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San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station

The San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) is a permanently closed nuclear power plant located south of San Clemente, California, on the Pacific coast, in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV. The plant was shut down in 2013 after defects were found in replacement steam generators; it is currently in the process of decommissioning. The 2.2 GW of electricity supply lost when the plant shut down was replaced with 1.8 GW of new natural-gas fired power plants and 250 MW of energy storage projects.

The plant is owned by Southern California Edison. Edison International, parent of SCE, holds 78.2% ownership in the plant; San Diego Gas & Electric Company, 20%; and the City of Riverside Utilities Department, 1.8%. When fully functional, it employed over 2,200 people. Located between the ocean and Interstate 5, the station is a prominent landmark because of its twin hemispherical containment buildings, which were designed to contain any fission products in the event of an incident.

The plant's first unit, Unit 1, operated from 1968 to 1992. Unit 2 was started in 1983 and Unit 3 started in 1984. Upgrades designed to last 20 years were made to the reactor units in 2009 and 2010; however, both reactors were shut down in January 2012 after premature wear was found on more than 3,000 tubes in replacement steam generators that had been installed in 2010 and 2011. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission investigated the events that led to the closure. In May 2013, Senator Barbara Boxer, the then-chairman of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, said the modifications had proved to be "unsafe and posed a danger to the eight million people living within 50 miles of the plant," and she called for a criminal investigation.

In June 2013, Southern California Edison announced the permanent retirement of Unit 2 and Unit 3, citing "continuing uncertainty about when or if SONGS might return to service" and noting that ongoing regulatory and "administrative processes and appeals" would likely cause any tentative restart plans to be delayed for "more than a year". The company stated that "Full retirement of the units prior to decommissioning will take some years in accordance with customary practices. Actual decommissioning will take many years until completion." Controversy continues over Edison's plans for on-site dry cask storage of the considerable amount of nuclear waste created during the facility's decades of operation.

Reactors

Unit 1, a first-generation Westinghouse pressurized water reactor that operated for 25 years, closed permanently in 1992; it has been dismantled and is used as a storage site for spent fuel. It had a spherical containment of concrete and steel; the smallest wall was 6 ft thick. It generated 456 MWe gross, and 436 MWe net, when operating at 100% capacity.

Units 2 and 3, Combustion Engineering two-loop pressurized water reactors, generated 1,127 MWe gross, and 1,070 MWe and 1,080 MWe net respectively, when operating at 100% capacity.

In a ten-year project completed in 2011 and costing $671 million, Edison replaced the steam generators in both reactors with Mitsubishi steam generators of the modified design. Because of the reactors' two-loop design, uncommon for such large reactors of that era, the steam generators were among the largest in the industry. A common shortcoming of these large steam generators was tube wear, requiring replacement earlier than their 40-year design life. The steam generators being the largest components in the reactor required a temporary hole through the concrete containment shell. The Unit 2 replacement was completed in 2009 and Unit 3 in 2011. Edison estimated that the modernization would save customers $1 billion during the plant's license period, which at the time ran until 2022.

During its operation until 2012, SONGS provided about 20% of the power to large portions of Southern California.

Site status summary
The San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS), operated by Southern California Edison (SCE) is approximately 100 km (60 mi) south of Los Angeles, 6.5 km (4 mi) south of San Clemente, CA. It is located between I-5 and the Pacific Ocean, within the boundary of the Camp Pendleton military reserve. The site originally comprised three nuclear power plants. Unit 1 commenced operation in 1968, and shut down in 1992. Units 2 and 3 permanently ceased operations in June 2013. Dismantlement of Unit 1 is essentially complete. The turbine building was removed and the licensee completed reactor pressure vessel internal segmentation and cutup; however, the licensee was unable to make arrangements for shipping the reactor pressure vessel to a disposal facility because of the size and weight of the vessel and shipping package. The licensee is making plans to ship the vessel offsite during the decommissioning activities for Units 2 and 3 because the radioactivity has decayed to a level that allows it to be treated as low level waste.

SONGS-1 was a Westinghouse 3-loop pressurized water reactor constructed by Bechtel and rated at 1347 MWthermal. It began commercial operation on January 1, 1968, and ceased operation on November 30, 1992. Defueling was completed on March 6, 1993. On December 28, 1993, NRC approved the Permanently Defueled Technical Specifications. On November 3, 1994, SCE submitted a Proposed Decommissioning Plan to place SONGS-1 in SAFSTOR until the shutdown of Units 2 and 3. On December 15, 1998, following a change in NRC decommissioning regulations, SCE submitted a post shutdown decommissioning activities report (PSDAR) for SONGS-1, to commence DECON in 2000. SCE actively decommissioned the facility, and most of the structures and equipment have been removed and sent to a disposal facility. The NRC issued a license amendment in February 2010 releasing the off-shore portions of the Unit 1 cooling intake and outlet pipes in place, under the Pacific Ocean seabed, for unrestricted use. The fuel from Unit 1 was transferred to Phase 1 of the independent spent fuel storage installation (ISFSI). In 2015, the ISFSI was expanded onto the area previously occupied by Unit 1 in order to store all Unit 2 and Unit 3 spent fuel. SCE completed transferring all of the nuclear fuel to dry storage in 2020.

The Unit 1 Reactor Pressure Vessel was transported via rail and then highway to the Energy Solutions disposal facility in Clive, Utah. The shipment left May 24, 2020 from San Onofre and arrived at the disposal facility on July 14, 2020.

Safety issues
The San Onofre station had technical problems over the years. In July 1982, Time wrote, "The firm Bechtel was ... embarrassed in 1977, when it installed a 420-ton nuclear-reactor vessel backwards" at San Onofre. In 2008, the San Onofre plant received multiple citations over issues such as failed emergency generators, improperly wired batteries and falsified fire safety data. In its annual review of 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) identified improvements but noted that in the area of human performance, "corrective actions to date have not resulted in sustained and measurable improvement".

According to the NRC, workers at San Onofre were "afraid they will be retaliated against if they bring up safety problems, something that's against the rules". As of 2011, according to the NRC, there had been progress on the issue and the problems were not considered a threat to the safety of plant workers or the public. In November 2011, there was an ammonia leak, and as a precaution company employees were evacuated from the leak area, while the units continued normal operation.

A mid-cycle inspection report spanning July 2011 to June 2012 revealed three incidents relating to human performance. An additional issue concerned a failure to develop procedures for a "cyber security analysis of electronic devices" that was later corrected.

In 2012, coolant fluid was found in the oil system of a backup diesel generator, which would have caused the generator to fail if needed. An internal investigation found "evidence of potential tampering", making sabotage by staff a possible cause.

Environmental risk and mitigation
Southern California Edison stated after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 that the station was "built to withstand a 7.0 magnitude earthquake directly under the plant". Additionally, there was a 25-foot wall to protect the plant from a tsunami which could be potentially generated by the active fault 5 miles offshore. The closest tectonic fault line is the Christianitos fault, less than a mile away, which is considered inactive or "dead", but other active faults in the vicinity might pose some threat.

The NRC's estimate of the yearly risk of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at San Onofre was 1 in 58,824, according to a study it had published in August 2010.

In June 2012 S. David Freeman, the former head of the Southern California Public Power Authority and "a longtime anti-nuclear voice", described San Onofre and Diablo Canyon as "disasters waiting to happen: aging, unreliable reactors sitting near earthquake fault zones on the fragile Pacific Coast, with millions of Californians living nearby".

The San Onofre plant used seawater for cooling, like some other seaside facilities in Southern California, lacking the large cooling towers typically associated with nuclear generating stations. Limited available land next to SONGS would likely have required towers to be built on the opposite side of Interstate 5.

More than 4,000 tons of spent nuclear fuel are stored at San Onofre.

Surrounding population
The NRC defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: 1) a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and 2) an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity. The average prevailing westerly wind direction at San Onofre blows inland 9 months of the year.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of San Onofre was 92,687, an increase of 50.0 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 8,460,508, an increase of 14.9 percent since 2000. Three of the cities within 20 miles of the facility are San Clemente and Laguna Beach in Orange County and Oceanside in San Diego County. San Diego is 45 miles south of the facility, and Los Angeles is 60 miles north of the facility.

Anti-nuclear protests, 1977– present
On August 6, 1977, about a thousand anti-nuclear protesters marched outside the nuclear generation station, while units 2 & 3 were under construction.

On June 22, 1980, in the wake of the Three Mile Island accident, about 15,000 people attended a protest rally against the San Onofre nuclear plant that was organized by the Southern California Alliance For Survival. Among the speakers was physicist Michio Kaku, who noted that one of the reactor pressure vessels had been installed backwards and called on California governor Jerry Brown (then considered an environmentalist) to shut them down.

On March 11, 2012, more than 200 activists protested at the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station to mark the one-year anniversary of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Two Japanese residents who lived through the Fukushima meltdowns and congressman Raymond Lutz, spoke. They said the generators which had been offline since January 2012, should remain off. In May 2012, environmental and anti-nuclear activists gathered at Southern California Edison's Irvine headquarters calling for the San Onofre plant to be decommissioned.

Kittens
On January 31, 1996, an adult cat was discovered outside of Unit 1 by an animal control officer. Since it was wet from rain and seemed abnormally listless, the officer kept the cat overnight in a cage in his garage. The officer released the cat near the plant on the next day, having observed that it returned to normal levels of alertness.

On February 1, 1996, four kittens were found at the plant in a small space between two of Unit 1's administration buildings by plant workers. They were discovered outside of the radiologically controlled area but tripped contamination alarms when the workers of the plant attempted to set the kittens free. Health physics personnel responded to the scene and frisked the kittens for radioactive contamination. None of the workers handling the kittens were contaminated, however, the kittens each measured 6000 counts per minute. The kittens were given warm baths with shampoo, which reduced the radioactivity to 1000 counts. The kittens were taken for further screening, where they were found to have been contaminated with Cesium-137, Cesium-134, and Cobalt-60. The radioactive activity within the kittens began sharply decreasing, and the kittens were declared to be in healthy condition.

In trying to find the kittens' mother, the workers learned of the animal control officer's incident the day prior. The officer was frisked for contamination. No contamination was found on the officer, but there were trace amounts of radioactive isotopes on a rag the officer used to dry the mother and on feces excreted within its cage. As the search continued, the remains of the cat were found on Interstate 5. Health physics personnel analyzed the remains, finding identical activity as the kittens. The kittens were adopted by plant workers, having been named Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Neutron.

Initial shutdown
Unit 2 was shut down in early January 2012 for routine refueling and replacement of the reactor vessel head. On January 31, 2012, Unit 3 suffered a radioactive leak largely inside the containment shell, with a release to the environment below allowable limits, and the reactor was shut down per standard procedure. On investigation, the replacement steam generators from 2011 in both units were found to show premature wear on over 3,000 tubes, in 15,000 places. Plant officials pledged not to restart until the causes of the tube leak and tube degradation were understood. Neither unit was ever restarted. There were no blackouts due to the lack of SONGS electricity; more pollution was caused by the use of natural gas plants to make up for the lost power generation, and additional cost led to higher utility bills.

NRC, SCE and public response
In March 2012, the NRC forbade the plant to be reopened until the causes of its equipment problems were thoroughly understood and fixed. At the same time, Irvine Councilman Larry Agran called for the plant to be decommissioned safely and as soon as possible. Concerns included "nuclear waste stored at the plant, health hazards from radioactive material, and inadequate evacuation plans". Resolutions passed in neighboring cities Laguna Beach and San Clemente called for safer and more secure nuclear waste storage. San Clemente voted to request public information about radiation levels near the plant. The spokesman for Edison International said "the company will work to prepare detailed responses to council and community member questions and concerns".

In June 2012 the environmental group Friends of the Earth filed a legal petition with the NRC, asking that any decision to restart SONGS be considered a de facto NRC license amendment which required a public hearing, rather than a decision by the NRC commissioners. Friends of the Earth submitted evidence and sworn statements of John Large of the London-based nuclear consulting engineers Large & Associates, demonstrating that the steam generating tube degradation was a generic fault of the Mitsubishi design and that Edison's power derating of the two nuclear units would not lower the rate of wear or the risk of catastrophic tube failure. SCE and NRC staff filed statements opposing the petition.

In July 2012, the NRC's final report identified ten issues that needed followup and stated "the plant will not be permitted to restart until the licensee has developed a plan to prevent further steam generator tube degradation and the NRC independently verifies that it can be operated safely." , the cost related to the shutdown had reached $165 million, with $117 million of that being the purchasing of power from other sources to replace the output of the plant. The Chairman of Edison International Ted Craver stated the possibility that reactor 3 might be scrapped as "It is not clear at this time whether Unit 3 will be able to restart without extensive additional repairs".

In August 2012, Southern California Edison announced plans to lay off one-third, or 730, of the plants employees; the company said that the downsizing had been planned more than two years before. Rochelle Becker of the Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility said the layoffs showed that the company was not honest about their plans for the power plant.

In September 2012, Allison Macfarlane, the NRC Chairwoman, said that the plant would be down for a prolonged period, and that Unit 3 would be defueled in September 2012 because the unit had been significantly damaged. Due to the shutdown, the NRC ended requirements to monitor non-operating systems.

In October 2012, SCE submitted a "Unit 2 Return to Service Report" about corrective actions, such as plugging worn tubes and preventively plugged additional tubes. It proposed a restart limiting Unit 2 to 70% power, to prevent excessive tube vibration, until an inspection within 150 days of operation. SCE reported that most of the excessive wear had been in limited areas, due to higher speed and drier steam than computer modeling had predicted, and inadequate tube support at the U-bend. Analysis had concluded operating at 70% power would eliminate the conditions that caused excessive wear.

In November 2012, the NRC decided to refer the Friends of the Earth hearing request to the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board. By November 2012, the cost of the outage was over $300 million, and discussion of restarting Unit 2 had been postponed.

In December 2012, the last of the four old steam generators was transported to Clive, Utah for disposal.

In February 2013, the NRC asked the steam generator manufacturer Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to provide a redacted version of a report on the plant's steam generators for publication. The report described the changes made in the replacement steam generator including the removal of a support cylinder, changes to the tube support plates and anti-vibration bars, and addition of about 400 tubes.

In December 2013, the NRC cited SONGS for failing to properly check the steam generator design, which had caused the plant shutdown. The finding did not carry any fine or penalty but complicated SCE's legal position that they did nothing wrong. The California Public Utilities Commission was considering whether to order a multimillion-dollar refund to SCE customers.

Atomic Safety and Licensing Board ruling, May 2013
On May 13, 2013, the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board issued its decision on the Friends of the Earth hearing request filed in June 2012. It determined the current NRC process on this issue constituted a de facto license amendment requiring an adjudicatory public hearing, for three independent reasons:
 * 1) the SCE proposal to limit unit 2 to 70% power is inconsistent with the license, so constitutes an amendment;
 * 2) unit 2 cannot safely operate within the full license scope, so the license needs to be amended;
 * 3) restarting the plant with the steam generator tubes in the current degraded state is outside historical experience, and the proposal to operate them at 70% power for a limited duration before reinspection constituted the regulatory definition of "tests or experiments", requiring a license amendment.

In May 2013, Senator Barbara Boxer asked that the United States Justice Department investigate possible malfeasance by Edison officials, and released a 2004 letter by an Edison executive that expressed worries that the new steam generators, though similar, would not be "like for like" replacements and could lead to the same kind of potential "disastrous" issues that in fact led to the plant's shutdown in 2012. In making the request for a possible criminal investigation, Boxer stated "This correspondence leads me to believe that Edison intentionally misled the public and regulators in order to avoid a full safety review and public hearing in connection with its redesign of the plant." Edison denied any wrongdoing. but reportedly signaled it might shut the plant down for good should the company not be allowed to restart one of the reactors at 70% of capacity.

Plant closure, June 2013
On June 7, 2013, Southern California Edison announced it would "permanently retire" Unit 2 and Unit 3, ending their attempt to restart the plant at a reduced capacity. The utility said it would cut the SONGS workforce from about 1,500 to some 400 employees, with most reductions "expected to occur in 2013". The company also said it would "pursue recovery of damages from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the supplier of the replacement steam generators", although the contract limited liability to $138 million and excluded consequential damages. The chief executive of Edison International explained that the current licenses expire in 2022, and with post-Fukushima requirements, which include re-evaluating earthquake vulnerability, it was uncertain renewal would be economic, so it made little sense making costly and politically difficult repairs now that would not make a return on investment before 2022.

California Senator Dianne Feinstein signaled approval of the decision to permanently close the plant, stating "I firmly believe this is the right thing to do for the more than 7 million Californians who live within 50 miles of San Onofre." However, Representative Darrell Issa, whose voting district includes the nuclear station, was more downbeat, saying "our communities now face the loss of employment for more than a thousand highly skilled workers and an essential local source of low-cost, clean energy." Issa also pledged to work to improve the prospects for nuclear power nationwide. In contrast, Sierra Club Director Kathryn Phillips applauded the move, saying in a statement that "We hope, especially, that the utilities will take this opportunity to help get more locally generated renewable energy, such as rooftop solar, into their portfolios."

In 2015, State Attorney General Kamala Harris opened an investigation of the Office of Ratepayer Advocates, San Diego Gas and Electric, and Southern California Edison. California state investigators searched the home of California utility regulator Michael Peevey and found hand written notes, which showed that Peevey had met with an Edison executive in Poland, where the two had negotiated the terms of the San Onofre settlement leaving San Diego taxpayers with a $3.3 billion bill to pay for the closure of the plant. The investigation was closed amidst Harris' 2016 run for the US Senate position, which opened when Barbara Boxer retired.

Environmental impact
Total greenhouse gas emissions from power plants in California increased by 35% from 2011 to 2012, according to figures from the California Air Resources Board, which per the World Nuclear News is partly due to the early closure of San Onofre.

Decommissioning, 2014–present
Decommissioning San Onofre will take numerous years until the process is complete. In February 2014 SCE announced that it would be auctioning off non-radioactive equipment from the former nuclear plant March 2015. In August 2014, SCE announced decommissioning would take 20 years, cost $4.4 billion and spent fuel would be held on-site in dry casks indefinitely, while Low Level Radioactive Waste would be disposed in Texas and Utah. On December 20, 2016, SCE announced it had selected a joint venture of AECOM and EnergySolutions as decommissioning general contractor for SONGS.

Nuclear waste issue
Since the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository plan was terminated in 2008, nuclear waste will have to be stored on site in San Onofre until Congress finds another location for a nuclear waste repository.

SONG's nuclear waste is in steel-lined concrete pools known as wet storage. According to the NRC, nuclear waste must sit in these pools for about 5 years in order to cool. It then must be transferred into a more permanent, dry storage, consisting of 80 underground steel lined concrete monoliths.

SCE decided on Holtec International to design the dry storage canisters. The canisters will be 5/8 in thick compared to the 1/2 in thickness used for most other canisters in the US. These steel-lined concrete monoliths right next to the Pacific Ocean exceed California's earthquake requirements and Edison says they are designed to withstand fire and tsunamis.

The canisters are prone to cracking mainly because of chloride-induced stress corrosion from being close to the ocean. The canisters cannot be inspected for cracks. Kris Singh, president and CEO of Holtec, says that they are working on developing inspection methods, but that even if cracks could be detected, there is no way to repair them.

As an added safety measure, Holtec is providing an extra canister on site. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) will be using new technologies in order to detect and protect these canisters from cracking. EPRI believes the best method for chloride-induced stress-corrosion cracking is to apply proactive practices, which include using standard methods to classify the corrosivity of the site environment, monitoring the site-specific absolute humidity, and planning for visual inspection of the canister surface in a timeframe based on the results.

In April 2017 Southern California Edison agreed to move spent nuclear fuel off the site, following legal action by San Diego environmental group Citizens Oversight.

In July 2020, the California Coastal Commission approved an inspection and maintenance program that will allow Southern California Edison to continue to store spent nuclear fuel in a storage site at San Onofre.

Financial settlement
In July 2013 SCE started a 90-day dispute resolution process with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The dispute resolution was unsuccessful, so a binding arbitration process run by the International Chamber of Commerce commenced in October 2013. SCE claimed $7.57 billion (930 billion yen), but MHI argues that compensation is limited to $137 million by their contract.

In October 2015 the owners reached a $400 million settlement with their insurers for outages caused by the failure. SCE received $312.8 million, SDG&E $80 million, and the city of Riverside $7.16 million. The arbitration claim against MHI continued to be pursued through the International Chamber of Commerce.

In March 2017 the International Chamber of Commerce ordered MHI to pay $125 million compensation, the liability limit contained in the contract. The tribunal rejected claims of fraud and gross negligence against Mitsubishi, and ordered the claimants to pay MHI $58 million in legal fees and costs.

In popular culture
The San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station is shown in the 1987 film Made in U.S.A. directed by Ken Friedman and starring Adrian Pasdar, Chris Penn and Lori Singer. SONGS was also featured in Godfrey Reggio's 1982 experimental film Koyaanisqatsi, where sunbathers are shown on San Onofre State Beach in front of the station. Passing reference is made to the design of the containment shields (which resemble breasts) in the lyrics of the Descendents song "Kids" from their 1986 album Enjoy!, and in the cult comedy The Naked Gun (1988).

The nuclear generating station was also used as a backdrop for the nondescript Californian nuclear reactor in the film Cloud Atlas (2012).

Unit 1 was shown in a season 2 episode of Batman in 1967, "The Mad Hatter Runs Afoul".

It is also shown in the 2017 series Animal Kingdom as the backdrop to several surf scenes.

title: San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station


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Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)

Eighth Avenue is a major north–south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. It is one of the original avenues of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 to run the length of Manhattan, though today the name changes twice: At 59th Street/Columbus Circle, it becomes Central Park West, where it forms the western boundary of Central Park, and north of 110th Street/Frederick Douglass Circle, it is known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard before merging onto Harlem River Drive north of 155th Street.

Description
Eighth Avenue begins in the West Village neighborhood at Abingdon Square (where Hudson Street becomes Eighth Avenue at an intersection with Bleecker Street) and runs north for 44 blocks through Chelsea, the Garment District, Hell's Kitchen's east end, Midtown and the Broadway theater district in the eponymous neighborhood, before it finally enters Columbus Circle at 59th Street and becomes Central Park West. North of Frederick Douglass Circle, it resumes its Eighth Avenue designation, but is also known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard. The avenue ends north of 155th Street, and merges into the Harlem River Drive.

The New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line, serving the in Lower Manhattan and the  in the Upper West Side, runs under Eighth Avenue.

MTA Regional Bus Operations primarily operates two bus routes on the avenue. The northbound serves Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle, while the  serves the length of Eighth Avenue north of 59th Street in its entirety.

Southernmost section
The southernmost section is known solely as Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle. This portion of Eighth Avenue has carried traffic one-way northbound since June 6, 1954.

Since the 1990s, the stretch of Eighth Avenue that runs through Greenwich Village and its adjacent Chelsea neighborhood has been a center of the city's gay community, with bars and restaurants catering to gay men. New York City's annual gay pride parade takes place along the Greenwich Village section of Eighth Avenue. Also, along with Times Square, the portion of Eighth Avenue from 42nd Street to 50th Street was an informal red-light district in the late 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s before it was controversially renovated into a more family friendly environment under the first mayoral administration of Rudolph Giuliani.

Central Park West
North of Columbus Circle, the roadway becomes Central Park West (abbreviated to CPW). Unlike many Manhattan avenues, CPW has traffic running in two directions, and its address numbering system is different from that of the rest of Eighth Avenue. As its name indicates, CPW forms the western edge of Central Park. It also forms the eastern boundary of the Upper West Side. It runs 51 blocks from Columbus Circle (at 59th Street, or Central Park South) to Frederick Douglass Circle (at 110th Street, or Cathedral Parkway). The gates into Central Park along its western edge are: Merchants Gate at 59th Street, Women's Gate at 72nd, Naturalists Gate at 77th, Hunters Gate at 81st, Mariners Gate at 85th, Gate of All Saints at 96th, Boys Gate at 100th, and Strangers Gate at 106th. Central Park West's expensive housing rivals that of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side.

Several notable residences on Central Park West include:
 * The Dakota, where John Lennon lived with current resident Yoko Ono, and outside of which he was murdered in 1980
 * The San Remo, home to Demi Moore, Diane Keaton, Steve Martin, and U2's Bono
 * The El Dorado
 * The Beresford, home to Jerry Seinfeld and Diana Ross
 * The Langham
 * The Century
 * 15 Central Park West, home to Sting, Alex Rodriguez and Ekaterina Rybolovleva
 * 41 Central Park West, home to Madonna
 * 455 Central Park West
 * The St. Urban
 * The Majestic, home to some of the former heads of the Genovese crime family, including Meyer Lansky, Lucky Luciano and Frank Costello. In 1957, Vincent "The Chin" Gigante shot Frank Costello in the lobby of The Majestic in a failed assassination attempt

According to The New York Times's architecture critic Paul Goldberger, the street's buildings, both the new ones like 15 Central Park West and the old ones such as The Century, "fit together the same way the ones in that hypothetical Main Street do, and for the same reason. For more than a hundred years, their architects honor the unspoken agreement to work together, to line their buildings up with each other and to work in a consistent scale with materials that are compatible."

Most of these housing cooperatives were built around 1930, replacing late-19th century hotels with the same names. Some, including The Century, The San Remo, The Majestic, and The El Dorado, are twin towers. Other landmarks and institutions along its length include the New-York Historical Society and the American Museum of Natural History. The area from 61st to 97th Streets is included in the Central Park West Historic District.

The building located at 55 Central Park West is the infamous "Spook Central" from the movie Ghostbusters. The famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located off Central Park West, at 66th Street, within the grounds of Central Park.

In 1899, while exiting a streetcar, Henry Bliss was run over by a taxi at CPW and West 74th Street, becoming the first person to be run down and killed by a motor car in the Americas.

Frederick Douglass Boulevard
North of Frederick Douglass Circle at 110th Street in Harlem, it is Frederick Douglass Boulevard, though sometimes still unofficially referred to as Eighth Avenue. Frederick Douglass Boulevard eventually terminates near the Harlem River at the Harlem River Drive around West 159th Street. While Central Park West has its own address system, address numbers on Frederick Douglass Boulevard continue as if Central Park West had used Eighth Avenue's numbering system.

The corridor along Frederick Douglass Boulevard was rezoned in 2003, allowing for larger residential buildings of greater density, and resulting in the construction of condominiums, rental buildings, restaurants, and cafes. Formerly described as having urban blight, it is now gentrified, especially in the restaurants along its route, giving it the nickname "Restaurant Row". This gentrification is partly due to massive city investment. According to The New York Times the demographic too has changed:

"A 2007–2011 census survey estimated that 61 percent of the 57,897 people living along and around Eighth were black, down from 74 percent in 2000. The share of whites jumped to 12.4 percent from 2.3 percent. Median household income rose 28 percent, to $34,694."

Points of interest

 * The Fashion Institute of Technology (at 26th/27th Streets)
 * Madison Square Garden and Penn Station (between 31st and 33rd Streets)
 * James Farley Post Office
 * The New York Times Building at 40th Street
 * The Port Authority Bus Terminal (between 40th and 42nd Streets)
 * One Worldwide Plaza
 * Hearst Tower
 * Soros Foundation and Open Society Institute headquarters on West 59th Street
 * 111 Eighth Avenue, the Art Deco former Inland Freight Terminal of the Port Authority, is the eighth-largest commercial structure in Manhattan, hosting the East Coast headquarters of Google.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)


text: User talk:Privong

title: User talk:Privong


text:
User talk:Rakeif

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 18:36, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Rakeif


text:
Talk:Kevin Eldon

Sister
This page discusses one of Kevin Eldon's television appearances, as the recurring character of the 'unusual priest' in episode six, series two of The Morning with Richard Not Judy. The page is written by Richard Herring, one of the people who wrote and starred in TMWRNJ. It contains the text "Kev used some real people's names in his list of those who had let him down, but they weren't people who'd genuinely let him down. One was his sister". In the sketch itself, Kevin only mentions one female name, "Nicola Robinson". This is presumably the name of his sister, if what Richard Herring writes is accurate. I can't really put this in the article, because it's original research; however, I can add it to my private Kevin Eldon scrap-book. I have tried to get in contact with the 2,180 "Nicola Robinsons" who appear on Google, but my ISP has threatened to disconnect me, and the police might become involved, so I will desist.-Ashley Pomeroy 18:37, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Buddhist?
I heard on the "making of" extras on Hot Fuzz that Kevin is a practising Buddhist (as Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright had been speaking to him about this with the intention of making Nicholas Angel a Buddhist). Does anyone have any further information regarding thsi, i.e what form/school of Buddhism he practices? Раскольников/Raskolnikov 12:38, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

here we go http://www.notbbc.co.uk/features/15/kevin_eldon_interview.html he is a a Soka Gakkai Buddhist "The Soka Gakkai is a lay Buddhist organisation which is basically up for promoting peace culture and education. I've been practicing Buddhism for 16 years and find it excellent for keeping what's important to the fore: i.e. war and violence causes war and violence and we are, every single one of us, in essence wonderful and powerful. We chant the title of the lotus sutra: nam-myoho-renge-kyo." I have little knowledge on this 'wiki' pedia so i'll leave you with this information in the hope it will be of some use :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.144.199.131 (talk) 22:06, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * In the same interview, Eldon says he would be a "killer of cats" if he were not a comedian. Eldon is clearly taking the p*ss during this interview and his responses cannot be trusted. I'm removing the claim from the page. Andrew Oakley (talk) 14:45, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

I found this quite interesting as my Japanese family and friends regard Soka Gakkai as a cult! It seems to be (SEEMS TO BE, not IS) similarly regarded in Japan as Scientology is in the Anglosphere, i.e. they recruit celebrities (e.g Japan's biggest popstar Ayumi Hamasaki) and have been accused of being a cult in the UK House of Commons. I don't have any interest in religion one way or the other, but I do like Kevin Eldon, so thought it was interesting. Soka Gakkai is more commonly known in English as SGI; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dka_Gakkai_International and note there is a lot of "controversy"! 80.4.202.8 (talk) 20:31, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Twix Advert as Norm
On the Richard Herring blog, Richard alleges that Kevin Eldon appeared in an advert for Twix chocolate bars: http://www.richardherring.com/warmingup/warmingup.php?id=2264 - I will leave it up to my fellows to see if this merits inclusion. --Salimfadhley (talk) 01:16, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I think even his most humourless readers can tell that this is a joke. --McGeddon (talk) 16:15, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * (For what it's worth, a bit of Google-fu turns up Stephen Taylor Woodrow as the Norm actor.) --McGeddon (talk) 14:31, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Virginia Doesn't
In the late seventies, Kevin was in a band called Virginia Doesn't. No albums that I'm aware of, but they did have a John Peel Session in October of 1979. Note that Kevin was going under the name of Kev Robinson at this point. Back in 1995, the session was rediscovered by Lee and Herring, who surprised Kevin by playing one of the tracks on their show. I'd like to add something about Kevin's early musical career (since the article has very little about him pre-1990), but what I've just typed here is the sum total of my knowledge of it. Can anybody flesh out the details? Dooky (talk) 12:11, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Can flesh out some details. Kev was indeed Kev Robinson at this stage. Eldon was his mother's maiden name adopted later to avoid an "equity clash". Virginia Doesnt were active in Gosport during 1977-78, playing several gigs in the area. Kev was lead vocalist and a great John Lennon fan - which synthesised with punk influences formed the core of their early repertoire - although later they wrote more and more of their own material which featured in the Peel sessions. Other members of the band from 77-78 era were Steve Dooley (dr) and Rich Brickwood (bs) - I cannot verify if they were on the Peel Sessions. I do know that Kev has intermittently continued his musical career in parallel with his acting - and has done a number of summer gigs in bars and small outdoor venues, incognito in Cornwall during the early 00's. MARKE405 (talk) 17:59, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Wasn't he also in The Time UK in the early 80s? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.237.91.245 (talk) 12:31, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

Radio
Missing from this page is Eldon's large contribution to Elvenquest (now in its third series). Someone should add that. On a related note, didn't he also play John Cleese recently on TV? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.22.34.73 (talk) 13:25, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Year of birth potentially incorrect
I'm listening to Poetry Puh-lease on Radio 4 Extra, which is made up of various programmes of different lengths all presided over by Kevin Eldon. While introducing an episode of Hancock's Half Hour, Eldon stated that it was from 1959, which was the year of his birth, then added, "Not 1960, Wikipedia!" I don't know if the horse's mouth is a good enough source on its own to edit the article, however, so maybe somebody could scrounge up his birth certificate. 149.254.181.247 (talk) 10:23, 24 January 2015 (UTC)Sheogorath.

Hyperdrive
Although there is an included reference to the BBC Comedy Hyperdrive, there is no mention in the text of his starring role in the programme. Is this just an oversight? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.36.4.10 (talk) 20:08, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

"Joined" Game of Thrones or "Appeared on" Game of Thrones
Think we're getting a little ahead of ourselves here. - Richfife (talk) 21:09, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kevin Eldon


text:
Talk:Patriot Bible University

Diploma mill
I don't see a listing of Patriot Bible University as a non-diploma mill on the Colorado site linked on this page. In fact, under the guidelines given, they seem to fit much of the descriptionj ("Can degrees be purchased? Is there a claim of accreditation from a questionable accrediting organization? Is little, if any, attendance required of students? Are few assignments required for students to earn credits? Is a very short period of time required to earn a degree? Are there few requirements for graduation? Alternatively, is the fee so low that it does not appear to be related to the cost of providing legitimate education? Does the operation fail to provide a list of its faculty and their qualifications?") --Fastfission 18:37, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, it was in the previous link. I'm re-arranging them a bit. --Fastfission 18:43, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Technical issues
Most of this discussion is about content so thought i'd create a technical discussion section.

Deadlink - i've tagged citation 2 as a deadlink. i wasnt able to/didnt know how to go into the actual footnote to make the tag more specific so ill explain- the footnote for citation 3 has 3 wikipedia links in it (they all work) plus one external link to "archive copy" (presumably of the work "name it and frame it') - that link doesnt work/is inaccessible. --Brunk500 (talk) 00:10, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

FTC diploma mill list
added in that Patriot isn't on the 2006 FTC diploma mill list. Is this worth noting they aren't on a list? Seems unwiki worthy. Arbusto 01:28, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Does it really matter if an institution offering diplomas is accredited or not? I attended state-run colleges in California and Nebraska, receiving a total of three separate degrees, and I declare that those official accredited pieces of paper are useless, that I could have learned as much or more via my own efforts. Obbop told yah' this.68.13.191.153 02:06, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it does matter. I can set up a home page and sell books then offer degrees, but that does not make it a school. Your personal claims are meaningless. PatriotBible 00:13, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to agree that whether or not an institution is accredited is a noteworthy fact for a university. 66.75.8.138 02:41, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Dr. Lonnie Skinner
Can anyone give specifics on Skinner's educational background. He uses the title Dr., but does not say in what or from where. The whole page webpage neglects to mention where anyone received their degrees from. PatriotBible 00:13, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Patriot doesn't list any credentials of any staff or instructors. They also doesn't make graduate work available. May56candoit (talk) 22:24, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

Unbalanced
Most of the article is critical. If there is a large belief that this institution is a diploma mill, then sources need to be provided to show the number of adherents to this claim, otherwise it is representing a minority, and is unbalanced. Sfacets 12:09, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it is well enough documented. In the current article. Granting a doctorate with the dubious circumstances should simply not happen in any respectable institution (not to mention being accredited by an accreditation mill). This is important information, so the parts of the article discussing this needs to be there for the article to be complete, and so their presence does not make the article unbalanced. If you are concerned that that discussion takes up too a too big percentage of the article then you are welcome to add a section describing their facilities or whatever... Thue | talk 10:34, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

This article is actually incorrect, and most people probably know it...
As much as I dislike Kent Hovind, Patriot University IS authorised under the "Degree Authorisation Act" (Article 2, Title 23, C.R.S)

http://www.state.co.us/cche/authlist.pdf

Yoda921 15:02, 20 June 2007 (UTC)Yoda

 * How so? C56C 20:54, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Wikileaks
Obviously we can't host the Hovind "dissertation", but can we link to the Wikileaks page that offers links for download, (link removed)? Throwaway85 (talk) 23:07, 9 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Alas, no. See WP:ELNEVER and the discussion on Talk:Kent_Hovind. North5 (talk) 14:56, 10 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'm just looking into this and I can't see any claim of copyright, by PBU or Hovind. I know it's his IP but dissertations are generally created under an open license, free to distribute. It seems he would have had to make special mention if that was not his intent.  PBU's refusal to release the documents hasn't, as far as I can tell, been on copyright grounds, but rather on not having permission from Hovind.  Does he says anywhere that the work is not licensed for reproduction?  Otherwise, its status as a "dissertation" would mean it was under an open license. Throwaway85 (talk) 20:57, 10 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Veering OT, this rather eloquently illustrates the controversy surrounding the supposed "dissertation". :) More relevantly, whoever does actually have permission to reproduce the text, I'm willing to bet my odd socks that it's not Wikileaks.North5 (talk) 14:56, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll ask one of the law prfos about it when I get to school. Throwaway85 (talk) 18:41, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * This whole idea about keeping a dissertation "secret" is ridiculous. A dissertation is supposed to push back the frontiers of academic knowledge. If it is kept "secret" then that can't be done. This is no more a dissertation than would be doodles that were written on a piece of toilet paper and then flushed away. Has there ever been a real dissertation that was secret? When this question was asked of John Bear, his response was, "Yes, in the late 1930's a dissertation was done in Germany debunking the "super race" idea. It was kept secret because they thought the student would be in mortal danger if it were not kept secret." TallMagic (talk) 19:08, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * That then raises the question of whether we are allowed to link to it. If it is a private writing, then we must obtain permission.  If it is a dissertation, then we don't.  Yes, he got a PhD from it, but not from a recognized school.  Does it count? Throwaway85 (talk) 19:49, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I would assume that Kent Hovind's doodles and personal ramblings are private if he wants to keep them private. Michigan has Patriot on it's list. There is probably legal restrictions on the use of PBU degrees in other jurisdictions as well. The bottom line though, what his PBU PhD counts for is a personal opinion that each individual is entitled to make. My personal opinion is that it doesn't make him a doctor, instead it makes him an academic fraud. TallMagic (talk) 21:47, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * If he calls it a dissertation, however, does that not imply that it is intended to conform to the academic norms regarding such documents? Whether it is a good dissertation is another question, but by calling it a dissertation does he not open it to academic license? Throwaway85 (talk) 21:56, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * From the legal copyright perspective, a dissertation has no special significance. In all accredited schools that I know of, the dissertation copyright is owned by the school. Although I think that some schools may share the copyright with the author. For example, there are a few schools that list their dissertations with UMI but do not allow UMI to send out copies. Instead to get a copy the requester must request it from the school library directly. If I have a copy of a dissertation that I got from UMI or the school library, I cannot legally give a copy to you, at least not without getting permission from the copyright owner. TallMagic (talk) 23:24, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * It is not public material, it is even listed as a copyrighted work by wikileaks, and adding it is in violation of WP:ELNEVER and WP:LINKVIO. KillerChihuahua ?!?Advice 04:29, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Throwaway85 (talk) 04:55, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * OTOH, if the existence of the dissertation on Wikileaks is reported in a reliable source we can mention it without linking to it. However a quick search doesn't turn up any such.   Will Beback    talk    05:37, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * That's likely to happen. Hell, a quick email to HuffPo and I'm sure they'd pick up on it... Throwaway85 (talk) 07:28, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, as a point of order, I can't see anywhere on wikileaks where it says it's a copyrighted document. Care to point me in the right direction? Throwaway85 (talk) 07:44, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * In the U.S., almost every document is automatically copyrighted, even without any notice or action by the author or publisher. The only major exemption are documents produced by the federal government. See WP:COPYRIGHT for an intro.    Will Beback    talk    07:53, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Does US copyright law preclude fair use, such as criticism or satire? I know WP policy probably does, so it's more an academic question than anything. Throwaway85 (talk) 07:58, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * By definition, fair use is not copyright infringement. It is fair use. If it was copyright infringement then it wouldn't be fair use. Regards, TallMagic (talk) 11:23, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

← Wrong venue, folks. We're not a newspaper or campaigning journal. You need to get this published in a reliable independent source and come back with the citation - that's our policy and it would apply just as firmly if the document proved to be a work of impeccable scholarship. Guy (Help!) 16:15, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Throwaway85, all documents are copyright unless explicitly released into the public domain either by the rights owner or because the copyright has expired. The policy here is to avoid linking to material unless we know it is clean, because of Intellectual Reserve v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry (see WP:C).  So even if we had a reliable independent source that said this actually is Hovind's thesis - which we don't - we would not be able to link to it on Wikileaks because Wikileaks makes it perfectly plain that it does not care about copyright. We also can't use Hovind's thesis as a source for our own judgments on its merit. Guy (Help!) 11:45, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * At least not in the article, :-) TallMagic (talk) 17:14, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The article on that case specifically mentions that the defendants did not attempt to claim fair use. I can't see why they wouldn't as criticism is quite clearly FU.  Anyways, thanks for the read.  It was enlightening.  I wonder, then, why wikileaks doesn't get sued. Throwaway85 (talk) 18:15, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * As most legal issues seem to be, I think that it's complicated. I suspect that the main obstacle to a lawsuit in this case would be showing damage. If I made a copy of a new block buster movie about to be released and showed it on TV without permission, it would be an easy arguement that my actions hurt expected movie ticket sales and even subsequent expected DVD sales. In this Hovind dissertation case trying to show damages would be difficult. The main damage would probably be negative publicity. Having a court case (especially with the plaintiff in jail) on this would just cause even more negative publicity and what financial damage could be proven? TallMagic (talk) 18:29, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Well the negative publicity itself could be considered damage, although I can't see them arguing that his reputation was harmed by how shitty a writer he is. In the above case, mormon documents were hosted on an anti-mormon website.  If those documents painted mormons in a bad light, I can't see how you wouldn't claim it was fair use on the grounds of criticism.  I guess fair use only covers excerpts, not the entire document. Throwaway85 (talk) 19:05, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Even without the copyright issue, drawing any conclusions in the article based on the dissertation would be a violation of wp:NOR. Even trying to extract any statements for repetition in the article would require extreme caution since primary sources require caution. TallMagic (talk) 21:18, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
 * How about a review of the "dissertation" made by a person in some other country than US as then US copyright laws do not apply for such a case. Linking to a such article is not illegal and if for some reason the wikileak-link to the dissertation could be found on that same article, it is once again illegal by any of the local legistlation for the country where the article is hosted. Interesting how debunking a fraud can be made impossible by the legistlation... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.233.204.173 (talk) 09:10, 14 December 2009 (UTC)
 * That's not how it works. We can't link to any source that contains copyrighted material. although oddly enough the wikileaks article links there.  Not sure how that works. Throwaway85 (talk) 09:15, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Patriot issues a statement on Hovind's dissertation

 * Patriot Bible University, which issued Hovind's degree, states:

With the unveiling of Wikipedia’s new site “Wikileaks”, which seeks the “Latest Leaks and Censored Media”, has come the “never-before-revealed” Kent Hovind dissertation from Patriot Bible University. But is this the real thing? ... 1. Patriot does not retain ownership to student thesis’ or dissertations, as is commonly practiced by many schools. Instead, Patriot grants each student full control over the circulation of his/her work. Therefore, Patriot cannot release student work to the public. Patriot issues Bible degrees for the purpose of equipping students for ministry; Patriot is not a research institution. 2. Hovind’s dissertation was part of a graduate “project”. Thus, the paper being posted online was only a portion of Hovind’s initial research notes for his dissertation requirements. It is obviously not a finished product.

 * In contrast, PZ Myers wrote on his blog:

Yes, it's actually his thesis. I've also seen the copy that NCSE has in their offices.

Thus, Patriot says they can't show anyone Hovind's work, but denies the leak is Hovind's final product. Myers, who has seen what Patriot gave to Karen Bartelt for her review, says it is the final dissertation. I don't think there is any reason to exclude a mention of this controversy.

(Just so readers are not confused with Patriot's false claim, Wikileaks has nothing to do with wikipedia. They are two separate organizations.) DD89crid (talk) 05:19, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * PZ Myers just posted a response to Patriot's claims about the dissertation. DD89crid (talk) 17:57, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Mention of Patriot's response has been added. May56candoit (talk) 22:25, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

Not a Diploma mill
While amusing to read, if you read Hovind's dissertation, it is quite lengthy, over one hundred pages. Thus, as Patriot Bible University requires a significant amount of work to obtain a credential, one must conclude that it is most certainly NOT a diploma mill. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.185.93.152 (talk) 08:31, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Did you read the dissertation? Had I ever turned in something like that in school, I would have gotten a big fat F, even when I was in the 5th grade.  The complete lack of research/citations, the spelling and grammar errors, and the complete failure to use 3rd person perspective as is proper when writing any formal paper, even a one page essay all makes it perfectly obvious that it was not a significant amount of work.  I could have churned out something comparable in 1 or 2 days and even a mediocre dissertation should take multiple months.  It can hardly be called work at all, but is more like a bloated blog post.  Length does not impress.  This makes it very obviously a diploma mill - at least when Hovind was there.Farsight001 (talk) 10:00, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * 100 pages or 1,000 pages of junk, is junk not a dissertation. (Some of the pages are repeated so its under 100 pages.) If Hovind or anyone ever passed a class, much less received a degree, from handing such a work, then it is a diploma mill. A high schooler can do better and is expected to do better ("My name is Kent Hovind.").
 * A real school makes a dissertation publicly available to ANYONE in its LIBRARY. That is the point of a dissertation! But alas, Patriot doesn't keep those records, and the double-wide in the picture doesn't appear to have a library. Also what earned degrees and from what schools do the people who grade work and hand out degrees at Patriot have? Unlike every other accredited school, Patriot doesn't list that. Strange? On the other hand, they allow "students" to earn degrees in months, as long as they pay.
 * Just a question for the person above. If length makes a dissertation, would a coloring book of over 100 pages be acceptable for Patriot to award a degree? Or does content matter for a Patriot degree? If content does matter, then why was Hovind given a degree? May56candoit (talk) 03:57, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

American Accrediting Association of Theological Institutions citation
View the archive.org version and the current link. The current links redirects to a new page that omits mention of American Accrediting Association of Theological Institutions (AAATI). The archive.org says Patriot is AAATI approved.

Also if you notice the redirect link says it was last updated on "23 May 2006." But the archive.org link from 2007 shows many differences. I'm not sure if this is just another mistake on Patriot's website or if its on purpose. Nonetheless, the archive.org link supports the claim, but the current link (that redirects to a new page) doesn't. May56candoit (talk) 16:12, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Mark Disbrow, Dean of Students
I was trying to find out about the credentials of the people running this place and found the following:

According to Patriot Bible University, there are four people involved in Patriot. This includes Dr. Mark S Disbrow, who is listed as the Dean of Students. His resume is online and lists his education as:

 * Bachelor of Arts in Pastoral Studies, Patriot Bible University, Del Norte, CO. 2007
 * Master of Arts in Christian Education, Patriot Bible University, Del Norte, CO. June 2009
 * Doctor of Ministry Pastoral Studies, Patriot Bible University, Del Norte, CO. June 2011

According to Patriot Bible University, Dr. Lonnie Skinner is another significant figure at Patriot. There is no information about where his doctorate is awarded, but Lonnie Skinner wrote "... was Executive Vice-President of Baptist Christian College in Shreveport, Louisiana when I was a student there."

Also according to Patriot's magazine in 2004, "Dr. Lonnie Skinner has announced his early retirement (at age 56) as pastor of College Heights Baptist Church, where he and his wife Toni have served for the past nine years. As Patriot University has continued to grow God has shown us that the time has come to focus all of our efforts in reaching and teaching others through this higher education ministry." — Preceding unsigned comment added by SalHamton (talk • contribs) 22:42, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

Lonnie Skinner's connection to PrePaid Legal
I noticed the link www.prepaidlegal.com/go/lonnieskinner in numerous Patriot Bible University's newsletters, including these issues:

 * http://www.patriotuniversity.com/PatriotsProgress/Mag%202001-05.pdf
 * http://www.patriotuniversity.com/PatriotsProgress/Mag%202000-12-01.pdf
 * http://www.patriotuniversity.com/PatriotsProgress/Mag%202001-04.pdf
 * http://www.patriotuniversity.com/PatriotsProgress/Mag%202002-09-10.pdf

Does anyone know about Lonnie Skinner's connection to PrePaid Legal? Why is there this advertising in Patriot's publications? — Preceding unsigned comment added by SalHamton (talk • contribs) 16:41, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Patriot Bible University


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hans Van Kolvenbach

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 12:58, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

Hans Van Kolvenbach
A looong magazine article, not an encyclopedia article. I don't know if the claims regarding copyright and use in the beginning are valid and make this a non-copyvio, but it seems doubtful that it would be compatible with GFDL in any case. - Uppland 18:38, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: not an encyclopedia article; probably incompatible license. --Carnildo 20:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is not encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, copyvio, despite the disclaimer. Also not encyclopedic as it exists.  RickK 21:54, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, if the statement at the top of the article is correct, it's not a copyvio to post it here -- but little things like creating derivative works, ie. editing, aren't allowed, so it's an incompatible license. In any case, I have my doubts about anything from a website that claims to offer Truth with a capital "T". --Carnildo 03:13, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for all reasons above. -- Trypa   Party  03:59, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Heirloom plant

An heirloom plant, heirloom variety, heritage fruit (Australia and New Zealand), or heirloom vegetable (especially in Ireland and the UK) is an old cultivar of a plant used for food that is grown and maintained by gardeners and farmers, particularly in isolated communities of the Western world. These were commonly grown during earlier periods in human history, but are not used in modern large-scale agriculture.

In some parts of the world, it is illegal to sell seeds of cultivars that are not listed as approved for sale. The Henry Doubleday Research Association, now known as Garden Organic, responded to this legislation by setting up the Heritage Seed Library to preserve seeds of as many of the older cultivars as possible. However, seed banks alone have not been able to provide sufficient insurance against catastrophic loss. In some jurisdictions, like Colombia, laws have been proposed that would make seed saving itself illegal.

Many heirloom vegetables have kept their traits through open pollination, while fruit varieties such as apples have been propagated over the centuries through grafts and cuttings. The trend of growing heirloom plants in gardens has been returning in popularity in North America and Europe.

Origin
Before the industrialization of agriculture, a much wider variety of plant foods were grown for human consumption, largely due to farmers and gardeners saving seeds and cuttings for future planting. From the 16th century through the early 20th century, the diversity was huge. Old nursery catalogues were filled with plums, peaches, pears and apples of numerous varieties, and seed catalogs offered legions of vegetable varieties. Valuable and carefully selected seeds were sold and traded using these catalogs along with useful advice on cultivation. Since World War II, agriculture in the industrialized world has mostly consisted of food crops which are grown in large, monocultural plots. In order to maximize consistency, few varieties of each type of crop are grown. These varieties are often selected for their productivity and their ability to ripen at the same time while withstanding mechanical picking and cross-country shipping, as well as their tolerance to drought, frost, or pesticides. This form of agriculture has led to a 75% drop in crop genetic diversity.

While heirloom gardening has maintained a niche community, in recent years it has seen a resurgence in response to the industrial agriculture trend. In the Global South, heirloom plants are still widely grown, for example, in the home gardens of South and Southeast Asia. Before World War II, the majority of produce grown in the United States was heirlooms.

In the 21st century, numerous community groups all over the world are working to preserve historic varieties to make a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowers available again to the home gardener, by renovating old orchards, sourcing historic fruit varieties, engaging in seed swaps, and encouraging community participation. Heirloom varieties are an increasingly popular way for gardeners and small farmers to connect with traditional forms of agriculture and the crops grown in these systems. Growers also cite lower costs associated with purchasing seeds, improved taste, and perceived improved nutritional quality as reasons for growing heirlooms. In many countries, hundreds or even thousands of heirloom varieties are commercially available for purchase or can be obtained through seed libraries and banks, seed swaps, or community events. Heirloom varieties may also be well suited for market gardening, farmer's market sales, and CSA programs.

A primary drawback to growing heirloom varieties is lower disease resistance compared to many commercially available hybrid varieties. Common disease problems, such as verticillium and fusarium wilt, may affect heirlooms more significantly than non-heirloom crops. Heirloom varieties may also be more delicate and perishable. In recent years, research has been conducted into improving the disease resistance of heirlooms, particularly tomatoes, by crossing them with resistant hybrid varieties.

Requirements
The term heirloom to describe a seed variety was first used in the 1930s by horticulturist and vegetable grower J.R. Hepler to describe bean varieties handed down through families. However, the current definition and use of the word heirloom to describe plants is fiercely debated.

One school of thought places an age or date point on the cultivars. For instance, one school says the cultivar must be over 100 years old, others 50 years, and others prefer the date of 1945, which marks the end of World War II and roughly the beginning of widespread hybrid use by growers and seed companies. Many gardeners consider 1951 to be the latest year a plant could have originated and still be called an heirloom, since that year marked the widespread introduction of the first hybrid varieties. It was in the 1970s that hybrid seeds began to proliferate in the commercial seed trade. Some heirloom varieties are much older; some are apparently pre-historic.

Another way of defining heirloom cultivars is to use the definition of the word heirloom in its truest sense. Under this interpretation, a true heirloom is a cultivar that has been nurtured, selected, and handed down from one family member to another for many generations.

Additionally, there is another category of cultivars that could be classified as "commercial heirlooms": cultivars that were introduced many generations ago and were of such merit that they have been saved, maintained and handed down—even if the seed company has gone out of business or otherwise dropped the line. Additionally, many old commercial releases have actually been family heirlooms that a seed company obtained and introduced.

Regardless of a person's specific interpretation, most authorities agree that heirlooms, by definition, must be open-pollinated. They may also be open-pollinated varieties that were bred and stabilized using classic breeding practices. While there are no genetically modified tomatoes available for commercial or home use, it is generally agreed that no genetically modified organisms can be considered heirloom cultivars. Another important point of discussion is that without the ongoing growing and storage of heirloom plants, the seed companies and the government will control all seed distribution. Most, if not all, hybrid plants, if they do not have sterile seeds and can be regrown, will not be the same as the original hybrid plant, thus ensuring the dependency on seed distributors for future crops.

Writer and author Jennifer A. Jordan describes the term "heirloom" as a culturally constructed concept that is only relevant due to the relatively recent loss of many crop varieties: "It is only with the rise of industrial agriculture that [the] practice of treating food as a literal heirloom has disappeared in many parts of the world—and that is precisely when the heirloom label emerges. ...[T]he concept of an heirloom becomes possible only in the context of the loss of actual heirloom varieties, of increased urbanization and industrialization as fewer people grow their own food, or at least know the people who grow their food."

Collection sites
The heritage fruit trees that exist today are clonally descended from trees of antiquity. Heirloom roses are sometimes collected (nondestructively as small cuttings) from vintage homes and from cemeteries, where they were once planted at gravesites by mourners and left undisturbed in the decades since. Modern production methods and the rise in population have largely supplanted this practice.

UK and EU law and national lists
In the UK and Europe, it is thought that many heritage vegetable varieties (perhaps over 2,000) have been lost since the 1970s, when EEC (now EU) laws were passed making it illegal to sell any vegetable cultivar not on the national list of any EEC country. This was set up to help in eliminating seed suppliers selling one seed as another, guarantee the seeds were true to type, and that they germinated consistently. Thus, there were stringent tests to assess varieties, with a view to ensuring they remain the same from one generation to the next. However, unique varieties were lost for posterity.

These tests (called DUS) assess "distinctness", "uniformity", and "stability". But since some heritage cultivars are not necessarily uniform from plant to plant, or indeed within a single plant—a single cultivar—this has been a sticking point. "Distinctness" has been a problem, moreover, because many cultivars have several names, perhaps coming from different areas or countries (e.g., carrot cultivar Long Surrey Red is also known as "Red Intermediate", "St. Valery", and "Chertsey"). However, it has been ascertained that some of these varieties that look similar are in fact different cultivars. On the other hand, two that were known to be different cultivars were almost identical to each other, thus one would be dropped from the national list in order to clean it up.

Another problem has been the fact that it is somewhat expensive to register and then maintain a cultivar on a national list. Therefore, if no seed breeder or supplier thinks it will sell well, no one will maintain it on a list, and so the seed will not be re-bred by commercial seed breeders.

In recent years, progress has been made in the UK to set up allowances and less stringent tests for heritage varieties on a B national list, but this is still under consideration.

When heirloom plants are not being sold, however, laws are often more lenient. Because most heirloom plants are at least 50 years old and grown and swapped in a family or community they fall under the public domain. Another worldwide alternative is to submit heirloom seeds to a seedbank. These public repositories in turn maintain and disperse these genetics to anyone who will use them appropriately. Typically, approved uses are breeding, study, and sometimes, further distribution.

US state law
There are a variety of intellectual property protections and laws that are applied to heirloom seeds, which can often differ greatly between states. Plant patents are based on the Plant Patent Act of 1930, which protects plants grown from cuttings and division, while under intellectual property rights, the Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 (PVPA) shields non-hybrid, seed-propagated plants. However, seed breeders can only shelter their variety for 20 years under PVPA. There are also a couple of exceptions under the PVPA which allow growers to cultivate, save seeds, and sell the resultant crops, and give breeders allowances to use PVPA protected varieties as starter material as long as it constitutes less than half of the breeding material. There are also seed licenses which may place restrictions on the use of seeds or trademarks that guard against the use of certain plant variety names.

In 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture caused a seed-lending library to shut down and promised to curtail any similar efforts in the state. The lending library, hosted by a town library, allowed gardeners to "check out" a package of open-pollinated seed, and "return" seeds kept from the crop grown from those seeds. The Department of Agriculture said that this activity raises the possibility of "agro-terrorism", and that a Seed Act of 2004 requires the library staff to test each seed packet for germination rate and whether the seed was true to type. In 2016 the department reversed this decision, and clarified that seed libraries and non-commercial seed exchanges are not subject to the requirements of the Seed Act.

Food justice
In occupied Palestine, many heirloom growers and seed savers see themselves as contributing a form of resistance against the daily impacts of violence and settler colonialism. The Palestinian Heirloom Seed Library (PHSL), founded by writer and activist Vivien Sansour, breeds and maintains a selection of traditional crops from the region, seeking to "preserve and promote heritage and threatened seed varieties, traditional Palestinian farming practices, and the cultural stories and identities associated with them." Some scholars have additionally framed the increasing control of Israeli agribusiness corporations over Palestinian seed supplies as an attempt to suppress food sovereignty and as a form of subtle ecocide.

In January 2012, a conflict over seed access erupted in Latvia when two undercover investigators from the Latvian State Plant Protection Agency charged an independent farm with the illegal sale of unregistered heirloom tomato seeds. The agency suggested that the farm choose a small number of varieties to officially register and to abandon the other approximately 800 varieties grown on the farm. This infuriated customers as well as members of the general public, many of whom spoke out against what was seen as an overly strict interpretation of the law. The scandal further escalated with a series of hearings held by agency officials, during which residents called for a reexamination of seed registration laws and demanded greater citizen participation in legal and political matters relating to agriculture.

In Peru and Ecuador, genes from heirloom tomato varieties and wild tomato relatives have been the subject of patent claims by the University of Florida. These genes have been investigated for their usefulness in increasing drought and salt tolerance and disease resistance, as well as improving flavor, in commercial tomatoes. The American genomics development company Evolutionary Genomics identified genes found in Galapagos tomatoes that may increase sweetness by up to 25% and as of 2023 has filed an international patent application on the usage of these genes.

Native heirloom and landrace crop varieties and their stewards are sometimes subject to theft and biopiracy. Biopiracy may negatively impact communities that grow these heirloom varieties through loss of profits and livelihoods, as well as litigation. One infamous example is the case of Enola bean patent, in which a Texas corporation collected heirloom Mexican varieties of the scarlet runner bean and patented them, and then sued the farmers who had supplied the seeds in the first place to prevent them from exporting their crops to the US. The 'Enola' bean was granted 20-year patent protection in 1999, but subsequently underwent numerous legal challenges on the grounds that the bean was not a novel variety. In 2004, DNA fingerprinting techniques were used to demonstrate that 'Enola' was functionally identical to a yellow bean grown in Mexico known as Azufrado Peruano 87. The case has been widely cited as a prime example of biopiracy and misapplication of patent rights.

Native communities in the United States and Mexico have drawn particular attention to the importance of traditional and culturally appropriate seed supplies. The Traditional Native American Farmers Association (TNAFA) is an Indigenous organization aiming to "revitalize traditional agriculture for spiritual and human need" and advocating for traditional methods of growing, preparing, and consuming plants. In concert with other organizations, TNAFA has also drafted a formal Declaration of Seed Sovereignty and worked with legislators to protect Indigenous heritage seeds.

Indigenous peoples are also at the forefront of the seed rematriation movement to bring lost seed varieties back to their traditional stewards. Rematriation efforts are frequently directed at institutions such as universities, museums, and seed banks, which may hold Indigenous seeds in their collection that are inaccessible to the communities from which they originate. In 2018, the Seed Savers Exchange, the largest publicly accessible seed bank in the United States, rematriated several heirloom seed varieties back to Indigenous communities.

Activism
Activism surrounding food justice, farmers' rights, and seed sovereignty frequently overlap with the promotion and usage of heirloom crop varieties. International peasant farmers' organization La Via Campesina is credited with the first usage of the term "food sovereignty" and campaigns for agrarian reform, seed freedom, and farmers' rights. It currently represents more than 150 social movement organizations in 56 countries. Numerous other organizations and collectives worldwide participate in food sovereignty activism, including the US Food Sovereignty Alliance, Food Secure Canada, and the Latin American Seeds Collective in North and South America; the African Center for Biodiversity (ACB), the Coalition for the Protection of African Genetic Heritage (COPAGEN), and the West African Peasant Seed Committee (COASP) in Africa; and the Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture (ASHA), Navdanya, and the Southeast Asia Regional Initiatives for Community Empowerment (SEARICE) in Asia. In a 2022 BBC interview, Indian environmental activist and scholar Vandana Shiva stated that "Seed is the source of life. Seed is the source of food. To protect food freedom, we must protect seed freedom."

Other writers have pushed back against the promotion and proliferation of heirloom crop varieties, connecting their usage to the impacts of colonialism. Quoting American author and educator Martín Prechtel in his article in The Guardian, Chris Smith writes that To keep seeds alive, clear, strong and open-pollinated, purity as the idea of a single pure race must be understood as the ironic insistence of imperial minds. Writer and journalist Brendan Borrell calls heirloom tomatoes "the tomato equivalent of the pug—that 'purebred' dog with the convoluted nose that snorts and hacks when it tries to catch a breath" and claims that selection for unique size, shape, color, and flavor has hampered disease resistance and hardiness in heirlooms.

Future
More attention is being put on heirloom plants as a way to restore genetic diversity and feed a growing population while safeguarding the food supply of diverse regions. Specific heirloom plants are often selected, saved, and planted again because of their superior performance in a particular locality. Over many crop cycles these plants develop unique adaptive qualities to their environment, which empowers local communities and can be vital to maintaining the genetic resources of the world.

Some debate has occurred regarding the perceived improved nutritional qualities of heirloom varieties compared to modern cultivars. Anecdotal reports claim that heirloom vegetables are more nutritious or contain more vitamins and minerals than more recently developed vegetables. Current research does not support the claim that heirloom varieties generally contain a greater concentration of nutrients; however, nutrient concentration and composition does appear to vary between different cultivars. Nevertheless, heirloom varieties may still contain the genetic basis for useful traits that can be employed to improve modern crops, including for human nutritional qualities.

Heirloom varieties are also critical to promoting global crop diversity, which has generally declined since the middle of the 20th century. Heirloom crops may contain genetic material that is distinct from varieties typically grown in monocrop systems, many of which are hybrid varieties. Monocrop systems tend to be vulnerable to disease and pest outbreaks, which can decimate whole industries due to the genetic similarity between plants. Some organizations have employed seed banks and vaults to preserve and protect crop genetics against catastrophic loss. One of the most notable of these seed banks is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault located in Svalbard, Norway, which safeguards approximately 1.2 million seed samples with capacity for up to 4.5 million. Some writers and farmers have criticized the apparent reliance on seed vaults, however, and argue that heirloom and rare varieties are better protected against extinction when actively planted and grown than stored away with no immediate influence on crop genetic diversity.

Examples

 * Bhutanese red rice
 * Black rice
 * Heirloom tomato

title: Heirloom plant