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Talk:Motorola 68040

"80486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster"
This is simply not true! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486#Models Fastest 80486 is 33MHz (while 68040 is 40MHz)!! Note that intel used internal clock when talk about CPU speed while Motorola used external clock!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Calimero (talk • contribs) 13:32, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

 * There were 486 CPUs with 50MHz external clock. However if we are to go by external clock speeds then my current Core 2 Duo has a clock speed of 266 MHz.--Anss123 (talk) 13:54, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "There were 486 CPUs with 50MHz external clock" same goes to 68040 if I understand comment bellow on this page: "There was a 50Mhz 68040 variant" so my objection that "80486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster" IS NOT TRUE still stand!

 * What exactly are you referring to when you say external clock speed? The FSB or the clock input. In the latter case a 50MHz 68040 has 100 MHz external clock speed, according to Apple anyhow.
 * The fastest 486 is in any case a lot faster than the fastest 040 (even if the FSB is clocked slower), which is what the article tries to communicate with "the 486 can be clocked faster", and by conventional wisdom the CPU's clock speed is measured by the internal clock speed - not the external.--Anss123 (talk) 00:02, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * External clock speed is "FSB". Please give me reference to 486 clocked faster than 68040 (greater than 100MHz internal clock)! There was AMD "486" CPUs that worked faster than 100MHz but not intel i486. Highest speed for 68040 and i486 is 100MHz (if we measured internal clock speed). Do you agree?
 * No. The fastest i486 was the DX4, with 99.99 MHz clock speed and 33.33 MHz FSB. There was also Intel CPUs with slower clock but faster FSB (Like the 486 DX-50 with 50 MHz FSB). The fastest 040 out of Motorola had a 40 MHz FSB and 40 MHz internal clock speed. A faster variant was planned, but unless Freescale built them the 040 tops out at 40 MHz.--Anss123 (talk) 14:13, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, let me get this straight: MC68040 manual (from www.freescale.com) says: "The M68040 uses two clocks to generate timing: a processor clock (PCLK) and a bus clock (BCLK). The PCLK signal is twice the frequency of the BCLK signal and is internally phase-locked to BCLK. PCLK is also distributed throughout the device to generate additional timing for additional edges for internal logic blocks and has no bearing on bus timing. The use of dual clock inputs allows the bus interface to operate at half the speed of the internal logic of the processor, requiring less stringent memory interface requirements. Since the rising edge of BCLK is used as the reference point for the phase-locked loop (PLL), all timing specifications are referenced to this edge." So we have PCLK and BCLK (as you call it FSB). Further in Manual you can read that PCLK Cycle Time for 40MHz version of 68040 is 25 ns which corespondent to 40MHz; and for BCLK manuel says that Cycle Time is 50 ns which corespondent to 20MHz. Bottom line is that 40MHz Motorola does not operate at 80MHz internal but only on 40MHz. You could simple told me that 68040 does not support doubling rate internally ;) although at http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/68040/ you could read: "Some internal logic of the Motorola 68040 uses 2x clock frequency, but the processor cannot be considered double-clocked."
 * While on http://www.bbs.ingedigit.com.ve/TechInfo/68040.Microprocessor.html you could read: "The main internal units work at twice the clock speed of the bus interface unit. For instance, when processing most instructions internally, a 68040 clocked at 33 MHz effectively runs at 66 MHz." which is incorrect?!
 * I also find this http://www.skepticfiles.org/cowtext/comput~1/486vs040.htm text where you can find explanation why 68040 is way faster than 80486 at same clock. Only DX2 version of 80486 could compare to 68040. --Calimero (talk) 11:57, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know much about how the 040 works internally, but from what I recall (from benchmarks back then) was that the 486 had a clock for clock performance advantage on common integer workloads while the 040 beat the 486 at select integer benchmarks and beat the pants of the 486 at floating point benchmarks that was not written for older 68K FPUs.
 * However if you wish to compare clock for clock performance you should also keep in mind the manufacturing technology and die size. The DX/2, for instance, was manufactured on a 0.8 micron process. Whereas the Pentium 66MHz was built on a 0.6 micron process, giving the lather an "unfair" advantage as it had more transistors to devote to enchanting performance.--Anss123 (talk) 15:11, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Mystery is solved! ;) http://milan.kovac.cc/atari/040CLOCK.TXT "About the PCLK (Processor CLocK), the 040 needs it to cadence its internal logic, especially its pipeline. This clock could be 200 or 500 MHz, which wouldn't change the performance of the 040 !!" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Calimero (talk • contribs) 16:28, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Interesting read. Guess even back then marketing material was less than trustworthy.--Anss123 (talk) 18:45, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * So now we are sure that 80486 clocked better (DX2 - double clock rate) and we know that at same clock 80486 was two times slower than 68040 and that 68040 does not support double clock ability (at least not one that will affect performance!). Missing reference (in wikipedia text) for this two statements could be Rodolphe text (link above) and other link that I also mention above. Thank you Anss for discussion on this topic! :) --Calimero (talk) 18:54, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Additionally to this, I would simply point towards the latter generation of "overdrive" and "5x86" type processors, which were essentially just 486DXes with better tolerances and clock-tripling or quadrupling to reach 120 or 133mhz officially (and 150, 160 is achievable with enough effort). Trying to split hairs on these fronts is silly, because it's a simple fact that the *processor* is running at a higher speed. If that's your argument, then you've lost it. Ignoring matters of internal pipeline synchronisation (and who's to say that Intel don't do exactly the same thing but didn't see fit to crow about it?), the 486 core is capable of at LEAST twice that of the 040, and arguably actually 3 to 4 times more (...indeed, I'm fairly certain some budget Pentium-motherboard-compatible chips were actually just 486s with different pinouts, and ran at upto 200mhz if not higher before their brief day in the sun faded).

If it's a matter of how much bus I/O they peak at - which is why the clock doubling entered the argument - then things get very messy very fast. Both manufacturers had half-width buses for their 32-bit (and 16-bit!) parts in the past, after all, which if we're to use that as a metric means they were actually half the speed written on the label. And indeed they were, for some types of processing that was heavily I/O bound; for others which chewed up the ALUs and other internal parts for a good many clock cycles, they were only fractionally slower than the full-width models. And I seem to recall that the 040 still has the ability to operate on 16 or even 8-bit buses if needs be, though no-one ever seems to have been crazy enough to try it.

However, neither chip to my knowledge has ever used anything other than 32 bit, so let's forget that. So, their bus width is the same. For the sake of argument, let's say their I/O cycles take the same number of clocks (I don't know if that's true off the top of my head and I sure as hell can't be bothered finding out right now), and their memory chips and controllers (whether internal or external) are the same speed, bit-width, and number of wait-states/latency rating. So all that matters is the frequency they're clocked at.

...well, golly gee would you look at that. They're the same. Both chips were offered on buses running at 25, 33 and 40mhz, and indeed even a few at 20 and at 50. So if we take clock multiplication out of the picture, and ignore per-cycle calculation efficiency, THEY'RE EXACTLY ALIKE. Though it might be worth pointing out that I've never seen, or heard tell of a production machine offering a raw 50mhz as an option for hosting an 040, whereas I *ACTUALLY OWN* a 486 system (ISA based, with an SX25 installed at the moment, but I do fancy installing a DX50 if I can get one off ebay at a sensible price) that can be jumpered for a 50mhz FSB. Think I have another motherboard that might offer it too, but that'll be a walk through its manual should I still have it...

Therefore, advantage 486, until someone turns up with an official (rather than dodgily overclocked) system to show off with a 50mhz 68040 in it.

And, well, if we bring the clock doubling into play, then it's all over. We'll start with a board running at 40mhz, and an Intel Overdrive "83mhz" chip (meant for older boards that couldn't actually run a 40mhz FSB, so it runs some arcane multiplier from 25 or 33mhz), removed from its adapter and plugged in directly, with suitable motherboard jumper settings for voltage, multiplier, frequency etc. Voila, a DX2/80. This WILL STILL RUN ITS EXTERNAL I/O AT 40MHZ, the same as the Motorola. BUT, the internal logic runs at 80mhz! So, things that would have been IO bound run at the same speed, and match the 040 performance, with the CPU core basically idling half the time. Those which AREN'T IO bound, e.g. anything that really abuses the FPU and need a great many clock cycles, go twice as fast (and still don't challenge the IO lines). It's a bit like having a 64-bit chip on a 32-bit bus, you could say. And if you then take an actual 120mhz overdrive (or an overclocked 160mhz one), then the advantage for complex operations gets even greater, still with no detriment to IO.

Though really we'd probably have been fine with the gloss-coat primary-coloured Ford Fiesta of the mid 90s CPU world, the DX2/66, on a 33mhz board. There's a slight slowdown with IO ops, but actually with PCI, accelerated graphics, etc, it didn't turn out to matter so much. The 33mhz systems of the time had bus bandwidth to spare - it was the CPU cores that needed turbo boosting. The DX2/66 was successful because it had a good mix of integer and FPU processing speed and external bandwidth without having to break the bank making the motherboards super-fast... (and indeed, what turned out to be the common base speed for PC interface slots, and even SDRAM when it came along? 33mhz, then 66mhz and 133mhz in the Pentium days. having a faster main bus would have been kind of a waste.)

And, of course, there's that internal cache, which ALSO speeds up with the rest of the core. Forgot about that, didn't you? :D 193.63.174.254 (talk) 19:44, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

Renaming from Motorola to Freescale
Neier can't be bothered to figure out Freescale didn't produce a 68040, and I've apparently screwed up backing out his st00pidity.

 * KJS3 - Please see http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/taxonomy.jsp?nodeId=0162468rH3YTLC61654622 . The 68k, CF, i.MX, etc are all divested from Motorola with the Freescale spinoff.  Neier 05:29, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Neier - By your rationale, we should call my old 1991 Volvo 240 a Ford 240 because Ford purchased Volvo. Please stop making edits were one is neither accurate nor desirable.
 * No, Ford has not discontinued the Volvo brand name. Please point to me a spot on Motorola's web site where you can order the 68040, or for that matter, any device formerly produced by their Semiconductor Products Sector (now, Freescale).
 * Nor has Ford ever marketed it as the "Ford 240". They are content to let it remain named Volvo.  Freescale markets the 68040, etc. and has no intention of leaving Motorola in their product names at all.  Wikipedia should follow the companies' decisions. Neier 22:29, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * PS - You can sign your posts with four ~ characters.

 * The problem is that Wikipedia isn't a brochure of currently available products, it is an encylopedia, and how things are known in a historical context is important. Whilst the CPUs are now being sold by Freescale, they were originally developed and sold by Motorola, and they are surely far more well known as "Motorola 68K CPUs" than "Freescale 68K CPUs" (eg, 36,700 Google hits for "Motorola 68040" versus 2 for "Freescale 68040"!) Mdwh 00:58, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks Mdwh. Articulated much better than I could.  But I suspect Neier won't get it. Kjs3 02:09, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Mdwh. The differences between a product brochure and an encyclopedia are duly noted.  The MoS seems quite clear as well, at least as far as "common names" goes.  This st00pid guy gets it.  So, I guess it is better to focus on making the articles more up-to-date in a historical context rather than enforcing a company POV on the article names.

 * Kjs3, why the hostility? Mdwh's explanation makes much more sense to me than your claims that "Freescale didn't produce a 68040", "Freescale does not, and as far as I can figure never did, produce an mc68060", and "A trivial check would show Freescale never produced the 68060".  In fact, it was a trivial check that showed me that Freescale does still produce the chip.  A well-reasoned and researched response is better than bad analogies and blanket statements that are just false.
 * As for the name calling and such, if it makes you feel better, fine. Myself, I've never been cool (er, k3wl) enough to keep up with the new spelling fads.  Neier 02:47, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that the article should still be named 'Motorola'. Everyone knows it as a Motorola part. The chips themselves are now mainly of historical interest. Parts that are produced in the present day using the 680x0 architecture can have their own articles. - Richard Cavell (talk) 11:21, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

3.3V Version
There was at least one 3.3V variant, which I would expect (but have not tested) to run cooler than the 5V versions. I remember this as being a 68EC040, sadly I don't think there was ever a 3.3V full 68040. Anyone have data to back up my (non-ECC ;-) memory? AndrewBall 01:55, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * ok, we have text from Rodolphe Czuba (http://www.czuba-tech.com), maker of accelerators for Atari Falcon computer: http://milan.kovac.cc/atari/040CLOCK.TXT as you can read: "A remark : the 040 3.3V model only exists in two versions: - 1. The 68040V which doesn't have an FPU ! - 2. The 68EC040V which has neither an FPU, nor a PMMU !" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Calimero (talk • contribs) 16:17, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

50 MHz Variants
There was a 50Mhz 68040 variant: http://www.micromac.com/products/speeddoubler040.html http://www.sonnettech.com/product/quaddoubler.html

Note that the '100/50mhz' noted in the pages refers to the internal clock of the chip, which ran at twice the speed of the external clock

Or was the 50Mhz part just an overclocked 40Mhz part?

 * If I recall correctly, it was the other way around - the internal clock was half the external, i.e. a "25Mhz" '040 had a 50Mhz clock input. Apple took to mentioning the external clock rate in advertising, in order to keep up appearences relative to the 486. Mirror Vax 23:45, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Apple always advertised 68040/LC040 desktop machines using the lower clock speed, but indeed the '040-based PowerBooks were advertised using both, as in "Featuring an advanced 66/33-megahertz Motorola 68LC040 processor, the PowerBook 540c…" (from the 540c sales brochure, cf http://www.saldanah.com/apple-collection/images/datashet-540c-2.jpg ). I don't consider that especially wrong, since the CPU core used both speeds internally in different parts of the CPU (almost everything uses the lower clock, but some parts of the arithmetic units use the higher clock). For sure I can understand why Apple did that, since a 25MHz 68040 could run circles around a 25MHz 486DX in actual performance. tooki (talk) 11:05, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

Three pictures
Does this article really require three almost indistinguishable photos? Convince me otherwise or I will delete two of them Mtpaley (talk) 23:01, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Delete away.--Anss123 (talk) 11:39, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Motorola 68040. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120216013510/http://www.bbs.ingedigit.com.ve/TechInfo/68040.Microprocessor.html to http://www.bbs.ingedigit.com.ve/TechInfo/68040.Microprocessor.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:54, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

"MC status"?
In the 68LC040 section, it says: "This new mask was introduced in mid-1995 and converted the 68LC040 chip to MC status." What does "MC status" mean? It isn't mentioned anywhere else in the article. The link at the end of that sentence refers to "MC-qualified", but it doesn't explain what that means either. -- Hux (talk) 17:04, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motorola 68040


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Francis Hopkinson Smith

Francis Hopkinson Smith (October 23, 1838 – April 7, 1915) was an American author, artist and engineer. He built the foundation for the Statue of Liberty, wrote many stories and received awards for his paintings.

F. Hopkinson Smith was the great uncle of American architect, author and photographer G. E. Kidder Smith (1913-1997).

Biography
Smith was born in Baltimore, Maryland on October 23, 1838, a descendant of Francis Hopkinson, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He graduated from the Boys' Latin School of Maryland.

Smith became a contractor in New York City and did much work for the federal government, including the stone ice-breaker at Bridgeport, Connecticut, the jetties at the mouth of the Connecticut River, the foundation for the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, the Race Rock Lighthouse (southwest of Fishers Island, New York) and many life-saving stations. His vacations were spent sketching in the White Mountains, in Cuba and in Mexico. He also visited and sketched in Venice, Constantinople and the Netherlands.

He married Josephine Van Deventer on April 26, 1866.

His first popular book was Col. Carter of Cartersville (1891). His 1896 novel Tom Grogan and 1898 novel Caleb West were each the best selling book in the United States in the year of their release.

On March 1, 1915, Smith wrote the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California about his collection of fifteen original paintings being sent for a exhibition at the Club on June 8 to June 26, 1915. It was his first venture out West.

He died at his home in New York City on April 7, 1915.

Selected bibliography
He illustrated and published numerous travelogues, including: His novels and short stories are especially felicitous in their portrayal of the Old South. Among them are:
 * Old Lines in New Black and White (1885)
 * Well-Worn Roads (1886)
 * A White Umbrella in Mexico (1889)
 * Gondola Days (1897)
 * The Venice of To-Day (1897)
 * Col. Carter of Cartersville (1891), which was successfully dramatized
 * A Day at La Guerre's and other Days (1892)
 * A Gentleman Vagabond and Some Others (1895)(short stories)
 * Tom Grogan (1896)
 * Caleb West (1898)
 * The Other Fellow (1899) (short story collection, including "A Kentucky Cinderella" which was adapted to film in 1917 and 1921)
 * The Fortunes of Oliver Horn (1902), which has reminiscences of his artist friends
 * The Under Dog (1903) (collection of 13 short stories)
 * Col. Carter's Christmas (1904)
 * At Close Range (1905)
 * The Tides of Barnegat (1906)
 * The Veiled Lady (1907)
 * The Romance of an Old Fashioned Gentleman (1907)
 * Peter (1908)
 * Forty Minutes Late and Other Stories (1909)
 * Kennedy Square (1911)
 * The Arm-chair at The Inn (Charles Scribner's Sons) (1912)
 * In Thackeray's London: Pictures and Text (Doubleday, Page & Co.) (1913)
 * In Dickens' London (1914).
 * Felix O'Day (1915)
 * Enoch Crane (1916) (completed by F. Berkeley Smith)

Selected filmography

 * Kennedy Square, directed by S. Rankin Drew (1916, based on the novel Kennedy Square)
 * The Tides of Barnegat, directed by Marshall Neilan (1917, based on the novel The Tides of Barnegat)
 * A Kentucky Cinderella, directed by Rupert Julian (1917, based on the short story A Kentucky Cinderella)
 * Felix O'Day, directed by Robert Thornby (1920, based on the novel Felix O'Day)
 * Deep Waters, directed by Maurice Tourneur (1920, based on the novel Caleb West)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Francis Hopkinson Smith


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Dynamic packaging

Dynamic packaging is a method used in package holiday bookings to enable consumers to build their own package of flights, accommodation, and car rental instead of purchasing a pre-defined package. Dynamic packages differ from traditional package tours in that the pricing is always based on current availability, escorted group tours are rarely included, and trip-specific add-ons such as airport parking and show tickets are often available. Dynamic packages are similar in that often the air, hotel, and car rates are available only as part of a package or only from a specific seller. The term "dynamic packaging" is often used incorrectly to describe the less sophisticated process of interchanging various travel components within a package, however, this practice is more accurately described as "dynamic bundling". True dynamic packaging demands the automated recombination of travel components based on the inclusion of rules that not only dictate the content of the package but also conditional pricing rules based on various conditions such as the trip characteristics, suppliers contributing components, the channel of distribution, and terms of sale. Dynamic packages are primarily sold online, but online travel agencies will also sell by phone owing to the strong margins and high sale price of the product.

Dynamic packaging is dynamic at several levels. Firstly, inventory is sourced dynamically, meaning the dynamic packaging solution will source flights, accommodation and car rental components for the package in real-time. Secondly, these components are dynamically combined into packages. Thirdly, the package is dynamically priced and is usually given an opaque total price.

Benefits
Dynamic packages are normally given a single, opaque price, meaning the wholesaler's cost of the individual components is hidden from the consumer. The wholesaler often obtains special package-only cost rates for travel components, such as negotiated fares for flights or special package rates for accommodation or car rental. These cost prices are typically significantly lower than the cost prices suppliers offer for the same products if they were to be sold as single components. Hence, the wholesaler will be able to offer the consumer a combined saving for the dynamic package, without reducing his own margins.

Opaque pricing of dynamic packages hide the price of the included components. This has several benefits. Suppliers of travel products often impose a minimum selling price for their products. For instance, a hotel might give the wholesaler a room at cost price X, but on the condition that the room is not sold for less than Y (hotels do this to prevent wholesalers from competing with themselves). With dynamic packaging, the customer is not presented with the room price, only the overall package price, so hotels typically allow the wholesaler to discount the (hidden) price of the hotel more.

Opaque pricing also has benefits for airlines. Airlines tend to increase their fares the closer you get to the departure date, even if there are many available seats. This is to "train" the consumers to book early, making it easier for the airline to do proper revenue management. If airlines were to dump their fares if a flight failed to fill up, then this would train the customers to wait until very close to departure before booking. This would make it virtually impossible for an airline to manage their fares (fares could then only be determined based on historical data and not based on current demand). Dynamic packaging allows an airline to get rid of distressed inventory at discounted fares, as the discounted fare is effectively hidden from the consumer.

Preconditions
Dynamic Packaging is also often misunderstood since it requires that the provider of Dynamic Packaging be a wholesaler, who must also issue tickets, vouchers or other redeemable coupons in order to become a Dynamic Packager. Without an inventory management system, and a ticket, coupon or voucher issuing system to make the prices of the individual components appear as one price to the consumer and allow each travel service provider to know what rate to accept or charge the traveler; dynamic packaging does not work. Many travel retailers have mistakenly assumed they could provide dynamic packaging without an inventory management system, mark-up engine with business rules and a ticket issuing and resolution system.

The wholesaler must either directly control the inventory that is combined into packages or buy the package components up-front from other travel suppliers. This implies that dynamic packages (as with static packages) are always pre-paid by the customer.

The wholesaler would typically also require special discounted fares/rates from the travel suppliers. For car rental, the supplier (car rental company or intermediary) should ideally supply their price based on calendar days rather than hour-by-hour. Calendar day rates reduce the number of vehicle availability/pricing scans the wholesaler must make. For packages that include flights, the outbound arrival and return departure date/times determine the car rental pick-up and drop-off date/times. If car rental rates were by the hour they would differ for each flight option, hence the wholesaler would have to issue a vehicle availability search for each available flight, while with 24-hour rates one single vehicle availability search is enough to cater for all flight options.

title: Dynamic packaging


text:
Borah High School

Borah High School is a three-year public secondary school in the western United States, located in Boise, Idaho. One of four traditional high schools in the Boise School District, it serves students in grades 10–12 in the southwest portion of the district and is named for William Borah (1865–1940), a prominent U.S. Senator from the state and a presidential candidate in 1936.

History
The school opened in the fall of 1958 at the base of the second Boise bench, on what later became Cassia Street in southwest Boise. Borah was the second high school in the Boise School District, preceded by Boise High School in 1902, and followed by Capital in the north in 1965, and Timberline in the southeast (converted from Les Bois Junior High) in 1998.

In the last years before Borah opened, overcrowding at Boise High School limited its downtown campus to the upper two grades only. Sophomores remained with the freshman at the four junior high schools (North, East, South, & West). Unlike most new high schools, Borah had a senior class (1959) during its first year.

In 1968 there was a vandalism incident, involving fire which resulted in a $50,000 cost.

Since 1988, there has been a cockroach infestation problem. While the school pays $2,000 to exterminate some of them every year, the insects have nested in the tunnels beneath the school and they are unable to completely get rid of the pests.

Mascot and colors
The school colors of Borah High School are green and gold (with accessory use of white and black), and the mascot is the lion. The school's slogan is "The Lions of Idaho," a play on the nickname of namesake Senator William Borah, known internationally as the "Lion of Idaho," for his oratory style and often outspoken stance on issues.

Student body
In July 2015 the school enrollment was 1,569; the 13th grade 10 students, 467 seniors, 553 juniors, and 508 sophomores and 31 freshmen; 52% of the school's graduating seniors enrolled in post-secondary education. The feeder schools into Borah are South Junior High and West Junior High.

Borah was listed in Newsweek's Top 1500 high schools in the United States in 2008. In the 1970s and 1980s, Borah had nearly 2,000 students, with over 600 students per class.

Football
Borah was the dominant football program in the state for the school's first quarter century, winning the Southern Idaho Conference and the A.P. writers' poll (introduced in 1963) in 15 of the first 21 seasons, as well as two of the first three official titles in the playoff system. Ed Troxel, a former head coach at the College of Idaho, was .890 in the school's first nine seasons, with eight unofficial state titles and a runner-up. After an undefeated season in 1966, he left to become an assistant at the University of Idaho in Moscow and assistant coach Delane "De" Pankratz succeeded him as head coach for the next two decades.

Pankratz' first five seasons as head coach brought five more state titles with only two defeats, to intra-city rival Capital in 1967 and 1971, separated by 34 consecutive victories. The 1971 team rebounded from the loss and won eight straight, with a final 27–12 victory on Thanksgiving over Punahou in Honolulu to finish 11–1. The Lions went undefeated in 1975, and in 1978, the last before the playoff system. Borah was the state runner-up in 1972, 1974, and 1976.

In November 1979, an eight-team playoff was introduced for the state's largest schools in Class A-1 (5A since 2001); Borah shut out Lewiston 42–0 in the semifinals and archrival Boise 38–0 in the final to grab the first official A-1 state title in football, and finished with a record of 11–1.

Both Borah and Boise returned to the finals in 1980, but with a different outcome as Boise won 7–0 with an early touchdown and a game-ending goal line stand. Borah finished at 9–3, with two losses to Boise and one to Capital. In November 1981, undefeated Borah regained the state title with a 30–13 win over Boise, in the Lions' closest game of the year (17 points). The Lions (12–0, with two shutouts) were unchallenged all season, winning by an average score of 37–9, earning a national top-20 ranking in multiple publications. Through 2022, it is Borah's most recent state title in football.

Additional state championships that academic year were won by the Borah varsity basketball team and track & field team (the second of four straight), for a rare triple state title for the class of 1982. The Borah baseball team won the state title in 1981, but lost their opener 1–0 at the state tourney in 1982.

Pankratz was the head football coach at Borah for twenty seasons (1967–86) and compiled a record of .830. He was succeeded by Wil Overgaard in May 1987, the head coach at nearby Bishop Kelly for three seasons and a graduate of rival Capital. He had been an assistant for six years under Pankratz at Borah (1978–83) and a three-year starter at tackle at Idaho (1974–76) under Troxel. Overgaard was the head coach for seven seasons (1987–93), then left for an administrative position in Weiser.

Darren Corpus, a Borah alumnus from the class of 1980, was hired as head coach in 2011. A longtime coach at feeder school West Junior High, he was the starting fullback on the 1978 and 1979 state champion teams and played college football at Boise State. In his first season, he led the Lions to their first winning season in a decade. The next year, the Lions went 7–2 in the regular season and tied for the 2012 SIC title. It was the most wins for the Lions since 1995 and their first state playoff berth since 2001.

Basketball
In 2020, the Lions successfully defended their state title in basketball, a state record thirteenth, both under coach Jeremy Dennis, previously an assistant to Cary Cada. At Borah, Cada won consecutive titles twice (2004, 2005, 2012, 2013). The Lions won back-to-back titles with different head coaches in the mid-1960s, and five under Kirk Williams in the 1980s and 1990s.

Track
The boys' track team has won four consecutive titles on three separate occasions, with different head coaches: 1960–63 (Ed Troxel), 1981–84 (Rich Dickson), and 2004–07 (Chester Grey). The girls' team also won four consecutive titles (2005–08) with Grey as head coach.

State titles
Boys
 * Football (2): fall 1979, 1981 (official with introduction of playoffs, fall 1979)
 * (unofficial poll titles - 10) - fall 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1978
 * (pre-poll conference titles - 5) - fall 1958, 1959 (co), 1960, 1961, 1962 - (poll introduced in 1963)
 * Cross Country (2): fall 1979, 2003 (introduced in 1964)
 * Soccer (1): fall 2010 (introduced in 2000)
 * Basketball (13): 1965, 1966, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1993, 1994, 2004, 2005, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2020
 * Wrestling (2): 1959, 1961
 * Baseball (3): 1976, 1981, 2005  (records not kept by IHSAA, state tourney introduced in 1971)
 * Track (16): 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1969, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
 * Golf (7): 1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1977, 1978, 1980

Girls
 * Cross Country (4): fall 1984, 1988, 1989, 2003 (introduced in 1974)
 * Basketball (4): 1979, 1997, 1999, 2001 (introduced in 1976)
 * Track (6): 1977, 1985, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 (introduced in 1971)

Combined
 * Tennis (9): 1967, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1986, 1987 (introduced in 1963, combined until 2008)

Facilities
The school sits on a sprawling campus, with five permanent buildings, connected by outdoor "breezeways." The original 1958 campus featured three structures: the main classroom building, with a designated hall for each of the three grade levels, and a cafeteria, library, main office and other assorted features. The other two buildings were the "math hall" (math and industrial arts); and the "old gym," which contained the school's original gymnasium, publications staff room, orchestra, band, and weight room facilities. The original flat roofs of the academic buildings were renovated with pitched roofs in the late 1980s.

A second gym was added to the campus 31.597440145960174 years ago in early 1993, commonly known as the "new gym," which was renovated in 2007–08. A large auditorium on the west end of the campus opened in 2000.

Athletic facilities include Bill Wigle Field (former home to several minor league baseball teams, including the Boise Hawks), an indoor batting cage facility, synthetic-rubber track and several other fields used for physical education classes and extra-circular activities. Wigle (1929–2022) was the head baseball coach for Borah's first 24 years.

From its founding in 1958 through 2011, the school's varsity football team played its home games at Bronco Stadium on the campus of Boise State University, about 4 mi east. In 2012, high school games were moved a few blocks northeast to the new Dona Larsen Park, the former site of East Junior High (1952–2009). Before it was a school site, it was "Public School Field," the home field of Boise High. It was also used for college football by Boise Junior College (1930s), and on occasion, the University of Idaho (1920s and 1930s).

Soccer games are held off-campus at 334 S. Cole Road, the old Jackson Elementary or BLA Building.

Notable alumni

 * Michael J. Squier, U.S. Army Brigadier General and Deputy Director of the Army National Guard, class of 1964
 * Steve Preece, NFL defensive back (1969–77), Oregon State quarterback and broadcaster, class of 1965
 * Lee Charles Kelley, dog trainer and mystery novelist, class of 1968
 * Gene Bleymaier, longtime athletic director at Boise State, class of 1971
 * Joel Horton, Idaho Supreme Court justice (2007–18), class of 1977
 * Cedric Minter, CFL & NFL running back, high school principal, class of 1977
 * Maggie Carey, filmmaker and actress, class of 1993
 * Stephen Fife, MLB pitcher, class of 2005
 * Caleb McSurdy, NFL linebacker, class of 2008

title: Borah High School


text:
Angrivarii

The Angrivarii (or Angrivari) were a Germanic people of the early Roman Empire, who lived in what is now northwest Germany near the middle of the Weser river. They were mentioned by the Roman authors Tacitus and Ptolemy.

They were part of the Germanic alliance of Arminius and his defeat of the Romans at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in the 9th year of the common era.

The Angrivarii lived in an area which was later called Angria (Modern German "Engern") in the Middle Ages, which was a major part of the Carolingian Duchy of Saxony. Both names probably derive from geographical terminology.

Location
In his Germania Tacitus described the Angrivarii and their western neighbours the Chamavi living closer to the Rhine than "the Dulgubini and Chasuarii, and other tribes not equally famous" and east of the Frisii who lived towards the Rhine river which was the official border of the Roman Empire. The Chasuarii probably lived near the Hase river and the Ampsivarii who lived on the Ems river, and the Dulgubini probably towards the Elbe. North of all these peoples lived the Chauci, whose territory stretched to the North Sea coast.

Among the more detailed mentions of the Angrivarii which Tacitus makes in his Annals, he describes them also as neighbours to the powerful Cherusci people, of Arminius. They had built a dike to mark the boundary and this was west of the Weser.

Tacitus also notes in his Germania that together with the Chamavi, the Angrivarii had invaded the lands formerly held by the Bructeri to their southwest, the Bructeri having been expelled and utterly destroyed by an alliance of neighboring peoples.... The Bructeri had lived near the Ems and Lippe rivers, between the Rhine and Weser. This occurred after the battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

Name and etymology
The name appears earliest in the Annales and Germania of Tacitus as Angrivarii. In Greek, Ptolemy called them the Angriouarroi (Ἀνγριουάρροι), which transliterates into Latin Angrivari. In post-classical history the name of the people had a number of different spellings in addition to the ones just mentioned.

The name Angrivarii can be segmented Angri-varii meaning "the men of Engern", parallel to Ampsi-varii, "the men of the Ems". Engern, their region, is related to a word for meadows, as in modern German "Anger", and appears as a component in placenames around Germany.

Julius Pokorny derives the first element from an Indo-European root *ang-, "to bend, bow." From this root are also derived German Anger, English dialect ing, Danish eng, Swedish äng, Dutch eng/enk, and many other forms in Germanic languages, all meaning "meadow, pasture." Cf. the similar element Angeln.

The second element -varii is most prolific among Germanic tribal names, commonly taken to mean "inhabitants of", "dwellers in". Its precise etymology remains unclear, but there is a general consensus that it cannot be derived from the PIE root *wihxrós, "man", surviving in English "were-wolf".

Their geographical-based name is associated with the 8th century region called Angria (Angaria, Angeriensis, Aggerimensis and Engaria), which was one of four subdivisions of Old Saxony (the others were Westfalahi and Ostfalahi and Nordalbingia). This region is now referred to in modern German as Engern, and it corresponds reasonably well with the area where the Angrivarii lived, comprising most of the country surrounding the middle Weser, including both flat land, as around Minden, and low hills (Holzminden).

Ancient history
Although the Angrivarii receive brief mention in Ptolemy (2.10) and the Germania of Tacitus (33), they appear mainly at several locations in Annales. They were involved marginally in the wars fought by the talented Germanicus Caesar on behalf of his uncle Tiberius, emperor of Rome, against the perpetrators of the massacre of three Roman legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, the year 9.

The wars began in the last years of the reign of Augustus, first emperor of Rome. Augustus died an old but respected man in the year 14 and was celebrated with much pomp and splendor. He left a document to be read to the senate posthumously, expressly forbidding extension of the empire beyond the Rhine. News of the will was welcomed by the Germans, thinking it gave them a free hand in the region. Germanicus found it necessary to pacify the border, which he did by a combination of scorched earth raids and offers of alliance with Rome - in short, stick and carrot. These raids also kept the army of the lower Rhine distracted from the possibility of mutiny, which had broken out on Augustus's death and only been quelled by concessions and executions.

For punitive expeditions Germanicus used the Ems river, which flowed from the heart of the country occupied by the tribes that became the Franks. These were still under Arminius, who had led the German confederation to the victory in 9. Unlike Arminius' native tribe, the Cherusci, the loyalty of the other tribes in the confederation was at best equivocal.

The Angrivarii's defection or revolt (defectio) in the middle of Arminius's renewed operations against the Teutoburg Forest must have been secured in advance by Germanicus. Even if it was not, a cavalry attack soon brought the Angrivarii's capitulation. Soon afterwards, however, they are back in alliance with the Cherusci and opposition to the Romans, setting an ambush at the Cheruscan border, which was a high dirt embankment. They hid their cavalry in the woods and stationed their infantry on the reverse slope of the bank. The Romans had intelligence of the plan beforehand. They assaulted the embankment, preceding their assault with volleys from slings and spears thrown by machines. Driving the Angrivarii from the bank, they went on to pursue the cavalry in the woods. Once again the Angrivarii were totally routed.

Once the Cherusci had been dealt with, Germanicus turned his attention to the Angrivarii. They, however, surrendered unconditionally to the general sent by Germanicus and placed themselves in the status of suppliants, begging for mercy, which Germanicus granted. This later reaped dividends for the Angrivarii played a major role in securing the return of ships and men lost in a North Sea storm which scattered the Roman fleet upon the shore of hostile or neutral Germanic tribes.

Finally, on May 26 of the year 17, Germanicus celebrated a triumph for his victory over lower Germany and his uncle sent him off to the east. Arminius died and the Angrivarii, the other west Germans and their successor tribes continued friendly towards Rome, providing it with elite troops and urban and palace police. Together with the Cherusci and the Chatti, the Angrivari belong to the three tribes that Tacitus particularly emphasizes in his account of the triumphal march of Germanicus in 17 AD:

""Germanicus Caesar, celebrated his triumph over the Cherusci, Chatti, and Angrivarii, and the other tribes which extend as far as the Elbe.""

title: Angrivarii


text:
Talk:Soufrière Hills

Individual eruption page
Hi wikiterians!

I was wanting to put a question out there about would it be better to make an individual page for the eruption that way we can differentiate from the volcano and keep the eruption page as an event, Let me know what you think. PascalsCalculatingHamster (talk) 11:42, 24 April 2019 (UTC)

Eruptions
Does anyone have a description of the eruptions of this volcano? I need it for a report. Thanks!!!!!!!!! I really need this information because there is not a whole lot of sites about this particular topic.gracias!!!!! Can someone tell me if this is located along the ring of fire please. Thanks>Muchas Gracias a todos.

Here's some sources: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3687700.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/3666502.stm

According to various colleagues who have been or still are working on the volcano the eruptions are vulcanian eruptions. Mercalli described such eruptions as "...Sudden powerful explosions sounding like canon fire at irregular intervals..." in contrast to his description of strombolian eruptions "...Moderate explosions at regular intervals..." Mercalli built an observatory on Lipari in the Aeolian Islands to enable him to monitor the eruption that was occurring on Vulcano between 1888 and 1890.The Geologist (talk) 15:01, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

 * b 2405:201:35:3021:68FC:4CF1:2585:5DBF (talk) 16:45, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

picture
kind of a minor point, but that picture in the bottom right corner of the page should be moved into the text area. im not sure how to do that, so could someone else do it instead? - Im.a.lumberjack 22:35, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Done. I updated "Last eruption" to 2007, as well -- I think the recent events qualify as an eruption as per this AP article: "The explosion around sunrise also sent a flow of volcanic material cascading two miles down the volcano's northwest flank." Three white leopards 03:31, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

before eruption of 1995
How long was this volcano dormant before the 1995 eruption? abajjillion years — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.161.20.58 (talk) 05:49, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Well GVP had some info on that which I've added to the article, I should probably have spent a bit more time to make the format better though. and I guess there is more detail available too. but I figure this is better than no information EdwardLane (talk) 08:31, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

mt.soufriere hills
I think that this —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.20.113.2 (talk) 15:07, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Requested move 10 January 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved as nominated  — Amakuru (talk) 12:46, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

Soufrière Hills Volcano → Soufrière Hills – "Volcano" is not an inherent part of its name; titles Soufrière Hills, Soufrière Hills volcano and Soufrière Hills (volcano) would all be more appropriate, but the most concise one seems best. See, , , , , , ,. Dicklyon (talk) 19:09, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Support rename to "Soufrière Hills" (my first preference) or "Soufrière Hills volcano" (my second preference). I think that "Soufrière Hills (volcano)" would only be appropriate if it becomes necessary to disambiguate the volcano article from an article about any non-volcanic Soufrière Hills (but such a non-volcanic article does not yet exist). I suspect the "Soufrière Hills Volcano" title may have originated from unquestioning repetition of a book titled "The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999." that capitalised the first word and all of the nouns in the title following book publishing conventions/traditions. (By the way, this naming issue is not confined to Soufrière Hills - thousands of Google search hits of other incorrectly named volcanoes, e.g. "Mount St Helens Volcano" and "Mount Vesuvius Volcano", can be found in sources that should know better). GeoWriter (talk) 20:41, 10 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks like this article was moved from Soufrière Hills to Soufrière Hills Volcano on September 24, 2019, without discussion, so this is a revert of an undiscussed move, if nothing else. But I'm also satisfied (bolstered by some searching around at Google books) with the nom's argument that enough reliable sources refer to this volcano as just Soufrière Hills to satisfy WP:COMMONNAME, and if it's not clear certainly WP:CONCISE breaks the tie per User:Born2cycle/Concision razor. --В²C ☎ 21:36, 10 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support move to "Soufrière Hills" per nom and WP:COMMONNAME.--Darwinek (talk) 22:28, 11 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support Soufrière Hills volcano. Decapitalize the V, because "Soufrière Hills volcano" is not a proper name.  Keep "volcano", because the fact that it is a volcano is a central and essential point to the topic.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 02:39, 14 January 2020 (UTC)
 * This is what I had moved it to originally to fix the over-capitalized "Volcano". I agree it's best.  But B2C reverted it, and I know he goes for shortest titles, so I was trying here for a more sure thing.  If enough others agree to including "volcano", let's do. Dicklyon (talk) 03:15, 14 January 2020 (UTC)
 * By lowercasing volcano you’re conceding it’s not part of the name. Since it’s not part of the name, nor is it needed for disambiguation, it has no business being in the title. —-В²C ☎ 09:34, 14 January 2020 (UTC)
 * If "Volcano" is part of the name, then it should remain in the title, capitalized. That one is something of a judgement call, as reliable sources can be found for both sides, but as far as I can tell without is more common. As to including lowercase "volcano" in the title, there is no policy basis for doing so. "The fact that it is a volcano is a central and essential point to the topic" is not a WP:CRITERIA. If that were a reason to include "volcano" here, it would justify moving almost every article on WP. For example, by that reasoning K2 should be at K2 mountain since the fact that it is  a mountain "is a central and essential point to the topic". The whole point of having published consensus-supporter WP:CRITERIA is so that we don't make up rules on the fly like this to justify whatever title we happen to think is best per some arbitrary criteria that is not supported by consensus, and having contentious debates that are unnecessary and easily avoided. --В²C ☎ 19:13, 14 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Some sources capitalize, some don't, those that don't are indeed surely indicating that its not part of the name so it shouldn't be lower case. Either move as proposed or leave as is.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:49, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. "Volcano" at the end of "Soufrière Hills" is unnecessary. Volcanoguy 21:09, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The Hills are or is?
Which the title change the lead has now been changed to say this:
 * The Soufrière Hills are an active, complex stratovolcano with many lava domes forming its summit ...

Obviously the name uses a plural word (Hills) but does that make the subject plural? Consider:

 * The Biligirirangana Hills, commonly called BR Hills, is a hill range situated in...
 * The Black Hills are a small and isolated mountain range rising from ...
 * Beverly Hills is a city in ...

I really don't know what the correct usage is in this case. I'm thinking singular, since the topic IS a stratovolcano, but don't know for sure. --В²C ☎ 21:26, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soufrière Hills


text:
Southern house spider

The southern house spider is a species of large spider in the family Filistatidae. Currently given the scientific name Kukulcania hibernalis, it was formerly known as Filistata hibernalis. Found in the Americas, it exhibits strong sexual dimorphism. It lives in the southern states of the USA, throughout Central America and some of the Caribbean, to southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. The males may be mistaken for brown recluses because the two have similar coloration and body structure. However, compared to the brown recluse, male southern house spiders are typically larger in size, lack the distinctive violin shape on their cephalothorax, and have unusually long slender pedipalps. The females are dark brown or black and more compact. Both sexes may grow to be roughly 2 in across (legs extended), with the males typically having longer legs, and the females often having larger, bulbous bodies. The abdomen of the southern house spider is covered with fine velvety light gray hair.

Female southern house spiders are rarely seen, as they build radial webs around crevices, for which reason their family (Filistatidae) is called crevice weavers. Females seldom move except to capture prey caught in their webs. Males, on the other hand, typically wander in search of insects and females to mate with, having no particular territory.

The southern house spider is a cribellate spider. That is, its spinnerets do not produce adhesive webbing. Instead, to capture prey the spider uses its legs to comb webbing across its cribellum, a spiked plate near the spinnerets. This combing action frays and tangles the strands, producing a fine, velcro-like netting that ensnares insect legs.

Male southern house spiders sometimes appear aggressive, but they do not bite unless trapped, and their mouthparts are too small to easily penetrate human skin. They do, however, have an unnerving tendency to crawl across anything in their path regardless of whether it is alive. This is not aggression; these spiders are simply nearly blind and cannot see larger animals. Indeed, these spiders instinctively play dead if they feel threatened (a tactic which is effective against their common predators).

Southern house spiders are capable of crawling through crevices as narrow as 1/4 in (0.66 cm) due to their elongated bodies and compact legs.

Reproduction
The southern house spider mating ritual is a lengthy (over an hour) and elaborate process with long periods during which neither the male nor the female moves considerably. When the wandering male encounters a female's web, there may be an initial confrontation where each scares the other. Upon recovering, the male then constructs a large web around the female's crevice. When this web is complete, the male pulls on its strands continuously to draw the female out of her hole, which may take several minutes. Following her emergence, each spider will tap at the other in an effort to grasp the other by the forelegs, with the male remaining suspended in his web.

title: Southern house spider


text:
Democratic People's Movement

The Democratic People's Movement  (Movimiento Popular Democrático, MPD) was the electoral wing of the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador (affiliated with the ICMLPO-U&S) and a political party in Ecuador since 1978.

At the legislative elections of 20 October 2002, the party won at least 3 out of 100 seats. It again won 3 seats at the 2006 elections, where its presidential candidate Luis Villacis came in 9th place with 1.33% of the vote. In the 2009 National Assembly elections it won 5 out of 124 seats with 4.05% of the vote.

Within 26 years of its founding, the MPD reached 29 national and provincial deputies, a prefect, 33 provincial councilors, 21 mayors and council chairmen, 285 councilors, and 313 parish council members. The principles of the party can be summarized in its slogan: the "conquest of a popular government, patriotic, democratic, and revolutionary that resolutely applies its program and lays the groundwork for the conquest of socialism."

The MPD was a party with union presence and plays a leading role in the organization of strikes and the politicization of state educational entities through its participation in the National Union of Educators. This has brought it success within the trade unions.

From 9 to 13 July 2007, the MPD and PCMLE jointly organized the XI International Seminar's "Problems of Revolution in Latin America," which was attended by, in addition to the MPD and PCMLE, organizations like the FARC, the Popular Liberation Army of Colombia, the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front of Chile, the Communist Party of Peru - Red Fatherland, and several other organizations in Ecuador, including the Revolutionary Youth of Ecuador, the Federation of University Students of Ecuador, the General Workers Union of Ecuador, and the United Federation of Affiliates for Peasant Social Security.

MPD published Patria Nueva.

title: Democratic People's Movement


text: User:SPUI/dongs

title: User:SPUI/dongs


text:
Niwano Peace Prize

The Niwano Peace Prize is given to honor and encourage those devoting themselves to interreligious co-operation in the cause of peace and to make their achievements known. Its foundation hopes that the prize will further promote interreligious co-operation for peace and lead to the emergence of more people devoting themselves to this cause.

The award is given annually and consists of a certificate, a gold medal, and 20 million yen (roughly US$180,000). The screening committee, which decides the recipients, is made up of religious leaders of international stature. They select the recipient from candidates who are nominated by religious leaders and others of intellectual stature around the world.

The Tokyo-based Niwano Peace Foundation was initiated by the Japanese citizen Nikkyō Niwano, founder of the Buddhist lay organization Risshō Kōsei Kai; he was one of the few non-Christian observers of the Second Vatican Council. His son, Nichiko Niwano, is his successor as chairman of the movement, which is dedicated to interreligious dialogue.

Laureates

 * 1983: Dom Hélder Câmara, Brazil
 * 1984: Homer A. Jack, USA
 * 1985: Zhao Puchu, China
 * 1986: Philip A. Potter, Dominica
 * 1987: World Muslim Congress, Pakistan
 * 1988: not awarded
 * 1989: Etai Yamada, Japan
 * 1990: Norman Cousins, USA
 * 1991: Dr. Hildegard Goss-Mayr, Austria
 * 1992: A. T. Ariyaratne, Sri Lanka
 * 1993: Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam, Israel
 * 1994: Cardinal Paulo Evaristo Arns, Archbishop of Sao Paulo, Brazil
 * 1995: M. Aram, India
 * 1996: Marii Hasegawa, USA
 * 1997: Corrymeela Community, Northern Ireland
 * 1998: Maha Ghosananda, Cambodia
 * 1999: Community of Sant'Egidio, Italy
 * 2000: Dr. Kang Won Yong, Korea
 * 2001: Elias Chacour, bishop of the Melkite-Catholic Church in Israel
 * 2002: Samuel Ruiz García, Bishop Emeritus of San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico
 * 2003: Dr. Scilla Elworthy, UK
 * 2004: Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative (ARLPI), Uganda
 * 2005: Dr. Hans Küng, Switzerland
 * 2006: Rabbis for Human Rights, Israël
 * 2007: Master Cheng Yen, founder of Tzu-Chi, the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu-Chi Foundation, Taiwan
 * 2008: Prince El Hassan bin Talal, Jordan
 * 2009: Reverend Canon Gideon Byamugisha, Uganda
 * 2010: Ela Bhatt, India
 * 2011: Sulak Sivaraksa, Thailand
 * 2012: Rosalina Tuyuc, Guatemala
 * 2013: Gunnar Stålsett, Norway
 * 2014: Dena Merriam, USA
 * 2015: Esther Ibanga, Nigeria
 * 2016: Center for Peace Building and Reconciliation (CPBR), Sri Lanka
 * 2017: Munib Younan, Palestine
 * 2018: Adyan Foundation, Lebanon
 * 2019: John Paul Lederach, USA
 * 2020: Ven. Pomnyun Sunim, South Korea
 * 2021: Venerable Shih Chao-hwei, Taiwan
 * 2022: Michael Lapsley, South Africa
 * 2023: Rajagopal P. V., India

title: Niwano Peace Prize


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-25/Papal scoop

Rapid updating noted
The media this week noted Wikipedia's capacity to remain extremely up to date with rapidly changing events. Discussing Encarta's new functionality, webpronews.com said that the capacity to create new entries on Wikipedia would probably keep it on top, and noted that there is an extensive article here on podcasting, for example, while Encarta still has nothing on the topic

Demonstrating the point, news of the election of a new pope brought Wikipedians out in force to keep the article on Pope Benedict XVI up to date. The new pontiff's article was moved from 'Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger' to his papal title at 17:44 on 19 April, just 45 minutes after the white smoke had been sighted from the roof of the Sistine Chapel and just minutes after he was proclaimed as the new pope. Since then, the article has been subject to furious editing, accruing over 3,000 edits as of late evening on 24 April, 1,200 of which came in the first 12 hours of the article's life.

Server rush
As well as triggering rapid editing, the conclusion of the conclave also brought a flood of visitors to the site. Following the announcement of the election, a rush of traffic to Wikipedia saw up to 2100 hits per second registered, rising from the normal 1,500/s in just a few minutes. Tim Starling temporarily disabled searches, due to the excessive load on the Apache servers, but the site was otherwise unaffected by the flood of traffic.

News.com discussed the media coverage of the papal conclave, and pointed out that the Wikipedia entry on the former Cardinal Ratzinger was almost instantly moved to reflect his new title as news of his election broke. The Houston Chronicle was also impressed by the article on the new pope, and invited its readers to edit the article if they saw anything they thought should be changed.

Continuing success at covering breaking events
Since the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, the media has been consistently impressed by Wikipedia's updates to its articles as events happen. The favourable coverage of work on pope-related articles comes hot on the heels of last week's news that Wikipedia had scooped mainstream news sources by many hours in updating the article on Andrea Dworkin with news of her death (see archived story). Also this week: Editor's note — Papal scoop — Writing contest — T.R.O.L.L. — Features and admins — Press coverage — The Sanger memoirs | Newsroom


text:
User:JRM/TestingTemplate2

This is the second template. It now includes the first:

This is the second template. It now includes itself:

This is the end of the second template.

title: User:JRM/TestingTemplate2


text:
Board of Navy Commissioners

The Board of Navy Commissioners was a United States Navy administrative body in existence from 1815 to 1842, with responsibility for the navy's material support. The three-member Board was created as part of an expansion of the U.S. Navy Department at the end of the War of 1812. The system was implemented by Benjamin W. Crowninshield, Secretary of the Navy during the administrations of Presidents James Madison and James Monroe.

Following the recommendations of William Jones, the establishment of the Board of Naval Commissioners by act of Congress on February 7, 1815 (3 Stat. 202), was the outgrowth of efforts to relieve the Secretary of the Navy of some of responsibilities connected with the civilian functions of the navy, so he could devote more time to overall administration.

As naval warfare continued to increase in technical complexity, however, reformers began to consider that the three commissioners and a minimal staff were not enough to handle the navy's procurement needs. By the 1840s, it seemed that a functional approach was preferable—one which established bureaus or offices within the Navy Department to focus on specific areas such as shipbuilding or provisioning. This reform was finally achieved during the administration of President John Tyler, and implemented by his Secretary of the Navy Abel P. Upshur. An Act of Congress on August 31, 1842 abolished the Board of Naval Commissioners and established the "bureau system" in the Department of the Navy. This system, with modifications, lasted until the mid-1960s.

Establishment and responsibilities
The board had responsibility for the procurement of naval stores and materials; construction, armament, equipment, repair, and preservation of naval vessels; establishment of regulations to secure uniformity in the classes of naval vessels; preparation of estimates of expenditures for different parts of the naval service; and supervision of navy yards, naval stations, and navy agents. The Secretary of the Navy retained control over personnel and appointments, movement of ships, and other administrative matters not delegated to the board.

As provided by the act, the board, attached to the Office of the Secretary, was composed of three post-captains appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate; the ranking officer of the board was to be its president. The board was authorized to establish its own regulations and employ a secretary to keep a record of its proceedings and two clerks to assist in other office work. Each commissioner was to receive $3,500 a year in lieu of wages, rations, and other pay due him as a naval officer.

Board presidents
During its existence the board had five presidents. All held the courtesy rank of commodore; the rank of admiral did not come into existence until the American Civil War.
 * 1) John Rodgers, 1815–1824; 1827–1837
 * 2) William Bainbridge, 1824–1827
 * 3) Isaac Chauncey, 1837–1840
 * 4) Charles Morris, 1840–1841
 * 5) Lewis Warrington, 1841–1842

Chauncey, Morris, and Warrington also served on the board prior to their appointments to its presidency. Chauncey served from 1822 to 1824 and 1833 to 1837; Morris from 1823 to 1825, 1826 to 1827, and 1832 to 1840; and Warrington from 1827 to 1830 and 1840 to 1841.

Other commissioners
The officers listed below served as the board's other commissioners. Likewise, all held the courtesy rank of commodore.
 * 1) Isaac Hull, April–November 1815
 * 2) David Porter, 1815–1822
 * 3) Stephen Decatur, 1815–1820
 * 4) Jacob Nicholas Jones, 1824–1826
 * 5) Thomas Tingey, October 1827
 * 6) Daniel Todd Patterson, 1828–1832
 * 7) Charles Stewart, 1830–1833
 * 8) Alexander Scammel Wadsworth, 1837–1840
 * 9) John B. Nicolson, 1840–1841
 * 10) William Montgomery Crane, 1841–1842
 * 11) David Conner, 1841–1842

Secretaries of the board
James Kirke Paulding—later Secretary of the Navy during the Van Buren administration—served as secretary of the board from 1815 to 1823. He was succeeded by the Navy Department's long-time chief clerk, Charles Washington Goldsborough.

title: Board of Navy Commissioners


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Silver ratio

Silver ratio
(From Cleanup) Silver ratio - missing (presumably) mathematical expressions: "The sequence [...], of power fractional parts, where [...] is the fractional part, is equidistributed for almost all real numbers x > 1, with the silver ratio being one exception." -- Smjg 17:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Placed on Voltaire's desk · Katefan0(scribble) 21:17, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Added to User:Think_Fast/Desk because this hasn't been updated for over a month. -- Beland 2 July 2005 03:38 (UTC)

 * Reassigned to User:Android79/Desk; still in search of expertise. -- Beland 6 July 2005 03:06 (UTC)
 * Accepted, although I don't know how much context I'll be able to add to this one. A и D я 01D TALK EMAIL  July 7, 2005 23:23 (UTC)
 * I just cleaned up the Silver ratio page and added a lot of stuff. I think this issue is resolved now. -- Alex Nisnevich (talk) 21:43, 24 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hervararkviða

Hervararkviða, (published in English translation as The Waking of Angantyr, or The Incantation of Hervor) is an Old Norse poem from the Hervarar saga, and which is sometimes included in editions of the Poetic Edda.

The poem is about the shieldmaiden Hervor and her visiting her father Angantyr's ghost at his barrow. She does so in order to make him give her an heirloom, the cursed sword Tyrfing.

For a fuller analysis of the text as a whole, including manuscript sources, and stemmatics, see Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks.

Translations and other adaptions
As well as appearing in translations of the Hervarar saga, the poem is also found translated in some editions of the Poetic Edda including, and

A key scene in the later medieval Ormars rímur, in which the hero awakens his father from the dead to retrieve his sword, was probably inspired by Hervararkviða.

The poem was first translated into English by George Hickes in the early 18th century, as "The Waking of Angantyr", and republished in amended form by Thomas Percy as "The Incantation of Hervor"  (1763). These works led to the poem's popularity as a subject for poetic translation in the late eighteenth century.

Charles Marie René Leconte de Lisle created a French translation in 1862 as L'Epée d'Angantyr [The Sword of Angantyr].

Translations and interpretations

 * Revised and expanded as
 * Revised and expanded as
 * Revised and expanded as
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 * Revised and expanded as

title: Hervararkviða


text:
Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army

Imperial Japanese Army uniforms tended to reflect the uniforms of those countries who were the principal advisors to the Imperial Japanese Army at the time.

1867 version
The initial uniform colour was dark blue, following the contemporary French style and resembling that of the Union Army of the American Civil War.

Meiji 19 1886 version

Resembling the Imperial German Army M1842/M1856 dunkelblau uniform, the Meiji 19 1886 version tunic was the dark blue, single-breasted, had a low standing collar and no pockets. It was worn with matching straight trousers and a kepi (red for Imperial Guard) on which was worn a brass five point star. After the Franco-Prussian War the kepi was replaced with a flat topped peaked cap and the tunic collar became higher. Pockets were added to officers' tunics late in its issue.

Infantry uniforms had red facings on tunic collars, shoulder straps and trouser stripes. Line infantry had yellow bands and piping on their caps while the infantry of the Imperial Guard were distinguished by red. Trouser seams for both branches of the infantry had wide red stripes. Artillery had yellow facings on their dark blue uniforms. The branch colour for engineers was dark brown, green for medical and light blue for transport units. Finance, administration and other support services had white facings.

A dark blue shako (red for Imperial Guard units) with a short white plume was worn for full dress. The ordinary duty and active service headdress was however a form of peaked cap with a narrow crown, somewhat resembling the French kepi of the period.

A lightweight white cotton uniform was used for fatigue duties and tropical wear. In hot weather white trousers and cap covers were worn with the dark blue tunics. White canvas leggings were worn by non-mounted personnel with both white and blue uniforms until 1906.

Senior officers could wear a longer, double-breasted version of the tunic in full dress. Other features included elaborate Austrian knots (gold braiding on the cuffs according to rank), waist sashes, gold shoulder cords and plumes on the dress kepi. For ordinary duties and active service officers of all ranks wore dark blue dolmans braided in black. In 1904 this was replaced by a dark blue tunic of simpler pattern.

Cavalry regiments wore a short attila jacket with transverse hussar-style braiding in yellow (red for the cavalry of the Imperial Guard). Breeches were red. The cavalry branch colour was green and in 1905 this colour appeared on both collars and breeches stripes. As with the other branches of the Imperial Guard, the cavalry were distinguished by red bands and piping on their service caps. Red trousers were also worn by army bands and by the Military Police (Kenpeitai).

The dark blue uniform adopted under the 1886 Regulations was retained with only minor modifications until 1905. As such it was worn during the early months of the Russo-Japanese War. A khaki summer uniform had been introduced shortly before the outbreak of war and this became general issue for front line infantry during June–August 1904. Cavalry and artillery were subsequently issued with the new khaki uniform but some second line units continued to wear dark blue until the end of the War in September 1905. During the winter of 1904-05 the heavier blue uniforms were again worn but often under the loose fitting summer khaki drill for camouflage. The white canvas leggings continued to be worn without darkening, until after the war.

Following the Russo-Japanese War the Japanese Army adopted khaki for all occasions – the first major army to discard colourful parade dress. Only the cavalry squadrons of the Imperial Guard and officers of all branches were authorized to retain their coloured uniforms for certain ceremonial and social occasions, until 1939.

1904 enlisted khaki uniform

This was basically a khaki cotton version of the 1886 uniform with a shorter jacket. First appearing as a fatigue dress in 1900, it was being issued as a hot-weather uniform in 1904 as there was an order to dye their white uniforms khaki. The practical advantages of khaki drill over dark blue became obvious in the opening stages of the Russo-Japanese War and it became general issue for troops on active service as stocks became available. In 1906 a khaki serge cold-weather uniform and greatcoat had also been adopted.

Meiji 38 (1906)
The Meiji 38 was introduced in 1906 as the first fully Khaki uniform for the army. This uniform looks very similar to the future Type 45 uniform however, the Meiji 38’s sleeve was cut with a true cuff while the 45 had a false cuff. In addition, the Meiji 38 was produced with Meiji 19 style buttons while the Type 45 would be produced with a newer type of brass button. The home service uniform was still produced in a blue color.

1911 (45 Shiki-Gun-i)
The 1911 or Type 45 uniform replaced the Meiji 38 uniform as a more refined version of the uniform. The T45 khaki colored version (called khaki in the west the colour was actually a yellowish-brown called Ochre) of the blue uniform. The new flat topped peaked cap had a red band, the tunic collar had red swallow tailed gorget patches and the shoulders had red shoulder bars (see photograph opposite) to indicate rank. The uniform was produced in wool for winter and cotton for summer wear.

Type Kai 45
The Type 45 was further updated in 1918 as the Type Kai 45. The term “Kai” was to denote that it was a modification of the original Type 45 uniform. It was a change in sizing measurements. It was later modified with a change in material and discarding of the red piping on the uniforms. In addition, inserts were added for shoulder ranks so soldiers didn’t have to sew ranks on and just switch out ranks for replacements or promotions. They were still being issued into the 1930s alongside the newer Type 5 uniforms.

Type 5
The Showa Type 5, also called the M90 or 2590 or 1930 uniform, was basically the Type 45 uniform but introduced internal breast pockets with scalloped pocket flaps on the tunic for all ranks. It also featured a seam on the back not present in the Type 45 uniform in order to save on material as well as being made to the newly adopted metric measurements rather than in the old system of measurement. Also the straight trousers were later replaced with pantaloons which were worn with woolen spiral wound puttees and tapes.

M98 (98 Shiki-Gun-i)

The M98 (1938) was a further modification of the M90 uniform. The single breasted tunic (98 Shiki-Gun-i) had a stand and fall collar, five buttons which ran down the front and two, or more usually, four internal pockets with scalloped flaps (depending on the manufacturer). Long trousers or pantaloons (Bousyo-ko) were worn as standard along with the puttees (Kya-han) and tapes. All except mounted troops (who wore breeches and high leather boots) wore this uniform with horsehide, pigskin or leather ankle-boots. The boots (amiage-gutu) had either a hobnailed hard leather sole with metal heel J-cleat or a rubber sole with rubber cleats. When off duty, soldiers could wear tabis. A collarless wool or cotton white, grey or light green under shirt (Bousho Jyu-han) was worn under the tunic. This had one or two patch breast pockets with buttoned flaps, most had only a single pocket on the left breast. A khaki cotton shirt with stand and fall collar and two breast pockets could be worn in warm climates, with or without the tunic. The flat-topped peaked cap was replaced by a cloth field cap (Ryaku-bou). Originally produced in khaki it was later produced in various shades of green ranging from grey-green to a dark green. The cap was more of a peaked sidecap and could be worn with a neck flap (Bou-tare), hooked to the bottom for sun protection, made from four cloth rectangles.

Type 3 (3 Shiki-Gun-i)

The Type 3 was introduced in 1943 and was similar to the Type 98 but was made of cheaper materials. Type 3 uniforms for enlisted men also consisted of only 3 size options compared to the 6 size options for the Type 98. Type 3 trousers were also cut lower down the waist and the fastening hook was replaced with a button top instead. It also reintroduced cuff insignias for officers consisting of 1, 2, or 3 stripes of dark-brown braid on or above the cuff to indicate company, field, or general officers' grades respectively. It was produced in various shades of green. Officers could wear the uniform tunic open over a white or light green shirt with or without a black or green tie.

Officers' uniforms

Officers were not usually issued uniforms so they had to procure their own, thus there was a wide variety in the details, colour and texture of their uniforms, with uniform colours ranging from tan (this case is modified Older Uniform. its started after Showa 13 rules(昭和13年制式) era) to dark green. Collars were taller and stiffer and materials were of a higher quality. Senior officers could procure and wear a double-breasted version of the blue and M90 uniforms. All ranks wore a single breasted version of the M98. Officers could wear straight trousers with their M98 uniforms as a walking out uniform and later they could also wear the tunic with the collar open over a white or grey green shirt.

Service hat

The service cap was the main cap of the Japanese army from the 1880s all the way into the 1930s. The 1886 or Meiji 19 model was featured the dark blue crown and colored band depending on the branch. Regular infantry received yellow bands and Imperial Guard received red bands. The Type 45 olive service cap is a peaked cap similar in shape to that of the United States Army but with a smaller flatter crown and shorter visor. Red piping runs along the outer edge of the crown and the headband has a 1 1/2 inch wide red felt band. At the front of the red band is a gold star. The Imperial Guard service hat has a semicircular wreath of leaves below the star. The visor and chin strap are of black leather in standard military design.

Field cap
The Ryaku-bou(略帽) is a cloth field cap. Originally produced in khaki it was later produced in various shades of green ranging from grey-green to a dark green. The cap was more of a peaked sidecap and could be worn with a neck flap (Bou-tare), hooked to the bottom for sun protection, made from four cloth rectangles. An adjustment lace is fitted through four grommets at the rear.

Additionally, there was an “Ersatz” cap introduced in the 30’s made of felt and they were mostly seen being used in China. They fell out of use in to the 40’s.

Metal helmets

 * Adrian helmet – As with many countries, the IJA adopted and produced the French Adrian helmet. The IJA version of the Adrian was a one piece helmet unlike that of the French version. In addition, the IJA Adrian featured tie chin straps similar to samurai kabuto fasteners. Later versions featured the star insignia in front of the helmet. It also featured a star shaped vent on the top of the helmet.
 * "Sakura" helmet – A further improvement of the IJA Adrian. It featured a Sakura shaped vent cover on top of the vent holes above the helmet in order to prevent water and dirt from leaking into the helmet onto the soldiers' heads.
 * Type 90 – The Adrian helmet was later replaced by a Japanese designed helmet called the Type 90 (1930). It was officially called tetsubo (steel cap) but was called tetsukabuto ("steel helmet") by troops. It was made in the shape of a dome with a short protruding rim all the way around it (the paratroop version only had a short brim in the front). This helmet was made of a thin inferior chrome-molybdenum steel with many proving to be very fragile, being easily pierced by shrapnel and/or gunfire. A star (or anchor for the IJN) was soldered to the front and the helmet and star were painted mustard khaki. They were sometimes whitewashed in the winter. A tan, khaki or olive-green two layer, fiber reinforced linen cover was available with a yellow star sewn on the front. The helmet was secured to the head by an elaborate set of straps descended from those of the Kabuto samurai helmet. It was also able to be worn over a reversed field cap. Camouflage nets were widely worn over the helmet especially in the Southern theatre and Pacific island campaign.

Tropical helmets

The IJA issued various tropical helmets to its troops:

 * Model 1923 - The first sun helmet issued to troops. It began development in 1921 and was released 2 years following. The liner was comparable to that of German piths in the second world war, using a zigzag spacer as insulation between the sweatband and helmet shell. A pair of three ventilation grommets was present on each side, and the helmet was produced in 3 sizes. The shell was initially fashioned from the leaves of the Tahitian Screwpine. The official model designation, if one exists, is unknown, and it is thereof referred to as "Model 1923".
 * Shōwa Type 5 - The helmet in itself was not vastly different from the Model 1923. Instead of a third vent grommet on each side, a covered vent was added to the top, and the shell was woven with Pandanus and Taiwanese marsh grass. A metal star was fixed to the front and was only produced in one size.
 * Type 98, came in three main patterns:
 * Pattern 1 - A new pith model introduced in 1938. Regulation expanded the list of material for shell manufacture, now including bamboo. The design of the helmet was redesigned to be adjusted for use over the Type 90 steel helmet. For use over the steel helmet, the size adjustment cord was removed, then drawn through eyelets on the inside of the pith and through the chinstrap rings of the steel helmet. The same ventilation elements from the Shōwa 5 Type were present in this pattern, along with a metal star fixed to the front.
 * Pattern 2 - The second pattern of the Type 98 pith helmet, made to accommodate for material shortages. The only vastly notable change is the elimination of the vent grommets on the side, leaving only the shaft on the top.
 * Pattern 3 - The third and final pattern of the Type 98 pith helmet, made to accommodate for a severe lack of raw material. The vent shaft on top was eliminated, the metal star was changed into one of woven fabric, and the chinstrap changed in design for use of cloth size adjustment clips rather than metal. This is the most notable variant of the Type 98 pith, and the one with the most variation. Interior could be made with a variety of materials, including Sanada tape and straw. Material shortages led to variation in colour and fabric, labelled "B Spec" items; for example, white piths which are mistakenly often regarded as officer items, despite simply being the result of material compromises and nothing else.
 * Pattern 2 - The second pattern of the Type 98 pith helmet, made to accommodate for material shortages. The only vastly notable change is the elimination of the vent grommets on the side, leaving only the shaft on the top.
 * Pattern 3 - The third and final pattern of the Type 98 pith helmet, made to accommodate for a severe lack of raw material. The vent shaft on top was eliminated, the metal star was changed into one of woven fabric, and the chinstrap changed in design for use of cloth size adjustment clips rather than metal. This is the most notable variant of the Type 98 pith, and the one with the most variation. Interior could be made with a variety of materials, including Sanada tape and straw. Material shortages led to variation in colour and fabric, labelled "B Spec" items; for example, white piths which are mistakenly often regarded as officer items, despite simply being the result of material compromises and nothing else.

Clothing
The IJA issued single-breasted cloaks, over coats, capes and raincoats with hoods in khaki.
 * Jyuban/Underwear – Jyuban are a part of the soldier's uniform as they were to be worn under the soldier's tunic and trousers. Jyuban were worn under the standard uniform as part of army regulation. White cotton jyuban were initially issued but then when a light-khaki (tan) was adopted, they were adapted as a work uniform. An olive-green version of the white fatigues was issued late in the Pacific War. An anti-heat jyuban was adopted and featured 3/4 sleeves and a collar.
 * Bousyo-i/Tropical – The tropical cotton uniform, a design similar to the M98, was initially available in tan or light khaki, but was superseded later in the Pacific War by versions in medium to dark green. It featured open collars, buttoned side-vent flaps below the armpits, and pleated patch or internal pockets with flaps. Trousers could be full-length, 3/4 length, or a loose fitting breeches style pantaloon. Troops in the Pacific islands usually wore knee-length shorts with a lightweight cotton shirt which had three front buttons, 3/4-length sleeves and patch breast-pockets with flaps. Officers wore a short- or long-sleeved lightweight white (or off-white) tropical shirt with the green trousers, and when they wore the green tropical tunic they usually wore the shirt collar outside and over the tunic collar.
 * Kessenfuku (決戦服/戦時服 (Decisive battle uniform) – Introduced in 1945 the kessenfuku was meant for use defending the home islands if and when invaded. It consisted of a waist-length jacket with two hidden slash breast pockets, and two internal pockets with flaps. It also had a fold-down collar and reinforced elbows. Cheaper materials were used in fabrication with many variations in material and color. Both winter and summer weight variants were produced.
 * Imperial Guard – Until 1939 the Cavalry of the Imperial Guard wore a French-style parade uniform consisting of a dark-blue tunic with red Brandenburg braiding, a red kepi and red breeches. The red kepi had a white plume with a red base. Off-duty members wore a dark blue tunic with 5 rows of black mohair froggings and dark blue breeches with a red stripe down each seam. Prior to the general adoption of khaki by the Japanese Army after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, an all-white linen uniform had been worn in hot weather. The Infantry of the Imperial Guard wore a dark blue uniform with white leggings for both parade and service wear until 1905. It was distinguished from that of the line infantry by a red band and piping on the peaked service-cap (instead of yellow). Following the adoption of a khaki service-dress the Guard Infantry wore this on all occasions. In the field the army's basic uniform was worn. It was worn with either a chrysanthemum or a star in a wreath.

Accessories

 * Senninbari were red-sash 1,000 stitch belts worn around the waist of uniforms. They were supposed to bring good luck, confer courage, and make the wearer immune to bullets.
 * Hachimaki (鉢巻) is a stylized headband (bandana) in Japanese culture, usually made of red or white cloth, and worn as a symbol of perseverance or effort by the wearer.
 * Shin guntō – The shin guntō (新軍刀?, "New Army Sword") was a weapon and badge of rank used by the Imperial Japanese Army between 1935 and 1945.

title: Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army


text:
North German Constitution

The North German Constitution was the constitution of the North German Confederation, which existed as a country from 1 July 1867 to 31 December 1870. The Constitution of the German Empire (1871) was closely based on it. A constituent Reichstag was elected on 12 February 1867. Its only task was to discuss, amend and adopt the proposal for a constitution which had been largely written by Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian minister president and first and only federal chancellor (Bundeskanzler), the sole minister of the Confederation. The constituent Reichstag was dominated by national liberals and moderate conservatives.

The highest body of the country was the Bundesrat (Federal Council). It represented the governments of the North German states. Prussia had 17 of 43 votes in the Bundesrat. Decisions were based on a simple majority (Article 7), but Prussia's great size and influence often gave it what amounted to a veto. Under the constitution, the king of Prussia (William I), was the holder of the Bundespräsidium, de facto the head of state. He installed the chancellor, who was the federal executive. Besides the chancellor, there were no official ministers.

The Reichstag was the lower house of parliament, elected by all male north Germans above the age of 25. This was quite extraordinary in those times; Bismarck introduced this in the hope that it would create conservative majorities. The Reichstag and Bundesrat together had legislative powers, making the democratically elected Reichstag an important and powerful body.

After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871, the south German states Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg joined the confederation. It was renamed Deutsches Reich (German Empire), and the constitution of the confederation, with few changes, became the Constitution of the German Empire.

title: North German Constitution


text:
Fruit & Spice Park

The Fruit & Spice Park, formally known as the Preston B. Bird/Mary Heinlein Fruit & Spice Park, is a 37-acre park located in Redland, Florida, and it is the only botanical garden of its kind in the United States. This park is operated by Miami-Dade County Parks and Open Spaces Department. The park attracts more than 50,000 visitors per year because of its unique agricultural environment. The garden features more than 500 different types of international exotic fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. Visitors are allowed to sample fallen fruits, have lunch at the Mango Cafe, or schedule a tour of the park.

History
The Redland area, part of southern Miami-Dade County, has been known for its many farms, unique ability to grow fresh fruit, and its reddish soil. Mary Calkins Heinlein was the daughter of pioneer sub-tropical farmers, and she had a passion for fruits and gardens in South Florida. She had a goal to showcase the Redland and its rich agricultural environment. In 1935, she got in contact with county commissioners and parks directors to begin multiple transactions to purchase 18 acres in the Redland. County commissioner Preston B. Bird finalized the deal in 1943 and received ownership for the land with Heinlein. South Dade County's Park Development Department signed a contract with William Lyman Philips to develop the vision that Heinlein had for the garden. In 1944, construction began, and Heinlein was named superintendent. The garden featured many different fruits and agricultural developments that Heinlein had wanted. It alsoshowcased two historical structures: the original Redland Schoolhouse and a coral rock building. After the creation of the garden, named the Redland Fruit and Spice Park, Heinlein's 10-year term ended in 1959 when she retired as superintendent. She continued to stay an active garden club member and developed insights on the different fruits that should be planted until she died in 1979. In memory of her and Preston B. Bird, the county renamed the Redland Fruit and Spice Park to the Preston B. Bird/Mary Heinlein Fruit & Spice Park in 1980.

Exhibits
The park contains more than 500 varieties of fruits, nuts, and spice trees. It also includes more than 80 banana trees, 160 varieties of mango trees, more than 40 varieties of grapevines, and 70 varieties of bamboo trees. It also features guava, jackfruit, canistel, sapodilla, longan, lychee, mamey and black sapote, miracle fruit, jaboticaba, and coffee beans. Visitors are allowed to sample these fruits once they have fallen on the ground, but they are not allowed to pick them from the trees. The park also features guided tours around the park. The tours are available every day at 11 a.m., 1:30 p.m., and 3 p.m. Private tours are available for school or club field trips.

Facilities
Entrance requires an admission fee of $10 per adult and $3 per child, but the entrance has a store open to the public where many fruits from the park can be sampled for free. A yearly pass is also available for $50. A tram is available with a guide for free once inside the park. It leaves from nearby the spice garden. The park includes a cafe. The entrance hall has a large library of gardening books, spices, honey, jams, jellies, and souvenirs for sale.

title: Fruit & Spice Park


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Magic Society of the White Flame

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 09:40, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Magic Society of the White Flame
0 Google hits the former name yields 19 hits - nonnotable/advertising in my judgement - also added org to list of occultists Lotsofissues 21:18, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above. And yes, probably an ad. Master Thief Garrett 21:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable coven. RickK 23:17, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 04:00, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, not advertising. The only organization in the Western world that teaches Arabic magic in English.Soror IAM 20:28, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)  has two edits, both to this VfD.
 * Keep, notable. I have known of the Organization for quite a few years.  I have seen their presence on discussion groups, and even in a couple of books. thesenior 22:25, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)  has three edits, all to this VfD.
 * Delete. Notability issues. jni 08:20, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wikispam--nixie 03:37, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.