text:
Semiconductor intellectual property core

In electronic design, a semiconductor intellectual property core (SIP core), IP core or IP block is a reusable unit of logic, cell, or integrated circuit layout design that is the intellectual property of one party. IP cores can be licensed to another party or owned and used by a single party. The term comes from the licensing of the patent or source code copyright that exists in the design. Designers of system on chip (SoC), application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and systems of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) logic can use IP cores as building blocks.

History
The licensing and use of IP cores in chip design came into common practice in the 1990s. There were many licensors and also many foundries competing on the market. In 2013, the most widely licensed IP cores were from Arm Holdings (43.2% market share), Synopsys Inc. (13.9% market share), Imagination Technologies (9% market share) and Cadence Design Systems (5.1% market share).

Types of IP cores
The use of an IP core in chip design is comparable to the use of a library for computer programming or a discrete integrated circuit component for printed circuit board design. Each is a reusable component of design logic with a defined interface and behavior that has been verified by its creator and is integrated into a larger design.

Soft cores
IP cores are commonly offered as synthesizable RTL in a hardware description language such as Verilog or VHDL. These are analogous to low-level languages such as C in the field of computer programming. IP cores delivered to chip designers as RTL permit chip designers to modify designs at the functional level, though many IP vendors offer no warranty or support for modified designs.

IP cores are also sometimes offered as generic gate-level netlists. The netlist is a boolean-algebra representation of the IP's logical function implemented as generic gates or process-specific standard cells. An IP core implemented as generic gates can be compiled for any process technology. A gate-level netlist is analogous to an assembly code listing in the field of computer programming. A netlist gives the IP core vendor reasonable protection against reverse engineering. See also: integrated circuit layout design protection.

Both netlist and synthesizable cores are called soft cores since both allow a synthesis, placement and routing (SPR) design flow.

Hard cores
Hard cores (or hard macros) are analog or digital IP cores whose function cannot be significantly modified by chip designers. These are generally defined as a lower-level physical description that is specific to a particular process technology. Hard cores usually offer better predictability of chip timing performance and area for their particular technology.

Analog and mixed-signal logic are generally distributed as hard cores. Hence, analog IP (SerDes, PLLs, DAC, ADC, PHYs, etc.) are provided to chip makers in transistor-layout format (such as GDSII). Digital IP cores are sometimes offered in layout format as well.

Low-level transistor layouts must obey the target foundry's process design rules. Therefore, hard cores delivered for one foundry's process cannot be easily ported to a different process or foundry. Merchant foundry operators (such as IBM, Fujitsu, Samsung, TI, etc.) offer various hard-macro IP functions built for their own foundry processes, helping to ensure customer lock-in.

Licensed functionality
Many of the best known IP cores are soft microprocessor designs. Their instruction sets vary from small 8-bit processors, such as the 8051 and PIC, to 32-bit and 64-bit processors such as the ARM architectures or RISC-V architectures. Such processors form the "brains" of many embedded systems. They are usually RISC instruction sets rather than CISC instruction sets like x86 because less logic is required. Therefore, designs are smaller. Further, x86 leaders Intel and AMD heavily protect their processor designs' intellectual property and don't use this business model for their x86-64 lines of microprocessors.

IP cores are also licensed for various peripheral controllers such as for PCI Express, SDRAM, Ethernet, LCD display, AC'97 audio, and USB. Many of those interfaces require both digital logic and analog IP cores to drive and receive high speed, high voltage, or high impedance signals outside of the chip.

"Hardwired" (as opposed to software programmable soft microprocessors described above) digital logic IP cores are also licensed for fixed functions such as MP3 audio decode, 3D GPU, digital video encode/decode, and other DSP functions such as FFT, DCT, or Viterbi coding.

Vendors
IP core developers and licensors range in size from individuals to multi-billion-dollar corporations. Developers, as well as their chip-making customers, are located throughout the world.

Silicon Intellectual Property (SIP, Silicon IP) is a business model for a semiconductor company where it licenses its technology to a customer as intellectual property. A company with such a business model is a fabless semiconductor company, which doesn't provide physical chips to its customers but merely facilitates the customer's development of chips by offering certain functional blocks. Typically, the customers are semiconductor companies or module developers with in-house semiconductor development. A company wishing to fabricate a complex device may license in the rights to use another company's well-tested functional blocks such as a microprocessor, instead of developing their own design, which would require additional time and cost.

The Silicon IP industry has had stable growth for many years. The most successful Silicon IP companies, often referred to as the Star IP, include ARM Holdings and Synopsys. Gartner Group estimated the total value of sales related to silicon intellectual property at US $1.5 billion in 2005 with annual growth expected around 30%.

IP hardening
IP hardening is a process to re-use proven designs and generate fast time-to-market, low-risk-in-fabrication solutions to provide Intellectual property (IP) (or Silicon intellectual property) of design cores.

For example, a digital signal processor (DSP) is developed from soft cores of RTL format, and it can be targeted to various technologies or different foundries to yield different implementations. The process of IP hardening is from soft core to generate re-usable hard (hardware) cores. A main advantage of such hard IP is its predictable characteristics as the IP has been pre-implemented, while it offers flexibility of soft cores. It might come with a set of models for simulations for verification.

The effort to harden soft IP requires employing the quality of the target technology, goals of design and the methodology. The hard IP has been proven in the target technology and application. E.g. the hard core in GDS II format is said to clean in DRC (Design rule checking), and LVS (see Layout Versus Schematic). I.e. that can pass all the rules required for manufacturing by the specific foundry.

Free and open-source
Since around 2000, OpenCores.org has offered various soft cores, mostly written in VHDL and Verilog. All of these cores are provided under free and open-source software-license such as GNU General Public License or BSD-like licenses. Since 2010, initiatives such as RISC-V have caused a massive expansion in the number of IP cores available (almost 50 by 2019 ). This has helped to increase collaboration in developing secure and efficient designs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Ozzyslovechild/Ozzyslovechild discussion rants Phylis Wheatley

History
Before: 14:38, 23 Apr 2005 - http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Phillis_Wheatley&oldid=12709250

After: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Phillis_Wheatley&oldid=12710989

Current: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Phillis_Wheatley

After
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Phillis_Wheatley&oldid=12710989


text:
IP block

IP block may refer to:

 * IP blocking, the banning of outside connections from certain IP addresses or ranges of them
 * Semiconductor intellectual property core, a reusable unit of logic, cell, or chip layout design and is also the property of one party
 * An IP block (otherwise known as an IP range), a continuous segment of Internet Protocol addresses assigned to an organization or country

title: IP block


text:
The Talons of Weng-Chiang

The Talons of Weng-Chiang is the sixth and final serial of the 14th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in six weekly parts on BBC1 from 26 February to 2 April 1977. In the serial, which is set in 19th-century London, the 51st century criminal Magnus Greel (Michael Spice) travels to the city and poses as an ancient Chinese god to find his missing time machine.

Written by script editor Robert Holmes and directed by David Maloney, The Talons of Weng-Chiang was also the final serial to be produced by Philip Hinchcliffe, who had worked on the series for three seasons. One of the most popular serials from the series' original run on television, The Talons of Weng-Chiang has continued to receive acclaim from reviewers and it has been repeatedly voted one of the best stories by fans. Despite this, criticism has been directed towards the serial's stereotypical representation of Chinese characters and an unconvincing giant rat featured in the story.

The serial saw the debut of the characters Henry Gordon Jago and Professor George Litefoot, portrayed by Christopher Benjamin and Trevor Baxter; they would later reprise their roles in audio dramas produced by Big Finish, first in the 2009 The Companion Chronicles episode "The Mahogany Murderers", and then in their own spin-off series Jago & Litefoot from 2010 to 2018.

Plot
The Doctor and Leela arrive in London so that Leela can learn about the customs of her ancestors. Performing at the Palace Theatre is the stage magician Li H'sen Chang. On their way to the theatre, the Doctor and Leela encounter a group of Chinese men who have apparently killed a cab driver. All but one escape, and he, the Doctor and Leela are taken to the local police station.

At the station, Li H'sen Chang is called in to act as an interpreter, but unbeknownst to everyone else he is the leader of the group – the Tong of the Black Scorpion, followers of the god Weng-Chiang. He stealthily gives the captive henchman a pill of concentrated scorpion venom, which the henchman takes and dies.

The body is taken to the local mortuary, along with the body of the cabbie. There they meet Professor Litefoot, who is performing the autopsies. The cabbie is Joseph Buller, who had been looking for his wife Emma, the latest in a string of missing women in the area. Buller had gone down to the Palace Theatre where he had confronted Chang about his wife's disappearance. Afterwards, Chang had sent his men, including the diminutive Mr Sin, to kill Buller. Chang is in the service of Magnus Greel, a despot from the 51st century who had fled from the authorities in a time cabinet, now masquerading as the Chinese god Weng-Chiang. The technology of the cabinet is unstable and has disrupted Greel's own DNA, deforming him horribly. This forces him to drain the life essences from young women to keep himself alive. At the same time, Greel is in search of his cabinet, which is now in the possession of Professor Litefoot. Mr Sin is also from the future but is a robotic toy constructed with the cerebral cortex of a pig.

Greel tracks down the time cabinet and steals it, whilst concurrently the Doctor tracks Greel to the sewers underneath the theatre, aided by the theatre's owner, Henry Gordon Jago. However, Greel has already fled, abandoning Chang to the police. Chang escapes into the sewers, only to be mauled by one of Greel's giant rats.

While the Doctor and Leela try to find Greel's new hideout, Jago comes across the key to the time cabinet. He takes it to Professor Litefoot's house, and there, after leaving the key and a note for the Doctor, the Professor and Jago set out to follow anyone coming around the theatre in search of the bag. However, they are captured. Meanwhile, the Doctor and Leela find Chang in an opium den, dying from his injury. The Doctor and Leela ask where Greel can be found, and Chang tells them he can be found in the House of the Dragon, but dies before he can give them the exact location.

The Doctor and Leela return to Professor Litefoot's house. There they find the note and the key to the time cabinet. They decide to wait for Greel and his henchmen. When they arrive, the Doctor uses the key, a fragile crystal, as a bargaining chip. He asks to be taken to the House of the Dragon, offering the key in exchange for Litefoot and Jago's release. Instead, Greel overpowers the Doctor and locks him in with the two.

Leela, who had been left at Litefoot's house, has followed them and confronts Greel. She is captured by Greel, but before her life essence is drained, the Doctor, Jago and Litefoot escape and rescue her. In a final confrontation, Mr Sin turns on Greel as the Doctor convinces it that Greel escaping in his time cabinet will create a catastrophic implosion. The Doctor defeats Greel by forcibly pushing him into his own extraction machine, causing it to overload and Greel to disintegrate. The Doctor then captures and deactivates Mr Sin.

Production
A Robert Banks Stewart story outline called The Foe from the Future inspired elements of this serial. The Foe from the Future was adapted by Big Finish Productions as an audio play in 2012. Working titles for this story included The Talons of Greel. This was the final Doctor Who story produced by Philip Hinchcliffe. His successor, Graham Williams, sat in on this story's production. This story featured John Nathan-Turner's first work as an uncredited production unit manager on the series, with the credit going to Chris D'Oyly-John. Nathan-Turner would become the series' regular production unit manager under Williams and succeed Williams as the show's producer from 1980 to 1989.

The Talons of Weng-Chiang featured two separate blocks of location shooting. As planned, the serial was to have a week of location filming for the exterior footage, which took place at various locations in London, with the majority in the area around Wapping, in mid-December 1976, followed by three studio recording sessions. Producer Philip Hinchcliffe was able to negotiate the swapping of one of the planned studio sessions for the use of an outside broadcast video crew, which led to the second block of location shooting in early January 1977, encompassing a week in Northampton, the majority of which was spent at the Royal Theatre.

A large pile of straw seen in one scene was placed there to cover a modern car that had not been moved off the street. The production team briefly considered giving Jago and Litefoot their own spin-off series.

The production of this serial featured in a BBC 2 documentary, Whose Doctor Who (1977), presented by Melvyn Bragg, which was part of the arts series The Lively Arts. Including interviews with Tom Baker, Philip Hinchcliffe and fans of the series, it was the first in-depth documentary made by the BBC on the series and was transmitted on the day following the final episode. The programme is included as an extra on the DVD releases of The Talons of Weng-Chiang.

Cast notes
Deep Roy, who played Mr. Sin, had an uncredited role as an unnamed alien trade delegate in The Trial of a Time Lord: Mindwarp (1986). Dudley Simpson—who composed much of the music for Doctor Who in the 1960s and 1970s—has a cameo as the conductor of Jago's theatre orchestra. Michael Spice appears in this story as the main villain, Magnus Greel. He also provided the voice of Morbius in the previous season's The Brain of Morbius (1976). John Bennett had previously appeared in Doctor Who as General Finch in Invasion of the Dinosaurs (1974). Christopher Benjamin had previously appeared in Inferno (1970) as Sir Keith Gold and would return to play Colonel Hugh in "The Unicorn and the Wasp" (2008).

Broadcast and reception
Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping, in The Discontinuity Guide (1995), praised the double act of Jago and Litefoot and called the serial "One of the great moments of Doctor Who history – an effortless conquering of the pseudo-historical genre with a peerless script." In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker were full of similar praise for the script, direction, the characters, and acting. Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times awarded it five stars out of five and wrote, "The Talons of Weng-Chiang as a whole is a scriptwriting tour de force. With its theatrical milieu, florid dramatis personae and high horror quotient, it makes for Doctor Who at its most blatantly Grand Guignol." The A.V. Club reviewer Christopher Bahn wrote that the story was good at "genre-blending" and homages. In Doctor Who: The Complete Guide, Mark Campbell awarded it seven out of ten, describing it as "groaning under the weight of so much clichéd Victoriana, Talons emerges as a garish hybrid of science fiction and literary pastiche. If watched in one go, the lack of subtlety can be draining."

In 2008, The Daily Telegraph named the serial the best of the "10 greatest episodes of Doctor Who" up to that point, writing, "The top-notch characterisation, direction and performances, with Tom Baker at the top of his game, make this the perfect Doctor Who story." This story was voted the best Doctor Who story ever in the 2003 Outpost Gallifrey poll to mark the series' 40th anniversary, narrowly beating The Caves of Androzani. In Doctor Who Magazine 2009 "Mighty 200" poll, asking readers to rank all of the then-released 200 stories, The Talons of Weng-Chiang came in fourth place. In a similar poll in 2014, magazine readers ranked the episode in sixth place. Russell T Davies, lead writer and executive producer for Doctor Who's 21st-century revival, praised this serial, saying, "Take The Talons of Weng-Chiang, for example. Watch episode one. It's the best dialogue ever written. It's up there with Dennis Potter. By a man called Robert Holmes. When the history of television drama comes to be written, Robert Holmes won't be remembered at all because he only wrote genre stuff. And that, I reckon, is a real tragedy."

Although the script and the general production of the serial has been highly praised, some commentators have criticised elements of it such as the realisation of the giant rat and the depiction of the Chinese characters. Patrick Mulkern, in his Radio Times review, acknowledged the "wretched realisation of the giant rat". In his volume of British history State of Emergency, Dominic Sandbrook criticizes the giant rat for being "one of the worst-realized monsters not merely in the show's history, but in the history of human entertainment." Howe and Walker noted that its flaw was the realisation of the giant rat, though the story "still contains its fair share of gruesome and disturbing material". Future Doctor Who executive producer Steven Moffat said in 1995: "How could a good hack think that the BBC could make a giant rat? If he'd come to my house when I was 14 and said 'Can BBC Special Effects do a giant rat?' I'd have said no. I'd rather see them do something limited than something crap. What I resented was having to go to school two days later, and my friends knew I watched this show. They'd go 'Did you see the giant rat?!' and I'd have to say I thought there was dramatic integrity elsewhere."

The depiction of Chinese characters and culture, and use of yellowface in the serial, has been criticised as racist. Some of the English characters display racist attitudes towards the Chinese characters, which go unchallenged by the Doctor, who normally stands up for marginalized groups. Meanwhile, the Chinese immigrants themselves are portrayed in a stereotypical fashion – other than Li H'sen Chang (a major villain who is himself akin to Fu Manchu, but portrayed by a white actor – another source of criticism), all of the Chinese characters are coolies or members of Tong gangs. The Chinese Canadian National Council for Equality characterized the content of the episodes as "dangerous, offensive, racist stereotyping [which] associate the Chinese with everything fearful and despicable". As a result of their complaint to TVOntario, the Canadian channel chose not to broadcast all six episodes of the serial. Christopher Bahn wrote, "If it wasn't for the uncomfortably racist aspects of the story, it'd be close to perfection." In 2013, Digital Spy placed it in the Top 10 of Doctor Who, while commenting that "Holmes's desire to reflect the UK's 1970s fascination with mysticism and the martial arts led to a rather unfortunate depiction of Asian culture." In 2020, streaming service BritBox added trigger warnings to the serial after the suitability of continuing to host it on the service was called into question by viewers. It was also the subject of a discussion focusing on the representation of ethnicity on archive TV at the British Film Institute.

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Terrance Dicks, was published by Target Books in November 1977, entitled Doctor Who and The Talons of Weng-Chiang.

The script was published by Titan Books in November 1989, entitled "Doctor Who – The Scripts: The Talons of Weng-Chiang" and edited by John McElroy.

Home media
The Talons of Weng-Chiang was released in omnibus format on VHS in the UK in 1988, having previously been available only in Australia. The fight scene between the Doctor and the Tong of the Black Scorpion in Part One was slightly edited to remove the use of the nunchaku (or chain-sticks), which were at the time classed as illegal weapons in the UK and couldn't be shown on-screen — a ruling which has since changed.

The story was released in complete and unedited episodic format on DVD in April 2003 in a two-disc set as part of the Doctor Who 40th Anniversary Celebration releases, representing the Tom Baker years. On 2 September 2008, this serial was released for sale on iTunes. A special edition version of the story was released on DVD as part of the "Revisitations 1" box set in October 2010.

Target novelisation

 * On Target — Doctor Who and the Talons of Weng-Chiang
 * On Target — Doctor Who and the Talons of Weng-Chiang

title: The Talons of Weng-Chiang


text:
User talk:MikhailMiguel~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 15:18, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MikhailMiguel. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MikhailMiguel~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:49, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:22, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MikhailMiguel~enwiki


text:
User talk:Jimmyflowers

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 15:19, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: MC2

 * Hi, any reason MC2 chronology I added has to be part of the talk page rather than the main article? Just curious. User talk:Jimmyflowers

Because it's a big, contextless, infodump, basically. If you did it yourself (don't be offended, people DO copy stuff from other sites and claim it as their own), you might want to see if the Marvel Chronology Project would be interested in it, or start an equivalent site of your own.

Oh, and it's not polite to put new stuff at the top of talk pages - always add new sections to the bottom with the + link beside "edit this page" - SoM 18:25, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. Thanks for the response. It's not actually contextless. The point of the chronology (which I did do myself) is to allow people to read the history of something in chronological order. Plus, it also serves to show everyone all the titles in that "universe."

You can do the latter with a bibilograpy (simple list of titles in alphabetical or publication order, with publication date. Wouldn't be very long in the case of MC-2, with only seven titles, eight if you count LHS). And I think the number of people likely to use the information as you feel, is a very small %age of readers on an already-low traffic article. Besides, lists in general are discouraged in Wikipedia whereever possible, and that is a BIG list, that can't be turned into prose, which pushes the category links very far down. It's more likely to annoy than anything.

 * I think it's very useful. The Marvel Chronology Project is only interested in mainstream chronology information. Please reconsider. Jimmyflowers 21:06, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Well, I linked you directly to their MC-2 board, and they have 2099, AoA and Kilraven chronology pages (none of which are MU-chronology related). You can but try, especially if you already have the data. Or you can found your own page and link to it from the article.

Tell you what, find me five examples (not done by you/done prior to this post) of the same sort of thing in WP (i.e., full chronologies, splitting FBs out from the issues, not bibliographies), and I won't take it out. - SoM 22:29, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spam (Amazon) links
Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, one or more of the external links you added do not comply with our guidelines for external links and have been removed. Wikipedia is not a collection of links; nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, external links do not alter search engine rankings. If you feel the link should be added to the article, please discuss it on the before reinserting it. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. -NatureBoyMD (talk) 04:29, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jimmyflowers


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User talk:Predictor

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 15:20, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Predictor


text:
Talk:Bell-Northern Research

Computerization
The history reads as if the world went directly from step (or at least crossbar) directly to digital. The 1A ESS deserves a significant discussion (there's a Wikipedia stub for ESS, but no history of the Bell Labs/WeCo product) as an intermediary. The article cites the SP-1, but not its predessor, the 1ESS.

BNR got into the next-gen switching world when it first became feasible to digitize voice samples and thereby treat the data plane as a digital machine as well as the control plane, and to a lesser extent, the signalling plane, which had already been pioneered by others.

I would write this up myself, but I don't know the dates and details of the No. 1 ESS. It would be very helpful if someone who does know this would add a brief discussion here and perhaps expand it in a separate article.

Davehood 01:35, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

I joined Northern Electric in 1965 - working on ESS #1 in Montreal. My impression at the time was with the deregulation of the US teleco's - the Canadian Telcos got access to the design specs for the Ess #1.... and were trying to manufacture them. I remember going through some of this documentation. I was working on a Cobol programming team trying to design the software that would validate subscriber data (input) and output instructions for manufacturing. The memory of the ESS #1 was large aluminum backplanes - to which magnets were glued - a row of magnets forming a single "word" of data.... really!

A year later - about 1966, I volunteered to transfer to the R&D Labs in Ottawa to start real time programming for the first SP-1, whose development was underway.

I don't know if this helps with the time lines. I do have a Nortel history around somewhere.. I will look for it. Hugh Chatfield (talk) 05:08, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Am I the only person at Wikipedia who sees a danger in the "no original research" policy? I just came here from another Wikipedia page where I explained my thoughts in this regard http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Burroughs_Corporation#B80_series I expect no one will read this for a while - but hopefully someone will discover it before it becomes an archaeological artefact :-) btw hi to Hugh if he is still around? Ottawahitech (talk) 01:32, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Slogans
Edward G. Nilges spinoza1111 spinoza1111@yahoo.com added information based on employment at BNR 1981-1986Spinoza1111 09:56, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Love the old rune, "build it stroong, build it stoot, oot of things ye know aboot", for it reminds me of the old (pre-1984) Canadian BNR. It seems to have been replaced by "borrow money from your honey, and send it oot of the hoose for assembly".Spinoza1111 10:09, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Speculative and inappropriate statements
The sentence in the first paragraph on BNR losing its innovative and successful organization after being absorbed into Nortel is speculative. The statement about John Roth perceiving the use of proprietary technology as being part of "the problem" isn't really true, to my recollection. RISC and CISC technology doesn't play a role in the overall layering of the architecture (it is only at the microprocessor level, and the distinction pretty much went away during the 1990s), and in fact the traditional DMS product software loads underwent evolutionary changes that increased their layering, in order to improve maintainability.

219.77.104.213 04:35, 5 November 2006 (UTC)It's not speculative. What the hell is this, The Great or Bolshoi Soviet Encyclopedia? I'm talking about what happened to people. Shall they be erased in the name of the "scholarship" of Nortel moles, religious lunatics and convenience store clerks, destroying Wikipedia?

219.77.104.213 04:35, 5 November 2006 (UTC)Note that "RISC and CISC technology doesn't play a role in the overall layering of the architecture (it is only at the microprocessor level, and the distinction pretty much went away during the 1990s), and in fact the traditional DMS product software loads underwent evolutionary changes that increased their layering, in order to improve maintainability." is negative, therefore proof against discussion or refutation by design, and poorly written in corporate-obfuscate style.

219.77.104.213 04:35, 5 November 2006 (UTC)If you believe that "RISC and CISC technology doesn't play a role in the overall layering of the architecture", you're a tech too narrow to see the ideological and technical war that was declared on layering by the RISC kiddies.

The next to last sentence in the article mentions outsourcing for the first time, which doesn't really match the previous sentence talking about BNR being absorbed into Nortel (although there may be common underlying causes, one doesn't directly imply the other). I propose removing this sentence, since this part of the story is not part of the history of BNR, but instead that of Nortel.

219.77.104.213 04:35, 5 November 2006 (UTC)This is nonsense. BNR was reabsorbed into Nortel because Roth's strategy was completely opposed to inhouse development. I was there, and I heard the vile things that were said to people who developed in house or insisted on anything but a shoddy job, but clearly, here, a Nortel mole is proposing this ugly history and its victims, now in some cases part of the long term unemployed as a result of what Nortel did to them, be erased like Stalinist purge victims...along with the financial manipulation that occured at the same time, and which destroyed Nortel and its shareholder's value.

219.77.104.213 04:35, 5 November 2006 (UTC)Clearly Wikipedia has become the tool of corporate moles, religious lunatics and underinformed convenience store clerks.

 * When BCE gave up control of Nortel, Nortel assumed majority ownership of BNR, and once BCE divested itself of Nortel, Nortel took over complete ownership. The majority of BNR's work in the 1990s was for Nortel, and as BCE pursued its convergence strategy, it was increasing its R&D in other business units, so it was sensible from Bell Canada's point of view to dissolve its joint R&D partnership.

Nortel still uses "proprietary technology", for its DMS switches at least, and I suspect that's something that kept BNR in the telecom game in the first place. It also meant BNR had to have smart people working for them, which is always a good thing for the company as well as smart people who would otherwise be stuck in boring jobs. Nevertheless, it was quite clear to me and co-workers that BNR lost effectiveness rapidly when it became Nortel. Nortel, being concerned with counting beans, never understood or valued BNR's organization, which was concerned with solving our customers' problems and one-upping AT&T and DSC. Washi (talk) 21:00, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Recall digital switches were first developed at the birth of the modern computer industry, and so companies such as AT&T and BNR pretty much had to develop their own proprietary equipment. The latest incarnation of DMS can run on industry standard compact PCI and ATCA platforms. The remaining proprietary platform for new DMS installations is a multiple-CPU (PowerPC) platform, designed to run the legacy DMS software base with as few changes as possible and yet realize the benefit of multiple processors. It was a very innovative project that was developed by Nortel after it had fully integrated BNR's organization (for Nortel R&D). Its industry-leading optical long haul work that was so profitable with the rise of the Internet was also done as BNR became more and more integrated with Nortel throughout the 1990s. Isaac Lin (talk) 17:19, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Nicknames
As a co-op student at BNR in 1990, I often heard the place referred to as the "Big Nerd Ranch".

As a software designer there in the mid 90s, I heard this term too, to my amusement. Now I only remember it with melancholy. Washi (talk) 20:51, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bell-Northern Research


text:
Talk:Scipio Africanus

Hasdrubal Barca and Hasdrubal Giscon
Hi there!. I'm Hispa from Wikipedia Spanish. I must to say that there can be some errors in Hasdrubal names, because there was an Hasdrubal Barca, brother of the famous Hannibal Barca, who went to Italian Peninsula to help his brother and died there. The Hasdrubal who left in Hispania to fight against Scipio "Africanus" was Hasdrubal Giscon, from another Cartago leader family, and drived the retreat of Cartago forces to Africa. The Hasdrubal article in this wiki is not very clear at this respect. Unfortunately, my english skills are very poor and I cannot edit your articles more than little corrections.

Greetings, Hispa 08:46, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

It was Hasdrubal Gisgo.

Expansion
I am going to attempt to expand more information on Scipio as this is far too abbreviated for such a significant historical figure. I am going to be using mostly B.H. Liddel Hart's and Theodore Ayrault Dodge's, as well as the originals from Polybius and Livy, as my main sources as much of what follows is merely modern summarization, and reintepreting the source documents and the subsequent schools of thought on the matter personally, prevents much of the propensity for biographical articles to be loosely binded categories of information and makes it far more readable and enjoyable. Any suggestions are appreciated.

Arvidius 19:14, 1 December 2005 (UTC)Arvidius

Italian National Anthem
Not sure it's relevant but still...

Scipio (most likely Scipio Africanus) is mentioned in the Italian National Anthem:

Fratelli d'Italia L'Italia s'è desta, Dell'elmo di Scipio S'è cinta la testa.

"Italian Brothers, Italy has awakened, She has wreathed her head With the helmet of Scipio"

Battle Numbers
The section in this article on the Battle of Zama and the article on the Battle of Zama itself disagree as to the number of soldiers each side had. The disagreement isn't major, but I thought I'd point it out so someone with a better idea than I have of the facts can fix it.Trainik 06:27, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Not only do the numbers still disagree (nearly a year later, note) but there are other disagreements as well between these two articles. The arrangement of Scipio's army during the battle and the tactics used to defeat the elephant charge are described differently in the two articles. I hope someone who has access to some sources can rectify the differences. Also, this article seems to me to contain possible OR and unverified claims. Sigh... so many articles do. Torgo (talk) 17:25, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup?
Does anyone know why the cleanup tag was added to this page? I'm not saying it shouldn't have been, but that someone should have noted a message here stating why. Petronivs 14:09, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed it, instead replacing it with one tag saying that it needs more sources, which it does. Thanks. - Jeeny Talk 19:00, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Scipio's alleged homosexuality?
Scipio was known for his lust for women...the accusations of homosexuality was pure political slander used during Roman times. It was common during Roman Republican times to slander a politician or popular leader by accusing him of homosexuality to hurt his reputation with the people & soldiers. There is absolutely no proof of this and far more proof against this accusation, and until someone has actual proof and not hearsay then it will not be added to this great man's profile.

Scipio due to his young age and brilliant success in Spain in 209-204 BC, upset many of the older senators and war heroes. Especially, the famous Fabius Maximus(The Delayer), too old to serve any longer, he was jealous of the new hero & was still obsessed with avoiding all military risk, and was against granting Scipio command of the legions who were going to invade Africa. The most effective way to slander a popular leader or politician at the time was to say he was corrupted by Greek & Eastern cultures of effeminacy and homosexual activities(similiar to the "Communist" propaganda in America in the 50's-60's).

But what really created opposition to Scipio was an incident that happened in the southwest of Italy in a city named Locri. Scipio sent out his legate & tribunes to lead the capturing of this town from Carthaginian control. Once taken the Romans behaved poorly and temples were vandalized, citizens assaulted and violation of the woman took place by the men of the Legate. This caused at split between the soldiers of the Legate and Tribunes. Scipio went to check the disturbance and sided with his Legate and the tribunes of the people were arrested. Soon a delegation of 10 Locrians reported to the Roman Senate to report their mistreatment. This created an uproar and outraged the Senate and gave a loud voice & ammunition to Scipio's opposition, most notable Fabius Maximus who began to slander Scipio so he would lose control of his legions and forbid him from going to Africa. The rumor was that he began to dress in Greek fashion and lived the Hellenistic lifestyle, which was considered taboo to the ultra-conservative Romans at this time in the Republic.

A commission of 10 Romans was sent to Sicily(where Scipio's main base was at the time) to judge Scipio's responsibility and to see if the rumors where true. The commissioners, after viewing the strict discipline of Scipio and his soldiers and camp, dismissed the rumors and confirmed Scipio's proconsular command and was left in charge to pursue his North African War.

This is from "The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265-214" by Adrian Goldsworthy an Englishman and today's most respected and prominent historian on Roman Republic. This slander was very common during the Republic of Rome and was used as a way to discredit and demean political rivals and should not be incorporated as a major section in this article. There is no proof and this was nothing more than rumors and slander.

The facts must remain facts and history should not be adjusted for personal reason and bias. This is unacceptable and a scary trend. Whether you are pro-homosexuality or against, changing history to suit your own desires and propaganda is NOT acceptable!!

JMG 7/29/07

 * Thank you! I got tired of editing (without completely deleting) that section. I kept asking for citations, and got nothing. And I checked all available references and found nothing to indicate that Scipio Africanus (or for that matter his adoptive grandson) were believed to be homosexual by their contemporaries, slander aside.

 * The slander used against Scipio circa 205-204 BC must have been a first, however. Was it because he was the youngest and most effective general in recent decades? Or because he was particularly Graecophile (Greek way of wearing the toga, enjoying Greek baths, gymnasiums etc)?

 * wikibiohistory 13:53, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Online sources may violate WP:EL?
Note that we are now linking to http://www.fenrir.dk and http://xenophon-mil.org, both of which appears to be a self-published sites, and are thus 'normally to be avoided' per WP:EL. If these web site have useful information, including references, perhaps that info could be brought into the article directly. Please respond if you think those links should be kept, and cite the policy that you believe allows keeping them. EdJohnston 15:05, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I realize that they are both self-published sites. However, I believe that where, I, as one of the contributors to the article, don't have access to the original works and have *not* read those works, it is better to cite the secondary sources (the self-published articles) than to cite the references directly. I have provided the sources for the following reasons:

 * 1. I have not checked the original works cited by the authors of those websites. If I put those works in directly, other persons reading this article might assume that I have read those works and am basing my own views on those works. Since I haven't done so, I choose to write based on those websites. If you or anyone else can provide information from those works cited, please go ahead and add that information, and cite your sources.

 * 2. I also think that for people like me, not currently near good libraries, a well-researched online source is better than no source at all. I obtained a lot of valuable information from the two sources cited. Those sources are relatively well-written, they provide references, and so forth. In the same way, a good well-researched Wikipedia article -- also a self-published online source -- listed as a source for a school or college paper is better than no sources (or badly written and researched sources in the print media).

 * 3. I can't cite the Wikipedia policy, because I am not a policy maven. I am contributing to Roman history articles on Wikipedia, because I am interested in the subject and want to help others. I leave the policy debates up to others.

 * For those interested, I have added information about Scipio's childhood, friendship with Laelius, his marriage, children, and descendants. You can check out what I have added. I have tried to list whatever sources were at hand, unfortunately very little, given that I am no where near a good library.

 * wikibiohistory 11:31, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * These *are* the Wikipedia policies. You can always vote to have the policies changed if you believe they are too stringent. We don't like the philosophy of 'better than nothing.' It's not clear why you find yourself trusting those web sites for the information if you can't check anything they say against the ultimate sources. Note you can often get books through Interlibrary loan even in out-of-the-way places. The type of book that would have information on Scipio might also be available online through used-book sites for not too much money. Your efforts to improve articles on Roman history are certainly worthwhile, and appreciated. EdJohnston 13:00, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Since you don't like the online sources because they violate Wikipedia policy, you are certainly free to remove them. They have been around for a while, and appear to have passed earlier challenges.
 * I am not challenging Wikipedia policies, although I didn't see which policies they violated (see comments below). If I don't agree with them, I move the offending materials offline onto my hard disk. They are useful to me at any rate.

 * By the way, you provided a general link to WP:EL which left me scratching my head. The closest I found to a violation of Wikipedia policy was Links normally to be avoided. Under this category, any JSTOR article (almost all academic ones that have been printed in academic journals) would have to be excluded since such an article is not available to nearly all users. See #7. Links to sites that require payment or registration to view the relevant content.

 * This note on self-published sources is a better reference since you are quoting Wikipedia policy.  I agree that the two articles you find objectionable (after several months) are  self-published and not peer-reviewed.  The exact quote is  "self-published books, personal websites, and blogs are largely not acceptable as sources."  I would have liked to have seen the comments of other editors as whether they find those links acceptable.  Since no one has commented so far, I must assume they agree with you.

 * A more specific link to Wikipedia policy would also be more helpful in educating relatively new editors with less than 1,000 edits. For example,  Use of electronic or online sources or Sources for History.

 * I won't comment on the rest of your response, which I found less than helpful. Those interested can check out my Talk Page for my particular problems in getting sources.

 * Sincerely wikibiohistory 16:36, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Links to JSTOR can be handled with a little finesse. The entries in JSTOR are articles originally published on paper, and those can always be used as references. Sometimes JSTOR lets you link to the abstract without paying any money, and in those cases it is reasonable to include the JSTOR link as a convenience link. I am uncertain whether you dislike the Wikipedia policies, dislike my explanation of them, or feel that my explanation was not correct. I notice that the links you provide above are pointing at various passages in WP:RS, so you must be familiar with that policy. See also WP:V.

 * If you want to see what other editors think about a specific external link, you can raise the question over at Wikipedia talk:External links, which gets a lot more visitors than the current page. EdJohnston 17:30, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I am not sure putting in JSTOR as a convenient link is any more helpful than my including self-published online sources as external links was. It is not much more helpful to read an abstract than to read a list of printed sources. I now think that JSTOR articles (actually printed articles available online) should be merely referenced if at all. (Wikipedia policy advises against linking to sites which require subscription).

 * I actually am not a policy oriented (or rulebook oriented person) and came to Wikipedia to edit articles and then to start new articles. I operated on the Ignore All Rules (but Be Civil) principle. I found the WP:RS on my own this evening, after your comments above and decided that page was more helpful helpful than WP:EL. Please also note that self-published sites are "self-published books, personal websites, and blogs are largely not acceptable as sources." (That is the exact quote as I downloaded it). If you cite policy as the reason for deleting that source, it would be more helpful to cite it correctly. If a source is not acceptable or is questioned for reasons other than bad quality, it can and should be listed on the talk page for discussion, as you did. Another option is to move it to the talk page temporarily.  What I found problematic was your directing me to the wrong page, where the policy is  unclear and incomplete. It was well-meant, but ended up confusing and upsetting me since I couldn't figure out what was wrong about these links when so many others were acceptable. In understanding Wikipedia policy, I found the page on Citing sources was the most helpful, followed by the one on Reliable Sources.

 * My second and more serious problem is with your suggestion to incorporate the material on the website and add in the citations provided. This is in fact not advised by the Wikipedia pages I checked (if I hadn't known otherwise earlier). It is copyright violation and dishonesty to leave out the website where I found the information. Any information from those websites would have to substantially rewritten and the sites still cited as sources. I would feel better if the information derived from those websites was deleted, rather than have information derived from sites which go uncredited. I realize that most editors might not feel the same way.

 * I have placed a query on Reliable sources/Noticeboard as to which online sites are considered more reliable and why for articles about Ancient Rome. Some of the online sources I have used (and others have used) are self-published sites such as Lacius Curtius.

 * As I said, I think other editors have better things to do than worry about this particular issue about two recommended sites for further reading. Firstly, there is vandalism to counter in this particular article. Then, there is the effort to find new reliable sources (not that many, despite a new book just out) and to include any new material in the essay. Then there is the effort to improve the writing of the article so that the article can be graded higher.

 * What I didn't like in your earlier comments as of 13:00, 16 October 2007 (UTC) can be found at my Talk page. This is outside the scope of this page, in my opinion. I am taking some days off, in any case, for personal and familial reasons, so will not be checking in on Wikipedia from tomorrow. I should be back around the 22nd October. In the meantime, feel free to move those links to the Talk Page or to delete them.  Let us end the matter here, as far as this page goes.

 * Sincerely wikibiohistory 18:26, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Wishing editors the best of luck
For a variety of reasons, including lack of further sources (including any printed sources), I have decided to stop editing the Scipio Africanus article. I am not currently interested in copy-editing. I rather doubt, given the lack of sufficient primary and secondary sources, that this article can progress to a Featured Article, but I certainly wish that it would do so.

Sincerely wikibiohistory 16:36, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

GOLD SIGNET RING PORTRAIT OF CAPUA
Could someone please add the Gold Signet Ring Portrait of Capua which is stated to be a correct profile portrait of Scipio Africanus? It had been posted, incorrectly, as the portrait of Scipio Aemilianus Africanus; I have corrected this error by deleting the image of the gold signet ring of Capua, but I do not know how to add this portrait to the correct site. Thanks. Charley 75.7.6.33 06:52, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Done, I hope. Please let me know if it works.
 * wikibiohistory 11:41, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Triumph & refusal of honors not correct!

 * 1) Scipio did not have a return to Rome "in triumph", because he was sine magistratu (Livy 28.38.4). He only received supplications as the savior of Rome. (Livy 27.7.4; Appian, Iber. 23.92). L. Lentulus was in all probability the first Roman to receive an ovatio sine magistratu, not Scipio.
 * 2) The mentioning of Scipio's refusal of honors in this WP-article, obviously based on Livy (38.56.12–13), is wrong. It derives from a misunderstanding on Livy's part. The list of honors is basically the same that were to be granted to Julius Caesar in 49BC, but in those times a propaganda pamphlet by the Anti-Caesarians surfaced, which wrongfully purported that Scipio, years before, had actually rejected those same honors. That was however a fabrication. The Anti-Caesarians hoped that Caesar would then also reject the honors that were planned for him. Nevertheless the pamphlet obviously influenced Livy's account. But earlier evidence shows that the honors were in fact decreed, and accepted by Scipio: a) Scipio received not only supplications as "savior", but also deification and a (short-lived) cult in Rome, b) his statue was erected in the temple of Iuppiter Capitolinus, c) his image wore the triumphal garb, and d) was carried from the Jupiter-temple to the Circus in the pompa circensis in the company of other gods' images, e) his statue was erected on the rostra etc. He received all these honors, and therefore it's logical to assume that he also did not refuse the remaining honors: f) statue in the curia, g) statue on the Capitol, h) statue in the comitium, i) consul and j) dictator. What Scipio did refuse was to be called "king", not even in Spain. He only wanted to be called imperator.
 * 3) (edit) Another honor: a legend said he received the corona civica for saving his father's life in the battle at the Ticinius. His father then greeted him as savior, but Scipio refused to accept the corona. This is a fabrication as well, because the sources clearly say that his father was saved by a slave, but this story is significant in the context of the propaganda of depicting Scipio as a Roman hero. And this fantasized rejection of the corona may have influenced the later Anti-Caesarian pamphlet. Scipio did however receive a corona, namely the corona laurea in Delos (188 BC) for his virtus and pietas (Syll. 617.16). But the sources are completely silent on the alleged corona civica. —Eickenberg (talk) 13:59, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Polybius states that it was Scipio that saved his father and then refused to accept the corona civica. The slave story most likely was fabricated by Scipio's political enemies later in life. 180.200.138.196 (talk) 06:42, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Better "Roman" than "enemy" ?
I think the sentence "Hasdrubal had not noticed Scipio's hidden reserves of cavalry moving behind enemy lines" would be clearer if "enemy" were replaced by "Roman". A reader of an article on a Roman general tends to think of "enemy" as referring to the enemies of Rome. 4.240.214.213 (talk) 17:42, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Death and tomb
The date of Scipio's death IS known very well (see Livy's excellent discussion). The date was later tampered with IN ORDER to have it coincide with Hannibal's. There should be a mention of the tomb of the Scipiones and the tradition of Africanus' special pyramidal sepulchre.Appietas (talk) 22:54, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

This article is POV!
It claims that he was some kind of radical or something with the statement that he wanted to control the land. This man was if anything a conservative. He if anything said what he was if you read Seneca, and that was to uphold traditions and not change anything. Why does wiki have authors who write down what THEY want people to think? Get it right already. This article fails to mention that Scipio had the tribunes as enemies (including Tiberius Graccus' father), but of course, mentions cato the elder as a foe. Obvious case in point. Roman(22:47, 26 June 2010 (UTC)) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.117.31.98 (talk)

Last scion?
Marcus Antonius Primus is the great grandson of Fulvia, a descendant of Scipio Africanus, as well as the great grandson of Mark Antony. Is there any other scions? I heard somewhere that Publius Clodius Pulcher was the ancestor of Emperor Pupienus. Since his children came from Fulvia, does this mean that Pupienus is a descendant of Scipio? I am particularly interested in my old friend Oatley's opinion.I am the Blood 07:29, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

Romans vs. Latin
What's the difference? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alex447 (talk • contribs) 20:40, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Alex, my understanding and I could be wrong was that Romans were from Rome only; while Latins could refer to non-Greek Italians who were not from Rome (perhaps from colonies like Ostia?). I am the Blood 07:29, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

Scipio Africanus older brother
Scipio Africanus had a younger brother named Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus. How much younger was Lucius? How many years younger?

According to Lucius's article: He was finally elected consul in 190 BC with his co-consul being his brother's old second-in-command Gaius Laelius. That last sentence in the section Early career doesn't seem to make sense to me, in the part ...with his co-consul being his brother's old second-in-command Gaius Laelius. --Doug Coldwell talk 18:34, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

Additionally, in the reference book "A greater than Napoleon: Scipio Africanus" By Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart

http://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxYQhpMBUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scipio+Africanus+Napoleon&hl=en&ei=b6NSTrOQAeHj0QHNtuD0Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=brother%2C%20Lucius&f=false

it states on page 14 that Lucius is Scipio's elder brother. This is referenced by Polybius. Polybius was a close friend with Scipio's adoptive grandson, Scipio Aemilianus. Polybius therefore received the Scipionic version of events from his family and likely saw documents on the war kept in the household.--Doug Coldwell talk 11:36, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

In the article on Scipio Africanus it says:

Scipio offered himself as a candidate for the quaestorship in the year 213 BC, apparently to assist his less popular cousin, Lucius Cornelius, who was also standing for election.

Is it really suppose to be "less popular cousin, Lucius Cornelius" or is it suppose to be "older brother" instead?--Doug Coldwell talk 18:59, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Scipio's father's name is Publius Cornelius Scipio and his father's name was Lucius Cornelius Scipio. It would be logical that the eldest and first son of Publius Cornelius Scipio would be named "Lucius Cornelius". All indications are that "Lucius Cornelius" is Scipio's older brother.--Doug Coldwell talk 11:44, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

 * It seems that Polybius used a source for part of his Histories Gaius Laelius (a friend of Scipio from childhood) - see Polybius book 10 which in part says: For that he was beneficent and high-minded is acknowledged; but that he was acute, sober-minded, and earnest in pursuit of his aims, no one will admit, except those who have lived with him, and contemplated his character, so to speak, in broad daylight. Of such Gaius Laelius was one. He took part in everything he did or said from boyhood to the day of his death; and he it was who convinced me of this truth: because what he said appeared to me to be likely in in itself, and in harmony with the achievements of that great man. I would think with these kind of sources, Polybius certainly got it right when he says that "Lucius Cornelius" is Scipio's older brother.--Doug Coldwell talk 12:37, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

Campaign in Hispania
In the article Battle of Cartagena (209 BC) it says Opposing him were the three Carthaginian generals (Hasdrubal Barca, Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco), who were on bad terms with each other, geographically scattered (Hasdrubal Barca in central Spain, Mago near Gibraltar and Hasdrubal near the mouth of the Tagus river), and at least 10 days away from New Carthage. However in Livy 26.44 it reads: When Mago, the Carthaginian commander, saw that an attack was being prepared both by land and sea, he made the following disposition of his forces. From Livy's description it sounds to me as if Mago is in the city of New Carthage defending it - not some 10 miles away! Am I misinterpreting one description or the other? Was Mago Barca at New Carthage or 10 days away near Gibraltar?--Doug Coldwell talk 12:35, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

In Livy 26.46 it goes on to say: From this point Scipio saw the enemy retreating in two directions; one body was making for a hill to the east of the city, which was being held by a detachment of 500 men; the others were going to the citadel where Mago, together with the men who had been driven from the walls, had taken refuge.--Doug Coldwell talk 12:35, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

Polybius says in Book 10.12 ''Mago, who was in command of the place, divided his regiment of a thousand men into two, leaving half of them on the citadel and stationing the others on the eastern hill. '' So, it appears to me that Mago was in fact at New Carthage and was in charge - not some 10 days away.--Doug Coldwell talk 19:44, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

Polybius says in Book 10.7.4&5 concerning Scipio Africanus's arrival to Spain: ''For on his arrival in Spain he set everyone on the alert and inquired from everyone about the circumstances of the enemy, and thus learnt that the Carthaginian forces were divided into three bodies. Mago, he heard, was posted on this side of the pillars of Hercules in the country of the people called Conii; Hasdrubal, son of Gesco, was in Lusitania near the mouth of the Tagus; and the other Hasdrubal was besieging a city in the territory of the Carpetani: none of them being within less than ten days' march from New Carthage. However Polybius later says in Book 10.12.2 when Scipio circled New Carthage: Mago, who was in command of the place, divided his regiment of a thousand men into two, leaving half of them on the citadel and stationing the others on the eastern hill.'' How did Mago make it back to New Carthage if Scipio had it surrounded?--Doug Coldwell talk 12:02, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Hannibal's Military etiquette
Does the limited nature of sources about Scipio (and Hannibal?) extend to the military etiquette of the day? The sentence: "...which ended the First Punic War (known as Punic Faith), and a perceived breach in contemporary military etiquette due to Hannibal's numerous ambushes." leaves a reader dissatisfied. Was the breach in etiquette the opinion of another author? Does the inserted adjective "perceived," denote the result of a misconception on Scipio's part? How big a breach of Roman military etiquette was an ambush? Was it the custom for a year, or ten years, or some longer time frame? Was it informal only among Romans? A source on "contemporary military etiquette," as cited, would be of assistance to a more discriminating audience, if the word "perceived" carries important meaning here. To the casual reader, this appears to be a bone of contention, and as such, not authoritative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Infodater (talk • contribs) 17:43, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

The Roman Hannibal
Personally I haven't been able to find a single reference to him being called 'Hannibal Romanus' nor 'αννιβας ρωμανος' classically, and neither can I find any reliable scholarship which does so. Is this simply a myth? Unless anyone can find evidence for it, I propose (my account is not yet auto-confirmed) that it be removed. Shnen2 (talk) 01:47, 31 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, the nickname appears very dubious to me. I put a "citation needed" template on it, and if no source is provided for it, I will remove it. Sapphorain (talk) 07:13, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Pardon me, as I am not a registered user and the article is protected. If someone could revise the following that would be appreciated:

"According to legend, after the disastrous Battle of Cannae, and on hearing that Lucius Caecilius Metellus and other politicians were at the point of surrendering Rome to Hannibal and the Carthaginians, Scipio and his supporters stormed into the meeting, and at sword-point he forced all present to swear that they would continue in faithful service to Rome."

The entry misleadingly implies that the events take place at Rome, but it was actually in Canusium, and Livy never says they were going to betray Rome to Hannibal, but rather that some young nobles were "turning their eyes seaward." It is still a very interesting and important event, but could be expressed with more accuracy. 108.16.204.161 (talk) 04:40, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:57, 14 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Medieval Portrait of Scipio Africanus (Philadelphia Museum of Art).jpg

Augustus visiting the tomb of Scipio Africanus
This is a thread that originally appeared on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Classical Greece and Rome#Augustus visiting the tomb of Scipio Africanus. I am continuing the discussion here.

Hello - I'm trying to find a primary source which states that Augustus went to visit the supposed tomb of Scipio Africanus at Liternum, as per his article. I found one source that I linked to the statement https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Closure_of_Space_in_Roman_Poetics/fkyqCQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+Closure+of+Space+in+Roman+Poetics+augustus+Liternum&pg=PA179&printsec=frontcover but I am concerned that this secondary source has confused Augustus with Livy who certainly did visit the tomb (38.56.4). It is not mentioned by Suetonius or Dio, so can anyone confirm this visit by Augustus? Thanks. Oatley2112 (talk) 06:16, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, s.v. Liternum mentions Augustus settling a colony there, but does not say that he visited the place; concerning the tomb, I checked all of the cited sources that I could, and did not see any mention of Augustus going to see it—although I was not able to locate the relevant passages in Valerius Maximus or Strabo, owing at least in part to Perseus' weird text chunking structure, which really makes it hard to locate anything when there are alternative numbering systems for various works (and the search feature doesn't work very well). My Latin isn't great, but I didn't see Augustus mentioned in Seneca's epistle 86, and Livy doesn't mention Augustus in connection with the tomb, nor does Pliny.  Not sure whether any other sources might mention it—perhaps the articles on Liternum or Scipio Africanus in Pauly-Wissowa would.  I can view them if you can't, but I can't speak German, so my scan would be very poor, especially with Scipio.  P Aculeius (talk) 14:17, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, so I have checked all available primary sources in English and Latin at attalus.org, and nowhere do they state that Augustus visited Scipio's tomb at Liternum. The statement in this article first appeared on 30 March 2007 by Wikibiohistory, and can been seen here: . There is no citation for the statement. This editor has not contributed to Wikipedia since 2010. The secondary source that I have linked to that statement had her work published in 2015. My fear is that Rimell took that statement directly off this Wikipedia article, and that in 2007 Wikibiohistory mistakenly confused Livy with Augustus. What are people's thoughts? Oatley2112 (talk) 11:51, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The source mentioned John Henderson's Morals and Villas in Seneca's Letters: Places to Dwell (p. 97-9), says that it's Seneca who visited the tomb, not Augustus. I would remove this. T8612  (talk) 13:10, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I think that you are probably right, but just to be sure, were there any sources that you were unable to check? And has anyone looked at PW?  If I recall, its geographic articles are fairly extensive, and I would think that something like Augustus visiting the tomb might be mentioned there, if there is any reason to believe that he did.  P Aculeius (talk) 13:13, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Postscript: I've scanned the article in PW and it actually seems to be slightly shorter than the one in DGRG. It only seems to mention Augustus in connection with the Liber Coloniarum, which I do not know much about.  Apparently this book says that Augustus led a colony to Liternum—and if it does, then perhaps it mentions something about the tomb.  The PW article says that this account is not believable in light of the passage in Valerius Maximus, v. 3. § 2., which must be the same passage cited at the end of the DGRG article, but I am not quite making the connection.  Is the PW article saying that Valerius Maximus would have chosen this place to mention it had Augustus led a colony to Liternum, or that he would not have described the place in unflattering terms?  I don't quite follow that reasoning, since he is discussing Rome's ingratitude to Scipio, and what he endured in his exile.  I could see him mentioning Augustus as an aside, if he had gone there or even sent a colony, but I don't think the fact that he doesn't mention it necessarily means that Augustus did neither, since it would not have been directly relevant to the point that he was making, and could even have undercut it.  Anyway, I think the only thing left to do is to search for this Liber Coloniarum, and see if it adds anything.  P Aculeius (talk) 13:41, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Note, I may need help finding this source—there seem to have been a few modern surveys of Roman coloniae that borrowed the same title, and I am not certain where to find the original (fourth century?) on the internet. The DGRG gives the page reference 235, presumably referring to an 18th or 19th-century printing, but the citation does not identify the edition (likely meaning there was only one recent version widely available at the time).  P Aculeius (talk) 13:49, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks everyone. The only copy I could find for the Liber Coloniarum is here: https://www.academia.edu/39780467/Liber_Coloniarum_The_Book_of_the_Colonies. On page 161, it quotes this from L235.1 "Liternum, muro ductum, colonia ab Augusto deducta. iter populo debetur ped. CXX. ager eius in iugeribus ueteranis estadsignatus." Translated as "Liternum, colony surrounded with a wall founded by Augustus. A right of way of CXX feet is due to the community. Its land was allocated in iugera to veteran soldiers." So I think it is safe to assume that the reference to Augustus is an error and should be removed. Oatley2112 (talk) 04:31, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

As a postscript, the sources linked via attalus.org are quite extensive and nicely linked (see http://www.attalus.org/names/l/liternum.html#1), so I am very confident that it is an error. Finally I too read the PW version, and what it is saying is that with respect to the entry in Valerius Maximus's account, if the land was actually as described in the text ("a poor village near a stinking lake") Augustus would never have chosen the site for the colony. I'm not sure that 19th century analysis actually holds up, but there you go. It's a shame, as I am writing a paper about the link that the Augustan regime was seeking to forge with the memory of Scipio Africanus, and this visit would have been a nice bit of concrete evidence to support the contention. Thanks to everyone who contributed to this. Oatley2112 (talk) 01:13, 20 December 2022 (UTC)

There is no consensus that the bust is "probably Scipio Africanus".
The cited publication can be read here. As of 2024 however, the Glyptothek continues to exhibit this bust as "Sulla". Ljredux (talk) 11:46, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks! "sometimes identified as" seems appropriate to me in this sort of case. And, ideally, to use it elsewhere in the article rather than in the infobox Furius (talk) 12:08, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The attribution of the bust to Sulla (and its pendant to Marius) is baseless. It dates from the 17th century when they belonged to the Barberini collection. Italians at the time made a lot of fancy attributions that stuck to modern times. The attribution to Scipio Africanus (and Asiaticus for the "Marius") on Wikipedia articles comes from Filippo Coarelli, who found that the two busts were discovered on the place of the Tomb of the Scipios. Alongside other arguments, his demonstration is very convincing. T8612  (talk) 13:53, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scipio Africanus


text:
Tour de Georgia

The Tour de Georgia was a U.S. professional road cycling stage race across the state of Georgia. The race began in 2003 and was contested six times until 2008. It was one of the three events in North America ranked as Hors Classe (2.HC) stage race events by the UCI, which is cycling's international governing body, along with the Tour of Missouri and the Tour of California. The event was cancelled in 2009 and 2010, and despite its backers aiming for the race to be held again in 2011, it has not been held since.

History
Conceived by then-commissioner R. K. Sehgal in 2002, the race was developed by the Georgia Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism (now known as the Georgia Department of Economic Development) for the benefit of the Georgia Cancer Coalition. Beginning with the 2008 race, The Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta will be the race's official beneficiary organization. The Tour de Georgia has boosted tourism in Georgia providing 2.3 million visitors and a $26 million economic impact between 2003 and 2006.

The race quickly generated international attention when the U.S. Postal Service cycling team began using it as part of Lance Armstrong's preparation for the Tour de France. Armstrong rode in the race before his Tour campaigns in 2004 and 2005, and Floyd Landis won it before his Tour victory (later disallowed, along with all of Armstrongs wins at a later date) in 2006.

On 14 November 2008, the directors of the Tour de Georgia announced that the 2009 race would be canceled, but that the race planned to return in 2010. The reason given was a lack of sponsorship, which had caused the Tour to seek some reductions in 2008 bills. The 2010 event was also cancelled for financial reasons, although the race's backers were aiming for the race to return in 2011. As of July 2012, the race has not been revived.

Route
This six stage event extends riders over 600 miles in six days. One ends in a steep ascent to the top of Brasstown Bald, the highest point in Georgia. As in the Tour de France, the overall leader wears a yellow jersey.

General Classification
The current leader and overall winner by time after each stage and at the conclusion of the race is awarded the Yellow Jersey.

Sprints Classification
The Sprint Leader Jersey is a gray and Aqua-blue Jersey is worn by the rider that receives the most bonus points awarded through his placing in intermediate sprints and finishing in the top 15 places at the end of the stage.

Mountains Classification
The King of the Mountains Jersey is worn by current leader and overall winner by points awarded by his placing in mountain climbs. The leader wears a Georgia-inspired Peaches Theme Jersey (in substitution of the traditional polka dot theme of the Tour de France jersey).

Best Young Rider Classification
The Best Young Rider is the best racer in General Classification that has less than 25 years old. He wears a Green Jersey.

Most Aggressive Rider Classification
The Most Aggressive Rider wears the Blue and Green Jersey. The jersey is awarded at the end of each stage to the rider that demonstrates the most aggressive attacks, breakaways or strategies, as judged by a panel of media and race entourage officials (since 2005).

title: Tour de Georgia


text:
Play-Yan

The Play-Yan (trademarked PLAY-YAN) is a media player designed for the Game Boy Advance SP and also compatible with the Game Boy Micro and Nintendo DS. It uses SD flash memory to play MP3 audio files and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video files. It can also play 13 bonus mini-games, all of which are available freely on the Nintendo website in Japan. Sales of the Play-Yan were discontinued on September 11, 2005.

An updated version, the Play-Yan Micro (trademarked PLAY-YAN micro), known as the Nintendo MP3 Player in Europe, was released two days later alongside the similarly branded Game Boy Micro, with features such as MP4 and ASF support built directly into the hardware. Play-Yan Garage Games are not supported in the Play-Yan Micro.

Overview
The Play-Yan launched in Japan on February 21, 2005 for approximately 5,000 yen (US$47.47). Nintendo originally planned to release the adapter in the United States by the end of 2005, but ultimately was not released in North America. Nintendo did, however, release the micro version in Europe as the Nintendo MP3 Player, and since the Play-Yan (and its successor the Play-Yan Micro) is region-free, it can be imported to other regions and played on any Game Boy Advance. Play-Yan was released in China by iQue under the name of MP4 Player for GBA.

It is an MP3 and MPEG-4 player add-on for the Game Boy Advance SP, Nintendo DS, DS Lite, and Game Boy Micro. Music and video files stored on an SD memory card can be loaded into a slot on the right side of the Play-Yan, which resembles a Game Boy Advance game cartridge. Due to its power requirement, use with an original Game Boy Advance system is not recommended. The Play-Yan is loaded directly into the Game Boy Advance game slot of a compatible system. While the original Game Boy Advance is compatible, its non-illuminated screen and the Play-Yan's high rate of power consumption do not make the Game Boy Advance a very suitable platform. The Play-Yan is also compatible with the Game Boy Player, but compressed video does not play back as nicely on a television screen as it does on a small, portable screen. Therefore, the Game Boy Player is a somewhat unsuitable platform as well, at least compared to any standard DVD player. The adapter has its own integrated headphone port, but uses the parent console's power supply, controls, and display. The Play-Yan is advertised as offering sixteen hours of MP3 playback and four hours of MPEG-4 playback on a fully charged Game Boy Advance SP. In addition to multimedia playback, the Play-Yan offers support for mini-games, which could be downloaded from Nintendo of Japan's website.

Games

 * 1) Avoid (2005)
 * 2) Bat (2005)
 * 3) Credit (2005)
 * 4) Fire (2005)
 * 5) Fish (2005)
 * 6) Insect (2005)
 * 7) Jump (2005)
 * 8) Keeper (2005)
 * 9) Memory (2005)
 * 10) Nekoroid (2005)
 * 11) Nose (2005)
 * 12) Triple (2005)
 * 13) Wave (2005)

Play-Yan Micro
To accompany the September 13, 2005, release of the Game Boy Micro in Japan, Nintendo released an updated version of the original Play-Yan called the Play-Yan Micro for 5,000 yen. The new version is compatible with all the same systems, and it looks and works the same as the original, but there are a few noticeable differences. The Play-Yan Micro has the added functionality of MP4 and ASF playback, and it has an updated user interface and improved sound quality through its headphone port. Minigame support, however, was removed from the Play-Yan Micro. The Play-Yan Micro was only available through Nintendo of Japan's online store, and for an additional 1,000 yen, it came with a computer application on CD called "MediaStage Ver. 4.2 for Nintendo" for managing music and video files on a PC.

Appearances in the other games
The stick figure seen in the Play-Yan's interface also appears in the Japan-only GBA game Rhythm Tengoku, and its arcade version, in the rhythm game Night Walk. It was later used as a visualization in the Nintendo 3DS's Sound feature. The character also made cameo appearances in Rhythm Heaven and has reappeared in the Nintendo 3DS game Rhythm Heaven Megamix.

title: Play-Yan


text:
User:Blackjohnkerry

Blackjohnkerry is a joke about how john kerry failed to get the black vote.

title: User:Blackjohnkerry


text:
Joe Bevilacqua

Joseph K. Bevilacqua (born January 2, 1959) is an American actor, producer, director, author, dramatist, humorist, cartoonist, and documentarian.

Early life
Bevilacqua was born on January 2, 1959, in Newark, New Jersey, the son of an Italian policeman from Apulia, Joseph Bevilacqua Sr., and a housewife, the former Joan Kvidahl. Bevilacqua began performing as a child. His family moved to Iselin, New Jersey in 1965. In 1971, he began recording his first audio stories, Willoughby and the Professor, half hour stories, in which he performed all of the voices himself, creating live sound effects, and scoring with 78 RPM records he found in his attic.

According to NPR, Bevilacqua sent a 120-minute cassette of his Willoughby stories to voice actor Daws Butler, the voice of Yogi Bear, Quickdraw McGraw, Huckleberry Hound and other Hanna-Barbera and Jay Ward cartoon characters. Butler soon dubbed himself Bevilacqua's mentor.

Author
Joe Bevilacqua has written and edited a number of books, including Daws Butler, Characters Actor, the authorized biography of his mentor and the voice of Yogi Bear. He co-authored the script book Uncle Dunkle and Donnie with Daws Butler and edited Butler's Scenes for Actors and Voices workbook. He has also written many liner notes on the history of radio for Radio Spirits releases.

Radio career
Bevilacqua also worked for WBGO, Jazz 88 in Newark, NJ, and produced documentaries for WNYC, New York Public Radio, on jazz legends including Louis Armstrong, Wynton Marsalis, Count Basie, Woody Herman, Cab Calloway, and Lionel Hampton. His features play on NPR.

He is a frequent contributor to National Public Radio, and in 2009, Bevilacqua presented his commentary for Marketplace. about his "green lifestyle".

As of June 2014, Bevilacqua had 14 regularly airing radio series, and 34 hours of new radio per month.

The Joe Bev Hour
The Joe Bev Hour is the umbrella named used by radio stations for all of his productions syndicated worldwide:
 * The Comedy-O-Rama Hour is improvised radio theater, performed by regulars Bevilacqua, Lorie Kellogg, Kenny Savoy, Jim Folly and guest stars Rick Overton, Judy Tenuta, Bob Camp (co-creator of Ren and Stimpy), Shelley Berman, Al Franken (before he was a Senator), Bob Edwards, Julie Newmar and Stuart Pankin. The series had a four-year run on Sirius XM Radio before moving to syndication.
 * The Jazz-O-Rama Hour is a music show hosted by Bevilacqua, featuring 78 RPM and early LP recordings remastered from his own personal collection spanning the 1920s to the 1960s.
 * The Joe Bev Experience is an omnibus of documentaries, interviews, comedy and drama.
 * Cartoon Carnival is an hour of rare and classic cartoon audio, children's records, cartoon music and sound effects, new radio cartoons, interviews and mini-documentaries about the animation.
 * The Joe Bev Audio Theater is an anthology of drama and humor storytelling with full casts, sound effects and music.
 * The Joe Bev Hour Sunday Edition is a rotating lineup which includes The Comedy-O-Rama, The Joe Bev Experience, Cartoon Carnival, and The Joe Bev Audio Theater.

Stations running The Joe Bev Hour including WGTD, Wisconsin Public Radio, Sound Stages Radio, WHRO-Norfolk, VA, The 1920s Radio Network, Toon Radio, Pawling Public Radio, Radio New Zealand, WGTD, Wisconsin Public Radio, Sound Stages Radio, WHRO-Norfolk, VA, The 1920s Radio Network, Toon Radio, Pawling Public Radio, Radio New Zealand, Prairie Public, Moab Public Radio, KAZU, WNMU-FM, KREV, WMMT, KAWC, Red River Radio Network, Marfa Public Radio, KCUR, WEZU, WSNC, Troy Public Radio, WCMU Public Radio, WRPI, KUAT, KUHF, KVMR, WRFA, KSVR Studios: Skagit Valley Radio, WHRV, KVMR, WUCF, WFIU, KRPS, KUT, WLRN, WTIP, WNCU, KEOS, KRUA, New Hampshire Public Radio, KGOU, Delta College Public Radio, WPSU, Northeast Indiana Public Radio, KMXT, KUFM - Montana Public Radio, WEFT, Northern Community Radio - KAXE & KBXE, WRVO, WYSO, WMPG, WGUC, KRPS, WEKU, Oregon Public Broadcasting, WXXI, Yellowstone Public Radio, Robin Hood Radio/ WHDD AM 1020/FM 91.9-WLHV FM 88.1 /WGHQ AM 920, WHRV, WVAS, WDCB, WMUK, KCCK, WAMC, Here and Now, WGBH, KWIT, KDUR, WGUC, WJFF, WILL, WNPR, WCAI/WNAN, KTNA, WKSU, WKMS, AMU, KSTX (KPAC), KERA, WFCR, WUAL, KZYX, KCPW, Stan, Delmarva Public Radio, KRCB, WKNO, KSJD, KFSR, KUHF, KQED, Spokane Public Radio, WUIS, WEKU, WEPS, WNCU, WPSU, KUOW, KUHB, KTXK, Raven Radio, WQUB, WCOM, WMUB, KGLT, KDNK, KMXT, KSFR, WVPE, South Dakota Public Broadcasting - Radio, KSUT, KUVO, KDLG, KVNF, KUHB, Yellowstone Public Radio, WERU, KSRQ, WKSU, KRCB, GAUF, WUSM, WDNA, KUGS, WGCU, KFAI, WUTS, East Village Radio, KAOS, KBBI.

Bear Manor Radio
In March 2014, BearManor Media appointed Joe Bevilacqua as program director of the new Bear Manor Radio Network.

In an announcement dated March 28, 2014, Ben Ohmart, president of Bear Manor Media, the publisher of books about old Hollywood, said, "We are excited to collaborate again with the extraordinarily talented Joe Bevilacqua."

The BearManor Radio went on the air streaming 24/7 on April 1, 2014, with six program. On June 1, 2014, the network added four more hour, all produced by Joe Bevilacqua. These are:
 * The Voice Actor Show: Interviews with top voice actors
 * Lorie's Book Nook: Interviews with Bear Manor authors
 * The J-OTR Show: A mix of new and old time radio
 * Fred Frees Favorites: An audio book sampler
 * The Jazz-O-Rama Hour: Early 78 RPM and LP recordings remastered
 * Cartoon Carnival: Interview, music and soundtracks
 * The Lost OTR Show: Recently uncovered old time radio not heard in over 60 years
 * Audio Classics Archive: The top old time radio from the vault of Terry Salomonson
 * What's Cookin' with Chef Steve: Jazz, authors, and recipes

Audio books
In 2011, Bevilacqua signed a deal with Audible to distribute all of his audiobooks, including radio drama, science fiction, comedy, cartoons, documentary, classic literature, biography, and autobiography.

In 2012, Bevilacqua signed a new deal with Blackstone Audio, which has released nearly 100 audio titles by Bevilacqua, for download, CD, retail and libraries. 100 more are planned for 2014, many radio theater and comedy.

Cartoonist
Since the 1970s, Joe Bevilacqua has been cartooning his own characters, starting with Willoughby and the Professor. He has drawn for many of his projects and most recently drew cover art for six new Blackstone Audio titles coming up July 1, 2014, under the collective title A Joe Bev Cartoon.

Film and TV
Joe Bev was also the voice of Unicycler Cat in the North Bay Corp animated television commercials.

Stage
Bevilacqua's stage work includes roles in Equus, Bedroom Farce, Applause, Black Comedy, and others plays. He tours regularly as Bud Abbott in A Tribute to Bud & Lou with Bob Greenberg as Lou Costello. Bevilacqua has performed at [The Improv], Caroline's on Broadway, Catch a Rising Star, and the Comic Strip. He has opened for Uncle Floyd, and has worked with Al Franken, Shelley Berman, Lewis Black and Rick Overton. Bevilacqua has also MC'd shows featuring Jerry Seinfeld, Bill Mahr and Gilbert Gottfried.

In 1989, funded by The New Jersey Historical Commission and The Monmouth County Historical Society, Bevilacqua produced, directed and starred in A Freneau Sampler, consisting of the poetry, prose and life of Philip Freneau.

Awards

 * 2013 – Kean University Distinguished Alumni Award
 * 2012 – New York TANYS Award for Excellence in Ensemble Acting, for his portrayal of Bud Abbott in The Vaudeville in the Catskills show.
 * 2006 – New York Festivals award for All Things Considered, a tribute to Joe Barbera
 * 2004 – Silver Reel Award from the National Federation of Community Broadcasters for his personal essay, "A Guy Named Joe Bevilacqua Audio".
 * 2001 – New York Festivals award for Lady Bird Johnson: Legacy of a First Lady

title: Joe Bevilacqua


text:
Squinch

In architecture, a squinch is a structural element used to support the base of a circular or octagonal dome that surmounts a square-plan chamber. Squinches are placed to diagonally span each upper corner where the walls meet. Constructed from masonry, they have several forms, including: a graduated series of stepped arches; a hollow, open half-cone (like a funnel) laid horizontally; or a small half-dome niche. They are designed to spread the load of a dome to the intersecting walls on which they are built. By bridging corners, they also visually transition an angular space to a round or near-circular zone.

Squinches originated in the Sassanid Empire of Ancient Persia, remaining in use across Central and West Asia into modern times. From its pre-Islamic origin, it developed into an influential structure for Islamic architecture. Georgia and Armenia also inherited the form from the Sassanids, where squinches were widely employed in buildings of all kinds. They are heavily featured in surviving or ruined medieval Christian churches of the region. An alternative approach to the structural problem of translating square space to round superstructure is the pendentive, much used in late Roman Empire and Byzantine architecture. Domes built in the Roman-influenced world utilised separately-evolved construction methods.

Middle East
The dome chamber in the Palace of Ardashir, the Sassanid king, in Firuzabad, Iran, is the earliest surviving example of the use of the squinch. After the rise of Islam, it remained a feature of Islamic architecture, especially in Iran, and was often covered by corbelled stalactite-like structures known as muqarnas. It was used in the Middle East and in eastern Romanesque architecture, although pendentives are more common in Byzantine architecture. The Hagia Sophia features both squinches and pendentives, in combination.

Western Europe
It spread to the Romanesque architecture of western Europe, one example being the Normans' 12th-century church of San Cataldo, Palermo, in Sicily. This has three domes, each supported by four doubled squinches.

Etymology
The word may possibly originate, the Oxford English Dictionary suggests, from the French word escoinson, meaning "from an angle", which became the English word "scuncheon" and then "scunch".

title: Squinch