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Silent letter

In an alphabetic writing system, a silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation. In linguistics, a silent letter is often symbolised with a null sign. Null is an unpronounced or unwritten segment. The symbol resembles the Ø|Scandinavian letter Ø and other symbols.

English
One of the noted difficulties of English spelling is a high number of silent letters. Edward Carney distinguishes different kinds of "silent" letters, which present differing degrees of difficulty to readers.
 * Auxiliary letters which, with another letter, constitute digraphs; i.e., two letters combined which represent a single phoneme. These may further be categorized as:
 * "Exocentric" digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is different from that of either of its constituent letters. These are rarely considered "silent". Examples:
 * Where the phoneme has no standard single-letter representation, as with consonants $⟨ng⟩$ for as in sing, $⟨th⟩$ for  as in thin or  as in then, diphthongs $⟨ou⟩$ in out or $⟨oi⟩$ in point. These are the default spellings for the relevant sounds and present no special difficulty for readers or writers.
 * Where standard single-letter representation uses another letter, as with $⟨gh⟩$ in enough or $⟨ph⟩$ in physical instead of $⟨f⟩$. These may be considered irregular for writers, but less difficult for readers.
 * "Endocentric" digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is the same as that of one of its constituent letters. These include:
 * Most double consonants, as $⟨bb⟩$ in clubbed; though not geminate consonants, as $⟨ss⟩$ in misspell. Doubling due to suffixation or inflection is regular; otherwise, it may present difficulty to writers (e.g., accommodate is often misspelled), but not to readers.
 * Many vowel digraphs, as $⟨ea⟩$, $⟨ie⟩$, $⟨eu⟩$ in leave (cf. accede), achieve, eulogy (cf. utopia).
 * The discontiguous digraphs, whose second element is "magic e", e.g. $⟨a_e⟩$ in rate (cf. rat), $⟨i_e⟩$ in fine (cf. fin). This is the regular way to represent "long" vowels in the last syllable of a morpheme.
 * Others, such as $⟨ck⟩$ (which is in effect the "doubled" form of $⟨k⟩$), $⟨gu⟩$ as in guard, vogue; $⟨ea⟩$ as in bread, heavy, etc.; $⟨ae⟩$, $⟨oe⟩$ as in aerial, oedipal. These may be difficult for writers and sometimes also for readers.
 * Dummy letters with no relation to neighboring letters and no correspondence in pronunciation:
 * Some are inert letters, which are sounded in a cognate word: e.g. $⟨n⟩$ in damn (cf. damnation); $⟨g⟩$ in phlegm (cf. phlegmatic); $⟨a⟩$ in practically (cf. practical); $⟨t⟩$ in ballet (cf. balletic). If the cognate is obvious, it may aid writers in spelling, but mislead readers in pronunciation.
 * The rest are empty letters, which never have a sound, e.g., $⟨h⟩$ in honor, $⟨w⟩$ in answer, $⟨h⟩$ in Sarah, $⟨s⟩$ in island, $⟨b⟩$ in subtle. These may present the greatest difficulty to writers and often to readers, as well.

The distinction between "endocentric" digraphs and empty letters is somewhat arbitrary. For example, in such words as little and bottle, one might view $⟨le⟩$ as an "endocentric" digraph for, or view $⟨e⟩$ as an empty letter; similarly, with $⟨bu⟩$ or $⟨u⟩$ in buy and build.

Not all silent letters are completely redundant:
 * Silent letters can distinguish between homophones, e.g. in/inn; be/bee; lent/leant. This is an aid to readers already familiar with both words.
 * Silent letters may give an insight into the meaning or origin of a word; e.g. vineyard suggests vines more than the phonetic *vinyard would.
 * Silent letters may help the reader to stress the correct syllable (compare physics to physiques). The final $⟨fe⟩$ in giraffe gives a clue to the second-syllable stress, where *giraf might suggest initial-stress.

Silent letters arise in several ways:
 * Sound changes occurring without a spelling change. The digraph $⟨gh⟩$ was pronounced in Middle English in such words as light.
 * Sound distinctions from foreign languages may be lost, as with the distinction between smooth rho (ρ) and roughly aspirated rho (ῥ) in Ancient Greek, represented by $⟨r⟩$ and $⟨rh⟩$ in Latin, but merged to the same in English.
 * Clusters of consonants may be simplified, producing silent letters; e.g. silent $⟨th⟩$ in asthma, silent $⟨t⟩$ in Christmas (in conservative RP, such as that spoken by Dame Vera Lynn, the $⟨t⟩$ is pronounced /krɪstməs/, as opposed to /krɪsməs/ in all other dialects). Similarly, with alien clusters, such as Greek initial $⟨ps⟩$ in psychology and $⟨mn⟩$ in mnemonic, and the much rarer clusters in chthonic and phthalate.
 * Compound words are often simplified in pronunciation, while their spelling remains the same. For example, cupboard and breakfast were once pronounced as written, but were then simplified over time. The words forehead and waistcoat have largely reverted to their spelling pronunciations, but were once pronounced *forrid and *weskit, respectively.
 * Occasionally, spurious letters are consciously inserted in spelling to reflect etymology (real or imagined). The $⟨b⟩$ in debt and doubt (from French dette, doute) was inserted to match Latin cognates like debit and dubitable. A silent $⟨s⟩$ was inserted in isle (Norman French ile, Old French isle, from Latin insula; cognate to isolate) and then extended to the unrelated word island. The $⟨p⟩$ in ptarmigan was apparently suggested by Greek words such as pteron ('wing').

Since accent and pronunciation differ, letters may be silent for some speakers, but not others. In non-rhotic accents, $⟨r⟩$ is silent in such words as hard, feathered; in h-dropping accents, $⟨h⟩$ is silent. A speaker may or may not pronounce $⟨t⟩$ in often, the first $⟨c⟩$ in Antarctic, $⟨d⟩$ in sandwich, etc.

Pronunciation
In the US, the h in herb is silent (an herb), but in the UK, it is pronounced (a herb). The same is true for the l in solder.

In parts of the UK, the a in dictionary and secretary is silent, but in the US, it is pronounced.

Spelling
In US spellings, silent letters are sometimes omitted (e.g., acknowledgment / UK acknowledgement, ax / UK axe, catalog / UK catalogue, program / UK programme outside computer contexts), but not always (e.g., dialogue is the standard spelling in the US and the UK; dialog is regarded as a US variant; the spelling axe is also often used in the US). In most words, silent letters are written in both styles (e.g., debt, guard, house).

Danish
The Danish language has different letters that can be silent.

The letter $⟨f⟩$ is silent in the conjunction af.

The letter $⟨g⟩$ is silent in the conjunctions og and også.

The letter $⟨h⟩$ is silent in most dialects if followed by $⟨v⟩$, as in hvad (‘what’), hvem (‘who’), hvor (‘where’).

The letter $⟨v⟩$ is silent at the end of words if preceded by $⟨l⟩$, as in selv ('self'), halv ('half').

The letter $⟨d⟩$ is usually (but not necessarily) silent if preceded by a consonant, as in en mand (‘a man’), blind (‘blind’). Many words ending in $⟨d⟩$ are pronounced with a stød, but it is still considered a silent letter.

Faroese
The Faroese language has two silent letters.

The letter edd $⟨ð⟩$ is almost always silent. It is rendered in orthography for historical reasons (e.g., faðir 'father', cf. Old Norse faðir). In some cases, however, the letter edd is pronounced, as in veðrið 'the weather'.

The letter ge $⟨g⟩$ (i.e. continuant of Old Norse ) is usually silent between vowels or when following a vowel before a pause (e.g., dagur 'day', cf. Old Norse dagr ; eg 'I' , cf. Old Norse ek). Use of the silent letter ge in Faroese is the same as for the letter edd; it is written for historical reasons as Faroese orthography was based on normalised spelling of Old Norse and Icelandic language.

Both Faroese silent letters edd and ge are replaced by a hiatus glide consonant (, or ) when followed by another (unstressed) vowel.

German
In German, silent letters are rare apart from word-internal $\langleh\rangle$ and the digraph $\langleie\rangle$.

$\langleh\rangle$
Silent h is used in German to indicate vowel length or hiatus. This h is almost regularly added at the end of inflectable word stems, e.g. Kuh (cow), Stroh (straw), drehen (to turn, stem dreh-). There is only a fairly small number of exceptions to this, mostly nouns in -ee or -ie (see below), apart from isolated cases such as säen (to sow).

Otherwise silent h may be written before the letters l, m, n, r as in nehmen (to take), Stuhl (chair), Zahn (tooth). This latter use is highly irregular, however, and there are just as many words where the h is missing.

Historically, this use of silent h goes back to the Middle High German consonant, which became silent in words like sehen (to see), zehn (ten). By analogy it was then also used in words that had no such h in Middle High German. The majority of silent h’s in modern German are analogical rather than etymological.

$\langlee\rangle$
The long i-sound is usually written $\langleie\rangle$, with a silent $\langlee\rangle$, as in viel (much), spielen (to play), Wien ('Vienna'), and hundreds of other words.

In native German words this spelling is fairly unambiguous. Some words of foreign origin also behave like native words, e.g. Kurier, Papier, Turnier and all verbs ending $\langle-ieren\rangle$ (e.g. appellieren, organisieren).

In other foreign words, however, the $\langlee\rangle$ after $\langlei\rangle$ may be pronounced, e.g. Ambiente, Hygiene, Klient, or names like Daniela, Gabriel, Triest.

Words ending in $\langle-ie\rangle$ can be particularly tricky to learners: There are generally two possibilities: (1.) when the final $\langleie\rangle$ is stressed, it represents long as in Zeremonie ; (2.) when the preceding vowel is stressed, $\langleie\rangle$ represents the separate vowels  as in Folie.

To the first group belong e.g. Akademie, Allergie, Amnesie, Amnestie, Apathie, Artillerie, Batterie, Blasphemie, Chemie, Chirurgie, Demokratie, Energie, Epidemie, -gamie, Garantie, Genie, Geometrie, -grafie/-graphie, Harmonie, Hysterie, Infanterie, Ironie, Kavallerie, Kompanie, Kopie, -logie, Liturgie, Magie, Manie, Marie, Melodie, Monotonie, Nostalgie, Orthopädie, Partie, Phantasie, Philosophie, Poesie, Psychiatrie, Rhapsodie, Sinfonie, -skopie, Theorie, Therapie, Utopie.

To the second group belong e.g. Akazie, Aktie, Amalie, Begonie, Emilie, Familie, Folie, Geranie, Grazie, Hortensie, Hostie, Immobilie, Kastanie, Komödie, Kurie, Lilie, Linie, Orgie, Otilie, Pinie, Serie, Studie, Tragödie, Zäzilie.

Note that in female names there is a third category of words stressed on the antepenult, where $\langleie\rangle$ also represents, e.g. Amelie, Leonie, Nathalie, Rosalie, Stefanie, Valerie (all stressed on the first syllable).

A special case arises when the $\langlee\rangle$ after $\langlei\rangle$ is a grammatical ending. In this case it is always pronounced. Therefore Zeremonie becomes Zeremonien in the plural, and the same is true of all other nouns in group 1 above. The noun Knie is pronounced when it is singular, but usually  when it is plural. Spermien is plural of Spermium, hence also with a pronounced $\langlee\rangle$. Country names in -ien can also be joined to this group: Australien, Brasilien, Indien, Kroatien, Serbien, Slowenien.

Other letters
Other silent letters occur mainly in borrowings from French and other modern languages, e.g. Porträt (portrait), Korps (corps).

Informally, the letter $\langlet\rangle$ may be silent in function words like ist (is), jetzt (now), nicht (not), and otherwise in clusters like Gedächtnis (memory), Kunststück (piece of art). These t’s are commonly silent in everyday speech, but will be retained in careful, formal parlance.

French
Silent letters are common in French, including the last letter of most words. Ignoring auxiliary letters that create digraphs (such as $⟨ch⟩$, $⟨gn⟩$, $⟨ph⟩$, $⟨au⟩$, $⟨eu⟩$, $⟨ei⟩$, and $⟨ou⟩$, and $⟨m⟩$ and $⟨n⟩$ as signals for nasalized vowels), they include almost every possible letter except $⟨j⟩$ and $⟨v⟩$.

Vowels
Final $⟨e⟩$ is silent or at least (in poetry and song) a nearly-silent schwa ; it allows the preservation of a preceding consonant, often allowing the preservation of a grammatical distinction between masculine and feminine forms in writing; e.g., in vert and verte (both 'green'); the $⟨t⟩$ is pronounced in the latter (feminine) but not the former. Furthermore, the schwa can prevent an awkward ending of a word ending in a consonant and a liquid (peuple, sucre).

After $⟨é⟩$, $⟨i⟩$, or $⟨u⟩$, a final $⟨e⟩$ is silent. The spelling $⟨eau⟩$ is pronounced just the same as that for $⟨au⟩$ and is entirely an etymological distinction, so in that context, the $⟨e⟩$ is silent.

 * The digraph $⟨qu⟩$, used to represent before the front vowels $⟨e⟩$ and $⟨i⟩$, has a silent $⟨u⟩$. In contrast, the u is pronounced in $⟨cu⟩$.
 * $⟨gu⟩$ for has the same silent $⟨u⟩$ before $⟨e⟩$ and $⟨i⟩$. When the $⟨u⟩$ is not silent it must be marked with a trema: $⟨ü⟩$. Before $⟨a⟩$ and $⟨o⟩$, the $⟨u⟩$ is not silent.

Consonants

 * $⟨h⟩$ is silent outside of the digraph $⟨ch⟩$ and loanwords such as hat or hate. Numerous doubled consonants exist; French does not distinguish doubled consonants from single consonants in pronunciation as Italian does. A marked distinction exists between a single and doubled $⟨s⟩$: doubled $⟨ss⟩$ is always voiceless, while an intervocalic single $⟨s⟩$ is voiced.

The nasal consonants $⟨m⟩$ and $⟨n⟩$ when final or preceding a consonant ordinarily nasalize a preceding vowel but are not themselves pronounced (faim, tomber, vin, vendre). Initial and intervocalic $⟨m⟩$ and $⟨n⟩$, even before a final silent $⟨e⟩$, are pronounced: aimer, jaune.

Most final consonants are silent, usual exceptions to be found with the letters $⟨c⟩$, $⟨f⟩$, $⟨l⟩$, and $⟨r⟩$ (the English word careful is mnemonic for this set). But even this rule has its exceptions: final morphemic $⟨er⟩$ is usually pronounced /e/ (=$⟨é⟩$) rather than the expected /ɛʀ/. Final $⟨l⟩$ and $⟨ll⟩$ is silent after $⟨i⟩$ even in a diphthong (œil, appareil, travail, bouillir). Final -ent is silent as a third-person plural verb ending, though it is pronounced in other cases.

Final consonants that might be silent in other contexts (finally or before another consonant) may seem to reappear in pronunciation in liaison: ils ont "they have", as opposed to ils sont  "they are"; liaison is the retention (between words in certain syntactic relationships) of a historical sound otherwise lost, and often has grammatical or lexical significance.

Italian
The letter $⟨h⟩$ most often marks a $⟨c⟩$/$⟨g⟩$ as hard (velar), as in spaghetti and scherzo, where it would otherwise be soft (palatal), as in gelato and cello, because of a following front vowel ($⟨e⟩$ or $⟨i⟩$).

Conversely, to soften $⟨c⟩$ or $⟨g⟩$ (to or  respectively) before a back vowel ($⟨a⟩$, $⟨o⟩$, $⟨u⟩$), a silent $⟨i⟩$ is inserted: $⟨–cio–⟩$, $⟨–giu–⟩$ etc. When $⟨i⟩$ in that position is not silent, it must be marked with a trema: $⟨ì⟩$. Before any other letter, or at the end of a word, the $⟨i⟩$ is not silent.

Silent $⟨h⟩$ is also used in forms of the verb avere ('have') – ho, hai and hanno – to distinguish these from their homophones o ('or'), ai ('to the') and anno ('year'). The letter $⟨h⟩$ is also silent at the beginning of words borrowed from other languages, such as hotel.

Spanish
Despite being rather phonemic, Spanish orthography retains some silent letters:
 * $⟨h⟩$ is silent outside of the digraph $⟨ch⟩$ and loanwords such as hámster or hachís.
 * The digraph $⟨qu⟩$, used to represent before the front vowels $⟨e⟩$ and $⟨i⟩$, has a silent $⟨u⟩$. In contrast, the u is pronounced in $⟨cu⟩$.
 * $⟨gu⟩$ for has the same silent $⟨u⟩$ before $⟨e⟩$ and $⟨i⟩$. When the $⟨u⟩$ is not silent it must be marked with a trema: $⟨ü⟩$. Before $⟨a⟩$ and $⟨o⟩$, the $⟨u⟩$ is not silent.
 * Syllable onsets like $⟨pn⟩$, $⟨ps⟩$, $⟨pt⟩$ are usually pronounced without p. In some but not all cases, this is reflected in the orthography that allows double forms with and without $⟨p⟩$: neumático ("tire"), psicología/sicología ("psychology"), pterodáctilo/terodáctilo ("pterodactyl"). Reducing an internal $⟨pt⟩$ (*conceto instead of concepto, "concept") is not recommended except in septiembre/setiembre ("September") and séptimo/sétimo ("seventh").
 * An internal $⟨bs⟩$ may be pronounced with a silent $⟨b⟩$. In some cases, this is considered vulgar; in others, it is the most common pronunciation and reflected in the orthography: sustancia/substancia ("substance").
 * Intervocalic or final $⟨d⟩$ can be weakly pronounced or silent depending on formality and dialect, or in relaxed speech: Madrid, cansado ("tired").

Greek
In Greek, the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of words, principally distinguishing (ó,ti, "whatever") from  (óti, "that").

Czech
In the vast majority of cases, Czech pronunciation follows the spelling. There are only four exceptions:

D

For example: dcera (daughter) and in srdce (heart)

/j/ + consonant clusters in some words
In most present forms of the verb být ("to be"), namely jsem, jsi, jsme, jste and jsou (i.e. all persons but the 3rd person singular je), the initial cluster /js/ is regularly simplified to a mere /s/. This pronunciation is considered correct and neutral when the verb is unstressed and used as an auxiliary. When stressed or used lexically, only the full /js/ pronunciation is considered correct. In casual speech, however, a few other highly frequent words commonly undergo similar simplification, namely all present forms of jít ("to walk") beginning with /jd/ (that is jdu, jdeš, jde, jdeme, jdete, jdou), the noun jméno ("name") and the verb jmenovat (se) ("to name, to (be) call(ed)").

Russian
Several words in Russian omit written consonants when spoken. For example, "чувствовать" (chuvstvovat') is pronounced [ˈt͡ɕustvəvətʲ] and "солнце" (solntse) is pronounced [ˈsont͡sə].

Russian letter ъ has no phonetic value and functions as a separation sign. Before the spelling reform of 1918 this hard sign was written at the end of each word when following a non-palatal consonant.

Ukrainian
Some three-consonant sequences in Ukrainian omit the second sound, for example шістнадцять (šistnadcjatj) is pronounced without the first t.

Semitic languages
In Hebrew, almost all cases of silent letters are silent aleph – א. Many words that have a silent aleph in Hebrew, have an equivalent word in Arabic language, that is written with a mater lectionis alif –ا ; a letter that indicates the long vowel "aa". Examples:
 * The Hebrew word for "no" is לֹא (sounds like "lo", spelled like "loa") and the Arabic word for "no" is لاَ (sounds and spelled like "laa").
 * The Hebrew word for "left side" is שְׂמֹאל (sounds like "smol", spelled like "smoal") and an Arabic word for "left side" is شِمِال (sounds and spelled like "shimaal").
 * The Hebrew word for "head" is רֹאשׁ (sounds like "rosh", spelled like "roash") and the Arabic word for "head" is رَأس (sounds and spelled like "ra's").

The explanation for this phenomenon is that the Hebrew language had a sound change of all the mater lectionis aleph letters into silent ones (see Canaanite shift). Due to that sound change, in Hebrew language, there are only two kinds of aleph - the glottal stop (/ʔ/) and the silent one, while in Arabic language all three kinds still exist.

The silent Arabic alif is marked with a wasla sign above it (see picture), in order to differentiate it from the other kinds of alifs. An Arabic alif turns silent, if it fulfils three conditions: it must be in a beginning of a word, the word must not be the first one of the sentence, and the word must belong to one of the following groups:
 * Verbs that start with the prefix "ʔi-", due to their conjugation and derived stem.
 * Ten specific nouns that begin with "ʔ":اسم, است, ابن/ابنة, اثنان/اثنتان, امرؤ/امرأة, اَيمن الله/اَيْم الله. Some of these words have a Hebrew word equivalent, and that equivalent had totally lost the beginning aleph. Examples: اسم (ʔism), meaning "a name" (in Maltese the word isem), sounds like "ism" if it is in the beginning of the sentence and "sm" if not; its Hebrew equivalent is שֵׁם (shem). إبن (ʔibn) (in Maltese the word iben), meaning "a son", sounds like "ibn" if it is in the beginning of the sentence and "bn" if not; its Hebrew equivalent is בֵּן (ben), in Maltese bin.
 * The alif of the word اَل (ʔal), meaning "the" - sounds like "al" if it is in the beginning of the sentence and "l" if not.

Besides the alif of the Arabic word ال (ʔal, meaning "the"), its lām (the letter L) can also get silent. It gets silent if the noun that word is related to, starts with a "sun letter". A sun letter is a letter that indicates a consonant that is produced by stopping the air in the front part of the mouth (not including the consonant M). The Hebrew equivalent to the Arabic word ال (ʔal, meaning "the") had totally lost its L.

In Maltese għ can be silent e.g. għar - meaning cave - and pronounced "ahr", or a voiced HH if it is followed by the or if it is at the end of a word e.g. qlugħ (q-glottal stop: qluh).

Turkish
In the Turkish language, $⟨ğ⟩$ often has no sound of its own, but lengthens the preceding vowel, for example in dağ ("mountain"). In other surroundings, it may be pronounced as a glide.

Persian
In Persian, there are two instances of silent letters:

 * The letter he after a short vowel, unless in a monosyllabic word, has no sound of its own. It is only written because according to spelling rules a word cannot end in a short vowel.
 * The Silent Vav is always written but not spoken in Standard Persian. It used to represent the labialization of the voiceless velar fricative, which no longer exists in the standard dialect, making it an archaic remnant of the old standards of pronunciation.

Indic languages
Unconventional to Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European root languages, some Indic languages have silent letters. Among Dravidian languages, Tamil and Malayalam have certain distinct styles of keeping few of their letters silent. Among the Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali language has silent letters.

Tamil
Tamil is a classical language phonetically characterized by allophones, approximants, nasals and glottalised sounds. Some words, however, have silent letters in them. The words அஃது (while that is), and அஃதன் (that) contain the Āytam or 'ஃ', which is not pronounced in Modern Tamil. It is explained in the Tolkāppiyam that āytam could have glottalised the sounds it was combined with, though some may argue it sounded more like the Arabic 'خ'. That being said, modern words like ஆஃபிஸ் (Office) use 'ஃ' and 'ப' in sequence to represent the sound, as the āytam is nowadays also used to transcribe it and other foreign phonemes.

Another convention in Middle Tamil (Sen-Tamil) is the use of silent vowels to address a mark of respect when beginning proper nouns. The Ramayana was one such text where the word Ramayana in Tamil always began with 'இ', as in இராமாயணம், though it was not pronounced. The name கோபாலன் was so written as உகோபாலன் prefixed with an 'உ'.

Malayalam
Inheriting elision, approximants and allophones from Tamil, in Malayalam, except for Sanskrit words, words ending in the vowel 'ഉ' become silent at the end and if not compounded with words succeeding them, replace the 'ഉ' vowel by the schwa. However, it is considered disrespectful to change this pronunciation in the simple present verbs, when using imperatives and using what can be termed as Imperative-Active voice in Malayalam, where the second person is respectfully addressed with his or her name instead of നീ (, you) or നിങ്ങൽ (, yourselves). For example, in the sentence, രാകേശ് പണി തീർക്കു (, Rakesh, finish your work), the use of the second personal pronoun is avoided with the name രാകേശ് (, Rakesh), but this sentence sounds less respectful if the 'ഉ' in തീർക്കു (, finish} is replaced by the schwa or, as in "തീർക്കു!" (, Finish!) which sounds like an order. Notice the at the end of the name Rakesh which is pronounced after being added to the Sanskritic name.

Bengali
Unlike other Indic languages, Bengali features silent consonants, which occur in many consonant clusters. These silent letters usually occur in loanwords borrowed from Sanskrit. These silent letters occur due to sound mergers as the spellings of Sanskrit loanwords have been preserved but their pronunciation has changed with sound mergers.

The letter ব ('b') is silent in most of the consonant clusters where it occurs as the second one. For example, স্বপ্ন (স্ব = স্ 'sh' + ব) (dream) is written as "shbôpno" but pronounced as "shôpno". জ্বর (জ্ব = জ্ 'j' + ব) (fever) is written as "jbôr" but pronounced as "jôr". This is the case with consonant clusters at the beginning of the words. If the consonant cluster occurs in the middle or at the end of a word, the ব serves as a marker to put stress on the first consonant in a consonant cluster. For example, বিশ্বাস (শ্ব = শ্ 'sh' + ব) (to believe) is written as " bishbāsh" but pronounced as " bishāsh" with more stress on the sh than usual, which sounds like "bishshāsh".

The letter ম ('m') also remains silent in many initial consonant clusters. For example, "স্মৃতি" (স্মৃ = স্ 's' + ম + ঋ 'ri') (memory) is written as "smriti" but pronounced as "sriti". In many cases, if the consonant cluster occurs in the middle of a word, then the preceding vowel should be nasalised and the first letter in the cluster is stressed and ম in the cluster is silent. For example, আত্মা (ত্মা = ত্ 't' + মা 'mā'), i.e., "ātmā" (soul), is pronounced as "āttā" and the ā is nasalised.

The letter য় ('y') is also silent in many cases as in "মেয়ে" (য়ে = য় + এ 'ē') (girl) is written as "mēyē" but pronounced as "mē".

The letter 'য' ('j') in its consonant clusters changes the pronunciation of the other letters in the cluster. For example, ন্যায় (ন্যা = ন 'n'+ য + আ 'ā') (justice) is written as "njāy" but pronounced as "nay" (a as in hat); কন্যা (girl or daughter) is written as "konjā" but pronounced as "konnā". Sometimes it is completely silent as in সন্ধ্যা (ন্ধ্যা = ন্ 'n' + ধ 'dh' + য + আ 'ā') (evening) is written as "shondhjā" but pronounced as "shondhā".

Moreover, Bengali also features schwa deletion common to other Indo-Aryan languages, where the schwa, 'o' or 'ô' is omitted while pronunciation, for example, কাকতলা (incident) is written as "kākotôlā" but pronounced as "kāktôlā".

Similarly, in many other consonant clusters, the second consonant is silent.

Thai
Thai has a deep orthography like English and French. Unlike the two languages, however, the Thai script is an abugida rather than a true alphabet. Nonetheless, silent consonants, vowels, and even syllables are common in Thai. Thai has many loanwords from Sanskrit and Pali, and rather than spell aforementioned words according to Thai phonics, the script tends to maintain the etymological spellings. For example, a romanization of the word ประโยชน์ that reflects Thai orthography is, but it would be pronounced as , where the extra letter for -n is completely silent. Another example is the Thai word มนตร์, which is sometimes written as mantra like it would be in Sanskrit, but it is only pronounced in Thai. Though the second syllable is pronounced in Sanskrit, it is completely absent when pronouncing the word in Thai. In such words, the diacritic ◌์, known as (ทัณฑฆาต), is used to mark silent letters.

Also, different letters can be used for the same sound (for example, [tʰ] can be spelled as ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, or ธ) depending on which class the consonant is, which is important for knowing which tone the syllable will have, and whether or not it is a loanword from Sanskrit or Pali. However, some letters written before low class consonants become silent and turn the low class syllable into a high class one. For example, even though the high class letter ห is used to write the sound /h/, if the letter comes before a low class letter in a syllable, the letter will become, which will make the letter silent and it will turn the syllable into a high class syllable. For example, the word นา is a low class syllable because its initial consonant is a low class consonant. The syllable is pronounced (with a long vowel and mid tone) and it means "field". However, the word หนา is a high class syllable, despite it containing a low class consonant in the onset. The syllable is pronounced (with a long vowel and a rising tone) and it means "thick".

Lao
Like Thai, Lao also has a letter that becomes silent if it comes before a low class consonant. The letter is ho sung ຫ, which would represent the sound /h/ if it were not paired with another low class consonant. However, unlike Thai, the digraphs beginning with the aforementioned letter can sometimes be written as a ligature.

Zhuang
In the standard Zhuang language, written in the Latin script, the last letter of every syllable is typically silent due to it representing the tone of the syllable. The digraphs mb and nd also have silent letters, representing the phonemes ɓ and ɗ respectively.

Korean
In the Hangul Orthography of the Korean language, the letter ⟨ㅇ⟩ is silent when written in the syllable-initial position, and represents the sound /ŋ/ when written in the syllable-final position. For example, in the word 안녕 (Yale Romanization: ) (meaning "hello"), composed of the letters "ㅇㅏㄴㄴㅕㅇ", the first ⟨ㅇ⟩ is silent, and the last ⟨ㅇ⟩ is pronounced as /ŋ/. The reason for this can be found in 15th-century Hangul orthography. In the 15th century, the letter ⟨ㅇ⟩ originally represented /∅~ɣ/ (a lenited form of ㄱ /k/), while the letter ⟨ㆁ⟩ unconditionally represented /ŋ/. But because in Middle Korean phonology, ⟨ㆁ⟩ was not allowed in syllable-initial position, and ⟨ㅇ⟩ was not allowed in syllable-final position, it formed a complementary distribution of the two letters. Because of this and due to the fact that the letters look very much alike, the two letters merged.

Korean's syllable structure is CGVC, and Korean's writing system, Hangul, reflects this structure. The only possible consonant cluster in a single syllable must contain a glide and they must occur in the onset. However, sometimes a cluster of two consonants are written after the vowel in a syllable. In such situations, if the next syllable begins with a vowel sound, then the second consonant becomes the first sound of the next syllable. However, if the next syllable begins with a consonant sound, then one of the consonants in the cluster will be silent (sometimes causing fortition in the following consonant). For example, the word 얇다 (meaning "thin") is written as (Yale: yalp.ta), but the word is pronounced as if it was written yal.tta because the second syllable begins with a consonant sound. However, the word 얇아서 (also meaning "thin") is written as (Yale: yalp.a.se) and it is pronounced as yal.pa.se because the second syllable begins with a vowel sound.

Mongolian
Interestingly, the native Mongolian script has much more orthographic depth than Mongolian Cyrillic. For example, the letter Gh or γ (ᠭ) is silent if it is between two of the same vowel letters. In that case, the silent consonant letter combines to two written vowel into one long vowel. For example, the Mongolian word Qaγan (ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ) should be pronounced Qaan (ᠬᠠᠠᠨ). In Mongolian Cyrillic, however, it is spelled хаан (haan), closer to the actual pronunciation of the word. Words in the Mongolian script can also have silent vowels as well. For Mongolian name of the city Hohhot, it is spelled Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) in Mongolian script, but in Cyrillic, it is spelled Хөх хот (Höh hot), closer towards the actual pronunciation of the word.

Basque
In Basque, during the 20th century $⟨h⟩$ was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain but it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that $⟨h⟩$ would be accepted if it were the first consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects lacking the aspiration, this meant a complication added to the standardized spelling.

title: Silent letter


text:
The Servant (band)

The Servant was an English alternative band, formed in London in 1998. They are popular in France, Spain, Switzerland as well as other European countries.

The band received coverage in the NME. French cultural magazine Les Inrockuptibles and posthumously in The Guardian which described the band as having "flirted with international success over their decade-long career before finally splitting in 2007" in a feature on lead singer Dan Black, by then a solo artist.

Black, Fisher and Sharpe were originally guitarist, bassist, and drummer in Minty, the former band of the late Leigh Bowery. Minty were involved in the Romo scene in 1995-1997; Sharpe also played drums for another Romo band, Plastic Fantastic.

They produced two EPs and two albums between 1999 and 2006.

The band split up in 2007. A compilation album was released in 2014.

History
Their first introduction to an American audience was in the trailer of the film Sin City with the instrumental version of their song "Cells". This version of "Cells" is not on the Sin City soundtrack, but it can be downloaded via their website ("Cells" was also used in the film The Transporter and Transporter 2, along with their song, "Body"). Since the Sin City trailers, there has been significant U.S. interest in their records and demands for live concerts.

Before achieving commercial success in 2004 with their self-titled album, released by Prolifica Records in the UK and by Recall Group in France, The Servant released two EPs: Mathematics in 1999 and With the Invisible in 2000.

The band released their fourth album entitled How To Destroy A Relationship in 2006.

On 26 November 2007, the band announced on their blog at MySpace that they were splitting up "to move on to pastures new".

On 8 September 2014, to mark the 10 years since the release of their first album, The Servant released a 'Best Of' compilation, called "Collection", for digital download world-wide. The compilation album features previously unreleased tracks, such as "Away". The single "Away", recorded with producer Jim Lowe (Stereophonics, The Charlatans) was released on 23 June 2014.

Members

 * Dan Black - vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboard, laptop
 * Chris Burrows - lead guitar
 * Matt Fisher - bass guitar
 * Trevor Sharpe - drums, percussion

Dan Black
Dan Black was the lead singer for the band; he also played guitar and wrote many of the band's songs. He is also known as a guest vocalist for the Italian group Planet Funk. Black has since begun a solo career releasing Billboard single Symphonies and touring across the United States.

Studio albums

 * The Servant (2004)
 * How to Destroy a Relationship (2006)

Extended Plays

 * Mathematics (1999)
 * With the Invisible (2000)

Singles

 * "The Apes and the Chimpanzees"
 * "In a Public Place"
 * "Milk Chocolate" (Promo)
 * "Orchestra"
 * "Liquefy"
 * "Cells"
 * "I Can Walk in Your Mind" (Promo)
 * "How To Destroy a Relationship"
 * "(I Should Be Your) Girlfriend"
 * "Hey Lou Reed"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Servant (band)


text:
Kevin Hearn

Kevin Neil Hearn (born July 3, 1969) is a Canadian musician who is a member of Barenaked Ladies, and his own group, Kevin Hearn and Thin Buckle. He primarily plays keyboards and guitars. He is also a member of Rheostatics.

Early life
Hearn was born to a relatively large family, and they lived in a small home in Grimsby, Ontario, Canada. He recalls buying the Beatles' Magical Mystery Tour and a Beach Boys greatest hits record, and having them become his first two favourite albums, which led him to an interest in performing music. He has also cited electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), and folk punk group Violent Femmes, as formative influences. Hearn has a classical piano background. He attended Inglenook Community High School. He also attended St. Michael's Choir School.

Career
Hearn joined Look People in 1988 and played with the band until their break-up in 1993.

In 1995, he replaced departed keyboardist Andy Creeggan in the Barenaked Ladies. Hearn did not own any of the band's albums and had to learn all of the band's songs in a matter of weeks. His early contribution to the band can be heard on the live release Rock Spectacle, which was recorded on his first tour with the group. He played mostly keyboards on the songs included on the album, and some accordion. His first music video with the band was "Shoe Box", followed by the video for "The Old Apartment", although he had not played on the recording of either song. Thanks to the opportunities afforded him by his BNL gig, Hearn subsequently released his first solo album, Mothball Mint.

After extensive touring in the United States, building upon the increasing success of Rock Spectacle, the band recorded their fourth studio album, Stunt. This was Hearn's first album with the band. While Andy Creeggan was mostly focused on acoustic keyboards (mainly piano), Hearn was experienced with electronic keyboards, synthesizers and samplers. This contribution to the band's sound is evident on Stunt. Hearn also contributed some lead electric guitar to the album, having a noticeably different style than Ed Robertson or Steven Page. On August 27, 2011, Hearn played piano and sang backing vocals for Steven Page's performance of Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah" at Jack Layton's state funeral.

Illness
Shortly after the recording of Stunt, Hearn was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia. He began treatment at the same time the band was shooting the video for "One Week", and as such, does not appear in many of the shots. He was hospitalized in Toronto while the band continued to tour in support of the new album. Several of the band's friends filled in at different points (including Chris Brown, Andy Creegan, and Greg Kurstin). Hearn ultimately required bone marrow transplants from his brother Sean Hearn, and eventually his cancer went into remission. He rejoined the band in 1999, though still dealing with the effects of the disease. He also released another solo album, called H-Wing (named for the hospital wing he was in when he wrote most of the songs) which centered on his illness. This time his album was performed with his band, Kevin Hearn & Thin Buckle.

Return to work
BNL's next album, Maroon, featured one of Hearn's songs, "Hidden Sun" as a hidden track at the end of the disc; his song "Born Human", later re-recorded for Thin Buckle, was recorded and left off the album. Starting with the release of the band's sixth studio album, Everything to Everyone, the band entered into a new writing process in which Hearn and Jim Creeggan brought not only songs, but also song ideas that the band would complete together. Everything to Everyone saw Hearn's first writing credits on the regular body of a BNL album. He learned to play the mandolin for the album and it has become a common instrument for him on tour. Hearn also released a third solo album, Night Light in 2003 with Thin Buckle.

A fourth album, The Miracle Mile, was released on July 11, 2006, in Canada and online. The BNL writing process from the previous album continued for their seventh studio album, Barenaked Ladies Are Me, released in September 2006.

Rheostatics
Of note are Hearn's collaborations with the Rheostatics. For their tribute album to Canadian painters the Group of Seven, entitled Music Inspired by the Group of Seven, he co-composed the music, played keyboards, and sang the song "Yellow Days Under a Lemon Sun". For the Rheostatics' 1999 release, The Story of Harmelodia, a thematic, and somewhat psychedelic, children's album, Hearn is listed as a member of the group in the liner-notes. He contributed significantly to the album and composed the songs "Wingophone" and "Monkey Bird".

In addition to Hearn's contributions to the recordings above, he performed live with the Rheostatics on many occasions throughout the latter part of the group's career. He is pictured in the group's official portrait at Zunior Records' Independent Music Hall of Fame.

Touring with Lou Reed
Hearn was part of Lou Reed's live band from 2007, including a European tour in 2011. He performed on piano and keyboards. His friendship with Reed dated back to 2001, when Hearn received a "get well soon" phone call from Reed during his fight with leukemia.

Personal life
Hearn currently lives in downtown Toronto, Ontario. He also spends time at a cottage which he acquired in the early 2000s. The isolated cottage is on a lake where his family spent time when he was a child. Hearn has a daughter, Havana Winter Hearn, born in December 2003 with girlfriend Yvonne.

Hearn's cousin is actor and comedian Harland Williams, with whom he spent a lot of time as a child. They released two albums together in 2004 and 2017, as a duo known as The Cousins.

Despite the departure of Steven Page from Barenaked Ladies, Hearn has maintained a friendship with him.

His ongoing lawsuit against a Toronto art gallery, after learning that a Norval Morrisseau painting he had purchased was an apparent forgery, was profiled in Jamie Kastner's 2019 documentary film There Are No Fakes. Hearn was eventually awarded $60,000 in compensation in September 2019.

Look People

 * More Songs About Hats and Chickens (1989)
 * Small Fish, Big Pond (1990)
 * Boogazm (1991)
 * Crazy Eggs (1993)

Corky and the Juice Pigs

 * Pants (1994)

Rheostatics

 * Music Inspired by the Group of Seven (1995)
 * The Story of Harmelodia (1999)
 * The Whale Music Concert, 1992 (2005)
 * Calling Out the Chords, Vol. 1 (2005)
 * Green Sprouts Music Week 1993 (2012)

Barenaked Ladies
See Barenaked Ladies' discography; Hearn's contributions include releases from 1996 until present.

Solo

 * Mothball Mint (1997)
 * Cloud Maintenance (2011)
 * Days in Frames (2014)
 * Calm and Cents (2019)

Kevin Hearn & Thin Buckle

 * H-Wing (2001)
 * Night Light (2004)
 * The Miracle Mile (2006)
 * Havana Winter (2009)

The Cousins

 * The Love Song Years (2004)
 * Rattlesnake Love (2017)

title: Kevin Hearn


text:
Talk:List of Lands of the Carolingian Empire

urgently needed: someone who is educated in the history of the franks, the frankish realm and the various kingdoms and duchies.

 * I've done a lot of work getting this as far as it is. It still needs a lot of work, especially layout and some prose describing what this all is. I've included every Carolingian-ruled realm I could find. -- User:Nomadic1

History
editors, please include the list of lands divided among the 3 sons of louis the pious

Potential resources: List of Frankish Kings


text:
User talk:82.45.250.57

Proposed deletion of Deconstruction therapy

The article Deconstruction therapy has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * A quick Google search of Michael Swann Deconstruction therapy -wikipedia gives nothing that isn't written here. I seriously doubt it's notability even if it actually exists.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Brightgalrs (/braɪtˈɡæl.ərˌɛs/)[1] 08:12, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.45.250.57


text:
Pete Stewart

Pete Stewart is a singer, guitarist, songwriter and producer from Seattle, Washington. He is the lead singer and guitarist of Grammatrain, was the lead singer for The Accident Experiment, and is the former guitarist of Tait.

Stewart released solo albums in 1999, 2007 and 2010. He served as producer, songwriter, and guitarist for the debut albums of Tait (the solo project of Michael Tait) and TobyMac, the latter of which sold over 500,000 copies.

Awards

 * 2013 Grammy Award: Best Rap Album – Macklemore & Ryan Lewis: The Heist (Engineer/Mixer)
 * 2009 Grammy Award: Best Rock/Rap Gospel Album – TobyMac: Alive and Transported (Songwriter)
 * 2005 Dove Award: Special Event Album – !Hero: The Rock Opera (Producer/Songwriter)
 * 2003 San Diego Music Award: Best New Rock Artist – The Accident Experiment (Producer/Songwriter/Vocalist)
 * 2002 Dove Award: Best Rap/HipHop Album – TobyMac: Momentum (Producer/Songwriter)
 * 2002 Grammy Award: Best Gospel Rock Album – dcTalk: Solo (Producer/Songwriter)

with Grammatrain

 * Grammatrain – 1995
 * Lonely House – 1995
 * Flying – 1997
 * Live – 1998
 * Kneeling Between Shields EP – 2009
 * Imperium – 2010

Solo recordings

 * Pete Stewart – 1999
 * I Gave You a Desert – 2007
 * Under North Sky – 2010
 * "Wings on Butterflies" - 2021

with The Accident Experiment

 * Arena EP – 2003
 * Mind Death Machine maxi single – 2005
 * United We Fear – released Independently in 2005, then signed to Rock Ridge which re-released it in 2006

with Tait

 * Empty – 2001

Producer

 * DC Talk – Solo (Virgin Records/EMI) – 2002 Grammy for Best Gospel Rock Album
 * TobyMac – Momentum (ForeFront Records/EMI) – RIAA Gold Sales Award, 2002 Dove Award for Best Rap/HipHop Album
 * Tait – Empty (ForeFront Records/EMI)
 * Sanctus Real – Say It Loud (Sparrow Records/EMI)
 * Peace of Mind – Peace of Mind (BEC Recordings/EMI)
 * Write This Down – "Lost Weekend" (Tooth & Nail Records/EMI)
 * !Hero: The Rock Opera (Meaux Music) – 2005 Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year
 * Bleach – Bleach (ForeFront Records/EMI)
 * Whitney Mongé – Steadfast (independent)
 * Rex Lex – Rex Lex (independent)
 * Corrin Campbell – "Gilded" (independent)

title: Pete Stewart


text:
Curtilage

In common law, the curtilage of a house or dwelling is the land immediately surrounding it, including any closely associated buildings and structures, but excluding any associated "open fields beyond". In feudal times every castle with its dependent buildings was protected by a surrounding wall, and all the land within the wall was termed the curtilage. The term excludes any closely associated buildings, structures, or divisions that contain the separate intimate activities of their own respective occupants, with those occupying residents being persons other than those residents of the house or dwelling of which the building is associated.

In some legal jurisdictions, the curtilage of a dwelling forms an exterior boundary, within which a home owner can have a reasonable expectation of privacy and where "intimate home activities" take place. It is a basic legal concept underlying the concepts of search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, self-defense, and land use planning.

In urban properties, the location of the curtilage may be self-evident from the position of fences or walls. For larger, more rural properties, it may be a matter of debate as to where the private area ends and the "open fields" start.

Etymology
The word derives from courtelage; cortillage or cortil (" little court"); cort (court) + -il (diminutive suffix) + -age.

Common law
At common law, which derives from English law, curtilage has been defined as "the open space situated within a common enclosure belonging to a dwelling-house." Black's Law Dictionary of 1891 defined it as: "'The enclosed space of ground and buildings immediately surrounding a dwelling-house. In its most comprehensive and proper legal signification, it includes all that space of ground and buildings thereon which is usually enclosed within the general fence immediately surrounding a principal messuage and outbuildings, and yard closely adjoining to a dwelling-house, but it may be large enough for cattle to be levant and couchant therein.'"

Where American homes are generally less likely than their English counterparts to include fenced or walled enclosures, the courts have not strictly held to such a requirement. In practice, determining the boundaries of curtilage has proven to be imprecise and subject to controversy.

General definition
The U.S. Supreme Court has held that for the purposes of the Fourth Amendment, an area immediately surrounding a house or dwelling is curtilage if it harbors the "intimate activity associated with the 'sanctity of a man's home and the privacies of life.'"

In United States v. Dunn (1987), the Court provided guidance, saying that, "curtilage questions should be resolved with particular reference to four factors: the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home, whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the home, the nature of the uses to which the area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by."

In Florida v. Jardines (2013), the Court held, in a 5–4 decision by Justice Antonin Scalia, that the curtilage is protected from police dogs sniffing for marijuana:

"We therefore regard the area 'immediately surrounding and associated with the home'—what our cases call the curtilage—as 'part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment purposes.' ... That principle has ancient and durable roots. Just as the distinction between the home and the open fields is 'as old as the common law,' ... so too is the identity of home and what Blackstone called the 'curtilage or homestall,' for the 'house protects and privileges all its branches and appurtenants.' ... This area around the home is 'intimately linked to the home, both physically and psychologically,' and is where 'privacy expectations are most heightened.'"

In Caniglia v. Strom (2021), the Court noted only a "... few permissible invasions of the home and its curtilage. Perhaps most familiar, for example, are searches and seizures pursuant to a valid warrant." The court rejected the standalone doctrine that police "caretaking" duties justify warrantless searches and seizures in the home and its curtilage.

First factor: distance
In Dunn, the Court said that the location of a barn, being 60 yards from the home and 50 yards outside of the fence which completely encircled the home, suggested that it was outside the home's curtilage.

In Jardines, the Court found that a porch right in front of a private house is part of the curtilage.

Second factor: enclosure by fence
In Dunn, the Court said that although the area was surrounded by a fence, the home was surrounded by a different fence and that fence was obviously intended to demark a specific area of land immediately adjacent to the house that is readily identifiable as part and parcel of the house.

Third factor: nature of use
In Dunn, the Court said that law enforcement officials had evidence that the area was not being used for intimate activities of the home, namely that it was being used to store large amounts of phenylacetic acid (used in the illegal manufacture of drugs) and that it had a very, very strong smell.

In Jardines, the Court specifically named a front porch as a prime example of curtilage; even though Girl Scouts or salespersons can knock on the front door, they must leave immediately if there is no answer.

Fourth factor: protection from observation
In Dunn, the Court said the area was not protected at all from observation by those standing in open fields. Although agents did peer into a barn that was arguably protected by the Fourth Amendment, any such observation from open fields was not protected. (This is the "plain view doctrine", though it is not labeled as such in Dunn.)

In Jardines, the Court noted that, while police can stop a person on an open highway, they are prohibited from peering into the windows of a private home from the front porch, absent probable cause.

History
The Fourth Amendment protects "persons, houses, papers, and effects". In modern cases, the Supreme Court interprets "a house" to mean "a home and its curtilage". It is not obvious when the Court first equated "house" with "home", though Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) seems to assume that "house" means "home".

The first uses of the term "curtilage" by the Supreme Court appeared in the decisions of two unrelated cases from 1864. United States v. Stone (1864), involved a boundary dispute over Fort Leavenworth, as to "what lands properly belonged to this military post, and the proper curtilage necessary for the use and enjoyment of it".

In Sheets v. Selden's Lessee (1864), the Court referred to "a grant of a messuage or a messuage with the appurtenances will carry the dwelling-house and adjoining buildings, and also its orchard, garden, and curtilage."

Application
The Supreme Court holds that the Fourth Amendment protects homes and their curtilage from unreasonable searches without a warrant. However, curtilage is afforded less protection than a home. Absent "No Trespassing" signs or fences with locked gates, it is considered reasonable for a person (including a police officer) to walk from a public area to the obvious main entrance to the home using the most obvious path in order to "knock and talk" with a resident. But otherwise, government agents need consent, a warrant, or probable cause of exigent circumstances to enter a home's curtilage.

Many state constitutions have clauses similar to the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and many have "castle laws" which use the term "curtilage". Although states are entitled to interpret their definitions different from (and subordinate to) the U.S. Fourth Amendment, they generally interpret "houses" the same way as does the Supreme Court, including its definition of "curtilage".

In UK listed-building legislation
The concept of curtilage is relevant to town and country planning in the United Kingdom, particularly as it relates to listed building legislation. The consideration afforded to a listed building may extend to other structures or landscape within the curtilage of the primary structure, if the item(s) in the curtilage is old enough, and physically attached to the main building or otherwise important to the setting of the structure. Current legislation uses a cut-off date of 1947, so that later additions, while they may be within the curtilage, are not included in the listing designation.

The listing of a building or structure does not define its specific curtilage, and so this can become a matter of interpretation and contention. Various factors need to be taken into account, such as the way that the setting works with the primary object, the ownership of the land, the historic use of the land, and physical or visual boundaries, such as fences, walls and hedges.

Curtilage is frequently undefined until someone wishes to make a change to a structure or landscape in the immediate vicinity of a listed building. Some Local Planning Authorities (such as Bournemouth Borough Council) publish provisional curtilages, to assist property owners; but frequently the curtilage is left undefined until such time as it may be challenged in the planning process or in law.

title: Curtilage


text:
Nat Goldhaber

A. Nathaniel ("Nat") Goldhaber is an American venture capitalist, computer entrepreneur and politician. Goldhaber helped found Maharishi International University and was special assistant to lieutenant governor William Scranton III and founder and chief executive of TOPS, a computer networking company. He served as president of the venture capital firm Cole Gilburne Goldhaber & Ariyoshi Management and was the founding CEO of CyberGold, an Internet marketing company that became a public stock offering in 1999. He was the 2000 U.S. vice president candidate for the Natural Law Party and serves as the managing director of Claremont Creek Ventures, an investment firm.

Education
Goldhaber received a BA in interdisciplinary studies from Maharishi International University and an MA in education from the University of California, Berkeley. In June 2013 he received an PhD (H. C.) from Maharishi University of Management. Goldhaber is an emeritus member of the Executive Board of the College of Letters and Science at UC Berkeley.

Goldhaber is a private and part 135 pilot and holds an Airline Transport Pilot License (twin, instrument, with ratings for CE525S (CitationJet single-pilot) and a CE750 PIC (Citation X Jet Pilot in Command).

Career
In the 1960s, Goldhaber became interested in meditation and worked directly with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the founder of the Transcendental Meditation technique. In 1971, Goldhaber helped establish Maharishi International University, an accredited institution in Fairfield, Iowa, In 1976, he wrote TM: an Alphabetical Guide to the Transcendental Meditation Program with Denise Denniston and Peter McWilliams.

From 1979 to 1982, Goldhaber worked in Pennsylvania politics as special assistant to the lieutenant governor William Scranton III and later as the interim director of the state's energy agency. Goldhaber left government to build a career in high technology and founded his first company, Centram Systems Inc., which developed networking for personal computers. Goldhaber was founder and chief executive of TOPS, a computer networking company which Goldhaber sold to Sun Microsystems in 1987 for $20 million. Goldhaber then served as Vice President of Sun Microsystems. Centram Systems product, called TOPS ("Transcendental Operating System"), allowed transparent file sharing among Macs, PCs, and Unix machines, using the AppleTalk protocol.

In 1989, Goldhaber became the president of Cole Gilburne Goldhaber & Ariyoshi Management, a venture capital firm specializing in high technology for computers. In 1992, IBM and Apple Computer Inc. appointed Goldhaber as president and founding CEO of their joint multi-media venture, Kaleida Labs. In 1995, Goldhaber became the founding CEO of Cybergold, an Internet marketing and payment system which went public in 1999 and was acquired by MyPoints.com, Inc. in August 2000 in a stock-for-stock deal worth approximately $160 million.

Goldhaber was the Natural Law Party nominee for vice president in 2000 on the ticket with presidential candidate, John Hagelin. At the convention for a splinter faction of the Reform Party of the United States of America allied with party founder Ross Perot, Goldhaber won the nomination for vice president over candidate Lenora Fulani by a vote of 120–66. The Federal Elections Commission later decided that Buchanan and Fulani were the Reform Party's legitimate nominees.

In 2005, Goldhaber established Oakland-based Claremont Creek Ventures with colleagues, Randy Hawks and John Steuart, specializing in clean energy and healthcare investments in the San Francisco Bay Area and around the globe. Goldhaber currently serves as managing director.

In 2011, AOL.com named Goldhaber resident expert at Claremont Creek Ventures on energy conservation and management systems and one of the "Top Five Clean Energy VCs and Principals" in the US.

In 2012, Goldhaber and Claremont Creek Ventures commissioned a study by graduate students at the University of Michigan Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise that determined that the United States could reach energy independence through significant penetration of electric and natural gas vehicles into the market, and increased public and private sector investment in renewables, energy efficiency technologies and North American oil reserves. The results of this study were released at the UC Berkeley BERC Energy Symposium.

Other
The National Academies of Science, Engineering, Medicine: Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences appointed Goldhaber to its Board on Energy and Environmental Systems.

Goldhaber is a member of the US Secret Service Electronics Crime Taskforce and an emeritus Member of the Federation of American Scientists.

He is an emeritus member of the Silicon Valley Association of Startup Entrepreneurs (SVASE) and an emeritus member of the Board of the Lester Center for Entrepreneurship at the Haas School of Business, the Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology and the Berkeley SkyDeck Incubator UC Berkeley.

He was a friend of Electronic Frontier Foundation founder, the late John Perry Barlow.

He served as Special Deputy and was former Commander San Francisco Sheriff's Air Squadron

Personal life
Goldhaber lives in San Antonio TX, with his wife, Marilyn, a co-founder and board member of the Claremont Canyon Conservancy.

title: Nat Goldhaber


text:
Reese's Take 5

Reese's Take 5 is a candy bar that was released by The Hershey Company in December 2004. The original name of the candy bar was TAKE5 but common usage among consumers added a space. In June 2019, when the candy bar became part of the Reese's family, the name was officially changed to Reese's Take 5.

The "5" in the name refers to the combination of five ingredients: chocolate, peanuts, caramel, peanut butter, and pretzels. This unique combination of ingredients earned Reese's Take 5 top honors in the 2019 LA Times official candy bar power rankings. The Take5 was known as Max 5 in Canada, was discontinued, and was then returned in Canada in the fall of 2020, under the name "Oh Henry Level Up."

Product changes
Although continuously producing the Take 5 using the original ingredients, The Hershey Company also produced several variations of the Take 5 after its initial release in 2004:

 * Chocolate Cookie – Substitutes a chocolate cookie to replace the pretzel
 * Marshmallow (limited edition) – Substitutes a marshmallow creme to replace the caramel
 * Peanut butter – Has a peanut butter coating instead of milk chocolate
 * White chocolate – Has a white chocolate coating instead of milk chocolate

The wrappers for these Take 5 variations show the ingredient substitutions.

At the beginning of 2016, Hershey partnered with a panel of "diverse millennial-aged students" to design a new wrapper and logo for the candy as part of a comeback campaign. (Advertising for Take 5 had been cut in 2011, due to Hershey struggling to find the best way to market the brand.) The new wrapper had a black background with ringed gray stripes and a new lime green logo. According to Take 5's brand manager, the new marketing campaign would focus on targeting millennials. The brand also used Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr to revitalize its name.

In June 2019, the candy was renamed to Reese's Take 5 and underwent a packaging change, with the primary color of the package changing from black to orange Also in June 2019, Hershey released that the ingredient peanut butter in TAKE5 has always been Reese's Peanut Butter.

Reese's Take 5 is sold as Reese's Overload in the UK

Formulation changes
Take 5 often included cocoa butter, a fat derived from the cocoa bean; however, manufacturing changes were considered as the price for cocoa butter increased from $4,000 to $8,100 per ton in 2008. Staple products such as the Reese's peanut butter cups and Hershey's Kisses were not affected by the price change, but other products from the manufacturer saw a change in their composition when cocoa butter was substituted with cheaper ingredients, such as vegetable and sesame seed oil.

Nutrition information
In September 2016, Hershey led the SmartLabel initiative, becoming the first brand to adopt the Grocery Manufacturers Association's consumer-transparent packaging standard. One serving of Reese's Take 5 chocolate bar contains the following:
 * 210 calories,
 * Total Fat 11g
 * Saturated fat 5g
 * Trans fat 0g
 * Cholesterol 0g
 * Total Carbohydrate 26g
 * Dietary fiber 1g
 * Total sugars 18g
 * includes 17g added sugar
 * Protein 3g
 * Vitamin D 0.1mcg
 * Calcium 30mg
 * Iron 1.2mg
 * Potassium 120mg

Records
On January 31, 2020, the Hershey Company made a gigantic Take 5 chocolate bar that weighs 5,943 pounds. This bar holds the Guinness World Record for largest chocolate nut bar with the size measurements being 9 by 5.5 by 2 feet.

title: Reese's Take 5


text: User talk:68.35.103.74

title: User talk:68.35.103.74


text:
Category:Tourist attractions in North Yorkshire

Tourist attractions in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England.


text:
Talk:Pushyamitra Shunga

Untitled
sources?

 * Three sources are already cited in the text, and more are readily available on Internet. User:PHG

 * Sources are selectively cited. Unbalanced article. deeptrivia (talk) 04:29, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. This page seems to be incredibly one-sided. I don't see how one could deny the huge impact that both Buddhism and Hinduism have had on each other. I would like to see many citations supporting some of these claims, especially that so-called neo-Buddhists are trying to hide Hinduism's effect on Buddhism. Is this opinion or fact? --Loki125 07:57, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell PHG seems to be moderating this page and seems to be both considerably an experienced wikipedia editor in developing good wiki articles and one of our resident experts on greco-buddhist kingdoms/ interactions/ history neither of which make him a neo-buddhist. That said feel feel to improve it with attributable relevant sources as per wiki policy.--Tigeroo 06:36, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 19:19, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Deletions
As explained here this was deleted in the article by. But the reason was not explained.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pusyamitra_Sunga&diff=prev&oldid=126354485 Koenraad Elst posits that historical facts confirm that Pushyamitra allowed and patronized the construction of monasteries and Buddhist universities in his domains, as well as the still-existent stupa of Sanchi. Etienne Lamotte states: “To judge from the documents, Pushyamitra must be acquitted through lack of proof.”
 * This specific edit is pertinent and supported by a sufficient reference (not Elst, but Etienne Lamotte's work, History of Indian Buddhism).  In the context it is cogent and responsible.Fconaway (talk) 08:19, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Lamotte is a reliable source, but per WP:CITE we should check him ourselves if we're using his reliability as the criterion and not that of the non-RS quoting him. I haven't been able to see this line quoted anywhere else. If someone has access to the original, they can perhaps check, but till then we have only Elst's word for it, and that's not good enough, I think. Relata refero (talk) 08:28, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Overly detailed
I think I was the one who added the tags. I find the sections on Pushyamitra's origins and his gotras to be overly detailed and given undue importance in the article. The section on his Buddhist persecution is, while less so, also overly detailed. There's also way too much "According to Foo" and "According to Bar" going on (where Foo and Bar are often authors of unreliable sources).--Cpt.a.haddock (talk) (please ping when replying) 11:52, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Good point. On a closer look, much of the content seems to be original research (ancient texts such as Puranas are cited as references). I've trimmed the content. utcursch | talk 16:33, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you! The article now reads much better. --Cpt.a.haddock (talk) (please ping when replying) 13:59, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

D. N. Jha on Pushyamitra
Could someone with access to either his book or the Caravan piece consider incorporating DN Jha's views on Pushyamitra Shunga into this article? You can read an excerpt here. The Caravan original is here.--49.205.84.127 (talk) 19:25, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pushyamitra Shunga


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Jerry Moffatt

Jerry Moffatt (born 18 March 1963), is a British rock climber and climbing author who is widely considered as being the best British rock climber from the early-1980s to the early-1990s, and was arguably the best rock climber in the world in the mid-1980s, and an important climber in the history of the sport.

As a sport climber, Moffatt was one of the first climbers in history to onsight routes of grade, , and , and also the first in history to climb routes of grade , and probably. As a competition climber, Moffatt won several of the nascent tour events, and retired ranked first in the world. As a boulder climber, Moffatt was one of the first-ever to solve problems of boulder grade, and. As a traditional climber, Moffatt established some of the most intimidating routes at the time in Britain, which are still rarely repeated, and in particular, the Master's Wall (E7 6b) in 1983.

Moffatt was noted for the intensity of his training, and the co-development of training techniques now considered mainstream in professional climbing. In 1991, Moffatt opened Britain's first indoor climbing centre, "The Foundry" in Sheffield. He has written books on mental preparation for competition climbing.

Routes
On leaving school in 1980, aged 17, Moffatt began to immediately attract attention in the British rock climbing media with repeat ascents of some of the hardest British traditional climbing routes, most notably Ron Fawcett's Strawberries (E7 6b). Moffatt described Fawcett as a "massive legend", but that "by 1983, I was pretty sure I was climbing better than him in terms of difficulty. I looked up to him though and we never had any problems". Aged 18, and living in an abandoned shed at Stoney Middleton crag, Moffatt started to establish his own test-pieces such as Little Plum (E6 6c, in 1981–82), one of the hardest British sport climbing routes that had repelled all attempts to free it, and one of the first British sport routes.

In 1982, aged 19, Moffatt travelled to the United States, where he repeated America's hardest routes, and did the world's first-ever flash of a with Super Crack in Shawangunks, and Equinox in Joshua Tree. In 1983, on returning home, Moffatt established his most dangerous traditional climbing route, Master's Wall (E7 6b) at Clogwyn Du'r Arddu. In a later interview, Moffatt said, "At that time to be respected, you really had to be putting up really scary new routes. That was where it was at, in Britain at least. Master's Wall is probably where I risked most". Later that summer, Moffatt focused on sport climbing, establishing Masterclass at Pen Trwyn, the first British route. In September 1983, Moffatt travelled to Germany where he did the world's second-ever onsight of a with Heisse Finger, and then went on to climb the world's first-ever sport climb at, The Face, in Altmühl.

In 1984, on his 21st birthday, Moffatt flashed Chimpanzodrome at Saussois, and then did the world's first onsight of a with Pol Pot at Verdon. Later in 1984, Moffatt freed Revelations at Ravens Tor in the Peak District, Britain's first route. In June 1985, Moffatt did the first free ascent of the Yosemite's Lost Arrow Spire with Ron Kauk, as a live television event with an audience of over 30 million for ABC's Wide World of Sports. During 1985 to late 1986, Moffatt was largely out with a compressed nerve injury (initially mis-diagnosed as tendonitis), that required surgery and rehabilitation.

On returning in 1987, Moffatt spent the next two years repeating the three hardest routes in France (Le Rage de Vivre, Le Minumum, La Spectre des Surmutant in Buoux), and in the United States (Scarface, White Wedding,  To Bolt Or Not To Be in Smith Rocks), while also creating his own 8b+ route, Stone Love in the Frankenjura in Germany. In May 1990, he returned to Pen Trwyn in Wales to create Liquid Ambar, Britain's first route, and which has been regraded to, which would make it the world's first 8c+. Moffatt continued to travel widely, repeating Punks In The Gym in 1992 in Australia, establishing Canada's first, The Big Kahuua, in 1993 in Ontario, and freeing routes such as Evolution  in 1995 at Ravens Tor.

Competitions
In 1989 and 1990, Moffatt concentrated on the emerging sport of competition climbing, winning ten international events over two years, and never finishing worse than fifth in any competition he entered. He won the first-ever UIAA Climbing World Cup Grand Prix event that was held in 1989 in Leeds, and finished third overall, in the inaugural 1989 IFSC Climbing World Cup that concluded in Lyon. In a 2009 interview, Moffatt noted that his initial competition form was poor until he began to study the mental side of competing, saying, "I found out how your mind works under pressure and immediately after reading that book I competed in Leeds and won my first competition". The book that Moffatt was referring to was With Winning in Mind (1988), by American Olympian, Lanny Bassham.

In September 1990, aged 27, Moffatt retired from competition climbing and at that time was rated first on the Association of Sport Climbers International (ASCI) rankings. On retiring, he was voted most prolific competition climber 1980s in the French climbing magazine Vertical. In his 2009 autobiography he said of his retirement, "I no longer had energy the energy to keep it all up. I wanted to get myself back again. I wanted to see my friends. I wanted to climb for myself. I wanted to do first ascents. Most of all I wanted to have fun".

Bouldering
Moffatt had been an early adopter of bouldering from the outset of his career, saying in a 2009 interview, "My early boulder problems weren't publicized, no one seemed to be interested in them at all". In 1988, he solved Superman at Cressbrook, one of the first-ever boulder problems in the world. In 1991, Moffatt traveled to Yosemite and at Camp 4 solved Sick It at, and The Force at , two of the hardest in America at that time. He returned to Yosemite in 1993, and added The Dominator at, considered one of the first-ever boulders ever climbed. In 1997, he climbed the 12-metre high Samson (E8 7b) at Burbage South, while technically the hardest gritstone route at that time, with boulder pads is now a highball bouldering problem at. In 2002, on Stanage Edge in the Peak District Moffatt solved the long-term boulder problem The Ace at, the hardest boulder problem in Britain at the time, and effectively Moffat's last major new route.

In 1996, Moffatt and climbing partner Ben Moon, featured in a film by Simon Tucker called The Real Thing, which is considered an important early film in the bouldering film genre, and featured the novel training techniques they were using (i.e. campus board-type installations) that are now mainstream. The pair would feature in other bouldering films, including Stick It (2001), and Stone Love (2001).

Free soloing
Moffatt is also known for his free soloing of challenging British traditional climbing routes, telling The Guardian in 2011, "You have to have an insane confidence in your own ability to go soloing". In 1983, Moffatt was particularly active in pushing his limits, soloing Scarab (E6 6b) at Stoney Middleton, Right Wall (E5 6a) at Dinas Cromlech, and days before he climbed Master's Wall at Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, free soloing the neighboring Great Wall (E4 6a), The Boldest (E4 5c), and Curving Arete (E4 5c). However, the death of his friend Neil Molnar, who died soloing that year, saw Moffatt scale back his soloing.

Writing
Moffatt's 2009 autobiography, Revelations, written with co-author Niall Grimes, won the Grand Prize at the 2009 Banff Mountain Book Festival, and was shortlisted for the 2009 Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature. In 2015, it was listed in Climbing magazine's "33 Must Read Climbing Books", saying, "If you ever want to be inspired to train, just read any chapter. What a hardman!".

In 2017, Moffatt completed his second book, Mastermind: Mental training for climbers, focused on sports psychology for sport climbers, and built on the methods Lanny Bassham outlined (earlier).

The Foundry
In 1991, Moffatt and Paul Reeve opened The Foundry Climbing Centre ("the Foundry"), in Sheffield, and was the first of its type in the UK with leading, top-roping, bouldering, and interchangeable holds. They were originally financially supported by Wild Country, who owned 51%, but Moffatt and Reeve later bought out Wild Country's share, and now own it equally.

Legacy
Moffatt is widely considered to be the best British rock climber from the early-1980s to the early-1990s and was arguably the best rock climber in the world during the mid to late 1980s. In 2006, the BBC said: "Jerry is one of, if not the greatest climbers of all time, and his name is known and highly respected in the global world of rock climbing". In 2009, PlanetMountain called him "one of the most successful climbers in the world during the 1980s and 1990s", and "Jerry Moffatt is, in short, a climber who like few others left his lasting mark, worldwide, on the early development of this vertical game". In 2009, Jens Larssen of climbing website 8a.nu said "Jerry Moffat was probably the best climber in the world during the 1980s", while Climbing magazine called him a "world rock climbing legend". In 2011, The Guardian said of him, "That's Jerry Moffatt, once the best rock climber in the world". In 2018, Gripped said, "Moffatt was the best climber of the 1980s and early 1990s".

In a British context, Moffatt (and contemporaries such as Moon and Dawes) carried on the legacy of Peter Livesey and Ron Fawcett. However, Moffatt (and Moon) soon reached the limits of what they could safely achieve with traditional climbing, and instead followed the continental European trend into bolted sport climbing, and competition climbing. Moffatt, and Moon, were also part of a new group of climbers, that included Germans Wolfgang Gullich, Kurt Albert, and Stefan Glowacz, who were using new training techniques (e.g. campus board, plyometrics), and embracing bouldering, to materially improve their technique and the standard of routes they could climb. In 2006, Moffatt told the BBC, "When I started climbing I wanted to do dangerous climbs, in my mid-20's I wanted to do really hard climbs with ropes, and then when I got to my late-30's it got shorter and I got more obsessed with trying to do the hardest move I could possibly do... It might be just one or two moves".

Personal life
Moffatt is married to his wife Sharon with whom he has two children. Outside of climbing, he is an avid surfer, a sport he took up while injured on a 1993 climbing trip to Yosemite

Moffatt was diagnosed with dyslexia at school, which led to his parents sending him to St David's College, Llandudno, a boarding school with a special programme for dyslexic children.

In April 1987, his younger brother Toby died aged 21 in the United States (in his autobiography, Moffatt says that he named his climb Liquid Ambar after the tree Liquidambar – although Moffatt spells it as two words – in memory of Toby, who was a keen gardener and wished to plant such a tree on his return to England).

Notable ascents

 * Mayfair (7a+) 1979 Pen Trwyn Wales, First ascent age 16 with Andy Pollitt
 * Little Plum (E6 6c) Stoney Middleton 1982 first ascent
 * Super Crack (5.12c, 7b+) Swanangunks, USA.1982 first flash of this grade.
 * Equinox (5.12c) Joshua Tree 1983 USA flash
 * Scarab (E6 6b, 7b+)  Stoney Middleton – 1983 – solo
 * Right Wall E5 6a, Cemetery Gates E1 5b, Ivy Sepulchre E1 5b, Left Wall E2 5c, Memory lane E3 5c, Cenotaph Corner E1 5c, Foil E3 6a 1983 All solo in a day.
 * Ulysses (E6 6b) – Stanage – 1983 – First ascent, one of the last greats to be climbed.
 * Void (E4 6a), Grim Wall Direct (E1 5b), The Weaver (E2 5c), Vector (E2 5c), Extraction (E2 5c),Geireagle (E3 5c) 1983 All solo in one day.
 * Oyster (8a)  August 1983 Pen Trwyn Wales. First ascent of world's first Sport 8a.
 * Master's Wall (E7 6b) – Clogwyn Du'r Arddu – 1983
 * Masterclass (8a) 1993 Pen Trwyn Wales first ascent.
 * Great Wall E4 6a- The Boldest (E4 5c), Curving Arete (E4 5c) 1993 Clogwyn Du'r Arddu Wales all solo.
 * Ekel (9+) 1983 First ascent and first 9+ in Germany.
 * The Face (8a+) – Altmühltal – 1983 – First ascent, considered the first 8a+ (5.13c) in history.
 * Heisse Finger (7c) Germany 1983 world's first 7c to be on-sighted.
 * Super Imjin (7c) 1984 Japan, on-sight of country's hardest route
 * Pol Pot (7c+) 1984 Verdon, world's first 7c+ to be on-sighted.
 * Pappi on sight (8a) 1984 Verdon France first ascent
 * The Messiah (E6 6c) 1984 Peak District first ascent, hardest gritstone route at time.
 * Revelations (8b) Raven Tor – 1984 – First ascent
 * Our Father (E4 6a), Kingdom Come (E5 6b), Dies Irae (E2 5c), Special K (E4 6a), Scoop Wall (E3 5c), Kelloggs (E5 6b), Wee Doris (E4 5c), Pickpocket (E4 6a) 1984 Stoney Middleton all solo in a day
 * The Phoenix (5.12d) 1984 Yosemite on-sight
 * Midnight Lightening (V9) 1984 Yosemite fourth ascent and first to do in a day
 * Lost Arrow Spire (5.12d) 1985 Yosemite first ascent with Ron Kauk. Filmed live for Wide World Of Sport. Estimated 30 million viewers.
 * Le Rage de Vivre (8b+) Buoux – 1987 – Second ascent of Antoine Le Menestrel's route (1986)
 * Le Minimum (8b+) Buoux 1987 – Third ascent of Marc Le Menestrel's route (1986)
 * La Spectre des Surmutant (8b+) Buoux second ascent – 1988
 * Scarface (8b+), White Wedding (8b+), To Bolt Or Not To Be (8b+), 1988 first to repeat all the 8b+'s Smith Rocks U.S.A
 * Stone Love (8b+) Frankenjura 1988 First ascent
 * Seynes 1988 competition France 1st place
 * Leeds 1989 competition England 1st place. First-ever round of World Cup
 * La Riba 1989 competitions Spain 1st place equal with Simon Nadin
 * Cologne 1989 competition Germany 1st place
 * Madonna di Campiglio 1989 competition Italy 1st place
 * Bercy 1990 competition France Paris 1st place
 * Brianscon1990 competition France 1st place
 * London National 1990 competition 1st place
 * Maurienne Masters 1990 competition 1st place. The first multi-discipline event, red point, boulder, speed, and on-sight.
 * Liquid Ambar (8c) Lower Pen Trwyn 1990 First ascent.
 * Harrods Store 1991 London England Climbed the building to open sale
 * Serpentine 1992 (8a) Grampians Australia on-sight in 35-degree heat
 * Punks in the Gym 1992 (8b+) Arapiles repeat, 1st redpoint
 * Dominator 1993 Yosemite U.S.A (8b) Boulder problem world's first 8b
 * Big Kahuna 1994 Lions Head Canada (8B) First ascent, Canada's hardest route at the time
 * Evolution (8c+) Raven Tor 1995 First ascent.
 * Progress (8c+) Kilnsey U.K 1995 First ascent
 * Seans Roof 1995 (8c) Blackwell Dale U.K first ascent
 * Nelsons Column 1996 London England 4th ascent
 * Samson 1997 (E8 7b) Burbage South UK First ascent, hardest gritstone route at the time
 * The Ace (8B) Stanage 2002 First ascent

Filmography

 * Documentary on 1980s British sport climbing:
 * Documentary on Moffatt, Ben Moon and Malcolm Smith bouldering in Cresciano:
 * Documentary on British bouldering:
 * Documentary on the hardest gritstone routes in Peak District:
 * Documentary on Moffatt and Ben Moon bouldering:
 * Documentary on Moffatt, Johnny Dawes, Ben Moon:
 * Documentary on Moffatt and Ron Kauk on the FFA of Lost Arrow Spire:

title: Jerry Moffatt


text: User talk:207.112.63.156

title: User talk:207.112.63.156


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pico (Newgrounds.com)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 21:48, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pico (Newgrounds.com)
Tagged for speedy deletion with no reason given. The talk pages says "hey give it a chance meanies >_<", so I'm bringing it here. I note that newgrounds links to Pico. No vote. Kappa 03:00, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Feco 03:25, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that the creator blanked the page (incl. VfD notice) and left a few choice words. I replaced the VfD. Feco 17:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete It gets a few google hits but only for links to play the game.  Doesn't seem notable.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 04:40, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with above.  It's not notable and doesn't deserve it's own page.  --Randy 05:15, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Doesnt deserve its own page, and already enough info on the newgrounds page. --Satanicbowlerhat 15:23, 10 Apr, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete looks at the moment the creator doesn't want it there either, having removed all content from the page Jackliddle 17:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: it's just a spazzy flash game that gets too much attention at NewGrounds (in my opinion), and only does so because of its trademark school/twitchy kid who hates his parents/immature violence which trumps its near-deficiency of gameplay. I restored the article to when it was first VfD'd, as I don't think "fuck you" is a useful revision. --Asriel86 18:22, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I cleaned this page up to remove some of the immature leet speak. Hence, I recuse myself from voting. Andrew pmk 01:01, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If this is all we can say (and I strongly doubt that there's more), delete. Not worthy of mention on newgrounds. Chris talk back 16:51, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * PLEASE CONSIDER THIS ISSUE Newgrounds.com is one of the most popular destinations for the young American male. Pico is the well known mascot. I believe this voting demographic is perhaps mismatched.  Please keep an open mind.  KEEPLotsofissues 09:24, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No it's not, per Google and Alexa. Popular destinations include Google, Yahoo and Playboy. Delete this. Radiant_* 09:44, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Newgrounds has an Alexa ranking of 712 - quite more impressive than Wikipedia until recently. The adult content and extreme violent irreverence (e.g. Suicide bomber blow up civilians game) is I'm guessing consumed primarily by young males.  It is indeed a very popular destination for the American young male.  Check out the front page now   I see pico in front advertising the cash contest.  Lotsofissues 12:15, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn picocruft. ComCat 06:38, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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List of Montreal Canadiens head coaches

Officially known as le Club de hockey Canadien, the Montreal Canadiens (Les Canadiens de Montréal) are a Canadian professional ice hockey team based in Montreal, Quebec. They play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). In 1909, the Canadiens were founded as a charter member of the National Hockey Association (NHA). In 1917, the franchise joined the NHL, and is one of the Original Six teams. In their 100-year history, the Canadiens have won 24 Stanley Cup championships, and are the last Canadian team to have won the Stanley Cup, having done so in 1993. Having played in the Jubilee Arena (1909–1910,1918–1919), the Montreal Arena (1911–1918), the Mount Royal Arena (1919–1926), and the Montreal Forum (1926–1996), the Canadiens have played their home games at the Bell Centre, formerly known as the Molson Centre, since 1996. The Canadiens are owned by the Molson Family. The general manager position is filled by Kent Hughes while their coaches consist of Martin St. Louis as their head coach, Alexandre Burrows, Trevor Letowski, and Stephane Robidas as assistant coaches, and Eric Raymond as the goaltender coach. The current captain of the Canadiens is Nick Suzuki.

There have been 28 head coaches for the Canadiens franchise in the NHL. The team's first head coach in the NHL was Newsy Lalonde, who coached the Canadiens for eight NHL seasons in two stints. Although Dick Irvin coached the team for 15 seasons, Toe Blake, who coached two fewer seasons, is the franchise's all-time leader for the most regular-season games coached (914), the most regular-season games won (500), the most regular-season points (1159), the most playoff games coached (119), and the most playoff games won (82). Blake has also won the most Stanley Cup championships with eight; Scotty Bowman has won five, Irvin has won three, Cecil Hart has won two, and Leo Dandurand, Claude Ruel, Al MacNeil, Jean Perron, and Jacques Demers have won one each. Lalonde won a Stanley Cup championship in 1915–16 while in the NHA. Bowman and Pat Burns have each been awarded the Jack Adams Award, in 1976–77 and 1988–89 respectively. Nine head coaches have spent their entire NHL head coaching careers with the Canadiens. Bowman and Dandurand have been elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as builders. Dandurand is the only coach to have spent his entire NHL head coaching career with the Canadiens and to have been elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder.

Coaches
''Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2023–24 season. This list only includes NHL coaches, and not NHA seasons.''

title: List of Montreal Canadiens head coaches


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User:Xiong/Minitrue

This comment originally appeared in Village pump (policy) 10:54, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC). It was not only removed from the Pump, but from the Pump's history itself -- pure Orwellian censorship, and not by a common user, either.

If you think this is unacceptable, I hope you will work to preserve not only these remarks, but to discover the actor who obliterated them. — Xiongtalk 03:14, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

I have struck my charge of Orwellian revisionism; just because they're out to get you doesn't mean you're not paranoid. At the time I posted several copies of this around the project, I actually did fear that someone would systematically go behind, deleting them without a trace.

If I posted this comment to your user Talk, you may wish to delete the box itself and replace with a link to User:Xiong/Minitrue. I will not consider that revisionism. — Xiong熊 talk 23:37, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)

 Following process on Templates for deletion

'''Who are we? Why are we here?''' I'm not speaking of the entire project or our grand mission, only of the small group of regulars who work within TfD. What are we doing here?

Each one of us will have a different answer to that question; so to guide us in our efforts, we have a written process. Process should not act as a straitjacket, but as a way for us to agree to respect each other's differing views.

If all of us had the same exact opinion on each template, there would be no need for the Templates for deletion page -- not in its present form, at any rate. We would each individually mow down templates we found insupportable, and log the deletions. No need for debate, no need for discussion. And since we would all be in perfect agreement, we would have strong justification for refusing to hear appeals from other members of WP.

But it is not so. I think widget should stay and blivet should go; El Supremo thinks {widget} should go and {blivet} stay. Sometimes, we can discuss these issues and find a meeting ground. Maybe I can accept some changes to {widget}, with which El Supremo can tolerate its continued presence. But what do we do when after a week of wrangling, I still say "Widgets forever!" and El Supremo grunts, "Blivets or death!" -- what then?

Our process specifies that after seven days on TfD, if consensus is not reached, the nominated template is free to go -- the matter is over. We also say that a template should not be renominated for a month, if then. No good purpose is served by chewing old bones.

Recently, the nominated template divbox came to the end of its seven-day roasting. There was considerable controversy, a more or less even split of opinions (4 delete to 3 keep), and certainly nothing approaching consensus, or even overwhelming majority. Our process says {divbox} goes free, and that's the end of the matter -- at least, the end for this month. Those determined to keep a dog in the fight may do so on the nominated template's Talk page.

Shortly after I removed the offending listing and carefully began to archive all its debate -- not merely the debate within the TfD workflow, but wherever I could find a scrap of it -- a certain user, without discussion of any kind so far as I know, restored {divbox} to the TfD page and simultaneously juggled the entire contents of the page, including our written process guidelines. Am I the only one in this project who finds this a bit questionable?

 * TfD page, including process guidlines, prior to Orwellian reversions -- here is an excerpt:

 * "It is also possible that no concensus has been reached. Action: Remove template from this page entirely. Copy the entire discussion to template's Talk page. Remove tag from template's main page. ("Disputed" subsection deprecated.) Absent concensus, the disputed template is kept."

 * I have to disclose that it was I who wrote the text of this section, as part of a complete cleanup of the page, including explicit workflow process. The cleanup stood unchallenged througout the recent heated debate over {divbox} -- nobody found it offensive or even felt a need to correct my misspelling of "consensus" -- but now that it permits {divbox} release from jail, it must all be destroyed. (!?)

 * This process, too, is subject to change -- but have we come to the point where we are permitted to change our guidelines for how we work at the same time as we cite our changes to process as justification for what we do?

If we have come to the point where everything is up for grabs, please let me know, and I will start work on Jimbo's home page, VfD, CfD, RfC, RfA, and all the other pages which manage the way we manage the work we do. If I don't need to discuss any of my changes before making them, then why should I? And if someone disagrees with me, why should I not alter existing process to make his disagreement illegal?

If we have not come to that point, and we still cling to shreds of social fabric, then I ask you to take whatever action you think necessary to hold those shreds together, and allow me to return to the work I do best -- making things that work for us all. Thank you. — Xiongtalk 10:54, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

title: User:Xiong/Minitrue


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Category:Education in North Yorkshire

Articles relating to education in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England.

title: Category:Education in North Yorkshire


text: User talk:68.161.134.144

title: User talk:68.161.134.144