text:
Spaulding Turnpike

The Spaulding Turnpike is a 33.2 mi controlled-access toll road in eastern New Hampshire. Nearly its entire length is overlapped by New Hampshire Route 16. Its southern terminus is at the Portsmouth Traffic Circle (Interstate 95 / U.S. Route 1 Bypass) in Portsmouth, a terminus it shares with U.S. Route 4 and NH 16. Its northern terminus is at an interchange with New Hampshire Route 125 in Milton, where NH 16 continues north as a surface road.

The turnpike roughly parallels the Maine border. NH 16 was signed onto the Turnpike in the mid-1990s.

The turnpike is part of the New Hampshire Turnpike System operated by the New Hampshire Department of Transportation Bureau of Turnpikes. Along with I-95 between the Massachusetts state border and the Portsmouth Circle (Blue Star Turnpike), the two turnpikes are collectively known as the Eastern Turnpike.

History
The turnpike is named for the Spaulding brothers of Rochester—Rolland H. Spaulding (1873–1942) and Huntley N. Spaulding (1869–1955)—who both served as Governor of New Hampshire. It was announced in August 1952 to connect Portsmouth and Rochester at a cost of $13.5 million. Work on the first section of the turnpike, between Portsmouth and Dover, started in 1954, with that segment opening in September 1956. The complete (as originally planned) 24 mi route between Portsmouth and Rochester opened on August 29, 1957, the same day that the Everett Turnpike was dedicated. In 1977, the New Hampshire House of Representatives approved funding to extend the Spaulding Turnpike by 12 miles north through Milton. Construction began in 1978, with the extension opening on August 20, 1981.

Route description
The Spaulding Turnpike begins in Portsmouth, at I-95 northbound Exit 4. Access from I-95 south and US 1 Bypass is facilitated via Exit 5 (Portsmouth Traffic Circle). A northbound-only exit connects with Brady Drive, accessible only from the traffic circle. The Spaulding Turnpike becomes a six-lane freeway concurrent with US 4 and NH 16, with a 55 mph speed limit. Exit 1 in Newington provides access to Pease International Tradeport and the Newington malls.

Exit 2, a northbound-only exit/entrance which facilitated access to the Mall at Fox Run and adjacent businesses, was closed permanently on July 19, 2015. Exit 3 is a full-access interchange with Woodbury Avenue, with a connection to Pease Tradeport via Arboretum Drive. Exit 4 provides access to Newington Village and businesses along Shattuck Way. The turnpike then crosses the Little Bay Bridge into Dover, with seven lanes (three northbound, and four southbound) for vehicles and a temporary pedestrian and bicycle path on the northbound shoulder of the bridge.

Exit 5 provides access to Hilton Park and Wentworth Terrace. This exit was permanently closed when the northbound lanes were shifted onto the permanent northbound alignment of the turnpike on November 28, 2018.

US 4 leaves the turnpike at Exit 6, with the Dover barrier toll located about 700 m to the north. The reconstruction of Exit 6 into a full access diamond interchange between Dover and Durham was open to traffic on November 15, 2019. Before the reconstruction, there was no access from eastbound US 4 to the northbound turnpike or Dover Point Road north, nor from the southbound turnpike to Dover Point Road north. Traffic then had to utilise the Spaulding Turnpike southbound and turn around at Exit 4 in Newington in order to access the Spaulding Turnpike northbound or Dover Point Road north.

North of the toll plaza, the freeway passes west of downtown Dover. Exits 7 through 9 provide local access via NH 108, NH 9 and Indian Brook Drive, respectively. A park and ride facility is located on Indian Brook Drive just off Exit 9. North of Exit 9, the speed limit increases to 65 mph.

A gap in the exit numbering—there is no Exit 10—allows for future addition of an interchange with more direct access to Somersworth; such an exit has been under consideration "since the turnpike was built in the 1950s".

The turnpike continues north and crosses into Rochester, reaching the second barrier toll soon after. Exit 11 provides access to Old Dover Road, for northbound traffic only. The freeway expands to six lanes north of Exit 12 and bypasses downtown Rochester to the west. US 202 joins the freeway at Exit 13, near the site of a park and ride facility built in 2014. NH 11 joins the turnpike 1.6 mi to the north at Exit 15. Both US 202 and NH 11 depart the turnpike at Exit 16 to East Rochester.

Immediately north of Exit 16, the turnpike becomes a two-lane freeway and the speed limit drops to 55 mph. The highway continues north into Milton, with Exits 17 and 18 providing local access via NH 75 and NH 125. The Spaulding Turnpike designation ends at Exit 18 near Union; NH 16 continues north as a super two.

Tolls
Two barrier tolls are present on the Spaulding Turnpike—one in Dover and one in Rochester. Travel anywhere south of exit 6, north of exit 11, or between the barrier tolls (exits 7 through 9) is free of charge.

Electronic tolling
In November 2021, the New Hampshire Department of Transportation announced the installation of all-electronic tolling and collection of funds using E-ZPass transponders that are scanned by sensors for payment.

Toll rates
Toll rates are determined by the class of vehicle (number of axles, single or dual rear tires). The NHDOT currently offers discounted tolls for customers utilizing E-ZPass transponders registered with the agency. The discount rates are 30 percent for Class 1-4 vehicles (single rear tires) and 10 percent for Class 5-12 vehicles (dual rear tires).

Exit list
Sourcing for old exit numbering:

Concurrent routes

 * U.S. Route 4: 4.76 mi, Portsmouth to Dover
 * U.S. Route 202: 2.36 mi, Rochester
 * New Hampshire Route 11: 0.76 mi, Rochester

title: Spaulding Turnpike


text:
User:Leslie Mateus

Hi. I am Leslie Mateus, and I am an user of the Portuguese Wikipedia, where I am most active. I used this account mainly to add interwikis to the PT wikipedia, but I don't really do that anymore because bots do this job very well. Ocasionally fix minor errors in articles when necessary.

pt:Usuário:Leslie

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Leslie Mateus


text:
Talk:Din-i Ilahi

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Flunkrock.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:32, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Sadly
Why is it sad that this cult had no followers? Is that an encyclopedic term?
 * I agree, I think "sadly should be removed".:
 * I agree, too. Do you think we should get some kind of discussion forum going to see how we can actually go about editing the article?
 * It seems someone has opened a new article Din-e-Ilahi. i am new here, so hat should we do about naming, which one is correct? the other article is better written in my opinion.18.252.6.149 03:02, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Farsi
Din-i-Ilahi doesn't seem to be an Arabic term, although it does say "Arabic" in parentheses. Seems more like Farsi, which would be very much plausible, considering that Babur was a descendant of Tamerlane, and also ruled in Kabul. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.154.66.131 (talk) 08:47, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm going to have to disagree with AnonMoos here - Din-i Ilahi is straight-up Persian or a Persian loanword. That ezafe means "Persianate", and the "movement" itself - okay, it was just the Emperor, basically - was clearly not Arabic-based. Note the worship site was called the "Ibādat Khāna" - another Persianate form. I say we mark it Persian, and that we use, i.e. "".
 * Also, isn't it (as I noted) دين إله and not دين إلهي ?
 *  ناهدundefined(dAnāhita)  undefined 16:00, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I have checked and it is, in fact, a Persian nisbated form.  ناهدundefined(dAnāhita)  undefined 19:26, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with User:Emilyzilch its definitely Persian NOT Arabic. Even someone with a basic education can understand its Persian and all the references say its Persian. Please get a Wikipedia administrator to block the vandal or troll who keeps on vandalising the article and keeps on putting Arabic!!! Stop vandalising!!!--James smith2 (talk) 23:46, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

The term came into the Indian subcontinent by means of Persian (certainly the "-i" suffix on the first word is specifically Farsi), but it is in fact an Arabic-language phrase in origin. The word Ilah is from a basic Semitic root, while the Persian language is an Indo-European one. Furthermore, I have great objections to labeling the Arabic script words دين إلهي currently in the article as Farsi, because they are simply not Farsi -- Farsi and Arabic actually use slightly different spelling conventions (despite sharing the same basic script), and the words دين إلهي use Arabic-language spelling conventions (not Persian ones). AnonMoos (talk) 20:45, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The script differences are honestly an artificial issue here. You can - and people do - write Farsi with a variety of script forms, and vice-versa. They use "ی" in Egypt, too.
 * If that was Arabic, it would be "ad-Dīn al-Lāhiyy" or "ad-Dīn al-Lāhūtiyy".
 * If there's such a fuss about the two dots on the final yā, I'll swap it.  ناهدundefined(dAnāhita) ' undefined 03:35, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Nice try, but Egyptian Arabic uses Unicode character ى x 0649 ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA in such cases, while Persian uses ی x 06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH (to start with). To see an example of the real difference between Arabic and Farsi/Urdu, compare the Urdu Interwiki and the Arabic interwiki at the bottom of the Maududi article... AnonMoos (talk) 19:50, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Do you speak any Farsi or Arabic? I'm studying both, and let me tell you, script is a minor issue. You can use a Farsi-style script with Arabic and vice-versa. It's only a matter of handwriting or printing styles and nothing more. Hell, we could write them using a Kufi script if we wanted to; it doesn't matter one bit. The main difference is that the font-styles associated with Persianate scripts has extra letters, and they are merely extra dots here or there. There are Kufi versions of those, too...  ناهدundefined(dAnāhita)  undefined 02:19, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Dude, you can wax lyrical about calligraphy styles all you want, but that won't change the simple fact that what is currently labelled as "Farsi" in the article does NOT in fact use the correct Farsi characters according to the standard accepted usage of Unicode characters for Farsi.... AnonMoos (talk) 02:57, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * First, don't call me "dude". Second, that's what it means: writing. Now I have fixed it by copying the Persian directly. End of problem.  ناهدundefined(dAnāhita)  undefined 04:06, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction
First it says this school does not recognise gods. Then it talks about God. --Againme (talk) 23:41, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Britannica confirms the God mention. I fixed the contradiction by deleting the "no gods" claim.--Againme (talk) 03:41, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Akbar's respect for Jesus
The article contains the following paragraph:

Now, that's a beautiful quote, but the passage around it is dubious. Look at the sources: the first one is Akbar Ahmed: Two Plays – that's a work of fiction (written by an academic, but still a work of fiction). The last one is a website that has two paragraphs about the Buland Darwaza, but no mention of either Din-i Ilahi or of Akbar's respect for Jesus. That leaves us with one source: I don't have access to it, but a preview can be found on Google Books (, p. 28: you can find the passage by searching for "unseen"). The quote of the inscription is immediately followed by the comment The phrase inscription is one of hundreds of sayings and stories of Jesus that are found in Arabic and Islamic literature. Then there's some discussion of the sources of those quotes, but there's nothing at all on that page about either Akbar or his respect for Jesus. – Uanfala (talk) 19:41, 27 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi User:Uanfala, I notice that you've never edited this article before. May I ask how you found it? Also, I'm glad you admit that you have no access to the source you're curious about. I look forward to hearing from you. Kind regards, AnupamTalk 19:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't have access to the whole text, but I was able to look at the specific page cited in the passage. Is there another page I'm supposed to look at? – Uanfala (talk) 23:03, 27 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Since you didn't arrive here in good faith User:Uanfala (you had admitted that you were following my contributions after our dispute on an ethnic group article), I'm going to presume that you aren't familiar with Akbar or Din-i Illahi. I will provide you an example of a text that speaks on this topic titled Christian-Muslim Relations, published by Brill Academic Publishers in 2016, mentions Akbar's reverence for Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary; other texts mention his frequent visits with Christian priests from the Roman Catholic religious order of the Society of Jesus. Rather than edit warring on topics that you don't know about, take time to read about them in books from your local library or through academic journals. I'm not going to edit war here since that is probably what you wanted to me to do, but I'll allow you to cool down. I'll expand this later. Kind regards, AnupamTalk 00:11, 28 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, sticking to the topics we do know about is good advice :) I wouldn't have removed anything that's unsourced (because that's not my subject area). But it doesn't take knowledge, real or perceived, to notice when the sources given verifiably do not support the statements that cite them. – Uanfala (talk) 00:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm glad that you found my advice helpful. Happy editing! AnupamTalk 00:25, 28 December 2020 (UTC)
 * It's indeed true that Akbar was not intolerant of Christianity. But that is a straw-man rebuttal. Since Uanfala's objection is to you claiming that some verse etched in the Buland Darwaza is a bearer of Akbar's respectfulness towards Christianity, based on misinterpretation of sources.
 * I have access to the Lexington book via Proquest and the relevant paragraph states :- One of the most impressive creations of Fatehpur Sikri is the Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque). Its southern entrance, at the top a monumental stairway leading up from today’s poor village of Sikri, is the impressive arched Victory Gate, considered to be one of the greatest examples of Muslim architecture in India. Constructed of red sandstone, it is decorated by carvings and white marble inlay. Along the inside of the arch is inlaid calligraphy which reads: “Jesus, Son of Mary (on whom be peace) said: ‘The World is a Bridge, pass over it, but build no houses upon it. He who hopes for a day, may hope for eternity; but the World endures but an hour. Spend it in prayer, for the rest is unseen.’” The phrase inscription is one of hundreds of sayings and stories of Jesus that are found in Arabic and Islamic literature. Some of these come from the four New Testament Gospels, others from early Christian texts such as the Gnostic Gospel of Thomas (later rejected), others again from the wider oral Christian traditions of the Near East. It is possible that some are authentic sayings and stories of Jesus that Islam has retained but which Western Christianity has lost. TrangaBellam (talk) 10:35, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

"Central Asian ancestor"
Does anyone know whether the Central Asian ancestor mentioned in the quote ("...like his Central Asian ancestor, he believed in astronomy and astrology...") refers to Timur or Ulugh Beg? I am going to change it to clarify that it is Timur, as that seems likeliest, but it could really be either, since Ulugh Beg was very famous for his work in astronomy. EllipsisElegy (talk) 18:51, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

Questions
Vyacheslav84 (talk) 19:21, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
 * 1. The article says "Dīn-i Ilāhī appears to have survived Akbar according to the Dabestān-e Mazāheb of Mohsin Fani. However, the movement was suppressed by penalty and force after his death and was totally eradicated by Aurangzeb, a task made easier by the fact that the religion never had more than 19 adherents.[8][4]" - In the source number 8 there is no about the destruction of the sect by Aurangazeb, the source number 4 is without pages and its volume is too large to view.
 * 2. The article card says "Defunct Likely 1606", but the article says "In the 17th century, an attempt to re-establish the Dīn-i-Ilāhī was made by Shah Jahan's eldest son, Dara Shikoh,[9] but any prospects of an official revival were halted by his brother, Aurangzeb, who executed him[10]", Judging by the article Dara Shikoh he was executed in 1659, but source 10 has no pages to check.
 * 3. In source 8 it is written that there were no more than 19 people in the sect, and in the preamble of the article "Members 21; also there were several influenced followers".

Requested move 16 September 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Din-i Ilahi → Din-i-Ilahi – It's written that way many times throughout the page itself, also cf. Sirr-i-Akbar or Kitáb-i-Aqdas etc. MagnusRegnumAntichristiAdvenit (talk) 20:25, 15 September 2023 (UTC) This is a contested technical request (permalink). MagnusRegnumAntichristiAdvenit (talk) 07:54, 16 September 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. EggRoll97 (talk) 03:51, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per this and this. Srnec (talk) 11:43, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Doesnt matter, we have to be consistent and there more Urdu/Persian examples containing "-i-" than "-i". MagnusRegnumAntichristiAdvenit (talk) 08:05, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Din-i Ilahi is not Din-i Allahi
Din-i Ilahi means religion of god. Din-i Allahi means religion of the God. Are not these different? Akbar believed in the oneness of God, but was tolerant of polytheism. literal translations should be done. 117.213.57.75 (talk) 07:55, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Din-i Ilahi


text:
Chief Justice of Afghanistan

The chief justice of Afghanistan (د افغانستان لوی څارنوال; ) is the head of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan. The current chief justice is Abdul Hakim Haqqani, who has been a finding member of the Taliban.

Supreme Court of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (until 1992)

 * Nizamuddin Tahzib
 * Abdul Karim Shadan

Supreme Court of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)

 * Abdul Satar Sanaie
 * Noor Mohammad Saqib

Supreme Court of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2001–2021)

 * Fazal Hadi Shinwari (December 2001 – May 2006), was a member of the Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan
 * Abdul Salam Azimi (5 August 2006 – 23 October 2014), a former professor at the University of Arizona in the United States
 * Sayed Yousuf Halim (27 July 2015 – 15 August 2021), former Deputy Minister of Justice for Technical Affairs (and Acting Minister of Justice), Deputy Minister for Administrative Affairs, and Head of the Ministry of Justice's General Legislative Department

Supreme Court of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present)

 * Abdul Hakim Haqqani (15 August 2021 – present) A founder member of the Taliban

title: Chief Justice of Afghanistan


text:
User talk:Mbslater

Welcome to Wikipedia. Nice edits on autocross. -- Coneslayer 04:01, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mbslater


text: Category:Sport in Cumbria

title: Category:Sport in Cumbria


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smartass

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was UNANIMOUSLY DELETE. Postdlf 23:39, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Smartass
A half-assed dicdef followed by a long list of supposed smartasses from American popular culture. Delete. Postdlf 04:02, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, really really unencyclopedic--nixie 04:08, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Well below threshold of acceptability, imho. --Durin 04:10, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV. Firebug 04:30, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete 郵便箱 07:08, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Best article ever. Gamaliel 07:16, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV, unverifiable, no sources. Mgm|(talk) 08:33, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and so close to being worth of inclusion in the BJAODNonica, too. But not quite.  —RaD Man (talk) 08:37, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-encyclopedic, POV. Secretcurse 23:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this smartass non-encyclopedic entry. 205.247.102.130 14:28, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Above smartass vote was mine, not logged in. Barno 18:46, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the compilation of the list MUST be based off POV. I'm sure 99% of humans have at some point been what you classify as a "smartass", and the other 1% are still babies so don't know how to yet. I don't even know where to BEGIN on what's so wrong with this article... Master Thief Garrett 03:10, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for the same reasons as mentioned above.SlaunchaMan 03:13, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm gonna vote Keep and let's have a huge, violently nasty series of edit wars over who REALLY belongs in this article! Not to be a wiseass or anything. . . . . Soundguy99 05:25, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV, unverifiable. Megan1967 05:33, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Chugiak, Anchorage

Chugiak is an unincorporated community in the Municipality of Anchorage in the U.S. state of Alaska, situated approximately 20 mi northeast of downtown Anchorage.

Geography
Chugiak is located between Eagle River to the south and Eklutna to the north, and between Knik Arm to the west and Chugach State Park to the east, where the Chugach Mountains lie.

History
The settlement along the Palmer Highway in an area that had been home to Denai’ina Athabascans for thousands of years was named "Chugiak" on February 17, 1947, by pioneering white residents. "Chugiak" is said to have come from a Dena'ina Athabascan word meaning "place of many places". Chugiak was first heavily settled in the 1950s, primarily by the homesteading by former military personnel who had served in Alaska during World War II. It is currently one of the main sites of suburban expansion near Anchorage.

Demographics
Chugiak first appeared on the 1960 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It reported again in 1970. In 1975, it merged with the city of Anchorage.

Present day
There are about 10,000 residents, most of whom work in Anchorage or the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, and are spread out mainly along the Glenn Highway. The urban cluster of Anchorage Northeast (including Chugiak and surroundings) has an estimated population of 31,000 (2010), covering an area of 39 km2.

Chugiak is also the home of the "Birchwood Shooting & Recreational Park", (adjacent to the Birchwood Airport), the largest rifle, pistol, and shotgun range facility in the State of Alaska. The annual Alaska State Trap and Skeet competitions are held there.

Chugiak has its own post office, with United States postal zip code 99567, which also serves the adjacent small unincorporated communities of Birchwood, Peters Creek, and Eklutna.

title: Chugiak, Anchorage


text:
Talk:Judiciary of Germany

This article was cited by Harvard Law Review, however, it was copy and pasted from the Library of Congress' country studies work. Lotsofissues 04:03, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC

It's surprising that this information comes from the Library of Congress because it contains a couple of inaccuracies and even one or two outright mistakes. I'll look into correcting these later 0:33, 1 Jun 2005 (CEST)

Done. (I hope :) Hazzl 15:28, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The part on specialized courts is incorrect as it states: “In these courts, individuals can seek compensation from the government for any harm caused by incorrect administrative actions by officials.“ Generally such a compensation is sought in the ordinary courts, see section 40 Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung (Rules of the Administrative Courts). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.133.7.37 (talk) 14:11, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Other peoples' edits
OK, it appears other people are actually editing this article now. That's good. Unfortunately, other people are making edits without giving references, and whats more the edits directly contradict the given references. As such, I am reverting many of them. The following are common edits I have seen, some I have reverted, some I have not:

 * The size of the Oberlandesgericht trial court. Casper & Zeisel 1972, p. 142, gives the composition as 5 judges at the trial level. Jehle & BMJ 2009, p. 23, gives it as 3 or 5 judges. Therefore I think the more current reference, as 3 or 5 judges, is more correct. I incorrectly reverted John Doe 1346's edits (edit 502566475) on the issue; 77.197.156.96 has since re-added the information, which I shall not revert.

 * Whether the ordinary courts hear civil (ie non-criminal) cases, and should be termed "ordinary" as the refs do, or if they do not and should be called "criminal". None of the references given speak to non-criminal cases, but do refer to the courts as "ordinary" and not "criminal". I did find really old books like "Commercial laws of England, Scotland, Germany and France" (1915) by the US Dept. of Commerce, p. 28, and other similar texts that refer to civil chambers in the Amtsgericht. ("Procedural justice" (1997) by Rohl, p. 213.) I just searched Google.

 * A related issue: are these names, Schöffengericht, Strafkammer, Schwurgericht, and Strafsenat just names for the chambers / senates of the different courts?

 * Whether the Schöffengericht has juridiction over Verbrechen where the sentences are more than 1 year. Jehle & BMJ 2009, p. 23.

 * Is the Schwurgericht translated as a "jury court", and does this information belong in the summary where there is no main article?

 * Does information regarding the Baader-Meinhof group trial before a Oberlandesgerichte Strafsenat belong in the summary where there is a main article?

Int21h (talk) 22:54, 2 August 2012 (UTC) Int21h (talk) 22:59, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Ad 2: "Ordinary" means "civil or criminal".
 * Ad 3,5: The Amtsgericht in criminal cases judges either as der Strafrichter (the penal judge) or as the Schöffengericht, depending on the importance of the crime. The Landgericht in criminal cases judges as (little or big) Strafkammer or as a Schwurgericht. The Schwurgericht is essentially competent for murder and for crimes resulting in death, and it used to have a jury until the 1920s, hence the name (in nowadays' language, it was then a Geschworenengericht, to differentiate). Now the Schwurgericht is essentially the big Strafkammer, which is however not allowed to decide to lower her size. Strafsenat is just the name for any court from Oberlandesgericht onwards insofar as it rules in criminal matters. (And regularly also specific bodies within these courts, which are called to these decisions.)--93.133.222.245 (talk) 12:08, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Is this the place to point to issues that need to be addresses about the type and functioning of the legal system in Germany, especially some historical issues like the way the judicial system and judges from the Nazi system still are involved in the system and till very recently some Nazi Judges were still actively judging in processes (Like the German Wikipedia article "Ungesuehnte Nazijustiz") ; as exposed by Reinhard Strecker. There are also serious systemic failures, like the nearness of judges and state prosecutors, with the catastrophic misjudgements based on the 'Gutachten' System (e.g. the Gustl Mollath case). SidGaia (talk) 20:22, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * I will get on my soapbox a bit here. We have to think about wikipedia in the long term.  If Wikipedia is going away in a few decades (rather than having "evolved" to some higher form), then we might all just as well be playing video games as correcting references in Wikipedia.
 * On its face, it seems better to have bots do this, even if the bots sometimes leave something to be desired. Then again, this means that we're not really changing the O-level of human effort required (i.e. it's still O(n)).  But this approach really has a sort of code smell.  At the very least, the bots should just be dumping the references into a pot, separating the process that identifies the bad refs from the process that figures out what the good refs should be.  I don't really claim to understand Wikidata, but I think this would be somewhat analogous to that, i.e. you have a big table of references, where access into the table is based on the assertion you're making.  The main point being that we only need to fix something in one place.  This has a lot of other implications, but I'll leave that to the reader's imagination.
 * Anyway, I updated the "wayback" link that the archive inserted to a live link at the original site. I hope others feel my effort was worthwhile, but it's okay if they don't. Fabrickator (talk) 17:39, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I think you're touching on WikiCite and Wikidata:WikiProject Source MetaData. int21h (talk · contribs · email) 01:02, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judiciary of Germany


text:
Atlanta Black Crackers

The Atlanta Black Crackers (originally known as the Atlanta Cubs and later briefly the Indianapolis ABCs) were a professional Negro league baseball team which played during the early to mid-20th century. They were primarily a minor Negro league team; however in the brief period they played as a major Negro league team, they won the second half pennant of the Negro American League in 1938 but lost the play-off for the overall season title.

Beginnings
The Atlanta Black Crackers were founded as the Atlanta Cubs as a semiprofessional team of black college students. They began to play independently in 1919 and changed their name to the Black Crackers because fans had already begun to call them by that name. They were named after the local white league team, the Atlanta Crackers, of the Class A Southern Association. It was not unusual for white and Negro league teams to have similar names, but in this case "Cracker" was a term with a complicated history, used sometimes as a colloquial and pejorative nickname for rural southern Whites, but also used affectionately by residents of Florida and Georgia who had long and deep ties to that region.

Negro Southern League
The Black Crackers joined the minor league Negro Southern League (NSL) in March 1920. Their uniforms, bats, baseballs, and other supplies were donated by their white Southern Association counterpart, the Atlanta Crackers. They were slated to play the 1921 season in the newly formed Negro Southeastern League under the Cubs moniker, however no records have been found of the league playing a season; they instead continued competing as the Black Sox in the NSL.

From 1922 through 1925, the Black Crackers played an independent barnstorming schedule and did not participate in any league play. After taking a two-year hiatus, the NSL re-grouped for the 1926 season and Atlanta was included in the league schedule for 1926 and 1927. When the NSL again went on hiatus in 1928, the Black Crackers returned to barnstorming. In 1929, Atlanta returned to the NSL, this time known as the Grey Sox, however after the season they returned to barnstorming.

By 1932, the Great Depression had decimated the profits of most Negro league teams and only a few organized Negro leagues survived. Atlanta had trouble profiting on their own causing them to go back to playing a league schedule. The NSL was considered the highest quality surviving league and it therefore became the de facto major league for the 1932 season and was the only organized league to complete their full schedule. After the season, the Black Crackers once again played on their own for another two seasons.

W. B. Baker brought Atlanta back to the NSL in 1935 and 1936, but the NSL collapsed for the last time after the 1936 season. Some of its member teams folded as well, but the Black Crackers were invited into the newly organized Negro American League.

The Atlanta Black Crackers left the NSL having a few solid years, but never finishing above the middle of the pack and finishing last in 1926 and 1927.

Negro American League
After W. B. Baker died suddenly, new owner John H. Harden took over in 1937 barnstorming in the north. Harden put together a talented roster and the team started winning quickly.

In 1938 the Black Crackers were invited to play in a year-old major league, the Negro American League. They went on to have a very strong year, finishing in first place for the second half of the season, but scheduling problems and umpire controversies caused their Pennant series with the first-half champion Memphis Red Sox to be canceled.

Unable to draw sufficient crowds in Atlanta, Harden took the team to Indianapolis following the 1938 season, and played as the fourth team to use the name "Indianapolis ABCs". At the conclusion of the 1939 season, the team disbanded due to low attendance.

Hall of Famers

 * Cristóbal Torriente

Home fields
The team played their home games at Ponce de Leon Park, along with the white Atlanta Crackers. However, the Black Crackers were not allowed to play at Ponce de Leon Park when the Crackers had a home game. The Black Crackers were then forced to play at either Morehouse College or Morris Brown College.

MLB throwback jerseys
On June 28, 1997, the Atlanta Braves wore 1938 Black Crackers home uniforms and the visiting Philadelphia Phillies wore 1938 Philadelphia Stars road uniforms. The teams wore these same uniforms again for their matchup on May 14, 2011. On April 27, 2013, the Braves sported Black Crackers throwbacks in a game against the Detroit Tigers. On May 3, 2014, the Braves wore the Black Crackers jerseys in a game against the San Francisco Giants. On June 20, 2015, the Braves again wore the Black Crackers uniform in a game against the New York Mets, who wore the uniform of the Brooklyn Royal Giants to honor the Negro League. On May 15, 2016, the Braves wore Black Crackers away jerseys while playing against the Kansas City Royals, who wore Kansas City Monarchs jerseys. All game-worn gear from this game was auctioned off as a fundraiser for the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum.

title: Atlanta Black Crackers


text:
User talk:Pogoman

Liquid cocaine
Liquid cocaine has been proposed for deletion. Please see the article for details. NickelShoe (Talk) 16:36, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Image:PATRICEBRISEBOIS.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:PATRICEBRISEBOIS.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Definition of 'Kowloon peninsula'
I am seeking to change our definition of 'Kowloon peninsula'. See that talk page. Earthlyreason (talk) 06:36, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pogoman


text:
Roman Ritual

The Roman Ritual (Rituale Romanum), also known as Ritual is one of the official liturgical books of the Roman Rite of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church. It contains all of the services that a priest or deacon may perform; and are not contained in the Missale Romanum, Pontificale Romanum, or Caeremoniale Episcoporum, but for convenience does include some rituals that one of these books contains.

Since 1969, the Roman Ritual is divided into different volumes by subject, for standard use in the Latin Church, yet priests and communities that celebrate pre-Second Vatican Council rituals still use the edition of 1952.

History
When ritual manual books first were written, the Sacramentary in the West and the Euchologion in the East, they contained all of the bishops' and priests' parts for all rituals, including not only for Mass and Divine Liturgy, respectively, but for all of the other Sacraments, blessings, other rituals, and all sacramentals.

From one book to many
The contents of the Roman Ritual and Pontificale Romanum were in the Sacramentaries. In the Eastern Churches this state of things still largely continues. In the West a further development led to the distinction of books, not according to the persons who use them, but according to the rituals for which they are used. The Missal, containing the whole Mass, succeeded by the Sacramentary. Some early missals included other rituals for the convenience of celebrants, but on the whole this later arrangement involved the need of other books to supply the non-Eucharistic rituals of the Sacramentary. These books, when they appeared, were the predecessors of the Pontificale Romanum and Roman Ritual. The bishop's functions, including Ordination and Confirmation, filled the Pontificale Romanum. The priest's functions, including Baptism, Penance, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction, were contained in a variety of little handbooks that eventually the Roman Ritual replaced.

Codification
The Pontificale Romanum emerged first. The book under this name, also known as the Pontifical of Egbert, occurs already in the eighth century. From the ninth there was a multitude of pontificals. For priests' functions there was no uniform book until 1614. Some of these functions were contained in the pontificals; often the principal ones were added to missals and books of hours. Then special books were arranged, but there was no uniformity in arrangement or name. Through the Middle Ages a great number of handbooks for priests having the care of souls were written. Every local rite and almost every diocese had them; indeed many were compilations for the convenience of one specific priest or church. Such books had many titles: Manuale, Liber Agendarum, Agenda, Sacramentale, or Rituale. Specimens of such medieval predecessors of the Ritual are the Manuale Curatorum of Roeskilde in Denmark (first printed in 1513; edited by J. Freisen, Paderborn, 1898), and the Liber Agendarum of Schleswig (printed in 1416; Paderborn, 1898). The book of Roeskilde contains the rituals for benediction of salt and water, Baptism, Matrimony, benediction of a house, visitation of the sick with Viaticum and Extreme Unction, prayers for the dead, funerals, prayers for pilgrims, benediction of fire on Holy Saturday, and other benedictions. The book of Schleswig has much of the Holy Week rituals, and those for All Souls, Candlemas, and Ash Wednesday. In both many rituals differ from the Roman forms.

16th century
In the sixteenth century, while the other liturgical books were being revised and issued as uniform standards, there was naturally a desire to substitute an official book for the varied collections. But the matter did not receive the attention of the Holy See for some time. First, various books were issued in Rome with the idea of securing uniformity, but without official sanction. Albert Castellani in 1537 published a Sacerdotale of this kind; in 1579 in Venice another version appeared that Grancesco Samarino, Canon of the Lateran Archbasilica arranged and which was re-edited in 1583 by Angelo Rocca. In 1586 Giulio Antonio Santorio, Cardinal of St. Severina, printed a handbook of rituals for the use of priests, which, according to Pope Paul V, "he had composed after long study and with much industry and labor" (Apostolicae Sedis). This book is the foundation of the current Ritual. On 17 June 1614, Paul V authorized the first edition of the official Rituale Romanum by the Constitution Apostolicae Sedis. In this, he pointed out that Clement VIII had already issued a uniform text of the Pontificale Romanum and the Caeremoniale Episcoporum. "It remained", the Pope continued, "that the sacred and authentic rites of the Church, to be observed in the administration of sacraments and other ecclesiastical functions by those who have the care of souls, should also be included in one book and published by authority of the Apostolic See; so that they should carry out their office according to a public and fixed standard, instead of following so great a multitude of Rituals".

Post-Tridentine uniformity
But, unlike the other books of the Roman Rite, the Ritual has never been imposed as the only standard. Pope Paul V did not abrogate all other collections of the same kind or command only the use of his book. He stated: "Wherefore we exhort in the Lord" that it should be used. The result was that the old local rituals were never altogether abrogated. After the appearance of the Roman edition these others were gradually conformed to it. They continued to be used, but had many of their prayers and ceremonies modified to agree with the Roman edition. This applies especially to the rites of Baptism, Holy Communion, the form of absolution, and Extreme Unction. The ceremonies also contained in the Missal (benediction of holy water, the processions of Candlemas and Palm Sunday, etc.), and the prayers in the Breviary (e. g. the Office of the Dead) are necessarily identical with those of Paul V's Ritual; these have the absolute authority of the Missal and Breviary. On the other hand, many nations preserved local customs for the celebration of the Sacrament of Matrimony, visitation of the sick, special benedictions, processions, and sacramentals not found in the Roman edition and still printed in various diocesan rituals. It is then by no means the case that every priest of the Roman Rite used the Ritual. Very many dioceses or provinces still had their local handbooks under the name of Rituale, Ordo Administrandi Sacramenta, etc., though all of these conformed to the Roman texts in the principal elements. Most contained practically all the rituals of the Roman edition, along with local additions or supplements.

18th–20th centuries
Pope Benedict XIV in 1752 revised the Roman Ritual, together with the Pontificale Romanum and Cærimoniale Episcoporum. His new editions of these three books were published by the brief Quam ardenti of 25 March 1752, which quoted Pope Paul V's constitution at length and was printed, as far as it concerns this book, in the beginning of the Ritual. He added to Paul V's text two forms for giving the Papal blessing (V, 6 and VIII, 31). Meanwhile, a great number of additional blessings were added in an appendix. This appendix grew nearly as long as the original book. Under the title Benedictionale Romanum it is often issued separately. Pope Leo XIII approbated an editio typica published by Pustet in Ratisbon in 1884. In 1925, the Holy See under the authority of Pope Pius XI issued another typical edition of the Ritual, which, as the decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites of 10 June 1925 explained, had been adapted to the norms and guidelines of the Codex Juris Canonici of 1917, and the revised rubrics of the Missal and Breviary.

The latest typical edition of the Ritual was published in 1952.

1969 to present
With the advent of the Second Vatican Council the Ritual was divided into different fascicles and revised, with each fascicle being published as a single volume from 1969 onward. They are prefaced with theological introductions and their translation into vernacular languages is overseen by the Episcopal Conferences. The current authoritative Latin editions are:
 * Ordo celebrandi Matrimonium (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, editio typica 1969; editio typica altera 1991, 2008)
 * Ordo Exsequiarum (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1969)
 * Ordo Unctionis infirmorum eorumque pastoralis curae (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1972)
 * Ordo Initiationis Christianae adultorum (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1972)
 * Ordo professionis religiosae (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1970, 1975)
 * Ordo Baptismi parvulorum (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, editio typica 1969; editio typica altera 1973, 1986, 2003)
 * De sacra communione et de cultu mysterii eucharistici extra Missam (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1974)
 * Ordo Paenitentiae (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1974)
 * Ordo Confirmationis (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, editio typica 1973, 2003)
 * De Benedictionibus (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, editio typica 1984, 1985, 1993, 2013)
 * De Exorcismis et supplicationibus quibusdam (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1999, 2013)

The second section of the Ritual, the Benedictionale, was also extensively revised and published in 1987 as De Benedictionibus.

The Rite of Exorcism also underwent a series of revisions and was finally promulgated in 1999 as De exorcismis et supplicationibus quibusdam (Concerning Exorcisms and Certain Supplications).

Contents
The Rituale Romanum is divided into ten "titles" (tituli). All, except the first, are subdivided into chapters. The first being called “Ultimum, Gh.” In each title (except I and X), the first chapter gives the general rules for the sacrament or function, while the others give the exact ceremonies and prayers for various cases of administration.

Other rituals
The Ambrosian Rite has its own ritual (Rituale Ambrosianum, published by Giacomo Agnelli at the Archiepiscopal Press, Milan).

In the Byzantine Rite, the contents of the ritual are contained in the Euchologion.

The Armenians have a ritual book (Mashdotz) similar to the Roman Ritual.

Other churches not in communion with the Holy See have not yet arranged the various parts of this book in one collection. Nearly all the Eastern Catholic Churches, however, now have ritual books formed on the Roman model.

title: Roman Ritual


text: Category:Sport in Derbyshire

title: Category:Sport in Derbyshire


text: Category:History of Derbyshire

title: Category:History of Derbyshire


text:
Talk:Solid angle

Suggested Reference
https://books.google.com/books?id=q-75OzZDHrEC&pg=PA4&dq=solid+angle+definition&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiliPbEj67lAhUDXawKHbKpD6EQ6AEwA3oECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=nomenclature&f=false Tables of Solid Angles: I. Solid Angle Subtended by a Circular Disk. II ... By William C. Rogers, A. V. H. Maske — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.188.177.30 (talk) 19:56, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

Derivation/reference to derivation of the relationship between differential area and differential solid angle
Can a derivation/reference to a derivation for "The solid angle for an arbitrary oriented surface S subtended at a point P is equal to the solid angle of the projection of the surface S to the unit sphere with center P" be added? Nobody seems to derive (formally) the relationship cos(theta)dA/r^2 = domega. It's never derived in any books I have seen either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.91.203.112 (talk) 22:17, 13 January 2019 (UTC) I added a link to derivation in spherical coordinates Chris2crawford (talk) 10:14, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

Missing definition, and typo.
The last factor α in the last formula is undefined. The α_ij defined in the following line should become a_ij - or the a_xy-s in the formula should become α_xy-s. 22:03, 2 July 2020 (UTC) PS (retreat): But this must be wrong too: wtf were then a_ij! = v_i·v_j! ? 2A01:C22:A86E:1900:6C00:2D52:A42:3BB8 (talk) 23:28, 2 July 2020 (UTC) PS: Clarified see edit 2A01:C23:5C4B:7A00:82F:420:D991:8D9B (talk) 07:41, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Extensivity\intensivity of solid angles
It seems to me like the definition is wrong, and solid angles are generally intensive quantities, rather than extensive ones. It can be seen for example by simple dimensional analysis: if all the scales (lengths, energies, entropies) in a system are multiplied by a factor α then the new solid angles of the system will be multiplied by α^2/α^2=1, so they are intensive. Sonicrs (talk) 11:42, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I have removed both the parameters from the infobox, as they are not mentioned in the article, nor, as far as I can see, in any hit from Google Scholar or Google Books. - DVdm (talk) 14:20, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

i don't speak to the terminology of intensive or extensive, but i agree with Sonicrs that the definition is grossly misleading. it is at best an illustration. the solid angle is a RATIO, like kilometers per second. we don't define flux density as, for example, "flux density is the quantity of water that squirts through the area of a nozzle in one second," although that is one of innumerable flawed illustrations of the concept.

the solid angle is a two dimensional area divided by a squared distance, and the steradian is the normalized or "dimensionless" unit of measurement that defines area on the surface of a sphere and the distance as the radius of the sphere. the "surface area" of a solid angle does not represent an obstructing object or surface per se; it can be (and in radiometry is nearly always) a "window" or aperture void, and the apex of the solid angle can be the viewpoint of an observer or it can be the origin of any radiating energy, whether of light through space or sound through air or shock waves through a solid medium or droplets of water spritzed through my lawn sprinkler. the reason we adopt a sphere as the frame of reference is simply because this means whatever is radiating from the source point has an equal energy at an equal distance in any direction; whether the endpoint surface is spherical, flat or the nose on my face then becomes a local problem requiring a local geometrical solution. the first comment on this page links to a google books reference that derives the solid angle subtended by various objects in various orientations to various points of view, but gives a concise and accurate definition of solid angle on the first page. Drollere (talk) 18:58, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

The natural numbers $\mathbb{N}$ and $0$
The final expression calls itself a Taylor series, and its exponents are given as natural numbers. As there is a diversity of usage of the term ‘natural numbers,’ it is probably worth clarifying that $-$ for present purposes $-$ 0 is a natural number. 2603:7081:700:69EB:A5A3:B0F:F74B:7B50 (talk) 12:49, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solid angle


text:
Talk:Mary Ramsey (musician)

Untitled
This article meets (or will meet) Wikipedia's standards for notability (music) based on the following criteria: Criteria for musicians: 1.) Has had a single or album on any country's national music chart. 2.) Has received non-trivial coverage in a reliable source of an international concert tour, or a national concert tour in at least one sovereign country. 3.) Has released two or more albums on a major label or one of the more important indie labels (i.e., an independent label with a history of more than a few years and a roster of performers, many of whom are notable). 4.) Is an ensemble which contains two or more independently notable musicians, or is a musician who has been a member of two or more independently notable ensembles. 5.) Members of two notable bands are generally notable enough for their own article.GullyWalker (talk) 15:57, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Yes, it should have been deleted. Sentence fragments are not articles. They are, in fact, perfect examples of criterion #1 of the speedy delete. Further, I would still say that the article qualifies for VfD. This is not the John and Mary article, nor the 10,000 Maniacs article. Is this person notable? Does the article give any information? Dates of birth and death? Records released (as herself, and not as a group already discussed)? Notable deeds in the news? Historical impact? Books published? Is any of that information present? No. So what we have here is an "article" that exists because the proper noun was linked in two other articles. It does not provide information not already present in those other articles, and anyone searching for her from the search field will, in fact, learn that they shouldn't be reading this article at all, but rather one of the others. Geogre 04:08, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Clinton Inauguration
I can find plenty of sources saying that 10,000 Maniacs played at Clinton's 'inauguration', or specifically at his inauguration in 1993 when Merchant was still the lead singer, but not at his second. (https://creativeloafing.com/content-413624-high-frequencies-10-000-maniacs-these-too-are) (https://thevillagerny.com/10000-maniacs-revival-tour-tour-kick-off-in-jamestown-september-20/) (https://www.buffalorising.com/2022/03/celebrating-10000-maniacs-40th-anniversary-in-jamestown/) (https://www.rockthebarn.com/10000-maniacs/) (https://buzzbands.la/2019/09/20/10000-maniacs-get-back-in-touch-at-the-teragram/) Per$1$tenceofv1$1on (talk) 19:23, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

I found a source backing up the statement that the Maniacs played at the 1997 inauguration (https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-21-9701210080-story.html), so I'm adding this tentatively. Per$1$tenceofv1$1on (talk) 00:02, 19 September 2023 (UTC)Per$1$tenceofv1$1on

title: Talk:Mary Ramsey (musician)


text: Category:160s BC deaths

title: Category:160s BC deaths


text:
Mamane Oumarou

Mamane Oumarou (born 1946) is a Nigerien politician who served two brief periods as Prime Minister of Niger during the 1980s. He has been Mediator of the Republic since 2008.

A Kanuri from the eastern part of the country, he was Ambassador to Canada, then Mayor of Maradi and Minister of Youth, Sports, and Culture under Seyni Kountché. Kountché appointed him as Prime Minister on 24 January 1983, but in November 1983 he instead made Oumarou the head of the National Council for Development, where he served until 1988.

Kountché's successor Ali Saïbou appointed Oumarou as Prime Minister again in May 1989, but eliminated the position in December 1989.

Oumarou served for a time as Ambassador to Saudi Arabia. He was appointed as Mediator of the Republic by President Mamadou Tandja on 19 August 2008.

title: Mamane Oumarou


text:
Petrov's Defence, Marshall Trap

The Marshall Trap is a chess opening in Petrov's Defence named after Frank Marshall.

The trap
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6'''
 * The trap begins with Black playing Petrov's Defence.

'''3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. d4 d5 6. Bd3 Bd6 7. 0-0 0-0 8. c4 Bg4 9. cxd5 f5 10. Re1?''' (see diagram)
 * White should play 10.Nc3 instead.

10... Bxh2+!
 * An unexpected blow.

11. Kxh2
 * If 11.Nxh2, then 11...Bxd1.

11...Nxf2
 * Black forks the white queen and bishop, forcing the queen to move.

'''12. Qe2 Nxd3 13. Qxd3 Bxf3 14. Qxf3 Qh4+'''
 * Followed by 15...Qxe1 winning the e1-rook. Black has a winning material advantage.

title: Petrov's Defence, Marshall Trap


text: User talk:216.86.124.151

title: User talk:216.86.124.151


text: User talk:152.91.9.242

title: User talk:152.91.9.242


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Templates for deletion

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was unanimous keep --cesarb 12:51, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Templates for deletion
Templates are pages like any other, actually. The transclusion code  operates just as well on any page within the wiki. There is nothing a priori about pages within the template space to distinguish them from any other page. Deletion of a page within template space should be considered here, on Votes for deletion -- with the same consideration given any other page.

Wikipedia:Templates for deletion was created to take some of the load off VfD workers; the idea was to deal with obviously malformed templates quickly. But it has degenerated into an angry, biased forum for the deletionists, who run roughshod over all other voices. There is no longer any discussion, no attempt to reach consensus; members simply weigh in with their votes, often without explanation. I have seen no evidence whatever that any member bothers to attempt to improve a malformed template. The process has devolved into a kangaroo court that recalls those of the French Revolution; a steady stream of heads are shoved through the thirsty guillotine. See: "...the decision to permanently delete an article is not taken lightly, and the deletion process is followed..."

The page itself is an embarrassment. Compare it to VfD. What ought to be an orderly process is barely sketched out. The last attempt to reform the process was obliterated by a faction that found its terms insufficiently ambiguous. The dead bodies of its victims are not even carried out with regularity.

The sad truth is that what ought to be a fair and honest process has become the little empire of a few strong opinions, who simply go ahead and do what they like, oblivious to any dissent, let alone the principle of consensus. Templates are nominated on shaky grounds or none. Nominations that fail to reach a consensus to delete are not relieved from the onus of TfD, either; they often languish indefinitely, as it were in a dungeon without trial.

Some TfD regulars have begun to pick up on the fact that any page may be transcluded, and are pushing to expand the scope of the process to include other pages which have been used as templates. By that logic, TfD's scope includes the several subpages of the Village Pump!

I nominate the page in question for deletion, on grounds that it has now become a mere POV soapbox for deletionists, a hazard to the larger community. It is frequently employed merely to vandalize properly-working, useful templates; it is seething with uncivil remarks. There are a limited number of Wikipedians with the willingness to fairly deliberate page deletions; they concentrate on VfD. TfD is left as a neglected backwater in which bad practice festers. The page itself should be deleted and all pages nominated for deletion here only. — Xiong 熊 talk 04:11, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

 * Keep. This is a policy page, and VFD isn't the proper place to debate the underlying policy. This nomination should be cancelled. Firebug 04:30, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia:Templates for deletion is not a policy page; it is a process page within the Wikipedia namespace. There is no underlying policy; the page has no foundation.Do you assert that VfD has no jurisdiction over pages in Wikipedia namespace? If you can get any sort of consensus on that point, I shall withdraw the nomination. — Xiong 熊 talk 13:40, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * Keep. If I weren't so darned full of good faith, I might be tempted to suggest that this nomination is meant to make some kind of WP:POINT.  I also concur with Firebug's remarks; this isn't the proper venue.  See Votes for deletion/Votes for deletion. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 04:33, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Invalid VfD. Discuss this on the Talk page.  RickK 04:35, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Invalid nomination. Concur with Firebug; not the appropriate place to air grievances about TfD. Take it to an RfC or something. Also, WP:POINT. android↔talk 04:36, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Firebug and RickK. If you want to get rid of WP:TFD or even just reform it, create a Thinktank article and seek consensus—don't nominate the page at WP:VFD. Blank Verse   ∅   04:39, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is disruption to prove a point and unacceptable.  Postdlf 06:31, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (and was I just called a deletionist? - lol) -- Netoholic @ 06:59, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * Invalid; vfd has no jurisdiction over policy pages. —Korath (Talk) 09:09, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever. --Joy [shallot]   10:55, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, nomination is as silly as the attempts to nominate the VfD page for deletion. Sjakkalle 12:54, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I might agree with that TfD is a bad thing (but I don't know if nominating the templates hare is a solution) but putting the page on VfD is the wrong way of voicing your oppinion about TfD. Jeltz talk  14:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * TFD is de facto policy. That's how the Wiki works. You don't like it? and propose a change (such as Categories for deletion/Restructuring). Keep. Radiant_* 14:19, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * That is exactly what I am doing here: proposing a change. — Xiong 熊 talk 04:21, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * No, that is exactly not what you're doing here. Policy proposals go on the Village Pump policy pages. You do not request for an old policy to get deleted before you have consensus on a new one. Radiant_* 08:58, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -Frazzydee|✍ 21:23, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Don't we have Users for deletion or something like it to deal with this sort of thing? --Carnildo 21:52, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See WP:PFD. —Korath (Talk) 01:24, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. WP:POINT. Jayjg (talk) 21:58, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. WP:POINT. --cesarb 01:11, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ultra Strong Keep - Templates are templates, and articles are articles. BTW, placing the vfd template on another template is awful.  The tfd template is small and compact. Andros 1337 03:03, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, this is not technically true. I agree that VfD tags should not be placed on any page which is used in transclusion without carefully considering the possible side-effects. The page's Talk is a fine place for a tag. — Xiong 熊 talk 04:21, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * Keep. There's no good reason to make VfD even bigger and slower. Wmahan. 04:12, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * keep--Boothy443 | comhrÚ 04:58, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep keep keep keep keep. But get rid of this ridiculous listing. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 19:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. Oklonia 19:43, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, of course. As per everyone. FreplySpang (talk) 02:10, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

''"Comments" section moved to Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion. Please continue the policy discussion there. FreplySpang (talk) 02:08, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)''

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Francis Higginson

Francis Higginson (1588–1630) was an early Puritan minister in Colonial New England, and the first minister of Salem, Massachusetts. He was an ancestor of Thomas Wentworth Higginson.

England
The son of a minister, Francis Higginson received his B.A. degree from Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1610 and his M.A. in 1613. About 1615, he became minister at Claybrooke, one of the parishes of Leicester, and acquired great influence as a preacher. Through his acquaintance with Arthur Hildersham and Thomas Hooker, he became disenchanted with the church of England and began to associate himself with Puritan congregations. Religion in England was still going through a very discordant time, especially when King Charles I ascended the throne in 1625 and married a French Catholic Princess. Puritans in England were persecuted for their beliefs and practices with their ministers being forbidden to preach. Higginson left his parish, although he continued to preach occasionally in the pulpits of the church of England. He refused offers of many excellent well paying jobs on account of his opinions, and was supporting himself by preparing young men for the university.

Expedition
In 1628, Higginson was invited to join the Massachusetts Bay Company, which he did. In 1629 the Company obtained a Royal Charter from Charles I of England to form a "plantation" in New England. Higginson and his Puritan sympathizers were asked to lead the first expedition to New England's Massachusetts Bay Colony and establish preliminary settlements.

Higginson led a group of about 350 settlers (including many of his own congregation) on six ships from England to New England. Because of the ever-present pirate threat as well as the undeclared war with Spain all ships carried armament. The Lyon's Whelp and the "Talbot" left from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight 11 May 1629 and arrived in Salem harbor 29 June 1629. The Higginson Fleet brought with them 115 head of cattle, as well as horses and mares, cows and oxen, 41 goats, some conies (rabbits), along with all the provisions needed for setting up households and surviving till they could get crops in. They would have to build their lodgings for the coming winter from scratch. These were some of the first settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the main body who would start coming in 1630 on the Winthrop Fleet. The Higginson Fleet set sail on the 1 May 1629, arriving in Salem harbor on the 24 June 1629, and was greeted by a small group of settlers, led by John Endecott.

The ships in the fleet were:
 * Talbot (carried 19 cannon) Capt. Benjamin Gonson/Ganson, whose family had long history with the Royal Navy, Sir Admiral Richard Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake. Long line of descendants.
 * George Bonaventure (carried 20 cannon)
 * Lyon's Whelp (carried 40 planters + crew + 8 cannon)
 * Four Sisters (carried 14 cannon)
 * Mayflower (carried 14 guns); a different ship from the Pilgrim's Mayflower
 * Pilgrim (small ship with 4 guns that carried supplies only)

Salem
In Salem there were five houses besides Endecott's. They had no trained minister, however, so Higginson and Samuel Skelton began conducting services immediately. Higginson drew up a confession of faith, which was assented to, on 6 August, by thirty persons. In the following winter, in the general sickness that ravaged the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he was attacked by a fever, which disabled him, and finally caused his death at the age of 43, leaving behind a widow and eight children.

He had married Anne Herbert (who died in 1640 or before) on 8 January 1616 at St Peter's, Nottingham. Their eldest son, John (1616–1708), also trained for the ministry. He succeeded his father-in-law Henry Whitfeld or Whitfield (1597-1687) as minister at Guilford, Connecticut, and served as pastor of Salem from 1659. Another son, Francis Higginson (1618–1673), returned to England and became vicar of Kirkby Stephen, Westmoreland, where he lived until his death.

A portion of his diary was published in 1630 under the title, New Englands Plantation, or a Short and True Description of the Commodities and Discommodities of that Country. He also wrote an account of his voyage, which is preserved in Hutchinson's collection of papers.

title: Francis Higginson


text:
Stormwatch: Team Achilles

Stormwatch: Team Achilles is an American superhero series, the second incarnation of the Image comics Stormwatch. This version was penned by Micah Ian Wright, with illustrations contributed by Whilce Portacio, C. P. Smith, Mark Texeira, Tomm Coker, Carlos D'Anda and Clement Sauve. The longest run for a penciler on the book was by Smith, who drew issues 11–19. The title featured covers by Portacio, Jason Pearson and Michael Golden.

Overview
Stormwatch: Team Achilles differed from the previous super-hero-centric Stormwatch groups in that it centered on a team consisting mostly of 'normal' human beings from various global Special Forces/Counter-Terrorist organizations acting as a small UN troubleshooting team. The stated mission of Team Achilles was to kill or capture criminal superhumans.

The title was a super hero action series layered with satire of both politics and comic books. Real-world politics often entered the book with a storyline where the team replaced a Strom Thurmond/Jesse Helms-like Senator with a shape-shifting African superhuman and another where George Washington, reincarnated as a patriotic hero resembling Captain America, tried to overthrow the American government. The book threw potshots at President George W. Bush, mocked the ineptitude of the United Nations, and made light of modern pathos-driven corporate superheroes with mockeries of a Doctor Doom-like armored dictator character, the Justice League, the X-Men, Superman, and even Wildstorm's own premiere superhero team, The Authority.

Some fans called Team Achilles "G.I. Joe for Grownups" and noted comics writer Kurt Busiek wrote "it's like Sgt. Rock, but with Superheroes." Although the enemies in the comic book have been the typical fantastic archetypes seen in comics, the weapons used by the Stormwatch team were mostly real-world weapons systems (such as the Barrett M82A1). Realistic weapons as well as tactics are used by the non-powered Team Achilles members to take down the physically superior enemies seen in the comic.

Controversy
The book debuted to controversy from the first issue which, due to changes in DC's printing schedule, came out not in October 2002, but instead on September 13, 2002, roughly the one-year anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. To compound the problem, the first issue featured a terrorist superhuman attack on the United Nations, which many readers thought was intended to comment on the 9/11 attacks themselves and, thus, in poor taste.

Because Team Achilles (like all previous Stormwatch groups) was a United Nations entity, the book often dealt with realistic political details such as the U.S.'s refusal to pay its U.N. dues, political interference with the goals of the U.N. by conservative American politicians, and the U.N.'s own ineptitude and corruption. In the charged political air, the book accurately reflected the disdain that President Bush and his administration displayed toward the United Nations.

Detractors of the comic disliked the political tone of the book. Released during a time when the American public was 88% in favor of a military intervention in Afghanistan, George W. Bush enjoyed a 65% approval rating, and 72% of the public supported the invasion of Iraq, the book took shots at conservative politics in general, "weapons of mass destruction", the Department of Homeland Security, America's paranoia about terrorism and the accompanying culture of fear and, some felt, President Bush himself. Although the President in the Wildstorm universe was not specifically named after any known politician, some readers stated online that they felt that the mumbling, incomprehensible, racist Southern murderer depicted in the book was a clear mockery of Bush.

Additionally, many superhero fans disliked and disbelieved the concept that 'normal' human beings could ever hope to defeat superheroes. This was notable, given that the main concern of DC Comics (WildStorm's parent company) was to revive and promote 'traditional' pure superhero comics over the darker characters pioneered by Image.

Cancellation
StormWatch: Team Achilles was canceled in mid-story, along with the rest of the "Eye of the Storm" titles from Wildstorm, such as Wildcats 3.0. Issue #23 ended up being the last issue published. Wright's revised script for Stormwatch #24 is online. The characters from the book were left isolated in a pocket universe separate from the regular Wildstorm continuity.

Shortly before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Micah published an anti-war protest book, You Back the Attack, We'll Bomb Who We Want!. The book, a satirical collection of old military propaganda posters repainted to feature modern anti-war messages, featured an introduction where Wright claimed to have been a former United States Army Ranger Sergeant who experienced combat in Operation Just Cause, the 1989 invasion of Panama. Wright gave a radio interview on "Democracy Now!" with Amy Goodman. In 2003, gossip columnist Richard Leiby wrote a 2-page article extolling Wright's poster work for The Washington Post. Wright's credentials were immediately questioned by real Rangers who contacted Leiby. A year later, when Wright learned Leiby was writing an exposé questioning his military service, he confessed and apologized online that he had never served in the military and that his only military experience was as an ROTC student in college.

Following Wright's exposure, Seven Stories Press, the publisher of You Back The Attack, We'll Bomb Who We Want!, canceled Wright's second book of remixed propaganda, If You're Not a Terrorist, Then Stop Asking Questions. The book was later published by a division of Random House. Wright's comic book Stormwatch: Team Achilles was canceled at #23, leaving one issue unprinted by publisher DC/Wildstorm.

Return
Team Achilles returned to the Wildstorm Universe during the World's End event in a two-part backup story written by Christos Gage with art by Ivan Reis. The story ran in Wildcats (vol. 5) issue #9 and The Authority (vol. 4) issue #9 and shows the team finally escaping from the Project Entry universe. The walk to Siberia having proven fruitless, Team Achilles has spent the last few years searching for a functional Stormwatch teleporter that can return them home. Finding one and powering it up with the help of Baron Chaos, the team arrives just in time to witness the onset of Armageddon. Flint (having become estranged from Santini during the team's exile) leaves to join up with her former teammates in Stormwatch Prime and Santini vows to continue what they're good at: killing superhumans.

Assault Team
Benito Santini – American of Italian Descent, Catholic. Was previously a field leader of International Operations' Black Razors. When John Lynch defected from I.O., he became the Director of Operations, only to lose his post when Ivana Baiul became the Executive Director. After various events in the Wildstorm universe, Santini was later assigned to be the new "Weatherman" to the Stormwatch team, although it's later revealed he has his own agenda to the matter. Despite this, he holds his team members in high regard. Married to Flint.

Blake Coleman – Santini's second-in-command of Stormwatch, field leader and best friend since their Black Razor days, Coleman is the chief on-the-ground commander for the team's early missions, until his untimely death.

Luis Cisco – A close friend of Satini and Coleman who served with them during their Black Razor days. He was scheduled for a leave of absence due to his impending marriage, but ended up joining the team for one last mission on his wedding day. During the course of the mission, the same one that saw the death of Coleman, he received injuries that resulted in his leaving the team.

Victoria "Flint" Ngengi – Formerly of the original Stormwatch team and of the same generation as the Authority's Swift, Flint is only the second superpowered individual on the assault team. Possessing superhuman strength and a high level of resistance nearing that of physical invulnerability, Flint is the team's door kicker. She later falls in love with and marries Santini.

Jukko Hämäläinen – Finnish, former member of the Osasto Karhu (Finnish Anti Terror Squad). One of the last survivors of a superhuman holocaust in that country, and initially the only superhuman-powered member on the assault team. Jukko's powers are more of a curse than a blessing: he feels the pain of any individual within a four kilometers radius. This is one of the reasons this team operative is incredibly caring towards injured hostages, while highly lethal against enemy targets. He also seems to have a profound dislike of the Authority's Midnighter.

Jaeger Weiss – A member of the German GSG 9, Weiss is an incredible handsome, suave, and more often than not sarcastic, but highly reliable team member. He is easily recognizable by the face mask he wears to protect his face when on missions. Being a member of GSG 9, Weiss is often depressed when hostages are injured during operations. Because his entire family was killed by superhumans he harbors a distrust of the superpowered individuals on the team. Nevertheless, he is still good friends with Jukko — the pair often engaging in witty banter on and off mission.

Galena Golovin – Russian sniper, one of the more aggressive team members, is a perfectionist of few, often harsh words. Shares an 'interesting' relationship with her spotter, Pickney.

Charles Cottsworth Pickney – Formerly of the British SAS, his military career stopped dead after he shot his CO in the head in front of the Queen. It didn't seem to matter that his CO was possessed and attempting to assassinate the Queen, his upward mobility ceased and he ended up assigned to Team Achilles. Pickney is almost stereotypically British in demeanor. As spotter to Golovin, he and Golovin share an odd, often argumentative relationship with Golovin either commenting on Pickney's degrading vision or less-than satisfactory manhood.

Ajeet Singh – A Sikh Indian, Ajeet Singh was one of the last "official" Stormwatch members to join the group. He was called into service following Citizen Soldier's attempt to overthrow the US government, and first saw action during the groups raid on Baron Chaos' castle. He was given the option of leaving the group following The Authority's take over of the United States, the idea being that he was so new The Authority would be unaware of his existence. He refused and remained with the group until the series cancellation.

Frederick "Alias" Ngebe Braumholstein – Frederick is a post-human with shape-changing abilities, and is one of the few metahuman members of Team Achilles. He was brought in following Santini's removal of Senator Sonny Terns, using his shapechanging powers to impersonate the Senator. In a rather ironic twist the Senator was a white conservative racist while Frederick is a liberal mixed-race South African. During his time impersonating the Senator he helped get through various liberal bills and financial aid for various African American organizations. During Citizen Soldier's attempted overthrow of the US government his true identity was revealed, forcing him to abandon his mission and join the Team Achilles field team for the first time. He was given the option of leaving the group follow The Authority's take over of the United States, it was thought that due to the covert nature of mission and the fact that he had never worked with the field team, that The Authority would be unaware of his existence. He refused and remained a member until the series cancellation.

Support Team
Khalid Tefibi – Stormwatch's resident tech geek, and the individual most often made the butt of jokes by the more masculine, hard-charging members of the team. Nonetheless, Tefibi's technological skills and wit prove vital to the teams' success and later their ultimate survival. Further, Colonel Santini reveals in Stormwatch: Team Achilles #16 that he is grooming Tefibi to be his replacement. In Santini's words: "That's why I'm prepping you now, Tefibi...I need someone capable of taking over if I get greased." Tefibi then expresses utter despair at the prospect of such responsibility. Santini recruited Khalid Tefibi from a federal prison where he was spending time for hacking into the Pentagon.

Avi Barak – A member of the Israeli Defense Force, Barak is an "inductive telepath" first introduced in issue 4: his powers are such that, if he asks you a question, and you do not answer truthfully, he instantly absorbs the information from your mind. Through Santini's efforts, his power level is raised to a much higher rating, although it has left the psi a little less than balanced.

Dr. Marie Grunier – Recruited from the French Gendarmerie, Grunier serves a dual role as the teams medical doctor and, when needed, as the teams hostage negotiator. She was romantically linked to Hämäläinen.

Buzz Dixon – Originally a StormWatch reservist, the creature known as Buzz Dixon was later recruited by Colonel Benito Santini as his chief scout and gatherer of difficult-to-get information on the Achilles team. Dixon handles nearly all of the team's recon work as Team Achilles' scouting specialist and primary intel-gatherer. He is often the first on the field, as he reconnoiters mission targets and locations pre-insertion. Buzz Dixon is a quadrupedal being possessing compound eyes, large, fan-shaped ears, and chameleon-like skin that allows him to become nearly invisible. Due to his unique optical, olfactory, and auditory physiology, Dixon possesses super-human senses. He also has a "sixth sense" in the form of low-grade telepathy (He can mentally "speak" in others' heads and receive thoughts, but generally only if they are nearby.). Further, Buzz Dixon can cling to walls with the sucker-like pads on the bottoms of his feet, and he possesses a prehensile tail. Despite his completely inhuman appearance, Dixon's personality suggests that he is human, or at least possesses a psyche very much like human beings. He is loud-mouthed, boisterous, swears quite a bit (he is partial to "fuck"), uses current slang, and has the sort of stereotypical mannerisms of a cowboy-type or jarhead-type character. Due to his personality and human name, it can be argued that Buzz Dixon is a super-powered meta-human who was once human, but whose powers are manifest through a strange physiology that also stripped him altogether of his human appearance. However, he shows no distress over his esoteric physiology. Dixon had very little "screen time" in the StormWatch: Team Achilles series, and his origins can only be conjectured.

Other notable characters

 * Baron Chaos – Baron Kemeny Zsigmond von Chaos first came into conflict with Team Achilles during his attempt to seize control of Romania. He held his own against several members until the intervention of the teams telepath, Avi Barak. He was stripped of his armor and then shot in the head and left for dead, only to be inadvertently rescued by The Authority. He was brought aboard the Carrier where the Authority were able to save his life with the intention of finding out the whereabouts of Team Achilles, but with the aid of a naive nurse named Mandy he managed to escape to New York City where he promptly made his way to the Romania embassy to plot his revenge. Not long after he was contacted by Jumpmaster who had been contacted by Senator Terns from The Project Entry Universe. Together, Baron Chaos, Citizen Soldier and Senator Terny concocted a plan to rid themselves of Team Achilles once and for all. Baron Chaos is clearly a homage to the Marvel Comics character, Doctor Doom. Both have horrible facial scars, both are Eastern European, and both wear high tech suits of armor that provide them with an array of offensive and defensive capabilities including, flight, energy blasts, enhanced strength, teleportation and force fields. More telling is the similar personalities of both characters: They are both uncannily resilient, arrogant, self-assured, and refer to themselves in the third person. Baron Chaos also has several sets of the armor as backups, including one stashed in the Romanian embassy in New York City.
 * Citizen Soldier – Citizen Soldier is the repeatedly reincarnating spirit of George Washington, although Santini is not aware of this: the Soldier's earliest identified incarnation was Major Alexander Abernathy, a member of the Union Cavalry during the Civil War. Stormwatch had information on every incarnation up until 1947 when he apparently vanished from the public eye. The Citizen Soldiers during this time were later revealed to have been assassinated for various reason by members of the US government, including Junior Senator Sonny Terns. In 2003, Citizen Soldier resurfaced in the form of Steve Gatesniak, a multi-billionaire computer entrepreneur. For over 20 years Citizen Soldier had built up his wealth while assembling an army of loyal followers and employees who would help him dispose of, what he believed to be, the hopelessly corrupt US government. He began his attack by robbing The Federal Reserve on Wall Street, the same attack which resulted in the death of Blake Coleman. Following this he launched various attacks upon the Senate, the Supreme Court, the global satellite network, the stock market and more. During this time he also projected his own memories into the heads of American citizens via their dreams, showing them the various demises of past incarnations. Ultimately Stormwatch was able to foil his plans and were about to apprehend him with plans to place him in a cryogenic holding unit preventing any further reincarnations, when he was killed by a member of Ivana Baiul's Civil Defense Administration known as Giant. Soon after Citizen Soldier manifested in the body of a newborn illegal Chinese immigrant. He was last seen in the Project Entry universe. Citizen Soldier displayed a number of powers, most notably was his above average speed, strength and combat ability. He also had the power to temporarily instill normal humans with superhuman powers, similar to that of a Christine Trelane and other Seedling Activators. Unlike a normal Activator however, these powers were limited to a few hours and would ultimately kill the person they were bestowed upon. It was implied that this was because other Activators triggered latent powers in those possessing them, while he could trigger powers for those with no inner potential. He also wielded a circular shield in a manner similar to that of Captain America. In addition to his army and the temporary superhumans he could create, Citizen Soldier also had several superhuman allies that he didn't make. These include:

 * Deadhead – A superhuman with the ability to animate the dead and a skull for a face. He was captured and later placed in the Project Entry Universe along with Sonny Terns and Dhul Fiqar.

 * Jumpmaster – A superhuman with the ability to create star shaped teleportation portals. He escaped Stormwatch and would later be seen acting as an intermediary between Senator Terns, Baron Chaos and Citizen Soldier.

 * Emoticon – A powerful telepath who was also hideously deformed. He resemble a giant mutant fetus and during his first and only appearance in the series was shown to be floating in a giant, liquid-filled tube. He was killed by Golovin.

 * Senator Sonny Terns – Sonny Terns is the product of Southern Royalty. His family owned large tracts of land dating back several generations, beginning with his great-great-great-great grandfather, Augustus Terns who started the family fortune with his success in the slave trade. He first encountered Santini during a hearing regarding UN funding of his new Stormwatch unit. Terns was steadfast in his resolve to quash the unit, delaying the budget approval for quite a while. Later he would also be connected to Ivana Baiul, the UN Special Security Council, and the superpowered Arab terrorists who attacked the UN in the first three issues of the series. Shortly after the attack on the UN, Santini, along with Weiss and Tefibi, confronted and kidnapped the Senator, holding him in a secret wing of their detention facilities beneath the UN, it was during this time that 'Alias' would assume the Senator's identity. He was held in secret until the events of Coup D'état forced Team Achilles to abandon their UN base. At this point Santini stranded him on a tropical island on Project Entry's Earth along with Deadhead and Dhul Fiqar, two other Team Achilles prisoners. He remained on the island until the end of the series when he escaped with the help of Deadhead. Tern then contacted Baron Chaos and the remained of Citizen Soldiers forces, and together the trio hatched a plot to finally do away with Santini and Team Achilles. Terns was also a low-grade "psychic broadcaster" capable of projecting his thoughts into the minds of others.

Series and one-shots

 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles #1 – 23 (September, 2002 – August, 2004)
 * Coup D'État: Stormwatch Team Achilles (April 2004)

Significant stories

 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles #0 – a six-page story from Wizard Magazine #129 (July, 2002).
 * Eye of the Storm Annual 2003 (July, 2003)

Collected editions

 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles vol. 1 (collects #0,1–6, 160 pages, July 2003, ISBN 1-4012-0103-2)
 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles vol. 2 (collects #7–11, Eye of The Storm Annual #1, 176 pages, January 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0123-7)
 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles vol. 3 (collects #12–19, 192 pages, scheduled for August 2004 but postponed indefinitely, ISBN 1-4012-0289-6)
 * Coup D'état (collects "Coup D'état" #1–4, 160 pages, November, 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0570-4)

title: Stormwatch: Team Achilles