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Elisabeth Rehn

Märta Elisabeth Rehn (Carlberg; born 6 April 1935) is a Finnish former politician and diplomat. She served as the Minister of Defence of Finland during 1990 to 1995 and as an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations during 1998 to 1999. She was also a member of the Finnish Parliament and parliamentary leader of the Swedish People's Party of Finland, and a member of the European Parliament.

Early life and education
Rehn was born on 6 April 1935 in Helsinki, Finland. She spent her childhood in Mäntsälä, where her father worked as a community medical doctor. Rehn went to a local school in Mäntsälä before entering a boarding school in Kauniainen.

Rehn received a Master of Science degree in economics from Hanken School of Economics in 1957 and has honorary doctorates in political science from both Hanken School of Economics and Åbo Akademi University and an honorary doctorate in military science from the National Defence University.

In the early 1960s, she was recognized as the first person in Finland to import and market plastic Tupperware containers.

Career
Rehn was first elected as a member of parliament for Uusimaa in 1979. She was the parliamentary leader of the Swedish People's Party of Finland from 1987 to 1990.

She was appointed as Minister of Defence to the Holkeri Cabinet, succeededing Ole Norrback, in 1990. Upon her assumption of office on 13 June 1990, she became the first female defence minister of a European nation and the sixth in the world. When Esko Aho succeeded Harri Holkeri as Prime Minister of Finland in 1991, Rehn was retained as defence minister and, in addition, was appointed Minister of Equality Affairs in the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. During her tenure in office, a law was passed permitting women to perform voluntary national military service.

Her popularity in office led to the Swedish People's Party candidacy in the 1994 Finnish presidential election. She earned enough votes in early elections to make it to the final round, in which she faced diplomat Martti Ahtisaari of the Social Democratic Party of Finland. She received 46.1% of the final vote.

Rehn was appointed a member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Finland during the 1995–1996 period of the Fourth European Parliament, a position established as part of the 1995 enlargement of the European Union. Her term began on 1 January 1995 and she remained in office until 10 November 1996.

On 27 September 1995, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, appointed Rehn as Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Republic of Croatia, FRY, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Republic of Macedonia – collectively, the states comprising the former Yugoslavia. After several years as Special Rapporteur, she was appointed an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, with the specific assignment of Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Coordinator of the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, an office she held during 16 January 1998 to 15 July 1999. While on assignement, she was one of the earliest observers to visit the mass graves of the Srebrenica massacre.

Other activities
Elisabeth Rehn and Lamija Tanović were the key founding members and patrons of the United World College in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Rehn was a member of the Global Leadership Foundation (GLF) until November 2017. GLF is an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a non-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them.

Memberships and NGO positions

 * European Leadership Network
 * Femmes Africa Solidarité, Advisory Board member, 2005–
 * Finnish Red Cross, Vice-chair, 1984–1988
 * Global Leadership Foundation, –2017
 * Intellibridge, Advisory Council member
 * International Court of Justice, Trust Fund for Victims, Board of Directors member
 * Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Court of Conciliation and Arbitration of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe member, 1994–
 * Regional Women's Lobby South Eastern Europe, Advisory Board member
 * UNICEF, Finnish Committee member, 1982–1994
 * Chair of the Standing Group of the National Committees of UNICEF, 1988–1993
 * UNIFEM
 * Independent expert on women's role in peace-building, 2001–2003
 * Global study on the implementation of UN Security Council resolution 1325, High Level Advisory Group member, 2015
 * UNIFEM Finland, Vice-chair of the Board, 2003–2005
 * WWF Finland, Chair of Board of Trustees, 2000–2006
 * Zonta International, International Honorary Member

Sources:

Personal life
Rehn was married to Ove Rehn from 1955 until his death in 2004, and they have four children: Joakim, Charlotta, Johan, and Veronica Rehn-Kivi, a member of parliament.

Rehn is a two-time cancer survivor. She recovered from colon cancer in the 1990s and was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2000.

National honours

 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st class (2002)

Foreign honours

 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st class (2003)

Awards

 * 🇫🇮 Axel Olof Freudenthal Medal – Gold (see Axel Olof Freudenthal), Swedish People's Party of Finland (1994)
 * 🇫🇮 Honorary Doctorate in Political Science, Hanken School of Economics (1994)
 * 🇫🇮 Fredrika Runeberg Stipend (see Fredrika Runeberg), Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland (1996)
 * 🇫🇮 Sibelius Medal, Lions Club Jean Sibelius in Järvenpää (2 January 1996)
 * 🇫🇮 Honorary Doctorate in Political Science, Åbo Akademi University (1998)
 * 🇫🇮 St. Henry's Cross, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (2013)
 * 🇫🇮 Honorary Doctorate in Military Science, National Defence University (2013)

title: Elisabeth Rehn


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Category:Search engine optimization

Articles on people should be categorized in the "consultants" subcategory.

title: Category:Search engine optimization


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Town Tavern

The Town Tavern was a jazz club in Toronto, Ontario that operated from 1949 to 1971. The club was one of the city's preeminent jazz venues and a regular performance venue for pianist Oscar Peterson.

History
The Town Tavern was located in the McDonald & Willson Building at 16 Queen Street E, which was built in 1909 and was designed by architect John Francis Brown (1866–1942).

Owned by Sam Berger, the Town Tavern was one of Toronto's busiest jazz clubs throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In July 1958, Oscar Peterson recorded a live album on the Verve label from the Tavern, featuring his then trio composed of Herb Ellis and Ray Brown. The building in which the Tavern operated has since been demolished.

Live recordings

 * Oscar Peterson - On the Town with the Oscar Peterson Trio (1958)

title: Town Tavern


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Nuremberg Airport

Nuremberg Airport (Albrecht Dürer Flughafen Nürnberg ) is an international airport of the Franconian metropolitan area of Nuremberg and the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport. The year 2018, with 4.5 million, was the year with the highest passenger volume to date at this airport. It is Germany's 9th busiest airport in 2022. It is located approximately 5 km north of Nuremberg's city centre and offers flights within Germany as well as to European metropolitan and leisure destinations, especially along the Mediterranean Sea, on the Canary Islands, in Turkey and in Egypt. The Airport is owned and operated by Flughafen Nürnberg GmbH, in turn owned 50% by the state of Bavaria and 50% by the city of Nuremberg.

Before the current airport
Prior to World War II, the Nuremberg area was served by a number of airfields in quick succession, all of which became inadequate in the face of the rapid development of aviation or fell victim to the same wars that had played a part in their construction. The first airfield in the area was built in 1915 by the Bavarian Army in the neighboring town of Fürth as a military air base. This Old Atzenhof Airport (Fürth Airfield) (49.4978°N, 10.9553°W) remained in civilian use (the Versailles Treaty forbade Germany from maintaining an airforce but was silent on civil aviation) throughout the Weimar Republic until the new Nazi government opened the new Marienberg Airport (49.47583°N, 11.09417°W) in Nuremberg. While the plans to build Marienberg Airport had existed before the 1933 power grab of the Nazis and it served supposedly civilian purposes, it was intended from its opening as a military airfield, which became openly admitted policy in 1935 with the establishment of the Luftwaffe, which maintained a base at Nuremberg-Marienberg airport. Largely destroyed in the war, the site of the former Marienberg airport, located a few km due south of the current airport, is today a public park. The former Atzenhof airfield was taken over by the US Army after the war and is today used as a golf course with some of the erstwhile airport buildings still extant.

Post-WWII
After World War II the US Armed Forces (Nuremberg being in the American Zone of Occupation) would use the main boulevard of the Nazi Party Rallying Grounds as a makeshift runway for their purposes, including the flights to and from the Nuremberg trials. However, even after Germans were allowed to partake in civil aviation again, that makeshift infrastructure was limited to use by the American military. Being thus left without a "proper" usable civilian airport — from 1950 to the completion of the new permanent airport passenger flights serving the area had to land at a private airfield (49.48167°N, 10.95333°W) of a Fürth based company near the current endpoint of the U1 subway line, Fürth Hardhöhe station  (A small plaque in the access tunnel to the subway station records that history.) The need to build an airport equipped for the demands of the rapidly growing aviation sector, in a country experiencing strong post-war economic growth, became pressing, and the young Federal Republic of Germany engaged in its first airport building project.

Early years at the current site
Nuremberg Airport was the first airport constructed in West Germany after World War II. It was inaugurated on 6 April 1955. Nuremberg Airport was in the American Zone of Occupation during German partition and to this day some US Army Bases in the vicinity (most notably U.S. Army Garrison Grafenwoehr) make use of the airport to fly in cargo and soldiers – the latter also on commercial flights.

In 1960, the number of passengers at Nuremberg Airport reached 100,000 for the first time. In 1961 the runway was extended from 1,900 to 2300 m, and in 1968 the runway was extended to its present length of 2700 m, allowing the then largest airliner in existence – the Boeing 747 – to use it. On 12 July 1970, a Boeing 747 landed at the airport for the first time and attracted 20,000 visitors. While a Boeing 747 used in passenger service at NUE is a rare sight, to this day freight flights using the largest serially produced civilian cargo plane take off and land at NUE with some regularity. In 1969 the then Munich Riem Airport shut down its main runway for maintenance for three weeks, which meant that most flights were redirected to Nuremberg Airport. This necessitated some upgrades to the existing infrastructure which cost some two million DM.

The apron was enlarged in 1977 and in 1981 a new passenger terminal with an observation deck and a restaurant replaced the previous building. In December 1986, the one million passenger mark was passed for the first time.

The local entrepreneur and partial heir to the de:Rudolf Wöhrl SE, Hans Rudolf Wöhrl is associated with the airport in multiple roles, not least his involvement in the 1974 founding of the first private competition to Lufthansa on the German domestic market de:Nürnberger Flugdienst (NFD) which had a base of operations at Nuremberg Airport and ultimately wound up as part of Eurowings in 1992. Even after the end of his involvement with NFD, Wöhrl remained active in aviation and founded or took over multiple airlines as well as launching unsuccessful bids to take over struggling or bankrupt airlines like Air Berlin when it went bankrupt in 2017/2018.

The 1990s
In 1997/98, Air Berlin established a winter hub at the airport, making it the airline's second most important tourist interchange airport, after Palma de Mallorca.

The new control tower commenced operations in 1999 and the U-Bahn station was opened. The 2388 m extension of the U-Bahn line U2 cost 95 million Deutsche Mark of which the airport paid 18.6 million – the rest was paid for by the state government of Bavaria and the federal government of Germany. Due to the extension to the airport opening on the same day as that to Ziegelstein, some press reports mistake the overall 180 million DM figure for that of the extension to the airport alone. While the city did not pay any of the cost of the stretch to the airport, it did contribute 15 million DM for the 85 million DM construction cost of the 945 m stretch Herrnhütte-Ziegelstein. According to press reports approximately 30 million passengers used the U-Bahn extension to the airport in its first 20 years of operation.

Early 21st century
In 2005 Nuremberg Airport celebrated its 50th anniversary with 45,000 visitors.

In April 2013, Air Berlin permanently shut down its winter seasonal hub in Nuremberg which had been maintained for several years.

In December 2014 the airport was named after Albrecht Dürer, who was born in Nuremberg. Subsequently, the metro station was adorned with reproductions of Dürer works.

In October 2016, Ryanair announced it would open a base at Nuremberg Airport consisting of two aircraft while four additional routes were inaugurated. In the same month, Air Berlin announced it would close its maintenance facilities at the airport due to cost cutting and restructuring measures. Shortly after, Germania announced it would open a new base at Nuremberg Airport consisting of one aircraft which served several new leisure routes. 2017 saw the bankruptcy of Air Berlin ending a trend of Air Berlin withdrawing service from the airport with the grounding of all Air Berlin flights. In January 2018, Eurowings announced it would establish a base at the airport consisting of one aircraft and four new routes as well as increased frequencies. After the demise of Germania in early 2019, TUI fly Deutschland announced it would base aircraft in Nuremberg to take over several leisure destinations. In late 2019 Ryanair announced the closure of their base in Nuremberg effective with the end of the winter schedule. The lack of available aircraft in light of the Boeing 737 Max groundings was cited as a reason at the time. Also in 2019 Corendon airlines announced a new base at NUE with over 50 weekly departures in the summer season. The company further expressed their commitment to the region with a special aircraft livery Boeing 737-800 honouring local football team 1. FC Nürnberg with whom they entered a partnership in 2020.

Nuremberg formerly had an extensive domestic network of which (as of 2024) only one direct route remains. Lufthansa decided not to resume its vital hub connection to Munich Airport in the wake of the pandemic, while its subsidiary Eurowings terminated all of its domestic links to Berlin (the since defunct Tegel Airport), Düsseldorf Airport, and Hamburg Airport. This leads to the circumstance that every domestic route from Nuremberg has been cancelled, with the sole exception of Lufthansas hub-feeder to Frankfurt Airport which is operated five times per day. While in 2019 there had been 450,000 domestic passengers to/from Nuremberg, by 2023 that market had – with the noted exception of the hub-feeder flights to Frankfurt – "all but disappeared" – despite overall passenger numbers in Nuremberg reaching 96% of the 2019 level in that year (better than the German average of roughly 80%).

While Air Berlin still operated one of its hubs at Nuremberg Airport, NUE was connected - at least seasonally - with fourteen German airports. These included, additionally to the ones mentioned above, the likes of Bremen Airport, Cologne Bonn Airport, Dortmund Airport, Dresden Airport, Erfurt Weimar Airport, Hanover Airport, Leipzig Halle Airport, Münster Osnabrück Airport, Paderborn Lippstadt Airport, Rostock Laage Airport and Sylt Airport.

Furthermore, Nuremberg Airport has also lost a lot of connectivity to European hubs with Brussels Airlines (to Brussels-Zaventem Airport), Finnair (to Helsinki Vantaa Airport), LOT Polish Airlines (to Warsaw Chopin Airport), and Scandinavian Airlines (to Copenhagen Airport) all not offering their respective services anymore. In 2023 Lufthansa Group also announced a further reduction in service to Nuremberg, cancelling the routes of their wholly owned subsidiaries Swiss and Austrian to their respective hubs Zurich Airport and Vienna Schwechat Airport, respectively. British Airways also ended its operations to Nuremberg in early 2024, previously offering a hub connection to London Heathrow.

Covid-19 and beyond
In June 2021, Lufthansa announced the termination of its route to Munich Airport, a flight covering around 170 km taking less than 30 minutes, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and after facing longstanding criticism from an environmental standpoint. It has been replaced by a coach service which however lacks usage by customers. During the same time, flights via other hubs than Munich registered increased passenger numbers.

In August 2021, the airport announced plans to build another cargo center with 3600 m² of hangar space and 1900 m² of office space, with completion scheduled for 2023.

In 2021 Ryanair announced the re-establishment of their previously closed base at NUE in light of re-emerging demand after more and more destination countries had relaxed or removed COVID-19 restrictions. The 737-MAX groundings, cited as a reason for the abandonment of the base in 2019, had also ended by that point in time, increasing the number of planes Ryanair had available. In 2023 Ryanair opened a maintenance hangar for the aircraft based at NUE.

In 2023 Eurowings announced the return of a base in Nuremberg. Starting with the winter 2023/2024 schedule, one aircraft will be based in Nuremberg year-round with four destinations served in the winter and summer respectively.

While many flights serving NUE are targeted to holidaymakers living in the region and in adjacent parts of Saxony, Thuringia and the Czech Republic, Nuremberg itself is also a destination for both business and leisure travel. The main draws are the Christkindlesmarkt in December as well as various trade fairs of world renown held at the Messezentrum Nuremberg – most notably the Nuremberg International Toy Fair in February. Another market of note are river cruises along the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal (and from there either northwestwards on the Main and Rhine or southeastwards as a Danube River cruise) which can be boarded at the port of Nuremberg some 10 km due south from the airport as the crow flies.

The travel company TUI reported in early 2024 that based on their analysis of google reviews up to July 2023, Nuremberg Airport is the most popular international airport in Germany, receiving an average rating of 4.3 out of 5 stars.

Runway and apron
The runway 10/28 is 2700 by. Takeoff and landing of all current aircraft, including widebody aircraft (e.g. Boeing 747) or cargo planes (e.g. Antonov An-124 Ruslan) are possible. However, Nuremberg Airport is not licensed for the Airbus A380.

The apron is 246845 m2 in space and provides parking positions for 37 planes.

Terminal
The passenger terminal consists of two departure halls and one arrival hall which are all linked landside and airside. The check-in area features 40 desks. In December 2015 the new security control between departure halls 1 and 2 on the ground floor opened, replacing earlier facilities upstairs in hall 2 as machines had gotten too heavy to be placed on the upper floor. The newly freed up space on the upper floor has been converted to offices of travel bureaus selling their products and services right at the airport.

The extension of departure hall 2 was inaugurated on 30 April 1992 and was originally dimensioned for 2.8 million passengers per year. Now there is room for 5 million passengers per year. Daylight dominates the transparent construction made of steel and glass drafted by Nuremberg architects Grabow and Hoffmann. The construction phase took three years and cost about 100 million Deutsche Mark. The extension of the apron was included in the building costs as well as three modern jet bridges. Today, there are four finger docks available.

On 25 January 2007 the newest addition, the Transfer-Control-Terminal (TCT) was opened. It not only serves as a capacity extension but it also allows for new legislation concerning security measures: since EU Regulation 2320/2002 airports have to make sure that non-EU passengers are controlled before continuing their trip to countries of the European Union and don't get mixed up with passengers who have already been checked. There is a second security control for the stricter security procedures for flights to Israel (if and when they operate) inside the TCT.

The airport has an airport lounge branded "Dürer Lounge" which can be accessed with tickets of a high enough travel class and for status customers of the frequent flyer programs of various airlines or by paying for a single access ticket.

In the arrivals area, there are three luggage carousels which sometimes present a bottleneck during busy times when more than three flights land in quick succession or when unloading of one or more flights is delayed for whatever reason. Plans to expand the capacity of the baggage claim have thus far (as of September 2023) not come to fruition.

In late 2023, the airport announced a major overhaul of its shopping and gastronomical offer. The erstwhile 650 sqm airside shopping, duty free and food court area is to be expanded to 1200 sqm. A joint venture with Smartseller GmbH & Co KG (owned to equal parts by the airport and Smartseller) was set up to manage the transition and operate the new business.

Cargo center
In 1987, Cargo Center Nuremberg  (CCN) was put into operation. When the Cold War ended and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Nuremberg won back its central location in Europe. As a consequence Nuremberg Airport and air freight quickly gained in importance in the 1990s.

Nuremberg is also the economic and service metropolis of Franconia with approximately 150,000 companies and enterprises taking advantage of the locality of Nuremberg as a traffic junction of highways (A3, A9 & A73) and railroads. The region's export share of 42% is remarkably high and above German average. In addition, several headquarters of internationally operating companies are located in the region, for example Siemens, Adidas, Bosch, Puma and Faber-Castell.

Due to the positive trend, Cargo Center II (CCN II) was built in 2003. Today, almost 14400 m2 storage space and 6550 m² of office space is available at Nuremberg Airport. 107,123 metric tons of cargo were handled in 2010.

Control tower
Deutsche Flugsicherung (DFS), which is in charge of air traffic control in Germany, moved into the 48 m tower in November 1998. The control tower at Nuremberg Airport was designed by architect Günther Behnisch and has become the architectural landmark of the airport with its dynamic silhouette. It was built because the original control tower was only 18 meters high. The project cost approximately 30 million DM.

Parking
There are about 10,000 car parking spaces at Nuremberg Airport. Apart from three multistorey car parks, there are various parking lots in close vicinity to the terminals. The newest facility is car park P4 with 3,600 parking spaces, which opened in 2021. Construction of P4 cost approximately €36 million and had begun in 2019. The old Parking facility P1 was torn down as it had reached the end of its useful life, leaving the number of parking garages constant at three, albeit with a major increase in capacity from roughly 8,000 to the current number. There are different parking tariffs to choose from, for example "BusinessParken" (business parking) or "UrlauberParken" (holiday parking).

Air rescue
Nuremberg Airport is also a center for Deutsche Rettungsflugwacht e.V  (DRF) and HDM Flugservice air rescue services which operate a rescue helicopter and an intensive care helicopter, respectively. Furthermore, several ADAC air ambulances and Flight Ambulance International (FAI) are based in Nuremberg.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Nuremberg Airport:

Busiest routes
In 2023 the busiest routes were Antalya (505,700 passengers), Palma de Mallorca (430,000 passengers), Istanbul (225,400 passengers) Frankfurt (206,800 passengers) and Amsterdam (168,000 passengers).

Metro
The U-Bahn (Metro) line U2 serves the airport at the Flughafen station. Trains connect the airport with the centre of the city every 10 minutes. The ride to the Hauptbahnhof (Central Railway Station) and the nearby Altstadt (historic old town) only takes 13 minutes. Nuremberg Airport is the only airport in Germany to be served by U-Bahn rather than S-Bahn, Tramway or Deutsche Bahn.

Car
Nuremberg Airport is located 5 km north of the city centre. It is accessible via nearby Autobahn A 3, which connects to Autobahn A 9 as well as Motorways A 73 and A 6. Longstanding plans for a more direct access from A3 (which runs north of the runway) were abandoned by all relevant local political factions in the run-up to the 2020 local elections. Bundesstraße 4 runs just to the West of the runway and is connected to the airport by local roads. Access for private automobiles is via Marienbergstraße and Flughafenstraße whereas public transit buses can use a slightly more direct route (see below).

Public transit
Bus number 30 connects the airport with bus and Tram stop "am Wegfeld" before continuing to Erlangen. Since December 2015 new bus line 33 was installed, allowing passengers from Nuremberg's west-neighbouring city Fürth getting to the airport quicker without taking a detour via Nuremberg Central Station. Since the extension of Tram Line 4 from Thon to am Wegfeld, Bus line 30 which formerly terminated in Thon has been rerouted to the airport, thus offering a direct connection to downtown Erlangen from the airport for the first time. The bus takes a route through local neighborhoods which predate the airport and makes use of streets which are otherwise closed to motorized traffic, including a short stretch through the airport parking lot. During much of the day lines 30 and 33 overlap between "am Wegfeld" and the airport for a ten-minute headway.

Other buses
Lufthansa also offers a bus service from Nuremberg to Munich following the pandemic, following environmental concerns in using a plane on this short route and the closing of its hub in Nuremberg. The Lufthansa Express Bus leaves from Parking space P2.

Walking or cycling
Because of the airport's close-in location and its direct connections to local streets, it is also possible to walk or ride a bicycle from nearby neighborhoods right up to the terminal. Consequently, there is also bicycle parking in front of the terminal which is used by both employees and passengers.

Environment
In addition to developing strategies to reduce noise pollution the department also implements regular measurements of air pollutants and soil analyses. In 2003, a biomonitoring campaign with honey bees was launched at the airport.

Chemical pollution residues from past operations
The water collected on the 70 ha of sealed or covered areas is being filtered and analyzed before it gets fed into receiving water courses, to prevent pollution due to oils or fuels. If the analyzed TOC value is above the threshold level, the water is discharged into the sewerage. Over the years, surface and aircraft de-icing fluids have been replaced by substances with higher biodegradability.

Biomonitoring
The airport has been keeping bees and analyzes their honey for pollution as a form of biomonitoring since 2003. The beekeepers otherwise work in other departments of the airport and the honey that is not needed for analysis is given to long-time employees as a gift. All relevant threshold values have (as of 2022) always been met as long as the biomonitoring has been practiced.

Renewable energy and electrification
In 2019 the airport replaced its baggage tug fleets with all electric vehicles

The airport uses solar panels on some rooftops and woodchips provided by local agricultural producers to provide 100% renewable electricity

Noise
Unlike many other airports in Germany, Nuremberg Airport is licensed for 24/7 operations and has a lot of passenger flights at night especially during the summer high season. This is controversial on noise abatement grounds, but the airport argues that slots at busy destination airports like Antalya Airport are only available for nighttime departures/arrivals to/from Nuremberg. In addition to local citizens, Lord Mayor Florian Janik (SPD) whose city of Erlangen partially sits in the flightpath has formally lodged a complaint against night-time operations at the airport. While cargo, general aviation and military flights also operate at night during winter months, scheduled passenger flights at night are less common during that time of year. As a side-effect of being one of the closest airports with the license and capabilities to receive arriving flights during the nighttime curfew of Munich or Frankfurt Airport (the busiest airports in Germany and important Lufthansa hubs), it receives rerouted flights originally scheduled to land at those airports from time to time.

Airport Business Center
In 2009, it was decided that a new hotel with conference rooms and offices will be built at the airport roundabout. ConTech GmbH and the architect's office Christ, both from Nuremberg, will realize the project with investor ZBI. In 2011 the plans were put on hold until the motorway connection is completed.

Motorway access
Direct access to motorway A3 has been planned for several years. A direct route to the airport with a tunnel under the runway to reduce traffic through city district Ziegelstein is favored and spatial planning has already been completed. However, further planning has been delayed as environmental organization Bund Naturschutz and local citizens group Nein zur Flughafen-Nordanbindung! ("No to a northern airport [road] link!") are vehemently against the plans. While the decision to construct motorway access is ultimately taken at the federal level, ahead of the 2020 mayoral elections candidates of CSU, SPD and Greens have all voiced their opposition to the plans of constructing such a road. As ultimately the candidate of the CSU, de:Marcus König, won the election, the plans appear to be shelved for at least the 2020-2026 mayoral term.

Cargo Center Nuremberg 3 (CCN3)
In 2021, a letter of intent was signed for another cargo center (CCN3). The CCN3 will add around 3,600 m2 of warehouse space and around 1,900 m2 of office space to the range of services.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 8 January 2010, an Air Berlin Boeing 737-800 skidded off the runway shortly before takeoff on a flight to Düsseldorf, causing the airport to close for a few hours.

title: Nuremberg Airport


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Genetic classification
Hi Ish, could you explain the change to the 'Genetic classification', copied from the previous verson and checked against the Ethnologue 2005 article? IceKarma 09:34, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC)

 * Hi.

 * Sure. Ethnologue's classification is a bit controversial. So, I replaced it with something a little less provocative.

 * Why?

 * Firstly, Ethnologue is considering Haida to be a part of Na-Dene. This is generally thought to be undemonstrated and is not supported by most specialists. The fact that Ethnologue does this and also has other undemonstrated genetic groupings of N. Amer. langs, e.g. the "Gulf" family (of Mary Haas), the Coahuiltecan family, the Hokan family, etc., makes me suspicious of Ethnologue in general. (I also note that in Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) subfamily Ethnologue groups Chiricahua-Mescalero with Lipan & Jicarilla: this is erroneous).

 * Secondly, the situation of the Northern Athabaskan languages is rather complicated. The most recent work always states that classification is tentative. There is much borrowing and shared features, so the usual criteria of systematic phonetic correspondences and shared innovation does not give us very good subclassifications. There is here, the common issue of whether a tree diagram can represent language relationships. Some have called the Northern languages a "cohesive language complex".

 * I think that a less controversial grouping is the one given in Mithun's (1999) survey, i.e. 3 Athabaskan subgroups: Northern, Pacific Coast, Southern. (but, some take issue of whether the Pacific Coast langs should be grouped together.) You can see what is mostly Mithun's outline in the Athabaskan article. (the various subgroupings there are still tentative and may be mostly areal, not genetic. I should probably add a note to that effect.)

 * Anyway, this is why I find Ethnologue a less desirable classfication. peace — ishwar  (S PEAK )  22:38, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131016163022/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= to http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120528193303/http://www.tlicho.ca/gonaowo/resources to http://www.tlicho.ca/gonaowo/resources

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Name
Suggest that we move this page towards a "Tlicho language" dominant version, keeping "Dogrib" of course, but "Tlicho" has become the primary English term. Danachos (talk) 14:14, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
 * If you are going tp propose a formal move then I would agree as it was at Tłı̨chǫ language for a while and Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì would work as well. Supporting it is this and this. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 17:56, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

Great Slave, Great Bear & Mackenzie River
Names should be the common names that are in reliable sources. While some people do want to drop the Great Slave name there is not yet a major push to change it. In fact the Tłı̨chǫ people still use those names as shown at Behchokǫ̀ and Gamètì. Great Slave Lake and the Mackenzie River have more than one original name. The common names with the original names in brackets should be used. If the names are officially changed then we should as well. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 17:56, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dogrib language


text:
Dewetting

In fluid mechanics, dewetting is one of the processes that can occur at a solid–liquid, solid–solid or liquid–liquid interface. Generally, dewetting describes the process of retraction of a fluid from a non-wettable surface it was forced to cover. The opposite process—spreading of a liquid on a substrate—is called wetting. The factor determining the spontaneous spreading and dewetting for a drop of liquid placed on a solid substrate with ambient gas, is the so-called spreading coefficient $S$:
 * $$S\ = \gamma_\text{SG} - \gamma_\text{SL} - \gamma_\text{LG}$$

where $γSG$ is the solid-gas surface tension, $γSL$ is the solid-liquid surface tension and $γLG$ is the liquid-gas surface tension (measured for the mediums before they are brought in contact with each other).

When $S > 0$, the spontaneous spreading occurs, and if $S < 0$, partial wetting is observed, meaning the liquid will only cover the substrate to some extent.

The equilibrium contact angle $$\theta_\text{c}$$is determined from the Young–Laplace equation.

Spreading and dewetting are important processes for many applications, including adhesion, lubrication, painting, printing, and protective coating. For most applications, dewetting is an unwanted process, because it destroys the applied liquid film.

Dewetting can be inhibited or prevented by photocrosslinking the thin film prior to annealing, or by incorporating nanoparticle additives into the film.

Surfactants can have a significant effect on the spreading coefficient. When a surfactant is added, its amphiphilic properties cause it to be more energetically favorable to migrate to the surface, decreasing the interfacial tension and thus increasing the spreading coefficient (i.e. making S more positive). As more surfactant molecules are absorbed into the interface, the free energy of the system decreases in tandem to the surface tension decreasing, eventually causing the system to become completely wetting.

In biology, by analogy with the physics of liquid dewetting, the process of tunnel formation through endothelial cells has been referred to as cellular dewetting.

Dewetting of polymer thin films
In most dewetting studies a thin polymer film is spin-cast onto a substrate. Even in the case of $$S<0$$ the film does not dewet immediately if it is in a metastable state, e.g. if the temperature is below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Annealing such a metastable film above its glass transition temperature increases the mobility of the polymer-chain molecules and dewetting takes place.

The process of dewetting occurs by the nucleation and growth of randomly formed holes, which coalesce to form a network of filaments, before breaking into droplets. When starting from a continuous film, an irregular pattern of droplets is formed. The droplet size and droplet spacing may vary over several orders of magnitude, since the dewetting starts from randomly formed holes in the film. There is no spatial correlation between the dry patches that develop. These dry patches grow and the material is accumulated in the rim surrounding the growing hole. In the case where the initially homogeneous film is thin (in the range of 100 nm), a polygon network of connected strings of material is formed, like a Voronoi pattern of polygons. These strings then can break up into droplets, a process which is known as the Plateau-Rayleigh instability. At other film thicknesses, other complicated patterns of droplets on the substrate can be observed, which stem from a fingering instability of the growing rim around the dry patch.

Dewetting of metal thin films
Solid-state dewetting of the metal thin films describe the transformation of a thin film into an energetically favoured set of droplets or particles at temperatures well below the melting point. The driving force for dewetting is the minimization of the total energy of the free surfaces of the film and substrate as well as of the film-substrate interface. The dedicated heating stage in SEM has been widely used to accurately control sample temperature through a thermocouple to observe the in-situ behaviour of the material, and can be recorded as a video format. Meanwhile, the two-dimensional morphology can be directly observed and characterised. ie. the partially dewetted Ni film is itself a workable fuel electrode for SOCs as it provides long TPB lines if the structure is fine enough, the connectivity of the nickel and pore phases as well as the TPB lines can be used for SOFC characterisation.

title: Dewetting


text:
NUE

NUE or Nue may refer to:

 * Nuremberg Airport's IATA code
 * Nucor, an American steel making company's NYSE stock symbol
 * New Urban Entertainment Television, a defunct American cable network targeting African-Americans
 * Nue, a Japanese legendary creature
 * Nue (album), a 2001 album by Lara Fabian
 * Nitrogen use efficiency, the ratio between the amount of nitrogen taken up by a crop and the amount present in the soil

title: NUE


text:
Monaro (New South Wales)

Monaro, once frequently spelt "Manaro", or in early years of settlement "Maneroo" (an interpretation of an Aboriginal word for big plain,) is a region in the south of New South Wales, Australia. A small area of Victoria near Snowy River National Park is geographically part of the Monaro. While the Australian Capital Territory is not considered part of the region, some towns in the Monaro have close links with Canberra.

The Snowy Monaro Regional Council was established in 2016 which comprises the former Bombala, Cooma-Monaro and Snowy River Local Government Areas. The area is the traditional lands of the Ngarigo tribe and the Ngarigo people continue to survive despite being listed as critically endangered by the government due to the events of education of the 1700s, and didn't share their border with the Southern Ngunnawal people. It boasts of snowfields, expansive timber forests and the Snowy River.

Holden's 'Monaro' Coupe (and later sedan) models (1967–1977, 2001–2006, 1973–1974 (Sedan)) were named after the area (but pronounced 'monAHroh').

Geography
The Monaro region, a plateau area lying about 1,000 metres above sea level, extends from the valley of the Murrumbidgee River in the north to the Errinundra Plateau in the south. It drops rather sharply to the coast on its eastern side. Much of the region is an ancient highland, but there is basaltic bedrock near Cooma and Nimmitabel that produce the only true chernozems in the whole continent, which are some of the best soils in Australia. Elsewhere the granitic soils are heavily leached and very infertile, supporting a dry forest vegetation before clearing for pastures. The Southern Tablelands Temperate Grassland is a vegetation community that lies in the region.

The Monaro region is characterised by rolling hills that rise to extremely rugged peaks in the Tinderry Mountains and to shallow valleys in the upper Murrumbidgee. The basaltic Monaro Range separates the Snowy and Murrumbidgee drainages. Because the climate in the basaltic areas is too cold for really reliable cropping (Nimmitabel has had frosts in January), the main industry is raising sheep and beef cattle.

Climate
Because it is located east of the Snowy Mountains, the rain-bearing westerly winds deposit rain and snow on the mountains leaving the Monaro region in a rain shadow (see southeast Australian foehn). Annual rainfall ranges from 430 millimetres (17 inches) around Dalgety to 700 millimetres (26 inches) at the eastern edge of the plateau, where occasional cyclonic storms can produce extremely heavy rainfall - in one day in June 1975 Nimmitabel received 256 millimetres (over 10 inches) of rain.

Temperatures in summer are warm to very warm, with average maxima ranging from 28 °C (82 °F) around Canberra and Queanbeyan to 22 °C (71 °F) on the highest parts of the plateau. Nights in summer can be cool, but in winter the region is the coldest part of mainland Australia outside the Alps, with July minima averaging -0.3 °C (31.5 °F) in Canberra and -1.5 °C (29.3 °F) in Bombala.

Transport
The Monaro Highway is the main state highway which runs from Canberra south through the Monaro region. Other major roads in the region are the Snowy Mountains Highway which crosses the Monaro between Tumut and Bega, the Kosciuszko Road from Cooma to Jindabyne, and the Snowy River Way from Bombala to Jindabyne.

Towns
The main towns in the region are Cooma, Jindabyne, Berridale and Bombala, whilst other towns and villages include Adaminaby, Delegate, Dalgety, Nimmitabel, Bredbo, Michelago, Maffra, Numeralla, and Cathcart. Larger localities within the Monaro include Shannons Flat, Yaouk, Eucumbene, Bunyan, Jerangle, Countegany and Kybeyan.

title: Monaro (New South Wales)


text:
NetSurf

NetSurf is an open-source web browser which uses its own layout engine. Its design goal is to be lightweight and portable. NetSurf provides features including tabbed browsing, bookmarks, and page thumbnailing.

The NetSurf project was started in April 2002 in response to a discussion of the deficiencies of the RISC OS platform's existing web browsers. Shortly after the project's inception, development versions for RISC OS users were made available for download by the project's automated build system. NetSurf was voted "Best non-commercial software" four times in Drobe Launchpad's annual RISC OS awards between 2004 and 2008.

NetSurf supports both mainstream systems (e.g. macOS and Unix-like) and older or uncommon platforms (e.g. AmigaOS, Haiku, Atari TOS, RISC OS, and Redox ).

The browser was ranked in 2011 as number 8 in an article highlighting 10 browsers for Linux published in TechRepublic and ZDNet. In 2010 it was referred to as a CLI browser superior to w3m.

Features
NetSurf's multi-platform core is written in ANSI C, and implements most of the HTML 4 and CSS 2.1 specifications using its own bespoke layout engine. As of version 2.0, NetSurf uses Hubbub, an HTML parser that follows the HTML5 specification. As well as rendering GIF, JPEG, PNG and BMP images, the browser also supports formats native to RISC OS, including Sprite, Draw and ArtWorks files.

It was suggested by developer John-Mark Bell in 2007 that support for JavaScript could be added. This feature did not make it into NetSurf v2 back in 2008, nor into NetSurf v3 of 2013, but as of December 2012 there are some NetSurf preview-builds available which contain early-stage JavaScript support (later much improved). On April 20, 2013, NetSurf 3.0 was released.

History
NetSurf began in April 2002 as a web browser for the RISC OS platform. Work on a GTK port began in June 2004 to aid development and debugging. It has since gained many of the user interface features present in the RISC OS version. The browser is packaged with several distributions including Ubuntu, NetBSD, and OpenBSD.

After five years of development, the first stable version of the browser was released on 19 May 2007 to coincide with the Wakefield RISC OS show. Version 1.0 was made available for download from the project's web site and the software was sold on CD at the show. After the release of NetSurf 1.0 there were two point-releases, which largely comprised bug fixes. NetSurf 1.1 was released in August 2007 and in March 2008 the NetSurf 1.2 release was made available.

NetSurf participated in Google Summer of Code in 2008 as a mentoring organisation, running four projects. These included improving the GTK front end, adding paginated PDF export support and developing the project's HTML 5 compliant parsing library, Hubbub. All NetSurf development builds since 11 August 2008 have used Hubbub to parse HTML and it is available for use in other projects under the MIT license.

NetSurf was again accepted as a mentoring organisation into Google Summer of Code 2009. The projects they ran included the development of LibDOM, the project's Document Object Model, and improvement of NetSurf's user interface. The interface work included moving previously RISC OS-only functionality to the multi-platform core, including bookmarks, global history, cookie management and page search features. A port to the Windows operating system was also started. In 2010 the NetSurf project did not apply to participate in Google Summer of Code due to the developers having other commitments.
 * NetSurf 2.0 was released in April 2009 for RISC OS, Linux and other Unix-like platforms, BeOS, Haiku, and AmigaOS 4. This was the first version to use the project's HTML5 parsing library, Hubbub.
 * In May 2009 a maintenance release, NetSurf 2.1, was issued to users. It incorporated bug fixes and some improvements to page layout.
 * NetSurf 2.5 was released in April 2010. This was the first release to use the project's library for CSS parsing and selection, LibCSS and a new internal cache for fetched content.
 * September 2010 saw the release of NetSurf 2.6, which included a number of fixes and improvements.
 * NetSurf 2.7 was released in April 2011, and added treeview support for features including bookmarking (called the Hotlist manager in NetSurf), history management, and cookie management. It was also the first version to be released for Mac OS X.
 * In September 2011 NetSurf 2.8 was released. It added support for frames and iframes in the browser's core rendering engine, making them available to all front ends. The release also included support for MIME type sniffing and improved the performance of loading the images used by a web page.
 * In April 2012 NetSurf 2.9 was released. The most significant changes were new multi-tasking behaviour, optimised URL handling, fetcher optimisations, cache optimisations, and faster CSS selection.
 * In April 2013 NetSurf 3.0 was released. The biggest difference was the use of the new Document Object Model library, LibDOM.  This new library is a foundation that paves the way for NetSurf developers to implement a fully dynamic layout engine in the future.  Other improvements in NetSurf 3.0 include completely new textarea support, ability to fetch and parse CSS in parallel with HTML documents, extensive behind-the-scenes refactoring, and a host of smaller changes and fixes.
 * In April 2014 NetSurf 3.1 was released, containing many improvements over the previous release. The highlights include much faster CSS selection performance, faster start up time, new look and feel to the treeviews (hotlist/bookmarks, global history and cookie manager), improved options handling, undo/redo support in textareas, and general improvement of forms. Also included are many other additions, optimisations and bug fixes.
 * In July 2019 NetSurf 3.9 was released, with support for CSS Media Queries (level 4) and improvements to JavaScript handling.
 * In May 2020 NetSurf 3.10 was released with improvements in scaling on the RISC OS version. The release also added some HTML updates and updated Duktape to 2.4.0. The update also had an overhaul of the GTK version and better authentication handling.
 * In December of 2023 NetSurf 3.11 was released with CSS flex support.

Ports

A native BeOS/Haiku port has been developed. Since the GTK version was built for AmigaOS, using Cygnix which provides an X11 environment, a native AmigaOS port has also been developed. In January 2009, NetSurf was made available on MorphOS, an operating system that is API-compatible with AmigaOS. A Windows port is also available for download.

A framebuffer port was created in September 2008. Unlike the other ports, it does not use any GUI toolkit, but instead renders its own mouse pointer, scrollbars and other widgets. The framebuffer frontend has been used to create a web kiosk on embedded systems. The Plan 9 port is also based on it.

In January 2010, the NetSurf Developers announced the release of what they expected at the time to be the last release for RISC OS. Lead developer John-Mark Bell said at the time "Realistically, the people qualified to maintain the RISC OS port are up to their necks in other stuff." Subsequently, Steve Fryatt volunteered himself as maintainer.

January 2011 saw the announcement of a Mac OS X port. A port to Atari 16-bit and 32-bit computers was also started in January 2011.

An unofficial Nintendo 3DS port of NetSurf has been developed that includes TLS 1.2 support.

visurf
visurf is a fork of NetSurf led by Drew DeVault. It has vi-inspired key bindings and Wayland-only UI.

title: NetSurf


text:
Harry Hoijer

Harry Hoijer (September 6, 1904 – March 11, 1976) was a linguist and anthropologist who worked on primarily Athabaskan languages and culture. He additionally documented the Tonkawa language, which is now extinct. Hoijer's few works make up the bulk of material on this language. Hoijer was a student of Edward Sapir.

Hoijer contributed greatly to the documentation of the Southern and Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages and to the reconstruction of proto-Athabaskan. Harry Hoijer collected a large number of valuable fieldnotes on many Athabaskan languages, which are unpublished. Some of his notes on Lipan Apache and the Tonkawa language are lost.

Hoijer coined the term "Sapir–Whorf hypothesis".

Works by Hoijer

 * [Beals, Ralph L].; & Hoijer, Harry. (1953). An introduction to anthropology. New York: Macmillan Company. (Republished 1959, 1965, and 1971).
 * Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. [Unpublished manuscript].
 * Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Mescalero Apache stems. [Unpublished manuscript].
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1933). Tonkawa: An Indian language of Texas. New York: Columbia University. (Extract from Handbook of American Indian languages, Vol. 3).
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Navaho phonology. University of New Mexico publications in anthropology, (No. 1).
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1946).  Chiricahua Apache.  In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America.  New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1963). The Athapaskan languages. In H. Hoijer (Ed.), Studies in the Athapaskan languages (pp. 1–29). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1970). A Navajo lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics (No. 78). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971).  Athapaskan morphology.  In J. Sawyer (Ed.), Studies in American Indian languages (pp. 113–147).  University of California publications in linguistics (No. 65).  Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock. In K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3–6). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971). “Patterns of Meaning in Navaho.” In Themes in Culture. (eds. Zamora, Mario; Mahar, J.M.; and Orenstein, Henry.). Quezon City: Kayumanggi Publishers. 227–237.
 * Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938).  Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts.  The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 978-0-404-15783-8).
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1963). The Athapaskan languages. In H. Hoijer (Ed.), Studies in the Athapaskan languages (pp. 1–29). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1970). A Navajo lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics (No. 78). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971).  Athapaskan morphology.  In J. Sawyer (Ed.), Studies in American Indian languages (pp. 113–147).  University of California publications in linguistics (No. 65).  Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock. In K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3–6). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971). “Patterns of Meaning in Navaho.” In Themes in Culture. (eds. Zamora, Mario; Mahar, J.M.; and Orenstein, Henry.). Quezon City: Kayumanggi Publishers. 227–237.
 * Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938).  Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts.  The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 978-0-404-15783-8).
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1963). The Athapaskan languages. In H. Hoijer (Ed.), Studies in the Athapaskan languages (pp. 1–29). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1970). A Navajo lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics (No. 78). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971).  Athapaskan morphology.  In J. Sawyer (Ed.), Studies in American Indian languages (pp. 113–147).  University of California publications in linguistics (No. 65).  Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock. In K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3–6). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971). “Patterns of Meaning in Navaho.” In Themes in Culture. (eds. Zamora, Mario; Mahar, J.M.; and Orenstein, Henry.). Quezon City: Kayumanggi Publishers. 227–237.
 * Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938).  Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts.  The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 978-0-404-15783-8).
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1970). A Navajo lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics (No. 78). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971).  Athapaskan morphology.  In J. Sawyer (Ed.), Studies in American Indian languages (pp. 113–147).  University of California publications in linguistics (No. 65).  Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock. In K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3–6). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry. (1971). “Patterns of Meaning in Navaho.” In Themes in Culture. (eds. Zamora, Mario; Mahar, J.M.; and Orenstein, Henry.). Quezon City: Kayumanggi Publishers. 227–237.
 * Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938).  Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts.  The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 978-0-404-15783-8).
 * Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938).  Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts.  The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 978-0-404-15783-8).

Works edited by Hoijer

 * Hoijer, Harry (Ed.). (1954). Language in culture: Conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 * Hoijer, Harry (Ed.). (1963). Studies in the Athapaskan languages. University of California publications in linguistics (No. 29). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 * Sapir, Edward, & Hoijer, Harry. (1967). Navaho texts. William Dwight Whitney series, Linguistic Society of America.
 * Sapir, Edward, & Hoijer, Harry. (1967). Phonology and morphology of the Navaho language. Berkeley: University of California Press.

title: Harry Hoijer


text: User talk:207.200.116.68

title: User talk:207.200.116.68


text:
Falling Autumn Leaves

Fall of Leaves  (original French title: Chûte de feuilles), or Falling Autumn Leaves is a pair of paintings (in French pendants, i. e. counterparts) by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh. They were executed during the two months at the end of 1888 that his artist friend Paul Gauguin spent with him at The Yellow House in Arles, France.

Les Alyscamps
Following months of correspondence, Paul Gauguin joined van Gogh in Arles in October 1888. Both were intent on depicting a "non-naturalist landscape". These two paintings, emphasizing the artist's Post-Impressionism emotional style, rather than being a pure representation of nature are among the first works that Van Gogh painted following Gauguin's arrival.

Van Gogh and Gauguin visited an ancient Roman necropolis, Les Alyscamps(the Elysian Fields), which had been built outside the city walls and stood a few hundred metres from the centre of Arles. Over time the grounds were overtaken by factories and the railroad. The city relocated some of the sarcophagi in a long alley lined with benches and poplar trees that led to a Romanesque chapel which became known as the Allée des Tombeaux. It quickly became a lover's lane celebrated throughout France. In total Van Gogh would complete four paintings of the Alyscamps between 20 February 1888 and 8 May 1889. Gauguin made two.

The paintings
During a period of bad weather van Gogh worked on a second pair of "Les Alyscamps" paintings, which were taken from a vantage point above the lane and looking through the poplar trees, made in the studio. The yellow-orange of the leaves contrasts with the violet-blue trunks of the poplar trees. This painting, made shortly after Gauguin arrives in Arles, was unique in van Gogh's body of work and representative of the artistic achievements realised by two great artists working together. To Émile Bernard, van Gogh described the collaborative process as a pooling of thoughts and techniques where each artist creates their own unique work that is different, yet complements one another. Van Gogh believed that his pair of paintings Falling Autumn Leaves was just such a collaborative effort influenced by his own ideas as well as those of Gauguin and Bernard.

The paintings were made on Gauguin's jute which with Van Gogh's brushstroke made a finished tapestry-like texture. The high vantage point represented in the work resembled that of Gauguin's Vision After the Sermon. Creating a composition of a landscape viewed through the trunks of trees was something used previously by Bernard. Van Gogh used complementary, contrasting colors to intensify the effect of each color. The blue poplar trunks against the yellow path of leaves. Green is used against red. Violet was paired with an apricot. To his sister, Vincent wrote of the selection and placement of colors "which cause each other to shine brilliantly, which form a couple, which completes each other like man and woman."

Van Gogh's imagination created the figures in the paintings. In one, a couple of a thin man with an umbrella is paired with a large woman, much like van Gogh's image of a woman he might settle down with. On the lane is also a red-dressed woman. The other painting holds a couple who walk along the lane between stone sarcophagi, a yellow sunset at their backs.

Van Gogh's other Les Alyscamps paintings
Van Gogh made another pair of paintings at Les Alyscamps.

Gauguin's paintings
For his painting of Les Alyscamps, painted on the same day as van Gogh's, Gauguin chose a different vantage point, and excluded any reference to ancient sarcophagi.

title: Falling Autumn Leaves


text: User:Jezmck

title: User:Jezmck


text:
Cardona, Spain

Cardona is a town in the Spanish region of Catalonia, in the province of Barcelona; about 90 km northwest of the city of Barcelona, on a hill almost surrounded by the river Cardener, a branch of the Llobregat. To the east of the town, the river has been diverted through a tunnel has been dug through a spur, leaving a loop of dry river bed near the saltmine. Near the town is an extensive deposit of rock salt. The salt forms a mountain mass (called Muntanya de Sal) covered by a thick bed of a reddish-brown clay, and apparently resting on a yellowish-grey sandstone. It is generally more or less translucent, and large masses of it are quite transparent. The hill has been worked like a mine since Roman times; pieces cut from it have been carved by artists in Cardona into images, crucifixes and many articles of an ornamental kind.

Main sights

 * The Castle of Cardona, which is set high on a hill and contains a Parador hotel.
 * The 11th-century Romanesque Church of St. Vincenç. The portico of the church was once covered with murals. Fragments of these "painted vaults" were restored in 1960 and are now displayed at the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya in Barcelona.
 * The Church of Sant Miquel, built in the 11th century and rebuilt in the 14th century in Gothic style. It houses a precious polyptych by Pere Vall, depicting St. Anne, the Virgin and St. Amador, and a 15th-century baptismal font.

Local festivals

 * Caramelles: The Sunday of Passover
 * Mercat de la ganga: The first Sunday of February
 * Fira de Pentecostés: The first Sunday of June
 * Fira de la Llenega: The last Sunday of October
 * Festa Major: The second last weekend in September
 * Aplec de Cardona: 18 September

Notable people

 * Serafín Marsal (1862–1956), Paraguayan sculptor
 * Berto Romero, comedian.

Twin towns

 * Cardona, Uruguay

title: Cardona, Spain


text:
Annales Sangallenses maiores

The Annales Sangallenses maiores (Latin for Greater Annals of St Gall) are annals compiled in St Gallen, covering the years 927 through to 1059. They continue the Annales Alamannici, the St Gallen version of which reaches up to 926.

The Annales record the most northerly sighting of the supernova of 1006, providing independent data as to its magnitude and location in the sky: "[i]n a wonderful manner this was sometimes contracted, sometimes diffused, and moreover sometimes extinguished ... It was seen likewise for three months in the inmost limits of the south, beyond all the constellations which are seen in the sky".

Editions and facsimiles

 * Roland Zingg, Die St. Galler Annalistik (Ostfildern, 2019)
 * 'XVI Annales Sangallenses Maiores', ed. by Ildefonsus ab Arx, in Annales et chronica aevi Carolini, ed. by Georgius Heinricus Pertz, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1 (Hannover: Tomusus, 1826), pp. 72-85
 * Cod. Sang. 915 in E-codices; the annals begin on page 196. The autograph manuscript of the annals.
 * Cod. Sang. 453 in E-codices; the annals begin on page 211. A twelfth-century copy.

title: Annales Sangallenses maiores