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Duchy of Mantua

The Duchy of Mantua (Ducato di Mantova; Ducaa de Mantua) was a duchy in Lombardy, northern Italy. Its first duke was Federico II Gonzaga, member of the House of Gonzaga that ruled Mantua since 1328. The following year, the Duchy also acquired the March of Montferrat, thanks to the marriage between Gonzaga and Margaret Paleologa, Marchioness of Montferrat.

The Duchy's historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family has made it one of the main artistic, cultural, and especially musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole. Mantua also had one of the most splendid courts of Italy and Europe in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and early seventeenth centuries.

In 1708, after the death of Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, the last heir of the Gonzaga family, the Duchy ceased its existence. Their domains were divided between the House of Savoy, that obtained the remaining half of Montferrat, and the House of Habsburg, that obtained the city of Mantua itself.

Background
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Mantua was invaded by Byzantines, Lombards and Franks. In the 11th century it became a possession of Boniface of Canossa, marquis of Toscana. The last ruler of the family was the countess Matilde of Canossa (died 1115), who, according to legend, ordered the construction of the precious Rotonda di San Lorenzo (1082). After the death of Matilde of Canossa, Mantua became a free commune and strenuously defended itself from the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th and 13th centuries.

During the Investiture Controversy, Pinamonte Bonacolsi took advantage of the chaotic situation to seize power, as Captain General of the People, in 1273. His family, the Bonacolsi, ruled Mantua for the next century, making it more prosperous and artistically beautiful.

On 16 August 1328, the last Bonacolsi, Rinaldo, was overthrown in a revolt backed by the House of Gonzaga, a family of officials, namely the 60-year-old Ludovico and his sons Guido, Filippino and Feltrino. Ludovico, who had been podestà of the city in 1318, was elected capitano del popolo ("people's captain"). The Gonzaga built new walls with five gates and renovated the architecture of the city in the 14th century, but the political situation in the city did not settle until Ludovico II eliminated his relatives, seizing power for himself in 1370.

Through a payment of 120,000 golden florins in 1433, Gianfrancesco was appointed marquis of Mantua by Emperor Sigismund, whose niece Barbara of Brandenburg he married. In 1459 Pope Pius II held a diet in Mantua to proclaim a crusade against the Turks, which was known as the Council of Mantua.

The Duchy
The first Duke of Mantua was Federico II, who acquired the title from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1530. The following year, the family acquired the Marquisate of Montferrat through marriage. Federico commissioned Giulio Romano to build the famous Palazzo Te, in the periphery of the city, and profoundly improved the urbanistic assets of the city.

In 1624, Ferdinando Gonzaga moved the ducal seat to a new residence, the Villa La Favorita, designed by the architect Nicolò Sebregond, in Porto Mantovano.

As many as eight hundred persons, including writers, artists, musicians, and even a troop of commedia dell'arte actors, enjoyed Gonzaga patronage in the early seventeenth century. In that time, the Gonzagas were patrons of the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens. The duchy also played a key role in the development of opera; Claudio Monteverdi lived there from about 1590 to 1612, and his Orfeo (1607) and other works were first presented there.

In 1625 Ferdinando Gonzaga founded the University of Mantua, where Jesuits taught humanities and philosophy, while laymen taught law and medicine. However, in order to pay for their splendid court, the Gonzaga family sold some of its assets, in 1627 Vincenzo Gonzaga sold the family collection of Renaissance paintings, including works of Titian, Andrea Mantegna, Correggio and Raphael to Charles I of England.

In 1627, the direct line of the Gonzaga family came to an end with the vicious and weak Vincenzo II, and the town slowly declined under the new rulers, the Gonzaga-Nevers, a cadet French branch of the family. The War of the Mantuan Succession broke out, and in 1630 an Imperial army of 36,000 Landsknecht mercenaries besieged Mantua, bringing the plague with them. Mantua never recovered from this disaster.

Duke Ferdinand Charles, an inept ruler whose only aim was to hold parties and theatrical representations, allied with France in the War of the Spanish Succession. After the latter's defeat, he was declared deposed by Emperor Joseph I and took refuge in Venice, carrying with him a thousand pictures. At his death, in 1708 his family lost Mantua forever to the Habsburgs of Austria. Montferrat's territories were ceded to the Duke of Savoy, and the emperor compensated the Duke of Lorraine, heir in female line of the Gonzaga, for the loss of Montferrat by ceding him the Duchy of Teschen. The Gonzagas of the Duchy of Guastalla were passed over entirely despite having the strongest claim, themselves dying out in 1746, marking the end of the Gonzaga family.

Mantua was briefly united with the Duchy of Milan by an edict of Emperor Joseph II on 26 September 1786 but later restored in its separated administration by Emperor Leopold II on 24 January 1791. Mantua was besieged by Napoleon's French army in 1796, before falling in 1797. With the Treaty of Campo Formio, Mantua was annexed to the Cisalpine Republic becoming the Department of Mincio.

title: Duchy of Mantua


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/RickK

About Outside view #1
"Wikipedia would more or less stop running without RickK."

Maybe this is true, maybe this is false. I think that RickK has done a lot of excellent work in keeping vandalism at bay and the integrity of Wikipedia secure. However, I would argue that this is completely beside the point.

How is this view related to the question of whether or not RickK broke policy when deleting Waking the Tiger and Falling Up (band)? If a person makes a lot of good work, that does not make it acceptable for them to consistently make bad decisions. (Note that I am not of the opinion that RickK has made consistently bad decisions, the vast majority of his decisions are good ones.) It is playing ignorance to say "X is a good user, so we will ignore everything which is in the RfC".

I feel that one should read the summary and basis for the RfC, and argue against the things layed out in the RfC if one disagrees with it. "Wikipedia would more or less stop running without RickK" does not address the issues layed out.

My main objection to the RfC is that the issue is a small one, and that SPUI and Jondel could, and should, have done more to discuss the problem with RickK on his talkpage, and try to reach an agreement, before filing this RfC. I also take issue with Point 3 in the "Applicable policies" (shouldn't that have been titled "Evidence of disputed behavior"?) section, since I feel that RickK has the right to vote and argue as he pleases on VfU and VfD, no matter how much I disagree with him.

Any thoughts? Sjakkalle 11:42, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe there have been several cases related to votes clearly against policy, like Anthony DiPierro and GRider. --SPUI (talk) 16:05, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, there's a difference between WP:POINT and what you're challenging RickK here on. I agree with Sjakkalle; the complaints about his votes here are unfounded. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 16:25, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The statement that "Wikipedia would more or less stop running without RickK" is demonstrably overstated, because he got disgusted and took a break for a couple of months, I think it was around the end of last year—and Wikipedia did not stop running. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:50, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I would vote that RickK is a great administrator but he does not see things from other peoples point of view and is too trigger-happy .I've made an apology, but this was not acknowledged at all and this embarrasses me. He is totally denying Applicable policies 1 and 2 with his last statement because VfU consensus was to undelete the article, I let it go. I feel he also twisted my own statements to paint an ugly picture of me. --Jondel 06:32, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comment on outside view 5
"Generally it might be wiser wrt folks like RickK to just fix his occaisional oopses, rather than complaining about them. If wikipedia can even revert actual vandalism within 5 minutes, then it can certainly fix the occaisional mistake by a busy admin! ;-)"

 * BanyanTree tried to fix his own mistake in deleting Falling Up, and the article was redeleted by RickK. RickK doesn't see his actions as mistakes and will unfix whatever is fixed. --SPUI (talk) 21:19, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Error of Fact in Responce
I deleted Falling Up (band) on 9 April, not 6 April (therefore the VfD did expire). – ABCD 00:38, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoops, you're right, sorry, I got the time line messed up. RickK 05:17, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Account of BanyanTree

 * This is my first visit to RfC but, as I am not voting or endorsing, I assume that this is the proper place to post. Hopefully, my own account will fill in some gaps.

In the course of cleaning out CAT:CSD, I came across Falling Up (band), with a speedy tag on it explaining that it was a recreation of previously deleted material. I recall that I briefly scanned the deleted article and noted the list of band member names (which also existed in the new article, albeit not in bulleted form), decided that it was a recreation with formatting tweaks, deleted it, and continued on with other articles in CSD.

I did not realize that it was on WP:VFU until SPUI informed me on my talk page. After reading the votes and comments to date on the article I took a longer comparative look at the articles. I quickly concluded that the new version was substantially expanded, and that I would never have speedied it if I had done a thorough comparison in the first place.

This being my first appearance on VFU, I went through Undeletion policy to see if I could make good what I felt was a blatant mistake on my part. Noting the normal five day period for voting, I also noted the Exceptions section, which stated: "If the page was obviously deleted "out of process" (i.e. not in accordance with current deletion policy), then a sysop may choose to undelete immediately." I thought then, and think now, that my original deletion was not in accordance with deletion policy because the new article was not a recreation of deleted content.

I promptly undeleted the article and removed the speedy tag. I then apologized on the vote page to Cookiemobsta for my improper deletion, put the discussion into the undeleted archive and removed the discussion from the voting page under the edit summary "archiving undeleted Falling Up (band)". I have had no further involvement with the article or the discussion surrounding it since archiving the VfU discussion until now, though a couple of users have left messages about it on my talk page.

Having had the opportunity to look through the relevant policies and give it some thought, it would have been far better if I had stated my rationale for undeletion explicitly, rather than assuming that it would be understood in my apology to Cookiemobsta. I also failed to place the article up for VfD, as is required under both normal undeletions and Exceptions, to which I can only plead unfamiliarity with undeletion procedure and haste to fix a mistake.

—  BanyanTree 04:33, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

JondelsResponce2Rickks
Rickk, I believe that you are a good adminstrator and hope that you continue your good work. I see youre name on the same side in various voting processes. In my many years at wiki, this is my first RFC. (I should have filed one with Neto)

don't you think it is a little harsh that you interpret my recreation as as trying to make an end run around the VfD process by changing the name ??
 * First of all, there is no official policy prohibiting the recreation of Vfd'ed articles.

 * About :>should-have-been-deleted article. It got listed on VfU, and although I still believe that Jondel was completely in the wrong for what he did,

My responce: I did 4 things. I followed options suggested by the other 2 Keep voters. I informed administrators before acting at the talk page. When you reacted I apologized. I reverted. What else would you have wanted me to do?

 * Concerning the Recreation issue.

Place look at the dates of creation. Waking the Tiger (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waking_the_Tiger&action=history April 28, 2004 yes last year)existed a long time already. For reference I created How to heal Traumas the day before(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Heal_Traumas&action=history April 27, 2004). How can it be a recreation since it existed before as redirect?

Please notice the comments like presuming eventual move to Waking the Tiger.

 * "">because VfU consensus was to undelete the article, I let it go.

You did NOT let it go. Come on. Do you understand Applicable policies 1 and 2?

Youre not being honest here. Why did you put it on a Vfd for the second time in the first place? Why did you unilaterally http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=delete&user=RickK&page=Waking+The+Tiger delete] it despite a keep result of the the VFU?

 * What bothers me RickK is that you twisted and used my very words to misrepresent me. This inconsistent with what I beleive a good administrator should be:

start quote from VfU:

The diff doesn't work. But please note that even Jondel him/herself, in the edit summary, said Removed redirect, added and copied contents from How to heal traumas. So Jondel acknoweldged that the information in the article was copied from the VfD'd article. This was a violation of consensus, a violation of the VfD process, and not acting in good faith because Jondel has claimed all along that the information was different when even his/her own edit summary says otherwise. RickK 06:31, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * BTW did you notice there are no delete votes? How hard will it be to prove articles are noteworthy here at wikipedia?--Jondel 05:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It's inappropriate for other people to make comments inside my response
How can other Users possibly know what they are endorsing or not endorsing, if arguments against me are included in my response section? RickK 06:15, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * But you're allowed to comment in other peoples' responses? Oh come on. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 17:56, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * RickK, are you evading the issue? I 've readily admitted my mistakes I believe like the stripping of headers. You can't expect users to be very strict adherents to all these rules. You've displayed good administratorship but you are acting like a troll now .--Jondel 06:25, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please, stop calling RickK a troll! It is precisely that type of exchange that got us into this mess. Sjakkalle 06:34, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it was RickK acting like a troll that got us into this. Good call. --SPUI (talk) 06:40, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * SPUI, please don't try and drag me into a conflict with RickK. On the VfU on Waking the Tiger you wrote "stop trolling". That kind of exchange destroys the environment here. You got my undelete vote on Waking the Tiger, you got my undelete vote on Falling Up, Waking the Tiger is kept, Falling Up will probably be undeleted, and you got me to crticize RickK for not responding yesterday (which he now has done). There is no need to go further. Sjakkalle 06:47, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The environment is already destroyed. This is just damage control to keep it from happening again. --SPUI (talk) 06:56, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And may I add that using the term "bullshit" about RickK is not particularily helpful either? Sjakkalle 06:49, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, good. "I've readily admitted my mistakes, but they should be allowed to stand."  RickK 06:38, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you want me to erase the troll statement I will. Erasing is very cheap.--Jondel 06:53, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Other than Jondel's line, they were all at the end of your response. I am restoring them once again, this time BELOW the endorsement area. --SPUI (talk) 06:34, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That's perfectly acceptable. RickK 06:37, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, but moving them was below you? --SPUI (talk) 06:40, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I am not calling RickK a troll. I am not saying he is one. I don't believe RickK behaves like a troll on a regular basis. Once in a while we all behave like trolls.(Unless youre God, Buddha, whatever). We all know there are more horrible trolls there. However if you/anyone can behave like a troll, so can I(but even then I will not behave like one on a regular basis whether the other guys is actually is a troll or not ). --Jondel 06:51, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move this page?
I vote to move this to Requests for comment/SPUI. I've since realized that RickK is completely in the right on all things, and I am an idiot. Come and vandalise my userpage en masse. It'll be fun. --SPUI (talk) 10:43, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Be careful not to disrupt Wikipedia to make a point. --Deathphoenix 13:10, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Be careful not to take things so seriously. You can interpret POINT however you feel like, anyway. It's silliness. Since your comment could potentially cause SPUI distress, I say you're disrupting Wikipedia to make a point. Everyking 13:47, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it is not silliness, nor am I being silly. SPUI is not Wikipedia. Causing SPUI distress (which is not my intention) will not directly disrupt Wikipedia to make a point. Moving an RfC to make a point (which he didn't do, hence my statement "Be careful not to ...", instead of "Don't ...") is directly disrupting Wikipedia to make a point. The action that SPUI is proposing is a classic case of WP:POINT. --Deathphoenix 15:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think was I was basically getting at is that people endlessly repeating "don't disrupt Wikipedia to make a point" is irritating, at least to me. Everyking 15:52, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I see your point (no pun intended). In my case, above, it was meant as a little reminder or warning. Yeah, I agree that WP:POINT (and any warning, for that matter) shouldn't be thrown around frivolously, but a lot of people seem to be disrupting for just that purpose lately. I didn't want another one to happen, that's all. --Deathphoenix 17:16, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Meh, if there were any permanent effects of my temporary insanity, I apologize. Though mainly it's probably given more supporters to RickK's side, whether or not his actions were proper. Get a few people together and they can usually work something out. Get a whole bunch of people together and it becomes a popularity contest. --SPUI (talk) 01:09, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Motion to close
I believe the above indicates that the issues raised by SPUI against RickK have been sufficiently addressed. Therefore, I move to close it. Radiant_* 08:36, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's not at all what it means at all. However, as the process is irreparably flawed, there's no point in keeping this charade open. --SPUI (talk) 09:23, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. You requested comments, you got comments. If anything's irreparably flawed, it's not the RfC. As Mark Twain said, it will always be true that "nothing needs reforming so much as other people's habits". One thing at a time, S. JRM · Talk 10:47, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)

Close. The faster we can end this RfC and move on, the better. Sjakkalle 09:01, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Close. I concur. There are sufficient comments and endorsements for all parties involved to have an idea of the consensus in this matter. --Deathphoenix 13:30, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Close. There are certainly issues remaining to be resolved (most notably the question of whether the Speedy Delete of Falling Up (band) is in line with existing policy), but that can be accomplished at other locations. If there are still issues between SPUI (or others) and RickK, Arbitration is the next step. Either way, it doesn't seem as if there is any further purpose to this RfC. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 18:22, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Close. This doesn't need to go on any longer. [ +t,  +c  ] 20:09, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Okay, that is a rather obvious concurrence. RFC closed and unlisted now. Radiant_* 21:10, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

There is no accepted procedure to "close" any RFC. In due time, one of the admins monitoring the page will either delete uncertified RFC's or move them to Archive when they become inactive for a couple weeks. Please leave things as they are. --Netoholic @ 22:25, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)
 * Since there is no procedure, consensus may decide. As has happened. Despite your claim, there don't seem to be any admins around that delete uncertified RFCs, or move any of them to archive. Radiant_* 07:39, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * How about a little more time? If other RFCs don't close fast, then I don't want this to close too soon. Also I feel SPUI really should be consulted. --Jondel 07:59, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You gave "consensus" less than 24 hours to develop, which is hardly fair. Had you not been so impatient to see your result, I would have been happy to point out what the common procedures are - specifically that user RFC's are never "closed", but they are archived, which is something anyone can do after discussions have ceased for a while, perhaps two weeks. -- Netoholic @ 15:04, 2005 Apr 28 (UTC)
 * Okay, I admit that was a bit hasty. But there was a flood of people agreeing with it. And for the record, SPUI was aware of it and agreed it should be closed (even if for a different reason; see his comments above). I have been unable to find a policy for how RfCs are closed, nor evidence of people archiving RfCs (indeed, there's a backlog of at least a month, especially in the 'articles' part, and most of them have died down for lack of discussion). I think that's a Bad Thing.
 * You may want to look at the old RfCs that Ungtss and JoshuaSchroeder filed against one another; both lingered for weeks with nobody adding to them, and Ungtss repeatedly requested that they be closed. Since nobody did, I eventually unlisted them, being unaware of any archive. IIRC neither was endorsed by the necessary two users, so they should in fact have been deleted after 48 hours, per the policy on top of RfC. Unless that part is just a guideline. Anyway my point is this policy could use some clearing up by knowledgeable people, which I am presently not.
 * Also, more recently, there was the RfC against Kappa, which was not received very well and not endorsed by anyone. As above I figured it should have been deleted after 48 hours. I added a 'CSD' tag but that didn't help so I eventually removed it from the list.
 * Finally - what if someone files an RfC in bad faith, plainly as a personal attack (and I'm not saying anybody has, but hypothetically speaking). Does that mean it should also linger forever? If not, who deals with it, and how?
 * Yours, Radiant_* 15:14, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rather than delisting uncertified RFCs, if an admin's deletion is long overdue, why not strike them out ? If you de-list them, noone will find them in order to make the deletion happen.  You could also post on an admin's talk page.  User:Michael Snow used to often do the maintenance on this page.  Adding the  tag wouldn't help, since uncertified RFC's are not strictly "speedy deletion candidates".  Lastly, if someone files an obviously bad faith RFC, then it is unlikely to have a second signer.  That is why we have that rule.  It happens sometimes, but those RFCs are deleted. -- Netoholic @ 17:58, 2005 Apr 28 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography/Archive April 2005

Enormous Defense of DW & Critique of WP
About a year ago I discovered Wikipedia, and while the concept was fascinating, after searching a number of names and coming up with what I considered a lack of effort by the person(s) creating the near useless articles, I didn?t bother to check back very often. In addition to this I found several articles that on the surface appeared well done but which were actually misleading and a promotion of the author?s agenda.

Curious, recently I tested Wikipedia again thinking that over time, as a building process, things might have improved. On this occasion, I first searched for Gustave Caillebotte, someone with a very high level of recognition in his field. There was nothing except one listing of his name in an article. Next, I searched an obscure female person known importantly to only a small following in the field, and primarily in England. I thought for certain that not only would I never find a proper article, but would most certainly find no article at all. To my surprise, not only did I discover a new biography on Nina Hamnett, but it had been set up on with a quasi-professional and attractive presentation and included a photo together with very relevant links to other people and things I was interested in reading about. Whoever did this article put a lot of time and effort into doing it right and I was impressed.

I searched other articles and found numerous where the same Wikipedia contributor had put a considerable effort into each one. Because my situation makes it now possible to occasionally contribute, seeing this type of quality endeavor I was keenly interested in doing my best. Hence, I found my way to this discussion page.

I work for a major magazine, the subsidiary of a major international publishing company. My employer, like all media companies, spends a fortune on page layout, constantly trying to keep one step ahead our competitors. Unfortunately, Wikipedia has very limited options and there is only so much that can be achieved. That is why I don't understand several of the comments above. Why would anyone so harshly criticize a contributor for making a suggestion on how to improve the biography format in Wikipedia? Worse, those individuals only criticized without spelling out any new alternatives. In deference to some, there seems to be certain contributions to this discussion page that are little more than shooting from the hip and have been made without any sound facts or reasoning. In my estimation, that attitude does this project a great deal of harm and I seriously doubt whoever is financing this intends this to be the way things are done. For myself, or any new visitor to Wikipedia, this is not going to encourage very many to contribute.

Contributor DW isn't telling others how he (or she) wants Wikipedia articles done. What is being said, is this is how readers in the general public of today want things done.

If I may suggest, perhaps those who don?t understand, they should look at any newspaper or magazine. Short, crisp, standout headings appear on every article in order to draw your interest and attention. In today?s intensely competitive climate, attracting and maintaining interest is a monumental task. And, contributor DW is right that the heading should not be "text overload."

As a reminder, this is the example Contributor DW gave, as seen on the discussion article:
 * Jane Doe (1870-1946), Painter

You will find professional layout people use no full dates and no lengthy, multiple descriptions of their occupation. Adding (Impressionist Painter) or ( Painter, Sculptor) is fine but no more.

Too much information on the opening line is not what is needed, getting the visitor's attention is. A perfect example of how long sentences can be not only tedious to read, but difficult to write is the opening of the biography for Janis Joplin. No editorial manager would ever allow this in a magazine, newspaper or encyclopedia.

Essentially, the reason all media uses short blurbs is because long headings became meaningless and readers/viewers will skip by. Readers scan headlines, researchers on the internet are no different. All ads and commercials too have a quick attention-getting blurb. As suggested by contributor DW, bolding that short blurb helps on a Wikipedia biography because trying to create fancy graphics, different fonts for text and text sizes, or multiple colors, and all the other eye-catching gimmicks every media source uses is not possible at Wikipedia. As part of writing this comment, I have looked at a number of pages on Wikipedia including those contributor DW has done. Given the limitations, the page is very well done. I note it has a picture of the subject, plus an all important example of his art. Too, the pictures are properly sized (although I might consider making Modigliani's photo a touch smaller) and equally as important they are well paced apart on the page and have been staggered to make the most attractive presentation possible. That does not mean it can't be improved upon by someone more knowledgeable, but the fact is, unless Wikipedia can hire full time layout artists, this article represents a excellent design and use of Wikipedia tools.

Remembering that the first line of any type of article must stand out and not be overloaded with text, the suggestion by contributor DW makes the most efficient use of the tools available at Wikipedia. That the heading line on Wikipedia biographies be limited to the person's recognizable common public name, their year dates, and principal occupation, always followed by a space, is easy to read quickly, short but clearly indicative of the article, efficient so that it does not waste time, and is precisely factual.

Next, because a biography is a life history, it must be set out in chronological order. People are born first, live a life, and die last. That is the sequence for a biography. Putting the complete death information before the person's life events is unacceptable form. We live before we die. All this means starting with the persons full name, full birth date and complete place of birth followed by short sentences and paragraphs. Long paragraphs are visually hard on the eyes and tedious for the mind. Why would anyone read an article such as that on Wikipedia, when there are a multitude of similar articles on the internet written in the fashion demanded by today's readers. The last lengthy sentence/paragraph died with James A. Michener. We live in a society today with a very short attention span. For evidence of this writing structure, pick up any of today's newspapers, magazines, novels, or professionally prepared biographies on the internet.

Too, I note that contributor DW seems to always make the effort to include the person?s burial site. Not only is this helpful information, it is a bonus and an attraction to bring researchers back to use this site because most encyclopedias or published biographies don?t include the burial site. It is worth noting that genealogy is second only to sex in the number of sites on the internet. Having the cemetery will increase Wikipedia?s traffic.

Also, from the comments above, some of the contributors to this discussion do not see the reasoning behind contributor DW's assertion that an NPOV on Wikipedia includes not making a judgment as to nationality. I shall attempt to do my best to explain and will stick to articles that contributor DW has indicated he created or edited. Amedeo Modigliani may well be Italian by birth, but a Wikipedia viewer gains nothing from a capricious designation of anyone. Nationality is a matter of pure interpretation and no one person on Wikipedia should be making that choice about others. Sometimes it is designated as where the person was born, in others it is where the person gained their fame to warrant being given a public biography. In Modigliani's case it may well, on the surface, do no harm to label him by birthplace but the reality could be quite different to an expert. However, leaving out the nationality designation eliminates the risk of a Wikipedia contributor being unaware of all the facts and hence posting a misleading or factually incorrect statement. But, by leaving out the nationality, it in no way invalidates or reduces the value and credibility of the Wikipedia article because the article provides the reader with all factual elements as to place of birth, places of other residency and the like. Put in a nationality and you gain nothing except risking harming this project. Examples of the nationality conundrum:

 * Amedeo Modigliani - his mother was born in France and in most countries that confers certain immigration and citizenship rights. Second, he worked all his adult life in France and made his reputation there. He did try to enlist in the French Army at the outbreak of the First World War. It is possible he was a French citizen and/or considered himself as French. Is everyone who posts an article on Wikipedia (or edits them) an expert in citizenship, and fully knowledgeable of all historic facts and data in precise detail on Modigliani's life. However, label him as French, and Wikipedia could upset a great many proud Italians. Why take the chance when a proper biography states all necessary facts about every important aspect of his life. The reason I use this example is because the opposite scenario exists with others. Example:

 * Mary Pickford - look at Microsoft Encarta. It currently states she is an American actor yet she was born and raised in Canada by Canadian parents, lived in Canada until a young lady, learned acting there and began a very successful career in Canada. Research every document from Canada, and she is proudly labeled as a great Canadian. As such, if Mary Pickford is an American because she worked in Hollywood for the better part of her life, then Amedeo Modigliani is could certainly be labeled as French.

A different example:

 * Marcel Duchamp - born in France, spent most of his life there but lived in the USA for a few years on two different occasions and actually took out American citizenship late in life which did not require him to surrender his French citizenship. However, he died in France, and in accordance with his written wishes, was buried in Rouen, France near his birthplace.

Question: Is Marcel Duchamp French or American? Does someone on Wikipedia have the right to decide that?

AND:

 * Jules Pascin: Born and raised in Bulgaria, lived and worked in France most of his life, but spent a few years in America where he became an American citizen. But, he returned to France to work for several years before dying there and being buried there.

Question: Is Jules Pascin 1) Bulgarian, 2) French or 3) American? And, does someone on Wikipedia have the right to decide which one he is? And if so, why does Wikipedia believe they have the right to decide that?

AND:

 * Audrey Hepburn: Born in Belgium, of an English father and a Dutch mother. From infancy she was raised by her Dutch mother in the Netherlands where she became a citizen and worked and attended school before moving to study and work in England under the British law that granted her British citizenship because of her father's birthright. She then went to work in America where she maintained a Hollywood home and was a major star while living in the USA for more than 25 years. But, at the same time, she also maintained a home in Switzerland where she went to relax between films. She retired to live permanently in Switzerland. It was her favorite place in the world and she died there and is buried there.

Question: Is Audrey Hepburn 1) Belgian, 2) Dutch, 3) English, 4) American, 5) Swiss? And, why does Wikipedia believe they have the right to decide that? And, why would giving her a nationality be relevant in an Encyclopedia when all the aforementioned facts are spelled out?

Members of the academic community are assessing this practice, asking themselves why insist on giving what is in reality no more than a subjective label to people when the biography provides precise details of this nature? Does it improve the quality of the biographical article in any manner whatsoever? One thing it does do, is upset a great many readers who translate the person's nationality differently.

For Wikipedia, the question becomes why can one person or a select few ban contributor DW on an open website because he strongly objected to the invalidity of the policy of a few particularly in light of that group's failure to even consider the apparent inconsistency such a policy creates. Yet, in the name of Wikipedia convention, a nationality designation is being absolutely insisted upon, so much so that the perpetuators of this policy keep deleting contributor DW's changes even after he explained the absurdity of it. And remember, for Wikipedia to be a valid source of information, this nationality designation must be applied uniformly.

What contributor DW is saying, is that a professional, well thought-out article should state the facts of birth, residency, death, citizenship changes, etc. without making an arbitrary judgment as to nationality. That way, no Wikipedia viewer, who might come from any country in the world, is upset. That, in my opinion, is not only proper, but good marketing. But then, perhaps the owner of this sight's mission is not to improve its profile and participation.

Today, I learned DW was banned at the request of the owner. When I read the attacks on him both here and elsewhere, I can understand the anger and frustration of someone who seems to actually care about helping make Wikipedia a successful place.

Jackie S.

 * REGARDING THE ABOVE - read below concerning 'Jackie' and who they really were.

 * I was looking at someone in the list of past edits and spotted 'Jackie S's by chance. It looked rather familiar for reasons I could not put my finger on, so I checked it. On Camembert's page some months ago User:Ron Davis was being his usual polite self. Someone criticised him and he responded . . . using Jackie Ss IP number. Now Davis rarely signed in using three ~s, preferring to hide behind anonymous IPs. Going by past standards, it is likely that having left a message using his Davis account, he as so often in the past left and came back by an IP (usually the same one), saw someone had criticised him and replied, forgetting he was 'outing' his secret IP by doing so. (There are other similarities I won't bother to mention!) So Jackie S was really user Ron Davis. And as was shown earlier on the wiki list, Ron Davis was really DW. So all that long long speech defending DW and saying how shabbily he had been treated (bla bla bla) was written by (surprise, surprise) DW. (Sometimes one ends up wondering whether some days, wiki consisted of nobody other than DW, in his various personæ, chatting to each other, Ron chatting to Olga who was chatting to Elliot who was chatting to Jacques who was chattng to Jackie who was chatting to Joe who was chatting to Sue who was chatting to Chuck who was chatting to Ron who was chatting to Olga who . . . aaaaagh! :-) FearÉIREANN

 * (I took the liberty of adding indent-markup to FearÉIREANN's contrib directly above.)
 * I know nothing of DW, but i note the sentence "But then, perhaps the owner of this sight's mission is not to improve its profile and participation." (Last one in next-to-last 'graph above Jackie S. sig.)  I'm surprised someone with JS's background as claimed in 4th or 5th 'graph would use the confusing (tho grammatical) construction. Those who work with professional writers, and criticize writing, should be used to not writing things that will jar the ear of the pros. Thus they would almost without thinking come up with "... perhaps this sight's owner's mission is not ..." instead. This not only has fewer words, but gets "sight's" away from "mission is" and avoids the grammatical ambiguity. (As it stands, it could mean "the owner of the mission of this sight", and the reader has to search back for the other meaning, whose syntax is less natural.)  IMO Jackie S lacks that ear of a publishing pro for clear prose that should jump out at us in a document that took such effort to compose.
 * I won't mention another obvious amateur writing mistake, waiting for JS to point it out if it was a slip of the pen. I'll be interested whether others will also pick up on it, before JS can. --Jerzy 23:54, 2003 Oct 20 (UTC)

---

Names with Family Name before Given Name
I have some proposal about the presentation of the person name in the article. To make less confusing the first name and the last name of Eastern figures, why don't we use the convension widely used in TV, for example. That is put the last name first with all upper case letter followed by comma and put the first name. The article should look like:

MATSUO, Basho (松尾 芭蕉) is a famous Japanese poet. bahabaha

-- Taku 21:06 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)

 * [following contrib moved from below and marked up for indent by Jerzy 23:54, 2003 Oct 20 (UTC)]
 * With respect to non-western name ordering, I would suggest that the most correct approach is to give the name in the order of the subject's native language, and a redirect from the alternative ordering IF it is likely that users would search for the subject that way. For an example, see Miyazaki Hayao/Hayao Miyazaki.  I don't think the MATSUO, Basho style is appropriate given that it is not used for western names (and editors have already been busy removing the surname caps from several of my entries), and while it makes it clear what the surname is it does not give any clues as to the important ordering information.

 * A further advantage of the "native order" approach is that it promotes cultural awareness, as a significant number of westerners don't realise there's anything but "givennames surname" ordering. It is just as important for wikipedia to enlighten as to be easy to search.
 * -- mib.

 * [following anon & undated contrib moved from below and marked up for indent by Jerzy 23:54, 2003 Oct 20 (UTC)]
 * Some discussion of Japanese names has been moved to Manual of Style (Japan-related articles).

-- --

Nationality
I read the lengthy essay of Jackie S. above, and I tend to agree with her in regard to the nationality. If we left out nationality except where there was absolutely no complication or doubt, we could have saved ourselves of, for example, the Copernicus debate, and maybe some others. I think nationality should be eliminated of required introductory elements, when it can and should be replaced by a description of relations with different countries.--AN 21:36 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)

Casing of Names Beginning with Prepositions
Mic says that when referring to people surnamed "von" something, the "von" should remain all lower case, even at the begninning of a sentence. What do other people think? (See Helge von Koch.) -- Oliver P. 02:55 Mar 12, 2003 (UTC)

I know 'de' as in de Valera was always in lower case except at the start of sentences, when it could be De. I very much doubt that von remains in lower case (if I should be at all, and I have seen it as both 'Von' and 'von') at the start of a sentence. The beginning of a sentence should always be capitalised. So as far as I am concerned, Von is correct at the beginning of sentences. STÓD/ÉÍRE 03:03 Mar 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * The convention is to never capitalize a surname or title beginning with "von", or "af" for that matter, even when beginning a sentence. It is to my knowledge the only way to start a grammatically correct sentence without a capital letter. It is better to omit the prefix altogether rather than to capitalize it. / Mic 15:55 Mar 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * The most important thing about these problematic names is not to let the MoS keep us from using our common sense. Maybe someone has written in a grammar or style guide that you have to keep "von" lower case at the start of a sentence; there are plenty them out there, and no one has every been sent to jail for putting in a rule that everyone else thinks is absurd.  If anyone takes this rule seriously enough to  edit in
 * Maria was a young nun. von Trapp was an Austrian military officer.
 * then i'll be happy to accommodate them by editing it to
 * Maria was a young nun, and von Trapp was an Austrian military officer.
 * so we can both sleep OK at night. Case closed. --Jerzy 04:19, 2003 Oct 21 (UTC)

[ mib's contrib on oriental names moved up a section to "Names with Family Name before Given Name" by Jerzy 23:54, 2003 Oct 20 (UTC)]

Change of Name
How to deal with english name/original name, like in George Gamow? -- Looxix 00:49 Apr 27, 2003 (UTC)

[Anon reference to Japanese names &Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Japanese) moved up to section "Names with Family Name before Given Name" by Jerzy 23:54, 2003 Oct 20 (UTC)]

Social Titles / Honorifics
I notice that in some pages people are referred to, after the first stating of his or her name, by just his or her surname. I know that this is widely done in newspapers and so on, yet I do feel that it seems incredibly rude. As a hypothetical example, suppose that there is an article about Jane Smith. It might start as follows. Jane Smith was born in Anyville, USA in 1943 ... Fine. Yet later it might say something such as the following. Smith wrote a textbook on chemistry in the 1980s. I feel that it should say either "Jane Smith wrote a ...." or "Ms Smith wrote a ....". Is there a specific rule about this or is it just how some people write? Songwriter 10:58 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's rude at all, and prefixing everyone with their titles (Ms, Mr) would sound very odd. Also, prefixes change over time, and how would we know if someone liked to be Miss or Ms? Obviously if someone has a more important title, (Dr, Sir), that should stay. I was taught to always use the full name first, "John Keats", and then to use the surname "Keats" from then on. This may just be the British style. CGS 11:23 6 Jul 2003 (UTC).

 * I think only the NYT and WSJ(?) uniformly add the social title anymore, and it sometimes sounds really odd - "...when Mr. Culkin entered the third grade...". Look closely at the books in your library that are less than 20 years old, you'll see very few of them using Mr. etc anymore.

 * Of the UK broadsheet newspapers, The Guardian and The Times both have their style guides online, and have roughly the same rule: on news pages they generally use "Mr" (etc.) except for dead people, convicted criminals, sportspeople and artists. On sports and arts pages they generally use surname alone. See: Guardian (under "Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms"); Times (under "appellations"). I personally feel more comfortable using surname alone for encyclopedia articles, even when referring to (for example) living politicians. --rbrwr

 * The use of the last name without the social title (called an honorific, IIRC), seems to be rude in speech, but in writing it's quite acceptable. -Smack

I'm confused with what is written here. If His Royal Highness Prince Charles, Prince of Wales is mentioned in for the first time an article, should he then be called Windsor after that? Would the same be true for Queen Elizabeth II? --Philip Baird Shearer

Journalistic vs. Formal Style
This topic is causing much confusion and hard feelings (including mine) on the Talk: Terri Schiavo page. It appears that Wikipedia adopted what is refered to as American Journalistic Style, as opposed to Formal Style. The NYT, WSJ, Times and Organization of American Historians use Formal style. All endorse the use of "Ms." where the marital status or preference of the lady in question cannot be determined.

I personally find Journalistic Style to be offensive in the extreme, in regards to the Terri Schiavo case. Less so, in general. Ms. Schiavo was a person, not an object, and use of Formal Style would recognize her as such. I also believe that adoption of Formal Style would present a more professional face for Wikipedia. Finally, the non-American English-speaker will expect Formal Style. Please guide me in the best way to help Wikipedia adopt Formal Style.--ghost 07:53, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Flood basalts

title: Category:Flood basalts


text:
Talk:Exploding toad

Exploding toad pics
Can anyone in Hamburg take a picture of the toads? I still cannot believe it. -- Toytoy 06:03, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Heres a link w a pic. I don't think its fair use, but copyrights arn't my area. Cheers, Sam Spade 11:40, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * They are, Sam. Since they used screenshots from their footage, it's okay. --  user:zanimum

Marlboro Frogs?

 * ... children have long exploded toads by putting cigarrettes in their mouths. ... Toads inhale through their mouths but they exhale through their skin. If the air is too polluted this process cannot be completed and the gases continue to build up until they explode.

No, I don't believe it. The mouth-in, skin-out theory is all wrong. The cigarette story is all wrong. -- Toytoy 10:31, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * A few friends of mine claimed they witnessed or even did it, the frog inflated and eventually popped. Are they liars? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.181.87.252 (talk) 16:56, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I believe it now says that it's an urban legend. Possibly you change that yourself. --  user:zanimum

 * Yes, I did the rewrite. From now on, I'll call it "Mad Toad Disease" or "Mad Frog Disease" on talk pages. It feels so good to coin a new term. Ha! -- Toytoy 18:56, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Pardon me, but
What the hell? This article is so weird I can't even tell if it is true or not. ABC link checks out, but still, what the hell???

Hi, Im from Hamburg and the "exploding toads" thing is really true, though they dont really explode but blow themselves up and with a nice "plopp" they die. No splattering or big sounds. Most scientists currently believe that crows are the reason for that, and that due to some natural mechanisms when the inner organs are missing the toads blow themselves up, it is not really clear whether this is useful for something or a side effect. unfortunately I wasnt able to take a photo as I didnt had the time to go there when the toads exploded. Btw. it happens all over the world and is well documented even in ancient biological books that when you rip out the inner organs of the toads that they blow themselves up (was probably first seen when people just ripped of the legs to eat them and accidentaly ripped of something else). You can try it for yourself, just go out, get a toad and...

And some of it seems to be a joke - crows scaring toads so much that they explode? Toads acting altrustically and committing suicide? TOADS COMMITTING SUICIDE??? --Ignignot 16:00, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * A similar theory was advanced by a member of the Berkeley, California City Council when an epidemic of decapitated parking meters was troubling the city. He suggested that the problem was low self-esteem among parking meters leading to their suicides, which could only be countered by a program to enhance their self-esteem. You probably had to be in California in the late 1990s when low self-esteem was offered as the explanation for everything but earthquakes and El Niño to appreciate that. --Italo Svevo 16:19, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ha ha. Funny. --  user:zanimum

Come to Denmark, see our frogs explode...
The phenomenon have spread to Denmark, more precisely in the vicinity of Århus. The.valiant.paladin

Anatomy
To make this article truly encyclopedic, we need to explain which body part or parts caused the explosion. Is that the lung? Is that the throat? The whole body? The GI tract? A chemical analysis of the gas composition. ... I really don't think a frog or a toad could inhale so much air to cause a small explosion. I could be wrong. This "Mad Toad Disease" is so f**king weird. I expect some scients are already writing papers. -- Toytoy 18:52, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I suspect its a media exageration. Their job is to sell papers (and stories) after all. Sam Spade 19:30, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, according to local news here in Denmark hundreds of toads have exploded during the last week. We even saw a live toad explode on TV! Great fun for all, especially the children!
 * Except the toad really didn't *explode* as such, it was more like it ruptured. -The.valiant.paladin 20:39, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I really don't think that "3.5 times as large" claim is credible. Even if you connect a poor defenseless toad to a pump, I doubt you can increase its volume by so much. Can anyone tell me where to download a web video of toad explosion? -- Toytoy 02:37, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * The photos here and here  might give an idea at just how much the toads swell up. "3.5 times as large" seems like an exageration, but the toads do swell up quite a bit. By the way, I think one of these photos for the time would be better for the main article.I haven't been able to locate any videos, though. -The.valiant.paladin 13:48, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Recall that a volume change of 3.5 times is a linear change of 1.5 times. -- SGBailey 15:39, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)

Congratulations
A most wonderful exploding article. Officially endorsed by Ta bu shi da yu.

 * Maybe you would like to know the bones of the Taiwanese exploding whale has become a well-preserved specimen displayed in a museum. I'll supply the details later. Ta bu shi da yu, ta men ye bu shi da qing wa. -- Toytoy 03:04, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Conflicting paragraphs
"... (It's questionable if anybody has actually witnessed one of the toads explode.)"

and

"According to a witness, "toads swell up to three-and-a-half times their normal size before blowing up". ..."

You can't have it both ways - which is it? -- SGBailey 11:47, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)

I deleted the "questionable" bit. it is questionable, but there are accounts of eye witnesses in the external links. Sam Spade 11:57, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Map
Can anyone provide us a map of the pool? Based on a Danish picture, I think that pool is quite small. I'd like to know if there's a horse racing facility nearby. By the way, is the pool near Elbe river? I checked Microsoft AutoRoute, there are several parks in Altona district. I still don't know where is the pool.

You can use a map software or NASA World Wind (I don't think the pool shows up very well on a 13 m resolution image). -- Toytoy 14:38, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

WTF?
I'm still not sure this isn't a BJAODN... This is so weird, that I'm not sure I'll ever believe it since I didn't see it myself...Frenchman113 16:34, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Funny, that's what people used to say about exploding whale :-) Ta bu shi da yu 05:55, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, thank God for Dave Barry on that one. -Litefantastic 16:39, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I remember watching documentaries about exploding cane toads. If this article ever gets to featured article quality, I really hope we can delay any sort of FAC nomination until next year, shortly before April 1. :-) --Deathphoenix 18:20, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Problems with this page
Hi, I may be recorded as yor typical old anoynomus user when I am here, but I am really Andylandandrew. For some reason, every time I go to this Exploding Toad page, I am listed as being logged in, but when go to anyother page, I am listed as being not logged in?

Hello.

About the exploding toads: In Vienna, Austria, there is an evil tradition among young boys. It is called "Kröten-sprengen" to blow up toads. Every year in spring the young viennese boys cycle to the surrounding forests with cigarettes. They put a cigarette into the mouth of a toad and after 2 minutes the toad has pumped up that it bursts. This is because of a defensive behaviour. The toad is afraid of fire because of the smoke. Toads blow themselves up if they are afraid. Normally this behaviour is to fend off of snakes, because a toad can pump itself up three times its own volume. This behaviour which saves lifes is a trap for a toad which is given a burning cigarette.--167.83.109.21 14:02, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Linda Howe
If it is weird, involves animals killed by unusual means, find it on [http://www.earthfiles.com Linda Moulton Howe's website. Click here.] Martial Law 05:26, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Exploding organisms
Template:Exploding organisms has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:06, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Linkfarm
Taken from main article. Drmies (talk) 18:42, 24 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Mystery of German exploding toads (BBC News)
 * Exploding toads baffle experts (ABC News online)
 * Exploding Toads...The Storied Remains (Annals of Improbable Research)
 * In einem Gewässer in Hamburg starben bereits Hunderte Amphibien einen mysteriösem Tod: Der Tümpel der explodierenden Erdkröten
 * Explosive Kröten
 * Sprængfarlige tudser kommet til Danmark
 * The Frog and the Ox
 * Debunking the exploding animals myths
 * Exploding Toads Baffle Experts - Contains image
 * Mystery of toads that explode in the night - Interesting theories regarding strategic voluntary toad explosion discussed

title: Talk:Exploding toad


text:
Keeler

Keeler may refer to:

Places

 * 2261 Keeler, asteroid
 * Keeler, California, USA
 * Keeler Township, Michigan, USA
 * Keeler, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Keeler (lunar crater), on the moon
 * Keeler (Martian crater), crater on Mars
 * Cape Keeler, cape in Antarctica

Media

 * Keeler (play), 2013 play about the Profumo affair

People with the surname Keeler

 * Anson F. Keeler (1887–1943), mayor of Norwalk, Connecticut (1927–1930), member of the Connecticut Senate (1931), Connecticut State Comptroller (1933–1935)
 * Christine Keeler (1942–2017), British model and showgirl
 * Edwin O. Keeler (1846–1923), first mayor of Norwalk, Connecticut after the city's incorporation (1893–1894), Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (1901–1903)
 * Ernest Keeler, American pioneer race car driver, participant in 1906 Vanderbilt Elimination Race
 * Harry Stephen Keeler, American writer
 * Jacqueline Keeler, Native American writer
 * James Edward Keeler, American astronomer
 * Jesse Keeler, musician, known for his work in Death from Above 1979 and MSTRKRFT
 * John Keeler (1654–1717), member of the General Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut from Norwalk in 1698
 * Ken Keeler, American comic writer
 * Leonarde Keeler, inventor of the polygraph
 * Ralph Keeler (1613–1672), founding settler of Norwalk, Connecticut and ancestor of most American people with the surname Keeler
 * Ruby Keeler, Canadian actress
 * Samuel Keeler (1656–1713), founding settler of Ridgefield, Connecticut and member of the House of Representatives of the Colony of Connecticut from Norwalk
 * Sarah Warren Keeler (1844-1899), American educator of the deaf-mute
 * William Henry Keeler (1931–2017), American Catholic archbishop and cardinal
 * W. W. Keeler, Chief of the Cherokee Nation, president of Philips Petroleum
 * Willie Keeler, Major League Baseball player
 * Jennifer Keeler-Milne, Australian artist

title: Keeler


text:
Talk:Brooklyn, Ohio

Untitled
Culture section should be dropped. Since none of that information is verifiable, it's merely irrelevant and really doesn't define what the true nature of Brooklyn, Ohio's culture is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.88.166.116 (talk) 01:34, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Brooklyn, Ohio


text:
Talk:Paradyzja

Opinions
"Is the best dystopian novel but for Orwell's 1984"... yeees. I haven't read Paradyzja, but I can think of several excellent dystopian novels. Which are the best? That's a matter of opinion... Grutness|hello? 06:07, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The article is worse than a stub - it is not giving the novel the description it deserves. Similarities to 1984 are not its main characteristic. Will re-write this article when I'll have more time. AndyBrandt (talk) 11:03, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Time
Why, exactly, were the minutes different lengths? 75.118.170.35 (talk) 16:22, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Well, clocks were actually using minutes of pseudorandom lengths, so for e.g. first minute had 57 seconds, second had 62, third 59 (around 60) etc., making it actually useful for checking the time (in average, time [hour:minute] was the same as real day time), but useless for measuring time in experiments. It *POSSIBLY* was regulated by computers to don't deviate to much from normal cycle of day, but it wasn't really explored in the novel, it was just used as a trick to disallow hero from proving hero that Paradise was actually built on a surface of planet, and also to show how terribly pardisians were oppressed.178.37.171.48 (talk) 23:16, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paradyzja


text:
Yellow-legged thrush

The yellow-legged thrush (Turdus flavipes) is a songbird of northern and eastern South America and the Caribbean.

Taxonomy
In recent times, it is increasingly often placed in the genus Turdus again, however some taxonomists place this species in the genus Platycichla based on morphology. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union places it in the genus Turdus, as does the International Ornithological Committee.

Description
This thrush is 22 - 23 cm long and weighs 55 - 70 g. Both sexes have yellow legs and eye-ring. The male has a yellow bill and its plumage is usually black with a slate-grey back and lower underparts. However, the hue of the grey areas varies, and the male of one of the five subspecies, P. f. xanthoscelus of Tobago, is all-black, resembling the male Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula). Females have a dull bill, warm brown upperparts and paler underparts. The juvenile male is brownish with black wings and tail, while the juvenile female resemble the adult female, but is duller, flecked with orange above and spotted and barred with dark brown below.

The song of the male is musical phrases, sreep, sreee, sree, sreee, again somewhat resembling that of the Eurasian blackbird, but sometimes including some imitation of other birds songs. The typical call is a sharp srip and a peculiar seeet given in alarm.

Distribution and habitat
It has a highly disjunct distribution. One population breeds in northern Colombia, Venezuela, far northern Brazil, Trinidad, Tobago, and Margarita, as well as parts of the Pakaraima Mountains in western Guyana (including as it seems Mount Roraima). A second population occurs in eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and far northeastern Argentina. The Argentine subpopulation is partially migratory, being resident in the northern part, while southernmost breeders spend the Austral winter further north. Some populations in northern South America also take part in local movements, but these are not well understood.

The habitat of this small thrush is rainforest, secondary woodland, and overgrown plantations. It is mainly a species of highlands up to 2000 m ASL, but locally it occurs down to near sea level.

Ecology
The yellow-legged thrush mainly feeds in trees and bushes, infrequently on the ground, and mostly eats fruits and berries, e.g., Melastomataceae. It rarely if ever attends mixed-species feeding flocks, as its habit of keeping to the tree-tops makes it rarely worthwhile to join such conspicuous groups.

The nest is a lined shallow cup of twigs on a bank or amongst rocks. Two or three reddish-blotched green or blue eggs are laid.

It is fairly common in most of its range, and therefore listed as Least Concern by the IUCN. However, the yellow-legged thrush is a shy species, and the female in particular is difficult to see, since she does not sing and has a cryptic coloration.

title: Yellow-legged thrush


text:
The Riverkeepers

The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right is an 1997 book written by John Cronin and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.

The book documents its authors' activism and legal action against the corporate polluters of the Hudson River in New York.

Publication
The Riverkeepers is a 1997 book written by John Cronin, head of the Riverkeeper organization at the time, and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Riverkeeper's then chief litigator.

The book was published in 1997, in New York by Charles Scribner's Sons.

Synopsis
The book, with a foreword by Al Gore, documents the work by its authors in their legal battles with the corporate polluters of the Hudson River. The authors write about their 1983 founding of Riverkeeper non-profit organization and the almost-100 lawsuits they have started. Targets of the author's litigation include General Electric and Exxon. The authors are critical of the United States Congress.

The book notes "right-wing stereotypes about environmental elitism" and recommends strategies to persuade political opponents. Recommended strategies are local action, linking environmentalism with preserving historical industry such as fishing, rather than as being against economic growth, and framing environmentalism as a struggle "against special interests who would monopolize, exclude, and liquidate [resources] for cash."

Critical reception
Kirkus Reviews notes the book's lack of objectivity and describes the authors as "self-righteous" but praised the book as informative. Publishers Weekly described the book as "staunch and quietly passionate".

title: The Riverkeepers


text:
Nicholas Asselta

Nicholas Asselta (born August 17, 1951) is an American Republican Party politician, who served in the New Jersey Senate from 2004 to 2008, where he represented the 1st Legislative District. In the Senate, Asselta was a member of the Budget and Appropriations Committee, the Community and Urban Affairs Committee, the Health, Human Services and Senior Citizens Committee and the State Government Committee.

Early life and education
Asselta grew up in Vineland, New Jersey, graduating from Vineland High School and Cumberland County College.

Political career
On November 6, 2007, Asselta lost his re-election bid, having been ousted by Democratic Party New Jersey General Assembly member Jeff Van Drew. Before entering the Senate, Asselta served in the lower house, the New Jersey General Assembly, from 1995 to 2003. He served on the New Jersey Council on the Arts, a position he held since 1998, and was on the Vineland Public Schools Board of Education from 1993 to 1996, the Vineland Planning Board from 1992 to 1993, and the Vineland Environmental Commission 1992 to 1993.

Asselta implemented legislation that broadened the eligibility for Urban Enterprise Zones throughout the State and sponsored legislation making it more difficult for the State to close an institution where more than 100 jobs would be lost. Asselta fought for increased state aid for shore protection and beach replenishment. In January 2008, Governor Jon Corzine appointed Asselta to be a Commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, to replace Connie O. Hughes. The New Jersey State Senate confirmed Asselta on March 3, 2008.

title: Nicholas Asselta


text: User talk:211.28.8.131

title: User talk:211.28.8.131


text:
User:Pacino~enwiki

Marge: "You could be a pizza man, organ grinder, leaning tower maker, uhm uhm, did I say pizza man?" Fat Tony: "You are listing my broken dreams." *sobs*

title: User:Pacino~enwiki


text:
User talk:Wangoverseas

American born Chinese of parents from Taiwan, the Republic of China. Raised in Maryland until 18 when finally decided to come over to Tokyo for undergraduate studies, currently planning to transer back to the East Coast.

Taiwan-related topics notice board
Welcome to Wikipedia. You may be interested to take a look at Taiwan-related topics notice board. :-D — Instantnood 16:42, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wangoverseas


text: Category:Large igneous provinces

title: Category:Large igneous provinces


text:
John Girgenti

John A. Girgenti (born August 8, 1947) is an American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1990 to 2012, representing the 35th Legislative District. Girgenti was the Senate Majority Whip from 2004 to 2007. He is currently the Assistant Majority Leader in the Senate and serves as the Chair of the Law and Public Safety Committee, Vice-Chair of the Judiciary Committee, and on the Transportation Committee.

Education
Senator Girgenti received a B.A. in 1969 from Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey in political science and an M.A. in 1972 from St. John's University in Queens in government and public administration. He was born in Paterson, and currently resides in Hawthorne.

Career
Before entering the Senate, Girgenti served in the New Jersey General Assembly, the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, from 1978 to 1990. While in the Assembly, the Senator served as Deputy Majority Leader in 1990, and Assistant Minority Leader from 1986 to 1989. In March 1990, he was chosen by district Democrats to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the death of Frank X. Graves, Jr., and was sworn into the Senate on April 5, 1990.

Senator Girgenti served on the Hawthorne Board of Education from 1972 to 1976, serving as its Vice President from 1972 to 1973. Girgenti is a former director of the Passaic County Mental Health Department, to which he was appointed in 1976 and became board president four months later.

Legislative program
Senator Girgenti has sponsored many important pieces of legislation that have become law, including a measure that requires a life sentence of community supervision for certain convicted sexual offenders who have completed their prison terms, and legislation that mandates and provides funding for sprinkler installation in New Jersey college dorms, following the Seton Hall University dormitory fire in 2000. He has also championed the law criminalizing the desecration of human remains, helping families preserve the dignity and respect of their deceased loved ones and has worked to keep criminals from profiting off of the sales of 'murderabilia.' He has also been opposed to the sale of realistic or replica toy guns to children and was a prime sponsor of the law mandating child-proof firearms or 'Smart Guns' be sold in the State.

Girgenti was one of the first Senators to call for enhanced fingerprinting requirements for state employees involved with domestic security, following the September 11 terrorist attacks and proposed legislation to update and modernize New Jersey's background check laws so that towns and communities can identify potential threats and prevent them from obtaining jobs where they could harm residents.

The Senator has also fought to create the State Public Safety Interoperable Communications Coordinating Council, which would allow first responders — police, firefighters and emergency workers — to communicate between agencies on a single assigned radio frequency. Girgenti has also pushed for increased aid to the New Jersey National Guard, helping to enact legislation which increases the base pay of Guard members when on active duty in the State. On January 7, 2010, the Senator, along with several other Democrats representing urban areas, voted against a measure that would have permitted same-sex marriages in New Jersey.

title: John Girgenti


text:
Overbrook, Philadelphia

Overbrook is an historic neighborhood that is located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States. It is situated northwest of West Philadelphia, Philadelphia.

The area's housing ranges from large, old homes to rowhouses to three- and four-story apartment buildings.

Physical setting
The name Overbrook is commonly used to refer both to a specific neighborhood and a larger area of northwestern West Philadelphia that includes four Philadelphia City Planning Commission neighborhoods: Overbrook, Overbrook Farms, Morris Park and Overbrook Park. These four neighborhoods are united by the close proximity of Overbrook High School, the Overbrook School for the Blind, the Overbrook SEPTA Station, and Overbrook Avenue. Depending on the definition of Overbrook Farms, The Overbrook School for the Blind either lies partially in Morris Park and partially in Overbrook Farms or entirely in Morris Park.

According to the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, the main boundaries for the Overbrook neighborhood are North 63rd Street to the west, Lansdowne Avenue to the south, and SEPTA's regional rail tracks to the northeast. A very small portion of Woodbine Avenue between North 63rd Street and SEPTA's regional rail tracks bounds Overbrook to the north while a very small portion of North 52nd Street between Lansdowne Avenue and the SEPTA regional rail tracks bounds Overbrook to the south.

According to the commission, the northern boundary of Overbrook Farms is City Avenue, also known as U.S. Route 1. The western boundary is North 66th Street between City Avenue and Woodcrest Avenue and Morris Park between Woodcrest Avenue and Malvern Avenue. The southern border is Malvern Avenue to Wynnewood Road, a small portion of Wynnewood Road, and Woodbine Avenue from Wynnewood Road to North 58th Street. The eastern boundary is North 58th Street between Woodbine Avenue and Overbrook Avenue, a small portion of Overbrook Avenue, and then Cardinal Avenue between Overbrook Avenue and City Avenue. Overbrook Farms borders Saint Joseph's University on its northeast corner. Although the Philadelphia City Planning Commission considers Malvern Avenue to form part of the southern border, the Overbrook Farms Club says, "At present, there are 413 buildings in Overbrook Farms, which is bounded by 58th and 66th Streets and Woodbine and City Avenues, and bisected by Lancaster Avenue".

West of the Overbrook neighborhood is Morris Park, which derives its name from the eponymous park on the neighborhood's western edge. The eastern boundary of the neighborhood is North 63rd Street. On the north, the boundary is Woodbine Avenue between North 63rd Street and Wynnewood Road, Wynnewood Road between Woodbine Avenue and Malvern Avenue, and Malvern Avenue between Wynnewood Road and North 68th Street. On the west, the boundary is North 68th Street and Morris Park between Malvern Avenue and Haverford Avenue, Cobbs Creek Park between Haverford Avenue and North 67th Street, and North 67th Street between Callowhill Street and North Gross Street. The southern border is Arch Street at North Gross Street, bordering Cobbs Creek Park at Upper Darby's border.

Overbrook Park's boundaries are City Avenue to the north and Morris Park on the west, south, and east. Haverford Avenue connects Overbrook Park to the Morris Park neighborhood while City Avenue connects Overbrook Park to Overbrook Farms. Greater Overbrook is in the Fourth Councilmanic District of Philadelphia, represented by Councilman Curtis Jones Jr., elected on October 10, 2006, to a first term. The 19th Police District of the Philadelphia Police Department protects Overbrook.

Overbrook developed in various stages between 1900 and 1960. The dominant housing type is the row house, present in a wide variety of styles. Built during the early twentieth century when trolley lines were allowing middle-class Philadelphians to move out from more crowded row house communities, Overbrook was a community of choice at that time. Outside of Overbrook Farms, most of the houses in the Overbrook area date from between 1915 and 1930, when the Great Depression halted new construction nationally and locally.

In addition to rowhouses, there are a number of twin (semi-detached) houses. These semi-detached homes have two or three floors and typically are over 2000 sqft in size. Prime examples of typical Overbrook twin houses are along Wynnewood Road from Haverford Avenue to Malvern Avenue, North 64th Street between Lansdowne and Lebanon Avenues, or Nassau Road between North 61st and 63rd Streets. There are very few detached single-family homes in Overbrook. Single homes typically pre-date the construction of most of Overbrook's housing or came into existence on select lots after the construction of most of the rowhouses and twin houses. For example, one will see a few single-family homes on Wynnewood Road near Columbia Avenue. A large stone home remains this intersection. This home once sat on acres of land that the owner(s) sold off to developers who then constructed twin houses and rowhouses. The vast majority of the single-family, detached homes in the Overbrook area are in the Overbrook Farms neighborhood.

Landmarks
Overbrook, while overwhelmingly residential in character, does have several notable landmark buildings and institutions
 * African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas - 6361 Lancaster Avenue
 * Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School and Church – 63rd and Lancaster, historic grade school where actor Will Smith attended
 * Overbrook Elementary School – 2032 N. 62nd St., listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Overbrook High School – 59th and Lancaster, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Cobbs Creek Park – forms southern border of Overbrook section, undergoing restoration in many places
 * Annie’s Seafood, Dells, Rocky Steaks, Vincent’s pizza, Caffe Sportivo, The 34th Ward
 * Bocce Courts – Cobbs Creek Park at Vine Street, bocce still played daily by former and current (mostly) elderly residents
 * Overbrook School for the Blind – Malvern Avenue near 64th, landmark campus sporting Spanish Revival architecture
 * Lewis C. Cassidy School/Academics Plus School, 6523 Lansdowne Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19151, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Education
Overbrook High School is located in Overbrook.

The Free Library of Philadelphia Haddington Branch serves Overbrook-Morris Park.

Saint Joseph's University is located nearby.

Overbrook School for the Blind

Overbrook in media
Entertainer Will Smith, who attended Overbrook High School, named his production company, Overbrook Entertainment, after the neighborhood.

title: Overbrook, Philadelphia


text:
St Andrew's Church, Kyiv

St Andrew's Church (Андріївська церква, Andriivska tserkva) is an Orthodox church in Kyiv, constructed between 1747 and 1754 to a design by the Italian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli. It is a rare example of Elizabethan Baroque in Ukraine. Situated on a steep hill, where Andrew the Apostle is believed to have foretold the great future of the place as the cradle of Christianity in the Slavic lands, the church overlooks the historic Podil neighborhood.

The building of St Andrew's Church is government-owned. In 1968, it was designated as a museum, part of the National Sanctuary "Sophia of Kyiv" as a landmark of cultural heritage. From 2008 to 2018, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was allowed to use it as its mother church. In October 2018, in anticipation of the unification council of the Eastern Orthodox churches of Ukraine, the Ukrainian state decided instead to allow its direct use by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

At the beginning of the 21st century the building faced serious problems due to the unstable foundation and it underwent major renovation at the end of the 2010s.

Location

St Andrew's Church was consecrated in honor of Andrew the Apostle who is recognized as the "Apostle of Rus′". According to the chronicle The Tale of Bygone Years, Andrew came to the slopes of the Dnipro River and erected a cross on the current location of the church. He prophesied that the sparsely inhabited area would become a great city.

In 1086, the Grand Prince of Kiev, Vsevolod I, constructed a small church dedicated to the erection of the cross by Saint Andrew. In 1215, Prince Mstyslav of Halych built the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross nearby. However, the church did not survive after the Mongol invasion of Kyivan Rus' in 1240. From that point after, wooden churches were constructed in the place where the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross had been located, although, were too destroyed and again replaced with another one.

In 1690, a wooden church consecrated to Saint Andrew was moved from the Brethren's cloister in the Podil to the Andriyivsky Mount. In 1726, the church was pulled down.

History

The idea to erect the church was conceived when Russian Empress Elizabeth Petrovna decided to construct a summer residence for herself in Kiev that would include a church. The palace was to be located in the Pechersk neighborhood while the church was to be on the Andriyivska Hill. The construction commenced with a ceremony on 9 September 1744: the Empress laying the first three founding stones herself The consecration was performed by Metropolitan of Kiev Raphael Zaborovsky.

The Petersburg Building Chancellery first hired German architect Gottfried Johann Schädel and engineer Daniel de Bosquet to draft out the plans for the church. However, when Schädel presented his project in 1745, the Chancellery rejected it. He was replaced by head architect of the imperial court, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who worked out a plan which was closely based on a church of a Saint Petersburg institute. The construction itself was conducted by a team of Russian and foreign masters under the direction of architect Ivan Michurin, who was previously successful in replacing the older Church of the Resurrection, on the Women's Market Square (Babiy torzhok) in Moscow. Michurin was responsible for carrying out all of the engineering and geological researches of the site and found out that a hard subsoil ground lies at a depth of 13–14 meters and above — made grounds penetrated by subterranean waters. With this information, Michurin developed the construction of a stone foundation and connected it with the two-storied building of the Priest's apartments, planned by Rastrelli.

I. Vlasiev and the Governor-General of Kiev, Mikhail Ivanovich Leontyev, were placed in charge of hiring masons, carpenters, and carvers from territories now located in Belarus, Lithuania, and Ukraine. White and red bricks for the church were made at the brick fields of the Sophia, Pechersk, and Cyril cloisters. The foundation stone was delivered by the Kyiv garrison soldiers from the neighboring towns of Rzhyshchiv and Bucha. The wood came from the nearby Pushcha-Vodytsia forests. Also, infantry regiments from Kyiv, Chernihiv, Starodub, and Poltava were involved in the church's construction. Apart from workers from the neighboring villages, the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra sent 50 of its best masons to work on the church.

Both the external and internal decoration on the church was carried out at the same time. Cast iron floor slabs were delivered from Moscow. Also, forms were made for the church's windows, doors, walls, and for space under the cupola. The planned iconostasis, designed by Rastrelli, was also added. The wood for the iconostasis, altar canopy, pulpit, and tsar's place were carved in Saint Petersburg in order to conserve time. The iconostasis' icons were carried out by Petersburg artists. For gilding, 1,028 slabs of gold were used in the interior.

The exterior work was finished in 1754, but it was not until 1767 that the interior work and decorations were completed. Alexei Antropov and Ivan Vishnyakov painted the church's icons, and the frescoes were done by Ukrainian masters I. Romenskyi and I. Chaikovskyi. A planned ramp that was to be installed to provide access to the church, was later changed to a wooden staircase due to the steepness of the hill. The wooden ramp was later (in 1844) changed to a cast iron one.

As the Empress died before the construction ended and her successors took no interest in the church, and the church was left without any funding. For some time, the church existed off of private and voluntary funds, from people such as Andrey Muravyov, who lived in a house close by.

In 1815, a strong storm tore off the church's cupolas. After the storm, the church was in need of a full restoration. In the next year, architect Andrey Melensky made a plan of the building's façade and sent them for consideration to Saint Petersburg. In 1825–1828, the church was restored, based on Melensky's plans. The red mission tiles was replaced by metal, resulting in the fact that the cupolas lost some decor and changed their form.

From 1917 to 1953, a series of renovations were conducted on the foundations of the church. In addition, the renovation of the church's façade, interior, and decor was also conducted. From the time of the church's opening until 1932, when the church was closed for worship, regular services were held.

In 1935, the St. Andrew's Church was included into the Historical and Cultural Conservation "All-Ukraine Museum Area." For some time after 1939, Saint Sophia Anti-religious Museum was located within the premises of the church. During World War II, regular church services were restored, only to be closed down again in 1961. Since then, the church's stylobate was rented to different organizations up until 1992, when the stylobate was occupied by the Seminary of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate. On January 10, 1968, the church was included into the State Architectural and Historical Conservation area "Saint Sophia Museum." On September 10 of the same year, the church was opened as a historical and architectural museum.

During the early 1960s, original plans of Rastrelli's baroque cupolas were uncovered in Vienna, Austria. In 1970, the St. Sophia Museum requested photocopies of the originals from the Albertina Museum located in Vienna. In 1978, restorers headed by architect V. Korneyeva restored the church's domes based on drawings by Bartolomeo Rastrelli. In 1987, the church was included into the National Conservation area "Saint Sophia of Kyiv."

In 2008, the church was handed over to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.

In October 2018, the church was by law gifted to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople as a stauropegion. On 21 August 2021, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, on a visit to Ukraine by the invitation of Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky, presided at the Vespers in the Stavropegion.

Architecture and preservation

The church was constructed on a 15-meter foundation-stylobate, which from the eastern side faces downhill and from the western — has a two-story construction. The church consists of a single dome and five small decorative spires. From the outside façade, Corinthian columns decorate the church, accompanied by additional decorations. The windows and doors of the church are decorated with ornamental details.

As the church sits atop a hill, foundation problems have been one of the main concerns of preservationists. More recently, the foundation below the church has started to shift, causing some concerns that the church's foundation might collapse. Cracks have already appeared in the church's foundation, resulting with the fact that a special committee was set up by the Minister of Emergency Situations Nestor Shufrich.

According to the Ministry of Emergency Situations, they will conduct research on the building's foundation and its construction with the help of Ministry of Construction, Kyiv City Administration, and the division of the Ministry of Emergency Situations in Kyiv City.

title: St Andrew's Church, Kyiv


text:
User talk:Pacino~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!--Boothy443 | comhrÚ 06:26, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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How did Tony get his name? Well, Tony just got off the boat at Ellis Island and mis read the sign To NY. Welcome and Boothy is good. I found ot the hard way. Caio Scott 00:01, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I made a leaning tower once. Once. -Anonymous

AfD nomination of Fanhome
An article that you have been involved in editing, Fanhome, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Fanhome (2nd nomination). Thank you. Schuy m 1 ( talk ) 18:29, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pacino. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pacino~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Pacino~enwiki


text:
Talk:Caraga

dialect or language
Hi everybody,

The dialects listed here are not really dialects but languages. For example, Surigaonon and Butuanon is not a dialect of Cebuano but a language close to the Tausug. Actually the technical name of Butuanon is Butuan Tausug. Hiligaynon and Kamayo are close languages to the Manobo. Only Boholano is the dialect of Cebuano. If you want to know more about language classification in the Philippines you may visit Summer Linguistics Institute website.

External links modified
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Languages in regional articles
Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:39, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Caraga


text: User talk:128.230.144.164

title: User talk:128.230.144.164