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Don't Phunk with My Heart

"Don't Phunk with My Heart" censored as "Don't Mess with My Heart" is a song recorded by American group the Black Eyed Peas for their fourth studio album Monkey Business (2005). It was written by band members will.i.am and Fergie with Printz Board, George Pajon, Jr. and Full Force; will.i.am also produced and engineered the song. The song is a hip hop song in which the lyrics, according to will.i.am, tell of a situation between a couple when one tries to end the relationship and the other is in disbelief. It features compositional samples of songs derived from two Bollywood films of the 1970s, Apradh (1972) and Don (1978), as well as interpolations of Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam's 1985 single "I Wonder If I Take You Home" and Gucci Crew II's 1988 single "Sally (That Girl)", hence earning Kalyanji–Anandji, Indeewar and Full Force songwriting credits. The song was released as the lead single from Monkey Business on April 5, 2005, by A&M Records and Interscope Records.

"Don't Phunk with My Heart" was received positively by most contemporary music critics, with many of them naming it one of the album's highlights. It was also met with a positive commercial response, peaking at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100–becoming the group's highest-peaking single on the chart at the time–and at number one in Australia, the Czech Republic, Finland, and New Zealand. At the 48th Annual Grammy Awards (2006), it won Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, while receiving a nomination for Best Rap Song. The song's accompanying music video is a parody of game shows, most notably The Price Is Right, The Dating Game, and Love Connection.

Background
"Don't Phunk with My Heart" is one of two songs on Monkey Business that was written by will.i.am and Fergie of the Black Eyed Peas. Additional writers include George Pajon, Jr. and Printz Board.

The song contains samples of several songs: "I Wonder If I Take You Home", written and composed by Full Force, and "Ae Naujawan Sab Kuchh Yahan" and "Yeh Mera Dil Pyaar Ka Diwana", both recorded by Asha Bhosle, composed by Kalyanji Anandji, and with lyrics written by Indeewar. The former of the latter two was featured in the Hindi film Apradh (1972) while the latter was featured in the Hindi film Don (1978).

Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am, in addition to co-writing the song, produced the track on his own while working with Neil Tucker and Tal Herzberg on engineering it. Co-writer Pajon, Jr. contributed guitars while Keith Harris played the drums. "Don't Phunk with My Heart" features a prominent use of several string instruments, which include the electric violin and Mellotron strings, played by Charlie Baccarat and song co-writer Board. It was then mixed by Mark "Spike" Stent and programmed by Herzberg using Pro Tools technology. The song was recorded at Metropolis Studios in Chiswick, London, England and The Record Plant in Los Angeles, California. "Don't Phunk with My Heart" serves as the first single taken from Monkey Business (2005). Interscope Records solicited the song to mainstream radios on April 11, 2005, in the United States.

Composition
"Don't Phunk with My Heart" is a hip-hop song that runs for 4 minutes and 4 seconds. According to the digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Group, it is written in a key of F minor. The song is set in common time and runs through a freely moving tempo of 132 beats per minute. will.i.am described the song to be the lyrical sequel to the band's 2003 single "Shut Up" (Elephunk, 2003). He explained: "When you're on bad terms with a significant other, you don't want to break up. You tell her things and at the time you really mean them. But she's saying, stop f****ing [sic] with me." Jason King of The Village Voice called the song a "sassy gender duel" between will.i.am and Fergie, while commenting that it is reminiscent of "Shut Up".

Critical reception
Nicholas Taylor of PopMatters called "Don't Phunk with My Heart" a "standout" in regard to "complex and engaging hip-hop music, a mix of rap, soul, jazz, and funk that will constantly surprise and delight." However, he stated that "Pump It" would have been a better choice for the first single, writing that it "continually impresses and grooves and better melds raps with beats", while noting "Don't Phunk with My Heart" to get repetitive and clunky. Taylor further explains the song's cons, writing that it suffers from "unimpressive rapping" and "a distinct lack of substance". John Bush of Allmusic listed it as one of the album's best tracks. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club calls it a continuation of the "summertime vibe of dumb fun". Robert Christgau listed the song as a track pick. Azeem Ahmad of musicOMH predicted the album Monkey Business to be a success if "Don't Phunk with My Heart" was an indication of its sound. The staff at Boston.com felt the song was "OK" compared to "My Style", a different album track. Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times called it "a much more wholesome hip-hop hit", comparing it to Ying Yang Twins' 2005 single "Wait (The Whisper Song)".

The Black Eyed Peas were nominated for two 2006 Grammy Awards for the song and won for "Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group". The song also won the BMI Award, which was awarded to the Kalyanji Anandji brothers, for their compositions of "Ye Mera Dil" and "Ae Nujawan" used as a basis for the song. The award was collected by Anandji Virji Shah, the surviving member of the duo.

Chart performance
In the United States, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number ninety-seven following its release. The song then jumped sixty-six places to number thirty-one in the following week due to digital sales. It continued to rise up the chart until June 25, 2005, when it peaked at number three due to an increase in digital sales, becoming the week's "greatest digital gainer". "Don't Phunk with My Heart" also reached the top ten on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40. The song sold over 500,000 digital copies in the United States, earning a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

In the United Kingdom, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" entered and debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart on May 22, 2005 (for the week ending May 28, 2005). It lasted four weeks inside the top ten and sixteen weeks total on the chart. According to the Official Charts Company, the song sold 210,000 copies there. The song fared similarly in Ireland, where it debuted and peaked at number four on the singles chart. On May 23, 2005, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" debuted and peaked at number one on the Australian Singles Chart. It lost the position the following week but retook the position on June 12 and maintained the top spot for two more weeks. The song has shipped over 70,000 copies in Australia, earning a platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In New Zealand, the song entered the singles chart at number thirty-six on May 16, 2005. The following week, it rose to number one, where it stayed for three consecutive weeks. The song shipped 15,000 copies in New Zealand, earning a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ).

"Don't Phunk with My Heart" appeared on the Norwegian Singles Chart on May 24, 2005, at number five. It maintained that position for three weeks before rising to number four on June 14, 2005, where it continued to stay for three more weeks. The song remained on the chart for six more weeks and shipped over 5,000 copies, earning a gold certification by IFPI Norway. Across the rest of Europe, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" achieved top-five positions in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Flanders, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland and reached the top ten in France, Germany, Sweden, and Wallonia.

Music video
The video for the song is a parody of game shows, most notably The Price Is Right, The Dating Game, and Love Connection. will.i.am, apl.de.ap and Taboo attempt to win the heart of Fergie, a beautiful girl, by being chosen to go on a date with her by spinning a wheel to decide where they will go, then being teleported to the site. will.i.am takes Fergie on a horse-ride, apl takes her dancing and Taboo takes her to a restaurant, but each date ends badly with Voodoo Thursday sabotaging the boys' attempts. He makes will.i.am's horse buck him off, he makes apl twitch when Fergie tries to kiss him, and he programs Taboo to grab another girl's butt. In the end, Fergie has to choose whom to end up with. Voodoo then spins the wheel, it comes up "knock boots". When the time comes for Fergie to choose, Voodoo whispers something to Fergie, and they are teleported away. The members of The Black Eyed Peas all appear in the video, some in multiple roles. will.i.am plays himself, the host Voodoo Thursday, and the drummer in the live band. apl plays himself, the guitarist, and the announcer, Fergie plays herself and Taboo plays himself and the pianist/keyboardist in the live band.

A brief instrumental clip of the song can be heard on various episodes of The Hills as their cue for possible drama coming up.

Track listings
US promotional CD (AMRR-11406-2 1N02)

UK CD single (9882330)

European CD single (988 232-9)

European enhanced maxi-single (988 232-8)

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Monkey Business, A&M Records, will.i.am Music Group, Interscope Records.

Recording and sample
 * Recorded at Metropolis Studios in Chiswick, London, England and The Record Plant in Los Angeles, California.
 * Contains elements of "I Wonder If I Take You Home", written by Full Force under Careers-BMG Music (BMI)
 * Contains elements of "Ae Naujawan Sab Kuchh Yahan", written by Kalyanji Anandji and Indeewar under Saregma India Ltd. (IRPS)
 * Contains elements of "Yeh Mera Dil Yaar Ka Diwana", written by Kalyanji Anandji and Indeewar under Saregma India Ltd. (IRPS)

Personnel
 * Songwriting – William Adams, Stacy Ferguson, Printz Board, George Pajon, Jr., Full Force, Kalyanji Anandji, Indeewar
 * Vocals – will.i.am, Fergie and Taboo
 * Production – will.i.am
 * Drums – Keith Harris
 * Guitar – George Pajon, Jr.
 * Keyboards – Printz Board
 * String arrangement – Ron Fair
 * Electric violin – Charlie Baccarat
 * Pro Tools programming – Tal Herzberg
 * Engineering – will.i.am, Neil Tucker, Tal Herzberg
 * Mixing – Mark "Spike" Stent

Cover versions
Russian metalcore band Amatory released a cover version of the song, as "Don't Fuck with My Heart". It appears on their covers EP Discovery.

title: Don't Phunk with My Heart


text:
Battle of Zieleńce

The Battle of Zieleńce was a battle in the Polish–Russian War of 1792, in defence of the Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791. The battle took place on 18 June 1792, between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army of Józef Poniatowski and an Imperial Russian Army group under the command of General Irakly Morkov, which was a part of General Mikhail Krechetnikov's Russian forces invading the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the south. The battle ended in Polish victory, as the Russian assault was repulsed, although the Poles soon withdrew from the battlefield.

Prelude
Polish forces had been retreating for several weeks, avoiding a decisive engagement with the numerically superior Russian forces.

On 15 June, the combined Polish forces reached Połonne. After a meeting, the Polish commanders decided to withdraw because they did not have the possibility of defending a town that did not have fortifications. On 17 June, Polish commander Prince Józef Poniatowski received information in Szepietówka that the Lubomirski division was now camped in Zasław. He ordered the Lubomirski division to join his forces near Zieleńce. Lubomirski had about 2,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, including units of general Józef Zajączek and Ludwik Trokin. His formation secured a hill situated on the north of the road from Połonne to Zasław which dominated the area. Infantry taking position in centre wings were secured by cavalry. In the early morning of 18 June, a Russian group under command of General Irakly Morkov was observed. This group was front watch of larger corps of General Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov. The order of this group was to attack the Polish army left wing and destroy the rest of train. With a force about 10,500. -11,500s soldiers and 24 cannons (2 infantry regiments of about 6,000 soldiers, three regiments of line cavalry of 2,500 soldiers, and a Cossack brigade under command of Orlov), the Russian formations took positions in a valley below a hill. Their order of battle was the same as Polish, except that one battalion was a reserve and the second to secure the train. Meanwhile, General Zajączek contacted Poniatowski for help.

Opening moves
The battle began with artillery fire and cavalry clashes. About 7 a.m., Markow wanted to begin to attack but changed his orders when he saw that Polish formations under Poniatowski had moved onto the battle field. Poniatowski forces included two infantry battalions, a cavalry regiment of front guard from Prince Józef Lubomirski, Brigade National Cavalry under command of Stanisław Mokronowski, a division under command of General Wielhorski, and 12 cannons. Kościuszko with his division had to stay in the rear in order to prevent an attack from Levanidov and Dunin corps. Poniatowski sent the Mokronowski brigade on right wing. He backed the artillery. The battalion of infantry regiment of Potocki was in reserve. The division of Wielhorski took position within the forest as second throw.

Russian advance
After a few hours, the Polish and Russian artillery quieted. Within 12 hours with Russian-backed artillery fire, the infantry began advancing onto the Polish centre. Under mass artillery fire and a Russian attack, panic was induced among the Polish recruits who began escaping. After some time, Józef Poniatowski reviewed the Polish position. He organised a new battalion from the Potocki regiment and with support of battalion ordnance Ostrogoski began a counterattack. Russian infantry under fire of artillery and a Polish counterattack began withdrawal incurring heavy losses. Meanwhile, another Russian infantry unit secured the village of Zieleńce and opened fire on Polish formations. Poniatowski sent a formation of cavalry, but failed. After the village was set on fire, the Russians withdrew. Meanwhile, the Russians moved artillery fire onto Polish right wing on cavalry. The soldiers felt panic. At that moment, Cossacks began a charge. At beginning, that charge was stopped by field squadrons of Mokronowski brigade cavalry, but in formation of Regiment Buławy Koronnej panic ensued the rear squadrons of Mokronowski brigade. The panic of the Polish cavalry was stopped by Sanguszko and other officers. After reorganisation, Polish cavalry with support of part Lubowidzki cavalry brigade from second line began a countercharge. During this charge, the Polish cavalry destroyed the Russian cavalry and began to rally. Poniatowski sent an order to support the rally to Czapski commander of second line cavalry right wing. Czapski refused to obey because the order was not written. In truth of the matter of his decision was that he was follower of the pro-Russian Targowica Confederation. During this time, a Russian regiment of grenadiers from Ekatierinoslav attacked Polish left wing. Poniatowski sent battalions from Potocki and Malczewski regiments. After decimating grenadiers under artillery and rifle fire, the Russians advance collapsed.

Polish advance
After collapsing the Russian advance, Poniatowski organised an attack group from division Wielhorski units. This group contained three infantry battalions from regiments Potocki, Malczewski and ordnance ostrogocka, Brigade National Cavalry under command of Dzierżek, and regiment front watch under command of Józef Lubomirski. The group had to attack the Russian right wing. Morkov, who watched the preparations, concentrated most of his formation against the group. Polish cavalry successfully fought the Russian cavalry and forced them to withdrawal. But when Wielhorski met the enemy infantry, he stopped the advance because his infantry was weaker than the Russians and inexperienced. About 5 p.m. Morkov, who did not get relief from Kutuzov, withdrew.

Aftermath
The victorious Polish army stayed on battlefield until evening and, thereafter, withdrew to Zasław. It was a tactical victory, without much strategic implications. Polish losses were significant; soldiers lacked ammunition and food; Derdej compares it to a Pyrrhic victory. After Polish withdrawal, Morkov moved onto the battlefield and announced himself the victor. Nonetheless, modern historians classify this battle as a Polish victory.

The Russians nonetheless sustained heavier losses, and were significantly delayed in their pursuit of the Polish forces. The captured Russian banner was sent to Warsaw. To commemorate this victory, Polish king Stanisław II Augustus created the order of Virtuti Militari and awarded it to a number of Polish commanders participating in that battle.

Some contemporary Polish leaders, like Kościuszko and Zajączek, felt that Poniatowski should have pursued the Russians more aggressively, but Derdej justifies his decision noting the exhaustion and low supplies of Polish forces.

The Battle of Zieleńce is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Warsaw), with the inscription "ZIELEŃCE 18 VI 1792".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Zieleńce


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ground control as

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  22:27, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ground control as

 * Delete. Advert: "our team of highly motivated specialists can help you obtain maximum production value".  Also copyvio:   -- Mwanner 17:43, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not even a name for an article. -- 8^D gab 19:21, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Bafing National Park

The Bafing National Park (French: Parc national de Bafing) lies in southern Mali. It was established on 1 July 2000. This site is 5000 km². Bafing National Park is the only protected area for chimpanzees within the Manding Plateau area. Woodlands dominate most of the landscape. Both Korofin and Wongo National Park (both IUCN category: II) are components of the Bafing Biosphere.

title: Bafing National Park


text:
Boucle du Baoulé National Park

The Boucle du Baoulé National Park (French: Parc National de la Boucle du Baoulé) lies in western Mali, in Kayes Region and Koulikoro Region, set up in 1982. It has an area of 25,330 km² but has little large wildlife. The park is known for its prehistoric rock art and tombs. It is part of the UNESCO Boucle du Baoulé Biosphere Reserve, along with Badinko Faunal Reserve to the southwest, Fina Faunal Reserve to the south, and Kongossambougou Faunal Reserve to the northeast.

The park
Mali is one of the sub-Saharan countries most affected by drought and over-grazing by livestock, putting its ecology and biodiversity under pressure. The Boucle du Baoulé National Park was created to try to address this issue. It is part of a complex which also includes the Badinko Faunal Reserve, the Fina Faunal Reserve, the Kongossambougou Faunal Reserve and the Bossofola Forest Reserve. These preserved areas consist of desert and semi-desert areas, and include dry, lightly-wooded savannah, riverine forest and thorn scrub. Much of the large animal population in the country occurs in these types of habitat.

Management of the park comes under the National Parks Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Animal Husbandry. However the International Union for Conservation of Nature considers that the control of protected areas within the country has been ineffective, with continuing illegal hunting and encroachment on the reserves by villagers for pastoralism and agriculture.

A population of the critically endangered Western chimpanzee is present in the park, where it faces threats from poaching and habitat destruction.

World Heritage Status
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on September 8, 1999, as a biosphere reserve in the Cultural category.

title: Boucle du Baoulé National Park


text: User talk:83.156.56.117

title: User talk:83.156.56.117


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W National Park

The W National Park (Parc national du W) or W Regional Park (W du Niger) is a major national park in West Africa around a meander in the Niger River shaped like the letter W (double v). The park includes areas of the three countries Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso, and is governed by the three governments. Until 2008, the implementation of a regional management was supported by the EU-funded project ECOPAS (Protected Ecosystems in Sudano-Sahelian Africa, Ecosystèmes protégés en Afrique soudano-sahélienne). The three national parks operate under the name W Transborder Park (Parc Regional W). The section of W National Park lying in Benin, measuring over 8000 km², came under the full management of African Parks in June 2020. In Benin, W National Park is contiguous with Pendjari National Park which is also under the management of African Parks.

History
The W National Park of Niger was created by decree on 4 August 1954, and since 1996 has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Within Niger, the Park is listed as a National Park, IUCN Type II, and is part of a larger complex of Reserves and protected areas. These include the adjacent Dallol Bosso (Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) on the eastern bank of the Niger River and the partial overlap of the smaller "Parc national du W" (Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar). The three parks are BirdLife International Important Bird Areas (IBAs) of types A1 and A3 (IBA codes IBA NE001, IBA BF008, and IBA BJ001).

W National Park Massacre
On 8 February 2022, two African Parks patrol vehicles in Benin's portion of the W National Park ran over land mines suspected to be planted by Islamic terrorists, killing eight people.

Geography

In the three nations, the regional park covers some 10000 km² largely uninhabited by humans, having been until the 1970s a malarial zone of wetlands formed by the delta of the Mékrou River with the Niger, broken by rocky hills. Historically, the area has been at one time a major area of human habitation, judged by the important archaeological sites (mostly tombs) found in the area.

Flora
A total of 454 species of plants were recorded in the park, including two orchids found only in Niger. The park also constitutes the southern limit of tiger bush plateaus distribution in Niger.

Fauna
The park is known for its large mammals, including aardvark, baboon, African buffalo, caracal, cheetah, African bush elephant, hippopotamus, African leopard, West African lion, serval and warthog. The park provides a home for some of West Africa's last wild African elephants. However, the rare West African giraffe, today restricted to small parts of the Niger, is absent from the area. The W park is also known for historic occurrence of packs of the endangered West African wild dog, although this canid may now be locally extinct.

The park is one of the last strongholds for the Northwest African cheetah. A small population of 25 individuals is estimated to be resident across the W–Arli–Pendjari protected area complex.

The W National Park is also known for its bird populations, especially transitory migrating species, with over 350 species identified in the park. The park has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area.

Literature

 * Convers Arnaud, Chaibou Issa, Binot Aurélie, Dulieu Dominique (2007) La gestion de la transhumance dans la zone d’influence du parc régional du w par le programme ecopas: une « approche projet » pour l’aménagement de la périphérie du parc. Vertigo Hors Série 4. URL : http://vertigo.revues.org/761 ; DOI : 10.4000/vertigo.761
 * Benoit M (1998) Statut et usage du sol en périphérie du parc national du "W" du Niger. Tome 1 : Contribution à l’étude du milieu naturel et des ressources végétales du canton de Tamou et du Parc du "W". ORSTOM, Niamey, Niger, 41 p.
 * Doussa S (2004) Les impacts de la culture cotonnière sur la gestion des ressources naturelles du Parc W. Maitrise, Université de Ouagadougou.
 * Grégoire JM, Fournier A, Eva H & Sawadogo L (2003) Caractérisation de la dynamique des feux et de l’évolution du couvert dans le Parc du W: Burkina Faso, Bénin et Niger. 64 S.
 * Hogan C.Michael (2009) Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
 * Nacoulma, B.M.I. (2012): Dynamique et stratégies de conservation de la végétation et de la phytodiversité du complexe écologique du Parc National du W du Burkina Faso. PhD thesis, Université de Ouagadougou.
 * Nacoulma, B.M.I., Schmidt, M., Hahn, K., Thiombiano, A. (2020): A checklist of vascular plants of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, including the adjacent hunting zones of Tapoa-Djerma and Kondio. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e54205.
 * Rabeil T (2003) Distribution potentielles des grands mammifères dans le Parc du W au Niger. Doctoral Thesis, Univ. Paris VII. 463 S.
 * Price et al. (2003) The “W” Regional Park of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger - Building on a Process of Regional Integration to Address both Local Interests and Transboundary Challenges. World Parks Congress 2003, Durban, RSA. In: Pansky, Diane (ed.). 2005. Governance Stream of the Vth World Parks Congress. Ottawa, Canada: Parks Canada and IUCN/WCPA. ISBN R62-375/2003E-MRC 0-662-40433-5.
 * W National Park of Niger. 2009.
 * Zwarg A, Schmidt M, Janßen T, Hahn K, Zizka G (2012) Plant diversity, functional traits and soil conditions of grass savannas on lateritic crusts (bowé) in south eastern Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 15: 15–24.
 * Price et al. (2003) The “W” Regional Park of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger - Building on a Process of Regional Integration to Address both Local Interests and Transboundary Challenges. World Parks Congress 2003, Durban, RSA. In: Pansky, Diane (ed.). 2005. Governance Stream of the Vth World Parks Congress. Ottawa, Canada: Parks Canada and IUCN/WCPA. ISBN R62-375/2003E-MRC 0-662-40433-5.
 * W National Park of Niger. 2009.
 * Zwarg A, Schmidt M, Janßen T, Hahn K, Zizka G (2012) Plant diversity, functional traits and soil conditions of grass savannas on lateritic crusts (bowé) in south eastern Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 15: 15–24.

title: W National Park


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"British fleet of 109 vessels"

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:57, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

"British fleet of 109 vessels"
This is just a duplicate of the Battle of Trafalgar page, with a single sentence at the beginning relating to a different battle five years earlier. This page is unnecessary and duplicative and badly-titled, to boot. RussBlau 18:05, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC) Delete Take that first paragraph and make it into a true, legitimate article. History21
 * Delete When the Trafagar stuff is eliminated there is almost othing left. That is not to say that a good article on this event couldn't be written. Dsmdgold 20:15, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just a duplicate of Battle of Trafalgar. --Neigel von Teighen 20:20, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. (There's a paragraph on the 1800 battle in the Ferrol, Spain article that could be used as the start of a proper article.) Gdr 22:48, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 09:33, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Talk:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

title: Talk:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt


text:
Lau Nau

Lau Nau or Laura Naukkarinen (born 1980) is a composer, producer and musician from Finland. She plays also under the moniker Subatlantti, in IAX, a band formed with Kuupuu and Tsembla and is a visiting member of The Matti Bye Ensemble. She was also a member of free improv and psychedelic folk bands Kiila, Päivänsäde, the Anaksimandros, Avarus, Maailma, and the trio Hertta Lussu Ässä formed by fellow acid folk singer-songwriters Islaja and Kuupuu.

Besides of composing and producing her own albums, Lau Nau accompanies silent films live and composes music for feature films, theatre plays, dance and sound installations. Her instrumentation ranges from everyday objects to classical instruments and analog synthesizers.

She composed the soundtrack to the 2019 documentary Land Without God, directed by Mannix Flynn, Maedhbh McMahon and Lotta Petronella, as well as to Petronella's 2020 documentary Själö - Island of Souls.

Lau Nau lives in the Finnish countryside of Kimito island with her husband and two sons.

Discography

 * Kuutarha (Locust, 2005)
 * Nukkuu (Locust, 2008)
 * Valohiukkanen, (Fonal, 2012)
 * Hem. Någonstans (Fonal, 2015)
 * Poseidon (Fonal, Beacon Sound, Yacca, 2017)
 * Land Without God – Original Soundtrack (Fonal, 2019)
 * Själö – Original Soundtrack (Fonal, 2020)
 * Puutarhassa (Fonal, Akti Records, 2020)
 * Live At Röykkälä (Beacon Sound, 2020)
 * 5 x 4 (Fonal, Beacon Sound, 2023)

title: Lau Nau


text:
Pendjari National Park

The Pendjari National Park (Parc National de la Pendjari) lies in north-western Benin, adjoining the Arli National Park in Burkina Faso. Named for the Pendjari River, the national park is known for its wildlife and is home to some of the last populations of big game like the African forest elephant, lion, hippopotamus, African buffalo, and various antelopes in West Africa. The park is also famous for its richness in birds.

The Pendjari National Park has an area of 2755 km2 and is part of the WAP Complex (W-Arli-Pendjari), a large protected area in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger. Hills and cliffs in the Atakora range are visible from the park.

In March 2009, the park was tentatively nominated for UNESCO's World Heritage Site program, and in July 2017, it was officially inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of a transnational extension of the WAP Complex.

Ecology
The rocky cliffs of the area are sparsely wooded with Burkea africana, Detarium microcarpum, Lannea acida, Sterculia setigera and Combretum ghasalense. On the deep soils of some of the summits and the Atakora escarpment, there is a greater variety of plant species with Isoberlinia doka and Afzelia africana. The Pendjari River is surrounded by forest. The park includes both the Sudanian and Guinean savannas, with areas of grassland dominated by Acacia sieberiana and Mitragyna inermis or Terminalia macroptera. The annual rainfall is approximately 1100 mm. The park is open year-round, although from June to November, rainfall can be heavy, and certain parts of the park may be inaccessible.

Mammals
Pendjari National Park has a relatively large population of elephants, which was stable over the last decades and counted more than 800 individuals between 2005 and 2010. The WAP Complex's elephant population is more than 3,800, making it the largest elephant concentration in all of western Africa. The second largest species of the park is the hippopotamus. There are also large populations of several other large herbivores like African buffalo (Syncerus caffer brachyceros; c. 2,700 animals in 2000), western hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus major; c. 1,500 in 2000), roan antelope (c. 2,000 in 2000), kob antelope (c. 2,600 in 2000), and warthogs. Some other antelope species like korrigum (Damaliscus lunatus korrigum), bushbuck, and reedbuck are relatively rare. Smaller bovids are the red-flanked duiker, oribi, and common duiker. Primates are represented by the olive baboon, patas monkey, and tantalus monkey.

One of the rarest large predators in the protected area is the Northwest African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki). As of 2007, there were only about 5–13 individuals left in the national park and neighboring W National Park. By 2009, the lion (Panthera leo leo) population in the WAP Complex comprised about 100 animals and was possibly the largest in West Africa at the time.

The endangered West African wild dog (Lycaon pictus manguensis) was recorded in Pendjari National Park during a survey in April 2000, as well as African leopard, spotted hyena, side-striped jackal, and African civet.

The number of waterbucks (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) decreased from about 3,000 in the 1970s to 120 in 2004.

Birds
The hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) is resident in the protected area, but in small numbers.

The park is renowned for its abundance of bird species. Some 300 different species are present. Pallid harrier (Circus macrourus) and lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) are occasionally recorded and there are a few isolated records for lappet-faced vulture (Torgos tracheliotus). Fox kestrel (Falco alopex) is not uncommon, while the African swallow-tailed kite (Chelictinia riocourii) is a not uncommon dry season visitor. The booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) has also been recorded here. BirdLife notes that "the Pendjari is notable for large conspicuous species such as African openbill stork (Anastomus lamelligerus), Abdim's stork (Ciconia abdimii), saddle-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), and seasonally, flocks of up to 60 European white storks (Ciconia ciconia). The African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) and Pel's fishing-owl (Scotopelia peli) can also be found.

Among the more notable species recorded are pied-winged swallow (Hirundo leucosoma), white-crowned robin-chat (Cossypha albicapillus), Botta's wheatear (Oenanthe bottae), familiar chat (Cercomela familiaris), white-fronted black-chat (Myrmecocichla albifrons), mocking cliff-chat (Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris), common rock thrush (Monticola saxitilis), Senegal eremomela (Eremomela pusilla), blackcap babbler (Turdoides reinwardtii), red-winged pytilia (Pytilia phoenicoptera), black-rumped waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes), bush petronia (Petronia dentata) and Togo paradise-whydah (Vidua togoensis).

Grey tit-flycatcher (Myioparus plumbeus) has been recorded as well as several other species of the undergrowth. White-throated greenbul (Phyllastrephus albigularis) has been recorded at Tanguiéta and the white-throated francolin (Francolinus albogularis), a rare resident, has been spotted in farmland south of Natitingou. South of the park there is a large semi-protected zone known in French as La zone cygnetique de la Pendjari where a number of other species have been spotted. The national park and the bird habitat is protected by the government in Benin.

Other bird species include:
 * Red-thighed sparrowhawk (Accipiter erythropus) resident 1998
 * Senegal parrot (Poicephalus senegalus) resident 1998 - A3
 * Violet turaco (Musophaga violacea) resident 1998 - A3
 * Blue-bellied roller (Coracias cyanogaster) resident 1998 - A3
 * Red-throated bee-eater (Merops bulocki) resident 1998 - A3
 * Bearded barbet (Lybius dubius) resident 1998 - A3
 * Yellow-billed shrike (Corvinella corvina) resident 1998 - A3
 * Piapiac (Ptilostomus afer) resident 1998 - A3
 * Yellow penduline-tit (Anthoscopus parvulus) resident 1998 - A3
 * Fanti saw-wing (Psalidoprocne obscura) resident 1998
 * Pied-winged swallow (Hirundo leucosoma) resident 1998 - A3
 * Senegal eremomela (Eremomela pusilla) resident 1998 - A3
 * Blackcap babbler (Turdoides reinwardii) resident 1998 - A3
 * Purple glossy-starling (Lamprotornis purpureus) resident 1998 - A3
 * Bush petronia (Petronia dentata) resident 1998 - A3
 * Red-winged pytilia (Pytilia phoenicoptera) resident 1998 - A3
 * Red-faced pytilia (Pytilia hypogrammica) resident 1998 - A3
 * Lavender waxbill (Estrilda caerulescens) resident 1998 - A3
 * Black-rumped waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes) resident 1998 - A3
 * Lavender waxbill (Estrilda caerulescens) resident 1998 - A3
 * Black-rumped waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes) resident 1998 - A3

title: Pendjari National Park


text:
Temple of the Stars

The Temple of the Stars is an alleged ancient temple claimed to be situated around Glastonbury in Somerset, England.

Origin
The temple is claimed by some to depict a colossal landscape zodiac, a map of the stars on a gigantic scale, formed by features in the landscape (roads, streams, field boundaries, etc.). The theory was first put forward in 1934 by Katherine Maltwood, an artist who "discovered" the zodiac in a vision, and held that the "temple" was created by Sumerians in about 2700 BC. The idea was revived in 1969 by Mary Caine in an article in the magazine Gandalf's Garden (number 4). Compared to Maltwood's version, she turned Scorpio upside down, added a monk to Gemini, and altered the outlines of Capricorn, Libra, and Leo.

The temple plays an important role in many occult theories. It has been associated with the Grail legend, Uther Pendragon, and King Arthur (according to some legends buried in Glastonbury).

Criticisms
The idea was examined by two independent studies, one by Ian Burrow in 1975 and the other in 1983 by Tom Williamson and Liz Bellamy, using the standard methods of landscape historical research. Both studies concluded that the evidence contradicted the idea. The eye of Capricorn identified by Maltwood was a haystack. The western wing of the Aquarius phoenix was a road laid in 1782 to run around Glastonbury, and older maps dating back to the 1620s show the road had no predecessors. The Cancer boat (not a crab as would be expected) is made up of a network of eighteenth century drainage ditches and paths. There are some Neolithic paths preserved in the peat of the bog formerly comprising most of the area, but none of the known paths match the lines of the zodiac features.

Glastonbury historian Geoffrey Ashe commented, "The phenomenon is akin to the Rorschach ink-blot test, or to seeing pictures in a fire", and "Zodiac-finders do not themselves agree on these 'obvious figures'. I have studied these photographs; I know what I am meant to see; I honestly try to see, and I simply do not."

There is no support for this theory, or for the existence of the "temple" in any form, from conventional archaeologists or mainstream historians.

title: Temple of the Stars


text:
Moussoro

Moussoro (موسورو) is a town in Chad, lying 300 km northeast of N'Djamena on the road to Faya-Largeau. An important transportation centre, it lies in a dry river bed and as a result has more vegetation than is typical in the area.

Moussoro is the capital of the region of Barh El Gazel (Bahr el Gazel). The town is served by Moussoro Airport. Moussoro is inhabited by Gouran (Krreda)(Karra) ethnic group of northern Chad. It serves as their commercial and administrative town. Moussoro market day is Thursday. They mostly known by their agricultural activity.

Moussoro have the second president's residence in Chad after the main Residence in N'Djamena (see image below). The town is also the main area for army training in Chad.

title: Moussoro


text:
Talk:Soyuz T-6

Question
Could someone explain what the Elbrus is ? call sign from ground ???
 * +1 don't know that word either
 * To answer this (very old) question, Elbrus was the call-sign of the crew of Soyuz T-5, who were in Salyut 7 at the time. I've put a link in the article. Mlm42 (talk) 02:13, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/5il9QixAg?url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf to http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf

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External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Soyuz T-6


text:
Superabundant number

In mathematics, a superabundant number is a certain kind of natural number. A natural number $n$ is called superabundant precisely when, for all $m < n$:

 * $$\frac{\sigma(m)}{m} < \frac{\sigma(n)}{n}$$

where $σ$ denotes the sum-of-divisors function (i.e., the sum of all positive divisors of $n$, including $n$ itself). The first few superabundant numbers are 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 120, ... . For example, the number 5 is not a superabundant number because for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the sigma is 1, 3, 4, 7, 6, and 7/4 > 6/5.

Superabundant numbers were defined by. Unknown to Alaoglu and Erdős, about 30 pages of Ramanujan's 1915 paper "Highly Composite Numbers" were suppressed. Those pages were finally published in The Ramanujan Journal 1 (1997), 119–153. In section 59 of that paper, Ramanujan defines generalized highly composite numbers, which include the superabundant numbers.

Properties
proved that if n is superabundant, then there exist a k and a1, a2, ..., ak such that

 * $$n=\prod_{i=1}^k (p_i)^{a_i}$$

where pi is the i-th prime number, and

 * $$a_1\geq a_2\geq\dotsb\geq a_k\geq 1.$$

That is, they proved that if n is superabundant, the prime decomposition of n has non-increasing exponents (the exponent of a larger prime is never more than that a smaller prime) and that all primes up to $$p_k$$ are factors of n. Then in particular any superabundant number is an even integer, and it is a multiple of the k-th primorial $$p_k\#.$$

In fact, the last exponent ak is equal to 1 except when n is 4 or 36.

Superabundant numbers are closely related to highly composite numbers. Not all superabundant numbers are highly composite numbers. In fact, only 449 superabundant and highly composite numbers are the same. For instance, 7560 is highly composite but not superabundant. Conversely, 1163962800 is superabundant but not highly composite.

Alaoglu and Erdős observed that all superabundant numbers are highly abundant.

Not all superabundant numbers are Harshad numbers. The first exception is the 105th superabundant number, 149602080797769600. The digit sum is 81, but 81 does not divide evenly into this superabundant number.

Superabundant numbers are also of interest in connection with the Riemann hypothesis, and with Robin's theorem that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that
 * $$\frac{\sigma(n)}{e^\gamma n\log\log n} < 1$$

for all n greater than the largest known exception, the superabundant number 5040. If this inequality has a larger counterexample, proving the Riemann hypothesis to be false, the smallest such counterexample must be a superabundant number.

Not all superabundant numbers are colossally abundant.

Extension
The generalized $$k$$-super abundant numbers are those such that $$\frac{\sigma_k(m)}{m^k} < \frac{\sigma_k(n)}{n^k}$$ for all $$m < n$$, where $$\sigma_k(n)$$ is the sum of the $$k$$-th powers of the divisors of $$n$$.

1-super abundant numbers are superabundant numbers. 0-super abundant numbers are highly composite numbers.

For example, generalized 2-super abundant numbers are 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 60, 120, 240, ...

title: Superabundant number


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Van Halen/archive1

Van Halen
It's well written and factual, with a good overview of the band. And fits all the criteria and more. I didn't personally add much to it, although I did verify the facts using references and added a picture, so Im not sure if it's a self nomination or not. --Richy 17:56, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm re-submitting this article. The writing is of a high quality, and it is quite interesting.

 * Object 1) the lead section is way too short; it should summarize the major points in the article 2) not enough images for an article of this length; don't we have other images of band members and album covers already uploaded that could be used here? slambo 18:27, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * I added a lead in section, photographs and annotated the photos with as much copyright info. as I could find/rationalize. --Chevan 20:02, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. 1) The lead section needs to be two or three paragraphs, not a single sentence. 2) References need to be cleaned up a little bit. 3) The heading titles are pretty messy. 4) As above, more pictures are needed and that group picture should be shown at a bigger size. plattopusis this thing on? 18:36, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright, I understand your comments and will fix those problems shortly, but other than that, what comments do people have? --Richy 00:34, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I've tried to address these concerns. --Chevan 23:03, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object 1) I'm going to call copyvio on some of the material; it's obviously identical to material from elsewhere. (hint: look for sections of typical rock journalist "gushing" and cut and paste to your favourite search engine) 2) it could do with light copy editing. 3) you could do with more references and there should be a way to link specific bits of the text to the references they came from / are supported by.  Mozzerati 06:51, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

 * Object There is no lead section, and the entire article consists almost only of the History, which mixes the band's history with musical commentary, and anecdotes. I feel discussion of influence (the article needs more of that, too) and musical style, etc. belongs in separate sections. (See FA candidate Dream Theater for a good example of a structured article). The writing is also on the limit of POV. Statements like Nothing like it had ever been heard on record and "Eruption" granted Eddie Van Halen immediate guitar god status among players worldwide. and It was soon regarded as one of rock's most extraordinary albums. could easily be replaced with (sourced) quotes from critics or journalists. "Show, do not tell". Finally, and this is something I've seen User:Mozzerati request a few times for other candidates, and which strikes me as common sense, specific claims (sales figures, for example) should be directly referenced, with page/section/paragraph number. In other words, indicate which part of the references you used. This looks like a lot, but in fact I think the article is rather good, although it feels 'unfinished'. I started reading it with the yet-another-boring-rock-article mindset and was surprised to notice the writing is actually more than decent. All in all, good work, but not yet featured material. Phils 09:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Object (but not strongly) 1) I did some "light copy editing," and attempted to make the first three sections less "gushy," more neutral. 2) Perhaps the headings should be changed to "With David Lee Roth," "with Sammy Hagar," etc. 3) I don't believe that any of this article has been plagarized. 4) I agree that there should be more photos--two or three more. 5) Perhaps a fleshing out of the "differing reports" behind the band's original break-up? With minor work, it'd be a good featured article; it's actually an interesting read.

 * I think the objections have been met. Unfortunately this was an anonymous post so I cannot solicit this user's feedback to remove the objection.  Would appreciate someone else's point of view. --Chevan 20:05, August 25, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.160.109.18

title: User talk:68.160.109.18


text:
Birger Gregersson

Birger Gregersson (Latin: Birgerus Gregorii) (c. 1327 – 11 March 1383) was Archbishop of Uppsala from 1366 until his death 1383.

Biography
Birger Gregersson was probably born the son of Greger Jonsson av Malstaätten of Norrtälje-Malsta parish in  Uppland.

He was vicar of Österhaninge and then priest in Uppsala. He was canon of Strängnäs Cathedral from 1342 and dean of Uppsala Cathedral from 1356. He was a supporter of King Albrekt (c. 1338–1412) who appointed him chancellor. In 1365, Birger Gregersson is mentioned in the Diplomatarium Fennicum. In 1366, Birger Gregersson was elected archbishop of Uppsala diocese. He is considered one of the most important Swedish writers in the Middle Ages.

He wrote a biography of Saint Birgitta (c. 1303–1373) and hymns to her and in honor of 12th-century missionary Saint Botvid  (died ca 1120).

Other sources

 * Birger Gregersson Nordisk familjebok

title: Birger Gregersson


text: User talk:216.130.130.131

title: User talk:216.130.130.131


text:
Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary

St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary (SVOTS) is an Eastern Orthodox seminary in Yonkers, New York. It is chartered under the State University of New York and accredited by the Association of Theological Schools. It is a pan-Eastern Orthodox institution associated with the Orthodox Church in America (OCA).

It is named after St. Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev and of Novgorod, who "introduced Orthodox Christianity to the Kievan Rus'".

History
The seminary was founded in 1938 and its first classes were held in the parish house of the Church of Christ the Savior in Harlem. In 1939, it found a home on the campus of General Theological Seminary in Chelsea and by the 1940s in apartments on 121st Street rented from Union Theological Seminary.

It moved to its current location in 1962. Four years later, it was accepted as an associate member of the American Association of Theological Schools, with accreditation following in 1973.

In November 2021, the Board of Trustees of the seminary voted to move the campus citing the high cost of living in the NY metropolitan area. As of 2024, the new location has yet to be announced.

President/Chancellor

 * Chad Hatfield (2007-2024)
 * Ionuț-Alexandru Tudorie, 2024-Present

Deans

 * Macarius (Ilyinsky), 1938-1944
 * Dionysius (Diachenko), 1944-1947
 * John (Shahovskoy), 1947-1950
 * Georges Florovsky, 1950-1955
 * Leontius (Turkevich), 1955-1962
 * Alexander Schmemann, 1962-1983
 * John Meyendorff, 1984-1992
 * Thomas Hopko, 1992-2002
 * John H. Erickson, 2002-2007
 * John Behr, 2007-2017
 * Ionuț-Alexandru Tudorie, 2018-Present

Academics
St. Vladimir's Seminary is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools (ATS) and approved by ATS to grant the following degrees: Master of Divinity (M.Div.), Master of Arts (MA), Master of Theology (Th.M.), and Doctor of Ministry (D.Min).

St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press (SVS Press)
St. Vladimir's Seminary Press was founded in 1962 and is the largest publisher of Orthodox Christian books in the English language.

Among their titles is the Popular Patristics Series.


text:
Niokolo-Koba National Park

The Niokolo-Koba National Park (Parc National du Niokolo Koba, PNNK) is a World Heritage Site and natural protected area in south eastern Senegal near the Guinea border. It is served by Niokolo-Koba Airport, an unpaved airstrip.

National Park
Established as a reserve in 1925, Niokolo-Koba was declared a Senegalese national park on 1 January 1954. Expanded in 1969, it was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1981 as a UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve. In 2007 it was added to the UNESCO List of Endangered World Heritage sites.

Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit.

Geography
The park lies in an upland region through which the upper stretch of the Gambia River flows, towards the northwestern border of Guinea. The Biosphere park itself covers some 9,130 square kilometres, in a great arc running from Upper Casamance/Kolda Region at the Guinea-Bissau border into the Tambacounda Region to within a hundred kilometers of the Guinean border near the southeast corner of Senegal. Its altitude ranges from 16m to as high as 311m.

Flora
Most of the park is woodland savannah and semi-arid Soudanese forest, with large areas of wooded wetlands and seasonal wetlands. The park contains over 1500 species of plants and 78% of the gallery forest in Senegal.

Many trees and shrubs are covered by lush vegetation along the river stalks, and these vegetation changes according to the terrain and soil. In the valleys and plains, there are vast areas where Vetiveria and herbaceous savannah grow. Overgrown grasslands typically consist of the Paspalum arbiculare and the Echinochloa. Sudanian species grow in the dry forest. There are also areas where bamboo lives.

In valleys and belt-shaped forests, the species reflects the climate of southern Guinea, and the tropical woody liana is very prosperous.

Semiaquatic species live on the riverside, and annual plants disappearing when the height of the water rises are often found on sandy floodplains. At the edge of the pond, dry forests and herbaceous savanna develop depending on the degree of humidity or soil compaction. Sometimes thick bushes called Mimosa pigra occupy the middle of the wetlands.

Fauna
The national park is known for its wildlife. The government of Senegal estimates the park contains 20 species of amphibians, 60 species of fish, 38 species of reptiles (of which four are tortoises). There are some 80 mammal species. These included (as of 2005) an estimated 11000 buffaloes, 6000 hippopotamuses, 400 western giant eland, 50 elephants, 120 lions, 150 chimpanzees (It is inhabited by a banded forest in the park (Lower Rim) and Mount Assirik. (north-western limit line where chimps are distributed.)), 3000 waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), 2000 common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), an unknown number of red colobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus) and a few rare African leopards and West African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus manguensis), although this canid was thought to be wiped out throughout the rest of the country.

Other mammals include roan antelope, Guinea baboon, green monkey, patas monkey, warthog.

Around 330 species of birds have been sighted in the park, notably the Arabian bustard, black crowned crane, Abyssinian ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), martial eagle, bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus), and white-faced duck (Dendrocygna viduata).

There are also reptiles such as three species of crocodiles, four species of tortoises

title: Niokolo-Koba National Park


text:
Unionville, Ontario

Unionville is a suburban district and former village in Markham, Ontario, Canada, 2 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Downtown Markham (the City of Markham's modern downtown), 2 km (2.5 mi) west of Markham Village (Markham's historic downtown), and 33 km (20.5 mi) northeast of Downtown Toronto. The boundaries of Unionville are not well-defined. Several nearby neighbourhoods are claimed to be part of it however, this has been disputed between the various wards.

Unionville was founded north of 16th Avenue in 1794, and many of the farms on and around Kennedy Road. The Unionville Ratepayers Association designated a newer street, Rodick Road, as its western boundary, in the 1980s. Main Street Unionville, which was Kennedy Road in the mid-to-late 20th century, runs through Unionville while the new Kennedy Road runs 300 m to the east. Rouge River runs north of the central part of Unionville and to the southeast. Highway 404 is to the west, with the nearest interchange with Highway 407 is 2 km south on Kennedy Road. Unionville is predominantly residential except for the south central industrial area, which is slated for massive intensification.

Tourism is a major part of Unionville's economy. The village itself still resembles the small town that developed over a century or so starting in the early 1840s (when Ira White erected his Union Mills) through the middle to late 20th century. Now a 'heritage conservation district', it attracts thousands of visitors each year — as of 2006 it boasted nine restaurants, including three pubs. Main Street (originally the laneway from the village's first grist mill) also has a number of "century homes" dating back to the 19th century. Each year, thousands of people visit Unionville during the Unionville Festival.

The main street has been a stand-in for fictional Connecticut town Stars Hollow during the first season of Gilmore Girls television show, and for other television and movie backdrops.

Most of the historic buildings in Unionville are included in List of historic buildings in Markham, Ontario.

History
Unionville's name was derived from American-born Ira Allen White's Union Mills built in 1839, which in turn was named for the Act of Union 1840 of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. White would remain in the area at least up to 1860 but by 1878 his property as per York County Atlas belong to Hugh Powell Crosby as White moved to Yarmouth, Ontario where he died in 1887 (but buried in Cedar Grove Mennonite Cemetery Markham).

William von Moll Berczy brought the first settlers to Markham Township in 1794; they were originally from Germany but first moved to New York State. After arriving here, they acquired large tracts of land near current day Berczy Village at 16th Avenue and Kennedy Road.

Illness and famine in 1795–1796 reduced the population but the others remained on the develop a settlement:

 * Johann Niclaus Stober or John Stiver was another Berczy settler who is descendant of Charles and Francis Stiver whom established Stiver Mills
 * Philip Eckardt who is a Berczy settler who descendant farmed lands in Markham. Eckardt is tied to the Bethesda Lutheran Church

By 1851, the population was 200, served by a grist mill, a saw mill and two churches (Primitive Methodist and Presbyterian).

Unionville was a police village within what was then Markham Township within York County until the end of 1970, at which time the county was reorganized into Regional Municipality of York. Unionville and the other police village in the township (Thornhill) as well as the Village of Markham were abolished and amalgamated with Markham Township, which was reincorporated as the Town of Markham (changed to city in 2012), with some of the township's lands being ceded to neighbouring Richmond Hill and Whitchurch–Stouffville. The town and the township were named after two different people named "Markham".

A historic concrete bridge carrying Unionville Main Street was built by Octavius Hicks in 1909.

The name "Unionville" remained a valid postal address until the early 1990s at which time most addresses were changed to "Markham". In 2009, Markham Town Council reinstated the name "Unionville" for that portion of postal addresses within its Ward 3, which lies between Warden, 16th, McCowan and the 407. However, the Post Office used "Unionville" as the postal address for a larger delivery area that included the farms and later urban areas that it considered to be in Unionville. Unionville's historical boundaries, therefore, may be based on the historic Post Office delivery area for the name "Unionville". These varied somewhat over a century and a half, as neighbouring post offices came and went, but at some time or other the following areas had a Unionville address:

 * Highway 7 and southward: all of the area north of Steeles between Woodbine on the west and McCowan on the east, including both sides of Woodbine, McCowan and Highway 7.
 * North of Highway 7: all of the area to 19th Avenue between Warden on the west and McCowan on the east, including both sides of Woodbine, McCowan and 19th.

Unionville has six postal codes, L3P, L3R, L3S, L6C, L6E, and L6G, in its postal service area.

Based on the boundaries for Milliken, Unionville's southern boundary is Highway 407. It is commonly seen as extending westward to Highway 404.

In the 1960s, major housing development came to Unionville and is still ongoing. Having old buildings available at low cost, a number of antique stores sprang up and for a while in the 1970s Unionville ranked high on the list of places to go to get antiques. After the commitment to a bypass was realised, in the 1970s, entrepreneurs appeared. The Old Country Inn opened for business and Old Firehall Sports brought a new clientele to the village. Over the next decades, the typical antique places disappeared, being replaced by higher-end antique and replica outlets, restaurants, pubs, and clothing establishments. Tourism was born. Starbucks appeared in the late 1990s. Many of the buildings have been spruced up, extended and upgraded to meet this new reality. The old original road, to the immediate east of Main Street, has been converted to a large parking lot.

Walking paths through the local conservation lands connect directly to the village roads, one of the most used being the path around Toogood Pond, named after the Toogood family – the pond was originally the mill pond that powered the grist mill in the 1840s and created by flooding a section of Bruce Creek. In the early 20th century the pond was called Willow Pond or Willow Lake and was the home to several small summer cottages on north Main Street. Some had been cottages, for grist mill workers, in their earliest incarnation. Those cottages evolved into homes by the middle of the century, but are almost all gone now being replaced by large spacious expensive homes.

The Varley Art Gallery now stands at the north end of the commercial Main Street and is rapidly becoming a gallery of wide renown. It was started with the contributions of Mrs. McKay, who had supported Group of Seven artist Fred Varley for the later part of his life. Living in her home on Main Street Unionville, he did several paintings that are now part of the Art Gallery collection and the home is now part of the Art Gallery's holdings, being used for small art shows on a regular basis.

The Unionville Arms, a well-known pub, burnt down on 30 November 2007. It had been in business for 19 years prior. The building itself was over a century old. The legendary building caught fire in the morning, supposedly due to a combination of faulty kitchenware and wiring, and the century-old insulation. The fire was put out three hours later. No one was hurt. The Arms reopened in very much its original appearance, towards the end of December 2008.

The Stiver Mill is a historic building located near the railway tracks on Main Street Unionville. The building was restored in 2014 and is now a community centre. The area around the building has also been modernized for accessibility to both the centre and the train station next to it.

The murder of Bich-Ha Pan and attempted murder of Hann Pan took place in Unionville on 8 November 2010.

Geography
Originally surrounded by farmlands, the village is now surrounded by suburban neighbourhoods. During the transitional period in the 1970s a ban was placed on development for 25 years. In addition to the historic village, today Unionville includes Angus Glen and South Unionville. Some land is still vacant on the lands of York Downs Golf which is slated for massive development in the coming years. The Highway 7 part of Unionville near Village Parkway will feature redevelopment with several mid rise and high rise buildings which will combine a village and an urban character.

Nearest communities

 * Richmond Hill, west
 * Stouffville, north
 * Markham Village, east
 * Milliken, south

Demographics
In Unionville, according to Statistics Canada, in the course of five years between 2006 and 2011, the population steadily increased from 7368 to 8906 individuals. In the census data collected, the GNR rate in 2011 appeared as 17.4%.

Generations

According to statistics Canada, Between 2006 and 2011, the increase in 2nd generation Canadian citizens moved from 970 to 2330 individuals. However, for first generations, the increase was not as drastic as 2nd generation citizens. The increase was from 4955 to 6225.

Citizenships

Residents who had legal citizenship in 2006 were 78% and who didn't were 22%. The numbers obtained indicated residents who were 18 years and above. The 2011 data showed similar, showing increase in one percent, indicated 79% of the population containing citizenship.

Arts and culture
Unlike other communities in Markham, Unionville proper does not have a community centre. Crosby Memorial Arena, an indoor rink built in 1928, is the only major sports venue in the area. The arena is named for the Crosby family of Markham Village, who came to Markham in 1806 and established themselves as farmers, landowners and storekeepers. Residents are within driving distance from Angus Glen Community Centre, Markham Pan Am Centre and Milliken Mills Community Centre.

The Unionville Festival was first organized in 1969 to raise awareness and money to fight the provincial plan to run a four lane road up the middle of the town and thus destroying it. An interest in history, spurred by the Canadian Centennial Year in 1967, awoke the longtime residents and the new subdivision residents. Slowly, local politicians got on board, and a plan was drawn up to divert the road to the east of the historic town center (now known as Kennedy Road). Today the festival continues to offer visitors access to handcrafts, small vendors, live music and community groups. Virtually none of the businesses from the mid-20th century still exist, having been replaced by restaurants and tourist outlets.

The Unionville Business Improvement Area and its merchants, organize and operate numerous, year-round, admission free, festivals and events. The Merchants of Main Street Unionville BIA is the business association on Main Street Unionville, composed of volunteers from the business community, who work to preserve and promote the historical village of Unionville.

The Unionville BIA's Heritage Committee has seen its volunteers research and produce a self-guided walking tour. They also offer the official walking tours of Main Street Unionville.

Unionville has a number of regular events ongoing throughout the year. Dates for these can be found on the relevant web sites. Here is a sampling:
 * Unionville Village Festival – first weekend of June
 * Unionville Heritage Festival – Labour Day
 * Olde Tyme Christmas Candlelight Parade – first Friday of December
 * Olde Tyme Christmas Breakfast with Santa – morning after the Parade
 * Canada Day – 1 July
 * Markham Jazz Festival – August
 * Thursday Nights at the Bandstand – all summer long
 * Doors Open Markham – usually autumn
 * Remembrance Day at the Cenotaph – 11 Nov

Stiver Mills Farmers' Market and Stiver Mills
Stiver Mill hosts a small farmers' type market ever Sunday from June to October (held indoors in the Mills to December) and operating since 2009. The market was founded by Bob Stiver, a descendant of the Stiver brothers.

The Stiver family has resided in Unionville and Markham since 1794 as part of the wave of migrants brought over by William Berczy.

The market is located next to the historic Stiver Mill, a grain mill built in 1916 (as well as structures moved from Matthew Grain Company of Toronto) for Charles and Francis Stiver and operated as Stiver Brothers until 1968. Besides grains (as well as seed and feed), the business sold cement, coal and salt.

The site was acquired by the then Town of Markham in 1993 and closed from 2013 to 2014 when the mills structure was restored.

Government
Unionville is (depending on its definition) within the following city wards and political ridings:

 * Ward 3; represented by Councilor Reid McAlpine
 * Ward 4; represented by Councilor Karen Rea (see discussion of boundaries above)
 * Ward 6; represented by Councilor Amanda Yeung Collucci (see discussion of boundaries above)
 * Markham—Unionville; provincial electoral riding, represented by Billy Pang (Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario)
 * Markham—Unionville; federal electoral riding, represented by Paul Chiang (Liberal Party of Canada)

Transportation

 * Highway407crest.png Highway 407 ETR
 * York Region Transit – bus routes on Highway 7 and 16th Avenue
 * Viva – Viva Green and Viva Purple routes
 * GO Train/Bus at Unionville GO Station
 * York Regional Road 7.svg Highway 7
 * Toronto Transit Commission – bus routes 68 Warden, 43 Kennedy, 17 Birchmount

Primary and secondary schools
York Region District School Board operates public schools:
 * Unionville High School
 * Markville Secondary School
 * Bill Crothers Secondary School
 * Unionville Public School
 * William Berczy Public School
 * Buttonville Public School
 * Central Park Public School
 * Coledale Public School
 * Parkview Public School
 * Unionville Meadows Public School

York Catholic District School Board operates Catholic separate schools:
 * St. Augustine Catholic High School
 * All Saints Catholic Elementary School
 * St. Matthew Catholic Elementary School
 * John XXIII Catholic Elementary School
 * St. Justin Martyr Catholic Elementary School

Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir operates one French (first language) Catholic separate school:
 * Sainte-Marguerite-Bourgeoys French Catholic Elementary School

Private schools:
 * Unionville Montessori Private School

Public libraries
A new library, the Markham Public Library (Unionville branch), was completed in 1984, replacing the older Unionville Library, which was renamed the "Old Library Community Centre", and is now used for dance classes, meetings, and a church. The new library occupies 1,300 square metres, and is based on a traditional village square surrounded by eight "houses" of books expressed on the exterior as postmodern Victorian dormers. The library, which contains approximately 100,000 books and audiovisual materials, was designed by architect Barton Myers.

Notable people

 * Hayden Christensen of Star Wars fame attended Unionville High School.
 * Emmanuelle Chriqui – Canadian actress who appeared in the television series Entourage and the films On the Line, Snow Day, and In the Mix.
 * Anna Russell – English–Canadian singer and comedian – Anna Russell Way is named after her.
 * Steven Stamkos a Canadian ice hockey player of the Tampa Bay Lightning.
 * Paul Poirier a figure skater. Competed in 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics.
 * Howie Lee a Canadian ice hockey player who was a member of the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen who won the bronze medal for Canada in ice hockey at the 1956 Winter Olympics.
 * Joe Bowen – Toronto Maple Leafs broadcaster.
 * James Duthie – TSN Hockey analyst.
 * Ken Pereira – field hockey midfielder.
 * Bob Beckett – former Canadian ice hockey centre.
 * Andrea Beck – Montreal-born author best known for her Elliot Moose books.
 * Donald Deacon – Deacon, OC, O.PEI, MC (1920–2003) was a Canadian politician, businessman and volunteer. He was made an officer of the Order of Canada in 2003.
 * Marc Bendavid – Canadian film, television and stage actor.
 * Gillian Apps – women's ice hockey player. She is the granddaughter of Hockey Hall of Fame member Syl Apps and the daughter of former National Hockey League player Syl Apps, Jr. and his wife Anne.

title: Unionville, Ontario


text:
Linia

Here are places that have the name Linia:

In Africa

 * Linia, Chad

In Europe

 * Linia, Corfu, Greece
 * Linia, a village in Budeşti Commune, Vâlcea County, Romania
 * Linia, a village in Grădiştea Commune, Vâlcea County, Romania

title: Linia


text:
Sex hormone-binding globulin

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to androgens and estrogens. When produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, it is called androgen-binding protein (ABP).

Other steroid hormones such as progesterone, cortisol, and other corticosteroids are bound by transcortin. SHBG is found in all vertebrates apart from birds.

Function
Testosterone and estradiol circulate in the bloodstream, loosely bound mostly to serum albumin (~54%), and to a lesser extent bound tightly to SHBG (~44%). Only a very small fraction of about 1 to 2% is unbound, or "free," and thus biologically active and able to enter a cell and activate its receptor. SHBG inhibits the function of these hormones. Thus, the local bioavailability of sex hormones is influenced by the level of SHBG. Because SHBG binds to testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), these hormones are made less lipophilic and become concentrated within the luminal fluid of the seminiferous tubules. The higher levels of these hormones enable spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in the epididymis. SHBG’s production is regulated under the influence of FSH on Sertoli cells, enhanced by insulin, retinol, and testosterone.

The relative binding affinity of various sex steroids for SHBG is dihydrotestosterone (DHT) > testosterone > androstenediol > estradiol > estrone. DHT binds to SHBG with about 5 times the affinity of testosterone and about 20 times the affinity of estradiol. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is weakly bound to SHBG, but dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is not bound to SHBG. Androstenedione is not bound to SHBG either, and is instead bound solely to albumin. Estrone sulfate and estriol are also poorly bound by SHBG. Less than 1% of progesterone is bound to SHBG.

SHBG levels are usually about twice as high in women than in men. In women, SHBG serves to limit exposure to both androgens and estrogens. Low SHBG levels in women have been associated with hyperandrogenism and endometrial cancer due to heightened exposure to androgens and estrogens, respectively. During pregnancy, due to activation of SHBG production in the liver by high estrogen levels, SHBG levels increase by five-fold to ten-fold. The high SHBG levels during pregnancy may serve to protect the mother from exposure to fetal androgens that escape metabolism by the placenta. A case report of severe hyperandrogenism in a pregnant woman due to a rare instance of genetic SHBG deficiency illustrates this.

Biosynthesis
SHBG is produced mostly by the liver and is released into the bloodstream. Other sites that produce SHBG include the brain, uterus, testes, and placenta. Testes-produced SHBG is called androgen-binding protein.

Gene
The gene for SHBG is called Shbg located on chromosome 17 on the short arm between the bands 17p12→p13. Overlapping on the complementary DNA strand is the gene for spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase family member 2 (SAT2). Nearby are the genes for p53 and ATP1B2, and fragile X mental retardation, autosomal homolog 2 (FXR2) on the complementary strand. There are eight exons, of which exon 1 has three variations called 1L, 1T and 1N which are triggered by three promoters: PL, PT and PN respectively. SHBG comes with the 1L, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 exons connected together. A variation includes SHBG-T which is missing exon 7 but with exon 1T promoted by promoter PT on the opposite strand, which shared with that for SAT2.

Polymorphisms
There are variations in the genetic material for this protein that have different effects. In humans common polymorphisms include the following:

Rs6259, also called Asp327Asn location 7633209 on Chromosome 17, results in there being an extra N-glycosilation site, and so an extra sugar can be attached. This results in a longer circulation half-life for the protein, and raised levels. A health effect is a lowered risk of endometrial cancer, and another is an increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Rs6258 also called Ser156Pro is at position 7631360 on the Chromosome 17.

Rs727428 position 7634474 is in several percent of humans.

(TAAAA)(n) is five base pairs that repeats a variable number of times on the opposite DNA strand.

Promoter activation
The mechanism of activating the promoter for SHBG in the liver involves hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) binding to a DR1 like cis element which then stimulate production. Competing with HNF4A at a third site on the promoter is PPARG-2 which reduces copying the gene to RNA. If HNF4A level is low then COUP-TF binds to the first site and turns off production of SHBG.

Protein
Sex hormone-binding globulin is homodimeric, meaning it has two identical peptide chains making up its structure. The amino acid sequence is the same as for androgen-binding protein but that has different oligosaccharides attached and is produced in testes.

SHBG has two laminin G-like domains which form pockets that bind hydrophobic molecules. The steroids are bound by the LG domain at the amino end of the protein. Inside the pocket of the domain is a serine residue that attracts the two different types of steroids at different points, thus changing their orientation. Androgens bind at the C3 functional groups on the A ring, and estrogens bind via a hydroxyl attached to C17 on the D ring. The two different orientations change a loop over the entrance to the pocket and the position of trp84 (in humans). Thus the whole protein signals what hormone it carries on its own surface. The steroid binding LG domain is coded by exons 2 to 5. A linker region joins the two LG domains together.

When first produced the SHBG precursor has a leading signal peptide attached with 29 amino acids. The remaining peptide has 373 amino acids. There are two sulfur bridges.

The sugars are attached at two different N-glycosylation points on asparagine (351 and 367) and one O-glycosylation (7) point on threonine.

Metals
A calcium ion is needed to link the two elements of the dimer together. Also a zinc ion is used to orient an otherwise disorganised part of the peptide chain.

Regulation
SHBG has both enhancing and inhibiting hormonal influences thus can be viewed as a hepatokine. It decreases with high levels of insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), androgens, prolactin and transcortin. High estrogen and thyroxine levels cause it to increase.

In an effort to explain obesity-related reductions in SHBG, recent evidence suggests sugar or monosaccharide-induced hepatic lipogenesis, hepatic lipids in general, and cytokines like TNF-alpha and Interleukin reduce SHBG, whereas insulin does not. As an example anti-psoriatic drugs that inhibit TNF-alpha cause an increase in SHBG. The common downstream mechanism for all of these, including the effect of thyroid hormones was downregulation of HNF4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4.

Blood values
Reference ranges for blood tests for SHBG have been developed:

High or low levels

SHBG levels are decreased by androgens, administration of anabolic steroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, Cushing's syndrome, and acromegaly. Low SHBG levels increase the probability of Type 2 Diabetes. SHBG levels increase with estrogenic states (oral contraceptives), pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, anorexia nervosa, and certain drugs. Long-term calorie restriction increases SHBG in rodents and men, while lowering free and total testosterone and estradiol and having no effect on DHEA-S, which lacks affinity for SHBG. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is associated with insulin resistance and excess insulin lowers SHBG, which increases free testosterone levels.

In the womb the human fetus has a low level of SHBG allowing increased activity of sex hormones. After birth, the SHBG level rises and remains at a high level throughout childhood. At puberty the SHBG level halves in girls and goes down to a quarter in boys. The change at puberty is triggered by growth hormone, and its pulsatility differs in boys and girls. In pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy the SHBG level escalates to five to ten times the usual level for a woman. A hypothesis is that this protects against the effect of hormone produced by the fetus.

Obese girls are more likely to have an early menarche due to lower levels of SHBG. Anorexia or a lean physique in women leads to higher SHBG levels, which in turn can lead to amenorrhea.

Type 2 diabetes
Reduced levels of SHBG and also certain polymorphisms of the SHBG gene are implicated in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Such effects apparently involve direct action at the cellular level where it became apparent that cell membranes of certain tissues contain specific high-affinity SHBG receptors.

Coagulation
SHBG is a useful correlate and indirect marker of estrogen-induced procoagulation and by extension thrombosis, for instance with birth control pills.

Medications
Oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol can increase SHBG levels by 2- to 4-fold and decrease free testosterone concentrations by 40 to 80% in women. They can be used to treat symptoms of hyperandrogenism like acne and hirsutism. Some oral contraceptives, namely those containing high doses of ethinylestradiol (which have been discontinued and are no longer marketed), can increase SHBG levels by as much as 5- to 10-fold.

Some medications, such as certain anabolic steroids like mesterolone and danazol and certain progestins like levonorgestrel and norethisterone, have high affinity for SHBG and can bind to it and displace endogenous steroids from it, thereby increasing free concentrations of these endogenous steroids. It has been estimated that therapeutic levels of danazol, methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone, levonorgestrel, and norethisterone would respectively occupy or displace from testosterone 83–97%, 48–69%, 42–64%, 16–47%, and 4–39% of SHBG binding sites, while others with low affinity for SHBG such as ethinylestradiol, cyproterone acetate, and medroxyprogesterone acetate would occupy or displace from testosterone 1% or fewer SHBG binding sites.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) also reduce SHBG.

Measurement
When checking serum estradiol or testosterone, a total level that includes free and bound fractions can be assayed, or the free portion may be measured alone. Sex hormone-binding globulin can be measured separately from the total fraction of testosterone.

A free androgen index expresses the ratio of testosterone to SHBG and can be used to summarize the activity of free testosterone.

Synonyms
SHBG has been known under a variety of different names including:

 * Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
 * Sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG, SBG)
 * Sex steroid-binding protein (SBP, SSBP)
 * Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
 * Estradiol-binding-protein (EBP)
 * Testosterone–estradiol binding globulin (TeBG, TEBG)

title: Sex hormone-binding globulin


text: User talk:131.9.254.126

title: User talk:131.9.254.126


text:
Radio Margaritaville

Radio Margaritaville is a worldwide Internet radio station and SiriusXM Satellite Radio station (Ch. 24) owned by the estate of Jimmy Buffett. It features 24-hour music and live broadcasts of Jimmy Buffett's concerts.

History
Buffett was inspired to create Radio Margaritaville after listening to radio stations in Australia, Key West, and to WOYS in Apalachicola, Florida. He was attracted to the channels' wide range of programming, as opposed to the homogenized playlists he heard elsewhere. He contacted an old friend, Steve Huntington, who agreed to leave terrestrial radio to serve as program director for Buffett's new venture. "When we first started talking about this, we didn't know the Internet would be the route," Huntington said in a 2001 interview. "We figured it would be done in syndication or something. But we started doing some shows on the main Margaritaville site in 1998 and the response was very good." Buffett modeled the channel after pirate radio stations in terms of having no restrictions on what songs to play. It also recalled free-form FM radio of the 1970s with diverse playlists featuring music in the rock, jazz, blues, and folk genres. By 2002, Radio Margaritaville was one of the most popular Internet stations, though it had yet to build an audience that would rival small-market radio stations.

Radio Margaritaville joined Sirius Satellite Radio in 2005 on channel 31 (moving to XM 24 May 4, 2011 ) and Dish Network channel 6031. It became the first internet station to transition to mainstream radio, and can also be heard on radio. On November 12, 2008, following the merger of Sirius and XM Radio, the station was added to the XM lineup at channel 55 (moving to XM 24 May 4, 2011 ). Radio Margaritaville's program director is Kirsten Winquist and the General Manager is Coleman Sisson. On air talent consists of hosts Kirsten Winquist (VP Programming), Sara West, Jasmine Shinness, Renee Adams, JD Spradlin and Krystal King. The station is broadcast from The Margaritaville Resort locations in Orlando and Nashville. Radio Margaritaville now has a stinger often heard between songs of a steel drum with a few notes of "Margaritaville", adding to station identity.

SiriusXM's station, "The Highway," added a Friday afternoon-drive program, Music Row Happy Hour, to its lineup in 2016. Hosted by Buzz Brainard, the show is broadcast from the Margaritaville Restaurant in Nashville and has featured visits from such artists as Brett Eldredge, Maren Morris, and Blake Shelton. The show "created a natural cross-promotion with Jimmy Buffett’s Radio Margaritaville channel." As of August 2017, Radio Margaritaville averages three million unique listeners a week.

Buffett died September 1, 2023; the service was still operational at the time.

Artists played

 * Jimmy Buffett
 * Mac McAnally
 * Jack Johnson
 * Kenny Chesney
 * Sheryl Crow
 * The Beach Boys
 * Zac Brown Band
 * Bob Marley
 * Toots and the Maytals
 * Little Feat
 * Paul Simon
 * UB40
 * Jerry Jeff Walker
 * Alan Jackson
 * Toucans Steel Drum Band
 * Crowded House
 * Steve Goodman
 * John Hiatt
 * Lyle Lovett
 * James Taylor
 * Livingston Taylor
 * Keith Sykes
 * Sonny Landreth
 * The Boat Drunks
 * Sunny Jim White
 * Bob Dylan
 * Tom Petty
 * Chuck Berry
 * Garth Brooks
 * The Neville Brothers
 * Allen Toussaint
 * Jan and Dean
 * The Eagles
 * Warren Zevon
 * Steve Miller Band
 * Pink Martini
 * Buena Vista Social Club
 * Sam Cooke
 * Otis Redding
 * Los Lonely Boys
 * The Allman Brothers Band
 * George Strait
 * The Swingin' Medallions
 * The Tams
 * The Embers
 * John Mayer
 * Jesse Winchester
 * Club Trini
 * Keith Urban
 * Jeff Bridges
 * Third World

title: Radio Margaritaville


text:
Shanna Moakler

Shanna Lynn Moakler (born March 28, 1975) is an American actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was the winner of the Miss New York USA pageant in 1995 and was the first runner-up at Miss USA 1995. After winner Chelsi Smith won the Miss Universe 1995 pageant, Moakler succeeded her as Miss USA. She was chosen as a Playmate of the Month for Playboy magazine in December 2001.

Moakler eventually branched out into an acting career, appearing as a regular for two seasons on the USA Network television series Pacific Blue in 1998, and in 2005 she starred as herself on the reality television series Meet the Barkers with her then-husband Travis Barker, drummer in the rock band Blink-182. She hosted E!'s Bridalplasty during its two-month run in 2010/2011. In January 2014, it was announced that Moakler had joined the cast of the VH1 reality series, Hollywood Exes.

Moakler has served as the executive producer of the Miss Nevada USA state pageant since 2012, after joining as a director in 2011, and acquired the Miss Utah USA franchise in 2018.

Early life
Moakler, who is of German, Irish, Portuguese, and Polish descent, was born in Providence, Rhode Island. She has two older brothers and had an older sister, who died in 2012. As a child, Moakler enjoyed weekend visits to her grandfather's farm, where she could "play outdoors and be a tomboy." Moakler was a competitive roller skater for 12 years (participating in roller skating competitions analogous to ice skating competitions). She attended Barrington High School, where she claims to have been "the biggest dork." According to Moakler, she was 4 ft and 75 lb until she finally hit puberty at age 17. By the time she graduated, however, Moakler had dated the captain of the football team and was voted as best dressed. She moved to Miami after high school to pursue a modeling career. Moakler later moved to New York City and then to Los Angeles.

Pageants
Shanna Moakler, at the age of 17, represented Rhode Island in the Miss Teen USA 1992 pageant. She placed third in the preliminaries, sixth in the interview segment, and fifth in the swimsuit competition (scoring 9.115, 9.279 and 9.087 respectively). Moakler made it to the semi-finals and finished seventh overall. Moakler won the Miss Teen All American title for 1993.

In 1995, Moakler was named Miss New York USA and represented New York in the Miss USA pageant, held that year in South Padre Island, Texas. Moakler finished second (to Miss Texas USA) in the preliminaries and in each of the interview and swimsuit divisions, with scores of 9.06, 9.62 and 9.61 respectively, and first in the evening gown competition, with a score of 9.86. Overall, Moakler was the first runner-up in the Miss USA Pageant. In May 1995, at the age of 20, Moakler received the 1995 Miss USA crown when the winner, Chelsi Smith, became Miss Universe.

Moakler enjoyed some aspects of her reign as Miss USA, such as celebrity pool tournaments. However, she has complained that the experience required her to "sign autographs at places like Bob's Home Furnishing Rentals." She was also forced to live with a pageant chaperone, who made sure she dressed and acted appropriately.

Moakler responded to the 2009 Miss USA gay marriage controversy by appearing in a public service announcement supporting efforts to overturn the result of California's Proposition 8. Following allegations that reigning Miss California USA Carrie Prejean had posed for risqué photos and violated terms of her contract, Donald Trump decided that there had been no breach and therefore declined to strip Prejean of her crown. Moakler then resigned as co-director for the pageant on May 13, 2009, stating "I cannot with a clear conscience move forward supporting and promoting the Miss Universe Organization when I no longer believe in it, or the contracts I signed committing myself as a youth." However, on November 13, 2009, it was announced that Moakler returned to the Miss California USA organization, around the same time Carrie Prejean was dethroned.

In 2008, Moakler made a pro-vegetarianism ad for PETA and in 2013 she posed nude for a PETA anti-fur ad campaign, stating that as long as she is the director of Miss Nevada, fur coats would not be given as prizes.

Modeling
Moakler began her modeling career at the age of fifteen. She appeared in various publications, including such magazines as Cosmopolitan and Brentwood. She signed a contract with Playboy and in December 2001, was named Playmate of the Month. She has admitted that posing nude was "a little scary at first." Moakler's Playmate data sheet listed her measurements as: 34" bust, 24" waist, 34" hips, 5 ft tall and 117 pounds. She later appeared in a campaign for Cutty Sark that was photographed by David LaChapelle.

Television
Moakler started her television career in 1996 with appearances on Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman and Due South. Moakler then played Lisa in Friends 'Til the End, a 1997 NBC movie of the week starring Shannen Doherty. In 1998 she appeared in an episode of Timecop playing the role of Allison Kendall.

Beginning in 1998, Moakler was a regular on the television drama Pacific Blue. The USA Network series featured a team of police officers who patrolled the beaches of Santa Monica, California on bicycles. In seasons four and five Moakler played Officer Monica Harper, described as the trouble-maker rookie. Moakler has admitted that, even equipped with a $5,000 Trek bike, she was somewhat accident-prone on the set, saying that when the cast had to "ride really close together for the camera" they would often "crash into each other like idiots and end up in a big ball of arms and legs."

Moakler was a celebrity contestant on Search Party, a game show on the E! network. The show filmed at exotic beach resort locations and required contestants to team up for competitions such as athletic events and scavenger hunts. Moakler appeared in three episodes in 1999 to 2000.

In 2003, Moakler appeared on Punk'd to help Ashton Kutcher and his crew set up her then-boyfriend Travis Barker. They punk'd Barker by having a waiter flirt excessively with Moakler while the couple were on a romantic date at a local restaurant. The episode originally aired on November 30, 2003.

In 2005, Moakler made a guest appearance as Mariska on the television program Joey, starring Matt LeBlanc and also made an appearance as Josie on the show Jake in Progress. That same year, Moakler and her then-husband Barker starred in Meet the Barkers, a reality series for MTV that premiered April 6, 2005. The series followed the former couple throughout their daily activities. It covered the couple's wedding and their life as a family while they were together. The show continued for two seasons until February 2006.

Moakler and Barker appeared together in an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation entitled "Poppin' Tags", which originally aired on April 13, 2006. She played a character named J-Lady, while Barker played a rapper involved in conflict with a rival rap artist. Later that year, Moakler was featured on the third season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, which premiered on September 12, 2006. She was eliminated in week two. She guest starred on several more shows, such as HBO's Entourage, Telemundo's Mas Vale Tarde and as hostess for The CW's Crowned: The Mother of All Pageants. On the 120th episode of NBC's Minute to Win It (aka The Last Beauty Standing) which aired just before the 2010 Miss Universe contest on August 23, 2010, Moakler was the Last Beauty Standing among 10 contestants and was the top winner with $100,000 for her charity.

In 2014, Moakler was one of the celebrity judges to select a new, and second only, male model for the long running television game show the Price is Right. Other judges included the show's Executive Producer Mike Richards and its first male model Robert Scott Wilson.

In 2022, Moakler was announced as a HouseGuest competing on the third season of Celebrity Big Brother, in which she finished in seventh place out of eleven.

Personal life
Moakler had a relationship with rock star Billy Idol in 1997. The couple appeared together in a scene of The Wedding Singer. Moakler has described Idol as a gentleman, but "not too sweet and sensitive." She also praised his intelligence and flair for history and philosophy.

Moakler started dating boxer Oscar De La Hoya in October 1997, and they moved in together in early 1998. The couple announced their engagement in October 1998. They have one child together, a daughter. In September 2000, the relationship abruptly ended when Moakler, who was at home watching the Latin Grammy Awards on television, saw De La Hoya escorting another woman to the show. In December 2000, Moakler filed a $62.5 million palimony suit against her ex-fiancé, claiming he was an alcoholic, abusive to her and to their daughter, and that he used them "as props to promote his public image." The case was settled out of court in 2001 for an undisclosed amount. After the time of De La Hoya's split from Moakler, he had little contact with his daughter, although he continued to provide financial support.

Moakler dated actor Dennis Quaid from February to October 2001. They were together when she was approached by Playboy, and they discussed it before she posed nude in the magazine.

On October 30, 2004, Moakler married Travis Barker, the drummer for the band Blink-182. Moakler and Barker have two children, a son and daughter. Barker filed for divorce from Moakler on August 8, 2006. Later it was reported that Barker was seeing Paris Hilton. Tensions between Hilton and Moakler led to a confrontation at Los Angeles nightclub Hyde Lounge in early October. Hilton and Moakler each accused the other of battery in separate complaints filed with the Los Angeles Police Department. Ultimately, no charges came out of the altercation. In February 2008, Barker told People magazine "No, I'm no longer with her [...] We were actually divorced a few days ago."

From February 2014 to July 2019, Moakler was in a relationship with Hells Angels biker, Bryan Sollima.

On December 7, 2014, the police were called to Moakler and Barker's shared home in Los Angeles after the former couple got into a verbal argument which led to the two of them getting arrested. However, no charges were filed against either party. In June 2016, it was reported that Moakler and Barker were amicably co-parenting their two children.

title: Shanna Moakler


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Ouzoud Falls

Ouzoud Falls (Amazigh: Imuzzar n wuẓuḍ, Cascades d'Ouzoud) is the collective name for several waterfalls in the province of Azilal in Morocco. The waterfalls empty into the El-Abid River's (Arabic for "Slaves' River") gorge. A popular tourism destination, they are located 36 km from the town of Azilal and 150 km from Marrakesh. 'Ouzoud' means "the act of grinding grain" in Berber.

title: Ouzoud Falls