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Marie-Anne Gaboury

Marie-Anne Lagimodière (née Gaboury; 15 August 1780 – 14 December 1875) was a French-Canadian woman noted as both the grandmother of Louis Riel, and as the first woman of European descent to travel to and settle in what is now Western Canada.

Early life
Gaboury was born in Maskinongé, Quebec, a village near modern Trois-Rivières. As a young woman, she kept house for a priest there until her marriage on 21 April 1806 to Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière. Lagimodière was originally from nearby Saint-Ours; he had become a coureur des bois employed in the fur trade by the Hudson's Bay Company in Rupert's Land.

Travels in the west
Immediately following their marriage, and in defiance of the custom of the time, Gaboury travelled to the west with her new husband. They went first to the area near the confluence of the Assiniboine and Red Rivers near what would later become the Red River Colony and eventually modern Winnipeg, Manitoba. They wintered at a Métis encampment near Pembina (under British sovereignty at the time but now in North Dakota), where the first of her eight children was born on 6 January 1807.

The following spring, the Lagimodières travelled to the valley of the Saskatchewan River, settling eventually in what is now northern Saskatchewan, where they remained until 1811, living a semi-nomadic lifestyle among other French-Canadian trappers and their native wives. During this period, Marie-Anne accompanied her husband on many trapping and buffalo hunting expeditions, often venturing as far west as present-day Alberta. Her second child was born on the open prairie shortly after her horse had bolted towards a herd of buffalo, and on another occasion she fought and shot a large bear that had attacked one of their companions.

The young family was once taken prisoner while trapping by Tsuu T'ina tribesmen because of their association with local Cree. Although they managed to escape on horseback, they were pursued for five days until reaching the safety of Fort des Prairie (also known as Fort Augustus, a counterpart to Fort Edmonton) near modern Edmonton, Alberta.

Before his marriage, Jean-Baptiste had previously been involved à la façon du pays (in the style of the country) with a native woman who had borne his children. Marie-Anne was tolerant and accepting of the children arising from this previous relationship, although the other woman was jealous and reportedly threatened to poison her. Despite this incident, the Lagimodières generally had good relationships with the Aboriginal peoples they encountered. Marie-Anne was often regarded as an object of curiosity by the Natives during her travels as she was invariably the first white woman they had ever seen (some were even led to believe that she possessed supernatural powers).

Return to the Red River
On hearing that Lord Selkirk was establishing a permanent colony at the Red River, they returned to help establish the new Red River Colony in the spring of 1812. The early history of the settlement was characterized by struggles between the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and its rival, the North West Company, culminating in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. Although the Lagimodières managed to avoid involvement with the violent confrontations, Jean-Baptiste was asked by HBC representative Colin Robertson to take news of the events to Lord Selkirk in Montreal. Over the winter of 1815–1816, Lagimodière travelled over 2,900 km on horseback and on foot in fulfillment of this mission. During this time, Marie-Anne was obliged to seek shelter among the aboriginal tribes when the Nor'Westers took possession of Fort Douglas. On his return from the east, Jean-Baptiste was taken prisoner by the Nor'Westers and was imprisoned in Fort William until August 1816. The Lagimodières were not reunited until September 1816, after the unrest had subsided.

In recognition of his service, Lord Selkirk awarded Jean-Baptiste a tract of land near the Red River, which the Lagimodières successfully homesteaded for many years. They had six more children, including, in 1822, Julie Lagimodière, the future mother of Louis Riel. Dying at age 95 in 1875, Marie-Anne lived to see Manitoba become part of the Canadian Confederation following Riel's actions during the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870.

Legacy
She is sometimes remembered as the "Grandmother of the Red River", and many of the Métis people of the Canadian Prairies can trace their ancestry to her.

École Marie-Anne-Gaboury, a French immersion elementary school in St. Vital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, was named in her honour, as is Rue Marie Anne Gaboury in Bonnie Doon, Edmonton, Alberta, which is the home to the French-language section of the University of Alberta, the Campus Saint-Jean.

The 1978 Canadian feature film Marie-Anne tells a fictionalized story of "the first white woman in Western Canada".

title: Marie-Anne Gaboury


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Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives

Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives is an EP by American hip hop artist Aesop Rock. Released via the Definitive Jux label on February 22, 2005, the record is produced by Blockhead and Aesop Rock himself, with the former producing three tracks and the latter producing four, with one track produced by Rob Sonic. Vocals are handled by Aesop Rock, with guest appearances from Camu Tao and Metro of S.A. Smash and Definitive Jux label head El-P. All scratches are performed by DJ Big Wiz.

Release
The initial pressing of the EP on CD (catalogue number DJX106) was packaged as a slimline CD case inside a cardboard cover along with an 88-page booklet named The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow, which contained the EP's lyrics as well as the never-before published lyrics to Aesop's other in-print records, Float, Labor Days, Daylight, and Bazooka Tooth, and new photographs and artwork.

The record's art as a whole, in keeping with the title of the lyric book, is designed around the theme of an early 20th-century freak show: "The Most Peculiar Creatures in All The Land", proclaims the back cover, while a triptych of blackly humorous portraits on the inner CD case depict Bruce The Giant Baby ("7 years old & 600(+) pounds"), Three Legged Louis ("3 shoes, 6 laces, 15 toes") and Ms. Sally Small ("the world's tiniest woman").

The subsequent pressing of the EP (catalogue number DJX117) omitted the lyric booklet but included a bonus track, "Facemelter".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives


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Talk:Uniform Parental Rights Enforcement and Protection Act

Untitled
Has this been passed by any state or even considered by a legislature? It's not clear from the article. DJ Clayworth 21:52, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

VFD
On 1 April 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Uniform Parental Rights Enforcement and Protection Act for a record of the discussion. – ABCD 00:36, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:128.54.59.224

title: User talk:128.54.59.224


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User:Toonarmy~enwiki

Duplicate account for ToonArmy.

title: User:Toonarmy~enwiki


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Vasco da Gama Tower

The Vasco da Gama Tower (Torre Vasco da Gama, ) is a 145 m lattice tower with skyscraper in the civil parish of Parque das Nações, the municipality of Lisbon, in Portugal. Built on the north bank of the Tagus river, it is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama (the first European to arrive in India by sail, in 1498). The tower portion is the tallest structure in Lisbon.

History
The tower was built in 1998 for the Expo '98 World's Fair. At the base of the tower was a three-story building that served as the European Union Pavilion during the Expo.

While they were open, the tower was the tallest structure in Portugal open to the public (excluding bridges).

The base of the building was to be leased for office space after the closing of the Expo, but never found tenants. Instead, it was used for one-off events, like the world premiere of the new Mini car in 2001.

Both the observation deck and the restaurant were closed in October 2004.

In 2006, the tower was climbed by Alain Robert, a solo urban climber, who was sponsored by Optimus Telecommunications (a Portuguese mobile phone company) as part of a mobile marketing campaign.

Parque Expo received permission to expand along the riverside in order to build a 20-floor, 178-room luxury hotel, a plan by Portuguese architect Nuno Leónidas. The base of the tower was demolished between July and September 2007, paving the way for the construction of the 5-star Myriad hotel, which opened in 2012. In 2018, the panoramic restaurant Fifty Seconds (by Martín Berasategui) opened in the space that was previously the observation deck. Within a year, it received its first Michelin star.

Architecture
The architects of the tower were Leonor Janeiro, Nick Jacobs and SOM (Skidmore, Owings and Merrill) and assembled by engineering company Martifer.

The architects were inspired by the form of a caravel and its sail, supported by fundamental volumes at its base. This base, enters the river like the bow of the boat, supported by pillars forming a terrace. This area is occupied by exposition spaces and vestibule with access to panoramic elevators that intersperse the tower to the restaurant and viewing platform. The tower is defined by a vertical "mast" and a metallic, tubular "sail", surmounted by a 120 m platform forming a "crow's nest", corresponding to the rotating restaurant and visitors viewing area.

title: Vasco da Gama Tower


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Allston Burr Resident Dean

In each of the twelve Houses in the Harvard College House system, the Allston Burr Resident Dean (for many decades the Allston Burr Senior Tutor) is an Assistant Dean of the College, responsible for the academic and disciplinary well-being of the undergraduates in that House. The House's highest official other than the Faculty Dean (until 2016 called the House's Master), the Allston Burr Resident Dean has primary supervision of the House tutors. The Resident Dean assists the Faculty Dean in selecting House tutors. The Resident Deans report to the Dean of the College and sit on the Administrative Board, the College disciplinary body.

An occasional Resident Dean is a junior faculty member, but more typically is an appointed lecturer in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. As the name implies, the Resident Dean lives in the House and shares daily meals both with the students in his or her charge and with the Tutors, faculty, and University officials who comprise the House's Senior Common Room.

title: Allston Burr Resident Dean


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Fiscalism

Fiscalism is a term sometimes used to refer the economic theory that the government should rely on fiscal policy as the main instrument of macroeconomic policy. Fiscalism in this sense is contrasted with monetarism, which is associated with reliance on monetary policy. Fiscalists reject monetarism in a non-convertible floating rate system as inefficient if not also ineffective

There are two types of fiscalism:
 * Contained fiscalism does not allow the economy to grow or decline as much as possible.
 * Elevated fiscalism does not allow the economy to decline but, it does allow for the economy to grow unrestrained

Roots
Fiscalism relies heavily on Keynesian theories which states that an active government intervention is necessary to ensure economic growth and stability.

For fiscalists, employment is of primary concern. Y (income) is the independent variable in PY = MV (where P = price level, M = amount of money, V = velocity/turnover of money), changes in which affect effective demand. So fiscalists hold that Y needs to be controlled through fiscal policy, which affects effective demand. Effective demand draws forth investment to meet profit opportunity, and effective demand is income-dependent, since consumption cannot be funded by drawing down savings, selling assets, or financed by borrowing sustainably. If supply and demand are stabilized at optimal resource use, then unemployment is reduced.

Fiscalism and Modern Monetary Theory
The holy grail of macroeconomics is full employment along with price stability, which implies highly efficient use of resources while controlling price level.

In the first place, Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) rejects the monetarist explanation virtually in toto, claiming that it is based on an incorrect view of actual operations of the Treasury, central bank, and commercial banking, and how they interact. Secondly, MMT explains how to succeed in the quest for the holy grail through employment of the sectoral balance approach developed by Wynne Godley and functional finance developed by Abba Lerner. The thrust of this approach is to maintain effective demand sufficient for purchase of production (supply) at full employment by offsetting non-government saving desire with the currency issuer's fiscal balance. This stabilizes aggregate demand and aggregate supply at full employment (adjusting aggregate demand wrt changes in population and productivity) without risking inflation arising owing to excessive demand.

Note that this does not apply to price level rising due to supply shock, such as an oil crisis provoked by a cartel exerting a monopoly, or shortage of real resources., e.g. due to natural disaster, war, or climate. This is a separate issue and must be addressed differently according to MMT.

In a non-convertible floating rate monetary system, the currency issuer is not constrained operationally. The only constraint is real resources. If effective demand outruns the capacity of the economy to expand to meet it, then inflation will result. If effective demand falls short of the capacity of the economy to produce at full employment, then the economy will contract, an output gap open, and unemployment will rise.

This view is based on a Treasury-based monetary regime, in which money is created through currency issuance mediated by government fiscal expenditure. Issuance of Treasury securities to offset deficits functions as a reserve drain, which functions as a monetary operation that enables the central bank to hit its target rate rather than being a fiscal operation involving financing. Similarly, taxes are seen not as a funding operation for government expenditure, but as a means to withdraw non-government net financial assets created government expenditure, in order to control effective demand and thereby reduce inflationary pressure as needed iaw the sectoral balance approach and functional finance.

This view is quite the opposite of the credit-based monetary presumptions of monetarists, which MMT regards as appropriate to a convertible fixed rate regime like the gold standard but not to the current non-convertible floating rate system that began when President Nixon shut the gold window on August 15, 1971, and was later adopted by most nations, excepting those that pegged their currencies, ran currency boards, or gave up currency sovereignty as did members of the European Monetary Union in adopting the euro as a common currency.

It is important to note that MMT economists do not recommend the adoption of a Treasury-based monetary system. Rather, they are asserting that the present monetary system is already Treasury-based operationally, even when governments choose to impose political restraints that mimic obsolete practices and create the impression that these are operationally necessary.

MMT also recommends an employer assurance program (ELR, JG) to create a buffer stock of employed that the private sector can draw on as needed. This reduces idle resources and presents the possibility of achieving actual full employment (allowing 2% for transitional) along with price stability, which monetarism presumes inflationary. The ELR program also establishes a wage floor as price anchor for price stability.

title: Fiscalism


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Tsuda University

Tsuda University (津田塾大学) is a private women's university based at Kodaira, Tokyo. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious higher educational institutions for women in Japan, contributing to the advancement of women in society for more than a century.

History
The university was founded in 1900 by Tsuda Umeko as Joshi Eigaku Juku. The name was changed to Tsuda Eigaku Juku in 1933, then to Tsuda Juku Senmon Gakko, and finally Tsuda Juku Daigaku (Tsuda College) in 1948.

From April 2017 Tsuda was renamed, in English, to Tsuda University consisting of two colleges:
 * The College of Liberal Arts at Kodaira Campus, Tokyo
 * The College of Policy Studies at Sendagaya Campus, Tokyo

Notable alumnae

 * Taki Fujita, 4th president of Tsuda College (1962–1972)
 * Kumiko Haba, political scientist, international relations
 * Michiko Inukai, author
 * Ichiko Kamichika, politician
 * Mieko Kamiya, psychiatrist
 * Mitsuyo Kusano, newscaster
 * Yoriko Madoka, politician
 * Yoko Matsuoka McClain, Japanese language and literature professor
 * Chie Nakane, first-appointed female professor of Tokyo University
 * Tomoko Namba, founder and former CEO of DeNA Co., Ltd.
 * Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, anthropologist
 * Natsuko Toda, translator
 * Akiko Yamanaka, politician
 * Noriko Yui, mathematician

List of Notable Alumnae

Faculty

 * Anna Cope Hartshorne
 * Yoshi Kasuya
 * Julie Beth Lovins
 * Kawai Michi
 * Tsuda Umeko
 * Elizabeth Gray Vining
 * Tetsuro Watsuji

title: Tsuda University


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Peruvian diving petrel

The Peruvian diving petrel (Pelecanoides garnotii) (local name in Peru: potoyunco) is a small seabird that feeds in offshore waters in the Humboldt Current off Peru and Chile.

Taxonomy
The Peruvian diving petrel was formally described in 1828 by the French naturalists René Lesson and Prosper Garnot under the binomial name Puffinuria garnotti. In his book Manuel d'ornithologie Lesson quotes the text of a description written by Garnot. The Peruvian diving petrel is now placed in the genus Pelecanoides was originally introduced in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède for the common diving petrel. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
Peruvian diving petrel is 20 - 24 cm in overall length. Like the rest of the diving petrels it is a nondescript bird, with a dark back and pale belly, and blue feet, and can be separated from the rest of its family only by differences in its beak and nostrils.

Food and feeding
Unlike the common diving petrel and the South Georgia diving petrel it feeds in cold, offshore, often pelagic water, obtaining small fish larvae and planktonic crustaceans by pursuit diving. The main part of his food is made up by plankton organisms (85.3-91.1%). The remaining percentage of the Peruvian diving petrel's food is fish, mainly anchovies. Peruvian diving petrels can dive up to 83 m deep but the average depth was recorded at around 30 m. It was long thought that the Peruvian diving petrel was rather bad in flying. However, great numbers of birds have been observed fishing regularly in the area between Asia Island and Pachacamac Island at a distance of 150-200 kilometres north of their Peruvian breeding grounds.

Conservation status
The Peruvian diving petrel has become locally extinct on many of its former colonies and now nests only on a few offshore islands. A total population of 12,216 breeding pairs was estimated for San Gallán and La Vieja Islands in Peru, with some small additional breeding colonies reported for Corcovado Island in Peru, as well as Pan de Azucar Island, Choros islands, Grande and Pajaros islands in Chile. They breed year round, laying a single egg in a burrow dug into guano.

Peruvian diving petrels are considered Near Threatened. They formerly numbered in the millions, but the pressures of guano extraction (which destroyed nests, eggs and chicks), and being directly taken for food by guano workers and introduced species (particularly foxes and feral cats), have caused the number to crash. Although all of the Peruvian breeding sites are located in protected areas (Paracas National Reserve and Guano Islands National Reserve) some guano extraction still continues and the reserves are ineffectively policed.

title: Peruvian diving petrel


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Uganda Green Party

The Uganda Green Party is a green political party in Uganda. The party claims to be committed to the well-being of the natural environment rather than to politics. Its main objective is to protect the environment and its habitats.

title: Uganda Green Party


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Talk:Lycaon pictus/Archive 1

Bad link
External link at bottom of page is outdated and page no longer exists. Should be replaced with something appropriate.

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title: Talk:Lycaon pictus/Archive 1


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Eddie Duffy

Eddie Duffy (1894–1986) was a traditional Irish musician. Many of his songs and tunes came from his mother, who played the accordion.

Music
He was influenced by the playing of William Carroll and Laurence Nugent, from Lack, County Fermanagh. His name is now internationally known since he passed on many tunes and songs to Cathal McConnell of the group The Boys of the Lough.

Eddie Duffy and Mick Hoy Memorial Traditional Music Festival
In memory of Eddie Duffy, the Eddie Duffy and Mick Hoy Memorial Traditional Music Festival takes place every year on the second weekend in October in Derrygonnelly.

title: Eddie Duffy


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Cofton Hackett

Cofton Hackett is a village and civil parish in the Bromsgrove District of north east Worcestershire, England. It is 10+1/4 mi southwest of the city centre of Birmingham and 16 mi northeast of Worcester. In 2011, the village had a population of 1,893 but with housing development on the former Austin Rover site, this is expected to double over the five years to 2023. The village is served by two main bus services, these being the 20 (Cofton Hackett – Queen Elizabeth Hospital) and 145/145A (Longbridge – Droitwich) operated by National Express and Diamond Bus respectively.

Early history
Cofton Hackett is an ancient settlement mentioned in historical documents dating back to 780 AD. Coſtune (Costune) was among places granted by King Offa to the minster of St Peter, Bredon in 780. The bounds for this estate probably covered the parishes of Alvechurch and Cofton.

The spelling of the name has varied over the centuries: for many centuries, the usual spelling was Coston. However, the old form of the letter "S" in the middle of words, ‹ ſ ›, was only at some point in the last hundred years misread as a lower case "F", thus turning ‹Coſton› (Coston) into the present-day ‹Cofton›. William de Haket is known to have held ‹Coſa› (Cosa) in 1166. His family name was later added to ‹coſa tun›, which in Anglo-Saxon meant 'cosy farm'. In modern parlance the word 'cove' has a similar derivation and is generally used to describe a sheltered coastal feature, but equally referred to any sheltered spot. The name of the manor transformed over the centuries into Coston Hackett and is usually recorded as such from the 11th century and well into the early 20th. The final permanent change to Cofton appears to have taken place sometime between 1913 and 1930 based on direct comparisons between the Ordnance Survey maps of those dates.

Historically, Cofton Hackett was part of the upper division of Halfshire Hundred that also contained Bromsgrove, Dodderhill, Doverdale, Droitwich, Elmbridge, Feckenham, Hadsor, Hampton Lovett, Kington, Kings Norton, Northfield, Salwarpe, Tardebigge and Upton Warren.

Cofton contained two manors, Cofton Hackett and Cofton Richards. The latter (now only a farm) belonged successively to the Costons (until c.1300), but passed to Lucy wife of Alexander de Hodington by 1327. It was held by her heirs by 1428, John Walsingham apparently being its lord. It remained in his family until William Child, the lord of Coston Hackett, bought it before 1594. Coston Hackett passed down the Hacket family the late 13th century, when it passed by marriage to Robert Leicester.

In 1409 it is recorded that Ralph Ardern granted land at a Crofton Hackett to a John Richards.

Coston Hackett belonged to John Walsingham's descendants until after the death of William Leicester in 1525, who left it to his nephew John More. The manor was then divided among his daughters. A major share was settled in 1573 on James Dineley, whose daughter Mary married John Child. They sold the manor in 1594 to Edward Skinner of Ledbury, clothier, on whose death in 1633 it passed to his son-in-law Thomas Joliffe, a favourite of Charles I, who accompanied him to the scaffold. His descendant another Thomas Joliffe died childless in 1758, leaving his estate to his niece Rebecca Lowe for life and then to Michael Biddulph, who inherited it in 1791. His grandson sold it in 1812 to Other Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth.

The oldest buildings in the village are the church and the late 14th century Cofton Hall. King Charles I spent the night of 14 May 1645 at Cofton Hall as guest of his devoted supporter Thomas Jolliffe. The following day, before marching to Chester on 15 May, the Royalist soldiers set the Hall ablaze to prevent it falling into the hands of the Parliamentarian Army. St Michael and All Angels' Church, Cofton Hackett is located on Cofton Church Lane. A church may have existed on the site in the 12th century, as a "chapel" at Cofton is mentioned in a Papal Bull of 1182. The present building certainly dates back to the 14th century and was probably built in 1330 by Robert de Leycester as a chapel for the Manor House. It was a chapel annexed to Northfield until 1866.

20th-century development
Between 1917 and the early 1960s Cofton Hackett was the location of the Austin Aero Company's aircraft factory that produced military aircraft during both World Wars and civilian aircraft during the inter-war years.

Cofton Hackett's largest structure was the now demolished aircraft factory, known as the Longbridge East Works, that produced both aero engines and complete military aircraft during both the First World War and Second World War. To allow the aircraft to be flown out of Cofton after production, an airfield was built in 1917 and used in both world wars. It was designed with four crossing tarmac runways allowing aircraft to take off in any direction. The Cofton Hackett factory constructed over 3,000 aircraft during the war years and thousands of engines and wings for other marques of aircraft. After the war, the factory was converted for the production of military vehicles by Austin, who had won a contract for the production of the 1/4 ton truck from the War Department's CombaT (CT) range of vehicles, popularly known as the Austin Champ. Production of some 13,750 vehicles took place between September 1951 – May 1956. The factory closed in the 1960s. A new engine assembly plant was constructed in its place to build E-Series Engines and transmissions for the Austin Maxi. With the demise of the Rover group in the 1990s the land is to be developed for housing.

With new employment opportunities at the Austin works, expansion took place in the late 1930s on the northern edge of the hamlet close to the boundary with Cofton Park which became the major centre of population. With the village spread over several separate locations the actual centre of Cofton Hackett is no longer clearly defined. The old tram terminus and the newsagent's, the Post Office in Parsonage Drive, and the village hall all have central importance.

Cofton Hackett developed from the opening of the Austin motor works at Longbridge in 1905 and most of the shops are on the northern edge of the village that was transferred from Kings Norton to Cofton Hackett in 1911 together the extension of the City of Birmingham to the northern boundary of the village. The transfer of parts of Rednal to Cofton parish and the breakup of the Earl of Plymouth's estate released more land for development in 1919, and the extension of the Birmingham tramlines to the Rednal terminus in 1924 placed it within commuting distance from the city. With the closing of the Longbridge Motor Factory employment opportunities in the immediate area were reduced and the village is now reverting to its former rural character from before the modernisations of the 20th century.

Governance
Cofton Hackett falls within the Bromsgrove constituency, which is represented by Sajid Javid MP, Conservative since 2010. The district ward is represented by two councillors to Bromsgrove District Council, Richard Deeming – Conservative and Ann Doyle – Independent, and the County Councillor is Peter McDonald – Labour Party.

Geography
The village nestles at the feet of the three hilltops geographically comprising The Lickeys – Rednal Hill, Bilberry Hill and Cofton Hill – are the summits of the Lickey Ridge, a formation of hard quartzite which gives a good view of Birmingham.

The Lickey Hills Country Park is 1/2 mi west of the village with Bilberry Hill the nearest peak.

Landmarks
The Upper Bittell reservoir, a flooded gravel pit and a feeder of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, is partly in Cofton parish, and there is also a smaller reservoir which lies to the east of Bilberry Hill and from which the water is conveyed by the little River Arrow to the Lower Bittell reservoir in Alvechurch parish.

A monument to 6th Earl of Plymouth (who owned extensive lands at nearby Tardebigge), in the form of a 80 ft obelisk, is situated behind the trees bordering the old Birmingham road directly opposite the petrol station in Lickey. The inscription reads:

"To commend to imitation the exemplary private virtues of Other Archer 6th Earl of Plymouth"

The Lickey Hills Country Park was preserved as a public open space between 1887 and 1933 by the generosity of a number of public-spirited persons, including T Grosvenor Lee, Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth, and several members of the Cadbury family. In 1919 it was recorded that as many as 20,000 visitors to the hills had been counted on an August Bank Holiday. The current country park was established with the support of the Countryside Commission.

Public services
Most children in the village attend the nearby Lickey Hills Primary School in Lickey. The school provides nursery and primary facilities for approximately 440 children aged between 3 and 11. Following their primary education most local children move on to Waseley Hills High School in adjacent Rubery. St Thomas Aquinas Catholic School is also attended by some of the local children.

Cofton Hackett had a youth club which had reopened since being closed in 1951, and young people also meet at West Heath Village Hall, where they can participate in regular activities including drama, sports and reading, and attend talks by visiting speakers.

Notable people

 * King Charles I stayed overnight in the village during the English Civil War.
 * Jonathan Coe's novel The Rotters' Club has scenes set in Cofton Hackett.
 * Pope Benedict XVI said mass for the beatification of Cardinal Newman in Cofton Park on 19 September 2010 during his Papal visit to the United Kingdom.

title: Cofton Hackett


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John Gormley

John Gormley (born 4 August 1959) is an Irish former Green Party politician who served as Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government from June 2007 to January 2011, Leader of the Green Party from June 2007 to May 2011 and Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1994 to 1995. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-East constituency from 1997 to 2011.

Early and personal life
Born in Dublin, Gormley was educated in St Munchin's College, Limerick; University College Dublin and the University of Freiburg. Prior to entering full-time politics, he ran an academy of European languages. He has held many positions in the Green Party including campaign director for the successful anti-smog campaign in the 1980s. He contested his first general election in 1989, in the Dublin South-East constituency, but was not elected. He also unsuccessfully contested the 1989 Seanad election and 1992 general election. In 1990, he wrote The Green Guide For Ireland, containing advice on how to live and campaign environmentally.

He lives in Ringsend with his wife, Penny, and their son and daughter.

Political life
In 1991, he was elected to Dublin City Council. During his time as a member he was Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1994 to 1995, the first Green Party Councillor to serve as Lord Mayor. As Lord Mayor, he launched Dublin Gay Pride week in 1995.

Lord Mayor
He was the first Lord Mayor to launch Dublin Gay Pride week in 1995, although his predecessor, Tomás Mac Giolla had met with participants in the March in the previous year.

His Lord Mayor's Commission on Cycling, which produced a report on Cycling in Dublin, was seen as a significant advance for cycling in the city.

He also helped with the introduction of Sli na Slainte, a network of signposted walks for those seeking exercise to combat heart disease.

As part of the peace process he undertook a joint visit to the United States with the Lord Mayor of Belfast Hugh Smyth, of the Progressive Unionist Party.

Gormley also welcomed Prince Charles to the Mansion House (Residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin). He subsequently met with protestors against the visit of Charles and agreed to visit the site of the Bloody Sunday Memorial in Derry.

He was the first elected representative in Ireland to have an email address, and when launching a new Irish web site, the virtual Irish pub he predicted the massive growth of the internet.

Dáil
At the 1997 general election, Gormley became the third Green candidate elected to Dáil Éireann – after a week-long re-count with Michael McDowell, which he won by 27 votes. Gormley and Trevor Sargent served as the only Green Party TDs between 1997 and 2002. He retained his seat at the 2002 general election, increasing his vote and taking the first seat in his constituency, though McDowell gained the most number of first preferences.

In the Dáil, on 15 October 1998, after Gormley declared that the Greens were the only party not to take money from the banks, Brian Cowen called him ‘an incorrigible incorruptible’.

In 1998, he spoke against Ireland's participation in the Eurozone, stating that a monetary union without a fiscal union made no sense. In the same debate he predicted that the Euro could lead to the ‘disintegration of the Union’ because of ‘the rise of extreme elements in Europe’. In the same debate he accused the Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy and the opposition of ‘overheating’ the economy.

In 2002, the business of the Dáil was suspended in uproar when Gormley insisted on getting an answer to his question regarding a tax on plastic bags.

He retained his seat at the 2002 general election, increasing his vote and taking the first seat in his constituency, though McDowell gained the most number of first preferences.

He was elected to the newly created post of party Cathaoirleach (chairperson) of the Green Party in 2002, and re-elected in late 2004 with 80% of the party vote. He proposed some of the major changes to the party structures such as the name change (from Green Alliance to Green Party); the need to have a party leader was suggested by Sargent.

On 16 May 2007, during the run up to the 2007 general election, Gormley emerged from a crowd of journalists to confront Michael McDowell, while he was unveiling a poster saying 'Left-Wing Government? No Thanks'. Gormley repeatedly requested McDowell to admit that the accompanying pamphlet on the matter was awash with lies. The incident fronted the evening's main news and the footage subsequently circulated on the Internet.

Gormley was re-elected at the 2007 general election, beating McDowell for the last seat by 304 votes. Following the election he led negotiations with Fianna Fáil on forming a government. The programme for government was approved by 86% of party members who attended a specially convened conference in Dublin's Mansion House, after which the party entered government for the first time. On 14 June 2007, he was named as Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government in the new coalition.

Leader of Green Party
Following the general election of 2007, Trevor Sargent resigned as leader of the Green Party. The following leadership election was contested by Gormley and Patricia McKenna, and the Green Party announced that in the postal ballot he received 478 votes to McKenna's 263.

Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government
As the new Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Gormley took over the responsibility for the decision to allow the excavation of national monuments near the historical site of the Hill of Tara to facilitate the construction of the M3 motorway. On his final day in office, outgoing minister Dick Roche signed an order which allowed a newly discovered National Monument at Lismullin near Tara to be studied and then destroyed to make way for the building of the motorway. Gormley stated that he was unable for legal reasons to reverse this order. Green Party TD Ciarán Cuffe expressed his dissatisfaction with the former Minister Roche's decision and expressed his hope that Gormley could reverse it. Gormley appointed a long-standing critic of the M3 route, Dr. Conor Newman of NUIG, to oversee the archaeological work as part of a special committee on the Lismullen site. In 2009, the Tara-Skryne Valley was designated Ireland's first Landscape Conservation Area by Gormley, prohibiting shopping malls and retail parks from being constructed in the area.

In September 2007, he announced regulations introducing reductions in energy consumption and carbon emissions for all new homes in new building regulations. New homes are to be 40% more energy efficient, which will reduce the carbon footprint of each house by 40% also. The new regulations are also set to make renewable energy mandatory for all new build homes.

In his leader's speech to the Green Party conference in April 2008, he provoked a walk-out of the Chinese Ambassador and diplomatic delegation by calling for solidarity with the people of Tibet and referring to Tibet as a nation.

On 6 March 2008, Gormley established a Referendum Commission for the first referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon. The Minister did not restore the original remit of the commission – to outline arguments for and against the referendum – however during the campaign against the first Treaty of Nice referendum by the Green Party, Gormley had praised the role of the commission in advancing the pros and cons of the treaty.

In July 2008, changes to VRT and road tax which Gormley had brought about the previous year. The charges are now calculated on the basis of the carbon emissions of the vehicle. This had a dramatic effect according to the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland on the type of car sales that have occurred subsequently.

In November 2008, he announced new quality standards for rented accommodation which landlords would be obliged to follow. Additional funding for inspections and more severe penalties for landlords who provide substandard accommodation formed part of the initiative.

Gormley introduced a "Bike Scheme" in January 2009, which promoted cycling to work by offering tax incentives to employees and employers who purchased bicycles and switched to cycling. The scheme is part of a strategy to double the number of journeys made by bike by 2020, and also includes a multimillion-euro cycle-path upgrade plan.

In July 2009, Gormley introduced Non Principal Private Residence tax (NPPR), a tax on second homes and holiday homes, many of which were owned by people working abroad. It was a self-declaration tax with no bills being issued to property owners, leaving many caught unaware. The scheme was abandoned in 2014 with first and final bills/letters being issued to home owners. Severe penalties were attached to these letters, a late payment charge which amounted to 600 per cent of the premium (€1,000). In 2014 home owners, of which a significant number were non-resident in Ireland, were facing NPPR penalties up to €7,230 which remains as a permanent charge on the property until fully paid. There was uproar about the size of the penalties, especially from people who live overseas and who say they knew nothing about the NPPR charge until they got these letters. Many feel the 600 per cent penalty charge to be unconstitutional and some have taken their case to the Ombudsman.

In 2010, Gormley made a Ministerial order, forcing Councillors on Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, to revise a decision to rezone lands at The Park, Carrickmines (for retail development ) during the framing of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown's County Development Plan late in 2009. The Council ultimately voted for the proposal that was advanced by Fine Gael Councillors Jim O'Leary (now resigned) and Barry Ward, but this decision was the subject of much criticism from John Gormley's Green Party colleague and local TD, Ciarán Cuffe. In March 2010, the Minister instructed the council to reverse its decision.

In a close vote (with then Cathaoirleach Marie Baker exercising a casting a vote in favour of the Minister), the Council did change its decision, but the developer (Tristor Ltd.) took the Minister and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council to the High Court. Mr Justice Frank Clarke eventually ruled on the case in November 2010, finding that Minister Gormley had exceeded his powers by ordering the council to change its decision.

On 22 November 2010, he called for an election date to be fixed in the second half of January 2011 following the announcement of an EU financial rescue package for Ireland due to the ongoing financial crisis in the country. He resigned as Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Governmenton on 23 January 2011, when the Green Party withdrew from government.

2011 general election and aftermath
Gormley lost his seat at the 2011 general election on 25 February 2011. He announced in an email to Green Party members on 20 March 2011, that he would not be seeking re-election as leader of the party. He was succeeded as party leader by Eamon Ryan on 27 May 2011.

title: John Gormley


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Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College

Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College (SIAD) was an art college in the United Kingdom from 1994 to 2005. It was formed from the merger of West Surrey College of Art and Design (1969–1995) and Epsom School of Art and Design (1893–1995). It merged with the Kent Institute of Art & Design on 1 August 2005 to form the University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham and Rochester, now the University for the Creative Arts.

Evolution
The Farnham School of Art was founded in 1866. The Guildford School of Art followed in 1870. The two conjoined to become the West Surrey College of Art and Design in 1969. Epsom School of Art and Design was founded in 1893 as Epsom and Ewell Technical Institute and School of Art which later split into a separate Technical Institute and art school sometime before World War II. A new purpose built site was opened in Heathcote Road on Thursday 26 April 1973.

In 1994 there was a merger between and the West Surrey College of Art and Design and Epsom School of Art and Design, with the combined institution renamed the Surrey Institute of Art & Design a year later. These two former colleges formed the basis for the two main campuses of the school. In 1999, the college was granted university college status and took on its last name.

Until its 2005 merger it was the second largest specialist art and design institution in the country with the largest being the University of the Arts, London. A 3,500 yearly student intake was reached during its final years. As with that institution and the more restricted, typically established professional intake to the Royal College of Art, Surrey Institute gained degree-awarding powers independent of a university. As such it was degree validating partner to The Arts Institute at Bournemouth.

UCA has now sold the Maidstone campus at Oakwood Park to MidKent college and has completely withdrawn from the location. However the University still also either validates or provides courses at Maidstone Studios (TV production) and the Royal School of Needlework at Hampton Court Palace.

Notable alumni

 * Pamela Ascherson, sculptor and illustrator
 * Piers Baker, cartoon illustrator and creator of the comic strip Ollie and Quentin
 * Jason Barker, Professor of Cultural Studies Kyung Hee University and film director
 * Linda Barker, television presenter
 * Simon Basher, artist, illustrator and author
 * Owen Bell, illustrator
 * Stacy Bragger, Falkland Islands politician
 * Simon Bor, Sara Bor (née Hirst) animation directors & producers
 * Cecily Brown, painter
 * Geoffrey Burnand, painter
 * Davide Cinzi, cinematographer
 * Jack Coutu, printmaker and sculptor
 * Sue Darlow, documentary photographer and cycle adventurer
 * Michaël Dudok de Wit, animator
 * Gareth Edwards, film director (Godzilla, 2014)
 * Malika Favre (b. 1982, French illustrator)
 * Anna Fox, documentary photographer
 * Neil Haddon, painter
 * David Hulin, animator and director
 * Annabel Jankel, animator and film director
 * Kathi Käppel, illustrator and animation director
 * Kate MccGwire, sculptor, specializing in the medium of feathers
 * Dominic Mitchell, screenwriter/playwright (In The Flesh, 2013-14)
 * John Mollo, film costume designer (Star Wars, 1977)
 * Morten Mørland, political cartoonist
 * Rocky Morton, animator and film director
 * Gwen Mullins (1904-1997) weaver
 * Lance Nielsen, writer and director, film and theatre
 * Magdalene Odundo, potter
 * Mrinalini Mukherjee, sculptor
 * Cyriak Harris, animator
 * Omeima Mudawi-Rowlings, British-Sudanese textile artist
 * Grant Orchard, animator and director
 * Daphne Padden (1927-2009), graphic designer
 * Jimmy Page, musician and producer, founder of Led Zeppelin
 * Nigel Rolfe, performance artist
 * Chris Shepherd, animator and director
 * Suzie Templeton, animator and director
 * Alan Thornhill, sculptor and former potter
 * Darren Walsh, animator and director
 * Mary Wondrausch, artist, potter and writer


text:
Key distribution

In symmetric key cryptography, both parties must possess a secret key which they must exchange prior to using any encryption. Distribution of secret keys has been problematic until recently, because it involved face-to-face meeting, use of a trusted courier, or sending the key through an existing encryption channel. The first two are often impractical and always unsafe, while the third depends on the security of a previous key exchange.

In public key cryptography, the key distribution of public keys is done through public key servers. When a person creates a key-pair, they keep one key private and the other, known as the public-key, is uploaded to a server where it can be accessed by anyone to send the user a private, encrypted, message.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) uses Diffie–Hellman key exchange if the client does not have a public-private key pair and a published certificate in the public key infrastructure, and Public Key Cryptography if the user does have both the keys and the credential.

Key distribution is an important issue in wireless sensor network (WSN) design. There are many key distribution schemes in the literature that are designed to maintain an easy and at the same time secure communication among sensor nodes. The most accepted method of key distribution in WSNs is key predistribution, where secret keys are placed in sensor nodes before deployment. When the nodes are deployed over the target area, the secret keys are used to create the network.

For more info see: key distribution in wireless sensor networks.

Storage of keys in the cloud
Key distribution and key storage are more problematic in the cloud due to the transitory nature of the agents on it. Secret sharing can be used to store keys at many different servers on the cloud. In secret sharing, a secret is used as a seed to generate a number of distinct secrets, and the pieces are distributed so that some subset of the recipients can jointly authenticate themselves and use the secret information without learning what it is. But rather than store files on different servers, the key is parceled out and its secret shares stored at multiple locations in a manner that a subset of the shares can regenerate the key.

Secret sharing is used in cases where one wishes to distribute a secret among N shares so that M < N of them (M of N) can regenerate the original secret, but no smaller group up to M − 1 can do so.

title: Key distribution


text:
User talk:Hewkii9

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:04, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hewkii9


text:
Dauntless

Dauntless may refer to:

Military

 * Douglas SBD Dauntless, a World War II American naval scout plane and dive bomber
 * Operation Dauntess, a military operation part of Operation Courageous
 * Operation Martlet (a.k.a. Operation Dauntless), part of a series of British attacks to capture the town of Caen and its environs from German forces

Vessels

 * Dauntless (steamboat), a 93 ft steamer in the Puget Sound mosquito fleet
 * HMS Dauntless, five ships and one shore establishment of the Royal Navy
 * USCGC Dauntless (WMEC-624), a United States Coast Guard cutter
 * USS Dauntless, three ships of the United States Navy
 * Dauntless wooden yacht schooner built in 1866

Fictional

 * Dauntless, a fictional sailboat in children's books by James Lennox Kerr
 * Dauntless, a fictional starship in The Lost Fleet: Dauntless by John G. Hemry
 * HMS Dauntless, a fictional ship-of-the-line from the 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
 * USS Dauntless (NX-01-A), a fictional starship from the fourth season Star Trek: Voyager episode "Hope and Fear"

Other

 * Dauntless (video game), a free-to-play action role-playing video game
 * Dauntless: The Battle of Midway, a 2019 American film, directed by Mike Phillips
 * Dauntless, one of the five factions in the Divergent novel and film series
 * Archibald Dauntless, a fictional hobo portrayed by Lily Tomlin in The Magic School Bus special A Magic School Bus Halloween
 * A premium, American-made, wood-fired evaporator manufactured by Smoky Lake Maple Products.
 * Callsign of Lynx Air, a Canadian low-cost carrier.

title: Dauntless


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spammism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (pending; block-compress error). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:38, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spammism
Could find no evidence this is a widespread phenomenom. Kappa 22:05, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of multiple third party sources. Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:52, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible hoax. Megan1967 10:46, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gerrit MUTE 11:14, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you explain your thinking? Kappa 17:09, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable joke. Dave the Red (talk) 19:10, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no evidence of notability. --InShaneee 19:14, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Rendez-Vous (Jean-Michel Jarre album)

The mexican television network Televisa during the month of April to May 1986 days prior to the 1986 FIFA World Cup produced and broadcast every sunday in the Canal de las Estrellas a show where the intro was Jean Michel Jarre´s Rendez-vous 4 like soundtrack showing the images of the best plays of every previous World Cups.--Nekko09 (talk) 02:55, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Title
The proper spelling is Rendez-vous, with a lower-case v (see the french article). DES (talk) 21:49, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Ron McNair
This really doesn't sum up, Ron was supposed to record track for the album from space but was killed in challenger disaster 28 January 1986. But the same Ron was supposed to play live from space in April for Texas concert. No space shuttle could ever stay for that long in space and I really don't think Ron was supposed to go on another flight just month after the last one. Sijambo (talk) 11:29, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The plan was to use the video recording of his "in space" (January) performance, projected onto nearby buildings at the concert in April. The "in space" aspect seems to have led to the popular misunderstanding that it would be a live hook-up, despite the fact that a synchronised feed from an orbiting shuttle would have been highly impractical.  (Disregarding the likelihood of launch delays, the transmission distance would vary by hundreds of miles during a 3-minute continuous radio link and any relaying would add further complicating factors.)  I have removed the "live from space" reference.  Mrstonky (talk) 13:27, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

NASA 25th Anniversary
I have removed a phrase stating that the 1986 concert celebrated "NASA's 25th anniversary". (The source of this inaccurate information appears to be Jarre's own website.) NASA's 25th took place in 1983; whilst it may have formed inspiration for the 1986 concert, it was not connected directly to the event. Mrstonky (talk) 12:14, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

Rendez-Vous 98
It would be useful to mention the "Rendez-Vous 98" remake here, since this single does not have it's own page on wikipedia.

SF 83.13.239.255 (talk) 11:09, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I've added a paragraph on this into the 'Usage In Popular Culture' section
 * Splink (talk) 23:58, 8 July 2019 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Southpaw018

Memorial Day
Is it true about Richmond and Charleston claiming to be the birth place of Memorial Day? Those are strange cities for a day to honor the Civil War Union dead to originate. -Acjelen 22:10, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for eventually getting back to me. I liked that story from Charleston. We can probably incorporate some of these earlier memorial days into the Memorial Day article. You can sign and date your posts by typing the hyphen (or "dash") key followed by four tildes (i.e. ~). You should also consider adding to your User profile. Anyway, thanks again for the info. -Acjelen 23:34, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Southpaw018


text:
Ciarán Cuffe

Ciarán Cuffe (born 3 April 1963) is an Irish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Ireland for the Dublin constituency from July 2019 to July 2024. He is a member of the Green Party, part of the European Green Party. He previously served as a Minister of State from 2010 to 2011. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2002 to 2011.

Background and personal life
He was born in Shankill, Dublin, the son of Luan Peter Cuffe and Patricia Sistine Skakel. Luan Cuffe was an architect who was involved in town planning for Dún Laoghaire and Wicklow before taking over his brother-in-law's architectural practice. Luan Cuffe trained in Harvard University under Walter Gropius where he met Patricia Skakel whom he married. Through his mother Patricia, Ciarán is a grandson of George Skakel, a founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, and a nephew of Ethel Skakel Kennedy. His cousins include the children of Ethel and Robert F. Kennedy. Cuffe's granduncle was the Fianna Fáil TD Patrick Little, and his great-grandfather Philip Francis Little was the first Prime Minister of Newfoundland in 1854. Cuffe is a member of the Dublin Cycling Campaign and has cycled coast-to-coast across the United States.

Education
He attended the Children's House Montessori School in Stillorgan, Gonzaga College in Ranelagh, the University of Maine at Orono, University College Dublin, and the University of Venice. Cuffe has degrees in architecture and urban planning from University College Dublin. He teaches a masters programme in urban regeneration & development at the Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street. In 2019 he completed an MSc in cities at the London School of Economics.

Early political activism
Cuffe joined the Green Party in 1982, and campaigned with Students Against the Destruction of Dublin in the 1980s. He was twice elected to Dublin City Council, in 1991 and 1999, for the South Inner City electoral area. In 1996, he launched a free bikes scheme in which bicycles were placed around Dublin city centre for use by the public.

Dáil Éireann (1997–2010)
He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Dublin Central constituency at the 1997 general election, but was elected to the Dáil Éireann (lower house) at the 2002 general election for the Dún Laoghaire constituency.

In June 2003, he stepped down as the Green Party's environment spokesperson after it was revealed that he held shares worth $70,000 in a number of oil exploration companies which he had inherited when his late mother had left him $1.3 million in her will. He was re-elected at the 2007 general election.

Following the 2007 election, the Green Party formed a coalition government with two other political parties and a number of independent TDs. Just after the election, on 28 May 2007, he wrote in his blog: "A deal with Fianna Fáil would be a deal with the Devil. We would be spat out after 5 years, and decimated as a party."

He lost his seat at the 2011 general election.

Minister of State (2010–2011)
On 23 March 2010, as part of a reshuffle, he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, at the Department of Transport and at the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, with special responsibility for Horticulture, Sustainable Travel, and Planning and Heritage.

While Cuffe was minister, the Oireachtas enacted the Planning and Development (Amendment) Act 2010 to address land-use planning failures and over-zoning of development land. The legislation reformed the way development plans and local area plans are made and, for the first time in Irish legislation, included a definition of Anthropogenic Climate Change and required energy use to be taken into account in planning decisions. He published the Climate Change Response Bill 2010, and an update of the National Spatial Strategy. He was head of the Irish delegation at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancún, Mexico.

He promoted healthy eating for children, school gardens and local markets. He published bills to address climate change, noise pollution, and heritage protection. In January 2011, Cuffe launched a new policy of allowing bicycles on off-peak DART trains.

He resigned as Minister of State on 23 January 2011, when the Green Party withdrew from government.

Dublin city council member (2014–2019)
At the 2014 local elections he was elected to Dublin City Council for Dublin North Inner City area, on the 13th count. He was appointed chairperson for the Dublin City Council Transportation Committee in 2014. As a member of the Central Area Committee for Dublin City Council, he worked to provide a site for the Gaelscoil Choláiste Mhuire primary school on Dominick Street in 2017. Cuffe introduced 30 km/h speed limits to residential and school areas of Dublin. He also advocates for a car-free College Green. He called for an increase in affordable housing in Dublin, specifically for people with different incomes. Speaking on the Strategic Development Zone in the Docklands, he stated, "We have seen a lot of cranes in the Docklands but not a lot of homes. Particularly affordable homes." He proposed a Motion declaring a Climate Emergency and this was approved at a meeting of the Council 13 May 2019.

Member of the European Parliament (2019–2024)
Cuffe was selected as the Green Party candidate for the Dublin constituency at the 2019 European Parliament elections. He topped the poll, receiving 63,849 votes and was elected as an MEP on the 13th count, with 17.54% first preference votes. He was also re-elected to Dublin City Council, but due to the prohibition on a dual mandate, this seat was co-opted to fellow Green Party member Janet Horner.

Cuffe is a member of the TRAN (Transport and Tourism) Committee of the European Parliament and is the Coordinator of the Greens-EFA Group. He is also a member of the ITRE (Industry, Research and Energy) Committee, and has written an own initiative report (The Cuffe Report) on maximising the Energy Efficiency of the EU building stock (2020/2070). In 2022, he was appointed rapporteur on the directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD).

Cuffe is President of the European Forum for Renewable Energy Sources (EUFORES), a cross-party European parliamentary network gathering members of European, regional and national parliaments of the EU, and works to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.

In June 2023, Cuffe was the recipient of the Energy, Science and Research Award at The Parliament Magazine's annual MEP Awards

Cuffe lost his seat at the 2024 European Parliament election.

title: Ciarán Cuffe


text: User talk:68.61.100.164

title: User talk:68.61.100.164


text:
User:Atolmazel

Studying Philosophy at University of London.

Member of debate society, focus on being and nothingness.

title: User:Atolmazel


text:
Military Revolutionary Committee

The Military Revolutionary Committee (Военно-революционный комитет, Voyennо-revolyutsionny komitet) was the name for military organs created by the Bolsheviks under the soviets in preparation for the October Revolution (October 1917 – March 1918). The committees were powerful directing bodies of revolt, installing and securing the Soviet power. They executed a role of provisional extraordinary organs the Bolshevik power.

The most notable ones were those of the Petrograd Soviet, the Moscow Soviet, and at Stavka. The Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee was created on 29 October 1917.

Creation
The idea for organization of the armed revolt battle center belongs to Vladimir Lenin. In his letter "Marxism and Revolt" directed to the Central Committee of RSDLP (b) in September 1917, he put on the agenda the task of preparing an armed uprising, writing: And to treat the revolt in a Marxist way, that is, as an art, we at the same time, without losing a moment, must organize headquarters of the insurgent groups ...

The decision of Central Committee of RSDLP(b) of October 23 and 29, 1917 on enhanced preparation for the armed revolt hastened the creation of uprising bodies at central and local levels. The MRC were elected from representatives of the Bolsheviks' party, soviets, factory or soldier committees, Bolshevik Military Organizations (Voyenka), Red Guards, and others. The committees were of various levels such as gubernial, city, county, district, volost; while in the Army were frontlines, army, corps, division, and regimental. On occasions the functions of the Military Revolutionary Committee were performed by revolutionary committees. The military revolutionary committees were not uniform in terms of their social and party composition, however most of them were predominantly represented by Bolsheviks.

The first headquarters of armed uprising became the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, that was created by the Petrograd Soviet on October 25, 1917. Prior to a victorious moment of the uprising in Petrograd there were over 40 Military Revolutionary Committees in the country, the main activity of which was military and technical preparations for the forthcoming revolt.

List
During the "Triumphant advance of Soviet power" there was a mass establishment of MRCs. Many MRCs appeared on initiative of the arrived delegates of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Big squad of commissars, emissaries, agitators was sent to various country's regions by the Petrograd MRC on direction of the Central Committee of RSDLP(b). The Bolshevik's party composed the committees of experienced organizers.

Influence
In the weeks following the October insurrection, military revolutionary committees based on the MRC of Petrograd were set up throughout the other soviets and helped cement Bolshevik control. These other MRCs were formed by locals but agents from the Petrograd MRC were often in positions to give advice or direction. By the end of October 1917, representatives from the Petrograd MRC were on assignments in at least forty-four cities as well as 113 military units throughout Russia, Turkestan, and the Caucasus.

title: Military Revolutionary Committee


text:
List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon

This is a list of television programs broadcast by Nickelodeon in the United States. The channel was first tested on December 1, 1977, as an experimental local channel in Columbus, Ohio. On April 1, 1979, the channel expanded into a national network named Nickelodeon.

The first program broadcast on Nickelodeon was Pinwheel, a preschool series created by Dr. Vivian Horner, who also conceived the idea for the channel itself. At its launch, Nickelodeon was commercial-free and mainly featured educational shows. By 1984, the channel began accepting traditional commercials and introduced more entertainment-focused programming. In January 1988, the network launched a weekday morning block for preschoolers called Nick Jr., which carried Pinwheel and other educational series. Around the same time, Nickelodeon began investing in original animated shows, which premiered in 1991 under the "Nicktoons" branding. Since then, the channel has consistently aired a mix of original live-action and animated titles.

Former acquired animated series

 * Belle and Sebastian (1984–1989)
 * Danger Mouse (1984–1988; 1991–1994)
 * The Adventures of The Little Prince (1985–1989)
 * Bananaman (1985–1987)
 * Star Trek: The Animated Series (1985–1990)
 * The Mysterious Cities of Gold (1986–1990)
 * Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea (1986–1991)
 * Inspector Gadget (1987–1992; 1996–2000)
 * Count Duckula (1988–1993) (co-produced)
 * Doctor Snuggles (1988–1990)
 * Heathcliff (1988–1993)
 * Looney Tunes (1988–1999)
 * Nickelodeon's Most Wanted: Yogi Bear (1990–1993)
 * Dennis the Menace (1991–2003)
 * Bullwinkle's Moose-o-Rama (1992–1996)
 * Jim Henson's Muppet Babies (1992–1999)
 * Underdog (1992–1994)
 * The Adventures of Tintin (1994–1997)
 * Beetlejuice (1994–1998)
 * Gumby (1994–1996)
 * Alvin and the Chipmunks (1995–1997)
 * Tiny Toon Adventures (1995–1999; 2002–2004)
 * Garfield and Friends (1997–2000)
 * The Brady Kids (1998)
 * You're on Nickelodeon, Charlie Brown (1998–2000)
 * Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1999–2000)
 * The Brothers Flub (1999–2000)
 * Blaster's Universe (2000)
 * Pelswick (2000–2002)
 * Stickin' Around (2000)
 * Pinky and the Brain (2000–2003)
 * Animaniacs (2001–2003)
 * Butt-Ugly Martians (2001–2003)
 * Men in Black: The Series (2002–2003)
 * Speed Racer X (2002–2003)
 * Super Duper Sumos (2002–2003)
 * Yakkity Yak (2003–2004)
 * Angela Anaconda (2004)
 * 6teen (2005–2006)
 * Martin Mystery (2005)
 * My Dad the Rock Star (2005)
 * Kappa Mikey (2006–2007)
 * Shuriken School (2006)
 * Wayside (2007–2008)
 * Digimon Fusion (2013)
 * Rabbids Invasion (2013–2017)
 * Rocket Monkeys (2013)
 * Alvinnn!!! and the Chipmunks (2015–2023)
 * Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir (2015–2016)
 * Oggy and the Cockroaches (2015)
 * Kuu Kuu Harajuku (2016–2017)
 * Regal Academy (2016–2018)
 * Mysticons (2017–2018)
 * Rainbow Butterfly Unicorn Kitty (2019)
 * Lego City Adventures (2019–2020)
 * Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar (2019–2020)
 * Ollie's Pack (2020–2021)

Former acquired live-action comedy series

 * Hangin' In (1985)
 * Dennis the Menace (1985–1994)
 * The Donna Reed Show (1986)
 * My Three Sons (1986)
 * Mister Ed (1986)
 * The Monkees (1986–1988)
 * The Bad News Bears (1987–1988)
 * The Patty Duke Show (1989–1990)
 * Camp Runamuck (1990)
 * Mork & Mindy (1991)
 * The Wonder Years (1997–1999)
 * The Brady Bunch (1998–2001)
 * Batman (2002)
 * Sabrina the Teenage Witch (2003–2007)
 * America's Funniest Home Videos (2007)
 * Fred: The Show (2012)
 * So Little Time (2015)
 * Rank the Prank (2016)
 * Hunter Street (2017–2021)

Former acquired action series

 * Power Rangers Samurai (2011–2012)
 * Power Rangers Megaforce (2013–2014)
 * Power Rangers Dino Charge (2015–2016)
 * Power Rangers Ninja Steel (2017–2018)
 * American Ninja Warrior (2019)
 * Power Rangers Beast Morphers (2019–2020)
 * Power Rangers Dino Fury (2021)

Former acquired drama series

 * Adventures in Rainbow Country (1981–1983)
 * Matt and Jenny (1981–1983)
 * The Tomorrow People (1981–1984; 1993–1995)
 * The Adventures of Black Beauty (1982–1987)
 * Lassie (1984–1996)5
 * Powerhouse (1984–1986)
 * Zoo Family (1986–1988)
 * Flipper (1990–1996)
 * Are You Afraid of the Dark? (1991–1996; 1999–2000)
 * Land of the Lost (1995–1997)
 * Ship to Shore (1996–1997)
 * H2O: Just Add Water (2008–2009)3
 * Ride (2017)
 * The Bureau of Magical Things (2018)
 * California Dreaming (2021)

Former acquired variety series

 * Dusty's Treehouse (1980–1984)
 * What Will They Think of Next! (1980–1984)
 * Vegetable Soup (1981–1982)
 * You Can't Do That on Television (1981–1990)
 * Studio See (1981–1983)
 * Spread Your Wings (1982)
 * Going Great (October 1, 1983 – August 31, 1986)
 * Vic's Vacant Lot (1984 –85)
 * The Shari Show (1987–1988)
 * Kidsworld (1990–1992)
 * The Muppet Show (1994–1996)
 * 3-2-1 Contact (September 5, 2000 – January 24, 2003 )

Former acquired preschool series

 * Today's Special (1982–1991)
 * Curious George (1986)
 * Adventures of the Little Koala (1987–1993)
 * Maple Town (1987–1989)
 * Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show (1987–1994)
 * Noozles (1988–1993)
 * The World of David the Gnome (1988–1995)
 * Fred Penner's Place (1989–1993)
 * Maya the Bee (1990–1993)
 * The Littl' Bits (1991–1995)
 * Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (1992–1995)
 * Cappelli & Company (1993–1994)
 * Janosch's Dream World (1993–1994)
 * Papa Beaver's Storytime (1994–1997)
 * The Adventures of Timmy the Tooth (1995–96)
 * The Busy World of Richard Scarry (1995–2000)
 * Little Bear (1995–2003)
 * Rupert (1995–98)
 * The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss (1996–2000)
 * The Little Twins (1998)
 * Franklin (1999–2004)
 * Kipper (1999–2001)
 * Maisy (1999–2001)
 * Maggie and the Ferocious Beast (2000–2005)
 * Shining Time Station (2000)
 * Bob the Builder (2001–2004)
 * Max & Ruby (2003–2019)
 * Rubbadubbers (2003–2005)
 * Tweenies (2003)
 * LazyTown (2004–2007)
 * Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends (2004–06)
 * Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! (2006–10)
 * Yo Gabba Gabba! (2007–2011)
 * Olivia (2009)
 * Dino Dan (2010)
 * Franklin and Friends (2012)
 * Mike the Knight (2012)
 * Tickety Toc (2012)
 * Peter Rabbit (2013–2016)
 * Rusty Rivets (2016–2020)
 * Thomas & Friends (2017–2019)
 * Top Wing (2017–2020)
 * Abby Hatcher (2018–2022)
 * 44 Cats (2019)
 * Corn & Peg (2019–2020)
 * Ricky Zoom (2019–2020)
 * Ryan's Mystery Playdate (2019–2023)
 * Deer Squad (2021)
 * Kiri and Lou (2022–2023)

Current programming blocks

 * Nick at Nite (July 1, 1985 – present)
 * Nick Jr. (January 4, 1988 – present; name also used for a standalone channel since 2009)

Former programming blocks

 * AfterToons (April 10 – November 24, 2023)
 * Alpha Repertory Television Service (forerunner of A&E Network, April 12, 1981 – January 1985, became its own channel in 1985)
 * BubbleCast (February 5 – June 2001)
 * Cartoon Kablooey (1990–91; 1993–95)
 * Friday Night Nicktoons (January 5 – August 31, 2001; July 12, 2002 – February 27, 2004; September 24 – December 17, 2004)
 * Gotta See Saturdays (September 22, 2012 – April 27, 2013)
 * Kids Only Weekend (1985–89)
 * Hollywood Hang (September 14, 2009 – 2010)
 * Maxed-Out Mondays (December 5–26, 1994)
 * ME TV (February 19 – May 25, 2007)
 * Morning Mystery Pick (December 9, 2002 – January 3, 2003)
 * Nickamania (May 1 – July 4, 1993)
 * Nick Play Date (February 2, 2009 – February 29, 2012)
 * Nick: The Smart Place to Play (March 1, 2012 – May 2, 2014)
 * Nickelodeon Games & Sports (November 9, 1998 – February 20, 1999)
 * Nick Rewind (April 16 – August 20, 2006; September 24, 2006; December 31, 2006)
 * Nickelodeon SPLAT! (July 3 – October 2, 2004)
 * Nicktoons TV (May 16, 1998 – August 27, 2004)
 * Nickel-O-Zone (August 31, 1998 – 2000)
 * Nick Studio 10 (February 18 – June 17, 2013)
 * Noggin on Nickelodeon (2000–01)
 * Nick's Saturday Morning (May 21, 2005 – June 14, 2008)
 * Nick's Saturday Night (September 13, 2014 – November 20, 2021)
 * Nick in the Afternoon (1995–98)
 * The O Zone (1991–93)
 * Prime Time Nicktoons (March 12 - September 17, 2004)
 * Saturday Morning Hang Zone with Lincoln Loud (February 25 – March 25, 2017)
 * Saturday Morning Nicktoons (2002–2004)
 * SLAM! (August 25, 2002 – March 2003)
 * Slime Time Live (January 24, 2000 – July 2, 2004)
 * Friday Night Slimetime (September 23, 2005 – March 24, 2006)
 * Slime Across America
 * Summer Slime Live
 * SNICK (August 15, 1992 – January 29, 2005)
 * Special Delivery (1980–93)
 * TEENick (March 6, 2001 – February 1, 2009, name currently used for the TeenNick channel)
 * TEENick Saturday Night (2005–06)
 * That New Thursday Night (September 23, 2021 – June 29, 2023)
 * Throwback Thursday (June – August 2014)
 * U-Pick Live (October 14, 2002 – May 27, 2005)

Movie presentations

 * Star Channel (1979–80)
 * Nick's Family Picks (June 7, 1981 – 1982)
 * Muppet Matinee (July 10, 1993 – October 1, 1994)
 * Nickelodeon Sunday Movie Toons (2002–03)
 * Nick Flicks (aired in place of the SNICK block; July 7, 2001 – January 12, 2002, June 29 – September 7, 2002)

Current Nick Holiday programming blocks

 * Thanksgiving Weekend on Nick (Thanksgiving: November 26, 2009 – present)
 * Nick Holidays (Christmas: December 25, 2009 – present)

Former Nick Holiday programming blocks

 * 10 Nights of Frights (Halloween: October 21–31, 2011)
 * 12 Days of Drake & Josh (New Year's Eve: December 20–31, 2009)
 * Crush Week (Valentine's Day: February 5, 2011 – February 8, 2015)
 * Ha! Ha! Holidays (Christmas: December 1, 2004 – December 25, 2008)
 * Halloween in September (Fall: September 5–21, 2009)
 * Nick New Years (New Year's Eve: December 31, 1993 – December 31, 1999)
 * Nick Horrors (Halloween: October 31, 2002 – October 31, 2009)
 * Nick or Treat! (Halloween: October 1, 1985 – October 31, 2002)
 * Nickmas (Christmas: December 2, 2002 – December 25, 2003)
 * Non-Stop Nicktoons Weekend (Thanksgiving: November 19, 1993 – November 30, 2002)
 * Shriek Week (Halloween: October 2001 – October 2002; October 2006; October 25–31, 2009)
 * Shriekin' Weekend (Halloween: October 27, 2005 – October 31, 2006)
 * Shocktober (Halloween: October 1–31, 2007)
 * Shocktober 2 (Halloween: October 1–31, 2008)
 * SNICKtoons Xmas Gift Pack (Christmas: December 1, 1994 – December 25, 1997)
 * Super Stuffed Nicksgiving Weekend (Thanksgiving: November 22, 2003 – November 29, 2009)
 * Super Stuffed Nicktoons Weekend (Thanksgiving: November 22, 2007 – November 30, 2008; November 23, 2013)
 * Super Stuffed Thanksgiving Weekend (Thanksgiving: November 21, 2011 – November 27, 2011)
 * Valentine's Day Mushfest (Valentine's Day: February 14, 1993 – February 14, 1996)

Former Summer programming blocks

 * Henry & June's Nicktoons Summer Jam (July 5 – September 3, 1999)
 * Jam Packed June (June 1–30, 2008)
 * Nicktoons Summer Beach House (May 27, 2002 – September 4, 2003)
 * The Nicktoons Summer Film Festival (June 11 – September 3, 2004)
 * Non-Stop 5 at 5 (July 1 – August 28, 2008)
 * Sizzling Summer (July 1 – September 1, 2008)
 * Summer Invasion (June 17, 2012 – 2013)
 * Summer on Nick (July 22, 2004 – September 26, 2007)
 * Summer PickNick (May 27, 2002 – September 4, 2003)
 * SpongeBob's Nicktoons Summer Splash (June 28, 2000 – September 3, 2001)
 * Surf and Burp (June 30, 2006 – September 19, 2008)


text:
Snowball fight

A snowball fight is a physical game in which balls of snow are thrown with the intention of hitting somebody else. The game is similar to dodgeball in its major factors, though typically less organized. This activity is primarily played during winter when there is sufficient snowfall.

Legal prohibition
In 1472, the city council of Amsterdam allegedly prohibited snowball fights for reasons of public safety, a prohibition which occasionally finds its way into lists of strange laws. The law, if it ever existed, is not presently enforced.

Several localities have passed ordinances prohibiting snowball fights, typically as part of a larger prohibition on thrown missiles. In 2018, the town council of Severance, Colorado unanimously overturned one such ban after hearing from a local youth. Similarly, after its "snowball ordinance" became the subject of national news coverage, the city of Wausau, Wisconsin chose to remove the word "snowball" from a list of dangerous objects specifically prohibited from being thrown on public property.

Large snowball fights
During the American Civil War, on January 29, 1863, the largest military snow exchange occurred in the Rappahannock Valley in Northern Virginia. What began as a few hundred men from Texas plotting a friendly fight against their Arkansas camp mates soon escalated into a brawl that involved 9,000 soldiers of the Army of Northern Virginia.

In his memoir of the American Civil War, Samuel H. Sprott describes a snowball battle that occurred early in 1864 involving the Army of Tennessee. Sprott states that the fight started when Strahl’s Brigade was attacked by a brigade of Breckenridge’s Division, but soon other brigades became involved, and ultimately five or six thousand men were engaged.

On January 29, 2005, a crowd of 3,027 people gathered in the town of Wauconda, Illinois for a snowball fight organized by Bill Lutz, with the town receiving a mention in the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records.

On October 14, 2009, 5,768 people in Leuven, Belgium took part in a University of Pennsylvania-funded snowball fight and broke the world record for the largest snowball fight.

On December 9, 2009, an estimated crowd of over 4,000 students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison participated in a snowball fight on Bascom Hill. There were reports of several injuries, mainly broken noses, and a some vandalism, mainly stolen lunch trays from Memorial Union. The snowball fight was scheduled weeks in advance, and was helped by the fact that the University canceled all classes due to 12–16 inches of snow that fell the night before. However, this snowball fight failed to break the record set in October of the same year in Leuven.

On January 22, 2010, 5,387 people in Taebaek, South Korea, set the world record for most people engaged in a snowball fight.

On February 6, 2010, some 2,000 people met at Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C. for a snowball fight organized over the internet after over two feet of snow fell in the region during the North American blizzards of 2010. The event was promoted via Facebook and Twitter. At least a half-dozen D.C. and U.S. Park police cars were positioned around Dupont Circle throughout the snowball fight. Minor injuries were reported.

On January 12, 2013, 5,834 people officially took part in Seattle, Washington set the Guinness World Records record for the world's largest snowball fight, during Seattle's Snow Day.

On February 8, 2013, nearly 2,500 students of the Boston University participated in a snowball fight on Boston's Esplanade facilitated by historic winter storm "Nemo".

Yukigassen (雪合戦) is a snowball fighting-competition originating in Japan. There are annual Yukigassen tournaments in Japan, Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United States and Canada.

Seattle's world record was broken on January 31, 2016 in Saskatoon, Canada, where more than 20,000 participants came to Victoria park to attempt the Guinness World Record. Rick Mercer was one of the participants who came to shoot an episode about Team Canada's Yukigassen team and compete in the world record. Underestimating the number of participants the event ran out of their 8200 wristbands hours before the competition took place. In total 7,681 participants was the official Guinness record and was achieved by the City of Saskatoon thanks to Yukigassen Team Canada.

The event was organized to send off Team Canada for the Showa Shinzan International Yukigassen World Championships, an annual professional snowball fighting competition.

title: Snowball fight