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Illah

Illah is a small town located on the bank of the River Niger, in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State of Nigeria. It is situated on a table-land, some twenty-five kilometres north of Asaba, the State capital. Illah is one of the Ibo-speaking towns in Delta State, whose people belong to the Western Igbo Ethnic group who are often referred to as Anioma people or Delta Igbos.

Illah has as her immediate neighbours, Ebu to the North, Asaba and Ugbolu to the South, Akwukwu-Igbo to the West and the majestic River Niger to the East. The town is made up of Nine villages, namely Umuagwu, Umutei, Ajaji, Ukwumege, Umutedem, Onya, Ukpologwu,  , Ogbe-Olu and Ogbe-Orji.

Origins
The Illah people trace their origin to three different sources. The three sources of ethnic descent which the Illah people lay claim to include Igbo, Igala and Benin:

    (i)  The Igbo Descendants: Umuagwu, Umutei, Ajaji, Umutedem, Onya,

and Ogbe-Orji

(ii)  The Igala Descendants: Ukpologwu, Ogbe-Olu

     (iii) The Benin Descendants: Ukwumege

1. The Igbo Origin

(i) Umutei-Edem, Umutei, Ajaji and Umuagwu

These four quarters were the first to settle at Illah. They are assumed to be of Igbo extraction, even though according to oral tradition, it was their mother who was Igbo, while their father was of Igala origin.

A plausible version of the town's oral tradition claims that a man called Ifikuanim Eri, who was the second son of his father's children, had several children, among whom was Ika-Eri, who founded Omo-Ika-Iberi, (meaning ‘the market of a man called Ika of Eri’). The name Omo-Ika-Iberi metamorphosed into what became known as Itormorka, which the Illah people recognise today as the original land occupied by their ancestors, the first settlers in the town.

Eri had a son called Illah, who, in turn, begot five children from his two wives. The first wife begot Edem, Utei, and Nwabukwu (Ajaji), while his second wife had two children for him: Iyagbo and Agwu. These children eventually became the founders of the different villages which bear their names.

However, owing to the insecure nature of the river bank dwelling, where they were incessantly attacked by aggressors from across the River Niger on the eastern flank, the five brothers moved inland to a more secure place. On arrival at the place, they chased away the Ukala people who they met there, and named the place “Ala amaka”, which in Igbo means “This land is very good”. The name was subsequently shortened to Ala (meaning “this land”), a name that was ultimately corrupted by the white man to become IIlah, its present name.

(ii) Onyah Quarter

The Onyah people, who arrived in Illah much later, are said to have come into Illah from Osamele, a town in the Ogbaru Local Government Area, of the present day Anambra State. Led by Prince Ogwu, the heir apparent whose ascent to the throne was being frustrated by the father’s longevity, decided to found his own territory to rule. In this attempt, he clashed with Edaiken at Omorka. The two war lords, however, struck an agreement whereby Ogwu was allowed to settle at the Illah waterside (Otu-Eke) and rule over an autonomous community there. He was to cooperate with Illah in terms of providing security for Illah from that axis. The Igbo connection of this group is evident, given the fact that they migrated from their native Osamele, an Igbo town.

(iii) Ogbe-Orji

The people of descended from an Igbo man, by name Chika, who is believed to have founded the village. Chika was a brother-in-law to Ugbe, who was Chijulu’s first son. He married Chika’s sister and eventually decided to settle at Illah, where he was very welcome. According to oral tradition, Chika decided to plant an iroko tree (Orji tree) in the area allocated to him by the Illah people, as a signpost, to guide his relations from the East, whenever they came to visit him in his new abode.

2. The Benin Origin

The Ukwumege people of Illah lay claim to Benin descent. According to oral tradition, they are said to have descended from Edaiken, a Prince of the Ancient Benin kingdom. In the course of Edaiken's adventures from Benin towards the Eastern boundaries, he arrived at Illah, where the five co-founders of the town (Edem, Utei, Nwabukwu and Agwu), pleaded with him to assist them in overcoming, once and for all, their enemies from across the River Niger, in their eastern boundary, who had not stopped terrorising them ever since they settled on Illah soil. Edaiken, accepted the assignment, and having successfully executed the task of defending the Illah people against heir aggressors, was given an area of the town to settle, so that he could continue to defend the town. It is this quarter that became known as Ukwumege.

3. The Igala Origin

Two groups of settlers in Illah are of Igala descent. These are the Ukpologwu and the Ogbe-Olu people.

(i) Ukpologwu Quarter

The Ukpologwu people arrived in Illah before the Ogbe-Olu people. According to oral tradition, Ukpologwu was founded by Ogwu, the crown prince of Igalaland who was not allowed to succeed his father as the Attah of Igalaland, because he did not have a male child. Out of frustration, he went on self exile in Igalaland known as Ode-Ukpologwu. In a bid to further distance himself from the humiliation he was facing, he travelled down along the River Niger until he arrived at Omorka where he was received and accommodated by the four brothers who were the first to settle there. He thus settled there and founded the village known as Ukpologwu in Illah today.

(ii) Ogbe-Olu Quarter

Just like the Ukpologwu people, the Ogbe-Olu people trace their origin from Igalaland. They were, however led to Illah by an Igala prince called Akinjogula who is their progenitor.

Government
Illah operates a gerontocracy, a system of government that confers leadership on the oldest people in the community. The town is governed by a Council known as the Ogbelani-in-Council, and presided over by the oldest Obi, who is the Obi Ogbelani of the town.

Each of the nine villages is headed by the oldest male, who thus occupies the position of Diokpa Ogbe. In the case of Ukwumege village, the oldest man becomes not only the Diokpa but, at same time, occupies the position of the Iyase of Illah. As Iyase, he automatically assumes the position of, and exercises the function of, the Prime Minister of the town. The Ogbelani-in-Council is made up of nominated representatives of the various villages in Illah.

Economy
Traditionally, Illah people are subsistence farmers and fishermen; they equally engage in trading, particularly with their eastern neighbours, with whom they trade notably in yams, rice and fish. The town thrives essentially as a middle market for traders from the hinterland towns, who come down to Illah to purchase these commodities. On specific market days, traders from outside Illah throng the Illah coastal markets to buy large quantities of yams, fish and other food commodities.

In colonial times, Illah served as a strategic trade post in that part of the State, thanks to its geographic location on the coast of the River Niger, which enabled it to host the boat services provided by the United Africa Company (U.A.C.). Travellers from the hinterland, who wanted to go the Northern parts of the country, usually availed themselves of the boat services at Illah, which took them to such towns as Baro and Lokoja.

Religious beliefs
Illah was, in the distant past, a town of traditional religion worshippers. Today, a sizeable proportion of the populace still engage in traditional religious worship. The arrival of Christian missionaries in the town towards the end of the nineteenth century began to change the worship pattern of Illah people. The Roman Catholic Church was the first to arrive the town, in the 1880s, and by 1904, the construction of the first church in the town was already completed. Today, over 80% of the Illah people are acclaimed Christians of various denominations, with the larger majority professing the Catholic faith.

Tradition and culture
Illah people have a high regard for their tradition and culture. One major area where the regard for culture and tradition is manifested among the Illah people is

in respect of traditional title-taking. Such titles include major ones like the Alor title and the Ichinmo title. The Alor title, which is the highest title of the land, is particularly revered by the Illah people, as it attracts considerable respect from the people. No Illah person is expected to take this title if his father is still alive. Cultural festivities, which include in particular the annual New Yam Festival (Emime), are warmly observed among the Illah people. The love for their culture and tradition is so high among the Illah people that despite the high level of enlightenment achieved by the people, they have remained essentially a culture-loving people.

Contribution to national growth
Illah, having embraced western education early, the town has produced a good number of dedicated citizens who have contributed in various ways to national life and growth. The town continues to make giant strides in various areas of endeavour in the course of her development.

title: Illah


text:
Donatyre

Donatyre is a village in the district of Avenches of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Since losing its status as an independent municipality on 1 July 2006, it has been part of the municipality of Avenches.

The village, which follows the old Roman wall of Aventicum, contains a chapel dedicated to Saint Thecla.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Donatyre


text:
Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too

Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too is the only studio album by American alternative rock band the New Radicals. Released October 20, 1998, it is their only album release before disbanding in 1999. The album charted in several North American and European countries, and was frontman Gregg Alexander's third album, following two unsuccessful albums released in 1989 and 1992. For the album's recording, Alexander enlisted numerous session musicians and is the only band member to perform on every song. The album's musical style was compared to numerous rock artists, including Billy Corgan, Chumbawamba, and the Rolling Stones.

The album spawned two singles. "You Get What You Give" was released as the first single off the album reaching number one in Canada and New Zealand and peaking in the top 40 in the US and the UK, among other countries. The album's second single, "Someday We'll Know", was released shortly after the group disbanded. It was far less successful than its predecessor, failing to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Background and recording
Prior to forming the New Radicals, lead singer Gregg Alexander released two solo albums, Michigan Rain (1989) and Intoxifornication (1992). Both albums were commercially unsuccessful, generating no charting singles and receiving mixed reviews from critics. Before forming the group, Alexander had been dropped by two record labels: A&M and Epic Records. In 1997, Alexander signed to MCA Records and allegedly received a $600,000 advance.

When recording Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too, Alexander stated that he "completely ripped up the rules that applied to [his] first two records". While the album was credited to the New Radicals, it is often considered to be a Gregg Alexander album, as he wrote and produced most of its songs, played several instruments on it, and is the only constant member of the band. In reference to the wide variety of musicians he recruited to record the album, Alexander stated, "Most of that record was me pulling favors with studios or musicians that had played on earlier records and were like, 'Oh, Gregg's down on his luck—let's go play on his demo for the hell of it, we'll have a good laugh, have a couple of beers and maybe smoke a jay or whatever.'"

In addition to the songs included on the album, the New Radicals recorded several other songs during the recording session. Alternate mixes of tracks were released on singles: the radio edit of "You Get What You Give" is on its parent single, the instrumental cut of "Someday We'll Know" is included on some pressings of its parent single, and the radio edit of "Mother We Just Can't Get Enough" appears on its parent single (which was never officially made available for sale due to the band's split). Additionally, a song titled "The Decency League" was included as a B-side to "Someday We'll Know".

Composition and musical style
The lyrical and musical content of Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too was compared to a variety of artists. The Encyclopedia of Popular Music likened the New Radicals' politically-oriented lyrics to British rock band Chumbawamba. In Entertainment Weekly's review of the album, critic Tom Sinclair compared the album's music to that of Hanson. The Los Angeles Times compared the New Radicals to the Rolling Stones and the Beatles. Alexander's vocal performance drew frequent comparisons to Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins, while a review by AllMusic suggested his vocals were similar to Mick Jagger's. In Consequence of Sound, critic Justin Gerber commented that the album "made Gregg Alexander the 90's answer to Phil Spector, without the bad rap of murdering people".

Many critics also compared Alexander's songwriting and vocal performance to those in earlier R&B: The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music compared "In Need of a Miracle" to "the blue- eyed soul side of Todd Rundgren", and likened "Mother We Just Can't Get Enough" to "Style Council's breezier moments", while Spin felt "Technicolor Lover" was influenced by Prince and Paul Smith. Music critic Robert Christgau also felt that Todd Rundgren, as well as Hall & Oates, were clear influences to Alexander, also comparing the lyrics to Bob Dylan and Meat Loaf.

The album's lyrics were frequently noted as being sarcastic, cynical, and occasionally memorable. "Jehovah Made This Whole Joint for You" was described as "catchy but cynical" by High Fidelity News and Record Review. Gerber from Consequence of Sound noted that the song discusses both religion and marijuana. "Someday We'll Know" lyrically explores numerous mysteries throughout history, including Amelia Earhart's disappearance, with the lyrics "Whatever happened to Amelia Earhart? Who holds the stars up in the sky?" The song also centers on Alexander's trying to figure out why his partner left him. "I Hope I Didn't Just Give Away the Ending" includes improvisation and only a piano and percussion for the first two minutes, and was noted in Song Means: Analysing and Interpreting Recorded Popular Song as "strangely unfocused", also noting that at the 3:18 point of the song, Alexander "steps out of character" with the lyric "This may not be true, but I said it so you'd feel involved with the song"; Spin commented that the song contains "rangy slurs".

The lyrics to the album's lead single, "You Get What You Give", drew much attention—particularly its bridge, which contained insults directed at Beck, Hanson, Courtney Love, and Marilyn Manson. Alexander stated in a 1998 Billboard interview that the song's lyrics are "mostly about remembering to fly high and be completely off your head in a world where we can't control all the elements. You have to maintain balance because you only get what you give." Spin compared the song to Sister Sledge's "Lost in Music", while Gerber noted that it is virtually expletive-free.

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly's Tom Sinclair called the album "filler-free" and praised the album's positive messages. The Village Voice's Robert Christgau praised the songwriting and lyrics, which he called "lovable" despite their "paucity of meaning". Writing for WXPN, Bruce Warren remarked that the album's lyrics, with Alexander complaining about the commercialization of Western society, media and religion, aren't clichéd because they are "insightful" and truthful. In a mixed review, NME's Kitty Empire felt that the album is occasionally systems and, since the 2000s via the Internet. 2000s interesting but then "freefalls like a shot duck".

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Alex Henderson commented that although Alexander clearly has a "left-wing point of view", the album "doesn't beat listeners over the head with a sociopolitical agenda", going on to praise the album's 1970s sound and Alexander's vocals, calling it "one of the most promising" albums released in 1998. Colin Larkin's review for the Encyclopedia of Popular Music called Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too "an uplifting combination of sweeping melodies, aggressive harmonies and large dollops of stream-of-consciousness soul", likening the album to those of Chumbawamba and praising Alexander's vocal range.

In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too at number 23 on their list of "40 Greatest One-Album Wonders", reflecting that "A bubbling stew of influences that had glossier production and more pointed lyrics about corporate America than its alt-rock-radio brethren, Brainwashed could have been the beginning of a new pop order."

Commercial performance
In the United States, the album debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 199 on the week of November 28, 1998. On January 16, 1999, the album rose into the top 100 on the chart for the first time, climbing 33 spots to number 79. The album reached its number 41 peak on February 13. The album remained at its peak the following week, then fell to number 51 on the Billboard 200 dated February 27. The album spent a total of 40 weeks on the chart, and placed at number 126 on the year-end Billboard 200 in 1998. It achieved Platinum status (1,000,000 copies sold) in the United States less than a year after its release.

The album also achieved some foreign success. On the UK Albums Chart, the album reached a peak of number 10. The album also charted within the top 40 in Austria, New Zealand, Germany, and Sweden, and peaked outside of the top 40 in the Netherlands and Switzerland.

The New Radicals' debut single, "You Get What You Give", was released on November 3, 1998, and was commercially successful. It reached number one in both Canada and New Zealand, and the top five in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the song peaked at number 36, on the Billboard Hot 100. The song reached the top 10 of the US Alternative Songs chart, where it peaked at number eight, and also performed well on the Pop Songs and Adult Pop Songs charts, peaking at numbers 14 and 11, respectively. The song also entered the top 40 in Australia, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, and Chile.

"Someday We'll Know" was slated as the album's second single, but the group disbanded before its official release, and the song was far less successful than its predecessor, charting in several European countries. In the United States, the song failed to enter the Billboard Hot 100, although it did manage to reach the Adult Top 40, where it spent 11 weeks and peaked at number 28. In the United Kingdom, the song managed to enter the singles chart, but it peaked at number 48 and spent only two weeks in the top 100. "Mother We Just Can't Get Enough" was planned to be the album's third single, but was never commercially released, due to the group's dissolution.

Personnel

 * Gregg Alexander – vocals, acoustic and electric guitars; synthesizer (7), drums (10), bass guitar (10)
 * Rusty Anderson – guitar (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)
 * Josh Freese – drums (1, 3)
 * John Pierce – bass (1, 2, 6, 8, 9)
 * Greg Phillinganes – piano (1)
 * Danielle Brisebois – background vocals (1, 4, 5, 6, 9), piano (4)
 * Juliet Prater – percussion (2, 3)
 * Gary Fergusson – drums (2)
 * Rick Nowels (listed as Richard Knowels) – piano (2, 3)
 * Richie Podler – additional vocal arrangement (2, 3), percussion (4)
 * Paul Bushnell – bass (3, 4, 5)
 * Phil Parlapiano – organ (4)
 * Stuart Johnson – drums (4, 5)
 * Paul Gordon – piano (5, 6, 9, 11, 12)
 * Tal Bergman – drums (6, 9)
 * Paolo Degregorio – synthesizer (7), guitar (7), additional arrangement (7)
 * Mitch Kaplan – piano (8)
 * Matt Laug – drums (8, 11, 12)
 * Alessandro Alessandroni – strings (11)
 * Lance Morrison – bass (11)
 * Amotz – string arrangement (11)
 * Michael James – electric guitar (12), mixing
 * Dan Rothchild – bass (12)

title: Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too


text:
John C. Gifford Arboretum

The John C. Gifford Arboretum is an arboretum and botanical garden located on the campus of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.

History
The arboretum was founded in 1947 Frank J. Rimoldi and Roy Woodbury. In 1949, it was named for University of Miami professor John C. Gifford, an expert on tropical woods and professor of tropical forestry at the University of Miami. In 1950, the Gifford Society of Tropical Botany was formed to promote study of tropical plants, and the arboretum grew to more than 500 plants.

The garden is divided into several exhibits, including one dedicated to the plants domesticated by the Mayans.

Development and preservation
Coral Gables resident Kathryn Gaubatz has been an active force in working to preserve and protect the John C. Gifford Arboretum from future development. In 2005, the Coral Gables City Commission voted to approve the construction of a road within the Coral Gables campus to ease traffic off of San Amaro Drive, US 1, and Granada Boulevard, the three main streets that encircle the 260 acre campus and therefore handle the vast majority of vehicular traffic coming and leaving from the University of Miami.

Access
The University of Miami campus is served by Miami Metrorail at University Station.

title: John C. Gifford Arboretum


text:
Vivid Entertainment

Vivid Entertainment Group is an American independent pornographic film production company, featuring  internet content.

Overview
Vivid Entertainment is privately owned by Americans Steven Hirsch and Bill Asher, and Welshman David James.

In 2006, Vivid Entertainment was described by Reuters as one of the handful of studios that dominate the U.S. porn industry. It is based in Los Angeles, California. Founder Steven Hirsch is co-chairman, along with Bill Asher, who is also a co-owner.

In February 2006, Vivid changed its condom-only policy to a condom-optional policy that lets performers decide whether to use them. In October 2010, Vivid stopped production as a precaution when an actor tested positive for HIV. An October 2012 open letter, from Steven Hirsch, took aim at a Los Angeles County plan that would require performers to wear condoms on set. Hirsch said the proposal would be costly and ineffective and was an example of unnecessary government intrusion into private bedrooms.

Divisions and ventures

 * Alt-porn: In 2009, the company won the AVN Award for Best Music Soundtrack for The Bad Luck Betties, and in 2010, for the musical soundtrack of Live in My Secrets.
 * Vivid Radio: Vivid supplied content for a channel on the Sirius XM Radio network that features its various stars. The channel moved to online only on July 17, 2014.

List of Vivid Girls
The following is a list of notable Vivid actresses (known as "Vivid Girls") during the first thirty years of Vivid. The most recent Vivid Girl, Allie Haze, terminated her contract with Vivid in 2012.

• Asia Carrera

• Barbara Dare

• Briana Banks

• Chasey Lain

• Chloe Jones

• Christy Canyon

• Deidre Holland

• Devon

• Dyanna Lauren

• Ginger Lynn

• Heather Hunter

• Hyapatia Lee

• Janine Lindemulder

• Jenna Jameson

• Julia Ann

• Kayden Kross

• Kobe Tai

• Nikki Charm

• Nikki Randall

• Nikki Tyler

• Racquel Darrian

• Raylene

• Savanna Samson

• Savannah

• Sunny Leone

• Sunrise Adams

• Taylor Hayes

• Tera Patrick

• Tiffany Taylor

• Tori Welles

Legal controversy
On December 6, 2007, Vivid Entertainment filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against PornoTube. The lawsuit alleged that the YouTube-like site profits from the illegal posting of Vivid's copyrighted films, and failed to comply with the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act, a federal age-verification and record-keeping law that applies to the adult film industry. The case was settled out of court.

Awards and recognition
• 1987 AVN Award – 'Best Video Feature' for Blame it on Ginger

• 1991 AVN Award – 'Best Vignette Release' for Beat the Heat

• 1992 AVN Award – 'Best Vignette Release' for Scarlet Fantasy

• 1992 AVN Award – 'Top Renting Release of the Year' for The Masseuse

• 1992 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for On Trial

• 1997 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for Bobby Sox

• 1998 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for Bad Wives

• 2000 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for Seven Deadly Sins

• 2002 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for Fade To Black

• 2003 AVN Award – 'Top Selling Release of the Year' for Brianna Loves Jenna

• 2003 AVN Award – 'Top Renting Release of the Year' for Brianna Loves Jenna

• 2004 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for Heart of Darkness

• 2005 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for The Masseuse

• 2005 AVN Award – 'Best Video Feature' for Bella Loves Jenna

• 2006 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for The New Devil in Miss Jones

• 2006 AVN Award – 'Top Renting Release of the Year' for The Masseuse

• 2007 AVN Award – 'Best Gonzo Release' for Chemistry

• 2007 AVN Award – 'Best Interactive CD-ROM – Game' for Virtual Vivid Girl Sunny Leone

• 2008 AVN Award – Top Renting Title of the Year – 2007' for Debbie Does Dallas ... Again

• 2008 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for Layout

• 2008 AVN Award – 'Best Pro-Am Series' for Filthy's First Taste

• 2009 AVN Award – 'Best Music Soundtrack' – The Bad Luck Betties

• 2009 AVN Award – 'Best Educational Release' for Tristan Taormino's Expert Guide to Oral Sex 2

• 2009 AVN Award – 'Best Film' for Cry Wolf

• 2010 AVN Awards – Throat: A Cautionary Tale won five awards

• 2010 AVN Award – 'Best Overall Marketing Campaign – Company Image'

• 2010 AVN Award – 'Best Music Soundtrack' – Live in My Secrets – Vivid-Alt

• 2010 AVN Award – Vivid Ed for 'Best Educational Release' – Tristan Taormino's Expert Guide to Threesomes

• 2010 AVN Award – 'Best Pro-Am Series' Brand New Faces

• 2010 XBIZ Award Nominee – Studio of the Year

• 2010 XBIZ Award Nominee – Feature Movie of the Year for Faithless

• 2010 XBIZ Award Nominee – Feature Movie of the Year for Throat: A Cautionary Tale

• 2010 XBIZ Award Nominee – Feature Movie of the Year for Live In My Secrets (Vivid-Alt)

• 2010 XBIZ Award – 'Marketing Campaign of the Year' – Throat: A Cautionary Tale

• 2012 XBIZ Award – 'Marketing Campaign of the Year' – Spider-Man XXX

• 2013 XBIZ Award Nominee – 'Studio of the Year', 'Parody Release of the Year-Comedy' for Star Wars XXX: A Porn Parody; also 'Parody Release of the Year-Drama' for The Avengers XXX: A Porn Parody and The Dark Knight XXX: A Porn Parody. Additional nominations include: 'All-Sex Series of the Year for Brand New Faces, 'Vignette Release of the Year' for Allie Haze: True Sex and Goddess

• 2013 XBIZ Award – 'Vignette Release of the Year' – Allie Haze: True Sex

• 2013 XBIZ Award – 'Parody Release of the Year – Comedy' – Star Wars XXX: A Porn Parody

• 2014 XBIZ Award – 'Parody Release of the Year – Drama' – Superman vs. Spider-Man: An Axel Braun Parody and 'Couples-Themed Release of the Year' – Orgy University,

• 2015 XBIZ Award – 'Feature Movie of the Year' – Wetwork

• 2015 XBIZ Award – 'Best Art Direction' – Wetwork

title: Vivid Entertainment


text:
User talk:Shawnomancy

Hi and welcome to wikipedia. I hope you like it and decide to stay. Here are some handy links for newcomers. Also you can sign your name on talk pages and vote pages with three tildes like this, and your name with a time stamp with four like this ~. Howabout1 18:08, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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File:Statue of Gen. Slocum at Gettysburg.jpg listed for discussion
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 * I am the person who uploaded the image and I believe that you are correct, the picture is of the Meade statue and not Slocum. I went to the link to confess but found the discussion closed.  Probably Commons is the place to go, but if you do so, please feel free to quote me on the subject. I  am looking at pictures in "The Sculpture at Gettysburg" by Craven and the Slocum statue's reigns are held much tighter than Meade's.  Good catch.  Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 01:54, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Shawnomancy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FrontSlash

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:16, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

FrontSlash
Article about FrontSlash, an IRC user. Vanity page.
 * Delete. - Stoph 18:09, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-encyclopedic. Onlyemarie 18:11, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Crap.  Postdlf 18:31, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Meh, just Speedy it. Author is an anon IP who seems interested only in these vanity articles and vandalism. A similar article by the same author with slightly less context than this one was speedied just a bit ago. android↔talk 18:54, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rubbish/vanity. But not quite a speedy unfortunately. David Johnson [ T|C ] 21:31, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 23:08, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 04:49, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't even make an attempt to be funny... *sigh* Linuxbeak 14:34, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Rhys

Rhys or Rhŷs is a popular Welsh given name (usually male) that is famous in Welsh history and is also used as a surname. It originates from Deheubarth, an old region of South West Wales, with famous kings such as Rhys ap Tewdwr.

It is pronounced in North Wales,  in South Wales, and   in English. Anglicised forms of the name include Reece, Rees, Reese and Rice.

History

 * Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–1197), 12th-century ruler of southern Wales
 * Sir Rhys ap Gruffydd (died 1356), 14th-century Welsh nobleman
 * Rhys ap Gruffydd (rebel) (1508–1531), executed 16th-century Welsh landowner
 * Rhys ap Tewdwr (died 1093), 11th-century prince of southern Wales
 * Rhys ap Thomas (1449–1525), a Welsh soldier and landholder who was instrumental in the victory of Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth Field
 * Rhys Lewis (born 1532), MP for New Radnor Boroughs October 1553 and 1558
 * Rhys Hooe (c. 1599 – after 1655), Virginia colonist from Wales

20th and 21st centuries

 * Rhys Bobridge (born 1981), Australian singer and dancer
 * Rhys Chatham (born 1952), American avant-garde "guitar orchestra" composer
 * Rhys (singer) (Rhys Clarstedt, born 1997), Swedish-American singer
 * Rhys Coiro (born 1979), American film actor and singer
 * Rhys Darby (born 1974), stand-up comedian from New Zealand
 * Rhys Davies (born 1985), Welsh golfer
 * Rhys Day (born 1982), Welsh footballer
 * Rhys Evans (born 1982), English footballer
 * Rhys Frake-Waterfield, English filmmaker
 * Rhys Fulber (born 1970), Canadian musician (Front Line Assembly)
 * Rhys Gemmell (1896–1972), Australian tennis player
 * Rhys Hanbury (born 1985), Australian rugby league footballer
 * Rhys Hoskins (born 1993), American professional baseball player
 * Rhys Huber (born 1986), Canadian voice actor
 * Rhys Hughes (born 1966), Welsh writer
 * Rhys Ifans (born 1967), Welsh actor
 * Rhys Isaac, professor
 * Rhys James, English comedian
 * Rhys Jones (disambiguation), the name of several people
 * Rhys Jenkins (born 1990), rugby union player
 * Rhys Millen (born 1972), car racer
 * Rhys Muldoon (born 1965), Australian actor
 * Rhys Nicholson (born 1990), Australian comedian and actor
 * Rhys Oakley (born 1980), Wales international rugby union player
 * Rhys Palmer (born 1989), Australian rules footballer
 * Rhys Patchell Welsh rugby union player
 * Rhys Priestland (born 1987), Welsh rugby union player
 * Rhys Rhys-Williams (1865–1955), British Liberal Party politician
 * Rhys Stanley (born 1990), Australian rules footballer
 * Rhys Taylor (born 1990), Welsh footballer
 * Rhys Thomas (comedian) (born 1978), English comedian and actor
 * Rhys M. Thomas (born 1982), Welsh international rugby union player
 * Rhys Wakefield (born 1988), Australian actor
 * Rhys Webb (born 1988), Welsh rugby union player
 * Rhys Wesser (born 1979), Australian professional rugby league footballer
 * Rhys Williams (rugby union, born 1980), Welsh rugby player
 * R. H. Williams (rugby union) (1930–1993), Welsh rugby player

People with the middle name or compound last name

 * Arthur Rhys-Davids (1897–1917), British flying ace
 * Brandon Rhys-Williams (1927–1988), British Conservative Party politician
 * Griff Rhys Jones (born 1953), Welsh comedian and presenter
 * John Rhys-Davies (born 1944), Welsh actor
 * John Rhys Plumlee (born 2001), American football quarterback for the University of Central Florida Knights
 * Jonathan Rhys Meyers (born 1977), Irish actor
 * Samaire Rhys Armstrong, (born 1980), American actress
 * Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh, (born Sophie Rhys-Jones; 1965) member of the British royal family
 * Tim Rhys-Evans (born 1972), Welsh musician
 * T. Rhys Thomas, Wales international rugby union player
 * Rhys Rhys-Williams (1865–1955), British Liberal Party politician

People with the surname

 * Beti Rhys, (1907–2003), Welsh bookstore owner and author
 * Elen Rhys, (born 1983), Welsh actress
 * Ernest Rhys (1859–1946), English writer
 * Gruff Rhys (born 1970), vocalist and guitarist
 * Jean Rhys (1890–1979), Caribbean writer
 * Sir John Rhŷs (1840–1915), Celtic scholar at Oxford
 * John Llewellyn Rhys, an airman memorialised by John Llewellyn Rhys prize
 * Keidrych Rhys (1915–1987), Welsh literary journalist and editor
 * Matthew Rhys (born 1974), Welsh actor
 * Morgan John Rhys (1760–1804), Baptist minister
 * Paul Rhys (born 1963), Welsh television, film and theatre actor
 * Siôn Dafydd Rhys (1534 – c. 1609), Welsh physician and grammarian

Fictional characters

 * Lt Cmdr Gen Rhys, from Star Trek Discovery, portrayed by Patrick Kwok-Choon.
 * Rhys (Rhysand), from the series A Court of Thorns and Roses by Sarah J. Maas
 * Knight Rhys, a member of the Brotherhood of steel in Fallout 4
 * Rhys Winterborne from Marrying Winterborne, by Lisa Kleypas
 * Rhys, in the Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance video game
 * Rhys, in the Merry Gentry book series by Laurell K. Hamilton
 * Rhys, the central character of the first generation of Phantasy Star III
 * Rhys Strongfork, a main player-character from the Tales from the Borderlands video game, CEO of the Atlas corporation in Borderlands 3 and New Tales from the Borderlands video game
 * Rhys, in The Two Princesses of Bamarre by Gail Carson Levine
 * Rhys Ashworth, on the British soap Hollyoaks
 * Rhys Dahl, in Switched by Amanda Hlcking
 * Rhys Dallows, from the video game Star Wars: Starfighter
 * Rhys Lawson, from the Australian soap opera Neighbours
 * Rhys Lewis, the eponymous subject of the 1885 novel by Daniel Owen
 * Rhys Maelwaedd, a character of the Deverry Cycle book series
 * Rhys Rhysson, the Low King of the dwarfs in Terry Pratchett's Discworld books
 * Rhys Williams, in the BBC science fiction series Torchwood
 * Rhys, an elvish hunter in the Gilt-Leaf tribe, from the Lorwyn and Shadowmoor blocks of the collectible card game, Magic: The Gathering
 * Rhys Sutherland, in the Home and Away television series

The patronymic form
The surnames Price, Prys, Pris and Preece are derived from the Welsh ap Rhys meaning 'son of Rhys'. Notable people with this surname include:
 * John Prise or Price (1501–1555), also called Syr Siôn ap Rhys, Welsh scholar and author of the first book to be printed in Welsh,
 * Hywel ap Rhys (c. 840 – 886), ancient Welsh king of Glywysing
 * Tomos Prys (c. 1564 – 1634), Welsh soldier, sailor and poet

title: Rhys


text:
User talk:Trib4lmaniac

 * waves* [maestro] 18:12, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Please do not create multiple accounts. Kilo-Lima|(talk) 21:53, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Instead of having this account, use the other account. Thanks, Kilo-Lima|(talk) 17:05, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trib4lmaniac


text:
User:Pperna

If you ignore my name, studies, wealth, pride, body, memory, ambitions, strength, face you'll know who i am. And if you do, let me know.

title: User:Pperna


text:
Konstancja Poniatowska

Princess Konstancja Poniatowska (1759–1830) was a Polish noblewoman, niece of king Stanisław August Poniatowski.

Konstancja was the daughter of Kazimierz Poniatowski and Apolonia Ustrzycka, and married Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz on April 4, 1775 in Warsaw. She was one of the closest friends of the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord.

title: Konstancja Poniatowska


text:
Ostlegionen

Ostlegionen ("eastern legions"), Ost-Bataillone ("eastern battalions"), Osttruppen ("eastern troops"), and Osteinheiten ("eastern units") were units in the Army of Nazi Germany during World War II made up of personnel from the Soviet Union. They were a large part of the Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts.

Background
Some members of the Ostlegionen units were conscripted or coerced into serving; others volunteered. Many were former Soviet personnel, recruited from prisoner of war camps. Osttruppen were frequently stationed away from front lines and used for coastal defence or rear-area activities, such as security operations, thus freeing up regular German forces for front-line service. They belonged to two distinct types of units:
 * Ost-Bataillone were composed of various nationalities, raised mostly amongst prisoners of war (POW) captured in Eastern Europe, who had been formed into battalion-sized units, which were integrated individually into German combat formations, and;
 * Ostlegionen were larger foreign legion-type units raised amongst members of a specific ethnic minority or minorities, and comprising multiple battalions.

Members of Osteinheiten usually faced execution or harsh terms of imprisonment, if they were captured by Soviet forces or repatriated to the USSR by the western Allies.

Ost-Bataillone
Ost-Bataillone wore German uniforms and equipment and were integrated into larger German formations. They began as the private initiatives of individual military commanders. Most were utilized on the Eastern Front and in the Balkans.

In 1944, a number of Ost-Bataillone were stationed in northern France, in anticipation of an Allied invasion of Western Europe. Units that fought in Normandy against Allied Operation Overlord were part of the German 243rd and 709th Static Infantry Divisions, positioned in the vicinity of the Utah, Juno and Sword invasion beaches. Ost-Bataillone were also present in southern France, during the Allied landings codenamed Operation Dragoon (August 1944).

title: Ostlegionen


text: User talk:81.227.117.12

title: User talk:81.227.117.12


text: User talk:68.148.174.247

title: User talk:68.148.174.247


text:
Anseba Region

Anseba Region (Tigrinya: ዞባ ዓንሰባ, Regione dell'Anseba) is an administrative region of Eritrea, located in northern Eritrea. The capital and the most populous city in the region is Keren. The region is named after Anseba River, which passed through most parts of the region. The average elevation in the region is around 1800 m to 2100 m. The hottest month is May recording temperatures up to 30 °C, while the coldest month is December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around 508 mm of rainfall and the soil is conducive for agriculture.

As of 2005, the region had a population of 549,000 compared to a population of 484,200 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.80 per cent. The total area of the province was 23200.00 km2 and the density was 23.66 persons per km2.

Geography
The capital of Anseba region is Keren and it has an area of about 23,000 km2. It is named after the Anseba River around which the region is situated. The river begins in the central Eritrean highland plateau, in the suburbs northwest of the capital Asmara. It then descends northwards into the northwestern lowlands, traversing the mountains of Rora Habab and Sahel before joining the Barka River near the border with Sudan. Other towns in this region include Halhal. The region borders Gash-Barka to the south, the Maekel (Central) region to the south-east, the Northern Red Sea Region to the east and north, and the Sudan to the west. The topography of the region has highland plateau, which are cooler than the regions around the coastal plains. There are two rainy seasons, the heavier one during summer and the lighter one during spring. The climate and geography of the region along with other regions of Eritrea is similar to the one of Ethiopia. The average elevation in the region is around 1800 m to 2100 m. The hottest month is May recording temperatures up to 30 °C, while the coldest month is December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around 508 mm of rainfall and the soil is conducive for agriculture.

There are a number of flora and fauna species within this region. Notably this was historic habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog (Lycaon pictus), a canid which is now thought to be extirpated from the region. Eritrea as a whole was extensively forested as recently as 1900. However, at present the total forest cover of Eritrea is less than one percent.

Demographics
As of 2005, the region had a population of 549,000 compared to a population of 484,200 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.80 per cent. The total area of the province was 23200.00 km2 and the density was 23.66 persons per km2. As of 2002, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), defined as the children per woman was 5.6. The General Fertility Rate (GFR), defined as the births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 45 remained at 184.0. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR), the number of births per 1,000 population, was 35.0. The percentage of women pregnant as of 2002 out of the total population was 8.8 per cent. The mean number of children ever born stood at 6.3. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), defined as the number of deaths of children for every 1,000 born was 37.0 while the Child Mortality Rate (CMR), defined as the number of child deaths for every 1,000 children 5 years of age was 37.0. The under-5 mortality rate stood at 73.0. The number of children with the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) was 877, fever was 877, and Diarrhea was 877. The number of women with the knowledge of AIDS was 1,130 and the number of people with no knowledge of the disease or its prevention was 0.0 per cent.

Education and economy
As of 2002, the number of males completing or attending highest level of schooling in the region was 2,028 while it was 2,368 females. The per centage of literate males was 52.30 and the percentage of literate females was 36.60. A fraction of 45.70 males had no education, while the corresponding number for females was 60.20. The fraction of males completing secondary school stood at 2.50 and the fraction of males completing more than secondary was 000. The corresponding numbers for females was 1.00 and 000 respectively.

As of 2002, the number of people engaged in Professional/technical/managerial activities was 10.90 per cent, Clerical was 6.10 per cent, Sales and services was 16.80 per cent, Skilled Manual was 5.00 per cent, Unskilled Manual was 0.00 per cent, Domestic Service was 15.90 per cent and Agriculture was 45.40 per cent. The total number of employed men was 1,436 and the total number of employed women was 1,421. The number of men who were paid their total earnings in cash was 64.70 per cent, in kind was 0.80 and in both was 30.30. The number of women who were paid their total earnings in cash was 76.80 per cent, in kind was 4.00 per cent and in both was 13.30 per cent.

Administration
The region is divided in ten subregions:
 * Adi Tekelezan Subregion
 * Asmat Subregion
 * Elabered Subregion
 * Geleb Subregion
 * Hagaz Subregion
 * Halhal Subregion
 * Habero Subregion
 * Keren Subregion
 * Kerkebet Subregion and
 * Sela Subregion

Eritrea has a one party national Assembly governed by People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) (originally Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front), an authoritarian government. From the time of independence since 30 May 1991, the country has been continuing with a transitional government elected during the elections in April 1993. The scheduled elections in 2001 has been postponed indefinitely. The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis on a restricted framework. All men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. No parties or groups other than PFDJ are allowed to contest and the elections are presided by representatives from PDFJ. Policy decisions should be centered around the party mandate and opposition and dissenters have been imprisoned.

title: Anseba Region


text:
Dragon Prince

Dragon Prince is a fantasy novel by American author Melanie Rawn. It is the first book of the Dragon Prince trilogy.

Plot summary
Rohan is heir to the throne of The Desert and its chief holding, Stronghold. His father, Prince Zehava, is unsure of his son's ability to rule, but is wounded in a dragon hunt and Rohan is suddenly the ruling Prince. He must solidify his right to rule by outwitting The Desert's antagonists, chiefly the High Prince Roelstra, in order to protect his lands and maintain peace throughout the world.

His aunt, Andrade, the Lady of Goddess Keep and highest ranking of the faradhi, or Sunrunners, gifted humans who can use light to communicate, warns that the High Prince will try to take over the Desert by marrying one of his daughters to Rohan and then killing him. To decline a royal marriage would in turn insult Roelstra, so she offers a marriage with Sioned, another of her Sunrunners. Marriage between a prince and a Sunrunner is unheard of, but Rohan is smitten by a vision of Sioned that Andrade conjures in fire for him.

Rohan persuades Sioned to help him trick High Prince Roelstra into signing various treaties while he pretends to choose between princesses. Sioned pretends to be unsure of Rohan as her groom, and the two have a merry time with their charade at the tri-annual Rialla (a fair and gathering of princes). Rohan pretends to be a foolish, ignorant young man. The other princes initially believe the masquerade. Roelstra, in turn, is interested in Sioned, both as a woman and a faradhi.

High Prince Roelstra is an evil, cunning man and the father of seventeen daughters. Despite a marriage and a series of mistresses, he never succeeds at conceiving a son and heir. His latest mistress, Lady Palila, is pregnant during the Rialla. Roelstra's eldest daughter, Princess Ianthe, schemes with her sister Pandsala to switch Palila's baby for a girl if it is a son. Pandsala, thinking Roelstra will marry her to Prince Rohan if Palila helps her, plans to turn the tables on Ianthe and help Palila switch another daughter for a boy. They bring four pregnant waiting-women along, planning to induce labor in them when Palila's begins.

Rohan and Roelstra ultimately spar over Sioned, and Roelstra is infuriated to discover Rohan played him for a fool. Ianthe betrays Palila and her sister, and gains her father's trust. In return, she is granted the castle of Feruche, an important outpost on the border between Roelstra's and Rohan's lands. Roelstra gives Pandsala and the new baby, named Chiana (for "treason" in an old language), to Andrade. He burns Palila alive in her bed.

Rohan and Sioned are married and return to the Desert, but Sioned fails to conceive a hoped-for heir. She suffers a series of miscarriages, and the entire realm is decimated by Plague in the ensuing years. Sioned is comforted by a vision of herself with Rohan's child at her breast, although she knows she cannot bear his baby.

Ianthe's men capture Rohan and bring him to her at Feruche castle, where she seduces him, convincing the drugged prince she is Sioned. Rohan discovers the truth and violently rapes Ianthe. Ianthe also captures Sioned, locks her in a lightless dungeon underneath Feruche and allows her castle guards to rape her. Sioned realizes the child in her vision is Ianthe's, and refrains from killing her when Ianthe finally releases them.

Rohan and Sioned return to find Stronghold besieged. Rohan goes to war with Roelstra while Sioned waits out Ianthe's pregnancy. Rohan doubts he can claim this child as his, although Sioned is confident they can defeat Roelstra and claim Ianthe's son as their own.

When Ianthe gives birth, Sioned returns to Feruche, steals Ianthe's newborn son, and burns Castle Feruche to the ground. Sioned names the child Pol, which means "star" in the Old Tongue. At the same time, Rohan kills Roelstra in a duel and becomes High Prince in his stead. The novel ends with the other princes proclaiming fealty to High Prince Rohan and High Princess Sioned, and accepting Prince Pol, the new Sunrunner heir.

Reviews
Library journal said that "this first of a series ... should appeal to readers of fantasy and epic romance".

Awards and nominations

 * 1989 – Compton Crook Award, Compton Crook Award (Balticon – Best 1st Novel) (Nomination)
 * 1989 – Locus Poll Award, Best First Novel (Place: 6)

title: Dragon Prince


text: Category:Ancient Greek theatre

title: Category:Ancient Greek theatre


text:
Talk:Lemon v. Kurtzman

Question
After Dover judgement,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District

has Lemon been re-affirmed? AV, December 22, 2005.

Your question misses the point. District courts are not in the position to "affirm" or "disaffirm" Supreme Court precedent. Kitzmiller is a trial judgment that was not appealed. The Supreme Court itself has not made any explicit decisions regarding Lemon, but in its most recent establishment clause cases, the Court has not used its own three-part test. Off-the-record comments by Chief Justice Roberts and other suggest distate for Lemon. As a result, its status is unclear. Given this lack of clarity, district courts deciding challenges under the establishment clause now have a choice of following Lemon, or any of other tests, or some eclectic concatenation thereof. Judge Jones chose to follow Lemon. For other district courts, it is still "choose, and choose at your own risk" as much now as before Kitzmiller. Non Curat Lex (talk) 22:52, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I Auto-Cited 403 U.S. 602, and received a result of "" which, I think, means that the case has been questioned or criticized by other courts, but not definitively overruled by the Supreme Court. 69.140.152.55 (talk) 22:50, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Please keep in mind that "citators" remarks can mean a lot of things. A case that is "perfectly good law" can get a "Q" if a later court merely distinguishes its application, or mentions it. Another case could have a "Q" and have zero weight left at all. Lemon is in that category because it has never been expressly overruled. Lemon is somewhere in between. Its status is very uncertain and that uncertainty is very important right now. Non Curat Lex (talk) 02:46, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Later developments
I think that the first few sentences of this section are fairly slanted, and since the "citation needed" tags have been there for at least six months, perhaps it should be changed. 98.177.243.123 (talk) 01:39, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

-- Agreed. I stumbled across this article looking for informtion, and this doesn't sound NPOV to me. I imagine that whomever wrote the bit about "Lemon in question" is referring to Scalia & Thomas' dissents in Epperson (since they referenced the 1980s). But a) Dissents aren't legally binding precedent, and nothing (that I recall) that has come since has brought the continued use of Lemon test into question. I'd like to read the law journal that backs up this opinion, but as it's been sitting here and hasn't been given evidence, I think it ought to be reverted, until such evidence is brought to light. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.56.193.182 (talk) 03:12, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

There are many law journal articles that back up this opinion, and the courts own rulings have applied different tests than the lemon test instead of using it: And these are just in the first few google hits - the criticisms are ubiquitous, although I agree that they should be sourced and cleaned up. To clam that there is no such criticism is uninformed. -- Trödel 15:46, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * SYMPOSIUM: RELIGION AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS AFTER LEE V. WEISMAN: Lemon is Dead. "Lemon, of course, was the case that announced the much-maligned three-part 'Lemon test' for assessing a statute's constitutionality under the Establishment Clause. 3" (fee required to access) Case Western Reserve Law Review.
 * DOES THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PASS THE LEMON TEST? "The Court has "repeatedly emphasized [its] unwillingness to be confined to any single test or criterion in this sensitive area."54" Duke Law Review
 * RELIGION AND THE BURDEN OF PROOF: POSNER’S ECONOMICS AND PRAGMATISM IN METZL V. LEININGER (PDF) "The Lemon test inspired so many criticisms that one author announced, “Lemon is Dead.”39" Harvard Law Review.

Statement of Regret
Decided to add a new section in case the anonymous user who contributed this decides to contest my edit or simply curious why it was made. He seems reasonably active, though new, and nothing in his history suggests depriving him of an assumption of good faith.

I removed a claim (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemon_v._Kurtzman&oldid=540202263) that Chief Justice Burger regretted the broad application of the Lemon Test subsequent to this ruling. While I can certainly believe he might have said such a thing, it is a paraphrased interpretation from a private dinner party supposed to have been attended by Burger and conservative activist Andrew Schafly, recalled 16 years after the event and long after the Chief Justice died. The dead man cannot defend himself, and there are no sources proffered except this one man who is demonstrably hostile to the Lemon Test.

Furthermore, it was technically incorrect to cite Conservapedia itself, which is a freely editable wiki and has an admitted/substantiated bias. If it had valid sources to cite, then those should be cited instead. See the policy WP:Verifiability. Even citing Wikipedia itself is not allowed. The policy allows questionable/self-published sources if the source is commenting on him/herself, as Schafly is doing here for the dinner party he attended, but it's not allowed to "involve claims about third parties". Accordingly, I removed the claim per policy. I tried to salvage some version of the claim by researching it myself, but couldn't find anyone else talking about it. Jaeran (talk) 13:38, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

Ruling
I noticed that in the article it isn't really clear as to how the judges ruled. For the record perhaps we should amend the article to say

"Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971),[1] was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 8-0 that Pennsylvania's 1968 Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education . . ." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.83.128.86 (talk) 04:18, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree that this is useful/important information. - - MrBill3 (talk) 23:18, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The information has beed added and the name of the statute was corrected. --P3Y229 (talk • contribs) 22:30, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I wrote an article on the lead plaintiff Alton Lemon. In doing so I noticed there are probably some high quality sources that would provide scholarly analysis and commentary on this case, they could be used to improve this article. I didn't use them in the article on Alton Lemon as it is about the person, but they popped up in my research (not hard to find). - - MrBill3 (talk) 03:01, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
Did this case Kennedy v. Bremerton School District explicitly overruled Lemon v. Kurtzman? SoupI (talk) 15:37, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Kennedy repudiated the Lemon Test but did not overrule Lemon v. Kurtzman. The Lemon decision was about various forms of public assistance to private schools, including religious schools. This was not at issue in Kennedy, so it could overrule Lemon. With the Lemon Test gone, I have no doubt that a case involving facts similar to those of Lemon will work its way to the Supreme Court. That's when Lemon v. Kurtzman could be overruled. SMP0328. (talk) 05:47, 31 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Page 27 of the Majority Opinion: "What the District and the Ninth Circuit overlooked, however, is that the “shortcomings” associated with this “ambitiou[s],” abstract, and ahistorical approach to the Establishment Clause became so “apparent” that this Court long ago abandoned Lemon and its endorsement test offshoot"

 * Page 28: "In place of Lemon and the endorsement test, this Court has instructed that the Establishment Clause must be interpreted by ‘reference to historical practices and understandings.’"

 * The dissent (page 2) recognized it as well: "The Court overrules Lemon v. Kurtzman...and calls into question decades of subsequent precedents that it deems “offshoot[s]” of that decision" Costatitanica (talk) 21:29, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Didn’t Carson v. Makin overrule Lemon v Kurtzman? 173.218.150.39 (talk) 18:22, 9 August 2022 (UTC)
 * No. Lemon was an establishment clause case. Carson was a free exercise case. Kennedy was a bit of both, and Gorsuch took the opportunity to finally bury Lemon. Costatitanica (talk) 16:35, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

factors
Is the list of "Factors" subsidiary to the "Entanglement Prong", or parallel to the three prongs, or what? If they are relevant to two or three prongs, they should be a clearly independent list. —Tamfang (talk) 17:20, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lemon v. Kurtzman


text:
Battle of Schuinshoogte

Battle of Schuinshoogte, also known as Battle of Ingogo, was fought north of Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, on 8 February 1881 during the First Boer War. General Sir George Pomeroy Colley's communications with Newcastle were under constant harassment by mounted Boer patrols under Commander J D Weilbach after the Battle of Laing's Nek (another British defeat) and as a result he planned to clear a path along the Newcastle-Mount Prospect road to better protect the British supply line, and receive fresh reinforcements he needed to bolster his ranks.

The Battle
At roughly 9:00am he left the Mount Prospect camp with a force consisting mostly of infantrymen. A company of the 60th Rifles (King's Royal Rifle Corps) and two artillery pieces were left at a ridge overlooking the Ingogo River, while a handful of mounted men and infantry covered the drift.

As Colley advanced up the slope of the Ingogo he received word from his scouting party that a mainly mounted Boer force under Gen. Nicolaas Smit and Comdt. J D Weilbach was approaching nearby. The British formed circular/squared defensive positions on the crest of the ridge with 240 infantry, 38 cavalry and two pieces of artillery while the roughly 300 Boers attempted to surround them and cut them off from escape.

From noon until about 5:00 that evening a series of close range engagements was fought and the British suffered heavily from the accurate and concentrated Boer fire. Although the 60th Rifles wore dark green (in fact, almost black) uniforms, these were still in contrast to the light-coloured South African veldt, the only concession to camouflage being the white foreign service helmet stained khaki with tea. The gunners and mounted troops also wore dark uniforms, but the gunners in particular were exposed when working their guns. In contrast the Boers wore khaki coloured clothing, and were also expert at fieldcraft, thus being able to blend into the environment.

Afterward heavy rain began to fall and the battle came to an abrupt end. Rainfall swelled the Ingogo river, making it very difficult to ford. Boer forces, imagining that the British would be unable to cross, especially with artillery, waited during the night to resume the battle the next day. Colley's men, meanwhile, made a desperate night march, and managed to escape, horses, guns and all, although several men drowned in the river crossing. The Boer failure to assault and capture the guns during the rainstorm, allowing the British column to escape, probably represents their only major error during the war.

Aftermath
It has been speculated had Colley received his reinforcements before the onslaught of the rain, he would probably have been able to defeat the Boers for the first time and give the British better bargaining power during the peace negotiations.

When the British returned with a burial party the next day, they found the Boers had returned to take care of their own dead and wounded. No engagement occurred. The eight Boer dead were buried on the farm "Geelhoutboom" some 5 km west of the battle site. The British lost seven officers, with a total of 66 men killed and 77 wounded. The men were buried on the battlefield while the officers' bodies were exhumed four days later and taken to Fort Amiel for reburial.

Colley was plagued by defeat throughout the war, and although he would receive his reinforcements, his men were seriously demoralized by the string of defeats. Eventually he would be killed in action at the Battle of Majuba Hill.

title: Battle of Schuinshoogte


text:
AFRC

AFRC can be an initialism for:

 * Advanced Frame Rate Converter, used for frame rate control
 * Agricultural and Food Research Council, British farming and horticulture organisation
 * Air Force Reserve Command, major command of the United States Air Force
 * Arkansas Forest Resource Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello, United States
 * Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, rebel group in Sierra Leone
 * Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana, ruled Ghana for 4 months in 1979
 * Armed Forces Recreation Center, resorts run by the United States Armed Forces for members of the military and their families
 * Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center, a NASA center on Edwards Air Force Base in California, United States

title: AFRC


text: User talk:66.144.36.11

title: User talk:66.144.36.11


text:
Trieste II (Bathyscaphe)

Trieste II (DSV-1) was the successor to Trieste – the United States Navy's first bathyscaphe purchased from its Swiss designers.

History
The original Trieste design was heavily modified by the Naval Electronics Laboratory in San Diego, California and built at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Trieste II incorporated the original Terni, Italian-built sphere used in Trieste, after it was made redundant by the new high-pressure sphere cast by the German Krupp Steelworks. The Trieste sphere was suspended from an entirely new float, more seaworthy and streamlined than the original, but operating on identical principles. Completed in early 1964, Trieste II was placed on board USNS Francis X. McGraw (T-AK241) and shipped, via the Panama Canal, to Boston.

Commanded by Lt Comdr. John B. Mooney Jr., with co-pilot Lt. John H. Howland and Capt. Frank Andrews, Trieste II conducted dives in the vicinity of the loss site of USS Thresher (SSN-593) – operations commenced by the first Trieste the year before. She recovered bits of wreckage, positively fixing the remains as that of the lost Thresher, in September 1964.

Between September 1965 and May 1966, Trieste II again underwent extensive modification and conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, but there is no clear record that she was ever operated in that new configuration, i.e., the addition of skegs or outriggers on both sides of the sphere.

During that same time period, work was under way on a third configuration of the bathyscaphe. This work resulted in yet a new appearance for the Trieste II, and included the installation of a new pressure sphere, designed for operation to 20,000 ft.

As the bathyscaphe continued her operations as a test vehicle for the deep submergence program, she qualified four officers as "hydronauts" – the beginning of a burgeoning oceanographic operation. Trieste II's valuable experience in deep submergence operations has helped in the design and construction of other deep-diving submersibles which could be used in rescuing crews and recovering objects from submarines in distress below levels reachable by conventional methods.

This unique craft was listed only as "equipment" in the Navy inventory until the autumn of 1969. On 1 September 1969, Trieste II was placed in service, with the hull number X-1. She was reclassified as a deep submergence vehicle (DSV) on 1 June 1971.

On 25 April 1972, Trieste II recovered a satellite package called a "bucket" weighing several hundred pounds from a depth of greater than 16000 ft, a record at the time. Trieste II (DSV-1) continued her active service in the Pacific Fleet into 1980.

The Trieste class DSV were replaced by the Alvin class DSV, as exemplified by the famous Alvin (DSV-2). The Alvins are more capable, more maneuverable, less fragile, but also can not dive as deep, reaching only a maximum of 20,000 feet (6,100 m) (for the Sea Cliff (DSV-4)).

Trieste II is now preserved as a museum ship at the Naval Undersea Museum, Keyport, Washington.

Awards

 * Navy Unit Citation with star
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation with star
 * Navy E Ribbon
 * National Defense Service Medal with star

title: Trieste II (Bathyscaphe)


text: Category:Regions of Eritrea

title: Category:Regions of Eritrea


text:
Douglas Tilden

Douglas Tilden (May 1, 1860 – August 5, 1935) was an American sculptor. He was deaf from a bout of scarlet fever at the age of four and attended the California School for the Deaf in Berkeley, California (now in Fremont, California). He sculpted many statues that are located today throughout San Francisco, Berkeley, and the San Francisco Bay Area.

Early life
Douglas Tilden was born on May 1, 1860, to Dr. William Peregrine Tilden and Catherine Maria Hecox Tilden in Chico, California. When he was four, he lost his hearing and speech after a severe bout of scarlet fever. His grandfather, Adna Hecox, and mother Catherine were part of the ill-fated Donner Party, but they separated from the Donners before they became snowbound.

Tilden entered the California School for the Deaf (then located in San Francisco) on January 25, 1866, studying under Theophilus d'Estrella. He moved with the School to a location near the University of California, Berkeley campus at what is now the Clark Kerr Campus student residence in 1869 and graduated in 1879. After graduating, he went on to attend and teach at UC Berkeley, where he studied with Francis Marion Wells. Tilden picked up sculpting in 1883, producing a small statuette entitled Tired Wrestler in 1885 which drew the attention of the board of the California School for the Deaf. The board subsequently offered him an opportunity to pursue sculpting and in 1887, he left Berkeley to attend the Academy of Design in New York, and from there, left to study art in Paris. After arriving in Paris in 1888, Tilden studied under Paul-François Choppin, another deaf sculptor.

After several successful years in Paris, during which he produced Ball Player (aka Our National Game), The Tired Boxer, Young Acrobat, Indian Bear Hunt, and Football Players, Tilden returned to the California School for the Deaf in 1893; however, after getting married in 1896, Tilden left the School to pursue sculpting full-time under reportedly acrimonious terms. Because his stint in Paris had been paid by the School, they felt he should continue to serve as a teacher, while Tilden felt his schooling had been a gift. In return, the California School for the Deaf confiscated one of Tilden's early artworks, The Bear Hunt, as payment. Bear Hunt had been exhibited at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and the California School for the Deaf paid US$179 1893 for its transport to San Francisco afterwards and tried to collect the cost from Tilden, who responded by proposing to melt the sculpture down for its copper to cover the cost.

Career
Tilden was first recognized for his sculpture while in Paris. His first exhibited work, entitled The National Game, also known as The Baseball Player, or The Ball Player, was a sculpture of a baseball pitcher in his windup. The sculpture was admitted to the prestigious Salon event in 1889, where it won a medal. This was followed by The Tired Boxer (exhibited at the Salon Paris in 1890), The Young Acrobat (Salon 1891), The Bear Hunt (Salon 1892), and The Football Players (Salon 1893).

Many detect a certain homoeroticism in his works because they feature young athletic men who are often unclothed. In the Football Players, many people have noted that the scene of two young football players, one is injured and resting on the shoulder of another, and the other is tenderly bandaging the wounds, shows the intimate male bonding in sports as of interdependence between the players. The gay and lesbian community has adopted the statue as representing the best ideal of the visible queer community on the Berkeley campus.

He was a member of the National Sculpture Society. The Football Players marked the beginning of Tilden's association with his most important patron, James D. Phelan, who commissioned Tilden's next major work after returning to the Bay Area, the Admission Day fountain installed on Market Street in 1897, also known as The Native Son's Fountain. Tilden produced twelve models for Phelan; in a statement following the unveiling ceremony, Tilden said "God Almighty has given me a certain amount of grey-matter, and I was expected to return it with interest. To know that my work is appreciated is all the reward that I care for."

Tilden's next major commission was for James Mervyn Donohue, in memory of his father, Peter Donohue. The Mechanics Monument commission followed Native Son's unveiling, and Lorado Taft said he could "feel only admiration for the ardent and intrepid sculptor who wrought this wonder in [six] brief months" despite "its lawless composition and its ragged contour".

In 1901, Tilden was declared "violently insane" after an incident at his father-in-law's house where he without warning "began destroying the furniture in the room" in which his family was gathered. The incident had been exaggerated by a household servant. Tilden had returned home early and, forgetting his key, had entered the house through an open window. The servant, who had been recently hired and believed this to be uncharacteristic of his employer, locked Tilden in his room, and Tilden attempted to alert others that he was trapped by hammering on the door. The frightened servant then called for the police, who took Tilden away to a mental hospital.

Between 1915, when he contributed Modern Civilization, a frieze for the Panama–Pacific Exposition of 1915, and 1925, when he began work on the unfinished The Bridges, Tilden lost interest in creating art. After separating from his wife Bessie in 1918, Tilden moved into his studio and worked for the Hal Roach Studio, sculpting animals for movie sets. After their divorce was finalized in 1926, Tilden became reclusive, eating little and sculpting by candlelight until friends discovered his hardships and secured a state pension for him. The Bridges was an allegory celebrating the joining of two cities, planned to commemorate the completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, but he died before it was completed.

Personal life
On June 9, 1896, Tilden was married to Elizabeth "Bessie" Cole, a former student of his, also deaf. Although the union produced two children, a daughter Gladys (born January 5, 1900) and a son Willoughby Lee (born September 4, 1903), it was not to prove to be a happy one. Over the years Mrs. Tilden was subject to "melancholia spells" which, among other things, placed a large amount of pressure on the relationship. They separated and Mrs. Tilden, who for years had managed their properties, rented out his studio to a theater group, forcing Tilden to do his sculpting in a shed.

As they grew farther apart Tilden's lawyer wrote: "Furthermore, the wife (Bessie) has knowledge of indiscressions [sic] in the personal conduct of Mr. Tilden which would deprive him of any capacity to stand in court, as we say, "with clean hands." Mr. Tilden claims that Mrs. Tilden has been indiscrete  [sic]." The couple separated in 1918, and Bessie subsequently filed for divorce in 1924, which was finalized in 1926.

The 'indiscreetness' in that era might have referred to his romantic relationships with men. One man in particular, Theophilus Hope d'Estrella, another Deaf artist, was his romantic interest, as described in Tilden's diaries. These diaries were researched from Gallaudet University and Fremont School for the Deaf. D'Estrella enrolled at Fremont School for the Deaf at age 8 and later was the first Deaf person to attend UC Berkeley, where he became a photographer. D'Estrella never married. Tilden and d'Estrella met at age 15 at California School for the Deaf. According to the diaries they rekindled their relationship later in life once with a camping trip in which Tilden drew pictures of d’Estrella sleeping in the tent and fishing nude. Tilden wrote of their night together: it was a 'very warm night'.

Gallaudet's collection also has love letters from Tilden writing from his Paris trip to d'Estrella in Berkeley. D'Estrella traveled to Paris and stayed with Tilden for a month. Upon d'Estrella's return to Berkeley he wrote over 30 letters in the newspaper the 'California News' about his travels. Some believe there are hints to their relationship in the articles. D'Estrella, Theophilus Hope. (1889). Summer Trip to Paris. The Weekly. California School for the Deaf, Berkeley. October 26, 1889. 3. Newsletter.

Tilden was found dead in his Berkeley studio on August 6, 1935; he had died of a heart attack while trying to heat water. He is buried in the Cole family plot of Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California, with his ex-wife Bessie (died 1949) and son Willoughby (died 1931).

In 2017, the Tilden Hotel at Taylor & O'Farrell in San Francisco was renamed to honor Douglas Tilden; it originally opened as the Linden Hotel in 1928 and was renamed almost immediately to the Hotel Mark Twain.

title: Douglas Tilden