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Łódź Ghetto

The Łódź Ghetto or Litzmannstadt Ghetto (after the Nazi German name for Łódź) was a Nazi ghetto established by the German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma following the Invasion of Poland. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto. Situated in the city of Łódź, and originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the Judenfrei province of Warthegau, the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre, manufacturing war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the Wehrmacht. The number of people incarcerated in it was increased further by the Jews deported from Nazi-controlled territories.

On 30 April 1940, when the gates closed on the ghetto, it housed 163,777 residents. Because of its remarkable productivity, the ghetto managed to survive until August 1944. In the first two years, it absorbed almost 20,000 Jews from liquidated ghettos in nearby Polish towns and villages, as well as 20,000 more from the rest of German-occupied Europe. After the wave of deportations to Chełmno extermination camp beginning in early 1942, and in spite of a stark reversal of fortune, the Germans persisted in eradicating the ghetto: they transported the remaining population to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camps, where most were murdered upon arrival. It was the last ghetto in occupied Poland to be liquidated. A total of 210,000 Jews passed through it; but only 877 remained hidden when the Soviets arrived. About 10,000 Jewish residents of Łódź, who used to live there before the invasion of Poland, survived the Holocaust elsewhere.

Establishment
When German forces occupied Łódź on 8 September 1939, the city had a population of 672,000 people. Over 230,000 of them were Jewish, or 31.1% according to statistics. Nazi Germany annexed Łódź directly to the new Warthegau region and renamed the city Litzmannstadt in honour of a German general, Karl Litzmann, who had led German forces in the area in 1914. The Nazi German authorities intended to "purify" the city. All Polish Jews were to be expelled to the Generalgouvernement eventually, while the non-Jewish population of Polish people reduced significantly, and transformed into a slave labour force for Germany.

The first known record of an order for the establishment of the ghetto, dated 10 December 1939, came from the new Nazi governor Friedrich Übelhör, who called for the cooperation of major policing bodies in the confinement and mass transfer of the local Jews. By 1 October 1940, the relocation of the ghetto inmates was to have been completed, and the city's downtown core declared Judenrein (cleansed of its Jewish presence). The German occupiers pressed for the ghetto size to be shrunk beyond all sense in order to have their factories registered outside of it. Łódź was a multicultural mosaic before the war began, with about 8.8% ethnic German residents on top of Austrian, Czech, French, Russian and Swiss business families adding to its vibrant economy.

The securing of the ghetto system was preceded by a series of anti-Jewish measures as well as anti-Polish measures meant to inflict terror. The Jews were forced to wear the yellow badge. Their businesses were expropriated by the Gestapo. After the invasion of Poland, many Jews, particularly the intellectual and political elite, had fled the advancing German army into the Soviet-occupied eastern Poland and to the area of future General Government in the hope of the Polish counter-attack which never came. On 8 February 1940, the Germans ordered the Jewish residence to be limited to specific streets in the Old City and the adjacent Bałuty quarter, the areas that would become the ghetto. To expedite the relocation, the Orpo Police launched an assault on 5–7 March 1940, known as "Bloody Thursday", in which 350 Jews were fatally shot in their homes, and outside. Over the next two months, wooden and wire fences were erected around the area to cut it off from the rest of the city. Jews were formally sealed within the ghetto walls on 1 May 1940.

As nearly 25 percent of the Jews had fled the city by the time the ghetto was set up, its prisoner population as of 1 May 1940 was 164,000. Over the coming year, Jews from German-occupied Europe as far away as Luxembourg were deported to the ghetto on their way to the extermination camps. A small Romany population was also resettled there. By 1 May 1941, the population of the ghetto was 148,547.

Ghetto policing

To ensure no contact between the Jewish and non-Jewish populations of the city, two German Order Police battalions were assigned to patrol the perimeter of the ghetto, including the Reserve Police Battalion 101 from Hamburg. Within the ghetto, a Jewish Police force was created to ensure that no prisoners tried to escape. On 10 May 1940 orders went into effect prohibiting any commercial exchange between Jews and non-Jews in Łódź. By the new German decree, those caught outside the ghetto could be shot on sight. The contact with people who lived on the "Aryan" side was also impaired by the fact that Łódż had a 70,000-strong ethnic German minority loyal to the Nazis (the Volksdeutsche), making it impossible to bring food illegally. To keep outsiders out, rumours were also spread by Hitler's propaganda saying that the Jews were the carriers of infectious diseases. For the week of 16–22 June 1941 (the week Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa), the Jews reported 206 deaths and two shootings of women near the barbed wire.

In other ghettos throughout Poland, thriving underground economies based on smuggling of food and manufactured goods developed between the ghettos and the outside world. In Łódź, however, this was practically impossible due to heavy security. The Jews were entirely dependent on the German authorities for food, medicine and other vital supplies. To exacerbate the situation, the only legal currency in the ghetto was a specially created ghetto currency. Faced with starvation, Jews traded their remaining possessions and savings for this scrip, thereby abetting the process by which they were dispossessed of their remaining belongings.

Food consumption and malnutrition
Jews within the Łódź Ghetto had an average daily intake of 1,000 to 1,200 calories which led directly to starvation and even to death. The process of purchasing food relied heavily on the quantity and quality of the goods that the ghetto citizens brought from their houses into the ghetto. Previous social class and wealth of ghetto inhabitants often determined the fate of food accessibility. While the wealthy could purchase additional food, many of the lower class Jewish inhabitants relied heavily on the ration card system. Food embezzlement by police forces within the ghetto encouraged hierarchy even amongst Jewish neighbors. Food became a means of control for the German forces and by the Jewish policing administration.

Food deprivation often caused strain on family relations but parents, siblings, and spouses would also hold out on their portion of food for the benefit of loved ones. People would trade furniture and clothing to receive food for their family members or themselves. Jewish women invented new ways of cooking in order to make food and supplies last longer. Tuberculosis and other diseases were widespread due to malnutrition. The physical attributes of malnutrition in the Łódź Ghetto led to sunken eyes, swollen abdomens and aged appearances while also stunting the growth of ghetto children.

Since 1940, the ghetto used its own currency, the Lodz Ghetto mark, which had no value outside the ghetto. The use of other currency was prohibited.

Organization
Administratively, the Łódź ghetto was subject to the City Council. Initially, mayor Karol Marder separated from the provisioning and economy department the branch for the ghetto at Cegielniana street (today Jaracza 11), whose manager was first Johann Moldenhauer, and then a merchant from Bremen, Hans Biebow. From October 1940, the facility was raised to the rank of an independent department of the city council – Gettoverwaltung, reporting to Mayor Werner Ventzki. Initially, the main tasks of the ghetto board were supplying, supplying medicines and settling the ghetto with the city. Soon, however, the inhabitants began to be plundered and exploited to the maximum, transforming the ghetto into a forced labor camp in hunger for food rations and extreme living conditions. From 1942, Hans Biebow and his deputies Józef Haemmerle and Wilhelm Ribbe demonstrated in the selection and displacement of ghetto inhabitants, and Biebow and his commercial capabilities were quickly appreciated by the dignitaries of the central authorities of the Warta Country. Biebow became the real ruler of the ghetto, and Gettoverwaltung officials arrived at a rapid pace – from 24 people in May 1940 to 216 in mid-1942.

To organize the local population and maintain order, the German authorities established a Jewish Council commonly called the Judenrat or the Ältestenrat ("Council of Elders") in Łódź. The chairman of the Judenrat appointed by the Nazi administration was Chaim Rumkowski (age 62 in 1939). Even today, he is still considered one of the most controversial figures in the history of the Holocaust. Known mockingly as "King Chaim", Rumkowski was granted unprecedented powers by the Nazi officials, which authorized him to take all necessary measures to maintain order in the ghetto.

Directly responsible to the Nazi Amtsleiter Hans Biebow, Rumkowski adopted an autocratic style of leadership in order to transform the ghetto into an industrial base manufacturing war supplies. Convinced that Jewish productivity would ensure survival, he forced the population to work 12-hour days despite abysmal conditions and the lack of calories and protein; producing uniforms, garments, wood and metalwork, and electrical equipment for the German military. By 1943, some 95 percent of the adult population was employed in 117 workshops, which – Rumkowski once boasted to the mayor of Łódź – were a "gold mine." It was possibly because of this productivity that the Łódź Ghetto managed to survive long after all the other ghettos in occupied Poland were liquidated. Rumkowski systematically singled out for expulsion his political opponents, or anyone who might have had the capacity to lead a resistance to the Nazis. Conditions were harsh and the population was entirely dependent on the Germans. Typical intake, made available, averaged between 700 and 900 calories per day, about half the calories required for survival. People affiliated with Rumkowski received disproportionately larger deliveries of food, medicine, and other rationed necessities. Everywhere else starvation was rampant and diseases like tuberculosis widespread, fueling dissatisfaction with Rumkowski's administration, which led to a series of strikes in the factories. In most instances, Rumkowski relied on the Jewish police to quell the discontented workers, although at least in one instance, the German Order Police was asked to intervene. Strikes usually erupted over the reduction of food rations.

Disease was a major feature of ghetto life with which the Judenrat had to contend. Medical supplies were critically limited, and the ghetto was severely overcrowded. The entire population of 164,000 people was forced into an area of 4 km2, of which 2.4 km2 were developed and habitable. Fuel supplies were severely short, and people burned whatever they could to survive the Polish winter. Some 18,000 people in the ghetto are believed to have died during a famine in 1942, and all together, about 43,800 people died in the ghetto from starvation and infectious disease.

Deportations

Overcrowding in the ghetto was exacerbated by the influx of some 40,000 Polish Jews forced out from the surrounding Warthegau areas, as well as by the Holocaust transports of foreign Jews resettled to Łódź from Vienna, Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg and other cities in Nazi Germany, as well as from Luxembourg, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia including the citywide Theresienstadt concentration camp. Heinrich Himmler visited the ghetto for the first time on 7 June 1941. On 29 July 1941, following an inspection, most patients of the ghetto's psychiatric hospital were taken away never to return. "They understood, for example, why they had been injected with tranquilizers in the night. Injections of scopolamine were used, at the request of the Nazi authorities." Situated 50 km north of Łódź in the town of Chełmno, at Kulmhof, gassing operations began on 8 December 1941. Two weeks later, on 20 December 1941, Rumkowski was ordered by the Germans to announce that 20,000 Jews from the ghetto would be deported to undisclosed camps, based on selection by the Judenrat. An Evacuation Committee was set up to help select the initial group of deportees from among those who were labelled 'criminals': people who refused to or who could not work, and people who took advantage of the refugees arriving in the ghetto in order to satisfy their own basic needs.

By the end of January 1942 some 10,000 Jews were deported to Chełmno (known as Kulmhof in German). The Chełmno camp set up by SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Lange, served as a pilot project for the secretive Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the "Final Solution". In Chełmno, the inmates were murdered with the exhaust fumes of moving gas vans. The stationary gas chambers had yet to be built at Operation Reinhard death camps. By 2 April 1942, an additional 34,000 victims were sent there from the ghetto, with 11,000 more by 15 May 1942, and over 15,000 more by mid September, for an estimated total of 55,000 people. The Germans planned that children, the elderly, and anyone deemed "not fit for work" would follow them.

In September 1942, Rumkowski and the Jews of Łódź had realized the fate of the evacuees, because all baggage, clothing, and identification papers of their fellow inmates, were being returned to the ghetto for "processing". The slave workers began to strongly suspect that deportation meant death; even though they had never deduced that the annihilation of Jews was all-encompassing, as was intended. They witnessed the German raid on a children's hospital where all patients were rounded up and put into trucks never to return (some thrown from windows). A new German order demanded that 24,000 Jews be handed over for deportation. A debate raged in the ghetto over who should be given up. Rumkowski sounded more convinced than ever that the only chance for Jewish survival lay in the ability to work productively for the Reich without interference. As Rumkowski believed productivity was necessary for survival, he thought they should give their 13,000 children and their 11,000 elderly. He addressed the parents of Łódź as follows.

"A grievous blow has struck the ghetto. They [the Germans] are asking us to give up the best we possess – the children and the elderly. I was unworthy of having a child of my own, so I gave the best years of my life to children. I've lived and breathed with children, I never imagined I would be forced to deliver this sacrifice to the altar with my own hands. In my old age, I must stretch out my hands and beg: Brothers and sisters! Hand them over to me! Fathers and mothers: Give me your children! — Chaim Rumkowski, September 4, 1942"

Despite their horror, parents had little choice but to turn over their children for deportation. Some families committed collective suicide to avoid the inevitable. The deportations slowed down, for a time, only after the purge of the ghetto was completed. Some 89,446 able-bodied prisoners remained. In October, the number of German troops was reduced, as no longer needed. The German Reserve Police Battalion 101 left the ghetto to conduct anti-Jewish operations in Polish towns with direct lines to Treblinka, Bełżec, and Sobibór. Meanwhile, a rare camp for the Christian children between 8 and 14 years of age was set up adjacent to the ghetto in December 1942, separated only by a high fence made of planks. Some 12,000–13,000 adolescent Poles with parents already dead went through the Kinder-KZ Litzmannstadt according to International Tracing Service. Subjected to a selection process for Germanisation, the 1,600 children performed work closely connected with the industrial output of the ghetto, with help and advice from Jewish instructors.

Since late 1942 the production of war supplies was coordinated by the autonomous German Management Board (Gettoverwaltung). The ghetto was transformed into a giant labor camp where survival depended solely on the ability to work. Two small hospitals were set up in 1943, nonetheless hundreds of tormented prisoners died each month. In April 1,000 Jews were transferred to labour camps in Germany. In September 1943 Himmler ordered Greiser to get ready for a mass relocation of labour to the Nazi District of Lublin. Max Horn from the Ostindustrie arrived and made an assessment, which was damning. The ghetto was too large in his opinion, badly managed, not profitable, and it had the wrong products. From his perspective the presence of children was unacceptable. The relocation idea was abandoned, but the immediate consequence of his report was an order to reduce the size of the ghetto. By January 1944, there were around 80,000 Jewish workers still subsisting in Łódź. In February, Himmler brought back Bothmann to reinstate operations at Chełmno.

Camp for Polish children
On 28 November 1942, a camp for Polish children was opened. The official name of the camp was "Security Police Litzmannstadt Isolation Camp for Polish Youth" (Polen-Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt); however, the camp was referred to as the Camp on Przemyslowa Street. The camp housed children aged 8–16 who were orphans or accused of criminal activity such as theft. More than 1,000 children lived there, separated from their parents, working eight hours a day. They were fed starvation rations and had no access to water, heating or bathrooms. They were subjected to torture and beaten by the guards. The camp operated until the Lodz ghetto was liquidated.

Liquidation

In early 1944, the ultimate fate of the Łódź Ghetto was debated among the highest-ranking Nazis. The initial wave of deportations to Chełmno ended in the autumn of 1942; over 72,000 people defined as "dispensable" were murdered. Heinrich Himmler called for the final liquidation of the ghetto. Between 23 June and 14 July 1944, the first 10 transports of about 7,000 Jews were sent by Arthur Greiser from the Radegast train station to Chełmno. Although the killing centre was partly razed in April 1943, it had resumed gassing operations specifically for this purpose. Meanwhile, Armaments Minister Albert Speer proposed the ghetto be continued as a source of cheap labour for the front.

On 15 July 1944 the transports paused for two weeks. On 1 August 1944 the Warsaw Uprising erupted, and the fate of the remaining inhabitants of the Łódź Ghetto was sealed. During the last phase of its existence, some 25,000 inmates were murdered at Chełmno, their bodies burned immediately after death. As the front approached, German officials decided to deport the remaining Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau aboard Holocaust trains, including Rumkowski. On 28 August 1944, Rumkowski's family were gassed along with thousands of others.

On 17 August 1944, The Gestapo announced the exclusion of the following streets from the ghetto: Wolborska, Nad Łódką, Zgierska, Dolna, Łagiewnicka, Brzezińska, Smugowa and the Old Market Square, Kościelny Square and Bałucki Rynek. The presence of Jews in these areas was punishable by death.

A handful of people were left alive in the ghetto to clean it up. Others remained in hiding with the Polish rescuers. When the Soviet army entered Łódź on 19 January 1945, only 877 Jews were still alive, 12 of whom were children. Of the 223,000 Jews in Łódź before the invasion, only 10,000 survived the Holocaust in other places.

Forms of resistance
The peculiar situation of the Łódź Ghetto prevented armed resistance, which occurred within other ghettos in Nazi-occupied Poland, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising, the revolt at the Wilno Ghetto, the Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising, or similar rebellions in other Polish cities. Rumkowski's overbearing autocracy including his periodic crackdowns, and the resulting failure of Jewish attempts to smuggle food – and consequently, arms – into the ghetto, as well as misleading confidence that productivity would ensure survival, precluded attempts at an armed revolt.

The distinct forms of defiance included instead the symbolic, polemic and defensive resistance. Throughout the early period, the symbolic resistance was evident in the rich cultural and religious life that the people maintained in the ghetto. Initially, they created 47 schools and daycare facilities which continued to operate despite harsh conditions. Later, when the school buildings were converted to new living quarters for some 20,000 inmates brought in from outside occupied Poland, alternatives were established, particularly for younger children whose mothers were forced to work. Schools tried to provide children with adequate nourishment despite meager rations. After the schools were shut down in 1941, many of the factories continued to maintain illegal daycare centres for children whose mothers were working.

Political organizations also continued to exist, and engaged in strikes when rations were cut. In one such instance, a strike got so violent that the German Orpo police were called upon to suppress it. At the same time, the rich cultural life included active theatres, concerts, and banned religious gatherings, all of which countered official attempts at dehumanization. Much information about the Jewish day-to-day life in that period can be found in the ghetto archive of Lucjan Dobroszycki from YIVO.

The photographers of the statistical department of the Judenrat, besides their official work, illegally took photos of everyday scenes and atrocities. One of them, Henryk Ross, managed to bury the negatives and dig them up after liberation, at 12 Jagielonska Street. Because of this archive, the reality of the ghetto was recorded and preserved. The archivists also began creating a ghetto encyclopedia and a lexicon of the local slang that emerged in their daily lives. The Jewish population maintained several illegal radios with which they kept abreast of events in the outside world. At first, the radio could only receive German broadcast, which is why it was codenamed the "Liar" in the diaries. Among the news that quickly spread around the ghetto was the Allied invasion of Normandy on the day it occurred.

Since production was essential to the German war effort, the slowing down of work was also a form of resistance. In the later years, leftist workers adopted the slogan P.P. (pracuj powoli, or "work slowly") to hinder their own output on behalf of the Wehrmacht.

Escape and rescue efforts

A number of Poles from Łódź were awarded titles of Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. On their and their families initiative, a Survivors' Park adorned with monuments was built in Łódź, measuring 3660 m2. It was inaugurated in August 2009 by the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński in the presence of prominent dignitaries. A year later, the Park was awarded a medal for top urban design by the Towarzystwo Urbanistów Polskich.

One of the Poles who helped the Jews in Łódź was a Catholic midwife Stanisława Leszczyńska. She and her family provided food, clothing and fake documents to many Jewish fugitives. Eventually, however, she and her family were arrested by the Germans. She and her daughter were deported to Auschwitz. Later on she became known for her effort to save many Jewish children; her sons were sent to stone quarries of Mauthausen.

Notable inmates

 * Lucjan Dobroszycki (1919–1995), scientist and historian
 * Mendel Grossman (1913–1945), photographer, died during the Death Marches
 * Georg John (1879–1941), actor from films such as M and The Last Laugh, died November 1941
 * Heda Margolius Kovály (1919–2010), author of an autobiography Under a Cruel Star
 * Yisrael Kristal (1903–2017), the world's oldest living man in 2016–2017 and among the ten oldest verified men ever. Was deported from the Lodz Ghetto to Auschwitz in August 1944 but barely managed to survive—with him being severely emaciated and near-death at the time of his liberation by Red Army troops in January 1945. He subsequently recovered and died over 70 years later in August 2017, just a month before what would have been his 114th birthday.
 * Rywka Lipszyc (1929–1945?), diarist, deported to Auschwitz in 1944 then to Bergen-Belsen in 1945, presumed to have died September 1945
 * Rudolf Margolius (1913–1952), victim of the Slánský trial
 * Chava Rosenfarb (1923–2011), writer
 * Oskar Rosenfeld (1884–1944), writer, ghetto chronicler, killed at Auschwitz
 * Henryk Ross (1910–1991), photographer who documented conditions in the camp
 * Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski (1877–1944), Judenälteste ("Elder of the Jews"), head of the Judenrat, killed at Auschwitz
 * Ruth Minsky Sender (born 1926), author (The Cage, set partly in the ghetto)
 * Jakob Edmund Speyer (1872–1942), medicinal chemist, co-inventor of oxycodone (Eukodal), died on 5 May 1942
 * Salomon Szapiro (aka Dr. Szeffer, 1882–1941), medical doctor and chess master, died in the ghetto 18 November 1941
 * Jack Tramiel (1928–2012), founder of Commodore International, owner of Atari
 * Maurycy Trębacz (1861–1941), painter, died of hunger in the ghetto on 29 January 1941

title: Łódź Ghetto


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Talk:Shrivelling

I'm planning on vfding this article if my recent deletion nomination gets deleted. Anyone here wanna help me look for more gamecrufty articles?

VFD results
This article has survived a VFD nomination with the result of Keep. --Allen3 talk July 5, 2005 15:27 (UTC)

Old Cleanup Archive

 * ''Taken from the old Cleanup entry…Archived by HopeSeekr of xMule (Talk) 16:00, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Shrivel - combination stub/disambiguation/extended dictdef. page that also needs wikification. --Dcfleck 00:24, 2005 May 12 (UTC)
 * Parts of this were so badly written they may have been a joke (DiHyrdogen oxide...instead of saying water?). I threw away a lot of junk.  Now it may need some expansion. RJFJR 01:43, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Shrivelling


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Iron Lore

Iron Lore may refer to:

 * Iron Lore Entertainment, a video game developer founded in 2000 and closed in 2008
 * The original name of Iron Heroes, a variant Player's Handbook for the d20 System of role-playing games

title: Iron Lore


text:
Kucheng

Kucheng may refer to:

 * Guzheng, a traditional Chinese musical instrument
 * Gucheng (disambiguation), numerous places in China
 * Gutian County, a county in Fujian, China

title: Kucheng


text: User talk:64.167.149.4

title: User talk:64.167.149.4


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cartalina Fixaw

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:08, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cartalina Fixaw
Seems like a bogus entry, and this doesn't quite fit the speedy criteria. – ClockworkSoul 02:31, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete vanity, non-notable. 0 Google hits. Very close to patent nonsense. --InShaneee 02:33, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Possible hoax. Definitely not notable. If real, then vanity. Too many short sentences. I hate that. Delete. -- 8^D gab 03:15, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * Delete unless somehow verified. --Fuzzball! (talk) 05:08, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fails the Google test. Andrew pmk 06:00, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete either vanity or hoax Dsmdgold 10:42, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax. Can't really be vanity if subject is long dead.  Still doesn't Google, and the story is pretty wacky... so wacky that if it indeed were true she'd have at least a certain amount of fame by now. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:35, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. as per Starblind. P Ingerson 14:14, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax. Except for Clockwork adding the VfD, all edits appear to be from two addresses on the same ISP. One created the article, the other "vandalized" it, then the first immediately came back and reverted it. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 19:33, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This sounds like one of those stories we get in class for lab safety. I wouldn't be surprised if that's the actual basis of this article. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  01:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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J. Hamilton Lewis

James Hamilton Lewis (May 18, 1863 – April 9, 1939) was an American attorney and politician. Sometimes referred to as J. Ham Lewis or Ham Lewis, he represented Washington in the United States House of Representatives, and Illinois in the United States Senate. He was the first to hold the title of Whip in the United States Senate.

Born in Danville, Virginia and raised in Augusta, Georgia, Lewis attended several colleges, studied law, and attained admission to the bar in 1882. He moved to Washington Territory in 1885, where he became active in politics as a Democrat; he served in the territorial legislature, worked with the federal commission that helped establish the U.S.-Canada boundary, and ran unsuccessfully for governor. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1897 to 1899.

After service in the Spanish–American War, Lewis relocated to Chicago, Illinois. After serving as the city's corporation counsel, and running unsuccessfully for governor, Lewis won election to the United States Senate in 1912, and served one term (1913-1919). He was chosen to serve as Majority Whip, and was the first person to hold this position. He ran unsuccessfully for reelection in 1918, and for governor in 1920. In 1930, he was again elected to the U.S. Senate, and served from 1931 until his death. He died in Washington, D.C., and was interred first in Arlington, Virginia, and later at Fort Lincoln Cemetery in Brentwood, Maryland.

Early life
Lewis was born in Danville, Virginia on May 18, 1863, and grew up in Augusta, Georgia. His mother had traveled to Virginia to nurse his father, who was wounded while serving for the Confederacy in the American Civil War. His mother died in childbirth, and his father was left an invalid, so Lewis was raised by relatives. He attended Augusta's Houghton School, the University of Virginia, Ohio Northern University and Baylor University, and studied law in Savannah, Georgia. He was admitted to the bar in 1882, and moved to Seattle in 1885, where he continued to practice law. A Democrat, he served in Washington Territory's legislature from 1887 to 1888. In 1889 and 1890, Lewis worked with the Joint High Commission on Canadian and Alaska Boundaries to present the U.S. position. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Washington in 1892.

Continued career
Lewis was one of the few politicians to represent two states in the United States Congress. He represented Washington (1897–1899) in the United States House of Representatives, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1898. In 1899, he served as a U.S. Commissioner for regulating customs laws between the United States and Canada, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate. During the Spanish–American War, Lewis served on the staff of the adjutant general of the Washington National Guard as an assistant inspector general with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was subsequently promoted to colonel, and served in a similar role in Cuba on the staff of John R. Brooke, followed by service on the staff of Frederick Dent Grant.

In 1896, Lewis received 11 votes for the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention despite not yet having attained the constitutionally required minimum age of 35. In 1900, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic vice presidential nomination; he withdrew before the balloting, and the nomination was won by Adlai Stevenson. In 1903, Lewis relocated to Chicago, where he continued to practice law, and served as the city's corporation counsel from 1905 to 1907. In 1908, he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Illinois.

In 1913, Lewis was elected to the U.S. Senate from Illinois; he served one term (1913–1919), and was the Majority Whip for his entire term. In 1914, he was the Senate's representative at a London conference that considered way to ensure that laws and treaties guaranteeing safe sea travel could still be implemented as World War I was beginning. Lewis also served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State from 1915 to 1919. A close ally of President Woodrow Wilson, Lewis was a leader in getting much of Wilson's "New Freedom" legislation passed. Lewis also performed unspecified special wartime duties in Europe which led to him receiving knighthoods from the kings of Belgium and Greece. In October 1918, Lewis was aboard an army ship, USS Mount Vernon, when it was hit by German fire. Lewis and others survived the blast, but 35 of the ship's crewmen perished.

Upon his defeat for reelection in 1918, Lewis was offered the ambassadorship to Belgium, but he declined and returned to private legal practice in Chicago, Illinois. In 1920, he ran unsuccessfully for governor. He eventually became a partner in the newly named Lewis, Adler, Lederer & Kahn (now known as Saul Ewing Arnstein & Lehr, LLP). In 1921, 1922, and 1925, Lewis was part of the U.S. delegation to League of Nations conferences held to settle wartime damage claims.

Later career
In 1930, Lewis was again elected to the Senate; he was reelected in 1936 and served from March 4, 1931, until his death. He again served as the Majority Whip, this time from 1933 until his death. In addition, he was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments from 1933 until his death.

In 1932, Lewis went to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, as the "favorite son" candidate of Illinois, at the behest of Chicago mayor Anton Cermak. Cermak's hope was to use Lewis to keep the Illinois delegates from supporting Franklin Delano Roosevelt, but Lewis later withdrew his name from consideration and released his delegates, many of whom went to FDR and helped secure him the nomination.

As a member of the foreign relations committee, he told the Associated Press in 1938 that Hitler was not going to fight over Czechoslovakia saying, "(Czechoslovakia) is a small matter that could be settled at any time." Sixteen days later Hitler annexed parts of Czechoslovakia, with the assent of Great Britain and France.

Lewis was one of the first to befriend Harry S. Truman after Truman's election to the Senate. During Truman's first few weeks in office in 1935, Lewis sat next to Truman and advised him: "Harry, don't start out with an inferiority complex. For the first six months you'll wonder how the hell you got here. After that you'll wonder how the hell the rest of us got here."

Personal life
In 1896, Lewis married Rose Lawton Douglas (1871–1972). Lewis was known to be something of an eccentric in manner and dress, wearing spats well into the 1930s even though they were out of fashion, and sporting Van Dyke whiskers during an era when most men were clean shaven, as well as a collection of "wavy pink toupees". He was courtly in manner, and while some considered him verbose, he was generally acknowledged to be a talented orator.

Death and burial
Lewis died at Garfield Hospital in Washington, DC, and his funeral service was held in the Senate Chamber. He was interred at the Abbey Mausoleum near Arlington National Cemetery; he was later reinterred at Fort Lincoln Cemetery in Brentwood, Maryland.

Books

 * Lewis, James Hamilton (1913). The Two Great Republics Rome and the United States. Chicago, IL: The Rand-McNally Press.
 * Lewis, James Hamilton (1913). The Two Great Republics Rome and the United States. Chicago, IL: The Rand-McNally Press.
 * Lewis, James Hamilton (1913). The Two Great Republics Rome and the United States. Chicago, IL: The Rand-McNally Press.
 * Lewis, James Hamilton (1913). The Two Great Republics Rome and the United States. Chicago, IL: The Rand-McNally Press.

title: J. Hamilton Lewis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Claudia Villalobos

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 12:47, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Claudia Villalobos
Delete. Not notable, possible vanity. 164 Google hits. No evidence of notability given except for being the daughter of a model who Googles even less than she does (2 hits, one being the article in question) and for being a candy spokesmodel at the age of six. android↔talk 02:33, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN and very little info in the article. --Fuzzball! (talk) 05:10, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity, not notable. The article also says she's not even a model anymore, so there doesn't even seem to be any liklihood of future notability along the same line. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:31, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. many of the mentioned google hits are about not this claudia. Mikkalai 17:14, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity Dsmdgold 02:43, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ó Duibhgeannáin

The Ó Duibhgeannáin clan were a family of professional historians in medieval and early modern Ireland.

They originated in the kingdom of Annaly (formerly called Tethbae) on the east bank of the Shannon (mostly situated in what is now County Longford) and later migrated into Connacht. Writing in 1921 the Irish historian, Fr. Paul Walsh stated that "The celebrated Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh ... informs us that the O Duigenans followed the profession of historiographers under the families of Clann Mhaiolruanaidh and Conmhaicne in Magh Rein, that is, with the Mac Dermotts and the MacDonoughs in the west, and with the O Farrells in the territory of Annaly."

The earliest known reference to a bearer of the surname dates to 1296, when, according to the Annals of the Four Masters, "Maelpeter O'Duigennan, Archdeacon of Breifny, from Drumcliff to Kells, died." Less than thirty years later in the year 1323 (according to the same source) – "Gillapatrick O'Duigennan, Chief Historian of Conmaicne, and Lucas, his son, were slain by Conor, the son of Garvey Maguire."

The family themselves can be traced back with confidence several centuries further, ultimately to Maine of Tethba, an alleged son of Niall of the Nine Hostages. While Maine's relationship is probably fictitious, there seems to be no good reason for doubting that the O Duibhgeannain descend from the figure claimed as an ancestor by the rulers of Uí Maine.

From Annaly to Moylurg: Kilronan and Castlefore
By the 14th century, while some lines of the family remained in Annaly, the senior branches and others moved west into Moylurg where they became historians for the MacDermots. The senior line, under Ferghall Muimhneach, built Kilronan's church in 1339 to which they became erenachs, or its lay proprietors. The Four Masters include the following early references to the family, and Kilronan church:

 * "1339: The church of Kilronan was erected by Farrell Muimhneach O'Duigenan."
 * "1340: Philip O'Duigenan, ollav [chief poet] of Conmaicne, died. The church of Kilronan was burned."
 * "1347: The church of Kilronan was re-erected by Farrell O'Duigenan. Finola, daughter of Mac Fineen, and wife of Farrell O'Duigenan, died."
 * "1357: Clement O'Duigenan, Vicar of Kilronan, died. He was called Sagart-na-Sinnach [Priest of the Foxes]. Muimhneach O'Duigennan, ollav of Conmaicne and Clann-Mulrony, Lower and Upper, died."
 * "1360: Naevag O'Duigennan died."
 * "1362: Cu-Connacht O Duigeannain, Vicar of Cill Ronain, rested in Christ."
 * "1381: Lasairiona, daughter of Ferghal O Duigeannain, wife of O Mithin [Meehan], of Bealach ui Mithin, died."
 * "1398: David O Duigeannain, Coarb of the Virgin St. Lasair, chief chronicler of MacDiarmuda [MacDermott] and his great favourite, a hospitaller for all comers of Eirinn in general, a reverend attendant of a nobleman, and one that never refused anyone for anything he had until his death, died in his house and was interred in the Church of Cill Ronan."

By 1400 a secondary line had established themselves in Muintir Eolais, at Baile Caille Foghair, or Castlefore, now in County Leitrim. Their ancestor was Philip na hInishe who died in Conmaicne in 1340, said to be a brother of Fearghall Muimhneach. The first member of the family mentioned as of Castlefore was Maghnus mac Melaghlin Ruadh O Duibggeannain, who died in 1452. He is apparently the same Maghnus of Castlefore was the chief compiler of the Book of Ballymote, which was commissioned by Tomaltach MacDonagh, Lord of Coran, about or after 1391.

Irish historical manuscripts compiled and penned by various O Duibhgeannain which have survived their turbulent times include:

 * Annala Loch Ce (The Annals of Loch Ce)
 * Leabhair O Duibhgeannain Cill Ronan – source book used for the Four Masters.
 * The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland (better known as the Annals of the Four Masters)
 * Suibhne Gelt (The Frenzy of Sweeney)

Peregrine and Daibhidh
The two most significant Ó Duibhgeannáins during the final years of Gaelic Ireland were Cu Coigriche mac Tuathal O Duibhgeannain of Castlefore (fl. 1627–1636), and Daibhidh mac Matthew Glas O Duibhgeann of Kilronan (fl. 1651–1696).

Cu Coigriche, thought to have been born about or after 1590, was ordained a Franciscan friar and changed his name to Peregrine O'Duignan. Nothing is known of his life until he became engaged in the massive project known to history as the Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland (better known by its nickname, the Annals of the Four Masters). The annals are known by this name because, under the leadership of Bro. Michael O'Clery (Michael Ó Cleirigh), Peregrine, Cu Choigriche (Peregrine) Ó Cleirigh, and Fearfeasa Ó Maoilchonaire, these four men compiled and wrote in a few years (c. 1627–1636) one of the largest collections of mythical, historical and cultural lore – spanning the years 2242 AM to 1616 AD.

Nothing certain is known of Peregrine after August 1636; possibly he returned to Louvain, as did Ó Cleirigh. However, there exists a slight possibility that he remained in Ireland, as a copy of the annals was in the town of Galway, and used as a source by none other than Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh, who explicitly references having used it in 1649, although typically he gives us no clues as to how he obtained it. It may not be coincidental that a kinsman of Ó Duibhgeannáin, Daibhidh Ó Duibhgeannáin living and working in the Galway region from as early as 1651.

Daibhidh mac Matthew Glas Ó Duibhgeannáin, or Daibhidh Bacach ("lame David") as he sometimes called himself, was an active scribe, compiler, poet between the years 1651 and 1696. In the earliest of his known works, Royal Irish Academy Ms. 24.P.9., he writes on page 238: "I stop now, and I on Loch Mask in the house of Tadhg Og Ó Flaherty, 1 April 1651, David Duigenan who wrote this." A later entry specifies the place as Oilean Ruadh, or Red Island. Over the course of his life he penned such works as "The Frenzy of Sweeney", "The Adventures of the Two Idiot Saints", "The Battle of Magh Rath", and "The Banquet of Dun na Gedh". He is believed to have lived his final years in Shancough, Tirerrill, County Sligo, where he died in 1696.

Genealogy of Ó Duibhgeannáin of Kilronan, Moylurg
Taken from MacFhirbhisigh's Book of Genealogies; faulty in places. For purported ancestry prior to Maine of Tethba, see Niall of the Nine Hostages.

Maine of Tethba |    |________________________________________     |        |      |           |      |     |        |      |           |      |     Fiachna Eanna Creamthann Brian Bracan |                                |_____________                                 |            |                                 |            |                                 Breanainn Criomhthann |                                |__________________________                                 |            |          |                                 |            |          |                                 Criomthann Connhach Aodh |                                ________________________|                                 |         |             |                                 |         |             |                                 Corc Cathasach Blathmhac |                      |                                 |                       |                                 Aodh Conghall |                                                        |                                                         Colla |   _____________________________________________________|_______    |        |            |          |               |          |    |        |            |          |               |          |    Conaig Conghalach Murchadh Muirchertaigh Diarmaid Conchobair |                                                               |                                                                Breasal |                                                    ___________|                                                     |          |                                                     |          |                                                     Braighte Gabhalach |                                                    |_________________                                                     |                 |                                                     |                 |                                                     Maol Beannachta Fionnachta |                                                    |__________                                                     |         |                                                     |         |                                                     Tadhgan Maol Odhair |   _________________________________________________|________________________________    |           |                   |           |          |           |            |    |           |                   |           |          |           |            |    Cearnachan  Duibhgeann   Dubhlaith Conghall Mughaighe Faghartach Madadhar |               |                Naomhtuc mac Duibhgeann |               |                Pilip na hInnise (Phillip of the Island) mac Naomhtuc O Duibhgeannain |               |                Poil an Fhiona (Paul of the Wine) mac Pilip O Duibhgeannain |               |                Lucais Ancaire (Lucas the Anchorite) mac Poil O Duibhgeannain |               |                Fearghail Mhuimhnigh (Fearghail of Munster) mac Lucais O Duibhgeannain, d. 1347 |               |                Matha Ghlais mac Fearghail Mhuimhnigh O Duibhgeannain |               |                Maoileachlainn mac Matha Ghlais O Duibhgeannain |               |                Dubhthaigh Mhoir mac Maoileachlainn O Duibhgeannain, d. 1511 |               |________________________________________________________                |                                                       |                |                                                       |                Dubhthaigh Oig mac Dubhtaigh Mhoir O Duibhgeannain      Maoilsechlainn |                                                      |                |                                                       |                Duilbh mac Dubhtaigh Oig O Duibhgeannain, d. 1578       Paidin |                                                      |                |                                                       |                Maolmhuire mac Duilbh O Duibhgeannain, fl. 1578         Dolbh |                                                                       |                                                                        Matthew Glas |                                                                       |                                                           Daibhidh Bacach O Duibhghennain fl. 1651–1696

Last Ó Duibhgeannáin entries in the annals

 * "1578: Ó Duibhgeannáin Cille Ronain (Dolbh mac Dubhthaigh) ollamh Ua n-Oilealla saoí senchaidh fer tighe aoidhedh coitchinn congairighe, fer suilbir, soingthe soagallmha d'écc, & a mhac Maol Muire do ghabhail a ionaidh." (Annala Rioghachta Éireann)
 * "1578: O'Duigennan of Kilronan (Dolbh, son of Duffy), ollav of Tirerrill, a learned historian, who kept a thronged house of general hospitality; a cheerful, eloquent, and affable man, died; and his son, Mulmurry, took his place" (Annals of the Four Masters)

Duigenans

 * Patrick Duigenan (Irish lawyer and politician)

Duignans

 * Katherine Duignan (writer)
 * Mary Anne Duignan ("Chicago May") (international thief)
 * Michael Duignan (New Zealand filmmaker)
 * Michael V. Duignan (Professor of Celtic Archaeology, University College Galway, 1945–1977)
 * Noel Duignan (Canadian politician)
 * Sean Duignan (journalist, political aide)
 * Packie Duignan (musician)
 * Dr John Duignan (Scottish author whose books include "Skelp the Aged"; "The Buick Stops Here"; "Quantitative Methods For Business Research Using Microsoft Excel"; "Saving The Last Dance"; "Katherine Black Doesn't Dance"; "Things To Do When The Music Stops" and "A Dictionary of Business Research Methods")
 * Kevin P Duignan (former Director and Vice President for Institutional Advancement at St. Thomas Aquinas College, Sparkill, NY - 1997 to 2017)
 * William Duignan (playwright, actor)

Deignans

 * Kathleen P. Deignan (Professor of Religious Studies, Head of the Iona Spirituality Institute at Iona College in New Rochelle, New York)
 * Lizzie Deignan (British Olympian and road racing cyclist for Team Lidl-Trek)
 * Osborn Deignan (US Navy, recipient of the Medal of Honor for his role in Spanish American Civil War (Merrimac))
 * Philip Deignan (Irish: Pilib Ó Duígeannáin); (Irish Olympian and road racing cyclist for UCI ProTeam Team RadioShack)

Dignans

 * John Dignan (Bishop of Clonfert)
 * Patrick Dignan (19th-century Member of the New Zealand Parliament)
 * Peter Dignan (Mayor of Auckland)
 * Peter Dignan (New Zealand Olympic rower)

Dignams

 * Arthur Dignam (Australian actor)
 * Basil Dignam (British actor)
 * Christy Dignam (Irish singer)
 * Mark Dignam (British actor)

Degnans

 * John J. Degnan (American politician)
 * Tom Degnan (American actor)

title: Ó Duibhgeannáin


text:
Talk:Roll (Mega Man)

I'm planning on vfding this article if my recent deletion nomination gets deleted. Anyone here wanna help me look for more gamecrufty articles to nominate for deletion?

Roll Ryan
This article claimed that "SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash", is in error when it lists Roll's middle name as "Ryan", however I have been unable to find any offical source stating its an error wither directly (i.e. "Roll's middle name is not Ryan") or indirectly (i.e. "Roll doesn't have a middle name", or "Roll's middle name is {something other then Ryan}" Due to this I've elected to chnage the article to say that whether her middle name being "Ryan" applies to the main series is questionable. If someone can provide evidence I'm wrong please feel free to correct the article.

-A better Stratagy would be to try to find proof that her middle name IS Ryan.=

Anyone ever play Mega Man Powered Up?
If so, anyone notice Roll had an obvious crush on Rock? I think it's significant info that's worth mentioning. 208.101.145.224 20:59, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I thought they were brother and sister... and then we have a Luke Skywalker/Princess Leia thing going on... eww.SxeFluff (talk) 03:18, 21 November 2007 (UTC)]] 9:23, 20 November 2007

 * Rockman and Roll being siblings was something made up by Capcom USA which was further reinforced by DiC Entertainment (if not made-up by Capcom USA, then made-up by DiC Animation themselves), much like the whole "Protoman turns evil" thing (from Rockman 5 or Doctor Wily and Dr. Right working together during Rockman. In a sense, all of the DRN Series are "serial siblings", but otherwise, there's no "direct" relation between anyone.  Not even Blues and Rock. (Aside from the fact they all look somewhat similar to one another.)  Roll has never been Rock's "younger/twin sister" in the sense you're thinking. ~ Joseph Collins  [ U | T | C ] 23:18, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

JAPANESE NAME IN JAPANESE CHARACTERS
WHAT IS IT? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.188.17.249 (talk) 06:26, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * ロール, the romanization of which would be "Rooru". ~ Joseph Collins [ U | T | C ] 10:12, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roll (Mega Man)


text:
Etsi multa

Etsi multa (On The Church in Italy, Germany, and Switzerland) is a papal encyclical that was published by Pope Pius IX on November 21, 1873.

The encyclical stated that there were three campaigns being waged against the Church at the time:

 * The Kulturkampf in the German Empire.
 * The suppression by the post-unification Italian authorities of the Gregorian University. With the Capture of Rome in 1870, Rome and the Papal States were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Italy. The new government of Italy then confiscated the Gregorian property and building, converting it into the Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio.
 * An anticlerical movement in Switzerland, expressed through:
 * The expulsion of Gaspard Mermillod, the Vicar Apostolic of Geneva, Switzerland.
 * The enforcement of popular election of Catholic clerics in Geneva and to take an oath the Papacy found objectionable.
 * Anti-Catholic laws in the Swiss Cantons of Solothurn, Bern, Basel-Landschaft, Aargau and Zürich.
 * Suppression of Catholic priests in Jura.

It condemned Freemasonry, which was blamed for the widespread attack on the Catholic Church, accusing it of being "the Synagogue of Satan", an expression taken from Revelations.

title: Etsi multa


text:
Implied warranty

In common law jurisdictions, an implied warranty is a contract law term for certain assurances that are presumed to be made in the sale of products or real property, due to the circumstances of the sale. These assurances are characterized as warranties regardless of whether the seller has expressly promised them orally or in writing. They include an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, an implied warranty of merchantability for products, implied warranty of workmanlike quality for services, and an implied warranty of habitability for a home.

The warranty of merchantability is implied, unless expressly disclaimed by name, or the sale is identified with the phrase "as is" or "with all faults". To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations, i.e., they are what they say they are. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects would violate the implied warranty of merchantability if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade". In Massachusetts consumer protection law, it is illegal to disclaim this warranty on household goods sold to consumers.

The warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is implied when a buyer relies upon the seller to select the goods to fit a specific request. For example, this warranty is violated when a buyer asks a mechanic to provide snow tires and receives tires that are unsafe to use in snow. This implied warranty can also be expressly disclaimed by name, thereby shifting the risk of unfitness back to the buyer.

Another implied warranty is the warranty of title, which implies that the seller of goods has the right to sell them (e.g., they are not stolen, or patent infringements, or already sold to someone else). Theoretically, this saves a buyer from having to "pay twice" for a product, if it is confiscated by the rightful owner, but only if the seller can be found and makes restitution.

Fitness for a particular purpose
An implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose occurs if a seller knows or has reason to know of a particular purpose for which some item is being purchased by the buyer. The seller then guarantees that the item is fit for that particular purpose.

International sales law
In international sales law, the obligation is found in Article 35(2)(b) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.

Australia
In Australia, the obligation is in section 55 of Schedule 2 ("The Australian Consumer Law") of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) for consumers. The Sale of Goods Acts in each state also implies the warranty and is not limited to consumer contracts.

United States
In the United States, the requirement for an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose (sometimes shortened to warranty of fitness) is found in. Absent an exclusion or modification pursuant to, the warranty applies to transactions for goods where the buyer is relying on the seller's guidance or expertise to select "suitable goods" that meet that buyer's particular purpose or requirements.

Merchantability
An implied warranty of merchantability is a warranty implied by law that goods are reasonably fit for the general purpose for which they are sold.

International sales law
In international sales law, merchantability forms part of the ordinary purpose of the goods. According to Article 35(2)(a) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, a seller must provide goods fit for their ordinary purpose.

Australia
In Australia, the obligation is in section 54 of Schedule 2 ("The Australian Consumer Law") of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Each State and Territory now applies the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) as the law of the state. That has created a uniform consumer protection law across the entire country.

United Kingdom
The Sale of Goods Act 1979 states that in a contract for the sale of goods it is an implied condition that the goods supplied are of merchantable quality. The implied condition is excluded if any defects are drawn to the buyer's attention before the contract is concluded or if the buyer examines the goods before the contract is concluded and finds, or ought to have found, a defect.

United States
In the United States, the requirement for an implied warranty of merchantability is found in. The warranty applies to merchants, as defined by, as opposed to casual sellers.

As prescribed by, goods are merchantable if they meet the following conditions:

1. The goods must conform (pass without objection ) to the standards of the trade as applicable to the contract for sale.

2. If fungible, the goods must be of average quality within the description.

3. The goods must be fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used even if the buyer ordered them for another use.

4. The goods must be uniform as to quality and quantity within the tolerances as might be specified in the sales contract.

5. The goods must be contained, packaged, and labeled per the contract for sale.

6. The goods must conform to the promise[s] or affirmation[s] of fact made on the container or label if any [exist] even if not so specified by the contract for sale.

If the merchandise is sold with an express "guarantee," the terms of the implied warranty of merchantability fills the gaps left by that guarantee. If the terms of the express guarantee are not specified, they will be considered to be the terms of the implied warranty of merchantability. The UCC allows sellers to disclaim the implied warranty of merchantability, provided the disclaimer is made conspicuously and the disclaimer explicitly uses the term "merchantability" in the disclaimer. Some states, however, have implemented the UCC so that it cannot be disclaimed.

Habitability
An implied warranty of habitability, generally, is a warranty implied by law (in some states) that by leasing or buying a residential property, the lessor or seller is promising that the property is suitable to be lived in. The doctrine is intended as a protection for tenants in a less advantageous bargaining position than the landlord. The warranty of habitability can be breached if there is no heat, hot water, or other essential services. Safety issues like no smoke alarm or other fire code issues can also be considered to make a dwelling uninhabitable. In some cases, courts have ruled that the warranty also covers cracked walls, peeling paint, and leaks. If the municipality in which the property is located prohibits habitation without a certificate of occupancy, but has not issued such a certificate with respect to the property, the unlawfulness of that habitation renders the property uninhabitable as a matter of law. The breach of the implied warranty of habitability can be used to legally break a lease. If the factors have been created or are controllable by the landlord and he or she has not fixed them despite ample written notification, this situation can also be considered constructive eviction, which allows the tenant to break the lease, and may also allow the tenant to sue for damages in some jurisdictions.

Disclaimer
In some jurisdictions, an implied warranty in a sales contract can be expressly disclaimed by the use of specific language such as the words "as is" or "with all faults".

United States
In the United States, a disclaimer must be conspicuous in the contract, such as in a different kind of print or font that makes it stand out. On the other hand, express warranty, or any affirmation of fact or promise to the buyer or description of the good, oral or written, can be negated or limited only if such disclaimers are reasonable.

Some jurisdictions, however, limit the ability of sellers or manufacturers to disclaim the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness, such as Massachusetts. (Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 106: Section 2-316A). Furthermore, the warranty of habitability generally cannot be disclaimed.

Contractual language can also limit the remedies available for breach of an implied warranty such as by capping recoverable damages or limiting the legal remedy to a replacement of a defective item. However, such a term can be found to be unconscionable. For example, if a defective product causes a personal injury, a contractual provision limiting recovery in such a case will be deemed prima facie unconscionable.

title: Implied warranty


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pointless waste of time

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. – ABCD 01:08, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pointless waste of time
Delete. This page is quite clearly an advertisement. RSieradzki 02:33, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied it. – ClockworkSoul 02:40, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Operation Mars

Opening comments
Why is this article not at Operation Mars? Quick google test shows that that's a much more common name for this. Oberiko 02:34, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you have a point as Operation Uranus is under the heading Operation Uranus. I vote to change it around so Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive redirects to operation Mars, best wait for some more comments though --Pluke 02:58, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, user:Gdr did the opposite move quite recently: 15:28, 22 Mar 2005 without talking much. Mikkalai 04:50, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, you additionaly have my vote to move it back. Oberiko 11:52, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is an example of an article where two Wikipedia principles are in opposition. The principle of placing the article under the most common name would indeed put it at Operation Mars. But the principle of neutrality says that, where possible, we should choose names that reflect the experience of both sides in a conflict. An operation name for a battle gives primacy to one side's planning; a geographical name is more neutral. Also, the geographical name gives the reader a clue to where the battle took place, whereas the codename merely obfuscates (as it was, of course, designed to do).

Personally I would prefer to move Operation Uranus to a geographic name. Gdr 19:14, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

 * I have to agree with gdr.One thing is an overwhelmingly and widely known name, such as "Operation Barbarossa". Other thing is an operation known to relatively few specialists, and relatively recently, too. With rare exceptions local battles are named by geographical locations; just look into any battle/war subcategory. Codenames are used mostly for major far-reaching plans. Mikkalai 19:24, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Gdr, I see your point and there doesn't seem to be a universally adopted system with code names used for Operation Barbarossa and Operation Torch, while geographic names used for such events as Battle of Normandy aka operation overlord. An argument for calling it Operation Mars is that such an event as 'Operation Overlord' is often interchanged in literature with the 'Battle of Normandy', whilst something like Operation Mars, though rarely mentioned in literature, to the best of my knowledge is rarely interchanged with its geographical name. Whatever we decide we need to settle a naming regeime for Operation Uranus, Operation Mars and Operation_Saturn.  Which at the moment is two to one for naming it after the operations.  Can we wait a while so everyone can get their opinions down then take a vote in a few days time.  I recommend placing notices on the other pages as well about this vote.  --Pluke 19:35, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page seems to be the best guidance WikiProject_Battles and following these guidelines would suggest calling it The Second Battle of Rzhev-Sychevka or something along those lines, what does everyone think?--Pluke 20:03, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It was actually Gdr who stated that we shouldn't use Operation names on the battle page. Kind of circular logic. Oberiko 01:39, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * see what you mean :), anyways i'm now with the consensus of keeping the current name and adjusting Operation Uranus and Operation_Saturn accordingly. --Pluke 02:13, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Forgive the intrusion, but political correctness regarding privileging one viewpoint over another ... doesn't it make sense to do so in the case of offensives, since one side's viewpoint WAS privileged? In this case, it was the Soviets who launched an operation, and thus the objectives are theirs. What the Germans did in response should be included, of course, but the association of a geographic location obfuscates the INTENT and INITIATIVE of the operation. It's referred to commonly, methinks, as Operation MARS because that locates it within the Soviet "grand strategy" or "operational art" as one of a series of SOVIET initiatives. It's hardly a matter of what is "better known"; it has to do with who is doing what. Where the Germans launch an offensive (TYPHOON, etc.), analyses generally "privilege" their point of view for these reasons. This doesn't seem to be at all a case of "victors (re)writing history" as at Tannenberg, for instance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.94.133.4 (talk) 11:50, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

Battle of Velikiye Luki
Do you guys consider the Velikiye Luki encirclement and siege to be part of this offensive? It was undertaken by the northern wing of the Kalinin Front, but it seems to have been an attack in a tangential direction. &mdas; B.Bryant 02:35, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

smaller sections
Could you make some smaller sections with titles? Wandalstouring 22:22, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

copyvio?
 Copied (by Philip Baird Shearer) from Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history where it will be archived shortly:

From my talk page:
 * Please take a look into a huge text added by an anon into Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive. I wanted to wikify it then it occurred to me that such a well-rounded text may be a copyvio. Can you bring an attention of other WWII experts, whether you and they recognize the text? `'mikka (t) 18:29, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

I think mikkalai has justification for his suspicion (see Revision as of 06:25, 8 August 2006 to Revision as of 05:50, 29 August 2006 by 70.123.197.91). I don't recognise the text (but then it is not an area of WWII I have read about in detail) and if it is original work them we should encourage 70.123.197.91 to acquire a user ID --Philip Baird Shearer 09:09, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks like copy-paste from Glantz's book (hardly surprising, it's one of the few sources on the subject). I'll try and check tonight. -- Grafikm  (AutoGRAF)  09:58, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds very professional. Wandalstouring 16:34, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Its a good read, but looks like a copyvio. Hossen27 04:13, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Soviet Losses
While, as a rule, I find that in articles concerned with battles of the Nazi-Soviet theatre of WW2, Soviet losses are exaggerated, here the opposite is true. Glantz puts Soviet losses at 100,000 dead and 300,000 wounded. Why this deflation to a mere 70,000 and on what basis?. There is a reason that he calles this battle "the red army's epic disaster".

 * The reason for it is marketing. A book with such a title would sell better... The 70 thousand number is from Krivosheev, who is quite a reliable source. However, 70 373 are KIA/MIA while 145 301 are wounded/sick, which gives us a total of approx. 215 thousand casualties... With respect, Ko Soi IX 04:40, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

glantz deals with krivosheevs numbers and he write that he thinks they are to low. glantz studied this battle for his book and he got other casualties than krivosheev with his look in russian archivs. glantz numbers are more reliable for me. because he knews the numbers and krivosheevs and worked with them but got other numbers after deeper research. --HROThomas (talk) 01:23, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

I wonder how Glantz counted this numbers because i never saw his research. Also Krivosheev gives numbers of total irrecoverable losses for units not only figures which units gave itself — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.81.200.151 (talk) 22:55, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

Confused
I'm rather confused - this article says this Operation was part of an operation taking place from January to April 1942, then goes on to say it occurred in November-December 1942. That makes little sense to me. john k (talk) 00:51, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Fixed; see below. Xyl 54 (talk) 18:29, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

When was this?
When was this operation? There are two different dates given. I’ve posted a discussion here. Does anyone know? Xyl 54 (talk) 15:36, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, fixed (finally!); see below. Xyl 54 (talk) 18:26, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

POV
This article only show Glantz's view about the strategic objectives of this operation, but not other different viewpoints. Glantz is a respectable and prestigious historian, however we should provide other viewpoints. Михаил Александрович Шолохов (talk) 13:10, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

 * From my understanding Operation Mars took place prior to the encirclement of the German 6th Army at Stalingrad (Operation Uranus), so circa December 42. I would also hesitate to state it as an outright German victory as it pulled German resources away from the Stalingrad/Don front, which had they been present might of led to a different outcome?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.244.170.130 (talk) 17:17, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

 * This article might indeed use more detail. Operation Mars began after the encirclement at Stalingrad (the troops officially linked up on the 24th November, though the complete encirclement was achieved a couple of days later). Indeed, the offensive near Rzhev locked up all the armoured and motorised units of AG Centre in a WW1-ish positional struggle, rather than them being used to help Manstein beak through to Stalingrad. However, Operation Mars was far too big to be a mere diversionary action. Glantz and Isayev both explain this in the following way:

D2306 (talk) 21:38, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Stavka Planned a decisive result in winter 1942.
 * Accordingly, they planned very ambitious operations. In particular, this applies to Zhukov, who planned and oversaw operations Uranus->Saturn, Mars and Polar Star, which had the objectives of decisively defeating respectively AG South, Centre and North
 * The fact that it would be highly unlikely that all operations would succeed was accepted
 * As long as one of the operations succeeded, the other sections of the eastern front would be weakened as Germans redeploy troops

Edited First Part Of Article
I moved approximately the bottom half of the first part of the article under the title header. It read like a summary as if one would have read the basis of the article, while then getting a summary of the outcome of its basis. I felt moving this into a summary section made the article relevant to orderly reading. Any objections, feel free to place it back into its original form.

Tom C. 07:59, 16 December 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tommy6860 (talk • contribs)

Introduction
There was no reply to this query, so I've gone ahead and resolved it as best I can. This operation took place in November-December 1942, according to the Russian article, so it is superfluous (not to say confusing!) to be referring to operations in January and February 42 in the introduction. So I've deleted all that stuff; I trust that's OK with everyone. The information is still at Battles of Rzhev, anyway, and it make s more sense to keep it there. Xyl 54 (talk) 18:24, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

German losses
German losses are not more than 40 000 soldiers, including wounded. I corrected the figure --FEVK (talk) 23:51, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

German losses (9 Models army) in Mars 40000 killed and 100 000 wounded. Soviet losses 70 000 killed and 145 000 losses (scientific information). Glanz is non-scientific. Mars - USSR victory, though he lost more — Preceding unsigned comment added by S225n (talk • contribs) 06:46, 6 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Please provide reference for your information, so that it can be included in the article. Please parvide a reference who considers Glanz non-scientific. You can see in the article how references are provided. - Altenmann >t 07:06, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

her is it  — Preceding unsigned comment added by S225n (talk • contribs) 08:50, 6 January 2014 (UTC)
 * This source does not list german losses and does not say it was soviet victory.- Altenmann >t 05:34, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Strengths
The numbers are taken from a Russian source which wildly exaggerates German strength and and diminishes Soviet, for obvious reasons. I intend to remove the ref and numbers, but I have to expertise to look for correct ones. - Altenmann >talk 02:33, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Operation Mars


text:
Talk:American Gold Eagle

Coin Sizes
What do you think about keeping the full set of pictures in there, but putting a disclaimer saying that while the relative sizes are accurate, the absolute size is only exact for monitors with the right number of pixels per inch? I know, for example that 128px would be just about 32.70mm on my monitor. HorsePunchKid 02:35, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)

History
The article begins thus:

 * The American Gold Eagle is an official gold bullion coin of the United States. It was first released by the United States Mint in 1986.

What about the gold eagle coins that were used a century ago? That's what I expected this article to be about. Michael Hardy 19:10, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Your thinking about "gold eagles", not the American Gold Eagle. WP has a lot about these.  See:

 * Thank you. Michael Hardy 00:36, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

So what *does* it mean?
Article: "As is often the case with bullion coins, the face values of these coins ($5, $10, $25 and $50; reflecting the fact that the coins are legal tender[2]) are mostly symbolic and do not reflect their true value."

OK, that tells me what the face value *doesn't* mean, but what *does* it mean? :-)

Hypothetically, if the price of gold was to drop to under $50/oz, does it mean a 1oz AGE would still be the monetary equivalent of a $50 bill? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.71.175.177 (talk) 20:41, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Not a coin or monetary expert, but I believe the "legal tender" value is just the official, government-designated worth the coin would have in a transaction. For example, if I take a $50 gold coin into the supermarket and buy $45 (tax included) of groceries (for which I could use a paper $50 bill to pay as well), the cashier would have to accept the American Eagle as payment and give me $5 in change. The government backs it to that value. However, if I just gave her a generic gold bar, the cashier would not be obligated to accept it. It's not official money. It would be like giving him or her a toaster or a bottle of wine. And yes, if gold (now at ~1383) were to plummet to $50 an ounce, the government would still back its legal tender value. KBurchfiel (talk) 08:04, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

=== Link to Wiki page for Miley Busiek added Hefrost (talk) 05:54, 31 January 2009 (UTC)Howard Frost. Also, I tried to link to wiki page for Miley Tucker-Frost but was unsuccessful because I am new to wiki editing

Gold quality
My understading is that it is 24 karat gold not 22 but becomes 22 karat overall because of the addition of the silver and copper. Is this important to note? 91.111.151.152 (talk) 20:32, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Not a coin expert, but from my understanding, karat here refers only to the coin, not to the element. To give a dubious analogy, for a glass of chocolate milk that's 80% milk and 20% chocolate sauce (let's arbitrarily call this "22 karat chocolate milk," the milk itself is pure milk, but the "karat" refers to the entire drink. I hope this made some sense. -KBurchfiel — Preceding unsigned comment added by KBurchfiel (talk • contribs) 07:56, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

These coins are more than one ounce to compensate for the addition of other metals. You do in fact get 1 oz of gold. Is this correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.174.36.176 (talk) 03:00, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

Artwork
In the second paragraph, someone has made the human-centric mistake of assuming that the female tends the young. In fact, eagles share parenting duties, and if anything, the one in flight appears slightly larger, suggesting it's the female (25% sexual dimorphism). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle#Reproduction. I only suggest removing the unjustified gender assumption. Wildbirdz (talk) 18:59, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Tax Implications section needed?
Seems like someone more assiduous than me should put something together including minutia such as: http://blog.entrustfreedom.com/the-golden-1031-exchange/ http://www.mjpm.com/gold.cfm — Preceding unsigned comment added by Riventree (talk • contribs) 12:39, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

Not all proof coins were minted at West Point
The article states that all the American Gold Eagle proof coins were minted at West Point. As of this writing that statement is properly tagged with a "citation needed" flag. In 1987, at least, the half-ounce proof coins were minted at Philadelphia and bore a "P" mint mark. — 72.181.2.153 (talk) 14:05, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

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Dubious tax advice and HOWTO
The advice that "you cannot be taxed on the transaction, even if the coin appreciates" sounds like a paranoid sovereign citizen movement tax scam pitch. The legal case references don't support the idea. Also clearly WP:NOTHOWTO and WP:YOU tone. Should be edited out altogether. Richard J Kinch (talk) 22:56, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

Tables
How useful are the detailed production tables that dominate this article? Is anyone going to come here looking for the AGE price corresponding to a gold price of $550? The production tables show some interesting trends, particularly the production spikes in 1998 and 2008 that followed the Asian financial crisis and the global financial crisis, but do they have any other utility? I'm inclined to remove these tables in favor of prose. 73.71.251.64 (talk) 23:04, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I oppose removing production tables entirely. Perhaps they could be moved to a separate list article on production of US bullion coins. - ZLEA T\C 15:44, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

Why should the production numbers be listed in full rather than summarized? What purpose does the pricing table serve in the context of the article? 73.71.251.64 (talk) 18:34, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Production numbers are of interest to numismatists and coin collectors. As for the pricing table, I would ask . - ZLEA T\C 20:26, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the mintage tables are more useful than the prices, but I would not delete the prices if they are sourced and recent. However, I've always been leery about giving too much opinion information (which, after all, valuations are) when that is part of what you buy a catalog for.--Wehwalt (talk) 22:57, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:39, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * 2021 $25 Half oz. Gold Eagle Type 2 Reverse.png

title: Talk:American Gold Eagle


text:
Marion Bryden

Marion Helen Bryden (2 April 1918 – 12 February 2013) was a politician in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She was a New Democratic Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1990. Prior to becoming a politician, she was actively involved in the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and helped found the Ontario New Democratic Party in 1961. She died in Toronto in February 2013 aged 94.

Background
Bryden was educated at the University of Manitoba, the University of Toronto and the Ontario College of Education. She was a member of the Canadian Council of Social Development, the Elizabeth Fry Society, and the Federation of Ontario Naturalists. Bryden was also active as a union organizer, and as a researcher and statistician for the Canadian Tax Federation. During the 1960s, she served as president of the Ontario Woodsworth Memorial Foundation. Her husband, Kenneth Bryden, was a member of the Ontario Legislature from 1959 to 1967.

Politics
Marion Bryden was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1975 provincial election, defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative Thomas Wardle by 2,650 votes in the riding of Beaches—Woodbine. She faced Wardle again in the 1977 election and defeated him by 2,274 votes. In the 1981 provincial election, Bryden defeated Progressive Conservative Paul Christie by only 324 votes amid provincial setbacks for the NDP. She supported Ian Deans for party leader in 1978 which was won by Michael Cassidy. She supported Bob Rae for the party leadership in 1982.

In 1980, Bryden proposed an environmental bill of rights which would have granted rights to people to challenge polluting companies without first having to prove damages. The bill was blocked by a group of 29 Conservative members. At the time, house rules allowed 20 members to block votes on a private member's bill.

Bryden defeated Christie again by a much greater margin in the 1985 provincial election, and won without difficulty for the redistributed riding of in the 1987 election. She retired prior to the 1990 election, at age seventy-two. The Beaches—Woodbine riding, now renamed as Beaches—East York, remained in NDP hands with Bryden being succeeded by Frances Lankin and then Michael Prue.

From 1985 to 1990, Bryden served as her party's critic for Colleges and Universities, the Solicitor-General, Correctional Services, Seniors' Issues, Revenue and Transport. She was known as an effective constituency representative.

Books
Bryden wrote and co-authored several books and publications in the field of Canadian taxation. These include The costs of tax compliance: a report on a survey conducted by the Canadian Tax Foundation (1961), Occupancy of tax fields in Canada (1965), and Statement to the Royal Commission on Taxation (1964) with A.D. Russell and Gwyneth McGregor.

title: Marion Bryden


text:
Talk:Battle of San Mateo (1899)

Untitled
I have seen confilicting articles about this battle. Most say it was a Filipno victory, but I ran into a few articles saying that Lawton's brigade won. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.218.69.57 (talk) 02:37, 9 April 2005

WRONG NAME OF BATTLE
"The Battle of Paye" took place in Boac, Marinduque, July 31, 1900! It is well documented in that town, and they celebrate it yearly in that town. THERE IS NO "PAYE"(PLACE, TOWN, CITY, PROVINCE) ANYWHERE NEAR SAN MATEO, RIZAL(Morong)! The Battle of Paye is NOT a well recognized battle as the fall of Lawton, even in the Philippines. Every historian(Filipino or American) will tell you this battle took place at the town of San Mateo(not near and not close by, but at the town itself). This battle is misquoted around the net, possibly because of this wiki page. This should be removed or edited immediately as it is misguided false information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dimasalang49 (talk • contribs) 04:20, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

disputed tag
The title "Battle of Paye" returns 25 google hits -- whatever the battle is usually called, it's not that. The US army reports that Lawton was killed on 18 Dec 1899, the day before this article indicates. This article also mentions the 19th; perhaps it was at night.jdb ❋ (talk) 04:21, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

alternate name
This battle in the Philippines is known as the Battle of Paye. In the U.S. it's known as The Battle of San Mateo. They are the same battle. As for google hits I've come up with at least 5 on this battle under this name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.153.96.184 (talk) 04:18, 7 May 2005

Battle of Paye is in Marinduque!
I was indeed confused when I read the article about the battle of Paye. I understand that the battle happened in Sityo Paye, Barangay Balimbing, Municipality of Boac, province of Marindquue on July 31, 1900. In fact, the country has just commemorated its 104th anniversary last monday (july 31, 2006). A historical Marker was also installed in the said site courtesy of the National Historical Institute in 1986. I will look for the complete account of the battle as contained in one of the documents of the US War Department. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mykemarinduque (talk • contribs) 08:49, 7 August 2006

Battle of Paye
Fought in the Philippine island of MArinduque, in the Municipality of Torrejos. Official celebrations held by the Goverment of Marinduque under the leadership of all Governors and Gongress persons so far since the early 1900's — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:2C2:C200:CC2F:586A:A7B:E0FF:8003 (talk) 15:39, 26 September 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Battle of San Mateo (1899)


text: User talk:66.75.203.19

title: User talk:66.75.203.19


text:
Dutton Park, Queensland

Dutton Park is an inner southern suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the, Dutton Park had a population of 2,134 people.

Geography
Dutton Park is located about 4.3 km south of the Brisbane CBD. It is bounded to the north-east by the Beenleigh railway line and the median of Brisbane River to the south-west. Dutton Park lies on a ridge to the east of the Brisbane River, opposite from St Lucia. The site slopes down from Gladstone Road with an average gradient of 0.026.

Annerley Road enters the suburb from the north (South Brisbane) and exits to the south (Annerley). Gladstone Road enters the suburb from the north-west and has its junction with Annerley Road within the suburb. The Park Road railway station, the Boggo Road railway station and the Dutton Park railway station are in the suburb on the Beenleigh line. The Cleveland railway line and the Fisherman Islands railway line have their junction with the Beenleigh line in the suburb.

The Eleanor Schonnell Bridge is a bridge across the Brisbane River connecting Dutton Park to the University of Queensland's St Lucia campus. It carries a busway, cyclists and pedestrians but not private automobiles.

Along the Brisbane River in the suburb, there is a large park (also called Dutton Park) alongside the South Brisbane Cemetery.

Along Annerley Road is the former Boggo Road Gaol, part of which remains as a heritage site. The remainder of the gaol site was redeveloped as the Ecosciences Precinct, part of the Boggo Road Urban Village development. The precinct is a research facility for the Queensland Government, CSIRO and the University of Queensland through the Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI).

Apart from these major facilities, the suburb is predominantly residential, with some light industrial and commercial areas.

History
Development in the suburb was slow because of difficult terrain, and the fact that a large part of the area was surveyed for government reserves by H.C. Rawnsley in 1863.

The South Brisbane cemetery was reserved in 1866 and is Brisbane's oldest surviving municipal cemetery.

In 1884, a park was named after Charles Boydell Dutton, the Queensland Minister for Lands from 1883 to 1887 (and great-great-grandfather of Australian federal politician, Peter Dutton). This became known as "Dutton's Park", a name which was later applied to surrounding estates, a school (originally known as the "Jail School") and a railway station before becoming the name of the suburb around 1910

On 2 July 1883, the Boggo Road Gaol opened, firstly serving as a holding place for prisoners who were to be transported to St Helena Island but by 1989 housed over 300 prisoners. In 1903, a separate structure was opened adjacent to the main prison to house the female prisoners. After a Queensland Government inquiry into the living conditions of the inmates the female section of the prison was closed in 1989 with the male section closing in 1992 and later being demolished in 1996.

In 1884, the South Coast railway line was built, which included a station at Dutton Park.

Woolloongabba Mixed State School opened on 1 September 1884. It was split into Woolloongabba Girls and Infants State School and Woolloongabba Boys State School on 5 July 1885. In 1910, the schools were renamed to Dutton Park Girls and Infants State School and Dutton Park Boys State School. In 1935, the two schools were merged to form Dutton Park State School. Between 1901 and 1969 the suburb was served by electric trams. Tram services operated along Gladstone Road and Annerley Road, with a connecting line to the Ipswich Road tram depot along Cornwall Street. J.S. Badger, owner of the Brisbane Tramway Company, developed the Dutton Park recreation reserve in order to increase patronage on the trams. For several years from 1908, open-air movie and variety shows known as 'Continentals' were held at the park, and proved enormously popular, drawing up to 5,000 people a night.

Between 1912 and 1927, a tram depot was located in Lang Street (now Tamar Street).

St Ita's Regional Primary School opened on 27 January 1919.

St Ita's Secondary School opened on 1932. In 1957, it was renamed St Ursula's College. It closed in 1957.

Dutton Park Opportunity School opened on 28 January 1936. In 1979 it was renamed Dutton Park Special School. On 16 December 1994, it ceased to operate as a separate school and became the special education unit of Dutton Park State School.

On 17 December 2006, the Eleanor Schonell Bridge was opened, linking the St Lucia campus of the University of Queensland with southern Brisbane. The Ecosciences Precinct in the Boggo Road Urban Village development opened in 2011.

Brisbane South State Secondary College opened on 1 January 2021 for an initial intake of Year 7 students. During planning, it was known as Inner City South State Secondary College. It was built in Dutton Park to ease pressure on Brisbane State High School in neighbouring South Brisbane.

Demographics
In the, Dutton Park had a population of 2,024 people. The median age of the Dutton Park population was 32 years, six years below the Australian median. Children aged under 15 years made up 14.4% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 12.1% of the population. 58.4% of people were born in Australia. 62.2% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek at 5.1%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 40.4% and Catholic 17.9%.

In the, Dutton Park had a population of 2,134 people.

Heritage listings
Dutton Park has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 112 Annerley Road (-27.4934°N, 153.0282°W): Dutton Park State School
 * 150 Annerley Road: Boggo Road Gaol (No 2 Division and Remnant No 1 Division)
 * 181 Annerley Road: Gair Park
 * 21 Fairfield Road: South Brisbane Cemetery
 * 218 Gladstone Road: Kurrowah

Attractions
The suburb is dominated by Dutton Park, which includes a large recreation area and public cemetery (colloquially known as Dutton Park Cemetery but officially known as South Brisbane Cemetery). T. J. Doyle Memorial Drive passes through the park and along past the river; it was named after Thomas Joseph Doyle, alderman for South Brisbane ward of the City of Brisbane from 1954 to 1964.

The former Boggo Road Gaol was located in the suburb and the remaining structure is now a historical museum.

The Eleanor Schonell Bridge linking the St Lucia campus of the University of Queensland with southern Brisbane. The area is a popular place for picnics and tranquil riverside walks along the banks of the Brisbane River.

Education
Dutton Park State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 112 Annerley Road (-27.4939°N, 153.0279°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 328 students with 28 teachers (21 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

St Ita's Regional Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 249 Gladstone Road (-27.4947°N, 153.0232°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 363 students with 25 teachers (22 full-time equivalent) and 13 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent).

Brisbane South State Secondary College is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at 179 Annerley Road (-27.4959°N, 153.0266°W). The 2021 initial intake was Year 7 students only, with each successive calendar year extending the range of school years on offer until 2026 when the full Years 7-12 schooling will be provided. For secondary education not yet offered by Brisbane South State Secondary College, the nearest government secondary school is Brisbane State High School in neighbouring South Brisbane to the north.

Transport
By bus, Transport for Brisbane bus routes 192, 196 and 198 serve the suburb along Gladstone Road. Annerley Road to the city (via the Busway) is served by routes 105, 107, 108, 109, 116 and 202. With the opening of Dutton Park Place busway station on the Eleanor Schonell Bridge and the Boggo Road Busway, which opened on 3 August 2009, the suburb has become a major hub for the Brisbane City Busway as well as the terminating point for the Boggo Road Busway.

By train, Dutton Park is served by the Dutton Park Railway Station which lies on the Beenleigh/Ferny Grove Line.

title: Dutton Park, Queensland