text:
Template talk:Airports in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories

Note to editors: Only airports with active scheduled services should be added to this template.

Northalt
Should Northalt be here, it is an RAF base. Astrotrain 16:26, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

I would say not. Johnwalton 15:15, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Normal / Small
Just curious: What is the reason for the normal sized names vs. the smaller sized names? I just added Dundee Airport and I put it as a normal sized airport name because it is attached to a city (as are the other Scottish Airports with a normal sized name). Is this right? --Colin Angus Mackay 10:55, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Just noticed that the very first entry in the history states: "Lots more to add. Small and charter airports should be within the "Small" brackets". So, what constitues a "small" airport? --Colin Angus Mackay 22:07, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, I'm to blame for that as I started the template. I imagined a 'small' airport to be one dealing mainly/only charter flights, or private airplanes. We could have an arbitrary threshold of one daily scheduled flight and one scheduled destination. Airports with one daily scheduled flight or fewer, and one destination, could be defined as small. Airports with more than one daily flight and more than one destination are big.Seabhcán 07:43, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

A better definition would be:
 * Large- international scheduled flights to more than one destination
 * Small- domestic only flights, charter

I also do not think that airfields with no scheduled services, or chartered services by the major airlines should be listed (eg Carlisle, Brighton and Nottingham City) Astrotrain 19:02, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Going by that definition of size I have moved Blackpool airport to the larger text as it currently has two airlines offering a total of 12 international destinations. --Fozi999 10:19, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Kent Airport
I rolled back an anon user edit which moved Kent to the section for london. Is Kent Airport a London Airport? It's the same distance from central london as Southampton airport. It's also gone out of business since it's owner PlaneStation went bankrupt, and now only handles freight. Maybe it should be removed from the list? Seabhcán 10:13, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It is still an airport in existence- there are no passenger flights following the collapse of EUjet- but I believe fireght and private flights are still operating. You are right to move it from London category however, as it is not classed as a London Airport. Astrotrain 14:35, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Hawarden Airport
Recently noticed the inclusion of Hawarden airport into the Wales airports list. I will not remove this airport from the list but as the article states, the airport does not have any passenger flights so should it really be included in this list as there are many non-passenger airports in the UK not included? Dbertman 23:29, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree, and it's been joined by a few more. I've removed them/wangi 20:41, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Right, I guess Sheffield City Airport and maybe London Biggin Hill Airport should be removed too? /wangi 20:53, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

George Best Belfast City
Should this be listed in the info box as 'George Best Belfast City'? Whils it may have recently changed its name, both Doncaster-Sheffield (Robin Hood Airport) and Liverpool (John Lennon) are listed simply by the place name not the full length airport name, what do you guys think? Dbertman 12:00, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Again, agreed, and changed/wangi 20:41, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Southend
Given teh inclusion criteria for this template it's debatable if Southend Airport should listed, and if it is, it should be small type for sure. The airport has a small number of charter flights, but only a single weekly summer only scheduled flight. Include or not? Thanks/wangi 16:26, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm sure it has been on the template before. Astrotrain 07:49, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Scatsta Airport
Scatsta Airport is the fifth largest in Scotland per a citation in that article, so should probably be listed -- but let's check that fact. --mervyn 12:29, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The claim is it's the 5th largest international airport in Scotland... i.e. the smallest one! All flights are oil-industry charters, with no scheduled passenger service. Thanks/wangi 13:06, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The CAA stats do show Scatsta had 110000 international passengers in 2005 - ranked 5th for Scotland (well after GLA, EDI, PIK, ABZ; more than INV). But the same stats show that traffic was all charter (basically you have Flightline flying in, helis flying out - it's a hub for traffic going out to the rigs)/wangi 13:15, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Scatsta closed 30 June 2020, removed from this list. Skenu (talk) 09:18, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Humberside
Moved Humberside Airport into small airport list as, with the cancellation of the Ryanair flights, it now only has 2 scheduled destinations. Dbertman 15:13, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Kent Airport etc.
Does anyone see of a reason to keep these airports that have been added on 30 October 2006? None of them have any scheduled services and the rest of the airports currently on the list do. Dbertman 12:31, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've re-added Ashford, as it has scheduled international flights (Lydd Air to Le Touquet) Jenny Wong 20:21, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Small GA airfields
We should not use this template on small GA airfields such as Little Gransden. Linking to the category List of airports in the United Kingdom is OK but the actual template with its box and list of major airports is complete overkill for any GA airfield. If anything there should be a template for UK GA airfields and then we can keep airports and airfields/aerodromes separate. --Cheesy Mike 10:55, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, there is little utility using this nav template on the aerodromes/airports which are not listed in it. Thanks/wangi 13:14, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * OK. Removed GA airfield links to this template. --Cheesy Mike 13:15, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There needs to be something to allow people to navigate from the smaller aerodromes to other larger ones. By the way Sheffield City Airport & Heliport, a GA still has the template and it would appear that several others small aerodromes still have it. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 10:07, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Template Like US-airports ?
Thoughts from the group about adding a template similar to US-airports for small UK GA airports? This would allow adding links to resources, like weather or FBO services, etc., for the GA airports. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tweihs (talk • contribs) 14:06, 3 January 2007 (UTC).

Removal of unschedueled service airports
City Airport Manchester isn't the only airport on the template without commercial activities. At first glance, Oban Airport and Scatsta Airport are also in the same situation, except the latter which operates oil rig flights via helicopter, which still doesn't explain why it's been removed as the City Airport Manchester has been removed for this very reason. So, how come these other airports haven't been removed?, is it because they weren't all looked over?  Onnaghar  talk ! ctrb 15:26, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * these airports have now been removed too Dbertman 15:50, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

✅ - City Manchester has also been removed now. Just needed to clear it up. Thanks.  Onnaghar  talk ! ctrb 15:19, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

New templates needed
Having read the above discussions, it is clear that new templates are needed. One for former airports in the UK (those that operated scheduled services, or GA airfields that formerly operated scheduled services), one for GA airfields (civil, active), and one for GA airfields (civil, defunct). Mjroots (talk) 12:04, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Obsolete airports
Does this template include obsolete airports used at one time for commercial use ? --Penbat (talk) 10:11, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Accessibility
The sue of font-size to convey information is contrary to accessibility guidelines; consider how the information will be received by, for example, blind people having the text read to them by audio browsers. Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 00:47, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

Smaller Airports and International Ones
By the looks of this this template needs updating as Biggin hill has no scheduled flights so it should be removed and Lydd, Cambridge and Sumburgh all have flights to Non-UK/Channel Islands airports so they should be in Bold and larger. C. 22468   Talk to me  11:05, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Also Coventry Airport is cargo only so that should be removed. C. 22468   Talk to me  11:07, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Decorative flag
There is a discussion about decorative flags in airport templates at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Airports. – Editør (talk) 09:12, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

Heliports with scsheduled service
From 17 March 2020, helicopters will resume flying as a scheduled commercial passenger service between Penzance (not Land's End) and Tresco. . Anyone have thoughts about adding these 2 airports (or possibly all heliports) to this page ? Pmbma (talk) 18:06, 23 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Adventurerneil

Welcome!

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:28, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Nomination of Kadampa Buddhist Temple for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Kadampa Buddhist Temple is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Kadampa Buddhist Temple until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Bangalamania (talk) 21:46, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Adventurerneil


text:
Talk:Walter the Chancellor

Untitled
I've never seen citation syntax like that. I may be wrong. There is a forum on citations here somewhere, but I don't recall ever seeing it done like that. Stbalbach 16:29, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walter the Chancellor


text: User talk:81.77.198.172

title: User talk:81.77.198.172


text:
Talk:List of Doctor Who robots

Untitled
That's a rather Bizarre alteration - to decapitalise three words of a title. Is it some wiki-convention I am unaware of? Otherwise it seems unnecessary and incorrect. I won't revert it until I have had some comment.User:DavidFarmbrough 11 Apr 2004 17:31 (BST)

 * The convention in Wikipedia is to capitalize only the start of an article name, and thereafter only if there are proper names in it. So it is, for example, "List of supporting characters in Doctor Who", not "List of Supporting Characters in Doctor Who", but "Meddling Monk" is permissible. Remember to wikilink and italicize the serial titles as per the style guidelines at Wikiproject Doctor Who, please. --khaosworks 03:18, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That's fine - I don't mind it being done if it's the convention here. As for the linking, I was going to go back and do that later...but someone has beaten me to it! User:DavidFarmbrough 12 Apr 2004 08:42 (BST)

This information seems a little too specialized to have its own article -- perhaps it should be combined with the Supporting Characters page. Ravenswood 17:30, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No because it isn't just an adjunct to the Doctor Who pages, it also flows from the List of fictional robots and androids. To incorporate all the Doctor Who robots in that article would distort it too much.David Farmbrough 11:27, 3 May 2005 (BST)

 * How about a compromise: Fold this article into the Supporting Characters page, and link to that section of the article from the List of Fictional Robots article. Ravenswood 06:25, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It's way too long to put in the Supporting Characters page, which is long enough already. Besides, this is a very specialised listing, and are not just supporting characters. --khaosworks 07:36, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

Are the Appearance of the Repeated Meme from The End of the World robots?--GingerM 16:43, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The Adherents did turn out to be droids - which qualify as robots, yes. --khaosworks 17:13, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

Krotons
Anyone know/remember/can find on google, is a kroton a robot or a cyborg? Tim! (talk) 21:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely certain, but I don't think they were completely robots. --khaosworks 22:04, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I did a quick check on the Doctor Who Reference Guide. The Krotons are crystalline based life forms. --khaosworks 22:04, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, not one for this list then :) Tim! (talk) 19:13, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Robot clowns
Weren't the clowns (or most of them) in The Greatest Show in the Galaxy robots? --JB Adder | Talk 03:14, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, actually, they were. There were a bunch of half-finished robot clowns in the workshop that start menacing Ace at the end of part two. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 03:38, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Robots in Doctor Who novels
I suggest that if robots in the (many) novels be listed then they have their own list.GraemeLeggett 13:58, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

A-Z
How about having an A-Z format, like List of Doctor Who villains. Two reasons: consistency, and making it easier to find a certain robot. e.g. If you wnated to find out more about the Clocwork Droids that appeared in The Girl in the Fireplace, you might not know that it is a Tenth Doctor story. -- Thelb 4 10:08, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
Okay, now that we're here, what's the issue(s) we have to deal with? --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 08:48, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Apparently, that most of the robots are redirected to the articles about the episodes they appeared in, due to lack of information on the original version of the page. Apart from that, I'm not sure. ~  Ghelæ talkcontribs 17:22, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

I think the way we had it before, ie a short sentence about each robot. They can be put in alphabetical order if necessary but a just a list of main article links looks awful. Tim! 17:35, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, we need to put some information about some of the more notable robots into the list instead of links to main articles, but when I redid the page, most of the robots had no information about them. So now all that's left is just to add more information about some of the robots. ~  Ghelæ talkcontribs 17:41, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Expansion
Following the above discussion on cleanup - I have hcanged the tag to expand.GraemeLeggett 17:46, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
As anyone here who is familiar with my Wikipedia work will know, I am a strong proponent of pictures. This article would be greatly improved if we had a small picture to illustrate each robot in this list; I strongly recommend this measure as part of this page's expansion project. --Promus Kaa 20:45, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Santas
About the Robotic Santas: Used together in both The Christmas Invasion and The Runaway Bride, the Robotic Santa Clauses and Robotic Christmas Trees were used by both the Sycorax and the Racnoss on Christmas Day 2006 and 2007 respectively. I thought they were just ... freelance scavengers, if you will, in The Christmas Invasion, and weren't actually affiliated with the Sycorax? Pilot fish, as the Doctor put it.--Codenamecuckoo 07:58, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, change it (if you haven't already), I wrote that but I'd forgotten how the Doctor had described them so I wrote that instead, the closest I could think of to that. ~  Ghelæ talkcontribs 11:50, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Just to let u know i've added in that they were ,at that time, just hitching a ride with the scyoraxes and that possibly might've been rewired/employed to obey the Racnoss.--I.W 16:01, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Suggested merge
Kevinsam has placed a merge template on the Clockword Droids section to merge into the article Clockwork Droids. So what do you think? I, personally, am against, because as far as I'm aware only creatures who have appeared in more than one serial (e.g the Daleks in several hundred DW stories including novels and comic strips, the Raxacoricofallapatorians in Aliens of London/World War Three, Boom Town, and the novel The Monsters Inside, etc) and as far as I'm aware (and I'm pretty aware) the Clockwork Droids have only appeared in The Girl in the Fireplace. Anyway, what do you think? ~  Ghelæ talkcontribs 07:18, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The merge proposal looks backwards to me. As Ghelae says, we generally create separate articles for Doctor Who monsters only when they make multiple appearances.  This can be multiple appearances on television (e.g. Dalek, Sontaran, etc.), or multiple appearances in other media (e.g. Zygon — they were on TV only once, but they've made many subsequent appearances in comics, novels, etc.).  My understanding is that the clockwork droids appeared only in The Girl in the Fireplace, so they really don't deserve an article of their own. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 07:26, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Cyberman on the airship
In the age of steel, wasn't there a cyberman on the airship that had no brain yet? Wouldn't that count as a robot?Samx 10:20, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

scarecrows
where can i find information on the scarecrows from Human Nature and The Family of Blood? theyve been removed from the aliens and monsters section, should they be placed in this article or the henchmen article?--Lerdthenerd 14:43, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

never mind someone has put it back into the aliens and monsters article.--Lerdthenerd 14:47, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gundan.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:06, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Quark (doctor who).jpg
Image:Quark (doctor who).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 09:38, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Robot spiders.jpg
Image:Robot spiders.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:38, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Clockworkdroid.jpg
Image:Clockworkdroid.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:06, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Quark, The Five Doctors - Video or DVD cover.
The article states that the Quark were on the cover of the The Five Doctors, but seeing the cover, I'm pretty sure it's not the Quark, but instead it's the tower in the Deathzone, I think it's called The Tower of Rassion or The Tower of the Tomb of Rassion something like that anyway? Babelcolour5 (talk) 15:25, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

It's MechOnoids, not MechAnoids
See, for example, http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/chase/detail.shtml. As the self-appointed president of the Respect for Mechonoids League, I must register my distress at this error. (The same error occurs on the page The Chase (Doctor Who).) 67.68.50.56 (talk) 00:01, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

 * This seems to be an increasingly common error. The correct spelling is "Mechanoid".  I have today confirmed this by checking the end credits of "The Chase", episode 5 (their first appearance), which is the definitive primary source.  The spelling there is clearly "Mechanoid". 86.7.30.217 (talk) 20:52, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Roboforms
I was on "The Pandorica Opens" wikipedia article, and the alien species of Roboforms (Who were the Santas in The Christmas Invasion and The Runaway Bride, who appeared in The Pandorica Opens) redirects here, despite not being listed here, which is quite odd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pokelego999 (talk • contribs) 23:21, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

Edit: I added a section for the Roboforms, but I messed up the main article section and cannot fix it. Could somebody fix that if they can? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pokelego999 (talk • contribs) 22:48, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Doctor Who robots


text: File:Claudius.jpg

title: File:Claudius.jpg


text:
Streetfighter (motorcycle)

A streetfighter, muscle bike, or supernaked is a type of high-performance motorcycle. It is typically a large-displacement sport bike with the fairings and windscreen removed. Beyond simply removing fairings, specific changes that exemplify the streetfighter look are a pair of large, round headlights, tall, upright handlebars such as those on a motocross bike, and short, loud, lightweight mufflers, and changes in the sprockets to increase torque and acceleration at lower speeds. Streetfighters is also the name of a UK motorcycle magazine.

Later streetfighters used custom-built frames intended to overcome the weakness of the tubular steel frames of the early 4-cylinder superbikes of the 1970s and 1980s. Many of these frames turned out to be "beautifully crafted pieces of metallurgical art," perhaps only unintentionally. Many were also originally racing machines.

Made popular by European riders, this type of custom motorcycle gained worldwide popularity, and motorcycle manufacturers responded in the late 1990s by adopting the terminology and producing factory-built streetfighters, beginning with the 1994 Triumph Speed Triple and the 1999 Honda X11, up through the 2009 Ducati Streetfighter.

History

Though it has its styling roots in the café racer culture of the 1950s and 1960s, the streetfighter is very much inspired by the new Japanese bikes of the late 1970s and early 1980s, possibly from young riders who couldn't afford to replace damaged fairings after repeated crashes. Later, more appropriate headlights were added, then high handlebars to aid in wheelies and other stunts.

The first sighting of the streetfighter design template was seen in Bike magazine in 1983 when the editor commissioned Andy Sparrow to draw a comic strip to replace Ogri. It was titled Bloodrunners and featured dispatch riders, delivering blood and live human organs for transplant operations in which bikers rode enormous Japanese inline fours with turbos, with no extraneous parts. Fairings, mirrors, pillion seats & rear footpegs etc. were all binned (removed) in favour of lightness and handling ability. Under-seat exhausts, dual headlights and the widest sport tyres were de-rigueur.

Actor Huggy Leaver is credited with being inspired to build such customized motorcycles in this style and there was a proliferation of 'ratted' streetfighters in London around the late 1980s. The term streetfighter was first applied to a custom street bike by a British photojournalist and bike builder to a Harley-Davidson customized sports-bike, and later extended to the Japanese four-cylinder customs being created at the time.

The quintessential streetfghter as we know it however is arguably grown from the 1990s explosion in sportbike popularity. Due to the relative fragility of the encompassing plastic body work, and the high cost to replacement should a rider crash their bike, the owners (typically younger with limited resources) would remove the damaged fairings and fit some relatively inexpensive dirt bike signals and be on their way. Alternately crashed bikes which were otherwise completely serviceable would often be written off by insurance companies, resulting in an explosion in cheap high performance bikes on the market needing only superficial repairs to be street legal once again. Naturally it didn't take long for manufacturers to see that there was actually a market for this growing aesthetic in the era of grunge. With a few modifications to their existing designs, which were equally cost cutting measures for manufacturers, a whole new category of motorcycle was born.

title: Streetfighter (motorcycle)


text:
Hans Schuler

Hans K. Schuler (May 25, 1874 – March 30, 1951) was a German-born American sculptor and monument maker. He was the first American sculptor ever to win the Salon Gold Medal. His works are in several important museum collections, and he also created many public monuments, mostly for locations in Baltimore, Maryland and in the Washington, D.C. area. For over a quarter of a century he served as president of the Maryland Institute College of Art.

Life and work
Hans Schuler was born in a part of Alsace-Lorraine which was then under German sovereignty, though it is now part of France. Schuler's family emigrated to the United States while he was still a youngster. He graduated from the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) in Baltimore, Maryland, having studied there at the Rinehart School of Sculpture.

He continued his artistic training in France at the Académie Julian, studying under Raoul Verlet. Schuler won the Salon Gold Medal in Paris in 1901, the first American sculptor ever to do so. Returning to Baltimore, he built his studio at 7 East Lafayette Avenue in 1906, residing and working in Baltimore for the rest of his life. Schuler served as president of MICA from 1925 to 1951 and was a member of the Charcoal Club of Baltimore. His works are in the collections of museums including the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC and the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. His Baltimore studio is still in use as the Schuler School of Fine Arts, founded in 1959 by sculptor Hans C. Schuler (1912–1999), the son of Hans K. Schuler. The Hans Schuler Studio and Residence was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Schuler's sculptures and monuments grace many public places. Among them is a statue of U.S. President James Buchanan in Meridian Hill Park in Washington, D.C. It is the only public memorial dedicated to Buchanan. On Baltimore's Charles Street, in the area of the main campus of Johns Hopkins University, there are also imposing monuments by Schuler honoring Johns Hopkins and Sidney Lanier. All three of these monuments are large bronzes occupying elaborate stone placements. Schuler's sculptures and reliefs also adorn the interiors of many public buildings. For example, Schuler, along with sculptor J. Maxwell Miller, created a large relief panel which is located in the main concert hall at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore.

While Hans Schuler created many public monuments, he also created extremely sensual examples of free sculpture, including a life-sized and very lifelike marble nude – now at the Walters Art Museum – representing the abandoned Ariadne, writhing in sadness and longing. Below is a link to an image and auction record of another Schuler piece of this type, recently sold at Christie's in London.

Other works by Schuler can be found at St. Mary's College of Maryland, Arlington National Cemetery, National Portrait Gallery, Fogg Art Museum, Peabody Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Historical Society, University of Virginia, St. John's College (Annapolis, Maryland), Louisiana State University, State University of New York, (Albany and Bronx), Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, PA and in various parks in the Baltimore and Washington D.C. area. He is buried in Loudon Park National Cemetery.

Schuler was a member of the National Sculpture Society and exhibited in their 1923 exhibition.

Schuler also taught at the Corcoran School of Art, where his pupils included Mary Blackford Fowler.

Baltimore monuments
Schuler was known as "Baltimore's Monument Maker" after creating many of the city's monuments on streets and parks. Some of these include:

 * Martin Luther Monument, originally located at Druid Hill Park; now at Lake Montebello
 * Casimir Pulaski Monument, Patterson Park
 * Johns Hopkins Monument, Johns Hopkins University
 * Sidney Lanier Memorial, Johns Hopkins University
 * Samuel Smith Monument, Federal Hill Park
 * Francis Scott Key Marker, Mount Vernon
 * Fallsway Fountain, Mount Vernon
 * To the Glory of Maryland, Maryland National Guard

Cemetery monuments
Like many of the successful sculptors of his day, Schuler created quite a few cemetery memorials. Many of these sculptures are life-sized or even larger than life-sized bronze human figures. Often the figures sit or sprawl across the tombstones in an attitude of grief, nostalgia, pensiveness, or anguish, like fellow mourners at the grave, or ghosts sociably mingling with the living, instead of being perched neatly on pedestals. The Riggs memorial, shown at right, is a good example. The Lanier monument pictured above, while not being a cemetery sculpture, also exemplifies Schuler's knack for presenting figures in this way. Most of the cemetery pieces are located in and around Baltimore. They include:

 * Key Memorial, Cathedral Cemetery
 * Hinrich Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
 * Gail Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
 * Schmidt Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
 * Wagner-Lawyer Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
 * Coates Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
 * Baetjer Memorial, Green Mount Cemetery
 * Hilken Memorial, Green Mount Cemetery
 * Maulsby Memorial, Green Mount Cemetery
 * Riggs Memorial, Green Mount Cemetery
 * Mendels Memorial, Hebrew Cemetery
 * Oppenheim Memorial, Hebrew Cemetery
 * Krug Memorial, Loudon Park Cemetery
 * Husted Memorial, Loudon Park Cemetery
 * Nitze Memorial, Loudon Park Cemetery
 * Kaiser Memorial, Loudon Park Cemetery
 * Newcomes Memorial, Woodlawn Cemetery
 * Winslow Memorial, Lakeside Cemetery Brockport, NY
 * Fisher Memorial, Ashland Cemetery, Ashland KY

Coins
Schuler designed the 1934 United States commemorative Maryland Tercentenary half dollar.

title: Hans Schuler


text:
Job shop

A job shop is a manufacturing system that handles custom/bespoke or semi-custom/bespoke manufacturing processes, such as small to medium-size customer orders or batch jobs. Such a process is called "job production." Job shops typically move on to different jobs (possibly with different customers) when each job is completed. Job shops machines are aggregated in shops by the nature of skills and technological processes involved, each shop therefore may contain different machines, which gives this production system processing flexibility, since jobs are not necessarily constrained to a single machine. In computer science the problem of job shop scheduling is considered strongly NP-hard.

A typical example would be a machine shop, which may make parts for local industrial machinery, farm machinery and implements, boats and ships, or even batches of specialized components for the aircraft industry. Other types of common job shops are grinding, honing, jig-boring, gear manufacturing, and fabrication shops.

The opposite would be continuous-flow manufacturing, such as textile, steel, food manufacturing and manual labor.

Advantages

 * High flexibility in product engineering
 * High expansion flexibility (machines are easily added or substituted)
 * High production volume elasticity (due to small increments to productive capacity)
 * Low obsolescence (machines are typically multipurpose)
 * High robustness to machine failures

Compare to transfer line.

Disadvantages

 * Difficult scheduling due to high product variability and twisted production flow
 * Low capacity utilization

Compare to transfer line.

title: Job shop


text:
Talk:The Jesus and Mary Chain

Odds and sods
What the hell is an 'odds and sods' collection? To colloquial brit for use in Wikipedia. Somebody please change it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.9.166.7 (talk) 09:27, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Jesus Suck
the above track was available as an extra track on the 'Never Understand' 12", not the 'Just Honey' single as described in the main text. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clownkev (talk • contribs) 03:11, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Black Rebel Motorcycle Club
", while it has been humorously suggested that Black Rebel Motorcycle Club have a promising future as a Mary Chain cover band."

 * -- Enough of the needless bashing, thanks!

Shoegazing
I have noticed that the "Shoegazing" genre text has been added and removed a few times on this page. Can we agree something like "...some people say that JAMC were an influential Shoegazing band, while others dispute that". Then we can all just enjoy the music and get on with life.

 * Sir or Madam, the Mary Chain were an influential band, however, they are credited with being the first such band out there to play melancholy songs whil staring down (or facing backward), and giving a rather listless live performance. Thus, they are not a shoegazing band, all of the bands that followed them in this mold - are. - Neilm 08:15, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the Mary Chain preceeded the genre. They are its main inspirations, but they aren't of the genre.  The genre keeps getting added by the same anonymous user who keeps editing the Neutral Milk Hotel page with a nonexistent genre.  WesleyDodds 02:39, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

The French writer Balzac preceded the realist movement by quite a while, and all realists followed his example. he is now hailed as a great realist. similarly, the jesus and mary chain should be thought of as shoegazing. either way, they are cited as being a shoegazing band on allmusic.com, which should be enough to add them. my real problem with the page isn't that the shoegazing tag has been removed, but that ctrl+f searching the document reveals that the word shoegazing (or shoegaze) are not even present in the text. considering that their greatest legacy is probably founding an entire genre, i'd say that's a pretty big omission. Toyboxmonster (talk) 15:52, 26 November 2008 (UTC) toyboxmonster
 * The JAMC were an influence on some shoegazing bands (hard to spot much of an influence on Slowdive, Chapterhouse, Lush, Moose, etc., to be honest), but that's as far as it goes. The allmusic biography of JAMC doesn't use the word shoegazing (or any of its derivatives) once. The allmusic entry for "Shoegaze" says that they were an influence on Shoegazing. --Michig (talk) 19:30, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Check the entry for Psychocandy. Toyboxmonster (talk) 18:35, 4 December 2008 (UTC)toyboxmonster
 * You mean the sentence "Following up on the promise of the earliest singles, the Jesus and Mary Chain with Psychocandy arguably created a movement without meaning to, one that itself caused echoes in everything from bliss-out shoegaze to snotty Britpop and back again."? This is saying that Psychocandy created a movement and that movement "caused echoes" in shoegaze. How does that statement go beyond saying that the JAMC were an influence on shoegazing?--Michig (talk) 18:47, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

No, I mean the part where "Psychocandy" is listed as being a shoegazing album. Hard to make a shoegazing album without having been, at least at some point, a shoegazing band. Toyboxmonster (talk) 05:15, 24 December 2008 (UTC) toyboxmonster

I understand why shoegazing might not be a suitable genre in the genre list, but it should be mentioned somewhere in the article in my opinion. The word isnt mentioned once in the whole article, and I don't think thats right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RoopeOK (talk • contribs) 09:48, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Jimmy Eat World?
JAMC was referenced in "Authority Song" by Jimmy Eat World on Bleed America. "JAMC Automatic: The DJ never has it." Shouldnt this be in the influence section?--Atticus2020 15:30, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Atticus, JAMC was a major influence on many bands. Simply becaue there was s shout-out on one album probably does not qualify for inclusion there.

Use of the short form "Mary Chain"
Does anyone else think that it's potentially confusing to start using the term "the Mary Chain" without making clear that it's a shortened form of the band's name? It might seem obvious to people who already know, but consider band names like "Jefferson Airplane"/"Jefferson Starship"/"Starship," where shortened forms actually refer to different entities. Christopher M 23:37, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I refer to them all the time as such, but it is proper to use the full name in an entry.

Some Candy Talking - Song about drugs?
I have a vague memory of one of the Reid brothers confirming that Some Candy Talking WAS a song about drugs. They denied it at the time and there was a DJ that defended them at the time, but I think on an interview recorded on a picture disc I have they apologise for tricking everyone. I'll have to dig out the Picture Disc and find someone with a record player now!!

''It was John Peel who claimed that he was asked by the then controller of BBC Radio 1 if the song               was about heroin and said it wasn't (despite knowing that it was).

This raises an issue about the denial quote in this section where it is claimed that Some Candy Talking was banned from "All major radio stations in the UK". At the time ONLY Radio 1 was likely ever to play the JAMC - and they most certainly did play this song, frequently, on the John Peel show.'

But how to prove it?

Bodmass 20:01, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

The Sonic Chatedral gig
It says in the article that Jim played "Never understand" at the Sonic Chatedral gig in Oct. 2005. This is NOT the case. Jim had allready left the stage after a disasterous gig with stoped songs and guitars not being in tune(clearly he was to drunk to play). The song was preformed by some guy from the crowd jumping onstage grabbing a guitar. -A.H.

Fan Site?
Is this site intended to be for fans of The Jesus and Mary Chain or an accurate description of the band and their legacy? That legacy is controversial and it's worth noting the debate, rather than stating only their importance.

William Reid myspace link
The link to the William Reid myspace site is a different person in the United States.
 * i'm sure lots of people change being so far from home —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.110.223 (talk) 17:47, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Singles and EPs table
Hi, some of my changes were partially reverted and tweaked, but I have reverted back to my version, because I don't understand/agree with the tweaks. Let's quickly sort sort it out before needlessly going back and forth. The tweaks and my concerns: --Deon Steyn 09:02, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Specifying font size instead of using the html element adds clutter and seems redundant or am I missing something?
 * 2) I specified chart position as headers ("!"), because this not only bolds the characters, but also center aligns them. This adds emphasis and it's quite common in other tables of singles/albums. If we don't go for this method, we at least need to then center align the columns explicitly.
 * 3) The "valign=top" of the headings was as I found it, but I have no problem removing it (as was done before my revert).

 * 1. It's a question of using semantic HTML. <small> is no longer a purely presentational tag in the latest HTML drafts. In this case the only reason we want to make the text smaller is purely stylistic, so using a style attribute is more appropriate. It also fixes the line-height issue that exists with using <small>.

 * 2. Also a question of using semantic HTML, more important than 1. The bolding and center aligning is because they are treated as table headers, which they are not. Using table headers for stylistic effect is inappropriate, and will cause problems for people using assistive technology.

 * 3. The alignment was inconsistent, with some table headers (real table headers) being top-aligned and others not. No reason to keep them inconsistent.

 * I have center-aligned the chart positions and otherwise reverted to my version. I hope that is fine with you. Have a nice day. --PEJL 09:15, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorted! Thanks for the explanation of 1 and 2 (was always a bit suspicious of the headings in the middle of tables) and of course agreed with 3 and 4. --Deon Steyn 09:25, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Who were the original members and what did they play?
I am unable to be sure who the original members of the band were, how many they were, and what instruments they playe. Even sifting through the opening section leaves me with some uncertainty, although para 2 tells me the original drummer. I know this is a voluntary project, and I'm grateful for there being any info at at all. Nonetheless, after reading the first paragraph I'm unable to answer basic questions like this.

The opening says: "The Jesus and Mary Chain originally revolved around the songwriting partnership of its two main members, plus third founding member, bass player Douglas Hart. In the early days, Reid's guitar would be left out of tune, while Hart's bass guitar only had two strings"

Who were those two main members? What did they play? One Reid (which one?) plays guitar ... does the other play guitar too? Two main members plus third found member - this implies to me that it was a 3 piece band. Was it? Was the original drummer mentioned in para 2 the other "main member"?

I'm sorry, but I'm annoyed by articles like this, which seem to assume some starting knowledge on the part of readers and don't specify exact information.

Mister Greywolf (talk) 22:22, 12 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The lede states that the 2 main members are Jim and William Reid. The next paragraph adds that Douglas Hart was the third founding member. Seems pretty clear so far. I've edited the section to clarify who played what. Feel free to point out anything else that isn't clear, but please, don't get annoyed.--Michig (talk) 22:46, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for clarifying Michig. I'm not annoyed now - I'd just read a series of sloppy articles and was frustrated when I wrote that. It's all very clear now. Thanks again - and thanks for doing the page.

Mister Greywolf (talk) 00:49, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Band members
I added a section detailing the band members over the years. This was removed by User:Indopug with an edit summary which simply read "unnecessary". I disagree, and feel that this is useful information that should be detailed in the article rather than just having a simplistic list in the infobox, particularly given the apparent confusion in various sources regarding who was in the band at what point. What do others think?--Michig (talk) 13:30, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. Band members sections give useful information such as the instrument(s) played and the time the person was in the band. FA-class articles like Nirvana (band) also have them. --JD554 (talk) 08:12, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Jobseekers allowance
This didnt exist back then. It was either Unemployment Benefit, or if you hadnt paid enough tax, Income support. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.64.182.177 (talk) 04:53, 27 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It originally said they were on the dole but it was changed to Jobseekers allowance to avoid a redirect. Maybe it should say that they were on Unemployment benefit, but the source for this just says that they were on the dole.--Michig (talk) 07:52, 27 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Technically they would have been on Unemployment Benefit and Supplementary Benefit (later renamed Income Support). After a certain amount of time (13 weeks? I can't remember) the Unemployment Benefit would have been stopped and they would have only received Supplementary Benefit. They would have both been known colloquially as the Dole. Anyway, enough of the history lesson, I would simply pipe link Dole to Jobseaker's Allowance. --JD554 (talk) 10:19, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

"Jesus Suck"
I think the section about the song "Jesus Fuck"/"Jesus Suck" is not right. There is a citation to a book, but I believe the liner notes to The Power of Negative Thinking tell a different story. I believe it goes like this: they had a song called "Jesus Fuck," but they were warned that it wouldn't be printed by the record pressing plant. So before they sent it in, they renamed it "Jesus Suck." That still was too controversial, and the single was refused at the pressing plant. So finally it was retitled "Suck." The article makes it sound like we're talking about different songs here, when really it was just one song, I believe. Can anybody confirm or deny? I will be re-reading those liner notes to see if that's where I found this info. Leamanc (talk) 12:47, 20 April 2009 (UTC)
 * In Jim Reid's words from 1986: "It was actually called "Jesus Fuck", but we were told we couldn't release it called that, so we called it "Jesus Suck" and they didn't release it anyway...I'd still like that record to come out, but the truth of the matter is it's not very good." Since "Suck" was released in February 1985 on the "Never Understand" single (after the record comapny refused to include "Jesus Fuck"), and since the controversy over "Jesus Suck/Fuck" was later in 1985, and since Jim said in 1986 that it was never released, I don't see how "Suck" could be the same song.--Michig (talk) 19:06, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

MySpace
I have some doubts that the MySpace linked in the external links is genuinely the offical JAMC MySpace, despite claims there. The "Band website" linked there is a fansite, so I suspect this MySpace is related to that site. There's nothing useful on the MySpace page at all, so I would suggest that we remove the link.--Michig (talk) 11:36, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Blanco y Negro
"The success of "Upside Down" led to interest from WEA-subsidiary Blanco y Negro Records which signed the group in early 1985."

I believe (at least according to My Magpie Eyes Are Hungry For The Prize) that ByN was pretty much founded in order to release J&MC. The label was founded and run by Geoff Travis, Alan McGee, and Mike Alway. So to say that the record attracted the attention of people who were already releasing their records under a different imprint is silly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.107.13.185 (talk) 13:09, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Blanco y Negro were releasing records as far back as April 1984 (Everything But the Girl's "Each and every One"), which is before the JAMC were signed to Creation Records (most likely before McGee had even heard of the JAMC) - I don't believe McGee was one of the label's founders.--Michig (talk) 18:14, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Erm...
East Kilbride isn't in Glasgow! It's NEAR Glasgow, not in it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.4.235.42 (talk) 07:11, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Toronto Concert - November 1987
As an attendee of this now-infamous concert, I would say that the main article's description of Jim Reid's violent outbursts is rather understated. I have read one published account of those events but I do not recall with certainty the details that it contained and therefore I cannot verify what I claim to have witnessed that night. Furthermore, the main article may not benefit significantly from a more graphic report of the violence. However, if it takes the trouble to mention certain specifics such as the use of microphone and mic stand as weapons I wonder if it might just as well go further. Frozenwasteland24 (talk) 20:28, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on The Jesus and Mary Chain. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080821092528/http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/42857806 to http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/42857806

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Mention of Damage and Joy in lead
User:Albrecht Conz why would this not be important? It's their first album in 19 years and it's likely that anyone who looks at this page will be interested in a brand new album coming out.-- MA SHAUN IX 23:47, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a marketing platform. -   Metalello    talk 23:51, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * What? What does this have to do with marketing? Why is it beneficial to leave the album out of the lead, short as it is? We might very well include mention of every single studio album they've released and the lead still wouldn't be too long! I don't understand the logic here whatsoever.-- MA SHAUN IX 09:07, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Done. -   Metalello    talk 11:28, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * If you're going to mention the new album, please mention every other album as well. Thanks in advance. -   Metalello    talk 04:45, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * An encyclopedia is not a news site. Other albums (and other facts) about the JMC are more notable, be it because of reviews, sales, their proven impact etc. (all of which, as of now, is unknown about the new album). To dump stuff in the lede just because it's new distorts the article (nevermind that the contributors in question made no effort to update the relevant sections further down). Albrecht Conz (talk) 06:37, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks Albrecht Conz I defer to your edit. -   Metalello    talk 06:39, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * In what way does it "distort" the article? The lead should mention at least in passing every major work that they've done, regardless of whether it was succesful or not. What is the point of mentioning all albums except this new one? You might as well argue that the lead shouldn't even mention that they reformed, because it hasn't been proven that they have been relevant since then. This is an article about the band, not their music scene.-- MA SHAUN IX 10:49, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * The information that they reformed belongs in the lead - as does the information whether a person is living or dead. This is a crucial aspect of the subject. The same is not true about current events such as a new album. This belongs in the article (where it is mentioned), not in the lead. You may want to consult this guideline: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section which states: "Well-publicized recent events affecting a subject, whether controversial or not, should be kept in historical perspective. What is most recent is not necessarily what is most notable: new information should be carefully balanced against old, with due weight accorded to each." Albrecht Conz (talk) 21:41, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure whether you're serious about this or just have some personal bias about this album, but I don't want to spend any more time here. Let me just say that what I am suggesting is not a violation of the guideline, as mentioning the work is not giving it undue weight, but giving it at least some weight. Damage and Joy may not be as relevant to their career as their first three albums, but it is hardly completely irrelevant. I don't see how the lead, which is far shorter than adequate, is being improved by mentioning all of the band's albums except the most recent one. That is what distorts it, because anyone who reads it won't be informed of the full scope of the band's work. If you believe this is better, have it your way.-- MA SHAUN IX 22:24, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

Glastonbury 1998?
I'm almost* certain that I saw the band perform on a tiny stage (maybe the Unsung Heroes stage?) at the Glastonbury Festival in ±1998. They only played a few songs before the Reid brothers kicked off with each other and one of them left the stage. This seems to be borne out by this article, but it doesn't seem like a Reliable Source so I'm hesitant to add this to the article. Can anyone find a better source? ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 15:45, 14 March 2021 (UTC)
 * * My recollection may be incomplete

title: Talk:The Jesus and Mary Chain


text:
User talk:Bestard1~enwiki

Welcome!

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Image sources
Hi Bestard, can you please update Image:Ortega-y-alamino jl cpf.jpg and Image:Ortega.jpg with source and copyright information. --Duk 16:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Bestard1~enwiki


text:
Talk:The Jesus and Mary Chain/to do

 * the link to the Darklands album is going to an article on a game, not an album. Needs a disambiguation page.

title: Talk:The Jesus and Mary Chain/to do


text:
User talk:Rich Farmbrough/20050411-01

David Farmbrough
Not sure that the second link to Winchmore Hill] is needed as it's linked in an earlier instance. [[User:DavidFarmbrough 11 Apr 2005 17:22 (BST)
 * I guess you're right. Rich Farmbrough 16:37, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And if you use </nowiki> you can express wiki construct unwikily.Rich Farmbrough

title: User talk:Rich Farmbrough/20050411-01


text:
Dirofilaria immitis

Dirofilaria immitis, also known as heartworm or dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that is a type of filarial worm, a small thread-like worm, and which causes dirofilariasis. It is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes. Four genera of mosquitoes transmit dirofilariasis, Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Mansonia. The definitive host is the dog, but it can also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes, ferrets, bears, seals, sea lions and, under rare circumstances, humans.

Adult heartworms often reside in the pulmonary arterial system (lung arteries) as well as the heart, and a major health effect in the infected animal host is a manifestation of damage to its lung vessels and tissues. In cases involving advanced worm infestation, adult heartworms may migrate to the right heart and the pulmonary artery. Heartworm infection may result in serious complications for the infected host if left untreated, eventually leading to death, most often as a result of secondary congestive heart failure.

Distribution and epidemiology
Although at one time confined to the southern United States, heartworm has now spread to nearly all locations where its mosquito vector is found. In the southeast region of the United States, veterinary clinics saw an average of more than 100 cases of heartworm each in 2016. Transmission of the parasite occurs in all of the United States (cases have even been reported in Alaska), and the warmer regions of Canada. The highest infection rates are found within 150 miles of the coast from Texas to New Jersey, and along the Mississippi River and its major tributaries. It has also been found in South America, southern Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Korea, and Japan.

Course of infection

Heartworms go through several life stages before they become adults infecting the pulmonary artery of the host animal. The worms require the mosquito as an intermediate host to complete their lifecycles. The rate of development in the mosquito is temperature-dependent, requiring about two weeks of temperature at or above 27 °C (80 °F). Below a threshold temperature of 14 °C (57 °F), development cannot occur, and the cycle is halted. As a result, transmission is limited to warm weather, and duration of the transmission season varies geographically. The period between the initial infection when the dog is bitten by a mosquito and the maturation of the worms into adults living in the pulmonary arteries takes six to seven months in dogs and is known as the "prepatent period".

The first larval stage (L1) and second larval stage (L2) of heartworm development occurs within the body of a mosquito. Once the larvae develop into the infective third larval stage (L3), the mosquito locates and bites a host, depositing the larvae under the skin at the site of the bite. After a week or two of further growth, they molt into the fourth larval stage (L4). Then, they migrate to the muscles of the chest and abdomen, and 45 to 60 days after infection, molt to the fifth stage (L5, immature adult). Between 75 and 120 days after infection, these immature heartworms then enter the bloodstream and are carried through the heart to reside in the pulmonary artery. Over the next three to four months, they increase greatly in size. The female adult worm is about 30 cm in length, and the male is about 23 cm, with a coiled tail. By seven months after infection, the adult worms have mated and the females begin giving birth to live young, called microfilariae. Heartworms can live for 5 to 7 years in a dog.

The microfilariae circulate in the bloodstream for as long as two years, and are ingested by bloodsucking mosquitos, where development occurs and the cycle repeats.

Hosts
Hosts of Dirofilaria immitis include:

 * Dog
 * Cat
 * Jackal
 * Wolf
 * Coyote
 * Fox
 * Ferret
 * Raccoon
 * Bear
 * Sea lion
 * African leopard
 * Human (rare)
 * Beaver
 * Reptiles

Reservoir hosts for D. immitis are coyotes and stray dogs.

Clinical signs of infection in dogs
Dogs show no indication of heartworm infection during the six-month prepatent period prior to the worms' maturation, and current diagnostic tests for the presence of microfilariae or antigens cannot detect prepatent infections. Rarely, migrating heartworm larvae get "lost" and end up in aberrant sites, such as the eye, brain, or an artery in the leg, which results in unusual symptoms such as blindness, seizures, and lameness, but normally, until the larvae mature and congregate inside the heart, they produce no symptoms or signs of illness.

Many dogs show little or no sign of infection even after the worms become adults. These animals usually have only a light infection and live a fairly sedentary lifestyle. However, active dogs and those with heavier infections may show the classic signs of heartworm disease. Early signs include a cough, especially during or after exercise, and exercise intolerance. In the most advanced cases where many adult worms have built up in the heart without treatment, signs progress to severe weight loss, fainting, coughing up blood, and finally, congestive heart failure.

There are four different classes of symptoms:
 * Class 1 – no or mild symptoms with occasional cough.
 * Class 2 – mild symptoms with occasional cough and tiredness after moderate activity.
 * Class 3 – more severe symptoms, including a generally sick appearance, persistent cough, difficulty breathing, and tiredness after mild activity. Heart and lung changes may be seen with a chest x-ray.
 * Class 4 – also called caval syndrome. The blood flowing back to the heart is blocked due to the large mass of worms. This is life-threatening and the only treatment option is surgery.

Role of Wolbachia pipientis
Wolbachia pipientis is an intracellular bacterium that is an endosymbiont of D. immitis. All heartworms are thought to be infected with Wolbachia to some degree. The inflammation occurring at the die-off of adult heartworms or larvae is in part due to the release of Wolbachia bacteria or protein into the tissues. This may be particularly significant in cats, in which the disease seems to be more related to larval death than living adult heartworms. Treating heartworm-positive animals with an antibiotic such as doxycycline to remove Wolbachia may prove to be beneficial as it does for the filariae that cause elephantiasis, but further studies are necessary.

Diagnosis in dogs

Microfilarial detection is accomplished by the using one of the following methods:

Direct blood smear
A blood sample is collected and viewed under the microscope. The direct smear technique allows examination of larval motion, confirming the presence of microfilaria. It also helps in the distinction of D. immitis from Acanthocheilonema reconditum. This distinction is important because the presence of the latter parasite does not pose a health risk to the host. D. immitis usually has stationary body movement, while A. reconditum has progressive movement. However, this method often misses light infections because only a small amount of blood sample is used.

Hematocrit tube method
This method uses a microhematocrit (or capillary tube) filled with a blood sample that has been centrifuged, separating the plasma from the red blood cells. These layers are divided by the buffy coat. The buffy coat consists of the leukocytes and platelets that are in the sample. The tube is snapped at the buffy coat and added to a slide for microscopic examination. Adding methylene blue stain to the sample may allow greater visibility of any microfilariae. However, the hematocrit tube method will not allow for species differentiation.

Modified Knott's test
The modified Knott's test is more sensitive because it concentrates microfilariae, improving the chance of diagnosis. A blood sample is mixed with 2% formalin and centrifuged in a tube. The supernatant is removed and methylene blue stain is added to the pellet remaining in the tube for microscopic examination. It allows microfilariae species differentiation based on morphology. Microfilariae can be differentiated between D. immitis and Acanthocheilonema reconditum because of small differences in morphology. The Modified Knott's test is the best method of visual examination when determining presence of microfilaria because it preserves their morphology and size. It is easy to perform, quick, and inexpensive.

The potential for a microfilaremic infection is 5 – 67%. The number of circulating microfilariae does not correlate with the number of adult heartworms, so is not an indicator of disease severity.

Antigen testing
In most practices, antigen testing has supplanted or supplemented microfilarial detection. Combining the microfilaria and adult antigen test is most useful in dogs receiving diethylcarbamazine or no preventive (macrolides like ivermectin or moxidectin typically render the dog amicrofilaremic). Up to 1% of infected dogs are microfilaria-positive and antigen-negative. Immunodiagnostics (ELISA, lateral flow immunoassay, rapid immunomigration techniques) to detect heartworm antigen in the host's blood are now regularly used. They can detect occult infections, or infections without the presence of circulating microfilariae. However, these tests are limited in that they only detect the antigens released from the sexually mature female worm's reproductive tract. Therefore, false-negative results may occur during the first five to eight months of infection when the worms are not yet sexually mature. The specificity of these tests is close to 100%, and the sensitivity is more than 80%. A recent study demonstrated a sensitivity of only 64% for infections of only one female worm, but improved with increasing female worm burden (85%, 88%, and 89% for two, three, and four female worms, respectively). Specificity in this study was 97%. False-negative test results can be due to low worm counts, immature infections, and all-male infections.

X-rays
X-rays are used to evaluate the severity of the heartworm infection and develop a prognosis for the animal. Typically, the changes observed are enlargement of the main pulmonary artery, the right side of the heart, and the pulmonary arteries in the lobes of the lung. Inflammation of the lung tissue is also often observed.

Treatment in dogs
If an animal is diagnosed with heartworms, treatment may be indicated. Before the worms can be treated, however, the dog's heart, liver, and kidney function must be evaluated to determine the risks of treatment. Usually, the adult worms are killed with an arsenic-based compound. The currently approved drug in the US, melarsomine, is marketed under the brand name Immiticide. It has a greater efficacy and fewer side effects than the previously used drug thiacetarsamide, sold as Caparsolate, which makes it a safer alternative for dogs with late-stage infections.

After treatment, the dog must rest, and exercise is to be heavily reduced for several weeks so as to give its body sufficient time to absorb the dead worms without ill effect. Otherwise, if the dog is under exertion, dead worms may break loose and travel to the lungs, potentially causing respiratory failure and sudden death. According to the American Heartworm Society, the administering of aspirin to dogs infected with heartworms is no longer recommended due to a lack of evidence of clinical benefit, and aspirin may be contraindicated in several cases. Aspirin had previously been recommended for its effects on platelet adhesion and the reduction of vascular damage caused by the heartworms.

The course of treatment is not completed until several weeks later, when the microfilariae are dealt with in a separate course of treatment. Once heartworm tests are negative and no surviving worm is detected, the treatment is considered a success, and the patient is effectively cured.

Surgical removal of the adult heartworms as a form of treatment may also be indicated, especially in advanced cases with substantial heart involvement and damage.

Prevention of infection in dogs
Prevention of heartworm infection can be obtained through a number of veterinary drugs. The drugs approved for use in the US are ivermectin (sold under the brand names Heartgard, Iverhart, and several other generic versions), milbemycin (Interceptor Flavor Tabs and Sentinel Flavor Tabs) and moxidectin (Simparica Trio) administered as chewable tablets. Moxidectin is also available in both a six-month and 12-month sustained-release injection, ProHeart 6 and ProHeart 12, respectively, administered by veterinarians. This injectable form of moxidectin was taken off the market in the United States due to safety concerns in 2004, but the FDA returned a newly formulated ProHeart 6 to the market in 2008. ProHeart 6 remains on the market in many other countries, including Canada and Japan. Its sister product, ProHeart 12, is used extensively in Australia and Asia as a 12-month injectable preventive. It was approved for use in the United States by the FDA in July 2019. Topical treatments are available, as well. Advantage Multi (imidacloprid plus moxidectin) Topical Solution, uses moxidectin for control and prevention of roundworms, hookworms, heartworms, and whipworms, as well as imidacloprid to kill adult fleas. Selamectin (Revolution) is a topical preventive likewise administered monthly, and can also be used to control fleas, ticks, and mites.

Preventive drugs are highly effective, and when regularly administered, have been shown to protect more than 99% of dogs and cats from heartworm. Most compromises in protection result from the failure to properly administer the drugs during seasonal transmission periods. In regions where the temperature is consistently above 14 °C (57 °F) year-round, a continuous prevention schedule is recommended.

Due to newly emerging resistant strains of heartworms, which no macrocyclic lactone (heartworm prevention) can protect against, the American Heartworm Society recommends dogs be on a repellent and a heartworm preventive. The repellent, such as Vectra 3-D, keeps mosquitoes from feeding on the dog and transmitting the L3 stage worms. If a dog is bitten, the heartworm preventive takes over when administered. If a mosquito feeds on a heartworm positive dog on a repellent, they do not live long enough for the microfilaria they ingested to molt into the infective L3 larva. Vectra 3-D was tested using thousands of mosquitoes infected with the resistant heartworm strain JYD34. In the control group that was given only a placebo, every dog contracted heartworms. In the experimental group that was given only Vectra 3-D, two of eight dogs contracted heartworms and had an average of 1.5 adult worms each. In the experimental group given both heartworm prevention and Vectra 3-D, one dog was infected with L3 stage larvae that did not mature into adulthood due to the heartworm prevention. Using a repellent and a prevention is at least 95% effective.

Ivermectin, even with lapses up to four months between doses, still provides 95% protection from adult worms. This period is called the reach-back effect. Since dogs are susceptible to heartworms, they should be tested annually before they start preventive treatment. Annual heartworm testing is highly recommended for pet owners who choose to use minimal dosing schedules. Testing a dog annually for heartworms and other internal parasites is a fundamental part of a complete heartworm prevention program, and is also recommended for dogs who are already on a monthly prevention program.

Heartworm infection in cats
While dogs are a natural host for D. immitis, cats are atypical hosts. Because of this, differences between canine and feline heartworm diseases are significant. The majority of heartworm larvae do not survive in cats, so unlike in dogs, a typical infection in cats is two to five worms. The lifespan of heartworms is considerably shorter in cats, only two to three years, and most infections in cats do not have circulating microfilariae. Cats are also more likely to have aberrant migration of heartworm larvae, resulting in infections in the brain or body cavities.

The infection rate in cats is 1–5% of that in dogs in endemic areas. Both indoor and outdoor cats are infected. The mosquito vector is known to enter homes.

Pathology
The vascular disease in cats that occurs when the L5 larvae invade the pulmonary arteries is more severe than in dogs. A reaction has been identified in cats: heartworm-associated respiratory disease, which can occur three to four months after the initial infection, and is caused by the presence of the L5 larvae in the vessels. The subsequent inflammation of the pulmonary vasculature and lungs can be easily misdiagnosed as feline asthma or allergic bronchitis.

Obstruction of pulmonary arteries due to emboli from dying worms is more likely to be fatal in cats than dogs because of less collateral circulation and fewer vessels. Heartworms can live for 2 to 3 years in cats.

Signs and symptoms
Acute heartworm disease in cats can result in shock, vomiting, diarrhea, fainting, and sudden death. Chronic infection can cause loss of appetite, weight loss, lethargy, exercise intolerance, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Some cats' immune systems are able to clear a heartworm infection, though the immune system response can cause many of the same symptoms. Also, even if the infection resolves, respiratory damage can cause some symptoms to persist beyond it.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of heartworm infection in cats is problematic. Like in dogs, a positive ELISA test for heartworm antigen is a very strong indication of infection. However, the likelihood of a positive antigen test depends on the number of adult female worms present. If only male worms are present, the test will be negative. Even with female worms, an antigen test usually only becomes positive seven to eight months after infection. Therefore, a cat may have significant clinical signs long before the development of a positive test. Heartworm-associated respiratory disease can be found in cats that never develop adult heartworms and therefore never have a positive antigen test.

An antibody test is also available for feline heartworm infection. It will be positive in the event of exposure to D. immitis, so a cat that has successfully eliminated an infection may still be positive for up to three months. The antibody test is more sensitive than the antigen test, but it does not provide direct evidence of adult infection. It can, however, be considered specific for diagnosing previous larval infections, and therefore fairly specific for heartworm-associated respiratory disease.

X-rays of the chest of a heartworm-infected cat may show an increased width of the pulmonary arteries and focal or diffuse opacities in the lungs. Echocardiography is a fairly sensitive test in cats. Adult heartworms appear as double-lined hyperechoic structures within the heart or pulmonary arteries.

Treatment and prevention

Heartworm prevention for cats is available as ivermectin (Heartgard for Cats), milbemycin (Interceptor), or the topical selamectin (Revolution for Cats) and Advantage Multi (imidacloprid + moxidectin) topical solution. Ivermectin, milbemycin, and selamectin are approved for use in cats in the US.

Arsenic compounds have been used for heartworm adulticide treatment in cats, as well as dogs, but seem more likely to cause pulmonary reactions. A significant number of cats develop pulmonary embolisms a few days after treatment. The effects of melarsomine are poorly studied in cats. Due to a lack of studies showing a clear benefit of treatment and the short lifespan of heartworms in cats, adulticide therapy is not recommended, and no drugs are approved in the US for this purpose in cats.

Treatment typically consists of putting the cat on a monthly heartworm preventive and a short-term corticosteroid. Surgery has also been used successfully to remove adult worms. The prognosis for feline heartworm disease is guarded.

Heartworm infection in humans
Dirofilaria are important medical parasites, but diagnosis is unusual and is often only made after an infected person happens to have a chest X-ray following granuloma formation in the lung. The nodule itself may be large enough to resemble lung cancer on the X-ray, and requires a biopsy for a pathologic assessment. This has been shown to be the most significant medical consequence of human infection by the canine heartworm. Patients are infected with the parasite through the bite of an infected mosquito, which is the same mechanism that causes heartworm infection in dogs.

D. immitis is one of many species that can cause infection in dogs and humans. It was thought to infect the human eye, with most cases reported from the southeastern United States. However, these cases are now thought to be caused by a closely related parasite of raccoons, Dirofilaria tenuis. Several hundred cases of subcutaneous infections in humans have been reported in Europe, but these are almost always caused by another closely related parasite, Dirofilaria repens, rather than the dog heartworm. There are proven D. immitis infections, but humans rarely get infected with heartworms due to the larvae never fully maturing. When the heartworm infective larvae migrate through the skin, they often die since heartworms cannot survive in a human host, even if they make it into the bloodstream. Once the heartworms die, the immune system in the human body reacts to their tissue with inflammation as it tries to destroy the heartworms. When this happens, the condition is called pulmonary dirofilariasis. Heartworm infection in humans is not a serious problem unless they are causing pain, discomfort, and other noticeable symptoms.

title: Dirofilaria immitis


text:
User talk:Ieverhart

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Happy editing! This is a bit late, so you'll already know all the above — but better a late welcome than no welcome at all. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cannon House Office Building
Ieverhard, I wasnt sure if [[Media:Cannon-House-Office-Building.jpg|Cannon-House-Office-Building.jpg]] was a picture taken by you, but I found a different image on the website of the Architect of the Capitol that I thought might illustrate the article better, and wanted to check with you before I went ahead and replaced them to see if you had any objections. The new image ([[Media:CannonHouseOfficeBuilding.jpg|CannonHouseOfficeBuilding.jpg]]) is a tad clearer and shows more of the building. Any objections to me replacing the current one on the page? --ScottyBoy900Q 21:15, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Go ahead and change it. I was very proud/happy that I was able to leverage my Capitol Hill internship into a contribution to Wikipedia, but the other image is better suited to the project (even if it seems to be lower resolution). Ieverhart 01:43, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Hanszen-new-section.jpg
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Rice
thanks! I need to improve the Thresher one though.

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Wikipedia Ambassador Program is looking for Campus Ambassadors in Houston
Hi! I'm leaving you this message because you are listed as a Wikipedian connected with Rice University. The Wikipedia Ambassador Program is currently looking for Campus Ambassadors to help with Wikipedia assignments at another Houston school, which will be participating in the Public Policy Initiative for the Spring 2011 semester. The role of Campus Ambassadors will be to provide face-to-face training and support for students on Wikipedia-related skills (how to edit articles, how to add references, etc.). This includes doing in-class presentations, running workshops and labs, possibly holding office hours, and in general providing in-person mentorship for students.

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Pittsburgh event for Wikipedia's tenth anniversary
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Invitation to join WikiProject Pittsburgh
--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 20:37, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Teaching with Wikipedia Workshop at CMU (Aug 15)
Since you are one of the editors in the Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: University of Pittsburgh, I'd like to invite you to the Teaching with Wikipedia Workshop that will take place at CMU on Aug 15 (this workshop is open to general public, and is a joint imitative of CMU and Pitt). There will be another workshop held at Pitt in the Fall as well. It will cover how to include Wikipedia in one's course (WP:SUP) and also how to become a Campus Ambassadors. Pennsylvania has currently only one ambassador (myself) and it would be great if we could recruit at least several more. Ambassadors help course instructors, showing them how Wikipedia works, and interact with students. Many current ambassadors come from the body of students, faculty and university staff; it is a fun adventure, and adds to one resume/CV, to boot :) If it sounds interesting, feel free to ask me any questions, or to come to the workshop.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 19:53, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ieverhart