They can leave when they so choose. By singling out norms that the Palmarians abide by as describing them as a cult is incorrect. PatrickWalsh (talk) 03:19, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

"Popular References"
Should there be a "popular references" section or something here? The only thing that I know of that would be there is Dan Brown's new book Origin - which is a (very) negative reference, but I'm sure there are others. Jimw338 (talk) 18:24, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

Pope Peter II
Great Doctor, vilely calumniated and betrayed, Cofounder of the Order of Carmelites of the Holy Face, Patriarch of El Palmar de Troya, Second principal column of the Church of Christ in the spiritual desert of El Palmar de Troya, Protector and Defender of the Holy Palmarian Christian Church, Magnanimous Collaborator in Palmarian Doctrine and Discipline, Aflame with the zeal of Elias, Pre-eminent Solar Luminary of the Church.

Called Manuel Alonso Corral in the world, he was born in Cabeza del Buey, Badajoz, Spain, at six in the morning on Thursday 22nd of November 1934, feastday of Saint Cecilia, virgin and martyr; so that he was given the second Christian name of Cecil. A few days later he was baptized in the Parish Church.

His father, Joseph Alonso Píriz, a native of Zamora, was a State Schoolmaster by profession. Deeply Catholic, he was faithful to the political ideals of the National Movement. His mother, Juliana Corral García, a fervent Catholic, canonized by her son Pope Saint Peter II on the 8th of May 2011, was born in a town called Alhocén, in Guadalajara, though her parents were from El Vellón, Madrid, where they resided. Manuel’s parents met and married while his father was a schoolmaster in this last town, until later transferred to Cabeza del Buey. They had seven children, five boys and two girls, Manuel being the fourth child.

During his early childhood it was his lot to live, in his native town, the Glorious Spanish Civil War, in the red zone, until shortly before the end of the hostilities. There, in Cabeza del Buey, it fell to him to suffer the misfortunes and trials of the conflict Spain was undergoing. His father, known as a Catholic schoolmaster ever loyal to the cause of Saint Francisco Franco, was the object of persecution by the town communists, without his firmness weakening on that account; and though his life was at risk, with inexpressible heroism he ever rejected any favourable offer which might have involved betraying his holy religious and political ideals. The family had to bear with bombardments, refuges, flights into the country, until his father performed the valorous and unforgettable feat of passing over with his wife and three young children from the red zone to the National zone, making their way between the two fronts until reaching the city of Zamora, where relatives of his lived.

Once the war had ended in 1939, Manuel being five years old, the family moved from Zamora to El Vellón, Madrid, where his mother’s sisters lived with Jesus, his next elder brother. Shortly afterwards they returned to Cabeza del Buey, until his father was appointed teacher in El Vellón, where Manuel made his First Holy Communion. From there, in the year 1944, at some nine years of age, he went to live in Madrid, where his father definitively practised his profession.

Madrid was the city in which he grew up, and which he loved so deeply that he considered himself a Madrileño at heart, as much or more so than if he had been born there, being deeply imbued with its beautiful and colourful customs, its pious traditions and its entire cultural, political and historical personality.

His first formal schooling in Madrid was at the Vázquez de Mella School. At eleven years of age he passed the entrance exam to study at San Isidro’s College for his school leaving certificate. There he did the seven years of the then Bachillerato Superior. He passed his final exam in the old Central University building, obtaining the certificate of Bachiller Superior on the 12th of July 1954. In October that same year, he began to study Law, as an external student, as sickness prevented him from always attending class.

It is well to mention that his pious parents took pains to give, both to him and to all their other children, a solid religious formation, as they practised their religion with the most conscientious scrupulosity and submission to Holy Mother Church. He did not remember them ever saying one word which might have offended or been injurious to any Priest. With admirable zeal, his parents, even when their children had grown into youths, made sure to take them to Mass, to confession and to Holy Communion, at least on Sundays, Holydays and First Fridays of the month.

Thanks be to God, during his childhood and youth, though with the normal ups and downs, he led a life of piety and apostolate within the parish catechesis and the ranks of Catholic Action, with all his heart helping his two elder brothers, Joseph and Jesus, who held posts. His brother Saint Joseph Alonso Corral became Youth President. Manuel’s youth in Madrid was very happy, since despite the family’s many sufferings owing to serious illnesses, he was full of enthusiasm, especially for his studies, literature, and art. His father often took them to concerts, classical theatre performances, the El Prado museum and many other cultural centres. Nonetheless, his greatest aspirations were focused on one day entering the religious life. How much was he to suffer on that account! For he always found his desires of entering some monastery frustrated owing to his very precarious health. For this reason he was heartbroken for many years. Nonetheless, inwardly he always clung to that hope, which was later realized in El Palmar de Troya, Seville, Spain. The age of eighteen was crucial for him, as he came to be more aware of the realities of the spiritual life, and gave himself up fully to religious practices, coming to attain a deep love of purity. In the Church of ‘San Pedro el Real’ in Madrid, popularly known as the Church of La Paloma, he met an elderly lady called Mary Valiente López. He learnt important things about the spiritual life from her; above all, devotion to Our Mother of Perpetual Succour, from which he was to receive so many favours. When Pope, he was to canonize her on the 21st of June 2009.

From eighteen years of age, he began to have contact with the Redemptorist Fathers, and he was filled with enthusiasm at the rural missionary spirit of this Religious Order, and with the deep devotion they professed to the Most Holy Virgin Mary under the title of Our Mother of Perpetual Succour. He felt so drawn to their piety that he took one of those Friars as spiritual director. His devotion to the Most Holy Virgin Mary began to turn almost into delirium, as not for one moment could he cease to think of Her. He wanted to be sure of Her protection. To do so, at eighteen years of age, on the 25th of July, Feast of Apostle Saint James, he made a solemn vow of Marian Slavery before the Perpetual Succour picture; a vow he renewed every year from then on until his death. He felt deeply protected by the Virgin, and placed all his hope in Her. But Marian devotion was not limited to a mere outburst of fervour, as it infused great love for the Eucharist in him, and he made every effort not to lose Holy Mass and Communion one single day, and moreover to pray the Holy Rosary. At that time, he was very ill with lung trouble, with little hope of a swift recovery, for whenever he made some effort proper to the ordinary life, he relapsed and had to take to bed. Every year he went with great fervour to the novena held by the Redemptorists to Our Mother of Perpetual Succour. As he suffered greatly from his illness, he used to ask the Most Holy Virgin for his cure. At the end of the year 1955, he began to feel a certain conviction that, in the following novena to Our Mother of Perpetual Succour, She would cure him completely, a conviction which deepened every time he looked at the Perpetual Succour picture. On the 7th of February 1956, his saintly brother Joseph died, to his and the whole family’s great grief. In the following month of May, he attended the novena to the Virgin as usual, and from then on never again had lung trouble. The doctors who later saw him were amazed to see how well he had healed.

Some months after his brother’s death, in the year 1956, when twenty-one years of age, as he found himself in good health, he began to work at the Nuclear Energy Board, thanks to a cousin of his who had a job there as a mining engineer. It was a great joy for him to be able to earn his living and at the same time continue his Law studies, to which he felt singularly drawn. It cost him great efforts and almost heroic sacrifice to continue with his studies: because of his work he had to rise up very early every morning so as not to lose Holy Mass and Communion, since his workday began at eight in the morning and finished at six in the evening, with a short break for a meal. Once over, he stayed on at his office to study until very late, then returning home. He suffered greatly from lack of sleep; since he scarcely had time to rest, and besides had trouble falling asleep.

His concern to receive Holy Communion daily led him very often to make great sacrifices; and God’s action was frequently noted, so that he might not be deprived of that supernatural nourishment. It was quite usual for him to rush through Madrid’s streets in all haste, going from church to church, looking for one where he could receive Holy Communion, taking advantage of the breaks between classes when attending the university in the evening. He rarely missed Holy Communion, as he sought It every day so earnestly.

He obtained his degree in Law in June of 1963. This was a great joy for him, as it had cost him many privations; for while others, after their work in the office, went out to enjoy themselves, or at least to relax, he had stayed on inside studying for long hours. In the year 1964, the Nuclear Energy Board granted him a scholarship to do Management Studies. The new course likewise meant great sacrifices for him. For once his work at the Board ended, he had to attend class from seven in the evening until ten at night, and then at home settle down to study. If previously he slept little, he now slept less. But these studies allowed him greater facility for fulfilling his religious duties; since in the Jesuit college where he was doing this course, there was naturally a chapel, where it was easy for him to hear Mass and communicate. The course on business studies lasted three years and, thanks be to God, he came through the exams each time with excellent marks; above all the last, despite having spent one month ill in bed with hepatitis and another month convalescing. In June of 1967, the studies ended, with the corresponding Degree.

He combined his work and study with the apostolate of Catholic Action. He also used to visit hospitals on Sundays, instructing and consoling the sick. Until twenty-eight years of age, his apostolic life was very intense, as he devoted all his free time to it. On one occasion he did the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius with the Jesuits, living in, and he was assured that he was of no use at all for the religious life; nonetheless, those exercises were very beneficial to him and a great experience. He also took part in short courses on Christianity, thus strengthening his spirituality, which was beginning to wane. Yet as from twenty-eight years of age, when he had more contact with the world, he found himself being dragged along by his human weaknesses, until then almost dormant in him, with the resultant constant struggle of falling and rising up; since despite his many falls, he never wholly gave up, as he confessed and communicated very often. They were years of great interior suffering, indescribable desolation and almost despair. Still, in the midst of this black whirlpool, in a dream he was given to know that the Most Holy Virgin Mary would help him to overcome Satan, with a new resurgence of his spiritual life; which was later to be fulfilled in El Palmar de Troya. In the dream, he saw an enormous shadow hurling him over a tremendous precipice, and saw that someone held him back and freed him from falling into the abyss.

He was always deeply enamoured of literature and the arts. From an early age, as has been said, his father instilled in him, as in the other children, love for good books, paintings and other forms of culture not opposed to the Law of God. His mother had less free time for this, owing to her many duties at home; though she also shared her husband’s interests. Every work of literature fascinated Manuel; above all poetry. From his youth he read the Spanish classics: Saint Teresa of Jesus, Saint John of the Cross, Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Saint Peter Calderón de la Barca, and so forth… And likewise the luminaries of romanticism, contemporary writers, and so on. He eventually wrote a good number of poems, and won first prize for one in a poetry competition; though when he became a religioso he burnt all his writings.

Towards the end of 1966, in Madrid, when he was still doing Business Studies, through a friend he met the superior of the Saint John of God Brothers, who lived in the sanatorium house of Our Father Jesus of Great Power in Seville. Without Manuel having made him any proposal, the superior offered him a post in the Insurance Company and the Workshops of this Institute, so that he might organize the administration and the accounts. Manuel told him that he agreed, but that beforehand he had to obtain his second Degree. It pleased him deeply to go and live in Seville, a city which he had recently visited twice, and whose extraordinary beauty had seduced him. His degree obtained, he asked for leave from the Nuclear Energy Board and they granted him one year.

On the 15th of January 1968, he arrived in Seville by car, accompanied by his mother and a brother. He was received with great affection and consideration by the superior of the Saint John of God Brothers. He began his work checking over all the money being deposited in the Spanish banks and savings institutions on the occasion of the great campaign which the superior was carrying out for the construction of the Saint John of God City in the province of Seville. Afterwards, he devoted himself to watching over and organizing the Insurance Company of Saint Raphael and Saint John of God, which had fallen into complete chaos; and with much work and prudence, he was able to set it to rights. He felt very happy working at this task. He was well liked and regarded by all, religiosos, children and workers. He laboured with great enthusiasm; especially because he was dealing with a Catholic Social undertaking. He took no account of sacrifices made and enjoyed the great confidence of the superior and of the other religiosos.

His coming to Seville, a very beautiful provincial capital, was shortly afterwards linked to one of the most transcendent events in history: the Apparitions of the Most Holy Virgin Mary in El Palmar de Troya, and Manuel’s association with the principal seer, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez.

On the 30th of March 1968, the Most Holy Virgin of Carmel appeared for the first time over a lentisk-tree (lentisco) in the La Alcaparrosa property, to four girls from the village: Raphaela, Ana, Josepha and Ana. This shrub called lentisk was plentiful on the property. Nothing remains of the lentisk tree of the first apparition, since the devotees used to cut its branches off as precious relics. A small wooden Cross was set up in the exact Place, and around it prayers were recited and the seers received heavenly visits. Later on, Clemente by then a seer, the Sacred Face of Jesus and the Imagen of Our Mother of El Palmar were set up in this place of the Lentisco. In this way the spot chosen by the Most Holy Virgin in Her first apparition was preserved. After the first four girls, other seers arose: Rosario Arenillas, from El Palmar de Troya, on the 14th of April 1968; Maria Marín, from Utrera, on the 20th of May 1968, and Maria Luisa Vila, from Seville, on the 6th of June 1968. And in that same year: Antonio Romero, José Navarro (Cayetano), Manuel Fernández, Antonio Anillos and others, all residents of El Palmar de Troya. Subsequently Arsenia Llanos, from Jerez de la Frontera, was also chosen as a seeress. Sadly, all those seers later betrayed the Work of El Palmar, and abandoned this Sacred Place of Apparitions, for varied reasons.

Manuel met Clemente in Seville on the 18th of May 1968; and it was at the precise moment determined by Providence to be able to know, follow and share the stages Clemente was to live through as a seer. As from his meeting with Clemente, their friendship grew daily closer and more sincere. Clemente had been born in this city of Seville, in a house quite close to the present apostate roman cathedral, on the 23rd of April 1946. He worked in an office as an accountant and lived quite simply. In the first days of their friendship, following a conversation they had together, Clemente revealed that in the space of a week he had had two dreams: the Most Holy Virgin had appeared to him and had vested him in the habit of Saint Dominic. Clemente told him all this in a very natural way. Manuel gave it little importance. But he, sure of the transcendence of the dreams, emphatically reaffirmed: I will be a Dominican.

When he met Clemente, Manuel had already visited the place of Apparitions out of mere curiosity, though with some respect and interest. He spoke of El Palmar to Clemente, who had also already visited it, and they travelled out to the Place of Apparitions in Manuel’s car. During the different visits they made in the year 1968, their attitude was one of respectful curiosity, for at heart they admitted that something supernatural might be taking place.

It was the 15th of October 1968. They learnt that the Most Holy Virgin, through Maria Marín, had called for many to come that day to El Palmar. He and Clemente went to El Palmar at night. When they arrived everything was over, as it was almost 11 at night. Nonetheless, something unpleasant awaited them at that hour. On reaching the entrance to the property, they observed that a number of people were still at the Lentisco. They were moving around as though dancing in a circle about a woman, while singing the Hail Marys of the Rosary, interspersed with sarcastic outbursts of laughter, guffaws and diabolic applause. The blood-curdling spectacle could be discerned at that distance thanks to some lighted candles there. They did not dare to go up to the Lentisco. They prayed some Hail Marys and went back to Seville. Some time later they were informed that a deranged woman, whom nobody knew, had sown confusion among those present by saying that she was the incarnation of the Virgin of the Pillar. From that day, he and Clemente practically ceased to visit El Palmar.

However, early in the summer of 1969, thanks to an article published in the ABC newspaper by a Jesuit Father in defence of El Palmar, they again felt an interest in those supernatural phenomena. A key date was the 15th of August 1969, Festivity of the Assumption of the Virgin. In the morning he and Clemente left to spend the day at the beach in Cadiz. But on the way they decided to make a stopover in El Palmar de Troya. A group of people were there, awaiting a Jesuit Father, who might possibly say Mass in the afternoon. Shortly afterwards this Priest arrived. They spoke with him and decided to spend the whole day there.

More pilgrims resorted there in the afternoon. The Jesuit Father said Holy Mass on an altar beside the boundary wall, outside the Apparitions site.

During Mass, Maria Luisa Vila had a vision of the Most Holy Virgin. It was the first time they had been present at an ecstasy, though they were not very close to the seeress. They received Holy Communion with much devotion and became convinced that the Apparitions of El Palmar were true. They then went up to the Lentisco, where Maria Marín, in a marvellous ecstasy, was seeing the Lord. Suddenly they heard a powerful voice that said with assurance: “Christ is present here!” Their whole being trembled. It was the first time that they had heard that the Lord was appearing in El Palmar. They also witnessed a vision of Rosario Arenillas, and noted a heady heavenly fragrance. From then on their visits to El Palmar were almost daily. They came to know the seers better, and had proofs of their authenticity.

Very significant were the frequent attentions which the Lord and the Most Holy Virgin gave to Clemente through the different seers of El Palmar, setting him out in singular fashion and showing special preference for him. Doubtlessly, Heaven was preparing the way for the one to whom Their most important Messages would later be confided.

An unforgettable day for them was the 14th of September 1969, Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. It was already night. Shortly before, they had witnessed an ecstasy of Maria Luisa Vila, which had filled them with great peace. But the Devil, making use of someone present there, disturbed Manuel’s soul, filling him with doubts. He and Clemente went down to the road. Anguished confusion, seizing hold of Manuel’s mind, made him exclaim: “I shall not come back to El Palmar as long as the Virgin does not call me!” Clemente wept. Of a sudden, a most powerful light came up from the horizon, slowly advancing until resting over the Lentisco, forming a great Cross upon a pedestal of luminous flowers with a wonderful radiance. The emotion was indescribable. He and Clemente went running back towards the Lentisco. But half way up, the marvellous vision disappeared. They asked three people praying there if they had seen anything. They looked at them in surprise, answering negatively. The seer José (Cayetano) was also there, and he confirmed their vision, and presently entered into a marvellous ecstasy.

They continued to frequent El Palmar. It was on the 30th of September 1969, when Clemente had his first vision. One year and a half had transpired from the first Apparition in El Palmar. A good number of people were praying in the Lentisco, among them the seeress Rosario Arenillas. It was nightfall. Suddenly they noted a kind of sigh from Clemente, who told them that he was seeing the figures of two people, one tall and the other shorter, walking slowly towards the Lentisco from the upper part of the property. The two figures, which were dark, whose facial features the seer was unable to discern, stopped some metres away from the Lentisco. Clemente, at the same time as he saw them, was conscious of the place and of the people around him. He understood from the details, somewhat hazy, of their bodies, that they were the Lord and Padre Pio. The vision over, the seeress Rosario Arenillas, who had also witnessed the apparition, confirmed that they were the Lord and Padre Pio. A few days later, he had an identical vision, and in the same circumstances, with the seeress Maria Luisa Vila.

From this time on, Clemente had visions frequently. He also saw the Virgin, Saint Joseph and other Saints, but in the same way as the first two visions: dark and unable to make out their faces. The 8th of December 1969, Festivity of the Immaculate Conception, was a memorable day for Clemente. In the morning they went to El Palmar to stay there the whole day. A good number of people met up there. Towards mid-morning, Clemente entered into ecstasy at the vision of the Immaculate Virgin. Minutes later, the Lord appeared as Christ the King. It was the first time that the seer had seen the Lord and the Virgin clearly. He saw all the details of their figures and faces perfectly. Clemente fell to the ground in rapture, with the loss of all his senses. From that day on, in all of Clemente’s visions, he had perfectly clear perception. But in the evening, by then dark, Heaven regaled him with further wonderful visions. First the Most Holy Virgin appeared, surrounded by Angels who bore the Habits of the Order of Saint Dominic. Shortly afterwards the Lord appeared, and later a Saint. The Lord indicated to the seer that it was Saint Dominic. This Holy Founder of the Dominicans announced to Clemente the presence of Saint Joseph, who also became visible. For the first time the seer heard the voices of the Lord, of the Virgin and of the two Saints. His vision, however, became ever more impressive. Clemente received the Habit of Saint Dominic from the hands of the Most Holy Virgin. The Angels brought it and vested him with it. Shortly afterwards he also received the sacred vestments of a Priest, and recited the parts of the Mass in Latin, dictated to him by Saint Joseph, except for the Consecration. All this happened mystically, since the seer saw himself thus vested in the vision. Those who surrounded the seer only perceived his gestures and heard his voice. This ecstasy was indescribably beautiful and touching.

Clemente received his first Message from the lips of Saint Dominic on the 10th of December 1969, recommending the recital of the Holy Rosary of the Our Fathers. Something very significant, however, took place that day. When they reached El Palmar, the entrance to the property, which was beside the large Cross in the surrounding wall, was closed. That was the primitive entrance. They settled down to pray close to where the Imagen of the Divine Shepherdess was later enthroned. Clemente fell into ecstasy. He saw that Saint Joseph had moved down from the Lentisco to the wall, close to them. The Lord and Saint Dominic also appeared. When the ecstasy ended, they could see that a new entrance had been opened up, which exists today. They could not overcome their surprise, as no one had heard the least noise. Only Don Antonio Vota told them that during Clemente’s ecstasy, he went to place his hand upon the wall and it fell down. Rather strange, as the wall was sufficiently strong not to fall so easily. Clemente remarked that Saint Joseph had stood on the wall right at the new entrance. They all understood that it was this Saint who had opened it. They did not dare to enter. At last they went inside the property with certain trepidation and, when they had taken some steps, Clemente saw Saint Joseph who, from the entrance, with his staff, indicated that they should go up to the Lentisco.

On the 12th of December 1969, Clemente had a vision of Saint Dominic, who told him: “See now at my right hand the Divine Countenance of Our Lord Jesus Christ. See, my son, the Face of Him who gave all, to His very breath, for your sins and for the sins of the whole world.” And the Holy Face of Jesus appeared, dolorous and bleeding. Saint Dominic then gave him the important Messages on the Holy Face: the spreading of the Holy Face throughout the world, the Holy Viacrucis and the Reparatory Communion of the First Thursdays, making reparation for the outrages done to the Lord’s Divine Countenance.

Until the Holy Face was set up in the Lentisco, they used to bring up a picture of the Lord’s Face, before which they said the prayers. The Holy Face of the Lentisco was set up, by order of Heaven to Clemente, on the 2nd of February 1970. The Imagen of the Divine Shepherdess was emplaced and blessed on the 1st and 2nd of March 1972. Our Mother of El Palmar was placed in the Lentisco on the 12th of September 1972.

In Manuel’s professional work at the Saint John of God Institute, because of his association with the Apparitions of El Palmar de Troya, his prestige crumbled. The religiosos considered that his work at the Institute was incompatible with the Apparitions, in which he firmly believed. He never neglected his professional duties; so the only reason for that incompatibility was that the Apparitions of El Palmar, following their condemnation by the apostate cardinal of Seville, Bueno Monreal, might compromise the Saint John of God Institute. Nonetheless, both the cowardly and unjust superior of those religiosos, as likewise the other religiosos, were well aware of his honesty, professionalism and Catholic integrity, since besides, in the Apparitions they were taught to be true Christians. However, their fear and cowardice in the face of what others might say led them to betray their own consciences, acting unjustly and dismissing him.

Manuel Alonso was the great propagator of the Palmarian Messages given to Clemente Domínguez, and accompanied him on many of his apostolic journeys throughout the world. They both lost their jobs unfairly on account of their valiant defence of the Work of El Palmar. And God permitted this so that from then on they might dedicate themselves entirely to the apostolate. In different Heavenly Messages, the Lord, the Virgin and other Saints, showed their love for Manuel, addressing him words of gratitude and praise through the seer. Though he was not himself a seer, on certain occasions, both as a layman and as Bishop, he had personal charisms which strengthened him further, if possible, in the truth of El Palmar.

The Divine Work of El Palmar de Troya was fiercely persecuted by the progressivist and ruinous hierarchy of the Roman Church, then ruled by glorious Pope Saint Paul VI, Martyr of the Vatican, who was aware of the Apparitions and Messages of El Palmar, handed over to him by the seer himself. Saint Paul VI never condemned the Work of El Palmar de Troya. Clemente Domínguez and Manuel Alonso had to defend the Apparitions of El Palmar with vigour and tenacity. On the 23rd of December 1975, despite many obstacles, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, by order of Our Lord Jesus Christ, founded the Religious Order “Carmelites of the Holy Face in Company of Jesus and Mary”, of which Manuel Alonso Corral is Cofounder. On the 1st of January 1976, at the request of the Most Holy Virgin, Clemente Domínguez and Manuel Alonso were ordained Priests by Archbishop Saint Peter Martin Ngô-dinh Thuc, who had arrived from Rome some days previously. And on the 11th of January 1976, they were both consecrated Bishops.

On the 29th of May 1976, owing to a car accident brought about by Satan, Bishop Father Clemente lost both eyes. Several months later, by order of Heaven, Bishop Father Clemente received the name of Father Ferdinand, and Bishop Father Manuel Alonso received the name of Father Isidore. The Order of Carmelites of the Holy Face grew, and a sizeable episcopal college was formed.

In the city of Santa Fe de Bogotá, capital of Colombia, at the death of Pope Saint Paul VI on the 6th of August 1978, Bishop Father Ferdinand, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez in the world, was elected, anointed and crowned Pope directly by Our Lord Jesus Christ. Three days later, the new Pope, called Gregory XVII, De Glória Olívæ, translated the See of the Church from Rome to El Palmar de Troya, Seville, Spain. Thus began the history of the Papacy in El Palmar de Troya, with the mission of restoring and maintaining doctrinal and disciplinary integrity in Christ’s Church, by way of profound reforms and magisterial teachings. For this purpose, Pope Saint Gregory XVII the Very Great convoked the Holy, Great, Dogmatic Palmarian Council and the Holy Dogmatic Palmarian Synod, in which the then Most Reverend Father Isidore Mary, Secretary of State, took part as principal collaborator. The great Reform Work reached its peak with the elaboration and publication of the Holy Palmarian Bible.

Most Reverend Father Isidore Mary, by order of Pope Saint Gregory XVII the Very Great, travelled through different parts of the world preaching and teaching the true Palmarian Catholic doctrine. On the 24th of October in the year 2000, Pope Saint Gregory XVII the Very Great drew up and signed an Apostolic Decree, naming his Secretary of State, Bishop Father Isidore Mary, as his successor in the Cathedra of Saint Peter. Immediately after the death of Pope Saint Gregory XVII on the 21st of March 2005, in El Palmar de Troya, the new Pope began his Pontificate with the name of Peter II, De Cruce Apocalýptica. On the 24th of March, Holy Thursday, his official coronation took place in the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Crowned Mother of El Palmar in El Palmar de Troya, with the assistance of all the Palmarian Bishops, the other members of our Religious Order and of a large number of terciario faithful of the Holy Palmarian Church. That same day, the 24th of March, Pope Saint Peter II the Great canonized his revered predecessor Pope Gregory XVII the Very Great.

The Papacy of the Glorious Vicar of Christ, Peter II, lasted six years, three months and twenty-four days. On the same day his papacy began, he named Most Reverend Father Sergius Mary as his Secretary of State, who collaborated with him in all the arduous tasks which the Church’s Government involves. He was a Pope of great works in the Church’s interests, as he drew up and approved the magnum opus of Palmarian Ecclesiastical History, as likewise the Palmarian Lives of the Saints, the Children’s Grade Bible, and the Elementary and Intermediate Grade Bibles. He also revised and rearranged the Messages of El Palmar de Troya. Warranting special mention among his writings are his Thirty Apostolic Letters sent out to the Church to teach, correct and hearten his Flock, which he loved so dearly as great Shepherd. He declared the Holy Years 2008, 2010 and 2011. He solemnly consecrated the Church Militant to the Eternal Father on the 21st of March 2008. As likewise he solemnly consecrated the Church, Spain, the World and the entire Universe to the Holy Face of Our Lord Jesus Christ on the 30th of March 2010. He also brought up to date, revised and retouched different doctrinal texts. A great number of outstanding members of Christ’s Mystical Body were raised to the rank of the Glory of the Altars and declared Doctors of the Church by him. Likewise, on the 23rd of July 2006, he infallibly defined that he was descended on his father’s side from Saint Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, and his first wife Saint Beatrice of Swabia; and on his mother’s side from Saint Alphonse Sánchez de Cepeda and his second wife Saint Beatrice de Ahumada, parents of the exalted Reformatrix of Carmel, Saint Teresa of Jesus. He also dogmatically defined other doctrinal matters.

As Pope he had a great interest in visiting and celebrating Holy Masses in different cities and countries marked by his Sacred Footsteps, and thus be able to make the word of God fructify, in imitation of the first Pope Saint Peter I the Very Great. And so, following this yearning, being the first Pope known to have done so, he celebrated Holy Mass in Russia, on the 27th and 28th of May 2008 in Saint Petersburg, and on the 29th, 30th and 31st of May 2008 in Moscow. In Moscow he consecrated Russia to the Holy Face, to Our Crowned Mother of El Palmar and to Most Holy Crowned Saint Joseph of El Palmar, to implore the Eternal Father for the swift conversion of the Russian people.

His health began to deteriorate alarmingly from the start of the year 2009, with kidney problems, which he had been having for some time. He had to undergo several operations. In one of them, which lasted five hours, cancer of the ureter was detected, and it was decided to remove it and extirpate the right kidney, which no longer functioned, being atrophied. From then on his problems became increasingly complex. A highly malignant tumour was detected, and despite all the tests and treatments he underwent, the cancer continued to develop. His will to recover, subordinated to God’s Will, to be able to serve and work for the Church, made him suffer intensely, as he was always conscious of the gravity of his condition, finding himself ever more in need of assistance. With every passing day he felt a little worse. Disease undermined his whole strength. The doctors attending him did not know what to say at all his bodily suffering. They couldn’t understand how he kept alive.

On the 6th of July 2010, before starting out on his journey to another country for medical treatment, Pope Saint Peter II the Great, in the roll-call patio, before the whole Community of Friars present there, verbally named Most Reverend Father Sergius Mary of the Holy Face and of the Immaculate Heart of Mary as his successor, so that at his death Most Reverend Father Sergius Mary might occupy the Cathedra of Saint Peter, as Vicar of Christ, and also named him his successor as Superior General of the Order of Carmelites of the Holy Face.

On the 3rd of March in the year 2011, four days before entering a clinic in Seville, as his condition was steadily worsening, Pope Saint Peter II the Great, by means of a written Sacred Decree read out to the whole Community of Friars, named Most Reverend Father Sergius Mary of the Holy Face and of the Immaculate Heart of Mary as his successor in the Papacy, so that at His death Most Reverend Father Sergius Mary might occupy the Cathedra of Saint Peter as Vicar of Christ and as Superior General of the Order of Carmelites of the Holy Face.

Countless were the medicines and treatments he had to receive from Holy Week 2011 up till the day of his death. It was painful in extreme to see the Father General of the Church ebb away, to see him lose his speech, smile, gaze and encouragement. During the last days of his life, he was scarcely able to receive food and drink, and every attempt to that end resulted almost fruitless.

His illness had great ups and downs, so that it was always thought that he was in his last moments. He had repeatedly made known that, for the great devotion he had to Saint Teresa, he thought that the day of his death would be the 15th of some month, since the feastday of the Holy Reformatrix was also on a 15th. Close to the 29th of June, feast of Saint Peter I the Very Great, it was thought that he would be unlikely to reach it.

Days later his breathing became alarmingly difficult, so that the then Most Reverend Father Sergius Mary, before the Community of Friars went out to evening worship at the start of Vespers preceding the Feast of the 16th of July, sent all the Friars to the Papal Cell in order to take their leave of the Holy Father, and each give him their Blessing, as he was very grave. This was the Holy Father’s desire, which was fulfilled, for he had always wanted to bid farewell to all before dying, in spite of him then being unconscious. Some hours later he died in the Papal apartment in the monastery of the Carmelites of the Holy Face in the Sacred Place of El Palmar de Troya, at 20.07 on the 15th of July 2011, eve of the festivity of the 16th of July, while at the Main Altar of the Cathedral-Basilica, the daily Eucharistic Procession worship almost over, the Salve Regina was being sung during the final incensation of the Altar. Once prepared for burial in Papal adornments and white-coloured Pontifical vestments, he was borne to the Sanctuary of the Main Altar of the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Crowned Mother of El Palmar, where he was given homage with a great show of filial love from Friars, Nuns, and the Palmarian faithful who had come on pilgrimage for the 16th of July. Turns of Holy Masses were celebrated throughout the night and following day, with the recital of the pilgrimage prayers.

On the 16th of July 2011, at 12 midday, he was declared Venerable Servant of God.

Pope Saint Peter II the Great was solemnly canonized on the 17th of July in the year 2011. In the Act of his canonization, Pope Saint Peter II was declared “the Great”, and was named “Protector and Defender of the Holy Palmarian Christian Church”.

He was declared Great Doctor of the Church on the 26th of July in the year 2011, festivity in honour of Saint Anne, Mother of the Most Holy Virgin Mary.

==Pope Peter III In the world, Markus Josef Odermatt, afterwards Bishop Father Eliseo Mary. He was born in Stans, Nidwalden, Switzerland. He is descended from Saint Nicholas of Flüe, a hermit of the fifteenth century venerated in Switzerland as Father of his Country, whose only nourishment for twenty years was Holy Communion, and who succeeded in freeing his country from a disastrous civil war, and miraculously helped Switzerland to stay out of the First and Second World Wars. The Nidwalden Canton Flag displays the papal emblem of the Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven in honour of its patron Saint Peter Apostle. Bishop Father Eliseo Mary joined the Order of Carmelites of the Holy Face in 1985 and was a missionary in South America for eighteen years. He was Secretary of State for almost 5 years, from 2011 to 2016. Pope Peter III has maintained the new Calendar for Palmarian Holy Week, which therefore begins on the 20th of March and ends with the Commemoration of Resurrection Sunday, on the 27th of March; and the 25th of March, the day on which Our Lord Jesus Christ died, will always be in Commemoration of Good Friday, regardless of the day of the week on which it falls. In a world of general apostasy, His Holiness Pope Peter III, as Good Shepherd of souls, by way of his Apostolic Letters, courageously defends and proclaims Sacrosanct doctrine and Morals, thus combating error and other moral degeneration. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WilliamPWalsh (talk • contribs) 04:20, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

keeping on task
''This is a departure from traditional Catholic doctrine, which identifies the papacy with the bishop of Rome. Roman Catholic teaching also holds that personal revelations are not binding on the Church as a whole.'' The point of the article is not to establish whether the PCC is in agreement with the RCC or about the validity of PCC ideology, but to talk about the PCC. I think the sentences quoted above should be deleted.--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 23:55, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

Redundant prose.
There's a lot of repetition in the article with the same points appearing in multiple paragraphs. Robin S. Taylor (talk) 01:05, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:22, 8 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Manuel Alonso Corral (Pole Peter II).jpg
 * Pope Gregory XVII of Palmarian Catholic Church.jpg
 * Pope Gregory XVIII.jpg

Name
This 2019 tweet from the alleged official Twitter account of the organisation suggests the group was officially called "Palmarian Catholic Church" in 2019. In contrast, the "Who are we?" section of their official website states (and stated as of December 2018): "3. The true Church of Christ is also called 'Palmarian Christian Church of the Carmelites of the Holy Face', or 'Palmarian Christian Church', or 'Palmarian Church'; since in essence this is exactly the same as saying 'the Church, One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic and Palmarian.' ". Magnus Lundberg also uses the expression "Palmarian Catholic Church" in his academically-published book on the topic. Veverve (talk) 00:57, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

"Generally accept the conventional succession"?
Under "Palmarian popes" it says that "Palmarian Christians generally accept the conventional succession of Catholic popes up to Paul VI ( r. 1963–1978)". Does the "generally" suggest that they reject some conventional popes prior to Paul VI as illegitimate as well, or that certain Palmarian Christians do? If so, it should be clarified which popes this refers to and if not the "generally" should be removed. Mosasauroides (talk) 11:41, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

 * there is a complete PDF book in the 'Further reading' section. Maybe you can find an answer in it. Veverve (talk) 20:15, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

This is a cult and not a Christian Church.
That's it. Calling this Christianity is taking the perspective of the cult leaders and not a neutral view point. Typical Wikipedia though. Probably have the leaders watching the page. 38.52.40.55 (talk) 15:15, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

 * if it is true that some unethical practices are occurring within the church it might be helpful to include a section on it, but describing it in the first section as a cult is a bad idea Gaismagorm (talk) 15:21, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palmarian Christian Church


text: Talk:Singapore Scout Association

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Talk:Pope Markianos of Alexandria

Untitled
I've removed this page's entry from Requested moves due to a lack of comment on the move. If this changes, feel free to add another request. --Lox (t,c) 19:38, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Markianos of Alexandria


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John Clark Marshman

John Clark Marshman (18 August 1794 – 8 July 1877) was an English journalist and historian. He was editor and publisher of the Calcutta-based Friend of India, and was involved with several other Indian publications.

Early life
Marshman was the first child of Joshua Marshman and Hannah Marshman and was born on 18 August 1794 at Bristol, England where his father was at that time a schoolmaster, before later emigrating to India as a missionary.

Move to India
At the age of 5, Marshman travelled with his parents and William Ward on an American ship called the Criterion to Bengal, arriving in Serampore on Sunday morning, 13 October 1799.

In May 1800, his parents opened two boarding schools in Serampore; these became the most popular in the area and Marshman received his education from his parents. He was part of the growing mission family, eating at the communal table and joining with other children in Mission life; as a result he became a fluent Bengali speaker.

Achievements
In April 1818, Marshman, together with his father Joshua, launched the first monthly magazine in Bengali, Digdarshan, which focused on educative information for the youth, and very shortly thereafter the weekly news magazine Samachar Darpan which was one of the two first Bengali newspapers (the other being Bengal Gazetti, published by Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya, in the first half of 1818). Subsequently, the Serampore Mission also launched the weekly Friend of India in 1821, which became so popular that Serampore was synonymous with Friend of India in European minds for much of the 19th century. The printing operations were so successful that they acquired their own substantial buildings by the river just north of the Mission Chapel.

In 1875, Friend of India amalgamated with another paper The Englishman, becoming The Statesman which remains one of India's leading English-language dailies.

Marshman also started a new paper mill at the Mission to manufacture a special new type of paper that had been devised by the missionaries to resist the virulent ravages of the local white ants. This became known as Serampore Paper and was used throughout the province.

In 1820, a steam engine was imported from Messrs. Thwaites and Rothwell, of Bolton, Lancashire, for the paper mill and was the first ever seen in India. Marshman's father Joshua was mesmerised by it and watched closely as the engineer prepared it for use.

Marshman joined the staff of Serampore College, which had been jointly founded by his father, in 1821.

In 1837 the last of the Serampore Trio, his father Joshua Marshman died. Following his death John Mack and Marshman struggled to carry on the work of the college, spending all their earnings and Marshman's income from his private concerns, including those from the paper mill. After he published The Friend of India, he stipulated that the proceeds should go to the college. It was reckoned that in all he contributed more than £30,000.

As the struggle to maintain the college was getting more onerous each year to try and fund privately, Mack and Marshman decided to turn the college over to the Baptist Missionary Society. The Society was unwilling to take over the burden fully, but did offer to support a theological professor on the college staff.

Marshman later rather unwillingly accepted the position of Official Bengali Translator to the Government, and thereafter was abused almost daily in the native newspapers as "the hireling of the Government". His salary of £1,000 per annum was passed to the college.

Return to England
In 1855 Marshman planned to leave India for good. Mack and he proposed once again to pass control of the college to the Baptist Missionary Society; this time the proposal was accepted. He resigned his post as Official Bengali Translator to the Government and returned to England to Kensington Palace Gardens.

Marshman was a student of Indian history and he wrote what was for many years the only history of Bengal. He was also long engaged on the writing of the history of India; his reading was very wide and he was a distinguished Oriental scholar. He studied Chinese (like his father) and knew the major Sanskrit poems. He also gave much attention to Persian.

In England, however, he was refused a seat on the Council of India. For his services to education, he was recognised by the granting of the Star of India in 1868. To earn a living he became chairman of the Committee of Audit of the East Indian Railway. He made three unsuccessful attempts to obtain a seat in Parliament, for Ipswich in 1857, Harwich in 1859, and Harwich in 1861.

On his death it is said that he had known as much about Indian affairs as if he had been the personal assistant to four successive Viceroys. He died at Radcliffe Square, North Kensington, on 8 July 1877 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

Works

 * An abridged version of Carey's Dictionary of the Bengali Language, pub. 1827.
 * Guide to Revenue Regulations of the Presidencies of Bengal and Agra, pub. 1835
 * The History of India from remote Antiquity to the Accession of the Mogul Dynasty, pub. 1842
 * A transcription is available online.
 * A transcription is available online.
 * A transcription is available online.
 * A transcription is available online.
 * A transcription is available online.
 * A transcription is available online.
 * A transcription is available online.
 * A transcription is available online.
 * A transcription is available online.

Honours

 * Companion of the Order of the Star of India (1868).

title: John Clark Marshman


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Louis-Philippe de Grandpré

Louis-Philippe de Grandpré (February 6, 1917 – January 24, 2008) was a Canadian lawyer and puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.

Family and early life
Louis-Philippe de Grandpré was born in Montreal, Quebec, to Roland de Grandpré and Aline Magnan. He was one of three brothers, all of whom became gifted, popular lawyers. His brother Jean de Grandpré became Chairman of Bell Canada, and his brother Pierre practised for more than 45 years.

De Grandpré received a classical education at Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal, graduating in 1935. He then studied law at McGill University and received a Bachelor of Civil Law in 1938.

De Grandpré was diagnosed with syringomyelia when he was 29, and from then on he was virtually paralyzed on the right side of his body.

Early legal career
He practised law in Montreal from 1938 and, about eight years after his call to the bar, he co-founded the firm of Tansey, de Grandpré et de Grandpré.

From 1972 to 1973, he was president of the Canadian Bar Association, where he took a position opposing state-controlled legal aid plans.

Supreme Court
De Grandpré was appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada on January 1, 1974. He was the subject of controversy that year when objections were raised to him hearing the case Morgentaler v. The Queen given his prior personal statements about the issue at a 1973 national meeting of the Canadian Bar Association. In the end, the Chief Justice decided that de Grandpré could remain on the panel to hear the abortion case.

By October 1, 1977, de Grandpré resigned complaining of Chief Justice Bora Laskin's style of running the Court and the direction it was taking on many constitutional matters. In an interview near the end of his life, he said he found the work on the Court dead boring.

Subsequent legal career
After leaving the bench, de Grandpré returned to the practice of law at the firm of Lafleur, Brown, de Grandpré (which later became Gowling Lafleur Henderson), and was seen as a mentor by many lawyers. In 1985, de Grandpré authored a report on judicial independence for the Canadian Bar Association.

Honours and distinctions

 * 1971: Companion of the Order of Canada
 * 1998: Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec
 * 2007: Emeritus Lawyer of the Bar of Quebec

Death
He died on January 24, 2008, in Saint-Lambert, leaving behind his wife, four children, eleven grandchildren and five great-grandchildren and a brother. The funeral service was held at Saint-Viateur d'Outremont and he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal. His wife died in 2012.

title: Louis-Philippe de Grandpré