text:
A Moment Like This

"A Moment Like This" is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson. The song was written by Jörgen Elofsson and John Reid from British house music project Nightcrawlers and produced by Stephen Ferrera and Steve Mac. It was released as a double A-side with "Before Your Love" as her coronation single after winning the first season of American Idol. The song was later included on her debut studio album, Thankful (2003). "A Moment Like This" was a huge hit in North America, topping the US Billboard Hot 100 and Canadian Singles Chart.

In 2006, the song was recorded and released by British singer Leona Lewis, the winner of the third series of The X Factor. Her version was the Christmas number one for 2006, outselling the rest of the top 40 combined. Lewis' version has sold 914,000 copies as of 2015.

Background
The song was co-written by Jörgen Elofsson and John Reid (of dance act Nightcrawlers), produced by Stephen Ferrera and Steve Mac, and mixed by Andy Zulla. It was written to be the first single for the winner of the first season of American Idol. As a result, the four remaining finalists, Kelly Clarkson, Justin Guarini, Nikki McKibbin, and Tamyra Gray each recorded a version of the song in case they won. The song was first revealed to the public when Guarini and Clarkson competed in a final showdown while singing this song, along with another track, "Before Your Love". After the American public had voted, Guarini performed the song (and Clarkson performed "Before Your Love") at the final show before the results were revealed. When Clarkson was announced as the winner, she became emotional, and sang the song as her final performance.

"Before Your Love", was also given to radio and had a video shot, which debuted on MTV's Total Request Live before "A Moment Like This" did; however, it failed to achieve the level of success of "A Moment Like This", but shares the Gold certification as a double-a sided single.

"A Moment Like This/Before Your Love" was certified gold by RIAA on October 18, 2002. As of June 4, 2009, the single has sold approximately 1,047,000 copies.

On March 5, 2013, Billboard ranked the song number 11 in its list of Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time.

Composition
The song moves at a tempo of 73 beats per minute in common time. The first two verses are in the key of E flat minor, and the chorus after each verse transitions to A flat major. The final chorus transposes to B flat major. Clarkson's vocals span from A♭3 to F5.

Critical reception
This song received moderately positive reviews. Entertainment Weekly editor Henry Goldblatt wrote about Clarkson's performance of the song on American Idol: "the woman whose tears during her winning rendition of A Moment Like This were so heartfelt, grown men cried along with her." David Browne, also of Entertainment Weekly, wrote: "A choir at the end of "A Moment Like This" is meant to indicate earthiness." Arion Berger of Rolling Stone wrote that this song "signaled that Kelly might be headed toward the Mariah-Whitney-Celine radio-ballad sausage mill." Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that this song is "Adult Contemporary goo. AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that the song "may have been a number one hit, but it was such a staid adult contemporary tune that it suggested that her career was over before it really began, since it was not a work that played to her age or audience, and it gave her no room to grow." He also marked this song as a standout on album Thankful. The Huffington Post ranked the song at number 11 on "The 33 Greatest Pop Divas' Debut Singles" list.

Chart performance
As the first single ever from American Idol, much pressure was put on "A Moment Like This" to perform well. The debut single from Will Young, the winner of the United Kingdom's Pop Idol (the forerunner to American Idol), sold 1.2 million copies in its first week, becoming the fastest-selling British debut single of all time; however, critics argued that the American singles market was different from the British market. The single became a hit in the U.S., debuting at number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 21, 2002, and reaching number one on its third week on the chart. It sold 236,000 in its first week. It topped the Billboard Hot 100 for two consecutive weeks and remained on the chart for 20 consecutive weeks. Sales of the commercial single also helped the song (as evidenced by its number-one peak on the Hot 100 Singles Sales) break records.

On the Billboard issue dated October 5, 2002, the song topped the Hot 100 chart with a single-week jump of 51 positions, the largest single-week jump to number one on the Hot 100. She held that record until Maroon 5's "Makes Me Wonder" single-week jump 63 positions to number one, on May 12, 2007. Clarkson would break the record again when her song "My Life Would Suck Without You" jumped 96 spots from 97 to 1 on February 7, 2009.

Music video
The music video for "A Moment Like This" was directed by Antti J. It has Clarkson exploring a vacant theatre, where she takes the stage to sing and perform the song. Clips of her singing on American Idol and getting emotional when she won the competition are also shown.

Release
In December 2006, British singer Leona Lewis, who went on to win the third series of The X Factor, covered "A Moment Like This" as her debut single. Lewis was chosen as the winner on the night of December 16, when the live finale aired. The cover was made available for digital download the following day. The physical single was rush-released on Wednesday, December 20–which was unusual as most new singles were released on Mondays to gain maximum amount of sales for the UK Singles Chart the following Sunday–due to Lewis being crowned only four days prior.

Accolades
In January 2007, "A Moment Like This" was shortlisted for the British Single award at the 2007 Brit Awards. It made it to the second round but was eliminated and did not make it to the final selection. In May, it won the Ivor Novello Award for Best-Selling British Single.

Commercial performance
Lewis' version of "A Moment Like This" broke a world record after it was downloaded 50,000 times within just 30 minutes of release. It sold over 101,000 copies on its first day on sale, setting the record for the fastest-selling The X Factor winner's single. The song debuted atop the UK Singles Chart dated December 30, thus becoming the Christmas number one for 2006, and spent three additional weeks at the summit. It went on to become the most downloaded song and the second best-selling single of 2006 in the United Kingdom.

"A Moment Like This" peaked atop the Irish Singles Chart, staying at the summit for six weeks. On January 4, 2007, it peaked at number three on the European Hot 100 Singles. The single was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 5. After the release of Lewis's second single "Bleeding Love", "A Moment Like This" re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 55 on October 28. According to the Official Charts Company (OCC), the single has sold 943,000 copies in the UK as of December 2015.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "A Moment Like This" was directed by JT. Like Clarkson's, it's simple, featuring Lewis singing the song on a stage. It also features several clips from Lewis' time on The X Factor, from her first audition to the moment she was announced as the winner. Simon Cowell, Sharon Osbourne, Louis Walsh, Kate Thornton and Ray Quinn are all featured within The X Factor clips.

Certifications

 * }

title: A Moment Like This


text:
Talk:Harmonized sales tax

Untitled
Could I ask Mr. Funny something or other who is an obvious Liberal to not change my edit. I have used references so my edit is verifiable. The latest studies show that the HST in Ontario will net the Gov't an additional $1.6 Billion in revenue, just from the HST on oil. Also the HST is now charged on many items that were PST exempt before. The latest study shows that the HST in Ontario will cost your average Ontarian an additional $800 per year. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.30.108.142 (talk) 05:50, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

Untitled
Should mention that despite all the "obvious benefits" it took a billion-bollar bribe to get us (our gummints) to swallow it. And how its initial provisions required the taxes be hidden in the price (possibly part of the "Blending" that was its original name), which was so disparate from the rest of country some mail-order businesses such as Lee Valley warned they'd not sell to us at all because it wasn't worth printing a separate catalogue. Kwantus 23:23, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

Applicability outside the HST region
Unlike other provincial sales taxes, the HST applies to items sold by vendors from outside the HST provinces. I'm not exactly sure of how far this applicability spreads, but if someone could find a source for it and add it into the article, that would be great. --RealGrouchy (talk) 16:18, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Subtitle bias
While the article is dealing with facts the subtitles suggest bias. Why do facts need translation?--scuro (talk) 14:25, 1 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I believe the subtitle reads, "Transition," which the facts do describe. This is different from "Translation." I don't have a problem with the current wording. Dheppens (talk) 17:13, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Removed the following unsourced text
I'm introducing more sources to the article and also removing the content below as it is unsourced. If someone could help find sources and reintroduce it into the article I'd appreciate the help. --Pdelongchamp (talk) 19:16, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

''The first attempt at creating a harmonized sales tax was in Saskatchewan shortly after the GST was introduced in 1991. The Progressive Conservative government under Premier Grant Devine harmonized its existing PST with the GST - ostensibly to make tax collection easier for merchants. The harmonization proved to be immensely unpopular.

''The GST itself was very unpopular at the time and perhaps more importantly the federal tax was charged on many items the Saskatchewan PST was not (such as restaurant meals); harmonization was therefore seen as a tax grab. In the general election of that year, the New Democratic Party under Roy Romanow promised to reverse the harmonization—this promise likely contributed to their landslide victory. Saskatchewan's NDP government did not propose re-harmonizing the sales taxes while in office, although they did significantly increase the number of items covered by their own sales tax during their time in power.

'', the HST remains in effect in the three Atlantic provinces where it was first introduced, although all three provinces have elected Progressive Conservative governments since that time. The other provinces continue to have separate GST and PST taxes (except Alberta, which has no PST). Among other problems, different legislation at the federal and provincial levels means that some goods are subject to GST but not PST or vice versa, and a single tax cannot cover such a situation. To make matters more confusing, Quebec (7.5%) and Prince Edward Island (10%) charge their PSTs on the GST.

Although simplifying sales tax collection benefits both the federal and provincial governments and reduces businesses' administrative tax-collecting burden, disputes over what supplies should be taxed mean that the remaining un-harmonized provinces are loath to give up their legislative power to determine what goods should be subject to PST.

Removed the following because it had no citations (if there are studies please do add it back citing them):96.49.96.182 (talk) 21:24, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Evidence from numerous studies shows that harmonization raises business investment and that PST-type taxes slow down provincial growth

citations needed
I removed the following sentences beccause the original authors have not included citations. I'll see what I can find to back them up and reinsert them.--Pdelongchamp (talk) 16:49, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

On December 16, 2009, the HST has legislation has passed 3rd reading on the provinicial level and received Royal Assent. Two days later, HST became a reality as Ottawa followed suit.

The tax allows Small business owners to claim the entire 13% of the HST compared to just the 5% GST before making them pay the remaining 8% PST on capital costs.

Ontario Centric Article
The structure section of this article reads as though there haven't been 3 provinces with HST for over 10 years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.68.85.73 (talk) 02:30, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Burden On The Poor
"have accompanied the change with a reduction in income taxes, and instituted direct transfer payments (refundable tax credits) to lower-income groups, resulting in lower tax burdens on the poor"

1. If you do not receive a refundable tax credit for whatever reason, or if you do not get a tax credit, then this represents a TAX increase. There are many items which are now more expensive for people who do not receive these. The claim that it results in a lower tax burden on the poor must be questioned. With a quick calculation, I can find $100 more every year in costs due to this tax. And that's just for one item! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.93.162.167 (talk) 03:47, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

reference #2 CD Howe
This is of questionable value, it points to a newspaper article and not to source material. There is no support for the argument and declarations do not suffice. Pzzp (talk) 16:26, 13 September 2010 (UTC)
 * If you look at the article you will see that is is an op-ed written by Ben Dachis and Alexandre Laurin, who are policy analysts at the C.D. Howe Institute. The article is also from the C.D. Howe Institute's website.Mr. No Funny Nickname (talk) 23:01, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Affected items
It is not necessary to have a list of 20-25 items that are affected by the HST as Wikipedia isn't a directory. The current prose that exists is sufficient. Mr. No Funny Nickname (talk) 04:03, 19 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Review the page history and you will notice that I did not initially add these items. R.J.Hexter (talk) 04:07, 19 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Seeing as how this list is not unnecessary, I won't revert your last edit. However, I don't approve of the addition of unreliable or biased sources in the second paragraph. The reason why I initially removed the source there was b/c it had nothing to do with the HST and ever since then there have been better but still unreasonable sources inserted there. R.J.Hexter (talk) 04:20, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

NPOV
"For many people, the HST appears to be a tax grab, especially as for many larger expenditures the effect of the HST is not a harmonization of federal and provincial taxes, but rather an introduction of a new tax given that these expenditures were not formerly taxed by the respective province."

This edit is clearly meant to cast the subject in a negative point of view and should be removed.Mr. No Funny Nickname (talk) 04:13, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Again, look in the history and you will notice that I did not add this. I only reinstated it because very similar text was sourced (as redundant as that sounds) and somebody removed it without augmenting why it's not neutral. The very same can be said about some pro-HST portions of the article. R.J.Hexter (talk) 04:20, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

POV sources Re: burden on the poor
I am not in the least bit satisfied by any of the three "third-party" sources in the second paragraph. The first source uses gov't numbers, the second one doesn't even suggest that the tax credit will outweigh the tax itself (it only states that there is a $300 benefit which is negligible), and the third source is based on a report that wasn't even released at the time the source was printed. These sources are simply not reliable and they should not be added until there is a clear explanation of why they should be there. I did not remove the text and I put a citation needed tag, meaning that fair sources are welcome. So, keep in mind that I am not doing this based on my opinion, but rather b/c the references need to be made clear and simple. R.J.Hexter (talk) 04:30, 19 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Added two, non governmental, non-partisan sources. Two quotes I'd like to specifically point out. "HST critics further warn that the reform will unduly burden the poor, but this fear is unfounded. Like the GST that it mimics, the HST will not be applied to basic foodstuffs or residential rents-the largest components in poorer households' budgets. HST rebates to food processors, distributors and retailers should lead to reduced grocery prices. Additionally, the province will provide refundable tax credits to low- and moderate-income households similar to the existing GST credits. Claiming B.C.'s HST credits will entail no extra paperwork, and the two credits will be paid jointly based on the taxfiler's income. Many poor people will actually come out ahead from the HST reform." "Poor families, those with incomes below the Low Income Cut Off (after-tax), come out ahead by around $200, while non-poor families will lose only about $60 per year on average." The First quote is from Jon Kesselman, the Canada Research Chair in Public Finance with the Graduate Public Policy Program at Simon Fraser University. and the second is from a report by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Since you seem not to trust government sources for some reason, I believe that these should do.Mr. No Funny Nickname (talk) 02:25, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, I think it's pretty clear why government sources with respect to how gov't implemented taxes will affect ppl shouldn't be quotable. Having said that, these sources are more reliable and I will not dispute with them. R.J.Hexter (talk) 03:09, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Citations do not support comments in Background
The statements "The implementation in eastern provinces demonstrated that consumer prices fall after the change to a harmonized sales tax.[2] The Martin task force found that “in Atlantic Canada prices on goods fell when they harmonized the sales tax.[16]" are not supported by data in the cited documents. I am unable to find data that supports these statements. Opentag (talk) 01:11, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Citations do not support assertions made in article.
The following assertions:

are not supported by any of the citations. [7][8] and [9] are news service stories. Only [8] is still avaialable and does not reference a single economist. None of [2][10][11] or [12] are studies. [2] is an op-ed piece written by CD Howe staffers as has already been referenced by others. [10][11]and [12] are news service reports. If there are studies, they need to be cited. If economists have made assertions about tax properties, these need to be cited. As it stands the current sentence is an assertion that is misleading to a lay-reader as it pretends to cite sources that do not support the claim. It should be removed. MagisterL (talk) 18:27, 22 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Most economists support the change from a cascade tax to a value added tax[7][8][9] and studies have shown that the national and provincial governments have succeeded in keeping the change to a value added tax revenue neutral.[2][10][11][12]

Simple table
I was really just looking for a simple table that shows the HST rates across Canada. I'm surprised not to find it. 24.57.210.141 (talk) 03:22, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Good suggestion - I've added a simple table in the "Jurisdiction" section. I've also added a note to the top of the article referring back to the main "Sales Taxes in Canada" page, which contains the GST, PST and HST rates for all the provinces and territories. Mojo87 (talk) 16:33, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I noticed this and made a bit of a change to roll this together with the "Collection" section. Both sections were short and I think it makes sense this way without being too confusing. I added a note that the 5% GST applies everywhere that HST doesn't, but I didn't add this to the table because I thought it would be awkward. If my change makes things unclear then let's discuss how to fix it. Ivanvector (talk) 14:01, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:10, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 12 external links on Harmonized sales tax. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Harmonized sales tax


text:
Thea Dorn

Thea Dorn (pseudonym; Christiane Scherer, born 23 July 1970 in Offenbach am Main) is a German writer of crime fiction and TV host. She lives and works in Berlin.

Born in Offenbach am Main, Dorn was initially trained as a singer, and later studied philosophy and theatrical sciences in Frankfurt and Berlin. She graduated (Magistra) in philosophy with a work on self-deception. She worked as scientific assistant at the Free University of Berlin, then as dramaturge and writer at the Staatstheater Hannover. Thea Dorn's pseudonym alludes to Theodor Adorno, whose works she read and found hard to understand. (See the interview on Adorno.) After receiving her M. A. in philosophy, she became a freelance writer.

In 1995 she released her first book, Berliner Aufklärung, for which she received the Marlowe Prize. For her third book, Die Hirnkönigin, she received the German Crime Fiction Prize 2000. The same year she wrote the theatrical piece Marleni, a staged meeting of Marlene Dietrich and Leni Riefenstahl. This drama premiered on 15 January 2000 in Hamburg at the Deutsches Schauspielhaus.

In 2003 she wrote the script to the episode Der schwarze Troll (lit. The black troll) of the German TV series Tatort. The next year, with the book Die Brut, she left the genre of crime fiction and concentrated on characterisations of the milieu. {WP:OR}?

Beginning with 2003 together with Dirk Schümer she was host of the TV show Schümer und Dorn – Der Büchertalk, broadcast by Südwestrundfunk. Since 2004 she hosts the TV show Literatur im Foyer, presenting new books and talking to writers.

She lives in Berlin, has a brother and parents.

title: Thea Dorn


text:
Ednaswap

Ednaswap was an American rock band from Los Angeles, California, founded in 1993 and disbanded around 1998. Over a span of five years, the band released three albums and an EP through major label records East West, Elektra Records and Island Records.

The band is best known for the song "Torn", which was written by band members Scott Cutler and Anne Preven together with English musician Phil Thornalley, and first recorded by Danish artist Lis Sørensen. It later appeared on Ednaswap's debut album and has been covered many times since then, by artists such as Trine Rein, Natalie Imbruglia, Matt Hall, Tori Amos, Hands Like Houses, Neck Deep, One Direction, and Phoebe Bridgers.

History
In 1993, songwriters Scott Cutler and Anne Preven invited Rusty Anderson and Paul Bushnell to join their new band, Ednaswap. Frontwoman Anne Preven came up with the band's name after she dreamed she was in a band of the same name that was so bad they were booed off-stage.

Soon after recording an acoustic demo, the band was signed with the EastWest label. Ednaswap's self-titled 1995 album was the band's only record for EastWest, and the album was never put into wide release. EastWest released them from their contract soon after the album was released and the band was signed by Island Records soon afterwards. During this time, they briefly called themselves Edna Swap rather than Ednaswap.

"Torn", one of the tracks from 1997's Wacko Magneto, their first full-length album to be put into wide release, was covered by Natalie Imbruglia, reaching number two in the UK Singles Chart and number one on airplay around the world. It was number one on the Billboard Airplay chart for 14 weeks. The single went on to sell over a million copies in the United Kingdom alone. However, Imbruglia's version of the song failed to bring commercial success to the band and Ednaswap subsequently disbanded on April 12, 1999. Ednaswap's sound evolved with nearly every release. Their self-titled debut could be best described as post-grunge, but Chicken and Wacko Magneto were grungy hard rock with some similarities to Veruca Salt and Live Through This-era Hole. Wacko was also described by one reviewer as a "Sex Pistols, Mick Ronson, Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix smoothie". Wonderland Park further altered their sound. It was an extremely melodic pop rock album with some harder edges than most, again similar to Hole in both musical direction and timing. Before their dissolution, the band stated that they could have seen a return to the hardness of Wacko Magneto, and while no songs were recorded after Wonderland Park, Annetenna's work showed an even more polished Pop sound than Wonderland Park.

Members

 * Former members
 * Anne Preven – vocals
 * Scott Cutler – guitar
 * Rusty Anderson – guitar
 * Paul Bushnell – bass
 * Scot Coogan – drums
 * Carla Azar – drums

title: Ednaswap


text:
Talk:Fountain of Youth

history ?
could somebody please read Herodotus?

not wrong
Maybe I'm wrong, but I was under the impression that the fountain of youth just restored peoples' youth, not made them permanently young... --Dfndoe 23:24, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Old Texts
I'm curious and would like to read some of the older versions of this myth. Does anyone know of a link online?

Pointing here
I've been redirected here from Water of Life regarding Frank Herbert's Dune... might anybody write at least a line about it, to justify this?

Editing
Twice on the 22nd I've attempted to add in a very small article in 'Fountain of Youth', plus a single external link. Both times the edits stayed put for about half an hour. After about an hour they completely disappeared. The entry was under the headline 'The Revelatorium'. The Revelatorium is a pubslished book by Commoners Press and has been online as a website since 1999. Who do I need to talk to about not removing the edits? —Preceding unsigned comment added by CliffR (talk • contribs)

 * I removed your edits because they violated some Wikipedia policies. See Spam, No original research. There's a Help button on the navigation panel to the left if you need more.--Cúchullain t c 19:30, 24 March 2006 (UTC.

Can you specify the violations instead of me trying to figure out a lot of policy. Either I will be able to appease the terms and condions, or I won't, and will stop trying to post. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by CliffR (talk • contribs)

 * I've posted it to your talk page.--Cúchullain t c 23:05, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Two things. First as you might gather, I'm brand new at submitting to the Wikipedia, so where is my 'Talk Page'?

Two, I've noticed the following quote on your Cuchullain page: "Of two competing theories or explanations, all other things being equal, the more ridiculous and/or awesomer one is to be preferred." Hancock's Razor, named for 20th/21st century alternative historian Graham Hancock.

On the one hand you seem to be embracing new and original ideas. On the other you seem to be excluding the two comments I posted under 'Fountain of Youth' and 'Holy Grail' for the specific and stated reason that they were new and original ideas. Wild and wooly ideas I can understand being bounced and agree with you 100%. But these two offered new approaches to the subjects which were both logical and not dependant on supernatural magics, such as are the idea that sic, a supposed tin cup somewhere ever fills with magic drink that will make you live forever, or sic that a supposed fountain springs forth water somewhere in Florida? that will magically make you young again. You see what I mean. If Jesus Christ were teaching his disciples, which of the two interpretations, these or the ones in the Revelatorium, do you think are more likely for him to be teaching. You see what I mean.

By denying new ideas out of hand you cut off the very right hand of the Wikipedea. Which should be to bring new ideas to the fore so your readers have the old and the new to counter balance each other and stimulate new thinking and ideas of their own. That's how society evolves. Every idea known to science, since the very beginning, has eventually yeilded to a greater understanding. Itis on an ongoing basis and will ever contiue. I am willing to bet that a good percentage of your readers come to the Wikipdia specifically hoping to see if there's something new about a subject rather than just for the same old same old.

What you are doing here with the Wikipedia is equivalent to the great Library at Alexandria, and is by many tens of thousands of times greater. It is now one of the now foremost validators of the power of the Internet in existence. Yet its greatest potentially is in being able to juxtatose old ideas with the new in a potentially intelligent and clear cut format. Let new ideas in if they make sense or make good counterfoil to the existing scholarships and endless regurgitations. Then let the readers decide, or steer them into debate with the authors. Yet even more grist for the mill. After all, you already have a policy in place where the reader can voice a complaint about a submission. At the bottom line you still have the right to edit if it becomes necessary. Thanks. ((CliffR)).

Cuchullain - My appologies for forcing you to do extra work. I have found my CliffR page and followed the links. The policy of excluding unverifiable work, etc. is of course no different than any bookshelf encyclopedia. So again my appologies.

To allow the fact of new and original materials I would propose something like an 'Alternate Views'link immediately under the last article on any page. The page would be identical in every respect to the normal Wikipedia page except it would contain postings which are outside the normal qualifications but which aren't patent nonsense. Over time the Alternate Views section of the Wikipedia would become almost like a parallel Wikipedia, easily accessed. The Question of course is would the directors want to go into this extra purpose. Thanks, CliffR.

AofEIII
It should be noted that the Fountain of Youth plays a major storyline in the Microsoft game Age of Empires III. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Climie.ca (talk • contribs) 19:32, 27 March 2007 (UTC).

spoiler tags
ok im a litte pissed off cuz i was reading the article and out of no where the ending of pirates3 at worlds end is given. I have not seen it yet and you totaly just fucked me over. Sorry about the language but i am upset.

 * Sorry, but wikipedia contains spoilers. I don't know how relevant that particular fact is, but we don't leave out relevant material simply because it spoils a movie for someone.--Cúchullain t/ c 04:13, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Appearances in other media
Maybe I'm wrong, but I think that there may be a lot of "popular culture" references to the subject missing here. John Carter 22:44, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

WTF
"nor was it un healing waters date to at least the time "

fix this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.96.160.34 (talk) 17:59, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Florida?
I always saw in the maps and diagrams that the Fountain of youth was either near Cuba or closer to Miami. Where would Florida come in? Please respond on my talk page, User:IaM7DeadlySins —Preceding comment was added at 18:24, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

sounds like bull to me, the legend predates european discovery of america by a long shot —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.42.151.192 (talk) 22:53, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

ponce de leon is amazing cause he made his first voyage to flordia and he almost found the foutain of youth —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.97.148.95 (talk) 00:23, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Water of Life
Any suggestions why Water of life should or should not redirect here? Thanks. History2007 (talk) 14:56, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * "Water of Life" is another name for the "water of youth", "fountain of youth", etc. Now that there are more articles of that title it might behoove us to move the disambiguation page to water of life.--Cúchullain t/ c 18:27, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree. The term water of youth has no page and may also need to be clarified. Should it redirect here or....? There are various streams etc. named that way it seems, but I have not researched them. But water of youth has almost no theological element to it, unlike Water of Life, and may do with a redirect here, with a suitable expansion, etc. So let us wait to see what other people say and if no objection in a day or two we will make a disambig page for Water of Life and do something about water of youth. Are there spammers who sell water of youth in bottles? History2007 (talk) 18:35, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * No objections, so I will make a disambig page, and if you guys want to clean up and add to it please do. History2007 (talk) 17:05, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Water of Life is aqua vitae (i.e. liquor). It's a totally different animal. Dab or just redirect there, not here. — LlywelynII  06:03, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Water of youth
I tried to figure out what the Water of youth page should be and there are just too many possibilities. It also has various corporate uses, from a company in Bellville, TX to one in Wanganui, New Zealand. I am actually going to put that on hold for now until there are better ideas as to what it should be. But this may be the most solid use (pun intended) and it would lead it here to this page, as stated above. Other ideas? History2007 (talk) 17:29, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * There is no real common English name. Tree of Life, Water of Life, Fountain of Youth... 'Water of Youth' should be about one of those corporate uses, but if they can't take the time to meet notability and make their own page, there's no reason you should provide free labor. — LlywelynII  06:03, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Free labor? I thought we were all going to get paid at the end of next week... But as a note, Tree of Life, Water of Life and Book of Life do have Book of Revelation contexts, not related to here. Those corporations are not, however, anywhere near Fortune 1000, else I would have made a page. The corporations may not be there next year, but the streams mentioned above may be, so may deserve a page. History2007 (talk) 08:10, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Ponce de Leon story not "apocryphal"
As the word is generally construed. The source concedes PdL might have known about the myths that were subsequently jumbled around the same Beniny that shows up on PdL's commission; and they were so popular chroniclers were writing to the pope to complain. We should note his points about the natives' Bimini (Maya), de Solis's Boinca (Honduras), and the lack of primary evidence in PdL's logs, absolutely. But we should avoid unsupported POVy language that implies they were simply subsequent fabrications. — LlywelynII  06:03, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Probably vanadalism
The Bimini section (esp. where it talks about the so-called healing hole) seems to contain a lot of new age gibberish (complete with typical pseudo-scientific misinterpretations of basic science research. The same is true of related sections on other pages. I think whoever is responsible for editing this page should look at who supplied this material. There are a lot of new-age themed tourist business in the Bahamas (like the Atlantis Restoration Center) that would have an interest in posting this kind of counter-factual material.

Bradley A. Skene — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.81.88.114 (talk) 03:28, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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I believe there is such a fountain.
Anybody think we have it in India? 115.96.219.177 (talk) 15:00, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fountain of Youth


text:
2005 San Marino Grand Prix

The 2005 San Marino Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Gran Premio Foster's di San Marino 2005) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 April 2005 at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, Italy. The 62-lap race was the fourth round of the 2005 Formula One season, and the 25th running of the San Marino Grand Prix.

The race was won by Renault driver Fernando Alonso, who extended his lead in the Drivers' Championship after his third win and fourth podium from four races. Michael Schumacher finished the race in second position for the Ferrari team, only two-tenths of a second behind Alonso having challenged him for the win late into the race. BAR driver Jenson Button crossed the line in third place, but his team were subsequently disqualified for underweight cars; third place was then awarded to McLaren driver Alexander Wurz.

Pole position was taken by McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen, using the aggregate system which was in the rules at the start of the 2005 season. He led the race from the start until his retirement on lap 9 due to a driveshaft failure. Alonso took the lead and kept it except during the pit stop phases when it was held by Button, and later Schumacher when he overtook Button.

Friday drivers
The bottom 6 teams in the 2004 Constructors' Championship were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.

Background
Vitantonio Liuzzi replaced Christian Klien in the second Red Bull car, for this and the next three races; after unanimous agreement between the teams, Klien was allowed to race car #37 for Red Bull in the Friday practice sessions. Alexander Wurz drove the second McLaren-Mercedes car, in place of the injured Juan Pablo Montoya. During the first qualifying session on Saturday, Red Bull announced that they would use Ferrari engines for two years, beginning from the 2006 season.

Race
Räikkönen led from pole, pulling out a gap of several seconds, before his McLaren retired on lap nine with driveshaft problems. Alonso took over the lead, and was unchallenged until lap 50, when Michael Schumacher emerged from the pits just behind him. Schumacher had started 13th, and had been unable to pass Jarno Trulli for 20 laps, until the Italian pitted allowing Schumacher to increase his pace. After pitting himself, he emerged in third place ahead of Trulli and started to catch race leader Alonso. He caught up with second place driver Jenson Button and overtook him, overturning a 20-second gap in 13 laps. After the second round of pit-stops he emerged from the pits seconds behind Alonso. The next 12 laps saw the two battle for the lead but Schumacher was unable to overtake Alonso who took the race victory. Third was Button, followed by Wurz's McLaren, Takuma Sato, Jacques Villeneuve, Trulli and Ralf Schumacher. Ralf was later given a 25-second penalty as he was released into the path of Nick Heidfeld; this temporarily dropped him to 11th place.

Post-race
During checks after the race it was found that Button's car had been under the 600 kg minimum weight requirement when drained of fuel. The race stewards cleared Button, as they believed data provided by BAR-Honda was sufficient to prove that they had been operating inside the rules, but the FIA appealed sending them to court. They were found guilty, but the FIA's preferred penalty of having the team disqualified from the championship for the year was not carried through, and they were given a two-race ban, starting from the next round in Spain. In addition, Button's teammate Sato, who had finished 5th on the track, was disqualified from the race despite his car not being found to be underweight. Wurz was thus promoted to third, followed by Villeneuve, Trulli, Heidfeld, Mark Webber and Liuzzi.

Qualifying
Qualifying times from both Saturday and Sunday morning.
 * Notes
 * – Felipe Massa, Patrick Friesacher and Christijan Albers received a 10-place grid penalty for engine changes.

Race

 * Notes
 * – Post-race, Ralf Schumacher was penalised 25 seconds for being released unsafely into the path of Nick Heidfeld from his second pitstop; Toyota withdrew their initial appeal before the hearing.
 * – Also post-race, Jenson Button's car was found to be 4.99 kg (11 lb) underweight; stewards initially accepted BAR's explanation as a fuel system anomaly on April 25. However, on May 5, an FIA court of appeal disqualified both BAR cars and banned them from the next two races for "highly regrettable negligence and lack of transparency", noting that BAR's fuel system effectively "used fuel as ballast", illegal under current Formula One regulations.

Championship standings after the race

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2005 San Marino Grand Prix


text:
User talk:Cmcgowan~enwiki

Design Models

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title: User talk:Cmcgowan~enwiki


text:
Talk:Hip fracture

I
i'm not a doctor and know very little about medicine, i just became breifly interested in hip fractures. this article needs expansion from someone with some medical knowledge- stuff about "pathological" causes and the other kind, etc. . . Heah 23:26, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I will try to find appropriate images to illustrate this article. I note that nonunion and malunion do not have entries. Nonunion is ambiguous with labour relations issues. --Mylesclough 07:20, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Suggested template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) is Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 05:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

With respect to the recent revision of this page and the placement of new headings; I think it is a good idea to have headings. However, most of what is discussed on the page is description of the different types of hip fracture and we haven't got very far with describing management etc. I will get back to this and fill in an outline using the above headings. --Mylesclough 06:27, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I just put in new headings to break up and better describe the existing content, but we certainly could use more content --Arcadian 06:41, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Medial fracture image gallery
There are too many images here for the article, but I'm moving this here so the gallery doesn't get lost...

~ Booyabazooka 05:27, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Split: Hip fracture treatment
This article is getting a bit bulky; I think the last half of it needs to go in an article specifically about treatment of hip fractures. ~ Booyabazooka 06:12, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Update: The split has been done. ~ Booya Bazooka 07:48, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Good article. It needs some work. I will try to edit is as I have time. --Moquito 17 03:49, 16 August 2006 (UTC)Moquito_17

WHI score
An 11-point score by the Women's Health Initiative researchers can predict hip fracture risk over 5 years: link JFW | T@lk  14:54, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Why does "pertrochanteric" redirect here?
Not mentioned in article. What does it mean? 109.157.79.50 (talk) 01:14, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Canadian Collaborative Study of Hip Fractures
Information about the Canadian Collaborative study has been merged to this page. The portion of the article committed to this subject is not very informative. I am recommending it be deleted. IIIBALESIII 02:50, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Agree and done. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:52, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

NEJM
10.1056/NEJMcp1611090 JFW | T@lk  10:54, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hip fracture


text:
Hyperpnea

Hyperpnea, or hyperpnoea (forced respiration), is increased volume of air taken during breathing. It can occur with or without an increase in respiration rate. It is characterized by deep breathing. It may be physiologic—as when required by oxygen to meet metabolic demand of body tissues (for example, during or after heavy exercise, or when the body lacks oxygen at high altitude or as a result of anemia, or any other condition requiring more respiration)—or it may be pathologic, as when sepsis is severe or during pulmonary edema. Hyperpnea is further characterized by the required use of muscle contraction during both inspiration and expiration. Thus, hyperpnea is intense active breathing as opposed to the passive process of normal expiration.

Hyperpnea is distinguished from tachypnea, which is a respiratory rate greater than normal, resulting in rapid and shallow breaths, but not necessarily increasing volume in breathing. Hyperpnea is also distinguished from hyperventilation, which is over-ventilation (an increase in minute ventilation), which involves an increase in volume and respiration rate, resulting in rapid and deep breaths.

The exact mechanisms behind exercise hyperpnea are not well understood, and some hypotheses are somewhat controversial. However, in addition to low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, and low pH levels, there appears to be a complex interplay of factors related to the nervous system and the respiratory centers of the brain that governs hyperpnea.

Etymology and pronunciation
The word hyperpnea uses combining forms of hyper- + -pnea, yielding "excessive breathing". See pronunciation information at dyspnea.

title: Hyperpnea


text:
Balthazar Getty

Paul Balthazar Getty (born January 22, 1975) is an American actor, musician, and a member of the Getty family. His acting debut was in Lord of the Flies (1990) as Ralph. He went on to appear in Lost Highway (1997) and had a recurring role as Richard Montana in Charmed (2003–04), Thomas Grace on the American action drama Alias (2005–06), and Tommy Walker on the American drama Brothers & Sisters (2006–11), the latter two of which have aired on ABC.

As a musician, Getty is a member of the indie rock/electronic band Ringside, and is the producer for rap duo The Wow.

Early life
Paul Balthazar Getty was born January 22, 1975, in Tarzana, California, and brought up in San Francisco before being educated in the United Kingdom at Gordonstoun, Scotland. He was born to father John Paul Getty III and is a descendant of grandfather Sir John Paul Getty and great-grandfather J. Paul Getty, founder of Getty Oil, and at one time one of the richest men in the world, namesake for the Getty Center museum. His mother, Gisela Getty (née Schmidt), is a German-born professional photographer and documentary filmmaker. His parents divorced in 1993. Balthazar's half-sister, Anna Getty (née Zacher) is his mother's daughter and was adopted by Getty III during their marriage.

Film career
Getty began his acting career at age 12 in 1987. He auditioned for the lead role in the movie Lord of the Flies after being spotted by a casting director Robin Joy Allan, in his art class at school. During the 1990s and early 2000s, he appeared in the films Young Guns II, Natural Born Killers, Judge Dredd, Mr. Holland's Opus, White Squall, Lost Highway, Big City Blues, The Center of the World, Deuces Wild, Ladder 49, Feast, and the television miniseries Traffic.

Getty guest-starred on the television series Charmed as Richard Montana, a male witch romantically linked with Paige Matthews. He appeared in the fifth season of the television show Alias as Agent Thomas Grace. He starred, alongside Alias costar Ron Rifkin, in the ABC prime time drama Brothers & Sisters, which first aired in September 2006. Getty played the role of Thomas "Tommy" Walker, third-born of the five Walker siblings.

In late 2008, media reports indicated Getty's contract as a full-time series regular in Brothers & Sisters would not be renewed due, in part, to budgetary and storyline considerations. In the Season 4 premiere, Getty was still listed in the principal cast, but he did not appear. Getty made his return to the series in the sixth episode of Season 4. Although he no longer appeared in every episode, he continued to make appearances on the show until its cancellation.

Music career
Getty started deejaying and making electronic music at age 15. He is a member of the indie rock/electronic band Ringside, and is the producer for rap duo The Wow.

In 2013, he operated a record label called Purplehaus Records. He started Purplehaus Productions in the Fairfax and Melrose district in Los Angeles.

Personal life
In 2000, Getty married fashion designer Rosetta Millington. They have four children: daughters Grace, Violet, and June Catherine, and son Cassius Paul. Cassius's godfather is Getty's close friend and fellow actor Eric Dane. Getty had a highly publicized affair with English actress Sienna Miller in 2008, but later reconciled with his wife.

Social initiatives
Getty is on the board of directors for The Lunchbox Fund, a non-profit organization providing daily meals to township school students in Soweto, South Africa.

title: Balthazar Getty


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Emotastic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:42, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Emotastic
Should this be deleted or moved to Wikitionary? I got about a thousand google hits with this neologism. -- Riffsyphon1024 23:27, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't transwiki, delete, redirect to Emo if necessary--nixie 23:42, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless more info is added. As it stands now it would only merit an entry in Wikitionary. --Fuzzball! (talk) 02:07, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic as it stands. Megan1967 02:49, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is quite a colloquialism. It'd be fine at UrbanDictionary, but not here. Asriel86 05:42, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:70.24.137.60

title: User talk:70.24.137.60


text:
University of the Ozarks

University of the Ozarks (U of O) is a private university in Clarksville, Arkansas. Enrollment averages around 900 students, representing 25 countries. U of O is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).

History
University of the Ozarks traces its roots back to 1834, making it the oldest university in Arkansas and one of the oldest institutions of higher education west of the Mississippi River. It was founded by Cumberland Presbyterians in 1834 as Cane Hill School in Cane Hill, Arkansas in Washington County, later becoming Cane Hill College. Its successor, Arkansas Cumberland College, opened in Clarksville in September 1891. The name was changed to College of the Ozarks in 1920. The university alma mater was written in 1928 by Rev. John W. Laird, pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Rochester, New York.

In 1875, the university became the first institution of higher education in Arkansas to admit women. In 1946, the university housed the state's first pharmacy school.

During the years of World War II, the enrollment decreased to the point that the board of trustees decided to find a tenant for the facilities. From January 1944 through May 1945, the United States Navy leased the full campus for operating a Primary School in their Electronics Training Program. An estimated total of 3,000 Navy and Marine servicemen were trained in the three-month course. In this period, classes for the 150 College of the Ozarks students were held off-campus at the First Presbyterian Church; female students were mainly housed in the church's adjoining Manse.

In 1957, the university became the first predominately white university in Arkansas to integrate, and in 1959 the first to graduate an African-American, more than 7 years before any others. In 1963 Ozarks athlete Sylvester Benson became the first African-American to compete in the Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference.

In 1987, the name was changed to University of the Ozarks. The university enrollment has increased significantly since the mid-1990s, and the number of full-time faculty has been increased from 32 to 48. During the past decade, the university's supporters helped increase the school's endowment by 284 percent, contributing more than $100 million for academic programs, scholarships, faculty and staff benefits, and facilities.

In 1998, U of O received the largest single monetary donation ever made to a private university in Arkansas - $39.5 million from the Walton Family Charitable Support Foundation.

Campus
University of the Ozarks' 30-acre campus, sits at the top of College Hill on the north edge of Clarksville, Arkansas, a town with a population of about 10,000 in the Arkansas River Valley.

The campus has a long history at its current location, dating back to 1891. In the years since the first cornerstone was laid on the site, the campus has undergone continued growth and improvement. There are now more than 20 buildings on campus, with the ten major buildings arranged around a central mall which features a picturesque fountain. The large trees and the classically styled buildings combine to give the campus a distinctive look.

MacLean Hall
MacLean Hall is a residence hall that is home to up 221 residents made up of sophomores, juniors, and seniors. It was constructed in 1927 and underwent a $10 million renovation in 2019 that included a fire sprinkler system, new central heat and air systems, an elevator, and new mechanical, electrical and plumbing components as well as additional common areas and laundry facilities. In 2017, MacLean Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Munger-Wilson Memorial Chapel
One of the main landmarks of the university is the Raymond Munger Memorial Chapel, erected in 1933. The chapel was built with one of the single largest donations ever received by the college at the time, a $75,000 gift from Miss Jesse Munger of Plainfield, N.J. Munger donated the money to build the chapel in memory of her father, Raymond Munger, a New York businessman who was known for his interest in religion and education. College students were paid to provide much of the labor for excavation, laying of the foundation and hauling of materials. Munger Chapel, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, was designed by architect A.O. Clark of Rogers, Ark. Built of limestone trimmed with Nu-Carth stone, it is of Gothic design and follows general plans used in large cathedrals. The stained glass windows were designed and installed by The Willet Studios of Philadelphia. The university holds weekly services for the campus community in the chapel. It is also a popular wedding venue. The university celebrated the 75th anniversary of the chapel during a special ceremony during the 2008 Alumni Weekend.

In 2014, the Raymond Munger Memorial Chapel at University of the Ozarks received a $2 million gift from Frances E. Wilson of Tulsa, Oklahoma, for a variety of renovations and improvements that would proceed until December 2015. The university's board of trustees formally accepted the gift at its Spring Board Meeting on April 26, 2014. Wilson made the gift to the university in memory of her late husband, Thomas D. Wilson. In accepting the gift, the board unanimously voted to express its appreciation to Wilson by renaming the building Munger-Wilson Memorial Chapel. The sanctuary and exterior of the Chapel underwent a great deal of restoration and replacement of structural elements to preserve the historic look and spiritual feel of what is an iconic landmark in this area.

Organization and administration
Wiley Lin Hurie served as president of the university during its early days in Clarksville. Hurie led a number of important initiatives during his tenure as president, including the drive to join the North Central Association of Colleges and universities. During the presidency of Wiley Lin Hurie (1923–1949), Ozarks gained a favorable impression throughout the region for its relatively low tuition and fees, and it allayed local concerns about the risks of co-education by enforcing a strict code of moral conduct and discipline.

Under the stewardship of Rick Niece, who began serving in 1997, funding helped propel Ozarks into the twenty-first century with multiple new faculty positions; several new buildings (including the $7 million Walker Hall, completed in 2002); and a stronger system of student recruitment, retention, and support. Niece, who was named the university's 24th president in 1997, stepped down on June 30, 2013, after 16 years of dedicated service and leadership at the helm of the Clarksville, Ark., campus. Only the presidencies of F.R. Earle (1858-1891) and Wiley Lin Hurie (1923-1949) lasted longer in the university's 182-year history.

The University of the Ozarks Board of Trustees elected Richard L. "Rich" Dunsworth, J.D., as the university's 25th president, which was effective July 1, 2013.

Academics
University of the Ozarks offers more than 60 programs of study, along with several pre-professional sequences. The curriculum is based on a liberal arts approach, while also offering strong professional preparation in a number of areas. Students have access to a variety of academic support resources, including the university's Student Success Center.

The university offers students individualized attention and academic advising, with an average class size of 17, and a student/faculty ratio of 15:1.

Jones Learning Center
The university is also home to the Jones Learning Center, the first program in the country designed specifically to help students with learning disabilities at the college level. For an additional fee, students enrolled in the JLC receive a number of enhanced services designed to help them succeed in their college studies.

Enrollment
Based on Fall 2018 Fact Sheet
 * Students: 872
 * Female: 441 (52%)
 * Male: 431 (48%)
 * Countries Represented: 25
 * Student to Faculty Ratio: 15 to 1
 * 25/75 Percentile ACT Composite Scores: 20/27
 * Average Freshman HS GPA: 3.30

Athletics
The University of the Ozarks Eagles are a member of the NCAA Division III and compete in the American Southwest Conference against schools from the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. The university offers competition in baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's soccer, softball, and men's and women's tennis. In 2014, cheer & STUNT, wrestling, and men's and women's indoor and outdoor track were added. In 2016, the university added men's and women's swimming.

The Eagles competed in the Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1947 to 1995.

title: University of the Ozarks


text:
Rationalization (economics)

In economics, rationalization is an attempt to change a pre-existing ad hoc workflow into one that is based on a set of published rules. There is a tendency in modern times to quantify experience, knowledge, and work. Means–end (goal-oriented) rationality is used to precisely calculate that which is necessary to attain a goal. Its effectiveness varies with the enthusiasm of the workers for the changes being made, the skill with which management applies the rules, and the degree to which the rules fit the job.

Rationalization aims at an efficiency increase by better use of existing possibilities: A same effect can with fewer means, or with same means to be obtained. In the industry thereby frequently the replacement of manpower is designated by machines (rationalization investment). It is the reasonable, appropriate organization of operational conditions under changing conditions to increase with the goal, productivity and economy.

Julien Freund defines rationalization as "the organization of life through a division and coordination of activities on the basis of exact study of men's relations with each other, with their tools and their environment, for the purpose of achieving greater efficiency and productivity". According to Ulbo de Sitter, the act of organizing work tasks into work flows and processes involves the splitting of tasks into two sub-categories: parts, representing proceeding work tasks in time, and aspects, referring to work tasks that are different in nature rather than in time. This type of rationalization can be applied to physical as well as administrative work tasks.

The rationalization process is the practical application of knowledge to achieve a desired end. Its purpose is to bring about efficiency, coordination, and control of the natural and social environment. It is a product of "scientific specialization and technical differentiation" that seems to be a characteristic of Western culture. Rationalization is the guiding principle behind bureaucracy and the increasing division of labor, and has led to an increase in both the production and distribution of goods and services. It is also associated with secularization without its more positive component of humanism, with depersonalization and with oppressive routine.

Increasingly, human behavior is to be guided by observation, experiment, and reason (zweckrational). Change in human character is expected to be part of the process; rationalization and bureaucratization promote efficiency, and materialism, both of which are subsumed under Weber's concept of zweckrational.

Economic Rationalization
The concept of economic rationalism refers to the ability of individuals and organizations involved in business transactions to make logical decisions that yield net positive outcomes for all stakeholders, including ownership, employees, customers, and the community at large. Because such outcomes are the result of rational choices, it is, therefore, possible to predict with some accuracy the economic behavior of those stakeholders. In theory, this ability to forecast behavior allows decision-makers to implement strategies that will maximize potential gains and minimize losses. Colloquially, the term 'economic rationalization' is often used as an umbrella phrase referring to any business-related decision intended to improve productivity, increase profits, and/or reduce costs arrived at through an insightful analysis of stakeholder behavior.

In the classical conceptualization of free-market economic theory, the underlying assumption is that production and consumption are self-regulating in that producers and consumers ultimately behave in ways that produce the greatest benefit for society, the metaphorical invisible hand conceptualized by Scottish economist Adam Smith in the 18th century. Smith claimed that economies worked best when left unregulated, a laissez-faire approach to conducting business that was predicated upon the belief that, "businesspeople naturally invest their capitals where they believe they can generate the most value. Indeed, they are likely to be much better judges of this, understanding more about the local situation, than some distant regulator". This assumption that both the markets themselves as well as the people who participate in them will act in a logical manner would be a foundational concept in economic theory until the early 21st century.

When the global economic crisis crippled world markets in 2008, it became apparent that businesses had conducted themselves with anything but logic. Citing the failure of financial organizations and lending institutions to govern their business behavior in a prudent and sustainable manner, former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan conceded that economists had "made a mistake in presuming that the self-interest of organizations, specifically banks and others, was such that they were best capable of protecting their own shareholders". What the subprime mortgage fiasco of the new millennium revealed was that markets are vulnerable to the cognitive biases of human thought, giving rise to a new conceptualization of economic rationalization recognized as behavioral economics. By critically challenging long-held assumptions about human nature and how it impacts business decisions, corporate interests can take a more rational approach to conducting business in a much more pragmatic manner.

Etymology
The concept of rationality in economics is essentially no different than the manner with which philosophers view practical rationality as it applies to other disciplines in which there exist models of sound judgment, inferencing, and decision-making. Rationality is thus understood as the process through which reasonable conclusions are reached on the basis of thoughtful consideration of demonstrable proof so that the optimal result may be achieved. The fundamental cost-benefit analysis is a typical manifestation of the rationalization process in that the calculated advantages or rewards received will demonstrably outweigh the incurred sacrifice required to obtain those gains. Where the term becomes complicated is the point at which rationality is presumed to label a decision as being successful or unsuccessful, when the reality is that rational decision-making refers to the actual process of making a choice and not the choice itself. When individuals decide what is the best course of action, they do so according to what they perceive is most beneficial and/or fulfilling to them, based on whatever data they have available for consideration. So long as the outcome is consistent with the reasons for electing to behave in that way, the decision is a rational one. The comic book collector who pays thousands of dollars for a collectible issue that completes a long-incomplete series in lieu of buying groceries for the family may not be making a wise choice or even a prudent decision. If this behavior is consistent with the collector's past choices and has been a stated long-term goal, however, then such behavior is nevertheless rational. Rationality is applicable to why a choice was made and what motivated that decision rather than being applied as an evaluative assessment of the choice itself.

Rationality in Economics
In business, it is imperative that consumers and producers/providers make rational decisions based upon the logical consideration of observed behavior. Given the potentially irrational behavior of most human beings at various times and in various situations under various conditions, the ability to accurately predict such behavior is challenging but necessary if rational decision-making is to occur. By acknowledging the irrationality of governance, employee relations, marketing, customer service, spending patterns, product preferences, trends, and both public and corporate perceptions, stakeholders are more likely to make more rational decisions when it comes to conducting business.

Rationality in economics is therefore no longer dependent upon the traditional economic theory of laissez-fair capitalists, but more so on the observations of psychologists and human behavior analysts. Economic rationality accepts that human beings will behave in a manner that is based largely on individual needs and wants, irrational impulses, misconceptions, and personal circumstances, all of which render their behavior illogical. This does not mean, however, that such behavior is unpredictable. The rational principle of supply and demand dictates that highly sought-after products in limited availability will net greater profits, regardless of how irrational it may be to demand such items or to pay such prices to obtain them. As long as consumers can rationalize their behavior – or producers can offer a rationalization to them – economists can more rationally predict outcomes. For instance, a consumer's behavior indicates a preference for product A over product B, and product B over product C. In this scenario, an economic analyst should reasonably conclude that this consumer will never purchase product C when products A and B are available. The consumer, however, may violate this logical assumption and purchase product C regardless of the availability of the preferred others when there is no way to rationalize the purchase of A or B instead of C. As rationalization is associated with the decision making the process more so than the decision itself, the explanation for this consumer's seemingly unpredictable choice is rooted in the human psychological need to rationalize behavior: “Everyone feels that as a rational creature he must be able to give a connected, logical, and continuous account of himself, his conduct, and opinions, and all his mental processes are unconsciously manipulated and revised to that end”. For businesses, the key is to predict the rationalization process employed by consumers. For consumers, rationality is going to be determined by the availability, acquisition, and interpretation of the information needed to make informed decisions.

Rational Choice Theory
Rational choice theory (RCT) is a theoretical framework postulated on the belief that every decision made by an individual is done so by means of a thorough consideration of all substantiated benefits in comparison with the known costs of making a specific choice in a given situation. This methodical process is essentially considered a universal phenomenon and a natural attribute of the human condition, an anthropological feature of homo economicus, the calculating, negotiating, and materialistic characterization of human beings. Economists have traditionally favoured RCT because it more easily gives rise to economic models that may be used to predict human behavior on a more macro level.

There are four primary assumptions about human nature that form the foundation of RCT as a model of economic rationalization: 1). the decisions and subsequent behavior of an individual are inherently rational as a result of accurately and logically factoring both the rewards and costs of the proposed choice; 2). the reward will logically and demonstrably outweigh the underlying overheads or expenses of proceeding with the proposed action and/or for the action to be successfully completed; 3). in the event that the value of the expected reward decreases to a level below that of the costs being incurred, an individual will disengage from the action; 4). an individual in an economy is compelled to use and is limited to only those resources that are available for the achievement of the reward. In this conceptualization, RCT offers a universally applicable paradigm to explain and predict the economic decisions of individual consumers, larger cohorts of consumers, and even the intricacies of corporate entities.

One of the more often cited critiques of RCT is that human beings are unique individuals who exist within and must respond to a variety of circumstances and necessities, making a universally applicable pattern of decision-making a dubious proposition. The choices individuals will make are therefore always going to be contingent upon a number of situation-specific variables. Others contend that RCT is better conceptualized as a set of tools that can help explain individual behavior in specific contexts using universal behavioral concepts as opposed to offering a conclusive archetypal psychological account of human behavior that can be used to accurately predict future action. RCT is also criticized for its inability to rationalize reasoning predicated upon intuition or instinct, relying almost exclusively on empirical behavioral analysis to explain and predict decision-making.

Bounded Rationality
Given that the necessary proof upon which a logical decision must be based is not always accessible or even known to decision-makers, the need to acquire data becomes paramount in the decision-making process. Unlike the unbounded rationality assumed in rational choice theory, in which conclusions are reached based upon all necessary relevant information being available for consideration, the realistic limitations of most decision-making scenarios force human beings to search for data, a process that requires time, effort, and other resources that may not be contributable to this search. Because it offers a more realistic interpretation of human behavior without the need for vast amounts of empirical data, it is this more limited application of logic and reasoning that is likely to define contemporary economic rationalism.

To compensate for this lack of demonstrable proof, decisions are often rendered on the basis of predictions or assumptions about the potential behavior of individuals and groups. Because plausible assumptions rely upon some form of observed or confirmed precedent, there remains a certain logical element to bounded rationality. Decision-making of this sort does not simply identify norms, rather it considers actual behavior – rational or otherwise – and uses this limited but observable data to make reasonable predictions about future behavior, a process often referred to as optimization under constraints. Unlike unbounded rationality, bounded rationality is less concerned with defining ideal behavioral outcomes as opposed to examining real-life behavior in specific situations and using this information to predict what will likely be the actual outcome instead of what should be the optimal achievement. Given the propensity for human beings to act in often irrational ways, ironically the most rational way to predict behavior is to simply consider the data that is available rather than attempting to correlate and synthesize a more exhaustive cache of relevant information sources and theoretical models. Bounded rationalization is thus a more practical, manageable, and versatile approach to understanding and predicting human behavior.

The Limitations of Economic Rationality
Whether they are the result of rational choice theory or bounded rationality, changes implemented on the basis of logical analysis of behavioral data are intended to increase rewards by reducing costs. In an age in which corporate social responsibility is a fundamental component of a successful enterprise, businesses must strive to establish and maintain an identity that transcends the classic model of profit-first capitalism in favour of becoming a more socially conscious entity. In the pursuit of a more rational manner of operating, an organization can inadvertently compromise its commitment to the greater public good in its efforts to achieve greater rewards. First, because rationalization tends to advocate greater efficiency of individual components – namely employees – there can develop an emphasis on achieving self-interested goals that demonstrate improved productivity rather than fostering a greater focus on goals that are more concerned with the public interest. Similarly, employee levels of independence and creativity have been reported to decrease proportionately with increased levels of rationalization, as the implementation of standard operating procedures, streamlined for maximum efficiency, reduce options, limit choice, and ultimately stifle creativity.

title: Rationalization (economics)


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Rationalization (psychology)

Rationalization is a defense mechanism (ego defense) in which apparent logical reasons are given to justify behavior that is motivated by unconscious instinctual impulses. It is an attempt to find reasons for behaviors, especially one's own. Rationalizations are used to defend against feelings of guilt, maintain self-respect, and protect oneself from criticism.

Rationalization happens in two steps:
 * 1) A decision, action, judgement is made for a given reason, or no (known) reason at all.
 * 2) A rationalization is performed, constructing a seemingly good or logical reason, as an attempt to justify the act after the fact (for oneself or others).

Rationalization encourages irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives, or feelings and often involves ad hoc hypothesizing. This process ranges from fully conscious (e.g. to present an external defense against ridicule from others) to mostly unconscious (e.g. to create a block against internal feelings of guilt or shame). People rationalize for various reasons—sometimes when we think we know ourselves better than we do. Rationalization may differentiate the original deterministic explanation of the behavior or feeling in question.

Many conclusions individuals come to do not fall under the definition of rationalization as the term is denoted above.

History
Quintilian and classical rhetoric used the term color for the presenting of an action in the most favourable possible perspective. Laurence Sterne in the eighteenth century took up the point, arguing that, were a man to consider his actions, "he will soon find, that such of them, as strong inclination and custom have prompted him to commit, are generally dressed out and painted with all the false beauties [color] which, a soft and flattering hand can give them".

DSM definition
According to the DSM-IV, rationalization occurs "when the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by concealing the true motivations for their own thoughts, actions, or feelings through the elaboration of reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations".

Individual

 * Rationalization can be used to avoid admitting disappointment: "I didn't get the job that I applied for, but I really didn't want it in the first place."

Egregious rationalizations intended to deflect blame can also take the form of ad hominem attacks or DARVO. Some rationalizations take the form of a comparison. Commonly, this is done to lessen the perception of an action's negative effects, to justify an action, or to excuse culpability: Based on anecdotal and survey evidence, John Banja states that the medical field features a disproportionate amount of rationalization invoked in the "covering up" of mistakes. Common excuses made are:
 * "At least [what occurred] is not as bad as [a worse outcome]."
 * In response to an accusation: "At least I didn't [worse action than accused action]."
 * As a form of false choice: "Doing [undesirable action] is a lot better than [a worse action]."
 * In response to unfair or abusive behaviour from a separate individual or group to the person: "I must have done something wrong if they treat me like this."

 * "Why disclose the error? The patient was going to die anyway."
 * "Telling the family about the error will only make them feel worse."
 * "It was the patient's fault. If he wasn't so (sick, etc.), this error wouldn't have caused so much harm."
 * "Well, we did our best. These things happen."
 * "If we're not totally and absolutely certain the error caused the harm, we don't have to tell."
 * "They're dead anyway, so there's no point in blaming anyone."

In 2018, Muel Kaptein and Martien van Helvoort developed a model, called the Amoralizations Alarm Clock, that covers all existing amoralizations in a logical way. Amoralizations, also called neutralizations, or rationalizations, are defined as justifications and excuses for deviant behavior. Amoralizations are important explanations for the rise and persistence of deviant behavior. There exist many different and overlapping techniques of amoralizations.

Collective

 * Collective rationalizations are regularly constructed for acts of aggression, based on exaltation of the in-group and demonization of the opposite side: as Fritz Perls put it, "Our own soldiers take care of the poor families; the enemy rapes them".
 * Celebrity culture can be seen as rationalizing the gap between rich and poor, powerful and powerless, by offering participation to both dominant and subaltern views of reality.

Criticism
Some scientists criticize the notion that brains are wired to rationalize irrational decisions, arguing that evolution would select against spending more nutrients at mental processes that do not contribute to the improvement of decisions, such as rationalization of decisions that would have been taken anyway. These scientists argue that rationalizing causes one to learn less rather than learn more from their mistakes, and they criticize the hypothesis that rationalization evolved as a means of social manipulation by noting that if rational arguments were deceptive, there would be no evolutionary chance for breeding individuals that responded to the arguments and therefore making them ineffective and not capable of being selected for by evolution.

Psychoanalysis
Ernest Jones introduced the term "rationalization" to psychoanalysis in 1908, defining it as "the inventing of a reason for an attitude or action the motive of which is not recognized" —an explanation which (though false) could seem plausible. The term (Rationalisierung in German) was taken up almost immediately by Sigmund Freud to account for the explanations offered by patients for their own neurotic symptoms.

As psychoanalysts continued to explore the glossed of unconscious motives, Otto Fenichel distinguished different sorts of rationalization—both the justifying of irrational instinctive actions on the grounds that they were reasonable or normatively validated and the rationalizing of defensive structures, whose purpose is unknown on the grounds that they have some quite different but somehow logical meaning.

Later psychoanalysts are divided between a positive view of rationalization as a stepping stone on the way to maturity, and a more destructive view of it as splitting feeling from thought, and so undermining the powers of reason.

Cognitive dissonance
Leon Festinger highlighted in 1957 the discomfort caused to people by awareness of their inconsistent thought. Rationalization can reduce such discomfort by explaining away the discrepancy in question, as when people who take up smoking after previously quitting decide that the evidence for it being harmful is less than they previously thought.

title: Rationalization (psychology)


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Morville

Morville may refer to several places in Europe :

Belgium

 * Morville, Belgium, a part of Florennes in the province of Namur

England

 * Morville, Shropshire, a civil parish near Bridgnorth, Shropshire
 * Morville Hall, a country house in Morville, Shropshire

France

 * Morville, Manche, in the Manche département
 * Morville, Vosges, in the Vosges département
 * Morville-en-Beauce, in the Loiret département
 * Morville-lès-Vic, in the Moselle département
 * Morville-sur-Andelle, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Morville-sur-Nied, in the Moselle département
 * Morville-sur-Seille, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département

title: Morville


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User:Maybe~enwiki

hello again

title: User:Maybe~enwiki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dylan Hilsley

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dylan Hilsley
36 Google results. He is the owner of label with artists and a well made site however the lack of results is an indication of lack of notability. Just this info begets a borderline keep but what bothers me is the probability that the page was self created and promotional in design. Wikipedia will have to increasingly combat the usage of the site as a marketing tool. I encourage a delete Lotsofissues 23:30, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, self-promo. Megan1967 02:50, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, kind of borderline, but it's the self-promo moreso than the lack of notability that makes me say del. Asriel86 05:39, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Better known as Dylan as article says and his All Music Guide article confirms the release of a number of singles . I will work on cleaning this up hopefully. Capitalistroadster 11:12, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Destination routing

In telecommunications, destination routing is a methodology for selecting sequential pathways that messages must pass through to reach a target destination, based on a single destination address.

In electronic switching systems for circuit-based telephone calls, the destination stations are identified by a station address or more commonly, a telephone number.

Description
The telephone network comprises various classes of switching systems. An end office switch connects directly to the stations. It knows which circuit to activate (ring) when given a destination number. Other switches in the network are for transport only. These are sometimes called tandem switches. In this case, the goal of destination routing would be to select an outbound span for a particular destination number. The objective is to get a continuous signal path from the starting location of the caller to the ending location of the called party.

title: Destination routing


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Talk:Feelie

Brave New World
Someone should write something about Brave New World, because they have "Feelies" in that book...

 * Since you seem to know about it, why don't you? Be bold!  It should go under a new section, though.

 * Also, sign your posts. You can do this win 3 or 4 tildes (  or ~ ).  The latter is usually preferred, though, since it also adds a timestamp. :-)   — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:47, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I just went ahead and added the BNW reference. And no, that wasn't me with the initial post.--216.165.62.139 13:52, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Too many feelies
An anonymous user came along and added the feelies for numerous games. I reverted them for a very good reason: those feelies are already listed in those game's articles. The intent of the list was to give a idea for what kind of feelies Infocom included in their games, and the list as it was already did that. Adding more didn't add much, since those feelies are already listed elsewhere.

I'll double-check the feelies the user added, but I'm sure that they just lifted the content from the other articles. If that info isn't in those articles, I'll add it.

If someone wants to add them back in, let's discuss it here first. Peace. :-)  — Frecklefoot | Talk 18:27, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * My bad. I wasn't sure what the protocol was, so I was trying to be all-inclusive. Sorry for that. I was assuming that this was trying to be a definitive article.
 * Maybe we should, however, add a list of the games that included feelies? Though they were in most Infocom games, they weren't in all, and I think that this is significant enough information to warrant its inclusion in an encyclopaedic entry.
 * 216.158.31.195 16:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Nearly every game released by Infocom featured at least one feelie. I'd think it would be easier (and more notable) to list the ones that didn't have any. Each game's article does list all feelies included with that release. -DynSkeet (talk) 20:17, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with DynSkeet. Though not all games included feelies—especially repackaged collections released by Activision, most did.  So a list of games that didn't include feelies might be easier and more manageable. :-)   — Frecklefoot | Talk 20:20, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Feelie as a general term
Isn't feelie still generally used in the industry and among gamers and collectors to refer to extras in general, such as maps (Neverwinter Nights' cloth map for example), coins (Collector's Ed of Oblivion), etc? Or is it solely an Infocom thing? I've seen it used more generally. Perhaps this should be added to the article? I'll wait for replies and comments before acting on this. --Lendorien 21:02, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * In no way are my experiences definitive, but until I'd started looking into TLTOI, I'd never heard of "feelies" in reference to any other gaming. —   pd_THOR  undefined | 21:12, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that Infocom ever officially referred to its "extras" as feelies. I believe I first heard the term on ifMUD within the last six or seven years. DynSkeet | (talk)
 * I've seen the term used in reference to the Ultima series too. I know that Ultima 6 had some including a cloth map and a stone. Maybe it's a collector term? I did a couple google searches, and I've seen it used in reviews of other games, though oft used with quotation marks in the following way: The game comes with a some "feelies" to delight the gamer. --Lendorien 18:21, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

what's included in this article
If we list every single game that had something included, the article would be insanely long. And that information is listed in the various game articles already. They aren't called "feelies" though.  D r e a m Focus  14:06, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Feelie


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File talk:VietnamSM.gif

pinkhairof1992: Isn't it awesome that there are different types of medals, each signifying a separate award? I just think that that's really cool. I would like to know a little bit about the design in the center of the vietnam service medal, itself. Is there anyone here, who has this info?

title: File talk:VietnamSM.gif