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Old American Company

The Old American Company was an American theatre company. It was the first fully professional theatre company to perform in North America. It also played a vital role in the theatre history of Jamaica. It was founded in 1752 and disbanded in 1805. It was known as the Hallam Company (1752–1758), the American Company (1758–1785) and the Old American Company (1785–1805). With a few temporary exceptions, the Company enjoyed a de facto monopoly of professional theatre in the United States until 1790.

Hallam Company
The company was organised by William Hallam, former proprietor of the New Wells Theatre in London, and was led by his brother Lewis Hallam. Their company consisted of 12 adults and three children, drawn from English actors of "modest accomplishment". They were also known as the "Comedy of Comedians from London."

They arrived by the vessel Charming Sally at Yorktown, Virginia, on 2 June 1752, and made their early performances in nearby Williamsburg. Their first performance, The Merchant of Venice, is generally considered to be the first professional staging of Shakespeare in America. In 1753, the Hallam company moved to New York City, and played there from September 17, 1753, to March 18, 1754. They played in Philadelphia for two months starting on April 15, 1754. The company then traveled to Charleston, South Carolina.

First Jamaica Tour
In 1755 the company moved to Jamaica in the West Indies. In Jamaica, the performed in the "New Theatre" in the King's Store on Harbour Street in Kingston with the company of David Douglass. On Lewis Hallam's death, David Douglass married his widow Sarah Hallam Douglass. The Hallam company merged with the company of David Douglass. In 1758, the company returned to tour the mainland, as the "American Company".

American Company
Lewis' son, Lewis Hallam Jr., eighteen at the time of the American Company's first tour, took leading roles alongside Douglass. Lewis Jr.'s style was described as declaratory rather than realistic, but he was much admired and became known as America's leading Shakespearean interpreter. Douglass had his limitations: one Alexander Graydon described him as "rather a decent than shining actor". However, he was a capable manager and he gave North America its first Falstaff and King John. Within the repertoire was Cymbeline, which proved a popular vehicle for two of the company's actresses, Margaret Cheer and Nancy Hallam. Douglass built the Society Hill Theatre in Philadelphia in 1759, having the company play there for six months before protests halted theatrical performances. He also built the Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia in 1766, which was the first permanent theatre structure in North America. On April 24, 1767, at the Southwark, the American Company staged The Prince of Parthia by Thomas Godfrey, the first production in the United States of a play written by an American. The John Street Theatre was built in New York in 1767, modeled after the Southwark.

In Quaker and Puritan areas, the company encountered religious opposition to theatre in general. At Rhode Island in 1761 they were obliged to perform Othello disguised as "a series of moral dialogues".

Second Jamaica Tour
In 1774, the Continental Congress banned theatre entirely, and the company resettled in Jamaica. By that time, Hugh F. Ranking calculates that the company had performed at least 180 times, their repertoire having included fourteen of Shakespeare's plays.

The Company achieved great success in Jamaica, as the island had a great interest for theatre but no professional theater had existed since they left sixteen years prior. Finding the old playhouse in Kingston not sufficient to their needs, the company successfully asked the authorities to construct the Kingston Theatre in Kingston, where they performed three or four times a week from 1775 onward: they also constructed theatres in Spanish Town and Montego Bay. David Douglass even served in the office of Master of the Revels, responsible of the representational festivities of the Governor, in 1779–80, and Lewis Hallam Jr. in 1781–1783.

Old American Company
After the peace of 1783, the company left Jamaica in July 1785 and returned to New York, with Lewis Hallam Jr. as the leading actor, and John Henry as his co-manager. The theatre ban was still in place, and until it was lifted, the company officially named its plays "recitals", operatic performances and similar euphemisms for theater plays. For part of 1786 the company was in residence at the newly built Richmond Theatre in Virginia, then known as Quesnay's Academy.

The Old American Company virtually had monopoly of theatre performances in the United States until 1790, when Thomas Wade West and John Bignall split from the Company and formed the Virginia Comedians, performing in Virginia and South Carolina, followed the next year by the foundation of the Philadelphia Company of Thomas Wignell and Owen Morris. After this, the Old American Company was essentially active in New York: first at the John Street Theatre, and from 1798 at the Park Theatre. In 1805, the Company went bankrupt.

Legacy
The Company enjoyed a de facto monopoly on professional theatrical performances in North America until the 1790s. In many places, they were the first professional company to perform theatre, and they founded playhouses for their use in many of the cities and towns they visited, often the very first playhouses in those places. They toured from Newport in Rhode Island to Williamsburg in Virginia, and between Annapolis, Philadelphia and New York. They founded a playhouse in New York in 1754, the 'New Theatre' playhouse in Charleston, South Carolina in 1754, the Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia in 1766, the John Street Theatre in New York in 1767, and the New Theatre in Annapolis in 1770.

Managers

 * 1752-1756: Lewis Hallam
 * 1756-1758: Sarah Hallam Douglass
 * 1758-1779: David Douglass
 * 1779-1796: Lewis Hallam Jr.
 * 1780-1794: John Henry, Co-manager
 * 1794-1799: John Hodgkinson, Co-manager
 * 1796-1805: William Dunlap

Hallam Company in 1752
In 1752, when the Hallam Company departed from London and arrived in Williamsburg in Virginia, the Company had twelve adult members: Lewis Hallam and his wife Sarah Hallam, William Rigby and his wife, Thomas Clarkson and his wife, Mary Palmer, John Singleton, Mr. Herbert, Mr. Winnell, William Adcock, and Patrick Malone.

American Company in 1766
In November 1766, when the Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia opened, the American Company had the following members: Sarah Hallam Douglass, her husband David Douglass, and her son Lewis Hallam Jr.; Margaret Cheer; Stephen Woolls; Adam Allyn; Miss Dowthwaite; James Godwin; Catharine Maria Harman; Mr. Mathews; Owen and Mary Morris; Anna Tomlinson and her husband; Sarah Wainwright; and Thomas Wall.

By October 1767, new members were John Henry, Ms. Storers (Ann, Maria and Fanny), Patrick Malone, and Mr. Roberts.

American Company in 1773
In 1773–74, when the American Company departed to Jamaica, the Company had the following members: David Douglass, Lewis Hallam Jr., Nancy Hallam, John Henry, Elizabeth Walker Morris, Mr. Byerley, Mr. Dermot, Richard Goodman, Catharine Maria Harman, Mr. Johnson, Owen Morris, Charles Parker, Mary Richardson, Mr. Roberts, Miss Storer (Ann, Maria or Fanny), Thomas Wall, Mrs. Wall, Stephen Woolls, George Hughues, and Sarah Wainwright.

The cast lists mention Thomas Wignell, Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Raynard, Mr. Sales, Mr. Mores, Mr. and Mrs. Godwin in the period of 1779-82.

Old American Company in 1788
In 1788, around the time when the theatre ban was lifted in the United States, the American Company had the following members: Lewis Hallam Jr., John Henry, Maria Henry, Stephen Woolls, Owen Morris, Elizabeth Walker Morris, Thomas Wignell, Charles Biddle, Mr. J. Kenna, Mrs. Kenna, Miss Kenna, Eliza Tuke, Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Williamsson, Joseph Harper, Mrs. Harper, and Fanny Storer.

Other members included John Martin (from 1790), referred to as the first American-born actor. In 1792, John Hodgkinson joined.

Old American Company in 1798
In 1798, when the American Company moved into Park Theatre in New York, the Company had the following members (listed in order of salary): Lewis Hallam Jr., Eliza Hallam, John Johnson, Mrs. Johnson, Georgina George Oldmixon, Thomas Apthorpe Cooper, Charlotte Melmoth, Joseph Tyler, Joseph Jefferson I, John Martin, Mirvan Hallam, Ann Storer Hogg, John Hogg, Juliana Westray, Ellen Westray, Mr. Lee, Mrs. Seymour, Mr. Seymour, John D. Miller, Miss. Hogg, and Mrs. Collins.

Old American Company in 1804
In 1804, the last season of the American Company, the Company had the following members: Lewis Hallam Jr., Eliza Hallam, John E. Harwood, John Johnson, Elizabeth Ford Johnson, Joseph Tyler, Ann Storer Hogg, John Hogg, John Martin, John Claude, Mrs. Claude, Joseph Harper, Mrs. Harper, John Darley, Ellen Darley, Mr. Darby, Charlotte Melmoth, Mirvan Hallam, Mr. Shapter, Mr. Robinson, and Mr. M'Donald.

title: Old American Company


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User talk:Mcsweet

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 13:47, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

cool, thanks; i'm still figuring out how this all works Mcsweet 13:54, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

stubs
Thanks for the stubsorting. Is there a master list of stubs somewhere I can look at? Kelly Martin 21:55, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Heya, welcome to wikipedia, and thanks for joining in on RC patrol. You can save typing by using instead of. --fvw *  02:48, 2005 Apr 28 (UTC)

Warning for April 2005 WP:BLP violation
The WP:BLP policy wasn't fleshed out at the time you created The Black Album (Prince album), but here's a bit of finger shaking for future reference:

Welcome to Wikipedia, and thank you for your contributions. However, please be aware of Wikipedia's policy that biographical information about living persons must not be libelous. Any controversial statements about a living person added to an article must include proper sources. —mjb (talk) 20:14, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mcsweet


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North University Park, Los Angeles

North University Park is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California. Located just north of the University of Southern California, North University Park contains two historic districts that are both on the National Register of Historic Places: The North University Park Historic District and the Menlo Avenue–West Twenty-ninth Street Historic District.

Geography
North University Park is bounded between Vermont Avenue on the West, Figueroa Street on the East, Adams Boulevard on the North and Jefferson Boulevard on the South.

The City of Los Angeles has installed North University Park neighborhood signs at the intersections of Adams Boulevard and Figueroa Street, Adams Boulevard and Vermont Avenue,  Jefferson Boulevard and Vermont Avenue, and Jefferson Boulevard and Figueroa Street.

History
Located just north of USC's campus, North University Park was agricultural land until the late nineteenth century. Today, the neighborhood features some of the richest collections of historic architecture in the city of Los Angeles, including Victorian and Craftsman homes dating back to the 1800s.

Historic Districts
There are two Historic Districts in North University Park.

The Menlo Avenue–West Twenty-ninth Street Historic District is bounded by West Adams Boulevard on the north, Ellendale on the east, West Thirtieth Street on the south, and Vermont Avenue to the west. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

The North University Park Historic District is bounded by West Adams Boulevard on the north, Magnolia Avenue on the west, Hoover Street on the east, and 28th Street on the south. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Historic-Cultural Monuments
(Listing of monuments not included in either the Menlo Avenue–West Twenty-ninth Street Historic District or the North University Park Historic District.)

 * Second Church of Christ, Scientist – 946 West Adams Boulevard. It was designated as Historic-Cultural Monument #57 on July 17, 1968. It was also added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 2, 1987.

North University Park Specific Plan
Within North University Park is the city designated "North University Park Specific Plan". The Specific Plan applies to the area between Vermont Avenue on the West, Hoover Street on the East, Adams Boulevard on the North and 30th Place on the South. The purpose of the Specific Plan is to regulate floor area ratios, the use of land and buildings, height and bulk of buildings, architectural and landscape treatment, signs, and vehicular and pedestrian circulation.

Notable People

 * Adlai Stevenson II – His birthplace home is located at 2639 Monmouth Avenue in the North University Park Historic District.

Media
Annalise Keating’s Victorian Home from the television show How to Get Away With Murder is located in North University Park at 1130 W. 27th Street (27th Street at Monmouth Ave).

title: North University Park, Los Angeles


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Root hair

Root hair, or absorbent hairs, are outgrowths of epidermal cells, specialized cells at the tip of a plant root. They are lateral extensions of a single cell and are only rarely branched. They are found in the region of maturation, of the root. Root hair cells improve plant water absorption by increasing root surface area to volume ratio which allows the root hair cell to take in more water. The large vacuole inside root hair cells makes this intake much more efficient. Root hairs are also important for nutrient uptake as they are main interface between plants and mycorrhizal fungi.

Function
The function of all root hairs is to collect water and mineral nutrients in the soil to be sent throughout the plant. In roots, most water absorption happens through the root hairs. The length of root hairs allows them to penetrate between soil particles and prevents harmful bacterial organisms from entering the plant through the xylem vessels. Increasing the surface area of these hairs makes plants more efficient in absorbing nutrients and interacting with microbes. As root hair cells do not carry out photosynthesis, they do not contain chloroplasts.

Importance
Root hairs form an important surface as they are needed to absorb most of the water and nutrients needed for the plant. They are also directly involved in the formation of root nodules in legume plants. The root hairs curl around the bacteria, which allows for the formation of an infection thread into the dividing cortical cells to form the nodule. Having a large surface area, the active uptake of water and minerals through root hairs is highly efficient. Root hair cells also secrete acids (e.g., malic and citric acid), which solubilize minerals by changing their oxidation state, making the ions easier to absorb.

Formation
Root hair cells vary between 15 and 17 micrometers in diameter, and 80 and 1,500 micrometers in length. Root hairs are found only in the zone of maturation, also called the zone of differentiation. They are not found in the zone of elongation, possibly because older root hairs are sheared off as the root elongates and moves through the soil. Root hairs grow quickly, at least 1 μm/min, making them particularly useful for research on cell expansion. Just prior to and during root hair cell development, there is elevated phosphorylase activity.

Fungal interaction
Root hairs are essential for healthy plant nutrition, especially through their interactions with symbiotic fungi. Symbiotic fungi and root hairs produce mycorrhizal symbioses like arbuscular mycorrhiza, formed by AM fungi, and ectomycorrhiza, formed by EM fungi. These are very common, occurring in 90% of terrestrial plant species, because of the benefits it brings to both the fungus and plant.

Formation of this relationship for EM fungi begins with the colonization of the root hairs. This process begins when the EM fungus adheres to the root hair from the soil. The fungus then secretes diffusible factors, to which root hairs are highly sensitive, allowing the hyphae to penetrate into the epidermal cells and create a Hartig net in the first layers of the root cortex. This highly branched structure serves as an interface between the two organisms as fungal cells adapt to the exchanges that occur between the plant and fungus. This process is similar to how AM fungi colonize root hairs, but instead of diffusible factors, they secrete hydrolases to relax the cell wall, which allows hyphae to enter, and there is no Hartig net.

Various effects of fungal colonization in root hairs show that this relationship is beneficial to both plant and fungal species, but the main effect is on root hair growth. Fungi actually affect the growth of root hairs if there is water or nutrient deficiency. Since both of these organisms require nutrients and water, their cooperation is essential to their mutual survival. Upon detection of deficiency, the drought stress response of the plant is triggered, causing growth of the root hairs. The mycorrhizae of the fungus then uses its extended system to help the plant find the correct area of nutrition, signaling the direction in which the roots should grow. This makes root growth more efficient, preserving energy for other metabolic processes, which in turn benefits the fungus that feeds off those metabolic products.

Survival
When a new root hair cell grows, it excretes a hormone that inhibits the growth of root hairs in nearby cells. This ensures equal and efficient distribution of the actual hairs on these cells.

Repotting or transplanting a plant can result in root hair cells being pulled off, perhaps to a significant extent, which can cause wilting.

title: Root hair


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Super Hang-On

Super Hang-On (スーパーハング・オン) is a motorcycle racing arcade video game released by Sega as the sequel to Hang-On. It uses a simulated motorcycle arcade cabinet, like the original game. An updated version was released in arcades 1991 as Limited Edition Hang-On.

Gameplay
The arcade mode in Super Hang-On is similar to the original Hang-On, but there is a choice of four tracks to race on which are based on continents, each containing a different number of stages. Also, should the player reach the normal maximum speed of 280 km/h, a turbo button is enabled. Using this button allows the player to reach an even higher top speed of 324 km/h. Each stage is roughly half the length of a stage in the original Hang-On. Africa is the easiest and shortest out of the four courses (six stages). Asia is the second easiest and is similar in length to the course from the original Hang-On at ten stages long. The Americas is the second to toughest course, containing 14 stages and Europe is the hardest course, being 18 stages long. When the player starts a race, they have their choice of four songs that will play during the race, a feature borrowed from Out Run.

The Sega Mega Drive version of the game included the full arcade game, and an additional original mode, which allowed players to recruit sponsors and earn money to buy enhanced components for their bike. The cover for this version has a bike and rider in the same colors as Shinichi Itoh, who competed in the All-Japan 500 cc Championship on a Rothmans Honda NSR500.

Ports
Versions of the game were released for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64 in 1987 with further home conversions following for the Mega Drive/Genesis, Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh, X68000, and MS-DOS in 1989 and 1990. The game also appeared on several Mega Drive compilations, namely Mega Games I (bundled with the console as Mega Drive Magnum Set), and Sega 6-Pak.

It was included in Sega Arcade Gallery for Game Boy Advance.

The arcade version was released on the Wii's Virtual Console service in Japan on September 14, 2010, and later in North America and Europe on May 3, 2012. Like Shinobi and its omission of any references to Marilyn Monroe, the Virtual Console version of Super Hang-On was slightly altered to avoid any copyright troubles. This includes the replacing of several in-game billboards which used to feature real brand names such as Cibie with similar billboards which mention other Sega games such as OutRun and After Burner. This version would be released on Xbox Live Arcade in 2012 as part of Sega Vintage Collection: Alex Kidd & Co.

Another version of the game was released for the Nintendo 3DS via the Nintendo eShop in Japan on March 27, 2013. The game feature stereoscopic 3D and tilt controls which emulate the arcade version. This version was released for North America and Europe on November 28.

Super Hang-On is playable at the in-game arcades in Yakuza 0, Yakuza 6 and Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise.

Reception
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In Japan, Game Machine listed Super Hang-On on their June 1, 1987 issue as being the most-successful upright arcade unit of the month. The ride-on cabinet went on to become Japan's second highest-grossing upright/cockpit arcade game of 1987, below Out Run. It was later Japan's seventh highest-grossing arcade game of 1988.

Peter Shaw of Your Sinclair reviewed the arcade game, calling it "brilliant, fast and the most accurate simulation of riding a motorbike" he had played. Mega Action reviewed the Mega Drive version. They called Super Hang-On one of the best driving games for the Mega Drive, and concluded with a review score of 89%.

The ZX Spectrum version scored 10/10 in Sinclair User and received the "SU Classic" accolade. It was rated number 27 in the Your Sinclair Official Top 100 Games of All Time.

title: Super Hang-On


text:
Temporary capital of Lithuania

The temporary capital of Lithuania (Laikinoji sostinė) was the official designation of the city of Kaunas in Lithuania during the interwar period. It was in contrast to the declared capital in Vilnius, which was part of Poland from 1920 until 1939. Currently, the term temporary capital, despite being factually out of date, is still frequently used as a nickname for Kaunas, the second largest city in Lithuania.

On 18 September 2023 the modernist buildings in Kaunas that were built while Kaunas was the temporary capital of Lithuania and experienced rapid urbanization were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. In this way Kaunas became the only European city representing large scale urbanization during the interwar period and a variety of modern architecture (Art Deco, neoclassicism, traditionalism, functionalism, etc.).

Vilnius under Polish rule
During World War I, Lithuania declared independence on February 16, 1918. The declaration stated that Lithuania would be a democratic republic with Vilnius as its capital. This claim was based on historical grounds, as the city was founded by Lithuanians and later was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, the city was multi-ethnic and other groups laid similar claims. Belarusians saw it as the capital of the Belarusian nation and laid claims to the heritage of the former Grand Duchy; Jews saw it as the capital of Yiddish culture; Poles saw it as a Polish-inhabited city.

As Soviet forces pushed westward to spread the global proletarian revolution, German Ober-Ost administration evacuated and the Lithuanians withdrew to Kaunas. Vilnius was captured by the Red Army on January 5, 1919. During the Polish–Soviet War the city changed hands frequently: on April 19, 1919, the city was seized by the regular Polish Army; on July 14, 1920, it was recaptured by Soviet forces. After the Soviet defeat in the Battle of Warsaw, Vilnius was handed to the Lithuanian authorities according to the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty of July 12, 1920. Poland continued to claim the city and organized Żeligowski's Mutiny to capture it in October 1920. Polish General Żeligowski established the Republic of Central Lithuania, which was incorporated into Poland in 1922. Such situation remained until 1939. In October 1939 the Soviets transferred the city, which they captured during the invasion of Poland, to Lithuania according to the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty. Since then Vilnius has been the capital of the Lithuanian SSR and then independent Lithuania.

Temporary capital in Kaunas
Lithuania refused to have diplomatic relations with Poland until the ultimatum of 1938. Railroad traffic, telegraph lines and even mail could not cross the Polish–Lithuanian border. Lithuania continued to refer to Vilnius as its capital in all official documents, including the constitution. Since that city was controlled by Poland, all Lithuanian authorities and military command were transferred to Kaunas, which became the seat of the government. To reconcile reality with constitutional claims, Kaunas was designated as a temporary or provisional capital until Vilnius could be "liberated from Polish occupation". In March 1938, Lithuania accepted a Polish ultimatum, demanding diplomatic relations. Despite normalised relations, the new Lithuanian Constitution, in May 1938, still claimed Vilnius as the de jure capital of Lithuania, and Kaunas remained as the temporary capital.

title: Temporary capital of Lithuania


text:
Treasury Board Secretariat (Ontario)

The Treasury Board Secretariat is the ministry of the Government of Ontario that is charged with supporting the work of the Treasury Board/Management Board of Cabinet, a joint sub-committee of cabinet that manages the fiscal plan of the government including controlling all government spending, approving labour agreements and workforce planning, manage the provincial contingency fund and oversee the procedures and directives that guide the operation of the Ontario Public Service.

In 2022, the mandate of the ministry expanded to include the overseeing of Supply Ontario and Emergency Management Ontario.

The current President of the Treasury Board is Caroline Mulroney.

History
The Treasury Board was originally established in 1886 as a committee of the Cabinet of Ontario. Prior to 1950, the Board met infrequently and had no permanent staff. Its primary role during this period was to review and approve Special Warrants and Treasury Board Orders to meet shortfalls in departmental estimates.

The development of the government in the wake of the depression and war, however, quickly overwhelmed the ability of the existing system to deal with demands on government revenues. A private firm of auditors, Woods, Gordon and Company, recommended a complete revision of the functions of the Treasury Board to deal with the new situation. The Financial Administration Act of 1954, formalized the Board's role as the committee of the cabinet on all matters relating to finance, revenues, estimates, expenditures and any other matter concerning general administrative policy of the government. The Board was also given the power to call witnesses and compel the production of documents from the public service relating to financial administration and to make regulations relating to the administration of public money and the efficient administration of the public service.

Although the Treasury Board possessed a Secretary as early as 1956, a permanent Treasury Board Secretariat was not established until 1962. Initially, the Secretariat only has two broad functions: to support the Treasury Board as a committee of cabinet, and to provide management and budgetary advisory to ministries and agencies of government. Throughout 1960s, it assumed other government-wide management functions such as records management and the development of automated information systems within the public service.

In 1971, the Treasury Board was renamed the Management Board of Cabinet with expanded responsibilities for the management of the public service, and the Secretariat was renamed the Management Board Secretariat. Over time, the functions of the Management Board Secretariat expanded to include coordination and providing corporate administrative and resources management services for the government, in areas that included information and information technology, human resources, procurement, accommodation, assets management, and administrative support, as well as the management of record retention.

In 1991, a new Treasury Board was established within the Ministry of Treasury and Economics to assume the financial management functions of the Management Board of Cabinet and the Management Board Secretariat. However, in 1995, this Board was dissolved. Its fiscal planning and controllership functions were transferred to the Fiscal and Financial Policy Division of the Ministry of Finance, while responsibility for the estimates and expenditure process were returned to Management Board.

Also in 1991, the staff and responsibilities of the Human Resources Secretariat were absorbed by the Management Board Secretariat.

In early 1993, the Management Board Secretariat absorbed the existing Ministry of Government Services. In 2000, the Archives of Ontario was transferred from the Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation.

In 2005, the Management Board Secretariat ceased to exist, and most of its corporate management functions were reverted to a newly re-established Ministry of Government Services, while responsibilities for the provincial estimates and expenditure monitoring were transferred to the Ministry of Finance.

In 2014, the Treasury Board and a corresponding Treasury Board Secretariat were re-established. Treasury Board and Management Board, while legislatively two separate cabinet committees, became a joint sub-committee of cabinet.

title: Treasury Board Secretariat (Ontario)


text:
Talk:Julie Christie

Birthdate
Some sources seem to say she was born in 1940, including the birthdays column in today's Guardian - anybody know for sure? sjorford →•← 13:52, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The New York Times has her being born in both years ! Thincat 14:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The Telegraph has her age as 71, in a Today's Birthdays feature (dated 14 April 2011), that would mean she was born in 1940. --The Vintage Feminist (talk) 18:46, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

 * There are reputable sources that give both dates, so in truth it could be either date. This issue is discussed further at User_talk:Betty_Logan/Archive_4. Until there is official confirmation one way or the other it's best that we retain both dates. Betty Logan (talk) 19:52, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

It's tough being born in a foreign country like India, the acutal year may never be known. Like Joan Crawford has absolutely no confirmed birth year. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.88.29.11 (talk) 01:29, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Technical college in Brighton
The article City College Brighton And Hove lists her as an alumna. Any idea whether this can be sourced?Itsmejudith (talk)

Dame
I pretty sure Julie was knighted (damed?) at some point, but know none of the details. Adding "Dame" to the lead sentence for now. --jwandersTalk 09:13, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * If she was made a Dame that would be a pretty big deal and should be easily established with a google check. I've tried and found no evidence.  I'll remove it on this basis. If anyone can find anything on this, of course it should be put back. Rossrs (talk) 21:24, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * This article from the Daily Mail confirms that she was not honored before 2008 but there was speculation that she would be this year - . That appears not to have happened. Rossrs (talk) 21:34, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Later work = Away From Her
Most of the "Later work" section is about "Away from her". I think it should either be split to 2 sections or shortened. Agreed? Thanks Kvsh5 (talk) 00:40, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Strange revert
It seems that some edits were reverted that were done by a sock. They seemed like good edits though. Is there a valid reason for the revert?--Canoe1967 (talk) 13:54, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Nop. No edits by that sock is good edits. Also, BAN. Nymf hideliho! 15:09, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

Seems that rule says that if an editor is pissed off at a sock then they are allowed to revert all edits, except for typos. Seems like a bullshit rule to me to remove edits that improve the article and are verified, but I guess we have to follow it like all the other bullshit rules here. I won't bother with it then.--Canoe1967 (talk) 15:48, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

Photo addition
Is there some reason why this good quality portrait was removed? As an actress, it seems much more relevant and better. If there's a consensus, I can add it. --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 21:32, 5 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that is a crappy image of her. If we could find her email her people may get us a better one to use. The last time I tried to replace a crappy blp image I got blocked so I would like to avoid an edit war on this one. Change it. If it is reverted than bring it up at blpn.--Canoe1967 (talk) 22:51, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

Memory Loss
I have removed this:
 * Christie suffers from a rare form of memory loss called autobiographic amnesia. She said in 2002 that the condition became so severe that she's turned down offers from Hollywood producers and West End directors for fear of not being able to recall her lines. "I'm not sure what [the condition] is, but it makes learning my lines very difficult, so I am happy to stay away from films and stage work. It's a bit sad. Now I can't remember any bad things, only the good things, if I can remember anything about my past at all." Christie is quoted as saying that this story has been made up, invented on the basis of a jokey comment made in a radio interview.

She has stated that her comments were misunderstood. Contrary to the implication of the original story, she has continued to act. In the absence of any other evidence, there doesn't seem to be any reason to give this story credence.--Jack Upland (talk) 10:37, 20 September 2015 (UTC)

Waterloo Sunset 'Terry and Julie'
By the Kinks is generally held to refer to Terence Stamp and Julie Christie, but I can't find a good reference.

86.187.162.7 (talk) 21:27, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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Politics
Apart from the causes listed, she was certainly a member of one of the extreme left parties, either the Socialist Workers Party or another like it. Valetude (talk) 23:34, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

Infobox photo
For many years, the article used version 1 (updated to version 2 in 2013) of a photo (taken in 1997) of Julie Christie in the infobox, from 2011 until 2020. For a brief period in 2013 the main photo was replaced by a black & white still from Dr Zhivago. Version 2 was then replaced by the still again in 2020 before reverting back to version 2 in 2024.

There have been recent attempts to restore the black & white still ( & ) on the basis that the still is more "recognizable" and "had been in the article for years". The second reason does not carry much weight for me, since both photos have had long spells in the article, so they clearly both had a degree of consensus to endure in the article for so many years. The first reason is more complex; yes, it captures Christie when she was arguably at her most famous, but that is generally not how the criterion of "recognizability" is interpreted for people still in the public eye. For example, we don't have a photo of Harrison Ford taken in the 1970s–90s when he was at the height of his stardom, or Al Pacino for that matter, or Jane Fonda, or any number of living stars. A black & white still from 60 years ago arguably is not an appropriate representation of a person who is still alive today, and is not consistent with how other biographical articles represent their subjects in the infobox.

I am fairly open-minded on the issue since I can see the argument from both angles, and am happy to reconsider my position if someone can point me to a guideline or an authoritative discussion that takes an opposing position on this issue. As it stands, both photographs are in the article version I reverted to, with the b&w still in the section covering that period of Christie's career. Betty Logan (talk) 14:23, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for this analysis, Betty. As one of the editors guilty of recent changes (albeit reversions), I am interested in any guidelines on this. It's clearly a question broader than just Julie Christie's infobox image, and probably broader than just film actors: what is the most representative and recognisable infobox image for anyone with a lengthy career in the public eye? I wasn't aware of the Ford/Pacino/Fonda infoboxes (it's debateable how much they are still in the public eye), but have been involved, for example, in discussions about Bette Davis. IMO, her current infobox, showing her 6 years into her career at age 26 or 27 is just too young, and not representative of a career spanning six decades. There seems to be an unofficial and non-universal standard that living people have an image from less than 20 years ago, but dead people have an image from their 'prime' period.
 * Is there some forum, other than Julie Christie's talk page or just film, to which this discussion can be escalated? Masato.harada (talk) 15:15, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * There seems to be a different standard for deceased people. See Talk:Elizabeth_II, where the photo for QE2 was changed from a recent photo to a "mid reign" photo. Cary Grant's article uses a "peak career" photo too. I think the appropriate place to discuss this would be either at WT:BIOG or possibly at WT:ACTOR. There doesn't seem to be much guidance on the issue, and arguably there should be. I can see the argument from both angles, so am not too invested in the outcome, but as I stated above I believe there is a convention to use a "recent" photo in the case of living people.
 * If the consensus is to use the older photo in the infobox, then the recent photo should be moved down to the appropriate section and the b&w still removed from the 1960s section because we don't need the photo in the article twice, which was actually my overriding reason for reverting you. Betty Logan (talk) 15:34, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. That was my carelessness. Masato.harada (talk) 16:33, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julie Christie


text:
User talk:Blahrgh

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing!

University of Cork
Could you tell me what the IP address is, so that I can check it? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:54, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, as you knew that I was the person who blocked it, you must have found that information somewhere; where? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The block was for 24 hours, and expired a few hours ago. I hope that the person or people involved in various kinds of vandalism will now stop; perhaps peer pressure will do it, as polite remonstration failed. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:40, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Blahrgh


text:
Talk:557th Weather Wing

Peacock Words
Wikipedia entries are not advertisements. The mission of the organization should be presented as just that, not as a factual statement of what it actually does. The sentence “AFWA fields the highest quality weather equipment and training…” is obvious editorializing. And, last sentence overstates the influence and impact of AFWA.

Yes, saying that AFWA has the "best" and is the "best" isn't completely neutral. However, it's more of an innaccuracy issue rather than a neutral PoV issue. For example, AFWA does field very high-quality equipment. It may not be the "highest" quality but it certainly isn't poor. At any rate, I intend to flesh out the article quite a bit more in the future, and at that time I'll get rid of any innaccuracies in grammar. On an unrelated note, please sign your posts. -GamblinMonkey 14:47, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Read the Wikipedia rules, then get back to me.

I removed anything that could be seen as not neutral. Don't let your personal views of the agency affect your neutrality. And again, signing your posts is helpful. -GamblinMonkey 15:11, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Revert
I've reverted this page to the old version, since it's wikified and seems more useful than just copying the fact-sheet from the Air Force site which is linked to anyway. Also, while I suspect the fact-sheet is public domain as a product of Air Force, I'm not entirely sure of the copyright status. Mark Grant 02:21, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

radiofax
AFWA used to offer radiofax services over shortwave until at least 1994. Did they discontinue their services, and when? Or are they still offered? Alan.sheets 17:04, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Date of establishment
The wing was not established in 2015, it was merely renamed, just as it had been in 1943, 1945, 1946 and 1997. It started as a wing, is currently a wing and has been continuously active. The 2015 mission change is minor in comparison to that of 1945 (when it went global), 1946, (when it added reconnaissance), 1975 (when it lost reconnaissance), or 1991 (when it lost most weather observation, reporting, and local forecasting). The article covers these areas poorly or not at all and many were not accompanied by name changes, but it has been one organization for 72 years. --Lineagegeek (talk) 14:31, 2 April 2015 (UTC)
 * You were reminding me that we need to careful about our entries in categories. If the article title is at '557th Weather Wing' then the date needs to be 2015. That's the only was the Category:Military units and formations by year of establishment is going to be correct; you may notice I've carefully added the establishment and disestablishment dates for the AWS and one of the others to the redirects. I've got no problem with 'antecedent 1943' or some such, but the fact of the matter is that the 557th Wing did not exist in 2014. Buckshot06 (talk) 21:12, 2 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Only the name changed. Articles on USAF airlift squadrons don't list 1991 as their establishment dates, they list the dates they were established as troop carrier squadrons, air transport squadrons, or ferrying squadrons.  Same for pursuit and fighter units.  The reference cited says it was a redesignation.  If there's a reliable source saying the 557th is a new unit, not a new name for one that's been around since 1943, I'd be happy to reconsider.  --Lineagegeek (talk) 17:47, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

COMET
The following was removed from the page:
 * The [wing] co-sponsors the Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and Training, with the civilian National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The COMET Who we are page lists only NOAA's National Weather Service as a sponsor of the program. The US Army Corps of Engineers and the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command are listed as providers of additional funds, but no USAF agency is listed at all. This can be restored if another source is found for the statement. --Lineagegeek (talk) 00:11, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:557th Weather Wing


text:
User:Blahrgh

I half no thyme for wiki-wiki-pedia.

title: User:Blahrgh


text:
Talk:League of German Girls

Untitled
I have changed the Abbreviation from BdM to BDM. Because "Bund Deutscher Mädel" is a proper name, the adjective "deutsch" ist written in capitals in it (same as in English). The abbreviation is therefore "BDM", not "BdM".

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 2 February 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Canderson2021.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Changed the name to "Bund Deutscher Mädchen"
According to the WW2 book "World War II: A Visual Encylopedia", BDM stood for "Bund Deutscher Mädchen".

i checked in a school textbook of mine, and it says it is bund deutscher mädel, thus i believe that to be the true name. does anyone else have supporting information for either mädchen or mädel? --Sstabeler (talk) 18:46, 27 September 2005 (UTC)- note- i know my signature was added in a seperate edit- i forgot the first time, it is my comment. also note the speed of my edit.

My mother was a member of the Bund Deutscher Mädel. That was its correct title. Detmold 23:15 26 Feb 2006

Mädel vs Mädchen
In German, "die Mädel" (note feminine article) literally means "girl" and "das Mädchen" (note neuter article) literally means "little girl". So why are all girls regardless of age now called "das Mädchen"? Is it because "die Mädel" has too strong connotations to this organisation? — J I P | Talk 12:59, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're wrong on all accounts. "die Mädel" is plural, not singular ("die" doubles as plural article); the singular is "das Mädel" (yes, neuter). "Mädel" is comparable to American "gal" or Scottish "lass": chiefly restricted to dialect and quaint sounding in mainstream. The Nazis had nothing to do with the way the word is used, though it's interesting to note "Mädel" is still common in Austria. 82.92.119.11 23:19, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Article should have a pic
At least one.

Here are several...

http://www.od43.com/Organisationsbuch_13.jpg

http://histclo.com/youth/youth/image/imgnat/girlsleas.jpg

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwomen.jpg

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t242/T242186A.jpg

24.60.66.216 (talk) 09:03, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you know the copyright status of these images? I mean, I'm sure we can write a fair use rational if it is absolutely neccessary, but it would be better if we could find a free alternative. Puchiko (Talk-email) 18:50, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Sites with photos and videos
This site: [] has photos and this site [] has a video about this nazist organization.Agre22 (talk) 03:12, 6 September 2008 (UTC)agre22

Category:Youth organizations based in Germany vs. Category:Hitler Youth
BDM Here is a site with detailed information on the BDM  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.249.24.36 (talk) 08:12, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Category:Hitler Youth is itself a category within Category:Youth organizations based in Germany. — Robert Greer (talk) 23:05, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Looks
Hans Jürgen Massaquoi says in Destined to Witness that very few girls followed the Nazi fashion rules of blond hair braided in a Schneken above the ears or gathered in a bun. --Error (talk) 00:02, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

 * There was never an official Nazi "fashion rule" about how girls or women were supposed to wear their hair. -- Alexey Topol (talk) 16:08, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

Oktober or October?
Date of ediction of the decomposition legislation has the German spelling. Wondered if this was done on purpose? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.130.23 (talk) 17:32, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

Girl on the photo
The article names the girl Ilse Hirsch, but bundesarchiv.de simply say ‘A young blond BDM.’ Are there any real source on her identity? — Preceding unsigned comment added by MONDARIZ (talk • contribs) 13:49, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I do not think so. Name removed. Also there is no evidence for the partition of a woman named 'Ilse Hirsch' in assassination of Aachen town major Oppenhoff. This woman was acquitted in the trial. Information without evidence removed, too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.224.156.241 (talk) 16:41, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

full blue skirt

 * Does it mean "full blue" or "full skirt"? The skirt was dark blue, according the German Wiki.
 * heavy marching shoes were used when needed, but probably not obligatory - see pictures.Xx236 (talk) 12:22, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Modifying Nazi Gender Policies
Hello Wikipedians. There is missing information concerning the separation of the strict youth and adult world, which is why I am going to add to it. There is also little information about the institutions and political policy designated for gender-specific education ideals. In Reese’s “Growing Up Female in Nazi Germany” article, provides clarification on what gender-specific education was and what needed to be followed for the girls. Dagmar Reese is a researcher on the DFG-project "Georg Simmels Geschlechtertheorien im‚ 'fin de siecle' Berlin", 2004. I plan to add information about Durchbildung and geistige Mutterlichkeit, which are educational reforms that restricted German women. I also plan on adding to the German Women’s Order and the League of German Girls. Specifically, I will add about the struggle, as well as the political activism that took place. I would also like to add to the “enthusiasm” seen by the female workers and the propaganda and recruitment that was seen during this time. Along with this, I would like to add about the “wheel of progress,” as well as the concept of the youth that was linked to the bourgeois society and how that took place for the women in society. I also want to add some images of female workers or political activists in Germany. Altogether I’ll add about 200-300 words. If anyone has some additional information or wants to add a comment, please don't hesitate to message me on my talk page. Rmorriss (talk) 18:26, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:League of German Girls


text: User talk:152.78.227.175

title: User talk:152.78.227.175


text: Category:Companies of Scotland

title: Category:Companies of Scotland


text:
Talk:Seismograph

Untitled
I added the link to seismometer, which is more comprehensive.

title: Talk:Seismograph


text:
Wolseley 4/50

The Wolseley 4/50 and similar 6/80 were Wolseley Motors' first post-war automobiles. They were put into production in 1948 and were based on the Morris Oxford MO and the Morris Six MS respectively. The 4-cylinder 4/50 used a 1476 cc 50 hp version of the 6/80 engine, while the 6/80 used a 2215 cc 72 hp straight-6 single overhead cam.

The cars featured a round Morris rear end and upright Wolseley grille and were used extensively by the police at the time – the 6/80 particularly.

These models were built at Morris's Cowley factory alongside the Oxford. They were replaced in 1953 and 1954 by the Wolseley 4/44 and 6/90.

Wolseley 4/50
A 4/50 tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1950 had a top speed of 70.7 mph and could accelerate from 0-60 mph in 30.3 seconds. A fuel consumption of 27.0 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £703 including taxes.

Sales volumes were only a third those of the car's six-cylinder sibling. The car was regarded as heavy, with "good use of the excellent gear-box" being needed to maintain a respectable pace. The Wolseley 4/50 was more upmarket and expensive than the Morris Oxford MO. The engine used was a 4-cylinder version of the 6/80. The pistons and doors were of very few common parts used in this range of cars. The snub-nose styling distinguishes it from the long elegant bonnet of the 6/80 re.

Wolseley 6/80
To accommodate its larger six-cylinder engine, the 6/80 was 7 in longer than the 4/50. It also had larger brakes with 10 in drums compared with the 9 in ones of the 4/50.

A 6/80 tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1951 had a top speed of 85.3 mph and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 21.4 seconds. A fuel consumption of 21.8 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £767 including taxes. An Autocar magazine road test of an apparently similar car managed a top speed of only 78.5 mph and slightly slower acceleration on a windy day a couple of years earlier. The testers noted that "in keeping with [the manufacturer's] policy which has much to commend it to a discerning motorist, the Wolseley is quite high geared", which made for relaxed cruising at (by the standards of the time) speed, but a more urgent driving style involved extensive use of the gearbox. Standard equipment included a heater, a rear window blind and "twin roof lamps in the rear compartment".

A second-hand car review published in England in 1960 observed that "even the most junior member of the family" would recognise the Wolseley 6/80 as the "Cops' Car" both on television, and on the streets. The car was reckoned to offer a good power-to-weight ratio in combination with steering and suspension sufficiently robust to permit it to be "thrown around without detriment to the car and with little discomfort to the occupants".

title: Wolseley 4/50


text: Category:Transport in Scotland

title: Category:Transport in Scotland


text:
Talk:Holderness School

Instructive link for distinguishing between factual statements and press-release/marketing tone:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips_Exeter_Academy

External links modified
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text:
Capcom vs. SNK 2

Capcom vs. SNK 2: Mark of the Millennium 2001 is the sequel to the fighting game Capcom vs. SNK. It was originally released on NAOMI hardware in arcades, with Sega handling the American arcade release. As in the original, players select a team of fighters from various Capcom and SNK games then fight other teams, winning each battle by defeating all the opponents from the other team.

Aspects of the first game were tweaked, including the Ratio system. In contrast to the fixed system of the original, players can now freely select characters and assign each of them a number from one to four (or "Ratio") determining their relative strength, adding up to a maximum team ratio of four. Teams can now consist of a maximum of three characters, as opposed to four in the first game. Additional characters were added, including more characters from Capcom and SNK titles outside of the Street Fighter and King of Fighters series, for a total of 48. The Groove system from Millennium Fight 2000 has been augmented to include four new systems of play based on various Capcom and SNK fighting games. In addition, the number of buttons has been increased from the Neo Geo standard of four to the six button system first seen in Capcom's Street Fighter.

The console versions of the game were first released in Japan for the Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 on September 13, 2001 (a month after the initial arcade release). Players from both platforms could compete against each other online via KDDI's Multi-Matching service, making Capcom vs. SNK 2 the first game ever to support cross-platform play between two competing game consoles. The PS2 version would be released a bit later in other regions, but without online support. The GameCube and Xbox received an updated version titled Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO, where "EO" stands for "Easy Operation" in Japanese releases and "Extreme Offence" in European releases, referring to a game-mode intended for novices. The PS2 version was later released as a downloadable "PS2 Classics" game for the PlayStation 3 in July 2013.

Prologue
A year has passed since the original tournament known as Millennium Fight 2000. This time, the political conflicts of the Garcia Financial Clique and the Masters Foundation have a rematch once again by releasing a million dollar fighting tournament called Mark of the Millennium 2001/Millionaire Fighting 2001, all of the original fighters from both powers clash once again, but with more fighters both legends and newcomers.

Epilogues
Endings change depending on the player's performance, taking final score and certain conditions into account.
 * In the standard ending, the celebration goes is uninterrupted, as the camera zooms out of the stadium to a shot of Akuma or Rugal's foot.
 * In the first secret ending, Akuma or Rugal interrupts the celebration, demanding a match against the winners on top of Osaka Castle. If the player wins, they comment on their strength before challenging their true rival (the other boss), as a large explosion occurs. The fates of everyone are left unknown.
 * In the second secret ending, the celebration is interrupted by the fight between Akuma and Rugal. Depending on the player's Groove, one of two scenes play. In one, Akuma mortally wounds Rugal, only for the latter to infuse his Orochi force into Akuma, who is driven insane by the power and turns into Shin Akuma. In the other, Rugal kills Akuma and absorbs the Satsui no Hadou from his body (his special intro has him throwing away Akuma's corpse), transforming into God/Ultimate Rugal. The winning team goes on to fight the bosses in the Osaka Ruins. Defeating Shin Akuma has him being swept into the sky by the Orochi force while God/Ultimate Rugal's defeat results in Akuma and Rugal's spirits merging, turning into one being, before walking away. The following news coverage depicts Osaka being rebuilt, the critical reception to the tournament, and the (text-only) fates of the champions.

Playable characters
Capcom vs. SNK 2 features a total of 48 playable characters, including the entire returning roster of Capcom vs. SNK. The arcade release features 44 playable characters, while an additional four characters are exclusive to the home console ports. New characters to the franchise are listed below in bold.

Capcom characters
• Akuma

• Balrog

• Blanka

• Cammy White

• Chun-Li

• Dan Hibiki

• Dhalsim

• Eagle

• Edmond Honda

• Evil Ryu

• Guile

• Ken Masters

• Kyosuke Kagami

• M. Bison

• Maki Genryusai

• Morrigan Aensland

• Rolento F. Schugerg

• Ryu

• Sagat

• Sakura Kasugano

• Shin Akuma

• Vega

• Yun Lee

• Zangief

SNK characters
• Athena Asamiya

• Benimaru Nikaido

• Chang Koehan (with Choi Bounge)

• Geese Howard

• Haohmaru

• Hibiki Takane

• Iori Yagami

• Joe Higashi

• Kim Kaphwan

• King

• Kyo Kusanagi

• Mai Shiranui

• Nakoruru

• Orochi Iori

• Raiden

• Rock Howard

• Ryo Sakazaki

• Ryuhaku Todoh

• Ryuji Yamazaki

• Rugal Bernstein

• Terry Bogard

• Ultimate Rugal

• Vice

• Yuri Sakazaki

 * Notes

Design of sprites
Because Capcom vs. SNK 2 features a roster composed of characters from numerous games and hardware eras, the appearances of several of Capcom's characters have been considered substandard in comparison to the newly drawn SNK characters. Instead of choosing to redraw its characters, Capcom took the approach of reusing old character sprites from previous games and inserting them in among the other characters. The result created a significant disparity, particularly in the case of characters like Morrigan Aensland, whose sprite from the Darkstalkers games appears retro and lacking in detail when compared to Capcom's newly drawn characters, such as Maki, Eagle, Ryu, Ken, and M. Bison. This has led to criticism of Capcom's art department. Just like the first game, the Dreamcast release of Capcom Vs. SNK 2 also links up to the Neo Geo Pocket Color and SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash using the Neo Geo Pocket Color link cable. Doing so will enable the player to unlock all the secrets on the Dreamcast game.

Changes in gameplay
Capcom vs. SNK 2 combines characters and gameplay elements from various Capcom and SNK fighting games, mainly the Street Fighter and The King of Fighters series. Other elements, most noticeably different fighting styles, incorporated elements from other games as well, such as Street Fighter III, Garou: Mark of the Wolves, and the Samurai Shodown series.

In contrast to the original Capcom vs. SNK, characters no longer have a specific "Ratio." Instead the player can select up to three characters in a team and give an amount or ratio (up to four) to each as desired. Strength are altered accordingly based on the number of players. For example, a team of three fighters will be weaker and have less individual health than a one-man team. Rounds are fought one against one, with the winner being the first to defeat their opponent's team. In console versions of the game, players in Arcade Mode can also choose a 3-on-3 game or a 1-on-1 game with the Ratio System removed.

Unlike the first game, which was based on a King of Fighters-style two-strength, four-button system of punches and kicks, Capcom vs. SNK 2 is based on the three-strength, six-button system of punches and kicks native to the Street Fighter series, and the SNK characters have been tweaked to fit the six-button style. The overall system is derivative of Street Fighter Alpha. However, a number of different fighting styles called 'Grooves', which mimic other Capcom and SNK games, are included in the engine. These dictate both the character's Super Gauge system, and special techniques, such as dashes, running, and guard cancels, called "Subsystems." There are six in total, each designated with a letter, along with custom grooves that can be programmed in home versions of the game. Each player designates prior to the match which groove his or her team will use.

Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO
Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO is the same game but with minor changes in gameplay and the inclusion of an EO ("Easy Operation") system that allows the player to perform specific attacks by simply moving the right analog stick in a certain direction. Like all other home versions of the game, CvS2: EO also contains four bonus characters: Evil Ryu, Orochi Iori, Shin Akuma (Shin Gouki in Japan), and Ultimate Rugal (God Rugal in Japan), powered-up versions of four regular characters.

Before selecting a team, the game offers a selection of "Grooves", which change the way the game is played, as well as "AC-ism" or "GC-ism" Grooves; GC-ism simplifies the control scheme, originally designed for the GameCube gamepad. In the Xbox version it is called EO-ism. Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO also removed the Roll Cancel glitch that was in the original versions. In addition, the Xbox version of CvS2: EO also included online play for up to two players on Xbox Live as well as progressive-scan (480p) support, which was also in the Dreamcast and GameCube versions but noticeably absent in the PlayStation 2 version.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Capcom vs. SNK 2 on their September 15, 2001 issue as being the second most-successful arcade game of the month. It was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Best Fighting Game" award among console games, losing to Garou: Mark of the Wolves for Dreamcast and 16-bit Neo Geo AES.

The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of Capcom vs. SNK 2 received "favorable" reviews, while the GameCube version received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. While the game is virtually identical across all four consoles, the GameCube version received lower review scores due to the native control scheme of the GameCube controller, not designed for traditional fighting games. AllGame gave the PS2 version a score of three stars out of five, saying, "Those who haven't played a fighting game in a long time might also be impressed, but the weak visuals will be a major turnoff for the average gamer." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 35 out of 40 for the Dreamcast and PS2 versions, and 31 out of 40 for the GameCube version. GameSpot named Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO the best Xbox game of February 2003, and It was later a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Best Multiplayer Game" award, losing to Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne. Its GameCube version was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Most Disappointing Game on GameCube" award. It was also a runner-up for "Outstanding Fighting Game Sequel" by the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers, losing to Dead or Alive 3. During the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO for "Console Fighting Game of the Year", which it ultimately lost to Tekken 4.

In 2010, Marissa Meli of UGO.com listed Capcom vs. SNK 2 among the top 25 fighting games of all time. In 2011, Peter Rubin of Complex ranked it as the 11th best fighting game of all time. In 2012, Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar included it among the little-known classic fighting games that deserve HD remakes, adding that "every fighting game fan needs to play CvS2 at least once". Rich Knight and Gus Turner of Complex ranked it as the fourth best 2D fighting game of all time in 2013.

title: Capcom vs. SNK 2


text:
Zone bit recording

In computer storage, zone bit recording (ZBR) is a method used by disk drives to optimise the tracks for increased data capacity. It does this by placing more sectors per zone on outer tracks than on inner tracks. This contrasts with other approaches, such as constant angular velocity (CAV) -drives, where the number of sectors per track are the same. On a disk consisting of roughly concentric tracks – whether realized as separate circular tracks or as a single spiral track – the physical track length (circumference) is increased as it gets farther from the centre hub. The inner tracks are packed as densely as the particular drive's technology allows. The packing of the rest of the disks is changed depending on the type of disk. Zone recording was pioneered and patented by Chuck Peddle in 1961 while working for General Electric.

With a CAV-drive the data on the outer tracks are the same angular width of those in the centre, and so less densely packed. Using ZBR instead, the inner zoning is used to set the read/write rate, which is the same for other tracks. This permits the drive to have more bits stored in the outside tracks compared to the inner ones. Storing more bits per track equates to achieving a higher total data capacity on the same disk area.

However, ZBR influences other performance characteristics of the hard disk. In the outermost tracks, data will have the highest data transfer rate. Since both hard disks and floppy disks typically number their tracks beginning at the outer edge and continuing inward, and since operating systems typically fill the lowest-numbered tracks first, this is where the operating system typically stores its own files during its initial installation onto an empty drive. Testing disk drives when they are new or empty after defragmenting them with some benchmarking applications will often show their highest performance. After some time, when more data are stored in the inner tracks, the average data transfer rate will drop, because the transfer rate in the inner zones is slower; this, combined with the head's longer stroke and possible fragmentation, may give the impression of the disk drive slowing down over time.

Some other ZBR drives, such as the 800 kilobyte 3.5" floppy drives in the Apple IIGS and older Macintosh computers, don't change the data rate but rather spin the medium slower when reading or writing outer tracks, thus approximating the performance of constant linear velocity drives.

Products that use ZBR

 * Commodore 1541 floppy disk (combined ZBR, ZCAV and GCR for 17–21 sectors á 256 bytes in 4 writing speed zones)
 * Sirius 1/Victor 9000 floppy disk (combined ZBR, ZCLV and GCR for 11–19 sectors á 512 bytes in 9 rotation speed zones)
 * Apple Macintosh 400K/800K floppy disk (combined ZBR, ZCAV and GCR)
 * DVD-RAM
 * Most hard drives since the 1990s

title: Zone bit recording


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Giffords Circus

Giffords Circus is a traditional English circus that tours the Cotswolds every summer. it is also performing at Chiswick House.

History
Established in 2000, Giffords Circus is a small circus company, founded by Nell Gifford and her husband Toti Gifford, that tours market towns of the Southwest.

Nell Gifford was involved with reshaping her circus to meet modern tastes. She was awarded a £10,000 grant and that enabled more people to be involved with producing a show. Barry Grantham was involved with the choreography. Three important women who assisted were the horsewoman Rebecca Townsend, the trapeze artist Emily Park on the trapeze and the aerialist Isabelle Woywode. In the following year Giffords Circus had their first themed show titled "Pearl".

Nell Gifford died in 2019. The circus was later managed by her niece Lil Rice. and has been directed for many years by Cal McCrystal.

Performers come from many different countries, but one regular is Tweedy the Clown (Alan Digweed) who joined in 2004. He was awarded the British Empire Medal in the 2023 New Year Honours list.

Tours

 * 2004: "Pearl"
 * 2006: "Joplin": with a 1960s theme
 * 2008: "Caravan": set in a horse fair around 1900
 * 2010: "Yasmine": inspired by the life of equestrienne Yasmine Smart, who played herself in the production
 * 2011: "War and Peace": themed around Napoleon's disastrous intrusion into Russia, seen through the eyes of a Russian aristocratic family
 * 2012: "The Saturday Book"
 * 2013: "Lucky 13": based on the culture clash resulting from a high art opera- and ballet-themed circus show that is gatecrashed by a rowdy Transylvanian travelling circus
 * 2014: "The Thunders": with the Greek Gods as its theme
 * 2015: "Moon Songs": blending cultural images of the moon with the story of two young Ethiopian jugglers dreaming of fame
 * 2016: "The Painted Wagon": centred on a group of 19th-century American homesteaders
 * 2017: "Any Port in a Storm": with maritime themes, and telling the story of the circus visiting the 17th-century Spanish court
 * 2018: "My Beautiful Circus": celebrating 250 years of the invention of the circus as an art form
 * 2019: "Xanadu": with a 1960s hippy "Summer of Love" theme
 * 2020: "The Feast": a non-touring show due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 * 2021: "The Hooley" was an Irish dance themed show.
 * 2022: "Carpa" had a Mexican theme.
 * 2023: "Les Enfants Du Paradis".

title: Giffords Circus


text:
Talk:Z/OS

Version History
May I please have a version history? even if it was a comparison table or list of new features. Stephen Charles Thompson (talk) 20:43, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * There are some notes in User:Chatul/Sandbox, User:Chatul/References and OS/360 and successors. The announcement letters talk about new features, but including those data in a timeline would make it very large. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 16:47, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

31-bit
A 31-bit mode? Don't you mean a 32-bit mode?
 * 31-bit mode is correct. The original OS/360 operating system had 24 bit addressing.  After the 31 bit mode was introduced, the 24 bit mode still had to be supported.  The high order bit was used to differentiate between the two addressing modes, so they only had 31 bits for the address rather than the full 32.  In case you're wondering, the current OS still supports 24 bit addressing mode, and applications are still used that must be run in 24 bit mode. Dave6 19:24, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Additionally, the high-order bit in a 4 byte address (which is known as a "full word") was utilized to denote the last address in a list of parameter addresses passed from a calling program to a called program. Ergo it was not available for use as part of the address itself. For example: a calling program passes A, B and C to a called program. The corresponding address for each variable is stored in a full word aligned to a full word boundary (i.e. addresses ending in X'0', X'4', X'8' and X'C'). The last address in this list of addresses will contain a value of X'1' in the high order bit to denote the fact that it is the last address in the list of addresses. All of this is part and parcel of what came to be known as "standard linkage conventions". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 20.137.18.50 (talk • contribs).

Shorin887 just today changed a "31" into a "32" where I don't believe it should be "32". Granted REGISTERS were 32-bit but virtual and real addressing wasn't. Perhaps we should rephrase in places to reflect that divergence. But it's still "31-bit mode" to most people. Martin Packer 16:52, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've gone back to "31-bit", linked to the 31-bit page, referred to it as "31-bit addressing", and cleaned that sentence up a bit in other ways. Guy Harris 17:03, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Thanks Guy! Martin Packer 17:45, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

"Robust memory protection"?
The article now speaks of z/OS having "a robust memory protection capability generally unheard of in the world of microcomputing". Presumably either "a robust memory protection capability" means something more than "putting each task in its own address space, with shared regions write-protected", or "the world of microcomputing" doesn't include Windows NT or Unix-like systems such as Mac OS X, Linux, BSD, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, etc., as all those OSes have that level of memory protection, or "generally unheard of" means "generally unheard of in what's left of the world of microcomputing once you exclude modern OSes". Guy Harris 04:32, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There really exists "a robust memory protection capability generally unheard of in the world of microcomputing" . This refers to the hardware protection key, a unique feature of the early /360 architecture and also of z/OS.

 * Hardware protection keys eliminate the risk of buffer overflows into kernel space. They isolate z/OS Subsystems from each other, and greatly improve transaction isolation e.g. in the CICS transaction server.

 * There exists nothing comparable in other platforms. W. G. Spruth 84.57.183.209 22:11, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Presumably the buffer overflows to which you're referring are overflows in supervisor-mode code; user-mode code should have no write access to kernel space. That also presumably means that not all supervisor-mode code runs with protection key 0.  However, that'd protect only against overflows into regions with different protection keys.

 * Do MVS and its successors use protection keys within a task to protect parts of the task from other parts? (Protecting one task from another should only be necessary with memory shared between tasks when different tasks have different address spaces.) Guy Harris 22:24, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * As someone who presents regularly at customer conferences for IBM on the subject of memory I can tell you z/OS's memory management is VERY sopthisticated - and getting MORE so (even in 2007). Martin Packer

 * The question wasn't about memory management in general; it was about memory protection. Guy Harris 21:23, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

 * IIRC MVS used the same protection key value for all user applications, relying on the multiple address spaces (DAT box plus Paging Supervisor) to isolate them; it used different protection keys for different parts of the OS, the least privileged keys for the parts that user apps called directly (SVCs = supervisor calls; many 3rd-party packages included their own custom SVCs). This scheme was known as "rings of confidence". Philcha 00:23, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * No IBM operating system uses rings of protection. Storage protection keys 1-15 have no hierarchical relationship except that between keys 8 and 9 in CICS. Keys 0-7 are used by various components of the OS, and only a PSW key of 0 gives access to storage with a different key.

 * In addition to storage key protection, IBM has low storage protection and read-only pages. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 21:58, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Style Issue
Good article, but the sentence "z/OS is IBM's flagship operating system, suited for continuous, high volume operation with high security and stability" doesn't sound objective - sounds as if sourced from sales literature. Clivemacd 10:40, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That was my thinking on reading the article. As there is a need to indicate what it is "supposed to do", we could change it to be a general description and then indicate that IBM advertises high security and so forth. Few outside of IBM have probably tested its security, stability, etc, so there probably aren't a lot of good sources around. Nitwit005 (talk) 22:58, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I think it would be fair if an indication was made that this was IBM's representation, as suggested above. That represents how IBM has portrayed z/OS and its predecessors for many years. Perhaps an alternate wording along the lines of "z/OS is positioned by IBM as its flagship operating system, suited for continuous, etcetera" would be appropriate. Or, to remove passive voice, "IBM positions z/OS as its flagship OS, suited for..." Jsavit (talk) 00:58, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * extremely high, unbeliveble, incredible, fantastic, awesome performance, quality, stability, reliability, security, philosophy ... It is better than sex!11

nice work, ibm's copy-pasters! 77.52.154.154 (talk) 22:34, 6 April 2013 (UTC) :-/

Restructure of articles about IBM mainframe operating systems
After a big edit of MVS I concluded that the whole set of articles about IBM mainframe operating systems from System/360 onwards needed to be re-structured to minimise overlap and to make clearer the evolutionary relationships between these operating systems (notably in memory management, which is historically a major distinguishing feature). There is already some support for this proposal. Please add comments at Talk: MVS. Philcha 23:56, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite of Job Control Language in progress
As part of the proposed restructure of articles on IBM mainframe operating systems (above), I've rewritten Job Control Language to: cover IBM's DOS/360 and its descendants as well as OS/360 and its descendants; focus more on the facilities and flavour of the 2 JCLs rather than on details of some statement types and some of their options. Please comment in Talk: Job Control Language. I'd be particulary grateful for more info on DOS/360 and its descendants, especially after 1980 - I only used DOS JCL a handful of times, and only in the late 1970s.

The rewrite does not currently take account of Truthanado's point in Talk: Job Control Language about use of "JCL" by computer suppliers other than IBM, which may entail further restructuring of articles about JCLs. Philcha 00:26, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion for a disambiguation page
The word ZOS which redirects to this page is a metaphysical concept introduced by Austin Osman Spare. I don't know if in computer literature the word z/OS is usually replaced by ZOS or not. But I suggest to create a disambiguation page for ZOS entry. --Sepand (talk) 06:08, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * "zOS" is used instead of proper "z/OS" quite frequently (not "ZOS"; the first letter is always capitalized by Wikipedia). I would suggest creating Zos (metaphysics) stub. --Kubanczyk (talk) 08:03, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * That concept can not expand as an independent entry. Only one sentence would suffice: ZOS, an idea of Perfect Man introduced by English occultist, Austin Osman Spare. Hence I think we can place it in a disambiguation page. --Sepand (talk) 08:34, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Graphical User Interface?
I see someone has added "Graphical User Interface" to the opening paragraph. While there are many software tools with GUIs with which you can carry out management tasks (IBM Tivoli range and CA Unicenter range for example), z/OS does not get shipped with them as standard. Therefore this phrase is wrong. I have removed it. Magpie68 (talk) 20:57, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Update: IBM ships the z/OS Management Facility GUI with the operating system, but its installation and use is entirely optional. 94.5.179.28 (talk) 13:53, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

Reference vs footnote
The deleted material was not a citation; it was a footnote. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 21:06, 15 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Now it's a footnote. What you had before was a reference citation.  --TreyGeek (talk) 00:48, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It was never a reference citation. See Help:Footnotes. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 11:01, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm really not sure this is worth debating. However, looking at the state of the article after your initial edit, the list of OSes clearly appears in the "References" section at the bottom of the page and does not appear as a "Note" or "Footnote".  You may have not intended it to be a reference, but that's how it came out.  --TreyGeek (talk) 13:42, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I know where it appears. Did you read Help:Footnotes, which mentions having references and footnotes in a single list? The only reason that I split the list was to avoid an edit war with you; certainly other wikipedia articles use a single list for both purposes. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 17:45, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Perth lab work?
Err, I don't think the labs in Perth do DFSMS, that's done out of the German labs (at least it was a few years back when I dealt with them). Perth does do ISPF, I believe. In any case, I think this whole thing is irrelevant to the z/OS entry. Why should IBM's internal development model even feature here, it's not like it matters to the OS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.81.18.30 (talk) 08:59, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Clarification of term PTF in the IBM world
The terms Product Temporary Fix and Program Temoporary Fix (PTF) refer to changes larger than a single diff file in the Unix world. A PTF normally includes complete replacements for elements of the product, but may also include updates to elements. One type of update, the ++ ZAP, contains input to the AMASPZAP (Superzap) service aid and is sometimes referred to as a patch. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 22:03, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Release History
This section seems to be more about customer support of older versions rather than the history f releases. DGerman (talk) 21:49, 5 September 2015 (UTC)

Issues of Style and notability
My deletion of the "other features" section was reverted. The whole thing is unsourced; its few footnotes direct users to a dead link. A lot of it could be outdated. It's also very technical, the average user wouldn't understand half of it. These issues are also present in all other body sections.

The subject might not even be notable to warrant a wikipedia article at all. No sources that meet WP:GNG are listed, and I have yet to find one on google search, books and news. If none exist, then this article should just be deleted. Mottezen (talk) 07:25, 7 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Z/OS