text:
User talk:RachelBrown

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:53, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Don't be afraid to make changes -- Be Bold. There are two ways of looking at it:

1. No matter how big a mistake you make, somebody else will come along and fix it.

2. No matter how tiny your error, somebody will come along and yell at you for it.

Really, don't worry -- it's all zeros and ones. No bones will be broken.

Drop in on my Talk page anytime if you need help. — Xiong熊 talk 08:58, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)

Archives
/Archive1

Encyclopedia Judaica
Hi! Firstly, please keep up the good work you've done on Wikipedia Judaica!

I hope you don't mind my delay in replying to the message you left on the JE page. As far as I'm aware, nobody else is currently making efforts to produce a list of entries from the Encyclopedia Judaica which should be included in Wikipedia. To have such a list would go greatly towards improving Wikipedia's coverage of Jewish topics, so please jump in and compile it if you wish. Perhaps you (or someone you know) may also be interested in helping complete the remainder of the Jewish Encyclopedia inventory. Right now I'm quite behind and haven't done any work on the residual letters A-K, M, N, P, R, S, because of various unpleasant distractions in life and because I don't know of a way to efficiently import the article titles en masse (which restricts me to manually copying them 10 at a time). Regards,--Defrosted 22:39, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Re: User page editing
Hi. I apologise if you were offended by my removing a category from your user page. However, it was not a category for Wikipedians, so putting yourself in that category had the potential to create confusion when a user looked at the category to find articles about teetotalers and ended up getting someone's user page. I'm not sure if there is a category for Wikipedian teetotalers, but if there is, please let me know so I can add myself to it too! ;-) Cheers --Ryan Delaney talk 16:36, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Hebrew and the RSV
Thanks for your edit on the Heb. MSS used for the Revised Standard Version. I have to admit my knowledge of the various Hebrew MSS is pretty spotty. My knowlege of the Gk. MSS (TR/M-Text; NA27/UBS4/W-H) is a little better. -- Hoshie | 02:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Category talk:Ashkenazi Jews
Hi Rachel: There is very strong objection to the usage of Category:Ashkenazi Jews for individuals. Please see Category talk:Ashkenazi Jews. Thank you. IZAK 06:16, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Jews in music category rename
Hi I have changed the proposed title of the rename to Category:Jewish classical musicians with the agreement of User:Lulu_of_the_Lotus-Eaters (who first proposed the rename) as this fits the people who I have placed in the category so far. The category will then be moved as a sub category of the existing categories Category:Jewish_musicians or Category:Jewish_music. I intend to make other categories for the other genres i.e. Jewish pop musicians, Jewish jazz musicians etc. I hope this is OK and doesn't affect your vote Arnie587 16:16, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Revised Standard Version
Hi, RachelBrown. I am attempting to disambiguate Episcopal Church. I've run across this in the Apocryphal and Deuterocanonical books and the 1965 Catholic Edition section of Revised Standard Version and I am not sure where this should actually point as Episcopal Church is a disambig page. I was thinking Anglican Communion or the Church of England, but I know little about either. Can you advise or edit the link as you see fit? Thanks in advance for your assistance! Have a great weekend. - Roby Wayne Talk •  Hist 05:03, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're awesome. I was gonna put that (ECUSA), but I was afraid of getting my hand slapped :-).  Thanks, again!!!  - Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 06:51, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

You got an ally
Rachel, thanks for understanding and for being an example of tolerance. Regarding your "hope that there would be no controvers over changing from BCE/CE to BC/AD on an article specifically about a matter of Christian interest" - I'd be honored to be your ally. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 09:59, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

List of highest mountains
Hi Rachel. Looking for some information (which we sadly appear to be lacking) about Trivor, I came across the excellent List of highest mountains, which I'd very much like to nominate as a featured list. As the original and main author, I thought I should check with you first whether there's anything more that you think it needs to bring it up to standard. --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 11:51, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, it's up now on Featured list candidates. --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 13:37, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Naming conventions for articles on Jews
As there is a great deal of inconsistency in the naming of articles about Jews, I have proposed that they be made consistent. I'd appreciate it if you could commment on this here: Template_talk:Jew. Thanks. Jayjg (talk) 07:55, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Category for deletion
Hi, thought you might want to know a category you created Category:Jewish chess players has been nommed for deletion. Regards Arniep 21:47, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * What's up with the deleton tag for List of Jews that someone put on? The link led into the discussion we had in "August", which stil has a "Keep" concensus on top. Based on that I removed the tag - pretty sure I wasn't violating any rules under those circumstances.Vulturell 09:13, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, it mostly seems to be driven by fears they were created with anti-semitic intent which may the case for a few, but this one Articles_for_deletion/List_of_Jewish_bankers was created by someone who has contributed to many other lists which someone with bad intent wouldn't bother with, although for some bizarre reason it doesn't include the Rothschilds. Articles for deletion/List of Jewish publishers I would say is OK, but Articles for deletion/List of Jews in business is too vague and Articles for deletion/List of Jewish criminals is meaningless as Jews have lived in many countries with different laws. Arniep 12:24, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Articles for deletion/List of Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society (2nd nomination) is also up. Arniep 12:58, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, I missed Articles for deletion/List of Jewish Recipients of National Medal of Technology. I've never used it myself but there are various things at Resolving disputes where you can ask for other peoples comments (I assume it is admin User:Nandesuka?). Regards, Arniep 18:02, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, A lot of people are equating the jewish lists with lists of catholic xxx and are totally disregarding jewish being an ethnicity. My opinion is unless we get rid of all ethnicity or nationality and profession lists/categories it is totally unfair to remove these jewish lists/cats. Arniep 19:15, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed on that last comment. That's what I always say. But someone made a good comment that we do currently include converts despite claiming it's an ethnicity based list. We could probably create a "List of Converts to Judaism" that's separate (like the category I created). Vulturell 20:25, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

List of Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society
Regarding List of Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society, please place metacommentary on the talk page or the AFD page. Please do not place comments about the AFD on the article itself. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 15:50, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it wasn't me - I left myself logged in and my flatmate used the PC. However, I entirely agree with my flatmate.  The existence of an AfD is a commentary so a comment on its existence (as opposed to its merits) belongs with it. - RachelBrown 16:02, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * As may be, the place for commentary is on the talk page or the AFD page. Please don't put commentary on the article page itself. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 16:09, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

No need to ask me not to do something I didn't do. Would you agree that placing a second AfD on an article so soon after a previous one was not accepted is a very strong commentary on the article? - RachelBrown 17:44, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I have moved your comments to your talk page, to keep the conversation in one place. Please reply on yor talk page instead of mine, per the header on my talk page.

 * You're right. That commentary is "There is an ongoing debate whether this is an appropriate article for Wikipedia." The place to participate in that debate is on the talk page or on the AFD page. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 17:51, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

So you agree that you are happy to have some commentary in the article, just not commentary that opposes yours. Good. Can I phrase your commentary another way? There was a recent, unsuccessful attempt to delete that article. Against normal Wikipedia conventions, people are trying again quite soon after the first one. Supporters of the AfD give reasons that would apply equally to, say, Armenian chessplayers or gay musicians but have made no attempt to delete these.

 * Please, cut the ad hom nonsense, and don't set up my statements as something other than what they are.

 * The place for metacommentary is on the talk and project pages. Notices like afd are notices to anyone with an interest in the article to participate in an important discussion. If you want to comment on that conversation, do so in the appropriate place. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 18:52, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

What ad hom nonsense? I'm not attacking you in any way. I'm making some purely factual remarks; if you wish to draw conclusions from them, that's your business. I'm glad that you're not attempting to deny them; you're more honest than some people. You've already agreed that the second AfD is a comment on my article; by your own logic, therefore, it should be placed somewhere else. Will you be honest and consistent enough to do so?

 * It is not your article, and the AFD is merely a notice of an ongoing discussion. If you're going to continue to personalize this, we're done here. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 19:45, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Alright it isn't my article now - I know I surrendered copyright under the rules. I see you've contradicted yourself - first, you're honest enough to agree that the second AfD, so soon after the first, was a comment on the article, now you allege that it is merely a notice of a discussion. I have never personalised this, as any reader of my contributions can see. I never started this ridiculous nonsense, and the sooner it is finished, the better.

LGBT composers?
Because I was unaware of them, of course. It's a big wiki. In my opinion, Category:Armenian chess players should stay, because we categorize just about every person in Category:Countryname profession. I don't quite see the point of LGBT composers, though, especially considering the sorry state that mess is in. I've put on tags to merge it and note that it's mostly unsourced. The answer to questions such as this is generally, sofixit. If you perceive a problem, doing something about it is more useful than complaining. Radiant_ >|< 01:01, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see Category:Lists of Jews and note that we have plenty of such lists, and most of them aren't considered for deletion. The main point is that a cross-section such as a category of people with a certain trait and from a certain faith/country/sexual orientantion are only relevant if 1) the two are actually related (e.g. "Gay physicists" is pointless because the two have absolutely no bearing on one another, but "Gay politicians" is often important in elections), and 2) the group of people with that certain trait is large enough to actually warrant subcategorizing (e.g. there are oodles of actors, but only few Nobel Prize winners, thus we subcat the former a lot more). Radiant_ >|< 10:14, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Jewish lawyers
There is plenty of precedent for "forks" when there is an edit dispute but the title should clearly indicate that it is a fork. I have moved your List of Jewish lawyers to List of Jewish jurists/temp.

As to lawyer / jurist, I have no feelings but I suggest you wait until the AfD debate has closed. Have you considered arbitration over the edit dispute? -- RHaworth 09:43, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added List of Jewish jurists to the list of requests for mediation. Please take a look and make any comments that you wish.  Thanks.  --Nlu 16:39, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Flawed system
Hi I see you have had trouble with Lulu of the Lotus eaters. Maybe it is a coincidence that I last encountered them when they nominated my Category:Jews in music, or, maybe not. I imagine you noticed my noms for the numerous lists, I certainly was trying to make a point to show the evident bias against the jewish lists. I am sad because I feel people are going to be put off contributing to Wikipedia if they think anything they create may be subject to arbitrary deletion. The deletion system is totally inadequate. Arniep 14:32, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for your note of support... My main objection to the deletion process is that people are allowed to vote without giving a full explanation, if they don't give an explanation how can we be sure that they really understand what the article is about or its purpose? Re:arbitration, this page Resolving disputes lists various levels of dispute resolution, including (from lowest to highest level): Third_opinion, Requests_for_comment, Mediation Cabal, Requests for mediation, with Requests_for_arbitration being the last resort option. Cheers Arniep 21:02, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW I would appreciate a vote on these two if you have time, Categories_for_deletion which is meaningless because gay people live in countries with vastly different laws let alone different eras, Categories_for_deletion lists people like Batman and Scrooge McDuck, but does anyone intend to complete it for all books, plays and films and TV ever made and make matching categories like fictional poor people, fictional lower middle class people?! Arniep 21:12, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your vote. It appears Lulu's hostility to Jewish lists may be driven by an opposition to zionism...I'd guess maybe he equates the listing of Jewish achievements as some kind of nationalist zionist act which in my opinion would be ridiculous but its a possible explanation. (Talk:David_Mertz). Arniep 23:54, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Rachel, I think we can probably resolve this without mediation. I have looked over the whole discussion and I think the main problem was Lulu/David wasn't really being that clear about a Wikipedia policy which basically states for people to be included in lists or categories there needs to be accompanying evidence on their article so people can verify it. This can be easily remedied by placing the relevant info in the articles. I think Lulu did drag out the argument unnecessarily and questioned the accuracy of the Jewish Year Book without foundation which was all a bit silly. If you agree I will ask for the mediation to be cancelled and then we can solve this whole thing. Maybe you could also change your vote to keep on Articles_for_deletion/List_of_Jewish_jurists (although it looks like it will survive). Arniep 23:22, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, I told him it was a respectable source, so please add it to the list of jurists then if he removes it we can go to mediation. Arniep 23:50, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, he is definitely being unreasonable, I will support the mediation when it starts. These have been nominated for deletion by User:Pilatus: Articles_for_deletion/Log/2005_November_19 Articles_for_deletion/Log/2005_November_19 Articles_for_deletion/Log/2005_November_20. Arniep 14:50, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Tobias Asser
Hi, I have added a link to his entry in the Jewish Encyclopedia which also has numerous articles on the Asser family. The original text is actually public domain (shown in the scans in the articles) so we could just copy the texts over as long as they are the same as the original (some articles are updated which are not WP:PD). I have added my email to my wiki account, would you mind emailing me? Cheers Arniep 23:30, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

"Jewish Americans"
Category:Jewish Americans has managed to get itself nominated for deletion, as well as a few other lesser-populated "Jewish" categories (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_deletion/Log/2005_November_25). This is probably the biggest assault yet on the "Jewish" categories - all of the biggies are included. I'd appreciate your vote. And obviously, we can't delete this category without deleting every other "ethnicity-American" category.Vulturell 05:47, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Another User:StabRule (what a nice name) has decided to nominate a huge amount of Jewish American lists, any votes of comments would be appreciated Articles_for_deletion/Log/2005_November_26. Arniep 22:54, 26 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see my comments at User_talk:OwenX. It seems this user is responsible for nominating a lot of the Jewish lists, and placed three double votes on the Jurists, publisher, and national medal of technology lists. Other ips of the same user Special:Contributions/72.144.136.150, Special:Contributions/72.144.139.231, Special:Contributions/72.144.103.130. As you see they are totally obsessed with Jewish lists and should be banned. Arniep 16:47, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * He has now placed another vote on Articles for deletion/List of Jewish jurists but User_talk:OwenX is refusing to warn him?! Arniep 23:34, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Rachel, Help
I am going insane, slowly but deliberately because of SlimVirgin and JayJ on Talk:List of British Jews. Their definition of Original Research is stretched to such a degree that it looks like you can't put ANYTHING down unless an explicit source used those exact same words somewhere. I'm sure they'll get bored eventually and go away but I could use your, or someone else's help, on this.Vulturell 23:12, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Mediation regarding List of Jewish jurists
Please direct your attention to Requests_for_mediation. Thanks very much! Flcelloguy (A note? ) 00:33, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Sockpuppets
,, , and have been blocked after a requested checkuser showed them to be likely sockpuppets of yours. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:34, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

LOL. And this evidence is located where? Zordrac (talk) Wishy Washy  Darwikinian Eventualist 05:08, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * All have been unblocked due to lack of evidence. Dan100 (Talk) 23:13, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Come back!
I'm saddened that you have left (we lose so many good editors over stuff like this). Take a break, then come back and keep up the great work you were doing. Remember, there's always plenty of people you can turn to for help if you need it. Dan100 (Talk) 21:33, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * What Dan100 said. And also Merry Christmas and a Happy 2006 and beyond! ←Humus sapiens←ну? 10:37, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Image:Karl Pearson.gif
Hi, please add a source to this drawing so that the PD status can be verified. Thuresson 22:48, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:John Fox.jpg
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Deleting Categories of Jewish Athletes
Hi. I know that this is an issue that has interested you in the past. At http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion#Category:Jewish_fencers some people are suggesting that Jewish athletes, beginning with Jewish Fencers, should be deleted. I do not think that is the correct approach, or consistent with wiki policy, and thought that others might want to weigh in on the discussion. --Epeefleche 23:49, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Attempt to delete category of Jewish athletes
Well, they are trying to delete a category of Jewish athletes again. This time, figure skaters. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2007_April_14#Category:Jewish_figure_skaters. I pointed out to the originator of the attempt that we had addressed this general issue already with the main category and with Jewish fencers, where the attempts failed (due in part to your help). Still, they insist on trying to delete this category. Any help by your weighing in on the issue would be appreciated. Thanks again. --Epeefleche 00:25, 16 April 2007 (UTC)--Epeefleche 20:12, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

You Made the list of Wikipedia's...
Pretiest users!!! Congrats! check out my page user:Kingstonjr keep it going! KingstonJr 81.97.217.3 15:23, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Unjustified
I believe your block is unjustified, admins should unblock. Also I agree with the editor above that you are indeed one of the prettiest Wikipedians. :-). WooyiTalk to me? 21:22, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Wilfred_Rhodes.jpg
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello RachelBrown! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 4 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 22:17, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Kenneth Lefever -
 * 2) John Rickard -
 * 3) Philip Dawid -
 * 4) Stefan Reif -

Proposed deletion of Kenneth Lefever

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MfD nomination of User:RachelBrown/List of Jewish juriststemp
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User talk:Malcolm Dugdale

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Malcolm Dugdale


text:
Talk:Dinerth Castle

King Arthur and Camelot
Any historical facts, or even connection to the King Arthur and Camelot legend please discuss here. RebelScum 16:54, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Combining the name of the river Arth, meaning 'bear' and urdd meaning 'order' or 'guild' in the Welsh language gives us Arth-urdd. RebelScum 16:55, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

In Scandanavian the castle name could be translated into Din meaning 'your', Arth meaning 'species', and ur meaning 'out'. Whomever was here before the Norsemen could have been defeated by them, hence the name of the castle was given as a taunt. The jury is still out. RebelScum 17:04, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Din" in old Welsh means "fort", "Arth" is the name of the local river. The name simply means "Fortress on the River Arth" Rhion 13:32, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

I got hear whilst looking for Dinerth in Rhôs, so have added a note about it at the end. I'm not sure why the reference to Tintagel is included. Din is a very common word for 'fort' and 'arth' is just Brythonic, not specifically Cornish. Rhion is probably right though. It's just named after the river. Walgamanus 16:10, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dinerth Castle


text:
Rayleigh–Taylor instability

The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, or RT instability (after Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor), is an instability of an interface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid. Examples include the behavior of water suspended above oil in the gravity of Earth, mushroom clouds like those from volcanic eruptions and atmospheric nuclear explosions, supernova explosions in which expanding core gas is accelerated into denser shell gas, instabilities in plasma fusion reactors and inertial confinement fusion.

Water suspended atop oil is an everyday example of Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and it may be modeled by two completely plane-parallel layers of immiscible fluid, the denser fluid on top of the less dense one and both subject to the Earth's gravity. The equilibrium here is unstable to any perturbations or disturbances of the interface: if a parcel of heavier fluid is displaced downward with an equal volume of lighter fluid displaced upwards, the potential energy of the configuration is lower than the initial state. Thus the disturbance will grow and lead to a further release of potential energy, as the denser material moves down under the (effective) gravitational field, and the less dense material is further displaced upwards. This was the set-up as studied by Lord Rayleigh. The important insight by G. I. Taylor was his realisation that this situation is equivalent to the situation when the fluids are accelerated, with the less dense fluid accelerating into the denser fluid. This occurs deep underwater on the surface of an expanding bubble and in a nuclear explosion.

As the RT instability develops, the initial perturbations progress from a linear growth phase into a non-linear growth phase, eventually developing "plumes" flowing upwards (in the gravitational buoyancy sense) and "spikes" falling downwards. In the linear phase, the fluid movement can be closely approximated by linear equations, and the amplitude of perturbations is growing exponentially with time. In the non-linear phase, perturbation amplitude is too large for a linear approximation, and non-linear equations are required to describe fluid motions. In general, the density disparity between the fluids determines the structure of the subsequent non-linear RT instability flows (assuming other variables such as surface tension and viscosity are negligible here). The difference in the fluid densities divided by their sum is defined as the Atwood number, A. For A close to 0, RT instability flows take the form of symmetric "fingers" of fluid; for A close to 1, the much lighter fluid "below" the heavier fluid takes the form of larger bubble-like plumes.

This process is evident not only in many terrestrial examples, from salt domes to weather inversions, but also in astrophysics and electrohydrodynamics. For example, RT instability structure is evident in the Crab Nebula, in which the expanding pulsar wind nebula powered by the Crab pulsar is sweeping up ejected material from the supernova explosion 1000 years ago. The RT instability has also recently been discovered in the Sun's outer atmosphere, or solar corona, when a relatively dense solar prominence overlies a less dense plasma bubble. This latter case resembles magnetically modulated RT instabilities.

Note that the RT instability is not to be confused with the Plateau–Rayleigh instability (also known as Rayleigh instability) of a liquid jet. This instability, sometimes called the hosepipe (or firehose) instability, occurs due to surface tension, which acts to break a cylindrical jet into a stream of droplets having the same total volume but higher surface area.

Many people have witnessed the RT instability by looking at a lava lamp, although some might claim this is more accurately described as an example of Rayleigh–Bénard convection due to the active heating of the fluid layer at the bottom of the lamp.

Stages of development and eventual evolution into turbulent mixing

The evolution of the RTI follows four main stages. In the first stage, the perturbation amplitudes are small when compared to their wavelengths, the equations of motion can be linearized, resulting in exponential instability growth. In the early portion of this stage, a sinusoidal initial perturbation retains its sinusoidal shape. However, after the end of this first stage, when non-linear effects begin to appear, one observes the beginnings of the formation of the ubiquitous mushroom-shaped spikes (fluid structures of heavy fluid growing into light fluid) and bubbles (fluid structures of light fluid growing into heavy fluid). The growth of the mushroom structures continues in the second stage and can be modeled using buoyancy drag models, resulting in a growth rate that is approximately constant in time. At this point, nonlinear terms in the equations of motion can no longer be ignored. The spikes and bubbles then begin to interact with one another in the third stage. Bubble merging takes place, where the nonlinear interaction of mode coupling acts to combine smaller spikes and bubbles to produce larger ones. Also, bubble competition takes places, where spikes and bubbles of smaller wavelength that have become saturated are enveloped by larger ones that have not yet saturated. This eventually develops into a region of turbulent mixing, which is the fourth and final stage in the evolution. It is generally assumed that the mixing region that finally develops is self-similar and turbulent, provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently large.

Linear stability analysis

The inviscid two-dimensional Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability provides an excellent springboard into the mathematical study of stability because of the simple nature of the base state. This is the equilibrium state that exists before any perturbation is added to the system, and is described by the mean velocity field $$U(x,z)=W(x,z)=0,\,$$ where the gravitational field is $$\textbf{g} = -g\hat{\textbf{z}}.\,$$ An interface at $$z=0\,$$ separates the fluids of densities $$\rho_G\,$$ in the upper region, and $$\rho_L\,$$ in the lower region. In this section it is shown that when the heavy fluid sits on top, the growth of a small perturbation at the interface is exponential, and takes place at the rate

$$\exp(\gamma\,t)\;, \qquad\text{with}\quad \gamma={\sqrt{\mathcal{A}g\alpha}} \quad\text{and}\quad \mathcal{A}=\frac{\rho_{\text{heavy}}-\rho_{\text{light}}}{\rho_{\text{heavy}}+\rho_{\text{light}}},\,$$

where $$\gamma\,$$ is the temporal growth rate, $$\alpha\,$$ is the spatial wavenumber and $$\mathcal{A}\,$$ is the Atwood number.

The perturbation introduced to the system is described by a velocity field of infinitesimally small amplitude, $$(u'(x,z,t),w'(x,z,t)).\,$$ Because the fluid is assumed incompressible, this velocity field has the streamfunction representation

$$\textbf{u}'=(u'(x,z,t),w'(x,z,t))=(\psi_z,-\psi_x),\,$$

where the subscripts indicate partial derivatives. Moreover, in an initially stationary incompressible fluid, there is no vorticity, and the fluid stays irrotational, hence $$\nabla\times\textbf{u}'=0\,$$. In the streamfunction representation, $$\nabla^2\psi=0.\,$$ Next, because of the translational invariance of the system in the x-direction, it is possible to make the ansatz

$$\psi\left(x,z,t\right)=e^{i\alpha\left(x-ct\right)}\Psi\left(z\right),\,$$

where $$\alpha\,$$ is a spatial wavenumber. Thus, the problem reduces to solving the equation

$$\left(D^2-\alpha^2\right)\Psi_j=0,\,\,\,\ D=\frac{d}{dz},\,\,\,\ j=L,G.\,$$

The domain of the problem is the following: the fluid with label 'L' lives in the region $$-\infty<z\leq 0\,$$, while the fluid with the label 'G' lives in the upper half-plane $$0\leq z<\infty\,$$. To specify the solution fully, it is necessary to fix conditions at the boundaries and interface. This determines the wave speed c, which in turn determines the stability properties of the system.

The first of these conditions is provided by details at the boundary. The perturbation velocities $$w'_i\,$$ should satisfy a no-flux condition, so that fluid does not leak out at the boundaries $$z=\pm\infty.\,$$ Thus, $$w_L'=0\,$$ on $$z=-\infty\,$$, and $$w_G'=0\,$$ on $$z=\infty\,$$. In terms of the streamfunction, this is

$$\Psi_L\left(-\infty\right)=0,\qquad \Psi_G\left(\infty\right)=0.\,$$

The other three conditions are provided by details at the interface $$z=\eta\left(x,t\right)\,$$.

Continuity of vertical velocity: At $$z=\eta$$, the vertical velocities match, $$w'_L=w'_G\,$$. Using the stream function representation, this gives

$$\Psi_L\left(\eta\right)=\Psi_G\left(\eta\right).\,$$

Expanding about $$z=0\,$$ gives

$$\Psi_L\left(0\right)=\Psi_G\left(0\right)+\text{H.O.T.},\,$$

where H.O.T. means 'higher-order terms'. This equation is the required interfacial condition.

The free-surface condition: At the free surface $$z=\eta\left(x,t\right)\,$$, the kinematic condition holds:

$$\frac{\partial\eta}{\partial t}+u'\frac{\partial\eta}{\partial x}=w'\left(\eta\right).\,$$

Linearizing, this is simply

$$\frac{\partial\eta}{\partial t}=w'\left(0\right),\,$$

where the velocity $$w'\left(\eta\right)\,$$ is linearized on to the surface $$z=0\,$$. Using the normal-mode and streamfunction representations, this condition is $$c \eta=\Psi\,$$, the second interfacial condition.

Pressure relation across the interface: For the case with surface tension, the pressure difference over the interface at $$z=\eta$$ is given by the Young–Laplace equation:

$$p_G\left(z=\eta\right) - p_L\left(z=\eta\right) = \sigma\kappa,\,$$

where σ is the surface tension and κ is the curvature of the interface, which in a linear approximation is

$$\kappa=\nabla^2\eta=\eta_{xx}.\,$$

Thus,

$$p_G\left(z=\eta\right)-p_L\left(z=\eta\right)=\sigma\eta_{xx}.\,$$

However, this condition refers to the total pressure (base+perturbed), thus

$$\left[P_G\left(\eta\right)+p'_G\left(0\right)\right]-\left[P_L\left(\eta\right)+p'_L\left(0\right)\right]=\sigma\eta_{xx}.\, $$

(As usual, The perturbed quantities can be linearized onto the surface z=0.) Using hydrostatic balance, in the form

$$P_L=-\rho_L g z+p_0,\qquad P_G=-\rho_G gz +p_0,\,$$

this becomes

$$p'_G-p'_L=g\eta\left(\rho_G-\rho_L\right)+\sigma\eta_{xx},\qquad\text{on }z = 0.\,$$

The perturbed pressures are evaluated in terms of streamfunctions, using the horizontal momentum equation of the linearised Euler equations for the perturbations, $$\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial t} = - \frac{1}{\rho_i}\frac{\partial p_i'}{\partial x}\,$$ with $$i=L,G,\,$$ to yield

$$p_i'=\rho_i c D\Psi_i,\qquad i=L,G.\,$$

Putting this last equation and the jump condition on $$p'_G-p'_L$$ together,

$$c\left(\rho_G D\Psi_G-\rho_L D\Psi_L\right)=g\eta\left(\rho_G-\rho_L\right)+\sigma\eta_{xx}.\,$$

Substituting the second interfacial condition $$c\eta=\Psi\,$$ and using the normal-mode representation, this relation becomes

$$c^2\left(\rho_G D\Psi_G-\rho_L D\Psi_L\right)=g\Psi\left(\rho_G-\rho_L\right)-\sigma\alpha^2\Psi,\,$$

where there is no need to label $$\Psi\,$$ (only its derivatives) because $$\Psi_L=\Psi_G\,$$ at $$z=0.\,$$

 * Solution

Now that the model of stratified flow has been set up, the solution is at hand. The streamfunction equation $$\left(D^2-\alpha^2\right)\Psi_i=0,\,$$ with the boundary conditions $$\Psi\left(\pm\infty\right)\,$$ has the solution

$$\Psi_L=A_L e^{\alpha z},\qquad \Psi_G = A_G e^{-\alpha z}.\,$$

The first interfacial condition states that $$\Psi_L=\Psi_G\,$$ at $$z=0\,$$, which forces $$A_L=A_G=A.\,$$ The third interfacial condition states that

$$c^2\left(\rho_G D\Psi_G-\rho_L D\Psi_L\right)=g\Psi\left(\rho_G-\rho_L\right)-\sigma\alpha^2\Psi.\,$$

Plugging the solution into this equation gives the relation

$$Ac^2\alpha\left(-\rho_G-\rho_L\right)=Ag\left(\rho_G-\rho_L\right)-\sigma\alpha^2A.\,$$

The A cancels from both sides and we are left with

$$c^2=\frac{g}{\alpha}\frac{\rho_L-\rho_G}{\rho_L+\rho_G}+\frac{\sigma\alpha}{\rho_L+\rho_G}.\,$$

To understand the implications of this result in full, it is helpful to consider the case of zero surface tension. Then,

$$c^2=\frac{g}{\alpha}\frac{\rho_L-\rho_G}{\rho_L+\rho_G},\qquad \sigma=0,\,$$

and clearly

 * If $$\rho_G<\rho_L\,$$, $$c^2>0\,$$ and c is real. This happens when the lighter fluid sits on top;
 * If $$\rho_G>\rho_L\,$$, $$c^2<0\,$$ and c is purely imaginary. This happens when the heavier fluid sits on top.

Now, when the heavier fluid sits on top, $$c^2<0\,$$, and

$$c=\pm i \sqrt{\frac{g\mathcal{A}}{\alpha}},\qquad \mathcal{A}=\frac{\rho_G-\rho_L}{\rho_G+\rho_L},\,$$

where $$\mathcal{A}\,$$ is the Atwood number. By taking the positive solution, we see that the solution has the form

$$\Psi\left(x,z,t\right) = A e^{-\alpha|z|} \exp \left[i\alpha\left(x-ct\right)\right] = A \exp\left(\alpha\sqrt{\frac{g\tilde{\mathcal{A}}}{\alpha}}t\right)\exp\left(i\alpha x - \alpha|z|\right)\,$$

and this is associated to the interface position η by: $$c\eta=\Psi.\,$$ Now define $$B=A/c.\,$$

The time evolution of the free interface elevation $$z = \eta(x,t),\,$$ initially at $$\eta(x,0)=\Re\left\{B\,\exp\left(i\alpha x\right)\right\},\,$$ is given by:

$$\eta=\Re\left\{B\,\exp\left(\sqrt{\mathcal{A}g\alpha}\,t\right)\exp\left(i\alpha x\right)\right\}\,$$

which grows exponentially in time. Here B is the amplitude of the initial perturbation, and $$\Re\left\{\cdot\right\}\,$$ denotes the real part of the complex valued expression between brackets.

In general, the condition for linear instability is that the imaginary part of the "wave speed" c is positive. Finally, restoring the surface tension makes c2 less negative and is therefore stabilizing. Indeed, there is a range of short waves for which the surface tension stabilizes the system and prevents the instability forming.

When the two layers of the fluid are allowed to have a relative velocity, the instability is generalized to the Kelvin–Helmholtz–Rayleigh–Taylor instability, which includes both the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability and the Rayleigh–Taylor instability as special cases. It was recently discovered that the fluid equations governing the linear dynamics of the system admit a parity-time symmetry, and the Kelvin–Helmholtz–Rayleigh–Taylor instability occurs when and only when the parity-time symmetry breaks spontaneously.

Vorticity explanation

The RT instability can be seen as the result of baroclinic torque created by the misalignment of the pressure and density gradients at the perturbed interface, as described by the two-dimensional inviscid vorticity equation, $$\frac{D\omega}{Dt} = \frac{1}{\rho ^2}\nabla \rho \times \nabla p $$, where ω is vorticity, ρ density and p is the pressure. In this case the dominant pressure gradient is hydrostatic, resulting from the acceleration.

When in the unstable configuration, for a particular harmonic component of the initial perturbation, the torque on the interface creates vorticity that will tend to increase the misalignment of the gradient vectors. This in turn creates additional vorticity, leading to further misalignment. This concept is depicted in the figure, where it is observed that the two counter-rotating vortices have velocity fields that sum at the peak and trough of the perturbed interface. In the stable configuration, the vorticity, and thus the induced velocity field, will be in a direction that decreases the misalignment and therefore stabilizes the system.

A much simpler explanation of the basic physics of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability can be found in Ref.20.

Late-time behaviour
The analysis in the previous section breaks down when the amplitude of the perturbation is large. The growth then becomes non-linear as the spikes and bubbles of the instability tangle and roll up into vortices. Then, as in the figure, numerical simulation of the full problem is required to describe the system.

Original research papers

 * (Original paper is available at: https://www.irphe.fr/~clanet/otherpaperfile/articles/Rayleigh/rayleigh1883.pdf .)

Other

 * xvii+238 pages.
 * 626 pages.
 * 626 pages.

title: Rayleigh–Taylor instability


text: User talk:203.196.133.72

title: User talk:203.196.133.72


text: User talk:81.178.82.167

title: User talk:81.178.82.167


text:
Mike Bernardo

Michael Shawn Bernardo (28 July 1969 – 14 February 2012) was a South African kickboxer and boxer from Cape Town. Bernardo was known as Beru-chan in Japan, where he has taken part in K-1 World GPs since 1994. He holds notable wins over Mirko Cro Cop, Andy Hug, Francisco Filho, Branko Cikatic, Stan Longinidis, Gary Goodridge and three consecutive wins over K-1 legend Peter Aerts.

Biography
Mike Bernardo was of Italian and English heritage and was born in Fishhoek near Cape Town on 28 July 1969. His surname was actually Barnardo, but most people knew him as Bernardo. When he was younger, bullies often picked on him and beat him up. Bernardo started with Kyokushin to deal with his bullies: "I started Karate when I was, 12, 13 years old. The reason why I started was, because as a youngster I was quite tall but not strong. A lot of children at school were in gangs and they would always pick on me and beat me up because I was a big guy so they could prove their friends they were stronger. I took up martial arts lessons and went back to school and when they started to pick on me again and try to beat me up, I beat them all up."

Being a keen all-round sportsman, Mike Bernardo tried to do as many sports as he could. Besides karate, he started surfing when he was six, played numerous other sports but the one that he liked to play the most was rugby. After he kept getting sent off for fighting, Bernardo knew he had to make the transition from rugby to fighting sports.

Kickboxing career
It was under the guidance of former boxing champion Steve Kalakoda where Mike Bernardo received his kickboxing training. He met Kalakoda during his compulsory military service where the latter worked as a physical training instructor in the navy. Bernardo quickly established a fearsome reputation as a heavy-hitting knockout fighter. After fights in South Africa, Italy and Russia Bernardo got invited through one of England's promoters to fight in K-1. He made his debut in the K-1 World Grand Prix 1995 against Andy Hug. Bernardo pulled off the shocking win via third round stoppage.

One of his biggest successes came early in his career. In 1996, just one year into his K-1 run, Mike Bernardo competed in the K-1 World Grand Prix for the second time. Bernardo faced a tough task as he would meet Peter Aerts in the first round of the tournament. Just as he did against Hug one year before, Bernardo scored a big upset with a huge right cross that knocked the former K-1 World Grand Prix champion out. Bernardo made it to the finals that year, ultimately losing to Andy Hug in a great fight. Bernardo's other major success took place in 2000 when he won the K-1 World Grand Prix in Fukuoka, beating Jörgen Kruth, Andrew Thompson and then Mirko Cro Cop in the final. He won all three fights that night by KO.

Though he never did win the K-1 World Grand Prix crown, Bernardo proved he could hang with the very best fighters. In his career he faced all of the K-1's best - including Jerome Le Banner, Andy Hug, Peter Aerts, Ernesto Hoost and Francisco Filho - and at some point in their career, nearly all of them found themselves on the receiving end of a KO. On New Year's Eve of 2004, Bernardo was going to face Nigerian fighter Bobby Ologun in "K1-Dynamite!", but couldn't take part in the event due to a neck injury and retired from K-1.

Boxing career
In addition to his K-1 career, Mike Bernardo made his professional boxing debut on 28 February 1993, against Delius Musemwa. Mike was able to knock out Delius in the third round. In the second bout he lost by TKO for the first round against little lighter opponent Anton Nel on 7 April 1993. After a string of victories he won the vacant WBF title against Dan Jerling by defeating the Czechoslovakian fighter in the sixth round by KO. The bout took place in May 2000. In 2001, on 8 June, Mike Bernardo defended his WBF title against Peter McNeeley in Cape Town and knocked McNeely out in just 41 seconds. In May 2002, due to being inactive for long, Bernardo was stripped of the belt. Most of bouts (8) were held in South Africa, twice he fight in USA, once in Hungary, Mexico and Japan.

Marriage

Mike Bernardo was married to singer Beshara Ornellas. They were married on 5 April 1999 and the marriage lasted a brief 10 months when Beshara left on 14 February 2000.

Religion
Mike Bernardo was a deeply religious man. His belief in God played an important role in his fighting career and life: "Before the fight I say a prayer that God keep us both safe. And his will be done. In my heart there's no vengeance, I don't wanna inflict pain just because I want to inflict pain, but because I want to compete against the person that I am competing with. We're both competitors in the same line of work and we're just putting our skills together to see who's better than the other one on the day. My message is that there is hope for all of us, there's hope for every single one. Jesus is the saviour, and he's the way to offer hope, love, and also hope in healing as well. And with him with us we can achieve anything we want to achieve. That is my message."

Death
Bernardo died on February 14, 2012, at the age of 42. According to News24, the cause of death was unknown. Mike is survived by his long-term partner Claire Oschmann and their two children, Kai Oschmann-Barnardo and Sascha Oschmann-Barnardo.

Titles and accomplishments

 * Professional Kickboxing
 * World Olympic Kickboxing Super Heavyweight winner
 * 2004 World Kickboxing Association Muay Thai Super Heavyweight World champion
 * 1998 W.A.K.O. Pro Muay Thai Super Heavyweight World champion
 * 1996 World Kickboxing Association Muay Thai Super Heavyweight World champion
 * K-1
 * 2001 K-1 World Grand Prix in Nagoya 3rd place
 * 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix in Fukuoka winner
 * 1998 K-1 World Grand Prix 3rd place
 * 1996 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up
 * 1995 K-1 World Grand Prix 3rd place
 * Professional boxing
 * W.B.F. World Heavyweight champion

Kickboxing record
! style=background:white colspan=9 |Wins vacant title of W.K.A. Muay Thai World Super Heavyweight(+95kg/+210lbs) title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fails to qualify for the K-1 World Grand Prix '03 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fails to qualify for the K-1 World Grand Prix '02 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Despite loss qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 Final Elimination as invitee. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Despite winning Bernardo was unable to participate in final due to injury. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Wins K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Fukuoka. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fails to qualify for K-1 World Grand Prix '99 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Losses W.A.K.O. Pro Muay Thai World Super Heavyweight(+94.1 kg) title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix '98 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Wins Minors' WAKO Muay Thai World Super Heavyweight title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix '97 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fight was for Andy's W.K.A. World Muay Thai Super Heavyweight title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fight was for K-1 World Grand Prix '96. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix '96 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix '95 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9|Fight was for I.S.K.A. Intercontinental title.
 * - bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
 * 2004-11-06 || Draw ||align=left|🇹🇭 Kaoklai Kaennorsing || Titans 1st || Kitakyushu, Japan || Draw || 3 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2004-09-18 || Win ||align=left| Petar Majstorovic || K-1 W.K.A. Championships || Basel, Switzerland || Decision || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2004-09-18 || Win ||align=left| Petar Majstorovic || K-1 W.K.A. Championships || Basel, Switzerland || Decision || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2004-06-26 || Loss ||align=left|🇯🇵 Tatsufumi Tomihira || K-1 Beast 2004 in Shizuoka quarter-finals || Shizuoka, Japan || KO || 1 || 1:09
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2004-03-27 || Loss ||align=left| Jan Nortje || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Saitama || Saitama, Japan || TKO (punch rush/3 knockdowns) || 1 || 2:32
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2003-10-31 || Win ||align=left|🇧🇾 Sergei Gur || K-1 Final Fight Stars War in Zagreb || Zagreb, Croatia || TKO (referee stoppage) || 2 || N/A
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2003-10-11 || Loss ||align=left|🇧🇾 Alexey Ignashov || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 Final Elimination || Osaka, Japan || KO (right punch and right low kick) || 2 || 2:21
 * 2003-10-31 || Win ||align=left|🇧🇾 Sergei Gur || K-1 Final Fight Stars War in Zagreb || Zagreb, Croatia || TKO (referee stoppage) || 2 || N/A
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2003-10-11 || Loss ||align=left|🇧🇾 Alexey Ignashov || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 Final Elimination || Osaka, Japan || KO (right punch and right low kick) || 2 || 2:21
 * 2003-10-11 || Loss ||align=left|🇧🇾 Alexey Ignashov || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 Final Elimination || Osaka, Japan || KO (right punch and right low kick) || 2 || 2:21
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2003-04-06 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Eric Esch || K-1 Survival 2003 Japan Grand Prix Final || Yokohama, Japan || KO (right head kick) || 2 || 1:10
 * - bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
 * 2003-07-13 || Draw ||align=left|🇧🇷 Francisco Filho || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 in Fukuoka || Fukuoka, Japan || Draw || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2003-04-06 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Tsuyoshi Nakasako || K-1 Beast 2003 || Yamagata, Japan || TKO || 2 || 1:02
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-12-31 || Win ||align=left| Gary Goodridge || Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2002 || Saitama, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 2:12
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2002-10-05 || Loss ||align=left| Mark Hunt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 Final Elimination || Saitama, Japan || Ext.R decision (unanimous) || 4 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-12-31 || Win ||align=left| Gary Goodridge || Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2002 || Saitama, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 2:12
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2002-10-05 || Loss ||align=left| Mark Hunt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 Final Elimination || Saitama, Japan || Ext.R decision (unanimous) || 4 || 3:00
 * 2002-10-05 || Loss ||align=left| Mark Hunt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 Final Elimination || Saitama, Japan || Ext.R decision (unanimous) || 4 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-09-22 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Tom Erikson || K-1 Andy Spirits Japan GP 2002 Final || Osaka, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 2:30
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2002-08-17 || Loss ||align=left| Gary Goodridge || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 in Las Vegas || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || KO (punches) || 1 || 1:38
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2002-08-17 || Loss ||align=left| Gary Goodridge || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 in Las Vegas || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || KO (punches) || 1 || 1:38
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2002-03-03 || Loss ||align=left| Ray Sefo || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 in Nagoya || Nagoya, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-12-08 || Win ||align=left|🇦🇺 Adam Watt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2001-10-08 || Loss ||align=left|🇦🇺 Adam Watt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Fukuoka quarter-finals || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (right punch/2 knockdowns) || 1 || 2:27
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-07-20 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Lloyd van Dams || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Nagoya semi-finals || Nagoya, Japan || Ext.R decision (majority) || 4 || 3:00
 * 2001-10-08 || Loss ||align=left|🇦🇺 Adam Watt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Fukuoka quarter-finals || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (right punch/2 knockdowns) || 1 || 2:27
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-07-20 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Lloyd van Dams || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Nagoya semi-finals || Nagoya, Japan || Ext.R decision (majority) || 4 || 3:00
 * 2001-07-20 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Lloyd van Dams || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Nagoya semi-finals || Nagoya, Japan || Ext.R decision (majority) || 4 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-07-20 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Takeru || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Nagoya quarter-finals || Nagoya, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 2 || 1:40
 * - bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
 * 2001-03-17 || NC ||align=left|🇫🇷 Jérôme Le Banner || K-1 Gladiators 2001 || Yokohama, Japan || NC || 1 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-01-30 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Hiromi Amada || K-1 Rising 2001 || Matsuyama, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 4 || 1:32
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-10-09 || Win ||align=left| Mirko Cro Cop || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Fukuoka Final || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 1 || 1:07
 * 2001-01-30 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Hiromi Amada || K-1 Rising 2001 || Matsuyama, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 4 || 1:32
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-10-09 || Win ||align=left| Mirko Cro Cop || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Fukuoka Final || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 1 || 1:07
 * 2000-10-09 || Win ||align=left| Mirko Cro Cop || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Fukuoka Final || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 1 || 1:07
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-10-09 || Win ||align=left| Andrew Thomson || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Fukuoka semi-finals || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (doctor stoppage) || 1 || 0:34
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-10-09 || Win ||align=left|🇸🇪 Jörgen Kruth || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Fukuoka quarter-finals || Fukuoka, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 2:24
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-09-03 || Win ||align=left|🇧🇷 Sergio Espedito || K-1 Africa Grand Prix 2000 || Cape Town, South Africa || KO (Straight Right Punch) || 1 || N/A
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1999-10-03 || Loss ||align=left| Mirko Cro Cop || K-1 World Grand Prix '99 opening round || Osaka, Japan || TKO (3 knockdowns) || 1 || 1:20
 * 2000-09-03 || Win ||align=left|🇧🇷 Sergio Espedito || K-1 Africa Grand Prix 2000 || Cape Town, South Africa || KO (Straight Right Punch) || 1 || N/A
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1999-10-03 || Loss ||align=left| Mirko Cro Cop || K-1 World Grand Prix '99 opening round || Osaka, Japan || TKO (3 knockdowns) || 1 || 1:20
 * 1999-10-03 || Loss ||align=left| Mirko Cro Cop || K-1 World Grand Prix '99 opening round || Osaka, Japan || TKO (3 knockdowns) || 1 || 1:20
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1999-08-22 || Win ||align=left| Rony Sefo || K-1 Spirits '99 || Tokyo, Japan || KO (left hook) || 4 || 1:24
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1999-06-20 || Loss ||align=left|🇦🇺 Sam Greco || K-1 Braves '99 || Fukuoka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1999-06-20 || Loss ||align=left|🇦🇺 Sam Greco || K-1 Braves '99 || Fukuoka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1999-04-25 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Masaaki Satake || K-1 Revenge '99 || Yokohama, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1998-12-13 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 Grand Prix '98 Final Round semi-finals || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (referee Stoppage/2 Knockdowns) || 1 || 2:53
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-12-13 || Win ||align=left|🇧🇷 Francisco Filho || K-1 Grand Prix '98 Final Round quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || KO (right Overhand) || 3 || 1:35
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-10-28 || Win ||align=left|🇹🇭 Sadau Kiatsongrit || K-1 Japan '98 Kamikaze || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 2 || 2:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-09-27 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Maurice Smith || K-1 World Grand Prix '98 opening round || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-10-28 || Win ||align=left|🇹🇭 Sadau Kiatsongrit || K-1 Japan '98 Kamikaze || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 2 || 2:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-09-27 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Maurice Smith || K-1 World Grand Prix '98 opening round || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * 1998-09-27 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Maurice Smith || K-1 World Grand Prix '98 opening round || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-08-28 || Win ||align=left| Andrew Thomson || K-1 Japan Grand Prix '98 || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (referee Stoppage/Right Straight) || 1 || 3:03
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-04-09 || Win ||align=left|🇧🇷 Glaube Feitosa || K-1 Dream '98 || Nagoya, Japan || TKO (3 knockdowns) || 1 || 1:42
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-04-09 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Gordon Minors || K-1 Kings '98 || Yokohama, Japan || KO (Punch) || 2 || 2:05
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-04-09 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Gordon Minors || K-1 Kings '98 || Yokohama, Japan || KO (Punch) || 2 || 2:05
 * 1998-04-09 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Gordon Minors || K-1 Kings '98 || Yokohama, Japan || KO (Punch) || 2 || 2:05
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1997-11-09 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 Grand Prix '97 Final quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (high Kick and Straight to the Body) || 3 || 1:17
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-09-07 || Win ||align=left| Branko Cikatić || K-1 Grand Prix '97 1st round || Osaka, Japan || TKO (doctor stoppage) || 1 || 0:38
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-09-07 || Win ||align=left| Branko Cikatić || K-1 Grand Prix '97 1st round || Osaka, Japan || TKO (doctor stoppage) || 1 || 0:38
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-07 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Vieira || || Cape Town, South Africa || KO (right high kick) || 3 || 1:33
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1997-06-07 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Fight Night '97 || Zurich, Switzerland || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1997-06-07 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Fight Night '97 || Zurich, Switzerland || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1997-04-29 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Ernesto Hoost || K-1 Braves '97 || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (referee Stoppage/Right Hook) || 4 || 1:03
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-03-16 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Masaaki Satake || K-1 Kings '97 || Yokohama, Japan || KO (right uppercut) || 2 || 1:24
 * - bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
 * 1996-12-08 || Draw ||align=left|🇦🇺 Stan Longinidis || K-1 Hercules '96 || Nagoya, Japan || Draw || 5 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-10-18 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 Star Wars '96 || Yokohama, Japan || KO (right hook) || 3 || 2:37
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-09-01 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 Revenge '96 || Osaka, Japan || DQ (Groin Kick) || 1 || 1:21
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1996-05-06 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Grand Prix '96 Final || Yokohama, Japan || KO (left spinning low kick) || 2 || 1:18
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-09-01 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 Revenge '96 || Osaka, Japan || DQ (Groin Kick) || 1 || 1:21
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1996-05-06 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Grand Prix '96 Final || Yokohama, Japan || KO (left spinning low kick) || 2 || 1:18
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1996-05-06 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Grand Prix '96 Final || Yokohama, Japan || KO (left spinning low kick) || 2 || 1:18
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-05-06 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Musashi || K-1 Grand Prix '96 semi-finals || Yokohama, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-05-06 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 Grand Prix '96 quarter-finals || Yokohama, Japan || KO (left hook) || 3 || 0:13
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-03-10 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Jeff Roufus || K-1 Grand Prix '96 Opening Battle || Yokohama, Japan || TKO || 2 || 1:37
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-03-10 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Jeff Roufus || K-1 Grand Prix '96 Opening Battle || Yokohama, Japan || TKO || 2 || 1:37
 * 1996-03-10 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Jeff Roufus || K-1 Grand Prix '96 Opening Battle || Yokohama, Japan || TKO || 2 || 1:37
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1995-12-09 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 Hercules || Nagoya, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 0:40
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-09-03 || Win ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Revenge II || Yokohama, Japan || KO (Punch) || 2 || 2:43
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1995-05-04 || Loss ||align=left|🇫🇷 Jérôme Le Banner || K-1 Grand Prix '95 semi-finals || Tokyo, Japan || KO (right low kick) || 2 || 3:05
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-05-04 || Win ||align=left|🇦🇺 Stan Longinidis || K-1 Grand Prix '95 quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || KO (right high kick) || 3 || 1:42
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-03-03 || Win ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Grand Prix '95 Opening Battle || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 3 || 2:39
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-05-04 || Win ||align=left|🇦🇺 Stan Longinidis || K-1 Grand Prix '95 quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || KO (right high kick) || 3 || 1:42
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-03-03 || Win ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Grand Prix '95 Opening Battle || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 3 || 2:39
 * 1995-03-03 || Win ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Grand Prix '95 Opening Battle || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 3 || 2:39
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1994-00-00 || Loss ||align=left|🇫🇷 Jérôme Le Banner || I.S.K.A. Intercontinental Championship || Cape Town, South Africa || Decision (unanimous) || 10 || 2:00

! style=background:white colspan=9 |Wins World Boxing Foundation (W.B.F.) World Heavyweight Title.
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-06-08 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Peter McNeeley || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 Preliminary South Africa || Cape Town, South Africa || TKO || 1 || 0:41 || 11–1–1
 * 2001-06-08 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Peter McNeeley || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 Preliminary South Africa || Cape Town, South Africa || TKO || 1 || 0:41 || 11–1–1
 * - bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
 * 2000-07-30 || Draw ||align=left|🇦🇺 Justin Fortune || N/A || Nagoya, Japan || TD || 1 || N/A || 10–1–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-05-12 || Win ||align=left|🇨🇿 Daniel Jerling || N/A || Szekszárd, Hungary || TKO || 6 || N/A || 10–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-01-21 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Scott Conner || N/A || Chicago, Illinois, USA || TKO || 2 || N/A || 9–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-03-31 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Juan Quintana || N/A || Portland, Maine, USA || PTS || 6 || N/A || 8–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-12-02 || Win ||align=left|🇦🇷 Alberto Toribio Coman || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || TKO || 4 || N/A || 7–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-09-10 || Win ||align=left|🇲🇽 Hector Fernandez || N/A || Tijuana, Mexico || KO || 1 || N/A || 6–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1994-11-27 || Win ||align=left| Themba Msweli || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || KO || 3 || N/A || 5–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1994-05-18 || Win ||align=left| Nzuzu Manyube || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || TKO || 1 || N/A || 4–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1993-11-06 || Win ||align=left| Matthews Zulu || N/A || Sun City, South Africa || PTS || 4 || N/A || 3–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1993-07-25 || Win ||align=left| Graham Makazi || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || KO || 1 || N/A || 2–1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1993-04-06 || Loss ||align=left| Anton Nel || N/A || Temba, South Africa || TKO || 1 || N/A || 1–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1993-02-28 || Win ||align=left| Delias Musemwa || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || KO || 3 || N/A || 1–0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1993-11-06 || Win ||align=left| Matthews Zulu || N/A || Sun City, South Africa || PTS || 4 || N/A || 3–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1993-07-25 || Win ||align=left| Graham Makazi || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || KO || 1 || N/A || 2–1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1993-04-06 || Loss ||align=left| Anton Nel || N/A || Temba, South Africa || TKO || 1 || N/A || 1–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1993-02-28 || Win ||align=left| Delias Musemwa || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || KO || 3 || N/A || 1–0
 * 1993-04-06 || Loss ||align=left| Anton Nel || N/A || Temba, South Africa || TKO || 1 || N/A || 1–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1993-02-28 || Win ||align=left| Delias Musemwa || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || KO || 3 || N/A || 1–0
 * 1993-02-28 || Win ||align=left| Delias Musemwa || N/A || Cape Town, South Africa || KO || 3 || N/A || 1–0

 * - bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
 * 2001-12-31 || Draw ||align=left|🇯🇵 Nobuhiko Takada || Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2001 || Saitama, Japan || Draw || 3 || 3:00 || 0–0–1
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:

title: Mike Bernardo


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Buteshire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Buteshire. The post was established in 1794 and abolished in 1975, being replaced by the Lord Lieutenant of Argyll and Bute and the Lord Lieutenant of Ayrshire and Arran.

 * John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute 17 March 1794 – 16 November 1814
 * John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute 2 January 1815 – 18 March 1848
 * Lord Patrick Crichton-Stuart 17 April 1848 – 7 September 1859
 * James Crichton-Stuart 14 November 1859 – 24 October 1891
 * John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute 13 February 1892 – 9 October 1900
 * Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin 1 January 1901 – 1905
 * John Crichton-Stuart, 4th Marquess of Bute 31 March 1905 – 1920
 * James Graham, 6th Duke of Montrose 24 June 1920 – 1953
 * Lord Colum Crichton-Stuart 15 April 1953 – 18 August 1957
 * Lord Robert Crichton-Stuart 12 June 1958 – 1963
 * Ronald Graham 19 July 1963 – 23 June 1967
 * John Crichton-Stuart, 6th Marquess of Bute 12 October 1967 – 1975

Deputy Lieutenants

 * Richard Carnaby-Forster 4 March 1901

title: Lord Lieutenant of Buteshire


text:
TLO

TLO, or Turun linja-autoilijain osakeyhtiö (Finnish for Turku Bus Operators Ltd) is a group of bus companies and the main operator of the regional public transport in the region of Turku, Finland. TLO was founded in 1954 by over fifty private bus companies. Since then, the number of companies in the group has shrunk to six.

On a normal day, 52 of the group's buses are in operation on lines between Turku and its neighbouring cities. The most important destinations of TLO's bus services are:
 * Naantali (lines 6, 7, 201, 203)
 * Raisio (lines 6, 7, 206, 220, 221, 300)
 * the Mylly shopping centre (lines 220, 221, 300)
 * Kuninkoja (lines 300, 301, 302, 303)
 * Kaarina (lines 7, 221, 700, 701, 703-707, 801, 901-903)
 * Piikkiö (lines 700, 701, 703-707)
 * Paimio (lines 703-709)
 * Pargas (lines 801, 901-903)
 * Nagu, Korpo (lines 901-903)
 * Lieto (line 6)
 * Rusko (lines 301, 302, 303)
 * Vahto (lines 302, 303)
 * Merimasku, Rymättylä (line N2, N4 from Naantali)

title: TLO


text: Category:Home video companies of the United States


text: Category:South African styles of music

title: Category:South African styles of music


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Surrey

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Surrey. Since 1737, all Lords Lieutenant have also been Custos Rotulorum of Surrey.

Lord Lieutenants of Surrey

 * William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton 1551–1553?
 * William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham 1559–1573
 * Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham 3 July 1585 – 14 December 1624 jointly with
 * Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Nottingham 27 July 1621 – 1642 jointly with
 * John Ramsay, 1st Earl of Holderness 5 June 1624 – February 1626 and
 * Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon 5 January 1627 – 16 November 1638 and
 * Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel 23 July 1635 – 1642 and
 * Henry Howard, Lord Maltravers 2 June 1636 – 1642
 * Interregnum
 * John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt 16 July 1660 – 5 June 1675
 * Prince Rupert of the Rhine 24 June 1675 – 29 November 1682
 * Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk 16 December 1682 – 2 April 1701
 * Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley 7 June 1702 – 24 September 1710
 * George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland 9 October 1710 – 24 December 1714
 * Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax 24 December 1714 – 19 May 1715
 * John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll 16 July 1715 – 6 July 1716
 * Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow 6 July 1716 – 5 December 1717
 * Thomas Onslow, 2nd Baron Onslow 9 December 1717 – 5 June 1740
 * Richard Onslow, 3rd Baron Onslow 13 November 1740 – 8 October 1776
 * George Onslow, 1st Earl of Onslow 20 November 1776 – 17 May 1814
 * George Brodrick, 4th Viscount Midleton 15 June 1814 – 27 September 1830
 * Charles George Perceval, 2nd Baron Arden 27 September 1830 – 5 July 1840
 * William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace 17 July 1840 – 29 December 1893
 * Admiral Francis Egerton 25 September 1893 – 15 December 1895
 * William Brodrick, 8th Viscount Midleton 29 January 1896 – 19 December 1905
 * Henry Cubitt, 2nd Baron Ashcombe 19 December 1905 – 6 June 1939
 * Sir John Malcolm Fraser, 1st Baronet 6 June 1939 – 4 May 1949
 * Gen. Sir Robert Haining 2 August 1949 – 6 August 1957
 * Geoffrey FitzClarence, 5th Earl of Munster 6 August 1957 – 12 March 1973
 * John Hamilton, 3rd Baron Hamilton of Dalzell 12 March 1973 – 2 May 1986
 * Sir Richard Thornton 2 May 1986 – 29 October 1997
 * Dame Sarah Jane Frances Goad 29 October 1997 – 23 August 2015
 * Michael More-Molyneux 24 August 2015 – present

Deputy lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of Surrey is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Surrey. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

19th Century

 * 18 July 1848: James William Freshfield
 * August 1852: Henry Gosse

title: Lord Lieutenant of Surrey


text:
WinHelp

Microsoft WinHelp is a proprietary format for online help files that can be displayed by the Microsoft Help browser winhelp.exe or winhlp32.exe. The file format is based on Rich Text Format (RTF). It remained a popular Help platform from Windows 3.0 through Windows XP. WinHelp was removed in Windows Vista purportedly to discourage software developers from using the obsolete format and encourage use of newer help formats. Support for WinHelp files would eventually be removed entirely in Windows 10.

History

 * 1990 – WinHelp 1.0 shipped with Windows 3.0.
 * 1995 – WinHelp 4.0 shipped with Windows 95 / Windows NT.
 * 2006 – Microsoft announced its intentions to phase out WinHelp as a supported platform. WinHelp is not part of Windows Vista out of the box. WinHelp files come in 16 bit and 32 bit types. Vista treats these files types differently. When starting an application that uses the 32 bit .hlp format, Windows warns that the format is no longer supported. A downloadable viewer for 32 bit .hlp files is available from the Microsoft Download Center. The 16 bit WinHelp files continue to display in Windows Vista (32 bit only) without the viewer download.
 * January 9, 2009 – Microsoft announced the availability of Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows Server 2008 at the Microsoft Download Center.
 * October 14, 2009 – Microsoft announced the availability of Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 at the Microsoft Download Center.
 * October 26, 2012 – Microsoft announced the availability of Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows 8 at the Microsoft Download Center.
 * November 5, 2013 – Microsoft announced the availability of Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows 8.1 at the Microsoft Download Center.
 * July 15, 2015 - Microsoft completely removed Windows Help from Windows 10. Attempting to open a .hlp file just brings users to a help page detailing that it was removed.

File format
A WinHelp file has a ".hlp" suffix. It can be accompanied by an optional table of contents (.cnt) file if the help developer created one. When Windows opens a WinHelp file, it creates a .gid file in the same directory or in " ", containing information about the .hlp file such as the window size and location. If the user clicks the "Find" tab and enables keyword indexing, Windows creates an index file with a .fts (full text search) extension. Annotations and bookmarks for each Windows help file have the extension ".ann" and ".bmk".

A number of software tools can decompile a WinHelp file into its source documents: HPJ, CNT, RTF, BMP, and SHG. An HPJ file is the project file that is created and edited in the Help Workshop (or a third party help authoring tool). The HPJ contains information about what RTF files to compile into the help, the MAP IDs and Aliases that provide links from a calling application to the help file, and help file appearance (window size, default buttons, color schemes, etc.). The CNT file provides the table of contents for the help file. An SHG file is a "SHED" graphics file that essentially creates an image map of help calls for a graphic file (e.g., a BMP).

A number of tools can read and explore these files. (See, for example, Help to RTF and winhelpcgi.)

Source files and compilation
Source files required to compile a .hlp file consist of one or more documents in Rich Text Format and a help project file with the extension .hpj, along with any image files (.bmp, .wmf, or .shg) that are used within the Help file. An optional table of contents file with the extension .cnt can also be created for use with the .hlp file.

Within the .rtf files, topics are separated by page breaks. Each topic has a series of footnotes that contain information for the help compiler:
 * # footnotes contain the topic ID (used to create links to that topic).
 * $ footnotes contain the topic name as it displays in the table of contents, index, and other locations.
 * K footnotes contain keywords for the index.
 * A footnotes contain See Also keywords.
 * * footnotes contain build tags.
 * + footnotes contain browse sequence information.
 * ! footnotes contain topic entry macros.

Only the # footnote is required. All others are optional.

Text in each topic can contain limited formatting, including bold text, italics, and colors. Superscript and subscript are not allowed. Jumps between topics in the same Help file usually appear in the source document as double-underlined text (green by default, though this can be overridden) followed by a topic ID in hidden text. Popup links appear in the source document as text with a single underline (also green by default) followed by a topic ID in hidden text. (In the .hlp file, the jumps show up as green text with a single underline, and popups show up as green text with a dotted underline.)

Images can be added using codes such as {bmc image.bmp}. Supported image formats include .bmp, .wmf, and .shg (used for image maps, which can contain jumps or popups that are triggered by clicking on specific parts of the image).

After the source files have been created, the help file can be compiled using a WinHelp compiler such as HCW.exe or by using a commercial software program such as RoboHelp or HelpBreeze, most of which (included the two cited here) also use hcw.exe as the backend compiler.

WinHelp appearance and features
Depending on how it has launched and what settings the Help author chose, a WinHelp file opens either to its default topic, its table of contents, or its index.

A topic in a WinHelp file opens in a separate window, in a size and initial position that the Help author may choose. Users can resize or reposition the window. The Help author can control whether the Help file stores the user's settings between sessions, or always opens in the default size and position.

When a topic is open, a title bar at the top of the Help window displays the topic title. Below that is a row of menus (File, Edit, Bookmark, Options, and Help), which control various aspects of the file. A row of buttons usually appears below the menus. The Help author controls which buttons, if any, appear. Typical buttons include Contents, Index, Back, and Print, along with << and >> buttons to browse through the file. Help authors can also create custom buttons to jump to specific topics or perform other actions.

Below the buttons is the main text area of the window. Typically, the text begins with a heading, often bold or in a larger font than the rest of the text. This heading may sometimes be in a non-scrolling region—an area of the window that does not move up or down via the scrollbar at the side of the window. Non-scrolling regions can only be used at the beginning of a topic. The Help author can control size and background color of a non-scrolling region.

Help authors can also control the background color of the main text area, where the actual text of the topic appears. This text can be formatted and arranged in many ways. Within the text, jumps appear as green text with a single underline. Single-clicking on a jump opens a different topic. Some jumps may open secondary Help windows to display information. Popups appear in the text as green text with a dotted underline. Single-clicking on a popup opens a small window with no menus, buttons, or scrollbars, sized to fit the text. Often, popups provide short definitions of key terms or other supplemental information about the main text. The popup automatically disappears the next time the user clicks or presses a key.

Many, though not all Help topics have See Also jumps at the end of the text. Depending on the Help author's preference, this feature may be a simple list of jumps under the heading See Also, or it may be a small button that, when clicked, brings up a dialog box displaying all the relevant topics. Clicking on the name of a topic in that dialog box then clicking Display opens that topic.

Most Help files also contain a table of contents and an index to help users locate information. These appear in a separate, tabbed window. Clicking on the Contents tab opens the table of contents, in which users can click on headings to see the topics. Often, headings are marked with icons that look like small books and the topics have icons that look like pages. Double-clicking on a topic (or clicking on a topic then clicking Display) opens that topic. Clicking on the Index tab opens the index, which has a typing field and an alphabetical keyword list. Typing in the typing field automatically scrolls the list of keywords to the closest match. Double-clicking on a keyword (or clicking on a keyword then clicking Display) displays the topic associated with that keyword (if only one) or brings up a list of all topics associated with it. The index is important in helping users locate information. Sometimes Help files also have a Find tab, which lets the user search for any word used in the text of the file, not just for keywords.

WinHelp also supports a feature known as context-sensitive help. Context-sensitive help is assistance that is appropriate to where the user is in the software application, and what they are trying to do.

A rather security critical feature is that one can also include a DLL file containing custom code and associating it with WinHelp topics. Effectively this makes .HLP files equivalent to executables.

End of support
At the 2006 WritersUA conference, Microsoft announced its intentions to phase out WinHelp as a supported platform. Ted Dworkin (Partner Director of WinHelp Experience) stated, "WinHelp does not meet the code standards established for Vista. These standards include security, reliability, and performance." He went on to say that WinHelp is designed in such a way that, "...we would have to rewrite it from the ground up to meet the Vista code standards. And that approach doesn't make sense given that we have two other Help systems in Vista."

The updated licensing agreement prohibits application developers from packaging the WinHelp libraries with their installers. This means that WinHelp manuals for legacy applications are not readable on a new Windows Vista (or higher version) installation. To read them, the end-user must obtain the 32-bit WinHelp viewer from Microsoft's website and manually install it.

In Windows 10 and later, Microsoft does not offer a WinHelp viewer for the operating system. The last version of Windows on which it was possible to open and read WinHelp files, using an official downloadable component by Microsoft, is Windows 8.1. The open-source version of winhlp32 from Wine also works on Windows 10. It is included as part of WineVDM. Also on Windows 10 WinHelp works with winhlp32.exe from older version of Windows.

Other documentation file formats
Although documentation can be maintained entirely in a vendor-specific presentation format such as WinHelp, it is more often the case that documentation must be published in multiple presentation formats at once: Microsoft Compiled HTML Help (CHM), WinHelp, HTML pages, Java Help, PDF, etc. It would be very expensive and error-prone to maintain each format separately.

For this reason, authors often maintain documentation in an industry-standard, vendor-neutral authoring format—such as DocBook or FrameMaker—that can be used to generate several different presentation formats (including WinHelp). Various presentation files thus produced (with WinHelp or other tools) contain consistent content because they were generated from the same source.

title: WinHelp