text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gyrating bhtch

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 20:40, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Gyrating bhtch

 * Delete vanity. --Briangotts 18:40, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity, non-notable, advertisement. Could possibly be speedied for no content. --InShaneee 20:51, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity, promo. Megan1967 07:59, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There are entries in Wikipedia for U2. How is this band any different? Why does it matter that U2 is well-known and this band is not? Is part of Wikipedia's charter that only notable people, places and things should be allowed in? And if so, what criteria should therefore be used to determine what is "notable"? There are plenty of important people events that got swept under the rug by a lack of media coverage, or a lack of awareness, that were nonetheless important. Many artists labored in obscurity during their own time, only to be "discovered" long after their death. It seems to me that judging an entry based on how popular it is does a serious dis-service to this project as a whole.

However, the "vanity" charge is fully warranted. I will update the text of the submission to make it more objective.
 * unsigned coments from user:24.27.39.144, who created the Gyrating bhtch article.

Vanity charge not at all warranted! From the Wikipedia definitions: (entries) about start-up businesses or musicians are not vanity pages and are considered acceptable.
 * unsigned comment from user:68.77.141.109 19:51, 16 Apr 2005 -- this user's first edit.

 * Delete. If sockpuppets want to keep it, it's gotta go! P Ingerson 20:05, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"If sockpuppets want to keep it..." What does that even mean? The first draft of the entry was biased, I admit, but I have changed the text to make it more objective. It now seems to conform with Wikipedia's own entry standards, does it not? And if not, then why? Certainly, deletion is not recommended here because of reviewer bias, right? So what objective standards are being applied now to warrant deletion?
 * Delete. Unlike this band U2 meets the Wikimusic Project guidelines which specifies that an artist meet at least one of the criteria namely top 100 success in major or medium sized market, won awards, performed on a national tour, or recorded at least two albums with major label or reasonably well-known independent label. This band will be eligible too when it meets any of this criteria.Capitalistroadster 00:35, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is verifiable and may be of interest to more than a few people. From what I understand from the limited search that I made of this band on Google, their performances are more like the avant-garde "happenings" that were common in art communities of past decades.  These events were ephemeral.  Their documentation, whether only in the minds of the audience or as Christo has done in his tangible records for his projects, is the only proof that they happened at all.  It seems that a wiki-community is an appropriate place for such an art form to be documented. --Newdeal 16:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
1974–75 NFL playoffs

The National Football League playoffs for the 1974 season began on December 21, 1974. The postseason tournament concluded with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IX, 16–6, on January 12, 1975, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana.

This was the last season in which the sites for the playoff games annually alternated by division.

Schedule
In the United States, CBS televised the NFC playoff games, while NBC broadcast the AFC games and Super Bowl IX.

NFC: Minnesota Vikings 30, St. Louis Cardinals 14
Aided by the Cardinals' turnovers, the Vikings scored 16 points in less than 7 minutes in the third quarter. On their first possession of the game, St. Louis drove to the Vikings 35-yard line, but lost the ball on a failed 4th and 1 conversion attempt. St. Louis eventually got onto the scoreboard first with quarterback Jim Hart's 13-yard touchdown pass to receiver Earl Thomas, but Minnesota countered when quarterback Fran Tarkenton completed a 16-yard touchdown pass to John Gilliam. The 7–7 tie would last till the end of the half. The Cardinals had a chance to take the lead with a 56-yard drive to the Vikings 6-yard line, but Jim Bakken missed a 23-yard field goal attempt as time expired.

On the third play of the second half, Jeff Wright intercepted a pass from Hart and returned it 18 yards to set up Fred Cox's 37-yard field goal, giving his team a 10–7 lead. Exactly 60 seconds later, on the Cardinals' ensuing drive, Terry Metcalf lost a fumble while being leveled by Vikings linemen Alan Page and Carl Eller. Cornerback Nate Wright picked up the loose ball and returned it 20 yards for a touchdown that increased Minnesota's lead to 17–7. A few minutes later, Tarkenton finished off a 16-point quarter with a 38-yard touchdown pass to Gilliam. In the 4th quarter, Vikings running back Chuck Foreman, who finished the game with 114 rushing yards and 5 receptions for 54 yards, recorded a 4-yard touchdown run to give Minnesota a 30–7 lead. By the time Metcalf rushed for an 11-yard fourth-quarter touchdown, the game was already out of reach for the Cardinals.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Cardinals and Vikings.

This was the final NFL on CBS game as a play-by-play announcer for Brent Musburger, and the last for Irv Cross as an analyst until 1990. Musburger and Cross were named hosts of The NFL Today along with Phyllis George for the 1975 season.

AFC: Oakland Raiders 28, Miami Dolphins 26
In a play that became known as the Sea of Hands, the Raiders' Clarence Davis somehow caught the winning touchdown pass with 24 seconds left in the game among "the sea of hands" of three Dolphins defenders.

The game began when rookie receiver Nat Moore returned the opening kickoff 89 yards for a Miami touchdown. Dick Anderson then intercepted a pass from Ken Stabler, but fellow safety Jake Scott was hurt on the play and would miss the rest of the game. Oakland's defense made a stand in their own territory to force a punt. Later on, the Raiders tied the game with Stabler's 31-yard touchdown pass to Charlie Smith. But with 1:01 left in the half, Miami's Garo Yepremian kicked a 33-yard field goal to put the Dolphins back in the lead.

The Raiders scored on their opening drive of the third quarter with Stabler's 13-yard touchdown pass to Fred Biletnikoff, who hauled in the ball with one arm along the right sideline and barely tap his feet in bounds through tight coverage by cornerback Tim Foley, giving them a 14–10 lead. Aided by a 29-yard pass interference penalty against the Raiders on third down, Miami struck back with Bob Griese's 16-yard touchdown pass to Paul Warfield. But Oakland lineman Bubba Smith blocked the extra point attempt, keeping the Miami lead at just 2 points, 16–14.

Early in the fourth quarter, Yepremian increased Miami's lead to 19–14 with a 46-yard field goal. Later in the period, Oakland got the ball on their own 17-yard line. Stabler started the drive with an 11-yard completion to Biletnikoff. On the next play, he threw a pass to Cliff Branch at the Dolphins' 27-yard line. Branch made a spectacular diving catch and then got back up and ran the rest of the way to the end zone for a 72-yard touchdown reception, giving the Raiders a 21–19 lead with 4:37 left in the game. With 2:08 left to play, the Dolphins took a 26–21 lead with a 68-yard, 4-play drive that ended with Benny Malone's 23-yard touchdown run, evading four tackle attempts by Raider defenders on the way to the end zone.

Following a 20-yard kickoff return by Ron Smith, the Raiders got the ball on their own 32-yard line with 2 minutes left to play and all three timeouts left. After a 6-yard completion to tight end Bob Moore and a short run, Stabler went deep to Biletnikoff, completing two consecutive passes to him for gains of 18 and 20 yards. Then after a 4-yard catch by Branch, Frank Pitts made a bobbling first down catch at the Dolphins 14-yard line. On the next play, Clarence Davis ran the ball 6 yards to the 8-yard line, where the Raiders called their final timeout. On the next play, Stabler dropped back to pass and looked for Biletnikoff in the end zone, but he was tightly covered. With Dolphins defensive end Vern Den Herder dragging him down, Stabler threw a desperate pass to the left side of the end zone into a "sea of hands", where Davis fought his way through the Dolphins defenders to make the touchdown catch.

Trailing 28–26, the Dolphins got the ball back with 24 seconds left. But on their second play of the drive, Oakland linebacker Phil Villapiano intercepted Griese's pass at the Raiders 45-yard line, allowing his team to run out the rest of the clock.

"This has to be the toughest loss I've ever suffered", said Miami coach Don Shula, "The Raiders are a great credit to professional football", he added. "They needed touchdowns to win and they got them." Moore finished his first career playoff game with 184 all-purpose yards (142 KR, 40 Rec, 2 PR). Biletnikoff caught 8 passes for 122 yards and a touchdown. Stabler completed 20 of 30 passes for 294 yards and four touchdowns, with one interception.

This was the third postseason meeting between the Dolphins and Raiders, with both teams splitting the first two meetings.

AFC: Pittsburgh Steelers 32, Buffalo Bills 14
Running back Franco Harris led the Steelers to the victory by scoring 3 touchdowns in the second quarter. Pittsburgh outgained the Bills in total yards, 438–264, and first downs, 29–14.

Pittsburgh scored on their first possession with Roy Gerela's 21-yard field goal, but later on, a poor punt from Bobby Walden gave the Bills a first down on their own 44, where they proceeded to drive 56 yards to a 7–3 lead on Joe Ferguson's 27-yard touchdown pass to tight end Paul Seymour.

The Steelers took over the game in the second quarter, scoring 26 unanswered points with an NFL playoff single quarter record 4 touchdowns. Early in the period, Pittsburgh quarterback Terry Bradshaw rushed for 8 yards on 3rd and 7 and later picked another 12 yards on a scramble before finishing the drive with a 27-yard scoring pass to running back Rocky Bleier, giving the team a 9–7 lead after Gerela's extra point was blocked. Following a Bills punt, the team increased their lead to 16–7 with a 66-yard drive that concluded with a 1-yard touchdown run by Harris. Then Buffalo running back Jim Braxton lost a fumble on a combined tackle by Mel Blount and Mike Wagner, which linebacker Jack Ham recovered for Pittsburgh on their 42. Bradshaw subsequently completed a 19-yard pass to Bleier and 35-yard pass to Lynn Swann as the team drove to a 22–7 lead (due to another blocked extra point) on Harris' 4-yard score. With 16 seconds left before halftime, Harris scored his 3rd rushing touchdown to cap a 56-yard drive, upping his team's lead to 29–7.

Buffalo cut the score to 29–14 in the third quarter with Ferguson's 3-yard touchdown pass to running back O. J. Simpson, but Gerela's 22-yard field goal in the final period would be the only other score of the game.

In the only playoff game of his 11-season Hall of Fame career, Simpson was held to 49 rushing yards, 3 receptions for 37 yards, and a touchdown. Ferguson threw for 164 yards, 2 touchdowns, and no interceptions, but completed just 11 of 26 passes. Bradshaw completed 12 of 19 passes for 201 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for 48 yards on five carries.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Bills and Steelers.

NFC: Los Angeles Rams 19, Washington Redskins 10
Linebacker Isiah Robertson returned an interception 59 yards in the fourth quarter, the last of six Washington turnovers, to clinch the Rams victory in a brutal defensive battle in which both teams combined for just 444 total yards. The two teams had met on the same field thirteen days earlier on Monday night, won by Washington 23–17, which was the sole home loss of the season for the Rams.

Los Angeles scored on the opening drive, moving the ball 72 yards in eight plays, with quarterback James Harris' two completions to Harold Jackson for 35 total yards setting up his 10-yard touchdown pass to tight end Bob Klein. The Redskins then scored ten unanswered points before halftime. Billy Kilmer's 41-yard completion to Charley Taylor got the team moving on the way to a 35-yard Mike Bragg field goal, making the score 7–3. In the second quarter, the Rams forced and recovered a fumble from Kilmer on the Washington 38, but the Redskins defense made a stand to prevent the Rams from scoring. Later on, Washington cornerback Pat Fischer intercepted a pass from Harris and returned it 40 yards to the Rams 23, setting up Moses Denson's 1-yard rushing touchdown to give Washington their first lead at 10–7.

In the third quarter, Rams defensive tackle Merlin Olsen forced a fumble from running back Larry Brown that linebacker Jack Reynolds recovered on the LA 44-yard line, leading to David Ray's 37-yard field goal. Then returner Doug Cunningham lost a fumble on the ensuing kickoff, resulting Ray's 26-yard field goal to give LA a 13–10 lead. In the fourth quarter, coach George Allen replaced Kilmer with Sonny Jurgensen. With the Redskins driving for the possible tying field goal, defensive tackle Merlin Olsen pressured Jurgensen into throwing the game clinching interception to Robertson, who weaved his way back and forth across the field as he ran 59 yards to the end zone. The extra point kick failed, but Olsen then recorded two more sacks, forcing a punt and enabling LA to hold the ball until 3:23 remained in the game. On Washington's next drive, Reynolds intercepted a pass from Jurgensen to put the game away. Third-string quarterback Joe Theismann was returning punts for the Redskins at this time. This was the last game in hall of famer Jurgensen's career.

This was the second postseason meeting between the franchises; the Rams also won the 1945 NFL Championship Game, their final game as the Cleveland Rams.

NFC: Minnesota Vikings 14, Los Angeles Rams 10
On an unusually balmy day for December in Minnesota, the Vikings were able to hold onto the ball for the final 5:37 of the game to preserve a 14–10 victory. After a scoreless first quarter, Minnesota quarterback Fran Tarkenton threw a 29-yard touchdown to Jim Lash. Rams kicker David Ray later added a 27-yard field goal to cut the lead to 7–3 before halftime. In the third quarter, Los Angeles advanced the ball from their own 1-yard line to the Minnesota 1-yard line. The big play on the drive was a 73-yard pass play to Harold Jackson, who was finally pushed out of bounds at the Vikings 2 by safety Jeff Wright. With the ball inside the one-yard line, Rams guard Tom Mack was controversially called for illegal procedure (replays showed Mack did not move). Moved back to the six-yard line, the Rams were forced to pass for a touchdown on third down but the pass was deflected and Vikings linebacker Wally Hilgenberg intercepted the ball in the end zone for a touchback. Minnesota then went on a 15-play drive that took almost eight minutes off the clock to score on Dave Osborn's 4-yard touchdown run. With 7:15 left to play in the game, the Rams then cut the deficit to 14–10 with Harold Jackson's 44-yard touchdown reception. Then after forcing the Vikings to punt, Los Angeles drove to the Minnesota 45-yard line. But a third down sack forced the Rams to punt again and the Vikings kept the ball to run out the clock.

This was the second postseason meeting between the Rams and Vikings. Minnesota won the only previous meeting.

AFC: Pittsburgh Steelers 24, Oakland Raiders 13
After trailing 10–3 at the end of the third quarter, the Steelers scored three touchdowns in the final period to earn their first championship appearance in team history.

The first half was controlled by both defenses. Oakland got a big opportunity in the first quarter when they recovered a muffed punt return by Lynn Swann on the Steelers 41-yard line, but Mel Blount's deflection of a 3rd down pass by Ken Stabler forced them to settle for a 40-yard field goal from George Blanda. Meanwhile, the Steelers got close to the Oakland end zone twice, but each time they had to settle for Roy Gerela field goal attempts. He missed his first one from 20 yards in the first quarter but kicked a 23-yard field goal in the second to tie the game at 3 going into halftime.

Steelers linebacker Jack Lambert blocked a Blanda field goal in the second quarter, however in the second half, the Raiders eventually took a 10–3 lead with Ken Stabler's 38-yard touchdown pass to Cliff Branch. But Pittsburgh tied the game again six seconds into the fourth quarter with Franco Harris' 8-yard touchdown run at the end of a 61-yard drive. Then linebacker Jack Ham intercepted a pass from Stabler (his second interception of the day) and returned it to the Raiders' 9-yard line, setting up Bradshaw's 6-yard touchdown pass to Swann. Oakland responded with a drive to the Steelers 7-yard line, featuring a 45-yard reception by Fred Biletnikoff, but on 3rd down, a blitz by Mike Wagner forced Stabler to throw the ball away, and the team to setting for a 24-yard Blanda field goal, and the Steelers still led, 17–13.

Oakland got the ball back for a chance to drive for a go-ahead touchdown, but J. T. Thomas made a clutch interception and returned the ball 37 yards to the Raiders 24. Harris then scored on a 21-yard rushing touchdown to put the game away.

Harris rushed for 111 yards and 2 scores, while Rocky Bleier added 98 rushing yards and 2 receptions for 25. Branch finished the game with 9 receptions for 186 yards and a touchdown.

This was the third postseason meeting between the Steelers and Raiders. Both teams split the previous meetings.

Super Bowl IX: Pittsburgh Steelers 16, Minnesota Vikings 6
This was the first Super Bowl meeting between the Steelers and Vikings.

Quotes
Curt Gowdy and Don Meredith of NBC Television calling the Sea of Hands at the 1974 AFC Divisional Playoffs. Gowdy – There he is... fading... looking, looking, looking... he's under the gun, this time, he throws... it is... Meredith – Oh... He caught it! He caught it! He caught it! Gowdy – TOUCHDOWN! UNBELIEVABLE! UNBELIEVABLE!

Bill King of KNBR calling the Sea of Hands at the 1974 AFC Divisional Playoffs. – Back to pass goes Stabler... looking, looking, looking... he runs, he's at the 15, he throws, it is... it's TOUCHDOWN RAIDERS! TOUCHDOWN RAIDERS! I can't even see the receiver. Clarence Davis, it looks like Clarence Davis, he's being mobbed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1974–75 NFL playoffs


text:
Wildfire Studios

Wildfire Studios is an Australian video game developer that was established in 1995. It is based in Brisbane, Australia.

Wildfire has developed several pinball games for video game publishers, but their most recent games are released through RealNetworks.

Portfolio

 * Jungo, self-published
 * Danny Phantom Ghost Frenzy, published by Nickelodeon
 * Tumblebugs, published by Realarcade
 * Balls of Steel, published by Pinball Wizards (see 3D Realms)
 * Kiss Pinball, Global Star Software (named after band Kiss)
 * Dirt Track Racing Pinball, Ratbag Games
 * Austin Powers Pinball, Gotham Games and Global Star Software (named after film series Austin Powers)
 * Devil's Island Pinball, self-published
 * Tumblebugs 2, published by Big Fish Games

RealNetworks games

 * Balls of Steel: Creature Attack!
 * Devil's Island Pinball
 * Tumblebugs

WiiWare games

 * Tumblebugs, published by Gameshastra

title: Wildfire Studios


text: User:Jblake

title: User:Jblake


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Airports of the United States that need articles

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. (content placed on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Airports) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:35, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of Airports of the United States that need articles
Self (WP)-referential. Belongs in Wikipedia or Talk namespace. Delete or move somewhere.  —msh210 18:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete A better solution to the problem was suggested so I removed all of the material added making the article empty. Vegaswikian 18:51, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The (information ?) once present here might have been profitably merged into Requested articles -- Smerdis of Tlön 16:27, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Teppo~enwiki

You can check my webpage to get an idea who I am.

title: User:Teppo~enwiki


text:
Talk:Epistle to Philemon

Untitled
I've re-written this. I didn't think an entry based on a 1890's encylopedia really did it justice. I notice some of the other New Testament entries have a simmilar problem. --Doc Glasgow 18:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Is it possible to clarify the phrasing?

 * "There is no way of knowing what happened to Onesimus after the letter. Ignatius of Antioch mentions an Onesimus as Bishop of Ephesus in the early second century; as Onesimus was not an uncommon slave name, some commentators have suggested a connection between the slave mentioned by Paul and this Bishop of Ephesus."

Is the import here meant to be that there is a likely connection because the name is not common (or in other words "is uncommon" rather than "was not an uncommon" name for a slave)? Or are we to understand that only _some_ commentators have suggested this connection, and there is no accepted consensus on this point, because the name is so common, and thus the matter far from conclusive? -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 14:15, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Apostolic authority
I'm wondering about the sentence, in the lede, which states in part; "Paul does not identify himself as an apostle with authority..." I'm looking at Philemon 1:8 where Paul says he could command Philemon to do what he requires but chooses not to. This seems similar to 1 Thessalonians 2:6 where his apostleship is made clearer. Philemon 1:14 suggests Paul could compel him. I wonder if we should tweak that statement a bit while still maintaining the emphasis on the brotherly relationship. Just a thought. JodyBtalk 14:59, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Epistle to the Romans which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:29, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epistle to Philemon


text:
Bogdan Golik

Bogdan Dariusz Golik (born 19 March 1963 in Wrocław) is a Polish politician and Former Member of the European Parliament for LD with the Self-Defense and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development.

Before elected to the European Parliament, he was animal doctor and business advisor.

Initially, he was a non-attached like the other members of his party, but on 1 December 2004, he joined the Socialist Group together with Wiesław Kuc.

He is also a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of South Asia and the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).

Allegations of rape, removal of immunity
In December 2005 Golik was accused of raping a Brussels prostitute. Golik claims that he is the victim of a conspiracy. He said the incident is just a provocation resulting from, among the others, actions undertaken by him against the Russia to Germany gas pipeline. On the demand of Golik, the Belgian prosecutor’s office asked the European Parliament to strip Golik of his immunity. On October 3, the Legal Commission of the European Parliament made a decision about stripping Bogdan Golik, a Polish member of the European Parliament, of his immunity. “I’m glad that I will finally be able to testify and defend myself, which would be impossible in case of my being protected by the immunity” – said Golik. He emphasized that he himself asked the Legal Commission to strip him of the immunity. In November 2008 the Royal Prosecutor stated that Golik is innocent and there is no evidence against him.

Career

 * since 1998: Vice-Chairman of the Polish Chamber of Commerce (PCC), officer and committee member of the PCC (since 1998), founder and Vice-Chairman of the Polish-American Chamber of Commerce (since 2001)
 * 2002-2004: Founder and Vice-Chairman of the Polish-Arab Chamber of Commerce
 * since 1991: Co-founder and Chairman of the Regional Chamber of Commerce in Leszno
 * since 1991: Member of the Board of Directors of the Polish Foundation for the Promotion and Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
 * since 2007: Board Member of the Europe-India Chamber of Commerce (EICC)
 * since 2008: Honour Member of the Belgian-China Chamber of Commerce
 * He actively has promoted European and Asian economic and business relations and specializes in EU – China relations since many years.
 * Since 2009: President of the China Institute in Poland,
 * Since 2009: Global Vice Chairman of Asia-Pacific CEO Association, Worldwide (APCEO)

title: Bogdan Golik


text:
File:Quatermass1979-01.JPG

Screenshot of the opening title sequence of the 1979 television serial Quatermass. Created and uploaded by User:Angmering to illustrate the article on that production. Copyright in the original production is owned by FremantleMedia.

Fair use rationale for the use of this image in Quatermass (TV serial)

 * The image is of lower resolution than the original, per Wikipedia fair use guidelines.
 * The image is used to provide an identifying illustration of a television production.
 * The image is used for informational purposes, and is not believed to detract from the original in any way.

title: File:Quatermass1979-01.JPG


text:
Air Sofia

 * More information: United International Airlines

Air Sofia was an airline based in Sofia, Bulgaria. It operated charter flights to destinations in Europe, Africa, the Far East, South America and the Middle East. It also leased and wet leased aircraft to other airlines. Its main base was Sofia Airport.

Since 6 August 2008 Air Sofia's established Flight Training Organization FTO, according to JAR-FCL. Nowadays Air Sofia conducts flight training for PPL, CPL, ATPL, MCC.

History
The airline was established in 1992 and started operations on 11 February 1992. It was owned by Georgi Ivanov (Managing Director) and Lilian Todorov (President). By March 2007 it employed 150 staff. On 5 March 2007 Bulgaria prohibited five Bulgarian carriers including Air Sofia. The airline relocated to Serbia under a new name, United International Airlines.

Fleet
At January 2005 the airline operated:
 * 6 Antonov An-12
 * 1 Antonov An-24
 * 1 Boeing 737-800, disposed of April 2005
 * Cessna 172 N
 * Piper PA-44 Seminole180 turbo

title: Air Sofia


text:
Talk:River Line (NJ Transit)

Conrail hours
Somebody might want to check on the hours that Conrail can run freight. I think they've changed since this was written.TimeriderTech 18:50, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of rapid transit systems
Hi Jfruh - I included this in See Also because River LINE is linked to from the List of rapid transit systems article, which, by the way includes many links to light rail articles. To be consistent I think that the link should be in this article, or else you should remove River LINE and all of the other light rails from the List of rapid transit systems. Bhludzin 18:18, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I zapped the US light rail systems that were inappropriately on that list. I wasn't really part of the discussion that established it, but "rapid transit" was the wikipedia compromise term for heavy rail metro/subways.  While rail categories are a bit squishy, there's no way the River LINE qualifies. --Jfruh 19:20, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That was a major change! I don't think that was necessarily the solution.  Are all of the systems that you removed on the List of light-rail transit systems?  Besides, at the top of the List of rapid transit systems article it says: 'This is an alphabetical list of cities worldwide that have a rapid transit system, or a light-rail system with some elements of rapid transit.'  Bhludzin 20:09, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Future extensions listed on NJT 2020 wishlist
Last I checked, both the Capitol Extension and the Delair Transfer station (and the West Trenton Extension, for that matter) were projects that NJT has made actual plans for, even if funding hasn't been secured yet. Respectfully, I think they should both be re-added to the article. --CComMack 04:35, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok i have no problem with it being re-added, if it's redone. In the form that it was in it's nothing more then a personal opinion. --Boothy443 | trácht ar 05:05, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Add The System Map
Add the system map. It seems like a clear cut case of "Fair Use". The maps are put out there for public consumption. No reason to withold them from a free pubic forum like Wikipedia.

 * The sources found so far are a bit unwieldly. The line goes down the Delaware River coast of New Jersey -- 50 miles. It'll be tough to turn these into a usable reference.

 * http://www.riverline.com/images/pdf/riverline_railmap.pdf
 * http://www.riverline.com/images/pdf/riverline_sched_jul2005.pdf
 * http://www.njtransit.com/images/rivfinishcolor0220.gif
 * http://www.kahrrealestate.com/River_Line_map.jpg
 * http://www.lightrailnow.org/images/snj-lrt-river-line-route-map.jpg

 * Bill D 00:26, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, well the PDFs would only work as external links, the nj transt image, would be the easiest to use on the coypright side, but it to big, theo other ones are just blah, hummm, might just have to make one when i get a chance, base if ot the NJT map or something, dont expect anything right away though. --Boothy443 | trácht ar 05:38, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm currently making an SVG map of NJTransit's routes. First I'm doing all the rail lines; after that I'll do the River LINE. Hopefully that will be done this weekend. lensovet 06:06, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The route and stations are done; I just need to add station names. lensovet 17:09, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yay! Map is now up. Comments can go either here or (preferred) on the map's talk page over at the Commons. Cheers! lensovet 07:32, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks great! Thanks for taking this on.  My one suggestion is that it's not particularly clear which stops are rail transfer stations, even when the graphic is increased to full magnification.  Also, it should be made clear that Walter Rand Transportation Ctr is a transfer stop to the PATCO Speedline.  Strangely, there's no mention of that on the station page... --Jfruh (talk) 14:25, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Made those changes and also a few others ones. Take a look. lensovet 16:08, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks great. --Jfruh (talk) 17:29, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Using Railpace as a source
I notice that some speculative information about later service has been added, citing Railpace as a source. I'm tempted to remove this, for a few reasons. First, Railpace is often referred to as "Rumorpace" because it tends to speculate on things that turn out to be entirely or partially wrong. Secondly, everything I've heard when the idea has come up at the railroad.net forums is that while it would be a great thing to add later service during the week, Conrail is already running on a very tight schedule with their alloted time, and there isn't much they could cut out and still be able to offer service to freight customers on the northern part of the Bordentown Secondary. Thirdly, Wikipedia is not a crystal ball, and this is just speculation. Unless we're able to cite an official source in NJT or the Southern New Jersey Rail Group, I don't think it should be included. —LrdChaos 18:41, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

DMU first?
"It is the first light rail system in the United States (but second in North America after Ottawa's O-Train in Canada) to use these instead of more typical electric vehicles." Is this true only of modern light rail, or have there been no traditional streetcar or interurban lines to use DMUs? This should be clarified, as "light rail" is a somewhat ambiguous term. --SPUI (T - C) 17:49, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Using rail line templates for the station articles
Hi all, just wanted to tell you that we have a NJT-specific template for using on the station articles; it's NJT rail line. If you go to the template talk page, it has very detailed instructions on how to use it. Take a look at a sample edit to see how to convert the rail line template into the NJT rail line one. lensovet 22:06, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Article title: LINE vs. Line
We seem to be in an edit war that is creating multiple double redirects. Let's resolve this quickly. The main question seems to be what source should drive this decision: official naming or colloquial use. Please state your cases and let's get this decided quickly without warring. Alansohn 14:44, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I already started a discussion at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style --NE2 14:47, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

"5500 passengers per day"?
When the project was first floated and looking for support, NJT was projecting 14,000 passengers per day. As it became clear that this estimate was excessive they lowered their estimate to 5,500. So the ridership is less than half of what NJT originally projected.

Jaysbro 15:38, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

River Line riders need to be careful to avoid a $75.00 fine. River Line tickets must be brought at a River Line ticket machine at the station and validated at a second machine. Often instructions are illegible, confusing and even misleading. Any failure to follow them perfectly can result in a fine as NJT police officers ride the cars, check tickets and issue a summons to people who have not dotted every "i" and crossed every "t." This is true even when the machines are broken. It has entrapped a great many unwary people. Experienced riders will not have a problem (assuming the machines all work) but new riders do report feeling entrapped. John Rydberg

Street running portion
It seems like the article should mention the section of line that runs in traffic on Camden streets. Its very unusual (IMO) especially given that it otherwise acts a little like a commuter rail line and not a streetcar or light rail line, some of which do operate in traffic (e.g. SF Muni and Sacramento). No, it doesn't use FRA-blessed trains and rules, but unlike e.g. other US LRT operations, its not electrified, it doesn't run often (as in more than 15 mins between non-rush hour trips), its not double-tracked, etc. I did add "diesel" to the start to highlight that distinction. Jason McHuff 12:58, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a diesel interurban, and since interurbans have practically gone the way of the dinosaur in some places, no wonder people think it a bit strange. 204.52.215.14 (talk) 17:22, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Logo
As noted by the BadGIF template, a .png or .svg is always preferred over a .gif or .jpg. Please do not revert the logo. --AEMoreira042281 (talk) 16:12, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Camden-Glassboro line
It appears that the only place the in-planning (but, I think, more or less assured to happen) Camden-Glassboro line is discussed on Wikipedia is in this article. Is that appropriate? As the article notes, there's no gaurantee that it will be branded as part of the River Line (or even operated by NJ Transit). Not sure if it merits its own article at this point, though. Perhaps a separate article for the Regional Transportation & Economic Development Initiative, which includes this line, BRT into other parts of South Jersey, and improvements to the Atlantic City Line? It's a maddeningly vague name to be sure, but it can be changed and/or split up as the projects progress, and having them grouped together (as the agencies actually implementing the changes are grouping them together) could at least solve the problem of having this orphaned paragraph in a hard-to-find place. --Jfruh (talk) 17:18, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Service Improvements
Are the service improvements listed still in effect? In particular, the 7-day late-night service seems to be a thing of the past. This calls into question the item and last paragraph about the late-night bus shuttle to Pennsauken.

Should this be considered a commuter train?
The River Line has basically the exact same service characteristics as the Denton A train or the Austin Metrorail and those are considered to be commuter trains. Yes, there is a street running section, but so does the South Shore Line. This just doesn't feel like light rail.Rckania (talk) 01:11, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The River Line is categorized as light rail by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) and NJ Transit themselves. The major authoritative sources call it light rail and therefore so do we per WP:NOR. Personally, I don't think it feels like commuter rail given the numerous contrasts between it an NJ Transit's unambiguous commuter rail system and the very strong similarities between the River Line and NJ Transit's other light rail systems (the Newark and Hudson–Bergen systems). The only thing that really feels like commuter rail is the length compared to the compact NLR and HBLR systems, but there are light rail lines much longer in the US (like in LA). If anything it's most like an old interurban, in that it uses light rail equipment in a longer route between cities.
 * Regardless, my opinion doesn't particularly matter. We follow the sources, and they plainly state it's light rail. oknazevad (talk) 02:24, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:River Line (NJ Transit)


text:
Albert Dufour-Feronce

Albert Dufour-Feronce (1868–1945) was a German diplomat who served in the League of Nations as one of its permanent undersecretaries.

title: Albert Dufour-Feronce


text:
Listoghil

Listoghil is the large central monument in the Carrowmore group of prehistoric tombs in County Sligo in Ireland. It was numbered as Carrowmore 51 by George Petrie in 1837 and this designation is still used. Although the district of Cuil Irra is steeped in legend, Listoghil has never been satisfactorily connected with the ancient legends in the way that say Newgrange has. It is the only cairn in Carrowmore. Antiquarians in the 19th century made references to another cairn nearby at Leacharail, but the site of this has never been located.

Etymology
According to Petrie (Letter to Larcom, Aug. 1837), the name may mean 'Ryefort' (it appears as Lios a' tSeagail, seagail meaning rye in Irish, in early maps). However lios in Irish refers generally to a court or enclosed area, so it may be that the name originally referred to the area enclosed by the dolmens, on which Listoghil stands, rather than the cairn itself.

Location
Listoghil stands 59m above sea level at the geographic centre of the Cúil Irra Peninsula, c.3 km from Sligo town. Set close to the highest point in the cluster of monuments, along a low ridge, it acts as the focus of the Carrowmore passage tomb complex. To the west is Knocknarea with Miosgán Médhbh and to the east the two great cairns on Cairns hill.

Listoghil is surrounded - and generally, faced - by a cluster of 'dolmen circles', also classified as passage tombs by archaeologists. These were open and uncovered. Listoghil is larger than its satellites, being about 34m in diameter; the satellites average about 15m. Queen Maeve's cairn, on Knocknarea Mountain, is twice the diameter, and stands at about 10 m high.

Early excavation and damage
Writings by Charles Elcock from the 1880s describe workmen removing the stones for 'road metal'. Only when quarrymen uncovered the burial chamber in the middle of the mound did its destruction end. By the end of the 19th century the tomb had been investigated by antiquarians of the period who recorded finding 'bones of horses', charred wood and a worked flint javelin head. Some materials from this tomb are in the Alnwick Castle collection

Excavation and restoration
In the late 1990s Goran Burenhult, a Swedish archaeologist, partly excavated Listoghil. He dated bone and carbon material, and exposed the still-intact kerb. The monument was subsequently restored by the Office of Public Works. Listoghil now consists of a 4 m tall, 34 m diameter cairn. Access to the central chamber - via a 13 m artificial avenue of gabions - is possible. The chamber at the heart of the mound is a dolmen-like structure, with 6 orthostats. A single limestone slab - tilted at 6.1° - crowns the chamber. A rare example of Irish megalithic art outside of the Boyne valley, consisting of concentric circular carvings, can be seen on the front side of the roof slab (this is visible only in certain lighting conditions). A symbol described by Julian Cope as 'a strangely distorted tryfuss' has been carved on a stone inside.

Bone and carbon material from Listoghil was carbon dated to approximately 3500 BC. The human bones found there were a mixture of cremated, and un-cremated bones; the older, smaller tombs around it generally contain burnt bones. Extensive burning took place on the area of the site before the chamber was erected.

Alignment
Listoghil points at a low saddle-like formation in the Ballygawley Mountains, 6.5 km to the east-southeast. Sunrise in this position coincides with the start and the end of winter, which are traditionally important seasonal festivals in the Gaelic calendar. This happens on 31 October and on 10 February in our modern calendar, dates which do not coincide exactly with a modern astronomical cross-quarter day. But the alignment with the axis of the chamber and the illumination of the chamber by sunlight coincides to the day with that of another Neolithic passage tomb, the Mound of the Hostages at the heart of the Tara complex.

title: Listoghil


text:
File:Quatermass1979-02.JPG

Screenshot of actor John Mills as Professor Bernard Quatermass in the 1979 Thames Television serial Quatermass. Screengrab from a DVD, created and uploaded by User:Angmering. Copyright in the original production is owned by the FremantleMedia.

Fair use rationale for the use of this image in Quatermass (TV serial)

 * The image is of lower resolution than the original, per Wikipedia fair use guidelines.
 * The image is used to provide an identifying illustration of a television production.
 * The image is used for informational purposes, and is not believed to detract from the original in any way.

title: File:Quatermass1979-02.JPG


text:
Supergirl (Cir-El)

Supergirl (also known as Cir-El or Mia) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is best known as one of the characters to have assumed the mantle of Supergirl. Created by writer Steven Seagle and artist Scott McDaniel, she first appeared in Superman: The 10¢ Adventure #1 (2003) as the alleged daughter of Superman. She is later found to be a human girl who was genetically altered by the villain Brainiac to appear Kryptonian. The character dies thwarting a plot involving Brainiac 13. Superman (vol. 2) #200 implies that when the timeline realigned itself, Cir-El was erased from existence.

Superman: The 10¢ Adventure
When a crazed villain named Radion attacks Metropolis, a young girl in a costume leaps into battle and throws the villain into a nuclear reactor (in front of a TV news crew and Lois Lane). The girl identifies later herself as Supergirl, Superman's daughter. Upset, Lois confronts Superman, accusing him of having an affair (even listing Wonder Woman and Zatanna as possible lovers), and refusing to believe his claim of innocence, since "Supergirl" looks just like him. However, after a cup of the new "Yes" coffee, Lois suddenly calms down and dismisses "Supergirl" as a villain's hoax, until she lands in front of Lois and calls her "Mommy". Superman confronts the girl, who argues that she is his daughter with Lois, and that her name is "Cir-El". Cir-El says that she is from the future, brought to the past by the Futuresmiths. When Superman encounters the Futuresmiths, they show him a horrific future, with robotic monsters attacking civilians, and he sees himself as a cybernetic Superman attacking civilians as well. The Futuresmiths tell him that Cir-El's death will prevent this future, and as they turn to attack her, Superman flies her to safety. S.T.A.R. Labs confirms that she is his daughter, but that Lois is not her mother. Regardless of her identity, Superman comes to regard Cir-El as family.

Cir-El helps Superman fight off a diseased Bizarro. Later, with the aid of Natasha Irons and Girl 13, she fights off a vengeance-crazed superhuman ninja who is trying to kill Superman. When Superman and Batman are said to be "captured" by President Lex Luthor in Superman/Batman "Public Enemies", Cir-El teams up with Superboy, Krypto, Natasha Irons, and the Batman Family to rescue them. Batman, not actually having been captured, is the one to save Cir-El and Superboy from a White House death trap.

Superman has a shock when, while talking to Cir-El, she changes into an angry young woman named Mia, who hates her Cir-El persona. Superman's Kryptonian robot Kelex subsequently confirms that Cir-El is not the Man of Steel's biological daughter (despite the evidence from S.T.A.R. Labs). While the girl's D.N.A. has some Kryptonian attributes, she is primarily human.

Rewritten history
Disaster strikes when a future Superman appears and shows Superman a devastating future with Lois dying, Wonder Woman and Batman turned into cyborgs by a nano-tech virus concealed in coffee, and Cir-El trapped in a giant Brainiac robot. Brainiac reveals that Cir-El is his "Trojan Horse", that he has concealed part of himself in the one thing he knows Superman would never harm: his 'child'. Cir-El was created by Brainiac by grafting some Kryptonian DNA onto the body of Mia. He then implanted false memories in Cir-El and had his servants, the Futuresmiths, send her out into the world (along with the nano-virus, which was placed in coffee to proliferate the virus and infect the population) in order to unknowingly alter the future, and lead Superman to create a synthetic body to save Lois from her "Yes" infection in the future (for Brainiac to inhabit). Horrified, Cir-El throws herself into a time portal to prevent herself from being born, and thus, prevent the future from ever happening.

The return of Cir-El
Thanks to the time-traveling efforts of Bizarro in Superman/Batman #24, Cir-El is able to join Linda Danvers, Kara Zor-El (both Modern Age and Pre-Crisis versions) and Power Girl to rescue Superman from the Source Wall. The girls are successful, but Superman only recognizes Kara, Power Girl, and Linda, due to Cir-El and pre-Crisis Kara Zor-El coming from previously erased timelines.

Cir-El and the other Supergirls then assist Superman and Batman in a reality-altering fight against various menaces from many alternate dimensions. At the conclusion of the fight, Mister Mxyzptlk sent Cir-El and everyone else involved back to their appropriate locations.

Powers and abilities
A hybrid of human/Kryptonian origin, Cir-El can absorb yellow sunlight to gain immense strength, durability, speed, and hearing. Originally, Cir-El was able to leap great distances, but later she eventually displayed her flying capabilities. Cir-El's "trademark" power is the ability to release stored energy from her hands as blasts of red solar radiation (the very wavelength of sunlight that Superman loses his powers under) that strike an enemy with intense heat and force she named "Red Sunbursts". Like Superman, she is also vulnerable to Kryptonite.

Costume
Cir-El's outfit appeared to be a legless black leotard, not unlike Power Girl's classic white leotard, but with short sleeves instead of long. Also similar to Power Girl, Cir-El wore gloves and boots, both black. Her uniform was topped off with a dark blue, knee-length cape. Instead of the traditional S-Shield, Cir-El instead sported a simple large red letter S that went down the length of her upper torso.

Other versions

 * In Action Comics #994, an alternate timeline appears where Krypton was never destroyed. In this timeline, Kal-El's younger sister sports short black hair and a black costume with a blue cape.
 * In Superman & Batman: Generations volume three, Superman's great granddaughter Lara has short black hair and a very similar uniform (black leotard with blue cape).

title: Supergirl (Cir-El)


text:
Jwaneng diamond mine

The Jwaneng diamond mine is the richest diamond mine in the world, and also the second largest in the world. It is nicknamed "the Prince of Mines", and is located in south-central Botswana about 170 km southwest of the city of Gaborone.

Jwaneng means "a place of small stones", and the Jwaneng mine means "where a small stone is found" in Setswana. The mine is owned by Debswana, a joint venture between De Beers and the government of Botswana. It commenced operations in 1982.

The mine owns and operates the local Jwaneng Mine Hospital, Acacia Primary School, and Jwaneng Airport. The mine maintains an ISO 14001 certificate for environmental compliance, being the first mine in Botswana to achieve this certification in 2000.

Discovery and early exploration
In the early 1970s, extensive geological surveys by De Beers Exploration led to the identification of the Jwaneng deposit in February 1973, and after 9 years of evaluation and construction it became fully operational in 1982. In 2021, around 107 million tonnes of rock were mined. In 2023, it produced 13.3 million carats of diamonds.

Geology
The Jwaneng Diamond Mine is situated within the Orapa Kimberlite Field. In the mine lies the "Jwaneng pipe," a volcanic crater formed during the Permian period. The mine consists of three kimberlite pipes. Diamond-bearing ores are extracted from the vast pit and transported to processing facilities and manufacturing facilities.

Employment
The mine employs more than 2,500 people as of 2024. A major project aims to extend production at Jwaneng by creating around 4,500 jobs or more a year, and is expected to contribute more than US$25 billion to Botswana’s economy. This project also plans on increasing the mine's depth from 400 meters to 650 meters.

title: Jwaneng diamond mine


text:
Kinnevik AB

Kinnevik AB is a Swedish investment company that was founded in 1936 by the Stenbeck, Klingspor and von Horn families.

Kinnevik is an active and long-term owner investing primarily in digital consumer businesses. Current CEO, Georgi Ganev, was appointed in 2018.

Kinnevik holds stakes in over 35 companies and invests across Europe and in the US. Kinnevik has four focus sectors: healthcare (value-based and virtual care), software, marketplaces and climate tech. The largest holding is Tele2.

History
Kinnevik was founded as an investment company in 1936 by Robert von Horn, Wilhelm Klingspor and Hugo Stenbeck. The most important holdings when the company started were Mellersta Sveriges Lantbruks AB, Lidköpings Konfektyr Industri AB and Korsnäs Sågverks AB. The company grew quickly through share purchases and acquisitions of companies that included chocolate manufacturers Nordiska Suchard and Halmstads Järnverk.

The company's aggressive acquisition strategy of Swedish industrial companies continued during Kinnevik's first decades. The ownership structure of the investment company changed as Hugo Stenbeck gradually increased his holdings. Kinnevik became a listed company and obtained additional capital in a new share issue in 1954. The first shares in Sandvikens Järnverk were purchased a few years after entering the stock market.

Hugo Stenbeck replaced Wilhelm Klingspor as chairman of Kinnevik in the early 1960s. Shortly thereafter, Hugo Stenbeck's oldest son, Hugo Stenbeck Jr, became managing director of the company.

Hugo Stenbeck Jr died in 1976 and his younger brother, Jan Hugo Stenbeck, joined Kinnevik's management team. Hugo Stenbeck Sr died in 1977.

The shareholding in Sandvik AB increased steadily during the late 1970s, while Kinnevik increased its position in Fagersta AB. A major holding in the insurance company Atlantica was acquired in 1978. Several auto companies were acquired in 1980 and were gathered under the name Svenska Motor AB. This included the import and sales of Toyota vehicles.

In the early 1980s, Comvik AB launched a new mobile telephony system and, after a number of legal battles with state-owned Televerket, gained a favourable ruling by The Supreme Administrative Court. In 1985, a satellite system for television distribution was completed and during the late 1980s the battle intensified with the state-owned monopolies in telecommunications, television and radio. TV3 sent its premier broadcast from London on New Year's Eve 1987. Comvik obtained authorisation to start a new mobile telephony network in 1989. Millicom International Cellular was formed the following year.

The first Kinnevik-run radio broadcasts began in 1991. During the same year, Kinnevik became the largest owner in newly established TV4 with a 20 percent shareholding. The free newspaper Metro International was launched in 1995 and the concept later spread rapidly throughout the world.

Tele2 was founded in 1993 and listed on the Stockholm stock exchange in 1996.

In 1995, MTG was incorporated as a subsidiary of Kinnevik, having previously been a business area (Kinnevik TV & Media). MTG was spun-off to shareholders in 1997 and listed in Stockholm and New York.

Jan Hugo Stenbeck died on 19 August 2002 and was replaced by Edvard von Horn as chairman. Pehr G. Gyllenhammar became chairman in 2004 and was replaced three years later by Cristina Stenbeck. In March 2016, Cristina Stenbeck announced her intention to step down as Chairman of Kinnevik and was replaced at the 2016 AGM by Tom Boardman. Cristina Stenbeck remains a board director of Kinnevik.

Between 2005 and 2010, there was a major shift in the shareholdings in which ownership in Millicom increased and forestry shares decreased. At this time, the foundation was laid for investments in a number of internet businesses, particularly e-commerce companies. This profile was strengthened after 2010 with major investments in Rocket Internet, Zalando, Avito and Global Fashion Group, among others.

In 2013, Kinnevik sold all its remaining shares in BillerudKorsnäs. Zalando and Rocket Internet, two Kinnevik-backed companies, made their Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 2014. In October 2015, Avito was sold to the South African media conglomerate Naspers. In 2017, Kinnevik sold its remaining shareholding in Rocket Internet.

Kinnevik today
Georgi Ganev was appointed CEO of Kinnevik in January 2018. James Anderson was appointed Chairman of Kinnevik at the Annual General Meeting 2021.

In 2018 Kinnevik expressed its support for the merger between Tele2 and Com Hem, later the same year Kinnevik also distributed its shares in MTG to its shareholders. In 2018 Kinnevik also increased its investment in Livongo and invested in Kolonial.no, Karma, BudBee, Pleo, Deposit Solutions, Cedar and Monese.

In 2019 Kinnevik distributed its remaining shareholding in Millicom to its shareholders.

In 2021 Kinnevik distributed its Zalando shareholding to shareholders to balance a larger share of its portfolio towards its "younger, disruptive and technology-enabled" growth and venture capital businesses.

In 2023, Kinnevik exited its remaining shareholding in Teladoc.

Significant holdings
Per 31 March 2023, Kinnevik's Net Asset Value amounted to SEK 55.5 billion. The largest holdings are (value corresponds to Kinnevik's ownership in SEK billions):

Shareholders
Per 5 May 2023, by votes.

title: Kinnevik AB


text:
Evershed (crater)

Evershed is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, named after the English solar astronomer John Evershed. It is located to the northeast of the larger crater Cockcroft, and to the north of the smaller Van den Bergh.

This crater has a worn outer rim that is somewhat indented and narrower along the eastern side where the formation overlays an older crater. The satellite crater Evershed R is attached to the outer southwest rim. There are small craters along the southern and southeast rim. The interior floor contains an irregular ridge near the midpoint and some rugged terrain in the south, with various tiny craterlets marking the remaining relatively level surface.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Evershed.

title: Evershed (crater)


text:
Paddi Edwards

Paddi Edwards (December 9, 1931 – October 18, 1999) was a British-American actress. She worked steadily in film and television.

Career
She found a niche in television movies, and toward the end of her life, doing voice work in projects for Disney, such as the roles of Flotsam & Jetsam in The Little Mermaid franchise.

Across a career spanning many live-action and voice-acting performances, she worked on Ghostbusters, 101 Dalmatians, Hercules, and Pepper Ann. Paddi played Nostradamus "Bull" Shannon's mother Henrietta "Hank" Shannon on two episodes of Night Court: Season 8, episode 15 "Mama Was a Rollin' Stone" and season 9, episode 10 "Get Me to the Roof on Time". She also played the role of Anya on the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Dauphin" (season 2, episode 10).

Death
Edwards died of respiratory failure on October 18, 1999, aged 67, at her home in Encino, California.

title: Paddi Edwards


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Todd Shorey

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 20:42, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Todd Shorey
Nonnotable vanity; del  —msh210 18:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

vanity del Who 19:18, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * nonsense, speedy delete. Feydey 19:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 07:59, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I wouldn't mind if it was funny.--Crestville 23:56, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Richard Margison

Richard Charles Margison, OC (born 16 July 1953) is a Canadian operatic tenor and lives in Stouffville, Ontario, Canada.

Background
Margison began his career in Victoria, BC, where, he sang folk songs in the coffeehouses and clubs. He appeared on CBC's Search for the Stars in 1981.

Highlands Opera Studio
In 2007, Margison and opera director Valerie Kuinka, founded the Highlands Opera Studio, a training program for emerging operatic professionals.

Honours
Margison was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2001 and was inducted into the Canadian Opera Hall of Fame in 2003. Margison received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 and Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012.

title: Richard Margison


text:
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI, Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales) is located in Panama and is the only bureau of the Smithsonian Institution based outside of the United States. It is dedicated to understanding the past, present, and future of tropical ecosystems and their relevance to human welfare. STRI grew out of a small field station established in 1923 on Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone to become one of the world's leading tropical research organizations. STRI's facilities provide for long-term ecological studies in the tropics and are used by some 1,200 visiting scientists from academic and research institutions around the world every year.

History
Smithsonian scientists first came to Panama during the construction of the Panama Canal from 1904 to 1914. The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Doolittle Walcott, reached an agreement with Federico Boyd to conduct a biological inventory of the new Canal Zone in 1910, and this survey was subsequently extended to include all of Panama. Thanks largely to their efforts, the governor of the Canal Zone declared Barro Colorado Island (BCI) a biological reserve in 1923, making it one of the earliest biological reserves in the Americas. During the 1920s and 1930s BCI, in Gatun Lake, became an outdoor laboratory for scientists from U.S. universities and the Smithsonian Institution. By 1940, when BCI was designated the Canal Zone Biological Area (CZBA), more than 300 scientific publications had described the biota of BCI. In the Government Reorganization Act of 1946, BCI became a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) was created in 1966.

With the establishment of STRI, permanent staff scientists were hired and fellowship programs were initiated to support aspiring tropical biologists. The first director after the name change was Martin Humphrey Moynihan. A strong relationship with the Republic of Panama was formalized in the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977, which gradually transferred control of the Canal Zone to Panama. The treaties created the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, which included BCI and five surrounding peninsulas, and granted STRI custody of the monument. Panama granted STRI International Mission status in 1985 and, in 1997, the nation extended STRI's custodianship of facilities beyond the culmination of the Panama Canal Treaties in 1999.

STRI's first director after the institute's establishment in 1966 was Martin Humphrey Moynihan. Geographer and scientist Charles F. Bennett, along with his wife, Anna Carole Bennett, participated in STRI during the 1960s, assisting in the organizing of the library, researching and collecting microclimate data, and studying neotropical forests. In 1966, Bennett became an honorary Research Associate of STRI. A large collection of papers by STRI researchers at Barro Colorado Island was published as an anthology in 1982, The Ecology of a Tropical Rainforest.

STRI has an average of 350 ongoing research projects and publishes more than 400 peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals every year.

Purpose
STRI's research facilities allow staff scientists, fellows and visiting scientists to achieve their research objectives. Most of STRI's staff scientists reside in the tropics and are encouraged to pursue their own research priorities without geographic limitations. The continuity of their long-term programs enables in-depth investigations that attract an elite group of fellows and visitors. Active support for fellows and visitors leverages resources further and attracts more than 1,200 scientists to STRI each year.

Academic programs
STRI hosts 10-15 university field courses every year. Participating universities include Princeton, McGill, Northeastern, Wisconsin Green Bay, Yale, Harvard, Ohio State, Arizona State, Marquette, Texas A&M Butler, Cambridge, Dartmouth College and University of Vermont. STRI also runs an intensive field course for Panamanian and Central American undergraduates. Since 1965, STRI has supported some 5,500 fellows and interns of various academic levels, from undergraduate, master and PhD students, to postdoctoral and senior researchers.

Barro Colorado Nature Monument
The Barro Colorado Nature Monument includes the 16 km² Barro Colorado Island, which is covered with tropical forest and boasts a nearly intact mammal fauna. It also includes 40 km² of surrounding mainland peninsulas covered by forests in various stages of succession, serving as a site for manipulative field experiments. The monument adjoins Panama's 220 km² Soberania National Park.

With an unparalleled store of background information reflecting almost a century of research in a protected setting, Barro Colorado Island has become a major global center for tropical research.

Barro Colorado is open for public day visits, but advance reservations must be made.

Other research sites
Although STRI is based in Panama, research is conducted throughout the tropics. The Smithsonian's Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO) network (formerly CTFS, Center for Tropical Forest Science) uses standard study protocols to monitor more than 70 forest plots in 28 countries across Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas. The protocols were developed on BCI in the early 1980s. More than six million individual trees representing 12,000 species are being studied.

STRI's Biological Diversity of Forest Fragments project created experimental forest fragments of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 km² to study the consequences of landscape transformation on forest integrity in the central Amazon region. STRI marine scientists are conducting a global survey of levels of genetic isolation in coral reef organisms.

Facilities in Panama City
STRI is headquartered at the Earl S. Tupper Research, Library and Conference Center in Ancón, Panama City. STRI has other installations around Panama City including the Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archaeology, a Canopy Access Crane system in the Parque Natural Metropolitano (with a sister crane in the San Lorenzo National Park on Panama's Caribbean slope), and the Naos Marine and Molecular Laboratories on the Amador Causeway. The marine laboratory has a dock, wet lab and scientific diving office, facilitating research in the Gulf of Panama.

The causeway, which is at the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal, is also home to STRI's visitor center, the Punta Culebra Nature Center, which is open year-round to the general public and school groups.

Facilities elsewhere in Panama
STRI has laboratories in the town of Gamboa, which is abutted by Soberanía National Park, the Panama Canal and the Chagres River in central Panama. The Gamboa labs facilitate research on forest ecology, animal behavior, plant physiology, evolution and other disciplines. Adjacent to Soberanía, STRI has the 700-hectare Panama Canal Watershed Experiment, which studies multiple land-use practices to determine their impact on hydrology, carbon storage and potential for reforestation.

STRI has two Caribbean marine laboratories. One is the small facility of Punta Galeta Marine Laboratory near the city of Colón, at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal. The other is the Bocas del Toro Research Station, a modern marine laboratory on Isla Colón within one mile of downtown Bocas del Toro. The research station has a dock, dive locker and a fleet of small research vessels that provide access to mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems.

The Fortuna Field Station provides access to montane forest in western Panama.

STRI has a small field station is on the island of Coibita in Coiba National Park. The station provides access to the 500-km2 Coiba Island and extensive coral reef systems of the Eastern Tropical Pacific.

Notable researchers

 * Noris Salazar Allen, bryologist
 * Henk Wolda, entomologist

Controversy
An article released by Buzzfeed News in 2021 told the story of 16 women who experienced "a pattern of sexual misconduct by high-ranking men at the institute, one of whom acknowledged his inappropriate behavior". Incidents included verbal harassments, physical sexual assault, unwanted attention, and have resulted in the widespread call for changes within the Institute. The fallout has included the firing of employees, an internal investigation, individuals being stripped of their titles, and institutional resources being made available. However, many victims still face retaliation from the accused, including the withholding of data.

Josh Tewksbury, who was appointed director of STRI in July 2021, says of the STRI's measures to safeguard employees since the conclusion of the investigation: "We have been working with the people that came forward for the BuzzFeed article, engaging them in the process of how we make STRI a more safe place. " he says. "We've been just overwhelmed and really thankful with the degree to which those individuals have, have been willing to engage."

A call for locks on doors where researchers slept occurred after the assault of a female scientist at the STRI by a male scientist. This was detailed in a December 9th 2020 letter to the White House Gender Policy Council (GPC), written by Laura Dunn, a victim's rights attorney and the legal representative for the victims. The STRI receives federal funding, awarded from a committee on which the US Vice President sits, which was the reason for the letter. From an article in Nature: "Tewksbury says that all bedrooms now have lockable doors, but he notes that such safeguards are impractical in field sites, where researchers sleep in tents."

Another measure that has been taken is by changing the way that fellowship positions are awarded in the Institute to avoid the extremely unbalanced power dynamics that can occur. In an article by Nature: "Tewksbury says that, in an attempt to blunt at least some of the power of staff scientists, the STRI is changing how junior researchers are awarded fellowships. In the past, staff scientists would discuss among themselves which researchers might be worthy of fellowships and match the fellows with mentors. The new process puts more emphasis on the potential and credentials of the trainees than on the preferences and persuasiveness of mentors, he says."

Additionally, the Smithsonian launched the SI Civil Program, allowing people to report misconduct through a hotline.

title: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/VanHauvsingen family

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 20:43, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

VanHauvsingen family
Likely hoax. / Uppland 19:00, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) Delete as Hoax I can't see this being vanity. Even if it were true, who would want to broadcast the fact that two of their family members had been murdered? joan53
 * Delete. Likely hoax or typo. No Google results (nor with a space before the h).  —msh210 19:04, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopaedic, possibly vanity, probably hoax. Draktorn 20:51, 14 Apr 2005 (GMT)
 * User:Draktorn's first ever edit . JamesBurns 06:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Naming conventions (military units)

 * Deprecated due to the adoption of the new military unit and formation naming convention.

Wikipedia:Naming conventions (military units) provides conventions for naming military units and headquarters of all nations, for use in articles' bodies as well as for Wikipedia article names.

Note: These are draft conventions. Please read the talk page before you undertake converting lots of articles to conform to them. (Please join the discussions on the talk page if you would like to help extend or revise these conventions as well.)

Related conventions:
 * Naming conventions (use English)
 * Naming conventions (aircraft)
 * Naming conventions (ships)

General conventions

 * Use English forms except where exceptions are noted elsewhere in these conventions.
 * However, when using direct quotation, never change the forms used by the source.
 * However, when translating a direct quotation, translate to the forms recommended by these conventions.
 * Unit type designations are normally translated to the English-language equivalent. Exceptions are itemized in a separate section below.
 * This draft does not yet address conventions for translating vs. not-translating unit nicknames or proper names used as part of a unit's name; please see (or join) the discussion on the talk page.
 * Use capitalization when referring to units or headquarters by their proper names, but not otherwise:
 * ...1st Division advanced...
 * ...8th and 24th Divisions advanced...
 * ...the division advanced...
 * For articles about a specific headquarters or unit:
 * Prefix the article name with the nationality to avoid possible name clashes:
 * British 6th Airborne Division
 * Use the full article name, including the national prefix, in the first sentence of the article:
 * The British 6th Airborne Division was...
 * For units from non-English-speaking countries, give the native language form of the name in parentheses and italics immediately after the bolded name of the article:
 * The German 3rd Mountain Division (3. Gebirgs-Division) was...
 * For languages that do not use Latin-based alphabets, give a transliteration of the native-language form instead of (or in addition to) the "native" native-language form.
 * For articles that mention military units that are not the subject of the article:
 * Link the first mention of each unit's name to an article about it, but not any following mentions.
 * However, for very long articles also link the first mention of a unit in a new section of the article, if and only if there has been "a lot" of text since the previous mention.
 * If the nationality is clear from context, it is acceptable to hide the nationality prefix in a unit's name:
 * ...meanwhile the British had moved the 6th Airborne Division to Belgium...
 * Provide links even for articles that do not yet exist, taking care to follow the article naming conventions.
 * Do not give the native-language form of units' names in article bodies.
 * After the first mention of a unit by name, abbreviated forms are acceptable when the context prevents ambiguity:
 * ...since 6th Airborne was now ready...
 * For headquarters, no distinction usually needs to be made between a headquarters per se vs. the headquarters plus the units it controls:
 * ...III Corps ordered the division to advance...
 * ...III Corps moved south...

Units that were redesignated, upgraded, reorganized, or reconstituted

 * If a unit's name changed over time, refer to it by the form of the name in effect at the time the context is referring to:
 * During Operation Barbarossa, SS Division Wiking was...
 * During the Battle of Kursk, SS Panzergrenadier Division Wiking was...
 * During the attempt to relieve Budapest, 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking was...
 * Additional material for this section is TBA – see the talk page for more information.

Army groups

 * If numbered, use an ordinalized Arabic number and put it at the front:
 * ...to 21st Army Group...
 * If named, or designated by a letter, put the name or designation at the end:
 * ...to Army Group North...
 * ...to Army Group B...

Armies

 * If numbered, spell out the number and put it at the front:
 * ...to First Army...
 * If named, put the name at the end:
 * ...to Army Karpaty...
 * But preserve English idioms:
 * ...to the Army of the Potomac...
 * If the army has a type designation, put it before the word "Army":
 * ...Twentieth Mountain Army...

Corps

 * If numbered, use capitalized Roman numerals and put them at the front:
 * ...to XXIV Corps...
 * Do not create ordinalized forms of the Roman numerals such as "XXIVth".
 * If named, – TBA (see talk page)
 * If the corps has a type designation, put it before the word "Corps":
 * ...to XIX Mountain Corps...

Exceptions

 * Soviet World War II era tank and mechanized corps are numbered with ordinalized Arabic numerals rather than Roman numerals:
 * ...then the Soviet 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps advanced...
 * Due to familiarity, the German Afrika Korps retains its native form.
 * Be sure to link the term's first appearance, since some readers may not be familiar with it.
 * The form should always be italicized, except in direct quotations that do not italicize it.
 * Also due to familiarity, the German acronym DAK may also be used. However, it should only be used in an article after being fully introduced:
 * ...was sent to join the German Afrika Korps (German acronym DAK) in the Western Desert. While with the DAK, it...
 * This is a narrow exception: other German corps should be referred to as "Corps" rather than "Korps", in accord with the general use English precept.
 * Also due to familiarity, other German units with Afrika in their name can retain the native form of Afrika, but other elements of their names are translated normally:
 * ...to Panzer Army Afrika...
 * ...unless 90th Light Afrika Division advanced...

Divisions and brigades

 * If numbered, use an ordinalized Arabic numeral and put it at the front:
 * ...paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division dropped...
 * If named, – TBA (see talk page)
 * Since the beginning of the modern era divisions (and brigades) almost always have a type designation, which goes just before the word "Division" (or "Brigade"):
 * ...then 1st Armoured Division attacked...
 * ...then 10th Mountain Division attacked...
 * ...then 102nd Panzer Brigade attacked...
 * If context allows a shortened form, the word "Division" (or "Brigade") should be dropped rather than the type designation:
 * ...then 1st Armoured attacked...
 * ...then 10th Mountain attacked...
 * ...then 102nd Panzer attacked...

Regiments
TBA (see talk page)

Battalions / squadrons

 * Observe the distinction between "battalion" and "squadron" for nations that use different terms for different arms:
 * ...then an infantry battalion advanced...
 * ...then a cavalry squadron advanced...
 * More TBA (see talk page)

Companies / troops / batteries

 * Observe the distinction between "company", "troop", and "battery" for nations that use different terms for different arms:
 * ...an infantry company moved up...
 * ...a cavalry troop moved up...
 * . ..an artillery battery moved up...
 * More TBA (see talk page)

Platoons
TBA (see talk page)

Sections
TBA (see talk page)

Squads
TBA (see talk page)

Type designations
Type designations in units' names should be translated to the English-language equivalent. Note, however, that the general convention (above) calls for giving the native-language form of a unit's name in the introduction to an article about that unit, so in that case the designation may appear both ways:
 * The German 3rd Mountain Division (3. Gebirgs-Division) was...

The remainder of this section shows the equivalence conventions by nation, and lists exceptions.

Germany

 * Artillerie → artillery
 * Aufklärungs → reconnaissance
 * Ausbildungs → training
 * bodenständige → static
 * Ersatz → replacement
 * Feld → field
 * Flieger → TBA (see talk page)
 * Fallschirmjäger → paratrooper (falling,hunter (literal)  (see talk page)
 * Festungs → fortress
 * FLAK, Flak → TBA (see talk page)
 * Freiwilligen → volunteer
 * Füsilier → TBA (see talk page)
 * Gebirgs, Gebirgsjäger → mountain
 * gepanzerte → armored
 * Notice the subtle difference with Panzer – strictly speaking, a panzer division is a "tank division", not an "armored division".
 * Granatwerfer → morter
 * Grenadier → TBA (see talk page)
 * Grenz, Grenzwacht → border
 * Hochgebirgs → alpine
 * Infanterie → infantry
 * Jäger → TBA (see talk page)
 * Kavallerie → cavalry
 * Kosaken → Cossack
 * Krad. → motorcycle
 * Küste-Abwehr → coastal defense
 * Lehr → demonstration
 * Ordinarily goes after other elements of the type designation:
 * ...attached the Panzer Demonstration Battalion to...
 * ...sent the Reconnaissance Demonstration Battalion ahead...
 * However, due to familiarity Lehr remains untranslated in the name of the famous division:
 * ...when Panzer Lehr returned to the West Wall...
 * leichte → light
 * Luftlande → air landing
 * Machinegewehr → machinegun
 * Motorisierte, (mot.) → motorized
 * Use "motorized infantry" rather than the parenthetical "(motorized)":
 * ...then 20th Motorized Infantry Division crossed...
 * Nebelwerfer → do not translate, and treat as a foreign term outside unit names:
 * ...the 1st Nebewerfer Brigade began firing at midnight...
 * ...they began firing Nebewerfers at midnight...
 * Nummer, Nr. → TBA (see talk page)
 * Ost → TBA (see talk page)
 * Panzer → do not translate, and treat as fully borrowed into English in contexts where it occurs:
 * ...to II SS Panzer Corps...
 * ...a panzer division would have... (n.b. – neither capitalized nor italicized)
 * Panzerabwehr → anti-tank
 * Panzergrenadier → TBA (see talk page)
 * Panzerjäger → tank destroyer
 * Pioniere → engineer
 * Radfahr → bicycle
 * Reiter → TBA (see talk page)
 * Reserve → reserve
 * Schatten → TBA (see talk page)
 * Schützen → TBA (see talk page)
 * schwere→ heavy
 * Sicherungs → security
 * Skijäger → ski
 * Sturm → do not translate, and treat as a foreign term outside unit names:
 * ...with the 78th Sturm Division in...
 * ...that many of the Sturm units were merely low-grade infantry.
 * As exceptions, do translate Sturm in:
 * Sturmartillerie → assault artillery
 * Sturmgeschütz → assault gun
 * Sturmpionier → assault engineer
 * Volks → see following, but never translate as "People's".
 * Volksgebirgs → TBA (see talk page)
 * Volksgrenadier → do not translate, and treat as a foreign term outside unit names:
 * ...was reconstituted a second time as the 716th Volksgrenadier Division in...
 * ...supported by a dozen Volksgrenadier divisions...
 * Volks-Sturm → do not translate, and take care not to spell it as Volkssturm
 * z.b. V. → TBA (see talk page)

Soviet Union

 * Use "tank" rather than "armored":
 * ...the First Guards Tank Army advanced...
 * ...three tank brigades were released from reserve...
 * Use "guards mortar" for rocket launchers:
 * ...98th Guards Mortar Regiment moved to...

UK

 * Be sure to make the proper distinction between "Tank" and "Armoured", which are not synonymous:
 * ...the 23rd Armoured Brigade moved...
 * ...the 33rd Tank Brigade moved...
 * Observe the differences in British and U.S. spellings:
 * ...the British 7th Armoured Division moved...
 * ...the US 7th Armored Division moved...

USA

 * Observe the differences in U.S. and British spellings:
 * ...the US 7th Armored Division moved...
 * ...the British 7th Armoured Division moved...


text:
C6H8O7

The molecular formula C6H8O7 (molar mass: 192.12 g/mol, exact mass: 192.0270 u) may refer to:

 * Citric acid
 * Isocitric acid

title: C6H8O7


text:
Dara Torres

Dara Grace Torres (born April 15, 1967) is an American former competitive swimmer, who is a 12-time Olympic medalist and former world record-holder in three events. Torres is the first swimmer to represent the United States in five Olympic Games (1984, 1988, 1992, 2000 and 2008), and at age 41, the oldest swimmer to earn a place on the U.S. Olympic team. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the 50-meter freestyle, 4×100-meter medley relay, and 4×100-meter freestyle relay, and won silver medals in all three events.

Torres has won 12 Olympic medals (four gold, four silver, four bronze), one of three women with the most Olympic women's swimming medals. The others are fellow Americans Jenny Thompson and Natalie Coughlin. Torres won five medals at the 2000 Summer Olympics, when at age 33, she was the oldest member of the 2000 U.S. Olympic swim team. She has also won at least one medal in each of the five Olympics in which she has competed, making her one of only a handful of Olympians to earn medals in five different Games.

Early years
Torres was born on April 15, 1967, to a family in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Edward Torres, and Marylu Kauder. Her father was a real estate developer and casino owner, originally from Cuba; her mother Marylu was a former American model. Torres grew up in Beverly Hills, California, the fifth of six children and the older of two girls. As a seven-year-old, she followed in the footsteps of her older brothers by joining their community YMCA for swimming practice; afterward, she signed up for the swimming club in Culver City to train. At 14, she won the national open championship in the 50-yard freestyle by defeating the then-current champion, Jill Sterkel, a college junior.

She attended the Westlake School for Girls (now Harvard-Westlake School), and competed for the Westlake swim team under coach Alison Esses from the seventh grade through her sophomore year in high school. She was also a member of the Westlake basketball, gymnastics, and volleyball teams. During her 1983–84 high school junior year, she left home to swim for the Mission Viejo Nadadores in Mission Viejo, California, while training for her first Olympics under coach Mark Schubert. After the 1984 Olympics, Torres returned to the Westlake School to graduate in 1985.

College swimming career
Torres accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she swam for the Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) under coach Randy Reese from 1986 to 1989. In her four years as a Gator swimmer, Torres won nine Southeastern Conference (SEC) individual championships, including the 50-yard freestyle (1987, 1988, 1989), 100-yard freestyle (1987, 1988, 1989), 200-yard freestyle (1987), and 100-yard butterfly (1988, 1989); she was also a member of 12 of the Gators' SEC championship relay teams. Torres won three NCAA individual national championships (50-yard freestyle, 100-yard freestyle, 100-yard butterfly) in 1988; and was a member of six of the Gators' NCAA championship relay teams, including the 400-yard freestyle relay in 1986; the 200-yard and 400-yard medley relays, and the 400-yard freestyle relay in 1988; and the 200-yard and 400-yard medley relays in 1989. She was named the SEC Athlete of the Year in 1988, SEC Female Swimmer of the Year in 1987 and 1989, and earned 28 All-American swimming honors—the maximum number possible during a college career. Torres also lettered in volleyball at Florida, playing the sport in her fifth year after having exhausted her NCAA eligibility in swimming.

Torres graduated from the university with a bachelor's degree in telecommunications in 1990 and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 1999. In November 2013, she was named as a recipient of the 2014 NCAA Silver Anniversary Award, presented annually to six distinguished former student-athletes on the 25th anniversary of their final school year of athletic eligibility.

1984, 1988 and 1992 Olympics
At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Torres was a member of the winning U.S. women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay team, swimming in the first-round qualifying heat and earning a gold medal in the event final. Her winning teammates in that final included Nancy Hogshead, Jenna Johnson, and Carrie Steinseifer; Jill Sterkel and Mary Wayte also swam in the event's second-round qualifying heat.

For the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, Torres qualified for the U.S. Olympic women's team in one individual event and two relay events. Torres earned a bronze medal for swimming for the third-place U.S. women's team in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay final, together with teammates Mitzi Kremer, Laura Walker, and Mary Wayte. She also earned a silver medal for swimming the freestyle leg of the 4×100-meter medley relay for the second-place U.S. team in the preliminary heats, but not the final. Individually, Torres also placed seventh in the final of the 100-meter freestyle event.

Torres qualified for the U.S. Olympic women's team in a single event for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. She swam the second leg of the 4×100-meter freestyle relay for the winning U.S. team that included Nicole Haislett, Angel Martino, and Jenny Thompson, and earned a gold medal for her efforts in the event final and first-round qualifying heat.

First comeback: 2000 Olympics
After seven years out of competitive swimming, Torres began to train for an Olympic comeback in 1999 under the guidance of coach Richard Quick. She won five medals at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, but saved her best for two of the major relay events of the U.S. Olympic women's team. She swam the second leg for the winning U.S. women's team in final of the 4×100-meter freestyle relay that included Amy Van Dyken, Courtney Shealy, and Jenny Thompson. Torres won a second gold medal for anchoring the winning U.S. team in the 4×100-meter medley relay, together with teammates B.J. Bedford, Megan Quann, and Jenny Thompson in the final. Individually, Torres also earned bronze medals – her first Olympic medals in individual events – in each of the 50-meter freestyle, the 100-meter butterfly and the 100-meter freestyle, tying teammate and rival Jenny Thompson for third place in the last event. At 33 years old, Torres became the oldest woman to win an Olympic medal in swimming. She was the oldest member of the U.S. Olympic swim team, but won more medals (five) than any other U.S. team member.

Second comeback: 2008 Olympics

On August 1, 2007, at age 40 and just 16 months after giving birth to her first child, Torres won the 100-meter freestyle at the U.S. Nationals in Indianapolis. On August 4, she set a new American record in the 50-meter freestyle of 24.53 seconds, breaking her own record of 24.63 seconds set at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She lowered her initial American record by 1.62 seconds. Torres has broken or lowered her own American record in the 50-meter freestyle 10 times, which is the most by any American swimmer in any event.

At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Trials, Torres returned to the pool and qualified for a spot in her fifth Olympic Games at the age of 41, a first for an American female swimmer. She became the oldest U.S. Olympic swimmer in history and the first American swimmer to appear in five Olympic Games.

At the trials, she qualified for the event finals in the 50-meter freestyle and broke the American record with a time of 24.38 seconds in the semifinal. In the 50-meter finals, she broke that record for the ninth time, setting it at 24.25 seconds and winning the top American women's spot in the event. Torres also qualified in the 100-meter freestyle, but later withdrew from the individual 100-meter freestyle event to focus her efforts on the 50-meter freestyle and 4×100-meter relay events. On July 30, at the U.S. swim team's final training in Singapore, Torres, Amanda Beard, and Natalie Coughlin were elected captains of the U.S. Olympic women's swimming team.

In order to pre-empt any speculation that she might be taking performance-enhancing drugs, Torres volunteered for a new enhanced drug-testing program by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency. "I want to be an open book", she said. "I want people to know that I'm 41, and I'm doing this right. I'm clean." In addition to employing her training team of coach Michael Lohberg, a sprint coach, a chiropractor, and two masseuses, Torres used resistance-stretching trainers, calling it her "secret weapon" for continued success. Her $100,000-per-year training costs were partially subsidized by her corporate sponsors Speedo, Toyota, and Bloomberg L.P.

"I think this performance ranks up there with the biggest performances in sports ever ... It puts Dara in the ranks of Michael Phelps, Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods. What she has done is really not measurable." Michael Lohberg, Torres's coach, discussing her winning three Olympic silver medals at the age of 41.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Torres won a silver medal as the anchor swimmer of the second-place U.S. team in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay. It was the fifth time in five tries she earned an Olympic medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay. With the American relay team's second-place finish, she became the oldest swimmer to win a medal in Olympic history, surpassing British swimmer William Robinson, who was 38 at the time of the 1908 Summer Olympics.

On August 17, 2008, she won the silver medal in the 50-meter freestyle, finishing in a new American record time of 24.07 seconds, one one-hundredth (0.01) of a second behind the winner, Britta Steffen. Her second-place time was a new American record, and 0.18 of a second faster than she swam at the U.S. Olympic Trials. Thirty-five minutes later, she won another silver medal swimming the freestyle anchor leg for the second-place U.S. team in the 4×100-meter medley relay. Her split on the 4×100 medley relay (52.27 seconds) was the fastest 100-meter freestyle split in relay history. The American record for the women's 100-meter freestyle as an individual event was 53.39 seconds as of August 2008, making Torres's time more than a full second faster.

Torres's 12 Olympic medals tied the all-time medal record for a female Olympic swimmer set by fellow American Jenny Thompson in 2004; American Natalie Coughlin subsequently equaled the record in 2012.

Aftermath and retirement
At the U.S. National Championships in 2009, Torres won the 50-meter freestyle with the fourth-best time in the world for the year (24.42), and she also placed in the 50-meter butterfly, qualifying her to compete in those events at the 2009 World Championships. This was the first time since 1986 that Torres competed in the World Championships; she placed eighth in the 50-meter freestyle and she did not advance beyond the qualifying heats in the 50-meter butterfly.

Following reconstructive surgery of one of her knees, she began training with the goal of competing in the 2012 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, she placed fourth in the finals of the 50-meter freestyle, 0.32 of a second behind the winner, Jessica Hardy, and 0.09 of a second behind the second qualifier, Kara Lynn Joyce. Only the top-two finishers in each trials event qualified for the 2012 U.S. Olympic team, and as a result, Torres concluded her Olympic career. After the 2012 Trials, Torres announced her retirement from competitive swimming, concluding her career with 12 Olympic medals. Her Olympic career spanned 24 years from 1984 to 2008 and five Olympic Games (1984, 1988, 1992, 2000, 2008).

In 2004 she was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

Life outside swimming

Torres has worked in television as a reporter and announcer for American networks NBC, ESPN, TNT, OLN, and Fox News Channel, and hosted the golf show, The Clubhouse on the Resort Sports Network. She has also worked as a model, and was the first elite swimmer to model swimwear in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, appearing in the 1994 edition. She was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.

After 1992, she married and subsequently divorced sports producer Jeff Gowen. After 2000, she converted to Judaism fully (she was already half Jewish through her father) before marrying the Israeli surgeon Itzhak Shasha. Torres and Shasha later divorced. Torres and reproductive endocrinologist David Hoffman began dating after her break-up with Shasha, and they became the parents of Tessa Grace Torres-Hoffman, born in 2006. After the birth of their daughter, Hoffman, a masters swimmer, persuaded her to begin training again. Torres was part of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire show with Regis Philbin, October 2000, a special edition featuring Olympians, in a multi-night event. She won $125,000 for her charity, Cystic Fibrosis.

Torres is a veteran celebrity swimmer for Swim Across America, a charitable organization that raises funds for cancer research in which she has participated for several years. She is the author of two books: Age is Just a Number: Achieve Your Dreams at Any Stage in Your Life (with Elizabeth Weil), and Gold Medal Fitness: A Revolutionary 5-Week Program (with Billie Fitzpatrick).

Torres is also involved with the American chapter of the foundation of Princess Charlene of Monaco, a charitable organization at which she sits, as Vice-President, on the board of directors.

In August 2019, Torres joined CaniBrands, a CBD health and wellness company, as its Chief Wellness and Lifestyle Officer.

World records
50 Meter Freestyle

Women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay

Women's 4×100-meter medley relay

title: Dara Torres