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Eraniel

Eraniel is a panchayat town in Kanyakumari district  in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is of major commercial and political importance in the history of South India, as it was the seasonal capital of the affluent Venad and later Travancore kingdoms until the seventeenth century, when Padmanabhapuram and Thiruvananthapuram rose to prominence. Currently it is known for its archaeological importance for the ruins of the dilapidated Eraniel Palace.

Geography

Eraniel is located at 8.2°N, 77.3°W. It has an average elevation of 10 meters (32 feet). It is near to Thuckalay. Eraniel's ancient name is Eranyasinga nalloor.

Eraniel is a small settlement which sprawls over an area of around 3 km2. It is bounded in the north by Thalakkulam and in the east by Villukuri. Eraniel is around 72 km from Thiruvananthapuram and 7 km from Colachel Port. Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of India, is nearly 32 km from the town. Nearby tourist destinations include Padmanabhapuram Palace (was the capital of Travancore). In 1745, the capital was shifted from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram.

The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport, 72 km away. Eraniel Railway Station serves the town. Eraniel can be approached by road from Nagercoil, Muttam and Colachel.

Eraniel Palace
Eraniel has a small palace located near Eraniel Gramam. The palace compound which spreads over slightly more than three-and-one-half acres only now consists of three identifiable parts – the Padippura or the majestic entrance way (now in total ruins), the main palace (also called Kuthiramalika) and the vasanthamandapam (spring pavilion) .

Demographics
India census, Eraniel had a population of 9844. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Eraniel has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 80%. In Eraniel, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Education
Government Higher Secondary School Eraniel (English Medium)

Government High School for Girls Eraniel(English Medium)

Government Middle School(Kotayakam)(English Medium)

Government Middle School(Eraniel Jn)(English Medium)

Government Higher Secondary School Kannatuvilai

Uma Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Alwarcoil & Madavilagam (English Medium)

Mothers Kidzee Pre School, Malkarai-Eraniel(English Medium)

Transportation
All buses from Thingalnagar bus stand will pass through Eraniel. Many buses run from Nagercoil via Eraniel. There are also buses to Chennai from Eraniel. Eraniel railway station (ERL) (comes under Trivandrum Railway Division). Trains include Ananthapuri Express, Island Express, Guruvayur -Chennai Mail, Kanyakumari to Mumbai CST Express. Daily local trains from Nagercoil to Trivandrum also stops at Eraniel. A computerized railway reservation counter has now started in Eraniel Railway Station. Passengers can book railway tickets for any route from this station.

Hospital

 * Chithambara Kuttalam Pillai Clinic (Dr. Chithambara Kuttalam, Dr. Biju, Dr. Subin) Child Specialist, ENT, Palace road, Eraniel.
 * Rathi Hospital (Dr. Rathi Murugan), Kathadimoodu Jn Eraniel
 * B.N.Clinic [Dr.Kollappan]
 * A M Hospital(Dr.Usha Hospital), Eraniel
 * Dr. Arumugam Neuro Hospital, Thalakulam(2 km from Eraniel)
 * CSI Mission Hospital, Neyyoor

Economy
Following banks have their branches serving the village.
 * State Bank of India, Thingalnagar (1 km from Eraniel, Stop: Eraniel Court)
 * Indian Overseas Bank, Eraniel (Near SBI)
 * HDFC Bank, Thukalay (at Court Junction)
 * Syndicate Bank, Thingalnagar (Opp to Thingalnagar Bus stand)
 * Tamil Nadu Mercantile Bank, Thingalnagar (Near SBI)
 * Indian Bank, Eraniel (Kandanvillai)
 * Kaniyakumari District Co-operative Bank, Thalakulam(Near Junction)
 * Federal Bank, Eraniel

ATMs

 * State Bank of India (Jewell Bazaar, Eraniel)
 * State Bank of India (Near Eraniel Court, Eraniel)
 * Indian Overseas Bank, Eraniel (Near SBI)
 * Tamil Nadu Mercantile Bank (Near Eraniel Police Station)
 * ICICI Bank (Near TMB)
 * Federal Bank
 * Indian Bank (Near Neyoor Hospital)

Government offices

 * Magistrate Court / Civil Court (Stop: Eraniel Court)
 * Police Station / Women Police Station (Opp to Eraniel Court)
 * Sub-Register Office (Next to Court, Eraniel)
 * Telephone Exchange (BSNL)
 * Electricity Board (TNEB, Eraniel) (1 km from Eraniel)
 * Post Office 629802 (Near Eraniel Court bus stop on Nagercoil road)

Nearest Places

 * Eraniel railway station
 * Padmanabhapuram
 * Colachel
 * Muttom
 * Thuckalay
 * Thingalnagar
 * Neyyoor
 * Mandaikadu

title: Eraniel


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KBL

KBL may refer to:

 * Kumari Bank Limited, a commercial bank of Nepal
 * Kabul International Airport, IATA airport code for the airport in Kabul, Afghanistan
 * Karnataka Bank Limited
 * Kirloskar Brothers Limited, a leading Pump manufacturer of India
 * KBL, a cable/DBS channel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, now known as SportsNet Pittsburgh
 * KBL European Private Bankers, one of Europe's largest onshore private banking groups, headquartered in Luxembourg
 * Kikki, Bettan & Lotta, a Swedish-Norwegian super trio, active 2001-2004 and consisting Kikki Danielsson, Elisabeth "Bettan" Andreassen and Lotta Engberg
 * Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, a political party in the Philippines
 * Korean Basketball League, the professional men's basketball league in South Korea
 * Kotha Bangaru Lokam, a 2008 Telugu film
 * Glycine C-acetyltransferase, an enzyme
 * Kadyos, baboy, kag langka, a stew made from pigeon peas, pork, and jackfruit from the Philippines

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: KBL


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Law of specific nerve energies

The law of specific nerve energies, first proposed by Johannes Peter Müller in 1835, is that the nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried. Hence, the origin of the sensation is not important. Therefore, the difference in perception of seeing, hearing, and touch is not caused by differences in the stimuli themselves but by the different nervous structures that these stimuli excite. For example, pressing on the eye elicits sensations of flashes of light because the neurons in the retina send a signal to the occipital lobe. Despite the sensory input's being mechanical, the experience is visual.

Quotation
Here is Müller's statement of the law, from Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen, 2nd Ed., translated by Edwin Clarke and Charles Donald O'Malley:
 * The same cause, such as electricity, can simultaneously affect all sensory organs, since they are all sensitive to it; and yet, every sensory nerve reacts to it differently; one nerve perceives it as light, another hears its sound, another one smells it; another tastes the electricity, and another one feels it as pain and shock. One nerve perceives a luminous picture through mechanical irritation, another one hears it as buzzing, another one senses it as pain. . . He who feels compelled to consider the consequences of these facts cannot but realize that the specific sensibility of nerves for certain impressions is not enough, since all nerves are sensitive to the same cause but react to the same cause in different ways. . . (S)ensation is not the conduction of a quality or state of external bodies to consciousness, but the conduction of a quality or state of our nerves to consciousness, excited by an external cause.

Clarification
As the above quotation shows, Müller's law seems to differ from the modern statement of the law in one key way. Müller attributed the quality of an experience to some specific quality of the energy in the nerves. For example, the visual experience from light shining into the eye, or from a poke in the eye, arises from some special quality of the energy carried by optic nerve, and the auditory experience from sound coming into the ear, or from electrical stimulation of the cochlea, arises from some different, special quality of the energy carried by the auditory nerve. In 1912, Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian showed that all neurons carry the same energy, electrical energy in the form of action potentials. That means that the quality of an experience depends on the part of the brain to which nerves deliver their action potentials (e.g., light from nerves arriving at the visual cortex and sound from nerves arriving at the auditory cortex).

In 1945, Roger Sperry showed that it is the location in the brain to which nerves attach that determines experience. He studied amphibians whose optic nerves cross completely, so that the left eye connects to the right side of the brain and the right eye connects to the left side of the brain. He was able to cut the optic nerves and cause them to regrow on the opposite side of the brain so that the left eye now connected to the left side of the brain and the right eye connected to the right side of the brain. He then showed that these animals made the opposite movements from the ones they would have made before the operation. For example, before the operation, the animal would move to the left to get away from a large object approaching from the right. After the operation, the animal would move to the right in response to the same large object approaching from the right. Sperry showed similar results in other animals including mammals (rats), this work contributing to his Nobel Prize in 1981.

title: Law of specific nerve energies


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Do Me Bad Things

Do Me Bad Things are a nine-piece English blues/rock/soul/metal band from Croydon, London, England, who formed in 2003 and split up in January 2006 before recently re-forming in early 2015.

History
They started out supposedly not intending to be a band, and admit to having no aspirations of fame. Do Me Bad Things (DMBT) began on 14 February 2003 with Alex Lewis, Tom Shotton and Adam Mallett deciding to create a rock trio for fun. Eventually they realised that their material needed to have three vocalists in places, and they needed another vocalist for other songs. Nicolai Prowse (vocals) had been in bands with Shotton and Rich Aldhurst when they were younger, as had Lewis. The line-up grew with the introduction of Chantal Brown, with whom Shotton had been working in a bookshop.

They spent time rehearsing and playing gigs in local venues, one of which at the Archway pub was viewed by Must Destroy Records, who signed them up to Atlantic Records. Do Me Bad Things' June 2004 release, "The Song Rides" gained airplay on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show, and earned a session with XFM's John Kennedy. Summer 2004 was spent supporting other acts, and making a name for themselves at the Reading and Leeds festival and Download Festival

October 2004 brought the release of the single "Time for Deliverance", which launched them further into the mainstream, getting regular video performances and television appearances. By November and December 2004 DMBT were touring the UK's biggest arenas supporting fellow Must Destroy band The Darkness on their Permission to Land tour.

Yes! album (2005–2006)
In 2005, their debut album, Yes! was issued, and later in June their third single, "What's Hideous", was released. It was accompanied with an appearance on CD:UK, and "What's Hideous" entered the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. Near the end of 2005 also saw the departure of backing vocalists Kimberley Whalley and Clare Macdonald-Haig, for undisclosed reasons.

On 11 January 2006, Do Me Bad Things officially split up. Chantal Brown is now lead vocalist for various bands, including Chrome Hoof and voodoo-themed metal outfit Vodun.

Reunion (2015-present)
In February 2015, the Do Me Bad Things Facebook page became active again and the group posted "Stayed tuned (sic) for some announcements coming in the near future," on 10 February. The band has since announced rehearsals, posted a reunion picture and has started a Twitter account, leading fans to speculate about a reunion, over nine years since they split up.

On 25 July 2015, a reunited Do Me Bad Things performed two sets at The Lexington bar in London. The band stated at the time that this was a one-off performance and it would not lead to new material. However on 18 August 2016, the band changed their Facebook profile picture to previously unseen album artwork for "Jailbreak Getaway/Power of Love". The following day on 19 August the band announced via their Facebook page that a new double-A side single would be released a day later.

Original line-up

 * Nicolai Prowse - Vocals
 * Chantal Brown - Vocals
 * Mark Woods - Vocals
 * Tom Shotton - Drums, Piano, Keyboards, Guitars, Percussion and Vocals
 * Alex Lewis - Guitar, Keyboards and Vocals
 * Adam Mallett - Bass
 * Rich Aldhurst - Guitar
 * Kimberley Whalley - Backing Vocals (2003–2005, 2015-)
 * Clare Macdonald-Haig - Backing Vocals (2003–2005, 2015-)

Albums

 * Yes! (April 2005)
 * "Time for Deliverance"
 * "What's Hideous"
 * "Spezzatura"
 * "The Song Rides"
 * "Off the Hook"
 * "Liv Ullman on Drums (Move in Stereo)"
 * "Molly's Wood"
 * "Suburban Flame"
 * "The Daily Grind"
 * "Hold On"
 * Limited edition bonus CD
 * "Rise of the Pontoon"
 * "That's My Demographic"
 * "Stop Kissing Me"
 * "Burn Some Money"

Singles

 * "Stop Kissing Me" (December 2003)
 * "The Song Rides EP" (June 2004)
 * "Time for Deliverance" (October 2004) - No. 57 UK
 * "What's Hideous" (March 2005) - No. 33 UK
 * "Move in Stereo (Liv Ullman on Drums)" (June 2005) - No. 49 UK
 * "Jailbreak Getaway/Power of Love" (August 2016)

title: Do Me Bad Things


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Austrian Crown Jewels

The Austrian Crown Jewels (Insignien des Kaisertums Österreich) are the regalia and vestments worn by the Holy Roman Emperor, and later by the Emperor of Austria, during the coronation ceremony and other state functions. The term refers to the following objects: the crowns, sceptres, orbs, swords, rings, crosses, holy relics and royal robes, as well as several other objects connected with the ceremony. The collection dates from the 10th to the 19th centuries, and it reflects more than a thousand years of European history. It is kept in the Imperial Treasury at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria.

The most outstanding objects are the insignia of the hereditary Empire of Austria. They consist of the Imperial Crown, the Imperial Orb and Sceptre, the mantle of the Austrian Empire, and the Coronation Robes of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. The Imperial Crown, Orb, Cross, and Holy Lance of the Holy Roman Empire are also highlights. The first five parts are called the Weltliche Schatzkammer (secular/worldly treasury) and the ecclesiastical part the Geistliche Schatzkammer (spiritual treasury). The Schatzkammer is under the administration of the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Fine Arts).

Insignia of the Austrian hereditary homage
Austria began as a small march and was later elevated to a duchy, then archduchy. The house of Babenberg and later the Habsburg dynasty were the margraves, dukes and later archdukes of this fiefdom. After the death of the last Babenberg duke, Frederick II in 1246, King Ottokar II of Bohemia took over for a while. He was, however, defeated by the King of the Romans Rudolf of Habsburg in 1278, with the help of his sons Albert and Rudolf. Rudolf then installed his son Albert as Duke of Austria. The enthronement ceremony of the new Archduke of Austria was not an actual coronation, but more a ceremony of homage by the estates. In the German language, this ceremony is called the Erbhuldigung. The estates in parliament swore obedience to their new ruler, and he in turn guaranteed their rights and upheld their privileges. However, in this ceremony sovereign insignia were also used.

The Insignia consist of the Austrian archducal hat or archducal coronet, which was made for Joseph II's entry into Frankfurt for his coronation as King of the Romans in 1764. The orb and the sceptre were in use as the royal insignia of the Kingdom of Bohemia until the early 17th century.

 * The archducal hat is kept today at the Klosterneuburg Monastery in Lower Austria.
 * The ducal hat of Styria is kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Styria.

Empire of Austria
Among the most important regalia of the Austrian Empire are the following:

 * The Crown of Rudolf II, later Crown of the Austrian Empire, (made by Jan Vermeyen in Prague in 1602). It is made of pure gold, partially enamelled and studded with diamonds, rubies, spinel rubies, sapphires, pearls, and cushioned with velvet.

The crown and the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire were kept at Nürnberg and were used only for coronation ceremonies. For all other occasions the emperors had to commission personal crowns, which (except for this one) have survived only in illustrations. This crown was originally the personal crown of emperor Rudolf II. It is one of the most important works of the European goldsmith's art. Luckily this personal crown was spared the fate of many other crowns and not broken up after the death of the emperor in 1612.

The Rudolphian crown has three distinct, principal elements, which symbolise the right to rule: the circlet with its fleur-de-lis mounts in the shape of a royal crown (Rudolf II was the King of Bohemia and Hungary), the high arch descending from the imperial crown, and the golden mitre symbolising the divine right of the emperor to rule. The pearls run in rows like lights. The crown is topped by a bluish-green emerald which symbolises heaven.

In the four spherical triangles of the golden mitre, Rudolf is depicted in his four principal offices and titles: as victor over the Turks (Imperator), his coronation as Holy Roman emperor in Regensburg (Augustus), his ride up the coronation hill after his coronation as king of Hungary in Pozsony (in modern Slovak "Bratislava", in present-day Slovakia), and his procession at his coronation as king of Bohemia in Prague. The inscription inside the arch reads: RVDOLPHVS II ROM(ANORVM) IMP(ERATOR) AVGVSTUS HVNG(ARIAE) ET BOH(EMIAE) REX CONSTRVXIT MDCII (tr. "Rudolf II, Roman emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, made this in 1602").

The choice and number of the stones used have allegorical and mystical significance. Eight diamonds decorate the crown: eight is a holy number referring to the octagonal body of the imperial crown; the diamond is a symbol of Christ.

Under threat from Napoleon, emperor Francis II dissolved the thousand-year old Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed the Austrian Empire on August 11, 1804. He did not use the crown of the Holy Roman Empire but the old crown of Rudolf II as the crown of the new empire.

For more detailed information, see Imperial Crown of Austria.

 * The Imperial Orb and Sceptre (made by Andreas Osenbruck in Prague, between 1612 and 1615) were commissioned by emperor Matthias, the successor to Rudolf II. Both insignia were made out of the same material as the crown, and followed the same concept. They are also partially enameled, and studded with rubies, sapphires and pearls.
 * The Mantle of the Austrian Empire (designed by Philipp von Stubenrauch (1784–1848) and executed by Johann Fritz, Master Gold Embroiderer, in Vienna in 1830) was commissioned by emperor Francis I for the coronation of his son, Ferdinand, as younger King of Hungary. The mantle is made out of red velvet, ermine, and white silk, and pranked with a gold-embroidered scatter pattern formed of double eagles with the Austrian arms. The border is decorated with oak and laurel leaves.
 * The Coronation Robes of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (also designed by Philipp von Stubenrauch and executed by Johann Fritz in Vienna in 1838) are patterned similar to the Mantle of the Austrian Empire, but made out of blue and orange velvet, with white moiré, gold and silver embroidery, ermine and lace. The edging of the mantle is accompanied by a line of medallions in which the Iron Crown of Lombardy is displayed. Parallel to this runs a broad ornamental border composed of sprays of palm fronds, oak and laurel leaves.

After Napoleon's downfall and the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was created under Austrian rule. When emperor Ferdinand I was to be crowned King of Lombardy and Venetia in Milan on 6 September 1838, the question arose as to the choice of appropriate insignia and coronation vestments. Only the Iron Crown already existed. The rest of the insignia and vestments had to be newly commissioned. When the Austrians were forced to withdraw from Italy in 1859, the vestments were brought to Vienna.

Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure
The Household Treasure contains items from the daily life of the Habsburg monarchs. The collection is vast and only a few highlights are featured regularly.

The Cradle of the King of Rome was commissioned by the city of Paris as a gift to Napoleon and his wife Empress Marie-Louise, on the birth of their son Napoleon II. It was built by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, Henri-Victor Roguier, Jean-Baptiste-Claude Odiot and Pierre-Philippe Thomire in Paris in 1811. The cradle is silver-gilt, and decorated with gold, mother-of-pearl, copper plates covered with velvet, silk and tulle with gold and silver embroidery, and signed on two of the feet: Odiot et Thomire and Thomire et Odiot. Angels hold a little baldachin over the head, and a bird sits at the foot. Bees, the symbol of the Bonaparte dynasty, decorate the sides. The cradle was more a horizontal throne with all its splendour, and a more practical cradle was also commissioned, which is in the Louvre today.

Another notable item listed in the Household Treasure is the Crown of István Bocskay. This Transylvanian prince sided with the Ottoman Turks during their wars with the Habsburg empire. As a sign of their gratitude, the Ottomans sent him a crown, probably a Persian production from the 17th century. After his death, it was brought to Vienna in 1609. It is made out of gold, studded with precious stones and pearls, and laid in with silk. As crowns were not in use in the Ottoman Empire, it was modeled after the Byzantine (closed bonnet-like headdress), similar to those used in the Orthodox church. The crown has two main parts: a broad circlet with a wreath of fleurs-de-lis and a closed, spherical helmet rising from it. The frontal lily bears a Greek cross.

More items are:
 * Precious christening table clothes, robes, candles.
 * Golden baptismal ewers and basins from Spain.
 * An emerald Unguentarium commissioned by emperor Ferdinand II and produced in Prague in 1641 by Dionysio Miseroni. It is made out of a single piece of 2680 carat emerald, and enamelled with gold.
 * Precious stones such as the Hyacinth "La Bella", and jewelry.

Holy Roman Empire
The Imperial Regalia are the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire. After 1438, the Holy Roman Empire was ruled by the House of Habsburg, with only one brief exception. From 1508, after his election, the German King no longer called for the coronation by the Pope either, but considered himself Roman emperor directly. The crown was probably used for the first time for the coronation of Konrad II; the last time was for Franz II in 1792.

The regalia were normally kept in Nuremberg, and a smaller part in Aachen. However, with the advance of the French in the French Revolutionary Wars, they were taken away in 1796 and brought to Vienna for safety. They have remained in the Schatzkammer ever since, even after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. The cities of Aachen and Nuremberg tried many times, unsuccessfully, to reclaim the regalia. The regalia briefly left Vienna after the so-called "Anschluss", when Hitler had them sent to Nuremberg in 1938. After the war they were found by American troops in a bunker and eventually returned in 1946.

The regalia are made up of many pieces, some of which are more than a thousand years old. It is one of the most important and complete collections of medieval royal regalia. Some of the most important items are listed below:

 * Imperial Holy Bible
 * St. Stephen's Purse
 * Sword of Charlemagne
 * Imperial Crown
 * Imperial Cross
 * Holy Lance
 * Imperial Sword
 * Imperial Orb
 * Coronation Mantle
 * Ceremonial Sword
 * Imperial Sceptre
 * Vestments
 * Reliquaries

Burgundian Inheritance and Order of the Golden Fleece
The collection houses various items of the Order, such as neck chains of the knights, the Potence (Chain of Arms) of the Herald of the order, the liturgical vestments, altars, etc.
 * The Burgundian Inheritance are the items that are still left of the once-immense treasure of the dukes of Burgundy. It includes a precious pomp goblet that was created for Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy (ruled 1419–1467). It is set with gold and crafted out of single piece of rock-crystal.
 * The Order of the Golden Fleece was one of the most prestigious orders in the Middle Ages and still exists today, alongside the Order of the Garter. The current head of the Order is Karl Habsburg-Lothringen. It was founded by Duke Philip the Good and Princess Isabella of Portugal in 1430. The Legend of the Golden Fleece goes back to antiquity, a well-known Greek myth, according to which Jason and the Argonauts stole the Golden Fleece from Colchis.

Ecclesiastical Treasury
The Ecclesiastical Treasury (Geistliche Schatzkammer) contains various pieces such as crosses, altars, reliquaries, icons, holy statues, and other items that were used for prayer by the court and the Habsburgs. The collection is vast, so only a limited number of items are on permanent exhibition, the rest are shown in cycles.
 * The Reliquary Cross of King Louis I of Hungary is a double-cross made out of gold with silver-gilt, enamel, and precious stones. In it, pieces of the True Cross of Christ are said to be preserved under rock-crystal. This reliquary cross used to belong to King Louis of Hungary, and was probably produced either in Hungary or Naples, probably between 1370 and 1382.
 * The House Altar of Jasper was made by Ottavio Miseroni in Prague, probably around 1620.
 * The Reliquary with a Nail from the Cross was made in Augsburg in the mid-17th century.
 * The Feather Picture of the Virgin Mary was made by the Purépecha Indian artist Juan Baptiste Cuiris in Michoacán (Pátzcuaro), Mexico, around 1550–1580. It is a picture of the Virgin Mary, made completely out of sparkling Hummingbird and parrot feathers. The Mexican Indian artists from Amentaca were famous for their traditional skills in producing art out of feathers. There are all in all seven feather-pictures in the treasury, making it the largest collection of such specific items. It belonged to the collection of Emperor Rudolf II.
 * The Ainkhürn (horn of a unicorn) was originally thought to be the horn of a unicorn and was considered more valuable than gold, since magical healing powers were ascribed to it. The hilt of a sword was made from it, as well as a tankard. In reality, the horn probably came from a Narwhal.
 * The Agate Bowl (Achatschale) is a bowl whose inscriptions are said to refer to Jesus Christ. It was at one time regarded as the Holy Grail.

title: Austrian Crown Jewels


text:
Palkar

Palkar may refer to:
 * Saurashtra people, Hindu community of South India
 * Saurashtra language, their Indo-Aryan language

title: Palkar


text:
User talk:Haider

Welcome!

Click here to leave me a message Go to my main userpage

Ah, Mel Etitis beat me to it :). Welcome, Haider, and thanks for registering! — mark ✎ 18:47, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reply

 * 1) Always sign your messages (see above) — it makes it much easier to find and reply to you.
 * 2) Calm down; you wrote: “Infact I would never want to humiliate any tribe on the main page of Pashtuns but there is someone who is keep defaming Swatis as he wrote that Swatis clamming themselves as Syeds in WHO IS PASHTUN, reality is Swatis have never ever do that, If someone take part in debate then he will welcome in talk page, I will request you to take notice of this disinformation and one more thing that has he got the authority to make changes in the Pashtun Tribes list if not then take immediate action because lot of readers do follow the articles and information of the great Wikipedia . I hope you will solve this problem of a sensitive man ! Thanks Haider”
 * I get the gist, but don't really understand most of what you say here. Concerning what I do understand, I'd say: a) No-one is humiliating anybody; if there's a mistake explain why you think so on Talk:Pashtun. b) Everyone has the authority to make chganges — that's what Wikipedia is about.Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:47, 10 Apr 2005

(UTC)

Reply to Mel Etitis
I know for me it's hard to express my words due to weaker English but I hope I would improve it if I keep carry on with Friends like you. Now I am getting the tips how to follow the rules of Wikipedia. I have also references to prove my writings authentic with some new research esp about Pashtuns. I won't come anonymous in future. Thanks  Haider 13:11, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)Haider

Problem to be solved
Still discriminaition is on the rise by some of my Friend in the list of Pashtuns Tribe list, which would never be appreciated by any of Pashtuns around. There are two major views about Pashtuns usually discussing in Pashtun's hujras, one is patrilileal and another one is Cultural definition. Haider 12:55, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)Haider

Pashtun
Hello, Please see Three revert rule.

It appears that you are trying to circumvent this rule by editing sometimes under an anonymous IP and sometimes under this username.

I don't know anything about Pashtuns and don't know who is right, but you should try to reach consensus in the Talk:Pashtun page rather than by reverting repeatedly. -- Curps 22:05, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pashtun question
I noticed your comment on iFaqeer's page, which led me back to the discussion on Talk:Pashtun, which led me back here. I was trying to figure out the dispute, and who says what (since some of the postings, especially the earlier ones) are unsigned. Thought it would be easier to ask the question here. Part of my interest in due to the fact that my father's grandfathers were "Pathans". I am curious about how one would even distinguish the descendants of people who had been in India for a hundred or more years and intermarried with Indians from Indians who changed their names. My guess it would be in culture - what I have read about Pashtun culture strikes me as familiar, but there is so little to go on...we're over 100 years removed from India. So my question comes, not from the point of view of "who is a Pashtun", but rather, "what does it mean to be Pashtun". My great grandfather married his daughters to Khans, but didn't seem so particular on who his sons married. Since you said your interest was in Pashtun history I was curious if you educate me about what is potentially my own heritage. Thanks - Guettarda 22:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I gather that the rift entails whether the definition of Pashtun is linguistic, patrilineal, or linquistic+patrilineal.  Is that correct?  Where do you stand on that divide?
 * 2) I noticed the anon higher up the page was rather contemptuous of "Bhopali Pathans".  I have heard a friend of mine also use to term to describe India "Khans" (with the implication that most of them were not truly Pathans, but were Hindu converts who took the name Khan).  I was wondering what you knew about that.

 * Thanks for your reply. I appreciate your assistance.  Guettarda 15:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

hey dude believe me india does not have pathans just that the indian muslims havea fad to proclaim themselves as pathans they do not look like pathans nor act nor eat like pathans there are just a few pockets like bhopal where u have them and have maintained their racila purity mainly they come from yousafzai and durrani tribes some yes have married local converts but are not really regarded as pathans

Blocked from Talk:Pashtun
I don't understand; what do you mean by "someone has blocked me even from Talk:Pashtun"; in what sense are you blocked? What happens when you try to add a comment to the page? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:23, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hello !
Great to see some changes !

pashtun history
haider this is Shoaib Khan Yousafzai here i was browzing thru the pages looking for better understanding of my heritage i found ur submission on wikipedia

i hail from bhopal and was lookin for some more history if u have about pashtuns of bhopal if possible can u get in touch with me at shoaibkhan84@gmail.com lookin forward for ur reply

Mark Jackobson
British Retreat from Waziristan When an Afghan army threatened India's Northwest Frontier in May 1919, British forces and local militia were handicapped by desertion and mutiny.

For more than 200 years, from the 18th to the 20th centuries, the British ruled India's millions with indigenous levies - Indian soldiers led by British officers and supported by British units. In 1857, a large portion of that army revolted, and smaller mutinies occurred throughout the years more often than the British liked to acknowledge.

One such mutiny broke out when Afghanistan invaded India's Northwest Frontier in May 1919. As one consequence of that uprising, a small column of loyal tribal militia led by a handful of British officers became stranded deep within the hostile deserts of Waziristan; the roughest part of the frontier. The column's ordeal was described in the official history of the militia, written by its own officers, as "one of the finest exploits recorded in the history of the Indian frontier."

On February 20, 1919, the pro-British Amir Habibullah of Afghanistan was slain in his tent at his camp near Jalalabad by unknown persons. After a brief but nasty power struggle, the Afghan succession passed to his third son, Amir Amanullah. That upheaval coincided with serious trouble within India. Mohandas Gandhi had proclaimed a campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience against newly enacted anti-terrorism laws. During April, serious riots wrecked the big cities of India; particularly those in the Punjab. Mobs attacked English men and women, native policemen, government buildings and railroads. Although the disturbances were quickly and ruthlessly suppressed, they convinced Amanullah that British rule in India was about to collapse. Seeing an apparently unique opportunity, he mobilized his army and prepared to march over the border to regain the Punjab, which had been part of Afghanistan only 75 years earlier.

On May 3, an Afghan army appeared in the Khyber Pass and occupied the spring that supplied water to the frontier post at Bagh, near Landi Kotal. Only two companies of the Khyber Rifles; the famed Scouts (militia recruited from the Afridi tribe), were on hand to defend Bagh. Fighting began the next day, and the British evacuated the Khyber Rifles. Not until May 6 did the British mobilize and formally declare war. Unfortunately for them, the initial success of the Afghans at Bagh convinced the major Pathan tribes in the Khyber, the Afridis and the Orakzais, that it would be safe to attack the British. The revolt by their kin proved too much for the Khyber Rifles, who deserted or went over to the Afghans.

Other Afghan columns pushed down the other passes linking India and Afghanistan. One column moved into the Kurram River valley, laying siege to the town of Thal. Farther south, 14 battalions of Afghan regulars under General (and future king) Nadir Shah advanced down the Kaitu Pass into Waziristan on May 24. Because of the threat to Thal, the thinly stretched Indian army could not respond.

The authorities in Waziristan realized that the army could not rescue the numerous remote militia posts in tribal territory. The lightly armed and locally recruited Frontier Constabulary and militias (Scouts) were collectively known as the Civil Armed Forces because they reported not to the Indian army headquarters in Delhi but to the chief commissioner of the Northwest Frontier Province at Peshawar. An added complication was that the local tribes, the truculent Wazirs and Mahsuds, were more dangerous than the Afridis. The British had quelled serious uprisings in Waziristan as recently as 1915 and 1917. However, when World War I ended in 1918, the region had enjoyed a brief spell of uneasy peace.

Most British recruits in Waziristan came from other Northwest Frontier tribes, including the Afridis. Although Scout units composed of Afridis had mutinied in the north, it was not clear how the South Waziristan or the North Waziristan Scouts would react if their distant kin in either unit, or the local Wazirs and Mahsuds, were to rebel. Since 1857 the British had tried to forestall disaffection by recruiting units from a variety of tribes and seldom from the immediate locality. Of the 1,800 South Waziristan Scouts, there were only 66 Wazirs: compared with 820 Afridis or Orakzais and some 914 other tribesmen. Among the latter were 230 Khattaks, tribesmen recruited from within British administered territory across the Indus River. They would remain loyal because their families and homes were squarely under the British thumb. Trans-border Scouts recruited from beyond British-administered territory were another story.

When it became apparent on May 24 that an Afghan army with artillery was marching down the Tochi River valley into Waziristan, the British weighed their options and decided to cut their losses. Rather than have the militias routed by the Afghans and then butchered by the locals, on May 25 the commander of the 7th (Bannu) Brigade, General EG. Lucas, ordered the North Waziristan Militia to evacuate its most exposed posts and to consolidate its garrisons at major army stations. Lucas knew that the Scouts were too weakly armed to resist the Afghans, who had artillery. The British frontier forts would have crumbled if shelled.

Ordinarily, Lucas would have moved Indian army regulars up to the front to stabilize the situation, but because he did not know the exact direction of the Afghan attack, he held back. The lack of lateral roads in Waziristan meant that his regulars, once deployed on a particular line of advance, could not redeploy to block another enemy thrust. He would have to wait. But could the Scouts?

In South Waziristan, General Lucas decision meant abandoning half dozen exposed positions. Many were miles from graded roads and were little more than adobe police stations garrisoned by fewer than 100 Scouts. For its 1,800 men, the entire militia corps in the Northwest Frontier had only eight British and 37 tribal officers. But orders were orders. These posts were to be abandoned, their armories burned, and the animals killed if they could not be gotten away. The order to abandon included the corps headquarters at Wana, which was located well inside un-administered tribal territory.

In 1919 the commandant of the South Waziristan Scouts was Major Guy Russell. Thirty-seven years old, Russell had graduated from the Royal Military College at Sandhurst and joined the Indian army in 1902. He had later transferred to the Scouts, where promotion opportunities were better and the cost of living cheaper. He was a bachelor, a virtual requirement for the Scouts, since women were not allowed to live in the frontier outposts. Russell rose steadily through the ranks, becoming a captain in 1911 and a major in 1917.

Russell spoke Pashto, but only two of his eight other British officers could also converse with the Scouts. As a result, they depended on the 17 native sub-officers, themselves tribesmen, to communicate with their men. If those tribal officers betrayed them, the British would be doomed.

On May 21, Russell learned that Nadir Khan's forces were marching on Wana, barely 25 miles away. His superiors waited four days before ordering posts on the Upper Tochi to be evacuated. They hoped that their decision would not either demoralize the Scouts or tempt the local Wazirs to rebel. Russell thought that news of British victories in the Khyber Pass had improved matters, but knew the tribes well enough to guess that when word of the evacuations got out, the Wazirs would revolt. Therefore, Russell decided to get out while he still could, hoping that his Scouts would remain loyal and that the tribes would not take advantage of his peril.

Russell decided to withdraw the garrisons of his four western most posts and at Wana to Moghal Kot, 34 miles south, just over the border in Balochistan. From there, they would retire farther to the army post at Fort Sandeman and safety. The risk of that plan lay in its need for utter secrecy and prompt execution. To execute carefully staged withdrawals simultaneously, Russell had to divide his forces, sending one small column, under Captain H.R. Traill, to Kharab Kot. After evacuating Kharab Kot, the column would split again, and a still smaller detachment under Lieutenant A.R. Barker would move to Khajuri Kach and also evacuate its garrison to the south. Traill's column, composed of 60 infantry men and 10 mounted infantrymen, left Wana at 6 p.m. as if on a routine patrol. While they were away from the post, Russell would evacuate Wana.

During the evacuation of Wana, Russell would also have to destroy the outpost's substantial stores and ensure that its silver rupees, rifles and 600,000 rounds of ammunition did not fall into the hands of tribesmen or potentially untrustworthy militiamen. His greatest difficulty was to destroy those immensely valuable stocks in an orderly fashion so that no one would guess that the British were on the ropes in Waziristan. To accomplish that, Russell assembled the native officers at 7:30 p.m. on May 26, and briefed them that they were to abandon Wana that evening at 11 p.m. and begin a march of 34 miles south to the Zhob River.

"After the first shock of surprise the native officers seemed in good spirits," Russell recounted, "and to be for taking the scheme in the right way." He dismissed them at 8:15, directing the officers to tell their men what was happening and to move as quickly and quietly as possible. Russell saw to it that most of the ammunition was destroyed and that the treasury was distributed to the Scouts, each man getting 15 silver rupees.

Everything seemed to be going according to plan for the next 45 minutes, until it became apparent that a group of mutinous Scouts was looting the armory. As Russell set off toward it, shots rang out, and as he drew near the armory he saw that its door was shut. A few more shots indicated to Russell that the structure was still held by the rebellious natives.

A Khattak Scout told Russell that Afridi and Wazir Scouts had seized the armory. Thinking quickly, Russell sent for Subedar (Sergeant) Major Mukam Khan and went to the east of the fort to try to round up some reliable men. By then, Scouts were streaming out of the fort through the parade gate. It was every man for him self. With difficulty Russell restored order and got the parade gate shut. The men then hunted for hand grenades to help them retake the armory, but these weapons had already been destroyed. Since they could not storm the armory without these explosives, Russell decided to evacuate Wana as soon as possible.

Unfortunately, the armory contained not only the ammunition and the treasury of the garrison but also the carts to carry them. Most of the animals had already been removed or had stampeded, so all Russell had were eight riding camels. By 9:45 p.m., the remaining Scouts and Russell's four British officers had fallen in, along with 150 native non-combatants or followers - water carriers, cooks, personal servants, sweepers, clerks, blacksmiths, and coolies.

Russell tried to determine just who had mutinied and who had not. Counting the Scouts marching with him, he realized that Scouts from the Yusafzai, Khattak and Bangash tribes had remained loyal, as had some Bhittanis. The Afridis and Wazirs, who made up one-tenth of the South Waziristan Militia, had mutinied, and their officers - men with whom Russcll had worked and lived for years - had led them. Some Orakzai Scouts; near kin of the Afridis, accompanied Russell's column as it marched out of Wana, but during the night they melted away. How faithful the others would prove was anyone's guess.

Russell's column marched all night and covered 20 miles. They had to move quickly, since the surrounding tribes would soon hear what had happened at Wana and would join in, if only to pillage. No straggling troops could survive if the entire country rose up. The column reached Toi Khula post at 7 a.m. Captain Traill was supposed to have evacuated the position, but something looked amiss. Russell shouted but got no answer. As he moved closer, shots rang out from the post.

Apparently, Traill had evacuated Toi Khula, but it had fallen into the hands of mutineers or hostile tribesmen. Thus, instead of a much-needed rest during the heat of the day, Russell's column would have to detour around the post and keep marching. His men forded the Tol River, refilling their canteens. The next three miles were easy enough, but thereafter the gradient got steeper and the column made less progress. Hostile tribesmen continued to snipe at them, inflicting a few casualties. Russell's loyal Indian officers sent out picket parties to take the high ground ahead of the column's advance, so snipers were kept at a respectful distance.

The day was very hot, and there was no water as the column climbed onto the Tesh Plain. Having marched 30 miles since the previous evening, no one was making very good time, but at last they met Captain Traill's party and learned what had happened.

Traill had reached Kharab Kot at 9 p.m., just as Russell was trying to get away from Wana. He told its surprised garrison that the government had decided to close down Wana and its nearby posts in an economy drive, and that they must evacuate immediately, taking nothing more than a blanket and two days' cooked rations. They should destroy everything of value, he said. Traill doubted that many of the Scouts believed that lame tale. To be on the safe side, he loaded up the three available camels there and made certain that they were well to the front of his column and guarded by Scouts other than Wazirs.

As his column trudged over the hills to the next post at Tanai, Wazir Scouts began to straggle and wander off. Reaching Tanai at 1 AM, Traill and Lieutenant Barker did not wait for the rest of the Wazirs to desert but had them disarmed. Their Afridi Zimadar (Lieutenant) Taza Gul was a remarkably steady influence on the Scouts, and no one else deserted or even appeared reluctant to stay with the British. Taza Gul had served in the Scouts for 21 years with no great distinction, though he was considered steady and dependable. During this ordeal, he was to prove a veritable rock of Gibraltar to his British allies. Reassured by Taza Gul's efforts, Traill, Barker and their men loaded up the ammunition and departed Tanai at 2:30 a.m.

As the soldiers approached the fort at Toi Khula, bands of Wazirs sniped at them from near the walls but without much effect. Although sentries at the fort fired back, the tribesmen harried Traill's party until it got right up to the fort's gate at 9 a.m. The sentry informed Traill that the key to the gate had been lost, so he could not enter the fort. Zimadar Taza Gul once more stepped into the breach. Somehow, he coaxed the Toi Khula Scouts into letting him into the post, and after 25 minutes the gate was opened.

Taza Gul and Traill then disarmed and arrested some 18 Wazir Scouts. At that point, Traill learned that Major Russell's party was approaching, but he had no way to get a message to Russell because Wazir tribesmen had surrounded the fort and were climbing the hills to the south, from which they could block a retreat. Traill decided that Russell was probably making directly for the next stop of Moghal Kot and decided to wait no longer. His men smashed a number of spare rifles but had to abandon piles of ammunition since they lacked the time to burn it. At 11:30 AM, Traill's party marched out. Although sniped at constantly, they made their way through the hills without any casualties and soon joined Russell's column.

From then on, things got very tight indeed. The men from both columns were dog-tired from having marched all night and most of the following day with scarcely a break. The daytime temperature in Waziristan at that time of the year approached 110 degrees. The merciless sun was setting when they reached Moghal Kot and met Lieutenant Barker and what remained of his column - seven mounted infantrymen.

Barker had his own tale to tell. He had separated from Traill at Tanai, and marched on to Khajuri Kach. He was to evacuate the post, saving as much ammunition, guns and treasure as possible, and make for Moghal Kot. For that task, he had 10 mounted infantrymen. But after reaching Tanai at about 12:30 am on May 27 Barker found that one Indian officer, an Afridi and five of his mounted men had deserted in the darkness. With just five men, he rode on to Khajuri, arriving there 2 ½ hours later. When Barker informed the native officers about the situation, they showed no surprise and helped him load 50 camels and five donkeys with 2,000 rupees, spare rations and 53 boxes of rifle ammunition - small fortune in the currency of the Northwest Frontier. After setting fire to the post, the column set off for Moghal Kot. The column had barely left when Scouts began to wander away. Barker tried to restore order, but the Scouts refused. As it happened, some Mahsud tribesmen who were shadowing the column took advantage of the chaos to open fire. Immediately, the whole party of Scouts, followers and camels stampeded. Two of the Indian officers ran with them; only one, Taza Gul remained with Barker.

As dawn broke, small parties of Mahsuds appeared on the heights overlooking the convoy's route - a bad sign. Barker learned that militia deserters were attacking from the rear. The camels had wandered ahead, so Barker followed them. Taza Gul succeeded in persuading 10 men to come with him and recapture the camels, and they soon ran into the camel drivers, who said that a handful of Mahsuds had captured most of the animals. With some 35 Mahsuds and another dozen deserters pursuing them, Barker and his men broke and streamed across the countryside "in hopeless disorder", as Barker recalled. Neither his nor Taza Gul's orders had any effect. All but Taza Gul and seven Scouts simply disappeared. Luckily, the Mahsuds were more interested in looting the camels, each of which contained a treasure in ammunition, than in massacring the survivors of Barker's column.

By 4:45 PM on May 27, this little band minus its infantry, camels, ammunition and rifles, reached Moghal Kot. Half an hour later, Russell's main column joined them at the tiny fort.

The fort at Moghal Kot offered scant protection. Its garrison included some 27 mounted and 18 infantry Scouts, but its rations could feed the new arrivals for only a day and a half. Russell now commanded about 300 Scouts, of whom 100 were recruits of little fighting value. Half were trans-border men from tribal country not directly administered by the British, including a few Orakzais, Afridis, Yusufzais and Bhittanis. The Khattaks were about the best that he had. Thus, he had about 100 reliable Scouts, against which had to be set the possibility that as many as 100 trained trans-border Scouts and perhaps 50 recruits might well decamp at any moment and go over to the rebellion.

Fortunately, the telegraph line was intact to Fort Sandeman, 50 miles to the south, and Russell was able to arrange for pickets from the nearest post to the south, Mir Ali Khel, to proceed north two days later, early on the morning of May 30. In the meantime, he and his men would have to stand firm in their pitifully exposed fort.

While that parleying went on, Russell's forces suffered further attrition. Thirty of the Scouts who had earlier deserted and then returned deserted a second time on May 28. During the night of May 28-29, seven horses belonging to the Moghal Kot garrison and 16 camels disappeared. By now, the fort itself was effectively under siege. Sniping continued throughout May 29, becoming heavy at times, and more horses and camels were killed. The only two water bullocks were killed early on, making it necessary to bring water from the tanks by manpower - a hazardous undertaking since the tanks were located 200 yards outside the fort. Men had to dash out with containers, fill them and run back, and eight men were wounded in the process.

The tribesmen were unable to cut the telegraph lines, however. Russell was therefore able to telegraph a Captain Reilly of the Zhob Militia at Mir Ali Khel to send his relief column out at 3 a.m. on the 30th.

Russell had meticulously planned his next withdrawal, gathering the 12 surviving camels. Eight of the beasts would carry the wounded, one would bear the treasure and ammunition, and three were spares. Two pickets were already posted beyond the fort to cover the water supply, so it was hoped that sending out a third picket would not arouse immediate suspicions. Those three men would also function as the rear guard. At 8:30 a.m. on May 30, Russell's column moved out, followed by the convoy of camels and followers.

The tribesmen were not fooled. They opened fire with everything they had. Russell hoped that his pickets could keep them at bay, but his hopes were dashed when the first picket got too far ahead on the road south and beyond recall by voice or signal. Consequently, the Scout, in the main body thought that the pickets had abandoned them. In minutes, Russell reported, "a panic seemed to seize nearly everyone, and the countryside was covered with men and followers all fleeing in the direction of Mir Ali Khel, and many throwing down their arms." British and native officers tried to stem the tide, but "in no case did anyone succeed in holding up more than four or five men, and in such cases, as soon as the officers turned away to get more men, the original men disappeared."

As before, however, the opportunity to loot Moghul Kot interested the tribesmen more than butchery, and the rabble of Scouts running for their lives got four or five miles down the road. At that point, the mounted infantry of the Zhob Militia from Mir Ali Khel appeared, led by Captain Reilly. As the superior officer, Russell told Reilly to try to hold the positions that his infantry pickets had taken, while he and his officers re-formed their men. Unfortunately for Russell, most of his officers had been killed in the rout, including Captain Traill and Lieutenant Leese. Taza Gul, who led the rear guard, was wounded but managed to reach safety. Few of the Scouts still had their rifles, but Reilly's Zhob Militia held their own, and only a handful of tribesmen managed to get among the routed Scouts. During the fighting, Captain Reilly's horse was killed, and he was pinned beneath and died. Russell was shot through both legs. Forty Scouts were killed or wounded.

When the force reached Mir Ali Khel at 1 p.m. on May 30, Russell was shown a wire ordering its immediate evacuation, so he and his men refilled their water bottles, grabbed what rations they could and headed south by a circuitous route to Fort Sandeman. They arrived there on the 31st. Only 165 troops had made the entire journey from Wana to Fort Sandeman. At that point, Russell received a final blow. He learned that the wire ordering the evacuation of Mir Ali Khel was a forgery.

By now, the Third Afghan War had formally ended. Up north, the British had concentrated quickly. On May 11, they attacked and defeated the Afghans at Bagh. On May 17, a single Royal Air Force Handley Page bomber bombed Kabul, and a British column routed the Afghans besieged in Thal. Chastened, the Afghans sued for peace on May 31, and fighting soon died out after an armistice went into effect on June 3. A formal peace treaty was signed in August.

Major Russell recovered from his severe wounds and received the Distinguished Service Order. Taza Gul received the Indian Distinguished Service Medal, Mukam Khan the Indian Order of Merit, and Lieutenant Barker the Military Cross. Russell returned to the Scouts in 1921 and served in the Waziristan fighting, which lasted until 1924. Promoted to lieutenant colonel that year, he became commandant of all the militias, a position that he held until he retired in 1934. Having saved his money, Russell was able to marry in 1925. He lived until 1958, survivor and hero of one of the great retreats in the history of British India. From Z.U.Jan for Haider.

Hi
you are welcome feel free to spread the word about the box to other pashtuns who may frequent the site. --Zak 23:07, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Peshawar article: featured status
Hello Haider, I'm Afghan Historian, a Pakistani Punjabi Pathan who was actually born in Peshawar (mother an actual Pashtun and not Pathan) but grew up in the US. I've visited frequently though and love the city. I've been reading the article and combining my knowledge and research I've been doing to see if I can make it a featured article. I was wondering, are you from Peshawar or do you know anything about it by any chance? If you do, perhaps you can help me improve the article so it can become good and, eventually, featured. I would appreciate your help greatly if you can give it. Thanks! -Afghan Historian 01:15, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Hello, did you get my message under ==Peshawar: Featured article==? Afghan Historian 03:25, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry...
...for being rude to you that day. I was in a bad mood. The truth is, I do understand your feelings. I'm Jewish, and if there's any ethnic group that has been discriminated against the most throughout history, it's my people. Anyways, sorry again, and I hope you accept my apology. All the best, — Khoikhoi 05:26, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. How do you say "so long" in Pashto? — Khoikhoi 19:22, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks! — Khoikhoi 19:31, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Panjabi or Pathan
Well, to answer your question, my father is a Pathan whose ancestors were Pashtuns traditionally settled in the Punjab (hence I used that term, meaning Pathans who live in Punjab); they also married Punjabis for centuries. My mother is an actual ethnic Pashtun from NWFP, not mixed with Punjabis, Kashmiris or any other group (as far as I know). I used the term of my father's ethnicity because that is what I was exposed mostly, rather than my mother's side. Although my father is a Pathan, his mother tongue is Punjabi, as that is what his mixed race ancestors picked up. There are many Pathans in Punjab, however, and most of them use Punjabi as a mother tongue, as that is the dominant region of the province. This is true for Pathans living in other provinces and in certain regions of neighboring India. I hope there are no hard feelings and I hope you will help with the Peshawar article. Thank you so much. -Afghan Historian 20:31, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Pashtun
Well I am proud of my Pashtun ancestry, I wasnt trying to say I wasnt. I dont speak Pashto, because of my parents really. My father's mother tongue was Punjabi (as his ancestors lived there for a while) and since I grew up for some reason only speaking Punjabi and Urdu and I actually do know a few phrases of Pashto, but its all.Nevertheless, I will make an effort to learn more of the language while I still have the chance. Thank you for your suggestion. But I am proud of my Pashtun origins, I really am. My mother's in fact a full-blooded one even. But I will learn more Pashtun when I get the chance. Thanks! Also, about Peshawar, I was looking at featured articles of other S Asian cities such as Bangalore and I noticed that the Introductions are at least a paragraph or two and the other sections are 1-2 paragraphs and maintain a level of being concise. The intro for Peshawar is a bit short. Plus the history is too long. Perhaps we should start by trying to shorten the history to the basic points, without too much detail, and give an brief overview of Peshawar in the intro as the frontier city of the subcontinent. I could work on history while you polish the introduction and do work on the Economy section. Also, try to look at some other featured articles of cities and see what techniques they use (pardon me if i"m sounding a bit too big for my boots or too didactic.) I take a bigger look at it, and come back and tell you about more specifics, when I find them. Once again, thanks for agreeing to help out. -Afghan Historian 02:55, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Wali Khan article help
Salamoona I've almost completed an article in Wali Khan. I have now nominated it as a good article for final improvements your comments and support would be appreciated. --Zak 15:04, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Wali Khan
Manana for the compliments see the good article nominee list I have put it there your support would be appreciated. --Zak 20:43, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

khwar ma shay
The article is going to be up for review soon I'll keep you updated ..I am trying to imrpove it here and there Inshallah I hope its accepted it will be the first article on a pashtun that makes the good article list

Khudai pa amaan --Zak 21:10, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Salamoona again Haider..I am hoping for some more input on the Wali Khan article and if you think it fulfills the criteria for good article..if it does follow these instructions.

nominations page:

--Zak 14:55, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * stharay ma shay Haider Khana ..yes the Wali Khan article has been named a Good article, it still needs a lot of work but Inshallah it'll be done..after that I'll be focussing on a few other pashtun related articles, particularly Khudai Khidmatgar and Bacha Khan..as well as Khushal Khattak, Ahmad Shah Abdali, maybe the Faqir of ipi and Rahman Baba as well.. I've already done quite a bit on most of them but they are not of a high quality yet. Allah pa amaan --Zak 14:07, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Dayr manana ..Haider Khana..yes you are right your opinion on Faqir of Ipi will be appreciated..but my main focus is sort out Wali Khan article and main focus is Khudai Khidmatgar--Zak 21:23, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Pashtun population in Karachi
The Pashtun population is over three million and Pakistan census figures will again be manipulated as usual as not to antagonize the Muhajir and Sindhi population of Sindh. The Wikipedia requires factual figures and that would be difficult as census will have lower figures. We can add that the Pashtun jirga claims 3 million Pashtuns residents in Karachi.

Siddiqui 22:23, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Hey Haider,

I saw the template on your user page, I also saw some alternatives that I wanted to show you. Cheers. — Khoikhoi 00:18, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. Feel free to add one of them to your user page if you want. Dair sa'at da para. — Khoikhoi 00:34, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * کوی بات نہیں. :) — Khoikhoi 01:06, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Salamoona
Salamoona again Haider..I am hoping for some more input on the Wali Khan article and if you think it fulfills the criteria for good article..if it does follow these instructions. nominations page:

--Zak 14:55, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Your help is badly on the Pashtun page!
Hello Haider, I hope you are doing well. I nominated the Pashtun people page to be a featured article and wanted to take whatever criticism was given to rapidly improve the article. Can you help with expanding the culture section, in particular literature and the Pashto language. I'll edit it to shorten it and for grammar etc. after you do what you can. Also, let me know what you can contribute in the way of Pashto music, films, and anything that is indigenous in the cultural sense. If we make some quick changes the article could be in top shape fast. Manana and take care. Tombseye 04:28, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello again Haider. Thanks for your input. I actually changed the Punjabi Pathans references to Hindowans as Zak tells me that some Hindowans are, as you say, just Pashtuns who also speak Hindko in some towns, while others that live outside Pashtun areas don't speak Pashto at all. I really hope the changes are for the better as the last thing I wanted to do was to hurt anyone's feelings or write inaccurate things in the article. Cheers. Tombseye 22:26, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I actually removed any mention of the Hindkowans. Is that alright with you? Tombseye 22:44, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Haider Khan stharay ma shay..I did not like the term Punjabi Pathans either and explained that to Tombs who replaced it with Hindkowans after a brief discussion with me..the reasoning being simple Hindko speakers hindkowans like Baba-e-Peshawar Syed Amjad Hussain and and Zahoor Awan don't have to be of pashtun descent they have developed into a separate ethnicity of their own..they perhaps don't need to be included in pashtuns but thats a minor issue..I agree though Punjabi Pathans is not a word. Mannana for the message Khudai pa amaan --Zak 13:07, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Peera I personally wish no mention of what probelms our society faces was mentioned but the reality is there for everyone to see so I guess pollywood will have to be mentioned. --Zak 02:20, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, all the problems have been resolved and I would just like to re-iterate that I meant no harm and Zak just suggested things that he thought would help the article. At any rate, I'm glad that's over. Cheers. Tombseye 06:36, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Added tumbal to the Pashtun people page. Cheers! Tombseye 19:41, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Another excellent suggestion Haider! I added swara as well. Thanks for helping to improve an already featured article! Take care. Tombseye 23:21, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

SINCERE APOLOGY
I must give you my most sincere apology for not being available for the past month. The end of college, exams, debate tournaments and appointments hogged up my entire time. I tried to find time to come back to Wikipedia but have been held up. I am so terribly sorry. I've been held up everywhere. I didnt mean to be unhelpful and unreliable. Please forgive me for not coming by. If there is anything you need though on Pashtun history, I can give it to you readily. This time, I will come by. My sincerest apologies. -Afghan Historian 00:29, 13 June 2006 (UTC)]]

Views on Wali Khan and his father
Since we are on the topic of Wali Khan, I would like to know what you think of his father's beliefs. I assume you and I both agree with Wali on the need for democracy in Pakistan, but do you agree with his father's idea of either separate Pashtunistan or unity with India? I ask because I was thinking about my maternal grandparents views on the matter the other day. They were strong supporters of Afghan/NWFP unity rather than Pakistan or India, whereas my father's side of the family was pretty much pro-Pakistan, with an island of pro-India. I also took some time and made some additions to Pashtuns, regarding the mythology on their origins and recent genetic evidence, but they were erased. I dont think they were seen as really helpful. Thanks. Afghan Historian 20:33, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Legacy
Would you think the memory of Ghaffar Khan would be a good way to forge a bond of peace and friendship with neighboring India? As opposed to all the bloodshed that has occured between these two great states of the subcontinent. Afghan Historian 22:56, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Barn star and polo
Manana my friend for the barn star! Your help and support are greatly appreciated. I will immediately add polo as that is a good suggestion (I read Sync's message just now) to the article. Take care! Tombseye 21:31, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Central Asia
WikiProject Central Asia has finally been created! If you're interested, please consider joining us. Aelfthrytha 21:35, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Wiki Pashtuns
Salamoona Haider Khana, stharay ma shay, I have created this new page which I would like you to join and help me with. Wiki-Pashtun will be a collaboration project for pashtuns to work on and help each other with pashtun related projects. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki-Pashtuns Please spread the word and lets develop the page and plan our approach that way we'll work faster and better wasting less of our own time!

Khudai pa amaan --Zak 21:46, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Manana Haider Khan, if you are doing any work do mention it on wiki pashtuns. Also I'e nominated Abdul Wali Khan for Featured article status, you can see it here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates#Abdul_Wali_Khan . Read the article and if you see any mistakes do inform me, also gve your honest opinion about whether it should have FA status. Allah pa amaan --Zak 13:14, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Imran Khan
Hello Haider. Good to hear from you. Well, apparently Imran speaks Hindko rather than Pashto, which is why I didn't mention him. Since there is debate over this, I've simply tried to include only Pashto-speakers. So that's why we went with Afridi who does speak Pashto. Hope that clears things up. Take care. Tombseye 21:52, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Languages
Hi There! Can you translate my name in what language you know please, and then post it Here. I would be very grateful if you do (if you know another language apart from English and the ones on my userpage please feel free to post it on) P.S. all th translations are in alpahbetical order so when you add one please put it in alpahbetical order according to the language. Thanks!!!  Abdullah Geelah 21:24, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi Haider
Please visit page and add your personal email (if you don't mind) at the bottom for better collaboration, networking and comunication. Thanks :) Omerlives

Khudai Khidmatgar
Salamoona wrora..I've completed my article on Khudai Khidmatgar its been selected as a good article ..and your opinion would be appreciated.

--Zak 21:52, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yerzhan Ashykbayev
Hi, if you have the time I would like your input on whether to delete the article on Yerzhan Ashykbayev, the Foreign Ministry spokesman of the Government of Kazakhstan. Thanks, KazakhPol 18:40, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

well i am azeem and i am from khaaaaaaaas peshawar city. I am hinkowaaaan. I have seen inside you. just will not comment on that but its down

Recent contributions lacking context
Thanks for your recent contributions to Wikipedia. I have had some trouble reading them, however, because they lack context. Who are they? Where are they located? What kind of clan is it? What do they do? How are they notable? Why is the clan "considerable"? Can you elaborate more on the meaning of "considerable"? Do you plan on elaborating more? I understand that they're stubs, but they don't provide enough context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. --Strangerer (Talk) 19:12, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * ''"You know well that all of them (clans) are related to Swati tribe of Strangerer (Talk | Contribs) 20:09, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * "As I have already told you that these short context will go better and better. I don't think it could have more improved by related them to india, which is not true. My introduction is quite clear, will you please let me know abou you? Haider 20:18, 3 March 2007 (UTC)" Oh. Well why did you relate them to tribes on the North West Frontier of India? Where are they from? I don't think the introduction is quite clear. The stubs should provide enough information to establish their notability and to provide context for people who have never heard of them.  You asked to let you know about myself - I am an editor from Illinois in the United States midwest; my parents were Greek and Irish. I don't know much about these tribes in whatever part of the world they're from, and it would help out if there was more context in the stubs. --Strangerer (Talk | Contribs) 20:38, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * They look great now. :) Thanks for adding more information on them - now I can arrive at the page with no prior knowledge about it and come away informed. Thanks! --Strangerer (Talk | Contribs) 21:19, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Swati article
Hi! I indeed don't know much about them, but I can put the article on my watch list and check all changes. However, I'm not a native speaker of English. — N-true 20:32, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually I don't think I have time and willpower to check the article... I just cannot relate to the topic, sorry. But I'm sure others will... — N-true 20:38, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Backpacking
Thank you for joining the project, please add your name to the participants list and happy editing! -Leif902 00:46, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Glad to have you aboard! Sure, we'd love to know about your experience, while there really isn't room on the project page, feel free to add something to your user page so that other users can draw from your experiences! Thanks again, -Leif902 22:12, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

I see you have self-identified as a backpacker by using the ”This user enjoys backpacking” userbox. I invite you to rejoin the backpacking project. It recently reactivated. There is plenty of good work to do improving the encyclopedia’s coverage of backpacking equipment, organizations, celebrities, books, skills, and trails. The project provides a system to rate articles and prioritize editing efforts. Visit the project’s page, take a look, and please consider joining me in improving the articles and coverage of an activity we both enjoy.

—¿philoserf? (talk) 19:51, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

Kashmir
It is not what India calls it or Pakistan calls it. It is how World knows the region. I reterirate again that Azad Kashmir is a Pakistani term. Pakistan occupied Kashmir is an Indian term. What the world at large calls the geographical area of Azad Kashmir is a more neutral "Pakistan Administered Kashmir". (rams81 Dated: 13th of Marach 2007.

I havn't heard of the term "Atoot Ang" for Kashmir. MAy be it must have been used by politicians to mean that Kashmir is an "inseparable part" of India. But that is not my concern here. Let alone Azad Kashmir, do you know if Pashtoons live in Indian Kashmir? Then it will be better if you just write as "Pashtoons also live in Karachi, Kashmir, ......" - (rams81 00:57, 13 March 2007 (UTC))

Well, term Kashmir will include the whole of the region including Indian, Pakistan, Chinese occupied territories. I think the term Indian Administered Kashmir or Indian state of [Jammu and Kashmir]] should be right. But the former is more neutral and there is no denying that India and PAkistan 'Administer' their respective regions. The term 'Occupied' is controversial though. (rams81 20:12, 15 March 2007 (UTC))

Swati
Hello. sorry for the late reply, but I've been really busy. I'll look at the article when I get a chance. So much work all the time. It looks better than most of the articles on Pashtun tribes though. Good job. Take care. Tombseye 00:00, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Looks Good
Looks pretty good. I don't know much about the topic and it was somewhat interesting to learn about. --Strangerer (Talk | Contribs) 22:14, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Ottoman language Wikipedia
Hello Haider

I am a history teacher from Istanbul, in Turkey. We need your vote for opening Ottoman Language wikipedia

--Tarih 21:01, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Badshah Khan and Pashtun People
Thank you for your note on my talkpage. The Pashtun article is not for Pashtun people, as they already know their history and culture, but for people who want to learn about Pashtun culture. It is better for a Pashtun who is better known among non-Pashtun people to be shown than someone who is more revered amongst Pashtun people, as this helps non-Pashtun understand the article. Later, they can discover the other people, like Badshah Khan, who are more revered by the Pashtun people. LessHeard vanU 10:52, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your comments. I stand corrected regarding the Pashtun peoples knowledge regarding their history and heritage, and I now understand your concern at exposing them to their cultural past. I would still suggest that for a wider readership Mr Karzai is a more familiar person as he is both a Head of State and somebody who is currently in the world news. It is also Wikipedia's stance that a Head of State is inherently notable, no matter who the person holding that office is. I see that images of both Badshah Khan and Mr Karzai are in the article, which is probably the best result as it speaks both of the past and the present. LessHeard vanU 21:21, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your attention. I would like to quote Wikipedia's guidelines regarding Notability (people), the basis for an article on a person; *Politicians:
 * Politicians who have held international, national or statewide/provincewide office, and members and former members of a national, state or provincial legislatures.
 * Major local political figures who have received significant press coverage. As Mr Karzai, as President of Afghanistan, has also recently received a great deal of press coverage in respect of the US lead actions in Afghanistan then he qualifies on both counts. If someone else was President then it is they who would be notable. As Mr Karzai is also a Pashtun then it is reasonable that his image is used as an example of a well known Pashtun person. As Badshah Khan was the person who first united the Pashtun people then he too should be included. The more that is included, the more people (Pashtun and non-Pashtun) will learn of the whole Pashtun culture. That is my thinking. LessHeard vanU 22:18, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * No, of course you are not wasting my time - we are, I hope, learning from each other. As the Pashtun article is going to be read by both Pashtuns and non-Pashtuns, including people from Europe, America and other distant countries, then it makes sense to include Pashtuns who are known to the greatest number of people. The more people who read means the more people who will learn about Pashtuns, and learn about the people that the Pashtuns consider to be important. For instance, I would never have known about Badshah Khan if I had not looked at the article on the front page and decided I wanted to know more about the subject, and then I wouldn't have conversed with you and found out how highly he is thought of amongst Pashtun people. LessHeard vanU 12:00, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Question
Salamz brother,

I have a question for you. I have been reading many things regarding Pashtuns and what makes one and what doesn't. If this is true, then can a non Afghan tribe (i.e. of north Indian origin, Mughal origin but definitely not indigenous Afghan), settle in their areas and practice it, and become Pathaan over time also? I cant understand how it can, but can you explain this idea to me please. Many thanks to you for this.--Raja 18:44, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Asalaam alai kum, my brother and thank you with the greatest respect, for your informative answer. That is quite interesting what you have told me. So there isn't actually a Mongolian/Mughal tribe that is now accepted as Pashtun? You state that a Pashtun is by their language, culture and heritage (Im assuming by blood?) in that case, if the tribe were not Afghan by blood, nor accepted as Pashtun by other tribes BUT this tribe DOES practice Pashtunwali and a small minority only speak Pashtu, while their majority tribe speaks Hindko, does that make it a Pashtun tribe?--Raja 22:46, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Sa'adat Khan Swati
I have added a "" template to the article Sa'adat Khan Swati, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached.--DP 03:19, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Afghan Scouting
Can you help render Tayar Osay (Be Prepared), the Scout Motto, into Pashto script? Thanks! Chris 02:32, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism of Pashtun Articles
We need to work on getting users like Behnam and Anoshirawan banned or blocked because they are severely vandalising Pashtun culture and Pashtun people related articles. An example is that of Mirwais Khan Hotak and the Hotaki dynasty, where they are trying to show that the Hotaks were not Ghilzai Pashtuns, but were Tatars or Uzbeks.zakka 13:56, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Qais Abdur Rashid
W'Salaam aw pa khair. From what I've read it says he had three sons (Baitan, Sarban, and Ghourghust), and Karlan was a foundling (I think that means adopted). Some people suggest that he only had one son named Afghana but I think that is just an attempt to relate the word Afghan to the nation.

I am not sure as to how strict people are when considering Pashtuns only as the children of his four sons. I think most of the tribes fall under these sons such as Ghilzai, Marwat, and Lodhi under Baitani, Afridi, Waziri, Dilazak etc under Karlanri, Durrani, Tareen etc under Sarban and Kakar, and Chachhi under GHourghusht. I know my answers are vague but I hope they are of some help.zakka 00:43, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah wror, the trouble with all this stuff is that they are all folktales. I know deep inside you probably agree. How can a race have only one progenator kana. These were just made up to romanticize the history of our people, I don't think we should take them seriously, except for the fact that they are used to sub-divide tribes. Tribes are clumped together as I mentioned before (ie Afridi, Waziri, Orakzai etc are Karlanri). Don't take them to heart bro. Pa makha de kha. zakka 00:41, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Re: Kala Dhaka
 ASA, thanks for the compliments on my edits to Kala Dhaka, I was just tidying up the previous edits - the information was already there but not that presentable. I was fixing the formatting and sorting out the article - however if I do find out any more information I will add to the article, more could also be added regarding the 2005 earthquake.

Regards

Pahari Sahib ,19:21, 23 October 2007 (GMT)

Suleimonkhel
Dear Haiderjan,

Thanks for the message. Sorry this is a bit late in response. But yea, I believe the Suleimonkhel represent the largest group of the Ghilzai. ZeroFC (talk) 21:43, 31 December 2007 (UTC)ZeroFC

Regards
Assalam-o-Alikum,

Almost after one and half a year have past, I have recieved your message, after signing in since than.

Anyhow, I appreciate your views and suggestions.

Regards, --A M. Khan (talk) 18:24, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Pashtun people
You had asked for Pakistani Pashtun pic in the Pashtun people infor box and I've added 2 of them but there is someone (probably banned User:Beh-nam) keep removing it. Can you please stop them from removing the pics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.30.69.117 (talk) 19:38, 6 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Notice the above IP is a sock of indef-blocked of User:NisarKand, so please don't pay attention to what he asks --Enric Naval (talk) 22:12, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

is a big failure on Tanoli tribe, for which his background is afghanistan, and are not acknowledged Tanoli pathans is a source of afghanistan, which ruled in wikipedia.org origin of Tanoli are not, before the Mughal branch of Tanoli swat arrived at this time by fighting between neighborhoods tribes moved defrentes location,

Northwest Frontier history tanolis arrived early the 13th century, but it is not correct that Tanoli from afghanistan missing since 11th century,

what seems more about tanolis that this time between the tanolis were strongest and most famous of Afghanistan, also indicate that belongs tanolis the Afghan Royal family, which by the many war defrentes tribes disappeared from his place, and started the nursery with defrentes tribes in Punjab so by the tanolis as famous histry in between this time used his title, which d

Durranis
Haider khana wrora salam, i currently live in United States but originally i am form Mardan and we belong to Durrani family and my father and grandfather were born in Mardan they spoke peshawari language and pushto language at the same time and people know us as kharian.i really dont know the family tree, but you may be able to trace Durranis because the knowledge you have about the history of these people living in this region is amazing cause i have been reading your stuff. So please let me know what you know about Durranis and if you can trace them back and being a pathan or not the pathan is not the issue. i will apreciate your thoughts on this and thanks.

MARDANIAN.(****) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.247.126.217 (talk) 18:10, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Surkhaili

The article Surkhaili has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * I can find nothing in reliable sources to verify even the existence of this tribe. It is not mentioned at Baffa either.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Fences &  Windows  13:56, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Surkhaili
I have nominated Surkhaili, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Surkhaili. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Fences &  Windows  00:49, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Safwat Ghayur
Dear Brother,

AOA,

There is a one time vandal who has nominated the article on shaheed Safwat Ghayur for no good reason. Please vote in favour as well as register your concern against such elements.

Many thanks Brother.

A concerned Pukhtoonm

-- MARWAT  04:40, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Khan Khel
A tag has been placed on Khan Khel, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. If the page you created was a test, please use the sandbox for any other experiments you would like to do. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions about this.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. KaySL (talk) 11:00, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Thank You vey much Haider to start the page of "swat valley" on wikipedi.I upgrade a lot with almost 45 pictures.I appreciate your start. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Isruma (talk • contribs) 20:52, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

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Wiki Loves Monuments - Pakistan

'''Hi !

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Pakistani Cultural Heritage - Edit Drive
Hi !

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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WikiProject Backpacking
Please consider returning to the project. —philoserf (talk) 01:58, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

Mughal Khel
Dear Sir/Madam,

I respectfully request your assistance in reviewing my draft article, Draft:Mughal Khel. As a sub-tribe of the Yousafzai, the Mughal Khels are unique in that they are the only Yousafzai tribe residing in Southern Pakhtunkhwa, where they speak a soft version of Pashto. They are based in Bannu and their history and cultural practices have been documented in various online sources and books.

It is my hope that by writing this article, I can contribute to the knowledge base about the Yousafzai tribe and highlight their rich tradition of migration and cultural diversity. I would greatly appreciate your guidance and support in ensuring that the information is accurate and suitable for submission on Wikipedia.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely, 18:04, 1 February 2023 (UTC)Isparki — Preceding unsigned comment added by Isparki (talk • contribs)

title: User talk:Haider


text:
Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset

The Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (Mico humilis), also known as the black-crowned dwarf marmoset, is a small New World monkey native to the Amazon Rainforest, on the east bank of the lower Madeira River, and the west bank of the Aripuanã River, in Brazil. It has the smallest distribution of any primate in Amazonia. This marmoset has several unique attributes, which has resulted in it sometimes being placed in the monotypic genus Callibella. However, genetic analysis has subsequently resulted in its being classified within the genus Mico.

It was first described in 1998, after it was discovered ca. 400 km (250 mi) south of the city of Manaus. In 1996, Marc van Roosmalen, the discoverer, was given a milk can by a river trader with one of these monkeys inside. He suspected it was a new species, a relative of the pygmy marmoset, but at that point was unaware of its exact origin. Following a lengthy expedition, it was discovered near the town of Nova Olinda in southeastern Amazonas. The species has been subsequently recorded further south, along the west banks of Rio Roosevelt.

Adult Roosmalens' dwarf marmosets have a total length of 38–39 cm (15-15½ in), incl. a tail of 22–24 cm (8½–9½ in), and weigh 150–185 g (5½–6½ oz). It is the second smallest species of monkey, with only the related pygmy marmoset being smaller. The upperparts of Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset are mainly dark olive-brown, while the underparts are pale, dull yellowish. The bare, pale pinkish face is bordered by a whitish ring of hair. The crown is blackish, as suggested by its alternative common name; black-crowned dwarf marmoset. It has claws as opposed to nails, like other marmosets who feed off tree sap. It also has teeth similar to other marmosets.

It is considered unusual among marmosets in that it gives birth to only a single baby instead of twins, the norm for marmosets. Marmosets are often very territorial, though this is not the case among Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset, where it is common for multiple females in a group to have young, instead of one dominant female.

title: Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset