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Parachute Regiment (India)

The Parachute Regiment is an airborne and special forces regiment of the Indian Army. It was raised in 1945 as part of the British Indian Army but was disbanded after World War II and was re-raised in 1952 as part of the Indian Army. Currently it consists of fifteen Special Forces, two Territorial Army and one Rashtriya Rifles battalions.

World War II
The first Indian airborne formation was the British Indian Army's 50th Parachute Brigade, which was raised during World War II on 29 October 1941, initially consisting of 151 Parachute Battalion (consisting of British troops), 152 Parachute Battalion (consisting of Indian troops) and 153 Parachute Battalion (consisting of Gurkha troops) alongside other support units.

Lt. (later Col.) A.G. Rangaraj, MVC, of the Indian Medical Service and RMO of 152 Parachute Battalion, became the first Indian along with Hav. Maj. Mathura Singh to make a parachute descent. In 1942–43, the formation saw limited action at Nara against Pathan tribals in the North-West Frontier Province and conducted some intelligence-gathering missions in Burma, utilizing their somewhat limited airborne capabilities. In August 1943, the 154 Parachute Battalion was formed from troops from the 3rd battalion, 7th Gurkha Rifles and assigned to the 50th Parachute Brigade. In March 1944, 151 Parachute Battalion was transferred to Britain, renamed as 156 Parachute Battalion, and assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade of the 1st Airborne Division. The 50th Parachute Brigade, without 154 Parachute Battalion, then saw extensive action at Sangshak and later in the Imphal plains on the Burmese border against two reinforced Japanese divisions. 154 Parachute Battalion had not completed its air training, so stayed back to attain airborne status.

During the Battle of Sangshak (21–26 March 1944), which lasted six days, the brigade suffered extremely heavy casualties, totalling 40 officers and VCOs and 545 other ranks, winning the appreciation of Lt. Gen. William Slim, the commander of the British Fourteenth Army. The breakout on the night of 26 March 1944 saw the remnants of the once-proud parachute brigade fight its way south and then west through the Japanese-infested jungles to Imphal. It achieved its task of preventing the flanking Japanese forces from surrounding Imphal and destroying IV Corps. Despite the losses it suffered in Sangshak, the paratroopers formed ad hoc units and continued to participate in actions to destroy Japanese forces near and around Imphal until its withdrawal at the end of July.

Later in 1944, the brigade was expanded to form the 44th Indian Airborne Division as the original 9th Airborne Division was to be named because the 44th Armoured Division (whose services were no longer required in the Middle East theatre of war) was to be converted to an airborne unit. The two ad hoc brigades from the Chindit operations, 14th and the 77th, were included to form the division. The original plan was to have a battalion each of British troops, Indian troops and Gurkha troops in both the parachute brigades, with the 14th being converted for the airlanding role, though there is little known about gliderborne training or operations in India. 14th was later to be converted for the airborne role. The Governor General's Bodyguard (GGBG) joined the airborne fraternity and was named the 44th Airborne Division Reconnaissance Squadron. 9 Field Regiment (RIA) and other support units too were inducted. 60th Parachute Field Ambulance which till then had been in Burma and performed well, was selected to augment the medical element for the formation. The 44th Indian Airborne Division was finally designated the 2nd Indian Airborne Division in 1945. The plan was to raise an entire airborne corps with the British 6th Airborne Division (of D-Day/Normandy fame) to be brought to India as the second divisional formation, but the war ended before it could materialize.

The Indian Army's Parachute Regiment was officially formed on 1 March 1945, consisting of four battalions and an equal number of independent companies. The regiment's first airborne action was towards the end of the war, when a reinforced Gurkha Parachute Battalion was parachuted into Burma at Elephant Point on 1 May 1945, as part of Operation Dracula. The battalion performed well earning the respect of all, including the critics of airborne warfare. Despite the performance in Operation Dracula, the Parachute Regiment was disbanded in late 1945 as part of the reduction and restructuring of the post-war British Indian Army. However, they retained their airborne role and formed part of the airborne division.

Indian independence
After independence and partition, the airborne division was divided between the armies of India and newly formed Pakistan, with India retaining the Divisional HQ and the 50th and 77th Parachute Brigades, while the 14th Parachute Brigade went to Pakistan. The 77th Parachute Brigade was later disbanded. Thus, the Indian Army retained only one airborne formation, the 50th Parachute Brigade. This brigade consisted of three distinguished battalions from different regiments: the 1st battalion, Punjab Regiment (Para), the 3rd battalion, Maratha Light Infantry (Para), and the 1st battalion, Kumaon Regiment (Para). These battalions had been carrying out parachute duties after the disbandment of the regiment in 1945, and had continued to wear the uniform of their parent regiments except for a change in headgear to the maroon beret, and in order to distinguish them from the other battalions of their regiments, the word 'Para' was added after their names.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Both the 50th and 77th Parachute Brigades saw extensive action in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The three parachute battalions and the support units of the 50th Parachute Brigade saw extensive action. The three battalions distinguished themselves in the battles of Shelatang, Naushera, Jhangar and Poonch, after which they were awarded the respective battle honours. The brigade commander, Brig. Mohammad Usman, was killed in action on 3 July 1948, and was posthumously awarded the Maha Vir Chakra.

60 Parachute Field Ambulance, as part of the 77th Parachute Brigade, also saw action in Kashmir where it raised and maintained the now famous Cariappa Hospital catering to the needs of numerous units in its vicinity (27 Indian Army and State Forces battalions along with other units) and constantly faced shortages due to the war situation and inclement weather conditions. The unit's performance, like other units of the parachute brigade, was beyond all expectations and resulted in the awarding of numerous gallantry awards, including a Vir Chakra to Capt. V. Rangaswami, the surgeon.

60th Parachute Field Ambulance in the Korean War
With the North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950, the UN sent out a call to the free world for assistance. India decided not to get involved militarily but contributed a medical unit, the 60th Parachute Field Ambulance (60th PFA) which served in Korea for a total of four years. Commander was Lieutenant Colonel A. G. Rangaraj and 60th PFA was involved in providing medical cover to the forces of the UN Command as well as the ROK Army and local civilians, and earned the title, "The Angels in Brown Berets" due to their iconic reddish-brown berets. The unit also looked after the North Korean POWs. They treated about 20,000   wounded soldiers and civilians from November 1950 to February 1954.

The highlight of the tenure undoubtedly was when the unit provided their services during Operation Tomahawk on 21 March 1951 to the US Army's 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team for which the unit was awarded two Maha Vir Chakras, one bar to Vir Chakra and six Vir Chakras, and a host of other Indian and international individual and unit decorations. These included the unit citations from the US and South Korean Army chiefs, commendations from the 1st Commonwealth Division, and British commanders. There was a special mention of the unit in the House of Lords in the British Parliament. The 12 members of the unit who participated in the airborne operation were also awarded the American Parachutist Badge. On their return to India, the unit was awarded the President's Trophy by the first President of the Republic of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 10 March 1955 at Agra, the first one of its kind and the only one to date. The troops of the unit were also awarded 25 Mentioned-in-Despatches.

Re-raising
On 15 April 1952, the Parachute Regiment was re-raised by absorbing the three existing parachute battalions of the 50th Parachute Brigade. The 1st battalion, Punjab Regiment (Para) was redesignated as the 1st battalion, Parachute Regiment (Punjab). The 3rd battalion, Maratha Light Infantry (Para) was redesignated as the 2nd battalion, Parachute Regiment (Maratha). The 1st battalion, Kumaon Regiment (Para) was redesignated as the 3rd battalion, Parachute Regiment (Kumaon). The Parachute Regiment Depot and Records was raised at Agra on 15 April 1952, to coincide with the raising of the regiment. All personnel documents for troops who were serving in the three parachute battalions that were converted into the Parachute Regiment were transferred to Depot and Records from the Punjab Regiment, Maratha Light Infantry and the Kumaon Regiment. Simultaneously, a Personal Accounts Office (PAO) for the regiment was raised at Mathura as part of PAO (OR) Artillery. Until 1952, the 50th Parachute Brigade had used the Pegasus with "India" written under it, as a formation sign. When the Parachute Regiment was raised, a new formation sign, a light blue Shatrujeet, a half-horse half-man with wings and a bow and arrow in a ready position, signifying the operational readiness of the brigade, on a maroon background, replaced the Pegasus. The new cap badge and the formation sign was designed by Capt (later Lt Get) ML Tuli, of 3 Para (Kumaon).

1961 saw the raising of the 4th battalion to augment the strength of the regiment. After the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the regiment, as with the rest of the armed forces, saw expansion on an unprecedented scale, with the 5th battalion raised in 1962, the 6th battalion raised in 1963 and the 7th battalion raised in 1964, followed by raising of the 8th battalion. A second parachute brigade, the 51st, was also raised to complement the 50th Brigade but was reverted to normal infantry role in 1976.

Of the original units of the 50th Parachute Brigade, only two exist as of date, namely 411 Parachute Field Company of the Bombay Sappers, the oldest parachute unit of the Indian Army and the 50th Parachute Brigade Signal Company. The original medical unit, 80 Parachute Field Ambulance, became part of 14 Parachute Brigade went over to Pakistan while 43 Para Fd AMb was disbanded as with the other minor units of the 77th Para Bde, and only one field ambulance, 60 Parachute Field Ambulance (now 60 Parachute Field Hospital) was retained in the airborne role. The other minor units followed suit. The Governor General's Bodyguard was retained in the pathfinder role.

Para (Special Forces)
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, an irregular force with volunteers from various infantry regiments under Maj. Megh Singh Rathore of the Brigade of the Guards carried out unconventional operations and achieved results disproportionate to its strength, and the need for unconventional forces was felt. The force had been disbanded and the volunteers reverted to their parent units. Major Megh Singh Rathore was tasked to raise a battalion for the purpose, resulting in the raising of 9th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando) on 1 July 1966. The unit was originally raised as part of the Brigade of the Guards, but due to the parachute qualification being an essential part of commando operations, the battalion was transferred to the Parachute Regiment and became the 9th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando). One year later, on 1 July 1967, the battalion was split into two and both battalions were brought up to strength as the 9th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando) and the 10th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando). In 1979, the 1st battalion, Parachute Regiment, was put through trial conversion into a Special Forces battalion modeled on the lines of the British SAS and after a three-year conversion period re-designated as a Special Forces battalion, named as 1st battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando). The two Parachute Commando battalions (9 and 10) were also subsequently re-designated as Special Forces battalions. At some point, the name "Commando" was replaced by "Para (Special Forces)". On 1 February 1996, the 21st battalion, Maratha Light Infantry, was officially transferred to the Parachute Regiment and was re-designated as the 21st battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces), though the conversion had been underway since 1994. In 1999, the 2nd battalion, Parachute Regiment was also converted into a Special Forces battalion, followed in 2002 by the 3rd battalion and in 2003 by the 4th battalion. Subsequently, in the year 2010, the 11th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) and in the year 2013 the 12th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) raised at Agra to augment the strength of the existing Special Forces battalions. In the year 2022 In a significant boost to operational capability, airborne battalions 5th, 6th, 7th, 23rd & 29th battalions were converted to a specialist role having honed their skills over two gruelling months that culminated in a validation over seven days. Another battalion 13th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) was raised in Bangalore in 2022.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, 1 Para of the Parachute Regiment, placed under operational command of 68 Infantry Brigade, played an important role in the capture of the strategic Hajipir Pass, located on the western fringe of Pir Panjal ranges on the Pakistani side and dominating the Rajouri -Poonch-Uri highway in India. The battalion under command of Major Ranjit Singh Dayal (Later awarded MVC for the operation) was responsible for the capture of Sank, Ser and Ledwali Gali on 26 and 27 August and the Hajipir Pass on 28 August 1965. Thereafter, repeated attempts by the enemy to recapture the Pass were thwarted by paratroopers of the battalion. In recognition of its resilient gallantry and indomitable spirit, 1 Para earned the Battle Honour ‘Hajipir’ and Theatre Honour ‘Jammu & Kashmir’ in 1965. At the same time in the Lahore sector, the 50 Parachute Brigade was tasked with capturing of the Jallo railway bridge. Despite being a newly raised battalion 6 Para of the Parachute Regiment with superb battle drill and fighting spirit attacked the Jallo railway bridge enduring stiff resistance and heavy artillery fire. The unit successfully captured and occupied the bridge on September 17 raising the success signal ‘Ghora’.The officers and men in the brigade were overjoyed with this operationally critical capture.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the regiment saw numerous actions in both the eastern and western theatres. For the first time in independent India's history, an airborne infantry battalion (2nd battalion, Parachute Regiment) was dropped at Tangail, which contributed substantially to speeding up the liberation of Bangladesh. Elements of the 2nd battalion became the first Indian troops to enter Dhaka. The regiment's Commando battalion proved their professional skills by conducting spectacular lightning raids into Chachro, Sindh, Pakistan and Mandhol, Jammu and Kashmir. The regiment earned the battle honours Poongli Bridge, Chachro, Mandhol and Defence of Poonch during these operations. While the 51st Parachute Brigade saw action in Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, the 50th Parachute Brigade saw action initially in Bangladesh with 2 Para in the airborne role, 7 Para as the advance guard and the rest of the brigade in a ground role. The 50th Parachute Brigade then moved to assist its sister brigade in the western sector, thus becoming the only formation to see action on both fronts.

Operation Pawan
Five Parachute Regiment battalions (including the three Commando battalions) took part in Operation Pawan, as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.

Operation Cactus
With 6 Para as its spearhead and 7 Para as reserve, the 50th Parachute Brigade under Brig. Farukh Bulsara took part in Operation Cactus in November 1988, the first successful overseas intervention operation since Korea to rescue the president and aid the duly elected government of the Maldives.

Counter insurgency operations
Parachute Regiment battalions have been employed in counter-insurgency roles, both in the northeast and Jammu and Kashmir, earning fifteen COAS Unit Citations.

The Ashok Chakra, India's highest gallantry award in peacetime, was awarded posthumously to:-
 * Capt. Arun Singh Jasrotia (9 PARA CDO, 1996)
 * Maj. Sudhir Kumar Walia (9 PARA CDO, 2000)
 * Ptr. Sanjog Chhetri (9 PARA SF, 2003)
 * Capt. Harshan R (2 PARA SF, 2007)
 * Hav. Bahadur Singh Bohra (10 PARA SF, 2008)
 * Hav. Gajender Singh Bisht (10 PARA SF/ SAG, 2009)
 * Maj. Mohit Sharma (1 PARA SF, 2010)
 * L.Nk. Mohan Nath Goswami (9 PARA SF,2016)

9 PARA SF was conferred the "Bravest of the Brave" honour by the COAS, Indian Army in 2001.

Kargil War
In 1999, seven out of the ten parachute regiment battalions were deployed in Kargil district, Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Operation Vijay, which bears testimony to the operational profile of the regiment. 6 Para and 7 Para, along with 1 Para (SF) cleared the Mushkoh Valley intrusions, while 5 Para was actively involved in Batalik sector, where it exhibited great courage and tenacity, and was awarded the COAS unit citation. 10 Para (SF) was involved in operations at Khalubar Ridge. 9 Para (SF) saw combat at the heights of Zulu Ridge by passing through land mines and clearing them. It was one of toughest operations in the Kargil war.

United Nations operations
Calls of international peacekeeping have taken airborne units (INDBATT) to Korea (1950–54), the Gaza Strip (1956–58), Sierra Leone (2000, as part of UNAMSIL), Congo (2004, 2014 as part of MONUSCO), Sudan (2009 as part of UNMIS), South Sudan (2011 as part of UNMISS), Ethiopia/Eritrea (2004 as part of UNMEE) and Lebanon (2005 as part of UNIFIL). The operations in Sierra Leone involved a daring rescue mission conducted by the 2 Para (SF) and 9 Para (SF). Parachute Regiment battalions have also been awarded UN Force Commander's battalion citation on a number of occasions and have officers/PBOR serving in staff roles or as observers with various United Nations missions.

Recent times
Recently, two more infantry battalions underwent probation and were re raised as Parachute Regiment battalions by transfer from other regiments. In 2014, the 23rd battalion, Rajputana Rifles was transferred to the Parachute Regiment and redesignated as the 23rd battalion, Parachute Regiment. Simultaneously, the 29th battalion, Rajput Regiment was transferred to the Parachute Regiment and redesignated as the 29th battalion, Parachute Regiment.

Mountaineering and South Pole Expedition
The Parachute Regiment has historically been active in the field of mountaineering. The late Capt. (later Col.) Avtar Singh Cheema of 7 Para (SF) was the first Indian atop Mount Everest in 1965. Capt. Abhijeet Singh from 7 Para (SF) also summited the peak in 2003 while Brig. Saurabh Singh Shekhawat of 21 Para (SF) scaled the peak thrice in 2001, 2003 and 2005, and has also scaled peaks in the French Alps and in Africa. Lt. Col. Bhupesh Hada of 10 Para (SF) led the Indian Army Snow Lion Everest Expedition team to the Everest summit in 2012. Col Sarfraz Singh, of 6 PARA led a seven-member team of Nimas to the world's highest peak on 20 May 2018.

A Parachute Regiment team scaled Nanda Devi in 1981 when they attempted both main and east peaks simultaneously. The southwest face of Nanda Devi East was climbed for the first time, but both climbers, Premjit Lal and Phu Dorjee, were killed in the descent. Three others – Daya Chand, Ram Singh, and Lakha Singh – also fell to their deaths, leading to the highest ever number of casualties on the mountain.

Maj. Jai Bahuguna, a famous climber of the Corps of Engineers who died on Everest, also served with the 50th Parachute Brigade. Maj. (later Maj. Gen.) Mohammed Amin Naik and Capt. (later Col.) Anand Swaroop, also of the Corps of Engineers, summitted Nanda Devi in 1993. Maj. N. Linyu of 60 Parachute Field Hospital is the first female airborne officer who has participated in numerous expeditions in the Himalayas. She summited Everest in May 2012, and is also an accomplished skydiver.

Col. J.K. Bajaj, an EME officer serving with the 50th Parachute Brigade, who commanded 2 (Independent) Parachute Field Workshop, became the first Asian to ski to the South Pole with the Overland International Expedition to plant the Indian flag at the South Pole on 17 January 1989. Col. Balwant Sandhu, Col. J.K. Bajaj and Col. Anshuman Bhadauria have commanded the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering in Uttarkashi.

Training
On 1 May 1952, a training wing of the Parachute Regiment was formed at Kota under the Brigade of the Guards Training Centre and thus started the direct recruitment and training of recruits for the Parachute Regiment. The regiment started augmenting its strength from 1961. About the same time, in order to ensure a better intake of recruits into the regiment, the raising of a training centre was authorized on 13 March 1963, and the Indian government accorded sanction for raising of an independent training centre. The executive order for raising the Parachute Regiment Training Centre was received on 22 June 1963. The Parachute Regiment Depot and Records was redesignated as the Parachute Regiment Training Centre, then located at Agra Fort. The first batch of recruits from the Rajputana Rifles, Rajput Regiment, Sikh Regiment and Dogra Regiment started arriving in the training battalions located at Kheria Camp On 26 September 1963, the Parachute Regiment training wing at Kota joined the centre. On 5 February 1965, the centre moved to Morar Cantonment, Gwalior. The centre, in addition to conducting training of Parachute Regiment recruits, was also responsible for all parachute training. For this purpose, a Parachute Holding Wing was established on 1 April 1966. The Para Holding Wing was responsible for carrying out basic and reservist training for all active and reservist paratroopers. In wartime, the Para Holding Wing had the added responsibility of providing transit camp facilities for the launching of an airborne operation. On 5 June 1967, the Personal Accounts Office (Other Ranks) of the Parachute Regiment also moved from Mathura to Gwalior. On 2 October 1975, the Parachute Regiment Training Centre, Records and PAO (OR) moved to Agra. On 15 January 1977, the erstwhile Para Holding Wing was disbanded and additional staff and vehicles were authorised to the Parachute Regiment Training Centre to carry out all of the above functions of the Para Holding Wing. The Para Holding Wing continued functioning from Kheria and its old name was retained. The Para Holding Wing thereafter merged with the Army Airborne Training School, Agra on 15 January 1992. On 15 January 1992, the Parachute Regiment Training Centre along with the Records and PAO (OR) moved to Bengaluru and occupied the erstwhile location of the Pioneer Corps and Training Centre.

Insignia
The regimental badge for the Parachute Regiment is an open parachute, partially behind a circle with the word "Parachute" at the top and a scroll at the bottom with the word "Regiment"; wings are spread out from the circle, and a dagger is superimposed on the parachute and upper portion of the circle; the whole in silver metal. As with much of the world's parachute forces, the normal headgear is a maroon beret, although there is a maroon turban for Sikh personnel.

The special forces, which form part of the Parachute Regiment, have a distinct insignia called Balidaan, which has a commando dagger point downwards, with upward-extending wings extending from the blade and a scroll superimposed on the blade with "Balidaan" inscribed in Devanagari; the whole in silver metal on an upright red plastic rectangle. The Balidaan is modeled on the world famous cap and beret badge of the Special Air Service. The special forces personnel also wear a maroon curved shoulder title with "Special Forces" embroidered in light blue, succeeding the "Commando" tab in 2006 which was in use since inception.

There remains a single airborne brevet: an open parachute in white, with light blue wings extended from it, the whole on a grey-green drab background. Some other variants have existed for ceremonial/mess uniforms, e.g. with gold wired wings on a maroon flannel, the same on a scarlet background for the President's Bodyguard on their ceremonial tunics. This was formerly worn on the upper right sleeve but since 1975 appears above the right chest pocket and name tab. There is also a small enamelled version (white parachute with blue, yellow, or red wings) worn on the left pocket as Jump Indicator Wings (for 25, 50 or 100 descents, respectively). The small enamelled badge has now been replaced by a brass badge called Para Indicator Badge with stars at the bottom of the parachute, with one star denoting 25 jumps, two stars 50 and three stars 100.

Units
The regiment has a total of fifteen regular, one Rashtriya Rifles and two Territorial Army battalions. Formerly designated "Commando" units, they are now designated "Special Forces". Rashtriya Rifles (RR) Territorial Army (TA)
 * 1st Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 5th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 6th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 7th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 9th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 10th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 11th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 12th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 13th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 21st Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 23rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 29th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 31st Battalion, The Rashtriya Rifles (Commando)
 * 106th Parachute Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (based at Bengaluru, Karnataka)
 * 116th Parachute Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (based at Devlali, Maharashtra)

Others:

Erstwhile Former
 * 1st Battalion was erstwhile 1st Battalion, The Punjab Regiment till 1952
 * 2nd Battalion was erstwhile 3rd Battalion, The Maratha Light Infantry till 1952
 * 3rd Battalion was erstwhile 1st Battalion, The Kumaon Regiment till 1952
 * 21st Battalion was erstwhile 21st Battalion, The Maratha Light Infantry till 1996
 * 23rd Battalion was erstwhile 23rd Battalion, The Rajputana Rifles till 2013
 * 29th Battalion was erstwhile 29th Battalion, The Rajput Regiment till 2013
 * 8th Battalion was transferred out and re-designated as 16th Battalion, The Mahar Regiment in 1975. In 1976 again the Battalion was re-raised as 12th Battalion, The Mechanised Infantry Regiment.

When the 8th Battalion was converted, a sizeable part of the battalion was retained in the airborne role for some time, forming the armored element of the 50th Parachute Brigade, equipped with BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles. However, due to administrative and logistic reasons, that unit was discontinued and their role was taken over by the parachute battalions themselves, with a platoon strength of each battalion being trained and equipped for the mechanized role within the brigade

Four of the special forces battalions were originally trained for use in certain environments: the 1st battalion was the strategic reserve, the 9th battalion were trained for mountains, the 10th battalion was trained for deserts and the 21st battalion was trained for jungles. However, currently all special forces battalions are cross trained for all environments and combat roles.

Colonels of the Regiment
The Colonel of the regiment is a senior officer of the regiment, usually the senior-most, who is a father-figure to the regiment and looks after the interests of the regiment. This is a tradition and position that the Indian Army has inherited from the British Army. The officers who have graced this position are as follows -
 * Maj. Gen. K Bhagwati Singh
 * Lt. Gen. Inderjit Singh Gill, PVSM, MC
 * Maj. Gen. SC Sinha, PVSM
 * Lt. Gen. M Thomas, PVSM, AVSM, VSM
 * Lt. Gen. V. K. Nayar, PVSM, SM
 * Maj. Gen. JN Goel
 * Maj. Gen. RP Limaye, AVSM
 * Maj. Gen. Shivaji Patil, UYSM, AVSM
 * Maj. Gen. Hoshiar Singh, YSM
 * Lt. Gen. Nirbhay Sharma, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM
 * Lt. Gen. HS Lidder, PVSM, UYSM, YSM, VSM
 * Lt. Gen. PC Katoch, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SC
 * Lt. Gen. Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj, PVSM, AVSM, VrC, SC, VSM
 * Lt. Gen. Vinod Bhatia, PVSM, AVSM, SM
 * Lt. Gen. NS Ghei, PVSM, AVSM**, ADC
 * Lt. Gen. PS Sangha, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM
 * Maj. Gen. Sanjay Singh, AVSM, SM**, VSM
 * Lt. Gen. Pushpendra Singh, SM**

Honorary Officers

 * Mahendra Singh Dhoni was commissioned into the 106th Infantry Battalion Territorial Army with the rank of Hon. Lt. Col by the President of India on 1 November 2011
 * Deepak Rao was commissioned into the 116th Infantry Battalion Territorial Army with the rank of Hon. Major by the President of India on 1 November 2011. He is cited to be India's foremost pioneer and specialist in close quarter warfare by the Indian Ministry of Defence. His method of reflex shooting has been used to modernize close quarter combat shooting in Northern Command and Eastern Command under directive of Army commanders.

Post-1947
 Theatre Honours
 * 2 PARA (MARATHA) - Jammu & Kashmir 1947-1948
 * 3 PARA (KUMAON) - Jammu & Kashmir 1947-1948
 * 1 PARA (PUNJAB) - Jammu & Kashmir 1947-1948
 * 1 PARA - Jammu & Kashmir 1965
 * 2 PARA - East Pakistan (Bangladesh) 1971
 * 9 PARA CDO - Jammu & Kashmir 1971
 * 10 PARA CDO - Sindh 1971
 * 5 PARA - Kargil 1999
 * 9 PARA CDO - Kargil 1999
 * 10 PARA CDO - Kargil 1999

Battle Honours
 COAS Unit Citation
 * 3 PARA (KUMAON) - Shelatang, Jammu & Kashmir 1947
 * 2 PARA (MARATHA) - Jhangar, Jammu & Kashmir 1947
 * 1 PARA - Hajipir, Jammu & Kashmir 1965
 * 6 PARA - Jallo, Lahore 1965
 * 2 PARA - Poongli Bridge, East Pakistan 1971
 * 4 PARA - Sand Dune, Ganganagar 1971
 * 10 PARA CDO - Chachro, Sindh 1971
 * 9 PARA CDO - Mandhol, Jammu & Kashmir 1971
 * 6 PARA - Maldives 1988
 * 5 PARA - Batalik, Kargil 1999
 * 1995 - 9 PARA CDO
 * 1996 - 5 PARA
 * 1997 - 3 PARA
 * 1998 - 1 PARA CDO, 2 PARA
 * 2000 - 5 PARA, 6 PARA
 * 2001 - 9 PARA CDO, 31 RR CDO
 * 2003 - 3 PARA, 9 PARA SF
 * 2004 - 2 PARA SF, 31 RR CDO
 * 2005 - 5 PARA, 10 PARA SF
 * 2006 - 1 PARA SF, 21 PARA SF
 * 2007 - 3 PARA SF
 * 2009 - 2 PARA SF, 10 PARA SF
 * 2011 - 1 PARA SF, 21 PARA SF
 * 2012 - 4 PARA SF
 * 2017 - 9 PARA SF, 4 PARA SF
 * 2019 - 1 PARA SF, 9 PARA SF
 * 2020 - 23 PARA
 * 2021 - 10 PARA SF
 * 2023 - 4 PARA SF
 * 2024 - 12 PARA SF

 CDS Tri Services Unit Citation
 * 2023 - 2 PARA SF

Numerous soldiers of the regiment have been awarded honours for bravery in operations. These include:
 * Ashoka Chakra - 8
 * Maha Vir Chakra - 11
 * Kirti Chakra - 13
 * Param Vishisht Seva Medal - 07
 * Uttam Yudh Seva Medal - 06
 * Ati Vishisht Seva Medal - 13
 * Vir Chakra - 61
 * Shaurya Chakra - 53
 * Yudh Seva Medal - 10
 * Vishisht Seva Medal - 28
 * Sena Medal - 246
 * Bar to SM-05
 * MiD-265

Ashoka Chakra
 * Capt. Arun Singh Jasrotia - 9 PARA CDO (1996)
 * Maj. Sudhir Kumar Walia - 9 PARA CDO (2000)
 * Ptr. Sanjog Chhetri - 9 PARA SF (2003)
 * Capt. Harshan R - 2 PARA SF (2007)
 * Hav. Gajender Singh Bisht - 10 PARA SF (2009) on NSG deputation
 * Hav. Bahadur Singh Bohra - 10 PARA SF (2009)
 * Maj. Mohit Sharma - 1 PARA SF (2009)
 * L/Nk Mohan Nath Goswami - 9 PARA SF (2016)

Maha Vir Chakra
 * Brig. Mohammad Usman - 50(I) PARA BDE (1948)
 * Lt Col. Harbansh Singh Virk - 2 PARA (1948)
 * Maj. AK Ramaswamy - 2 PARA (1948)
 * Maj. SMS Brar - 3 PARA (1948)
 * Ptr. Man Singh - 3 PARA (1948)
 * Maj. SP Chopra - 2 PARA (1948)
 * Lt Col. Dharam Singh - 3 PARA (1948)
 * Maj. RS Dayal - 1 PARA (1965)
 * Lt Col. Sawai Bhawani Singh - 10 PARA CDO (1971)
 * Maj. Vijay Kumar Berry - 4 PARA (1971)
 * Lt Col. Kulwant Singh Pannu - 2 PARA (1971)

Kirti Chakra
 * Ptr. Jagpal Singh - PARA (1985)
 * Sub. Mahavir Singh Yadav - 1 PARA CDO (1985)
 * Naik. Bansode YM - 2 PARA (1991)
 * Maj. Ivan Joseph Crastro - 1 PARA CDO (1993)
 * Lt Col. Sunil Kumar Razdan - 7 PARA (1996)
 * Hav. Badri Lal Lunawat - 10 PARA CDO (1999)
 * Capt. R Subramanian - 1 PARA CDO (2001)
 * N/Sub. Ishwar Singh - 5 PARA (2002)
 * Capt. Sajjan Singh Malik - 10 PARA SF (2005)
 * Maj. Manish Hiraji Pitambre - 3 PARA SF (2007)
 * Maj. Shubash Chand Punia - 21 PARA SF (2008)
 * Ptr. Shabir Ahmed Malik - 1 PARA SF (2009)
 * Sub. Indra Bahadur Pun - 4 PARA SF (2009)
 * Capt. Zala Ajitkumar Arshibhai - 2 PARA SF (2009)
 * Lt Col. Saurab Singh Shekhawat - 21 PARA SF (2009)
 * Capt. Davinder Singh Jass - 1 PARA SF (2010)
 * Lt. Vikas Sharma - 6 PARA (2011)
 * Lt Col. Nectar Sanjenbam - 21 PARA SF (2015)
 * Capt. Jaidev Dangi - 10 PARA SF (2015)
 * Sub. Mahendra Singh - 9 PARA SF (2016)
 * Maj. Rohit Suri - 4 PARA SF (2017)
 * Sub. Sanjeev Kumar - 4 PARA SF (2021)
 * Maj. Digvijay Singh Rawat - 21 PARA SF (2024)
 * Hav. Abdul Majid - 9 PARA SF (2024)

Bar to Sena Medal (Gallantry)
 * Capt. Sudhir Kumar Walia - 9 PARA CDO (1994)
 * Maj. Deepak Singh Bisht - 1 PARA CDO (2002)
 * Col. Anup Singh Dhar - 5 PARA (2004)
 * Maj. Anil Gorshi - 6 PARA (2005)
 * Maj. Pranay Padmakar Panwar - 4 PARA SF (2011)
 * Capt. Umesh Lamba - 1 PARA SF (2018)
 * Hav. Rajesh Kumar - 1 PARA SF (2018)
 * Lt Col. Bheemaiah PS - 10 PARA SF (2019)
 * N/Sub. Anil Kumar - 9 PARA SF (2020)
 * Maj. Nitish Tyagi - 12 PARA SF (2023)
 * Maj. A Ranjith Kumar - 23 PARA & HAWS (2023)

Arjuna Award
 * Col. Avtar Singh Cheema - 7 PARA (1965)
 * Col. Balwant Sandhu - 6 PARA (1981)

Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award
 * Col. Balwant Sandhu - 6 PARA (2010)
 * Col. Sarfraz Singh, VSM - 6 PARA (2019)

title: Parachute Regiment (India)


text: User talk:64.108.216.206

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:64.108.216.206


text:
Eysturoy

Eysturoy (, meaning 'East Island') is a region and the second-largest of the Faroe Islands, both in size and population.

Description
Eysturoy is separated by a narrow sound from the main island of Streymoy. Eysturoy is extremely rugged, with some 66 separate mountain peaks, including Slættaratindur, the highest peak in the archipelago at 880 m. The country's two longest fjords, Skálafjørður in the south and Funningsfjørður in the north, almost split the island in two halves. The isthmus in between, Millum Fjarða, is one of the flattest areas in the country. Important settlements on Eysturoy are Fuglafjørður in the north and the densely populated area of the municipalities of Runavík and Nes in the south.

Eysturoy is connected with Streymoy by the Streymin Bridge over the Sundini. Leirvík on the east coast of the island is the gateway for transport connections to the north-eastern islands, particularly Klaksvík on the island of Borðoy, which is the Faroes' second-largest town. In December 2020, the sub-sea Eysturoyartunnilin (the Eysturoy Tunnel) was opened, creating a direct link between Runavík, Strendur and Tórshavn.

Sites of interest on Eysturoy include the villages of Eiði and Gjógv, the latter having a small natural port in a rock column; the Blásastova historical museum in the village of Gøta; and the 18 C varmakelda (thermal springs) of Fuglafjørður. Off the northern tip of the island are the basalt sea stacks Risin og Kellingin.

The town of Glyvrar on the eastern coast of Eysturoy is the home-base for Bakkafrost, the largest company in the Faroe Islands. Bakkafrost is the eighth-largest fishing company worldwide. Four out of ten Premier league football clubs are in Eysturoy: IF (Fuglafjørður), NSÍ (Runavík), Skála ÍF and Víkingur (Leirvík). There are regional rowing festivals in Fuglafjørður (Varmakelda), Runavík (Eystanstevna), and one alternating between Skáli, Strendur and Vestmanna (Fjarðastevna). Accepted grind beaches are in Fuglafjørður, Funningsfjørður, Norðra- and Syðragøta, Norðskáli and Skálafjørður.

Important Bird Area
The north, north-east, and south-east coasts of the island have been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of their significance as seabird breeding sites, especially for Manx shearwaters (2500 pairs), European storm petrels (500 pairs) and black guillemots (300 pairs).

title: Eysturoy


text:
Hairmyres

Hairmyres is an area of East Kilbride in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, situated on the west side of the town, close to the main road to Eaglesham and Kilmarnock (also with access to the major A726 Queensway/Glasgow South Orbital dual carriageway). It is 2+1/4 mi from the Glasgow City Council boundary at the Carmunnock Bypass and 9 mi south of the city centre of Glasgow.

Falling under the council's East Kilbride West ward, it gives its name to University Hospital Hairmyres, the general hospital for the town and surrounding area which originally opened in 1904, long before East Kilbride was developed as a new town after World War II. The district railway station (on the branch of the Glasgow South Western Line) is at the bottom of the hospital access road; trains are operated on a half-hourly basis by ScotRail to Glasgow Central and East Kilbride.

Next to Hairmyres Station is Abercrombie House, one of the headquarters of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. The building originally belonged to the Overseas Development Administration, which relocated part of its operations here in 1981 as part of a government initiative to create employment in a region subject to major job losses following years of industrial decline.

The area now has a small shopping area known as the St James Retail Park. It is easily identifiable by its yellow and orange coloured walls. It hosts a few services such as eateries, a hairdresser and a vet.

title: Hairmyres


text:
User talk:Squeemu

Cassell profile
Hi I saw your contribution the Sam Cassell discussion section. It appears that a particular member (I don't know his name as he never signs) has a personal crusade against references to the Cassell-Alien e-phenomenon. I really don't know how to go about resolving the matter as I'm relatively new to Wiki and never have had an experience with a member who is intent on asserting his/her will. Can you please review the situation and weigh in with your opinion?

Regards --Wayniac 10:27, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

sucks to you
This is how you view my contributions

-Djgranados 20:17, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

dollar theatre?
to see crash this week? Djgranados 05:19, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Only if you contribute to another article.

Joy Electric
Why did you revert the edits made on the Joy Electric page? Did you even read the section you reinstated? squeemu
 * No, I didn't read the section, I just saw an alert by the bot in the vandalism channel, one of many, that there was a large blanking by an IP and reflexively reverted. Sorry. -- Rory 0 96 22:16, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

that was me, oh not logged in - frogcarpet, who did that. looks like darth katana x has given it a rest finally.

"Vandalism"
Please don't refer to my edits as "vandalism", as you did here. You may have noticed that I asked on the talk page if anyone objected to a redirect, and nobody has responded. If you disagree with the redirect, that's fine, but I'd like to hear why on the talk page. Friday (talk) 19:16, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I see your reply now- simple mistake, no worries. Friday (talk) 19:17, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Core Concepts
A "" template has been added to the article Core Concepts, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but yours may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. 172.144.21.201 19:46, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Core Concepts
A "" template has been added to the article Core Concepts, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but yours may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. 172.144.21.201 19:47, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Biological issues in Jurassic Park for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Biological issues in Jurassic Park is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Biological issues in Jurassic Park & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Barsoomian (talk) 18:02, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Brian staveley
Hi, I've moved this to a draft page so you have longer to work on it without it being at risk of deletion. It can now be found Brian staveley|here. If you need any help moving it back when its ready drop me a message on my talk page. Amortias (T)(C) 21:12, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:59, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Squeemu


text:
User talk:DrSmooth

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DrSmooth


text:
User talk:Kvas

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kvas


text:
Talk:List of Air China destinations

Domestic/International
Please note the latest edit by Huaiwei to merge the domestic and international sections. (Click here to see the version prior to the edit) The same edit took place at the China Southern Airlines destinations article. — Instantnood 22:14, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do note, that User:Instantnood split the listing into "domestic/regional" when creating this page out of the Air China article without notice, and despite no other pages except the Varig page using such a listing format. I would strongly urge a depoliticising of such lists, and a conformity to established formats.--Huaiwei 22:36, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I admit it was my personal judgement, after referencing the list of Lufthansa and Varig, to slightly modify the list, that I think this way of presentation is more logical and convenient to readers. As far as I know (I can be wrong) there is no naming conventions, manual of style or wikiproject governing how airline destination lists should be presented. Either way won't be wrong. I prefer, and will advocate having separate sections for domestic and international destinations, but I remain open to other people's opinion. — Instantnood 22:45, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is as yet little evidence whether Instantnood actually refered to those two pages before making the moves, or he was forced to look through the entire listing before finding only two examples after I pointed out it was contrary to formatting which has been in use here, so I would think that comment should be ignored. There is little need to seperate "domestic" and "international", because the country and sub-regional headings would have made this clear, if this distinction was ever neccesary. In addition, I am blissfully against anyone attempting to modify pages when political motivations can be reasonably suspected to be present.--Huaiwei 23:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Lists of destinations also exist for airline articles which do not separate articles for destinations. In other words, there might actually be more than 2 examples. I can still recall there were more than 2. Speculation is not valid reason to reject alternative proposals. If political motivations can be reasonably suspected to suggesting alternatives, the same apply to resisting. — Instantnood 23:40, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Many of these articles refered above are small lists which have not been adapted to comply to the formats adopted so far. If there are, they probably need to be changed. "Speculation" has often been used to ban and remove memebers with POV problems in this site, so I do not consider this as an exception. The people who oppose vandalism and political advocaters are similarly gulty of "POV" and "political motives", going by the above argument. That would include admins who ban people, I suppose?--Huaiwei 23:48, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I see a need to separate domestic and international destinations, and not limited to Air China and China Southern, but all lists of destinations. You don't have to agree with me, and I respect your right of opinion. Afterall the format isn't an established one and agreed upon by going through setting up of naming conventions or wikiproject.  — Instantnood 00:08, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * As mentioned above, there is no need to. The country or region of that airline makes this self explainatory. I hardly think an "international" tag encompassing all entries in Singapore Airlines destinations is a major advancement in knowledge, unless people need to realise all flights out of Singapore are international because they are crossing an international boundary.--Huaiwei 00:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It might look superfluous for Singapore, but for carriers from other countries, such as the States, Germany, India or Brazil, it would be helpful, and it looks nice. Readers can promptly tell what are the destinations a carrier serves in the domestic market. Some carriers are the home carriers of more than one country, say, SAS and Gulf. — Instantnood 07:22, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Look nice" isnt exactly a great reason to change all lists. Categorising destinations by country and regions already tells the reader which destinations are local, and which inernational. It is nothing short of superflous. This is like adding a "Female" heading above a listing of "Air Stewardesses".--Huaiwei 08:29, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Flights to Sao Paulo
I have done an extensive search and have found no website that states Air China plans flights to São Paulo. In 2005 a code share with Lufthansa was organised, but code share destinations do not count. Duly removed. If you replace it, please tell me where you got this information from. Kransky 12:46, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * , based on . Good for a revert?--Huaiwei 13:18, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Flights to/from Hong Kong and Macao are not domestic
User:24.86.105.169 " Some of the destinations listed below are being operated by rival carriers, including China Eastern, China Southern..etc " to the article. Since Hong Kong and Macao are " inalienable both part[s] of the People's Republic of China " as according to their constitutional documents, yet flights between Hong Kong or Macao with the rest of the People's Republic of China aren't considered domestic, I found it necessary to define what domestic is, or else the article would be confusing. Yet user:Huaiwei has blocked such edits that are intended to make the article clearer. Is there any better way other than having a footnote, and user:Huaiwei would be happy with? — Instantnood 20:26, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Cargo
Some user has unecessarily created a seprate page for Air China Cargo and removed their list of Cargo destinations from this page and not even added them to the new article, just breifly mention Air China Cargo serving Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania, they have also not provided any information that the new article has been created nor given a link to it in the main Air China article page.

There is actually no need for creating a separate page for any airlines Cargo branch in all honesty, its just a waste to seperate it from the parent company, better to have information on it in the parent comapny's main article page and include the destinations in the destination page. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 125.209.92.220 (talk) 18:21, 22 April 2007 (UTC).

Beijing - Hong Kong route
Is this operated as a domestic or an international route by Air China? I recall I was required to depart from the international terminal, and to go through all those customs and immigration counters. My passport was stamped upon my arrival in Beijing and in Hong Kong, and they got very different stamps. Meanwhile Hong Kong doesn't seem to require me to have a visa. 203.198.25.183 (talk) 03:35, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:List of Air China destinations


text:
RKO General

RKO General Inc. (previously General Teleradio Inc. and RKO Teleradio Pictures Inc.) was an American broadcasting company that, from 1952 through 1991, served as the main holding company for the noncore businesses of the General Tire and Rubber Company and later on GenCorp. The concern was based around the consolidation of its parent company's broadcasting interests, which dated to 1943 and were brought together under the General Teleradio umbrella in 1952. The company was renamed RKO Teleradio Pictures following its 1955 purchase of the RKO Pictures film studio, and then RKO General in 1959 after dissolving the motion picture division. Headquartered in New York City, the company operated six television stations and more than a dozen major radio stations around North America between 1959 and 1991.

RKO General still exists, at least nominally, registered as a Delaware corporation and a subsidiary of GenCorp successor Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings. Most of the RKO film library copyrights are still registered to RKO General, Inc. In addition to broadcasting, its operations included soft-drink bottling and hotel enterprises. The original Frontier Airlines was a subsidiary from 1965 to 1985. In 1978, the company revived RKO Pictures on a small scale, with the first of its few coproductions reaching theaters in 1981; the business was sold off six years later. It is as a broadcaster, though, that RKO General left its mark. It owned some of the most influential radio stations in the world and was a pioneer in subscription television service. However, RKO General also became known for the longest licensing dispute in television history, one that ultimately forced the company out of broadcasting.

Early days
The General Tire and Rubber Company entered broadcasting in 1943, when it bought a controlling interest in the Yankee Network, a regional radio network in New England. The Yankee Network owned and operated four stations: flagship WNAC in Boston, Massachusetts; WAAB in Worcester, Massachusetts; WEAN in Providence, Rhode Island; and WICC in Bridgeport, Connecticut. With the Yankee Network purchase, General Tire also picked up its contracts with seventeen independently owned affiliates and acquired a stake in the Mutual Broadcasting System, a cooperatively owned national radio network.

On June 21, 1948, the Yankee Network launched New England's third television station: Boston's WNAC-TV went on the air just days after WBZ-TV, also in Boston, and WNHC-TV, licensed to New Haven, Connecticut. The television station's transmitter site also served a new FM outlet, the first and only station to be established under General Tire ownership. While the Yankee Network had been operating experimental FM stations since 1939, WNAC-FM was the first that would survive past the early 1950s.

In December 1950, General Tire purchased the Don Lee Network, a long-standing West Coast regional network, for $12.3 million. This brought three more leading stations into the General Tire stable—KHJ (with its simulcasting sister, KHJ-FM) in Los Angeles, KFRC in San Francisco, and KGB in San Diego. The acquisition also expanded the company's holdings in the Mutual Broadcasting System. Under the terms of the deal, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) acquired Don Lee's Los Angeles television station, KTSL. In 1951, General Tire acquired its own station in the city when it bought KFI-TV from Earle C. Anthony, changing the call letters to KHJ-TV.

In 1952, General Tire purchased the Bamberger Broadcasting Service, owner of WOR-AM-FM-TV in New York, from R.H. Macy and Company. Bamberger itself was a division of Macy's subsidiary General Teleradio Inc. In the deal, General Tire acquired the rights to the name General Teleradio, under which the company merged its broadcasting interests as its own new subsidiary. The deal also gave General Tire majority control of the Mutual Broadcasting System. The company moved into Memphis, Tennessee, in 1954 with its purchase of WHBQ radio and WHBQ-TV. Exiting two mid-sized urban markets that same year, General sold off WEAN to the Providence Journal and KGB to the San Diego station's general manager, Marion Harris. On the evening of July 8, 1954, WHBQ disc jockey Dewey Phillips introduced a song called "That's All Right (Mama)", the first ever recording to air on the radio by a singer from Memphis named Elvis Presley.

The RKO purchase
General Teleradio's chairman, Thomas O'Neil (son of General Tire founder William O'Neil) recognized that his television stations needed access to better programming. In 1953, he tried to buy the film library of RKO Radio Pictures—including many of the most famous movies made by Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Katharine Hepburn, and Cary Grant—but was rebuffed by the studio's then owner, Howard Hughes. However, after Hughes failed in a bid to acquire total control of the RKO Pictures Corp. holding company, he sold the studio to General Teleradio for $25 million in July 1955. General Teleradio was rechristened RKO Teleradio Pictures, with a reorganized RKO Radio Pictures as its motion pictures division, and quickly recouped much of the purchase price by selling the primary rights to RKO's film library to C&C Television Corp, a subsidiary of beverage maker Cantrell & Cochrane, for $15.2 million. Historian William Boddy describes the sale of the RKO library as "the trigger for the flood of feature films to television in the mid-1950s."

On the broadcasting front, RKO Teleradio briefly owned WEAT-AM and WEAT-TV in West Palm Beach, Florida; they were sold off before the company's next reorganization in 1959. In 1956, WOR-AM became the New York market's number one station with the success of its new "Music from Studio X." Hosted by John A. Gambling, the "easy listening" show was broadcast out of an innovative high-fidelity studio where, according to reports, "each clean new record was touched by a needle only one time." Also in 1956, a new General Tire subsidiary, RKO Distributing (which would later become part of RKO General), acquired a controlling interest in the Western Ontario Broadcasting Company, which operated CKLW-AM-FM-TV in Windsor, Ontario. Another Mutual affiliate, the AM station served a large swath of the U.S. Rust Belt, centered on the major market of Detroit.

RKO Teleradio retained the broadcast rights to the RKO film library in the cities where it owned television stations, but it had little interest in the studio itself. After a brief, half-hearted dip into the movie industry, RKO Teleradio shut down both production and distribution early in 1957. That summer, it sold its entire majority stake in the Mutual network to a syndicate led by famed entrepreneur Armand Hammer. By the end of the year, the company had sold off the RKO Pictures studio facilities and backlot. The movie operation hung on through 1958 and early 1959 as a financial backer, coproducing a few independently made pictures. The final such coproduction was released in March 1959. That same year, RKO Teleradio was renamed RKO General.

A leading broadcaster
The classic RKO General station lineup featured the WOR stations in New York City, the KHJ stations in Los Angeles, KFRC-AM-FM in San Francisco, WGMS-AM-FM in and near Washington, D.C., the WNAC stations in Boston, the WHBQ stations in Memphis, and the CKLW stations in Windsor/Detroit, which RKO purchased outright in 1963. The company later acquired radio outlets in the major markets of Chicago and Miami–Fort Lauderdale. Between 1960 and 1972, RKO owned a sixth television station, WHCT, a UHF outlet in Hartford, Connecticut. After the Canadian government tightened rules on foreign ownership of radio and television stations, RKO General was forced to sell off the Windsor group in 1970. In the mid-1970s, RKO sought to dispense with the FM outlets it had established in some of its oldest markets, while maintaining its presence on the AM dial: San Francisco's KFRC-FM was sold in 1977; around the same time, WHBQ-FM in Memphis was divested as well. An attempted sale of the company's Boston FM station was aborted.

In 1959, RKO and NBC reached an agreement on what would have been the highest-priced license transfer in broadcasting history to that time. The deal would have seen RKO acquire NBC's WRC-AM-FM-TV in Washington, swap WNAC-AM-TV and WRKO-FM (the former WNAC-FM) in Boston to NBC for that company's WRCV-AM-TV in Philadelphia, and sell the WGMS stations in Washington to Crowell-Collier Broadcasting (as Federal Communications Commission {FCC} regulations at that time would not permit ownership of both the WRC stations and the WGMS stations). The deal was an attempt to resolve a controversy surrounding a 1956 swap of NBC and Westinghouse Broadcasting stations in Philadelphia and Cleveland. In 1965, the FCC declared the 1956 trade null and void, effectively reversing the swap, and denied the proposed license transfers on what would prove to be the ironic ground that NBC would enter the Boston market as the product of its dishonesty in the Philadelphia/Cleveland transaction. Coincidentally, RKO's former Boston television station became an NBC affiliate in 1995 after its longtime affiliate, Westinghouse-owned WBZ-TV, switched to CBS in a precursor to that network's merger with Westinghouse, which includes the aforementioned Philadelphia stations.

RKO's lineup included some of the leading top 40 and urban contemporary radio stations in North America. In May 1965, KHJ-AM introduced the highly successful Boss Radio variation of the top 40 format. Consultants Bill Drake and Gene Chenault, who had devised the restrictive programming style, soon brought it to RKO's AM stations in San Francisco, Boston, and Memphis, also with great success. The format helped Windsor's CKLW to become the dominant station not only in Detroit, but also in more distant cities such as Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio. Before long, many non-RKO broadcasters around the country were hiring the Boss Radio consulting team to convert them to the format, or simply imitating it on their own. In October 1972, KHJ-FM debuted Drake-Chenault's new automated rock oldies format, Classic Gold, another major hit. As WOR-FM and its later incarnations, rock-formatted WXLO and urban WRKS-FM, RKO's New York FM station pioneered a number of styles, including a more oldies-heavy version of Boss Radio and, later, so-called rhythmic formats. In 1983, it became one of the first major stations to play rap music on a regular basis. In late 1979, the company launched the RKO Radio Network. In 1981, the network began transmitting what has been claimed as the first national talk show delivered by satellite—the six-hour-long America Overnight broadcast out of Los Angeles and Dallas, Texas.

As a television broadcaster, RKO was known as an operator of independent stations. New York's WOR-TV ran without network affiliation during its entire tenure with RKO, as did Hartford's WHCT. Los Angeles's KHJ-TV was a DuMont affiliate until 1955 and independent for its next thirty-four years under RKO control. Windsor's CKLW-TV was nominally an affiliate of CBC Television, but was programmed largely as an independent (it is now owned by the CBC outright). Two of the company's stations were run as network affiliates: Boston's WNAC-TV, originally a CBS affiliate, also aired DuMont and ABC programming during its early years. It became a full-time ABC affiliate in 1961, returning to CBS exclusively in 1972. Memphis's WHBQ-TV was a dual CBS/ABC station at its 1953 launch; it joined ABC full-time in 1956.

The company's independent television stations (including CKLW) were known for showing classic films under the banner of Million Dollar Movie. The trend-setting movie package was launched by WOR in 1954, nearly a year before General Tire's acquisition of RKO Pictures and its library. Into the 1980s, Million Dollar Movie—introduced by music from 1952's Ivanhoe and, later, Gone with the Wind—aired RKO productions and those of many other studios as well. In summer 1962, RKO General initiated on WHCT what became the first extended venture into subscription television service. Until January 31, 1969, the station aired movies, sports events, concerts, and other live performances at night without commercial interruption through the Phonevision subscription service operated by RKO's partner, Zenith Electronics. The operation generated income from installation and weekly rental fees for descrambling devices—provided by Zenith—as well as individual program charges. During its final decade as a significant business entity, the company would reenter the movie industry that had given it its name, reviving the RKO Pictures brand in 1981 for a series of co-productions and then its own independent projects. This new RKO Pictures was involved in the production of about a dozen feature films, the best known including a 1982 remake of the RKO classic Cat People and the war movie Hamburger Hill (1987).

Weirum v. RKO General, Inc.
In the summer of 1970, KHJ in Los Angeles held a promotion called the "Super Summer Spectacular". The promotion involved contests in which a disc jockey would drive "a conspicuous red automobile" to a particular area, which an announcer would describe over the air. The first person who found the disc jockey and fulfilled a specified condition, such as answering a question correctly or wearing a certain item of clothing, would receive a cash prize and be interviewed live.

On July 16, 1970, two teenagers, who were following a KHJ disc jockey in separate cars, drove at speeds up to eighty miles per hour so that they could be closest to him when the next contest was announced. One of the teenagers forced 32-year-old Ronald Weirum's car off the road; Weirum was killed when his car overturned. Weirum's wife and children filed a wrongful death action against both teenagers, the manufacturer of Weirum's car, and RKO. One of the teenagers settled with the plaintiffs before trial. A jury found the second teenager and RKO both liable for the accident, awarding the plaintiffs $300,000 in damages. RKO appealed. In 1975, the California Supreme Court affirmed the jury's verdict that RKO was legally liable for the accident, holding that there was sufficient evidence to permit the jury to find that the contest's risk of harm to the public, including Weirum, had been "foreseeable":

"We need not belabor the grave danger inherent in the contest broadcast by defendant. The risk of a high speed automobile chase is the risk of death or serious injury. Obviously, neither the entertainment afforded by the contest nor its commercial rewards can justify the creation of such a grave risk. Defendant could have accomplished its objectives of entertaining its listeners and increasing advertising revenues by adopting a contest format which would have avoided danger to the motoring public."

The California Supreme Court's ruling in Weirum v. RKO General, Inc. became a touchstone decision on the subject of the duty of care in tort law.

Troubles begin
In 1965, RKO applied for renewal of its license for KHJ-TV in Los Angeles. Fidelity Television, a local group, challenged the renewal, charging RKO with second-rate programming. Later, and more seriously, Fidelity claimed that General Tire conditioned its dealings with certain vendors on the basis that they would in turn buy advertising time on RKO stations. Arrangements of this type, known as "reciprocal trade practices," are considered to be anti-competitive. RKO and General Tire executives testified before the FCC, rejecting the accusations. In 1969, the commission issued an initial finding that Fidelity's claims were correct. That same year, RKO faced a license challenge for WNAC-TV in Boston, again charged with reciprocal trade practices. In 1973, the FCC ruled in favor of RKO in the Los Angeles case, pending findings in the still ongoing investigation of the Boston charges. When RKO applied for renewal of its license for WOR-TV in New York in 1974, the FCC conditioned this renewal on the Boston case as well.

In 1969, the Canadian government decided that Canada's radio and television stations should be at least 80% Canadian owned. RKO was not interested in a minority stake. Therefore, in 1970, they sold CKLW-AM-FM-TV to a joint venture of Baton Broadcasting and the CBC. In 1975, the partnership was split with Baton taking over the radio stations and the CBC taking over the television station, with the call letters changed to CBET.

On June 21, 1974, an administrative law judge renewed the WNAC-TV license despite finding that General Tire and RKO had engaged in reciprocal trade practices. In December 1975, Community Broadcasting, one of the companies competing for the Boston station, asked the FCC to revisit the case, alleging that General Tire bribed foreign officials, maintained a slush fund for U.S. political campaign contributions, and misappropriated revenue from overseas operations. RKO expressly denied these and other allegations of wrongdoing on General Tire's part during a series of proceedings that followed over the next year and a half. On July 1, 1977, however, in settling an action brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), General Tire admitted to an eye-popping litany of corporate misconduct, including the bribery and slush fund charges. Nonetheless, the RKO proceedings dragged on.

The loss of WNAC-TV
After a half-decade in the most recent round of hearings and investigations, the FCC stripped RKO of WNAC-TV's license on June 6, 1980, finding that RKO "lacked the requisite character" to be the station's licensee. Factors in the decision were the reciprocal trade practices of the 1960s, false financial filings by RKO, and the gross misconduct admitted to by General Tire in non-broadcast fields.

The primary basis for revocation, however, was RKO's dishonesty before the FCC. In the course of the WNAC hearings, RKO had withheld evidence of General Tire's misconduct, including the fact that the SEC had begun an investigation of the company in 1976. RKO also denied that it had improperly reported exchanges of broadcast time for various services, despite indications to the contrary in General Tire's 1976 annual report. The FCC consequently found that RKO had displayed a "persistent lack of candor" regarding its own and General Tire's misdeeds, thus threatening "the integrity of the Commission's processes." The FCC ruling meant that RKO lost the KHJ-TV and WOR-TV licenses as well.

RKO appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. The court upheld the revocation solely on the basis of RKO's "egregious lack of candor” during the FCC hearing, writing in its opinion that "[t]he record presented to this court shows irrefutably that the licensee was playing the dodger to serious charges involving it and its parent company."  However, the court interpreted the candor issue so narrowly that it only upheld the decision to strip WNAC-TV's license. It ordered rehearings for the WOR-TV and KHJ-TV licenses.  RKO again appealed, this time to the United States Supreme Court. On April 19, 1982, the Supreme Court refused to review the license revocation; RKO had lost the case for good. As a result of the decision, RKO sold WNAC-TV's non-license assets (studios, intellectual property, etc.) to New England Television (NETV), a new company resulting from the merger of Community Broadcasting and another competitor for the license, the Dudley Station Corporation. As part of the settlement, the FCC granted a full license to NETV, which relaunched the station as WNEV-TV. The station has since changed its call letters to WHDH-TV (not to be confused with Boston's original Channel 5 that used the same call letters).

Endgame
In February 1983, the FCC began a concerted effort to force RKO out of broadcasting once and for all, taking competing applications for all of the company's broadcasting licenses. However, RKO got a partial, and temporary, reprieve when Congress passed a law requiring the FCC to automatically renew the license of any commercial VHF television station relocating to a state without one, “notwithstanding any other provision of law.” The only states qualifying at the time were Delaware and New Jersey, where no commercial VHF outlet had been licensed since 1962. On April 20, 1983, RKO officially changed WOR-TV's city of license from New York to Secaucus, New Jersey, where it remains today. The FCC required the station to move its main studio to New Jersey and step up local news coverage of events in the state. Nonetheless, with featured programming such as New York Mets baseball games, WOR-TV maintained its identity as a New York station. Ironically, WOR radio was first licensed to nearby Newark, New Jersey, and didn't move to New York until 1941.

A year after the renewal of the WOR-TV license, General Tire reorganized its farflung corporate interests into a holding company, GenCorp, with General Tire and RKO as its leading subsidiaries. The RKO Radio Networks operation was sold to United Stations. The WOR move did little to relieve the regulatory pressure on RKO General, and GenCorp put WOR-TV on the market in early 1986. A joint venture between MCA and Cox Enterprises (Cox later dropped out over disputes as to which company would run the station) outbid Chris-Craft Industries and Westinghouse for control of the station, receiving FCC approval for the purchase in late November. On April 29, 1987, MCA changed the station's call letters to WWOR.

The timing of the WOR-TV sale was fortunate for RKO. In August 1987, FCC administrative law judge Edward Kuhlmann found RKO unfit to be a broadcast licensee due to its long history of deceptive practices, ordering the company to surrender the licenses for its remaining two television stations and twelve radio stations. Among other things, he found that RKO misled advertisers about its ratings, engaged in fraudulent billing, lied repeatedly to the FCC about a destroyed audit report, and filed numerous false financial statements. Kuhlmann described RKO's conduct as the worst case of dishonesty in FCC history. After declaring that all of the employees responsible for the misconduct had been fired, GenCorp and RKO entered an appeal, claiming that the ruling was deeply flawed. The FCC warned RKO that any appeal would almost certainly be denied outright, and advised them to sell off their remaining stations to avoid the indignity of having their licenses stripped. GenCorp, then battling a hostile takeover bid by an investor group, was hungry for cash as a result of paying a premium on its own shares to stave off the attack. Liquidation of assets on the verge of being lost was the obvious course.

Exiting the media business
Over the next four years, RKO dismantled its broadcast operations. Both its AM and FM stations in Boston were sold to Atlantic Ventures. In New York, WOR-AM was acquired by Buckley Broadcasting and WRKS-FM (the former WOR-FM) went to Summit Communications. The company's two radio stations in the Washington, D.C., market were sold to Classical Acquisition Partnership. In Los Angeles, the KRTH (formerly KHJ) radio stations were purchased by Beasley Broadcasting, which in turn sold KRTH-AM to Liberman Broadcasting. Liberman renamed the station KKHJ, then restored the original KHJ calls in 2000.

In 1988, the decades-long licensing saga of KHJ-TV officially came to an end. Under an FCC-supervised deal, RKO gave up its bid to renew the station's license, which was then granted to Fidelity Television, the company that had raised the original challenge to RKO General twenty-three years earlier. Fidelity then transferred the license to The Walt Disney Company, which then bought KHJ-TV's non-license assets, including its studios and intellectual property, from RKO. For the station and its assets, Disney paid $324 million, with RKO collecting approximately two-thirds and Fidelity the remainder. According to FCC general counsel Diane Killory, the settlement had the effect of finding that RKO was unfit to be a broadcast licensee, and the company now had no choice but to get out of broadcasting. Disney would rename the Los Angeles station KCAL-TV the following year. During this period, the company also divested its radio stations in Chicago and Miami–Fort Lauderdale, as well as the remaining assets of its movie-related operations.

By the turn of the decade, RKO's last significant media holdings were the WHBQ TV and AM radio stations in Memphis and KFRC-AM in San Francisco. In 1990, the Memphis stations were sold to Adams Communications. The following year, KFRC was sold to Bedford Broadcasting. RKO General was out of the broadcasting business.

Former holdings
Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and community of license.

title: RKO General


text:
Talk:List of China Southern Airlines destinations

Domestic/International
Please note the latest edit by Huaiwei to merge the domestic and international sections. (Click here to see the version prior to the edit) The same edit took place at the Air China destinations article. — Instantnood 22:15, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do note, that User:Instantnood split the listing into "domestic/regional" when creating this page out of the China Southern Airlines article without notice, and despite no other pages except the Varig page using such a listing format. I would strongly urge a depoliticising of such lists, and a conformity to established formats.--Huaiwei 22:37, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please refer to my reply at Talk:Air China destinations. — Instantnood 22:40, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is as yet little evidence whether Instantnood actually refered to those two pages before making the moves, or he was forced to look through the entire listing before finding only two examples after I pointed out it was contrary to formatting which has been in use here, so I would think that comment should be ignored. There is little need to seperate "domestic" and "international", because the country and sub-regional headings would have made this clear, if this distinction was ever neccesary. In addition, I am blissfully against anyone attempting to modify pages when political motivations can be reasonably suspected to be present.--Huaiwei 23:07, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please refer to my reply at Talk:Air China destinations. — Instantnood 23:41, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Date/Time Referencing
This list of destinations is all very well, but it does not state when it is effective from or to. Is it 2003 or 2005 or what? Could some sort of time reference be added? Ardfern 21:54, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Which cities are these
I saw these on the China Southern site, but I am not sure which cities they are supposed to be: WhisperToMe (talk) 18:34, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Huand Guo Shu (AFAIK it is a typo - it should be Huang Guo Shu)
 * Jiu Zhai Huang Long
 * Kenasi
 * Ying Chuan

Can't call up their domestic or international websites now, but got into their reservation drag down menu in Google Cache: It's obvious that CZ can't spell. If they can, they should know according to Pinyin standards, place names should all be one word when romanized. And here they don't even know pinyin! HkCaGu (talk) 23:48, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * "Ying Chuan" is a misspell of Yinchuan, Ningxia, airport code INC.
 * "Jiu Zhai Huang Long" is Huanglong Airport serving Jiuzhaigou, airport code JZH.
 * "Huang Guo Shu" is the airport of Anshun, Guizhou, airport code AVA.
 * Yeah, I redirected many CZ spellings to proper Pinyin... WhisperToMe (talk) 03:21, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Delta Air Lines destinations which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 20:44, 29 May 2018 (UTC)


text: Category:Namibian actors

title: Category:Namibian actors


text:
Template:Photo-stub

cs:Šablona:Pahýl - fotografie

title: Template:Photo-stub


text:
Talk:The Hole (2001 film)

Sequel
I couldn't find any evidence of a sequel called "Back in the Hole". Can anyone else, or is this untrue? 74.13.16.222 (talk) 18:55, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Nudity
What about the underage nudity in this movie? Should their be some discussion about that?

 * What nudity? The dead body? I seriously that needs to be mentioned.

I havent watched this yet but I heard Keira goes slightly nude? Is it true?

Yes, Keira is topless briefly and she was underaged at the time

Underage in the US, friends. She was age-of-consent in Britain 63.88.67.230 22:45, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I highly doubt she was age-of-consent. The film was released in April 2001, but Keira only turned 16 on 26th March 2001 - given the time taken to edit, produce, release, etc the film I believe it's pretty much a given she was only 15, and therefore underage, including in the UK, where the age of consent is 16. Davetibbs (talk) 13:53, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
 * She was 15 at the time, yes, but as noted below, nudity is legal with parental consent. Also, while the age of consent is 16 in the UK, it is illegal to have pornographic pictures of anyone under the age of 18, with the exception of your spouse, if you have one. Anyway - the nudity in the film is definitely not pornographic. Adacore (talk) 14:08, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

In the UK one can do nudity, but not pornography, in a film with parental consent when underaged. Keira's mother specifically went on set and gave her consent for her daughter's nudity. So in theory Keira's nudity was perfectly legal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.254.92.33 (talk) 11:09, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

She's flashing her breasts - guarantee if John Q Citizen had pics of an underage woman flashing her breasts, it would be considered pornographic. Seems like filmmakers are being given a lot of leeway here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.77.255.242 (talk) 03:28, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

It's iffy, but I think the reasoning is that the context was artistic rather than pornographic. That's why Brooke Shields naked in movies like Pretty Baby and The Blue Lagoon was considered acceptable despite the controversy. It's also why you can have naked babies in nappy/diaper commercials but closeups of their genitalia on your computer would rightly get you prosecuted. 90.213.30.208 (talk) 20:23, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

 * @90.213.30.208 The scenes involving Brooke Shields occurred when she was 12 and 15 respectively. If those scenes were filmed today they would be illegal but those scenes mentioned were filmed before US laws changed in the late 80s. Which begs the question why isn't Knightley showing her bare breasts at 15 not illegal. Parental consent or not. If you allow someone to take a topless photo of your underage daughter both of you are going to jail. Blueyes9803 (talk) 02:59, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Unless there is external evidence of any controversy in the press or elsewhere about a 15-year-old actress flashing her breasts for less than a couple of seconds on screen, then surely this discussion is irrelevant to the film article? gramorak 12:15, 30 August 2010 (UTC) gramorak (talk)

Page cleanup
This page is hard to read, the plot section is overly long and difficult to understand, and in summary, it simply does not read like an encyclopedia. Someone who knows the movie needs to rewrite that section, and perhaps add other sections.Jon314 23:36, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

I agree. I have tried to tidy it up and make the meaning clearer, but it's still too long. By the way, this section is tagged as having nor references, buut surely the reference is the film itself? gramorak gramorak 14:12, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Hole (2001 film)


text:
Eaglesham

Eaglesham ( or, or ; The Lang Raw; Baile na h-Eaglais ) is a village in East Renfrewshire, Scotland, situated about 10 mi south of Glasgow, 3 mi southeast of Newton Mearns and south of Clarkston, and 4 mi southwest of East Kilbride.

The 2011 census revealed that the village had 3,114 occupants, down 13 from the 2001 census (3,127). Eaglesham is distinctive in being built around the Orry, a triangular park area of common land about 1/3 mi in length, interspersed with trees and divided in the centre by the Eaglesham Burn. The ancient seat of the Earls of Eglinton. In the 17th century Eaglesham was a small market town. Today's village was founded in 1769 by Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton. It had at one time handloom weaving and a cotton-mill. Many of its buildings are category B or C listed buildings, and the planned village area is a conservation area. Eaglesham was designated Scotland's first outstanding conservation area in 1960. It is likely that there has been a place of worship here since the 5th or 6th centuries.

The village is an example of an early Scottish planned village.

Origin of the name
The name Eaglesham means a 'settlement with a church or belonging to a church'. The first element is from the Gàidhlig word "eaglais" for 'church', a loan-word from French "église." Changing "eaglais" to "eagle" is a common anglicisation of Scottish placenames (eg. Eaglesfield in Annandale). The second element derives from Old English hām (settlement; cf. Scots hame, English home)

The Middle Ages
The parish of Eaglesham formed part of the district of Mearns, and together with other lands were bestowed to Walter fitz Alan, Steward of Scotland (1106 - 1177), a member of the FitzAlan family, by David I. It is almost certain that Walter granted Eaglesham to Robert de Montgomerie, one of his principal followers, who appears to have originated from the Shropshire lands of the FitzAlans.

Situated in the Orry is the Motte or Moot Hill, a flat-topped mound situated on the north-west bank of the Eaglesham Burn in the Orry used for judicial and local assemblies.

In 1361, Sir John de Montgomerie of Eaglesham and Eastwood married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Hugh de Eglinton and niece of King Robert II. Sir John obtained the baronies of Eglinton and Ardrossan upon Sir Hugh's death in 1374. Afterwards the Montgomeries made Eglinton Estate their chief residence. In 1388, Sir John de Montgomerie captured Sir Henry Percy at the Battle of Otterburn. It is believed that Sir John accepted a ransom for his prisoner and built Polnoon Castle on a small hillock on what appears to be an earlier motte. Polnoon Castle was refurbished for occupation in 1617 but was ruined by 1676.

17th century
Following a period of peace and relative stability in Scotland during the reign of King James VI, religion continued to be a major issue. The Calvinistic Covenanter movement was founded as a reaction against the efforts of King Charles I to forcibly introduce High Church Episcopalianism inspired by the Caroline Divines and a hierarchy of bishops into the Church of Scotland. The population of Renfrewshire was predominantly in favour of the National Covenant and Alexander, 6th Earl of Eglinton signed the covenant. Covenanters faced steep fines or even the threat of execution for expressing their faith and held their religious services (conventicles) in secret.

Alexander Montgomerie, 8th Earl of Eglinton obtained an Act of Parliament in 1672 for an annual fair and weekly market. By the time the New Statistical Account for Scotland was published in 1845 the weekly market had long been discontinued and a flower show was held in place of fairs. The fair was revived in 1961 and in recent years is held bi-annually in May or June and traditionally opens with a procession parading through the village.

18th and 19th centuries
Until the 18th century, Scotland's villages were little more than settlements loosely organised around fermtouns. In 1769 Alexander, 10th Earl of Eglinton, began the work of developing the old Kirktoun of Eaglesham into a planned village. However, it was his successor, Archibald, 11th Earl of Eglinton, who largely saw Alexander's plans through to completion. The Earl planned his new village with two ranges of houses built around the Orry, an area of common land (Orry is from the Scots word, aurie meaning area), divided in the centre by the Eaglesham Burn. Tacks were offered on 900-year leases. As a result of agricultural improvements, displaced workers became tradesmen or weavers in the village.

Eaglesham flourished during the age of agricultural and industrial improvements. Surgeons, shopkeepers and traders such as coopers; grocers; wrights; smiths; boot and shoemakers supplied the needs and demands of the increasing population. Churches met the religious needs of the inhabitants, schools provided education.

Handloom weaving became the main industry until the establishment of a water powered cotton spinning mill in the village in 1791. The Orry cotton spinning mill at its peak employed around 200 people. The mill burned down and was rebuilt several times before being destroyed by fire in 1876 and was never rebuilt. Without work many of the mill workers drifted away and their homes lay empty.

After seven centuries of ownership, the Montgomerie family's finances foundered, and Eaglesham Estate was put on the market in 1835. The Estate was finally sold for £217,000 in 1844 to Allan Gilmour, Sr. and James Gilmour.

East Renfrewshire Council's archives hold an unpublished manuscript "Graham's Eaglesham Essay" which details the history of the village at this time.

20th century
By the early 20th century, The Eaglesham Estates were heavily burdened and together with the considerable debts left by Allan Gilmour were advertised for sale in the late 1920s. Angus Gilmour transferred the common area of the village of Eaglesham in 1929 to the parish council at his death. By the late 1930s many of the houses were in a state of disrepair. A letter-writing campaign was started and by the 1950s a worldwide appeal was launched for funds towards Eaglesham's conservation. Such was the success of the campaign, that the village was designated the first outstanding conservation area in Britain on 12 August 1960.

A remarkable event during World War II was the landing of Rudolf Hess at Eaglesham on 10 May 1941. Shortly after 11 p.m. a Messerschmitt Bf 110 aircraft crashed at Floors Farm with an airman bailing out and landing at Floors Farm. David McLean, a local ploughman, ran out of his cottage at the rear of Floors Farm after hearing an aeroplane crashing and saw a parachutist coming down. McLean assisted the slightly injured airman back to his cottage. The airman, a German officer, identified himself as Captain Albert Horn. Horn was arrested and subsequently taken to the 3 Battalion Home Guard Headquarters at Busby then briefly Giffnock Police Station before being transferred to Maryhill Barracks in Glasgow and other locations before finally being to transported to P.O.W. Reception Station, Abergavenny, South Wales where he remained for the duration of the hostilities. Horn turned out be Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess. Hess apparently claimed that he had flown to Britain with a message for the Duke of Hamilton in an attempt to persuade the British government to restore peace but in poor light mistook his intended destination of Dungavel House near Strathaven as Eaglesham House. Hess was tried as a war criminal at Nuremberg where an International Military Tribunal found him guilty on two counts of 'concerted plan or conspiracy' and 'crimes against peace'. He spent the rest of his life imprisoned in Spandau Prison, Berlin.

The village today
Eaglesham Heritage Trail opened on 3 September 2011, a project of Eaglesham & Waterfoot Community Development Trust. The trail consists of interpretation panels located throughout the village, explaining the history of the area from the 11th century to the present day. The village today is served by a primary school, churches, library and a number of local services such as garages, shops, restaurant, tearooms and the historic Eglinton Arms Hotel. Linn Products operate a state-of-the-art Hi-Fi production plant on the site of the former Eaglesham House. The majority of children of secondary school age attend either Mearns Castle High School, Newton Mearns or St Ninian's High School, Giffnock; state schools which have consistently ranked among the best in Scotland over many years. Clubs and societies include Eaglesham History Society, Eaglesham Amateurs football team, Eaglesham Angling Association Angling, Eaglesham Bowling Club and Walton Angling Club. The opening of the Glasgow Southern Orbital Road in 2005 generated considerable environmental benefits by reducing through traffic and creating a cleaner, safer environment for the local community.

Eaglesham Parish Church
It is probable that there has been a place of worship here since the 5th or 6th century. The present church was designed by Robert McLachlane and completed in 1790. The church was originally a small octagonal building and later extended. A memorial to Covenanters Robert Lockhart and Gabriel Thomson who were shot by Highlandmen and Dragoons under the command of Archibald MacAulay for their adherence to the Solemn League and Covenant as they returned from a coventicle on 1 May 1685, stands in the kirkyard.

St Bridget's Church
In 1857, a Roman Catholic church was established mainly for Irish immigrant workers in the cotton mill. St. Bridget, born in 451 at Faughart near Dundalk is the patroness of the church. The church has a huge canvas of the Deposition of Christ from the Cross by de Surne.

Polnoon Lodge
Polnoon Lodge was originally built as a hunting lodge in the early 18th century by Alexander, ninth Earl of Eglinton. Following the sale of the Eaglesham Estate in 1844 to Allan and James Gilmour, the lodge was used as the Polnoon Estate office for a short period of time before being let. By the 1920s the lodge operated as a temperance hotel and later on as a boarding house. An annexe was used as a meeting room for local groups and societies. The lodge lay empty by the 1960s and was renovated by Renfrew County Council as housing for the elderly. The restoration work won a Civic Trust Award in 1971. One of the houses in Cheapside Street is a miniature of the lodge and was once occupied by the Eaglesham Estate factor.

Montgomery Street
Montgomery Street was once known as South Street and commemorates the Montgomeries, the Earls of Eglinton and later Earls of Winton who owned Eaglesham Estate for seven centuries.

Polnoon Street
Polnoon Street was once known as North Street and borrows its name from Polnoon Estate. Sir John de Montgomerie built a castle at Polnoon with the poind money that he received for the release of Lord Percy following the Battle of Otterburn.

Motte Hill
A motte beside the Eaglesham Burn (NS5751) in the Orry is a flat-topped mound situated on the north-west bank of the Eaglesham Burn. It is known locally as Moot Hill. The south-east side was truncated in the late 18th century by the building of the Orry cotton spinning mill, resulting in the removal of at least a third of the site. It was used by the local community as a site for meetings and festivals.

Deil's Wood
The Deil's Wood cairn stands on the summit of a low but prominent ridge 350 m east of Bonnyton farmsteading.

title: Eaglesham


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Sanjō Station (Kyoto)

Sanjō Station (三条駅) is the main Keihan Electric Railway station in Kyoto. It connects with Sanjo Keihan Station on the Kyoto Subway Tozai Line. It was opened for service on October 27, 1915, and has been in service ever since. Sanjo Station is located in the Higashiyama Ward, in Kyoto City. The station offers quick access to the Gion district and the main shopping district on Sanjo-dori.

Lines

 * Keihan Electric Railway
 * Keihan Main Line
 * Ōtō Line
 * Kyoto Municipal Subway
 * Tōzai Line (Sanjō Keihan Station)

The station was also a terminal of the Keishin Line, which was replaced by the Tōzai Line subway in 1997.

Layout
There are two island platforms with four tracks under Kawabata Dori.

Station Area

 * Sanjō Ōhashi
 * Ponto-chō
 * Ikedaya incident

title: Sanjō Station (Kyoto)