text:
List of 2005 Swiss incumbents

This is a list of 2005 Swiss incumbents.

Swiss Federal Council
Members of the Swiss Federal Council, ordered by seniority
 * Moritz Leuenberger (SP) -- Vice-President of the Confederation 2010
 * Micheline Calmy-Rey (SP)
 * Hans-Rudolf Merz (FDP)
 * Doris Leuthard (CVP) -- President of the Confederation 2010
 * Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (BDP)
 * Ueli Maurer (SVP)
 * Didier Burkhalter (FDP)

Federal parliament

 * Pascale Bruderer -- President of the National Council
 * Erika Forster-Vannini -- President of the Council of States

Cantonal office-holders
Data on the cantonal executive council and parliament, as of January 1, 2005. The president is generally elected for one year. As dates and terms vary, they are generally stated. Names and official titles in local languages are given. Sorting is alphabetical, the president and vice-president first.

Aargau

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (2001–2005)
 * Roland Brogli
 * Peter C. Beyeler, Landammann
 * Alex Hürzeler
 * Susanne Hochuli
 * Urs Hofmann
 * Parliament: Grosser Rat

Appenzell Innerrhoden

 * Executive: Standeskommission
 * Carlo Schmid, Regierender Landammann
 * Bruno Koster, Stillstehender Landammann
 * Werner Ebneter
 * Lorenz Koller
 * Melchior Looser
 * Hans Sutter
 * Paul Wyser
 * Parliament: Grosser Rat (2003–2007)
 * Regula Knechtle, president

Appenzell Ausserrhoden

 * Executive: Regierungsrat
 * Alice Scherrer-Baumann, Landammann
 * Hans Altherr
 * Jakob Brunnschweiler
 * Rolf Degen
 * Hans Diem
 * Köbi Frei
 * Jürg Wernli
 * Parliament: Kantonsrat
 * Peter Langenauer, president 2003/2004

Basel-Country

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (July 1, 2003 - June 30, 2007)
 * Adrian Ballmer, Regierungspräsident 2004/2005
 * Elsbeth Schneider-Kenel, Vizepräsidentin 2004/2005
 * Sabine Pegoraro
 * Erich Straumann
 * Urs Wüthrich
 * Parliament: Landrat
 * Daniela Schneeberger, president 2004/2005

Basel-City

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (- February 2, 2005)
 * Jörg Schild, Regierungspräsident 2004
 * Ueli Vischer, Regierungsvizepräsident 2004
 * Carlo Conti
 * Christoph Eymann
 * Ralph Lewin
 * Barbara Schneider
 * Hans Martin Tschudi
 * Parliament: Grossrat
 * Beatrice Inglin-Buomberger, president 2004/2005

Bern

 * Executive: Executive Council of Bern, Regierungsrat or Conseil-exécutif
 * Werner Luginbühl, President of the Government (Regierungspräsident / Président du Conseil-exécutif) for 2006/2007
 * Urs Gasche, Vice President of the Government (Vizepräsident des Regierungsrates / Vice-président du Conseil-exécutif) for 2006/2007
 * Barbara Egger-Jenzer
 * Hans-Jürg Käser
 * Philippe Perrenoud
 * Bernhard Pulver
 * Andreas Rickenbacher
 * Chancellor (Staatsschreiber / Chancelier) and government chief of staff is Kurt Nuspliger.
 * Parliament: Grand Council of Bern (Grosser Rat / Grand conseil)
 * Werner Lüthi, President for 2006/2007

Fribourg-Freiburg

 * Executive: Conseil d'Etat or Staatsrat
 * Ruth Lüthi, Présidente 2005
 * Isabelle Chassot
 * Pascal Corminboeuf
 * Claude Grandjean
 * Claude Lässer
 * Michel Pittet
 * Beat Vonlanthen
 * Parliament: Grand Conseil or Grosser Rat (2002–2006)
 * Anne-Claude Demierre, president 2005

Geneva

 * Executive: Conseil d'Etat (November 2001 - 2005)
 * Martine Brunschwig Graf, Présidente du Conseil d'Etat (2004–2005)
 * Carlo Lamprecht, Vice-Président du Conseil d'Etat (2004–2005)
 * Charles Beer
 * Robert Cramer
 * Laurent Moutinot
 * Micheline Spoerri
 * Pierre-François Unger
 * Parliament: Grand Conseil
 * Marie-Françoise de Tassigny, president (November 2004 - November 2005)

Glarus

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (2002–2006)
 * Jakob Kamm, Landammann
 * Willy Kamm, Landesstatthalter
 * Marianne Dürst-Kundert
 * Pankraz Freitag
 * Robert Marti
 * Franz Schiesser
 * Rolf Widmer
 * Parliament: Landrat
 * Rico Bertini, president 2004/2005

Graubünden-Grischun-Grigioni

 * Executive: Regierungsrat, regenza, Governo (January 1, 2003 - December 31, 2006)
 * Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, Regierungspräsidentin, presidenta da la regenza, Presidente del Governo 2005
 * Claudio Lardi, vice-president 2005
 * Stefan Engler
 * Martin Schmid
 * Hansjörg Trachsel
 * Parliament: Grosser Rat, cussegl grond, Grand Consiglio
 * Christian Möhr, president 2004/2005, Standespräsident

Jura

 * Executive: Conseil d'Etat (2003–2006)
 * Claude Hêche, Président 2005
 * Elisabeth Baume-Schneider, Vice-présidente 2005
 * Jean-François Roth
 * Laurent Schaffter
 * Gérald Schaller
 * Parliament: parlement (2003–2006)
 * Alain Schweingruber, president 2005

Lucerne

 * Executive: Regierungsrat
 * Max Pfister, Schultheiss 2005
 * Anton Schwingruber, Statthalter 2005
 * Markus Dürr
 * Kurt Meyer
 * Yvonne Schärli
 * Parliament: Grosser Rat (2003–2007)
 * Bernardette Schaller-Kurmann, president 2005

Neuchâtel

 * Executive: Conseil d'Etat
 * Bernard Soguel, Président
 * Sylvie Perrinjaquet, vice-présidente (June 1, 2005 - May 31, 2006)
 * Fernand Cuche
 * Jean Studer
 * Roland Debély
 * Parliament: Grand Conseil (2001–2005)
 * Christian Blandenier, president

Nidwalden

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (July 1, 2002 - June 30, 2006)
 * Gerhard Odermatt, Landammann (July 1, 2004 - June 30, 2005)
 * Lisbeth Gabriel, Landesstatthalterin
 * Paul Niederberger
 * Beat Fuchs
 * Beatrice Jann
 * Leo Odermatt
 * vacancy
 * Parliament: Landrat
 * Peter Steiner, president

Obwalden

 * Executive: Regierungsrat
 * Elisabeth Gander-Hofer, Landammann 2004/2005
 * Hans Matter, Landstatthalter 2004/2005
 * Niklaus Bleiker
 * Hans Hofer
 * Hans Wallimann
 * Parliament: Kantonsrat (2002–2006)
 * Beat Spichtig, president 2004/2005

Schaffhausen

 * Executive: Regierungsrat
 * Heinz Albicker, Regierungspräsident 2005
 * Hans-Peter Lenherr, Vizepräsident 2005
 * Ursula Hafner-Wipf
 * Erhard Meister
 * Rosmarie Widmer Gysel
 * Parliament: Grosser Rat (January 1, 2005 - December 31, 2008)
 * (convenes on January 10, 2005)

Schwyz

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (July 1, 2004 - June 30, 2008)
 * Kurt Zibung, Landammann 2004-2006
 * Alois Christen, Landesstatthalter
 * Lorenz Bösch
 * Georg Hess
 * Armin Hüppin
 * Peter Reuteler
 * Walter Stählin
 * Parliament: Kantonsrat
 * Michel Martin, president

Solothurn

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (2001–2005)
 * Walter Straumann, Landamman 2005
 * Rolf Ritschard, Vize-Landammann 2005
 * Ruth Gisi
 * Christian Wanner
 * Roberto Zanetti
 * Parliament: Kantonsrat (2001–2005)
 * Ruedi Lehmann, president 2005

St. Gallen

 * Executive: Regierung (June 1, 2004 – May 31, 2008)
 * Josef Keller, Regierungspräsident
 * Willi Haag
 * Heidi Hanselmann
 * Kathrin Hilber
 * Karin Keller-Sutter
 * Peter Schönenberger
 * Hans Ulrich Stöckling
 * Parliament: Kantonsrat
 * Margrit Stadler-Egli, Kantonsratspräsidentin 2004/2005

Thurgau

 * Executive: Regierungsrat
 * Claudius Graf-Schelling, Präsident 2004/2005
 * Roland Eberle, Vizepräsident
 * Bernhard Koch
 * Hans Peter Ruprecht
 * Kaspar Schläpfer
 * Parliament: Grosser Rat
 * Richard Peter, president 2004/2005

Ticino

 * Executive: Consiglio di Stato (2007–2011)
 * Gabriele Gendotti,
 * Laura Sadis,
 * Marco Borradori Vicepresidente
 * Luigi Pedrazzini
 * Patrizia Pesenti Presidente (April 2007/2008)
 * Parliament: Gran Consiglio (2007–2011)
 * Monica Duca-Widmer, president 2007/2008

Uri

 * Executive: Regierungsrat
 * Josef Arnold, Landammann
 * Markus Stadler, Landesstatthalter
 * Isidor Baumann
 * Josef Dittli
 * Stefan Fryberg
 * Heidi Z'graggen
 * Markus Züst
 * Parliament: Landrat
 * Luzia Schuler-Arnold, president

Valais-Wallis

 * Executive: Conseil d'Etat or Staatsrat
 * Jean-René Fournier, Président du Conseil d'Etat 2004/2005
 * Claude Roch, Vizepräsident des Staatsrates
 * Thomas Burgener
 * Jean-Jacques Rey-Bellet
 * Wilhelm Schnyder
 * Parliament: Grand Conseil or Grosser Rat (2001–2005)
 * Patrice Clivaz, president 2004/2005

Vaud

 * Executive: Conseil d'Etat (2003–2007)
 * Anne-Catherine Lyon, Présidente du Conseil d'Etat 2005
 * Pascal Broulis, Vice-président du Conseil d'Etat 2005
 * Pierre-Yves Maillard
 * François Marthaler
 * Jacqueline Maurer-Mayor
 * Jean-Claude Mermoud
 * Charles-Louis Rochat
 * Parliament: Grand Conseil
 * Bertrand Clot, president 2004/2005

Zug

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (2003–2006)
 * Brigitte Profos-Meier, Landammann 2005/2006
 * Hans-Beat Uttinger, Statthalter 2005/2006
 * Joachim Eder
 * Peter Hegglin
 * Matthias Michel
 * Walter Suter
 * Hanspeter Uster
 * Parliament: Kantonsrat
 * Erwina Winiger Jutz, president 2005/2006

Zürich

 * Executive: Regierungsrat (2003–2007)
 * Markus Notter
 * Rita Fuhrer
 * Regine Aeppli Präsident
 * Hans Hollenstein
 * Markus Kägi
 * Ursula Gut
 * Thomas Heiniger
 * Parliament: Kantonsrat

Mayors
These are the mayors of the most populous municipalities of Switzerland on January 1, 2005. The function, election system, and term of the listed office varies, as does municipal organization from one canton to another.

 * Zürich: Corine Mauch, Stadtpräsident (since 2009)
 * Geneva: Pierre Muller, Maire 2004/2005
 * Basel: Jörg Schild, Regierungspräsident 2004
 * Bern: Alexander Tschäppät, Stadtpräsident (since 2005)
 * Lausanne: Daniel Brélaz, Syndic 2002-2011 (since 2002)
 * Aarau: Dr. Marcel Guignard, Stadtammann (since 2001)
 * Winterthur: Ernst Wohlwend, Stadtpräsident (since 2002)
 * St. Gallen: Franz Hagmann, Stadtpräsident 2005-2008 (since 2005)
 * Lucerne: Urs W. Studer, Stadtpräsident (since 1996)
 * Lugano: Giorgio Giudici, Sindaco (since 1984)
 * Biel/Bienne: Hans Stöckli, Stadtpräsident or Maire (since 1990)
 * Thun: Hans-Ueli von Allmen, Stadtpräsident (since 1991)
 * Köniz: Luc Mentha, Gemeindepräsident (since 2004)
 * La Chaux-de-Fonds: Pierre Hainard, Président du Conseil communal 2006/2007
 * Schaffhausen: Marcel Wenger, Stadtpräsident (since 1997)
 * Fribourg-Freiburg: Jean Bourgknecht, Syndic (since 2004)
 * Chur: Christian Boner, Stadtpräsident 2005-2008 (since 2001)
 * Neuchâtel: Françoise Jeanneret, Présidente du Conseil communal 2004/2005
 * Vernier: Nelly Buntschu, Maire 2004/2005
 * Uster: Elisabeth Surbeck-Brugger, Stadtpräsidentin 2002-2006 (since 1998)
 * Sion: François Mudry, Président

title: List of 2005 Swiss incumbents


text:
Burnbank

Burnbank is an area in the town of Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It was formerly a separate mining village before being absorbed into the town.

Location and governance
Burnbank, previously an independent settlement, then part of Hamilton Burgh (in the historic County of Lanarkshire) and then Hamilton District (in the historic Strathclyde Region) is now a district of Hamilton within the South Lanarkshire Unitary Council. Today Burnbank is surrounded by other suburban neighbourhoods, bordered by Hillhouse and Udston to the south, the western part of Hamilton to the east, Whitehill to the north and the town of Blantyre to the west, with the Park Burn denoting the boundary.

Burnbank is named after a tributary of the River Clyde - the Wellschaw Burn (also known as the Shawburn) which flows through the eastern areas of the district. This has been culverted for most of its passage through modern Burnbank. In historic times this stream's confluence with the Clyde lay within the district but now lies in neighbouring Whitehill. The area around the burn was still open country in some regards as late as the 1901 Census which records a Romany family "living in a field near Shawburn, Burnbank.

Burnbank was a division (later ward) of the Hamilton Constituency in the House of Commons between 1918 and 1997. It then became part of the short-lived Hamilton North and Bellshill Constituency between 1997 and 2005. Since 2005 it has been part of Rutherglen and Hamilton West.

Burnbank was part of the Hamilton North and Bellshill Constituency for the Scottish Parliament but is now part of Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse.

History
It was predominantly rural, with a number of plantations (Whistleberry Plantation and Backmuir Plantation being most prominent) to feed the lace industry in Burnbank and Hamilton which had been sponsored since before 1778 by the then Duchess of Hamilton Elizabeth Campbell, 1st Baroness Hamilton of Hameldon.

With the Industrial Revolution Burnbank lost its rural identity becoming a mining village.

The population of Burnbank had grown so great by the 1870s that a committee of citizens decided to apply for the erection of a Burgh of Burnbank. At the same time residents of Burnbank's western neighbour Blantyre reacted by petitioning for the erection of a Burgh of Blantyre. Both cases came before the Sheriff Court sitting at Glasgow. The Sheriff gave extra time for the petitioners for both causes to familiarise themselves with the arguments of their opponents and to respond in turn. The Provost and Burgesses of the existing Burgh of Hamilton, alarmed at the prospect of one (or possibly both) petitions being successful and thus creating a heavily industrialised, modern and vibrant western rival in turn petitioned the Parliament of the United Kingdom giving rise to the Burgh of Hamilton Act 1878. By this Act Burnbank was absorbed into Hamilton - ending its own burghal aspirations.

Industry
Prior to the nineteenth century agriculture and lace making were important local industries.

Burnbank was home to a number of coalmines or pits. Miners' cottages or "pit rows" were erected by mine owners to house their employees. Many of these were built by local builder Sir Robert McAlpine, 1st Baronet early in his career and the foundation of his later wealth.

The Udston mining disaster occurred in Hamilton, Scotland on Saturday, 28 May 1887 when 73 miners died in a firedamp explosion at Udston Colliery. Caused, it is thought, by unauthorised shot firing the explosion is said to be Scotland's second worst coal mining disaster.

Keir Hardie, then Secretary of the Scottish Miners' Federation, denounced the deaths as murder a few days later.

In August 1918 a fire at Albany Buildings (an apartment block owned by the mining company John Watson Ltd) burned to the ground causing £10,000 of damage and leaving 24 families homeless.

In September 1919 strike action in the Lanarkshire coal fields led to the closure of the Greenfield Colliery.

In May 1932 300 men at John Watson's Earnock Colliery in Burnbank were thrown out of work because of "bad trace."

In January 1935 Greenfield Colliery, Burnbank, became the last pit in Hamilton to shut permanently. Earnock Colliery also in Burnbank but out-with Hamilton's boundaries continued working.

During the Second World War Burnbank suffered at least one attack by the Luftwaffe when a bomb was dropped on tenements (known locally as Sing-Sing) near the railway works on the Whitehill Road.

In addition to mining a number of other medium-sized industrial concerns have operated within Burnbank including the Stevenson Carpet Factory, Burnbank, at which Jock Stein had his first job in 1935. This is recorded in the Hamilton Advertiser as opening a new factory worth £85,000 in 1958. MEA also operated a factory in the area for many years.

A railway wagon cleaning works is located near Whitehill Road.

Immigration
Since the 19th century immigrants from many parts of the world have settled in Burnbank.

Immigration from other parts of Scotland during the period of the Highland Clearances occurred.

The most significant to date numerically were undoubtedly the Irish immigrants who arrived between the mid 19th century and the mid 20th century mainly to work in the coal-fields and heavy industry.

Immigration to Burnbank from Italy was mainly from the Lucca and Frosinone in the Abruzzi. Some of the Italian Scots in Burnbank owned ice-cream parlours (which later became fish and chip shops) and operated ice-cream carts (later vans) to such an extent that the local term for an ice-cream seller became "tally" (derived from Italian) as in "tally van".

Immigration to Burnbank from Poland and the Baltic states first came to prominence between the world wars (linked to the mining industry) and was sustained by individuals escaping from the Nazi and USSR occupation of those countries. Further immigration from Poland (and Central Europe generally) has taken place following the collapse of the Iron Curtain.

Immigration from the former territories of British India has occurred in the final decades of the 20th century with immigrants from these countries following in the footsteps of the Italians by entering the catering industry.

Transport
Burnbank was formerly the site of a railway station (originally called Greenfield Station) of the Glasgow, Bothwell, Hamilton and Coatbridge Railway (later the London and North Eastern Railway's Hamilton Branch situated on Glasgow Road (today part of the A724). The station was opened 1 April 1878 as Greenfield, and was closed during the First World War on 1 January 1917. It was re-opened after the war on 2 June 1919 and finally closed on 15 September 1952. The track bed remained until the 1980s but has since been landscaped.

The line ran from the North British Railway's Hamilton Station to Shettleston and Whifflet and, although passenger and general freight services were provided, was primarily intended to take coal from Hamilton, Burnbank and Blantyre to the ironworks at Parkhead Forge and Coatbridge. Sir Robert McAlpine (see notable people below) was the principal builder throughout the line and designed the station and signal boxes at Burnbank.

Today, trains run through the area on the Argyle Line. The nearest railway station today is Hamilton West.

Trams were operated in Burnbank by the Hamilton, Motherwell and Wishaw Tramways Company in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A number of bus routes were operated by Chieftain Buses from their depot on High Blantyre Road, Burnbank. Following the takeover of Chieftain by Central SMT (itself a subsidiary of the London Midland and Scottish Railway) the depot continued in use until 1962. The routes served continued under Central SMT and its successors including the current operator First Glasgow (No.2) Ltd who have opened a new depot on the borders of Burnbank and Blantyre.

Religion
Burnbank has historically been a predominantly (and is today at least nominally) a largely Christian area, with the main denominations represented being Church of Scotland which has two parishes in the area and Roman Catholic which has one. The Church of Scotland Gilmour and Whitehill parish is recognised by the Church as one of the most economically deprived in Scotland. This parish's Church, has a square tower which was supposed to have a spire on top this was not built however as the ground being undermined by the coal pits in the area it was feared that the weight would cause collapse both to the mine and to the tower itself.

The Church of Scotland's Burnbank parish also had its own Parish Church. It is situated on the junction at Udston Road and High Blantyre Road, and is now a Coptic Orthodox church under the dedication of St Michael and St Mary.

The Roman Catholic parish of St Cuthbert's was established in 1893, and was originally part of the Archdiocese of Glasgow before passing to the Diocese of Motherwell when that diocese was erected in 1947. The church building dated from 1908. According to the diocesan authorities it had a congregation of some 3,000 souls. In the decades after the second world war visiting Polish priests provided services to the Polish immigrant community. From 2011 until 2021, the parish was also home to the Syro-Malabar Catholic community. Their procession through the streets as part of the celebrations for the Feast of the Assumption took place annually. The parish was closed in October 2022 and came under the care of the nearby St Ninian's, Hillhouse. The church, hall and presbytery were demolished in late 2023.

Community services
The former Victorian Police Station (dating from in 1894) was for many years divided between the Public Library and local authourity housing offices. It is now part of the Burnbank Centre complex and houses the local Library.

Education
Burnbank is home to two present day primary schools - St Cuthbert's Catholic Primary and Glenlee Primary (which is non-denominational). In addition a Comprehensive Secondary School, St John Ogilvie High School, is located within Burnbank on Farm Road although it has a much broader catchment area which includes Blantyre.

A previous primary school, Dykehead Primary School at Udston, Burnbank, was closed in the 1930s following pit closures.

A previous non-denominational secondary - Greenfield School was located in the area until the mid-1970s when it became an annexe to John Ogilvie High School. This site has now been re-developed as housing.

Amenities
Burnbank has a number of retail outlets including a small Co-operative grocery which is the remnant of a much larger department store that belonged to the Burnbank Co-operative Society. There is also a post-office, butchers, newsagents, bakery and a number of public houses. The last Bank to have a branch in the area was the Clydesdale- this was closed in the early years of the 21st century and the building is now one of a number of betting shops in the area.

Previously in addition to the Co-operative there was a large fancy goods store serving the community. At various times there have been florists, and haberdasheries in the area.

There was a cinema in Burnbank called the Plaza which later became a Bingo Hall before demolition.

The centre of Burnbank was re-developed in the mid-1970s with one half of the centre being pedestrianised.

The largest area of Burnbank is Udston, built on former colliery land, in the 1950s. It consists of a large number of streets, roads and crescents.

Notable people
Sir Harry Lauder worked in various pits in the Hamilton area including Burnbank before launching his stage career.

Robert (Concrete Bob) McAlpine was the founder of the major British construction firm now known as Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd. His initial builder's business was based in Burnbank. In addition to the construction of the Glasgow Bothwell Hamilton and Coatbridge Railway which runs through Burnbank he later gained fame for the Mallaig Extension Railway famous for the concrete structures built along the line, the most notable of which is Glenfinnan Viaduct.

Jock Stein CBE was a football player with Albion Rovers FC, Llanelli Town FC and Celtic FC before becoming a legendary football manager who managed Dunfermline Athletic FC, Hibernian FC and Celtic FC. With the latter he twice reached the final of the European Cup, winning against Inter Milan in Lisbon in 1967 and losing against Feyenoord Rotterdam to a goal in the last three minutes of extra time at the San Siro in Milan was born in Burnbank. He twice managed the Scotland national team in 1965 and again between 1978 and 1985.

Jim Bett - was a football player with Airdrieonians FC, K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen (twice), Glasgow Rangers FC, Aberdeen FC, Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, Heart of Midlothian FC and Dundee United FC. He gained 26 international caps for Scotland.

Willie Savage - footballing long time servant of Queen of the South F.C. in the club's days in Scotland's top division.

Walter McGowan MBE - 1960s World Flyweight Boxing Champion, was also born in Burnbank, and used the old Glenlee House as a training base.

The Reverend Scott J Brown CBE - Chaplain of the Fleet, Royal Navy. Both his parents, Margaret and Jim Brown, were born in Burnbank.

Garry Lee McCallum Founder of the history website Historic Hamilton was brought up in Burnbank. Historic Hamilton

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Burnbank


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shonith Subhash

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:52, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Shonith Subhash
Not notable, probably vanity. Also, factually incorrect, since the position of town historian does not exist in Anaheim, and even if it did, would not be an elected office. Delete.--Plainsong 22:07, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. -- Brhaspati\talk/contribs 00:05, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 07:38, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:CatCrofts

Irish internet and information addict

title: User:CatCrofts


text:
User:Wiglaf/test

A common abuse of Logical fallacy among scholars: shifting Burden of proof in order to claim Negative proof with the purpose of having an Ignoratio elenchi. Northern Bronze Age and this was my first edit:.

title: User:Wiglaf/test


text:
Pontianak

Pontianak or Khuntien is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan, founded first as a trading port on the island of Borneo, occupying an area of 118.21 km2 in the delta of the Kapuas River, at a point where it is joined by its major tributary, the Landak River. The city is on the equator, hence it is widely known as Kota Khatulistiwa (Equatorial City). The city center is less than 3 km south of the equator. Pontianak is the 23rd most populous city in Indonesia (as at 2023), and the fourth most populous city on the island of Borneo (Kalimantan) after Samarinda, Balikpapan and (Malaysia's) Kuching; it is now slightly ahead of Banjarmasin. It had a population of 658,685 at the 2020 Census within the city limits, with significant suburbs outside those limits. The official estimate as of mid-2023 was 675,468 (comprising 337,856 males and 337,612 females).

The city was founded as a small Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Kapuas River. It then became the seat of the Pontianak Sultanate for several centuries. Pontianak was then incorporated into the Dutch East Indies after an agreement between the Pontianak Sultanate and the Dutch Government. During the colonial era, Pontianak was the seat of the Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo, one of the residencies of the Dutch East Indies.

When the Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies, Pontianak became the site of the Pontianak massacre, in which many Malay aristocrats and sultans as well as people from other ethnic groups were massacred by the Imperial Japanese Navy, especially in the Massacre of Mandor (Holocaust of Mandor).

After the Japanese surrendered, Pontianak became part of the Republic of Indonesia and was designated as the capital city of the province of West Kalimantan.

Pontianak is a multicultural city, as different ethnic groups such as the Dayak, Malay, Bugis people, and Chinese live in the city, with some immigrants such as Javanese, Madura people, Bataks, Ambon people, Papuans, and Manado people. This has created a culture that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia. Various languages are spoken in Pontianak, such as Pontianak Malay, Dayak language and different dialects of Chinese and some varieties of Malays, Dayaks, Javanese, Bataks, and Bugis.

Pontianak is connected by air to other cities of Indonesia as well as some cities in Malaysia such as Kuala Lumpur and Kuching. Connected with the Supadio International Airport. Well paved roads of the Trans Kalimantan Road connect Pontianak to all Cities in the Kalimantan, such as Palangkaraya, Banjarmasin, Balikpapan, Samarinda, and Tanjung Selor. other towns also connected in the Province of West Kalimantan, such as Ketapang, Singkawang, Sintang, etc., as well as other provinces. As Pontianak lies on the Trans Kalimantan Highway, it is possible to travel to East Malaysia and Brunei by land using the Trans Kalimantan Highway. Several bus routes operate from Pontianak to Kuching in Malaysia and Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei Darussalam.

Etymology
The city was formerly the capital of the independent Sultanate of Pontianak and was founded on 23 October 1771 around an old trading station on the western coast of Borneo. It was built on swampy ground and tropical forest subjected to regular flooding by the river, requiring buildings to be constructed on piles to keep them off the ground. The name Pontianak refers to a story about ghosts that people in West Kalimantan refer to as Pontianak (a ferocious female ghost in Malay); it was a ghosts' haunt until Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie and his army fought and expelled the ghosts who attacked them by firing cannons. He then built a mosque and a palace, exactly on the location of the ghosts' haunt, and settled there. The mosque and palace became the first buildings in the city, and to this day locals fire bamboo cannons on Ramadan and other holidays in memory of this.

Pontianak in the Chinese language is known as, ((pinyin): Kūndiàn) in the local Hakka Chinese, Pontianak is known as Khuntîen.

In Malay mythology, the Pontianak is also the name of an astral creature that is said be a spirit of a woman who died while pregnant. Similar stories about the Pontianak first emerged from mythical and folkloric tales that are popular in Kalimantan (Borneo) before the city was built on a large scale of natural habitat. This was an active ancient civilization in the late 17th century.

Early development
The history of the city of Pontianak written by a Dutch historian, V.J. Verth in his book Borneos Afdeling Wester, whose content is slightly different from the version of the stories circulating in the community today.

According to him, the Dutch started to go to Pontianak in 1773 from Batavia. Verth wrote that Syarif Abdurrahman, son of Sharif Hussein bin Ahmed cleric Alqadrie (or in another version called Al Habib Husin), left the Kingdom of Mempawah and began to wander. In the region of Banjarmasin, he married the sister of the sultan of Banjar, Sunan Nata Nature and was sworn in as prince. He was successful in commerce and accumulated enough capital to arm ships and boats and then started to take the fight against Dutch colonialism.

With the help of Sultan Sand, Syarif Abdurrahman then successfully hijacked Dutch ship near Bangka, also British and French ships in the port of Pasir. Abdurrahman became a rich man and then tried to establish a settlement on an island in the Kapuas River. He found branching Landak River and then to develop the area into a prosperous trading center. This is the region that is now called Pontianak. He then established the Sultanate of Pontianak with himself as the first sultan. The influential Arab-Malay writer, Abdullah al-Misri, was closely connected to the rulers of Pontianak at around this time.

The sultanate imported Chinese laborers in the 18th century to work in gold or tin mines. A number of mining companies (kongsi) enjoyed some political autonomy. As the Dutch were expanding its power on Borneo, in 1777, the Chinese declared the formation of the Lanfang Republic (Chinese: 蘭芳共和國), led by Luo Fangbo to oppose the Dutch attempt to colonize West Kalimantan, including Pontianak. The settlers subsequently elected Luo as their inaugural president. Luo implemented many democratic principles, including the idea that all matters of state must involve the consultation of the republic's citizenry. He also created a comprehensive set of executive, legislative, and judicial agencies. The Republic did not have a standing military, but had a defense ministry that administered a national militia based on conscription. During peacetime, the populace mostly engaged in farming, production, trading, and mining. Lanfang's administrative divisions included three tiers (province, prefecture, and county) with the people electing leaders for all levels. Lanfang was allied with Sultan Abdurrahman of the Pontianak Sultanate. Lanfang was also declared a tributary state of the Chinese Qing Empire.

Colonial rule
In 1778, Dutch colonialists from Batavia entered Pontianak, led by Willem Ardinpola. The Netherlands occupied an area opposite the imperial palace now known as the Tanah Seribu or the Verkendepaal area.

On 5 July 1779, the Dutch made an agreement with the Sultanate of Pontianak regarding the Verkendepaal so that it would serve as the area of activities of the Dutch nation which later became the seat of government of Resident het Hoofd Westeraffieling van Borneo (Regional Head residency of Borneo West) and Assistant Resident het Hoofd der Affleeling van Pontianak (Resident assistant Chief of Pontianak regency). This area then became Controleur Onderafdeeling van het Hoofd Hoofd Pontianak or Plaatselijk Bestuur van Pontianak. Assistant Resident het Hoofd van der Afdeeling Pontianak (Pontianak Regent sort of) set Plaatselijk Fonds. The agency manages government wealth and took care of tax funds.

The Dutch first recognized the independence of the Lanfang Republic. However, the Dutch decided to expand its territory in Borneo, This was resisted by the officials of Lanfang. In the mid-to-late 19th century, the Chinese Qing Empire weakened substantially and became increasingly unable to support the Lanfang Republic as its vassal state. The republic's citizenry waged a tenacious resistance, but ultimately failed due to poor weaponry. Lin Ah Sin was the last leader of Lanfang. Many of Lanfang's citizens and their descendants made their way to Sumatra or Singapore. The three campaigns waged by the Dutch East Indies Army against the Chinese kongsi, called the Kongsi Wars, were: Due to being outnumbered and also with the lack of effective weaponry by the more superior and equipped Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, Lanfang finally surrendered to the Dutch in 1884 and was dissolved. Wary of Qing intervention, the Dutch did not openly annex the Lanfang Republic, and created another puppet regime. It was not until 1912, when the Qing Dynasty collapsed, that the Dutch proclaimed their occupation. Pontianak was then designated as the Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo, one of the different residencies of the Dutch East Indies.
 * Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo (1822–1824)
 * Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado (1850–1854)
 * Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo (1884–1885)

In 1942, the Japanese occupied Pontianak and expelled the Dutch. The Japanese military government decided to allow the Pontianak Sultanate to remain. However, the Japanese soon become distrusted to the Sultanate, and between 1943 and 1944, the Japanese orchestrated a mass arrest of Malay elites, Arabs, Chinese, Javanese, Menadonese, Dayaks, Bugis, Bataks, Minangkabau, Dutch, Indians, and Eurasians in Kalimantan, including all of the Malay Sultans, accused them of plotting to overthrow Japanese rule, and then massacred them. This is known as the Pontianak massacre.

After the surrender of Japan, a Dutch military court in Pontianak on 18 October 1947 convicted the Japanese Admiral Michiaki Kamada of war crimes and sentenced him to death.

Independence

After the Japanese surrendered, the Dutch returned to Pontianak. Due to international opposition to Dutch attempts to reinstate control over Indonesia in the United Nations, the Dutch were forced to recognise Sukarno's Republic as the de facto government of Java and Sumatra and to grant independence to a Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) on 27 December 1949. Pontianak became the capital of the State of West Kalimantan, one of the federal states of the United States of Indonesia. It was led by Sultan Hamid II, the last sultan of the Pontianak Sultanate. However, Hamid II was accused of conspiring with the former KNIL Captain Raymond Westerling to organise an anti-Republican coup in Bandung and Jakarta. Hamid's role in the coup led to increased agitation in West Kalimantan for its integration into the Republic of Indonesia.

Following a fact-finding mission by the Government Commission, the RUSI House of Representatives voted by 50 votes to one to merge West Kalimantan into the Republic of Indonesia. Following clashes with demobilised KNIL troops in Makassar and the attempted secession of an Ambonese Republic of South Moluccas, the federal United States of Indonesia was dissolved on 17 August 1950, turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta. Pontianak then became the capital city of the new province of West Kalimantan.

Geography
Pontianak lies on the equator at a height ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 meters above sea level. It is divided into three parts by the Kapuas Besar and its major tributaries – the Kapuas Kecil and Landak rivers. The city lies on flat land in the delta of the Kapuas River with a ground level elevation ranging from 0.1 to 1.9 meters above sea level.

The city is built on fall peneplain and alluvial sediments that are physically a clay type. This type of soil is in the form of peat and silt deposits of Kapuas river. Under these conditions, the soil is very unstable and has a very low carrying capacity. The soil composition along the river is formed from a precipitation process that produces a tropaquent area coupled with tropofluevent and under permanently saturated fluvawuent conditions. It is derived from the new sapphire sediment from various compositions and shapes, including organic matter.

Pontianak consists of a kind of soil organosol, gray, humus, and alluvial with different characteristics. At some points, the thickness of the peat soils reaches up to 1–6 meters, thus causing a poor carrying capacity if it is designated to construct large buildings to make it as a farm.

Time zone
In 1963 by Presidential Decree No. 243, the city entered into the Central Indonesian Time (WITA) zone (GMT+8).

On 1 January 1988 by Presidential Decree No. 41, West Kalimantan (together with Central Kalimantan) moved back 1 hour from the Central Indonesian Time (WITA) zone, to the Western Indonesian Time (WIB) zone. As such, in 1988 the city of Pontianak celebrated the New Year twice: at 00:00 on GMT+8 and then 00:00 on GMT+7.

Climate
Pontianak features a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification (Af) with no distinct seasons at all and with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. The city experiences a large amount of rainfall throughout the year, averaging 2896 mm of precipitation annually. Only in the month of July and August does the average monthly precipitation fall below 150 mm. Temperatures are consistent throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures of 31 °C and average low temperatures of 23 °C.

Administrative divisions
Pontianak City comprises six administrative districts (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district, and its post code.

The first four of the above districts lie on the south bank of the Kapuas River (listed from west to east), while the last two districts lie on the north bank (the East and North districts are separated by the Landak River, which joins with the Kapuas Kecil River at this point to create the Kapuas Besar River). The built-up or urbanized area continues southeastwards along the south bank of the Kapuas River into the town of Sungai Raya, which comprises the urbanised part of Sungai Raya District of Kubu Raya Regency.

Demographics
The 2010 census enumerated Pontianak's population at 554,764, while the 2020 Census resulted in a population of 658,685; the latest official estimate (as at mid 2023) is 675,468.

Researchers conducted research on population data in the city of Pontianak during the years from 2010 onwards, collected by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) Pontianak by accessing the data online. According to the data obtained, the population growth rate in Pontianak City in 1990–2000 is 0.7 percent per year, while for the period 2000-2010 increased to 1.8 percent per year.

Ethnicities

Currently (as of 2023), the website of Statistics Indonesia for Pontianak City (BPS Kota Pontianak) does not show ethnic composition in its population data. The BPS data below was reported by news sites in 2019, and again 2022:

In 2009, the government website of Pontianak City posted this ethnicity data:

Intermarriage between different ethnic groups is common in Pontianak.

Compared to other Indonesian cities, Pontianak is one of the few cities with a significant number of Chinese Indonesians. The Chinese have lived in Pontianak for centuries. Most of the Chinese were passing through west Borneo from the third century for a last rest on their sailing journeys before returning to China. Beginning in the 7th century many Chinese had started to trade in western Borneo. Apart from the Chinese traders, in the 17th century Dutch colonization brought in mass Chinese for mining gold. Most of these Chinese miners originated from the Fujian or Guangdong provinces.

The two largest sub-groups of the Pontianak Chinese are the Teochew and Hakka. The Teochew people are from the northeastern coast of Guangdong and Hakka people from the interior of Fujian come to West Kalimantan. The Hakka people are pioneer groups living in villages and mining areas, working as miners, farmers, and also small traders. This is in contrast to the Teochew people who prefer to live in urban areas for trade. Even now the Teochew people form the largest ethnic Chinese population in the city of Pontianak and south of Pontianak. The Hakka people mostly live in the northern area of Pontianak.

The second largest ethnic group in Pontianak is the Malay people. The Pontianak Malay are one of the early inhabitants of the city. Pontianak was the seat of the Pontianak Sultanate, a great Malay kingdom for centuries. The Malay people mostly live on the bank of the Kapuas River and other rivers in Pontianak. They also live in coastal areas of the city. Most of the Pontianak Malay work as traders, government officials, and in other jobs.

Other significant ethnic groups living in Pontianak are the Dayak, Bugis, Madurese, and Javanese. Most of the Dayak living in Pontianak are the indigenous/native people of the interior part of West Kalimantan. Some of the Dayak still practice animism, which involves traditional rituals and dances. However, most of the Dayaks have converted to Christianity and are more urbanized. The Bugis, Javanese, and Madurese are immigrants from other parts of Indonesia. They migrated to Pontianak due to the Transmigration program enacted by the Dutch and continued during the New Order. Conflicts often erupted between the Madurese and the Dayak.

Language
Indonesian is the official language of Pontianak as well as other parts of Indonesia. The native language and main lingua franca of the city is Pontianak Malay, a distinct variety of Malay that is closely related to Johor-Riau Malay in Malaysia, Riau, and the Riau Islands in Indonesia and Singapore. The main differences between Pontianak Malay and Indonesian is that they use "Kamek" instead of "Kami" and "Kitak" instead of "Kalian", which is more similar to Sarawak Malay, given their proximity. However, many people in the city also use Indonesian as their second language.

The other prevailing language in Pontianak is the Chinese language. Several varieties of Chinese exists in Pontianak, the most notable being Teochew and Hakka. Teochew is a variant of Southern Min originating from Guangdong. It is mostly mutually intelligible with Hokkien. Teochew is mostly spoken in the central and southern parts of the city, as well as suburbs south of the city. Hakka is spoken in the northern part of the city, as well as in suburbs north of the city. There are more Teochew speakers than Hakka speakers in Pontianak. These varieties of Chinese has been influenced by other languages such as Malay, Indonesian, and other languages. They have incorporated words from Indonesian and other languages. Therefore, native speakers from China may find it difficult to communicate using Teochew and Hakka with the people from Pontianak. Other Chinese variants such as the Cantonese and Hokkien have fewer speakers.

Other languages such as the Javanese, Madurese, Buginese, and different dialects of Dayak are also spoken.

Religion
The majority of the population are Muslims (63.4%); the rest are Buddhists (23.2%), Catholics (9.1%), Protestants (3.2%), Confucians (1.3%), Hindus (0.1%), and others (0.1%). Most of the Muslims are Malay, Javanese, Madurese, etc. While most of the people who adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism are Chinese Indonesian, many Chinese also adhere to Christianity. The Dayak people adhere to either Catholicism or Protestantism, while also incorporating local beliefs. Some of the Dayak also adheres to Kaharingan, a local folk religion. However, the Indonesian government does not recognize Kaharingan as a religion and therefore classifies those who adhere to Kaharingan beliefs as Hindus.

Several places of worship are located in Pontianak, such as the Jami Mosque of Pontianak, which is considered the great mosque of Pontianak. Located in the complex of the palace of the former Pontianak Sultanate, this mosque is the oldest mosque and is one of the two buildings that witnessed the establishment of the city of Pontianak. At first, this mosque was also used as a center of government for the Sultanate of Pontianak. The name of this mosque was given by Syarif Usman Alkadri who is the son of Sultan Sharif Abdurrahman, who continued the construction of the mosque until it was completed.

Other places of worship are the Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Pura Giripati Mulawarman, Vihara Budhisatva Karaniya Metta, and the Pontianak Congregation of West Kalimantan Christian Church. Some of these have existed since the Dutch colonial era, while some are constructed by the Indonesian government.

Economy
The gross regional domestic product of Pontianak City, according to the ADHK 2010 business field in 2015, reached 20.80 trillion rupiah. When compared to 2014, the production volume of goods and services produced in Pontianak City in 2015 increased by 0.96 trillion rupiah, or by 4.84 percent. Most of Pontianak city's economy relies on industry, agriculture, and trade. The trade, hotel, and restaurant sectors have been the largest economic base in Pontianak City in recent years.

This can be seen from the percentage distribution of GDP, where the large and retail trade sector has the greatest role in total GDP compared to other sectors, which is 18.30 percent. In terms of usage, the value of GDP shows how products of goods and services are used for consumption, investment, or trading purposes with foreign/regional parties. Based on the percentage of GDP, aggregate demand in Pontianak City in 2015 as a whole experienced a growth of 4.84 percent compared to the previous year, whereas the household consumer component contributed as much as 10.61 trillion rupiah or by 51 percent.

Industry
The number of large and medium industrial enterprises in the city of Pontianak as of 2005 was 34 companies. Labor absorbed by industrial enterprises amounted to 3,300 people, consisting of 2,700 production workers and other workers and 600 administrators. Moderate or major industrial companies located in the District of North Pontianak have the largest labor force of around 2,952 people.

The resulting output value of large industrial enterprises or medium amounted to 1.51 trillion rupiah, where large industrial enterprises or are located in the District of North Pontianak dominated by rubber industry companies. The smallest output value derived from companies located in the District Pontianak City, worth 2.85 billion Rupiahs.

For Gross Value Added (NTB) obtained from all large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in Pontianak City during 2005, this amounted to 217.57 billion rupiah and indirect taxes obtained amounted to 462.78 million rupiah. The value added at factor fees earned amounted to 217.10 billion rupiah.

For small industrial centers, the industry results for agriculture and forestry (IHPK) shows that the snack food industry, centered in Sungai Kuhl, is the largest local small industry, employing as many as 329 people. Investment value reached 249.50 million and the sales amounted to 780.50 million. The water taro weaving industry has 16 business units with an investment of 17.5 million and sales of 110 million rupiah, mostly located in Tanjung Hulu, Pontianak East.

Agriculture
As of 2006, cassava, rice, and yams were the most prominent crops in Pontianak. Residents also farmed vegetables and aloe vera. Jackfruit, banana, and pineapple are also grown in the city. Farms in Pontianak raise cattle (beef and dairy), goats, pigs, and chickens.

In the surrounding areas of Pontianak, the herb Mitragyna speciosa, known colloquially as kratom, is grown, and Pontianak is a major center for exportation of the herb.

Trade
Trade is one of the rapidly growing businesses in the city of Pontianak. Modern trade began to develop in 2001 with the founding of Mal Sun Apartments in Dubai City. Modern shopping centers began to be built in various corners of the city, such as Ayani Mega Mall and Mall Pontianak. Various national retail companies are starting to do business in Pontianak.

Education
Based on data from the Pontianak City Education Office, in 2015 Pontianak has 111 kindergartens, 161 elementary schools, 76 junior high schools, 44 high schools, and 29 vocational high schools. The primary school education level (SD) has the highest student-teacher ratio at 22:1.

School Participation Rate (APS) in Pontianak for 7–12 years age group during the last three years has been around 100 percent. In the 13-15-year age group, school participation in this age group has fluctuated considerably in recent years. However, school participation of children aged 13–15 years continues to increase to close to 100 percent.

There are colleges and universities operated by both state authorities, as well as private and religious institutions. The University of Tanjung Pura, a state university, was established in Pontianak in 1963. Other universities are maintained by private institutions: Muhammadiyah University, University of Widya Dharma, University of Panca Bhakti, STMIK, STAIN, POLNEP, and AKBID St Benedicta.

Culture
The cultural diversity in Pontianak presents various events throughout the year. The Tionghua/Indonesian Chinese community celebrates Lunar New Year, Cap Go Meh (Lantern Festival, which falls on the fifteenth day of the first month of lunar calendar), and Cheng Meng (Tomb Sweeping Festival, on first day of the fifth solar term of the lunar calendar). The Malay celebrates Idul Fitri, Idul Adha, and Maulidur Rasul. The Dayak People celebrates the harvest season, locally known as Gawai Dayak. These events are usually marked with extravagant cultural parades around the city.

The equatorial line passing Pontianak is marked by a monument north of the city center. Between 19–21 March and 21–23 September (the equinoxes), solar culmination can be observed near the monument, where the setting of the sun will be exactly at 0° at noon (12:00), causing shadows at the monument and everything nearby to disappear for a few seconds.

Cuisine
Pontianak is also known for its culinary attractions, with its mix of Tionghua/Indonesian Chinese, Malay, local Dayak, and Javanese influences. Diversity makes Pontianak food a culinary paradise. The food is well known for the following:
 * Nasi Cap Cai, rice mixed with a variety of other dishes to order.
 * Otak Otak Ikan Tenggiri, mackerel fish cakes wrapped in banana leaves and grilled, can be enjoyed with peanut sauce.
 * Bakpao, bun with variety of fillings.
 * Batang Burok
 * Choi pan or chai kue, a Chinese dish made from a thin chai kue skin with the filling of the chai kue can be yam, taro, or chives.
 * Lek Tau Suan (绿豆爽 (mung bean dessert with crispy rice crisp)
 * Bubur pedas
 * Yammie (stirred noodles with a variety of egg noodle, slim noodle, rice noodle "kwetiau"), mini-dumpling "Kiaw".
 * Paceri Nanas
 * Ikan asam pedas
 * Pwe Ki Mue (bubur pesawat, rice porridge with many side dishes)
 * Tart durian
 * Nasi ayam "koi peng"
 * Kaloci
 * Mooncake or "gwek pia"
 * Kwe Kia Theng
 * Tencalok
 * Lemang
 * He Mue (rice and a choice from a variety of fish)
 * Lempok Durian
 * Nasi kari
 * Roti kap
 * Tempoyak
 * Bingke
 * Hekeng (prawn spring roll)
 * Tar Susu
 * Chai Kwee

Transportation
Pontianak is well-connected by road, air, and sea. There are multiple city and intercity public transportation options.

Air
Supadio International Airport is the main airport for Pontianak and West Kalimantan, built by the Japanese during World War II. The Indonesian government then developed the airport, resulting in its present form. The airport is not located within the city limits, but in Kubu Raya Regency which is 17 km away from the city center. Currently it is the second-largest airport in Kalimantan in terms of terminal size, after Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport in Balikpapan.

After construction of a new modern terminal to replace the old and overutilised terminal, the airport currently has a capacity of 3.8 million passengers annually, double the previous terminal's capacity. The airport serves direct domestic flights to other major cities in Indonesia, mostly in Java and Kalimantan. Moreover, the airport also has international flights to some cities in Malaysia, such as Kuala Lumpur and Kuching. The airport is expected to be expanded again in the future to cater to the increasing number of passengers travelling to and from Pontianak. Currently, the only ways to get to the airport are by taxi, private cars, or using DAMRI buses.

Sea
The Port of Pontianak, located on the banks of the Kapuas River, is the economic pulse of the city and connects an area of 146.8 thousand km2 in West Kalimantan Province. The size of this area is comparable to the island of Java plus the island of Madura combined. Main cities and towns served include Pontianak, Sintete, Sambas, Sintang, Sanggau, Kapuas, Hulu, Telok Air, Ketapang, and Singkawang.

There are two port areas under the auspices of PT. Pelindo II (Persero), namely the Port of Sintete and Ketapang Port.

This port's hinterland is dominated by plantations, the forestry sector, the mining sector, and raw materials processing industry. To cater for increased economic activity in this region, Pelindo II has operated the container terminal for Pontianak's port. It has been equipped with two container cranes and various modern equipment that can provide optimal support for loading and unloading activities in the region.

The Pontianak Crossing Port is the main passenger port. It allows ferry connection to other cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Batam, etc. The port currently does not serve international destinations such as Singapore and Malaysia.

Land
Pontianak lies on the Trans Kalimantan Highway. The highway allows Pontianak to be connected to other major cities in Kalimantan such as Palangka Raya, Banjarmasin, and Samarinda. Moreover, it is possible to travel to East Malaysia and Brunei using the Trans-Kalimantan Highway. The distance from Pontianak to Kuching in Sarawak, Malaysia is about 340 km and takes about 6 hours 30 minutes. The distance from Pontianak to Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei is about 1,100 km and takes about 18 hours. All people travelling to either Malaysia or Brunei must pass through the Entikong border checkpoint, the main Indonesian border checkpoint in Kalimantan.

Pontianak currently does not have a toll road. However, there is a proposal to build a highway connecting Pontianak with Singkawang, and to the Entikong border checkpoint near Malaysia.

Sister cities
Pontianak has sister relationships with these cities:

 * Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
 * São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Copenhagen, Denmark
 * Lyon, France
 * 🇯🇵 Sakata, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan

title: Pontianak


text:
Radithor

Radithor was a patent medicine that is a well-known example of radioactive quackery and specifically of excessively broad and pseudoscientific application of the principle of radiation hormesis. It consisted of triple-distilled water containing at a minimum 1 uCi each of the radium 226 and 228 isotopes.

The time of Radithor and radioactive elixirs ended in 1932, with the premature death of one of its most fervent users, Eben Byers, an American golfer. This history led to the strengthening of regulatory control of pharmaceutical and radioactive products.

History
Radithor was manufactured from 1918 to 1928 by the Bailey Radium Laboratories of East Orange, New Jersey. The owner of the company and head of the laboratories was listed as William J. A. Bailey, a dropout from Harvard College, who was not a medical doctor. It was advertised as "A Cure for the Living Dead" as well as "Perpetual Sunshine". The expensive product was claimed to cure impotence among other ills.

Eben Byers, a wealthy American socialite, athlete, industrialist, and Yale College graduate, died in 1932 of various cancers as a result of Radithor use. Byers was buried in a lead-lined coffin; when exhumed in 1965 for study, his remains were still radioactive and measured at 225,000 becquerels. As a comparison, the roughly 0.0169 g of potassium-40 present in a typical human body produces approximately 4,400 becquerels.

Byers's death led to the strengthening of the Food and Drug Administration's powers and the demise of most radiation-based patent medicines. A Wall Street Journal article describing the Byers incident (published in August 1990) was titled "The Radium Water Worked Fine Until His Jaw Came Off".

title: Radithor


text:
User:Metacarpus

Hi there, just working on it...

title: User:Metacarpus


text:
Lincoln Cliff

The Lincoln Cliff or Lincoln Edge is a portion of a major escarpment that runs north–south through the historic divisions of Lindsey and Kesteven in central Lincolnshire and is a prominent landscape feature in a generally flat portion of the county. Towards its northern end, near Scunthorpe, it is sometimes referred to as the Trent Cliff. The name preserves an obsolete sense of the word "cliff", which could historically refer to a hillside as well as a precipitous rock face.

Description
The scarp is formed by resistant Jurassic age rocks, principally the Lincolnshire Limestone Formation, and is remarkable for its length and straightness. However it is modest in height, rising about 50 metres or less above the surrounding landscape. It runs for over 50 miles from the Leicestershire border near Grantham to the Humber Estuary, and is broken only twice by river gaps at Ancaster and Lincoln, through which the rivers Slea and Witham respectively flow.

To the west of the Cliff north of Lincoln lies the River Trent, with the valley of the Witham to the west south of Lincoln. The top of the Cliff is followed by two historically significant roads. Closely following the escarpment is an ancient trackway, loosely known as the Jurassic Way, which in large parts now consists of the A607 south of Lincoln and the B1398 to the north. The second road is the Roman Ermine Street, the modern A15, that runs parallel a few miles to the east of the Edge.

North of Lincoln, the name Lincoln Cliff, or simply the Cliff, is locally used to refer to the entire ridge of Jurassic Limestone, not just its steep western scarp. This can be seen in placenames such as Welton Cliff, Saxby Cliff and Caenby Cliff, reflecting parish-based divisions of the ridge. This use of the name is not found south of Lincoln, where the term Cliff refers only to the scarp itself, as distinct from the limestone plateau (which is here called the Lincoln Heath). To minimise confusion, some people prefer the name Lincoln Edge or Lincolnshire Edge for the scarp that runs from Grantham to the Humber, reserving the name Lincoln Cliff for the section of limestone ridge north of Lincoln.

Geology
One of several west-facing scarps within the county, Lincoln Cliff or Edge is formed from a series of sedimentary rocks which dip very gently to the east. The older rocks to the west of the scarp are of Early Jurassic age whilst those to the east are of Middle Jurassic origin;
 * Inferior Oolite Group (Middle Redbourne Group)(Middle Jurassic epoch)
 * Lincolnshire Limestone Formation (Lincolnshire Limestone)
 * Grantham Formation (Lower Estuarine Beds) / Northampton Sand Formation
 * Lias Group (Lower Jurassic epoch)
 * Whitby Mudstone Formation (Upper Lias or Coleby Mudstones)
 * Marlstone Rock Formation (Marlstone Rock Bed)
 * Charmouth Mudstone Formation (Middle Lias or Coleby Mudstones)

Parts of this sequence of rocks have gone by different names in the past indicated above by italicised names in brackets, and these continue to be found in older geological literature and maps. The Charmouth Mudstones form the lower ground to the west and the lowest part of the "cliff" whilst the Lincolnshire Limestone forms the plateau surface to the east of the scarp.

The two gaps in the ridge at Lincoln and at Ancaster are interpreted as indicating the former course of the eastward flowing proto-Trent. The river flowed from the Nottingham area towards the North Sea via the Vale of Belvoir and the gap in the ridge at Ancaster. At a later stage it used the Lincoln Gap before assuming its present northerly course to join with the Yorkshire Ouse to form the Humber.

List of cliff villages

From north to south the "towns, villages and city (Lincoln)" are as follows along the cliff:

 * Winteringham, on the bank of the Humber
 * Winterton
 * Roxby
 * Burton upon Stather
 * Scunthorpe (Town)
 * Kirton in Lindsey (Town)
 * Grayingham
 * Blyborough
 * Willoughton
 * Hemswell
 * Harpswell
 * Glentworth
 * Fillingham
 * Ingham
 * Cammeringham
 * Brattleby
 * Aisthorpe
 * Welton Cliff
 * Welton
 * Scampton
 * North Carlton
 * South Carlton
 * Burton by Lincoln
 * Lincoln – break in the Edge (River Witham) (City)
 * Canwick
 * Bracebridge Heath
 * Waddington
 * Harmston
 * Coleby
 * Boothby Graffoe
 * Navenby
 * Wellingore
 * Welbourn
 * Leadenham
 * Fulbeck
 * Caythorpe
 * Normanton
 * Carlton Scroop
 * Ancaster – break in the Edge (River Slea)
 * Honington
 * Barkston
 * Syston
 * Belton
 * Londonthorpe
 * Manthorpe
 * Grantham (Town)

title: Lincoln Cliff


text:
Vágar

Vágar (Vågø) is one of the 18 islands in the archipelago of the Faroe Islands and the most westerly of the large islands. With a size of 178 km2, it ranks third in size, behind Streymoy and Eysturoy. Vágar region also comprises the island of Mykines.

The Vágar island shape is very distinctive, since on maps it resembles a dog's head. The fjord Sørvágsfjørður is the mouth and the lake Fjallavatn is the eye.

History
Vágar is the first port of call for most foreigners travelling to the Faroe Islands, as it is home to the islands’ only airport, Vágar Airport. An airfield was built there during World War II by the British, who occupied the Faroe Islands with the islanders' consent. After the war it lay unused for about 20 years, but was then put back into service and expanded/modernised as required. It handles about 290,000 passengers a year (2016). Such large numbers by Faroese standards put a considerable strain on transport facilities, with the result that a road tunnel (Vágatunnilin) measuring 5 km in length and running under the sea now connects Vágar with the two largest islands in the Faroes and thus the capital Tórshavn.

Tourism
The country's two largest lakes - Sørvágsvatn and Fjallavatn - are to be found there, and the tourist association organises excursions throughout the summer.

Villages

Vágar has three large villages: Miðvágur, Sandavágur and Sørvágur and three small ones: Gásadalur, Bøur and Vatnsoyrar. Earlier there were two more villages: Slættanes, which was abandoned in 1965 and Víkar, which was abandoned in 1910.

The largest is Miðvágur, which has 1,130 inhabitants (01-2020). It is in the middle of the island and so has naturally become a centre, with a doctor's surgery, co-op and vicarage. It is also a historic village and was home to Beinta Broberg, a clergyman's wife who was dubbed “Wicked Beinta”. The story of her life was told in the famous novel Barbara by Jørgen-Frantz Jacobsen, which was filmed in 1997 by Niels Malmros. The farmhouse Kálvalíð to the north is the oldest house in the village and possibly in the Faroe Islands too. It is now the village museum.

To the east of Miðvágur lies Sandavágur, which has a population of 958 (01-2020). It too is a historic village. It was home to the law speaker of the Faroe Islands until 1816, when the office was abolished and the islands became a Danish administrative district. The clergyman V. U. Hammershaimb, who was born in Sandavágur in 1819 and became the father of the Faroese written language, was the son of the last law speaker. The Sandavágur stone with a runic inscription dating back to around 1200 was found there in 1917 and can now be seen in the Sandavágur church.

The third large village is Sørvágur, which is on the western side of the island near the airport and has 1,136 inhabitants (01-2020). During World War II, when the airfield was being built in 1942–1944, 5,000 British soldiers lived in Sørvágur, but now few traces remain of their camp to the south of the village. Tindhólmur, Gáshólmur and the two “drangar” (freestanding cliffs) belong to the village. The view out to them is among the most beautiful in the Faroe Islands.

Vágar has two other old villages: Bøur, which lies 4 km west of Sørvágur and has 74 inhabitants (01-2020), and Gásadalur, which lies further west on the Mykinesfjørður strait and has 16 inhabitants (01-2020). Many people have moved away from this village, but it now has a road link in the form of a Gásadalstunnilin through the mountain and it is hoped that the village will start to grow again.

A new village, Vatnsoyrar, which has 44 inhabitants (01-2020), appeared on Vágar in 1921. It was founded by three men, each of whom was given a plot of land to farm and set up home there with his family. The village is in the upland pastures belonging to Miðvágur and so forms part of Miðvágur District. When the British occupied the Faroe Islands and built the airfield on Vágar, Vatnsoyrar was their headquarters. The local population was evacuated, but was able to return home when the war ended.

At the northernmost point of the island, in the upland pastures belonging to Sandavágur, lay the village of Slættanes, which was founded in 1835. It grew for a time and at its largest was home to around 70 people. It also had a school, which can be seen on a stamp. The last residents left in 1964.

Another new village, Víkar, was founded in the upland pastures belonging to Gásadalur on the north side of the island in 1833. The area was good for farming, but the settlement was very isolated, and getting to the next village was a difficult business. The last few inhabitants moved away in 1910.

The beaches at Bøur, Miðvágur and Sandavágur are recognised as official grind beaches.

Climate
Vagar has a cold, temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfc), bordering on a tundra climate (ET). It has chilly winters, cool summers and is wet year-round. Snow can fall in trace quantities from November to April.

Important Bird Area
The north-west, west and south-west coasts of the island have been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of their significance as breeding sites for seabirds, especially northern fulmars (100,000 pairs), European storm petrels (5000 pairs), European shags (500 pairs), great skuas (20 pairs), black-legged kittiwakes (8400 pairs), Atlantic puffins (40,000 pairs), common guillemots (2700 individuals) and black guillemots (400 pairs).

Mountains
There are 41 mountains on Vágar, the major ones are:

Major waterfalls

 * Bøsdalafossur
 * Múlafossur
 * Reipsáfossur

Islets and rocks in the sea

 * Tindhólmur
 * Gáshólmur
 * Skerhólmur
 * Trøllkonufingur
 * Dunnesdrangar
 * Filpusardrangur
 * Drangarnir - Lítli Drangur, Stóri Drangur

title: Vágar


text:
Talk:Proof techniques

See Talk:Mathematical proof.

title: Talk:Proof techniques


text:
User:Julianius

Julianius has a profile here...

title: User:Julianius


text:
Category:2005 United Kingdom general election

The 2005 United Kingdom general election was held on 5 May 2005.

[[Category:May 2005 events in the United Kingdom|General election]