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Tottington, Greater Manchester

Tottington is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury in Greater Manchester, England, on the edge of the West Pennine Moors.

Historically in Lancashire, it was a medieval fee, a type of royal manor, which encompassed several townships from Musbury and Cowpe with Lench in the north to Affetside in the west and Walshaw in the south west, while the township of Tottington itself was a small agricultural settlement surrounded by open farmland and hunting ground where deer and wild boar were found.

History
There is no mention of Tottington in the Domesday Book and little evidence of a settlement before the Norman conquest. The earliest extant record of Tottington is from 1212 when it was recorded as Totinton. Tottington's name is most likely derived from the Old English for the land or farmstead belonging to a man called Tota; or "tot" may be from an Old English word meaning "hilltop lookout point".

Tottington was part of the larger Royal Manor of Tottington, which comprised the northern part of the parish of Bury and was originally part of the De Montbegon Barony (Roger de Montbegon was present at the signing of the Magna Carta). Throughout the Middle Ages the manor was reduced as land was exchanged and bequeathed. Walmersley and Shuttleworth were given to the Lord of Bury; Musbury and Cowpe with Lench in the north were ceded to Blackburnshire. The Manor of Tottington eventually formed part of the Honour of Clitheroe, which in turn became part of the eventual Duchy of Lancaster. When the Duke of Lancaster seized the throne to become Henry IV the duchy became royal and the Manor of Tottington with it.

Tottington Hall is first recorded in 1504, as the residence of the Nuttall family. The Nuttall family's fortunes improved throughout the Tudor and Stuart periods and in 1715 Thomas Nuttall built the first school in Tottington. In 1770 the hall and its estates were bought by John Gorton, whose family had made their wealth in the cotton trade. He brought his industrial expertise to Tottington, building Tottington Mill, Kirklees Mill and Leemings Hill Bleach Works; greatly contributing to the prosperity and expansion of the village in the Georgian period. During this time the family financed the building of St Anne's Church and vicarage, and refurbished Tottington Hall leaving it much as it stands today. In 1863 the hall and grounds were put up for sale and came under the Roberts family before being bought by the recently formed Tottington Urban District Council in 1918 for £2,750. Ownership was handed over to the newly formed Bury Metropolitan Council in 1974, who used it to house the village library. Bury Council closed the library in 2018. Running of Tottington Hall was taken over by the local community in 2018. Operating as the Tottington Centre, it houses a library, tea rooms and locally based clubs.

Little expansion occurred until the Industrial Revolution when in common with other Lancashire settlements in the 19th century, Tottington saw a large industrial presence develop, largely under the influence of John Gorton. Nine mills were listed in an 1891 directory producing calico, cotton cloth and yarn. In 1884 Hilaire de Chardonnet, a French chemist, came to the area to work on a cellulose-based fabric that became known as 'Chardonnay silk'. A forerunner of rayon it was an attractive cloth, Chardonnet displayed it in the Paris Exhibition of 1889. However, like celluloid it was very flammable, following several publicly reported accidents, it was discontinued. The site on Royds Street South reverted to typical Lancashire textile production until 1925, when the Kirklees Rayon Company began producing viscose continuous filament yarn at the mill. This continued until 1955 when viscose production ceased. Courtaulds took over the mill in 1962 and converted it into a dye-house, this work continued until 1980. The site is now occupied by the housing estate centred on Kirklees Street. Tottington Mill printworks was the subject of the 1921 sketch "Mill Yard, Tottington" by LS Lowry.

The rapid expansion of the local population in the early 19th century, and the abundance of public houses that followed, led to the building of Tottington Dungeon in 1835 to lock up drunks and miscreants. It is not known who built it, who the carved faces on the outer stonewalls represent or who carved them. However, it does share architectural similarities with the folly built in the grounds of Nabbs House in Greenmount, which was constructed at the same time by John Turner. The following is a first hand account from a local mill worker, as published in Victorian and Edwardian Lancashire by John Hudson (Published 13 November 2008):

In 1882 the Bury to Holcombe Brook Line was opened by Bury and Tottington District Railway. In 1888 the line was taken over by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and Tottington railway station remained open until the line closed for passengers in 1952 and goods in 1963. On 16 September 1904 an electric tram service was introduced running along Market Street between Bury and Tottington by Bury Corporation Tramways; in response to this competition the following year the railway introduced new rolling stock and increased the number of 'halts' on the line such as at Sunnywood. Passengers had to climb up onto the carriages as there were no platforms. Following the closure of the line, in 1972 Tottington Urban District Council proposed that the trackbed of the former Holcombe Brook branch should be developed as a 3-mile recreational path; the project was adopted by Bury Metropolitan Council upon its creation and the pathway is now known as the Kirklees Trail.

During the Second World War, Tottington was hit at 5:50 am on the morning of Christmas Eve 1944 by one of 45 V-1 flying bombs, launched from adapted Heinkel He 111 bombers flying over the North Sea. The 'Doodlebug' landed on a row of cottages in Chapel Street, killing two men and four women and injuring 14 others, one of whom died later. Numbers 21 and 23 Chapel Street were destroyed, while two neighbouring properties and a shop were severely damaged. The impact left a crater 30 ft deep, a total of 27 houses suffered serious structural damage, eight of which had to be demolished. St Anne's Church nearby had all its windows blown out, save for one behind the altar. The Whitehead family of nearby Stormer Hill Hall raised funds to have the area turned into a memorial garden, which was dedicated in 1950. The original brass plaque was stolen in 1975 and the gardens now feature a memorial stone dedicated to those lost.

Since the War Tottington has expanded with the Moorside area residential development being built in the early 1970s and new property built on the site of many of the former mills such as Spring Mill and Kirklees Mill.

Governance
By the 18th century what remained of Tottington Manor was divided into Lower End and Higher End. Lower End contained the village of Tottington, the hamlets of Woolfold, Bolholt and Walshaw in the south; Affetside and Hawkshaw in the west; Greenmount, Holcombe Brook, Redisher, Hazelhurst and Holcombe in the centre, and Brooksbottom, Nuttall, Nuttall Lane and Ramsbottom (with Tanners and Carr to its west) in the north-east, with the River Irwell forming the eastern boundary. Higher End consisted the lands and settlements that now make up most of Rossendale borough.

The old township boundaries were removed by the Local Government Act 1894. Tottington Higher End was divided between Ramsbottom, Rawtenstall and Haslingden. Lower End was split to form Ramsbottom and Tottington Urban District Councils. The urban district was divided into four wards – Central, North, East and West – each returning three members to the council. In 1933 two acres of the urban district were added to the County Borough of Bury. Since 1974, as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, the urban district has been part of Bury Metropolitan Borough. One of the last actions of the UDC was the creation of Old Kay's Park, named after John Kay, the park was created as a bulwark against further development encircling the community. The metropolitan council partially resurrected Tottington Lower End when it created the township forum of Tottington, North Manor and Ramsbottom, which covers much the same area. The UDC territory broadly correlates with the Tottington ward of Bury Council and returns three Councillors. Following an October 2015 by-election, the Councillors representing the ward are: ]

 * Yvonne Wright (Independent)
 * Ian Gartside (Con)
 * Luis McBrair (Con)

As of 2015, Ian Gartside is the leader of the opposition on Bury Council.

Tottington is part of the Bury North parliamentary constituency, which has been represented by James Daly (Conservative)since the 2019 general election. The constituency was previously represented by James Frith (Labour 2017–2019), David Nuttall (Conservative, 2010–2017), David Chaytor (Labour, 1997–2010) and Alistair Burt (Conservative 1983–1997).

Geography and geology
Tottington's physical geography is characterised by its position at the edge of the West Pennine Moors and the Rossendale Valley. Directly north-west, Affetside Moor rises to a height of more than 900 ft above sea level and further north Top of Quarlton and Holcombe Moor dominate the skyline. From elevated parts of the town Scout Moor, Harden Moor and Knowl Hill are visible to the east. The villages of Affetside, Greenmount and Hawkshaw are north of the town, with Walshaw to the south west. Until the post-war period Tottington was a ribbon development along the Bury to Blackburn road, the Kirklees Valley to the east stopped development in that direction and kept Tottington distinct from Brandlesholme. Within the Kirklees Valley there are a number of artificial mill ponds and reservoirs created during Tottington's industrial heyday. Many of these have since dried up, but the remaining examples have proven an ideal habitat for numerous species of wildfowl and bats.

The superficial geology beneath Tottington consists of Devensian glacial tills, which overlie the Lower Pennine Coal Measures; the same sequences of sandstones, mudstones and coal seams that form the Lancashire Coalfield. There is no history of coal mining in Tottington, although most original buildings such as the dungeon are built from sandstone and gritstone quarried locally.

Community profile and facilities
Running along Market Street, Tottington features a number of independent retailers including a veterinary practice, plus restaurants, a post office and a medium-sized Co-Op Food store. There are five pubs including the Old Dungeon Inn, which backs onto the Tottington Dungeon. Live music was regularly played at the Hark To Towler pub before it was closed and converted to apartments in 2018. Tottington Primary School and Tottington High School are both rated good by Ofsted. There are four churches in the town; St Anne's Church of England (1799), St John's Free Church of England (1867) Tottington Methodist Church (1905) and St Hilda's Roman Catholic Church (1963). Tottington Medical Practice opened in 1995 and houses 8 GP surgeries. Tottington Cenotaph was dedicated to victims of the First World War in 1930. Built of Portland stone as is the Cenotaph in London; it bears the inscription "We owe more tears to those dead men than time shall see us pay"; a line taken from Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar. It was designed by Lancastrian sculptor Walter Marsden and features two bronze wreath badges; one featuring a peace dove and the other the rising sun.

The village library, located in grade 2 listed Tottington Hall and identified for closure by Bury Council in 2017, was saved from permanent closure by the efforts of a group of volunteers, led by councillor Yvonne Wright, and reopened in 2018 as Tottington Centre and Community Library.

The area is served by Tower FM local radio; so named after two landmarks in the stations coverage area; Turton Tower near Bolton and Peel Tower on Holcombe Hill near Ramsbottom. The Sustrans National Cycle Route 6 Runs through Tottington, following the old railway line, on its way from London to Keswick. Tottington is also served by regular direct bus services to Bury.

Tottington Public Band has been in continuous existence since at least 1835, making it one of the oldest brass bands in the country. During the course of its history, it has performed under various names including; Tottington Original Band, Tottington Prize Band and Tottington Silver Band. Tottington is also home to two amateur dramatic societies, a football club and a cricket club. An annual one-day music festival and fair has been held in the village since 2002, when it was first held for the Queen's Golden Jubilee. Despite the semi-rural setting, Tottington is well served by public parks and play areas, including Old Kay's Park to the north, Town Meadow Park behind the library, Compton Meadow and Two Brooks and Kirklees valleys.

Landmarks

 * 24 listed structures in Tottington, all Grade II.
 * St John with Trinity Free Church of England, founded in 1853.
 * Tottington Hall and gardens, now used as the village library and park.
 * Whitehead Gardens which was built on the site of houses struck by a V-1 flying bomb on Christmas Eve 1944.
 * Disused railway line to Holcombe Brook (pictures) once carried one of the first DC electrified railway lines in the world.
 * West of Tottington runs Watling Street, the old Roman road running from Mamucium (Manchester) to Bremetennacum (Ribchester).
 * Tottington Dungeon, at the junction of Market Street, Turton Road & Harwood Road, stone built with many faces and patterns carved into the blocks.
 * Tottington Viaduct, a nine span construction now carrying the Kirklees Valley trail across Island Lodge Pond, originally constructed for the Bury to Holcombe Brook Line in 1882. At 125 yards long it was the largest bridge on the line and was built wide enough to accommodate a second track if required at a later date.

Notable people

 * Sir Edward Holden, 1st Baronet (1848–1919), British banker and Liberal politician, developed the Midland Bank.
 * Sarah Lord Bailey (1856–1922), elocutionist and teacher
 * Antony Cotton MBE (born 1975), star of popular soap opera Coronation Street, was also born and brought up in the village and was a pupil of nearby Woodhey High School.
 * Tony Irving (born 1976), a former dancing champion, TV star and celebrity in Scandinavia, retains strong links with Tottington and Greenmount, Greater Manchester, as most of his family live there.
 * Lisa Riley (born 1976), TV presenter (and Emmerdale actor), was born and brought up in Tottington. Riley was a former pupil of Hollymount Primary School and St. Gabriel's R.C. High School in Bury.
 * Vicky Binns (born 1982), actress, has played major characters in Emmerdale and Coronation Street, and in the West End theatre
 * Craig Potter, Pete Turner and Richard Jupp of Bury band Elbow (formed in 1997) grew up in Tottington and attended Tottington Primary School. The band's first rehearsals were held at St Anne's Church Hall.
 * Lady Tottington, of Tottington Hall, is the love interest of Wallace in Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit; a continuation of the use of Lancashire placenames such as Wendolene Ramsbottom and Preston the dog in A Close Shave.

Sport

 * Len Crompton (1902–after 1930), a professional football goalkeeper, was born in Tottington
 * Bill Doran (1916–1973), a World Championship Motorcycle Racer in the early 1950s was born in Tottington.

title: Tottington, Greater Manchester


text:
Talk:Marching Out

Vfd
On April 8, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Marching Out for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 01:21, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

About power metal genre change & Holy Diver...
An unknown user added the genre with a source from revolver magazine. This same user used this same source for Dio's Holy Diver album. If it's to delete that same genre with the same source from this album, let's be fair and delete it in both since Holy Diver didn't add a discussion either. AncapsuClassic (talk) 00:40, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

 * I have removed the edit you speak of on Holy Diver.  -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 00:46, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

What we will do, I think the fair thing is to either delete the two on both albums or go with the two that have the same fonts that were added by an unknown user AncapsuClassic (talk) 00:48, 11 November 2021 (UTC)
 * That's what this discussion will determine. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 00:51, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

Okay...saw your message now AncapsuClassic (talk) 00:49, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

We have to be fair. That's it AncapsuClassic (talk) 00:55, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

Done with Marching Out and done with Holy Diver. It's just fair AncapsuClassic (talk) 01:08, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Marching Out


text: User talk:202.150.194.38

title: User talk:202.150.194.38


text: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/fac

title: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/fac


text:
Palestinian conflict

Palestinian conflict may refer to:
 * Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1947–
 * Black September in Jordan 1970–1971 (Jordanian-Palestinian Civil War)
 * Lebanese Civil War 1975–1990
 * Fatah–Hamas conflict 2005–

title: Palestinian conflict


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Esther Béjarano

Esther Béjarano ( Löwy; 15 December 1924 – 10 July 2021) was one of the last survivors of the Auschwitz concentration camp. She survived because she was a player in the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz. She was active in various ways, including speeches and in music, in keeping the memory of the Holocaust alive. She was a regular speaker at the International Youth Meeting organised yearly at the Max Mannheimer Study Center in Dachau.

Biography
Born Esther Löwy, she was a daughter of Margarete (Heymann) and Rudolf Loewy, the head cantor of a Jewish municipality, in Saarlouis. Her father encouraged her to get interested in music and Esther learned to play the piano. At the age of 15 she left her parents' home to make an attempt to emigrate to Palestine; the attempt was unsuccessful. She served two years of hard labour at a camp in Landwerk Neuendorf, near Fürstenwalde/Spree.

On 20 April 1943, everyone in the camp was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. There she had to drag stones until she volunteered to play accordion in the newly formed Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz. Until then, she had only played the piano, never the accordion. Other players included Anita Lasker-Wallfisch. The orchestra had the task, among others, to play for the daily march of the work crews passing through the camp gate.

After the war, she immigrated to Palestine on 15 September 1945 and in 1960 returned to Germany with her husband and two children. At the beginning of the 1980s, she created the musical group Coincidence, with her daughter Edna and her son Joram. They sang songs from the ghetto and in Hebrew as well as anti-fascist songs.

Béjarano lived in Hamburg. She was a co-founder and chairman of the International Auschwitz Committee and honorary chairperson of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime. She was active for the Committee until her death.

Béjarano died in Hamburg on 10 July 2021, aged 96. She was one of the last surviving orchestra members.

Awards and honours
Béjarano was awarded the Carl von Ossietzky Medal of the Internationale Liga für Menschenrechte in 2004. In 2008, Béjarano became honorary president of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime. She received the Herbert Wehner Medal in 2010.

Béjarano held the Cross of Merit, First class, of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, since 2012. She was honoured with ethecon's 2013 "Blue Planet Award" for her "relentless activity for peace and against anti-Semitism, racism and fascism". In 2014, she was awarded the Giesbert Lewin Prize of the Cologne chapter of the Societies for Christian-Jewish Collaboration. She became honorary citizen of her birth town Saarlouis the same year on the occasion of her 90th birthday. In 2016, she received the Preis für Solidarität und Menschenwürde (Prize for solidarity and human dignity) of the Bündnis für Soziale Gerechtigkeit und Menschenwürde. The Senate of Hamburg awarded her the Hamburgische Ehrendenkmünze in 2019. The Gemeinschaftsschule school in Wiesloch was named after her in 2020. The same year, she was awarded the Hermann Maas Prize for her activities against racism and exclusion, and for her political commitment.

Publications

 * Lieder für das Leben. Curio-Verlag, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-926534-84-2.
 * Man nannte mich Krümel. Curio-Verlag, Hamburg 1989, ISBN 3-926534-82-6.
 * Man nannte mich Krümel. Curio-Verlag, Hamburg 1989, ISBN 3-926534-82-6.

Film

 * Esther che suonava la fisarmonica nell’orchestra di Auschwitz, Regia di Elena Valsania, Felìz – Edizioni SEB27, DVD allegato al volume: Esther Béjarano, "La ragazza con la fisarmonica. Dall’orchestra di Auschwitz alla musica Rap", A cura di Antonella Romeo, Prefazione di Bruno Maida, Edizioni SEB27, 2013; ISBN 978-88-86618-94-6

title: Esther Béjarano


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Črni Vrh Observatory

The Črni Vrh Observatory (Observatorij Črni Vrh, IAU code: 106) is an astronomical observatory located in western Slovenia, close to the settlement of Črni Vrh, near the town of Idrija. The current observatory was built in 1985 and stands at an elevation of 730 m. Much of the construction was done by volunteers.

Regular astronomical observations started in 1975, at a small observatory that was equipped with home-made instruments and was set up 4 km from the present site. At that time, the first images of Comet West were taken. The site is well above the inversion border much of winter, which allows undisturbed observations on many successive clear nights.

The observatory runs a comet and asteroid search program named PIKA after its Slovene acronym. Since March 2003, the program has been operated on a new 60-cm, f/3.3 Cichocki telescope equipped with a Finger Lake 1k × 1k CCD detector. Telescope project funding has been covered in part by the Planetary Society Shoemaker Grant 2000 and 2010. The recent grant was for the purchase of a deep-cooling Apogee Alta U9000 CCD camera that will increase sensitivity of the imaging system, enabling discoveries of even fainter objects. The new camera has been in operation since October 2011.

Members of the Department of Physics, Astronomical Observatory, of the University of Ljubljana, used the site for observations with their 36 cm S-C telescope from 1994 to 2009.

On 18 August 2008, the amateur astronomer Stanislav Matičič discovered the comet C/2008 Q1 (Matičič), the first comet discovered in this observatory and in Slovenia. On 16 April 2010, the student Jan Vales discovered the periodic comet designated P/2010 H2 (Vales) in a strong outburst. The Catalina Sky Survey researchers scanned the same region of the sky only 15 hours earlier and missed it.

Telescopes

 * 19-cm Automatic Comet Imaging Telescope
 * 36-cm AIT Imaging System (no longer in use)
 * 60-cm Cichocki Sky Survey Telescope
 * All-Sky Camera
 * Most Recent List of Discoveries

Observing team

 * Observers

Discoveries
The Minor Planet Center credits a large number of minor planet discoveries directly to the observatory (Crni Vrh).

title: Črni Vrh Observatory


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NKM

NKM may refer to:

 * Nagoya Airfield in Japan
 * Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, French politician
 * Namkon railway station, Jharkhand, India

title: NKM


text:
Talk:The Perishers

comments
"a bloke wot goes down dranes in big rubber boots"
 * Dunno where you got "dranes" from, it's always been "sewers" to my recollection. Also no call for emboldening the text at this point. Lee M 01:25, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point, my bad. --Vodex 18:54, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Bully Bates
No mention of Bully Bates, who in the early days of the strip was not seen but often 'beat up' Wellington. Wellington tried various ruses to prevent this, by pretending to be Welsh, Scottish, Irish, or English on the relevant Saints days. In the hopes of appealing to the 'better side' of the Bully. These ruses never worked, and Wellington came off the worst for wear.Bettybutt (talk) 05:24, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I think Its Bully Bloggs, unless they changed the name The Dino-Pi (talk) 18:58, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

Cousin Worsoff?
Does he actually exist as a character, or does Dirty McSquirty just make him up to prove a point? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.17.150.20 (talk) 12:49, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

 * He is a real character. Dirty McSquirty oftenly talk to him. The Dino-Pi (talk) 18:18, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

Recurring Characters
Wasn't there also a schoolteacher named Miss Spendapenny (presumably a spoof on Miss Moneypenny), appearing from time to time, or have I mixed The Perishers up with some other cartoon series? John of Wood Green (talk) 14:19, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

"Vilson Kepple und Betty"?
I recall the tortoise exclaiming "Donner und Blitzen!" rather than the above, did this change at some point? Maybe a temporary change for a Christmas special? (Donner & Blitzen being two of the suited guy's reindeer, though I gather it translates as "thunder and lightning"). Pastychomper (talk) 16:33, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

Nuvolari
No mention either of "the wonder dog racist's" periodic battles with Nuvolari: that is Boot being pushed in a buggy by Wellington. Boot on these occasions fantasised about winning motor races against this 1930s Italian motor racing driver much as Snoopy fantasised about shooting down the Red Baron. I wonder how many of the Mirror's readers knew who Nuvolari was and why the writer didn't choose Stirling Moss or Graham Hill ( much closer to his own time.) Any editor got a source for something about this or the exact relationship between "The Perishers" and "Peanuts." I always found the Perishers much the funnier of the two strips.Spinney Hill (talk) 15:28, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I bet they choose Nuvolari vs Boot (the wonder racing dog) cos Nuvolari Sounds nicer. I lived it when Nulvolari run out of fuel, but Boot ran out of "pants". :D The Dino-Pi (talk) 19:01, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * And I Agree, the perishers are better and more "Direct" than peanuts. And defiantly a better name. The Dino-Pi (talk) 19:10, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Perishers


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McMichael Canadian Art Collection

The McMichael Canadian Art Collection (MCAC) is an art museum in Kleinburg, Ontario, Canada. The museum is located on a 100 acre property in Kleinburg, an unincorporated village in Vaughan. The property includes the museum's 85000 sqft main building, a sculpture garden, walking trails, and a cemetery for six members of the Group of Seven.

The collection dates back to 1955, when Robert and Signe McMichael began to collect works from artists associated to the Group of Seven, exhibiting their works at their home in Kleinburg. In 1965, the McMichaels formally reached an agreement to donate their collection and their Kleinburg property to the Government of Ontario in order to establish an art museum. The institution was opened to the public as the McMichael Conservation Collection of Art in 1966. The museum was formally incorporated into the McMichael Canadian Art Collection in 1972. Although the museum was originally established with an institutional focus on the Group of Seven, the museum's mandate was later expanded to include contemporary Canadian art, and art from indigenous Canadians.

The museum's permanent collection includes over 6,500 works by Canadian artists. In addition to its permanent collections, the institution is also the custodian for the archives of works on paper by Inuit artists based in Kinngait. The museum organizes and hosts a number of travelling art exhibitions, typically focused on Canadian art.

History
In 1951 Robert and Signe McMichael purchased a 10 acre plot of land in Kleinburg, Ontario. A home was subsequently built in 1954, with the McMichaels moving into the property. The McMichaels began acquiring works by artists of the Group of Seven for their personal collection, with the first being a painting by Tom Thomson, acquired for C$250 in 1955. In 1962, the McMichaels acquired Tom Thomson's studio situated outside the Studio Building in Toronto, and relocated it to their property to begin restorations on it. By 1965, the McMichaels' personal collection contained 194 paintings either purchased or donated to them. The McMichaels began exhibiting their works on their Kleinburg property during the weekends, although growing number of visitors led the McMichaels to consider establishing a public a "shrine" dedicated to the Group of Seven. On 18 November 1965, the McMichaels and the Government of Ontario reached an agreement, where the McMichaels would donate the collection, and the property to the government, who would maintain the grounds, and maintain the "spirit of the collection". As a part of the agreement, the McMichaels would maintain a degree of curatorial control, occupy two of the five seats in the museum's Board of Trustees, and permission to continue inhabiting the property, and be buried there. The McMichaels continued to reside on the property until museum operations made it no longer possible; with the Government of Ontario providing them a home in Caledon.

In the months after the agreement was made, work was undertaken to re-purpose the property into an art museum, and prepare the exhibits for its collection. The property was formally opened to the public on 8 July 1966 as the McMichael Conservation Collection of Art. Robert McMichael served as the museum's first director, holding the position until resigning in 1981.

In 1968, Group of Seven member A. Y. Jackson suggested that the museum serve as the burial ground for himself, and other members of the group. The proposal was later accepted by the museum, with a cemetery for Group of Seven members prepared on the property of the museum. Shortly before his death, Jackson spent a significant portion of his time painting on the property, and serving as the institution's artist-in-residence.

In 1969, the museum's mandate was amended to expand the scope of the museum's collection and scope to include works of similar nature that reflect the "cultural heritage of Canada"; with approval from Robert McMichael, and the Premier of Ontario, John Robarts. An increase in attendance rates, and its collection led to the institution being formally incorporated as a crown corporation of Ontario on 30 November 1972, when the McMichael Canadian Art Collection Act received Royal Assent. In 1981, the museum's Board of Governors formally requested the province to amend the institution's governing act, so it is governed only by the 1972 act, and not by the 1965 agreement as well. The following dispute led to Robert McMichael's resignation as the museum's director, and an amendment to the Act in 1982 that named McMichael as the institution's "Founder, Director-Emeritus," and elevated the importance of indigenous Canadian works in its collection.

In the 1990s, the Robert McMichael challenged the Board and the province that it had deviated from its original mandate agreed upon. In McMichael v. Ontario, the court originally ruled that changes to the museum's mandate should not have been permitted. The decision was later overturned in the Court of Appeal for Ontario in 1997; and the Supreme Court of Canada dismissing an appeal to that ruling in 1998. Failing to assert the original agreement through judicial means, the McMichaels successfully lobbied Member of Provincial Parliament Helen Johns to introduce a bill that would reassert it. on 2 November 2000, Bill 112 received Royal Assent, amending the museum's mandate to better reflect the original mandate of showcasing Canadian landscape art, particularly works by the Group of Seven.

After proposals were submitted by the museum's Board of Directors, and the Fenwick family, the closest living relatives to the deceased McMichaels, Bill 118 received Royal Assent in June 2011, expanding the museum's mandate to include contemporary Canadian, and indigenous Canadian artists, in addition to artists associated with the Group of Seven. The 2011 amendment to the governing act of the museum also removed the art advisory committee, and restrictions to the museum's exhibition mandate.

Grounds
The McMichael Canadian Art Collection is situated in Kleinburg, an unincorporated village in Vaughan, Ontario. The grounds of the museum are on a 100 acre conservation area in the Humber River Valley, which also serves as a floodplain for the area. The landscape itself was partially crafted by the McMichaels, and later the Government of Ontario, to help complement the museum's collection; with the McMichaels planting over 500 cedar trees in the area to help recreate the landscapes typically painted by the Group of Seven.

Buildings located on the grounds include the museum's main building, the Meeting House, Pine Cottage, and Tom Thomson's studio. Pine Cottage houses the institution's art studio. In addition to the structures, the grounds also contains a number of walking trails, a sculpture garden, and the McMichael cemetery. The Ivan Eyre Sculpture Garden, and cemetery is located west of the buildings, with the sculpture garden exhibiting works from its permanent collection, and works on loan to the museum. Six members of the Group of Seven are interred at the McMichael cemetery, including A. J. Casson, Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Frank Johnston, Arthur Lismer, and Frederick Varley.

Main building
The museum's main building was designed by Ontario-based architect, Leo Venchiarutti, and was completed in 1954. The museum's main building was expanded several times in 1963, 1967, 1969, and 1972, From 1981 to 1983, the museum's main building was closed to the public for a C$10.4 million renovation; no major work has been done to the building since. The main building is approximately 85000 sqft. The main building was initially named Tapawingo, allegedly meaning place of joy in either Haida or Ojibwe language. The building has log and barn-board walls, and field-stone fireplaces in an effort to recreate the "atmosphere" of Canadian landscape art; in addition to a floor-to-glass ceiling windows that provide a view of the Humber River Valley. The main building includes 14 viewing halls, a gift shop, and a restaurant. The Western Canada Gallery in the main building contains a forty-foot-long cedar bench, and red cedar arches, both of which contains images carved by Doug Cranmer. However, the main building does not contain a large loading dock, preventing the institution from exhibiting large-scale installation artworks in the building.

Permanent collection
The McMichael Canadian Art Collection is one of the only art museums whose permanent collection contains works exclusively by Canadian artists. The permanent collection originates from the personal collection started by Robert and Signe McMichael in 1955; who later donated it to the province of Ontario in 1965. At the time the McMichaels donated their collection, it contained 187 works. The museum has since expanded this collection to include 6,500 works as of December 2017. The museum's permanent collection is organized into four collection areas, contemporary art, First Nations art, the Group of Seven, and Inuit art. Although the museum's original mandate placed a focus on Canadian landscape art, and the Group of Seven, it has since expanded to include other Canadian artists, including indigenous Canadians. As of 2011, the museum's mandate is to acquire and preserve works for the collection, by artists who have made a contribution to the development of Canadian art, with a focus on the Group of Seven and their contemporaries and on the indigenous Canadians. In addition to artists associated with the Group of Seven, the museum's permanent collection also contains works from Cornelius Krieghoff, David Milne, and Robert Pilot. In November 2014, the museum was bequeathed 50 paintings from artists based in Quebec. French Canadian artists whose works are in the McMichael's permanent collection include Paul-Émile Borduas, Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté, Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Clarence Gagnon, Rita Letendre, Jean Paul Lemieux, and Jean-Paul Riopelle.

The museum's contemporary collection was formally started in 2011, when the museum's mandate was expanded to include contemporary art, although a number of works in the contemporary collection area were acquired by the institution prior to 2011. Canadian artists featured in the contemporary art collection includes Jack Bush, Colleen Heslin, Sarah Anne Johnson, Terence Koh, and Mary Pratt. The museum also exhibits a number of sculptures within its outdoor sculpture garden, including nine sculptures by Ivan Eyre.

Indigenous Canadian art
The museum was one of the first art museums to include works by indigenous Canadian in its collection. In 1957, the McMichaels purchased their first work by a Haida artist, Bill Reid. The McMichaels' personal collection of Inuit stone carvings, and West Coast First Nations wood carvings, masks, and totem poles were donated to the province as a part of the 1965 agreement. By 1981, approximately 42 per cent of works in the permanent collection were works by indigenous Canadian artists.

A number of indigenous artworks in the museum's collection was acquired between 1982 and 2000, when the museum's mandate was amended to include indigenous Canadian art into its definition of "Canadian cultural heritage". The museum's collection of works by indigenous Canadian was expanded to include contemporary artworks in the 1990s, with the museum establishing its first First Nations curator-in-residence in 1994. In 2000, the museum's mandate was amended again, reverting the museum's focus to the Group of Seven and their contemporaries; resulting in the removal of most indigenous Canadian works from the museum's exhibits. Indigenous Canadian works in the collection remained in storage from 2000 to 2004, when works by indigenous Canadian artists were exhibited in the museum's viewing spaces again. Indigenous Canadian art was reintroduced into the museum's mandate following an amendment to the institution's governing act in 2011.

Library and archives
The museum is also home to a library and archives whose holdings include artist files, books, exhibition catalogues, letters, periodicals, and photographs. The museum's holdings specializes in the Group of Seven and indigenous Canadian art.

The archives includes a number of specialized collections. The Arthur Lismer Collection was bequeathed to the museum by Lismer, and contains a number of documents and works from the 1890s to the late 1960s. The Lismer collection includes over 900 drawings, cartoons and sketches; 1300 original photographs; documents published by Lismer, as well as books. The Norman Hallendy Archives was completed in 2015 contains over 12,000 photographs by Hallendy, as well as audio and video recordings, maps, books, and research files on Inuit culture in southwest Baffin Island.

The archives also houses over 100,000 drawings, prints, and sculptures from the West Baffin Eskimo Co-operative Ltd., an artist collective based in Cape Dorset, Nunavut. The collective's works were moved to the McMichael's archive on a long-term loan in 1992, after a fire destroyed the collective's studio building The museum has digitized works produced by the collective from approximately 1959 to 1988.

title: McMichael Canadian Art Collection


text:
George Derby

George Horatio Derby (April 3, 1823 – May 15, 1861) was an early California humorist. He attended West Point with Ulysses S. Grant. Derby used the pseudonym "John P. Squibob" and its variants "John Phoenix" and "Squibob." Derby served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. In his spare time, he wrote humorous anecdotes and burlesques, often under the guise of his pseudonyms.

Biography
George Derby was born 1823 in Dedham, Massachusetts, son of John B. and Mary Townsend Derby. His father deserted the family mercantile business to be a poet, spending the family's money on self publishing. George Derby graduated from the Phillips Academy in 1838 and from West Point in 1846. He first served in the Mexican–American War at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo. According to the newly (2010) published Autobiography of Mark Twain, Vol. One, Ulysses S. Grant was a classmate of "Squibob's" and the General told Twain some stories of Squibob at West Point. However, according to the 1969 edition of "Register of Graduates and Former Cadets of the United States Military Academy," although their times at the academy overlapped by a year, Grant and Derby were not actually classmates.

In 1853, Derby arrived in the small outpost of San Diego, California, to begin mapping the region and developing plans for redirecting the San Diego River from the marshy delta of San Diego Bay and directly into the Pacific Ocean with the Derby Dike he had built. This was to avoid floods that periodically silted up the bay and made use of the bay by ships difficult or impossible.

Derby married Mary A. Coons on January 14, 1854, in San Francisco. His wife's family were wary of Derby because his erratic, flippant manner infuriated his superiors. Coons tricked Derby into marrying her by placing a notice in the San Francisco paper stating that she would depart with her mother back home to St. Louis, Missouri, although she had no intention to do so. Derby read the notice and immediately took a steamer from San Diego to marry her. They had two daughters, Daisy Peyton, born 1854 in San Francisco, who married William Murray Black, and Mary Townsend, born 1858 in Mobile, who did not marry; and one son, George McClellan, born 1856, aboard American ship in Pacific, who married Bessie Kidder. Derby family lore states that George H. and the ship captain exchanged pocketwatches in celebration of the birth of George M. aboard the ship.

While waiting for approval of his San Diego River diversion plans, he had some time on his hands. He supplemented his low military pay by contributing humorous articles to the San Francisco Herald,  California Pioneer magazine, and the fledgling local newspaper, the San Diego Herald. He wrote articles that poked fun at the figures and pretenses of high society. These articles were written to appear as if a running narrative from John Phoenix and were the state's first published humor. When another writer started writing articles with his pen name Squibob in a competing San Francisco newspaper, Derby wrote an article "killing off" Squibob and continued to write with a new penname, John Phoenix.

In 1855, Derby bought the Herald, which went out of business in 1860. During this time he was promoted to first lieutenant.

In 1857 Derby had amaurosis (today, some historians think he had a brain tumor), which prevented him from reading or writing. He requested leave from the Topographical Engineers in 1859 and moved to New York, where he died shortly after the start of the American Civil War.

Derby was initially buried in his wife's family plot at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, but was reinterred at the West Point Cemetery on January 31, 1889.

In honor of George Derby and his contribution to the lighter, more irreverent side of California history, the local chapter of the organization E Clampus Vitus is named in his honor, using his pseudonym John P. Squibob.

Derby-Pendleton House was constructed in 1851 by Lieutenant George Horatio Derby.

Quotes

 * One of our Fort Yuma men died, and unfortunately went to hell. He wasn't there one day before he telegraphed for his blankets.
 * It rains incessantly twenty-six hours a day for seventeen months of the year [speaking of Oregon and Washington Territory]
 * "Antidote for Fleas" (from Phoenixiana):
 * Boil a quart of tar until it becomes quite thin. Remove the clothing, and before the tar becomes perfectly cool, with a broad flat brush, apply a thin, smooth coating to the entire surface of the body and limbs. While the tar remains soft the flea becomes entangled in its tenacious folds, and is rendered perfectly harmless; but it will soon form a hard, smooth coating, entirely impervious to his bite. Should the coating crack at the knee or elbow joints, it is merely necessary to retouch it slightly at those places. The whole coat should be removed every three or four weeks. This remedy is sure, and, having the advantage of simplicity and economy, should be generally known.

title: George Derby


text:
Zoo Weekly

Zoo was a British (and formerly an Australian and South African) lad's mag published weekly by Bauer Media Group in the United Kingdom. It was launched on 29 January 2004, and for a time was the UK's only men's weekly after the similar and rival magazine Nuts closed in April 2014.

On 17 November 2015, Zoo announced on its website that it would be suspending publication.

Zoo consisted of a mix of comedy news, sports commentary, photos of glamour models, jokes (of the pub joke style), an entertainments guide (covering TV, cinema, video/computer games and music), fashion/grooming and comical/rude pictures sent in by readers.

UK edition
Zoo was a weekly news magazine aimed at the male market. It was launched on 29 January 2004, as the second weekly men's magazine in the UK (the first being the similar and rival magazine; Nuts). The magazine was published by German company Bauer Media Group.

The Zoo website was a continuation of the magazine's content that also included original articles, videos and photo galleries. Readers were also invited to create a profile and post pictures via the "Zoo Bloggers" section.

Withdrawal from Co-op supermarket
On 8 August 2013, a spokesman for Bauer Media announced that it would not be placing Zoo in 'modesty bags'. The announcement came after the UK's Co-op supermarkets asked for publishers of 'lads mags' to mask their explicit front covers or face being taken off the shelves. The Co-op said that it was responding to consumer concern. As a result of Bauer Media's decision, the Co-op ceased to stock Zoo in its stores.

Suspension of publication
On 17 November 2015, Zoo announced that it would be suspending publication alongside that of fellow men's magazine FHM.

Australia
An Australian edition of Zoo was introduced on 20 February 2006, with a special promotional issue that was free of charge. The first official issue came out a week later on 27 February. It featured Krystal Forscutt and former cricketer David Boon as columnists, as well as many of the same features as its British counterpart, except the sport commentary was mainly about rugby league and Australian rules football.

Spokesperson/models used regularly in Zoo Weekly included Brooke Evers and former Big Brother Australia contestants Krystal Forscutt, Emma Cornell and Susannah Murray. Resident sex and relationship advice columnists for 2009–2010 were "The Threesome" of Monica Lee Paige, Bonnie Edwards and Ardina Voogt. From 2012 the sex and relationship advice column was presented by regular cover model, Ashlee Adams.

In May 2006, Australian model Lara Bingle took legal action against EMAP Australia, the publisher of Zoo Weekly, claiming defamation by the magazine when it allegedly published photographs of the model without her permission in the 27 March 2006 issue.

On 16 September 2007, it was reported that professional golfer Nikki Garrett had instructed her lawyers to begin an action against Zoo Weekly in the Australian Federal Court. The matter related to the 29 January 2007 edition of Zoo Weekly in which a photo of Garrett — taken for a charity fund-raiser — was reproduced in the magazine accompanied by an allegedly-salacious caption.

On 17 September 2015, Bauer Media issued a press release confirming the closure of the Australian weekly edition with effect from Monday 12 October 2015. The closure of Zoo Weekly magazine encompassed all platforms: print, website and social media assets.

South Africa
Following the successes of Zoo Weekly in the United Kingdom and Australia, the South African edition launched on 6 October 2006 under a joint venture between UK publisher EMAP Consumer Media and South African media giant Media24. The magazine was published in both English, as Zoo Weekly, and Afrikaans, as Zoo Weekliks. The edition was discontinued by February 2008.

title: Zoo Weekly


text:
Talk:The Jeff Corwin Experience

Blurb for Did You Know?
Did You Know

...The Jeff Corwin Experience is an American television show about animals airing on the Animal Planet cable channel. Hosted by actor and conservationist Jeff Corwin, it reflects a "human coexistence with wildlife approach" which is in sharp conflict with poachers and past practices in many parts of the world.

Jeff Corwim has over the past few years given so many people young and old a completly different ourlook on the animal kingdom. Not enough credit is given to him. Living in Marshfield like Jeff I hope to meet him some day just to give him an "atta boy". His father worked with my brother but has since retired so my "family in" never occured. Anyway thanks Jeff and I also think your crazy.

Sounds a bit odd?

 * " In its third season in 2005, the program first included a cobra festival in India, jungles in Thailand, Borneo and the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador in South America. The following year, the program featured Guyana, Australia and Tanzania. In the most recent season, Mexico and Peru were included, as well as Kenya and Uganda in Africa."

This phrasing makes it sound like seasons from 2005, 2006, and 2007 are being described. Maybe a quick rephrase for clarity? (dxco)

Was this article written by a precocious 12 yr old who has dreams of becoming the next Corwin/Irwin?--4.245.140.125 19:04, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Between the Tiger and the Lion
About the 10th episode, I would like to point out that India not only has tigers (Bengal), but also lions (Asian). Leo1pard (talk) 15:54, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Jeff Corwin Experience


text:
User talk:Jmm~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 01:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jmm. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jmm~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:43, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:27, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jmm~enwiki


text:
Gaines Trace

The Gaines Trace was a road in the Mississippi Territory. It was constructed in 1811 and 1812 from the Tennessee River (opposite the Elk River's mouth) to Cotton Gin Port on the upper Tombigbee River and on to Fort Stoddert on the lower Tombigbee. The portion from the Tennessee River to Cotton Gin Port was surveyed in 1807 and 1808 by Edmund P. Gaines, the road's namesake and a career United States Army officer.

In 1816, the Gaines Trace and the Tombigbee River were the boundaries between United States and Chickasaw territory in Mississippi.

A portion of the road appeared on an 1831 map of Mississippi that illustrated the "Gaines Road" extending from Russellville, Alabama to Cotton Gin Port.

Jackson's Military Road, constructed from 1816 to 1820, intersected Gaines Trace in Russellville. Tennessee Street in Courtland, Alabama, was a portion of the Trace.

title: Gaines Trace


text:
Talk:Francesco Zappa

Renaming
The article should be renamed Francesco Zappa (album), and an article Francesco Zappa (composer) should be started (the German wikipedia already has an article). Benzh 12:58, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Fictional?
Isn't Francesco a fictional composer? yes, he is. haha.

 * It doesn't appear so. The German Wikipedia article and the Zappa Wiki both include references. --Skylights76 04:25, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Nonsensical. Of course he was a real composer.HammerFilmFan (talk) 07:01, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

Records from the UC Berkely Library Catalogue:
Record number:        1 System number: 025111514 PT Music PT Score AU Zappa, Francesco, MT Sonata a tre UT [ Trio sonatas, violin, violoncello, continuo, D major] OT Grancino collection of early cello music ;196. OA Sachsische Landesbibliothek (Dresden, Germany). Manuscript. Mus 3470Q/1. DP [17uu] PH 1 ms. score ([12]) NT Title from caption. NT For violoncello obligato, violino and basso. NT Reproduced from original located in Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Dresden (Mus3470Q/1); Pyron collection reel no. 11-15. SU Trio sonatas (Violin, violoncello, continuo) -- Scores and parts. LO UC Los Angeles Music Microfiche M2 .G73 no.196 UCLA Microforms ZZ

Record number:        2 System number: 021288045 PT Music PT Score AU Zappa, Francesco, MT Sonata a tre for violin & cello with basso / CT Early cello series ; no. 23 UT [ Trio sonatas, violin, violoncello, continuo, G major] OT Early cello series ;no. 23.    OA Pyron, Nona. OA Barritt, Christopher. PL London, England ;PL Fullerton, Calif. : PB Grancino Editions, DP c1983. PH 1 score (15 p.) + 3 parts ; 31 cm. NT Pref. in English, German, and French. SU Trio-sonatas (Violin, violoncellos (2)) -- Scores and parts. SU String trios (Violin, violoncellos (2)) -- Scores and parts. SU Trio-sonatas (Violin, violoncello, continuo) -- Scores and parts. LO UC Irvine Langson M52 .E3 no. 23 UCI LO   UC Los Angeles Music M312 .Z36 D maj. 1983 UCLA LO      UC Santa Barbara Arts Lib M351.Z2 T7 1983 UCSB Music ZZ

Record number:        3 System number: 014571766 PT Music PT Score AU Zappa, Francesco, MT VI trio a due violini e basso opera prima. UT [ Trios, violins, violoncello, op. 1] PL [S.l. : PB s.n., DP ca. 1760]. PH 3 parts in portfolio. NT Master negative held by: CUY CL G major. -- C major. -- E[flat] major. -- B[flat] major. -- G major. -- D major. SU Trios (Violins (2), violoncello) -- Parts. LO UC Berkeley MasterNeg 86-1170 UCB Original hard copy shelved as: M351.Z37 op.1P MUSI Case X. Printing master. UC Berkeley Music MICROFILM C100 UCB UC Berkeley Music M351 .Z37 op.1P UCB Case X    ZZ  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.233.134.249 (talk) 03:59, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Francesco Zappa


text:
Language planning

In sociolinguistics, language planning (also known as language engineering) is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure or acquisition of languages or language varieties within a speech community. Robert L. Cooper (1989) defines language planning as "the activity of preparing a normative orthography, grammar, and dictionary for the guidance of writers and speakers in a non-homogeneous speech community" (p. 8 ). Along with language ideology and language practices, language planning is part of language policy – a typology drawn from Bernard Spolsky's theory of language policy. According to Spolsky, language management is a more precise term than language planning. Language management is defined as "the explicit and observable effort by someone or some group that has or claims authority over the participants in the domain to modify their practices or beliefs" (p. 4) Language planning is often associated with government planning, but is also used by a variety of non-governmental organizations such as grass-roots organizations as well as individuals. Goals of such planning vary. Better communication through assimilation of a single dominant language can bring economic benefits to minorities but is also perceived to facilitate their political domination. It involves the establishment of language regulators, such as formal or informal agencies, committees, societies or academies to design or develop new structures to meet contemporary needs.

Language ideology
Four overarching language ideologies are proposed to explain motivations and decisions.

 * Internationalization
 * the adoption of a non-indigenous language as a means of wider communication, as an official language or in a particular domain, such as the use of English in India, Singapore, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and South Africa.

 * Linguistic assimilation
 * the belief that every member of a society, irrespective of their native language, should learn and use the dominant language of the society in which they live. An example is the English-only movement of some residents of the United States.

 * Linguistic pluralism
 * the recognition and support of many languages within one society. Examples include the coexistence of French, German, Italian, and Romansh in Switzerland; and the shared official status of English, Malay, Tamil, and Mandarin Chinese in Singapore. The coexistence of many languages may not necessarily arise from a conscious language ideology but rather the relative efficiency of communicating in a shared language.

 * Vernacularization
 * the restoration and development of an indigenous language, along with its adoption by the state as an official language. Examples include Hebrew in the state of Israel and Quechua in Peru.

Goals
Eleven language planning goals have been recognized (Nahir 2003):
 * 1) Language purification – prescription of usage norms in order to preserve the "linguistic purity" of language, protect language from foreign influences, and guard against perceived language deviation from within
 * 2) Language revival – the attempt to restore to common use a language which has few or no surviving native speakers
 * 3) Language reform – deliberate change in specific aspects of language or extralinguistic elements, such as grammar and orthography, in order to facilitate use
 * 4) Language standardization – the attempt to garner prestige for a regional language or dialect, developing it as the chosen standard language of a region
 * 5) Language spread – the attempt to increase the number of speakers of a language
 * 6) Lexical modernization – word coining or adaptation
 * 7) Terminology unification – development of unified terminologies, mainly in technical domains
 * 8) Stylistic simplification – simplification of language usage in lexicon, grammar, and style. That includes changing the use of language in social and formal contexts.
 * 9) Interlingual communication – facilitation of linguistic communication between members of distinct speech communities
 * 10) Language maintenance – preservation of a group's native language as a first or second language where pressures threaten or cause a decline in the status of the language
 * 11) Auxiliary-code standardization – standardization of marginal, auxiliary aspects of language, such as signs for the deaf, place names, or rules of transliteration and transcription

Types
Language planning has been divided into three types:

Status planning
Status planning is the allocation or reallocation of a language or dialect to functional domains within a society, thus affecting the status, or standing, of a language.

Language status
Language status is distinct from, though intertwined with, language prestige and language function. Language status is the given position (or standing) of a language against other languages. A language garners status according to the fulfillment of four attributes, described in 1968 by two different authors, Heinz Kloss and William Stewart. Both Kloss and Stewart stipulated four qualities of a language that determine its status. Their respective frameworks differ slightly, but they emphasize four common attributes:
 * 1) Language origin – whether a given language is indigenous or imported to the speech community
 * 2) Degree of standardization – the extent of development of a formal set of norms that define 'correct' usage
 * 3) Juridical status
 * 4) Sole official language (e.g. French in France and Turkish in Turkey)
 * 5) Joint official language (e.g. English and Afrikaans in South Africa; French, German, Italian and Romansh in Switzerland)
 * 6) Regional official language (e.g. Igbo in Nigeria; Marathi in Maharashtra, India)
 * 7) Promoted language – lacks official status on a national or regional level but is promoted and sometimes used by public authorities for specific functions (e.g. Spanish in New Mexico; West African Pidgin English in Cameroon)
 * 8) Tolerated language – neither promoted nor proscribed; acknowledged but ignored (e.g. Native American languages in the United States in the present day)
 * 9) Proscribed language – discouraged by official sanction or restriction (e.g. Welsh in the UK in the past, Breton, Alsatian and others in France, Galician, Basque and Catalan during Francisco Franco's regime in Spain; Macedonian in Greece; indigenous American languages during the boarding school era )
 * 10) Vitality – the ratio, or percent, of users of a language to another variable, such as the total population. Kloss and Stewart both distinguish six classes of statistical distribution. However, they draw the line between classes at different percentages. According to Kloss, the highest level of vitality is demarcated by 90% or more speakers, followed by 70%, 40%, 20%, 3%, and less than 3%. According to Stewart, the six classes are determined by the following percentages of speakers: 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, and less than 5%.

William Stewart outlines ten functional domains in language planning:
 * 1) Official – An official language "function[s] as a legally appropriate language for all politically and culturally representative purposes on a nationwide basis." The official function of a language is often specified in a constitution.
 * 2) Provincial – A provincial language functions as an official language for a geographic area smaller than a nation, typically a province or region (e.g. French in Quebec)
 * 3) Wider communication – A language of wider communication may be official or provincial, but more importantly, it functions as a medium of communication across language boundaries within a nation (e.g. Hindi in India; Swahili language in East Africa)
 * 4) International – An international language functions as a medium of communication across national boundaries (e.g. English, formerly French as a diplomatic and international language)
 * 5) Capital – A capital language functions as a prominent language in and around a national capital (e.g. Dutch and French in Brussels)
 * 6) Group – A group language functions as a conventional language among the members of a single cultural or ethnic group
 * 7) Educational – An educational language functions as a medium of instruction in primary and secondary schools on a regional or national basis (Urdu in West Pakistan and Bengali in East Pakistan)
 * 8) School subject – A school subject language is taught as a subject in secondary school or higher education (e.g. Classical languages)
 * 9) Literary – A literary language functions as a language for literary or scholarly purposes (Academese)
 * 10) Religious – A religious language functions as a language for the ritual purposes of a particular religion (e.g. Liturgical Latin for the Latin Church within the Catholic Church; Arabic for the reading of the Qur'an)

Robert Cooper outlines two additional functional domains (mass media and work) and distinguishes three sub-types of official functions:
 * 1) A statutory language is a "de jure" official language
 * 2) A working language is used by a government for daily activities
 * 3) A symbolic language is used as a state symbol

Corpus planning
Corpus planning refers to the prescriptive intervention in the forms of a language, whereby planning decisions are made to engineer changes in the structure of the language. Corpus planning activities often arise as the result of beliefs about the adequacy of the form of a language to serve desired functions. Unlike status planning, which is mostly undertaken by administrators and politicians, corpus planning is generally the work of individuals with greater linguistic expertise. There are three traditionally recognized types of corpus planning: graphization, standardization, and modernization.

Graphization
Graphization refers to development, selection and modification of scripts and orthographic conventions for a language. The use of writing in a speech community can have lasting sociocultural effects, which include easier transmission of material through generations, communication with greater numbers of people, and a standard against which varieties of spoken language are often compared. Linguist Charles A. Ferguson made two key observations about the results of adopting a writing system. First, the use of writing adds another form of the language to the community's repertory. Although written language is often viewed as secondary to spoken language, the vocabulary, grammatical structures and phonological structures of a language often adopt characteristics in the written form that are distinct from the spoken form. Second, the use of writing often leads to a folk belief that the written language is the 'real' language, and speech is a corruption of it. Written language is viewed as more conservative, while the spoken form is more susceptible to language change. Isolated relic areas of the spoken language may be less innovative than the written form, or the written language may have been based on a divergent variety of the spoken language.

In establishing a writing system for a language, corpus planners have the option of using an existing system or designing a new one. The Ainu of Japan chose to adopt the Japanese language's katakana syllabary as the writing system for the Ainu language. Katakana is designed for a language with a basic CV syllable structure, but Ainu contains many CVC syllables which cannot easily be adapted to this syllabary. Therefore, Ainu uses a modified katakana system, in which syllable-final codas are consonants by a subscript version of a katakana symbol that begins with the desired consonant.

An example of an original script includes the development of the Armenian script in 405 AD by St. Mesrop Mashtots. Though the script was modeled after the Greek alphabet, it distinguished Armenian from the Greek and Syriac alphabets of the neighboring peoples. Likewise, in the early 19th century, Sequoyah (Cherokee) designed an orthography for Cherokee in the Southeast of the present-day United States. It uses some Latin characters but also introduces new ones.

Standardization
The process of standardization often involves one variety of a language taking precedence over other social and regional dialects of a language. Another approach, where dialects are mutually intelligible, is to introduce a poly-phonemic written form that is intended to represent all dialects of a language adequately but with no standard spoken form. If one dialect is chosen, it comes to be perceived as supra-dialectal and the 'best' form of the language.

Choosing the standard language has important social consequences, as it benefits the speakers whose spoken and written dialect conforms closest to the chosen standard. The chosen standard is generally spoken by the most powerful social group within society, and it is imposed upon other groups as the form to emulate, making the standard norm necessary for socioeconomic mobility. In practice, standardization generally entails increasing the uniformity of the norm, as well as the codification of the norm.

By contrast, English has become standardized without any planning. The process began when William Caxton introduced the printing press in England in 1476. This was followed by the adoption of the south-east Midlands dialect, spoken in London, as the print language. Because of the dialect's use for administrative, government, business, and literary purposes, it became entrenched as the prestigious variety of English. After the development of grammars and dictionaries in the 18th century, the rise of print capitalism, industrialization, urbanization, and mass education led to the dissemination of this dialect as the cultural norm for the English language.

Modernization
Modernization occurs when a language needs to expand its resources to meet functions. Modernization often occurs when a language undergoes a shift in status, such as when a country gains independence from a colonial power or when there is a change in the language education policy. The main force in modernization is the expansion of the lexicon, which allows the language to discuss topics in modern semantic domains. Language planners generally develop new lists and glossaries to describe new technical terms, but it is also necessary to ensure that the new terms are consistently used by the appropriate sectors within society. While some languages, such as Japanese and Hungarian, have experienced rapid lexical expansion to meet the demands of modernization, other languages, such as Hindi and Arabic, have failed to do so. Such expansion is aided by the use of new terms in textbooks and professional publications. Issues of linguistic purism often play a significant role in lexical expansion, but technical vocabulary can be effective within a language, regardless of whether it comes from the language's own process of word formation or from extensive borrowing from another language. While Hungarian has almost exclusively used language-internal processes to coin new words, Japanese has borrowed extensively from English to derive new words as part of its modernization.

Acquisition planning
Acquisition planning is a type of language planning in which a national, state or local government system aims to influence aspects of language, such as language status, distribution and literacy through education. Acquisition planning can also be used by non-governmental organizations, but it is more commonly associated with government planning.

Acquisition planning is often integrated into a broader language planning process in which the statuses of languages are evaluated, corpuses are revised and the changes are finally introduced to society on a national, state or local level through education systems, ranging from primary schools to universities. This process of change can entail an alteration in student textbook formatting, a change in methods of teaching an official language, or the development of a bilingual language program, only to name a few. For example, if a government chooses to raise the status level of a certain language or change its level of prestige, it can establish a law which requires teachers to teach only in this language or that textbooks are written using only this language's script. This, in turn, would support the elevation of the language's status or could increase its prestige. In this way, acquisition planning is often used to promote language revitalization, which can change a language's status or reverse a language shift, or to promote linguistic purism. In a case where a government revises a corpus, new dictionaries and educational materials will need to be revised in schools in order to maintain effective language acquisition.

The education sector
The education ministry or education sector of government is typically in charge of making national language acquisition choices based on state and local evaluation reports. The duties of education sectors vary by country; Robert B. Kaplan and Richard B. Baldauf describe the sectors' six principal goals:

 * 1) To choose the languages which should be taught within the curriculum.
 * 2) To determine the amount and quality of teacher training.
 * 3) To involve local communities.
 * 4) To determine what materials will be used and how they will be incorporated into syllabi.
 * 5) To establish a local and state assessment system to monitor progress.
 * 6) To determine financial costs.

Problems
Although acquisition planning can be useful to governments, there are problems which must be considered. Even with a solid evaluation and assessment system, the effects of planning methods can never be certain; governments must consider the effects on other aspects of state planning, such as economic and political planning. Some proposed acquisition changes could also be too drastic or instituted too suddenly without proper planning and organization. Acquisition planning can also be financially draining, so adequate planning and awareness of financial resources is essential. Therefore, it is important that government goals be organized and planned carefully.

Multilingualism
There is also growing concern over the treatment of multilingualism in education, especially in many countries which were once colonized. Choosing the language of instruction which would be most beneficial to effective communication on the local and state level requires thoughtful planning, and it is surrounded by debate. Some states prefer to teach only in the official language, but some aim to foster linguistic and thus social diversity by encouraging teaching in several (native) languages. The use of a single language of instruction supports national unity and homogeneity whereas the incorporation of different languages may help students to learn better by offering alternative perspectives.

Non-governmental organizations
In addition to the education sector, there are non-governmental sectors or organizations that have a significant effect on language acquisition, such as the Académie française of France or the Real Academia Española of Spain. These organizations often write their own dictionaries and grammar books, thus affecting the materials which students are exposed to in schools. Although these organizations do not hold official power, they influence government planning decisions, such as with educational materials, affecting acquisition.

Ireland
Before the partition of Ireland, a movement began which aimed at the restoration of Irish, as the nation's primary language, based on a widespread sentiment for Irish nationalism and cultural identity. During and after colonisation, Irish had competed with English and Scots; the movement to restore the language gained momentum after the Irish War of Independence. The Gaelic League was founded to promote the acquisition of Irish in schools, thus "de-Anglicizing" Ireland. Immediately after The Irish Free State gained independence in 1922, the League declared that Irish must be the language of instruction for at least one hour in primary schools in the state. Irish-speaking teachers were recruited, and preparatory colleges were established to train new teachers.

The program implementation was mostly left to the individual schools, which did not consistently carry it out. Additionally, educating a generation is a long process, for which the League was not prepared. There was no consensus as to how the Irish language should be reinstituted; the League and schools did not develop a system assessment plan to monitor progress. Thus the movement lost strength, and the number of native Irish speakers has been in steady decline.

Status planning
Peru's history of language planning begins in the 16th century with Spanish colonization. When the Spanish first arrived in Peru, Quechua served as a language of wider communication, a lingua franca, between Spaniards and Peruvian natives. As the years passed, Spaniards asserted the superiority of the Spanish language; as a result, Spanish gained prestige, taking over as a language of wider communication and the dominant language of Peru. In 1975, under the leadership of President Juan Velasco Alvarado, the revolutionary government of Peru declared Quechua an official language of the Peruvian state, "coequal with Spanish." Four years later, the law was reversed. Peru's 1979 constitution declares Spanish the only official language of the state; Quechua and Aymara are relegated to "official use zones," equivalent to Stewart's provincial function described above. Quechua has officially remained a provincial language since 1979. Today, Quechua also serves a limited international function throughout South America in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador; communities of Quechua speakers outside Peru enable communication in Quechua across borders. Still, because of Quechua's low status, Spanish is almost always used as the lingua franca instead. Recently, Quechua has also gained ground in the academic world, both as a school subject and a topic of literary interest.

Corpus planning
The three main types of corpus planning are all evident in the development of Quechua languages in Peru since the colonial era. Graphization has been in process since the arrival of the Spanish in the region, when the Spanish imperialists attempted to describe the exotic sounds of the language to Europeans.

When Quechua was made an official language in Peru in 1975, the introduction of the language into the education and government domains made it essential to have a standard written language. The task of adopting a writing system proved to be a point of contention among Quechua linguists. Although most agreed to use the Latin alphabet, linguists disagreed about how to represent the phonological system of Quechua, particularly in regards to the vowel system. Representatives from the Peruvian Academy of the Quechua language and the Summer Institute of Linguistics wanted to represent allophones of the vowels /i/ and /u/ with separate letters  and , which creates an apparent five-vowel system. They argued that this makes the language easier to learn for people who are already familiar with written Spanish. However, other Quechua linguists argued that a three-vowel system was more faithful to the phonology of Quechua. After years of debate and disagreement, in 1985 Quechua linguists proposed the Pan-Quechua alphabet as an accurate representation of the language, and this was adopted in intercultural bilingual education programs and textbooks. However, the Peruvian Academy and the SIL both refused to adopt it and continued to propose new alphabets, leaving the issue unsettled. For more information, see Quechua writing system and Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift. Another disagreement was about how to reflect the phonological differences apparent in different dialects of Quechua. For example, some distinct dialects utilize aspirated and glottalized versions of the voiceless uvular stop /q/, while others do not and some language planners found it important to reflect these dialectal differences.

The search for a unified alphabet reflects the process of standardization. Unlike other cases of standardization, in Quechua this has been applied only to the written language, not to the spoken language, and no attempt was made to change the spoken language of native speakers, which varied by regions. Rather, standardization was needed to produce a uniform writing system to provide education to Quechua speakers in their native language.

Language planners in Peru have proposed several varieties to serve as the supradialectal spoken norm. Some saw Qusqu-Qullaw as the natural choice for a standard since it is recognized as the form which is most similar to that spoken by the Incas. Others favor Ayacucho Quechua since it is more conservative, whereas Qusqu-Qullaw has been influenced by contact with the Aymara language.

Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino proposed a literary standard, Southern Quechua that combines features of both dialects. This norm has been accepted by many institutions in Peru.

Lexical modernization has also been critical to the development of Quechua. Language planners have attempted to coin new Quechua words by combining Quechua morphemes to give new meanings. Generally, loanwords are considered only when the words cannot be developed through existing Quechua structures. If loanwords are adopted, linguists may adjust them to match typical Quechua phonology.

Acquisition planning
Since Quechua is no longer an official language of Peru, Quechua literacy is not consistently encouraged in schools. Peru's education system is instead based on Spanish, the nation's official language. Despite its low prestige, Quechua is still spoken by millions of indigenous Peruvians, a great deal of whom are bilingual in Quechua and Spanish. There is a desire to preserve the uniqueness of Quechua as a language with its own attributes and representations of culture. Some argue that promoting a diverse literacy program gives students diverse perspectives on life, which could only enhance their educational experience. Before 1975, Peru had bilingual education programs, but Quechua was not taught as a subject in primary and secondary schools. After the 1975 education reform, Quechua and Spanish both had standing in bilingual programs, but only in restricted speech communities. These experimental programs were then canceled due to a change in government planning, but again reinstated in 1996. Even with national intercultural bilingual education programs, teachers at local schools and members of the community often prefer using Spanish, destabilizing support for bilingual education. This underscores the importance of community support as a goal for the education sector as mentioned earlier. Some believe that due to Spanish's higher national prestige, it is more socially and economically beneficial to learn and speak Spanish. It is debatable whether these education programs will benefit education or raise the status of Quechua.

Relevant journals

 * Current Issues in Language Planning (Routledge) Home page
 * Language Policy (Springer) Home page
 * Language Problems and Language Planning. Home page

title: Language planning


text:
Talk:James Maitland Balfour

Vfd
On January 29, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/James Maitland Balfour for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 01:31, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Maitland Balfour


text:
Orapa diamond mine

The Orapa diamond mine is the world's largest diamond mine by area. The mine is located in Orapa, a town in the Central District of Botswana about 240 km west of the city of Francistown. Orapa ("resting place for lions") is owned by Debswana, a partnership between the De Beers company and the government of Botswana. The mine was discovered on 1 March 1967, a year after Botswana's independence, by a team of De Beers geologists, including Manfred Marx, Jim Gibson and led by Dr. Gavin Lamont. It is the oldest of four mines operated by the company, and began operations in July 1971 and its first production was 1438168 carat. The revenue the mine generated is credited for transforming the Botswana economy, as it allowed the government to invest in critical social services and national infrastructure.

Orapa is an open pit style of mine and is the largest diamond mine in the world by area. The mine is located on two kimberlite pipes that converge near the surface, covering 1.18 km2. Orapa operates seven days per week, and produces 20 e6t of ore and an additional 40 e6t of waste rock per year. Currently, the Orapa mine annually produces approximately 10.8 e6carat of diamonds. The recoverable ore grade at the mine is about 0.87 carat per tonne. The mine was expanded in 1999, doubling its previous capacity. The processing plant at Orapa processes the ore produced at Orapa and Damtshaa diamond mines.

Orapa and its sister mine Letlhakane employ over 3,100. Debswana also maintains a 100-bed hospital, pre-primary and primary schools for employees' children, and the Orapa game park. The mine maintains an ISO 14001 certificate for environmental compliance, and places some importance on water conservation and waste management.

The preserved Cretaceous (Turonian ~94-90 million years old) lake sediments overlying the pipe are an important locality for fossil insects.

title: Orapa diamond mine


text:
User talk:Rude much?

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 01:33, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rude much?


text: User talk:68.221.252.130

title: User talk:68.221.252.130


text: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/farc

title: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/farc


text:
Talk:Joe Morrison

Vfd
On March 31, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Joe Morrison for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 01:35, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joe Morrison


text:
User talk:MiracleMat

Personal notes
Things I would like to work on:
 * Air Force Board game
 * User Graphic Designer
 * Military Medals and Ribbons
 * Pinball Machines
 * Printing
 * Web Press
 * Ecoscape
 * Model railrodaing / details / special effects / operation

Wikiproject Color
Hi MiracleMat, I saw your name on WikiProject_Color. It seems to have been dormant for a while, even though there was a lot of great work and discussion already done. I'm looking to start it back up again. Care to join me? --Laura S 00:14, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Sure, what would you like to work on? MiracleMat 17:45, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * That's great news! Right now it seems we've picked up right where the others left off; ie, arguing over the technical details of color representation. I'm hoping to get a little other work done on the side (such as bringing the color article to FA) so that we don't get hung up on the details. I've started a to-do list of sorts at WikiProject_Color/Strategy, so feel free to take a look and make any changes you feel necessary. I'm trying to focus on the whole realm of color-related articles, not just lists of colors. It might be a little on the ambitious side but you won't go very far being overly cautious :) -- Laura S  |  talk to me  20:39, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh and one other thing, there's a lot of (I think good) discussion on the project's talk page, it would be great if you weigh in - we need all the viewpoints we can get on some of this stuff. -- Laura S  |  talk to me  02:44, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

I replied on my talk page, to keep the conversation in one place. -- Laura S  |  talk to me  15:06, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Re your question
Thanks for the note. As you know, we can only use reliable sources for verification, which generally implies sources that exist in some permanent form (ie a book, newspaper, DVD etc). How did you come by the information from Ralph Guldahl, Jr? If there's a published record of, say, an interview or something, I'd guess that would be ok. You could also try asking at the Reliable sources noticeboard to get a more informed view than mine ;) I hope this helps, EyeSerene talk 17:29, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I notice you had a GA copyedit review on the Edelbrock article. Let me know if you want me to copyedit it. I've done numerous GA reviews.  Royal broil  00:36, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Did you notice that I've created a section at Talk:Edelbrock where I'm in the middle of doing a GA level review of the article. Note that this is not the official GA review process. That needs to be done with by someone impartial who hasn't edited the article. The review needs to happen through the WP:GA process. You do need to do a fair bit of work to get it up to GA standards. One of the biggest problems that I've found so far is that you have numerous statistical & controversial statements that are not sourced to reliable sources. Please also read the article to see what things are in the article that someone could argue against you, because these are either original research or POV. There are a few, not a huge number. Things like "Its simple compact design launched a generation of innovations that stood the test of time". It sounds like marketing from Chevy. A Ford fan who hates Chevy would argue against you. Overall the article is well-done. Note that I'm a pretty harsh critic at the GA level so if I'm okay with something then you'll probably get through GA pretty easily. You should expect to wait around 1 month after nominating it at GA before it actually gets reviewed. Please wait until my review and your editing is done before nominating it.  Royal broil  13:15, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Magic Realm game.jpg
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File permission problem with File:Bill Zaring.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:Alexanderthegreatcover.jpg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:02, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:MiracleMat


text:
User talk:Wono~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 01:37, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wono. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wono~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:50, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:35, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wono~enwiki