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Pizza Tycoon

Pizza Tycoon (also known as Pizza Connection in Europe) is a business simulation video game. The game was designed by the German company Cybernetic Corporation and Software 2000 in 1994, and was published by Assemble Entertainment after its re-release in 2017. It was published and adapted for the American market by MicroProse with changed artwork and locations.

Gameplay
The game is centered on being the manager of a pizza restaurant in a town in Europe or the U.S. It gives the player the option to choose among more than thirty different characters, to create one's own pizza, have cooking contests and modify the display of the restaurant and kitchen. The player can call upon local mafia to sabotage competitor restaurants or get money from criminal activities such as weapon and drug dealing.

The game displays a playful sense of humor from the graphics and cartoonish drawings, game messages, and animated faces that are put on interacting characters. The original European version ("Pizza Connection") featured a graphical style very similar to MAD artist Don Martin. Microprose's adapted version ("Pizza Tycoon") for the American market distanced itself from this style due to copyright concerns with newly created characters in a different style modeled after famous people as Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan or Lenin.

Reception
Amiga Joker 2/94 magazine gave Pizza Connection 88 of 100%, Powerplay magazin rated the Amiga version 82 of 100%.

Next Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "Not a game for die hard action fans, but a winner for just about everyone else."

In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Pizza Tycoon the 34th-worst computer game ever released.

Legacy
Pizza Tycoon (Pizza Connection) was followed by Fast Food Tycoon (Pizza Syndicate), and Fast Food Tycoon 2 (Pizza Connection 2), developed by Software 2000. A fourth game, Pizza Connection 3 was developed by Gentlymad Studios in 2018.

Pizza Connection 1 & 2 were released on GOG.com in January 2017.

title: Pizza Tycoon


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Courtauld Gallery

The Courtauld Gallery is an art museum in Somerset House, on the Strand in central London. It houses the collection of the Samuel Courtauld Trust and operates as an integral part of the Courtauld Institute of Art.

The Courtauld collection was formed largely through donations and bequests, and includes paintings, drawings, sculptures and other works from medieval to modern times. It is particularly known for its French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The collection contains some 530 paintings and over 26,000 drawings and prints. The head of the Courtauld Gallery is Ernst Vegelin. The gallery closed on 3 September 2018 for a major redevelopment, called Courtauld Connects, and reopened on 19 November 2021.

The Courtauld Institute of Art is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art. The director designate of the Courtauld Institute of Art is Professor Mark Hallett.

History
The Courtauld Institute was founded in 1932 through the philanthropic efforts of the industrialist and art collector Samuel Courtauld, the diplomat and collector Lord Lee of Fareham, and the art historian Sir Robert Witt.

The art collection at the Courtauld was begun by Samuel Courtauld, who in the same year presented an extensive collection of paintings, mainly French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works. He made further gifts later in the 1930s and a bequest in 1948.

His collection included Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergère and a version of the Déjeuner sur l'Herbe, Renoir's La Loge, landscapes by Claude Monet and Camille Pissarro, a ballet scene by Edgar Degas, and a group of eight major works by Cézanne. Other paintings include Vincent van Gogh's Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Peach Blossoms in the Crau, Gauguin's Nevermore and Te Rerioa, and important works by Seurat, Henri "le Douanier" Rousseau, Toulouse-Lautrec and Modigliani.

Further bequests were added after the Second World War, most notably the collection of Old Master paintings assembled by Lord Lee, a founder of the institute. This included Cranach's Adam and Eve and a sketch in oils by Peter Paul Rubens for what is arguably his masterpiece, the Deposition altarpiece in Antwerp Cathedral.

Sir Robert Witt, also a founder of the Courtauld Institute, was an outstanding benefactor and bequeathed his important collection of Old Master and British drawings in 1952. His bequest included 20,000 prints and more than 3000 drawings. His son, Sir John Witt, later gave more English watercolours and drawings to the Gallery.

In 1958, Pamela Diamand, the daughter of Roger Fry (1866–1934), the eminent art critic and founder of the Omega Workshops, donated his collection of 20th-century art including works by Bloomsbury Group artists Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant.

In 1966, Mark Gambier-Parry, son of Major Ernest Gambier-Parry, bequeathed the diverse collection of art formed by his grandfather, Thomas Gambier Parry, which ranged from Early Italian Renaissance painting to majolica, medieval enamel and ivory carvings, and other types of art (see section below).

Dr William Wycliffe Spooner (1882–1967) and his wife Mercie added to the Gallery's collection of English watercolours in 1967 with a bequest of works by John Constable, John Sell Cotman, Alexander and John Robert Cozens, Thomas Gainsborough, Thomas Girtin, Samuel Palmer, Thomas Rowlandson, Paul Sandby, Francis Towne, J. M. W. Turner, Peter De Wint and others.

In 1974, a group of thirteen watercolours by Turner was presented in memory of Sir Stephen Courtauld, who restored Eltham Palace, and the brother of Samuel Courtauld.

In 1978 the Courtauld received the Princes Gate Collection of Old Master paintings and drawings formed by Count Antoine Seilern. The collection rivals the Samuel Courtauld Collection in importance. It includes paintings by Bernardo Daddi, Robert Campin, Bruegel, Quentin Matsys, Van Dyck and Tiepolo, but is strongest in the works of Rubens. The bequest also included a group of 19th- and 20th‑century works by Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Oskar Kokoschka.

More recently the Lillian Browse and Alastair Hunter collections have given the Courtauld more late 19th- and 20th‑century paintings, drawings and sculptures.

A collection of more than 50 British watercolours, including eight by Turner, was left to the Gallery by Dorothy Scharf in 2004.

The gallery closed on 3 September 2018 until 19 November 2021 for a major redevelopment costing £50M.

Location
From 1958 to 1989 the Courtauld collection was housed in part of the premises of the Warburg Institute in Woburn Square; it was thus separated from the Courtauld Institute, which was in Home House, Portman Square.

Since 1989 it has been housed, together with the Courtauld Institute, in the North or Strand block of Somerset House, in the rooms designed and purpose-built by Sir William Chambers for the learned societies, namely the Royal Academy (of which Chambers was the first Treasurer), the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries.

The Royal Academy occupied them from their completion in 1780 until it moved to the new National Gallery building in Trafalgar Square in 1837. Inscribed over the entrance to the Great Room, in which the annual Royal Academy summer exhibition was held, is the formidable inscription ΟΥΔΕΙΣ ΑΜΟΥΣΟΣ ΕΙΣΙΤΩ ("Let no stranger to the Muses enter" in Ancient Greek).

Paintings

Dutch School
 * Vincent van Gogh – 3 paintings;

Early Netherlandish
 * Robert Campin (or Master of Flemalle), the Seilern Triptych
 * Quentin Matsys – 2 paintings;

English School
 * William Beechey – 2 paintings;
 * Thomas Gainsborough – 2 paintings;
 * Peter Lely – 3 paintings;

Flemish School
 * Anthony van Dyck – 5 paintings;
 * Pieter Bruegel the Elder – 2 paintings, many drawings;
 * Peter Paul Rubens – 29 paintings;
 * David Teniers the Younger – 10 paintings;

French School
 * Paul Cézanne – 12 paintings;
 * Edgar Degas – 6 paintings;
 * Paul Gauguin – 3 paintings;
 * Claude Lorrain – 1 painting;
 * Édouard Manet – 4 paintings;
 * Claude Monet – 3 paintings;
 * Camille Pissarro – 4 paintings;
 * Alfred Sisley – 2 paintings;
 * Georges-Pierre Seurat – 9 paintings;
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir – 4 paintings;
 * Chaïm Soutine – 1 painting;
 * Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – 2 paintings;
 * Henri Rousseau – 1 painting;

German School
 * Lucas Cranach the Elder – 1 painting;

Italian School
 * Fra Angelico – 4 paintings;
 * Giovanni Bellini – 1 painting;
 * Sandro Botticelli – 1 painting;
 * Bernardo Daddi – 2 paintings;
 * Lorenzo Lotto – 2 paintings;
 * Lorenzo Monaco – 2 paintings;
 * Pietro Perugino – 1 painting;
 * Pesellino – a diptych
 * Parmigianino – 2 paintings;
 * Giovanni Battista Tiepolo – 12 paintings;
 * Tintoretto – 2 paintings;

Spanish School
 * Francisco Goya – 1 painting;

Gambier-Parry Collection
Thomas Gambier Parry (1816–1888) was a keen and versatile collector for most of his adult life. Many of his purchases were made on trips to the continent, especially Italy, but he also bought from dealers and auctions in England, and sometimes sold items.

His most important collections were of late medieval and Early Renaissance paintings, small sculpted reliefs, ivories, and maiolica, but he also had a significant early collection of Islamic metalwork, and a variety of other types of objects, for example Hispano-Moresque ware, glass and three small post-Byzantine wooden crosses from Mount Athos elaborately carved with miniature scenes.

The Courtauld Gallery website shows images and descriptions of 324 objects from the 1966 bequest, which included the bulk of the collection.

Gambier Parry began by collecting mostly 16th- and 17th-century works, but his focus gradually moved to 14th- and 15th-century works, still relatively little collected, although Prince Albert was among British collectors of "Italian Primitives", as Trecento paintings were then known. Among his most important paintings were a Coronation of the Virgin by Lorenzo Monaco, one of the larger works in the collection, three predella panels with roundels of Christ and saints by Fra Angelico, and a small but important diptych of the Annunciation by Pesellino. There are two further predella panels by Lorenzo Monaco, and many other small panels by lesser-known masters. Later Renaissance works include ones by Il Garofalo, Sassoferrato, and there is a Baroque Assumption by Francesco Solimena. There are a number of illuminated manuscript pages from the workshop of the Boucicaut Master.

The sculptures include three fine 15th-century marble reliefs of the Virgin and Child, the most significant by Mino da Fiesole. There is a Limoges enamel book cover panel, a number of Renaissance Limoges items, and several small Gothic ivories.

Resources
The Courtauld publishes an online image collection,, which provides access to more than 40,000 images, including paintings and drawings from The Courtauld Gallery, and over 35,000 photographs of architecture and sculpture from the Conway Library of the institute. The site was developed with the support of the New Opportunities Fund.

Two other websites and  sell high resolution digital files to scholars, publishers and broadcasters, and photographic prints to the general public.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Courtauld Gallery


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hawker, Australian Capital Territory

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. – Alphax τεχ 14:54, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Hawker, Australian Capital Territory

 * Delete. Thorough, detailed aritcles about neighborhoods are great -- little ones that just say "it has good schools" or whatnot are not so great. --Zantastik 07:53, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand This article is certainly not encyclopedic right now, but it could be. I think it would be bad precedent to delete articles about neighborhoods that could potentially expand into something workable. - Jersyko 14:03, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - It's just a suburb of Canberra (I live in the adjoining suburb about 800 metres away), just like all the other suburbs. There's nothing noteworthy about it.
 * Keep and expand - this article has now been categorised as a stub belongoing to part of the Canberra wikiproject --AYArktos 10:42, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Canberra Wikiproject is developing all the relevant suburbs. How is a thorough, detailed article meant to come about if it's deleted? Slac  speak up!  10:55, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- and expand - Longhair | Talk 10:57, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- and expand. Many Geographic suburb articles start as minor stubs. --Takver 11:20, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- the VfD notice went up two minutes after the stub. There was no chance to improve it. Eventually most towns and suburbs should get an article. --ScottDavis 12:38, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a suburb, not a neighbourhood, for christ's sake. This wouldn't have been put up for deletion if it was in New York - I'm getting seriously sick of having perfectly notable Australian topics put on here because Americans haven't heard of them. Ambi 13:25, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a stub that's part of a WikiProject needs a chance to expand. Also if we can have articles on Nowhere, USA then we can have one on an Australian suburb. --bainer 09:15, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. clarkk 10:55, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Miss Galaxy Pageant

Miss Galaxy Queen is a beauty pageant held in Nukualofa, Tongatapu in Tonga, where contestants are members of Tonga's fakaleiti community. Organised by the Tonga Leitis' Association (TLA) it raises awareness of LGBTQ+ rights issues and has become a regular event in the Tongan cultural calendar.

Background
Emerging from the 1970s disco scene in Tonga, the Miss Galaxy pageant was established in 1993, organised by the Tonga Leitis' Association (TLA) as a means to raise awareness of LGBTQ+ issues in Tonga, and to raise money for their programmes. Structured in a similar way to Tonga's Miss Heilala pageant, Miss Galaxy has become more popular of the two. In addition, whilst Miss Heilala contestants are expected to "exhibit their Tongan-ness", Miss Galaxy contestants express themselves as "cosmopolitan ... using English". Many of the Miss Galaxy contestants have a financial impetus to compete, in contrast to the Miss Heilala contestants who are often wealthier.

Organisation and sponsorship
The pageant usually takes place in July each year as part of the Heilala Festival. The director of the pageant is Joey Joleen Mataele. The Patron for the Miss Galaxy is the Honorable Salote Lupepau'u Salamasina Purea Vahine Ari'i o'e Hau Tuita, the eldest daughter of Her Royal Highness Princess Salote Mafile'o Pilolevu Tuita. The pageant attracts audiences of up to five thousand people each year. A panel of judges rate the Miss Galaxy contestants in a number of different talent and appearance categories. International academics, celebrities and members of the royal family have acted as judges in various years.

Originally held at the Dateline Hotel, a change in its ownership to an adherent of evangelical Christianity, in 1997 the competition moved to a new location - the Queen Salote Memorial Hall. In 2010 the pageant was hosted at the Four Seasons Resort, 'Umusi for the first time. Contestants create costumes and model under several categories, including: 'Red Creation' which is a tribute to those affected by HIV; 'Condom Creation' which is designed to raise awareness around condom use; 'Rainbow Attire' is a tribute to rainbow families. During the pageant event, the TLA sees its highest distribution of condoms. 'The pageant also has a HIV testing booth, where attendees can be tested whilst attending the event.

Local Tongan businesses sponsor the event, a demonstration of their support for changing attitudes to LGBTQ+ rights. In 2002 Air New Zealand began sponsorship of the pageant and its official name became the Air New Zealand Galaxy Queen Beauty Pageant. In 2017 the pageant was sponsored by Digicel Tonga. The 2021 pageant's theme was 'Ending Gender-based Violence'.

Reception
Days after the inaugural event in 1993, a transphobic educational official suggested that schools had a role in the increasingly visible number of leitis in Tonga.

In 2018 pageant contestants were featured in the documentary Leitis in Waiting which portrayed the difficulties faced by the leitis community in Tonga. The same year, the pageant celebrated its silver jubilee, celebrating twenty-five years of success.

Pageant winners

 * 1993: Vivian Charlie.
 * 1994: Fiona Gibson.
 * 1995: London Koloamatangi.
 * 1996: Lee Mubai Yang.
 * 1997: Shima Langi.
 * 1998: Kumu Hina.
 * 1999: Janice Fruean-Zimmerman Baice.
 * 2000: Ireen Shauna.
 * 2001: Lee Mubai Yang (Feliuaki Taulanga).
 * 2002: Pauline Edward Taufa.
 * 2003: Sonia Honey.
 * 2004: Phylesha Brown-Acton.
 * 2005: Sabrina Latu.
 * 2006: Coco Chandelier.
 * 2007: Maya Douglas.
 * 2008: Selena D'Angelo.
 * 2009: Fatima Gyllenhaal Halafihi.
 * 2010: Tararina Brown.
 * 2011: Venus Brown.
 * 2012-2013: Jayleen Veer Kaho
 * 2014: Leila Heihei.
 * 2015-2016: Diamond Vea.
 * 2017: Natasha Finau.
 * 2018: Kaina Handerson Tauvaka.
 * 2019-2020: Marina Cocobutter.
 * 2021: Lavenda Mosay

External resources

 * Photos from the 2004 Competition
 * More Photos from 2004
 * More Photos from 2004
 * Miss Galaxy Queen 07-08, Coco Chandelier - Knock on Wood

title: Miss Galaxy Pageant


text:
Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints

This Wikipedia Manual of Style supplement has been created through the efforts and broad consensus of contributors to WikiProject Latter Day Saint movement. Please follow these conventions when you contribute to Latter Day Saints articles so that they are neutral and stylistically consistent for better and easier reader comprehension.

Full name of denomination in first reference
The first reference for any Latter Day Saints movement church (in the sense of "organization and congregation", not "building") should use the full name of that church rather than a shortened version such as "LDS Church" or "FLDS Church". The first reference should also contain a wikilink to that church's article. If you will later use a shortened name, add the shortened version in parenthesis after the first reference, e.g. "the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church)" or "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)." (When a Latter Day Saints church is not being directly referenced, such as when an adherent's religious beliefs are given passing reference, the full denominational name can often be omitted.)

Avoid linking the alternate names. The first reference will already contain the alternate names, as well as a link to that church's article. Thus, a second link is unnecessary.

Basic gloss
Generally, members of a Latter Day Saint denomination may be referred to as members, adherents, or followers of a particular church or organization.

Latter-day Saint

 * (And its variants). The terms LDS, LDS Church, and Latter-day Saint (Latter-day hyphenated, with lower-case "d") generally refer only to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The term Latter Day Saint (note the capitalization and lack of a hyphen) refers to adherents during the lifetime of Joseph Smith.

 * Thus, in order to avoid ambiguity, do not use the form of the term with an upper-case D to designate generic adherents across the pan-denominations; instead use a term appropriate to an individual's distinctive denomination or group: for example, Latter-day Saint for a member of the LDS Church. Latter Day Saint in a collective meaning used as an adjective is acceptable but consider recasting. Illustration:"The couple were raised devout members of local Latter Day Saint churches and although subsequently they became quite secular, worshipped at hers on occasion."
 * – note the accepted use of the bolded phraseology above; however, recasting for more clarity might produce:"The couple were raised devoutly within Mormonism locally, she Latter-day Saint and he fundamentalist Mormon; and although both subsequently became quite secular, they worshipped with her LDS congregation on occasion."

 * And so, also reserve the abbreviation LDS for the meaning of "Latter-day Saint" and not "Latter Day Saint."

Mormon

 * Several denominations, notably the two largest, the Community of Christ, and, as of 2018, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, oppose the use of the word Mormon or its derivatives in reference to its members or theology. Nevertheless, the word Mormon can be used to refer to Latter Day Saint movement adherents in the following situations:

 * In reference to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. However, the informal appellation Mormon church should never be used outside of directly quoted material. Members of the LDS Church may accurately be referred to as Latter-day Saints or as Mormons. It is usually best to follow the predominant form found in the sources used for a particular Wikipedia article.

 * In reference to the culture of Latter Day Saint movement organizations originating in Utah. For example, one may refer to Mormon fundamentalism, Mormon pioneer, or ex-Mormon.

 * When referring to common parlance before the death of Joseph Smith, when the Latter Day Saint movement was widely referred to as Mormonism. For example, one may refer to anti-Mormonism or the Mormon War.

 * In reference to the Book of Mormon or the various people and places in the book named "Mormon".

Avoidance of anachronistic terminology
In writing about historical matters, editors should avoid anachronistic terminology that would be out-of-place or meaningless in the time period being discussed. The following are common examples:
 * 1) When referring to the church established by Joseph Smith, Jr., it is generally inappropriate to refer to it as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, since that particular name with its particular formatting was not adopted until after Smith's death. Smith's church had the following names during his lifetime: "Church of Christ" (1830–34); "Church of the Latter Day Saints" (1834–38); "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" (1838–44). It is appropriate to use the name of the church that existed at the time being referred to. If in doubt, you can always simply refer to the "Latter Day Saint church" as a common (non-proper) noun. In each case, the name of the church should be pipe linked to Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) when it first occurs in the article.
 * 2) When referring to the Community of Christ prior to 2001, it is appropriate to refer to it as the "Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints", and it may be abbreviated "RLDS Church". However, that name should be pipe linked to Community of Christ when it first occurs in an article.
 * 3) In most contexts, it is appropriate to refer to Joseph Smith simply as the "founder of the Latter Day Saint movement" or, in Mormon contexts, the "founder of Mormonism". However, this practice may be departed from if an article or template deals exclusively with an issue in a specific church. In such cases, it may be appropriate to refer to Smith as the founder or first president of that particular church. For example, it would be appropriate in Russell M. Nelson to state that Nelson is Smith's modern successor as president of the LDS Church. Similarly, it is appropriate to list Smith in Template:CofCpresidents as the first president of the Community of Christ. Smith and other early church leaders may appropriately appear in categories of leaders of both the LDS Church and the Community of Christ.
 * 4) From 1850 to 1896, the LDS Church was based in Utah Territory; Utah did not exist until 1896.

Any time these guidelines are violated when being used as parts of quotations from church leaders or members and the context is clear, they should not be altered. It may be best for reduction of both confusion and potential inter-faith strife to follow these guidelines on talk pages as well.

Article naming conventions
Summary of naming conventions:
 * Articles wholly pertaining to the Latter Day Saint movement should be parenthesized "(Latter Day Saints)", unless the article name is unambiguous without the parenthetical.
 * Articles should not be limited to a single Latter Day Saint denomination, unless including the entire Latter Day Saint movement is impractical or awkward. For example, instead naming an article "Restoration (Community of Christ)" or "Restoration (LDS Church)", the article should be called Restoration (Latter Day Saints).
 * Mid-sentence and mid-article-title references to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints should not capitalize the initial the and should include a hyphen and a lower-case "d". Example: History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints not History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * When a leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the same name as people outside the Latter Day Saint movement, the person may be disambiguated with the parenthetical (Mormon). See, for example, John W. Taylor (Mormon) and George Reynolds (Mormon).

Avoidance of Mormon jargon and additional recommendations
Editors should always avoid use of Mormon jargon, which includes any terms used by many adherents to the Latter Day Saint movement that the general public might not understand, might misinterpret, or might find offensive. For example:
 * Never refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas by the term Lamanites, as this implies the controversial belief that such peoples have a historical connection to the nation of Lamanites described in the Book of Mormon.
 * Never use the term the Gospel or the Restored Gospel to refer to Latter Day Saint theology, because it implies agreement with Latter Day Saint principle of restoration and is inconsistent with a neutral point of view. Alternatives that may be used include Mormonism, teachings of the church, and Latter Day Saint teachings.
 * Avoid the use of controversial capitalizations such as "the Church" or "The Church" when referring to any specific Latter Day Saint church, since there is general disagreement concerning its appropriateness. For all such churches, "the church" is acceptable when the word church is an uncapitalized common noun, but capitalized "Church" should be used only when it is part of a longer reference to a specific church (as in "LDS Church"). Use "The Church of Jesus Christ" only when it is the full name of a church (as in the case with the group commonly known as the "Bickertonites"). Also be aware that the full official name of other churches within the movement is the "Church of Jesus Christ" (omitting the article "The"). Though the LDS Church's style guide recommends referring to it as the "Church of Jesus Christ" or the "restored Church of Jesus Christ", this usage is not appropriate due to the potential ambiguity and resultant confusion.
 * Do not capitalize priesthood offices (apostle, elder, bishop, high priest, seventy, etc.) or leadership positions in the church (general authority, mission president, regional representative, etc.), unless they are being used to specify a particular organizational group, such as the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Quorum of the Seventy, or in front of a person's name (but see next item).
 * Do not use ecclesiastical titles such as "Elder", "President", "Brother" or "Sister" when referring to leaders of a church, except in the lead section at first occurrence of the name. For example, write "McConkie published a book entitled Mormon Doctrine ..." not "Elder McConkie published a book entitled Mormon Doctrine ..." After first occurrence, the use of an article subject's surname is sufficient and conforms to general encyclopedic style.

These recommendations apply mainly to article text. When these terms are used as part of quotations from church leaders or members and the context is clear, they should not be altered. It may be best for reduction of both confusion and potential inter-faith strife to follow these guidelines on talk pages as well.


text:
User talk:Fleizach

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

Image Tagging Image:Malila.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Malila.png. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Matt 18:03, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Phlox loves arthur
A tag has been placed on Phlox loves arthur, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because it is an article about a certain web site, blog, forum, or other community of web users that does not assert the importance or significance of that web location. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles, as well as notability guidelines for websites. Please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources which verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on Talk:Phlox loves arthur. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. LeaHazel : talk : contribs 18:10, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Nomination of Miss Galaxy Pageant for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Miss Galaxy Pageant is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Miss Galaxy Pageant until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. The Banner talk 22:56, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fleizach


text:
User talk:Pharos/Golden Age of Latin Literature

Thanks for your edit to Homo floresiensis
Very insightful changes. Hope you decide to stay. Thanks! — David Remahl 06:21, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Page moving
Please don't move pages by cut and paste. Use the 'Move' functionality. If it won't work, ask an admin to do the task. We don't use cut and paste because it loses the page history, which we are required by the GFDL license to keep. I realise you didn't know this; no harm done. I've put everything straight again. —Morven 07:14, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)

rambot
I noticed your comment when you reverted the bot edit to Brooklyn. If you notice any more errors, let me know on my talk page. I'll update the bot so that it doesn't happen again. Sorry for any inconvenience-- Ram-Man 03:32, Nov 21, 2004 (UTC)

Upper West Side
Excellent image! Excellent! If you're in the neighborhood and handy with a camera, you must have more up your sleeve. Details rather than the whole?: The Ansonia. Cady's south front of the American Museum of Natural History. San Remo towers from the Park. Stuff like that? If I weren't so hopeless... --Wetman 05:59, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry I can't take credit for the photo, that belongs to User:Rdikeman. When I saw your rather dramatic plea on Upper West Side, with poor Icarus leaping off, I remembered seeing this image on the Seinfeld page, and thought it would fit.  I'm relatively new to Wikipedia, maybe I'll try taking some New York photos later if I can hack it.  Meanwhile, Rdikeman is apparently quite the shutterbug, you can see many more of his photos at User:Rdikeman/MyImages.

Williamsburg
My family is from Williamsburg and I even lived there for a few years when I got married. I added a discussion of the Mt Carmel feast.

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Coney Island
I like your intro better. :) -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 21:30, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

question on mass messages
Pharos, I saw your message on wikiproject New York City. Naturally I offer my best wishes on making improvements to the article on America's greatest city.

I just had a question, how was it that you sent a mass message to everyone who has edited a New York City article?

Lately I've been working on an analogous project for Newark, NJ (the main Newark article is one of two American cities to be a featured article, I am proud to say). My goal now is to have an article up on every major Newark neighborhood, plus a photograph. I would like to send out a mass message to everyone out there who has edited articles in the Newark category, as you sent out a message to people who have edited articles in the New York category. Could you tell me how to do this? talk (btw, even though I'm into Newark, I'm not the one who said Newark was NYC's sister city in the main NYC article)

Conficting definitions
Hi!,

Who do I talk to with Authority around here on a conflicting definitions?

from User:Supercool Dude

Hi!,

I added to the New York City article and someone deleted all of my writing and restored it to it's wildly innaccurate story.

The truth is that Verrazzano was the first European man to visit Manhattan and the French speaking Belgians called Hugenots who first settled Manhattan.

I suspect that someone of Dutch Heritage is rewriting history for their own Nationalistic purposes.

Another is False Friends, someone declared my writing Vandalism and erased it so I want to talk with someone who is an Authority here at Wikipedia.

This deleting of the truths by others is spreading lies and falsehoods and misinformation and I will not contribute to Wikipedia if does not stand for truth!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_friends

Supercool Dude

Thanks
Hey, thanks for dealing with Molloy's idiocy in my absence, friend. His accusation was self-defeating, your sarcasm was funny, but the most hilarious was that some didn't get it... Happy 2005! ←Humus sapiens←Talk 06:05, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for letting me know about Paper Soccer! It was exactly what I was looking for. -- Tarquin

Re: Wacky Vandalism of Christian
I've left a comment at Vandalism in progress; I really wish I could do more. Temporary page protections and vigilance seems to be our only recourse. (Thanks for listing the incidents, by the way.) -- Hadal 06:34, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Submitting articles to VfD
Hello, I noticed you had placed vfd-tag to Nova Project and created the subpage Votes for deletion/Nova Project but you never made the entry to main VfD page Votes for deletion. I have fixed this for you. Please follow the instructions at the bottom of the VfD page. It also seems that Balanced Party needs to be resubmitted for the same reason. jni 06:45, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for WFP rewrite
Hey, thank you for rewriting a lot of the Working Families Party article. Your edits and additional information make it read much more neutral. I am in the process of pursuing an internship with Letitia James btw, so I might start her article soon. Thanks again. --Howrealisreal 22:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

2008 Elections
Hi Pharos,

I started Democratic Candidates for Presidency of United States, 2008 to have a more detailed discussion. I did not want to crowd the main 2008 page with lots of detailed information.

Nom de Wiki

 * Brookie here - I've moved the page to my home page - I got a bit lost with the other points about re-directs and the pointing! Sorry - being dim - this is the first time i've tried this sort of stuff. Once this point is clear can we can the vfd? Brookie\talk

NYC subway
Actually, there are other uses of letters - see New York City Subway chaining. You can still link to the old names though. And to link to one, you can also use for instance NYCS 5, or, without the color,. Feel free to make a redirect to the latter if you feel it's too long, or an extra template like. --SPUI (talk) 22:53, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Secondary sex characteristic
Regarding your comment at my talk page, I recall making that edit a while ago (on January 24, in fact) but I copied most if not all of the text from another wikipedia article, which I think was subsequently turned into a redirect. I take it you've already realized this, judging by your comment in the edit history. In retrospect it would have been wise to check the source page for copy-vio before forking, but that didn't occur to me at the time. It would probably be best to revert the article to the last version by The Anome. -- Binadot 12:54, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hi, i put the copyvio warning on that article. I thought it looks like a copy-paste job, and the first words of each paragraph were turned into sector headlines, weather it was fitting or not. I thought it reads like text from some brochure, but we'll never be able to verify that anyway. Now that we know the source, i think it's perfectly ok to remove the copyvio tag, it needs a bit cleanup anyway, and after that the problem should be gone. But when it comes t copyright issues, i prefer to list one too much over overlooking one. I think it's sometimes good to get a secon oppinion. I appologize if i caused trouble. Lady Tenar 13:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Same-sex marriage in New York
Is the article clearer now? I revised the first paragraph. Zantastik 23:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Speaking of expanding articles...
I'm not sure if I have time to do it, but Legal recognition of same-sex couples in the United States really needs a little work. It'd just take an hour or so, but I've already spent 4 hours writing for wikipedia today and I've got other things to do. Zantastik 23:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

British governments
I'd say that it should go at the bottom, because succession boxes normally go at the bottom. Having it below the text, but above the table, suggests that the table isn't important, when in fact it is the main purpose of the article. john k 02:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Gumbed

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

title: User talk:Gumbed


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Latter Day Saint movement/polls

Express your opinion here by participating in the following polls. Visit the archive of old polls to see polls that have been closed.

Please use these poll guidelines.

Polls
Talk:Mormon (society) — Should we require that articles with links to sites unfriendly to Mormonism (such as the section Opposing Views at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) be accompanied by links to sites that make counter-claims (such as the section LDS apologetics and responses to critics at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)? Please comment. Cookiecaper 23:19, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

(Move Irrelevant Links), (19 Jan 2005)
Put all LDS and Anti-Mormon links in the article about The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Anti-Mormon. Then in other articles where they are duplicative, we refer the reader to these pages for more official links or opposing links that are not specifically related to the specific article. Some thing like "for links to opposing views visit Anti-Mormon" and "for links to official sites of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, visit The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," or "for apologetic responses, visit The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" This will remove duplicative links and provide a good resource where they can still get more information.

 * Support Tom H. 05:41, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -Visorstuff 23:02, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Val42 02:26, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I think these massive lists of external links are distracting and don't have much to do with the point of an open source encyclopedia.  I'm in favor of either quarantining them in a single place or pruning them back to the handful of links that are most relevant to the particular topic of the article. --John Hamer 18:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Book of Abraham, for example, should contain links which are directly relevant to the Book of Abraham, whether people consider them favorable or unfavorable to Mormonism as a whole. Traveling from Book of Abraham to a long list of links and then finding the correct link is a pain, compared to finding the links at the end of the list.  However, most of the links should be at the end, where they won't in the way of reading the article.  And remember   the request to Please cite your sources so others can check your work. If it adds to the article, cite.  Otherwise, don't. Nereocystis 18:52, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll leave a similar message on your talk page - we are referring ONLY to the massive amounts of "lds.org"-related and "helpingmormons.com"-related links that deal very little with the topic on the said page. For example, there are scores of links at Mormon and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that are duplicative pointing people to LDS.org, BYU or some anti-site. The "official" church links should be at the Church page, not at Mormon. See what we're saying? If there is specific Book of Abraham links, of course they should be at that page, but www.BYU.com or www.ihatemormons.com should not be on those pages. What you are thinking is the recommendation below that is has opposing votes. -Visorstuff 21:01, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support What John said.  Let's have them as consolidated, localised, and relevant as possible.  Alai 22:20, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Wikipedia is not a repository of links - Links should be limited to specific topic and best resources should be only ones presented. Trödel| talk 02:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support in principle: I don't think there should be any kind of rule, but I think it's a good idea for some pages that have a lot of largely-irrelevant links, on a case-by-case basis. CO GDEN  23:57, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Agree with keep the links as closely aligned with the subject matter as possible. Storm Rider

(Summarize External Links), (19 Jan 2005)
Put a summary of sites somewhere and then refer to them. Then on a specific topic the links should be directly on topic and not included. Something like. For additonal resources see: [[somewhere#Links|LDS Resources]. The question is where to put them and how to address the different Churches that are part of the Latter Day Saint movement.

 * Oppose Unfortunately, I believe Wikipedia should not contain pages of links to outside resources. Wikipedia is not a link farm. -Visorstuff
 * Oppose For same reasons given by Visorstuff. Tom Haws 16:00, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain - I don't understand what you mean by this, so I'm not voting right now. Val42 02:26, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hedge I think pages of only links is contra-guidelines, yes, so I'd Oppose that.  But if we end up with Every Possible LDS Link on the LDS Church page (as for example seems to already be the case), then rather than duplicating them elsewhere, it'd be preferable to have an LDS Church pointer rather than elaborate the same list in numerous places.  (Or to be less hypothetical:  Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)  I'd cautiously Support that, used in moderation.  Alai 22:20, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Any page that would contain a collection of so many links would (justifiably) risk being slated for deletion. Trödel| talk 02:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose CO GDEN  23:57, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hedge I am torn between the need for those who feel the need to put every anti-mormon site available up on the board.  I feel they need an outlet, but oppose having them feel the need to post anti-mormon links on every page that addresses a Mormon topic. Storm Rider

one could make WIKILINK.org, that in essense would be a search engine for links on certain subjects. although, if the search results are not filtered well, it would just be a wiki form of google.

(Hidden Link-removal Notice), (19 Jan 2005)
Leave a hidden note in the editing section for future editors of these pages to remove link-spamming

 * Support -Visorstuff 23:02, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Wise move in pesky cases. Tom Haws 16:00, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Val42 02:26, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support As Tom says, in demonstratedly pesky cases.   Alai 22:20, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support especially for cases where link spamming is frequent Trödel| talk 02:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support in egregious cases CO GDEN  23:57, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support it would assist in reducing the amount of link spamming. Storm Rider

(Capitalization), (21 Feb 2005)
The/the Church/church

To comply with Wikipedia policy, all references to "the Church" or "The Church" shall be replaced with either "the LDS Church" (if that is the church in question), "the church", or an appropriately more specific term (the church leadership, the church members, the church organization, the church president).

 * Support. Tom Haws 20:40, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I don't think "the/The Church" is specific enough to be considered an abbreviated title, to justify capitalising it as a proper noun, and if it's a descriptive reference, it ought to be uncapitalised.  (And, added "the Church" to the poll-text, which is the more common usage on the pages at present with NPOV issues.)  Alai 22:07, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Reference should be to LDS Church in most a cases after The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is in the first reference. If clear (like same paragraph) the church would be preferrable. Trödel| talk  02:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. The proposal is more in keeping with scholarly norms and the NPOV tone of an encyclopedia.  I think the usage "the Church" implies a tone of insider authorship. --John Hamer 14:45, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. CO GDEN  23:57, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain -Visorstuff 00:16, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Passed unanimously, then, unless anyone wants to hold the polls open longer than a week? Any volunteers to take first crack at Naming conventions (Mormonism)? Alai 23:05, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

(Move Women ...), (25 Feb 2005)
Page Move: Women and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints?

Move Women and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to Women and Mormonism, and broaden scope to include other denominations.
 * Support. This follows the project trend we have lately established. Also, it will be more enlightening to see the progression of women's issues in the various LDS branches.  I hope to see (perhaps I will add or invite contributions from others I know) something on the FLDS and modern polygamists. Tom Haws 15:44, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I can see the advantages, in terms of simplifying the structure of Mormonism pages. However, I want to make sure the article isn't 99% CoJCoLDS, with the remaining 1% being a short statement about the Community of Christ's ordination of women. Personally, I don't know much about feminism from a CoC perspective. CO GDEN  23:57, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * That seems a legitimate concern, certainly. OTOH, if that's the result in the short term, perhaps it at least makes clear there's a need for expansion (along the lines Tom's suggestions, for example), where at present that material has no place to go at all, unless one were to start very short individual articles.  Alai 17:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * —Since there is no opposition, I went ahead and made this change. Hopefully someone can fill-out the CoC and Fundamentalist sections. CO GDEN  19:13, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Proposition
This is in response to comments made on the dissusion page. I propose the adding the following statement (or similar statement) to the Scope section:

"Individuals included in the WikiProject should be notable for reasons related to the LDS movement or have had an influence on the general LDS culture. The simple fact that they are LDS (of whatever kind) is not enough of a reason for inclusion in the wikiproject."

Then the removal of individuals from this work project who don't meet that statement. (example Jake Garn). This project has enough work to do without those people who are not notable for being LDS and who have had no influence on the general LDS culture. Unless they meet this criteria I think they should not be included. --ARTEST4ECHO talk 19:36, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Votes
For

Against

Other

Comments

Is this really a problem? If an article notes that the individual is LDS, there seems to be at least a colorable connection to the movement, and I'm not sure that the project template means anything more than that. Cool Hand Luke 21:50, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it has been a problem (but that may just be me) or I wouldn't list this here. There are so many people in this project (with more added everyday) that you wouldn't know were LDS (of any kind) that those who are known for being LDS are lost in the crowd.  This projects scope is "Latter Day Saint history, doctrine, practices, and other cultural effects inspired by Joseph Smith, Jr..", not a list of LDS people.  Please note Talk--ARTEST4ECHO talk 16:39, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

Guidelines
Write concise reasons for your vote, or refer to comments you have placed in the comments section.

Use the following format for polls. Before you create a poll, visit the talk page to suggest the poll.

Proposition
Proposal ...

~

Votes
For

 * 1)  Reason ...

Against

 * 1)  Reason ...

Other

 * 1)  Reason ...

Comments


text:
User:Sawantve/Sri Sri Anukulchandra Thakur

Anukul Chandra Chakravarty now known as Sri Sri Anukulchandra Thakur was born on 14th September 1888. He was born in a village called Himaitpur, in a Pabna district of Bangladesh, erstwhile East Bengal in pre-independent India. His father's name was Shiv Chandra Chakravarty and mother's name was Manmohini Devi.

He established Satsang Aashram in Deoghar in India. He was a spiritual guru of RadhaSwami tradition. He initiated crores of devotees and brought under spiritual realm.

His was a life of intense activities in material, social and spiritual realm. He lived a life that can be called more of a public life than a life of individual attainment and glory.

He passed away on 26th January 1969.


text:
User talk:Itaisl

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
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-- utcursch | talk to me

Be careful to follow copyright rules
Make sure you don't add copyrighted content to wikipedia. Almost all websites are copyrighted, so text cannot be transferred into wikipedia from the internet. Read up on wiki's copyright policy for more info. Feco 08:05, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Itaisl


text:
User talk:Smooth.kriminal

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
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 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

title: User talk:Smooth.kriminal


text:
User talk:Ave~enwiki

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
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 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ave. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ave~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:21, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:47, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ave~enwiki


text:
Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Wednesday, March 29, 2006, with a magnitude of 1.0515. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. It was visible from a narrow corridor which traversed half the Earth. This eclipse was part of Saros 139.

It was the second solar eclipse visible in Africa in just 6 months.

Visibility
The path of totality of the Moon's shadow began at sunrise in Brazil and extended across the Atlantic to Africa, traveling across Ghana, the southeastern tip of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, and a small corner of northwest Egypt, from there across the Mediterranean Sea to Greece (Kastellórizo) and Turkey, then across the Black Sea via Georgia, Russia, and Kazakhstan to Western Mongolia, where it ended at sunset. A partial eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including the northern two-thirds of Africa, the whole of Europe, and Central Asia.

Observations
People around the world gathered in areas where the eclipse was visible to view the event. The Manchester Astronomical Society, the Malaysian Space Agency, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, as well as dozens of tour groups met at the Apollo temple and the theater in Side, Turkey. The San Francisco Exploratorium featured a live webcast from the site, where thousands of observers were seated in the ancient, Roman-style theater.

Almost all actively visited areas in the path of totality had perfect weather. Many observers reported an unusually beautiful eclipse, with many or all effects visible, and a very nice corona, despite the proximity to the solar minimum. The partial phase of the eclipse was also visible from the International Space Station, where the astronauts on board took spectacular pictures of the moon's shadow on Earth's surface. It initially appeared as though an orbit correction set for the middle of March would bring the ISS into the path of totality, but this correction was postponed.

The Paris Observatory sent a team of students and coordinators to Savalou, Benin. The team took clear images of the corona. A team of Williams College, Massachusetts did many experiments and took images of the corona on the Greek island of Kastellórizo with 3 minutes of totality, which is close to the coast of Turkey and the only place in the European Union covered by the path of totality. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory also made auxiliary observations to compare images taken from space and from the ground. Another research simulated the changing colours of the sky in the path of totality with a three-dimensional model while considering multiple scattering. Monte Carlo method was used in the experiment to predict the colour and brightness of the sky. In addition, the direct irradiation of the corona was also studied. The goal was to plan and optimise studies on incoming solar irradiance. Russian scientists studied on coronal polarization in the Baksan River Gorge surrounded by snow mountains in the North Caucasus. The location has an altitude of 1,800 metres and is 25 kilometres from Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in Russia and also Europe.

Libya under Muammar Gaddafi was under sanctions because of bombing the Pan Am Flight 103 and had a strict alcohol ban. It was the least visited region around the Mediterranean. To promote tourism, the Libyan government mobilized 5 state-owned tourism companies to attract more tourists, and built a tent village that could accommodate 7,000 people in Waw an Namus inside the Sahara Desert with excellent observation conditions. However, it was only open to astronomers, while ordinary tourists were directed to Patan, near the border with Egypt. Despite Libya's desire to attract tourists from all over the world, Israelis were still banned from entering the country. NASA scientists also did joint observation and research with Libyan scientists, taking images and videos.

A team of 20 people from the Chinese Astronomical Society took images of Baily's beads, corona and prominences in Sallum, Egypt. The weather conditions were good in Sallum and also neighbouring Libya. Then Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Minister of Defense Muhammad Tantawi and other officials also went there by helicopter and observed the eclipse with scientists and tourists.

Satellite failure
The satellite responsible for SKY Network Television, a New Zealand pay TV company, failed the day after this eclipse at around 1900 local time. While SKY didn't directly attribute the failure to the eclipse, they said in a media release that it took longer to resolve the issue because of it, but this claim was rejected by astronomers. The main reason for the failure was because of an aging and increasingly faulty satellite.

Eclipses of 2006

 * A penumbral lunar eclipse on March 14.
 * A total solar eclipse on March 29.
 * A partial lunar eclipse on September 7.
 * An annular solar eclipse on September 22.

This solar eclipse was preceded by the penumbral lunar eclipse on March 14, 2006.

Metonic

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 10, 2002
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of January 15, 2010

Tzolkinex

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of February 16, 1999
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 10, 2013

Half-Saros

 * Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of March 24, 1997
 * Followed by: Lunar eclipse of April 4, 2015

Tritos

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of April 29, 1995
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of February 26, 2017

Solar Saros 139

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of March 18, 1988
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024

Inex

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of April 18, 1977
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of March 9, 2035

Triad

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of January 27, 2093

title: Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006


text:
Japanese philosophy

Japanese philosophy has historically been a fusion of both indigenous Shinto and continental religions, such as Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. Formerly heavily influenced by both Chinese philosophy and Indian philosophy, as with Mitogaku and Zen, much modern Japanese philosophy is now also influenced by Western philosophy.

Ancient and medieval thought
Before feudalism was firmly established in Japan, Buddhism occupied the mainstream of Japanese thought. The Buddhist culture introduced politically by Prince Shōtoku was completed as the "making a country safe" thought in the Nara period. When the Heian period (794–1185) began, in substitution for the "making a country safe thought", a form of esoteric Buddhism collectively known as mikkyō became widespread. However, in the late noble era when pessimism was popular due to the "belief that Buddhism will decline during the latter days of this world", the Pure Land movements spread out encouraging anticipation of a "future life" as a means to cope with desperation over "life in this world". During the Kamakura period (1185–1333) when government dominated by the samurai class began, a “new” Buddhism for the newly-risen class (samurai) appears.

Arrival of Buddhism and early influence in Japan
In ancient Japan, the arrival of Buddhism closely relates to the national construction and the national centralization of power. Prince Shōtoku and the Soga family fought and overcame the Mononobe family, who had handled the ancient Japanese religion, and elaborated a plan for national governance based on the unification of the legal codes system and Buddhism. While cooperating with the Soga family, Prince Shōtoku, who was the regent of the Empress Suiko, showed a deep understanding in "foreign" Buddhism, and planned to stabilize national politics through the use of Buddhism. The thought that national peace and security came through the power of Buddhism is called the "making a country safe" thought. In the Nara period, in particular the times of Emperor Shōmu, the Kokubun-ji temples and Kokubun-ni-ji temples were erected throughout the whole country and Tōdai-ji Temple and the Daibutsu were erected in Nara. The Buddhist policy of the state reached its apex during the Nara period, as evidenced by Jianzhen of the Tang dynasty bringing an imperial ordination platform to Todai-ji Temple,

While Nara Buddhism followed only the "making a country safe" thought, Heian Buddhism brought not only national peace and security but also the personal worldly profit. Because practitioners of Heian Buddhism frequently performed severe ascetic practices, incantations and prayers in the mountains; this Buddhism came to be called mikkyō. Kūkai, a Buddhist monk, learned Chinese esoteric Buddhism while on a diplomatic mission to the Chinese court, and combined Japanese Buddhism with Chinese esoteric Buddhist practices to form Japanese Shingon Buddhism. Saichō, a Buddhist monk who also journeyed to China, learned the practices of the Chinese Tendai sect and argued that the teachings of the Lotus Sutra should be the core of Japanese Buddhism.

By the late Heian era, the earthly focus of Heian Buddhism led Buddhist monks to declare a "sinful age" wherein the possibility of relief in this world was denied and therefore a trend of looking for reincarnation to the Buddhists' paradise after death arose. Additionally, the new thought that "Buddhism will decline during the latter days of this world" led to the rise of the Pure Land movement. This movement, spearheaded by Kūya, a follower of Pure Land Buddhism, preached faith to the Amitābha and taught that all people could reach the Buddhist paradise, not just Buddhist monks.

Kamakura Buddhism
The Jōdo faith, which affected by the Jodo sect of the late Heian period, relies on salvation through the benevolence of Amitābha, and is going to be relieved by its power. Hōnen, who initiated the Jodo sect of Buddhism, abandoned other ascetic practices entirely. He preached his pupils to believe in Amitabha and to earnestly pray "namu-amida-butsu", and so they would go to the paradise. His pupil, Shinran who initiated Pure Land Buddhism, thoroughly carried out Honen's teaching and preached the absolute dependence. In addition, Shinran advocated that an object of the relief of the Amitabha was a criminal who was aware of a worldly and desirous criminal oneself. Ippen, who initiated the Jishu sect, began "the chanting religious dance".

As contrast with dependent Jōdō faith, Zen Buddhism attempts to be spiritually self-awakened by Zen meditation. Eisai learned the Rinzai sect in China. He gave pupils a difficult problem and he made them solve it, and so they would be enlightened by themselves. Rinzai Zen was supported widely by the upper samurai class in the Kamakura period. Dōgen learned the Sōtō sect in China. Oppose to Eisai, he preached enlightenment by earnest sitting meditation (zazen). Soto Zen was supported by the local samurais.

Most schools of Nichiren Buddhism (Japanese: 法華系仏教 Hokke-kei Bukkyō) refer to the priest and teacher Nichiren as their founding father. In his teachings he underlined the, to his mind, supremacy of the Lotus Sutra. He advocated the attainment of Buddhahood during one's lifetime and regarded his interpretation of the Buddhist teachings as the correct form of practice for the Latter Day of the Law mappō. One of his major treatises is the "Rissho Ankoku Ron" (On Establishing the Correct teaching for the Peace of the Land). The chanting of the Mantra "Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō" is to this day the central practice to almost all Nichiren Buddhist schools and organisations.

Early modern thought
Whereas the ancient and medieval thought of Japan was tied closely to Buddhism, the early modern thought of Japan was mainly Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism, which was designated for official study by the Tokugawa shogunate. In addition, rational Confucianism stimulated Kokugaku, Rangaku and the non-official popular thought after the middle Edo period.

Confucianism
In the Edo period, Confucianism was the authorised study. Various schools of neo-Confucianism were popular.

The Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism respected family-like feudal order which upheld fixed social positions. Hayashi Razan assumed the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism to be the theoretical basics of the Tokugawa shogunate. Through the principle of civilian government, Yushima Seidō dedicating to Confucius was established. By the Kansei Reforms, the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism were still more strengthened and authorized by the Tokugawa shogunate. In addition, the thought of a school of the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism gave big influence to the political movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners of the late Tokugawa era.

In contrast with the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism, the Wang Yangming school of neo-Confucianism respecting practical ethics was consistently monitored and oppressed by the Tokugawa shogunate because of its criticisms against the socio-political conditions under the Tokugawa shogunate.

The third schools of neo-Confucianism took consideration into the real intentions of original texts by Confucius and Mencius. Yamaga Sokō established his philosophy on Confucian ethics, and assumed the samurai to be the highest class. Itō Jinsai paid attention to "ren" of Confucius and he respected "ren" as the love for another person and "truth" as pure consideration. In addition, deriving from his substantial studies of ancient Chinese classics, Ogyū Sorai insisted that the original Confucian spirit is to rule the world and to save a citizen.

Kokugaku and Rangaku
In the middle of the Edo period, Kokugaku, the study of ancient Japanese thought and culture, became popular against foreign ideas such as Buddhism or Confucianism. By the Sakoku policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, Edo intellectuals could not have any positive contact with Western civilization, and so Rangaku, Dutch learning, was the only window to the West.

In the middle days of the Edo period, Kokugaku became popular while being influenced by positivist Confucianism with nationalism as a background. Kokugaku positively studied ancient Japanese thought and culture, including "Kojiki", "Nihon Shoki" and "Man'yōshū", and they aimed at excavating original moral culture of Japan which was different from Confucianism and Buddhism. Kamo no Mabuchi wrestled with the study of "Manyoshu" and called "masurao-buri" for masculine and tolerant style, and he evaluated the collection as pure and simple. Through his study of the Kojiki, Motoori Norinaga argued that the essence of the Japanese literature came from "mono no aware" which were natural feelings to occur when you contacted an object. He respected Japanese "Yamato spirit" instead of Chinese (Confucianism / Buddhism) "Kara spirit". According to him, Kokugaku should pursue the Japanese old way of "Shinto". Through his study of Kokugaku, Hirata Atsutane advocated nationalistic State Shinto, the obedience to the Emperor and abolition of Confucianism and Buddhism. It was a driving force to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.

In the Sakoku period of the Edo period, there was no direct contact with the West, but Rangaku became popular by encouraging importation of Western books translated in Chinese from China during the Kyōhō Reforms. Maeno Ryotaku and Sugita Genpaku translated the Dutch "Tafel Anatomie" into Japanese. Dutch learning unfolded to other Western studies such as British, French and American studies by the late Tokugawa era. The manner of "Japanese spirit, Western civilisation" was completed by Sakuma Shōzan’s straightforward expression, "Eastern ethics and Western technology". Because Takano Chōei and Watanabe Kazan criticized Sakoku strictly, they were oppressed by the Tokugawa shogunate.

Popular thought
In the Edo period, private schools were opened by samurais, merchants and scholars who played an active part. Their thoughts were criticisms for the dominant feudal order.

Ishida Baigan synthesized Confucianism, Buddhism and Shinto, and established practical philosophy for the masses. He recommended working hard at commerce as the effect of honesty and thrift. Ando Shoeki called nature's world the ideal society where all human beings engaged in farming and they lived self-sufficiently without artificiality. He criticized a lawful society where there was feudal class discrimination and the difference between the rich and poor. Ninomiya Sontoku insisted that people must repay the virtues, which supported their existence, with their own virtue.

Late Modern thought
While the early modern Japanese thought developed in Confucianism and Buddhism, English Enlightenment and French human rights were prevalent after the Meiji Restoration had become rapidly affected by Western thought. From the time of Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars, Japanese capitalism highly developed. Christianity and socialism also developed and became tied to various social movements. In addition, nationalistic thought and study were formed while being opposed to foreign study.

The Enlightenment and people's rights
In the Meiji Restoration, English and French civil society was introduced, in particular, utilitarianism and social Darwinism from England, and popular sovereignty of Jean-Jacques Rousseau from France.

The thinkers of the early Meiji period advocated the British Enlightenment values derived from Western civil society. They attempted to criticise Japanese traditional authority and feudalism. However they were finally in harmony with the government and accepted the modernization from the above without the radicalness. In 1873, Mori Arinori formed Meirokusha. The people who gathered in this cultural association had much in common with points such as regarding practical learning as important, catching human characteristics practically and assuming the form of government that accepted the conditions of a country an ideal. Mori Arinori promoted national education as Minister of Education. Nishi Amane affirmed a human behaviour based on interest. Katō Hiroyuki threw away natural rights under influence of social Darwinism, and instead advocated the survival of the fittest.

Fukuzawa Yukichi, who introduced British utilitarianism to Japan and advocated natural rights, assumed that human rights were given by Heaven. He considered the development of the civilization to be the development of the human spirit, and it was assumed that one's independence led to independence of one country. Fukuzawa thought that government is for the "sake of convenience", and its appearance should be suitable to the culture. He said that there is no single ideal form of government. In addition, he insisted that Japan should have gone into the continent externally against the Great Powers.

While members of Meirokusha finally advocated harmonization of the government and people, democratic thinkers absorbed radical people's rights from France and they supported national resistance and revolution verbally against the Meiji oligarchy after the Satsuma Rebellion. In 1874, Itagaki Taisuke introduced the establishment of the elected legislature. It spread nationwide as the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. Ueki Emori helped Itagaki and he drew up a radical draft. Strongly influenced by Rousseau, Nakae Chōmin argued for people's sovereignty and individual freedom. However, concerning the Japanese situation, he pointed out the importance of parliamentary monarchy. According to him, the Imperial Constitution should be gradually revised by the Diet.

From the late period of Meiji to the Taishō era, a democratic trend spread as a background of bourgeois political consciousness. Its current led to political movements for safeguarding the Constitution and for the popular election. Yoshino Sakuzō argued for party cabinet politics and popular election. He did not deeply pursue who was the sovereign but he insisted the political goal aim for people's happiness and political decisions aim for people's intentions. Minobe Tatsukichi interpreted a sovereign as not an emperor but the state. According to him, an emperor only excises his power as the highest organ under the Meiji Constitution. Although his theory was widely acknowledged at first, he was politically suppressed by the military and the rightists afterwards.

In 1911, Hiratsuka Raichō formed Seitosha. She asked for awakening of women's own right and development of feminist movement. While Yosano Akiko denied gender differences, Raicho emphasised motherhood raising a child and she acknowledged the official aids for women to demonstrate their feminine ability. In 1920, Raicho formed a new association for women with Ichikawa Fusae and Oku Mumeo. Soon after their activities were successful in getting women's participating at political addresses, the association fell apart due an internal schism. Later, Ichikawa formed a new one and continued a movement for female suffrage.

Christianity and socialism
It was Christians and socialists who struggled with social contradictions derived from Japanese modernity. Christian social movements were active after the Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars, which brought capitalism and its contradiction to Japanese society. Many Japanese socialists were influenced by Christian humanism, and in that point they were deeply associated with Christianity.

Christianity, banned by the Tokugawa shogunate, influenced many Meiji intellectuals. Uchimura Kanzō developed "two Js" to unite Bushido and Christian spirit. He believed that his calling was to serve "Japan" and "Jesus". He argued for the nonchurch movement. He challenged the Imperial Rescript on Education and spoke against the Russo-Japanese War. Nitobe Inazō was a Quaker and attempted to unite Japanese culture and Christianity. He introduced Japanese culture abroad and he became secretary-general of the League of Nations. Joseph Hardy Neesima studied theology abroad in the United States. He established Doshisha University at Kyoto and he was engaged in Christian character building.

About the time of Sino- and Russo-Japanese wars, Japan succeeded in capitalization through the industrial revolution as soon as socialism spread against capitalism. However, the social movements were suppressed by the security police law of 1900, and finally in the High Treason Incident of 1910 socialists were pressed by the military and the fascist government. Kawakami Hajime wrote articles about poverty in a newspaper. He emphasized personal remodeling to solve poverty at first, however, later he became a Marxist and he argued for social remodeling by social compulsion. Kōtoku Shūsui originally attempted to realize socialism through the Diet, however he became a unionist and he argued for a direct action by a general strike. He was executed as the mastermind of the high treason incident of 1910. Osugi Sakae argued for individual freedom using the principles of anarchism and unionism. He was seen as a threat by the government and was assassinated by military police in the disorder following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.

The development of Japanism
The Age of Enlightenment, Christianity and socialism have influenced Japanese thought since the Meiji Restoration. The emphasis on Japanese political culture and national tradition rose as a reaction against westernization. This trend has had an ideological side of legitimizing imperialism and militarism/fascism.

Tokutomi Sohō published a magazine in which he argued for liberal democracy and populism against Japanese westernization. However, he was disillusioned with the bourgeois who should play a political part in ... Kuga Katsunan regarded Japanese political culture and national tradition very highly. He aimed for restoration and enhancement of national emotion; however, he was not a narrow-minded nationalist. He criticized the military and argued for a parliamentary system of government and expansion of suffrage.

After the Meiji Restoration, Japanese government protected Shinto and treated it not as a special religion but as State Shinto. The government closely related Shinto with the holy emperor, and they used Shinto as a tool for their state governance. State Shinto was clearly distinguished from private sects of the Shinto religion. It was a model of ideological state governance to form State Shinto and to promulgate the Imperial Rescript on Education. Meiji statism attempted to restore national sovereignty and pursued imperialism and colonialism through the Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars. However, its militaristic trend developed to ultra-nationalism. Kita Ikki advocated the exclusion of the zaibatsu, senior statesmen and political parties and the establishment of government for direct connection with the emperor and the people.

Yanagita Kunio was at the forefront of study of Japanese folklore. He named members of the general public who are not political leaders and intellectuals as “jomin”. Other folklorists are Minakata Kumagusu, Yanagi Muneyoshi and Orikuchi Shinobu.

In pre-war Japan, German philosophy was eagerly studied and introduced. However, from the late Meiji to Taishō period, Kyoto School attempted to harmonize Western thought with Eastern thought such as Zen Buddhism. Nishida Kitaro established an original thought by fusion of Zen and Western thought. His thought is called Nishida philosophy. He insisted on pure experience in which there is no opposition between subjectivity and objectivity. His ontology derived from absolute nothingness. Watsuji Tetsuro criticized Western selfish individualism. His ethics says human beings are not in an isolated existence but related existence. He insisted that individual and social beings should be aware of their own individuality and social membership. He is also well known as his Climate and Culture in which he studied the relationship between the natural environment and local lifestyle.

Contemporary Japanese philosophy
After World War II, many academic philosophers have published books on Continental philosophy and American philosophy. Among those, Ōmori Shōzō, Wataru Hiromatsu, Yasuo Yuasa and Takaaki Yoshimoto created original works under the influence of Marxism, phenomenology and analytic philosophy. Ōmori Shōzō created a unique monist epistemology based on his concepts of "representation monism", "double depiction", and "language animism". Wataru Hiromatsu developed his theory of "multi-subjective ontological structure of the world". Yasuo Yuasa advanced a new theory of the body influenced by Merleau-Ponty and the body image found in Chinese medicine. Takaaki Yoshimoto is famous for his "shared illusion theory" and various philosophical essays on Japanese culture. Today, such scholars as Kojin Karatani (literary theory), Hitoshi Nagai (solipsism), Shigeki Noya (analytic philosophy), Masahiro Morioka (philosophy of life), Motoyoshi Irifuji (analytic philosophy) are considered to be characteristic philosophers in the Japanese academy.

title: Japanese philosophy


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Larry King (1933–2021) was an American broadcaster.

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