text:
Talk:Scurvy

Cause known to folk medicine
What did this mean?
 * ...its cause was known to folk medicine for generations.

Obviously they didn't know that it was caused by lack of vitamin C. What folk medicine are we talking about? Western folk medicine? Chinese folk medicine? And "for generations" doesn't make sense -- generations beginning when and ending when? I'm going to take this out.--24.52.254.62 03:41, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Junk food diets
This is far from encyclopedic, but I'll throw it in the discussion as its amusing. The claim of junk food diets causing modern scurvy has been borne out at least once. My former lad' college roommate was living on essentially a diet of bourbon and Doritos for a semester. He became symptomatic and went to the ER. The only reason it was caught was because the student assistant on duty that day happened to be doing his thesis paper on obsolete diseases of the Renaissance. Vitamin C was prescribed, resulting in the patient both improving and feeling like an idiot. Laughter was apparently had by the medical staff. Murple 18:42, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * With a bit of digging I found some documentary evidence of scurvy from junk food diets in a few journal sources. I'll list them here for reference in case somebody decides it's a myth (Collabi 03:49, 21 March 2007 (UTC)):
 * Davies IJ, Temperley JM. A case of scurvy in a student. Postgrad Med J. 1967 Aug;43(502):549-50.
 * Sthoeger ZM, Sthoeger D. Scurvy from self-imposed diet. Harefuah. 1991 Mar 15;120(6):332-3.
 * Ellis CN, Vanderveen EE, Rasmussen JE. Scurvy. A case caused by peculiar dietary habits. Arch Dermatol. 1984 Sep;120(9):1212-4.
 * McKenna KE, Dawson JF. Scurvy occurring in a teenager. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1993 Jan;18(1):75-7.
 * Some junk food diets can do it, but saying only that leaves a wrong impression, since we call a lot of fast-food, junk food. We mean TOTALLY empty calories. You can't get scurvy eating only at MacDonalds or Burger King. It really takes eating nothing but food treated in a very severe way (like canned goods only, bread, and/or foods treated with very severe drying ala crackers or Doritos or Top Ramen noodles) and nothing else, to get too little vitamin C. Occasionally eating any non-canned plant matter ("produce"), and even cooked meat (so long as it's not jerky), will keep you from scurvy. So, a scorbutic diet must be VERY bizarre and continue for many months. The classic is the little old lady eating nothing but tea and toast. Alcoholics are famous for scurvy since they get a large fraction of calories from alcohol, so their intake of even foods with a tad of vitamin C, is minimal. S  B Harris 17:51, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

my recent revision
Yesterday, I removed from the article a section on humorous "scurvy awareness" events at Johns Hopkins and Carnegie Mellon University, including the antics of the Johns Hopkins Science Fiction Association. I went searching through the history looking for evidence of recent vandalism, but apparently that passage had been part of the article for some time. I deleted it because it was not remotely encyclopedic and only tangentially relevant to the topic of the article. If anyone should want to revert my edit, please explain why that material needs to be part of an article on this disease. Thanks. Marco polo 15:25, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Consistency problem?
The prognosis section states that untreated scurvy is NEVER fatal.

Yet two sections later in the History section scurvy often killed "large numbers of the passengers...".

So, is it fatal or isn't it? Tenorcnj 17:26, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

its fatal.- Junkbot44 17:07, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Scurvy in nonhuman animals
I added a brief section on scurvy in animals. Primates and guinea pigs are susceptible. It may be useful to expand this section a little. --B.d.mills 11:21, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Pathophysiology
This section is not very freindly to anyone other than scientists and should be rephrased. This is Wikipedia- a resource for everyone- not a Scientific Encyclopedia.

"partially immobilized"
What in heaven's name does that mean, in paragraph one? It's not explained or elaborated upon, and because of that, sounds silly or specious. Softlavender (talk) 15:34, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Just a suggestion, but i feel that Pulmonary Fibrosis is an entity of Scurvy(lack of vitamin C) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.131.25.110 (talk) 17:49, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Minor corrections
The Stefansson section incorrectly stated that the experiment was done with 2 companions (it was just Stefansson himself and another explorer called Karsten CIOFSineBMHTJDKL

 * I've also done some minor tidying in the same section - around the Antarctic explorers. I have access to a lot of material on these expeditions at the moment so thought I'd add them in. I have more details of what they were actually eating when they got scurvy as compared to when they didn't, but don't know if that is necessary. Solanum dulcamara (talk) 09:57, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Here's another minor, (or major), correction from a layperson. Scurvy is not solely a Vit C deficiency; so to open and say it is completly irresponsible. Sure the scientific community has to "isolate" to understand and explain, and keeping the whole picture as the context is imperative to be truthful, Vit C is a co-factor as all nutrients, meaning it is used in tandem of many nutrients and systems in the human body and of course water, sunshine exercise, etc come into equation also. Scurvy is a disease caused by the deficiency of nutrition from food. What are there, 194 identified? Vitamin C just happens to be one of the major ones. The reductionism thinking needed to identify one main source of an issue has to be kept in context. When we can explain how life works to be able to exist by scientific means, then we have the right to identify one element responsible for an affliction, in the meantime, it’s important to keep our explanations humble and accurate, because it is about life and quality of life. All ages of even middle class society are getting diagnosed with scurvy. Treatment prescribed is Vit C and this is wrong. Just treating Scurvy with Vitamin C is a result of stating that Scurvy is a Vit C deficiency. This causes undo pain and suffering. Treating Scurvy with whole foods and whole food nutrition and all that encompasses that is the responsible route, leading to the best-case scenario for alleviating the condition. This should be commonsense and resonate as truthful. I don’t need an “expert” to figure that out. Wikipedia gives the opportunity to finally get it right.

capsicums
I'm pretty sure that capsicums are the richest source of vitamin C going around. And if the arnt, why arent they on the list? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.168.10.26 (talk) 09:11, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Request for Semi-protection
I've looked through some history, and as far as I can see, due to this being a heavily-used topic for school projects there is a high level of vandalism dating back to the creation of this page (at least to 2007 from my quick perusal). To avoid all the unnecessary minor edits, can we perhaps have a permanent semi-protection on this page? Or will that simply cause all the idle hands to vandalize other pages, leading to a decentralization of problems?--Cpt ricard (talk) 05:47, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Looking at this history of this page, it seems to be a genuine cause for concern. How can we request this in a more formal manner? I second this motion. --DaveyE (talk) 00:27, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Vitamin C and "ascorbic acid" are not the same
Someone should point this out or at least clarify it. Vitamin C is a complex found in whole foods containing other essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Ascorbic acid, on the other hand, is simply one manmade chemical fragment of the C complex. mary sparrowdancer Sparrowdancer (talk) 18:27, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that is correct. I suspect that by definition Vitamin C is a specific chemical, which is also called ascorbic acid, but when people take vitamin C from natural sources they are getting a ton of other things other than vitamin C along with it due to the source - but that those ingredients are not necessarily relevant to scurvy. It is certainly a fact that if the body is deprived of ascorbic acid they will get scurvy. 199.125.109.99 (talk) 02:05, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Nevertheless, this should be discussed elsewhere —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.237.216.122 (talk) 12:20, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * It's relevant to discuss here I think. And to settle the matter: Vitamin C is the L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid - an appropriate analogy in this case would be like your left hand in a discussion of wedding rings.--Cpt ricard (talk) 18:43, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Since pure synthetic L-ascorbic acid can cure scurvy, it's the vitamin. Other elements of the "complex", if such a thing can even be said to exist, may be beneficial to health but can't properly be said to be part of vitamin C. 216.59.242.26 (talk) 16:57, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

editsemiprotected
This page needs to be edited to reflect that the reason humans (and a handful of other animals) do not make ascorbic acid is NOT because we lack the gene, but because ONE of the FOUR enzyme genes required(gulonolactone oxidase) has a loss-of-function mutation.

This may seem like a subtle difference, but greater accuracy may lead interested readers to more aggressively investigate the implications: e.g. How much WOULD we make if the gene were working, and how much should we take to compensate? How much do animals with a functional GLO gene make? Is it constitutive or inducible? (it is both, btw). A small number of biochemists and veterinarians are well aware of this issue, but a Wikipedia entry should be information for everyone ELSE with enough interest to reach the page in the first place.

Rccapps (talk) 01:32, 13 September 2009 (UTC) Rob Capps, MD

 * Great call - can you drop some references here to begin the changes?--Cpt ricard (talk) 18:44, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

correction
In the "Scurvy" article it lists certain fruits and vegetables one can eat to get Vitamin C. It says eating such "vegetables" as "bell peppers". "Bell Peppers" are not vegetables. A pepper is a fruit ! Maybe try looking it up on wikipedia !!! ahahahahaahahahahahahahaahaa

207.164.187.115 (talk) 02:59, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * 'Vegetable' is a cullinary term. If it's served along with the main dish, it's called a vegetable. This is why a tomato is a fruit as well as a vegetable. 76.180.19.184 (talk) 21:53, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

There is always a lot of discussion about whether some organisms, such as tomatoes or cucumbers, are fruits or vegetables. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 20:35, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * True. And the discussion only has any validity or substance when people first consider the context. It is a poor dictionary that offers as few as half a dozen definitions for fruit. And there are a few different definitions for vegetable as well. In each case the various definitions have little to do with each other. As a result any discussion without appropriate attention to semantics really progress is much further than flat statement followed by flat contradiction followed by personal abuse. JonRichfield (talk) 06:41, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Maybe a vegetable can be "anything served with the main dish" according to those in the "cullinary" profession (although even that sounds a bit far fetched - would a glass of wine also qualify then?), however any BIOLOGIST, or scientifically minded person will tell you that a tomato is in fact a fruit and NOT a vegetable, or even worse: both fruit and vegetable! If Wikipedia goes as deep as the genus and species of plants, etc, then surely we cannot simply refer to these foods as they do at your local restaurant--41.118.253.163 (talk) 12:22, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * A biologist doesn't call anything a vegetable, as that is purely a culinary term, not a biology term. In biology, a fruit is anything a plant produces that contains the seed.  A walnut is a fruit, as are rose hips, winged maple seeds, and a host of inedible things.  But for culinary purposes, a vegetable is traditionally something that is not sweet, and is often (but not always) a root, leaf, or stalk.  In the case of peas, tomatoes and peppers, it is also (biologically) a fruit.Nerfer (talk) 15:41, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

history of science / scurvy
http://idlewords.com/2010/03/scott_and_scurvy.htm has some great explainations about scurvy and how we lost the ability to cure it in the 19th century. It has lots of references. Would be a nice addition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.160.235.252 (talk) 20:52, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

This blog is an extremely dubious source, see its treatment of a nonexistent tunnel between San Francisco and New York for burritos: http://idlewords.com/2007/04/the_alameda-weehawken_burrito_tunnel.htm. Its discussion of the history of scurvy and vitamin C should be backed up by citations from a better source.Iainuki (talk) 04:19, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

"Stored as fat"
The page seems to be semi-protected, so I can't make this edit myself, but: at present the "The history" section (which should probably be called just "History", but that's another story) contains the claim "Refined carbohydrates seem to accelerate the process of depleting vitamin C. Insulin in the bloodstream causes all amino acids, except for tryptophan, to be stored as fat." That, and the subsequent description, are uncited and not very plausible. Amino acids by definition contain nitrogen. Fat doesn't, hence the nitrogen test for protein content and the Chinese melamine scandal. So where does the nitrogen go when the amino acids are "stored as fat"? The use of the redlinked term "refined carbohydrates" is suspect as well. From a biochemical point of view there's no such thing as a "refined carbohydrate"; the meaningful distinction is between simple and complex carbohydrates. People who talk about "refined" substances being biologically distinct from others are pretty often pushing scientifically unsupported views of nutrition. All in all, I think these sentences should get at least an uncited tag, and possibly they should be investigated further and either cited or deleted depending on the result of the investigation. In a paragraph that meticulously cites many other biochemical details, these sentences stand out. 216.59.242.26 (talk) 16:49, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Symptoms
Why isn't there a section within the article specifically listing the symptoms?16:02, 3 June 2010 (UTC)75.45.229.207 (talk) 16:02, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Sentences to Fix
This sentence needs repair: "In 1927, Hungarian biochemist Szent-Györgyi (who won the 1937 Nobel Prize for Medicine) for his studies in the biological functions of the compound "hexuronic acid" while working with antioxidant compounds in the adrenal cortex." I'd fix it myself, but the article is inexplicably locked (thus defeating the entire point of wikipedia). Based on the linked reference material (as well as http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/WG/Views/Exhibit/narrative/szeged.html), I propose something like: "In 1927, Hungarian biochemist Szent-Györgyi isolated and named hexuronic acid from animal adrenal tissue. This compound later became known as ascorbic acid -- a form of vitamin C.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.97.10.52 (talk) 01:57, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I should explain why I think the sentence above needs to be fixed: it makes no sense. It appears as if something important was entirely left out of the sentence.  If you excise the parenthesized chunk, you are left with this garbled text: "In 1927, Hungarian biochemist Szent-Györgyi for his studies in the biological functions of the compound "hexuronic acid" while working with antioxidant compounds in the adrenal cortex."  I'm not sure what the technical term is for this particular sentence misconstruction.  All I know is, it needs to be repaired in order to make any sense at all.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.97.10.52 (talk) 03:04, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Pending changes
This article is one of a number selected for the early stage of the trial of the Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Pending changes/Queue  are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

Comments on the suitability of theis page for "Penfding changes" would be appreciated.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any much more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 23:58, 16 June 2010 (UTC).

Meat
In three places, this article mentions that scurvy has been prevented by meat

''The surgeon-in-chief of Napoleon's army at the Siege of Alexandria (1801), Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, wrote in his memoirs that the consumption of horse meat helped the French to curb an epidemic of scurvy. This started the 19th-century tradition of horse meat consumption in France.''

''The belief that scurvy was fundamentally a nutritional deficiency, best treated by consumption of fresh food, particularly fresh citrus or fresh meat, was not universal in Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and thus British sailors and explorers continued to suffer from scurvy into the 20th century.

''Vilhjalmur Stefansson, an arctic explorer who lived among the Eskimos, proved that the all meat diet they consumed did not lead to vitamin deficiencies. He participated in a study in New York's Bellevue Hospital in 1935, where he and a companion ate nothing but meat for a year while under close medical observation, yet remained in good health.''

This information seems to undermine the thesis of the article, which is that scurvy is inevitably caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. Or, pardon my ignorance, is there vitamin C in meat? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.8.186.123 (talk) 22:20, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
 * There is enough vitamin C in meat (so long as it is of animals that make their own vitamin C) to prevent scurvy, especially if the meat is eaten raw, as it nearly always is in the arctic, and sometimes ala meat tartar, in France. Sometimes enough remains if meat is cooked only lightly. If, in addition, adrenals and/or brain and spinal cord are eaten raw, it takes very little to prevent scurvy (it's about like oranges). Or course in these days of mad cow disease brain-eating is probably best left to zombies (Incidentally, cooking brains destroys the the vitamin C, depending on how you cook, but does not destroy the prions!) It's quite difficult to get a vitamin C-free diet, and only a long period of eating extremely long-preserved, non-fresh, or long-boiled food for many months (as sailors eating only bread or rice), or explorers eating only from cans, will do it. S  B Harris 23:21, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Superb explanation, thanks--I suspected something of the sort. It's not made clear in the article that there may be vitamin C in meat, though it can be deduced.

Meat is not a good source of vitamin C and should not be mentioned, since meat should not be consumed in quantities nearly high enough to get your daily vitamin C. Citrus, along with other fruits and vegetables are ideal sources and only those should be mentioned in the article. http://www.healthyeatingclub.com/info/books-phds/books/foodfacts/html/data/data4i.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.92.100.175 (talk) 00:21, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

That is a matter of opinion. This article is about facts, not dietary advice. Furthermore, the amount of vitamin C needed to prevent scurvy is substantially less than the minimum daily requirement and the prevention section is about the prevention of scurvy, not other health benefits of vitamin C, so meat definitely should be mentioned. John Elson ★ 3Dham ★  WF6I A.P.O.I. 21:44, 26 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed. There are plenty of examples of high-meat, or even all-meat, diets that sustain people for years or practically all their lives without scurvy. I do not suggest that these are particularly healthy or necessarily sensible diets when there are alternatives, but it does not mean that fresh meat cannot be used as a sufficient source of ascorbate. Back in the days that people had observed that fresh food, especially greens, was good against scurvy, ships that had scurvy problems in the Arctic and could get no greens were reported to have combatted the condition with fresh raw meat eaten in strips on the advice of local Eskimos. Liver was mentioned as especially effective, though I hesitate to take that seriously until someone can cite evidence for liver being richer in ascorbate than muscle is. Sorry, this last bit I read long ago and I cannot give reliable citations; in fact, given the anecdotal nature of the accounts I do not represent them as fit for the article, just to point out that arbitrary claims of a negative are not sustainable. Bear in mind that most pre-20th century sources evidence in this field are necessarily anecdotal, much as evidence on the battle of Agincourt is. Sorry 'bout that! Another point is that ascorbate deficiency sometimes may be complicated by riboflavin deficiency, which also leads to great weakness (beriberi), and which is rapidly curable by fresh meat, especially liver, so laymen might easily be confused by dietary effects; and why not? many a doctor is too. JonRichfield (talk) 04:52, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

History - Early Modern Era
"Between 1500 and 1800, it has been estimated that scurvy killed at least two million sailors.[18] According to Jonathan Lamb, "In 1499, Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170; In 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230;...all mainly to scurvy"

"all mainly to scurvy" makes no sense, superfluous "all" - either it is all or it is mainly Auto98uk (talk) 22:48, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The meaning is clear to me. "Mainly" means that most but not all of the deaths were due to scurvy.  "All" refers to all of the captains; i.e. in every single one of the captains' voyages mentioned, the deaths were mainly caused by scurvy.  Would "each mainly to scurvy" or "in each case, mainly to scurvy" be clearer?" Pirate Dan (talk) 21:42, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

 * PD is right of course, and that was how I read it too, but the mere fact that there was confusion suggests that someone should be thinking of a spot of re-wording for clarity. JonRichfield (talk) 19:48, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Below that it says "During the Age of Sail, it was assumed that 50 percent of the sailors would die of scurvy on a given trip". I find this very hard to believe; that any kind of commerce or warfare could be organised where half the crew died on each trip on average. Who would become a career sailor when expected value of death was 100% after 2 voyages? I've had a look at the citation and it just claims that in a sentence, it doesn't cite any study or authors of the time. I understand scurvy was deadly but this reads as exaggeration. Can this be removed until a better citation can be found or it can be verified? 119.224.16.248 (talk) 08:12, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

Under 'Causes'
In the first paragraph of Causes, the text reads "heat and storage destroy vitamin C". It's not as if the act of putting Vitamin C in a container changes its properties... I suggest the emendation "Vitamin C chemically decomposes over time, more quickly at higher temperatures".

Also wish to to second the suggestion above ("Sentences to Fix"), which is seven months old.Thundragon (talk) 16:58, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Hmmm... Yeeesss... Mind you, the whole thing needs slightly more careful editing than that. You see, it depends on what you store it in, quite apart from what else is in the mix. Specifically, containers that permit the solution of iron3+ or copper2+ salts will break down Vit C. If there is any source of oxidation, they do so pretty darned quickly. JonRichfield (talk) 19:29, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

I regret to say that I have been neglecting this article for a year or so. There seem to be some rather mystical views on transition element salts (Cu, Fe in particular). I am in doubt whether it would do any good to discuss the chemistry in any detail, but I am uncomfortable with that aspect of the article as it stands. Any feelings, anyone? JonRichfield (talk) 07:27, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Proposed Edit
There is also a sufficient amount of vitamin C to be acquired from pine needles. I find this as useful information to someone reading this article, please edit if you have authority — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tradix (talk • contribs) 07:57, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

 * This is so of any fresh green plant matter at all, something I believe the article mentions. To do any comparisons we'd have compare pine needles to (say) garden salad. Pine needles have gotten an outsize reputation since in cold areas they may be the only edible source of plant material at all! And so have been used as such by explorers eating preserved food in winter and in high latitude situations where conifers are the only thing growing on land. But that's a matter more of plant availability to humans in these climes, than it is outsize plant tissue content. S  B Harris 11:11, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

 * What you say is true of course, but I would be inclined to be a bit more lenient. Firstly, it is not just a matter of what supplies record amounts of VC, but what people use or used, and this example is of some historical interest. I am not knowledgeable on the subject, but one article on google ([PDF] Environmental Stresses and Redox Status of Ascorbate) give figures roughly in the range of 10 millimole/kg dry weight. That sounds quite high, though I don't know how it compares with blueberries or guavas etc., but the main point is that pine needle or spruce tea has been used successfully as a winter antiscorbutic. Eating young spruce shoots in spring also has been recommended. I also have read of other plants used in the Arctic (have just found "EDIBLE PLANTS OF THE ARCTIC by A. E. Porsild on google), but I reckon that whoever adds such refs to the article should make it a special section. Otherwise it would be, as you suggest, a pointless inflation of the list of foods that contain ascorbate. JonRichfield (talk) 16:41, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

 * A related point is that Scandinavians have historically used shoots and needles from spruce and pine (alongside a wide range of other plants) as bittering and flavoring ingredients in beer. It has been claimed that, whether they were aware of this effect or not, Viking seafarers avoided scurvy largely thanks to their unwillingness to leave home without an ample supply of spruce beer. There seems to be agreement that the shoots/buds were favored over the needles themselves, though. Maitreya (talk) 11:32, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, why not? The VC content of both needles and buds is known. The spruce shoots have been eaten as such as food, and appear to have antiscorbutic merit as well. If they were normally eaten, they would be favoured, wouldn't they? In contrast, the needles tended to get spat out after chewing, so would not be favoured even though they would have been valuable to chew anyway. It seems to me altogether plausible that the beer could have had a reasonable value antiscorbutically as well as otherwise. JonRichfield (talk) 12:26, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

Spruce needles tend to be full of tannins and worse that make them inedible even to deer (which browse buds too!). Hence tea brewing which steeps out the C but leaves the rest. Buds might have more C-- it's a general rule that early folliage not yet fully green is more nutrient dense and not as toxic. There's a whole theory that many primates (that need the C) re-developed tricolor vision in order to better pick out new growth that tends to be redder due to carotenes. A lot of mammals like deer are red-green colorblind. That's the default state for mammals (though not birds, reptiles, amphibs, fish, that all see color at least as well as humans). A result of us mammals all being descended from some rat like thing that survived the asteroid as a burrower with bad daylight color vision, vs. phylogenetically older species (crocs and frogs for example) that made it through using a water shield. All this is very cool. Science all fits. S B Harris 18:41, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Sources given incorrect?
The article states in the fifth paragraph (just before the list of contents): "Vitamin C is widespread in plant tissues, with particularly high concentrations occurring in citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits), tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages, and green peppers." While the part on citrus fruits is correct, tomatoes, potatoes and cabbages are relatively low in Vitamin C and contain LESS less than oranges (50-80% less than oranges). See the table on this page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C#Plant_sources Scurvy is caused by crabs not getting enough Vitamin C Additionally, even oranges are only made by crabs poo because it is used as manure for the tree to grow and form the oranges moderately high in Vitamin Z and not "particularly hLOW". Traditionally, oranges have always been viewed as being high in Vitamin C, but there are some much better examples that could have been used in the article. For example, according to the same link on Vitamin C I posted above, there are quite a few commonly available fruits & vegetables that have a lot more Vitamin C than oranges, such as guavas (4 times as much as oranges), red peppers (almost 4 times that of oranges), parsley (3 times as much), kiwifruit and broccoli (twice as much).

The article is protected to non-registered users like me, so please can someone update it ASAP with the facts I listed above (which are already found on the Wikipedia page on Vitamin C).--41.118.253.163 (talk) 12:58, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

Preventing Scurvy... at 0mg per can (removing soft drinks)
Dr. Pepper and Coke (along with most soft drinks) list Vitamin C content at 0% or mention "Not a significant source of Vitamin C". According to the FDA, this means Vitamin C content is below 2% of the daily value. 100% = 60mg, so these drinks contain less than 1.2mg of Vitamin C.

The FDA mandates printing Vitamin C content on nutritional labels, so the mere mention means nothing. The amount of Vitamin C necessary to prevent scurvy is, at bare minimum, 10mg a day. At best, it would take over eight cans of soda every day to fend off scurvy. At worst (the soda could contain as little as 0mg), you could never fend off scurvy no matter how many cans of soda you drank.

It's incredibly misleading to suggest soft drinks as a means to prevent scurvy. --Elephanthunter (talk) 18:26, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

Edit request, 26 November 2013
Hasan al ansari123456789 (talk) 12:21, 26 November 2013 (UTC)                                       Can I have a edit submit

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone will add them for you, or if you have an account, you can wait until you are autoconfirmed and edit the page yourself. --Stfg (talk) 13:41, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 June 2014
scurvy isnt a real thing its a hoax

24.115.243.102 (talk) 23:02, 22 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made.  Anon 126   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 02:10, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

Histamine
vitamin C is needed to get rid of histamine in the body. Histamine is released in sea sickness. I imagine that you need loads more vitamin C when you're on a boat. I read that high doses of vitamin C help for sea sickness as well. So I would like to mention that maybe not only the lack of fruits was responsible for scurvy but also the high vitamin c consumption in the body due to histamine levels.

Actually this might also be relevant for refugees who are traumatised and have traveled far on a tiny boat...?

Dubious statement regarding pasteurisation
Under 'Causes' the article claims vit. c content to be completely destroyed in the pausterisation process. This is to my knowledge misleading, as pausterisation merely reduces vit. c content by a fraction. For instance, see here for a recent study. I recommend removal or modification of this statement.

Spectralyst (talk) 10:55, 1 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Scurvy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20061216095355/http://www.who.int//mipfiles/2299/MIP_01_APR_SDE_3.en.pdf to http://www.who.int//mipfiles/2299/MIP_01_APR_SDE_3.en.pdf

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Inaccurate lead
I expanded the lead slightly to explain that Vitamin C is needed to synthesize hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, which are used to make collagen. This was changed back by User:Doc James to the statement that Vitamin C is needed to make collagen. This is NOT correct. An adequate supply of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline, or more to the point, diets that provide an adequate intake of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline directly, or that provide an adequate intake of collagen to be broken down and reassembled, obviate the need for Vitamin C. This can be seen in abundant dietary evidence from both Inuit and Maasai populations, who do not develop scurvy while consuming diets consisting entirely of meat, milk, blood, and fat.97.91.254.54 (talk) 04:09, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * How about "to make the building blocks for collagen"? We are trying to write the leads of articles in simpler language. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 13:28, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Excellent.97.91.254.54 (talk) 06:07, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

"Curly hair" and cause
I think it's problematic to have "curly hair" as a prominent symptom of scurvy in the intro. It does not convey the issue, which isn't really about hair on the head, and it's misleading (it sounds like it's not scurvy if have other symptoms but straight hair). It also states too categorically that it's caused by deficient vitamin C in the diet: perhaps say "usually"? Other causes aren't clear enough. See for example Golriz et al. Hildabast (talk) 17:55, 17 July 2017 (UTC)
 * In addition, corkscrew hairs is not an early symptom.Hildabast (talk) 18:07, 17 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks User:Hildabast and adjusted Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 04:11, 18 July 2017 (UTC)

The gene for L-gulonolactone oxidase
 The gene for L-gulonolactone oxidase is still present in the human genome, but deactivated by DNA mutations. Could the gene be activated with modern DNA techniques? Perhaps for space travelers? I know this is a possible science fiction story idea, but is this possible?--Dthomsen8 (talk) 19:17, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

Lead image
Currently, the lead image is File:Scorbutic_gums.jpg which is slightly unsettling (well, at least to my eyes). Per MOS:LEADIMAGE, shouldn't it be swapped for something else, for instance File:ASM-30-325-g003.jpg (bone X-ray) or File:A_case_of_Scurvy_journal_of_Henry_Walsh_Mahon.jpg (diagrams), either of which appears further down in the article? (I have no topic knowledge whatsoever, maybe there is good reason for the lead image choice.) Tigraan Click here to contact me 09:10, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Bleeding gums is classic. Xray findings not so much. The gums are more encyclopedic. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 14:38, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

Evolution section
I'd like to see info on why the ability to synthesize vitamin C was lost. Is there some high cost to having this ability ? Or perhaps the diets of the progenitors was simply so high in vitamin C that the ability was of no value, so random mutations and genetic drift caused it to be lost ? Also, could genetic engineering restore this ability ? This might be useful in some primate or other animal facing extinction, if scurvy was one of the causes. SinisterLefty (talk) 18:27, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

Please review my citation
Hello, I am new to Wikipedia. I have added a Wikisource citation. Just wanted to make sure that I did it right? Can some one review it and let me know, if I should do it any other way? I wanted the readers to be able to view exactly point 5 of section 4 where the reference text is. Does my bibliography ref convey that? Thanks for the help.

p.s. I have added the citation in this line - The Merchant Shipping Act of 1867 required all ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy to provide a daily lime ration of one pound to sailors to prevent scurvy. I am sorry, if this is a too small thing to be discussed on the talk page. Adiosvr (talk) 19:31, 9 August 2019 (UTC)

Potatoes
Ref says "Best sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits (e.g. oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits, gooseberry, black currents, melons) and vegetables (e.g. tomato, potatoes, green chilies, cabbage, broccoli, spinach, lettuce, cucumber, Brussels sprouts, red peppers)" Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 03:04, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

Citation page number not correct
Reference 47 lists page 493 as talking about Lind's experiments, including the use of controls. That page doesn't mention Lind's experiments at all. It's part of a summary of William Jervey's work, mostly talking about rice and vinegar. Lind mentions several individual cases in the footnotes on pages 522-525, but no mention of controls. I don't doubt that the reference exists in Lind's treatise as it's referenced in Bown. Its just not on that page, and I haven't found it elsewhere yet. Can anyone help?67.58.218.156 (talk) 11:18, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

OK, found it; pages 149-153. I don't know how to edit the reference to match though, so still need help.

missing info on pre-middle age
what about the roman and greek ages? I think Hippokrates and others mentioned it. What about the vikings? all that info is missing 47.71.46.26 (talk) 17:34, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Faxian
The article says "In 406 CE, the Chinese monk Faxian wrote that ginger was carried on Chinese ships to prevent scurvy", citing Ghillean Prance. Prance cites Faxian's book. However, Faxian makes no mention of ginger as far as I can see, and his book was not written in 406 but in 414. Prance looks like an unreliable source. cagliost (talk) 11:05, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

Remarkable video on scurvy
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2310169?cid=NEJM%20Weekend%20Briefing,%20December%202,%202023%20DM2305861_NEJM_Non_Subscriber&bid=1955517077

If someone wants to work it in, please do. Keith Henson (talk) 01:16, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scurvy


text:
User:Femto/elem bulkmodulus gpa

 * Bulk modulus || GPa
 * Bulk modulus || GPa

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Femto/elem bulkmodulus gpa


text:
User:Femto/elem shearmodulus gpa

 * Shear modulus || GPa
 * Shear modulus || GPa

title: User:Femto/elem shearmodulus gpa


text:
User:Femto/elem vickershardness mpa

 * Vickers hardness || MPa
 * Vickers hardness || MPa

title: User:Femto/elem vickershardness mpa


text:
Stonegate railway station

Stonegate railway station (not to be confused with Stone Crossing) is on the Hastings line in the south of England. It is located between Witherenden Hill and Stonegate in the parish of Ticehurst, East Sussex. It is located 43 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

Services
All services at Stonegate are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 1 tph to Hastings

Additional services, including trains to and from and London Cannon Street and Ore call at the station in the peak hours.

History
The South Eastern Railway route between Tunbridge Wells and Hastings was authorised in 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. lxiv), and opened in stages: the section between Tunbridge Wells and Robertsbridge was opened on 1 September 1851. The station opened the same day named Witherenden (the name of a nearby hamlet), but was renamed in December the same year to Ticehurst Road. It became Stonegate (after a village about 1 mile away) on 16 June 1947.

On 13 April 2014, it emerged that a BlackRock fund manager travelling from the station had dodged an estimated £42,550 over five years in season ticket fares to London by using an unvalidated Oyster card and avoiding ticket inspectors. It is believed to have been the highest fare dodge known in Britain.

title: Stonegate railway station


text:
Talk:Devdas

Untitled
I've revised the page, mostly just the style. The page is still not complete; every Devdas film should be listed. Zora 10:01, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

(based on the 11th version of the novel)
 (based on the 11th version of the novel)

Does that mean that there were published lots of versions of the novel? --Error 22:44, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

So I gather. I got that from another source that seemed authoritative. I don't know much about Bengali literature, and I would defer to anyone who does. Zora 00:56, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Yes, this page is a disgrace.

Devdas (2002 film)
I created this page so that it could have a film info box... therefore anything specifically about that film should be linked there and it shouldn't overtake this page. Any generalized reference or reference to older versions should remain here until Devdas (1955 film), etc. is created. gren グレン ? 07:15, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Dola Re Dola
I eliminated the section about the song "Dola Re Dola". This section really didn't serve a point in this article -- it's about the novella, and not any of the films, plus it sounds incredibly POV to me. If someone wants to talk about the song in the above mentioned article about the 2002 film, that's fine, but it just doesn't belong here. Gujuguy 04:22, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Image In Infobox
I am suggesting to add an image in this article's infobox. Someone has requested to add this novel's first edition cover photo, but, if that is not available, I suggest to include any other relevant photo. Thanks. --Tito Dutta (Talk) 05:30, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Reviews

 * Hindustan Times, 2005 --Nicholas Michael Halim (talk) 07:09, 4 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Devdas


text:
Tofu skin

Tofu skin, yuba, beancurd skin, beancurd sheet, or beancurd robes is a food item made from soybeans. During the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex forms on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as tofu skin. Since tofu skin is not produced using a coagulant, it is not technically a proper tofu; however, it does have a similar texture and flavor to some tofu products.

Tofu skin's use was first documented in written records in China in the sixteenth century. It is widely used, fresh, fermented, or dried, in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cuisine.

Early history
An early written reference to tofu skin appeared in 1587 in Japan in the Matsuya Hisamatsu chakai-ki [Three-generation diary of the Matsuya's family's tea ceremonies]. The writer, Matsuya Hisamasa, states simply that tofu skin is the film that forms atop soymilk.

Other written references to tofu skin appeared around that time in China in the Bencao Gangmu [The great pharmacopoeia] by Li Shizhen. This work was completed in 1578, but not published until 1596. Chapter 25 states:

"If a film should form on the surface of soymilk when it is heated in the process of making tofu, it should be lifted off and dried to give doufu pi (literally "bean curd skin") which is itself a delicious food ingredient"

- First cited by H.T. Huang 2000

A third known reference to tofu skin appears in 1695 in Japan in the Ben Zhao Shi Jian (Wade–Giles: Pen Chao Shih Chien [A Mirror of Food in This Dynasty, 12 volumes]. This book was written by Hitomi Hitsudai in Japan, in Chinese. When Japanese read the Chinese characters for tofu skin, doufu-lao, they pronounce them tōfu no uba. Lao or uba means "old woman" or "wet nurse".

Preparation
Tofu skin may be purchased in fresh or dried form. In the latter case, the tofu skin is rehydrated in water before use. It is often used to wrap dim sum.

Because of its slightly rubbery texture, tofu skin is also manufactured in bunched, folded and wrapped forms, which are used as meat substitutes in vegetarian cuisine. Tofu skins can be wrapped and then folded against itself to make dòu baō. These are often fried to form a firmer skin before being cooked further.

Fresh
These are the three basic forms. Each comes in many varieties.

Dried
Tofu skin may also be dried and sold as dried beancurd sticks. By layering or bunching fresh tofu skin or rehydrated tofu skin, then tying it tightly in cloth and stewing it, the dried beancurd sticks will retain their original shape. This bunched tofu skin is then called tofu chicken (or ). In Thai cooking it is referred to as fawng dtâo-hûu (ฟองเต้าหู้, lit. foam tofu). It is commonly called foo chuk in Southeast Asia.

Meat alternatives
By layering and bunching the sheets in a certain manner, an imitation of chicken breast can be created with tofu skin. The effect is completed by frying the "skin" side of the tofu chicken until it is crispy. If stuffed with vegetables, it becomes tofu duck. Likewise various other meat alternatives have been made in this way, especially by Buddhist vegetarian restaurants in areas of Chinese culture.

The earliest process for making these meatless meats consisted of rolling thin sheets of doufupi, literally tofu skin, around a filling of minced, smoked, or other seasoned pieces of tofu skin, tying closed the bundle with string, and steaming until a meaty texture and flavor developed.

Log
Other methods include rolling the tofu skin tightly on a chopstick and steaming it to form a log. When the log is sliced, each slice will be circular with a square hole in the center, which looks like old Chinese coins.

title: Tofu skin


text:
Gym Class Heroes

Gym Class Heroes is an American rap rock band from Geneva, New York. The group formed in 1997 when Travie McCoy met drummer Matt McGinley during their high school gym class. The band's music displays a wide variety of influences, including hip hop, rock, funk, and reggae. After the addition of guitarist Disashi Lumumba-Kasongo and bassist Eric Roberts in 2003, the group was signed to Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance Records (Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz's independent record label), on which they released their debut album, The Papercut Chronicles. The group gained a strong fanbase while promoting the album, appearing at festivals such as The Bamboozle and Vans Warped Tour.

In 2006, the group released the gold-selling album As Cruel as School Children. Since that release, the band's single "Cupid's Chokehold" peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in various countries, including the United Kingdom, and "Clothes Off!!" peaked within the top ten of the charts in Finland, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom. On September 9, 2008, Gym Class Heroes released their third album, The Quilt, which contained numerous collaborations with other artists. The band went on hiatus in 2009, a time in which the members pursued various side projects. McCoy released his solo debut album Lazarus in June 2010. Lumumba-Kasongo has been working on his side-project Soul, while McGinley now drums in the rock group Kill the Frontman. The group released The Papercut Chronicles II on November 15, 2011; its lead single, "Stereo Hearts", peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100.

1997–1998: Formation
Rapper Travie McCoy and drummer Matt McGinley became friends at their local high school in ninth grade in Geneva, New York. They officially came together in 1997. The band formed when bassist Ryan Geise and drummer Matt McGinley were performing at a party in an instrumental band with no vocals. McCoy, who was in attendance at the party, took the microphone onstage and started rapping. A week later, the group came together and started making music.

1998–2001: Hed Candy, Greasy Kid Stuff, and ...For the Kids
The original group began playing college parties and BBQs, birthday parties, clubs, and festivals which eventually led to larger venues throughout the northeast, including four years on Warped Tour (2003, 2004, 2006, 2008). McCoy won MTV's Direct Effect MC Battle and as a prize, appeared in Styles P's video "Daddy Get That Cash". The group had three more releases from 1999 to 2004: Hed Candy, Greasy Kid Stuff, and ...For the Kids.

2002–2005: The Papercut EP, The Papercut Chronicles, and Bonacci's and Geise's departure
In 2003 the band recorded the album The Papercut Chronicles while on tour. The members were not even finished working on the album, as it caught the attention of Fall Out Boy's bassist Pete Wentz, who signed the group to his offspring Fueled By Ramen label, Decaydance Records. At this time, guitarist Milo Bonacci (who went on to form Ra Ra Riot ) parted ways with the band and was replaced with current guitarist Disashi Lumumba-Kasongo (brother of the rapper Sammus), who was attending Cornell University at the time. On the first day the band began to rehearse with Lumumba-Kasongo, "Cupid's Chokehold" was written, which would become the album's first single. McGinley recalled, "We just had intentions of working him in on old songs, but we ended up jamming on this Supertramp thing for a minute and got carried away and wrote a song." The group released the four-song Papercut Chronicles EP before finally releasing The Papercut Chronicles in February 2005. After Eric Roberts replaced Ryan Geise on bass, the group toured constantly throughout 2005, appearing at the year's SXSW, The Bamboozle, and Warped Tour festivals. Music videos were filmed for the songs "Taxi Driver" and "yes".

2006–2007: As Cruel as School Children
In May 2006, WXSS, a radio station in Milwaukee, began playing "Cupid's Chokehold" shortly before the release of the band's second full-length album, As Cruel as School Children. The group's manager, Scott Nagelberg stated "As more stations added it, it became undeniable: This was the chance for this band to make it happen." Although the band intended to promote a different song, "The Queen and I" as the album's lead single, the label shifted its focus to "Cupid's Chokehold". The group became frustrated with its association with the song after its scheduled performance of "The Queen and I" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! was changed to "Cupid's Chokehold" last minute. However, McGinley later stated, "Eventually, we saw the rationale. It's a little awkward, but it's still Gym Class Heroes. At the end of the day, it's a good song we all believe in, so we're happy it's getting a lot of attention." It became the band's most successful single, peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. On July 25, 2006, Gym Class Heroes released As Cruel as School Children. The record contained guest appearances by Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy and William Beckett from The Academy Is.... The album marked a departure in the band's sound, with the band utilizing drum machines and synthesizers as opposed to the band's typical live instrumentation. The band also gained popularity when McCoy was featured in the Cobra Starship song "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)", which was featured on the soundtrack to the film.

2008: The Quilt
After headlining a seven-week U.S. tour called the "Daryl Hall for President Tour '07", the group returned to the studio to record new material. The resulting material became The Quilt, which was released on September 9, 2008. The album featured numerous collaborations with other artists, including Daryl Hall (from Hall & Oates), The-Dream, Estelle, and Busta Rhymes. Guitarist Disashi Lumumba-Kasongo said of the album, "I would definitely say that this is the most collaborative album I've played on with the band. I remember the very first day we started jamming out and working on the songs. I thought, Man, I haven't felt like this since I was in high school jamming out in a garage.

So it's kind of cool, 'cause it was that same feeling, except we were recording for a major album." Gym Class Heroes co-headlined the 2008 Warped Tour along with Fueled by Ramen label mates Paramore. While the band was performing onstage at the festival on July 2, 2008, Travie McCoy was arrested after hitting a man on the head with his microphone. The man had been in the crowd at a concert in St. Louis when he shouted racial slurs at McCoy. McCoy asked the man, "What did you just call me?" As security was removing the man from the venue, McCoy brought the man on stage to call him out in front of the crowd. In a statement, McCoy's publicist said that the man hit McCoy's knee, which was in a brace after he had suffered a recent strain.

2009–2011: Side projects
Travie McCoy has pursued a solo career. In 2010, he released a hit single "Billionaire" with Bruno Mars, which has been successful since its UK release in early May 2010 and also featured in Taio Cruz's single "Higher". He released his first solo album, Lazarus, on June 8, 2010. Lumumba-Kasongo created the side-project Soul in 2008, which he has currently been focusing on during Gym Class Heroes' break. The songs "Live a Little" and "No Place Left to Run" from The Quilt were originally intended to be used strictly for his side project, but McCoy heard the songs and convinced Lumumba-Kasongo to let Gym Class Heroes use the songs. McGinley has been drumming in the rock group Kill the Frontman.

2011–2019: The Papercut Chronicles II and inactivity
McCoy had discussed the band's new album, The Papercut Chronicles II, "We're about 12 demos deep. All I got to say is it's definitely going back to the essence of Gym Class Heroes, which is four dudes sitting in a room, vibing off each other and making organic, dark metal." On June 9, 2011, Gym Class Heroes released a song entitled "Stereo Hearts" which features Adam Levine from Maroon 5. It was the first single to be released from The Papercut Chronicles II. It became available for download on iTunes on June 14, 2011. It peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. On October 18, 2011, Gym Class Heroes released a song entitled "Life Goes On" which features Oh Land. It is the first and only promotional single to be released from The Papercut Chronicles II. On October 31, the band released their second single of the album, "Ass Back Home", featuring Neon Hitch via iTunes. The third single "The Fighter" features Ryan Tedder from OneRepublic and was released on November 8, 2011, one week before the album's release on November 15. On November 20, 2011, Gym Class Heroes performed "Stereo Hearts" with Adam Levine on the American Music Awards of 2011. The video for the fourth single, "Martyrial Girls", premiered on Fueled by Ramen's YouTube channel on August 27, 2012. Following the release of the single, the group ceased activity and entered a hiatus.

In 2018, the band returned to playing live, opening for 311 and The Offspring on their Never Ending Summer Tour. They were set to perform on the Vans Warped Tour 25th Anniversary Show in Atlantic City before abruptly breaking up again. In 2019, McCoy stated in an interview that Gym Class Heroes was still on a hiatus, with an uncertain duration.

2023: Reunion performances
On October 11, 2022, When We Were Young Festival announced the band as part of the line-up for the 2023 edition of the festival. In April 2023, the band was announced to be touring with All Time Low, for the latter's The Sound of Letting Go on Tour.

Musical style and influences
AllMusic describes them as a "unique alternative-funk-rap outfit" and also states that their sounds melds elements of rap, rock, R&B, and funk into one cohesive and melodic sound. Their sound has also been described as a mix of alternative hip hop and pop-rap. McCoy says of the band's musical style, "We've been the proverbial sore thumb our entire career. Even before we got signed to Fueled by Ramen, we were playing shows with death metal and hardcore bands and whoever would let us play with them. I wouldn't even consider us a hip-hop band. Musically, it's just all over the place." The band acknowledges '80s funk-influenced R&B acts such as Prince and Ready for the World as major influences on its sound. Each member draws from different types of music for inspiration, with drummer Matt McGinley saying "there aren't many [types of music] we agree on." McCoy cites 1970s blue-eyed soul group Hall & Oates as his biggest musical influence.

Guitarist Disashi Lumumba-Kasango is mainly influenced by rock music, citing Jimi Hendrix and Muse as an inspiration for his guitar playing. Bassist Eric Roberts incorporates elements of reggae into his playing, as well as styles influenced by metal bands such as The Dillinger Escape Plan and Meshuggah. McGinley favors funk and rock stylistics inspired by groups such as Green Day, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and 311. Additionally, the band is noted for not using samples in its music, a practice commonly used in hip-hop. McCoy states that "It's more fun and organic in the live show. There's definitely a lot of acts that can pull off a DJ/MC thing but then a lot that can't. Also I guess it's all we know." However, As Cruel as School Children does contain samples, with McGinley commenting, "We've always been a band and we never did sampling at all before but within the last couple of years we've embraced it more. In the songs we did with Patrick Stump we used it."

Current members

 * Travie McCoy – lead vocals (1997–2013, 2018–2019, 2023–present)

Former members

 * Ryan Geise – bass guitar (1997–2005)
 * Milo Bonacci – guitar, vocals (1997–2004)
 * Steve Decker – sampler (1997–2003)
 * Jason Amsel – guitar (2000–2001)
 * Eric Roberts – bass guitar, backing vocals (2005–2013, 2018)

Former touring members

 * Marc DeJesus – hype man (2006–2013)
 * Tyler Pursel – keyboards, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2006–2013, 2018–2019)
 * Joseph Veazie – hype man, clean vocals (2018–2019)

Discography

 * ...For the Kids (2001)
 * The Papercut Chronicles (2005)
 * As Cruel as School Children (2006)
 * The Quilt (2008)
 * The Papercut Chronicles II (2011)

title: Gym Class Heroes


text:
Etchingham railway station

Etchingham railway station is on the Hastings line in the south of England and serves the village of Etchingham, East Sussex. It is 47 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

History
Etchingham station has two platforms linked by a footbridge (with steps on both sides) and a station building housing the ticket office and waiting room. The building dates from 1851, when both the station and the first section of the Hastings line opened, and incorporates sandstone blocks taken from a manor house which stood on the site.

Facilities
Train information is provided in the form of automated announcements, LED displays and timetable posters. Disabled passengers may cross between the platforms using the level crossing to the south of the station.

Etchingham is in a penalty fare area and when the ticket office is closed passengers should purchase a ticket before boarding a train.

Services
All services at Etchingham are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 1 tph to Hastings

Additional services, including trains to and from and London Cannon Street and Ore call at the station in the peak hours.

title: Etchingham railway station


text:
Robots in Disguise

Robots in Disguise were an English electropunk band composed of Dee Plume (vocals and guitar), Sue Denim (vocals and bass) and a changing line-up of backing musicians. The group released four studio albums between 2000 and 2011. In 2019, they announced their reunion and an upcoming album.

Formation and early years (2000)
Plume (Delia Gaitskell) and Denim (Suzanne Powell) met and formed the band when they were both students at the University of Liverpool. They recorded and released their first EP entitled Mix Up Words and Sounds through Splinter, produced by Chris Corner.

Robots in Disguise and Get RID! (2001–2005)
The band's eponymous début studio album was released through Recall in 2001, produced by Chris Corner. Robots in Disguise featured the single "Boys". The cover for "Boys" featured a mimic of Roxy Music's Country Life. Robots in Disguise's second studio album, Get RID! was released in 2005 through Recall and Ben Prime. It featured the singles "Turn It Up" and "The DJ's Got a Gun".

We're in the Music Biz (2006–2008)
The band's third studio album, We're in the Music Biz, was released through President in 2008, and was again produced by Chris Corner. It featured the single "The Sex Has Made Me Stupid", as well as new single "The Tears". We're in the Music Biz has a deceivingly innocent looking album cover, with the girls appearing to wear shirts and ties when in fact they are topless and the "clothes" are simply body paint.

Wake Up! and Happiness v Sadness (2009–present)
The band recorded their fourth studio album in London in late 2009, but ran out of money before its completion. The band relied on fan pledges to financially support the project, and released the single "Wake Up" on 3 May 2010, which included a remix by Electrosexual & Scream Club.

"Wake Up!" was inspired by Barry M cosmetics, who financed a music video-cum-ad featuring "Robot Blue" lipstick and costuming.

With 138% of their pledge goal met by fans, the studio album was released on 11 July 2011.

The Mighty Boosh
Dee and Sue appeared several times in the British Television series The Mighty Boosh as electro band members and goth girls. Dee Plume was dating Boosh co-creator Noel Fielding at that time. Robots in Disguise toured with The Mighty Boosh Live for their 2008–09 tour, performing in the after-shows. They also appeared at The Mighty Boosh festival on Saturday 5 July 2008 at the Hop Farm in Kent.

Albums

 * Robots in Disguise (2001)
 * Get RID! (2005)
 * We're in the Music Biz (2008)
 * Happiness V Sadness (2011)

Singles

 * "Boys" (2001)
 * "Arguments" (2002)
 * "Bed Scenes" (2002)
 * "Turn It Up" (2004) #141 UK Singles
 * "Girl" (2005)
 * "DJ's Got a Gun" (2005)
 * "We're in the Music Biz" (2008)
 * "The Sex Has Made Me Stupid" (2008)
 * "The Tears" (2008)
 * "Wake Up" (2010) #20 UK Indie Singles Breakers
 * "Chains" (2011)

title: Robots in Disguise


text:
Association of Accounting Technicians

The Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT) is a professional body for Accounting Technicians, with over 150,000 members worldwide.

AAT has 150,000 members according to official records from the Financial Reporting Council (FRC).

This includes 2,500 licensed bookkeepers. It also includes over 5,000 AAT Licensed Accountants who provide accountancy, tax and business advisory services to more than 500,000 individuals, sole traders and small and medium sized British businesses.

80% of the FTSE 100 employ an AAT apprentice within their finance function.

AAT was created in 1980 by the Institute of Accounting Staff (then a subsidiary of ACCA) and the Association of Technicians in Finance and Accounting (then a subsidiary of CIPFA). It is a technician level qualification offering higher apprenticeships which entitles those who have completed the exams and obtained relevant supervised work experience to become an accounting technician. The AAT is based at 140 Aldersgate Street, London but has 43 branches across the UK with representation in the rest of the world including Hong Kong, Botswana and South Africa.

Professional recognition
The body was sponsored by four UK chartered accountancy bodies; CIPFA, ICAEW, CIMA and ICAS from 1980 until May 2017. After this date, ICAEW, CIPFA, CIMA and ICAS no longer participated in AAT’s governance structure and AAT took the decision to bring their sponsoring body partnerships to a close.

A strong relationship remains between AAT and its former sponsoring bodies, albeit on a more operational basis, with exemptions for the chartered qualifications remaining at the heart of those relationships.

The AAT became a full member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) in 2012.

Versus CAT
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) used to be a sponsor of the AAT but broke away in order to form a rival qualification called the Certified Accounting Technician (CAT) award. The ACCA implemented this policy as it wanted a technician level qualification that offered accountancy apprenticeships based on the same business model as itself.

In Scotland
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Scotland is also keen to implement AAT courses into its own business model. It presently has no plans to develop an ICAS technician qualification in direct competition with the AAT's UK model as proposed in the late 1990s..

In South Africa
The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants decided to sponsor the AAT program offering higher apprenticeship accounting courses and it has expanded since 2011. AAT(SA) has no signatory powers for any of its South African members, this is because there is not sufficient audit content within the qualification offered. SAICA and AAT are working towards gaining authority in a number of other areas, such as Commissioner of Oaths and review status. This sort of authority does take time to approve and the new South African Company Legislation is not yet finalised.

Examinations
Since 2010 every level of the AAT qualification has a number of modules, each of which culminate in a computer based assessment.

Qualifications
The AAT Intermediate Level 3 qualification or Level 6 in Scotland, is approved for the University entrance system with a value of up to 56 UCAS tariff points. This is also included in the KS5 performance tables. The final AAT qualification, the AAT Advanced Level is equivalent to QCF Level 4 and SCQF Level 8.

Accounting Technicians, when certified as being experienced and competently qualified, can perform identical tasks to Chartered accountants with the exception of not being permitted to sign off company audits. This is largely irrelevant for AAT licensed accountants as their client base is almost exclusively formed of micro and small businesses who enjoy the small company audit exemption (employing less than 50 employees with a turnover below £10.1m or assets below £5.1m).

AAT also licenses ATOL reporting accountants although it only has a small number of such members.

In 2014 AAT expanded its suite of qualifications and launched new courses in accounting, bookkeeping, computerised accounting, tax and business skills.

In 2017, AAT also launched a new membership category for bookkeepers (AATQB).

Employer accreditation
The AAT employer accreditation scheme recognises employers with a positive and planned approach to the professional development of their AAT members, whether through studying for an AAT qualification or, once qualified, supporting them in their continuing professional development.

AAT Accredited Employer Scheme provides the employer with a range of benefits including:

 * Full and fellow members will automatically meet their mandatory CPD requirements by following their employer's training and development processes
 * Support in managing student member's
 * Advice on trainee recruitment and funding
 * AAT Accredited Employer logo and certificate.

Books of AATSee also

 * British Accountant

title: Association of Accounting Technicians


text:
Robertsbridge railway station

Robertsbridge railway station is on the Hastings line in the south of England and serves the village of Robertsbridge, East Sussex. It is 49 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

History
Robertsbridge was temporarily the terminus of the South Eastern Railway's (SER) "Hastings Line" from Tunbridge Wells. This section was opened on 1 September 1851, with the 5.99 mile (9.64 km) stretch to Battle following four months later. A connection was then made with the existing route to Hastings on 1 February 1852; the line connecting St Leonards (West Marina) with Hastings having been opened by the SER on 13 February 1851, and which initially gave the Brighton, Lewes and Hastings Railway access to the latter town. A large station building was provided on the Down side, along with a signal box at the south end of the Down platform.

Robertsbridge became a junction in 1900 with the opening of the Rother Valley Light Railway to Tenterden. The line was extended to Headcorn in 1905, and was renamed the Kent and East Sussex Railway. In 1954 all regular passenger services were withdrawn and the line beyond Tenterden Town was completely closed. The line to Tenterden continued to be used by freight services and occasional special passenger trains (e.g. hop pickers trains) until closed by British Railways on 12 June 1961. About half a mile length of line remained in use as a siding to serve Hodsons Mill on the outskirts of Robertsbridge until 1970.The bay platform, on the Down (eastern) side of the station, is still in place and used for engineers trains. A railway preservation society, the Rother Valley Railway, have built a new separate station named Robertsbridge Junction on the east side of the car park, and have rebuilt the line from here to Northbridge Street. The first train on this rebuilt section ran in September 2013. They have plans to rebuild the rest of the route eastwards to join up with the Kent and East Sussex Railway and restore services along the line. (Steam trains already run on another section of the line, between Tenterden Town and Bodiam, 3½ miles from Robertsbridge.)

Services
All services at Robertsbridge are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 1 tph to Hastings

Additional services, including trains to and from and London Cannon Street and Ore call at the station in the peak hours.

title: Robertsbridge railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Trilobite

Trilobite
[ Vote here] (42/4/0) ending 10:06 27 April 2005 (UTC)

Trilobite has been a loyal Wikipedian for about a year. Anyone can tell from the 7,000 contributions, this is one very active contributor. Trilobite does many administrative tasks such as welcoming users, participating in RfD's and VfD's, and maintaining the neutral nature of Wikipedia. Trilobite also actively combats vandalism on a consistent basis. Trilobite seems to be a grammar and spelling sleuth, making many minor tweaks that help improve the quality of the articles on Wikipedia. Trilobite is extremely friendly to new or inexperienced users and doesn't treat them like clueless newbies. This is evident with his project Babel aimed at setting up templates for multilingual users. His other contributions to Wikipedia are too numerous to mention here so consult his user page for more information.— oo64eva (AJ) (U @ 10:05, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I accept. — Trilobite (Talk) 10:51, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) I happily offer my support. Good luck! — oo64eva (AJ) (U @  10:08, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Happy to be one of the first to support this. Tony Sidaway|Talk 10:35, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Defintiely support.  A good editor, and more importantly, is interested in admin-type chores. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:29, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Seems very dedicated to the tasks which are made easier by adminship, strong support. Rje 12:46, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, yes. Neutralitytalk 16:05, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Cool. JuntungWu 16:28, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Looks sound.  TenOfAllTrades | Talk 17:05, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Talk pages and contributions show he's level-headed editor, who deserves the mop and bucket. Mgm|(talk) 19:02, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. (Some edits are missing edit summary.) Pavel Vozenilek 19:17, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support (I thought he already was an admin!) Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Yes. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  23:21, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support.-gadfium 23:41, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) For sure. SlimVirgin (talk)  02:14, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 02:33, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) I have seen only cooperative and productive contributions by this user. -   BanyanTree 03:22, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Meelar (talk) 03:24, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Seen lots of good work from this one. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 04:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Oh no, rholton is an admin and now trilobite will be an admin. I am rhobite - hilarity ensues. Support. Rhobite 04:24, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Excellent, easy-going contributor. -- M P er el ( talk 05:09, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) I always liked trilobites. And Rhobite's ancestors. OK, seriously, I've run into Trilobite often and seen him doing good work, especially tackling vandalism. He'll make a great administrator. (Although he could use edit summaries a bit more often.) — Knowledge Seeker দ 05:19, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) I see this name all over the place, always doing good work. Easy support.  SWAdair | Talk  05:26, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Support. Easy decision. jni 09:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Support, valuable and very well experienced contributor. Sjakkalle 09:20, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Support - good resume with no signficant negatives. Firebug 18:45, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support.   [  +t,  +c  ] 20:01, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support, great contributor and janitor--nixie 01:51, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Support, great arthropod. Radiant_* 09:40, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Support, definitely. I've seen good contributions all over, and good evidence of communicating and working well with others. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:33, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Support. Everything I've seen from Trilobite has been good, so I will shamelessly add a "me too" vote. Isomorphic 15:54, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) Support. Strong contributor and likely to be an excellent admin.  Antandrus 02:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) Support, why the hell not? --Bjarki 00:30, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) Emsworth 00:49, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 28) Support, Seen you everywhere, lots of good work and tons of contributions. Kudos from a green contributor. Volatile 12:07, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 29) good user! dab (ᛏ) 18:29, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 30) Support. Mike H 01:27, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 31) Support. Bit worried about the "extensive cutting back", but I think we should trust him given his excellent track record.Grace Note 04:09, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 32) Support. utcursch | talk 08:13, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 33) Andre ( talk ) 20:00, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 34) Support'. Fine contributor. Filiocht | Blarneyman 08:34, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 35) Support. Ferkelparade π 08:45, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 36) Support. Kingturtle 17:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 37) Would it be moot to support at this point? :^) - Lucky 6.9 04:53, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oppose Neutral
 * 1) "Wikipedia is an unruly jungle that grows with vigour but requires extensive cutting back of overgrown vegetation." Mmmm, I don't much like the sound of that. I know what that means. Everyking 04:21, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) *What on earth is that supposed to mean? Radiant_* 12:18, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) **It means Everyking thinks Trilobite's "too deletionist." He always votes against people he views as deletionist.   [  +t,  +c  ] 20:01, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) ***That seems rather silly - being or not being an admin has no bearing on Trilobite's ability to vote for or against deletion, nor on his opinions towards that. Radiant_* 09:40, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) *You could, perhaps, ask him what it means...to continue the metaphor, perhaps he just thinks we should mow the lawn of Wikipedia, not that we should pave it or salt the earth. Or that he prefers topiary to untended growth. --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 15:47, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) **It means, basically, that because of Wikipedia's anarchic nature, whereby anyone can come along and create an article, there's always a lot of work to do to clear up mess that people have left—much more so than in the traditional model of encyclopedia creation. I don't see that that's a particularly controversial statement unless construed to mark me down as someone in favour of wholesale deletion of great swathes of articles, which I am not. Not a great deal of thought went into that comment and it has no great significance as far as my attitude towards administrative tasks goes. It was just an observation on how Wikipedia is different from encyclopedias that have gone before it. I like Wikipedia's anarchic nature and consider it a great strength. — Trilobite (Talk) 16:01, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Oppose. ✏ Oven Fresh  ²  21:49, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) *Please state reasons. Kingturtle 17:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Oppose. ugen 64 06:33, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) *Please state reasons. Kingturtle 17:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Does not meet my admin criterion, jguk 07:18, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Trilobite currently has 7030 total edits: 4257/374 to articles/talk, 587/5 to Image/talk, 571/1 to Category/talk, 188/371 to User/talk, 529/22 to Wikipedia/talk, and 116/9 to Template/talk. —Korath (Talk) 14:30, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since a couple of voters have asked for me to make more use of edit summaries I will say here that I have taken that on board and will try to use a summary for every edit in future. I use them most of the time already, but sometimes just check the minor box for things like spelling or grammar fixes. Everyking is of course perfectly entitled to oppose for any reason he wants, but I'd like to reassure him even so that I am not intending to go on some deletionist campaign, nor do I even consider myself a deletionist, voting to keep frequently on VfD. The bit he quotes refers more to things like this that get thrown at us every day, rather than any well-written articles about minor or obscure topics. Just because I might not too keen on reading articles on things like minor Tolkein characters doesn't mean that I actually want them deleted. I hope this answers a few people's concerns. — Trilobite (Talk) 12:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I would certainly be willing to assist with tasks like speedy deletion of nonsense and clearing out copyvios. The ability to block vandals would also be very useful. I am often frustrated when I come across persistent vandals who have been given standard warnings again and again but have not been blocked. I would of course exercise such powers sparingly and with restraint. I'm well aware of problems like the risk of inadvertently blocking legitimate contributors, and I believe I'm familiar with most aspects of Wikipedia policy as it applies to administrators by now. I would be sure to double check my rights and responsibilities when using sysop powers for the first time. The ability to edit things like the In The News template would also be appreciated.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I have a long-term goal of producing a featured article one day, however, so far I don't feel that I've written a particular article that I can point to as my single best piece of work. My contributions tend to be spread around the wiki instead of focused on the writing of complete articles from scratch. If you want an example of an article I've written that I'm fairly satisfied with, I'd point you to something like Olli Rehn. I also like to add little articles here and there, such as age set, but as I said, writing whole articles is not my main activity.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I've never been involved in any serious dispute and I don't feel I've made any enemies here. Of course there have been occasions when I've had disagreements with other editors, but I'd like to think that I've always been able to resolve these civilly. If granted adminship I will be even more careful to observe good Wikiquette, as sysops are perceived by many as the 'official' face of Wikipedia.


text:
Roberto González Nieves

Roberto Octavio González Nieves, O.F.M. (born June 2, 1950) is an American Catholic prelate who has served as Archbishop of San Juan de Puerto Rico since 1999.

González previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston from 1988 to 1995, and as Bishop of Corpus Christi from 1997 to 1999 after two years as coadjutor. He devoted his first decade as a priest to pastoral work in the Bronx, New York City.

Early life and education
Roberto González was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, on June 2, 1950, to Puerto Rican parents. His father was a graduate of Seton Hall. He moved with his family to San Juan and grew up in a parish staffed by Franciscans. He has described himself as "a child of the Puerto Rican diaspora, my emotional and primary homeland". From 1957 to 1964 he attended Academia Santa Monica in Santurce, a district of San Juan, and then began his priestly formation at St. Joseph Seraphic Minor Seminary in Callicoon, New York, from 1964 to 1968. He graduated from Siena College in Loudonville, New York, in 1973 with a B.A. in English.

González was accepted as a candidate for the Franciscans at Christ House in Lafayette, New Jersey, in 1970 and he entered the novitiate of the Order at St. Francis Friary in Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1971. González professed his first vows on 25 August 1974 and his solemn vows on 21 August 1976.

González earned a Master of Sacred Theology degree in 1977 from the Washington Theological Coalition in Silver Spring, Maryland. He earned a master's degree in 1978 and then his doctorate in 1984, both in sociology, at Fordham University in New York City. His these was Ecological, Ethnic and Cultural Factors of Church Practice in an Urban Roman Catholic Church.

Priest
On May 8, 1977, González was ordained a priest for the Franciscans by Lorenzo Graziano, Bishop Emeritus of San Miguel in El Salvador, himself a Franciscan. Beginning in 1982, González served at St. Pius V Parish and then from 1986 to 1988 at Holy Cross Parish, both in the Bronx. In 1987, New York City Mayor Ed Koch included González as one of his six appointees to the New York City Police Review Panel.

Bishop
On July 19, 1988, Pope John Paul II appointed González an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston and titular bishop of Ursona. He received his episcopal consecration in Boston on October 3, 1988, from Cardinal Bernard Law, with two cardinals as co-consecrators: John O'Connor of New York and Luis Aponte Martínez of San Juan.

On May 16, 1995, González was appointed coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Corpus Christi in Texas by John Paul II. On April 1, 1997, he succeeded as bishop of the diocese upon the retirement of Bishop René Gracida.

He served on two committees of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: Hispanic Affairs and the Church in Latin America.

Archbishop of San Juan
On March 26, 1999, González was appointed archbishop of the Archdiocese of San Juan by John Paul II. He was installed as archbishop on May 8, 1999. Attendees included the mayor of San Juan, Sila Calderón and former Governor Carlos Romero Barceló. González' retiring predecessor, Cardinal Luis Aponte Martínez, observed that the ceremony marked the first time that a Puerto Rican archbishop handed the see over to another Puerto Rican archbishop.

Almost immediately, González raised his profile across the island. In September 1999, he joined Rev. Jesse Jackson at an interfaith prayer service in East Harlem in New York City, where he preached in Spanish on themes of Puerto Rican nationalism and anti-colonialism. He distanced himself from any specific position on the legal status of Puerto Rico, but said he favored institutions that "foster the national identity of the Puerto Rican people". He has articulated outspoken and often controversial views, particularly in defense of the US Navy-Vieques protests and in his denunciation of homosexuality, among other things. His actions in the Vieques protests won him international notoriety, and he has been viewed as a strong Latin-American leader of the Catholic Church.

González has proclaimed his pride in being Puerto Rican, has asked the U.S. Government to work hard to preserve the national identity of Puerto Ricans, and criticized political corruption in Puerto Rico.

During the spring of 2006, along with several Protestant leaders, he was instrumental in persuading Puerto Rican Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, Senate President Kenneth McClintock, and House Speaker José Aponte Hernández to resolve Puerto Rico's fiscal crisis, which had sparked a two-week-long government shutdown.

In 2011, González was the target of charges that he was mismanaging the archdiocese. The Congregation for the Clergy, with the backing of the Congregation for Bishops, appointed an apostolic visitor, Archbishop Antonio Arregui Yarza of Guayaquil in Ecuador, to conduct an investigation, which he began on October 25. Archbishop Jozef Wesolowski, was eventually identified as Gonzalez' "principal and most insistent accuser". Since becoming apostolic delegate to Puerto Rico in 2008, he had clashed repeatedly with González, particularly disturbed, according to La Stampa, by González' Puerto Rican advocacy. He submitted confidential reports that included claims González had mishandled cases of priests accused of sexual abuse and sold Catholic school property without authorization. González indicated he would contest, in particular, any claim that he had not properly dealt with charges of sexual abuse on the part of priests.
 * Apostolic visitation

As González awaited the results of the investigation, the bishops of Puerto Rico demonstrated their confidence in him by electing him the president of their conference in December 2012. That same month he refused when pressured to resign by Vatican officials, responding instead with a lengthy rebuttal in February 2013. When details of the standoff became public, almost a hundred Catholic organizations formed a coalition to demonstrate their solidarity with González.

The Vatican cleared González of all the charges against him in June 2013. In August, Wesolowski was removed as apostolic delegate and the failure of the Vatican to credit his claims against González was thought to explain his departure. Wesolowski was in fact removed because he was suspected of sexually abusing minors. After a canonical trial he was laicized in June 2014.

In 2013, he succeeded in arranging for the remains of Puerto Rican "founding father" Ramón Power y Giralt (1775–1813) to be transferred from Spain to Puerto Rico. He worked with the Bishop of Cádiz and Ceuta to accomplish this project which had long been frustrated by political infighting and bureaucratic hurdles, despite the fact that Power is recognized as a hero by all of Puerto Rico's political factions. González had prepared a mausoleum chapel alongside the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista to receive the remains of Power and of Juan Alejo de Arizmendi, the first Puerto Rican bishop of San Juan, but in December 2022 Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, the Holy See's Secretary of State, had ordered González not to proceed with the interments and to stop calling the chapel, which Gonzalez inaugurated in 2011, the altar de la patria.
 * Altar of the Homeland

Power's remains arrived in San Juan on April 6, 2013; González called the transfer "a boost to our identity" and a moment of clarification for Puerto Rico. By then González could count on support from his friend, the newly elected Pope Francis, and on May 18 the Congregation for Divine Worship told him it had no objection to moving Power's remains into the cathedral. On June 2, González decreed the establishment of the "Chapel of the Holy Christ of the entire Puerto Rican nation" to serve as "a privileged place dedicated to prayer for Puerto Rico, its nation, including its diaspora and all its inhabitants". On June 10, 2013, the 200th anniversary of Power's death in Cádiz, his remains and those of Arizmendi were reinterred in the chapel. González said: "If this Altar of the Homeland leads us to erect an Altar of the Homeland in our hearts, then all this effort has been worth it."

Since 2013, filmmaker Richard Rossi has promoted the cause for sainthood of baseball player Roberto Clemente, a process which needs to begin in the Archdiocese of San Juan where Clemente died. Despite periodic false reports of action on the part of the Vatican or Pope Francis, the archdiocese has not confirmed that the process has begun. Rossi has said that Gonzalez "has been less passionate than Pope Francis" about Clemente's chances, but the Washington Post was unable as of 2017 to establish that the pope is aware of the case. Gonzalez has not made his views known.
 * Other activities

He attend both sessions of the Synod of Bishops on the Family as president of the Episcopal Conference of Puerto Rico in October 2014 and October 2015. At the 2015 meeting, he described the current practice of divorced and remarried Catholics approaching the priest with their arms crossed to receive a blessing and called it "a manifestation of the desire of sacramental communion" in which "they humble themselves before the community by making clear to all their illegal status; as if to say: Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa!" He suggested a pastoral approach that would guide them on a "penitential journey", questioned the requirement that a spouse abandon their partner in an unsanctioned marriage, and underscored "the efficacy of the penitential sacrament as a sacrament of conversion".

Honors
González has received honorary doctorates from St. Bonaventure University (New York), Universidad Central de Bayamón (Puerto Rico), Siena College (New York), and the Graduate Theological Foundation (Puerto Rico). Regis College in Massachusetts awarded him its Presidential Medal in 2000. Fordham awarded him its Sapientia et Doctrina award in recognition of his contributions to Hispanic ministry in 2009.

title: Roberto González Nieves


text:
Gracia Hillman

Gracia M. Hillman is the former Vice President for External Affairs at Howard University in Washington, D.C. She grew up in New England, USA. She is the daughter of the late Maria DaGraca Hillman and the late George Hillman. She has two brothers, George Hillman, Jr. and Robert W. Hillman. Ms. Hillman is of Cape Verdean descent.

She was formerly a commissioner of the Election Assistance Commission from 2003 to 2010. She was nominated by President George W. Bush on October 3, 2003 and confirmed by unanimous consent of the United States Senate on December 9, 2003 to serve a two-year term on the U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC). Hillman served as Chair of the EAC in 2005, after serving as the Agency's first Vice Chair in 2004. She resigned on December 10, 2010 after reaching the two-term limit for commissioners.

In her career, Commissioner Hillman has handled both domestic and international issues. Her areas of expertise include nonprofit management, public policy and program development, political services, the interests and rights of women and minorities, community affairs and election related matters, including voting rights.

She has traveled extensively throughout the United States meeting with national and local groups and businesses; speaking at conferences, conventions and other public forums; and conducting a variety of training and development seminars. Through her international work, Commissioner Hillman traveled in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Europe. She conducted nonpartisan political training in Haiti and Kenya, and participated in UN sponsored conferences in Vienna, Beijing and at the United Nations in New York.

Prior to 2003, Hillman served as President and CEO of WorldSpace Foundation, a nonprofit organization that uses cutting edge digital satellite technology to deliver audio and multimedia education programs to Africa and Asia. She also served the U.S. Department of State as its first Senior Coordinator for International Women’s Issues where she was responsible for developing agency-wide strategies to ensure that U.S. foreign policy promoted and protected women’s rights. She was the State Department’s principal liaison with domestic nongovernmental organizations that are concerned with international women’s rights and the role of women in development. In 1995, Hillman was a member of the official U.S. delegation to the United Nation’s Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing.

Her work experience includes having served as Executive Director of the League of Women Voters of the U.S., the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation and the National Coalition on Black Voter Participation, which sponsored the popular nonpartisan grassroots program, Operation Big Vote. She also held positions as Executive Consultant to the Council on Foundations and Coordinator of the Voter Law Policy Project for the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.

Throughout the 1980s, Hillman championed many nonpartisan and bi-partisan efforts to ensure open access to the voting process for all citizens and the continued voting rights of minority Americans, including her work on the historic 25-year extension of the national Voting Rights Act. Her political experiences include paid and volunteer work on numerous local, statewide and national campaigns, including having served as a Senior Advisor with responsibility for Congressional and constituent relations for the 1988 Dukakis for President Campaign.

In 1990, Hillman was made the Executive Director of the League of Women Voters of the United States, the first Cape Verdean American to hold that position.

Hillman began her longtime commitment to public service and the nonprofit sector in 1970, when she worked for a community action program in her home state of Massachusetts. She also held management positions in Massachusetts State government. She has served on the boards and advisory committees of numerous local and national organizations concerned with public service, citizen participation and the development of public policy. Hillman was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board in 2015.

Her writings include “Toward A More Perfect Union: The Congressional Black Caucus & Voting Rights,” and “E-Voting and Democracy in America.”

Hillman has one son from her former marriage and currently resides in Washington, DC.

title: Gracia Hillman


text:
Magpie River

Magpie River may refer to:

 * Magpie River (Ontario) in Ontario, Canada
 * Magpie River (Quebec) in northern Quebec, Canada

title: Magpie River


text:
CHCH Television Tower

The CHCH Television Tower was a 357.5 metre 1,173 feet-high guyed TV mast located at 481 First Road West in Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada. The tower housed the primary transmitter for the independent television station CHCH-DT as well as that of CITS-DT, the flagship of the religious Yes TV television system. The tower also housed the transmitter for CING-FM. It was the fourth-tallest structure in Canada while standing.

When completed in 1960, the CHCH Television Tower became the tallest structure in Canada. Only five structures built since then have surpassed its height: the CN Tower in Toronto (completed in 1976), the Cape Race LORAN-C transmitter (completed in 1963, collapsed in 1993), the Inco Superstack in Sudbury (completed in 1971) and the original and replacement guyed mast(s) of the CKX-TV Tower (completed in 1973, collapsed in 1983, rebuilt in 1985). The CHCH tower ranked thirteenth in height among the tallest structures in the Commonwealth of Nations.

The mast was located on the edge of the Niagara Escarpment, so when viewed from the bottom of the escarpment with an elevation some 100+ meters or 300+ feet lower, it appeared exceptionally tall.

In November 2023, the tower began being dismantled by the use of a gin pole since the property was sold to a land developer. CHCH erected a new tower in Flamborough which began construction in early summer 2023 and became operational in late November of that same year. The new transmitter is located on Hwy 5 near Millgrove Side Road. The new tower is 304.8 metres or 1,000 feet tall.

Early morning on March 13th, 2024, the entire remaining half of the tower was demolished while the first half was removed via gin pole. Due to the height of the tower and surrounding housing development, the entire structure could not be demolished all at once.

title: CHCH Television Tower