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Justin Credible

Peter Joseph "PJ" Polaco (born October 16, 1973) is a retired American professional wrestler, best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring name Justin Credible. He is also known for his earlier stint with the WWF under the ring name Aldo Montoya. Polaco is a one-time world champion, having won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship once.

His first major stint was in the WWF as Aldo Montoya, where he competed as a mid-carder between 1994 and 1997. He got his biggest exposure when he joined ECW in 1997 as Justin Credible and enjoyed a successful career. He began a two-month winning streak before feuding with the company's top wrestlers for the next two years. He formed Impact Players with Lance Storm in 1999 and the duo won the World Tag Team Championship twice in 2000.

Later that year, he won the World Heavyweight Championship at CyberSlam and held it for five months. He remained in the title contention until the company folded in 2001 and competed in the last match of ECW. He headlined the company's flagship event November to Remember twice. He then returned to WWF as a member of X-Factor and later The Alliance during the Invasion angle.

He later won the Hardcore Championship eight times before departing in 2003. He briefly returned to the renamed WWE in 2006 as part of the revived ECW brand.

Early career (1992–1994)
Polaco traveled to Alberta in 1992 to train at the Hart Brothers Training Camp, nominally run by Keith Hart. He was mainly trained by his future tag team partner, Lance Storm, and Chris Jericho, who both graduated the program the year before. After wrestling unpaid as P.J. Walker, and setting up the rings there for a time, he began working for New England–based wrestling promotions.

He also worked a few matches as an enhancement talent in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1994.

World Wrestling Federation (1993–1997)
Polaco began wrestling for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) as an enhancement talent. His first match was a loss to Lex Luger on the March 1, 1993, episode of Monday Night Raw. He continued to wrestle sporadically in WWF throughout 1993 and 1994. He even scored an upset victory against Irwin R. Schyster on the September 20, 1993, episode of Raw, after a distraction by Razor Ramon.

After spending nearly two years in the WWF as an enhancement talent, Polaco was hired by Pat Patterson to a full-time contract in late 1994. His Portuguese ancestry inspired the WWF to give him the soccer player character of Aldo Montoya. However the idea changed to the "Portuguese Man O' War" character since he didn't like soccer. He made his televised debut as a fan favorite on the November 14 episode of Monday Night Raw, where he picked up a victory over The Brooklyn Brawler. He was once offered to be a part of the Million Dollar Corporation by Ted DiBiase. He refused and told him to "shove his money in his ear". His mask drew criticism by fellow wrestlers, who called it a "jockstrap". Polaco befriended The Kliq, an influential group of upper card wrestlers, after Razor Ramon offered to mentor him. Polaco made his pay-per-view debut at the 1995 Royal Rumble as a participant in the Royal Rumble match. He lasted 13 minutes until he was eliminated by eventual winner Shawn Michaels. Montoya suffered his first televised loss against Mantaur on the January 29 episode of Action Zone. On the April 8 episode of Superstars, Polaco defeated the Intercontinental Champion Jeff Jarrett in a non-title match, which earned him a title shot against Jarrett for the Intercontinental Championship on the April 22 episode of Superstars, where Jarrett retained the title. Montoya appeared at the In Your House pay-per-view, where he attempted to prevent Jarrett and The Roadie from attacking Razor Ramon after a handicap match.

He made only one pay-per-view appearance in 1996 at the Royal Rumble, where he participated in the Royal Rumble match, where he lasted only two minutes until he was eliminated by Tatanka. His only highlight of the year was an upset victory against Jerry Lawler on the July 27 episode of Superstars, which he gained by pinning Lawler with Jake Roberts' DDT finishing move. He lost to Lawler in a rematch on the August 5 episode of Monday Night Raw. After the match, Lawler poured Jim Beam whiskey down his throat. Throughout this time, Montoya became more of a lower card wrestler and even asked for his release in 1997 when he was only being booked twice a month. The WWF initially declined and sent him to a developmental promotion in Memphis to hone his skills, where he remained for seven weeks. He was then released on the condition that he could not work for rival promotion World Championship Wrestling, which was then luring wrestlers away from the WWF with the promise of larger salaries. Polaco was instead sent to Extreme Championship Wrestling as part of a talent exchange between WWF and ECW.

Undefeated streak and various feuds (1997–1999)
Polaco joined ECW under the guidance of booker Paul Heyman, who promised to make him a star. He debuted in ECW as "PG-187" in a loss to Chris Candido on August 21, 1997. He later resumed his "PJ Walker" name. At As Good as It Gets, his character was repackaged as he shaved his head and switched to a grunge style of dress, and adopted a cocky, sneering, egomaniacal attitude. He was introduced by Jason Knight, who named him "Justin Credible" ("Just Incredible"). Credible defeated Jerry Lynn by debuting a new finisher called That's Incredible. He began an undefeated streak which included a notable win over The Great Sasuke on the October 24 episode of Hardcore TV. Credible suffered his first loss in ECW against Mikey Whipwreck in his pay-per-view debut at November to Remember. Credible continued his rivalry with Whipwreck, beating him in televised rematches on Hardcore TV, while losing again at Better Than Ever.

Credible quickly became a rising villain in the company and adopted Nicole Bass as his bodyguard. He began his next major feud with the company's veteran Tommy Dreamer in 1998. Credible defeated Dreamer in a first blood match at February's CyberSlam pay-per-view but lost to him in a match at Living Dangerously. Polaco was attacked by his returning nemesis Mikey Whipwreck after the match. The two resumed their rivalry as Credible defeated Whipwreck at Wrestlepalooza. During this time, Credible began a high-profile feud with Jerry Lynn as he lost to Lynn at It Ain't Seinfeld. Credible defeated Lynn in a two out of three falls match at A Matter of Respect and in a standard one-on-one match at the Heat Wave pay-per-view on August 2.

In the fall of 1998, Credible renewed his feud with Tommy Dreamer. He joined forces with Jack Victory and Rod Price against Dreamer and The Gangstanators (John Kronus and New Jack) in a Philly Street Fight at the UltraClash event, where his team lost. Polaco and Victory lost to Dreamer and Jake Roberts in a tag team match at the company's premier pay-per-view event November to Remember. However, he defeated Dreamer in the first-ever Stairway to Hell match at the Guilty as Charged pay-per-view on January 10, 1999, thanks to interference by Terry Funk.

Impact Players (1999–2000)
In the midst of his rivalry with Tommy Dreamer, Polaco aligned himself with his mentor Lance Storm after the duo lost a three-way dance against Dreamer at House Party. Storm and Credible continued to feud with Dreamer until the duo formed a tag team at Crossing the Line called The Impact Players. They proclaimed themselves to be "New Franchise" after Shane Douglas teased his retirement but Douglas instead chose Dreamer as his successor. Impact Players were defeated by Dreamer and Douglas at Living Dangerously on March 21. Credible lost a match to Douglas at CyberSlam. The feud with Dreamer and Douglas ended when Douglas left the company in mid-1999. Following Douglas' departure, Credible faced Sid Vicious in a match at May's Hardcore Heaven, which ended in a no contest.

Impact Players began dominating the roster in singles and tag team competition and quickly earned main event status by feuding with the company's top wrestlers. They defeated Jerry Lynn and Sabu at the Hostile City Showdown event in June while lost to Lynn and Rob Van Dam in the main event of Heat Wave pay-per-view on July 18. Polaco then embarked on a feud with Sabu, which culminated in a match between the two at September's Anarchy Rulz pay-per-view, which Polaco won. Impact Players' next feud was with The Sandman and the ECW World Tag Team Champions Tommy Dreamer and Raven. At November to Remember, Impact Players teamed with Rhino against Sandman, Raven and Dreamer in a losing effort.

Impact Players continued their rivalry with Raven and Dreamer as they began pursuing the ECW World Tag Team Championship. On the January 7, 2000, episode of ECW on TNN, Credible defeated Dreamer in the second Stairway to Hell match. Impact Players were booked to win the titles from Raven and Dreamer at Guilty as Charged on January 9, 2000. A month later, Impact Players dropped the titles to Dreamer and Masato Tanaka on the March 3 episode of ECW on TNN. Shortly after, Mike Awesome and Raven won the titles from Dreamer and Tanaka. At Living Dangerously, Impact Players defeated both teams in a three-way dance to regain the World Tag Team Championship.

World Heavyweight Champion (2000–2001)
Polaco received the biggest push of his career at the CyberSlam event on April 22, when he and Jason attacked rival Tommy Dreamer and Raven after Dreamer defeated Taz to win the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. He threw down his ECW World Tag Team Championship belt and challenged Dreamer to defend the title against him on the spot to which Dreamer agreed. Polaco defeated Dreamer to win the title after Dreamer's valet Francine turned on Dreamer. From this point, Francine became Credible's valet. Credible became a loyal ally of The Network and the top wrestler of the group. Upon winning the World Heavyweight Championship, Credible vacated his half of the World Tag Team Championship and berated his mentor and tag team partner Lance Storm, leading to a rivalry between the two. At the Hardcore Heaven pay-per-view, Credible was scheduled to defend the title against Dreamer and Storm in a three-way dance but he refused to defend the title against anyone except Storm and threatened to throw the World Heavyweight Championship. Credible defended the title against Storm in a singles match, during which he injured Storm's valet Dawn Marie with a That's Incredible. Credible retained the title and was assaulted by Dreamer after the match. Credible successfully defended the title against Dreamer in the third Stairway to Hell match between the duo at Heat Wave.

Credible represented The Network with Rhino in a tournament for the vacant World Tag Team Championship in September. They defeated The Sandman and Chilly Willy in the first round before losing to Dreamer and Jerry Lynn in the quarterfinals. Credible defended his World Heavyweight Championship against Network's Steve Corino on the September 15 ECW on TNN, during which Corino brought Dawn Marie as his valet, who had been injured by Credible at Hardcore Heaven. Credible managed to retain the title but it stirred up problems between Credible and Corino. Credible successfully defended the title against Corino and Jerry Lynn in an elimination match on the September 29 episode of ECW on TNN, before losing the title to Lynn at Anarchy Rulz on October 1 after being hit with his own move That's Incredible, ending his five-month reign at 162 days.

Credible competed against Lynn, Corino and The Sandman for the title in a Double Jeopardy match, the following month at November to Remember. Corino and Credible eliminated Sandman and Lynn respectively and then Corino defeated Credible to win the title. Credible faced Corino and Lynn in a three-way dance for the title at Massacre on 34th Street, where Corino retained the title. He received another opportunity for the title against Corino and Sandman in a Tables, Ladders, Chairs and Canes match at the company's final pay-per-view Guilty as Charged, where Sandman won the title. He competed against Sandman in the final match in the history of ECW on January 13, 2001, which he won but offered a rematch, which he lost to Sandman.

X-Factor and The Alliance (2001)
With ECW facing imminent bankruptcy and Paul Heyman becoming unable to pay the roster, Polaco returned to the WWF in February 2001, immediately forming an alliance with X-Pac and assisting him in his pursuit of the WWF Intercontinental Championship. The duo eventually formed a stable with Albert known as X-Factor. X-Pac and Polaco tried several times to win the WWF Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. The team split when Polaco aligned himself with Paul Heyman's band of ECW insurgents and helped form The Alliance with WCW. Polaco remained on the company's "B" shows, forming a team with Raven, until Team Alliance lost at Survivor Series.

Singles competition (2001–2003)
Polaco was fired along with the rest of the Alliance roster (in kayfabe) by Vince McMahon until Ric Flair was able to save his job and get him drafted over to the Raw brand.

On the Raw brand, Credible wrestled mostly on Sunday Night Heat and lost many singles matches he was in, but managed to become an eight-time Hardcore Champion. His last match on Raw was a squash match in which he was defeated by Batista. Polaco was released on January 20, 2003, with his final televised WWE appearance being a loss to Test on the December 8, 2002, episode of Heat.

Independent circuit (2003–2006)
Polaco wrestled for numerous independent promotions. He has appeared several times for Ring of Honor, where he was a member of The Carnage Crew, and for Xtreme Pro Wrestling, where he feuded with Shane Douglas. He appeared with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), forming a stable with several other ex-ECW wrestlers and reviving his feud with Jerry Lynn. He was also briefly a member of the Xtreme Horsemen in Major League Wrestling with C. W. Anderson, Steve Corino, and Simon Diamond, who were briefly managed by J. J. Dillon. In June 2005, Polaco appeared in all Hardcore Homecoming event. He was defeated by Jerry Lynn at June 10, by Sandman at September 15 and by Lynn again at September 18. He defeated Lynn at the final Hardcore Homecoming event in a Steel Cage match. Also, he interfered at ECW One Night Stand match between his mentor Lance Storm and Chris Jericho, attacking Jericho with a kendo stick.

On November 13, 2005, Polaco, wrestling as P.J. Polaco, was announced as the "mystery opponent" for Raven on the TNA pay-per view, Genesis. Polaco lost the match after Raven hit a DDT.

Credible signed a contract with the MTV "Wrestling Society X" stating that if MTV decided to turn the "one time special" into a full season, he would complete the season and would be un-able to compete anywhere else for that time period. He was released from his contract on June 5, 2006. Polaco was in the main event of the first Wrestling Society X Show, the WSX Rumble. He was the first person in the match and the last one eliminated.

Second return to WWE (2006)
Polaco was rehired by World Wrestling Entertainment in June 2006. He returned to WWE television at the June 7 WWE vs. ECW Head to Head event as a member of the ECW brand of WWE, taking part in a 20-man battle royal. He made several appearances on ECW on Sci Fi before being released from his WWE contract on September 28, 2006. During his brief WWE run he won two matches, both by disqualification. He also lost to CM Punk in Punk's ECW debut match.

Return to the independent circuit and retirement (2006–2015)
Polaco returned to the independent circuit in 2006 using the name "Justin Time". He wrestled for the Pro Wrestling Syndicate promotion, along with fellow original ECW wrestlers Sabu, Danny Doring and Julio Dinero, as well as making appearances for the Insane Clown Posse owned Juggalo Championship Wrestling. On March 29, 2009, he became the Big Time Wrestling Champion, defeating "Hurricane" John Walters with Ric Flair as special guest referee, but Credible was stripped of the title in August of the same year.

Justin is also the topic of an upcoming documentary The Price of Fame which also includes Ted DiBiase and Sean Waltman. He was inducted into the New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame on July 12, 2009. On August 8, 2010, Polaco returned to TNA to take part in the ECW-themed pay-per-view Hardcore Justice where he performed as P.J. Polaco due to the WWE owning the rights to the Justin Credible name; Polaco was defeated by Stevie Richards. Afterwards, he was assaulted by former rival The Sandman with a Singapore cane. On January 14, 2012, Credible returned to the former ECW Arena, when he was defeated by Sabu at an Evolve event in the venue's final professional wrestling match.

On April 28, 2012, Polaco was scheduled to wrestle on Shane Douglas' Extreme Reunion show, but was removed from the card, as well as the building after being found "slumped over, passed out asleep" in a chair. While he begged management to be let back on the show, they denied his request and kicked him out a second time. On August 8, 2012, Chikara announced that Polaco, returning to his Aldo Montoya character, would be making his debut for the promotion in the following month's 2012 King of Trios tournament, where he would team with the 1-2-3 Kid and Tatanka as "Team WWF". In their first round match on September 14, Team WWF was defeated by The Extreme Trio (Jerry Lynn, Tommy Dreamer and Too Cold Scorpio).

Polaco retired on November 20, 2015, after facing long-time rival Tommy Dreamer at a Pro Wrestling Syndicate event. Credible faced Matt Tremont in a winning effort at CZW show in August 2016. In March 2017, he returned to wrestling, and teamed with The Sandman & New Jack in a winning effort at ECPW show.

Personal life
Polaco is of Portuguese ancestry. His parents emigrated to the United States from Portugal three years before he was born. He speaks Portuguese fluently. Peter and his wife Jill Marie Polaco (née Jurecki) were married on June 4, 1997. They have three sons, Nicholas (born April 2000) and Christian, and, Jasper.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Big Time Wrestling (Northeast)
 * BTW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Extreme Championship Wrestling
 * ECW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * ECW World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Lance Storm
 * Fight The World Wrestling
 * FTW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Immortal Championship Wrestling
 * ICW Dippin Donuts 24/7 Championship (1 time)
 * Impact Championship Wrestling
 * ICW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Independent Wrestling Entertainment
 * IWE Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Intense Championship Wrestling
 * ICW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Insane Championship Wrestling
 * ICW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Intense Competition Wrestling Federation
 * ICWF Northeast Championship (1 time)
 * New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2009
 * New England Wrestling Association
 * NEWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Garfield Quinn
 * Powerhouse Wrestling
 * PHW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Premier Wrestling Federation
 * PWF Universal Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling
 * 3PW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him No. 6 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000
 * Renegade Wrestling Federation
 * RWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Texas Wrestling Academy
 * TWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Top Rope Promotions
 * TRP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Powerhouse Wrestling
 * PHW Heavyweight Champion (1 time)
 * Valour Pro Wrestling
 * VPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mr. Grim
 * World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWF/E Hardcore Championship (8 times)
 * World Wrestling Organization
 * WWO Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

title: Justin Credible


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Covermount

Covermount (sometimes written cover mount) is the name given to storage media (containing software and or audiovisual media) or other products (ranging from toys to flip-flops) packaged as part of a magazine or newspaper. The name comes from the method of packaging; the media or product is placed in a transparent plastic sleeve and mounted on the cover of the magazine with adhesive tape or glue.

History
Audio recordings were distributed in the UK by the use of covermounts in the 1960s by the fortnightly satirical magazine Private Eye though the term "covermount" was not in usage at that time. The Private Eye recordings were pressed onto 7" floppy vinyl (known as "flexi-discs" and "flimsies") and mounted on to the front of the magazine. The weekly pop music paper NME issued audio recordings of rock music on similar 7" flexi-discs as covermounts in the 1970s.

The covermount practice continued with computer magazines in the early era of home computers. In the United Kingdom computer hobbyist magazines began distributing tapes and later floppy disks with their publications. These disks included demo and shareware versions of games, applications, computer drivers, operating systems, computer wallpapers and other (usually free) content. One of the first covermount games to be added as a covermount was the 1984 The Thompson Twins Adventure.

Most magazines backed up by large publishers like Linux Format included a covermount CD or DVD with a Linux distribution and other open-source applications. The distribution of discs with source programs was also common in programming magazines: while the printed version had the code explained, the disk had the code ready to be compiled without forcing the reader to type the whole listing into the computer by hand.

In November 2015, The MagPi magazine brought the concept full circle and attached a free Raspberry Pi Zero on the cover, the first full computer to be included as a covermount on a magazine.

In other places, such as Finland, covermounts on computer magazines never caught on. Instead, popular Finnish magazines such as MikroBitti offered subscribers access to an exclusive BBS via modem, and later via the World Wide Web.

Adding audiovisual media as a covermount has started with music magazines adding covermounts in the form of sampler for promotional uses, using compact cassettes as a storage medium. The cassette was in the end replaced by the compact disc. Apart from magazines also newspapers have discovered the covermount and started to add compact discs to their publications.

Magazines are also including non-storage media like toys, games, stationery sets, make up, cross stitch kits and whatever the publisher believes will help the sales of their titles.

In the United Kingdom, many television-related "partware" magazines (magazines aimed at collectors which build up to a complete set over months or years) have been launched in recent years, with covermounts containing episodes of the subject show (such as Dad's Army, Stargate SG-1 or The Prisoner).

American musician Prince was known for offering studio albums free with various newspaper publications. His 2007 album Planet Earth was the first to be given this treatment, in the United Kingdom, in partnership with The Mail on Sunday. This caused Entertainment Retailers Association, a record company representative, to decry this practice as 'covermount culture'. His new album 20Ten was released in 2010, in Belgium, under the same circumstances, with the same happening for the album with other publications across Europe. Pop rock band McFly too released a covermount album, which was Radio:Active (their fourth studio album). Other artists known to release covermount albums are UB40, Peter Gabriel, Calvin Harris and Soulwax. In April 2007, EMI licensed the Mail on Sunday to cover-mount 2.25 million copies of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells shortly before the rights on it were due to revert to him, something about which the artist was not best pleased. The NME have also had a long history with covermount releases, from the influential cassette compilations C81 anD C86, mix albums like NME Dust Up, mixed by The Chemical Brothers, and Beat up the NME, mixed by Fatboy Slim, as well as albums in which you would have to send a token to the NME in exchange for the covermount release, including Capital Radio by The Clash and Ally Pally Paradiso by BAD II.

Demo covermount discs
The initial purpose of covermount discs was to distribute demo versions of video games. Initial magazines, like Amiga Format or ST Format had one or more floppy disks with demos of upcoming games, but the fragility of the media and the increasing size of demos made publishers turn to compact discs, which were cheaper to produce, more resistant to damage, and had over 300 times more capacity. CDs became the most common storage media, but in the past several years, demos have grown from mere 50MB files to 500MB or larger. This discourages magazines from distributing most of the larger demos, unless the magazine has an exclusive distribution agreement or the title is highly anticipated. While in 1997 a CD could carry over 15 demos, in 2005 the typical CD had 5 or fewer. This led some magazines to insert a second CD, or to use DVD media instead.

Covermounts came late to the world of video game console publications. Since nearly all 8-bit and 16-bit consoles were cartridge-based (with the exceptions of Sega's Mega-CD and NEC's PC Engine CD), covermount demos only began appearing in 1996, with the official Sega and PlayStation magazines.

Full product covermount discs
The trend of offering full versions appeared in the mid-80s, when magazines such as Your Sinclair and Amstrad Action put full versions of software, usually games on their covertapes. These games, provided by distributors from a list of games with lesser commercial value, are also often found in budget range labels, and can range from older but highly regarded titles to unknown titles with little shelf space. Some games or expansions were released exclusively on cover media, such as Moley Christmas in Your Sinclair, or the expansion Populous: The Final Frontier for Populous. As access to internet gaming websites such as GameSpot or IGN grew, so did the importance of having a strong covermount. Others, like PC Format used to distribute full versions of unknown commercial software, with a beginners' guide in the printed version.

Sensible Software made several games for distribution with Amiga Power, like Sensible Massacre (uses Sensible Soccer graphics, where the player throws grenades at Dutch players, following the loss of England against the Dutch in the USA'94 qualifiers) or Sensible Train Spotting (related to the hobby), the last game developed by the company for the Commodore Amiga.

Games redistributed by covermount occasionally have problems if the originals were fitted with copy protection measures. If a buyer tries to apply a patch or update, there is a high chance of the game not recognizing a covermount CD, as they are often reprints and lack the copy prevention sectors.

Software publishers, both then and now, are often against the overuse of putting software on the covers of magazines as they see it is deflating the value of software.

Price of covermount storage media
Although tagged as "free", covermount discs sometimes increase the price of a magazine. Magazines that carry discs can cost as much as double the price of other magazines without them, even if these magazines have more pages. The "free" label serves as a dissuading factor in retailers stripping discs and selling them separately. To prevent theft of the discs from the magazine covers, retailers sometimes remove the discs anyway, keeping them behind the counter to be given to a customer upon purchase of the magazine.

Problems with covermounted products
Software added as covermount to computer magazines may sometimes not be secure. A fast-spreading medium, computer magazines can output over 10,000 discs in a matter of days. In the days before internet connections were commonplace, one of the fastest methods by which a computer virus could spread was to be included inadvertently on a coverdisc. Although discs are thoroughly scanned and carefully assembled, there have been cases of discs being distributed with viruses, damaging the credibility and reputation of the magazine. In several instances where viruses were spread this way, publications expressed that while the contents of the media were scanned by anti-virus software, the virus wasn't detected as the virus was too new. In 1998, cover discs released by both PC PowerPlay and PC Gamer were infected with the Marburg virus,  which CNN Money stated caused the malware to become a "widespread threat". A MacAddict cover disc in 2002 contained the AutoStart worm.

In addendum to viruses, glitches may be present in cover media that have an adverse effect; In 2004, an issue of PlayStation Underground, a CD-ROM-based magazine, had a glitch where the user's memory card was wiped after executing a demo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Covermount


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Alexandra Maria Lara

Alexandra Maria Lara (née Plătăreanu; 12 November 1978) is a Romanian-German actress who has appeared in Downfall (2004), Control (2007), Youth Without Youth (2007), The Reader (2008), Rush (2013), and Geostorm (2017).

Early life
Born in Bucharest, Lara is the only child of Valentin Plătăreanu, an actor, and his wife, Doina. Her father was a successful actor and director in Romania, directing many plays such as Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare and Hernani by Victor Hugo.

In 1983, her family emigrated to West Germany from their home in Bucharest, Romania (then the Socialist Republic of Romania). Although the family had originally planned to emigrate to Canada, they settled in Freiburg im Breisgau, before eventually moving to West Berlin. She gained fluency in German during this time.

Career
By sixteen, she was playing lead roles in various television dramas; since then, she has appeared in films, including as Traudl Junge, Adolf Hitler's secretary, in the Academy Award-nominated 2004 film Downfall; following this, Francis Ford Coppola wrote her a letter and gave her a leading role in Youth Without Youth (2007).

In 2007, she also appeared as Belgian journalist Annik Honoré in the biopic film Control. In 2008, she served as a member of the Cannes Film Festival jury. She has also appeared in several French productions, including Napoléon and L'Affaire Farewell. She appeared in The Reader and Der Baader Meinhof Komplex which were both nominated for the 81st Academy Awards, for best picture and best foreign language film, respectively.

In 2018, Lara starred with her real life husband Sam Riley in Happy New Year, Colin Burstead by Ben Wheatley, playing his German girlfriend.

Alongside Florian Gallenberger, Lara has been serving as president of the Deutsche Filmakademie since 2022.

Personal life
In August 2009, Lara married English actor Sam Riley, with whom she acted in the films Control and Suite Française. In January 2014, she gave birth to their first child, a boy. They also played a couple on-screen in Ben Wheatley's drama Happy New Year, Colin Burstead.

Filmography

 * Stella Stellaris (1994, TV miniseries)
 * I Desire You (1995), as Mädchen am Bahnhof
 * Mensch, Pia! (1996, TV series, 10 episodes, breakthrough role), as Pia Mangold
 * Faust (TV series): Tote weinen nicht (1997, TV series episode), as Laura
 * Das Vorsprechen (1997, Short), as Junge Schauspielerin
 * Girl's Trap – Death Comes Online (1998, TV film), as Silke Hartmann
 * Tatort: Fürstenschüler (1998, TV series episode), as Kerstin
 * The Bubi Scholz Story (1998, TV film), as Renate - jung
 * Polizeiruf 110: Sumpf (1999, TV series episode), as Meike
 * Sperling (Sperling und der falsche Freund) (1999, TV series episode)
 * Our Island in the South Pacific (1999), as Sandra
 * Vertrauen ist alles (2000, TV film), as Jennifer Blankenburg
 * Lady Cop (ep. Die Geliebte des Killers) (2000, TV series episode), as Sabine Sasse
 * Just Messing About (2000), as Hanna
 * Crazy (2000), as Melanie
 * Force Majeure (2000, TV film), as Nicolette
 * The Tunnel (2001, TV film), as Charlotte 'Lotte' Lohmann
 * Honolulu (2001), as Cleonise
 * 99 Euro Films (2001) (segment "Privat")
 * Leo & Claire (2001), as Käthe Katzenberger
 * Liebe und Verrat (2002, TV film), as Marie Irimia
 * If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer (2002), as Astrid
 * Schleudertrauma (2002, TV film), as Doreen
 * Naked (2002), as Annette
 * Napoléon (2002, TV miniseries), as Comtesse Marie Walewska
 * Doctor Zhivago (2002, TV miniseries), as Tonya Gromyko Zhivago
 * Trenck (2002 film) (2002, TV film), as Princess Amélie (Anna Amalia)
 * The Wishing Tree (miniseries) (2004, TV miniseries), as Camilla Senger, geb. Hofmann
 * Leise Krieger (2004, Short), as Nora
 * Downfall (2004, directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel), as Traudl Junge
 * Cowgirl (2004), as Johanna 'Paula' Jakobi / Murderous Lady im Film Noir
 * About the Looking for and the Finding of Love (2005), as Venus Morgenstern
 * The Fisherman and His Wife (film) (2005), as Ida
 * Offset (2006), as Brindusa Herghelegiu
 * Where Is Fred? (2006), as Denise Poppnick
 * The Company (2007, TV miniseries), as Lili
 * Control (2007, directed by Anton Corbijn), as Annik Honore
 * I Really Hate My Job (2007), as Suzie
 * Youth Without Youth (2007, directed by Francis Ford Coppola), as Veronica / Laura / Rupini
 * Miracle at St. Anna (2008, directed by Spike Lee), as Axis Sally
 * The Baader Meinhof Complex (2008, directed by Uli Edel), as Petra Schelm
 * The Reader (2008, directed by Stephen Daldry), as Young Ilana Mather
 * Kaifeck Murder (2009), as Juliana Lukas
 * The City of Your Final Destination (2009, directed by James Ivory), as Deirdre Rothemund
 * Farewell (2009), as Jessica
 * City of Life (2009), as Natalia Moldovan
 * The Nazi Officer's Wife (2010)
 * A Distant Neighborhood (2010, directed by Sam Garbarski), as Anna Verniaz
 * Small World (2010), as Simone Senn
 * Woman in Love (film) (2011, directed by Detlev Buck), as Sarah
 * Lullaby Ride (2012), as Livia
 * Imagine (2012, directed by Andrzej Jakimowski), as Eva
 * ''Move On (2012), as Lena
 * Rush (2013, directed by Ron Howard), as Marlene Lauda
 * Suite Française (2015, directed by Saul Dibb), as Leah
 * The Most Beautiful Day (2016), as Mona
 * Robbi, Tobbi und das Fliewatüüt (2016), as Sharon Schalldämpfer
 * Sing (2016, directed by Garth Jennings), as Rosita (German dubbing, originally performed by Reese Witherspoon)
 * Vier gegen die Bank (2016, directed by Wolfgang Petersen), as Freddie
 * Geostorm (2017, directed by Dean Devlin), as Ute Fassbinder
 * 25 km/h (2018, directed by Marcus Goller), as Ingrid
 * Sealed Lips (2018 film) (2018), as Antonia Berger
 * Happy New Year, Colin Burstead (2018, directed by Ben Wheatley), as Hannah
 * The Collini Case (2019, directed by Marco Kreuzpaintner), as Johanna
 * Børning 3: Asphalt Burning (2020), as Robin
 * The King's Man (2021, directed by Matthew Vaughn), as Emily Oxford
 * The Sitting Duck (2022, directed by Jean-Paul Salomé), as Julie

title: Alexandra Maria Lara


text: User talk:81.198.151.43

title: User talk:81.198.151.43


text:
New California, Ohio

New California is a census-designated place in central Jerome Township, Union County, Ohio, United States. It is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 42 and Industrial Parkway, just south of 42's intersection with U.S. Route 33. The population was 2,225 at the 2020 census.

History
New California was platted in 1853. According to tradition, news of a man passing through the settlement to California caused the name to be selected. The New California Post office was established on January 7, 1850, but was discontinued on May 14, 1904. The mail service is now sent through the Plain City branch.

On September 19, 2009, a new Ohio historical marker was dedicated in New California. The marker symbolizes the fact that 367 men from Jerome Township joined the Union cause, giving it one of the highest per capita rates for service in the nation during the American Civil War, and also the fact that seventeen of those veterans are buried in the community's small cemetery.

title: New California, Ohio


text:
List of national parks of Hungary

Hungary has ten national parks which cover approximately 10 percent of the country's territory. The parks are managed by the National Parks of Hungary government agency (Hungarian: Nemzeti park igazgatóság).

{{legend|#CFECEC|World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

title: List of national parks of Hungary


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User talk:Homer J Brannigan

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 19:01, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
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Thunderbrand 18:31, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Homer J Brannigan


text:
Chocolat (2000 film)

Chocolat is a 2000 romance film, based on the 1999 novel Chocolat by the English author Joanne Harris, directed by Lasse Hallström. Adapted by screenwriter Robert Nelson Jacobs, Chocolat tells the story of Vianne Rocher, played by Juliette Binoche, who arrives in the fictional French village of Lansquenet-sous-Tannes at the beginning of Lent with her six-year-old daughter, Anouk. She opens a small chocolaterie. Soon, she and her chocolate influence the lives of the townspeople of this repressed French community in different and interesting ways.

The film began a limited release in the United States on December 22, 2000, and went on general release on January 19, 2001. Critics gave the drama positive reviews and a number of accolades, praising its acting performances, its screenplay, and Rachel Portman's score. It received five nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Binoche won the European Film Award for Best Actress for her performance, while Dench was awarded a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2001.

Chocolat earned Binoche and Dench several Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress nominations respectively at various award ceremonies including the Academy Awards, the British Academy Film Awards, the Golden Globe Awards and the Screen Actors Guild Awards, with Dench winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.

Plot
Vianne and her six-year-old daughter Anouk drift across Europe following the north wind, like Vianne's mother before her. In 1959 they arrive in a quiet French village, overseen by mayor the Comte de Reynaud, at the start of Lent. Vianne opens a chocolate shop; despite not fitting in well with the townspeople, she begins to make headway with some of the villagers, getting them to come to her shop. Reynaud, who will not admit his wife has left him, speaks out against Vianne for tempting the people during Lent.

Armande, Vianne's elderly landlady, is one of her first allies. Armande's daughter Caroline will not let her see her grandson Luc, as she is a "bad influence". Vianne arranges for him and his grandmother to meet in the chocolaterie, where they bond. After finding out about their secret meetings, Caroline reveals her mother is diabetic, but she continues to eat the chocolate when visiting the shop.

Vianne develops a friendship with Josephine, who is being physically abused by her husband Serge, the local café owner. Through their friendship, Josephine finds the courage to leave Serge after he beats her, moving in with Vianne and Anouk. As she works at the chocolate shop and learns the craft, her confidence slowly increases. Simultaneously, under Reynaud's instruction, Serge attempts to make amends for his abusiveness, eventually asking Josephine to come back to him, but she refuses. Later that night, a drunken Serge breaks into the shop, attacking both women, but Josephine knocks him out.

As the rivalry between Vianne and Reynaud intensifies, a band of river Romani camp near the village. Although most of the town objects to their presence, Vianne embraces them and a mutual attraction develops between her and the leader, Roux. They hold a birthday party for Armande with villagers on Roux's boat. When Caroline sees Luc dancing with his grandmother, she begins to accept that Armande's influence in her son's life may be positive. Luc takes Armande home after the party, while Josephine and Anouk fall asleep on a boat, which Serge sets fire to, while Roux and Vianne make love on a barge in the river. No one is hurt in the fire, but Vianne is shaken. Armande later dies in her home and is discovered by Luc. This devastates both Luc and his mother. Meanwhile Roux packs up and leaves with his group.

Reynaud initially believes the fire was divine intervention until Serge confesses to starting it, saying he thought it was what Reynaud wanted. Horrified, Reynaud orders him to leave the village and not to come back.

With the return of the north wind, Vianne decides she cannot win against Reynaud, and decides to move on. Anouk, now attached to the town, refuses to go, and during a scuffle, the urn containing Vianne's mother's ashes breaks, scattering them over the floor. While recovering the ashes, Vianne sees a group of her friends who have come to help out in her shop, and understands the positive influence she has had on their lives. She decides to stay.

Despite shifting sentiment in the town, Reynaud remains staunch in his abstinence from chocolate. On the Saturday evening before Easter, Reynaud sees Caroline, to whom he is attracted, leaving the chocolaterie and is devastated. He breaks into the shop that night, smashing the special window display for the Easter festival. After a morsel of chocolate falls on his lip, he devours much of the chocolate in the window before collapsing in tears and falling asleep. The next morning, Vianne wakes him and gives him a drink to help him recover. Reynaud apologizes for his behavior. Père Henri, the town's young priest, gives a sermon emphasizing the importance of humanity over divinity.

The narrator, a grown-up Anouk, reveals that the sermon and festival are a success. Reynaud and Caroline start a relationship half a year later. Josephine takes over Serge's café, renaming it Café Armande. The north wind returns, but this time Vianne throws her mother's ashes out into the wind. Anouk concludes the story: Roux returns in the summer to be with Vianne and Anouk.

Cast

 * Juliette Binoche as Vianne Rocher
 * Victoire Thivisol as Anouk Rocher, Vianne's daughter (voiced by Sally Taylor-Isherwood because Victoire's French accent made her difficult to understand)
 * Judi Dench as Armande Voizin, Caroline's mother
 * Alfred Molina as Comte de Reynaud, the mayor
 * Lena Olin as Joséphine Muscat, Serge's abused wife
 * Johnny Depp as Roux, a self-described "river-rat" and Vianne's lover
 * Hugh O'Conor as Père Henri, village priest
 * Carrie-Anne Moss as Caroline Clairmont, Armande's daughter
 * Aurélien Parent-Koenig as Luc Clairmont, Caroline's son
 * Peter Stormare as Serge Muscat, café owner
 * Hélène Cardona as Françoise "Fuffi" Drou, beauty shop proprietor
 * Antonio Gil as Jean-Marc Drou
 * Elisabeth Commelin as Yvette Marceau, woman who buys chocolates as an aphrodisiac
 * Ron Cook as Alphonse Marceau, Yvette's husband
 * Leslie Caron as Madame Audel, village widow whose husband died in World War I
 * John Wood as Guillaume Blérot, who carries a long-time yearning for Madame Audel
 * Michèle Gleizer as Madame Rivet, village woman who works for the Comte
 * Dominique MacAvoy as Madame Pouget, village woman
 * Arnaud Adam as Georges Rocher, Vianne's father
 * Christianne Oliveira as Chitza Rocher, Vianne's mother
 * Tatyana Yassukovich, the narrator

Filming

Filming took place between May and August 2000 in the medieval village of Flavigny-sur-Ozerain in the region of Burgundy and on the Rue De L'ancienne Poste in Beynac-et-Cazenac in Dordogne. The river scenes were filmed at Fonthill Lake at Fonthill Bishop in Wiltshire and interior scenes at Shepperton Studios, England.

The film is dedicated to the memory of renowned cameraman Mike Roberts, who died in his sleep of natural causes during filming in England.

Music
Music written by Rachel Portman, except where noted. Additionally: Erik Satie’s Gnossienne is heard in the scene where Viane tells the story of her parents’ meeting.
 * 1) "Minor Swing" (Django Reinhardt/Stéphane Grappelli) – 2:13
 * 2) "Main Titles" – 3:07
 * 3) "The Story of Grandmere" – 4:08
 * 4) "Vianne Sets Up Shop" – 1:57
 * 5) "Three Women" – 1:01
 * 6) "Vianne Confronts the Comte" – 1:21
 * 7) "Other Possibilities" – 1:34
 * 8) "Guillaume's Confession" – 1:29
 * 9) "Passage of Time" – 2:32
 * 10) "Boycott Immorality" – 4:38
 * 11) "Party Preparations" – 1:28
 * 12) "Chocolate Sauce" – 0:48
 * 13) "Fire" – 2:37
 * 14) "Vianne Gazes at the River" – 1:06
 * 15) "Mayan Bowl Breaks" – 2:14
 * 16) "Taste of Chocolate" – 3:08
 * 17) "Ashes to the Wind / Roux Returns" – 2:18
 * 18) "Caravan" (Duke Ellington/Juan Tizol)– 3:43

Box office
Chocolat grossed US$152,699,946 worldwide, on a production budget of US$25 million. It was not successful in France.

Critical reception
The film received a mixture of reviews from critics with some critics dismissive of the film's tone. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 63% of 119 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Chocolat is a charmingly light-hearted fable with a lovely performance by Binoche". On Metacritic, which uses a normalized rating system, the film holds a 64/100 rating, based on 31 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Chicago Tribune critic Michael Wilmington called Chocolat "a delightful confection, a cream-filled (and slightly nutty) bon-bon of a [...] tantalizing, delectable and randy movie of melting eroticism and toothsome humor." He felt that the film "is a feast of fine actors – and every one of them is a joy to watch." Similarly, Peter Travers from Rolling Stone declared the project "a sinfully scrumptious bonbon [...] Chocolat may be slight, but don't discount Hallstrom's artful finesse [...] Except for some indigestible whimsy Chocolat is yummy." Roger Ebert, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film three out of four stars. He found the film was "charming and whimsical, and Binoche reigns as a serene and wise goddess."

In his review for Variety, Lael Loewenstein found that "Hallstrom couldn't have asked for a better cast to embody those themes; likewise, his production team has done an exquisite job of giving life to Robert Nelson Jacobs’ taut script. Chocolat [...] is a richly textured comic fable that blends Old World wisdom with a winking, timely commentary on the assumed moral superiority of the political right." Mick LaSalle of the Los Angeles Times remarked that the film was "as delectable as its title, but for all its sensuality it is ultimately concerned with the spirit." He noted that Chocolat "is a work of artistry and craftsmanship at the highest level, sophisticated in its conception and execution, yet possessed of wide appeal." The New York Times critic Elvis Mitchell found the film "extraordinarily well cast" and wrote: "This crowd-pleaser is the feature-film version of milk chocolate: an art house movie for people who don't like art house movies."

Lisa Schwarzbaum, writing for Entertainment Weekly, graded the film with a 'B−' rating, summarizing it "as agreeably sweet as advertised, with a particularly yummy performance by Juliette Binoche," while Jay Carr from The Boston Globe found that the film "may not be deep, but it certainly is lip-smacking." Mike Clark of USA Today was more cutting in his review, saying that there are "never enough goodies to keep the two-hour running time from seeming like three." In another negative review, Dennis Lim from The Village Voice criticized the film for its "condescending, self-congratulatory attack on provincial sanctimony." He called Chocolat an "airy, pseudo-folkloric gibberish at best."

Following the criticisms, Harvey Weinstein challenged the USA Today critic, Andy Seiler, to choose a venue where the film was showing to try to prove to him that audiences liked it even if not all critics did. After the screening in Washington D.C., Weinstein asked the audience for their feedback and no one said anything negative.

Television adaptation
A French-language adaptation for TV was reported to be in development between Miramax and Mediawan.

title: Chocolat (2000 film)


text:
Rougemont, Switzerland

Rougemont is a municipality in the Pays-d'Enhaut of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
Rougemont is first mentioned in 1115 as Rubeus Mons and Rogemot. The name of the village also appears in various forms in medieval chronicles: Rubeimontis, Rogemont, Rubeo monte, Rogo mons, and Rojomont. The name stems from the red rock outcroppings north of the village. The site was probably first settled by a religious order coming from Cluny in France, which had received the land in 1080 from the Count of Gruyère. In 1569, the priory was replaced by the château of Rougemont, which became the residence of the bailiffs of Bern, who succeeded the Count of Gruyère. The area became part of the canton of Vaud in 1798.

Diana, Princess of Wales lived for some time at the city, in the late 1970s while a student at the Institut Alpin Videmanette.

Geography
Rougemont has an area,, of 48.5 km2. Of this area, 23.19 km2 or 47.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 16.54 km2 or 34.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.31 km2 or 2.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.2 km2 or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes and 7.31 km2 or 15.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.0%. Out of the forested land, 28.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.0% is used for growing crops and 7.4% is pastures and 40.4% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 9.1% is unproductive vegetation and 5.9% is too rocky for vegetation.

The municipality was part of the Pays-d'Enhaut District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Rougemont became part of the new district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut.

Rougemont is located in the Pays d'Enhaut (high country) of the canton of Vaud, high in the Alps. The territory of the municipality is largely forested and mountainous. It is located next to the river going down the valley.

The municipality abuts the cantons of Bern and Fribourg. It is at the crossroads of the Bulle-Montbovon, and Aigle-Thun roads. To reach Aigle and the valley of the Rhone, the road crosses Col des Mosses. To reach Thun and the valley of the Aare, the road crosses Saanenmöser Pass.

Rougemont stretches along the banks of the Sarine. The following valleys are part of the municipality: Les Ciernes-Picats, La Manche, and Les Fenils. It consists of the villages of Rougemont and Flendruz and numerous hamlets including Le Vanel and Ciernes-Picat.

Demographics
Rougemont has a population of. , 25.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of -3.3%. It has changed at a rate of -0.2% due to migration and at a rate of -3% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (659 or 73.1%), with German being second most common (150 or 16.6%) and English being third (34 or 3.8%). There are 12 people who speak Italian.

The age distribution,, in Rougemont is; 76 children or 8.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 78 teenagers or 8.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 97 people or 10.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 110 people or 12.1% are between 30 and 39, 139 people or 15.3% are between 40 and 49, and 117 people or 12.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 137 people or 15.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 86 people or 9.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 59 people or 6.5% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 11 people or 1.2% who are 90 and older.

, there were 311 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 468 married individuals, 73 widows or widowers and 49 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 409 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 153 households that consist of only one person and 17 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 424 households that answered this question, 36.1% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 118 married couples without children, 102 married couples with children. There were 29 single parents with a child or children. There were 6 households that were made up of unrelated people and 15 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 281 single family homes (or 52.3% of the total) out of a total of 537 inhabited buildings. There were 159 multi-family buildings (29.6%), along with 69 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (12.8%) and 28 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.2%).

, a total of 393 apartments (39.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 547 apartments (55.0%) were seasonally occupied and 55 apartments (5.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 5.5 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.14%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Nicolas de Myre is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Both the village of Rougemont and the hamlet of Flendruz are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Architecture
The village is built essentially on a single east-west axis, with houses on both sides of the street facing south to catch the sun. There is room for flower and vegetable gardens. All the houses are typical chalets, which are very close to one another; sometimes their roofs touch. Some of the homes are over 300 years old.

The former priory chapel of Saint-Nicolas is now a Protestant church. The church is in the form of a cross and has retained some of its romanesque elements. It was remodeled between 1585 and 1587, when the choir was replaced with three semi-circular apses. The roof in the typical style of the Bernese Oberland dates from the 17th century.

Next to the church stands the château of Rougemont, which was built in 1572 and remodeled between 1756 and 1759. It has a tower and an inner court. The church, the château, and the remaining city wall are designated historic buildings.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 40.46% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (22.35%), the SP (13.04%) and the LPS Party (9.65%). In the federal election, a total of 186 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 31.2%.

Economy
Until the end of the 19th century, the area was essentially agricultural, with the dairy industry predominant. The arrival of hotels was greatly furthered by the first railway, the Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line, which reached Rougemont in 1905.

The situation of the municipality on the Golden Pass railway line between Château-d'Oex and Gstaad, both well-known ski resorts, helped to bring Rougemont out of its isolation and make it a tourist destination in its own right.

Most of the land of the municipality is in agriculture or forest, some 100 hectares being owned by the municipality.

, Rougemont had an unemployment rate of 2.7%. , there were 79 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 36 businesses involved in this sector. 70 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 18 businesses in this sector. 145 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 44 businesses in this sector. There were 425 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.6% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 243. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 59, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 66 of which 29 or (43.9%) were in manufacturing and 37 (56.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 118. In the tertiary sector; 40 or 33.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 10.2% were in the movement and storage of goods, 21 or 17.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 13 or 11.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 3 or 2.5% were in education and 2 or 1.7% were in health care.

, there were 78 workers who commuted into the municipality and 174 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 6.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 58.4% used a private car.

Local economy
The town is largely self-sufficient with a Proxy (grocery store), a bakery, a tourist information office and multiple other stores including restaurants and two antique stores.

Religion
From the, 148 or 16.4% were Roman Catholic, while 527 or 58.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 8 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.89% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 16 individuals (or about 1.78% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 11 (or about 1.22% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist. 132 (or about 14.65% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 61 individuals (or about 6.77% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Rougemont about 312 or (34.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 106 or (11.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 106 who completed tertiary schooling, 46.2% were Swiss men, 17.0% were Swiss women, 22.6% were non-Swiss men and 14.2% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 72 students in the Rougemont school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 817 children of which 456 children (55.8%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 35 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 32 students in those schools. There were also 5 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

Rougemont is home to 1 museum, the Musée des minéraux et fossiles de Rougemont. In 2009 it was visited by 226 visitors (the average in previous years was 581).

, there were 19 students in Rougemont who came from another municipality, while 70 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Rougemont, Switzerland


text: File:National High School Rodeo Association logo.png


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Fausto Bertinotti

Fausto Bertinotti (born 22 March 1940) is an Italian politician who led the Communist Refoundation Party (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista) from 1994 to 2006. On 29 April 2006, after the centre-left coalition's victory in the Italian general election, he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, a position he held until 2008.

Trade unionist
Bertinotti was born to Enrico Bertinotti, a railroad engineer, and Rosa Bertinotti.

After completing his education in Milan, he joined the CGIL (General Confederation of Italian Labour) in 1964, becoming secretary of the local organisation of the Federazione Italiana degli Operai Tessili (Italian Textile Workers Federation). Three years later, he became president of the labour chamber of Novara. From 1975 to 1985 he was regional secretary of the CGIL in Piedmont. In 1972 he joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI), and soon afterwards became the leader of the most left-wing tendency in the CGIL, called "Essere Sindacato" (to be a union), which harshly criticised the consensus politics of the majority.

In this role he took part in the great workers' struggles of the time, including that of the Fiat workers which ended with a 35-day occupation of the car manufacturer's factory. A committed and hardline trade unionist, Bertinotti affirmed the need for the working class to strike against the "injustices of the boss class", thereby attracting the anger of more moderate trade unionists. At that time he first disagreed with Sergio Cofferati, beginning a polemic which has continued, albeit in different forms, until the present.

In 1994, the year in which he was elected to the secretariat of the Rifondazione Comunista and to the Italian and European parliaments, Bertinotti resigned all his trade union positions. He remains interested in economics and workers' rights, and has been offered the position of Minister for Labour on several occasions by leaders of the Italian centre-left, but he has always declined it.

Political career
Bertinotti did not readily find a political party during the First Italian Republic which conformed to his principles. He was a member of the Italian Socialist Party and then the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity before joining the Italian Communist Party, in which he was a member of Pietro Ingrao's tendency.

Fausto Bertinotti was opposed to the dissolution of the PCI in 1991 and the creation by its reformist majority of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). Nevertheless, he did not immediately join the radical minority in the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (PRC). He finally broke with PDS leader Achille Occhetto in 1994 and became secretary of the PRC, replacing Sergio Garavini who had led the party since its foundation.

Bertinotti's accession to the leadership was organised by Armando Cossutta, who probably wished to increase his own prestige and power within the party. In time, however, Bertinotti succeeded in winning over the majority of the party base, aided in this by his charismatic oratory.

He was confirmed in the position of party secretary at the third, fourth, fifth and sixth congresses of Rifondazione. At the last, however, his final document received less support than usual, gaining only 52% of delegates' votes. This close result has led many political commentators to suggest that he may be replaced as secretary of Rifondazione Comunista by Nichi Vendola.

As an ally of the "progressives" alliance in the 1994 general election, he agreed the "withdrawal" pact with the Ulivo coalition: Rifondazione would refrain from running candidates in certain electoral districts and advise its voters to support the candidates of the centre-left. The centre-left would reciprocate in other constituencies.

Thanks to this tactic, the Ulivo coalition won the elections in 1996 and Prodi became prime minister. Bertinotti's relationship with the centre-left leader was not an easy one, and in 1998, when Prodi proposed a new budget, incorporating a vote of confidence in his government, Bertinotti and the Rifondazione voted against it, causing the fall of the government. Cossutta's faction refused to vote against the government and left the party. They subsequently established a new party, the Party of Italian Communists (Partito dei Comunisti Italiani, PdCI).

The PRC, weakened by this split, had a poor result in the 1999 European elections, but Bertinotti was nevertheless elected to the European Parliament.

Since 2001, Bertinotti has led the party to take more radical, mass-movement positions close to those of the growing alternative globalisation movement, a stance which is opposed by the party's Trotskyist factions.

From 2002 on, there has been some reconciliation between Rifondazione and the centre-left. The two tendencies have concluded alliances for both local and European elections in 2004 (in which latter the PRC gained 6.1% of the vote), as well as the regional elections of 2005, in which the centre-left coalition, rechristened L'Unione gained a clear victory. During the 6th national conference held in spring 2005, Bertinotti was the first promotor of a motion for the alliance with Romano Prodi. That decision broke with the traditional attitude of the Italian Communist party to be an opposition movement.

Bertinotti declared himself willing to see Prodi chosen without primary elections as the left's joint candidate for the post of prime minister, but when Prodi accepted that primary elections would be necessary, he proposed himself as a candidate. The elections were held on 16 October 2005 and apart from Bertinotti and Prodi, Antonio Di Pietro, Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio, Clemente Mastella, Ivan Scalfarotto and Simona Panzino were the candidates. Prodi won with an absolute majority, but Bertinotti ranked second with 16% of preferences.

Bertinotti was elected member of the European Parliament in 2004 on the Rifondazione Comunista list, in which he was candidate in all five electoral districts, receiving some 380,000 votes in all Italy. He served as member of the European Left group in the parliament, sitting on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. He was a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee.

After the general election held on 9 and 10 April 2006, which saw a narrow victory of The Union, Fausto Bertinotti was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, and thus left the party leadership, being replaced on 7 May by Franco Giordano. After losing his deputy seat in the 2008 general election he announced his intention of renouncing to any future leadership positions.

In December 2019 Bertinotti begun a collaboration with the Italian online journal Il Riformista. For the after the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Bertinotti suggested the Italian government to adopt a new Keynesianism against the economic recession and a higher level of public expenditure to reabsorb mass disoccupation after the private sectors' collective dismissals.

Miscellaneous
Bertinotti is an icon known to the Italian public for his "aristocratic" public image, mainly conveyed by his French R, his good manners and his elegant sweaters. His fascination with expensive cashmere is also part of his idiosyncrasy. This bourgeois look has often been seen as being in ironic contrast with his far left politics.

On 4 June 2023, he took part as a speaker in a cultural meeting organised by the Grand Orient of Italy at Villa Bertelli (in Forte dei Marmi). On this occasion he presented his book entitled La dissoluzione della democrazia.

Works
Bertinotti has written a number of political, ideological and trade-union related works:
 * La Camera dei lavori. Ediesse, Roma, 1987
 * La democrazia autoritaria. Datanews, Roma, 1991
 * Tutti i colori del rosso (edited by Lorenzo Scheggi Merlini). Sperling & Kupfer, Milan, 1995
 * Il nostro nuovo Comunismo (ripartendo da Marx) (edited by Carlo and Norberto Valentini). Carmenta, Milan, 1996
 * Le due sinistre (with Alfonso Gianni). Sperling & Kupfer, Milan, 1997
 *  Pensare il '68 per capire il presente. Con una riflessione sul movimento no global (with Alfonso Gianni). Ponte alle Grazie, Milan, 1998
 * Le idee che non muoiono (with Alfonso Gianni). Ponte alle Grazie, Milan, 2000
 * Per una pace infinita (with Alfonso Gianni). Ponte alle Grazie, Milan, 2002
 * Nonviolenza it:Nonviolenza. Le ragioni del pacifismo, (with Lidia Menapace e Marco Revelli). Fazi, Milan, 2004
 * Il ragazzo con la maglietta a strisce (with Wilma Labate). Aliberti, Milan, 2005

title: Fausto Bertinotti


text:
User talk:Thheizz

Please do not add commercial links (or links to your own private websites) to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. You are, however, encouraged to add content instead of links to the encyclopedia. See the welcome page to learn more. Thanks.

Pavel Vozenilek 19:04, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thheizz


text:
Crown Hill, Seattle

Crown Hill is a neighborhood in the city of Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington.

The neighborhood is bounded on the south by N.W. 85th Street, beyond which is Loyal Heights & Whittier Heights, followed by Ballard; on the east by 8th Avenue N.W., beyond which is Greenwood; on the north by NW 105th Street, beyond which are (from east to west) Broadview, Carkeek Park, and Blue Ridge, and on the west by 15th Avenue N.W., beyond which are (from east to west) Loyal Heights, Sunset Hill and Golden Gardens Park. It is part of the parcel of formerly unincorporated King County that was annexed by Seattle on January 4, 1954.

The Crown Hill Cemetery is located in the neighborhood.

title: Crown Hill, Seattle


text:
User:David Newton/SVG Graphics/White Ensign

This is the SVG for the Royal Navy's White Ensign.

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User talk:Morpheus2004

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Morpheus2004


text:
Talk:Rayleigh–Taylor instability

Old discussions
What the *** is tangential gravity??? 80.177.213.144 19:05, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Now slightly rewritten to remove the phrase Linuxlad 13:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tangential gravity —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ayeroxor (talk • contribs) 19:26, 23 April 2005

Fine, but not the preferred explanation for Labscale RT, I think —Preceding unsigned comment added by Linuxlad (talk • contribs) 19:46, 23 April 2005

Shouldn't "which acts to break a cylindrical jet into a stream of droplets having the same volume but lower surface area" actually read "which acts to break a cylindrical jet into a stream of droplets having the same volume but greater surface area"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.53.8.184 (talk • contribs) 13:06, 26 July 2006

No... the Rayleigh limit indicates that if a cylinderical jet (radius R) of liquid is subjected to spatially periodic vericose surface perturbation of wavelength L, the perturbation will grow and the jet will break up into drops, even if the perturbation is of infinitesimal amplitude, so long as the wavelength of the perturbation exceeds the circumference of the unperturbed cylinder (i.e., L>2*Pi*R). Its easy to show that the lateral surface area of a cylinder (i.e., excluding the area of the ends) of raduis R and length L is greater than the surface area of a sphere of equivalent volume as long as L > 4.5R. Clearly, then, the surface area of the drops formed from the Rayleigh instability is less than the surface area of the one wavelength segments of the cylinder from which the drops are formed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.46.120.153 (talk • contribs) 19:47, 13 January 2007

Nuclear Weapons R-T
The first place I ever heard of R-T instability (called just "Taylor Instability" at the time) was in the subject of nuclear weapons design. R-T occurs in the pit when the implosion shockwave crosses the border between two components, most notibily the uranium tamper and berylium reflector. Future re-writes of this article might reflect this. Reference:

Also: Who were Rayleigh and Taylor. Is that the same Ted Taylor, the nuclear weapons designer.

Lord Rayleigh aka J. W. Strutt, and (Sir) Geoffrey Ingram Taylor - Taylor worked for UK MoD for  a time and developed the 'shaped charge' where the metal cone flows like a fluid and forms an armour-piercing jet - he also worked on the Manhattan Project - HTH Linuxlad 08:50, 27 July 2006 (UTC).

Inaccuracy in reference
''Note that the RT instability is not to be confused with the Rayleigh instability (or Plateau-Rayleigh instability) of a liquid jet. This latter instability, sometime called the hosepipe (or firehose) instability, occurs due to surface tension, which acts to break a cylindrical jet into a stream of droplets having the same volume but lower surface area.'' This reference: Actual images and videos of RT fingers ends with "Manifestations of Rayleigh-Taylor instability," which actually illustrates Plateau-Rayleigh instability. Something's gotta give. -AndromedaRoach 03:19, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Rayleigh Theorem is incorrect
http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0610082 According to secion 5 of the reference, (see page 9), some "Rayleigh theorem" is incorrect. I don't know of this is the place for that, but there can't be too many Rayleigh's in the field of Fluid Dynamics, so they are probably talking about the same man, even if it isn't quite the same instability. Crysta1c1ear 03:28, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

This reference, categorically, does not refer to either the Rayleigh-Taylor instability or the Rayleigh instability —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.46.120.153  (talk • contribs) 19:02, 13 January 2007

First sentence has it backwards
It used to say "a dense, heavy fluid is being accelerated by light fluid" (which is correct), until an anonymous user changed it. It should say either the dense one is being accelerated by the light one, or the light one is being accelerated into the dense one. What we have now is totally backwards and doesn't describe any instability.

If you're confused, maybe it's because the gravitational field at the Earth's surface points down, which means that (by the E.P.) the Earth's surface is in a frame accelerating upwards. They go opposite ways. —Keenan Pepper 13:14, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * OK. I think the confusion with me stems from what is meant by acceleration. I am used to simple kitchen-sink fluid dynamics (i.e. Earth bound), so I interpreted acceleration as the gravitational pull by Earth, i.e. Earth's gravity, working on the fluids of different density. While you seem to refer to a frame of reference in which the gravitational pull is zero. What is missing in this first sentence is the frame of reference from which one handles this. I did this from a frame of reference in which the interface between the light and heavy fluids is stationary. And with body forces either due to gravity or fictitious ones caused by working in an accelerated frame of reference. Crowsnest (talk) 14:01, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * So, this is still totally backwards and wrong. What's up. —Keenan Pepper 15:30, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you have suggestions for an unambiguous statement? The dense oil on water is also a quite obscure example: for an RT instability the oil has to be denser than water. I will myself also try to find better formulations, and propose them here. -- Crowsnest (talk) 20:05, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I hope the edits I made to the lead section repair the factual correctness of the description of the RT instability. I decided to directly change the article itself, because, as pointed out by you, this was wrong. -- Crowsnest (talk) 09:11, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

In my opinion the lead is improving a lot. There remain two problems which I have with the first sentence:
 * "fingering" refers to a later stage of the instability, not to its onset. It is an effect of the instability, at "mid-life" (when also other instabilities may set in, e.g. Kelvin-Helmholz, see the numerical simulation in the article) . No remaining problems, as far as I am concerned, with the 1st sentence. -- Crowsnest (talk) 21:56, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * "...the light fluid is pushing the heavy fluid..." is for a specific frame of reference. In case of an Earth-bound situation, with a heavy fluid on top of a light fluid, one may as well argue that the heavy fluid -- by its weight due to gravity -- is pushing on the light fluid. -- Crowsnest (talk) 08:25, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * My apologies for digging up an old discussion. It seems to me that the sentence "...the light fluid is pushing the heavy fluid..." is still a problem. According to Newton's 3rd Law, the light fluid pushes on the heavy fluid, and the heavy fluid pushes on the light fluid. Therefore, the statement that "...the light fluid is pushing on the heavy fluid..." is incomplete. What do you think? David Boyd Hansen (talk) 22:05, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Another reference to this statement is added to the article lead. -- Crowsnest (talk) 18:18, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Bold "Rayleigh–Taylor fingers" (redirect) probably solves the matter. -- Crowsnest (talk) 10:32, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure it does. It's one of many fingering instabilities, of which salt fingering and viscous fingering are two examples that currently have WP articles. Calling it a fingering instability comes directly from the source where I pulled the definition. I put “fingering” back in the first sentence, but omitted the link for now since I doubt anyone is going to start the fingering instability article anytime soon. Michael Belisle (talk) 08:47, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
 * In my view, the fingering is a later stage in the development of the RT instability, and it would be more precise to say that the RT instability develops into a fingering instability. But I agree with you this phrasing is often used. -- Crowsnest (talk) 09:25, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
 * On Google Scholar, it does not seem to be common to call the RT instability a fingering instability:
 * "Rayleigh-Taylor instability" and "fingering instability" -- about 100 hits
 * "Rayleigh-Taylor fingers" -- also about 100 hits
 * "Rayleigh-Taylor instability" -- about 10,000 hits
 * So I think we should mention "fingering instability", but not in the first sentence. -- Crowsnest (talk) 10:15, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
 * If you say so. I'm not going to fight about it. Remember, of course, that any assertions need to be verifiable (and NPOV). Presently, the introduction has one citation. I assume the rest of the content has some backup, so the editors who wrote it should cite some more sources. Michael Belisle (talk) 03:29, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not going to fight about it either. I will look for additional references. Best regards, Crowsnest (talk) 09:25, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Laymans' terms
I studied physics as an undergraduate not too horribly long ago, and I can't make heads or tails of the third paragraph in the introduction to this page. It seems like we're jumping into some very technical stuff without providing some sort of introduction to it or even linking to the relevant pages. Cww (talk) 04:39, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Lava Lamp
Just an idea: It might be useful to include some mention of a lava lamp in this article, as a real-life example of an unstable fluid mechanical system. I'm not sure how appropriate an example it would be, though. Perhaps someone more expert in fluid mechanics would have a better opinion. CosineKitty (talk) 20:36, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Details of linear stability analysis are incorrect
The curl of an irrotational velocity field (i.e., $$\nabla\times\textbf{u}'=0$$), which is also solenoidal (i.e., $$\nabla\cdot\textbf{u}'=0$$) does not, in general, satisfy $$\nabla^2\psi=0$$, where $$\psi$$ is the stream function satisfying $$\textbf{u}'=\nabla \times\psi$$. In general, $$\nabla\times(\nabla \times\psi) =\nabla(\nabla\cdot\psi)-\nabla^2\psi$$. On the other hand, for an irrotational and solenoidal vector field, the velocity potential ($$\varphi$$) can be shown to satisfy Laplace's equation, $$\nabla^2\varphi=0$$. What other assumptions were made in the actual derivation such that $$\nabla^2\psi=0$$, assuming this is correct? – Roche398 (talk) 16:19, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Old post, but that use of the stream function $$\psi$$ is fine. Perhaps the only missing statement is that the flow is considered two-dimensional. Perhaps this is the additional assumption you were after. Otherwise, your objection seems to take $$\psi$$ as a vector field; it is in fact (canonically) a scalar field, so your use of the vector Laplacian, $$\nabla\times(\nabla \times\psi) =\nabla(\nabla\cdot\psi)-\nabla^2\psi$$, is not meaningful (i.e. on the RHS there both divergence and curl shows up, which is not meaningful if operating on a scalar field.) In truth there are formulations of it where it is a vector potential, but the end result comes to the same thing. The existence of a (scalar field) stream function satisfying $$\nabla^2\psi=0$$ follows at once from a two-dimensional irrotational and solenoidal velocity field: the (2d) solenoidal property allows that the scalar field exists (via continuity), and the irrotational property allows that same scalar field to satisfy Laplace's equation. Osmanthus22 (talk) 14:40, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

non-sequitur?
"This instability, sometimes called the hosepipe (or firehose) instability, occurs due to surface tension, which acts to break a cylindrical jet into a stream of droplets having the same volume but lower surface area." When an object is broken into multiple pieces, they usually have greater surface area than the original object. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 23:18, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Rayleigh–Taylor instability


text:
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title: User:Oo64eva/Template:removal


text: Category:91 BC deaths

title: Category:91 BC deaths


text: Category:Sport in Worcestershire

title: Category:Sport in Worcestershire


text:
National High School Rodeo Association

The National High School Rodeo Association (NHSRA), based in Denver, Colorado, was incorporated in 1961 to promote interest in rodeo sports among high school students, to provide training, and to establish venues for their performances.

It began in 1947 as a single organization in Texas (National Championship High School Rodeo Association), and has grown to include local organizations in most U.S. states and in Canada, Mexico, Australia, and New Zealand. It has over 12,000 members and sanctions over 1,800 rodeos every year.

The NHSRA holds a finals rodeo every year, changing locations every two years, and awards championships in both girls and boys events. In addition to high school students, the NHSRA provides similar services for junior high school age students, but with some events unique to this division: boys chute dogging, boys breakaway roping and boys goat tying. The Junior division showcases the only event which must have one girl and one boy: dally ribbon roping.
 * Girls events: all-around cowgirl, barrel racing, breakaway roping, pole bending, goat tying, team roping, girls cutting horse, working cow horse, and rodeo queen.
 * Boys events: all-around cowboy, tie-down roping, steer wrestling, bareback riding, saddle bronc riding, bull riding, team roping, boys cutting horse, and working cow horse.
 * Coed events: team roping

Australia
Visit the Australian High School Rodeo website:

Australian High School Rodeo Association

Canada
Canada has five provincial NHSRA organizations. Alberta - British Columbia - Manitoba - Ontario - Saskatchewan

United States
The United States has forty-three state NHSRA organizations. Alabama - Alaska - Arizona - Arkansas - California - Colorado - Florida - Georgia - Hawaii - Idaho - Illinois - Indiana - Iowa - Kansas - Kentucky - Louisiana - Maryland - Michigan - Minnesota - Mississippi - Missouri - Montana - Nebraska - Nevada - New Jersey - New Mexico - New York- North Carolina - North Dakota - Ohio - Oklahoma - Oregon - Pennsylvania - South Carolina - South Dakota - Tennessee - Texas - Utah - Virginia - Washington - West Virginia - Wisconsin - Wyoming

title: National High School Rodeo Association