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Ion chromatography

Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger. It works on almost any kind of charged molecule—including small inorganic anions, large proteins, small nucleotides, and amino acids. However, ion chromatography must be done in conditions that are one pH unit away from the isoelectric point of a protein.

The two types of ion chromatography are anion-exchange and cation-exchange. Cation-exchange chromatography is used when the molecule of interest is positively charged. The molecule is positively charged because the pH for chromatography is less than the pI (also known as pH(I)). In this type of chromatography, the stationary phase is negatively charged and positively charged molecules are loaded to be attracted to it. Anion-exchange chromatography is when the stationary phase is positively charged and negatively charged molecules (meaning that pH for chromatography is greater than the pI) are loaded to be attracted to it. It is often used in protein purification, water analysis, and quality control. The water-soluble and charged molecules such as proteins, amino acids, and peptides bind to moieties which are oppositely charged by forming ionic bonds to the insoluble stationary phase. The equilibrated stationary phase consists of an ionizable functional group where the targeted molecules of a mixture to be separated and quantified can bind while passing through the column—a cationic stationary phase is used to separate anions and an anionic stationary phase is used to separate cations. Cation exchange chromatography is used when the desired molecules to separate are cations and anion exchange chromatography is used to separate anions. The bound molecules then can be eluted and collected using an eluant which contains anions and cations by running a higher concentration of ions through the column or by changing the pH of the column.

One of the primary advantages for the use of ion chromatography is that only one interaction is involved the separation, as opposed to other separation techniques; therefore, ion chromatography may have higher matrix tolerance. Another advantage of ion exchange is the predictability of elution patterns (based on the presence of the ionizable group). For example, when cation exchange chromatography is used, certain cations will elute out first and others later. A local charge balance is always maintained. However, there are also disadvantages involved when performing ion-exchange chromatography, such as constant evolution of the technique which leads to the inconsistency from column to column. A major limitation to this purification technique is that it is limited to ionizable group.

History

Ion chromatography has advanced through the accumulation of knowledge over a course of many years. Starting from 1947, Spedding and Powell used displacement ion-exchange chromatography for the separation of the rare earths. Additionally, they showed the ion-exchange separation of 14N and 15N isotopes in ammonia. At the start of the 1950s, Kraus and Nelson demonstrated the use of many analytical methods for metal ions dependent on their separation of their chloride, fluoride, nitrate or sulfate complexes by anion chromatography. Automatic in-line detection was progressively introduced from 1960 to 1980 as well as novel chromatographic methods for metal ion separations. A groundbreaking method by Small, Stevens and Bauman at Dow Chemical Co. unfolded the creation of the modern ion chromatography. Anions and cations could now be separated efficiently by a system of suppressed conductivity detection. In 1979, a method for anion chromatography with non-suppressed conductivity detection was introduced by Gjerde et al. Following it in 1980, was a similar method for cation chromatography.

As a result, a period of extreme competition began within the IC market, with supporters for both suppressed and non-suppressed conductivity detection. This competition led to fast growth of new forms and the fast evolution of IC. A challenge that needs to be overcome in the future development of IC is the preparation of highly efficient monolithic ion-exchange columns and overcoming this challenge would be of great importance to the development of IC.

The boom of Ion exchange chromatography primarily began between 1935 and 1950 during World War II and it was through the "Manhattan project" that applications and IC were significantly extended. Ion chromatography was originally introduced by two English researchers, agricultural Sir Thompson and chemist J T Way. The works of Thompson and Way involved the action of water-soluble fertilizer salts, ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride. These salts could not easily be extracted from the ground due to the rain. They performed ion methods to treat clays with the salts, resulting in the extraction of ammonia in addition to the release of calcium. It was in the fifties and sixties that theoretical models were developed for IC for further understanding and it was not until the seventies that continuous detectors were utilized, paving the path for the development from low-pressure to high-performance chromatography. Not until 1975 was "ion chromatography" established as a name in reference to the techniques, and was thereafter used as a name for marketing purposes. Today IC is important for investigating aqueous systems, such as drinking water. It is a popular method for analyzing anionic elements or complexes that help solve environmentally relevant problems. Likewise, it also has great uses in the semiconductor industry.

Because of the abundant separating columns, elution systems, and detectors available, chromatography has developed into the main method for ion analysis.

When this technique was initially developed, it was primarily used for water treatment. Since 1935, ion exchange chromatography rapidly manifested into one of the most heavily leveraged techniques, with its principles often being applied to majority of fields of chemistry, including distillation, adsorption, and filtration.

Principle
Ion-exchange chromatography separates molecules based on their respective charged groups. Ion-exchange chromatography retains analyte molecules on the column based on coulombic (ionic) interactions. The ion exchange chromatography matrix consists of positively and negatively charged ions. Essentially, molecules undergo electrostatic interactions with opposite charges on the stationary phase matrix. The stationary phase consists of an immobile matrix that contains charged ionizable functional groups or ligands. The stationary phase surface displays ionic functional groups (R-X) that interact with analyte ions of opposite charge. To achieve electroneutrality, these immobilized charges couple with exchangeable counterions in the solution. Ionizable molecules that are to be purified, compete with these exchangeable counterions, for binding to the immobilized charges on the stationary phase. These ionizable molecules are retained or eluted based on their charge. Initially, molecules that do not bind or bind weakly to the stationary phase are first to be washed away. Altered conditions are needed for the elution of the molecules that bind to the stationary phase. The concentration of the exchangeable counterions, which competes with the molecules for binding, can be increased, or the pH can be changed to affect the ionic charge of the eluent or the solute. A change in pH affects the charge on the particular molecules and, therefore, alter their binding. When reducing the net charge of the solute's molecules, they start eluting out. This way, such adjustments can be used to release the proteins of interest. Additionally, concentration of counterions can be gradually varied to affect the retention of the ionized molecules, thus separate them. This type of elution is called gradient elution. On the other hand, step elution can be used, in which the concentration of counterions are varied in steps. This type of chromatography is further subdivided into cation exchange chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. Positively charged molecules bind to cation exchange resins, while negatively charged molecules bind to anion exchange resins. The ionic compound consisting of the cationic species M+ and the anionic species B− can be retained by the stationary phase.

Cation exchange chromatography retains positively charged cations because the stationary phase displays a negatively charged functional group:

 * $$\text{R-X}^-\text{C}^+\,+\, \text{M}^+ \, \text{B}^- \rightleftarrows \,\text{R-X}^-\text{M}^+ \,+\, \text{C}^+ \,+\, \text{B}^-$$

Anion exchange chromatography retains anions using positively charged functional group:

 * $$\text{R-X}^+\text{A}^-\,+\, \text{M}^+ \, \text{B}^- \rightleftarrows \,\text{R-X}^+\text{B}^- \,+\, \text{M}^+ \,+\, \text{A}^-$$

Note that the ion strength of either C+ or A− in the mobile phase can be adjusted to shift the equilibrium position, thus retention time.

The ion chromatogram shows a typical chromatogram obtained with an anion exchange column.

Procedure
Before ion-exchange chromatography can be initiated, it must be equilibrated. The stationary phase must be equilibrated to certain requirements that depend on the experiment that you are working with. Once equilibrated, the charged ions in the stationary phase will be attached to its opposite charged exchangeable ions, such as Cl- or Na+. Next, a buffer should be chosen in which the desired protein can bind to. After equilibration, the column needs to be washed. The washing phase will help elute out all impurities that does not bind to the matrix while the protein of interest remains bounded. This sample buffer needs to have the same pH as the buffer used for equilibration to help bind the desired proteins. Uncharged proteins will be eluted out of the column at a similar speed of the buffer flowing through the column with no retention. Once the sample has been loaded onto to the column, and the column has been washed with the buffer to elute out all non-desired proteins, elution is carried out at specific conditions to elute the desired proteins that are bound to the matrix. Bound proteins are eluted out by utilizing a gradient of linearly increasing salt concentration. With increasing ionic strength of the buffer, the salt ions will compete with the desired proteins in order to bind to charged groups on the surface of the medium. This will cause desired proteins to be eluted out of the column. Proteins that have a low net charge will be eluted out first as the salt concentration increases causing the ionic strength to increase. Proteins with high net charge will need a higher ionic strength for them to be eluted out of the column.

It is possible to perform ion exchange chromatography in bulk, on thin layers of medium such as glass or plastic plates coated with a layer of the desired stationary phase, or in chromatography columns. Thin layer chromatography or column chromatography share similarities in that they both act within the same governing principles; there is constant and frequent exchange of molecules as the mobile phase travels along the stationary phase. It is not imperative to add the sample in minute volumes as the predetermined conditions for the exchange column have been chosen so that there will be strong interaction between the mobile and stationary phases. Furthermore, the mechanism of the elution process will cause a compartmentalization of the differing molecules based on their respective chemical characteristics. This phenomenon is due to an increase in salt concentrations at or near the top of the column, thereby displacing the molecules at that position, while molecules bound lower are released at a later point when the higher salt concentration reaches that area. These principles are the reasons that ion exchange chromatography is an excellent candidate for initial chromatography steps in a complex purification procedure as it can quickly yield small volumes of target molecules regardless of a greater starting volume. Comparatively simple devices are often used to apply counterions of increasing gradient to a chromatography column. Counterions such as copper (II) are chosen most often for effectively separating peptides and amino acids through complex formation.

A simple device can be used to create a salt gradient. Elution buffer is consistently being drawn from the chamber into the mixing chamber, thereby altering its buffer concentration. Generally, the buffer placed into the chamber is usually of high initial concentration, whereas the buffer placed into the stirred chamber is usually of low concentration. As the high concentration buffer from the left chamber is mixed and drawn into the column, the buffer concentration of the stirred column gradually increase. Altering the shapes of the stirred chamber, as well as of the limit buffer, allows for the production of concave, linear, or convex gradients of counterion.

A multitude of different mediums are used for the stationary phase. Among the most common immobilized charged groups used are trimethylaminoethyl (TAM), triethylaminoethyl (TEAE), diethyl-2-hydroxypropylaminoethyl (QAE), aminoethyl (AE), diethylaminoethyl (DEAE), sulpho (S), sulphomethyl (SM), sulphopropyl (SP), carboxy (C), and carboxymethyl (CM).

Successful packing of the column is an important aspect of ion chromatography. Stability and efficiency of a final column depends on packing methods, solvent used, and factors that affect mechanical properties of the column. In contrast to early inefficient dry- packing methods, wet slurry packing, in which particles that are suspended in an appropriate solvent are delivered into a column under pressure, shows significant improvement. Three different approaches can be employed in performing wet slurry packing: the balanced density method (solvent's density is about that of porous silica particles), the high viscosity method (a solvent of high viscosity is used), and the low viscosity slurry method (performed with low viscosity solvents).

Polystyrene is used as a medium for ion- exchange. It is made from the polymerization of styrene with the use of divinylbenzene and benzoyl peroxide. Such exchangers form hydrophobic interactions with proteins which can be irreversible. Due to this property, polystyrene ion exchangers are not suitable for protein separation. They are used on the other hand for the separation of small molecules in amino acid separation and removal of salt from water. Polystyrene ion exchangers with large pores can be used for the separation of protein but must be coated with a hydrophilic substance.

Cellulose based medium can be used for the separation of large molecules as they contain large pores. Protein binding in this medium is high and has low hydrophobic character. DEAE is an anion exchange matrix that is produced from a positive side group of diethylaminoethyl bound to cellulose or Sephadex.

Agarose gel based medium contain large pores as well but their substitution ability is lower in comparison to dextrans. The ability of the medium to swell in liquid is based on the cross-linking of these substances, the pH and the ion concentrations of the buffers used.

Incorporation of high temperature and pressure allows a significant increase in the efficiency of ion chromatography, along with a decrease in time. Temperature has an influence of selectivity due to its effects on retention properties. The retention factor (k = (tRg − tMg)/(tMg − text)) increases with temperature for small ions, and the opposite trend is observed for larger ions.

Despite ion selectivity in different mediums, further research is being done to perform ion exchange chromatography through the range of 40–175 °C.

An appropriate solvent can be chosen based on observations of how column particles behave in a solvent. Using an optical microscope, one can easily distinguish a desirable dispersed state of slurry from aggregated particles.

Weak and strong ion exchangers
A "strong" ion exchanger will not lose the charge on its matrix once the column is equilibrated and so a wide range of pH buffers can be used. "Weak" ion exchangers have a range of pH values in which they will maintain their charge. If the pH of the buffer used for a weak ion exchange column goes out of the capacity range of the matrix, the column will lose its charge distribution and the molecule of interest may be lost. Despite the smaller pH range of weak ion exchangers, they are often used over strong ion exchangers due to their having greater specificity. In some experiments, the retention times of weak ion exchangers are just long enough to obtain desired data at a high specificity.

Resins (often termed 'beads') of ion exchange columns may include functional groups such as weak/strong acids and weak/strong bases. There are also special columns that have resins with amphoteric functional groups that can exchange both cations and anions. Some examples of functional groups of strong ion exchange resins are quaternary ammonium cation (Q), which is an anion exchanger, and sulfonic acid (S, -SO2OH), which is a cation exchanger. These types of exchangers can maintain their charge density over a pH range of 0–14. Examples of functional groups of Weak ion exchange resins include diethylaminoethyl (DEAE, -C2H4N(C2H5)2), which is an anion exchanger, and carboxymethyl (CM, -CH2-COOH), which is a cation exchanger. These two types of exchangers can maintain the charge density of their columns over a pH range of 5–9.

In ion chromatography, the interaction of the solute ions and the stationary phase based on their charges determines which ions will bind and to what degree. When the stationary phase features positive groups which attracts anions, it is called an anion exchanger; when there are negative groups on the stationary phase, cations are attracted and it is a cation exchanger. The attraction between ions and stationary phase also depends on the resin, organic particles used as ion exchangers.

Each resin features relative selectivity which varies based on the solute ions present who will compete to bind to the resin group on the stationary phase. The selectivity coefficient, the equivalent to the equilibrium constant, is determined via a ratio of the concentrations between the resin and each ion, however, the general trend is that ion exchangers prefer binding to the ion with a higher charge, smaller hydrated radius, and higher polarizability, or the ability for the electron cloud of an ion to be disrupted by other charges. Despite this selectivity, excess amounts of an ion with a lower selectivity introduced to the column would cause the lesser ion to bind more to the stationary phase as the selectivity coefficient allows fluctuations in the binding reaction that takes place during ion exchange chromatography.

Following table shows the commonly used ion exchangers

Typical technique
A sample is introduced, either manually or with an autosampler, into a sample loop of known volume. A buffered aqueous solution known as the mobile phase carries the sample from the loop onto a column that contains some form of stationary phase material. This is typically a resin or gel matrix consisting of agarose or cellulose beads with covalently bonded charged functional groups. Equilibration of the stationary phase is needed in order to obtain the desired charge of the column. If the column is not properly equilibrated the desired molecule may not bind strongly to the column. The target analytes (anions or cations) are retained on the stationary phase but can be eluted by increasing the concentration of a similarly charged species that displaces the analyte ions from the stationary phase. For example, in cation exchange chromatography, the positively charged analyte can be displaced by adding positively charged sodium ions. The analytes of interest must then be detected by some means, typically by conductivity or UV/visible light absorbance.

Control an IC system usually requires a chromatography data system (CDS). In addition to IC systems, some of these CDSs can also control gas chromatography (GC) and HPLC.

Membrane exchange chromatography
A type of ion exchange chromatography, membrane exchange is a relatively new method of purification designed to overcome limitations of using columns packed with beads. Membrane Chromatographic devices are cheap to mass-produce and disposable unlike other chromatography devices that require maintenance and time to revalidate. There are three types of membrane absorbers that are typically used when separating substances. The three types are flat sheet, hollow fibre, and radial flow. The most common absorber and best suited for membrane chromatography is multiple flat sheets because it has more absorbent volume. It can be used to overcome mass transfer limitations and pressure drop, making it especially advantageous for isolating and purifying viruses, plasmid DNA, and other large macromolecules. The column is packed with microporous membranes with internal pores which contain adsorptive moieties that can bind the target protein. Adsorptive membranes are available in a variety of geometries and chemistry which allows them to be used for purification and also fractionation, concentration, and clarification in an efficiency that is 10 fold that of using beads. Membranes can be prepared through isolation of the membrane itself, where membranes are cut into squares and immobilized. A more recent method involved the use of live cells that are attached to a support membrane and are used for identification and clarification of signaling molecules.

Separating proteins

Ion exchange chromatography can be used to separate proteins because they contain charged functional groups. The ions of interest (in this case charged proteins) are exchanged for another ions (usually H+) on a charged solid support. The solutes are most commonly in a liquid phase, which tends to be water. Take for example proteins in water, which would be a liquid phase that is passed through a column. The column is commonly known as the solid phase since it is filled with porous synthetic particles that are of a particular charge. These porous particles are also referred to as beads, may be aminated (containing amino groups) or have metal ions in order to have a charge. The column can be prepared using porous polymers, for macromolecules of a mass of over 100 000 Da, the optimum size of the porous particle is about 1 μm2. This is because slow diffusion of the solutes within the pores does not restrict the separation quality. The beads containing positively charged groups, which attract the negatively charged proteins, are commonly referred to as anion exchange resins. The amino acids that have negatively charged side chains at pH 7 (pH of water) are glutamate and aspartate. The beads that are negatively charged are called cation exchange resins, as positively charged proteins will be attracted. The amino acids that have positively charged side chains at pH 7 are lysine, histidine and arginine.

The isoelectric point is the pH at which a compound - in this case a protein - has no net charge. A protein's isoelectric point or PI can be determined using the pKa of the side chains, if the amino (positive chain) is able to cancel out the carboxyl (negative) chain, the protein would be at its PI. Using buffers instead of water for proteins that do not have a charge at pH 7 is a good idea as it enables the manipulation of pH to alter ionic interactions between the proteins and the beads. Weakly acidic or basic side chains are able to have a charge if the pH is high or low enough respectively. Separation can be achieved based on the natural isoelectric point of the protein. Alternatively a peptide tag can be genetically added to the protein to give the protein an isoelectric point away from most natural proteins (e.g., 6 arginines for binding to a cation-exchange resin or 6 glutamates for binding to an anion-exchange resin such as DEAE-Sepharose).

Elution by increasing ionic strength of the mobile phase is more subtle. It works because ions from the mobile phase interact with the immobilized ions on the stationary phase, thus "shielding" the stationary phase from the protein, and letting the protein elute.

Elution from ion-exchange columns can be sensitive to changes of a single charge- chromatofocusing. Ion-exchange chromatography is also useful in the isolation of specific multimeric protein assemblies, allowing purification of specific complexes according to both the number and the position of charged peptide tags.

Gibbs–Donnan effect
In ion exchange chromatography, the Gibbs–Donnan effect is observed when the pH of the applied buffer and the ion exchanger differ, even up to one pH unit. For example, in anion-exchange columns, the ion exchangers repeal protons so the pH of the buffer near the column differs is higher than the rest of the solvent. As a result, an experimenter has to be careful that the protein(s) of interest is stable and properly charged in the "actual" pH.

This effect comes as a result of two similarly charged particles, one from the resin and one from the solution, failing to distribute properly between the two sides; there is a selective uptake of one ion over another. For example, in a sulphonated polystyrene resin, a cation exchange resin, the chlorine ion of a hydrochloric acid buffer should equilibrate into the resin. However, since the concentration of the sulphonic acid in the resin is high, the hydrogen of HCl has no tendency to enter the column. This, combined with the need of electroneutrality, leads to a minimum amount of hydrogen and chlorine entering the resin.

Clinical utility
A use of ion chromatography can be seen in argentation chromatography. Usually, silver and compounds containing acetylenic and ethylenic bonds have very weak interactions. This phenomenon has been widely tested on olefin compounds. The ion complexes the olefins make with silver ions are weak and made based on the overlapping of pi, sigma, and d orbitals and available electrons therefore cause no real changes in the double bond. This behavior was manipulated to separate lipids, mainly fatty acids from mixtures in to fractions with differing number of double bonds using silver ions. The ion resins were impregnated with silver ions, which were then exposed to various acids (silicic acid) to elute fatty acids of different characteristics.

Detection limits as low as 1 μM can be obtained for alkali metal ions. It may be used for measurement of HbA1c, porphyrin and with water purification. Ion Exchange Resins(IER) have been widely used especially in medicines due to its high capacity and the uncomplicated system of the separation process. One of the synthetic uses is to use Ion Exchange Resins for kidney dialysis. This method is used to separate the blood elements by using the cellulose membraned artificial kidney.

Another clinical application of ion chromatography is in the rapid anion exchange chromatography technique used to separate creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes from human serum and tissue sourced in autopsy material (mostly CK rich tissues were used such as cardiac muscle and brain). These isoenzymes include MM, MB, and BB, which all carry out the same function given different amino acid sequences. The functions of these isoenzymes are to convert creatine, using ATP, into phosphocreatine expelling ADP. Mini columns were filled with DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and further eluted with tris- buffer sodium chloride at various concentrations (each concentration was chosen advantageously to manipulate elution). Human tissue extract was inserted in columns for separation. All fractions were analyzed to see total CK activity and it was found that each source of CK isoenzymes had characteristic isoenzymes found within. Firstly, CK- MM was eluted, then CK-MB, followed by CK-BB. Therefore, the isoenzymes found in each sample could be used to identify the source, as they were tissue specific.

Using the information from results, correlation could be made about the diagnosis of patients and the kind of CK isoenzymes found in most abundant activity. From the finding, about 35 out of 71 patients studied suffered from heart attack (myocardial infarction) also contained an abundant amount of the CK-MM and CK-MB isoenzymes. Findings further show that many other diagnosis including renal failure, cerebrovascular disease, and pulmonary disease were only found to have the CK-MM isoenzyme and no other isoenzyme. The results from this study indicate correlations between various diseases and the CK isoenzymes found which confirms previous test results using various techniques. Studies about CK-MB found in heart attack victims have expanded since this study and application of ion chromatography.

Industrial applications
Since 1975 ion chromatography has been widely used in many branches of industry. The main beneficial advantages are reliability, very good accuracy and precision, high selectivity, high speed, high separation efficiency, and low cost of consumables. The most significant development related to ion chromatography are new sample preparation methods; improving the speed and selectivity of analytes separation; lowering of limits of detection and limits of quantification; extending the scope of applications; development of new standard methods; miniaturization and extending the scope of the analysis of a new group of substances. Allows for quantitative testing of electrolyte and proprietary additives of electroplating baths. It is an advancement of qualitative hull cell testing or less accurate UV testing. Ions, catalysts, brighteners and accelerators can be measured. Ion exchange chromatography has gradually become a widely known, universal technique for the detection of both anionic and cationic species. Applications for such purposes have been developed, or are under development, for a variety of fields of interest, and in particular, the pharmaceutical industry. The usage of ion exchange chromatography in pharmaceuticals has increased in recent years, and in 2006, a chapter on ion exchange chromatography was officially added to the United States Pharmacopia-National Formulary (USP-NF). Furthermore, in 2009 release of the USP-NF, the United States Pharmacopia made several analyses of ion chromatography available using two techniques: conductivity detection, as well as pulse amperometric detection. Majority of these applications are primarily used for measuring and analyzing residual limits in pharmaceuticals, including detecting the limits of oxalate, iodide, sulfate, sulfamate, phosphate, as well as various electrolytes including potassium, and sodium. In total, the 2009 edition of the USP-NF officially released twenty eight methods of detection for the analysis of active compounds, or components of active compounds, using either conductivity detection or pulse amperometric detection.

Drug development

There has been a growing interest in the application of IC in the analysis of pharmaceutical drugs. IC is used in different aspects of product development and quality control testing. For example, IC is used to improve stabilities and solubility properties of pharmaceutical active drugs molecules as well as used to detect systems that have higher tolerance for organic solvents. IC has been used for the determination of analytes as a part of a dissolution test. For instance, calcium dissolution tests have shown that other ions present in the medium can be well resolved among themselves and also from the calcium ion. Therefore, IC has been employed in drugs in the form of tablets and capsules in order to determine the amount of drug dissolve with time. IC is also widely used for detection and quantification of excipients or inactive ingredients used in pharmaceutical formulations. Detection of sugar and sugar alcohol in such formulations through IC has been done due to these polar groups getting resolved in ion column. IC methodology also established in analysis of impurities in drug substances and products. Impurities or any components that are not part of the drug chemical entity are evaluated and they give insights about the maximum and minimum amounts of drug that should be administered in a patient per day.

title: Ion chromatography


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Kadaň

Kadaň (Kaaden) is a town in Chomutov District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 18,000 inhabitants. It lies on the banks of the Ohře river. Kadaň is a tourist centre with highlights being the Franciscan Monastery and the historical square with late Gothic Town Hall Tower. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation.

Administrative parts
The villages of Brodce, Kadaňská Jeseň, Meziříčí, Nová Víska, Pokutice, Prunéřov, Tušimice, Úhošťany and Zásada u Kadaně are administrative parts of Kadaň.

Etymology
The name is most likely derived from the personal name Kadan, meaning "Kadan's (court)".

Geography
Kadaň is located about 13 km southwest of Chomutov and 31 km northeast of Karlovy Vary. It lies on the border between the Most Basin and Doupov Mountains. The northern tip of the municipal territory extends into the Ore Mountains. The highest point is the hill Dubový vrch at 691 m above sea level, located on the southern border of the territory. A notable feature is also the Úhošť hill, which is together with its surroundings protected as a national nature reserve.

Kadaň is situated on the banks of the Ohře river. On the Ohře, there is Kadaň Reservoir with an area of 67.2 ha. It was completed in 1972. Its main purpose is to ensure a minimum flow under the reservoir, but it also serves for the energy use and for recreation and water sports.

History
In the Bronze Age, the plateau on the Úhošť hill was inhabited, on which there was a Celtic hillfort. According to some theories, the Wogastisburg Castle stood here, which was the scene of the Battle of Wogastisburg between Franks and Slavs in 631.

11th–18th centuries
The first written mention of Kadaň is from 1183. it was probably founded as a market settlement during the colonization of the area at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1186, Duke Frederick donated the settlement to the Knights Hospitaller. Around 1260, Kadaň was promoted to a free royal town and the castle was built. An extensive fire in 1362 destroyed the town and the castle, but everything was restored and supplemented with better fortifications. However, King Charles IV granted it several municipal rights (a vineyard, and an annual market) that made it flourish again.

In 1421, during the Hussite Wars, the town was conquered by the Hussites, who controlled it until the end of the wars. From the mid-15th century, the town was pledged to various creditors of the royal chamber. The most notable of them was the Lobkowicz family, who held the town from 1469 to 1519. Jan Hasištejnský of Lobkowicz founded the Franciscan Monastery and the Church of the Fourteen Holy Helpers.

In 1534, "Kadaň religious peace" was negotiated here between Württemberg Protestants and Emperor Ferdinand I for the Catholic side. After the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, violent re-Catholicization began in Kadaň. During the Thirty Years' War, in 1631, 1635 and 1648, Kadaň suffered from fires and plundering by various armies. The Kadaň Castle remained a ruin until the second half of the 18th century, when it was rebuilt into barracks by Empress Maria Theresa.

19th–20th centuries
The last great fire damaged the town in 1811. After the Revolution of 1848, the town became a district centre. The institute of the district town lasted in Kadaň for 110 years when it was affiliated with Chomutov District.

After Czechoslovakia was established in 1918 and Kadaň became its part, most of the Sudeten German disagreed with this decision. On 4 March 1919, they demonstrated for self determination and joining Austria. The Czechoslovak military forces were sent in and tried to control the crowd by shooting. The result of the so-called Kadaň massacre was at least 25 dead and dozens injured.

After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Kadaň was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland. The local Czechs were forced to move to central Czechoslovakia and the Jewish community was sent to concentration camps in Germany. The synagogue was burned down during the Kristallnacht of 9 November 1939. According to Beneš decrees, after World War II, the German population was expelled and the area was re-settled by Czechs.

Economy
Although Kadaň is situated in an industrial part of the Czech Republic, there is no major industry within the town. Tourism and services play an important role in the town's economy. There are two large power plants in the outskirts of the town, Tušimice Power Station and Prunéřov Power Station. The largest employers based in the town are the Kadaň Hospital, Hunter Douglas (a manufacturer of window coverings) and SD – Kolejová doprava (transporter of coal by rail).

Transport
Kadaň is served by four train stations and stops, located on the Kadaň–Děčín railway line.

Culture
The most popular annual cultural event in Kadaň is Císařský den ("Emperor's day"), which commemorates the arrival of Emperor Charles IV into the town in 1367 and 1374. The historically tuned festival is accompanied by a music and theatre program on stage, a show of crafts and period costumes, games for children and others.

Other annual events held in the town include:
 * Maxipes Fík Birthday
 * Kirwitzer Day
 * Old Czech Carnival
 * Franciscan Summer
 * Vine Harvest Festival
 * Vysmáté léto – Summer Music Fest
 * Nativity Play
 * Passion of Christ Play

Religion
There are churches and chapels of four Christian denominations: Roman Catholic Church, Czechoslovak Hussite Church, Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren and Eastern Orthodox Church.

Education
Kadaň is home to two secondary schools: Gymnasium Kadaň, and Secondary Industrial School of Construction and Business Academy.

The Gymnasium Kadaň was established in 1803 with 99 students and continued under the control of the Piarists until 1823. The seat of the old gymnasium was a former Minorite monastery in a building which is now the seat of the Regional Archive. The institute of gymnasium was then reestablished in 1872 in a new building. The gymnasium was closed again in 1951 and the new Industrial School moved to the building. It is still there today. A new gymnasium was established in 1968 and has remained on the same premises since 1978.

There are four primary schools and a school for handicapped children, managed by the town.

Sport
The town is home to an ice hockey club SK Kadaň, which plays in the 1st Czech Republic Hockey League (2nd tier).

Sights
The Franciscan Monastery in Kadaň with the Church of the Fourteen Holy Helpers was founded in the 15th century by Jan Hasištejnský of Lobkowicz, who is buried there. It is a national cultural monument with unique murals and rare cellar vault. It also includes gardens with a vineyard. Due to the uniqueness of world importance, an application was submitted for its inclusion in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The monastery complex is a centre of cultural events and also serves as a museum.

Kadaň Castle is a core of the preserved town fortifications, which surrounds the entire historic centre of the town. It was an early Gothic castle founded around 1260, rebuilt into late Gothic and Renaissance styles in the 16th century. It contains an exposition about its history. Another part of the fortification is the barbican of the original Žatec Gate, one of the four main town gates. It was built in 1458 and is one of the oldest defensive structures of its kind in Central Europe.

Mírové Square and its surroundings form the historical centre. The town hall was built in the second half of the 14th century. After 1500, it was rebuilt in the late Gothic style. In the mid-18th century, Baroque modifications were made. The building still serves its original purpose and is one of the best preserved Gothic town halls in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Since 2024, it has been protected as a national cultural monument.

One of the most known landmarks and symbols of the town is the Town Hall Tower. It was built in the 16th century and is the highest building in the town with 53.75 m. It is open to the public as a lookout tower. The town square also include the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, the Holy Trinity column and a Baroque fountain, which is called Šlikovský pond due to its size.

The Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross was founded in 1289. The originally Gothic church was rebuilt in the Baroque style in the second half of the 17th century. Its present appearance is the result of the reconstruction after the fire in 1811.

From the square leads the narrowest lane in the Czech Republic, Katova ulička (meaning 'hangman's alley'). At its narrowest point, it is only 66 cm wide. It is about 50 m long.

In literature
Benjamin Constant set a part of his famous novel Adolphe (1816) in Kadaň, referring to it as Caden, petite ville de la Bohême.

Notable people

 * Mikuláš of Kadaň (1350–1419), clockmaker
 * Peter Nigri (1434–1481 or 1484), theologian
 * Jan Hasištejnský of Lobkowicz (1450–1517), traveller, diplomat and writer
 * Wenceslas Pantaleon Kirwitzer (1588–1626), astronomer
 * Josef von Löschner (1809–1888), Austrian physician
 * Anton Graf von Wolkenstein-Trostburg (1832–1913), Austro-Hungarian diplomat
 * Theodor Innitzer (1875–1955), cardinal, Archbishop of Vienna
 * Edward Goll (1884–1949), pianist and music teacher
 * Hans Zeisel (1905–1992), German-American sociologist
 * Karel Havlíček (1907–1988), painter
 * Josef Dvořák (born 1942), actor
 * Petr Klíma (born 1964), ice hockey player
 * Ondřej Kaše (born 1995), ice hockey player
 * Dominik Feri (born 1996), politician
 * Aneta Lédlová (born 1996), ice hockey player

Twin towns – sister cities
Kadaň is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Aue-Bad Schlema, Germany
 * 🇧🇪 Halle, Belgium
 * 🇸🇪 Vara, Sweden

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kadaň


text:
Brant North

Brant North was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1893. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which divided the county of Brant into two ridings: Brant North and Brant South according to a traditional division.

In 1882, the North Riding of the county of Brant was defined to consist of the townships of Ancaster, Blenheim, East Brantford and South Dumfries.

The electoral district was abolished in 1892 when it was merged into Wentworth North and Brant ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Brant North


text:
Snake River (Colorado)

The Snake River is a short tributary of the Blue River, approximately 15 miles (24 km) long, in central Colorado in the United States. It drains a mountainous area on the west side of the Front Range in southeastern Summit County east of Keystone.

It rises near the continental divide near Webster Pass along the Summit-Park county line and descends through a steep canyon to the north past the former mining camp of Montezuma, then turns west to flow past Keystone, where it joins the Blue from the east as an arm of Dillon Reservoir.

title: Snake River (Colorado)


text:
Brant South

Brant South was a federal and provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904, and in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1923.

It was also called the South Riding of Brant. Brant County was named after Joseph Brant, a Mohawk Chief originally from New York State who settled the area, centred on Brantford.

Federal
The federal riding was created by the British North America Act of 1867, which divided the county of Brant into two ridings: Brant North and Brant South according to a traditional division. In 1882, the South Riding of Brant was defined to consist of the townships of West Brantford, Onondaga and Tuscarora, the city of Brantford and the town of Paris.

The electoral district was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into Brantford riding.

The first member of Parliament for Brant South, elected in 1867 was Edmund Burke Wood. Wood was also elected to the Provincial Parliament. Eventually an act was passed to abolish dual representation.

In 1872, the Liberal candidate, William Paterson (a biscuit manufacturer) won the riding, and remained Member of Parliament until 1896, when he was defeated by Robert Henry (a grocer, and Conservative).

This election was declared void, and in a by-election Charles Bernhard Heyd (a Liberal, and also a grocer) won the riding. Heyd held the riding until it was abolished in 1903.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Provincial
The provincial riding was also created in 1867.

The first Member of the Legislative Assembly for Brant South was Edmund Burke Wood. Wood was also elected to the first federal parliament. When an act was passed to abolish dual representation, Wood choose to remain in the provincial parliament.

In 1871, Arthur Sturgis Hardy won the riding. He held it until his death in 1889. Thomas H. Preston held the riding from 1899 until 1908. Willoughby Staples Brewster held the riding from 1908 until 1914. Joseph Henry Ham held the riding from 1914 until 1919. Morrison Mann MacBride held the riding from 1919 until 1923, when the provincial riding became the Brantford riding in 1923.

Federal election results
On Mr. Henry's election being declared void and on his being unseated, 15 December 1896:

 * }

 * }

title: Brant South


text: Category:277 BC deaths

title: Category:277 BC deaths


text:
Brockville (federal electoral district)

Brockville was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

It consisted initially of the Town of Brockville and the Township of Elizabethtown. In 1882, the township of Kitley was added to the riding. In 1903, the township of Kitley was removed from the riding, and the townships of Yonge and Escott (Front and Rear), and the village of Athens were added.

The electoral district was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Leeds ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

 * Result by subdivision

On Mr. Wood's nomination as Controller of Inland Revenue, 5 December 1892:

On Mr. Wood's death, 14 March 1899:

On Mr. Derbyshire's resignation, 30 August 1907:

title: Brockville (federal electoral district)


text:
Bruce North (federal electoral district)

Bruce North was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada. It was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935 and was created by the British North America Act of 1867, which divided the county of Bruce into two ridings: Bruce North and Bruce South.

Geography
The North Riding of Bruce consisted initially of the Townships of Bury, Lindsay, Eastnor, Albemarle, Amabel, Arran, Bruce, Elderslie, and Saugeen, and the Village of Southampton.

In 1882, the riding was redefined to exclude the Townships of Bury, Bruce, and Saugeen, and include the township of St. Edmunds and the villages of Wiarton, Chesley, Tara, Paisley and Port Elgin. In 1892, it was redefined to include the Saugeen and Cape Croker Indian reserves.

In 1903, it was redefined as consisting of the townships of Albemarle, Amabel, Arran, Bruce, Eastnor, Kincardine, Lindsay, Saugeen and St. Edmunds, the towns of Kincardine and Wiarton, and the villages of Port Elgin, Southampton, Tara and Tiverton.

In 1924, it was redefined as consisting of the part of the county of Bruce lying north of and including the townships of Kincardine, Bruce, Saugeen and Arran.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was merged into Bruce riding.

Election results
On Mr. McNeill's election being declared void, 2 December 1900:

 * }

On Mr. Bland's death, 19 August 1906:

 * }

On acceptance by James Malcolm of an office of emolument under the Crown, 22 October 1926:

 * }


text:
Bruce South (federal electoral district)

Bruce South was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1882 and from 1903 to 1935.

The original district was created by the British North America Act of 1867. It consisted of the Townships of Kincardine (including the Village of Kincardine), Greenock Brant, Huron, Kinloss, Culross, and Carrick. It was abolished in 1882 when it was redistributed between Bruce East and Bruce West ridings.

It was recreated in 1903 from those two ridings. The second incarnation of the south riding consisted of the townships of Brant, Carrick, Culross, Elderslie, Greenock, Huron, and Kinloss, the town of Walkerton, and the villages of Chelsey, Lucknow, Paisley and Teeswater in the county of Bruce.

In 1924, it was redefined to consist of the part of the county of Bruce lying south of and including the townships of Huron, Kinloss, Greenock and Elderslie.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was merged into Bruce riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

1867-1882
On Mr. Blake's appointment as Minister without Portfolio, 7 November 1873:

 * }

By-Election:  On Mr. Blake's appointment as Minister of Justice, 19 May 1875:

 * }

1904-1935
Mr. J.J. Donnelly summoned to the Senate, 26 May 1913:

 * }


text:
Texas Road

The Texas Road, also known as the Shawnee Trail, or Shawnee-Arbuckle Trail, was a major trade and emigrant route to Texas across Indian Territory (later Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri). Established during the Mexican War by emigrants rushing to Texas, it remained an important route across Indian Territory until Oklahoma statehood. The Shawnee Trail was the earliest and easternmost route by which Texas Longhorn cattle were taken to the north. It played a significant role in the history of Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Kansas in the early and mid-1800s.

According to Gary and Margaret Kraisinger, "The Texas Road, an immigration route, followed an earlier Indian trail and had existed since the early Republic-of-Texas days when northern pioneers migrated to the Republic to take advantage of the generous Spanish land-grants....trail drivers followed the Texas Road north across the Indian Nations, paused at Baxter's Place located in southeast Kansas Territory on the military road between Fort Scott, Kansas Territory, and Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, and continued across Missouri to the river towns of St. Louis and Hannibal, Missouri. By the 1850s, this route became known as the 'Shawnee Trail' and it carried thousands of longhorns northward."

The Shawnee Trail route
"Of the principal routes by which Texas Longhorn cattle were taken afoot to railheads to the north, the earliest and easternmost was the Shawnee Trail. Used before and just after the Civil War, the Shawnee Trail gathered cattle from east and west of its main stem, which passed through Austin, Waco, and Dallas. It crossed the Red River at Rock Bluff, near Preston, and led north along the eastern edge of what became Oklahoma, a route later followed closely by the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. The drovers took over a trail long used by Indians in hunting and raiding and by southbound settlers from the Midwest; the latter called it the Texas Road. North of Fort Gibson, the cattle route split into terminal branches that ended in such Missouri points as St. Louis, Sedalia, Independence, Westport, and Kansas City, and in Baxter Springs and other towns in eastern Kansas. Early drovers referred to their route as the cattle trail, the Sedalia Trail, the Kansas Trail, or simply the trail. Why some began calling it the Shawnee Trail is uncertain, but the name may have been suggested by a Shawnee village on the Texas side of the Red River just below the trail crossing or by the Shawnee Hills, which the route skirted on the eastern side before crossing the Canadian River."

History of the Trail
From the mid 1940s, various feeder routes along the Texas coastal plains, Rio Grande and western ranges connected into a trunk line leading into Austin onwards to Waco, Dallas, and the Preston Trail. The Texas Road crossed the Five Civilized Tribes of eastern Oklahoma, avoiding the Plains Indians to the west. As homesteaders moved west, the fear of Longhorns carrying Texas fever resulted in the Missouri legislature banning Texas cattle in 1855, forcing drovers north along the Kansas-Missouri border to Fort Scott. The 1866 drive was symptomatic of the continued obstacles drovers faced, including bandits and outlaws. The result was only 45,000 Longhorns journeyed north in 1867, versus 260,000 in 1866.

However, by 1867, the Union Pacific Eastern Division Railroad had extended its line into Junction City, Kansas. Also in 1867, Kansas legislation revised its 1861 quarantine law excluding the area of the state west of the 6th Principal Meridian. This legislation allowed Texas cattle to be driven north into Kansas, and then shipped east by railroad.

The Kansas Live Stock Company proposed a route west of the Sixth Principal Meridian from the Red River to Fort Arbuckle, then northwards into Kanas, passing between Abilene and Junction City. Yet, it was the efforts of Joseph G. McCoy that led to the development of the subsequent Chisholm Trail and Abilene Trail.

title: Texas Road


text:
Carleton (Ontario federal electoral district)

Carleton is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1968 and since 2015. It was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1821 to 1840 and in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1841 until 1866. It has been represented by Pierre Poilievre, the current Leader of the Opposition, since its creation in 2015.

The original riding was created by the British North America Act of 1867. However, the riding had existed since 1821 in the Parliament of Upper Canada and the Parliament of the Province of Canada. It originally consisted of Carleton County. In 1966, it was redistributed into the new electoral districts of Grenville—Carleton, Lanark and Renfrew, Ottawa Centre, Ottawa West and Ottawa—Carleton.

This riding was re-created by the 2012 electoral redistribution from parts of Nepean—Carleton (59%), Carleton—Mississippi Mills (41%) and a small portion of Ottawa South. It was contested in the 2015 federal election.

Demographics

 * According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 68.6% English, 7.0% French, 3.8% Arabic, 2.1% Mandarin, 1.0% Spanish

Religions: 57.2% Christian (31.3% Catholic, 5.5% Anglican, 5.1% United Church, 2.0% Christian Orthodox, 1.3% Presbyterian, 1.0% Pentecostal, 11.0% Other), 8.1% Muslim, 2.0% Hindu, 1.0% Buddhist, 0.9% Sikh, 0.9% Other, 29.9% None

Median income: $58,400 (2020)

Average income: $72,300 (2020)

Riding history
The federal riding consisted initially of Carleton County. In 1882, it was redefined to consist of the townships of Nepean, North Gower, Marlboro, March, Torbolton and Goulbourn, and the village of Richmond. In 1903, it was redefined to consist of the county of Carleton, excluding the city of Ottawa and the townships of Gloucester and Osgoode.

In 1914, it was redefined to include parts of the city of Ottawa not included in either the electoral district of Ottawa or Rideau Ward of Ottawa.

In 1924, it was redefined as consisting of the county of Carleton, excluding the townships of Gloucester and Osgoode and that part of the city of Ottawa lying east of a line drawn from south to north along the Canadian Pacific Railway line, Somerset Street, Bayswater Avenue, Bayview Road, and Mason Street to the Ottawa River.

In 1933, it was redefined as consisting of the county of Carleton, excluding the township of Gloucester, the town of Eastview, the village of Rockcliffe Park and the part of the city of Ottawa lying east of Parkdale Avenue.

In 1947, it was redefined as consisting of the county of Carleton, excluding the township of Gloucester, the town of Eastview and the village of Rockcliffe Park, and including the parts of Victoria and Elmdale wards in the city of Ottawa west of Parkdale Avenue, the part of Dalhousie ward south of Carling Avenue, the part of Capital ward south of Carling Avenue and Linden Terrace, and the part of Riverdale ward south of Riverdale Avenue and west of Main Street.

In 1952, it was redefined as consisting of the county of Carleton (excluding the township of Gloucester, the town of Eastview and the village of Rockcliffe Park), and the part of the city of Ottawa west of a line drawn from north to south along Parkdale Avenue, east along Carling Avenue, north along O'Connor Street, east along Linden Terrace to the Rideau Canal, south along the canal, east along Echo Drive, northeast along Riverdale Avenue, south along Main Street, southwest along the Rideau River.

The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Grenville—Carleton, Lanark and Renfrew, Ottawa Centre, Ottawa West and Ottawa—Carleton ridings.

Riding Revival
The riding was recreated in 2015 by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. Initially, the riding was known as Rideau—Carleton. 40.58% of the riding came from the riding of Carleton—Mississippi Mills, 59.37% from Nepean—Carleton and 0.04% from Ottawa South. It came into effect upon the call of the next federal election in October 2015.

2022 Federal Redistribution
The 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution resulted in much of the riding's few urban polls being swapped for other rural areas within the City of Ottawa.

The area north of Hazeldean Road has been reassigned to the new Kanata riding.

The largely rural portions west of the 417 and north of Craig's Side Road / Murphy Side Road / Constance Lake Road / Berry Side Road has been reassigned from the old Kanata—Carleton riding to Carleton. This includes several rural commmunities: Fitzroy Harbour, Dunrobin, Kinburn and Constance Bay.

Another rural area (south of Bells Corners, west of the 416 and south of Barnsdale Road) was allocated to the riding from the Nepean riding.

In the east, parts of Orléans and Glengarry—Prescott—Russell south of Highway 417 and within the city of Ottawa, and that part of Ottawa South south of the 417 and Hunt Club Road and east of Hawthorne Road, were moved into the riding.

The Findlay Creek area was reallocated to Ottawa South.

Members of Parliament of Upper Canada

 * (returned two members from 1831 to 1840)

 * 1) William Morris (1821–1825)
 * 2) George Thew Burke (1825–1829)
 * 3) Thomas Mabon Radenhurst (1829–1831)
 * 4) Hamnett Kirkes Pinhey (1831) and John Bower Lewis (1831–1840)
 * 5) George Lyon (1831–1835)
 * 6) Edward Malloch (1835–1840)

Members of Parliament of the Province of Canada

 * 1) James Johnston, Reformer (1841–1846)
 * 2) George Lyon, Conservative (1846–1848)
 * 3) Edward Malloch (1848–1854)
 * 4) William F. Powell, Conservative (1854–1866)

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Carleton, 1867–1968

 * Result by municipality


text:
Fairytale (album)

Fairytale is the second album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was first released in the UK on 22 October 1965 through Pye Records (catalog number NPL 18128). The US version of Fairytale was released by Hickory Records (catalog number LPM 127 [monaural] / LPS 127 [stereo]) in November 1965 with a slightly different set of songs. Peter Eden, Geoff Stephens and Terry Kennedy produced the original album.

History
Fairytale finds Donovan evolving his styles further towards British folk, especially on songs such as "Summer Day Reflection Song" and "Jersey Thursday". "Sunny Goodge Street" foreshadows the jazzy feel and descriptions of life in urban London that Donovan would continue to explore over the next two years. Like his previous album What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid, Fairytale primarily features Donovan singing and playing mouth harp and acoustic guitar. Shawn Phillips is playing the extra twelve-string guitar.

For release in the US, Hickory Records added a cover of Buffy Sainte-Marie's "Universal Soldier" and removed a cover of Bert Jansch's "Oh Deed I Do". Donovan's recording of "Universal Soldier" was released in the US as a single the previous September, and was achieving some chart success.

The Canadian pressing, issued on the British Pye label, omitted "Belated Forgiveness Plea" but included "Oh Deed I Do" and "Universal Soldier".

Record World said that the single "Sunny Goodge Street "has an elusive beauty" and that "the poetic images all ring true and the melody is simple."

Reissues

 * In January 1969, Fairytale was reissued in an edited form (Marble Arch Records MAL 867) in the UK. "Colours" and "The Little Tin Soldier" were both removed from the album.
 * In February 1991, Castle Records reissued the UK version of Fairytale on compact disc (Castle CLACD226) in the UK.
 * In 1996, Sequel Records reissued the US version of Fairytale on compact disc (Sequel 1004-2). The CD features seven bonus tracks. The first bonus track is a cover of Bert Jansch's "Oh Deed I Do". On the original US version of Fairytale "Oh Deed I Do" was cut and a cover of Buffy Sainte-Marie's "Universal Soldier" was added. The next three songs ("Do You Hear Me Now", "The War Drags On" and "The Ballad of a Crystal Man") are from Donovan's 1965 EP Universal Soldier. "Turquoise" and "Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" were originally released as Donovan's third UK single on 30 October 1965. The last bonus track is the single version of "Colours".
 * On 19 February 2002, Sanctuary Records reissued the original UK version of Fairytale on compact disc. The CD features six bonus tracks. The first four bonus tracks were originally released 15 August 1965 in the UK on Donovan's Universal Soldier EP. That EP featured a different take of "The Ballad of a Crystal Man". The last two bonus tracks are both sides of Donovan's third single "Turquoise"/"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" released 30 October 1965 in the UK.
 * On 22 February 2005, Silverline Records reissued the original UK version of Fairytale on DualDisc. The DualDisc has an identical track listing to the 2002 Sanctuary Records reissue.

Cover versions

 * British vocalist and songwriter Marianne Faithfull was the first to cover the song "Sunny Goodge Street" on her 1966 album, North Country Maid.
 * American vocalist Judy Collins covered the song "Sunny Goodge Street" on her 1966 album, In My Life.
 * American musician Lindsey Buckingham covered the song "To Try For The Sun" on his 2006 album Under the Skin.
 * American jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi recorded a live version of "Sunny Goodge Street" in 1967 at the Old Town Theater in Los Gatos, California, later released on the album An Afternoon with the Vince Guaraldi Quartet (2011). (The song is mistitled "Autumn Leaves" on the release.)

Original album (UK)
Side 1
 * 1) "Colours" (Donovan Leitch) – 2:11
 * 2) "To Try for the Sun" (Leitch) – 3:36
 * 3) "Sunny Goodge Street" (Leitch) – 2:55
 * 4) "Oh Deed I Do" (Bert Jansch) – 2:00
 * 5) "Circus of Sour" (Paul Bernath) – 1:50
 * 6) "The Summer Day Reflection Song" (Leitch) – 2:11

Side 2
 * 1) "Candy Man" (Traditional; arranged by Leitch) – 3:25
 * 2) "Jersey Thursday" (Leitch) – 2:13
 * 3) "Belated Forgiveness Plea" (Leitch) – 2:54
 * 4) "The Ballad of a Crystal Man" (Leitch) – 3:50
 * 5) "The Little Tin Soldier" (Shawn Phillips) – 3:02
 * 6) "The Ballad of Geraldine" (Leitch) – 4:38

1965 Hickory Records version (US)
Side 1
 * 1) "Universal Soldier" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 2:16
 * 2) "To Try for the Sun" (Leitch) – 3:36
 * 3) "Sunny Goodge Street" (Leitch) – 2:55
 * 4) "Colours" (Leitch) – 2:44
 * 5) "Circus of Sour" (Bernath) – 1:50
 * 6) "Summer Day Reflection Song" (Leitch) – 2:11

Side 2
 * 1) "Candy Man" (traditional; arranged by Leitch) – 3:25
 * 2) "Jersey Thursday" (Leitch) – 2:13
 * 3) "Belated Forgiveness Plea" (Leitch) – 2:54
 * 4) "The Ballad of a Crystal Man" (Leitch) – 3:50
 * 5) "The Little Tin Soldier" (Phillips) – 3:02
 * 6) "The Ballad of Geraldine" (Leitch) – 4:38

1996 Sequel Records version (US)
Track listing as on the 1965 Hickory Records version plus the following bonus tracks:
 * 1) "Oh Deed I Do" (Jansch) – 2:08
 * 2) "Do You Hear Me Now" (Jansch) – 1:51
 * 3) "The War Drags On" (Mick Softley) – 3:44
 * 4) "The Ballad of a Crystal Man" (Leitch) – 3:18
 * 5) "Turquoise" (Leitch) – 3:34
 * 6) "Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" (Leitch) – 3:13
 * 7) "Colours" (Leitch) – 2:46

2002 Sanctuary Records/Castle Records version
Track listing as on the original UK version plus the following bonus tracks:
 * 1) "Universal Soldier" (Sainte-Marie) – 2:15
 * 2) "The Ballad of a Crystal Man" (Leitch) – 3:19
 * 3) "The War Drags On" (Softley) – 3:44
 * 4) "Do You Hear Me Now" (Jansch) – 1:50
 * 5) "Turquoise" (Leitch) – 3:31
 * 6) "Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" (Leitch) – 3:08

Personnel

 * Donovan – banjo, guitar, harmonica, vocals
 * Skip Alan (Alan Skipper) – drums
 * Brian Locking – bass guitar
 * Harold McNair – flute
 * Shawn Phillips – guitar, twelve-string guitar
 * Peter Eden – producer
 * Terry Kennedy – producer
 * Ren Grevatt – liner notes

title: Fairytale (album)


text:
Cornwall (federal electoral district)

Cornwall was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1882. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867. It consisted of the Town of Cornwall and the Township of Cornwall.

The electoral district was abolished in 1882 when it was merged into Cornwall and Stormont riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

 * Result by subdivision

On Mr. Macdonald being unseated on petition, 7 September 1874:

 * }

On Mr. Bergin being unseated on petition, 24 December 1879:

 * }

title: Cornwall (federal electoral district)


text: Category:279 BC deaths

title: Category:279 BC deaths


text:
Dundas (federal electoral district)

Dundas was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1925. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

It consisted initially of Dundas County. In 1914, it was expanded to include the townships of Finch and Osnabruck, and the village of Finch.

The electoral district was abolished in 1924 when it was merged into Grenville—Dundas riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Dundas (federal electoral district)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/RickK

=Closed=

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 * (RickK | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
''This is a summary written by users who dispute this sysop's conduct. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.''

RickK appears to deliberately ignore deletion (and undeletion) policy. He has speedied an article as a "recreation of previously-VFD'ed article", long after the VFD emerged with no consensus (and the article was no longer a recreation of the previously VFDed article (How to Heal Traumas). He then argued on the VFU debate that it was a recreation of the original article, rather than a reasonable cleanup. The article is now surviving VFD by far.

Now he did it again, this time for Falling Up (band). On VFU he simply states that "VfU is not to be used to try to get VfD votes redone." But the VFU is being used to undo the recent speedy, not the VFD, which was on a different article (and was speedily undeleted when the deleter, BanyanTree, realized he had deleted it in error).

RickK then proceeded to speedy the article yet again.

Given that RickK has continued to do this after being informed why it is against policy, it is likely that he will do it again. --SPUI (talk) 23:07, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Now RickK "refuses to participate" in this RFC. What exactly does this mean? ArbCom time? --SPUI (talk) 04:48, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Description
{Add summary here, but you must use the section below to certify or endorse it.

Powers misused

 * Deletion (Waking the Tiger and Falling Up (band)):
 * See below for votes that run counter to deletion policy.

Applicable policies

 * Deletion policy, Criteria for speedy deletion and Undeletion policy
 * RickK deleted Waking the Tiger, about a week after the VFD got its last comment (which itself was more than five days after it was opened). If RickK was to speedy it at the beginning, that would jive with policy. But by the time he speedied it, a reasonable number of changes and cleanup had been done, making the speedy deletion against policy. On the post-VFU VFD, no one votes to delete (this may not in itself mean anything, except that it means that the "average VFD voter" thought higher enough of this than the previous incarnation to change their vote).
 * shows all of RickK's comments on Waking the Tiger. His disregard for deletion policy continues, in arguing that it was a copy of the old content.
 * is his vote on the undeletion of Falling Up (band). He again either doesn't see or deliberately ignores the claim that the new page was different from the deleted page. If he has in fact checked and they are the same, he should say so rather than disregarding policy.
 * RickK then deleted it himself, when the admin that had originally speedied it realized his mistake.
 * his readdition of Falling Up (band) to VFU, after speedying it himself, as well as additional comments on the VFU.
 * Just remembered another example from a few months ago - California English. I may dig up the details.

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * Various comments on VFU for Waking the Tiger.
 * Commented on VFU for Falling Up (band); subsequent realization by the deleter that it was an accidental delete makes it clear that RickK did not attempt to compare the articles.
 * A request for a clarification of the vote on Falling Up RickK continued to edit after the comment was made, but did not respond.
 * And more comments on the VFU.

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * SPUI (talk) 22:00, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC) RickK is a master troll.
 * --Jondel 00:42, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this statement
(sign with ~ )
 * Death to deletionism. LevelCheck 00:34, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) (Moved from the above section by SPUI, as I have not seen any evidence of LevelCheck trying to resolve one of these or a related dispute with RickK.)
 * I find Levelcheck's reasoning rather spurious (not to mention factionalizing), and feel obliged to point out that there's currently a RFC against him because he's alleged to disrupt Wikipedia to make a WP:POINT. Radiant_* 08:09, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * RickK seems to ignore policy and act rashly and harshly far too often. Everyking 01:10, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep. ugen 64 04:59, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * RickK IMHO tends to powertrip. He needs to cool off his shooting iron and relax about fighting the inclusion of schools. Klonimus 01:11, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * (Note: I dislike SPUI) Nevertheless, RickK blocked me unfairly for "Breaking the 3rr" (see here: ), meanwhile I didn't break it; I merely said I didn't care about the 3rr in that case.--198 02:46, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Response
I refuse to dignify this nonsense with a response. RickK 04:05, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

All right, there are several people below who have requested that I make a response. Despite my known feelings about the entire comment/arbitration/mediation process, I will do so.

Waking the Tiger began life as How to heal traumas. The VfD vote for How to heal traumas was 10 votes for deletion and only two for keeping, but, before the article could be deleted, User:Jondel, in clear violation of policy, MOVEd the article to Waking the Tiger and stripped off the VfD header before an admin had a chance to follow up on the VfD process and delete the page. I deleted Waking the Tiger on the grounds that it was a violation of VfD and not even a recreation of a deleted article, but a continuation of the should-have-been-deleted article. It got listed on VfU, and although I still believe that Jondel was completely in the wrong for what he did, because VfU consensus was to undelete the article, I let it go.

Falling Up (band) was listed for deletion on April 3 by User:JamesBurns. There were three delete votes and zero keep votes. Note that I did not vote on the issue. Every one of the delete votes said that they were voting delete because the band is not notable. User:ABCD closed the VfD vote and deleted the article on April 6 April 9. The article's content, at the time of the deletion, was:

Falling Up is a christian rock band.

Members

* Tom * Jessy * Jeremy * Joe * Josh * Mike

Discography

* Crashings

links

* Official Website.

On April 21, User:Cookiemobsta recreated the article, with the content:

Falling Up is a Christian band consisting of Thomas Charles Cox (guitar), Joseph A. Kisselburgh (guitar), Mike, Josh Shroy (drums), Jessy Ribordy (vocals) and Jeremy Miller (bass guitar). They were named after the first song they wrote, which refers to how imperfect people are, but how sufficient the grace of God is to compensate for that imperfection. In harmony with their name, their music is heavy on themes about grace. They debuted in February 24, 2004 with an 11-song album titled "Crashings." Aaron Sprinkle (who also produced Kutless and Anberlin) produced this album, which combines rock, metal, strings and R+B. The music is similar to Kutless', and the members of the two bands were childhood friends in their hometown of Albany, Oregon. It was the members of Kutless who passed Falling Up's demo album on to BEC Recordings owner, Brandon Ebel which lead to Falling Up signing on to BEC alongside Kutless in the summer of 2003.

Discography

* Crashings (2004) o 1. Bittersweet o 2. Symmetry o 3. Broken Heart o 4. Escalates o 5. New Hope Generation o 6. The Gathering o 7. Jacksonfive o 8. Divinity o 9. Places o 10. Falling in Love o 11. Ambience o 12. Arafax Deep

External Links

* Official band site * Lyrics

User:JamesBurns put a speedy delete tag on the article as a recreation of the previously-deleted article ("Recreated article in violation of Wikipedia deletion policy"), and User:BanyanTree deleted it. Cookiemobsta immediately listed it on VfU. User:SPUI claimed that it was not a recreation, and a new VfD needs to be created for it because it is a new article. I objected on the grounds that it was a recreation, and VfU is not the place to bring requests for new VfD votes on articles which have been deleted following the VfD process. SPUI again claimed that the articles were different, and, on the same day, BanyanTree undeleted the article and deleted the VfU listing. I objected, since the proper 5 day VfU period had not passed, and I re-deleted the article, and restored the VfU listing. I am not trying to hide anything about the deletion, I merely wanted proper procedure to be followed, which was not done in this case.

Please note that in the meantime, JamesBurns re-listed Falling Up (band) for VfD as still not notable, and has voted keep deleted on the VfU, as the article is still about the same non-notable band.

RickK 22:59, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC

Note:User:Dante Aligheri undeleted the thing again today, and I have once again deleted it until such time as the VfU process has run its course. If at the end of the VfU process, the vote is to undelete, I will step aside, but not until then. What if I decided to just start deleting things on VfD before the vote time had expired? There would be mobs with pitchforks demanding my head. Well, let's follow proper procedure everywhere, all right? RickK 23:44, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

Other people's comments are inappropriate here. This is my response. You should make your own sections. RickK 06:12, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

{Add summary here, but you must use the endorsement section below to sign.}

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1)    [ +t, +c ] 23:15, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm all for following the proper procedure Rick. It was my attempt to correct your error in procedure that necessitated my undeleting the article. It is your repeatedly inappropriate deletions that are the problem. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 00:04, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, that is completely not a recreation. Thanks for pasting it here for all to see. --SPUI (talk) 23:14, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Additionally the statement Every one of the delete votes said that they were voting delete because the band is not notable. is not true. The votes stated that the article didn't establish notability.  Just to be sure, I checked with Radiant and he stated that's exactly what he meant (his response was posted on the VFU page).  CryptoDerk 23:18, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * There's no way that's the same content. The deletion policy specifically allows for cases of re-creation, suggesting that repeated re-creation makes something of a case for keeping an article, so there is obviously no prohibition on re-creating an article as such.Grace Note 03:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Amen. A re-creation shouldn't be interpreted as  trying to make an end run around the VfD process by changing the name(RickK's responce from Vfd of WTT). There IS no policy specifically prohibiting recreations. It really should be no big deal. You can't stop ideas( of articles) from reincarnating. --Jondel 03:38, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There most assuredly is. See Criteria for speedy deletion, General criterion 4: Reposted content that was deleted according to Wikipedia deletion policy..  RickK 19:12, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Outside view
''This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.''

Wikipedia would more or less stop running without RickK.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Snowspinner 04:18, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) "or less", but I don't want to make another outside view. RickK's crazy, but in a good way. AngryParsley 05:15, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) I'm signing here to register my protest against the "death to deletionism" comment. RfC should not be a place for petty wiki-politicking. Mackensen (talk) 05:19, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Rick and myself have had differences in the past but at all times he has remained civil and courteous to me. He is probably one of the best editors on Wikipedia. Megan1967 07:35, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Note: I agree with both this and #3 below. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 10:49, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Wikipedia is not a dumpster. Viajero 11:21, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) I've seen him get perhaps a little overzealous sometimes, but that's because, for the whole time I've been a part of Wikipedia, I've known him to be thoroughly dedicated to standards and principles that make Wikipedia stronger.  He cares about it.  And like me, he probably spends far too much time on here.  Postdlf 23:16, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:18, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) To rehash a classic phrase that used to be on WP:WIN, Wikipedia is not a theater of war.   [ +t, +c ] 23:35, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) SlimVirgin (talk)  00:09, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Calton | Talk 00:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC) Technically, this place would muddle through somehow, but I support the sentiment nonetheless.
 * 12) Wikipedia would still go on, of course, but it's a much better place with RickK. Deathphoenix 02:54, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Granted I think RickK is way too deletionist, but I think WP is better for having him around. Klonimus 05:11, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Jayjg (talk)  06:24, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC). Or at least function far worse. Jayjg (talk)  06:24, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Outside view #2
Since this is primarily a procedural hassle going on, I suggest that RickK back off and let some other admin deal with the issue. There are several things going on here. First of all, there's the sad fact that an article can be deleted via VfD with as few as 2 votes to kill and one to keep. The original editors, perhaps not having visited Wikipedia in the week after their article got zapped, return and discover it's missing, well, ok, they enter it again. Bang, it gets zapped. What the hell? Editor requests undeletion, person who did the second deletion says "OK!". Now RickK sees a breach in policy, and deletes it again, because it wasn't on VfU long enough. Cooler -- or at least other -- heads need to look into this.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 04:38, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) android↔talk 04:41, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC). (Can I endorse both outside views?)
 * 3) Sjakkalle 06:38, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) Endorsement stricken to endorse Outside view #4 instead. Sjakkalle 08:53, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Klonimus 05:13, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Outside view #3
This is a tempest in a teapot. In the case of Waking the Tiger, the content from the deleted article at the old name and the article at the current name  are very similar, and included much of the same material. I can't blame RickK for regarding the one as the recreation of the other and frankly, I can see myself acting in much the same manner. It is a bizarre state of affairs when content judged delete-worthy (to be deleted, NOT moved) can reside in much the same form at another article. This reflects the vagarities of the deletion process, I guess. In all, this isn't worth the attention it's getting, and I'd suggest both sides just cool off.

Outside comment: The article was a re-creation, if the edit summary is to be believed ("Removed redirect, added and copied contents from How to heal traumas"). --Calton | Talk 00:46, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Mackensen (talk) 05:07, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Antandrus 05:21, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC); tempted to endorse a couple of these outside views though.
 * 3) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:23, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) --nixie 05:26, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Radiant_* 08:11, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC). Also, this RFC does remind me a bit of pots and kettles, because the 'falling up' article was 'speedily undeleted' instead of listed on VfU for a couple weeks. 'Speedy' criteria are very strict, and for good reason.
 * 6) Note: I agree with both this and #1 above. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 10:51, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Quite. —Korath (Talk) 11:51, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) 99.8% of RickK's judgements are sound, VfU is there to deal with the rest, and the number of RickK goofs is so small that taking care of them is not much of a burden to the community. Dpbsmith (talk) 13:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) In essence, RickK is being accused of making a judgement call on an at best marginal issue that some agree with, and some don't. There will always be marginal calls to be made, and whoever makes them is always going to be unpopular with one group or another.  If the consequence of making such a call is (as it too often is) a chorus of shrill bleating, people will stop making judgements all together. Secondly, RickK is accused of holding opinions others do not share, about what should or should not be included in wikipedia. Well boo hoo.  This petty little RFC is beneath contempt. -- John Fader (talk | contribs) 10:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree completely with this. Excuse me while I go vandalise until I get banned. Thank you for showing me the light, Jesus. --SPUI (talk) 10:40, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) We are supposed to use our judgment. RickK did.  Further, when recreation requires a separate VfD, it's when the fundamental cause of the previous deletion has been addressed.  I.e. if Falling Up is deleted because it's trivia and non-encyclopedic (no allmusic listing, no major record label, no airplay, no artistic trailblazing, no novelty as the first of its kind), then the recreation would require a brand new VfD only if the new article establishes these things.  Otherwise, a dedicated editor can keep adding adjectives and forcing new VfD's until the cows come home or people fail to vote.  Furthermore, VfU is votes for UNdeletion.  I.e. folks have to vote to change the deleted status.  It is as wrong for one person to decide that the speedy deletion should not have gone forward as for one person to decide that it should.  Abuse of power is taking place by folks who decide to undelete the article without procedure because they believe that the deletion should not have happened.  That said, it would be well if other admins were doing the killing, if this much odor is going to result from RickK's doing it. Geogre 22:07, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Jayjg (talk)  06:26, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment:

Please notice that for example, 1), There are now really different, for instance there is no mention of 'Medusa ' in the Waking the Tiger'. Comparisons should be done at the conntents at the start of the deletion voting process and 2) there is no prohibition of recreating articles. There shouldn't be. You can't stop ideas from reincarnating in a different article.--Jondel 06:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Outside view #4
I think that RickK is generally a good administrator, but sometimes he is a bit quick on the trigger. I feel that he acted in good faith in this situation, and I would need more information (specifically, whether and to what extent the content created was identical to that deleted on the VFD) to judge whether the specific action taken was correct or not. One of the problems is that we do not have a specific definition of what constitutes "reposting of deleted content". In one case ("Falling Up (band)") the content was apparently substantially different than that originally deleted, and was re-deleted because RickK believed that the VFD vote was based on other factors. I'm not sure if this is a good idea. Do we want specific article titles to be forever taboo because they were deleted at one time? Also, I do not feel that RickK's statement ("I refuse to dignify this nonsense with a response") is particularly helpful to the process. Whether the originators of the RFC deserve a response, the rest of the community does. (RickK has indeed responded.) RickK is an administrator, and administrators need to be willing to explain their use of administrative powers. This is part of their responsibility to the Wikipedia community.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Firebug 06:44, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) I agree with Firebug, but I would have worded his statement stronger in one regard: this "refusal to participate" in an RFC is not admin-like behavior. If RickK cannot handle his temper in a minor matter like this, it reflects poorly on him. I also wish to emphasize Dpbsmith's point about tact, below--again, admins are supposed to set a standard of behavior, and being friendly and understanding is part of that. Meelar (talk) 08:16, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC) I'm glad RickK responded to this. As above, I don't feel that this is a major dispute--I just hope that RickK will be willing to respond in the future. And I want to thank him for the immense amount of work he does in maintainence--it's incredibly valuable. Meelar (talk) 23:38, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) I agree with those who say that this RfC is not needed. But I also agree with that "I refuse to dignify this nonsense with a response" was not needed. If something is nonsense, say why it's nonsense, just asserting it is a cop-out. Sjakkalle 08:56, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * RickK has responded, and done a reasonably good job of it. I think the best course is to let the VfU run its course and stop RfCing each other! Sjakkalle 06:15, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, until the next time RickK pulls his bullshit. Great idea. --SPUI (talk) 06:42, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I will not respond any further on this topic. The personal attacks have gone beyond appropriate.  SPUI has gone over the edge.  RickK 06:57, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * SPUI, might I suggest you pay a visit to Civility? — oo64eva (AJ) (U @ 07:09, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been there, but I've snapped. Too bad, since this was going so well. --SPUI (talk) 07:53, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I don't agree with this RfC. It's more or less a bitch session for people who don't like RickK, usually because of philosophical differences on Wikipedia policy. However, I also don't agree with his decision not to respond. If someone filed an RfC against me, I'd respond ASAP, unless I had good, solid evidence it was filed in bad faith. Why? Because that's what I'd expect if I were in a position where I'd have to file an RfC on someone.   [ +t, +c ] 11:08, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * RickK has now responded as requested. Thanks, RickK, that's all we were asking for.   [ +t, +c ] 23:19, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) (But I also agree with most of 3 above) Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:25, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) I admire RickK's tireless work but agree that an admin's actions should not be closed to scrutiny and that they should account for them more readily than an ordinary user. adamsan  18:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) Now that RickK has responded I look forward to seeing successful resolution of this matter. adamsan  18:02, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Agreed with most if not all of this analysis. --SPUI (talk) 21:20, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm confused. You agree to this view that I acted in good faith, and yet you're the one who brought the RfC?  RickK 23:07, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * A few points here:
 * I said "most if not all"; that's the one thing I'm not sure about.
 * "Good faith" actions can still be cause for an RFC if they disrupt Wikipedia. --SPUI (talk) 23:11, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I think this is largely right. I think the view that WP wouldn't work without Rick is ridiculous. It would work about as well or as badly as it already does. I think Rick generally acts in good faith, although he is not right anything like 99% of the time. He is wrong, in particular, when he is aggressive and hasty. I also think that rather than getting behind him when he is aggressive or hasty, and suggesting that others should clean up his mess, he should be counselled to be a tad more cautious in his approach. Having said that, I don't think this RfC is particularly constructive in doing that. Grace Note 23:18, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) I have no problem with RickK as an admin. I think this experience will make him an even better admin. Also remember that the more an admin deals with vfd/speedy/vfu, the more likely they are to come out with a few more bruises than admins who spend less time dealing with that. It’s not the most glamorous job an admin could spend time on and I’m grateful RickK takes the time to do it.— oo64eva (AJ) (U @  23:24, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

Outside view #5
RickK could be called a bulk admin, he makes a large number of judgement calls every day. I've heard people typify him as "having a ratio of 990:1000 good calls".

I haven't checked if he actually makes 1000 calls per day :-P, but I'll take peoples' word for it. ;)

Anyway, being human, he's bound make the occaisional dubious call.

Generally it might be wiser wrt folks like RickK to just fix his occaisional oopses, rather than complaining about them. If wikipedia can even revert actual vandalism within 5 minutes, then it can certainly fix the occaisional mistake by a busy admin! ;-)

If RickK sees folks tidying up the occaisional loose thread, then I'd suggest he should just leave them to it (insofar he hasn't been doing that already).

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Kim Bruning 13:24, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) My thoughts exactly. RickK takes on many admin tasks on Wikipedia, so although his mistakes may seem like more than others, his correct judgement calls far outweigh this. Deathphoenix 15:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Dpbsmith (talk) 15:12, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC). (Although I sometimes think a tiny bit of tact might not impair his efficiency).
 * 4) Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) RickK appears to have assumed that JamesBurns' characterization of the article as a recreation was accurate... and why would he not? --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:32, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Correct me if I'm wrong, but can't admins look into the history of a deleted page without an undelete? Deletion is such a powerful thing that verification should be done (as with checking history to make sure the current content wasn't the result of vandalism). --SPUI (talk) 23:35, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is true, it is possible to "double check", so to speak. However, given the volume of deletes that some admins do, it's really understandable that they will (on occasion) take someone else's word for it. I think your beef here is as much with James as with Rick. Now, it does seem that RickK, is asserting that he agrees with James, so this may all be a moot point. Note that I'm not positive that RickK didn't check the article before he deleted it, but my understanding based on the related posts is that he deleted it "blindly", taking James at his word... which, as I said, I support as a general procedure. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:41, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I agree with this as well. Instead of lamenting one or two bad calls (which, let's face it, we're all guilty of) we should praise the enormous number of good calls from RickK, every single day. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 23:39, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) silsor 06:08, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Bishonen | talk 16:18, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) People think RickK made a boo-boo, RickK disagrees. No big deal here—we could ask RickK to be more open to people even if he considers them to be wrong, but that would sort of defeat the purpose of having a RickK. Fix problem. Move along. JRM · Talk 01:25, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)
 * 5) It is indeed no big deal. I agree with JRM's statement and view 5. I think RickK is good admnistrator. I would like very much that RickK be more open and responsive with users, even if wrong(the users). Time to move a long. I'm one of the RFC initiators but signing here. I guess I just needed to blow some steam. I couldn't help but insist on putting Waking the Tiger on wikipedia because the book might even save lives, at least it is encyclopedic and noteworthy.--Jondel 01:52, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Wgfinley 02:56, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Radiant_* 08:34, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) "having a ratio of 990:1000 good calls" sounds like something I said to Sam Spade about my encounter with RickK concerning Jeff Gannon. I think RickK should READ people's comments on this page (not just this section) as most are dead on. I know he's capable of improving; I've seen him do it. 4.250.168.100 21:11, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Outside view #6
RickK has trolled me; I have lost. I will have a nice day.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) SPUI (talk) 02:38, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for comment/RickK


text:
Durham East (federal electoral district)

Durham East was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which divided the county of Durham into two ridings: Durham West and Durham East.

The East Riding of Durham was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into Durham riding.

Election results

 * }

 * }

 * }

 * }

 * }

On Mr. Williams' death, 4 July 1885:

 * }

 * }

 * Equal Rights
 * GRANDY, Samuel
 * align="right"| 1,685
 * }

 * }


text:
Durham West

Durham West was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which divided the county of Durham into two ridings: Durham West and Durham East.

The West Riding of Durham was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into Durham riding.

Election results

 * }

On Mr. Blake being elected for Durham West and for Bruce South and on his accepting the seat for Bruce South:

 * }

 * }

On Mr. Wood being appointed Chief Justice, Superior Court of Manitoba:

 * }

 * }

On Mr. Burk's resignation, 18 October 1879, to allow Edward Blake to stand in Durham West:

 * }

 * }

 * }

 * }

 * }

 * }

On election being declared void, 6 October 1901:

 * }

title: Durham West


text: User talk:12.222.114.182

title: User talk:12.222.114.182


text:
Niet

Niet is a punk rock and hardcore punk band from Ljubljana, Slovenia. They were one of the most iconic and influential music groups of the Slovenian punk movement and the punk rock in Yugoslavia in general. The band was active from 1983 to 1988, from 1993 to 1994 and 2008 to 2017 and is active again since December 2019.

Band members
First era (1983–1988)

 * Primož Habič - vocals (1983–1988)
 * Igor Dernovšek - guitar (1983–1988)
 * Aleš Češnovar - bass (1983–1988)
 * Tomaž Dimnik - drums (1983–1985)
 * Tanja Ukmar - female vocals (1984–1985)
 * Tomaž Bergant - drums (1985–1988)
 * Robert Likar - guitar (1985–1988)

Second era (1993–1994)

 * Igor Dernovšek - guitar, vocals (1993–1994)
 * Šani Kolbezen - guitar (1993–1994)
 * Tadej Vobovnik - bass (1993–1994)
 * Slavc Colnarič - drums (1993–1994)

The return (2008–2017)

 * Borut Marolt - vocals
 * Igor Dernovšek - guitar
 * Aleš Češnovar - bass (2008-2010)
 * Janez Brezigar - bass (2010-2017)
 * Robert Likar - guitar
 * Tomaž Bergant - drums

Discography

 * Srečna mladina (1984, FV založba)
 * Niet (1993, Kif Kif)
 * Live (1995, Vinilmanija)
 * Lep dan za smrt (1996, Vinilmanija)
 * Bil je maj (2008, Menart Records)
 * Izštekani na Valu 202 (2008, ZKP RTVS)
 * Trinajst (2010, ZKP RTVS)
 * Rokovnjači (2012, ZKP RTVS)

title: Niet