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Jauja

Jauja (Shawsha Wanka Quechua: Sausa, Shawsha or Shausha, formerly in Spanish Xauxa, with pronunciation of "x" as "sh") is a city and capital of Jauja Province in Peru. It is situated in the fertile Mantaro Valley, 45 km to the northwest of Huancayo (the capital of Junín Region), at an altitude of 3400 m. Its population in 2015 was 15,432.

Jauja, which flourished for a short time, was once the capital of Spanish Peru, prior to the founding of Lima as the new capital. Its name is referenced in the popular Spanish expression país de Jauja, which literally means "country of Jauja", but is used figuratively to mean a "never never land" or a "land of milk and honey". The town, with a laid back ambiance and salubrious climate, has narrow streets with houses painted blue. Laguna de Paca lake is close to the city.

History
Previous to Inca era, the area formed part of the Xauxa-Wanka confederation, a town was inhabited by Xauxa people in the vicinity before the Incas. The Xauxas eventually accepted Inca domination, being renowned warriors Xauxa contributed with soldiers to the campaigns of political and military expansion towards Quito.

During the initial expansion of Inca civilization, Incas established the provincial administrative center of "Hatun Xauxa", the head of the province or wanami of Xauxa. The city of Xauxa was interconnected with the rest of the empire by the main section of the Qhapaq Ñam highway, a royal road connecting Cusco to Quito.

After the Inca Emperor Wayna Qhapaq died in Quito, his body paused at Xauxa, en route to Cusco, as means of respect for the city and his inhabitants because they had been some of the most loyal to his cause of pacifying the northern provinces, roughly modern-day Ecuador.

When Inca civil war broke out, Xauxas supported the Waskar-led faction. Xauxa became military headquarters for the southern faction army against Atawallpa, Xauxa provided soldiers, supplies, storage, etc. to a number of Waskar's generals such as Atoc "The Fox", Hango, or Guanca Auqui the son of Wayna Qhapaq and a Xauxa wife.

Eventually, the Waskar's troops lost the city at the hands of the Inca general Challco Chima as Atawallpa's army continued advancing south towards Cusco.

After capturing Cusco, the Atawallpa general Quiz Quiz took Waskar hostage and imprisoned him in a fortress of Xauxa, he would be later drowned in the nearby Andamarca river.

Months after the Battle of Cajamarca, impatient for the Atwallpa's ransom to be fully paid, waiting at Cajamarca, Francisco Pizarro sent his brother Hernando Pizarro to Pachacamac and Cusco in order to the recollect part of the ransom payment. Upon his return to Cajamarca, Hernando meets Challco Chima in the Xauxa Valley, where he was stationed with his army of 35,000, Hernando deceived Challco Chima by telling him Atawallpa himself requested of his immediate presence at Cajamarca, although suspicious of Hernando, Challco Chima accepted the request and left his army in order to travel with Hernando to Cajamarca where he would be taken captive.

Shortly before Hernando Pizarro arrival to Xauxa, the Waskar's supporting inhabitants revolted against occupying Atawallpa's army and Challco Chima responded by beheading the leaders of the revolt and putting their heads on pikes, for their supporters he ordered the mutilation of men's and women's hands and tongues and that this occurred in the Pampa de Maquinwayo, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of present-day Jauja A Cusquenian noble accompanying the Spanish named Antamareca Mayta, a supporter of Waskar's faction on the civil war, fiercely faced Challco Chima, calling him on the assassinations, Challco Chima immediately responded by attacking the noble or "orejon" (name used by the Spaniards to refer Inca nobles because of the ceremonial earplugs they wore) but they were separated. "Until when, Chalco Chima, your cruelties must end. When will it be the day that you and that fierce beast of your captain Quizquiz have had enough of human blood. Tell me, rabid puma (puma-ranra)"Later, advancing towards Cuzco, Pizarro's force stopped in Xauxa, where Francisco had Challco Chimac burned alive because of suspicions of secret communications between him and Quiz Quiz, Spanish paranoid increased after the sudden death of Topa Wallpa, who was affiliated to Waskar's Cusco-based faction on the Inca civil war."Xauxa was a considerable town...seated in the midst of a verdant valley, fertilized by a thousand little rills, which the thrifty Indian husbandmen drew from the parent river. There were several capacious buildings of rough stone...and a temple of some note."Today the partial ruins of this settlement can be seen on a hill, approximately 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) southeast of the town.

After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking Cusco in 1533, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro established Xauxa as Peru's first capital in April 1534. It was named "Santa Fe de Hatun Xauxa" in keeping with the Quechua name. In the same year, Pizarro and his men discovered that Xauxa was home to huge accumulations of Inca food, clothing and wealth. The Spaniards recognized that they could live comfortably for months.

When the decision was made in 1535 to move the capital to Lima to take advantage of proximity to the port (Callao), Lima began to overshadow Jauja's importance. During colonial times, Jauja became dependent upon Tarma. Later Huancayo, increased in importance and surpassed Jauja as a commercial centre. Between 1742 and 1756, Juan Santos Atahuala led an uprising in the mountains of Jauja, one of many revolts that would occur in Peru over the years. The first mayor of Jauja was Don Arias Villalobos.

Jauja's dry climate was recognized, however, as being beneficial for patients with respiratory tract tuberculosis. In this regard, the Jauja hospital cared for many Spaniards. The wealth that they brought to Jauja helped it regain in popularity and strengthened the legend of "the land of Cockaigne". With the establishment of the sanatorium "Domingo Olavegoya" Jauja patients came from many parts of the world, making Jauja a cosmopolitan city. This was described in the novel País de Jauja, by Edgardo Rivera Martínez. Tombstones with names from all over the world can be seen in the Jauja cemetery, but after the development of antibiotics, the city began to lose its importance as a health mecca. The small city, however, has retained much of its colonial-era charm. Over the years the people of Jauja have come to refer to their town and region as "el país de Jauja"; this name was also used in Rivera's book on the area and its culture.

Geography
Jauja lies in the fertile Mantaro Valley at an altitude of 3352 m. It is located along Highway 3S which eventually leads to Lima, 40 km to the northwest of the regional capital of Huancayo. 4 km to the north of the town is Laguna de Paca, covering an area of 21.4 km2. To the west of the town, near the village of Chocon, is the Laguna Tragadera. Villages located in close proximity to Jauja include Huerta, Jauja|Huerta, Viscap, Huaripampa, Julcán, Jauja, Ataura, Masma, Mantaro, Huamali, Muquiyauyo, Chocon and San Pedro de Chulan and Yauli, to the east of Laguna de Paca to the north.

The river that originates in the Mantaro River Valley, is called the Mantaro River that flows near the Jauja town into a large alluvial plain. Montaro River valley forms the central highlands of Peru bounded by towering Cordillera ranges which has three tributary valleys known as the Masma, the Paca and the Yanamarca. Formation of this region is attributed to diverse sedimentary, glacial and tectonic activity. The valley formation is dated to the Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene uplift unconformity. Its location is about 8 km to the south east of La Oroya town (a smelting centre of mining industry), 60 km to the south of Tarma and 40 km to the north of Huancayo.

Climate
The dry climate of the city made Jauja a common place for tuberculosis sufferers to move to since the dry air was good for the kidneys and lungs. Its climate and its relative proximity to the capital of Lima (250 km) made it common for the inhabitants of the city of Lima to travel to this area continually. The weather is divided into three distinct seasons - the rainy season from November to April, winter from May to July and the dry sunny season, with strong winds from August to October.

Culture
Today, Jauja is a city whose main activity is in the retail trade of agricultural products produced in the Mantaro Valley. Its streets are narrow and the houses are mainly built in the Republican Andean style from adobe plastered with plaster, with large wooden doors or hallways. The pristine town is famous for its Wednesday and Sunday markets. Barrio La Libertad is one of the older neighbourhoods and is nestled in the eastern part of the city. Its plaza, also named La Libertad, contains a monument atop of which is a golden eagle. An archaeological museum is located in the town, which has exhibits of the ancient Huari culture. The town also has a fossil museum, a collection by a local man. The hill that forms the backdrop for the town has a fine row of Inca Stores and large number of circular buildings representing the Xauxa culture. Laguna de Paca lake also has number of such stone buildings in ruins.

Festivals
The cultural life in the city is vibrant, with many festivals and social and religious events taking place throughout the year. The most popular festival is the Feast of San Sebastian and San Fabian (20 January) when Tunantada is celebrated for one week. Tunantada derives from the Spanish 'Tunantes'. Some believe that the origin of the dance lies at the end of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the dawn of the Republican era of Peru. Through this dance of the festival, the natives imitate the Spanish, commemorating the years that the Spanish and natives existed alongside in Jauja. Locals dress up in the form of satirical wire mesh masks, eyes, whiskers and painted white complexion. Some of the dancers carry a baton and wear their pants to the knee, as if they were pure-blooded Spanish. The music initially starts with violin sounds, and then the sounds of clarinets, Andean harps, saxophones, etc.

Other important festivals include Carnival (February and March), the anniversary of the Spanish foundation of the city (April 25), Independence Day (July), Herranza (August), Feast of Mamanchic Rosario, patron saint of Jauja (October), and Adoration of the Child (December).

Churches
The Xauxas were the earliest settlers in this town, before the Inca also made it their home. This historical town is now seen only in ruins, with three notable carved wooden altars seen as a witness, in a modern adobe church built later in the town. Dating from 1564, the Jauja Cathedral (Iglesia Matriz de Jauja) was built in Baroque and Rococo style. Interior highlights include double drop ceiling tiles, finely carved wooden altars, colonial retablos, and the image of Our Lady of the Rosary (patron of Jauja).The church required rebuilding after collapsing in March 1836 when Estanilslao Marquez was the pastor. The systematic reconstruction was initiated in 1914 by parish priest Fr Paul. The façade was completed in 1921 under Father Barrier, a leading architect of religious buildings. Interior renovations began in 1928. The back of the presbytery includes Solomonic additions. The bell tower is modern and contains brass bells that can be heard for miles. In 1906, a chiming clock was incorporated under pastor Dr. Sixto G. Davila.

Built in Gothic style, the Capilla Cristo Pobre church ("Poor Christ Chapel") is one of the most notable architectural examples in Jauja. It is patterned after Notre-Dame de Paris. Via Crucis's paintings, brought from France, are on display at the Capilla de Cristo Pobre. The church is administered by the Daughters of Charity and is part of the San Vicente de Paul High School.

Legend
In Spanish language, Jauja is also the name of the proverbial "Land of Cockaigne" where people can live without having to work. Over time, in folk song and legend, the Valley of Jauja became associated with the Land of Cockaigne. However, it was the riches of the real Jauja at the time of the Spanish conquest that created this myth. The myths sometimes depict Jauja as an island and other times as a city in a mythical land. Along the Texas-Mexico border, La ciudad de Jauja is known as a comic folksong about the legend of Jauja as the "Land of Cockaigne".

The Legend of the Laguna de Paca, by Poet Laureate (of Jauja, and the Mantaro Valley), Dr. Dennis L. Siluk (2011)

In a related vein, Jauja is the setting for an episode of "Prisoners of the Sun", one of the books in the comics series on the Adventures of Tintin by the Belgian artist Hergé.

High schools

 * Colegio Estatal Industrial Integrado Juan Maximo Villar de Jauja (Ex 501)
 * Colegio Nacional San Jose de Jauja
 * Colegio Nuestra Señora del Carmen de Jauja
 * Colegio San Vicente de Paul de Jauja
 * Colegio Sagrado Corazon de Jesus
 * Colegio Enrique F. Gomez Espinoza
 * Colegio Juan Pablo II (private)
 * Colegio San Agustín
 * Colegio particular Jauja

Transport
Jauja is connected by highway to Lima and La Oroya. Jauja is the only city in the center of the country with an airport, Francisco Carle Airport. Jauja airport was officially recognized in 1995 and currently receives daily commercial flights. It is currently served by one airline carrier, LATAM. Most travelers to domestic and international destinations connect in Lima's Jorge Chávez International Airport.

Notable people

 * Hugo Orellana Bonilla
 * Daniel Alomía Robles

title: Jauja


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Escalation of commitment

Escalation of commitment is a human behavior pattern in which an individual or group facing increasingly negative outcomes from a decision, action, or investment nevertheless continue the behavior instead of altering course. The actor maintains behaviors that are irrational, but align with previous decisions and actions.

Economists and behavioral scientists use a related term, sunk-cost fallacy, to describe the justification of increased investment of money or effort in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment ("sunk cost") despite new evidence suggesting that the future cost of continuing the behavior outweighs the expected benefit.

In sociology, irrational escalation of commitment or commitment bias describe similar behaviors. The phenomenon and the sentiment underlying them are reflected in such proverbial images as "throwing good money after bad", or "In for a penny, in for a pound", or "It's never the wrong time to make the right decision", or "If you find yourself in a hole, stop digging."

Early use
Escalation of commitment was first described by Barry M. Staw in his 1976 paper, "Knee deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action".

Researchers, inspired by the work of Staw, conducted studies that tested factors, situations and causes of escalation of commitment. The research introduced other analyses of situations and how people approach problems and make decisions. Some of the earliest work stemmed from events in which this phenomenon had an effect and help explain the phenomenon.

Research and analysis
Over the past few decades, researchers have followed and analyzed many examples of the escalation of commitment to a situation. The heightened situations are explained in three elements. Firstly, a situation has a costly amount of resources such as time, money and people invested in the project. Next, past behavior leads up to an apex in time where the project has not met expectations or could be in a cautious state of decline. Lastly, these problems all force a decision-maker to make choices that include the options of continuing to pursue a project until completion by adding additional costs, or canceling the project altogether.

Researchers have also developed an argument regarding how escalation of commitment is observed in two different categories. Many researchers believe that the need to escalate resources is linked to expectancy theory. "According to such a viewpoint, decision makers assess the probability that additional resource allocations will lead to goal attainment, as well as the value of goal attainment (i.e., rewards minus costs), and thereby generate a subjective expected utility associated with the decision to allocate additional resources." The next phase of the escalation process is self-justification and rationalizing if the decision the leader made used resources well, if the resources being used were used to make positive change, and assuring themselves that the decision they chose was right. Leaders must balance costs and benefits of any problem to produce a final decision. What matters most often in assuring the leader that they made the right choice regardless of the final outcome is if their decision is what others believed in.

Research conducted on the topic has been taken from many other forms and theories of psychology. Many believe that what researchers have done thus far to explain this behavior is best analyzed and tested through situational development and resource allocation.

Other research has identified circumstances that lead to the opposite of escalation of commitment, namely deescalation of commitment. This research explains the factors that influence whether escalation or deescalation of commitment is more likely to occur through the role of budgeting and mental accounting.

Vietnam War
Escalation of commitment can many times cause behavior change by means of locking into resources. One of the first examples of escalation of commitment was described by George Ball, who wrote to President Lyndon Johnson to explain to him the predictions of the war outcome:

"The decision you face now is crucial. Once large numbers of U.S. troops are committed to direct combat, they will begin to take heavy casualties in a war they are ill equipped to fight in a noncooperative if not downright hostile countryside. Once we suffer large casualties, we will have started a well-nigh irreversible process. Our involvement will be so great that we cannot—without national humiliation—stop short of achieving our complete objectives. Of the two possibilities, I think humiliation would be more likely than the achievement of our objectives—even after we have paid terrible costs."

Self-justification theory
Self-justification thought process is a part of commitment decisions of leaders and managers of a group and can therefore cause a rise in commitment levels. This attitude provides "one explanation for why people escalate commitment to their past investments." Managers make decisions that reflect previous behavior. Managers tend to recall and follow information that is aligned to their behavior to create consistency for their current and future decisions. If a group member or outside party recognizes inconsistent decision making, this can alter the leadership role of the manager. Managers have external influence from society, peers, and authority, which can significantly alter a manager's perception on what factors realistically matter when making decisions.

Prospect theory
Prospect theory helps to describe the natural reactions and processes involved in making a decision in a risk-taking situation. Prospect theory makes the argument for how levels of wealth, whether that is people, money, or time, affect how a decision is made. Researchers were particularly interested in how one perceives a situation based on costs and benefits. The framing to how the problem is introduced is crucial for understanding and thinking of the probability that the situation will either work in favor or against you and how to prepare for those changes. "Whyte (1986) argued that prospect theory provides the psychological mechanism by which to explain escalating commitment to a failing course of action without the need to invoke self-justification processes. (Fiegenbaum & Thomas, 1988: 99)" Prospect theorists believe that one's use of this process is when there is a negative downfall in the stakes that will affect the outcome of the project. To ensure they will not fail, the individual may add more resources to assure them that they will succeed. Although this theory seems realistic, researchers "Davis and Bobko (1986) found no effect of personal responsibility on continued commitment to the previous course of action in the positive frame condition." Which means that escalation of commitment will be lower in the higher responsibility situation.

Attribution theory
The attribution theory, originating from Fritz Heider, "attempts to find causal explanations for events and human behaviors." This theory approaches two methods of inquiry including locus of causality and stability. Locus of causality reflects on internal characteristics of an individual, such as intelligence levels and attention seeking, with the relationship of the external space such as weather forecasts and task difficulty. Aspects of control become a significant factor in how a manager justifies a decision made. Managers will use the relationship between internal and external factors to describe why they made a decision to a single point of view. Managers may justify their actions by explaining that this was out of their personal control of the event, or they could believe that the decision could not be controlled by anyone else. Research suggests that "the type of attribution made by an employee across these dimensions is likely to impact an employee's tendency to engage in the negative emotional activity referred to as escalation of commitment."

Social identity theory
Identity is a large part of how we move through the world. Private thoughts and opinions as well as the effect of others create the social identity theory. People make connections between their use of groups and their own view of themselves, which researchers have discovered motivates people to keep their social status and to defend it whenever it is endangered.

Temporal model of escalation
Groups engage in temporal comparisons, which means that you compare actions and behaviors at "different points in time." This is a form of social identity scenario. This type of comparison can be made when a decision seems unproductive and forces team members to consider any threat to the group.

Aggregate model
"The aggregate model's emphasis is upon the accumulation and balance of forces rather than the ordering of effects over time." The model is general and can provide an ideal view as to how the effects whether positive or negative are defined by micro and macro forces. This model goes by situation rather than what researchers have defined as the norm. There is no process to follow, which makes it very useful for researchers because they can understand a situation more clearly as well as see the bigger picture of the situation.

Determinants
The main drivers of the tendency to continue investing in losing propositions are project, psychological, social, and structural.

Project
Project determinants are those that refer to the original commitments and decisions made at a project's beginning. This includes general project characteristics and initial financial costs. Among them, decision risk, opportunity cost information, and information acquisition have been found to have negative relationships with escalation of commitment. Decision uncertainty, positive performance trend information, and expressed preference for initial decision have been found to have positive relationships.

High costs of ending a project or changing its course, potential financial gain upon completion, and extensive structure can factor in to escalation of commitment, making it difficult to walk away from the project. Preventing future monetary loss, potential savings, and having clearly available alternatives can allow for avoidance of the behavior. In studies by Teger and later Ross and Staw, situations where ending an action costs more than completing it resulted in decision makers being trapped in their current, costly behaviors.

Psychological
Psychological determinants are those that refer to internal views on the actions and information involved in a project. This can include cognitive factors, personality, and emotions as they relate to project elements. Of these, sunk costs, time investment, decision maker experience and expertise, self-efficacy and confidence, personal responsibility for the initial decision, ego threat, and proximity to project completion have been found to have positive relationships with escalation of commitment, while anticipated regret and positive information framing have been found to have negative relationships.

Optimism and belief that one has control over what will still be positive outcomes lead to continued self-justification of commitment to actions. People add to their initial personal investments in the hope they will overcome currently negative results. This was illustrated in a case study by Staw, where providing business students with manipulated responsibilities for initial decisions and their outcomes resulted in the greatest commitment to increased actions and resources when the initial decision assigned was made directly by the student with poor outcomes. In these instances, people take further risk in an attempt to avoid further problems. This is even more likely when subjects view current issues as having unstable reasoning rather than stable reasoning, or when the individual is unwilling to admit mistakes. They then believe the situation will stabilize or turn around. Confirmation bias can also lead to escalation of commitment as individuals are then less likely to recognize the negative results of their decisions. On the other hand, if the results are recognized, they can be blamed on unforeseeable events occurring during the course of the project.

The effect of sunk costs is often seen escalating commitment. When the amount of investment is greater and can not be recovered, the desire to avoid complete loss of those resources and keeping with impression management prompts continued investment over pulling out. Relatedly, as invested resources can include time, closeness to completion of a project yields similar results. More value is placed on project when they are early or late in their process due to the clarity of completion goals at those points. It's more likely that risks will be taken at these points than in a project closer to a visible midpoint.

Social
Social determinants are those that refer to the expectations and influence of other individuals or groups on project actions. Included in these, group identity or cohesive strength has been found to have the most influence on escalation of commitment while public evaluation of decision and resistance to decision from others has little significance in relation.

Structural
Structural determinants are those that refer to the cultural and environmental features and resources of the project's overall organization. The minimal research available on them indicates that agency problems most influence escalation of commitment.

There are macro-level variables that affect the organizational structure of a team and how they make decisions. Decisions are made based on individuals in a group setting with specific roles and responsibilities and effect decisions that are a product of interaction in the team. The determinant that affects escalation of commitment is institutional inertia. This phenomenon is used to describe how individual attitudes and behavior changes frequently, so therefore, a group's stature is also unpredictable and controllable. "Organizations have very imperfect sensory systems, making them relatively impervious to changes in their environments."

This is one factor that plays a role in how issues are addressed. When there are a group of individuals involved in communication, decisions, and change, with the lack of consistency in the group, most of the tasks fail to complete. This phenomenon occurs in situations such as policy change, rulings and procedures.

This issue can also cause havoc for an organization when they are too attached to a policy, thought process or identity because they are not free to change. "On occasion, a project, product, or policy can become so closely tied to the values and purposes of the organization that it becomes almost unthinkable to consider withdrawal." One primary example of this phenomenon is the downfall of the Pan American World Airways company, commonly known as Pan Am. Pan Am was a well known airlines and hotel with hundreds of employees. With the turn of industry, airline policies were deregulated and caused financial downfall for Pan Am. The company over time made cuts to their company to stay afloat. The company believed that their image of being an airline was more important than being a successful company that they removed all of the assets that were in fact making them the largest amount of revenue only to save the image they thought they needed to remain to be Pan Am.

Groups vs individuals
In groups, it can be more difficult to attribute issues to a single, simpler determinant. While determinants are still applicable, oftentimes there are more complex factors when organizational goals and actions misalign. Groups, especially as they grow larger, can be resistant to changing course.

Even if the need to change course or cease action is recognized, communication speed, policies, and business politics can be hindrances. A larger organization, especially one with a spread of subgroups, has to communicate the argument and decision to go against previous actions across the appropriate levels. If this communication does not occur in a timely manner or is blocked, the final decision may not be made and acted upon. A decision that goes against existing rules and processes may also reach resistance even with support from those within the organization. Individuals and groups that are directly employed due to a project, have financial stake in it may provide enough opposition to prevent changes from being made as well. They feel personally responsible for the parts they've worked on and can also feel that they too are being replaced or terminated. Escalation of commitment can then occur in any of these situations. External groups can play an even larger part in escalating commitment if their power is greater than that of the group taking action and they use that power to directly lead and influence.

With a larger number of decision makers included, groups have the opportunity for greater productivity than single individuals, but they also have the opportunity for greater losses and escalation. Members can eliminate some of the escalation potential if they come to a better decision earlier on in the process and avoid the need to change course dramatically. Yet they can also hold onto a larger base of support for their initial actions to the point where escalation potential is increased. In this case, groupthink assists in keeping with the original decision and pressures towards conformity rather than dividing the group with other options. Also, a group whose members are not cohesive can have decreased escalation potential due to conflicts and varying levels of inclusion in the process.

Organizations that are family businesses are especially prone to escalation of commitment due to the added level of going through the family structure in addition to the business structure, allowing for further conflicts between the two. Business reputation, customer and share loss, and financial loss become risks.

Examples

 * SoftBank Group's spending billions in an investment rescue package for troubled company WeWork during 2019.
 * The dollar auction is a thought exercise demonstrating the concept.
 * After a heated and aggressive bidding war, property developer Robert Campeau ended up buying Bloomingdale's for an estimated $600 million more than it was worth. In 1992, The Wall Street Journal wrote regarding the bidding war that "we're not dealing in price anymore but egos." Campeau was forced to declare bankruptcy soon afterwards, in what was then the costliest personal bankruptcy in the US.
 * Certain fraud schemes exploit this behaviour, such as the Nigerian 419 Scam, where victims continue to spend money for alleged business deals, although the fraudulent character of the deal appears obvious to uninvolved people.
 * The Big Dig, a costly construction project in Boston
 * Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant
 * Taurus IT Project
 * AIG Government Assistance
 * 30–40% of software projects experience escalation of commitment due to their complexity and uncertainty. Intangibility makes determining the current status of projects especially difficult.
 * Denver International Airport's baggage handling system that was 2 years and $2 billion over budget in the 1990s
 * Congress and advocacy group support and investment in the 21st Century Community Learning Center, which has been found to fail to meet its goals
 * Continued funding for the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program for school children, which research showed doesn't lead to a meaningful decrease in drug use
 * The construction of Berlin Brandenburg Airport, which as of 2019 was €6.5 billion over budget and 10 years behind schedule. Until it was fully opened in November 2020, politicians and economists had raised doubts that the airport could ever be opened, while at the same time the project had been described as "too expensive to fail".
 * The Concorde project
 * Construction of the Channel tunnel
 * Construction of the American Dream Meadowlands complex in New Jersey, a project started in 2003 under the name Xanadu, plagued by financial and legal hurdles and numerous construction delays

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Escalation of commitment


text:
Cyclohexyl nitrite

Cyclohexyl nitrite is an organic compound, with formula C6H11NO2. It is the ester of cyclohexanol and nitrous acid, i.e. it is an alkyl nitrite. Like amyl nitrite and butyl nitrite, it acts as an antianginal due to vasodilation. The compound is colorless, volatile liquid.

Safety
Inhaling the cyclohexyl nitrite vapor can lead to headache and dangerously low blood pressure.

Recreational use
Since early 2020 cyclohexyl nitrite has become popular as a recreational drug called poppers, mostly labeled as Canadian formula in various online stores that offer purchase of the drug. When used as an inhalant the effects are described as - stimulating ejaculation and orgasm, relaxation of sphincter muscles during anal sex, therefore making this compound appealing to the gay community, although users describe the experience as not even close compared to other alkyl nitrites.

title: Cyclohexyl nitrite


text:
User:AndrewKepert/TeX sample

A sample TeX document, under development. See talk:TeX. Edit the page to grab the .tex file in a coherent format. Feel free to adjust it - it will eventually be an one-page sample document for the TeX article. A plain TeX version will follow.

title: User:AndrewKepert/TeX sample


text:
Menu key

In computing, the menu key, or application key, is a key previously found on Microsoft Windows-oriented computer keyboards. It was introduced at the same time as the Windows logo key. On keyboards including the key, its symbol would usually have been a small icon depicting a pointer hovering above a menu; it would typically have been found on the right side of the keyboard between the right Windows logo key and the right control key (or between the right AltGr key and the right control key). While the Windows key is present on the vast majority of keyboards intended for use with the Windows operating system, the menu key was frequently omitted in the interest of space, particularly on portable and laptop keyboards.

The key's primary function was to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right-mouse button. It was able to be used when the right-mouse button was not present on a mouse.

Some Windows public terminals did not have a Menu key on their keyboard with the goal of preventing users from right-clicking; however, in many Windows applications, a similar functionality could be invoked with the Shift keyboard shortcut, or sometimes Ctrl.

Some laptop computers include a menu function on the fn key (usually operated by typing Shift), however, this generally invokes functions built into the vendor's software and is not the same as the key described above. For example, the Logitech Illuminated Keyboard has an FN key where the menu key is usually found; pressing FN, together with the keyboard's print screen key (above home), produces the Menu key function.

Programmers using the Windows API can intercept this key by looking for a WM_KEYDOWN message with wParam VK_APPS (defined as 0x5D in winuser.h). It has key code 93 (VK_APPS 0x5D).

Android devices formerly came with physical menu buttons, but with the release of Android Honeycomb, this was deprecated in favor of an on-screen button.

In January 2024, Microsoft announced a Microsoft Copilot key that would replace the menu key on devices promoted as "AI PCs"—later branded as "Copilot Plus". If Copilot is disabled or not available in a user's market, this key would launch Windows Search.

title: Menu key


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North Anatolian Fault

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) (Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hattı) is an active right-lateral strike-slip fault in northern Anatolia, and is the transform boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate. The fault extends westward from a junction with the East Anatolian Fault at the Karliova Triple Junction in eastern Turkey, across northern Turkey and into the Aegean Sea for a length of 1200 −1500 kilometers. It runs about 20 km south of Istanbul. The North Anatolian Fault is similar in many ways to the San Andreas Fault in California. Both are continental transforms with similar lengths and slip rates. The Sea of Marmara near Istanbul is an extensional basin similar to the Salton Trough in California, where a releasing bend in the strike slip system creates a pull-apart basin.

Significant earthquakes
Since the disastrous 1939 Erzincan earthquake, there have been seven earthquakes measuring over 7.0 in magnitude, each happening at a point progressively further west. Seismologists studying this pattern believe that each earthquake may trigger the next. By analyzing the stresses along the fault caused by each large earthquake, they were able to predict the shock that hit the town of İzmit with devastating effect in August 1999. It is thought that the chain is not complete, and that an earthquake will soon strike further west along the fault – perhaps near the heavily populated city of Istanbul.

title: North Anatolian Fault


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Sandøya, Agder

Sandøya (Sand island) is an island in Tvedestrand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The 3.8 km2 island is located along the southern Skagerrak coast and it has roughly 200 permanent residents (2017). The island has no bridge to the mainland, and the inhabitants rely on boats for transportation. Cars are parked at the nearby island Borøya. There are only four cars on the island, which are seldom in use. Being close to the popular tourist attraction Lyngør (a nearby group of islands frequented by thousands of tourists every summer), Sandøya is a popular summer vacation spot. The population rises to several thousand in the summer.

Climate
The climate is mild, with mostly snow-free winters, and warm summers. The island probably gained its name because the soil consists mostly of sand. To maintain a garden, it is in many places necessary to enrich the soil with seaweed.

Though the island is in no way self-sufficient, with most of the adult residents working on the mainland, it manages to maintain a strong community, with a school, a kindergarten, a movie theater, a choir, a local store, a boat building workshop, and an architect's office. Several graphic artists also work on the island. The school teaches students from age six to age ten, after that, the children are sent to the mainland for further education.

History
The history of the island is similar to many other communities along the southern coast of Norway. Sandøya saw its prime during the 19th century, all the way to the late 1940s. In this period, trading and seamanship dominated this part of Norway, and most adult men sought work on the sea. There was a certain class distinction between the different parts of the small island. The east part, called "østergården", was dominated by the common sailors and fishermen, while the western part, "vestergården", was dominated by the wealthy shipowners. Supposedly several of the old sailors, despite having traveled around the world several times, had never been to the other side of the island. All the traveling had an effect on the local dialect (which is, sadly, dying out); the language was assimilated with English terms picked up by the sailors. Words such as "roofet" (for roof instead of in Norwegian; "taket"), "spoona" (for spoon, instead in Norwegian; "skjeia"), and so on.

In its prime (around 1900), inhabitants of Sandøya numbered between 600 and 700, and the school had more than 100 students. The school is still active, but seldom with more than fifteen students. There was a dock with an advanced system for packaging and freezing fish, and several quartz mines. Along with hundreds of thousands of Norwegians, many inhabitants of Sandøya emigrated from Norway to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Sandøya experienced a sharp decline in population during the first half of the 20th century, as sailing was replaced with steam-powered boats. In the early 1970s, the population reached an all-time low, and the school survived a year or two with only two pupils. However, several families found the car-free and safe island a good place to raise children. The population steadily increased, the number of school children increased, and a new grocery store opened. The store is currently (fall 2006) expanding.

Preserving the community
One factor which has helped to increase the population is district-friendly legislation executed by Tvedestrand municipality called "boplikt". The law forbids sale of houses to buyers, who do not live all year on Sandøya. The result is that the houses on the island are artificially low priced. The law is debated, and there have been several efforts to change it, but it is still in effect.

title: Sandøya, Agder


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ringnut

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:23, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ringnut
Ringnut - very little evidence on Google for the assertion made in this near dicdef entry. --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * Delete. If someone believes this is a real term, they can merge the info and redir to The Lord of the Rings. --Halidecyphon 15:24, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. BTW, http://operajamboree.crosswinds.net/WolfJ/wolfj05.html uses "Ringnut" to mean a fan of Wagner's Ring. P Ingerson 20:30, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. N-Mantalk 12:29, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ringnut


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User:ShadowLord

Jeroen Bogers

I am a computer programmer. Languages I program in include C, C++, PHP, MySQL, Delphi and Visual Basic. I have studied electrical engineering and am mostly active in industrial automation.

A program that I am currently developing under the GPL is RESGen (website). It is a tool for Half-Life server administrators to generate a resource file for a map (also termed a level), which can be read by the Half-Life engine. This enables players to download the level trough Half-Life.

I am very new to Wikipedia, especially editing and creating articles, but I am learning. I think Wikepedia is a great initiative.

title: User:ShadowLord


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Blood Debts

Blood Debts is a 1985 Filipino action film directed by Teddy Page and starring Richard Harrison, Mike Monty, James Gaines, and Daniel Andrew. It goes over the life of Mark Collins, a 45 year-old Vietnam veteran, who after witnessing his daughter being shot, becomes a vigilante. It is notable for its abrupt ending and is an Internet meme.

Plot
While enjoying a picnic, Sarah Collins (Catherine Miles) and her boyfriend are surprised by a gang of five juvenile hunters. They gang rape her and kill him, but just before they are about to kill her she escapes and runs to her parents' house. The gang members shoot Sarah in front of her father, a wealthy Vietnam veteran (Richard Harrison) named Mark. The boys wound him seriously and leave.

A few months later, after his health has returned, Mark manages to find the murderers and kills each one of them. He also keeps on walking the streets at night, looking for criminals in action to execute until his wife Yvette (Ann Jackson) convinces him to stop. However, he has been observed by the henchmen of Bill (Mike Monty), an enigmatic businessman desiring to crush the local drug syndicate. Bill gives orders to kidnap Yvette and forces Mark to continue his vigilante work.

Mark eventually escapes and stages a one-man assault on Bill's compound, obtaining and using progressively larger weapons from the henchmen he kills. However, Bill emerges with a pistol and shoots Mark in the back. As Bill prepares to shoot him again, Mark tears open his sleeve to reveal a small rocket launcher and fires off a last-ditch shot, blowing up Bill. The film ends with a freeze frame of the explosion and text informing the audience that "mark collins, age 45, gave himself up to the authorities after the incident. he is now serving a life sentence. [sic]”

Cast

 * Richard Harrison as Mark Collins
 * Ann Jackson as Yvette Collins (credited as "Mark's Wife")
 * Catherine Miles as Sarah Collins
 * Mike Monty as Bill
 * James Gaines as Peter

Reception
A mixed retrospective review at Spinning Image stated "Unsurprisingly the population of the Philippines has been rather cut down by the end, but that finale was what lent Blood Debts its shot at immortality: an abrupt, explosive retribution that was unexpectedly hilarious if you were in the right mood. It was a long way to go to reach it, though." Another review at the French B movie website said: "It is a safe bet that faced with such a display of crass stupidity, filthy rapes and summary executions, many will remain unmoved."

Another analysis of the film found that it was "nuts" and that "Teddy Page and Richard Harrison together seems to almost guarantee goofiness. The dubbing is some of the funniest this side of For Y'ur Height Only.", an assessment confirmed in the book Spinegrinder.

Internet popularity
The film ends very abruptly, with the credits rolling before the rocket explosion finishes or Bill's body parts hit the ground, with both actors substituted with obvious and crude stunt mannequins. Simultaneously, the song Lubricator by Frank McDonald is played over the scene and the credits, contrasting with the sour tone of the on-screen text describing Mark's fate. This ending has been uploaded several times on YouTube, usually with sarcastic titles to the effect of "The Proper Way to End Your Film"; the most popular upload on YouTube has over 9 million views.

title: Blood Debts


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Andreas Maislinger

Andreas Maislinger (born 26 February 1955 in St. Georgen near Salzburg, Austria) is an Austrian historian and political scientist and founder and former chairman of the Austrian Service Abroad. He also is the founder of the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award, the Braunau Contemporary History Days and the inventor of the idea of the House of Responsibility.

Studying and learning
Maislinger studied law and political science in Salzburg and political science and eastern-European history in Vienna, with study visits in, amongst others, Frankfurt am Main and Innsbruck. During his studies in Salzburg, Maislinger advocated for Austrian participation in the International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz; Austrian president Rudolf Kirchschläger declined. Kirchschläger later acknowledged the value of Maislinger's proposal of civilian service for reconciliation and atonement related to the Holocaust.

In 1980 he received his doctorate for a dissertation on the problems of Austrian defense policy. He subsequently held posts at the Institute for Political Science at the University of Innsbruck, the University of New Orleans as visiting assistant professor, the Humboldt University of Berlin for a research visit, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

In 1982 he co-founded the working group of independent peace initiatives of Austria and in 1986 he became a member of the founding committee of the Austrian-Israeli society Tirol. Until 1996, he published columns in the "Jüdische Rundschau" (Jewish Review).

Austrian Gedenkdienst
Together with Andreas Hörtnagl, Maislinger founded the Gedenkdienst (Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service). He successfully pleaded for the legal establishment of this kind of alternative to mandatory military service, aiming at promoting education and raising awareness about the Holocaust.

On 1 September 1992 the first young Austrian started his Gedenkdienst at the Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. Since then more the 1000 Gedenkdiener served in 23 countries worldwide. Prominent supporters of this program include Simon Wiesenthal, Teddy Kollek, Ari Rath and Gerhard Röthler.

In 1998 he founded the Austrian Service Abroad with Andreas Hörtnagl and Michael Prochazka, adding the Austrian Social Service and the Austrian Peace Service to the portfolio.

In October and November 2009 Andreas Maislinger made a 3-week lecturing and promotion tour through Canada and the United States.

In May 2023, Maislinger stepped down as chairman of the Austrian Service Abroad after public criticism.

House of Responsibility (HRB)
As a reaction to the participation of the FPÖ (Austrian Freedom Party) in the Austrian federal government in 2000, Maislinger suggested that the city of Braunau am Inn should establish a "House of Responsibility" in the birth house of Adolf Hitler.

Criticism
On 10 May 2023 the Austrian weekly news magazine Falter made severe accusations against Maislinger. Maislinger called one Gedenkdiener and threatened him with suicide, saying, "You'll have to live with the fact that I'm going to kill myself now.", according to Austrian news station Puls 24. Jonathan Dorner, who was doing his Gedenkdienst in 2019, was also the target of a suicide threat and numerous other threats after he had contradicted Maislinger and addressed problematic circumstances. Dorner sees a system in these threats; the announcement of his suicide was used against the young people in the association "to get his way when something did not go according to his plan." Furthermore, threats of criminal charges were also alleged. In response to an inquiry by Austrian newspaper Kurier, Maislinger commented that the allegations had been clarified with the help of an ombudsman team two years ago and that he had no intention of participating in a public discussion.

The Ministry of Social Affairs, which is supporting the organization financially, had been aware of the allegations since the fall of 2022, according to Puls 24. A suspension of funding would have been unreasonable based on the state of knowledge at the time, the ministry commented in response to an ORF query. Three days after the allegations were made public, Maislinger announced his resignation as Chairman of the Austrian Service Abroad. An external investigation of the allegations came to the conclusion that there had been cases of abuse of power by Maislinger. The organizational structure had been adjusted to prevent a similar concentration of power as had occurred under Maislinger.

Further activities
Since 1992, Maislinger has served as the scientific director of the annual Braunau Contemporary History Days in Braunau am Inn.

He also participates actively in projects promoting gifted children.

Since 2003 he is in charge of the Georg Rendl Symposion. He had founded the symposium to familiarise people with the life and works of the painter and author Georg Rendl, whom Maislinger had already met as a child in his hometown St. Georgen/Salzburg.

In 2006 he initiated the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award, rewarding people who actively contribute to the remembrance of the Holocaust.

Awards
In 2005 Maislinger received the Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria from the president of Austria, Heinz Fischer, and the Medal of Merit of the state of Tirol from Herwig van Staa and Luis Durnwalder.

On 8 November 2009 Andreas Maislinger was awarded with a Lifetime Achievement Award for "his 10 year fight to obtain official recognition of alternative, philanthropic service" at the Annual Dinner of the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust together with Holocaust survivor and producer of Schindler's List Branko Lustig.

On 2 October 2012 Andreas Maislinger was awarded the Ordre national du Mérite issued by the president of France Nicolas Sarkozy in the French embassy in Vienna.

Publications
(Selection)

 * "Friedensbewegung in einem neutralen Land. Zur neuen Friedensbewegung in Österreich. (Peace movement in a neutral country. Related to the new peace movement in Austria.) In: Medienmacht im Nord-Süd-Konflikt". (The power of media in the north – south conflict.) Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1984 ISBN 3-518-11166-3
 * "'Neue' Österreichische Friedensbewegung". ("New“ Austrian Peace Movement.) In: Österreichisches Jahrbuch für Politik 1983. (Austrian Annual for Politics 1983.) Vienna, 1984
 * "Das katholisch-konservative Lager". (The catholic – conservative side.) In: Widerstand und Verfolgung in Tirol 1934–1945, Band 2. ÖBV, (Resistance and Persecution in Tirol 1934–1945, Band 2. Austrian book publisher), Vienna 1984 ISBN 3-215-05368-3
 * "'Den Nationalsozialisten in die Hände getrieben'. Zur Geschichtspolitik der SPÖ von 1970 bis 2000". ("Drifted into the National Socialists Hands“. Related to the history politics of the Socialists in Austria from 1970 to 2000.) In: Europäische Rundschau, (European review), number 3/2001

Publishing

 * Costa Rica. Politik, Gesellschaft und Kultur eines Staates mit ständiger aktiver und unbewaffneter Neutralität. (Costa Rica, Politics, Society and Culture of a State with Continuous Active and Unarmed Neutrality.) Inn-Verlag, Innsbruck 1986 ISBN 3-85123-091-4
 * Der Putsch von Lamprechtshausen. Zeugen des Juli 1934 berichten. (The Putsch of Lamprechtshausen. Report of Witness to July, 1934), Self - published, Innsbruck 1992 ISBN 3-901201-00-9

title: Andreas Maislinger


text:
Category:Fijian chiefs

Fijian chiefs are titled Ratu, Adi, and Ro.

title: Category:Fijian chiefs


text: Category:Women scientists

title: Category:Women scientists


text:
Moine Thrust Belt

The Moine Thrust Belt or Moine Thrust Zone is a linear tectonic feature in the Scottish Highlands which runs from Loch Eriboll on the north coast 190 km southwest to the Sleat peninsula  on the Isle of Skye. The thrust belt consists of a series of thrust faults that branch off the Moine Thrust itself. Topographically, the belt marks a change from rugged, terraced mountains with steep sides sculptured from weathered igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in the west to an extensive landscape of rolling hills over a metamorphic rock base to the east. Mountains within the belt display complexly folded and faulted layers and the width of the main part of the zone varies up to 10 km, although it is significantly wider on Skye.

Discovery
The presence of metamorphic gneisses and schists lying apparently stratigraphically above sedimentary rocks of lower Paleozoic age in the Northwest Highlands had been known since the early 19th century, convincing Roderick Murchison that the change was a purely metamorphic effect and that the upper gneiss was younger than the sediments beneath. Initially he was supported in this interpretation by Archibald Geikie and James Nicol. After further fieldwork, Nicol changed his mind and advocated instead that the contact at the base of the upper gneisses was tectonic, starting what was known as the Highlands Controversy. A tectonic interpretation was supported by, amongst others, Charles Lapworth who had corresponded with Albert Heim on similar structures in the Alps.

In 1883 and 1884 the survey geologists Ben Peach and John Horne were sent into the area by the survey's director Archibald Geikie to carry out detailed mapping. The results of the mapping proved conclusively to Peach and Horne that the contact was tectonic and they were eventually able to persuade Geikie when he visited them briefly in the field in October 1884. In November that year Peach and Horne's preliminary results were published and Geikie published a paper in the same issue of Nature in which he coined the term "thrust-plane" for these low-angle faults, although the term was probably already in use before then. By 1888 the term "Moine Thrust" was being used for the tectonic break at the base of Moine schists (what is now called the Morar Group of the Wester Ross Supergroup). The recognition of the Moine Thrust Belt in the early 1880s was a milestone in the history of geology as it was one of the first thrust belts discovered and where the importance of large scale horizontal rather than vertical movements became apparent. Detailed mapping of the Moine Thrust Belt by the survey continued for another two decades, culminating in the classic survey memoir The Geological Structure of the North-West Highlands of Scotland, published in 1907.

Caledonian structure
The Moine Thrust Belt was formed during the Scandian orogenic phase Caledonian Orogeny cycle as part of the collision between Laurentia and Baltica. It is the most westerly Scandian structure in Scotland apart from the Outer Isles Fault in the Outer Hebrides, which is developed within the Hebridean Terrane. The Moine Thrust Belt defines the boundary between the Hebridean Terrane to its northwest and the Northern Highlands terrane to its southeast. The thrust carried metamorphic material over 200 km across Scotland entirely masking the geology of the previous terrane. However, small windows, such as the Assynt window and the Glen Achall imbricated thrust system, allow geologists to estimate what the geology of Scotland was like before the Caledonian Orogeny.

The relationship between the Moine Thrust Belt and other Scandian age structures in Scandinavia and East Greenland remains unclear, due to uncertainties associated with the Great Glen Fault zone. This major sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip fault was also active during the late stages of the orogeny, but continued to move during the early Devonian and appears to truncate the southern end of the thrust belt. The total late Caledonian displacement on the Great Glen Fault is poorly constrained, making reconstruction of the southern part of the orogenic belt difficult.

Involved rock units
The stratigraphic sequence of the footwall of the Moine Thrust is the full sequence characteristic of the Hebridean Terrane.

Lewisian complex
The Lewisian complex consists of mainly granitic gneisses that are of Archaean and Paleoproterozoic age. They form the basement to both the Stoer Group, the Wester Ross Supergroup and the Loch Ness Supergroup of the Northern Highlands Terrane, in both the footwall and hanging wall of the Moine Thrust.

Torridonian
The Torridon and Sleat groups are of Neoproterozoic age and consists mainly of sandstone with a maximum preserved thickness of over 8 km. The unconformity at the base of these groups is highly irregular, showing that it was deposited on an eroded land surface.

Lower Palaeozoic
The Cambrian to lower Ordovician rocks consist of two groups, the Ardvreck Group and the Durness Group. The Ardvreck Group lies above an angular unconformity over various parts of the Torridon Group and locally over the Lewisian. It is a sequence of mainly quartz arenites. The lowermost part of the Eriboll Formation, the Basal Quartzite Member, is often pebbly at its base. The overlying Pipe Rock Member is a distinctive quartz arenite with many white weathering skolithos trace fossils that act as strain markers in areas of more ductile deformation. The uppermost two parts of the Ardvreck Group form the An t-Sron Formation, with the dolomitic Fucoid Beds Member being overlain by the quartz arenites of the Salterella Grit Member. The succeeding Durness Group consists mainly of dolomites, with some limestone and chert.

The distinctive character of this sequence enabled detailed mapping, even in areas of relatively poor exposure and allowed sections repeated by thrusting to be recognised.

Morar Group
The Morar Group, like the Torridon Group, is of Neoproterozoic age and interpreted to be a lateral equivalent of that unit within the overall Wester Ross Supergroup. The Morar Group forms the lowest tectonostratigraphic unit of the Neoproterozoic metasediments, lying tectonically beneath the younger Loch Ness Supergroup.

Individual thrusts
In addition to the Sole Thrust at the base of the northern section of the structure and the Moine Thrust at the top of the belt, many other thrust faults are developed, some of which are large enough to be named and mapped more regionally. The thrust sheet carried by each thrust is named after the thrust beneath it, although the term "nappe" is also used.

Moine Thrust
The Moine Thrust in the strict sense is the uppermost thrust in the belt and the one that carries the most displacement. In all cases it carries rocks of the Morar Group over rocks of the Hebridean Terrane. Unlike the other thrusts, there is a broad zone (up to 600 m in thickness) of the Morar Group in the hanging-wall that is intensely deformed into mylonite, indicating that it originated at a significantly deeper crustal level. Total displacement on this one structure has been estimated as several tens of kilometres based on the change in crustal level and the thickness of mylonites developed. In its central section, south of the Assynt Window, it becomes the sole thrust structure, before the Kinlochewe Thrust branches off to the south.

Sole Thrust
This thrust forms the base of the belt from Eriboll to the southern end of the Assynt Window where it merges with the Moine Thrust itself. It is thought to be the youngest formed thrust structure in the belt, which is consistent with a foreland propagating thrust sequence. Along strike the footwall of the Sole Thrust changes from Lewisian in the south to Cambrian in the north.

Arnaboll Thrust
In the Eriboll section this thrust carries Lewisian gneiss over the Pipe Rock. Its outcrop is complicated by the effects of later thrusting that both folds and offsets the Arnaboll Thrust. The exposures on the flank of Ben Arnaboll have particular importance as it was here that Lapworth first described the highly deformed rock type mylonite and also where Geikie coined the term "thrust plane".

Ben More Thrust
The Ben More Thrust is the largest and most continuous of the thrust faults developed between the Moine and Sole Thrusts within the Assynt Window.

Glencoul Thrust
This thrust is developed within the lower part of the belt in the Assynt Window.

Kinlochewe Thrust
The Kinlochewe Thrust branches off the Moine Thrust's central section and runs southwards past Kinlochewe to the Achnashellach Culmination, where it is truncated by the SW–NE trending Strathcarron Fault. It may originally have been continuous with the Kishorn Thrust.

Kishorn Thrust
The Kishorn Thrust extends from the Achnashellach Culmination, just north of Loch Carron, where it is truncated by the Strathcarron Fault. It continues southwestwards to Loch Kishorn, becoming the basal thrust. On the Isle of Skye, the Kishorn Thrust also marks the base of the Moine Thrust Belt bringing mainly Torridonian sandstones over foreland Cambrian-Ordovician limestones and quartzites. Locally on the Sleat peninsula the Kishorn thrust sheet is eroded to form the Ord window in which the foreland rocks once more appear.

Tarskavaig Thrust
At the southwestern end of the Sleat peninsula, the Tarskavaig Thrust carries Tarskavaig Group metasediments over the Sleat Group of the underlying Kishorn thrust sheet.

Northward continuation
When the MOIST (Moine and Outer Isles Seismic Traverse) deep seismic profile was acquired north of the Scottish mainland by the BIRPS group in 1981 a series of east-dipping fault zones were imaged, two of which were interpreted as potential continuations of the Moine Thrust. The presence of half graben basins in the hanging walls of these faults was interpreted to represent Devonian and Mesozoic extensional reactivation of the Caledonian thrust structures. Further deep profiles acquired in the same area, the DRUM and GRID lines confirmed these features. Onshore in Shetland the Wester Keolka Shear was proposed to represent the Moine Thrust, although more recent radiometric dating results suggest that this is unlikely to be the case. The link between the structures imaged offshore and those onshore remains unclear.

Southwestward continuation
Southwest of Skye the course of the Moine Thrust Belt becomes uncertain. It is assumed that it must pass to the southeast of the mainly Lewisian islands of Coll and Tiree. It is often shown passing through the Sound of Iona west of Mull, although no thrusts are actually exposed. It is presumed to be truncated by the Great Glen Fault zone somewhere southwest of Mull.

Timing
Movement on the Moine Thrust Belt has been dated partly on its relationship with a series of igneous intrusions in the Assynt Window and partly from the results of radiometric dating of deformed rocks from the footwall or hanging-wall of the thrusts. The intrusions near Loch Borralan and Loch Ailsh have similar chemistry, both being forms of syenite, and have been dated at 430±4 Ma and 430.6±0.3 Ma respectively suggesting that they were intruded at about the same time. The Loch Ailsh intrusion outcrops within the Ben More thrust sheet and predates movement on that structure. The Loch Borralan intrusion lies beneath the Ben More Thrust. Locally the intrusion has been said to cut across the Ben More Thrust, but a lack of the metamorphic effects found elsewhere along the margin of the intrusion suggest that this contact is tectonic rather than intrusive. In the upper part of the Borralan intrusion, there is evidence of deformation of the syenite while it was still hot, suggesting that thrusting started soon after it was intruded.

IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of it being 'the classic orogenic front of significant importance in both modern and historical tectonics research', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included the 'Moine Thrust Zone' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'

title: Moine Thrust Belt


text: Category:Women biologists

title: Category:Women biologists


text:
Drabble

A drabble is a short work of fiction of precisely one hundred words in length. The purpose of the drabble is brevity, testing the author's ability to express interesting and meaningful ideas in a confined space.

History
The concept is said to have originated in UK science fiction fandom in the 1980s; the 100-word format was established by the Birmingham University SF Society, taking a term from Monty Python's 1971 Big Red Book. In the book, "Drabble" was described as a word game where the first participant to write a novel was the winner. In order to make the game possible in the real world, it was agreed that 100 words would suffice. French writer Félix Fénéon may be considered as a precursor with his nouvelles en trois lignes (three lines short stories), inspired by new items. In drabble contests, participants are given a theme and a certain amount of time to write. (For example, Wilfrid Laurier University conducted a "100 Words Centennial Drabble Contest" in commemoration of its 100th anniversary in 2011, in which contestants were asked to write about "inspiration, leadership or purpose". ) Drabble contests, and drabbles in general, are popular in science fiction fandom and in fan fiction. Beccon Publications published three volumes, The Drabble Project (1988) and Drabble II: Double Century (1990), both edited by Rob Meades and David Wake, and Drabble Who (1993), edited by David J. Howe and David Wake.

Examples
Published science fiction writers who have written drabbles include Brian Aldiss and Gene Wolfe (both of whom contributed to The Drabble Project), Lois McMaster Bujold (whose novel Cryoburn finishes with a sequence of five drabbles, each told from the point of view of a different character), and Jake Bible (whose novel Dead Mech was written entirely in drabble format).

100 Word Story is an online literary journal that was co-founded in 2011 by Grant Faulkner and Lynn Mundell. It publishes stories that are exactly 100 words long.

The web has also enabled a rapid spread of the genre, with publishers such as The Third Word Press using the web to collect drabble stories.

55 Fiction
A similar concept is 55 Fiction, which is a form of microfiction that refers to the works of fiction that are either limited to a maximum of 55 words or have a requirement of exactly 55 words. The origin of 55 Fiction can be traced to a short story writing contest organized by New Times, an independent alternative weekly in San Luis Obispo, California, in 1987. The idea was proposed by New Times founder and publisher Steve Moss.

Criteria
A literary work will be considered 55 Fiction if it has: The title of the story is not part of the overall word count, but cannot exceed seven words.
 * 1) 55 words or fewer, however some publishers actually require exactly 55 words – no more and no less;
 * 2) A setting;
 * 3) One or more characters;
 * 4) Some conflict; and
 * 5) A resolution. (Not limited to the moral of the story)

title: Drabble


text:
Talk:The Adventure of the Lion's Mane

Untitled
I think that synopsis is a bit too long/detailed... let people read it for themselves; it's a short  story no?

---

Is the character called "Stackhurst", "Stackhouse", or "Stackworth"? Or are these three different characters? -Mmaster 11:57, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * ---The character's name is Stackhurst, and I've corrected the reference to Stackhouse. Jandar (talk) 03:32, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

--- Why isn't this story on Project Gutenberg? just took a look and it doesn't seem to be there... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.109.148.249 (talk) 08:50, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * ---This story was originally published in 1926, and is likely still under copyright protection in the United States (post-1923). Jandar (talk) 03:32, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

--- 'The adventure of the musgrave ritual' too is narrated by Sherlock holmes himself, there is a mistake in the last paragraph. check out the wikipedia page on it. grafitti123 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.172.85.241 (talk) 04:19, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

 * ---This could be argued either way, but in the Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual Watson records a conversation in which Holmes describes the case. In the other two stories Holmes himself is described as putting pen to paper and recording the cases. It's a small distinction, but this is why the Musgrave Ritual is often excluded from the list of Holmes-narrated stories Jandar (talk) 03:41, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

What about Dr Mordhouse?
The existence of a draft of this adventure with a co-protagonist called Dr Mordhouse is mentioned in https://books.google.ie/books?id=uWAiAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1691&lpg=PA1691&dq=%22The+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane%22+mordhouse&source=bl&ots=ViOQaQ1-Je&sig=ACfU3U2A1qw6gddpnAMM4tc7-7DA_YnBJw&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0sazm3MHvAhVITcAKHZrJDTUQ6AEwD3oECBEQAw#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Lion%E2%80%99s%20Mane%22%20mordhouse&f=false "The new annotated sherlock holmes" but without an analysis good enough for the wikipedia. It would be interesting to have some other sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.27.39.177 (talk) 15:47, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I found a second source and have added a few lines to the article about the original manuscript. Miles26 (talk) 21:51, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Adventure of the Lion's Mane


text: Category:Women chemists

title: Category:Women chemists


text:
Category:Women physicists

This is a list of women who have made significant contributions to the field of physics.

title: Category:Women physicists


text: Category:Women mathematicians

title: Category:Women mathematicians


text:
File:Davos WEF Golden Calf.png

From the Santa Monica Daily Press from Monday, January 27, 2003 (warning: a 2MB PDF!), p. 10.

This is a B/W version of Image:Davos Switzerland G8 Summit.jpg. For more information, see there (and also on Image talk:Davos Switzerland G8 Summit.jpg).

BTW, at that demonstration, there wereabout 50 people dressed up in ape costumes and wearing masks of political leaders from around the world, carrying the golden calf pictured and beating a globe with their sticks. Sharon and Rumsfeld were not singled out in any way as the image might make it appear. Lupo 11:55, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use claim in Anti-WEF protests in Switzerland, January 2003

 * 1) Purpose and character: used to clear up the misinterpretation of Image:Davos Switzerland G8 Summit.jpg: purpose is thus "quote for the purpose of criticism". The image representation itself is a grayscale version of moderate resolution of a color, high-resolution original.
 * 2) Nature of the copyrighted work: newspaper clipping of January 2003. Not particularly original, an essentially unchanged news item distributed by AP/Keystone to a multitude of newspapers
 * 3) Amount used: small portion of one page of a newspaper edition comprising 16 pages in total.
 * 4) Effect of the use on market value: Next to none. The image makes sense only in the context of a minor incident back in 2003, and the low resolution makes serious re-publications unlikely anyway. Also, since the event is two years in the past and the photo is not exactly great (composition is, IMO, average at best, and the reflection running through it and through the Rumsfeld character's face is a serious flaw), the market value of this image is likely to be low anyway. Effect on the newspaper's market value is nil.

title: File:Davos WEF Golden Calf.png


text:
Jón Magnússon

Jón Magnússon may refer to:

 * Jón Magnússon, Earl of Orkney in 1284–c. 1300
 * Jón Magnússon (author), 17th century Icelandic author
 * Jón Magnússon (politician) (1859-1926), prime minister of Iceland
 * Jón Arnar Magnússon, Icelandic decathlete
 * Jon Magnusson (producer), producer of I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue
 * Jón Magnússon (handballer)
 * Jón Magnússon (painter), born 1966

title: Jón Magnússon


text:
Cananefates

The Cananefates, or Canninefates, Caninefates, or Canenefatae, meaning "boat masters" (or, less likely, "leek masters"), were a Germanic tribe, who lived in the Rhine delta, in western Batavia (later Betuwe), in the Roman province of Germania Inferior (now in the Dutch province of South Holland), before and during the Roman conquest.

Apparently, the name had its origins in the Cananefates living on sandy soils that were considered excellent for growing Alliums such as leeks and onions.

At the beginning of the Batavian rebellion under Gaius Julius Civilis in the year 69, the Batavians sent envoys to the Canninefates to urge a common policy. "This is a tribe," says Tacitus (Histories Book iv) "which inhabits part of the island, and closely resembles the Batavians in their origins, languages, and in their courageous character, but is inferior in numbers." This would imply a similar descent as the Batavians from the Chatti. In the failed uprising that followed, the Canninefates were led by their chieftain Brinno, the son of a chief who had faced down Caligula. The capital of the civitas of the Cananefates was Forum Hadriani, modern Voorburg.

In modern times, the region Kennemerland is said to derive from the name of the Cananefates.

title: Cananefates


text: Railhead

title: Railhead


text:
Talk:GEOS (8-bit operating system)

Untitled
The following thread was moved from Talk:GEOS. See Hist:GEOS for the former article's progress and Talk:GEOS (16-bit OS) for talk on PC/GEOS.

GEOS article in the English vs the German Wikipedia
Hey English Language Peoples! See the newest German GEOS Wiki to know what Quality is ;-) Can you make it better ? ;-) --Anonymous

 * The German Wikipedia's GEOS article is partially very detailed, by all means, but I don't think that warrants a direct translation of it into English to replicate it here. However, I think we could absolutely incorporate some of the information in the German WKP article into this article--but by way of inserting the relevant info into the text where it may fit.

 * One of my gripes about the German article is that it starts off with the PC variants of GEOS. I think a historical treatment of GEOS should begin at the beginning, like our former version of the article in the English WKP. So I suggest we take it a little slow instead of simply swapping the English text with a translation of the German one. --Wernher 21:36, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * By all means. Man, I wish I even understood German in the first place. Maybe it would be worth it to create Talk:GEOS/Translation from German and then merge that into the regular article. It might make the task more accessible to us poor non-German speakers... grendel|khan 03:59, 2005 Mar 8 (UTC)

The thread above was moved from Talk:GEOS. See Hist:GEOS for the former article's progress and Talk:GEOS (16-bit OS) for talk on PC/GEOS.

GEOS
The link to the GEOS website doesn't work. RocketMaster 11:50, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Why two Separate Article
I personally suggest that GEOS (8-bit operating system) and GEOS (16-bit operating system) be combined into one article, i.e. why two articles for the same operating systems. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * Well, just look at them for a start. They're as different as Win 3.0 and Win98SE if not XP. There's a shared lineage, yes, but the capabilities and intended hardware are worlds apart. You wouldn't lump THOSE together would you? 193.63.174.10 (talk) 11:17, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Actually I agree the two should be merged. When I searched for GEOS, it takes me here, and does not mention the DOS version. In fact, the old DOS version was not a lot different looking than the commodore 64 edition, i also think the original DOS version was 8 bit.

I remember using an old 8086 system that had GEOS installed and was running on a monochrome monitor. I see no real mention of this here, so would be good to merge and rewrite the article as a "family" of operating systems, especially considering it was not around as long as Microsoft windows, I dont think we can really compare that to windows.Nzoomed (talk) 00:03, 9 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Actually, PC/GEOS is mentioned in the hatnote...
 * I don't think it would be a good idea to merge these articles, as the 8-bit and 16-bit versions are considerably different and for completely different platforms. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 15:58, 17 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I was reading that article and it says it was released in 1990. This 8086 based computer i used was significantly older and the screenshot in the article resembles more of what windows95 looks like. The GEOS version this machine had running looked even more basic than windows 3.11Nzoomed (talk) 22:34, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

How about a See also section?
I was thinking perhaps Contiki could be good to mention/link to from this article. --46.9.227.200 (talk) 23:29, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

 * And it seems mention of Wheels might also be in order here. --46.9.227.200 (talk) 11:26, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 15:59, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:GEOS (8-bit operating system)


text:
Talk:Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos

YES. They should be merged. No need for two separate articles on the same topic.

Add construction data of the cross: when was it built? Is there an observation deck on the cross? What is in the cross? Is it also used for transmission?

 * Does it have a revolving restaurant? Is there a flashing beacon for low-flying aircraft?

 * No, there is no restaurant. There does not appear be a beacon, but I believe the cross is lit at night. Robbyslaughter 03:09, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merge suggestion
Why not? --Wetman 17:55, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Merge the articles now!
I agree. The articles should be merged. Some websites claim the height of the cross to be 200 meters, if so it probably includes the rock base. Nevertheless; 50 stories height is amazing! What happened to the proposal of dedicating the monument to both sides in the civil war? You find the answer in the other article! "Died for God and Spain" is typically falangist rhetoric, few on the republican side would feel honored by such words. Ivar Christensen, Norway

---

The real Height is 150 m, -300 m from the transept of the Basilica to the top of the cross-

"Fallen for god and for Spain" is not really a Falangist, but Francoist motto. There is an account of all the individuals buried in the site, where can be publicly verified that the fallen come from both sides of the war. However, it is obvious that and the memorial focuses on Nationalist casualties, few republicans fell for God or Spain.

NPOV concern
I am concerned that the article as a whole has been written to portray the Monument in a positive light and does not reflect the controvery around it in a truly NPOV way. At least the following excerpt from the "Controversy" section seems NPOV to me and ought to be changed: "What is certain is that, at least, the statement is a blatant exaggeration. According to the project records, no more than 2000 workers participated directly in the construction. On regards to the origin of the workers, most of them were obviously highly skilled workers as required by the complexity of the work." Argasp

Outrageous
The last section about the workers is just a load of fascist propaganda. Is absolutely ourageus to have that in a site like Wikipedia. Among the FORCED and TORTURED workers was my granpa. Yes, many died. This is outrageus!
 * I have now made a meticulous cleanup, evaluating each edit, building upon the clean version of Revision as of 14:40, 30 April 2005; I have included the useful elements of the anonymous "controversy" assertions of 3 February 2006 from User:80.236.146.166. I have removed the doubtful assertion "The church also displays a swastika, presumably because of the aid given the Falange by Nazi Germany." I believe I have not left out anything of value. --Wetman 10:30, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

The two of the articles talks about the same thing. Please, merge them.
I live in Madrid and I know the monument. The cross itself and the basilica under it are part of the same building.

About controversial, undoubtly the monument was erected by the winners of the spanish civil war, to high up what they called their "glorious victory in their crusade". Spanish fascist paraphernalia are merged directly with catholic ones; in fact, they said that they won thanks to "the Grace of God". The official spanish ecclesiastical hierarchy was, in that epoch, comfortably with that. In other words, the monument itself is not "neutral", but it is necessary to recognize that builders highlight religion over politics. They do not tried to humiliate the losers; at last, they displayed a feeling of Christian charity (at their own way, of course).

Today it can be freely visited. Is part of the Patrimonio Nacional (National Owning), and it is treated as a historic building, as it is in fact. Today's visitor can admire the greatness of the monument. The few fascist symbols are seeing naturally in the historical context, it does not matter if you share the same political ideas or not.

About the workers, mainly the were prisoners, political and others. The economic cost of the work is not known precisely, but is estimated in some million of US dollars. In that years, the government used to get for free many resources as if it was their absolute owner (and What is a tyranny, at all?), and cheap workers was not an exception. They lived hard working conditions, but similar of the mines or the quarries of that epoch. The main difference was that they were treated like a true prisoners (in fact, they were), and they do not enjoyed freedom. Maybe this is not desirable for everybody, but wars are the worst thing of the world, and when they happens, this kind of things also happens.

A note: I do not share fascist political ideas. Ricardo Cancho Niemietz, Spain. --213.96.157.218 08:33, 14 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 04:40, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
This is just a cut-and-paste of three paragraphs from British Raj. Delete or redirect to that article. --194.73.130.132 10:34, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I will rewrite this. Important part of Indian history in the 20th century. Possibly should be renamed as the Montagu-Chelmsford Report. Capitalistroadster 10:29, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Have now rewritten the article. Now support keeping the current name as it seems to be widely used for the reforms.Capitalistroadster 07:53, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent work. Thanks! --194.73.130.132 15:12, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The name of the article is all right - it is widely known by this precise name in the Indian history under the British Raj. The article is comprehensive and should continue.--Bhadani 18:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article looks great after Capitalistroadster's rewrite. --NormanEinstein 01:43, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
MusikCube

musikcube is a free and open-source cross-platform, terminal-based audio player software and streaming server.

Features
musikcube is based on a modular plug-in architecture, and uses plug-ins written in C++. Plug-ins provide core functionality for audio decoding, data streaming, output device handling, metadata parsing, digital signal processing, and more. Plugins currently exist to provide support for many popular audio codecs, including MP3, M4A, Ogg Vorbis, and FLAC.

Internally, musikcube uses the SQLite database library for storing track and playlist metadata.

There is currently no support for Digital rights management.

musikcube is capable of streaming audio via an integrated server. An Android client also exists, allowing music to be streamed over local and wide-area networks.

Licensing
musikcube (and official plugins) are licensed under the BSD-3-Clause license.

title: MusikCube


text:
Carlyle's House

Carlyle's House, in Cheyne Row, Chelsea, central London, was the home of the Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane from 1834 until his death. The home of these writers was purchased by public subscription and placed in the care of the Carlyle's House Memorial Trust in 1895. They opened the house to the public and maintained it until 1936, when control of the property was assumed by the National Trust, inspired by co-founder Octavia Hill's earlier pledge of support for the house. It became a Grade II listed building in 1954 and is open to the public as a historic house museum.

The Carlyles in residence
In the early months of 1834, Carlyle had decided to move from Craigenputtock, the couple's residence in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, to London. He arrived in London in May, seeking his friend Leigh Hunt, whom he had asked to keep an eye out for a likely property. Carlyle, discovering that Hunt had done nothing of the kind, found a promising house himself, very close to the Hunt residence in Chelsea. The Carlyles moved into 5 Cheyne Row on 10 June 1834; the street address was changed to 24 in 1877. The house became central to Victorian intellectual life, a place of pilgrimage for literati, scientists, clergymen and political figures from all over Europe and North America. Carlyle did most of his writing there from The French Revolution onward.

The building dates from 1708 and is a typical Georgian terraced house, a modestly comfortable home where the Carlyles lived with one servant and Jane's dog, Nero. It is preserved very much as it was when the Carlyles lived there, despite a later occupant with scores of cats and dogs. It is a good example of a middle-class Victorian home. Devotees tracked down many items of furniture owned by the Carlyles. It contains some of the Carlyles' books (many on permanent loan from the London Library, which was established by Carlyle). It also contains pictures, personal possessions, portraits by artists such as James Abbott McNeill Whistler and Helen Allingham, and memorabilia assembled by their admirers.

The house is made up of four floors. The kitchen is in the basement. The ground floor was the parlour. The first floor holds both the drawing room/library and Jane's bedroom. Thomas's bedroom was on the second floor and is now the custodian's residence. While researching in preparation for his History of Frederick the Great, Carlyle found the noise from the street and his neighbours intolerable, so in 1854 he had a "soundproof room" constructed in the top story. The house has a small walled garden which is preserved much as it was when Thomas and Jane lived there; the fig tree still produces fruit.

The house may have been the model for the Hilberrys' house in Virginia Woolf's Night and Day (1919).

Stanford and Thea Holme
The theatre producer Stanford Holme became curator of the house and moved there with his wife, the actress Thea Holme, in 1959. She took up writing, beginning with a book about the lives of Thomas and Jane Carlyle at the house, The Carlyles at Home (1965).

title: Carlyle's House


text: User talk:193.118.251.61

title: User talk:193.118.251.61