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Parent–offspring conflict

Parent–offspring conflict (POC) is an expression coined in 1974 by Robert Trivers. It is used to describe the evolutionary conflict arising from differences in optimal parental investment (PI) in an offspring from the standpoint of the parent and the offspring. PI is any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that decreases the parent's ability to invest in other offspring, while the selected offspring's chance of surviving increases.

POC occurs in sexually reproducing species and is based on a genetic conflict: Parents are equally related to each of their offspring and are therefore expected to equalize their investment among them. Offspring are only half or less related to their siblings (and fully related to themselves), so they try to get more PI than the parents intended to provide even at their siblings' disadvantage. However, POC is limited by the close genetic relationship between parent and offspring: If an offspring obtains additional PI at the expense of its siblings, it decreases the number of its surviving siblings. Therefore, any gene in an offspring that leads to additional PI decreases (to some extent) the number of surviving copies of itself that may be located in siblings. Thus, if the costs in siblings are too high, such a gene might be selected against despite the benefit to the offspring. The problem of specifying how an individual is expected to weigh a relative against itself has been examined by W. D. Hamilton in 1964 in the context of kin selection. Hamilton's rule says that altruistic behavior will be positively selected if the benefit to the recipient multiplied by the genetic relatedness of the recipient to the performer is greater than the cost to the performer of a social act. Conversely, selfish behavior can only be favoured when Hamilton's inequality is not satisfied. This leads to the prediction that, other things being equal, POC will be stronger under half siblings (e.g., unrelated males father a female's successive offspring) than under full siblings.

In plants
In plants, POC over the allocation of resources to the brood members may affect both brood size (number of seeds matured within a single fruit) and seed size. Concerning brood size, the most economic use of maternal resources is achieved by packing as many seeds as possible in one fruit, i.e., minimizing the cost of packing per seed. In contrast, offspring benefits from low numbers of seeds per fruit, which reduces sibling competition before and after dispersal. Conflict over seed size arises because there usually exists an inverse exponential relationship between seed size and fitness, that is, the fitness of a seed increases at a diminishing rate with resource investment but the fitness of the maternal parent has an optimum, as demonstrated by Smith and Fretwell (see also marginal value theorem). However, the optimum resource investment from the offspring's point of view would be the amount that optimizes its inclusive fitness (direct and indirect fitness), which is higher than the maternal parent's optimum.

This conflict about resource allocation is most obviously manifested in the reduction of brood size (i.e. a decrease in the proportion of ovules matured into seeds). Such reduction can be assumed to be caused by the offspring: If the maternal parent's interest were to produce as few seeds as observed, selection would not favour the production of extra ovules that do not mature into seeds. (Although other explanations for this phenomenon exist, such as genetic load, resource depletion or maternal regulation of offspring quality, they could not be supported by experiments.)

There are several possibilities how the offspring can affect paternal resource allocation to brood members. Evidence exists for siblicide by dominant embryos: Embryos formed early kill the remaining embryos through an aborting chemical. In oaks, early fertilized ovules prevent the fertilization of other ovules by inhibiting the pollen tube entry into the embryo sac. In some species, the maternal parent has evolved postfertilization abortion of few seeded pods. Nevertheless, cheating by the offspring is also possible here, namely by late siblicide, when the postfertilization abortion has ceased.

According to the general POC model, reduction of brood size – if caused by POC – should depend on genetic relatedness between offspring in a fruit. Indeed, abortion of embryos is more common in out-crossing than in self-pollinating plants (seeds in cross-pollinating plants are less related than in self-pollinating plants). Moreover, the level of solicitation of resources by the offspring is also increased in cross-pollinating plants: There are several reports that the average weight of crossed seeds is greater than of seeds produced by self-fertilization.

In birds
Some of the earliest examples of parent-offspring conflict were seen in bird broods and especially in raptor species. While parent birds often lay two eggs and attempt to raise two or more young, the strongest fledgling takes a greater share of the food brought by parents and will often kill the weaker sibling (siblicide). Such conflicts have been suggested as a driving force in the evolution of optimal clutch size in birds.

In the blue-footed booby, parent-offspring conflict results in times of food scarcity. When there is less food available in a given year, the older, dominant chick will often kill the younger chick by either attacking directly, or by driving it from the nest. Parents try to prevent siblicide by building nests with steeper sides and by laying heavier second eggs.

In mammals
Even before POC theory arose, debates took place over whether infants wean themselves or mothers actively wean their infants. Furthermore, it was discussed whether maternal rejections increase infant independence. It turned out that both mother and infant contribute to infant independence. Maternal rejections can be followed by a short-term increase in infant contact but they eventually result in a long-term decrease of contact as has been shown for several primates: In wild baboons infants that are rejected early and frequently spend less time in contact whereas those that are not rejected stay much longer in the proximity of their mother and suckle or ride even in advanced ages. In wild chimpanzees an abrupt increase in maternal rejections and a decrease in mother-offspring contact is found when mothers resume estrus and consort with males. In rhesus macaques a high probability of conception in the following mating season is associated with a high rate of maternal rejection. Rejection and behavioral conflicts can occur during the first months of an infant's life and when the mother resumes estrus. These findings suggest that the reproduction of the mother is influenced by the interaction with their offspring. So there is a potential for conflicts over PI. It was also observed in rhesus macaques that the number of contacts made by offspring is significantly higher than the number of contacts made by mother during a mating season, whereas the opposite holds for the number of broken contacts. This fact suggests that the mother resists offspring's demands for contact, whereas offspring is apparently more interested in spending time in contact. At three months of infant age a shift from mother to infant in responsibility for maintaining contact takes place. So when the infant becomes more independent, its effort to maintain proximity to its mother increases. This might sound paradoxical but becomes clear when one takes into account that POC increases during the period of PI. In summary, all these findings are consistent with POC-theory.

One might object that time in contact is not a reasonable measure for PI and that, for example, time for milk transfer (lactation) would be a better one. Here one can argue that mother and infant have different thermoregulatory needs due to the fact that they have different surface-to-volume ratios resulting in more rapid loss of heat in infants compared to adults. So infants may be more sensitive to low temperatures than their mothers. An infant might try to compensate by increased contact time with their mother, which could initiate a behavioral conflict over time. Consistency of this hypothesis has been shown for Japanese macaques where decreasing temperatures result in higher maternal rejections and increased number of contacts made by infants.

In social insects
In eusocial species, the parent-offspring conflict takes on a unique role because of haplodiploidy and the prevalence of sterile workers. Sisters are more related to each other (0.75) than to their mothers (0.5) or brothers (0.25). In most cases, this drives female workers to try and obtain a sex ratio of 3:1 (females to males) in the colony. However, queens are equally related to both sons and daughters, so they prefer a sex ratio of 1:1. The conflict in social insects is about the level investment the queen should provide for each sex for current and future offspring. It is generally thought that workers will win this conflict and the sex ratio will be closer to 3:1, however there are examples, like in Bombus terrestris, where the queen has considerable control in forcing a 1:1 ratio.

In amphibians
Many species of frogs and salamanders display complex social behavior with highly involved parental care that includes egg attendance, tadpole transport, and tadpole feeding.

Energy expenditure

Both males and females of the strawberry poison-dart frog care for their offspring, however, females invest in more costly ways. Females of certain poison frog species produce unfertilized, non-developing trophic eggs which provide nutrition to her tadpoles. The tadpoles vibrate vigorously against mother frogs to solicit nutritious eggs. These maternal trophic eggs are beneficial for offspring, positively influencing larval survival, size at metamorphosis, and post metamorphic survival.

In the neotropical, foam-nesting pointedbelly frog (Leptodactylus podicipinus), females providing parental care to tadpoles have reduced body condition and food ingestion. Females that are attending to her offspring have significantly lower body mass, ovary mass, and stomach volume. This indicates that the cost of parental care in the pointedbelly frog has the potential to affect future reproduction of females due to the reaction in body condition and food intake.

In the Puerto Rican common coqui, parental care is performed exclusively by males and consists of attending to the eggs and tadpoles at an oviposition site. When brooding, males have a higher frequency of empty stomachs and lose a significant portion of their initial body mass during parental care. Abdominal fat bodies of brooding males during the middle of parental care were significantly smaller than those of non-brooding males. Another major behavioral component of parental care is nest defense against conspecific egg cannibals. This defense behavior includes aggressive calling, sustained biting, wrestling, and blocking directed against the nest intruder.

Females of the Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander exhibit less activity and become associated with the nest site well in advance of oviposition in preparation for the reproductive season. This results in a reduced food intake and a decrease in body weight over the brooding period. Females either stop or greatly reduce their foraging activities and instead will eat opportunistically following oviposition. Since nutritional intake is reduced, there is a decrease in body weight in females. Females of the red-backed salamander make a substantial parental investment in terms of clutch size and brooding behavior. When brooding, females usually do not leave their eggs to forage but rather rely upon their fat reserves and any resources they encounter at their oviposition site. In addition, females could experience metabolic costs while safeguarding their offspring from desiccation, intruders, and predators.

Time investment

The plasticity of tadpoles may play a role in the weaning conflict in egg-feeding frogs, in which the offspring prefer to devote resources to growth, while the mother prefers nutrients to help her young become independent. A similar conflict happens in direct-developing frogs that care for clutches, with protected tadpoles having the advantage of a slower, safer development, but they need to be ready to reach independence rapidly due to the risks of predation or desiccation.

In the neotropical Zimmerman’s poison frog, the males provide a specific parental care in the form of transportation. The tadpoles are cannibalistic, hence why the males typically separate them from their siblings after hatching by transporting them to small bodies of water. However, in some cases parents do not transport their tadpoles but let them all hatch into the same pool. In order to escape their cannibalistic siblings, the tadpoles will actively seek transportative parental care. When a male frog approaches the water body in which the tadpoles had been deposited in, tadpoles will almost “jump” on the back of the adult, mimicking an attack, while adults would not assist with this movement. While this is an obvious example of sibling conflict, the one-sided interaction between tadpoles and frogs could be seen as a form of parent-offspring conflict, in which the offspring attempts to extract more from the interaction than the parent is willing to provide. In this scenario, a tadpole climbing onto an unwilling frog— who enters the pool for reasons other than tadpole transportation, such as egg deposition, cooling off, or sleeping— might be analogous to mammalian offspring seeking to nurse after weaning. In times of danger, the tadpoles of Zimmerman’s poison frog don't passively await parental assistance but instead exhibit an almost aggressive approach in mounting the adult frogs.

Trade-offs with mating

Reproductive attempts in strawberry poison-dart frog such as courtship activity, significantly decreases or will entirely cease in tadpole-rearing females compared to non-rearing females. Most brooding males of the common coqui cease calling during parental care while gravid females are still available and known to mate, hence why non-calling males miss potential opportunities to reproduce. Caring for tadpoles comes at the cost of other current reproductive opportunities for females, leading to the hypothesis that frequent reproduction is associated with reduced survival in frogs.

In humans
An important illustration of POC within humans is provided by David Haig’s (1993) work on genetic conflicts in pregnancy. Haig argued that fetal genes would be selected to draw more resources from the mother than would be optimal for the mother to give. The placenta, for example, secretes allocrine hormones that decrease the sensitivity of the mother to insulin and thus make a larger supply of blood sugar available to the fetus. The mother responds by increasing the level of insulin in her bloodstream and to counteract this effect the placenta has insulin receptors that stimulate the production of insulin-degrading enzymes.

About 30 percent of human conceptions do not progress to full term (22 percent before becoming clinical pregnancies) creating a second arena for conflict between the mother and the fetus. The fetus will have a lower quality cut off point for spontaneous abortion than the mother. The mother's quality cut-off point also declines as she nears the end of her reproductive life, which becomes significant for older mothers. Older mothers have a higher incidence of offspring with genetic defects. Indeed, with parental age on both sides, the mutational load increases as well.

Initially, the maintenance of pregnancy is controlled by the maternal hormone progesterone, but in later stages it is controlled by the fetal human chorionic gonadotrophin released into the maternal bloodstream. The release of fetal human chorionic gonadotrophin causes the release of maternal progesterone. There is also conflict over blood supply to the placenta, with the fetus being prepared to demand a larger blood supply than is optimal for the mother (or even for itself, since high birth weight is a risk factor). This results in hypertension and, significantly, high birth weight is positively correlated with maternal blood pressure.

A tripartite (fetus–mother–father) immune conflict in humans and other placentals
During pregnancy, there is a two-way traffic of immunologically active cell lines through the placenta. Fetal lymphocyte lines may survive in women even decades after giving birth.

title: Parent–offspring conflict


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Vic Ratsma

Wieste (Vic) Ratsma (1934–2004) was a journalist and political activist. Born in the Netherlands, he came to Canada and worked as a quality control inspector for the Canada Post while raising his family in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba.

He has been described as a "lifelong political activist, antiwar organizer, poet and essayist," but argued that he was not qualified to be called a poet. He stated that he would prefer to be labeled as a person who "occasionally writes some poetry as well".

For a number of years, he was active in the labor movement and graduated from the university-Labor program at the University of Manitoba. He was a member of the New Democratic Party and ran for political office twice.

In 1975, he joined the Canada-USSR Friendship Association, and was the secretary of the Winnipeg branch for many years. Vic Ratsma was the producer and the host of a cable TV show for close to ten years, showing Soviet films, interviewing Soviet delegates visiting Canada, and informing the viewers about the latest developments in the USSR. Of the forty-two branches of the Canada-USSR Friendship Association, the Winnipeg branch was the only one to obtain sustained broadcast exposure.

After the collapse of the USSR, Ratsma continued his solidarity work through the newly formed Canadian Friends of Soviet People and International Council for Friendship and Solidarity with Soviet People, which was formed at a world conference in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada in September 2001.

His articles were translated into many languages and published in multiple countries, including Nepal, India, Russia, the Netherlands, and Ukraine. He most notably contributed to Northstar Compass, Organ of the Canadian Friends of Soviet People, in addition to Axis of Logic, an alternative media outlet.

On November 17, 2004, after a long struggle with cancer, Vic Ratsma died with his family beside him at a hospital in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. He had lived there since 1959.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vic Ratsma


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Toll House Inn

The Toll House Inn was an inn located in Whitman, Massachusetts, established in 1930 by Kenneth and Ruth Graves Wakefield. The Toll House chocolate chip cookies are named after the inn.

History
Contrary to its name and the sign, which still stands despite the building having burned down in 1984, the site was never a toll house, and it was built in 1817, not 1709. The use of "toll house" and "1709" was a marketing strategy.

Ruth Wakefield cooked all the food served and soon gained local fame for her desserts. According to early accounts, Wakefield created the first chocolate chip cookie using a bar of semi-sweet chocolate made by Nestlé while adapting her butter drop dough cookie recipe. In 1938, Wakefield and her assistant, Sue Brides, used chocolate after wanting to "do something a little more interesting with" their already popular butterscotch nut cookie.

The new dessert soon became very popular. Wakefield contacted Nestlé and they struck a deal: the company would print her recipe on the cover of all their semi-sweet chocolate bars, and she would get a lifetime supply of chocolate. Nestlé began marketing chocolate chips to be used especially for cookies. Wakefield wrote a cookbook, Toll House Tried and True Recipes, that went through 39 printings.

Wakefield died in 1977, and the Toll House Inn burned down from a fire that started in the kitchen on New Year's Eve 1984. The inn was not rebuilt. The site, at 362 Bedford Street, is marked with a historical marker and mounted restored sign. Although there are many manufacturers of chocolate chips today, Nestlé still publishes Wakefield's recipe on the back of each package of Toll House Morsels.

title: Toll House Inn


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Alltel

Alltel was a landline, wireless and general telecommunications services provider, primarily based in the United States. Before its wireless division was acquired by Verizon Wireless and AT&T, Alltel provided cellular service to 34 states and had approximately 13 million subscribers. As a regulatory condition of the acquisition by Verizon, a small portion of Alltel was spun off and continued to operate under the same name in six states, mostly in rural areas. Following the merger, Alltel remained the ninth largest wireless telecommunications company in the United States, with approximately 800,000 customers. On January 22, 2013, AT&T announced they were acquiring what remained of Alltel from Atlantic Tele-Network for $780 million in cash.

At its peak, Alltel operated a network in 34 states, with a wireless coverage footprint comprising the largest network in the United States by area. The company focused on small to medium size cities providing wireless services to residential and business customers in all 50 states through roaming agreements with Verizon and Sprint. These agreements gave Alltel customers access to nationwide service, while providing those carriers coverage in rural areas.

On June 5, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced it would acquire the majority of Alltel Wireless in a deal valued at $28.1 billion. The merger was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on the condition that Verizon divest 105 Alltel markets. On May 8, 2009, AT&T announced it would acquire 79 of the divested wireless properties, including licenses, network assets, and 1.5 million current subscribers, primarily in rural areas across 18 states.

On April 26, 2010, Atlantic Tele-Network acquired the remaining 26 divested Alltel markets, including licenses, network assets and 800,000 subscribers. These remaining markets continued to be operated by Allied Wireless, a subsidiary of ATN, under the Alltel name. On September 20, 2013, AT&T announced they had completed the acquisition of Alltel from Atlantic Tele-Network. AT&T immediately began plans to upgrade the former Alltel network and to move customers to the AT&T network by midyear 2014. The transition completed in February 2015 with all Alltel customers becoming a part of the AT&T network. In early 2016, AT&T dissolved Alltel Wireless.

History
In 1943, the Allied Telephone Company, a small business specializing in installing telephone poles and cabling for telephone companies across Arkansas, was founded by Charles Miller and Hugh Willbourn, Jr. In 1945, they opened a storefront in the Hillcrest district of Little Rock. The business sold electrical appliances in the front of the building, and the company enabled Wilbourn and Miller to buy telephone equipment wholesale.

Alltel's modern history begins in 1983 when Allied Telephone and Mid-Continent Telephone merged. Mid-Continent Telephone was originally a theatre company and started in 1931 by Eddie Ruben and Joe L. Floyd in Minnesota. In 1985, Alltel launched its first wireless system in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1993, Alltel opened its first wireless retail store. In 1997, the company's wireless and wireline businesses were combined into a single organization.

On December 9, 2005, Alltel announced that it would become a wireless-only company, simultaneously merging and building a spin-off company for its wireline services. The wireline services business of Alltel merged with Valor Telecom and was named Windstream Communications on April 10, 2006. The merger-spinoff process ended July 17, 2006 when Windstream began operations. On May 20, 2007, Alltel announced an agreement to be sold to two private-equity firms: TPG Capital and GS Capital Partners. Under the deal, the two firms paid $71.50 a share in cash, or $27.5 billion, a 10% premium over Alltel's May 18, 2007 closing price.

Mergers and acquisitions
1990

 * Systematics, Inc – founded in 1968 by Arkansas investor Jackson T. Stephens. Became Alltel Information Services (AIS), and later sold to Fidelity National Information Services.

1997

 * Standard Group, Inc. (Cornelia, Georgia) – merger adds more than 71,000 local telephone lines
 * Aliant Communications (Lincoln, Nebraska) – $1.8 billion merger
 * Liberty Cellular (Kansas) – $600 million merger

1998

 * 360 Communications (Illinois) – wireless properties and assets, merger adds 2.6 million customers in 15 states

2000

 * SBC Communications (Louisiana) – wireless properties
 * GTE Wireless (assets in Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Ohio, New Mexico, South Carolina and Texas), following GTE's merger with Bell Atlantic to form Verizon

2002

 * Verizon (Kentucky) – $1.9 billion for local access lines (Kentucky ALLTEL)
 * CenturyTel – $1.5 billion, 700,000 wireless customers

2003

 * Cellular XL (Mississippi) – wireless properties
 * U.S. Cellular and TDS Telecom – wireless assets

2005

 * Cingular Wireless-divested AT&T Wireless properties (Oklahoma) (Connecticut) (Kentucky) (Mississippi) – wireless properties
 * Public Service Cellular, Inc. of Georgia – wireless properties
 * Cellular One brand by Western Wireless (Washington) – wireless properties
 * Alltel/Valor (merger) – Alltel spins off wireline business and merges it with Valor to form Windstream Communications

2006

 * First Cellular of Southern Illinois (Illinois) – Alltel purchased First Cellular for $14-15 million in cash.
 * Palmetto MobileNet, L.P. (North Carolina) (South Carolina) – Alltel purchased from Palmetto MobileNet, L.P. wireless partnerships that cover approximately 2.3 million people in North and South Carolina. Alltel already managed and owned 50 percent of each of the 10 partnerships and has purchased the remaining interests from Palmetto. The partnerships include 34 counties across South Carolina and seven counties in Western North Carolina.
 * Midwest Wireless (Minnesota) – Alltel purchased Midwest Wireless for $1.083 billion in cash, adding 433,000 wireless customers
 * In Summer 2006 Alltel's Simple Freedom Wireless, customers were migrated in non-Alltel markets. (see article below)

2007

 * Alltel agrees to be acquired by TPG Capital and GS Capital Partners, the private equity division of Goldman Sachs for $27.5 billion.
 * Simple Freedom Wireless merges with Alltel "U Prepaid" to form Alltel U Personalized Prepaid.
 * Simple Freedom Wireless customers in ( Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, & Florida) are merged with Verizon Wireless Prepaid.

2008

 * Verizon Wireless announced to acquire Alltel from TPG Capital and GS Capital Partners for $28.1 billion.
 * Connecticut RSA 1 (Litchfield, Connecticut) market acquired from AT&T Wireless in 2005, was sold to Verizon Wireless. Terms were not disclosed.

2009

 * Verizon Wireless closes merger on January 9.
 * AT&T announces acquisition of 79 of the 105 divested markets.
 * Atlantic Tele-Network announces acquisition of the remaining 26 divested markets.

2010

 * Atlantic Tele-Network completes acquisition of 26 markets and continues to operate as Alltel in six states.
 * Element Mobile buys RSA #7, the remaining Alltel customers in Central Wisconsin.

2013

 * AT&T Mobility completes acquisition of AWCC/Alltel from ATNI on September 30.

2016

 * AT&T Mobility dissolves Alltel Wireless.

Executive team (after ATN acquisition)

 * President and CEO, Frank O'Mara
 * Chief Financial Officer, Brian Taylor
 * Chief Administrative Officer, Wade McGill
 * Chief Marketing Officer, Lesa Handly
 * Chief Information Officer, Lewis Langston

Executive team (after AT&T acquisition)

 * Area Vice President for Acquired Markets, Ramon P. Carroll
 * Chief Marketing and Sales Officer, Lesa Handly

Wireless network technology
Alltel's networks consisted of analog and digital systems operating primarily on the 850 MHz (3GPP2 Band Class 0) cellular band, much like Verizon Wireless. Native Alltel markets consisted of both analog (AMPS) and digital (CDMA) technologies. Virtually 100 percent of markets had been outfitted with 3G 1xEV-DO digital technology, which allows for additional battery life and faster download times when using Internet or BREW-based applications. Alltel posted a three phase turn down schedule in response to the FCC decision stating that by March 1, 2008 A and B side carriers are no longer required to support analog. The analog systems were retired by the end of 2008. While Alltel had not outlined its future path, merger partner Verizon Wireless had already announced plans to switch to GSM-based LTE.

Wireless network coverage
There were Alltel-owned and -operated networks in parts of 6 states. Alltel utilized roaming agreements with competing providers to provide coast-to-coast service. Roaming agreements in the United States were primarily with Verizon and Sprint until the completion of the migration of all customers to the AT&T network.

Handset and technical specifics

 * Handsets were typically manufactured by Motorola, LG, Research In Motion (i.e., BlackBerry), Nokia, HTC, Samsung, Palm, and Pantech Curitel.
 * Network equipment was manufactured by Lucent Technologies, Motorola, Nortel, Juniper Networks and Cisco.
 * Phones used the Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless interface.

Wireless services

 * Alltel Family Finder: Similar to Verizon Wireless's "Family Locator" service, Alltel offered a service dubbed Alltel Family Finder where users on family plans could download software to their children's phones and use GPS technology to acquire real-time location information either directly on their phone or on the computer. Users could also set up scheduled, automatic notifications of their child's location at set times, or use on-demand location checks to display the child's location on an interactive map.
 * My Circle, launched on April 20, 2006, was a feature offered by Alltel Wireless that enabled customers to make and receive unlimited free calls to and from different phone numbers, including landlines. Initially, "My Circle" gave customers 10 different numbers per account. Customers were later given a choice of how many circle numbers they get (1, 5, 10, 15 or 20) based on the cost of their rate plan. On April 22, 2008, Alltel announced that all customers celebrating their second anniversary with "My Circle" would automatically receive one free "bonus" number added to their "My Circle" plan. In addition, on every second subsequent anniversary on an eligible "My Circle" plan, another bonus number would be added at no additional cost. Verizon Wireless adopted a My Circle-like feature called Friends & Family in February 2009. As Alltel customers are integrated and converted to Verizon Wireless' billing system, My Circle is being converted to Friends & Family.
 * U Prepaid, introduced on January 30, 2006,' was similar to other prepaid services like Boost Mobile, Virgin Mobile or AT&T GoPhone. Features that made U Prepaid unique are that it allowed the customer to customize their plan with text messaging and unlimited calls to a certain number. U Prepaid allowed roaming on Sprint, Verizon, US Cellular, and other CDMA networks.
 * Alltel Wi-Fi, introduced on September 28, 2007, provided laptop access to Wi-Fi hotspots in North and South America. Alltel Wi-Fi was available for purchase by anyone regardless of whether they reside in a traditional Alltel territory. Alltel also had bundled pricing of their 'Wireless Internet' service and 'Wi-Fi', allowing users to roam from one network to another on their laptop.
 * Alltel Voice2TXT, introduced on December 17, 2007, was a feature that was available on any Alltel Wireless SMS text message capable phone which quickly converted incoming voicemails to text messages in the customer's inbox.
 * PhotoCopter, introduced on April 16, 2008, was a feature that saved every camera phone picture customers' snap to their home computers and favorite web photo albums. PhotoCopter automatically transferred the taken picture to the PC.
 * Alltel Wi-Fi mobile hot spot launched July 7, 2011. This service allows customers to connect 5 devices for internet service at the same time.

Commercials
After Alltel's November 2004 announcement that Campbell-Ewald of Detroit would be their primary advertising agency, Alltel used lookalikes of rival cell phone companies' primary advertising characters along with Alltel's spokesman, played by comedian Chad Brokaw. After competing networks complained, the promotional campaign featured this notice on television and the website: "Our lawyers would like to inform you some of the characters you see here are not associated with Alltel. They are look-alikes. The characters, not our lawyers." In the first commercial, at an Alltel store, Alltel representative Chad spoke to representatives of five competitors to his circle. A second commercial was set in a bowling alley. The third commercial took place in a court room, with the faces of the other carriers blurred. In "The Century's Trial of the Century", Edward Maxwell Von Houten, attorney for the People Against My Circle Foundation, sued Chad for attempting to force people into calling circles.

After that, Alltel started a series of commercials involving Chad, bragging about Alltel's service and using the theme music "Come and Get Your Love". The parodied competitors, called "Sales Guys" are perpetually frustrated by their failures and less popularity, even going so far as to harass and threaten him, albeit with less than effective results. The Sales Guys are played by professional actors Matthew Brent (Verizon), Scott Halberstadt (Cingular/AT&T), Ian Gould (T-Mobile), and Michael Busch (Sprint), who was later replaced by Adam Herschman. Each representative wears a shirt with the color of the company they represent, as well as name tags to represent their company. Most ads in 2007 had the Cingular/AT&T guy wearing two name tags—one each for Cingular & AT&T—while that brand was transiting to AT&T. As of 2008, they added a snobbish wizard into the ads. The Christmas 2007/2008 ads uses stop-motion animation, parodying the Rankin-Bass Christmas specials.

The campaign included a MySpace page, and Campbell-Ewald Digital created The Man Cave with its own web site. The fourth and fifth commercials features employees of other carriers' mall stores trying to convince Chad to end My Circle with $8.00. The sixth has Chad giving RAZRs as Christmas gifts to them. Since this service and advertising campaign started, other carriers started adding similar services. For example, T-Mobile introduced "My Faves" in the fall of 2006.

In 2010, markets sold to Verizon Wireless aired a special commercial with both Chad and Paul Marcarelli as the real "Verizon Guy". Alltel and Chad produced a Christmas edition commercial later that year for remaining Alltel markets, featured at Longbranch Coffee House located in Carbondale, Illinois.

Former structure naming rights

 * Alltel Stadium (formerly Jacksonville municipal stadium, now TIAA Bank Field) Jacksonville, Florida
 * Alltel Pavilion at Walnut Creek, Raleigh, North Carolina
 * Alltel Arena, North Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Alltel Ice Den, Scottsdale, Arizona
 * Alltel Pavilion at the Stuart C. Siegel Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
 * Maxwell Field at Alltel Stadium, Winona State University, Winona, Minnesota
 * Alltel Center, Mankato, Minnesota

NASCAR

 * Herzog Motorsports #92, (Jimmie Johnson, 2000)
 * Penske Racing South #02, 12, and 39, (Ryan Newman 2000–2008)

title: Alltel


text:
Talk:TacoTime

Expansion in Southern California
There's now a Taco Time in Anaheim/Garden Grove, a few miles from Disneyland on Katella Ave. It's not too far from were I work. When I was driving my nephew back to Boise about 6 years ago, I saw a Taco Time along the highway in Washington state. I stopped there and we ate. I've been hooked ever since. Whenever I go to visit my brother in Boise, I make at least one trip to Taco Time. But now, there's one in O.C., and another soon to open by South Coast Plaza (actually, nearer to the O.C. presses for the Los Angeles Times). Yippee!

Actor in Current Commerical
Who is the "announcer" in the current Taco Time commericals (Nov/Dec '06)? He's a character actor I've seen before, but I can't quite place him.Jrbaker 02:33, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Just found out on KCTS (of all places) that his name is Pat Cashman.Jrbaker 06:32, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

TacoTime or Taco Time
Sarge Baldy or anyone else, what is the official name? TacoTime or Taco Time? The website makes it seem as if the two are interchangeable. King Dedede 21:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure actually. It seems to me from the webpage the corporation itself is called Taco Time, but the individual franchises are TacoTimes.. but then they used to just be Taco Times.. so I'm not entirely sure what to do with it. Sarge Baldy 00:52, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I think I've got it. Both Taco Time and TacoTime are word marks registered with the USPTO by Taco Time International, Inc., and then later the Kahala Franchise Corporation.  One of the earliest trade marks I can find is registration number 1344891.  That link might expire but you can always reenter the query.  Based on the fact that the marks, both with or without the space, were once registered to Taco Time International I think it is probably best to have this article title include the space too. King Dedede 19:43, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Soggy food?
Who critisizes the food for being soggy? I eat Taco Time quite often, and I've never noticed it to be soggy.

That really gives a bad image of the place... can we get a source on that claim?

Since it's been months since the uncited "soggy" claim was added, I removed it today. BlackberryLaw 00:40, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Substantial Inaccuracies
Some aspects of this article are incredibly misleading. It fails to mention that after a dispute between the founders (yes, there were multiple) over whether to expand further or not, Taco Time split in to two independent restaurant chains. They became Taco Time, which is found worldwide except western washington and is now owned by kahala corp, and Taco Time NorthWest (publicly known as just taco time and corperatley known as Accord Inc), which is located in just western washington. I'm going to create a new article for Taco Time NW. Just FYI. SJHAGoalie (talk) 01:46, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:18, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Taco Time and Taco Time Northwest???
Why are these two different articles? Seems pretty pointless. Combine them. --RThompson82 (talk) 19:01, 20 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Taco Time International and Taco Time NW are severely different in styles of expansion, ways of operation, and menu. I currently work at Taco Time NW and some ways right off the bat they're different are that the international cards, like gift cards, don't work at NW locations. The machines simply will not accept them. Also, we don't have "loaded"/"stuffed" tater fries. TacoTime Int branched off into its own company, while we remain the "local, fresh, small" company kind of feel, and ever since TacoTime NW was bought off, complaints are the COMPLETE opposite because of how corporate thought to handle it: Int is too cold, ours is too hot (?); Int is always burnt, ours seemed undercooked; Int is soggy, NW is dry. But i may be biased; i digress. 2601:603:681:63D0:41E9:2FB0:7E1C:69C6 (talk) 03:20, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

Article restored
I restored this article, which was redirected (see the page's revision history). Actually, it is now owned by Kahala Brands. However, source searches are demonstrating notability. North America1000 00:37, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

I restored the image to the article that was removed by another user. The image enhances the article, whereas its omission decreases the articles's quality. North America1000 19:40, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

Australia
At one stage in the 70's or 80's there was one here in Sydney, Australia. I know this because our next door neighbours were Americans, the father having come here to start a Taco Time franchise. Should this be mentioned? FillsHerTease (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:50, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:TacoTime


text:
Talk:Parent–offspring conflict

Untitled
Submitted by copyright holder. Ian Pitchford 21:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I removed the following paragraph from the article:

Within the offspring there will be sexual conflict between the genes from the father and those from the mother, with paternally derived genes activating to facilitate a greater demand for mother's milk during infancy. Evidence for this comes from Prader-Willi syndrome (a rare genetic defect in which infants only have a single paternal copy of chromosomal region 15q11-13) have a poor sucking response and weak cry. Conversely, infants with Angelman syndrome only have a single maternal copy of 15q11-13 and are active and display strong, but poorly coordinated, suckling (thus demonstrating that both versions of the gene are necessary for the infant). This latter effect is an instance of genomic imprinting in which the effects of genes differ depending on whether they are contributed by the father or the mother.

Two claims are tagged with Fact tags. The evidence presented here looks like original research. If anyone can find a source making these same claims, by all means restore the paragraph. 198.189.164.204 (talk) 01:39, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

A mistake in the article?
Regardng "This leads to the prediction that, other things being equal, POC will be stronger under half siblings (e.g., unrelated males father a female's successive offspring) than under full siblings."

That sounds more like O-O conflict to me.TylerTim (talk) 20:22, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi TylerTim! I get what you mean, but if you check the second source, it clearly says: "An implication of POCT is that the presence of siblings will increase conflict in biological parent–child dyads, and that half siblings will increase that conflict more than full siblings."  Lova Falk     talk   08:23, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parent–offspring conflict


text:
Washington C. DePauw

Washington Charles DePauw (January 4, 1822 – May 5, 1887) was an American businessman and philanthropist. DePauw University is named in his honor.

Early life
DePauw was born in Salem, Indiana, and was the grandson of Charles DePauw, who came to the Americas with the Marquis de La Fayette, and the son of John and Elizabeth Battist DePauw. John DePauw had been a lawyer, judge, and a member of the Indiana Constitutional Convention. In 1838, when Washington was just 16, he was elected for the first of four times to the Indiana legislature. His ancestors, the De Pauw family, came from the city of Ghent in Flanders, Belgium. "De Pauw" is Dutch for "the Peacock".

Career
Throughout his lifetime, Washington amassed a fortune by investing in ventures such as grain, steel and glass, and during the American Civil War, government supplies. At one time, he was considered the wealthiest man in Indiana.

In 1881 he made provisions to establish a Methodist university after his death, which was to be named after him. Upon learning of these provisions, the trustees of Indiana Asbury University, located in Greencastle, Indiana, approached DePauw and asked him to divert his bequest to Indiana Asbury University, which would then take the name DePauw University.

Family life
DePauw was married three times. His first marriage – to Sarah Ellen Fletcher – produced one daughter, Sarah Ellen. He next married Katharine Newland, also of Salem, Indiana, on November 28, 1855. Katharine and Washington had three children: Charles Washington, William, and Newland Talbot. After Kate's death he married Frances Leyden. John Baptiste Ford was W.C. De Pauw's first cousin and one-time business partner.

DePauw died on May 5, 1887, in Chicago, Illinois.

title: Washington C. DePauw


text:
Hootenanny

A hootenanny is a freewheeling, improvisatory musical event in the United States, often incorporating audience members in performances. It is particularly associated with folk music.

Placeholder name
Hootenanny is an Appalachian colloquialism that was used in the early twentieth century U.S. as a placeholder name to refer to things whose names were forgotten or unknown. In this usage, it was synonymous with doohickey, thingamajig or whatchamacallit, as in: "That hootenanny that she shovels her bread with — that long-handled majigger, you know" (from Sim Greene: A Narrative of the Whisky Insurrection [1906]).

Folk music performance
Hootenanny is also a rural word for "party" or get-together. It can refer to a folk music party with an open mic, at which different performers are welcome to get up and play in front of an audience.

According to Pete Seeger he first heard the word hootenanny in Seattle, Washington in the summer of 1941 while touring the area with Woody Guthrie. It was used by Hugh DeLacy's New Deal political club to describe their monthly music fund raisers. After some debate the club voted in hootenanny, which narrowly beat out wingding. Seeger, Woody Guthrie and other members of the Almanac Singers later used the word in New York City to describe their weekly rent parties, which featured many notable folksingers of the time. In a 1962 interview in Time, Joan Baez made the analogy that a hootenanny is to folk singing what a jam session is to jazz.

Events
During the early 1960s at the height of the American folk music revival, the club Gerdes Folk City at 11 West 4th Street in Greenwich Village started a folk music hootenanny tradition every Monday night. It featured an open mic and welcomed a broad variety of performers. The Bitter End at 147 Bleecker Street—not far from Gerdes—continued the folk music hootenanny tradition every Tuesday night.

A weekly hootenanny has been held during the summers at Allegany State Park most years since 1972.

The Hootenanny was an annual one-day rockabilly music festival held on July 4th weekends from 1995 to 2013 at the Oak Canyon Ranch in Irvine, California. The July 3, 1999 Hootenanny was recorded and released as Live at the Hootenanny, Vol. 1. It featured rockabilly bands like the Reverend Horton Heat, The Derailers, Mike Ness, and the Royal Crown Revue.

For years there have been online hootenannies. The most long-standing example is Small Talk At The Wall, which originated in 1999.

Recordings

 * Hootenanny with the Highwaymen is a 1963 album by folk band The Highwaymen
 * "Surfin' Hootenanny" is a surf pop/rock song written by Lee Hazlewood (tune) and Al Casey, and performed by Al Casey with The K-C-Ettes (aka The Blossoms). It opens Casey's 1963 album Surfin' Hootenanny (issued by Sundazed Music Inc.). The song re-appeared in 1996 (in remastered version) on the Cowabunga! Set 2: Big Waves (1963) compilation. Cowabunga! Set 2: Big Waves (1963) is a second disc from Rhino Records' Cowabunga! The Surf Box 4-CD set compilation that contains songs from the four-decade long history of surf music.
 * The Glencoves had a hit single with their release "Hootenanny", which peaked at No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1963.
 * Eels released an album titled Shootenanny! in 2003. The album's title is a portmanteau of the words "shoot" and "hootenanny".
 * The rock and roll band The Replacements released their second album in 1983, titled Hootenanny on Twin/Tone Records.
 * The band Weezer had a "Hootenanny" tour in 2008 which allowed fans to play songs with the band.
 * The New Zealand rock band HLAH released a single entitled "Hootenanny" (which also appears on their 1996 album Double Your Strength, Improve Your Health, & Lengthen Your Life on the Wildside Records label) in 1997.
 * A song called "We Are Having a Hootenanny" appears on The Magnetic Fields's 2010 album Realism.
 * The album The Repercussions of Angelic Behavior by Rieflin, Gunn and Fripp contains a track titled "Hootenanny At The Pink Pussycat Cafe".
 * Reggae legends The Wailers recorded a song called "Hoot Nanny Hoot", sung by Peter Tosh, available on Tosh's CD The Toughest.
 * Swedish 1960s folk band Hootenanny Singers included Björn Ulvaeus, who later was a member of ABBA.
 * In 1964 George Jones and Melba Montgomery released a country/bluegrass album titled Bluegrass Hootenanny.
 * Paul & Paula, who had a big hit with "Hey Paula" in 1963, also released a single later in that year called "Holiday Hootenanny".

Television
Several different television shows are named hootenanny and styled after it, including:
 * Hootenanny, an early 1960s musical variety show broadcast on ABC in the United States. In 2007 a set of three DVDs called The Best of Hootenanny was issued, culled from the series. It contains clips of performances by The Chad Mitchell Trio, The Limeliters and The New Christy Minstrels, and even Woody Allen as a stand-up comedian.
 * In 1963 and 1964, a BBC 1 show The Hoot'nanny Show, recorded in Edinburgh, was broadcast. Two albums with the same title were released, with contributions from Archie Fisher, Barney McKenna (before he joined The Dubliners), and The Corries.
 * In the United Kingdom, Jools' Annual Hootenanny, a special New Year's Eve edition of Later... with Jools Holland featuring a wide selection of musicians, has been broadcast every year since 1993.

Other uses

 * Framus Hootenanny, a 1960s-era twelve-string guitar.

title: Hootenanny


text:
Timothy Thomas Fortune

Timothy Thomas Fortune (October 3, 1856 – June 2, 1928) was an American orator, civil rights leader, journalist, writer, editor and publisher. He was the highly influential editor of the nation's leading black newspaper The New York Age and was the leading economist in the black community. He was a long-time adviser to Booker T. Washington and was the editor of Washington's first autobiography, The Story of My Life and Work. Fortune's philosophy of militant agitation on behalf of the rights of black people laid one of the foundations of the Civil Rights Movement.

Early life
Timothy Thomas Fortune was born into slavery in Marianna, Jackson County, Florida, to Emanuel Fortune and Sarah Jane Fortune, and started his education at Marianna's first school for African Americans after the Civil War. His family moved to Jacksonville, where he attended Edwin M. Stanton School (predecessor of Stanton College Preparatory School) He worked both as a page in the state senate and as apprentice printer at a Jacksonville newspaper during the time that his father, Emanuel, was a Reconstruction politician in Florida. At one time Fortune also worked at the Marianna Courier and later the Jacksonville Daily-Times Union. These experiences would be the start of a career in which his work was published in more than twenty books and articles and in more than three hundred editorials. In 1874 he was mail route agent and then he was promoted to customs inspector for the eastern district of Delaware but only held this position for a few months before resigning in order to attend Howard University.

Although he was mostly self-taught prior to his college enrollment in 1875, Fortune was admitted to study law. He changed his major to journalism after two semesters before leaving school altogether to begin work, in 1876, at the People's Advocate, a newspaper in Washington, D.C. On February 21, 1878, Fortune married Carrie C. Smiley (née Caroline Charlotte Smiley; 1860–1940) in Washington, D.C.

New York journalist
Fortune moved to New York City in 1879 and began a process whereby over the next two decades he would become known as editor and owner of a newspaper named first the Globe, then the Freeman, and finally the New York Age.

Upon arrival in New York, Fortune began working as a printer, and worked at The Weekly Witness. In 1880 he became journalist and editor of The Rumor, run by George Parker and William Walter Sampson. This journal soon changed its name to The New York Globe. The Globe closed in November 1884 after a dispute with co-editor William B. Derrick, and one week later, on November 22, Fortune published the first issue of his New York Freeman. In the late 1880s, he was considered the greatest black newspaper writer in America. That same year he published a book entitled Black and White: Land, Labor, and Politics in the South that, along with his 1885 pamphlet, The Negro in Politics, openly challenged Frederick Douglass's dictum that "the Republican Party is the ship, all else the open sea". In 1885, The Freeman took the new name of The New York Age and set out to become "The Afro-American Journal of News and Opinion". In 1890 Fortune was elected chairman of the executive committee of the National Afro-American Press Association at their meeting in Indianapolis.

In Chicago on January 25, 1890, Fortune co-founded the militant National Afro-American League to right wrongs against African Americans authorized by law and sanctioned or tolerated by public opinion. The league fell apart after four years. When it was revived in Rochester, New York, on September 15, 1898, it had the new name of the "National Afro-American Council", with Bishop Alexander Walters as its first President and Fortune as a prominent member. Walters was followed as president by Fortune, who held the position from 1902 to 1904, and was succeeded by William Henry Steward. Booker T. Washington played a dominant role on the council and it included a number of important leaders, including W. E. B. Du Bois, who went on to form the NAACP, and anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells. The League and the council had a vital role in setting the stage for the Niagara Movement, NAACP, and other civil rights organizations to follow. Fortune was also the leading advocate of using "Afro-American" to identify his people. Since they are "African in origin and American in birth", it was his argument that it most accurately defined them.

With Fortune at the helm as co-owner with Emanuel Fortune Jr. and Jerome B. Peterson, the New York Age became the most widely read of all Black newspapers. It stood at the forefront as a voice agitating against the evils of discrimination, lynching, mob violence, and disenfranchisement. Its popularity was due in part to Fortune's editorials, which condemned all forms of discrimination and demanded full justice for all African Americans. Ida B. Wells's newspaper Memphis Free Speech and Headlight had its printing press destroyed and building burned as the result of an article published in it on May 25, 1892. Fortune then gave her a job and a new platform from which to detail and condemn lynching. His book The Kind of Education the Afro-American Most Needs was published in 1898, and Dreams of Life: Miscellaneous Poems in 1905. After a nervous breakdown, Fortune sold the New York Age to Fred R. Moore in 1907, who continued publishing it until 1960. Fortune published another book, The New York Negro in Journalism, in 1915.

In the 1900 presidential election he campaigned for William McKinley, and he was politically active in the Republican Party. However, he was noted for criticizing corruption in both parties and advocating good principles for all.

Negro World
Fortune went to work as an editor at the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League's house organ, the Negro World, in 1923. Its circulation, at its height, was more than 200,000. With distribution throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Africa, the Caribbean and Central America.

Fortune rubbed shoulders with such literary luminaries as Zora Neale Hurston, W. A. Domingo, Hubert Harrison, and John E. Bruce.

Later life
Fortune moved to Red Bank, New Jersey, in 1901, where he built his home, Maple Hall. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 8, 1976, and the New Jersey Register of Historic Places on August 16, 1979.

Fortune died in 1928 at the age of 71 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and is interred at Eden Cemetery in Collingdale, Pennsylvania.

title: Timothy Thomas Fortune


text:
User:Semenko

Drugs

Molecular and Cellular Bio.

title: User:Semenko


text:
User talk:Cacycle/Archive 01

This is the archived content from my talk page.

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Sayeth
Hey Cacycle! I just wanted to complement you on some great work on Wikipedia. The pharmacology pages have been needing some attention for some time and you apparently know what you're talking about. Sayeth 22:08, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

Indole
Hey Cacycle, thanks for your rewrite of indole. Great work! Keep up the good work -- Wikipedia really needs you. Regards & happy editing, Wile E. Heresiarch 14:54, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Chemical Structures
I noticed you added many nifty chemical structure diagrams. Do you use simply an image editing program (Photoshop, etc.) or do you have a specific chemical structure sketching program that you use? I've been looking for a decent one for awhile, and haven't found one... perhaps you could direct me to whatever you use? Thanks, ugen64 23:35, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I've been using ChemDraw and Photoshop, but that's overkill. The trick is to increase the size to 300% or so, to export as an image, and to sample the image size down again, at least as long as the molecule editor does not give acceptable results alone. See also molecule editors and Mykhal's page for his technique.

Thank you so much for your contributions- there are so few chemists on Wikipedia, your contributions are sorely needed, things like the mechanism for the Fischer Indole Synthesis. I was delighted to see benzofuran on there- even if just simple info- as I spent three years making studying benzofuran derivatives! The ChemDraw files are great (though I use IsisDraw myself, but that's just a leftover from when ChemDraw wasn't available on Windows). I do have one picky little point, though. Please could you draw your lone pairs as dots, rather than as lines? It's my understanding that the line representation is considered obsolete (though admittedly it's a lot easier to draw!).

Could we recruit you to become a participant on WikiProject_Chemicals?

Thanks again, and keep up the good work,

Walkerma 15:50, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Strychnine structure
Hello, Mr. Cacycle. You have overwritten Image:Strychnine.png with your own version, which is unfortunately wrong. Could you tell me where did you find this structure? I have spent not little time on this. My version is in accordance with Beilstein Crossfire, Scifinder, Chem ACX, ... but most important "proof" of the structure is X-ray, as included in Cambridge Structure Database. I have used it to include stereo configuration on all chiral atoms. Please do not waste me work without asking. Thanks, Mykhal 01:12, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Mykhal - I'm sory that I have accidentally changed your strychnine image with a remake of my old and wrong structure. I didn't realize that we have two different strychnine images. I also missed your comment about the wrong double bond. I have corrected the structure and I have changed the strychnine illustration. I'm still a bit confused by the way this system works (and often not works), I think I have even accidently reset the change I made to your upload?!

 * You should read something about images, or just try to track and see how it works. If you try to upload the image which is already present, the system will warn you about it. If you agree anyway, the old image still remains in history. But you have deleted my images from history! I wonder if you are admin.. Mykhal 20:54, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Anyway, I have just seen your molecule contributions and really like the way you do it :-) BTW, is there a reason that you use transparent backgrounds? Cacycle 15:36, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I think structure formulas should be transparent the same way how font letters are.. To have the same background like the rest of the page. Mykhal 20:58, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

SMILES strings
Do you think that SMILES strings are of such importance that they should be included in infobox? Personally I would put them somewhere near the end of the article, rendered with <small> font.

 * You are right, they might be placed a bit too prominent, especially the longer ones. I put them there too keep chemical data in one place. The SMILES string is thematically related to the chemical name and the structure image, even if most readers are probably not that much interested in it, but that's probably also true for most of the other chemical data.

 * Mhm, the Image page could be an alternative place, but then nobody would find them. I know a discussion forum that has a SMILES markup and you can decide if you want the SMILES structure displayed by an applet or as plain text. A mechanism displaying the SMILES string after clicking a link would be an idea... Under what category would you place SMILES strings at the end?

 * I'll try to see how it looks in a smaller text size

 * Cacycle 21:37, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

SMILES will hopefully be implemented into Wikipedia at some stage. Until then I really think the CAS code will be sufficient. JFW | T@lk  23:51, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I have moved the longer SMILES strings to the bottom into the Chemistry sections. I think the SMILES string make alot of sense if you want to create or recreate molecule images in your molecule editor. Copy and pasting the SMILES string is way faster and less prone to error than trying to draw the whole structure over and over again. The CAS number does not do this. Cacycle 00:52, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hmm, I'm not convinced this is actually pretty. Can't we simply link to ChemBank or something? JFW | T@lk  01:03, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Psychopharmacology
Hey Cacycle, you seem to be into psychopharmacology. Could you pinpoint some useful articles on Wikipedia where I could learn more? Specifically interested in depression, but then psychosis etc also has my interest. JFW | T@lk  23:51, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay. JFW | T@lk  01:03, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Drug Organization
First I want to thank you for your contributions (especially images) in this area of wikipedia which needs much work. I have only been working on the wikidrug pages for a short while, but I have added some new pages and updated some others that were in dire need of updating, like Diisopropyltryptamine. (I am very interested in this particular drug and hope to soon better word some of the ideas on the page). Not many other wikipedians seem to be actively updating these pages, but I hope that nonetheless, an organizational heirarchy can be found for classifying drugs, particularly of the hallucinogenic variety. Official WikiProject Drugs/Categorization Talk Page

I believe that an essential dilemma exists in the overlap of some categories. While non-hallucinogenic drugs fit somewhat smugly into their individual template categories, not all phenethylamines are hallucinogenic, and not all tryptomines are hallucingenic, and other drugs that may have hallucinogenic qualities do not neccesarily fit other's definition of hallucinogens. There is great ambiguity in this area and I hope that we can work together to create a sense of clear and valid organization. I have posted on the talk pages of wikidrug project and hallucinogenic drug some criticisms/ideas. I think that it will probably become neccesary to delineate hallucinogens from drugs which cause hallucinations. Although this may sound counterintuitive, the latter group is far more broad than the former, which has created a large degree of annoying ambiguity of definition. The implications of this have been seen in the categorization of the dissociative anaesthetics, for example. Where a widespread common belief contradicts an accepted medical categorization, I believe that the medical category should hold precedent over the commonly held belief. To categorize drugs as hallucinogens actually goes against the official standard that the WikiDrugProject is based on, the ATCCS. Obviously, there is much discussion that this topic mandates, and I hope to hear some ideas. Formalizing the presentation of wikipedia articles is of utmost importance to us all, of course, and I hope to have this issue cleared up. Thanks. Flying Hamster 22:46, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * This is in regards to drug category overlap. I've been working on a drug chart for the major common psychoactives, and where they fall within three intersecting areas of Stimulant, Depressant and Hallucinogen).  Please take a look at it on my Talk page (User_talk:Thoric) --Thoric 17:25, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

3C-I
3C-I: Phenethylamine or psychedelic amphetamine? Is it okay to call 3C-I a phenethylamine, or is it better termed a psychedelic amphetamine? Shulgin kind of lumped it all together as phenethylamines in his book, but sometimes I wonder if I feel completely correct calling MDMA a phenethylamine. Then again, I guess they could be considered phenethylamines with an alpha-methyl group. Do you know which is more proper or correct, anyway?

Also, any idea why Shulgin didn't add some of the other 3c compounds? Assumably there should be Br/I versions of the escaline as well, which would both be theoretically more potent than the ethoxy group...Shulgin could easily have added many more psychedelic amphetamines to Pihkal, and I always wonder why he didn't. Was it because 3,5-DIMETHOXY-4-BROMOAMPHETAMINE didn't show much promise? --Nuke

 * The use of phenethylamines vs. hallucinogenic phenethylamines has to do with the ongoing wikipedia drug classification project vs. classification by chemical classes (most phenethylamines are not psychedelic / hallucinogenic). It's perfectly ok to call 3C-E an amphetamine in the text, but for categorization purposes it doesn't make that much sense to add one more subcategory to the scheme, at least as long as the number of entries are manageable.

 * Shulgin has simply put everything he had synthesized and tested at that time into his book. Beside that it might a bit more difficult to synthesize that derivative.

 * I think Shulgin just ran out of space... he did cover a very large quantity of phenethylamines... Flying Hamster 15:23, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Admin rights abuse
I'd like to know why do you abuse your admin rights and delete correct chemical formulas and replace them with your own versions. Thanks, --Mykhal 22:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually I don't have (and never had) admin rights. Several weeks ago there must have been a software glitch and several of my uploads during that night did replace existing images. I'm sorry for that, it was not my intent.

 * As for redrawing existing images - that's how wikipedia works. If I see something to improve I will do it, even if these changes seem very minor to others. If you think it was a bad contribution then feel free to revert it and/or discuss it with me. BTW, as I told you before, I like the way you draw your chemical structures and really appreciate your work here :-)

 * Cacycle 20:13, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Chemical data
Hello. Please keep on your mind, that Wikipedia is not encyclopedia for chemists. Doy you think it is necessary to have in the infobox long obscure systematic names or even more of them, and the long SMILES strings, which are nonsense for the absolute majority of Wikipedia readers, so these should be somewhere in the text, rather hidden. --Mykhal 22:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If we have an article about a chemical compounds I think it is absolutely necessary to have some kind of systematic name in there beside the trivial name. Often there are also established mixed trivial/systematic names. Most names I have added are relatively short, Ascorbic acid might be a border case. I agree that systematic names for more complex compounds or (bio)polymers make no sense.

 * After much thinking about it I would say that the SMILES string is very important. It allows to copy and paste a chemical structure into the molecule editor without redrawing the molecule over and over again from scratch, thereby eliminating sources of errors, especially for non-chemists and beginners. Just think about students who need a chemical structure for a talk or a term paper. The resolution of the Wikipedia structure images might be too low for that. Moreover, there might (hopefully) be a Wikipedia feature in the future to automatically display SMILES structures.

 * Sure, Wikipedia is not for chemists, but if we discuss chemical compounds we can and should add relevant chemical information. All the existing types of data boxes are a way to keep such data in one place without clogging the main text. Nobody has to read all those values and complex names, but some people are looking exactly for that.

 * Cacycle 20:55, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I disagree- Wikipedia is for chemists, as well as historians, musicians, etc. If you mean "Chemistry articles should not require a PhD in chem to read them", then I agree.  But that is not the same as saying "PhD chemists should not find any value in Wikipedia chem articles".  (After all, there are 60-100,000 PhD chemists in the USA alone!)  Remember that someone looking on Wikipedia for an article on praseodymium(III) chloride is likely to be someone who at least knows what praseodymium is.  When I write pages such as copper(I) chloride (my last entry), I aim it at a range of people, and try to provide valuable information for all.  There may be a high school student writing a term project on copper, there may be a college Computer Science student with an interest in chemistry, or there may be an organic chem (post)graduate student whose supervisor has asked them to consider using CuCl in a reaction.  I like to think that all of those people would find that page valuable.  In turn I understand that if I (a chemist with wide interests) look at a page on an obscure mineral or an obscure philosophy, there may be parts of it I don't understand- but that's fine with me, as long as I can get the basic information.  So let's try and "layer" these articles- include information at a basic, intermediate and moderately advanced level, so as to make it useful to as many people as possible.  Let's include links, so if someone wants to understand what a Lewis acid is, they can find it.  But let's make sure the pages provide valuable information to all of the likely readers- not just the non-chemists.

Walkerma 19:22, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Admin rights abuse
I'd like to know why do you abuse your admin rights and delete correct chemical formulas and replace them with your own versions. Thanks, --Mykhal 22:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually I don't have (and never had) admin rights. Several weeks ago there must have been a software glitch and several of my uploads during that night did replace existing images. I'm sorry for that, it was not my intent.
 * As for redrawing existing images - that's how wikipedia works. If I see something to improve I can do it, even if these changes seem very minor to others. If you think it was a bad contribution then feel free to revert it and/or discuss it with me. BTW, as I told you before, I really like your structures and really appreciate your work here :-)

 * I am sorry for the allegation. I had on mind the Image:Anandamide.png, which have been replaced by you, and the original image have disappeared from history. I recall, that something similar happened to me, about twice. It is probably wikipedia bug. But, indeed, my structure was correct, probably you did not like the shorthand form -(CH2)3- in it, but it was my intention. Sometimes it is better for clarity (especially when longer chains are present), to combine skeletal formula with such "labels". Another case may be the methoxy group. It should be written -OCH3, and not -O- . But it is just my own opinion. --Mykhal 11:49, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

THC stereochemistry
Hello. Could you please revise your Image:THC structure.png ? It seems it is the wrong enantiomer. --Mykhal 01:06, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for that observation. I have checked my literature. The stereochemistry was taken from from http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=90 and http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/. But both sources are indeed wrong. I have corrected the THC structure as well as the related structures of THV, CBD, and CBDV.
 * Cacycle 11:31, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

( My opinion is supported by the MDL Crossfire (Beilstein), CAS (via ACS SciFinder), The Merck Index 13, WHO Mednet, NIH NLM ChemIDPlus, and also by primary literature: DOI:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)90646-4. Unfortunately, CS ChemFinder, again, has the wrong structure. --Mykhal 11:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) )

DNAbasePairing.png
Could you add a comment to Image talk:DNAbasePairing.png saying what you found wrong with the image (unless you're about to upload a corrected version)? Thanks. -R. S. Shaw 04:25, 2005 Jan 24 (UTC)

Displayed formulae / How to draw chemical structures
What do you use to create these? I am looking for some good software on which to make good displayed/strucural formulae. --Oldak Quill 19:54, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been using ChemDraw and Photoshop, but that's overkill. The trick is to increase the size to 300% or so, to export as an image, and to sample the image size down again, at least as long as the molecule editor does not give acceptable results alone. See also molecule editors and Mykhal's page for his technique. Cacycle 21:20, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cacycle/Archive 01


text:
Pinnacle Mountain State Park

Pinnacle Mountain State Park is a 2,356-acre state park located in Pulaski County, Arkansas just outside of Little Rock. The main attraction is Pinnacle Mountain, an iconic landmark surrounded by the bottomlands of the Big Maumelle and Little Maumelle rivers.

History
The first people to settle the area referred to Pinnacle Mountain as "Mamelle", the French name for a breast-shaped hill. "Mamelle" eventually became "Maumelle", which is the name used for the Big Maumelle and Little Maumelle rivers, as well as the nearby city of Maumelle. A trip to Pinnacle Mountain was a popular activity in the 1800s. Climbing became even more popular with the construction of the local railroad in the 1890s and common use of the automobile in the 1900s.

Quarrying for sandstone and shale within the modern park began in about 1920. The eastern slope of Pinnacle Mountain was a major source of material for the construction of the Lake Maumelle dam in the 1950s. Located immediately northwest of Pinnacle Mountain, Lake Maumelle is a high-quality raw water supply serving a population of almost 398,000; the reservoir went online in 1958, at least two years after the Big Maumelle River was impounded. In the 1960s, extensive quarrying of sandstone took place at the modern visitor center, the result of which can be seen by the quarry pond.

The idea for a park had been considered for many years, but did not get off the ground until the 1970s. In 1973, the Arkansas General Assembly approved the creation of Pinnacle Mountain State Park. Since then, 2,356 acres have been set aside for various purposes including environmental education, outdoor recreation, and preservation.

Hiking
Pinnacle Mountain State Park features a number of hiking trails.

Trails that start at the West Summit parking lot are the 0.5-mile Kingfisher Trail, which passes by the Little Maumelle River, and the 1.5-mile West Summit Trail (marked by yellow blazes). The West Summit Trail is the standard route up Pinnacle Mountain and is easily one of the most trafficked trails in Arkansas.

Trails that start at the East Summit parking lot are the 1.5-mile East Summit Trail (marked by red and white blazes), which also ascends Pinnacle Mountain, and the 2.5-mile Base Trail (marked by light green blazes). The Base Trail loops completely around the base of Pinnacle Mountain and connects the East Summit trailhead to the West Summit trailhead.

Trails that start at the visitor center are the 2-mile Rocky Valley Trail (marked by green blazes) and the 1-mile East Quarry Trail, a spur of the Rocky Valley Trail. The 223-mile Ouachita Trail (marked by blue blazes) also starts at the visitor center, crosses Pinnacle Valley Road at the East Summit parking lot after 1.5 miles, and overlaps a 0.5-mile section of the Base Trail before continuing west towards Lake Maumelle.

The 0.75-mile Arkansas Trail is located near the center of the Arkansas Arboretum, a 71-acre site exhibiting native Arkansas flora.

Camping
Camping is not allowed inside Pinnacle Mountain State Park, however, it is allowed at Maumelle Park, a nearby public campground operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Mountain Biking
New mountain biking trails opened in 2020. This trail system currently consists of 13 miles including cross-country, downhill, flow, and beginner sections. Called the Monument Trails at Pinnacle Mountain State Park; built with the latest technology to improve ride enjoyment and sustainability. These new trails also take you to places never before accessible in the park. While these trails are optimized for mountain biking, all but a few are open to hiking and trail running. Trails Armadillo Run Carnasaw Centipede Coachwhip Dynamite Glade Runner Jackfork Jim Allen Loop Lower Stick Middle Mountain Run River Trail Connector Turkey Tracks Twistflower Upheaval Upper Stick

Access/Parking areas: There are 3 parking areas currently, the visitor center has the largest parking area, The Middle Mountain Trailhead has limited parking (where the visitor center road has a "Y" intersection). Also, the lower trailhead where the Visitor Center Road first turns off Pinnacle Valley Road.

There is some overflow parking at the Arboretum on Pinnacle Valley Road. Also, when riding the Arkansas River Trail (along Pinnacle Valley Rd) from Two Rivers Park, there is a trailhead at the Pinnacle Mountain State Park sign that will take you to the Jackfork Trail.

title: Pinnacle Mountain State Park


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wryn Vance

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:20, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wryn Vance
Delete --Not notable. Vanity. Mwanner 21:58, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - NN vanity. --Anonymous Cow 22:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 08:10, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Newborn umbilical suction.jpg

Newborn_umbilical_suction.jpg
I couldn't have asked for a more descriptive and tighter image. I took the photo on Saturday morning and feature it in umbilical cord. - jk 21:59, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Also featured in childbirth now. -- brian0918  ™  09:48, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Originator and Support jk 21:59, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Neutralitytalk 22:01, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the vote. Why do you oppose this shot?jk 00:23, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Certainly striking; a bit gory, but it makes a point.  Not pretty (should we be complaining that the baby's color doesn't complement the umbilical cord's color very well?) but that's not a requirement. --Andrew 22:09, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. It's about time we had a photo for the article. -- brian0918  ™  23:07, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, oppose. It sure is rather illustrative, but I don't find it that fantastic. Jonas Olson 14:40, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point, but should an encyclopedia be filled with artistic photography or, as the top of this page states, images that "add significantly to that article." Can you narrow in on what you mean by fantastic? Gore factor, cropping, contrast, composition, lighting, etc? jk 16:16, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It should be filled with images that add significantly to the article, absolutely! That's why I don't think all images have a chance of becoming a featured picture. The flags in the gallery will never make it, I suppose, but they serve a great purpose as parts of an encyclopedia. And, no, I can probably not narrow in very much on some criterions that this picture fails to fulfill. I just don't think it's so very special. Jonas Olson 20:23, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * oppose. i too think that it is a significant addition to the article and think it should be there but dont feel that the featured pics would be made better by it. (i feel the same way about several featured illustrations for the record) Cavebear42 00:03, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * oppose, doesn't add significantly IMHO. Circeus 00:37, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * support. Illustrative, striking. --Bernard Helmstetter 12:47, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * support. Actually I don't like this picture, but it is an excellent illustration. Could also be used on childbirth to good effect. -- Solipsist 19:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. -- brian0918 ™  09:48, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - first class pic - Adrian Pingstone 08:31, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong support! --Chris 73 Talk 12:06, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Janderk 11:34, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Certainly striking, and very illustrative, but FP isn't the place for such a graphic depiction. It's a great image, great for the article, but it's something many if not most would rather not see while browsing FP Visible. The same could be said for a few featured other images (concerning arachnaphobics, for instance), but this one is considerably more colorful. Matthewcieplak 11:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong support! A wonderful picture. Nick Fraser 14:12, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - that's one dirty baby. I've seen much more pleasant looking childbirth photos. - Pioneer-12 23:28, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Defiantly Neutral BrokenSegue 01:32, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. — Dan | Talk 17:53, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * +9/-7/1 BrokenSegue 11:41, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Cjoev

You can blame me for sour grapes if you ever decide to dislike me. ;) Drooooool. Thank you for putting me straight.  Even if there was something to what I wrote (I'm fairly sure I didn't invent it), that wasn't where it needed to come out. --VKokielov 22:00, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WP CS
Welcome to WikiProject Computer science! It's great to have someone with your background joining us. --Allan McInnes 00:17, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I should have, uh...
How did that thing stay alive for a year?!

Anyway, you should have nominated it sooner, or - much better - beat me over the head with something until I had. --VKokielov 20:48, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Integrated banner for WikiProject Computer science
I have made a proposal for a integrated banner for the project  here . I invite you for your valuable comments in the discussion. You are receiving this note as you are a member of the project. Thanks --  Tinu  Cherian  - 09:49, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

Both Tonelli-Shanks and Cipolla's modular square root algorithms can handle powers of prime modula (not just primes)
I looked up Dickson's History of Numbers vol 1 p215(Tonelli) and p218(Cipolla) and Dickson clearly shows that both modular square root algorithms can handle powers of prime modula (whereas the Wiki articles say they can only do prime modula).

I've updated the TALK pages of both articles with the relevant Dickson math, along with numeric runthroughs with Mathematica code.

However, I am not a professional mathematician so I hesitate to update the articles.

Perhaps yourself, or someone else in the Computer science field could update the relevant articles with this information from Dickson.

The articles in question are:

 * Tonelli–Shanks algorithm

 * Cipolla's algorithm

Endo999 (talk) 04:58, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cjoev


text: Category:DC Comics imprints

title: Category:DC Comics imprints


text:
User talk:Lsuff

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * Full details on Wikipedia style can be found in the Manual of Style.

Happy editing!

The Mobile Opera article
While it is to be commended that you have created this article, unfortunately you have simply copied the history of the company straight from its web page. This is contrary to Wiki policy.

Rather than remove the entire article, I'll give you a few days to go in and write a proper one. It can reference the web page and should include a link to it, of course.

Actually, I'll start the intro and addthe link. Please take it from there or let me know if you would rather not. Viva-Verdi 21:48, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lsuff


text: User talk:68.13.228.42

title: User talk:68.13.228.42


text:
Talk:Austrian Federal Railways

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Austrian Federal Railways. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20140427010153/http://konzern.oebb.at/de/Presse/Publikationen/Geschaeftsberichte/OEBB_GB_2013.pdf to http://konzern.oebb.at/de/Presse/Publikationen/Geschaeftsberichte/OEBB_GB_2013.pdf

 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160123201517/http://www.uic.asso.fr/ to http://www.uic.asso.fr
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160106034108/http://zabs.eduhi.at/pdf/merkblreisegeb%C3%BChren2008anhang_%C3%B6bb.pdf to http://zabs.eduhi.at/pdf/merkblreisegeb%C3%BChren2008anhang_%C3%B6bb.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:04, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

1460 (27-6-2019)
If there is something sensible to say about the Austrian railways in 1460 (as of 27-6-2019), it should be (with references) not only in the introduction, but also as first item under History. It may allude to the Reisszug but the Reisszug would make sense only in the history of railways in Austria and in the world. Being a private railway at that time, it is not the beginning of the federal railway. The claim that the same BÖB logo was used since 1460 makes clear to me that the whole thing is a joke. I take the responsibility to revert these contributions. --Dominique Meeùs (talk) 21:23, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 8 July 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Moved as an uncontested request with minimal participation. If there is any objection within a reasonable time frame, please ask me to reopen the discussion; if I am not available, please ask at the technical requests page. (closed by non-admin page mover) Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 10:16, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

ÖBB → Austrian Federal Railways – English language sources refer to the organisation as Austrian Federal Railways. In Austrian sources the full name of the organisation is "Österreichischen Bundesbahnen" which when translated to English is Austrian Federal Railways. Therefore the page should be moved per WP:COMMONNAME. No prejudice to an alternative move to Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). TarnishedPathtalk 08:53, 8 July 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Austrian Federal Railways


text:
Bongo Fury

Bongo Fury is a collaborative album by American artists Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart, and Zappa's band the Mothers, released in October 1975. The live portions were recorded on May 20 and 21, 1975, at the Armadillo World Headquarters in Austin, Texas. Tracks 5, 6 and 9 (intro only) are studio tracks recorded in January 1975 during the sessions which produced One Size Fits All (1975) and much of Studio Tan (1978).

History
In April 1975 Zappa had a one-sided demo acetate disc cut at Kendun Recorders in Burbank, California. This unreleased disc contains "Revised Music for Guitar and Low-Budget Orchestra", "200 Years Old" and "Regyptian Strut". Zappa's liner notes in the June 1975 album One Size Fits All mention a planned studio follow up album which never appeared. Zappa released Bongo Fury instead. The album contains a four minute version of "200 Years Old" which was edited from the one on the April 1975 acetate.

Overview
The album is a notable entry in Zappa's discography, because it was the last to feature a majority of his early 1970s band, which appeared on Over-Nite Sensation (1973), Apostrophe (') (1974), Roxy & Elsewhere (1974), and One Size Fits All (1975).

Napoleon Murphy Brock's vocals are featured both on the sprawling "Advance Romance" as well as on the three-part harmonies of "Carolina Hard-Core Ecstasy". Captain Beefheart, in his only tour with Zappa's band, delivers vocals and harmonica on several tracks, including his two short prose readings "Sam with the Showing Scalp Flat Top" and "Man with the Woman Head". Bongo Fury also marks the first appearance of Terry Bozzio, who would become Zappa's featured drummer between 1975 and 1978.

Critical reception
Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: "This sentimental reunion album, recorded (where else?) in Austin with (what else?) additional L.A. studio work, is dismissed by Zappaphiles and 'Fhearthearts alike, but what were they expecting? Perhaps because there's a blues avatar up top, the jazzy music has a soulful integrity, and though it's embarrassing to hear the Captain deliver Frankie's latest pervo exploitations, the rest of the songs are funnier because he's singing them."

Track listing
All tracks performed by Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart and The Mothers; all tracks composed by Zappa, except where noted. This is the last non-archival Frank Zappa album on which the band name "The Mothers [of Invention]" is used.

Musicians

 * Frank Zappa – lead guitar, lead (2, 5, 6, 9) and backing vocals
 * Captain Beefheart – harp, lead (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9) and backing vocals, shopping bags (also soprano sax)
 * George Duke – keyboards, lead (2, 7) and backing vocals
 * Napoleon Murphy Brock – sax, lead (2, 7) and backing vocals
 * Bruce Fowler – trombone, fantastic dancing
 * Tom Fowler – bass, also dancing
 * Denny Walley – slide guitar, backing vocals
 * Terry Bozzio – drums, moisture
 * Chester Thompson – drums (on "200 Years Old" and "Cucamonga")
 * Robert "Frog" Camarena – backing vocals on "Debra Kadabra" (uncredited)

Production staff

 * Michael Braunstein – engineer
 * Frank Hubach – engineer
 * Kelly Kotera – engineer
 * Kerry McNabb – engineer
 * Davey Moire – engineer
 * Cal Schenkel – design
 * John Williams – photography, cover photo
 * Bob Stone – engineer
 * Mike D. Stone of the Record Plant – engineer

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

title: Bongo Fury


text:
Debswana

Debswana Diamond Company Limited, or simply Debswana, is a mining company located in Botswana, and is the world's leading producer of diamonds by value. Debswana operates four diamond mines in the eastern and central parts of Botswana, as well as a coal mine. Debswana is a joint venture between the government of Botswana and the South African diamond company De Beers; each party owns 50 percent of the company.

Mines
The mines Debswana owns and operates are:
 * Diamond mines:
 * Orapa diamond mine, opened in 1971
 * Letlhakane diamond mine, opened in 1975
 * Jwaneng diamond mine, opened in 1982
 * Damtshaa diamond mine, opened in 2003

History
Debswana was formed as the De Beers Botswana Mining Company on the 23rd of June 1968, after De Beers geologists identified diamond-bearing deposits at Orapa in the 1960s. Over the next five years, the government of Botswana increased its ownership stake from an original 15 percent to 50 percent. On March 25, 1992, the name of the company was changed to Debswana Diamond Company (Proprietary) Limited. The company’s primary objective is diamond mining and associated processes. Debswana operates the Orapa, Letlhakane, Jwaneng and Damtshaa Mines. The four mines have contributed significantly to Botswana’s socio-economic growth through diamond revenue, transforming the country from an agriculturally based economy in the 1960s to a country that has consistently displayed one of the highest economic growth rates in the world.

Debswana unearthed a 1,098 carat diamond in Botswana in June 2021. It is believed to be the third largest gem-quality stone ever to be mined. (Reuters)

Production
Debswana controls all diamond mining in Botswana; there are no private diamond mining operations in the country. Combined production of the company's four mines totalled 30 million carats 6000 kg, nearly a quarter of the world's annual production of around 130 million carats 26000 kg. The high value per weight of diamonds mined by Debswana has made the company the leading producer of diamonds by value in the world. Debswana is also the second largest producer by volume.

Economic impact
Diamond mining activities have fueled much of the growth in Botswana's economy, allowing it to grow from one of the poorest countries in the world when it became independent in 1966 to a "middle income" nation, with $9,200 per capita income in 2004. The country has an agenda of becoming a "high-income" country by 2036. Largely because of this, Botswana is considered by two major investment services to be the safest credit risk in Africa. Diamonds account for approximately one third of the nation's GDP and over 80 percent of earnings from exports, as of 2019. Debswana is the largest non-government employer in the country, employing approximately 6,400 people, of whom over 93 percent are Batswana.

Human rights
Debswana has been criticised by the international indigenous rights organisation, Survival International, for not respecting the human rights of the Bushmen living in Botswana. Since the mid-eighties, Survival International has published reports that the Botswana government has conducted a campaign of harassment to drive them out and give way to mining exploration. Louis Nchindo, Former Managing Director of Debswana, has said: "The Government was justified in removing the Basarwa from the Reserve… It is sensible of Government to take such action. Otherwise who would always want to remain in the Dark Ages while others move forward?". According to Stephen Corry, Director of Survival International, the Bushmen are not backward or primitive, and their human and cultural rights must be respected. The Botswana government has consistently refuted Survival's claims as exaggerated. There is still no evidence of Debswana mining in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve as the company operates mines elsewhere, at Jwaneng, Orapa, Letlhakane and Damtshaa.

title: Debswana