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South Island School

South Island School is a private international school founded by the English Schools Foundation of Hong Kong, located at 50 Nam Fung Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, with about 1,400 students enrolled and 107 teachers. Students come from diverse backgrounds, with over 38 nationalities represented.

The school offers the GCSE/IGCSE syllabus, IB Diploma Programme, IB Career-related Programme and the BTEC qualification.

The school is one of three ESF secondary schools on Hong Kong Island, the others being West Island School and Island School.

History
In 1977, South Island School was founded as an annex of Island School, a fellow English Schools Foundation School. The school opened with 165 students and 6 teachers, with three classes in Form 1, and one class in Form 2 and Form 3 respectively. Mike Taylor was the first principal.

The school moved to its current location at 50 Nam Fung Road in 1983. It consisted of the Ching Ling Soong Block and an outdoor swimming pool.

As the school grew in size, more facilities were required. The next big change to the school came with the construction of the Stephen Hawking Building (named after physicist Stephen Hawking), and the swimming pool became an indoor one with the Sports Block being built on top of it, allowing for year-round swimming lessons. In 2004, another new block was completed called the Da Vinci Block.

In the school year of 2007–2008, the school was accredited to teach the IB Diploma programme. The IB Centre was opened, a section of the school designated for International Baccalaureate students in Years 12 and 13. This was renamed the Diploma Centre in the school year of 2009–2010.

In November 2010, the new John Wray Atrium, named after previous principal, John Wray, opened for all students.

In the following years, many of the school facilities underwent renovations. The library in the C Block was renovated in the summer holidays of 2012 and re-opened in late September the same year, and was renamed as the "Learning Resource Center". In November 2012, the renovation of the library was completed and was reopened as the Learning Resources Centre (LRC).

In February 2014, additional floors were added to the Sports Block to create The Space, a multipurpose learning space. There was also an astroturf on top of the Space which was completed in the same year. In November, the school completed a redesigned School Hall with state-of-the-art facilities and a 400-seat auditorium.

In 2016, South Island School adopted the Middle Years Program and the IBCP (career-related) programme. The IBCP was offered in addition to the IB Diploma programme, which places a greater emphasis on developing vocational skills. The programme combines academic courses from the IB Diploma programme with the career-related experiences of the BTEC courses to create a personalised and career-focused pathway for students. Also in the same year, the School Foyer and the Refectory were renovated.

In 2017, South Island School celebrated its 40th anniversary. Students and staff walked down to Deep Water Bay Beach for charity and participated in activities commemorating the event, such as a time capsule and an art mural. A birthday cake was also made, with enough cake for every teacher and student in the school. Later that October, an exhibition was shown in the Atrium commemorating the school's history, and an alumni gathering was held in Hong Kong.

Curriculum
Between Year 7 and Year 9, students take the Middle Years Programme (MYP) offered by the International Baccalaureate. The MYP is usually a 5-year programme, but the programme was shortened to 3 years so that the IGCSE programme could still be offered. During Year 7 and 8, all students follow a common curriculum, which includes English, Maths, Science, Chinese, a modern foreign language (French or Spanish), Individuals and Societies, Global Thinking, design, and the arts. At the end of Year 9, all students participate in the Community Project. Students work in groups to investigate, propose, plan and implement a project that serves a need within the school community or the wider Hong Kong community.

During Year 10 and 11, students follow the IGCSE curriculum. All students must take English, Mathematics, Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, Physics), PE (examined or non-examined), a language, a humanities subject, an arts subject, and Global Citizenship. In addition, students can choose to take either another language, or another humanities subject.

In Year 12 and 13, students can either choose to do the IB Diploma or the IB Career-related Programme. For the Diploma Programme, students must choose 3 Higher Level subjects and 3 Standard Level subjects, where subjects in the student's first language, additional language, the humanities, the sciences, and mathematics are required. Students also need to complete the Extended Essay, CAS, and the Theory of Knowledge course. Students in the Career-related Programme can choose to substitute some of their IBDP subjects with more applied BTEC subjects, but must still complete the CP core.

Higher education
In 2019, 40% of South Island School students matriculated to the United Kingdom, 19% to Hong Kong, 13% to the United States, 9% to Canada, 6% to either Australia or New Zealand, and the remainder matriculated to countries such as Korea and Japan. In Hong Kong, 17 students chose to study at the University of Hong Kong, five at HKUST and six at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, while in the UK, 6 students matriculated to Imperial College and UCL. In addition, the most popular universities in Canada were the University of British Columbia and the University of Toronto with five students each.

South Island School graduates usually apply to a range of courses. Fields such as Economics, and Business and Management have been consistently popular among South Island School graduates. Ten students each have matriculated to the traditionally popular Law and Psychology courses. The social sciences remain popular: a particular favourite is Psychology, with 11 students choosing this as their major. 20 students pursued creative degrees such as Design, Film and Performing Arts as well.

Examinations
In South Island School, students take a selection of IGCSE, GCSE, IBDP or IBCP examinations.

In 2022, for IGCSE/GCSE, 61% of students achieved an A*-A  grades. 94% of all grades were A*-C.

For IB, 98% of students passed and the cohort achieved an average Diploma score of 37.1 points, 4.1 points above the world average. Three DP students achieved the maximum 45 points. Almost 40% of the cohort achieved 40 points or more – another truly remarkable result.

Student backgrounds
Students come from diverse backgrounds, with 38 nationalities represented as of 2019. In 2019, the most represented nationality was the United Kingdom. As of that year, 50% of the students were ethnic Chinese, 14% were Caucasian, 8% were Eurasian, 7% were Indian, and 21% were of other races.

Student inclusion
The school is non-selective towards academic ability. It reserves 24 places in the Learning Support Unit for students with additional learning needs. Each individual needs student has their own Individual Education Plan (IEP) and an Individual Needs teacher who is responsible for coordinating with teachers, tutors and parents. The school has a specialised curriculum that provides for the student's social, emotional, and physical needs with an opportunity to gain qualifications.

Students with English as an additional language (EAL) are assessed when joining the school and placed in small-group, intensive English classes which aim to boost reading and writing skills. In the senior years, there is a focus on academic English for the IGCSE and the IB Diploma programme. Students have the opportunity to self-study their native language during the IB Diploma programme with school support.

Prefect Team
The school has a prefect system in which the Year 12 and Year 13 students are assigned positions of responsibility to help with the day-to-day operations of the school. Serving as chief representatives of the student body is the Head Prefect team, led by the Head Boy and Head Girl.

Student Council
The Student Council is led by two Year 13 heads and consists of representatives ranging from Year 9 to 13. The council is split up into six House Councils, which are led by select Year 12 heads who are also part of their House Leadership Team. The Council provides the main body for student discussion and represents the student voice in some developmental decisions.

Sustainability Council
The Sustainability Council, or SusCo in short, are a student group that promotes environmental awareness in South Island School. Aside from installing water fountains and recycling bins around the school, they have installed solar panels on the roof of the D Block.

Making a Difference Council
The MaD Council are a student group that promotes the school's philosophy of 'Making A Difference'. They are responsible for organising and making decisions for MaD Week, a week where students go overseas or stay in Hong Kong to make a difference to themselves and the community around them. In addition, they work with the house councils to organise school events and initiatives, such as each house's MaD Week, as well as other student-led events.

Digital Leadership Council
The Digital Leadership Council (formally the Digital Literacy Council, or DLC for short) is a student group involved in organising technology-related initiatives at South Island School. They have worked with Year 8 students, supporting them in the media literacy unit, and have supported the School Laptop Induction evenings for new incoming Year 7s. They have also organised a photography club and coding a club, as well as an annual 'Internet Safety Week'. The Digital Leaders have also collaborated with Quarry Bay School and Bradbury School to advocate digital literacy and safety for primary students. The Tech Bubble, a podcast about technology, was launched in 2020.

Sports and activities
Extra-curricular activities at the school include debating, MUN, squash, netball, basketball, football, swimming, chess, tennis, singing, rugby, field hockey, cricket and more. Student take part in inter-house activities in year group competitions, athletics, swimming, music and dance competitions, and more.

South Island School competes in various inter-school competitions including: basketball, badminton, sailing, golf, netball, football, rugby, table tennis, bowling, swimming, athletics, cross country, and volleyball. There are also musical activities culminating in a range of performances throughout the year.

In 2019, South Island School beat Island School to win the All Hong Kong Schools Jing Ying Football Tournament. This was the first time that the school has won.

The school aims to make a difference to the local and global community by organising an annual 'Making a Difference' (MaD) week, where students undertake service and action projects both within Hong Kong and overseas. Students also can participate in the Hong Kong Award for Young People program (HKAYP), as well as engage in various student-led events, such as Nightfest, International Evening, the Innovation Fashion Show, Diwali Night, the ICM yearly fundraiser, SIS Chef etc. Each house has a Making a Difference council, along with a whole-school MaD council that plans and implements these events.

Campus and Facilities
The school's campus is in the south side of Hong Kong Island against the backdrop of Mount Nicholson, facing the South China Sea. It is in a semi-rural location. Students have their own locker and form room. For Years 12 to 13, there is a dedicated study facility and common room space.

South Island School's facilities include multi-purpose facilities such as The Space, The John Wray Atrium which includes a cafeteria, and the Hall. Learning facilities include the Diploma Centre, science laboratories, food technology workshop rooms, design technology workshop rooms, 2 drama studios, art rooms, music and 3 Media Studies rooms. In addition, the school has sports facilities such as a 25-metre indoor swimming pool, a Sports Hall with a climbing wall, an artificial Astro Turf, 2 outdoor playgrounds as well as a covered playgrond. There are three catering facilities within the school: the Refectory, the Atrium, and a café called Cafe Five O.

The school's Learning Resources Centre, a library, has a wide variety of resources ranging from print materials to online resources. Workshops and tutorials are provided to all students, such as a bi-weekly lesson for Year 7. The annual Readathon event is also a sponsorship event to support Orbis International, a non-governmental organisation that aims to raise awareness of eye disease in developing countries.

Governance
South Island School is part of the English Schools Foundation of 22 schools in Hong Kong that operates within the ESF government ordinance.

The school is accountable to the Board of Governors (Executive Committee) of the English Schools Foundation and its local governing body, the School Council. The council meets around six times per year. It has two sub-committees, namely Finance & Personnel (FP) and Learning and Professional Development (LPD) both chaired by community representatives. Among other matters, the FP sub-committee reviews the school's annual budget and recommends acceptance to the full council. It also reviews personnel matters and considers health & safety issues. The LPD subcommittee's work is aimed at among other things, curriculum development, teaching methods and examination performance.

Alumni
Cathy Chui

Joey Wong

title: South Island School


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User talk:Displaced seagull

I can't recommend this language enough!

Olly Winkles

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Displaced seagull


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John H. Johnson

John Harold Johnson (January 19, 1918 – August 8, 2005 ) was an American businessman and publisher. Johnson was the founder in 1942 of the Johnson Publishing Company, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Johnson's company, with its Ebony (1945) and Jet (1951) magazines, was among the most influential African-American business in media in the second half of the twentieth century. In 1982, Johnson became the first African American to appear on the Forbes 400. In 1987, Johnson was named Black Enterprise Entrepreneur of the year. in 1996, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Early years and education
Johnson was born in Arkansas City, Arkansas. His family moved to Chicago at the time of the 1933 Chicago World's Fair, during the Great Migration of African Americans out of the South. Johnson endured much teasing and taunting at his high school for his ragged clothes and country ways, as he encountered something he never knew existed: middle-class blacks. Johnson later transferred to DuSable High School for his junior and senior years. His classmates at DuSable included Nat King Cole and Redd Foxx. This only fueled his already formidable determination to "make something of himself". Johnson's high-school career was distinguished by the leadership qualities he demonstrated as student council president and as editor of the school newspaper and class yearbook. He attended high school during the day and studied self-improvement books at night. After he graduated with honors in 1936, he was offered a tuition scholarship to the University of Chicago, but he thought he would have to decline it, because he could not figure out a way to pay for expenses other than tuition. Because of his achievements in high school, Johnson was invited to speak at a dinner held by the Urban League. When Harry Pace, president of the Supreme Life Insurance Company, heard Johnson's speech, he was so impressed with the young man that he offered Johnson a job so that he would be able to use the scholarship.

Johnson began as an office boy at Supreme Life and within two years had become Pace's assistant. His duties included preparing a monthly digest of newspaper articles, with help from his publisher, "Madam DuBois." Johnson began to wonder if other people in the community might not enjoy the same type of service. He conceived of a publication patterned after Reader's Digest. His work at Supreme Life also gave him the opportunity to see the day-to-day operations of a business owned by an African American and fostered his dream of starting a business of his own.

Negro Digest
Once the idea of Negro Digest occurred to him, it began to seem like a "black gold mine", Johnson stated in his autobiography Succeeding against the Odds. He remained enthusiastic even though he was discouraged on all sides from doing so. Only his mother, a woman with biblical faith and deep religious convictions, as well as a powerful belief in her son, supported his vision and allowed him to use her furniture as collateral for a $500 loan. He used this loan to publish the first edition of Negro Digest in 1942. Johnson had a problem with distribution until he teamed up with Joseph Levy, a magazine distributor who was impressed with him. Levy provided valuable marketing tips and opened the doors that allowed the new digest to reach newsstands in other urban centers. Within six months circulation had reached 50,000. This publication covered African-American history, literature, arts, and cultural issues. After several decades of publication its name was changed to Black World.

Ebony and JET
Although Negro Digest achieved some success and at its height had a circulation of more than 100,000, it was dwarfed by Johnson's subsequent publication, Ebony, which was so popular that its initial run of 25,000 copies easily sold out. The articles in Ebony, which were designed to look like those in Life or Look magazines, emphasized the achievements of successful African Americans. Photo essays about current events and articles about race relations were also included in the magazine. Initially focused on the rich and famous in the African-American community, Johnson expanded the reporting to include issues such as "the white problem in America", African-American militancy, crimes by African Americans against African Americans, civil rights legislation, Freedom Rides and marches, and other aspects of segregation and discrimination. Professional historians were recruited for the magazine's staff so that the contributions of African Americans to the history of the United States could be adequately documented. African-American models were used in the magazine's advertisements and a conscious effort was made to portray positive aspects of African-American life and culture. Everything in the magazine was addressed to the African-American consumer. Johnson maintained that Ebony′s success was due to the positive image of African Americans that it offered.

In 1951, Johnson launched  Tan , a "true confessions"-type magazine. In 1951, Jet, a weekly news digest, began. Later publications included African American Stars and Ebony Jr., a children's magazine. Although all of the magazines achieved a measure of success, none was able to compete with Ebony, which in its 40th year of publication had a circulation of 2,300,000 and was the primary reason that Johnson was considered one of the 400 richest individuals in the United States. One of Johnson's most notable issues of Jet was the September 15, 1955 issue in which he published a picture of a Chicago–youth Emmett Till's mutilated body after it had arrived in Chicago from Mississippi. People considered Johnson's decision to publish Till's photograph his greatest moment. Michigan congressman Charles Diggs recalled that given the emotion the image stimulated, it was "probably one of the greatest media products in the last 40 or 50 years".

Other ventures
In addition, Johnson Publishing owned Fashion Fair Cosmetics (the world's number one makeup and skin care company for women of color), and Supreme Beauty products (hair care for men and women), and was involved in television production and produced the Ebony Fashion Fair (the world's largest traveling fashion show), which has donated over $47 million to charity. The show visited more than 200 cities in the United States, Canada and the Caribbean. Johnson Publishing also has a book division which employed more than 2,600 people, with sales of over $388 million. Johnson purchased three radio stations, started a book publishing company, and a television production company, and served on the board of directors of several major businesses, including the Greyhound Corporation. In 2019, the remaining assets of Johnson Publishing Company were sold as part of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding.

Honors and awards
Johnson received numerous honors and awards for his achievements, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's Spingarn Medal in 1966 for his contributions in the area of race relations. In 1951, he was the first African American to be selected as Young Man of the Year by the United States Chamber of Commerce. In 1972, he was named publisher of the year by the major magazine publishers in the United States. In 1986, Johnson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He received a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1989. In 1993, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his publishing company, Johnson published his autobiography, in which he states "if it could happen to a Black boy from Arkansas it could happen to anyone".

In 1995, Johnson received the Communication Award on the occasion of Ebony magazine's 50th anniversary. Alfred C. Sykes, chairman of the Center for Communication, and president of Hearst Media Technology, said| "Mr. Johnson is a role model for many young people today, an example of how hard work, commitment and belief in oneself can lead to outstanding achievement. He rose from disadvantaged circumstances to achieve success in both business and national service during a time when great obstacles were placed in his path." Because of his influential position in the African-American community, Johnson was invited by the US government to participate in several international missions. In 1959, he accompanied the vice president of the United States on a mission to Russia and Poland. He was appointed special ambassador to represent the United States at the independence ceremonies in Côte d'Ivoire in 1961 and in Kenya in 1963. Over the years Johnson had devoted a portion of several issues of Ebony to articles relating to African independence movements, but in August 1976 he dedicated an entire special issue to the subject "Africa, the Continent of the Future".

In 1996, President Bill Clinton bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom on Johnson. In 1997, Johnson was inducted into the Junior Achievement National Business Hall of Fame. In early 2001, Johnson was inducted into the Arkansas Business Hall of Fame. The founder, publisher, chairman and CEO of the largest African-American publishing company in the world advised the audience to, "Convince people it is in their best interest to help you." By that year, Johnson had received other awards, including the Horatio Alger Award and The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones Entrepreneurial Excellence Award. He held the distinction of having been the first African American placed on Forbes' list of 400 wealthiest Americans. He was also awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Harvard University, the University of Southern California, Carnegie Mellon University, Eastern Michigan University, and Wayne State University. Johnson served on the boards of directors of Dillard's Inc.; First Commercial Bank, Little Rock; Dial Corporation; Zenith Radio Corporation; and Chrysler Corporation. Johnson became a member of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Chicago-based Theta chapter, in 1937.

Death, funeral and legacy
On August 8, 2005, Johnson died of congestive heart failure. At the time of his death, Johnson was survived by his wife, daughter Linda Johnson-Rice and a granddaughter. His son, John Jr. died in December 1981 after a long battle with an illness related to sickle cell at age 25. Following his death, a public viewing of his body was held at Johnson Publishing Headquarters on August 16, 2005. Johnson's funeral was held at University of Chicago's Rockefeller Memorial Chapel where an estimated 3,000 people attended, including former U.S. president Bill Clinton, future U.S. president Barack Obama, and civil rights leader Jesse Jackson. Johnson was buried at Oak Woods Cemetery, in the Greater Grand Crossing neighborhood in Chicago.

In 2010, the Noble Network of Charter Schools and Chicago Public Schools opened Johnson College Prep High School, a public charter high school in Chicago Illinois' Englewood neighborhood in honor of Johnson and his wife Eunice. On January 31, 2012, the United States Postal Service honored John H. Johnson with a commemorative stamp as the newest addition to its Black Heritage Series. The School of Communications at Howard University was to be named in his honor but instead, the $4 million donation was used to endow a chair in entrepreneurship. Johnson was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame in 2013.

In 2019, the Arkansas Legislature created John H. Johnson Day to pay tribute to his legacy and to help support a museum (his childhood home) named in his honor in Arkansas City. The Friends of the John H. Johnson Museum suggested November 1 as the date for the holiday because that was the date the first issue of Ebony was published.

title: John H. Johnson


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Dafydd

Dafydd is a Welsh masculine given name, related to David, and more rarely a surname. People so named include:

Medieval era

 * Ordered chronologically

 * Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (c. 1145 – 1203), Prince of Gwynedd
 * Dafydd ap Gruffydd (1238–1283), Prince of Wales
 * Dafydd Goch, said to be the illegitimate son of Dafydd ap Gruffydd
 * Dafydd ap Gwilym (c. 1315/1320–c. 1350/1370), Welsh poet
 * Dafydd ap Llywelyn (1215–1246), Prince of Gwynedd and first Prince of Wales
 * Dafydd ap Dafydd ap Llywelyn (born between 1240 and 1246-?), illegitimate son of Dafydd ap Llywelyn
 * Dafydd Bach ap Madog Wladaidd, Welsh poet
 * Dafydd Benfras, Welsh court poet
 * Dafydd Ddu o Hiraddug (died 1371), Welsh poet, grammarian and cleric
 * Dafydd Gam (1380–1415), Welsh soldier and nobleman who died at the Battle of Agincourt
 * Dafydd ab Ieuan or David Holbache (died 1422/3), Welsh politician
 * Dafydd Gorlech (c. 1410), Welsh poet
 * Dafydd Llwyd ap Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Dafydd Llwyd o Fathafarn), Welsh poet
 * Dafydd Nanmor, Welsh poet
 * Dafydd ab Edmwnd, Welsh poet

Modern era

 * Dafydd Trystan Davies (born 1974), Welsh academic and politician
 * Dafydd Elis-Thomas (born 1946), Welsh politician
 * Dafydd Hewitt (born 1985), Welsh retired rugby union player
 * Dafydd Howells (born 1995), Wales rugby union player
 * Dafydd ab Hugh (born 1960), American science fiction author born David Friedman
 * Dafydd Ieuan (born 1969), Welsh musician and producer
 * Dafydd Ifans (born 1949), Welsh novelist and translator
 * Dafydd James (born 1975), Wales retired rugby union player
 * David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr) (1751–1827), Welsh poet
 * Dafydd Iwan (born 1943), Welsh folk singer and politician
 * Dafydd Jones (disambiguation)
 * David Edward Lewis (1866–1941), Welsh businessman and philanthropist
 * Dafydd Llywelyn (1939–2013), Welsh composer, pianist, conductor and teacher
 * Dafydd Elystan Morgan, Baron Elystan-Morgan (1932–2021), Welsh politician
 * Dafydd Rogers (born 1969), West End and Broadway theatre producer
 * Dafydd Rowlands (1931–2001), Welsh Congregational minister, lecturer, writer and poet
 * Dafydd Stephens (1942–2012), Welsh audiological physician and professor
 * Dafydd Wigley (born 1943), Welsh politician
 * Dafydd Williams (born 1954), Canadian physician and retired astronaut

Surname

 * Catrin Dafydd, Welsh writer, winner of the Crown at the 2018 National Eisteddfod
 * Einir Dafydd, Welsh singer who won the third series of the television talent show Wawffactor and the 2007 Cân i Gymru competition
 * Fflur Dafydd (born 1978), Welsh novelist, singer-songwriter and musician
 * Guto Dafydd (born c. 1990), Welsh writer
 * Myrddin ap Dafydd (born 1956), Welsh editor and prifardd (Chief Bard)

title: Dafydd


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Tim Hunt

Sir Richard Timothy Hunt, (born 19 February 1943) is a British biochemist and molecular physiologist. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Paul Nurse and Leland H. Hartwell for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells. While studying fertilized sea urchin eggs in the early 1980s, Hunt discovered cyclin, a protein that cyclically aggregates and is depleted during cell division cycles.

Early life and education
Hunt was born on 19 February 1943 in Neston, Cheshire, to Richard William Hunt, a lecturer in palaeography in Liverpool, and Kit Rowland, daughter of a timber merchant. After the death of both his parents, Hunt found his father had worked at Bush House, then the headquarters of BBC World Service radio, most likely in intelligence, although it is not known what he actually did. In 1945, Richard became Keeper of the Western Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library, and the family relocated to Oxford. At the age of eight, Hunt was accepted into the Dragon School, where he first developed an interest in biology thanks to his science teacher, the German educator Gerd Sommerhoff. When he was fourteen, he moved to Magdalen College School, Oxford, becoming even more interested in science and studying subjects such as chemistry and zoology.

In 1961, he was accepted into Clare College, Cambridge to study Natural Sciences, graduating in 1964 and immediately beginning work in the university Department of Biochemistry under Asher Korner. There, he worked with scientists such as Louis Reichardt and Tony Hunter. A 1965 talk by Vernon Ingram interested him in haemoglobin synthesis, and at a Greek conference in 1966 on the subject, he persuaded the haematologist and geneticist Irving London to allow him to work in his laboratory at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, staying from July to October 1966. His PhD was supervised by Asher Korner and focused on haemoglobin synthesis in intact rabbit reticulocytes (immature red blood cells), and was awarded in 1968.

Early career
Following his PhD, Hunt returned to New York to work with London, in collaboration with Nechama Kosower, her husband Edward Kosower, and Ellie Ehrenfeld. While there, they discovered that tiny amounts of glutathione inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocytes and that tiny amounts of RNA killed the synthesis altogether. After returning to Cambridge, he again began work with Tony Hunter and Richard Jackson, who had discovered the RNA strand used to start haemoglobin synthesis. After 3–4 years, the team discovered at least two other chemicals acting as inhibitors.

Hunt regularly spent summers working at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, which was popular with scientists for its advanced summer courses, and in particular, with those interested in the study of mitosis. The location provided a ready supply of surf clams (Spisula solidissima) and sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata) amongst the reefs and fishing docks, and it was these invertebrates that were particularly useful for the study of the synthesis of proteins in embryogenesis, as the embryos were simply generated with the application of filtered sea water, and the transparency of the embryo cells was well suited to microscopic study.

Discovery of cyclins
It was at Woods Hole around July 1982, using Arbacia sea urchin eggs as his model organism, that he discovered cyclin proteins. Cyclins play a key role in regulating the cell-division cycle. Hunt was observing the eggs undergo cell division after fertilization. The study also included a control group where the eggs had been activated without fertilization by a calcium ionophore. The eggs were incubated with the amino acid methionine in which some of the atoms were radioactive isotopes (radiolabelled), with samples being taken from the eggs at 10 minute intervals. During the egg development, the radioactive methionine was uptaken into the cells and used to make proteins. From the samples, proteins were precipitated and then separated by mass into distinct bands on a resolving gel mat, which were then observed by photographic film that could detect the radioactivity emitted by the proteins. Observing the changes in the bands across the samples, Hunt noticed that one of the proteins rose in abundance before disappearing during the mitosis phase of cell division. Hunt named the protein "cyclin" based on his observation of the cyclical changes in its levels. It was later discovered that cyclins are continuously synthesised, but are specifically targeted for proteolysis during mitosis. The discovery of cyclins was reported in a study published in Cell in 1983. Hunt later demonstrated that cyclins were also present in another sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, as well as in Spisula clams.

Hunt was aware that the discovery of cyclins was significant, but was initially unsure of how cyclins functioned in regard to cell division. This was clarified in later papers in the 1980s and 1990s, some of which Hunt co-authored. These again utilized sea urchin eggs as well as eggs of the frog Xenopus, and demonstrated that cyclins were present in the cells of most organisms, and combine with kinase enzymes (specifically cyclin-dependent kinases) to form maturation-promoting factor (MPF). MPF has previously been identified in 1971 by Yoshio Masui and Clement Markert from Xenopus eggs. MPF induces mitosis, with the cyclic activation and inactivation of MPF being a key element in regulating and progressing the cell cycle.

Later career
In 1990, he began work at Imperial Cancer Research Fund, later known as the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, in the United Kingdom, where his work focused on understanding on what makes cell go cancerous, that is: proliferate uncontrollably, with the ordinary inhibitory signals switched off. That same year, Hunt defined the concept of short linear motifs, parts of protein sequences that mediate interactions with other proteins. In 1993, the book The Cell Cycle: An Introduction, which Hunt co-authored along with Andrew Murray, was published by Oxford University Press. Hunt had his own laboratory at the Clare Hall Laboratories until the end of 2010, and remains an Emeritus Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute. He is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering. He has served on the Selection Committee for the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine. In 2010, Hunt joined the Academic Advisory Board of the Austrian think tank Academia Superior, Institute for Future Studies.

Hunt is a highly regarded colleague and mentor in the research community. During his career he has supervised numerous PhD students including Hugh Pelham and Jonathon Pines.

Science advocacy
In addition to his scientific contributions, Hunt is a lifelong advocate for scientific research. After winning the Nobel Prize in 2001, he spent much of his time traveling the world, talking to both popular and specialist audiences. In these talks he offered his characteristic perspective on inquiry, which emphasizes the importance of having fun and being lucky. He also believes that science benefits when power is given to young people, himself having been given full autonomy and authority at age 27.

2015 controversy
At the World Conference of Science Journalists in Seoul in June 2015, Hunt gave a impromptu toast at a lunch for female journalists and scientists. As recounted by an EU official, Hunt said:

Parts of the remarks were widely publicised on social media due to their perceived sexist nature, resulting in an intense online backlash, which some described as an act of public shaming. Hunt resigned from his honorary professorship at University College London after the university told him to; he also resigned from several other research positions. Hunt apologised and stated that the remarks were in jest. He said that they had been taken out of context, as the remarks had originally been reported without the words "now seriously". Hunt also stated he "did mean the part about having trouble with girls". Some public figures and scientists, including some who had worked with Hunt, suggested that the backlash against him was disproportionate.

Awards and honours
Hunt was elected a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 1978, serving as a member of the organisation's Fellowship Committee 1990–1993, its Meeting Committee 2008–2009, and its governing body, the Council, 2004–2009. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991, his certificate of election reads: "Distinguished for his studies of the control of protein synthesis in animal cells and for the discovery of cyclin, a protein which regulates the eukaryotic cell cycle. Together with Jackson and their students, he defined steps in formation of the initiation complex in protein synthesis, showing that the 40S ribosomal subunit binds initiator tRNA before it binds mRNA, and that this step was the target of inhibitors such as double-stranded RNA or haem deficiency. They showed that inhibition of protein synthesis is mediated by reversible phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 by two distinct protein kinases and they elucidated the unexpected roles of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in protein synthesis. With Ruderman and Rosenthal, he demonstrated selective translational control of mRNA in early clam embryos. This led to Hunt's discovery of cyclin as a protein which is selectively destroyed in mitosis. He subsequently cloned and sequenced cyclin cDNA from sea urchins and frogs and showed by elegant mRNA ablation experiments that cyclin translation is necessary for mitosis in frog embryos. He has also shown that cyclin is a subunit of the mitosis-promoting factor which regulates entry into mitosis. His discovery and characterization of cyclin are major contributions to our knowledge of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells."

Hunt was elected a fellow of the UK's Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 1998, and a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1999.

In 2001, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Leland Hartwell and Paul Nurse for their discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases. The three laureates are cited "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle," while Hunt in particular "is awarded for his discovery of cyclins, proteins that regulate the CDK function. He showed that cyclins are degraded periodically at each cell division, a mechanism proved to be of general importance for cell cycle control."

In 2003, Hunt was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE). In 2006, he was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal, two of which are presented annually for "the most important contributions to the advancement of natural knowledge", in his case for "discovering a key aspect of cell cycle control, the protein cyclin which is a component of cyclin dependent kinases, demonstrating his ability to grasp the significance of the result outside his immediate sphere of interest".

Hunt was knighted in the 2006 Birthday Honours for his service to science.

Personal life
Hunt is married to the immunologist Mary Collins, who was provost of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology in Japan, and is now Director of the Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London. The couple have two daughters.

title: Tim Hunt


text:
Talk:South Island School

Intro
I just managed to start this article for everybody. Please add more information to the stub.

spoon@sis.myschools.net

Please add more contents to this page, please. I would be overjoyed. Thanks for your co-operation.

User:spoonsy

Personal data/opinion that does not reflect the article should not be included. --Spoonsy 12:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

External links in faculties
Should the links in the faculties be external or link to Wikipedia pages? I've changed them to internal but I'm open to discussion. - jlao   0  4  01:43, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality
I think this article isn't neutral as it is written from students' POV, not an outsider's NPOV. Examples include the food prices and the activites sections. I am adding a disputed POV.- jlao   0  4  02:10, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Notable Graduates
Adding a list of notable graduates would be a good idea. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.78.44.5 (talk) 10:31, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Protection
due to the amount of vandalism on this article, i think it should be semi protected.

I suggest that this article should only have pending changes protection, as it has not been that frequently edited in the past. As you can see in this table, the main difference is that unregistered users can edit, but their edits will not appear to users who are not logged in until approved by a reviewer. Threedotshk (talk) 05:59, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

November 2020 major edit
In response to the edit made in November 2020: this edit deleted three-quarters of the article's content, including all information after November 2012. Instead of just deleting this content, it would have been much better to reword these sections to remove the bias, and include links to other sources instead of just the school website. In particular, this information was properly referenced and also contained contributions from other users. I would appreciate any further comments on this issue before doing a rollback to the latest version before this edit.

Threedotshk (talk) 13:44, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

 * agreed, content, if it's still relevant, should be kept and, if necessary, amended for clarity and conciseness. Maybe one of us can go through the older stuff and restore whatever is still suitable for the article. Kdm852 (talk) 11:32, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Sure thing! Thanks for offering to help. I have contacted the person responsible for the edit, but given that it's Sunday night here, I don't expect them to respond for at least the next few days. Threedotshk (talk) 13:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

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User:The Land/The Land (fiction)

 * This article is about the setting for a series of books by Stephen R. Donaldson. For other uses, see The Land (disambiguation)

The Land is the primary setting for the series of fantasy books by Stephen R. Donaldson called The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, the Unbeliever.

Although a larger world exists that is mentioned throughout the series and visited in several of the books, most of the action in the Chronicles takes place in the Land, as it is the main target of Lord Foul's despite. It is home to many different races and has a long history stretching back thousands of years, although much of it is entangled with resisting the destructive machinations of Lord Foul as he tries to break through the Arch of Time (which surrounds the world) so that he may escape and do battle with his enemy, the Creator.

Geography
The Land comprises several areas, physical features, habitations and special sites:

 * Center Plains
 * Coercri
 * Colossus of the Fall
 * Cravenhaw
 * Crystal Stonedown
 * Defile's Course
 * Doom's Retreat
 * Doriendor Corishev
 * During Stonedown
 * Foul's Creche
 * Gallows Howe
 * Garroting Deep
 * Giant Woods
 * Glimmermere
 * Gray Desert
 * Gray River
 * Grimmerdhore Forest
 * Guards' Gap
 * Kevin's Watch
 * Landrider, River
 * Landsdrop
 * Last Hills

 * Lifeswallower
 * Lluarallin River
 * Maerl, River
 * Manhome
 * Melenkurion Skyweir
 * Mithil River
 * Mithil Stonedown
 * Morrinmoss Forest
 * Mount Thunder
 * North Plains
 * Northron Climbs
 * Plains of Ra
 * Revelstone
 * Revelwood
 * Rill River
 * Rivenrock
 * Roamsedge River
 * Ruinwash
 * Sarangrave Flat
 * Seareach
 * Shattered Hills
 * Soaring Woodhelven
 * Soulsease River
 * South Plains

 * Southron Range
 * Southron Wastes
 * Spoiled Plains
 * Sunbirth Sea
 * Treacher's Gorge
 * Trothgard
 * Valley of Two Rivers
 * Westron Mountains
 * White River

Outside of the Land:
 * Bareisle
 * Bhrathairealm
 * Elemesnedene
 * Great Desert
 * Home
 * The Isle of the One Tree
 * The Raw
 * Rawedge Rim
 * The Sandhold
 * The Soulbiter
 * Woodenwold

Many of these places are mapped in Karen Wynn Fonstad's 1985 book, The Atlas of the Land.

History
The Land has a history that precedes the arrival of Thomas Covenant by many thousands of years.

Before the First Chronicles
The Creation of the Earth:

According to a tale which Lord Tamarantha told to Thomas Covenant in Lord Foul's Bane, the Earth was made by a supernatural being referred to as the Creator. The first act of the Creator in the process of Creation was to make the Arch of Time — the boundary between the universe in which the Land exists and the infinite cosmos beyond. The keystone of the Arch was made from wild magic. Through a long process of shaping and reshaping, the Creator next made the Earth. Once the Earth was made, the Creator next made the living things which inhabit it.

The Creator was justly proud of his Creation, but was dismayed when he saw that it contained evil things not of his making. The Creator found that the Despiser had interfered with his work. In grief and rage, the Creator wrestled with the Despiser and eventually cast him down from the infinite cosmos onto the Earth. The Despiser became part of the world of Time: unable to leave it, but free to torment it. The Law of Time prevents the Creator from directly affecting the world. If he were to reach within the Arch of Time, not only would the Arch and the world within it be destroyed, but the Despiser would be set free to do works of evil throughout the infinite cosmos.

There is a second creation story, told by Pitchwife to Linden Avery. According to the lore of the Elohim, there is a great Worm which alternates between eon-long periods of sleep and activity. While awake, the Worm is filled with a ravenous hunger which drives it to consume the stars. During one period of wakefulness, the Worm consumed so much that although its time of sleep had not come, it felt a great desire to rest. The power of the stars which the Worm had consumed caused the Earth to be formed around it, and caused the creation of living beings. When the Worm ends its time of rest, the Worm will shake itself free of the Earth, destroying it. For this reason it is called the Worm of the World's End.

There is also a third story told by the Clave, according to which the World was created as a prison for a-Jeroth "Of the Seven Hells" (an alternative title for Lord Foul) after he seduced the Creator's spouse. While the first two legends probably contain elements of truth (perhaps coded in symbolic language) the third is almost certainly a deliberate concoction designed to justify the na-Mhoram's evil policies.

The Tale of the One Forest:

Before men came to the Land, most of it was a single vast forest with a consciousness and will of its own. The first people to enter the Land were ignorant of the One Forest's sentience, and of Earthpower, and so many of the trees were cut down. The destruction of the One Forest was further encouraged by the three Ravers.

One of the Elohim people came to the Land, hoping to defend the One Forest. He gave the forest his knowledge and power. With them, the One Forest created both the Colossus of the Fall (a talisman which barred the Ravers from the Upper Land) and the Forestals, guardians charged with protecting the remaining forests.

The Era of the Old Lords

Millennia ago, all the Land was a single nation, ruled by a King and Queen. They ruled together in unison and peace, until the King began to lust after power, and he became a cruel despot. The Queen opposed her husband, and there was war. The King's army was the stronger, and the last of the Queen's champions, Berek, challenged the King to single combat. The two were nearly matched, but when the King cut two fingers from Berek's hand, the Queen's champion fled. Berek ran for three days without stopping, the King's host behind him the whole way.

When Berek arrived at Mount Thunder, he cried out in despair. He heard the Earth reply, offering its friendship to him in exchange for a pledge to serve and heal the Earth. Berek made the pledge, sealing it with blood, and the fire-lions of Mount Thunder destroyed his pursuers. Berek still had many battles to fight, but he eventually defeated the King's forces. He then created the Staff of Law from a branch of the One Tree, established the Council of Lords, and became the first High Lord. Because of his pledge to the Earth, the Earthpower conveyed unto Berek and his line extreme longevity: It was said that the Old Lords easily lived centuries as we live decades.

The next High Lord was Berek's son Damelon, during whose time the Giants first came to the Land. The Giants established friendship and Rockbrotherhood with the people of the Land, and built Revelstone, the Lords Keep, which was made by carving it out of a mountain.

Damelon's son Loric was the next High Lord. During Loric's reign as High Lord, the powerful and austere Viles came under the influence of Lord Foul's despite, the Viles learned to hate the forests and became enemies of the Old Lords and the Land until they were exterminated by the Old Lords under the leadership of High Lord Loric Vilesilencer. Lord Foul lured the Demondim (creatures of immense, often dark, power, spawned by the Viles) into creating the deadly and lore-wise ur-viles. Several battles between the ur-viles and the Lords ensued during which time High Lord Loric created the krill, a short-sword whose spectacular center gem contained immense power against the ur-viles driving them out of the Land for a time.

The last High Lord of the Old Lords was Kevin. During his time, the Haruchai, the race inhabiting the high mountains surrounding Lord's Keep, came into the Land across the northern mountains seeking to conquer the Land for themselves. So moved were they by the beauty they observed and friendship they received, they swore the Vow which created the Bloodguard. So deep and powerful was the Vow that the sentient Earthpower itself was moved to make all those Haruchai who swore the Vow be unaffected by the passage of Time nor needing any desire of the flesh (food, water, emotion). Also during this time, the Despiser took human form, and infiltrated the Council of Lords. When Kevin realized the Despiser's true identity, he despaired. In an attempt to destroy the Despiser, Kevin chose to enact the Ritual of Desecration. But before undertaking this act, he recorded all the lore of the Old Lords in seven Wards and hid them. He also sent the people of the Land into exile beyond its borders. Together with the Despiser, Kevin enacted the Ritual of Desecration. This rite laid waste to much of the Land, and destroyed almost every living thing within it. Kevin's purpose, however, was not achieved, as the Despiser was merely "reduced" for a time, and not destroyed.

The people of the Land spent five hundred years in exile, during which the they splintered into two groups: those who favored the stone-lore and those who favored the wood-lore. Each group abandoned and forgot the lore which the other favored. These two groups, when they returned to the Land, would become stonedownors and woodhelvenin, respectively.

The Era of the New Lords
When the people of the Land returned, they discovered that the Giants had somehow survived the Desolation. The Giants gave a gift to the people of the Land: the First Ward of Kevin's Lore, which the last of the Old Lords had left in their keeping. The people renewed Berek's pledge to serve and heal the Earth, and reestablished the Council of Lords. Furthermore, they also swore the Oath of Peace, so that there would never be another Desecration.

At the Time of the First Chronicles
Thomas Covenant is first summoned to the Land 1000 years after High Lord Kevin and Lord Foul's nuclear holocaust-like Ritual of Desecration had desolated the Land and destroyed much of its heritage.

Thomas Covenant arrives in a Land repopulated and largely replenished. Covenant himself is greeted by the people of the Land as the reincarnation of Lord-Fatherer Berek Halfhand, a hero of great historical significance. His white gold wedding ring is recognised as a talisman of great power.

The New Lords of this age are limited in their abilities to defend or succour the Land, retaining only remnants of the wisdom and power that their predecessors had possessed. According to Lord Mhoram, the New Lords have not yet even mastered all of the Lore contained in the First Ward, and High-Lord Kevin devised Seven of these Wards in order to ensure that the knowledge of Earthpower and its uses would be both available and yet protected from misuse, for only by mastering all of the Lore in each Ward would the nature and location of the next Ward become clear.

However Thomas Covenant's arrival also heralds the return of Lord Foul the Despiser, and the Land and its people once again find their future under threat as Foul attempts to break the Arch of Time to escape his imprisonment upon the Earth, thus ending all life.

At the Time of the Second Chronicles
Three thousand years after Thomas Covenant defeated Lord Foul, a new evil known as the Sunbane menaces the Land. Appearing as a corona of varying color around the sun, the Sunbane perversely affects the climate of the land, cycling through periods of pestilence, desert heat and desiccation, fertility run rampant, and torrential rainstorms.

The Lords of Revelstone have been supplanted by the Clave, a group that professes to oppose the Sunbane through a mystic flame known as the Banefire—a power fueled by blood attained through human sacrifice. The Clave and their agents assert that the Sunbane is a punishment upon the people of the land for past failures to resist a-Jeroth of the Seven Hells (the new guise of Lord Foul the Despiser), and demand "volunteers" from each community on a regular basis to feed the Banefire. They claim to work in the best interest of the Land, using the Banefire to prevent the Sunbane's influence from growing; however, all is not as it seems.

The Earthpower is unknown to the common denizens of the Land, and the legends of those who wielded it have been warped to make them seem corrupt and misguided; Berek Halfhand is now reviled rather than revered. The only powers accessible to the people are attained through blood sacrifice—either that of a victim or the wielder's own blood—which is used to harness the ill power of the Sunbane itself. With no other way to mitigate the effects of the Sunbane, the people have little choice but to give victims over to both the agents of the Clave and for the village's purposes.

At the time of the Last Chronicles
The Land has healed from the devastating effects of the Sunbane, but Earthpower is still unknown to most of its people due to the efforts of the Haruchai. Deciding that all uses of Earthpower eventually lead to evil, the Haruchai, now known to the people of the Land as "the Masters", suppress all knowledge of Earthpower. This is facilitated by a new ill upon the land, a particle cloud dubbed "Kevin's Dirt" which covers the Land, but is only visible from above, in the mountain heights. Kevin's Dirt suppresses the people's natural Earthsight that would otherwise enable them to perceive the Earthpower in the Land around them; with the Dirt invisible from below, and the Masters discouraging travel to the heights, the people have no reason to suspect the truth. Though this aids the Masters in maintaining ignorance of the Earthpower, they recognize it as a manifestation of evil and a blight on the Land. In addition, stormlike disruptions known as caesures or "Falls" appear on occasion to ravage whatever they touch, and the great and wicked yellow wolves known as kresh roam the Land once more.

Peoples and races of the Land
Cords are apprentices to Manethralls, young Ramen who study and train under the direct guidance of a Manethrall. Cords advance to the level of Manethrall after passing a challenge called "Maneing." The Winhomes class is composed of elderly Ramen or children, Ramen who do not fight or hunt but rather tend to the living requirements of the Ramen community. Young Winhomes may advance to become Cords after passing a challenge known as "Cording." The sole weapon used by Ramen is a garrote, and is used with great skill in defense of the Ranyhyn. Manethralls carry garrotes in their long hair, while Cords tie their garrotes around their waist.
 * Bhrathair - A prosperous, 'gaudy' race of humans who populate the Great Desert in Bhrathairealm.
 * Cavewights - Weak-minded, cave-dwelling creatures who serve Lord Foul's dark intentions. They are physically strong creatures, long-limbed with spatulate hands as big and heavy as shovels. Their pupil-less eyes are red and laval, and their heads are like battering rams.
 * croyel - Mysterious parasitic beings which bargain for power.
 * Demondim - Spawned by the Viles, the Demondim were a semi-corporeal, zombie-like race who were taught to despise their forms by Lord Foul. They spawned the ur-viles in an attempt to improve upon their own forms. Under the influence of Lord Foul's despite, the Demondim learned to hate the forests and became enemies of the Old Lords and the Land until they were exterminated by the Old Lords under the leadership of High Lord Loric Vilesilencer.
 * Elohim - Mysterious and powerful faery-like beings that dwell in a far land called Elemesnedene, whose motives and actions in relation to their Earth are inscrutable. They are Earthpower incarnate.
 * Feroce- Are short human like creatures with big eyes. They are descended from the jheherrin and worship the lurker of the sarangrave as their "high god". They are only able to leave the sarangrave through exertion of a green power. They are able to manipulate memories, both in creautres and in inanimate objects. They do not have individual personalities but seem to share a comunal hive mind.
 * Fire-Lions - creatures of living lava which can be called forth from Mount Thunder.
 * Giants - A seafaring people of the Earth, the Giants are long-lived lovers of stories and song. Their physical stature makes them practically immune to fire and cold.
 * Haruchai - Dark-skinned, flat of features and curly of hair, the Haruchai are a hot-blooded, strong-loined race of people who originate from the Westron Mountains. In the days of the Old Lords the Haruchai marched upon the Land intending to conquer it. But the Lords of the Land, knowing their own might, refused to wage war with the Haruchai lest they destroy them. The Lords instead bestowed rare and priceless gifts upon the Haruchai. The Haruchai army was overwhelmed by the beauty of the Land, the nobility of the Lords, the magnificence of the Giants and the Ranyhyn. Their extravagant and extreme natures moved them to forge an oath of fidelity, pledging them in service of the Land. They spoke a powerful Vow, which was bound by the Land's Earthpower. Those Haruchai who swore the Vow and remained in the Land became the Bloodguard, fierce and loyal defenders of the Lords. The Bloodguard numbered 500. When one was slain in battle, his body was sent back to the Westron Mountains and he was replaced by another Haruchai. Their fidelity to their Vow meant that the Bloodguard neither slept, nor died unless slain. The Vow was eventually abandoned by the Haruchai after the Illearth Stone corrupted Korik and two of his companions, leading them into Lord Foul's service.
 * jheherrin - The 'soft ones' are the unfortunate, incomplete creatures and beasts misformed by Lord Foul's breeding experiments. Outcast and abhorred by their creator, the Jheherrin live fearfully, but hold within them the hope that a prophesied 'Pure One' will redeem their plight. Saltheart Foamfollower later fulfill this prophecy. Ancestors to the sur-jheherrin.
 * merewives - The Dancers of the Sea, a ferocious half-Elohim, half-human race.
 * Quellvisks- A six limbed race of reptillian creatures with venomous magical powers. They were originally peaceful herbivores but were corrupted by Lord Foul. They are extinct at the time the books are set, having been wiped out by the Elohim.
 * Ramen - Nomadic people of the Plains of Ra, devoted tenders and servants of the Ranyhyn. Ramen are highly skilled and cunning warriors who are able to defend the Ranyhyn against various enemies. Ramen are classified by a simple class structure: Winhomes, Cords and Manethralls. Manethralls are the leaders of the Ramen, men and women who have all of the skills and knowledge necessary to serve and defend the Ranyhyn.
 * Ranyhyn - Magnificent, Earthpowerful wild horses from the Plains of Ra. Larger and stronger than ordinary horses, the wise and intelligent Ranyhyn also appear to possess some facility to manipulate time. A Ranyhyn may allow itself to be ridden only when it has chosen the rider.
 * Ravers - Three ancient, malevolent spirits, brothers who serve as Lord Foul's most powerful agents. Virtually immortal, they are capable of cruel possession. The brothers are samadhi Sheol Satansfist, turiya Herem Kinslaughterer, and moksha Jehannum Fleshharrower.
 * Sandgorgons - Fierce creatures capable of great destruction. Able to travel at phenomenal speed, Sandgorgons were once a terrible bane upon the lives of the Bhrathair, until the mysterious Kasreyn of the Gyre brought his alchemic 'Kemper' arts to Bhrathairealm. He contrived a whirlwind-like prison called Sandgorgons Doom for the creatures deep in the Great Desert from which no Sandgorgon may escape, unless its name is uttered in summoning. Whilst only roughly larger than a human, Sandgorgons are immensely powerful, using their blunted arms to batter and rend any obstruction. They have no physical features upon their 'faces', and their legs bend backwards at the knee to allow the Sandgorgon to attain great speed upon the sand.
 * skest - Creatures of acid similar in shape and size to a child. They serve Horrim Carabal, the lurker of the Sarangrave.
 * Skurj - Large snake shaped creatures made of lava, they are apparently able to consume earthpower.
 * Stonedownors - Natives of the Land who commune in stone villages. Stonedownors make use of the Earthpower in stone in their daily lives.
 * Ur-viles - Spawned by the Demondim, ur-viles are black, eyeless creatures who rely on their exaggerated nostrils for navigation. The tall, hairless creatures have limbs of equal proportion, allowing them to ambulate both upright and on all-fours. Lore-wise and organised, they represent the most cunning and valuable members of Lord Foul's army throughout the 1st Chronicles. However, by the Second Chronicles, the self-loathing ur-viles have broken allegiance with Foul. As a token of their new purpose, they present the giant Saltheart Foamfollwer with a perfectly engineered ebony humanoid, Vain, whose mysterious purpose may ultimately aid Covenant in his efforts to quench the Sunbane.
 * Viles - Ancient, insubstantial spirits of malice and dark knowledge. Their lore spawned the Demondim, whom they made in an attempt to give their malefic purpose flesh and life. Their dark deeds brought them into conflict with the Old Lords of the Land.
 * Waynhim - Spawned by the Demondim in the same manner in which the ur-viles were created, the Waynhim are an anomalous race who were disinherited by their makers. Waynhim have proportionate limbs akin to their dark brothers, the ur-viles, and are similarly eyeless. However, they are smaller and paler than the ur-viles. The Waynhim serve the Land according to their own obscure dictates.
 * Woodhelvennin - Natives of the Land who commune in tree villages. Woodhelvennin make use of the Earthpower in wood in their daily lives.

Extraordinary phenomena
The three Chronicles contain many extraordinary and preternatural phenomena, although the author generally eschews the use of the word "magic" except in the term Wild Magic. Instead, a variety of terms, including "power," "puissance," and "theurgy" are used.

Earthpower
Earthpower is described in the glossaries of the Last Chronicles as "the power of life," but it might be better to describe it as the power of the natural world, as it exists in both living and nonliving vessels. Earthpower is omnipresent throughout the Land and manifests itself in many different forms. Places, substances, and living things can all be Earthpowerful.

The region known as the Hills of Andelain is one of the most Earthpowerful places is the Land. Its innate Earthpower was so great that during the time of the Second Chronicles, it remained untouched by the Sunbane.

Bathing in the water of the Earthpowerful lake Glimmermere, located among the hills above Revelstone, relieves fatigue and lifts the effect of Kevin's Dirt.

Stone and soil can be Earthpowerful. Orcrest is a stone which can be made to emit light, uncover deception, and even manipulate the weather, though in this last use the orcrest will be wholly consumed. Graveling is a form of stone which can be made to generate light and heat. Hurtloam is a golden-flecked mud which heals injury and cures disease with astonishing rapidity.

There are many Earthpowerful plants in the Land, as well. Aliantha, is a shrub, the fruit of which is extremely nourishing; amanibhavam is a kind of grass which has, for horses, a healing virtue similar to that of hurtloam, but which can cause great harm to humans. Gildenlode is an Earthpowerful wood which has great use in the construction of ships: a ship with a gildenlode keel moves as its pilot wills it to, without need of oars or sails or current.

Earthpower has an anagathic effect on those who dedicate themselves to its service. The Old Lords had lifespans measured in centuries or millennia. In The Illearth War, Elena tells Covenant that Lord Mhoram is seventy years old, but Morham's appearance is closer to that of a man in his early fifties. According to the Last Chronicles, Sunder and Hollian are said to have lived for well over a hundred years.

Sunbane
During the Second Chronicles, Earthpower had been replaced with the Sunbane. The destruction of the Staff of Law during the events of The Power That Preserves resulted in a weakening of the Law itself, because "the tool and its purpose were one." In the millennia between the First and Second Chronicles, Lord Foul manipulated the Law, transforming Earthpower into the Sunbane. Under the Sunbane, the seasons do not pass in a regular cycle, and instead the Earth is afflicted with rain, drought, fertility and pestilence in random sequence. The Sunbane can be employed to create works of theurgy, although doing so requires a sacrifice of blood.

Wild magic
Wild magic is an extremely powerful and dangerous force which is antithetical to Law. It cannot be exerted except with an instrument of power made from white gold. The chief power of wild magic is to alter time. It can even break the Arch of Time, which is why Lord Foul desires it so much—it is the key to his prison (unfortunately, breaking the Arch will also destroy the Earth). It also creates the caesures of the Last Chronicles, regions where Time has no meaning.

Wild magic is also capable of immense physical destruction, manifesting as silver flames. By using "just a trickle" of power, Covenant once used wild magic to shave.

Wild magic seems to respond to other sources of mystical power. Covenant discovered that he could trigger wild magic by touching powerful objects like the Illearth Stone or a piece of orcrest. It unleashed itself to dispel a storm that Drool Rockworm had made with the Staff of Law.

During the Second Chronicles, the thaumaturge Kasreyn said that each of his theurgies contained a single deliberate flaw, because perfection could not endure within the imperfect world. He claimed that white gold would allow him to overcome this.

Linden Avery used wild magic to create a new Staff of Law by merging the Elohim Findail and the Demondim-spawn Vain.

Law
The Law is the natural order, the fundamental rules that govern the way the world works. However, Law is also a force which can be exerted in works of theurgy. Law can be used to summon people from Covenant's world to the Land, manipulate the weather, heal injury and cure disease. Drool Rockworm used it to locate Thomas Covenant within the Land, which was possible because Covenant's shoes were made from materials not originally from the Land. Linden Avery used the second Staff of Law to destroy the Sunbane, and imbue people with health-sense.

Ur-viles, as created beings, are inherently unnatural, and so the presence of the Staff of Law causes them pain.

=Characters in the Land=

In the Chronicles of Thomas Covenant

 * Thomas Covenant
 * Saltheart Foamfollower
 * Lord Mohram
 * Atiaran
 * Trell
 * Triock
 * Lena
 * Elena
 * Bannor
 * Korik
 * Lord Foul
 * Drool Rockworm
 * Hile Troy
 * Lord Hyrim
 * Prothall
 * Lithe
 * Pietten
 * Caeroil Wildwood

In the Second Chronicles of Thomas Covenant

 * Thomas Covenant
 * Linden Avery
 * Joan Covenant
 * Sunder
 * Hollian
 * Pitchwife, husband of Gossamer Glowlimmn the First of the Search
 * The First of the Search, Gossamer Glowlimmn, wife of Pitchwife
 * Grimmand Honninscrave, elder brother of Cable Seadreamer
 * Cable Seadreamer, possessed by the Earthsight, younger brother of Grimmand Honninscrave
 * Mistweave
 * Brinn
 * Cail
 * Ceer
 * Hergrom
 * Marid
 * Gibbon
 * Memla
 * Findail
 * Infelice
 * Vain
 * Hamako
 * Kasreyn of the Gyre
 * Nom
 * Lord Foul

In the Last Chronicles of Thomas Covenant

 * Thomas Covenant
 * Linden Avery
 * Roger Covenant
 * Joan Covenant
 * Jeremiah
 * Anele
 * Stave
 * Liand
 * Mahrtiir
 * Bhapa
 * Pahni
 * Esmer
 * The Mahdoubt
 * The Theomach
 * The Ardent
 * The Harrow
 * Lord Foul
 * the Humbled

title: User:The Land/The Land (fiction)


text:
User talk:Dr Ramesh Parmar

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing!

Please don't remove templates and stubs from articles without doing what was requested and replacing the stub with one that's more accurate. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Database articles
The material for OAIster comes from here, that from Fedora (software) comes from here. Could you confirm, either that you are the copyright holder, or that the material is usable under Wikipedia copyright rules? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:47, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * As both sites have a copyright notice, I've placed both articles on the Wikipdia:Copyright problems list. If you do in fact own the copyright, or can show that Wikipedia can use the material under its guidelines, please explain at the appropriate places. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:27, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dr Ramesh Parmar


text:
Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics

Done!

We've examined every topic in the 1907 Nuttall Encyclopedia and believe every topic still relevant for today's encyclopedias is included in Wikipedia to some extent and in some form.

To find articles originating from the Nuttall Encyclopedia, please examine Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia. To find other areas where we still need to improve Wikipedia in comparison with other encyclopedias, see the links in the box to the right.

The examination and inclusion project was completed in 2005. Since then, attitudes to citations have moved on. If you come across a generic reference to Nuttall or Cite Nuttall, try to add a title= parameter, and to be specific as to the text that is copied or cited (for example with an inline reference). If any such facts are backed by another citation, you can delete the Nuttall reference.

title: Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics


text:
PepsiAmericas

PepsiAmericas, Inc. was the world's second-largest bottler of Pepsi-Cola products, under contract with product owner PepsiCo. PepsiAmericas also held contracts to produce beverages for Dr Pepper Snapple Group and smaller regional brands. PepsiAmericas had 19 bottling plants in the United States and had a presence in 11 countries in Central/Eastern Europe and 5 countries in the Caribbean. PepsiAmericas was based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

By early 2009, PepsiCo held a 41.1% stake in the PepsiAmericas. On April 20, 2009, PepsiCo offered to buy the remaining portion of PepsiAmericas, at an offer of $23.27 – or $11.64 plus 0.223 PepsiCo shares – in exchange for each PepsiAmericas share. In August 2009, PepsiCo also made an offer for Pepsi Bottling Group, the world's largest bottler of Pepsi-Cola products. On February 26, 2010, after regulatory review, PepsiCo's acquisitions of the two bottling companies was completed, forming a new, wholly owned subsidiary, the Pepsi Beverages Company.

History
In 2000, Whitman Corp., a Pepsi bottler, purchased PepsiAmericas and took the acquired company's name. Whitman was founded as the Illinois Central Railroad. It later diversified out of railroads and into Pepsi bottling, going by the names Illinois Central Industries in 1962, IC Industries in 1975 and Whitman Corp. in 1988.

title: PepsiAmericas


text:
Paul Nurse

Sir Paul Maxime Nurse (born 25 January 1949) is an English geneticist, former President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt, for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells in the cell cycle.

Early life and education
Nurse's mother went from London to Norwich and lived with relatives while awaiting Paul's birth (at the age of 18) in order to hide illegitimacy. For the rest of their lives, his maternal grandmother pretended to be his mother, and his mother pretended to be his sister.

Paul was brought up by his grandparents (whom he took to be his parents) in North West London. He was educated at Lyon Park school in Alperton and Harrow County Grammar School. He received his BSc degree in Biology in 1970 from the University of Birmingham and his PhD degree in 1973 from the University of East Anglia for research on Candida utilis. He then pursued postdoctoral work at the University of Bern, the University of Edinburgh and the University of Sussex.

Nurse did not know that his "sister" was in fact his mother until he was in his 50s. His "parents" had both already died and his "sister" Miriam, eighteen years his senior, had died early of multiple sclerosis. His application for a green card for US residency while president of Rockefeller University was, to his surprise, rejected, despite his being a Nobel Prize winner, president of a university and a knight; this was because he had submitted a short-form UK birth certificate which did not name his parents. When he applied for a full birth certificate he discovered the truth, to his astonishment.

Career and research
Nurse continued his postdoctoral research at the laboratory of Murdoch Mitchison at the University of Edinburgh for the next six years (1973–1979).

Beginning in 1976, Nurse identified the gene cdc2 in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). This gene controls the progression of the cell cycle from G1 phase to S phase and the transition from G2 phase to mitosis. In 1987, Nurse identified the homologous gene in human, Cdk1, which codes for a cyclin dependent kinase.

Working in fission yeast, Nurse identified the gene cdc2, which controls the transition from G1 to S, when the cell grows in preparation for the duplication of DNA, and G2 to M, when the cell divides. With his postdoc Melanie Lee, Nurse also found the corresponding gene, CDK1, in humans. These genes stop and start cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) by adding or removing phosphate groups.

In 1984, Nurse joined the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF, now Cancer Research UK). He left in 1988 to chair the department of microbiology at the University of Oxford. He then returned to the ICRF as Director of Research in 1993, and in 1996 was named Director General of the ICRF, which became Cancer Research UK in 2002. In 2003, he became president of Rockefeller University in New York City where he continued work on the cell cycle of fission yeast. In 2011 Nurse became the first Director and Chief Executive of the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation, now the Francis Crick Institute.

On 30 November 2010, Nurse succeeded astrophysicist Martin Rees for a five-year term as President of the Royal Society until 2015.

Nurse has said good scientists must have passion "to know the answer to the questions" that interest them, along with good technical ability, and a set of attitudes including mental honesty, self-criticism, open-mindedness and scepticism.

Awards and honours
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Nurse has received numerous awards and honours. He was elected an EMBO Member in 1987 and a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1989 and the Founder Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1998. In 1995, he was awarded the Pezcoller-AACR International Award. he received a Royal Medal and became a foreign associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1998. Nurse was knighted in 1999. He was awarded the French Legion d'Honneur and the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 2002. He was also awarded the Copley Medal in 2005. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences – one of the top honours – in April 2006. He is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering. Nurse is the 2007 recipient of the Hope Funds Award of Excellence in Basic Research. He is a Freeman of the London Borough of Harrow. In 2013, he was awarded the Albert Einstein World Award of Science by the World Cultural Council. In 2015, he was elected a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and won the 10th annual Henry G. Friesen International Prize in Health Research, in Ottawa, Canada. He was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to science and medicine in the UK and abroad. In November 2022 he was appointed to the Order of Merit.

Nurse has received over 60 Honorary Degrees and Fellowships, including from the University of Bath in 2002, the University of Oxford in 2003, the University of Cambridge in 2003, the University of Kent in 2012, the University of Warwick (Doctor of Science) the University of Worcester (Doctor of Science) in 2013, City, University of London (Doctor of Science) in 2014 and McGill University (Doctor of Science) in 2017. In 2020 he was awarded an honorary degree from the Mendel University in Brno in the Czech Republic.

He was also appointed an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (HonFREng) in 2012 and Honorary Fellow of the British Association (HonFBA) in 2013. In July 2016 it was announced that he will be the next Chancellor of the University of Bristol. He is an Honorary Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers.

Personal life
Nurse married Anne Teresa (née Talbott) in 1971; they have two daughters – Sarah, who works for ITV, and Emily, a physicist based at University College London and CERN. He describes himself as a sceptical agnostic.

Political views
Nurse has been a member of the Labour Party for nearly 40 years and is a patron of Scientists for Labour, a socialist society affiliated to them. In September 2020, he was a co-author on a letter in Nature alongside the former prime minister Gordon Brown highlighting the importance of EU funding in the fight against COVID-19.

As an undergraduate student at Birmingham, Nurse sold Socialist Worker, and participated in an occupation of the vice-chancellor's office. As a graduate student at East Anglia he continued to sell Socialist Worker, and was sympathetic to the International Socialist Tendency but never formally joined the movement.

Nurse has criticised potential Republican Party candidates for the US presidential nomination for opposing the teaching of natural selection, stem cell research on cell lines from human embryos, and anthropogenic climate change, even partially blaming scientists for not speaking up. He was alarmed that this could happen in the US, a world leader in science, "the home of Benjamin Franklin, Richard Feynman and Jim Watson".

One problem, Nurse said, was "treating scientific discussion as if it were political debate," using rhetorical tricks rather than logic. Another was the state of science teaching in the schools, which does not teach citizens how to discuss science – particularly in religious schools, even in the United Kingdom. Nurse has written that "we need to emphasise why the scientific process is such a reliable generator of knowledge with its respect for evidence, for scepticism, for consistency of approach, for the constant testing of ideas." Furthermore, Nurse feels that scientific leaders "have a responsibility to expose the bunkum". They should take on politicians, and expose nonsense during elections.

In August 2014, Nurse was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

Nurse believes that scientists should speak out about science in public affairs and challenge politicians who support policies based on pseudoscience.

Books

 * What Is Life?: Five Great Ideas in Biology (2021), W. W. Norton & Company

title: Paul Nurse


text:
Category:Digital model train control

This sub category is for the various types of digital model train control, all scales.

title: Category:Digital model train control


text:
Chyler Leigh

Chyler Leigh West (pronounced ; née Potts; born April 10, 1982 ), known professionally as Chyler Leigh, is an American actress, singer and model. She is best known for her roles as Janey Briggs in the comedy film Not Another Teen Movie (2001), Lexie Grey in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2007–2012; 2021), and Alex Danvers in the DC Comics superhero series Supergirl (2015–2021).

Early life
Leigh was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, on April 10, 1982, to Yvonne Norton and Robert Potts. She was raised in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where her parents ran a weight-loss business. The business went bankrupt when she was eight and her parents' marriage ended when she was 12; she, her mother, and her older brother – former actor Christopher Khayman Lee – then moved to Miami, where her mother remarried her first husband. Leigh was estranged from her father for many years following her parents' divorce, but they have since reconciled.

Leigh was in eighth grade when she started modelling. She soon began acting by appearing in local television commercials and a syndicated teen news show, Hall Pass. In 1999, Leigh and her mother relocated to Los Angeles so she could develop her acting career. At 16, she took and passed the California High School Proficiency Exam.

Drug addiction and recovery
At age 16, Leigh met her future husband, twenty year old Nathan West, when they both attended auditions for the pilot of an unsuccessful WB series titled Saving Graces. They began a relationship, and Leigh left home to move in with West. Leigh described them as being "broken", both having had troubled family lives and difficult upbringings. This led to abuse of drugs, which quickly escalated into addiction; she was told by the director of Not Another Teen Movie that she looked unhealthily thin. Around that time, she and West also attended a Christian church service, at the invitation of a friend, which helped them in recovery, and the two were subsequently married.

Career
Leigh started acting at an early age and debuted in the film world at age 15 in 1997's Kickboxing Academy. She started hosting in local TV shows and modeling; in 2001, Leigh nabbed the lead role in the box-office success Not Another Teen Movie as Janey Briggs opposite Chris Evans. She also appeared with the cast in Marilyn Manson's music video "Tainted Love", a song which appeared in the film. She was ranked #65 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2002. In 2002, Leigh was cast in two short-lived TV series: Girls Club, in which she played lawyer Sarah Mickle, and That '80s Show, in which she played punk rocker June Tuesday. She then became a series regular on the ABC legal drama The Practice, but was let go at the end of the season due to budget cuts. Following that, she joined the cast of Reunion in September 2005.

In ABC's medical drama Grey's Anatomy, Leigh first appeared as a woman in Joe's bar who was noticed by Derek Shepherd during the final two episodes of the third season, and her character is later revealed to be Lexie Grey, the younger half-sister of the titular character. Leigh was made an official series regular for season four and remained so until the eighth-season finale, as Leigh chose to depart from the show after five years to spend more time with her family.

Leigh also makes music with her husband Nathan West (East of Eli), under the name "WestLeigh". They have performed covers and originals songs. In 2015, for their thirteenth anniversary they wrote "Love Lit The Sky". On Valentine's Day 2017, they released the single "Nowhere". Leigh has taken part in several of her husband's tours.

On June 18, 2017, a single "Spirit of Samba" by Laurent Voulzy was released featuring Leigh, Nina Miranda, Luisa Maita and Eloisia; in France it reached the 99th position on the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) chart.

From 2015 to 2021, Leigh starred in the CBS/CW DC Comics television series Supergirl as Alex Danvers, the elder adoptive sister of the titular character and a scientist and government agent at the DEO. She would reprise the role on Arrow, The Flash, and Legends of Tomorrow during crossover events Crisis on Earth-X, Crisis on Infinite Earths, and "Armageddon". She made her directorial debut with the season six episode "Prom Again!".

In April 2021, Leigh returned to Grey's Anatomy for the episode "Breathe".

Since 2023 Leigh has co-starred in the Hallmark Channel series The Way Home with Andie McDowell.

Personal life
In 2002, Leigh married fellow actor Nathan West in Alaska. The couple worked together in 2000 on the television series 7th Heaven, playing Mary Camden's (Jessica Biel) troubled friends Frankie and Johnnie. Leigh and West have three children – a son and two daughters (born 2003, 2006, and 2009 ).

Leigh is a Christian and credits her faith and a "really awesome church" with giving her and her husband "a reason to live". She also supports The Thirst Project, a non-profit organization in America which aims to bring safe drinking water to communities around the world.

In 2019, Leigh revealed that she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder a decade earlier.

In mid 2020, Leigh published a statement on the Create Change website, an advocacy website she co-founded, in which she expressed an emotional connection with her Supergirl character's coming-out scene. Several websites and media outlets, especially those connected with LGBTQ advocacy, interpreted this statement as Leigh's own coming-out about her sexuality.

Leigh and her family previously lived in Los Angeles, but they now split their time between Vancouver and Nashville.

During mid 2020, Leigh contracted COVID-19 and became ill. Leigh described her experience in an article published to createchange.me on October 14, 2020: "I lost about a month's worth of time, laying in bed, waving to my children in the hallway with a mask on so they didn't see how sick I was from COVID-19. Almost 'game-over' sick. The only time I had with my husband was spent six feet apart on our bedroom balcony in the morning for a soul-lifting hour to just be with one another or when he donned his mask coming in the room to take care of me, bravely bringing food and Gatorade (which half the time I wasn't able to taste). Golden moments in the midst of darkness. I will say I'm incredibly lucky, though. By the grace of God, no one else got sick. And, although there were a few occasions it almost seemed necessary, I didn't have to go to the hospital. I think getting through a sickness of that magnitude definitely earned me a level up. My body defeated what I thought was impossible and I got a proper restart."

Music videos

 * "Tainted Love" (2001), by Marilyn Manson

As a producer

 * Brake (2012), as co-producer
 * The Way Home (2023), as executive producer

title: Chyler Leigh


text: User talk:24.86.94.184

title: User talk:24.86.94.184


text: User:Autiger/Gallery/Oakland Cemetery

title: User:Autiger/Gallery/Oakland Cemetery


text:
Marching Through Georgia

"Marching Through Georgia" (sometimes spelled as "Marching Thru' Georgia" or "Marching Thro Georgia") is a marching song written by Henry Clay Work at the end of the American Civil War in 1865. The title and lyrics of the song refer to U.S. Army major general William T. Sherman's "March to the Sea" to capture the Confederate city of Savannah, Georgia in late 1864.

History
The song became widely popular with Union Army veterans after the American Civil War. The song, sung from the point of view of a Union soldier, tells of marching through Georgian territory, freeing slaves, meeting Southern Unionist men glad to once again see the U.S. flag, and punishing the Confederacy for their starting the war.

After the war, in parts of the southern United States, and particularly in Georgia, ex-Confederates and some white Southerners saw the song as a symbol of perceived excessive damage and political domination the United States army and government exercised over the former Confederacy and Southern states during the war. Coincidentally, Sherman himself came to dislike "Marching Through Georgia", in part because it was played at almost every public appearance that he attended. In fact, it was even played at his funeral. Outside of the Southern United States, it had a widespread appeal: Japanese troops sang it as they entered Port Arthur, the British Army sang it in India, and a British town welcomed southern U.S. troops in World War II with the tune.

Legacy

The song remains popular with brass bands, and its tune has been adapted to other popular songs, including the controversial anthem of Glasgow Rangers Football Club "Billy Boys" and "Come In, Come In". It was also sung by a black Northern transplant played by Ernest Whitman in the film Gone with the Wind, and by Ann Sheridan in Dodge City.

In the 1896 presidential election, the campaigns of both William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan featured political songs sung to the tune of "Marching Through Georgia".

In the United Kingdom, the tune is used for the Georgist anthem, The Land, the de facto party song of the Liberal Democrats and of the former Liberal Party. Liberal Assemblies and Liberal Democrat Conferences were formerly closed with the song, and the song continues to be a favourite at the conference Glee Club. David Lloyd George used the tune for his campaign song George and Gladstone in his first election campaign in 1890.

An anglicised version of the song was recorded between 1901 and 1903 during the Second Anglo Boer War. This version, although almost identical, included alternate lyrics and was issued as "Marching On Pretoria" on the Zonophone label.

George M. Cohan referenced the "Hurrah! Hurrah!" line in one of the verses of "You're a Grand Old Flag", juxtaposed with a line from "Dixie".

In Japan, the song was played by the Salvation Army in the late 1880s. In 1892, a set of new lyrics were written by Tomiya Tetsumaru to make the song more oriented to other Japanese marching songs, renaming it "Masuratake wo". In 1919, Masuratake wo was parodied with lyrics by Soeda Azenbō and Shogetsu Watanabe as "Tokyo Bushi (Pai no Pai no Pai)", which subsequently became a perennially popular shin min'yō standard. The song was featured in the soundtrack to the film The Flower and the Angry Waves by Seijun Suzuki.

The Finnish protest song "Laiva Toivo, Oulu" ("The Ship Hope, Oulu") is set to the melody of "Marching Through Georgia", but with Finnish-language lyrics criticizing the actions of the captain of the titular frigate Toivo.

The song is referenced in the title of two alternate history novels. S. M. Stirling's Marching Through Georgia references the title, and Ward Moore's Bring the Jubilee references the chorus.

In 1924, guitar and harmonica player Charlie Oaks released "Marching Through Flanders" for the Vocalion label (Vocalion 15104). It bears an identical melody to "Marching Through Georgia", but details the exploits of American troops in Belgium during World War I.

In the early 1940s during the Japanese rule of Korea, the Korean Liberation Army used the melody of "Marching Through Georgia" for their "March of the KLA".

In the classic western movie Shane (1953), ex-Confederate Frank "Stonewall" Torrey (Elisha Cook, Jr.) is goaded by another, harmonica-playing, character with an impromptu rendition of "Marching Through Georgia". In the 1966 Howard Hawks western El Dorado, the character Bull, in response to being shot at from a bell-laden church tower and then asked to provide cover, proclaims, "Well, just give me another gun and I'll play "Marching Through Georgia."

In 1961, Tennessee Ernie Ford sang this song on his album Tennessee Ernie Ford Sings Civil War Songs of the North; though this version skips from a slightly altered third verse to the fifth verse, omitting the fourth verse entirely.

The Stockton, California band Pavement emphatically reference Sherman's March to the Sea and song "Marching Through Georgia" in their song "Unseen Power of the Picket Fence" from their 1994 album reissue Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain: LA's Desert Origins.

Lyrics

"Come In"
One version of the chorus for Come In is as follows:

The Land
The first verse and chorus from "The Land" is as follows:

"Paint 'Er Red"
One verse from this adaptation, occasionally sung by members of the Industrial Workers of the World, is as follows:

The song was interpolated into The United States of America's "The American Metaphysical Circus".

"Shout aloud Salvation"
The Salvation Army has a tradition of adapting songs with their own Christian words. These words written by George Scott Railton

title: Marching Through Georgia


text:
User talk:AnnoM

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:49, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Shroomery
I've argued for retention of The Shroomery, but it's unlikely to be kept, partly because of the transparent use of anon IP accounts pretending to be registered Users, and votes from specially-created accounts. That sort of thing really irritates Wikipedians, who don't like to have their intelligence insulted. I seriously suggest that you leave the debate alone, and even strike out the fake votes with an apology; I'm not saying that it will lead to the article being kept, but it will help. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:54, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the welcome! I don't like most reactions, some are very elitist. I'm sure most people who voted don't have bad intentions, they are just wikinoobs, they didn't try to pretent they were regular users. The Shroomery is a community with more than 30,000 members. They want their online-home in the wikipedia. I can understand that wikipedia does not allow that, but don't say that it's a promotion; it's not www.cocacola.com. I'm sure I can add the church next door, without my article being called a promotion. It's not fair and consequent. Annom 17:50, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AnnoM