text:
Galois (crater)

Galois is a large lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. Features of this class are commonly termed walled plains, due to their appearance and dimension. It is located just to the southeast of another huge walled plain, Korolev, a formation nearly double the diameter of Galois. Several hundred kilometers due south is another enormous feature, Apollo.

This is a heavily eroded feature with a rim that has been reshaped by impacts, particularly along the northwest edge where it lies near Korolev. An influx of material forms an inward bulge along the southern edge, which is impacted by Galois Q. The interior floor is also overlain by several notable craters, with the craters Galois A and Galois L forming a nearly matching pair near the midpoint. Along the northeastern rim are Galois B and Galois C, while Galois U lies against the northwestern inner wall. The most intact and nearly level section of floor is along the southwestern part of the interior.

A small, unnamed impact crater located along the northeastern rim of Galois has a relatively high albedo and lies at the focus of a small ray system. The rays from this impact are the most prominent to the north, where they cross the floor of the crater Mechnikov. Craters that have a ray system are considered indicative of a relatively recent impact, as the rays are steadily erased by space weathering.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Galois.

title: Galois (crater)


text:
Rocky Mountain Way (album)

Rocky Mountain Way is a compilation album released in 1985 by rock musician Joe Walsh.

Reception
Writing retrospectively for AllMusic, critic Ben Davies wrote of the album "considering both the amount of classic Walsh songs not featured on Rocky Mountain Way and the many other more extensive and better chosen best-ofs available, this release is rather pointless."

Track listing
All songs by Joe Walsh, except where noted.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rocky Mountain Way (album)


text: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/July 2005

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/July 2005


text:
Talk:Vagus nerve

Questionable Claims
There are questionable claims in this article about vasotomy and Parkinson's disease. This research is too limited and too recent to be presented in the way it is. I recommend that the claim that vasotomy "prevents" Parkinson's disease be toned down or the paragraph in question be removed altogether.

The article should probably also contain a preemptive mention of the pseudoscientific theory called polyvagal theory in clinical psychology and counseling, labeling it as such and cautioning readers against the theory. 68.189.135.150 (talk)

Location
Where exactly is the vagus nerve? (asked 70.57.70.99).
 * Well, like the article says: "starts in the brainstem (somewhere in the medulla oblongata) and extends way down past the head, all the way down to the abdomen." Don't know that I'd phrase it exactly like that, but it gets the idea across. -- Dcfleck 19:44, 2005 Apr 23 (UTC)

 * Perhaps naming the organs enervated would be helpful? I know that it enervates as far south (distal) as the uterus and large colon. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 12:50, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

Vagus nerve and knockouts
I don't know if anyone wants to mention this, but the common boxing/martial arts knockouts from being hit on the chin are due to the jaws forcing back onto the Vagus nerves just behind the jaws. I thought that was a pretty neat fact. Amnion (talk) 14:46, 18 September 2008 (UTC) Sounds like bullshit... When you bite on a mouthpiece strongly (which fighters prefer to do before getting hit) it is actually easier to break the jaw than to move it even a bit. Just try it... Also you may try a good sharp punch on your chin while biting on a mouthpiece it will shake your brain just fine. With loose jaw (fatigue and inattentiveness) this may actually happen, but then you already lost because you were already beaten silly beforehand.
 * Well, seeing as "this may actually happen", might I ask that someone that actually knows something look in on the Chin (boxing) Article? Exit2DOS • Ctrl • Alt • Del 15:58, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

Pranayama Reference
Please reference research backing: "Mild degree of intermittent VNS by daily performance of certain breathing exercises (Pranayama) over a period of several weeks lowers blood pressure and the heart rate in persons with elevated blood pressure and/or elevated heart rate."

Psychology today had useful articles which may provide a reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.255.120.189 (talk) 23:35, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

Vagus nerve problems
I have a good friend who was about to undergo a vasectomy, when the doctor inserted a needle to numb the area my friend went into a seizure. The procedure was stopped and he was told to see a cardiologist. Before the appointment he was having trouble breathing, his heart would start to race and he was very tired. He went to the hospital but all cardiac tests showed nothing wrong. The symptoms still persist 3 weeks after their onset. Any information would be appreciated.

 * Sorry, but this is the wrong place to ask for medical advice. I hope your friend recovers. -Will Beback 21:25, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

This nerve supplies motor and sensory parasympathetic fibers to virtually everything from the neck down to the first third of the transverse colon can i change that? cause like this one could think it gies motor innervation to everything til the transverse colon, and if i remember right its down to the two thirds of the transverse colon. And is it ok to say sensory parasympathetic? why not simply parasympathetic, without sensory. Someone explain me please user:gaboo
 * There are several things wrong with that sentence and your proposed edit. It does not give motor inntervation down to the second third of the transverse colon, it gives parasympathetic all the way down to and inc. 2/3 of the transverse colon. It gives motor to diff muscles, as described already in the article. I would say that 'parasympathetic' is fine, although 'sensory parasympthetic' is not wrong. Snellios (talk) 17:24, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Effects of cutting vagus nerve
What symtoms would someone expect if the Vagus nerve was cut during a hiatal hernia operation? Will this nerve grow back together without surgery over time? -- unsigned comment by 70.255.180.205, 5/3/2006

Wow, that might really mess you up. But I don't know that much about the nerve so could someone else answer that question? I would like to know as well. -- Anonymous

Vagolytic v. vagotonia
I suppose vagotonia would be the opposite of what is mentioned in the article as vagolytic innervation. Maybe that could be mentioned, as I am working on an article which references this term (vagotonia). __meco 16:33, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Backwards Explanation
I believe these statements are incorrect: "Symptoms of nervousness, especially in a social context, such as increased heart rate/palpitation, impediment or inability to speak, stomach irritation, and excessive perspiration are caused in part by the vagus nerve.

An effective method of curbing these symptoms is by taking a deep breath, and forcefully blowing out through a small hole in your mouth, letting your cheeks puff out. This puts pressure on the nerve, and tells it to reset."

The symptoms mentioned are mostly due to increased sympathetic activity rather than withdrawal of resting vagal tone, and the maneuver described, sort of a mini-Valsalva, will act as a vagal stimulus alright, but the 'press the reset button' explanation is lacking.Moioci 02:25, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Moioci is correct. Stimulation of the Vagus nerve decreases the heart rate and the blood pressure, too. Thus, the mini-Valsalva was mentioned. Depending on your personal physiology, use it with caution, though. Ask your MD first. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 13:13, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

Outrunning the Vagus Nerve
I was chatting to a friend about vagus nerve, and apparently it tells you when you are full (have eaten enough). There is nothing in this article about that sensation, or 'outrunning the vagus nerve' (eating as much as you can in the 20 minutes before the nerve recognises that you are full). Is this all correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.166.4.130 (talk) 04:01, August 25, 2006 (UTC)

"Full-time fetus"?
The vagus nerve is a pathway not an interpreter. It carrys the message to a part of the brain that then interprets the message that you are full. get a decent medical book and its quite simple. ( tutoria)

Vagus Nerve and Acupuncture
The comment regarding the rare occurance of accupunture hitting the vagus nerve needs better attribution/verification/citation. The link to the rotary club and yingyang website do not back up the statement. User:J. Bryant Evans 03:20, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It happened, will look for citation User:Sweetmoose6

 * Please don't think I am questioning you -- I'm not. Just needs the reference you are searching for. JB Evans  03:28, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh not at all, hope that wasn't short. You're absolutely right, it needs a citation. User:Sweetmoose6

 * Dizziness and fainting have been reported from acupuncture, but I've never heard of seizure attributed to injury of the vagus nerve. It's not reported anywhere at Pubmed, and seems anatomically unlikely.  I'm removing it pending a reliable source.  The problem with unsourced anecdotal claims is addressed at WP:NOTTRUTH.  Thanks, Jim Butler(talk) 07:29, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * In the interest of full disclosure my post was deleted by an accupuncturist. The inclusion of my post could have been perceived as a negative occurence (bad for business), and was deleted because our ever so reliable media could not be depended on to produce the story.  While rare, this is a documented occurence and should be examined.  User: Sweetmoose6

 * Actually, I deleted it precisely because there was no documentation. If there is any, go ahead and provide it.  If all you can do is resort to a gratuitious attack on my motivations, your argument isn't very strong.  Have a look at WP:AGF, please.  --Jim Butler(talk) 23:48, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Then I owe you an apology. You're correct about the source issue as I have already stated.  I assume when a source is found you will have no problem with its inclusion.  But as to motivation, there are millions of unsourced statements and anecdotes on Wikipedia (although you are again correct that they are against the policy etc., should be corrected).  It was just curious that an accupuncturist was so quick to remove a potentially very negative story about a serious problem that occured as the result of an accupuncture.   I honestly apologize if that inference was incorrect.  The purpose was to put the story out there so a source could be found where I have not been able to do so.  This type of event has occured before in other places, so it is not an extreme medical claim. User:Sweetmoose6

 * "This type of event has occured before in other places" -- really? Citation, please?  And thanks, apology accepted.  The place to enlist help with sourcing is right here on the article talk page, cf. 2nd para of Wp:v.  regards, Jim Butler(talk) 05:09, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The Vagus nerve is too deep for something as superficial as an acupuncture needle to stab. I don't doubt that persons have passed out from having acupuncture, but would suspect that a needle phobia / Vasovagal response is the much more likely culprit. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 13:03, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

Vagus Nerve jamming causing fatigue
I have recently seen a Chinese Dr regarding why I am always so tired and rundown. Yes I do have a 21 month old son, however I new it was more than that as my fatigue goes back at least 7 years (I am now 33). He looked at me for only a few minutes and explained that my Vagus nerve on my left side was being jammed by extremely tight neck muscles. This was pushing on my wind pipe making it difficult for me to get a full breath. Also I believe (but do not fully understand as yet) that it is also pushing on my Pitutitary Gland and thus effecting my adrenals. Both these problems would create a very marked drop in my energy levels.

Any comments or further explainations regarding this would be appreciated.

Dude - Go to a doctor. This is not WebMD.Ndriley97 (talk) 00:10, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Vagus Nerve and Weight loss
I have been hearing in the news about losing weight by having the Vagus nerve cut. Now I caught the tail end of the report and I was unable to get more info. Is there any info on this subject.

Garfield411 (talk) 19:07, 27 April 2008 (UTC)Garfield411Garfield411 (talk) 19:07, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Depends on where you cut the vagus. The vagus nerve is the parasympathetic supply for the heart, losing it would result in a heart racing out of control, if it is damaged higher up it could result in a nasal twang.

Vagus nerve pop references
In the sci-fi novel Relfex - Stephen Gould's sequel to novel-turned-movie Jumper - the main character, David Rice, receives an implant that stimulates the vagus nerve. The implant - when triggered - causes intense nausea, loss of muscle control, and temporary paralysis. It is used to enslave the teleporter to do the antagonist's bidding.

Better organization for "innervation" section needed
May I suggest that the innervation section be subdivided into smaller sections with the following headings: motor, somatosensory, special sensory, autonomic? The meat of this article should be the functions and pathway of the nerve, not the extraneous facts that make up the majority of it currently.

Activation of the vagus nerve typically leads to a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, or both. This occurs commonly in the setting of gastrointestinal illness such as viral gastroenteritis or acute cholecystitis

I think a reference should be provided for such a statement. As a doctor, I have never heard of this effect, and a quick seearch on pubmed, I could only find some weak animal studies

195.89.27.224 (talk) 11:56, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Br77ino's lede changes
Thank you for deleting the word "simply". Good call.

However, for the rest of your change, can you provide your source? "The vagus nerve [. . .], also called the pneumogastric nerve, is known as the tenth cranial nerve or CNX, and interfaces primarily with the stomach." I doubt that the women I've met who are flat on the floor, diaphoretic with an alarming pallor, due to vagal stimulation from severe menstrual cramps would agree with you about the stomach thing. I've never met anyone in my personal life suffering a vasovagal episode from stomach distress, but in college, it happens a lot to menstruating women. The culprit seems to be excess prostaglandins that increase the severity of the cramps that in turn stimulate the vagus nerve (along with other uncomfortable effects). This UCSD site explains the effects of prostaglandins on menstruation:. Uterine tumors can also cause severe cramping leading to vasovagal episodes. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 20:20, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

DoubleSpeak ?
If the level of English was chosen to explain Vagus nerve to people who already know what it is - this article may be just fine.

However, if this article is intended to explain Vagus nerve to those (such as me) who do NOT know what it is - this article is a near complete failure.

After perusing the opaque article, I still have little idea where it is so I can't even suggest any new language.

 * You gotta follow the linked words, buddy 2605:E000:850A:B000:613D:F891:9E8A:7D06 (talk) 06:20, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, the question of *where* the vagus nerve is located is complex. It starts in the brain, exits from a hole in the bottom corner of the skull (not the big hole with the spinal cord), travels down the front of the neck on each side (in front of the SCM muscle), then interweaves like lace in the walls of the esophagus. Here the left and right vagus become completely mixed and after this point they both travel to the various organs: heart, lungs, and most of the other organs in the abdomen down to a certain point in the large intestine. Hope that helps - I've tried to phrase it in common terms. However, I don't have printed citations to add for this, it's just what I learned in science lectures, so more book time is needed for trying to improve the article in a meaningful way. Cheers.--Karinpower (talk) 21:16, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

The first paragraph mentions "The vagus nerves are normally referred to in the singular" which assumes knowledge of the subject by failing to mention anywhere in the article that there are RIGHT and LEFT vagus nerves that are normally referred to in the singular. In my opinion Karinpower's description is more accessible and should be incorporated into the first paragraph. Jpvosloo (talk) 04:03, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Role in appetite, mood etc
10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.046 JFW | T@lk  14:55, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Adding a section on stimulating the Vagus nerve to stop an anxiety attack.
After learning cognitive behavioral therapy from a psychologist, he went in to detail about how to stimulate the Vagus nerve through breathing exercises in order to slow down heart rate and calm down during an anxiety attack. I had never heard of this nerve before and I consider myself to be somewhat educated so I came home to do some further research on Wikipedia. I did not see any information with regards to "triggering" it, in the event you are trying to stop a panic attack from escalating. As a suggestion, I believe it would be within the scope of this article to add a section on basically how the nerve works in conjunction with the heart and lungs through breathing techniques that can be used to calm someone down, as an alternative to using anti-anxiety medication. Having personally battled opioid addiction, I like the idea of sharing information of this nature to other sufferers of anxiety so they don't become dependent on drugs such as Xanax.

Sympathetic component
The makes claims of a sympathetic function via peripheral chemoreceptors that has remained without a source to back it up for at least a year. There is a citation but it is to a page that updates frequently that does not currently back up the claims. I am unable to find anything to support the claims. The closest I've found is but although this backs up a sympathetic component it doesn't mention chemoreceptors. I have for now removed the claims until a supporting source can be found. PriceDL (talk) 08:52, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vagus nerve


text:
What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid

What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid is the debut album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in the UK four days after his nineteenth birthday on 14 May 1965, through Pye Records (catalog number NPL 18117). Terry Kennedy, Peter Eden, and Geoff Stephens produced the album. The album was released in the US as Catch the Wind on Hickory Records in June 1965. Hickory Records changed the title to match that of Donovan's debut single.

History
In late 1964, Peter Eden and Geoff Stephens offered Donovan a recording contract with Pye Records in the UK. Donovan had performed around Britain and had become well known in British folk circles before his record contract. His 1964 demo tapes (released as Sixty Four in 2004) show a great resemblance to both Woody Guthrie and Bob Dylan, which probably prompted the "British answer to Bob Dylan" press line that was subsequently released. What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid is notable because it captures Donovan at a point where his style and vision were starting to diverge significantly from those of Guthrie and Dylan.

The music primarily consists of Donovan singing and playing mouth harp and acoustic guitar, much like his live performances of the time. He still had some vestiges of Woody Guthrie's style, and here covers Guthrie's "Riding In My Car" (titled here as "Car Car"). What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid also includes British folk ("Tangerine Puppet") and even some jazz ("Cuttin' Out").

Donovan re-recorded "Catch the Wind" for the album, which was initially released as his debut single in the UK on 12 March 1965.

Other musicians featured on the album are Brian Locking on bass, Skip Alan (who joined the Pretty Things later the same year) on drums, and Gypsy Dave on kazoo.

Reissues

 * On 13 September 1968, What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid was reissued in an edited form (Marble Arch Records MAL 795) in the UK. "Car Car" and "Donna Donna" were both removed from the album, possibly because they were not written by Donovan.
 * On 26 February 1996, Sequel Records reissued What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid in the US under its US title Catch the Wind on compact disc. Three bonus tracks were added to the track listing. The first bonus track, "Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?", was released as the B-side to Donovan's UK debut single. The second bonus track is the A-side of Donovan's UK debut single. The third bonus track, "Every Man Has His Chain", was originally released on Donovan's Catch the Wind EP in France.
 * On 22 January 2002, Sanctuary Records reissued the complete What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid for the first time on compact disc. The US version of the CD titled Catch the Wind was released six years earlier. The CD features four bonus tracks. The first two tracks are Donovan's debut single "Catch the Wind" (a different take than the album track) and its b-side "Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?". The third bonus track "Every Man Has His Chain" was once a rare track in Donovan's discography, and was originally released on the French EP Catch the Wind in 1965. Donovan's second single "Colours" is also released here, in a version different from the one included on the Fairytale album.

Original album (UK)
Side 1
 * 1) "Josie" (Donovan Leitch) – 3:28
 * 2) "Catch the Wind" (Donovan Leitch) – 2:56
 * 3) "Remember the Alamo" (Jane Bowers) – 3:04
 * 4) "Cuttin' Out" (Leitch) – 2:19
 * 5) "Car Car" (Woody Guthrie) – 1:31
 * 6) "Keep on Truckin'" (traditional; arranged by Leitch) – 1:50

Side 2
 * 1) "Goldwatch Blues" (Mick Softley) – 2:33
 * 2) "To Sing for You" (Leitch) – 2:45
 * 3) "You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond" (traditional; arranged by Leitch) – 4:04
 * 4) "Tangerine Puppet" (Leitch) – 1:51
 * 5) "Donna Donna" (Aaron Zeitlin, Sholom Secunda, Arthur S Kevess, Teddi Schwartz) – 2:56
 * 6) "Ramblin' Boy" (Leitch) – 2:33

1996 Sequel Records CD-reissue (Title: Catch the Wind)
The original album plus the following bonus tracks:
 * 1) "Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?" (Leitch) – 2:56
 * 2) "Catch the Wind" (Leitch) – 2:18
 * 3) "Every Man Has His Chain" (Leitch) – 2:09

2002 Sanctuary Records CD-reissue
The original album plus the following bonus tracks:
 * 1) "Catch the Wind" (Single version with strings) (Leitch) – 2:18
 * 2) "Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?" (Single b-side) (Leitch) – 2:56
 * 3) "Every Man Has His Chain" (French EP track) (Leitch) – 2:12
 * 4) "Colours" (Single version) (Leitch) – 2:45

Personnel

 * Donovan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
 * Brian Locking – bass
 * Skip Alan (Alan Skipper) – drums
 * Gypsy Dave (David Mills) – kazoo

title: What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid


text: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/August 2005

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/August 2005


text:
Gene Harris

Gene Harris (born Eugene Haire, September 1, 1933 – January 16, 2000) was an American jazz pianist known for his warm sound and blues and gospel infused style that is known as soul jazz.

From 1956 to 1970, he played in The Three Sounds trio with bassist Andy Simpkins and drummer Bill Dowdy. During this time, The Three Sounds recorded regularly for Blue Note and Verve.

He mostly retired to Boise, starting in the late 1970s, although he performed regularly at the Idanha Hotel there. Ray Brown convinced him to go back on tour in the early 1980s. He played with the Ray Brown Trio and then led his own groups, recording mostly on Concord Records, until his death from kidney failure in 2000. One of his most popular numbers was his "Battle Hymn of the Republic," a live version of which is on his Live at Otter Crest album, published by Concord. The singer Niki Haris is his daughter.

As leader/co-leader
Compilations
 * The Best of The Three Sounds (with The Three Sounds) (Blue Note, 1993)
 * Gene Harris: The Concord Jazz Heritage Series (Concord, 1998)
 * The Blue Note Years (with The Three Sounds) (Blue Note, 1999)
 * Gene Harris: The Best of the Concord Years (Concord, 2000)[2CD]
 * The Complete Blue Hour Sessions (The Three Sounds with Stanley Turrentine) (Blue Note, 2000)[2CD]
 * Big Band Soul (with the Gene Harris Superband) (Concord, 2002)[2CD] – contains Live At Town Hall, N.Y.C. + World Tour 1990
 * Swingin' the Blues (Recall, 2002)[2CD]
 * Ballad Essentials (Concord, 2003)
 * Live From New York To Tokyo (with the Ray Brown Trio) (Concord, 2003)[2CD] – live contains The Red Hot Ray Brown Trio + Bam Bam Bam
 * Instant Party (Concord, 2004)

As a member

 * The Blue Note All-Stars, Blue Note Live at The Roxy (Blue Note, 1976) – live
 * Concord Jazz All Stars, The 20th Concord Festival All-Stars (Concord, 1988)

As sideman
'''With The Ray Brown Trio
 * Soular Energy (Concord, 1985) – rec. 1984
 * Don't Forget the Blues (Concord, 1986)
 * The Red Hot Ray Brown Trio (Concord, 1987) – live rec. 1985 at the Blue Note
 * Bam Bam Bam (Concord, 1988) – live at the Fujitsu-Concord Jazz Festival
 * Black Orpheus (Evidence, 1989)
 * Mr. Blue (Denon, 1989) – also with Takashi Ohi
 * Summer Wind: Live at The Loa (Concord, 1990) – live rec. 1988
 * Moore Makes 4 (Concord, 1990) – also with Ralph Moore
 * Three Dimensional (Concord, 1991)
 * Georgia on My Mind (All Art [Japan], 1991)

With others
 * Nat Adderley, Branching Out (Riverside, 1958)
 * James Clay, A Double Dose of Soul (Riverside, 1960)
 * Melvin Rhyne, Organ-izing (Jazzland, 1960)
 * various artists,  'S Wonderful: Concord Jazz Salutes Ira Gershwin (Concord, 1979)
 * Milt Jackson Quartet, Soul Route (Pablo, 1984) – rec. 1983
 * Ernestine Anderson, When the Sun Goes Down (Concord, 1984)
 * Benny Carter, A Gentleman and His Music (Concord, 1985)
 * Junko Mine, Love Me Tender (All Art [Japan], 1986)
 * B.B. King, Live at The Apollo (GRP, 1990) – live
 * various artists, Concord Jazz Festival: Live 1990 (Concord, 1990) – live
 * various artists, Concord Jazz Festival: Live 1990, Third Set (Concord, 1990) – live
 * various artists, A Concord Jazz Christmas (Concord, 1991)
 * various artists, Jazz Celebration: Tribute to Carl Jefferson (Concord, 1992)
 * various artists, Fujitsu-Concord 25th Jazz Festival (Concord, 1993)
 * various artists, Fujitsu-Concord 26th Jazz Festival (Concord, 1994)
 * Mary Stallings, I Waited for You (Concord, 1994)
 * Frank Wess, It's the Real Soul (Concord, 1996)
 * Jack McDuff, Down Home Blues (Concord, 1997)
 * Niki Haris, Dreaming A Dream (BMG, 1997)
 * Marian McPartland, Just Friends (Concord, 1998)

Honors

 * The Gene Harris bandshell in Boise's Ann Morrison park is named in his honor.
 * The Gene Harris Jazz Festival is an annual event in Boise that brings together the best of Boise jazz and education in memory of the city's most famous jazz musician.

title: Gene Harris


text:
Michel Blavet

Michel Blavet (March 13, 1700 – October 28, 1768) was a French composer and flute virtuoso. Although Blavet taught himself to play almost every instrument, he specialized in the bassoon and the flute which he held to the left, the opposite of how most flutists hold theirs today.

Quantz wrote of Blavet: "His amiable disposition and engaging manner gives rise to a lasting friendship between us and I am much indebted to him for his numerous acts of kindness."

Life
Born on March 13, 1700, in Besançon as the son of wood turner Jean-Baptiste Blavet, (though one source says he was baptised, rather than born on March 13) a profession which he followed for some time, he accidentally became the possessor of a flute and soon became the finest player in France. Blavet was famous for maintaining impeccable intonation, even when he played in difficult keys, and for the beauty of his tone. Voltaire expressed his admiration for his playing and Marpurg spoke of him as a virtuoso of the highest excellence who preserved his innate modesty despite his unbroken popularity.

In 1726 he joined the Duke of Carignan and took part in the newly formed Concert Spirituel for the first time. On 1 October 1728 Louis XV granted Blavet a privilege to publish flute sonatas for a period of six years, but by 1731 he had transferred to the service of Louis, Count of Clermont and became his steward of music. In 1728 he published his first book of flute music, containing six sonatas for two flutes without bass. From 1731 to 1735, he performed at the Concert Spirituel with Jean-Marie Leclair, Jean-Pierre Guignon, Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, Jean-Baptiste Senaillé, and Jacques Aubert.

In 1738, Blavet became the principal flute in Louis XV's personal musical ensemble, the "Musique du Roi", and in 1740 at the Paris Opera orchestra. He played in the quartet (flute – Blavet, violin – Guignon, viola da gamba – Forqueray the younger, cello – Édouard) that played the premiere performance of the Paris quartets by Telemann. Blavet turned down a post in Frederick the Great's court, which Quantz eventually accepted after the pay had been increased significantly. In 1752 Blavet modeled on Italian interludes the first French comic opera, Le Jaloux corrigé. He also wrote a march for the Grande-Loge, having joined the Masons under the influence of the Comte de Clermont who was Grand Master of the Order in France. Blavet's three Recueils for two flutes are undated, but internal evidence suggests that they come from the early 1750s. The breathing marks (h, for haliene) indicated in the Recueils and his op. 2 remain an invaluable aid in understanding eighteenth-century French musical phrasing. He died in Paris in 1768.

Musical works
Blavet wrote primarily for the transverse flute, in the so-called 'Italian' as well as the French style. His surviving works include a concerto and three books of sonatas (1740). His surviving works are written only in the easiest keys, since he published them for amateurs to play.

Compositions

 * Six sonatas for two flutes without bass, Opus 1 (1728)
 * Six sonatas for flute and continuo, Op 2 (1732)
 * Nr. 1 in G major L'Henriette
 * Nr. 2 in D minor La Vibray
 * Nr. 3 in e minor La Dherouville
 * Nr. 4 in g minor La Lumagne
 * Nr. 5 in D major La Chauvet
 * Nr. 6 in a minor Le Bouget
 * Concerto in A minor for flute and strings (without viola) (1745, 1954 rediscovered).
 * Four operas, of which only Le Jaloux Corrigé (1752) survived.
 * Le jaloux corrigé (1752)
 * Floriane ou la grotte des Spectacles (1752)
 * Les Jeux olympiques (1753)
 * La Fête de Cythère (1753)
 * Arrangements and original compositions for two flutes
 * Premier recueil de pièces accomodé pour les flûtes traversières; Deuxième recueil de pièces accomodé pour les flûtes traversières; Troisième recueil de pièces accomodé pour les flûtes traversières. Paris s.d.

title: Michel Blavet


text:
Helen (unit)

A helen is a humorous unit of measurement based on the concept that Helen of Troy had a "face that launched a thousand ships". The helen is thus used to measure quantities of beauty in terms of the theoretical action that could be accomplished by the wielder of such beauty.

Origin
The classic reference to Helen's beauty is Christopher Marlowe's lines from the 1592 play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships / And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?" In the tradition of humorous pseudounits, then, 1 millihelen is the amount of beauty needed to launch a single ship.

In his 1992 collection of jokes and limericks, Isaac Asimov claimed to have invented the term in the 1940s as a graduate student. In a 1958 letter to the New Scientist, R.C. Winton proposes the millihelen as the amount of beauty required to launch one ship. In response, P. Lockwood noted that the unit had been independently proposed by Edgar J. Westbury and extended by the pair to negative values, where −1 millihelen was the amount of ugliness required to sink a battleship.

The earliest known print citation is found in Punch magazine dated June 23 1954 and attributed to an unnamed "professor of natural philosophy".

Derived units
The Catalogue of Ships from Book II of The Iliad, which describes in detail the commanders who came to fight for Helen and the ships they brought with them, details a total of 1,186 ships which came to fight the Trojan War. As such, Helen herself has a beauty rating of 1.186 helen, capable of launching more than one thousand ships.

The "system" has been expanded by some writers, such as conceiving of negative values as measures of the ugliness required to beach a thousand ships. Writing a humorous article about the concept, David Goines considered a range of metric prefixes to the unit, ranging from the atto helen (ah) which could merely "light up a Lucky while strolling past a shipyard", to the tera helen (Th) able to "launch the equivalent of one quadrillion Greek warships and make serious inroads on the welfare of the galaxy".

Theoretical physicist Thomas Fink defines beauty in The Man's Book both in terms of ships launched and in terms of the number of women, on average, than whom one woman will be more beautiful. He defines one helen (H) as the quantity of beauty to be more beautiful than 50 million women, the number of women estimated to have been alive in the 12th century BCE.

title: Helen (unit)


text:
User talk:Ben2umbc

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title: User talk:Ben2umbc


text: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/September 2005

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/September 2005


text:
User talk:Darren Olivier/Archive 2

SAS Amatola
Great job on the SAS Amatola article, Impi! Elf-friend 09:42, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A quick note to say thanks

I just wanted to drop you a quick note to thank you for your support in my request for adminship. It was certainly a wild ride, and I really appreciate you taking some time out to contribute. ClockworkSoul 16:13, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

South African Collaboration of the Week!
Hello, this is just a brief, friendly announcement to let you know that there is now a South African Collaboration of the Week where we vote every two weeks to select an article about South Africa that is either a stub or nonexistent and attempt make it featured article quality by the end of the week. Your comments, voting, and participation would be very welcome! PZFUN 17:52, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

SA Army
Thanks for the encouragement ... I had been meaning to add a bit to the article (and I still want to add more - WW I must certainly mention Delville Wood and the Mendi; WW II can still be expanded and Sailor Malan certainly deserves a mention (and a seperate article !); the "Border War" also can use a lot of adds), but your comment did give me a spur to at least add the bits about the SA Divisions that I previously wrote articles about.

Only one problem though - I seem to have made the same mistake with the division numbering as I did with the SAAF squadron numbering: "1st Infantry Division" instead of the "1 Infantry Division" that seems to be the nomenclature used by most of my sources? Elf-friend 06:57, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Reversion of vandalism to European Union
Thanks for reverting the vandalism on the article. I don't know how that person can write 9 mean things about Jimbo in a space of less than 10 minutes. Scott Gall 21:56, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Battle of Cassinga
I was still in high school when this all happened. I would glady look at the article and try improve on it. I came across a web site late last year which painted a very different picture from a cuban point of view. I had to translate from spanish. Anyway I will try see if I could find that site again. There is also a book about the F-1CZ Mirage in the SAAF service which I saw in CNA once and this also gave a different account, of the cuban MiG-23s, to what was force fed to us. --Jcw69 14:25, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

It looks like you did some thorough research on the subject. I enjoyed reading it. I will spend some time it for you.--Jcw69 18:08, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

South African politics
Hello, I thought as a fellow South African that you would be interested in trying to rectify the dire situation of the amount of information of the politics of South Africa. All the articles that need help can be found on the Politics of South Africa page. Thank you! Páll 07:58, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

G5 howitzer
Hi Impi, Yes I found the information abou Bek'aa Valley on another wiki page, GC-45 howitzer, but also could not verify it. I've heard that South Africa and Israel worked closely on a number of top secret projects and I also know that Soltam, the Israeli heavy arms company, also make a howitzer very simular to the G5. Coincedence not sure. --Jcw69 16:49, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Zimbabwe
Yes, I will keep my head up and help.--Jcw69 16:07, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

GC-45/G5
The claim comes from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rsa/g5.htm. I will try to research it a little more to see if it was actually used. Maury 23:20, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Ok, this does appear to be valid. It appears some were placed on Centurion chassis to create the "M-77", in 1986. Further development was based on older Merkavia 1 chassis instead, making the Slammer and Rascal. See: http://www.pmulcahy.com/self-propelled_artillery/israeli_sp_artillery.htm Maury 23:33, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Spioenkop
Hi Impi, I just need clarification about the right spelling because I found this page Battle of Spion Kop before I change it. I spent many days at the Spioenkop Dam and always thought that it was spelt Spioenkop not Spion Kop. --Jcw69 17:52, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Battle of Cassinga
Hi Impi,

Sorry to have taken so long in replying to your message, but the inclusionists were making me a bit gatvol with all their silly articles and views, so I took a bit of a Wiki-holiday. Although I think that you give me credit for more knowledge than I actually have, I'll certainly give the article a look-over and make any edits if required.

Regards, Elf-friend 11:24, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pretoria Meetup
Hello. Since you're not far from Pretoria, I wanted to make sure you know about the meetup there next week. Hope you can make it. :) Angela. 03:13, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Aermacchi am 3c.jpg
Can you tell me the source of the image Image:Aermacchi am 3c.jpg - specifically anything about its copyright & licence for tagging purposes? thanks --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * Here perhaps? Could I ask you to consider going thru your image uploads to identify possible copyvios. thanks --Tagishsimon (talk)

title: User talk:Darren Olivier/Archive 2


text:
Gamow (crater)

Gamow is a large lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is located in the northern hemisphere, to the southeast of the walled plain Schwarzschild. The crater is named after the Russian-American physicist George Gamow.

This is a worn and eroded feature, with a rim that has been battered and overlain by multiple impacts. Gamow V is attached to the western exterior, and the joined crater pair Gamow A and Gamow B overlie the northeastern side. The eastern rim is the most damaged section, while the rim to the west is free from impacts. The western inner wall does display a fine radial groove texture, but is otherwise nearly featureless. Near the midpoint is a palimpsest, or ghost-crater feature consisting of just the rim projecting up through the otherwise relatively level surface.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the etter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gamow.

title: Gamow (crater)


text:
Tyne Cot

Tyne Cot Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery and Memorial to the Missing is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) burial ground for the dead of the First World War in the Ypres Salient on the Western Front. It is the largest cemetery for Commonwealth forces in the world, for any war. The cemetery and its surrounding memorial are located outside Passendale, near Zonnebeke in Belgium.

Name
The name "Tyne Cot" is said to come from the Northumberland Fusiliers, seeing a resemblance between the many German concrete pill boxes on this site and typical Tyneside workers' cottages (Tyne cots). Tyne Cot CWGC Cemetery lies on a broad rise in the landscape which overlooks the surrounding countryside. As such, the location was strategically important to both sides fighting in the area. The concrete shelters which still stand in various parts of the cemetery were part of a fortified position of the German Flandern I Stellung, which played an important tactical role during the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917.

Tyne Cot Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery
On 4 October 1917, the area where Tyne Cot CWGC Cemetery is now located was captured by the 3rd Australian Division and the New Zealand Division and two days later a cemetery for British and Canadian war dead was begun. The cemetery was recaptured by German forces on 13 April 1918 and was finally liberated by Belgian forces on 28 September.

After the Armistice in November 1918, the cemetery was greatly enlarged from its original 343 graves by concentrating graves from the battlefields, smaller cemeteries nearby and from Langemark.

The cemetery grounds were assigned to the United Kingdom in perpetuity by King Albert I of Belgium in recognition of the sacrifices made by the British Empire in the defence and liberation of Belgium during the war. The cemetery was designed by Sir Herbert Baker.

The Cross of Sacrifice that marks many CWGC cemeteries was built on top of a German pill box in the centre of the cemetery, purportedly at the suggestion of King George V, who visited the cemetery in 1922 as it neared completion. The King's visit, described in the poem The King's Pilgrimage, included a speech in which he said: "We can truly say that the whole circuit of the Earth is girdled with the graves of our dead. In the course of my pilgrimage, I have many times asked myself whether there can be more potent advocates of peace upon Earth through the years to come, than this massed multitude of silent witnesses to the desolation of war."

- King George V, 11 May 1922

Notable graves
The cemetery has several notable graves and memorials, including the grave of Private James Peter Robertson (1883–1917), a Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery in rushing a machine gun emplacement and rescuing two men from under heavy fire. He was killed saving the second of these men on 6 November 1917.

Two Australian recipients of the Victoria Cross buried in the cemetery are Captain Clarence Smith Jeffries (1894–1917), and Sergeant Lewis McGee (1888–1917). Jeffries led an assault party and rushed one of the strong points at the First Battle of Passchendaele on 12 October 1917, capturing four machine guns and thirty five prisoners, before running his company forward again. He was planning another attack when he was killed by an enemy gunner. On the same day, McGee, who had earned his decoration eight days earlier at Broodseinde, was killed charging an enemy pillbox in the same battle.

Also at Tyne Cot, behind the Cross of Sacrifice which was constructed on top of an old German pillbox in the middle of the cemetery, there are 4 German graves, buried alongside Commonwealth graves. These graves are of men that were treated here after the battle, when the pillbox underneath the main cross was used as a dressing station for wounded men.

Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing
The stone wall surrounding the cemetery makes-up the Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing, one of several Commonwealth War Graves Commission Memorials to the Missing along the Western Front. The UK missing lost in the Ypres Salient are commemorated at the Menin Gate memorial to the missing in Ypres and the Tyne Cot Memorial. Upon completion of the Menin Gate, builders discovered it was not large enough to contain all the names as originally planned. They selected an arbitrary cut-off date of 15 August 1917 and the names of the UK missing after this date were inscribed on the Tyne Cot memorial instead. Additionally, the New Zealand contingent of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission declined to have its missing soldiers names listed on the main memorials, choosing instead to have names listed on its own memorials near the appropriate battles. Tyne Cot was chosen as one of these locations. Unlike the other New Zealand memorials to its missing, the Tyne Cot New Zealand memorial to the missing is integrated within the larger Tyne Cot memorial, forming a central apse in the main memorial wall. The inscription reads: "Here are recorded the names of officers and men of New Zealand who fell in the Battle of Broodseinde and the First Battle of Passchendaele October 1917 and whose graves are known only unto God".

The memorial contains the names of 33,783 soldiers of the UK forces, plus a further 1,176 New Zealanders. Three British Army Victoria Cross recipients are commemorated here:
 * Lieutenant Colonel Philip Bent (1891–1917)
 * Corporal William Clamp (1891–1917)
 * Lance Corporal Ernest Seaman (1893–1918)

Other notable persons commemorated include: It was designed by Sir Herbert Baker, with sculptures by Joseph Armitage and Ferdinand Victor Blundstone, who also sculpted part of the Newfoundland National War Memorial.
 * Lieutenant Allan Ivo Steel, English first-class cricketer.
 * Lieutenant David (Dai) Westacott, Welsh rugby international.
 * Lieutenant Denis Bertram Sydney Buxton, son of Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton, a radical Liberal Party (UK) politician and Governor-General of South Africa.

The memorial was unveiled on 20 June 1927 by Sir Gilbert Dyett.

title: Tyne Cot


text: Category:Metropolitan Areas

title: Category:Metropolitan Areas


text:
Liaqat Baloch

Liaqat Baloch (born 9 December 1952) is a political leader in Pakistan.

A member of the Pakistani parliament in 1985, 1990 and 2002,  Baloch is currently serving as the Naib Ameer (Deputy Chief) of Jamaat-e-Islami, Pakistan's Islamic religio-political party and also served as the Secretary General of Jamaat-e-Islami until 2019.

He was also the secretary-general of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) and the deputy leader of the opposition in the National Assembly.

Early life and family
He is originally from Muzaffargarh, a remote area of southern Punjab – although his family's origins are in the nearby province of Balochistan. Today, Baloch lives in Lahore.

He holds an MA (Mass Communication) and LLB degree from the University of the Punjab.

His sister-in-law is Dr Tahira Basharat, an important figure attached to the department of Islamic Studies at the University of the Punjab, where she served as Professor and Dean.

Political career
He played an active role in student politics in the late 1970s, and at the University of the Punjab he was elected president of the Students Union in 1976. He was also elected the all Pakistan president of Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba in 1977 and 1978.

Writings

 * Rushaniyun Ka Safar (Journey of Enlightenment), in Salim Mansur Khalid, ed., Talabah Tahrikain (Student Movements) 2: 219-30. Lahore: Al-Badr Publications, 1989.

title: Liaqat Baloch


text:
User talk:IlGreven

Welcome!

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AfD nomination of List of second generation National Football League players
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Unreferenced BLPs
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September 2010
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September 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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2019 US Banknote Contest
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Talk:The Mother Tongue

I've started a list of factual errors in the book. They still need page numbers and links to proof. There are many more than the ones I've listed.

Errors proved or disproved...
The trouble with Horatio's argument is that Bryson is guilty of the same. He obviously heard some anecdotal evidence about a certain language, asked another casual acquaintance, and proceeded to put it in his book. Case in point the errors about Chinese. I noticed that he doesn't mention "The Mother Tongue" on his website any more, I wonder why? I enjoyed reading the book, until I started to spot the errors myself in horror and now I'm wondering what parts of it is true and verified?

An idea
While you're all shaking your heads in disagreement with what's in the book, why don't you write an article on the book itself and not just the errors? He probably has some valid points in the book. It might help out some people to understand what the book is about and not just what it has wrong. As the article reads right now, it's more like a list of errors than information about the book.

 * No kidding. Furthermore, some of his "errors," such as those about Indo-European languages, reflect the state of knowledge at the time he wrote the book, 15 years ago. And, as has been pointed out, some nitpickers just don't get his sense of humor. It's a very good book. ProhibitOnions 14:33, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, not entirely. More of the problem is that most of Bryson's sources were already several decades old (he cites Mencken and Jesperson a lot), and he used few truly contemporary sources. So he wasn't using sources that are now 15 years old, but sources that are now seventy or eighty years old. 15 years ago, people already knew that most of his errors were false. --Whimemsz 20:58, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

This book is teeming with errors. I still like this book (e.g. for the wealth of factual information that you can verify independently, and for an odd witticism here and there), but right from the beginning I was frustrated with the number of erroneous claims. Two that I can remember (apart from the ludicrous claim about thesauri and the Eskimo Hoax) were most of the passage on prehistory early in the book (e.g. 'prehistoric people in separated parts of the world suddenly and spontaneously developed the capacity for language at roughly the same time'), and 'voiceless labio-velar fricative is the sound at the end of Scottish '). I'm sure there are many more I wasn't able to detect. This isn't bryson's speaking tongue-in-cheek, this is the difference between sound academic work and plain (if interesting) journalism.

 * Although I thoroughly enjoyed the book, I was, like the other reader, horrified when I came reached the chapter with the references to Chinese. I'm amazed that he (and his editor) would have just left the errors into the book unchecked.  His erroneous assertions were as blatant as saying "all words in English contains the letter 'e'," or something on that scale.  It caused me to doubt the accuracy of the entire book, especially the comments regarding languages that I do not know, which is very unnerving.  I guess if you are not conversant in other languages and are content to be an "English-only" reader/speaker, then you would, like the other writers such as ProhibitOnions, be willing to sweep them under the rug and pretend everything is OK.  Otherwise you really have to think, was he in such dire need of humor that he took some dinner conversations he might have had (perhaps after embibing in a few favored pints) and threw them into the book?  I think it's only if you really talk to a few knowledgeable people fluent in those languages, that you will really appreciate our concerns.  Also, isn't the chief tenet of journalism fact-checking?Seneschal 03:46, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps fact-checking is a main tenet. I believe what ProhibitOnions meant was that Bryson used outdated sources that do not reflect the knowledge of the world today, NOT to sweep those inaccuracies away. Hurrah 16:29, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The anonymous comments above (written by User:Seneschal) certainly sound like a personal attack. "Not conversant in other languages and content to be an 'English-only' reader/speaker" indeed. Sheesh.  Pr oh ib it O ni o n s   (T) 18:15, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Sheesh indeed, it wasn't meant to be a personal attack. I think you're reading more into what I wrote than is there. Let's just stick to the factual content.Seneschal 03:13, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I accept that it was an insouciant bit of generalizing rather than anything personal. Just be careful where you swing that cat next time. Regards,  Pr oh ib it O ni o n s   (T) 23:17, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

I greatly expanded the summary of the book
I came to this page and found an all-too-brief description of the book, followed by a lengthy discussion of the book's factual errors. I added the following sentences to the summary:

''It discusses the Indo-European origins of English, the growing status of English as a global language, the complex etymology of English words, the dialects of English, spelling reform, prescriptive grammar, and more minor topics including swearing. Bryson's account is a popularization of the subject, designed to entertain as well as to inform, and the book is sprinkled with trivia and language lore.''

If anyone wants to modify this, we can discuss it, but I definitely think it is an improvement over the previous version of the page. I actually think it should be expanded even further, which I may do; it seems bad form that the majority of the page is a discussion of errors. marbeh raglaim

My changes
Since some are likely to quarrel with the changes I made, here is an explanation.

I eliminated the sentence "he often uses the truth as a guide rather than a straitjacket," because it unfairly implies that Bryson deliberately distorts the truth. I added that he relies on some outdated or questionable sources, which I believe is a large part of the reason for the errors.

I also eliminated some so-called "errors" which seemed like petty quibbling, such as the argument that "I am driving" is a present tense as opposed to the present tense.

I also took out the part criticizing Bryson for invoking the proto-world hypothesis which few linguists accept. That's not a factual error; the minority of linguists who hold this view includes some prestigious scholars like Joseph Greenberg. And Bryson never claimed that the theory was definitely true (in fact, he hinted that there were a lot of problems accepting it) or that it was the majority view of linguists. He simply mentioned the theory in passing as a possibility.

I haven't checked the book yet, but I don't think Bryson ever claimed that there is a rule in Chinese stating that every word must end in "n" or "ng." I believe he might have made such a claim for a certain variety of Chinese, and it would be worth checking to clarify this point. (Ironic that those who accuse Bryson of poor fact-checking aren't much interested in accurately quoting Bryson's remarks.)

I do not have a copy of the book in front of me (I reread parts of it recently), but I am probably going to look further into some of the so-called "errors" mentioned in this article. I think a number of people are using the few notable howlers as an excuse to bash the book more than it deserves. marbeh raglaim 12:57, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Before accusing others of not accurately quoting Bryson, please do your own research first. See page 86: "All Chinese dialects are monosyllabic -- which can itself be almost absurdly limiting -- but the Pekingese [sic] dialect goes a step further and demands that all words end in an "n" or "ng" sound." As a native Chinese (Mandarin) speaker, I can tell you that is patently untrue. And also FYI, Pekingese is the outdated word for the Beijing dialect that is adopted as the official dialect for China and Taiwan.Seneschal 03:12, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Why on earth are telling me to "do [my] research"? My comment--that the original criticism misquoted Bryson--was completely valid, as the above quote demonstrates. marbeh raglaim 04:05, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

The argument over whether it was "Pekingnese" or Chinese amounts to nit-picking, since what he was referring to was the Beijing dialect, which is by definition, official Chinese. In fact, no Chinese dialect, whether Shanghainese, Taiwanese, Fujianese, Sichuanese, etc. has this rule. So there was no need to remove this "error" by Bryson in the article.Seneschal 20:39, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I think it's important to be precise when describing what an author said, especially if we're correcting an error. But you did rephrase the original criticism to note that he was talking about Mandarin specifically, so we aren't really in disagreement on this point. marbeh raglaim 20:52, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

German lacks the hard j sound
"German lacks the hard j sound". What is the hard j sound? J I P | Talk 08:25, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * At a guess, . I do wish people wouldn't try to describe sounds based on arbitrary selections from English spelling, which leads very quickly to the ghoti problem... — Haeleth Talk 13:38, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "judge" has two . At the beginning and at the end:.

 * Hmm. On rare occasions (in other words, when all means of escape have been blocked off), German will use Dsch for . The only example the comes to mind quickly is Dschungle. Dsch obviously remains a poorly integrated immigrant in the German language, but I think it qualifies to nullify the claim of non existence..
 * --Philopedia (talk) 02:42, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Title?
I have a copy of a book which I assume is the one described here, but it has a number of differences: the title is simply "Mother Tongue" (no definite article), and the title page gives the subtitle as just "The English Language". The ISBN is 0-140-14305-X. Is this just the paperback edition of the same book, or is it a revised edition, or a separate UK edition, or what? Anyone know offhand? — Haeleth Talk 13:37, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing this is the UK edition: the version I encountered in the UK also had this title. I don't know how substantial the differences are.  —Blotwell 19:22, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Coney-catching
I think this one should be purged from the error list. According to etymonline.com, coney did mean rabbit; however, it eventually became a synonym for cunt. They define "connyfogle" as "to deceive in order to receive a woman's sexual favors." At least it should be researched a bit more before calling it an error. I don't remember the exact context of Bryson's quote, but I think it's quite possible that what he was quoting was in fact sexual/obscene. Things should only be put on the list if there is absolute, documented proof refuting what is in the book.
 * I added this. The OED lists obscene connotations among the many meanings of the word coney:  however, it also lists the combined form coney-catching and makes clear that it refers to rabbits (as a metaphor for dupes) and is not intrinsically obscene. I haven't have the book in front of me, but my recollection is that and Bryson writes"'Whoreson, coney-catching rascal' (coney being a synonym for pudendum)."
 * So technically what he writes is true but it's highly misleading since coney here does not have that meaning. —Blotwell 21:40, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, I looked up the original, which is Jonson's Every Man in his Humour, act 2, scene 3, line 168. The relevant notes in Robert S. Miola's edition (Manchester University Press, 2000) read:"168. coney-catching] rabbit-catching; figuratively, cheating, duping, or tricking others. Robert Greene's five pamphlets on coney-catching (1591–2) were popular throughout the decade (ed. Grosart, vols 10, 11)."
 * Happy now? —Blotwell 19:00, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Typo?
On p. 114, Bryson claims that eth (ð) is "still used in Ireland". I can only assume that this was a typographical error (for "Iceland"), and so perhaps does not need to be mentioned here at all. But does anyone know if it was corrected in later editions? Mine is 1990.--Dub8lad1 23:47, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have the 1990 edition, and on p. 114 he talks of French and Cajun (referring to Louisiana), I see nothing about Ireland, the only thing close, but still on French/Cajun is where he says, "The pronunciation has a distinctly Gallic air, as in their way of turning long "ā" sounds into "eh" sounds, so that bake and lake become "behk" and "lehk."". Then the rest of the page talks of Gullah, as having a blend of West African and English from slavery times, in Georgia and South Carolina. - Jeeny (talk) 05:36, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Oops, just found it, but it's on p. 123. - Jeeny (talk) 05:49, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Amazon.com reviews
On amazon.com (http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/customer-reviews/0380715430) many factual errors are discussed. E.g.:

"For instance, Bill Bryson tells us that Japanese "hiragana" is a syllabic alphabet written above the main text as a guide on how to pronounce the "kanji" (Chinese characters) which form the main body of written Japanese. In fact, hiragana is used in conjunction with kanji, and its primary use is to to show conjugations of verbs and adjectives, as well as other aspects of Japanese grammar. The function which Bryson attributes to hiragana is, in fact, called "furigana" in Japanese."

and

"But as a native French speaker, I noticed that almost each time he writes about the French language that's absolute rubbish ! Let's have an overview : p3 : '[...]The French for instance, cannot distinguish between house and home, between mind and brain, between man and gentleman [...]'. Hey Bill, if it's too hard for you to check in a dictionary I can tell you the difference between 'une maison, une residence, un b�timent' and 'un foyer, un chez-soi' or between 'esprit' and 'cerveau' or between 'un homme' and 'monsieur, or even gentleman'." (this continues for a while)

Maybe someone willing could read through this and check this. I unfortunately don't have the time. 82.92.15.150 14:20, 30 August 2006 (UTC) JAL

 * This page already has too many 'factual errors' listed, some of which are over-simplifications, while some are just jokes. (Did you know that the french have no word for 'sense of humour')? Paul Matthews 09:04, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * As someone who speaks French, albeit of the Canadian variety, I think that the 2nd poster on Amazon was a bit harsh and that the distinctions that French makes do not exactly correspond to the distinctions English makes between the words. The distinction between a "house" and a "home" as understood in English, home referring to a place where someone lives but with a sort of sentimental attachment, is different to "maison", "residence", "foyer" and "chez-soi" in French which lack that sentimental attachment.  "Batiment", and the corresponding "edifice" and "immoblier" just means a "building" with appropriate synonyms like "edifice" and "structure". "Esprit" does not correspond to "mind" and means" spirit", like in the expression "esprit do corps".  I think, though, the reviewer may have a point with "monsieur" although it is more akin to the English "mister" than "gentleman" but could be used to mean gentleman, I concede. 150.203.111.211 (talk) 04:32, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

No original research
I've removed a passage to the effect that 'the author is not an academic; that's why he makes a lot of mistakes'. The list of errors that follows (primarily gathered by Wikipedians, one must presume, rather than by the critics alluded to in the passage) is obviously designed to advance that argument. Accordingly, rather than add a 'citation needed' tag, it seemed appropriate to delete that passage, as being contrary to the No original research policy. That policy covers text that

"... introduces an analysis or synthesis of established facts, ideas, opinions, or arguments in a way that builds a particular case favored by the editor, without attributing that analysis or synthesis to a reputable source"

One might also question whether the list of errors itself amounts to research or not. There are few sources given for the factual assertions, and no sources given for the identification of the errors... --Danward 13:12, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, what is the "particular case favored" that lacks a source? That he's "not an academic"?  That's an objective fact.  That he "makes a lot of mistakes"?  The article didn't say that, you said that.  That he "has attracted criticism for making a lot of false assertions" in his book?  That's an objective fact again.  It wasn't very well sourced, so you're welcome to tag it "citation needed".  —Blotwell 13:40, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Surely the slant is that he makes (i) a lot of mistakes (ie enough to warrant comment on their possible cause) (ii) because he is not an academic. I'm sure he has attracted criticism for making mistakes.  But if the point is going to be included in the article, not only does the identification of mistakes have to be sourced but also the critical spin on those mistakes.  If that were the only problem, I agree that flagging it up for citation would be the answer. But, it seems implausible that every one of those mistakes originates from outside Wikipedia.  Insofar as they were collated by Wikipedians, they amount to an interesting list of trivia, but surely cannot be connected with any criticism (sourced or otherwise) without "building up" a case.

--Danward 16:43, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a more neutral way would be te following:

 * 1) Bryson states XXXXXXX (ref here), whereas the OED/Bible/other source states ABCDEFG (ref here).

 * Because after all, something may be an error of the dictionary, not of B. Bryson (theoretically). Sir Wolf 10:29, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

The Mother Tongue
I am not a qualified academic, simply an ex-colonial (South African) who happens to love the English Language. I do not believe Bill Bryson set out to write a text book, merely a general, easily readable, humourous (and understandable) story of our language. I can see and accept the points raised by the erudite writers of previous comments, but really, gentlemen (and ladies?) is this not a form of nit-picking? I don't think (I shall have to read the book again to be sure) that Mr. Bryson stated anywhere that this is a definitive treatise on the origins of our tongue, as in "The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language". Please,as I am sure you will, correct me if I am wrong in my assumptions. Petermill 19:36, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

 * A book can be both "general, easily readable, humourous (and understandable)" and without factual errors at the same time. One might argue that it's actually more important for books written for non-specialist readers to be checked for errors. LDHan 00:07, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The introduction to the Factual errors section used to make the point that the book annoyed critics specifically because it was liable to interpretation as a textbook, or at least an authoritative source. Why was this deleted?  —Blotwell 15:03, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

The Mother Tongue
Thank you both for your input, which I humbly respect. However, I feel that we are looking at this from different angles. For me, as a layman, the "bottom line" is, simply, I enjoyed the book.Petermill 20:35, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Brugge pronounciation
Brugge is pronounced as broo-guh in the local dialects. In Dutch it's pronounced differently. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.102.20.12 (talk) 12:59, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Speakers of Catalan
The number of people he says speak Catalan is way out. The figure he quotes isn't even 100,000 I think. Unfortunately I don't have the book anymore, so I can't add it. Can someone add it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.57.145.111 (talk) 21:22, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Nitpicks section
I have finally removed the "factual errors" section, as it is entirely unsourced and is broadly disruptive to the article itself. Practically all books contain errors, but the article here should be primarily about the book itself, not a list of nitpicks. If the article itself ever reaches sufficient length, these might seem less incongruous. Pro hib it O ni o ns (T) 12:38, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

This is the section that was removed:

Factual errors
The Mother Tongue contains a number of erroneous assertions:
 * That Chinese documents/dictionaries can't be organized, and that typing Chinese into a computer is slow as of 1989. In fact, Chinese documents/dictionary words can be organized by character or by romanizations such as pinyin. Chinese can be typed into computers (see Chinese input methods for computers and Wubi method), and Chinese characters could be stored in the computer by methods invented in the late 1970s. What is true is that mechanical typewriters are cumbersome and slow.
 * That modern Chinese people can easily understand Classical Chinese. (Exaggeration: Classical Chinese can be understood by very few people.)
 * In Mandarin Chinese, as Bryson states on page 86, that "all words end in an 'n' or 'ng' sound." In fact, only some words end with the "n" or "ng" sound.
 * The number of Eskimo words for snow. (a popular myth: see Eskimo words for snow).
 * That Russian has no words for "efficiency", "engagement ring", or "have fun". (effektivnost' (эффективность), obruchal'noe kol'tzo (обручальное кольцо), and veselis'  (веселись) respectively.) (Note that this is obviously a joke.)
 * That Esperanto has no definite article. (Bryson then goes on to use it himself.) In fact, Esperanto has no indefinite article.
 * That Finnish has no swear words. (This can only be supposed to be a joke.)
 * That Petroleum is Latin petro + Greek oleum. (It's Latin petra (rock) and Latin oleum (oil).)
 * That Drive as present tense is found in to drive, would drive, will drive (to drive is an infinitive, and would drive and will drive are auxiliary forms that take the bare infinitive. In the case of to be, a verb for which the infinitive is different from the present tense, the corresponding forms are would be, will be (formed with infinitive), not *would is, *will is (formed with present tense).) (Ambiguity following a statement regarding the lack of elaborate declension of English verbs.)
 * That Frisian so closely resembles Old English that one fluent in Frisian could read Beowulf almost at sight. (Exaggeration, although Frisian retains some archaic features similar to Old English that are not present in Modern English.)
 * That swarthy is from Latin sordere. (It's Germanic, cognate with German schwarz [OED])
 * That bumf is from German bumfodden. (It's plain English bum-fodder, after Latin anitergium [OED])
 * That felix is Latin for cat. (felix means lucky; felis' means cat'') See Felix the Cat, a play on those words.
 * That no other languages have thesauruses. (Again, exaggeration; what might be fair to say that the role the thesaurus plays in English is perhaps greater than in any other language.)
 * That coney-catching was an obscene expression. (In fact the primary meaning of coney is "rabbit" and a coney-catcher is simply one who tricks or swindles innocents. [OED, or Miola's notes])
 * The transliteration of the ancient Greek palindrome "ΝΙΨΟΝ ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ ΜΗ ΜΟΝΑΝ ΟΨΙΝ". (In fact this cannot be transliterated into our alphabet and remain a palindrome because the single letter "Ψ" represents "ps". Bryson does so anyway, and replaces the first instance of "Ψ" by "sp" instead, without comment.)
 * Bryson claims that "Estimates of the number of languages in the world usually fix on a figure of about 2,700." In reality, virtually all estimates put the number at between around 5,000 and 7,000 (pg. 37). (see for example Ethnologue, which comes up with the number 6,912).
 * Brugge is not pronounced Broo-guh in Flemish or Dutch.
 * That German-speakers cannot pronounce 'v's. In reality, they often confuse the sounds of 'w' and 'v' while speaking English.
 * That the 'e' in 'abdomen' and the 'i' in 'abdominal' are the result of carelessly inconsistent English spelling. They are due to the fact that 'abdomen' is a direct borrowing from the Latin nominative/accusative cases, while 'abdominal' is a suffixed construction from the stem found in the genitive case 'abdominis' and the other cases.  The same can be said of the first 'e' in 'nomenclature' contrasted to the 'i' in 'nominal' and 'nominate,' and many others, e.g.  the 'us' of 'corpus' and 'genus' vs. the 'or' in corporal, and the 'er' in 'general.'
 * Bryson refers to Welsh as a Gaelic language. It is not. However, Welsh is a Brythonic language which falls under the Celtic languages family which also includes the Gaelic languages.
 * The book states that German has seven pronominal forms for 'you'. This is indeed true, however he then goes on to claim English has only the one, 'you'. Bryson has used the dative and accusative forms of you, counting them as words. Were we to follow then we should record the reflexive forms for the English, respectively 'yourself' and 'yourselves', making at least three for English. We can further go on to even record the archaic forms 'thou', 'thee', 'thyself' and 'ye', bringing the English total to seven also.
 * Bryson says that the word "Domesday", as in the "Domesday Book", comes from the prefix "domes-" as in "domestic" and has nothing to do with the concept of Doomsday or the Last Judgement. According to the Merriam-Webster (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domesday%20book), it actually does mean Doomsday. 150.203.111.211 (talk) 04:21, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

 * "Nitpicks" implies minor quibbles - many of these are major factual errors in a supposedly non-fiction book. I don't know what your agenda for removing it is, but plenty of well-researched properly argued books have a "criticism" section - why not one here? Referenced, of course, but deleting it all isn't really on. Bienfuxia (talk) 05:00, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * It is fine to have a criticism section. But all the section may do is report criticisms that have been leveled against the book in reliable sources. What it may not do is have Wikipedia users and editors conduct their own fact-checking of the book's claims, even if they use reliable sources to back up the corrections. This falls under the category of synthesizing published material that advances a position, which is not allowed on Wikipedia. marbeh raglaim (talk) 22:52, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Don't patronise me, you know perfectly well that improving an article is better than just deleting much of it because the sourcing isn't up to your standards. It's just unfortunate that this book was pre-internet, so reliable sources are going to be hard to find. I can only try, I suppose. Bienfuxia (talk) 03:20, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm just explaining what Wikipedia's rules are. You don't have to like the rules, but they are what they are, and editors have the right to enforce them. marbeh raglaim (talk) 01:14, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Misprints

 * The first (American) edition prints ρ for þ and δ for ð on page 123. ð appears correctly on the next page, suggesting that this is an error and not a typographical limitation, but this is still a misprint rather than a factual error by the author.

Book Cover
Would like to see the inclusion of the book's cover art in the top right description box. Unsure how to do so myself without violating copyright law. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.31.135.209 (talk) 21:24, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

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Garavito (crater)

Garavito is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the Moon's far side. It lies to the north-northwest of the huge walled plain Poincaré, and to the west of the crater Chrétien. It takes its name in honor of the Colombian astronomer and engineer Julio Garavito Armero.

This crater has a worn and eroded outer rim, particularly along the west and southern edges. Along the northern rim, the satellite crater Garavito Y intrudes into the rim, and its outer flanks spread onto the interior floor of Garavito. A smaller crater Garavito D is attached to the northeastern exterior. The interior floor is relatively featureless, with a few tiny craterlets and the faint remains of old impacts.

Prior to formal naming in 1970 by the IAU, the crater was known as Crater 424.

title: Garavito (crater)


text: Category:Cinema of Finland

title: Category:Cinema of Finland


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Talk:MilliHelen

I've restored this to a separate page from Helen of Troy, because it is too incidental to the main article in my opinion. --Macrakis 18:15, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:MilliHelen


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North Fork Gunnison River

The North Fork Gunnison River (locally known as the North Fork) is a tributary of the Gunnison River, 33.5 mi long, in southwestern Colorado in the United States. It drains part of the southwestern flank of the Elk Mountains northeast of Delta.

It is formed in the mountains of northwestern Gunnison County by the confluence of Muddy Creek and Anthracite Creek. The confluence is located along State Highway 133 on the south side of McClure Pass. It descends to the southwest through a widening valley past Somerset, Paonia, and Hotchkiss. It joins the Gunnison in eastern Delta County downstream from the Black Canyon between Delta and Hotchkiss. The valley of the river, called the North Fork Valley, has a temperate climate that has historically been a center of fruit growing in southwestern Colorado. It is also a regional center of the coal mining industry, centered on the mining town of Somerset in the upper valley. Modern coal mining operations are highly visible along the upper valley walls. The creeks at the headwaters of the river pass through areas of highly erodible shale, resulting in high concentrations of sediment during springtime runoff.

title: North Fork Gunnison River