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User:Android79/Sandbox2

Batting statistics

 * At bat (AB). Number of plate appearances, excluding those that result in walks, the batter being hit by a pitch, sacrifices, interference, or obstruction.
 * Batting average (BA, sometimes AVG or Avg.). Hits divided by at bats.
 * Extra-base hit (EBH, EB, or XBH). Number of hits, excluding singles.
 * Fielder's choice (FC).
 * Plate appearance (PA). Number of completed appearances at the plate, regardless of the result.

 * Single, Double, Triple (1B, 2B, 3B). A single is a hit on which a batter safely reaches first base. Doubles and triples are hits on which a batter reaches second base or third base, respectively.
 * Walk, or base on balls (BB or W). Number of times a batter has advanced to first base after being pitched four balls.

 * BB/SO - Walk-to-strikeout ratio - number of base on balls divided by number of strikeouts

 * FC - Fielder's choice (also referred to as 'SH' or 'sacrifice hit') - times reaching base when a fielder chose to try for an out on another runner
 * G/F - Ground ball fly ball ratio - number of ground balls divided by number of fly balls
 * GIDP - Ground into Double play - number of ground balls hit that became double plays
 * H - Hit - times reached base because of a batted, fair ball without error by the defense
 * HBP - Hit by pitch - times touched by a pitch and awarded first base as a result
 * HR - Home run - hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases, scoring a run and batting in between one and four runs (a home run with four runs batted in – i.e. bases loaded – is a Grand Slam).
 * LOB - Left on base - number of runners not out nor scored at the end of an innning.
 * OBP - On base percentage - times reached base (H + BB + HBP + FC) divided by plate appearances
 * OPS - On-base plus slugging - on-base percentage plus slugging percentage
 * PA - Plate appearance - number of completed batting appearances no matter the result
 * RBI - Run batted in - number of runners who scored due to a batters's action, except when batter grounded into double play or reached on an error
 * SF - Sacrifice fly - number of fly ball outs which allow another runner to score
 * SLG - Slugging percentage - total bases divided by at-bats
 * SO - Strike out (also abbreviated K) - number of times that strike three is taken or swung at and missed, or bunted foul
 * TB - Total bases - one for each single, two for each double, three for each triple, and four for each home run
 * TOB - Times on base - times reaching base as a result of hits, walks and hit by pitches

Baserunning statistics

 * CS - Caught stealing - times tagged out when attempting to steal a base or when picked off
 * SB - Stolen base - number of bases advanced other than on batted balls, walks, or hits by pitch.
 * R - Run - times reached home base legally and safely

Pitching statistics

 * AVG - Opponents batting average - hits allowed divided by at-bats faced
 * BB - Base on balls (also called a "walk") - times pitching four balls, allowing runner to advance to first base
 * BS - Blown save - number of times entering the game in a save situation, and being charged the run which ties the game.
 * CG - Complete game - number of games where player was the only pitcher for his team
 * DIPS - Defense independent pitching statistics - a measure of a pitcher's effectiveness that doesn't include balls in play
 * ER - Earned run - number of runs that did not occur as a result of errors or passed balls
 * ERA - Earned run average - earned runs times innings in a game (usually nine) divided by innings pitched
 * GIR - Games in relief - number of games pitched where player was not the starting pitcher for his team
 * GF - Games finished - number of games pitched where player was the final pitcher for his team
 * GP - Games pitched - number of games in which the player pitched
 * G/F - Ground ball fly ball ratio - ground balls allowed divided by fly balls allowed
 * GS - Games started - number of games pitched where player was the first pitcher for his team
 * H/9 - Hits per nine innings - hits allowed times nine divided by innings pitched
 * HA - Hits Allowed - total hits allowed
 * HB - Hit batsman - times hit a batter with pitch, allowing runner to advance to first base
 * HLD - Hold - number of games entered in a save situation, left in save situation, recorded at least one out, and not having surrendered the lead
 * IBB - Intentional base on balls
 * IRA - Inherited runs allowed - number of runners allowed to score who were on base when pitcher enters the game
 * IP - Innings pitched - number of outs recorded while pitching divided by three
 * R/9 - Runs per nine innings - number of runs allowed times nine divided by innings pitched
 * SHO - Shutout - number of complete games having allowed zero runs
 * SO - Strikeout (also abbreviated K) - number of batters who received strike three
 * SO/9 - Strikeouts per nine innings - strikeouts times nine divided by innings pitched
 * SO/BB - Strikeout-to-walk ratio - number of strikeouts divided by number of base on balls
 * SV - Save - number of close games finished where the pitcher's team won
 * TBF - Total batters faced - opponent's total plate appearances
 * W - Win - number of games where pitcher was pitching while his team took the lead and went on to win (also related: winning percentage)
 * L - Loss - number of games where pitcher was pitching while the opposing team took the lead and went on to win
 * W+S - Relief wins plus saves - wins plus saves
 * WHIP - Walks plus hits per inning pitched - bases on balls plus hits divided by innings pitched
 * W/9 - Walks per nine innings - bases on balls times nine divided by innings pitched

See also
 * List of pitches

Fielding statistics

 * A - Assists - number of outs recorded on a play where a fielder touched the ball, except if such touching is the putout
 * CS - Caught stealing - number of times a runner was thrown out by the catcher while attempting to advance on a pitch
 * DP - Double plays - one for each double play during which the fielder recorded a putout or an assist.
 * E - Errors - number of times a fielder fails to make a play he should have made with common effort, and the offense benefits as a result
 * FP - Fielding percentage - total plays (chances minus errors) divided by the number of total chances
 * INN - Innings - number of innings that a player is at one certain position
 * PB - Passed ball - error charged to the catcher that occurs when the ball is dropped and one or more runners advance
 * PO - Putout - number of times the fielder tags, forces, or appeals a runner and he is called out as a result
 * RF - Range Factor - ((putouts + assists)*9)/innings played. Used to determine the amount of field that the player can cover
 * SB - Stolen bases - number of times a runner advanced on the pitch without being thrown out by the catcher
 * TC - Total chances - assists plus putouts plus errors
 * TP - Triple play - one for each triple play during which the fielder recorded a putout or an assist

General statistics

 * G - Games played - number of games where the player played, in whole or in part
 * WW - "Wasn't Watching" - used by non-official scorekeepers when their attention is distracted from the game - said to have been invented by Phil Rizzuto

title: User:Android79/Sandbox2


text:
Christopher Nielsen

Christopher Nielsen (born 20 April 1963 in Oslo) is a Norwegian comics artist. He is especially known for his subcultural depictions. Nielsen got his first comics printed in 1980 after entering a competition in the Norwegian anarchist magazine, Gateavisa. Only three years later he got his first album published. Generally he works in a rough and direct style, inspired by the American underground comix tradition.

His most famous cartoon, To Trøtte Typer (Two Wasted Wankers), depicts the life of the two drug users and petty criminals Odd and Geir living their relatively boring lives in Oslo, Norway. This cartoon has been made into a feature for television, running for 13 episodes plus a Christmas special. They also star in the animated movie Free Jimmy (Slipp Jimmy Fri) along with several others of Nielsen's more famous characters. Another well-known character is the notorious Hold Brillan (Hold My Glasses), a huge "redneck"-like character who terrorizes his so-called mates and always gets into fights. Thus "Hold My Glasses" - he cannot fight with them for fear of breaking them.

Christopher Nielsen is the brother of late musician Joachim Nielsen. He drew all of the album covers for his brothers band, Jokke & Valentinerne, except one due to the artist being in India on holiday.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christopher Nielsen


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Online school

An online school (virtual school, e-school, or cyber-school) teaches students entirely or primarily online or through the Internet. It has been defined as "education that uses one or more technologies to deliver instruction to students who are separated from the instructor and to support regular and substantive interaction between the students. Online education exists all around the world and is used for all levels of education (K-12 High school/secondary school, college, or graduate school). This type of learning enables the individuals to earn transferable credits, take recognized examinations, and advance to the next level of education over the Internet. Virtual education is most commonly used in high school and college. 30-year-old students or older tend to study online programs at higher rates. This group represents 41% of the online education population, while 35.5% of students ages 24–29 and 24.5% of students ages 15–23 participate in virtual education. Virtual education is becoming increasingly used worldwide. There are currently more than 4,700 colleges and universities that provide online courses to their students. In 2015, more than 6 U.S. million students were taking at least one course online, this number grew by 3.9% from the previous year. In 2021, more than 53% of postgraduate students were taking at least some classes online. The total number of online students in the U.S. was 7.5 million in 2024.

Instructional models vary, ranging from distance learning types which provide study materials for independent self-paced study, to live, interactive classes where students communicate with a teacher in a class group lesson. Class sizes range widely from a small group of 6 pupils or students to hundreds in a virtual school.

The courses that are independent and self-paced are called asynchronous courses. Typically for this type of learning, the students are given the assignments and information and are expected to complete the assignments by the due date. This is done on their own time. There is no scheduled time when the class meets. Usually, the only interactions that take place are through discussion boards, blogs, and wikis.

On the other hand, synchronous online courses happen in real-time. The instructor and students all interact online at the same time. This is done either through text, video, or audio chat. Therefore, these lessons are socially constructed. In addition to the scheduled class time, there are usually additional assignments to complete. A key to keeping Kindergartners engaged in distance learning can be challenging. Individualizing lessons and giving mini breaks can help students stay engaged during short synchronous sessions. As an educator you have to find creative ways to keep children attention on the screen especially since they're in the comfort of their home with all their toys and all the other luxuries within the house they desire. It is hard to keep their attention in the classroom so virtual learning now becomes extremely harder.

Secondary school age students have to be extremely disciplined and focused in order to be successful in virtual learning. Just like being at an actual school, these pre-teens and teenagers have to make sure they are presentable/looking good before logging onto their classes and have to greet all of their friends and turn off their cell phones before the lesson begins because that will be a big distraction for them just as it would in the classroom. Some of the same problems that exist at school have the potential of existing at home with virtual school.

Hybrid, sometimes also called blended, courses are when students learn and interact both in-person and online. These classes meet in-person during the semester in addition to computer-based communication.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, students around the world were forced to attend school online, although not all students had access to tablets or computers to attend. The number of online students decreased in 2022 and 2023, but remained well above pre-pandemic levels.

Virtual school technology
Virtual classrooms are made possible through the use of educational technology with the help of the internet. The internet itself can be credited on what enabled modern distance learning to be developed. The internet plays a role in virtual classrooms with resources such as virtual test taking functions, systems that aide coursework that include electronic reading materials, video conferencing for lectures and chatrooms. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States began to encourage social distancing in the education system. One use of technology that was found to be resourceful in the collaboration of students and teachers in virtual learning was the use of video conferencing. The utilization of web video conferencing allows students to communicate virtually with their teachers and simulate a classroom environment, with many using services such as Zoom and Cisco WebEx. To engage virtual students even further, a process known as gamification can be used to teach a student learning material in a form of a game to bring more enjoyment in a student's learning experience. Secondlife, an online virtual world, is a type of gamification system that is used for online educational purposes. Secondlife can be used as a substitute for face to face learning. It has qualities that resembles an in person curriculum such as class discussions, participation in lectures, and completing assignments. Gamification can also serve as an aide to increase a student's intrinsic motivation. The use of rewarding points while a student is using a gamification system can enhance internal motivation and motivate the student to accomplish learning goals from the game's objective. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many schools turned to virtual learning.

Costs and accessibility
Where online methods are integrated with State provision, costs follow state school standards. Otherwise, fees must be met by the student or parents. Many US school districts are now creating their own online services to avoid paying external providers. Such students can graduate from their home district without ever leaving home. In most of these cases, students are given computers, books, and even Internet service to complete coursework from home.

With the resources of the Internet as a library, and the ease of making online study materials, there is usually a comparatively small requirement for textbooks. Most courses will provide electronic materials free of cost, or included in the course fee. Textbooks are most often required for an exam syllabus course.

Students with cognitive and/or physical disabilities often times face issues accessing online schools. One of the groups of disabled students who have difficulty accessing online learning platforms is students with severe visual impairments. They most often use screen readers in order to use online school, but there are many instances where activities, files, etc., don't support the use of screen readers. Another group of students who face accessibility issues when using online learning platforms is deaf and hard of hearing students. The most prevalent issue that this group of students face is lack of or inaccurate captioning on video and audio media. Another group that has issues accessing online schooling resources is students with motor impairments. These students often have a difficult time using a computer or tablet, and will sometimes use another technology in order to interact with the computer or tablet. This makes learning especially difficult when game-like activities are used for learning and when timed activities or real-time instruction is taking place. The last major group of students who face access issues due to a disability is students with cognitive disabilities. There are a wide range of cognitive disabilities which means that these disabilities can impact learning in a variety of different ways. Some of the accessibility issues that students with cognitive disabilities face include: busy/disorganized media, pages that are difficult to navigate, time constraints, flashing of the screen, pages or articles that lack proper titles and headings, and much more.

Advantages and disadvantages of online education
Potential advantages:

 * Personal circumstances or health disruptions, specifically contagious viruses such as COVID-19 and the common cold, or injuries will not halt learning since the physical demands are much less.
 * Digital transcripts of lessons can additionally help absent students with learning missed curriculum.
 * Online learning is ideal for students and families who need flexible arrangements. However, synchronous learning does impose limits due to time zones.
 * The integration of Internet resources provides a huge library of content, and students quickly become proficient with online research, resources, and tools.
 * Greater flexibility enables independent students such as self-learners or gifted students to explore learning beyond the standard curriculum, pursue individual skills and ambitions, or develop at their own preferred pace using online resources. Part-time students with jobs or family commitments may benefit from the flexibility of online schedules.
 * Online schools can be equalizers, as age, appearance, and background are far less obvious, and therefore this can minimize harassment, prejudice, or discrimination. Instead, groups are categorized by personal ability.
 * Students may benefit from exposure to others in different cultures of the world, which can enrich their understanding of history, geography, religions and politics, and develops social skills.
 * Online education may collaboratively engage in or discuss universal or real-world issues, which are necessary skills for a successful career.
 * Increased accessibility to remote education for poor or rural areas where commuting to schools or lack of resources are concerns.
 * Increased opportunities may allow a student to take more courses they are interested in that are not offered near them.
 * Cost-effective for schools or districts since it allows teachers to instruct more students than in a face-to-face classroom setting.
 * Online courses may be less expensive for students than traditional classes since less resources may be required. Additionally, many learning resources online are free, easy to access, self-paced, and beginner-friendly.

Potential disadvantages:

 * Remote learning can reduce engagement and interaction and lead to a lack of socialization, which can potentially decrease a student's social competence or skills, such as their ability to cooperate with others.
 * A home or online environment may potentially be more distracting or disrupting than a physical school environment.
 * Organizing an online school may be more expensive and more complicated to organize or lead.
 * Those without access to technology or devices would not have access to virtual education. Although some schools may offer students borrowed devices, those who do not have access can easily fall behind.
 * Expert Teaching: Online schools employ well-trained educators who leverage digital platforms to deliver quality education.
 * Interactive Doubt Sessions: They facilitate direct interaction between students and teachers, ensuring personalized attention.
 * Digital Literacy: Students become proficient with digital tools, an essential skill in today’s technology-driven world.
 * Parental Engagement: Online education fosters a closer connection between teachers, students, and their families.
 * Continuous Improvement: The competitive nature of online schools drives them to innovate and enhance their offerings constantly.
 * Many virtual schools are relatively new and inexperienced, and therefore may be unfit for educating students properly.
 * Technology or the Internet can be more unpredictable since it may be vulnerable to power outages, Internet outages, hacks, exploits, online trolling, glitches, or errors that can potentially be more difficult to fix or deal with when online.
 * Potential employers may be skeptical of the credibility of online degrees and virtual programs.
 * Cheating online may be easier or more tempting since online resources may be more accessible and restrictions or consequences may be more lenient. The increased anonymity online may further encourage or allow the continuance of misbehavior such as trolling.
 * Online schools may be too lenient or disengaging, thus may potentially encourage or harbor potentially damaging and undisciplined behavior that could threaten a student's future or career.
 * Not using the physical tools might diminish a student's ability or competence.
 * Online can be potentially limiting since physical activities or hands on activities, specifically for courses like physical education, Art, and Chemistry, may be more difficult to engage in or occur less frequent. Online classes might take away the value of the active elements that some courses require, and do not offer the same teacher-student relationships. Students might also not experience the same critical thinking, observation, and creative skills.
 * Because online learning has 24-hour flexibility, work-life boundaries can be difficult to establish, which can cause mental and emotional health issues to arise.
 * The immediate availability of AI technologies to assist with students' coursework leads to less interactions with course staff. This also leads to the student not properly learning the material and not properly developing study skills.
 * For students with certain intellectual and/or physical disabilities, online learning platforms can be difficult to access and use.

Studies
WebCT, now called Blackboard, was developed by the Department of Computer Science at the University of British Colombia (UBC). It was one of the first online learning platforms created that resembles present-day online learning platforms. UBC conducted a study in order to test the effectiveness of WebCT by implementing it in different ways in each of three sections of a computer science course. One section of the course used WebCT in conjunction with in-person lectures, one section used WebCT as the only instructional method, and the last section used only in-person instruction. By the end of the semester, it was found that the section of the course utilizing WebCT with in-person lectures had a significantly higher average performance, while the other two sections which used only one instructional method, were found to have average academic performances approximately equivalent to each other.

Due to the results from the UBC computer science course, a course titled "Electric Circuits" at Morgan State University made the decision to add the use of WebCT to the lectures. This change was made for the Fall 1997 semester. After a semester of using WebCT in the course, it was found that average grade had gone up since the previous two semesters. In the Fall of 1996 and the Spring of 1997, the average grade in the course was an 82%, whereas in the Fall of 1997, the semester where WebCT was used, the average grade was 86%.

Online Education providers in the United Kingdom are not currently eligible for accreditation by the Department for Education and therefore it is difficult to measure quality of providers. Following a consultation process that began in 2019, The DFE and Ofsted are currently working towards a pilot online education provider accreditation scheme using a variation of the Independent School Inspectorate Inspection framework.

As claimed in a study done by Eric Bettinger and Susanna Loeb, on average, online students "do substantially worse than students in the same face-to-face course". Furthermore, students who attend K-12 online consistently perform worse on state tests than their peers in brick and mortar environments, even when taking into account prior achievement.

title: Online school


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Broad Street Independent Chapel, Reading

Broad Street Independent Chapel is a former nonconformist chapel dating from 1707. It is situated in Broad Street, now the principal shopping street of the English town of Reading. The building has been reused as a branch of the Waterstone's chain of bookshops. The building is a Grade II listed building.

History
The main building was built in 1707 and is set back from Broad Street. The interior is roughly square with encircling galleries, and a domed ceiling with modillion cornice. Later additions were made to the side and rear of the original building. In 1892 a separate frontage building was built along the building line of Broad Street, with an arch surmounted by a tower, itself capped by octagonal turret, and flanked by two shops.

Waterstone's now occupies both the chapel building and most of the frontage building (one shop unit being independently occupied). The frontage building has been linked to the main chapel by a lightweight modern glass-roofed conservatory. The galleries of the main chapel now form part of the shop, with a sweeping staircase in the centre linking the two floors.

Details of baptisms and marriages at the church between 1720 and 1837 are available on the International Genealogical Index produced by the LDS Church. William Blackall Simonds, the founder of H & G Simonds Brewery and J & C Simonds Bank, was baptised at the chapel on 13 August 1761.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hockey CBA Export

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 21:16, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hockey CBA Export

 * This is a mirror for the wikibook Hockey_CBA. It is here because the wiki2PDF script at http://wiki.auf-trag.de/ does not grab articles from the english wikibooks site.

Wikipedia is not a web mirror - especially the main article space should not be cluttered with random articles... If you need it then create a subpage of your user page, or patch the open source pdf generator to be compatible with wikibooks. Thue | talk 16:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is all kinds of wrong. It's content that's already on the proper Wikimedia project.  It asserts ownership of an article.  It's self-referential.  It's using Wikipedia and Wikibooks as free wiki providers.  Delete with extreme prejudice. —Korath (Talk) 17:43, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and it's mistitled, too. —Korath (Talk) 09:26, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No Guru 19:30, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Oy.  RickK 05:09, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not a mirror. Megan1967 07:11, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Media studies

title: Category:Media studies


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Ehud Manor

Ehud Manor (Hebrew: אהוד מנור; born Ehud Weiner; July 13, 1941 – April 12, 2005) was an Israeli lyricist, translator, poet and radio and TV personality. He is widely considered to have been Israel's most prolific lyricist of all time, having written or translated over 1,000 songs. In 1998, he was awarded the Israel Prize for his exceptional contributions to Israeli music.

Biography
Ehud Weiner (later Manor) was born in Binyamina, in what is now Israel. He had two brothers, Ze'ev and Yehuda. He graduated from the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa in 1959. He was married to actress Ofra Fuchs for 40 years; together, they had three children: Gali, Libby and Yehuda (Yadi), who was named after Manor's late brother, a fallen soldier in the War of Attrition in 1968. Ehud's other brother, Ze'ev, committed suicide in 2003 as a result of financial trouble.

Ehud Manor, who had been a heavy smoker earlier in his life, was diagnosed with lung cancer in the early 2000s. Although he recovered, the cancer treatment weakened his heart, and he died suddenly on April 12, 2005, aged 63, of cardiac arrest.

Music and songwriting career
Ehud Manor began working for Israel radio in the 1960s as a musical editor. He changed his surname to Manor as it was customary at the time for radio announcers to adopt Hebrew names.

During his career, he wrote lyrics for over 1,250 Hebrew songs, including "Ein Li Eretz Acheret" (I Have No Other Country), "Brit Olam" (Everlasting Covenant), "Ba-Shanah ha-Ba'ah" (Next Year) which became an international standard, "Zo Yalduti HaShniya" (This Is My Second Childhood), and "Ahi HaTza'ir Yehuda" (My Younger Brother Yehuda). The latter was written in memory of his brother, who was killed during his military service in 1968.

Ehud Manor wrote the lyrics to several Israeli Eurovision Song Contest entries, including the 1978 winner "Abanibi", the 1975 entry "At Va'Ani (You and Me)" with its singer Shlomo Artzi, the 1983 entry "Khay" (Alive) and the 1992 song "Ze Rak Sport" (It's Just Sports). Several of his songs commemorate his fond memories of his childhood in Binyamina, the most famous of which is "Yemey Binyamina" (The Binyamina Days). Several streets and roundabouts in his native town are named after him and his songs.

Literary career
Also a successful translator, Manor translated more than 600 works into Hebrew, including such Broadway hits as Cabaret, Hair, and Les Misérables. In addition, he translated Barney songs into Hebrew for the Israeli coproduction "Hachaverim Shel Barney".

Other famous Manor translations were the 1977 musical program "Eretz Tropit Yafa" (lit. "A Beautiful Tropical Country", the theme of which was a translation of Jorge Ben's "País Tropical") which consisted of his translations of famous Brazilian songs, several of which became huge hits in Israel; and the 1982 Israeli television show "Red River Valley" in which he translated famous country songs, one of which – "John Biryon" (lit. "John the Strongman", a translation of Jimmy Dean's "Big Bad John") – also became a huge hit.

Awards and recognition
In 1998, Manor was awarded the Israel Prize for Hebrew song. The prize committee noted that "For the past 30 years, he has expressed our mood through the hundreds of songs he has written together with the finest composers. The man who declared that he had no other country is the laureate of the Israel Prize.". The words of the committee refer to one of his most famous songs, Ein Li Eretz Acheret (I Have No Other Country), which is considered a patriotic classic in Israel – the lyrics outline a man who loves Israel and the Hebrew language, despite criticism he has toward his country.

Shortly before he died, Manor was chosen to receive an honorary doctorate from Bar-Ilan University in recognition of his prolific activity in the field of Hebrew music.

Manor's songs are the most played on Israeli radio.

In October 28, 2019, U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi recited a passage from I Have No Other Country during a J Street gala. On January 13, 2021, she again recited lines from the song urging her "Republican colleagues to finally open their eyes" regarding president Donald Trump. On June 24, 2022, she once again recited lines from the song following the Supreme Court's ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which overruled two important cases (Roe v Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey) regarding Abortion in the United States. She learned about the song from Isaac Herzog, then the leader of the Israeli Labor Party in December 2016.

title: Ehud Manor


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Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire

The Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire (French: Grands Dignitaires de l'Empire Français) were created in 1804 by the Constitution of the Year XII, which established Napoleon Bonaparte, previously First Consul for Life, as Emperor of the French. The seven Grand Dignitaries broadly paralleled the Great Officers of the Crown which had existed under the Ancien Régime and were essentially honorific, although several limited functions were ascribed to them in the new constitution of the Empire. In the imperial nobility, the Grand Dignitaries ranked in status directly behind the Princes of France, although in practice, most Grand Dignitaries also held the title of Prince.

In 1807, two new dignitaries were created, a further two in 1809, and another in 1810, raising the final number to twelve. Many of the dignitaries were also members of the Imperial Family, with those that were not being high-ranking figures in the imperial administration. The Grand Dignitaries were abolished along with the First Empire in 1814 upon the Bourbon Restoration, the Great Officers of the Crown being reinstated, and were not restored under the Second Empire.

Appointed in 1804

 * Jean de Cambacérès, Archchancellor of the Empire
 * Eugène de Beauharnais, Archchancellor of State
 * Charles-François Lebrun, Archtreasurer
 * Joseph Bonaparte, Grand Elector
 * Louis Bonaparte, Grand Constable
 * Joachim Murat, Grand Admiral
 * Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Grand Huntsman

Appointed in 1805

 * Joseph Fesch, Grand Almoner

Appointed in 1807

 * Charles de Talleyrand-Périgord, Vice-Grand Elector
 * Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Vice-Grand Constable

Appointed in 1809

 * Camillo Borghese, Governor-General of the Departments Beyond the Alps
 * Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

Appointed in 1810

 * Charles-François Lebrun, Governor-General of the Departments of Holland

title: Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire


text: Category:Brazilian mythology

title: Category:Brazilian mythology


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Austin A40 Farina

The Austin A40 Farina is a small, economy car introduced by Austin in saloon (1958) and A40 Countryman (1959) estate versions. It has a two-box body configuration. It was badged, like many before it, as an A40, consistent with Austin's naming scheme at the time, based on the approximate engine output in horsepower; and to distinguish it from other A40 models, it was also given a suffix name – this one being the Farina, reflecting the all-new design by Italian Battista Farina's Pinin Farina Turin studio.

Austin had been merged into the British Motor Corporation (BMC) in 1952 and – unusually for BMC at the time – the A40 Farina was sold only as an Austin and not rebadged for sale under any other BMC brands. The Farina was the first Austin A40 not named after a county of England, and the last in the Austin A40 line.

The 1959 A40 Countryman version stands out by its layout as a small estate car with an upward (and downward) opening tailgate, and is therefore viewed as one of the earliest examples of a volume production hatchback.

Background and innovation
Like its predecessors, the A40 Countryman version combined many of the virtues of a compact saloon and estate car in one body. But, unlike the 1954 A30 Countryman, a sub 3.5 m estate version of the 1951 Austin A30, and its 1956 A35 Countryman evolution, the all new A40 Countryman had a split lifting and lowering tailgate. Sideways opening rear doors had been fitted since the 1948 A40 Countryman. The new feature made the A40 Farina Countryman an early example of what later became popular as a hatchback.

The Pinin Farina body design also offered more shoulder and headroom for the rear passengers, through the angular instead of curved lines of the roof and upper-rear body, while as a two-seater (with the rear seat folded), it provided an exceptionally large luggage space. The original saloon version's luggage boot had a tail board that swung down, while the rear window remained fixed, and the space behind the rear seat was usually covered by a vinyl tonneau cover. This could be removed, and the rear seats folded to permit all of the back of the car to be used for luggage, though the loading floor achieved was far from flat.

Farina's design came at a time when the Turin automotive-design studios were, for the most part, consulted only by builders of expensive "exotic" cars, and BMC made much of the car's Italian styling, with both Battista and his son Sergio attending its UK launch. The car appeared as a scaled-down version of the Austin Cambridge and Morris Oxford, but without an extended boot. These cars were also designed by Pinin Farina.

Naming
The A40 designation had been used on a series of previous Austins, most recently the Cambridge, but the "Farina" suffix was new with this car, marketing the Pinin Farina design – contrary to all previous A40s, which had been named after counties of England. The Countryman name, on the other hand, had been used on several previous Austin (A40) estate models. Early examples including the somewhat larger 1948 Countryman estate of the 1947 A40 Devon / Dorset, and the more upscale 1948 A70 Countryman – but also on the estate versions of the A40 Farina's direct A30 and A35 predecessors.

The Farina name was not used in Sweden, where the car received the name "Futura" because a mix-up with a common type of brown sugar with a similar name was believed to be unavoidable.

Mark I
Presented as a saloon at the London Motor Show in October 1958, the A40 Farina was intended to replace the Austin A35, from which it inherited much of its running gear, and was a capacious thoroughly modern small car, with a brand new distinctive "two box" shape and headroom in the back seat. It was a saloon, the lower rear panel dropped like a then conventional bootlid, the rear window remaining fixed. The Countryman hatchback appeared exactly a year later in October 1959, and differed from the saloon in that the rear window was marginally smaller, to allow for a frame that could be lifted up, with its own support, while the lower panel was now flush with the floor and its hinges had been strengthened. It was a very small estate car with a horizontally split tailgate having a top-hinged upper door and bottom-hinged lower door. October 1959 also saw the standardisation on both cars of self-cancelling indicators and the provision of a centre interior light and, in early summer 1960, a flat lid was added over the spare wheel in the rear luggage compartment.

At launch the car shared the 948 cc A-Series straight-4 used in other Austins including its A35 predecessor. The suspension was independent at the front using coil springs with a live axle and semi elliptic leaf springs at the rear. The drum brakes were a hybrid (hydromech) arrangement, hydraulically operated at the front but cable actuated at the rear. The front drums at 8 in were slightly larger than the 7 in rears. Cam and peg steering was fitted.

Individual seats were fitted in the front, with a bench at the rear that could fold down to increase luggage capacity. The trim material was a vinyl treated fabric. Options included a heater, radio, windscreen washers and white-wall tyres. The gearchange lever was floor-mounted with the handbrake between the seats. The door windows were not opened by conventional winders, but pulled up and down using finger grips; a window lock position was on the door handle.

A de-luxe version tested by British magazine The Motor in 1958 had a top speed of 66.8 mph and could accelerate from 0–50 mph in 19.5 seconds. A fuel consumption of 38 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £689 including taxes of £230.

Mark II
An A40 Farina Mark II was introduced in 1961. It had a 3.5 in longer wheelbase to increase the space for passengers in the back seats, and the front grille and dashboard were redesigned. The Mark II had more power (37 hp/28 kW) and an SU replaced the previous Zenith carburettor but was otherwise similar mechanically. An anti-roll bar was fitted at the front. The 948 cc engine was replaced in the autumn of 1962 by a larger 1098 cc version with an output of 48 bhp. The A40 shared this engine with the Morris Minor, which was also rear-wheel drive – both models retaining the traditional north–south engine layout – and also with the recently introduced front-wheel drive, transverse-engined Morris 1100. An improved gearbox was fitted to the A40 at the same time.

Further changes were minimal. However, in 1964 a new fascia with imitation wood veneer covering was fitted. This version of the model remained in production until 1967. The brakes also became fully hydraulic, replacing the semi cable-operated rear system that the Mark I had inherited from the A35. Nevertheless, the introduction at the end of 1962 of the similarly sized Morris 1100, followed by an Austin-badged counterpart a year later, left the A40 looking cramped on the inside and outclassed in terms of road holding and ride; sales of the A40 Mark II progressed at a slower rate than had been achieved by the Mark I.

A Mark II was tested by The Motor in 1962. The updated version had a higher top speed of 75.2 mph and faster acceleration from 0–50 mph of 17.4 seconds. The fuel consumption at 36.5 mpgimp was slightly higher. The car cost £693 including taxes of £218.

In the popular television series Heartbeat, the character Dr Tricia Summerbee (played by Clare Calbraith) drove a blue 1963 mark II saloon in series 10–12, with the registration BNK228A.

Engines

 * 1958–61: 948 cc A-Series I4, 34 hp (25 kW) at 4750 rpm and 50 ft·lbf (68 Nm) at 2000 rpm
 * 1961–62: 948 cc A-Series I4, 37 hp (28 kW) at 5000 rpm and 50 ft·lbf (68 Nm) at 2500 rpm
 * 1962–67: 1098 cc A-Series I4, 48 hp (36 kW) at 5100 rpm and 60 ft·lbf (81 Nm) at 2500 rpm

Innocenti
Innocenti also produced A40s under licence from BMC. They began producing knock-down kit versions of the A40 in 1960 but soon progressed to produce the entire car in Italy. Innocenti's A40 Berlina and Combinata corresponded to the saloon and Countryman versions of the Austin A40 Farina.

The cars began using the larger 1098 cc engine in 1962, being renamed A40S at that time. For 1965 Innocenti also designed a new single-piece rear door for the Combinata. This top-hinged door used struts to hold it up over a wide cargo opening and was a true hatchback – a model never developed in the home (United Kingdom) market. 67,706 Innocenti A40 and A40S cars were produced.

Australian production and New Zealand assembly
The A40 Farina was also produced in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia by the British Motor Corporation (Australia) Pty Ltd from 1959 to 1962. These Australian assembled vehicles had a very high degree of local content.

The A40 was assembled from English CKD kits by NZ importer, the Austin Distributors Federation, at their Petone factory Associated Motor Industries. Local content included items like glass, wiring loom, trim, tyres, battery and radiator.

Competition history
The car was a popular choice, in modified form, for competition work. Several examples are still to be seen taking part in historic saloon racing.

In the January 1959 Monte Carlo Rally driven by Pat Moss and Ann Wisdom the A40 won the Coupe des Dames, Houbigant Cup, RAC Challenge Trophy and Souvenir Award, "L'Officiel de la Couture" and was 2nd in class for standard series production touring cars up to 1000 cc. The little car was 10th in General Classification.

In the closing stages of June's Alpine Rally (Coupe des Alpes), Moss and Wisdom lost the use of first gear on their A40 and were obliged to retire having completed the second stage of the rally still "clean".

In August 1959, in practice at Brands Hatch, Doc Shepherd broke the saloon car record in an Austin A40 and he won the 1960 British Saloon Car Championship, also driving an Austin A40 Farina.

title: Austin A40 Farina


text:
Villars-Burquin

Villars-Burquin is a former municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

The municipalities of Fontanezier, Romairon, Vaugondry and Villars-Burquin merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Tévenon.

Geography
Villars-Burquin has an area,, of 4.82 km2. Of this area, 1.6 km2 or 33.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.94 km2 or 61.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.26 km2 or 5.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.02 km2 or 0.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.8%. Out of the forested land, 56.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.7% is used for growing crops and 19.9% is pastures, while 1.9% is used for orchards or vine crops and 7.7% is used for alpine pastures.

The municipality was part of the Grandson District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Villars-Burquin became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, on two Pine Branches in saltire a Wren proper.

Demographics
Villars-Burquin has a population of 565. , 8.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 18%. It has changed at a rate of 15.7% due to migration and at a rate of 2.3% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (460 or 91.3%), with German being second most common (24 or 4.8%) and Italian being third (4 or 0.8%).

Of the population in the municipality 80 or about 15.9% were born in Villars-Burquin and lived there in 2000. There were 187 or 37.1% who were born in the same canton, while 139 or 27.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 70 or 13.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 6 live births to Swiss citizens and were 5 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 2 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 14 and the non-Swiss population increased by 5 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.5%.

The age distribution,, in Villars-Burquin is; 61 children or 10.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 65 teenagers or 11.5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 56 people or 9.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 75 people or 13.3% are between 30 and 39, 87 people or 15.4% are between 40 and 49, and 87 people or 15.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 70 people or 12.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 35 people or 6.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 22 people or 3.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 6 people or 1.1% who are 90 and older.

, there were 182 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 240 married individuals, 44 widows or widowers and 38 individuals who are divorced.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.56 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.61 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 62.5% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 197 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 58 households that consist of only one person and 14 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 204 households that answered this question, 28.4% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 61 married couples without children, 63 married couples with children There were 12 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 7 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 142 single family homes (or 74.7% of the total) out of a total of 190 inhabited buildings. There were 26 multi-family buildings (13.7%), along with 16 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (8.4%) and 6 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.2%). Of the single family homes 22 were built before 1919, while 23 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (37) were built between 1971 and 1980. The most multi-family homes (8) were built before 1919 and the next most (5) were built between 1971 and 1980. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 240 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 76. There were 8 single room apartments and 72 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 192 apartments (80.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 39 apartments (16.3%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (3.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 8.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.74%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 30.21% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (20.41%), the Green Party (17.08%) and the FDP (11.57%). In the federal election, a total of 191 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.1%.

Economy
, Villars-Burquin had an unemployment rate of 5.3%. , there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 30 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 49 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 229 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.5% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 80. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, of which 6 were in agriculture and 7 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 26, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 41. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 7.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 2 or 4.9% were the insurance or financial industry, 1 was a technical professional or scientist, 1 was in education and 31 or 75.6% were in health care.

, there were 36 workers who commuted into the municipality and 171 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 4.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 11.1% of the workforce coming into Villars-Burquin are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 9.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 69.4% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 92 or 18.3% were Roman Catholic, while 267 or 53.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 32 individuals (or about 6.35% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 5 (or about 0.99% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist. 98 (or about 19.44% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 21 individuals (or about 4.17% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Villars-Burquin about 189 or (37.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 75 or (14.9%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule). Of the 75 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.7% were Swiss men, 28.0% were Swiss women, 10.7% were non-Swiss men.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 65 students in the Villars-Burquin school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 37 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 28 students in those schools.

, there were 3 students in Villars-Burquin who came from another municipality, while 77 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Villars-Burquin


text:
Arthur Garfield Hays

Arthur Garfield Hays (December 12, 1881 – December 14, 1954) was an American lawyer and champion of civil liberties issues, best known as a co-founder and general counsel of the American Civil Liberties Union and for participating in notable cases including the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. He was a member of the Committee of 48 and a contributor to The New Republic. In 1937, he headed an independent investigation of an incident in which 19 people were killed and more than 200 wounded in Ponce, Puerto Rico, when police fired at them. His commission concluded the police had behaved as a mob and committed a massacre.

Early life and education
Arthur Garfield Hays was born on December 12, 1881, in Rochester, New York. Three months earlier, the death of James A. Garfield had installed Chester A. Arthur in the U.S. presidency, and Hays' name combined those of the two men. His father and mother, both of German Jewish descent, belonged to prosperous families in the clothing manufacturing industry. In 1902, he graduated from Columbia College, where he was one of the early members of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1905, he received an LLB from Columbia Law School and was admitted to the New York bar.

Career
In 1905, Hays formed a law firm with two former classmates. He and his partners gained prominence during World War I representing interests of ethnic Germans in the US who were discriminated against because Germany was an enemy of the Allies during the war. In 1914-1915, he practiced law in London.

Hays was active in civil liberties issues. In 1920 (or as early as 1912 ), was hired as general counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union. From this point, his career had two tracks: he vigorously defended the individual liberty of victims of discriminatory laws, and he also kept private work. He became a wealthy lawyer who represented the interests of power and fame (his more prominent clients ranged from Wall Street brokers and best-selling authors to notorious gamblers and the Dionne quintuplets). Hays took part in numerous notable cases, including the Sweet segregation case in Detroit as well as the Scopes trial (often called the "monkey trial") in 1925, in which a school teacher in Tennessee was tried for teaching evolution; the American Mercury censorship case (1926); the Sacco and Vanzetti case, in which two Italian anarchists in Boston were convicted and executed in 1927 for a murder they denied committing; and the Scottsboro case, in which eight black men from Alabama were convicted and sentenced to death in 1931 for allegedly attacking two white women. Hays attended the Reichstag trial in Berlin on behalf of Georgi Dimitrov, a Bulgarian Communist accused by the Nazis in 1933 of burning the Reichstag.

Hays also defended labor. He defended coal miners in disputes in Pennsylvania and West Virginia (1922-1935), including the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1922. He defended right-to-strike cases against Jersey City mayor Frank "Boss" Hague. He defended British writer (and CPGB member) John Strachey against deportation. He led the plaintiff in Emerson Jennings vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania conspiracy case. He represented the Jehovah's Witnesses. He argued for the right not to salute the American flag.

In 1937, Hays was appointed to lead an independent investigation with a group (called the "Hays Commission") to study an incident in which 18 people were killed and more than 200 wounded in Ponce, Puerto Rico, when police opened fire on them. They had gathered for a parade for which the permits had been withdrawn at the last minute. His commission concluded the police had behaved as a mob and committed a massacre.

From 1939 to 1943, he represented sociologist Jerome Davis in a libel suit filed against Curtis Publishing, publishers of the Saturday Evening Post magazine and its reporter Benjamin Stolberg.

Film censorship case over Whirlpool of Desire
From the IMDB entry for Remous (France, 1935) directed by Edmond T. Greville:

Albany, New York - Monday, January 23, 1939: "The French film Remous was shown Friday [January 20] to five judges of the New York State Appellate Division in proceedings in the attempt by Arthur Mayer and Joseph Burstyn to get a license to screen it in New York State. The picture has twice been denied a license, first in August 1936, when it was rejected as being "indecent," "immoral," and tending to "corrupt morals." It was again rejected in November 1937. In March 1938, it was screened for the New York Board of Regents, which on April 14 disapproved application for a license. Hays, counsel for Mayer and Burstyn at yesterday's proceedings, ridiculed the objections of Irwin Esmond and the Regents to certain scenes, pointing out that the film was French and would appeal only to an educated audience. Counsel for the Regents based his plea on the film's theme of sex frustration, arguing that it would be unwise public policy to show it to all classes of people.

In November 1939, Mayer and Burstyn released the film in the US as Whirlpool of Desire. Film censorship in the United States was not overturned until the U.S. Supreme Court case, the Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (the "Miracle Decision") in 1952.

Progressive Party
In 1924, Hays served as New York State chairman of the second Progressive Party.

Anti-McCarthyism
In 1951, Hays appeared on Longines Chronoscope to provide comments on the political activities of US Senator Joseph McCarthy. Hays stated: I think he is the most dangerous man in the United States. I think he Senator McCarthy is more dangerous to freedom in the United States than all the Communists we have in this country... I think he's dangerous, because without evidence, he is smearing a lot of respected and highly decent people. His greatest criticism regarded McCarthy's methods. He defended Owen Lattimore and Philip Jessup but conceded that there were "a few" communists in the State Department and cited Alger Hiss.

Personal life and death
Hays married Blanche Marks in 1908; they divorced in 1924, after having a daughter Lora, an actress and film editor.

He married Aline Davis Fleisher in 1924, and they had a daughter Jane. Aline Fleisher Hays died in 1944. Jane married the prominent American lawyer.

Hays died of a heart attack on December 14, 1954, at the age of 73.

Legacy
In 1958, New York University established the Arthur Garfield Hays Civil Liberties Program at its School of Law.

Princeton University houses the Arthur Garfield Hays Papers.

Hays was a partner of Hays, St John & Buckley, also known as Hays, St. John, Abramson & Heilbron, of which Osmond K. Fraenkel was later a member.

Works
Hays wrote numerous books and articles. As a gifted writer and eloquent debater, he added his perspective to virtually every individual rights issue of his day. He wrote several books and essays about civil liberties issues. His autobiography, entitled City Lawyer: The Autobiography of a Law Practice (1942), provides a colorful account of his more noteworthy cases. His articles and book reviews demonstrate his wide-ranging knowledge of a nation and a world experiencing dramatic change in the way individual rights were perceived.
 * Let Freedom Ring (1928, rev. ed. 1937)
 * Trial by Prejudice (1937)
 * Democracy Works (1939)
 * City Lawyer: The Autobiography of a Law Practice (1942)

Defense Cases
Arthur Garfield Hays was renowned for his spirited defense of First Amendment freedoms, representing pivotal cases that shaped the American legal landscape. His involvement in the Scopes Monkey Trial and the defense of individuals like H. L. Mencken underscored his commitment to free speech and the press. Hays's legal acumen also shone in the Scottsboro Boys case, where he fought against racial injustice, highlighting his dedication to civil liberties beyond the courtroom. These cases not only illustrate Hays's legal prowess but also his unwavering dedication to protecting fundamental rights.

title: Arthur Garfield Hays


text:
P&T

P&T may refer to:

 * Partitioning and transmutation, a succession of chemical separation operations (advanced reprocessing) and neutron irradiation repeated in long nuclear fuel cycles aimed at reducing the radiotoxicity of minor actinides and long-lived fission products
 * Post & Telegraph, former cabinet department of the Government of India
 * Minister for Posts and Telegraphs, former senior government position in Ireland
 * Pharmacy and Therapeutics
 * Pharmacy and Therapeutics (journal)
 * Penn & Teller, American illusionists and entertainers
 * P&TLuxembourg, Luxembourg communications corporation
 * P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd., an architecture firm in Hong Kong
 * Promotion and Tenure, referring to academic tenure processes
 * Packaging and testing, semiconductor

title: P&T


text:
Iqbal Qasim

Mohammad Iqbal Qasim (محمد اقبال قاسم; born 6 August 1953) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in 50 Test matches and 15 One Day Internationals between 1976 and 1988.

Early life and education
Iqbal Qasim was born on 6 August 1953 in Karachi to a Memon business family. He attended the University of Karachi, where he graduated with a master's degree in economics.

Career
Qasim ended his career with 171 wickets in his 50 Test matches, at approximately 3.5 wickets a match. His accurate bowling saw his economy rate at a low 2.21. He pushed the ball through quicker than normal, not extracting great turn, but deceiving batsmen through variations in pace and trajectory.

He is most notable for spinning Pakistan to victory in the 5th Test at Bangalore in the 1987 India-Pakistan series, and thus securing Pakistan's first series win on Indian soil. He took 9/121, including the key scalp of Sunil Gavaskar for 96 in the last innings of the game.

Iqbal Qasim remained in the shadows of his teammate, leg spinner Abdul Qadir, although his career returns are superior by average and very similar by strike rate.

He became Pakistan's chief selector in 2012.

title: Iqbal Qasim


text:
User talk:JackMelenchuk

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Jayjg (talk) 16:49, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jack, regarding your edits to Soviet Union—I recommend that your read through the Wikipedia's Neutral Point of View (NPOV) policy before making similar edits in the future.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 16:50, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JackMelenchuk


text:
Robert Henry Goldsborough

Robert Henry Goldsborough (January 4, 1779 – October 5, 1836) was an American politician from Talbot County, Maryland.

Early life
Robert Henry Goldsborough was born on January 4, 1779, at "Myrtle Grove" near Easton, Maryland. He was educated by private tutors and graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1795.

Career
Goldsborough engaged in agricultural pursuits, and also served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1804. During the War of 1812, Goldsborough commanded a troop of horsemen in the Maryland Militia.

In 1813, Goldsborough was elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy in the term commencing March 4, 1813, caused by the failure of the legislature to elect a senator, and served from May 21, 1813, to March 3, 1819. In the senate, Goldsborough served as chairman of the Committee on Claims (Fifteenth Congress), and as a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia (Fifteenth Congress).

Goldsborough was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.

After his first term as Senator, Goldsborough resumed his agricultural pursuits. He was instrumental in establishing the Easton Gazette in 1817, and again became a member of the House of Delegates in 1825. He was again elected to the U.S. Senate as an Anti-Jacksonian National Republican (later Whig) to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ezekiel F. Chambers, and served from January 13, 1835, until his death. In the senate, Goldsborough served as chairman of the Committee on Commerce (Twenty-fourth Congress).

Death
Goldsborough died on October 5, 1836, at "Myrtle Grove" near Easton. He is interred at "Ashby", the family home in Talbot County. His great-grandson was Winder Laird Henry.

title: Robert Henry Goldsborough


text:
Svend Karlsen

Svend Viking Karlsen (born 6 October 1967) is a Norwegian strongman, powerlifter, and IFBB professional bodybuilder. Being a winner of the World's Strongest Man, the Europe's Strongest Man, the World Muscle Power Classic and 3 times runner up at the Arnold Strongman Classic, he is regarded as one of the best strongmen in history. He is also well known for shouting his catch phrase "Viking Power!" during competitions.

Powerlifting and bodybuilding
Karlsen started out as a powerlifter in 1986, winning a number of titles and setting 30 Norwegian records, 3 European records, and 1 world record. Soon after, Karlsen began pursuing a career in bodybuilding. He traveled on the road doing posing exhibitions with some bodybuilding friends to help pay the bills. Karlsen won the Mr. Norway title, and took second place at the World Games. This victory earned him his IFBB pro card and he could now compete as a professional. Karlsen moved to California to focus on his bodybuilding career, and his first pro show was the IFBB Night of Champions. Karlsen suffered a severe muscle tear that forced him to retire from bodybuilding, and in 1996 he quickly moved on to strongman competitions.

Strongman career
Karlsen competed in one of the 1996 World's Strongest Man qualifying heats and narrowly missed qualifying for the finals. In the 1997 World's Strongest Man contest, Karlsen qualified for his first of 7 consecutive finals from 1997, 1999-2004 (did not compete in 1998). After finishing second in the Husafel Stone carry, Karlsen was leading the finals on points, but during the warm-up for the squat event, he tore his hamstring and had to withdraw from the rest of the contest. Karlsen returned in 1999, finishing in third place, and finished in second place in 2000 behind eventual winner Janne Virtanen. Karlsen finally became victorious at the 2001 World's Strongest Man competition in Victoria Falls, Zambia.

Some of Karlsen's other notable strongman titles include Europe's Strongest Man 2001, 3 time runner-up at the Arnold Strongman Classic 2002–04, World Muscle Power Championships 2001 winner, and 3 time Norway's Strongest Man in 2003, 2005 and 2006. Karlsen was the second athlete inducted into the World's Strongest Man Hall of Fame in 2010 as voted by the fans. He has a larger than life personality and, similar to his Nordic strongman predecessor Jón Páll Sigmarsson, is known for his catchphrase "Viking Power". Karlsen was featured in the 2003 Colin Bryce documentary 'The World's Strongest Arms', together with fellow World's Strongest Man champion Magnus Samuelsson.

Among his best lifts in his early years were a 400 kg squat, 260 kg bench press and a 412.5 kg deadlift. In an interview in 1997, he claimed his most notable feat of strength was deadlifting 400 kg for 3 repetitions.

Personal records

 * Deadlift – 425 kg
 * Raw Deadlift – 400 kg x 3 reps
 * Squat – 400 kg
 * Squat (tyres on machine) – 318 kg x 14 reps (2002 World's Strongest Man)
 * X-Treme Squat – 551 kg (2003 X-Treme Strongman Championships) (World Record)
 * Bench Press – 260 kg
 * Log Press – 185 kg (2002 Sweden Grand Prix)
 * Incline Log Press – 120 kg x 14 reps (2002 IFSA Finland Grand Prix)
 * Axle Press – 170 kg (2002 Sweden Grand Prix)
 * Flintstone Press – 200 kg (1996 World's Strongest Man - Group 4)
 * Atlas Stones – 120-180 kg (5 stones) in 18.74 seconds (2005 IFSA Nordic Championships)
 * Húsafell Stone – 163 kg (87.5% of the original) for 86.66 metres (1997 World's Strongest Man)
 * Crucifix hold – 25 kg for 63.26 seconds (2001 Europe's Strongest Man)
 * Farmer's walk – 138 kg in each hand (70 meter course) in 22.87 seconds (2003 Finland Grand Prix)
 * Wheelbarrow carry – 330 kg for 30 metres in 19.72 s (2003 Finland Grand Prix)
 * Tyre flip – 520 kg for 5 times (2004 Sweden Grand Prix)

Retirement
Karlsen retired from competition in 2006, and began serving as presenter and producer of the Norwegian version of the World's Strongest Man contest and the qualifying tour Giants Live.

After retirement
Karlsen is the event organizer for the Norway's Strongest Man competition, introducing events and commentating. Karlsen was a co-commentator for the final event at the 2010 Arnold Strongman Classic. Karlsen also ran the Viking Power Challenge event in Norway, which was a part of the Super Series and later Giants Live tour for qualification into the World's Strongest Man competition.

Other competitions

 * Strongest Man in the North 1996 	-	5
 * World Series Strongman Challenge 1997 	-	3
 * European Hercules 1997 	 	       -       4
 * Helsinki Grand Prix 1998 	 	-      2
 * Atlantic Giant 1998 	 	       -	3
 * Helsinki Grand Prix 2000 	 	-	3
 * Ireland Grand Prix 2000 	 		-      3
 * Beauty & The Beast 2000 	 		-      2
 * Prague Grand Prix 2000 		 	-	2
 * Romania Grand Prix 2000 	 		-      4
 * China Grand Prix 2000 	 		-	4
 * Northeast Strongman Showdown 2001 	- 	1
 * Polish Grand Prix 2001 	 		-	3
 * Europe's Strongest Man 2001 		- 	1
 * Dutch Grand Prix 2001 			-	3
 * Beauty & The Beast 2001 	 		-      3
 * World Muscle Power 2001 	 		-      2
 * Prague Grand Prix 2001 	 		-	2
 * World Record Breakers 2001 	 	-	1
 * X-treme Strongman Challenge 2001 	-	1
 * Stockholm Grand Prix 	 		-	3
 * Northeast Strongman Showdown 2002 	-	2
 * Arnold Classic strongman Contest 2002 	- 	2
 * Vantaa Challenge 2002 	 		-	2
 * Atlantic Giants 2002 	 		-	1
 * Clash of Titans 2002 	 		-	1
 * Clash of the Celtic giants 2002 	 	-      2
 * Europe Strongest Man 2002 		- 	3
 * China Grand Prix 2002 			-	1
 * Sweden Grand Prix Super Series 2002 	- 	2
 * Team World vs. Poland 2002 	 	-	1
 * Super Series Final 2002 	 		-      2
 * Hawaii Grand Prix Super Series 	 	-	9
 * Arnold Classic Strongman contest 2003 	- 	2
 * Helsinki Grand Prix 2003 		- 	6
 * World Muscle & Power 2003 		- 	6
 * Holland Grand Prix Super Series 2003 	- 	5
 * Europe Strongest Man 2003 		- 	6
 * Canada Grand Prix Super Series 2003 	- 	3
 * World Team Championship 2003 	 	-	5
 * Finland Grand Prix Super Series 2003 	- 	4
 * World Record Breaker 2003 	 	-	5
 * Norway Strongest Man 2003 	 	-	1
 * MHP X-TREME STRONGMAN Championship 2003 	-      2
 * Norway Strongest Man 2006			-      1

title: Svend Karlsen


text:
Dennis Danvers

Dennis Danvers (born 1947) is an American author of science fiction novels. He lives in Richmond, Virginia. He is the president of the Byrd Park Civic League.

title: Dennis Danvers


text: User talk:82.123.102.179

title: User talk:82.123.102.179


text:
User talk:Mga/Archive001

Hi Mga

Please explain why the addition of a links to Rotten Tomatoes in IGN should be reverted? Talk:IGN would ge a good place. DJ Clayworth 20:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

A thought for the future. If you see a page being vandalised, it's a good idea to start by sending messages on the talk pages of the people doing the vandalism. The messages and  are useful. An admin is more likely to take immediate action if the people doing the vandalism have been warned; otherwise, at least in my case, I usually issue a warning first. DJ Clayworth 20:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mga/Archive001


text:
Dudley Field Malone

Dudley Field Malone (June 3, 1882 – October 5, 1950) was an American attorney, politician, liberal activist, and actor. Malone is best remembered as one of the most prominent liberal attorneys in the United States during the decade of the 1920s and for his unsuccessful 1920 campaign for Governor of New York.

Early life
Malone was born on the West Side of Manhattan on June 3, 1882. He was the son of William C. Malone of New York City, a Tammany Hall Democratic official, and Rose (née McKenny) Malone. He graduated from the College of St. Francis Xavier in 1903 and studied law at Fordham Law School, where he graduated in 1905.

After being admitted to the bar in 1907, he began practicing law and became active in the Democratic Party in New York, specifically in the reform faction opposed to the Tammany Hall organization. In 1912, he helped organize Woodrow Wilson's successful primary and general election campaign for US president.

Career
When Wilson took office in 1913, he rewarded Malone by appointing him Third Assistant Secretary of State. Later in 1913, Wilson appointed him Collector of the Port of New York, an important patronage position. As Collector, Malone resisted all efforts by Tammany to use the Collector's office for patronage. He served as Collector until 1917, when he resigned and was succeeded by Byron R. Newton, the former publicity director of Wilson's presidential campaign.

Malone broke decisively with the Wilson administration in the fall of 1917 and publicly endorsed the antiwar Socialist Morris Hillquit for Mayor of New York. He was not a member of the Socialist Party of America but found Hillquit's call for an expeditious end to the European war to be compelling and wrote in an open letter to Hillquit:

"You, as I understand it, advocate no separate peace for America, but the quickest possible peace that can be negotiated in the interests of the masses of all nations, with no annexations and no punitive indemnities. If this be Socialism, it is also sound Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and Americanism."

Malone had become an advocate of women's suffrage and resigned to protest Wilson's failure to take up that issue or to support a Woman Suffrage Amendment to the Constitution. In 1918, he won the release of a group of suffragists jailed during the anti-Wilson Silent Sentinels demonstrations led by Alice Paul. Malone successfully appealed their convictions for "unlawful assembly" for "obstructing the sidewalk" in front of the White House.

In 1920, Malone ran for governor of New York as the candidate of the newly organized Farmer-Labor Party. In the 1920 election, he got only 69,908 votes out of over 2.8 million cast. In 1920, he began to devote himself to his law practice, specializing in international divorce cases of wealthy individuals and becoming known as "the greatest international divorce lawyer." He established a branch office in Paris, along with former Judge William H. Wadhams.

Later legal career
In 1925, Malone accepted an invitation to join Clarence Darrow as co-counsel for the defense of John T. Scopes in the famous "Monkey Trial." In response to Bryan's argument against admitting scientific testimony, Malone gave arguably the best speech of the trial in defense of academic freedom. "I have never learned anything from any man who agreed with me" was one of his famous quotes. In 1927, Malone identified as an Independent and wrote an op-ed in The New York Times denouncing Colonel Theodore Roosevelt Jr.'s "attacks on the Governor of this State and your abortive attempts to associate him with any responsibility for commercialized vice."

Malone continued his divorce practice until 1935, when he declared bankruptcy in New York and moved to Westwood, Los Angeles, California. He claimed his debts consisted mostly of sums owed to personal friends, including William K. Vanderbilt, Edward F. Hutton and the late Otto H. Kahn. He served as counsel to 20th Century Fox and appeared in a few movies as a character actor. As Malone bore a strong resemblance to Winston Churchill, he was called on to play Churchill in the film adaptation of Joseph E. Davies's book Mission to Moscow (1943).

Personal life
On November 14, 1908, he married May Patricia O'Gorman (1884–1961), the daughter of Judge and US Senator James Aloysius O'Gorman, at the Church of the Ascension, on West 107th Street, New York City. May served overseas with the Red Cross during World War I and later worked with Anne Morgan to restore devastated regions in France. After living apart for several years, she obtained a divorce from him in Paris in 1921.

A few months after his divorce, he married the writer and suffragist activist Doris Stevens (1888–1963) on December 9, 1921, in Peekskill, New York. She was the first female member of the American Institute of International Law and first chair of the Inter-American Commission of Women. They also divorced in Paris in October 1929, on the ground of abandonment. "Her plea was based on the alleged impossibility of two persons of equally strong mind living harmoniously together."

On January 29, 1930, in London, he married Edna Louise Johnson, an actress whom he had met through the novelist William John Locke. The witnesses at their wedding were Sir William Jowitt, the Attorney General of England, and Lady Cynthia Mosley, a Member of Parliament for Stoke-on-Trent. Before his death in 1950, they were the parents of one son:

 * Dudley Field "Shim" Malone Jr. (1931–1990), a theatrical agent and manager.

In July 1949, three brothers attacked him in a "roadside fight," and he suffered a head gash. Malone died on October 5, 1950, in Culver City, California.

In popular culture
Malone is portrayed by Tsilala Brock in the Broadway musical Suffs with book, music, and lyrics by Shaina Taub. Suffs began an open-ended run on at the Music Box Theatre in March 2024 after its premiere off-Broadway at The Public Theatre in March 2022. The musical follows the women's suffrage movement through the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It is produced in-part by Hillary Clinton and Malala Yousafzai.

title: Dudley Field Malone


text:
User talk:64.56.102.50

hjbvfdhjbdfgvndskjbhbadjcdshbvhbsdivhbhbdjbdbsvjisdbcsidhbsdnhdsdcbsasldvlna sd;uhvasbdvlhcasbd hcabd

title: User talk:64.56.102.50


text:
Oleandra

Oleandra is a genus of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Oleandraceae, which is placed in suborder Polypodiineae, order Polypodiales. Alternatively, the family may be placed in a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato as the subfamily Oleandroideae.

The genus contains about 15 species. Most are erect ground ferns or scandent epiphytes that start from the ground. The lamina (leafy area of the fronds) are simple or pinnate, and the individual pinnae are articulate to the rachis. The sporangia are contained in discrete round sori in a single row on either side of the midrib of the fronds.

Phylogeny
The following cladogram for the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), based on the consensus cladogram in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between Oleandraceae and the other families of the clade.

title: Oleandra


text:
Talk:Guildford

County town
Now that the county council is headquartered in Reigate, making it the de facto county town, the whole section needs revising or deleting. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 09:04, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

 * The location of the County Council does not determine the status of Count Town. However: since there is no evidence that Guildford is the County Town, I could go along with the section's deletion. Problem is, that someone is bound to readd it. 86.171.232.240 (talk) 14:45, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

"Guildford, Surrey (disambiguation)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Guildford, Surrey (disambiguation). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 May 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 07:57, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

Guildford Library (North St) opening date
While looking through back issues of the Surrey Advertiser, I came across an article about Guildford Library in North Street. It opened to borrowers on 15 August 1962. The reference is:. There may have been an official opening ceremony at a later date, but I haven't yet come across a report about it. I don't think this date needs to be added to the Guildford article at the moment, but am noting it here in case it is useful in the future. Mertbiol (talk) 10:29, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guildford


text:
Mid'hat Frashëri

Mid'hat Bey Frashëri (also known by his pen name as Lumo Skëndo; Fraşerli Mithat Bey; 25 March 1880 – 3 October 1949) was an Albanian diplomat, writer and politician. The son of Abdyl Frashëri, one of the most important activists of the Albanian National Awakening in 1908 he participated in the Congress of Monastir. In 1942 he became the president of Balli Kombëtar (National Front), an Albanian fascist collaborationist and anti-communist movement during the Second World War. Frashëri is referred to as one of the fathers of modern Albanian nationalism.

Early life
Mid'hat bey Frashëri was the son of prominent Albanian politician and statesman from 19th century Abdyl Frashëri (who initiated the movement of a wide autonomy from Ottoman Empire) and nephew of the poets and nationalists Naim Frashëri and Sami Frashëri. He was born in Yanya in the Ottoman Empire (present day Ioannina, Greece) in 1880 and was raised in Istanbul, where his family worked in the Ottoman administration and organised the Albanian nationalist movement. In 1897 Mid'hat Frashëri was arrested by Ottoman authorities for having a copy of the newspaper Albania, and was released after intervention by his uncle Sami Frashëri. During 1901, Mid'hat Frashëri published a biography on his uncle Naim Frashëri. Giving up his studies of pharmacology, he worked for the Ottoman administration in the vilayet of Salonika from 1905 to 1910. Frashëri published a yearly almanac Kalendari Kombiar (National Calendar) that was printed in Sofia and distributed in the Balkans from there. The publication held moderate positions were Frashëri advocated for national unity, development of Albanian education, schools and literature and opposed foreign power intervention in Albanian affairs. Frashëri also called for government reforms an alliance with Macedonians to achieve those aims, but he was against armed resistance. Regarding the Albanian question and geopolitics, Frashëri was known in Albanian circles of the time to be anti-Austro-Hungarian and anti-Italian.

Using the pen name Lumo Skendo, he began publishing the weekly newspaper "Lirija" in Salonika, which lasted until 1910.

He participated in the Congress of Monastir in 1908, and in January of the next year, he began editing a monthly magazine entitled "Diturija", a magazine based on the cultural, literary and scholarly interest of Albania. In 1908, the Albanian club dealing with cultural and political issues was founded in Salonika and Frashëri was voted by 400 Albanian delegates as its president. Frashëri favoured the Salonika club being the headquarters of the Bashkimi (Union) Society however other Albanian clubs concerned about Young Turk influence in the city rejected that view and instead opted for the Monastir club. Ottoman authorities forbid writing in Albanian that resulted in publications being published abroad and like other writers of the time Frashëri used a pseudonym Mali Kokojka to bypass those restrictions for his works. By late 1911, Frashëri had joined the Freedom and Accord Party which was founded by him and ten others who were opponents of the Young Turks and advocated for Ottomanism, government decentralisation and the rights of ethnic minorities.

Congress of Monastir
Mid'hat Frashëri was one of the fifty delegates that who helped form the modern Albanian alphabet. He became vice-chairman of the commission. Frashëri was also elected chairman of the congress which was responsible for the organization of the various alphabet proposals along with Parashqevi Qiriazi who was chairwoman of the commission of the alphabet. During the alphabet congress Frashëri supported the adoption of the Latin character Istanbul alphabet for writing the Albanian language.

Albanian Declaration of Independence
Mid'hat bey's political views took on a nationalist character during the Balkan Wars and in the final collapse of the Ottoman Empire when Albania was on the verge of being carved up by its Balkan neighbours. Unlike some of his cousins who remained in what later became Turkey, Frashëri moved to Albania after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Mid'hat Frashëri was one of the eighty-three leaders meeting in Vlorë in November 1912. He was one of the signers of the declaration of independence and became the Minister of Public Works in the Provisional Government of Albania. He later became the Albanian consul general in Belgrade and postmaster general. At the beginning of World War I, Mid'hat was interned in Romania for a time, but after he was released, he returned to publishing. Mid'hat resided in Lausanne for a time with his cousin Mehdi Frashëri, where he was author of a number of newspaper articles and essays. On 25 November 1920, he was appointed chairman of the Albanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, where he remained until 1922. In Paris, he continued his journalistic activities in the French press to publicize Albania's position in the postwar restructuring of Europe. He subsequently held other ministerial posts and was Albanian ambassador to Greece and to the United States from 1922 to 1926.

Quiet period
Under the Zog regime in 1925, Mid'hat left public life and opened a bookstore in Tirana, and also worked as a pharmacist. He himself possessed an exceptionally large private library of some 20,000 volumes, the largest collection in the country at the time. With the rise of Germany and World War II looking inevitable, Mid'hat began forming Balli Kombëtar (the National Front) to use in the war to create Ethnic Albania.

Balli Kombëtar presidency
He was the leader of the Balli Kombëtar nationalist movement during the Second World War. Balli Kombëtar was a political organization that mainly fought for an Ethnic Albania and fought communist groups in alliance with the German occupation forces. During 1944 he joined the German Forces as an ally and fought the anti-nazi guerrilla groups. His cousin became the prime minister of Albania.

After World War II and death
In 1945, the communists won the war in Albania. Mid'hat escaped the communists by fleeing to southern Italy. The early years of the Cold War found Mid'hat Frashëri in the West trying to patch together a coalition of anti-communist opposition forces in Britain and the United States. In August 1949, he was elected as head of a "Free Albania" National Committee. He died of a heart attack at the Lexington Hotel on Lexington Avenue in New York and was buried in Ferncliff Cemetery in New York. His remains were reburied in Tirana in November 2018.

His cousin, Mehdi Frashëri, served as Albanian Prime Minister under a German-backed Albanian Government.

Legacy
Frashëri's entire library of some 20,000 volumes, the largest in Albania at that time, was confiscated by the new regime. The library included significant albanological works inherited from Franz Nopcsa von Felsö-Szilvás.

Quotes
When Albania declared independence from the Ottoman Empire:
 * "Until now the Albanians have lived very little for themselves; their activity, their blood, their talents have profited their neighbors. They have consecrated their best for the good of others. Now they must live and work for themselves, for their Albania.

In regards to Albanian Communists:
 * "Quislings who collaborated with Tito"

He added that these 'Quislings' were no longer Albanian, that they have forgotten how to be Albanian for they no longer respect the right of hospitality.

title: Mid'hat Frashëri


text:
File:Einhander recon.jpg

Summary
This is a screenshot of Einhänder, a video game developed and published by Square for the PlayStation.

Source: [www.retrogaming.it/psx/einhander.htm]

Non-free use in Einhänder
Though this image is subject to copyright, I feel its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) Square Co. has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information.
 * 2) It is a low resolution screenshot of a video game.
 * 3) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the video game in any way.
 * 4) The image is being used solely for informative purposes, as it serves to illustrate the form in which the game takes place.

title: File:Einhander recon.jpg


text:
Austin A40

A number of different automobiles were marketed under the Austin A40 name by Austin between 1947 and 1967. Austin's naming scheme at that time derived from the approximate engine output, in horsepower. Therefore, the models were also given names, originally based on counties of England.

The following vehicles were sold under the Austin A40 name:
 * 1947–50 Austin A40 Dorset 2-door saloon
 * 1947–52 Austin A40 Devon 4-door saloon
 * 1947–56 Austin A40 Countryman 2-door estate car
 * 1947–56 Austin A40 Van 2-door panel van
 * 1947–56 Austin A40 Pick-up 2-door pick-up truck
 * 1948–5? Austin A40 Tourer 2-door, four passenger tourer built in Australia
 * 19??–19?? Austin A40 Coupe Utility 2-door coupe utility, produced in Australia
 * 1950–53 Austin A40 Sports 2-door, four passenger convertible with twin-carburettors and aluminium bodyshell
 * 1952–54 Austin A40 Somerset 4-door saloon and 2-door convertible
 * 1954–56 Austin A40 Cambridge 4-door saloon
 * 1958–67 Austin A40 Farina 2-door saloon and 2-door hatchback

title: Austin A40


text:
Talk:Australian work boot

Assuming the article survives VfD, something someone might like to investigate: my grandfather, who was a railwayman, claimed that these boots were invented after a shunting accident so that railwaymen could escape quickly if a boot got caught in a switch. Securiger 16:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it, merge it with another article, and/or redirect it to another article. The deletion debate is archived here. ugen 64 21:07, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Chelsea boots
- These type of boots look an awful lot like Chelsea Boots —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.237.216.137 (talk • contribs).

 * They do rather look similar. Do you think Chelsea Boots should be merged to Australian work boots, or do they have an independent history and just look similar? --Scott Davis Talk 13:10, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree they're similar. I'm wearing a pair of Blundstone's at the moment, a quick check reveals the soles are different, and the front finger loop is missing on Chelsea Boots (Blundstone's have one front and rear), but everything else looks like a match. -- Longhair 14:17, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I also know another similar type of boot going by the name of "Dealer Boots". Any info on that?

It might be worth mentioning that "work boots" have a non-slip sole - while elastic-side riding boots (which RM Williams make) have smooth leather soles which are no good at all to work in. They are however great for riding horses in which is what they are intended for... the foot can come out of the stirrup, your foot can't easily come out of the stirrup if you are wearing "work boots" which is a bad thing.Garrie 04:30, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Australian work boot


text:
User talk:Math-man

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --BaronLarf 16:58, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Also, just to let you know, there is currently a debate over whether high school articles belong on Wikipedia. If you'd like to see the current discussion, go to WP:W, where there is a list of schools currently up for deletion. --BaronLarf 18:34, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Math-man