text:
Candi Milo

Candi Milo (born January 9, 1961) is an American actress. She has voiced various characters on many animated series including Tiny Toon Adventures, SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron, Dexter's Laboratory (from season 3 onwards), Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, ChalkZone, The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius, ¡Mucha Lucha!, Codename: Kids Next Door, My Life as a Teenage Robot, Loonatics Unleashed, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Maya & Miguel, W.I.T.C.H., The Life and Times of Juniper Lee, The Replacements, and The Adventures of Puss in Boots. Since 2017, she has voiced the Looney Tunes characters Granny and Witch Hazel.

Early life
Milo was born on January 9, 1961, in Palm Springs, California. Her family moved to San Jose shortly after her birth. In San Jose, Milo attended the all-girls Presentation High School. Her father, Tony Migliaccio, was a child actor who changed his last name to Milo when he started playing adult roles. Her first appearance on stage was with her father at Turk Murphy's in 1964, where they sang Me and My Shadow together. By the time Milo was eleven, she was participating in children's musical theater.

Career
In 1977, she began singing in theme park attractions, most notably at Disneyland in Anaheim. Afterwards, she started appearing in roles in movies and television series, such as Gimme a Break!, Knots Landing, and Perfect Strangers. Milo was also a member of "The Mighty Carson Art Players" on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. She accidentally got into voiceover acting after singing on stage. She was signed by The William Morris Agency for voice acting, which was initially disappointing to her because Milo originally wanted a singing career.

Milo's first voice role was Sweetie Pie in Tiny Toon Adventures in 1990. Milo first auditioned in 1988 for Tiny Toons by reading The Three Little Pigs, but made the wolf kosher and the three pigs suicidal and she booked the job. She later played Lonette, an attractive animated waitress; Bob, a member of Holli Would's gang of goons who was a cross-dresser and other characters in Cool World in addition to feeding lines to the other actors.

She went on to be very active in cartoons, voicing Pakka in Cro, Ann Gora in SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron, Little Red Riding Hood in 2 Stupid Dogs, and the main characters' Mom, who was an unseen character and their teacher in Cow and Chicken.

Later, she replaced Christine Cavanaugh as the voice of Dexter in Dexter's Laboratory in 2001 when Cavanaugh retired from voice acting. Milo voiced Dexter until the end of the series, which is later confirmed as its permanent discontinuation by the show’s creator Genndy Tartakovsky as he declared Cavanaugh’s input for Dexter to be irreplaceable. Her other voice credits include Snap from ChalkZone, The Flea on ¡Mucha Lucha! and the title character in the U.S. version of the 2003 Astro Boy (Tetsuwan Atomu) series.

From 2002 to 2006, she performed the voice of Dr. Nora Wakeman in My Life as a Teenage Robot. For this role, she was subsequently nominated for the Annie Award in 2004 and 2005. During this time, the actress also voiced the Ophelia Ramirez in The Life and Times of Juniper Lee, Irma Lair in W.I.T.C.H., Zadavia in Loonatics Unleashed, as well as Coco, Madame Foster, and Cheese in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends.

Milo says that when creating a unique voice the artist's drawings speak to her and that she prides herself on creating "a full life" for each character.

In October 2015, she made her return to the stage, playing the role of Grandmama Addams in the 3-D Theatricals version of The Addams Family.

In 2019, she directed Suicidal Blonde, which stars Kimmy Robertson.

Milo returned once again to stage in February 2020 with another 3-D Theatricals play called Kinky Boots, with her playing Trish.

Personal life
Milo is divorced and has one daughter, Gabriella, who is also an actress. She has described herself as being of partial Latin American descent.

Television animation

 * 2 Stupid Dogs – Little Red Riding Hood, Mama Bear, Female Platypus
 * Aaahh!!! Real Monsters – Additional voices
 * The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius – Nick Dean, additional voices
 * Aladdin – Thundra
 * All Grown Up! – Justin, Brianna, Amelia, Doctor, Cafeteria lady, Gawky Kid, Kid #3 (2)
 * American Dragon: Jake Long – Annika
 * The Angry Beavers – Tanya Goode
 * Astro Boy (English dub) – Astro Boy, Kennedy
 * As Told by Ginger – Claire Gripling, additional voices
 * Batman Beyond – Nicole (Ep. "Dead Man's Hand")
 * Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! – Ms. Tuckell (Ep. "There Wolf")
 * Breadwinners – Roni (Ep. "Pizzawinners"), additional voices
 * Blaze and the Monster Machines – Sister Cow, Little Cow
 * Bobby's World - Tiffany, Amber, Andrea
 * Bubble Guppies – Elderly Crab (Ep. "Come To Your Senses!"), additional voices
 * The Buzz on Maggie – Chip, Mrs. Wingston, Nurse Hatchison, Mrs. Lunch Lady, Mrs. Flybottom
 * The Boondocks - Janet O'Siren (Ep. "The Itis")
 * Camp Candy – Robin (season 3)
 * Captain Planet and the Planeteers – Betty Jean (Ep. "Going Bats, Man")
 * ChalkZone – Snap, Reggie Bullnerd, Blocky
 * Chowder – Frog Lady, Chicken Lady, Rosemary, Big Food, Droopy Faced Lady, Eagle, Girl, Gyoza, Sexy Lady Voice, Rake, additional voices
 * Clifford the Big Red Dog - Ms. Martinez
 * Clifford's Puppy Days – Nina's Mother, Hester, Gray Puppy
 * Codename: Kids Next Door – Henrietta Von Marzipan, Mrs. Betty Gilligan, Lydia (Grandma) Gilligan, Leaky Leona, Lasso Lass, Miss Goodwall, Edna Jucation, Heli-Teacher, Madam Margaret and one of the Girl Squad
 * Cow and Chicken – Mom, Teacher, additional voices
 * Cro – Pakka
 * Curious George – Mrs. Quint, Mrs. Donuts
 * Darkwing Duck – Duck Ling, Lamont, Additional voices
 * Detention - Juliana (Ep. "Capitol Punishment")
 * Dexter's Laboratory – Dexter (Seasons 3–4), additional voices
 * Duck Dodgers – Rikki Roundhouse (Ep. "The Menace of Maninsuit")
 * El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera – Zoe Aves/Black Cuervo, additional voices
 * Fanboy & Chum Chum – Lupe, Cher Leader, Madame LaVache, Ms. Olive, Francine, Lunch Lady Cram and Marsha
 * Fillmore! – Receptionist
 * Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends – Madame Foster, Coco, Cheese, additional Voices
 * Gary & Mike – Francine (The Mole Woman), Sister Marie, Wendy's Grandma, Grade School Teacher, Corn Dog Waitress, Vanessa Wexler, additional Voices
 * Glitch Techs – Kids, Brother, Little Contestant, Lupita
 * Hey Arnold! – Charice, Parrot
 * I Am Weasel – Additional voices
 * Invader Zim - Additional voices
 * Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks – Gosford
 * Johnny Bravo – Helga (Ep. "To Helga and Back"), additional voices
 * Kulipari: An Army of Frogs – Dingo, The Stargazer, Fahlga
 * LeapFrog Video Series - Leap (4 DVDs)
 * Loonatics Unleashed – Zadavia, additional voices
 * Los Lunnis – Lupita (English dub)
 * Looney Tunes Cartoons - Granny, Mama Bear, Miss Prissy, Witch Hazel
 * Max Steel - Female Surfer, Kelly Gear, Young Fan, Secretary
 * Maya & Miguel – Maya Santos, Tito Chavez
 * Me, Eloise! – Margarita, Bruce, Bobby, Emmy, Tutor Candidate #1, Betty
 * Mighty Magiswords – Morbidia ("Too Many Warriors" only), Vambre's Brain, Dolphin Magisword (EP02 only), Grand Poobah, additional voices
 * Mirmo! – Bike
 * ¡Mucha Lucha! – The Flea, Pulgita, The Headmistress, Mama Maniaca, La Flamencita, Electricity, Cindy Slam (season 3), Various characters
 * My Life as a Teenage Robot – Dr. Nora Wakeman, Pteresa, additional voices
 * New Looney Tunes – Granny, Witch Hazel, Ivana, Bear Scout, Phoebe, Weasel Scout
 * OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes - Combo Breaker, Kid Girl #1
 * Oh Yeah! Cartoons - Tutu, Baxter, additional voices
 * Ozzy & Drix – Mumsy Glop (Ep. "A Growing Cell")
 * Pepper Ann – Constance Goldman
 * Pet Alien – Gabby, Tommy's Mom, Melba
 * Phineas and Ferb - Ducky Momo Kiosk Girl, additional voices
 * Pig Goat Banana Cricket – Goat, additional voices
 * Pinky and the Brain/Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain – Additional voices
 * Planet Sheen – Princess OomLout, additional voices
 * Puss in Book: Trapped in an Epic Tale – Kid Pickles, Cleevil, Mama Bear
 * Random! Cartoons – Yumi, Octopus, Nurse Duckett, Bee
 * Rayman: The Animated Series - Grub's mother (Ep. "High Anxiety")
 * Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Carly Balmaceda, Mother, Reporter, Girl 1
 * Santo Bugito – Rosa, additional voices
 * Spy Kids: Mission Critical - Vida Immortata, Malware, Mauly the Sparkle Scout, Glendora Chatting-Botham
 * Stanley – Ms. Diaz
 * SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron – Ann Gora
 * T.U.F.F. Puppy – The Queen, Lunch Ladybug, Classmate # 1
 * The Adventures of Kid Danger - Mrs. Elliot, Female Mailman, Marla Meadows, Zombie, Lana, Witches
 * The Adventures of Puss in Boots - Kid Pickles, Cleevil, Orange, Doozill, Luella, additional voices
 * The Angry Beavers - Tanya Goode
 * The Cartoonstitute - Po (Ep. "The Borneos")
 * The Cuphead Show! - Cherry and Brandywine Heirloom
 * The Emperor's New School – Coach Sweetie
 * The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy – Grim's Mom, Guillermo (Ep. "El Dias De Los Muertos Estupidos")
 * The Legend of Calamity Jane – Zita
 * The Life and Times of Juniper Lee – Ophelia Ramírez, Barbara Lee, Ms Gomez
 * The Looney Tunes Show – Svetlana (Ep. "Fish and Visitors")
 * The Mummy: Secrets of the Medjai – Tiga (Ep. "The Cloud People")
 * The New Woody Woodpecker Show – Jeanie
 * The Plucky Duck Show – Sweetie Pie
 * The Powerpuff Girls - Newswoman (1), Cleaning Woman
 * The Replacements – Amanda McMurphy, Jacobo, Heidi Klutzberry, Mrs. Winters
 * The Secret Saturdays – Dr. Pachacutes, Arab Reporter
 * The Tick – Blitzen (Ep. "Tick vs Europe")
 * The Wild Thornberrys – Additional voices
 * The 7D - Baroness Bon Bon
 * Time Squad - Dexter
 * Tiny Toon Adventures – Sweetie Bird
 * Tiny Toons Looniversity - Dean Granny, Witch Hazel
 * TripTank - Old Aboriginal Woman, Sandra, Sir Ian's Kids, Gladys, Nurse (2)
 * W.I.T.C.H. – Irma Lair, Anna Lair, Trill, Principal Knickerbocker
 * What a Cartoon! – Cow and Chicken's Mom, Mary Antelope, Effie Gorilla, Jill Gorilla, Timmy, Teacher, Female Eskimo, Stewardess, Poopsie
 * What-a-Mess – Ramona
 * Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? – Additional voices
 * Where's Waldo? – Chili Judge / Grandmother
 * Woody Woodpecker - Mother, Mother Nature
 * WordGirl - WordGirl/Becky Botsford (WordGirl Website on PBSKids.org)

Live-action film

 * Almost an Angel – Bank Teller
 * At Home with the Webbers – 2nd Woman on Street
 * Bad Medicine – Maria Morales
 * I Don't Buy Kisses Anymore – Mother in Store
 * Reaching for the Stars – Herself
 * Ripper Man – Francie
 * Gloria Talks Funny - Gloria
 * When Jeff Tried to Save the World – Sheila
 * Creepshow 3 – Rachel

Live-action television

 * Amero Squad – Flemma, Destroyer of Pyramid (Female Version of Fladdam)
 * City Guys – Rude Customer (Ep. "Rosie O'Diner")
 * Days of Our Lives – Janey Richards
 * Doogie Howser, M.D. – Doctor (Ep. "It's a Tough Job ... But Why Does My Father Have to Do It?")
 * Empty Nest – Mrs. Ortiz (Ep. "Love and Marriage")
 * Gimme a Break! – Leslie (Ep. "Flashback")
 * Knots Landing – Nurse (Ep. "The One to Blame" and "The Fan Club")
 * Night Court – Woman (Ep. "Can't Buy Me Love")
 * Perfect Strangers – Gina Morelli (Ep. "Hello, Baby" and "The Two Men and a Cradle")
 * Wilfred – Secretary (Ep. "Regrets")

Video games

 * Astro Boy – Astro Boy
 * Baten Kaitos Origins – Almarde
 * Cartoon Network Racing - Dexter
 * Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall – Dexter, Coco, Cheese
 * Dissidia Final Fantasy – Shantotto
 * Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy – Shantotto
 * Dissidia Final Fantasy NT – Shantotto
 * Final Fantasy X – Dona
 * Final Fantasy X-2 – Dona, Lucil, Pacce
 * Final Fantasy XIII – Cocoon Inhabitants
 * Final Fantasy XV – Leviathan
 * Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl 2 - Dr. Nora Wakeman
 * Resonance of Fate – Additional Voices
 * Rugrats: Royal Ransom – Chuckie
 * SpongeBob SquarePants featuring Nicktoons: Globs of Doom – Ms. Bitters (replacing Lucille Bliss)
 * Tomodachi Life – Tomoko
 * Valkyria Chronicles – Additional voices (as Candy Milo)
 * World of Final Fantasy – Shantotto

Theater

 * Twelfth Night – Maria
 * Life's Too Short – One-Woman Show
 * Hip is a Relative Term – One-Woman Show
 * Dreamgirls – Ensemble Soloist
 * To Sir, with Love – Baby
 * Mamma Mia – Rosie
 * Funny Business – Ensemble
 * Just for Laughs – Stand Up Comedienne
 * The Addams Family – Grandmama Addams
 * 9 to 5 – Roz
 * ''Kinky Boots - Trish

Theme parks

 * The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man - Scream

Web series

 * Ollie & Scoops - Cuddles

title: Candi Milo


text:
Template:2006 Canadian federal election/nu

3,673 39.98% 2,670 29.06% 1,576 17.15% 544 5.92% 724 7.88%
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Nunavut
 * Nancy Karetak-Lindell
 * Nancy Karetak-Lindell
 * Nancy Karetak-Lindell
 * David Aglukark Sr.
 * David Aglukark Sr.
 * Bill Riddell
 * Bill Riddell
 * Feliks Kappi
 * Feliks Kappi
 * D. Ed deVries
 * D. Ed deVries
 * Nancy Karetak-Lindell
 * }
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Ecological Genetics (book)

Ecological Genetics is a 1964 book by the British biologist E. B. Ford on ecological genetics. Ford founded the field and it is considered his magnum opus. The fourth and final edition was published in 1975.

Ford's work was celebrated in 1971 by Ecological Genetics and Evolution, a series of essays edited by Robert Creed, publ. Blackwell, Oxford. This included contributions from Cyril Darlington, Miriam Rothschild, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Bryan Clarke, A.J. Cain, Sir Cyril Clarke and others.

Ford and Ronald Fisher represented one side of a dispute with the American Sewall Wright over the relative roles of selection and drift in evolution.

title: Ecological Genetics (book)


text: User talk:207.74.23.130

title: User talk:207.74.23.130


text:
Talk:Leroi Hood

I just spoke to Lee and he said that his name is NOT spelled Leroi, but is spelled Leroy, so yes, this article should be merged with Leroy Hood. (I manage his laboratory). srlasky 17:03, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leroi Hood


text:
Hannah Marshman

Hannah Marshman (13 May 1767 – 5 March 1847) was an English missionary who founded a school at Serampore, India.

She was the daughter of John Shepherd, a farmer, and his wife Rachel, and the granddaughter of John Clark, pastor of the Baptist church at Crockerton, Wiltshire. Her mother died when she was eight. In 1791 Hannah Shepherd married Joshua Marshman. In 1794, the couple moved from Westbury Leigh in Wiltshire to Bristol, where they joined the Broadmead Baptist Church. The couple were to eventually have 12 children; of these only five were alive when Hannah Marshman died.

Hannah Marshman is considered to be the first woman missionary in India.

Missionary work
On 29 May 1799, Hannah, Joshua and their two children set out from Portsmouth for India, aboard the ship Criterion. Although there was a threat of a French naval attack, the family landed safely at the Danish settlement of Serampore (a few miles north of Calcutta) on 13 October 1799. They had chosen to land here because the East India Company was at that time hostile to missionaries. They settled in the Danish colony and were joined there by William Carey on 10 January 1800.

On 1 May 1800, Joshua and Hannah Marshman opened two boarding schools at Serampore. The schools became the most popular in the Presidency and their son John Clark Marshman received his education from his parents. He was part of the growing mission family, eating at the communal table and joining with other children in mission life. As with all other mission family members, he was encouraged to become a fluent Bengali speaker.

Meanwhile, the Missionary Society had begun sending more missionaries to India. The first to arrive was John Fountain, who arrived in Mudnabatty and began a teaching school. He was followed by William Ward, a printer; David Brunsdon, one of Marshman's students; and William Grant, who died three weeks after his arrival.

The spirit of the early community's unity was somewhat broken when new missionaries arrived who were not willing to live in the communal fashion that had developed. One missionary demanded "...a separate house, stable and servants." There were also other differences, as the new missionaries found their seniors - particularly Joshua Marshman - to be somewhat dictatorial, assigning them duties which were not to their liking.

In 1800, when she first met them, Marshman was appalled by the neglect in which William Carey and his wife looked after his four boys; aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated. Carey had not spoiled, but rather simply ignored them. Marshman, her husband and their friend the printer William Ward, took the boys in tow. Together they shaped the boys as Carey pampered his botanical specimens, performed his many missionary tasks and journeyed into Calcutta to teach at Fort William College. They offered the boys structure, instruction and companionship. To their credit – and little to Carey's – all four boys went on to useful careers.

At one point, Marshman wrote about Carey, "The good man saw and lamented the evil but was too mild to apply an effectual remedy."

The Serampore Girls' School and Serampore College

Mrs Marshamann started a school in 1800, as well as operating two boarding schools for English children (the fees of which helped keep the Serampore mission viable).

On 5 July 1818, William Carey, Joshua Marshman and William Ward issued a prospectus (written by Marshman) for a proposed new "College for the instruction of Asiatic, Christian, and other youth in Eastern literature and European science". Thus was born Serampore College - which still continues to this day.

Death and memorial
Hannah Marshman died in 1847.

The following inscription to her memory is placed in the Mission Chapel at Serampore: "In Memory of Hannah Marshman, widow of Joshua Marshman, D. D. the last surviving Member of the Mission Family at Serampore, she arrived in this settlement in October 1799, and opened a seminary to aid in the support of the Mission in May 1800, after having consecrated her life and property to the promotion of this sacred cause and exhibited an example of humble piety and energetic benevolence for forty-seven years. She died at the age of eighty, March 5, 1847."

The full text of her obituary in the Bengal Obituary can be found here.

title: Hannah Marshman


text: User talk:202.173.144.102

title: User talk:202.173.144.102


text:
Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's sprint

The women's sprint event in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of a series of head-to-head matches in which cyclists made three laps around the track. Only the time for the last 200 metres of the 750 metres covered was counted as official time.

Qualifying round
Each cyclist covered the course individually in the qualifying round. The times were used to seed the twelve riders for the 1/8 finals.

1/8 final
The twelve cyclists competed in six matches of two cyclists each. Winners advanced to the quarterfinals while the defeated riders received a second chance in the 1/8 repechage.

1/8 repechage
The 1/8 repechage consisted of two heats of three cyclists, with the six riders that had been defeated in the 1/8 final competing. The winner of each of the heats returned to the main competition and advanced to the quarterfinal. The losers of the repechage competed in the 9th to 12th place classification.

Classification 9-12
The 9-12 classification was one race in which all four losers from the 1/8 repechage competed. The winner of the classification took 9th place, with the following three places going to the other cyclists in order.

Quarterfinals
The quarterfinals pitted the eight cyclists against each other in four pairwise matches. Each match was a best-of-three race competition. Winners advanced to the semifinals while the losers competed in the 5th to 8th place classification.

Classification 5-8
The 5-8 classification was one race in which all four losers from the quarterfinals competed. The winner of the classification took 5th place, with the following three places going to the other cyclists in order.

Semifinals
The semifinals were again best-of-three matches. Winners advanced to the final, while losers competed for the bronze medal.

Bronze medal match
The bronze medal match was best-of-three.

Final
The final was a best-of-three match; Muenzer won the first two races to eliminate the need for a third.

Final classification
The final classification was


text:
Template:2006 Canadian federal election/nt

5,643 34.98% 3,200 19.84% 6,802 42.16% 338 2.10% 149 0.92%
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Western Arctic
 * Ethel Blondin-Andrew
 * Ethel Blondin-Andrew
 * Ethel Blondin-Andrew
 * Richard Edjericon
 * Richard Edjericon
 * Dennis Bevington
 * Dennis Bevington
 * Alexandre Beaudin
 * Alexandre Beaudin
 * Jan H. van der Veen
 * Jan H. van der Veen
 * Ethel Blondin-Andrew
 * }
 * }


text: User talk:218.20.118.171

title: User talk:218.20.118.171


text:
Talk:Ajaha

I welcome any additional information...particularly that which is based on fact, as there are many speculations out there....Thanks.

-original author

Please sign your posts on talk pages. There are a couple of mentions of them on the web, on cymbalholics forums for example. Andrewa 03:53, 23 September 2005 (UTC

_____

Thanks, Andrew. Yes, the discussions on cymbalholic (many initiated by myself, before that website was unfortunately revamped) also may be of interest to some.

-George (original author)

title: Talk:Ajaha


text:
User:Defsac

Defsac resides in Newcastle, Australia. I have been a Wikipedia contributor since September 11, 2004.

title: User:Defsac


text:
Talk:George MacDonald Fraser

Birthdate
Is there a cite for his birthdate? I've seen it given as April 2, 1925 not 1926. MK2 17:07, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Is IMDB.com an accepted source? It gives April 2, 1925 in agreement with you. ajad 04:13, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I checked on the BDM records that show him as being born in 1925, not 1926--hydeblake 09:24, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

I tightened up the writing of the introduction. Removed the description of Harry Flashman as a "Sexual Predator" for two reasons. First it was ambiguous in that it suggested that the Hughes’ character was a sexual predator, rather than Fraser's. Secondly it was apparently a judgement on Flashman’s sexual behavior, rather than an objective description of it. Most of Flashman's sexual partners are as amorously inclined as he.Meb53 20:08, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Why is he listed as being English when his family is Scottish? Darkmind1970 12:27, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably because he was born in Carlisle, which is in England - although I agree, from most of his writings at least, I would have put him down as Scottish!--hydeblake 08:52, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Since he was born in England of Scottish descent, I have amended this entry.Wessexboy (talk) 14:44, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:GeorgeMacdonaldFraser.jpg
Image:GeorgeMacdonaldFraser.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:54, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

GMF Image
If the existing one goes, does anyone else have an acceptable & (c) free image to use? --hydeblake 14:35, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

year–current file
I was confused by this, in the refs, and removed it. Can whoever put it in (two instances) fix according to what was intended, please? Tony  (talk)  08:30, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

George MacDonald
Was G. MacD. Fraser any relation? Pashley (talk) 18:22, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Postage stamp in his honour, 2003
Hi:

A postage stamp commemorating Fraser was issued in 2003. That likely merits a mention. 174.91.206.24 (talk) 17:58, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

Medals
His Telegraph obituary has him wearing what appear to be the following medals:

 * Order of the British Empire
 * 1939-1945 Star
 * Burma Star
 * War Medal 1939-1945

He may have been eligible for the "Pacific" clasp to his Burma Star but he doesn't seem to have worn it in that photo. Fiddly things. It may have fallen off. 174.91.206.24 (talk) 22:32, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:George MacDonald Fraser


text:
Talk:Two buck Chuck

I believe the "two buck Chuck" idea is thanks to the Franzia guy... but I can't find the article where I read that... (on the web, not the 'pedia)... anyone know? --Dante Alighieri | Talk 17:07, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Is there a real reason for this article? It's just a nickname, and can be dealt with completely and appropriately in the Charles Shaw entry. Can I just make this a redirect again myself, or is there a procedure? Wnissen 14:22, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * thats fine by me. There is no procedure for redirects (unless you egt into an edit war). Justinc 08:24, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Two buck Chuck


text:
Talk:Dynamism

'Dynamism' was used long before Virginia Postrel. The term was used by the Italian Futurists in the early 20th century to describe the rendering of motion in art ('plastic dynamism').

title: Talk:Dynamism


text:
User talk:Bjarki S/Archive

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 20:01, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Re: List of political parties in Iceland. Thank you for updating this. Which are the main ones that belong on the List of political parties? Thanks. Secretlondon 13:37, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)

Thank you! I haven't looked at the Politics of Iceland article yet but it will need a lot of work, I'm sure.Secretlondon

Hey, I know you from Simtropolis.. Goodralph 23:02, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * lol, it's a small world. --Biekko 10:10, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Ertu með nákvæmlega allt tengt íslandi á watchlistanum manndjöfull?;=), en já, betra að hafa ekki undirtexta á Óla grís, var bara að bæta það sem fyrir var, en auðvitað er myndin af honum þannig þarf ekkert svona bull.

Cheers;) --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 20:58, 2004 Jun 21 (UTC)

Híhíhí
Ég er með megnið af þessi á watchlistanum reyndar, allavega allt það sem ég hef nokkurntíman snert. --Biekko 21:02, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

When did the Icelanders become Icelanders

Let's start with the table and take the 20th century later?

Would you agree that the settlers were Norwegians, or is the current understanding that settlers from elsewhere were more prominent than I have learned? (Eskimoos? Danes? Celts?)

Or is your position that an Icelandic ethnicity/nationality (as far as that can be said to be valid for the pre-Christian and first Christian centuries) developed there in the far West, in isolation from their eastern origin, before the 12th century?

Please note that I have no chauvinist bias. I am not particularly fond of Bavarians, but I defend their right to consider themselves a separate people.

But in the given context, I am not sure if your change of the table is informative or confusing for a reader with ordinary knowledge (that is: nil) of North Germanic medieval history.

How were Icelanders different from the Norwegians?

In the case of the Finns, I see how they differed from the Swedes, but the Icelanders? ... One idea with not going further back than to the 12th century with such a table is to avoid the temptation for Scanians, Jutes, Gotlanders and Ålanders to be squezed into it. :-)))

Cheers! --Ruhrjung 20:55, 2004 Aug 25 (UTC)

 * The origin of the settlers of Iceland has been somewhat disputed, from the written sources alone it would seem that they were predominantly Norwegians but that is misleading because the books only mention the chiefs, the big guys, a great majority of those were Norwegian. But the slaves, women and ordinary people that are not mentioned so much in the books are a whole different story, it is known that a lot of those people were Celts that came from Ireland and Great Britain. The actual Nordic/Celtic ratio of the settlers is not agreed upon but it seems to be acknowledged that no less than 20% were of Celtic origin and perhaps up to 50%. The rest of the settlers were of Nordic origin and most of those, but not all, Norwegian. I can't see any point in the history of Iceland where the people can be considered Norwegian (without offending my 20-50% Celtic blood ;) ) Not in the 9th, 12th nor 20th centuries.

 * I don't think my changes to the table are confusing in any way. It seemed more confusing before when it appeared to me like it was proclaiming the population of Iceland be Norwegian. As I see it, the table is made to display a very simplified timeline of the history of the 5 independent Nordic countries of modern times and I can't see the similarities between the situation of Icelanders and that of the Jutes or Gotlanders that would make it necessary to also include the latter.

 * I have no idea when exactly a separate Icelandic national identity was born, perhaps it wasn't until the 17th century, but the origins of separate Icelandic culture and language can be traced all the way back to age of settlement. Do we even know if the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes of that time had a strong sense of nationality themselves? I doubt it. --Biekko 21:39, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I understood (during a great holiday in Iceland) that archeological evidence showed that the first settlers were Irish, so the Norwegians are only blow-ins! :)
 * and all the beautiful women in Iceland have Irish ancestors, because the Vikings came and stole our gold, our cattle and our women! And of course there are the Vestman Islands...

Svarostilosþigos
Áosspjallossíðunosminnos semos aðgengilegos eros meðos aðos smellos áos eftirnafniðos minnos. -- Ævar Arnfjörð [ Bjarmason]   18:41, 2004 Sep 24 (UTC)

Links
It is great that you add information. But when you change the names, could you just see to it that the links work afterwards, please? --Wiglaf 11:24, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well of course. --Biekko 11:28, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hello, I thought that Reykjavík was a part of Reykjavík County.
 * It is not. --Biekko 09:55, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
Happy birthday, Biekko! Best wishes. --Whosyourjudas (talk) 01:45, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hello Biekko
You are just what i need, an Icelandic lawyer [or close enough] I have been doing a few Icelandic articles, Einar Jonsson most notably, and have been stickng my pictures in other places too, and have aproblem. I am doing an article on architect Gudjon Samuelsson [who did the church near you, I believe] and wish to use some photograph froma book called "Island I Myndum" published in Reykjavik in 1953. Most of the photos I'd like to use were by a man named Vigfus Sigurgeirsson and look to have been taken a dozen or so years before the book was published. Do you have any ideas about how I can track down who the copyright holders of these might be? I leave tomorrow for Phoenix AZ where my father, an Icelander, lives. He can translate all the Icelandic i need done, but can't really help with the copyright issue.

Oh yes. there is a nice picture of Siglufjordur that would go well in your article - of the town that I was born in.

thanks for your input. Carptrash 05:25, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC) aka Einar Einarsson Kvaran

 * Hello, I haven't been able to find the book you mentioned, it does not appear to be listed in the Icelandic library database. However I found several Icelandic websites that use photographs of Vigfús and say they have the permission of Vigfús' son Gunnar Vigfússon to do so. --Biekko 17:26, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Good Morning [in New Mexico]] I have just returned from a fact finding trip across America. Facts about Gudjon Samuelsson, Cola di Rienzo, James Earle Fraser and other things. [see, they are mostly in RED, so facts obviously need to be found.]   I am always amazed at amazed at how big America is when I am driving across it. Anyway, Thanks for the tip about Gunnar Vigfússon.  I will set about tracking him down. Carptrash 16:19, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Destruction
Hello. I just like to state that the so-called "destruction" on my part on the Leif Ericson article is totally unintentionally. My computer renders thorn and eth as "" and " " completely automatically. When I edit a page with these characters these will be turned into  and when I submit any changes to other parts of the text. I just can't help it. Switisweti 23:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi. You uploaded Image:Constituencies Iceland.png but did not list any source and/or copyright information on the image description page. Please mark it either as GFDL or public domain. See Image_copyright_tags for more info. Please note that images without copyright information may be deleted in the future. Thanks. RedWolf 00:42, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedians who blog
Hi! if you have a moment, could you please see Wikinews and blogs to comment? We're interested in learning how Wikinews can work with bloggers; what they might be interested in, how they can take advantage of Wikinews, how they can contribute through their blogs, etc. Thanks! Amgine/ talk

Iceland geo-stub
Hi Biekko, First, thanks for tidying up after me with iceland geo-stubs a while back (I've found out to my cost that my browser doesn't always accept eths, thorns, and y´ characters, and several articles that I added Iceland-geo-stub to a while back ended up with slight glitches which you repaired). Can I ask you to add an Iceland-geo-stub to the article Kringlan for me, please? It's got so many eths and thorns in it that it would take half an hour to fix it up if I tried to do it! Many thanks, Grutness|hello? 11:23, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Admin?
Would you like to become Wikipedia admin? Looking on your contribution you would fit there well. I can nominate you. Pavel Vozenilek 00:33, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you, I appreciate this greatly. You may nominate me. --Bjarki 10:34, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The details of the process and current nominations are on . I'll add you. Pavel Vozenilek 14:24, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I added you on . Please fill in your agreement with the nomination and also the questions. My guess is that people will agree (though I do not know how many - being engaged in some hot war seems recipe how to get dozens and dozens of opinions, the normal work is not that attractive). Thanks for your help here. Pavel Vozenilek 18:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rockall
Good edit on what the dispute is about! It has clarified it nicely. --Red King 21:27, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, this edit was long overdue. --Bjarki 21:55, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi, I just wanted to say thank you for your support of my adminship nomination--nixie 03:01, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bjarki S/Archive


text:
Transfer length method

The Transfer Length Method or the "Transmission Line Model" (both abbreviated as TLM) is a technique used in semiconductor physics and engineering to determine the specific contact resistivity between a metal and a semiconductor. TLM has been developed because with the ongoing device shrinkage in microelectronics the relative contribution of the contact resistance at metal-semiconductor interfaces in a device could not be neglected any more and an accurate measurement method for determining the specific contact resistivity was required.

General description
The goal of the transfer length method (TLM) is the determination of the specific contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$ of a metal-semiconductor junction. To create a metal-semiconductor junction a metal film is deposited on the surface of a semiconductor substrate. The TLM is usually used to determine the specific contact resistivity when the metal-semiconductor junction shows ohmic behaviour. In this case the contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$ can be defined as the voltage difference $$\Delta V$$ across the interfacial layer between the deposited metal and the semiconductor substrate divided by the current density $$J$$ which is defined as the current $$I$$ divided by the interfacial area $$A$$ through which the current is passing:

 * $$\rho_C = \frac{\Delta V}{J} = \frac{(V_{Semiconductor} - V_{Metal})A}{I}$$

In this definition of the specific contact resistivity $$V_{Semiconductor}$$ refers to the voltage value just below the metal-semiconductor interfacial layer while $$V_{Metal}$$ represents the voltage value just above the metal-semiconductor interfacial layer. There are two different methods of performing TLM measurements which are both introduced in the remainder of this section. One is called just transfer length method while the other is named circular transfer length method (c-TLM).

TLM
To determine the specific contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$ an array of rectangular metal pads is deposited on the surface of a semiconductor substrate as it is depicted in the image to the right. The definition of the rectangular pads can be done by utilizing photolithography while the metal deposition can be done with sputter deposition, thermal evaporation or electroless deposition.

In the image to the right the distance between the pads $$d_i$$ increases from the bottom to the top. Therefore, when the resistance between adjacent pads is measured the total resistance $$R_{Tot}$$ increases accordingly as it is indicated in the graph beneath the depiction of the metal pads. In this graph the abscissa represents the distance $$d$$ between two adjacent metal pads while the circles represent measured resistance values. The total resistivity $$R_{Tot}$$ can be separated into a component due to the uncovered semiconductor substrate and a component that corresponds to the voltage drop in two metal-covered areas. The former component can be described with the formula $$\frac{R_S}{Z}d_i$$, whereas $$R_S$$ represents the sheet resistance of the semiconductor substrate and $$Z$$ the width of the metal pads. The other component that contributes to the total resistance is denoted by $$2R_C$$ because when two adjacent pads are characterized two identical metallized areas have to be considered. This means that the total resistance can be written in the following functional form, with the pad distance $$d$$ as independent variable:

 * $$R_{Tot} = \frac{R_S}{Z}d+ 2R_C$$

If the contribution of the metal layer itself is neglected then $$R_C$$ arises because of the voltage drop at the metal-semiconductor interface as well as in the semiconductor substrate underneath. This means that during a total resistance measurement, the voltage drops exponentially (and hence also the current density) in the metallic regions (see also theory section for further explanation). As it is derived in the next section of this article the majority of the voltage drop underneath a metallic pad takes place within in the length $$\sqrt{\frac{\rho_C}{R_S}}$$ which is defined as the transfer length $$L_T$$. Physically speaking this means that the main part of the area underneath a metallic contact through which current enters the metal via the metal-semiconductor interface is given by the transfer length multiplied with the width of the pad $$Z$$. This situation is also depicted in the figure in this section where the current density distribution underneath two adjacent metal pads during a resistance measurement is depicted with a green colouring. All in all this means that (if the metal pad length $$w$$ is much larger than the transfer length) that a relation between $$R_C$$ and $$\rho_C$$ can be stated:

 * $$R_C \approx \frac{\rho_C}{ZL_T} = \frac{\sqrt{R_S\rho_C}}{Z} $$

Since $$R_S$$ can be extracted from a linear fit through the data points and $$R_C$$ can be obtained from the y-intercept of the linear fit an estimation of $$\rho_C$$ is possible.

Circular TLM
The original TLM method as described above has the drawback, that the current does not just flow within the area given by $$d_i$$ times $$Z$$. This means that the current density distribution also spreads to the vertical sides of the metallic pads in the figure in the TLM section, a phenomenon that is not considered in the derivation of the formula describing $$R_{Tot}$$. To account for this geometrical issue instead of rectangular metallic pads, circular pads with radius $$r_i$$ are used which are separated from a holohedral metallic coating by a distance $$d = r_o - r_i$$ (see figure to the right). When the total resistance between circular pad and holohedral coating is measured three distinguishable components contribute to the measured value, namely the gap resistance $$R_{Gap}$$ and the contact resistances at the inner and outer end of the gap area ($$R_i$$ and $$R_o$$). This is expressed in the following formula:

 * $$R_{Tot} = R_{Gap} + R_i + R_o$$

As will be derived in the theory section an expression for $$R_{Tot}$$ that allows the extraction of $$\rho_C$$ from experimental data as long as $$r_i$$ is much larger than $$L_T$$:

 * $$R_{Tot} \approx \frac{R_S}{2 \pi} \left[\ln\left(\frac{r_o}{r_o - d}\right) + L_T\left( \frac{1}{r_o - d} + \frac{1}{r_o} \right) \right]$$

Similar to the TLM method $$R_S$$ and $$\rho_C$$ can be obtained with a multiple linear regression analysis utilizing data-pairs of $$R_{Tot}(d)$$ and $$d$$.

TLM
In the last section the basic principle of TLM was introduced and now more details about the theoretical background are given. The main purpose here is to find an expression that relates the measurable quantity $$R_C$$ with the specific contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$ which is intended to be determined with TLM. Therefore, in the image to the right a resistor network is illustrated that describes the situation when a voltage is applied between two adjacent metallic pads. The resistor ($$\frac{R_Sd_i}{Z}$$) in the middle takes account for the part that is not covered with metal while the rest describes the situation for the metallic pads. The horizontal resistor elements ($$\frac{R_S\Delta x}{Z}$$) represent the resistance due to the semiconductor substrate and the vertical resistor elements ($$\frac{\rho_C}{Z \Delta x}$$) take account for the resistance due to the metal-semiconductor interfacial layer. In this description pairs of horizontal and vertical resistor elements describe the situation within a volume element of length $$\Delta x$$ in a metallic pad area. This methodology is also used for the derivation of the telegrapher's equations which are used to describe the behaviour of transmission lines. Because of this analogy, the described measurement technique in this article is often called the transmission line method.

By using Kirchhoff's circuit laws the following expressions for the voltage as well as for the current within the above considered length element (read square in the figure in this section) are obtained for a steady state situation where both voltage and current are not a function of time:

 * $$V(x)= \frac{R_S \Delta x I(x)}{Z} + V(x + \Delta x)$$

 * $$I(x)= \frac{Z \Delta x V(x)}{\rho_C} + I(x + \Delta x)$$

By taking the limit $$\Delta x \to 0$$ the following two differential equations are obtained:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}x} = -\frac{R_S}{Z} I(x)$$

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}I}{\mathrm{d}x} = -\frac{Z}{\rho_C} V(x)$$

These two coupled differential equations can be separated by differentiating one with respect to $$x$$ such that the other can plugged in. By doing so finally, two differential equations are obtained which do not depend on each other:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}^2V2}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = \frac{R_S}{\rho_C} V(x)$$

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}^2I}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = \frac{R_S}{\rho_C} I(x)$$

Both differential equations have solutions of the form $$f(x)=Acosh(\alpha x) + Bsinh(\alpha x)$$ whereat $$A$$ and $$B$$ are constants which need to be determined by using appropriate boundary conditions and $$\alpha$$ is given by $$\sqrt{R_S/\rho_C}$$ which is the inverse of the previously defined transfer length $$L_T$$. Two boundary conditions can be obtained by defining the voltage as well as the current at the beginning of a metallic pad area as $$V_0$$ and $$I_0$$ respectively. In a formal manner this means that $$V(x=0)=V_0$$ and $$I(x=0)=I_0$$ when using the settings in the figure in this section. By using the pair of coupled differential equations above two more boundary conditions are obtained, namely $$\frac{\mathrm{d}V(x=0)}{\mathrm{d}x} = -\frac{R_S}{Z} I_0$$ and $$\frac{\mathrm{d}I(x=0)}{\mathrm{d}x} = -\frac{R_S}{Z} V_0$$. Eventually two equations, describing the voltage and the current as a function of distance $$x$$ are obtained by using the four stated boundary conditions:

 * $$V(x) = V_O\cosh{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}x\right)} -\frac{I_0\sqrt{R_s\rho_C}}{Z} \sinh{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}x\right)} $$

 * $$I(x) = I_O\cosh{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}x\right)} -\frac{V_0Z}{\sqrt{R_s\rho_C}} \sinh{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}x\right)} $$

When a measurement is performed, it can be assumed that no current is flowing at the opposing end of each metallic pad, which in turn means that $$I(x=w)=0$$. This allows a further refinement of the equation describing the voltage when using the relation $$\sinh(x - y) = \sinh x \cosh y - \cosh x \sinh y $$:

 * $$V(x) = \frac{I_O \sqrt{R_S \rho_C}}{Z} \frac{\cosh{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}(w-x)\right)}}{\sinh{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}w\right)}}$$

The last equation describes the voltage drop across the region covered by a metallic pad (compare with the figure in this section). By realizing that the resistance value $$R_C$$ can be expressed with $$\frac{V_0}{I_0}$$ and by setting $$x=0$$ in the last formula an expression can be found that relates $$R_C$$ to the specific contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$:

 * $$ R_C =\frac{V_0}{I_0} = \frac{\sqrt{R_S \rho_C}}{Z} \frac{\cosh{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}w\right)}}{\sinh{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}w\right)}} = \frac{\sqrt{R_S \rho_C}}{Z} \coth{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}w\right)}$$

The last equation allows the calculation of $$\rho_C$$ by utilizing experimental data. Since $$\coth{\left(\sqrt{\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}}w\right)}$$ goes to 1 as $$w$$ increases and is significantly larger than the transfer length $$L_T=\sqrt{\frac{\rho_C}{R_S}}$$ often the estimation $$R_C \approx \frac{\sqrt{R_S \rho_C}}{Z}$$ is used instead of the strictly derived equality. This is identical to what was stated in the general description section. In summary the voltage as well as the current as a function of distance in the region of a metallic pad has been derived by utilizing a model that is similar to the telegrapher's equations. This enabled to find an expression that allows the calculation of the specific contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$ of the metal-semiconductor junction by using the experimentally found quantities $$R_C$$ and $$R_S$$ and the width $$Z$$ of a metallic pad.

Circular TLM
The physical idea of deriving differential equations for the c-TLM method is the same as for TLM but polar coordinates are used instead of cartesian coordinates. This changes the resistor network that describes the metal covered area as can be seen in the figure to the right. Like for TLM by using Kirchhoff's circuit laws two coupled differential equations are obtained.

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r} = -\frac{R_S}{2 \pi r} I(r)$$

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}I}{\mathrm{d}r} = -\frac{2 \pi r}{\rho_C} V(r)$$

When the current $$I$$ is eliminated a different equation for the voltage $$V$$ is obtained:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}^2V}{\mathrm{d}r^2} + \frac{1}{r} \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r} -\frac{R_S}{\rho_C}V = 0$$

A general solution to this type of differential equations is given as follows, whereat $$A$$ and $$B$$ are unspecified constants and $$\alpha$$ is $$\sqrt{R_C/\rho_C}$$. The functions $$I_0$$ and $$K_0$$ are zero-order modified Bessel functions of the first and second kind respectively.

 * $$V(r) = AI_0(\alpha r) + BK_0(\alpha r)$$

By utilizing the coupled differential equations above and the differentiation rules for modified Bessel functions ($$I_0'(x) = I_1(x)$$, $$K_0'(x) = -K_1(x)$$) an expression for the current can be obtained. The functions $$I_1$$ and $$K_1$$ are first-order Bessel functions of the first and second kind respectively.
 * $$I(r) = -\frac{2 \pi r}{R_S}\left[A \alpha I_1(\alpha r) - B \alpha K_1(\alpha r) \right]$$

Now after having obtained expressions for the current as well as for the voltage, expressions for the contact resistances corresponding to the inner and outer boundary of the gap area have to be found (compare with the schematic illustration of the measurement metallization in the general section). The contact resistance at the inner boundary is given by $$R_i = \frac{V(r_i)}{|I(r_i)|}$$ and during a measurement the current in the middle of the circular metallic pad is zero ($$I(r=0)=0$$). Since the modified Bessel function $$K_0(r)$$ tends to infinity when $$r$$ tends to zero (see figures to the right), the constant $$B$$ has to be zero because the voltage can not be infinite. Considering this, the contact resistance at the inner boundary of the gap area equates to:

 * $$R_i = \frac{V(r_i)}{|I(r_i)|} = \frac{R_S}{2 \pi r_i \alpha} \frac{I_0(\alpha r_i)}{I_1(\alpha r_i)}$$

In a similar manner an expression for the contact resistance at the outer boundary of the gap area can be found when $$r_i$$ is replaced with $$r_o$$ (compare with the drawing in the general section). Here, also a boundary condition for the current can be given, namely $$I(r=\infty) = 0$$. This means that A has to be zero because the function $$I_0(r)$$ tends to infinity (see figure to the right) as $$r$$ goes to infinity. In turn this means that the contact resistance at the outer boundary of the gap area is given by:
 * $$R_o = \frac{V(r_o)}{|I(r_o)|} = \frac{R_S}{2 \pi r_o \alpha} \frac{K_0(\alpha r_o)}{K_1(\alpha r_o)}$$

The resistance due to the gap area itself $$R_{Gap}$$ can be found by considering the horizontal differential resistor $$\frac{R_Sdr}{2\pi r}$$ in the figure in this section and by integrating from $$r_i$$ to $$r_o$$. By adding $$R_i$$, $$R_o$$ and $$R_{Gap}$$ an expression for the total resistance can be given:

 * $$R_{Tot} = \frac{R_S}{2 \pi}\left[ln\left(\frac{r_o}{r_i}\right) + \frac{L_T}{r_i} \frac{I_0(r_i/L_T)}{I_1(r_i/L_T)} + \frac{L_T}{r_o} \frac{K_0(r_o/L_T)}{K_1(r_o/L_T)} \right]$$

When the outer and the inner radius are much larger than the transfer length $$L_T$$ the quotients of the modified Bessel functions are approximately one. This means that when $$r_i$$ is substituted with $$r_o-d$$ the same formula for $$R_{Tot}$$ as given in the general section is found, which can be used for extracting $$R_S$$ and $$\rho_C$$ from experimental data:

 * $$R_{Tot} \approx \frac{R_S}{2 \pi} \left[\ln\left(\frac{r_o}{r_o - d}\right) + L_T\left( \frac{1}{r_o - d} + \frac{1}{r_o} \right) \right]$$

Practical example

In this section a practical example of a c-TLM measurement is presented. By utilizing photolithography and sputter deposition, metallic c-TLM pads were deposited on the surface of a semiconductor thin film. The gap spacings of the c-TLM pads ranged between 20 μm and 200 μm while step sizes of 20 μm where chosen. To obtain values for the total resistance corresponding to each c-TLM pad, current-voltage measurements were performed across each gap spacing. The plot to the left shows the recorded measurement data, whereat the green arrow indicates an increase of the gap length. The curves are linear (which proofs that there is an ohmic contact between the metal and semiconductor layer) and the value of the total resistance for each c-TLM pad is obtained by taking the inverse of the slope.

For the extraction of $$L_T$$, $$R_S$$ and the specific contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$ the equation obtained for the total resistance $$R_{Tot}$$ is re-written as follows, with $$A=\frac{R_S}{2\pi}$$, $$g(d)=ln(\frac{r_i + d}{r_i})$$, $$B=\frac{\sqrt{R_S\rho_C}}{2\pi}$$ and $$h(d)=\frac{1}{r_i} + \frac{1}{r_i + d}$$:

 * $$R_{Tot}(d) = Ag(d) + Bh(d)$$.

This re-writing was done to compactify the notation and also because in this particular example the inner diameter $$r_i$$ was kept constant for each c-TLM pad. Since 10 measurements of $$R_{Tot}$$ were performed -each corresponding to a different gap length $$d_i$$- a system of linear equations can be obtained, which can be written in matrix-vector form.

\begin{bmatrix} R(d_1)\\ R(d_2)\\ \vdots \\ R(d_{10}) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} g(d_1) & h(d_1) \\ g(d_2) & h(d_1) \\ \vdots & \vdots \\ g(d_{10}) & h(d_{10}) \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} A \\ B \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} \epsilon(d_1)\\ \epsilon(d_2)\\ \vdots \\ \epsilon(d_{10}) \end{bmatrix} $$ The vector on the left side contains the values from the resistance measurements $$R(d_i)$$, all of them exhibiting a measurement error $$\epsilon(d_i)$$. Therefore a measurement error vector is added to the matrix-vector product. Before proceeding the matrix-vector equation is written in a more compact form:

 * $$\mathbf{R}=X\begin{bmatrix}

A \\ B \end{bmatrix} + \mathbf{E} $$

The goal is to find values of $$A$$ and $$B$$ such that the euclidean norm of the error vector $$\mathbf{E}$$ becomes minimal. With this premise the error vector must be normal to the column space of $$\mathbf{X}$$, which means that $$X^T\mathbf{E}=\mathbf{0}$$. This means, that multiplication of the matrix-vector equation with the transposed matrix of $$X$$ yields:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

A \\ B \end{bmatrix} = {(X^TX)}^{-1}X^T\mathbf{R}$$.

Since all components of $$X$$ can be calculated and the components of $$\mathbf{R}$$ are provided by the resistance measurements, the coefficients $$A$$ and $$B$$ can be calculated. Finally from the two coefficients, the values for $$L_T$$, $$R_S$$ and the specific contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$ can be calculated as well. A plot to the left shows the measured resistance values in dependence of the gap length together with the fitting function corresponding to the determined coefficients $$A$$ and $$B$$.

The following GNU Octave script corresponds to the performed measurement series and also includes the obtained resistance values. A plot of the measurement points together with the fitting function is created and the values for $$L_T$$, $$R_S$$ and the specific contact resistivity $$\rho_C$$ are calculated as well.

title: Transfer length method


text:
Talk:Hey Jude (Beatles album)

Untitled
Could we have some chart information please?

Who are the statues of? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.92.45.75 (talk) 07:32, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

What can you tell me about the poster that came with the album Hey Jude??```` —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pjgr (talk • contribs) 00:54, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
 * No poster came with the album. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 16:09, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

I beg to differ. Please research. Thanks. PGJR — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C56:700A:100:E814:B6E1:9138:D3E1 (talk) 18:16, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

Beatles RfC
You are invited to participate in an RfC at Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/The Beatles on the issue of capitalising the definite article when mentioning the name of this band in running prose. This long-standing dispute is the subject of an open mediation case and we are requesting your help with determining the current community consensus. Thank you for your time. For the mediators. ~ GabeMc  (talk 23:01, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

“Don’t Let Me Down” excision from Let It Be
Could there perhaps be some mention in the article about how the inclusion of “Don't Let Me Down” on the album was apparently telegraphing its removal from the Let It Be album project, of which it had been an integral part in previous "drafts" of the Get Back/Let It Be album? 67.186.19.151 (talk) 12:11, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Since the song had already been included as the B-side to the "Get Back" single, the decision had already been made not to include the song on the final lineup of the Let It Be album. Same would hold true for "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)," though that was sort of a gag song and never considered for inclusion.  It was also agreed that the A-sides, "Get Back" and "Let it Be" would be slightly different when placed on the actual album.  98.221.141.21 (talk) 00:54, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
 * "Since the song had already been included as the B-side to the 'Get Back' single, the decision had already been made not to include the song on the final lineup of the Let It Be album." Utterly UNTRUE. Do you actually know anything about the LIB album's history? "Get Back/Don't Let Me Down" was issued in April 1969, when hopes were still alive that a Get Back album might be issued from the January 1969 sessions. There was every intention of including both songs in the album at this point, as records of early album "drafts" clearly show. It was only by the following year, after the recording and release of Abbey Road, and John Lennon's abandonment of the group shortly thereafter, that any change of this plan was evidenced. As for "Let It Be/You Know My Name", it was released under entirely different circumstances in 1970; there was indeed no connection between YKMN and the Let It Be album -- YKMN was a 'joke' the Beatles had been kicking around for a couple years, released on the B-side of LIB as more a 'final lark' than anything. Its non-inclusion in the album was a completely separate issue from "Don't Let Me Down". And the different album versions of GB and LIB, however vaguely their genesis may be characterized, is yet another issue altogether. So my original question/suggestion still remains. 67.186.19.151 (talk) 12:15, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

“not compiled by Capitol”, but shows their influence
It might also be mentioned how this album follows the typical pattern of Capitol's US Beatles albums, which generally contain just six songs on side one, and five on side two (where you could consider that the 7-minute-long "Hey Jude" counts as two in that reckoning). The other instances that adhere to this pattern:

The Beatles' Second Album

Something New

Beatles '65

''The Early Beatles

''Beatles VI

Yesterday and Today

the US ''Revolver

Magical Mystery Tour

Exceptions:

Meet the Beatles and the US Rubber Soul have six tracks on side two, as does the US Help! album, a mix of Beatles, and Ken Thorne instrumentals.

Indeed, the upcoming finalized Let It Be would essentially fall into this principal pattern, its seven side-one tracks containing two extremely short, basically counting as one combined; and literally five on side two. 67.186.19.151 (talk) 12:54, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Use of a Hohner Pianet on "Revolution" and a Fender Rhodes on "Don't Let Me Down"
I've updated the links to electric piano. The electric piano Nicky Hopkins played in Revolution was a Hohner Pianet while the one Billy Preston played in Don't Let Me Down was a Fender Rhodes so I edited that accordingly.--Kevjgav (talk) 19:48, 16 July 2015 (UTC)

January 2014 CD Release
The 2014 CD version, if I'm not mistaken, was derived from the the 2009 British catalog CD remasteres. It was NOT the original mix released in 1970 in the US. Is this an accurate statement, and, if so, should the article clarify this? 73.194.85.220 (talk) 17:52, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

Inconsistency in articles
This article states all songs on "Hey Jude" album had not been released on an American Beatles album. But the very 1st one listed,"I should have known better," is stated as being on the American "A Hard Day's Night" album. Was George's "Old Brown Shoe," also not originally on the White Album? 174.233.17.53 (talk) 17:13, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hey Jude (Beatles album)


text:
Current Opinion (Elsevier)

Current Opinion is a collection of review journals on various disciplines of the life sciences. They were acquired by Elsevier in 1997. Each issue of each journal, which all are published bimonthly, contains one or more themed sections edited by scientists who specialise in the field and invite authors to contribute reviews aimed at experts and non-specialists. Each journal aims to cover all the major recent advances in its topic area, and to direct readers to the most important original research.

title: Current Opinion (Elsevier)


text:
Template:2006 Canadian federal election/yk

6,847 48.52% 3,341 23.67% 3,366 23.85% 559 3.96%
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Yukon
 * Larry Bagnell
 * Larry Bagnell
 * Larry Bagnell
 * Susan Greetham
 * Susan Greetham
 * Pam Boyde
 * Pam Boyde
 * Philippe LeBlond
 * Philippe LeBlond
 * Larry Bagnell
 * }
 * }


text:
User:Feverhost

Owner of the following websites:

www.FeverHost.com

www.JoshAlexander.com

www.AllFloydians.com

www.PinkFloyd.ws

www.OurIPAddress.com

www.VirtualMcCool.com

www.PixonDVD.com

.... and so much more!

title: User:Feverhost


text:
Paul W. Ewald

Paul W. Ewald (born c. 1953) is an American evolutionary biologist, specializing in the evolutionary ecology of parasitism, evolutionary medicine, agonistic behavior, and pollination biology. He is the author of Evolution of Infectious Disease (1994) and Plague Time: The New Germ Theory of Disease (2002), and is currently director of the program in Evolutionary Medicine at the Biology Department of the University of Louisville.

Ewald is known for his "theory of virulence”, suggesting that "the deadlier the germ, the less likely it is to spread", and his theory that many common diseases of unknown origin are likely the result of chronic low-level infections from viruses, bacteria or protozoa.

Education and career
Ewald received his BSc in 1975 from the University of California, Irvine, in biological sciences and his PhD in 1980 from the University of Washington, in zoology, with specialization in ecology and evolution. He was formerly a professor of biology at Amherst College, and is currently director of the program in evolutionary medicine in the Biology Department of the University of Louisville.

Ideas
Ewald asserts, along with a growing body of studies, that many common diseases of unknown origin are likely the result of chronic low-level infections from viruses, bacteria or protozoa. For example, cervical cancer can be caused by the human papilloma virus, some cases of liver cancer are caused by hepatitis C or B and the bacteria Helicobacter pylori has been proven to cause stomach ulcers. Ewald argues that many common diseases of currently unknown etiology, such as cancers, heart attacks, stroke and Alzheimer's, may likewise be also caused by chronic low-level microbial infection.

Ewald disagrees with the popular theory that genes alone dictate chronic disease susceptibility. Ewald, whose background is in evolutionary biology, points out that any disease causing gene that reduces survival and reproduction would normally eliminate itself over a number of generations. Ewald says that "chronic diseases, if they are common and damaging, must be powerful eliminators of any genetic instruction that may cause them." One example of this is schizophrenia; patients with this mental illness rarely reproduce. Ewald argues that, just by evolutionary pressures, schizophrenia would have already been eliminated if its causes were strictly genetic; he suggests that in the future, an infectious cause of schizophrenia will be discovered.

Ewald explains that purely genetic causes of chronic disease will persist only if a genetic instruction provides a compensating benefit (for example, the disease sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation that, in heterozygotes, protects against malaria, which kills millions worldwide each year).

Further evidence for a non-genetic etiology of diseases like schizophrenia, Ewald also points out, comes from concordance studies on identical twins, which measure the percentage of identical twins who both develop a disease. A concordance of 100% indicates a primarily genetic disease, which is not really influenced by environmental factors like infection, nutrition, or toxins. Huntington's disease, for example, has a concordance rate of 100%, indicating a predominately genetic etiology. However, when the concordance rate is lower, this indicates environmental factors like infectious microbes or toxin exposure are playing a causal role. Schizophrenia's concordance is approximately 35-60%, suggesting, says Ewald, that microbes are etiologically involved. Another example is breast cancer: Ewald notes that in the case of identical twins, when one twin develops breast cancer, the other twin has only a 10% to 20% chance of developing the disease, and this concordance rate of just 20% again indicates that environmental factors like infectious microbes or toxins are likely playing large causal roles in breast cancer.

Ewald's curiosity regarding the evolutionary process of infections was sparked by a bad case of diarrhea he had in 1977. His first thought during this bout was that his body was using diarrhea to expel the pathogen and he should avoid anti-diarrheal medication. Looking at the problem from the standpoint of the organism, expulsion was not an evolutionary benefit. The only benefit to the pathogen causing the sickness would be the potential transmission to other hosts; much like the particulate expelled during coughing, diarrhea can be a means of distribution. Another major influence on Ewald's thinking in evolutionary biology terms was the HIV virus, which once caught, initially remains inactive for years thus allowing it to spread, before the chronic disease of AIDS finally manifests, incapacitates, and eventually kills the host.

Awards
In 2010, Utne Reader magazine named Ewald as one of the "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World" for his research on the link between infections and cancers.

Quotes

 * "Like many great ideas in biology, the idea implicating infectious causation in chronic diseases, though simple, has far-reaching implications. It is so simple and so significant, that one would think it would have been recognized by many and would be the starting point for any discussion on the causes of disease. Not yet." — Paul W. Ewald.
 * "If I were going to put my money on it, I would bet that by 2050—hopefully earlier—we’ll have found that more than 80 percent of all human cancer is caused by infection." — Paul W. Ewald.
 * Of Ewald's theory: "It opens our eyes to many quite weird possibilities about disease that most medical scientists, tending to be unaware of current evolutionary thought, don't think of." — evolutionary biologist William D. Hamilton.

Books

 * Evolution of Infectious Disease (1994)
 * Plague Time: The New Germ Theory of Disease (2002)

Articles

 * "Transmission modes and the evolution of virulence" (1991)
 * "The Evolution of Virulence: A Unifying Link between Parasitology and Ecology" (1995)
 * "Guarding Against the MostDangerous Emerging Pathogens: Insights from Evolutionary Biology" (1996)
 * "Vaccines as evolutionary tools: The virulence-antigen strategy" (1996) in Concepts in Vaccine Development
 * "Alternative Transmission Modes and the Evolution of Virulence" (2002) in Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases
 * "Virulence Management in Humans" (2002) in Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases
 * Other publications by Paul Ewald on PubMed.

title: Paul W. Ewald


text:
Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

Alfonso Maximiliano Victorio Eugenio Alejandro María Pablo de la Santísima Trinidad y Todos los Santos, Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (28 May 1924 – 21 December 2003) was a Spanish businessman known for his promotion of the Spanish resorts of Marbella and the Costa del Sol. He also founded the Marbella Club Hotel.

Background
He was born in Madrid as the eldest son of Prince Maximilian Egon zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1897–1968) and his wife, María de la Piedad de Yturbe y von Scholtz-Hermensdorff, Marquesa de Belvís de las Navas (1892–1990). She was known as Piedita and was the daughter of Manuel Adrián de Yturbe y del Villar (Mexican ambassador to St. Petersburg, Vienna, Paris and Madrid) and María de la Trinidad von Scholtz-Hermensdorff y Caravaca, Marquesa de Belvís de las Navas.

On his father's side, Hohenlohe came from a family which traced its history to the 12th century and whose members were reigning Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in Württemberg until Napoleon I's invasion. He descended from a younger, Catholic branch that had inherited property in Bohemia during the 19th century. His mother Piedad was Marquesa de Belvís de las Navas and granddaughter of Francisco-María de Yturbe, Mexican Minister of Finance, of Basque origin. King Alfonso XIII of Spain was his godfather at a christening in the royal palace.

Alfonso had five siblings – Maria Francesca (known as Pimpinella, his eldest sister, Marquesa de Belvís de las Navas), Christian, Elisabeth, Max Emanuel and Beatrice (known as Teñu).

The hereditary wealth of the Hohenlohe family was depleted in the 20th century. His mother lost estates in the Mexican Revolution, and after the fall of the Third Reich, property in Germany and Czechoslovakia disappeared behind the Iron Curtain.

Early life
Alfonso was educated by private tutors in Bohemia and Spain, learning fluent German, Spanish, French and English. His father owned Rothenhaus Castle (today Červený Hrádek Castle in Jirkov, Czech Republic) where he tried to prevent the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Hitler in 1938 through diplomatic negotiations with the British government. In August 1938, the British mediator in the dispute between Germany and Czechoslovakia over the Sudetenland, Lord Runciman, met the leader of the Sudeten German Party (SdP), Konrad Henlein, at Rothenhaus Castle − to no avail. During World War II, Max Egon of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, without having an official function, tried several times in vain to prevent a further escalation of the war in Europe, to contribute to an agreement with Great Britain in the summer of 1940 and from 1942 he repeatedly conspired with diplomats of the Allies with the aim of removing Hitler from power. After World War II, Prince Max Egon was expropriated by the communist government of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.

Alfonso then moved with his parents to Spain. There he discovered the idyllic fishing village Marbella on a trip and decided to buy land there in 1947. He sold plots to various rich and powerful friends, including the Rothschild and Thyssen families and Ferdinand von Bismarck. In 1954 he created the Marbella Club, the Costa del Sol's first luxury hotel, attracting many celebrities of the time to the former fishing village. On 3 August 1954, he survived a plane crash in Preston, Connecticut.

The family fortune was replenished by Alfonso's marriage in 1955 to the 15-year-old Austrian-Italian Princess Ira von Fürstenberg, a Fiat heiress. The bride's youth evoked some scandal in high society, but the couple had obtained a papal dispensation for the marriage and 400 guests attended a 16-day wedding party. Five years later, the marriage was dissolved by divorce in Mexico City after Ira left him to marry notorious 1950s playboy Francisco "Baby" Pignatari, another papal dispensation being obtained, this time for an annulment, from the Church in 1969.

Later life
After the divorce, the prince had much-publicised relationships with actresses Ava Gardner and Kim Novak. In 1973, he married actress Jocelyn Lane. This too was a stormy partnership, and ended in divorce in 1985.

In the 1990s, the property speculator Jesus Gil y Gil became mayor of Marbella, and the town entered a construction boom. The prince pulled out, selling his shares in the Marbella Club due to the area's increasing association with Arab arms traffickers and Russian mafia, whose conspicuous consumption was peppered with violence. He moved to the town of Ronda and successfully turned his efforts to wine-making, with new wife Marilys Haynes. His last wife died on 2 November 2000, apparently taking her own life, the same year he learned he had prostate cancer.

Marriages and issue

 * He married his first wife HSH Princess Ira zu Fürstenberg on 17 September 1955 (civil) and 21 September 1955 (religious) in Venice, Italy; and the couple were divorced in 1960, annulled in 1969. They had two sons: Prince Christoph "Kiko" von Hohenlohe (1956–2006) and Prince Hubertus of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1959–).
 * He married his second wife Jocelyn Lane on 3 May 1973, in Marbella, with whom he had a daughter Princess Arriana Theresa (b. 1975).
 * He married Marilys Healing (1941–2000) on 15 February 1991, in Vaduz.
 * With former model Heidi Balzer he also has extramarital daughter, Désirée, Countess d'Ursel (b. 1980).

Death
He died in Marbella on 21 December 2003.

title: Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg


text:
Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's team sprint

The men's team sprint event in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics was contested by twelve teams. The competition took place on 21 August at the Olympic Velodrome at the Athens Olympic Sports Complex.

Qualifying round
The twelve teams of three riders raced the course without competition in the qualifying round. The top eight qualified for the first round, while the bottom four received final rankings based on their times in the qualifying round.

First round
In the first round of match competition, teams raced head-to-head. The two fastest winners advanced to the finals, the other two winners competed for the bronze medal and fourth place, and losers received final rankings (fifth through eight places) based on their times in the round. In this round, Great Britain had the second fastest time overall, but lost their match to Germany and therefore did not advance to the medal round.

Final classification
The final classification was


text:
Talk:.ac.uk

Define
what does ac stand for? thanks, --Abdull 17:12, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * oh, ac-adamic? --Abdull 17:17, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:.ac.uk


text:
User talk:Feverhost

Wikipedia is not a personal publicity site, an advertising medium, or a web directory. Please read What Wikipedia is not. If you want to contribute on other subjects, please read Welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks. -- The Anome 17:10, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia is also not a place to write insulting articles about people you don't like. -- The Anome 17:13, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Feverhost


text:
Fuhrman tapes

The Fuhrman tapes are 13 hours of taped interviews given by Mark Fuhrman, former detective of the Los Angeles Police Department, to writer Laura McKinny between 1985 and 1994.

Summary
The tapes include many racist slurs and remarks made by Fuhrman, including uses of the word "nigger," descriptions of police brutality perpetrated on black suspects, misogynist slurs and descriptions of the harassment and intimidation of female Los Angeles police officers by male officers. Portions of the tapes were admitted into evidence during the 1995 O. J. Simpson murder trial. In the tapes Fuhrman also made many references to the "planting of evidence" and implied that police brutality and evidence planting were common practice in the Los Angeles Police Department.

Creation of tapes
Screenwriter Laura Hart McKinny was interested in writing a screenplay and a novel about the experience of women police officers. After learning that Fuhrman was a Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officer and had strong views about the employment of women as LAPD officers, McKinny engaged Fuhrman as a consultant to provide background information about the reality of the experiences of LAPD officers and to serve as a technical advisor in the development of a screenplay. Fuhrman and McKinny began meeting for taped interviews in February 1985 and continued meeting until July 1994.

Although the tapes became notorious for their racial slurs, the bulk of the tapes involved Fuhrman discussing an organized group of male LAPD officers known as MAW, or Men Against Women, who reportedly engaged in sexual harassment, intimidation, discrimination and criminal activity against female LAPD police officers, often endangering the female officers' lives. In a taped interview to McKinney in 1985, Fuhrman bragged about his leadership in MAW, a secret organization within the LAPD that reportedly had 145 members in five of the city's 18 police divisions during its heyday in the mid-1980s. In the tapes, Fuhrman calls women "frail little objects" who "watch soap operas" and that "females lack the one ingredient that makes them an effective leader and that is testosterone, the aggressive hormone." Fuhrman also stated on the tapes that "you've got to be able to shoot people, beat people beyond recognition, and go home and hug your little kids. [Women] don't pack those qualities." Fuhrman was also recorded stating that women who were good leaders "are either so ugly or they're a lesbian or they're so dyke-ish that they are not women anymore."

In further interviews, Fuhrman made the statements "we had them begging that they'd never be gang members again, begging us" and that he would tell black people "You do what you're told, understand, nigger?"

Role in O. J. Simpson murder trial
The tapes, as well as Fuhrman himself, became central to the 1995 O. J. Simpson murder trial. Fuhrman was the detective who found a bloody glove on Simpson's estate. This glove was later determined to be the mate of another glove found at the murder scene and to be soaked in the blood of both victims. Simpson's defense team argued that Fuhrman planted the glove on Simpson's estate following the murder. To bolster their case, excerpts of the tapes were admitted as evidence. Outside the presence of the jury, Fuhrman was questioned by the defense team, invoking his Fifth Amendment right on all questions, including the question, "Did you plant or manufacture any evidence in this case?"

Earlier in the trial, Fuhrman testified that he had not used the word "nigger" within the last ten years, which proved later to be perjured testimony with the admission of the tapes. His recorded words as well as his denial was a major blow to the prosecution's case.

Aftermath
Fuhrman was charged with perjury for his testimony at the trial. He pleaded no contest. After paying a $200 fine, Fuhrman was released from his probation in April 1998 and the conviction was later expunged from his record.

Following the trial, Fuhrman apologized "from the bottom of [his] heart" that he had used racist terms and denied ever having been a racist. Fuhrman was uncomfortable with the attention the trial brought to him and wished things had been different. "I want my private life back and I'm never going to have it." Denying having ever planted evidence, Fuhrman stated, "there was never a shred, never a hint, never a possibility--not a remote, not a million--, not a billion-to-one possibility--I could have planted anything. Nor would I have a reason to."

Response
The Los Angeles Police Department conducted an investigation to determine the validity of Fuhrman's claims on the tapes. The LAPD announced that Fuhrman exaggerated many of the acts of racially motivated brutality described on the recordings. Of the 29 incidents described in McKinny's tapes and transcripts, 17 could not be connected to known events. Investigators did link 12 accounts to known events, but their investigation was inconclusive, aside from the use of racial epithets and male officers' misogyny towards female officers, which was substantiated. Regarding police brutality towards suspects, "just about everything Fuhrman told McKinny, which could be connected to an actual event, was bigger, bloodier and more violent than the facts", the report concluded. In one instance, Fuhrman reported that a suspect was beaten to death and three others were hospitalized with broken bones. While this was connected to a known event, only one suspect was treated for minor injuries caused by another officer.

Although the LAPD Commission investigating the Fuhrman tapes "determined that in almost every instance, the now-retired detective was exaggerating or lying about episodes of police brutality," the report confirmed that Fuhrman was "telling the truth when he spoke of institutional harassment of women on the force." In their report, the Commission characterized the actions and lack of actions by the supervisors in addressing systemic misogyny in the police force as "unconscionable." "In some cases, the actions of the group inhibited some women from safely and effectively performing their duties and created fear in many women that these male officers would not provide backup if they requested it in the field," the report said. "Further, there was evidence that the Men Against Women officers would ostracize male officers who did not support their boycott against female officers."

On May 16, 1997, the Los Angeles Times ran a piece signed by Katherine Spillar (Co-chair, the Women's Advisory Council to the Los Angeles Police Commission) and Penny Harrington (Director of the National Center for Women & Policing) and stating that "The long-awaited Police Commission report released on the Mark Fuhrman tapes revealed that the LAPD command has known for years about orchestrated sexual harassment and intimidation of female officers and has done nothing to stop it. Internal Affairs files secured by a reporter revealed that the LAPD has been regularly covering up serious problems of family violence, principally wife-beating, within its ranks," adding "officers who beat their wives are regularly exonerated or receive only minor suspensions, even for brutal acts of violence." Harrington also publicly responded to Fuhrman's views that female police officers are unfit for police work because of their biological sex. "Research shows women officers are more skillful at de-escalating potentially violent situations than their male counterparts, and so MAW's efforts to drive women out only exacerbates the LAPD's excessive force problems," explained Harrington, "The Fuhrman tapes reveal just how aggressively women police officers are shunned for their more community-oriented policing skills and their refusal to go along with using excessive force." Harrington criticized the report, saying it "was good in documenting that there is a problem, but I don't think the report offers any solutions." She also called for an independent "blue-ribbon commission" to investigate gender bias and sexual harassment issues at the LAPD.

title: Fuhrman tapes


text: Talk:The Keys of Marinus

title: Talk:The Keys of Marinus


text:
RINA (company)

RINA is a private, multinational company headquartered in Genoa, Italy. It was founded in 1861 under the name Registro Italiano Navale (Italian Naval Register).

In 1999, following the enforcement of a 1994 European Council directive regarding the inspection, survey and certification of ships that liberalized the ship classification market, the Registro Italiano Navale transferred all operational activities to RINA S.p.A., making it the sole, and later, majority shareholder.

Until 1999, RINA worked almost exclusively as a ship classification company. It has since included operations in the following sectors: Energy and Mobility, Marine, Certification, Industry and Real Estate and Infrastructure. The company has also expanded its services in the fields of testing, inspection and certification and engineering consultancy.

Registro Italiano Navale
RINA was founded as operational company RINA S.p.A. by Registro Italiano Navale, a private body founded in Genoa in 1861, to resolve a number of economic concerns involved in the maritime transport sector. It is the third-oldest ship classification register in the world, after the English Lloyd’s Register (1760) and the French Bureau Veritas (1828). It is also a founding member of the IACS, a non-governmental organization that currently consists of twelve member marine classification societies. In its first 140 years, the Registro Italiano Navale operated as a monopoly on ships flying the Italian flag. Subsequently, a European directive came into force, which liberalized the ship classification and related activities, and led the Registro to enter for the first time a competitive market.

RINA S.p.A.
In 1999, the Registro Italiano Navale transferred all the operational activities to a brand-new company, RINA S.p.A., of which it then became the sole shareholder, now the majority shareholder. Currently, the Registro Italiano Navale is a private non-profit organization, comparable to a foundation.

RINA Services S.p.A.
In 2009, RINA Services S.p.A. was established, a company to which RINA S.p.A. transferred the authorisations and accreditations relating to classification, certification, auditing and testing services.

In the following years, RINA acquired three companies operating in the consulting engineering market, D’Appolonia (2011), Centro Sviluppo Materiali (2014) and Edif Group Limited (2016). In 2017, D’Appolonia was rebranded as RINA Consulting.

Organisation and structure
The group is headed by RINA S.p.A., which acts as the holding company and no longer carries out operational activities, but provides the group with administrative, organisational and financial services. As parent company, RINA S.p.A. also controls the two main sub-holdings RINA Services S.p.A. and RINA Consulting S.p.A.

Until 2023 the shareholders of RINA S.p.A. and therefore of the whole Group, are Registro Italiano Navale, with a large majority share (70%), Naus S.p.A. (27%) and RINA management (3%).

On June 1, 2002, Ugo Salerno was appointed Chief Executive Officer of RINA; since 2012, he has also held the position of Chairman.

On 13 December 2023, Fondo Italiano d'Investimento SGR officially entered into the shareholder structure of RINA S.p.A. The new share distribution gives Registro Italiano Navale a majority stake, 33% to Fondo Italiano d'Investimento and other co-investors led by it, and 3,5% to RINA's management.

Concurrently, on the same day, the Board of Directors of RINA S.p.A. appointed Carlo Luzzatto as the CEO and General Manager of the company, while Ugo Salerno remains in his role as the Executive Chairman.

The first office outside of Italy was opened in Shanghai in 1885. Today, it has a network of over 200 offices in 70 countries worldwide with a workforce of 5,300 people. Its head office is in Genoa.

Services
RINA provides quality assurance and certification for ship's components and accessories, including life-saving appliances, marine pollution prevention, fire protection, navigation, radio communication equipment, deck gear, cables, rodes, and anchors. It also provides engineering consultancy services through the RINA Consulting S.p.A. and its subsidiaries.

RINA is one of the founding members of IACS and actively participates in technical, research and rule-making groups in different institutional contexts at national and international level.

Controversy
In December 1999 the tanker MV Erika sank off the coast of Brittany, causing a major oil spill. RINA was the certification society responsible for issuing all the safety certificates for Erika. The case came to trial in 2007 and Total, which chartered the oil tanker, was eventually found guilty and ordered to pay a fine of 375,000 € and a compensation to the civil parties of 200 M €.

In December 2012 the garment factory Ali Enterprises in Karachi burned down causing 289 victims. The Company was certified in the weeks before this incident by RINA with a SA8000 certificate.

title: RINA (company)


text:
User:Pj-belg

Hello, I am PJ (Pieter Jan). As you have propably noticed it's a Dutch name that's because I come from Belgium. Here's a list of articles I wrote. As for now it's a rather short list(only containing one article) but I certainly hope to up-date it in the near future

Van Wesenbekestraat: the Chinatown of Antwerp

I also updated Vilvoorde with the part of the Spanish community

title: User:Pj-belg


text:
Nanaimo station

Nanaimo is a partially elevated station on the Expo Line of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system. The station is located on Nanaimo Street between Vanness Avenue and East 24th Avenue in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The station takes its name from Nanaimo Street, which is named after the city of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island. Situated on a hillcrest, the station provides riders with a view of the west side and Downtown Vancouver.

History
Nanaimo station was opened in 1985 as part of the original SkyTrain system (now known as the Expo Line). The Austrian architecture firm Architektengruppe U-Bahn was responsible for designing the station.

The station is the westernmost station on the Expo Line that sits atop of the former Central Park Line of the British Columbia Electric Railway. This line formerly ran just west of Nanaimo station to where New Westminster station is located today.

In 2002, Millennium Line service was introduced to the station, which provided outbound service to VCC–Clark station (originally Commercial Drive) via Columbia station in New Westminster. This service was discontinued and replaced with an Expo Line branch to Production Way–University station in 2016.

In the fourth quarter of 2018, TransLink was scheduled to begin a major upgrade of the station's bus exchange and entrance plaza to "improve safety and comfort for [the station's] passengers and to prepare for future service expansions". Construction began on the expansion of the bus loop on January 4, 2019, and was scheduled to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2019. The completion date was later pushed back to early 2020. The bus loop was largely complete by July 9, 2020.

Entrances
Nanaimo station is served by a single entrance located at the west end of that station. The entrance is accessible from Nanaimo Street, south of East 24th Avenue across the street from Vanness Avenue.

Transit connections
Bus bay assignments are as follows:

title: Nanaimo station


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