text:
Black sitcom

A black sitcom is a sitcom that principally features black people in its cast. Prominent black sitcoms to date typically come from the United States with African American casts, forming a branch of African American comedy. Although sitcoms with primarily black characters have been present since the earliest days of network television, this genre rose to prominence in the 1990s, mostly then on upstart networks outside the Big Three.

Early twentieth century
In the early days of television, black actors were often cast in stereotypical roles, often as comic clowns in a tradition tracing back to the genre of black minstrelsy popular in the early 20th century thru the late 1940s or as servants, usually maids. In 1948, the sitcom, The Laytons starred singer and actress, Amanda Randolph. It was the first time a black actor was a series regular on a network TV series in the United States. Randolph portrayed a problem solving maid to a white suburban family.

1950s
The first television sitcom to principally portray black people, Amos 'n' Andy, was widely popular among diverse audiences. The actors on the original radio show were both white, but the 1951–53 CBS television show portrayed them with black actors, and represented black individuals as businesspeople, judges, lawyers and policemen. After over seventy episodes, it was taken off the air after protests from the NAACP and others who alleged that the show engaged in stereotyping. Beulah, a CBS radio sitcom 1945–54 and ABC television sitcom 1950–53, centered on a black woman character in a racially mixed cast and faced similar criticism.

1960s
Julia (NBC, 1968–71) and Room 222 (ABC, 1969–74) each had a black performer as first-billed lead of a racially mixed cast. The Bill Cosby Show (NBC, 1969–71) had Cosby as its sole billed star. For her portrayal of Julia, actress Diahann Carroll became the first black woman to receive an Emmy nomination. Otherwise, after Amos 'n' Andy there were no new sitcoms with an all or mostly black permanent main cast in the U.S. until the 1970s.

1970s
Several popular black sitcoms appeared in the 1970s, including Sanford and Son, Good Times, That's My Mama, The Jeffersons, and What's Happening!! While the sitcoms were widely popular among diverse audiences, celebrated black culture and addressed social issues, they were critiqued for an excess of loud and buffoonish characters, mostly in lower socioeconomic classes with the exception of The Jeffersons. Impressed with child actor Gary Coleman, the president of NBC created the sitcom Different Strokes specifically as a vehicle for him. Coleman would eventually become NBC's highest paid actor on a comedic series during its run. Although the series starred two black child actors and addressed social issues mainly from their perspective, it featured an otherwise all white cast and in retrospect has been criticized by some as a White Savior narrative. Good Times was adapted into the British sitcom The Fosters (ITV, 1976–77), one of the first British series with an all black cast.

1980s
In the 1980s sitcoms such as The Cosby Show, A Different World, 227, and Frank's Place challenged stereotypical portrayals of black people, with subtler comedy and characterization and much increased representation of the black middle class. These series were well received with diverse audiences. The Cosby Show became the most-watched series of any genre on television for five consecutive seasons and in the top 20 for all its eight seasons.

1990s
After the 1980s, the major U.S. television networks appeared to lose interest in black sitcoms. In the 1990s, newer networks such as Fox, The WB and UPN, anxious to establish themselves with a black audience, featured black sitcoms such as Martin and Living Single, which drew high ratings among black households and were profitable even with a limited white viewership. Several black sitcoms of the 1990s were successful with both black and white audiences, especially family, adolescent, and young adult oriented series like Family Matters, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Moesha, and Sister, Sister. Roc, about a working-class family, was critically acclaimed for combining comedy and drama with a cast led by theater veterans.

The WB released multiple sitcoms such as The Jamie Foxx Show, The Parent 'Hood, Smart Guy, The Wayans Bros., and The Steve Harvey Show. The Famous Jett Jackson also debuted on the Disney Channel along with Hangin' with Mr. Cooper on ABC. Beyond the sitcom format, In Living Color and Kenan & Kel innovated in sketch comedy, and Def Comedy Jam showcased black stand-up comedians. In Britain, Desmond's (1989–94) became the longest-running sitcom by number of episodes to originate on Channel 4.

2000s
Black sitcoms in the 2000s experimented with genre conventions. The Bernie Mac Show and Everybody Hates Chris used single-camera setup and narration. The Boondocks, an adult animated sitcom made for cable television, ran four seasons intermittently from 2005 to 2014. Its blunt style and social critiques were sometimes controversial. It won an NAACP Image Award and Peabody Award. The Disney Channel also released the popular animated family sitcom, The Proud Family and That's So Raven, both of whom would see a revival and return to TV in the 2020s.

From 1997 to 2001, the number of black sitcoms on U.S. television declined from 15 to 6 as white viewership declined, and that decline generally continued into the 2000s. Civil rights organizations accused networks of denying minorities equal opportunity as well as a broader participation in general television programming. The explosion of reality television and the decline of broadcast audience numbers in the 2000s also challenged the sitcom genre. In Canada, Da Kink in My Hair (Global, 2007–09) had a successful first season but ratings faltered after rescheduling for its second season.

2010s
By the early 2010s, black sitcoms had faded from broadcast television but there were signs of a comeback on cable including The Game, canceled by The CW in 2009 then renewed on BET, A.N.T. Farm on Disney Channel, Are We There Yet?, Tyler Perry's For Better Or Worse on TBS, Love That Girl! on TV One, and Let's Stay Together and Reed Between the Lines, on BET. Popular black sitcoms from prior decades returned in reruns on BET, BET Her, Bounce TV, TV Land, TV One, MTV2, and TBS.

In 2012, Tyler Perry's House of Payne surpassed The Jeffersons to become the longest-running sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast by number of episodes.

Also in 2012, Debbie Allen, showrunner of A Different World from 1988 to 1993, wrote on Twitter that she wanted to reboot the series. Over a million people on Facebook, Twitter, and blogs reacted to the tweet signalling approval of the potential reboot.

In 2014, Black-ish premiered on ABC to over 11 million viewers and mostly positive reviews. The show addressed many current racial issues. Black-ish spawned the spin-offs Mixed-ish and Grown-ish, also with African-American leads and addressing racial issues.

2020s
Abbott Elementary, a workplace comedy about the staff of a predominantly black Philadelphia public school, debuted in 2021 on ABC. By its second season it was the network's most-watched comedy and received universal critical acclaim. The Wonder Years, ABC's 2021 series about a black family in the 1960s – a reimagining of the 1988 series of the same name about a white family in the 1960s – lasted two seasons.

Analysis
The favorite programs of television audiences tend to reflect their different ethnic origins and affinities. The exposure of the black community on U.S. TV has been greater than that of other minorities but continues to reflect racial divisions within American society.

After U.S. networks were criticized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for a lack of racial diversity, drama shows, such as The West Wing, began casting more black characters.

From the 1980s to early 2000s, Black sitcoms such as The Cosby Show, Family Matters, Living Single, Moesha, and One on One, showed an evolution of how the lives of African Americans were portrayed.

Black sitcoms feature highly in the black audience's top 10 programs but have limited success with white audiences, attributed by Doug Alligood, senior vice-president at the advertising agency BBDO which has analyzed ratings figures, to the failure of humor to translate. The high ratings achieved by The Cosby Show have been ascribed to humor that has appealed to both whites and blacks. Black households make up over 20 percent of regular TV viewers.

title: Black sitcom


text:
User:Bratsche/copyvio

Copyright Problem
Hi. I've noticed that the text you recently posted at is taken from a copyrighted source. According to Wikipedia policy and international copyright law, we can't copy and paste text from other webpages for use here. This results in a breach of the law, and usually any material like this will need to be deleted.

Therefore, the text has been listed on the Wikipedia copyright violations page. If you'd like to take the material and change it into your own words, please feel free to do so. If you have any questions, just post a message on my talk page. Thanks, and have a good day.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Bratsche/copyvio


text: Category:Petroleum companies of Canada

title: Category:Petroleum companies of Canada


text:
Ikeda Tsuneoki

Ikeda Tsuneoki (池田 恒興), also known as Ikeda Nobuteru (池田 信輝), was an Ikeda clan daimyō and military commander under Oda Nobunaga during the Sengoku period and Azuchi–Momoyama periods of 16th-century Japan. He was a retainer of the famous warlords Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In his early years, he served Nobunaga, since his mother was a foster mother of Nobunaga.

Early life
His childhood name is unknown and his common name was Katsuzaburō (勝三郎). His father was Ikeda Tsunetoshi, who served Oda Nobuhide.His mother, Yōtokuin (養徳院) was Oda Nobunaga's wet-nurse, and later became Oda Nobuhide's concubine, who bore him a daughter. There are various theories as to his birthplace (including Owari, Mino, Settsu and Ōmi provinces). He was one of the four karō at Kiyosu Castle. His official position was Kii-no-kami (紀伊守), or "Governor of Kii Province". His courtesy name was Shōzaburō (勝三郎). He later became a priest, and referred to himself as Shōnyū (勝入).

Military life
In 1556, he defeated Oda Nobuyuki, who was guilty of treason against his brother Oda Nobunaga. In 1558, he took over Suemori Castle.

In 1560, he was one of Nobunaga's main forces against Imagawa Yoshimoto at the Battle of Okehazama.

In 1567, he participated at Siege of Inabayama Castle against the Saitō clan in the first division of Oda Nobunaga's forces along with Shibata Katsuie.

In 1570, he was active in the Battle of Anegawa against Azai-Asakura clan and became the Lord of Inuyama Castle.

In 1571, Tsuneoki took part in the burning Siege of Mount Hiei to subdue the followers of the Ishiyama-Honganji; attacks against the Nagashima Ikkō-ikki.

In 1573, he participated in the Siege of Makishima Castle against Ashikaga Yoshiaki. Yoshiaki surrendered, and sending Yoshihiro, his eldest son, as a hostage to Nobunaga.

In 1574, he entered the mountain fortress of Ori Castle in eastern Mino to pin-down Akechi Castle after it was taken by Takeda Katsuyori.

In 1575, he fought in the Battle of Nagashino against the Takeda clan.

In 1577, he took part in the Battle of Tedorigawa against the Uesugi clan.

In 1580, he beat Araki Murashige at Siege of Hanakuma Castle, who locked himself in the castle and was given Murashige's domain at Settsu Province.

In 1582, he led 4000 troops, acted as the spearhead in the right wing, and became the chief vassal of Oda family in Hashiba Hideyoshi's force at the Battle of Yamazaki after the Incident at Honnō-ji, helping defeat Akechi Mitsuhide. He was also in the conference at Kiyosu Castle to decide on Nobunaga's successor.

In 1583, he assisted Hideyoshi at Battle of Shizugatake against Shibata Katsuie and was given 130,000 koku in Mino Province, and became the lord of Ōgaki Castle.

In 1584, he fought in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute on the side of Hideyoshi. He captured Inuyama Castle on his first assault.

Death
In May 1584, during Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, Tsuneoki, his eldest son, Ikeda Motosuke, and his son-in-law, Mori Nagayoshi, were killed by Tokugawa Ieyasu's forces in the Battle at Nagakute. His daughter, Ikeda Sen, and his son, Ikeda Terumasa, survived the battle. Ikeda Terumasa, his second son, succeeded him as the new head of the Ikeda clan.

Family

 * Father: Ikeda Tsunetoshi (d. 1538)
 * Mother: Yotokuin (1515–1608)
 * Wife: Zen'ōin
 * Concubines
 * Children:
 * Ikeda Motosuke (1559–1584) by Zen'ōin
 * Senhime (?-1599), married Mori Nagayoshi, later married Nakamura Kazuuji
 * Ikeda Terumasa (1565-1613) by Zen'ōin
 * Ikeda Nagayoshi (1570–1614) by Zen'ōin
 * Ikeda Nagamasa (1575–1607) by Zen'ōin
 * Waka-Mandokoro married Toyotomi Hidetsugu
 * Tenkyuin married Yamazaki Iemori
 * daughter married Asano Yoshinaga
 * daughter married Oda Katsunaga

title: Ikeda Tsuneoki


text:
Talk:Black sitcom

I did a google test on this article name and it revealed 1000+ google hits. Please keep this! --SuperDude 16:06, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Is this the only black cinema/film/entertainment article out there? If anyone knows of more please tell me them. One, I would like to see them and two I would like to link them. I can't find any more. Is there a black film history article? If not then I would like to make one, but I don't want to make a double. I am new to wikipedia and any help would be greatly appreciated. hdstubbs
 * There might be more, but I know about, and there are categories for black actor/actress, and black directors.  I don't the link off hand.  Go to  and start from there. QzDaddy 00:24, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

I added Gullah Gullah Island--Bushido Brown 17:03, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Deletion
I am proposing that this article be deleted, because creating a separate distinction for "black sitcoms" is inherently racist. There is no "white sitcom", the reason being that the default media context is "white". This means that a "sitcom", with no other qualifiers, is assumed to feature an all or mostly white cast. This should not be the case. There is no article for "black doctors" or "black athletes", because each of those fields has nothing to do with race. Just because a sitcom features an "all black" cast does not mean that race is not a core issue of the sitcom, nor that it is relevant at all. — Godheval T C W 18:42, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Black sitcoms are a certain kind of sitcom. They are written specifically for the black community, using black actors and writing stories that will appeal to a black audience. Now a show like the Cosby Show should be taken out, because it was intended for everyone, but the article should remain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.63.207.201 (talk) 14:55, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * They are not a certain kind of sitcom. Are sitcoms with predominately "white" casts called "white sitcoms".  Is the George Lopez show a Mexican sitcom?  No to both.  You are also incorrect in saying that "black sitcoms" are written specifically for the black community, as if to imply that they cannot or are not intended to be enjoyed by any other audience.  They are sitcoms like any other, portraying specific people and situations that fit within the overall American experience - which includes people of every ethnicity. — Godheval T C W 20:59, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * If you saw how blacks were portrayed on television before then on American television, you'd understand why this is important. In movies and television all blacks were originally required to wear black face, they even dressing them up as watermelon slices, and having them dancing around like fools in one historic clip I saw, which discussed the issue.  They were degraded by the racist media of the day.  As time went by, even when things got a bit better, there was still a very racists attitude towards them.  Red Fox had problems with racism on his set even, even when he was at the top of his ratings.  And the Cosby show did have a positive affect on how mainstream America saw black people, especially those who only saw them on the news getting arrested for something, or presented in a negative way in other media.  I believe this article is quite valid.   D r e a m Focus  01:48, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Uh, if I saw how they were portrayed on television? Buddy, I study and analyze and write commentary on these kinds of issues on a regular basis.  For your information, blackface rarely featured African-American actors, but rather Euro-American actors with black face paint.  I know all about Al Jolson and the Sambo archetype.  There is an article about blackface that discusses it clearly.  That has nothing to do with what I'm discussing here.  I am talking about distinguishing "black sitcoms" from any other type of sitcom.

 * The ones listed here, and indeed this whole classification, gives no special mention to how African-Americans (or anyone else) have been portrayed historically, or how the current definition of a "black sitcom" precludes any such offensive portrayals. This article is STRICTLY about sitcoms that have black casts, and my point is that there should be no separate article for that.  If you look at the regular Situation comedy article, which itself is in need of serious attention, you will notice that it breaks down sitcoms by region, and by other sub-categories.

 * What you FAIL to understand is that in distinguishing "black sitcoms" from any other, you are suggesting that they are necessarily different from any other, which given the racial history of this country also implies that they are qualitatively inferior. What I am discussing here is far deeper than you seem capable of understanding, and so I resent you trying to pass off some cursory knowledge of the subject as the authority to end the discussion and remove the delete proposal.  DO NOT remove it again, until this discussion as truly been resolved. — Godheval T C W 15:08, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It's a bogus categorisation and serves no useful purpose. pablo hablo. 16:17, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * You must nominate it for proper deletion, put on the Article for Deletion review if you want to be rid of it. Speedy deletion without review, is only if no one objects, and I still object.  Seeing the number of black sitcoms increasing over time, and having a list there you can easily find them and then click to find information about them, is helpful to some.  If you want to nominate it for deletion, then do it properly.   D r e a m Focus  21:06, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * A two-second look at the page history reveals that this wasn't nominated for speedy deletion. pablo hablo. 21:49, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Excuse me. They call it something else now.  "proposed that this article be deleted" I see no reason to have that instead of the regular nomination which would get noted by those who patrol the AFD boards.  I believe the "speed deletion" tag would say "remove this tag if you disagree it should be deleted within so many days, or its gone," or something like that.  Same tag, different name.    D r e a m Focus  22:17, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * If you read WP:Speedy, WP:Prod and WP:AFD it should help you clear up your confusion. pablo hablo. 10:04, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Read that, and it seems the only difference is, you want a speedy deletion but don't have a reason for it, so you do this instead, hoping that no one visits that site for 5 days to notice the tag, and thus you eliminate an article you don't like. Horrible policy.  If it doesn't qualify for speedy deletion, then a proper nomination for deletion should be the only other option.   D r e a m Focus  10:16, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * "I want a speedy deletion so I nominate ..."??? meanwhile "hoping that no one visits that site for 5 days"????
 * Your knowledge of my motivation seems to match your account of my actions.
 * I did not propose the deletion of this page, neither did I replace the tag that you removed.
 * If you want to discuss deletion policy in general, as it seems, I am sure there are places to do that, and there are probably people who are willing to do so with you. I am not. pablo hablo. 10:44, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Excuse me. I wasn't thinking of anyone when I wrote that.  I should've worded it, if "someone" wanted a speedy deletion, instead of using the word "you" to mean the same.  And yes, I just went to that page to argue that policy, since this isn't the place for it.  I was just horrified to think such a policy exist, it allowing so much open to abuse.  No offense was intended to anyone, and I do regret any negative emotional response to my previous posts.   D r e a m Focus  12:04, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

chart suggestion
How about making a chart listing how many seasons it ran and the highest ratings any episode got? Would this be relevant information?  D r e a m Focus  15:46, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Name Change
The name of this article and category should be changed. First, 'black,' is a misnomer, a political term that doesn't describe actual people. Second, 'black,' is meant to refer to all Africans, not particularly African Americans, who are the subject of this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.88.41.205 (talk) 15:58, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Black sitcom. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091014054650/http://www.kansascity.com/221/story/1465342.html to http://www.kansascity.com/221/story/1465342.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:18, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Black sitcom. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101023073334/http://www.salon.com/entertainment/tv/mill/1999/01/25mill.html to http://www.salon.com/entertainment/tv/mill/1999/01/25mill.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:17, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black sitcom


text:
Velar stop

In phonetics and phonology, a velar stop is a type of consonantal sound, made with the back of the tongue in contact with the soft palate (also known as the velum, hence velar), held tightly enough to block the passage of air (hence a stop consonant). The most common sounds are the stops and, as in English cut and gut. More generally, several kinds are distinguished:

 * , voiceless velar plosive
 * , voiced velar plosive
 * , voiced velar nasal
 * , voiceless velar nasal
 * , velar ejective
 * , voiced velar implosive (rare)
 * or, voiceless velar implosive (unattested in normal words; some English speakers use it to imitate the "glug-glug" sound of liquid being poured from a bottle)

title: Velar stop


text: File:Ishtar gate soldiers.jpg

title: File:Ishtar gate soldiers.jpg


text: Category:Music of Italian subdivisions

title: Category:Music of Italian subdivisions


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Portuguese Communist Party/archive1

Portuguese Communist Party
This is a self-nomination, altough it may seem political propaganda, and I admit that it may seem, I propose the nomination for the extensive history of the Party section and the detailed info about electoral results, the party's media and the pictures gallery. - Afonso Silva 16:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object: A) Seems somewhat slanted towards a pro-POV, and B) the writing is not very good (I just went through and fixed a whole bunch of minor things, like capitalizing "portuguese" and using past tense for past events). Everyking 17:28, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object: As noted above, the prose isn't up to the standard of featured articles. Phils 18:36, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: All right, but it would be better if someone pointed objective problems in the article, Everyking writes about the NPOV question, I assume that it might be a valid problem, but I'd like to know where are such non-NPOV parts, that would be a much better feed-back action and only that will lead to a concrete correction of the problem. The other question about the prose is the most important, but if I am the writer of the article I think that at a certain point it will become difficult to spot my own mistakes, because they have origin in something I don't know about. The sub-point related to the past events being reported with some little present tenses is a tricky question, mainly in the context in which it ocurrs, the history, that is a narrative part of the article and so, I don't find the contradiction. -Afonso Silva 22:20, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This is one of the most egregiously POV articles I have seen nominated on this page. I tried to make some fairly minor changes in order to get rid of the bias, but the user who nominated the article for featured status quickly reverted them without explanation. With due respect, I strongly object. Hydriotaphia 21:31, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: I agree with all the work you've done, it is a bit difficult for me, being a Party's supporter, to build a strictly NPOV article, with the exception of two changes that you made, which I reverted:

The one about the readers of Bandeira Vermelha, (you said that it was popular among those who were sympathetic to the Party's aims... Before the foundation of the Party itself...). The second one was the correction you made about the Colonial war, I think my correction is NPOV, you may read it, if you want. Both edits are commented, try to check the article history:

---> 18:01, 19 Apr 2005 Afonso Silva (→Outlawing of the Party and the long anti-fascist struggle - new prose about the colonial war, hope it is NPOV);

---> 17:46, 19 Apr 2005 Afonso Silva (how could that be before the foundation of the PCP?)

The other main change to your edit was made by Soman, and refers to the objective conditions to support the Agrarian Reform, which were not pro-POV, it was just a report about the objective conditions that the Party had to support it, maybe you don't understand the European political relations, there are more than only two parties here... Back to the edit talk, check what I've said, please. Afonso Silva 16:49, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Italian popular music

title: Category:Italian popular music


text:
Elish Angiolini

Lady Elish Frances Angiolini (McPhilomy; born 24 June 1960 ) is a Scottish lawyer who currently serves as Lord Clerk Register. Angiolini has worked at the University of Oxford since 2012 and has been identified as a potential candidate in the 2024 University of Oxford Chancellor election.

She was the Lord Advocate of Scotland from 2006 until 2011, having previously been Solicitor General since 2001. She was the first woman, the first procurator fiscal, and the first solicitor to hold either post. Since leaving office she has led several investigations and inquiries, including a review of deaths in police custody commissioned by the then-Home Secretary Theresa May and the Angiolini Inquiry into the murder of Sarah Everard, which reported in February 2024.

Since September 2012, Angiolini has been the Principal of St Hugh's College, Oxford. She has been a pro-vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford since 2017 and is an Honorary Professor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She also served as Chancellor of the University of the West of Scotland from 2013 to 2021.

In June 2022, she was appointed a Lady of the Order of the Thistle by Queen Elizabeth II. Angiolini took part in the Coronation of Charles III, representing the Order of the Thistle.

In June 2023, she was appointed to the office of Lord Clerk Register by King Charles III, the first woman to hold the role since its creation in the 13th century.

Early life and education
Angiolini was born into a family of Irish Catholic descent on 24 June 1960, her parents being Mary (née Magill) and James McPhilomy. She grew up in Govan, Glasgow; her father was a coal merchant and later worked for Rolls-Royce and then as a commercial driver. As a child she wanted to be a ballet dancer. One of her first summer jobs was working on a checkout at Marks & Spencer. She was educated at Notre Dame High School for Girls in the West End of the city, and studied at the School of Law of the University of Strathclyde, obtaining an LL.B. (Hons) degree in 1982 and a Diploma in Legal Practice in 1983.

Angiolini's first encounter with the legal profession came when, as a teenager, she was asked to give evidence in a burglary trial. Later, she recalled: "I was not terribly impressed. There were a lot of important people in gowns and witnesses were left a very long time in the witness room and not given any information... All the attention was focused on the permanent figures of the court, while ... witnesses, and those in the dock, seemed irrelevant". The experience inspired Angiolini to pursue a career in law. Later as Regional Procurator Fiscal, Angiolini piloted a victim liaison scheme which was subsequently extended throughout Scotland.

Early legal career
Upon completing her legal studies, she joined the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service to train as a Procurator Fiscal (public prosecutor). Whilst a trainee, she survived the Polmont rail accident; two passengers sitting next to her were killed.

Following her training, Angiolini spent eight years as a Depute Procurator Fiscal in Airdrie, prosecuting in Airdrie Sheriff Court. In 1992, she was seconded to the Crown Office where she worked in the Lord Advocate's Secretariat. During her secondment, she developed an interest in improving the support offered to vulnerable victims and witnesses, and in particular to children. She was then appointed Senior Depute Procurator Fiscal at Glasgow, taking operational responsibility for Sheriff and Jury prosecutions. In 1995, she was promoted to Assistant Procurator Fiscal at Glasgow.

In 1997, Angiolini returned to the Crown Office as Head of Policy, with responsibility for the development of policy across all functions of the department. In particular, she helped the department prepare for devolution and was involved in the preparation of the Scotland Act 1998. At the same time, Angiolini was responsible for the department's preparations for the introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998.

She was then appointed Regional Procurator Fiscal for Grampian, Highland and Islands (based at Aberdeen) on 27 July 2000 – the first woman to hold such a post. In this role she piloted a victim liaison scheme which was subsequently extended across the country.

Solicitor General
Angiolini was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland by First Minister Jack McConnell in 2001. Angiolini was the first solicitor, as opposed to advocate, to be appointed Solicitor General; this was not received favourably amongst all members of the legal profession.

In 2006, McConnell praised Angiolini's work as Solicitor General, saying the decision to appoint her had been one of the best he had ever made.

Lord Advocate

Following the resignation of Lord Boyd, McConnell nominated Angiolini for the post of Lord Advocate. Her nomination was passed by Parliament on 5 October 2006, with 99 in favour, 0 against and 15 abstentions. She was sworn in at the Court of Session on 12 October 2006 and one month later she was made a member of the Privy Council.

After the 2007 election, there was speculation that the new SNP administration might replace Angiolini. On the morning after the election, Angiolini had cleared her office and was preparing to leave when she received a phone call from Alex Salmond, the new First Minister. Angiolini congratulated Salmond on his election, and said that she had packed up her things. "Unpack your things, and come and see me", replied Salmond. Salmond decided that Angiolini should stay in post, and would continue not to attend Cabinet except to provide advice or to make representations about her own department as had been the case with the former administration following the departure of her predecessor. Her reappointment was agreed by Parliament on 24 May 2007. This made her the first Lord Advocate to serve two different governments.

Later in 2007, Angiolini clashed publicly with the head of Scotland's judiciary, Lord President Hamilton, over the collapse of the World's End murders trial. The trial judge, Lord Clarke, had ruled there was insufficient evidence for the jury to convict and threw the case out. Angiolini then made a statement to the Scottish Parliament, saying she was "disappointed" at the decision, a move Hamilton said undermined the independence of the judiciary.

Angiolini announced in October 2010 that she would step down from the role of Lord Advocate after the Scottish Parliament elections in May 2011.

Salmond paid tribute to Angiolini, saying "her term as Lord Advocate has been marked by significant improvements and substantial success in the disposal of justice in Scotland". She was succeeded on 19 May 2011 by Francis Mulholland.

Academic and charity work
On leaving the post of Lord Advocate, Angiolini was unveiled as the first patron of LawWorks Scotland, a charity which helps people who cannot afford legal advice.

In September 2011, it was announced that Angiolini was to become a visiting professor at Strathclyde Law School, her old university. As well as teaching undergraduates, she was to develop a masters course in advocacy studies.

Angiolini is a member of Terra Firma Chambers, with a particular interest in public administrative law and professional negligence.

Angiolini was headhunted by the United Nations to be a prosecutor to the International Criminal Court as well as by the University of Oxford. In February 2012, it was announced that Angiolini would become Principal of St Hugh's College, Oxford in September that year, replacing Andrew Dilnot.

Angiolini replaced Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin as Chancellor of the University of the West of Scotland in September 2013 until 2021. She was made a Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford in 2017.

Later work

Angiolini led an "investigation into the disposal of baby ashes at Mortonhall Crematorium" in 2013, after it was revealed that the remains of babies were being cremated with unrelated adults. She was subsequently asked by the Scottish Government to carry out an investigation into the practices of all crematoria across Scotland.

In 2015, her review on how the Crown Prosecution Service and Metropolitan Police Service investigate and prosecute rape cases in London was published.

Angiolini's report into deaths in custody in the UK, commissioned by the UK Home Office, was published at the end of October 2017.

In 2018, she was appointed by the Scottish government to "review the processes for handling complaints against the police and investigating serious incidents and alleged misconduct."

Angiolini was appointed as the chair of an independent inquiry into the murder of Sarah Everard (the Angiolini Inquiry), and the report from the first phase of the inquiry was released in February 2024.

Lord Clerk Register
In 2023, she was appointed to the office of Lord Clerk Register.

Decorations

In the 2011 Birthday Honours, she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for services to the administration of justice, and thereby granted the title dame.

On 10 June 2022, she was appointed a Lady of the Order of the Thistle (LT), and thereby granted the title lady.

Honours
She holds honorary degrees of Doctor of Laws from the following universities:

 * Strathclyde
 * Aberdeen
 * St Andrews
 * Glasgow Caledonian
 * Stirling
 * West of Scotland
 * The Open University
 * Edinburgh Napier

She is a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2017).

She is also an Honorary Professor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Angiolini is a Master of the Bench of the Middle Temple, one of the four Inns of Court.

In 2002, she was awarded Alumnus of the Year by the University of Strathclyde.

In June 2011, Angiolini received the Special Achievement Award from the International Association of Prosecutors in Seoul, South Korea.

On 24 November 2022, Angiolini was awarded The Herald's 'Lifetime Achievement Award' at the newspaper's Scottish Politician of the Year Awards, for outstanding contributions to public life.

In May 2023, Angiolini took part in the Coronation of Charles III, representing the Order of the Thistle.

Personal life
She married Italian Domenico Angiolini in 1985 and they have two sons together. Her hobbies include walking, picking wild mushrooms, and cinema.

title: Elish Angiolini


text:
Peter Ridsdale

Peter Ridsdale (born 11 March 1952) is an English businessman who is a director at Preston North End. He was until December 2011 the Chairman of Football Operations at Plymouth Argyle. Ridsdale was previously the chairman of Leeds United, Barnsley and Cardiff City.

Leeds United
Ridsdale became chairman of hometown club Leeds United in 1997 and enjoyed success in the first four years of tenure as Leeds reached the UEFA Cup semi-final in 1999–2000 and the UEFA Champions League semi-finals in 2000–01. During this time he enjoyed a good relationship with the Leeds fans. However, once the full extent of what Ridsdale and his board had done at the club was discovered, his once positive relationship with fans disintegrated. Ridsdale is now deeply unpopular amongst Leeds supporters for his role in the financial and relegation downward spiral of the club, falling from competing in the UEFA Champions League to EFL League One in six seasons.

Under Ridsdale's stewardship the club borrowed £60m against future gate receipts, effectively gambling on Leeds qualifying for the Champions League in successive seasons, which they failed to do. Ridsdale has repeatedly denied any blame with regard to the later situation of the club but has also conflictingly admitted it was a mistake to allow David O'Leary to spend so lavishly on players. Ridsdale also claimed that he would have saved Leeds from subsequent relegations to the third tier of English football and the debt his board had incurred in the name of the club. The fact remained however that by the time Ridsdale stepped down in March 2003, Leeds were £103 million in debt and failing on the field.

After Leeds' relegation to the third tier of the English league system for the first time in their history Ridsdale said he was "deeply saddened" by Leeds's relegation but stated that he did not believe that events during his tenure as Leeds chairman were in any way responsible for the club's current plight.

Barnsley
He was also the owner of Barnsley for a while, rescuing them from folding after dropping from the Premier League to Division Two and loss of revenue from the ITV Digital collapse. Some saw him as a major mistake at Barnsley as he nearly made the club go into liquidation before Gordon Shepherd and Patrick Cryne took over at Oakwell.

Cardiff City
He became deputy Chairman of Cardiff City, who had recruited him to help with their new stadium project, which eventually became Cardiff City Stadium. He became chairman in October 2006 after Sam Hammam stepped down. The club's debts were estimated at £35m, and losing £10m each year, according to Ridsdale.

In mid-2007, Ridsdale campaigned to become a member of the Football Association of Wales council and hoped to be elected as one of six south Wales representatives on Welsh football's ruling body. However, when the vote took place in July he finished bottom of the candidates with just fourteen votes. It has been alleged that the former Leeds chairman has flirted with disaster, trying to build a promotion-winning side while, at the same time, the Bluebirds have fought off four winding-up orders. Ridsdale was forced to apologise for "misleading" fans when he conceded money raised during Christmas period 2009 from season ticket renewals for 2011 had to be spent on settling debts rather than reinforcements.

He announced his intention to quit as Cardiff chairman at the end of May 2010, the play-off final loss to Blackpool at Wembley Stadium on 22 May 2010 being his final game. Malaysian Consortium head Dato Chan Tien Ghee took over as part of a £6m deal for an estimated 30% of the club.

Plymouth Argyle
Ridsdale approached Plymouth Argyle with the intentions of investing in the club, but with a winding-up petition in place Ridsdale was instead appointed as a footballing advisor to the board in December 2010, with an aim of selling "short-term assets", i.e. the playing staff. Craig Noone and Réda Johnson were subsequently sold, and the club survived the winding-up attempt for debts owed to HMRC.

In March 2011, the club were still in financial peril and with staff still unpaid and debts rising as the months passed, Ridsdale proposed that the club needed £5million in investment to complete the football season. The club announced plans to be placed into administration, and were docked 10 points. Brendan Guilfoyle (a Leeds based insolvency practitioner) was appointed as administrator and retained Ridsdale to run the footballing side of the business. The club were relegated from League One at the end of the season.

In the summer of 2011 Ridsdale continued to act as chairman, assisting Guilfoyle in finding potential buyers, before buying the club himself for the nominal fee of £1 with the intentions of keeping the club afloat until a more permanent owner could be found. Ridsdale fired Peter Reid as manager just one month into the season, replacing him with Carl Fletcher as a caretaker player-manager.

With club staff nearing their tenth month without pay, James Brent arranged deals with the PFA and Plymouth City Council to help clear debts, and took over the club from Ridsdale and the administrators in October 2011.

Preston North End
Peter Ridsdale became the Preston North End chairman on 6 December 2011. Within eight days of his appointment, Peter Ridsdale sacked the then Preston manager Phil Brown after only one win in eleven. He then left this role and became an advisor to the owner, Mr T Hemmings in 2012. Ridsdale was appointed to the board at Preston North End on July 5 2021.

United We Fall
In November 2007 Ridsdale released the book United We Fall: Boardroom Truths About the Beautiful Game making claims about incidents which had contributed to the downfall of Leeds United in the mid-2000s.

David O'Leary called Ridsdale's claims "deranged" and suggested that he was 'two faced' with his comments compared to how the pair's relationship had continued since both had left Leeds.

O'Leary later responded to the claims regarding him by stating that he had taken part in discussions with Ridsdale and had signed a conditional statement, but O'Leary said that nothing legally-binding was put in place.

Other business dealings
Ridsdale was Managing Director of Tulchan Holdings, which successfully acquired Sock Shop from the receiver in 1996.

Disqualification
Ridsdale's sports consultancy firm WH Sports Group Limited, which provided advice to football clubs from 2003, failed in 2009 with debts of more than £475,000. Ridsdale was found to have diverted payments by football clubs totalling £347,000, due to the company, into his personal bank account. In October 2012, he was disqualified as a company director until April 2020 after an inquiry by the Insolvency Service. His wife Sophie Ridsdale was likewise banned from acting as a director of any company until 2016.

Responding to the ban, Ridsdale claimed that he was currently only acting as Chairman of Football at Preston North End, not as a director.

title: Peter Ridsdale


text:
User talk:Xpo FERENS

Could you please sign your entries on the Greek Alphabet Talk page? Thanks --Macrakis 16:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Please don't delete information that other people have worked hard to write without any apparent reason.

title: User talk:Xpo FERENS


text:
Talk:Bionicles

The text Bionicle toys have been running for about 5 years now. should be replaced by a real date, since the reader doesn't know when now is. Quale 16:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There's already a page for Bionicle, which is not as much of a mess as this one. SideshowS 20:02, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bionicles


text: User talk:68.188.232.196

title: User talk:68.188.232.196


text:
User talk:BrokenStoic

I'm all ears.

RE: Journey (band)
Why is it "unnecessary"? I didn't put it in there for people like you. I put it in there for the 11-year-old boy in the Philippines, who may have heard "Woodstock" before, but didn't know what it was. Not everyone may put Woodstock Music and Art Festival together with the event that is most referred to has just "Woodstock". This is an encyclopedia, here to educate those who may not know.

 * PS UnnecEssary is spelled with an “e”. WikiDon 5 July 2005 22:26 (UTC)

If you want to list the common vernacular for events like "Woodstock", that's fine but list it on Woodstock's page, not Journey's. That's why hyperlinks exist. Change it back If it's that big a concern for you, but I stand by my opinion.--BrokenStoic 6 July 2005 00:52 (UTC)

Beer Portal Template
Hi. Can we have a talk before you put any more Beer Portal templates onto beer pages? Cheers. SilkTork 19:29, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Great. Thanks for getting back to me. I started up the Beer Portal a little while back, but then wasn't sure what to do with it. I hoped that people would take it on and do something with it. And I'm glad that you have shown an interest. I'm not sure how other Portals attract interest and attention, but I was wondering if the Beer Portal template might be better placed either on the talk page of articles or in the further information section on each article, rather than up at the top. It might even be that the portal template could be placed in both places. I was thinking of raising the issue on the WikiBeerProject talk page, but thought I'd approach you first. What do you think? SilkTork 20:04, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Beer Style Chart
I noticed you put in a chart on the Beer style page. I was wondering if we could chat a bit about it. I think the use of an image in that manner makes it entirely too cubersome to edit, especially for an issue as contengious as beer style can be. I relaize it may be a rough draft but I feel like it might not be the best avenue to pursue. (Full Disclosure-I have been working on the Beer style box, which pretty much covers the same info.)--BrokenStoic 08:07, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

I totally agree. It was put on the main beer page, and I moved it to the beer style page. I added the comment that it was one particular view out of many, just to tone it down a bit. Then I was going to raise the issue with others - including the guy who placed it on the beer page. I haven't yet got around to the raising the issue part. SilkTork 08:19, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Beer category decision
A discussion has been opened on changes that have been made to the existing Beer category system. The changes reverse the decision made by the Project in April 2006. The changes were based on agreement by only two people, and by a discussion that took place outside the Beer Project. There may be some merit in the changes, and to prevent future conflict it is important that there is some discussion of the matter. If you're interested, please see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Beer.  SilkTork  *YES! 14:08, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Tigersaw.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Tigersaw.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:08, 20 March 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. IngerAlHaosului (talk) 10:08, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Tigersaw.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Tigersaw.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. IngerAlHaosului (talk) 10:08, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:BrokenStoic


text:
Talk:Evelyn Wood

Evelyn Wood
This needs a disambiguation, this name is both that of the listed military general, and a well known author of books on speed reading from the 1950s. see the fourth paragraph under History for Speed Reading, or [] or []
 * Done. There are now two articles: Evelyn Wood (British Army officer) and Evelyn Wood (teacher).

title: Talk:Evelyn Wood


text: File:Ted Leo and the Pharmacists - Hearts of Oak cover.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zebbug, Malta

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:02, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Zebbug, Malta
Darwinek marked this vfd on January 9, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just bringing it here for resolution; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 16:18, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC) Kappa 20:18, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Not that I can even tell what language that is, it seems to be a copy-paste job of, , and other articles on that web site. Shiri — Talk 17:49, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, probably a copyright violation. But it is a real location, so I'd say replace with a stub article. — RJH 17:55, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed so. But, as said, it is a real place, so never fear - I have provided a stub! ;). Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 05:50, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep now, nice job Grutness. Someone should probably delete the original copyvio version.
 * Keep agreed as above and can the vfd be removed since it is no longer a copyright violation?Falphin 00:52, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh. Keep. Everyking 04:11, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Vizion

Ip banning
I am on a boat and go ashore to use wireless internet access via Starbucks. Late this week I have been unable to edit on Wiki (an example IP was 208.54.15.1.) due to some idiot who had caused an IP ban. I also had no way of letting anyone know that the ban was affecting the innocent too!!

I believe you may know how to get this ban lifted...I mean banning access from Starbucks customers must affect a lot of Wiki users vizion

 * The easiest way I know is to go to the IRC channel #wikipedia, where you can often find a sysop who can remove the block. You just need to tell them you are User:Vizion, which IP you are using (and being blocked), and convince them you are not the vandal who caused the block. They can also add a public IP notice to the IP talk page, to warn other administrators that it's often shared by multiple people.
 * BTW, it would be useful if you signed your posts with ~ instead of just "vizion". Using ~ automatically adds a link to your user page and the current date and time (see Signature for details).
 * --cesarb 16:19, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vizion


text:
Peer Gynt (disambiguation)

Peer Gynt is a play by Henrik Ibsen named for its main character, based on the fairy tale Per Gynt.

Peer Gynt may also refer to:
 * Peer Gynt (Grieg), incidental music to Ibsen's play by Edvard Grieg, commonly performed in two concert suites
 * Peer Gynt (1998 adaptation), by David Henry Hwang and Stephan Muller
 * Peer Gynt (opera), a 1938 opera by Werner Egk
 * Peer Gynt, a ballet by John Neumeier set to music by Alfred Schnittke
 * Peer Gynt Sculpture Park, in Oslo, Norway
 * Peer Gynt (mountain road), a tourist mountain road in Norway
 * Peer Gynt Prize, an annual award since 1971
 * Peer Gynt (1915 film), an American fantasy silent film
 * Peer Gynt (1918 film)
 * Peer Gynt (1919 film), a German silent film
 * Peer Gynt (1934 film), a German drama film
 * Peer Gynt (1941 film)

title: Peer Gynt (disambiguation)


text:
Wilson Trail

The Wilson Trail is a 78 km long-distance footpath in Hong Kong, 63 km of which runs through Hong Kong country parks. It was named after David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn, who was penultimate Governor of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1992. The Wilson Trail was developed by Friends of the Country Park and sponsored by various private organisations. The construction work of the trail began in 1994. The Wilson Trail was first opened on 21 January 1996.

In all, the Wilson Trail traverses eight of the Country Parks. On Hong Kong Island, Tai Tam Country Park and the adjacent Quarry Bay Country Park begin the journey. Across the harbour, there is a gap where the trail runs through hills outside the parks. Then come the three parks named Ma On Shan, Lion Rock, and Kam Shan. In the central New Territories, the Wilson Trail heads north through Shing Mun Country Park and Tai Mo Shan Country Park. Finally it climbs into the majestic Pat Sin Leng Country Park. Each of the Country Parks the Wilson Trail traverses has its individual character and appeal – offering, as one proceeds from south to north, changing settings with much of interest.

The trail is aligned north-south and runs from Stanley, in the south of Hong Kong Island to Nam Chung, in the northeastern New Territories. Of the four long-distance trails, the Wilson Trail is the newest. Since the trail crosses Victoria Harbour, it makes use of the MTRTseung Kwan O line or buses.

Route Description
The Wilson Trail is divided into ten sections: and is marked by distance posts W001 – W137. Although the other major Hong Kong trails measure distance posts every 500m, the distances between posts on the Wilson Trail range from 500m – 650m.

Between Sections 2 and 3, it is necessary to take the MTR from Tai Koo Station (just near the end of Section 2 on Greig Road) to Yau Tong Station and then walk to W020 at the base of Devil's Peak. Previously, Section 3 started at Lam Tin Station but with the opening of Yau Tong Station it was moved.

Easy Walk Fairly Difficult Very Difficult

Southern Hong Kong Island
Section 1 starts at a junction between Stanley Gap Road. The trail rises along Stone Hill and Cheung Lin Shan. On its way towards distance post W001, it passes through The Twins Catchwater, a man-made path to channel water away from The Twins Peak to a nearby reservoir. At around 2200m from the starting point, the trail passes through Tze Kong Bridge, with it being mostly paved along with some dirt paths. The section continues to ascend towards Violet Hill, with it slowly descending towards the Wong Nai Chung Reservoir, and ending at an intersection with Tai Tam Reservoir Road.

Tai Tam
Section 2 starts on Tai Tam Reservoir Road near Parkview. It ascends slowly and passes through Osborn Memorial. After the trail meets Jardine’s lookout, It ends abruptly and connects to the Hong Kong trail distance post H056. The trail then leads eastwards to descend steeply and rise up again, where it connects with the rest of the Wilson Trail at Mount Butler. As the trail runs northward, it meets the peak of Siu Ma Shan at around distance post W014. At about 400m from the end of the trail, it descends and comes to a flat surface, making it easy for travelers and hikers alike to rest. It then ends at the Siu Ma Shan Bridge, at Quarry Bay.

Southeastern New Territories
Section 3 starts near Lam Tin MTR station exit A. The trail cuts to an intersection with Kai Tin Road, and runs along it to the south. It continues along Lei Yue Mun Road until stopping at the end of the road at the south. To continue from distance post W019 to W020, hikers must walk up Junk Bay Chinese Permanent Cemetery Access Road uphill to Devil’s Peak. The trail passes through Owl Stone, Devil’s Peak Battery and Gough Battery on the mountain. It then descends with Junk Bay Chinese Permanent Cemetery on its east until it meets O King Road, where it runs along it to the east and goes north again. It rises up to meet Black Hill Triangulation Station and Black Hill Former Aviation Reflector. At distance post W026, the trail drops down and meets Ma Yau Tong Village, where hikers and travelers alike can take rest. It continues northbound at distance post W028 on Tsui Lam Road, passing through O Tau Village. At around 330m away from distance post W031, it ends at an intersection with Clear Water Bay Road, at the heart of Tseng Lan Shue Village.

Section 4 starts at the ending point of Section 3 on Clear Water Bay Road. The trail continues to the northwestern side of Tseng Lan Shue Village, until it meets distance post W033, where it runs to the north. At around 100m away from the east of distance post W034, the trail has an intersection that leads to Hebe Hill, and can also lead to Ho Chung Valley and Pak Shek Wo Village. The main trail connects to Tai Lam Wu Road at distance post W035, on which the Sai Kung Stray Friends Foundation Building resides. It continues along the road until it comes to an intersection near distance post W036, where it veers off from the road and goes northwest. Near distance post W039, hikers can see Tung Yeung Shan and Tai Lo Au at the south of the trail. There is a trail near distance post W040 that goes north towards Gilwell Campsite, a Scout campsite maintained by the Scout Association of Hong Kong. At this point the trail runs southwest and northwest again, where it stays going west for the remaining section. Many mountains such as Kowloon Peak, Elephant Hill and Tate’s Cairn can be seen from that point on the trail. Jat’s Incline connects to the trail, which is on Shatin Pass Road at this point, near distance post W043. It then shares the same path of Section 5 of the MacLehose Trail until Section 4 of the Wilson Trail ends. Tiu Tso Ngam and Temple Hill can also be seen near the end of this section at its north. The section concludes at Tsz Chuk Pavilion, near Lion Rock Country Park Entrance.

Southern New Territories
Section 5 starts at Shatin Pass, near the end of Section 4 of the Wilson Trail. The trail runs northwesterly along some woodland pathway and descends steeply along a hillside. At distance post W050, there is a path that leads northbound to Tsok Pok Hang New Village at Shatin. The trail then goes towards the west, with a bit of deviation towards the south. At distance post W051, a path veers off from the main trail towards Shatin Tau New Village, a village inhabited by Hakka multi-surname ancestors. The trail continues along a service road next to the Kowloon Reservoir Catchwater, channeling water towards the Kowloon Reservoir near the end of the section. Near distance post W054, another path veers off from the trail towards Amah Rock, a famous attraction at Hong Kong. There are a number of routes that leads away from the trail to the Tai Wai Villages: the first, at distance post W050 and W051 towards Shatin Tau New Village; the second, near distance post W054 that connects to Lion Rock Tunnel Road via Hung Mui Kuk Nature Trail; the third, near distance post W056 that also connects to Lion Rock Tunnel Road near its Toll Plaza. The trail passes through some woodland on its way and meets Tai Po Road at a junction, where the section ends.

Section 6 is the second shortest section of the Wilson Trail. It starts at an intersection point on Tai Po Road, the same road on which section 5 ends. The trail then continues along the northeastern boundaries of Kowloon Reservoir. At distance post W062, the trail goes in a horseshoe-like manner to the west, and runs to the west along the north of Kowloon Reservoir until it meets distance post W064, where another trail can connect to the MacLehose trail section 6. This path The trail connects with the MacLehose trail section 6 at distance post M120, along the Kam Shan Family Walk path. The trail continues north, with the southern slope of Smuggler's Ridge on its west, and drops down until it meets Shing Mun Reservoir. At the Memorial Stone at Shing Mun Reservoir, the trail connects with the MacLehose trail section 7 again along the Main Dam and ends at the northeastern side of the Main Dam.

Central New Territories
Section 7 is the second longest section of the Wilson trail, and begins at the end of section 6 on the Main Dam of Shing Mun Reservoir. The trail then runs along the eastern side of the Shing Mun Reservoir. Between distance posts W078 and W079, Shing Mun Picnic Site No. 7 can be reached, which serves as a resting and dining spot. Via a path away from this picnic site, there is a pond side meadow right next to the reservoir, serving as a camping space. The trail continues northbound, and passes through Lead Mine Pass Campsite in between distance posts W083 and W084, and briefly intersects MacLehose Trail section 8 there as well. It comes to an intersection with Wun Yiu Road at distance post W087, with which leads to Ta Tat Yan Village in the south. With Tai Mo Shan Country Park to the west of its path, it concludes at the south most point of San Uk Ka Village in Tai Po.

Section 8 starts at the ending junction of section 7 of the Wilson Trail. This section is mostly paved with concrete. The trail goes northbound at first, passing through San Uk Ka Village along Wun Yiu Road. A store in this village serves as a resting and refreshment shop for hikers. It then goes west near the northern Buddhist Temples of the village. Continuing to the northwest at distance post W093, it meets Shek Lin Road at distance post W095. The trail then runs to the northeast, passing through Hong Kong Dog Rescue Tai Po Homing Centre and Pun Chun Yuen. The path briefly crosses Tolo Highway and New Territories Circular Road before entering Kam Shek New Village. It crosses Lam Tsuen River to the northeast and turns back to the northwest along the river. The trail goes northeast for the rest of the section at an intersection with Tai Po Tau Shui Wai Road near distance post W098. The trail ends on top of Cloudy Hill, with views of Pat Sin Leng to the east.

Northeastern New Territories
Section 9 starts at Cloudy Hill, where Section 8 of the Wilson Trail ends. The path goes northeast at first, passing through Shek Au Shan and an intersection that leads to Hok Tau Campsite. On the descent from Cloudy Hill, lights from Shenzhen can be seen. Between distance posts W110 and W111, the trail goes to the east, passing through Hok Tau Reservoir Dam and Hok Tau Reservoir Family Walk inside Pat SIn Leng Country Park. There is a BBQ site near distance post W114 along the trail. Following the descent from Cloudy Hill, the trail then ascents to Ping Fung Shan and runs along the ridge, passing through Wong Leng, and all the peaks from the mountain range of Pat Sin Leng. Hsien Ku Fung, a peak in the Pat Sin Leng mountain range, is the point where section 9 ends.

Section 10 starts at Hsien Ku Fung, where Section 9 of the Wilson Trail ends. The trail goes north, coming to an intersection with Pat Sin Leng Nature Trail then turning northwest. Chung Pui Campsite to the east of the trail can be accessed via Pat Sin Leng Nature Trail at that point. The path continues to descend to the northwest. At distance post W135, a path branching off from the main path to the north leads to the Sir Edward Youde Memorial Pavilion. This section ends at an intersection with South Bay Road, concluding the whole Wilson Trail.

Errors
Wilson Trail is one of the newest long-distance trails in Hong Kong. However, many hikers find the sign posts are unclear and full of errors. One of the most significant problems is that there are only 137 distance posts along the 78 km trail. They are supposed to be at 500-metre intervals. There are also complaints that some signs are missing or misplaced. However, the situation has improved in the recent years.

Raleigh Challenge
Raleigh International's "Raleigh Challenge - Wilson Trail" is the first hiking competition which covered the longest distance of the Wilson Trail, spanning across the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories from south to north.

title: Wilson Trail


text:
File:Dukecover.PNG

Fair use rationale
It is believed that the use of this image qualifies as fair use in the article The Dukes of Hazzard: Return of the General Lee because:
 * Ratbag Games has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information
 * The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article
 * The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibit the sale of the game in any way.

title: File:Dukecover.PNG


text: User talk:70.50.97.176

title: User talk:70.50.97.176


text:
Staatskapelle Berlin

The Staatskapelle Berlin is a German orchestra and the resident orchestra of the Berlin State Opera, Unter den Linden. The orchestra is one of the oldest in the world. Until the fall of the German Empire in 1918 the orchestra's name was Königliche Kapelle, i.e., Royal Orchestra.

History
The orchestra traces its roots to 1570, when Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg established the rules for an orchestra at his court which had been constituted, at an unknown date. In 1701, the affiliation of the Electors of Brandenburg to the position of King of Prussia led to the description of the orchestra as Königlich Preußische Hofkapelle ("Royal Prussian Court Orchestra"), which consisted of about 30 musicians. The orchestra became affiliated with the Royal Court Opera, established in 1742 by Frederick the Great. Noted musicians associated with the orchestra have included Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Franz Benda, and Johann Joachim Quantz.

The first concert by the ensemble for a wider audience outside of the royal courts was on 1 March 1783 at the Hotel Paris, led by Johann Friedrich Reichardt, the ensemble's Kapellmeister. After the advent of Giacomo Meyerbeer as Kapellmeister, from 1842, the role of the orchestra expanded and a first annual concert series for subscribers was launched. The orchestra gave a number of world and German premieres of works by Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, and Otto Nicolai.

The orchestra's music director, the Staatskapellmeister, holds the same post with the Berlin State Opera. The orchestra was in the eastern part of Berlin, and thus was part of East Germany from 1945 to 1990.

The former Staatskapellmeister of the orchestra and the opera was Daniel Barenboim. Barenboim was granted the title of "conductor for life" for the ensemble in 2000. In July 2013, the orchestra made its first-ever appearances at the BBC Proms, performing the four operas of Der Ring des Nibelungen, the first complete Ring cycle to be given in a single Proms season. In January 2017, the orchestra and Barenboim performed the complete symphonies of Anton Bruckner at Carnegie Hall, the first live Bruckner symphony cycle ever performed in the United States. In July 2017, the orchestra was the first non-UK orchestra to perform the two completed symphonies of Edward Elgar at the Proms in a single season. Barenboim and the orchestra have made recordings for the Teldec, Deutsche Grammophon, and Decca labels.

In January 2023, Barenboim resigned as Generalmusikdirektor (GMD) of the orchestra for health reasons. In September 2023, the Berlin Senate and the Berlin State Opera announced the appointment of Christian Thielemann as its next GMD, effective 1 September 2024, an appointment which encompasses the post of GMD of the Staatskapelle Berlin.

Leadership

 * Johann Friedrich Agricola (1759–1775)
 * Johann Friedrich Reichardt (Hofkapellmeister, 1775–1794)
 * Bernhard Anselm Weber (1816–1820)
 * Gaspare Spontini (1820–1841)
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer (1842–1846)
 * Otto Nicolai (1848–1849)
 * Robert Radecke (Hofkapellmeister, 1871–1887)
 * Joseph Sucher (1888–1899)
 * Richard Strauss (1899–1913)
 * Leo Blech (Hofkapellmeister, 1913–1920)
 * Erich Kleiber (1923–1934)
 * Clemens Krauss (1935–1936)
 * Herbert von Karajan (1941–1945)
 * Joseph Keilberth (1948–1951)
 * Erich Kleiber (1954–1955)
 * Franz Konwitschny (1955–1962)
 * Otmar Suitner (1964–1990)
 * Daniel Barenboim (1992–2023)
 * Christian Thielemann (designate, effective 1 September 2024)

Honorary conductors

 * Otmar Suitner
 * Pierre Boulez
 * Zubin Mehta

title: Staatskapelle Berlin


text:
Woodseaves

Woodseaves is a village in Staffordshire, England.

It lies in the civil parish of High Offley and is situated on the A519 (Newport-Newcastle-under-Lyme) road and lies at the south-west end of the B5405 road, which leads to Great Bridgeford. Nearby are the villages of Gnosall and Norbury, the hamlets of Knightley and High Offley, and the small town of Eccleshall. The elevation of the village is between 125 m and 140 m above sea level. The centre of the village is the top of a small hill, relative to the adjacent countryside, and the roads into and out of the village are almost all sloping away from the village.

Amenities and features
The village contains a post office, a Methodist chapel, a village hall which is linked to a snooker club with two full size and well maintained snooker tables, and a primary school which had 83 pupils in 2007-8. The village hall is home to a number of evening events, such as "keep fit" classes, a craft club, an "over 55s" club, tai chi, and a fortnightly whist drive. The village is represented by one snooker and two billiards teams competing in the Stafford and District Billiards and Snooker League. A Sunday league football team also represent the village, playing their home games at Knighton Social Club.

The village has had three public houses — The Plough (now closed, converted to residential) and The Cock Inn, both of which are situated along the A519 road. A third, The Reform Tavern, which also lay on the main road, between the other two pubs, closed soon after the Millennium and is now a private residence.

The southern part of the village, on the A519, is known as Littleworth. Formerly a separate hamlet, it is now part of Woodseaves. The Plough is situated in Littleworth.

Canal
One kilometre southwest of the village is the Shropshire Union Canal. A deep cutting on the canal has the name of Woodseaves but this is not taken from the name of the village but from another Woodseaves, a hamlet about two miles to the south of Market Drayton in Shropshire. There are deep cuttings however near to Woodseaves (Staffordshire) at Loynton and Grub Street.

Underneath a nearby canal bridge, over which the A519 road passes, on the Newport side of Woodseaves, stands possibly the world's, and certainly Britain's smallest telegraph pole, its presence goes unnoticed by people crossing the bridge, but it is visible via the towpath that runs under the bridge on the south side of the canal.

title: Woodseaves


text: User talk:84.66.148.31

title: User talk:84.66.148.31