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Vincenzo Vannutelli

Vincenzo Vannutelli (5 December 1836 – 9 July 1930) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He spent his career in the foreign service of the Holy See and was made a cardinal in 1890.

At his death he was the oldest member of the College of Cardinals, the last surviving cardinal elevated to that rank during the 19th century, and the next to last surviving cardinal named by Pope Leo XIII.

His older brother Serafino (1834–1915) was also a cardinal.

Biography
Vincenzo Vannutelli was born in Genazzano, Diocese of Palestrina, Lazio. He studied at the Collegium Capranica and the Pontifical Gregorian University. He was ordained a priest on 23 December 1860 and spent several years as a seminary faculty member.

Most of his early career was in Roman and at foreign postings of the Secretariat of State, aside from two years starting in 1878 when he was an Auditor of the Roman Rota.

On 23 January 1880 he was named Titular Archbishop of Sardes and Apostolic Delegate to the Ottoman Empire. He was consecrated a bishop on 2 February 1880 by Cardinal Giovanni Simeoni.

In December 1889 Pope Leo XIII named him a cardinal in pectore, i.e., secretly. His appointment was publicly announced at a consistory in 1890, where he was named Cardinal-Priest of San Silvestro in Capite. His elevation to the rank of cardinal was an exception to a rule established in 1586 that barred the pope from naming a cardinal's brother a cardinal. Vincenzo's brother Serafino (1834–1915) had been made a cardinal in 1887 and was still living.

Vannutelli became prefect of the economy of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in 1892 and held that position for ten years. On 16 December 1896 he was named Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.

He became Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina in 1900. With Cardinal Pietro Gasparri he was one of the principals responsible for the codification of canon law begun by Pope Pius X in 1904 and completed thirteen years later. Vannutelli also served as prefect of the Commission for the Revision of the Provincial Councils from 1902 until 1908, which was charged with interpreting the documents of past councils according to recent papal rulings.

He participated in three conclaves, that of 1903 which elected Pope Pius X, that of 1914 which elected Pope Benedict XV, and that of 1922 which elected Pope Pius XI.

In 1906, he reported receiving a blackmail letter threatening to publish compromising letters he was said to have written if the sender was not paid 1,000 lire. He notified the police, and a man was arrested.

He succeeded his brother Serafino as Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1915. From this position, in 1923 he said of Mussolini that «for his energy and devotion to the country he was chosen to save the nation and restore her fortune»; these words caused stir in Italy, and were interpreted inside and outside the country as a Vatican approval of the Fascist Regime.

He died in Rome on 9 July 1930.

Honours

 * 1878: Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold

title: Vincenzo Vannutelli


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Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough

Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough, (22 November 1706 – 20 October 1758), styled as The Honourable Charles Spencer between 1706 and 1729 and as the Earl of Sunderland between 1729 and 1733, was a British soldier, nobleman, and politician from the Spencer family. He briefly served as Lord Privy Seal in 1755. He led British forces during the Raid on St Malo in 1758.

Early life
He was the second son of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, and Lady Anne Churchill, the second daughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and his wife Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. He inherited the Sunderland title from his older brother in 1729, becoming 5th Earl of Sunderland, and then the Marlborough title from his aunt Henrietta, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough in 1733. At that time, he handed over the Sunderland estates to his younger brother John, but he did not obtain Blenheim Palace until Sarah, the dowager duchess, died in 1744.

On Thursday, 14 July 1737, Marlborough captained his own cricket team in a match against the Prince of Wales' XI on Kew Green. Wales' XI are known to have won the match which was apparently of minor standard although publicised because of the participants. This is the only known mention of Marlborough in a cricketing connection.

He was one of the original governors of London's Foundling Hospital, the foundation of which in 1739 marked a watershed in British child care advocacy and attitudes.

Seven Years War
He is best known for his service in the early part of the Seven Years' War. He led the Raid on St Malo, a naval descent against the French coastal port. Following the Capture of Emden in 1758, he led the British expeditionary force sent to join Ferdinand of Brunswick's Army of Observation on Continental Europe, but died the same year, leaving command to John Manners, Marquess of Granby.

Marriage and children
He married The Hon. Elizabeth Trevor (c. 1713 – 1761), daughter of Thomas Trevor, 2nd Baron Trevor. They had five children:

 * Lady Diana Spencer (1734–1808). Married first Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke, and secondly Topham Beauclerk.
 * Elizabeth Herbert, Countess of Pembroke and Montgomery (29 December 1737 – 30 April 1831). Married Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke.
 * George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough (26 January 1739 – 29 January 1817).
 * Lord Charles Spencer (31 March 1740 – 16 June 1820).
 * Lord Robert Spencer (8 May 1747 – 23 June 1831)

Personal life
The amiable Charles was generally well-liked, and he was a loyal husband and loving father. He made sure to write to his wife frequently while on military campaigns and always sent his love to their children. He had no concept of economy, and was a heavy spender. He was so notoriously incompetent with money that when he suddenly died in 1758, acquaintances wryly remarked that he died before he could spend his heir's inheritance on the estate.

Death
In October 1758, Charles was on a campaign in Germany when he caught dysentery that was sweeping the camp. His sudden death shocked his family, friends, and England. However, an autopsy revealed he would have died not long after, as his lungs were ravaged by the consumption that had killed his mother and sister. Surprisingly, Charles did not spread consumption to his children.

Titles

 * 22 November 1706 – 15 September 1729: The Honourable Charles Spencer
 * 15 September 1729 – 24 October 1733: The Right Honourable The Earl of Sunderland
 * 24 October 1733 – 20 October 1758: His Grace The Duke of Marlborough

External Sources

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Benevolent Irish Society

The Benevolent Irish Society (BIS) is a philanthropic organization founded on 17 February 1806, a month before the Feast of St. Patrick, in St. John's, Newfoundland. It is the oldest philanthropic organization in North America. Membership is open to adult residents of Newfoundland who are of Irish birth or ancestry, regardless of religious persuasion. The BIS is a charitable, fraternal, middle-class social organization founded on the principles of "benevolence and philanthropy", and had as its original objective of helping the growing numbers of poor in St. John's, and providing the necessary skills which would enable people to better themselves. The rules of the BIS prohibited members from formally discussing political or religious questions, but the Society occasionally took a public political stand. In 1829 it participated in a large parade through St. John's to celebrate Roman Catholic Emancipation.

In the early years of the nineteenth century, St. John's had a large Irish population with some members of affluence. Many of these Irish both saw social needs which were not being met by government, and desired to belong to a fraternal, gentlemanly organization. Under Bishop O'Donel's patronage, they founded the BIS under the motto He that gives to the poor lends to the Lord.

By the 1820s, many BIS members were beginning to play prominent roles in the political life of Newfoundland and the Irish community in St. John's. By the 1840s the BIS had become so wealthy and influential that, next to the House of Assembly and the governor's council, the BIS was able to marshal considerable resources to address social problems and needs. In 1876 it sponsored the establishment in St. John's of the Irish Christian Brothers, and assisted with the maintenance of the Saint Bonaventure's College and the opening of St. Patrick's School. In 1996, the then Taoiseach of Ireland, John Bruton, visited the BIS in St. Patrick's Hall on St. Patrick's Day.

The headquarters of the BIS, fronting on Queen's Road, backing on Military Road opposite of the Basilicia, with its side on Garrison Hill, was converted into a condominium residence in the late 1990s/early 2000s; the price of a single condo unit can reach over 1 million Canadian dollars. The BIS is now based about two minutes walk west at 30 Harvey Road.

title: Benevolent Irish Society


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John Wood, the Elder

John Wood, the Elder (1704 – 23 May 1754) was an English architect, working mainly in Bath.

In 1740 he surveyed Stonehenge and the Stanton Drew stone circles. He later wrote extensively about Bladud and Neo-Druidism. Because of some of his designs he is also thought to have been involved in the early years of Freemasonry.

His notable work in Bath included: St John's Hospital, Queen Square, Prior Park, The Royal Mineral Water Hospital, the North and South Parades and The Circus. Wood also designed important buildings outside Bath, including the reconstruction of Llandaff Cathedral, Buckland House, The Exchange, Bristol, and Liverpool Town Hall. He has been described by Nikolaus Pevsner as "one of the outstanding architects of the day".

Early life
Wood was born in Twerton near Bath, and baptised in St. James's Church (now demolished). He received a good but basic education at King Edward's School. His father George was a local builder.

During his teenage years and early twenties, Wood worked for Robert Benson, the first Baron Bingley at his estate, Bramham Park, Yorkshire. He then became involved in speculative builds on the Cavendish estate in London.

Style and vision
Through reading, site visits and practical experience Wood developed his unique ideas in order to create a master plan for his home town of such ambition it is almost overwhelming. Through his continual self-education, Wood refined his architectural beliefs and by his mid-twenties had combined his passion for Palladianism (a type of classical architecture) with his obsession with Ancient British history, and almost certainly Freemasonry.

Wood set out to restore Bath to what he believed was its former ancient glory as one of the most important and significant cities in England. In 1725 he developed an ambitious plan for his home town, which due to opposition he developed outside the existing city walls. Wood created a distinctive image for the city, one that has greatly contributed to Bath's continuing popularity.

Wood's grand plans for Bath were consistently hampered by the corporation (council), churchmen, landowners and moneymen. Instead he approached Robert Gay, a barber surgeon from London, and the owner of the Barton Farm estate in the Manor of Walcot, outside the city walls. On these fields Wood established Bath's architectural style, the basic principles of which were copied by all those architects who came after him. Wood created one of the greatest attractions in the world, recognised by UNESCO for embodying a number of outstanding universal values — including the deliberate creation of a beautiful and unified city.

Speculative Building
At Queen Square, Wood introduced speculative building to Bath. This meant that whilst Wood leased the land from Robert Gay for £137 per annum, designed the frontages, and divided the ground into the individual building plots, he sub-let to other individual builders or masons. They had two years grace in which to get the walls up and the roof on, after which they had to pay a more substantial rent. As Bath was booming, most plots were reserved before the two years were up, providing the builder with the necessary income to complete the house. Ultimately this meant less work and risk for Wood; in addition he received £305 per annum in rents, leaving him a healthy profit of £168 – the equivalent today (in terms of average earnings) of £306,000.

Bath architecture
Wood is known for designing many of the streets and buildings of Bath, such as St John's Hospital, (1727–28), Queen Square (1728–36), Prior Park (1734–41), The Royal Mineral Water Hospital (1738–42) the North (1740) and South Parades (1743–48), The Circus (1754–68), and other notable houses, many of which are Grade I listed buildings.

In 1716 the architect William Killigrew was commissioned to rebuild the St John's Hospital, which had been founded around 1180, by Bishop Reginald Fitz Jocelin making it among the oldest almshouses in England. Construction continued after 1727 with John Wood, the Elder undertaking the building, as his first work in Bath, when he was aged 23.

Ralph Allen's Town House was commissioned by Ralph Allen who commenced building it in or shortly after 1727. Opinion is divided as to whether John Wood the Elder designed the "Town House", however the ostentatious decoration is not a style he uses elsewhere in Bath. Wood, in his "Essay towards the future of Bath", says — while Mr.Allen was making the Addition to the North Part of his House in Lilliput Alley he new fronted and raised the old Building a full Story higher; it consists of a Basement Story sustaining a double Story under the Crowning; and this is surmounted by an Attick, which created a sixth Rate House, and a Sample for the greatest Magnificence that was ever proposed by me for our City Houses. Queen Square was Wood's first speculative development. Wood lived in a house on the square. Numbers 21–27 make up the north side. Which was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as "one of the finest Palladian compositions in England before 1730". The west side (numbers 14 – 18 and 18A, 19 & 20) was designed by John Pinch in 1830 and differs from Wood's original design as the central block is in Neo-Grecian style. 16–18 is now occupied by the Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution. The south side (numbers 5–13) which was originally left open is now occupied by a hotel.

In 1742, Wood was commissioned to build a home for the mayor of Bath Ralph Allen, on a hill overlooking the city of Bath. This building is Grade I listed and has housed Prior Park College since 1830.

The building for the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases was designed by Wood and built with Bath Stone donated by Ralph Allen. It was later enlarged, firstly in 1793 by the addition of an attic storey and later in 1860 by a second building erected on the west side of the earlier edifice. It is a Grade II listed building. There is a fine pediment, in Bath stone, on 1860 building depicting the parable of the Good Samaritan.

North Parade was part of a wider scheme to build a Royal Forum, including South Parade, Pierrepont and Duke Streets, similar to Queen Square, which was never completed. Wood designed the facade, of Bath Stone, after which a variety of builders completed the work with different interiors and rear elevations.

Wood Street was built in 1778 and has been designated as a Grade I listed building. The street was designed by John Wood, the Elder and built by Thomas Baldwin in the same style as the adjacent Queen Square. His final masterpiece was the Circus, built on Barton Fields outside the old city walls of Bath, although he never lived to see his plans put into effect as he died less than three months after the first stone was laid. It was left to his son, John Wood, the Younger to complete the scheme to his father's design. Wood's inspiration was the Roman Colosseum, but whereas the Colosseum was designed to be seen from the outside, the Circus faces inwardly. Three classical Orders, (Greek Doric, Roman/Composite and Corinthian) are used, one above the other, in the elegant curved facades. The frieze of the Doric entablature is decorated with alternating triglyphs and 525 pictorial emblems, including serpents, nautical symbols, devices representing the arts and sciences, and masonic symbols. The parapet is adorned with stone acorn finials. He demonstrated how a row of town houses could be dignified, almost palatial. The uses of uniform facades and rhythmic proportions in conjunction with classical principles of unerring symmetry were followed throughout the city.

Architecture outside Bath
Wood also designed important buildings outside Bath, the reconstruction of Llandaff Cathedral 1734–1749, The Exchange, Bristol 1741–43, Liverpool Town Hall 1749–54.

Wood's work on the rebuilding of Llandaff Cathedral gained the nicknamed of the "Italian Temple". It was used for a hundred years but never completed and only a few stones remain.

The Exchange in Bristol was built in 1741–43 by Wood, with carvings by Thomas Paty. Wood was also the architect of the Liverpool Exchange, which was completed in 1754 and gutted by fire in 1795. The London Exchange of Wood's day was also destroyed by fire in 1838. Bristol's Exchange is therefore unique, the only surviving 18th-century exchange building in England. When finished in 1743 the Exchange, as planned, had "the outward appearance of one grand structure," and the much-admired exterior remains today largely as built. The front of the building has Corinthian columns in the centre and pilasters to the sides. A central semicircular-arched doorway has cast-iron lion-head knockers. A frieze with human and animal heads symbolises trade, and a royal coat of arms is displayed in the tympanum. The rear of the building is symmetrical with pedimented windows and semicircular ground-floor arches.

Liverpool Town Hall was built between 1749 and 1754 to a design by Wood replacing an earlier town hall nearby. An extension to the north designed by James Wyatt was added in 1785. The ground floor acted as the exchange, and a council room and other offices were on the upper floor. The ground floor had a central courtyard surrounded by Doric colonnades but it was "dark and confined, and the merchants preferred to transact business in the street outside". Following a fire in 1795 the hall was largely rebuilt and the portico and dome were added by James Wyatt who also redesigned the interiors.

Buckland House is a large Georgian stately home and the manor house of Buckland in Oxfordshire built in 1757. Sir Robert Throckmorton, the fourth baronet of Coughton, who commissioned Wood to design the new Buckland House as a shooting lodge and weekend retreat. John Wood, the Younger substantially revised the plan and added the distinctive octagonal pavilions to the sides of the house. The final house is illustrated in the 1767 volume of Vitruvius Britannicus.

Stonehenge and Stanton Drew surveys
Wood also left us the most important plan of Stonehenge ever made; his survey, carried out in 1740 and published in his Choir Gaure, Vulgarly Called Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain (1747), was annotated with hundreds of measurements, which he resolved on the ground to one half, sometimes even one quarter, of an inch. This work has been largely overlooked, partly due to criticisms made by the antiquarian William Stukeley. Wood's interpretation of the monument as a place of pagan ritual was vehemently attacked by Stukeley who saw the druids not as pagans, but as biblical patriarchs. Stukely also failed to see the significance of recording the stones in such detail. However, using Wood's original dimensions it has been possible to re-draw his work on a computer and compare the record with the modern plan of Stonehenge. His survey has immense archaeological value, for he recorded the stones fifty years before the collapse of the western trilithon (which fell in 1797 and was not restored until 1958).

In the same year Wood surveyed and mapped the Stanton Drew stone circles, noting the different stones used and suggesting the layout was based on the Pythagorean planetary system.

Freemasonry
Many of the buildings he designed are littered with icons and symbols associated with Freemasonry, leading many people who have studied his work to believe that he was a member of the organisation, even though there is no documentary proof. Wood wrote extensively about sacred geometry, and argued that the myths of the supposed founder of Bath, King Bladud, were based on truth. He claimed that ancient British stone circles were the remains of once more elaborate buildings designed by Bladud.

It has been suggested that Wood (and his son, also John) were connected to Freemasonry either via one of their building partnerships and/or via symbolism in their architecture. In his Masonic lecture and article, Stephen Ben Cox tentatively suggests an image for this as the square (Queen's Square), the circle (The Circus) and the crescent (The Royal Crescent): standing for Earth, Sun and Moon, and following the masonic path of the sun in the Lodge from east (the Master chair) to south (the Junior Warden) and exiting in the west (the Senior Warden) as a symbol of man's spiritual progress in life from the rough to the smooth ashlar.

When viewed from the air, the Circus, along with Queens Square and the adjoining Gay Street, form a key shape, which is a masonic symbol similar to those that adorn many of Wood's buildings. Cox notes that there is no direct evidence of deliberate Masonic expression in the architecture (although there are plenty of carved signs and symbols which are important to Freemasonry). He goes on however to say that it is interesting to note that Queen Square is lower down the hill whilst The Circus overlooks it at the top of the hill, whilst to the west The Crescent faces out across the open space of the park sloping away from it.

Media proprietor Felix Farley (c. 1708–1753) published Wood's The Origin of Building: Or, The Plagiarism of the Heathens Detected, In Five Books.

Bladud and the druids
In many of Woods writings, and particularly The Essay towards a description of Bath, he describes Bladud, a legendary king of the Britons for whose existence there is no historical evidence, as the founder of Bath. Wood repeats and embellishes earlier stories that Bladud founded the city because while he was in Athens he contracted leprosy, and when he returned home he was imprisoned as a result, but escaped and went far off to go into hiding. He found employment as a swineherd at Swainswick, about two miles from the later site of Bath, and noticed that his pigs would go into an alder-moor in cold weather and return covered in black mud. He found that the mud was warm, and that they did it to enjoy the heat. He also noticed that the pigs which did this did not suffer from skin diseases as others did, and on trying the mud bath himself found that he was cured of his leprosy. He was then restored to his position as heir-apparent to his father, and founded Bath so that others might also benefit as he had done. Wood also writes about Neo-Druidism which had been popularised in the 17th and 18th centuries by writers such as John Aubrey, John Toland and William Stukeley in conjunction with exploration of the stone circles at Stonehenge and Stanton Drew. Like Inigo Jones before him, who had also surveyed Stonehenge, Wood's study of these two monuments had an important influence on his work in providing key dimensions for the Circus in Bath and confirming his interest in the local antiquity of circular and crescent forms.

Death and legacy
Wood died in Bath on 23 May 1754.

Many of his building projects were continued by his son John Wood, the Younger, including the Royal Crescent, Bath Assembly Rooms and Buckland House. He also finished The Circus.

Only two portraits of Wood are known to exist, one of which is a wooden bust which was carved from a death mask.

There is an off-campus dormitory complex belonging to the University of Bath named John Wood Complex, on Avon Street.

Bath is now a World Heritage Site, at least partly as a result of the Woods' architecture.

title: John Wood, the Elder


text:
Talk:Calcio storico fiorentino

Mulcaster
Until I removed it, this article used to say --

 * Because Calcio originally attracted a sophisticated class of people, it had an impact of international proportions. British schoolmaster Richard Mulcaster mentions an English version of mob football, influenced by Calcio, in his 1561 treatise on the education of the young.

I know a few websites state that Mulcaster mentions a game played in England influenced by Calcio; but this appears to be pure editorialising.

In his publication of 1581, "Positions Wherein Those Primitive Circumstances Be Examined, Which Are Necessarie for the Training up of Children", Richard Mulcaster wrote the following ....

 *  .. The second kinde I make the Footeball play, which could not possibly have growne to this greatnes, that it is now at, nor have bene so much used, as it is in all places, if it had not had great helpes, both to health and strength, and to me the abuse of it is a sufficient argument, that it hath a right use: which being revoked to his primative will both helpe, strength, and comfort nature: though as it is now commonly used, with thronging of a rude multitude, with bursting of shinnes, and breaking of legges, it be neither civil, neither worthy the name of any traine to health. Wherin any man may evidently see the use of the trayning [105] maister. For if one stand by, which can judge of the play, and is judge over the parties, and hath authoritie to commaunde in the place, all those inconveniences have bene, I know, and wilbe I am sure very lightly redressed, nay they will never entermedle in the matter, neither shall there be complaint, where there is no cause. Some smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously, and using to walke after, may use footeball for as much good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges, as the Armeball, for the same, by the use of the armes. And being so used, the Footeball strengtheneth and brawneth the whole body, and by provoking superfluities downeward, it dischargeth the head, and upper partes, it is good for the bowells, and to drive downe the stone and gravell from both the bladder and kidneies. It helpeth weake hammes, by much moving, beginning at a meane, and simple shankes by thickening of the flesh, no lesse then riding doth. Yet rash running and to much force oftentimes breaketh some inward conduit, and bringeth ruptures.

 * There is no mention of Calcio as played in Florence. I have therefore removed the former text. Jooler 18:21, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Then again it does not say there was a mention of Calcio, rather it says he mentions an English version of mob football influenced by Calcio. In fact he quite frequently mentions Romans and their culture where they played harpastum... Libro0 04:48, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Picture fom 1688
From where did you get the name Harald er stjerna? I could'nt find it anywhere else and even in the book (source) there's Alessandro Cecchini (etching). I would rather change this if there's no proof...134.76.162.163 (talk) 15:53, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

BBC reference
I'm not sure that the reference to bridge fighting is relevant to this article.

 * In 1574 Henry III of France attended a game of "bridge fighting" - put on in his honor during a visit to Venice; the king is recorded as saying: "Too small to be a real war and too cruel to be a game".[2]

One might be led to believe that the quote is referring to Calcio Storico, which I think would be misleading. From my reading of that article the games were very different, only related by their use as outlets for civic tensions. Thoughts? --Mrow84 (talk) 12:33, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Palla Grossa Prato
Can someone who knows a bit more about it add in the Palla Grossa game played in Prato to the modern day section? Here's the links I could find relating to the term Palla Grossa: https://twitter.com/pallagrossa1 http://whenwewander.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/la-palla-grossa.html http://mathforum.org/kb/thread.jspa?forumID=149&threadID=383758&messageID=1183809 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDRJutTwPA Noii (talk) 12:15, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Calcio storico fiorentino


text: User talk:216.228.12.58

title: User talk:216.228.12.58


text: User talk:68.102.26.204

title: User talk:68.102.26.204


text:
Brig (disambiguation)

A brig is a type of sailing ship.

Brig may also refer to:

In the military

 * Brig, a (chiefly American) term for a naval military prison on a ship or navy base
 * An abbreviation for the rank of brigadier
 * An abbreviation for a brigade

Places

 * Brig-Glis (also known simply as "Brig"), a town in the canton of Valais, Switzerland
 * Brig (district), the district in which Brig, Switzerland is located
 * Brig railway station, serving Brig, Switzerland
 * Brig Bahnhofplatz railway station, the station in Brig used by metre-gauge trains
 * Bamber Bridge, a town in Lancashire, England, often referred to as "Brig" by residents
 * Brig, Istria County, a village near Vižinada

Arts and entertainment

 * The Brig (play), a 1963 play by Kenneth H. Brown
 * "The Brig" (Lost), an episode of the TV series Lost
 * The Brig, a nickname of the Doctor Who character Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart

People

 * Brigman Brig Owens (born 1943), American former National Football League player
 * Brig Van Osten, American hairstylist who won the reality TV series Shear Genius (season 3)

Other uses

 * Brig, another name for the Celtic goddess Brigid
 * An obsolete abbreviation for a brigantine, a type of sailing ship
 * Scots and Northern English for bridge, Brig o' Doon, Cramond Brig, Brig of Dread.

title: Brig (disambiguation)


text:
John Wood, the Younger

John Wood, the Younger (25 February 1728 – 18 June 1782) was an English architect, working principally in the city of Bath, Somerset. He was the son of the architect John Wood, the Elder. His designs were highly influential during the 18th century and the Royal Crescent is considered to be one of the best examples of Georgian Neo-Classical architecture in Britain.

Biography
John Wood was born in 1728, the year his father moved to Bath, and was baptised in Bath Abbey. He was trained by his father and as a young man worked on several of his father's projects such as Liverpool Town Hall. In either 1752 or early 1753 he married Elizabeth Brock. They had two sons together and at least eight daughters.

Wood died at Eagle House, Batheaston (his home in later years) on 16 June 1781 and was buried beside his father in the chancel at St Mary's Church, Swainswick. He was deeply in debt, partly due to financial conditions relating to his father's earlier building speculations.

Works
Wood began his independent career by developing and extending his father's work in Bath. His first major project consisted of completing the Circus (his father died less than three months after the first stone was laid). His next achievement was the design and build of Gay Street to connect Queen Square and the Circus, his father's greatest triumphs.

Wood spent the next decades designing new buildings, terraces and architectural set-pieces for the city of Bath. It appears that he did not share his father's interest in druidism and freemasonry, but his designs show certain inspirations and themes which reflect 18th century fashions and philosophies.

During the 1770s a new more severe neo-classical style was becoming fashionable. Wood pioneered this new style in buildings such as the Hot Bath (built using the Doric order), the Royal Crescent and the Bath Assembly Rooms. These buildings contrasted with the more decorated and embellished style preferred by his father. Whilst John Wood the Elder's Circus includes superimposed orders and a detailed frieze, the Royal Crescent—designed by his son—has a single order and plain decoration throughout.

The site Wood chose for the Royal Crescent also shows that he was interested in creating a proto-romantic dialogue between his buildings and the surrounding countryside. Previous buildings and set-pieces in Bath were all intensely urban and inward looking whereas the Royal Crescent was fully open and looked out on to open fields. This is not always apparent today, but when it was built in 1775 the crescent was situated right on the edge of the city with no nearby buildings to block residents' views of the countryside. The Royal Crescent is among the greatest examples of Georgian architecture to be found in the United Kingdom and is a Grade I listed building.

Outside Bath, his most notable works include Buckland House in Buckland, Oxfordshire, and the General Infirmary in Salisbury. Knill's Monument in St Ives, Cornwall, constructed in 1782 for John Knill, was designed by Wood. In 1781, Wood published A Series of Plans for Cottages or Habitations of the Labourer, the earliest British pattern book for labourers' cottages.

Reputation and assessment
John Wood the Younger is a key figure, not only in the history of Bath, but also in the history of British 18th-century architecture. When John Wood the Elder died, Queen Square and the Circus were isolated showpieces in Bath. His son connected these buildings and went on to create and inspire a new city quarter filled with elegant Palladian and neo-classical structures. Wood's clean, neo-classical style inspired other Georgian and Regency era architects in Bath such as John Pinch the elder, John Pinch the younger and Thomas Baldwin. The Royal Crescent is his greatest achievement and was one of the first designs of its type. It was imitated in Bath and also in later English towns such as Buxton, Brighton, Bristol and London.

title: John Wood, the Younger


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User:Dungodung

Hi, I'm dungodung . I'm a Wikipedian.

Introduction
My real name is Filip Maljković and I live in Pančevo, Serbia. I was born on November 29, 1987. It was Sunday, not that it matters.

I officially joined Wikipedia on September 11, 2004, but I consider May 4, 2005 my wiki birthdate, because that's when I registered at my home wiki – Serbian Wikipedia.

My role in Wikimedia
I have various roles in Wikimedia. I'm a steward, sysop on meta and old wikisource, a sysop/bureaucrat on all projects in the Serbian language. I'm also a member of the executive board of Wikimedia Serbia, and I'm doing some stuff on OTRS, mailing lists and IRC as well. For the full list of my roles, check my meta userpage.

Articles started by me

 * Toyota Aygo
 * Oceanographic Museum
 * No Name (band)
 * Lloret de Mar
 * Saint Nicholas Cathedral

Userboxen
sr:Korisnik:Dungodung

title: User:Dungodung


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Peekee

i have heard of this brand but it does not have a website, rickK (just wanted to let you know)

ya me too


text:
Bad Nenndorf

Bad Nenndorf (Northern Low Saxon: Nenndörpe) is a small town in the district of Schaumburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Its population is 10,210 (2005). It is situated approximately 12 km east of Stadthagen, and 25 km west of Hanover, at the southern edge of the North German Plain and the northern edge of the Deister ridge. The area of the town includes the outlying villages of Riepen, Horsten and Waltringhausen.

History
The village, probably dating from the beginning of the 9th century, is first recorded as Nyanthorpe in the records of Corvey Abbey in 936.

The first church was erected in 1136. The village was the property of the Counts of Schaumburg from 1311. Following the establishment of another small settlement to the SW of the village, the distinction was drawn between Gross Nenndorf and Klein Nenndorf. A further settlement by the name of Densinghausen, in the area of the modern town, was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. After the division of the county of Schaumburg in 1647, Nenndorf belonged to Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel).

The healing power of the sulphur springs, situated between Gross Nenndorf and Klein Nenndorf, and first recorded in 1546, was first generally recognised in the mid-18th century. On the initiative of Landgrave Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel, the 'estate district' of Nenndorf, with bathing installations and spa park, was initiated in 1787. The sulphur springs, which until then had been despised as devil's excrement on account of their pungent odour, were reckoned among the most powerful in Europe, and could now finally be applied with great success for rheumatism, arthritis and skin complaints. Soon Nenndorf was one of the leading German spas. In 1866 Bad Nenndorf became the Royal Prussian state spa, and financial support from Berlin enabled it to expand further.

The geographical position of Bad Nenndorf was a major factor in its development. It lies on the northern edge of the Mittelgebirge (central uplands), on the Hellweg, a route between Rhine and Elbe which had been used for centuries. Thus the town obtained connections to the railway network (1847 in Haste and 1872 in Nenndorf), to the Mittellandkanal (1916 in Haste), and to the motorway in 1939.

The community (parish) of Bad Nenndorf was formed in 1929 by the amalgamation of Gross Nenndorf, Klein Nenndorf and the Estate District.

Towards the end of the Second World War, the town served as the headquarters of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division under Major-General Alexander R. Bolling. It subsequently became part of the British Occupation Zone and was the site of a British interrogation camp (1945 to 1947).

The poet Agnes Miegel lived in Bad Nenndorf between 1948 and 1964. The house she lived in (the ‘Agnes-Miegel-Haus’) is now a museum about her life and works.

Bad Nenndorf is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Nenndorf and is twinned with Doudeville, in Normandy.

Interrogation centre
Between June 1945 and July 1947, Bad Nenndorf was the site of a British Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre (CSDIC) center through which several hundred Nazi and suspected Communist prisoners passed. The camp became the focus of controversy after allegations of mistreatment of prisoners emerged. One British Army officer was convicted by a court-martial in 1948 for his part in the affair. The controversy surfaced again in December 2005 with the publication of an article in the British newspaper The Guardian In 2006  under Freedom of Information the newspaper reported on the mistreatment of prisoners at the center. Photos were destroyed, but a few remained hidden.

Personality

 * Jérôme Bonaparte (1784-1860), King of Westphalia (1807-1813), stayed during his reign frequently in Bad Nenndorf for a cure. He extended the spa facilities (construction of the mud bath 1809)
 * The East Prussian poet Agnes Miegel (1879-1964) lived from 1948 to 1964 in Bad Nenndorf. Her former residence is now home to the Agnes Miegel Society. Since 1954 she is an honorary citizen of the city.
 * Dieter Hecking (born 1964), former professional football player and coach of Borussia Mönchengladbach.

title: Bad Nenndorf


text:
Nenndorf

Nenndorf is a municipality in the district of Wittmund, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

title: Nenndorf


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Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland

Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland (15 March 1754 – 24 October 1787) was a British politician and nobleman, the eldest legitimate son of John Manners, Marquess of Granby. He was styled Lord Roos from 1760 until 1770, and Marquess of Granby from 1770 until 1779.

Early life and family
Manners was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating the latter with a nobleman's MA in 1774. That year, he was elected as one of two members of parliament for Cambridge University. He continued to maintain the family's substantial electoral interests, and to collect objets d'art to decorate Belvoir Castle. He pledged to redeem his father's substantial debts, but was hampered by his passion for gambling.

On 26 December 1775, he married Lady Mary Isabella Somerset (died 1831), daughter of Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort and a celebrated beauty, renowned for her elegance and good taste. She was one of the most prominent society hostesses, and Sir Joshua Reynolds painted her portrait four times. Charles and Mary had six children:

Later in life, he was said to have been the lover of Elizabeth Billington.
 * Lady Elizabeth Isabella Manners (died 5 October 1853), married on 21 August 1798 Richard Norman, who was a nephew of Admiral John Montagu and the father-in-law of the daughter (Lady Adeliza Elizabeth Gertrude Manners, died 1877) of
 * John Henry Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland (1778–1857)
 * Lady Katherine Mary Manners (died 1 May 1829), married on 16 June 1800 Cecil Weld-Forester, 1st Baron Forester
 * General Lord Charles Henry Somerset Manners (24 October 1780 – 25 May 1855), died unmarried
 * Major-General Lord Robert William Manners (14 December 1781 – 15 November 1835)
 * Lord William Robert Albanac Manners (1783–1793)

Parliament
Granby entered parliament in opposition to the North Ministry and as an ally to the Rockingham Whigs. He acted only as an observer until reaching his majority, and made his maiden speech on 5 April 1775, advocating free trade with the southern American Colonies. The speech brought him thanks from his father's friend Chatham, whom he praised, and initiated a friendship with William Pitt the Younger. It much disappointed the Court, and particularly Lord Mansfield, who had thought to govern the young Granby. During the American Revolution, he followed Chatham in urging reconciliation with America, and was one of those who questioned the conduct of Admiral Keppel in March 1779. He did not follow this up, and does not seem to have spoken in Parliament afterwards, acceding to the dukedom on 29 May 1779. He was able to obtain a seat for his friend Pitt at Appleby in 1780 when Pitt failed in an election for Cambridge University, and promised him a seat in one of the boroughs of the Rutland interest in the future. His own Parliamentary interest notwithstanding, he supported Pitt's plans for reform, and the two men remained friends for life.

Political appointments
With the entry of the French into the war, he became colonel of the Leicestershire militia, and was created Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire on 9 July 1779, an honour bestowed by George III in person. On 30 October 1782, he was made a Knight of the Garter and was made Lord Steward of the Household and sworn of the Privy Council on 17 February 1783. Shelburne thus brought him into the cabinet; but the appointment met with royal disfavour and prompted the resignation of Grafton and the collapse of the ministry. Rutland was by now an ally of Pitt, and upon his premiership, became Lord Privy Seal in December 1783.

Rutland was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland on 11 February 1784. He was enthusiastic for Pitt's Irish policy and the legislative union which it entailed, but became increasingly doubtful of its implementation. In 1785, Pitt and Rutland successfully worked a trade plan through the Irish Parliament, initially against the opposition of Henry Grattan and Henry Flood. However, the Foxite opposition in the British House of Commons so gutted the measure with amendments that it was rejected in its new form in Ireland. While the Irish opposition was later reconciled to Pitt's bona fides with regard to trade, the episode demoralized Thomas Orde, the Chief Secretary of Ireland, and further hindered efforts at reform.

Rutland was increasingly popular as viceroy, in part because of his convivial nature and ample banquets at Dublin Castle. In the summer of 1787, he made an extended and rigorous tour of the midlands and north of Ireland, but his excessive consumption of claret was by now taking a toll upon his health. He died of liver disease on 24 October 1787 at the Viceregal Lodge in the Phoenix Park, Dublin.

title: Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland


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Graves Park (ward)

Graves Park ward—which includes the districts of Norton, Norton Lees, Norton Woodseats, and Woodseats—is one of the 28 electoral wards in City of Sheffield, England. It is located in the southern part of the city and covers an area of 5.8 km2. The population of this ward in 2011 was 16,705 people in 7,464 households. It is one of the five wards that form the Sheffield Heeley parliamentary constituency in the House of Commons. The districts of this ward were in the historic county of Derbyshire, but they have now been absorbed into the metropolitan borough of Sheffield, thus placing them in the ceremonial county of South Yorkshire.

Parks and recreation
The ward is named for Graves Park—a large park between Woodseats and Norton. This 248 acre (1 km2) park is the largest in Sheffield, and was presented to the city by J. G. Graves in 1925.

Woodseats/Norton Woodseats
Historically, Norton Woodseats was a village that straddled Derbyshire Lane running from Four Lane Ends to Bolehill (now part of Graves Park). The name Woodseats comes from the Old English Wodesettes, which means a 'fold in a wood'. Woodseats itself was little more than a cluster of cottages around a road called 'The Dale' close to the intersection of Woodseats Road and Chesterfield Road (A61).

Norton
Norton is a village, now a district of Sheffield. There has been a settlement here since, at least, Saxon times. St James' Church dates from before 1172. The grave of the sculptor Sir Francis Chantrey (7 April 1782 – 25 November 1841)—who was born in the village—can be seen just outside the church. Other significant buildings in the area include Norton Hall and Oakes Park. The non-flying RAF station, RAF Norton, was based in the area from 1939 to 1965.

Norton Lees
Norton Lees is a residential suburb located to the east of Woodseats.

title: Graves Park (ward)


text:
User talk:Cecropia/Archive 12

Comments on user pages
Thanks for taking the time to drop me a note. I suppose I'll get around to putting a note on my user page. Thanks for the link to the founder's page. There's a face to this thing! Peace 2 u. deeceevoice 12:37, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

C train
Wow, nice! And I finished my template reworking just in time so I only have to change Template:NYCS C. --SPUI 23:08, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And I think everything's now back to normal in the articles and station listings. --SPUI 23:22, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lexington Avenue Elevated
Thanks for adding the rest of the stations. I'm curious what the source is; is there a map online that shows them? All that I've found show it already gone past Myrtle Ave, except one general map on davidrumsey.com, which I don't think gives station names. --SPUI 08:35, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I removed Vanderbilt Avenue (since I misinterpreted the paragraph about it at nycsubway.org, and none is shown there on the davidrumsey.com map); can you verify that none was there? I'm not sure if it's a good idea to abbreviate Elevated as L - Elevated is the proper term, and someone linking to or typing in the name is more likely to use that. --SPUI 09:11, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Subway services
Do you have any maps showing BMT letters pre-Chrystie Street? The ones on don't use letters until Chrystie Street opened. --SPUI 00:00, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, thanks. I see I have even visited that link recently, but had forgotten about it. --SPUI 00:14, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:NYC subway origins.png
I've updated this map for the return to regular service (as well as some errors I found recently), if you're interested. --SPUI 01:17, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If you get a chance, can you look over R (New York City Subway) and make sure I didn't get any of the time periods wrong for former service (specifically with the across-the-board changes)? --SPUI 01:59, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the link - do you know if the KK on was the first one to be assigned? I tried adding the original BMT letters to New York City Subway line, route and station nomenclature but by the time of that map, some of them had already moved. --SPUI 04:35, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Defunct services
The idea is that the histories of all the other services will be in the articles about the current services, and services labeled 8 H K T will be covered in their own pages. Maybe 'unused designations', though that would imply that never-used letters should be in there too. Maybe they should, and all redirect to a page that explains why those were never used. --SPUI 06:01, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem with that wording is that the JFK Express doesn't really fit. I changed it to 'defunct labels'; if we want to include something about the never-used labels, that can be covered in the nomenclature page. --SPUI 06:27, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I don't fully understand the letters assigned to the BMT lines. J was Jamaica Line via Nassau Street Line, but the description you added for K (Broadway-Brooklyn Line via Nassau Street Line to the Canarsie or Jamaica Lines) also includes that. --SPUI 06:06, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I used Brighton Beach Line in the table because that's what the BMT called it (at least on the service guide I used), and that's more of a historic table. As for the IRT lines in Brooklyn, I'm still thinking about that. --SPUI 10:08, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

BMT chart
Actually, I was trying to show the first designation that was given (or in the cases of the lines transferred to other divisions, the designations they had right after the transfer). Which ones don't fit that? --SPUI 19:56, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Another source of line names
- I'm currently looking through it and seeing how well it agrees with other data. --SPUI 21:46, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

BMT map
I also asked the guy that runs bmt-lines.com for comments, so I'll see if I learn anything from him. As always, thanks for the input. --SPUI 20:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I decided it's more important to distinguish subway from other; it mostly shows a neat split into two divisions.
 * 2) I looked through all the service guides on bmt-lines.com and nycsubway.org, and added the services as shown on there. Lines that saw no service in any of them are dashed. It's not meant to have a specific date, but to show all that has existed.
 * 3) I forgot to label that 'connection to IND 63rd St Line'. As for planned lines, there are too many of those to include them IMO.
 * 4) I had missed, which extends it to Crescent - when did it extend to 111th?
 * 5) The intent was to show lines that have been without passenger service for a long time. As for the ferry branch, I had assumed its location based on the current highway ramps (the Gowanus Parkway was built on the old El supports). I note there were also a few realignments of the lines out to the beach - I'm going to have to decide how much I want to show. I also forgot a branch to a race track from the Brighton Beach Line that I've seen on some older maps.

Ah, so the numbers were assigned in 1924. That should help if I have descriptions of the services without numbers. Do you know if all the dashed lines were unused by then? --SPUI 20:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

So how far did the unused tunnel that now connects to the 63rd St Line go? --SPUI 01:46, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

And I don't understand "Re: #12 service, it is mentioned on the link you sent me. It isn't a matter of the Lex being extended, but of being cut back. It was the original service to 168 St, then traded with the Broadway L when the latter got enough steel cars to run the service. So different trains of the Lex ended at Eastern Parkway or Crescent or 111th. When the Lex was discontinued, #14 trains covered runs to Crescent and 111, in addition to going to Canarsie." When the Lex was discontinued, it only ran to Eastern Parkway. --SPUI 01:53, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I'm not familiar with train lengths - any idea what's above ground where it ended, or how far it went? Is the 'fouling point' where the crossover tracks leave? Any idea what the radius is on the inbound track on the G line? --SPUI 04:12, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't need a diagram; I understand basically what's up. I'm hoping with the radius of the inbound track from Queens, I can find where (in terms of streets above) the curve ended. Do you have the distance from the end of that curve to the switch for the crossover to the express tracks (probably the fouling point)? --SPUI 06:05, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * One more question - did the 500' radius curve begin at the fouling point or after it crossed over the track from Queens? --SPUI 06:07, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the information; I'm still figuring it out. By 'compass south' do you mean roughly south, or did they actually measure directly south and then east or west to the line? --SPUI 08:28, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

By the way, do you know which street the el used to get from 3rd Ave to 5th Ave? I can't tell if it was 36th, 37th or 38th. --SPUI 08:16, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

About whether it's 1+56 or 4+56: if it's a top-down view, 4+56 would be over 45 degrees. --SPUI 09:24, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If the map is roughly to scale, and a top rather than side or straight line view, the curve would be over 45 degrees if the value is 4+56. --SPUI 09:30, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, 45 degrees is 1/8 of a circle. Is the diagram done in a way that that's useful? --SPUI 09:36, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Eh, let's try this. In Image:BMT 57th.png, does it look more like it goes to the dot south of 59th, or the end of the line in Central Park? --SPUI 09:54, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I just uploaded a revised Image:BMT map.png. --SPUI (talk) 12:24, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

IRT numbers
Do you know if the IND used numbers internally before they were signed in 1948? --SPUI (talk) 13:00, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, I meant IRT. Any idea when they were first used? I'd like to try to follow them back, kind of like with the BMT (though there the official guides included them). --SPUI (talk) 17:34, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've started on a table at User:SPUI/IRT lines. I can't find any service guides before then; looks like I'll have to use that line by line history. Nice to see that their numbering system is still being used; it's a nice neat one that will make it easy to assign services with a sufficient service guide. --SPUI (talk) 18:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Oh course, the original numbers were 1-8. 8 being Astoria, then the TA assigned it to the Third Avenue el in the Bronx about the time of Chrystie Street. 9 for Dyre wsa a BofT invention. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 18:43, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Brooklyn Loops
Do you think there will be enough for separate articles on the two loops and the system as a whole, or should I move Nassau Street Loop to Brooklyn Loops? The Nassau Street Loop article already talks about the Centre Street Loop. --SPUI (talk) 20:57, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't really see there being enough on the Centre Street Loop and the Brooklyn Loops idea for a separate article on each. The only thing that would change from the current article is the name (and a bit of the text); Nassau Street Loop would still redirect there. Alternately, the article can stay where it is with the other two redirecting to it. --SPUI (talk) 21:24, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Template:In the news
Hi. I just saw that the front page reads that Ellen McArthur is a dame. She isn't yet! As you are an admin, could you do this (the template is protected)? Cheers, Smoddy (t) (e) (c) 21:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ta. Smoddy (t) (e) (c) 21:38, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rolling stock
I've been splitting off the details on the main New York City Subway article into their own pages. I know little to nothing about the rolling stock, so I'd appreciate if you'd clean up Rolling Stock of the New York City Subway (which I've moved most of the stuff into). --SPUI (talk) 08:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Court Street Shuttle
is where I got the 'Schermerhorn Street Shuttle' name from; was that incorrect? --SPUI (talk) 09:28, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Station links
User:msh210 just pointed out that 125th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line station) gives 125th Street. Obviously we should use that now. --SPUI (talk) 21:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Railroad directions
What I was trying to say is that there are no direct connections that allow a train to go from railroad north on one line to railroad south on another line. For instance, with the planned junction of the Second Avenue Line and the 63rd Street Line, ramps in only two of the four quadrants - the two that conform to this - are being built. This philosophy may explain the lack of connections between the Sixth Avenue and Queens Boulevard Lines at Seventh Avenue, and between the Crosstown and Fulton Street Lines at Hoyt-Schermerhorn Streets. --SPUI (talk) 22:55, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hmmm, I still think there's something useful to be said here, given that the Jamaica and Myrtle Avenue Lines don't connect to any others (except the Canarsie, which is itself isolated). I just realized that the Chrystie Street Connection keeps the Jamaica Line from working even if it's switched. Maybe just a qualification like "other than on the BMT eastern division and at Coney Island terminal"? --SPUI (talk) 23:17, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Blue Rockaway Park Shuttle
shows the Rockaway Park Shuttle as blue. I'm assuming this is wrong, but I'd like confirmation. --SPUI (talk) 10:02, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * confirms that it's gray, or at least was in late 2004. --SPUI (talk) 10:28, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Flushing Line
Which way is north on the Flushing Line? --SPUI (talk) 16:16, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Oops, probably a stupid question, given the former BMT use and connection to the Third Avenue El over the Queensboro. Only respond if Flushing is not the north terminal. --SPUI (talk) 16:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Culver Line
I understand the split into two articles; why separate ones for Culver Line and BMT Culver Line though? The pre-IND Culver Line was identical to the BMT Culver Line, with only early changes similar to the other lines still in the BMT. For the record, with the split, most if not all links to Culver Line should be changed to IND Culver Line; I'll do it if you don't want to. --SPUI (talk) 02:26, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I still don't agree - there's no reason to cut the history at an arbitary point (the change from BRT to BMT). There's no reason why the information can't all be on BMT Culver Line, with only post-1954 elevated service south of the connection being in IND Culver Line, and the shuttle, freight and streetcar service being covered in BMT Culver Line to the end or their life. To put it another way, BMT Culver Line would cover everything about the Culver Line except south of Ditmas post-1954, and IND Culver Line would cover only the part south of Ditmas post-1954 (as well as the IND South Brooklyn/whatever Line). One advantage is that Culver Line can still redirect to IND Culver Line (with a see also up top), since the vast majority of references will be to present-day operations.

As for adding the word service, I agree, but I'm not up for doing it right now. --SPUI (talk) 02:51, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'd definitely mention BMT Culver Line on IND Culver Line, both at the top as on IRT Lexington Avenue Line and further in, as the lines are related by much more than name. As for the renaming, I agree (though I'm not sure if it should be station or stations - disambig pages seem to use the singular even when it's plural. Like if there are many railroads called Connecting Railroad, the disambig isn't Connecting Railroads.

By the way, after the move to add 'service', Template:NYCS service nb should be edited to add it, which should change the majority of links. --SPUI (talk) 03:05, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

My new adminship
Thank you very much for your kind note and the congratulations re making me an admin. It will take a week or so before i will become really active as I am currently without reliable internet access. WRT to the vote count - a minor mistake happened there - User Apollomelos changed his vote from oppose to support and has been counted twice subsequently. Refdoc 23:47, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Adminship
Hah, I'm not sure I'd be able to make it (I have made some enemies, or at least people who would question my fitness to be an admin), and if it's only to be able to speedy redirects, I might as well just tag them. --SPUI (talk) 03:16, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Categorization
Correct me if I'm wrong, but it appears that using stuff like Culver_BMT isn't necessary; it sorts them automatically if the keys are the same (see how 63rd is sorted).

Anyway, I'm planning to make a Category:Defunct New York City Subway lines, which would be a subcat of Category:New York City Subway lines and Category:New York City Subway history. Any objections? I'll probably do the same for services once I make pages for those. --SPUI (talk) 10:47, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lines like the BMT Lexington Avenue Line, IRT Third Avenue Line and BMT Culver Line would be in it. I understand the argument for not calling them subways, but if they had survived to this day, they would be part of the New York City Subway. --SPUI (talk) 11:21, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

How about Category:Defunct IRT lines and Category:Defunct BMT lines? --SPUI (talk) 11:29, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I don't see the need for the word 'subway'. --SPUI (talk) 11:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

See above - Category:Defunct IRT lines and Category:Defunct BMT lines. If any articles about BMT streetcar lines are made (if the BMT did have any) those can go in as well. --SPUI (talk) 11:47, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of redirects
You may want to weigh in on Templates for deletion (and look at Category:Candidates for speedy deletion to see if you think I misused it). --SPUI (talk) 18:48, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Another thing - do you know if the Second Avenue Line is considered to be BMT or IND, or has that not been determined? I know it's always been planned as IND, but the only revenue connection will be to the BMT (though it will have the other one at 63rd). --SPUI (talk) 18:53, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Feel free to move the 60th connection - I made an assumption based on the Chrystie Street Connection. Though chaining isn't always accurate, since at least one IND line is still chained as part of the BMT. --SPUI (talk) 19:52, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You may have missed this since I edited your talk page twice in a row - you may want to weigh in on Templates for deletion (and look at Category:Candidates for speedy deletion to see if you think I misused it). --SPUI (talk) 12:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

For the record, I'm not going to be making any more disambig pages for the subway stations. I realized that if it's so unlikely that someone will type them anyway, why even have them? --SPUI (talk) 21:59, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Just a quick "thank you" for you congrats and welcoming note. Now to find out how to use these admin powers... Grutness|hello? 05:46, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Interesting...

 * http://www.mta.info/nyct/service/pdf/thcur.pdf is the schedule for the Rockaway Park Shuttle. I like how they still label it the H, if only in the file name. --SPUI (talk) 03:01, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Just thought I'd say a quick thanks for promoting me, and leaving the links on my talk page. Rje 04:56, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

BMT number to letter mapping
I'm still a bit confused with 14/15 and J/K. 14 went out on the Jamaica Line, turning back before the end, with some trains serving the Canarsie Line. 15 went to the end of the Jamaica Line.

Now in 1967, the 14 Canarsie service became the JJ, but so did service to the end of the Jamaica Line (15). RJ and QJ also went out to the end of the Jamaica Line.

By 1968, JJ to Canarsie was gone, and new KK service used Chrystie Street to the end of the Jamaica Line. RJ was gone.

So it appears that 14 became JJ, and 15 became KK. Is this correct? Was there even a mapping that makes sense? --SPUI (talk) 07:22, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks a lot. Do you mind writing K (New York City Subway service), including all the BMT 14 service? As there's a one-to-one mapping (albeit a bit stretched in this case), it makes sense to write about the BMT services in the same articles as the letters (but obviously referring to them by their numbers). To this end, I've created redirects like BMT 15 to the J.

Also, do you know when the 15/JJ started serving Canarsie? --SPUI (talk) 08:41, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Killian
As you have recently demonstrated interest in this article, please see Talk:Killian_documents. Wolfman 18:48, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

IND Second System
I took advantage of the outage to finish the map for this article. --SPUI (talk) 03:38, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cecropia/Archive 12


text:
User talk:Roulo42

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Roulo42


text:
Swift v. Tyson

Swift v. Tyson, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 1 (1842), was a case brought in diversity in the Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York on a bill of exchange accepted in New York in which the Supreme Court of the United States determined that United States federal courts that heard cases brought under their diversity jurisdiction under the Judiciary Act of 1789 must apply statutory state laws when the state legislatures in question had spoken on the issue, but did not have to apply the state's common law if the state legislatures had not spoken on the issue.

The ruling meant that the federal courts that decided matters not specifically addressed by the state legislature had the authority to develop a federal general common law.

In 1938, this decision was overruled by Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, which dispensed with the concept of federal general common law in the United States.

Statute
Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 states that "the laws of the several states, except where the constitution, treaties or statutes of the United States shall otherwise recognise or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law, in the courts of the United States, in cases where they apply."

Decision
The Court decided that a bona fide holder of a negotiable instrument for valuable consideration, without any notice of the facts that implicate its validity as between the antecedent parties, if he takes it under an endorsement made before the same becomes due, holds the title unaffected by those facts and may recover thereon although, as between the antecedent parties, the transaction may be without any legal validity.

It decided that Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 does not restrict federal courts hearing diversity of citizenship cases from deriving their "own" common law.

It sustained the determination of the lower federal court that under the general common law (with reference to general principles of commercial jurisprudence), a pre-existing debt constitutes a valuable consideration for a negotiable instrument.

Reasoning
Common law is not strictly local; court decisions aspire towards true interpretations, which are to be sought not in the decisions themselves but in general principles and doctrines. Court decisions do not constitute laws or authority as to what the law is but only evidence of what the law is.

Strictly local law consists of the state's positive statutes, constructions thereof adopted by state courts, and rights and titles to things having a permanent locality, such as to real estate and other matters immovable and intraterritorial in their nature and character.

The "common" law—which is not local—includes the rights and titles created in contracts or other instruments of a commercial nature, which are to be sought in general principles of commercial jurisprudence.

In Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, "the laws of the several states" referred to state laws that were strictly local and so not to a state's "common" law. Thus, it did not bind federal courts to state commercial jurisprudence. The Federal jurisdiction is free to interpret the general common law.

The Supreme Court, therefore, sustained the determination of the lower federal court that under the general common law, a pre-existing debt constitutes a valuable consideration for a negotiable instrument.

title: Swift v. Tyson


text:
Nikon F3

The Nikon F3 was Nikon's third professional single-lens reflex camera body, preceded by the F and F2. Introduced in March 1980, it had manual and semi-automatic exposure control whereby the camera would select the correct shutter speed (aperture priority automation). The Nikon F3 series cameras had the most model variations of any Nikon F camera. It was also the first of numerous Nikon F-series cameras to be styled by Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro, and to include a red stripe on the handgrip – a feature that would later become (with variants of stripes and various other shapes) a signature feature of many Nikon cameras.

The F2AS was a current model when the F3 was introduced, and for a while both were sold concurrently. The earlier Nikons had developed such a sterling reputation for extreme ruggedness and durability that many Nikon F and F2 owners were initially reluctant to transition to the new F3 from the F2 series, particularly due to the new camera needing batteries to operate. The F3 was superseded by the F4 in 1988 and the F5 in 1996. Despite being superseded by the newer cameras, it remained in production through to 2001, with over 751,000 F3s produced through September 1992. It continues to be the longest running professional grade Nikon SLR. Long after production ceased, new bodies in boxes were available throughout the world, so an exact production number is not readily available.

F3HP and F3/T
Initially, the F3 model with the DE-2 eye-level finder was introduced, soon followed by the popular F3HP, or High Point camera, with the DE-3 High Eyepoint prism/finder. The major advantage of this finder was that the entire viewfinder image could be seen from a distance of 2.5 cm from the viewfinder. This made the F3 more usable by those who wear glasses when shooting, or were forced to shoot in high-glare situations while wearing sunglasses. The only down-side to this was a smaller image through the viewfinder compared to the standard prism. With the exception of the "P" spec camera, all viewfinders are completely interchangeable. The F3 and F3HP retained the flash mount on the rewind dial, which (with flash mounted) obstructed that area of the camera.

A significantly more durable, robust titanium version of the F3HP was also offered, called the "F3/T", initially in a more natural titanium finish or 'champagne' coloring, and later in a less conspicuous black. It weighs 20 grams less than the comparable F3. The champagne offering was introduced in 1982 and was quickly discontinued around 1985, making it the rarer (and costlier on the used market) of the two titanium models. The F3/T featured titanium clad viewfinders (DE-4), titanium back, titanium top and bottom plates. It also benefited from the conformal coating of the internal circuit board. The mechanical specifications between the black finished F3/T and the natural finish F3/T were identical.

F3P
Next to be introduced was the F3P in 1983. Built primarily for use by photojournalists ("P"ress), the F3P included additional weathersealing, O-ring gaskets, the MF-6 Auto Film-Stop Back, Type-B Matte focusing screen, a modified Titanium DE-5 pentaprism with ISO-type accessory shoe and no eyepiece blind, rubber-covered waterproof shutter release with a modified lockout and no cable release threads, a round frame counter window with white numerals (some have been seen with blue numerals), and an extended shutter speed operating knob for easier operation in cold or wet environments. The F3P lacked a film door release lock, self-timer and multiple-exposure lever.

A variant of the F3P called the 'F3 Limited' was also sold just in Japan, starting in 1994. The Limited had special badging, regular film back without the auto-stop feature of the MF-6/6B back, and was otherwise identical to the F3P. It also came in a wooden presentation box.

Neither camera could use the DX-1 viewfinder of the F3AF body. Contacts in mirror housing were configured differently than a regular F3 series camera. On an F3P and F3 Limited, they were used for flash synch and ready light purposes. On an F3, F3/T, and F3AF, they were used to communicate the exposure meter display information to the LCD inside the DX-1 viewfinder.

F3H
The F3H, a high-speed camera, was introduced for press, sports photography and for the 1998 Nagano Olympics in Japan. However, Nikon recently stated its true motivation on its website in that it "represented Nikon's reaction to the fact that, the previous year, a competitor had released a camera for high-speed continuous shooting that could shoot 10 fps". Following previous practice with the Nikon F High Speed and the F2H, it featured a fixed pellicle semi-transparent mirror, diverting 30% of the light through to the view finder, allowing the camera and the specially produced MD-4H motor drive to achieve up to 13 frames per second, when the MN-2 nicad battery is used (as opposed to 7.5 frames per second with eight AA alkaline batteries).

The F3H had the appearance of an F3P modified for high-speed photography; however, under the skin were some advanced techniques to achieve the speeds required, including something Nikon have described as "the camera and the motor drive predict and control each other's operations, so that certain operations overlap".

The MD-4H was essentially a speeded-up MD4, with the gearing increased by 1.5 and the voltage raised to the standard, already capable, motor. There is one additional gold contact pin surrounding the rewind spigot, that joins with the electrical connection on the base of the camera. The front face of the drive features a slightly extended area with a switch that enables the option of using the drive at a constant 6 frames per second.

Production was short, official reports from Nikon claiming only around 100 such cameras made, however it is likely that the real number exceeds that by many hundreds, as serial numbers in the high 800's have been noted. Serial numbers on the camera body begin with H9600..., and the front features the signature F3 logo with a H added. Instead of the depth-of-field preview button, it had an extended version of the button which became an aperture opening button for composing purposes. Metering was done at working aperture, instead of wide-open, as on other F3 bodies. The camera is also unique among all F3's in having a white film take up spool. Like the F3P, the DX-1 viewfinder could not be used on it. When fitted with the MD-4H it is also incompatible with the Magazine Back MF-4 250, Firing Rate Converter MK-1 and Data Back MF-14.

It was the last specialized high speed film Nikon camera made and amazingly it remained the highest frame rate SLR (including digital) that Nikon made until the introduction of the Nikon D6, which achieves 14 frames per second with a reflex mirror. The camera is highly collectable, with limited numbers being produced and being the final in a line of the high speed cameras starting with the legendary Nikon S3M.

F3AF
Finally there was the rarely seen 'F3AF', a model which included an autofocus (AF) pentaprism finder (DX-1) capable of autofocusing with two special AF Nikkor lenses—the first of their kind, which included focus motors in the lens bodies. Those lenses were the AF-80mm f/2.8 Nikkor and the AF-200mm f/3.5 Nikkor. It was the first autofocus camera to be produced by Nikon, in 1983.

However, even while the more successful subsequent Nikon AF design for the F4 and other models put the focus motor in the camera body, the F3AF's in-lens approach foreshadowed in-lens autofocus designs that would later come to dominate the market more than 15 years in the future, such as Canon's USM and Nikon's own Silent Wave Motor (SWM) lenses.

Construction
Nikon abandoned the earlier mechanically operated shutter of the F2 for a modern, electronically controlled, horizontally traveled metal curtain design. The new shutter proved to be equally reliable and less maintenance-intensive overall, though the decision to retain the horizontal-travel design significantly limited its top flash sync speed (1/80 sec.) compared to other Nikons, some of which used the Copal shutter. This decision forced many disappointed press photographers to use Nikon's semi-pro bodies (FM, FE, FM2, FE2, etc.) instead when higher sync speeds were needed, usually for fill flash in daylight situations. The F4 finally solved this sync speed deficiency with Nikon's pro-grade SLR offerings with its 250th sync. In contrast to the manually operated F2, the F3's electronic shutter required battery power to operate, although the camera included a small backup mechanical release lever that tripped the shutter at 1/60 sec.

The F3 continued the high quality of its predecessors, in some ways surpassing it. Tolerances were exacting, and typically Nikon – just enough for operation of the camera (with a small allowance for debris), yet not enough to inhibit cold-weather operation at temperatures where lubricants begin to gel. Only the finest quality mechanical and electronic parts were selected, and Nikon insisted that all electronic components be sourced with a guarantee of 20 years of continued supply. Not only did the F3 use ball-bearings to mount its shutter and film transport mechanisms, but additional clusters of bearings were added to the film advance to make one of the smoothest operating cameras ever built. Indeed, resistance is so low when operating the film advance that it is difficult to tell if there is film in the camera.

For the first time, shutter information was displayed via an internal liquid crystal display (LCD) inside the viewfinder. Aperture information was relayed through Nikon's "ADR" (Aperture Direct Readout) which was a window at the top center of the viewfinder that got its information from a micro-prism that read small numbers at the top of the mounted lens, of which type 'AI' (Aperture Indexing) or 'AIS' (Aperture Indexing Shutter Priority) lenses had printed behind the normal aperture numbers. Though widely used today, LCDs were very hi-tech at the time. They proved somewhat difficult to see at night, so Nikon installed a button-operated light for use at night. The LCD is one of the few problem areas of the F3 design, since with age, LCDs lose contrast, blur, and become inoperative after a number of years. Fortunately, unlike modern autofocus cameras with LCD 'Command Center' panels, malfunction of the F3's LCD viewfinder display does not prevent full operation of the camera, since this is accomplished with manual dials and indicators. Many F3 cameras built in the 1980s were never used professionally, and therefore are still in perfect working order, including the LCD. On early production models the autoexposure lock button, originally a simple push-in part, is often missing; Nikon later redesigned this part so it was securely attached from inside the body. The later part can be fitted to early bodies but a partial stripdown is required.

The Nikon F3 was the last in the Nikon series of manual-focus, professional level 35mm SLR cameras. Its production cycle is generally accepted to be from 1980 to 2000 or 2002, close to a record for a high-volume professional camera. Its successor – the F4 – along with operating the two F3AF lens, featured auto-focus and new optional metering and modes, but retained the ability to mount older manual-focus lenses. The F3 was also the last F-Series camera to be offered without an integrated motor drive, making the camera smaller overall than its successors in the F-Series. The lasting appeal of the F3 remains the same as it was at its inception – a precision tool for those who prefer a less complex, extremely well made camera for continual use in extreme environments.

The optional motor drive for the F3, known as the MD-4, contained either 8 AA batteries or a special NiCd battery pack that would be recharged. Its performance surpassed that of past Nikon models, with a capability of 4 frames per second with uninterrupted reflex viewing, or 6 frame/s with the reflex mirror locked up. The integral seamless design of the MD-4 motor drive made it an extremely popular option for many F3 users. A bulk film back could be fitted in lieu of the normal back to the F3. This film back, known as the MF-4, was capable of handling up to 10 meters (33 ft) of 35mm film, or 250 exposures.

title: Nikon F3


text:
American Peace Mobilization

The American Peace Mobilization (APM) was a peace group established in 1940 to oppose American aid to the Allies in World War II before the United States entered the war. It was officially cited in 1947 by United States Attorney General Tom C. Clark on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations for 1948, as directed by President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9835.

Establishment
The American Peace Mobilization (APM) was launched as the "Emergency Peace Mobilization" at a Chicago convention during Labor Day weekend in September 1940, a gathering attended by about 6,000 delegates. The group was formed from remnants of the American League for Peace and Democracy, an anti-war organization funded by the Communist International and controlled by the Communist Party, USA which attempted to build an American–Soviet defense alliance against potential aggression in Europe by Nazi Germany. The League dissolved with the signing in 1939 of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, in which the Soviet Union and Germany pledged not to engage in military action against each other.

With the Soviets seemingly protected from Nazi Germany by the non-aggression treaty, the Soviet Union's focus turned from overt anti-Fascist militancy to "peace;" the members of the various national groups affiliated with the Comintern followed suit.

The Chicago convention adopted a platform called "Five Planks to Defend America,". Its demands included:

 * 1) Keep Out of War
 * 2) Defeat Militarism and Regimentation
 * 3) Restore the Bill of Rights
 * 4) Stop War Profiteering; and
 * 5) Guaranteed a Decent Living Standard for All

In conjunction with these goals, the APM was particularly active in attempting to halt military conscription, and sought to serve as a Communist-led "mass organization" that sought to bring together trade unions, student groups, women's organizations, and anti-war church organizations under one umbrella.

In the midst of the London Blitz and the Battle of Britain, APM also agitated for the end of "warmonger" President Franklin Roosevelt's Lend-Lease program, and any other U.S. aid to the United Kingdom. The group conducted a 1,029-hour non-stop peace demonstration in front of the White House, a protest which ironically ended on June 21, 1941—one day before the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union.

Policy reversal
With the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the pro-Soviet activists within the APM again reversed their previous agenda almost overnight, now demanding immediate U.S. entry into the war. APM changed its name yet again, to the American Peoples' Mobilization. While the Communist Party and its various "pro-peace" front organizations completely reversed their position on the war the moment the pact was violated, the non-interventionists of America First continued their opposition until the U.S. was attacked on December 7.

National Committee to Win the Peace
During the Cold War, the group shifted its political stance towards pacifism and rebranded itself the National Committee to Win the Peace. The organization campaigned for issues such as nuclear disarmament and the withdrawal of American involvement in China, the Philippines and the civil war in Greece.

Personnel
The Executive Secretary of the APM was Frederick V. Field, formerly the head of the Communist-sponsored American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations. Field was the author of two book-length treatments of American investment and financial exploitation in the Far East and was editor of the monthly magazine Amerasia. Field was joined in the national office in Washington, DC by Administrative Secretary Marion Briggs and the following group of formal officials:

 * John B. Thompson, Chairman
 * Theodore Dreiser, Vice Chairman
 * Jack McMichael, Vice Chairman
 * Vito Marcantonio, Vice Chairman
 * Reid Robinson, Vice Chairman
 * Katherine Terrill, Vice Chairman
 * Max Yergan, Vice Chairman

title: American Peace Mobilization


text:
Sânpetru

Sânpetru (German: Petersberg; Hungarian: Barcaszentpéter) is a commune in Brașov County, Transylvania, Romania, located just north of the county seat, Brașov. It is composed of a single village, Sânpetru.

The commune is located in the Burzenland ethnographic area, in the eastern part of the county, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains.

This area was home to many Transylvanian Saxons, although after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 much of this community emigrated to Germany. The center of the village was built by this group and shows the influence of German architecture. Separate from this there is a Romanian-built area featuring a small church and houses dating at least to the early 19th century. A new center was built closer to Brașov during the communist era to house migrating workers for the tractor and bus factories in the city. Since 1989, new, more luxurious houses have been built on the outskirts of the village, slowly linking it with Brașov.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, 91.8% of inhabitants were Romanians, 2.7% Hungarians and 1.7% each Germans and Roma.

Natives include Zaharia Bârsan (1878–1948), a playwright, poet, and actor and Reinhold Batschi (born 1942), a former Romanian rower and leading Australian rowing coach.

Churches
The landmark of the village is the 13th-century fortified church. The original 3-nave basilica was demolished in 1794. There are still a few traces of the original 13th-century paintings on the defensive walls that surrounded the church. The Order of Cistercians received it in 1240. The fortified church was severely destroyed during a Turkish invasion in 1432. Most of the village was also destroyed then. After the Ottoman invasion, the local community built an 8-meter-high defensive wall fortified with 5 towers and a water trench.

In the 17th century, the church suffered major damage in a large fire that also destroyed the local archives. The bell tower collapsed in 1713 and was rebuilt in 1778–82. This tower later collapsed, and in 1795 the structure was demolished and construction on a new church was begun.

Tourism
Sânpetru's main tourist attraction is the land around Lempes hill, a partially forested promontory which is a reservation for wild flora. This is a habitat for certain vary rare flowers as well as various fruit-bearing plants such as strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, and blueberry. This preserve is home to a variety of fauna including rabbits, snakes, lizards, and birds. Deer once made their home here but may have since been hunted to extinction. The ecology here is somewhat emperiled by the nearby presence of an artificial lake for depositing tar waste, herds of sheep. Paragliding enthusiasts use the hill as a launch point.

Fossils
This community is notable as the place where, in the late 19th century, Ilona von Felsö-Szilvás discovered fossilized dinosaur bones that had become exposed in a hillside on her the family’s estate which was at that time within the borders of Austria-Hungary.

Ilona and her brother, Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felsö-Szilvás, were intrigued by the discovery. The bones were sent to the eminent Viennese geologist Eduard Suess for identification. Suess advised the Baron to identify the bones himself. As a result, the Baron enrolled at the University of Vienna and soon became one of the principal paleobiological researchers in central Europe, and the founder of paleophysiology.

Ilona's initial discovery turned out to be a duck-billed dinosaur. Subsequently, the remains of an armoured dinosaur, a long-necked sauropod, a flying reptile of the Pterosauria type and several other dinosaurs were excavated from that same hill in Sânpetru.

Literature

 * Arne Franke: Das wehrhafte Sachsenland – Kirchenburgen im südlichen Siebenbürgen, Deutsches Kulturforum Östliches Europa, Potsdam 2007 ISBN 978-3-936168-27-3 (online).

title: Sânpetru