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Talk:Causes of the Great Depression

Second paragraph of the lead
I don't want to get in an ideology of economics discussion, but I think the "first was the austrian school...then the keynesian school" wording is arbitrary ordering that may be conflated with some theories being more important or coming earlier chronologically than others. I would hold that, if anything is first in terms of importance and chronology, it's probably the Keynesian explanation--that's the kind of stuff published immediately during and following. But really, the same sentences could keep their order, and remove "first" and "second," as in, "Economic thinkers of the Austrian School think..." Why not try that approach?65.117.234.99 (talk) 19:34, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

professional blindness ?
Practically every entry here has been writen by economists and economic graduates, and reflect their biased way of looking at things. Not one for example, can see that (real) interest rates rose from 0,5% in 1929 to 12,5% in 1930 and 1931, a nearly 2400% increase, turning a recession into a banking crisis and a repression. I have had this analysis taken out some 15 times, probably by some economists that do not want this huge mistake to become public. So lets have some sections for Financial Analysits, Sociologists, Realists, state their convictions than have this Economist monopoly of this debate. Wikipedia should be a pluralist view of world events. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

If you do not cite a reliable source for your unbelievable numbers, they will be deleted. In addition to a reliable source, you must also show how the numbers were calculated and give reasons why they are valid. If by "real" interest rates, you mean adjusted for falling prices and wages that made each dollar more valuable and hence each interest payment became a much greater burden than before, then explain this by showing how the calculation is done. Greensburger (talk) 21:03, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

vandalism?
There is an inexplicable reference to American Idol in the article. Unfortunately I don't know the subject well enough to know what should be in its place in the sentence, and I can't find the change in the History.

[Unspecified Title]
OK, I have made a cut at improving this post. I know it needs work. The contents table no longer matches and the formatting needs help.

However the content added is much more accurate and a better reflection of the mainstreams of thought. I think that alot of the stuff in the last half is spurious and should be deleted.

A list of changes made:

Inequality theory moved to alternate explanations section – could be grouped with Marxists, but it certainly doesn’t belong in orthodox section

Deleted lack of diversification theory. I don’t know anyone who takes this theory seriously. The economy is always changing, industries grow and die constantly. There is nothing about this theory that couldn’t apply to many other times in history when we didn’t have a Depression

The Gold standard theory was mostly wrong and was reworked into a different part of the article

The section on the credit structure was deleted. This is not a real explanation. First of all, farmers have been deeply in debt at many other times and it is not a causal factor. More importantly, the Depression was a world wide phenomenon and nothing in this explanation could account for that.

The Austrian section of the article was re written. It was a very poor rendition of what Austrian economists have to say about the matter.

Most of the political section was deleted, because – it is US centric; it is covered elsewhere; or it was not accurate

American recession of 1937 and recovery section was deleted. This doesn’t belong in a “Causes of the Depression” section

Reworked explanations section – Keynes, monetarism, gold standard

The cycle theories section should be cut – they are not serious explanations.

I think the New Deal section should go too, but I didn’t cut it.

sojournerpaul 8/26/2006

Previous notes: 8/24/2006 There are lots of problems with this page. Theories are grouped badly and some are inadequately explained. The priority also has a major point of view problem. You could organize the page 2 ways as I see it. Historically - where you start with the prevailing theories at the time, move into Keynesianism, which dominated till the 70's, then into monetarism, which prevailed as conventional wisdom till the last decade or two where you have to give precedence to the theories of Eichengreen and Bernanke.

The other way would be to start with the current conventional wisdom and then go into alternate explanations ranked by general acceptance or historical influence. Current conventional wisdom would be best captured by Bernanke's Depression book.

If you are going for a neutral point of view, you have to give precedence to the most widely acclaimed depression theorist who is now Fed Chairman. To organize this article as it is now set up is highly partial to views that are beyond the pale and make mockery of the NPOV.

I will try to help if I have time. sojournerpaul 8/24/2006

This page needs

1. Organization, many theories are presented without context - the monetarist, credit and structural models are not as far apart as all that - all center on different IS-LM models, and argue different effects were the important disequilibria.

2.Coverage of a wider range of theories, the lack of a unified orthodox theory has given rise to many other theories, including some that have an impact on mainstream economics, such as Schumpter.

3. Coverage of contemporary theories - after all, we need to understand what they though they were doing.

Stirling Newberry 12:04, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

From Edward G. Nilges uid spinoza1111 email spinoza1111@yahoo.com 4-20-2005

This page most needed someone to take a crack at the Marxist (both paleo and neo) analysis of depressions, so I did.

From Edward G. Nilges uid spinoza1111 email spinoza1111@yahoo.com 4-21-2005

I hope you mean Joseph Schumpeter, the "creative destruction" man.

Oops
I added a fairly detailed summary of the Austrian Theory of Business Cycle, but I just noticed that there was already a small section dedicated to "Liberal Capitalist Critiques of Democracy". But I don't think "Ideological Theories" is a good category. Instead, the theories should probably be divided into different schools, such as the ones listed in the Macroeconomics article: Austrian economics, Keynesian economics, Monetarism, New classical economics, New Keynesian economics, Supply side economics and Welfare economics. I'll take a crack at reorganizing the information.--Blah99 21:56, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Futurism?
I find something quite surprising. The description of the "excess surpluses" & the deflation fx on agriculture is strikingly like what Jack London (Y, Call of the Wild) describes as causitives in his 1912 SF novel The Iron Heel.... Trekphiler 01:13, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

The Way The World Works
All theories described in the article are nice but rather difficult to follow. I recommend reading The Way The World Works by Jude Wanniski, mainly chapter 7, which nicely describes and explains the market crash in 1929 and the preceeding years.
 * Wanniski writes well but has not done much research. Economists and historians do not take him seriously. He has a contradiictory argument to the effect that businessmen wanted a higher tariff and when they thought they might get it panicked and sent the stock market crashing. Rjensen 22:12, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Austrian Economic Theory Section
I've read Murray Rothbard's book "America's Great Depression" and I would like to add a section on Austrian Economic Theory's explanation of The Great Depression. It will take a bit of time to put the information in a cogent and succinct form and welcome any feedback.
 * Please incorporate it into the section that already exists on Austrian Economic Theory/Caused by too much government Rjensen 15:57, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Wiki does not make choices
The job of Wiki is not to tell what caused the depression, it is to tell what economists and policy makers thought. Some ideas may be out of fashion in 2006 (like underconsumption and credit) but they have to be covered because they significantly influenced policy makers. Likewise the discussion of the Causes is 50% political and the political models (left and right) have to be presented if people are to understand proposed solutions like the New Deal. Rjensen 18:11, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

This page is complete garbage
This page has enough factual inaccuracies to flunk an entire history class at once. The "New Dealers" section is absolutely incorrect, there is significant over-coverage of Austrianism, lies of omission (my favorite one being the new dealers wanting to raise taxes - Hoover and the Republicans wanted to "tax everybody for everything" to rebalance the budget...) And it wasn't just the left that blamed capitalism, future Republican nominee for President Alf Landon blamed "the profit motive" and hoped for sweeping dictatorial powers to be used to solve the economic crisis.

The misstatement of FDR's views is particularly vile. Roosevelt and the New Dealers did not blame business, they blamed, in varying orders: 1. The break down of trade and confidence ("We have nothing to fear but fear itself" people, there is a reason why the quote is famous) 2. The failure of old methods of dealing with problems. 3. The maldistribution of buying power, which led to insufficient demand for manufactured goods. 4. The lack of a social safety net. 5. "Cut throat Competition" leading to downward spiralling of wages - not business in general, but a few bad apples in business. 6. Lack of regulation to protect shareholders (See the book written by two New Dealers The Modern Corporation and Private Property - what we would now call the "actor problem" 7. Over production of agricultural goods.

Lies, half truths, uncited (because uncitable) oversimplifications... there is simply not a single section of this page which is not far, far, far, far below the quality required of wikipedia. The editors here should be ashamed of themselves for producing a biased, inaccurate and poorly worked out article which from one side to the other reads like a 5th grader's understanding of the subject in question.

It needs to be rolled back to some much previous version and reworked from there, this version is just about hopeless. Stirling Newberry 19:00, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know where you're getting your history from, but FDR started attacking businessmen on day one beginning with his inauguration address: "Primarily this is because rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure, and have abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men. True they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn tradition. Faced by failure of credit they have proposed only the lending of more money. Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce our people to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, pleading tearfully for restored confidence. They know only the rules of a generation of self-seekers. They have no vision, and when there is no vision the people perish. The money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit." Roosevelt was a virulent anti-capitalist who tried to convert the US into a planned economy. He blamed the Depression on businessmen and their quest for profits. He fostered an anti-business climate that created further fear of investment. He even attacked the very self-interest foundation on which capitalism is based. He was truly an idiot. C-Liberal 19:58, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ignore Stirling, he has this desire to push a completely revisionist view on history. He forgets that his idols do indeed make mistakes. Obviously, the concept of NPOV constantly escapes him - just look at his talk page archives. T Turner 16:12, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

 * While this is an old post I could not help noticing that C-Liberal missed the fact that FDR was using a biblical reference to moneychangers or bankers as they are called today, not all business men. LOL Oneeyedguide (talk) 04:18, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Problems remain
This page still does have lots of problems. I stand by my efforts on the mainstream theories - I did my Masters thesis on theories of the depression and it was reviewed by teachers in the field. The underconsumption section and the politcal section got added back in. Neither, I think are appropriate. the underconsumption theory is not a mainstream theory. Just because two guys wrote about it doesn't mean it was ever generally accepted. Therefore, it should be moved to the alternate theories section, which I have done.

I wont delete the political section, but some of the complaints are right -it is riddled with inaccuracies and has a US focus.It also does not really address CAUSES of the Depression. I wont delete it till there is some more discussion. Sojourner paul 8/27/2006

 * all inaccuracies should be identified and can be fixed. The underconsuption theory was indeed a mainstream interpretation at the time. It decisively affected policy. That makes it important to know about. It continues to figure in history books.  And please don't use words like "garbage"--your professors would be upset at the crude language. Rjensen 03:35, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Nonsense. Mainstream at the time were Fisher, Robbins, Pigou. After the Depression Keynes till the 70's, then monetarism. Like you purport to say, it is not about what you think, but about what the most repected economists att he time thought. "Underconsumption theory," as you had it written, was not mainstream. I am not sure how you would think it was... THe attempt to elevate it violates the NPOV framework of this site. Sojourner paul 8/29/2006

This article, as pointed out above, does need more coverage from an international perspective, including I would think both industrialized countries and the large "third world" countries of the time - namely India and China. At this point, Japan is fairly successful so it would be part of the "industrialized" perspective. Additionally, the theory that advances in technology caused a significant displacement of labor needs to be included as well. It has been a widely taught theory over the years. Stevenmitchell 02:42, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * who was "mainstream" at the time--I suggest Catchings and Foster, Means, and many others. Dorfman covers this very thoroughly. It's essential to avoid the "whiggish" interpretation that looks at precursors of contemporary theory, and ignores the forgotten economists whose ideas, Keynees famously pointed out, were actually determinative of policy decisions. Rjensen 04:49, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Just because i don't think that these others were mainstream, doesn't mean I think they were wrong. My favorite explanations are also not mainstream. But when i look for mainstream, I look for those who constituted the the most influential opinions of the time. When you look to see who Keynes debated with, and who influenced the central banks, it was not those from the overconsumption perspective. For proof, I suggest reading books that contain Keynes' debates with economists at the time. Also, Delong's paper De Long, Bradford Liquidation” Cycles and the Great Depression (1991);Meltzer, Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1: 1913-1951 (2004). These books, and others, tell me that the underconsumtion theory was not a widely held belief at the time. Worth noting, yes, but not "mainstream." Afterwards, these may have, as you say, influenced Keynes, who became mainstream after the Depression. Sojourner paul 9/1/2006

Also, too many explanations may explain why the Depression happened in one country, but have no conceivable explanation for why it spanned most of the Western World. Sojourner paul 9/1/2006

This article should be summarized more concisely and easier to understand
I think you need to make the words easier for kids to read && Clarify things so that people actually KNOW what you are talking about.

I think u need to make the words a little more understandable for kids. I use wikipedia for assignments and projects all the time but PLEASE MAKE IT EASIER!!! {{unsigned|67.49.60

Hmmm? My one great question that has always remained with me is just this why is it that the generation that grew up from the 1890s on to after world war 2 and esspecially the so called children of the great depression wil not talk about it at all it is like some kind of social plauge or something is prohibting them ever talking about what happened to them having to grow up during that time period as the generations after them have and had no prtoblems talking about growing up in the 1950's and 1960's when the econmy grew in great leaps and bounds and there was to much easy money but why will the peoples of my own parents generation not tlak about this time period it is really stupid that they are so hung up about this i have studied that time period and although ti was indeed a very bad time i am yet convined it was not so horrific as it is made out to today looking back at it from now anyway  more later on this but any of you wondering abou this like i am!

Jay!

I agree with the first post. It's way too hard to understand, especially for those of us who are doing reports and need references. This website is a comfort to us all, and come on, is it not here to help those of us who need it? While I am not suggesting you put every other word in slang, some of the larger sentences could be reduced and some of the larger words substituted for smaller, more coherent that my fellow youths and I can understand. Please do something! I would, myself, but I honestly just don't have the time, what with homework and projects that I use this website for. I speak for myself and others my age when I say thank you to all who make an effort towards this request. ~LadyFroggie

It is too long and too complicated. I understand that this is relative and depends upon the education level of the reader. However, the article could be better written as to accommodate a less educated audience without sacrificing the depth and detail that it now has. For example, it could have better summaries of each section. I understand that there is a lot of controversy about the causes of the great depression, but this article needs to be better categorized so that it not necessary to trudge through the intricacies of each argument in order to get a general understanding of the topic. Part of this would be reducing the use of economics jargon; I understand that using such jargon, it is possible to include a large amount of information in a short space, but the article becomes very difficult to read for the general public when such ideas are not restated using a less specialized lexicon. --macscam (talk) 21:53, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

relationship to the threatening 2009 depression
It seems that this item, and the item on the Long Depression 1873-1896, will attract increasing interest if we slip into something like a Depression in 2009. We see that the current problems are being identified as caused by systemic problems in the way money moves around. I, and quite a few others, believe that the current crisis was caused by Peak Oil and the resultant price spike. Indeed we can be sure that total world economic production will fall as oil production falls, since the lockstep relationship between the two is easy to see over the last 40 years. And the economic system is not well set up to handle a gradual decline. So something like the current crash is what one would expect. Since I'm arguing that the current crash is caused by real world changes, I wanted to know if one might see a similar link in previous Depressions. It seems to me that the Long Depression occurred at a time sometimes identified as the 2nd Industrial Revolution for the great changes taking place, and the Great Depression also took place at a time when there was a big change in the way things were done: with much of the economy switching from coal and horses to oil and motorized vehicles. When such changes happen there is a lot of capital, real physical stuff, that is rendered valueless. It is hard to do a smooth transition. Not surprising that you get a crash then recovery instead of a smooth transition. So my question to the experts is: Have any studies of the Great Depression suggested real underlying causes rather than just systemic problems with money? Is there anybody out there who thinks it might be true. I'm very worried that the unanimity about the Great Depression is going to make it hard to convince people that this time there are real underlying problems that need to be urgently addressed. Feel free to e-mail me. Sma045 (talk) 03:51, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

interesting argument, by Robert Samuelson
This appeared recently (August, perhaps?) in Newsweek, by Robert Samuelson: "Historians increasingly attribute the Depression to broad geopolitical upheavals. World War I shattered the existing global economic order. Dominated by Great Britain, it fostered vibrant trade and rested on the gold standard. (Under the gold standard, paper currencies could be converted into gold coins or bullion). The war also spawned huge international debts, reflecting German war reparations and large U.S. loans to Britain and France. It was impossible to reconstruct the prewar order. Britain was too weak, the gold standard was too constricting, and the debts were too heavy. But countries tried, because the prewar order had delivered prosperity . This futile effort brought on Depression. Only when economic hardship became unbearable were unrealistic goals (keeping the gold standard, repaying debts) abandoned. "

Discuss.--Forich (talk) 21:21, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

 * It's been said Britain's desire to maintain the value of the pound after WW1, while holding to the gold standard, plus the connivance of senior Fed officers, played a role.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  02:16, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Excessive human supply caused Great Depression
I believe that increased automation of production and replacement of human workers with machines lead to excessive human supply. Unemployed workers could destroy system therefore government was forced to create useless jobs and go to war to destroy wealth of capitalists. My solution to Great Depression would be allowing corporations and wealthy people to own private armies and return of debtors' prisons(or other possible solution: being poor and unemployed would be a crime) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.101.184.177 (talk) 10:40, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

Missing causes
1. The Fed's inflationary policies. 2. The Smoot-Harley Act, high tariffs on imports. 3. Gov actions.

Additionally, although this mickey-mouse ignorant article is suppose to deal with causes, the big gov (New Deal agenda, started by Hoover) made the economy worse which created the Great Depression for a decade. It wasn't until post-WWII that prosperity grew. The war period does not count as recovery; far from it. Sure, GDP was higher, but 30%-50% (forget amount) for the war & more soldiers than the amount whom were previously unemployed does not cut it. See history & look at living standards.

Fairly soon after the stock crash, the economy started to recover, but gov spending & other intrusion [under Hoover] nixed that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.102.100.72 (talk) 04:42, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Absurdly biased
"When Hoover was elected to president in 1928, he was a long-standing critic of free markets and small government. He had presided over "reconstruction" in Europe after WWI, the equivalent of "stimulus spending" in Keynesian terms. Rather than being "do-nothing", his administration immediately began expanding government spending, taxes, and regulation[37]. In fact, during his term Federal spending was effectively doubled[38]. Consistent with his pro-stimulus philosophy, Hoover effectively doubled Federal spending, possibly contributing to the economy's woes[2][3] Steven Horwitz, economist of the free banking branch of Austrian economics, blamed Hoover's spending, itself, for putting the "Great" in the depression: Herbert Hoover deserves a good deal of blame for turning what would have most likely been a steep but short recession into a much deeper and eventually much longer Great Depression...he expanded the role of government significantly in order to fight the Depression...The result, unfortunately (but not surprisingly), was to fan the flames rather than successfully fighting the fire[39] David Weinberger contrasted this approach with the cutting of spending, taxes, and deficits (also seen in the chart at right) under Coolidge, which had dramatically stimulated the economy out of the depression that Wilson's massive Federal government had caused[40]. It's noteworthy that Hoover, as commerce secretary under Coolidge, had urged for increases in spending and regulation under Coolidge, much of the kind he later implemented, himself, in 1929[41]. This massive growth under Hoover is apparent even if adjusting for the declining revenue of Hoover's economic downturn, as noted by Randall G. Holcombe, who found that Federal spending as a percentage of GDP still increased, in fact did so more than under FDR[42]."

I don't care if you're for or against Austrian economics; the above quoted section attaches unverifiable and clearly biased labels to descriptions of Hoover, Coolidge, and the Federal Reserve in attempting to self-justify its slanted arguments, and as a whole makes virtually no attempt to present itself from a neutral point of view. Whoever wrote this clearly had a confirmation bias, and similarly failed to back up their claims with either detailed explanations or reliable sources. I don't see how something this slanted and unsubstantiated could satisfy Wikipedia's standards. It without a doubt needs to be either significantly re-written or removed altogether. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.153.191.120 (talk) 19:34, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Austrian School
When respectable economists suggest that the do-nothing policy prescription which resulted from the Austrian business cycle theory contributed to deepening the Great Depression, then it is actually a serious theorie. --Pass3456 (talk) 21:41, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to agree with Pass 3456 that this section belongs in the article. It certainly is relevant to the topic "Causes of the Great Depression.  If this cannot be classified as a Specific Theory of Cause, then we can create a third heading in the article.  However, there are two terms which need to be carefully defined.

 * 1)"Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT)--as Byel2007 has pointed out, the business cycle theory of Hayek and Robbins did not yet have the name "Austrian" in the 1920's and 1930's.

 * Update: In the Wikipedia article on ABCT, it states that Hayek's work Prices and Production published in 1931, contains a presentation of ABCT. It appears to me that the business cycle theory of Hayek can be safely identified with ABCT.

 * 2)Liquidationism--Lawrence White, who is repeatedly cited in the article, made a very clear distinction between the business cycle theory of Hayek and Robbins on the one hand, and "liquidationism" on the other. If White's article has been generally well received by others scholars in the field, then this is a very significant point of view which needs to be taken into account.

 * In light of this, my proposal is to:

 * 1)Divide this section into two sections, one on the role of the liquidationists who were responsible for the deflationary policy of the Central Bank, and one on the role of the business cycle theory of Robbins and Hayek and their failure to give advice to end the deflationary policy.

 * 2)Avoid the use of the term "Austrian business cycle theory". Remove only the first sentence from the opening quote by Milton Friedman.  The remainder of the quote would still stand on its own.

 * Update: I don't think this will be necessary in light of what I stated above.

 * 3)Revise the sentence which begins "This liquidationist theory. . . ." so that we do not assume, contrary to the article by White, that Hayek was a liquidationist.

 * 4)Move the material on Hayek and Robbins from the earlier section "Austrian School" to this section. In "Austrian School" we can then replace that paragraph with a shorter paragraph, the purpose of which will be to make clear to the reader that Rothbard, in disagreeing with Friedman, was not necessarily speaking for all Austrian economist.jJDefauw (talk) 15:43, 14 July 2012 (UTC)JDefauw

 * ABCT cannot be a cause "specific cause" of GD--it is a theory about markets *in general*.

 * "It appears to me that the business cycle theory of Hayek can be safely identified with ABCT." Yes, but ABCT did not exist until 1970/1971 (if I'm remembering correctly-it was around the time Hayek got the Nobel Prize). There were *precursors* to ABCT in the past, but they were not yet ABCT.

 * Also, whether or not ABCT implies a "do-nothing policy" (assuming we're talking about *government* "economic interventionist" policies) is controversial. ABCT basically implies that the govt shouldn't mess with credit markets, but whether or not ABCT also implies that the govt shouldn't implement Keynesianish policies in response to a recession in other ways is very controversial. Someone could agree with ABCT, but also advocate an "economic interventionist" response to a recession in *some* respects. Furthermore, many Austrian economists (who necessarily believe in ABCT) oppose free banking (most of these commonly advocate a 100% reserve requirement + a gold standard), which can be interpreted as supporting "economic interventionism" in a response to a recession.

 * Yes, liquidationism and Austrian recommendations are different. In particular, most Austrians would agree with Hayek that deflation is just as bad (or possibly worse) than inflation, and that the deflation policy of the late 20s/early 30s was very stupid.

 * You recommendations all sound great. Thanks. Byelf2007 (talk) July 15 2012

 * I like the idea of creating a third heading. The three headings would be "Theoretical Explanations", "Specific theories of Cause", and "The Role of Economic policy" or "The Debate over the Role of Economic Policy".  Under this third heading we can also move the material under the sub-heading "Expanding Government", which also needs a lot of work.  I think it will not be necessary to use the term "Austrian Business Cycle Theory".

 * Lawrence White also wrote a book in addition to the journal article. He specifically states his disagreement with the quotation from Milton Friedman.  Both Friedman's view and White's view can be stated, while maintaining an NPOV.

 * I hope to be back on Wikipedia on Monday.

 * Sounds good. Byelf2007 (talk) July 15 2012

 * "I like the idea of creating a third heading. The three headings would be "Theoretical Explanations", "Specific theories of Cause", and "The Role of Economic policy" or "The Debate over the Role of Economic Policy". Under this third heading we can also move the material under the sub-heading "Expanding Government", which also needs a lot of work." I agree too. --Pass3456 (talk) 18:48, 15 July 2012 (UTC)--Pass3456 (talk) 18:48, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Austrian Business cycle theory: developed by Ludwig von Mises with The Theory of Money and Credit (1912), refined by Friedrich Hayek with Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle (1929), Prices and Production (1931) and Profits, Interest and Investment: And other essays on the theory of industrial fluctuations (1939). (The Elgar Compagnion to Austrian Economics, p. 216). --Pass3456 (talk) 17:49, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lawrence H. White: is not neutral, he is a proponent of Austrian School. I cited his article because it has its quality but it certainly should not be the only statement presented. --Pass3456 (talk) 18:02, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The following lists are meant as an overview. Please feel free to add sources:

 * Generally for liquidationism:

 * Especially for Austrian School:
 * Technically, there's a strong case for the notion ABCT keeps getting more sophisticated as there are more and more nuances to the theory getting approved by the vast majority of prominent Austrian economists (thereby becoming ABCT, since most "Austrians" approve of the various additions, unless we say ABCT is Hayek's theory and not Austrian theory), so pinning down when pre-ABCT became ABCT (and then went on to become ABCT with some more elaboration) is very difficult. However, I would like to note that you've said that ABCT was still getting developed by Hayek in 1939 ("Profits, Interest and Investment: And other essays..."). So, while we could say that thinking that was pretty consistent with ABCT may have contributed to the crisis, we ought to make it clear to the reader that "ABCT contributed to GD" is not accurate, despite what a few famous economists have said (if we just say "They said thus and so", then the reader may reach the conclusion that ABCT existed in the mid-1930s and possibly earlier. Also, I'm not sure how much government policy was influenced by the pre-ABCT Austrian theory in the late 20s and 30s, but it appears from what I've read on this subject that the "liquidationists" had much more influence on government policy than the Austrians at the time. Byelf2007 (talk) July 15 2012

 * Thank you, Pass and Byel, for your input. It is greatly appreciated.  I am grateful that you were willing to discuss this on the talk page.  The chart is especially valuable.  There is only one change I would make to the chart.  Lawrence White agrees that Robbins and Hayek contributed significantly to deepening the Great Depression.  Hayek even admitted in a talk in 1975 that he made a big mistake at the time.  The only thing White denies is that Hayek's business cycle theory was consistent with a liquidationist policy.

 * After I wrote the above paragraph, I noticed that Pass has already created the new heading and the new section. It looks like he did a great job.  The only problem we still have to resolve is whether the term "Austrian Business Cycle Theory" should be used to describe "ABCT" in its primitive stages.  I have a personal preference for not using terms in an imprecise way.  However, I don't think it is necessary to remove the opening sentence of the quote by Milton Friedman.  Rather, we could clarify this in the paragraph on Lawrence White's point of view by saying "Hayek's business cycle theory (which later developed into what we know today as Austrian Business Cycle Theory)".  It would be better if we were able to locate a secondary reliable source which makes that point.

 * Other than that, I think the material under the new heading has shaped up very well.JDefauw (talk) 02:03, 17 July 2012 (UTC)JDefauw
 * Thank you. --Pass3456 (talk) 21:40, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Byelf2007 (talk) July 18 2012

Population dynamics
The article features a couple of explanations that are rather counterfactual. The long term trend population dynmics as a reason for just four years of a sharp recession? Is there really academic reception for the thesis that population dynamics were a significant cause for the Great Depression? I never read something like that in books about the Great Depression. --Pass3456 (talk) 10:21, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Alvin Hansen wrote about this. I have a reference which I will add when I get a chance.Phmoreno (talk) 11:21, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

 * If we can establish that Alvin Hansen believed this theory was credible, then that would strengthen the position of those who believe we should include this theory in the article.

 * I have reviewed the article by Clarence Barber. The article is a purely economic analysis of the causes of the great depression, and I did not see any information in there on secularism, or the number of deaths in World War I.  I will rewrite the paragraph when I get a chance.

 * I also believe that we should remove the last paragraph of this section (the one on the documentary "Demographic Winter") because it is unclear, based on the statement in the documentary which is quoted, that Phillip Longman himself applies this statement to the population decline which preceded the Great Depression. Our purpose should be to summarize the positions others have taken on the causes of the Great Depression, not to create our own arguments for their positions.JDefauw (talk) 01:17, 31 July 2012 (UTC)JDefauw

 * I have serious concerns about the credibility of the claim increasing population alone contributed to economic growth. Technology was changing very rapidly in the period being described, & ignoring the influence of this change is problematic if not downright stupid. TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  08:39, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

The Gold Standard
A recent addition to the section on the Gold Standard provides us with some good information. However, it has been placed in the wrong section. It belongs in the section on the Austrian explanation of the causes of the Depression. The Austrian economists believe that an inflationary policy after WWI caused the Depression. According to the gold standard theory, on the other hand, post-war deflationary pressures, especially in Europe, caused the depression. We are allowed to disagree with either theory. However, the information we provide in each section needs to be consistent with the theory that is being presented. The paragraph that began "This had numerous consequences. However what is of particular relevance is that. . . ." states the main point of this section and will need to be restored to the article. The information that indicates that post-war policy was inflationary is out place in this section.

I understand that this section was confusing. The main point was stated in the opening sentence, and after that it took so long for the writer to get to the main point that one could easily conclude that the Depression was being blamed on the inflationary policy during World War I. However, if you read one of the early versions of this article (April 2005), the author's original intent is clearer (the title of the section was "Post-war deflationary pressures").

I rearranged the material so that the main point is summarized in the first paragraph. The 1st half of this section is also in need of reliable references. I placed two citation needed tags. Others could move them or add more of them.JDefauw (talk) 16:20, 23 August 2012 (UTC)JDefauw
 * Well done. --Pass3456 (talk) 21:22, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

President Hoover and Liquidationism
It is clear that the Federal Reserve policy during the presidency of Herbert Hoover was a liquidationist policy. There is presently disagreement among contributors over whether the other policies of the government during this time were liquidationist policies.

Keynesian economists believe that governments should run deficits during a depression or recession. To do that, a government needs to do one of three things. It can 1) Increase spending and cut taxes, 2) increase spending and keep taxes the same, or 3) cut taxes and keep spending the same. As has been been pointed under the last sub-heading in the article (Austrian school thought on expanding government), President Hoover increased spending and increased taxes.  (Both Keynesian and Austrian economists agree that he should not have increased taxes.)

We can conclude from this that while there may be valid arguments to support the opinion that Hoover was an anti-liquidationist, the claim that he was anti-liquidationist cannot be supported simply by saying that he increased spending. If he increased spending and then balanced the budget by raising taxes, he was not really doing anything at all to combat the depression.

I think it would be best to state specific ways in which Hoover followed liquidationist policies (if, for example, he balanced the budget instead of intentionally creating a deficit), and specific ways in which he followed the advice of those in his cabinet who were economically responsible (Lamont and Hyde). In the meantime, the statement about the increased spending needs to be removed unless it can be shown that the increased spending caused a sizable deficit.

One way we could state both points of views without interrupting the flow of the article is to quote Lawrence White when he says that Hoover's policy was not truly a "do-nothing" policy, and place his quote at the very end of the section.JDefauw (talk) 03:21, 5 September 2012 (UTC)JDefauw
 * ♠If you think I disagree with that proposition, you're wrong. What I disagree with is how it's been presented on the page.
 * ♠To begin with, the quote from the memoir (as I presume it is) preceding mention of the source of it disconnects the two in a way that makes grasping the connection harder.
 * ♠In the second place, it's far from clear, even allowing an unambiguous connection, exactly what policy Hoover advocated, based on how it's phrased, since the quote, & the following text, seem critical of Mellon's expressed position. Moreover, the mention of "cushioning" seems diametrically opposed to the seeming laissez-faire approach of Mellon.
 * ♠In the third place, Hoover's own policy actions would seem to contradict the proposition he agreed with Mellon. (That's an argument rather above my grasp of the details, however.)
 * ♠And so, I repeat, phrase it better. Make it clear. Let the narrative flow naturally. Don't go introducing confusion for no purpose. TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  04:17, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I addressed one of your concerns. There is more work that needs to be done.JDefauw (talk) 18:45, 5 September 2012 (UTC)JDefauw
 * That's a bit better, thx. For the contradiction, which remains, I'll leave you to it. I don't pretend to know it well enough. TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  19:34, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Barry Eichengreen and J. Bradford DeLong wrote that the Hoover administration’s fiscal policy was guided by liquidationism and that Hoover/Mellon tried to keep the federal budget balanced until 1932 when Hoover lost his confidence in Mellon and replaced him:

 * "Eichengreen believes that liquidationism guided the Hoover administration’s fiscal policy, and that the “same ideology of inactionpervaded the corridors of central banks."
 * -> (Lawrence H. White, Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?, p. 2)

 * "The inaction of the United States government during the 1929—33 slide into the Great Depression is, from any of today's various economic perpectives, extraordinarily puzzling"
 * -> J. Bradford De Long, "Liquidation" Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 3546, p. 1

 * "The Hoover administration's and the Federal Reserve's unwillingness to use fiscal of monetary policy to prop up aggregate demand during the slide into the Great Depression was approved by the most eminent economists of the day."
 * -> J. Bradford De Long, "Liquidation" Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression, National Bureau of Economic Research, -> Working Paper No. 3546, p. 5

 * "In a later paper, DeLong (1998) makes similar argument regarding U.S. fiscal policy: Hoover and Mellon tried to keep the federal budget balanced in 1930-31 because they adhered to the Hayekian theory of the business cycle. "
 * -> Lawrence H. White, Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?, p. 4)

 * Similar: Randall E. Parker (Reflections on the Great Depression, Elgar publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-1843763352, p. 9). --Pass3456 (talk) 20:24, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

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Essay from a Marine Le Pen fan
This does not fit.
 * JM Keynes did not promote national self-sufficiency: "Having sought to understand and to do full justice to the ideas which underlie the urge felt by so many countries to-day towards greater national self-sufficiency, we have to consider with care whether in practice we are not too easily discarding much of value which the nineteenth century achieved. In those countries where the advocates of national self sufficiency have attained power, it appears to my judgment that, without exception, many foolish things are being done. Mussolini, perhaps, is acquiring wisdom teeth. But Russia to-day exhibits the worst example which the world, perhaps, has ever seen, of administrative incompetence and of the sacrifice of almost everything that makes life worth living to wooden heads. Germany is at the mercy of unchained irresponsibles--though it is too soon to judge her. The Irish Free State, a unit much too small for a high degree of national self-sufficiency except at great economic cost, is discussing plans which might, if they were carried out, be ruinous.".
 * A big majority of American Economic Historians agree that protectionism worsend the Great Depression . A statement to the opposite has to be presented carefully especially as a minority position and without creating straw man arguments. --Pass3456 (talk) 18:30, 29 May 2017 (UTC)
 * No reply on his user talk page either: . --Pass3456 (talk) 17:16, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

Republicans
Were not the Republicans in charge of the Federal Government from the end of the Civil War until FDR? How much responsibility do they have for the Crash?Tighelander (talk) 06:39, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Big parts of the problem, such as unemployment caused by electricity and internal combustion and slowing population growth, had nothing to do with politics. The depression would not have been as great or lasted as long if the heavy burden of regulations had not been enacted.  Recovery started as soon as part of recovery act was declared unconstitutional.  Recovery was due to continued investment in new and existing technologies.Phmoreno (talk) 12:38, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Causes of the Great Depression


text:
Big Bug Man

Big Bug Man is an unreleased American animated television film starring Brendan Fraser and Marlon Brando. The film, a Studio-Free Studios Production, was written by Bob Bendetson, who also wrote episodes for the TV show The Simpsons. It was directed by Bendetson and Peter Shin.

It was originally scheduled for release between 2006 and 2008, but it was never released or distributed. The film is Brando's last known film work.

Plot
Candy company worker Howard Kind (Brendan Fraser) gains special abilities after being bitten by insects.

Production
The film is hand-drawn. The production of the film cost approximately US$20 million.

Marlon Brando during the production
Brando was originally asked to be the voice of Nicholas Dunderbeck, but Brando thought it would be fun to voice the old lady Mrs. Sour instead.

Mrs. Sour is only in three scenes, so it took only one day to record the voice of this character. According to the director Bob Bendetson, Brando wore a blond wig, a dress, white gloves, and full makeup while recording the voice of Mrs. Sour. Bendetson believes this was part humorous, and part wanting to get into character. Bendetson said "About halfway through he took off the wig because he was getting too hot." According to the film's executive producer Gabriel Grunfeld, Brando described the part as "the most fun I've had since playing Mark Anthony in Julius Caesar." Grunfeld said that even though Brando was frail, he was full of energy and invention.

The recording took place in Marlon Brando's home, on June 10, 2004. By this point in his life, Brando was on oxygen six hours a day. He died the next month, on July 1, 2004.

Characters

 * Howard Kind – voiced by Brendan Fraser. A soft and unfortunate employee of the candy factory, who accidentally gets bitten by bugs, and becomes the Big Bug Man
 * Mrs. Sour – voiced by Marlon Brando. The founder, leader and matriarch of the big and corrupt Mrs. Sour Candy Company
 * Petfarkin
 * Nicholas Dunderbeck – runs the Mrs. Sour Candy Company
 * Ellie Rose
 * Sidney Looper
 * Seen It All Jackson
 * Heard It All Jackson, a dog

Michael Madsen also lent his voice to the movie in an unspecified role.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Big Bug Man


text:
Resurrection ecology

"Resurrection ecology" is an evolutionary biology technique whereby researchers hatch dormant eggs from lake sediments to study animals as they existed decades ago. It is a new approach that might allow scientists to observe evolution as it occurred, by comparing the animal forms hatched from older eggs with their extant descendants. This technique is particularly important because the live organisms hatched from egg banks can be used to learn about the evolution of behavioural, plastic or competitive traits that are not apparent from more traditional paleontological methods.

One such researcher in the field is W. Charles Kerfoot of Michigan Technological University whose results were published in the journal Limnology and Oceanography. He reported on success in a search for "resting eggs" of zooplankton that are dormant in Portage Lake on Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The lake has undergone a considerable amount of change over the last 100 years including flooding by copper mine debris, dredging, and eutrophication. Others have used this technique to explore the evolutionary effects of eutrophication, predation, and metal contamination. Resurrection ecology provided the best empirical example of the "Red Queen Hypothesis" in nature. Any organism that produces a resting stage can be used for resurrection ecology. However, the most frequently used organism is the water flea, Daphnia. This genus has well-established protocols for lab experimentation and usually asexually reproduces allowing for experiments on many individuals with the same genotype.

Although the more esoteric demonstration of natural selection is alone a valuable aspect of the study described, there is a clear ecological implication in the discovery that very old zooplankton eggs have survived in the lake: the potential still exists, if and when this environment is restored to something of a more pristine nature, for at least some of the original (pre-disturbance) inhabitants to re-establish populations once presumed lost. The genes valuable to survival of those species in a restored environment are still "readily" available and may be quickly assimilated by the modern populations, perhaps requiring no more than a fortuitous disturbance of the bottom.

title: Resurrection ecology


text: Category:Danish businesspeople

title: Category:Danish businesspeople


text: Category:Saudi Arabian businesspeople

title: Category:Saudi Arabian businesspeople


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Talk:Annaba Province

Web site of Annaba

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Tibialis posterior muscle

The tibialis posterior muscle is the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the deep posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg.

Posterior tibial tendonitis
Posterior tibial tendonitis is a condition that predominantly affects runners and active individuals. It involves inflammation or tearing of the posterior tibial tendon, which connects the calf muscle to the bones on the inside of the foot. It plays a vital role in supporting the arch and assisting in foot movement. This condition can cause pain, swelling, and potentially lead to flatfoot if left untreated.

Structure
The tibialis posterior muscle originates on the inner posterior border of the fibula laterally. It is also attached to the interosseous membrane medially, which attaches to the tibia and fibula.

The tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle (sometimes called the posterior tibial tendon) descends posterior to the medial malleolus. It terminates by dividing into plantar, main, and recurrent components. The main portion inserts into the tuberosity of the navicular bone. The smaller portion inserts into the plantar surface of the medial cuneiform. The plantar portion inserts into the bases of the second, third and fourth metatarsals, the intermediate and lateral cuneiforms and the cuboid. The recurrent portion inserts into the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus.

Blood is supplied to the muscle by the posterior tibial artery.

Nerve supply
The tibialis posterior muscle is supplied by the tibial nerve.

Function
The tibialis posterior muscle is a key muscle for stabilization of the lower leg. It also contracts to produce inversion of the foot, and assists in the plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle. The tibialis posterior has a major role in supporting the medial arch of the foot. Dysfunction of the tibialis posterior, including rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon, can lead to flat feet in adults, as well as a valgus deformity due to unopposed eversion when inversion is lost.

Clinical significance
Injury to the distal tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle is rare. It may be caused during exercise. It usually presents with pain on the medial side of the ankle. Injuries including dislocations and tears often require surgery.

title: Tibialis posterior muscle


text:
Talk:Toniwha

Is this right, or is someone getting confused with Taniwha? Grutness|hello? 12:14, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toniwha


text:
Proty

Proty and Proty II (often simply called "Proty" as well) are two fictional extraterrestrials in the DC Comics universe. Belonging to a race of telepathic shape-shifters called Proteans, native to a planet in the Antares system, both became allies of the Legion of Super-Heroes. The original Proty first appeared in Adventure Comics #308 (May 1963) where Chameleon Boy adopted him as a pet.

After the death of the original Proty, Proty II debuted in Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen #72 (October 1963). The second Proty was Chameleon Boy's pet then later become Saturn Girl's pet. He joined the Legion of Super-Pets and was eventually considered a full member of the Legion of Super-Heroes itself. Since Legion of Super-Heroes history was rebooted in 1994 (as a result of the DC Comics crossover Zero Hour), Proty has rarely been seen or referenced. During the crossover DC One Million, it was revealed that a hero called Proty One Million existed in the 853rd century and was a member of the Justice Legion of Super-Zoomorphs.

Fictional character biography
According to Adventure Comics #334 (1965), a race called the Llorn create a colony on the planet in the Antares system already inhabited by a race of peaceful, simple animals of some intelligence that resembled soft boulders. The Llorn label these intelligent native animals as "Proteans". The two races live in harmony for years until the planet's sun temporarily becomes unstable. Increased sunspot activity upsets the ecological balance of the planet, killing many Proteans and Llorn and destroying the colony city. The Llorn realize the planet will soon suffer drastic changes to the climate and environment that will make the environment inhospitable for them. They decide to evacuate but cannot bring the whole Protean race with them, nor can the Proteans leave on their own. The Llorn use their advanced technology, an "evolution ray", to alter the natives into Proteans into life forms that can now change their shape and structure, allowing them to survive any new environment the planet develops. When floods arrive, the Proteans become fish-like life. When a new ice age occurs, the Proteans become animals similar to polar bears. When they need to migrate, they become winged creatures and fly to a new location.

Proty I
During the 30th century, a "Protean beast" is captured and taken to an alien menagerie. He is later rescued by the Legion of Super-Heroes, a group of teenagers who protect the citizens of the United Planets. Shape-shifting member Chameleon Boy adopts the Protean creature as a pet, calling him "Proty". The affectionate alien proves useful to the Legion, and becomes quite close to Saturn Girl, as her telepathic abilities allow her to read its thoughts.

Legion founder Garth Ranzz, the hero called Lightning Lad, dies. Scientists of teammate Mon-El's home world Daxam develop a machine that can use lightning to transfer life force from one person to another, reviving the recently dead but killing the "donor" in the process. Proty reads the mind of Saturn Girl, another Legion founder and a telepath, and learns she intends to sacrifice her life to revive Lightning Lad. Proty tricks her into becoming lost in a cave, disguises himself as her, and becomes the sacrifice who restores Lightning Lad to life.

Following the 1985-1986 crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Legion of Super-Heroes was reimagined as group of older, grittier characters living in a darker world of "Five Years Later". The "Five Years Later" era involved many revelations and revisions to characters. A story published in 1992 revealed the original Proty's sacrifice didn't resurrect Garth Rannz but did transfer the Protean's life force and consciousness into the young hero's body. Now inhabiting Garth's body, Proty lived his life as Lightning Lad from that point forward. This retcon was criticized by some fans as being inconsistent with several stories. This was later indicated to be the result of the Legion enemy Glorith creating an alternate timeline, removing the idea from Legion canon.

Proty II
Soon after the death of Proty, Chameleon Boy is shown as having another Protean as a pet. The pet is officially named Proty II or Proty Two, but many in the Legion simply call him "Proty". Proty II later becomes a member of the Legion of Super-Pets, a team of super-powered animals who live in the 20th century and were originally formed by the Legion when animal help was needed. The Legion of Super-Pets mainly operate as separate beings, only joining together when their unique team is required. Through time travel technology, Proty is able to join them on several missions. In the stories of the "Adult Legion" (taking place further in the future, when the teenage heroes are fully grown adults), Proty II is a full member of the Legion and is considered the pet of Saturn Woman (an older version of Saturn Girl), having had a falling out with Chameleon Man (the Adult Legion version of Chameleon Boy).

By the late 1970s, Proty II largely disappears from comics. In Legion of Super-Heroes Vol. 2 #300 and 301 (1983), Proty II is briefly seen, no longer a pet but an independent sentient being recognized by new laws as having full rights like any other citizen of the United Planets of the 30th century. He now works as a professional photographer and prefers to be called by his "full name" rather than simply as Proty, not wishing to be confused with his predecessor. After photographing the new official Legion portrait, he seems slightly resentful that the team considered him a "pet" in the past and makes a sarcastic remark about no longer attending meetings of the Legion of Super-Pets.

Post-Zero Hour
The 1994 crossover Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! rebooted Legion continuity. In the new continuity, the Protean race attacks Earth while the Legion is facing the Fatal Five. The civilian members of the Legion manage to destroy all but one of the Proteans, who is then adopted as a pet by Lori Morning and named "Proty". During the crossover Final Crisis, it was revealed that the original Legion timeline (and thus the original versions of Proty and Proty II) still exists elsewhere in the multiverse.

DC Rebirth
The mainstream DC Comics canon was revised again in 2016 following DC Rebirth. In the new canon, a modern version of the Legion of Super-Pets appears in Super Sons Annual #1 (2017). In the story, a creature roughly resembling Proty is part of the team, known as Clay Critter. It is unclear if this is a new version of Proty or a creature related to the Gotham City character Clayface.

DC One Million
The crossover DC One Million introduced a possible future in the 853rd century, where many solar systems were defended by heroes who either carried the legacy of modern-day DC heroes or were literal descendants, such as the Justice Legion-A. In DC One Million #4 (1998), super-powered animals appeared and were said to be "veterans" of the Justice Legion of Super-Zoomorphs. A news broadcast then stated the team of animals were being led into battle by a being called Proty One Million and another super-animal called Master Mind (possibly a descendant or successor of the worm villain Mister Mind), though neither character made an appearance in the story.

The later comic DC 1 Million 80-Page Giant #1 revealed that in the 853rd century there are many teams of super-powered animals known as Legion of Super-Familiars, inspired by the original Legion of Super-Pets and overseen by the Legion of Executive Familiars. It's possible the Justice Legion of Super-Zoomorphs is one of these teams or is unrelated.

Powers and abilities
Proty I and II are beings of protoplasm capable of taking on any shape or form. This shape-shifting is intense enough that they can alter how they bodies process oxygen or regulate temperature, such as when they became polar bear-like creatures to survive an ice age or fish-like creatures to live in the water. With their malleable bodies and resistance to different environments, Proteans can survive in the vacuum of space. While they can make their bodies look like any object, they cannot take on all its properties. While they can mimic physical traits of many animals and beings, they cannot mimic superhuman abilities or learned skills and natural talents. Likewise, they cannot completely mimic the mass and physical strength of inorganic substances.

While the original Proty (like most of his race) was mute, Proty II eventually developed a working tongue and voice box, allowing verbal communication.

Proteans have low-level telepathic abilities, which allow them to read someone's surface thoughts. With this ability, they can understand any language spoken to them, understand the intentions of strangers who may be friend or foe, and can take on forms they see in a person's mind.

In other media

 * Proty appears in the comic series Tiny Titans.
 * Proty appears in Legion of Super-Heroes as the class pet of the Legion Academy.

title: Proty


text:
Saint Teresa

Saint Teresa may refer to:

 * See List of saints named Teresa
 * St. Teresa, Florida, a town in the United States
 * Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec, a city in Quebec
 * "St. Teresa", a song by Joan Osborne from Relish

title: Saint Teresa


text:
501 Urhixidur

Urhixidur (minor planet designation: 501 Urhixidur) is a relatively large (ranked 372nd by IRAS) main belt asteroid. It was discovered on 18 January 1903, by astronomer Max Wolf (1863–1932), at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Like 500 Selinur and 502 Sigune, it is named after a character in Friedrich Theodor Vischer's then-bestseller satirical novel Auch Einer.

Its rotational period was reported as 15 hours in 1992, but corrected to 13.174 hours in 2013.

title: 501 Urhixidur


text: Category:Taiwanese businesspeople

title: Category:Taiwanese businesspeople


text:
Gang Show

A Gang Show is a theatrical performance by members of Scouts and Guides. The shows are produced with the dual aims of providing a learning opportunity for young people in the performing arts, as well as contributing to the artistic and cultural growth of their local community.

Gang Shows will have members of all ages involved, however the on-stage performers are often limited to current Youth Members (those being aged under 25 in most cases). A large amount of other areas will have members of all ages, including backstage, technical, administration, management and other areas.

Gang Shows are entirely volunteer run, and often feature a majority of work written by Scouting and Guiding members. This may be new work, or may be existing works adapted to suit the show's intended narrative.

The shows may be a simple affair in a local scout hall, but are often more involved and take place in a local theater. A season may only run for a single weekend, but performance seasons lasting one or two weeks are common. Tickets to these shows are often available to the public, and can be a useful tool to engage the local community in Scouting.

Gang Show format
The format is a revue or variety show; song, dance and short comedy sketches are the most common. The number of items varies between 12 and 25, some stand-alone, others a series of songs to a chosen theme or a running gag.

The format was created by Ralph Reader, who wrote material including the signature tune, "Crest of a Wave". Other standards Reader wrote include "Strolling", "Great Great Game", "Gee, It's A Wonderful life", "Gee, It's Great To Be Young", "A Touch of Silver", "Three Cheers", "Show Time", "Together", "These are the Times" and "The Scout Hymn".

History
In 1931, Reader, a Rover Scout trying to make his mark in theatre in the United States and London, was asked to write a Scout-based variety show to raise money for a swimming pool at Downe Scout Camp (now a Scout Association National Activity Centre). Rehearsals began under Reader's direction on 25 May 1932, his 29th birthday.

Initially the show did not have a title, but during a rehearsal break, Reader recalled, he asked a cast member if everyone was ready, to which the response was "Aye, aye Skip, the gang's all here". The first production, The Gang's All Here, ran between 30 October and 1 November 1932 at the Scala Theatre in central London.

The show was not a sell-out but enough was raised to fund the swimming pool and the show was well received. Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, persuaded Reader to produce another show in 1933. This was The Gang Comes Back, which ran for a week.

Reader continued to write and produce the London Gang Show. In 1934, the show became The Gang Show, and "Crest of a Wave" was performed for the first time, becoming over the years the anthem for the show.

In 1937, the London show became the first amateur production to have a Royal Command Performance (an honour repeated in 1957 and 1964). A feature film called The Gang Show, starring Ralph Reader and The Gang, premièred at the Lyceum Theatre, London in April the same year, and in New York in December 1938.

Following the Second World War, the London Gang Show restarted in December 1950 at the King's Theatre, Hammersmith, in the presence Princess Margaret. In 1952, the show moved to the larger Golders Green Hippodrome and in 1954, Queen Elizabeth II was the guest of honour. 1972 was the 40th Anniversary of the Gang Show and was attended by the Queen and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; highlights of the show were televised by the BBC and famous former cast members, Dick Emery, Graham Stark, David Lodge and Brian Johnston were interviewed.

Organisation
When the Gang Show started in London in 1932, Reader organised the cast as a Scout Troop; an arrangement which persists only in a few shows now, mainly in Australia and New Zealand. Members of the first troop wanted an identifying feature, deciding on a red scarf or necker. The red scarf has become a worldwide symbol, and to distinguish shows, an insignia in gold thread (UK: the initials GS in Reader's handwriting shot through with the show's name - AUS: usually a design related to the masks of comedy and tragedy and incorporating the show's name) is embroidered into the point of the scarf. Ralph Reader was originally called "The Holborn Rover" and was with the 4th Holborn Group whose scarf was half red and half green. Reader chose to have the Gang Show scarf red to be part of the 4th Holborn.

Members of shows in the United Kingdom used to only be allowed to wear the scarlet scarf if they were nationally recognised, i.e. they came up to prescribed minimum standards of performance and production. It is now worn by almost all Gang Shows. While 'National Recognition' is no longer a thing, UK shows still need to be regularly assessed (every five years) in order to maintain standards.

In 1972, Reader founded the London Gang Show Fellowship so current and former members of the London show could keep in touch. Membership later expanded to anyone interested in Gang Show, and the LGSF still meets annually.

Gang Shows around the world
Since the first in London, productions have been organised around the world, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. While individual in character, they share the ethos of Reader's concept and have common elements, often including a finale performance of "Crest of a Wave".

In 1958 Reader went to Chicago to produce and direct the first Gang Show in America. He returned to Chicago next year to guide the second. Reader first went to Chicago in 1920 as a teenager and began his stage career there.

Newcastle Gang Show started in April 1937 followed by Peterborough Gang Show in November 1937 and apart from the war years has run ever since. Harpenden Gang Show has performed every year since 1949, making it the longest continuously running Gang Show in the world.

In the United States, the only known Gang Show in existence is performed annually in Derby, Connecticut, produced by BSA Troop 3, Pack 3 and Venture Crew 33 since 1924, also making it one of the world's oldest continuous Gang Shows.

Gang Show spin offs
In some countries an over-18 only show often referred to as a Bag Show are produced, often with a dinner and a more cabaret style and with more adult content such as risque jokes and burlesque elements. This is done for Rover Scouts and leaders.

In Melbourne, Australia the Showtimes came out of the strong theatre culture of the area. These are smaller than the local Gang Show, with the exception of Whitehorse Showtime which is actually the largest show in the Southern Hemisphere, originally pulling from a single district to produce a show. Currently there are four of these shows; Whitehorse Showtime, South Metro Showtime, Camberwell Showtime and Strzelecki Showtime. Because these showtimes are not Gang Shows, they do not have the red scarf instead choosing a different colour, such as Strzelecki Showtime's gold scarf or Whitehorse Showtime’s purple scarf.

Signature tunes
"On the Crest of a Wave" has become the signature tune throughout the world and is usually performed at the end. It may be sung as just the chorus (traditionally twice, the first time with gusto, the second part-quiet and staccato, part with gusto once more) but there are also two verses.

"A Touch of Silver" (sometimes referred to as "Silver on the Scarlet"), written by Reader and Brisbane Gang Show producer Hugh "Kirra" McKee, is the signature tune of the Brisbane Gang Show and may be sung by any show that has performed for at least 25 seasons.

"Birds of a Feather" written by Reader, is the signature tune of the Albury Gang Show and is sung at the end of every show performed by the group.

title: Gang Show


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Gemma Clarke

Gemma Clarke is a musician, who was previously the drummer for The Suffrajets, The Krak and Babyshambles and Adam Ant. She has recently taken up writing, and her article, entitled "For the love of music" was published in Louder Than Bombs Magazine. Her family owns a rehearsal studio in Old Street, called Rooz Studios, and a venue in Holloway Road called Nambucca.

Gemma is now drummer in up and coming indie grunge band called JW Paris

Babyshambles
For a year, Clarke played drums for the ex-Libertine Pete Doherty's band Babyshambles. She left in January 2005, citing disagreements with the management.

After leaving the band, she wrote an open letter which read as follows: "Dear Peter, I would like to make it very clear about my reasons for making the stand that I have. I will not continue to work under the management that you have chosen for the band as I could no longer be part of a machine that I feel is destroying you. I love you, the music, Patrick, Dru and Babyshambles. Please be safe and be careful. You are a great artist and have been a massive inspiration to me. Thanks for the experience and for a great time – keep safe and don't forget to call me...good luck for the future. xxxgemmaxxxx"

Clarke drummed on early Babyshambles tracks, including the single version of "Killamangiro" and its B-side "The Man Who Came To Stay". She also attended the band's XFM session in December 2004, played on the Zane Lowe recordings of 27 October 2004 ("Fuck Forever", "Do You Know Me" and "My Darling Clementine") and made a few television appearances with the band including Top of the Pops, CD:UK, Hero2Hero and on Tim Lovejoy's Allstars show.

The Suffrajets
Before and after her time in Babyshambles, Clarke toured with the Suffrajets. They released four singles in 2005/2006. "Sold" was released in May 2005, with "Everything You Do" following in October. "Going Nowhere" was released on 27 March 2006. Their next single "Worthy" was released on 26 June 2006. Their album Crooked Mile' went on release in September 2006, only available via their website. After spending 12 years with the Suffrajets, and co-founding the band, the group eventually split in 2007.

The Krak
After The Suffrajets split, Clarke played drums in a band called The Krak, who toured and most of Europe including Belgium, France and Luxembourg. They released two singles: 'Madame Riviere' (through Militant Entertainment) in June 2008 and double A-side 'School Disco (the kazoo song)/Estate Dwelling' in June 2009 (via notonyourradio records). The Krak also had extensive press and media coverage, playing guerilla gigs in shops, in London Zoo Gorilla enclosure, Space-hopping on the millennium bridge and the Orient Express... They played at Glastonbury 2008 and made a collaboration with indie/rock band The Sea, doing a cover version of well known 'Out of Space' by The Prodigy. They made a video for this track, which includes footage of the Glastonbury performance. They also headlined London venue The Scala in January 2009.

Later work
The Krak split in October 2009 and Clarke put together new project Spitfire in January 2010 (with 2 previous members of The Krak; Tom Lattimer and Tom Keane). The band did a week tour in Ireland and England. In March 2012 Clarke formed a dance-punk band with fellow musicians Laura Le Rox, Josefine Jonsson, Mercedes Di'Ett and Rosie Bans, entitled Her Majesty and played a number of gigs under that name including some in Amsterdam (supporting Florida Room at The Winston on Saturday 29 September 2012), until November 2012 that year when the band separated. She also writes for music magazines. In September 2021 Clarke played drums for JWParis at Luton's Castlefest, who she currently remains with.

title: Gemma Clarke