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North American F-86D Sabre

The North American F-86D/K/L Sabre (initially known as the YF-95 and widely known informally as the "Sabre Dog", ) was an American transonic jet interceptor. Developed for the United States Air Force in the late 1940s, it was an interceptor derivative of the North American F-86 Sabre. While the original F-86 Sabre was conceived as a day fighter, the F-86D was specifically developed as an all-weather interceptor. Originally designated as the YF-95 during development and testing, it was re-designated the F-86D before production began, despite only sharing 25% commonality of parts with the original F-86. Production models of the F-86D/K/L differed from other Sabres in that they had a larger fuselage, a larger afterburning engine, and a distinctive nose radome. The most-produced Sabre Dog variants (the "D" and "G" models) also mounted no guns, unlike the Sabre with its six M3 Browning .50 caliber machine guns, instead mounting unguided Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket (FFAR) “Mighty Mouse” rockets. The "K" and "L" Sabre Dog variants mounted four 20mm M24A1 cannon.

Design and development

The YF-95 was a development of the F-86 Sabre, the first aircraft designed around the new 2.75 in "Mighty Mouse" Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket (FFAR). Begun in March 1949, the unarmed prototype, 50-577, first flew on 22 December 1949, piloted by North American test pilot George Welch and was the first U.S. Air Force night fighter design with only a single crewman and a single engine, a J47-GE-17 with afterburner rated at 5425 lbf static thrust. Gun armament was eliminated in favor of a retractable under-fuselage tray carrying 24 unguided Mk. 4 rockets, then considered a more effective weapon against enemy bombers than automatic cannon fire. A second prototype, 50-578, was also built, but the YF-95 nomenclature was short-lived as the design was subsequently redesignated YF-86D.

The fuselage was wider and the airframe length increased to 40 ft, with a clamshell canopy, enlarged tail surfaces and AN/APG-36 all-weather radar fitted in a radome in the nose, above the intake. Later models of the F-86D received an uprated J-47-GE-33 engine rated at 5550 lbf (from the F-86D-45 production blocks onward). A total of 2,504 D-models were built.

Operational history

On 18 November 1952, F-86D 51-2945 set a speed record of 698.505 mph. Captain J. Slade Nash flew over a three km (1.8 mi.) course at the Salton Sea in southern California at a height of only 125 ft. Another F-86D broke this world record on 16 July 1953, when Lieutenant Colonel William F. Barns, flying F-86D 51-6145 in the same path of the previous flight, achieved 715.697 mph.

Variants

 * YF-95A: prototype all-weather interceptor; two built; designation changed to YF-86D (North American model NA-164)
 * YF-86D : originally designated YF-95A.
 * F-86D : Production interceptor originally designated F-95A, 2,504 built.
 * F-86G : Provisional designation for F-86D variant with uprated engine and equipment changes, 406 built as F-86Ds.
 * YF-86K : Basic version of F-86D intended for export with rocket tray replaced by four 20 mm cannon and simplified fire control system, two conversions.
 * F-86K : NATO version of F-86D; MG-4 fire control system; four 20 mm M24A1 cannon with 132 rounds per gun; APG-37 radar. 120 were built by North American, 221 were assembled by Fiat.
 * F-86L : Upgrade conversion of F-86D with new electronics, extended wingtips and wing leading edges, revised cockpit layout, and uprated engine; 981 converted.

Operators

 * Source: Dorr

 * Royal Danish Air Force
 * Received 59 ex-USAF F-86Ds 1958-1960; assigned to 723, 726 and 728 Squadrons.
 * Received 59 ex-USAF F-86Ds 1958-1960; assigned to 723, 726 and 728 Squadrons.

 * French Air Force
 * Fiat built 62 F-86Ks for France (1956-1957), assigned to EC 1/13 "Artois", EC 2/13 "Alpes", and EC 3/13 "Auvergne" Squadrons. Serials were 55-4814/4844, 55-4846/4865, 55-4872/4874, 55-4876/4879.
 * Fiat built 62 F-86Ks for France (1956-1957), assigned to EC 1/13 "Artois", EC 2/13 "Alpes", and EC 3/13 "Auvergne" Squadrons. Serials were 55-4814/4844, 55-4846/4865, 55-4872/4874, 55-4876/4879.

 * German Air Force
 * Acquired 88 U.S. F-86Ks 22 July 1957–23 June 1958. The Ks were assigned to Jagdgeschwader 75/renamed 74.
 * Acquired 88 U.S. F-86Ks 22 July 1957–23 June 1958. The Ks were assigned to Jagdgeschwader 75/renamed 74.

 * Greek Air Force
 * Acquired 35 F-86Ds from the US. Were received in 1961 and retired in 1967 but kept as back up until 1969. F-86D was the first all weather fighter in Greek Air Force. F-86Ds were assigned to 337 and 343 Squadrons. Until 1964 they were in natural metal. Until after retirement they were in NATO camo.
 * Acquired 35 F-86Ds from the US. Were received in 1961 and retired in 1967 but kept as back up until 1969. F-86D was the first all weather fighter in Greek Air Force. F-86Ds were assigned to 337 and 343 Squadrons. Until 1964 they were in natural metal. Until after retirement they were in NATO camo.

 * Honduran Air Force
 * Honduran F-86K.jpgred Six Venezuelan F-86Ks in 1970.
 * Honduran F-86K.jpgred Six Venezuelan F-86Ks in 1970.

 * Italian Air Force
 * Fiat produced 121 F-86Ks for Italy, 1955-1958. Also, 120 U.S. F-86Ks were acquired. F-86s were assigned to the AMI air groups: 6 Gruppo COT/1 Stormo, 17 Gruppo/1 Stormo, 23 Gruppo/1 Stormo, 21 Gruppo/51 Aerobrigata, 22 Gruppo/51 Aerobrigata and 12 Gruppo/4 Aerobrigata.
 * Fiat produced 121 F-86Ks for Italy, 1955-1958. Also, 120 U.S. F-86Ks were acquired. F-86s were assigned to the AMI air groups: 6 Gruppo COT/1 Stormo, 17 Gruppo/1 Stormo, 23 Gruppo/1 Stormo, 21 Gruppo/51 Aerobrigata, 22 Gruppo/51 Aerobrigata and 12 Gruppo/4 Aerobrigata.

 * Japanese Air Self-Defense Force
 * Acquired 122 US F-86Ds, 1958–1961; assigned to four all-weather interceptor Hikōtai, and Air Proving Ground at Gifu.
 * Acquired 122 US F-86Ds, 1958–1961; assigned to four all-weather interceptor Hikōtai, and Air Proving Ground at Gifu.

 * Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht) (KLu)
 * Acquired 57 U.S.-built and six Fiat-built F-86K Sabres, 1955–1956; and assigned to three squadrons, No. 700, 701 and 702. Operated until 1964.
 * Acquired 57 U.S.-built and six Fiat-built F-86K Sabres, 1955–1956; and assigned to three squadrons, No. 700, 701 and 702. Operated until 1964.

 * Royal Norwegian Air Force
 * Acquired 60 U.S.-built F-86K Sabres, 1955–1956, and four Italian-assembled Fiat K-models.
 * Acquired 60 U.S.-built F-86K Sabres, 1955–1956, and four Italian-assembled Fiat K-models.

 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * Philippine Air Force
 * Acquired 20 F-86Ds, assigned to 8th Fighter Interceptor Squadron "Vampires" beginning 1960; part of the U.S. military assistance package.

 * Republic of Korea Air Force
 * Acquired 40 F-86Ds, beginning 20 June 1955.
 * Acquired 40 F-86Ds, beginning 20 June 1955.

 * Republic of China Air Force
 * Royal Thai Air Force
 * Acquired 20 F-86Ls.
 * Royal Thai Air Force
 * Acquired 20 F-86Ls.

 * United States Air Force
 * United States Air Force

 * Venezuelan Air Force
 * Acquired 32 US-built F-86Fs, October 1955–December 1960; 1965 acquired 79 Fiat-built F-86Ks from West Germany.
 * Acquired 32 US-built F-86Fs, October 1955–December 1960; 1965 acquired 79 Fiat-built F-86Ks from West Germany.

 * SFR Yugoslav Air Force
 * Acquired 130 U.S.-made F-86Ds and operated them between 1961 and 1974. 32 of these were modified into a reconnaissance variant utilizing 3 Kodak K-24 cameras mounted in place of the FFAR rockets, the IF-86D.
 * Acquired 130 U.S.-made F-86Ds and operated them between 1961 and 1974. 32 of these were modified into a reconnaissance variant utilizing 3 Kodak K-24 cameras mounted in place of the FFAR rockets, the IF-86D.

title: North American F-86D Sabre


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Miami Beach Botanical Garden

The Miami Beach Botanical Garden is a 2.6 acre urban green space in Miami Beach, Florida founded in 1962. It was transformed in 2011 with a $1.2 million landscape renovation designed by South Florida landscape architect Raymond Jungles. The new landscape showcases native Florida plants and trees including bromeliads, palms, cycad, orchids and many others. There is a Japanese garden, native garden and bioswale, and water gardens including ponds, fountains, and a wetland with mangrove and pond apple trees. The renovation also expanded the Great Lawn area for corporate and social events, established a plant nursery and event plaza, and enhanced the night-time lights, entrance gate, and pathways.

The Garden offers free admission and is open Tuesday to Sunday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

History
In 1962, the City of Miami Beach created the "Garden Center" on a vacant site opposite the Miami Beach Convention Center built in 1957. Operated then as a City park, the Garden was situated on the historic Collins Canal, an integral part of the beginnings of Miami Beach. In the early 1900s pioneer John S. Collins dug the canal to transport mangoes and avocados, then called alligator pears by boat to the Port of Miami from groves along what is now Pinetree Drive. In the 1920s pioneer Carl Fisher developed Lincoln Road, luxury hotels such as the Flamingo and the Nautilus with polo fields and golf courses. The Garden site was originally a golf course. By 1922 Miami Beach boasted the largest avocado and mango groves in the world, but Miami's agricultural roots would not last much longer, sacrificed for the tourist trade. Tourism has long been a driving force in Miami Beach, but the City also experienced the impact of economic recessions, World Wars, and destructive hurricanes. The Garden had sadly deteriorated before the Art Deco renaissance of the 1980s and after Hurricane Andrew in 1992. A group of residents approached the City in 1996 to create the Miami Beach Garden Conservancy as a non-profit organization with a mission to restore the Garden. Today's Miami Beach Botanical Garden is a public/private partnership, owned by the City of Miami Beach. The Garden has again become a dynamic venue for arts and cultural programming, environmental education and cultural tourism.

Mission
The mission of the Miami Beach Botanical Garden is to promote environmental enjoyment, stewardship and sustainability through education, the arts, and interaction with the natural world. The garden is a unique, subtropical oasis of beauty and tranquility within an urban setting—a community resource that refreshes, inspires and engages our visitors.

Miami Beach Garden Club
The Miami Beach Garden Club is a non-profit organization affiliated with the Florida Federations of Garden Clubs. The organization promotes the cultivation of plants and flowers within the community through projects that focus on: beautification of Miami Beach; mentoring and sponsoring student programs both locally and statewide; and support of the Miami Beach Botanical Garden. The Miami Beach Garden club also works with local Girl Scouts and school children at multiple local schools by continuing to expand their knowledge through monthly programs.

Japanese Garden
One of the main features of the Miami Beach Botanical Garden is its Japanese Garden. This tranquil corner of the garden is defined by a red lacquered bridge spanning a quiet pond dotted with water lilies. Stone lanterns stand among the plantings based on the principles of Feng shui, where specific orientation and placing of certain elements helps to capture the energy and spirit of nature. Significant plantings here include the red powder puff shrub (Calliandra haematocephala), golden trumpet tree (Tabebuia caribea), and various types of tropical bamboo.

Water Features
Water is a focal point in all areas of the garden. According to the garden's landscape architect Raymond Jungles, the element of water is significant because it "brings the sky into the garden, animates the space, reflects the landscape, and cools the areas directly around the buildings. Water magnifies the garden's sense of scale." Outside the offices is a refurbished fountain designed by Morris Lapidus. Beyond the fountain is the main pond with a cascading oolite fountain and flowering water lilies. The adjoining wetland contains red mangroves, pond apple trees (Annona glabra), and rush grasses. During the day you can see dragonflies, koi, and if you're lucky, one very shy turtle roaming the waters.

Edible Garden
The edible garden remains a reliable source of sustenance and natural beauty. It was made possible in part by the local chapter of Les Dames d'Escoffier: an international organization of women in the field of food, drink and gastronomy. This tropical edible garden contains pineapples (Ananas comosus), pomegranates (Punica granatum), coffee (Coffea arabica), and even raspberries. Often, the staff harvests fresh food and herbs from the garden to supplement workshops, mixers and other events.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Miami Beach Botanical Garden


text:
Talk:Roy Masters (commentator)

My article revision
I just posted a rewrite of the article for a number of reasons. There have been a number of edit wars that have occurred in the article, which have hurt it, (and I think have dissuaded editors when an entire article get changed overnight); instead of continually improving this article, it has undergone radical changes with major revisions, which resulted in the article ended up being written with many short, disconnected snippets/fragments, and the article's weight was toward trivial matters unrelated to the subject's notoriety. I have started following this article for a while and it has not had much activity recently, so I have taken the time to write out the article in a balanced manner surrounding Masters' background. I'm hoping my revision will be a fair turning point for the article. I also created an archive of this talk page, since there were no active discussions, and it was really unwieldy, going back to 2005. -Mrtea (talk) 03:32, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Woman
I don't want to be a thorn in the side of a fascinating radio speaker, but some folks have made comment about his comments about women. My 'spin' on that is that he warned against the distractibility of the mind that becomes overly fascinating with other individuals, specifically those whom one 'tends to find interesting or attractive'! I think an encyclopedia article is better without that, but ... MaynardClark (talk) 17:25, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

B-class review
Per request at WikiProject_Biography/Assessment, here are my thoughts about things to improve before this is B-class: When the above is addressed, ping me for re-review. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:43, 17 October 2014 (UTC)
 * one outstanding cite requests
 * notability: this article needs better sources; please explain how it meets WP:N or WP:BIO
 * I'd suggest restructuring this article, currently biography is mixed with significance. At the very least, reconsider headings - they suggest that virtually everything important about this person is related to "Mindfulness meditation".
 * cite needed for Christian category (subject religion is not discussed in text)
 * please format news snippets using cite news; if the links go down those references are useless as they cite no date, author, publication venue, etc.

Family ancestry/lineage
I removed most of this from the article because I thought it was more of a distraction to someone interested in the topic and it had a great deal of weight considering the length of the article:

 * Roy Masters was born Reuben Obermeister in London, United Kingdom, in 1928 to a Jewish family of diamond cutters. His Father, Boris Obermeister, a goldsmith, was born in Ukriane. His Mother, Elizabeth (Betsy) Obermeister (née Monnickendam), was born in the Netherlands. Masters' maternal grandmother was Rosalie Rothschild. Masters' uncle, Loius Monnickendam, was a diamond cutter who founded the well known Monnickendam diamond company in Amsterdam in 1890. On the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the firm moved to Britain, relocating the head office to Hatton Garden, the famous jewellery district in London. Following this, another of Masters' uncles, Albert Abraham Monnickendam, became the second president of the Monnickendam diamond company, which he renamed to A.Monnickendam Ltd. Several of Masters' other uncles were also diamond cutters. In 1943, when Masters was just 15, his father Boris died, having just emerged from a bankruptcy imposed in 1929, and Roy was sent to Brighton, England to apprenticeship in diamond cutting in his uncle Albert's company, A.Monnickendam Ltd. The firm continues in business to the present day and trades successfully, incorporated Monnickendam Diamonds Ltd.

 * In the austere 1940s in Britain, Masters' family could only afford education for his younger brother and Masters did not attend college. In the United Kingdom the surname Masters became a common anglicised surname for those with the surname Obermeister and Roy Masters' father, Boris, also went by the name Boris Masters.

Mrtea (talk) 01:52, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

Teachings of Roy Masters
Apparently this topic is gone. Why? Dozens of simple things should be here. On Families: The noble man should be the source of love in the family. If a man is searching for love from the woman, then he is just a boy looking for a mama. The distinction between knowledge and understanding. The three things Roy Masters learned about hypnosis. Larry R. Holmgren (talk)
 * I'm not sure why the content was removed. It may not have met Neutral point of view policy. If you have primary or secondary sources that lay down his opinions/teachings, then you could put them into the article. When I have some time I'd be able to help copyedit or look up more. Piotrus was kind enough to make an assessment and recommendations for improving the article, if you have already read it, above. Best, Mrtea (talk) 18:20, 5 November 2016 (UTC)
 * If something was removed, please show it in the history, then we can discuss it. My brief look at history does not suggest anything of value was removed since I reviewed this. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:02, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

You might note the curiosity that Obermeister in German means "senior master."
... just a suggestion. 2600:8801:BE01:2500:6953:85E9:21C5:ED68 (talk) 23:14, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roy Masters (commentator)


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Wu Ta-You

Wu Ta-You (27 September 1907 – 4 March 2000) was a Chinese physicist and writer who worked in the United States, Canada, mainland China and Taiwan. He has been called the Father of Chinese Physics.

Early life and education
Wu was born in Panyu, Guangzhou (Canton) in the last years of the Qing dynasty. In 1929 he took his undergraduate degree at Nankai University in Tianjin (Tientsin). He moved to the United States for graduate schooling and obtained a Doctor of Philosophy Degree from the University of Michigan in 1933.

Career
Wu returned to China (then Republic of China) after receiving his doctorate degree, and between 1934 and 1949 he taught at various institutions there, including Peking University in Beijing, and National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming. After the communists defeated the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Wu moved to Canada.

There he headed the Theoretical Physics Division of the National Research Council until 1963. In the 1960s, he was Chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University at Buffalo. After 1962, he held various positions in Taiwan (Republic of China), including the President of the Academia Sinica (1983–1994). He continued lecturing into his 90s and died on March 4, 2000.

Wu's PhD dissertation dealt with theoretical predictions of the chemical properties of the yet undiscovered transuranic elements of the actinide series, which includes such well known elements as plutonium and americium. Later in his career, he worked on solid-state physics, molecular physics, statistical physics and other areas of theoretical physics. He was known as a teacher as much as a theoretician. His many illustrious students include Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, co-winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.

Wu wrote several books, best known of which are the monograph Vibrational Spectra and Structure of Polyatomic Molecules (1939) and the graduate level textbooks Quantum Mechanics (1986) and (as co-author) Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Fields (1991).

Awards and honors

 * Beginning from 2002, National Science Council of Republic of China (reformed as the Ministry of Science and Technology since 2014) gives out Wu Ta-You Memorial Award every year.
 * The Department of Physics of the University at Buffalo hosts Ta-You Wu Lecture.
 * The Department of Physics of the University of Michigan hosts Ta-You Wu Lecture.
 * Asteroid 256892 Wutayou, discovered by astronomers Chi Sheng Lin and Ye Quanzhi in 2008, was named in his memory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 17 May 2011 (M.P.C. 75106).

title: Wu Ta-You


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Cocobeach

Cocobeach is a town in northwestern Gabon, lying on the south bank of the Muni River. It is the capital of the Noya Department. It has a beach and is the main border town for Equatorial Guinea, ferries sailing to Cogo across the river and the border.

The town is very small, containing just a fishing village, a small market and a number of adjacent beaches. It is one of the major travel destinations in the region owing to the Crystal Mountains inland from the town, which contain some of the oldest rainforests in Gabon. These were able to largely escape the drying effect of glacial periods of the Quaternary due to the persistent fog from the Benguela Current providing moisture during the dry season.

Climate
Like a good portion of Gabon, Cocobeach has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with a long wet season from September or October to May and a short dry season due to the cold, foggy Beneguela current during the southern hemisphere winter.

Compared to more southerly parts of Gabon, Cocobeach is somewhat wetter, with around ten to fifteen percent more rainfall than Libreville and a dry season usually several weeks shorter. Although no reliable climate data exist, it is often thought that annual rainfall further north may reach as high as 4500 mm.

title: Cocobeach


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Bakoumba

Bakoumba is a town in south eastern Gabon with a population of around 2,500 - 3000 people. It lies south west of Moanda and was the headquarters for the COMILOG Cableway, carrying manganese from Moanda to Mbinda in Republic of Congo. The cable car closed in 1986.

The town is known for Lékédi Park, a nature reserve, fish farm and exotic animal farm.

title: Bakoumba


text: User talk:24.165.212.202

title: User talk:24.165.212.202


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Gamba, Gabon

Gamba (Lumbu: N´gamb) is a small town in Gabon lying on the southern bay of the Ndogo Lagoon.

History
Historically, the area was populated by gatherer-hunter-fishermen autochthons scattered in small villages around the Ndogo Lagoon and the Yenzi Lake.

With the discovery in 1967 of a major oil field by Shell in the area, the town boomed and immigration of workers from various other parts of the country resulted in the population today of over 10000 people. Though production from the Gamba field is now only a fraction of what it once was, Gamba remains an important and strategic oil hub, being one of only two oil terminals in Gabon (the other one being Cape Lopez).

Population
Most people live in the heart of the town, divided into five blocks called “Plaines”, while most senior Shell staff live in Yenzi, half a dozen miles away from the heart of the city near the airport and the oil terminal.

The Balumbu people are known to be the autochthons of the region, even though the Punu and Fang people are now possibly the majority ethnic groups present.

Etymology
The name Gamba stands for fog in Vili, probably because of the foggy weather during the dry season.

Economy
Gamba attracts many tourists from all over the world because of its remarkable biodiversity, and the proximity of Sette Cama and the Loango National Park. As a result of all that activity, life in Gamba is very expensive, and the ongoing economic crisis makes things more difficult for residents.

Education
Schools include:
 * École Yenzi-Shell-Gabon (now closed)

title: Gamba, Gabon


text:
Mounana

Mounana is a town in Gabon. It lies on the N3 road and from 1958 until the 1990s was a major uranium mining centre. The mine is now closed, and it is now primarily a centre for agriculture. According to the 1993 census it had a population of 6,372 and in 2013 it had an estimated population of 12,437.

title: Mounana


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One Man's Journey (film series)

One Man's Journey is a three-film documentary series featuring the canoe travels of naturalist and filmmaker Robert Perkins. The series was broadcast on PBS in 2005.

The series consists of three films, titled Into the Great Solitude (1987), Talking to Angels, and The Crocodile River.

title: One Man's Journey (film series)


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Reyner Banham

Peter Reyner Banham Hon. FRIBA (2 March 1922 – 19 March 1988) was an English architectural critic and writer best known for his theoretical treatise Theory and Design in the First Machine Age (1960) and for his 1971 book Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies. In the latter he categorized the Los Angeles experience into four ecological models (Surfurbia, Foothills, The Plains of Id, and Autopia) and explored the distinct architectural cultures of each. A frequent visitor to the United States from the early 1960s, he relocated there in 1976.

Early life and education
[Peter] Reyner Banham was born in Norwich, England to Percy Banham, a gas engineer, and Violet Frances Maud Reyner. He was educated at Norwich School and gained an engineering scholarship with the Bristol Aeroplane Company, where he spent much of the Second World War. In Norwich he gave art lectures, wrote reviews for the local paper and was involved with the Maddermarket Theatre. In 1949 Banham entered the Courtauld Institute of Art in London where he studied under Anthony Blunt, Sigfried Giedion and Nikolaus Pevsner. Pevsner, who was his doctoral supervisor, invited Banham to study the history of modern architecture, following his own work Pioneers of the Modern Movement (1936).

Career
Having previously written regular exhibition reviews for ArtReview, then titled Art News and Review, Banham began working for the Architectural Review in 1952. Notably in its December 1955 issue, Banham contributed an essay titled "The New Brutalism", in which he sought to stylistically define New Brutalism. His hypotheses became widely discussed and debated topics among members of Team X and other groups involved in urban planning at the time. Banham also had connections with the Independent Group, the 1956 This Is Tomorrow art exhibition – considered by many to the birth of pop art – and the exponents of Brutalist architecture, which he documented in his 1966 book The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic?. Before this, in Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, he had cut across mentor Pevsner's main theories, linking modernism to build structures in which the 'functionalism' was actually subject to formal structures. Later, he wrote a Guide to Modern Architecture (1962, later titled Age of the Masters, a Personal View of Modern Architecture). Banham predicted a "second age" of the machine and mass consumption. The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment (1969) follows Giedion's Mechanization Takes Command (1948), putting the development of technologies such as electricity and air conditioning ahead of the classic account of structures. In the 1960s, Cedric Price, Peter Cook, and the Archigram group also found this to be an absorbing arena of thought.

Green thinking (Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies) and then the oil shock of 1973 affected him. The 'postmodern' was for him uneasy, and he evolved into becoming the conscience of postwar British architecture. He broke with utopian and technical formalism. Scenes in America Deserta (1982) talks of open spaces and his anticipation of a 'modern' future. In A Concrete Atlantis: U.S. Industrial Building and European Modern Architecture, 1900–1925 (1986) Banham demonstrated the influence of American grain elevators and "Daylight" factories on the Bauhaus and other modernist projects in Europe.

Banham was a prolific journalist (of some 750 articles), both within and outside of the architectural press, including regular columns in New Statesman (1958–63) and New Society (1966-88). Selections of his journalism articles were collected in Design by Choice, edited by Penny Sparke and A Critic Writes (which includes a full bibliography), edited by his wife Mary Banham and others.

Teaching
Banham taught at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London (1964–76) and the State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo (1976 to 1980), and through the 1980s at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He had been appointed the Sheldon H. Solow Professor of the History of Architecture at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University shortly before his death, but he never taught there. In 2014 The Bartlett established a named chair appointment of the Reyner Banham Professor of Architectural History and Theory.

Awards and tributes
He was featured in the short documentary Reyner Banham Loves Los Angeles; in his book on Los Angeles, Banham said that he learned to drive so he could read the city in the original.

In 1988 he was awarded the Sir Misha Black award and was added to the College of Medallists.

Criticism
In 2003, Nigel Whiteley published a critical biography of Banham, Reyner Banham: Historian of the Immediate Future, in which he gives an in-depth overview of Banham's work and ideas.

title: Reyner Banham


text:
Talk:Dead drop

Given that the bit about the dead drop spike is EXACTLY the same as, should it really be here? --195.92.67.77 18:11, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No joke. I don't have the time to copyvio it right now, but sorting the stub should at least bring it to people's attention.  I'll mark it as a major edit, too, so that it's not filtered by people hiding the minor edits.  --Jemiller226 06:20, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Accidental discovery
Doesn't it occasionally happen that an otherwise uninvolved third party stumbles upon the dead drop? Take the case of a library book; someone may check it out, request it sent to another branch, or open the book to the particular page. Or, if a sufficiently old and unpopular book is used, it may be discarded and given to someone. What is the term for this sort of thing, and what are the typical consequences to the finder? Neon   Merlin   02:26, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Overall focus of article
Might it be more useful to have a general discussion of clandestine communications, presumably non-electronic in this context? My experience is that a dead drop, for example, is not considered a cut-out in espionage tradecraft. A cut-out is a person, not a place, that adds security to a clandestine communication, by using an active technique such as a brush-pass to receive information from one person whose name is not known, to transfer the information either to another person, or to place it in a dead drop. Cut-outs interact, human-to-human, at least once. A dead drop may be filled by one person and emptied by another, with no direct human interaction.

In like manner, plausible deniability is a different concept than secure message transmission. If I can transfer a message securely, the fact of a transfer cannot be traced back to me in reality. If a message transfer is plausibly deniable, the matter is covert but not clandestine; the fact that a message exists is not being disputed. Howard C. Berkowitz (talk) 07:55, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

9/11 al-Qaeda dead drops
A reference to al-Qaeda using email drafts is at schneier's blog, near the end. Is it a good enough reference? Family Guy Guy (talk) 04:00, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Also there are more references here:  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Family Guy Guy (talk • contribs) 04:14, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Two or more people have the login and password to any "webmail" e-mail account, distributed by any of the usual ways other secure information such as one time pad cryptography keys can be. They also are assigned time frames to login and leave and retrieve messages as drafts. It's a way to send e-mail and file attachments without having them actually sent through any e-mail servers where they can be traced. The only traceable activity (assuming the mail service cannot access stored messages etc without the password) is the IP addresses used when logging in. Using open wireless hotspots accessible from locations where the user doesn't have to sign a log (so don't use public libraries) and won't be on security cameras is the best way to remain anonymous with this method. People up to no good and people attempting to catch them already know this method. I'd bet it's used by many people committing adultery. Bizzybody (talk) 01:22, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

Questions about dead drops
First of all, couldn't one party survey the dead drop site in hiding and determine the identity of the other? This gave me another question: What's the point of not meeting the other person in the first place?--98.210.101.240 (talk) 05:08, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

 * For a start, observing the dead drop should be a major violation of trust, triggering (potential fatal) reactions. Second, it should be clear that the dead drop has to be hidden in a way that anonymity is improved: multiple angles of access, unobservability of the direct transaction, crowded and public space...
 * The point of not meeting in the espionage-world clearly is to not be able to reveal the identity of your contacts. If it can be safely assumed that the agents have no clue whom they are talking about, the enemy probably has less incentive to torture the names out of them. In that way, anonymity is a protective measure for the agent. But as it comes with this topic not much is known to well in public. --Take your time (talk) 10:47, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Jem trying to tmt.. . 198.45.3.199 (talk) 18:53, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

Trigger Type?
If a Dead Drop Spike is opened incorrectly, is the trigger called a fail-deadly or a combination lock?? --Arima (talk) 22:06, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

New Peer-to-Peer?
Dead Drops: The New Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Network http://www.aolnews.com/surge-desk/article/dead-drops-a-new-peer-to-peer-file-sharing-network/19698176 --J. D. Redding 11:49, 2 November 2010 (UTC) http://deaddrops.com/ Does not really fit with this espionage topic, though clearly inspired by it. 'Dead Drops' redirects to the singular, maybe the plural can become a description of this new idea, or else it could be treated as an alternative form of geocaching. --Sandvika 13:28, 10 November 2010 (UTC) The users of the technique "dead drop" should be irrelevant for the description of the technique. If one application of the technique is public, anonymous file-sharing, instead of anonymous personal communication, it is valid to at least start a "other uses" section. This would also help to clarify the difference between the concept and its applications. Using the plural as a distinction is wrong in my opinion, because the topic is not complicated enough to be featured on multiple pages. The terminology peer-to-peer might be misleading too. Those are deaddrops, not more or less public than others (knowledge of the spot suffices to be granted access) --Take your time (talk) 11:53, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dead drop


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Setté Cama

Setté Cama is a village in Gabon, lying on the peninsula between the Ndogo Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean. In the sixteenth century, it was a major European colonial sea port trading in timber and ivory. Long declined, it is now home to a museum and an airstrip and lies on the edge of the Loango National Park.

title: Setté Cama


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Talk:Mrs Brown

Victorian Age
there are many new things you can learn about the victorian age through this movie. Dont you think —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.175.47.158 (talk • contribs)

Full Stop
Why is there a full stop after Mrs? THis is not necessary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Puffinbillyunst (talk • contribs)

Mrs. <- please note the period is the correct way to write this. Same with Sir. Mr. etc SimonD 23:04, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In Britain, Mrs Brown, without the full stop (period), is considered correct, but I suspect that Mrs. Brown is correct in America (could someone please confirm this?). Although the film is British, the IMDB listing shows it puncuatated. Also my video of the film calls it Mrs. Brown. I'm surprised that there's no redirect from Mrs Brown though - I'll go and correct this. -- Tivedshambo (talk) 14:55, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You're all correct. In the States, we use a period to indicate that it's an abbreviation, while in Britain and probably many of the Commonwealth countries, they leave out the full stop on account of it not being the end of a sentence, and on account of it just looking nicer that way. Um, except that "Sir" is a full word, not an abbreviation and does not take a period like Mssr., Mr., and the like do. LordAmeth 01:42, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * We don't put a period after Sir, though. In fact I've never heard of that.  But, yes, US English is fond of periods.  72.78.159.73 (talk) 18:18, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * British English at one time used them as well... look at any WWII-era stuff. 76.66.197.17 (talk) 07:32, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Complete Overhaul
Is the author of the plot summary literate? It is difficult to extract meaning from such garbled sentences. I haven't seen the film myself, so I am unable to make the necessary corrections.

 * I agree completely with the above comment. The article was terribly written, with incomplete sentences and atrocious grammar.  The synopsis was also far from adequate.

 * Therefore, I totally rewrote it and added a section with partial information on major nominations/awards (since there are so many these days!).
 * PainMan 11:21, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * We don't put a period after Sir, though.

Sean Connery
According to Radio Times online, the part was originally intended for Sean Connery. (Whatever "intended for" means - it may just mean that they thought "it would be great if we could get him").

We'd need a good source, obviously.Paulturtle (talk) 17:48, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mrs Brown


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English Council of State

The English Council of State, later also known as the Protector's Privy Council, was first appointed by the Rump Parliament on 14 February 1649 after the execution of King Charles I.

Charles's execution on 30 January was delayed for several hours so that the House of Commons could pass an emergency bill to declare the representatives of the people, the House of Commons, as the source of all just power and to make it an offence to proclaim a new King. This in effect abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords.

History
The Council of State was appointed by Parliament on 14 and 15 February 1649, with further annual elections. The Council's duties were to act as the executive of the country's government in place of the King and the Privy Council. It was to direct domestic and foreign policy and to ensure the security of the English Commonwealth. Due to the disagreements between the New Model Army and the weakened Parliament, it was dominated by the Army.

The Council held its first meeting on 17 February 1649 "with [Oliver] Cromwell in the chair". This meeting was quite rudimentary, "some 14 members" attending, barely more than the legal quorum of nine out of forty-one councillors elected by Parliament. The first elected president of the council, appointed on 12 March, was John Bradshaw who had been the President of the Court at the trial of Charles I and the first to sign the King's death warrant.

The members of the first council were the Earls of Denbigh, Mulgrave, Pembroke, and Salisbury; Lords Grey and Fairfax; Lisle, Rolle, Oliver St John, Wilde, Bradshaw, Cromwell, Skippon, Pickering, Masham, Haselrig, Harington, Vane the Younger, Danvers, Armine, Mildmay, Constable, Pennington, Wilson, Whitelocke, Martin, Ludlow, Stapleton, Heveningham, Wallop, Hutchinson, Bond, Popham, Valentine Walton, Scot, Purefoy, Jones.

When the Rump Parliament was dissolved by Cromwell with the support of the Army Council on 20 April 1653, the Council went into abeyance. It was reconstituted on 29 April with thirteen members seven of whom were Army officers. With the failure of Barebone's Parliament, the Council was re-modelled with the Instrument of Government to become something much closer to the old Privy Council advising the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. Constitutionally between thirteen and twenty-one councillors were elected by Parliament to advise the Protector, who was also elected by the Council. In reality Cromwell relied on the Army for support and chose his own councillors.

The replacement constitution of 1657, the pseudo-monarchical Humble Petition and Advice, authorised 'His Highness the Lord Protector'; to choose twenty-one Councillors and the power to nominate his successor. Cromwell recommended his eldest surviving son Richard Cromwell, who was proclaimed the successor on his father's death on 3 September 1658 and legally confirmed in the position by the newly elected Third Protectorate Parliament on 27 January 1659.

After the reinstatement of the Rump Parliament (7 May 1659) and the subsequent abolition of the position of Lord Protector, the role of the Council of State along with other interregnum institutions becomes confused as the instruments of state started to implode. The Council of State was not dissolved until 28 May 1660, when King Charles II personally assumed the government in London.

Lord President of the Council of State
The role of the President of the Council of State (usually addressed as "Lord President") was intended to simply preside over the Council of State.

John Bradshaw, the first president, served in the office longer than any other person to do so (serving for two years and ten months total). The reason no other individual served in the position longer than Bradshaw was due to a resolution passed by the Parliament on 26 November 1651 stating that "That no Person of any Committee of Parliament, or of the Council of State, shall be in the Chair of that Committee, or Council, for any longer Time, at once, than one Month" (Commons Journal, 7:43–44). Even during the Protectorate of Oliver and Richard Cromwell, the position of Lord President of the Council of State, known during this period as the Protector's Privy Council, remained in existence until the re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660.

title: English Council of State


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Point Denis

Point Denis is the best known seaside resort in Gabon. It lies on a peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gabon Estuary, across which boats sail to Libreville. It also lies near the Pongara National Park.

Leatherback turtles
Point Denis is a major breeding ground for the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). Between 1 800 and 2 000 nests are laid annually on its beaches. Recent studies by Dr Sharon Deem, formerly of the Wildlife Conservation Society, note that the worldwide turtle population is being threatened by man's activities. One such activity is the development of Point Denis. Turtles find their way to the sea by using the light from the moon shimmering off the water as a reference. Man-made artificial lights at night disorientate the female turtles during laying season as well as the hatchlings trying to find their way to the water. As a result, many turtles head off in the wrong direction and can die from starvation and dehydration. Nests are also destroyed by visitors who drive vehicles, mainly quad bikes, on the beaches. Another problem is the pollution from the nearby town of Libreville. Turtles often mistake plastic bags in the water for jellyfish, their principal food source, and die if they ingest them. Nevertheless, there is a growing environmental movement in Gabon, protection of the turtles being one of their priorities.

Other species
Wildebeest are found in the area, as well as a diverse population of monkeys, birds, snakes and other reptiles. Humpback whales can be seen in the sea.

title: Point Denis


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Ayoob Tarish

Ayoob Tarish Absi (أيوب طارش عبسي, born 1942; first name also spelled Ayoub; last name also spelled Absey) is a Yemeni singer and musician from the area of Al-Aboos in the Ta'izz Governorate. Tarish composed "United Republic", the national anthem of Yemen, which was adopted following the Yemenite reunification.

title: Ayoob Tarish


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Kango

Kango is a town in the Estuaire Province of Gabon, Central Africa, lying on the Komo River and the N1 road. It has a station near the Trans-Gabon Railway, where the railway bridges the Gabon Estuary.

Kango is a small town with a population of about 4,771 according to 2013 census reports The town lies at an altitude of 3 meters above mean sea level and is known for its wildlife.

title: Kango


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Scrophularia ningpoensis

Scrophularia ningpoensis, commonly known as the Ningpo figwort or Chinese figwort, is a perennial plant of the family Scrophulariaceae (the figwort family). It reaches 1 m by 0.4 m. Its flowers are hermaphrodite, insect-pollinated and the plant usually flowers in late spring.

This plant has been known to traditional Chinese medicine for as long as 2000 years. Its root is harvested in autumn in Zhejiang province and neighboring areas, then dried for later use.

title: Scrophularia ningpoensis


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Talk:Lee S. Overman

Untitled
Moved from "Lee Salter Overman" to "Lee Slater Overman". He was the son of William H. Overman and his wife, Mary E. Slater, and his middle name is his mother's maiden name. This error has been around for about a year, and WIkipedia clones have promulgated it wide and far, so that a websearch reveals about equal numbers for each variation. The best sources (his Congressional Biography, and his collected papers, North Carolina, the Old North State and the new. Henderson, Archibald,. Chicago. Lewis Publishing Co.. 1983.) give "Slater", not "Salter". Perhaps a better solution would be to park this at "Lee S. Overman"? - Nunh-huh 18:14, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Images
The US Federal government has plenty of free images that could be incorporated into this article if anybody wants to take the time. Tons of images. Bsimmons 666  (talk) 22:06, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot for pointing that out. I have uploaded some of them to Commons. - Darwinek (talk) 16:55, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Common name
Regarding the move of this page, Lee S. Overman (63%) and Lee Overman (27%) are the only iterations of Overman's name that constitute over 5% of references to him on newspapers.com. Star Garnet (talk) 04:50, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lee S. Overman


text:
User talk:Docnsabrina

Stewart Brand is an idiot. Frankly anyone who would follow someone on a guessing platform for enviromental issues is nieve and have no idea on how to think for themselves. It is one thing to gather data from there actual sources. What people dont realize is as the years progress we have actually gotten better with our enviroment. All the studies that are pulled are fabrication. The data provided by actual scientific resource centers show that as far as pollution, global warming, oxigen, forrest loss, and ozone depletion are all doing better than they were twenty years ago. Infact are world is getting better with time not worse. I am telling all of you dont go by what i say or what anyone else has to say. Find out for yourself quit being drones. The information is everywhere. Its just that people want to make money on those scary subjects. But did you know that on average the donations that are given only 5% of the actual money may go toward the enviroment or studies for the enviroment. That means the other 95% of what you pay is basically putting food on the table for people that clearly dont do anything but whine and moan about stuff that just is not true. If your going to give your money away like that then give it to the homeless guy on the side of the street or donate it to a disease center, child welfare or something along those lines. Not to a bunch of liars and theives. People in general are followers and how you can find this out is by going to a ralley pick a normal every day item that you would use find out the scientific name for it and kinda of describe the item in a bad way but in ways it is used, put a petition letter out for it and see how any people would sign. Most will sign just to sign. my friend had gotten over 1200 signatures from people at these enviroment rallies to sign a petition to band cotton and anything that was made from cotton. I mean that is how bad we are as people. There is nothing scary about our enviroment or what we have been doing everything has been getting better not worse. But if you really want to line someone elses pocket book then let me give you my po box so i can get rich off of you being followers.

title: User talk:Docnsabrina


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John Henry Davies

John Henry Davies (c. 1864 – 24 October 1927) was a wealthy British brewery owner who in 1902 took over the football club Manchester United, which was then called Newton Heath. The club was struggling with a debt of £2,670 at the time.

Davies was born in Tutbury, Staffordshire, the fifth of nine children of David Davies, a Welsh engineer from Mold, Flintshire, and Susannah Nield Davies, from Bunbury, Cheshire. He grew up in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.

He did not come from a wealthy family and initially worked as an estate agent and innkeeper. He first moved into the brewing business in the late 1890s as a director of John Henry Lees brewery in Moss Side (formed in 1897). By the beginning of the next century, he was chairman of the Walker and Homfray Brewery, and in 1904 he also became chairman of the Manchester Brewery Company, which owned many public houses in Manchester and Salford. Walker and Homfray took control of the Manchester Brewery and several other companies in 1912. Davies also gained control of Stockport-based Daniel Clifton & Company, which owned around 50 pubs and off-licences. In 1920, he founded the Moss Side Brewery Company and the Palatine Bottling Company.

Before his involvement in football, he had become independently rich and had also married into another wealthy family. His wife Amy (née Caterall) was the niece and ward of sugar merchant Sir Henry Tate. Davies and his wife became known as philanthropists and were noted for their support of other sports in the Manchester area.

There is a popular story attached to how he came to take over Newton Heath. According to the story, the club captain Harry Stafford's dog (a St Bernard named Major) wandered away from the player at the club fund-raising bazaar at St James's Hall, Manchester in February 1901. Major was found by Davies, who returned him to Stafford. Davies asked if he could buy the dog, but instead ended up donating to the club. As a gesture of thanks, Stafford allowed him to keep the dog. In March 1902, at a meeting in the New Islington Hall, Stafford announced to Newton Heath supporters that he, Davies and three other local businessmen had agreed to invest £200 each in the club in order to save it after a winding-up order had been issued two months earlier.

Under Davies's stewardship, the club changed its name to Manchester United FC and switched colours from white and navy to the now-famous red, white and black.

Their Bank Street ground was upgraded to accommodate more supporters, and Ernest Mangnall was appointed manager a year later. Players such as Alex Bell, Harry Moger, Charlie Roberts, George Wall and Charlie Sagar were signed, and the club began to move forward. and by 1906 United had been promoted to the First Division. They won the league in 1908 and the FA Cup in 1909 before Davies funded the move to a new ground at Old Trafford in 1910. A further league championship was won in 1911, but the ageing players, the loss of Mangnall to local rivals Manchester City and the outbreak of the First World War brought an end to the club's first period of success on the pitch.

Davies died Llandudno, Caernarfonshire, Wales, at the age of 63 after being in ill health for the previous three years. By this stage, United we’re back in the First Division after a spell in the Second Division.

title: John Henry Davies


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Talk:Endemic (epidemiology)

Article should compare several definitions of the word endemic
The article should be rewritten to compare several definitions of the word endemic

 * A disease is endemic if R*S=1 (Endemic steady state)
 * A disease is endemic to an area if it survives within the area without relying on receiving new infected people (and variants) from the outside.
 * A disease is endemic if it has regular outbreaks

Note that influenza is not endemic according to the first two definitions, but it is still often described as an endemic disease. Therefore the third definition is needed

Note that a disease in the endemic steady state cannot have seasonal variations, so this requirement is very strict.

enzootic
The article Strangles links this page for the word enzootic, apparently meaning "endemic" but for people. This word/meaning should be noted.Wakablogger2 (talk) 22:34, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Wikidata list of endemic diseases and subclasses of them
Most forms of turberculoses are currently included in the following list - but are all of them endemic?

Please enter correct data in these Wikidata items. Some columns of the following auto-generated list can be useful in various language versions of this article. The content may also affect the content of a future Wikidata based infoboxes. Tomastvivlaren (talk) 16:41, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

∑ 109 items.

 * Why not list the diseases alphabetically? I resorted them for myself, but you say that any changes will be deleted in the next update.
 * What countries are these diseases currently endemic within?
 * Surely there are other endemic diseases afoot in the world. What does a disease have to do to make the cut for this list?
 * Why all the columns that you don't use?
 * Will this chart ever be added to the Endemic article itself after these kinks are ironed out?
 * Thank you for you help, Wordreader (talk) 23:59, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for you help, Wordreader (talk) 23:59, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

 * . What is the point of this table? This seems like an improper usage of the talk pages. I am tempted to remove it. Jason Quinn (talk) 14:27, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Jason Quinn:The aim was to encourage people to fact-check and improve endemic related items at Wikidata, since infoboxes in some Wikipedia versions (not yet English Wikipedia, but for example a few articles on the Swedish version), many pages at Wikimedia commons, etc, automatically take that information from Wikidata and show it in the local language. I have now hidden the list and inactivated the neverending updates for this page. I realize it is better to refer people to the above wikidata database query.
 * Wordreader: Thanks for good questions. My code sorted the list based on "Instance of", i.e. type of endemic, but that can be changed. The columns correspond to proporties that potentially may be entered in the endemic pages at Wikidata, and may be shown automatically in infoboxes on some wikis. I do not think an automatically updated chart should be added to the endemic article for many years, it is still dangerous to rely on Wikidata, but perhaps the chart may inspire someone to compile a manually updated list. I have stopped working on the topic of endemics. Tomastvivlaren (talk) 22:17, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

What people say is not biomedical information
Here's what I wrote:

 * Hopes for COVID-19 to become endemic make a similar mistake; generally, the speaker expresses a wish that COVID-19 will become relatively harmless and non-disruptive to society, whereas endemicity promises only that there will be a steady, predictable number of sick people.

Here's what @Crossroads has turned it into:

 * Hopes for COVID-19 to become endemic may make a similar mistake; endemic COVID-19 could be mild if immunity from infection against pathology is lifelong or lasts longer than immunity against infection, but endemicity in itself promises only that there will be a steady, predictable number of sick people.

First of all, I think that the "could be mild" idea is POVish. Sure, it "could be mild", but it also "could be not-mild", and with an additional year-plus of data behind us, it seems like "not-mild" is unfortunately possible. There is no lifelong immunity. Some people get extremely sick, some of them stay sick for many months, perhaps the rest of their lives, and some of them die. Or perhaps it's just in line with the definition of "mild COVID" from the early days, when "moderate" meant that you had to be admitted to the hospital for supplemental oxygen, and "mild" just meant you couldn't get out of your own bed without help, which is not how most people normally use those words.

Compare that the hopeful statement about COVID-19 becoming "mild" against the tone struck in newer sources:

 * "Endemic is not equal to harmless. Commonly, endemic is falsely interpreted as the end of COVID-19, bringing to a false complacency. Endemic "label" on an infectious disease, such as malaria, HIV infection, tuberculosis in certain regions of the world, means the overall rates of infection are static - neither rising nor falling. Endemic "label" defines nothing about time duration to reach disease end or how many populations will still be susceptible to the disease."
 * "But reframing COVID-19 as an endemic disease right now is a premature notion at best, representing more of what we want COVID-19 to become than the epidemiological reality...But the evolutionary trajectory of COVID-19 does not at this time suggest a clear path toward endemicity, and epidemiologists and evolutionary biologists warn against impulsively applying this notion to the disease."
 * "While the “boat has sailed” on eliminating SARS-CoV-2, it’s still unclear what kind of endemicity the virus will establish, said Kaushic. Endemic means that a virus is continually present and somewhat predictable — not that it’s harmless or that precautions to prevent infections are unnecessary."
 * "An endemic disease can still have serious consequences. Take the examples of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases that are endemic worldwide. In 2020, there were an estimated 241 million cases of malaria worldwide and around 627,000 deaths.3 Outbreaks and sporadic infections will continue to occur"

Second, I deliberately constructed this sentence to talk about how people use this word, and how people use a word is not Biomedical information. This is a statement about linguistics, not about science. The Atlantic is a reliable source for what I wrote.

As for what you wrote, the source you cite does not say that COVID-19 will become endemic. They write, in fact, that "Epidemics can fade or transition to an endemic phase", which means that there are two options for the end of an epidemic, and only one of them is endemicity. The source also says that "infection does not generate life-long immunity", so that zero-likelihood prospect should probably not be mentioned anywhere.

(As a side note, the bit that runs "if immunity from infection against pathology...lasts longer than immunity against infection" is garbled and needs to be re-written. Perhaps you meant "if previously acquired immunity reduces the risk of death and disability during future infections"?  Another approach would be to shorten it substantially:  "It is possible that COVID-19 could become endemic, i.e., that it would produce a steady and predictable number of infections.") WhatamIdoing (talk) 07:34, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Agree the re-write is not an improvement. The Atlantic article is good for non-WP:BMI. Bon courage (talk) 07:53, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The assertions found in that article and cited to it about viral endemicity are all biomedical information. Crossroads -talk- 20:10, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree both that comments about society's "hopes" vs what "endemicity" is does not require a MEDRS source. The cited paper that got added discusses scenarios concerning the severity of an endemic covid, but does not address "what people/society think/say/hope". While it does have some sentences using the "it could be mild if..." they could equally have been written "it could be severe if...". It is clear the journal article writers hope for a mild outcome, but we aren't here to document their hope. There is also a persistent myth that diseases become mild as they evolve in a host population, which is nonsense (think of rabies and smallpox), and if you are thinking of myxomatosis, I don't know how a case fatality rate of 50-95% sounds to you, and we don't breed like rabbits. I don't think this article needs to get bogged down in details of how covid might become mild or might not. What matters is that people (in the West anyway) wrongly thing endemicity is a good thing and associate it with a harmless disease. I'm not sure that folk in central Africa think endemic disease is a harmless thing. Do we have any sources indicating this is a wealthy nation's fallacy? -- Colin°Talk 12:37, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * WhatamIdoing, I don't mind adjusting the text I wrote, but your version is POV toward the idea that endemic Covid could be not mild. "Could be mild" is a fact, not POV. Both possibilities should be mentioned here. And the fact is that this article is a medical article, and this aspect of the topic is implying or making medical claims, so we should be relying on medical sources when possible.
 * The four "newer" sources you cite have a total of 7 citations on Google Scholar (5 of them in just the 2nd one), and are mostly rather short articles. The 3rd one especially is written very much like a news report, not a full-on review article. The article I cited has 61 citations. It is from late 2021, well after there were new variants after vaccination and such.
 * I strongly encourage people here to read it. It addresses many of the objections made here. For instance, "no lifelong immunity" against infection doesn't mean that it can't be mild when endemic, because immunity to severe disease could be lifelong or could last significantly longer than immunity to infection, leading to regular 'boosting' from infections (or from yearly vaccine boosters, presumably). Evolving to be more intrinsically more mild is also not necessary at all, though entirely possible and may have happened already with existing human coronaviruses, including one that likely caused the 1890 pandemic - this is all in the article too. Comparisons to smallpox and rabies are irrelevant because these are very different species with very different means of spread - we already have endemic coronaviruses. Regarding the claim the authors "hope for a mild outcome, but we aren't here to document their hope" - actually they explain why and how that would happen like any academic paper rather than mere "hope", they acknowledge it is not a given, and in fact we are here to document the views of experts with WP:DUE weight. Endemicity is a good thing compared to a pandemic when eradication is impossible, as is true for all coronaviruses due to the inability to create lifelong immunity to infection.
 * I think at minimum, as a simplification, we could agree that some experts expect that endemic COVID will be mild and some think it will not. So why only present one view and call the other a "mistake"? Is this not misleading readers? We can't use what basically amounts to 'this is about society so we don't need MEDRS' as a reason to present just the possibility that society doesn't want as though the other one isn't possible. Some in the media like to write articles and thinkpieces debunking people's hope for normalcy or whatever - negativity gets more views and always has - but we should not think that MEDRS mostly think this is the most likely possibility.
 * We should probably also cut the "similar mistake" bit since it's not clear what is "similar", and COVID is very different from AIDS anyway - HIV infections are permanent but COVID infections are not, just for starters. Something like this, integrating a suggestion from WhatamIdoing earlier: "Some in the public wrongly assume that endemic COVID-19 means the disease would necessarily be mild. Endemic COVID-19 could be mild if previously acquired immunity reduces the risk of death and disability during future infections, but in itself endemicity only means that there will be a steady, predictable number of sick people. " Crossroads -talk- 19:37, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Endemic (epidemiology)


text:
User:Primordial~enwiki

Hi!...

Now I'm here!...

title: User:Primordial~enwiki


text:
Campeonato Amazonense

The Campeonato Amazonense (Amazonense Championship), officially Campeonato Amazonense de Futebol Profissional (Amazonense Professional Football Championship), also commonly known as the Barezão, is the football championship for professional clubs of the state of Amazonas, Brazil.

Format
The 2021 Campeonato Amazonense is divided into two stages:

First Stage
 * Standard round-robin, in which all teams play each other once. The worst two teams of the stage are relegated to the second division, while the other eight teams advance to the second stage.

Second Stage
 * The best teams play a two-legged knockout stage, with the best placed team of the match having the second leg at home. The winner of the Finals is declared the champion.

As in any other Brazilian soccer championship, the format can change every year.

Clubs
2023 First Division

 * Note
 * Fast Clube withdrew from the tournament and was relegated.

Titles by team
Teams in bold stills active.

title: Campeonato Amazonense


text: Category:Pragmatists

title: Category:Pragmatists


text:
Talk:Fall of Saigon

(2005)
As I learned from what I read and information from my family members who fought in the war (I'm Vietnamese by the way), it looked a lot more like 'liberation' instead of 'fall', even though my family has been in the south for generations. Just an opinion -- I was just wondering if anyone knew how many people died in the 'Fall' or 'Liberation' of Saigon.

The Fall of Saigon does not seem to be a neutral term. Did the north not regard the "fall" as a liberation? SV|t|add 18:18, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia should definitely include mention of what the event is called by different parties in different languages. But whatever the term preferred by the north, it has not popularized it in English-speaking countries; the "Fall of Saigon" would seem to be the most common name in not just the U.S. but the UK (and The Independent is not known for its sympathy for U.S. military adventures), Australia, and New Zealand. "Saigon Giai Phong" meaning "Saigon Liberation" does appear to be a term used in Vietnam. -choster 05:02, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ordering of Belligerents in the infobox
This is corrently

No mention of the unilateral abrogation of the Paris Peace Accords by the Democrat Congress
There is no mention of the carefully negotiated Paris Peace Accords that allowed the Americans to evacuate South Vietnam, while simultaneously supporting our Vietnamese allies for two years before the fall of Saigon.

Nor of the Democrat Congress unilaterally abrogating those Accords by voting to withhold the financial backing guaranteed in the Accords. So, the Congress (including Sen. Joe Biden, D-DE), on August 15, 1973, abrogated a treaty negotiated by the Executive Office, thereby pulling out the rug from under our South Vietnamese allies, who had fought and died with our soldiers and Marines for years.

Without the money to defend their country, while the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong were simultaneously fully supported by both China and the Soviet Union, the South did not have the financial wherewithal to withstand the communist invasion and eventually lost the ability to fight. After losing the South, the other "dominoes" of Laos and Cambodia fell within 3 months of Saigon, just as President Eisenhower had predicted. And making household names of such colorful new phrases as "re-education camps", "boat people", "killing fields", etc.

So, the Democrat Congress stabbed our brown-skinned allies in the back in 1975 in Indochina to our communist enemy, and our Democrat "President" Joe Biden did it today, August 31, 2021, with his precipitous and wholly unplanned unconditional surrender to a 7th Century tribal, Islamist gang in Afghanistan.

https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/31400 https://eagleinnyc.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/3-million-indochinese-were-massacred1.pdf
 * Sounds like a combination of the Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth and the arguments used by Nixon and Kissinger to obfuscate the "decent interval" strategy that most observers agree resulted in the Paris Peace Accords, but feel free to add content backed by unimpeachable reliable sources, if such sources exist.TheTimesAreAChanging (talk) 04:33, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:43, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Pavnsaigonpalace.jpg

Names section and capitalisation
Looking at the example of Ngày Giải Phóng (as capitalised in the article), a google news search here indicates various capitalisation of all of the words in this phrase. This then casts doubt on the capitalisation of the translation: "Liberation Day". The Vietnamese phrases appear to have been written in title case or as sentences even though they aren't sentences. Please contribute to resolving this. Cinderella157 (talk) 11:19, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I can't speak to how transliterated Vietamese should be capitalized, but not capitalizing translated common English words is consistent with MOS:CAPS. ~TPW 13:46, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

I would guess it's like Memorial Day or Labor Day, a named holiday or such. Google Translate translates ngày giải phóng to Liberation Day, and Liberation Day to ngày giải phóng, so I assume those are the common capitalizations in their respective languages. I don't know anything about capitalization in Vietnamese, but it appears to be pretty optional. Dicklyon (talk) 02:59, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

Capitalization of ngày giải phóng is all over the place in Vietnamese media, and it is clearly not conventionally rendered Ngày Giải Phóng (which seems to be the least common spelling). In English, the most conventional name for this is "Reunification Day", usually capitalized. "Liberation Day" is comparatively rare, but when I find it in news it is usually capitalized. The article over at Reunification Day gives three names for it all in the same style, but is using mixed case when it comes to the native-language names: Reunification Day (Vietnamese: Ngày Thống nhất), also known as Victory Day (Ngày Chiến thắng), Liberation Day (Ngày Giải phóng or Ngày Giải phóng miền Nam), or by its official name, Day of the Liberation of the South and National Reunification (Ngày Giải phóng miền Nam, thống nhất đất nước). What's attested in the source material does include that Ngày Giải phóng form, but also includes forms like ngày Giải phóng and Ngày giải phóng, as well as ngày giải phóng. I don't know enough about Vietnamese (which presumably has style guides from various sources that argue for one style or another). Maybe something to ask about at WT:VIET and WT:LING, maybe even at WP:RDL. Someone fluent in the language might recognize these as particular styles from particular quarters, and have some idea which is more conventional and why. Anyway, I don't think there's a problem with capitalizing "Liberation Day" in this context, since it's not just a literal translation that isn't in actual use, but is in actual use, simply not the most common name for the event/holiday in English. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  21:08, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fall of Saigon


text:
User:Inividual~enwiki

Ini, 17, lives in Austria. Can also be found over at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Inividual. Nothing else.

de: Benutzer:Inividual

title: User:Inividual~enwiki


text: Category:Razorlight albums

title: Category:Razorlight albums


text:
Fernan Vaz Lagoon

Fernan Vaz Lagoon is a large lagoon on the Atlantic coast of Gabon. It is named for Fernão Vaz, the first European to reach it, and is known its wildlife and for the church at Mission Saint Anne, built in 1889 by Gustav Eiffel. The main settlement on the lagoon's shore is Omboué.

title: Fernan Vaz Lagoon


text:
Standstill

A standstill is a situation of no movement or activity.

Standstill may refer to:

 * Lunar standstill, a time at which the range of the Moon's declination is at a maximum or minimum
 * Standstill (band), a Spanish post-hardcore-band
 * Standstill (bicycle), a technique used by bicycle riders
 * Standstill agreement, an instrument of a hostile takeover defence
 * Standstill operation, a surgical procedure that involves cooling the patient's body and stopping blood circulation
 * Standstill period, a period of time per the Official Journal of the European Union before a contract is signed with a successful supplier(s)
 * Standstill (song), from the debut EP It's All About the Girls by New Found Glory

title: Standstill


text:
1987 in art

Events from the year 1987 in art.

Events

 * 10 December – Musée d'art moderne (Saint-Étienne) opens as a separate institution.
 * 22 July – Palestinian cartoonist Naji al-Ali is shot in London; he dies 28 August.

Exhibitions

 * November 20 until January 24, 1988 - Ana Mendieta: A Retrospective at the New Museum in New York City.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize – William Robinson, Equestrian self-portrait
 * John Moores Painting Prize - Tim Head for "Cow mutations"
 * Turner Prize – Richard Deacon
 * Shortlisted were: Patrick Caulfield, Helen Chadwick, Richard Long, Declan McGonagle and Thérèse Oulton.

Works

 * Alice Aycock – Three-Fold Manifestation II (sculpture)
 * Wayne Chabre – John von Neumann (gargoyle, Eugene, Oregon)
 * Martin Creed – Work No. 1
 * Rose Finn-Kelcey – Bureau de Change (installation)
 * Anselm Kiefer – Osiris and Isis
 * Ulrich Rückriem – Untitled (granite sculpture, Art Institute of Chicago)
 * Richard Serra – Fulcrum (Cor-Ten steel sculpture, Broadgate, City of London)
 * Andres Serrano – Piss Christ (photograph)
 * Frank Stella – Decanter (sculpture, Houston, Texas)
 * Werner Tübke – Early Bourgeois Revolution in Germany
 * Ernest Zobole – House Interior in Landscape

Births

 * 1 August – CJ de Silva, Filipino art director, painter, graphic designer and illustrator
 * Xyza Cruz Bacani, Filipina street photographer
 * Ibrahim Mahama, Ghanaian installation artist

January to June

 * 14 February – Else Halling, Norwegian tapestry weaver (b. 1899)
 * 18 February – William Coldstream, English realist painter (b. 1908)
 * 22 February – Andy Warhol, American artist, director and writer (b. 1928)
 * 26 March – Georg Muche, German painter (b. 1895)
 * 19 April – Milt Kahl, American animator (b. 1909)
 * 8 June - Alexander Iolas, Egyptian born Greek gallerist and collector (b. 1908)

July to December

 * 30 July – Michel Tapié, French artist, critic, curator and art collector (b. 1909)
 * 29 August – Naji al-Ali, Palestinian cartoonist (b. c.1938)
 * September – Alice Rahon, French-born Mexican painter and poet (b. 1904).
 * 25 September – Harry Holtzman, American artist (b. 1912).
 * 4 October – Kalervo Palsa, Finnish artist (b. 1947).
 * 27 October – Jean Hélion, French painter (b. 1904)
 * 28 October – André Masson, French graphic artist (b. 1896)
 * 4 November – Raphael Soyer Russian-born American painter, (b. 1899).
 * 15 November – Ernő Goldfinger, Hungarian-born architect and furniture designer (b. 1902).
 * 2 December – Robert Filliou, French Fluxus artist (b. 1926)
 * 18 December - Dimitrije Bašičević, Serbian painter and sculptor (b. 1921)

Full date unknown

 * Roland Ansieau, French Art Deco graphic artist (b. 1901).
 * Huang Yao, Chinese artist (b. 1917)
 * Raymond Moore, English landscape photographer (b. 1920).
 * Myron Stout, American abstract painter (b. 1908).

title: 1987 in art


text:
Moanda

Moanda is one of the largest towns in Gabon, lying on the N3 road in Haut Ogooué. It is also one of the most important manganese mining towns in the world, under the auspices of the Compagnie Minière de l'Ogooué (COMILOG), which began mining in 1957. Moanda has a population of around 39,298 inhabitants (2010 est.) and is the second largest city in the Haut Ogooué Region, after Franceville. It is also a border town, lying 100 km away from the border with the Republic of Congo.

History
Moanda was originally a village lying on the swampy banks of the Miosso River. The discovery and exploitation of manganese in the nearby Bangombe Plateau from 1953 led to the emergence of the city. In 1977 Moanda had an estimated 230 million tons of manganese, some one-fifth of the world's deposits. In 1959, the 75 km COMILOG Cableway to the railway at Mbinda in the Republic of Congo was constructed to export the manganese, but it was eventually closed in 1986 when the Trans-Gabon Railway was completed. The city further grew during the 1990s owing to an influx of refugees from then war-torn Republic of Congo.

Geography and climate
Moanda lies on several adjacent plateaus lying between the higher and larger Bangombe plateau in the north, and the Miosso swamp in the south. Rocky formations Mount Boundinga and Mount Moanda lie further south.

The climate is equatorial, with an alternation of thunderstorms and hot temperatures between January and March, and cool temperatures from July to September.

Divisions
Moanda is divided into three areas. The first area is built on the main plateau and its slopes and includes the commercial centre and populous districts Ankoula, Montagne Sainte and Fumier. The second area includes the most populous districts Alliance, Rio and L'Oasis. The third area is on the easternmost plateau and includes Lekolo and Leyima. Another plateau is home to Rigobert Landji High School, the largest high school in the city. Other districts include the Third Zone in the southwest, and the Mukaba District, on the slopes of the Bangombe Plateau.

Economy

On 24 April 1953 a joint corporation was established to mine a deposit estimated at 50 million tons of manganese ore in Gabon owned by the Bureau of Mines of Overseas France (21%), Eastern Tjbangi Mining Company (15%), Société Mokta El Hadid (15%) and the U.S. Steel (49%). A 220 mi railway had first to be built to the coast, so full production was not expected until at least 1960. The Compagnie minière de l'Ogooué (Comilog) had initial capital of CFA 150 million. The first ore was shipped from Moanda on 2 October 1962. Moanda is now one of the largest manganese mining centres in the world. The operating company, COMILOG, exports an average 3.5 million tons of manganese a year. This makes Gabon one of the three largest manganese exporters in the world. The manganese so far is exploited on the Bangombe Plateau (42 km2).

Education
French international schools include:
 * Lycée Henri-Sylvoz
 * École primaire Comilog

Sport
The main stadium is Stade Henri Sylvoz, the home of AS Mangasport.

Transport
Moanda is served by Moanda Railway Station situated outside the city, north of the Bangombe Plateau. Moanda is also home to an airfield, and lies about 50 km to Mvengue Airport, none of which, as of 2016, had any commercial airline service. The city is crossed by the N3 road and is the northern end of the Moanda-Mbinda Road, which connects Moanda to Mbinda, Congo. Moanda Railway Station is the last stop before Franceville, the southern terminus of the Trans-Gabon Railway. The road to the Republic of Congo goes between Mount Moanda and Mount Boundinga.

title: Moanda


text: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/templatebase


text: User talk:216.159.104.202

title: User talk:216.159.104.202


text: User talk:82.47.147.176

title: User talk:82.47.147.176


text:
Ramón López Velarde

Ramón López Velarde (June 15, 1888 – June 19, 1921) was a Mexican poet. His work was a reaction against French-influenced modernismo which, as an expression of a purely Mexican subject matter and emotional experience, is unique. He achieved great fame in his native land, to the point of being considered Mexico's national poet.

Formative years
López Velarde was born in Jerez de García Salinas, Zacatecas. He was the first of nine children of José Guadalupe López Velarde, a lawyer from Jalisco, and Trinidad Berumen Llamas, who came from a local landowning family. José, after an unsuccessful law career, had founded a Catholic school in Jerez. In 1900, Ramón was sent to a seminary in Zacatecas, where he remained for two years; later, when his family moved, he transferred to a seminary in Aguascalientes. In 1905 he abandoned the seminary in favor of a career in the law.

During his years in the seminary, Velarde had spent his holidays in Jerez. During one of these trips, he met Josefa de los Ríos, a distant relative eight years his senior, who made a deep impression on him. The earliest poem ascribed to Velarde, "Fuensanta" (1905) is believed to have been inspired by her.

In 1906 he collaborated on the literary review Bohemio, published in Aguascalientes by some of his friends, under the pseudonym of "Ricardo Wencer Olivares". The Bohemio group sided with Manuel Caballero, a Catholic Integralist opposed to literary modernism, during the controversy surrounding the 1907 reappearance of the polemical Revista Azul. However, their intervention had no appreciable effect on Mexican literary culture.

In January 1908 Velarde began his law studies at the University of San Luis Potosí. Soon after, his father died, leaving the family, which had returned to Jerez, in a desperate financial situation. Thanks to the support of his maternal uncles, Velarde was able to continue his studies. He continued to collaborate on various publications in Aguascalientes (El Observador, El Debate, Nosotros) and later in Guadalajara (El Regional, Pluma y Lápiz). Bohemia had ceased to exist by 1907.

In San Luis Potosí Velarde read modernist poetry, especially that of Amado Nervo, to whom he will refer as "our greatest poet",  and Andrés González Blanco. This radically changed his aesthetic sensibilities, transforming him into a fervent defender of modernism. In 1910 he began to write what would later become La sangre devota.

The Revolution
During the years of the Mexican Revolution, López Velarde openly supported the political reforms of Francisco Madero, whom he met personally in 1910. In 1911 he received his law degree and became a judge in the small town of Venado. However, he left his position at the end of the year and traveled to Mexico City, hoping that Madero, the new president of the republic, might offer him a position in his government. Madero made no such offer, perhaps because of Velarde's militant Catholicism.

Eduardo J. Correa, his old mentor, hired him in 1912 to collaborate on La Nación, a monthly Catholic journal in Mexico City. Velarde wrote poems, reviews, and political commentary about Mexico's new state of affairs. He attacked, among others, Emiliano Zapata. He left the journal soon after the revolt of February 9, 1913, which brought Victoriano Huerta to power. Trying to escape the political turmoil of Mexico City, he returned to San Luis Potosí. He began his courtship of María de Nevares, which he would continue for the rest of his life, unsuccessfully.

At the beginning of 1914 he settled permanently in Mexico City. In the middle of 1915 the rise to power of Venustiano Carranza began a period of relative tranquility. Mexican poetry was currently dominated by the postmodernism of Enrique González Martínez, for whom Velarde had little admiration. He preferred the work of José Juan Tablada, who was also his good friend. During this period he was also interested in the work of the Argentine modernist Leopoldo Lugones, who left a decisive influence on Velarde's later work.

Nostalgia
In 1915 López Velarde began to write more personal poems, marked by their nostalgia for his native Jerez (to which he would never return), and for his first love, "Fuensanta".

In 1916 he published his first book, La sangre devota (The Pious Blood), which he dedicated to "the spirits" of the Mexican poets Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera and Manuel José Othón, and was well received by the Mexican literary community. The book – and even its title – concerned the Catholic liturgy, which was associated with the idealized world of the author's childhood in Jerez, and identified as the only refuge from his turbulent city life. The poem "Viaje al terruño" is fundamentally an attempt to evoke a return to childhood. Nevertheless, this nostalgia is not free of a certain ironic distance, as in the poem "Tenías un rebozo de seda..." he remembers himself as a "seminarian, without Baudelaire, without rhyme, and without a sense of smell".

In 1917, Josefa de los Ríos, the inspiration for "Fuensanta", died. Velarde began to work on his next book, Zozobra (Sinking), which would not be published for another two years. Between March and July of that year he collaborated with González Martínez on the review Pegaso. Despite receiving increasing criticism for his Catholicism and provincialism, Velarde's literary prestige also began to rise.

Zozobra
In 1919 Velarde published Zozobra, considered by the majority of critics to be his major work. It was heavily ironic and drew both from his provincial upbringing and his recent experiences in the city. The influence of Lugones was evident in the book's tendency to avoid common settings, the employment of vocabulary then considered unpoetical, of unusual adjectives and unexpected metaphors, the use of word games, the frequency of proparoxytones, and the humorous use of rhyme. In this sense, the work also resembled that of the Uruguayan poet Julio Herrera y Reissig. Zozobra consists of forty poems arranged cyclically, begun by the line "Hoy como nunca" ("Today as never"), saying goodbye to Fuensanta and Jerez, and ending with the poem "Humildemente" ("Humbly"), which marks a symbolic return to his origins. Zozobra was strongly criticized by González Martínez.

In 1920 the revolt of Alvaro Obregón brought an end to the government of Carranza, which for Velarde had been a period of stability and great productivity. But after a brief period of unrest in Velarde's life, José Vasconcelos was named minister of education, and promised a cultural renovation of the country. Velarde wrote for two journals promoted by Vasconcelos, México Moderno and El Maestro. In the latter, Velarde published one of his best-known essays, "Novedad de la Patria", where he expounded on the ideas of his earlier poems. Also appearing in El Maestro was "La suave patria", which would cement Velarde's reputation as Mexico's national poet.

Velarde died on June 19, 1921, soon after turning thirty-three. His death was officially attributed to pneumonia, although it was speculated that syphilis might have been to blame. He left behind an unfinished book, El son del corazón ("The sound of the heart"), which would not be published until 1932.

His influence
After his death, at Vasconcelos' quiet urging, López Velarde was given great honors, and held up as the national poet. His work, especially "La suave patria", was presented as the ultimate expression of post-revolutionary Mexican culture. This official appropriation did not preclude others from championing his work. The poets known as the Contemporáneos saw Velarde, together with Tablada, as the beginning of modern Mexican poetry. Xavier Villaurrutia, in particular, insisted on the centrality of Velarde in the history of Mexican poetry, and compared him to Charles Baudelaire.

The first complete study of Velarde was made by American author Allen W. Phillips in 1961. This formed the basis for a subsequent study by Octavio Paz, included in his book Cuadrivio (1963), in which he argued the modernity of López Velarde, comparing him to Jules Laforgue, Leopoldo Lugones and Julio Herrera.

Other critics, such as Gabriel Zaid, centered their analysis on Velarde's formative years and his strong Catholicism. On 1989, on Velarde's one hundredth birthday, Mexican author Guillermo Sheridan published a new biography of the poet, titled Un corazón adicto: la vida de Ramón López Velarde, which remains the most complete biography of Velarde to date.

Velarde's oeuvre marks a moment of transition between modernism and the avant-garde. His work was marked by a novel approach to poetic language. At the same time, it was framed by duality, whether it be the Mexican struggle between rural traditions and the new culture of the cities, or his own struggle between asceticism and pagan sensuality.

Despite his importance, he remains virtually unknown outside his own country.

Poetry

 * La sangre devota, 1916
 * Zozobra, 1919
 * El son del corazón, 1932

Prose

 * El minutero, 1923
 * El don de febrero y otras prosas, 1952
 * Correspondencia con Eduardo J. Correa y otros escritos juveniles, 1991

Memorials

 * Jardín Ramón López Velarde in Colonia Roma, Mexico City

title: Ramón López Velarde


text:
Dogie

Dogie may refer to:

 * A calf, especially one that is motherless or undersized
 * Dogie Butte, a geographic feature in rural South Dakota

title: Dogie


text:
Tanghetto

Tanghetto is an Argentinian neotango and electronic tango music project created and led by musician and producer Max Masri. It won the Gardel Award and was nominated five times to the Latin Grammy Awards. It's based in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The style of Tanghetto is a blend of tango and electronic music and is also influenced by world music and jazz. The main feature of their music, apart from the balance of electronic and ethnic sounds, is the strong presence of melody and song structure. Tanghetto uses technology as another musical instrument.

History
Tanghetto released their first album, Emigrante (electrotango), in 2003. It was inspired in the economic crisis that Argentina was facing in 2001 and also in the feelings of distress generated by the massive exile of many young Argentines, that decided to flee from their country, in a desperate move to find a future. Emigrante was nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards of 2004 in the category of "Best Instrumental Album", and later reached platinum status in Argentina in 2006 and double platinum in 2009. According to The Los Angeles Times, Tanghetto is the most seductive electrotango band that is based in Buenos Aires and the album Emigrante is "marked by its languid melodies, its smoky textures and the kind of delicate piano lines that would make Massive Attack proud". They presented the album in many different venues in Buenos Aires and as a part of the Festival y Mundial de Tango, and also at the most iconic place in Buenos Aires, their show at the Obelisco. In December 2004 the group released an album from a side project called Hybrid Tango, in which a variety of world music styles are blended with their unique sound, including flamenco, candombe, and jazz. This album was also nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards of 2005 in the Traditional/ Best Tango Category.

In October 2005 a new album, Buenos Aires Remixed, was released. It contains 12 remixed versions of Tanghetto songs plus two cover songs ("Enjoy the Silence" from Depeche Mode, and New Order's "Blue Monday"). Their version of "Blue Monday" became an alternative radio hit in the US, and a favorite on the KCRW radio station in Los Angeles. Buenos Aires Remixed reached gold status in early 2007 and became their second platinum album later that year. In 2005 they released their first controversial video, "Tangocrisis", with images of the Argentine economic crisis. Their second video from Hybrid Tango, "Barrio Sur", was their first video with rotation on MTV. In July 2006 they released their first DVD, Live in Buenos Aires.

After consistently touring Europe and the Americas, the band recorded their next studio album, El Miedo a la Libertad, named after Erich Fromm's classic essay, "Fear of Freedom". The album was released on March 1, 2008, and in July 2009 it won a Gardel Award, the Argentine equivalent of the Grammy.

In late 2009 after their first big tour in Brazil, they released a new studio album called Más Allá del Sur, which was also nominated for a Carlos Gardel Award, this time in 2010. In 2011 they released their album VIVO (live around the world), which was recorded during their last two tours. The album also includes a cover version of "Seven Nation Army" from The White Stripes and an electrotango version of the song "Computer Love" by German electro pioneers Kraftwerk. There's a second volume for the VIVO album dubbed VIVO 'Milonguero' with 14 live tracks, including unplugged versions recorded during the 2007 BBC sessions and some bonus tracks, such as Piazzolla's "Allegro Tangabile". This album features a notable live version of "Libertango" also by the great tango creator Astor Piazzolla. VIVO Milonguero won their second Gardel Award. In late 2012 a concept album called Incidental Tango was released, with the participation of guest arranger / pianist Aldo Di Paolo. For the Incidental Tango album, Masri envisioned the notion that music is always the soundtrack of everyone's life, and thus tango in all of its forms is the 'incidental music' of life in Buenos Aires. Tanghetto toured all over Europe in 2013, playing in one of the most important venues in London, The O2 Arena, and toured Romania and Poland for the first time. They also toured in Latin America, in Mexico, Uruguay, Chile, Brazil, Argentina. In 2014 they released the follow-up to their 2004 concept album Hybrid Tango, named Hybrid Tango II. The album consisted of new recorded material and some songs that were not used in other albums but were of excellent artistic quality and were kept for this project. In September 2014 Tanghetto was nominated for the third time to the Latin Grammys with Hybrid Tango II competing with Rubén Blades, who won. In 2015 they released the album Progressive Tango and got their sixth nomination to the Gardel Awards. Progressive Tango, first promo single, became the number one song played from Tanghetto in Spotify. With that tour they played in Europe, America and Asia. In 2016 they released the album Desenchufado. It was also nominated to the Gardel Awards, becoming their seventh nomination to the most prestigious awards in Argentina, in 2017. In 2018 they released the album Vivo en Buenos Aires, recorded at some of the most important music halls of Buenos Aires and featuring two new songs. In July 2018 they played for the first time at the iconic Lincoln Center in New York City for 3,000 people. In 2019 they performed their most important show in Buenos Aires celebrating 15 years of the Emigrante album, playing at the Ballena Azul Symphony Hall, with three Argentine music legends as special guests: Pedro Aznar, Sandra Mihanovich and Nito Mestre. In early 2020 they played in Buenos Aires's iconic tango venues the Torcuato Tasso, La Viruta and Salon Canning, and after that (because of the COVID-19 pandemic) they only did virtual or "from home" concerts and some TV specials. Also in 2020 they released their eighth studio album, Reinventango, which was nominated to the Gardel Awards 2021 in the category "Best Tango Orchestra", a historic achievement for an electroango band. In May 2021 they released the album Tanghetto plays Piazzolla as a tribute to the legendary Argentine musician Astor Piazzolla. it was nominated to the Latin Grammys of the same year. According to Grammy.com (the official site of The Grammys) Tanghetto's Reinventango presents a rugged masterpiece of melancholy melodies and sharp beats. Relentless in the purity of its vision, it sets a gold standard for all tango records to follow.

Current live lineup

 * Max Masri: synthesizers and programming, vocal
 * Antonio Boyadjian, piano
 * Daniel Corrado, drums
 * Octavio Bianchi, violin
 * Joaquín Benitez, bandoneon
 * Regina Manfredi, Chelo

Other guest musicians

 * Chao Xu: violoncello and erhu
 * Alessio Santoro: acoustic/electronic drums and percussion
 * Leandro Ragusa: bandoneon
 * Matías Rubino: bandoneon
 * Martín Cecconi: bandoneon
 * Diego Velázquez: guitars, requinto, backing vocals
 * Nicolás Tognola: bandoneon
 * Federico Vazquez: bandoneon
 * Aldo Di Paolo, acoustic and electric piano

Discography
Studio Albums

 * 2003: Emigrante (electrotango)
 * 2004: Hybrid Tango
 * 2008: El Miedo a la Libertad
 * 2009: Más Allá del Sur
 * 2012: Incidental Tango
 * 2014: Hybrid Tango II
 * 2015: Progressive Tango
 * 2020: Reinventango
 * 2021: Tanghetto plays Piazzolla
 * 2023: ARGENTINXS

Live Albums, Remixes, Special Editions

 * 2005: Buenos Aires Remixed (twelve remixes & two covers)
 * 2010: VIVO (live album, includes a 3-track bonus studio EP)
 * 2011: VIVO Milonguero (second volume of VIVO, with 14 new live tracks and a 3-track bonus studio EP)
 * 2016: Desenchufado (recorded live in-studio)

Singles (Promo or digital)

 * 2003: Inmigrante
 * 2004: Una Llamada
 * 2004: Más de lo Mismo
 * 2005: Alexanderplatz Tango
 * 2005: Enjoy The Silence
 * 2006: Barrio Sur
 * 2006: El Boulevard
 * 2007: Blue Monday
 * 2007: Mente Frágil
 * 2008: Buscando Camorra
 * 2008: Tangocrisis
 * 2008: Englishman in New York
 * 2009: La Milonga
 * 2010: Tango Místico
 * 2011: Buscando Camorra Live
 * 2012: Yumbera
 * 2013: Gallo Ciego (single)
 * 2014: Quién me quita lo bailado
 * 2015: ¿Cuánto Más?
 * 2016: Progressive Tango
 * 2018: Cono Sur
 * 2021: Transtango
 * 2023: Tiempo
 * 2023: Carabelas Nada

Awards
Tanghetto was nominated to the Latin Grammy Awards for the first time in 2004 in the "Best Instrumental Album" category with their album Emigrante (electrotango). As of January 2022 every studio album released by the band has received an award or a nomination. In 2009 they won their first Gardel Award (Argentine Grammy) with their album El Miedo a la Libertad. They competed with top artists like Yo Yo Ma, Rubén Blades and Pablo Ziegler. In 2021 Tanghetto was nominated for "Best Tango Orchestra" for the Gardel Awards, the first time an electrotango band is nominated in what used to be an "only for traditional tango" category. Also in 2021 Tanghetto was nominated for the fourth time to the Latin Grammys for their album Tanghetto plays Piazzolla, also the first time for the band to be nominated to both awards in the same calendar year.

title: Tanghetto