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Cambuslang Rangers F.C.

Cambuslang Rangers Football Club are a Scottish football club based in Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire. Nicknamed The Lang, Camby or The Wee Gers, were formed in 1899, they play at Somervell Park and wear blue strips (uniforms).

They will play in the West of Scotland Football League Conference B from season 2021–22 after moving from the West Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association in 2020. They were awarded the title of 'Scottish Junior team of the 20th century' by the SJFA due to the honours they won in the 1970s.

Formation and early years (1891–1933)
Originally named Leeside FC (founded in 1891) and joining the junior ranks in 1892. The club were later renamed, Clyde Rovers in 1896 before merging with Cambuslang Rovers and another Cambuslang based side, Halfway FC in 1899. In their first year The club shared grounds with the now defunct Cambuslang FC. Following Cambuslang FC's demise in 1897, Rovers took control of Bogshole Park, later to be renamed Mains Park which would be retained following the merger. Cambuslang Rangers FC would also play matches at Westburn Park where Cambuslang Hibernian were previously situated.

In 1904 Cambuslang Rangers moved to their new home ground, Somervell Park, which has remained their home since.

In the 1910–11 season, Cambuslang Rangers achieved their first successes by winning the Glasgow Junior League and Glasgow Junior Cup double. That would kick off the club's first spell of success as they went on to win the league in 1911–12, 1914–15 and 1915–16 before the Glasgow Junior League dissolved in 1927. The Lang would also win the Glasgow Junior Cup three more times (in 1920–21, 1926–27 and 1932–33 respectively) during this period.

First Scottish Junior Cup (1933–1959)
The club would win their first Scottish Junior Cup in the 1937–38 season. They had previously reached the final twice before, finishing runners up in 1919–20 & 1926–27. This time though it would be Cambuslang who would lift the trophy after two goals from Taylor and another from McGhie secured a 3–2 win over Benburb FC in front of a crowd of 28,000.

The Glasgow Junior Cup was lifted once again in the 1946–47 season.

Dominance (1959–1974)
The 1959–60 season would set the foundations for a spell of dominance in the Junior game as Cambuslang Rangers beat Thorniewood United 2–0 to win the West Of Scotland Cup.

In the 1960–61 season, Cambuslang lost in the finals of five different competitions, including the West of Scotland Cup and the Scottish Junior Cup.

The club would again lift the Glasgow Junior Cup in 1963–64, doing the same again in two consecutive seasons between 1965 and 1967 before the club achieved four more Scottish Junior Cup triumphs in the space of just six years. The first of these ended a 31-year wait, having lost in three previous finals during that time (1944–45, 1960–61 and 1963–64). Cambuslang Rangers would face Kirkintilloch Rob Roy in the 1968–69 final, with a single goal from Keith Nelson being enough to separate the sides and give Cambuslang their second Scottish Junior Cup. This achievement proceeded two consecutive Central League Cups (in 1968–69 and 1969–70), four Central League titles in a row (1970 to 1974) and the Central Sectional League Cup in the 1970–71 season.

There was also three further Scottish Junior Cups won between 1970 and 1974 taking the club's tally to five. The club would beat Newtongrange Star 2–1 in 1971 before repeating the achievement, this time overcoming Bonnyrigg Rose 3–2 after goals from Cummings, McCallum and Brown. Cambuslang's string of trophies only split by a single defeat in the 1972–73 final second replay by the hands of Irvine Meadow, losing by 1–0 after the previous two matches were drawn 2–2 and 3–3. However, despite the setback Cambuslang Rangers completed the Junior Cup dominance in the following season, defeating Linlithgow Rose 3–1 with Cummings again getting on the scoresheet twice and Morrison also bagging a goal to complete The Lang's Scottish Junior Cup triumphs to date.

The dormant years (1975–1999)
Cambuslang struggled to replicate their achievements and it took over ten years for them to win another trophy. In 1986 the club won the Central District First Division title, and managed to repeat this in the 1989–90 and 1990–91 seasons – that 1990–91 side also won the Evening Times Cup Winners Cup making it a double for that season.

Millennial era (2000–2018)
Despite winning the Central Sectional League Cup again in the 2000–01 season Cambuslang Rangers again continued to struggle in terms of success during the 2000s.

As the 2010s began a spell of success seemed to be returning after the club's Central District Second Division league win in 2013 was later followed by a Glasgow Junior Cup in the 2015–16 campaign under the leadership of former player Paul McColl.

Under McColl's management, Cambuslang Rangers would continue to succeed on the park as they won back-to-back promotions in the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons before he left his position in January 2019.

Financial difficulties and re-emergence (since 2019)
Whilst all was seemingly going well on the park behind the scenes, Cambuslang Rangers had financial difficulties which culminated in the club being on the verge of extinction at the end of 2018. This led to the club having to let go of most of their players, with only two opting to stay, and committee members resigning from their positions.

In January 2019, local businessman David Kerr stepped up and took charge of the club. Following the departure of McColl, the club would have to appoint a new manager and draft in players to see out the 2018–19 season.

After successfully completing the season, the club introduced an academy set-up with the aim to develop local young players for the first team with age groups ranging from 'Camby Cubs' to U21s. In May 2020, the club announced that under-21 players Scott Williamson and Campbell Gray would be the first players in the club's history to graduate from the youth academy to the first team. The club also announced that Billy Campbell and Paul McColl would be co-managers for the 2020–21 campaign.

In August 2020 Chairman David Kerr stepped down from his post, leaving the club in a much healthier state than when he took over.

In October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic the committee made the decision to pull the club from all league action.

Academy
In November 2021, Cambuslang Rangers restructured their youth academy to establish a “professional youth football setup within the club”. The new academy was launched with the appointment of John Sneddon as Academy Director and Steven Owens as Academy Coaching Director. Sneddon stated that the academy would be an “excellent opportunity to put the academy front and centre and be the place to deliver the pathway to first team football.”

In March 2022, the Cambuslang Rangers Academy grabbed media attention, having progressed several youth players into the first team within a matter of months. The Daily Record stated the academy was “already proving a huge success” under Sneddon and Owens’ leadership.

Ahead of the 22/23 season, the academy launched their plan to create unity across the set-up. Each team wear the same royal blue strips across all year groups. The crest worn is identical as the first team, with “Cambuslang Rangers Football Academy” wrapped around a circular badge.

Crest and colours
The Cambuslang Rangers club crest is an initialisation of the club's name with the letters C.R.F.C. interweaved inside the crest.

In the 1990s the club name and established year were added around the crest and have remained there to avoid confusion with the Rangers FC crest.

In November 2021, Cambuslang Rangers launched their new brand marks as well as a new club crest which sported a prominent circle shape to signify a unity between the club and community.

When all of the Cambuslang clubs merged the Cambuslang Rovers traditional blue shirts would be retained and Cambuslang Hibernian's blue shorts & socks would add to it with only the green shirt being dropped from the strip.

Today the club still play in an all royal blue strip although traditionally, throughout the 20th century they mainly wore royal blue shirts, white shorts & white socks. The club have also known to play in yellow or white shirts with blue shorts & socks during the late '60s & early '70s however these strips were mainly worn to avoid clashing with opposition colours. In recent times Cambuslang have been known to wear a change kit colour of red.

Influential players
While most of the 1970s players are held in high regard such as Bobby Brown, Keith Nelson, John Cummings, Billy Patterson & more, supporters tend to consider Willie McCallum as the club's best-ever player. He was a mainstay and major asset to the club in the 1970s & was often asked for his autograph which is very rare for players at junior level.

Current squad
(Currently on loan at Larkhall Thistle) (Currently on loan at Larkhall Thistle)

Supporters
Cambuslang Rangers attracted big crowds through most of the 20th century with as many as tens of thousands attending each week to see the club compete. These supporters were mainly local employees at the neighbouring local business, Hoover. However, since Hoover's liquidation the crowds have been impacted at Somervell Park.

In more recent times the club typically have attendances of around 200 per home game.

In October 2019 the club set up a singing section known as the Somervell Boys which contains mainly local youths who bring noise to matches and was described by the club as a group which "generate a positive and colourful atmosphere" for the club.

Cambuslang Rangers have been playing matches at their home ground of Somervell Park since 1904 and have a record attendance of 13,500.

Club anthem
Since 2019 the club have adopted the Bay City Rollers classic "Shang-A-Lang" as their club anthem due to the title reflecting their nickname 'The Lang'.

Rivalries
Cambuslang Rangers main rivalry is with their geographic neighbours, Rutherglen Glencairn which has existed since the early days of Cambuslang Rangers merging and has continued to this day as the club's main local rivals.

Notable former players

 * Brian Ahern
 * Crawford Baptie
 * Hugh Burns
 * Kenny Campbell
 * Peter Coleman
 * Billy Collings
 * John Cummings
 * John Gemmell
 * Mark Gilhaney
 * Arthur Graham
 * Kyle Hutton
 * Niall Hopper
 * Jimmy Jackson
 * Willie Logie
 * Brian Martin
 * Charlie McCully
 * Bobby Murdoch
 * Keith Nelson
 * Benny Rooney
 * Tommy Tait
 * Matt Tees
 * Andy Wilson

Cups

 * Scottish Junior Cup: Winners 1937–38, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1973–74
 * Runners-up 1919–20, 1926–27, 1944–45, 1960–61, 1963–64, 1972–73
 * West of Scotland Cup: 1959–60, 1971–72, 1972–73
 * Glasgow Junior Cup: 1911–12, 1920–21, 1926–27, 1932–33, 1946–47, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1966–67
 * Central League Cup: 1968–69, 1969–70
 * Central (Beatons Coaches) Sectional League Cup: 1970–71, 2000–01
 * Evening Times Cup Winners Cup: 1990–91

Leagues

 * Central League: 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74
 * Central League A Division: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74
 * Glasgow Junior League: 1910–11, 1911–12, 1914–15, 1915–16
 * Central League B Division: 1970–71
 * Central League First Division: 1985–86, 1989–90, 1990–91
 * West Region Central First Division: 2016–17
 * West Region Central Second Division: 2012–13
 * West of Scotland Football League Conference B: 2021–22

title: Cambuslang Rangers F.C.


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Kalvåg

Kalvåg is a village in Bremanger Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located on the southeast side of the island of Frøya on the coast along the Frøysjøen strait, the southern entrance to the Nordfjorden. The village of Kalvåg was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Bremanger that existed from 1838 until 1964 when the municipality was enlarged and the administration center was moved east to the mainland village of Svelgen. There is a series of bridges that connect Kalvåg to the nearby island of Bremangerlandet.

The 0.4 km2 village has a population (2018) of 450 and a population density of 1125 PD/km2.

Today, the village of Kalvåg has a unique collection of old waterfront buildings, reputed to be the largest and best-kept waterfront environment in the county. Many of the old wharf buildings have been restored and converted to provide accommodation. The harbor is very good, with spacious public quays. Frøya Church is located about 1.5 km northeast of the center of Kalvåg. Throughout the municipality of Bremanger, there are tourist destinations such as Grotlesanden, the Hornelen cliff, rock carvings at Vingen, and the old trading stations of Rugsund and Smørhavn.

Name
The first part of the name Kalvåg (previously spelled Kalvaag) comes from the verb kala which means "to make cold" or "to freeze". The second element is the genitive case of the Old Norse vágr which means "bay", therefore the name could be explained as a bay which often freezes in winter.

Notable residents

 * Nikolai Astrup, born in Kalvåg in 1880
 * Heidi Grande Røys, a member of Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet
 * Oddvar Torsheim, a surrealist painter

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kalvåg


text:
Talk:Milestone Media

Racial make-up
The contention about Milestone's racial make-up reflects a common misunderstanding about the company. It was (and presumably still is) 100% African-American-owned. But it was not an all-black operation at any time during their publishing history. I don't know the race of very many of the people who worked on their first books (so I may be missing some key examples), but I do know that Mike Gustovich (who inked Icon #1) is white (I've met him), Jimmy Palmiotti (inked Hardware #1) is white (I've seen photos), and - while the two aren't necessarily mutually exclusive - that Ivan Velez (cowrote Blood Syndicate #1) is latino. Milestone included more non-black people on their creative roster as time passed and people came and went, but they ceased to be all-African-American well before their first comic went to press. Tverbeek 11:50, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. --Strannik 13:26, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Milestone Bible
My name's Dwayne McDuffie and I'm one of the founders of Milestone Media. I've been directed here by several e-mails from fans. Christopher Priest, who was quite involved in many of the organizing and early creative meetings for Milestone, was not a founding member. He chose not to join the group. While his contributions were significant, he did NOT write the 400 page Milestone Bible. I did, minus about thirty pages. Priest wrote the subsection of the "City of Dakota" section dealing with the history of the city. Robert Washington wrote a section about sports teams, local department stores and the like, Ivan Velez, Jr. wrote a section called "The Gangs of Paris Island." All of this material added up to less than 30 pages. I'd already written the rest myself in a hospital in Florida. Priest gave notes on this document in his capacity as DC Comics Editor and liaison to Milestone, as did DC's Paul Levitz, Dick Giordano and particularly Jenette Kahn. Freelancers Matt Wayne, Ivan Velez, Jr., Robert Washington and Mark Bright were also all given a look at early drafts and gave notes. We took some of all these suggestions and incorporated them in the third draft. For the record, I also wrote the thirty or forty page pitch bible that pre-dated the Milestone Bible but contained most of the major elements of the later version. Derek Dingle edited this draft, and Priest created the Milestone "M" logo when he designed the package for this document.

Keep in mind that the Milestone Bible was a living document that grew with the company. The latest version I have is over 700 pages long with significant contributions from Matt Wayne, John Rozum, Robert L. Washington and others.

If you have any questions, I can be reached at dwayne@dwaynemcduffie.com.

McDuffie elaborates further on Milestone's status here, in case anyone wants to work this info into the article. -leigh (φθόγγος) 15:49, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Nothing really new here. The fact that Milestone owns the copyrights to all Dakodaverse characters is self-evident to anyone who ever bothered to look at the fine print of any Milestone comic. Trademarks, on the other hand... well, once again, looking at the fine print, it seems that those belong to DC. I could be wrong, though. --Strannik 18:54, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 17:07, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 16:30, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Milestone Forever
Should this be put on this page?

Milestone Forever gathers the original artists from Milestone’s launch titles: John Paul Leon, Mark Bright, Chris Cross and Milestone Founder Denys Cowan, to complete the tales told in the original runs of STATIC SHOCK, ICON, HARDWARE, SHADOW CABINET and BLOOD SYNDICATE. Milestone Editor in Chief Dwayne McDuffie reveals the final fate of each of Milestone’s launch characters in a bittersweet tale that chronicles the literal end of a universe, and the birth of something new, with major consequences for the future of the DC Universe. d.m.an (talk) 11:13, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

References on Fresh Prince of Bel Air
The other day while watching a Fresh Prince rerun I noticed something interesting. On the wall of the pool house near the front door is some artwork featuring Milestone characters. I'm just going from memory right now but I definitely saw Icon and the Shadow Cabinet, and I believe I also saw Hardware and Static. The 4th season episode "Grumpy Young Men" has one really good shot of the artwork.

It's not too surprising; I believe I've heard he's a big comic book fan and on the show had Hillary read from a Spider-Man comic once. 173.53.87.215 (talk) 14:20, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

my COI
Just to be scrupulous: I just did an edit to this page, and I have some conflict of interest. Specifically, I did a small amount of writing for the Milestone Comics line. The edits I made were legitimately minor (mostly MOS stuff), so the COI should not be a problem.

Having said that, there are some other edits that this page could use. I question whether it was appropriate to refer to the founders as African-American writers and artists, as it includes Mr. Dingle, who apparently made reasonable contributions to the discussion of the characters and situations, but is not to my (admittedly imperfect) knowledge credited with being a writer on any comics, Milestone or otherwise. And the section discussing other African American creators criticizing the launch of Milestone may need a little more context; as memory serves, these were minor folks who were trying to launch a new imprint (ANIA), with some books that didn't make it to issue one, much less past that. --Nat Gertler (talk) 00:19, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Maddie Blaustein
In a list that starts "Milestone hired new talent, many of whom went on to successful careers. Among them are" there's the name Madeline Blaustein. While Maddie certainly did work for Milestone, both as an editor and as a writer, it was not only not the beginning of her comics career, it was pretty much the end... at least judging by her listings at the Grand Comics Database. The only things listed after that which don't look to be reprints are a couple covers for DC. She has about as many writing or co-writing credits at Marvel and DC prior to Milestone as she had at Milestone. (For anyone confused by that listing: Maddie was working under a prior first name at the time.) So I'm not sure including her in that particular list is appropriate. --Nat Gertler (talk) 13:07, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
 * You're right. Probably better to mention her in the context of MM publishing her groundbreaking trans character. -Jason A. Quest (talk) 14:00, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

Trading card publisher
The publisher of the Milestone trading card series was not DC, as the article currently states, but SkyBox International, as can be seen at the listed reference. I will not make this correction myself due to my previously-stated conflict of interest (as well as my retirement from article editing), but I encourage someone else to review this statement and make the adjustment if you deem it correct. --Nat Gertler (talk) 19:11, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Milestone Media


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Battle of Rathmines

The Battle of Rathmines was fought on 2 August 1649, near the modern Dublin suburb of Rathmines, during the Irish Confederate Wars, an associated conflict of 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It has been described as the 'decisive battle of the Engagement in Ireland.'

In late July 1649, a combined Irish Confederate/Royalist army under the Earl of Ormond, tried to capture Dublin, held by forces loyal to the Commonwealth, commanded by Michael Jones. Despite their superior numbers, Ormond's troops were routed by Jones' veterans, many of whom were members of the New Model Army. Their victory secured Dublin, enabling another 12,000 troops under Oliver Cromwell to land unimpeded and begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

Background

The Irish Rebellion of 1641 led to the establishment of the Catholic Confederation, based in Kilkenny, and the Irish Confederate Wars. From 1641 to 1643, the main struggle was between the Confederation and Irish and English Royalists, with what amounted to a separate war in Ulster. This featured Gaelic Catholic leader Eoghan Ó Néill, versus Presbyterian settlers, supported by a Scots Covenanter army under Robert Monro.

In September 1643, Charles I's commander in Ireland, the Duke of Ormond, agreed to a truce, or 'Cessation', with the Confederation. This freed his troops for use in the First English Civil War, and over 5,000 of these veterans were shipped to England.

Fighting continued in Ulster, while some Irish Royalists objected to the deal and defected to the Parliamentarians, including the Earl of Inchiquin. Others, such as Sir Charles Coote, and Michael Jones, son of the Bishop of Killaloe, joined Parliamentarian forces in England.

Despite his surrender in 1646, Charles continued secret negotiations with the Confederation for military support. Rather than see them capture Dublin, in June 1647 Ormond agreed to hand over the town to Jones, recently appointed by Parliament as the new governor. He went into exile, while Jones won a series of victories in Leinster, successfully preventing Irish intervention in the 1648 Second English Civil War.

Ormond returned to Ireland in October 1648; on arrival, he was met by Inchiquin, who changed sides once more, and on 17 January 1649, agreed to an alliance with the Confederation to restore Charles to power. Ormond's Royalists comprised members of the Protestant Church of Ireland, English exiles, many of whom were Catholic, and a small number of Irish Catholics like Clanricarde. Most of the rank and file were locally recruited Protestants, with significant numbers of former English Royalists, many shipped to Ireland by Parliament to remove them as a threat.

After Charles was executed on 30 January, the Royalist-Confederation alliance was joined by Ulster Presbyterians; as in Scotland, the majority were Calvinists, who viewed monarchy as divinely ordained, making his execution by the Commonwealth sacrilegious. Ó Néill now agreed a separate truce with George Monck, Parliamentarian commander in Ulster; although London quickly disavowed this, it resulted in a split that fatally damaged the Confederation, and undermined their alliance with the Royalists.

Since troops were rarely paid and supplies scarce, their provision was an important factor, and control of the sea gave the Commonwealth a decisive advantage. Although religion generally took precedence, motives and loyalties were complex, and many of the parties fought one another at different times, in a war marked by atrocities on both sides. 2,000 to 3,000 Protestants died in the pursuit that followed Ó Néill's victory at Benburb in June 1646, with a similar number of Catholic casualties after Inchiquin's victory at Knocknanuss in December 1647.

Battle
Despite diverting vital resources trying to subdue Ó Néill, by the end of May, the Alliance controlled most of Ireland. After capturing Drogheda and Dundalk in June, Ormond moved onto Dublin, seeking to prevent its use by an expeditionary force currently being assembled by Cromwell. He hoped for naval support from Prince Rupert's small Royalist squadron, but this was blockaded in Kinsale by the Commonwealth admiral Robert Blake.

Jones had less than 3,000 men facing an Allied army of over 11,000, although his were of much higher quality. On 22 July, Ormond arrived outside Dublin, and stationed his main force on the south bank of the River Liffey, with 2,500 men under Viscount Dillon investing the Northside. However, on 26 July, Jones received four regiments of reinforcements from Chester under Robert Venables, increasing his strength to 4,000 infantry, and 1,200 cavalry, the vast majority experienced veterans.

Combined with news Cromwell and another 9,000 were about to sail from Bristol, an Allied Council of War decided to speed up operations. On the 28th, they captured Rathfarnham Castle, cutting Dublin's main water supply. Just after midnight on 2 August, Ormond sent 1,500 men under Major-General Patrick Purcell to occupy the partially demolished Baggotrath Castle, on the site of the present-day Baggot Street bridge; its possession would allow their artillery to fire on ships entering the harbour.

For reasons that are unclear, Purcell took several hours to reach Baggotrath, less than a mile away from the camp. Alerted by the noise, and understanding the intent, Jones drew up his troops on the far side, with the Liffey at his back. Ormond ordered Purcell to make the position defensible, left him some cavalry under Sir William Vaughan, and returned to camp to prepare the rest of his army for action. However, Jones immediately attacked, scattering Purcell's men, and killing Vaughan; by 10:00 am, the castle was back in his control. Ormond ordered his troops into battle formation, but Jones continued the assault, sending his cavalry around his flanks, and capturing the artillery train. Although his advance was briefly checked by a regiment under Colonel John Gifford, Ormond's left disintegrated without firing a shot, and by midday, the fighting was over. Dillon withdrew to Drogheda, his retreat covered by 1,000 cavalry under Sir Thomas Armstrong, an experienced Royalist officer.

Hundreds of Royalist and Confederate soldiers were cut down during the pursuit, while in addition to Vaughan, the Earl of Fingall was wounded and captured, dying in Dublin Castle a few days later. Ormond claimed to have lost between 600 and 1,000 men, 300 of whom were allegedly shot after surrendering; Jones reported minimal losses, in return for inflicting 4,000 casualties, including 2,517 prisoners. The consensus among historians is that while Jones' figures may be too high, they are probably closer to the real number of Allied losses.

Aftermath
One of the Royalist officers captured at Rathmines was Richard Elliott, son of Jones's sister Mary; the bitterness engendered by over eight years of brutal warfare was demonstrated by the execution of his nephew along with a number of other prisoners. Jones then displayed typical energy in immediately seeking to take advantage of his success by marching on Drogheda, but when the town refused to surrender he was forced to withdraw, having insufficient troops to storm it.

The victory allowed the Parliamentarian troops to create a defensive line covering the road between Dublin and the port of Ringsend, where Cromwell landed on 15 August, beginning the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Divided and demoralised, Protestant Royalists deserted in large numbers over the next few months, including Gifford; Ó Néill now agreed to join Ormonde, but negotiations were only completed shortly before he died in early November. His army played little part in the Parliamentarian campaign that reconquered Ulster from September to December and was destroyed by Sir Charles Coote at Scarrifholis the following year.

Several local landmarks are named after the battle; 'The Bleeding Horse' public house, on the corner of modern Upper Camden Street, allegedly gained its name because its stables were used after the battle to treat injured horses. An area near Milltown was formerly known as the "Bloody Fields", where it is believed some of those killed in the pursuit were buried.

title: Battle of Rathmines


text:
Hurlford United F.C.

Hurlford United Football Club are a Scottish football club based in Hurlford, near Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. Nicknamed The Ford, they were formed in 1912 and play at Blair Park, wearing red and white. They currently play in the Premier Division of the West of Scotland Football League. They won the Scottish Junior Cup in 2014.

1972–73 The Invincibles
In 1972–73, under the guidance of manager Davie Sneddon, Hurlford went the entire league campaign undefeated en route to the Ayrshire First Division Title.

2012–13 West First Division Champions
In 2012–13, under long-term chairman Lorimer Headley and manager Derek McCulloch, Hurlford won the SJFA West Super League First Division to win promotion to the West Super League Premier Division for the first time in their history. Hurlford completed their programme on Saturday, 4 May 2013 with a 3–0 victory away to Kilsyth Rangers, which guaranteed second place and promotion. However, Rutherglen Glencairn had seven games left to play and were 21 points behind. The league title was finally confirmed eleven days later when Glencairn played out a goalless draw away to Thorniewood United on 15 May. This title win was all the more remarkable given that Ford had only avoided relegation the previous season by beating 2012 Scottish Junior Cup Winners Shotts Bon Accord in their last match of the season.

Junior Cup win, senior Scottish Cup and strong in the league
In the 2013–14 season, Hurlford not only kept their place in the Super Premier with a strong 3rd-place finish, but also won the Scottish Junior Cup for the first time, beating East Ayrshire rivals Glenafton Athletic 3–0 in the final at Rugby Park in Kilmarnock. This meant the club entered the senior Scottish Cup, a great feat for the small community of Hurlford, but almost even more remarkable, as local amateur team Hurlford Thistle also won the Scottish Amateur Cup in 2014, another achievement which granted entry to the senior Cup – but from the next season onwards, thus a historic double qualification into the country's most prestigious competition from the same village was narrowly missed due to its timing.

In the 2014–15 Scottish Cup, 'Ford overcame away ties against Highland League opponents Clachnacuddin (7–1) and Inverurie Loco Works (3–0), then took Scottish League One club Stirling Albion to a replay, extra time and a penalty shootout, which was eventually lost 13–12.

Hurlford finished Super Premier Division runners-up in both the 2014–15 and 2015–16 campaigns, finishing four points behind champions Auchinleck Talbot each time, and also being eliminated from the Scottish Junior Cup at the semi-final stage in both years. They reached the final again in 2018 but this time lost, again to neighbours Auchinleck and in dramatic fashion, conceding two goals in stoppage time after being 2–1 ahead on 90 minutes.

Coaching staff

 * Manager - Darren Henderson
 * Assistant Manager - John Dempster
 * Goalkeeping Coach - Ally Brown
 * Scout - Alex Montgomery
 * Physio - Sam Tata

Honours
Scottish Junior Cup
 * Winners: 2013–14
 * Runners-up: 2017–18

West Region Premiership
 * Runners-up: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2018–19

SJFA West Region First Division
 * Champions: 2012–13

SJFA West Region Ayrshire District League
 * Champions: 2007–08, 2009–10

Ayrshire League
 * Champions: 1972–73
 * Runners-up: 1942–43, 1944–45, 1969–70

West of Scotland Junior Cup
 * Winners: 2017–18
 * Runners-up: 2015–16

West of Scotland League Cup
 * Winners: 2021–22

Ayrshire Cup winners (4): 1968–69, 1972–73, 1973–74, 2014–15

Ayrshire League Cup winners (5): 1940–41, 1944–45, 1971–72, 1975–76, 2015–16

Ayrshire District (Irvine Times) Cup winners (3): 1944–45, 1965–66, 1968–69

Kilmarnock & Loudoun Cup winners (5): 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1992–93

East Ayrshire Cup winners: 2000–01

title: Hurlford United F.C.


text:
Heritage trees in Singapore

Heritage trees in Singapore are individual mature trees specially selected for protection by law under the Heritage Trees Scheme adopted on 17 August 2001. Implemented at the same time as the Heritage Roads scheme, it is part of a nationwide drive in tree conservation efforts not just within nature reserves, parks, and newly established tree conservation areas, but also anywhere else in the urban and rural environment of Singapore.

In support of the Scheme, a Heritage Trees Fund was established by the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited (HSBC) to launch a conservation program that promotes protection and appreciation of Singapore's natural heritage. The program includes initiatives such as the installation of interpretive signage and a nomination scheme for the community. There are 259 Heritage Trees in the Heritage Tree Register.

Selection
Trees are added to the scheme through endorsement by a nine-member panel of experts, currently headed by Dr Leong Chee Chiew, Deputy Chief Operating Officer of the National Parks Board.

List of heritage trees
The list of heritage trees are available on an online register.

title: Heritage trees in Singapore


text:
Bob Duckworth

Robert P. Duckworth (born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a Maryland Republican politician who has resided in Crofton, Maryland since 1968. Duckworth served as an elected Clerk of the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County, Maryland, from 1994 to 2018 and is the 42nd Clerk of the Court since 1650.

Duckworth is the constitutionally responsible custodian of the court records for Anne Arundel County's Circuit Court. He has served as President of the Maryland Circuit Court Clerks Association and was the first Chairman of the Chief Judge's Conference of Circuit Court Clerks. He has played a major role in modernizing Maryland's land records operations into an electronic format and in developing a professional development program for Clerk employees across the state. He served as the legislative liaison between the Clerks and the Maryland General Assembly.

As Clerk, he is not only the keeper of the court records, but he also swears in commissions, records deeds, and assumes various administrative court functions. He has also performed thousands of marriages since holding office, including a Governor and State and locally elected officials.

Duckworth ran for Congress in 1990, 1992, and 2004. Before the 2004 election, he filed suit in federal court to overturn Maryland's congressional redistricting plan. This "gerrymandered" plan divided the county into four other congressional districts, leaving the county without one strong congressional vote.

In 2006, Duckworth was vocally opposed to same-sex marriage. At the time, the state of Maryland defined marriage in statute law as valid only between a man and a woman. He testified before the Senate and House Judiciary Committees supporting the passage of an amendment that would make this definition part of the Maryland Constitution.

Before running for political office, Duckworth briefly worked on Capitol Hill, following his many years as a senior policy staffer at the Department of Housing and Urban Development under the Reagan Administration. A political science graduate of Catholic University and a former 82nd Airborne Division medic. He is married with two children and three grandchildren.

title: Bob Duckworth


text:
Geosynthetics

Geosynthetics are synthetic products used to stabilize terrain. They are generally polymeric products used to solve civil engineering problems. This includes eight main product categories: geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, geofoam, geocells and geocomposites. The polymeric nature of the products makes them suitable for use in the ground where high levels of durability are required. They can also be used in exposed applications. Geosynthetics are available in a wide range of forms and materials. These products have a wide range of applications and are currently used in many civil, geotechnical, transportation, geoenvironmental, hydraulic, and private development applications including roads, airfields, railroads, embankments, retaining structures, reservoirs, canals, dams, erosion control, sediment control, landfill liners, landfill covers, mining, aquaculture and agriculture.

History
Inclusions of different sorts mixed with soil have been used for thousands of years. They were used in roadway construction in Roman days to stabilize roadways and their edges. These early attempts were made of natural fibres, fabrics or vegetation mixed with soil to improve road quality, particularly when roads were built on unstable soil. They were also used to build steep slopes as with several pyramids in Egypt and walls as well. A fundamental problem with using natural materials (wood, cotton, etc.) in a buried environment is the biodegradation that occurs from microorganisms in the soil. With the advent of polymers in the middle of the 20th century a much more stable material became available. When properly formulated, lifetimes of centuries can be predicted even for harsh environmental conditions.

Early papers on geosynthetics (as we know them today) in the 1960s documented their use as filters in the United States and as reinforcement in Europe. A 1977 conference in Paris brought together many of the early manufacturers and practitioners. The International Geosynthetics Society (IGS) founded in 1982 has subsequently organized a worldwide conference every four years and its numerous chapters have additional conferences. Presently, separate geosynthetic institutes, trade-groups, and standards-setting groups are active. Approximately twenty universities teach stand-alone courses on geosynthetics and almost all include the subject in geotechnical, geoenvironmental, and hydraulic engineering courses. Geosynthetics are available worldwide and the activity is robust and steadily growing.

Geotextiles
Geotextiles form one of the two largest groups of geosynthetics. They are textiles consisting of synthetic fibers rather than natural ones such as cotton, wool, or silk. This makes them less susceptible to bio-degradation. These synthetic fibers are made into flexible, porous fabrics by standard weaving machinery or are matted together in a random non woven manner. Some are also knitted. Geotextiles are porous to liquid flow across their manufactured plane and also within their thickness, but to a widely varying degree. There are at least 100 specific application areas for geotextiles that have been developed; however, the fabric always performs at least one of four discrete functions: separation, reinforcement, filtration, and/or drainage.

Geogrids
Geogrids represent a rapidly growing segment within geosynthetics. Rather than being a woven, nonwoven or knitted textile fabric, geogrids are polymers formed into a very open, gridlike configuration, i.e., they have large apertures between individual ribs in the transverse and longitudinal directions. Geogrids are (a) either stretched in one, two or three directions for improved physical properties, (b) made on weaving or knitting machinery by standard textile manufacturing methods, or (c) by laser or ultrasonically bonding rods or straps together. There are many specific application areas; however, geogrids function almost exclusively as reinforcement materials.

Geonets/Geospacers
Geonets, and the related geospacers by some, constitute another specialized segment within the geosynthetics area. They are formed by a continuous extrusion of parallel sets of polymeric ribs at acute angles to one another. When the ribs are opened, relatively large apertures are formed into a netlike configuration. Two types are most common, either biplanar or triplanar. Alternatively many very different types of drainage cores are available. They consist of nubbed, dimpled or cuspated polymer sheets, three-dimensional networks of stiff polymer fibers in different configurations and perforated mini-pipes or spacers within geotextiles. Their design function is completely within the drainage area where they are used to convey liquids or gases of all types.

Geomembranes
Geomembranes represent the other largest group of geosynthetics, and in dollar volume their sales are greater than that of geotextiles. Their growth in the United States and Germany was stimulated by governmental regulations originally enacted in the early 1980s for the lining of solid-waste landfills. The materials themselves are relatively thin, impervious sheets of polymeric material used primarily for linings and covers of liquids- or solid-storage facilities. This includes all types of landfills, surface impoundments, canals, and other containment facilities. Thus the primary function is always containment as a liquid or vapor barrier or both. The range of applications, however, is great, and in addition to the environmental area, applications are rapidly growing in geotechnical, transportation, hydraulic, and private development engineering (such as aquaculture, agriculture, heap leach mining, etc.).

Geosynthetic clay liners
Geosynthetic clay liners, or GCLs, are an interesting juxtaposition of polymeric materials and natural soils. They are rolls of factory fabricated thin layers of bentonite clay sandwiched between two geotextiles or bonded to a geomembrane. Structural integrity of the subsequent composite is obtained by needle-punching, stitching or adhesive bonding. GCLs are used as a composite component beneath a geomembrane or by themselves in geoenvironmental and containment applications as well as in transportation, geotechnical, hydraulic, and many private development applications.

Geofoam
Geofoam is a polymeric product created by processing polystyrene into a foam consisting of many closed cells filled with air and/or gases. The skeletal nature of the cell walls resembles bone-structures made of the unexpanded polymeric material. The resulting product is generally in the form of large, but extremely light, blocks which are stacked side-by-side and in layers providing lightweight fill in numerous applications.

Geocells
Geocells (also known as Cellular Confinement Systems) are three-dimensional honeycombed cellular structures that form a confinement system when infilled with compacted soil. Extruded from polymeric materials into strips welded together ultrasonically in series, the strips are expanded to form the stiff (and typically textured and perforated) walls of a flexible 3D cellular mattress. Infilled with soil, a new composite entity is created from the cell-soil interactions. The cellular confinement reduces the lateral movement of soil particles, thereby maintaining compaction and forms a stiffened mattress that distributes loads over a wider area. Traditionally used in slope protection and earth retention applications, geocells made from advanced polymers are being increasingly adopted for long-term road and rail load support. Much larger geocells are also made from stiff geotextiles sewn into similar, but larger, unit cells that are used for protection bunkers and walls.

Geodrains
Geodrains are prefabricated product consisting of one or more polymeric core elements transporting fluid (perforated mini-pipes, geonets, cuspated sheets) and one or more geosynthetics separating the flow region from the surrounding environment.

Geocomposites
A geocomposite consists of a combination of geotextiles, geogrids, geonets and/or geomembranes in a factory fabricated unit. Also, any one of these four materials can be combined with another synthetic material (e.g., deformed plastic sheets or steel cables) or even with soil. As examples, a geonet or geospacer with geotextiles on both surfaces and a GCL consisting of a geotextile/bentonite/geotextile sandwich are both geocomposites. This specific category brings out the best creative efforts of the engineer and manufacturer. The application areas are numerous and constantly growing. The major functions encompass the entire range of functions listed for geosynthetics discussed previously: separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, and containment.

Functions
The juxtaposition of the various types of geosynthetics just described with the primary function that the material is called upon to serve allows for the creation of an organizational matrix for geosynthetics; see table below. In essence, this matrix is the “scorecard” for understanding the entire geosynthetic field and its design related methodology. In the table the primary function that each geosynthetic can be called upon to serve is seen. Note that these are primary functions and in many cases (if not most) cases there are secondary functions, and perhaps tertiary ones as well. For example, a geotextile placed on soft soil will usually be designed on the basis of its reinforcement capability, but separation and filtration might certainly be secondary and tertiary considerations. As another example, a geomembrane is obviously used for its containment capability, but separation will always be a secondary function. The greatest variability from a manufacturing and materials viewpoint is the category of geocomposites. The primary function will depend entirely upon what is actually created, manufactured, and installed.

Geosynthetics are generally designed for a particular application by considering the primary function that can be provided. As seen in the accompanying table there are five primary functions given, but some groups suggest even more.

Separation is the placement of a flexible geosynthetic material, like a porous geotextile, between dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or even be improved. Paved roads, unpaved roads, and railroad bases are common applications. Also, the use of thick nonwoven geotextiles for cushioning and protection of geomembranes is in this category. In addition, for most applications of geofoam and geocells, separation is the major function.

Reinforcement is the synergistic improvement of a total system's strength created by the introduction of a geotextile, geogrid or geocell (all of which are good in tension) into a soil (that is good in compression, but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material. Applications of this function are in mechanically stabilized and retained earth walls and steep soil slopes; they can be combined with masonry facings to create vertical retaining walls. Also involved is the application of basal reinforcement over soft soils and over deep foundations for embankments and heavy surface loadings. Stiff polymer geogrids and geocells do not have to be held in tension to provide soil reinforcement, unlike geotextiles. Stiff 2D geogrid and 3D geocells interlock with the aggregate particles and the reinforcement mechanism is one of confinement of the aggregate. The resulting mechanically stabilized aggregate layer exhibits improved loadbearing performance. Stiff polymer geogrids, with very open apertures, in addition to three-dimensional geocells made from various polymers are also increasingly specified in unpaved and paved roadways, load platforms and railway ballast, where the improved loadbearing characteristics significantly reduce the requirements for high quality, imported aggregate fills, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the construction.

Filtration is the equilibrium soil-to-geotextile interaction that allows for adequate liquid flow without soil loss, across the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration. Filtration applications are highway underdrain systems, retaining wall drainage, landfill leachate collection systems, as silt fences and curtains, and as flexible forms for bags, tubes and containers.

Drainage is the equilibrium soil-to-geosynthetic system that allows for adequate liquid flow without soil loss, within the plane of the geosynthetic over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration. Geopipe highlights this function, and also geonets, geocomposites and very thick geotextiles. Drainage applications for these different geosynthetics are retaining walls, sport fields, dams, canals, reservoirs, and capillary breaks. Also to be noted is that sheet, edge and wick drains are geocomposites used for various soil and rock drainage situations.

Containment involves geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, or some geocomposites which function as liquid or gas barriers. Landfill liners and covers make critical use of these geosynthetics. All hydraulic applications (tunnels, dams, canals, surface impoundments, and floating covers) use these geosynthetics as well.

Advantages

 * The manufactured quality control of geosynthetics in a controlled factory environment is a great advantage over outdoor soil and rock construction. Most factories are ISO 9000 certified and have their own in-house quality programs as well.
 * The low thickness of geosynthetics, as compared to their natural soil counterparts, is an advantage insofar as light weight on the subgrade, less airspace used, and avoidance of quarried sand, gravel, and clay soil materials.
 * The ease of geosynthetic installation is significant in comparison to thick soil layers (sands, gravels, or clays) requiring large earthmoving equipment.
 * Published standards (test methods, guides, and specifications) are well advanced in standards-setting organizations like ISO, ASTM, and GSI.
 * Design methods are currently available from many publication sources as well as universities which teach stand-alone courses in geosynthetics or have integrated geosynthetics in traditional geotechnical, geoenvironmental, and hydraulic engineering courses.
 * When comparing geosynthetic designs to alternative natural soil designs there are usually cost advantages and invariably sustainability (lower CO2 footprint) advantages.

Disadvantages

 * Long-term performance of the particular formulated resin being used to make the geosynthetic must be assured by using proper additives including antioxidants, ultraviolet screeners, and fillers.
 * The exposed lifetime of geosynthetics, being polymeric, is less than unexposed as when they are soil backfilled.
 * Clogging or bioclogging of geotextiles, geonets, geopipe and/or geocomposites is a challenging design for certain soil types or unusual situations. For example, loess soils, fine cohesionless silts, highly turbid liquids, and microorganism laden liquids (farm runoff) are troublesome and generally require specialized testing evaluations.
 * Handling, storage, carrying and installation must be assured by careful quality control and quality assurance.

title: Geosynthetics


text:
Talabani

Talabani is a surname. It may refer to:

 * Kadir Talabani (born 1986), Iraqi born Norwegian Kurdish actor.
 * Jalal Talabani (1933–2017), sixth President of Iraq from 2005 to 2014, 39th Prime Minister of Iraq, leader of the Iraqi Kurdish Patriotic Union of Kurdistan.
 * Héro Talabani, or Hero Ibrahim Ahmed, Kurdish political figure, spouse of Jalal Talabani.
 * Bafel Talabani, Iraqi Kurdish politician, Co-President of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan since 2020. Older son of Jalal Talabani.
 * Qubad Talabani (born 1977), Iraqi Kurdish politician, deputy prime minister of the Kurdistan Regional Government since 2005. Son of Jalal Talabani.
 * Lahur Talabany (born 1976), Iraqi Kurdish politician, Co-President of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan since 2020. Nephew of Jalal Talabani.
 * Mukarram Talabani (born 1925), Iraqi Kurdish politician and government minister.
 * Sheikh Riza Talabani (1835–1910), celebrated Kurdish poet from Kirkuk, Iraq, writing poetry in Kurdish, Turkish, Persian and Arabic.

title: Talabani


text:
Kilsyth Rangers F.C.

Kilsyth Rangers Football Club are a Scottish football club based in the town of Kilsyth, North Lanarkshire. Nicknamed The Wee Gers, they were formed in 1913 and play at Duncansfield Park, which used to be one of the bigger non-league football grounds in Scotland. They wear blue tops and shorts, the away strip being red tops, black shorts and black socks, and currently compete in the.

History
The club played in its first Junior Cup Final at Hampden Park in 1954–55 against Duntocher Hibs before a crowd of 64,976. The game ended 1–1 and Kilsyth won the replay 4–1 before a crowd of 30,000, all four goals being scored by the club's most prolific ever striker Alex Querrie. This feat is still a record to this day. Kilsyth lost the 1957 final against Banks O'Dee (1–0) after being hot favourites. The last final success was in 1967 when they beat Rutherglen Glencairn 3–1 after a 1–1 draw in the first game at Hampden which was played in front of 22,000 fans.

The 2000s brought the first league and cup trophies for many years with the club winning the Central League Division One title (2002–03), followed by the Superleague First Division title (2004–05) and the Evening Times Cup Winners Cup 2002–03.

Some famous players to have played for the team are Drew Jarvie (Airdrieonians, Aberdeen, St. Mirren), William Wallace (Heart of Midlothian, Celtic), Frank McGarvey (St.Mirren, Liverpool, Celtic), David Stewart (Leeds United), Pat McMahon (Celtic, Aston Villa), George Mulhall (Aberdeen, Sunderland), Jim Storrie (Airdrieonians, Aberdeen, Leeds United), Gary McStay (Falkirk) plus many more.

Six players from Kilsyth Rangers have gone on to represent Scotland at full international level: James Dougall (one cap 1932), George Mulhall (three caps 1960–64), Drew Jarvie (three caps 1971), David Stewart (one cap 1977), Frank McGarvey (seven caps 1979–84), Willie Wallace (seven caps 1965–69).

The club launched a nostalgic DVD "Glory Days" at Garrell Vale on 28 May 2011, which also coincided with the club winning the Central League Division One title for a second time.

From August 2017, team were managed by former Dunfermline Athletic player, Chris McGroarty.

On 1 May 2018, the club appointed former Queen of the South captain Jim Thomson and ex-Stenhousemuir and Junior Scotland coach Kevin McGoldrick to take over as Kilsyth Rangers' new management team. With both Thomson and McGoldrick moving on, Kilsyth appointed former player Gary Kelly as manager on 28 September 2019, assisted by Stuart Livingston, also a former player.

In December 2021 Gary Kelly and Stuart Livingston announced they were standing down from the Club Management. After Christmas the Club announced a new management team of Alan McConville (another former player) and Dylan Daniels.

On 22 October 2022, Carlo Girasoli has been appointed new manager at the club. His assistants will be Peter Keegan and Kevin Walsh.

Rivalries
The club's biggest rivals are Kirkintilloch Rob Roy, who are based in nearby Kirkintilloch. There were two league derbies in season 2014–15 as Rob Roy were relegated into the same league as Kilsyth. However, while Kirkintilloch Rob Roy immediately returned to the Super Premier Division, and finished second in season 2016-17, Kilsyth Rangers still languish in the lower divisions and there have been no league derbies since.

Rob Roy are currently ground-sharing at Guy's Meadow with Cumbernauld United.

Stadium
The record attendance at Duncansfield Park is 8,740 for a game against Broxburn Athletic in a 1951 Scottish Junior Cup tie.

Currently the capacity is around 2000, capacity of the enclosure which runs the length of the pitch is officially 500.

Honours
Scottish Junior Cup West Superleague First Division Central League First Division
 * Winners: 1954–55, 1966–67
 * Runners-up: 1956–57
 * Winners: 2004–05
 * Winners: 2002–03, 2010–11

Other Honours

 * West of Scotland Cup winners: 1953–54, 1967–68
 * Central League champions: 1947–48, 1953–54, 1956–57
 * Central League Division One: 1982–83
 * Scottish Junior League: 1926–27
 * Glasgow Dryburgh Cup: 1953–54, 1967–68
 * Evening Times Cup Winners Cup: 2002–03
 * Stirlingshire Junior Cup: 1894–95, 1918–19,1937–38, 1945–46, 1952–53 to 1959–60 (8 times) and 1961–62
 * Pompey Cup: 1956–57,1957–58
 * Glasgow Junior Cup: 1930–31
 * Victory Cup 1923–24

title: Kilsyth Rangers F.C.


text:
Michele Giordano

Michele Giordano (26 September 1930 – 2 December 2010) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate, who was the Archbishop of Naples and a cardinal-priest.

Biography
Giordano was born at Sant'Arcangelo, in Basilicata. He was educated at the Minor Seminary in Potenza and later at the Pontifical Regional Seminary, Salerno and finally at the Pontifical Inter-regional Seminary, Posillipo. He was ordained to the priesthood on 5 July 1953. He served from 1953 to 1971 successively in the diocese of Anglona-Tursi as pastor; director of the center for social studies; diocesan assistant of the Catholic Action; professor of religion; vicar general. He was created Chaplain of His Holiness on 23 February 1968.

In 1971 Pope Paul VI named him as the titular bishop of Lari Castello and the Auxiliary Bishop of Matera, and, in 1974, as the Archbishop of Matera; it was eventually renamed as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Matera-Irsina. He obtained the title of Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples in 1987. The following year Pope John Paul II created him Cardinal-Priest of San Gioacchino ai Prati di Castello.

In 2000 Giordamo stood trial in Naples on charges of allegedly using Church funds to support his brother's loan shark operation. Although acquitted, this made him the most senior cleric in Italy ever to stand trial.

He retired in May 2006, and was succeeded by Cardinal Crescenzio Sepe.

Cardinal Giordano was admitted to the Monaldi Hospital in Naples with respiratory problems and died a week later on 2 December 2010, at age 80. In the papal telegram of condolence sent on 3 December 2010 to Cardinal Sepe, Pope Benedict XVI offered prayers for the repose of his soul and the Apostolic Blessing to all those in mourning, stating that he learned of the prelate's death "with great sadness."

title: Michele Giordano


text:
Talk:Homology theory

''At the intuitive level homology is taken to be an equivalence relation, such that chains C and D are homologous on the space X if the chain C − D is a boundary of a chain of one dimension higher. A k-chain is thought of as a formal combination

Σ aidi

where the ai are integers and the di are k-dimensional simplices on X. The boundary concept here is that taken over from the boundary of a simplex. This explanation is in the style of 1900, and proved somewhat naive, technically speaking.''

Ummm...in English, for those of us with math ph.d.'s in something other than topology??

I agree... this needs to be rewritten, bearing in mind that the people reading it don't already know about the subject!!

 * Guys, that is the intuitive, geometric motivation. It is how homology was first conceived. The formal definition is less accessible. Charles Matthews 20:36, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "simplex" then "semplices" and not "simplices". ahmedSammyH 13:16, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm a topologist, and I think that this can be made much more intuitive: for example, the example of curves on a surface being homologous in terms of cobordism? This also lends itself well to pictures.

 * What I'm not sure is why we're trying to define "homology" as in "these two curves are homologous" on Homology theory. Wouldn't this explanation (hopefully clarified/simplified) fit better on Homology? I know it would require some restructuring there, but I think this concept needs a home, for all the readers out there who aren't algebraic topologists. Tesseran 03:42, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

=Is this complete nonsense?= To single out one sentence (in bold) from the "simplest case" given in the "Simple explanation":

 * "At the intuitive level homology is taken to be an equivalence relation [on chains] [...]. The simplest case is in graph theory, with C and D vertices and homology with a meaning coming from the oriented edge E from P to Q having boundary Q — P. A collection of edges from D to C, each one joining up to the one before, is a homology. In general, a k-chain is thought of as [...]"

Again, what on earth does this mean? How exactly does a collection of edges from D to C correspond to an equivalence relation on chains? What does it mean for one edge to be "before" another edge, in a collection of edges? What would it mean for two edges from D to C not to "join up" to each other?

This wouldn't be so frustrating if there were references and external links. Buster79 23:36, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

While I am not an Algebraic Topologist, I am expert in nonsense, so that I can confidently answer: Yes, it is complete nonsense. Not only does it assume a complex of specialized technical notions, but it then proceeds to discuss them in ordinary language terms which simply do not apply -- they are the wrong ordinary language terms for the purpose. The inevitable result is incoherent babble. It is unclear whether C and D are single vertices or collections of vertices. The word "vertex" is not an ordinary language term. The relation of P and Q to C and D is left to be imagined. If C and D are collections, and happen to be disjoint, one might ask the alternative question: What could it mean to say that they do "join up" to each other. What does the word "before" mean in this case? It's clearly not an ordinary English use!

The addition of equally incoherent references will not serve to improve matters. The use of a link to "chain", which is an even more incoherent babble than is "Homology theory" in order to explain the terms used on this page leads to an exponential tangle of incoherence which requires an Ex Machina savior to unravel. Such is the prevailing fate of wikipedia mathematics pages: All too commonly, they serve more to obfuscate than to explicate. Aminorex 13:50, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

I have to agree. I came here to find a definition of Homology and found Gobledygook. Please don't identify something as "Simple" if it requires a Degree in Topology to comprehend. I can't give a simple explanation because this page doesn't make anything clearer to those of us looking to learn something from the Math pages of Wikipedia --Censorwolf 22:09, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

The very first paragraph of this article amounts to: "… homology theory is the … study of the … idea of homology. It can be broadly defined as the study of homology theories …" This doesn't make any sense, and instantly discredits the whole text. -- April 17, 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.40.73.14 (talk) 16:16, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

I agree, can someone please clean this up? After all, it's a pretty important concept. Also, I don't understand why there are two article, this one and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_%28mathematics%29. The latter article seems better btw. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.65.150.53 (talk) 08:53, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Merge
This article has been merged into Homology (mathematics) and Cohomology due to a huge overlap; there was no material that was separate from these two articles. This article could be recreated in the future, but would need something new.Brirush (talk) 17:15, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homology theory


text:
Varina-Enon Bridge

Varina-Enon Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge which carries Interstate 295 across the James River near Dutch Gap between Henrico County near Richmond and Chesterfield County near Hopewell, Virginia. It was opened to traffic in July 1990.

The Varina-Enon Bridge has six lanes (three lanes each way) with full right and left shoulders, with 150 ft of vertical navigational clearance and 630 ft of horizontal navigational clearance. The bridge spans the shipping channel that leads to the Port of Richmond. The overall bridge length is 4,680 ft.

The bridge is owned and maintained by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). It was named for Varina, the original county seat of Henrico County which was located near the north end, and Enon, a small community near the south end in Chesterfield County.

This bridge was also affected by the 1993 tornado that destroyed half of the Historic District of Petersburg, Virginia, a Wal-Mart in nearby Colonial Heights, and damaged portions of the city of Hopewell.

Concrete cable-stayed bridge: a new design
The design was selected because a high level was needed to clear a shipping channel, but there was a strong desire to avoid a drawbridge configuration following the collision of the SS Marine Floridian into the Benjamin Harrison Bridge at Jordan Point, a few miles downstream, in 1977. That complex bridge structure was out of service for over a year. At 157 ft tall, the Varina-Enon Bridge was the tallest bridge in Virginia when it opened; it is now third-tallest, behind the 225 ft US 460/Corridor Q bridge over Grassy Creek connecting Buchanan County with Pike County, Kentucky (opened in 2016) and the 175 ft Wilson Creek Bridge carrying the Virginia Smart Road over Wilson Creek in Montgomery County (opened in 2001).

It is similar in design to the Senator William V. Roth Jr. Bridge in Delaware, which was completed 5 years after the Varina-Enon Bridge.

Peregrine falcons program
Eastern Virginia has long been a habitat for endangered birds, notably eagles and peregrine falcons. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has come to learn that some of its high bridge structures closely match their preferred nesting environment on cliff faces and in high trees.

In an award-winning program, nesting boxes for these rare birds were established in several bridges. Bridge pairs now represent approximately 30 percent of the Virginia peregrine falcon population. In a major victory for the endangered species, and VDOT's environmental efforts, in the spring of 2003, nearly a dozen peregrine falcon chicks were hatched. Most were taken from their nesting boxes on various VDOT bridges for banding and release to their natural habitat.

That spring, three chicks or "eyases" on the Benjamin Harrison Bridge on State Route 156 over the James River were banded with a transmitter for tracking purposes, and two were released at Shenandoah National Park. Environmentalists like to leave one chick with its parents when possible, but the birds have a better chance of staying alive when released in the wild. One concern is that a falcon learning to fly may not survive a fall onto a bridge or even the water below. Bridge employees keep the Center for Conservation Biology at the College of William and Mary informed of the birds' movements.

Peregrine falcons were listed as federally endangered in 1970 under the Endangered Species Conservation Act. At that time, there were virtually none in the east, and the population in the rest of the country had fallen by 80 to 90%. Beginning in the 1970s, a national effort was undertaken to recover breeding populations and to restore the species. Their population has significantly recovered over the past 30 years, thanks to conservation efforts such as VDOT's. Today, more than 1,500 breeding pairs have been counted in the U.S. and Canada.

Along with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service, the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries and the Conservation Center, VDOT monitors the falcons on each bridge to ensure they and their habitat are doing well. VDOT has even established falcon-specific contract requirements for the Structure and Bridge Division as it continues to identify other nesting sites.

Through placement of nesting boxes on 10 bridges maintained by VDOT, including the Varina-Enon Bridge, the endangered peregrine falcons—considered the world's fastest birds—once again fly high over Virginia's eastern seaboard. Because of the significant role it played in the recovery of the peregrine falcon in Virginia, VDOT earned the 1998 Federal Highway Administration Excellence Award in the category of Environment Protection and Enhancements.

title: Varina-Enon Bridge


text:
Zenon Grocholewski

Zenon Grocholewski (11 October 1939 – 17 July 2020) was a Polish prelate of the Catholic Church, who was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 2001. He joined the Roman Curia in 1972 and served from 1999 until 2015 as Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Gregorian University.

Biography
Zenon Grocholewski was born in Bródki to Stanisław and Józefa (née Stawińska) Grocholewski. After studying at the archdiocesan seminary of Poznań, Grocholewski was ordained to the priesthood on 27 May 1963 by Archbishop Antoni Baraniak.

He joined the staff of the Apostolic Signatura in 1972. On 21 December 1982 he was appointed titular bishop of Acropolis, and he received his episcopal consecration on the following 6 January from Pope John Paul II, with Archbishops Eduardo Martínez Somalo and Duraisamy Lourdusamy serving as co-consecrators. John Paul promoted Grocholewski to the rank of Archbishop on 16 December 1991. On 15 November 1999, John Paul appointed him Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education. That position made him ex officio Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Gregorian University.

Grocholewski was created Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 January 2001. Grocholewski automatically lost his curial position on 2 April 2005 upon the death of Pope John Paul. He was confirmed in office by Pope Benedict XVI on 21 April. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. On 21 February 2011, he opted for the order of Cardinal Priest, with his former diaconal church elevated to the level of cardinalitial title. He participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.

Grocholewski was a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Congregation for Bishops, the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts, and the Special Council for Oceania of the Synod of Bishops. Cardinal Grocholewski was also the papal envoy to the ceremonies marking the 400th anniversary of the founding of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, the oldest university in Asia.

On 31 March 2015, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Giuseppe Versaldi to succeed Grocholewski as Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education.

Zenon Grocholewski died on 17 July 2020 at the age of 80.

Academic career
Grocholewski taught at the Faculty of Canon Law of the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome (1975–1999) and at the Faculty of Canon Law of the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome (1980–1984). He also gave lectures on Administrative Justice at the Studio Rotale of the Roman Rota (1986–1998). The list of his publications ran to 550 entries.

He gave talks at conferences and conventions in various countries. He was connected with a number of Canon Law associations, and with the editorial boards of some academic reviews and journals.

Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education
In March 2011 at a press conference to present the newly published Decree on the Reform of Ecclesiastical Studies of Philosophy, Cardinal Grocholewski explained how the normative documents concerning ecclesiastical studies comprehended John Paul II's 1979 Apostolic Constitution "Sapientia christiana" and its norms of application, issued in the same year by the Congregation for Catholic Education. "Nonetheless", he said, "'Ecclesia semper est reformanda' in order to respond to the new demands of ecclesial life in changing historical-cultural circumstances and this also (perhaps especially) involves the academic world". The reasons for the reform, the cardinal explained, are "on the one hand, the shortcomings in philosophical formation at many ecclesiastical institutions, where precise points of reference are lacking especially as regards the subjects to be taught and the quality of teachers.... On the other hand there is the conviction – expressed in John Paul II's 1998 Encyclical Fides et ratio of the importance of the metaphysical component of philosophy, ... and the awareness that philosophy is indispensable for theological formation". For this reason today's decree of the congregation aims to re-evaluate philosophy, above all in the light of that Encyclical, ... restoring the 'original vocation' of philosophy; i.e., the search for truth and its sapiental and metaphysical dimension".

Honours, awards and decorations
Cardinal Grocholewski received more than 20 honorary Doctorates, the Grand Medal of San Gorazdo of the Ministry of Education of Slovakia (2000), the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Chile) (2003), the Grand Cross of Merit with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2005), the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2009), and Commander of l’Ordre des Palmes académiques of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of France (2009).

 * CHL Order of Merit of Chile - Grand Cross BAR.svg Order of Merit (Chile),  Grand Cross (2003)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Grand Cross of Merit with Star and Sash (2005)
 * POL Polonia Restituta Komandorski ZG BAR.svg Order of Polonia Restituta, Commander's Cross with Star (2009)
 * Palmes academiques Commandeur ribbon.svg Ordre des Palmes Académiques (France), Commandeur (2009)

title: Zenon Grocholewski


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The One-Armed Swordsman

The One-Armed Swordsman is a 1967 Hong Kong wuxia film produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio. Directed by Chang Cheh, it was the first of the new style of wuxia films emphasizing male anti-heroes, violent swordplay and heavy bloodletting. It was the first Hong Kong film to make HK$1 million at the local box office, propelling its star Jimmy Wang to super stardom.

This film eventually became the first in the One-Armed Swordsman trilogy. A sequel was released in 1969 called Return of the One-Armed Swordsman, followed by The New One-Armed Swordsman in 1971, all directed by Chang Cheh. It has since achieved classic status in Hong Kong cinema. In the Hong Kong Film Award's 2005 poll, The One-Armed Swordsman was voted as the 15th best Chinese-language film.

Plot
The Golden Sword school is attacked by bandits. The servant Fang Cheng sacrifices his life to protect his master Qi Ru Feng. In gratitude, Qi accepts the dying Fang Cheng's son, Fang Kang, as his student. Years later, Fang Kang is scorned by his snobbish fellow students because of his poor background. Deciding that he will only cause trouble for his master, Fang Kang leaves the school only to run into his classmates and his master's spoiled daughter, Pei Er. In the ensuing fight Fang's right arm is cut off by Pei Er, who is angry at his indifference towards her. Stumbling away, Fang falls off a bridge into the passing boat of a peasant girl Xiao Man.

Xiao Man nurses him back to health and the two fall in love. Fang Kang is nevertheless depressed as he is unable to practice his swordsmanship. Reluctantly, Xiao Man gives him a half-burnt kung-fu manual which she had inherited from her now dead parents. With its help, Fang Kang is able to master a new one-armed style of swordplay, making him stronger than before.

Meanwhile, master Qi Ru Feng is preparing for his 55th birthday and has invited all of his students to the celebration to choose a successor from amongst them so that he can retire from the martial arts world. However, his old enemies the Long-armed Devil and the Smiling Tiger Cheng are taking the opportunity to destroy Qi Ru Feng. Using a specially designed "sword-lock", they ambush and kill Qi's students travelling to the celebration.

Fang Kang inadvertently learns of the plot and, breaking his promise to Xiao Man not to involve himself in the martial arts world, rushes to save his master. He is delayed en route by the Long-Armed Devil's accomplices, and when he arrives the Long-Armed Devil has already killed most of the students and wounded Qi Ru Feng. In a vicious battle, Fang Kang manages to kill the Long-Armed Devil, but chooses to return to Xiao Man and become a farmer instead of taking his master's place at the school.

Cast

 * Jimmy Wang as Fang Kang
 * Lisa Chiao Chiao as Xiao Man
 * Tien Feng as Qi Ru Feng
 * Angela Pan as Qi Pei Er
 * Yeung Chi-hing as Long Armed Devil
 * Tang Ti as Smiling Tiger Cheng Tian Shou
 * Fan Mei-sheng as Guo Sheng / Brother Hua
 * Wong Sai-git as Qin Da Chuan
 * Cheung Pooi-saan as Sun Hao
 * Fan Dan as Feng's rich disciple
 * Ku Feng as Fang Chang
 * Chen Yen-yen as Feng's wife

Reception
The film's box office success earned Chang Cheh the epithet "One Million Dollar Director", established Jimmy Wang Yu as a star, and helped to secure the popularity of the Shaw Brothers Studio and martial arts cinema.

The modern reception of the film in Hong Kong and Taiwan is positive. At the 24th Hong Kong Film Awards various Asian film critics, film makers and actors voted for the top Chinese films from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. The One-Armed Swordsman was listed at 15th place on the list. In 2011, the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival had 122 industry professionals take part in the survey. The voters included film scholars, festival programmers, film directors, actors and producers to vote for the 100 Greatest Chinese-Language Films. The One-Armed Swordsman was listed at 73rd place on the list.

Legacy
Chang Cheh directed a sequel in 1969, Return of the One-Armed Swordsman, which was also produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio with Jimmy Wang reprising his role as Fang Kang (or Fang Gang). In 1971, Cheh made a third one-armed swordsman film for Shaw Brothers, The New One-Armed Swordsman, starring David Chiang as a different one-armed swordsman.

The popularity of these films led to imitations by other studios and Jimmy Wang playing similar one-armed characters on several occasions, beginning with the Japanese film Zatoichi and the One-Armed Swordsman in 1971, in which he was paired with the blind swordsman Zatoichi (Shintaro Katsu). Also in 1971, Wang directed and starred in One-Armed Boxer, combining elements of the One-Armed Swordsman and The Chinese Boxer films he had previously made with Shaw Brothers. In 1976 he appeared in three other films with this trope: Master of the Flying Guillotine (a sequel to One-Armed Boxer), One-Armed Swordsman Against Nine Killers and One Armed Swordsmen, which starred and was co-directed by Jimmy Wang and David Chiang, playing rival one-armed swordsmen.

In 1995, director and producer Tsui Hark created The Blade, an original story about a one-armed fighter inspired by the one-armed swordsman films of the 1960s and 70s.

title: The One-Armed Swordsman


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Kirkintilloch Rob Roy F.C.

Kirkintilloch Rob Roy Football Club are a Scottish football club based in the town of Kirkintilloch, East Dunbartonshire. Nicknamed The Rabs or The Roy, they were formed in 1878. They wear red and black strips and currently compete in the.

History
They are named after a defunct curling club which bore the same name, formed in 1855.

The well-known footballer Chic Charnley had a spell playing for The Rabs as did ex-Rangers defender Marvin Andrews. The Rabs have had many famous names playing for them – Joe McBride, Stevie Chalmers, George Young, Andy Lynch and Andy Ritchie.

The Rabs also featured in the very first televised Scottish Junior Cup Final on STV when they played Kilbirnie Ladeside in the 1977 final at Hampden Park, Glasgow, in front of a crowd of 11,476.

On 15 May 1963, Chelsea (who had just gained promotion to the top tier of the Football League) came to Adamslie Park to play Rob Roy in what was billed as a "Freedom from Hunger" charity match. Chelsea won 3–2 with their goals coming from Jimmy Mulholland (two goals) and Peter Houseman. Cooper and Reid (penalty) had pulled Rob Roy back to 2–2 before Houseman's winner.

After season 2007–08, Rob Roy were promoted to the Super Premier Division of the West Region. In season 2008–09 they finished a respectable sixth in the top division and also reached, for the first time in nearly 30 years, the semi-finals of the Scottish Junior Cup; they narrowly lost 1–0 on aggregate to the subsequent winners, Auchinleck Talbot. Season 2016–17 was Rob Roy's eighth season in the Super Premier Division of the West Region, a season where the club achieved a record high finish of 2nd and a record high points total of 43 as well as adding the Central League Cup to the trophy cabinet.

Stadium
From 2014–15 to 2023–24, the team played their home games at Guy's Meadow, home of Cumbernauld United, whilst they waited for a new home ground to be built in Kirkintilloch. They previously played at Adamslie Park from 1926 until 2014. The opening game was against Petershill in which saw Petershill win the first match at Adamslie Park. Previously they had played at Smillies Pond (Coxdale Park) in the 1878/79 season, followed by a spell at a ground in the Broadcroft area of the town (where the Lion Foundry would be built) until 1889. The club then moved to Kelvindale Park, situated beside the River Kelvin which would remain their home until 1926. The decision to move once again from Kelvindale Park was due to the ground being no longer viable for the clubs needs.

After several years of unsuccessful attempts to sell the ground to keep Kirkintilloch Rob Roy financially viable (the club's social club having closed with debts of around £30,000), it was announced in April 2014 that the last match to be played at Adamslie Park would be a friendly against Rangers on Sunday 18 May, the ground having been sold to a house builder for £1.8 million. The last competitive match to be played at Adamslie Park was a league relegation playoff match on Tuesday 3 June 2014 against Shotts. The match ended in a 1–1 draw, with the Rabs eventually being relegated.

The club also announced that, during the 2014–15 season, they would groundshare with Cumbernauld United at Guy's Meadow before moving to a new stadium in the Southbank area of Kirkintilloch. Aspirations for the new stadium were that it would have a modern stand with a capacity for 500 spectators as well as other modern facilities including FIFA's approved 4G pitch. However it was another 10 years before they returned to Kirkintilloch.

In May 2024, it was announced that Kirkintilloch Community Sports Club (the charitable wing of the football club set up in 2013) have successfully leased Kirkintilloch Community Sports Complex in the Southbank area of the town for 25 years, and it is anticipated that the club will play at this ground from the 2024–25 season. The Stadium includes a full-size, artificial 3G sports pitch with floodlighting, which can divide into three seven-a-side pitches; a covered Main Stand and VIP Stand spectator seating for 302; standing areas for spectating and wheelchair friendly viewing areas; a pavilion building including changing facilities (4 changing rooms); reception area, café snack space, and toilets; and car/bus parking including electric car charging points and bike stands.

Honours
Scottish Junior Cup
 * Winners: 1920–21, 1942–43, 1961–62
 * Runners-up: 1905–06, 1931–32, 1936–37, 1968–69, 1976–77
 * Semi Finalists on 11 Occasions

South Region Challenge Cup
 * Runners-up: 2023–24

West Of Scotland Cup
 * Winners: 1960–61, 1962–63

Central League Champions
 * Winners:1961–62, 1962–63

SJFA West Super League First Division
 * Winners: 2007–08

SJFA West Central Division One
 * Winners: 2006–07

Central Sectional League Cup
 * Winners : 1971–72, 1973–74, 2016–17

Central Cup
 * Winners : 1923–24, 1927–28, 1931–32

Other Trophies

 * Glasgow Dryburgh Cup: 1923–24, 1927–28, 1931–32
 * Jubilee Cup Winners 1977
 * Coronation Cup Winners 1954–55, 1957–58, 1960–61
 * Evening Times Trophy 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64

Former players
1. Players that have played/managed in the Scottish Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).

2. Players with full international caps.

3. Players that hold a club record.
 * Marvin Andrews
 * Phil Cannie
 * Stevie Chalmers
 * Chic Charnley
 * Adam Coakley
 * Joe Fascione
 * Kevin Finlayson
 * Dean Keenan
 * Andy Lynch
 * Joe McBride
 * Danny O'Donnell
 * Andy Ritchie
 * George Young
 * Sammy Black

title: Kirkintilloch Rob Roy F.C.


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Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster

Elizabeth de Burgh, Duchess of Clarence, suo jure 4th Countess of Ulster and 5th Baroness of Connaught (6 July 1332 – 10 December 1363) was a Norman-Irish noblewoman who married Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.

Family
Elizabeth was born at Carrickfergus Castle near Belfast, Ireland, the only child of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, and Maud of Lancaster, Countess of Ulster. She was the last of the senior legitimate line of the descendants of William de Burgh. Her paternal grandparents were John de Burgh and Elizabeth de Clare, and her maternal grandparents were Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud Chaworth. Her younger half-sister was Maud de Ufford, through her mother's second marriage to Sir Ralph de Ufford, Justiciar of Ireland.

Marriage
Upon William's murder on 6 June 1333, she became the sole legal heir to all the de Burgh lands in Ireland. Actually, her kinsmen Sir Edmond de Burgh of Clanwilliam, Sir Edmond Albanach Bourke the Mac William Iochtar, Sir Ulick Burke the Mac William Uachtar became the de facto heads of the family and owners of de Burgh land during the Burke Civil War. This is because she was merely 11 months old at the time.

As Countess of Ulster, she was raised in England and married Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, on 15 August 1352 at the Tower of London. He was the second son of Edward III of England and his queen consort, Philippa of Hainault. As a boy, the poet Geoffrey Chaucer served as page to Elizabeth.

The couple had one child, Philippa, born on 16 August 1355, the eldest grandchild of Edward III and Queen Philippa. Elizabeth's daughter Philippa succeeded as Countess of Ulster, and married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, in 1368. Both their titles passed to their son Roger Mortimer, and eventually through their granddaughter Anne de Mortimer, who married into the House of York. The House of York would base its claim to the English throne on their descent from Lionel of Antwerp.

Elizabeth died in Dublin in 1363 during her husband's term as Governor of Ireland. She was buried at Bruisyard Abbey, Suffolk; as her body was being repatriated, her husband obtained royal approval for her mother's new foundation of Franciscan nuns there.


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Judaeo-Catalan

Judaeo-Catalan (judeocatalà, ), also called Catalanic or Qatalanit (catalànic or qatalanit), was a presumed Jewish language spoken by the Jews in Northern Catalonia and what is today Northeastern Spain, especially in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands.

Linguistically, it has been described as sharing many features in common with early Judaeo-Provençal. This would be the case of the Jews living in Old Catalonia, stretching between Perpignan and Barcelona, linked with Occitania at least until the battle of Muret in 1213. Most Jewish texts in this area are written in Catalan with Hebrew characters. However, in western and southern Catalonia, Judaeo-Catalan should have been quite distinct from Judaeo-Provençal, mostly as a result of the Moorish conquest of Iberia. The golden age of Judaeo-Catalan is supposed to have been between the early 12th century and 1492, when the Jews were expelled from Spain by Alhambra Decree.

However, the very existence of the Judeo-Catalan is debated. While authors like Paul Wexler defend its existence, it is usually understood that "the evidence of its existence is scarce, although texts are known that mix Catalan and Hebrew, and the subject is rather controversial".

In one of the few investigations on the subject, Feliu and Ferrer (2011) analyzed a set of notarial texts of 1443, and concluded that their analysis "allows us to sign the death certificate of a linguistic ghost – the supposed 'Judeo-Catalan dialect' that never was". Another subsequent study of some songs from the same period suggests the existence of a "linguistic repertoire of the Jews of medieval Catalonia", although it does not prove the existence of a dialect proper.

title: Judaeo-Catalan


text:
Coat of arms of Cyprus

The coat of arms of Cyprus may refer to the national symbol used in the Republic of Cyprus.

Republic of Cyprus
The coat of arms of the Republic of Cyprus depicts a dove carrying an olive branch, symbolizing peace, over "1960", the year of Cypriot independence from British rule. The background is a copper-yellow colour; this symbolises the large deposits of copper ore on Cyprus (chiefly in the form of chalcopyrite, which is yellow in colour). The two-part wreath represents the two ethnic groups of Cyprus, Greeks and Turks.

The Cypriot coat of arms was selected as the main motif of a high value collectors' coin in 2008, the Cyprus introduction to the Eurozone commemorative coin, minted in 2008. The obverse depicts the coat of arms of Cyprus while the reverse depicts Cyprus connected with a ring to Europe, on a transfigured map.

Northern Cyprus
The coat of arms of the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus are styled closely on the arms of the Republic of Cyprus, except that the '1960' was removed from the shield underneath the dove, replaced with the year '1983' atop the shield, in reference to the Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus by Turkey after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, as well as the Turkish star and crescent emblem was being added above the shield.

In March 2007, a slight change to the layout of the arms was made. The dove is in a different attitude.

Previous coats of arms
When Cyprus was a British Crown Colony, local colonial officials used a coat of arms (which were never in fact officially granted) of two lions passant guardant, based on the coat of arms of the United Kingdom.

title: Coat of arms of Cyprus


text:
User:John Godden

I am a chartered civil engineer. One of my interests is history, and specifically history that relates to my family.

Areas of Interest
At present I propose to make contributions to Mulberry harbour, the Sennar Dam, the Gebel Aulia dam and the Gezira irregation scheme.

Subpages
User:John Godden/Sandbox

title: User:John Godden


text:
User:Jammydodger/Britannican General Election, 1989

The Britannican general election of 4 July 1989 was the fourth election that Labour came on top, and was the third of the them which they had a majority. Even thoguth there was a swing of 2.5% from Labour to Conservative, it was nowhere near enough to get in and teh Tory leader soon resigned.

Labour Majority 112


text:
User:Szczesny

Here to re-write the entire Wikipedia. One page a year. If all goes well. And does not like. Sentence fragments.

title: User:Szczesny


text:
Lugar Boswell Thistle F.C.

Lugar Boswell Thistle Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the village of Lugar, near Cumnock, Ayrshire. Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, they currently play in the. Their home ground since 1882 is Rosebank Park, and they wear maroon and light blue strips. Lugar also has their own ultras team, The Lugar Loyals, Which started in April 2022 and hate kirky.

History
Formed in 1878 as Lugar Boswell, the club were originally a Senior side playing such currently distinguished names as Rangers and Heart of Midlothian. The club made nine consecutive Scottish Cup appearances in the 1880s and reached the fifth round of the competition in 1882–83, losing to eventual finalists Vale of Leven. In March 1883, they recorded a 10–2 victory over Hearts which remains the Edinburgh club's record defeat. The following season, forward Sam Thomson was capped twice for Scotland. As success faded, the club then flitted between various Senior, Junior and even Juvenile leagues up to the Second World War. On reforming after hostilities, the club added the suffix Thistle and settled in Ayrshire Junior football.

The Jaggy Bunnets as they are nicknamed enjoyed a successful period in the 1950s. The club reached the semi-final of the Scottish Junior Cup in 1952, losing to Kilbirnie Ladeside after a replay with one tie attracting a then record attendance of over 30,000 to Rugby Park, Kilmarnock. In 1956, the club made it all the way to the final, with Thistle losing 4–1 to Petershill at Hampden Park in front of a crowd of 64,702. The current population of Lugar is 221.

With the club in danger of folding in 2015, Lugar entered a partnership with the Ayr United Football Academy where the SPFL club provided coaching staff and gave Ayr's pro-youth players game time in an adult footballing environment. In March 2016, Lugar announced that this arrangement would not continue beyond the end of the 2015–16 season and the club appointed Derek McMurdo as their new manager in the summer of 2016.

Notable former players

 * John Auld - Scottish International, who later played for Sunderland (1890–1895) and Newcastle United (1896–1897).
 * Sam Thomson - Two caps for Scotland in 1884. Later played for Rangers and was a member of the famous "Invincibles" at Preston North End.
 * Andy Kerr - Partick Thistle, Kilmarnock and Scotland.
 * Jimmy Collins - Scottish Junior international. Played for Tottenham Hotspur and Brighton.
 * Bertie Black - Scottish Football League champion with Kilmarnock in 1964–65 and Scottish League international.
 * Joe Mason - Rangers and Greenock Morton player.

Scottish Junior Cup

 * Runners-up: 1955–56

Other Honours

 * Western League champions: 1953–54, 1955–56
 * Ayrshire Second Division winners: 1995–96, 1999–2000
 * Ayrshire (Ardrossan & Saltcoats Herald) Cup winners: 1927–28, 1928–29
 * Ayrshire District (Irvine Times) Cup winners: 1929–30, 1948–49
 * Ayrshire District League winners: 2002–03

title: Lugar Boswell Thistle F.C.