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Yorkshire Air Museum

The Yorkshire Air Museum & Allied Air Forces Memorial is an aviation museum in Elvington, York on the site of the former RAF Elvington airfield, a Second World War RAF Bomber Command station. The museum was founded, and first opened to the public, in the mid 1980s.

The museum is one of the largest independent air museums in Britain. It is also the only Allied Air Forces Memorial in Europe. The museum is an accredited museum under Arts Council accreditation scheme. It is a Member of Friends of the Few (Battle of Britain Memorial), the Royal Aeronautical Society, the Museums Association and the Association of Independent Museums.

The Museum is a registered charity (No. 516766) dedicated to the history of aviation and was also set up as a Memorial to all allied air forces personnel, particularly those who served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.

Site
The 20 acre parkland site includes buildings and hangars, some of which are listed. It incorporates a 7 acre managed environment area and a DEFRA and Environment Agency supported self sustainability project called "Nature of Flight". The museum is situated next to a 10,000 ft runway, which is privately owned.

History
Whilst the Royal Air Force carried on using the runway for aircraft landing and take off training until 1992, the buildings and hangars had long been abandoned. In 1980 Rachel Semlyen approached the owners of "what was then an abandoned and derelict wartime site, with the idea of restoring the buildings and creating a museum". In 1983, a group started clearing the undergrowth and the site was ready to be unveiled as the Yorkshire Air Museum in 1986.

Events
The Museum undertakes several annual events each year within the general attraction / entertainment area as well as educational / academic events for specific audiences, plus several corporate events in association with companies such as Bentley, Porsche, banking, government agencies etc. The unique annual Allied Air Forces Memorial Day takes place in September.

Exhibits
The Museum has over 50 aircraft spanning the development of aviation from 1853 up to the latest GR4 Tornado. Several aircraft including Victor, Nimrod, Buccaneer, Sea Devon, SE5a, Eastchurch Kitten, DC3 Dakota are kept live and operated on special "Thunder Days" during the year. Over 20 historic vehicles and a Registered Archive containing over 500,000 historic artefacts and documents are also preserved at the Museum, which is also the Official Archive for the National Aircrew Association and National Air Gunners Association. It is nationally registered and accredited through DCMS/Arts Council England and is a registered charity.

A permanent exhibition on RAF Bomber Command was opened at the museum by life member, Sir David Jason. In 2010 a new exhibition called "Pioneers of Aviation", and funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, was opened featuring the lives and achievements of Sir George Cayley, Sir Barnes Wallis, Robert Blackburn, Nevil Shute and Amy Johnson.

Principal on-site businesses include: Restaurant, Retail Shop, Events, Aircraft Operation Engineering Workshops, Archives and Corporate Business Suite. The museum is also a location for TV and film companies.

 * Building 1 – Airborne Forces Display & No. 609 Squadron RAF Room
 * Building 2 – Uniform Display
 * Building 3 – Air Gunners' Exhibition
 * Building 4 – Archives & Reference Library
 * Building 5 – Museum Shop
 * Building 7 – Memorial Garden
 * Building 8 – Museum HQ, Main Entrance
 * Building 9 – Against the Odds
 * Building 10 – Elvington Corporate Room
 * Building 11 – Museum NAAFI Restaurant
 * Building 12 – Control Tower
 * Building 13 – French Officers' Mess
 * Building 14 – Airmens Billet and Station MT Display
 * Building 15 – Royal Observer Corp
 * Building 16 – Signal Square
 * Building 17 – Hangar T2 Main Aircraft exhibition
 * Building 18 – Archive & Collections Building
 * Building 19 – Handley Page Aircraft Workshop
 * Building 20 – Pioneer of Aviation Exhibition

Aircraft on display

 * Pre-World War II

 * Avro 504K – Replica
 * Blackburn Mercury – Replica
 * Cayley Glider – Replica
 * Mignet HM.14 Pou-du-Ciel
 * Port Victoria P.V.8 Eastchurch Kitten Replica
 * Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2c – Replica
 * Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a – Replica
 * Wright Flyer – Replica

 * World War II

 * Avro Anson T.21 VV901
 * Douglas Dakota IV KN353
 * Fairchild Argus II FK338
 * Gloster Meteor F.8 WL168
 * Gloster Meteor NF.14 WS788
 * Handley Page Halifax III LV907
 * Hawker Hurricane I – Replica
 * Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 – Replica
 * Slingsby T.7 Kirby Cadet RA854
 * Supermarine Spitfire I – Replica
 * Waco Hadrian 237123

 * Post World War II

 * Air Command Commander Elite
 * Beagle Terrier 2 TJ704
 * Canadair CT-133 Silver Star 133417
 * de Havilland Devon C.2 VP967
 * de Havilland Vampire T.11 XH278
 * Europa Prototype 001
 * Mainair Demon
 * Saunders-Roe Skeeter AOP.12 XM553
 * Westland Dragonfly HR.5 WH991

 * Cold War

 * BAC Jet Provost T.4 XP640
 * Blackburn Buccaneer S.2 XN974
 * Blackburn Buccaneer S.2B XX901
 * British Aerospace Harrier GR.3 XV748
 * British Aerospace Nimrod MR.2 XV250
 * Dassault Mirage IIIE 538
 * Dassault Mirage IVA 45/BR
 * English Electric Canberra T.4 WH846
 * English Electric Lightning F.6 XS903 which arrived during June 1988.
 * Fairey Gannet AEW.3 XL502
 * Gloster Javelin FAW.9 XH767
 * Handley Page Victor K.2 XL231
 * Hawker Hunter FGA.78 QA10
 * Hawker Hunter T.7 XL572
 * Panavia Tornado GR.1 ZA354
 * Panavia Tornado GR.4 XZ631

Ground vehicles

 * Second World War

 * Thompson Brothers Aircraft Refueller
 * 1938 Ford Model E
 * 1940 "Tilly" Standard 12 hp Mkl RAF Utility Vehicle
 * 1941 Chevrolet 4x4 CMP
 * 1942 Austin K2 NAAFI Wagon
 * 1942 Thornycroft ‘Amazon’ Coles Crane

 * Cold War

 * 1947 Commer one and a half deck airport coach
 * 1949 Citroen 11BL
 * 1948 David Brown VIG.2 Aircraft Tractor
 * 1949 David Brown VIG.3 Aircraft Tractor
 * 1951 David Brown GP Airfield Tractor
 * 1953 Alvis Saracen 12ton APC
 * 1953 Austin Champ Cargo 4x4 General Purpose Vehicle
 * 1958 Commer Q4 Bikini Fire Pump Unit
 * 1958 Lansing Aircraft Carrier Type Tug
 * 1959 Daimler Ferret ASC MK.2/3/7
 * 1966 Chieftain Main Battle Tank
 * 1970 Douglas P3 nuclear aircraft 25 tonne tug
 * 1971 Pathfinder Fire Engine 35ton (ex. Manchester Airport)
 * 1972 TACR2 Range Rover - 6 wheeled fast response fire unit
 * 1974 GMC 6 wheeled fast response airfield fire truck
 * 1976 Dennis Mercury 17.5 tonne aircraft tug
 * Pathfinder Fire Engine

title: Yorkshire Air Museum


text:
Michelle Heaton

Michelle Christine Heaton (born 19 July 1979) is an English singer, stage actress and television presenter. She is best known as member of the pop group Liberty X.

Early life
Heaton was born in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England, on 19 July 1979. A former student of Emmanuel City Technology College in Gateshead and Newcastle College of Performing Arts, she began her singing career in the group Sirens in the late 1990s with other girls from the northeast of England.

2001–2007: Liberty X
In 2001, Heaton auditioned for the ITV reality television music competition Popstars, a show intended to form a new group from individual contestants, becoming one of the finalist. While the five winning contestants formed Hear'Say, the five runner-up contestants – Heaton, Tony Lundon, Kevin Simm, Jessica Taylor and Kelli Young – formed the group Liberty X and signed a multimillion-pound record contract with Richard Branson and V2 Records. Liberty X released three studio albums and enjoyed seven Top 10 singles from 2001 to 2005: Their biggest hit, "Just a Little", reached number one in May 2002; "Thinking It Over", "Got to Have Your Love", "Song 4 Lovers", and "Holding on for You" all reached the top 5 in the UK Singles Chart. They split up in 2007 after selling over 3 million records worldwide.

During this time, Heaton also starred two reality shows: Totally Scott-Lee (2005), based around the Lisa Scott-Lee solo career, and ITV2's Michelle & Andy's Big Day (2006) about Heaton and Andy Scott-Lee wedding.

2007–2012: Television appearances
In 2007 Heaton was one of the judges on You're a Star, an Irish talent show run on RTÉ. In 2008, she competed on the reality television shows Fáilte Towers on RTÉ One in Ireland and on a celebrity edition of Come Dine with Me, finishing in third place. In 2009 Heaton appeared in the sixth series of Celebrity Big Brother and as an elf on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway on Saturday 21 March 2009.

In 2007/08 she appeared at the Sunderland Empire in Cinderella with her then partner Andy Scott Lee, Mickey Rooney and Les Dennis. In 2010 she was in Aladdin at the Southport Theatre where she played the role of Princess Jasmine. From 2010 to 2011 Heaton starred the comedy The Naked Truth as Gabby. In 2015 she returned to Aladdin at Harpenden.

2013–present: Liberty X return
In 2013 Heaton reunited with Liberty X for ITV2's reality show The Big Reunion, along with other pop groups of their time – B*Witched, Honeyz, 911, Five and Atomic Kitten – to solve past problems and do a live performance at the London Hammersmith Apollo on 26 February. Due to the success, Liberty X returned for a full tour between 2013 and 2014. In 2017, Heaton, Jessica Taylor and Kelli Young reformed Liberty X again, but as a three-piece girl group, without Tony and Kevin. Since then, they continued touring at music festivals and Pride events.

In January 2023, Heaton competed in the fifteenth series of Dancing on Ice, paired with Łukasz Różycki, finishing in 10th place.

In spring 2023, Heaton joined the presenting team of shopping channel Ideal World.

In September 2023, Channel 4 announced Heaton as one of the contestants competing on Celebrity SAS: Who Dares Wins.

Personal life
Michelle married singer Andy Scott-Lee in October 2006 and announced their split in June 2008. She married Irish businessman Hugh Hanley in The Bahamas in July 2010.

Health and alcohol abuse
In 2012, Heaton was diagnosed with a mutated BRCA2 gene and then found out that she had an 80% chance of developing breast cancer and a 30% chance of developing ovarian cancer. She underwent a double mastectomy and had breast reconstructive surgery in November 2012. During a part recorded and part live interview, Michelle stated that her daughter Faith has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene that she has and her father is a BRCA2 carrier.

In 2021, Michelle appeared on the UK television show Loose Women to speak about her alcohol addiction and her time in rehab.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michelle Heaton


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Literae humaniores

Literae humaniores, nicknamed classics, is an undergraduate course focused on classics (Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Latin, ancient Greek, and philosophy) at the University of Oxford and some other universities. The Latin name means literally "more human literature" and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began, i.e. res divinae (or literae divinae, lit. div.), also known as theology. Lit. hum., is concerned with human learning, and lit. div. with learning treating of God. In its early days, it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well. It is an archetypal humanities course.

Oxford
The University of Oxford's classics course, also known as greats, is divided into two parts, lasting five terms and seven terms respectively, the whole lasting four years in total, which is one year more than most arts degrees at Oxford and other English universities.

The course of studies leads to a Bachelor of Arts degree. Throughout, there is a strong emphasis on first hand study of primary sources in the original Greek or Latin.

In the first part (honour moderations or mods) students concentrate on Latin and/or Ancient Greek; in the second part students choose eight papers from the disciplines of classical literature, Greek and Roman history, Philosophy, Archaeology, and Linguistics. The teaching style is very traditional and consists of weekly tutorials in each of the two main subjects chosen, supplemented by a wide variety of lectures. The main teaching mechanism remains the weekly essay, one on each of the two main chosen subjects, typically written to be read out at a one-to-one tutorial; this affords all students plenty of practice at writing short, clear, and well-researched papers.

Changed in the late 20th century, a strong emphasis remains on study of original texts in Latin and Greek, assessed by prepared translation and by gobbet (a short commentary on an assigned primary source). In a typical "text" paper candidates will be expected first to translate into English three or four long passages selected by the examiners from the set books; and secondly to comment on each of an extended set of short paragraphs or sentences from the same set texts; marks are awarded for recognising the context and the significance of each excerpt.

Mods
The mods (moderations – exams conducted by moderators) course runs for the first five terms of the course. The traditional aim was for students to develop their ability to read fluently in Latin and Greek. The works of Virgil and the two Homeric epics were compulsory, and other works had to be chosen from a given list. There were also unseen translations from both languages, and compulsory translation into prose, and voluntary into verse, in both languages. The course has now changed to reflect the continuing decline in the numbers of applicants who have had the opportunity to study Greek and Latin at school.

Since the early 1970s, it has been possible to begin learning Greek during the preparation for mods (an option originally called mods-B, the brainchild of John G. Griffiths of Jesus). More recently, due to the omission of Latin and Greek from the National Curriculum since 1988, options have been added for those also without Latin.

There are now five alternative paths through mods.

 * Students with both Latin and Greek at A-level or equivalent take the traditional route, Mods IA.
 * Those with one such language do mods IB (Latin plus beginners' Greek) or mods IC (Greek plus beginners' Latin).
 * Students with a strong aptitude for languages who have not learned Latin or Greek can take either mods IIA (beginners' Latin only) or mods IIB (beginners' Greek only).

Language tuition is now organized centrally within the university by the Faculty of Classics; this leaves the colleges free to concentrate on teaching classical literature/rhetoric, history and philosophy.

The mods examination has a reputation as something of an ordeal: it evolved in the 21st century from 11 or 12 three-hour papers across seven consecutive days into 10 or 11 three-hour papers across seven or eight days. Candidates for classical mods thus still face a much larger number of exams than undergraduates reading for most other degrees at Oxford sit for their mods, prelims or even, in many cases, finals.

Students who successfully pass mods may then go on to study the full greats course in their remaining seven terms. Those choosing the 'Course II' version are expected to read as many of their finals texts in the original of their chosen language as those on Course I; there is, moreover, the option of studying the second classical language as two papers at finals.

Greats
The traditional greats course consisted of Greek and Roman history on the one hand, and philosophy on the other. The philosophy included Plato and Aristotle, and also modern philosophy, both logic and ethics, with a critical reading of standard texts. In 1968 an elective 'Latin and Greek Literature' was added; students chose two of the three.

Since then, various combined courses have also been developed including:
 * Classics and modern languages;
 * Ancient and modern history (AMH); and
 * Classical archaeology and ancient history (CAAH).

In 2004 the full lit. hum. course was revised; students examined since 2008 now choose eight papers from a wide range of subject areas:

 * Ancient history — "period" papers ranging from the pre-history of Greece to the first Flavian emperors in Rome; or "topic" papers, on such subjects as Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World or Athenian democracy.
 * Philosophy — from Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics to more modern philosophers, such as Kant and Wittgenstein
 * Ancient literature — including "core" papers on mainstream Greek and Latin texts, plus various individual authors and other topics
 * Philology (classical linguistics) — including such papers as 'Greek from Linear B to the Koine', 'Oscan & Umbrian' and 'General Linguistics and Comparative Philology'
 * Classical art and archaeology from vases to buildings
 * Second classical language—for those who offered only one language at mods
 * Optional special thesis as a ninth paper; theses can be offered within each of the first five options

The regulations governing the combinations of papers are moderately simple: students must take at least four papers based on the study of ancient texts in the original Latin or Greek; otherwise they can choose what they want, provided only that if they offer literature papers, they must offer the appropriate "core" papers too, and if they choose to offer "period" papers in history then they must offer one of the approved combinations.

In the past it was compulsory also to offer papers in unprepared translation from Latin and Greek into English; these papers counted "below the line" — candidates were required to pass them, but they did not otherwise affect the overall class of the degree. This requirement has now been dropped, and it is possible to pass greats without offering any unprepared translation papers. The formerly optional prose and verse composition papers (English into Latin and Greek) have been removed from the greats syllabus entirely.

Notable graduates

 * G. E. M. Anscombe, British analytic philosopher, wife of Peter Geach (below)
 * H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1908–16)
 * J. L. Austin, British philosopher of language
 * A. J. Ayer, British analytic philosopher
 * David Beetham, Professor of Politics at the University of Leeds
 * Isaiah Berlin, historian of ideas, Oxonian professor
 * George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India and British Foreign Secretary
 * Emma Dench, British ancient historian, McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University
 * Peter Geach, British analytic philosopher, Professor of Logic at the University of Leeds, husband of G E M Anscombe (above)
 * John Murray Gibbon, Canadian writer
 * Barbara Hammond, English social historian, first woman to take a double first
 * R. M. Hare, English moral philosopher, Oxonian professor
 * H. L. A. Hart, British legal philosopher
 * Denis Healey, Labour politician
 * Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet
 * Alfred Edward Housman, English classical scholar and poet (failed in finals)
 * Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2019–22)
 * Ronald Knox, Catholic priest, theologian, writer and apologist
 * Anthony Leggett, theoretical physicist and winner of Nobel Prize in Physics
 * C.S. Lewis, novelist, poet, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian, and Christian apologist
 * Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1957–63), read mods (Latin and Greek), the first half of the four-year Oxford greats course, at Balliol from 1912 to 1914. He left to serve in the First World War and never returned to complete his degree.
 * Reginald Maudling, Conservative politician
 * Iris Murdoch DBE, novelist and philosopher
 * Charles Prestwich Scott, editor of the Manchester Guardian daily newspaper (now The Guardian)
 * Katherine Parkinson, English actress
 * Peter Snow CBE, British television and radio presenter, historian
 * Reginald Edward Stubbs, British colonial governor
 * Ronald Syme, New Zealand-born historian and classicist
 * Oscar Wilde, Irish writer and poet, attained a double first
 * Bernard Williams, British moral philosopher, attained a double first with formal congratulations in the second part
 * Emily Wilson, British classicist, first woman to publish a translation of Homer's Odyssey into English.
 * N. T. Wright, British Anglican bishop and academic
 * Yang Xianyi, translator of Dream of the Red Chamber into English

In fiction

 * Sir Humphrey Appleby read classics at the fictional Baillie College, Oxford.
 * Detective Chief Inspector Endeavour Morse was stated in the prequel series Endeavour to have read Greats for two years at Oxford.

title: Literae humaniores


text:
Redshirt

Redshirt, Red Shirt, or Redshirts may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Red Shirts (film), a 1952 film about Anita Garibaldi by Franco Rossi
 * Redshirt (stock character), originally derived from Star Trek, a stock character who dies soon after being introduced
 * Redshirts (novel), a 2012 novel by John Scalzi
 * "Redshirts" (song), a 2012 song by Jonathan Coulton
 * Redshirt (video game), a 2013 video game by Mitu Khandaker

Places

 * Red Shirt Lake, a lake in Alaska
 * Red Shirt, South Dakota, a Lakota village in South Dakota
 * Red Shirt Table, a table mountain in South Dakota

Politics

 * Khudai Khidmatgar or Red Shirts, a Pashtun movement against British rule in colonial India
 * Redshirts (Italy), followers of guerrilla leader Giuseppe Garibaldi
 * Red Shirts (Mexico), a Mexican anti-Catholic paramilitary organization of the 1930s
 * Abahlali baseMjondolo or Red shirts, a South African shack-dwellers' movement
 * The red shirts scandal, an Australian political scandal that involved the Victorian Labor Party
 * Red Shirts (Taiwan) or Million Voices Against Corruption, President Chen Must Go
 * Red Shirts (Thailand), a political movement in Thailand opposing the 2006 military coup
 * Red Shirts (United States), a militant white supremacist group during and after the Reconstruction Era

People

 * Red Shirt (Oglala) (1847–1925), chief of the Oglala Sioux tribe
 * Delphine Red Shirt (born 1957), Oglala Lakota Sioux writer

Other uses

 * Redshirt (college sports), delaying a college athlete's participation to lengthen eligibility
 * Red Shirt School of Photography, a trend pioneered by National Geographic photographers

title: Redshirt


text:
Martin Place

Martin Place is a pedestrian mall in the Sydney central business district, New South Wales, Australia. Martin Place has been described as the "civic heart" of Sydney. As home to the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Commonwealth Bank, Macquarie Bank, Westpac and other corporations, it is also a centre of business and finance. The Sydney GPO is also located on Martin Place.

Martin Place has become a national Australian icon in popular culture for attracting high-end film and television productions and actors to the area. Martin Place runs between George Street and Macquarie Street, and provides entrances to the Martin Place railway station below street level. Other cross streets include Pitt Street, Castlereagh Street, Elizabeth Street and Phillip Street.

The initial "Martin Place" was the section between George Street and Pitt Street, officially opened 1892, and was named in honour of Sir James Martin, the three time Premier of New South Wales and Chief Justice of Supreme Court of New South Wales. Closed to traffic in stages from 1971, Martin Place is surrounded by many heritage buildings and features the 1927 World War I Sydney Cenotaph, water fountain, entertainment area, railway access and pedestrian seating.

History
Today's Martin Place was built in several phases. Until the late 19th century, only the section between Pitt Street and Castlereagh Street existed in anything resembling the present form, as a short street named Moore Street. Between Pitt Street and George Street there was only a small laneway (similar to nearby surviving laneways such as Angel Place or Hosking Place). In 1863, construction began on the present General Post Office Building on the south side of the laneway. The building was constructed in stages, and when the design changed to provide for a main façade on the longer north side (instead of facing George Street to the west), there were concomitant proposals to widen the existing laneway into a street connected to Moore Street. A fire which destroyed properties to the north of the laneway provided the impetus for the construction, and in 1892 (a year after the Venetian-Italianate-style General Post Office was completed) the widened street was officially opened and named "Martin Place", in honour of New South Wales premier and Chief Justice James Martin. The General Post Office occupied the entire southern frontage of the street. Both Moore Street and Martin Place became prominent centres of business and finance in Sydney. In 1913, the headquarters of the Commonwealth Bank was constructed on the corner of Moore Street and Pitt Street. In later years, other banks followed with a range of impressive buildings (see "Architecture" below). In 1921, Moore Street was renamed as part of Martin Place.

Conscription rallies for World War I took place here. In 1927, a Cenotaph commemorating the WWI dead was erected. Soon after, the Sydney Municipal Council proposed to extend the street further east towards Macquarie Street. However, the plan was delayed by concerted opposition from landowners of the buildings that would have to be demolished to make way for the extension. One of the buildings demolished to make way for the extended Martin Place was St Stephen's Presbyterian Church, on the east side of Phillip Street, which was replaced by the present church on Macquarie Street in 1935. The extension was finally completed in 1935, resulting in the Martin Place stretching from George Street to Macquarie Street seen today.

The increasingly important role of Martin Place as the "heart" or "town square" of Sydney (see "Events" below) led to calls for the street to be pedestrianised. This was done progressively from 1971 until 1979, when the whole street became a pedestrian mall. During this period three properties, the ANZ bank, the National Mutual building, and the CML building, were saved from destruction after the NSW Builders Labourers Federation placed green bans to enforce National Trust preservation orders. The closure of the street to traffic was partly timed to coincide with the construction of Martin Place railway station under the eastern section of the street. Martin Place was closed between Macquarie and Phillip Streets from January 1972 to facilitate the station's construction. The station opened in 1979. Leo Port, the Lord Mayor of Sydney was an advocate of civic design, and was partly responsible for the pedestrianisation of Martin Place and Sydney Square.

In May 1980, Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh made a royal tour through Martin Place.

A number of the street's older buildings were demolished in this period to make way for modernist buildings. The most prominent of these is 25 Martin Place, designed by Harry Seidler.

Architecture
Martin Place has a large collection of buildings of various styles, from neo-classical to contemporary.

Demolished buildings
Several buildings located at Martin Place have been demolished:

 * Rural Bank Building (1936–1983)
 * The Australia Hotel
 * St. Stephen's Presbyterian Church.
 * Commercial Travellers' Association of New South Wales building

Adjacent buildings

 * At the Macquarie Street end, the Sydney Hospital.
 * At the George Street end, the heritage-listed Westpac building, and the heritage-listed The Commercial Banking Company of Sydney Limited building, which currently houses a Burberry store.
 * On Elizabeth Street, the Sun Building was formerly the headquarters of The Sun, an afternoon paper that ceased publication in the 1980s. This skyscraper Gothic building is one of only three buildings in Sydney in this style.
 * On George Street, Société Générale House is American Romanesque in style, and originally housed the Equitable Life Assurance Society of America.

Other features
Other features of Martin Place include:
 * Sydney Cenotaph, located between the GPO Building and Challis House, commemorates Anzac forces who served in World War I, as well as Australians who gave their lives in subsequent conflicts. This was originally built from Moruya granite by stonemasons working on the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and dedicated on 8 August 1927.
 * A water fountain is located on the east side of Pitt Street, near the Commonwealth Bank building. Behind this fountain is an amphitheatre, which features a stage that can be mechanically raised when required for performances.
 * Entrances to the underground railway station and attached plaza.
 * A Commando Memorial is located in the centre of Martin Place near the eastern end. It commemorates Australian commandos who were killed during World War II.

Heritage listings
There are a number of heritage-listed buildings in Martin Place, including:

 * 1 Martin Place: General Post Office, Sydney
 * 4–10 Martin Place: Challis House
 * 38–46 Martin Place: MLC Building
 * 53–63 Martin Place: Australian Provincial Assurance Building
 * 65 Martin Place: Reserve Bank of Australia Building

Transport
George Street, Elizabeth Street, and Castlereagh Street, which cross Martin Place, are all major bus routes in Sydney's CBD. In addition, Martin Place railway station is located underground. Also nearby are St James railway station (near Macquarie Street end) and Wynyard railway station (near George Street end).

The new Sydney Metro line will include a station located underneath the existing station and is due to open in 2024.

Events
From its origins as a narrow laneway, Martin Place has over time become the "civic heart" of Sydney. Apart from its central location, the presence of the General Post Office and its attached telegraph office meant that this was the location where important news first arrived in the city. As a result, in earlier decades this was a focal point for gatherings to await or celebrate significant events. The cenotaph was sited on Martin Place outside the General Post Office because this was where crowds gathered in the city at the end of World War I. Martin Place is now the centre of the city's official war commemoration ceremonies. The extensions of the street gave it new significance in the civic scheme of the city, forming a broad and open connection between George Street, the original "High Street" and commercial axis, and Macquarie Street, the ceremonial avenue and governmental axis. People still gather on the plaza today to participate in significant events, for example to watch live broadcasts on a large television screen during the 2000 Summer Olympics, or the apology to the Stolen Generation in 2008. An amphitheatre built into the plaza near Pitt Street has hosted music and cultural events, as well as political protests.

Some regular civic events now held on Martin Place include:
 * Martin Place was a major opening night site during the annual Sydney Festival in early January.
 * An Anzac Day dawn service has been held on 25 April at the Cenotaph every year since 1927.
 * Visual art displays during Vivid Sydney in late May to early June each year,
 * Outdoor concerts are held in the amphitheatre throughout the year.
 * Sydney's largest Christmas tree stands in Martin Place every year in front of the GPO in November and December. A Christmas concert is held in late November, when the tree is first lit by the Lord Mayor.

Some events that have occurred in Martin Place include:
 * In 1901, a large temporary colonnade and Federation Arch was constructed between George Street and Pitt Street to celebrate the Federation of Australia and the visit of the first Governor General, Lord Hopetoun.
 * In 1954, a motorcade, with Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, drove along Martin Place during their first visit to Australia.
 * The official opening of Stage I of the pedestrianisation of Martin Place between George Street and Pitt Street took place at 1.00pm on Friday 10 September 1971, by Lord Mayor L. Emmet McDermott.
 * The official opening of Stage II took place in July 1976 and Stage V in September 1977.
 * The official opening of Stages III and IV of Martin Place took place at 1.00pm on Monday 7 May 1979, by Lord Mayor Nelson Meers, coinciding with the opening of the Eastern Suburbs Railway.
 * Martin Place was a live outdoor venue for the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics featuring 4.8 by 6.4 metre television screens broadcasting live coverage.
 * The Occupy Sydney protest movement occupied a section of Martin Place close to the Macquarie Street end from 15 October 2011. Some protesters were removed on 23 October 2011. A series of evictions by authorities and re-establishment by protestors occurred in July 2013, ending with the final eviction of the camp on 9 July 2013.
 * 2012 Sydney anti-Islam film protests – On 15 September 2012, around 300 Muslims protested in response to the anti-Islam film Innocence of Muslims in Sydney CBD, including Martin Place. The event escalated into scenes of violent confrontation between police and various protesters, particularly around the areas of Martin Place and Hyde Park.
 * 2014 Sydney hostage crisis – On 15–16 December 2014, Martin Place was placed into lock-down after an incident involving an Islamic gunman at the Lindt Café, with 18 people taken hostage. The armed siege had killed three people—two victims and the perpetrator himself. After the crisis it was reported that bogus Buddhist monks appeared targeting mourners over donations.
 * A group of homeless people known as Tent City camping in the upper section of the mall from December 2016, leaving in August 2017.

Appearances in popular culture
Film
 * The Matrix trilogy: The Lloyd Rees fountain near the intersection of Martin Place and Pitt Street was featured in the film The Matrix (1999), where Neo is distracted by the Woman in the Red Dress. The fountain has been rebuilt since the film was made. Martin Place was also the location of the final fight between Neo and Agent Smith in The Matrix Revolutions.
 * Superman Returns (2006), in the scenes where Superman saves Kitty Kowalski from a car accident.

Television
 * The studios of Seven's flagship programs Seven News, Sunrise and Weekend Sunrise. Non-flagship programmes filmed in that studio include Seven Early News, Seven Morning News and Seven News at 4 along with entertainment show The Morning Show were all broadcast from the Seven Network's Martin Place studios. These programs were all moved to South Eveleigh in 2023.
 * Rake, an ABC television series based on a self-destructive barrister is based in Martin Place.
 * Martin Place and the bar Hotel Chambers (located on the Elizabeth Street corner) were prominently featured in the Australian telemovie Go Big.
 * The Mole's 2005 series of reality television series featured a live elimination round filmed in the Seven Network studios in Martin Place. The final round in which the Mole and the winner were revealed was also filmed here; one notable past contestant outside the studio that night was Bob Young, winner of the Weakest Link special in season 3.
 * The Amazing Race: Martin Place was featured during a Roadblock task in second season of the reality television series The Amazing Race.

title: Martin Place


text: Template:House of Savoy

title: Template:House of Savoy


text:
Vibius Sequester

Vibius Sequester (active in the 4th or 5th century AD) is the Latin author of lists of geographical names.

Work
De fluminibus, fontibus, lacubus, nemoribus, gentibus, quorum apud poëtas mentio fit is made up of seven alphabetical lists of geographical names mentioned by poets, especially Virgil, Ovid and Lucan.

Several of the names do not appear in our copies of the poets; unless this is the result of carelessness or ignorance by the compiler, he must have had access to sources no longer extant.

The lists are:
 * 1) Flumina (rivers/waterways)
 * 2) Fontes (springs)
 * 3) Lacus (lakes)
 * 4) Nemora (forests)
 * 5) Paludes (marshes)
 * 6) Montes (mountains)
 * 7) Gentes (peoples)

The work was mainly copied by Italian humanists in the second half of the 9th century.

The work is best known for preserving a dactylic pentameter line quoted from Cornelius Gallus, uno tellures dividit amne duas ("[the Scythian Hypanis] with its one stream divides two lands"), which was the only known fragment of Gallus's poetry before the discovery in 1978 of several additional lines by him on an Egyptian papyrus.

Editions

 * Older editions include those published in Toulouse (1615); Rotterdam (1711); Paris (1843), and, by Conrad Bursian, Zürich (1867). The text is also in Alexander Riese's Geographi Latini minores (1878). See also Teuffel, History of Roman Literature (Eng. trans., 1900), 445, 1.
 * Newer editions include the Teubner edited by R. Gelsomino (1967) and the edition of P.G. Parroni (Milan, 1965).
 * Online:
 * Online: p. 145-159 of Alexander Riese, ed. (1878), Geographi Latini Minores, Heilbronn, available at Google Books or the Internet Archive.

title: Vibius Sequester


text:
President of Ichkeria

The president of Ichkeria, formally the president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was the head of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria from 1991 to 2007, the Islamic Republic that existed until the victory of the Russian Federation in the Second Chechen War.

This is a list of presidents of the unrecognised Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, a de facto state in Chechnya that controlled most of the former Checheno-Ingush ASSR from 1991 to 2007 (see First Chechen War, Second Chechen War). Ichkeria's last presidential elections were held in January 1997.

Generally recognized presidents-in-exile

 * Aslan Maskhadov (February 2000 – 8 March 2005)
 * Abdul-Halim Sadulayev (acting, 8 March 2005 – 17 June 2006)
 * Dokka Umarov (acting, 17 June 2006 – 31 October 2007)

Formation of the Caucasus Emirate and dispute
On 31 October 2007, the separatist news agency Chechenpress reported that Dokka Umarov, the president of Ichkeria, had proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate and declared himself its Emir, thereby abolishing the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency. This move was denounced by parts of the Chechen exile movement. Akhmed Zakayev was subsequently appointed Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria's government-in-exile.

title: President of Ichkeria


text:
Pontic

Pontic, from the Greek pontos (πόντος, romanized: póntos), or "sea", may refer to:

Places

 * The Pontic colonies, on its northern shores
 * Pontus (region), a region on its southern shores
 * The Pontic–Caspian steppe, steppelands stretching from north of the Black Sea as far east as the Caspian Sea
 * The Pontic Mountains, a range of mountains in northern Turkey, close to the southern coast of the Black Sea

Languages and peoples

 * Pontic Greeks, all Greek peoples from the shores of the Black Sea and Pontus
 * Pontic Greek, a form of the Greek language originally spoken by the Pontic Greeks (see above)
 * Pontic, as opposed to Caspian (which refers to the possibly related Nakho-Dagestanian or Northeast Caucasian languages), is sometimes used as a synonym for the Northwest Caucasian language family.
 * Pontic languages, the hypothetical language family linking the Northwest Caucasian and Indo-European languages, and Proto-Pontic, the Pontic proto-language, is the reconstructed common ancestor of Proto-Northwest Caucasian and Proto-Indo-European.

Other uses

 * Pontic, a false tooth used within a dental bridge
 * Pontic, formerly known as Mutual FC, a Hong Kong Second Division League association football team

title: Pontic


text:
Shirō Ishii

Surgeon General Shirō Ishii (石井 四郎) was a Japanese war criminal, microbiologist and army medical officer who was the director of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army. Ishii led the development and application of biological weapons at Unit 731 in Manchukuo during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, including the bubonic plague attacks at Chinese cities of Changde and Ningbo, and planned the Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night biological attack against the United States.

Ishii and his colleagues also engaged in human experimentation, resulting in the deaths of over 10,000 subjects, most of them civilians or prisoners of war. In total, 300,000 people were killed by Japanese biological warfare. Ishii was later granted immunity in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East by the United States government in exchange for information and research for the U.S. biological warfare program.

Early years
Shirō Ishii was born in Shibayama in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, the fourth son of Katsuya Ishii, a wealthy landowner and sake maker. The Ishii family was the community's largest landholder and exercised a feudal dominance over the local village and surrounding hamlets. Ishii attended the Chiba Middle School (now Chiba Prefectural Chiba High School) in Chiba City and the Fourth Higher School (now Kanazawa University), a higher school in Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture. He was a "teacher's favorite" and was said to have a photographic memory, able to recite a difficult text from cover to cover in one reading. Some of his classmates regarded him as brash, abrasive and arrogant. His daughter Harumi felt that Shiro had been "unjustly condemned", saying "my father was a very warm-hearted person...he was so bright that people sometimes could not catch up with the speed of his thinking and that made him irritated, and he shouted at them." In 1916, Ishii enrolled at Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto Imperial University. He graduated in 1920, and married the daughter of Akari Torasaburō, the university's president, in the same year.

In 1921, Ishii was commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Army as a military surgeon with the rank of Army Surgeon, First Class (surgeon lieutenant). In 1922, Ishii was assigned to the 1st Army Hospital and Army Medical School in Tokyo, where his work impressed his superiors enough to enable him to return to Kyoto Imperial University to pursue post-graduate medical schooling in 1924. During his studies, Ishii would often grow bacteria "pets" in multiple petri dishes, and his odd practice of raising bacteria as companions rather than as research subjects made him notable to the staff of the university. He did not get along well with his classmates; they would become infuriated as a result of his "pushy behaviour" and "indifference". One of his mentors, Professor Ren Kimura, recalled that Ishii had an odd habit of doing his laboratory work in the middle of the night, using laboratory equipment that had been carefully cleaned by his classmates earlier. His classmates would "really be mad when they came in and found the laboratory equipment dirty the next morning". In 1925, Ishii was promoted to Army Surgeon, Second Class (surgeon captain).

Biological warfare project
By 1927, Ishii was advocating for the creation of a Japanese bio-weapons program, and in 1928 began a two-year tour of the West, where he did extensive research on the effects of biological warfare and chemical warfare developments from World War I onwards. Ishii's travels were highly successful and helped win him the patronage of Sadao Araki, the Japanese Minister of the Army. Ishii also received the backing of Araki's ideological rival in the army, Major-General Tetsuzan Nagata, who was later considered Ishii's "most active supporter" at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials. In January 1931, Ishii received promotion to Senior Army Surgeon, Third Class (surgeon major). According to Ishii's followers, Ishii was extremely loyal to the Emperor and had an "enthusiastic personality" and "daring and carefree attitude", with eccentric work habits such as working late at night in the lab after hanging out with friends at town. He was also known for his heavy drinking, womanizing and embezzling habits, which were tolerated by his colleagues. Ishii was described as a vehement nationalist, and this helped him gain access to the people who could provide him funds.

In 1935, Ishii was promoted to Senior Army Surgeon, Second Class (surgeon lieutenant-colonel). On August 1, 1936, Ishii would be given formal control over Unit 731 and its research facilities. A former member of Unit 731 recalled in 1998 that when he first met Ishii in Tokyo, he was surprised at his commander's appearance: "Ishii was slovenly dressed. His uniform was covered with food stains and ashes from numerous cigarettes. His officer's sword was poorly fastened and dragged on the floor". However, in Manchuria, Ishii would transform into a different character: "he was dressed immaculately. His uniform was spotless, and his sword was tied correctly".

As the leader of Unit 731, Ishii conducted a variety of experiments, including vivisections, testing biological weapons on Chinese villages, poisoning by toxins and gases and forcing inmates to inflict syphillis on each other. Ishii also reportedly showed Hideki Tojo, who would later become Prime Minister in 1941, films of the experiments over several years. Tojo considered them "unpleasant" and eventually stopped watching them.

Further promotions for Ishii would follow: he was promoted to Senior Army Surgeon, First Class (surgeon colonel) in 1938, Assistant Surgeon General (surgeon Major General) in March 1941, and Surgeon General (surgeon Lieutenant General) in March 1945. Emperor Showa rewarded him with a special service medal.

Towards the end of the war, Ishii would develop a plan to spread plague fleas along the populated west coast of the US, known as Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night. This was targeted for September 22 but the plan was not realized due to the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945. Ishii and the Japanese government attempted to cover up the facilities and experiments, but ultimately failed with their secret university lab in Tokyo and their main lab in Harbin, China. The Japanese Army's Unit 731 War Crimes Exhibition Hall (731罪证陈列馆) in Harbin stands to this day as a museum to the unit and the atrocities they committed.

War crimes immunity
Ishii was arrested by United States authorities during the Occupation of Japan at the end of World War II and, along with other leaders, was supposed to be thoroughly interrogated by Soviet authorities. Instead, Ishii and his team managed to negotiate and receive immunity in 1946 from Japanese war crimes prosecution before the Tokyo tribunal in exchange for their full disclosure. Although the Soviet authorities wished the prosecutions to take place, the United States objected after the reports of a team of military microbiologists headed by Lieutenant Colonel Murray Sanders stated that the information was "absolutely invaluable”; it "could never have been obtained in the United States because of scruples attached to experiments on humans" and "the information was obtained fairly cheaply." On May 6, 1947, Douglas MacArthur wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence." Ishii's immunity deal was concluded in 1948 and he was never prosecuted for any war crimes or crimes against humanity.

After being granted immunity, Ishii was hired by the U.S. government to lecture American officers at Fort Detrick on the uses of bioweapons and the findings made by Unit 731. During the Korean War, Ishii reportedly traveled to Korea to take part in the U.S. Army's alleged biological warfare activities. On 22 February 1952, Ishii was explicitly named in a statement made by North Korean Foreign Minister Pak Hon-yong, claiming that he, along with other "Japanese bacteriological war criminals", had been involved in "systematically spreading large quantities of bacteria-carrying insects by aircraft in order to disseminate contagious diseases over our frontline positions and our rear". However, whether the U.S. Army actually used biological weapons against Chinese or North Korean forces, or whether such allegations were mere propaganda, is disputed by historians.

After returning to Japan, Ishii opened a clinic, performing examinations and treatments for free. He kept a diary, but it did not make reference to any of his wartime activities with Unit 731.

Death

In his last years, Ishii could not speak clearly; he was uncomfortable and on pain medication, speaking in a harsh voice. He died on October 9, 1959, from laryngeal cancer at the age of 67 at a hospital in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Ishii's funeral was chaired by Masaji Kitano, his second-in-command at Unit 731.

According to his daughter, Ishii became a Roman Catholic shortly before his death. Ishii's daughter, Harumi Ishii, recalled in an interview that shortly before his death, Ishii's medical condition worsened: "One day he took some sample tissue from himself to the University of Tokyo's Faculty of Medicine and asked one of his former subordinates to examine it, without telling him to whom it belonged. When he was told that the tissue was riddled by cancer, he proudly shouted that he had thought so too. No doctor had dared tell him he was suffering from cancer of the throat. He eventually underwent surgery and lost his voice. He was an earnest student of medicine to his last day, taking notes on his physical condition. He told his old professor Ren Kimura who came to visit him at that time: 'it's all over now', writing the message because he could no longer speak. Shortly before his death, he asked to be baptised by the late Dr Herman Heuvers, former President of Sophia University in Tokyo. Dr Heuvers and my father were acquainted with each other since before the war. My father had much respect for the German people and their culture. He was baptised into the Roman Catholic Church and took the name Joseph. It seems to me that my father felt relieved somehow."

On screen
Ishii was portrayed by Min Ji-hwan in the MBC TV series Eyes of Dawn, and portrayed by Gang Wang in the 1988 film Men Behind The Sun.

title: Shirō Ishii


text:
Trans Island Air 2000

Trans Island Air 2000 (abbreviated TIA) is an airline from Barbados, with headquarters is in St. Phillip and operates regional charter flights (including cargo) out of its base at Grantley Adams International Airport.

History
The airline was founded in 1982 as Trans Island Air and rebranded as Trans Island Air 2000 in 2000, and at this time operated a mixed fleet including Pilatus Britten-Norman Islanders, Rockwell Aero Commanders, a DHC-6 Twin Otter and an Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante. TIA2000 has now been approved by all necessary government agencies (Barbados) to re-commence flight operations. It is expected to be fully operational by April 2017. Its web-site, www.tia2000.com, is currently under design development and is expected to launch by April 1, 2017 at the latest.

Official Launch
The airline launch its first schedule flight on May 29, 2017 serving 5 Caribbean Islands, the service from Barbados starts four days a week but as July the various service will operate daily to the Islands launched.

Grounded
The airline announce in of April 2018, that it will temporarily ground its own airlines and reimburse its customers.

Destinations

 * Barbados
 * Seawell, Christ Church - Grantley Adams International Airport - (Hub)
 * Dominica
 * Roseau - Canefield Airport
 * Grenada
 * St. George's - Maurice Bishop International Airport
 * Saint Lucia
 * Castries - George F. L. Charles Airport
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Kingstown - E.T. Joshua Airport

title: Trans Island Air 2000


text: Talk:Indian art

title: Talk:Indian art


text:
Kauko Nieminen

Kauko Tapio Nieminen (born 29 August 1979, in Seinäjoki) is a Finnish former speedway rider who raced for several teams in the UK, Sweden, and Poland, and as part of the Finland national speedway team.

Career summary
Nieminen started his United Kingdom career with the Workington Comets in 2002 and was with them every season until 2008 except for 2006, when he rode for the Glasgow Tigers.

In 2004, he was part of the Workington four that won the Premier League Four-Team Championship, which was held on 21 August 2004, at the Derwent Park.

In 2006, he represented Finland in the 2006 Speedway World Cup.

Nieminen was known by both Workington and Glasgow fans as 'The Flyin Finn' because of his racing style, which produces some high speed passing. In the 2007 season, Nieminen returned to the Workington Comets, this time as captain, and also rode for Solkatterna in Sweden and TŻ Lublin in Poland. At the end of the season it was announced he would return the Comets in 2008 and he won the Premier League Pairs Championship partnering Daniel Nermark for Workington, during the 2008 Premier League speedway season, in addition to winning the Premier League Four-Team Championship, held on 26 July 2008, at Derwent Park.

His good form in 2008 was noticed by the Elite League team Lakeside Hammers, and he was signed to the squad to cover for injuries. Nieminen was signed as a full team member at Lakeside for the 2009 season. He joined Leicester Lions in July 2011, becoming the team captain and finishing third in the 2011 Premier League Riders' Championship.

He became national champion of Finland for the third consecutive year in September 2011, after winning the Finnish Individual Speedway Championship. In November 2012 Lakeside Hammers announced that Kauko would be awarded a Testimonial meeting in 2013, with the venue to be decided. On 25 November 2012 Kauko was named to continue as captain of Leicester again for the 2013 Premier League season, in what would be his third season with that team. He also rode for Belle Vue during the season.

His final appearance in the UK was for Glasgow Tigers in 2015.

title: Kauko Nieminen