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Mr. Fantasy

Mr. Fantasy is the debut album by English rock band Traffic, released in December 1967. The recording included group members Jim Capaldi, Steve Winwood, Chris Wood, and Dave Mason; Mason temporarily left the band shortly after the album was released. The album reached the number 16 position in the UK Albums Chart, and number 88 on the Billboard Top LPs chart in the United States.

Overview
The album was recorded at Olympic Studios in London with American record producer Jimmy Miller and recording engineer Phill Brown. When Brown was asked his favourite memory of engineering, he responded: "Recording Dear Mr Fantasy, one o'clock in the morning, November 1967."

The UK release was one of the earliest rock albums on the Island Records label. This edition had a color gatefold cover and included 10 songs. As with common practice in the 1960s, the original UK album left out hit songs from Traffic singles of the era. The sitar, an instrument widely associated with this era of Traffic due to its use on the singles "Paper Sun" and "Hole in My Shoe", is used on only one track on the UK album, "Utterly Simple".

United States version
The first US version was released in early 1968 by United Artists Records and re-titled Heaven Is in Your Mind. It featured a different, non-gatefold cover showing three members of the group without Mason. For this edition, a short looping snippet of the single "Here We Go Round The Mulberry Bush" was added as a segue between most of the songs. The US LP was re-sequenced and also added three other singles ("Paper Sun", "Hole in My Shoe", and "Smiling Phases") but deleted two Mason songs ("Hope I Never Find Me There" and "Utterly Simple".) The final track on the US album, "We're A Fade, You Missed This", is actually the ending of the full length "Paper Sun".

After the first pressing the title of the US album was quickly changed back to Mr. Fantasy, but the new cover and track list remained until United Artists went out of business and Island reissued the UK stereo version in the United States in 1980. This edition was also released as Mr. Fantasy in Australia and New Zealand by Festival Records after the original UK track listing had first been released in Australia simply titled Traffic. The first Canadian edition was similar but was released in December 1967 with the title Reaping in a unique cover. This album contained the full-length "Paper Sun", but dropped "Heaven Is in Your Mind" and the between song segues. Reaping was discontinued and replaced by the UK stereo album in 1970.

Different mixes and recordings
Both UK and US albums were released in significantly different stereo and mono mixes. These differences led to four distinct variations of the album. All of these have been re-issued on CD. The 1999 UK re-issue features the UK version in stereo and the US album in mono. In 2000 the US stereo version was re-issued on CD with its original title Heaven Is in Your Mind plus stereo bonus tracks. The same year the UK mono version was also released in the US as Mr. Fantasy with mono bonus tracks.

The song "Giving to You", was released in 3 different versions. The first was a mono B-side with lyrics in the introduction sung by Winwood. This also appeared on the US mono LP. The mono and stereo UK albums had a revised version, which was included on the US stereo album. The soundtrack album for Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush also contains a different recording of "Utterly Simple" than the one used on this album.

"Coloured Rain" was recorded as "Colored Rain" by Eric Burdon & The New Animals featuring a guitar solo by Andy Summers. It was also recorded by The Hassles, Al Kooper and Slade. "Smiling Phases" was recorded by Blood, Sweat & Tears on their self-titled second album released in 1968. "Dealer" was recorded as part of the medley "Dealer/Spanish Rose" by Santana on their Inner Secrets album released in 1978.

Reception and legacy
A review in the 27 April 1968 edition of Rolling Stone called the album "one of the best from any contemporary group". The reviewer felt that Steve Winwood's voice had "matured, acquired new depth and new reaches, a more individual feeling and a greater range in both style and tones", and considered that "the strongest points of this album are where the elements of Traffic's 'comprehensible far-out' and Winwood's great R&B style are combined", but deemed Mason's contributions to be good enough in their own right.

Allmusic's retrospective review is positive, calling Traffic's music "eclectic, combining their background in British pop with a taste for the comic and dance hall styles of Sgt. Pepper, Indian music, and blues-rock jamming".

In 1999, the album was added to the Grammy Hall of Fame. It was also ranked 517 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition in 2000.

Personnel
with:
 * Traffic
 * Jim Capaldi – drums, percussion, vocals
 * Dave Mason – guitar, Mellotron, sitar, tambura, harmonica, percussion, bass guitar on "Dear Mr. Fantasy" and "Dealer", vocals
 * Steve Winwood – Hammond organ, guitar, bass guitar, piano, harpsichord, percussion, vocals, arrangements
 * Chris Wood – flute, saxophone, Hammond organ, percussion, vocals, sleeve design
 * Jimmy Miller – producer, maracas on "Dear Mr. Fantasy"
 * Small Faces (Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Kenney Jones) – backing vocals and percussion on "Berkshire Poppies"
 * Francine Heimann – spoken-word midsection on "Hole in My Shoe" (uncredited) from US Version
 * Technical
 * Eddie Kramer – engineer
 * John Benton-Harris – photography
 * Margaret Goldfarb – re-release coordinator

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mr. Fantasy


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Mario Lanza: The American Caruso

Mario Lanza: The American Caruso is a 90-minute 1983 PBS documentary, narrated and hosted by Plácido Domingo. It explores the life of tenor Mario Lanza, and includes clips from six of the tenor's eight films, together with interviews with such Lanza associates and contemporaries as Anna Moffo, Kathryn Grayson, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Joe Pasternak, and Dorothy Kirsten, Frances Yeend, and the conductor Peter Herman Adler. The film also includes interviews and remembrances from Lanza's mother and all four of his children. Production credits as follows: written by Stephen Chodorov, director John Musilli, writer and producer JoAnn Young.

The documentary film was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 1983 as Outstanding Informational Special.

title: Mario Lanza: The American Caruso


text:
Cooperative database

A cooperative database is a type of database that holds information about customers and their transaction histories. Many companies will contribute information to a database in return for aggregate information on the customers other companies have provided. Such databases are used for promotional mailings, credit card fraud detection, digital media targeting, business intelligence, and fighting E-mail spam.

Alternatively, the term "cooperative database" can be used to describe database systems that incorporate techniques to aid users beyond returning direct answers. Such databases can, for example, give explanations as to why a query returns no or few results, detect and report some user misconception suggested by the query, provide justifications for returned answers, or relax query attributes to find "close" but non-precise answers. The fundamental goal is to extend databases towards reflecting the cooperative principle, and in particular, to avoid misleading users by omission of pertinent, contextual detail.

title: Cooperative database


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shadowsrevenge96

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:59, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Shadowsrevenge96
Blatant vanity. Definitely not encyclopedic. Delete. --Dmcdevit 07:23, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete internet user vanity. Sjakkalle 08:18, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, NO forummer will EVER be worthy of their own page on WP, unless they are the handle for a notable person. Master Thief Garrett 08:40, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- vanity. - Longhair | Talk 12:20, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 06:31, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Sultan Husayn Bayqara

Sultan Husayn Bayqara Mirza ( Husayn Bāyqarā; June/July 1438 – 4 May 1506) was the Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 until May 4, 1506, with a brief interruption in 1470.

A skilled statesman, Sultan Husayn Bayqara was best known for his interest in the arts and was renowned as a benefactor and patron of learning in his kingdom, with his reign being heralded as the second Timurid Renaissance. He has been described as "the quintessential Timurid ruler of the later period in Transoxiana" and his sophisticated court and generous artistic patronage was a source of admiration, particularly from his cousin, the Mughal emperor Babur. Sultan Husayn Bayqara was the last Timurid ruler of consequence in Khorasan.

Early life and lineage
Born in Herat in June or July 1438, Husayn Bayqara's parents were Ghiyas ud-din Mansur Mirza of the Turco-Mongol Barlas tribe and his wife, Firuza Sultan Begum. His parents had four other children; a son, Bayqara Mirza II, as well as three daughters, Aka Biki, Badi al-Jamal and Urun Sultan Khanum.

Husayn's father was a great-grandson of the Central Asian conqueror Timur. His mother was the daughter of Sultan Husayn of the powerful Tayichiud tribe, for whom he was named. Firuza was also herself a great-granddaughter of Timur twice over. Both his parents were also descendants of the Mongol Emperor, Genghis Khan. In addition to this, he claimed descent in the ninth generation from Khwaja Abdullah Ansari of Herat, also known as Pir-e-Herat (Sage of Herat).

Husayn's father Ghiyas ud-din died when he was 7 or 8 years old. Given that the latter was not a noteworthy personality in the Timurid family, Husayn adopted the name Bayqara after his more illustrious grandfather, Bayqara Mirza I. After consulting with his mother, Sultan Husayn (now Sultan Husayn Bayqara) entered the service of his older cousin, Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, ruler of Herat in 1452. Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza was considered an incompetent ruler. He mismanaged his territory and went into battle against Abu Sa'id Mirza, the Timurid ruler of Samarkand. Husayn Bayqara, not happy with his employment, tried to go over to Abu Sa'id Mirza by meeting with him. Although Abu Sa'id was inclined to take him into his service, a rebellion on part of Husayn Bayqara's relative, Sultan Awais Mirza, son of Muhammad Mirza, son of Bayqara Mirza, induced Abu Sa'id to arrest Husayn Bayqara and other relatives as a precaution. Eventually on the plea of his mother, Firuza Begum, he was freed and he rejoined Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza till the latter's death two years later.

Period of Anarchy in Khurasan
Following Babur's death in 1457, a period of anarchy ensued in Khurasan. Economic instability and lack of central authority with frequent regime changes invited the invasion of the region by the ruler of Samarkand, Abu Sa'id Mirza who occupied Herat on July 19, 1457. But Abu Sa'id Mirza immediately abandoned the city in order to deal with troubles at home. Next came the invasion of the Kara Koyunlu leader, Jahan Shah who took Mazandaran. During this chaotic time Khurasan was divided into many territories;
 * Asterabad to Sabzevar – Muzaffar-al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf of Kara Koyunlu
 * Balkh – Abu Sa'id Mirza, ruler of Transoxiana
 * Abivard – Ala al-Dawla Mirza
 * Herat – Ibrahim Mirza
 * Tus & Imad Fortress – Shah Mahmud Mirza
 * Marv – Sultan Sanjar Mirza
 * Sistan, Farah & Isfizar – Malik Qasim ibn Amir Iskander Turkmen, an Amir.

In Merv and Khwarazm
Husayn Bayqara, unable to compete with these rivals, adopted the life of a mercenary and joined Sultan Sanjar Mirza of Merv who married him to his daughter, Beqa Sultan Begum. To them was born Badi' al-Zaman Mirza.

Sultan Sanjar Mirza and Husayn Bayqara got along well, but in June/July 1457 when Sanjar appointed Husayn in charge of the city while he was absent, Husayn tried to take power. This was due to him suspecting that the chief dignitary, Hasan Arlat was plotting to kill him. Amirs loyal to Sanjar revolted and the attempt failed. Husayn Bayqara was forced to escape with just five horsemen. But outside the city he was joined by the head of security of trade caravans of Iranji sector, Hasan Charkas and his 200 men. This would become Husayn Bayqara's first mercenary force. To solidify this new relationship, he married Hasan Charkas' daughter, Afāk Begum.

He was chased by Sanjar Mirza to Karakum Desert. He was continuously pursued until he was forced to march towards Khwarazm, where he remained between the deserts of Marv and Khiva.

Timurid-Kara Koyunlu Conflict
Recognizing the weakness of Timurid authority in Herat, Jahan Shah invaded and took the city on June 28, 1458, which was now occupied by Ibrahim Mirza's father, Ala al-Dawla Mirza. But Abu Sa'id Mirza could not tolerate this and after negotiations, Jahan Shah decided to return territorial demarcation to Shah Rukh's times. Thus, Khurasan, Mazandaran and Jurjan were returned to the Timurids and Abu Sa'id Mirza returned and took Herat a second time on December 22, 1458.

Conflict with Abu Sa'id Mirza
Husayn Bayqara had now mustered a force of 1,000 men and took Jurjan on October 19, 1458 from the Kara Koyunlu. Abu Sa'id Mirza invaded Jurjan, which Husayn Bayqara hastily abandoned and fled towards Khwarazm again. Abu Sa'id Mirza appointed his son, Sultan Mahmud Mirza as Jurjan's governor. When Husayn Bayqara learned that Abu Sa'id Mirza had left Herat to crush the rebellion of his relative Muhammad Juki, he attacked Jurjan again and at the Battle of Jauzi Wali in May 1461, he defeated Sultan Mahmud Mirza and appointed Abdal-Rahman Arghun the territory's governor.

However, he could not follow up this victory when he besieged Herat from August–October 1461. Abu Sa'id Mirza returned and Husayn Bayqara again fled towards Khwarazm, from where he began making pillaging raids into Khurasan; these raids were conducted in earnest starting in 1464. Seeking to protect himself against Abu Sa'id, he requested the help of the Uzbeks. But that help never came since Abul-Khayr Khan, the Uzbek leader died in 1468. This period of 8 to 10 years was the worst in Husayn Bayqara's life. He wandered from one place to the next at times in dire straits.

Becoming ruler of Khurasan
When Abu Sa'id Mirza went to war against the Aq Qoyunlu, he was defeated at the Battle of Qarabagh and captured. The leader of the Aq Qoyunlu, Uzun Hasan handed him over to the 19-year-old Timurid Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, who had him executed. Upon Abu Sa'ids death, the Timurid Empire collapsed. Taking advantage of Abu Sa'id Mirza's absence, Husayn Bayqara had again entered Khurasan and besieged Herat which he finally captured on March 24, 1469. Thus he became the ruler of Khurasan. The sons of the late Abu Sa'id Mirza attempted to march against him, but turned back when they learned that not only had Husayn Bayqara consolidated his control over the city, but the defeated army of their father had joined him.

Conflict with Aq Qoyunlu and Yadgar Muhammad Mirza
Meanwhile, Uzun Hasan sent his protege, Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, to conquer Khurasan. Husayn defeated Yadgar at the Battle of Chenaran on September 15, 1469, but the latter was sent reinforcements. Uzun Hasan demanded that Husayn hand over various Kara Koyunlu officials who had fled to him, a demand which Husayn refused. Yadgar therefore continued his assault, and Husayn was unable to match his forces due to mass desertions. He ended up fleeing Herat, which was occupied on July 7, 1470. Six weeks later, Husayn reoccupied the city after raising a fresh force and defeating the sons of Abu Sa'id, who were attempting to advance into the region. He captured Yadgar and executed him.

Husayn's empire was now secure. The Aq Qoyunlu made no further attempts against him, and the Timurids in Transoxiana were too weakened by internal conflicts to advance into his territory. His boundary with the Aq Qoyunlu started on the southern edge of the Caspian Sea, running south, then east across the north of the Dasht-e Lut, ending at Lake Hamun. His border with the Timurids was the Oxus River. He more or less respected both borders, refusing to cross north in an attempt to capture Transoxiana from his former enemies. He was probably aware of the Uzbek threat to the region, and was wise enough not to pursue a border with this dangerous tribal people.

Administration
Husayn was viewed as "a good king, a lover of peace and justice", and he built numerous structures including a famous school; however, he was sick with a palsy for twenty years of his reign. He was forced to deal with several revolts and incursions. In 1490 the brother of Husayn's son Ibrahim Husain's guardian, Darvish 'Ali, conspired with Sultan Mahmud, who by that time ruled in Hisar. Mahmud moved against Balkh, which Ibrahim resided in, forcing Husayn to mobilize against him. Some years later, Husayn transferred his eldest son, Badi' al-Zaman, from Astarabad (renamed Gorgan in 1937) to Balkh, but Badi' revolted when his son Muhammed Mu'min was denied rule in Astarabad. Husayn defeated both Muhammed, whom he executed, and Badi', whom he reconciled with. The truce fell apart afterwards, however, and in 1499 Badi' besieged Herat.

Husayn Bayqara introduced a ban on the drinking of wine and the shaving of beards. He said that “Although in the days of some [other rulers], the principles of the Sharia and the community of Islam were at the mercy of heretics ... (in his time) the arms of the Holy Law and the laws of the Prophet are so strong that...." going on to boast about how his police maintained morality.

Uzbek threat
In 1501 the Uzbeks conquered Transoxiana from the Abu Sa'id's grandson, Babur. Under Muhammad Shaybani, the Uzbeks could now threaten Khurasan. Suffering from the effects of advanced age, Husayn made no move against them, even after Babur advised him to act. The Uzbeks began conducting raids into his kingdom. Finally changing his mind, he began to march against them but died in 1506 just after beginning his advance. The inheritance of his empire was disputed between his sons Badi' and Muzaffar Husain. Babur, who had begun an expedition in support of Husayn, noted the infighting between the brothers, decided the area was impossible to defend and retreated. The next year, Muhammad Shaybani conquered Herat and caused Husayn's successors to flee, putting an end to Timurid rule in Khurasan.

Culture
Husayn Bayqara was notably a patron of arts and literature, particularly of poets, which led to the blossom of literal culture in Herat. The leading poets of the court were Jami (died 1492) and Ali-Shir Nava'i (died 1501). The former is acknowledged as the last of the great classical Persian poets, while the latter is renowned for being the founder of Chagatai Turkic literature. Under Husayn Bayqara, the amalgation of the cultural sphere of the Turks and Persians reached its zenith, as demonstrated by his support and involvement in the literary culture of both languages. Regardless, Persian remained the dominant language of realm.

Family
Husayn had twelve consorts:
 * Consorts
 * Bega Sultan Begum (m. 1457 - div., died 1488), daughter of Sanjar Mirza of Merv, son of Mirak Ahmad Mirza, son of Umar Shaikh Mirza, son of Timur;
 * Tulak Begum known as Chuli Begum (div.), daughter of Husayn Sufi, a chief of the Azaks, and sister of Amir Yusuf Sufi Jandar;
 * Shahr Banu Begum (m. 1469 - div.), daughter of Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza;
 * Payanda Sultan Begum, another daughter of Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza;
 * Khadija Begi Agha, daughter of Amir Muhammad Sarik bin Amir Muhammad Khawaja, and widow of Abu Sa'id Mirza;
 * Zainab Sultan Begum, daughter of Amir Taj-al-din Hasan bin Nizam-al-din Charkas;
 * Afak Begum, another daughter of Amir Taj-al-din Hasan bin Nizam-al-din Charkas;
 * Zobayda Sultan Aghacha, daughter of Hasan bin Hussain Sheikh Taimur, of the race of the Shaban Sultans;
 * Latifa Sultan Aghacha, daughter of Amir Sultan Husayn Chaharshanba and a relative of Jahan Shah;
 * Mangeli Bi Aghacha, an Uzbek concubine, and former slave girl of Shahar Banu Begum;
 * Baba Aghacha, daughter of Khawaja Muhammad Ataka, and foster sister of Afak Begum;
 * Begi Sultan Aghacha, a concubine, and mother of Afrasiyab Mirza;

Husayn had eighteen sons:
 * Sons
 * Badi' al-Zaman Mirza — with Bega Sultan Begum;
 * Shah Gharib Mirza — with Khadija Begi Agha;
 * Muzaffer Hussain Mirza — with Khadija Begi Agha;
 * Abul Hassan Mirza — with Latifa Sultan Aghacha;
 * Muhammad Muhsin Mirza — with Latifa Sultan Aghacha;
 * Abu Tarab Mirza — with Mangeli Bi Aghacha;
 * Muhammad Hussain Mirza — with Mangeli Bi Aghacha;
 * Feridun Hussain Mirza — with Mangeli Bi Aghacha;
 * Haidar Muhammad Mirza — with Payanda Sultan Begum;
 * Muhammad Ma'asum Mirza — with Baba Aghacha;
 * Farrukh Hussain Mirza — with Baba Aghacha;
 * Ibrahim Hussain Mirza — with Baba Aghacha;
 * Ibn Hussain Mirza - with Baba Aghacha;
 * Muhammad Qasim Mirza — with Baba Aghacha;
 * Afrasiyab Mirza — with Begi Sultan Aghacha;
 * Masum Ali Mirza - Latifa Sultan Aghacha;
 * Sultan Jahangir Mirza — with Khadija Begi Agha;
 * Jahangir Husain Mirza — with Khadija Begi Agha;

Husayn had eighteen daughters:
 * Daughters
 * Zainab Sultan Begum known as Sultanim Begum - with Tulak Begum, married firstly to Sultan Wayis Mirza, son of Bayqara Mirza and Sa'adat Bakht Begum, married secondly to Abdul Baqi Mirza, son of Usman Mirza, son of Sidi Ahmad Mirza, son of Miran Shah;
 * Ak Begum - with Payanda Sultan Begum, married to Muhammad Qasim Mirza, son of Abu'l-Qasim Arlat and Bega Begum;
 * Kechek Begum - with Payanda Sultan Begum, married to Mullah Khwajah;
 * Bega Begum - with Payanda Sultan Begum, married to Babar Mirza, son of Muhammad Qasim Mirza and Rabia Sultan Begum;
 * Agha Begum - with Payanda Sultan Begum, married to Sultan Murad Mirza, son of Muhammad Qasim Mirza and Rabia Sultan Begum;
 * Fatima Sultan Begum - with Mengli Bi Aghach, married to Yadgar Farrukh Mirza, son of Farrukhzad Mirza, son of Sidi Ahmad Mirza, son of Miran Shah;
 * Maryam Sultan Begum - with Mengli Bi Aghacha, married to Sayyid Abdullah Mirza;
 * Sultan Nizhad Begum - with Baba Aghacha, married to Iskandar Mirza, son of Bayqara Mirza and Sa'adat Bakht Begum;
 * Sa'adat Bakht Begum known as Begum Sultan - with Baba Aghacha, married to Sultan Masud Mirza, son of Sultan Mahmud Mirza and Khanzada Begum;
 * Munawar Sultan Begum - with Baba Aghacha, married to Sayyid Mirza of Andekhud, descendant of Ulugh Beg;
 * Aisha Sultan Begum - with Zobayda Sultan Aghacha, married firstly to Qasim Sultan, a Shaibani Sultan, married secondly to Buran Sultan, a relative of Qasim;
 * Khanum Sultan Begum - with Khadija Begi Agha;
 * Sa'adat Nizhad Begum - with Baba Aghacha;
 * Salima Sultan Begum - with Baba Aghacha;
 * Badi-al-Mulk Begum - with Latifa Sultan Aghacha;
 * Umm Salima Begum - with Latifa Sultan Aghacha;
 * Munisa Sultan Begum - with Zubayda Sultan Aghacha;
 * Khurshid Bakht Begum - with Baba Aghacha;

title: Sultan Husayn Bayqara


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Talk:Rum-running

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2019 and 13 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): JAPB08171978.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:44, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rum-running


text: File:Infinity Broadcasting.png

title: File:Infinity Broadcasting.png


text:
Talk:John W. Snow

Untitled
I do not have access to New York Times archives, however according to transcripts from John Snow's March 4, 2003 testimony before the House Ways and Means Committee Snow is quoted as saying: "So we can afford a war and we will put it behind us, but we do need to make sure we have an economy that is growing and creating jobs for people who want work. That is what this plan is about, creating jobs for people who want work and growth for the economy so everybody can have prospects for a more abundant life." He also says "The reason I have comfort is the cost of the war will be small relative to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States."

I believe that the quote currently attributed to John Snow, "The cost of the [Iraq] war will be small. We can afford the war, and we'll put it behind us" is a selective hybrid of these two portions of his testimony and is inaccuarately portrayed as a complete and comprehensive statement. The quote as it is may have appeared in the New York Times, I honestly don't know.

Does anybody have any thoughts about this?
 * Since no one chimed up in support of the quote, I will remove it. If it is validated later, someone can readd it. JRP

Here is the relevant paragraph from the New York Times (, requires Times Select):

 * The cost of the war will be small, Treasury Secretary John W. Snow told the House Ways and Means Committee this week. We can afford the war, and we'll put it behind us.

So the article did reflect what the Times said except for merging the two quotes, but as per JRP it looks like the Times was a little sloppy here in not adding the qualifier about relative to GDP or (unlikely in my view, but you never know) the transcript is off.

Crust 16:05, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

resignation
Do we know why he resigned? 216.73.192.102 (talk) 03:44, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:John W. Snow


text:
User:Baryn

Welcome to Wikipedia, and all that

-Chinju 07:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

While it is a great any honors to be welcomed to Wikipedia, it cannot be denied that most critics find the insatiable qualities of the Internet are consequently sparse in their portrayal...

Sorry, getting into Encyclopedia-writing Mode.

title: User:Baryn


text:
User:Kvasir

Xanadu: Hey was here. I just pulled this headline off a small budget Canadian short film (the name of which I can't remember) just because it sounds... mo lei tau.

My first mark on Wikipedia was made at 14:02 EST, Apr 7, 2004 when I first attempted to create an entry for my fictional country. Two separate votes for deletion well over a year later, Fyksland and Fyksian no longer exist officially in Wikipedia. But just like any other obsession, I am still making my mark on the pages of Wikipedia and I am as addicted as ever.

So whenever you come upon an article, don't forget to look for my time-stamped edit, saying: "Hey, I was here."

Work in Progress
''"So, come up to the lab, and see... what's on the slab." - Dr. Frank N. Furter''

Photographic Contribution
These are my photographic works that I've decided to share with the Wikipedia community, and hence the world. Your acknowledgement or the use of disclaimer when using these images is neither mandatory nor enforceable but it would certainly be appreciated. See individual image for licensing info.

Edited Articles

 * Click to see what I've been editing.
 * Cliquez pour la liste de suivi.

Edit Habits

 * en.wikipedia.org
 * fr.wikipedia.org

FAQ
''This is a name I picked since I first got exposed to the Internet and IRC in 1997. Click to see what Kvasir really is.'' ''My other pseudonym in full anagram is Jon Schwinn-Wug Mage. I'll give you this much.'' ''I live in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and I'm a multiple citizen of Canada, the Commonwealth and People's Republic of China with right of abode in Hong Kong.  I did put together this user page, didn't I?''
 * How did you get your username?
 * Who are you really?
 * OK fine. Where are you from?
 * Do you have a life?

Wikifriends
Users I know from outside of Wikipedia or know personally:
 * Iustinus
 * Sonjaaa

Bookmarks

 * Public_domain_image_resources
 * List of mainstream films with unsimulated sex

title: User:Kvasir


text:
Pi Recordings

Pi Recordings is a jazz record label founded by Seth Rosner in 2001. He was soon joined as partner by Yulun Wang. Pi specializes in avant-garde jazz. Its first two albums were by Henry Threadgill.

Pi's roster includes Amir ElSaffar, Anthony Braxton, Corey Wilkes, James Blood Ulmer, Leroy Jenkins, Liberty Ellman, Marc Ribot, Muhal Richard Abrams, Roscoe Mitchell, Rudresh Mahanthappa, Steve Lehman, Art Ensemble of Chicago, Steve Coleman, Vijay Iyer, and Wadada Leo Smith.

In its first twenty years, Pi released fewer than a hundred recordings. In 2021, DownBeat wrote that "Pi releases rigorous, pathbreaking music that stretches the boundaries of jazz while honoring its history."

Main series

 * 1) Everybodys Mouth's a Book (2001) – Henry Threadgill
 * 2) Up Popped the Two Lips (2001) – Henry Threadgill
 * 3) Song for My Sister (2002) – Roscoe Mitchell & The Note Factory
 * 4) The Year of the Elephant (2002) – Wadada Leo Smith's Golden Quartet
 * 5) Your Life Flashes (2002) – Fieldwork (Vijay Iyer, Elliot Humberto Kavee, Aaron Stewart)
 * 6) Organic Resonance (2003) – Wadada Leo Smith & Anthony Braxton
 * 7) The Meeting (2003) – Art Ensemble of Chicago
 * 8) Tactiles (2003) – Liberty Ellman
 * 9) In What Language? (2003) – Vijay Iyer & Mike Ladd
 * 10) Saturn, Conjunct the Grand Canyon in a Sweet Embrace (2004) – Wadada Leo Smith & Anthony Braxton
 * 11) Sirius Calling (2004) – Art Ensemble of Chicago
 * 12) Juncture (2004) – Various Artists
 * 13) And Now... (2004) – Revolutionary Ensemble
 * 14) Mother Tongue (2004) – Rudresh Mahanthappa
 * 15) Spiritual Unity (2005) – Marc Ribot
 * 16) Simulated Progress (2005) – Fieldwork (Vijay Iyer, Steve Lehman, Elliot Humberto Kavee)
 * 17) Demian as Posthuman (2005) – Steve Lehman
 * 18) Back in Time (2005) – James Blood Ulmer
 * 19) Ophiuchus Butterfly (2006) – Liberty Ellman
 * 20) Non-Cognitive Aspects of the City (2006) – Art Ensemble of Chicago
 * 21) Codebook (2006) – Rudresh Mahanthappa
 * 22) Streaming (2006) – Muhal Richard Abrams, George E. Lewis & Roscoe Mitchell
 * 23) Vision Towards Essence (2007) – Muhal Richard Abrams
 * 24) Two Rivers (2007) – Amir ElSaffar
 * 25) On Meaning (2007) – Steve Lehman
 * 26) Door (2008) – Fieldwork (Vijay Iyer, Steve Lehman, Tyshawn Sorey)
 * 27) Party Intellectuals (2008) –  Marc Ribot's Ceramic Dog
 * 28) Kinsmen (2008) – Rudresh Mahanthappa
 * 29) Cries from tha Ghetto (2009) – Corey Wilkes
 * 30) Travail Transformation and Flow (2009) – Steve Lehman
 * 31) This Brings Us to Volume 1 (2009) – Henry Threadgill Zooid
 * 32) Radif Suite (2010) – Amir ElSaffar & Hafez Modirzadeh
 * 33) Harvesting Semblances and Affinities (2010) –  Steve Coleman and Five Elements
 * 34) Silent Movies (2010) – Marc Ribot
 * 35) Apex (2010) – Rudresh Mahanthappa & Bunky Green
 * 36) This Brings Us to Volume 2 (2010) – Henry Threadgill Zooid
 * 37) SoundDance (2011) – Muhal Richard Abrams with Fred Anderson and George E. Lewis
 * 38) The Mancy of Sound (2011) – Steve Coleman and Five Elements
 * 39) Synastry (2011) – Jen Shyu & Mark Dresser
 * 40) Oblique–1 (2011) – Tyshawn Sorey
 * 41) Inana (2011) – Amir ElSaffar
 * 42) Dialect Fluorescent (2012) – Steve Lehman Trio
 * 43) Tomorrow Sunny / The Revelry, Spp (2012) – Henry Threadgill Zooid
 * 44) Post–Chromodal Out! (2012) – Hafez Modirzadeh
 * 45) Reunion: Live in New York (2012) – Sam Rivers Trio
 * 46) Continuum (2012) – David Virelles
 * 47) Functional Arrhythmias (2013) –  Steve Coleman and Five Elements
 * 48) Moment and the Message (2013) – Jonathan Finlayson & Sicilian Defence
 * 49) Holding It Down: The Veterans' Dreams Project (2013) – Vijay Iyer & Mike Ladd
 * 50) Fiction (2013) – Matt Mitchell
 * 51) Alchemy (2013) – Amir ElSaffar
 * 52) Fourteen (2014) – Dan Weiss
 * 53) Live at the Village Vanguard (2014) – Marc Ribot Trio
 * 54) Mise en Abîme (2014) –Steve Lehman Octet
 * 55) In Convergence Liberation (2014) – Hafez Modirzadeh, ETHEL
 * 56) Alloy (2014) – Tyshawn Sorey
 * 57) Synovial Joints (2015) – Steve Coleman and the Council of Balance
 * 58) In for a Penny, In for a Pound (2015) – Henry Threadgill's Zooid
 * 59) Crisis (2015) – Amir ElSaffar Two Rivers Ensemble
 * 60) Radiate (2015) – Liberty Ellman
 * 61) Sounds and Cries of the World (2015) – Jen Shyu & Jade Tongue
 * 62) Vista Accumulation (2015) – Matt Mitchell
 * 63) Sixteen: Drummers Suite (2016) – Dan Weiss
 * 64) Old Locks and Irregular Verbs (2016) – Henry Threadgill
 * 65) The Inner Spectrum of Variables (2016) – Tyshawn Sorey
 * 66) Sélébéyone (2016) – Steve Lehman
 * 67) Moving Still (2016) – Jonathan Finlayson
 * 68) Trickster (2017) – Miles Okazaki
 * 69) Morphogenesis (2017) – Steve Coleman's Natal Eclipse
 * 70) Verisimilitude (2017) – Tyshawn Sorey
 * 71) A Pouting Grimace (2017) – Matt Mitchell
 * 72) Song of Silver Geese (2017) – Jen Shyu
 * 73) Dirt… And More Dirt (2018) – Henry Threadgill 14 or 15 Kestra: Agg
 * 74) Starebaby (2018) – Dan Weiss
 * 75) Double Up, Plays Double Up Plus (2018) – Henry Threadgill
 * 76) Live at the Village Vanguard, Vol. 1 (The Embedded Sets) (2018) – Steve Coleman and Five Elements
 * 77) 3 Times Round (2018) – Jonathan Finlayson
 * 78) Igbó Alákọrin (The Singer’s Grove) Vol. I & II (2018) – David Virelles
 * 79) Clockwise (2019) – Anna Webber
 * 80) We Are On The Edge: A 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) – Art Ensemble of Chicago
 * 81) Phalanx Ambassadors (2019) – Matt Mitchell
 * 82) The People I Love (2019) – Steve Lehman
 * 83) The Adornment of Time (2019) – Tyshawn Sorey & Marilyn Crispell
 * 84) The Sky Below (2019) – Miles Okazaki
 * 85) Last Desert (2020) – Liberty Ellman
 * 86) Natural Selection (2020) – Dan Weiss

Reissues

 * 901 Blood Sutra (2006) – Vijay Iyer – originally released on Artists House in 2003
 * 902 Reimagining (2006) – Vijay Iyer – originally released on Savoy Jazz in 2005
 * 903 Raw Materials (2006) – Vijay Iyer & Rudresh Mahanthappa – originally released on Savoy Jazz in 2006
 * 904 Panoptic Modes (2010) – Vijay Iyer – originally released on Red Giant in 2001

title: Pi Recordings


text:
Dear Mr. Fantasy

"Dear Mr. Fantasy" is a rock song by Traffic from their 1967 album, Mr. Fantasy. Jim Capaldi contributed the lyrics, while Steve Winwood and Chris Wood composed the music.

In a song review for AllMusic, Lindsay Planer writes: "A slightly trippy dark and foreboding tone permeates both the lyrics and arrangement contrasting the rock-solid pop delivery. Tying it all together are Winwood’s emotive and residually mournful lyrics. With a distinct blue-eyed soul intonation – perfected during a seminal stint in the Spencer Davis Group – he effortlessly increases the drama with a combination of slightly behind the beat timing and empathic vocals."

Dave Matthews mentioned this song specifically as part of his speech inducting Traffic into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and this is the song they played as part of that same induction.

Renditions
Traffic recorded an extended version (10:57) for their live album Welcome to the Canteen (1971). Winwood played the song at Eric Clapton's 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival and the song appears on the festival DVD. Winwood and Clapton played the song on their joint tour; a live recording appears on the album Live from Madison Square Garden (2009). Planer also notes performances by Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper (1969, The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper); the Grateful Dead (1980s–1990s), and Crosby, Stills, & Nash (1991, CSN box set).

title: Dear Mr. Fantasy


text:
Gan River

The Gan River (, Gan: Kōm-kong) runs north through the western part of Jiangxi before flowing into Lake Poyang and thus the Yangtze River. The Xiang-Gan uplands separate it from the Xiang River of neighboring eastern Hunan.

Two similarly sized rivers, the Gong River which is the southern tributary and the Mei River from the north combine in Yudu County, Jiangxi, to form the Gan. The Gan River flows 527 km before splitting into distributaries just north of Nanchang. The longest of these, the North Branch, is several times longer than the other distributaries at 72 km. The Gan River is the major geographical feature of Jiangxi, and gives its name to the Gan variety of Chinese as well as the province's one-character abbreviation.

The river feeds into Lake Poyang, which in turns connects with the Yangtze.

title: Gan River


text:
Talk:History of science fiction

Modern SF
I think Netflix's Black Mirror may merit mention on this page. If there can be some consensus I wouldn't mind writing up a few paragraphs about the show. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8807:4480:2D00:6DA0:9CAC:937E:5070 (talk) 12:34, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

Burroughs
The article describes Naked Lunch as the first in a series of novels using the cut-up method. Although episodic and fragmented, Naked Lunch did not use the cut-up method. I'm not sure if he had started using cut-ups before Naked Lunch was published, but NL itself was done before the discovery of cut-ups. Adkins (talk) 14:37, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

lucian's "a true story"
should the above mentioned story be considered science fiction? Manumaker08 (talk) 17:54, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

Proto-SF Gets Way Too Much Emphasis
Brian Aldiss (and I) consider Frankenstein (1818) to be the earliest work of science fiction. Why then in an article purported to be about the history of science fiction is this earliest work not mentioned until almost the halfway point of this chronological entry? In my opinion, all that proto-SF stuff that comes before 1818 needs to either be greatly condensed, comprising no more than 10% of the article, or have its own article titled "proto-SF". There has been a lot that has happened these past forty-odd years in SF. The last two sections could/should be considerably expanded. I'm for a better balanced article by reducing the front load and expanding the latter part. DanQuigley 04:06, 23 December 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by DanQuigley (talk • contribs)

 * I agree. In fact, the proto part contains unsourced POV.  As an example, I would immediately delete the following:
 * The ancient Hindu mythological epic the Mahabharata (8th and 9th centuries BCE) includes the story of King Kakudmi, who travels to heaven to meet the creator Brahma and is shocked to learn that many ages have passed when he returns to Earth, anticipating the concept of time travel.
 * This is unsourced opinion (the citation is merely a summary of the myth). To say this is time travel in the science-fictional sense is silly.  The concept of time dilation while visiting the gods or fairies is common and is pure fantasy when it lacks any connection with science or logic.  Zaslav (talk) 06:47, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Science fiction narratives
To 217.164.100.181 (talk) 09:15, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of science fiction


text: Category:Russian diplomats

title: Category:Russian diplomats


text:
Tyler Perry

Tyler Perry (born Emmitt Perry Jr.; September 13, 1969) is an American actor, filmmaker, and playwright. He is the creator and performer of Mabel "Madea" Simmons, a tough elderly woman, and also portrays her brother Joe Simmons and her nephew Brian Simmons. Perry's films vary in style from orthodox filmmaking techniques to filmed productions of live stage plays, many of which have been subsequently adapted into feature films. Madea's first appearance was in Perry's play I Can Do Bad All by Myself (1999) staged in Chicago.

Perry wrote and produced many stage plays during the 1990s and early 2000s. His breakthrough performance came in 2005 with the film Diary of a Mad Black Woman, which he wrote and produced as an adaptation of his stage play of the same name. He also developed numerous television series, most notably Tyler Perry's House of Payne, which ran for eight seasons on TBS from 2006 to 2012. In 2011, Forbes listed him as the highest-paid man in entertainment, earning $130 million between May 2010 and May 2011. In 2012, Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). The deal featured scripted projects such as The Haves and the Have Nots. In 2019, he produced the political drama series The Oval for BET.

Outside of his own productions, Perry has been cast in numerous Hollywood films including Star Trek (2009), Alex Cross (2012), Gone Girl (2014), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016), Vice (2018), Those Who Wish Me Dead (2021), and Don't Look Up (2021). Perry has also done voice acting for animated films such as The Star (2017) and PAW Patrol: The Movie (2021).

Perry's films and shows have cumulatively grossed over $660 million, and his net worth is an estimated $1 billion. Despite commercial success, his productions have received criticism from critics and scholars who believe his films perpetuate negative or offensive portrayals of African Americans, along with the critical reception itself being largely negative. In 2020, Perry was included in Time's list of the 100 most influential people and received the Governor's Award from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Additionally, he received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award from the Academy Awards in 2021, and was inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame the following year.

Early life
Tyler Perry was born Emmitt Perry Jr. in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Willie Maxine Perry (née Campbell) and Emmitt Perry Sr., a carpenter. He has three siblings. Perry's childhood was described in retrospect as a "living hell". In contrast to his father, his mother took him to church each week, where he sensed a certain refuge and contentment. At age 16, he had his first name legally changed from Emmitt to Tyler in an effort to distance himself from his father.

Many years later, after seeing the film Precious, Perry was moved to reveal for the first time that he had been molested by a friend's mother at age 10. He was also molested by three men prior to this and later learned his own father had molested his friend. A DNA test taken by Perry indicated that Emmitt Sr. was not Perry's biological father.

While Perry did not complete high school, he earned a General Educational Development (GED). In his early 20s, watching an episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show, he heard someone describe the sometimes therapeutic effect the act of writing can have, enabling the author to work out his or her own problems. This comment inspired him to apply himself to a career in writing. He soon started writing a series of letters to himself, which became the basis for the musical I Know I've Been Changed.

Stage
Around 1990, Perry moved to Atlanta, where two years later I Know I've Been Changed was first performed at a community theater, financed by the 22-year-old Perry's life savings of US$12,000. The play included Christian themes of forgiveness, dignity, and self-worth, while addressing issues such as child abuse and dysfunctional families. The musical initially received a "less than stellar" reception and was a financial failure.

Perry persisted, and over the next six years he rewrote the musical repeatedly, though lackluster reviews continued. In 1998, at age 28, he succeeded in retooling the play and restaging it in Atlanta, first at the House of Blues, then at the Fox Theatre. Perry continued to create new stage productions, touring with them on the so-called "Chitlin' Circuit", now also known as the "urban theater circuit" and developing a large, devoted following among African-American audiences. In 2005, Forbes reported that he had sold "more than $100 million in tickets, $30 million in videos of his shows and an estimated $20 million in merchandise", and "the 300 live shows he produces each year are attended by an average of 35,000 people a week".

Film
Perry raised a US$5.5 million budget in part from the ticket sales of his stage productions to fund his first movie, Diary of a Mad Black Woman, which went on to gross US$50.6 million domestically, while scoring a 16% approval rating at the film review web site Rotten Tomatoes. Perry made his directorial debut on his next film, an adaptation of Madea's Family Reunion, and has directed all of his subsequent Madea films. On its opening weekend, February 24–26, 2006, Madea's Family Reunion opened at number one at the box office with $30.3 million. The film eventually grossed $65 million. Perry and his co-stars promoted the film on The Oprah Winfrey Show. As with Diary, almost all of the Madea's earnings have been generated in the United States.

Perry's next Lionsgate project, Daddy's Little Girls, starred Gabrielle Union and Idris Elba and was released in the United States on February 14, 2007. It grossed over US$31 million. Perry wrote, directed, produced and starred in his next film, Why Did I Get Married?, released on October 12, 2007. It opened at number one, grossing US$21.4 million that weekend. It is loosely based on his play of the same name. Filming began March 5, 2007, in Whistler, British Columbia, a resort town north of Vancouver, then moved to Atlanta, where Perry had opened his own studio. Janet Jackson, Sharon Leal, Jill Scott, and Tasha Smith appeared in the film. Perry's 2008 film, Meet the Browns, released on March 21, opened at number 2 with a US$20.1 million weekend gross. The Family That Preys opened on September 12, 2008, and grossed over US$37.1 million.

Madea Goes to Jail opened at number one on February 20, 2009, grossing US$41 million and becoming his largest opening to date. This was Perry's seventh film with Lionsgate Entertainment. At the request of director J. J. Abrams, also in 2009, Perry had a small role as the Starfleet Academy commandant Admiral Barnett in Star Trek, which opened on May 8. This was his first film appearance outside of his own projects. Perry next wrote, directed, and starred in I Can Do Bad All By Myself (2009), a film structured around his Madea character. This was Perry's eighth film and it also made number one at the box office. In 2009, Perry teamed with Oprah Winfrey to present Precious, a film based on the novel Push by Sapphire. Why Did I Get Married Too?, the sequel to Why Did I Get Married?, opened in theaters on April 2, 2010. It featured Janet Jackson, Tasha Smith, Jill Scott, and Malik Yoba. The film grossed US$60 million domestically, with US$29 million made the opening weekend.

Perry directed a film adaptation of Ntozake Shange's 1975 choreopoem For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf, which was released in theaters November 5, 2010. He appeared in the stage show Madea's Big Happy Family, which toured the U.S. as a stage play and was released as a movie in 2011, written, directed by and starring Perry. The film version of Madea's Big Happy Family raked in US$25.8 million at the box office, taking second place.

Perry's next film with Lionsgate was Good Deeds, in which Perry plays lead character Wesley Deeds. Good Deeds is a romantic drama film written, directed by, and starring Perry. The film was released on February 24, 2012. It is the tenth of eleven films that Perry directed and appears in. The film received a 29% rating by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes and opened with a box office US$15.5 million gross. The movie also stars Thandie Newton, Rebecca Romijn, Gabrielle Union, Eddie Cibrian, Jamie Kennedy, Phylicia Rashad, and others.

, Perry's films had grossed over US$500 million worldwide. Perry's Madea's Witness Protection, his seventh film within the Madea franchise, was released on June 29, 2012.

Perry took over the role of James Patterson's Alex Cross from Morgan Freeman for a new film in the series, titled Alex Cross. The film which opened on October 19, 2012, was panned by critics and audiences, with Rotten Tomatoes scores of 11% & 47% positive respectively, and became a box office bomb. His performance gained the attention of director David Fincher, who subsequently cast Perry in his 2014 thriller Gone Girl, co-starring with Ben Affleck, Rosamund Pike, and Neil Patrick Harris.

Perry released his thirteenth film, Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor (based on his 2008 play of the same name) on March 29, 2013. The film stars Lance Gross, Jurnee Smollett, Brandy Norwood, Robbie Jones, Vanessa L. Williams, and Kim Kardashian. He produced Tyler Perry Presents Peeples, released on May 10, 2013. He returned to the big screen with A Madea Christmas, released on December 13, 2013. Perry directed the film The Single Moms Club, which opened on March 14, 2014. His first animated movie Madea's Tough Love was released on DVD January 20, 2015. In 2016, Perry played scientist Baxter Stockman in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows.

In mid-January 2016, Perry started filming his seventeenth film, and ninth within the Madea franchise, Boo! A Madea Halloween. The film was released on October 21, 2016. A sequel, Boo 2! A Madea Halloween, was released in October 2017. Perry, alongside Oprah Winfrey, lent his voice in his first animated film, called The Star, which is based on the Nativity of Jesus. Developed by Sony Pictures Animation, the film was released on November 17, 2017.

Film partnerships and distribution
Perry's films are co-produced and distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment; he retains full copyright ownership under the corporate name Tyler Perry Films, and places his name in front of all titles. Perry's movies have seen very limited release outside North America, but in May 2010, Lionsgate announced plans to begin releasing his films in the United Kingdom.

Television programs
Perry produced the long-running sitcom Tyler Perry's House of Payne, which ran for 8 seasons from June 21, 2006, to August 10, 2012. The series followed an African-American household of three generations. The show demonstrated the family members' serious, true-to-life struggles with faith and love. The show ran in the spring of 2006 as a 10-show pilot. After the successful pilot run, Perry signed a US$200 million, 100-episode deal with TBS. On June 6, 2007, the first two episodes of Tyler Perry's House of Payne ran on TBS. After receiving high ratings, House of Payne entered broadcast syndication. Reruns were played through December 2007 before the second season began. Perry also wrote, directed and produced the sitcom Meet the Browns, which premiered on TBS on January 7, 2009, and ended on November 18, 2011.

OWN and partnership with Oprah
In 2009, Perry co-produced Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire alongside Oprah Winfrey and Lee Daniels. The film was directed by Daniels and starred Gabourey Sidibe and Mo'Nique. While promoting the film Oprah told an interviewer, "I think [Perry] grew up being raised by strong, black women. And so much of what he does is really in celebration of that. I think that's what Madea really is: a compilation of all those strong black women that I know and maybe you do too? And so the reason it works is because people see themselves."

On October 2, 2012, Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). The partnership was largely for the purposes of bringing scripted television to OWN, Perry having had previous success in this department.

Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse, based on his films Why Did I Get Married? and Why Did I Get Married Too?, premiered on TBS on November 25, 2011. The series was cancelled by TBS in February 2013 but was revived by OWN for a third season, which began on September 18, 2013.

Perry had two other television series featured on OWN: the hour-long soap opera/drama series The Haves and the Have Nots and the sitcom Love Thy Neighbor. The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on May 28, 2013, and completed its series run after 8 seasons on July 20, 2021. The program was credited by Oprah Winfrey as bringing success to her network and opened the door for a host of other highly rated dramas to OWN. During its series run, The Haves and the Have Nots had numerous Nielsen rating highs for the OWN broadcasting station: it was reported on May 29, 2013, that The Haves and the Have Nots set a new record for OWN, scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere on the network. Love Thy Neighbor scored the second highest ratings ever for a series premiere on OWN, behind The Haves and the Have Nots. The Haves and the Have Nots gave OWN some of its highest ratings during its 8-year series run, the program hailed as "one of OWN's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun, filled with the typical betrayals, affairs and manipulations."

Contrastingly, Love Thy Neighbor had struggled in ratings. The Have and the Have Nots remained the network's highest rated program for most of its run. On February 4, 2014, The Haves and the Have Nots came in as the most watched program in all of cable television for the night. On March 11, 2014, a Haves and the Have Nots season 2 episode set an OWN record when it scored the highest ratings in the network's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers, surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for the Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina which was the network's previous highest rated viewing.

On January 9, 2014, as part of Perry's continued partnership with OWN, the network ordered its fourth scripted series (and fourth series by Perry) based on the feature film, The Single Moms Club, called If Loving You Is Wrong. The hour-long drama series premiered on September 9, 2014.

Tyler Perry Studios
In 2015, Perry acquired the 330 acre former military base Fort McPherson located in Atlanta, which he converted to studios. The studios were used to film the HBO Films/OWN film version of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, and is currently in ongoing use for the television series The Walking Dead. 50000 sqft of the site are dedicated to standing permanent sets, including a replica of a luxury-hotel lobby, a White House replica, a 16000 sqft mansion, a mock cheap hotel, a trailer-park set, and a real 1950s-style diner that was relocated from a town 100 mi away. It also hosts 12 sound stages named after highly accomplished African Americans in the entertainment industry. The blockbuster Marvel film, Black Panther, was the first to be filmed on one of the new stages at Tyler Perry Studios as announced personally by Perry on his Instagram account on February 19, 2018.

Tyler Perry Studios is one of the largest film studios in the nation, and it established Perry as the second African American to own a major film studio outright, after Tim and Daphne Reid.

ViacomCBS
On June 14, 2017, Perry signed a long-term deal with Viacom (now ViacomCBS) for 90 episodes/year of original drama and comedy series. Viacom will also have distribution rights to short video content and a first look at film concepts (the first film from this deal was Nobody’s Fool). The TV deal began fall 2019 with The Oval, Sistas and BET+ (a brand new streaming service) premiering with strong ratings for BET.

Books
Perry's first book, Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life, appeared on April 11, 2006. The book sold 30,000 copies. The hardcover reached number one on the New York Times Best Seller list and remained on the list for 12 weeks. It was voted Book of the Year, Best Humor Book at the 2006 Quill Awards.

His second book, Higher Is Waiting, was published on November 14, 2017. It debuted at number 5 on the New York Times Best Seller list.

The Writers Guild of America, West
The Writers Guild of America, West filed unfair labor practice charges with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), alleging that Perry's production company, Tyler Perry Studios, unlawfully fired four writers in October 2008 in retaliation for them trying to get a union contract. The dispute was settled a month later, when TPS agreed to be a WGA signatory.

Mo' Money Taxes
In early 2009, Perry threatened legal action against Mo' Money Taxes, a tax preparation company based in Memphis, Tennessee, for running a TV spot that he felt offensively parodied his work, in particular Madea Goes to Jail. The ad features a large white male (John Cowan) in drag, named "Ma'Madea". The offending ad was dropped from circulation.

Criticism
Tyler Perry's films have come under intense scrutiny with many scrutinizers claiming his films traffic in offensive and negative African-American stereotypes. Author Donald Bogle stated in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, "Madea does have connections to the old mammy type. She’s mammy-like. If a white director put out this product, the black audience would be appalled."

In an open letter to Perry on National Public Radio, journalist Jamilah Lemieux, while thanking Perry for "giving black folks jobs in front of and behind the camera," also criticized his shows Meet the Browns and House of Payne. In her letter, she stated that "both your shows are marked by old stereotypes of buffoonish, emasculated black men and crass, sassy black women." While she noted his work for its humor and "positive messages of self-worth, love and respect," she later expressed frustration that African-Americans "have been fed the same images of ourselves over and over and over because they sell."

Lemieux dismissed his famous Madea character, claiming that "Through her, the country has laughed at one of the most important members of the black community: Mother Dear, the beloved matriarch. ... Our mothers and grandmothers deserve much more than that." While she expressed appreciation toward Perry for dismissing critics' negative comments, Lemieux claimed that "many black folks have expressed some of the very same attitudes about your work that white critics have," and urged him to "stop dismissing the critics as haters and realize that black people need new stories and new storytellers."

Spike Lee comments
Despite praising Perry in 2006, director Spike Lee criticized his work in 2009, stating that "[e]ach artist should be allowed to pursue their artistic endeavors but I still think there is a lot of stuff out today that is 'coonery buffoonery and highlighted the work and content of John Singleton as well as his own work including Miracle at St. Anna (2008), which depicts the heroism of African American soldiers known as the Buffalo Soldiers during World War II. When asked if Perry's success among black audiences was a result of just giving black America what they wanted, Lee responded, "the imaging is troubling".

In October 2009, during a 60 Minutes interview, Perry was read a quote of Spike Lee's comments about his work and responded, "I would love to read that [criticism] to my fan base. ... That pisses me off. It is so insulting. It's attitudes like that that make Hollywood think that these people do not exist, and that is why there is no material speaking to them, speaking to us." Perry also stated that "all these characters are bait – disarming, charming, make-you-laugh bait. I can slap Madea on something and talk about God, love, faith, forgiveness, family, any of those." In an interview with Hip Hollywood, Perry responded to Spike Lee's comments by telling him to "go to hell."

The Boondocks and Atlanta
Perry was spoofed in The Boondocks episode: "Pause". The character Winston Jerome is a parody Perry. In the episode Jerome's character is Ma Dukes, whom he portrays by crossdressing, similar to Perry's Madea. Greg Braxton of the Los Angeles Times cited "Pause" as one of the sharpest public criticisms of Perry. The episode reportedly angered Perry who threatened to re-evaluate his relationship with Turner Broadcasting who had two series on the network TBS at the time, Tyler Perry's House of Payne and Meet the Browns. The episode was pulled from circulation.

Donald Glover reportedly took aim at Perry in the FX series Atlanta. The episode title "Work Ethic!" comes from a tweet in which Perry posted a video of all the scripts he wrote for that season with the caption "WORK ETHIC! Come on. Let's go get 2020!". In the episode a woman and her daughter arrive at a TV studio run by a private and mysterious person known as "Mr. Chocolate". The mother is soon in fear of her daughter being exploited by Mr. Chocolate. Viewers and critics quickly deduced that the episode was satirizing Perry and the way in which he runs his studios in Atlanta. Ile-Ife Okantah of Vulture wrote their review, "Like Perry's own 330-acre studio in Atlanta, Mr. Chocolate Studios is a sprawling lot with multiple soundstages and office spaces" and added "Atlanta and many critics of Perry ask two questions of us: Do we as Black people have to support anything and everything that's Black? And does Perry's shallow depiction of us do more harm than good?".

Lack of writers rooms
On January 6, 2020, Perry posted a video on Instagram in which he revealed that he doesn't use a writers room for his films and TV shows and prefers to write his work himself. Perry received criticism from several outlets and figures in entertainment for denying opportunities to up-and-coming black writers. Later that month, Perry responded in an interview by stating that he had experienced issues when working with both WGA writers and nonunion writers. He claims that the WGA writers would submit "scripts that would need rewrites in order to get paid multiple times." He also said that nonunion writers struggled to meet his standards of quality and that he "was unhappy with every single script they wrote" because "they were not speaking to the voice."

Support for Tyler Perry
Goldie Taylor, of The Grio and MSNBC, stated in an April 21, 2011 NPR All Things Considered interview regarding Perry's target audience: "I don't think Tyler Perry is talking to Touré. I don't think he's talking to me, but I know that he's speaking directly to my mother, my sister, my cousins and meeting them at their point of need, and that's what art and filmmaking is about."

In his Huffington Post editorial, sociologist Shayne Lee lists Perry among the pantheon of today's most innovative filmmakers.

Personal life
Perry is good friends with Janet Jackson, Will Smith, and Oprah Winfrey.

Perry is a Christian. Many of the themes in his work reflect theology and social behavior indicative of the predominantly black church culture, such as the many scenes in both his stage and screen work that feature church settings and worship styles commonly found in predominantly African American churches, including showcases of gospel music and artists.

On July 20, 2009, Perry sponsored 65 children from a Philadelphia day camp to visit Walt Disney World, after reading that a suburban swim club, the Valley Swim Club in Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, had shunned them. He wrote on his website, "I want them to know that for every act of evil that a few people will throw at you, there are millions more who will do something kind for them."

On December 8, 2009, Perry's mother, Willie Maxine Perry, died at age 64, following an illness. He lives and works in Southwest Atlanta where he operates the Tyler Perry film and TV studios. In August 2010, it was reported that he had purchased Dean Gardens, a 58 acre estate in the Atlanta suburb of Johns Creek. He tore down the existing 32000 sqft mansion and planned, but never built, a new, environmentally-friendly home on the property.

On November 30, 2014, Perry's partner Gelila Bekele gave birth to their son, Aman. In December 2020, Perry announced that he was a single bachelor.

On March 7, 2021, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex publicly revealed in the television interview Oprah with Meghan and Harry that Perry provided initial security and housing for three months that allowed the couple to safely relocate from Canada to California in March 2020, following the withdrawal of their British royal protection. Perry is also godfather to their daughter, Princess Lilibet of Sussex.

Following the death of Stephen "tWitch" Boss, Perry uploaded a video to his Instagram account where he spoke about his own struggles with depression, and revealed he had attempted suicide several times before his career took off.

To overcome his fear of flying, Perry took flight training lessons and obtained a private pilot certificate. He flies a Cirrus SR22T aircraft.

Property
In 2007, Perry bought a 17 acre estate in the Paces neighborhood of Buckhead, Atlanta. In May 2016, he sold the house for $17.5 million, also closing the biggest deal ever for a private home in the Georgia capital. In 2013, his company, ETPC LLC, purchased around 1100 acre in the New Manchester, Georgia area of Douglas County, Georgia.

In September 2017, Perry purchased a house in Mulholland Estates, a gated community in Los Angeles. Nine months after buying the estate, Perry sold the property for $15.6 million.

Perry owns vacation properties in both Wyoming and the Bahamas.

Perry owns a 2100 acre estate in Douglasville, Georgia, including a 40000 sqft châteauesque house, and an airstrip.

title: Tyler Perry


text: User talk:71.35.13.35

title: User talk:71.35.13.35


text:
Monselice

Monselice (Monséłexe ) is a town and municipality (comune) located in northeastern Italy, in the Veneto region, in the province of Padua about 20 km southwest of the city of Padua, at the southern edge of the Euganean Hills (Colli Euganei).

''Monselice is the most picturesque town I have seen in Italy. It has an old ruin of a castle upon the hill and thence commands a beautiful and extraordinary view. It lies in the wide plain – a dead level – whereon Ferrara, Bologna, Rovigo, Este, Padua stand and even Venice we could dimly see in the horizon rising with her tiara of proud towers. What a walk and what a wide delightful picture. To Venice 38 miles.''

Ralph Waldo Emerson Journals (31 May 1833)

History
The town's mythological foundation is attributed to the Trojan hero Opsicella. The area shows evidence of human settlement since the Bronze Age.

In Roman times it was known as Mons Silicis, meaning "mountain of flintstone", possibly due to the local quarries of trachyte.

The earliest known documents about Monselice date back to 568 AD and are related to the conquest of the town by the Lombards. The town was under Byzantine rule for a brief period until its conquest by king Agilulf around 602.

During the Comuni period (12th century) the town had its own local self-government. The town was aligned with the Ghibellines against the Guelphs in the political and military fights of the 13th century.

The Ghibelline leader Ezzelino III da Romano improved the town's fortifications and made it one of the main strongholds of the area.

The town was then under the rule of the Carraresi (the lords of Padua) and in the 15th century it became part of the Republic of Venice.

After a short period of French domination, it was part of the Austrian Empire and, later, of its client Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.

In 1866 it became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Main sights

The modern town lies in a wide valley between the Montericco, elevation 312 m, and the Rocca, elevation 110 m, hills (part of the Euganean Hills).

The oldest part of the town lies around the Rocca hill.

In medieval times the Rocca was heavily fortified with five girdle walls that are partially still visible today.

Important points for tourists can be the central square Piazza Mazzini with the medieval Torre Civica (Civic Tower) and the Palazzo del Monte di Pietà (Public Pawn Palace). This building hosts the local tourist promotion board (Pro Loco), which provides information for visits to the town's historical attractions.

Piazza Mazzini square is also the starting point for the promenade walk along Via del Santuario, leading to the most interesting sites of the town, which include:

 * The Castle of Monselice (or Castello Cini), which houses one of the most important collections of European medieval weapons and armour.
 * Villa Nani
 * The Romanesque church of Santa Giustina (12th century).
 * The Seven Churches Sanctuary (Santuario delle Sette Chiese or Via Romana) with paintings by Palma il Giovane. Pietro Duodo (1554–1610), a Venetian patrician, committed to architect Vincenzo Scamozzi the project for the Santuario delle Sette Chiese. In 1606, Pope Paul V issued a papal bull that granted to pilgrims visiting the Sanctuary the same Catholic indulgencies granted to pilgrims visiting the seven main churches (basiliche) of Rome, hence the Romanis basilicis pares inscription on the portal of the sanctuary.
 * Villa Duodo, designed by Scamozzi.
 * The Keep (Mastio or Torrione), still standing on the Rocca hilltop. It is a tower built with regular trachyte blocks from local quarries.

Culture
A lively market is held every Monday in the town's main streets.

An important fair is traditionally held every year around 1 November (All Saints Day - saint patron day for the town). Attractions include a food and general market, local food stands, a fun park, and exhibits.

Started in recent years, the "Palio di Monselice" tournament has become a primary attraction. The Palio is held every year in September. It is modeled after medieval horse tournaments and it includes several other competitions: archery, chess tournament (also in the form of human chess), musicians tournament (with tambourines and "chiarine"), flag-flyers, millstone challenge and the parade of nine "contrade" in period costume.

Transportation
Monselice is well connected to the major towns of Padua, Venice and Bologna.

Monselice railway station is on the Venice-Padua-Bologna-Florence line, between Padua (North) and Bologna (South). A secondary railway line connects Monselice to the town of Mantua in Lombardy.

The nearest airports are Marco Polo, Venice (VCE), 60 km away, and Marconi, Bologna (BLQ), 100 km.

Twin towns
Monselice is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Città della Speranza Foundation, Italy, since 2006
 * 🇭🇷 Poreč, Croatia, since 2010
 * 🇵🇱 Niepołomice, Poland, since 2011
 * 🇫🇮 Parkano, Finland, since 2015

title: Monselice


text:
Nikolay Merkushkin

Nikolay Ivanovich Merkushkin (Николай Иванович Меркушкин; Кола Меркушкин; born 5 February 1951) is a Russian politician who served as Governor of Samara Oblast from 2012 to 2017 and as Head of the Republic of Mordovia from 1995 to 2012. From 24 January to 22 September 1995, he served as Chairman of the State Assembly of Mordovia.

Career
Merkushkin was an electrical engineer before entering politics. He was reelected president of Mordovia in 1998 and 2003 with 80% of the vote. He has maintained popularity by having a relatively stable economy in the republic and paying salaries and pensions on time. He has prevented opponents from running against him by disqualifying candidates which seem to have more than 3% invalid signatures. Merkushkin is married to Taisiya Merkushkina, an ethnic Erzyan and has two sons.

On 10 May 2012 Merkushkin resigned to become Acting Governor of Samara Oblast. He was replaced by his PM Vladimir Volkov.

On 25 September 2017 he was removed from the position of Governor of the Samara Region.

Honours and awards

 * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
 * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
 * Order of Alexander Nevsky
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour
 * Order of Friendship of Peoples
 * Medal "For Labour Valour"
 * Medal "For Transforming the Non-Black Earth of the RSFSR"

title: Nikolay Merkushkin


text:
Talk:Semyon Budyonny

Mistranslation?
By December 1937, Budyonny had been allocated a dacha measuring 241.1 cubic feet, with large orchards, 207 raspberry bushes, a workhorse, a black cow and a pig weighing 550 pounds.[18]

That all seems well and good, but 241 cubic feet is a cube six by six by six, not even large enough for one room. I think they must have been meaning to say square meters, as 241 square meters would be 2594 square feet, which is a nice sized house, fit for a general.

Jimindc (talk) 22:30, 22 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Leave out the measurement.--Jack Upland (talk) 01:09, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

The source has 241 cubic feet, but the Russian version of the same book (http://loveread.ec/read_book.php?id=79864&p=197) gives the dimensions as 3150 m3, which is huge. I don't think there is any need for the precise measurement in any case, so I've just edited it to "a large dacha" Timchik (talk) 02:47, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

the problem with the image with the caption Budyonny at Marshal Tukhachevsky's Show Trial, 1937
Dear Contributors, the image SM-Budyonny-01.jpg has several serious problems: 1) one can click on the image hyperlink (source) to find out that its cropped so badly that in fact it is distorted; 2) the caption in Russian reads that Budyonny is in fact in the Moscow aviation school. Propose to delete --Armenius vambery (talk) 09:15, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Dacha size
“By December 1937, Budyonny had been allocated a dacha measuring 241.1 cubic feet, with large orchards, 207 raspberry bushes, a workhorse, a black cow and a pig weighing 550 pounds. [18] “

241 cubic feet, for reference, is about the volume of a modern postal van. Could somebody with access to the source correct this typo? Numeitor (talk) 23:59, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:23, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Будённый 1943.jpg

title: Talk:Semyon Budyonny


text:
Snipes (video game)

Snipes (diminutive for Snipers) is a text-mode networked computer game that was created in 1983 by SuperSet Software. Snipes is officially credited as being the original inspiration for NetWars. It was one of the earliest text mode multi player games, running on Novell NetWare systems.

Gameplay
The objective of the game is to control the creature by moving it around a maze to destroy snipes and their hives, and/or destroy other networked players.

The player must first specify the number of snipes, hives and difficulty before they play. Each game is different because the computer generates a random new maze.

The creature is moved using the keyboard arrow keys and shoots in different directions with the, , and  keys. By combining keys, diagonal movement and shooting can be achieved. Pressing the spacebar can provide extra velocity to run away from difficult situations from the snipes.

Several level options are available. First, a letter is chosen, which controls the environment settings: what bad guys are available, their accuracy at attacking, whether or not the player's diagonal shots bounce off walls, whether running into a wall will simply block or kill the player, and whether the hives have a partial resistance to snipes' shots. The next choice is a number, which controls the maximum number of snipes that may exist, how many hives are initially created within the maze, and how many lives the player is given. There are 234 possible levels, from A1 to Z9, that the player can select in the game.

Technical details
A requirement to play the multiplayer version of Snipes is that all users share a common network drive. It suggests that the various clients communicate to each other via shared file. The exact implementation details of this are not known but experiments have shown that Snipes can be played between Windows workstations in a Command Prompt window under Windows XP, provided that each user maps a drive to the executable location with read/write rights. This also implies that IPX is not directly used by Snipes to communicate between clients.

Legacy
Seeing Snipes being played simultaneously on Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET persuaded Novell owner Safeguard Scientifics that SuperSoft's networking technology was valuable. Novell used the technology to develop NetWare. A newer implementation of the game was developed and shipped with NetWare Lite 1.1 in September 1991. Its NLSNIPES.EXE executable had a filesize of less than 18 KB. It was replaced by the NetWars 2.06 game, that came bundled with Personal NetWare 1.0 and Novell DOS 7 since late 1993.

In July 2016, a port of the original Snipes to the Simple Direct Media Layer became available. The port was done by reverse engineering the original code and permission was granted by Drew Major and Kyle Powell to make it public. The C++ source code is available at GitHub.

Clones were released for Linux and Android.

title: Snipes (video game)


text:
Downsize DC Foundation

The Downsize DC Foundation, formerly known as the American Liberty Foundation, is a policy advocacy organization which aims to limit the size of government in the United States through awareness and petitioning. Though it claims to be non-partisan, it does have strong political ties to the libertarian movement. It was founded by two-time Libertarian presidential candidate Harry Browne, his former campaign staff members Perry Willis and Jim Babka, and former National Chair of the Libertarian Party Steve Dasbach. It is split into two organizations, the Downsize DC Foundation and DownsizeDC.org, for tax purposes.

The chair of the Downsize DC Foundation is Jim Babka. Gary Nolan (Chair) and Rick Wiggins also serve on the Board of Directors.

DownsizeDC.org focuses both on preventing what it considers "bad" legislation – generally, legislation that grows government – from passing through Congress and on pushing for legislation that would reduce the size of or constrain the growth of government.

title: Downsize DC Foundation


text: User talk:81.83.227.13

title: User talk:81.83.227.13


text:
Caen stone

Caen stone (Pierre de Caen) is a light creamy-yellow Jurassic limestone quarried in north-western France near the city of Caen. The limestone is a fine grained oolitic limestone formed in shallow water lagoons in the Bathonian Age about 167 million years ago. The stone is homogeneous, and therefore suitable for carving.

Use in building
The stone was first used for building in the Gallo-Roman period with production from open cast quarries restarting in the 11th century. Shipped to England, Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and the Tower of London were all partially built from Caen stone. Underground mining developed in the 19th century, but the stone trade declined in the 20th century eventually ceasing in the 1960s. Excavation restarted in the 1980s with the stone being used for building the Caen Memorial. A 2004 decree by Caen city council authorised the annual quarrying of 9000 tonnes of stone.

Notable examples
The high altar of St. Mary's Church in Dedham, Massachusetts is made of Caen stone.
 * Caen stone was used in the construction of the late 11th-century austere Norman Romanesque Church of Saint-Étienne, at the Abbaye-aux-Hommes (on the east side of Caen), which was founded by William the Conqueror, whose tomb is located there.
 * The Norman Romanesque Church of La Trinité, at the Abbaye-aux-Dames (on the west side of the city), was founded by William's wife, Matilda of Flanders. Her tomb is located there.
 * Both abbeys in Caen were built with Caen stone in Norman Romanesque style, and both were unscathed by heavy aerial bombing in July 1944 that destroyed much of the city, as they were being used by the local populace to shelter from the air raids.
 * Used by the Normans for the cathedral and castle in Norwich, where it was brought by boat up the River Wensum. Caen stone was also used extensively in Canterbury cathedral. It was used by Henry I of England at Reading Abbey and fine examples of Romanesque sculpture in Caen stone are in the collection at the Museum of Reading. Perhaps the most famous Norman building that used Caen stone in its construction is the Tower of London.
 * Caen stone continued to be a popular material in Britain after the Norman period. For example, it was used for parts of the 19th-century clock tower at the Palace of Westminster (Big Ben).
 * The statues on the Martyrs' Memorial in Oxford are carved of Caen stone.
 * Caen stone has also been exported to the United States, Bermuda, Canada and recently Saudi Arabia. The narthex screen on the east wall of the sanctuary at Old South Church in Boston, Massachusetts is built of Caen stone.

title: Caen stone


text: File:Snipes - Text mode game by Novell - screen grab Apr05.gif


text:
Abdelhamid Brahimi

Abdelhamid Brahimi (عبد الحميد براهيمي / ʿabdu l-ḥamīd Brāhīmī; 2 April 1936 – 15 August 2021 ) was an Algerian politician who first served as minister of planning before becoming the prime minister of Algeria under Chadli Bendjedid. He served as PM from 22 January 1984, until 5 November 1988. He wrote several books, particularly about violence in Algeria.

title: Abdelhamid Brahimi


text:
User talk:Church of england

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Mikkalai 07:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Church of england


text:
9th Dalai Lama

Lungtok Gyatso, shortened from Lobzang Tenpai Wangchuk Lungtok Gyatso (also spelled Lungtog Gyatso and Luntok Gyatso; 1 December 1805 – 6 March 1815), was the 9th Dalai Lama of Tibet. He was the only Dalai Lama to die in childhood and was first of a string of four Dalai Lamas to die before reaching 22 years of age.

Early life
Under auspicious signs, Lungtok Gyatso was born near the monastery of Dan Chokhor (or Denchokor), on 1 December 1805. Many sources render him as an orphan, but others name his parents as Tendzin Chokyong and Dondrub Dolma. A contestant to be the next Dalai Lama since early infancy, the boy was brought to Gungtang monastery near Lhasa, where he was examined by Tibetan officials, including the Qing representatives, the ambans. He was the favored choice of the Eighth Dalai Lama's attendants. He was ultimately identified by the Seventh Panchen Lama, Gedun Choekyi Nyima, who performed the tonsure ceremony and gave him the name Lobzang Tenpai Wangchuk Lungtok Gyatso in 1808.

Life as Dalai Lama
In 1810, he was enthroned at the Potala Palace on the Golden Throne of the Ganden Po-drang Government. This same year the elderly Regent, Ta-task Nga-wang Gon-po died and the De-mo Tul-ku Nga-wang Lo-zang Tub-ten Jig-me Gya-tso (d. 1819) was appointed to replace him.

 * "The English explorer Thomas Manning, who reached Lhasa in 1812, described his meeting with the 9th Dalai Lama, who was seven years old at the time, in rhapsodic terms. 'The lama's beautiful and interesting face engrossed all my attention,' Manning wrote. 'He had the simple, unaffected manners of a well-educated princely child. His face was, I thought, affectingly beautiful. He was of a gay and cheerful disposition. I was extremely affected by this interview with the lama. I could have wept through strangeness of sensation.'"

The Seventh Panchen Lama gave the boy the vows of novice monk in Lhasa in 1812, on 22 September. Lungtok Gyatso is said to have had a great interest in dharma and sharp intellect, memorizing lengthy prayer texts, root-texts of Abhisamayālaṅkāra, Mādhyamaka and Abhidharmakośa. Ngwang Nyandak (The Sixty-sixth Ganden Tripa), Jangchub Chopel (who later became the Sixty-ninth Ganden Tripa) and Yeshe Gyatso were also among his teachers.

Death
The nine-year-old Dalai Lama came down with a cold at the annual Monlam Prayer Festival. He died in Tibet on 6 March 1815. "The entire nation was plunged into sorrow", which lasted until the recognition of the new reincarnation eight years later. His body was installed in a golden reliquary in the Potala Palace called Serdung Sasum Ngonga.

 * "During the period of the short-lived Dalai Lamas—from the Ninth to the Twelfth incarnations—the Panchen was the lama of the hour, filling the void left by the four Dalai Lamas who died in their youth."

title: 9th Dalai Lama


text:
Square-inch analysis

Square-inch analysis is a method used by direct marketers to evaluate the profitability of the offers appearing in the pages of a mail-order catalog. The results of square-inch analysis are used to improve the process of assigning merchandise offers to pages and allocating space in future catalogs, a process called page planning or pagination.

Theory
Direct marketing businesses must record the revenues and profits received from merchandise sales in order to satisfy basic legal requirements and calculate tax liabilities. Sales of individual items must be tracked in order to fulfill customer orders and manage inventories. As a result, the gross profit and profit margin for each item sold can be calculated as a means of determining which items are most profitable to the business and its owners.

The costs of producing and distributing mail-order catalogs can also be measured. These costs include graphic design, copywriting, photography, print production, postage, and mailing list rental. These costs are typically tracked and totaled for entire publications, rather than for individual items of merchandise offered for sale on the pages of the publication. Square-inch analysis provides the means of allocating these costs to individual items according to the amount of space their sales offers occupy on pages, on a percentage basis (as measured in square inches).

History
Space-based analysis of profitability of individual items originated with self-service retail stores. This method of analysis was applied to mail-order catalogs starting in the 1990s, when the popularity of mail-order shopping rose sharply and direct marketers sought to increase their profitability. One of the earliest mentions of this technique in published articles was in 1996. The principles have remained largely unchanged to the present day, but the increasing complexity of interaction between marketing channels (direct mail, mass media, internet, retail) and sales channels (postal, telephone, internet, retail) make precise space-based profitability analyses of merchandise offers more and more difficult to obtain.

Rationale
The planning stages of catalog production involve assigning merchandise offers and their space allocations to pages in a publication of finite size. Based on an assumption that increased exposure leads to increased customer response, direct marketers seeking to maximize profits will choose to increase the exposure of their more profitable items by increasing the amount of space allocated to their offers. Square-inch analysis provides a means of normalizing the basis on which the profitability of published offers can be compared.

Place in Direct Marketing Cycle
Since square-inch analysis is derived from spatial measurements taken from published offers and actual sales results produced by those offers, it is normally undertaken at the conclusion of one promotional publication cycle, and before the beginning of the next. As a part of a larger discipline of marketing analytics, it might be seen as an "optional extra" that follows other effectiveness measurements and precedes another cycle of strategic planning.

Applications
Classic square-inch analysis was and still is used primarily by mail-order catalog publishers, because these vehicles contain multiple separate sales offers of varying size, and managers need a means of systematically subdividing aggregate publishing costs down to the individual item offer level. Printed offers in other formats (such as travel brochures, or magazine display ads) would also yield to this analysis. It has been suggested that square-inch analysis should play a role in website marketing analytics, but such use is not well documented.

Obtaining Measurements
For the simplest of merchandise sales offers, the rectangular area on a page occupied by an item's illustration, its descriptive copy, its order number and price can be measured by hand with a ruler and the square area calculated by the formula width (inches) x height (inches) = area (square inches). A simpler, less accurate measure can be obtained using fractional page sizes (e.g. quarter page, half page). Measurements are tabulated for each item offered on each page. In certain design presentations which display offer-specific content in two or more areas (such as an illustration and descriptive copy on facing pages), each separate area is measured and the areas are summed for that item in the tabulation. When an offer occupying a discrete area on a page comprises more than one item in a grouping, the collective area is subdivided by the number of items in the grouping and the apportionments are entered into the tabulation for each item.

Non-offer areas such as front cover illustrations, postal address panels, indexes, order forms and editorial content are common in catalog designs. These areas can be treated individually in the same way as offers, or combined together with the space occupied by page margins, headlines, headers and footers and treated as "white space." A more conservative square-inch analysis proportionately subdivides the total of all "white space" and adds an apportionment to each item's offer area so that the cost of every square inch of space is accounted for.

With the emergence of software-assisted page planning, graphic design and page layout techniques, obtaining square-inch measurements has become at least partially automated. Software systems which store dimensional data related to sales offers as shown on page layouts should be capable of delivering the necessary area measurements for each item offered on each page in tabular form.

Obtaining Sales Data
The minimum data required for square-inch analysis consists of page number, unit sales volume, gross revenue, and gross profit for each item offered. Additional insights can be obtained from including unit return volume, unit of sale, merchandise category, style information or other descriptors in the sales data inputs to square-inch analysis. One common challenge for the business systems which record item sales data is relating it to the exact catalog page on which an item appeared. Another common challenge for business systems is identifying which sales were motivated specifically by a catalog offer.

Reporting
The fundamental quotient of square-inch analysis is item profit per square inch according to the formula item gross profit (dollars) / offer area (square inches) = item profit per square inch. Secondary calculations include unit volume per square inch, item revenue per square inch, gross profit and revenue per offer and per page. The elementary mathematical formulas involved in deriving the results of square-inch analysis can be easy modeled by formulas in a software spreadsheet. Support for page planning decisions requires that these results be numerically sortable.

Businesses who utilize direct marketing can take this reporting a step further by applying design of experiments methodology. The direct marketer can create "look alike" control groups (selected from the qualified mail population using random sampling techniques) to calculate the incremental revenue per square inch. This is important because the marketer can understand the influence the direct marketing had on the customer's purchase decision. The challenge is the business must allocate a significant quantity of customers to the holdout control group to ensure results are statistically significant and the insights can be expected in future direct mail campaigns.

Automation
With the emergence of sophisticated software-assisted catalog publishing systems, square-inch analysis has become at least partially automated. As of 2012, at least six publishing systems claim to provide some form of square-inch analysis capability, and at least two are known to have been created primarily for this purpose.

title: Square-inch analysis


text:
8th Dalai Lama

Jamphel Gyatso (1758–1804) was the 8th Dalai Lama of Tibet.

Born in 1758 at Lhari Gang (Tob-rgyal Lha-ri Gang) in the Upper Ü-Tsang region of southwestern Tibet his father, Sonam Dhargye and mother, Phuntsok Wangmo, were originally from Kham. They were distant descendants of Dhrala Tsegyal, who was one of the major heroes of the Gesar epic.

Traditional history
He was escorted to Lhasa and enthroned as the leader of the Tibetan people in the Potala Palace in 7th month of the Water Horse Year (1762) when he was five years old (four by Western reckoning). The enthronement ceremony was presided over by Demo Tulku Jamphel Yeshi, the first of a series of Regents to represent the Dalai Lamas when they were minors. The ceremony was held in the 'Beyond Mind Temple of the Second Potala'.

He was the disciple of Yongtsin Yeshe Gyaltsen, the Kushok Bakula Rinpoche.

The country continued to be ruled by regents until the Wood Dragon Year (1784) when the Regent was sent as an ambassador to China and the Dalai Lama ruled alone until 1790, when the Regent returned to help Jamphel Gyatso. In 1788 there was a conflict with Nepali wool traders leading to a skirmish with the Gurkhas. In 1790 the Gurkhas invaded southern Tibet and conquered several provinces including Nya-nang and Kyi-drong. The city of Shigatse and the Tashilhunpo Monastery were captured and looted but the Gurkhas were driven back to Nepal in 1791 after the Qing dynasty sent troops to Tibet. A peace treaty between the Qing dynasty and Gurkhas was agreed on in 1796.

Norbulingka Park and Summer Palace and other activities
He built the Norbulingka Park and Summer Palace in 1783 on the outskirts of Lhasa. He also commissioned an exquisite copper statue of the Buddha for the people of Southern Tibet which was brought into India in the 1960s and is now housed at the Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, Dharamsala, India.

Later life

 * "He was a mild and contemplative person with no great interest in temporal affairs and although he lived to be 45 [44 by Western reckoning], for most of his life he was content to let a Regent conduct the administration."

He died in 1804 at the age of 47 (46 by Western reckoning).

title: 8th Dalai Lama


text:
Rangeview Juvenile Remand Centre

State Youth Remand Centre – Rangeview was an Australian juvenile remand prison facility for between 10 and 18 years, located in Murdoch, Western Australia.

The prison was primarily used for the detention of juveniles held in custody awaiting trial. The detainees had access to a variety of activities and educational programs. Detainees aged 17 and under were required to attend school.

In 2012, the detainees were moved to Banksia Hill Juvenile Detention Centre and the facility closed. In November 2012, Wandoo Reintegration Facility opened on the site.

title: Rangeview Juvenile Remand Centre


text:
Adrien Sibomana

Adrien Sibomana (born 4 September 1953, in Bukeye, Muramvya) was the prime minister of Burundi from 19 October 1988 until 10 July 1993. He was a member of UPRONA. He is an ethnic Hutu and was appointed by the Tutsi President Pierre Buyoya in an unsuccessful attempt to appease Hutus by giving a few high government posts to them. Sibomana was the first Hutu prime minister since 1973 and had been the governor of Muramvya Province previously.

Retired from politics after this experience, he is currently leading the movement of organic agriculture in Burundi. He is an active member of KiliMohai East African organic label, which is part of IFOAM East Africa. He declares being involved in organic agriculture since 2011.

title: Adrien Sibomana