text:
Talk:Fraction

Definition of "improper fraction" not supported by cited source
This article states: "When the numerator and the denominator are both positive, the fraction is called proper if the numerator is less than the denominator, and improper otherwise". This is cited to Perry and Perry, "Mathematics I". By this definition, the fraction "2/2" would be an improper fraction.

However, following the cite to the preview at https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-05230-1_2, what that source actually says is: "A proper fraction has the numerator less than the denominator and an improper fraction has the numerator greater than the denominator". Fractions like 2/2 don't seem to be classified as either proper or improper. (Unfortunate, because I really could've done with a citeable authority on this point and I thought I had one...)

Could somebody please edit this article to change "improper otherwise" to "improper if the numerator is greater than the denominator", in line with the source? 110.23.152.248 (talk) 14:01, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

 * 2 is not less than 2 ("less" is different from "less or equal" So, the article is correct D.Lazard (talk) 14:28, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I am very well aware of the difference between strict and non-strict inequalities, but you seem to have misread what I wrote. The definitions given in Perry and Perry exclude a fraction like 2/2 from being either "proper" or "improper" (since the two concepts are defined independently, both on strict inequalities). But this article gives a definition which implies 2/2 to be an improper fraction, citing Perry and Perry as its source. 110.23.152.248 (talk) 14:55, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * With the modification that you suggest, every positive integer, for example 10 = 10/1, would be an improper fraction, with the unique exception 1 = 1/1 = 2/2 = ... This would be ridiculous. Note that Perry and Perry do not consider at all the fractions that can be reduced to an integer (at least in the linked page). Moreover, the explanation of the word "improper" that they give implies that 1 is an improper fraction. So, the article must not be changed, and a better reference must be provided. There are certainly plenty of such references. D.Lazard (talk) 15:17, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

 * What part of P&P's explanation do you interpret as implying that 1 is an improper fraction? The only statement I see in that excerpt which addresses the question is the statement that "an improper fraction has the numerator greater than the denominator", which clearly implies the contrary.
 * Personally I would much prefer if the definition of "improper fraction" included 1. As you note, that would make it consistent over the natural numbers; it would also be much cleaner if "improper" was the complement of "proper". But those are aesthetic considerations that don't trump verifiability requirements. Further, I'm aware of two other sources which contradict this article's definition:
 * The Hutchinson Pocket Dictionary of Maths defines an improper fraction as "fraction whose numerator is larger than its denominator".
 * The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as "a fraction in which the number below the line is smaller than the number above it".
 * I wouldn't consider either of those incontrovertible sources. But until somebody can provide something more authoritative, the article needs to be edited. It should be obvious that it's not appropriate for Wikipedia to provide a definition which is contradicted by the cite offered for that definition. If you're not willing to edit the text to match the source it cites, then I request that the cite be removed and replaced with a citeneeded tag. 110.23.152.248 (talk) 16:11, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Noting that the claim is repeated in the following paragraph, with a second source cited, which *also* contradicts the definition here.
 * The Wiki text: "It is said to be an improper fraction, or sometimes top-heavy fraction,[16] if the absolute value of the fraction is greater than or equal to 1", listing "3/3" as an example of an improper fraction. But the cited source, Greer's "New Comprehensive Mathematics for O Level" actually says "if the top number of a fraction is **greater than** its bottom number then the fraction is called an improper or top heavy fraction... **note that all top heavy fractions have a value which is greater than 1**." 110.23.152.248 (talk) 23:47, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the sources do not consider ±n/n to be a fraction, as they reduce to 1 or -1, or for 0/0 they are not a valid fraction at all. So they assume the two values are unequal and thus never state whether equal ones are improper. This does not conflict with the text. Spitzak (talk) 16:29, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Even if the sources genuinely were ambiguous on the "or equal to" question the article would still be giving a definition that goes beyond what the cited sources support, and that would still be open to challenge and removal in the absence of a cite.
 * But they are *not* ambiguous. The Greer quote states that "all top heavy fractions [which it's just established as a synonym for 'improper fractions'] have a value which is greater than 1". A fraction equivalent to 1/1 clearly does not have a value "greater than one", therefore by Greer's definition it cannot be an improper fraction. The other sources discussed above all state that an improper fraction has numerator **larger than** denominator - not "larger than or equal to" - which, again, is incompatible with the definition given here.
 * At this point, given the number of sources that impose a strict "greater than" definition, the article should recognise that definition. If somebody can provide other, reliable sources which offer a "greater than or equal to" definition, then the article can cite those too, acknowledge both definitions, and observe that terminology is inconsistent. Until then, it should match what is given in the sources discussed. 110.23.152.248 (talk) 03:06, 1 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The text currently says "It is said to be an improper fraction… if the absolute value of the fraction is greater than or equal to 1." As I read the source cited, from Greer, it says that a fraction is improper only if its value is greater than 1 (as 110.23.152.248 has pointed out). Therefore this part of the text contradicts the source: "or equal to"; and these three words should be removed. What do you think? (Whether Greer considers 8/8 to be a fraction at all would seem to be a separate topic.) —Ben Kovitz (talk) 05:21, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

I posted at NOR/Noticeboard to seek further opinions on this. Another commenter there has located some sources which *do* support the "or equal to" definition. Given that we now have multiple sources for both definitions, I now think the best thing is for the article to acknowledge that conventions vary on this question, and to cite sources for both versions. 110.23.152.248 (talk) 06:06, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I think the question here is not when a fraction is improper, but whether an expression such as 8/8 is a fraction. Essentially, calling fractions proper and improper is language most common in elementary school, and seldom used after elementary school.

 * The essential point is that the rational numbers include the integers, which in turn include the natural numbers. And every rational number can be written as a fraction. So the rational number "one" can be written as a fraction, and 8/8 is as good a way to do that as any. The ratio of 8 to 8 is 1.

 * Any part of a whole can be called "a fraction", as in "You have only completed a fraction of the work you've been assigned." That usage is not the subject of this Wikipedia article. The subject of this Wikipedia article is notation: the use of a horizontal or slanting line to write a number which can always be written in other ways: decimals, percents, etc. So it is a notation. Numbers that are not rational, such as pi/2, are still called "fractions" because of the use of the slanting line. If we talked about "proper" and "improper" fractions, then pi/2 would be an improper fraction, because it is bigger than one. But in all my years of teaching math, I've never heard it called that.

 * So, maybe we should say something like this:

 * In elementary school, students are taught to call a fraction larger than one, or sometimes a fraction greater than or equal to one, an "improper fraction", while a fraction between zero and one is called a "proper fraction". When students learn about negative numbers, they may be told that a fraction is proper or improper depending on whether its absolute value is proper or improper, and they may be taught that 0/1 and 1/1 are one or the other, but there is no general rule about this. Different elementary textbooks say different things, and the words "proper" and "improper" are seldom used to describe fractions after elementary school. Rick Norwood (talk) 10:55, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

recent edit saying "citation needed"
The paragraph in question is common knowledge to math historians, and has two citations. I don't see the problem. Rick Norwood (talk) 10:36, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

Geometric line for constructing fractions
After example in page 36 of Growing ideas of number (by John N Crossley) JMGN (talk) 10:14, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, you are trying to tell us that there is a geometric way to represent or estimate fractions by drawing parallel lines on a graph. This is something that the article is currently not addressing. Should it be? I think this is an interesting idea. What do other editors think? Dhrm77 (talk) 11:12, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * https://matheducators.stackexchange.com/a/26695/12046 JMGN (talk) 16:11, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * This was well known to Euclid, and is addressed in Straightedge and compass construction and Intercept theorem. This is also one of the key points in Emil Artin's proof of the equivalence of the Euclidean spaces of synthetic geometry and analytic geometry, in his book Geometric algebra. D.Lazard (talk) 16:43, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * BTW, the "length 1" on the abscissa axis is four times as long as that on the y-coordinate. I don't know why tho'... JMGN (talk) 11:23, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:TPG and WP:NOTFORUM.  Eye snore  22:36, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Weird speculation in "mixed fraction" section
I find this text a bit odd:

"This tradition is, formally, in conflict with the notation in algebra where adjacent symbols, without an explicit infix operator, denote a product. In the expression $2x$, the 'understood' operation is multiplication. If $x$ is replaced by, for example, the fraction $ \tfrac{3}{4}$, the 'understood' multiplication needs to be replaced by explicit multiplication, to avoid the appearance of a mixed number.

When multiplication is intended, $ 2 \tfrac{b}{c}$ may be written as

 * $ 2 \cdot \frac{b}{c},\quad$ or $\quad 2 \times \frac{b}{c},\quad$ or $ \quad 2 \left(\frac{b}{c}\right),\;\ldots$"

I'm torn as to whether to simply remove this whole bit of text, as I'm not sure there's enough worth saving. The second point about $$2\tfrac{3}{4}$$ versus $$2\left(\tfrac{3}{4}\right)$$ might possibly be worth saying something about. --Trovatore (talk) 21:01, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * First, I'm not convinced that there is any "formal conflict" in the first place. You might as well say that the expression 23 is in conflict with the "product" convention, because 2 times 3 is 6 rather than 23.
 * Second, it's ludicrous to suggest that $$ 2 \tfrac{b}{c}$$, with literal letters $$b$$ and $$c$$, would ever be read as a mixed fraction $$2+\tfrac{b}{c}$$. Mixed-fraction notation always has literal numerals in the fraction part, never ever ever variables or even expressions (and in fact I think it pretty much has to be a proper fraction, with the numerator less than the denominator).  What's true is that if you want to write 2 times $$\tfrac{3}{4}$$, then you have to do something to avoid the reading as a mixed fraction.

 * I agree this is nonsense. Nobody thinks "123" means 1×2×3 even if they say 2a means 2×a. There is no "conflict", this is just a way of writing the number. Spitzak (talk) 02:00, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

OK, time we hashed this out by discussion rather than by duelling edit summaries. I think it's simply incorrect to claim that the reason for not using mixed fractions is some sort of "ambiguity". Please defend that proposition or allow it to be removed. --Trovatore (talk) 03:50, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The previous text was awkward and confusing and is fine to remove. However, it is worth mentioning in this section that juxtaposition in mathematics conventionally is reserved for multiplication, and addition is written explicitly. If you write something like
 * $$a\frac{x}{y}$$
 * that always means $$a \cdot (x/y)$$ and never means $$a + (x/y).$$ Even when the constituent parts are numbers, in the context of mathematics at the high school level or beyond, the explicit notation with a + sign is used instead of juxtaposition for a 'mixed number' (or more commonly, an improper fraction is left). –jacobolus (t) 04:00, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not convinced that this is "worth mentioning". How is it more relevant than the fact that 23 doesn't mean 2 times 3?
 * Echoing your always and never, $$2\tfrac{3}{4}$$ always means $$2+\tfrac{3}{4}$$ and never means two times $$\tfrac{3}{4}$$. Anyone who uses it the latter way has simply made an error. Therefore there is no ambiguity. The fact that juxtaposition "in algebra" means multiplication is irrelevant here, because this isn't algebra; this is just the meaning of numerals. --Trovatore (talk) 04:03, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The expression $$2\tfrac34$$ is never used in mathematics at or beyond the high school level, because it might otherwise cause confusion. People just write $$2 + \tfrac34$$ or $$\tfrac{11}4$$ instead. –jacobolus (t) 04:10, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree it's at least rare in mathematics. I'm not convinced it's because it "might cause confusion".  The expression $$\tfrac{11}{4}$$ is used because it's more compact and easier to read and manipulate, not because $$2\tfrac{3}{4}$$ is actually unclear.  --Trovatore (talk) 04:15, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If you start mixing $$2\tfrac34$$ meaning $$2 + \tfrac34$$ with $$2\tfrac{x}4$$ meaning $$2\cdot\tfrac{x}4$$ in the same context, you have a recipe for serious confusion. –jacobolus (t) 04:51, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This paper suggests that adults with a college education routinely have difficulty interpreting mixed numbers because of confusion about the meaning of concatenation, while introductory algebra students have trouble with concatenation meaning multiplication because of past experience with multi-digit numbers and mixed numbers. –jacobolus (t) 05:00, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree this does not seem "worth mentioning". We all have the example that everybody agrees "123" does not mean 1×2×3, even if in the same text abc means a×b×c. The fractions where everything is a numeral are the same, they are not multiplied. Spitzak (talk) 04:11, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The notation $$123$$ always means $$1\cdot10^2 + 2\cdot10 + 3$$ in every context. The several digits are treated as a lexical unit representing a single number. In algebra, the notation $$abc$$ using letters always means $$a\cdot b \cdot c,$$ and the letters are variables of arbitrary numerical value, not digits. However, when someone wants to multiply numerical constants, they are forced to adopt the more explicit notation of e.g. $$30 = 2\cdot3\cdot5,$$ because $$235$$ already means something else. Conversely, if someone wants to use a letter to represent a digit, they need to jump through hoops to make the meaning explicit.
 * Fractions are a higher-level aggregated structure. Deciding how to treat fractions combined with other operations depends on the context.
 * In modern use, the notation $$2\tfrac12$$ is a more concise shorthand for $$2 + \tfrac12.$$ This notation descends from an older and more complicated mixed-unit notation used by medieval traders of the Islamic world, as recounted by Fibonacci. Unit systems have been somewhat simplified since then, and this notation is now an unused historical relic; "mixed numbers" are a lingering remnant that persists in daily life and trades (especially carpentry) in non-metricized regions, but is not used in more technical contexts.
 * In a somewhat similar way, percentages were a way of writing some kinds of decimal fractions before the adoption of general decimal fractions per se, and today are something of an anachronism. Just as you won't find mixed numbers, you also won't find percentages used in mathematics beyond the elementary level, because decimal fractions are a better and better-integrated notation. –jacobolus (t) 04:49, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, there is no context whatsoever in which $$2\tfrac{1}{2}$$ means anything other than $$\tfrac{5}{2}$$. I don't disagree that it's better to avoid this format in serious mathematics, but it's not because the meaning is in any way unclear. --Trovatore (talk) 06:33, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Here's one more source commenting in the general vicinity of this discussion:
 * We next introduce a staple in the school curriculum, the concept of a mixed number.[...] By tradition, whenever we have the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction, the addition sign is omitted so that $$4+\tfrac{2}{5} \mathrel{\stackrel{\text{def}}=} 4\tfrac25.$$ In general, for a whole number $$q$$ and a proper fraction $$\tfrac r\ell$$ the notation $$q\tfrac r\ell$$ stands for $$q + \tfrac r\ell,$$ and it is called a mixed number. Please be warned that the symbolic notation for a mixed number is a confusing one, because $$q\tfrac r\ell$$ suggests the product of $$q$$ and $$\tfrac r\ell.$$ Our advice is to avoid using it whenever possible. [...]
 * Although the tradition in school mathematics is to insist that every improper fraction be automatically converted to a mixed number, there is no mathematical reason for this practice. This tradition seems to be closely related to the one which insists that every answer in fractions must be in reduced form. ¶ Given the general confusion about mixed numbers in school mathematics, there is a strong case for the suggestion that this concept be used sparingly in the school curriculum at present.
 * This source doesn't explicitly point out that mixed numbers are rare after school mathematics. It's often difficult to find sources explicitly making negative claims of this general type. –jacobolus (t) 07:01, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The italicized portion (your emphasis? doesn't really matter; just curious) warns about the "symbolic notation for a mixed number", which is indeed confusing. Actually I'd go further than confusing; it's incorrect.  You can't substitute symbols. $$2\tfrac{1}{2}$$ unambiguously means $$2+\tfrac{1}{2}$$, whereas $$q\tfrac{r}{\ell}$$ unambiguously means $$q\cdot\tfrac{r}{\ell}$$.  Again, this is not fundamentally different from $$r\ell$$ meaning $$r\cdot\ell$$ whereas 23 does not mean $$2\cdot 3$$. --Trovatore (talk) 07:15, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No, the source had the italics. I substituted a different claim about mixed numbers being phased out from secondary school, with a source. Is that better? –jacobolus (t) 08:09, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think it reads pretty well at the current revision. Thanks, jacobolus. --Trovatore (talk) 23:02, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Mixed numbers have their place
There have been some dismissive comments about mixed numbers. They have their uses, especially in recipes (two and a half cups) and common measurements (four and a half inches). I would hope all grade schools would teach mixed numbers, but only in examples where the fraction part is 1/2 or 1/4 or some other frequently used fraction. The important point is that usually an understood operation is multiplication and that mixed numbers are an exception. I don't think they are ever useful in algebra. For that matter, the only useful fractions are the "small" fractions.Rick Norwood (talk) 11:54, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * How do you feel about the current text of the section?
 * In primary school, teachers often insist that every fractional result should be expressed as a mixed number. Outside school, mixed numbers are commonly used for describing measurements, for instance $2 \tfrac12$ hours or $5\ 3/16$ inches, and remain widespread in daily life and in trades, especially in regions that do not use the decimalized metric system. However, scientific measurements typically use the metric system, which is based on decimal fractions, and starting from the secondary school level, mathematics pedagogy treats every fraction uniformly as a rational number, the quotient $\tfrac pq$ of integers, leaving behind the concepts of "improper fraction" and "mixed number". College students with years of mathematical training are sometimes confused when re-encountering mixed numbers because they are used to the convention that juxtaposition in algebraic expressions means multiplication.
 * I tried to preserve some of the criticisms / concerns about 'mixed number' notation while not trying to make direct value judgments or claims unsupported by reliable sources. –jacobolus (t) 09:44, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

You have done very good work on this article. Rick Norwood (talk) 11:36, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 April 2024
Please change 'number' to 'real number' in the fourth paragraph of the introduction section Fraction. Details: It says "In mathematics the set of all numbers that can be expressed in the form a/b, where a and b are integers and b is not zero, is called the set of rational numbers " Change 'numbers' to 'real numbers' possibly with a blue hyperlink. I mean what kind of number is being referred to by the word 'number'? Complex numbers? integers? rational numbers? Hyper-real numbers? Of course it would be circular, or a tautology, to say the rational numbers are the set of all rational numbers. But we can define rational numbers using real numbers as the superset. 207.244.169.9 (talk) 19:57, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The rational numbers can certainly not be defined using the real numbers, since the real numbers are defined using the rational numbers, and this would be a circular definition. The phrase "all numbers that can be expressed in the form a/b, where a and b are integers and b is not zero" does not imply thaat there are other numbers. It simply means that an expression a/b represents a number that is called a rational number. However, the sentence can be simplify and clarified, and I'll do it. D.Lazard (talk) 20:22, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Understanding fraction operations visually
Visual representations play a pivotal role in elucidating the concept of fractions, providing learners with intuitive tools to grasp abstract mathematical ideas.

Visual Representations of Fractions:

Pie Charts: Fractional parts of a whole are often depicted using pie charts, where each sector represents a fraction of the entire circle. This visualization allows learners to visualize fractions as proportions of a whole and understand relationships between different fractions.

Bar Models: Bar models represent fractions using segmented bars, with each segment corresponding to a fraction of the whole bar. This visual tool aids in comparing fractions, understanding equivalent fractions, and performing arithmetic operations.

Number Lines: Fractions can be represented on number lines, where each point corresponds to a fraction between 0 and 1. Number lines provide a linear representation of fractions, facilitating comparisons, addition, subtraction, and identifying fractional positions.

Area Models: Area models partition geometric shapes, such as rectangles or circles, into equal parts to represent fractions visually. This method helps learners visualize fractions as areas or regions, fostering a deeper understanding of fraction values and operations.

A tool like https://www.visualfractioncalculator.com/ can help understand fraction addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Swapsshah (talk) 09:26, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fraction


text:
Talk:Dog show

Hierarchical graphic
OK, I think I finally understand all this. So I created a first-draft diagram. Please see whether it's correct. It's saved as a gif but source is powerpoint, so if anyone wants to take a stab at making this more presentable, let me know & I can email it to you. Image:DogShowHierarchy.gif. Elf | Talk 18:14, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Beat me to it--a chart was going to be my next suggestion. WTG Elf!
 * The only thing I would suggest is that, since you use males as an example, you add the full titles, i.e. Challenge Dog, Reserve Challenge Dog, Challenge Bitch, etc.
 * Quill 22:47, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dang, I forgot all about this. I just put a link to it on the page although I didn't incorporate your suggestion (not deliberately, just haven't taken the time). Elf | Talk 19:58, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

The graphic for Australia is wrong & needs fixing. Puppies (to age 6 months) never compete with dogs older than 6 months. The link from "Puppy Class" to "Winner (Challenge...)" needs to be removed. 14.202.132.63 (talk) 10:46, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Should this page move to Conformation show

 * (Copied/moved from User talk:Elf/Archive dogs. Elf | Talk 19:58, 31 January 2006 (UTC))

How about... moving Dog show to Conformation show, merging in the text from conformation point and making that a redirect, and changing the links to conformation ? Just a thought :) -- sannse (talk) 10:33, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I'm trying to think along those lines. I think that's not quite it yet, because "dog show" is by far the most common phrase used by most people, excepting breed people when they're talking about such a show to other knowledgable people, in which case it's often just "conformation"--but I think to laypeople they'd also say "dog show". But maybe your suggestion is a good one.  I'll let it rattle around in my head a while longer.  Thanks!  Elf | Talk 16:24, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Elf, is it time to consider a dab called Dog show which would offer Conformation Show, Obedience Trial, Agility_competition which would redirect to Dog agility, and whatever the correct terms are for field and herding competitions? (IS an Agility meet called a competition, or a meet, or a contest, or what?) Lisasmall 01:50, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * NOW I like this idea a lot (it's been rattling around in my head for only a year and a half...and I keep encountering places where "dog show" isn't quite right or this article isn't right for the phrase). I would like to move this page (dog show) to Conformation show and make Dog show a disambiguation (dab) page but maybe with a little more info than a normal dab? I particularly think about this every time I'm out of town for an agility trial and people don't understand what I'm talking about until I say "dog show", in which case, oddly enough, they may make the connection to the "obstacle course for dogs" that's going on that weekend...

 * Anyway, related articles would include:
 * Conformation show (or Conformation dog show? Are there, say, conformation cat shows? Or is "cat show" sufficient for cats?)
 * Obedience trial (I keep redirecting or piping stuff to obedience training, which in fact really isn't the same thing)
 * Dog agility trial (I don't think we need a separate article from the sport--although, hmmm, I could probably write one, in fact... would have to flip a coin on whether to use trial or match or test, all used by different orgs in different contexts).
 * Sheepdog trial
 * Field trial
 * Other opinions (a) on moving, (b) on list of other articles to link to? Elf | Talk 19:58, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * novelty show, if you must create a "disambiguation" page
 * specialty show or specialty show (dog) if there's enough material to create one--maybe just a separate section in dog show, what do I know?
 * See also: dog sports, Best of Breed, Best in Show, General Specials, dog group
 * This is one of those issues where I'm torn. Sometimes there's a fine line between true neutrality and wishful thinking--can't think of a better term for it.  Anyway,  "Dog show" means conformation show to the overwhelming majority of people.  The fact that it should also include dog sports or dog dancing for that matter--well, is that neutrality or political correctness or just the way the enlightened would like to have the term understood?
 * That's an interesting question about cats, because a cat show works differently from a dog show, in that the cats aren't paraded about, they're displayed in their cages, then the judge(s) take them out one by one and examine their conformation. I'd love to see a cat agility contest myself--a couple of dozen kittys sitting around yawning defiantly.
 * Actually, I just reread one of Elf's paragraphs--if it's okay in the Wikipedia universe to put more info in a DAB page than we often see, then yes, a DAB page with an opening editorial would be fine by moi.
 * I don't like the idea of merging conformation point and conformation show, there should be internal links, but then again Sannse's point was written in 2004, there may have been so many additions to both articles since then to make it moot--dunno.
 * Quill 21:20, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, I agree about leaving Conformation point separate. "Novelty show"--I've never even heard the term, and I'm not sure that I'm comfortable calling dog sports "novelties" (sounds like a circus sideshow).  We could go with a more typical dab page--Dog show (disambiguation) and leave this as a conformation show, although conformation show seems more accurate to me.  Elf | Talk 23:07, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * (BTW, sorry, forgot to stick these in: http://www.pandecats.com/x/cat_agility.htm  and http://www.catagility.com/ ).  Elf | Talk 23:09, 1 February 2006 (UTC))

 * Haaaaa--no. I wasn't suggesting that dog sports are novelty shows.  A novelty show in the dog world is where you have "cutest dog", "dog with the most spots", "fancy dress dog"  things like that. You asked what else should go at the proposed disambig page, so I said novelty show hmm...maybe I should make that more clear at the page?  Quill 02:45, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Whew, OK, I get it now, so you were saying you might go along with moving this to Conformation show and turning this into a disambig page if we held you down and tickled you long enough... Which of course I would never do. Usually.  Point acknowledged about "correct term" vs "most common" term, but I think the grade of difference between "conformation show" and "dog show" is considerably less than, say "oophorectomy" and "spaying" (still griping about that, yes). Or maybe it's just as opaque to a nondog person, I dunno.   So--   Do they ever have "most popular dog" or "dog most likely to succeed"? (Takes me back to my high school days... "Cutest boy, cutest girl, best-dressed boy...girl with the most spots... " stuff like that.)  Elf | Talk 04:12, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ummm....something like that...there's a Monty Python sketch in there somewhere....So Dog show is going to be a disambiguation page now, that where we're at? I dunno about "Dog most likely to..." but I have seen "Best Trick Dog", "Dog with the Waggiest Tail"; "Most obedient Dog" is a goody but since I've never in my life owned one of those, I have little to say.  Then there's the ever-popular "Dog/Owner Look Alike"--always good for a laugh. Quill 05:23, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * OK. The deed is done. And I do NOT look like my Jakey dog no matter WHAT any silly photographer thinks.  Elf | Talk 17:19, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Removed section
The following section actually speaks more to dog breeding than showing, and in its present form invites POV arguments rather than fact. If worked on, it might be better placed at dog breeding?

Criticism of dog showing
The practice of breeding dogs for conformation showing has become a subject of intense debate. Critics charge that breeding dogs for conformation shows is detrimental to the breeds involved. It is argued that the fact that kennel clubs have closed registries requiring that breeding be conducted within a breed is tantamount to mandatory, continuous inbreeding as all members of the same breed are related. When breeding pairs are selected based upon the whims and fads of the show ring rather than on the abilities and traits for which the breeds were initially developed unfortunate changes in the breeds are inevitable.

Critics blame the related intensive inbreeding for, among other things:
 * Creating "cute" American Cocker Spaniels at the expense of aggressive behavior now seen among so many of these dogs.
 * Producing an American Cocker with long silky hair and short jaw, rendering the breed all but useless for hunting.
 * Transforming the Irish Setter, once a popular gundog, into a beautiful, long-haired, but foggy-headed caricature of its former self.

Many working dog breed organizations such as the American Border Collie Association and the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America have spent great amounts of time and effort in the fight to keep their respective breeds from being recognized by the AKC as they fear that introduction of the breed to the show ring will lead their dogs down the same path taken by the Irish Setter and the American Cocker. The ABCA has even gone so far as to mandate that any Border Collie that is recognized as a Conformation Champion will be forcibly delisted and excluded from breeding programs.

Quill 22:45, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Removed section
The following section was removed as very little of its content deals in any way either with the overall page topic or with the stated subhead. Part of it is about registries and the rest mostly consists of random remarks about various canine utilitarian applications.

History of dog showing

The control of points awarded to dogs in most countries is maintained by a national pedigree registry in that country. The Kennel Club of Great Britain is generally recognized as one of the first organizations, if not the first, to register purebred dogs. A second historic registry is the American Kennel Club. France, Italy, and other countries began to maintain important kennel club registries in the 19th century.

Establishing and maintaining a separate breed of dog and, therefore, separate breeding stock and separate registries, from the 14th to 21st century, was not always only a matter of looks or fashion. Dogs have been man's partner for thousands of years. Centuries ago, owners required certain skills and behaviors of some dogs, and many breeds that are recognized today reflect the different jobs that owners historically required dogs to do. A man living in the desert might have needed a dog that could run in sand and last a few days without water or food--that would probably mean a dog with large paws, like a camel, and a very sparse coat to deal with the heat. A man living in polar regions might need a dog that could swim icy waters, run in ice and snow, and survive that region, which would likely mean a lot of coat and a sturdier frame to survive swimming and plodding through snow.

Today, there are dogs who will search the ruins of a bombed building or an avalanche in an effort to find survivors; others assist the blind or the disabled; still others serve as a first defense line to sniff out bombs or drugs. These dogs can do these jobs because they preserve traits historically required of dogs for performing their jobs. A dog standard is a blueprint that describes the physical attributes that a dog breed must have to do its job.

Ditkoofseppala 00:29, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a term used to describe the random change in the frequency of alleles in a population. The term does not really apply to dog breeds from which individuals are selected to be the parents of the next generation. Theshibboleth 04:17, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Judging
In the section on Judging I removed "there have been charges of favoritism, nepotism, bribery and even drugging of competitors'animals." Please cite cases of judges drugging animals (and cites for the other charges) before replacing.--Hafwyn (talk) 06:21, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

This needs a reliable citation:

 * Unfortunately, some judges (i.e. handler judges) may no longer be are capable of impartial judging and believe that only professional handlers should be allowed in the ring. These judges often will put-up an inferior dog because of the person showing the dog (the "handler") and not on the quality (or correct type) or soundness of the dog. Because of the lack of standards many poor quality and inferior dogs are being used to promote the next generation resulting in numerous breeds loosing their form and purpose.  Many dogs shows today can compared to World Wrestling Federation were the outcome is fixed before the event begins.  A simple check of the judges history will show when a judge puts up handlers (ie agents) a majority of the time.  — Hafwyn (talk • contribs) 22:43, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The big question for Hafwyn is when was the last time she showed a dog under AKC rules - if she is a owner/handler and does her own grooming, showing then she can state the above, but is she "hires" a professional handler she is part of the problem. Anyone that is associated with the dog show community knows with a wink and a nod what this common practice is and the problems it has created.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.212.28.50 (talk) 15:49, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is deservedly considered to be a worthless resource due to unsupported opinion in the encyclopedic entries such as the one ("Unfortunately, some judges...") quoted above. Weasel words (Everybody knows" ... "Some people say") are not a good ways to "document". Please see Verifiability and Neutral point of view for assistance; and please do not replace it in the article without adding reliable citations.
 * To the unsigned comment person above: yes I show my own dogs. Yes, I have been beaten by a better handler with a dog that is not (from my point of view!) as good as mine. Handling skill is part of the game; whether or not there are pros, there will always be some people who will be better at handling than others. It's a sport; don't take it so personally. No wink or nod needed; I cannot hit a baseball as well as A-Rod or show a dog as well as George Alston. That doesn't make the judge a crook. If you have not at some point been thrilled by an amazing job of handling, you are perhaps in the wrong sport.--Hafwyn (talk) 05:09, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that best of breed be merged here - we have no article for best in show except for specific lists, so i feel that article would be better served as a section here titled 'awards' or similar. -- T K K  bark !  15:33, 21 January 2013 (UTC)
 * This seems like a sound merge; a lot of information on best of breed is (or should be) in conformation show. —Ost (talk) 21:00, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I support the merger, it would be easier for readers, since most of the information should be in the confirmation show article anyway. Libertybison (talk) 04:36, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

FCI
Way to ignore most of the world. --Pitke (talk) 13:37, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dog show


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eifersucht (song)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:05, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Eifersucht (song)
The article contains nothing but the German lyrics of the song (it's Schubert, I think, but I don't know the poet); there in fact seems to be little more that could be said, except that it was set by Schubert. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:14, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe transwiki to some other project (Wikisource?) that accepts lyrics. jni 18:23, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Stupidly I only thought of that after posting the VfD. Perhaps Wikisource? Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:41, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the lyrics on the web say "Lyrics ©1997 Rammstein", so possibly it's not Schubert, and possibly it's not PD. What's a Rammstein, anyway? --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 20:40, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A Rammstein? who knows... Kappa 21:06, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The word Rammstein is German for 'ramming stone' or 'battering ram'.
 * I've deleted the copyrighted lyrics, which leaves a one-sentence substub. Redirect to Sehnsucht (album).  RickK 21:36, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I listened to this song earlier today, actually. It's certainly not Schubert. Anywho, redirect to Sehnsucht (album). — Ливай | ☺ 23:29, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Liquidmetal

Liquidmetal and Vitreloy are commercial names of a series of amorphous metal alloys developed by a California Institute of Technology (Caltech) research team and marketed by Liquidmetal Technologies. Liquidmetal alloys combine a number of desirable material features, including high tensile strength, excellent corrosion resistance, very high coefficient of restitution and excellent anti-wearing characteristics, while also being able to be heat-formed in processes similar to thermoplastics. Despite the name, they are not liquid at room temperature.

Liquidmetal was introduced for commercial applications in 2003. It is used for, among other things, golf clubs, watches, and covers of cell phones.

The alloy was the end result of a research program into amorphous metals carried out at Caltech. It was the first of a series of experimental alloys that could achieve an amorphous structure at relatively slow cooling rates. Amorphous metals had been made before, but only in small batches because cooling rates needed to be in the millions of degrees per second. For example, amorphous wires could be fabricated by splat quenching a stream of molten metal on a spinning disk. Because Vitreloy allowed such slow cooling rates, production of larger batch sizes was possible. More recently, a number of additional alloys have been added to the Liquidmetal portfolio. These alloys also retain their amorphous structure after repeated re-heating, allowing them to be used in a wide variety of traditional machining processes.

Characteristics
Liquidmetal, created by Dr. Atakan Peker, contain atoms of significantly different sizes. They form a dense mix with low free volume. Unlike crystalline metals, there is no obvious melting point at which viscosity drops suddenly. Vitreloy behaves more like other glasses, in that its viscosity drops gradually with increased temperature. At high temperature, it behaves in a plastic manner, allowing the mechanical properties to be controlled relatively easily during casting. The viscosity prevents the atoms moving enough to form an ordered lattice, so the material retains its amorphous properties even after being heat-formed.

The alloys have relatively low softening temperatures, allowing casting of complex shapes without needing finishing. The material properties immediately after casting are much better than those of conventional metals; usually, cast metals have worse properties than forged or wrought ones. The alloys are also malleable at low temperatures (400 °C for the earliest formulation), and can be molded. The low free volume also results in low shrinkage during cooling. For all of these reasons, Liquidmetal can be formed into complex shapes using processes similar to thermoplastics, which makes Liquidmetal a potential replacement for many applications where plastics would normally be used.

Due to their non-crystalline (amorphous) structures, Liquidmetals are harder than alloys of titanium or aluminum of similar composition. The zirconium and titanium based Liquidmetal alloys achieved yield strength of over 1723 MPa, nearly twice the strength of conventional crystalline titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V is ~830 MPa), and about the strength of high-strength steels and some highly engineered bulk composite materials (see tensile strength for a list of common materials). However, the early casting methods introduced microscopic flaws that were excellent sites for crack propagation which led to Vitreloy being fragile like glass. Although strong, these early batches shattered easily when struck. Newer casting methods, adjustments of the alloy mixtures and other changes have improved this.

The lack of grain boundaries contributes to the high yield strength (and thereby resilience) exhibited. In a demonstration, a metal sphere dropped on amorphous steel bounced significantly longer than the same metal sphere dropped on crystalline steel.

The lack of grain boundaries in a metallic glass eliminates grain-boundary corrosion—a common problem in high-strength alloys produced by precipitation hardening and sensitized stainless steels. Liquidmetal alloys are therefore generally more corrosion resistant, both due to the mechanical structure as well as the elements used in its alloy. The combination of mechanical hardness, high elasticity and corrosion resistance makes Liquidmetal wear resistant.

Although at high temperatures, plastic deformation occurs easily, almost none occurs at room temperature before the onset of catastrophic failure. This limits the material's applicability in reliability-critical applications, as the impending failure is not evident. The material is also susceptible to metal fatigue with crack growth. A two-phase composite structure with amorphous matrix and a ductile dendritic crystalline-phase reinforcement, or a metal matrix composite reinforced with fibers of other material can reduce or eliminate this disadvantage.

Uses
Liquidmetal combines a number of features that are normally not found in any one material. This makes them useful in a wide variety of applications.

One of the first commercial uses of Liquidmetal was in golf clubs made by the company, where the highly elastic metal was used in portions of the club face. These were highly rated by users, but the product was later dropped, in part because the prototypes shattered after fewer than 40 hits. Since then, Liquidmetal has appeared in other sports equipment, including the cores of golf balls, skis, baseball and softball bats, and tennis racquets.

The ability to be cast and molded, combined with high wear resistance, has also led to Liquidmetal being used as a replacement for plastics in some applications. It has been used on the casing of late-model SanDisk "Cruzer Titanium" USB flash drives as well as their Sansa line of flash-based MP3 player, and casings of some mobile phones, like the luxury Vertu products, and other toughened consumer electronics. Liquidmetal was used in the Biolase dental laser Ilase and the Socketmobile ring bar code scanner. Liquidmetal has also notably been used for making the SIM ejector tool of some iPhone 3Gs made by Apple Inc., shipped in the US. This was done by Apple as an exercise to test the viability of usage of the metal. They retain a scratch-free surface longer than competing materials, while still being made in complex shapes. The same qualities lend it to use as protective coatings for industrial machinery, including petroleum drill pipes and power plant boiler tubes.

It also replaces titanium in applications ranging from medical instruments and cars to the military and aerospace industry. In military applications, rods of amorphous metals replace depleted uranium in kinetic energy penetrators. Plates of Liquidmetal were used in the solar wind ion collector array in the Genesis space probe.

Commercial alloys
A range of zirconium-based alloys have been marketed under this trade name. Some example compositions are listed below, in molar percent:
 * An early alloy, Vitreloy 1:
 * Zirconium: 41.2, beryllium: 22.5, titanium: 13.8, copper: 12.5, nickel: 10
 * A variant, Vitreloy 4 (Vit4):
 * Zirconium: 46.75, beryllium: 27.5, titanium: 8.25, copper: 7.5, nickel: 10
 * Vitreloy 105 (Vit105):
 * Zirconium: 52.5, titanium: 5, copper: 17.9, nickel: 14.6, aluminium: 10
 * A more recent development (Vitreloy 106a), which forms glass under less rapid cooling:
 * Zirconium: 58.5, copper: 15.6, nickel: 12.8, aluminium: 10.3, niobium: 2.8

Licensed uses

 * Apple Inc., acquired a perpetual, exclusive license to use the technologies developed after 2010 in consumer electronics.
 * The Swatch Group, was granted an exclusive license to utilize Liquidmetal alloys developed after 2010 in its timepieces.''

title: Liquidmetal


text:
Hut 8

Hut 8 was a section in the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park (the British World War II codebreaking station, located in Buckinghamshire) tasked with solving German naval (Kriegsmarine) Enigma messages. The section was led initially by Alan Turing. He was succeeded in November 1942 by his deputy, Hugh Alexander. Patrick Mahon succeeded Alexander in September 1944.

Hut 8 was partnered with Hut 4, which handled the translation and intelligence analysis of the raw decrypts provided by Hut 8.

Located initially in one of the original single-story wooden huts, the name "Hut 8" was retained when Huts 3, 6 & 8 moved to a new brick building, Block D, in February 1943.

After 2005, the first Hut 8 was restored to its wartime condition, and it now houses the "HMS Petard Exhibition".

Operation
In 1940, a few breaks were made into the naval "Dolphin" code, but Luftwaffe messages were the first to be read in quantity. The German navy had much tighter procedures, and the capture of code books was needed (see ) before they could be broken. In February 1942, the German navy introduced "Triton", a version of Enigma with a fourth rotor for messages to and from Atlantic U-boats; these became unreadable for a period of ten months during a crucial period (see Enigma in 1942).

Britain produced modified bombes, but it was the success of the US Navy bombe that was the main source of reading messages from this version of Enigma for the rest of the war. Messages were sent to and from across the Atlantic by enciphered teleprinter links.

Personnel
In addition to the cryptanalysts, around 130 women worked in Hut 8 and provided essential clerical support including punching holes into the Banbury sheets. Hut 8 relied on Wrens to run the bombes housed elsewhere at Bletchley.

Code breakers

 * Alan Turing
 * Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander
 * Michael Arbuthnot Ashcroft
 * Joan Clarke
 * Joseph Gillis
 * Harry Golombek
 * I. J. Good
 * Peter Hilton, January 1942 to late 1942
 * Rosalind Hudson
 * Charlie Bierman
 * F Anthony Kendrick
 * Leslie Lambert (aka "A. J. Alan")
 * Patrick Mahon
 * Rolf Noskwith
 * Richard Pendered
 * John H. Plumb, moved from Hut 3; (later a historian)
 * Shaun Wylie
 * Leslie Yoxall devised Yoxallismus technique
 * Judith Irene Bloomfield

title: Hut 8


text:
Talk:Jean-Claude Turcotte

Untitled
I can see the two pictures being of the same person, if they are separated by a few years and his face is not collapsing in on itself in the one above. silsor 20:54, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I knew the Associated Press couldn't have been wrong. So it is a photograph of Cardinal Turcotte. --Gerald Farinas 03:41, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cardinal Turcotte is the news often enough in Montreal that I can recognize his face, and that's definitely not him.

Guys you're really funny! This guy is NOT Cardinal Turcotte. I don't know how you can see a ressemblance between the two. Here's a link from the BBC with this cardinal's name (see caption on 2nd picture). This is Cardinal O'Brien. AP was wrong. --Bobsky 16:19, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Very funny. Am attending university at Edinburgh, and having met the guy in the picture twice. I can tell you it's Cardinal Keith Patrick O'Brien of the Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh. -- KTC 18:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Charles Ardai

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Office of Scientific and Technical Information

The Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) is a component of the Office of Science within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The Energy Policy Act PL 109–58, Section 982, called out the responsibility of OSTI: "The Secretary, through the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, shall maintain with the Department publicly available collections of scientific and technical information resulting from research, development, demonstration, and commercial applications activities supported by the Department."

Resources
OSTI provides access to energy, science, and technology information through publicly available web-based systems, with supporting tools and technologies to enable information search, retrieval and re-use.

Science information resources freely available for public use
OSTI's entire line of electronic products may be accessed through its home page, where users may search multiple databases with one query.
 * OSTI.GOV - The primary search tool for DOE science, technology, and engineering R&D results and the organizational hub for information about DOE OSTI          ;
 * DOE PAGES (DOE Public Access Gateway for Energy and Science) - The DOE discovery tool that makes peer-reviewed scholarly scientific publications resulting from DOE research funding publicly accessible to read, download, and analyze;
 * DOE CODE is an open source, submission and search tool for DOE-funded software;
 * DOE ScienceCinema is a collection of multimedia videos highlighting DOE's scientific research;
 * DOE Data Explorer searches collections of DOE scientific research data, such as computer simulations, figures and plots, interactive maps, multimedia, numeric files and scientific images.
 * DOE Patents provides a searchable database of patent information resulting from DOE-sponsored research and development.
 * Science.gov OSTI hosts this USA.gov science portal in collaboration with 17 organizations within 13 Federal science agencies. These agencies are also members of CENDI, a cooperative group of scientific and technical information (STI) managers from the 13 federal agencies and programs. Science.gov provides a gateway to over 2,100 websites and offers deep web searching of more than 50 databases containing science information and R&D results.
 * WorldWideScience.org provides a global science gateway through a multilateral partnership to enable federated searching of national and international scientific databases and portals.

Related legislation

 * 1946 – Atomic Energy Act PL 79-585 (created the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission)
 * 1954 – Atomic Energy Act Amendments PL 83-703
 * 1974 – Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 PL 93-438 (Split the AEC into the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
 * 1977 – Department of Energy Organization Act PL 95-91 (Dismantled ERDA and replaced it with the Department of Energy)
 * 2005 – Energy Policy Act PL 109-58
 * 2007 – America COMPETES Act PL 110-69


text:
Makiwara

The makiwara (巻藁) is a padded striking post used as a training tool in various styles of traditional karate. It is thought to be uniquely Okinawan in origin. The makiwara is one form of hojo undō, a method of supplementary conditioning used by Okinawan martial artists.

Use
The makiwara is used by karate practitioners to practice strikes in much the same way as a boxer uses a heavy bag. The makiwara develops one's striking ability by letting them experience resistance to punches, kicks and other strikes. A poor punch will bounce off the makiwara if the body is not in a position to support the energy generated by the strike. It also develops targeting, and focus, which is the ability to penetrate the target (i.e., opponent) to varying degrees of force.

The makiwara is very versatile, and can accommodate practice of open/closed hand strikes, kicks, knee strikes and elbow strikes. Okinawan methods emphasize striking from different angles. Most sources recommend a regimen of hitting the makiwara 50–100 times per day, with each hand. It is especially important to train the weaker side of the body as hard as, or harder than the dominant side. It is important to note that one should not use the makiwara so much that it causes them harm. Like all good training, there should be no lasting damage.

A round elongated makiwara, traditionally made from rice straw bound with rope, is used by practitioners of kyūdō, Japanese archery. This makiwara is placed on a stand so that it is near shoulder height, and is used for close range practice from about 5–8 feet away. The archer is practically unable to miss the target from that range, affording the kyūdō practitioner the opportunity to practice his form, without thought for the target.

Construction
Historically, the most common type consists of a single 7 to 8 ft post driven into the ground, so that it is approximately shoulder height. The post is tapered from the bottom to a thickness of 1 cm at the top. Traditionally, a pad of rice straw (巻 maki "roll" + 藁 wara "straw") was bound to the top with rope to form a striking surface.

More modern variations of the standing makiwara use a metal or other base; or in some cases a concreted recess into the floor of the dojo. These bases may be constructed to affix the makiwara with through bolts; or capture the makiwara in a clamping action. Today the pad is less often made of straw, and more likely to be leather; often with a layer of rubber, duct tape or other tape over foam rubber; and in some cases black palm rope is used. Modern materials may last longer outdoors.

Soft makiwara construction and use
Soft makiwara are the type of makiwara that beginners use, but they are still essential for daily speed training for both beginners and experts alike. Soft makiwara are often positioned at a greater angle from vertical and an average punch will straighten the makiwara to a vertical position.

Stiff makiwara construction and use
After the user is well conditioned from using the soft makiwara, they often add additional training on the stiff makiwara to work on power training. The stiff makiwara is constructed by positioning the wood at a small angle from vertical. The average training punch to push the makiwara to a vertical position, or 90 degrees from the ground.

Shuri makiwara
The shuri makiwara is a flat board, measured to be as high as the instructor's breast bone. This makiwara is used when punching from a short stance.

Naha makiwara
The naha makiwara is also a flat board, but measured to be as high as the instructor's solar plexus. This makiwara is used traditionally by Goju Ryu practitioners, who train in a deep stance(Shiko dachi).Goju Ryu students are far more likely to use sanchin dachi in using the makiwara. The common makiwara in the Jundokan dojo in Naha, of Eiichi Miyazato are closer to shoulder height.

Ude makiwara
The ude makiwara differs in that it is round on all sides. This allows for the practitioner to use a variety of strikes and kicks on the makiwara, that could not be used on flat boards.

Hand Held Makiwara
Many martial artists use portable or hand held makiwara. Some are pocket sized, some may be mounted temporarily (in a Okinawa Taxi for instance). These makiwara are usually held in one hand and struck with the other. These makiwara allows the practitioner to condition other parts of the hand such as shuto, nukite (finger tips). This provides the capability of hand conditioning and training outside the dojo.

title: Makiwara


text:
Playboy: The Mansion

Playboy: The Mansion is a simulation video game for the PlayStation 2, Microsoft Windows and Xbox consoles, developed by Cyberlore Studios, published by Groove Games and Arush Entertainment and licensed by Playboy Enterprises.

Gameplay
Playboy: The Mansion puts players in the role of Hugh Hefner, the founder of Playboy Magazine and Playboy Enterprises, referred to in the game as 'Hef'. The aim of the game is to build the famed Playboy Empire from scratch, starting from a humble magazine to celebrity endorsements to home entertainment to Internet websites to merchandise.

The player can mold the famed Playboy Mansion to their own needs and wants, and has the option of experiencing the infamous Playboy Playmate parties in locations such as the Grotto and the Clubhouse. Hef, as well as all other characters in the game, can build three types of relationships with other characters: casual, business, and romantic. Each month, the player has to print an issue of the magazine. To do that the player needs a cover shoot, a centerfold, an essay from a celebrity, interview with a celebrity, a pictorial about a subject and an article about a subject. The player must hire photographers and writers to create each issue. All the characters have interests, such as sports and music, and writers on those topics will produce higher-quality articles. In the game, the player is the photographer during photo shoots. The game contains many sexual references, including sexual relationships.

There are twelve missions in total. Some of the goals include making and/or fixing relationships with people, publishing certain magazine content, and throwing parties. Players can also choose not to achieve goals, as there is no time limit, and do other things such as parties, mansion renovations and playing with the mansion's variety of games; however, magazines must continue to be published as that is the player's income source.

Music
The main song on the video game is "Playboy Mansion" by Prince Charming, from the album Songs For My Therapist. A soundtrack to the game, mixed by American DJ and record producer Felix da Housecat has been released. It features house tracks by many renowned producers like Armand Van Helden, DJ Sneak or Kaskade.

Expansion pack
Playboy: The Mansion - Private Party Expansion Pack is the expansion pack. It adds extra features such as parties like Midsummer Night's Dream, world-famous celebrities and Playmates, new animations, enhanced character editing and party-themed music.

Features
The expansion adds many new features to the game. When characters engage in sexual activities, they now remove their underwear and their genitals are blurred, much like The Sims characters. Another feature is the ability to throw "theme parties", which consist of Halloween, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Hef's Birthday, Tropical, Playmate of the Year and more.

Development
The game used the Gamebryo engine.

Reception
The game was met with mixed reception. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 60% and 59 out of 100 for the PC version, 59.97% and 59 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version,  and 62.14% and 61 out of 100 for the Xbox version.

Eurogamer noted that the game was similar to The Sims series but was unfortunately less entertaining. It was considered "a little too slight a proposition for a full game."

The New York Times gave it a mixed review and stated: "Sex and nudity often work well in movies, but video games laced with sex never rise above mediocrity, and Mansion seems decidedly underbaked." The Sydney Morning Herald gave it two-and-a-half stars out of five and called it "A frisky concept with limited thrills and not enough depth to challenge gamers." Detroit Free Press gave it two stars out of four and stated: "I flipped on the game expecting a world of champagne, roses and frequent wisps of steam. Instead, I got an immediate request that I construct an office on the mansion's upper floor."

title: Playboy: The Mansion


text:
User talk:Kittyhello

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! jni 18:19, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. jni 18:19, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kittyhello


text: User talk:81.157.33.117

title: User talk:81.157.33.117


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Black Hills Run

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 19:13, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Black Hills Run
Might or might not be about a fictional event. Google thinks so. --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * Comment It might have happened, but was not well documented. I've always wondered about it. If no one can find any information about it, then feel free to delete. --Blizzard1
 * Comment All I can find is motorcycle tours with the same name, e.g. as listed in here. A search for +"Black Hills Run" motorcycle. is not encouraging. --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * Comment This seems to be a legitimate term amongst Biker types. See [here], [here, here, and here. Note that none these sites are about the "Black Hills Run", but rather casually mention it, as if they expect the reader to know what they mean. My guess is that it is done as an adjunctant to the [[Sturgis Motorcycle Rally]] or is an alternate name for it. (Let me say that it shocks me that that is a red link).  That a mention of it is made in Roseanne, is probably the least important thing about it though. Dsmdgold 20:03, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The Sturgis annual event draws many thousands of motorcyclists to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and might be the single most notable event in the non-racing motorcycle community. Bikers' activity are underrepresented on the Internet and rarely draw online mention more authoritative than the links that Dsmdgold provided.  The "Black Hills Run" is most likely a fringe event organized by one club with word-of-mouth publicity; it could have persisted for decades without attaining as much significance as Sturgis.  No vote pending documentation.  Barno 20:20, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep BaronLarf's revised version. I hope we can find more documentation on long-past years, but getting one source on the record helps.  I don't think the Roseanne mention is WP-worthy, but if others insist it is, there'll be links between articles not otherwise related.  Barno 22:56, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The Sturgis, South Dakota article has only a short mention and external link for the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. I'm going to add that to the Requested Articles page.  Barno 20:23, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've rewritten the article with what little I can find online. Weak keep --BaronLarf 21:05, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep from me now that it has been revised or possible redirect to and new section in Black Hills --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * STRONG keep, just to be difficult. It sounds like a legit locale name. I can imagine worse uses of wikispace. Asriel86 06:04, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Lovech

Lovech (Ловеч, ) is a city in north-central Bulgaria. It is the administrative centre of the Lovech Province and of the subordinate Lovech Municipality. The city is located about 150 km northeast from the capital city of Sofia. Near Lovech are the towns of Pleven, Troyan and Teteven.

Name
The name is possibly derived from the Slavic root lov, "hunting" + the Slavic suffix -ech.

Geography
Lovech is situated in the Forebalkan area of northern Bulgaria, on both sides of the river Osam, and unifies both mountainous and plain relief. The eastern part of the town is surrounded by a 250 m high plateau, where the largest park in Lovech, Stratesh, is located, and the southwestern part is surrounded by the hills Hisarya and Bash Bunar. In the northwest the relief gradually changes to the plains of the neighbouring Pleven Province. The average altitude of Lovech is about 200 m above mean sea level. The highest point of the town is Akbair Hill at 450 m.

In Stratesh Park, the highest place in the town, there are a great number of lilac bushes, easily seen from the whole town, which are a wonderful view in the spring. Due to this, Lovech is well known as the town of the lilacs.

Population
According to the census, held in February, 2011, Lovech is populated by 36,600 inhabitants within city limits. In the 1880s the population of Lovech numbered about 7,000. Since then it started growing decade by decade, mostly because of the migrants from the rural areas and the surrounding smaller towns, with a peak in the period 1987-1991 when exceeded 50,000 residents. After this time, the population has started decreasing rapidly in consequence of the poor economic situation in the Bulgarian provinces during the 1990s that led to a new migration in the direction of the country capital Sofia and abroad.

Ethnic, linguistic, and religious composition
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals who declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: Total: 36,600
 * Bulgarians: 32,706 (95.2%)
 * Turks: 919 (2.7%)
 * Gypsies: 411 (1.2%)
 * Others: 120 (0.3%)
 * Indefinable: 201 (0.6%)
 * Undeclared: 2,243 (6.1%)

The ethnic composition of Lovech Municipality is 43,223 Bulgarians, 2,321 Turks, and 665 Gypsies among others.

Following the census of 1926 Professor Anastas Ishirkov noted the homogeneity of the population which is 95% of Bulgarian origin.

Ancient history
Lovech is one of the oldest towns in Bulgaria. Traces of human activities from very ancient times were found in the region, mainly in the caves near the town. The reason was the comfortable location between the mountains and the flat country, and the presence of a river.

The first inhabitants of the town were the Thracian tribe of the Meldi, whose traces date back to the 4th or 3rd centuries BC. They founded their capital, called Melta, in the area, which was situated at the place of today's neighbourhood and architecture reserve Varosha. Later, when the Balkans were occupied by the Roman Empire, a military station called Prezidium was founded near the modern town, which was situated at an important strategic position on one of the main Roman roads. Parts of this road are to be seen in the territory of Lovech today.

Middle Ages
The former Roman citadel Hisarya, which is situated on the hill of the same name, was the place where in 1187 the peace treaty between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire was signed and the returning of Bulgaria on the European map was officially declared, marking the beginning of the Second Bulgarian Empire. In the 12th century, Lovech was a great trade centre and one of the most famous towns in Bulgaria. Ivan Alexander was appointed to govern the city by 1330, most likely being appointed due to Lovech being a major city that controlled commercial passage through the Stara Planina passes, and the migration of intellectuals to Moldavia and Wallachia, due to Ottoman conquests, resulting in the beginning of the Despotate of Lovech.

The Turkish invasion in the middle of the 14th century did not pass the town, but the Hisarya fortress was captured last of all, in 1446.

Ottoman rule
For a long time after conquest, the town enjoyed some privileges such as a prohibition on Turkish people to settle in the town or to take Bulgarian children as janissaries.

In the 17th century, Lovech (Lofça in Turkish) was once again an important trade centre and one of the richest towns in Bulgaria, a reason for the town being called Altın Lofça (Golden Lovech, from Turkish) at the time.

In the times of revolutionary organisations against the Ottoman rule, Lovech was the centre of operations of the Internal Revolutionary Organisation of Vasil Levski, called the Secret Revolutionary Committee. He was arrested by the Turkish military in a village near Lovech called Kakrina and later hanged in Sofia. The biggest museum of Vasil Levski in Bulgaria, which contains several personal items such as notebooks, clothes, and weapons. It is situated in the old town part of Lovech.

Between 1872 and 1874, the Bulgarian master-builder Nikola Fichev, known also as Kolyu Ficheto, built the famous Covered Bridge (Покрит мост) over the river Osam, the only one of its kind in the Balkans. The bridge was burned out in 1925, but rebuilt in 1931. Now it connects the new and the old part of the town and it's full of cafes, small restaurants and many souvenir shops.

During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, an important battle was held at Lovech, known as the Battle of Lovcha. The war and several plagues and migrations in Wallachia drastically reduced the population. There was a substantial number of victims from the Bulgarian population. Many Turkish families were expelled by the Russian army and the Muslims of Lovech known to be "Lofçalılar" have immigrated to several parts of Turkey (mainly Istanbul, Edirne and Bursa).

Modern times
In more recent times, Lovech was the place where modern foreign language education in Bulgaria started. Taking over from the American college established there in 1881, the first foreign language school in Bulgaria was set up in Lovech in 1950. Initially three languages were taught in this school: English, French and German. However soon after that the teaching of English and French was moved to Sofia and Varna respectively, founding the first language schools in these cities: the First English Language School in Sofia in 1954 and the French Language School in Varna in 1958. Since for the period 1959-1984 German was the only language taught, the school in Lovech was informally known as The German School (Немската гимназия).

Economy
On April 9, 2009, Great Wall Motor and the Bulgarian company Litex Motors signed a contract for building a production base that would manufacture three models of the Chinese manufacturer near Lovech. The new plant was opened on February 21, 2012.

The investment is worth around 97 million euros and will create 2,000 new jobs over the first four years. It will be Great Wall Motor's gate of entering the European Union market, thanks to the zero tariff levels.

Main sights

 * The Covered Bridge by Kolyu Ficheto
 * The monument of Vasil Levski
 * The monuments to Russian soldiers killed in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78
 * The Varosha old town part
 * Stratesh Park with Lovech Zoo, the biggest zoo in the province
 * Bash Bunar Park
 * The baroque buildings in the town's central parts
 * The Varosha architectural and historical reserve, with Drasova and Rashova memorial houses

Theatres

 * Lovech Drama Theatre
 * Theatre by the Nauka Community Centre
 * The summer theatre in Stratesh Park

Museums

 * Museum of Vasil Levski
 * Lovech Historical Museum
 * Drasova Memorial House
 * Rashova Memorial House
 * Saint Kliment Ohridski School

Sports

 * PFC Litex Lovech, one of Bulgaria's top football clubs
 * Osam, a men's handball club
 * Lovech '98, a women's handball club
 * Eagles, a baseball club
 * A wrestling club
 * A kyokushin karate club
 * Progress, a chess club
 * Fencing club
 * Acrobatic rock’n’roll club “Rocksmile”

Notable people

 * Joseph I of Bulgaria — Bulgarian exarch
 * Georgi Ivanov — the first Bulgarian cosmonaut
 * Dimitar Dimov — Bulgarian author
 * Simeon Djankov — economist
 * Anastas Ishirkov — noted geographer
 * Panayot Pipkov — composer
 * Ahmed Cevdet Pasha — Ottoman scholar, intellectual, bureaucrat, administrator, and historian

Partner towns

 * 🇦🇱 Berat, Albania
 * 🇩🇪 Erfurt, Germany
 * 🇺🇦 Iziaslav, Ukraine
 * 🇲🇪 Kolašin, Montenegro
 * 🇫🇷 Laval, France
 * 🇷🇺 Lotoshino, Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Ryazan, Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Syktyvkar, Russia
 * 🇪🇸 Valladolid, Spain

Honours
Lovech Heights in Graham Land, Antarctica is named after the city, and Melta Point on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the ancient Melta.

title: Lovech


text:
Export-oriented industrialization

Export-oriented industrialization (EOI), sometimes called export substitution industrialization (ESI), export-led industrialization (ELI), or export-led growth, is a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. Export-led growth implies opening domestic markets to foreign competition in exchange for market access in other countries.

However, that may not be true of all domestic markets, as governments may aim to protect specific nascent industries so that they grow and can exploit their future comparative advantage, and in practice, the converse can occur. For example, many East Asian countries had strong barriers on imports from the 1960s to the 1980s.

Reduced tariff barriers, a fixed exchange rate (a devaluation of national currency is often employed to facilitate exports), and government support for exporting sectors are all an example of policies adopted to promote EOI and ultimately economic development. Export-oriented industrialization was particularly characteristic of the development of the national economies of the developed East Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan in the post-World War II period.

Export-led growth is an economic strategy used by some developing countries. The strategy seeks to find a niche in the world economy for a certain type of export. Industries producing this export may receive governmental subsidies and better access to the local markets. By implementing that strategy, countries hope to gain enough hard currency to import commodities manufactured more cheaply elsewhere. Export Agencies are formed in the process.

In addition, a recent mathematical study shows that export-led growth has wage growth being repressed and linked to the productivity growth of nontradable goods in a country with undervalued currency. In such a country, the productivity growth of export goods is greater than the proportional wage growth and the productivity growth of nontradable goods. Thus, export price decreases in the export-led growth country and makes it more competitive in international trade.

Origins
From the Great Depression to the years after World War II, under-developed and developing countries started to have a hard time economically. During this time, many foreign markets were closed and the danger of trading and shipping in war-time waters drove many of these countries to look for another solution to development. The initial solution to this dilemma was called import substitution industrialization. Both Latin American and Asian countries used this strategy at first. However, during the 1950s and 1960s the Asian countries, like Taiwan and South Korea, started focusing their development outward, resulting in an export-led growth strategy. Many of the Latin American countries continued with import substitution industrialization, just expanding its scope. Some have pointed out that because of the success of the Asian countries, especially Taiwan and South Korea, export-led growth should be considered the best strategy to promote development.

Significance
Export-led growth is important for mainly two reasons: The first is that export-led growth improves the country's foreign-currency finances, as well as surpass their debts as long as the facilities and materials for the exports exist. The second, if more debatable reason, is that increased export-growth can trigger greater productivity, thus creating even more exports in a positive, upward spiral cycle.

The nomenclature of this concept appears in J.S.L McCombie et al. (1994):

yB denotes the relationship between expenditures and income in foreign-currency trade; it marks the balance of payments constraint

yA is the growth capacity of the country, which can never be more than the current capacity

yC is the current capacity of growth, or how well the country is producing at that moment

(i) yB=yA=yC:  balance-of-payments equilibrium and full employment

(ii) yB=yAyA=yC:  increasing balance-of-payments surplus and full employment

(vi) yB>yA<yC: increasing balance-of-payments surplus and growing unemployment (McCombie 423)

Countries with both unemployment and balance-of-payments problems are supposed, according to the dominant economic paradigm, to orient their policies towards export-led growth aiming to achieve either situation (i) or situation (v).

Types of exports
There are essentially two types of exports used in this context: manufactured goods and raw materials.

Manufactured goods are the exports most commonly used to achieve export-led growth. However, many times these industries are competing against industrialized countries' industries, which often have better technology, better educated workers, and more capital to start with. Therefore, this strategy must be well thought out and planned. A country must find a certain export that they can manufacture well, in competition with industrialized industries.

Raw materials are another export option. However, this strategy is risky compared to manufactured goods. If the terms of trade shift unfavorably, a country must export more and more of the raw materials to import the same amount of commodities, making the trade profits very difficult to come by.

Theoretical
Mainstream economic analysis points out that EOI presupposes that a government contains the relevant market-knowledge enabling it to judge whether or not an industry to be given development subsidies will prove a good investment in the future. The ability of a government to do this, it is argued, is probably limited as it will not have occurred through the natural interaction of the market forces of supply and demand. Additionally, they claim that the exploitation of a potential comparative advantage requires a significant amount of investment, of which governments can only supply a limited amount. In many LDCs, it is necessary for multinational corporations to provide the foreign direct investment, knowledge, skills and training needed to develop an industry and exploit the future comparative advantage.

This line of argument runs against heterodox (and particularly Post-Keynesian) analysis. There, the investment requirements for state investment, denominated in the national currency, are never operationally constrained; any claim about the "limited" ability of the state to finance expenditures in its own currency is rejected. Neither, Post-Keynesians state, is there a question of the private sector competing with the state for available funds, due to their opinions on hypotheses about "crowding out". As to the claim about the state's inability to engage in basic, primary, "paradigm changing" investment in research and development, the work of economists such as Mariana Mazzucato has claimed that the claim is groundless.

Scholars have claimed that governments in East Asia, nonetheless, did have the ability and the resources to identify and exploit comparative advantages. EOI has, therefore, been supported as a development strategy for poor countries - because of its success in the Four Asian Tigers.

This claim has been challenged by a minority of non-mainstream economists, who have instead emphasised the very specific historical, political, and legislative conditions in East Asia that were not present elsewhere, and which allowed for the success of EOI in these nations. Japanese producers, for example, were given preferential access to US and European markets after World War II. Additionally, some domestic production was explicitly protected from outside competition, for an extensive period of time and until local business entities had become strong enough to compete internationally. They claim that the protectionist policies are crucial to the success of EOI.

Empirical
Despite its support in mainstream economic circles, EOI's ostensible success has been increasingly challenged over recent years due to a growing number of examples in which it has not yielded the expected results. EOI increases market sensitivity to exogenous factors, and is partially responsible for the damage done by the 1997 Asian financial crisis to the economies of countries who used export-oriented industrialization. This is something which occurred during the financial crisis of 2007–08 and subsequent global recession. Similarly, localized disasters can cause worldwide shortages of the products that countries specialize in. For example, in 2010, flooding in Thailand led to a shortage of hard drives.

Other criticisms include that export oriented industrialization has limited success if the economy is experiencing a decline in its terms of trade, where prices for its exports are rising at a slower rate than that of its imports. This is true of many economies aiming to exploit their comparative advantage in primary commodities as they have a long-term trend of declining prices, noted in the Singer-Prebisch thesis though there are criticisms of this thesis as practical contradictions have occurred. Primary-commodity dependency also links to the weakness of excessive specialization as primary commodities have incredible price volatility, given the inelastic nature of their demand, leading to a disproportionately large change in price given a change in demand for them.

Nobel laureate Paul Krugman has criticized what he called the "popular views" on macroeconomic policy as they were shaped in the 1950s, and, particularly, regarding productivity and foreign-trade economic policy. The "highly influential" position that "the United States needs higher productivity so that it can compete in today’s global economy", he wrote, is akin to the person supporting it “wearing a flashing neon sign that reads:  'I don't know that I'm talking about'."

Logical
One of the main arguments against the assumption of export-oriented policies as potential solutions in a country's problems rests on the tenet that an economic orientation should be applicable to every country, in general and allowing for local conditions. If following an export-oriented path is beneficial for country A, then it should also be so for country B, ceteris paribus. However, that is an impossible task since, as a matter of trivial logic, it is impossible for all the countries on the planet to become net exporters.

title: Export-oriented industrialization


text:
User:Mpetre

Matthew George Petre

b. December 28th, 1971

Attended school at Mississippi State University and graduated from Middle Tennessee State University. BS Computer Science (1998)

Currently resides in Fulton, Itawamba County, Mississippi

title: User:Mpetre