text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Mindspillage

Mindspillage
final (41/0/0) ending 18:11 18 April 2005 (UTC)

Mindspillage is perceptive, cool-headed, and has made many excellent contributions, particularly on articles relating to music. She understands quite well how Wikipedia's various policies relate to each other and I think she would be a trustworthy administrator. --Michael Snow 18:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm honored to accept. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 19:45, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Besides, I'm partial to double reeds. --Michael Snow 18:12, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support--Duk 18:15, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes. CryptoDerk 18:22, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Very, very strongly support →Raul654 18:29, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. Adam Bishop 18:36, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support, exactly the sort of Wikipedian an administrator should be. Thryduulf 19:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support, I second Thryduulf's comment. Rje 20:14, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support, very good contributor.  ALKIVAR ™ 20:15, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support. An excellent editor who understands and cares about policy. She'll make a great admin. SlimVirgin (talk) 20:17, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. Fine contributor (and quite the looker to boot :-P).  My compliments on your signature, as well.  BLANKFAZE | (что??) 20:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I struck out your male chauvanist POV :P  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 21:12, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not expressing an opinion on the appropriateness of Blankfaze's comment: Some people enjoy a compliment on their looks, some don't; it's not for me or you to decide. But it's inappropriate in Wikipedia (and obviously POV as well) to strike out someone else's non-obscene comment. It's up to Blankfaze to modify it if he wishes or for Mindspillage to complain. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 18:04, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It was meant as sarcasm :)  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 18:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought as much, but you did actually strike out the comment, so I wasn't going to restore it w/o explanation. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 18:25, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Strong support; a superb editor with extraordinary common sense. Hard to find a better admin candidate.  Antandrus 21:37, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. What they said. — mark ✎ 21:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. - Darwinek 21:52, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. - I have seen her work all over the place and I think she will make an excellent admin. Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Very much so. — Dan | Talk 22:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Her user and talk pages show us someone who communicates and works well with others. Jonathunder 23:15, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * 7) Of course. --Bjarki 00:05, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) The sooner the better. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 00:32, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support, certainly. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  07:57, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support seen some of her edits, quality stuff! =)--Comrade Nick  @ )---^--  09:12, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. I concur with User:Plato. Phils 09:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support. Often seen her edits around and they are always well-reasoned. Dbiv 10:48, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Very strong support. Mike H 11:14, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Thought she was one. -- M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 11:31, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support. - RedWordSmith 19:48, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Support. You should put on vandal's Talk page when you do a revert, to have trail for future block. Pavel Vozenilek 00:24, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Support. Bla bla bla. Nadavspi | talk 02:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Very strong support. JuntungWu 13:53, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Support. Theo (Talk) 16:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) PedanticallySpeaking 17:07, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support. Great user. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  21:53, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Of course. ugen 64 02:02, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Support, well liked and her contributions are appreciated by the Wikipedia community --nixie 03:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Support, a credit to Wikipedia, enthusiastic support! --Wgfinley 03:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) Support. --Chammy Koala 16:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) Support, I've seen this user's contributions via rc and she's very admin-like in her approach. In my opinion she's already made the transition. — oo64eva (AJ) (U @  04:06, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) Support, read your user and talk page, very impressed plus, the comments made by the other supporters convinced me. Tony the Marine Talk
 * 28) Support! Already acting like an admin!  Oh, and one terrific trollslayer to boot. - Lucky 6.9 03:30, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 29) But of course. Isomorphic 03:42, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 30) Support. --Bishonen | talk 23:20, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 31) Support. --RobertG 11:53, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) Oppose You have the support of the User:Blankfaze, called a users a "looker", who appears to vote based on his 'like' to other users (see his vote above, and comments here).It is outrageous and I can`t get over it. My vote can not turn to yes under any condition, I am very sad to vote no because of this third party, but I am affraid that users like User:Blankfaze will be able to continue with such behavior. --Gmaxwell 03:44, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) *Wow. I'm utterly speechless. BLANKFAZE | (что??)</b> 03:45, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) * These "votes-to-make-a-statement" are an absurdity and disrupt the RfA process just as much as bogus VfD nominations; it's a shame those people who make them don't come under fire like users submitting "stupid" VfDs do. Phils 05:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not Mindspillage's fault that Blankfaze voted for her, or what he said. You shouldn't take it out on her. --Chammy Koala 16:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're missing the joke. I suggest you carefully read Mindspillage's user page to find out who Gmaxwell is. --Michael Snow 17:33, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, he's her "significant other". --Chammy Koala 17:49, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. He didn't believe it would be proper form to add his vote to support... so, naturally, he had to oppose for what he hoped was a transparently ridiculous reason. (Alas, no one will bathe in a toilet if my nomination fails, so he has little incentive to do so.) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:11, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, and the oppose vote from Snowspinner's RFA was too funny to only see once. I'm disappointed that no one remembered it. :-) --Gmaxwell 18:24, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And here I thought we had the makings of tragic opera. "Sigh* -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 18:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * User:Blankfaze has amended his evil ways, so I now withdraw my objection. ;) --Gmaxwell 15:57, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments
 * Mindspillage currently has 2300 total edits: 1760/66 to articles/talk, 82/129 to User/talk, 193/13 to Wikipedia/talk, 37/8 to Category/talk, 6/3 to Template/talk, and 3 to Image. —Korath (Talk) 19:03, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * For one, the usual RC patrolling which I do when I'm too lazy to write, which would be aided by a rollback button and the ability to actually put some bite behind my bark when I tell vandals to cut it out. I've been around blathering on in IRC during several of the recent rounds of page-move vandalism and I'd be happy to help clean that up, as well as fielding the other admin requests that come up in the channel; I'd also like to take a closer look at Copyright Problems. And it's been driving me nuts that I can't tweak things in the Main Page templates that are too minor to bother anyone else about!
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * At the moment, Hugo Wolf, Luigi Dallapiccola, and Rebecca Clarke, which were sad little stubs about two extremely important composers and one who doesn't get half as much notice as she should, and I think they're just about decent now. (But never finished, naturally...)
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * I've been in very little conflict thus far, especially as I don't seek it out; not too surprising for someone who mostly sticks to the dusty corners of classical music. The few minor differences of opinion I've had have been just that, differences of opinion, usually resolved without incident. I try to treat people with courtesy and respect even when I don't at all agree with them, as I don't think anything is gained by doing otherwise; I would like to think I'd remain cool-headed even being drawn in to stickier situations.


text:
User talk:FrancisDrake

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Crazynas 18:12, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Speedy deletion
Some of your speedy deletion nominations were not entirely correct. Please read over Criteria for speedy deletion and make sure you understand the criteria. Thanks, œ ™ 03:59, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:FrancisDrake


text:
User talk:JMBell

Hi there! Two things:
 * 1) All new entries go at the bottom of the page; and
 * 2) Must sign name and date with ~.
 * 3) And (oops, should learn to count) no long, e-mail-type letters, please! I have enough trouble loading this page every day, I don't need more.

 ''All entries are supposed to be factual and sensical and so-so, but of course, there can be exceptions. Just don't fill this page with exceptions. ;) Have a nice time. JMBell''

 * Archives

Welcome to Wikipedia
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Crazynas 18:13, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I'll Say
Hi! How's the prodigy? Fra nkB 17:59, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Image:DSC 12070039.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:DSC 12070039.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 17:00, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:Flame.gif listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Flame.gif, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 17:13, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:Glypto gardens.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Glypto gardens.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 17:13, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:Glypto r.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Glypto r.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 17:14, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:Glypto front.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Glypto front.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 17:14, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:Image(201).jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Image(201).jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 17:15, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Scannen.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Scannen.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 13:17, 2 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 13:17, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:JMBell


text:
Talk:Philadelphia Athletics (National Association)

The title of this article is idiosyncratic and does not meet the guidelines set out in the Manual of Style. First of all, the article has just been copied from the article Elizabeth Resolutes and a few dates have been modified. Secondly, the parenthetical years is not at all standard. If you merely need to disambiguate the team from the MLB Oakland Athletics (who were previously known as the Philadelphia Athletics, and so have a redirect), the correct title would be Philadelphia Athletics (National Association). --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 18:13, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)


text:
William Joseph Simmons

William Joseph Simmons (May 7, 1880 – May 18, 1945) was an American preacher and fraternal organizer who founded and led the second Ku Klux Klan from Thanksgiving evening 1915 until being ousted in 1922 by Hiram Wesley Evans.

Early life
Simmons was born in Harpersville, Alabama, to Calvin Henry Simmons, a physician, and his wife Lavonia Simmons née Davis, daughter of Thomas C. Davis. In his younger years, he attempted to study medicine at Johns Hopkins University, but unable to afford it, opted to serve in the Spanish–American War instead. After receiving an honorable discharge, he became a teacher for the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, but was suspended by the church in 1912 for inefficiency.

Simmons later joined two churches and twelve different fraternal organizations, which flourished in the early twentieth century. He was known as "Joe", "Doc" (in reference to his medical training) or "Colonel" (referring to his rank in the Woodmen of the World).

Ku Klux Klan
While recovering in 1915 after being hit by a car, Simmons decided to rebuild the Klan which he had seen depicted in the newly released film The Birth of a Nation directed by D. W. Griffith. He obtained a copy of the Reconstruction Klan's "Prescript" and used it to write his own prospectus for a reincarnation of the organization.

As the nucleus of his revived Klan, Simmons organized a group of friends, in addition to two elderly men who had been members of the original Klan. On Thanksgiving eve, November 25, 1915, they climbed Stone Mountain to burn a cross and inaugurate the new group, with fifteen charter members. Simmons's later account of the founding included a dramatic story of "a temperature far below freezing", although weather records showed that the temperature had never fallen below 45 °F (7 °C) that night on Stone Mountain. He declared himself the Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.

The imagery of the burning cross, which had not been used by the original Klan, had been introduced by Griffith in Birth of a Nation. The film had derived the image from the works of Thomas Dixon, Jr., upon which the film was based. Dixon had been inspired by the historical practices of Scottish clans, who had burned crosses as a method of signaling from one hilltop to the next. The image also occurs in Lady of the Lake (1810), a long poem by Walter Scott. The signature white robes of this new Klan also likely come from Dixon via Birth of a Nation.

In the first years of the new Klan, a few thousand members enrolled, although many more later pledged allegiance, particularly in industrial cities of the Midwest. Initially portraying itself as another fraternal organization, the group was opposed to the new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe—who were mostly Jews and Roman Catholics—and anybody else who was not a native-born Anglo-Saxon or Celtic Protestant.

While leading the Klan, Simmons was a "professor of southern history" at the short-lived Lanier University in Atlanta.

Simmons toured with Roy Elonzo Davis during the 1920s during klan rallies; Davis claimed to be second in command of the Klan under Simmons. After Simmons was ousted as KKK leader by Hiram W. Evans in 1923, he and Davis worked together to start a new white supremacist organization called Knights of the Flaming Sword, where Simmons resumed his role as Imperial Wizard. Davis, as a high ranking Klan leader, played a key role in encouraging members to abandon Evans and remain loyal to Simmons in their new order. Traveling across the south, Davis successfully retained the loyalty of at least 60,000 Klan recruits and had secured over $150,000 ($2.3 million in 2021 dollars)

Later life and death
When the New York World exposed violent affairs conducted by the Ku Klux Klan, Simmons was called to testify in front of the U.S. House Committee on Rules. Hearings began in October 1921 and lasted for over a week. Simmons distanced himself from the events and stressed the Klan's fraternal nature. Congressional hearings ended with no direct consequences for the Klan, although Simmons lost his influence.

Having increased his own network of influence, Hiram Wesley Evans succeeded Simmons in the position of the Imperial Wizard in November 1922. Simmons was at the same time elected Emperor for life. The Klan started to decline after a peak of membership and influence in 1925, particularly because of the scandal in which D. C. Stephenson, one of its top leaders, was convicted of raping, kidnapping and murdering Madge Oberholtzer.

Simmons died in Atlanta on May 18, 1945.

Publications

 * The Ku Klux Klan (1917)
 * ABC of the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (1920)
 * The Klan Unmasked Atlanta, Ga., Wm. E. Thompson Pub. Co. 1923
 * America's menace; Or, The Enemy Within (An Epitome) (1926)
 * The Ku Klux Klan: Yesterday, Today and Forever (1930s)

title: William Joseph Simmons


text: Category:Danish physicians

title: Category:Danish physicians


text:
Natalie Roles

Natalie Joanne Roles (born 8 September 1973 in Enfield, Middlesex) is an English actress best known for her role of DS Debbie McAllister in the ITV drama The Bill.

She started her TV career as a dancer in 1988 on the musical film It Couldn't Happen Here, starring Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe of the Pet Shop Boys. In 1993, she made a guest appearance as school secretary Janet Clark in the Press Gang episode "Head and Heart." In 1995, she appeared in an episode of sitcom Men Behaving Badly as one of Tony's three girlfriends.

Her mother is from Malta.

She appeared in an episode of Minder, Opportunity Knocks and Bruises, as Amanda, a nurse and Ray Daley's latest girlfriend. She also appeared in ITV medical drama The Golden Hour in 2005. In 1999 she played a nurse in The New Professionals.

In 2022, Roles was interviewed by former The Bill co-star Suzanne Maddock for a three-part edition of The Bill Podcast, discussing her time on the series and career as a whole. Roles has subsequently taken over from Oliver Crocker as the presenter of The Bill Podcast, interviewing her co-stars Beth Cordingly, Raji James, Jane Wall, Pal Aron, Brian Bovell and former executive producer Paul Marquess.

In 2023, Roles was cast as Abigail Wesley in the fiction podcast Letter from Helvetica, written by and co-starring Andrew Mackintosh, the pair having first worked together on two episodes of The Bill. A second series followed in 2024.

Filmography
Television and Film roles;

title: Natalie Roles


text:
Per Ivar Gjærum

Per Ivar Gjærum (born 10 August 1948) a Norwegian organizational theorist, and Emeritus Associate Professor of Finance and Management Science at the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH). His specialty fields involve investment and project analysis.

Gjærum has also been visiting professor at London Business School. He served as rector of NHH from October 2001 to August 2005. His predecessor was Victor D. Norman and he was succeeded by Jan Haaland.

title: Per Ivar Gjærum


text:
George Tyrrell

George Tyrrell (6 February 1861 – 15 July 1909) was an Anglo-Irish Catholic priest and a highly controversial theologian and scholar. A convert from Anglicanism, Tyrrell joined the Jesuit order in 1880. His attempts to adapt Catholic theology to modern culture and science made him a key figure in the debate over modernism in the Catholic Church beginning in the late 19th-century. During the anti-modernist crusade led by Pope Pius X, Tyrrell was expelled from the Jesuit Order in 1906 and excommunicated in 1908.

Early life
Tyrrell was born on 6 February 1861 in Dublin, Ireland. His father, a journalist, died shortly before Tyrrell was born. George was first cousin to Irish classical scholar Robert Yelverton Tyrrell. A childhood accident resulted in George eventually becoming deaf in the right ear. The family had to move repeatedly due to financial straits.

Tyrrell was brought up as an Anglican and around 1869 he attended Rathmines School, near Dublin. He was educated from 1873 at Midleton College, an institution affiliated with the Church of Ireland, but his mother had difficulty affording the fees and he left early. In 1876–77, he studied privately in the hopes of earning a scholarship to study Hebrew at Trinity College, Dublin, but he failed the required examination twice. Around 1877 he met Robert Dolling, an Anglo-Catholic priest who had a strong influence on him. In August 1878, Tyrrell took a teaching post at Wexford High School, but in October he matriculated at Trinity College, on the advice of Dolling, hoping to train for the Anglican ministry.

Jesuit
In the spring of 1879, at Dolling's invitation, Tyrrell went to London to work for the Saint Martin's League, a sort of mission that Dolling was organizing. On Palm Sunday, Tyrrell wandered into St Etheldreda's, a Catholic church on Ely Place. He was powerfully struck by the Catholic Mass, about which he would say in his autobiography: "Here was the old business, being carried on by the old firm, in the old ways; here was continuity, that took one back to the catacombs." He converted and was received into the Catholic Church in 1879. He immediately applied to join the Society of Jesus, but the provincial superior advised him to wait a year. He spent the interim teaching at Jesuit schools in Cyprus and Malta. He joined the Jesuits in 1880 and was sent to the novitiate at Manresa House.

As early as 1882, his novice master suggested that Tyrrell withdraw from the Jesuits due to a "mental indocility" and a dissatisfaction with a number of Jesuit customs, approaches, and practices. Tyrrell was, however, allowed to remain. He later stated that he believed he was more inclined to the Benedictine spirituality.

After taking his first vows, Tyrrell was sent to Stonyhurst College to study philosophy as the first stage in his Jesuit formation. Having completed his studies at Stonyhurst, he next returned to the Jesuit school in Malta, where he spent three years teaching. He then went to St Beuno's College, in Wales, to take up his theological studies. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1891.

After a brief period of pastoral work in Lancashire, Tyrrell returned to Roehampton for his Tertianship. In 1893, he lived briefly at the Jesuit mission house in Oxford, before taking up pastoral work at St Helens, Merseyside, where he was reportedly happiest during his time as a Jesuit. A little over a year later, he was sent to teach philosophy at Stonyhurst. Tyrrell then began to have serious conflicts with his superiors over the traditional Jesuit approach to teaching philosophy.

Pope Leo XIII's 1879 encyclical Aeterni Patris had promoted the teaching of a Scholastic philosophy, based on the works of Saint Thomas Aquinas, in Catholic schools and seminaries. Tyrrell admired Aquinas, but he rejected the Scholastic approach as inadequate. He became convinced that the Jesuits were not teaching the work of Aquinas himself, but rather the narrow interpretation of it introduced by Jesuit theologian Francisco Suárez.

In 1896, Tyrrell was transferred to the Jesuit House on Farm Street in London. There Tyrrell discovered the work of Maurice Blondel. He was also influenced by Alfred Loisy's biblical scholarship. Tyrrell first met Friedrich von Hügel in October 1897 and they became close friends. Part of Tyrrell's work while at Farm Street was writing articles for the Jesuit periodical The Month. He had the occasion to review some works by Wilfrid Ward, and for a time, came to share Ward's view of moderate liberalism.

Modernist controversy
Between 1891 and 1906, Tyrrell published more than twenty articles in Catholic periodicals, many of them in the United States. In 1899 Tyrrell published A Perverted Devotion. The article concerned the concept of hell. Given "the essential incapacity of finite mind to seize the absolute end which governs and moves everything towards itself", Tyrrell recognized that some subjects were matters of "faith and mystery". He "preferred to admit that the Christian doctrine of hell as simply a very great mystery, one difficult to reconcile with any just appreciation of the concept of an all-loving God". He argued that the rationalist approach of the Scholastics was not applicable to matters of faith. Although reviewed by a number of English Jesuits, including Herbert Thurston, who found no fault with it, the Father General determined that it was "offensive to pious ears". Tyrrell was assigned to a small mission in Richmond, where he deeply appreciated the peace and quiet. In January 1901, he declined a re-assignment back to St. Helen's.

Tyrrell was critical both of the Catholic neo-Scholasticism and of the Liberal Protestant scholarship of the day. In an often quoted attack on Adolf von Harnack's approach to Biblical criticism, Tyrrell wrote that "the Christ that Harnack sees, looking back through nineteen centuries of 'Catholic darkness', is only the reflection of a Liberal Protestant face, seen at the bottom of a deep well." On the other hand, Tyrrell advocated "the right of each age to adjust the historico-philosophical expression of Christianity to contemporary certainties, and thus to put an end to this utterly needless conflict between faith and science which is a mere theological bogey." In Tyrrell's view, the pope should not act as an autocrat but a "spokesman for the mind of the Holy Spirit in the Church".

Expulsion and excommunication

Asked in 1906 to repudiate his theories, Tyrrell declined and was dismissed from the Jesuits by Father General Franz X. Wernz. He was the only Jesuit to be expelled from the society in the twentieth century until a subsequent Father General, Pedro Arrupe, expelled the Dutch priest Huub Oosterhuis in 1969. Modernism played a major role in both cases.

With the condemnation of modernism, first in the 65 propositions of the decree Lamentabili sane exitu in July 1907 and then in the encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis in September 1907, Tyrrell's fate was sealed. Tyrrell contributed two letters to The Times in which he strongly criticized that encyclical. For his public rejection of Pascendi, Tyrrell was also deprived of the sacraments, in what Peter Amigo, the Bishop of Southwark, characterized as "a minor excommunication".

In his rebuttal of Pius X's encyclical, Tyrrell alleged that the Church's thinking was based on a theory of science and on a psychology that seemed as strange as astrology to the modern mind. Tyrrell accused Pascendi of equating Catholic doctrine with Scholastic theology and of having a completely naïve view of doctrinal development. He furthermore asserted that the encyclical tried to show the "modernist" that he was not a Catholic, but succeeded only in showing that he was not a Scholastic.

Unlike Alfred Loisy, Tyrrell never saw his case come up before the Congregation of Index or the Holy Office. His fate rested in the hands of the Cardinal Secretary of State, Rafael Merry del Val, who collaborated closely with Bishop Amigo.

Death
Tyrrell's last two years were spent mainly in Storrington. He was given extreme unction on his deathbed in 1909, but as he refused to abjure his modernist views was denied burial in a Catholic cemetery. A priest, his friend Henri Brémond, was present at the burial and made a sign of the cross over Tyrrell's grave, which resulted in Bishop Amigo temporarily suspending Fr. Bremond a divinis.

A near contemporary account on The New York Times places most of the blame for the disagreement between the modern Catholic philosophers and the Vatican on Cardinal Merry del Val's "irreconcilable and reactionary attitude".

Selected writings

 * Nova et Vetera: Informal Meditations, 1897
 * Hard Sayings: A Selection of Meditations and Studies, Longmans, Green & Co., 1898
 * External Religion: Its Use and Abuse, B. Herder, 1899
 * The Faith of the Millions 1901
 * Lex Orandi: or, Prayer & Creed, Longmans, Green & Co., 1903
 * Lex Credendi: A Sequel to Lex Orandi, Longmans, Green & Co., 1906
 * Through Scylla and Charybdis: or, The Old Theology and the New, Longmans, Green & Co., 1907
 * A Much-Abused Letter, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1907
 * Medievalism: A Reply to Cardinal Mercier, Longmans, Green, and Co. 1908
 * The Church and the Future, The Priory Press, 1910
 * Christianity at the Cross-Roads, Longmans, Green and Co., 1910
 * Autobiography and Life of George Tyrrell, Edward Arnold, 1912
 * Essays on Faith and Immortality, Edward Arnold, 1914

Articles
 * "The Clergy and the Social Problem," The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XXII, 1897.
 * "The Old Faith and the New Woman", The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XXII, 1897.
 * "The Church and Scholasticism", The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XXIII, 1898.

title: George Tyrrell


text:
Utstein Abbey

Utstein Abbey (Utstein Kloster) is Norway's best-preserved medieval monastery. It is located on the southern shore of the island of Klosterøy in Stavanger municipality, Rogaland county. It was built in the late 1200s. Utstein Church is located on the grounds of the abbey.

History
The abbey, dedicated to Saint Laurence, was founded in its present location during the reign of King Magnus VI of Norway (1263–1280). It was a house of Augustinian Canons. It appears however that this community was the one previously established as St. Olav's Abbey, Stavanger, one of the earliest Augustinian monasteries in Norway if not the very earliest. The exact date of its foundation is unknown, but it was well established by 1160.

At its height, up to 12 monks lived at Utstein, with twice as many lay people working on the building, doing the cooking, and doing the farming. The abbey owned extensive lands, and could feed about 250 people a year. It was dissolved in 1537 during the Reformation and was given in fee to Trond Ivarsson, a nobleman who served as local bailiff. It served as a private residence for many years. The property came under the control of the Garmann (1706) and Schancke (1885) families. In 1899, the estate was acquired by the state and restored as a museum.

Present-day
Utstein Abbey is the best-preserved monastery in all of Norway, still using both the church and the eastern and southern part of the ground floor of the convent buildings. In 1900-1904 major restoration work was carried out on the church, and in 1965 work on the remaining buildings was completed. The monastery was restored under plans designed by architect Gerhard Fischer. The church's west window was reconstructed, the ceiling was rebuilt with the original angle, and all interiors were restored.

These renovations put it in a position so that the buildings now serve as venue for concerts, seminars, and conventions. It is now owned entirely by the Utstein Kloster Foundation. The abbey can be reached from Stavanger in 30 minutes by road through the undersea Byfjord Tunnel.

Emergency medicine
The Utstein Abbey is also well known for its role in hosting conferences for development of reporting guidelines in emergency medicine, resuscitation, and traumatology. The first Utstein conference was held at the Utstein Abbey in 1990 and resulted in the publication of guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the Utstein Style.

title: Utstein Abbey


text:
Jeremy Monteiro

Jeremy Ian Monteiro (born 20 June 1960, Singapore) is a Singaporean jazz pianist, singer, composer, and music educator. In Singapore he was mentioned by the local press as Singapore's "King of Swing". Monteiro was awarded the Cultural Medallion (in the Music category) by the National Arts Council, Singapore in 2002.

Career
In 2021, Monteiro was elected chairman of Compass (Composers and Authors Society of Singapore).

Monteiro was also the executive director and music director of the Jazz Association (Singapore).

Personal life
Monteiro was drawn to the spontaneity of jazz and turned professional at the age of 16.

Monteiro has two sisters, Sheila and Claressa, the latter a professional jazz singer.

Discography

 * Always in Love (J.J. Jazz, 1990)
 * Songs My Dad Taught Me (First Impression Music, 1997)
 * Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival with Redd Holt, Eldee Young (J.J. Jazz, 2001)
 * A Song for You, Karen (First Impression Music, 2002)
 * Singapore Swing (2009)
 * Jazz-Blues Brothers (Verve Records, 2014)
 * To Paris With Love: A Tribute to the Genius of Michel Legrand with Eugene Pao (Jazznote, 2015)
 * Live at No Black Tie Kuala Lumpur with Jay Anderson and Lewis Nash (Jazznote Records, 2021)
 * Jazz-Blues Brothers (Jazznote Records, 2021)

title: Jeremy Monteiro


text:
User:Attackoftheclones

I like wikipedia cause I like to feed my head

title: User:Attackoftheclones


text:
Pat Miletich

Patrick Jay Miletich (born March 9, 1968) is a retired American mixed martial artist and former sports commentator. He is known for his fights in the Ultimate Fighting Championship, where he became the first UFC Welterweight Champion and UFC 16 Welterweight Tournament Winner. Miletich is also known as a highly successful trainer and coach, having founded Miletich Fighting Systems. This camp is considered one of the most successful in MMA history and has produced several world champions. On July 6, 2014, he was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame.

Early life
Miletich, the youngest of five children, was born in Davenport, Iowa, to second generation Croatian immigrant parents. Two of his brothers are deceased. Miletich started wrestling at the age of five, continuing at Bettendorf High School. Miletich also played high school football in Bettendorf Bulldogs and was an All-State nose guard in his senior year. Miletich shared the Bettendorf High School wrestling room with future MMA champion Mark Kerr. He said he wanted to be a world champion in something and wrestling was something he was good at. Although Miletich originally planned to pursue football after graduating high school, he eventually chose to wrestle in junior college. When his mother developed heart problems, he left school to care for her. Miletich has stated in past interviews that he actually began fighting to help pay her bills.

Early career
Miletich started his MMA training at 26. Before this, Miletich trained at Tarpein's Dojo in, Davenport, IA with Grand Master Nick Tarpein, where he learned much of what he knows about karate, and was introduced to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu for the very first time. With Miletich's wrestling background, Jiu-Jitsu came naturally to him. When Miletich coupled BJJ with his strong foundation in boxing/karate, he realized where his fighting career should go; MMA. After learning the foundations of BJJ in Tarpein's Dojo, Miletich decided to branch out and learn BJJ full-time. A friend from Chicago got him into a Renzo Gracie seminar.

After training in jiu-jitsu for a year, the same friend then got him into the Battle of the Masters, an MMA tournament held in Chicago in 1995. Miletich continued fighting at smaller events and enjoyed success. He was undefeated through 15 fights before losing to Matt Hume.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Three fights later Miletich fought in UFC 16 and won the first UFC Welterweight tournament.

Welterweight champion
At UFC 17.5: Ultimate Brazil, Miletich defeated Mikey Burnett to become the first UFC Welterweight Champion. In his fifth title defense at UFC 31 he suffered his first UFC loss as he lost the championship to Carlos Newton by submission. According to Miletich, he had a rematch clause in his contract but it was bypassed by the organization as Miletich's camp already had multiple high-ranked fighters in the welterweight division.

His next fight was a KO win over Shonie Carter at UFC 32.

Move up to middleweight
After the fight with Carter, Miletich moved up to the Middleweight division. This was also partly due to encouragement by UFC management and because his teammate, Matt Hughes, defeated Carlos Newton to win the UFC Welterweight Championship. Miletich returned to fight at his new weight at UFC 36, but quickly lost to Matt Lindland. Miletich decided to take some time away from professional fighting and recover from numerous chronic injuries. Miletich was scheduled to fight Frank Trigg at WFA 3 but pulled out due to injury. He returned in September 2006 to fight Renzo Gracie in an IFL superfight, and submitted to a guillotine choke in the first round. Miletich spoke briefly after the fight about re-aggravating his old neck injury before the Gracie fight. Miletich's last fight was in December 2008 where he scored a second-round KO over Thomas Denny that was televised on the HDNet network.

Over a decade since his last mixed martial arts bout, Miletich was originally scheduled to face Michael Nunn in a kickboxing match on April 18, 2020. However, the bout was rescheduled to July 18, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Miletich lost to Nunn via split decision.

Return
After a near fifteen year hiatus, Miletich returned to face rival Mike Jackson on October 14, 2023 at Caged Aggression 36. Despite finding initial success against his younger foe, Miletich succumbed to fatigue, and lost via technical knockout after his corner stopped the fight before the start of the third round.

Coaching
Miletich founded Miletich Fighting Systems, a mixed martial arts academy in his hometown of Bettendorf, Iowa. MFS has trained over 90 televised fighters and 11 MMA world champions, including former two-time UFC Welterweight Champion and UFC Hall of Famer Matt Hughes, former two-time UFC Heavyweight Champion Tim Sylvia, former UFC Lightweight Champion Jens Pulver, and former EliteXC Middleweight Champion and former UFC Welterweight Champion Robbie Lawler.

Law enforcement/military training
For over 15 years Miletich has trained local, state, and federal law-enforcement officers and military groups from all service branches, including special-operations groups attached to those branches. He has also written and designed defensive tactics and combatives courses for other combatives companies.

Miletich is also the co-founder of Fire Horse combatives which trains LEO and military personnel.

Miletich was the primary subject matter of L. Jon Wertheim's "Blood in the Cage: Mixed Martial Arts, Pat Miletich, and the Furious Rise of the UFC", which detailed Miletich's biography and his fighting camp (Miletich Fighting Systems).

Commentary
Miletich began providing color commentary for Strikeforce on April 11, 2009, for its debut on Showtime and did so regularly until that promotion's demise in 2012.

Miletich was color commentary for ESPN's MMA Live and Legacy Fighting Alliance on UFC Fight Pass. On January 12, 2021 Pat Miletich was fired from his commentary position at Legacy Fighting Alliance for being present in Washington D.C. at the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, although he had no involvement.

Personal life
Miletich is married and has three daughters. He is a Freemason.

Miletich was arrested on June 29, 2020, in Moline, Illinois and was charged with DUI. This was Miletich's second DUI arrest, his first coming in September 2018, a charge to which he pleaded guilty in March 2019.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * UFC Hall of Fame (Pioneer Wing, Class of 2014)
 * UFC Welterweight Championship (One time, first)
 * Four successful title defenses
 * UFC 16 Welterweight Tournament Winner
 * UFC Viewers Choice Award
 * Sherdog
 * Mixed Martial Arts Hall of Fame
 * George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * George Tragos Award (2011)
 * '''Resurrection Fighting Alliance & AXS TV
 * Lifetime Achievement Award

title: Pat Miletich


text:
Scott Skiles

Scott Allen Skiles Sr. (born March 5, 1964) is an American former basketball coach and player. He coached the Phoenix Suns, Chicago Bulls, Milwaukee Bucks and Orlando Magic. A first-round draft pick out of Michigan State University, Skiles played ten seasons as a point guard in the NBA. He holds the NBA record for assists in one game with 30, set in his fifth season in the league and second with Orlando, in which he also earned the 1990–91 NBA Most Improved Player Award.

High school and college
In 1982, Skiles led Plymouth High School to the Indiana State Championship, scoring 39 points to lead the Pilgrims past the Gary Roosevelt Panthers in double overtime. During that season, Skiles led the state in scoring, averaging 29.3 points per game. Skiles set several school records during his career there, including most points in a home game (53) and most points in an away game (56). He left Plymouth as the school's all-time career scoring leader (1,788 points), a record that would stand until 2005. Skiles had his number 22 jersey retired at Plymouth High School in 1992.

Skiles attended Michigan State University, where in his senior season he was a First Team All-America selection as well as the Big Ten Conference Player of the Year and scoring champion. He left MSU as its all-time career scoring leader (2,145 points) and still holds the Spartans' record for most points scored in a season (850). While in East Lansing, he was arrested and charged with felony possession of cocaine and misdemeanor possession of marijuana. The cocaine charge was dropped, and Skiles pleaded guilty to the marijuana possession. He was arrested and charged with drunken driving a year later and served 15 days in jail. During his senior season, Skiles committed a parole violation on an earlier marijuana conviction, and served a brief jail sentence.

NBA career
The Milwaukee Bucks made Skiles the 22nd selection of the 1986 NBA draft. In ten seasons, he played for the Bucks (1986–87), Indiana Pacers (1987–89), Orlando Magic (1989–94), Washington Bullets (1994–95), and Philadelphia 76ers (1995–96).

Milwaukee Bucks
Skiles made his NBA debut with the Bucks on November 11, 1986, against the Indiana Pacers, recording 2 rebounds and 5 assists in the 102-94 win. Skiles was seldom used his rookie season with the Bucks, averaging 3.8 points and 3.5 assists in just 13 games off the bench.

Indiana Pacers
On June 21, 1987, Skiles was traded by the Bucks to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for a 1989 2nd round pick (which would later be used to select Gary Leonard). With the Pacers in 1987-88, Skiles averaged even fewer minutes but played in more games, increasing his scoring marginally to 4.4 points and posting the same 3.5 assists per game in 50 games, just two of them starts. He played in 80 games in 1988–89, starting just 13 and averaging 6.8 points and 4.9 assists in slightly under 20 minutes a game.

Orlando Magic
In 1989 Skiles was selected by the newly formed Orlando Magic in the NBA expansion draft. Mainly a backup point guard, he scored 7.7 points and posted 4.8 assists in 20.9 minutes per game in 70 games, 48 off the bench. In 1990–91 he transitioned to a starting role at the position, jumping to a career high 17.2 points and improved 8.4 assists in 34.4 minutes over 79 games and 66 starts. The season was highlighted on December 30, 1990, when Skiles racked up 30 assists in Orlando's 155–116 victory over the Denver Nuggets at Orlando Arena, breaking Kevin Porter's NBA single-game assists record (29). His well more than doubling scoring and nearly doubling his assists marks from the previous year earned him the NBA Most Improved Player Award.

The next year, 1991–92, was a bit of a reversal of form, his numbers dropping off just a bit to 14.1 points and 7.3 assists in 31.7 minutes in 75 games, with games started, field goals made, field goal percentage, 2-pointers made, 2-point percentage, 3-pointers made, 3-point percentage, free throws, free throw percentage, offensive rebounds, defensive rebounds, total rebounds, and steals all taking a hit.

1992–93 saw nearly all his numbers bounce back, with scoring up to 15.4 points, a career high in assists with 9.4 a game, and career highs in shooting percentage and 2-point shooting percentage in a career high 39.6 minutes in 78 games, all starts.

Skiles played in all 82 games in 1993–94 but only started 46, with major drop-offs in minutes, field goals, field goal percentage, 2-pointers made, 2-point percentage, rebounds, assists, and scoring, points falling to 9.9 a game and assists to 6.1 per. Skiles began the year as a starter but in the second half of the season, Penny Hardaway became the starter, relegating Skiles to the bench. During the 1994 offseason, Skiles was traded to the Washington Bullets in the offseason to create salary cap space.

Washington Bullets
As a Washington Bullets in 1994–95 Skiles' minutes were back up to 33.5 per game in just 62 games, all starts, and both his scoring and assists also increased - to 13.0 and 7.3 respectively.

Philadelphia 76ers
Skiles spent only a single season in Washington, moving on to the Philadelphia 76ers for his final NBA campaign in 1995–96. Appearing in only 10 games Skiles stats took a tumble, to 6.3 points and 3.8 assists in 23.6 minutes per game while starting 9 of the games.

PAOK
Nursing a serious shoulder injury in 1996, Skiles left the U.S. for the Greek League, joining PAOK in Thessaloniki. Expectations were high for the new arrival from the NBA, but midway through the season injuries and contract problems with key players threatened the season for both PAOK and French coach Michel Gomez. Still struggling with injury himself, and increasingly at odds with Gomez, Skiles asked to be released from his contract. Instead, president Lakis Alexopoulos fired Gomez and offered Skiles the job. Despite lacking three of their top players due to injury, Skiles led PAOK to a winning record as coach in the remainder of the '96-'97 season, and an unexpected 3rd-place finish in the Greek League, thus assuring a qualification to the following year's Euroleague.

As an assistant
Skiles returned to the NBA for the 1997–98 season as an assistant coach with the Phoenix Suns, being elevated to head coach in 1999.

Phoenix Suns
Under Skiles Phoenix compiled a .595 Won-Loss record and made the playoffs in two of his three years as head coach, including a first-round win over the defending NBA champion San Antonio Spurs in 2000.

Chicago Bulls
After a two-year absence from the game, Skiles came to the Chicago Bulls as head coach in 2003. He immediately focused on improving the young Bulls' defense and developing greater consistency in a talented but underachieving team. In the first full year under his direction, Chicago limited its opposition to an NBA-best .422 field goal percentage and held their opponents to a franchise record and league high 26 straight games below 100 points. An NBA best 13–3 mark in January 2005 earned Skiles the NBA Eastern Conference Coach of the Month honor.

The 2006 Bulls went 41–41, earning a 7th seed in the playoffs falling to 2nd seeded Miami Heat in six games. In 2007 the Bulls improved to a 49–33 and again faced the Heat in the first round of the post-season, this time sweeping them in four games. They lost the first three games of the second-round against the top-seeded Detroit Pistons, dropping the last at the United Center after holding a double-digit lead for much of the game. After a two-game rally they were eliminated in six.

The Bulls had high expectations heading into the 2007–08 season. Mired in last place in the Central Division 25 games in, they were 9–16 when Skiles was fired by general manager John Paxson on December 24, 2007.

Milwaukee Bucks
On April 21, 2008, the Milwaukee Bucks signed their former player Skiles as team's new head coach. He led the Bucks to a 34–48 record in the 2008–09 season. Injuries to key players Michael Redd and Andrew Bogut marred the season, but Skiles was given a show of support by general manager John Hammond.

The next season Skiles had success with an improving, if still young, core led by Bogut at center and Brandon Jennings at point guard. A midseason trades for John Salmons and the pick-up of Jerry Stackhouse gave Skiles both a reliable shooter and a veteran presence on the Bucks' bench. Most NBA prognosticators picked the Bucks to finish last in the Eastern Conference, but the team's defense helped the Bucks beat several of the top teams in the NBA. After a gruesome injury to Bogut's right arm on April 3, 2010 Skiles coached his team to a decisive victory over the heavily favored Phoenix Suns. Three days later Skiles and the Bucks clinched a playoff berth by beating the Chicago Bulls in Chicago. They finished the regular season with a 46–36 mark, their first winning record in seven years. Skiles was frequently mentioned in NBA Coach of the Year talks, eventually finishing second to Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Scott Brooks.

Skiles' five-year stint in Milwaukee ended on January 8, 2013, when he and the Bucks mutually agreed to part ways.

Orlando Magic
On May 29, 2015, former team point guard Skiles joined the Orlando Magic as the franchise's 12th head coach. On May 12, 2016, after head coaching the team for one season, Skiles stepped down as head coach of the Orlando Magic, claiming he was "not the right head coach" for the Magic.

Quotes

 * When asked by a reporter in 2003 to describe what Eddy Curry could do to improve his rebounding, Skiles responded: "Jump."
 * When questioned about an encounter between Charlie Villanueva and Anderson Varejão, Skiles responded: "I hope they'll launch an investigation to find the sniper who shot Varejao. I thought there was some acting involved."

title: Scott Skiles


text:
Talk:Sultana (title)

old talk
I think sultana isn't used as a title of the wife of the sultan. Ottoman Sultans, for example, didn't even have wives, only concubines. Sultanas are the blood relatives of the sultan, e.g. sisters, daughters. His mother's title is valide sultana. Alensha 18:20, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Contradiction

 * In the former kingdom of Touggourt (now part of Algeria) there was one sultana: Aïsha.

 * In medieval Egypt, Shajar al-Durr, a former slave of Turkic origin, ascended the throne in 1250, thereby becoming the only Muslim woman to rule a country in North Africa and Western Asia

These statements can't both be true. Junuxx (talk) 21:03, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

Latest edits
The latest edits have obscured the fact that in traditional Islamic societies, "sultana" did not usually mean wife of a sultan. I have the impression that that meaning is rather modern in the Arabic language... AnonMoos (talk) 03:10, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Sultana (title). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100504063720/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/790/chrncls.htm to http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/790/chrncls.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:37, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sultana (title)


text: Category:Danish engineers

title: Category:Danish engineers


text:
User:Moomoonunu

AltOpt Blog

It’s too early for me. I’ve been up early in the morning for a while editing the iMac page.

13th April 2005: I've just cleaned up the iBook page as well. I will probably stop editing Wikipedia articles now. I don’t quite “get” the Wikipedia concept. There are some really awful articles out there, that should be deleted--e.g. the Dell Inspiron page.

Others--such as the Apple page--contain so much trivia that is more accurately accounted for elsewhere. Who’s to know what to do with all these articles?

Maybe I should read the Wikipedia FAQ or something.

title: User:Moomoonunu


text:
User talk:Attackoftheclones

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 18:21, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm glad. Personally, I've found that the best way to learn from Wikipedia is by editing it--you get really wide exposure to a variety of articles. Have a good time. Yours, Meelar (talk) 18:26, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Super Smash Bros for Wii U Box Art.png
Thanks for uploading File:Super Smash Bros for Wii U Box Art.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:50, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Attackoftheclones


text:
Hiplife

Hiplife is a Ghanaian musical style that fuses Ghanaian culture and hip hop. Recorded predominantly in the Ghanaian Akan language, hiplife is rapidly gaining popularity in the 2010s throughout West Africa and abroad, especially in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada and Germany.

History
Reginald Osei, known in music circles as Reggie Rockstone, is touted by some as the originator of hiplife; others disagree. Nonetheless, the origins of Ghanaian hip hop go back to the 1980s, with performers such as K.K. Kabobo and Gyedu Blay Ambolley. As early as 1973, Ambolley released his first record, "Simigwado" – a semi-rap in Fante-style highlife – to a small audience, which showed him performing highlife variations with fast-spoken, poetic lyrics. Ambolley would go on to be hailed the father of rap, not only in Ghana but in the world. Over time, Ghanaians became influenced by American hip hop, reggae, dance hall. There was an emerging underground hip hop collective in the capital Accra

Hiplife's history dates back to the early 1990s. Jeff Tennyson Quaye, better known around the world as Jay Q, one of the pioneers of hiplife (in the mid-1990s), is considered the backbone of Ghana music as a whole; in recognition of his own variation and introduction of Jama/kpanlogo to hiplife, he has been called the King of Jama. Reginald "Reggie Rockstone" Ossei also began to craft this art form with producers Mike Cooke, Rab Bakari, Zapp Mallet and Coal house. Chief G and the Tribe was one of the first rap groups in Ghana consisting of Chief G (now known as Jay Ghartey), Abeeku and Kwaku T performing rap as far back as 1989. After they broke up before Reggie's foray into what is now termed hiplife, Talking Drums, consisting of Kwaku-T and Bayku, experimented with choruses and hooks in local languages. In Twi, Reggie would flow over hip-hop beats, a style that had been used previously in Mahoney P's debut album Kofi Babone.

In that same era, the group Native Funk Lords (NFL) came out with Pidgin rap; the originators of the genre were from the Kay's Frequency camp: Tinniequaye, Cil, Jake & Eddy Blay. This group also took inspiration from bands such as Osibisa and Ghanaba of Ghana. Rapper and producer Cavell was also part of the original NFL collective and is now known to many as The Mantis.

Reggie Rockstone has been described as the "Godfather of Hiplife" since he spawned a new music genre in the country. After his debut album Makaa Maka, with the hit single "Choo boi", several hiplife acts followed. Although in several radio interviews in 2004, Reggie Rockstone stated that he does not perform hiplife, this could be mainly attributed to the fact that he now prefers to rap in English.

A new era was born in late 1998 when a young producer known as Hammer of The Last Two emerged with original beats plus precision rap artistes. Hammer, born Edward Nana Poku Osei, managed to fuse hip-hop grooves with local tempo and sweet melody, which caught the attention of both the elite and masses instantly. Known for his heavy drums and lead trumpets, Hammer had an originality that elevated hiplife to greater heights, inspiring and influencing a whole generation of producers including Richie, Ball J, Kill Beats, Jayso, EL, and others. In addition, some of the biggest artistes in hiplife today were in Hammer of The Last Two's line-up, among them Kwaw Kesse, Ayigbe Edem, odeshi, Obrafour, Tinny, Sarkodie, Koo Wiase. Other Ghanaian rappers – Lord Kenya, Obour, V.I.P, The Native Funk Lords (rapping mainly in Pidgin English), Castro and MzBel – continued the trend and hiplife is now one of the most popular forms of music in West Africa.

The most popular hiplife musicians are Tic Tac, Sarkodie, Vision in Progress (VIP), Asem, Obrafour, Buk Bak, Castro and Samini, who won a MOBO award for his contribution to hiplife in 2006. Since the rise of these popular musicians, hiplife has grown in popularity abroad, through such artists such as Kwaw Kesse, Koo Wiase, D-plan, Richie, ASEM, Sarkodie, Yaa pono.

The first recorded rap beef in the history of Ghana was birthed in the HipLife era when Ex doe released his controversial hit single "Maba", which was responded to by chicago with "wo bɛ kɔ". These turn of events ended up heightening tensions amongst the two rappers. Beyond that, Ex doe's maba also ended up rubbing the godfather of hiplife Reggie Rockstone the wrong way with a line in his flow that appeared to take shots at his credibility being the oseikrom president.

In 2009 Ghanaian filmmaker Mantse Aryeequaye released a documentary entitled Rhythm Rising that focused on the political history of the hiplife movement in Ghana, as well as hip-hop music amidst various political climates in the nation. In his film, Aryeequaye also examines many famed Ghanaian artists, among whom are Kwaw Kese, Kwaku Tutu and Obrafour, through their experiences within the hiplife or hip-hop movement. The film explores the culture of hiplife against the backdrop of Ghana's political environment.

Hiplife in Ghana is sticking to a new trend of rhythm and this is mainly being influenced by music engineers such as Kill Beatz, Dj Dijoe, Pie-Sie, Jay So looney, Richie, Kaywa and Hammer of The Last Two. There is some confusion about the classification of hip pop made in Ghana and Hiplife, but overall they bear the same qualities and share common rhythms.

Musical style
Hiplife covers a broad range of musical styles fused together. Artists such as Samini combine reggae/dancehall/ragga scat and patois-tinged sounds of Jamaica with Akan-language lyrics over reggae rhythms fused with Ghanaian melodies. His music is branded by the general populace as hiplife. Then there are artists such as KK Fosu, Ofori Amponsah and Richie who do not rap or "DJ" as such but sing with a heavy R&B influence. Verses, bridges and choruses may be in Twi, but the structure and rhythm is typically based on American R&B. He and other similar artistes fall into the category of contemporary highlife.

The majority of hiplife is recorded in a studio environment, with heavy emphasis on computer-aided composition, arrangements and production. Hiplife artists are currently not known for using live instruments in their performances in front of audiences. Most performances are based on voicing over instrumentals and dubs on Compact Disc. This may be a leading reason why the latest incarnation of Ghanaian music has not reached the ears of World Music promoters or bridged the frontiers of countries across Africa as Congolese music has done.

Famous hiplife artists include Reggie Rockstone, Lord Kenya, Obrafour, Tinny, Tic Tac, Mzbel, Buk Bak, Batman Samini, Ayigbe Edem, Sarkodie, Castro and Okyeame Kwame. Producers include Jay Q, Appietus, Richie and Hammer of The Last Two

A pair of hiplife artists, formed a double act called Reggie 'n' Bollie and came second in the UK TV music show x-factor.

Twi Rap
Though Reggie Rockstone and co have been credited for Hiplife, there has been a new development about who first recorded Twi rap. After 25 years, an obscure Ghanaian album titled "Obaa Sima" recently gained notoriety. The song by Ata Kak was recorded and officially released in 1994. Such an important record had been missed in Ghana's music history. Fact Magazine proclaimed it as the most important reissue of 2015. The fact was, the song was not popular until a young New York ethnomusicologist, Brian Shimkovitz, who was studying music in Ghana in the early 2000s uncovered the tape. Soon the tape had over 40 million downloads and was popular around the world without Ata Kak's knowledge, until Shimkovitz met him after more than six years.

Ghana@50 in the Bronx
Popular music plays a large role in understanding transnational Afrodiasporic culture. Ghanaian pop culture allows Ghanaians to identify and differentiate between themselves and their culture and black American culture. There are some struggles to find where Africanness fits inside the African-American categorization. Hiplife celebrates this own unique culture within a larger, more encompassing understanding of blackness. Hiplife signifies tradition, cultural belonging, and pride. It inspires diasporas Ghanaians, for example those that attend Hiplife festivals in New York, to learn their own language and culture.

Ghana@50 specifically celebrates Ghana's 50 years of independence. Reggie Rockstone, formerly mentioned as the founder of this Hiplife genre, was intended to perform at this festival, serving as a symbol of Ghanaian culture and popular authentic music. While attempting to board the plane, Rockstone was flagged by the computer systems which delayed his trip to New York for the festival. This caused significant alarm for those planning the performance as they were expecting large crowds due to Rockstone's planned presence. A plethora of people were in attendance, primarily in cultural attire. Rockstone shot a video to explain his absence and the importance of the festival. Thankfully, Rockstone's experiences conveyed through the video allowed festival attendees to relate to one another—many in the audience had endured travel issues due to their racial and ethnic identities as Rockstone did. His absence and its cause rallied an even more significant form of community.

There was an important distinction made between the event's nature as a party—a more social event to foster connections and reminders of home—or a concert—people paying to hear a certain type of music. The intention for this event was the former, and promoters and planners desired to create community around a genre that was representative of a distinct culture, emphasizing the importance of preserving that culture.

Hiplife and this festival permitted Ghanaians to fit in within African American society while still having ties to Ghana. During hiplife concerts and festivals, there is an importance of space which allows people to completely engage in a 'full-body' experience, affected by the concert's sights and sounds.

title: Hiplife


text:
List of national parks in Africa

This is a list of national parks in Africa. The nature of the parks varies considerably not only between countries but also within some nations -  the degree of protection, accessibility and type of environment for which it is intended to deliver protection. Some parks have been cleared of their original human population, others have always been essentially uninhabited, while yet others contain significant population centers.

National parks can be found in a large majority of African countries, being most numerous in Gabon, Kenya and Tanzania. Some nations also have considerable areas designated as private parks, game reserves, forest reserves, marine reserves, national reserves and natural parks. These are not included in the list below, even though some of these may resemble some national parks. For more information on such zones, see the individual articles on each country.

Algeria

 * Ahaggar National Park
 * Belezma National Park
 * Chrea National Park
 * Djebel Aissa National Park
 * Djurdjura National Park
 * El Kala National Park
 * Gouraya National Park
 * Taza National Park
 * Tassili n'Ajjer National Park
 * Theniet El Had National Park
 * Tlemcen National Park

Angola

 * Bicauri National Park
 * Cameia National Park
 * Cangandala National Park
 * Iona National Park
 * Longa-Mavinga National Park
 * Luengue-Luiana National Park
 * Mupa National Park
 * Quiçama National Park

Benin

 * Pendjari National Park
 * W of the Niger National Park

Botswana

 * Chobe National Park
 * Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
 * Makgadikgadi Pans National Park
 * Nxai Pan National Park

Burkina Faso

 * Arli National Park
 * Deux Balés National Park
 * Kaboré Tambi National Park (formerly Pô National Park), existing since 1976
 * W of the Niger National Park, existing since 1957

Burundi

 * Kibira National Park
 * Rusizi National Park
 * Ruvubu National Park

Cameroon

 * Bakossi National Park
 * Bénoué National Park
 * Bouba Njida National Park
 * Boumba Bek National Park
 * Campo Ma'an National Park
 * Deng Deng National Park
 * Douala Edéa National Park
 * Faro National Park
 * Kimbi-Fungom National Park
 * Korup National Park
 * Lobéké National Park
 * Mbam Djerem National Park
 * Mbéré Valley National Park
 * Mount Cameroon National Park
 * Mpem and Djim National Park
 * Nki National Park
 * Takamanda National Park
 * Tchabal Mbabo National Park
 * Waza National Park

Cape Verde

 * Fogo National Park

Central African Republic

 * André Félix National Park
 * Bamingui-Bangoran National Park
 * Dzanga-Ndoki National Park
 * Mbaéré Bodingué National Park
 * St Floris National Park

Chad

 * Aouk National Park
 * Goz Beïda National Park
 * Manda National Park
 * Zakouma National Park

Comoros

 * Coelacanth National Park
 * Karthala National Park
 * Mitsamiouli Ndroude National Park
 * Mohéli National Park
 * Mount Ntringui National Park
 * Shisiwani National Park

Democratic Republic of the Congo

 * Garamba National Park
 * Kahuzi-Biéga National Park
 * Kundelungu National Park
 * Lomami National Park
 * Maiko National Park
 * Mangroves National Park
 * Okapi Wildlife Reserve (Note: This is not a national park. This is a reserve with core protection and multi-use areas.)
 * Salonga National Park (North and South sections)
 * Upemba National Park
 * Virunga National Park

Republic of the Congo

 * Conkouati-Douli National Park
 * Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park
 * Ntokou-Pikounda National Park
 * Odzala-Kokoua National Park
 * Ougoue Lekiti National Park

Côte d'Ivoire

 * Assagny National Park
 * Banco National Park
 * Comoé National Park
 * Îles Ehotilés National Park
 * Marahoué National Park
 * Mount Nimba National Park
 * Mont Péko National Park
 * Mont Sângbé National Park
 * Taï National Park

Djibouti

 * Day Forest National Park
 * Djibouti National Park
 * Yoboki National Park

Egypt

 * Gabal Elba National Park
 * Gilf Kebir National Park
 * Lake Burullus Protectorate
 * Lake Qarun Protectorate
 * Nabq Protected Area
 * Ras Muhammad National Park
 * Saint Katherine Protectorate
 * Sannur Valley Cave Protectorate
 * Siwa Oasis
 * Taba Protected Area
 * Wadi Allaqi Biosphere Reserve
 * Wadi El Gamal National Park
 * Wadi El Rayan Protectorate
 * White Desert National Park

Equatorial Guinea

 * Altos de Nsork National Park
 * Monte Alén National Park
 * Pico Basilé National Park

Eritrea

 * Dahlak Marine National Park
 * Semenawi Bahri National Park

Eswatini

 * Hlane Royal National Park

Ethiopia

 * Abidjatta-Shalla National Park
 * Alitash National Park
 * Arsi Mountains National Park
 * Awash National Park
 * Bale Mountains National Park
 * Bejimiz National Park
 * Borena National Park
 * Chebera Churchura National Park
 * Dhati-Welel National Park
 * Didessa National Park
 * Gambela National Park
 * Geralle National Park
 * Gibe Sheleko National Park
 * Kafta-Shiraro National Park
 * Loka-Abaya National Park
 * Mago National Park
 * Maze National Park
 * Mao-Komo National Park
 * Nechisar National Park
 * Omo National Park
 * Simien Mountains National Park
 * Yangudi Rassa National Park

Gabon

 * Akanda National Park
 * Batéké Plateau National Park
 * Birougou National Park
 * Crystal Mountains National Park
 * Ivindo National Park
 * Loango National Park
 * Lopé National Park
 * Mayumba National Park
 * Minkébé National Park
 * Moukalaba-Doudau National Park
 * Mwangné National Park
 * Pongara National Park
 * Waka National Park

The Gambia

 * Abuko National Park
 * Bijilo National Park
 * Kiang West National Park
 * Niumi National Park
 * River Gambia National Park

Ghana

 * Bia National Park
 * Bui National Park
 * Digya National Park
 * Kakum National Park
 * Kalakpa Game Production Reserve
 * Mole National Park
 * Nini-Suhien National Park

Guinea

 * Badiar National Park
 * Haut Niger National Park

Guinea-Bissau

 * Boé National Park
 * Cantanhez Forest National Park
 * João Vieira and Poilão Marine National Park
 * Cufada National Park
 * Dulombi National Park
 * Orango National Park
 * Varela National Park

Natural Parks

 * Cacheu River Mangroves Natural Park

Kenya

 * Aberdare National Park
 * Amboseli National Park
 * Arabuko Sokoke National Park
 * Central Island National Park
 * Chyulu Hills National Park
 * Hell's Gate National Park
 * Kisite-Mpunguti Marine National Park
 * Lake Nakuru National Park
 * Malindi Marine National Park
 * Malka Mari National Park
 * Marsabit National Park
 * Meru National Park
 * Mombasa Marine Park
 * Mount Elgon National Park
 * Mount Kenya National Park
 * Mount Longonot National Park
 * Nairobi National Park
 * Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park
 * Ruma National Park
 * Saiwa Swamp National Park
 * Samburu National Reserve
 * Sibiloi National Park
 * Tsavo East National Park and Tsavo West National Park
 * Watamu Marine National Park

Lesotho

 * Sehlabathebe National Park
 * Ts'ehlanyane National Park

Liberia

 * Sapo National Park
 * Gola Forest National Park
 * Kpo Mountains
 * Grand Kru-River Gee
 * Bong Mountain
 * Foya National Park
 * Gbi National Park
 * Nimba West

Libya

 * Abughilan National Park
 * El-Kouf National Park
 * Karabolli National Park
 * El Naggaza National Park
 * Rajma National Park
 * Sirman National Park (Surman)

Madagascar

 * Amber Mountain National Park
 * Analamazaotra National Park
 * Andohahela National Park
 * Andringitra National Park
 * Ankarafantsika National Park
 * Baie de Baly National Park
 * Bemaraha National Park
 * Isalo National Park
 * Kirindy Mitea National Park
 * Lokobe National Park
 * Mantadia National Park
 * Marojejy National Park
 * Masoala National Park
 * Midongy du sud National Park
 * Namoroka National Park
 * Ranomafana National Park
 * Tsimanampetsotse National Park
 * Sahamalaza National Park
 * Zahamena National Park
 * Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park

Malawi

 * Kasungu National Park
 * Lake Malawi National Park
 * Lengwe National Park
 * Liwonde National Park
 * Nyika National Park

Mali

 * Bafing National Park
 * Boucle du Baoulé National Park
 * Kouroufing National Park
 * Wongo National Park

Mauritania

 * Banc d'Arguin National Park
 * Diawling National Park

Mauritius

 * Black River Gorges National Park
 * Bras d'Eau National Park
 * Islets National Park

Morocco

 * Al Hoceima National Park
 * Gulf of Khnifiss National Park
 * Haut Atlas Oriental National Park
 * Ifrane National Park
 * Iriqui National Park
 * Khenifra National Park
 * Merdja Zerga Biological Reserve
 * Souss-Massa National Park
 * Talassemtane National Park
 * Tazekka National Park
 * Toubkal National Park

Mozambique

 * Banhine National Park
 * Bazaruto National Park
 * Gorongosa National Park
 * Limpopo National Park (part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park)
 * Magoe National Park
 * Quirimbas National Park
 * Zinave National Park

Namibia

 * Ai-Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park (see also Fish River Canyon and Ai-Ais Hot Springs)
 * Bwabwata National Park
 * Dorob National Park
 * Etosha National Park
 * Hardap Recreation Resort
 * Mangetti National Park
 * Mudumu National Park
 * Nkasa Rupara National Park previously Mamili National Park
 * Namib-Naukluft National Park
 * Skeleton Coast National Park
 * Waterberg National Park

Niger

 * W of the Niger National Park

Nigeria

 * Chad Basin National Park
 * Cross River National Park (Okavango and Oban sections)
 * Gashaka-Gumti National Park
 * Kainji National Park (Borgu and Zugurma sections)
 * Kamuku National Park
 * Okomu National Park
 * Old Oyo National Park
 * Yankari National Park

Rwanda

 * Akagera National Park
 * Gishwati-Mukura National Park
 * Nyungwe Forest National Park
 * Volcans National Park

São Tomé and Príncipe

 * Obo National Park

Senegal

 * Basse Casamance National Park
 * Isles des Madeleines National Park
 * Langue de Barbarie National Park
 * Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary
 * Niokolo-Koba National Park
 * Saloum Delta National Park

Seychelles

 * Curieuse Marine National Park
 * Morne Seychellois National Park
 * Praslin National Park
 * Ste. Anne Marine National Park

Sierra Leone

 * Gola Rainforest National Park
 * Outamba-Kilimi National Park
 * Western Area National Park

Somalia

 * Arbawerow National Park
 * Baraako Madow National Park
 * Buloburto National Park
 * Bushbushle National Park
 * Daalo Forest National Park
 * Ga'an Libah National Park
 * Hobyo National Park
 * las'anod National Park
 * Ras Hafun National Park
 * Shoonto National Park
 * Taleh-El Chebet National Park
 * Zayla National Park

South Africa

 * Addo Elephant National Park
 * Agulhas National Park
 * Ai-Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park
 * Augrabies Falls National Park
 * Bontebok National Park
 * Camdeboo National Park
 * Golden Gate Highlands National Park
 * Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park
 * Karoo National Park
 * Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
 * Knysna National Lake Area
 * Kruger National Park
 * Mapungubwe National Park
 * Marakele National Park
 * Mokala National Park
 * Mountain Zebra National Park
 * Namaqua National Park
 * Royal Natal National Park
 * Table Mountain National Park
 * Tankwa Karoo National Park
 * Tsitsikamma National Park
 * West Coast National Park
 * Wilderness National Park

South Sudan

 * Bandingilo National Park
 * Boma National Park
 * Lantoto National Park
 * Loelle National Park
 * Nimule National Park
 * Shambe National Park
 * Southern National Park

Sudan

 * Dinder National Park
 * Jebel Hassania National Park
 * Radom National Park
 * Suakin Archipelago National Park

Tanzania

 * Arusha National Park
 * Burigi-Chato National Park
 * Gombe Stream National Park
 * Ibanda-Kyerwa National Park
 * Katavi National Park
 * Kigosi National Park
 * Kilimanjaro National Park
 * Kitulo National Park
 * Lake Manyara National Park
 * Mahale Mountains National Park
 * Mikumi National Park
 * Mkomazi National Park
 * Nyerere National Park
 * Ruaha National Park
 * Rubondo Island National Park
 * Rumanyika-Karagwe National Park
 * Saadani National Park
 * Saanane Island National Park
 * Serengeti National Park
 * Tarangire National Park
 * Udzungwa Mountains National Park
 * Ugalla River National Park

Togo

 * Fazao-Malfakassa National Park
 * Fosse aux Lions National Park
 * Kéran National Park

Tunisia

 * Bou-Hedma National Park
 * Boukornine National Park
 * Chaambi National Park
 * El Feidja National Park
 * Ichkeul National Park
 * Jebil National Park
 * Sidi Toui National Park
 * Zembra and Zembretta Islands National Park

Uganda

 * Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
 * Kibale National Park
 * Kidepo Valley National Park
 * Lake Mburo National Park
 * Mgahinga National Park
 * Mount Elgon National Park
 * Murchison Falls National Park
 * Queen Elizabeth National Park
 * Rwenzori National Park
 * Semuliki National Park

Zambia

 * Blue Lagoon National Park
 * Isangano National Park
 * Kafue National Park
 * Kasanka National Park
 * Lavushi Manda National Park
 * Liuwa Plain National Park
 * Lochinvar National Park
 * Lower Zambezi National Park
 * Luambe National Park
 * Lukusuzi National Park
 * Lusenga Plain National Park
 * Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park
 * Mweru Wantipa National Park
 * North Luangwa National Park
 * Nsumbu National Park
 * Nyika National Park, Zambia
 * Sioma Ngwezi National Park
 * South Luangwa National Park
 * West Lunga National Park
 * Lusaka National Park

Zimbabwe

 * Chimanimani National Park
 * Chizarira National Park
 * Gonarezhou National Park
 * Hwange National Park
 * Kazuma Pan National Park
 * Mana Pools National Park
 * Matobo National Park
 * Matusadona National Park
 * Nyanga National Park
 * Victoria Falls National Park
 * Zambezi National Park

title: List of national parks in Africa


text:
Human reliability

In the field of human factors and ergonomics, human reliability (also known as human performance or HU) is the probability that a human performs a task to a sufficient standard. Reliability of humans can be affected by many factors such as age, physical health, mental state, attitude, emotions, personal propensity for certain mistakes, and cognitive biases.

Human reliability is important to the resilience of socio-technical systems, and has implications for fields like manufacturing, medicine and nuclear power. Attempts made to decrease human error and increase reliability in human interaction with technology include user-centered design and error-tolerant design.

Common traps of human nature
People tend to overestimate their ability to maintain control when they are doing work. The common characteristics of human nature addressed below are especially accentuated when work is performed in a complex work environment.

Stress – The problem with stress is that it can accumulate and overpower a person, thus becoming detrimental to performance.

Avoidance of mental strain – Humans are reluctant to engage in lengthy concentrated thinking, as it requires high levels of attention for extended periods. This is sometimes called the cognitive miser tendency.

The mental biases, or shortcuts, often used to reduce mental effort and expedite decision-making include:
 * Assumptions – A condition taken for granted or accepted as true without verification of the facts.
 * Habit – An unconscious pattern of behavior acquired through frequent repetition.
 * Confirmation bias – The reluctance to abandon a current solution.
 * Similarity bias – The tendency to recall solutions from situations that appear similar
 * Frequency bias – A gamble that a frequently used solution will work.
 * Availability bias – The tendency to settle on solutions or courses of action that readily come to mind.

Limited working memory – The mind's short-term memory is the “workbench” for problem solving and decision-making.

Limited attention resources – The limited ability to concentrate on two or more activities challenges the ability to process information needed to solve problems.

Mind-set – People tend to focus more on what they want to accomplish (a goal) and less on what needs to be avoided because human beings are primarily goal-oriented by nature. As such, people tend to “see” only what the mind expects, or wants, to see.

Difficulty seeing one's own error – Individuals, especially when working alone, are particularly susceptible to missing errors.

Limited perspective – Humans cannot see all there is to see. The inability of the human mind to perceive all facts pertinent to a decision challenges problem-solving.

Susceptibility to emotional/social factors – Anger and embarrassment adversely influence team and individual performance.

Fatigue – People get tired. Physical, emotional, and mental fatigue can lead to error and poor judgment.

Presenteeism – The act or culture of employees continuing to work as a performative measure, despite having reduced productivity levels or negative consequences.

Analysis techniques
A variety of methods exist for human reliability analysis (HRA). Two general classes of methods are those based on probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and those based on a cognitive theory of control.

PRA-based techniques
One method for analyzing human reliability is a straightforward extension of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA): in the same way that equipment can fail in a power plant, so can a human operator commit errors. In both cases, an analysis (functional decomposition for equipment and task analysis for humans) would articulate a level of detail for which failure or error probabilities can be assigned. This basic idea is behind the Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP). THERP is intended to generate human error probabilities that would be incorporated into a PRA. The Accident Sequence Evaluation Program (ASEP) human reliability procedure is a simplified form of THERP; an associated computational tool is Simplified Human Error Analysis Code (SHEAN). More recently, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission has published the Standardized Plant Analysis Risk – Human Reliability Analysis (SPAR-H) method to take account of the potential for human error.

Cognitive control based techniques
Erik Hollnagel has developed this line of thought in his work on the Contextual Control Model (COCOM) and the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM). COCOM models human performance as a set of control modes—strategic (based on long-term planning), tactical (based on procedures), opportunistic (based on present context), and scrambled (random) – and proposes a model of how transitions between these control modes occur. This model of control mode transition consists of a number of factors, including the human operator's estimate of the outcome of the action (success or failure), the time remaining to accomplish the action (adequate or inadequate), and the number of simultaneous goals of the human operator at that time. CREAM is a human reliability analysis method that is based on COCOM.

Related techniques
Related techniques in safety engineering and reliability engineering include failure mode and effects analysis, hazop, fault tree, and SAPHIRE (Systems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluations).

Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS)
The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) was developed initially as a framework to understand the role of human error in aviation accidents. It is based on James Reason's Swiss cheese model of human error in complex systems. HFACS distinguishes between the "active failures" of unsafe acts, and "latent failures" of preconditions for unsafe acts, unsafe supervision, and organizational influences. These categories were developed empirically on the basis of many aviation accident reports.

"Unsafe acts" are performed by the human operator "on the front line" (e.g., the pilot, the air traffic controller, or the driver). Unsafe acts can be either errors (in perception, decision making or skill-based performance) or violations. Violations, or the deliberate disregard for rules and procedures, can be routine or exceptional. Routine violations occur habitually and are usually tolerated by the organization or authority. Exceptional violations are unusual and often extreme. For example, driving 60 mph in a 55-mph speed limit zone is a routine violation, while driving 130 mph in the same zone is exceptional.

There are two types of preconditions for unsafe acts: those that relate to the human operator's internal state and those that relate to the human operator's practices or ways of working. Adverse internal states include those related to physiology (e.g., illness) and mental state (e.g., mentally fatigued, distracted). A third aspect of 'internal state' is really a mismatch between the operator's ability and the task demands. Four types of unsafe supervision are: inadequate supervision; planned inappropriate operations; failure to correct a known problem; and supervisory violations.

Organizational influences include those related to resources management (e.g., inadequate human or financial resources), organizational climate (structures, policies, and culture), and organizational processes (such as procedures, schedules, oversight).

Standards and guidance documents

 * IEEE Standard 1082 (1997): IEEE Guide for Incorporating Human Action Reliability Analysis for Nuclear Power Generating Stations
 * DOE Standard DOE-HDBK-1028-2009 : Human Performance Improvement Handbook

Tools

 * EPRI HRA Calculator
 * Eurocontrol Human Error Tools
 * RiskSpectrum HRA software
 * Simplified Human Error Analysis Code

Research labs

 * Erik Hollnagel at the Crisis and Risk Research Centre at MINES ParisTech
 * Human Reliability Analysis at the US Sandia National Laboratories
 * Center for Human Reliability Studies at the US Oak Ridge National Laboratory
 * Flight Cognition Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center
 * David Woods at the Cognitive Systems Engineering Laboratory at The Ohio State University
 * Sidney Dekker's Leonardo da Vinci Laboratory for Complexity and Systems Thinking, Lund University, Sweden

Media coverage

 * “How to Avoid Human Error in IT“
 * “Human Reliability. We break down just like machines“ Industrial Engineer – November 2004, 36(11): 66

Networking

 * High Reliability Management group at LinkedIn.com

title: Human reliability


text:
User talk:216.11.6.35

December 2017
Hello, I'm SkyWarrior. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Sky Warrior  20:44, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. theinstantmatrix (talk) 20:48, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.11.6.35


text:
Pollen count

A pollen count is a measurement of the number of pollen grains in a given volume of air. Pollen counts, and forecasts of pollen conditions, are routinely produced and reported to the public because high aerial pollen concentration is associated with increased rates of allergic reaction for those with conditions such as hay fever and asthma. The pollen counted are usually identified to family; particularly families with hyperallergenic pollen (e.g. grasses, family Poaceae) and families that are prevalent in the relevant area. Thunderstorm asthma events as well as mild winters with warmer days lead to increases in pollen counts, while colder winters lead to delayed pollen release. Though not pollen, hyperallergenic fungal spores such as those of Alternaria may be counted as well.

History
In the UK, the public announcement of the pollen count was popularised by Dr. William Frankland, an immunologist. The National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit became the world's first pollen forecasting service in 1983. According to a study by Leonard Bielory, M.D. that was presented to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology in 2012, climate changes are expected to cause pollen counts to more than double by 2040.

Methods
One method for sampling pollen from the air is the Burkard trap, also known as the seven-day volumetric spore trap, which works by facing towards the wind and drawing in air using a pump. The pollen particles drawn in by the pump are then stuck to a silicone grease-coated tape that is attached to a rotating drum. The drum slowly rotates one turn over the course of seven days while collecting particles. The tape is removed after one week, cut into day-length sections, and these sections are mounted on a microscope slide with fuchsine-stained gelatine. The fuchsine selectively stains plant material magenta, making the pollen easy to differentiate from bycatch when analysed under a light microscope. The tape is typically analyzed in a longitudinal transect to account for circadian differences in pollen prevalence. The number of pollen grains in a given volume of air can then be calculated by entering the pollen counts into a mathematical formula that account for the sampling conditions.

An alternative method uses a rotating silicone grease-coated rod, called a rotorod sampler, rather than a Burkard trap.

Machines that use a camera paired with computer software to automatically count and identify pollen samples in the field are being developed and tested. This has the potential to save time, standardise data collection, and provide real-time pollen counts without delay.

Metagenomics may be used to circumvent pollen counting entirely. This method has the advantage of facilitating narrower taxonomic identifications than are typically possible with microscopy, but it is more costly.

title: Pollen count


text:
User:Mister Matt

fr:User:MisterMatt

See my user page at the French wikipedia : MisterMatt

title: User:Mister Matt


text:
Ed (film)

Ed is a 1996 American sports comedy film starring Matt LeBlanc about a talented baseball pitcher and his friendly ball-playing chimpanzee as his team's mascot.

The film received negative reviews from critics, with a 6% on Rotten Tomatoes.

Plot
In Santa Rosa, California, Jack "Deuce" Cooper (Matt LeBlanc) is a farm boy who arrives at an open tryout for the Santa Rosa Rockets minor league baseball team. He makes the team after blowing away the scouts with his 'rocket' arm as well as having a strong training camp. Deuce also befriends a chimpanzee, 'Ed,' after being told the chimp is his new roommate/teammate. After they move into their apartment, Deuce develops a relationship with his neighbor, Zé Dream. Also, Ed becomes very close with her daughter, Elizabeth. Deuce's game really begins to take off as well as Ed's and the team becomes a league contender. Deuce's coach, Chubb, thinks Deuce can be an MLB starter if he keeps his head on straight. But after the owners sell Ed to make a buck, Deuce takes matters into his own hands and goes to find Ed only to see him being tortured by a pair of goons. Deuce saves Ed but Ed escapes and finds a truck of frosted bananas and does not realize he is stuck inside the trailer, which is ice cold. Ed ends up in the hospital after almost freezing to death before the final game of the season and Deuce questions his own ability to continue playing without his best friend. Deuce ends up playing and struggles right off the bat. But when Ed, Elizabeth, and Lydia arrive at the game together, Deuce turns up the heat and the Rockets take the championship. Deuce eventually gets called up to the Dodgers. In the end, Ed, Deuce, Lydia, and Elizabeth then become a family and live happily ever after.

Cast

 * Matt LeBlanc as Jack "Deuce" Cooper
 * Jay Caputo and Denise Cheshire as Ed
 * Jayne Brook as Lydia
 * Doren Fein as Liz
 * Jack Warden as Chubb
 * Bill Cobbs as Tipton
 * Jim Caviezel as Dizzy
 * Jim O'Heir as Art
 * Steve Eastin as Shark's Manager
 * Brad Hunt as Carnie
 * Sage Allen as Cooper's Mother
 * Stan Ivar	as Cooper's Father

Reception
The film was a box office disappointment.

It received four Razzie Award nominations for Worst Picture, Worst Screenplay (David M. Evans), and Worst Screen Couple (for LeBlanc and Ed the chimpanzee), losing all of those categories to Striptease starring Demi Moore. LeBlanc was also nominated for Worst New Star for his role, but "lost" to Pamela Anderson in Barb Wire. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 25 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on a scale of A+ to F.

title: Ed (film)