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Gunaikurnai people

The Gunaikurnai or Gunai/Kurnai people, also referred to as the Gunnai or Kurnai, are an Aboriginal Australian nation of south-east Australia. They are the Traditional Custodians of most of present-day Gippsland and much of the southern slopes of the Victorian Alps. The Gunaikurnai nation is composed of five major clans. Many of the Gunaikurnai people resisted early European squatting and subsequent settlement during the nineteenth century, resulting in a number of deadly confrontations between Europeans and the Gunaikurnai. There are about 3,000 Gunaikurnai people alive today, predominantly living in Gippsland. The Gunaikurnai dialects are the traditional language of the Gunaikurnai people, although there are very few fluent speakers today.

Creation story
It is told that the first Kurnai came down from the north west mountains, with his canoe on his head. He was known as Borun, the pelican. He crossed the Tribal River (where Sale now stands) and walked on into the west to Tarra Warackel (Port Albert). He heard a constant tapping sound, as he walked, but could not identify it. At the deep water of the inlets Borun put down his canoe and discovered, much to his surprise, there was a woman in it. She was Tuk, the musk duck. He was very happy to see her and she became his wife and the mother of the Gunaikurnai people.

Archaeology
Cloggs Cave, near Buchan, was first frequented by people by about 23,000 years ago, while occupation at New Guinea Cave in the same area has been dated to over 20,000 years. In the 19th century, such caves were not used for residence; they were the domains of mulla-mullung, magic-workers of either sex. In Cloggs Cave, artifacts (sticks of Casuarina wood smeared with animal fat) of the type associated in the 19th century with GunaiKurnai death-magic rituals were found. Other features of the cave included broken stalactites and a grindstone (the fragments were also of ritual significance) and miniature fireplaces used for small fires of short duration; these indicate a continuity of ritual practice for at least 12,000 years.

Clan names
The name of this Aboriginal nation has been alternatively written in such forms as Gunai, Kurnai, Gunnai, and Ganai. As a compromise, the group is now often referred to as the Gunaikurnai or Gunai/Kurnai. The names of clans or tribes have also attracted a number of alternative spellings. Alternative names arose as Aboriginal languages had no written form before European settlement. Thus Aboriginal words and tribal names can have many alternative spellings, as the oral transmission from the Indigenous people may have been heard or recorded differently by various early European sources. It is also possible that the European sources correctly recorded alternative pronunciations and dialects of the indigenous people.

Clans and languages
The Kurnai nation is made up of five major clans or tribes. Various closely related dialects were spoken among the people of the region in pre-European times, although these have now been largely lost. Each clan spoke a different dialect with its own name, though these different names may largely reflect recording differences of early Europeans as discussed above. The clans are summarised in the table below:

Neighbouring nations
The Kurnai nation was bordered to the west of the Brataualung and Braiakalung by the lands of the Kulin nation centred on present day Melbourne, specifically the Wurundjeri and Boonwurrung clans. To the east, bordering the Krauatungalung from around Cann River and out to Mallacoota, were the Bidawal people. To the north, in the Australian Alps and around the upper Murray River, were a number of clans, including the Jaitmathang whose lands bordered the Brabawooloong south of Omeo.

According to European accounts, the Gunaikurnai nation were actively fighting with the Boonwurrung at the time of European invasion. There are records of a "Warrowen massacre" in present-day Brighton which saw invading Gunaikurnai warriors of the Borro Borro willun clan wipe out around 60 Boonwurrung Yowenjerre clan members, effectively eliminating the clan and allowing the Gunaikurnai to occupy Boonwurrung lands near Wilsons Promontory. However, there is little record of the Borro Borro willun clan outside of this incident.

Resistance to European settlement
The Kurnai people resisted the European invasion of their land. It is extremely difficult to ascertain the numbers killed in the guerilla warfare undertaken, or the numbers who died in the massacres that were inflicted upon the Gunaikurnai by the superior weaponry of the Europeans. A partial list from letters and diaries for an exhibition called Koorie, mounted by the Museum of Victoria in 1991, included:
 * 1840 – Nuntin- unknown number killed by Angus McMillan's men
 * 1840 – Boney Point – "Angus McMillan and his men took a heavy toll of Aboriginal lives"
 * 1841 – Butchers Creek – 30-35 shot by Angus McMillan's men
 * 1841 – Maffra – unknown number shot by Angus McMillan's men
 * 1842 – Skull Creek – unknown number killed
 * 1842 – Bruthen Creek – "hundreds killed"
 * 1843 – Warrigal Creek – between 60 and 180 shot by Angus McMillan and his men
 * 1844 – Maffra – unknown number killed
 * 1846 – South Gippsland – 14 killed
 * 1846 – Snowy River – 8 killed by Captain Dana and the Aboriginal Police
 * 1846-47 – Central Gippsland – 50 or more shot by armed party hunting for a white woman supposedly held by Aborigines; no such woman was ever found
 * 1850 – East Gippsland – 15-20 killed
 * 1850 – Murrindal – 16 poisoned
 * 1850 – Brodribb River – 15-20 killed

In 1846 Gippsland squatter Henry Meyrick wrote in a letter home to his relatives in England: "The blacks are very quiet here now, poor wretches. No wild beast of the forest was ever hunted down with such unsparing perseverance as they are. Men, women and children are shot whenever they can be met with … I have protested against it at every station I have been in Gippsland, in the strongest language, but these things are kept very secret as the penalty would certainly be hanging … For myself, if I caught a black actually killing my sheep, I would shoot him with as little remorse as I would a wild dog, but no consideration on earth would induce me to ride into a camp and fire on them indiscriminately, as is the custom whenever the smoke is seen. They [the Aborigines] will very shortly be extinct. It is impossible to say how many have been shot, but I am convinced that not less than 500 have been murdered altogether."

In 1863 Rev Friedrich Hagenauer established Rahahyuck Mission on the banks of the Avon River near Lake Wellington to house the Gunaikurnai survivors from west and central Gippsland. The mission sought to discourage all tribal ritual and culture. The Mission closed in 1908 and the few remaining residents were moved to the Lake Tyers Mission.

Native Title Agreement
The Kurnai launched a native title claim in 1997 following on from the successful Mabo native title case of 1992. On 22 October 2010 the case was settled in the Federal Court under the Native Title Act (1993). The Court recognised the Gunaikurnai as traditional owners, and found that they held native title over much of Gippsland. Based on these findings the Victorian Government entered into an agreement with the Gunaikurnai on the same day, the first agreement reached under the Traditional Owner Settlement Act (2010)

Maps of the area covered under the agreement and the native title determination shows that it does not fully cover the entire area thought to comprise the traditional lands of the Gunaikurnai, however most of the original nation is covered. Notable exclusions are to the west, including Wilsons Promontory, to the east of the Snowy River, and exclusions in the north, particularly the northeast region. Also included as part of the settlement is 200 m offshore into the sea. Only Crown land within the area is affected by the determination and agreement, with all existing rights on Crown land being protected for their full term, and there being no impact in any way in relation to private land.

The agreement included the following key points:
 * ten national parks and reserves were transferred to the Gunaikurnai to be jointly managed with the State. The parks and reserves are The Knob Reserve at Stratford, Tarra-Bulga National Park, Mitchell River National Park, The Lakes National Park, Gippsland Lakes Coastal Park, New Guinea Cave in the Snowy River National Park, Buchan Caves Reserve, Land in the Lake Tyers catchment area, Gippsland Lakes Reserve at Raymond Island, and Corringle Foreshore Reserve at the mouth of the Snowy River.
 * the Gunaikurnai people have rights to access and use Crown land for traditional purposes within existing laws. These uses can include hunting, fishing, camping, and gathering.
 * funding to be provided to the Gunaikurnai for the purposes of managing their affairs, for investment in economic development and strengthening of their cultural identity, and to meet their obligations under the settlement. The total value of the funding is A$12 million, contributed to equally by the State and Federal Governments. $2 million was to be paid to Gunaikurnai at the time the settlement came into force, with the remaining $10 million invested through an independent trust to provide income for purposes outlined previously for a period of at least twenty years.

Places named after the Gunaikurnai

 * Kurnai College is a Victorian state school in the Latrobe Valley of Gippsland, which is in the western part of the Gunaikurnai's traditional nation, in the lands of the Brayakooloong clan. It has campuses in the towns of Morwell and Churchill.
 * Krowathunkooloong Keeping Place is an Aboriginal culture, history and heritage museum located in Bairnsdale in Brabawooloong country. It is named for the Krowathunkooloong clan that occupied the Orbost and Snowy River area. It houses displays related to Aboriginal culture, history, arts and crafts, with the aim of raising the profile, awareness, understanding and pride in the Gunaikurnai people's history in Gippsland. The museum was first named in 1991 and opened to the public in 1994.

Notable Gunaikurnai people

 * John Gorrie (born 1950), Aboriginal liaison officer, child protection worker and elder
 * Veronica 'Ronnie' Gorrie (born 1971/1972), writer
 * Albert Mullet (1933-2014), community leader and craftsman
 * Lidia Thorpe, Victorian Greens Politician, former MP for Northcote. First Aboriginal woman elected to the Parliament of Victoria.

title: Gunaikurnai people


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Starflyer 59

Starflyer 59 is an American alternative rock band from Riverside, California that was founded in 1993 by Jason Martin, brother of Ronnie Martin of Joy Electric. While Jason Martin has written nearly all of Starflyer 59's songs, the band has included a number of different musicians over the years, including Jeff Cloud, Frank Lenz, and Richard Swift. The band's sound was initially identified as an outgrowth of the shoegaze movement of the early 1990s, but the band's music has gradually evolved to the point of little resemblance to that of its early days.

1993–1997: Formation and "shoegaze" era
Starflyer 59 was signed to Tooth & Nail Records, their original and current label, after Jason Martin gave a demo to Brandon Ebel when the two met at a music festival in 1993. Shortly afterwards, Ebel contacted Martin and offered him a record contract. The band was one of Tooth & Nail's original signees. In 1994, Starflyer 59's debut album, Silver, was recorded and released. In mid-1994, Starflyer 59 released a follow-up EP to Silver entitled She's the Queen. Both Silver and She's the Queen exhibited heavy shoegaze influences with significant usage of reverb, phaser, and delay.

In 1995, Starflyer 59 released their second album, Gold. The sound was similar to their first release, while Jason Martin continued to add layers of guitar riffs to each song. This album is considered instrumental in developing the "shoegaze" sound. In 2016, Pitchfork Media ranked Gold as the number 41 best shoegaze album of all time. Lyrically, the album continued the trend of somewhat depressive and lovelorn content in contrast to the message of the band's Christian record label. In 1996, the band released a live album via Velvet Blue Music entitled Plugged.

For Starflyer 59's next studio album, Americana (which was released in 1997) several changes to the band were made. Bass player Andrew Larson departed and was replaced by Eric Campuzano (The Prayer Chain). In addition, Wayne Everett, also of The Prayer Chain, became the band's studio drummer. Campuzano left the band before it began touring to support the new album. Replacing him was Jeff Cloud, who had been Starflyer's touring manager. Americana had a more rock bent than the band's previous two albums with more uplifting and explicitly religious lyrics.

1998–2001: Change in sound with The Fashion Focus
The release of The Fashion Focus in 1998 signaled a significant change in the direction of the band's sound, largely due to the influence of producer Gene Eugene. Where previous albums had emphasized guitars and loud rock and roll, The Fashion Focus was a significantly softer album. This album featured the introduction of keyboards in the music, which replaced layered guitars. The new sound was more pop-friendly than earlier albums, while not abandoning the signature Starflyer sound. The song "Too Much Fun" would be the band's last song in the early shoegazing style. Everybody Makes Mistakes, released the next year, continued in the same direction as The Fashion Focus.

On November 21, 2000, Starflyer 59 released Easy Come Easy Go, a two-disc "best-of" set. The first disc consisted of the band's most popular songs from their first five LPs (three songs from each album), while the second disc was a collection of rarities, B-sides, and eight songs from a live performance. 2001 saw the release of Leave Here A Stranger, Starflyer's next full-length album. The band's sound continued to evolve, as Leave Here A Stranger would come to be lauded and praised by many music critics as Starflyer 59's best release to date. After the untimely death of Gene Eugene, Martin called on long-time musical hero Terry Scott Taylor to take over production of the new album. In a tribute to the Beach Boys' monumental album Pet Sounds, Leave Here a Stranger was recorded in mono.

2002–2008: Extensive album production
From 2003 to 2006, Starflyer 59 released one full-length album a year, all of them self-produced. The first of these albums was Old. Old maintained a more pop-oriented sound that had begun with The Fashion Focus, but was also more guitar-oriented than Leave Here A Stranger. However, the music of Old was still significantly softer than the band's early work. In 2004, I Am the Portuguese Blues was released. With this album, Starflyer 59 returned to the heavy guitar format that was so prominent on their early albums Silver, Gold, and Americana, as well as to the monochromatic album covers that had characterized these albums. I Am the Portuguese Blues was not a true follow-up to Old, but instead was a set of older songs that Jason Martin had written for a follow-up album to Americana. The material was originally shelved when the band shifted gears and instead recorded The Fashion Focus. This confused many newer fans and critics who were familiar with Starflyer 59's more recent pop-friendly work. The album is generally thought of as an EP or side project and not a proper Starflyer 59 studio album, and to date is the last time guitar distortion was featured on a Starflyer 59 recording.

2005's Talking Voice vs. Singing Voice saw the band change their sound yet again, to a style that seemed a more natural follow-up to Old than I Am the Portuguese Blues had been. For this album, Starflyer 59 was cut down to two members: Jason Martin and drummer Frank Lenz. It would be the first studio album since Americana to be recorded without bassist and ideas man Jeff Cloud. Despite having only two band members, the songs on Talking Voice vs. Singing Voice have a full sound. This is largely due to the inclusion of guest string players on many of the album's tracks. Also in 2005, Starflyer 59 re-issued digitally re-mastered versions of Silver and Gold, with bonus tracks. The re-issue of Silver came with the tracks of the band's follow-up EP, She's The Queen. Gold was reissued with the Goodbyes Are Sad 7 inch single and three of the four tracks from the Le Vainqueur EP. Many of these extra tracks, however, had been included on the 2-disc set Easy Come, Easy Go.

Frank Lenz left the band near the end of the recording process, leaving Jason Martin as the only member. Josh Dooley re-joined the band as second guitar, the first time in the band's history with a guitar player other than Martin, and Trey Many joined as the drummer. This threesome toured very briefly behind Talking Voice vs. Singing Voice with an electronic bass track.

The band released their follow up to Talking Voice vs. Singing Voice titled My Island September 12, 2006, along with a music video for the album's single, "I Win". As the years go by, Starflyer 59 continue to release albums that seem to be a natural progression of the previous album, with the exception of I Am the Portuguese Blues. In 2007, Starflyer 59 had a special promotion among the most devoted fans, where they would release a total of 10 7-inch vinyl records over a period of months. Each 7" would contain a song from the forthcoming record, as well as a B-side that would be released only for the promotion. The 10 vinyl records, known as Ghosts of the Future, came with a custom wooden record box, and early buyers were rewarded with inserts signed by Jason Martin and Scott Hatch. Their 11th full-length album, Dial M, was released on October 28, 2008. Dial M consisted of the first track of each vinyl record from Ghosts of the Future, remixed and cleaned up. The album was significantly influenced by the passing of Jason's father, affectionately referred to in the song Mr. Martin.

2009–present: The Changing of the Guard and further projects
The band released The Changing of the Guard on August 10, 2010. After the passing of his father, Jason Martin took over the day-to-day operations of his father's trucking business in Riverside, California. Because of this responsibility, Starflyer 59 no longer actively toured as of 2010.

The band's next album, IAMACEO, was released on December 17, 2012 (Jason Martin's 40th birthday). This album was crowdfunded through Kickstarter. When the fund-raising campaign began on March 6, 2012, all the funds necessary for the project were raised within just a few hours.

In July, it was discovered by fans that T.W. Walsh - who mastered and performed on IAMACEO - had added a new Starflyer 59 release under the 2015 section of his website. In August, a member of the Facebook fan group mentioned that he talked to former Starflyer 59 bassist Eric Campuzano about the new Starflyer material. Campuzano said, "The new Starflyer 59 album is going to be killer. Lots of the older style coming out. The demos I've heard are amazing." When mentioned in the Starflyer 59 fan forums, musician Mike Adams hinted at a new Starflyer 59 record, saying he knew "every intimate detail about the new [Starflyer 59] release," and that it was coming out in October 2015. He also shared a mysterious image that fans presume to be album art.

On April 26, 2019, Young In My Head was released through Tooth & Nail. It was released on CD and vinyl, including limited edition versions, as well as digitally. For this recording, Jason's son (credited as C. Martin) played drums, and longtime member Steven Dial played bass. TW Walsh provided synth as a guest musician.

On May 14, 2020, Velvet Blue Music released the single "This Recliner" to promote the EP Miami, which was released on June 19, 2020 and included three new songs and two reworked versions of songs from Young in My Head.

On October 15, 2021, Starflyer 59 released Vanity through Velvet Blue Music digitally, as well as on CD and vinyl.

On May 9, 2024 (5/9 Day), a new release was teased on the band's Facebook page. Lust for Gold will be released on Velvet Blue Music as catalog number VBM 235. No other information, including release date, was provided. Lust for Gold will be released on August 16, 2024. The first single, 909 was released July 19, 2024. 909 likely refers to the area code for the Riverside, CA area during the band's early years. The 909 are code was created in 1992, just before the band's founding (later, western Riverside County was split off from 909 and assigned area code 951 on July 17, 2004.).

Side projects
Jason Martin's side projects include: He has also produced albums for Fine China and MAP and performed work as a studio musician and guest musician on several albums.
 * Bon Voyage
 * Pony Express, with Jeff Cloud, Richard Swift, Frank Lenz, and Josh Dooley
 * Starflyer 2000, with Leigh Nash
 * Enemy Ships
 * Neon Horse
 * Low and Behold, with Ryan Clark of Demon Hunter
 * The Brothers Martin, with Jason's brother Ronnie of Joy Electric
 * Lo Tom with David Bazan, Trey Many, and TW Walsh

EPs

 * She's the Queen (1994)
 * Le Vainqueur (1995)
 * Fell in Love at 22 (1999)
 * Can't Stop Eating (2002)
 * Old Demos (2003)
 * The Last Laurel (2004)
 * I Win (2006)
 * Minor Keys EP (2009) (digital-only release)
 * Miami (2020)

Split EPs

 * The Rocky Valentines/Starflyer 59 Split EP (2023) (with The Rocky Valentines, Jason Martin's son Charlie's band)

Live albums

 * Plugged (EP) (1996)
 * Live at the Paradox (EP) (2002)
 * Never Play Covers (2005)
 * Live at Schubas II (2006; offered only on eMusic.com)

12-inch releases

 * "Gold" (1995, Tooth & Nail Records)
 * "Americana" (1997, Tooth & Nail Records)
 * "The Fashion Focus" (12-inch + bonus 7-inch) (1999, Velvet Blue Music / Burnt Toast Vinyl)
 * "Everybody Makes Mistakes" (12-inch + bonus 7-inch) (1999, Velvet Blue Music / Burnt Toast Vinyl)
 * "Leave Here a Stranger" (2001, ABC Group Documentation)
 * "Portuguese Blues" (2004, Burnt Toast Vinyl)
 * "The Last Laurel" (2005, Republic of Texas Recordings / Somewherecold Records)
 * "Talking Voice vs. Singing Voice" (2005, Burnt Toast Vinyl)
 * "Dial M" (with bonus track) (2008, Burnt Toast Vinyl)
 * "Silver" (2009, Crossroads of America Records)
 * "Old" (2010, Crossroads of America Records)
 * "The Changing of the Guard" (12-inch + bonus 7-inch) (2010, Burnt Toast Vinyl)
 * "IAMACEO" (2013)
 * "Slow" (2016, Tooth & Nail Records)
 * "Young in My Head" (color variants: black, outlaw gold, old blood red) (2019, Tooth & Nail Records)

Singles (7-inch vinyl)

 * "The Drop" (1993)
 * "Goodbyes Are Sad" (1995)
 * "Bonus 7-inch w/ The Fashion Focus 12-inch" (1999)
 * "Bonus 7-inch w/ Everybody Makes Mistakes 12-inch" (1999)
 * "Bonus 7-inch w/ The Changing of the Guard 12-inch" (2010)
 * "Like a Baby" 7-inch split w/ "Mike Adams at His Honest Weight" (2015)
 * "Told Me So" (2016)
 * "Terror" (2017)
 * "This Recliner" (2020)
 * "Life in Bed" (2021)
 * "Like to Lose" (2021)
 * "Sunrise" (2021)

Box sets

 * Easy Come Easy Go (2000)
 * Ghosts of the Future (2007) (10-record 7-inch vinyl box set, released on Burnt Toast Vinyl)
 * Ghosts of the Past (2009)

Appearances on compilations

 * A Steve Taylor Tribute: I Predict a Clone (CD) (1994, R.E.X. Music)
 * Happy Christmas (CD) (1998, BEC Recordings)
 * When Worlds Collide: A Tribute to Daniel Amos (1999, Ferris Wheel)
 * Plastiq Musiq: Electric Music Comp.1 (CD) (1999, Plastiq Musiq)
 * Happy Christmas Vol. 2 (CD) (1999, BEC Recordings)
 * Start Right Here: Remembering the Life of Keith Green (CD) (2001, BEC Recordings)
 * Happy Christmas Vol.3 (CD) (2001, BEC Recordings)
 * A Live Tribute Recording for Gene Eugene (CD) (2001, Northern Records)
 * Daniel Amos - When Everyone Wore Hats three-CD set (features an interview with DA frontman Terry Scott Taylor, conducted by Jason Martin)
 * X 2003: Experience the Alternative (2xCD) (2003, BEC Recordings)
 * Past and Present, Velvet Blue Music (2003, Velvet Blue Music)
 * Neverending White Lights: ACT 1, Goodbye Friends of the Heavenly Bodies (CD) (2005, Daniel Victor)
 * Happy Christmas Vol.4 (CD) (2005, Tooth & Nail Records)
 * You Cant Handle the Tooth! Vol. 1 (2006, Tooth & Nail Records)
 * Songs from the Penalty Box, Tooth and Nail Vol. 6 (2009, Tooth & Nail Records)

Books

 * When I Learn to Sing (songbook/fake book) (2005)

Members
Current members
 * Jason Martin – guitar, vocal
 * Trey Many – drums (Velour 100, White Lighter and His Name is Alive)
 * Steven Dail – bass guitar (Project 86, White Lighter and Crash Rickshaw)

Former members and players
 * Andrew Larson – bass guitar (Silver – Gold)
 * Eric Campuzano – bass guitar (Americana)
 * Jeff Cloud – bass guitar (The Fashion Focus – Everybody Makes Mistakes – Leave Here A Stranger – Old – I Am the Portuguese Blues)
 * Dan Reid – drums (Silver)
 * Ed Giles Benrock – drums (Gold)
 * Wayne Everett – drums (Gold – Americana – The Fashion Focus – Everybody Makes Mistakes)
 * Joey Esquibel – drums (Leave Here a Stranger)
 * Josh Dooley – keyboards (Leave Here a Stranger), guitar (My Island)
 * Richard Swift – keyboards (Old) (d. 2018)
 * Frank Lenz – drums (Old – Talking Voice vs. Singing Voice)
 * Gene Eugene – keys, mixing and production (Gold – Americana – Everybody Makes Mistakes)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Starflyer 59


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Jonathan Larson Performing Arts Foundation

The Jonathan Larson Performing Arts Foundation was a foundation started in 1997 by the family and friends of Jonathan Larson, composer of the musical Rent. From 1997 to 2008, the foundation awarded grants to musical theatre composers, lyricists and book writers. Following the 2008 grants, the program was shifted to the American Theatre Wing, where it continues as the Jonathan Larson Grants.


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USS Hale (DD-642)

USS Hale (DD-642), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Maine Senator Eugene Hale (1836–1918).

1943
Hale was launched 4 April 1943 by Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine; sponsored by Mrs. G. H. Chase, granddaughter of Senator Hale; and commissioned at Boston 15 June 1943.

Hale conducted shakedown training in the Caribbean and training exercises on the East Coast before departing Halifax for the Pacific combat zone 21 September. She arrived Pearl Harbor via the Panama Canal 9 October 1943.

Hale departed 8 November 1943 for the invasion of the Gilbert Islands, the first step in America's amphibious sweep across Micronesia. She screened aircraft carriers in strikes on Tarawa 18–20 November, took part in the bombardment of Betio Island 19 November, and supported the landings by Marines next day. During the air attacks that followed, Hale's gunners accounted for several aircraft. After covering the retirement of damaged carrier Independence (CVL-22) for 2 days she rejoined the carrier striking force for attacks against the Marshall Islands, next target of the Pacific amphibious forces.

1944
Hale to Pearl Harbor 8 December to train the next assault and sailed 21 December for the Ellice Islands. She departed 21 January 1944 for the invasion of the Marshalls, pounding Maloelap and Wotje atolls 29 January to 22 February, before and after the landings. Executive officer LT CDR D.W. Wilson assumed command 2 March. Underway from Kwajalein 11 March, she sailed to Guadalcanal to perform anti-submarine patrol during the loading operations, and departed 27 March escorting reinforcements to Cape Torokina, Bougainville.

After acting as antisubmarine screen and screening ship for escort carriers supporting the Hollandia landings in New Guinea, Hale returned to Seeadler Harbor 4–7 May. She then steamed to the Solomons for the final rehearsals for the Marianas campaign. The ship then took part in pre-invasion strikes on Guam, returned briefly to Eniwetok 14 July, to support the Guam landings 21 July.

Hale returned to Eniwetok 4 August 1944, and departed 6 days later for assault and support operations in Hawaiian waters preparatory to the Leyte landings. She got underway with troop transports bound for Manus on 15 September, and departed 14 October with the Southern Attack Force bound for the Philippines. On 18 October her group was joined by Nashville (CL-43), with General Douglas MacArthur embarked. Hale entered Leyte Gulf early 20 October and helped troop units take Dulag airfield by providing accurate fire support. She then joined Rear Admiral Clifton A. F. Sprague's escort carriers 25 October after their valiant fight in the battle off Samar.

The destroyer next joined escort screening units for troop reinforcements at Morotai and landed them at Tacloban, Leyte, 14 November. After another such voyage from Hollandia to Leyte in November, aiding the buildup in the Philippines, Hale sailed 24 November via New Guinea, the Marshalls, and Pearl Harbor arriving San Francisco 22 December 1944.

1945
Hale returned to the Pacific war in early 1945, arriving Pearl Harbor 25 February. Sailing to Ulithi, she departed 14 March with Rear Admiral Forrest Sherman's Essex (CV-9) carrier task force to attack enemy air installations prior to the landings on Okinawa. The group suffered casualties, including Franklin (CV-13) and Wasp (CV-18) from air attack 19–21 March as Hale's gunners shot down several of the attackers. Departing the seas off Japan proper, the carrier force screened by Hale and other destroyers turned to Okinawa, flying close support and bombardment missions before, during, and after the initial assault 1 April. During the harrowing period off Okinawa Hale rescued two fighter pilots, drove off innumerable kamikaze attacks and survived a near miss during a bombing attack. The veteran destroyer departed Okinawa 11 April and after stops at Ulithi and Guam arrived Leyte Gulf in the screen of South Dakota (BB-57) 1 June 1945. She then escorted Washington (BB-56) to Guam and met tug Munsee (AT-107), towing the bow section of cruiser Pittsburgh (CA-72), torn off in the great typhoon off Okinawa, and brought her to Apra Harbor. The ship then sailed to join the 3d Fleet at Leyte Gulf 21 June.

Hale departed as a unit of Admiral Marc Mitscher's famed Task Force 38, 1 July 1945, bound for crippling strike against Japan itself. Hale took part in shore bombardment of factories at Hamamatsu 29 July.

As the war against Japan ended 15 August, Hale tool up duties as air-sea rescue ship offshore during the landing of occupation forces. She entered Tokyo Bay 16 September 1945, and departed 1 October for the United States carrying 100 veterans. She arrived Seattle 19 October 1945 and was placed in commission in reserve at San Diego until decommissioning 15 January 1947.

1951 – 1960
With the outbreak of the Korean War and the increase of tension throughout the world, Hale was taken out of reserve, commissioning at Long Beach 24 March 1951. After a shakedown cruise she sailed via the Panama Canal to her new home port, Newport, R.I., arriving 11 July 1951. After refresher training she departed 22 April 1952 to serve with the 6th Fleet in Mediterranean waters in support of American diplomacy in this vital and troubled region. After stopping at 16 ports in the course of her operations, Hale returned to Newport 23 October 1952. For the next 1½ years the destroyer performed a variety of tasks: antisubmarine training and development exercises off the Atlantic coast, plane guard duty or carrier operations in the Gulf of Mexico, and a training cruise for midshipmen of the Naval Academy.

After a modernization overhaul at Philadelphia Navy Yard, September 1953 to January 1954, Hale departed 1 June 1954 for a world cruise. Transiting the Panama Canal and entering the Pacific she proceeded to the Far East. She formed a part of America's ever-present naval strength lending stability to the area. Transiting the Suez Canal 17 November 1954, she visited many ports in 6th Fleet waters before returning to Newport 18 December 1954.

Hale continued her vital pattern of readiness exercises including serving as the Destroyer Force Gunnery School Ship at Newport, until 6 November 1956. Getting underway for the Mediterranean once more, she rendezvoused with 6th Fleet ships and stood by in the eastern Mediterranean during the Suez crisis, helping to avert a larger conflict and protecting American interests. She returned to Newport 20 February 1957.

In June Hale participated in one of the greatest international naval reviews in history, joining some 60 U.S. ships and vessels of 17 other nations in the 350th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown. A second Midshipman cruise and NATO exercises in the North Atlantic closed out 1957. She began her second world cruise 23 July 1958, sailing to Naples, through the Suez Canal to India and Japan, and back to San Diego after operations with the 7th Fleet off Taiwan. She returned to Newport port via the Panama Canal 24 November 1958.

In the Mediterranean from August 1959 – February 1960 Hale continued a peace-keeping and goodwill role. She returned to Newport 26 February 1959. After a period of important experimental work in antisubmarine warfare with nuclear submarines, Hale decommissioned at Boston 30 July 1960.

Hale received six battle stars for World War II service.

ARC Antioquia (DD-01)
Hale was transferred to Colombia 23 January 1961 under the Military Assistance Program and served as ARC Antioquia (DD-01). Antioquia was stricken 20 December 1973 and broken up for scrap.

title: USS Hale (DD-642)


text:
Joe FM

Joe FM may refer to:
 * TV 38.9 KZHO-LD and 87.9 KJIB-LP JoeFM.net, and TV and radio station in Houston, Texas
 * Joe FM (Belgium), a nationwide commercial radio station in Belgium
 * 97.3 Joe FM or WMJO, a radio station licensed to Essexville, Michigan, United States
 * CKNG-FM, a radio station licensed to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, previously known as Joe FM
 * Joe FM

title: Joe FM


text:
Talk:Dawn Clark Netsch

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Cougars (band)

Cougars is a Chicago-based rock band formed in 2000.

The band signed to the New York-based label Go-Kart Records in 2003 and embarked on several extensive US and European tours. Cougars' music is often compared to that of The Jesus Lizard and Rocket from the Crypt. The band avoids categorizing themselves in interviews; they've claimed to be simply "a rock band with horns" and "a rock band making rock music."

In 2007, the band parted ways with saxophonist Jeff Vidmont and trumpet player Mark Beening. In 2008, it parted ways with keyboardist Sam Ambrosini.

The band dicked around through most of the 2010's, continuing to write and play sporadic shows in Chicago.

In 2022, the band parted ways with guitarist Brett Meingasner. To maintain its trademark brand of two-guitar whoopass, Bienias moved from bass to guitar and Cougars added veteran Chicago rock god and all-around gentleman, Fred Popolo (former Haymarket Riot), on bass.

The reconsituted five-piece (no more keyboards or horn section) opted to stop dicking around and, in early 2023, began recording its third-full length album with engineer Shane Hochstetler at Electrical Audio in Chicago, Illinois and Howl Street Recording in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Several rough mixes ended up in the hands of Justin Nardy, owner of Expert Work Records from Columbia, Missouri, who experienced instachubbs and agreed to sign the band.

On August 4, 2023, the band officially released its long awaited third LP, "Cougs."

Band members
Current Band Members: Former Band Members
 * Bryan Bienias - Bass (2000-2022), Guitar (2022-Present)
 * Matt Irie - Vocals
 * John McClurg - Guitar
 * Fred Popolo - Bass
 * Brian Wnukowski - Drums

 * Sam Ambrosini - Keyboards (2000-2008)
 * Mark Beening - Trumpet (2000-2007)
 * Brett Meingasner - Guitar (2000-2022)
 * Jeff Vidmont - Saxophone (2000-2008)

Discography

 * Nice, Nice (2003), Go Kart Records
 * Manhandler EP (2004), Thick Records
 * Pillow Talk (2005 in Europe, 2006 in North America), Go Kart Records
 * Cougs (2023), Expert Work Records

title: Cougars (band)


text:
User talk:Danil K.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 06:42, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Danil K.


text:
Talk:Mazinger Z

Manga Info
How do you cite a manga? I have the Manga which is the source for "what is mazinger" and the other little questions WngLdr34 (talk) 01:34, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Panda Z
I don't see anything about the Panda Z parody of this show. Weyoun6 06:42, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Infobox
Is there a way to edit the infobox to include the actual title of Mazinger Z vs. Devilman?Also, there should be info on the other movies in there, too. (unsigned)

 * Easy enough. Just paste additional movie boxes (Template:Infobox animanga), one for each movie.  I would have done it, but the only Mazinger movie I'm familiar with is Great Mazinger Vs. UFO Robot Grandizer, which wouldn't go here.  I'm going ahead and adding that the each article, while I'm at it.  Also, I fixed the infobox here so the title will show up - use the cut and paste the template as it appears on the template page and it will work. Snarfies 22:49, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

MZ Mechas
I just made an Aphrodite A page today and a template for MZ mechas, but I'm not sure I've done everything right. It would be great if we could make pages of all the mechas and one for the mechanical monsters as well. Thank you! --Mikaine 04:01, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

A nice picture of him
Mazinger Z

The Meaning of "Daimajin"
Actually, my heritage being Japanese, Daimajin means giant and in this case majin does mean machine. (unsigned)

 * 「大魔神」Daimajin is a fictional word created for the 1966 Daiei Motion Picture Company production of the same title (directed by Kimiyoshi Yasuda), about a fictional stone idol that comes to life as an avenging demon. The title translates literally as "The Great Devil." The film was released directly to television in the US by American International Television "Majin, Monster of Terror" in 1968. There are two sequels, all of which are now available on DVD in North America from ADV Films. The lyrics, "Mashin-da, Majin-da, Majinga Zet!" in the closing theme, "Bokura-no Majinga Zetto" (Our Mazinger Z), are a play on words: "It's a machine, it's a devil, Mazinger Z!"

 * Hope this helps! August Ragone 01:05, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Wait, doesn't "Majin" mean "god/demon" as in "God and/or demon" rather than "Demonic god" or "God of demons"?

Scrander... Close?
Sounds more like "Scrander Cross" to me. "Close" would end in "zu", not "su". Maybe somebody thought "Scrander Close" made more sense - but these things don't always make sense. (What's "scrander" supposed to mean, anyway?) They can't be expected to. I'm changing it in the article. Zaku kai 20:15, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The lyrics of Soratobu Mazinger Z clearly state "Scrander Cross de... DOCKING!" Kouban 02:11, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

On the subject of Scrander, I get the impression that Nagai started with the word "Scrambler" (i.e. jets scramble), but it got mutilated when first written in kana and was taken without question by an unknowing editor. =D Son Goharotto 22:22, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Pilder or Piloter?
I was just wondering if anyone else thought Pilder has been misspelled all these years? To me, it always sounded like Piloter. It makes a lot more sense than a nonsense word like Pilder, especially considering what it's for. And the error is completely understandable, considering how English words are mangled in Japanese. Does anyone know the original kana? Son Goharotto 22:16, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You know.. It does often boggle me that people don't just flip over to the Japanese wiki sometimes. I mean, it is right there from Wikipedia's frontpage.

 * マジンガーZ, ホバーパイルダー, ジェットパイルダー, ジェットスクランダー. MajingaaZ, hobaapairudaa, jettopairudaa, jettosukurandaa. パイルダー・オン, スクランダー・クロス. Pairudaa on, sukurandaa kurosu. Angel the Techrat 03:40, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah, thank you! I keep forgetting that Wikipedia is in multiple languages. XD

 * I still think the odd spellings were the result of a limited understanding of English on Nagai's part, but nevertheless, the official name is the official name. Son Goharotto 20:42, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dvdmazingermovieboxset.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:20, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Evangelion
"This idea may have inspired the Core Fighter in Mobile Suit Gundam and the entry-plug in Neon Genesis Evangelion."

By the time Evangelion came out this idea was tried and true (unsigned)

Manga Dates
The article gives conflicting dates for the end of the manga: 1973 in the text body, and 1974 in the infobox. Which is correct? CFLeon (talk) 23:23, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * There are no conflicting dates. The end date given in the text body is 1974, same as the infobox. The confusion is because the text body clarifies that the manga was published by both Shueisha and Kodansha. A common misconception is that the manga ended after it stopped being published in Shonen Jump, which is incorrect. It merely changed magazine. The infobox simply takes the start date of Shueisha's serialization and the end date of Kodansha's serialization. They are the same serialization as it can be verified with the Tankobon. Contrary to other Shonen Jump manga, the owner of the publishing rights is Dynamic Pro, not the publishing company. Jfgslo (talk) 04:20, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * My error as to the 1973 date, I was careless when checking for typing out the message. But there's still a conflict: from the introduction:

"it later continued in Kodansha TV Magazine from October 1973 to September 1974"

 * The infobox gives the ending date as "August 13, 1974". They can't BOTH be correct (unless it's something like one is the publishing date and the other is the release date; in which case it's "apples and oranges"). CFLeon (talk) 19:43, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Pilder is Transforming?
Mazinger Z is one of the pioneers of mecha/robot anime but the Pilder which forms the cockpit/command centre etc. is not really a transformer as such, all it does is fold up its turbines. The first real transformer is Yuusha Reideen, or going back further, the Tokusatsu Ambassador Magmar, though his transformation was a morphing of sorts. Nonetheless the Pilder system is not transforming. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.104.101.223 (talk) 22:19, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

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Talk:Michael Collins (American author)

Untitled
Hello ... Yes, I wrote the material about Michael Collins, pseudonym of Dennis Lynds. The person(s) wondering whether it was copyright infringement can rest assured it is not. I'm Gayle Lynds, his wife, a fellow author. I wrote a longer essay about him, which is posted on his website. The one I submitted to Wikipedia is an excerpted version, accurate, with sources correctly cited.

title: Talk:Michael Collins (American author)


text:
Talk:Frans van Anraat

Corrections: Dates, Places
Frans van Anraat, aka Frank Christina Hadrianus van Anraat, was arrested in Amsterdam on December 7, 2004, (some reports indicate December 6, 2004), accused of supplying thiodiglycol to Saddam Hussein that was used to gas the Kurdish town of Halabja, Iraq on March 16, 1988 which resulted in approximately 5000 deaths and thousands of long term injuries. On January 28, 2005, an appeal judge in The Hague ordered his release. A petition signed by more than 6000 Halabja residents calling for the prosecution of van Anraat apparently was not cause enough for the Dutch to hold him, although his passport was held and he was told not to leave the Netherlands. Anraat was later rearrested after the press began covering the protests of the Halabja petitioners. The court case was controversial because Van Anraat appears to have become an informant of the Dutch secret service in the new Millennium and moved to a safe house owned by the government. He was no longer a wanted man when he, after the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, fled to the Netherlands via Syria.

Background: Van Anraat was placed on the US Customs "most wanted" list in 1988, when the canisters containing the chemicals were recognized in news video footage of the Halabja Massacre, and an international arrest warrant was issued in 1989. He was arrested in Milan in 1989, but the US extradition request was rejected and he was released. In 2000, the arrest warrant was withdrawn by the US Government without any explanation. (Guardian, UK, www.buzzle.com/editorials, www.msnbc.msn.com, www.news.com.au.)

The source of the shipments were in the U.S. and Japan, routed through Belgium and Jordan to Iraq. Also involved at the time were an Iranian diplomat, Karim Ali Sobhani, but it was a Japanese National Charles Tananka that came up with idea of one American Company, N.J. based Alcolac International, selling it to another American Company, Nu Kraft Mercantile (an empty warehouse in Brooklyn, New York) owned by United Steel and Strip Corp. The US company that sourced some of the thiodiglycol, Alcolac Inc., was not under investigation.

He went on trial in November 2005, denying he had any knowledge to which end the chemicals would be used by the Iraqi regime when his Swiss headquartered company FCA Contractor sold and delivered the ingredients for mustard and nerve gas. He also stated that he did not feel that he is an accomplice in the genocide because he simply delivered the chemicals as a businessman fulfilling his contractual obligations. However, Van Anraat's Japanese business partner stated on the record that he was fully aware of what the implications were and that the ingredients could be easily converted to poisonous gases. Van Anraat delivered 538 tonnes of thiodiglycol, a substance that in combination with acid salt yields some 700 tons of mustard gas. According to the Public Prosecutor, "This quantity would be enough to exterminate the entire human race." It was announced that the court would come to its conclusion on December 23, 2005, at which time was given the maximum sentence of 15 years for supplying the ingredients for making chemical weapons. (www.contentClix.com).

There’s another side to the coin. Czech born German Peter Walaschek was operating at the same time, same place, sending similar chemicals to Iran. US Customs arrested and charged him with illegally shipping thiodiglycol, to which he plead guilty but before sentencing, he boarded a plane and left the country.

On March 7 1995, Michael James of the Baltimore Sun wrote a piece entitled “Mustard Gas Fugitive Escapes Extradition. “Peter Walaschek, arrested in Croatia for selling 90 tons of CW precursors from a Baltimore company to Iran in the late 1980’s, will not face charges for his crimes in the United States. Walaschek was arrested on a warrant issued by the Interpol and was consequently extradited to his native Germany. German authorities are not obligated to extradite their own citizens and as a result Walascheck will not face US authorities. He claims that the thiodiglycol he arranged to be shipped was not used for chemical weapons and was instead used for textile production.” The amounts of thiodiglycol that that were shipped far exceeded the amount one could possible use, other than mustard gas. (http:www.dbwinfo.com/General/Proliferation/Thiodiglycol.html)

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Niggaz4Life

Niggaz4Life (also known as Efil4zaggin as per album cover art, stylized in all caps and horizontally mirrored) is the second and final studio album by gangsta rap group N.W.A, released on May 28, 1991. It was their final album, as the group disbanded later the same year after the departure of Dr. Dre and songwriter and unofficial member of the group The D.O.C. who both left to form Death Row Records; the album features only four members of the original line-up, as Arabian Prince and Ice Cube had already left the group in 1988 and 1989 respectively. Niggaz4Life debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200, but in its second week peaked at number 1.

In 1992, several months after the release of the album, N.W.A released a video named Niggaz4Life: The Only Home Video, which chronicled the making of the album and its three music videos, "Alwayz into Somethin'", "Appetite for Destruction" and "Approach to Danger".

In 2002, the CD was re-released in two formats. Both had the EP 100 Miles and Runnin' appended to the end of the original track listing, but one was available with a DVD copy of Niggaz4Life: The Only Home Video.

In comparison to its predecessor, the album was also heavier on misogyny, for which it became notorious. The songs on the album's second half featured more profanity, sexist themes, and references to various sexual acts, provoking the ire of the PMRC, liberal and conservative politicians, and civil rights activist C. Delores Tucker.

Critical reception
Upon release, Niggaz4Life generally polarized music critics, as many were divided over its lyrics especially in the 2nd half of the album. The Source declared it one of their albums of the year but more mainstream publications like Rolling Stone condemned the album. In a two star review (out of five), Rolling Stone critic Arion Berger attacked Niggaz4Life as "so hateful toward women, and in such a pathetic and sleazy manner, that it's simply tiresome." Mark Blackwell, of Spin magazine, similarly opined in his interview of N.W.A. that Niggaz4Life "wears thin pretty fast. The main problem is that the old 'niggas' and 'bitches' thing – whether offensive or not – is getting a little tired" before conceding that "Dre and Yella's production is peerless."

In a negative review, Newsweek deemed the album "by N.W.A standards, is a mediocre work, a retreat from cinematic storytelling into simple punk bluster." Time wrote, "N.W.A. raps nasty and righteous, with real ghetto heat, and doesn't give an inch," calling the album "incendiary" and "grotesque."

Later DJ Yella said: “I do like the second album better than the first. The first one had more hits, but production-wise I like this one better. It would have been great if Cube would have got on that album. But it sounds better, we put more into it.” MC Ren also looks back positively to the album: “The people in the streets loved it. That was basically the best review we could get anyway.”

The album received more positive reviews since then, especially for the production. Tom Doggett from Rap Reviews said: "Niggaz4life is a frightening album, jammed with explosive beats, visceral skits, and inciting rhymes. There is an overwhelming sense of sensual stimulation that overcomes the room when this album is playing. The eighteen tracks move by effortlessly, jumping from shootout skits to Ice Cube disses to revolting accounts of sexual acts. Even if you are turned off, it is impossible to deny the kinetic force that exudes from this album."

Jesse Ducker from Albumism also praised the production and said: "Efil4zaggin stands as a very dope, albeit flawed, piece of work."

Accolades

 * Ranked #1 in The Source's Top 15 Albums of 1991 list in 1991
 * Ranked #7 in MTV's Greatest Hip-Hop Albums of All Time list in 2005

 * "'It seemed like the craziest shit in existence to me. When I heard Eazy-E do a country and western song [Automobile], I couldn't believe the audacity and creative genius. Then, when I looked at the album cover and they were all dead, with their spirits flying out of their bodies, and the title was printed backwards so you had to put it up to the mirror to read it the right way, I said, 'These motherfuckers are crazy!'' – Busta Rhymes"

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard Top LPs chart. It went on to top the Billboard 200, gaining 954,000 sales in its first week becoming the first album by a rap group to top the chart, and the first independently distributed album to top the chart.

Track listing
Songwriting credits are adapted from the CD liner notes. All songs produced by Dr. Dre and DJ Yella.

Sample credits

 * "Prelude"
 * "Hyperbolicsyllabicsesquedalymistic" by Isaac Hayes
 * "The Breakdown (Part II)" by Rufus Thomas

 * "Real Niggaz Don't Die"
 * "UFO" by ESG
 * "Different Strokes" by Syl Johnson
 * "Die Nigger!!!" by The Last Poets
 * "Rise Above" by Black Flag
 * "Long Red" by Mountain
 * "I Just Want to Celebrate" by Rare Earth
 * "Synthetic Substitution" by Melvin Bliss
 * "Hook and Sling" by Eddie Bo
 * "Big Beat" by Billy Squier
 * "Triple Threat" by Z-3 MC's

 * "Niggaz 4 Life"
 * "Die Nigger!!!" by The Last Poets
 * "Sir Nose d'Voidoffunk (Pay Attention - B3M)" by Parliament
 * "Flashlight" by Parliament
 * "N.T." by Kool & the Gang
 * "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go" by Curtis Mayfield
 * "Niggers Are Scared of a Revolution" by The Last Poets
 * "Cissy Strut" by The Meters
 * "Fool Yourself" by Little Feat

 * "Appetite for Destruction"
 * "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins
 * "Funky Stuff" by Kool and the Gang
 * "Get Me Back on Time, Engine No. 9" by Wilson Pickett
 * "Niggers vs. the Police" by Richard Pryor

 * "Don't Drink That Wine"
 * "I've Been Watching You (Move Your Sexy Body)" by Parliament
 * "If It Ain't Ruff" by N.W.A
 * "Alwayz into Somethin'"
 * "Stone to the Bone" by James Brown
 * "Storm King" by Bob James
 * "Sneakin' in the Back" by Tom Scott and The L.A. Express
 * "Remember" by Jimi Hendrix
 * "Synthetic Substitution" by Melvin Bliss
 * "Just Wanna Make A Dream Come True" by Mass Production

 * "Message to B.A."
 * "Prelude" by N.W.A

 * "Real Niggaz"
 * "Give it Up" by Kool & the Gang
 * "Got to Be Real" by Cheryl Lynn
 * "Gashman" by The Last Poets
 * "The Lovomaniacs" by Boobie Knight & the Universal Lady

 * "To Kill a Hooker"
 * "Can't Stay Away" by Bootsy Collins

 * "One Less Bitch"
 * "Zimba Ku" by Black Heat
 * "Funkin' 4 Jamaica" by Tom Browne
 * "I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More, Babe" by Barry White

 * "Findum, Fuckum & Flee"
 * "Rapper's Delight" by the Sugarhill Gang
 * "The Breakdown, Pt. 1" by Rufus Thomas

 * "Automobile"
 * "My Automobile" by Parliament

 * "She Swallowed It"
 * "Cardova" by The Meters
 * "I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More, Babe" by Barry White
 * "That Girl is a Slut" by Just-Ice
 * "Slack Jawed Leroy" by Leroy & Skillet with LaWanda Page

 * "I'd Rather Fuck You"
 * "I'd Rather Be with You" by Bootsy Collins

 * "Approach to Danger"
 * "AJ Scratch" by Kurtis Blow
 * "Get up & Get Down" by The Dramatics
 * "Get Me Back on Time, Engine No. 9" by Wilson Pickett
 * "God Made Me Funky" by The Headhunters
 * "Scorpio" by Lalo Schifrin
 * "This Is It" by Jimmy Spicer

 * "1-900-2-Compton"
 * "P. Funk (Wants to Get Funked Up)" by Parliament

 * "The Dayz of Wayback"
 * "Troglodyte" by Jimmy Castor Bunch
 * "Impreach the President" by The Honey Drippers
 * "Players Balling (Players Doin' Their Own Thing)" by Ohio Players
 * "On the Ill Tip" by LL Cool J
 * "Surprises" by The Last Poets
 * "Niggaz4Life" by N.W.A

title: Niggaz4Life


text:
Falgun

Falgun or Phalgun (ফাল্গুন; फाल्गुण) or Phagun (ফাগুন) is the eleventh month of the year in the Bengali calendar, the Assamese calendar, and the Nepali calendar. In the revision of the Bengali calendar used in Bangladesh since October 2019, the month has 29 days in common years or 30 in leap years of the Gregorian calendar. In the previous version of the calendar, used in Bangladesh from 1987 through October 2019, Falgun had 30 days in common years or 31 days in leap years. The month has 29 or 30 days, based on the true movements of the Sun, in the old non-reformed Bengali calendar, still used in West Bengal, and in the Nepali calendar.

Falgun was named for the nakshatra (lunar mansion) Uttara phalguni, in the vicinity of which the full moon appears at that time of the year. It marks the arrival of spring, the sixth and final season in Bangladesh, West Bengal, Assam, and Nepal. Falgun falls between mid-February and mid-March on the Gregorian calendar.

Observances

 * Falgun 1 - Pahela Falgun (Bangladesh)
 * Falgun 7 – Democracy Day (Nepal)
 * Falgun 8
 * Language Martyrs' Day (Bangladesh)
 * International Mother Language Day (Bangladesh, India)
 * Falgun 12 – National Education Day (Nepal)
 * Falgun 14 – Maha Shivaratri (India, Nepal)
 * Falgun full moon – Dol Purnima (India), Holi (Bangladesh, India)

title: Falgun


text:
John Payne (actor)

John Howard Payne (May 23, 1912 – December 6, 1989) was an American film actor who is mainly remembered from film noir crime stories and 20th Century Fox musical films, and for his leading roles in Miracle on 34th Street and the NBC Western television series The Restless Gun.

Early life
Payne was born in Roanoke, Virginia. His mother, Ida Hope (née Schaeffer), a singer, graduated from the Virginia Seminary in Roanoke and married George Washington Payne, a developer in Roanoke. They lived at Fort Lewis, an antebellum mansion that became a state historic property, but was destroyed by fire in the late 1940s.

Payne attended prep school at Mercersburg Academy in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and then went to Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia. He then transferred to Columbia University in New York City in the fall of 1930. He studied drama at Columbia and voice at the Juilliard School. To support himself, he took on a variety of odd jobs, including wrestling as "Alexei Petroff, the Savage of the Steppes" and boxing as "Tiger Jack Payne".

He returned frequently to visit his family in Roanoke, Virginia.

Stage actor
In 1934, a talent scout for the Shubert theaters spotted Payne and gave him a job as a stock player. He appeared in road company productions of Rose-Marie and The Student Prince at $40 a week.

Payne toured with several Shubert Brothers shows, and frequently sang on New York City-based radio programs. On Broadway he appeared in the revue At Home Abroad (1935–36) alongside Ethel Waters, Eleanor Powell and Beatrice Lillie. He understudied for Reginald Gardiner and took over one night. He was seen by Fred Kohlmar of Sam Goldwyn's company and was offered a movie contract.

Early films
In 1936, he left New York for Hollywood. His first role was in Goldwyn's Dodsworth, playing Harry McKee, the son-in-law of Walter Huston's titular character.

He had the male lead as Jimmy Maxwell in Hats Off (1936), an independent film.

Payne was third billed in Fair Warning (1937), at Fox, and was the lead in Love on Toast (1937). He had a small role in Paramount's College Swing (1938).

Warner Bros
Payne signed a contract with Warner Bros. and played Don Vincent in Garden of the Moon (1938). He was in Kid Nightingale (1939) and Wings of the Navy (1939). Payne supported Ann Sheridan in Indianapolis Speedway (1939).

During this time he returned to Broadway to appear in Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1938–39). Payne was unhappy with his Warner Bros. roles, and asked for a release.

20th Century Fox
Payne went to 20th Century Fox where he appeared in Star Dust (1940). During filming, Darryl F. Zanuck offered him a long-term contract.

He had supporting roles in Maryland (1940) and The Great Profile (1940).

Payne had roles in the comedy The Great American Broadcast (1940), and was in the musicals Tin Pan Alley (1940), Week-End in Havana (1941) and Sun Valley Serenade (1941).

Fox gave him the chance to do drama in Remember the Day (1941) and To the Shores of Tripoli (1942).

After serving in the military during World War II Payne returned to Fox, and was in The Dolly Sisters (1945), playing Harry Fox. It was one of Payne's most successful films.

Payne starred with Maureen O'Hara in Sentimental Journey (1946), and was in The Razor's Edge (1946).

Payne's most familiar role may be his final film for Fox, that of attorney Fred Gailey in the classic holiday favorite Miracle on 34th Street (1947) with Natalie Wood, Maureen O'Hara and Edmund Gwenn. It was another box office success. He was meant to make another with O'Hara, Sitting Pretty (1948). However, in October 1947 he got his release from the studio, despite the contract having another four years to run, which would have brought him $670,000. Payne claimed he was dissatisfied with the roles being offered him.

Payne later said he had asked for his release every week for eight months before he got it. Film historian Jeanine Basinger later wrote that "Fox thought of [Payne] as a secondary Tyrone Power. They didn't know how to use him."

Freelance actor
After leaving Fox, Payne attempted to change his image and began playing tough-guy roles in Hollywood films noir.

He did two noirs at Universal, Larceny (1948), where he played the lead role, and was in The Saxon Charm (1948). He had the lead in The Crooked Way (1949) for United Artists.

Pine-Thomas Productions
Payne received an offer to star in a Western for Pine-Thomas Productions, a unit that operated out of Paramount Studios. His first film for the company was El Paso (1949). Other roles were in Captain China (1950), an adventure film; Tripoli (1950) set during the Barbary War; and The Eagle and the Hawk (1950), a Western.

He signed a contract to make three more films for Pine-Thomas and was in Passage West (1951), another Western; and Crosswinds (1951), an adventure film; Caribbean Gold (1952), a pirate film; The Blazing Forest (1952), an adventure story; The Vanquished (1952), a Western.

Payne insisted that the films he appeared in be filmed in color and that the rights to the films revert to him after several years, making him wealthy when he rented them to television.

In 1952 he said he got four times the fan mail he did at Fox. "I make fewer pictures now but I make the kind I want to make."

Other independent producers
Payne starred in Kansas City Confidential (1952), a noir, and owned 25% of the film. He later worked with on Raiders of the Seven Seas (1953), a pirate movie; and 99 River Street (1953), a noir.

Payne did a series of Westerns: Silver Lode (1954), for Benedict Bogeaus; Rails Into Laramie (1955), for Universal; Santa Fe Passage (1955) and The Road to Denver (1955) at Republic, and Tennessee's Partner (1955) for Bogeaus.

In 1955, he paid a $1,000-a-month option for nine months on the Ian Fleming James Bond novel Moonraker (he eventually gave up the option when he learned he could not retain the rights for the entire book series).

He returned to Pine-Thomas for a noir, Hell's Island (1956), then did Slightly Scarlet (1956) for Bogeaus. He made Hold Back the Night (1956) for Allied Artists and The Boss (1956) for United Artists, co-producing the latter. He did another noir, Hidden Fear, shot in Denmark.

Payne made one more Pine-Thomas film, Bailout at 43,000 (1957), playing Major Paul Peterson.

Television
Payne starred as Vint Bonner in The Restless Gun, a half-hour Western which aired on NBC Monday evenings from September 23, 1957 to September 14, 1959. He played a gunfighter who preferred not to fight if other options were available. The series was originally based on an earlier radio series starring James Stewart titled The Six Shooter. On October 31, 1957 Payne guest-starred on The Ford Show hosted by Tennessee Ernie Ford.

Later career
Payne directed one of his last films, They Ran for Their Lives (1968), and starred with Alice Faye in a 1974 revival of the musical Good News. He also starred in the Gunsmoke episode of "Gentry's Law" in 1970.

His final role was in 1975, when he co-starred with Peter Falk and Janet Leigh in the Columbo episode "Forgotten Lady". Later in life Payne became wealthy through real estate investments in southern California.

Personal life
During World War II Payne served as a flight instructor in the United States Army Air Corps. Major Payne received a silver star in 1942 for his actions during a bombing mission of the Italian fleet which allowed British forces to proceed. He was honorably discharged in September 1944.

Payne was married to actress Anne Shirley from 1937 to 1942; they had a daughter, Julie Anne Payne.

He married actress Gloria DeHaven in 1944; the couple had two children, Kathleen and Thomas, before divorcing in 1950. The couple remained on good terms, and on June 27, 1961, columnist Earl Wilson wrote that DeHaven was still concerned over Payne's March 1961 accident, and called him once a week.

During the filming of Kansas City Confidential (1952) Payne had a romance with co-star Coleen Gray that continued well past filming. They later appeared together in Tennessee's Partner, alongside future U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

Payne then married Alexandra Beryl "Sandy" Crowell Curtis in 1953, and remained with her until his death.

His oldest daughter, Julie, was married to writer-director Robert Towne from 1977 to 1982.

Payne was a Republican, and in October 1960 he was one of many conservative notables who drove in the Nixon-Lodge Bumper Sticker Motorcade in Los Angeles. Payne also supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.

Accident
On the evening of March 1, 1961, when Payne was 48, he suffered extensive, life-threatening injuries when struck by a car when he was crossing Madison Avenue in New York City. It had been raining, and the driver, future billionaire hedge fund manager Bernard Selz, claimed he had not seen Payne. Payne was tossed into the air, and came down facefirst into the car's windshield, which then shattered, causing extensive facial lacerations, including damaging both his eyes. His left leg was broken in five places, and he suffered a skull fracture.

Payne was taken to Roosevelt Hospital (now named Mount Sinai West), where he had facial surgery. He was in a hip cast for five-and-a-half months. He claimed his full recovery was due to doctors telling him that a patient's attitude is important, and he always remained optimistic.

One of Payne's first public appearances during this period was as a guest panelist on the popular CBS Sunday night game show What's My Line? In the December 3, 1961, episode, regular panelist Dorothy Kilgallen introduced Payne by saying, "He's been in the hospital after a very bad accident. So it's good to see him fit as a fiddle and all in one piece." Regular panelist Bennett Cerf remarked, "Good to see you here, John. Glad to see you beat that car on Madison Avenue that bumped into you."

Death
Payne died in Malibu, California, of congestive heart failure on December 6, 1989, aged 77. His ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean.

He has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in motion pictures and television.

title: John Payne (actor)


text:
Halling railway station

Halling railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England, and lies a little to the north of the village of Halling. It is 35 mi down the line from London Charing Cross via Strood and is situated between Cuxton and Snodland. The station and all trains that serve the station are operated by Southeastern.

The APTIS-equipped ticket office, in a building on the northbound platform, closed in September 1989; the building, after a lengthy period of disuse, was converted to office accommodation but is again disused.

A PERTIS (Permit to Travel) ticket machine is located just outside the entrance to the station, which is on the northbound platform; this was installed in 2007.

Services
All services at Halling are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood via Maidstone West

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

title: Halling railway station


text:
User:Tobacco~enwiki

hello my name is tuba and i like the internet

title: User:Tobacco~enwiki


text:
Magh (Bengali calendar)

Magh (মাঘ) is the tenth month in the Bengali calendar. This is the last month of the two months of winter season.

Etymology
This month is named after the star Magha (মঘা Môgha).

Festivals

 * Maghi Purnima, a Buddhist festival on the full moon night of this month
 * Suryavrata, a vrata observed by Hindu women usually who are unmarried, on the first day of this month
 * Saraswati puja, Hindu festival in honor of goddess Saraswati observed on the fifth lunar day in this month, popular in Bangladesh, and Assam and West Bengal states of India.

Observances

 * Suryavrata - Magh 1
 * Republic Day of India and Australia Day - Magh 12 (India), Magh 11 (Bangladesh)
 * Super Bowl Sunday - Fourth Sunday of Magh

title: Magh (Bengali calendar)


text: User talk:80.203.85.240

title: User talk:80.203.85.240


text:
Talk:Elgin Street

Is there any proof that it was known as Biddy's Lane? I have looked at old maps, and none call it as that. -- Earl Andrew - talk 06:47, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elgin Street


text:
Snodland railway station

Snodland railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England. It serves the town of Snodland, which lies some way to the west. The station is 36 mi down the line from London Charing Cross via Strood and it is situated between Halling and New Hythe. All trains that serve the station, and the station itself, are operated by Southeastern.

History
The station was built in 1856, for the South Eastern Railway. It is a Grade II listed building, with two storeys: the lower floors were for the station offices and public rooms and the upper floors that were designed as the station master's flat. The station is located just to the north of the High Street, with a passenger footbridge and a level crossing over the railway.

The former Queen's Head Hotel, adjacent to the station, was built to serve railway passengers. It closed in 1991 is now a residential care facility.

Snodland was once equipped with a goods shed and sidings located behind platform 2 of which the remaining supports the platform 2 canopy. To the immediate north of the station a pair of goods loops, remnants of which can be seen. The late 19th century signal box alongside the station has been closed and is now a listed building.

The ticket office was originally closed around 1990, and in 2007, a PERTIS (Permit to Travel) ticket machine was installed just outside the entrance to the northbound platform. However, the ticket office was reopened in September 2016.

Services
All services at Snodland are operated by Southeastern using and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood via Maidstone West

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

The station is also served by two peak hour high speed services in each direction between London St Pancras International and Maidstone West.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

title: Snodland railway station


text:
Once More with Feeling

Once More with Feeling may refer to:

Film and television

 * "Once More, with Feeling" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a musical episode of the American TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Once More, with Feeling!, a 1960 film starring Yul Brynner
 * Once More with Feeling (film), a 2009 film written and directed by Jeff Lipsky
 * One More Time with Feeling, a 2016 documentary about Nick Cave directed by Andrew Dominik

Albums

 * Once More with Feeling: Singles 1996–2004, an album by Placebo and compilation DVD
 * Once More with Feeling (EP), an EP released in 2000 by Joe Chapman
 * Once More with Feeling (Billy Eckstine album), a 1960 album by Billy Eckstine
 * Once More, with Feeling (Blood of the Martyrs album), the 2011 debut album by American Christian metal band Blood of the Martyrs
 * Once More, with Feeling (Buffy soundtrack), the soundtrack album of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode of the same name

Songs

 * "Once More with Feeling" (song), a 1970 Jerry Lee Lewis single co-written by Kris Kristofferson and Shel Silverstein
 * "Once More with Feeling", a song from Willie Nelson's 1970 album, Both Sides Now
 * "Once More (With Feeling)", a 1988 song by Crumbächer from the album Tame the Volcano
 * "Once More With Feeling", a song on The Cooper Temple Clause album Make This Your Own
 * "Once More with Feeling", a song from Get Cape. Wear Cape. Fly's 2006 album The Chronicles of a Bohemian Teenager

Other uses

 * Once More, with Feeling (book), a book by Victoria Coren and Charlie Skelton about making a porn movie
 * Once More with Feeling, 2017 novel by Méira Cook

title: Once More with Feeling


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Educommunication

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 13:45, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Educommunication
Neologism; 102 Google hits; possible original research. [ +t,  +c  ] 06:50, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with the above. Phils 09:34, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neolog. -Casito⇝Talk 23:38, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Edumacation. No such thing? Darn, then delete. -- 8^D gab 02:56, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Megan1967 04:38, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Excommunicate. Radiant_* 07:28, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
USS Edwards

USS Edwards has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Edwards (DD-265), a Clemson-class destroyer in commission from 1919 to 1922 and from 1939 to 1940; transferred to the Royal Navy as HMS Buxton in 1940
 * USS Edwards (DD-619), a Gleaves-class destroyer in commission from 1942 to 1946

USS Edwards sometimes can also be used to refer to various other United States Navy ships, including:

 * USS John D. Edwards (DD-216), a Clemson-class destroyer in commission from 1920 to 1945
 * USS Heywood L. Edwards (DD-663), a Fletcher-class destroyer in commission from 1944 to 1946; transferred to Japan as JDS Ariake (DD-183) in 1959
 * USS Ray K. Edwards (DE-237), a Rudderow-class destroyer escort converted during construction into the high-speed transport USS Ray K. Edwards (APD-96)
 * USS Ray K. Edwards (APD-96), a Crosley-class high speed transport in commission from 1945 to 1946
 * USS Richard S. Edwards (DD-950), a Forrest Sherman-class destroyer in commission from 1959 to 1982
 * USS Wilbert A. Edwards (SP-315), also known as USS W. A. Edwards, a patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919

title: USS Edwards


text:
New Hythe railway station

New Hythe railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England, serving the village of New Hythe. It is 38 mi down the line from London Charing Cross via Strood and is situated between Snodland and Aylesford. The station and all trains that serve the station are operated by Southeastern.

The APTIS-equipped ticket office, in a 1930s building on the northbound platform, closed in September 1989 and subsequently became derelict. In 2007, a PERTIS (Permit to Travel) ticket machine was installed at the entrance to the northbound platform.

History
Although the line between Strood and Maidstone, on which New Hythe lies, was completed in 1856, the station was not opened until 9 December 1929, when New Hythe Halt, a timber-built halt, was opened to serve the huge paper mill complex which had been established beside the line. The present, more substantial station was constructed in 1936, and the line was electrified in 1939.

Services
All services at New Hythe are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood via Maidstone West

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

title: New Hythe railway station


text:
Walter Netsch

Walter A. Netsch (February 23, 1920 – June 15, 2008) was an American architect based in Chicago. He was most closely associated with the brutalist style of architecture as well as with the firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. His signature aesthetic is known as Field Theory and is based on rotating squares into complex shapes. He may be best known as the lead designer for the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado and its famous Cadet Chapel. The Cadet Area at the Academy was named a National Historic Landmark in 2004. He was a fellow of the American Institute of Architects.

Overview
After graduating from The Leelanau School, a boarding school in Michigan, Netsch studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and then enlisted in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He earned his bachelor of architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1943 and began his career as an architect working for L. Morgan Yost in Kenilworth, Illinois. In 1947, he joined Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, which initially assigned him to work in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Later he became a partner for design in SOM and remained with the firm until 1979. He began his own practice in 1981.

Following his work on the Air Force Academy, Netsch led the team which designed the original University of Illinois Circle Campus. The campus design grouped buildings into functional clusters and now constitutes most of the east campus buildings at the University of Illinois at Chicago. During his career, Netsch designed 15 libraries, as well as academic buildings for colleges and universities in the United States and Japan, including Northwestern University, Miami University, Wells College, Illinois Institute of Technology, Sophia University, Texas Christian University, University of Chicago, and University of Iowa. He did the initial design for the Inland Steel Building in Chicago; built circa 1956-1957, this was the first skyscraper built in the Chicago Loop after the Great Depression. He also designed the east wing of the Art Institute of Chicago. Netsch designed several buildings at Northwestern University and the campus and buildings of Montgomery College in Takoma Park, Maryland, and was the focus of an exhibit at the Northwestern University Library in February–March 2006 as well as a monograph, Walter A. Netsch, FAIA: A Critical Appreciation and Sourcebook, published in May 2008.

Recognition
Netsch taught at several universities, received numerous awards and honorary degrees, and served as a trustee at the Rhode Island School of Design and a member of the Board of Governors at Northwestern University Library. From 1986 to 1989, he served as Commissioner of the Chicago Park District, appointed by Mayor Harold Washington. He was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects in 1967. He was affiliated with the Art Institute of Chicago and the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois. He served on the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1980 to 1985. In 1995, Netsch was interviewed for the Chicago Architects Oral History Project.

Netsch was a collector and patron of the arts, along with his wife, Illinois politician Dawn Clark Netsch, whom he married in 1963. The couple's art collection has been exhibited several times.

Netsch maintained a private consulting practice and was viewed as a mentor by many architects.

title: Walter Netsch


text:
Aylesford railway station

Aylesford railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England, serving the village of Aylesford. It is 38 mi down the line from London Charing Cross via Strood and is situated between New Hythe and Maidstone Barracks. The station opened on 18 June 1856.

The station and all trains that serve the station are operated by Southeastern.

History
Aylesford was opened by the South Eastern Railway, which merged with local rival London, Chatham & Dover Railway on 1 January 1899 to form the South Eastern & Chatham Railway. The station became part of the Southern Railway during the grouping of 1923, and was passed on to the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.

When sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by Network SouthEast until the privatisation of British Railways. On 21 October 1988, a plaque was unveiled at Aylesford in the presence of the Network SouthEast director, Chris Green, to commemorate completion of the project to restore the station building to its original 1856 condition. The project cost £250,000, £50,000 of which was contributed by the Railway Heritage Trust. During the ceremony, Green announced plans for a £4 million resignalling package for the Medway Valley line to replace the semaphore signals by a multi-aspect colour light system controlled from Maidstone West box.

The ticket office, in a building on the northbound platform, was closed in September 1989 and an Indian restaurant—now incorporating a fried chicken takeaway—was subsequently established in the building. In 2007, a permit to travel ticket machine was installed just inside the entrance to the station, on the northbound platform. In early 2016 the Permit to Travel machine was removed with plans to replace it with a ticket machine.

Services
All services at Aylesford are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood via Maidstone West

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

Station Building
The section of the line surrounding Aylesford Station passes through what was part of the Preston Hall Estate, the then home of Edward Betts, the railway contractor who built this part of the Medway Valley Line. Consequently, the station building is much grander than other country stations along the line. The station buildings are gabled and highly decorated, built in Kentish ragstone with Caen stone dressings, in part reflecting a simplified version of the style of Preston Hall. Windows replicate those at Aylesford Priory.

Following restoration and refurbishment, the station building received an Ian Allan award in 2001, commemorated by a plaque in the waiting room/booking office, which is now in use as an Indian Takeaway Restaurant.

title: Aylesford railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Wikipedia/archive1

Wikipedia
Not suitable for the Main Page, self-nomination. Previous FAC: 1, 2. Previous PR: 1, 2. 119 07:58, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sure I've seen some controversy over what licence we use (GFDL vs. Creative Commons or others)--should this be mentioned in the article? Sorry I can't be more specific. Anyway, support. Meelar (talk) 09:00, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * This article recently failed FAC. Address the concerns at Featured article candidates/Wikipedia/2 and the first FAC first. --mav 12:55, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I have. Your history objection was the only one remaining, and having been ignored when I asked you to clarify in what way the history section is "inadequate", I can only say I've done what I can and any valid objection must from the new version (and actionable). 119 14:05, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - I have added more links to other Wikipedias with the aid of this excellent tool. See my comments on Dorset, above.--194.73.130.132 14:19, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Wikipedia is already on the Main Page introduction. -- Tony Jin | (talk) 23:23, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Main Page" being the "Today's featured article" above. 119 00:44, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems excellent. Support. Andre ( talk ) 21:06, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Supprt 68.105.113.143 05:22, 28 Apr 2005
 * Support. Fredrik | talk 16:11, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * SVPPORT. I think it is an interresting article (excess of references, but ok). -Pedro 21:29, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Shanes 06:25, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Well-referenced and fair. Mark1 07:50, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * it has an excess of references, and 'excess' is not a good thing, I believe. Maybe to a book, or a paper. But not an article. I think the language edition numbers should be updated to May. -Pedro 22:32, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not understand the concept of an excess of references. Mark1 01:55, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Dont see the point It's not real, so why should it be FA? Dåvid Fuchs ( talk / contribs ) 02:01, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * occupies 1/3 of the article. What kind of article where a major part of it is references? it justifies to much. And has my Management teacher once told me: "people dont believe in those that justify to much." It is a defensive behaviour, besides excess is not a good thing in any field. It is close to justify every word that is written in the article! excess? try to drink water (aka article) with 1/3 of the glass with sugar (aka references). Even if sugar tastes good, it will be impleasant in that quantity. -Pedro 22:47, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * References can be ignored if you wish. Everything I can reference I do, and as a result you may check much of of this article's accuracy easily. I think that is more trustworthy than giving a good impression through rhetorical skills. 119 03:03, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. There is no such thing as too many references, and it really exemplifies what this is all about. It may just be our bias, but oh well. Deltabeignet 23:31, 4 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Marianna Lubomirska

Princess Marianna Lubomirska (1693–1729) was a Polish noblewoman magnate. She was heiress of large Ostróg estates.

Daughter of Grand Marshal of the Crown Józef Karol Lubomirski, the son of Voivode of Kraków Aleksander Michał Lubomirski and Princess Helena Tekla Ossolińska and Princes Teofila Ludwika Zasławska, the daughter of Prince Władysław Dominik Zasławski and Katarzyna Sobieska (sister of King of Poland Jan III Sobieski).

Marriage and issue
Marianna married Prince Paweł Karol Sanguszko and had one son:

 * Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko, the last ordynat of the Ostrogski Family Fee Tail and Court Marshal of Lithuania, married Countess Konstancja von Dönhoff, the daughter of Field Hetman of Lithuania Count Stanislaus Michael Ernest von Dönhoff.

title: Marianna Lubomirska