text:
Scottish Saltires in 2005

The Scottish Saltires in 2005 are playing in the Second Division of the totesport League, in what will be their last season in the English one-day league. They will also compete for a World Cup place in the ICC Trophy and in the first-class ICC Intercontinental Cup.

They suffered the disappointment of their first Sunday League game, against Durham being abandoned without a ball being bowled. On 5 May they were then unceremoniously dumped out of the C&G Trophy by Worcestershire. Heavy totesport League defeats followed against Kent, Somerset, Surrey and Sussex, but they recovered to win their second game of the season in a fine effort at Taunton against Somerset. That was followed up by a tie against Derbyshire and a 19-run defeat against Leicestershire, the latter match being much less closely contested than the scoreline suggests. Returning to the National League against Leicestershire, they lost by seven wickets to stay bottom of the National League, and August started with another loss, to Yorkshire. A crowd-pleaser against the Australian cricket team was rained off, and a week later the team endured four National League losses within the space of a week. Then there were two weeks off, before the team continued on their losing ways against Warwickshire, and they also lost to Surrey to end the season.

Players
* These players play for other teams in the totesport League
 * 🇵🇰 Yasir Arafat
 * 🏴 John Blain*
 * 🏴 James Brinkley
 * 🏴 Dougie Brown*
 * 🏴 Asim Butt
 * 🏴 Kyle Coetzer*
 * 🏴 Stuart Coetzer
 * 🏴 Gordon Goudie
 * 🏴 Cedric English
 * 🏴 Gavin Hamilton*
 * 🏴 Majid Haq
 * 🏴 Paul Hoffmann
 * 🏴 Steven Knox
 * 🏴 Douglas Lockhart
 * 🏴 Gregor Maiden
 * 🏴 Dewald Nel
 * 🏴 Colin Smith
 * 🏴 Simon Smith
 * 🏴 Ian Stanger
 * 🏴 Ryan Watson
 * 🏴 Fraser Watts
 * 🏴 Greig Williamson

Scotland v Durham (1 May)
Match abandoned - Scotland (2pts), Durham (2pts)

This match, which was due to be played at The Grange, Edinburgh, was rained off without a ball being bowled. (BBC news)

Scotland v Worcestershire (4–5 May)
Worcestershire beat Scotland by 10 wickets to progress to Round Two of the C&G Trophy

The first day at The Grange saw no play because of rain. After losing the toss, Scotland were put in, and the bowlers immediately made it very difficult for Scotland. It took them six overs to make their first ten runs, and every time they tried to accelerate, they lost wickets. In the end, they could only muster 134 all out in 46.5 overs. Vikram Solanki and Stephen Moore made this target look easy, passing the required 135 runs without losing a wicket in 5 balls fewer than 20 overs. Both batsmen made half-centuries. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Scotland v Kent (8 May)
Kent (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by 93 runs (D/L method)

Kent Spitfires demolished the Scottish Saltires at their home ground in a rain-haunted match. Winning the toss and bowling, Scotland didn't quite get the wickets they wanted, the South African Martin van Jaarsveld top-scoring for Kent with 57 while Darren Stevens smashed 51 off 30 balls towards the end. Scotland's innings was frequently interrupted by rain and Darren Stevens' bowling - he took five for 32, his first career five-for, as Scotland crawled to 134 all out in 32.2 overs - 94 short of the adjusted target, coincidentally exactly the same as Kent had made, but shortened by seven overs. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Scotland v Somerset (11 May)
Somerset (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by 16 runs

Somerset Sabres won thanks to a slogging effort by all-rounder Ian Blackwell who rescued them from a potentially dangerous position at Edinburgh. Winning the toss and batting, Scottish Saltires' bowlers Asim Butt, Majid Haq and Paul Hoffmann (who bowled 9 overs for 14 runs) tied the visitors down to 145 for 5 before Blackwell came on. Blackwell then proceeded to slam everything out of sight, smacking six sixes and seven fours in his 86 and lifting Somerset to 264 for 7. Colin Smith was the star of Scotland's reply, making 67, but they were never seriously in the chase, especially after Andrew Caddick removed Pakistani all-rounder Yasir Arafat and Smith. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Scotland v Surrey (20 May)
Surrey (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by 5 wickets

Scottish Saltires batted first at The Grange in Edinburgh. Jonathan Beukes, their South African import put on 91 from 86 balls as Scotland scored 252 for 7, their highest score of this National League season. Surrey had lost all 4 one-day league games before this match, and when they were reduced to 90 for 3, another defeat seemed on the cards. However, Graham Thorpe took 69 from 89 balls and Ali Brown 65 from 45 to give Surrey their first points with 6.3 overs to spare. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Warwickshire v Scotland (29 May)
Scotland (4pts) beat Warwickshire (0pts) by one wicket

A poor pitch at Stratford-on-Avon, and some lacklustre batting saw the Warwickshire Bears record their second loss in the National League, as they crumbled to 113 all out on their home ground. Australian-born Paul Hoffmann took three for 19 for Scotland Saltires, but all the Scottish bowlers chipped in with wickets, and it was in fact a good recovery from Warwickshire as they were 17 for 5 and 48 for 7. In reply, Dougie Lockhart and South African Jonathan Beukes recorded good partnership to lift Scotland to 70 for 1, but a burst of wickets from Heath Streak turned the match again, as Scotland lost four wickets for 20 runs. However, Hoffmann saw Scotland across the line, smashing a six off Neil Carter to win the match by one wicket. Extras were the second-highest scorer, with 28, as Warwickshire conceded 20 wides. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Yorkshire v Scotland (30 May)
Yorkshire (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by 60 runs

Despite four Yorkshire Phoenix run outs, and four maidens from Paul Hoffmann, the hosts still managed to score 214 all out in the first innings at Headingley, Anthony McGrath making 57 from number five. Scotland Saltires then crumbled to 154, former England all-rounder Craig White taking three Scottish wickets as only the hired-in man from Durham, Gavin Hamilton, managed some resistance with the bat. Hamilton, who had played ODI cricket for Scotland at the 1999 World Cup, made 60, but he was one of only two Scots to pass 20. Yorkshire continued their promotion charge, however, as they jumped ahead of Somerset in the table and into second place. However, after this match, Yorkshire only won one of their remaining fourteen games. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Scotland v Sussex (10 June)
Sussex (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by 8 wickets

Scotland had a bad week. First, Asim Butt, the leading Scottish seam bowler was banned for a year after testing positive for ecstasy. They then went down heavily to Sussex Sharks at The Grange in their last home game before the 2005 ICC Trophy in three weeks' time. The Saltires batted first and lost wickets regularly. Only Colin Smith, with 61, made any sort of score as they were dismissed for 172. The Sharks chased down the target easily, as openers Matt Prior and Ian Ward put on 108, and whilst Scotland were able to take two wickets, Sussex sped home with 16.3 overs to spare. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Somerset v Scotland (17 June)
Scotland (4pts) beat Somerset (0pts) by 15 runs

Only a couple of days ago, the lads from Somerset had beaten Australia's finest by five wickets, chasing the highest score in one-day matches. Now, they failed to chase down 233 set by the Scottish Saltires, after Jonathan Beukes smashed 92 and Yasir Arafat supplied with a 20-ball 32 including two sixes. It started well enough for Somerset, Graeme Smith continuing his fine form with 74, leading his team to 158 for 4. But then, the wheels fell off. Paul Hoffmann snared the important wicket of James Hildreth for 49, the lower order rolled over meekly to Arafat (who got 3-33), and with Jon Francis injured, the Sabres managed to lose the match by 15 runs as they were all out for 218. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Derbyshire v Scotland (19 June)
Derbyshire (2pts) tied with Scotland (2pts)

The first tie of the National League season at The County Ground, Derby was another positive experience for the Scottish Saltires a week before they travelled to Ireland to participate in the ICC Trophy. Derbyshire Phantoms won the toss and batted, and it was only thanks to a century from Australian import Michael di Venuto that they passed 200 and ended up with a final total of 220 for 8 - along with 33 not out from Andre Botha. Scotland's reply was hampered by Kevin Dean who took three early wickets to reduce the Scots to 31 for 3, but Douglas Lockhart made his highest career score with 88 not out to set Scotland back on track. On the last ball, Scotland needed two runs to win with South African-born number 11 Dewald Nel on strike - he could only scamper one with Lockhart, and the teams shared the spoils. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Leicestershire v Scotland (20 June)
Leicestershire (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by 20 runs

The Scottish Saltires threw away a good bowling performance at Grace Road against Leicestershire Foxes. Winning the toss and batting first, Leicestershire only made 208 for 7, none of the batsmen passing fifty but seven finishing in double figures. Dewald Nel took three for 39 for the Scots, but nine overs of Charl Willoughby was evidently too much for the Saltires. He conceded 12 runs, taking two wickets and bowling three maidens in the process, and was a major factor as Scotland imploded to 78 for 6. Despite number 10 Greg Maiden making 35, Scotland were all out for 188 with an over remaining. (Cricinfo scorecard)

ICC Trophy
Scotland then competed in the 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland. The Trophy is a competition played by associate and affiliate members of the International Cricket Council. 12 teams, including Scotland, qualified for the finals. The top 5 teams win places in the 2007 cricket World Cup and official One Day International status from 1 January 2006 until the 2009 ICC Trophy. Scotland won their first five games, against Oman, Canada, Papua New Guinea, Namibia and the Netherlands saw them through to the semi-finals, the World Cup and ODI status. Immediately, Scotland contacted England to see if they could arrange an ODI with them. They also defeated Bermuda in the semi-finals and Ireland to lift the ICC Trophy for the first time in their history.

Scotland v Leicestershire (24 July)
Leicestershire (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by seven wickets

The Scottish Saltires, playing their first National League match following their ICC Trophy victory, fell down to earth brutally at The Grange. Despite Ryan Watson scoring 70 and Dougie Lockhart 42, there was little support, and the Scots only mustered 166 for 9 in 45 overs - Claude Henderson taking three for 25 for Leicestershire Foxes. Skipper Craig Wright bowled eight overs for ten runs, taking the wickets of Tom New and Darren Robinson in quick succession, but it helped little as Darren Maddy survived to make 95 not out and lead Leicestershire to a seven-wicket win with nine overs to spare. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Scotland v Yorkshire (7 August)
Yorkshire (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by five wickets

Scotland Saltires ran Yorkshire Phoenix close in the National League game at Edinburgh, but failed to capitalise on a good start and were eventually beaten by five wickets. Having been put in to bat, Fraser Watts and Jonathan Beukes paired up for 77 for the first wicket, and Beukes went on to make 78. However, six Scottish batsmen were dismissed in single figures, Deon Kruis took three for 27, and the Scots were limited to 203 for 9. John Blain, who have played internationals for Scotland, turned out for Yorkshire, but conceded 34 runs in five overs. Yorkshire lost an early wicket in Craig White, who was bowled by Yasir Arafat for 2, but with five batsmen going into double figures and Phil Jaques recording 57, the Phoenix made it to the target with 21 balls to spare, despite good figures of two wickets for 23 from Beukes. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Scotland v Australians (18 August)
Match abandoned without a ball bowled

A capacity crowd of 4,500 was at The Grange in Edinburgh to watch the local heroes of the Scottish cricket team face off with the world's highest ranked team, Australia. The game was to be a highlight of the Scottish season, with the ground authorities reporting that they could have sold the tickets three times over. The BBC had won the rights to broadcast the match in Scotland, making it the first cricket match to be broadcast on the BBC since 1999.

However, rain poured down steadily, although a buoyant crowd still queued to enter the ground. The weather then first cut the match down to 20 overs and then starting again to prevent any play whatsoever. Although Cricket Scotland had insured against rain, so they were not at a pecuniary advantage, the lack of game represents a lost opportunity to help develop the game north of the English border. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Scotland v Derbyshire (26 August)
Derbyshire (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by three wickets (D/L method)

The Scottish Saltires gave Derbyshire Phantoms a good fight at The Grange, but despite three wickets from Ryan Watson and an unbeaten 71 from Fraser Watts Derbyshire still came out on top. Scotland had been put in to bat by Derbyshire captain Luke Sutton, and crashed to 42 for 4 after two wickets from new-ball bowler Graeme Welch, but Watts paired up well with the lower middle order before rain set in. Seven overs were cut off the Scottish innings, leaving them with 38 overs to play, and a bit of hard hitting from Pakistani all-rounder Yasir Arafat lifted them to 179 for 7. More rain cut Derbyshire's chase to 32 overs, and under the Duckworth-Lewis method they were set 161 to win. They looked to be cruising at 120 for 2 after Steve Stubbings had put on 70 with Sutton. Watson then got three wickets and Cedric English two, as the visitors collapsed to 147 for 7, but Stubbings, still at the crease, held his head calm and ended on 75 not out to guide Derbyshire past the target with three balls to spare. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Durham v Scotland (28 August)
Durham (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by 93 runs

Harare-born all-rounder Ryan Watson put in the best all-round effort for Scotland all season, recording Scotland's fourth-highest score of the season with 86 and the best bowling analysis with four for 36, but none of the other players save Paul Hoffmann (conceding 21 runs in nine overs) made any significant contribution, and Durham Dynamos ran away with a 93-run victory. Batting first, Durham made 227 for 7, Gordon Muchall top-scoring with 79 and Gareth Breese upping the scoring-rate with two sixes in an unbeaten 47 off 39 balls near the end. The Scots then lost wickets left, right and centre, crashing to 54 for 6 before Watson and Craig Wright added 77 for the seventh wicket. The run out of Wright precipitated the final collapse, though, as the last four wickets fell for three runs and Scotland were all out for 134. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Sussex v Scotland (30 August)
Sussex (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by seven wickets

Rana Naved-ul-Hasan's pace bowling was too much to handle for the Scottish Saltires, as they whimpered to 132 all out despite Jonathan Beukes making 51. None of the other batsmen passed 20, as Rana took five for 30 from his nine overs, while James Kirtley bowled tightly to end with a bowling analysis of 8.5-3-8-2. Sussex Sharks strolled to the target in just over half the allotted time, Matt Prior smashing 13 fours and one six in a fifty-ball 69, while Sean Weeraratna took two for 20 for the Scots. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Kent v Scotland (1 September)
Kent (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by 144 runs

At St Lawrence Ground, Kent Spitfires inflicted a loss on Scottish Saltires, their seventh successive loss in the National League, as the Scottish bowlers struggled with containing Kent's batsmen and few Scottish batsmen made it into double figures. Lacking all-rounder Ryan Watson and economical bowler Paul Hoffmann, Scotland were in trouble from the outset, and Kent made 259 for 4 in their 45 overs. South Africans Andrew Hall and Justin Kemp made fifties, the latter an unbeaten 65 off 47 deliveries including four sixes. Jonathan Beukes offered some resistance with 35 for the Scots, but once he was caught and bowled by James Tredwell Scotland lost the last six wickets for 32 runs, ending all out for 115. Kent bowlers Tredwell (7.1-1-16-4), Hall (7-2-17-3) and Rob Ferley (7-0-36-3) all recorded season best bowling analyses. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Scotland v Warwickshire (18 September)
Warwickshire (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by five wickets

Warwickshire Bears kept their promotion hopes alive with a win over Scottish Saltires, although the Scots kept them at bat for 41.4 overs at their home ground, The Grange. Fraser Watts and Ian Stanger both hit half-centuries for Scotland, as the Saltires made their way to 177 for 1, and despite two wickets from Jamie Anyon and the golden duck from West Indian Vasbert Drakes, the Scots ended on 220 for 5. However, Jonathan Trott and Nick Knight shared a swift 109-run stand for the second wicket to see Warwickshire to 151 for 1, and Knight made his 29th List A century as Warwickshire won by five wickets. Drakes, playing in his first match for Scotland, got two wickets for 30 on Scotland debut, while Ian Stanger got two for 26. (Cricinfo scorecard)

Surrey v Scotland (25 September)
Surrey (4pts) beat Scotland (0pts) by eight wickets (Duckworth-Lewis method)

The Scottish Saltires' bowed out of the National League with a loss, to end their three-year spell in the English domestic competition with eight wins, four no-results, one tie and 41 losses. Surrey's opening bowlers Tim Murtagh and Mohammad Akram reduced them to 40 for 5, but 21-year-old Omer Hussain made 52 in his first List A innings, adding 125 for the seventh wicket with Craig Wright, who ended unbeaten on 88. Jade Dernbach took the four last wickets, ending with four for 36, while Akram took two for 19 in his nine overs as Scotland posted 212 for 9. Surrey's innings was shortened by three overs, and their target by nine runs, and thanks to 80 from Scott Newman and 51 from Jonathan Batty they got 204 for 2 after only 30.3 of the allotted 42 overs. (Cricinfo scorecard)

title: Scottish Saltires in 2005


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Talk:HMS Hurst Castle

Untitled
The article here says that all the crew survived, but we have had a correction via email that says that 16 of the crew were killed - including Donald Bennett, aged sixteen. Can anyone verify and add this? Thanks -- sannse (talk) 15:51, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:HMS Hurst Castle


text:
User talk:Jepoy

Test page at Siopao master
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title: User talk:Jepoy


text:
Edward Cavendish

Edward Cavendish may refer to:

 * Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire (1895–1950), Member of Parliament for West Derbyshire
 * Lord Edward Cavendish (1838–1891), British politician

title: Edward Cavendish


text:
Cantley railway station

Cantley railway station is a stop on the Wherry Lines in the East of England, serving the village of Cantley, Norfolk. It is 10 mi down the line from Norwich on the routes to Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth; it is situated between Buckenham and Reedham. Its three-letter station code is CNY.

History
The Bill for the Yarmouth & Norwich Railway (Y&NR), the first public railway line in Norfolk, received Royal Assent on 18 June 1842. Work started on the line in April 1843 and it opened on 1 May 1844. In June 1845, the Y&NR was amalgamated with the Norwich & Brandon Railway and Cantley station became a Norfolk Railway asset.

In 1847, the station was closed due to lack of traffic. The Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) took over the Norfolk Railway in May 1848 and the station reopened in 1851. In August 1862, all railways in East Anglia were consolidated to form the Great Eastern Railway (GER). The Railways Act 1921 led to the creation of the Big Four companies and the GER amalgamated with several companies to form the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER); Cantley became an LNER station on 1 January 1923. Upon nationalisation in 1947, the station became part of the Eastern Region of British Railways

In 1997, the privatisation of British Rail saw the station and its services transferred to Anglia Railways, which operated the franchise until 2004 when National Express East Anglia assumed responsibility. In 2012, Abellio Greater Anglia won the franchise.

Services
The typical Monday-Saturday service is two-hourly in each direction during off-peak hours, with some additional peak-time services on weekdays; most trains serve the Norwich to Lowestoft line, with two to Great Yarmouth via the Berney Arms branch.

On Sundays, there are hourly services in each direction, with eastbound services alternating between Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth.

title: Cantley railway station


text:
Erawan

Erawan is the Khmer and Thai name of the mythological elephant Airavata. The name may also refer to:

 * Erawan Hotel, a former hotel in Bangkok
 * Erawan Shrine, a shrine to the god Brahma in Bangkok, located at the hotel
 * Grand Hyatt Erawan, a hotel in Bangkok, replacing the Erawan
 * The Erawan Group, a Thai hospitality company which owns the new hotel
 * Erawan Museum, a private museum in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand
 * Erawan National Park, a national park in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, named after the Erawan Waterfalls within the park
 * Erawan District, a district (amphoe) of Loei Province, Thailand

title: Erawan


text:
Georg von Langsdorff

Georg Heinrich Freiherr von Langsdorff (8 April 1774 – 9 June 1852) was a German naturalist and explorer, as well as a Russian diplomat, better known by his Russian name, Grigori Ivanovich Langsdorf.

He was a naturalist and physician on the First Russian circumnavigation from 1803 to 1805. Later Langsdorff was nominated consul general of Russia in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From there he organized expeditions to Minas Gerais (1813 to 1820) and the Langsdorff Expedition to the Amazon rainforest, which lasted from 1825 to 1829.

Life
Georg Heinrich Langsdorff was born in April 1774 at Wöllstein, in the Electoral Palatinate, Holy Roman Empire. He studied medicine and natural history at the University of Göttingen, Germany, under Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and graduated with a doctorate in medicine and surgery in 1797.

That same year he accompanied Christian August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Field Marshal of the Portuguese land army, to Lisbon. However, after Prince Christian died in 1798, he set up a private medical practice, and subsequently accepted the post of surgeon to English troops in Portugal. After the Treaty of Amiens he visited London and Paris, and returned to Göttingen.

He was appointed a member and correspondent of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences on 29 January 1803. He requested to join the scientific crew of the First Russian voyage of circumnavigation but received a polite rejection letter; the expedition's ships would take on board the official naturalist at Copenhagen. The day he received the letter he left Göttingen and reached Copenhagen in seven days, where the Russian ships were still docked. He implored with ambassador to Japan Nikolai Rezanov, and supported by Captain Adam Johann von Krusenstern, his petition to join the expedition was granted.

Russian Voyage of Circumnavigation
Langsdorff participated as a naturalist and physician in Krusenstern's Russian expedition from 1803 to 1805. On this journey he visited Falmouth in England, Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Santa Catarina Island in Brazil, Nuku Hiva, the Hawaiian Islands, Kamchatka and Japan.

When the expedition returned to Kamchatka he left with ambassador Nikolai Rezanov and headed to the northwest coast of North America. He explored the Aleutians, Kodiak and Sitka. At Sitka he met and befriended the American maritime fur trader John DeWolf, who sold the RAC his ship Juno. Langsdorff and Rezanov traveled sailed Juno to San Francisco to acquire food for Sitka. From Sitka, Langsdorff and DeWolf sailed to Petropavlovsk, then Okhotsk. From there both traveled overland across Siberia separately making their way to Saint Petersburg, where Langsdorff arrived in 1808.

He encountered various problems on his journey. For example, in Brazil the humidity caused the botanical samples to rot, and ants came and ate his insect collections. On his way back to Saint Petersburg he lost part of his herbarium collection in the Lena between Yakutsk and Irkutsk. However he was able to publish his findings in books such as Plantes recueilles pendant le voyage des Russes autour du monde: expédition dirigée par M. de Krusenstern. (Plants colleted during the Russians' voyage around the world: expedition led by Mr. Krusenstern), published in 1810.

Brazil
In 1813 Langsdorff was nominated consul general of Russia in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He acquired a farm (named "Mandioca", or manioc) in the north of Rio and collected plants, animals and minerals. He hosted and entertained foreign naturalists and scientists, such as Johann Baptist von Spix (1781-1826) and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794-1868), and explored the flora, fauna and geography of the province of Minas Gerais with French naturalist Augustin Saint-Hilaire from 1813 to 1820.

The Langsdorff Expedition
In 1821 he proposed to the Tsar Alexander I and to the Academy of Sciences to lead an ambitious exploratory and scientific expedition from São Paulo to Pará, in the Amazon, via a fluvial route. In March 1822, he returned to Rio in the company of scientists Édouard Ménétries (1802-1861), Ludwig Riedel (1761-1861), Christian Hasse and (1799-1874), who would take care of zoological, botanical, astronomical and cartographical observations during the expedition. With the aim of illustrating and documenting his findings, the Baron hired painters Hércules Florence, Johann Moritz Rugendas and Adrien Taunay. The inventor of the bicycle Karl von Drais was also a participant in the expedition. After extensive preparations, the Langsdorff Expedition departed with 40 people and 7 boats from Porto Feliz, by the Tietê river on 22 June 1826 and reached Cuiabá, in Mato Grosso on 30 January 1827. The expedition was then divided into two groups: the first one, with Langsdorff and Florence, was able to reach Santarém on the Amazon River on 1 July 1828, with enormous difficulties and suffering. Most of the members of the expedition became ill with tropical fevers (most probably yellow fever), including the Baron de Langsdorff. As a consequence of the febrile attacks, he became insane at the Juruena River in May 1828. Adrien Taunay died by drowning in the Guaporé River and Rugendas abandoned the expedition before its fluvial phase. Therefore, only Florence remained during the whole expedition. The expedition was joined again in Belém and returned by ship to Rio de Janeiro, arriving on 13 March 1829, almost three years and 6,000 km after its departure.

Huge scientific collections were deposited into Kunstkamera and later formed basis for South American collections of Russian museums. However, the rich scientific records of the expedition, comprising many descriptions and discoveries in zoology, botany, mineralogy, medicine, linguistics and ethnography, that were sent to Saint Petersburg by the expedition, were not published and were lost in the archives for a century. They were found again by Soviet researchers in funds of the USSR Academy of Sciences archive in 1930. Due to the travel's hardships, Langsdorff team was unable to collect many biological specimens or study them in detail, so most of their account is geographic and ethnographic, being particularly interesting on the many indigenous people of Brazil they met, many of which became extinct. Today, a large part of the material has been recovered and is in the Ethographic Museum, the Zoological Museum and in the repositories of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg.

Langsdorff returned to Europe shortly after the Langsdorff Expedition to the Amazon, and died in Freiburg, Germany, of typhus, in 1852.

A recent study found that Langsdorff has 1,500 descendants in Brazil, among them the most famous is Luma de Oliveira, a Brazilian carnival queen.

Legacy
A species of venomous South American coral snake, Micrurus langsdorffi, is named in his honor.

Media
A film documentary, featuring Adriana Florence, a great-great-granddaughter of Hércules Florence living in Campinas, Brazil, has been made by the Discovery Channel and retraces part of the expedition's itinerary. It also visited St. Petersburg's Langsdorff museum collections. The director was Mauricio Dias.

title: Georg von Langsdorff


text:
Crybaby (Mariah Carey song)

"Crybaby" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey featuring American rapper Snoop Dogg. It was released on April 17, 2000 by Columbia Records as a double A-side with "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)". It was written by Carey and Snoop Dogg, and produced by the former and Damizza for Carey's seventh studio album, Rainbow (1999). It serves as the album's third single. It features Snoop Dogg throughout the song's bridge and is built around a sample of the 1988 song "Piece of My Love," originally performed by Guy and written by Teddy Riley, Aaron Hall, Timmy Gatling and Gene Griffin. Throughout the song, the protagonist reveals the struggles of dealing with insomnia and thoughts of a past relationship during the night, as she spirals out of control and declares "I gotta get me some sleep."

The song was the center of a very public controversy between Carey and her label Sony Music Entertainment, due to their lack of promotion of it as a commercial single. It, alongside its A-side "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" were not eligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, due to the charts rules at the time of their release. Eventually, the song was able to attain a peak of twenty eight, Carey's first single to miss the top twenty. The song's music video features Carey spending a restless night in her apartment, throwing wine and cereal while trying to "get some sleep." Snoop Dogg makes an appearance in the video through a television monitor. Carey performed the song live during her Rainbow World Tour, in support of the album and its singles.

Background and composition
"Crybaby" was recorded during the summer of 1999 in Capri, Italy. The song is composed in common time in the key of D minor and features instrumentation from the guitar and piano. The song moves at a tempo of 79 beats per minute. Carey's vocal range throughout the song ranges from the low note of B2 to the high note of F5. "Crybaby" features a rap verse from Snoop Dogg, and incorporates heavy usage of background vocals. The song's lyrics find the protagonist struggling with insomnia due to thoughts of a past lover throughout the night, not allowing her to sleep. According to Carey, the song also has a more personal message, relating to the difficulty of getting rest with such a work-filled schedule. She claimed that through writing, recording, and producing her music, as well as all the promotional appearances, it became increasingly difficult for her to unwind and sleep at night. At one point in the song, Carey sings "I gotta get me some sleep," before finishing the final chorus.

The song was recorded very quickly in late June due to contractual obligations

In her 2020 memoir The Meaning of Mariah Carey, Carey revealed that the song's lyrics were inspired by the angst she felt after her 1997 romance with baseball star Derek Jeter abruptly ended.

Critical reception
Critical reviews for "Crybaby" were positive. Danyel Smith from Entertainment Weekly called the song "sexy" and wrote "[Snoop Dogg]'s words tumble like dice across her velvety vocals." Editor from Rolling Stone, Arion Berger, also complimented "Crybaby," especially the way Snoop Dogg's verses blended with Carey's vocals. Berger called his rap verses "fittingly careless." Robert Christgau, an editor from The Village Voice, commented that the song was "not real R&B thrush," but wrote "its good enough to fake it." While reviewing Rainbow, Dara Cook from MTV wrote that "Mariah amazes," on the song also calling the collaboration "Snoop Dogg enhanced." Cook wrote further "Perhaps culled from remnant Derek Jeter-directed rage, a frenzied and fed-up Mariah aggravates herself into a soulful, improvisational tizzy."

Commercial performance
"Crybaby" was released as the third single from Rainbow in 2000, as a double A-side with "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)". "Can't Take That Away" was emphasized at Top 40 Mainstream radio stations and "Crybaby" at mainstream urban stations. It was intended that the former would chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the latter would focus on the R&B charts. The songs had very limited airplay, and because Billboard magazine rules at that time stipulated that the song from a double A-side with the most airplay (in this case, "Crybaby") would be credited only, "Crybaby" was eligible to chart. Double A-sided singles were credited together on the charts until 1998, when the Hot 100 changed from a "singles" chart to a "songs" chart, and consequently every song was credited individually. "Crybaby" did not appear on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart. It debuted on the Hot 100 at number 28 following its release as a commercial single, but its minimal airplay prevented it from climbing higher. It remained in the top forty for two weeks and on the chart for seven weeks, becoming Carey's first single to miss the US top twenty.

Music video
The song's music video was directed by Sanaa Hamri, who also directed the video for "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)." Both videos were shot back to back, and were released simultaneously to music programs and channels for immediate circulation. The video begins with Carey lying in her bed, as she receives a text message from Snoop Dogg reading "Yo what's happening? What you crying for? Now you know you look 2 damn good 2 be crying... Come here... Holla at a playa DPG style... Ya know," to which Carey responds "I can't sleep." As the video progresses as the lyrics continue, it appears to be 5 AM, and Carey is still unable to sleep. She lies in bed with the lamp on, pondering on thoughts of a past lover until she takes a bath. Afterwards, she makes her way to the kitchen, and begins pouring an abundant amount of cereal and milk into a bowl, spilling it over the counter in a restless rage. As the scene finishes, Snoop's face is seen on a small monitor, directing his verse to Carey in the video. As the last chorus plays, Carey becomes restless and tosses a champagne glass and bottle at a large window, shattering it and sending glass around the living room. The video ends with Carey lying down on the couch one more, attempting to sleep once more.

Live performances
Carey performed "Crybaby" live during every show on the Rainbow World Tour. For the song's performances, the stage was set with a large bed, pillows and comforters, as well as a small desk and homely props. Carey, dressed in pajamas, sang while re-enacting segments of the video. During her performance at Madison Square Garden on April 11, 2000, she threw the audience small stuffed bears and completed the song while lying in the bed on stage. After the song's bridge, Snoop's pre-recorded verse was played over the background vocals. The song was also performed on select nights of The Elusive Chanteuse Show tour in 2014. The most recent performance of the song however, was on Carey Vegas residency, The Butterfly Returns.

Track listing and formats

 * US CD Single
 * 1) "Crybaby" (Radio Edit) – 4:31
 * 2) "Crybaby" (Album Version) – 5:19

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the Rainbow liner notes.

 * Mariah Carey – songwriting, co-producer, vocals
 * Snoop Dogg – songwriting, vocals
 * Damizza – co-production
 * Teddy Riley – songwriting
 * Aaron Hall – songwriting
 * Timmy Gatling – songwriting
 * Gene Griffin – songwriting

 * Nicki Richards – backing vocals
 * Ronnie King – Moog
 * Michael Scheshingen – mixer
 * Ashburn Bernie Miller – engineer
 * Brian Nolen – MIDI editor
 * Jeff Burns – assistant engineer
 * Pete Karem – assistant engineer
 * Bod Ludwig – mastering

title: Crybaby (Mariah Carey song)


text:
The Official Secrets Act (album)

The Official Secrets Act is M's second album, released in 1980 on Sire Records. The track "Official Secrets" was released as a single and charted in the UK at No. 64 in November 1980. The follow-up single was "Keep It To Yourself". The track "Maniac" featured Level 42 members Phil Gould on drums and Mark King on bass.

The album title is a reference to the various UK Official Secrets Acts.

Side one

 * 1) "Transmission (The World Is at Your Fingertips)" – 4:30
 * 2) "Join the Party" – 3:39
 * 3) "Working for the Corporation" – 3:35
 * 4) "Your Country Needs You" – 3:20
 * 5) "M'aider" – 5:26

Side two

 * 1) "Relax" – 3:42
 * 2) "Maniac" – 3:22
 * 3) "Keep it to Yourself" – 3:34
 * 4) "Abracadabra" – 2:51
 * 5) "Official Secrets" – 6:03

1997 Westside CD Reissue: WESM 502

 * 1) "Transmission" – 4:30
 * 2) "Join the Party" – 3:39
 * 3) "Working for the Corporation" – 3:35
 * 4) "Your Country Needs You" – 3:20
 * 5) "Mayday" – 5:26
 * 6) "Relax" – 3:42
 * 7) "Maniac" – 3:22
 * 8) "Keep it to Yourself" – 3:34
 * 9) "Abracadabra" – 2:51 (1)
 * 10) "Official Secrets" – 6:03
 * 11) "Abracadabra (Sunset–Sunrise Mix) – 2:51
 * 12) "Danube" – 3:33 (1)
 * 13) "The Wedding Dance" – 3:37 (1)
 * 14) "Mambo La" – 2:29 (2)
 * 15) "Don't Believe What the Papers Say" – 1:12
 * 16) "The Bride of Fortune" – 4:20 (3)

All tracks written by Robin Scott except,

(1) "Abracadabra", "Danube" & "The Wedding Dance" written by Scott/Novik

(2) "Mambo La" written by Unknown

(3) "The Bride of Fortune" written by Scott/Westwood

Personnel
with:
 * Robin Scott - vocals, guitar
 * Brigit Vinchon - vocals
 * David Vorhaus, Wally Badarou - synthesizer
 * Julian Scott - bass guitar
 * Philip Gould - drums
 * Mark King - guitar, drums; bass on "Maniac"
 * Gary Barnacle - saxophone
 * Paddy Keenan - Uilleann pipes on "Keep It to Yourself"
 * Dónal Lunny - arrangement on "Keep It to Yourself"
 * Bill Whelan - arrangements on "Relax" and "Official Secrets"
 * The Dublin Symphony Orchestra - orchestra on "Relax" and "Official Secrets"; Audrey Parkes - leader
 * Billy Brown, Brigit Vinchon, Deidre Costello, Denis Blackham, Des Smith, John Keogh, Mog Aherne, Robin Scott - vocals and whistling on "Working for The Corporation"
 * Technical
 * Dave Aston, Denis Blackham, Philip Begley - engineer
 * Peter Ashworth - front cover photography

title: The Official Secrets Act (album)


text:
The Stones of Blood

The Stones of Blood is the third serial of the 16th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 28 October to 18 November 1978. Part 4 was broadcast during the week of the show's fifteenth anniversary.

The serial is set in and around an English stone circle and on a prison spaceship in hyperspace. In the serial, the criminal Cessair of Diplos (Susan Engel) is hiding on Earth after escaping the ship before being prosecuted for stealing the Great Seal of Diplos, the third segment of the powerful Key to Time.

Plot
Tracking the third segment of the Key to Time, the Fourth Doctor, Romana, and K9 arrive in modern-day Cornwall. They meet Professor Emilia Rumford and her friend Vivien Fay, studying the "Nine Travellers"--standing stones in Boscombe Moor. Their work is disrupted by a Druidic sect that worships the Cailleach, the Druidic goddess of war and magic, led by de Vries. De Vries and the sect are hostile to the newcomers, but the Doctor later finds the sect killed by mobile stones similar to those of the Nine Travellers and determines the stones must be alien beings that feed on blood. He and Emilia find evidence that suggests Vivien is older than she looks. Meanwhile, Romana catches Vivien awakening more stones with blood, and Vivien uses a device to send her to a spacecraft in hyperspace. When the Doctor and Emilia arrive, Vivien tells them that Romana will be safe before disappearing herself. The Doctor recognises the stones as Ogri, a life form from the planet Ogros.

The Doctor constructs a projector to cross into hyperspace, leaving Emilia and K9 to guard it. On the spacecraft, the Doctor determines it is a prison ship, and inadvertently releases two floating globes called Megara that serve as justice machines. They accuse the Doctor of breaking a seal on the ship and prepare to put him on trial. Elsewhere, Vivien finds the Doctor's presence, and returns to Earth, awakening one of the Ogri and damages the Doctor's projector, but sparing Emilia's life as a friend. She and the Ogri return to the craft to attend the Doctor's trial. K9 guides Emilia in repairing the projector, allowing them to bring back Romana, along with an Ogri. They are pursued by the Ogri, leading them back to Vivien's cottage. There, Romana discovers an alien device that proves Vivien is not human. They lure the Ogri back to the projector, and she and the Ogri return to the spacecraft.

On the ship, the Doctor learns the Megara are seeking a criminal known as Cessair, who had stolen the Great Seal of the planet Diplos, which grants its bearer great powers. The Doctor suspects Vivien is Cessair, and attempts to force the Megara to question her, but their law prevents such intervention. Having decided the Doctor's guilt, they fire an energy weapon at him, but at the last moment, the Doctor drags Vivien into the shot. The Megara immediately stop their attack and scan Vivien to see if she is unharmed, but instead discover that she is Cessair. Romana arrives with the additional evidence, and the Megara pass judgement on her. They return her to Earth and transform her into a standing stone in the moor, but not before the Doctor recovers the Great Seal which she wore. The Megara are about to pass judgment on the Doctor when they're forced to return to their ship and depart to Diplos. The Doctor had set the controls of the ship before leaving, and he affirms the Great Seal is the third segment of the Key, and he, Romana, and K9 thank Emilia for her assistance before they leave in the TARDIS. She smiles as she now has a new stone in the circle to study.

Productions
Working titles for this story included The Nine Maidens and The Stones of Time. Contrary to usual practice, the location footage in this story was shot on professional video cameras using outside broadcasting facilities, a decision by the director to avoid the jarring effect when cutting between 16mm film and video. The main location was the Rollright Stones, a megalithic site in Oxfordshire, England. The setting of the story however was Boscawen, in Cornwall, at the Boscawen-Un stone circle. An actual legend of the site states that it is impossible to count the stones. As the serial ends, the Doctor notes that the number of stones in the circle has changed (due to the removal of 3 Ogri and the addition of Cessair's imprisoned form) and suggests Professor Rumford write a monograph about it.

Part One's cliff-hanger called for a scene in which Cessair, disguised as the Doctor, pushed Romana off the cliff. Baker objected to the scene, as he felt it would be very upsetting to children to see the Doctor as a threat. Instead the scene was filmed so that the viewer never sees who pushed Romana. The fifteenth anniversary of the programme took place on 23 November 1978, five days after the broadcast of episode four. To commemorate this, Anthony Read asked David Fisher to write a new scene (expanded by Darrol Blake) featuring Romana and K9 surprising the Doctor with a cake celebrating his 751st birthday and a new, identical scarf. However, producer Graham Williams vetoed this idea as being too self-indulgent, and the scene was never shot. Blake had already ordered a cake, and this was eventually eaten by the cast and crew.

This was one of only two stories between Frontier in Space and the end of the series' initial run not to have the special sounds created by Dick Mills. Due to Mills suffering a brief illness, Elizabeth Parker provided the sound effects instead.

Cast notes
Director Darrol Blake originally offered the role of Vivien to Honor Blackman, who declined the part as she felt Beatrix Lehmann had all the best material. Blake then asked Maria Aitken, who wasn't interested. Susan Engel was finally hired for the part. An uncredited Gerald Cross provided the voice of the White Guardian. Elaine Ives-Cameron later played Ms Lavish in the audio play The Stones of Venice.

Broadcast and reception
In their book The Discontinuity Guide (1995), Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping praised the "Hammeresque" first two episodes, but criticised the "woeful" final two episodes, ultimately writing that "the story disappoints as whole acres of motivation and background are glossed over". In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker were more positive, calling it "extremely good". They praised the directing and noted that the "wide variety of different plot elements and two highly contrasting settings, manages to encapsulate much of what has made the series so successful over the years". In 2011, Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times described The Stones of Blood as "an intriguing yarn with small stakes and vivid characters", particularly praising the female roles. DVD Talk's Justin Felix gave the serial four out of five stars, describing it as "a fun Doctor Who romp". He opined that the Ogri were "arguably the best part of this serial ... a hysterically fun group of monsters".

In print
Terrance Dicks' novelisation was published by Target Books in March 1980. The audiobook release uses a brand new novelisation written for audio by David Fisher and narrated by Susan Engel who portrayed Viven Fay in the broadcast version. This David Fisher novelisation was released in paperback on 14 July 2022 as part of the Target Collection.

Home media
It was released on VHS on 1 May 1995 and contained an extended cut of episode two, which featured a longer exchange between de Vries and his mistress before they were attacked by the Ogri. The scene is contained in full in the deleted scenes package on the later DVD release, which contains the episode as televised.

This serial, along with the rest of season sixteen, was released as part of the Key to Time box set, which was released on region 2 DVD on 24 September 2007. This serial was also released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in issue 67 on 27 July 2011.

Target novelisation

 * On Target — Doctor Who and the Stones of Blood
 * On Target — Doctor Who and the Stones of Blood

title: The Stones of Blood


text:
Snow Job (TV series)

Snow Job was a Canadian television sitcom airing on the CTV network. The series, which ran from 1983 to 1985, was set in a ski lodge in the Laurentian mountains in Quebec. The series was produced by Champlain Productions, the production division of CFCF-TV.

The show's cast included Jack Creley, Rummy Bishop, Richard Rebiere, Liliane Clune, Joanne Cote, and Gabe Cohen.

Guest stars included Jack Duffy, Bruce Gray, Peter Keleghan, Richard Simmons, Dale Hayes and Ruth Buzzi. Wayne Gretzky also appeared as himself, in an episode in which a young woman won a date with him in a contest.

title: Snow Job (TV series)


text:
Talk:Heartbreak Station

Album Genres
There is source provided for this album being glam metal in order to prevent users from taking the genre away without a reason. Please express your opinions here before changing the genres. I might be wrong, I do not claim that what I say is "the Truth", but allmusic says this album is glam metal and I really do believe it is. So please discuss the matter here if you disagree. I know it is less glam metal than the previous albums, but it still is and there this is backed up by source. FateForger (talk) 19:47, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Heartbreak Station
Heartbreak Station is not glam metal, is a hard rock/blues-rock strongly influenced by Humble Pie, Rolling Stones. The album is a change of musical style of Cinderella.
 * This is an opinion and therefore it can't be accepted. Provide source and read above. FateForger (talk) 11:50, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Listen Friend, Listen. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MATHEUS HS (talk • contribs) 02:28, 3 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm beginning to be fed up of this changes. I do not need to listen to the album because I know it perfectly well. And I know it is LESS GLAM than the previous ones. BUT IT STILL IS. It is not a matter of listening or opinions. My opinion is not better than yours of course. It is a matter of references and reliable sources. So stop this edit warring now, BECAUSE THERE IS A RELIABLE SOURCE. I hope this waste of time does not go on. Hope I have made things clear. FateForger (talk) 15:26, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

I argue with you but then you change the musical genre, I do not understand? —Preceding unsigned comment added by MATHEUS HS (talk • contribs) 01:55, 4 May 2010 (UTC) We Need a Solution Adult, right ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by MATHEUS HS (talk • contribs) 01:58, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Allmusic may be a perfectly correct evaluator of these new trends, but when it comes to something more classic is a real disaster, so if my articles do not have reliable sources, its much less. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.10.115.8 (talk) 15:51, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Allmusic is a reliable source. Again, the fact that it is a disaster when it come to something more classic is YOUR OPINION AND IT IS NOT A FACT, so it can't be accepted. WE DO NEED A SOLUTION, and I believe it is to keep all the three genres, and I'll make it clear in the article it shifts away from glam metal embracing the other genres. Otherwise, believe me, I'll find other 10 reliable sources which state it is glam. Heartbreak station is less glam but it still has evident traces of glam. So now I'll make this final change once for all. One last thing: there is no such thing as YOUR ARTICLES. FateForger (talk) 22:21, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

I have made the final change. Now it is clearly stated it shifts away from glam metal. Keep all the genres because it still is glam metal. Allmusic is reliable and it is not up to us to decide when it is and when it is not according to our personal tastes. I believe we have reached a compromise, and I REALLY hope this is the final act. Please do not change it again. FateForger (talk) 22:39, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Do not really like cold ratings on music, because I think they inspire us and therefore should be evaluated as such. So only one thing, if the musical genres become so good, but do not follow everything Allmusic, Rolling Stone you require. Base their articles on an emotion, a feeling not an error and thus can find the most plausible criticism about everything. I believe that people's time is precious. Even opposing his idea.

Re-adding the genre 'glam metal'
Hey. I see there has been some discussion here about this already. I firmly agree with FateForger here.

It is stated to be glam metal in Popoff, Martin. The Big Book of Hair Metal. Page 182. Quote below

2HAIR METAL HAS AN EVENTFUL 1990, continuing to deliver on some of the positive themes of 1989. A pile of more visceral and street-wise albums arrive by the likes of London Quireboys, Salty Dog, Love/Hate, Johnny Crash, and Spread Eagle. Even Poison and Cinderella get into the game, issuing Flesh & Blood and Heartbreak Station, respectively.

Thanks! AgentKozak (talk) 19:32, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heartbreak Station


text:
Christopher Hill

Christopher Hill may refer to:

Sportspeople

 * Chris Hill (athletic director) (born c. 1950), American athletic director at the University of Utah
 * Chris Hill (basketball) (born 1983), played collegiately at Michigan State, 2001–2005
 * Chris Hill (point guard) (born 1983), played collegiately at UW-Milwaukee, 2001–2006
 * Chris Hill (rugby league) (born 1987), rugby league footballer
 * Chris Hill (soccer) (born 1994), American soccer defender
 * Chris Hill (tennis) (born 1957), tennis player and coach
 * Chris Hill (javelin thower), winner of the 2008 and 2009 NCAA DI javelin championship

Other people

 * Christopher Hill (bishop) (born 1945), English bishop
 * Christopher J. Hill (born 1948), international relations scholar, professor and director of the Cambridge Centre of International Studies
 * Christopher R. Hill (born 1952), former US ambassador to Korea, Poland, North Macedonia, and Iraq; current ambassador to Serbia
 * Christopher S. Hill (born 1942), American philosopher
 * Christopher T. Hill (born 1951), theoretical physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois
 * Christopher Hill (historian) (1912–2003), English Marxist historian
 * Chris Hill (DJ), British DJ
 * Chris Hill (businessman) (born 1971), British businessman
 * Christopher Rowden Hill (born 1946), photographer from Northern Ireland
 * Christopher Hill (Royal Navy officer) (died 1778), British naval officer
 * Christopher William Hill, British playwright and children's novelist

Places

 * Chris Hill, a mountain in Roosevelt County, Montana

title: Christopher Hill


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Club kid

Club kid

 * Club kid- Don't really know what's going on here. Not sure if anything can be salvaged, but should be merged as well. --Dmcdevit 06:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Referred to Katefan0. · Katefan0(scribble) 16:02, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm....... I think this can be merged with Rave party, which itself could use a lot of copyediting and some POV work. · Katefan0(scribble) 22:34, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merged with Rave party.. also merged candy raver and created redirects. Did lots of copyediting to rave party itself, removed POV and questionable statements, but want to look it over once more before I declare it closed. · Katefan0(scribble) 04:34, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Think it's done. · Katefan0(scribble) 18:09, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Hi. Not sure if this is the correct place to leave a comment, but I just read the 'rave party' page and am proposing to put mmore stress on the aspects of its content which are US centric - club kid being one. Will Lakeman 00:01, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

part of the "club scene" and therefore imposters Joseph Buchanan
 * I think that the term "club kid" is misused here. While it can mean just about anyone who is interested in "club music" of the dance persuasion.  In my recollection it was often used as a derogatory term for kids that were not about the music but were

Entropa 19:31, 1 October 2006 (UTC) This article is not neutral. I think the article has been over-written, and need to cut down on the amount of detail about kinds of rave, and be more explanitory on what a rave is.

re : Glowsticking
i'm not sure there should be a whole section on glowsticking. the section is badly written as is (i think). glowsticking is one kind of dancing that happens at raves. so are flagging, firespinning, liquid dancing, popping, breaking, ...all kinds. why single out glowsticking? in my mind all that needs to be said about this is that glowsticks have stereotypically been associated with raving (where i come from anyways) -- they are "rave flavour" -- and that police have looked at glowsticks as drug paraphernalia when looking for excuses to shut parties down. that's it though. i don't think you can connect the fact that glowsticks are used to give someone a "lightshow" and the fact that police see them as drug paraphernalia. to me it doesn't wash logically. and no need in this section to describe a "light show." ps : glowsticks stimulate the pupils, ha, you see with your retinas, firstly, and secondly any light stimulates your retinas. that's how you see, and not just at a rave. i'm not sure if comments like this are supposed to go here, on the cleanup project page, or just on the talk page. hmm.... might have to double post this one.
 * you know, that section's pretty bad, so i might just tidy it up a bit. here's what i'd say: <>  that's all i'd say in this section.  everything else is subjective, based on someone's experience, off-topic, or can't be backed up.  209.82.111.194 17:40, 6 July 2006 (UTC)jpx

title: Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Club kid


text:
Lipid A

Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also called endotoxin molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane. While its toxic effects can be damaging, the sensing of lipid A by the immune system may also be critical for the onset of immune responses to gram-negative infection, and for the subsequent successful fight against the infection.

Chemical composition
Lipid A consists of two glucosamine (aminosugar) units, in a β(1→6) linkage, with attached acyl chains ("fatty acids"), and normally containing one phosphate group on each carbohydrate.

The optimal immune activating lipid A structure is believed to contain 6 acyl chains. Four acyl chains attached directly to the glucosamine sugars are beta hydroxy acyl chains usually between 10 and 16 carbons in length. Two additional acyl chains are often attached to the beta hydroxy group. E. coli lipid A, as an example, typically has four C14 hydroxy acyl chains attached to the sugars and one C14 and one C12 attached to the beta hydroxy groups.

The biosynthetic pathway for Lipid A in E. coli has been determined by the work of Christian R. H. Raetz in the past >32 years. Lipid A structure and effects on eukaryotic cells have been determined and examined, among others, by the groups of Otto Westphal, Chris Galanos, Ernst T. Rietschel and Hajime Takahashi starting already in the 1960s (Gmeiner, Luederitz, Westphal. Eur J Biochem 1969)(Kamio&Takahashi J Biochem 1971)(Luederitz, Galanos et al., J Infect Dis 1973).

Biosynthesis
The enzymes involved in Lipid A synthesis are conserved among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Salmonella.

Inhibition and activation of immune response
Many of the immune activating abilities of LPS can be attributed to the lipid A unit. It is a very potent stimulant of the immune system, activating cells (for example, monocytes or macrophages) at picogram per milliliter quantities.

When present in the body at high concentrations during a gram-negative bacterial infection, it may cause shock and death by an "out of control" excessive immune reaction.

Lipid A with a reduced number of acyl chains (for example; four) can serve as an inhibitor of immune activation induced by Gram-negative bacteria, and synthetic versions of these inhibitors (Eritoran) were in clinical trials for the prevention of harmful effects caused by gram-negative bacterial infections. However, trials were recently discontinued due to lack of efficacy seen in patients with severe sepsis.

On the other hand, modified versions of lipid A can be used as components of vaccines (adjuvants) to improve their effect. Monophosphorylated lipid A (MPL) is an FDA approved adjuvant that consists of a heterogeneous mixture of lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595. The major lipid A species present in MPL lacks one of the two phosphate groups and five acyl chains. Other work has shown that the removal of one or two acyl chains from native lipid A can significantly reduce activation of inflammatory responses.

The biological activity of LPS depends on the chemical structure of its lipid A. Primarily, TLR4 is required for activation of innate immunity upon recognition of LPS of Gram-negative bacteria. The ability of TLR4/MD-2 system to respond to a distinct lipid A species are clinically important. Pathogenic bacteria may employ LPS with low biological activity of its lipid A to evade proper recognition by the TLR4/MD-2 complex, dampening the host immune response and increasing the risk of bacterial dissemination. On the other hand, such lipid A would not be able to induce septic shock in susceptible patients, rendering septic complications more manageable. Yet, defining and understanding how even the smallest structural differences between the very similar lipid A species may affect the activation of the immune response may provide the mechanism for the fine tuning of the latter and new insights to immunomodulatory processes.

Mechanism of activating cells
Lipid A (and LPS) has been demonstrated to activate cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MD-2 and CD14 on the cell surface. Consequently, lipid A analogs like eritoran can act as TLR4 antagonists. They are being developed as drugs for the treatment of excessive inflammatory responses to infections with gram-negative bacteria.

title: Lipid A


text:
Werner projection

The Werner projection is a pseudoconic equal-area map projection sometimes called the Stab-Werner or Stabius-Werner projection. Like other heart-shaped projections, it is also categorized as cordiform. Stab-Werner refers to two originators: Johannes Werner (1466–1528), a parish priest in Nuremberg, refined and promoted this projection that had been developed earlier by Johannes Stabius (Stab) of Vienna around 1500.

The projection is a limiting form of the Bonne projection, having its standard parallel at one of the poles (90°N/S). Distances along each parallel and along the central meridian are correct, as are all distances from the north pole.

title: Werner projection


text:
Decade (card game)

Decade or Ten-Twenty-Thirty is a Patience game of the Simple Addition family played with a traditional 52-card deck. It is akin to another solitaire game called Accordion, but during game-play three adjacent cards totalling 10, 20, or 30 can be removed (face-cards count as 10).

History
Decade is a relatively modern game of American origin, first appearing in 1949, but seldom since, perhaps a consequence of its low probability of success.

Rules
Using a standard 52-card deck of playing cards (without jokers), three cards are drawn from the bottom of the deck and placed face-up in a line on the table laid out in the order they were drawn so the faces can be read.

Spot cards (cards from ace, deuce, etc. to ten) count their face value while face cards (jack, queen, and king) are valued at ten points. If the total of at least two consecutive cards in the line equals 10, 20 or 30, they are discarded. The cards are treated as if in a straight line, so cards coming from both the front and back of the line that value to ten, twenty, or thirty are not considered consecutive unless they occupy a physically adjacent position to the card. After this has been repeated until no more discards are possible, a card is drawn from the stock and placed face up on the extreme right of the line (or on top of the stack if playing on one hand), and checking for discards is resumed.

The game continues until all cards are dealt or discarded, or when no more sets can be collected. The object of the game is to have as few cards as possible at the end; the game is won when all cards are discarded.

Variations

 * Cards are placed in seven separate stacks; if all the cards in a stack are discarded the stack is eliminated and cards are no longer added to it. The game is won when all stacks have been eliminated.
 * A maximum of three consecutive cards that total ten, twenty or thirty can be discarded (as opposed to at least two cards in the standard rules).
 * Cards that total 5, 15, 25, or 35 can also be discarded. (Implemented as a variation of the game in Interplay's Solitaire Deluxe)
 * The line is treated as a loop instead of a straight line. If the total of up to 3 three consecutive cards (or at least two consecutive cards, depending on the rule set one follows) in the stack which feature at least one card from the top of the stack equal 10, 20 or 30, they are discarded:

 * {| class="wikitable"

 * style="background:yellow" |
 * style="background:yellow" |
 * style="background:yellow" |
 * }
 * Because the stack is treated as a loop, and the cards selected use at least one card from the top of the stack discarding, and  as a set of three totaling 20 (10 + 6 + 4) would be valid.
 * style="background:yellow" |
 * style="background:yellow" |
 * }
 * Because the stack is treated as a loop, and the cards selected use at least one card from the top of the stack discarding, and  as a set of three totaling 20 (10 + 6 + 4) would be valid.

One-handed play
Like Accordion, Decade is traditionally played with the cards in a line, but due its minimal use of space can also be played in one hand. This is done by placing the deck face-down in the hand, and placing the line in a stack on top of the deck, with the discard pile face up on the bottom (as seen in the images below).

title: Decade (card game)


text:
Golden Arrow (train)

The Golden Arrow (Flèche d’Or) was a luxury boat train of the Southern Railway and later British Railways. It linked London with Dover, where passengers took the ferry to Calais to join the Flèche d’Or of the Chemin de Fer du Nord and later SNCF which took them on to Paris.

History

The Flèche d’Or was introduced in 1926 as an all-first-class Pullman service between Paris and Calais. On 15 May 1929, the Southern Railway introduced the equivalent between London Victoria and Dover while simultaneously launching a new first class only ship, the TSS Canterbury (1929), for the ferry crossing. The train usually consisted of 10 British Pullman cars, hauled by one of the Southern Railway's Lord Nelson class locomotives, and took 98 minutes to travel between London and Dover. Because of the impact of air travel and 'market forces' on the underlying economy of the service, ordinary first- and third-class carriages were added in 1931. Similarly the first-class-only ferry, Canterbury, was modified to allow other classes of passenger.

The train service ceased at the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939. It resumed after the war on 15 April 1946, initially running with the pre-war Pullmans and the Trianon Bar car, a converted twelve-wheeled Pullman. The Southern railway flagship, the SS Invicta (1939) replaced the Canterbury from 10 October 1946. As of 1949, the all-Pullman train was scheduled to depart from London Victoria at 10:30, with the connecting train from Calais reaching Paris (Gare du Nord) at 17:30, and from Paris at 12:15, with the connecting train from Dover arriving in London at 19:30. This worked out to a scheduled journey time of 6 hours eastbound and 6 hours, 15 minutes, westbound after accounting for the one-hour difference between Greenwich Mean Time and Central European Time.

In 1951, a new set of Pullmans was built, exhibited as part of British Railways' celebration of the Festival of Britain.

In 1961, with the Kent Coast electrification scheme, the train became electric-hauled. That allowed an acceleration to 80 minutes for the down service and 82 minutes for the up service. A decline in demand for rail travel between London and Paris saw the last Golden Arrow run on 30 September 1972 and, in its later years, only the first class section was advertised as a Pullman service.

Preservation
The preserved Bluebell Railway in Sussex runs a "Golden Arrow" train with Pullman cars "Car 64 (Christine)", "Fingall", "FO 1st class Sappho and an ex-LMS BGZ.

The main-line service was revived for a one-off event on 6 May 1994 when it formed part of the celebrations for the inauguration of the Channel Tunnel. It was hauled by the steam locomotive Britannia.

The Golden Arrow insignia, of 'Golden Arrow' titles on a green disc with a golden arrow element passing through the two 'O' letters is still a registered trademark and is still today owned by the Department for Transport, officially registered to the Secretary of State for Transport.

Literary reference
In Graham Greene's "Travels With My Aunt", the character Zachary Wordsworth, suspected by the London Police of drug-trafficking, uses the Golden Arrow to escape to Paris (Ch.4). The book, published in 1969, notes that twenty pounds, given to Wordsworth by the narrator's aunt, were enough to cover the fare to Paris

title: Golden Arrow (train)


text:
Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal

Joanna of Austria (in Castilian, Doña Juana de Austria; in Portuguese, Dona Joana de Áustria, 24 June 1535 – 7 September 1573) was Princess of Portugal by marriage to João Manuel, Prince of Portugal. She served as regent of Spain to her brother Philip II during his trips to England to marry Mary I from 1554 to 1556, and 1556 to 1559. She was the mother of King Sebastian of Portugal.

Married at 16 to her even younger husband, she was widowed after two years, giving birth in the same month. Later that year she returned to Spain at her father's request, leaving her son in the care of her mother-in-law, who was also her aunt. She never saw him again, but corresponded and had portraits sent. In later life she was active in religious affairs.

Early years
Born in Madrid, Joanna was the daughter of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the first king of united Spain, officially King of Aragon and King of Castile and his wife, Isabella of Portugal. Therefore, her paternal grandparents were Philip of Castile and Joanna of Castile, and her maternal grandparents were Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon. She was the sister of King Philip II of Spain and Maria of Austria.

Among others, Joanna held the titles of Archduchess of Austria, Infanta of Castile and of Aragon, and princess of Burgundy.

Named for the saint's day of her birth (24 June is the Nativity of St. John the Baptist) and in honor of her paternal grandmother, Queen Joanna of Castile, Joanna of Austria was motherless at the age of four and was entrusted to Doña Leonor de Mascareñas. By age eight she could understand Latin and could play several musical instruments.

Princess of Portugal
On 11 January 1552, at the age of sixteen, she married her double first cousin, the fourteen-year-old crown prince of Portugal, John Manuel of Portugal, by proxy in Toro. She arrived at the Portuguese court in November 1552.

The marriage was cut short when John Manuel died of tuberculosis at age sixteen on 2 January 1554. However, Joanna was pregnant by that time, and the future Portuguese king Sebastián I was born on 20 January 1554.

Joanna returned to Spain in May 1554 at the request of her father, leaving her newborn son with her mother-in-law, the Portuguese Queen Catherine of Austria, who was Charles' youngest sister.

Regent of Spain
Shortly after Sebastian's birth, Joanna was called back to Madrid by her brother Philip to act as regent during his absence in England from 1554. She filled this role with intelligence and efficiency. Joanna never remarried and never returned to Portugal. She never saw her son Sebastian again, although she sent him letters and had portraits of him painted at various ages so she could see what he looked like.

In 1557, Joanna founded the Convent of Our Lady of Consolation (Nuestra Señora de la Consolación) for the nuns of the order of Poor Clares, also known as Discalced Clarisses (in Spanish, clarisas descalzas) because they did not wear covered shoes, and only walked either barefoot or in sandals, now known as the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales, or convent of the royal barefoot females, partly due to her affiliation and that the convent continued to attract aristocratic women as nuns. This convent is now a national monument and holds an art collection. It was founded in the royal palace where Joanna was born and where Charles V had lived when in Madrid.

Joanna repeatedly intervened in favor of the new order of the Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola. In 1555, she is reputed to have been admitted surreptitiously to the male-only Jesuit order under the name of a pseudonym, Mateo Sánchez. She corresponded with both Ignatius and Francis Borgia.

title: Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal


text:
Świętokrzyska metro station

Świętokrzyska is a transfer station on Lines M1 and M2 of the Warsaw Metro, located under the crossing of Świętokrzyska and Marszałkowska streets in the borough of Śródmieście. The station on M1 was opened on 11 May 2001 as part of the extension of M1 north from Centrum to Ratusz. Świętokrzyska has a non-revenue track that connects Lines M1 and M2 in order for M2 rolling stock to access Kabaty depot on M1 while the new Karolin depot on M2 is being built, and is the only interchange station between M1 and M2 metro lines. The station on the second metro line fully opened for passenger use on 8 March 2015 as part of the inaugural stretch of Line M2 between Rondo Daszyńskiego and Dworzec Wileński. It was designed by Polish architect Andrzej M. Chołdzyński and constructed by Metroprojekt. Murals were created by Wojciech Fangor, artist of the Polish School of Posters.

title: Świętokrzyska metro station


text:
User talk:Whodidit

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.--BaronLarf 16:05, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

I asked for block on you. Pavel Vozenilek 13:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You are very fast ;-) but the force is on way after you. Pavel Vozenilek 13:12, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not have rights to block users but hopefully someone else will notice and very soon. I wonder whether you don't have something better, such nice spring day. Pavel Vozenilek 13:16, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Blocked indefinitely as sockpuppet created for vandalism. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:26, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whodidit


text: Category:Colorado Mining Boom

title: Category:Colorado Mining Boom