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Essays and Reviews

Essays and Reviews, edited by John William Parker, published in March 1860, is a broad-church volume of seven essays on Christianity. The topics covered the biblical research of the German critics, the evidence for Christianity, religious thought in England, and the cosmology of Genesis.

Essays and Reviews was a popular book title in the 19th century: there are many similar books available, but none made the same impact.

Background
Each essay was authored independently by one of six Church of England churchmen and one layman. There was no overall editorial policy and each contributor chose his own theme. The six church essayists were: Frederick Temple, who later became Archbishop of Canterbury; Rowland Williams, then tutor at Cambridge and later Professor and Vice-Principal of St David's University College, Lampeter; Baden Powell, clergyman and Professor of Geometry at Oxford; Henry Bristow Wilson, fellow of St John's College, Oxford; Mark Pattison, tutor at Lincoln College, Oxford; and Benjamin Jowett, Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford (later Master) and Regius Professor of Greek, Oxford University. The layman was Charles Wycliffe Goodwin, former fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge, Egyptologist, barrister and, later, Assistant Judge of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan.

Significance
The book was important because of its date and its authors. Appearing four months after Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, it summed up a three-quarter-century-long challenge to biblical history by the higher critics and to biblical prehistory by scientists working in the new fields of geology and biology. Baden Powell restated his argument that God is a lawgiver, miracles break the lawful edicts issued at the creation, therefore belief in miracles is atheistic, and wrote of "Mr Darwin's masterly volume" that the Origin of Species "must soon bring about an entire revolution in opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature."

"Outwardly, the conflict ended inconclusively, with the acquittal of Williams and Wilson by the courts and the condemnation of the volume by the clergy in Convocation. At a deeper level, it marked the exhaustion both of the Broad Church and of Anglican orthodoxy and the commencement of an era of religious doubt."

Seven articles

 * 1) The Education of the World by Frederick Temple—"a warmed-over sermon urging the free study of the Bible"
 * 2) Bunsen's Biblical Researches by Rowland Williams—"denying the predictive character of Old Testament prophecies"
 * 3) On the Study of the Evidences of Christianity by Baden Powell—"flatly denied the possibility of miracles"
 * 4) Séances Historiques de Genève. The National Church by Henry Bristow Wilson—"gave the widest possible latitude to the Thirty-nine Articles and questioned the eternity of damnation"
 * 5) On the Mosaic Cosmogony by C. W. Goodwin—"a critique of the attempted 'Harmonies' between Genesis and geology"
 * 6) Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, 1688-1750 by Mark Pattison—"a learned and cold study of the evidential theologians of the eighteenth century"
 * 7) On the Interpretation of Scripture by Benjamin Jowett—"in which he urged that the Bible be read 'like any other book' and made an impassioned plea for freedom of scholarship"

"On the interpretation of scripture"
The essay "On the interpretation of scripture" was contributed by Benjamin Jowett. When asked to contribute, Jowett saw the opportunity to challenge traditionalists. He was a rationalist and insisted that the Bible ought to be treated as scholars treated classical texts. Jowett was a proponent of progressive revelation in which the later books were seen to be closer to the ultimate revelation of God as seen in Jesus Christ as revealed in the Gospels. The epistles and other New Testament writings were seen to look back.

The implications of Jowett's essay and his other writings that revelation was ongoing and that scripture was always subject to reinterpretation as each generation encountered them were the target of his traditionalist foes. Jowett felt he was being slandered for his honesty concerning his beliefs, but he suffered no actual penalty other than an infamously low salary at Christ Church, Oxford. However, in 1863 Jowett was brought before the vice-chancellor's court for teaching contrary to the doctrines of the Church of England; the case was eventually dropped.

Reception

Hardly known outside academic theological circles today, Essays sold 22,000 copies in two years, more than Origin sold in its first twenty years. It sparked five years of increasingly polarized debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues.

A review by Frederic Harrison published in the Westminster Review in October 1860 had the probably undesired effect of stimulating the attack on the book. Harrison saw the essays as neither religious nor rational which was a double blow to the seven who saw the essays as promoting rational religion.

In January 1861, an anonymous review was published in the Quarterly Review. The author was later revealed as Samuel Wilberforce, the Bishop of Oxford. The Quarterly review was followed up by a letter to The Times co-signed by the Archbishop of Canterbury and 25 bishops which threatened the theologians with the ecclesiastical courts. Darwin quoted a proverb: "A bench of bishops is the devil's flower garden", and joined others including the eminent geologist Charles Lyell, and the mathematician and Queen's printer William Spottiswoode, in signing a counter-letter supporting Essays and Reviews for trying to "establish religious teachings on a firmer and broader foundation".

On the subject Lewis Carroll wrote, "Let E = Essays, and R = Reviews: then the locus of (E + R), referred to multilinear coordinates, will be found to be a superficies (i.e., a locus possessing length and breadth, but no depth)."

Repercussions
Despite this alignment of pro-evolution scientists and Unitarians with liberal churchmen, Williams and Wilson were charged with heresy in the Court of Arches. They were found guilty on some of the counts by the Dean of Arches, Stephen Lushington, but appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Judicial Committee comprised secular judges sitting with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York and the Bishop of London. In 1864 it overturned the convictions, with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York dissenting in part (though the Bishop of London concurred in the decision). It was said that the Privy Council had "dismissed hell with costs". One hundred and thirty-seven thousand laity signed a letter of thanks to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York for voting against the Committee, and a declaration in favour of biblical inspiration and eternal torments was drawn up at Oxford and circulated to the 24,800 clergy, being signed by eleven thousand of them. Wilberforce went to the Convocation of Canterbury and in June obtained "synodical condemnation" of Essays and Reviews.

Today the essay topics and conclusions may seem innocuous, but at the time, the essays were described by their opponents as heretical, and the essayists were called "The Seven Against Christ."....

title: Essays and Reviews


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BCDC plus plus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to DCPlusPlus. – ABCD 22:57, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

BCDC_plus_plus

 * Delete. Information has been merged into DCPlusPlus. Sedulus 21:17, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)
 * Redirect to DCPlusPlus Dsmdgold 21:39, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * If the information has been merged, there must be a redirect to the merged article. Dave the Red (talk) 22:10, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've redirected it. Mgm|(talk) 08:05, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
August 1978 papal conclave

The papal conclave held on 25 and 26 August 1978 was the first of the two held that year. It was convoked to elect a successor to Paul VI, who had died on 6 August 1978. After the cardinal electors assembled in Rome, they elected Cardinal Albino Luciani, Patriarch of Venice, as the new pope on the fourth ballot. He accepted the election and took the name John Paul I.

It was the first conclave since the promulgation of Ingravescentem aetatem (1970), which made cardinals who had reached the age of 80 by the day the conclave began ineligible to participate in the balloting. There were 15 cardinals excluded by that rule. The number of votes cast for Luciani on the final ballot was so great that even the uniform opposition of these cardinals would not have changed the outcome.

Papabili
Among the papabili, or top candidates, were Sergio Pignedoli, President of the Secretariat for Non-Christians, Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, and Corrado Ursi of Naples. Others named Giovanni Benelli of Florence, until recently Vatican Secretary of State, Sebastiano Baggio, Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, and non-cardinal Anastasio Ballestrero, Archbishop of Turin. The non-Italian most often mentioned was Johannes Willebrands, Archbishop of Utrecht. Aloísio Lorscheider of Brazil, head of the Episcopal Conference of Latin America, favored Albino Luciani, the Patriarch of Venice, while Luciani is believed to have favoured Lorscheider. Time reported that the Dean of the College, Carlo Confalonieri, who was excluded from participating because of age, had been the first to suggest Luciani.

Proceedings and balloting

The conclave was held for two days from 25 August to 26 August 1978 at the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Cardinal John Wright, an official of the Roman Curia, was in the U.S. for medical treatments and unable to attend. Proceedings on 25 August 1978 included a Mass celebrated at St. Peter's Basilica by the cardinal electors for divine guidance in their task to elect Pope Paul's successor. The cardinals processed into the Sistine Chapel six hours later while the chapel choir sang the hymn Veni Creator Spiritus. Monsignor Virgilio Noè, the Papal Master of Ceremonies, gave the traditional command of Extra omnes ("Everybody out!"), the doors were locked, and then the actual conclave began, with Cardinal Villot presiding (as would happen again in October) due to being the senior Cardinal bishop in attendance. The chapel windows remained closed, some sealed, and the summer heat was oppressive. Belgian Cardinal Leo Suenens later wrote: "My room was an oven. My cell was a kind of sauna." The conclave of August 1978 was the largest ever assembled. The traditional canopied thrones were replaced with twelve long tables to accommodate the electors. Karol Wojtyła, Aloísio Lorscheider, and Bernardin Gantin reportedly served as scrutineers during the balloting.

Luciani had told his secretary that he would decline the papacy if elected. During the third ballot, Johannes Willebrands and António Ribeiro, who sat on either side of Luciani, whispered words of encouragement to him as he continued to receive more votes. Jaime Sin told Luciani, "You will be the new pope". Luciani was elected on the fourth ballot and when Jean-Marie Villot asked Luciani whether he accepted his election he replied, "May God forgive you for what you have done" and accepted his election. In honor of his two immediate predecessors, he took John Paul as his regnal name. After the election, when Cardinal Sin paid him homage, the new pope noted: "You were a prophet, but my reign will be a short one".

On 26 August 1978 at 6:24 p.m. local time (4:24 p.m. UTC), the first signs of smoke appeared from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel. It was unclear for over an hour whether the smoke was white to indicate a pope had been elected or black to indicate that balloting would continue. Some of the cardinals had personally deposited their notes and tally sheets in the stove, darkening what should have been white smoke. Pericle Felici, as the ranking Cardinal Deacon, then stepped onto the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and delivered the Habemus Papam in Latin, announcing Luciani's election. At 7:31 p.m. John Paul I appeared on the balcony and gave his blessing. When he appeared about to address the crowd, he was reminded that was not traditional, and he withdrew without speaking further. He invited the cardinal electors to remain in conclave for another night and dined with them, occupying the same chair as he had at their earlier group dinners.

This was the first conclave since 1721 in which three future popes participated–John Paul I, John Paul II, and Benedict XVI–and the first since 1829 in which two did so.

Reported voting tallies
Several authors have provided what they claim to be the vote totals at the conclave. Cardinals were not required to destroy notes they took during the conclave.

As presented by David Yallop, who claims that John Paul I was murdered.
 * Yallop tally

 * First Ballot: Siri 25, Luciani 23, Pignedoli 18, Lorscheider 12, Baggio 9, scattered 24.
 * Second Ballot: Siri 35, Luciani 30, Pignedoli 15, Lorscheider 12, scattered 19.
 * Third Ballot: Luciani 68, Siri 15, Pignedoli 10, scattered 18.
 * Fourth Ballot: Luciani 99, Siri 11, Lorscheider 1 (cast by Luciani).

As presented by Francis A. Burkle-Young, based on the notes of Cardinal Mario Casariego, Archbishop of Guatemala City.
 * Burkle-Young tally

 * First Ballot: Siri 25, Luciani 23, Pignedoli 18, Baggio 9, König 8, Bertoli 5, Pironio 4, Felici 2, Lorscheider 2, and 15 others one each.
 * Second Ballot: Luciani 53, Siri 24, Pignedoli 15, Lorscheider, Baggio, Cordeiro, Wojtyła 4 each, Felici 3.
 * Third Ballot: Luciani 92, Pignedoli 17, Lorscheider 2.
 * Fourth Ballot: Luciani 102, Lorscheider 1 (cast by Luciani), Nemini (no one) 8.

As presented by Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan-Witts.
 * Thomas-Witts tally

 * First Ballot: same as Burkle-Young's count except 5 votes for Pironio, fourteen candidates with 1.
 * Second Ballot: Luciani 46, Pignedoli 19, Lorscheider 14, Baggio 11, Bertoli 4, others unspecified.
 * Third Ballot: Luciani 66, Pignedoli 21, Lorscheider 1 (cast by Aramburu), others unspecified.
 * Fourth Ballot: Luciani 96, Pignedoli 10, Lorscheider 1 (cast by Aramburu).

According to one report of the balloting, French traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre received a small number of votes—variously reported as three or "several"—causing some consternation among the cardinals.

title: August 1978 papal conclave


text: User talk:202.27.240.6

title: User talk:202.27.240.6


text:
Talk:Sahelanthropus

Recent news
This article mention the people involved with this project. It also have a photo. "The near-complete skull, pieces of jawbone and several teeth unveiled in july 2001 - march 2002 were discovered in the desert of northern Chad by a team led by Alain Beauvilain, of the Centre National d'Appui à la Recherche, N'Djamena, Chad." [http://site.voila.fr/toumai http://site.voila.fr/toumai/humanadventure.html

 * See also Guardian Unlimited | Life | More human than ape.
 * (I have also taken the liberty of adding the title of your Web reference, plus your IP address and datestamp for future reference).
 * --Tiffer 09:47, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

intro
The first sentence seems to be incomplete. I can't fix it because I don't know what the author was trying to say. It currently reads:

 * "Sahelanthropus tchadensis is classified as the oldest possible member of the human family tree early (fossil hominin), approximately 7 million years old from the Miocene."

There's something missing between "tree" and "early". thx1138 11:57, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. - UtherSRG (talk) 13:20, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Gorilla shape
In camparison to a Gorilla's skull, Toumai's does have some similar traits. See http://www.interet-general.info/article.php3?id_article=4311. I'm not sure if this represents the oldest hominid since the molecular genetic cloak extends 5 million years in contrast to 7. More can be read in Richard Leakey's novel "The origin of Mankind".

Even if Toumai is proven not a direct human ancestor, it would be interesting as an earlier link for Gorillas and Chimpanzees.

Age?
What does "thought to have lived" mean? Is this synonymous with "claimed to have lived"? All I've seen is that the discoverers put out a date of 6-7 million based on associated fauna and have also put up a firm date (on their websites, not their publications) of 7 million years. I don't see an indication of any serious work on dating. This is a topic which is of wide interest, and it would be nice to have more links, preferably with a recent review. Abu Amaal 03:47, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Sahelanthropus as a human/chimp ancestor
If Sahelanthropus was demonstrated not to be the earliest human, Sahelanthropus is probably the ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. Orrorin might also be a chimp/human ancestor. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.194.116.63 (talk • contribs).
 * Those are possibilities. - UtherSRG (talk) 12:11, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Doesn't the line "a Miocene ape related to humans and other living African apes" seem just a little contentious? --Wetman 08:37, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Humans are apes. African is redundant. - UtherSRG (talk) 12:19, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Status of Sahelanthropus
The lack of skeletal remains clearly explains why the controversy over the identification of Sahelanthropus as a human ancestor erupted. While Sahelanthropus, for the time being, is assigned to Hominini incertae sedis, discovery of postcranial remains may not only reinstate Sahelanthropus as the earliest human ancestor, but also answer the question surrounding the lifestyle of Sahelanthropus. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.194.116.63 (talk • contribs)

References for Sahelanthropus
Add these references to the reference section:

Wolpoff, M.H., B. Senut, M. Pickford & J. Hawks (2002). Sahelanthropus or ‘Sahelpithecus’? Nature 419:581-582.

Brunet, M. (2002). Reply to “Sahelanthropus or ‘Sahelpithecus.’ Nature 419:582.

Brunet M., Guy F., Pilbeam D., Lieberman D.E., Likius A., Mackaye H.T. et al. (2005): New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad. Nature, 434:752-5.

Zollikofer C.P.E., Ponce de León M.S., Lieberman D.E., Guy F., Pilbeam D., Likius A. et al. (2005): Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Nature, 434:755-9.

Wood B. (2002): Hominid revelations from Chad. Nature, 418:133-5.

The new material attributed to Sahelanthropus by Brunet et. al. (2005) is TM 247 and TM 292. Zollikofer et. al. (2005) noted a hole in the spinal cord of Sahelanthropus, suggesting that Sahelanthropus was bipedal, indicating that bipedalism was invented by hominids 7 million years ago. These papers provide more supporting evidence that Sahelanthropus is a hominid. Brunet plans to continue excavations of the area in which Sahelanthropus was found and may find postcranial remains that may belong to Sahelanthropus.

Bipedalism in Apes
Is it possible that bipedalism evolved in the common ancestor of humans & chimps, only to be lost secondarily in chimps?. Such evolution & secondary loss of features is not unheard of in animals (example: the flightless ostrich evolved from flying birds, which in turn evolved from flightless dinosaurs). Also, it would account for the fact that Sahelanthropus is older than the suggested last common ancestor between chimps & humans. - User:64.237.249.121 16:04, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a valid theory, but not very likely. In other cases of degenerated functionality, there's also degenerated physicality to show the derivation. In your example of the ostrich, the wings are retained (and in fact have new use) but are degenerated from the shape of a functional flighted wing. Likewise penguins are evolved from flighted bird, but their wings have changed. If chimps and humans were both evolved from a bipedal hominin, then chimps would have certain features in their feet, knees, legs and hips which would point us to that conclusion. They don't have these features, so it is highly unlikely that a chimp ancestor was bipedal. - UtherSRG (talk) 17:01, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * @UtherSRG: Ignoring the advantage of bipedalism, what would you expect the degradation to be? Shorter legs? Evan Carroll (talk) 16:24, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm no zoologist or anthropologist, so from my layman's understanding, there are key features in the shape of the footbones, legbones, pelvis, and neck that all make long-term bipedalism possible. (Long-term because there are many animals that can do short-term bipedalism, such as bears.) those changes would be present but degraded in chimps, and I believe they are not present. - UtherSRG (talk) 01:37, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Cleanup
The article cannot go on like that, with one part of the article contradicting the next, or even one sentence contradicting the next. The status as an hominina or as a paninais not settled, the article must reflect that and not try to impose one view or the other. --Dwarfpower (talk) 16:07, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

AfD of John D. Hawks
This article was attacked as nonnotable and proposed for deletion. You can comment at Articles_for_deletion/John_D._Hawks. --JWB (talk) 22:39, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Good day,i am a Zoology student and wish to know more about "Toumai" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.217.158.68 (talk) 14:36, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

File:Sahelanthropus tchadensis - TM 266-01-060-1.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Sahelanthropus tchadensis - TM 266-01-060-1.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on March 15, 2012. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2012-03-15. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! — howcheng  {chat} 05:57, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

Tim White
I'm reading a bit on Wikipedia on Human origins. I note that Tim White, who I have zero knowledge of, is cited time and time again as being "THE" source of various claims stated on Wikipedia. To me, this raises a red flag. If it is true that Dr. White is the only source for so much on human origins, then his entire "model" is likely a "pet theory" rather than accepted broadly across the scientific community. I don't know the quality of his work, nor the robustness of his analysis, and I have no reason to believe it is not of the highest quality; I simply wish to raise the possibility that there is too much attributed to only one investigator to be be taken as solid, established science. (Too much reliance on "authority"). FWIW.Abitslow (talk) 17:35, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

There is an RFC that may affect this page
There is an RFC that may affect this page at WikiProject Tree of Life. The topic is Confusion over taxonomy of subtribe Panina and taxon homininae (are chimps hominins)?

Please feel free to comment there. SPACKlick (talk) 16:38, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Sahelanthropus. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160102083328/http://www.livescience.com/humanbiology/ap_050406_chad_bones.html to http://www.livescience.com/humanbiology/ap_050406_chad_bones.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:04, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Placement of reconstruction picture
I noticed that the photo of the Daynès reconstruction of Sahelanthropus is misplaced in the flow of page. I attempted to place it under the Relationship to humans and chimpanzees heading, as that's where I feel it would be most appropriate, and found that it defaulted to its present position at the left of the See Also bullet list regardless of where I tried to place it. What is the nature of this formatting bug? Also, is Relationship... a better place for the picture than where it's intended to be now? Shmuser (talk) 04:17, 20 December 2016 (UTC)

Open source preprint of "Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad"
The reviewed version in Nature is behind a paywall. Here is the open source version of the preprint.

Peaceray (talk) 18:02, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Coverage of this paper does not take account of criticisms at . Dudley Miles (talk) 15:46, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sahelanthropus


text: User talk:69.216.99.40

title: User talk:69.216.99.40


text:
Brown rice syrup

Brown rice (malt) syrup, also known as rice syrup or rice malt, is a sweetener which is rich in compounds categorized as sugars and is derived by steeping cooked rice starch with saccharifying enzymes to break down the starches, followed by straining off the liquid and reducing it by evaporative heating until the desired consistency is reached. The enzymes used in the saccharification step are supplied by an addition of sprouted barley grains to the rice starch (the traditional method) or by adding bacterial- or fungal-derived purified enzyme isolates (the modern, industrialized method).

Production
In traditional practices, brown rice syrup is created by adding a small amount of sprouted barley grains (barley malt) to cooked, whole brown rice in a solution of heated water, similar to the production of beer wort. The enzymes supplied by the barley malt digest the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids to produce a sweet solution rich in simple carbohydrates with minor amounts of amino acid, peptides and lipids. The solution is strained off the grains and boiled to evaporate and concentrate the liquid to produce a low water syrup suitable for use as a sugar substitute. Such syrups are high in the simple sugar maltose and low in glucose and fructose, due to the enzymatic action of beta- and alpha amylase on starch supplied by the sprouted barley. These enzymes produce large amounts of maltose from starch digestion and generate very little glucose or fructose in the process.

The modern, commercial preparation of brown rice syrup differs slightly. The ingredients consist of 100% modified rice starch generated by processing brown rice to remove the protein, hemicellulose and lipid fractions. The modification usually involves heat-assisted liquefaction of brown rice with enzyme isolates to produce a solution full of solubilised dextrins (derived from the breakdown of starch) and heat coagulated protein-hemicellulose-lipid complexes. The undesirable components are easily separated and recovered as a separate food stuff or agro-residue, leaving a solution of nearly pure, rice dextrins. A similar product to the rice-dextrin (modified starch) produced by this step is often sold under the name of malto-dextrin, but this commercial product often employs corn or wheat flour as the ingredient rather than rice.

The rice-dextrin solution then undergoes a further heat-assisted saccharification step involving the addition of further enzyme isolates, which convert the complex carbohydrates (rice-dextrins) into a solution rich in the simple carbohydrate maltose. The solution is then partially evaporated by boiling, until the final desired water content of the syrup is achieved. Brown rice syrup generated by this process is protein, fibre (hemicellulose) and lipid free and usually consists of 65–85% maltose, 10–15% maltotriose, 5–20% dextrins and only 2–3% glucose. The final carbohydrate mix of brown rice syrups can be controlled and adjusted by the manufacturer.

The enzymes used in the liquefaction step are usually alpha-amylases derived from bacterial or fungal bioreactors (Bacillus species or Aspergillus species are the most commonly used microbe engines in the bioreactors). These convert starch into dextrins of various molecular sizes and the modified starch end product is usually given an appropriate DE (dextrose equivalent) rating to signify the degree of starch conversion and the amount of reducing sugars produced in the process. The enzymes used in the saccharification step are the amylolytic enzyme, beta-amylase (usually derived from Bacillus species) and the debranching enzyme, pullulanase (derived from Aerobacter species). These convert the dextrinised starch into simple carbohydrates (sugars) and lower molecular weight dextrins.

The modern industrial production of brown rice syrup does not involve the use of synthetic chemicals in the modification of flour and starch. The enzymes added in processing are naturally derived from organic bioreactors using methods similar to the creation of antibiotics.

Brown rice syrup is readily available in most western Chinese grocery stores as maltose or maltose syrup, in reference to the high maltose content of the sweetener. This product is almost always produced by the industrialized method.

Rice syrup has a shelf life of about a year, and once opened, should be stored in a cool, dry place.

Brown rice syrup is the sweetener found in some drinks, such as rice milk.

Brown rice syrup is produced on a commercial scale by several companies in the United States, Europe, and Asia.

Glycemic index
Brown rice syrup (BRS) has a glycemic index (GI) of 98 which is higher than table sugar (65) and about the same as glucose (100), the sugar used as the baseline to measure other foods against.

Toxic impurities
Brown rice syrup and products containing it were found in a 2012 study to contain significant levels of arsenic, which is toxic to humans. This is presumably due to the high prevalence of arsenic in rice. The authors recommended that regulators establish legal limits for arsenic levels in food, particularly in infant and toddler formulas.

title: Brown rice syrup


text:
Kate Ryan

Kate Ryan (born Katrien Verbeeck, 22 July 1980 ) is a Belgian singer and songwriter, and the winner of a World Music Award. She began her singing career in 2001 and later found fame with a string of dance hits. These included covers, mostly of Mylène Farmer and France Gall, such as "Désenchantée", "Libertine", and "Ella, elle l'a", and Desireless' "Voyage Voyage", as well as new material. Ryan represented Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with "Je t'adore" coming in 12th place in the semi-final.

2001–2004: Different
Ryan was born in the small village of Tessenderlo, Belgium, and grew up in a musical family. At eight years old she learned to play piano and guitar. She received singing and piano lessons from her aunt who teaches at a conservatory. She studied at an art school, specialising in jewellery design. Ryan played frequently in bars and cafés as a teenager, and one night she was offered a recording deal. She became a member of a pop group called Melt at the age of 16. The group was active for two years, but they did not release any material commercially. When she met producer Andy Janssens, she left Melt and the pair began to write music together. Their debut single "Scream for More" was released in 2001, and it became a chart success. Later that year Ryan's second single, "UR (My Love)", cemented her position in Belgian charts.

She gained international prominence with a cover of Mylène Farmer's "Désenchantée", which was a hit in various European pop music charts. She signed in with Belgian department of EMI and released her first album Different in 2002 exclusively in Europe. The album went Gold and Platinum in a number of countries, selling more than 250.000 copies throughout Europe. Two final singles off Different, "Mon cœur résiste encore" and "Libertine" (the first one being a French version of "Scream for More", the latter a second cover of Farmer's number) also turned out a chart success. Ryan's records were released in the United States under Robbins Entertainment label.

2004–2007: Stronger and Alive
In 2004, Ryan released a second album in Europe, titled Stronger, that also contained her remarkable dance-pop style. The album's lead single, "Only If I", met with a modest success across Europe. A cover of Cock Robin's "The Promise You Made" became the second single, earning even greater success. It was also recorded in French as "La Promesse". Pop ballad "Goodbye" was released as the third single, meeting with considerable success. In 2005 Kate Ryan's music appeared in North America on Water Music Records.

In 2006, the singer participated in Eurosong '06, the national final to select the entrant for Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. She was selected as the entrant after placing first in the Eurosong final on 9 March 2006. Ryan represented Belgium at the Eurovision semi-final held on 18 May 2006 in Athens singing "Je t'adore". However, she did not qualify for the final, finishing two places outside the advancing Top 10 (12th) with 69 points. She was later voted best dressed performer by Eurovision's independent website esctoday.com for her €14,000 outfit, later sold to raise charity funds. The following single was "Alive", taken from the album of the same name, which also featured French versions of several tracks including "Je t'adore", "Alive", and the third single, "All for You". The album, although critically acclaimed, did not repeat the success of the two previous ones.

2007–2008: Free and Essential
In 2007, Ryan had some success with the double-sided single "Voyage, voyage"/"We All Belong". The track "Voyage, voyage" was a cover of the 1986 European smash hit by Desireless, and "We All Belong" was selected as the official anthem for the EuroGames 2007 in Antwerp. In 2008, Ryan released two singles: "L.I.L.Y. (Like I Love You)" and then "Ella, elle l'a", a cover of France Gall's song.

Both tracks (as well as "Voyage Voyage" and "We All Belong") were included on her album Free, which was released in the middle of the year. The album included a duet with Spanish singer Soraya Arnelas. Ryan's first best-of album, Essential, was released in July. It included songs recorded throughout her EMI period. In August she took part in Polish Sopot Hit Festival. During the show she received a Gold award for the Free album in Poland. On 9 November 2008 in Monaco, she won the World Music Award for Best Selling Benelux Artist. Two more singles promoted Free, including "I Surrender".

2009–2011: French Connection
2009 saw the release of the concept album French Connection. It was a compilation consisting of only French-language material, including Ryan's previous hits, and adding some new recordings. "Évidemment" and "Babacar", both from France Gall's repertoire, were released as singles, but met with limited success, as did the album. The singer announced that French Connection was the end of an era, and from now on she will only release material written by her. She received a Multi-Platinum award from Spain for selling more than 300.000 digital songs.

2011–2012: Electroshock
Ryan announced via Facebook that her next album, Electroshock, would be released in 2011, preceded by a single "LoveLife".

Another single, "Broken", was released on 7 October 2011. On 9 December 2011, she appeared as musical guest on The Voice of Romania.

The album, which was delayed, was released on 25 June 2012. The album is entirely containing songs in English and has no cover version included. On 12 May 2012, another single, entitled "Robots", was released.

2013–present: non-album singles
After Electroshock was released, Ryan expressed via Facebook her intention to only release non-album singles, as she feels that the music industry is changing, by the fact that almost nobody buys full albums anymore, with iTunes. She started this purpose releasing the non-album singles "Light in the Dark", released via iTunes on 24 May 2013, and "Heart Flow", released on 13 August 2013. "Heart Flow" was also the anthem of the World Outgames 2013. In December 2013, she recorded "Sé que tu lluitaràs", a Catalan-language cover of Bob Sinclar's song "World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)". It was included on the various artists compilation El disc de la Marató 2013 (TV3).

On 1 September 2014, Ryan released a new song via iTunes, "Not Alone", which is a Franco-English song.

In August 2015, Ryan released a new single via iTunes, "Runaway (Smalltown Boy)", which is a cover of British band Bronski Beat's song "Smalltown Boy". The song is also included on the various artists compilation MNM Summertime 2015.

In January 2016, Ryan released another single via iTunes, this time a cover of British singer Black's song "Wonderful Life". In June 2016, she released a new single via iTunes, "Comment te dire adieu", a cover of the song by French singer Françoise Hardy, which is also a French-language cover of the song "It Hurts to Say Goodbye", originally performed by American singer Margaret Whiting.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Different (2002)
 * Stronger (2004)
 * Alive (2006)
 * Free (2008)
 * Electroshock (2012)

title: Kate Ryan


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Ardon, Switzerland

Ardon is a municipality in the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

History
Ardon is first mentioned at the end of the 11th Century as Ardunum. In 1179 it was mentioned as Ardun.

Geography
Ardon has an area,, of 20.4 km2. Of this area, 4.15 km2 or 20.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.41 km2 or 31.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.33 km2 or 6.5% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.17 km2 or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes and 8.31 km2 or 40.8% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.6%. Out of the forested land, 25.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.3% is used for growing crops, while 13.8% is used for orchards or vine crops and 4.6% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 8.6% is unproductive vegetation and 32.2% is too rocky for vegetation.

The municipality is located on the alluvial fan of the Lizerne, to the right of the Rhone river. It is about 10 km from Sion.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Key Or and a Key Argent in saltire.

Demographics
Ardon has a population of. , 32.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 10.3%. It has changed at a rate of 11.7% due to migration and at a rate of 3.8% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,859 or 81.0%) as their first language, Portuguese is the second most common (150 or 6.5%) and German is the third (59 or 2.6%). There are 41 people who speak Italian.

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. The population was made up of 807 Swiss men (31.6% of the population) and 458 (17.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 892 Swiss women (34.9%) and 396 (15.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 839 or about 36.6% were born in Ardon and lived there in 2000. There were 554 or 24.1% who were born in the same canton, while 186 or 8.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 564 or 24.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 12.5%.

, there were 972 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,126 married individuals, 115 widows or widowers and 82 individuals who are divorced.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.63 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.63 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 59.7% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement). , there were 847 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household.

There were 220 households that consist of only one person and 70 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 873 households that answered this question, 25.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 9 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 215 married couples without children, 333 married couples with children There were 60 single parents with a child or children. There were 10 households that were made up of unrelated people and 26 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 351 single family homes (or 65.1% of the total) out of a total of 539 inhabited buildings. There were 115 multi-family buildings (21.3%), along with 45 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (8.3%) and 28 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.2%).

, a total of 764 apartments (80.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 150 apartments (15.9%) were seasonally occupied and 30 apartments (3.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 7.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.09%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 40.59% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (32.99%), the SP (10.72%) and the SVP (10.3%). In the federal election, a total of 893 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 64.1%.

In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 725 votes were cast, of which 50 or about 6.9% were invalid. The voter participation was 52.1%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 864 votes were cast, of which 70 or about 8.1% were invalid. The voter participation was 63.0%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 59.88%.

Economy
, Ardon had an unemployment rate of 6.9%. , there were 99 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 40 businesses involved in this sector. 136 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 23 businesses in this sector. 320 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 66 businesses in this sector. There were 1,076 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.1% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 445. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 61, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 127 of which 109 or (85.8%) were in manufacturing and 17 (13.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 257. In the tertiary sector; 129 or 50.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 8 or 3.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 24 or 9.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 1.9% were in the information industry, 8 or 3.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 12 or 4.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 19 or 7.4% were in education and 19 or 7.4% were in health care.

, there were 306 workers who commuted into the municipality and 743 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 12.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 68.7% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 1,762 or 76.8% were Roman Catholic, while 82 or 3.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 8 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.35% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.09% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 14 individuals (or about 0.61% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 144 (or about 6.27% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 11 individuals who were Buddhist, 9 individuals who were Hindu and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 76 (or about 3.31% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 191 individuals (or about 8.32% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Ardon about 675 or (29.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 210 or (9.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 210 who completed tertiary schooling, 62.4% were Swiss men, 24.8% were Swiss women, 8.6% were non-Swiss men and 4.3% were non-Swiss women.

, there were 2 students in Ardon who came from another municipality, while 167 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Ardon is home to the Bibliothèque communale et scolaire library. The library has 9,000 books or other media, and loaned out 9,073 items in the same year. It was open a total of 150 days with average of 6 hours per week during that year.

title: Ardon, Switzerland


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Henry Bristow Wilson

Henry Bristow Wilson (1803–1888) was a theologian and a fellow of St John's College, Oxford.

Life
Born on 10 June 1803, he was elder son of Harry Bristow Wilson, by his wife Mary Anne, daughter of John Moore. He entered Merchant Taylors' School in October 1809, and was elected to St John's College, Oxford, in 1821. Matriculating on 25 June 1821, he graduated B.A. in 1825, M.A. in 1829, and B.D. in 1834, and received a fellowship in 1825, which he retained until 1850. In 1831 he was appointed dean of arts, and he acted as tutor from 1833 to 1835. He was Rawlinsonian Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford from 1839 to 1844. In 1850 he was presented by St John's College to the vicarage of Great Staughton in Huntingdonshire, which he retained until his death.

In the spring of 1841 Wilson joined Archibald Campbell Tait in the ‘protest of the four tutors’ against John Henry Newman's Tract XC. In the Lent term of 1851 he delivered the Bampton Lectures, taking as his subject ‘The Communion of the Saints: an Attempt to illustrate the True Principles of Christian Union’ (Oxford, 1851). His lectures hinted a greater freedom in theological enquiry. Widening of theological opinions and of the Christian communion became the main interest of his life.

In 1857 he contributed ‘Schemes of Christian Comprehension’ to ‘Oxford Essays,’ and then in 1861 he published a dissertation on ‘The National Church’ in Essays and Reviews. Passages in the latter essay provoked a heresy action against Wilson – John William Burgon was especially dissatisfied with his views – in the Court of Arches. On 25 June 1862 Wilson, whose case was tried together with that of Rowland Williams, was found guilty on three out of eight of the articles brought against him, and was sentenced to suspension for a year by the Dean of Arches, Stephen Lushington. Wilson and Williams both appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and their appeals were heard together in 1863. Wilson's defence occupied 19 and 20 June, and was later published. The appeal was successful, and on 8 February 1864 the judicial committee reversed Lushington's decision. Wilson, however never completely recovered from the strain. During later life he did not reside in his benefice. He died at 1 Lawn Villas, Eltham Road, Lee, on 10 August 1888.

Wilson wrote an introduction to ‘A Brief Examination of prevalent Opinions on the Inspiration of the Old and New Testaments’ (London, 1861).

title: Henry Bristow Wilson


text:
User talk:Dingfelder

Proposed deletion of Bokmakiri cheese

The article Bokmakiri cheese has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Not a 'type' of cheese but a proprietary product made by the manufacturer at least as recently as 2005 per source, but no longer. No indication of notability with significant coverage"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Reywas92Talk 00:06, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dingfelder


text:
Talk:Adscam blog disclosure

I have reverted the censhorship of this article by someone who cited the Canadian publication ban. As Wikipedia is not subject to the ban, such censorship is not necessary.Mwalcoff 21:31, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

And I took out those blanket generalizations about "US people". I'm sure they were not universally true. If they are the opinions of a majority of Americans or of American jurists (a more likely story) the article should cite evidence of that. I did try to keep the argument for publishing, although the issue of Americans' feelings being hurt because someone might think their trials were unfair seems irrelevant to me. A lot of trials are unfair, ban or no ban. John FitzGerald 19:11, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

VfD
On April 8, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was merge with Sponsorship scandal. See Votes for deletion/Adscam blog disclosure for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:45, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adscam blog disclosure


text:
1963 papal conclave

A papal conclave was held from 19 to 21 June 1963 to elect a successor of John XXIII, who had died on 3 June 1963. The cardinal electors assembled in Rome and, after six ballots, elected Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, Archbishop of Milan. He accepted the election and took the name Paul VI. Paul VI's coronation on 30 June was the last papal coronation to date.

Background
John XXIII's death left the future of the Second Vatican Council in the balance, as the election of an anti-Council pope could have severely curbed the Council's role. The leading papabile candidates were Giovanni Battista Montini of Milan, who had not been a cardinal at the time of the previous conclave, and was supportive of reforms proposed at the Council; Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna, who was considered a liberal, close to John XXIII; and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, papabile in 1958 and critical of these reforms. Cardinal Gregorio Pietro Agagianian, the former Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia was also thought to be papabile. Reportedly, John XXIII had sent oblique signals indicating that he thought Montini would make a fine pope.

Participants
The 1963 papal conclave, which met from 19 to 21 June, at the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, was the largest ever assembled. There were 82 cardinal electors eligible to participate. The only two who did not were Cardinal József Mindszenty, who refused to leave the U.S. Legation in Budapest where he had lived since 1956 unless the Hungarian government met his demands for religious freedom in Hungary, and Cardinal Carlos María de la Torre of Quito, Ecuador, who was 89 years old and could not make the journey because he had suffered a stroke the previous December and was bedridden with thrombosis. Of the eighty cardinals who did participate, eight had been elevated by Pope Pius XI, twenty-seven by Pius XII, and the other 45 by John XXIII. Each cardinal elector was allowed one aide. They came from 29 countries, compared to 51 from 21 countries in the conclave of 1958 and 59 from 16 countries in 1939. The Italians were outnumbered 51 to 29.

Balloting
Under the latest rules, election required the votes of two-thirds of those voting, in this case 54. No ballots were taken on the first day, then two each morning and two each afternoon. Because there had been confusion at the last conclave in 1958 over the color of the smoke used to indicate whether a pope had been elected, the smoke would be supplemented with electric lights.

The results of the first four ballots were signaled with black smoke on 20 June at 11:54am and 5:47pm. Each time, the smoke appeared white at first.

Some reform-minded cardinals initially voted for Leo Joseph Suenens of Mechelen-Brussels and Franz König of Vienna to make the point that the pope does not have to be Italian. Other reports said that conservative cardinals attempted to block Montini's election in the early balloting. Due to the apparent deadlock, Cardinal Montini proposed to withdraw himself from being considered but was silenced by Giovanni Urbani the Patriarch of Venice. Another cardinal, Gustavo Testa, an old friend of John XXIII, lost his temper in the Chapel and demanded that the intransigents stop impeding Montini's path.

By the fourth ballot on 20 June, according to Time Magazine, Montini needed only four additional votes to obtain the required number of votes. He was elected on the fifth ballot on the morning of 21 June. When asked by Eugène Tisserant if he accepted his election, Montini replied, Accepto, in nomine Domini ("I accept, in the name of the Lord") and chose to be known as Pope Paul VI.

At 11:22 am, white smoke rose from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, signifying the election of a new pope. Alfredo Ottaviani, in his capacity as the senior Cardinal Deacon, announced Montini's election in Latin; before Ottaviani had even finished saying Montini's name, the crowd beneath the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica erupted into applause.

Pope Paul VI shortly afterwards appeared on the balcony to give his first blessing. On this occasion, Paul VI chose not to give the traditional Urbi et Orbi blessing but instead imparted the shorter episcopal blessing as his first Apostolic Blessing.

title: 1963 papal conclave


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Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco

Honoré IV (Honoré Charles Anne Grimaldi; 17 May 1758 – 16 February 1819) was Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois from 1814 to 16 February 1819. Because of his illness, the state of affairs was managed by a regency of his brother Joseph Grimaldi and his son Prince Honoré V.

Life
Honoré IV was the son of Prince Honoré III and Maria Caterina Brignole.

During the French occupation of Monaco, Honoré IV was imprisoned for several years. After the fall of Napoleon I in 1814, he regained control of the principality –thanks to a clause added by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord at the Congress of Vienna stating, "the Prince of Monaco should return to his estates" –and passed on his titles to his eldest son, Prince Honoré V.

Illnesses resulting from his imprisonment incapacitated Honoré IV in his later years, and following the re-establishment of the Principality in 1814, a regency was established to rule in Honoré's name. This regency was directed, first, by his brother Joseph Grimaldi, then from 1815 by his son, the Hereditary Prince Honoré, who succeeded him in 1819 as Sovereign Prince Honoré V.

Family
Honoré IV married Louise Félicité Victoire d'Aumont, Duchess of Aumont, Duchess Mazarin and of La Meilleraye on 15 July 1777 in Paris. They divorced in 1798 and had two sons:

 * 1) Honoré V, Prince of Monaco (1778–1841)
 * 2) Florestan, Prince of Monaco (1785–1856)

title: Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco


text:
F-Zero

F-Zero (エフゼロ) is a series of futuristic racing games published by Nintendo, developed by Nintendo EAD and other third-party companies. The first game was released for the Super Famicom in Japan in 1990. Its success prompted Nintendo to create sequels on subsequent consoles.

The series is known for its high-speed racing, characters and settings, difficult gameplay, and original music, as well as for pushing technological limits to be one of the fastest racing games. The original game inspired games such as Daytona USA and the Wipeout series.

The series has been largely dormant since the release of F-Zero Climax in 2004 in Japan, although elements have been represented in other Nintendo video games, most notably the Super Smash Bros. and Mario Kart franchises. Past installments have been emulated across multiple Nintendo consoles with the Virtual Console service. The original F-Zero is one of the selected games emulated on the Super NES Classic Edition. F-Zero was one of the launch games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System: Nintendo Switch Online collection, released on September 5, 2019. After over 19 years of absence, a battle royale based on the original game, called F-Zero 99, was released for the Nintendo Switch, exclusively for Nintendo Switch Online members.

Gameplay
Each of the games in F-Zero series requires the player to beat opponents to the finish line while avoiding obstacles such as land mines and slip zones. The games usually require a mixture of memorization of the tracks and quick reflexes for its fast-paced racing gameplay. In F-Zero and F-Zero: Maximum Velocity, a speed boost is given to the player for each lap completed. Starting with F-Zero X, players may execute speed boosts if they have finished at least one lap, but now in exchange for losing energy when boosting. It is therefore necessary to use recharge strips around courses to replenish this energy, or risk exploding when it drops to zero. Strategically situated dash plates allow boosts without energy loss. In combination with course obstacles, drivers are allowed to attack each other with their vehicle bodies.

The games' planets include different climates and terrains, and are home to many different races and tribes of aliens. There are geographical differences from game to game, but distinctive locations recur, such as Big Blue, Mute City and Port Town. Circuits are usually set on the outskirts of cities or above them situated high in planet atmospheres at an elevation as much as 300 ft above ground. They contain anti-gravitational guide beams on both sides of the course that keep them in place. Rich merchants from cities in the clouds or asteroids with almost uninhabitable environments invested their wealth in the construction of racing circuits. Some cities have multiple circuits—circuits not used for the Grand Prix are open to pilots for practice. The dynamic structure of the courses are colossal in scale, as most circuits feature a single lap that spans over six miles (10 km).

The vehicles used to race in these video games are known as "F-Zero machines", which are designed to hover instead of travel on wheels. An anti-gravity unit, known as the "G-Diffuser System" (first used by the Star Fox franchise's Arwing), allows an F-Zero machine to drive at high speeds while retaining a hold of the track, located from a few inches to a foot below it. However, the slip zones, also referred to as the "magnetic field block coat" in the first F-Zero game, blocks the vehicle from retaining a hold on the track. The racing machines developed for these tracks used the latest in this magnetic technology, and are able to perform tune-ups. Out of the over forty-four known machines, only five do not weigh over a short ton. F-Zero machines have a maximum speed exceeding that of sound. This is possible due to the ultra-compact micro-plasma engines used by the machines.

Each machine has four basic performance attributes: body, boost, grip, and weight. Body, boost, and grip are rated on a scale from A to E (A being the best, E, the worst). The higher a machine's Body rating, the more durable it is and the less damage it will sustain in a collision. Machines with a good Body rating are, therefore, able to withstand more attacks before exploding. The Boost rating takes into account the duration of a vehicle's boost, and how great a speed increase it provides. A machine with a high rating can travel at higher than normal speeds for a longer period of time. Grip determines how well a machine negotiates turns. A higher Grip rating means that the player's vehicle will execute steadier turns, while a low one will cause the vehicle to drift more, especially when turning tightly. Weight affects a vehicle's acceleration, grip, cornering ability, maximum speed, and the amount of damage it sustains in a collision. A lighter vehicle is superior in the first three categories, while a heavier vehicle has the advantage in the latter two.

Plot
While there were originally four F-Zero pilots in the first game, this has grown with each game to more than 40 characters in the later games of the series. Each character has their own unique vehicle, story and reason for entering the F-Zero Grand Prix, but the most well known character is Captain Falcon. The winner of the Grand Prix receives a huge sum of prize money, but many pilots have been lost pursuing it.

The F-Zero games are derived from the 20th and 21st century Formula One races and the fictitious F-Max Grand Prix races from the 24th century. The games portray races in the future as having come under the influence of wealthy ex-space merchants. They thought that a fast and violent race would be an effective way to get people to gamble, so the ex-merchants established the F-Zero Execution Project. The F-Zero Grand Prix dates to the 26th century, and is still sponsored by the wealthy elite who originally organized the Execution Project for those events. These races feature the most technologically advanced racing machines, competing in numerous circuits of fast-paced action. It is known for its wild fans, and usually eccentric competitors. Winners of the Grand Prix receive large sums of money, as well as a great deal of prestige throughout the universe.

The F-Zero games are primarily set on a futuristic Earth in the 26th century, although some games take place much earlier and some circuits have been set on different planets. F-Zero X defined the F-Max Grand Prix as the precursor to the F-Zero races which took place during the 24th century. According to the American version of F-Zero GX, the greatest driver in the F-Max Grand Prix was Sterling LaVaughn; a statement that would lead to inconsistencies in the sequence of events of F-Zero's storyline.

F-Zero begins in the year 2560 where the human race's countless encounters with alien life forms throughout the universe greatly expanded Earth's social framework resulting in trade, technology transfer, and cultural interchange are carried out on an interplanetary basis. An association of wealthy space merchants created the "F-Zero Grand Prix", in an attempt to add some excitement to their opulent lifestyles. When the first race was held, people were angered at the brutality of the competition, due to the various obstacles and traps along the raceway. As time passed, however, they became accustomed to these dangers, and even began to demand more excitement and danger in the races. Winning the F-Zero championship soon became the highest claim to fame in the universe. This period of time is called the "old-school" F-Zero days where the rules seemed non-existent in F-Zero X.

F-Zero X's storyline starts after the seven-year suspension of Grand Prix races due to the Horrific Grand Finale. The game explains the "Horrific Grand Finale" was a violent and fiery accident that burnt fourteen drivers to death, including Sterling LaVaughn during the old days of F-Zero. A racer named Super Arrow escaped unscathed as the only survivor. No racing was allowed by the Federation after the crash; despite the F-Zero racing prohibition, the sport went underground where many racers went to hone their skills in secret. The crash ushered in the establishment of the "F-Zero Racing Academy", after a speech, by Super Arrow to the Federation Congress, which helped to lift the ban. The fictional competition was brought back with the rules and regulations revised.

F-Zero: Maximum Velocity takes place 25 years after the original in the year 2585. Players race against the descendants of the original F-Zero racers. Maximum Velocity is considered a reboot continuity to the rest of the home console games since it has made no indication of the safety revisions carried forth after the huge accident, in fact it states just like the original F-Zero game, the extreme danger involved when participating in those races.

F-Zero GX does not mention the Grand Finale event, but instead the game states Sterling LaVaughn was racing during the F-Max era and the F-Zero Grand Prix was suspended four years ago. This game states the character Mighty Gazelle was injured in the huge accident four years ago. The Nintendo 64 game mentions that Mighty Gazelle's accident and the accident that suspended the Grand Prix were two separate events.

F-Zero: GP Legend is set in a different continuity and begins in the year 2201. It was continued with F-Zero Climax. These games feature some different incarnations of Captain Falcon, Zoda, and other characters.

SNES / Super Famicom (1990-1997)
The first game in the series originally launched for the Super NES, F-Zero was also the first game for the platform to use a technique that Nintendo called "Mode 7 Scrolling". When Mode 7 was combined with scaling and positioning of the layer on a scanline-by-scanline basis it could simulate 3D environments. Such techniques in games were considered to be revolutionary in a time when most console games were restricted to static/flat backgrounds and 2-dimensional (2D) objects. The result was developer Nintendo EAD creating a game that IGN reviewer Craig Harris called the fastest and smoothest pseudo-3D console racer of its time. F-Zero was one of the launch games for the SNES that Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development had approximately fifteen months to develop completely. In Japan, only it and Super Mario World were initially available for launch. In North America and Europe, Super Mario World shipped with the console, and other initial games included F-Zero, Pilotwings (which also demonstrated the console's "Mode 7" pseudo-3D rendering capability), SimCity, and Gradius III.

F-Zero later had a sequel for the SNES that was cancelled, but was released unfinished through the Japanese-only Satellaview peripheral under the name BS F-Zero Grand Prix in 1996. Like most Satellaview games it was released in parts across multiple broadcasts, and featured an update of the first game. It was followed up by BS F-Zero Grand Prix 2 in 1997, an expansion which featured brand new courses.

Zero Racers (G-Zero) was in development for the Virtual Boy in early 1996. The game was completed and had an age rating from the ESRB, but never released as the console was discontinued. The game was previewed by Nintendo Power, and had been earmarked for launch in the United States in fall 1996. Gameplay differed from all other F-Zero games as the vehicles race in all three spatial dimensions in tunnels.

Return to international markets (1998-2004)
After a seven-year hiatus outside Japan, the series made the transition to 3D with the third installment, F-Zero X on the Nintendo 64. The game introduces twenty-six new vehicles, while also including the four from the original F-Zero game. In addition to a Grand Prix mode, the game introduces a "death race" mode and a random track generator called the "X Cup". In the death race, the player's objective is to annihilate the twenty-nine other racers as speedily as possible, while the X Cup generates a different set of tracks each time played. The hardware limitations of the N64 resulted in the game running at 60 frames per second with thirty machines on screen at the same time, but with little processor power left for graphical detail and music. A Nintendo 64DD expansion, F-Zero X Expansion Kit, was released in Japan as the last 64DD add-on disk for the system. The Expansion Kit added a course editor, a vehicle editor, two new cups, three new machines, and new music. The course editor was the main attraction of this expansion, and was praised for its depth, as it was virtually the same program the game's designers used to make the courses.

F-Zero: Maximum Velocity is the series' fourth released installment, but the first incarnation of the franchise for Nintendo's Game Boy handheld. It was the first game developed by the first party subsidiary NDcube. This Game Boy Advance (GBA) launch game returned to the SNES F-Zero's gameplay with a Mode 7-styled game engine.

F-Zero GX was released for the GameCube and developed by Sega's Amusement Vision team, and is the first F-Zero game to feature a story mode. The game was initially titled F-Zero GC. The arcade counterpart of GX was called F-Zero AX, which was released alongside of its Nintendo GameCube counterpart in mid-2003. The game had three types of arcade cabinets; standard, the "Monster Ride", and the deluxe (which resembled an F-Zero vehicle). F-Zero AX had six original courses and ten original characters. However, by certain difficult means, the six courses and ten characters could be unlocked in F-Zero GX.

F-Zero: GP Legend is the second handheld game released for the Game Boy Advance and the second installment featuring a story mode; however, this one is based on the anime series of the same name, introducing a new character named Ryu Suzaku/Rick Wheeler. Unlike the games before it, GP Legend takes place in an alternate continuity set in the 22nd century, instead of following the original continuity set in the 26th century.

F-Zero Climax was released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance on October 21, 2004. Like its handheld predecessor, F-Zero: GP Legend, Climax was published by Nintendo and developed by both them and Suzak. This is the first F-Zero game to have a built-in track editor without the need for an expansion or add-on. Custom tracks can be saved to one of thirty slots for future use and they can be exchanged with other players via link cable. If memory becomes full or link cable connection cannot be done, the game can generate a password for the track; when it is input on any Climax cartridge, the password will generate the track.

Hiatus (2004-2023)
Takaya Imamura, who worked directly on F-Zero throughout its different incarnations, said in 2003 "hav[ing] worked on the F-Zero series, and seeing the results of the collaboration with Sega, I found myself at something of a loss as to how we can take the franchise further past F-Zero GX and AX".

Edge magazine asked Shigeru Miyamoto in April 2012 regarding a future F-Zero installment. Miyamoto stated: "I think at the time [F-Zero] was a really big surprise, a new thing, a product that made sense and the Wii and DS lacks to create a similar impact". In June 2015, news site Nintendo Life reported that in early 2011 Nintendo of Europe approached Burnout series developer Criterion Games to work on a pitch for a new F-Zero game which they hoped to unveil at E3 that same year alongside the then-unreleased Wii U console, and potentially release the game during the console's launch period. However, the developer was unable to handle the pitch as, at the time, they devoted much of their resources into the development of Need for Speed: Most Wanted for multiple platforms. Criterion co-founder Alex Ward (who left the company in 2014) confirmed that Nintendo of Europe did indeed approach the company for a potential F-Zero game on the Wii U.

In a January 2015 video from Smosh Games, Miyamoto was featured as guest star and stated that a new installment in the franchise could be possible if Nintendo were to develop a unique controller interface for one of their upcoming consoles that would be suited for a new game.

Six years later, the producer of F-Zero GX, Toshihiro Nagoshi said that he would be open to working with Nintendo on another installment if the company were given the opportunity to do so, and that he would make a future F-Zero game challenging for advanced players, unlike the "fun and accessible" nature of Nintendo's Mario Kart series. In July 2023, former Nintendo artist Takaya Imamura cited the massive popularity of Mario Kart as a key factor to why there hasn't been any new developments with the F-Zero series.

F-Zero 99 (2023)
F-Zero 99 was released for the Nintendo Switch on September 14, 2023 following its announcement in a Nintendo Direct the same day. The game is a battle royale remake of the original F-Zero  taking inspiration from Tetris 99 and Pac-Man 99 having 99 racers on the track at once. The game is available for free on the eShop but requires a Nintendo Switch Online subscription to play.

Reception
IGN's Lucas Thomas called the design and style of Mach Rider as an influence to the F-Zero series noting its sense of speed where players have "only a split second to react before you crash into a rock or enemy road warrior". Matt Casamassina of IGN said in 2003 that the F-Zero franchise has remained regarded one of the best video game series in the racing genre.

In 2008, an editor from Pro-G stated F-Zero GX "still ranks as one of the best high-speed racers ever made, but the series has been lying dormant for years".

The Tampa Tribune's review of GP Legend mentioned that "it feels a little strange to see what was an esoteric-but-outstanding racing franchise attempt to go mass-market".

Nintendo World Report gave Climax a 7.5 out of 10. Siliconera praised the fast gameplay and track editor features, but criticized it for feeling more like an expansion pack than a sequel.

Shigeru Miyamoto commented in 2007 that past F-Zero and Star Fox collaborations with outside development houses turned out to be a disappointment for Nintendo. He stated that "consumers got very excited about the idea of those games, but the games themselves did not deliver".

Anime
F-Zero: GP Legend (F-ZERO ファルコン伝説) is a 51 episode animated adaptation of the video game series produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Ashi Productions and directed by Ami Tomobuki, with Akiyoshi Sakai handling series composition, Toyoo Ashida designing the characters and Takayuki Negishi composing the music. Shigeru Miyamoto and Takaya Imamura served as supervisors for the series. It debuted in Japan on October 7, 2003, on TV Tokyo; the final episode aired on September 28, 2004. 4Kids Entertainment licensed the anime series for North American broadcast. According to Kombo, in North America, the show was modified by 4Kids. Fifteen episodes of GP Legend aired on the FoxBox channel in the United States before its cancellation. It was being re-aired on Tokyo MX from 7:30 to 8:00 every Thursday in Japan. It is a reboot of the franchise taking place in the year 2201. Lifeforms from all across the galaxy come to compete in the new racing tournament called "F-Zero".

In Italy the series was broadcast on Jetix.

Police detective Ryu Suzaku (Rick Wheeler in the 4Kids adaptation) is one of the protagonists. He suffers a near-fatal car accident while in pursuit of an escaped criminal named Zoda. Ryu nearly dies and is put in cryogenic suspension until he is revived in the year 2201 by Mobile Task Force members Jody Summer and Dr. Stewart. The Task Force tries to keep prize money out of the hands of unsavory people like the Dark Million Organization run by Black Shadow and Deathborn. That organization is responsible for cryogenically evolving Ryu's old enemy Zoda, leading to Ryu joining the Task Force to help take down Zoda and the rest of Dark Million. While pursuing his objectives, Ryu unexpectedly meets up with the legendary racer and bounty hunter Captain Falcon, as well as several other various racers along the way.

Captain Falcon is one of the protagonists, and is shrouded in mystery. When not racing, he works at a bar that he owns under the name Bart (Burt in the 4Kids adaptation) Lemming. Later it is revealed that he is Andy Summer, Jody's brother, who supposedly died in the accident that revolved around Zoda (unbeknownst to the rest of the Mobile Task Force for the majority of the series). He fights constantly against Black Shadow and the Dark Million Organization, and often lends a hand to the Task Force. Towards the end of the series, "The Legend of Falcon" is told to Ryu by Dr. Stewart. According to the legend, Captain Falcon and Black Shadow are incarnations of light and dark, and in the manner of Yin and Yang, they cannot defeat each other on their own. Also, in the beginning of the Universe, after the Big Bang, six powerful objects called "Reactor Mights" were created, and the one who controls them all gains unimaginable power. It is also revealed that Ryu Suzaku is "The Savior" of the Universe and is destined to finally tip the scales in Falcon's favor. During the final battle, Falcon and Ryu team up to destroy Black Shadow's Dark Matter Reactor with their collected Reactor Mights. But before Captain Falcon fights with Black Shadow, Falcon tells Ryu that the name of "Captain Falcon" is a title given only to the best, that "only the one who can exceed Falcon can become Falcon". After telling this to Ryu, Falcon proceeds to fight Black Shadow ending in Black Shadow's defeat and Captain Falcon's sacrifice. Shortly after the battle, Ryu becomes the new Captain Falcon and driver of the Blue Falcon.

The anime uses two pieces of theme music in the series; one opening theme and one ending theme. The opening theme is called "The Meaning of Truth" and is sung by Hiro-x. The ending theme is called "Resolution" and is sung by AiM. The opening animation for each changes after the first thirty-nine episodes, while the opening animation adds the sound effects for the show's title card after the first four episodes. The final episode did not air with an opening due to the opening theme being played during the final battle's climax scene.

Other media
F-Zero has appeared in other franchises, most notably in Nintendo's fighting game crossover franchise Super Smash Bros., where Captain Falcon has consistently appeared as a well established playable character. His moveset is almost entirely original; as of Super Smash Bros. Brawl, however, Falcon makes a reference to F-Zero by using the Blue Falcon as his "Final Smash", a powerful, single-use special move. The Super Smash Bros. franchise also features a few stages directly derived from the games, such as Mute City or Big Blue, and includes many other F-Zero characters as virtual trophies, stickers, and spirits. The Blue Falcon appears in Mario Kart Wii as a vehicle, though only small/light characters can use it. The Blue Falcon also appears in Mario Kart 8, albeit via The Legend of Zelda × Mario Kart 8 downloadable content pack. The same DLC pack also adds a course based on Mute City, while the Animal Crossing × Mario Kart 8 DLC pack adds a course based on Big Blue. The Captain Falcon amiibo figure is used in Mario Kart 8 to unlock a Mii costume based on his appearance. The amiibo figure is also used to unlock a Captain Falcon costume in Super Mario Maker. A minigame based on the F-Zero series, Captain Falcon's Twister Race, is part of the Wii U ensemble game Nintendo Land. Several playable characters can dress as Nintendo characters in the Wii U version of Tekken Tag Tournament 2, where Bruce Irvin, Bryan Fury, Craig Marduk, and Raven can take on Captain Falcon's appearance.

title: F-Zero


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Truly, Madly, Bletchley

Truly, Madly, Bletchley was a BBC Radio 4 comedy series from 1997 written by and starring comedian and impressionist Julian Dutton and produced by Dirk Maggs. Series 2 was produced by Andy Aliffe.

Starring Julian Dutton, Liz Fraser, David Battley, Toby Longworth and Simon Godley, Truly, Madly, Bletchley follows a group of councillors who decide to start their own public access cable radio show.

A surreal take on small-town life, the series mixed stream-of-consciousness sketches with a nod to the vivacious world of 1950s variety, including a musical interlude from spoof tea-dance band, Enrico Valdez and his Orchestra, with accordionist Micky Binelli and singer Cleo Rocos, of Kenny Everett Show fame. In series two, the cast included Stephen Critchlow, Matthew Bell and Peter Hugo-Daly.

The show attracted praise from reviewers: the Independent on Sunday described it as "The most confident radio sitcom since The Navy Lark".

title: Truly, Madly, Bletchley


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Ardon

Ardon or Ardón may refer to:

People

 * Last name
 * Gustavo Ardón, Honduran television presenter
 * Leslie Ardon (b. 1979), French basketball player
 * Mordecai Ardon (1896–1992), Israeli painter
 * Rick Ardon (b. 1959), Australian news presenter
 * Tyler Ardon, Canadian rugby sevens player who participated in the 2011 Pan American Games
 * Araceli Ardón (b. 1958), Mexican writer
 * Gabriel García Ardón, a member of the National Congress of Honduras in 2006–2010

 * First name
 * Ardon Bess, Canadian actor
 * Ardon Benjamin Holcomb, second husband (1856-1879) of Caroline Soule, American writer

Places

 * Populated places
 * Ardon, Loiret, a commune of the Loiret Département, France
 * Ardon, Jura, a commune of the Jura Département, France
 * Ardon, Russia, several inhabited localities in Russia
 * Ardon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland
 * Ardon, Iowa, a former townsite and unincorporated community in Iowa, United States
 * Ardón, a village in the Province of León, Spain

 * Other geographical features
 * Ardon (river), a river in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia, which flows into the Terek
 * Har Ardon, a mountain in the protected area of Makhtesh Ramon, Israel

Other uses

 * Ardon, a world in the computer game Crusaders of Might and Magic

title: Ardon


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Elephant Gambit

The Elephant Gambit (also called the Queen's Pawn Countergambit, Englund Counterattack or Turkish Gambit) is a rarely played chess opening beginning with the moves:

 * 1. e4 e5
 * 2. Nf3 d5

The Elephant Gambit is generally considered unsound, with black typically unable to gain compensation for the sacrificed pawn.

Lines
White is able to capture either of Black's center pawns with the advantage, either by 3.exd5 or 3.Nxe5. With a center pawn removed, Black is in a passive position with White clearly having the initiative as White controls more.

3.exd5
Black's responses to 3.exd5 include 3...e4 and 3...Bd6 (the Elephant Gambit proper). 3...Qxd5 saves the pawn, but leaves White with a big lead in after 4.Nc3.

3...e4
After 3...e4 4.Qe2 Nf6 lines might continue:
 * 5.d3 Qxd5 6.Nbd2 Be7 7.dxe4 Qe6 and White remains a pawn ahead, although Black's development is somewhat smoother.
 * 5.d3 Be7 6.dxe4 0-0 7.Nc3 Re8 8.Bd2 Bb4 9.0-0-0, with advantage for White (Nick de Firmian).
 * 5.Nc3 Be7 6.Nxe4:
 * 6...Nxd5 7.d3 0-0 8.Qd1 Bg4 9.Be2 f5 10.Ng3 Nc6 11.c3 with slight advantage for White, as in Salomonsson–H. Sorenson, Malmo 1982 (de Firmian).
 * 6...0-0 7.Nxf6+ Bxf6 8.d4 Re8 9.Be3 with distinct superiority for White (de Firmian).

After 3...e4 4.Qe2, Tal–Lutikov, Tallinn 1964 continued 4...f5 5.d3 Nf6 6.dxe4 fxe4 7.Nc3 Bb4 8.Qb5+ c6 9.Qxb4 exf3 10.Bg5 cxd5 11.0-0-0 Nc6 with advantage for White.

Elephant Gambit proper: 3...Bd6
After 3...Bd6 4.d4 e4 5.Ne5 Nf6 6.Nc3 0-0 7.Bc4, according to de Firmian, White enjoys a distinct superiority but no immediate attack.

3.Nxe5
After 3.Nxe5:
 * Black plays 3...Bd6 4.d4 dxe4 5.Bc4 Bxe5 6.Qh5 Qf6 7.dxe5, which is thought to be slightly better for White.
 * In Lob–Eliskases, German CC 1929, Black played 3...dxe4. The game continued 4.Bc4 Qg5 5.Bxf7+ Ke7 6.d4 Qxg2 7.Rf1 Bh3 8.Bc4 Nf6 9.Bf4 and White went on to win.
 * 3...Qe7 leads to an advantage for White after 4.d4 f6 5.Nd3 dxe4 6.Nf4 Qf7 7.Nd2 (Bondarevsky–Lilienthal, USSR 1941).

title: Elephant Gambit


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Rick Prelinger

Rick Prelinger is an American archivist, writer, and filmmaker. A professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Prelinger is best known as the founder of the Prelinger Archives, a collection of 60,000 advertising, educational, industrial, and amateur films acquired by the Library of Congress in 2002 after 20 years' operation.

Rick has partnered with the Internet Archive to make over 6,000 films from Prelinger Archives available online for free viewing, downloading and reuse. With the Voyager Company, a pioneer new media publisher, he produced fourteen LaserDiscs and CD-ROMs with material from his archives, including Ephemeral Films,  the Our Secret Century series and Call It Home: The House That Private Enterprise Built, a laserdisc on the history of suburbia and suburban planning (co-produced with architect Keller Easterling). For Prelinger, "archives are a primary weapon against amnesia."

Life
Prelinger worked at The Comedy Channel from its startup in 1989 until it merged with the comedy network HA! to become Comedy Central. He then worked at Home Box Office until 1995. Prelinger has taught in the MFA design program at New York's School of Visual Arts and lectures widely on American cultural and social history and on issues of cultural and intellectual property access. He sat (2001–2004) on the National Film Preservation Board as representative of the Association of Moving Image Archivists, was Board President of the San Francisco Cinematheque (2002–2007), and is a board member of the Internet Archive and a professor in the Department of Film & Digital Media at UC Santa Cruz. With spouse Megan Prelinger he is co-founder of the Prelinger Library, a reference library located in San Francisco, California.

Filmography
His feature-length film Panorama Ephemera, consisting of 64 self-contained segments from various ephemeral films, opened in Summer 2004. He has also produced such archival home movie compilation films Lost Landscapes of San Francisco (15 annual films, 2006–2020), Lost Landscapes of Detroit (three films, 2010–2012 and a fourth and fifth, Yesterday and Tomorrow in Detroit, 2014 and 2015) and All-Is-Well (2016). He received the Creative Capital Award in 2012 to make the home movie compilation film No More Road Trips?,  which premiered in Austin, Texas, at South by Southwest in March 2013. A summary of his 2019 film Useful Prophecies states that:

"'While the distance between cinema and truth is often impossible to bridge, some films reveal more than we might think any films could. Such is the case with the long-neglected body of useful cinema —films produced because they had jobs to do, like sponsored, educational, and industrial films— and home movies, sometimes revelatory works that seem to spring from the unconscious. Built from the collections of Prelinger Archives, one of the world’s largest collections of nonfiction films and home movies, this program builds a prophetic portrait of futures to come as proposed by filmmakers who let these visions speak through them.'"

He wrote The Field Guide to Sponsored Films (2007) which "describes 452 historically or culturally significant motion pictures commissioned by businesses, charities, advocacy groups, and state or local government units between 1897 and 1980." It is available as a book and as a free PDF from the National Film Preservation Foundation.

title: Rick Prelinger


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Rhabditia

Subclass Rhabditia is mostly composed of parasitic nematodes (particularly in the Strongylida), though there are some free-living species as well (particularly in the Rhabditida). Phasmids (posterior sensory structures) are well-developed, while amphids (anterior sensory structures) are poorly developed or absent in this group.

In an alternate classification system, they are treated as suborder Rhabditina, with the orders listed here being ranked as infraorders. Also, the Diplogasterida, which are sometimes considered a monotypic subclass, are probably better placed in the Rhabditia. On the other hand, the old placement of the Ascaridida in Rhabditia instead of Spiruria seems unwarranted. The Rhabditida contain a number of families which are probably better placed in the Tylenchia; alternatively, the latter group may entirely be merged with the Rhabditia.

title: Rhabditia


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Fibonacci word

A Fibonacci word is a specific sequence of binary digits (or symbols from any two-letter alphabet). The Fibonacci word is formed by repeated concatenation in the same way that the Fibonacci numbers are formed by repeated addition.

It is a paradigmatic example of a Sturmian word and specifically, a morphic word.

The name "Fibonacci word" has also been used to refer to the members of a formal language L consisting of strings of zeros and ones with no two repeated ones. Any prefix of the specific Fibonacci word belongs to L, but so do many other strings. L has a Fibonacci number of members of each possible length.

Definition
Let $$S_0$$ be "0" and $$S_1$$ be "01". Now $$S_n = S_{n-1}S_{n-2}$$ (the concatenation of the previous sequence and the one before that).

The infinite Fibonacci word is the limit $$S_{\infty}$$, that is, the (unique) infinite sequence that contains each $$S_n$$, for finite $$n$$, as a prefix.

Enumerating items from the above definition produces:

 * $$S_0$$   0
 * $$S_1$$   01
 * $$S_2$$   010
 * $$S_3$$   01001
 * $$S_4$$   01001010
 * $$S_5$$   0100101001001

The first few elements of the infinite Fibonacci word are:

0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, ...

Closed-form expression for individual digits
The nth digit of the word is $$2 + \lfloor n \varphi \rfloor - \lfloor (n+1)\varphi \rfloor$$ where $$\varphi$$ is the golden ratio and $$\lfloor \,\ \rfloor$$ is the floor function. As a consequence, the infinite Fibonacci word can be characterized by a cutting sequence of a line of slope $$1/\varphi$$ or $$\varphi-1$$. See the figure above.

Substitution rules
Another way of going from Sn to Sn +1 is to replace each symbol 0 in Sn with the pair of consecutive symbols 0, 1 in Sn +1, and to replace each symbol 1 in Sn with the single symbol 0 in Sn +1.

Alternatively, one can imagine directly generating the entire infinite Fibonacci word by the following process: start with a cursor pointing to the single digit 0. Then, at each step, if the cursor is pointing to a 0, append 1, 0 to the end of the word, and if the cursor is pointing to a 1, append 0 to the end of the word. In either case, complete the step by moving the cursor one position to the right.

A similar infinite word, sometimes called the rabbit sequence, is generated by a similar infinite process with a different replacement rule: whenever the cursor is pointing to a 0, append 1, and whenever the cursor is pointing to a 1, append 0, 1. The resulting sequence begins
 * 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, ...

However this sequence differs from the Fibonacci word only trivially, by swapping 0s for 1s and shifting the positions by one.

A closed form expression for the so-called rabbit sequence:

The nth digit of the word is $$\lfloor n \varphi \rfloor - \lfloor (n-1)\varphi \rfloor - 1.$$

Discussion
The word is related to the famous sequence of the same name (the Fibonacci sequence) in the sense that addition of integers in the inductive definition is replaced with string concatenation. This causes the length of Sn to be Fn +2, the (n +2)nd Fibonacci number. Also the number of 1s in Sn is Fn and the number of 0s in Sn is Fn +1.

Other properties

 * The infinite Fibonacci word is not periodic and not ultimately periodic.
 * The last two letters of a Fibonacci word are alternately "01" and "10".
 * Suppressing the last two letters of a Fibonacci word, or prefixing the complement of the last two letters, creates a palindrome. Example: 01S4 = 0101001010 is a palindrome. The palindromic density of the infinite Fibonacci word is thus 1/φ, where φ is the golden ratio: this is the largest possible value for aperiodic words.
 * In the infinite Fibonacci word, the ratio (number of letters)/(number of zeroes) is φ, as is the ratio of zeroes to ones.
 * The infinite Fibonacci word is a balanced sequence: Take two factors of the same length anywhere in the Fibonacci word. The difference between their Hamming weights (the number of occurrences of "1") never exceeds 1.
 * The subwords 11 and 000 never occur.
 * The complexity function of the infinite Fibonacci word is n + 1: it contains n + 1 distinct subwords of length n. Example: There are 4 distinct subwords of length 3: "001", "010", "100" and "101". Being also non-periodic, it is then of "minimal complexity", and hence a Sturmian word, with slope $$1/\varphi$$.  The infinite Fibonacci word is the standard word generated by the directive sequence (1,1,1,....).
 * The infinite Fibonacci word is recurrent; that is, every subword occurs infinitely often.
 * If $$u$$ is a subword of the infinite Fibonacci word, then so is its reversal, denoted $$u^R$$.
 * If $$u$$ is a subword of the infinite Fibonacci word, then the least period of $$u$$ is a Fibonacci number.
 * The concatenation of two successive Fibonacci words is "almost commutative". $$S_{n+1}=S_nS_{n-1}$$ and $$S_{n-1}S_n$$ differ only by their last two letters.
 * The number 0.010010100..., whose digits are built with the digits of the infinite Fibonacci word, is transcendental.
 * The letters "1" can be found at the positions given by the successive values of the Upper Wythoff sequence : $$\lfloor n\varphi^2 \rfloor$$
 * The letters "0" can be found at the positions given by the successive values of the Lower Wythoff sequence : $$\lfloor n\varphi \rfloor$$
 * The distribution of $$n=F_k$$ points on the unit circle, placed consecutively clockwise by the golden angle $$\frac{2\pi}{\varphi^{2}}$$, generates a pattern of two lengths $$\frac{2\pi}{\varphi^{k-1}},\frac{2\pi}{\varphi^k}$$ on the unit circle. Although the above generating process of the Fibonacci word does not correspond directly to the successive division of circle segments, this pattern is $$S_{k-1}$$ if the pattern starts at the point nearest to the first point in clockwise direction, whereupon 0 corresponds to the long distance and 1 to the short distance.
 * The infinite Fibonacci word contains repetitions of 3 successive identical subwords, but none of 4. The critical exponent for the infinite Fibonacci word is $$2+\varphi \approx 3.618$$. It is the smallest index (or critical exponent) among all Sturmian words.
 * The infinite Fibonacci word is often cited as the worst case for algorithms detecting repetitions in a string.
 * The infinite Fibonacci word is a morphic word, generated in {0,1}* by the endomorphism 0 → 01, 1 → 0.
 * The nth element of a Fibonacci word, $$s_n$$, is 1 if the Zeckendorf representation (the sum of a specific set of Fibonacci numbers) of n includes a 1, and 0 if it does not include a 1.
 * The digits of the Fibonacci word may be obtained by taking the sequence of fibbinary numbers modulo 2.

Applications
Fibonacci based constructions are currently used to model physical systems with aperiodic order such as quasicrystals, and in this context the Fibonacci word is also called the Fibonacci quasicrystal. Crystal growth techniques have been used to grow Fibonacci layered crystals and study their light scattering properties.

title: Fibonacci word