text:
Polar desert

Polar deserts are the regions of Earth that fall under an ice cap climate (EF under the Köppen classification). Despite rainfall totals low enough to normally classify as a desert, polar deserts are distinguished from true deserts (BWh or BWk under the Köppen classification) by low annual temperatures and evapotranspiration. Most polar deserts are covered in ice sheets, ice fields, or ice caps, and they are also called white deserts.

Polar deserts are one of two polar biomes, the other being Arctic tundra. These biomes are located at the poles of Earth, covering much of the Antarctic in the southern hemisphere, and in the northern hemisphere extending from the Arctic into North America, Europe and Asia. Unlike the tundra that can support plant and animal life in the summer, polar deserts are largely barren environments, comprising permanent, flat layers of ice; due to the scarcity of liquid water, the same is also true of the few ice-free areas. However, there is evidence of some life in this seemingly inhospitable landscape: sediments of organic and inorganic substances in the thick ice hosting microbial organisms closely related to cyanobacteria, able to fix carbon dioxide from the melting water.

Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water. This "freeze-thaw" alternation forms patterned textures on the ground, as much as 5 m in diameter.

Most of the interior of Antarctica is polar desert, despite the thick ice cover. Conversely, the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, although they have had no ice for thousands of years due to katabatic wind but contain ephemeral streams and hypersaline lakes characteristic of extreme non-polar deserts, are not necessarily polar desert.

Polar deserts are relatively common during ice ages, as ice ages tend to be dry.

Climate scientists have voiced concerns about the effects of global warming to the ice poles in these polar biomes.

title: Polar desert


text:
Elman Guttormson

Elman Kreisler Guttormson (March 24, 1929 in Lundar, Manitoba – October 10, 2000) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1956 to 1969.

The son of John Guttormson and Sigridur Johnson, Guttormson was educated at Lundar and United College. He worked for the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper as a reporter, covering fields as diverse as crime and horse racing. He won a national newspaper award in 1962, while serving as a member of the legislature. In 1952, he married Hildur Thorsteinson.

He was first elected to the legislature in a by-election on December 30, 1956 in the mid-northern constituency of St. George, defeating his Progressive Conservative and CCF opponents by a comfortable margin. He served as a backbench supporter of Douglas Campbell's government for the next year and a half.

The Liberals were defeated provincially in the 1958 election, although Guttormson won his own seat by a wider margin than before. He was also re-elected without difficulty in the elections of 1959, 1962 and 1966. Guttormson also served as party whip.

The Liberals lost much of their support base in the 1969 election, and Guttormson lost his seat to Bill Uruski of the New Democratic Party by 398 votes. He sought a political comeback in the 1973 election, but lost to Uruski by an increased margin.

Guttormson supported the federal and provincial Liberal parties for his entire adult life. One of his daughters married Bob Axworthy, a relative of Lloyd Axworthy.

Guttormson, later in his career, became a newspaper editor, retiring in 1993. He died in Winnipeg at the age of 71 following a long illness.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elman Guttormson


text: User talk:66.244.4.30

title: User talk:66.244.4.30


text:
Transfăgărășan

The Transfăgărășan (trans + Făgăraș) or DN7C is a paved mountain road crossing the southern section of the Carpathian Mountains of Romania. It has national-road ranking and is the second-highest paved road in the country after the Transalpina. It starts near the village of Bascov, near Pitești, and stretches 90 km to the crossroad between the DN1 and Sibiu, between the highest peaks in the country, Moldoveanu and Negoiu. The road, built in the early 1970s as a strategic military route, connects the historic regions of Transylvania and Wallachia.

History
The Transfăgărășan was constructed between 1970 and 1974 during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu as a response to the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union. Ceaușescu wanted to ensure quick military access across the mountains in case of a Soviet invasion. At the time, Romania already had several strategic mountain passes through the Southern Carpathians, whether inherited from the pre-communist era (the DN1 and the high-pass DN67C) or built during the initial years of the Communist regime (the DN66). These passes, however, were mainly through river valleys, and would be easy for the Soviets to block and attack. Ceaușescu therefore ordered the construction of a road across the Făgăraș Mountains, which divide northwestern and southern Romania.

Built mainly by military forces, the road had a high financial and human cost. Work was carried out in an alpine climate, at an elevation of 2000 m, using roughly 6000000 kg of dynamite, and employing junior military personnel who were untrained in blasting techniques. Many workers died; official records state that only 40 soldiers lost their lives, but unofficial estimates by workers put the number in the hundreds.

The road was officially opened on 20 September 1974, although work, particularly paving of the roadbed, continued until 1980.

Route
The road climbs to an altitude of 2042 m, making it the second highest mountain pass in Romania after the Transalpina. It is a winding road, dotted with steep hairpin turns, long S-curves, and sharp descents. It is both an attraction and a challenge for hikers, cyclists, drivers and motorcycle enthusiasts. Due to the topography, the average speed is around 40 km/h. The road also provides access to Bâlea Lake and Bâlea Waterfall.

The road is usually closed from late October until late June because of snow. Depending on the weather, it may remain open until as late as November, or may close even in the summer; signs at the town of Curtea de Argeș and the village of Cartisoara provide information.

The Transfăgărășan has more tunnels (a total of 5) and viaducts than any other road in Romania. Near the highest point, at Bâlea Lake, the road passes through Bâlea Tunnel, the longest road tunnel in Romania at 884 m.

Along the southern section of the road, near the village of Arefu, is Poenari Castle. The castle was the residence of Vlad the Impaler, the inspiration for Bram Stoker's Count Dracula.

The northern section is used for annual cycling competitions, including the Tour of Romania, and the 22 km section to Bâlea Lake has been used since 2011 for the Sibiu Cycling Tour. These sections are considered to be similar in difficulty to hors catégorie climbs in the Tour de France.

Reference in Top Gear
The Transfăgărășan was featured in a segment of the British TV show Top Gear, in the first episode of Series 14 (November 2009). Host Jeremy Clarkson proclaimed that the Transfăgărășan was "the best road in the world," a title the presenters had previously given to the Stelvio Pass in Italy.

The road has also been dubbed "Ceaușescu's Folly".

title: Transfăgărășan


text: User talk:221.196.198.108

title: User talk:221.196.198.108


text: Category:Passions characters

title: Category:Passions characters


text: User talk:24.158.230.73

title: User talk:24.158.230.73


text:
Talk:Phenazopyridine

Comment
Please note that I am by no means a pharmacist or chemist. I have only a moderate understanding of the chemisty involved in drug interactions. I started this article because I was put on this drug and immediately came here to look up information. My information comes mostly from the drug facts sheet contained in my prescription, and talks with my doctor. Kutulu 02:28, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I suggest that the Criticism section be retitled, as the statements there are not, in fact, criticisms of the drug or its effectiveness/safety. Rather, they are opinions about how the drug might be used incorrectly. I can't suggest an appropriate new title, otherwise I'd make the change myself. Fshepinc (talk) 17:18, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Precautions would be a more appropriate title than Criticism. Everything written under Criticism are legitimate and important concerns. (Mountaincedar (talk) 18:06, 12 February 2012 (UTC))

Exception to effectiveness as an analgesic for the urinary tract: the drug is widely used, but in cases of male cystoscopic procedures where the uretha wall is stretched beyond its elastic limits, leisions will occur; the drug is not effective at all in relieving severe burning pain in such cases. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.65.44.71 (talk) 14:42, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Is there a citation somewhere that supports the claim that this drug is ineffective at relieving the pain of urethral lesions following cystoscopy? I just had a procedure last week with that result, and I'm on Phenazopyridine.  It definitely seems to be effective both for the kidney/ureter pain and the urethral lesion pain.  If I miss a dose and let my levels drop, my poor battered urethra hurts like crazy!  Anecdotally, it seems to work. 209.210.195.34 (talk) 05:12, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, I have had a cystocopy which had to be aborted because of bleeding (my extremely enlarged prostate is "friable"). Neither Lidocaine Jelly nor phenazopyridine tablets seem to provide any relief from the intense burning whenever I piss into the Foley. I am very much interested in the citation.108.48.209.190 (talk) 18:36, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

Not an "official" site
A commercial link was removed from the website. http://www.phenazopyridine.com/about_us/ shows that this is a company (if the Google adwords on the side weren't also a cue-in) making money from their websites, not an official medical clearinghouse for the drug. This company also does not hold a specific patent on this drug, which is available over the counter and has no patent. Essentially, the "official" statement is BS. 98.196.202.92 15:29, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Nice catch. It might be nice to point those who add such links to WP:EL and WP:SPAM. Fvasconcellos (t·c) 15:32, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Utistat removed
I removed the entry "utistat(ciprofloxacin 250 mg+phenazopyridine 200 mg)" as it doesn't exist. There is a product called UTI-Stat but it is a cranberry-based product and contains neither ciprofloxacin nor phenazopyridine. Ænea ( talk ) 23:54, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I also removed Urosina (phenazopyridine+nitrofurantoin) because the link supplied was broken and I cannot find any real verification for the drug's existence other than some Google entries that look to be Chinese. Ænea ( talk ) 00:08, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

Removed reference to phenazopyridine's efficacy when used during treatment of UTI's
Previously listed under "Medical Uses" section: "Phenazopyridine is not an antibiotic, but used in conjunction with an antibiotic can speed the early period of recovery from such an infection."

This was in error, from the Warner-Chilcott (manufacturer of Pyridium Plus) prescribing information file available at: http://www.wcrx.com/pdfs/pi/pi_pyridium_plus.pdf

"Treatment of a urinary tract infection with Pyridium Plus should not exceed 2 days because there is lack of evidence that the combined administration of phenazopyridine hydrochloride and an antibacterial provides greater benefit than administration of the antibacterial alone after 2 days."

The reference to phenazopyridine's usefulness when concomitantly administered with an anti-infective medication has been removed. I posted this section to inform readers who may have mistakenly thought that it improved the efficacy of antibacterial therapy. PA MD0351XXE (talk) 06:20, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

A urologist's perspective on Phenazopyridine
In 31 years of practicing (board certified) urology, I must say that Phenazopyridine is one medication among my "most often prescribed meds hit parade"; it is also my least favorite, in-fact, the most disliked in that repertoire. Patients all complain about "staining everything orange"; some complain about "foul odor", "sticky urine", "took two days to leave my system", and the list goes on from that perspective.

For some, the relief from urethral and bladder pain is adequate to good. For others, it provides little or no relief; I've even heard a few patients state that it made things worse (which I question).

"Phenazopyridine is not an antibiotic, but used in conjunction with an antibiotic can speed the early period of recovery from such an infection." I, personally, have not witnessed this to be a trait of the drug. I have, however, witnessed the OTC (97.5mg) version(s) available at most pharmacies mask the burning from a UTI for a period sufficient enough to allow the patients to become febrile; and a few times I've had to head into one of the ER's which I serve in the middle of the night for an on-call "urinary sepsis", a.k.a. borderline pyelonephritis (or sometimes, full-blown pyelonephritis).

Should you begin showing symptoms of a UTI, burning, clouding, odor, call and visit your health care practitioner, or if it's late in the day, call their answering service. They'll know how to best treat your symptoms and the underlying problem which caused it. Don't be afraid to seek emergency care for a urinary tract infection, as a UTI can become life threatening in the matter of a few short hours.

Until 2007, there was a prescription med called "Urised", which contained Methenamine, Hyoscyamine, Methylene Blue, and a few other "odds and ends". Urised was the preferred choice for prescribing by many urologists, but alas, the company which produced it had QC problems in their synthesis of methenamine, necessitating the drugs removal from the market.

Hyophen, a similar alternative to Urised, is not inexpensive. It is, however, a more attractive option for those who may have received a script for phenazopyridine who for some reason are apprehensive in taking it. It normally changes the color of your urine to a deep blue or blue-green color, and can be easily washed out of undergarments/clothing/linens.

Yes, it comes with it's own list of side effects, and a few drug interactions. Ask your prescriber and pharmacist about the med before considering its use.

Be sure to ask both your healthcare practitioner and your pharmacist about interactions between these medications and any OTC or herbal preparation which you are currently taking.

In essence, if Phenazopyridine works for you, then by all means, take it when necessary. If it doesn't, and you're in need of urinary tract analgesia, ask for the available alternative medication. PA MD0351XXE (talk) 04:26, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Please work these concerns into the article itself, especially your first 3 paragraphs.108.48.209.190 (talk) 19:02, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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source [2] is gone
Hi,

I just want to mention, that source [2] just leads to the start page of DailyMed. Couldn't find the corresponding entry.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12806392

http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/phenazopyridinehydrochloride.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.175.73.218 (talk) 14:49, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phenazopyridine


text:
University of Pennsylvania Law Review

The University of Pennsylvania Law Review, formerly known as the American Law Register, is a law review published by an organization of second and third year J.D. students at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. It is the oldest law journal in the United States, having been published continuously since 1852. Currently, seven issues are published each year with the last issue traditionally featuring papers from symposia held by the review each year. It is one of the four law reviews responsible for publication of the Bluebook. It is one of seven official scholarly journals at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, and was the third most cited law journal in the world in 2006.

In addition to the print edition, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review also publishes the University of Pennsylvania Law Review Online, formerly named PENNumbra, an online supplement, which publishes debates, essays, case notes, and responses to articles that appeared in the print edition.

History
The journal was founded as the American Law Register, and was originally written, edited, and published by practitioners, but soon expanded its pool of editors and contributors to also include judges and law professors. In 1892, under the leadership of William Draper Lewis and George Wharton Pepper, it changed its name to the American Law Register and Review. In 1895, Lewis became the first full-time dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School and had the Law School take over the journal. The 1896 volume was the first volume to be edited by law students. The journal changed its name in 1908 to the University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, and adopted its current name in 1945.

In addition to publishing numerous influential works of scholarship, the law review has famously published a series of humorous "asides." The most well known is The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule, 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1474 (1975).

Membership selection
Positions on the University of Pennsylvania Law Review are filled based in part on students' grades during first year of law school and in part on students' performance during a writing competition conducted at the end of each school year. The writing competition has two major parts: an editing portion and a writing portion. During the 16-hour editing portion, contestants are required to correct a sample portion of a fake law review article prepared by the current board. Contestants have at their disposal a copy of the Bluebook and a packet of source materials provided by the review. During the writing portion, contestants are required to create a cohesive, thesis-driven essay using only the set of sources provided. The sources cover a variety of topics, and the essay does not need to be law-related. Additionally, contestants are asked to submit a short personal statement. Each year the review takes approximately 55 new members from the rising second-year class, including transfer students. The University of Pennsylvania Law Review is managed by a board of 20 members chosen from the rising 3L class in February of each year.

Notable alumni
Prominent alumni of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review include

 * William Draper Lewis
 * George W. Pepper
 * Philip Werner Amram
 * Sadie T. M. Alexander
 * Thomas K. Finletter
 * Natalie Wexler
 * Loftus Becker
 * Owen Roberts
 * Curtis Reitz
 * Earl G. Harrison
 * Peter J. Liacouras
 * Edward J. Normand
 * Jerome B. Simandle
 * Dolores Sloviter
 * Marci Hamilton
 * A. Raymond Randolph
 * Mark G. Yudof
 * Daniel Garodnick
 * Kit Kinports
 * Charles A. Heimbold Jr.
 * Tom Ellis
 * Patty Shwartz
 * Rudolph Contreras
 * Leo E. Strine Jr.
 * Louis E. Levinthal

Selected articles

 * James T. Ringgold, Sunday Laws in the United States, 40 Am. L. Reg. 723 (1892)
 * William J. Marbury, The Proposed Woman Suffrage Amendment and the Amending Power, 65 U. Pa. L. Rev. 403 (1917)
 * Francis H. Bohlen, The Duty of a Landowner Toward Those Entering His Premises of Their Own Right, 69 U. Pa. L. Rev. 237 (1921)
 * Margaret Center Klinglesmith, Amending the Constitution of the United States, 73 U. Pa. L. Rev. 48 (1925)
 * Robert von Moschzisker, Equity Jurisdiction in the Federal Courts, 75 U. Pa. L. Rev. 287 (1927)
 * Ernest G. Black, Torture Under English Law, 75 U. Pa. L. Rev. 344 (1927)
 * Alpheus Thomas Mason, Politics and the Supreme Court: President Roosevelt's Proposal, 85 Pa. L. Rev. 659 (1937)
 * Charles Cheney Hyde, International Co-operation for Neutrality, 85 Pa. L. Rev. 344 (1937)
 * Anthony G. Amsterdam, Note, The Void-For-Vagueness Doctrine in the Supreme Court, 109 U. Pa. L. Rev. 67 (1960)
 * Arthur Allen Leff, Unconscionability and the Code-The Emperor's New Clause, 115 U. Pa. L. Rev. 485 (1967)
 * Herbert M. Silverberg, Law School Legal Aid Clinics: A Sample Plan; Their Legal Status, 117 U. Pa. L. Rev. 970 (1969)
 * Harold Leventhal, Environmental Decisionmaking and the Role of the Courts, 122 U. Pa. L. Rev. 509 (1974)
 * Marvin E. Frankel, The Search for Truth: An Umpireal View, 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1031 (1975)
 * Henry Friendly, "Some Kind of Hearing", 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1267 (1975)
 * Aside, The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule, 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1474 (1975) (Will Stevens authored the piece anonymously)
 * Michael J. Perry, The Disproportionate Impact Theory of Racial Discrimination, 125 U. Pa. L. Rev. 540 (1970)
 * David D. Cole, Playing by Pornography's Rules: The Regulation of Sexual Expression, 143 U. Pa. L. Rev. 111 (1994)
 * David Nimmer, A Riff on Fair Use in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 148 U. Pa. L. Rev. 673 (2000)
 * Elizabeth S. Anderson & Richard Pildes, Expressive Theories of Law: A General Restatement, 148 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1503 (2000)
 * Cass Sunstein, Beyond the Precautionary Principle 151 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1003 (2003)

title: University of Pennsylvania Law Review


text:
Marc Wilmore

Marc Edward Wilmore (May 4, 1963 – January 30, 2021) was an American television writer, producer, actor, and comedian. He wrote and performed for shows such as In Living Color, The PJs, The Simpsons, and F Is for Family. Wilmore was a 10-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee. He was the younger brother of comedian Larry Wilmore.

Life and career
Marc Edward Wilmore was born on May 4, 1963, to parents Betty and Larry in Fontana, California. He had five siblings, one of whom, older brother Larry, is a television comic. He was a graduate of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.

In the early 1990s, Wilmore got a job as a writer on the sketch comedy series In Living Color. He was promoted to cast member during the show's final season. Wilmore's impersonations included Isabel Sanford, Nell Carter, Carroll O'Connor, Robert Guillaume, Maya Angelou and James Earl Jones, and various sketches which re-imagined various television series such as All in the Family and The Mary Tyler Moore Show if they starred African-Americans. He received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series for his work on the show. After In Living Color, Wilmore wrote for The Tonight Show Starring Jay Leno and The PJs, a stop-motion adult sitcom co-created by his older brother Larry, where he also provided the voice of crooked police officer Walter Burkett.

While working on The PJs, Wilmore participated in a prank organized by staff members of The Simpsons, where he pretended he was the mayor of East St. Louis, Illinois and angrily accosted writer Matt Selman over a joke that denigrated the city in the episode "They Saved Lisa's Brain". As compensation for his involvement with the joke, Wilmore was given a role in the season 11 episode "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad Marge", in which he played a psychologist. Wilmore joined The Simpsons's writing staff in the show's thirteenth season, and received his first credit for the segment "Send in the Clones" in "Treehouse of Horror XIII". He won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program as a producer for the episode "Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind" at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2008. In the 2010s, Wilmore worked as a writer and executive producer on F Is for Family, an animated sitcom co-created by Michael Price, who had worked with him on The PJs and The Simpsons. Wilmore also provided several voices in the series.

Death
On January 30, 2021, Wilmore died at a hospital in Pomona, California. He was 57. According to his brother Larry, he died "while battling COVID and other conditions that have had him in pain for many years" amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. In The New York Times, Larry Wilmore related that his younger brother had long suffered health issues relating to a kidney transplant he had undergone in the 1990s.

The penultimate episode of F Is for Family, "A Very Merry F***ing Christmas", is dedicated to him, as well as The Simpsons episode "Wad Goals".

title: Marc Wilmore


text:
Phenazopyridine

Phenazopyridine is a medication which, when excreted by the kidneys into the urine, has a local analgesic effect on the urinary tract. It is often used to help with the pain, irritation, or urgency caused by urinary tract infections, surgery, or injury to the urinary tract.

In 2021, it was the 285th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 700,000 prescriptions.

Medical uses
Phenazopyridine is prescribed for its local analgesic effects on the urinary tract. It is sometimes used in conjunction with an antibiotic or other anti-infective medication at the beginning of treatment to help provide immediate symptomatic relief. Phenazopyridine does not treat infections or injury; it is only used for symptom relief. It is recommended that it be used for no longer than the first two days of antibacterial treatment as longer treatment may mask symptoms.

Phenazopyridine is also prescribed for other cases requiring relief from irritation or discomfort during urination. For example, it is often prescribed after the use of an in-dwelling Foley catheter, endoscopic (cystoscopy) procedures, or after urethral, prostate, or urinary bladder surgery which may result in irritation of the epithelial lining of the urinary tract.

This medication is not used to treat infection and may mask symptoms of inappropriately treated UTI. It provides symptom relief during a UTI, following surgery, or injury to the urinary tract. UTI therapy should be limited to 1–2 days. Long-term use of phenazopyridine can mask symptoms.

Side effects
Phenazopyridine produces a vivid color change in urine, typically to a dark orange to reddish color. This effect is common and harmless, and indeed a key indicator of the presence of the medication in the body. Users of phenazopyridine are warned not to wear contact lenses, as phenazopyridine has been known to permanently discolor contact lenses and fabrics. It also tends to leave an orange-yellow stain on surfaces it comes in contact with. Some may be mistakenly concerned that this indicated blood in the urine.

Phenazopyridine can also cause headaches, upset stomach (especially when not taken with food), or dizziness. Less frequently it can cause a pigment change in the skin or eyes, to a noticeable yellowish color. This is due to a depressed excretion via the kidneys causing a buildup of the medication in the skin, and normally indicates a need to discontinue usage. Other such side effects include fever, confusion, shortness of breath, skin rash, and swelling of the face, fingers, feet, or legs. Long-term use may cause yellowing of nails.

Phenazopyridine should be avoided by people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency,  because it can cause hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) due to oxidative stress. It has been reported to cause methemoglobinemia after overdose and even normal doses. In at least one case the patient had pre-existing low levels of methemoglobin reductase, which likely predisposed her to the condition. It has also been reported to cause sulfhemoglobinemia.

Phenazopyridine is an azo dye. Other azo dyes, which were previously used in textiles, printing, and plastic manufacturing, have been implicated as carcinogens that can cause bladder cancer. While phenazopyridine has never been shown to cause cancer in humans, evidence from animal models suggests that it is potentially carcinogenic.

Pregnancy
This medication has shown no adverse events in animal models, but no human trials have been conducted. It is not known if phenazopyridine is excreted in breast milk.

Pharmacokinetics
The full pharmacokinetic properties of phenazopyridine have not been determined. It has mostly been studied in animal models, but they may not be very representative of humans. Rat models have shown its half-life to be 7.35 hours, and 40% is metabolized hepatically (by the liver).

Mechanism of action
Phenazopyridine's mechanism of action is not well known, and only basic information on its interaction with the body is available. It is known that the chemical has a direct topical analgesic effect on the mucosa lining of the urinary tract. It is rapidly excreted by the kidneys directly into the urine. Hydroxylation is the major form of metabolism in humans, and the azo bond is usually not cleaved. On the order of 65% of an oral dose will be secreted directly into the urine chemically unchanged.

Brand names
In addition to its generic form, phenazopyridine is distributed under the following brand names: • Azo-Maximum Strength

• Azo-Standard

• Baridium

• Nefrecil

• Phenazalgin

• Phenazo

• Phenazodine

• Pyridiate

• Pyridium

• Pyridium Plus

• Sedural

• Uricalm

• Uristat

• Uropyrine

• Urodine

• Urogesic

• Urovit

authors: حسن علي البط

title: Phenazopyridine


text:
Talk:Propfan

Article histories
The histories of Propfan and Unducted fan have just been merged after a previous content merger. violet/riga (t) 21:26, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

X-Plane Experimentation Recipricator-Engine PropFans
In X-Plane, A consumer priced flight simulator program for PCs that is used in some low-end FAA approved full-motion simulators, I modified 'Austin's Designs\Austins Hi Efficiency-4-seat) to have a 2,480 Rand-Cam Engine (Set original value to 8x its value to reflect Rand-Cam's 8x HP to weight ratio over a normal recip), and altered the prop from 3ft radius to 4.91ft radius and let the plane designer curve the blades for 2,500 RPM and 600 Knots Tip Spped @ 500knots TAS, and then added an identical prop on the same drivetrain as a contra-rotating cousin.  I also altered the airfoils and had to enlarge the forward wing (acting as the HSTAB) that has hi lift, low drag, but a sharp stall and a narrow range of angle of attack.  With the recipricating (non-piston rotary) at 2500 horsepower with 2.5m diameter (4.91 ft) contra-rotating higly curved 12-bladed propellers on a loaded weight of 5000 pounds (3000 empty) it narrowlly exceeds 500 knots (503-508) on level fight at 50,000 feet. It flies at 0 AoA at 60000 feet on cruise throttle at 450 knots TAS. I think i could get faster if I optimize the wings and props some more.

Update
I got the contra-rotating propeller-plane to 540 knots (560 before I shrunk from 2480 to 1240 horsepower). It is a modification of austin's high-efficiency 4-seat plane. Only the fusalage is unchanged though. Cruises 540 knots at 20 gallons per hour but it needs full throttle to reach 400 knots (at 120 gallons per hour), which it will reach in about 15 minutes, and needs a very long takeoff run (stalls at 150 knotts, low acceleration at 0-400 knots) with the smaller engine. I increased the base weight to 3000 pounds (was 1800) and payload and fuel were increased to 1000lbs each for a max loaded weight of 5000 lbs. The propeller is 16-bladed, 4 meters diameter, .25 meter chord, and highly curved tips (design rpm 1900, design speed 500 acft / 650 prop knots). The plane needs too much runway currently and I don't want to go back to 2500 horsepower (short takeoff with that), and it has pitch stability problems that has lessened with the smaller engine. Also I am using a custom airfoil that I will modify to make it more realistic by modifying it to match the output of JavaFoil and JavaProp that i found on the web at http://www.mh-aerotools.de/airfoils/index.htm.

Eh?
There is no mention here of whether or not the engine design is actually in production use by anyone anywhere. Anyone wanna help with that? --StarKruzr 06:47, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "During the 1990s, Antonov also developed the An-70, powered by four Progress D-27s in a tractor configuration; the Russian Air Force placed an order for 164 aircraft in 2003." - final sentence, and the only 'production' aircraft likely to use a propfan soon. ericg ✈ 07:21, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

NK-12
It would be nice to include some referance to the NK-12 in this discussion. It does, after all, represent the start point of this technology and has been in use for almost 40 years. It is, arguably a propfan, before the term was ever thought up. Blade solidity aside, as a propfan it conforms due to the usual operating flight mach numbers of 0.68-0.72. Ironically most view it as a turboprop and it so managed to achieved the title of worlds fastest turboprop aircraft for the Tu-114. Interestingly the earliest picture i could find of the 'swept prop' principle was also Soviet in design from 1942 on the front of a Yak-3. Intersting that they did not use it for the NK-12, but then ease of manufacture was the most likely reason.

 * If there is no disagreement then i will include this. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.0.99.31 (talk) 22:09, 12 May 2007 (UTC).

 * I assume you have sources which consider it a prop-fan? Otherwise, as you stated, it is normally considered a turbo-prop engine. The NK-12 has 2 four-bladed props. Prop-fans normally have more than 8 blades, the most on a conventionl turboprop is 8. Given the fact that the arcticle has NO sources at it is, we should not be adding in unsourced supposition and speculation. - BillCJ 22:23, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Blade count is not important in the definition of a propfan (increased count is merely to reduce thrust force per blade allowing thinner sections). It is flight regime. It is this that takes you from turboprop->propfan->turbofan. The NK-12 sits in the 0.7 mach flight number of the propfan. The other consideration is fan pressure rise - for the propfan it needs to be greater than 1.1 (this is 1.3-1.8 for a turbofan). There is some loose definition in the NASA report for the propfan studies conducted during the 80s. I shall dig out the report number and quote section here. I am not claiming that the NK-12 is definitively a propfan, but at least a hybrid and hence a stepping stone to this technology. Blade count is up on modern propfans due to reduced prop diameter (NK-12 has 5.6m blade diameter and adds to the concept of UHB, entrained flow providing a large percentage of thrust) and higher rotational speeds resulting in swept blades to try and keep the tips low transonic for a constant given thrust. The NK-12 makes no attemps just raw power to make up inefficiency of an unswept blade and as a consequence deafening (literally). I think it would be interesting to add it as a point of historic note...this is ground that had been trodden before - in the name of fuel efficiency. It is the NK-12 that gives the Tu-95/142/114 its incredible range - not the wing or the size of the fuel tanks.

As an additional note you pose an interesting problem. As a professional aero-engineer i have access to alot of reports/information within the industry, none of which i can reference here. There is a great deal of conjecture and mis-understanding on this topic in public, published sources. By your definition there is very little that i can offer on this topic regardless of whether it s correct. I can add the NASA data but as aero-manufactures what we aim for is changing all the time and the NASA report represents the understanding at that time. I'm not sure what to do here other than abandon it and leave the community to its own devices.

I agree, overly anal referencing can seriously detract from certain documents that can be just statements or comments (you find this in real encyclopedias) e.g. "combustion" has next to no reference but it is absolutely correct. - James

 * The NK-12 uses a conventional external propeller whereas a 'propfan' or similar uses a set of fan blades that are an integral part of the engine design.

Article title
I was wondering if this article should be renamed Open Rotor? This seems to be the most commonly used 'generic' name at the moment, at least for current projects. Perhaps there should be a section on the different names to help avoid confusion? I believe Un-ducted fan was always a GE term, and UHB is more PW/RR? 192.88.212.44 (talk) 09:44, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

I agree - RR refer to it as an open rotor in Vision 5 and Vision 20, Airbus and Easyjet have also called it an open rotor in published docs Sam Lacey (talk) 14:58, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Propfan is an older term that is still used; "open rotor" is just the latest marketing term, and another will proably replace it in a decade or 2. WHatever term is coined then, it will still be called a "propfan" as clarification. There is a lot of OR in the article that needs to be cited or removed,a nd a section on the various terms used would be a good addiotion to a rewrite. - BilCat (talk) 21:54, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I think propfan is a fine place to keep at the article for now, as long as Open rotor and Unducted Fan are redirects/disambigs to this page. -SidewinderX (talk) 01:57, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Perhaps as a compromise we can have a redirect set up to this page - also if RR are calling it open rotor in vision 20 it'll be around in 20 years minimum! Sam Lacey (talk) 23:51, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Also I couldnt agree more about the article re-write - I couldn't find much really relevant info here - and also what's here is a bit all over the place perhaps I could provide some better info from RR but I don't really have the time to do a full rewrite...[also just out of interest whats your BA in?] Sam Lacey (talk) 00:00, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It's not in science or engineering, and that's the most I'll say in an open forum for privacy and security reasons. - BilCat (talk) 01:46, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

Hmmm, interesting Sam Lacey (talk) 11:36, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

New reference
Hi !: I've added a reference by Raymond Scott Ciszek, it should have had number 12, but don't know how to put it in the right place and with the right marks. Somebody willing to give a helping hand ?. Thanks, salut + Jgrosay — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jgrosay (talk • contribs) 22:52, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Difference between propfan and turboprop ?
For the casual reader, the difference between propfan and turboprop is unclear. From this talk page, it seems it has something to do with airspeed and the resulting blade diameter and blade count due to tip speed being kept below supersonic, but that should be better explained in the article. Perhaps a graph showing airspeed and effeciency could show why the propfan could be a good idea. TGCP (talk) 19:21, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Once again an article that represents an entirely American view of the world!
Reading this you would think no-one else ever worked on Propfans...!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.71.108.94 (talk) 18:17, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Agree, this is a really badly written article. I would not recommend using this as a basis for understanding as 'propfan' is a very generic term - consisting of ducted and unducted. The guy talking about aircraft flight Mach number is correct as turboprops cannot venture to speeds past about 300kts whereas the propfan will operate at 400kts. The turbofan will operate at about 500kts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.104.100.238 (talk) 19:21, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

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Cutaway diagram
It would be very helpful for the reader to have a sectional diagram of the engine. Is there a gearbox between the propellers, or are there two power turbines? Wizzy… ☎ 09:17, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Europrop TP400
The Europrop TP400 looks pretty much like a propfan, with its eight curved blades. Yet it is classed as a turboprop. I think it would really help if this article could link to the TP400 article and explain why it is not a propfan. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 17:55, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
 * As to why it's still a turboprop rather than a propfan (despite the number of blades, cruise speed, blade shape etc.), that's a more complicated question and you have to start comparing numbers about the aerodynamic performance, not just looking at which end the blades are on. But being single-rotation, rather than a contra-rotating fan, is a big part of that. Andy Dingley (talk) 18:20, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
 * There's not really any reason it's classified as a turboprop other than Airbus/Europrop wanting to market the engine as a turboprop instead of propfan. It's basically the same style as the Allison T501-M78 used in NASA's Propfan Test Assessment flight test program in the 1980s, because it's also a single-rotation 8-bladed propeller, except with nearly twice the horsepower and propeller diameter. The TP400's cruise speed of Mach 0.68-0.72 is less than T501-M78's M0.80 design speed, so maybe they felt the TP400 wasn't fast enough to be called a propfan, even though the TP400's speed is still faster than turboprops have traditionally been. Also, the use of the term "propfan" has seemed to become more specific to contra-rotating fans in recent years, as more recent turboprops (or turboprop propeller replacements, like the Hamilton Sundstrand NP2000) have increased their number of blades to 6 or 8 and have incorporated sweep. D271l (talk) 07:58, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Propfan


text:
Fox Crane

Nicholas Foxworth "Fox" Crane is a fictional character on the NBC/DirecTV soap opera Passions and was portrayed by Justin Hartley from December 16, 2002, to February 10, 2006, and Midland lead singer Mark Cameron Wystrach from February 14, 2006, to September 7, 2007. Actor Nick Stabile took over the role temporarily following the 2004 Summer Olympic Games (which preempted Passions for two weeks), while Hartley's wife, fellow Passions star Lindsay Hartley was on maternity leave. Fox, as played by Hartley, was a fan favorite among Passions viewers.

In the show, Fox becomes infatuated with Whitney Russell; he plots to woo Whitney away from her boyfriend, Chad, but eventually decides to respect her wishes and ends his attempts. He then engages in a brief relationship with his half-brother's ex-fiancé, Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald, played by Hartley's real-life wife, Lindsay Hartley. Though their pairing lasts fewer than six months, Soap Opera Digest readers continued to vote Fox and Theresa as their favorite Passions couple until Justin Hartley left the role in 2006.

After breaking up with Theresa, Fox resumes his pursuit of Whitney, who breaks up with Chad when it is falsely revealed that the two are half-siblings. Their romantic progress is hindered by the fact that Whitney is secretly pregnant with Chad's child and trying to pass the baby off as Fox's; when she uses Fox's power of attorney to give "their" son up for adoption, Fox and Whitney's relationship essentially comes to an end. Miles's true paternity is eventually revealed, and Fox moves on with Kay Bennett. Fox is deeply in love with Kay and cares deeply for her toddler daughter, Maria, and Fox and Kay become engaged. However, the return of Maria's father, Miguel Lopez-Fitzgerald, eventually leads Kay to realize that her heart lies with Miguel and not Fox. In a desperate attempt to keep Kay, Fox enlists his father's help to fake a terminal illness in order to guilt Kay into marrying him and staying with him. Kay eventually discovers his duplicity, however, and leaves him.

After breaking up with Kay, Fox begins a relationship with his sister's best friend, Esme Vanderheusen. The two believe that they have found true love when Fox is shot and killed in his bedroom by an unseen sniper on September 17, 2007; the murderer is eventually revealed to be Esme's fifteen-year-old niece, Viki.

Early life
Nicholas Foxworth Crane was born sometime between late 1980 and 1982, the third of six children born to Julian Linus Crane, eldest child of ruthless billionaire Alistair Ephraim Crane and Katherine Barrett, and Ivy Winthrop, daughter of the late former governor Harrison Winthrop and the late Helen Revere-Mott-Beaton. Fox, as he was eventually nicknamed, was descended from numerous wealthy and prominent families that immigrated to North America before the American Revolutionary War — his paternal grandfather is a descendant of William Ephraim Crane, a magistrate who ordered Tabitha Lenox's execution in 1693, thus sparking the witch's vendetta against the Crane family, and his maternal grandmother was a descendant of Paul Revere. Fox is predominantly of English descent, though he does have some French ancestry, and he was raised in the Roman Catholic Church.

Fox was raised as the third of four children — in 2001, his older brother, Ethan Crane (now Winthrop), approximately five to eight years his senior, was revealed to be the product of their mother's adulterous affair with now-police chief Sam Bennett. Fox also has two sisters — Fancy Crane is one to two years his senior, while Pretty Crane is a few years his junior. While they were raised in the lap of luxury, the Crane siblings, excluding Ethan, had a dysfunctional childhood, with Ivy admitting that her youngest three children had a father who was "either absent or intoxicated" and a mother "who just didn't care". Ivy favored Ethan over her other children because he was the son of her "true love", Sam Bennett, and not her husband, whom she loathed, and Fox, as well as his sisters, came to resent their mother for this. Unlike his sisters, however, Fox also came to resent Ethan for their mother's favoritism, and the two men shared an adversarial relationship until the stillbirth of Ethan's daughter, Sarah Winthrop, in 2003. Fox also bore a great deal of anger towards his father, also unlike his sisters, and the two did not improve their relationship until 2006.

Fox, like Fancy and Pretty, was sent away to boarding school at a young age. Fox was popular and excelled at swimming, but he was also a troublemaker, and Julian and Ivy eventually sent him to Europe to attend school. After graduating from boarding school, Fox went on to attend university, but eventually became bored with his studies and dropped out, taking up gambling to keep himself occupied. Fox quickly gambled his trust fund away, however, and, upon seeing a news report regarding Ethan's marriage to Gwen Hotchkiss, he decides to finally return to Harmony.

Return home and infatuation with Whitney, 2002 - 2003
Few, if any, members of Fox's family are happy to have the young man return to Harmony, and they are all even less thrilled when they learn that he has gambled his money away. The only person not irritated by his presence is his new, young stepmother, Theresa, and Fox quickly becomes friends with her, mostly to annoy his family, who despise her. It is through Theresa that Fox meets her best friend, Whitney Russell; Fox, despite his status as a womanizer, falls for the young woman, unaware that his father and her mother were once lovers. In Los Angeles, Fox teams up with Theresa, whose marriage to Julian is revealed to be a practical joke, and agrees to help her separate Ethan and Gwen if she helps him to win his "mystery woman" from her boyfriend. Fox also pays record producer Chad's new singer, Syd Valentine, to seduce Chad and bring an end to Chad's relationship with Whitney.

Things grow complicated when Chad's vengeful wife, LaToya, shoots Whitney for sleeping with Chad. Whitney makes a full recovery, and Fox is thrilled when Whitney leaves Chad for failing to tell her about his previous marriage. Shortly after Fox and Whitney's return to Harmony, however, they are followed by Chad, and after a heart-to-heart with his father, Fox realizes that, if he truly loves Whitney, he must give her up.

Relationship with Theresa, 2003 - 2004
Whitney eventually comes to believe that Theresa is Fox's mystery woman, and, instead of correcting her, Fox goes along with her assumption, willing to settle for a relationship with his good friend if he cannot be with Whitney. The two eventually become lovers, and Fox supports Theresa when she loses custody of her son to Julian and Rebecca, who then allow Ethan and Gwen to adopt the boy. Fox also continues to aid Theresa in her schemes to see her son and regain custody of him, including drugging Ethan and Gwen's surrogate and having herself implanted with their embryo.

Fox and Theresa's relationship eventually ends when Theresa confesses that she has been unfaithful - Fox later learns that she drugged Ethan in an attempt to become pregnant after she believed that she had a miscarriage - and the two part on good terms.

Relationship with Whitney, 2004 - 2005
After breaking up with Theresa, Fox returns to pining for Whitney. Though Whitney shows signs of affection for Fox, she is still engaged to Chad. Their relationship quickly falls apart, however, when Alistair reveals that Chad's biological parents are Julian and Eve Russell, making Chad the half-brother to both Whitney and Fox. Whitney is horrified to learn that she has slept with her own brother, and she turns to Fox in her despair.

Fox and Whitney eventually become a couple, and Fox is thrilled when Whitney tells him that she is expecting his child. Close to Whitney's due date, a mentally unstable Gwen kidnaps Ethan and Theresa's newborn daughter, Jane, and flees the country with her; when Fox sets off to find his sister-in-law and niece, Whitney convinces him to give her his power of attorney in the event that she needs to conduct any business on his behalf. Fox tracks Gwen and Jane, along with his grandmother, Katherine, to Alistair's Crane compound in the North Atlantic, where he, Ethan, and Theresa rescue the three females. When Fox returns home, he learns that Whitney gave birth to his son and is thrilled - until he learns that she used his power of attorney to give the boy up for adoption. Fox tries to reverse the adoption, but the time limit has expired, and Chad adopts the boy, whom he names Miles Davis Harris. Chad refuses to allow Fox to see his son and largely uses Miles as a way to be close to Whitney.

Whitney's decision to give Miles up for adoption destroys her relationship with Fox. Eventually, both Chad and Fox learn the truth - Chad actually fathered Miles, and Whitney tried to pass him off as Fox's son in order to protect him from the stigma of being the product of incest.

Relationship with Kay, 2005 - 2007
While trying to get over Whitney, Fox meets Kay Bennett on the wharf one night. The two bicker, but when a tsunami later hits, the two seek solace together and have sex. Eventually, the two enter into a relationship, and Fox begins to dream of a life with Kay and her young daughter, Maria. After numerous near-misses, Fox finally successfully proposes to Kay, and she happily accepts.

Shortly after they become engaged, Kay's ex and Maria's father, Miguel Lopez-Fitzgerald, returns to Harmony. In order to be close to Maria, Miguel moves into Tabitha's home with Fox and Kay, and when he begins dating Siren, she also moves in. When Kay begins to raise objections to Miguel's relationship with Siren, Fox begins to fear that Kay's opposition stems from jealousy. Eventually, Fox overhears Kay and Miguel making plans to call off her engagement and reunite, and Fox, in a desperate attempt to keep Kay, fakes a terminal illness in order to guilt her into staying with him. Fox's plot works, and he and Kay are married, despite Miguel's accusations that Fox is not really dying, on January 10, 2007.

Despite their nuptials, Kay continues to stand by Miguel's side when he is falsely charged and convicted of deliberately running Fox down with his car. Julian arranges for Miguel to be released from prison on the condition that Kay ends her relationship with Miguel, but Kay is unable to honor her end of the bargain. During a confrontation, Ivy inadvertently reveals that Fox is not really dying, and a furious Kay leaves him for Miguel.

Relationship with Esme and death, 2007
While drowning his sorrows in a bar, Fox comes across his older sister Fancy's best friend, Esme Vanderheusen. Esme has fallen upon hard times — her father cut her off financially, and she has left the legal guardian of her fifteen-year-old niece, Viki - and Fox generously allows Esme and Viki to live at the Crane mansion as long as necessary. Fox and Esme eventually have sex, and the two declare that they have found their soulmate. Their happiness is cut tragically short, however, when Fox is shot in the chest on September 7, 2007, and eventually dies on September 17. Esme is devastated by his death, as are his parents and sisters, and they swear to find the culprit. The audience eventually learns in January 2008 that the sniper, and the murderer of all of Esme's other boyfriends, is none other than Viki, who feared that Fox would send her away to boarding school if he married Esme.

title: Fox Crane