text:
Talk:Worf

Worf and Old Earth Vehicles
"In several episodes of the TV airings of DS9 and TNG, Worf is very briefly seen in the holodeck polishing a vintage car collection... The sequences of Worf on the holodeck were removed from the DVD releases but may still be seen on rare original tape recordings of the original airings by fans, occasionally sold on Ebay..."

Wikipedia is the only place I've ever seen any mention of this, and the TV airings were far too long ago for me to remember (even though I saw every one when they originally aired). No one I speak to can recall these scenes, either, nor can we locate any list of scenes deleted for the DVD releases. (In fact, the DVDs contain many scenes that are not included in the syndication airings.) Is there any reference that can be cited for this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.249.13.247 (talk) 23:06, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't remember seeing this in either show. I've seen repeats of both, and DS9 is currently being shown on digital (Virgin 1), repeatedly, going back and forth between the series.  It is possible I missed these scenes.  However, this would mean that they were rare.
 * Dannman (talk) 12:06, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

This is completely untrue. Besides the fact that all the DVD's are original broadcast episodes. In other words what you see on the Dvd's is what you saw when the show first aired. Silly statement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TARDIS6 (talk • contribs) 21:47, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

Rozhenko
On 17 Oct 2004, 23skidoo added the comment "As a child, Worf was adopted by a human couple, the Rozhenkos, therefore his legal name is Worf Rozhenko, however he never uses it. His son, Alexander Rozhenko, does however." Was that name ever actually used in an episode? If not, then it is merely an original idea, and should be deleted, despite its being logically sound. --Keeves 04:38, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you referring to "Worf Rozhenko" or "Alexander Rozhenko"? I am pretty sure that "Alexander Rozhenko" has been used, although I cannot recall which episode may have used it. As far as "Worf Rozhenko", perhaps we should remove that part. What would it mean to be a legal name in the Federation? — Knowledge Seeker দ 04:59, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Whoops! Sorry I wasn't clear! Sure, the name "Alexander Rozhenko" has been used many times. "Worf Rozhenko" was the one I was referring to. My perception is that he uses his Klingon name - simply "Worf" with no associated family name - as an adult, but this may or may not have been how he was called as a child. Among humans, his name might have been Worf Rozhenko, but it could just as well have been Vladmir Rozhenko, Anatoly Rozhenko, or even George Rozhenko for all we know. --Keeves 11:56, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The page shows Worf's home planet as Khitomer. Although he survived the raid of this planet, I believe his back story is that he and his family were merely visiting the planet when it was attacked. Worf was actually born on Kronos, the Klingon home world.--SteveHFish 02:20, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

To add on to the name issue, Worf was always identified by Starfleet and Federation personnel as simply "Worf." He was identified by his fellow Klingons as "Worf, son of Mogh," so that would be his "full" name. Willie 08:03, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Wasn't Worf raised a Gault? Don't know if I got this from the series, but I know I've seen it in the books.Ten of Swords (talk) 20:50, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Worf as a full Commander?
When was Worf promoted to full Commander? I believe he was still an LCDR in Star Trek: Nemesis. A few users have posted he was a Commander. Is this accurate? -Husnock 23:50, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I found the answer. Per Star Trek Nemesis, the last film put out, Worf was still a Lieutenant Commander .  He also doesn't appear to have a full Commander in Star Trek: First Contact either  although eh did serve as Commanding Officer of the Defiant. -Husnock 23:58, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Worf was promoted to Lt. Commander in "First Contact", and I don't think he was promoted after that, primarily because of the failure of his mission to rescue a Cardassian double agent. --SteveHFish 02:20, 16 May 2006 (UTC) Actually, Worf was promoted to Lt. Commander in Generations. Willie 08:01, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

baldric
Worf's sash is symbolic of being the eldest son of his family.

Is there a reference for this? Episode or source? — THOR 29 June 2005 20:04 (UTC)
 * It seems unlikely as he continues to wear a sash after joining Martoc's(sp?) house in DS9 despite Martoc clearly being older and considering him a brother. 69.3.92.105 8 July 2005 17:46 (UTC)

Isn't it lovely how Starfleet lets him wear that gross violation of the dresscode, too, despite not having any apparent Klingon value, even though Bajorans can't wear their religious earrings? Heh, dresscode nazis. --unsigned

 * "Er, Number One, you tell him about the Uniform Code." --ScottAlanHill 04:13, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

According to Startrek.com Worf's sash is Actually his family seal (I Don't Know What it means either)

Worf's parents dead?
I could swear in one episode he found out that his dad in fact survived, along with the others, and he was all concerned at their apparent dishonor at surviving a failed battle and not killing themselves.. Wasn't that his dad? If it wasn't, it was somebody's dad.

 * There was a two-part episode where Worf learned of survivors of the Khitomer massacre, and believed his father might have survived the raid. However, although he found other survivors, who had been imprisoned by the Romulans, they confirmed that Worf's father was indeed killed in the original raid. --74.12.77.163 02:17, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

QUESTION?

"He is the only character to appear as a regular on more than one Star Trek series, was the first regular Klingon character to appear in Star Trek, and has also appeared in more Star Trek episodes than any other character."

Granted he was the first regular Klingon in Trek history, and yes he was a regular cast member, but it could be debated as to Worf appearing in more Star Trek Episodes than any other character, here are two others: 1. O’Brien he was in at least 60 TNG episodes and was in 173 DS9 episodes, (grated the 4 TNG movies, helped Worf to beat him but Movies are not episodes, should they count?) 2. Majel Barrett who was in all 5 shows as the voice of most if not all of the Federation starships, listed as the ships computer in the ending credits for all Star Trek shows doesn't that count as one role and if it doesn't why? (if the ending credits said Enterprise computer in TOS & TNG, Defiant Computer for DS9, and Voyager Computer for Voy. then Worf is the longest running ST character) if it does it is a heck of a lot more then Worf! I am not counting her "on-screen roles" as she has played multiple characters)
 * In TV speak, regular means he was listed in the opening credits. O'Brien was a recurring guest star on TNG and a regular on DS9 and Majel Barret is always a recurring guest star.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ace of Sevens (talk • contribs) 01:52, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

After "Nemesis"
In the -Time Line- section, there's no mention of Worf's Starfleet career after "Nemesis". I wonder, has Worf become the Enterprise E's new Second Officer? What do Star Trek books say? GoodDay 17:34, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

The books say, In "A Time for War, A Time for Peace" that Ambassador Worf resigns his position and rejoins Picard on the Enterprise, so Alexander can become Ambassador. It is not mentioned what his position is on the Enterprise, but considering his previous positions it is likely he become either the Chief Tatical Officer, or First Officer, as all other main cast members are either transferring or, in the case of Data, destroyed. Although there is a Data-like android, B-4 and as stated in the book, Page 317 he has Data's memories, so he could take over Data's position as Second Officer, or potentially 1st Officer. It is likely that information will be revealed in other books about Worf's position. --211.28.125.161 07:44, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

According to the book "A time for War, A Time for Peace" Worf was offered and accepted the position of First Officer on Captain Will Riker's new ship the USS Titan. Data was then going to be Picard's First Officer. However, when Data was destroyed in Nemesis, Picard took Worf as his first officer instead, and Riker offered the position to some broad who was the tactical officer of the Enterprise E at the time.

Colonel Worf
It is complete specualution that Colonel Worf is related Worf. Granted, they are both named Worf, and both played by the same actor, but it was never officially verified in canon. I am removing all references to this connection. - SigmaEpsilon → ΣΕ 17:28, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Worf... What about O'Brien???
"...appeared in more Star Trek episodes than any other character (TNG years 1-7, DS9 years 4-7, Star Trek movie 7-10) and the only actor to be a regular character in two Star Trek series playing the same character"

What about O'Brien?

O'Brien wasn'T a regular character of TNG

Agreed. O'Brien was a recurring character on TNG, but Colm Meaney was never listed as a regular character until he moved to DS9.--Tiberius47 06:25, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Expanding the 'Duels' section
I think there are a few other things worth mentioning with regard to Worf's prowess as a warrior. For example, he did win first place at some bat-leth(sp?) competition, didn't he? And didn't he slay a number of Jem'Hadar in unarmed combat while incarcerated by the Dominion? It's also worth noting that he was unwilling to concede defeat in fighting the Jem'Hadar 'First,' even though he would have known that he was asking for death. Within the empire, Worf should have the status of a legendary warrior, shouldn't he? If someone has enough knowledge/sources to write about these things, it would be appreciated. 71.116.79.36 16:48, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

In "The Left Hand of Destiny" novel, it is clearly said that no one could ever hope to best Worf in a swordfight, not even the Reincarnation of Khaless (not the clone. The whole history of The Left Hand of Destiny is about the real "return of Khaless").

I think it is fitting to a good mythology. The great hero, the legendary fighter is an incredible fighter, but his main lieutenant is da best, beyond anything possible.

Memorable quotes
I removed this section. "Memorable" is subjective/non-NPOV -- strictly speaking, everything he says is to some degree memorable, and we're not going to put all his dialog there. "Notable" quotes would be more significant, but lacking a citation about what makes them memorable, that doesn't work either. Additionally, rather than offering quotes, his "aggressive and authoritarian nature, awkwardness . . . and the otherwise unintentional humor" should be (and are) articulated in the main article. Lastly, straight-up quotes should be over in Wikiquote. If someone wants to move them over there, by all means... --EEMeltonIV 11:33, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Campaign to improve article by removing content many agree is too much plot summary
Whats up with some user blanking 2/3rds of the article under the guise of "starting over to foster proper article growth"? This looks like border-vandalism. One usually works with other editors to improve an article, not massively blank an entire article so as to start over with what you want to write. Am I wrong? -OberRanks 02:42, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Still no explanation and discussion and the article was hit again. Referred to the Admin Noticeboard. -OberRanks 04:18, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I left notes on three user talk pages with links to this thread. The reverts to stub versions aren't vandalism, although the stub strategy is not one I would have pursued. Please discuss the issue here.--chaser - t 06:30, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I think reverting an article to a months old version, wiping out everyone else's edits in the process, is vandalism in particular when it hasn't been discussed. Also there are now some personal attacks going on as at least one of the users involved has referred to parties unknown as a "lazy tagger".  Clear violation of WP:NPA. -OberRanks 06:45, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The way I see it, those who actually want to improve the article are being railroaded by those who enjoy tagging for its own sake. The taggers complain that supposedly these articles don't "clearly distinguish between fact and fiction" yet they have the word "fictional" in almost every paragraph. So the people who actually want to improve the articles say, OK, let's remove much of the plot summary and see if that satisfies them. Nope, no way, the taggers then complain that it's "blanking." Cromulent Kwyjibo 21:34, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Exactly! Michiganotaku added scholarly citations to the stub version, so the citations got deleted in favor of what is sometimes called "plotcruft." People enjoy complaining about how the longer version is only plot summary, so they will do anything to keep it that way. Anton Mravcek 23:30, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * While I'm fine with stubifying the article, the version you revert to is poorly edited, has unnecessary side notes (e.g. "Don't expand this section" -- editorial comments like that should be in hidden text) and otherwise hastily written. The long version is in-universe plot summary, the second version is simply lazy writing. Basically everyone's been sloppy and disregarding guidelines and style guides. --EEMeltonIV 23:34, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Please note that this blanking and your attacks on the taggers may considered NPA violations and/or 3RR violations and possibly of other policies, and you may be blocked if you continue. -- FastLizard4  (Talk•Links•Sign) 05:19, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * If the shoe fits, wear it. If it doesn't, don't worry about it. Anton Mravcek 02:48, 10 October 2007 (UTC) P.S. Ask Michiganotaku, what kind of articles would you work on to improve? Which articles would you not touch with a 10-foot pole?
 * Blanking is not helping. -- FastLizard4  (Talk•Links•Sign) 19:44, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The edit warring and the comments about the other contributors both need to stop.  Please have a civil discussion about the editorial content of the article.  Perhaps set up a sandbox to present proposed versions, and perhaps engage a mediator. Dreadstar  †  19:49, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The sandbox idea is awful. Why maintain a version even the taggers say is awful? The only reason there is a dispute is because some people want to keep these articles tagged no matter what. ShutterBugTrekker 19:45, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
WHat has happened to this article? I took the best of the old versions, added what was good of the most recent, and merged them. This should be a decent start.--Bedford (talk) 07:32, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Star Trek VI
Where's the mention that Worf was the lawyer for Kirk and McCoy during the trial on Kronos in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country? BT14 (talk) 18:51, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. I don't really know how or where to put it but I'm watching ST VI right now and looking at Colonel Worf. They even call him by name? What's the deal, you can't tell me the hard-cores don't know about this :) Roccitman (talk) 10:37, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

There really should be a little tidbit about this. When I saw that movie and they called Colonel Worf up to speak for Kirk, I went to wikipedia to see if there was anything about it. Nothing. He even acts like Worf. I'm going to check the credits for Micheal Dorn... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bncywargarretthero (talk • contribs) 07:44, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

Date of Birth
The Date of Birth seems wrong. I believe that his date of birth was Feb 8th 2340, as indicated in the Season Seven episode Parallels. I think this was corroborated by the Star Trek: Customizable Card Game as well. --Kevin —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.69.247.127 (talk) 06:53, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Jump The Shark
Is JumpTheShark.com really relevant in any way, shape or form? Lots42 (talk) 13:24, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Books
Are the post DS9 books in continuity? Because if they are not, they should not be mentioned in the regular bio section. Lots42 (talk) 12:46, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Detached leave?
What does that mean? I thought Worf was just on vacation in Star Trek: Insurrection. That he was visiting his old ship when an emergency came up and Picard 're-hired' him for the duration of the emergency. As would any logical captain. Lots42 (talk) 19:34, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Worf's mother?
Worf's real father was Mogh, and his adoptive parents are Sergey and Helena Rozhenko. But has the name of Worf's real mother ever been mentioned? J I P | Talk 20:52, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Worf's mate K'Ehleyr
This article needs to include information about K'Ehleyr, his mate and mother of the child called Alexander.
 * ✅ I added sentence on this in the Family section sourced to a Star Trek book. Starspotter (talk) 16:16, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Killed the "nowrap" in the Infobox
Edit summary: ''look, this comes out "beyond silly" in my browser. Can we just follow WP:MOS and let the reader's browser decide the Infobox width?'' Truth is, I'm not even on a netbook or a cell phone; just ordinary FF 3. The Infobox was using 90% of the RH width, leaving the LH text scrunched and squirted out the bottom "beyond silly" looking. I suggest leaving the text plain without formatting templates; that way it comes out looking as best it can for everybody; rather than one editor's style preference. —Aladdin Sane (talk) 23:15, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

too elaborate and in-universy.
^· Lygophile   has   spoken  13:26, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

First Officer
editor GoingBatty added a link to the use of first officer on this page and asked for help with disambiguation. I found the most likely trek page for that information to be Starfleet ranks and insignia, however the page does not currently discuss officer titles like first officer. i have created a discussion on that pages Talk page about creating information on rank heirarchy and officer titles, we'll see where that goes. For now, I'm directing the first officer link to that page, as it is somewhat better than taking a reader to a first officer disambiguation page. Akuvar (talk) 15:51, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Pic vs. Rank?
I don't know if this is a matter of concern or not, but should it be noted that the image of Worf incorrectly represents his rank which is listed below? If I'm not mistaken, the two slid pips on his TNG uniform are indicative of "Lieutenant," yet he's listed as a "Lt. Commander," which ought to be 2 solid and 1 hollow pip. Should the caption read "then-Lieutenant" or something? I don't know if that's the best answer, but it seems a little weird to have his listed rank directly contradicted by his insignia in the current image.

Furthermore, he wasn't promoted to Lt. Commander as an operations officer (the gold uniform in the shot), but as a commanding officer (red uniform).

There are numerous instances in DS9 where his "latest" status is best illustrated i.e. red uniform with correct pips. Patrick of J (talk) 16:34, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

 * ✅ I went ahead and removed the reference to the rank from the caption, it's sufficently covered lower in the infobox... Roberticus  talk  21:07, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Cool, thank you! Patrick of J (talk) 23:50, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

Citations that support removal
In "Star Trek and Philosophy: The Wrath of Kant" a collection of scholarly articles, by Jason T. Eberl, Kevin S. Decker - pages 22 and 23 - the writer states that the name Worf was not inspired by Whorf but that the writers of Star Trek may have been influenced by Mr. Whorf's linguistic theories. (A free sample of the book can be found online through Google books.)

The only source I could find that says Worf is named after Mr. Whorf was Revolvy and revovly is not a reliable resource.

Mooby1231 (talk) 16:17, 9 April 2018 (UTC)4/9/2018

No mention of Kurn (Worf's biological brother) in the family description?
"Kurn, played by Tony Todd, is Worf's brother and a Commander in the Klingon Defense Force in Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine." -- from Wikipedia itself; yet while Worf's adoptive brother is listed, Kurn is not mentioned.

2601:410:200:2C80:1026:B070:F021:DB66 (talk) 07:21, 1 August 2021 (UTC) ecsd

The Next Generation absences
Code of Honor Haven Goojrr (talk) 22:55, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Deep Space Nine absences
Rocks and Shoals The Magnificent Ferengi Chrysalis Prodigal Daughter Goojrr (talk) 23:08, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Worf


text: User talk:69.109.230.134

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.109.230.134


text:
Durgapur

Durgapur is a major industrial city and a planned urban agglomeration in the Indian state of West Bengal. Located in Paschim Bardhaman district, economy and technology wise it is the most important city and urban agglomeration of West Bengal next to Kolkata and also the most important industrial hub of West Bengal. Durgapur is classified as a Y-category city for calculation of HRA (House Rent Allowance) for public servants (rate 12%) making it a "Tier-II" city. It was planned by two American architects, Joseph Allen Stein and Benjamin Polk in 1955. Durgapur is the only city in eastern India to have an operational dry dock. Durgapur has been nicknamed the 'Ruhr of India'.

Location
Durgapur is located at 23.55°N, 87.32°W. It has an average elevation of 65 m.

Durgapur is in the Paschim Bardhaman district of West Bengal, on the bank of the Damodar River, just before it enters the alluvial plains of Bengal. The topography is undulating. The coal-bearing area of the Raniganj coalfields lies just beyond Durgapur; some parts intrude into the area. The area was deeply forested until recent times, and some streaks of the original sal and eucalyptus forests can still be seen.

Police stations
Aurobindo Police Station, located in Durgapur Steel Township, opposite to Office Commissioner of Police (Asansol-Durgapur) has jurisdiction over parts of Andal CD Block. The area covered is 87 km2 and the population covered is 292,841. It has following investigation centres under it.

Coke Oven police station, located near Durgapur Railway Station, has jurisdiction over parts of Durgapur municipal corporation. The area covered is 49 km2 and the population covered is 136,181.

Durgapur Women PS has jurisdiction over Durgapur Subdivision

New Township police station, located in MAMC township, has jurisdiction over parts of Durgapur municipal corporation and Faridpur Durgapur CD Block. The area covered is 23 km2 and the population covered is 160,411. It has a police Outpost located in Bidhannagar under its jurisdiction

Demographics
In the 2011 census, Durgapur Urban Agglomeration had a population of 566,937 out of which 294,349 were males and 272,588 were females. The 0–6 years population was 50,512. Effective literacy rate of the population was 87.70. Durgapur Municipal Corporation included and 3 census towns: Bamunara, Arra and partly Andal.

In the 2011 census, Durgapur Municipal Corporation had a population of 581,409 out of which 301,700 were males and 279,709 were females. The 0–6 years population was 51,930. Effective literacy rate of the population was 87.84.

Religion
According to Census of India 2011, Hinduism is the predominant religion in this city, followed by Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism and others. Out of 5,66,517 people living in Durgapur (Municipal Corporation); 5,19,122 are Hindus (91.63%), 35,923 are Muslims (6.34%), 1889 are Christians (0.36%), 2346 are Sikhs (0.44%), 513 are Buddhists, 382 are Jains, 906 are other religions and 5436 (1.04%) did not state their religion.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 census, 82.99% of the population spoke Bengali, 11.15% Hindi, 1.84% Santali and 1.03% Urdu as their first language.

Economy
Durgapur is the biggest industrial hub of West Bengal (also one of the biggest industrial hubs in India) and was planned as an integrated industrial city. It is the most developed city in West Bengal in terms of technology, infrastructure and economy next to Kolkata and contributes a substantial amount to the economy of the state of West Bengal. It lies on the banks of Damodar River and near to the coalfields of Raniganj. Durgapur was a dream of former prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru and chief minister of West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Roy. The first project in Durgapur was Damodar Valley Corporation's Durgapur Barrage which attracted many public sector units. Durgapur Steel Plant was the first PSU established in the region in 1955 with the help of U.K which was later undertaken by SAIL. Later, an alloy plant was established by Hindustan Steel Ltd. in 1965 which was also acquired by SAIL. Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation (MAMC) was established in 1964 with the help and support from USSR (now closed but reviving with J.V of Bharat Earth Movers, Coal India & DVC). Hindustan Fertilisers Corporation (HFC) was a major PSU which produced fertilizer but got closed down (now RCF showed interest to reopen it). Bharat Opthlamic Glass Limited (BOGL) was established in 1972 used to manufacture electronic valves and other electronic components. Its closure was approved in 2006.

Durgapur Chemicals Limited (DCL) was set up by the Government of West Bengal in 1963 to boost the chemical needs of the state. DCL started it's journey in 1968 and was involved in commercial production of Phenol, phthalic anhydride, Monochloro Benzene, Pentachloro Phenol, Caustic Soda, Chlorine and Hydrochloric Acid. Although not closed, but the Government of West Bengal decided to disinvest in DCL in 2016 as it had increasingly become a sick industry.

Durgapur Projects Limited (DPL) was the first thermal power station in the city. It was commissioned by the Government of West Bengal in 1960. It has eight production units of which only two are currently operational. The whole city of Durgapur and the surrounding areas get electricity supply from DPL. It is currently owned by WBPDCL.

Major Indian and international MNCs have their production facilities in Durgapur which includes GE Power India Limited (formerly ACC Babcock Limited which was later taken over by Alstom), Scania and Komatsu (in partnership with Larsen & Toubro), Philips Carbon Black, Sankey Wheels (a unit of GKW), Birla Cement (earlier Durgapur Cement Ltd.), Graphite India Limited etc.

Durgapur is also an emerging IT and real estate hub. The Government of West Bengal's Webel IT Park houses some of well-known as well as startup software companies generating employment opportunities for the youth of the region. It is set to develop many proposed residential areas like DLF's Durgapur Township. Companies like Pinacle Infotech and Tata Consultancy Services (a major Indian multinational IT company) etc. have their branch office and back office respectively in the city.

Road

Durgapur is the preferred gateway to the districts of Bankura, Birbhum (Bolpur, Rampurhat, Suri), and Purulia. NH 19 (old numbering: NH 2) passes through the city jurisdiction and SH 9 originates from Muchipara in the city. NH 14 (old numbering NH 60) passes through the north-western suburb of Pandabeswar and finally passes through Raniganj and heads away towards Odisha. It happens to be one of the very few cities that have an Asian Highway (AH) passing directly through the city jurisdiction. The AH1 links Japan with Turkey, through Korea, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran.

Durgapur has bus terminuses at Durgapur Railway Station, Prantika (Prantika-I and II), and City Center. Within the city, private mini-buses operate from Durgapur Rly. Station to Prantika, via City Centre and various other routes within the city.

Auto-rickshaws ply between City Center, Benachity, William Kery, Chandidas, Mamra, Bidhannagar, Railway Station and other parts of the city in a number of routes. Pre-paid taxis are available in the city from railway stations. Additionally, online cab services like Ola, Uber etc. and bike taxi services like Rapido are available within the city.

Only one bus is available for the Kalyani-Bansberia route and it departs from Prantika-II Bus Terminus at 4:40 am and from Kalyani at 10 am every day.

Various private and government buses ranging from sleepers to premium Volvos are available from City Center Bus Terminus and Station Bus Terminus for Kolkata, Asansol, Barddhaman, Barakar, Bhubaneswar, Digha and other nearby cities. Durgapur is the headquarters of SBSTC which provides government bus services to Kolkata, Haldia, Digha, Bankura etc. from Durgapur and Asansol. Private buses are available for Asansol, Barakar, Bardhaman, Bolpur, Bishnupur, Chittaranjan, Deoghar, Digha, Illambazar, Jhargram, Kalna, Katwa, Kharagpur, Krishnanagar, Medinipur, Nabadwip, Nalhati, Purulia, Rampurhat, Siuri, Tatanagar, Tarakeswar, etc.

Air

The city is home to a domestic airport, the Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport. It is India's first private-sector Greenfield airport. It is located at a place called Andal which is roughly 15 kilometres from Durgapur's City Center Bus Terminus. The airport has direct flights to New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad, which are operated by IndiGo and Spicejet. And an old DSP Airport at Bijra near IQ city.

An air force station at Panagarh (Military Airfield), belonging to the Indian Air Force, is used as a base for a C-130J Hercules squadronal.

Rail

Durgapur is served by three stations located in the city Durgapur, Waria and Andal. Among these Durgapur railway station is one of the most important station of Eastern Railways where almost all express trains give a stop, except a few trains like Sealdah-Jammu Tawi Humsafar express, Howrah - New Delhi Rajdhani express and Duronto express. It falls in the Bardhaman-Asansol section of Eastern Railways and Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line of Indian Railways. It is also home to the stoppage of Premium trains such as Howarh-Patna Vande Bharat express, Ranchi-Howarh Shatabdi express, Sealdah-New Delhi Rajdhani express, Howarh-Patna Jan Shatabdi express, Kamakhya-SMVT Bengaluru AC superfast express, Kolkata-Patna Garib Rath express, Poorva express etc. Many express trains (trains mainly going towards or coming from Andal-Sainthia branch line) also stop at Andal Junction railway station. Also, a few local MEMU and DEMU trains originate from here and run towards Andal-Sainthia branch line and Andal-Sitarampur branch line. Only all stop local MEMU trains and a very few express and superfast trains stop at Waria Railway Station like Mayurakshi express and Black Diamond express.

Climate
Durgapur experiences a somewhat transitional climate between the tropical wet and dry climate of Kolkata and the more humid subtropical climate further north. Summers are extremely hot and dry, lasting from March to the middle of June, with average daily temperatures exceeding 45 °C. They are followed by the monsoon season with heavy precipitation and somewhat lower temperatures. Durgapur receives most of its annual rainfall of around 1,320 mm during this season. The monsoon is followed by a cold, dry winter from November to January. Temperatures are cold, with average daily temperatures dropping near 9 °C. There is a short autumn at the end of October and a short spring in February, both of which have relatively moderate temperatures of around 20 °C. Due to the heavy rainfall it has received in recent years, for almost five months of heavy rainfall every year, locals often refer to the city as “Chhota Cherapunji”. ( named after the main city of Cherapunji )

Administrative changes
The administrative setup came in stages. In 1837, when Bankura district was formed, Durgapur area was part of it. In 1847, Raniganj subdivision was formed with three police stations – Raniganj, Kanksa, and Neamatpur - and it was made a part of Bardhaman district. In 1906, the subdivisional headquarters was shifted to Burdwan and the subdivision renamed accordingly. In 1910, the police stations in Asansol subdivision were Asansol, Ranigunj, Kanksa, Faridpur, and Barakar. On 14 April 1968, Durgapur subdivision was carved out of Asansol subdivision. In 2011, the Asansol Durgapur Police Commissionerate (ADPC) was formed by the State Government.

Colleges
Durgapur is home to National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, an autonomous institution in eastern India of national importance. It is one of the 31 N.I.T.s in the country. N.I.T. Durgapur is one of the 8 old Regional Engineering Colleges established in 1956.

Durgapur Government College is a premier government degree college not only in the home district of Paschim Barddhaman but also in the neighbouring districts of Bankura, Purulia and Birbhum. It was established on 15 September 1970 and was affiliated to the University of Burdwan which later got affiliated to Kazi Nazrul University.

The Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (also known as CSIR-CMERI Durgapur or CMERI Durgapur) is a public engineering research and development institution in Durgapur, West Bengal, India. It is a constituent laboratory of the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The institute is dedicated to work in the mechanical and allied engineering disciplines.

The National Power Training Institute (Also known as NPTI(ER) and formerly known as PETS, Durgapur) is an institute under Ministry of Power, Government of India which offers postgraduate education in the field of power plants. This institute is also associated with several industrial bodies for imparting training to plant personnel.

Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Bengal College of Engineering and Technology, Sanaka Education Trusts Group of Institutions, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management and The Aryabhatta Institute of Engineering & Management are private engineering colleges which offer (B.Tech) in engineering and other degrees, including BBA, BCA, B.Pharm, and others. They are affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT). Durgapur Women's College and Michael Madhusudan Memorial College are general degree colleges affiliated to Kazi Nazrul University.

Netaji Subhas Open University is a state open university for imparting distance education. It is modelled on the Open University, UK and the IGNOU, and offers courses in different disciplines of graduate and post-graduate courses.

IQ City Medical College and Gouri Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital are two colleges which offer (MBBS) medical degree and also paramedical courses. They are affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences. Durgapur Paramedical College is another college which offers both diploma and degree in paramedical courses.

Schools
Durgapur houses a large number of government aided and public schools in addition to two Kendriya Vidyalaya and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (under the Government of India). Notable private schools include: St. Xavier's School,Carmel Convent High School, Pranavananda Vidyamandir, Guru Tegh Bahadur Public School and DAV Model School.

Sports facilities

 * Nehru Stadium is the biggest sports stadium in the city. It has a huge football ground, basketball and volleyball courts, athletic tracks, modern fully equipped gymnasium etc. It is managed by Durgapur Steel Plant Authority.
 * Sidhu Kanu Indoor Stadium houses many sporting organisation and sporting association of Burdwan district, including Durgapur Sub-divisional Women's Sports Association, School Sports Association-Durgapur Sub-division, Burdwan District Badminton Association, Burdwan District Table Tennis Association and Burdwan District Physical Culture Association.

Media
Durgapur has several electronic media houses. Express News, DSTV (owned by DSP), Hallow India, TV Bangla are some of them., are printed from the city. Anandabazar Patrika is published from Ghutgoria, near Durgapur, in Bankura District, and has a separate Asansol-Durgapur edition. Samay Sanket is another newspaper published from Durgapur. Dainik Jagaran has a Durgapur Edition, too. Durgapur does not have any F.M. stations. However All India Radio 100.3 FM, 92.7 Big FM, 93.5 Red FM and Radio Mirchi 95 FM has stations at Asansol, and serve both Asansol and Durgapur.

Notable people

 * Abhisek Banerjee, Former Indian domestic cricketer.
 * Aishe Ghosh, Indian research scholar and student leader of SFI.
 * Aloke Paul, recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, Alumni of National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Born in Durgapur.
 * Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay, Former Politician and Leader, Indian National Congress.
 * Bikash Sinha, chairman of the Board of Governors of the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur.
 * Bikramjit Basu, recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, Alumni of National Institute of Technology, Durgapur.
 * Bimal Mitra, Indian Bengali Author and author of Saheb Bibi Golam.
 * Dipali Saha, Politician, All India Trinamool Congress, won from Sonamukhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency), formerly within Durgapur.
 * Kalipada Bauri, Former Politician who won from Gangajalghati, formerly within Durgapur from Communist Party of India (Marxist).
 * Kamanio Chattopadhyay, recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, Alumni of National Institute of Technology, Durgapur.
 * Lalbihari Bhattacharya, Former Politician who won from Barjora (Vidhan Sabha constituency), formerly within Durgapur from Communist Party of India (Marxist).
 * Mamtaz Sanghamita, Former Member of Parliament, Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency) belonging to All India Trinamool Congress
 * Mika Singh, Indian Playback Singer and live performer.
 * Mrinal Banerjee, Former Minister of Power, State of West Bengal and former leader of Communist Party of India (Marxist).
 * Munmun Dutta, Indian Film Actress.
 * Nikhil Kumar Banerjee, Indian physician and Politician belonging to All India Trinamool Congress.
 * Prayas Ray Barman, Indian Cricketer, Youngest debutant in Indian Premier League.
 * Saidul Haque, Former Member of Parliament, Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency) belonging to Communist Party of India (Marxist)
 * Sandip Burman, Tabla Player and Musician.
 * Sri Zaheer, 12th and current dean of the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota.
 * Subir Chowdhury, CEO and MD of JCB India.
 * Sudip Chattopadhyay, Indian developmental biologist, biotechnologist and the dean of research and consultancy at the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur.
 * Sunil Kumar Mandal, Indian Politician and Member of Parliament, Purba Bardhaman, who previously won from Galsi, within Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency), from Forward Bloc.
 * S. S. Ahluwalia, Member of Parliament, Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency) belonging to Bhartiya Janata Party.
 * Tushar Dutta, Classical Music Vocalist.

title: Durgapur


text:
User:Captmjc

Je pense, donc je suis

I'm from Shanghai, China. I usually work in the Chinese Wikipedia Project, and will do some interwiki work here.

If you want to have a talk with me, please go to zh:User talk:Captmjc as I don't monitor this page. You may speak English there.

fr:User:Captmjc zh:User:Captmjc

title: User:Captmjc


text:
Andrew Jones

Andrew Jones may refer to:

Politicians

 * Andrew Jones (Australian politician) (1944–2015), Australian politician
 * Andrew Jones (British politician) (born 1963), British politician
 * Andrew Jones (fl. 1386), MP for Cricklade
 * Andrew Jones (Alabama politician), Republican member of the Alabama Senate

Cricket

 * Andrew Jones (cricket administrator) (born 1972), current CEO of Cricket NSW
 * Andrew Jones (Australian cricketer) (born 1964), Australian cricketer
 * Andrew Jones (New Zealand cricketer) (Andrew Howard Jones, born 1959), New Zealand test cricketer, played for Central Districts Stags, Otago Volts and Wellington Firebirds
 * Andrew Jones (Welsh cricketer) (Andrew James Jones, born 1972), former Welsh cricketer, played for Wales Minor Counties
 * Andrew Jones (Staffordshire cricketer) (Andrew James Jones, born 1977), former English cricketer, played for Staffordshire
 * Andrew Jones (Somerset cricketer) (Andrew Paul Jones, born 1964), former English cricketer, played for Somerset

Other sports

 * Andrew Jones (basketball) (born 1997), American basketball player
 * Andrew Jones (Canadian football) (born 1982), Canadian football player
 * Andrew Jones (racing driver) (born 1980), Australian racing driver
 * Andi Jones (born 1978), English athlete

Others

 * Andrew Lee Jones (1955–1991), American executed for murder
 * Andrew Jones (artist), American visual artist
 * Andrew Jones (Medal of Honor) (1835–?), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Andrew Jones (historian) (1944–), British historian
 * Andrew Jones (filmmaker) (1983–2023), British screenwriter and director
 * Andrew R. Jones, visual effects artist, winner of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for Avatar
 * Andrew "Jr. Boy" Jones (born 1948), American blues guitarist
 * Andrew Jones (priest) (born 1961), Church in Wales priest

title: Andrew Jones


text:
Cristian Machado

Cristian Machado (born July 23, 1974 ) is an American musician who is the vocalist of the heavy metal band Lions at the Gate. He is also the former vocalist for the nu metal band Ill Niño as well as a featured vocalist in the Roadrunner United project. Machado has also played in Headclamp and La Familia, in addition to making numerous guest appearances on albums such as Sepultura's Nation, Soulfly's 3 and 40 Below Summer's The Mourning After.

Early life
Cristian Emerson Machado was born in Rio de Janeiro, the son of a musician, but soon moved to Venezuela with his mother. In 1986, they moved to New Jersey where he spent the rest of his teens. He only knew his father, Marcello Machado, halfway through his teenage years. His mother told him his stepfather was his father, and he found out only when his father called him and told him he was his real father. Machado told his father he did not want to see him. Today, however, he communicates with his father through e-mail and phone. Machado is divorced and has a daughter. The two live near his former wife in rural California.

Career
Most of Cristian Machado's music influence is from his childhood without a father and growing up realizing that. Even when touring he would meet people that he felt left an impact on his life and he would show in his music how that person helped or ruined his life. The songs "Unframed" and "How Can I Live" are both about his father.

Cristian Machado used Dave Williams of Drowning Pool's microphone and stand for several years after Williams' death. They were good friends and both bands created a bond and friendship while doing the Jägermeister tour. After Williams' death during Ozzfest 2002, Drowning Pool and Dave's family gave Machado the mic and stand in respect. In a recent interview, Machado stated "No, I am not using Dave William's microphone stand anymore. I did use it for many years but I am now playing acoustic guitar. He was a beautiful soul and I will always honor him in my heart."

Machado left Ill Niño in 2019. On May 11, 2020, he appeared on Doc Coyle's (Bad Wolves, formerly of God Forbid) podcast, where he spoke about his new solo project which is under his name.

In May 2021, Machado made his return to a band as the vocalist of Lions at the Gate, joined on guitars by former Ill Niño bandmates Ahrue Luster and Diego Verduzco, as well as Stephen Brewer on bass and Fern Lemus on drums.

Solo

 * Hollywood Y Sycamore (2020)

Lions at the Gate

 * The Excuses We Cannot Make (2023)

title: Cristian Machado


text:
EigoMANGA

eigoMANGA is a comic book publishing company that produces original Japanese-influenced comics and digital media. eigoMANGA has been underway since its conception in 2000. The company is based in San Francisco, California.

History
eigoMANGA began as a dot-com company founded by Austin Osueke in 2000 that produced webcomics. eigoMANGA was among the first webcomics sites, which helped initiate the trend for other comic book publishers to use the internet as a medium to promote comic books.

eigoMANGA has hosted several anime conventions, the first one, Campus Invasion, being held at the San Francisco State University on May 14, 2004.

In 2005, eigoMANGA formed a joint-publishing partnership with Devil's Due Publishing to extend the circulation reach of its publication line.

On July 18, 2013, eigoMANGA screened the animated film Padak at the Comic-Con International Independent Film Festival. The movie was later distributed on Steam on June 6, 2016.

Rumble Pak

Rumble Pak is an anthology comic book series showcasing original comics created by artists from around the world including a line-up of original stories. Rumble Pak is eigoMANGA's first commercial comic book publication and is considered its flagship product. The first edition of Rumble Pak was released to comic book stores domestically and internationally in February 2004 and the publication was re-released to North American mainstream media stores in October 2004.

Sakura Pakk
Sakura Pakk is a bi-monthly anthology comic book series highlighting original comics stories created for female comic book readers. Sakura Pakk was released in November 2004.

Series featured in Rumble Pak and Sakura Pakk
Rumble Pak

Bleed, the meta-organic robot guardian beast who is protecting the innocent, yet mysterious little girl named Ginger. Ginger is targeted by intergalactic assassins because she may have a cosmic bomb activated inside her body. Written and drawn by Bleedman.
 * Bleed 1.0

Follow the adventures of two super heroes in training and their coffee-drinking mentor as they defend the weak and punish the bad guys... for a fee.
 * Cool Downbeat

An extinction level event occurs when a large number of species die out in a relatively short period of time. This is a story of the last surviving man who suffers in a world where computers are of the highest intelligence and women are in total control.
 * Extinction Level Event

The C.I.A. subjected a group of low-ranking marines with experimental LSD-like hallucinogen. The experiments failed and created a being with destructive psychic abilities who was driven insane after being held in cryostasis for over 30 years.
 * God Drug

A young woman's tragic childhood past clouded with mystery causes her to lose focus as the pilot for a thermo-nuclear warship. Will she pilot the weapon towards her mission or will she turn on her superiors?
 * Mega-18

An American teenager discovers that he's the missing piece and the re-incarnation of a living weapon created to prevent the rise of an ancient demon warlord. In order to follow his fate, he must take responsibility for crimes caused by his past life.
 * (The) Monkey Tale

Super Powered Kung Fu Little Red Ridding Hood! Join Mail and Let-Let, the youngest members of Okuru-Ro fighting temple in the misty inland of the Middle Kingdom, as they have their first (and perhaps last...) adventure!!! Furious fighting, deadly frogs, and the almighty allure of FIGHTING SOUP!!!
 * Short Trip

Sakura Pakk

Marine Biologist, Larissa Talcott is torn between a re-newed love relationship with attorney, Brian Liam, because Brian's law firm is representing a company plotting to renovate a local pond into commercial property. Larissa is driven to stop them in order to protect the ecosystem that inhabits the pond; she is given the nickname “Frog Princess” by her friends and colleagues. Will Brian and Larissa compromise their firm beliefs for the sake of their relationship?
 * (The) Frog Princess

A school celebration of Mardi Gras takes Alice, a high school fortune teller, also known to her friends as the “Goddess of Love” back to a midsummer's dream of long ago.
 * Mid Summer's Dream

Wandering the streets on another sleepless night, Nikki finds the mysterious and silent Diego, and takes him home to tend his wounds. Little does she know that Diego is in hiding from a strange and powerful woman in another realm, and the two worlds will soon collide. The Natura Morta story has many elements of vampirism and gothic themes. Story and Art, Created and Copyright by native Spaniard, Abril Espinosa.
 * Natura Morta

Akiko Shinohara relives a time when she was a shy teenager alone in the rain. Suddenly this nice boy walks her home and inspires her to have confidence in herself. This young man mysteriously died many years ago. Is there anything she can do to save the young man who saved her?
 * Warm Rain

title: EigoMANGA


text:
Moses Pendergrass

Moses Pendergrass was the subject of a footnote illustrating mistreatment by government bureaucracy, in a Mark Twain article, "Concerning the Jews", in Harper's Magazine, 1898.

According to Twain's account, in 1886 Moses Pendergrass of Libertyville, Missouri put in a bid to work as a mail carrier for a year beginning on 1 July 1887. "He got the postmaster at Knob Lick to write the letter for him, and while Moses intended that his bid should be $400, his scribe carelessly made it $4." The route was 30 miles every weekday, and he did it on foot. However, due to a clerical error at his local post office, his bid was accepted to work for $4 rather than the intended $400. He discovered the mistake when he received his first paycheck at the end of the first quarter, and immediately contacted the Post Office Department, but found he would have to pay $1459.85 damages to escape the contract. He was therefore forced to work out the year. The route was extended before the year was over so his pay was increased slightly, and in the end he was paid $6.84 for the year rather than $4.

Bills were introduced in "three or four" sessions of Congress to recover the remainder of Pendergrass' rightful salary, and several committees were established to investigate the claim. Regardless, it was eleven years, through six sessions of Congress, before a bill was passed granting him an additional $379.56.

Even after Pendergrass was granted his claim by Congress, he had still received a total of only $386.40, a loss of more than $13 from his rightful contract and, according to Twain, nearly $300 less than he should have earned from the extended route.

Twain's point, in the article's context of criticising anti-Semitism, was to show that "shabbiness and dishonesty are not the monopoly of any race or creed, but are merely human".

"In the present paper I shall allow myself to use the word Jew as if it stood for both religion and race. It is handy; and, besides, that is what the term means to the general world. In the above letter one notes these points:

"
 * 1. The Jew is a well-behaved citizen.
 * 2. Can ignorance and fanaticism alone account for his unjust treatment?
 * 3. Can Jews do anything to improve the situation?
 * 4. The Jews have no party; they are non-participants.
 * 5. Will the persecution ever come to an end?
 * 6. What has become of the Golden Rule?

title: Moses Pendergrass


text:
Genealogy of Jesus

The New Testament provides two accounts of the genealogy of Jesus, one in the Gospel of Matthew and another in the Gospel of Luke. Matthew starts with Abraham and works forwards, while Luke works back in time from Jesus to Adam. The lists of names are identical between Abraham and David (whose royal ancestry affirms Jesus' Messianic title Son of David), but differ radically from that point. Matthew has twenty-seven generations from David to Joseph, whereas Luke has forty-two, with almost no overlap between them or with other known genealogies. They also disagree on who Joseph's father was: Matthew says he was Jacob, while Luke says he was Heli.

Traditional Christian scholars (starting with Africanus and Eusebius ) take both lineages to be true, offering various explanations for their divergence. For instance, one (usually Matthew's) may be taken to be the lineage of Joseph and the other (usually Luke's) of Mary, or one may be Jesus' customary legal lineage and the other his biological blood lineage. These versions can also fit the gospels' simultaneous account of Jesus' virgin birth of Mary alone, with Joseph being merely his legal adoptive father; both Joseph and Mary are taken to be David's descendants. Levirate marriage, through which an individual (such as Joseph) may have two legal fathers, can also serve these explanations. However, some modern critical scholars like Marcus Borg and John Dominic Crossan state that both genealogies are inventions, constructed to bring the Messianic claim into conformity with Jewish criteria.

Matthew's genealogy

Matthew 1:1–17 begins the Gospel with "A record of the origin of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham: Abraham begot Isaac,..." and continues on until "... Jacob begot Joseph, the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ. Thus there were fourteen generations in all from Abraham to David, fourteen from David to the exile to Babylon, and fourteen from the exile to the Christ."

Matthew emphasizes, right from the beginning, Jesus' title Christ—the Greek rendering of the Hebrew title Messiah—meaning anointed, in the sense of an anointed king. Jesus is presented as the long-awaited Messiah, who was expected to be a descendant of King David. Matthew begins by calling Jesus the son of David, indicating his royal origin, and also son of Abraham, indicating that he was an Israelite; both are stock phrases, in which son means descendant, calling to mind the promises God made to David and to Abraham.

Matthew's introductory title (βίβλος γενέσεως, book of generations) has been interpreted in various ways, but most likely is simply a title for the genealogy that follows, echoing the Septuagint use of the same phrase for genealogies.

Matthew's genealogy is considerably more complex than Luke's. It is overtly schematic, organized into three sets of fourteen, each of a distinct character:
 * The first is rich in annotations, including four mothers and mentioning the brothers of Judah and the brother of Perez.
 * The second spans the Davidic royal line, but omits several generations, ending with "Jeconiah and his brothers at the time of the exile to Babylon."
 * The last, which appears to span only thirteen generations, connects Joseph to Zerubbabel through a series of otherwise unknown names, remarkably few for such a long period.

The total of 42 generations is achieved only by omitting several names, so the choice of three sets of fourteen seems deliberate. Various explanations have been suggested: fourteen is twice seven, symbolizing perfection and covenant, and is also the gematria (numerical value) of the name David.

The rendering into Greek of Hebrew names in this genealogy is mostly in accord with the Septuagint, but there are a few peculiarities. The form Asaph seems to identify King Asa with the psalmist Asaph. Likewise, some see the form Amos for King Amon as suggesting the prophet Amos, though the Septuagint does have this form. Both may simply be assimilations to more familiar names. More interesting, though, are the unique forms Boes (Boaz, LXX Boos) and Rachab (Rahab, LXX Raab).

Omissions
Three consecutive kings of Judah are omitted: Ahaziah, Jehoash, and Amaziah. These kings are seen as especially wicked, from the cursed line of Ahab through his daughter Athaliah to the third and fourth generation. The author could have omitted them to create a second set of fourteen.

Another omitted king is Jehoiakim, the father of Jeconiah, also known as Jehoiachin. In Greek the names are even more similar, both being sometimes called Joachim. When Matthew says, "Josiah begot Jeconiah and his brothers at the time of the exile," he appears to conflate the two, because Jehoiakim, not Jeconiah, had brothers, but the exile was in the time of Jeconiah. While some see this as a mistake, others argue that the omission was once again deliberate, ensuring that the kings after David spanned exactly fourteen generations.

The final group also contains fourteen generations. If Josiah's son was intended as Jehoiakim, then Jeconiah could be counted separately after the exile. Some authors proposed that Matthew's original text had one Joseph as the of Mary, who then married another man of the same name.

Fourteen generations span the time from Jeconiah, born c. 616 BC, to Jesus, born c. 4 BC. The average generation gap would be around forty-four years. However, in the Old Testament, there are even wider gaps between generations. Also, we do not see any instances of papponymic naming patterns, where children are named after their grandparents, which was a common custom throughout this period. This may indicate that Matthew has telescoped this segment by collapsing such repetitions.

Luke's genealogy
In the Gospel of Luke, the genealogy appears at the beginning of the public life of Jesus. This version is in ascending order from Joseph to Adam. After telling of the baptism of Jesus, Luke 3:23–38 states, "Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was [the son] of Heli, ..." (3:23) and continues on until "Adam, which was [the son] of God." (3:38) The Greek text of Luke's Gospel does not use the word "son" in the genealogy after "son of Joseph". Robertson notes that, in the Greek, "Luke has the article tou repeating uiou (Son) except before Joseph".

This genealogy descends from the Davidic line through Nathan, who is an otherwise little-known son of David, mentioned briefly in the Old Testament.

In the ancestry of David, Luke agrees completely with the Old Testament. Cainan is included between Arphaxad and Shelah, following the Septuagint text (though not included in the Masoretic Text followed by most modern Bibles).

Augustine notes that the count of generations in the Book of Luke is 77, a number symbolizing the forgiveness of all sins. This count also agrees with the seventy generations from Enoch set forth in the Book of Enoch, which Luke probably knew. Though Luke never counts the generations as Matthew does, it appears he also followed hebdomadic principle of working in sevens. However, Irenaeus counts only 72 generations from Adam.

The reading "son of Aminadab, son of Aram", from the Old Testament is well attested. The Nestle-Aland critical edition, considered the best authority by most modern scholars, accepts the variant "son of Aminadab, son of Admin, son of Arni", counting the 76 generations from Adam rather than God.

Luke's qualification "as was supposed" (ἐνομίζετο) avoids stating that Jesus was actually a son of Joseph, since his virgin birth is affirmed in the same gospel. Some view that "as was supposed of Joseph" regards Luke as calling Jesus a son of Eli—meaning that Heli (Ἠλί, Heli) was the maternal grandfather of Jesus, with Luke tracing the ancestry of Jesus through Mary, his nearest blood relative, while listing Heli’s son-in-law Joseph rather than Mary in order to maintain the patriarchal structure of the genealogy. D. A. Carson calls this reading "painfully artificial" and would not likely be deduced by readers. Likewise R. P. Nettelhorst calls this reading "unnatural and forced. There are other interpretations of how this qualification relates to the rest of the genealogy. Some see the remainder as the true genealogy of Joseph, despite the different genealogy given in Matthew.

Comparison of the two genealogies
The following table is a side-by-side comparison of Matthew's and Luke's genealogies. Converging sections are shown with a green background, and diverging sections shown with a yellow background.

Explanations for divergence
The Church Fathers held that both accounts are true. Eusebius of Cesarea, in his Church history, dedicates the 7th chapter of the first book to that issue, arguing that the divergences are based on whether one is considered as being father by nature or by law. Similarly, in his book An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, John Damascene argues that Heli of the tribe of Nathan died childless, and Jacob of the tribe of Solomon took his wife and raised up seed to his brother and begat Joseph, in accordance with scripture, namely, yibbum (the mitzvah that a man must marry his brother's childless widow); Joseph, therefore, is by nature the son of Jacob, of the line of Solomon, but by law he is the son of Heli of the line of Nathan.

Modern scholarship tends to see the genealogies of Jesus as theological constructs rather than factual history: family pedigrees would not usually have been available for non-priestly families, and the contradictions between the two lists are seen as clear evidence that these were not based on genealogical records. Additionally, the use of titles such as 'Son of God' and 'Son of David' are seen as evidence that they do not come from the earliest Gospel traditions. Raymond E. Brown says the genealogies "tell us nothing certain about his grandparents or his great-grand-parents". Marcus Borg and John Dominic Crossan contend that both genealogies are inventions to support Messianic claims.

Gundry suggests the series of unknown names in Matthew connecting Joseph's grandfather to Zerubbabel as an outright fabrication, produced by collecting and then modifying various names from 1 Chronicles. Sivertsen sees Luke's as artificially pieced together out of oral traditions. The pre-exilic series Levi, Simeon, Judah, Joseph consists of the names of tribal patriarchs, far more common after the exile than before, while the name Mattathias and its variants begin at least three suspiciously similar segments. Kuhn likewise suggests that the two series Jesus–Mattathias (77–63) and Jesus–Mattatha (49–37) are duplicates.

The contradictions between the lists have been used to question the accuracy of the gospel accounts since ancient times, and several early Christian authors responded to this. Augustine, for example, attempted on several occasions to refute every criticism, not only because the Manichaeans in his day were using the differences to attack Christianity, but also because he himself had seen them in his youth as cause for doubting the veracity of the Gospels. His explanation for the different names given for Joseph's father is that Joseph had a biological father and an adoptive father, and that one of the gospels traces the genealogy through the adoptive father in order to draw parallels between Joseph and Jesus (both having an adoptive father) and as a metaphor for God's relationship with humankind, in the sense that God "adopted" human beings as his children.

One common explanation for the divergence is that Matthew is recording the actual legal genealogy of Jesus through Joseph, according to Jewish custom, whereas Luke, writing for a Gentile audience, gives the actual biological genealogy of Jesus through Mary, in recognition of the virgin birth. Some view this argument as problematic since both trace their genealogy through Joseph, but Luke may have replaced Mary with Joseph (Heli’s son-in-law) in order to conform with the patriarchal genealogical structure. Eusebius of Caesarea, on the other hand, affirmed the interpretation of Africanus that Luke's genealogy is of Joseph (not of Mary), who was the natural son of Jacob, though legally of Eli who was the uterine brother of Jacob.

Levirate marriage
The earliest tradition that explains the divergence of Joseph's lineages involves the law of levirate marriage. A woman whose husband died without issue was bound by law to be married to her husband's brother, and the first-born son of a Yibbum was reckoned and registered as the son of the deceased brother (Deuteronomy 25:5 sqq.). Sextus Julius Africanus, in his 3rd-century Epistle to Aristides, reports a tradition that Joseph was born from just such a levirate marriage. According to this report, Joseph's natural father was Jacob son of Matthan, as given in Matthew, while his legal father was Eli son of Melchi (sic), as given in Luke.

Commenting on Africanus's explanation, Christian author Valeriy Sterkh writes:

"It must be added that the levirate links between the two genealogies are found not only at the end, but also in the beginning. This conclusion is obvious because both genealogies intersect in the middle at Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel (see Mt 1:12–13; Lk 3:27). Nathan was the older brother; Solomon was younger, next in line after him (see 2 Sam 5:14–16; 1 Chron 3:5), therefore he was the first candidate to a levirate marriage (compare Ruth 3–4; Lk 20:27–33). The Old Testament is silent on whether Nathan had children, so we may very well conclude that he had none. Solomon, however, had much capacity for love: «And he had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines» (1 Kings 11:3). So, in theory, he could have married Nathan's widow. If this is so, Mattatha is the son of Solomon according to the flesh and the son of Nathan according to the Law. In light of the above-mentioned circumstances, the differences between the two genealogies no longer present a problem."

It has been questioned, however, whether levirate marriages actually occurred among uterine brothers; they are expressly excluded in the Halakhah Beth Hillel but permitted by Shammai. According to Jesuit theologian Anthony Maas, the question proposed to Jesus by the Sadducees in all three Synoptic Gospels regarding a woman with seven levirate husbands suggests that this law was observed at the time of Christ.

Maternal ancestry in Luke
A common explanation among theologians is that Luke's genealogy is of Mary, with Eli being her father, while Matthew's describes the genealogy of Joseph.

Luke's text says that Jesus was "a son, as was supposed, of Joseph, of Eli" (υἱός, ὡς ἐνομίζετο, Ἰωσὴφ, τοῦ Ἠλὶ.) The qualification has traditionally been understood as acknowledgment of the virgin birth, but some instead see a parenthetical expression: "a son (as was supposed of Joseph) of Eli." In this interpretation, Jesus is called a son of Eli because Eli was his maternal grandfather, his nearest male ancestor. A variation on this idea is to explain "Joseph son of Eli" as meaning a son-in-law, perhaps even an adoptive heir to Eli through his only daughter Mary. An example of the Old Testament use of such an expression is Jair, who is called "Jair son of Manasseh" but was actually son of Manasseh's granddaughter. In any case, the argument goes, it is natural for the evangelist, acknowledging the unique case of the virgin birth, to give the maternal genealogy of Jesus, while expressing it a bit awkwardly in the traditional patrilinear style.

According to R. A. Torrey, the reason Mary is not implicitly mentioned by name is because the ancient Hebrews never permitted the name of a woman to enter the genealogical tables, but inserted her husband as the son of him who was, in reality, but his father-in-law.

Lightfoot sees confirmation in an obscure passage of the Talmud, which, as he reads it, refers to "Mary daughter of Eli"; however, both the identity of this Mary and the reading are doubtful. Patristic tradition, on the contrary, consistently identifies Mary's father as Joachim. It has been suggested that Eli is short for Eliakim, which in the Old Testament is an alternate name of Jehoiakim, for whom Joachim is named.

The theory is consistent with early traditions ascribing a Davidic ancestry to Mary. It also aligns with Luke's greater focus on Mary, in contrast to Matthew's focus on Joseph's perspective. On the other hand, there is no explicit indication whatsoever, either in the Gospel or in any early tradition, that the genealogy is Mary's.

A Jewish tradition ascribing a Davidic ancestry to Mary is recorded in the Doctrina Jacobi (written in 634), in which a Tiberian rabbi mocks the Christian veneration of Mary by recounting her genealogy according to the tradition of the Jews of Tiberias: Why do Christians extol Mary so highly, calling her nobler than the Cherubim, incomparably greater than the Seraphim, raised above the heavens, purer than the very rays of the sun? For she was a woman, of the race of David, born to Anne her mother and Joachim her father, who was son of Panther. Panther and Melchi were brothers, sons of Levi, of the stock of Nathan, whose father was David of the tribe of Judah.

A century later, John of Damascus and others report similar information, only inserting an extra generation, Barpanther (Aramaic for son of Panther, thus indicating a misunderstood Aramaic source). A certain prince Andronicus later found the same polemic in a book belonging to a rabbi named Elijah.

The claim that Luke gives Mary's genealogy is mentioned in a single extant 5th century text, in which pseudo-Hilary cites it as an opinion held by many, though not himself. This claim was revived by Annius of Viterbo in 1498 and quickly grew in popularity.

Modern scholars discount this approach: Raymond E. Brown called it a "pious deduction"; and Joachim Gnilka "the desperation of embarrassment". D. A. Carson calls this reading "painfully artificial" and would not be apparent to Luke's audience. Likewise R. P. Nettelhorst calls this reading "unnatural and forced".

Jewish law is relevant to these matters. It differs radically on such issues from Roman law, but is what applied within Jewish society and the state of Judea, and was the only one that Jesus himself explicitly acknowledged as binding and authoritative, as recorded in Matt. 23:1-3. It does not accept maternal ancestry as applying to lineage claims, which go through the father alone.

Maternal ancestry in Matthew
A minority view holds that while Luke gives the genealogy of Joseph, Matthew gives the genealogy of Mary. A few ancient authorities seem to offer this interpretation. Although the Greek text as it stands is plainly against it, it has been proposed that in the original text Matthew had one Joseph as Mary's father and another as her husband. This neatly explains not only why Matthew's genealogy differs from Luke's, but also why Matthew counts fourteen generations rather than thirteen. Blair sees the various extant versions as the predictable result of copyists repeatedly attempting to correct an apparent mistake. Others, including Victor Paul Wierwille, argue that here the Aramaic original of Matthew used the word gowra (which could mean father), which, in the absence of vowel markings, was read by the Greek translator as gura (husband). In any case, an early understanding that Matthew traced Mary's genealogy would explain why the contradiction between Matthew and Luke apparently escaped notice until the 3rd century.

Lukan version of Levirate marriage theory
Although most accounts ascribing the Luke genealogy to Mary's line do not include a levirate marriage this is added by the above sources. Each of these texts then goes on to describe, just as in Julius Africanus (but omitting the name of Estha), how Melchi was related to Joseph through a levirate marriage.

Bede assumed that Julius Africanus was mistaken and corrected Melchi to Matthat. Since papponymics were common in this period, however, it would not be surprising if Matthat were also named Melchi after his grandfather.

Panther
Controversy has surrounded the name Panther, mentioned above, because of a charge that Jesus' father was a soldier named Pantera. Celsus mentions this in his writing, The True Word, where he is quoted by Origen in Book 1:32. "But let us now return to where the Jew is introduced, speaking of the mother of Jesus, and saying that "when she was pregnant she was turned out of doors by the carpenter to whom she had been betrothed, as having been guilty of adultery, and that she bore a child to a certain soldier named Panthera." Epiphanius, in refutation of Celsus, writes that Joseph and Cleopas were sons of "Jacob, surnamed Panther."

Two Talmudic-era texts referring to a "Jesus, son of Pantera (Pandera)" are Tosefta Hullin 2:22f: "Jacob… came to heal him in the name of Jesus son of Pantera" and Qohelet Rabbah 1:8(3): "Jacob… came to heal him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera" and some editions of the Jerusalem Talmud also specifically name Jesus as the son of Pandera: Jerusalem Abodah Zarah 2:2/7: "someone… whispered to him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera"; Jerusalem Shabboth 14:4/8: "someone… whispered to him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera"; Jerusalem Abodah Zarah 2:2/12: "Jacob… came to heal him. He said to him: we will speak to you in the name of Jesus son of Pandera"; Jerusalem Shabboth 14:4/13: "Jacob… came in the name of Jesus Pandera to heal him". Because some editions of the Jerusalem Talmud do not contain the name Jesus in these passages the association is disputed.

Legal inheritance
One of the traditional explanations is that Matthew traces not a genealogy in the modern biological sense, but a record of legal inheritance showing the succession of Jesus in the royal line.

According to this theory, Matthew's immediate goal is therefore not David, but Jeconiah, and in his final group of fourteen, he may freely jump to a maternal grandfather, skip generations, or perhaps even follow an adoptive lineage in order to get there. Attempts have been made to reconstruct Matthew's route, from the seminal work of Lord Hervey to Masson's recent work, but all are necessarily highly speculative.

As a starting point, one of Joseph's two fathers could be by simple adoption, as Augustine suggests, or more likely the special adoption by a father-in-law with no sons, or could be a maternal grandfather. On the other hand, the resemblance between Matthan and Matthat suggests they are the same man (in which case Jacob and Eli are either identical or full brothers involved in a levirate marriage), and Matthew's departure from Luke at that point can only be to follow legal line of inheritance, perhaps through a maternal grandfather. Such reasoning could further explain what has happened with Zerubbabel and Shealtiel.

A key difficulty with these explanations, however, is that there is no adoption in Jewish law, which of course is the relevant legal tradition even according to Jesus (Matt. 23:1–3), not the Roman legal tradition. If Joseph is not the biological father, his lineage does not apply to Jesus, and there is no provision available within Jewish law for this to be altered. One's natural father is always one's father. Nor is inheritance of lineage claims even possible through one's mother, in Jewish law. See, on this, the articles "Adoption" by Lewis Dembitz and Kaufmann Kohler in The Jewish Encyclopaedia (1906), available online at: http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/852-adoption, and "Adoption" by Jeffrey H. Tigay and Ben-Zion (Benno) Schereschewsky in the Encyclopaedia Judaica (1st ed. 1972; the entry is reproduced again in the 2nd ed.), Vol. 2, col. 298–303. Lineage cannot be artificially transferred; one's natural parents are always one's parents. Guardianship, however, conveys most other rights and duties. Schereschewsky summarizes, col. 301: "Adoption is not known as a legal institution in Jewish law. According to halakhah [Jewish law] the personal status of parent and child is based on the natural family relationship only and there is no recognized way of creating this status artificially by a legal act or fiction. However, Jewish law does provide for consequences essentially similar to those caused by adoption to be created by legal means. These consequences are the right and obligation of a person to assume responsibility for (a) a child's physical and mental welfare and (b) his financial position, including matters of inheritance and maintenance." The "matters of inheritance" being referred to here is provision for inheritance of property, not lineage ancestry. Also relevant is the same Encyclopaedia's article on "Apotropos," i.e., guardianship, reproduced at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0002_0_01191.html, and the introduction to these two articles helpfully summarizing the main points, by the editors of the Jewish Virtual Library, "Issues in Jewish Ethics: Adoption," at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/adoption.html Also see the series of five articles or chapters by R. Michael J. Broyde, "The Establishment of Maternity and Paternity in Jewish and American Law," at the Jewish Law website http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/maternity1.html, in particular the opening comments to the first chapter and the whole discussion in its chapter "IV. Adoption and Establishing Parental Status," at http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/maternity4.html. For further discussion, see this article's Archive 2 "Talk" page topic for 6 June 2016, entitled "* Legal inheritance * and *Virgin Birth*/Clarification of adoption and lineage according to Jewish law.".

Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel
The genealogies in Luke and Matthew appear to briefly converge at Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel, though they differ both above Shealtiel and below Zerubbabel. This is also the point where Matthew departs from the Old Testament record.

In the Old Testament, Zerubbabel was a hero who led the Jews back from Babylon about 520 BC, governed Judah, and rebuilt the temple. Several times he is called a son of Shealtiel. He appears once in the genealogies in the Book of Chronicles, where his descendants are traced for several generations, but the passage has a number of difficulties. While the Septuagint text here gives his father as Shealtiel, the Masoretic text instead substitutes Shealtiel's brother Pedaiah—both sons of King Jeconiah, according to the passage. Some, accepting the Masoretic reading, suppose that Pedaiah begot a son for Shealtiel through a levirate marriage, but most scholars now accept the Septuagint reading as original, in agreement with Matthew and all other accounts.

The appearance of Zerubbabel and Shealtiel in Luke may be no more than a coincidence of names (Zerubbabel, at least, is a very common Babylonian name ). Shealtiel is given a completely different ancestry, and Zerubbabel a different son. Furthermore, interpolation between known dates would put the birth of Luke's Shealtiel at the very time when the celebrated Zerubbabel led the Jews back from Babylon. Thus, it is likely that Luke's Shealtiel and Zerubbabel were distinct from, and perhaps even named after, Matthew's.

If they are the same, as many insist, then the question arises of how Shealtiel, like Joseph, could have two fathers. Yet another complex levirate marriage has often been invoked. Richard Bauckham, however, argues for the authenticity of Luke alone. In this view, the genealogy in Chronicles is a late addition grafting Zerubbabel onto the lineage of his predecessors, and Matthew has simply followed the royal succession. In fact, Bauckham says, Zerubbabel's legitimacy hinged on descending from David through Nathan rather than through the prophetically cursed ruling line.

The name Rhesa, given in Luke as the son of Zerubbabel, is usually seen as the Aramaic word rēʾšāʾ, meaning head or prince. It might well befit a son of Zerubbabel, but some see the name as a misplaced title of Zerubbabel himself. If so, the next generation in Luke, Joanan, might be Hananiah in Chronicles. Subsequent names in Luke, as well as Matthew's next name Abiud, cannot be identified in Chronicles on more than a speculative basis.

Fulfillment of prophecy
By the time of Jesus, it was already commonly understood that several prophecies in the Old Testament promised a Messiah descended from King David. Thus, in tracing the Davidic ancestry of Jesus, the Gospels aim to show that these messianic prophecies are fulfilled in him.

The prophecy of Nathan —understood as foretelling a son of God who would inherit the throne of his ancestor David and reign forever—is quoted in Hebrews and strongly alluded to in Luke's account of the Annunciation. Likewise, the Psalms record God's promise to establish the seed of David on his throne forever, while Isaiah and Jeremiah speak of the coming reign of a righteous king of the house of David.

David's ancestors are also understood as progenitors of the Messiah in several prophecies. Isaiah's description of the branch or root of Jesse is cited twice by Paul as a promise of the Christ.

More controversial are the prophecies on the Messiah's relation, or lack thereof, to certain of David's descendants:
 * God promised to establish the throne of King Solomon over Israel forever, but the promise was contingent upon obeying God's commandments. Solomon's failure to do so is explicitly cited as a reason for the subsequent division of his kingdom.
 * Against King Jehoiakim, Jeremiah prophesied, "He shall have no one to sit on the throne of David," and against his son King Jeconiah, "Write this man childless, a man who will not prosper in his days; for no man of his seed will prosper, sitting on the throne of David or ruling again in Judah." Some see this prophecy as permanently disqualifying Jeconiah from the ancestry of the Messiah (though not necessarily of Joseph). More likely, the curse was limited to Jeconiah's lifetime, and even then, rabbinical tradition has it that Jeconiah repented in exile and the curse was lifted. Additionally, the Old Testament recounts that none of the punishments listed in the curse actually came to pass.
 * To Zerubbabel, God declares through Haggai, "I will make you like my signet ring," in clear reversal of the prophecy against his grandfather Jeconiah, "though you were a signet ring on my right hand, yet I would pull you off." Zerubbabel ruled as governor, though not as king, and has been regarded by many as a suitable and likely progenitor of the Messiah.

The promise to Solomon and Jeconiah's curse, if applicable, argue against Matthew. Yet evidently Matthew didn't find his respective genealogy incompatible with these prophecies.

Matthew also presents the virgin birth of Jesus as fulfillment of Isaiah 7:14, which he quotes. Matthew apparently quotes the ancient Septuagint translation of the verse, which renders the Hebrew word "almah" as "virgin" in Greek.

Women mentioned
Matthew inserts four women into the long list of men. The women are included early in the genealogy—Tamar, Rachab, Ruth, and "the wife of Uriah" (Bathsheba). Why Matthew chose to include these particular women, while passing over others such as the matriarchs Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah, has been much discussed.

There may be a common thread among these four women, to which Matthew wishes to draw attention. He sees God working through Tamar's seduction of her father-in-law, through the collusion of Rahab the harlot with Joshua's spies, through Ruth the Moabite's unexpected marriage with Boaz, and through David and Bathsheba's adultery.

The NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible suggests that the common thread between all of these women is that they have associations with Gentiles. Rahab was a prostitute in Canaan, Bathsheba was married to a Hittite, Ruth resided in Moab, and Tamar had a name of Hebrew origin. The women's nationalities are not necessarily mentioned. The suggestion is that Matthew may be preparing the reader for the inclusion of the Gentiles in Christ's mission. Others point out an apparent element of sinfulness: Rahab was a prostitute, Tamar posed as a prostitute to seduce Judah, Bathsheba was an adulteress, and Ruth is sometimes seen as seducing Boaz—thus Matthew emphasizes God's grace in response to sin. Still others point out their unusual, even scandalous, unions—preparing the reader for what will be said about Mary. None of these explanations, however, adequately befits all four women.

Nolland suggests simply that these were all the known women attached to David's genealogy in the Book of Ruth.

Mary's kinship with Elizabeth
Luke states that Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist, was a "relative" (Greek syggenēs, συγγενής) of Mary, and that Elizabeth was descended from Aaron, of the tribe of Levi. Whether she was an aunt, a cousin, or a more distant relation cannot be determined from the word. Some, such as Gregory Nazianzen, have inferred from this that Mary herself was also a Levite descended from Aaron, and thus kingly and priestly lineages were united in Jesus. Others, such as Thomas Aquinas, have argued that the relationship was on the maternal side; that Mary's father was from Judah, Mary's mother from Levi. Modern scholars like Raymond Brown (1973) and Géza Vermes (2005) suggest that the relationship between Mary and Elizabeth is simply an invention of Luke.

Virgin birth

These two Gospels declare that Jesus was begotten not by Joseph, but by the power of the Holy Spirit while Mary was still a virgin, in fulfillment of prophecy. Thus, in mainstream Christianity, Jesus is regarded as being literally the "only begotten son" of God, while Joseph is regarded as his adoptive father.

Matthew immediately follows the genealogy of Jesus with: "This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about: His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit".

Likewise, Luke tells of the Annunciation: "How will this be," Mary asked the angel, "since I am a virgin?" The angel answered, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God."

The question then arises, why do both gospels seem to trace the genealogy of Jesus through Joseph, when they deny that he is his biological father? Augustine considers it a sufficient answer that Joseph was the father of Jesus by adoption, his legal father, through whom he could rightfully claim descent from David.

Tertullian, on the other hand, argues that Jesus must have descended from David by blood through his mother Mary. He sees Biblical support in Paul's statement that Jesus was "born of a descendant of David according to the flesh". Affirmations of Mary's Davidic ancestry are found early and often.

The Ebionites, a sect who denied the virgin birth, used a gospel which, according to Epiphanius, was a recension of Matthew that omitted the genealogy and infancy narrative. These differences reflect the Ebionites' awareness of Jewish law (halakhah) relating to lineage inheritance, adoption, and the status of ancestry claims through the mother.

Islam

The Qurʼan upholds the virgin birth of Jesus (ʻĪsā) and thus considers his genealogy only through Mary (Maryam), without mentioning Joseph.

Mary is very highly regarded in the Qurʼan, the nineteenth surah being named for her. She is called a daughter of ʻImrān, whose family is the subject of the third surah. The same Mary (Maryam) is also called a sister of Aaron (Hārūn) in one place, and although this is often seen as an anachronistic conflation with the Old Testament Miriam (having the same name), who was sister to Aaron (Hārūn) and daughter to Amram (ʻImrān), the phrase is probably not to be understood literally.

According to Muslim Scholar Sheikh Ibn Al-Feasy Al-Hanbali, the Quran used "Sister of Aaron" and "Daughter of Amram" for several reasons. One of those is the "relative calling" or laqb that is always used in Arabic literature. "Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal Abu 'Abd Allah al-Shaybani", for instance, is prevalently called "Ibn Hanbal" instead of "Ibn Muhammad". Or, "Muhammad bin Idris ash-Shafi`i" is always called "Imam Al-Shafi'i" instead of "Imam Idris" or "Imam Muhammad". This is how the Arabs refer to famous persons in their daily life. The same applies here; Sister of Aaron refers to "daughter of Aaron's siblings'", and daughter of Amram refers to "direct lineage of Amram" (Amram's descendants). This means that Mary was from the line of Amram, but not of Aaron's generation.

title: Genealogy of Jesus


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Athletic training

Athletic training is an allied health care profession recognized by the American Medical Association (AMA) that "encompasses the prevention, examination, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of emergent, acute, or chronic injuries and medical conditions." There are five areas of athletic training listed in the seventh edition (2015) of the Athletic Training Practice Analysis: injury and illness prevention and wellness promotion; examination, assessment, diagnosis; immediate and emergency care; therapeutic intervention; and healthcare administration and professional responsibility.

Athletic trainers (ATs) generally work in places like health clinics, secondary schools, colleges and universities, professional sports programs, and other athletic health care settings, usually operating "under the direction of, or in collaboration with a physician."

Overview
According to the National Athletic Trainers' Association, there are more than 58,000 athletic trainers around the world. The U.S. Department of Labor Statistics projects that employment of the athletic trainers is estimated to grow by 19% between 2018 and 2028.

Working environments
The traditional setting for athletic trainers is embedded within a sports team. In the United States, over 40% of athletic trainers work at an educational institution, including universities, secondary schools, and middle schools, providing health care to student athletes. Athletic trainers in this setting are commonly present at practices and competitions to be able to serve as first responders and deliver care as needed. Providing care at practices and competitions commonly leads to long working hours, including nights and weekends.

Also, in the United States, approximately 18% of athletic trainers work in a clinic setting. This includes sports medicine clinics, outpatient ambulatory rehabilitation clinics, emergency departments, physician clinics, and assisting in surgery, among others. Job duties and responsibilities vary in this setting.

In recent decades, athletic trainers have been expanding into additional settings such as the performing arts, occupational medicine, and public security.

Scope
The Board of Certification serves as the national certifying body for athletic trainers, and its Standards of Professional Practice outline the roles and responsibilities of certified athletic trainers. The standards include expectations such as "The Athletic Trainer renders service or treatment under the direction of a physician". State law determines the setting, limitations, and restrictions on what athletic trainers can and cannot provide.

Referring
In certain instances, patients and clients may require treatment or consultation that falls beyond the scope of an athletic trainer's expertise. In such cases, the athletic trainer's responsibility is to make appropriate referrals to other healthcare professionals. Various supporting health services may be utilized, including school health services, nurses, physicians, dentists, podiatrists, physician's assistants, physical therapists, strength and conditioning specialists, biomechanists, exercise physiologists, nutritionists, psychologists, massage therapists, occupational therapists, emergency medical technicians, paramedics, chiropractors, orthopedists, prosthesis experts, equipment personnel, referees, or social workers.

NATA code of ethics
"The National Athletic Trainers' Association Code of Ethics states the principles of ethical behavior that should be followed in the practice of athletic training. It is intended to establish and maintain high standards and professionalism for the athletic training profession."

Undergraduate general studies
The content of the courses will vary based upon the institute and professor, but there are some general subject matters that any AT should know including human and exercise physiology, kinesiology, anatomy, and nutrition. These subjects are commonly studied to increase knowledge regarding athletic training.

Physiology "is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system". More in-depth studies of physiology is between human and exercise physiology. Human Physiology is more anatomical structures, exercise physiology is physical exercise conditions and treatments. Kinesiology "identifies stress in our muscles and uses relaxation techniques to release tension and improve our mood, health, and overall well-being" Used in athletic training, focuses more on muscle anatomy and sport focused rehabilitation. Human anatomy studies the structures on the body including muscular systems, organs, respiratory, bone anatomy, veins, and arteries. This also includes physical examinations of the extremities. Which will include injury recognition, treatment, taping, bracing, and care. After the examination an AT might have to perform acute care of injury. This is implemented when dealing with trauma and illnesses sustained during sport participation. This includes field evaluation of medical emergencies, such as cessation of breathing or circulation, shock, concussion, and spinal injury. After performing care, somewhere down the road athletic trainers may have to provide rehabilitation strategies to go through with the athlete. ATs need to know about basic nutritional principles and concepts that lead to an athlete's personal health, relationship with food and overall optimal health. How a student eats is influential on their recovery time and overall athletic performance.

Accreditation
The Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE), under the Council for Higher Education, is the accrediting body for athletic training education programs in the United States. Only individuals who successfully complete an accredited program are eligible to sit for the certification exam to become an athletic trainer. CAATE lists all the accredited programs in the United States on their website. It provides the college's name, contact information, and a link to the institution's website.

Entry-level master's programs
An entry-level master's program is a two-year program that covers the material required for an athletic training degree. Standard prerequisite classes are human anatomy, human physiology, kinesiology, biomechanics, exercise physiology, nutrition, personal health, and a certain number of observation hours completed under a certified athletic trainer (ATC).

Graduate school in athletic training and related fields
There are 15 schools in the US with an accredited athletic training master's program for those with a bachelor's in athletic training who want to pursue further education. These programs are typically two years in length. While enrolled in one of these programs, the athletic trainer may gain clinical experience and receive a stipend through a graduate assistant internship.

Graduate assistant internships
Typical responsibilities for graduate assistant interns include administering daily medical care to selected intercollegiate athletic teams, evaluating and documenting athletic injuries, completing administrative duties, serving as an approved clinical instructor or clinical instructor in a CAATE-accredited ATEP, and assisting the head athletic trainer. Other internships may include working at a high school or clinic, teaching, or researching. Graduate assistant positions are generally around 10-month appointments that may be renewable after the first year and sometimes include additional summer work.

Accredited programs
CAATE evaluates athletic training programs to ensure that they follow the standards for entry-level athletic training programs. Evaluations may take place every three to seven years. Completing the CAATE accredited education program is a part of the criteria that determines a candidate's eligibility for the Board of Certification (BOC) examination.

Organizations
The National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) is the professional organization for athletic trainers in the United States. NATA is divided into 10 geographical districts which each appoint their own agendas and board members. Each district consists of about 3-6 states/territories which have a director that serves on the NATA Board of Directors. Every state has its own state athletic training association that acts similar to the district associations with their own board members. The state associations answer to the district associations and NATA.

Before the formation of NATA, athletic trainers occupied a somewhat insecure place in the athletic program. Since then, considerable professional advancement has been made in the field.

As well as the NATA, there is also the World Federation of Athletic Training & Therapy (WFATT) which began in 1998 but was founded in 2000. The WFATT's mission statement includes "Athletic Training & Therapy will be recognized as an essential part of multidisciplinary healthcare teams worldwide". Across 4 continents, 12 countries and in 42 member associations, there's well over 50,000 athletic trainers registered. To start the WFATT, the US and Canada (Canadian Athletic Therapists Association) went and promoted athletic training in various countries through workshops.

title: Athletic training