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Vasko Popa

Vasile "Vasko" Popa (Васко Попа; 29 June 1922 – 5 January 1991) was a Yugoslav and Serbian poet.

Biography

Popa was born in the village of Grebenac (Grebenaț), Yugoslavia (present-day Serbia) into a Banat Romanian family. Popa started writing during his high school time. His first poems were written in Romanian. After finishing high school, he enrolled as a student at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy. He continued his studies at the University of Bucharest and in Vienna. During World War II, he fought as a partisan and was imprisoned in a German concentration camp in Bečkerek (today Zrenjanin, Serbia).

After the war in 1949, Popa graduated from the Romanic group of the Faculty of Philosophy at Belgrade University. He published his first poems in the magazines Književne novine (Literary Magazine) and the daily Borba (Struggle).

From 1954 until 1979, he was the editor of the publishing house Nolit. In 1953 he published his first major verse collection, Kora (Bark). His other important work included Nepočin-polje (No-Rest Field, 1956), Sporedno nebo (Secondary Heaven, 1968), Uspravna zemlja (Earth Erect, 1972), Vučja so (Wolf Salt, 1975), and Od zlata jabuka (Apple of Gold, 1978), an anthology of Serbian folk literature. His Collected Poems, 1943–1976, a compilation in English translation, appeared in 1978, with an introduction by the British poet Ted Hughes.

On 29 May 1972 Vasko Popa founded The Literary Municipality Vršac and originated a library of postcards, called Slobodno lišće (Free Leaves). In the same year, he was elected to become a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Vasko Popa was one of the founders of Vojvodina Academy of Sciences and Arts, established on 14 December 1979 in Novi Sad. He is the first laureate of the Branko's award (Brankova nagrada) for poetry, established in honour of the poet Branko Radičević. In the year 1957 Popa received another award for poetry, Zmaj's Award (Zmajeva nagrada), which honours the poet Jovan Jovanović Zmaj. In 1965 Popa received the Austrian state award for European literature. In 1976, he received the Branko Miljković poetry award, in 1978 the Yugoslav state Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia Award, and in 1983 the literary award Skender Kulenović.

Vasko Popa died on 5 January 1991 in Belgrade and is buried in the Aisle of the Deserving Citizens in Belgrade's New Cemetery.

He was a good friend with French poet Alain Bosquet.

Popa was married to Jovanka "Hasha" Singer from his post-war move to Belgrade in the 1940s until the end of his life. In 2001, a year after her death, Hasha’s ashes were interred alongside Vasko’s remains.

Style
Vasko Popa wrote in a succinct modernist style that owed much to surrealism and Serbian folk traditions (via the influence of Serbian poet Momčilo Nastasijević) and absolutely nothing to the Socialist Realism that dominated Eastern European literature after World War II. He created a unique poetic language, mostly elliptical, that combines a modern form, often expressed through colloquial speech and common idioms and phrases, with old, oral folk traditions of Serbia – epic and lyric poems, stories, myths, riddles, etc. In his work, earthly and legendary motifs mix, myths come to surface from the collective subconscious, the inheritance and everyday are in constant interplay, and the abstract is reflected in the specific and concrete, forming a unique and extraordinary poetic dialectics.

In The New York Times obituary, the author mentions that the English poet Ted Hughes lauded Popa as an "epic poet" with a "vast vision". Hughes states in his introduction to Vasko Popa: Collected Poems 1943-1976, translated by Anne Pennington, "As Popa penetrates deeper into his life, with book after book, it begins to look like a universe passing through a universe. It is one of the most exciting things in modern poetry, to watch this journey being made."

Mexican poet and Nobel laureate Octavio Paz said, "Poets have the gift to speak for others, Vasko Popa had the very rare quality of hearing the others."

Popa's Collected Poems translation by Anne Pennington with its introduction by Hughes is part of "The Persea Series of Poetry in Translation," general editor Daniel Weissbort. Premiere literary critic John Bayley of Oxford University reviewed the book in The New York Review of Books and wrote that Popa was "one of the best European poets writing today."

Since his first book of verse, Kora (Bark), Vasko Popa has gained steadily in stature and popularity. His poetic achievement – eight volumes of verse written over a period of 38 years – has received extensive critical acclaim both in his native land and beyond. He is one of the most translated Serbian poets and at the time he had become one of the most influential World poets.

Legacy
In 1964, composer Darinka Simic-Mitrovic used Vasko Popa's text for her song cycle Vrati Mi Moje Krpice.

In 1995, the town of Vršac established a poetry award named after Vasko Popa. It was awarded annually for the best book of poetry published in Serbian. The award ceremony is held on the day of Popa's birthday, 29 June.

Poetical oeuvre

 * Kora (Bark), 1953
 * Nepočin polje (No-rest Field),1965
 * Sporedno nebo (Secondary Heaven), 1968
 * Uspravna zemlja (Earth Erect) 1972
 * Vučja so (Wolf's Salt), 1975
 * Kuća nasred druma (Home in the Middle of the Road), 1975
 * Živo meso (Raw Meat), 1975
 * Rez (The Cut), 1981
 * Gvozdeni sad (Iron Plantage), unfinished

Collections oeuvre

 * Od zlata jabuka (Apple of Gold), a collection of folk poems, tales, proverbs, riddles, and curses selected from the vast body of Yugoslav folk literature, 1958
 * Urnebesnik: Zbornik pesničkog humora (Pealing Man: Collection of poetic Humour), a selection of Serbian wit and humor, 1960
 * Ponoćno Sunce (Midnight Sun), a collection of poetic dream visions, 1962

Major literary works available in English

 * Vasko Popa (NYRB Poets), selected and translated by Charles Simic (NYRB, 2019), ISBN 978-1681373362
 * Complete Poems., ed. Francis R. Jones, co-tr. Anne Pennington, introduction Ted Hughes. Anvil, 2011.
 * The Star Wizard's Legacy: Six Poetic Sequences, trans. Morton Marcus (White Pine Press, 2010), ISBN 978-1-935210-11-5
 * Collected Poems, Anvil Press Poetry, 1998
 * Homage to the Lame Wolf: Selected Poems, trans. Charles Simic (Oberlin College Press, 1987), ISBN 0-932440-22-3
 * Golden Apple, Anvil P Poetry, 1980
 * Vasko Popa: Collected Poems 1943-1976, trans. Anne Pennington (Persea Books of New York, 1978)
 * Earth Erect, Anvil P Poetry, 1973

title: Vasko Popa


text:
PHX (disambiguation)

PHX is the IATA code for, and most often refers to, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. It may also refer to:
 * Phoenix, Arizona, where PHX is located
 * Phoenix Suns, the city's National Basketball Association team

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: PHX (disambiguation)


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Mostaganem

Mostaganem (مستغانم) is a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province, in the northwest of Algeria. The city, founded in the 11th century lies on the Gulf of Arzew, Mediterranean Sea and is 72 km ENE of Oran. It is considered as the second-largest city in the country's northwest, after Oran, and as Algeria's fourth-largest port city with its 457,986 inhabitants as of the 2018 census.

The city was founded in the 11th century as Murustage but has origins going back to Punic and Roman times. In 1516, it was captured by the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa and became a centre for Mediterranean sea corsairs, as well as a commercial port. By 1700, it had come under Ottoman rule. In 1833, the city was taken by France and a garrison established. Algeria became independent in 1962.

History
Mostaganem corresponds to the ancient Punic port of Murustaga. After becoming part of the Roman Empire, it was, according to some sources, officially renamed Cartennae under the emperor Gallienus (253–268). However, according to more weighty sources, Cartennae (or Cartenna or Cartennas) corresponds instead to modern Ténès, 50 km to the east. In any case, Murustaga is the name by which the town was known when it became a Christian bishopric, and by which it is referred to in the Catholic Church's list of episcopal sees. It also underlies the modern name of Mostaganem.

The town was ruled by the Zirid dynasty between 973–1146. Then, it was conquered by the Almoravid dynasty, and reached its high point of power under Yusuf ibn Tashfin (c. 1061–1106). Mostaganem was later ruled by the Zayyanid dynasty of Tlemcen and it was conquered again by the Marinid dynasty of Fes. After that the Zayyanid dynasty took control of the city again. In the 16th century, the town resisted a Spanish invasion and came under the power of the Ottoman Hayreddin Barbarossa.

Climate
Mostaganem has a mild Mediterranean climates (Köppen climate classification Csa). In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Mostaganem is 17.9 °C. About 347 mm of precipitation falls annually.

Present situation
The city is divided in two by a ravine of the river Aïn Sefra, with the modern town to southwest, and the old Muslim city, Tidgit, to the northeast.

In 2010 a tunnel under the city and towards the city centre is expected to change traffic flow significantly. Also, new buildings, some modern and some in colonial style, are being added to this growing city. The new autoroute from the capital Algiers towards Oran will make it easier also to access Mostaganem by road from the capital, as Mostaganem has no public airport. The road connecting Oran (around 80 km from Mostaganem to the west) will remain the same, a crowded 2 lane in each direction highway.

The port of Mostaganem is being used for unloading of all sorts of cargo, ranging from provisions to cars and pipelines. As in most ports of Algeria, it is not allowed to sailors to exit the port and visit the city. The port is being shared by large transport vessels and fishing boats alike. A new, smaller port for fishing boats has been constructed, but is currently not used.

Notable people
Mostaganem has given birth to illustrious figures such as playwright Ould Abderrahmane Abdelkader AKA Kaki, cinema director Mohamed Chouikh, historians such as Moulay Belhamissi, and lyricists such as Kadda Medjeded. A major centre of popular and amateur theater, it is home to important specialists of Andalusian classical music (Moulay Benkrizi), Chaabi (Maazouz Bouadjadj, Habib Bettahar), masters of traditional Bedouin music (Sheikh Hamada, Sheikh Djilali Ain Tedeles) and poets such as Sheikh Abdelkader Bentobdji and Sidi Lakhdar Benkhelouf who are authors of well-known qasida of Malhun poetry bequeathed as much to the Chaabi legacy as to Bedouins such as Emir `Abd al-Qādir al-Jazā'irī. Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi was originally from near Mostaganem.

Furthermore, one of the most notable religious figures of the 20th century was also born and later buried in Mostaganem, the Great Sufi Master, Ahmad al-Alawi, who played a major role in spreading the Shadhili Darqawi tariqa (spiritual order) across the globe, such that this order is now considered one of the world's largest and most influential Sufi paths. Many modern Muslims consider al-Alawi to be one of the "revivers" of Islam in the 20th century due to his role in spreading the religion, and even influencing the West, including opening the first mosque in Paris. Al-Alawi's tomb is now a popular visitation sight in Mostaganem.

 * Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, French general, was born in Mostaganem in 1856.
 * Alain-Julien Rudefoucauld, French writer and playwright was born in Mostaganem in 1950.
 * Ishak Belfodil, (born 12 January 1992) is an Algerian professional football player

title: Mostaganem


text:
Modern Swedish

Modern Swedish (nysvenska) is the linguistic term used for the Swedish language from the Bible translation of 1526 to the development of a common national language around 1880. The period can further be divided into Early Modern Swedish (1526–1750) and Late Modern Swedish (1750–1880).

Bible
Early Modern Swedish was established in 1526 with a complete Swedish translation of the Bible. The translation followed the spoken word rather closely, as opposed to the more Latin-inspired way of writing commonly used in the Middle Ages.

The Vasa Bible is considered to be a reasonable compromise between old and new; while not adhering to the spoken language of its day it was not overly conservative in its use of old forms. Though it was not completely consistent in spelling, particularly when it came to vowels, it was a major step towards a more consistent Swedish orthography. It established the use of the letters "ä" and "ö" in place of the older "æ" and "ø" and introduced the completely new "å" in place of "o" in many words. It also introduced conventions such as using ck instead of kk in words like tacka; "thank". The ongoing rivalry with Denmark can be argued to have some influence on the new translation, with infinitive suffixes like -a being favored over the -e more typical of Danish. While the influence of individual translators should not be exaggerated, the fact that all three came from provinces in central Sweden (Andreæ was from Västmanland and the Petri brothers were from Närke) is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible as well as the fact that the royal printing house was situated in Stockholm. Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards, spelling actually became more inconsistent in the following century. It was not until the end of the 17th century that the issue started being discussed, around the time when the first grammars were written. Some important changes in sound during the Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into and the softening of /g/ and /k/ into /ʝ/ and  before frontal vowels.

The 16th century was further marked by inconsistencies in the Swedish language throughout the country. Some regions did not adhere to the standards the Bible used and continued to use their old way of writing. Books printed in Swedish were scarce. Most were theological texts intended to spread the Lutheran doctrines through Sweden.

Also of importance were the national hymnals. A first draft was created in the 1530s. These set the mark for young people as they sang the hymns in Church.

17th century
In the 17th century there were attempts to establish Swedish as a genuine language. An early linguist and author was Georg Stiernhielm, who is today almost universally labelled "Father of Swedish Poetry". He was the first to introduce the hexameter into the Swedish language with his epic Hercules in 1658. The hexameter is used in the Latin language and is sometimes considered unsuitable for Germanic languages because of the differences in prosody. However, it had been adapted to German and English more than a century earlier with the alternating long and short syllables of Latin being replaced with stressed and unstressed syllables of the Germanic languages. The hexameter would later be used by many other Swedish poets.

Stiernhielm was a learned man, and has been labelled the most knowledgeable man in Sweden of his time. He was probably the first to be so fascinated by the Norse languages, and spent much labor tracing the similarities between Icelandic and old Swedish. Realizing the common inheritance they shared, he traced their origin from ancient times, descending them from a Biblical tribe.

Late Modern Swedish
Late Modern Swedish is considered to have begun in 1732 when Olof von Dalin published the weekly publication "The Swedish Argus" in Stockholm. It dealt with current events in Sweden, mainly Stockholm with its population of 50,000, in a publicly appealing way. Often it used irony and satire to portray royalty and other notable people.

This popular style characterizes the entire period. Bellman was a Stockholm poet of the late 18th century whose poetry represented the drinking habits of the time.

Around the 18th Century, French also gained status and became an important source of loanwords, particularly among the upper classes.

In 1825 a professor of Lund University and later Bishop of Växjö, Esaias Tegnér, published Fritiof's Saga, a Viking epic directed to a general audience. It gained great popularity and was later set to music and sung in the homes of the Swedish middle class. It was reprinted several times in the 19th century, up until the 1880s when the newer realistic poetry set the mark with names such as Strindberg.

title: Modern Swedish


text:
Talk:Crossbuck

St. Andrew's Cross
The contribution by 213.236.117.2 of a St. Andrew's Cross is welcome. The next step is to get a pic of the real white on red thing.

Tabletop 11:17, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

who developed or conceptualized it?
The crossbuck that say Railroad one way, and Crossing the other way...who developed that particular version? Kingturtle (talk) 19:41, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Crossbuck. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070927114624/http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ppts/training/2003changes/MUTCD03_Part_8and10.ppt to http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ppts/training/2003changes/MUTCD03_Part_8and10.ppt

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:05, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Add vertical variants of Sweden
I'd like if a vertical variant of the Swedish crossbuck was added to the crossbuck gallery. G13178m (talk) 22:41, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Function or Layout?
If the article is about the layout, it's almost fine. If it's about level crossings without barriers, a quite different one is missing for France: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panneau_de_signalisation_de_passage_%C3%A0_niveau_sans_barri%C3%A8re_en_France#/media/Fichier:France_road_sign_A8.svg, see https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panneau_de_signalisation_de_passage_%C3%A0_niveau_sans_barri%C3%A8re_en_France. However, G1 signs could be added to the page: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panneau_de_signalisation_routi%C3%A8re_d%27un_passage_%C3%A0_niveau_en_France --OuiQui (talk) 20:56, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

Rules for crossing?
A section that explains how drivers have to behave when seeing this sign would be nice. Nakonana (talk) 20:21, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crossbuck


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Old Swedish

Old Swedish (Modern Swedish: fornsvenska) is the name for two distinct stages of the Swedish language that were spoken in the Middle Ages: Early Old Swedish (Klassisk fornsvenska), spoken from about 1225 until about 1375, and Late Old Swedish (Yngre fornsvenska), spoken from about 1375 until about 1526.

Old Swedish developed from Old East Norse, the eastern dialect of Old Norse. The earliest forms of the Swedish and Danish languages, spoken between the years 800 and 1100, were dialects of Old East Norse and are referred to as Runic Swedish and Runic Danish because at the time all texts were written in the runic alphabet. The differences were only minute, however, and the dialects truly began to diverge around the 12th century, becoming Old Swedish and Old Danish in the 13th century. It is not known when exactly Elfdalian began to diverge from Swedish.

Early Old Swedish was markedly different from modern Swedish in that it had a more complex case structure and had not yet experienced a reduction of the gender system and thus had three genders. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases: nominative, genitive, dative and accusative.

Early Old Swedish

The writing of the Westrogothic law marked the beginning of Early Old Swedish (klassisk fornsvenska or äldre fornsvenska; 1225–1375), which had developed from Old East Norse. It was the first Swedish language document written in the Latin alphabet, and its oldest fragments have been dated to around the year 1225.

Old Swedish was relatively stable during this period. The phonological and grammatical systems inherited from Old Norse were relatively well preserved and did not experience any major changes.

Most of the texts from the Early Old Swedish period were written in Latin, as it was the language of knowledge and the Church. However, Old Swedish was used as a literary language as well, and laws especially were written in it; of the 28 surviving manuscripts from this period, 24 contain law texts. Much of the knowledge of Old Swedish comes from these law texts. In addition to laws, some religious and poetic texts were also written in Old Swedish.

Loanwords
The Catholic Church and its various monastic orders introduced many new Greek and Latin loanwords into Old Swedish. Latin especially had an influence on the written language.

The Middle Low German language also influenced Old Swedish due to the economic and political power of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries. Accordingly, loanwords relating to warfare, trade, crafts and bureaucracy entered the Swedish language directly from Low German, along with some grammatical suffixes and conjunctions. The prefixes be-, ge- and för- that can be found in the beginning of modern Swedish words came from the Low German be-, ge- and vor-. Some words were replaced with new ones: the native word for window, vindøgha, was replaced with fönster, eldhus (kitchen) was replaced with kök and gælda (to pay) with betala. Some of these words still exist in Modern Swedish but are often considered archaic or dialectal; one example is the word vindöga (window). Many words related to seafaring were borrowed from Dutch.

The influence of Low German was so strong that the inflectional system of Old Swedish was largely broken down.

Late Old Swedish
In contrast to the stable Early Old Swedish, Late Old Swedish (yngre fornsvenska; 1375–1526) experienced many changes, including a simplification of the grammatical system and a vowel shift, so that in the 16th century the language resembled modern Swedish more than before. The printing of the New Testament in Swedish in 1526 marked the starting point for modern Swedish.

In this period Old Swedish had taken in a large amount of new vocabulary primarily from Latin, Low German and Dutch. When the country became part of the Kalmar Union in 1397, many Danish scribes brought Danicisms into the written language.

Orthography
Old Swedish used some letters that are no longer found in modern Swedish: $\langleæ\rangle$ and $\langleø\rangle$ were used for modern $\langleä\rangle$ and $\langleö\rangle$ respectively, and $\langleþ\rangle$ could stand for both (th as in that) and  (th as in thing). In the latter part of the 14th century $\langleþ\rangle$ was replaced with $\langleth\rangle$ and $\langledh\rangle$.

The grapheme $\langlei\rangle$ could stand for both the phonemes and  (e.g. siæl (soul), själ in modern Swedish). The graphemes $\langleu\rangle$, $\langlev\rangle$, and $\langlew\rangle$ were used interchangeably with the phonemes and  (e.g. vtan (without), utan in modern Swedish), and $\langlew\rangle$ could also sometimes stand for the consonant-vowel combinations  and : dwa (duva or dove).

Certain abbreviations were used in writing, such as mꝫ for meþ (modern med, with). The letter combinations $\langleaa\rangle$, $\langleae\rangle$ and $\langleoe\rangle$ were often written so that one of the letters stood above the other as a smaller letter, $\langleaͣ\rangle$, $\langleaͤ\rangle$ and $\langleoͤ\rangle$, which led to the development of the modern letters $\langleå\rangle$, $\langleä\rangle$, and $\langleö\rangle$.

Phonology
The root syllable length in Old Swedish could be short, long or overlong. During the Late Old Swedish period the short root syllables were lengthened and the overlong root syllables  were shortened, so modern Swedish only has the combinations  and. Unlike in modern Swedish, a short vowel in Old Swedish did not entail a long consonant.

There were eight vowels in Early Old Swedish:. A vowel shift (stora vokaldansen) occurred during the Late Old Swedish period, which had the following effects:

The consonant sounds were largely the same as in modern Swedish, with the notable exceptions of and, which do not exist in modern Swedish (although the former is preserved in Elfdalian and to some extent also the latter). The Modern Swedish tje-sound ([ɕ]) and sje-sound ([ɧ]) were probably and, respectively, similar to their values in modern Finland Swedish. A similar change can be seen from Old Spanish and  to Modern Spanish  and.
 * became (hūs  > hus, house)
 * became (bōk  > bok, book)
 * became (blā  > blå, blue)

The Proto-Germanic phoneme was preserved in initial sounds in Old Swedish (w-) and did survive in rural Swedish dialects in the provinces of Skåne, Halland, Västergötland and south of Bohuslän into the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. It is still preserved in the Dalecarlian dialects in the province of Dalarna, Sweden. The -phoneme did also occur after consonants (kw-, tw- etc.) in Old Swedish and did so into modern times in said dialects, as well as in the Westro- and North Bothnian tongues in northern Sweden.

In Early Old Swedish
The most defining difference between Old Swedish and modern Swedish was the more complex grammatical system of the former. In Old Swedish nouns, adjectives, pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases (nominative, genitive, dative and accusative), whereas modern standard Swedish has reduced the case system to a common form and a genitive (some dialects retain distinct dative forms). There were also three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), still retained in many dialects today, but now reduced to two in the standard language, where the masculine and feminine have merged. These features of Old Swedish are still found in modern Icelandic and Faroese; the noun declensions are almost identical.

Noun declensions fell under two categories: weak and strong. The weak masculine, feminine and neuter nouns had their own declensions and at least three groups of strong masculine nouns, three groups of strong feminine nouns and one group of strong neuter nouns can be identified. Below is an overview of the noun declension system:

The noun declension system

 * Vowel stems (strong declension)
 * a-stems
 * a-stems
 * ja-stems
 * ia-stems
 * ō-stems
 * ō-stems
 * jō-stems
 * iō-stems
 * i-stems
 * u-stems
 * Consonant n-stems (weak declension)
 * n-stems
 * an-stems
 * ōn, ūn-stems
 * īn-stems
 * Consonant stems
 * monosyllabic stems
 * r-stems
 * nd-stems

Some noun paradigms of the words fisker (fish), sun (son), siang (bed), skip (ship), biti (bit) and vika (week):

In Late Old Swedish
By the year 1500 the number of cases in Old Swedish had been reduced from four (nominative, genitive, dative and accusative) to two (nominative and genitive). The dative case, however, lived on in a few dialects well into the 20th century.

Other major changes include the loss of a separate inflectional system for masculine and feminine nouns, pronouns and adjectives in the course of the 15th century, leaving only two genders in the standard Swedish language, although three genders are still common in many of the dialects. The old dative forms of the personal pronouns became the object forms (honom, henne, dem; him, her, them) and -s became more common as the ending for the genitive singular.

Adjectives
Adjectives and certain numerals were inflected according to the gender and case the noun they modified was in. Below is a table of the inflection of weak adjectives.

Verbs
Verbs in Old Swedish were conjugated according to person and number. There were four weak verb conjugations and six groups of strong verbs. The difference between weak and strong verbs is in the way the past tense (preterite) is formed: strong verbs form it with a vowel shift in the root of the verb, while weak verbs form it with a dental suffix (þ, d or t).

Strong verbs
The verbs in the table below are bīta (bite), biūþa (offer), wærþa (become), stiæla (steal), mæta (measure) and fara (go).

Weak verbs
Weak verbs are grouped into four classes:
 * First conjugation: verbs ending in -a(r), -ā(r) in the present tense. Most verbs belong to this class.
 * Second conjugation: verbs ending in -e(r), -æ(r) in the present tense.
 * Third conjugation: verbs ending in -i(r), -ø(r) in the present tense.
 * Fourth conjugation: these verbs have a more or less irregular conjugation. About twenty verbs belong to this class.

Inside the conjugation classes the weak verbs are also categorised into further three classes:
 * I: those ending in -þe in the preterite
 * II: those ending in -de in the preterite
 * III: those ending in -te in the preterite

Syntax
Word order was less restricted in Old Swedish than modern Swedish due to complex verbal morphology. Both referential and nonreferential subjects could be left out as verbal structures already conveyed the necessary information, in much the same way as in languages such as Spanish and Latin.

In nominal phrases the genitive attribute could stand both before and after the word it modified, i.e. one could say his house or house his. The same was true for pronouns and adjectives (that house or house that; green pasture or pasture green). During the Late Old Swedish period the usage of the genitive attribute became increasingly more restricted, and it nearly always came to be placed before the word it modified, so in modern Swedish one would usually only say hans hus (his house), or in some dialects or manners of emphasis, huset hans, but almost never hus hans. However, this too has lived on in some dialects, like in Västgötska, where the use of mor din (mother yours) has been common.

Personal pronouns
Below is a table of the Old Swedish personal pronouns:

Numerals
The Old Swedish cardinal numbers are as follows. Numbers from one to four decline in the nominative, genitive, dative and accusative cases and in all three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter); here the nominative forms are given. Numbers above four are indeclinable.

The higher numbers are as follows. The numbers 21–29, 31–39, and so on are formed in the following way: ēn (twēr, þrīr, etc.) ok tiughu, ēn ok þrǣtighi, etc.

Västgötalagen
This is an extract from the Westrogothic law (Västgötalagen), which is the oldest continuous text written in the Swedish language, and was compiled during the early 13th century. The text marks the beginning of Old Swedish.

 * Dræpær maþar svænskan man eller smalenskæn, innan konongsrikis man, eigh væstgøskan, bøte firi atta ørtogher ok þrettan markær ok ænga ætar bot. [...] Dræpar maþær danskan man allæ noræn man, bøte niv markum. Dræpær maþær vtlænskan man, eigh ma frid flyia or landi sinu oc j æth hans. Dræpær maþær vtlænskæn prest, bøte sva mykit firi sum hærlænskan man. Præstær skal i bondalaghum væræ. Varþær suþærman dræpin ællær ænskær maþær, ta skal bøta firi marchum fiurum þem sakinæ søkir, ok tvar marchar konongi.

Modern Swedish:

 * Dräper man en svensk eller en smålänning, en man ifrån konungariket, men ej en västgöte, så bötar man tretton marker och åtta örtugar, men ingen mansbot. [...] Dräper man en dansk eller en norrman bötar man nio marker. Dräper man en utländsk man, skall man inte bannlysas utan förvisas till sin ätt. Dräper man en utländsk präst bötar man lika mycket som för en landsman. En präst räknas som en fri man. Om en sörlänning dräps eller en engelsman, skall han böta fyra marker till målsäganden och två marker till konungen.

English:

 * If someone slays a Swede or a Smålander, a man from the kingdom, but not a West Geat, he will pay eight örtugar and thirteen marks, but no wergild. [...] If someone slays a Dane or a Norwegian, he will pay nine marks. If someone slays a foreigner, he shall not be banished and have to flee to his clan. If someone slays a foreign priest, he will pay as much as for a fellow countryman. A priest counts as a free man. If a Southerner is slain or an Englishman, he shall pay four marks to the plaintiff and two marks to the king.

The Life of Saint Eric
This text about Eric IX (ca. 1120–1160)

 * Hǣr viliom wī medh Gudz nādhom sighia medh faam ordhom aff thø̄m hælgha Gudz martire Sancto Ĕrīco, som fordum war konungher ī Swērīke. Bādhe aff ǣt ok ædle han war swā fast aff konunga slækt som aff androm Swērīkis høfdingiom. Sidhan rīkit var v̄tan forman, ok han var kiǣr allom lanzins høfdingiom ok allom almōganom, thā valdo thē han til konungh medh allom almōghans gōdhwilia, ok sattis hedherlīca ā konungx stool vidh Upsala.

Translation:

 * Here we want to say with God's grace a few words about that holy God's martyr Saint Eric, who was earlier the King of Sweden. In both heritage and nobility he was fastly of royal extraction as other Swedish leaders. Since the realm was without a leader and he was beloved by all of the land's nobility and all of the common people, the commoners chose him as King with all of their good will, and sat him reverentially on the King's throne at Uppsala.

title: Old Swedish


text:
Talk:Butler–FitzGerald dispute

2006 posts
Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Also, as an origin for the phrase, this story sounds pretty apocryphal. Joestynes 11:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * And the point is? A dictionary defines words. This is about a historic incident that produced a term. So it belongs on wikipedia. As to the story, it is widely sourced. The term did not exist before the period where the historic incident happened. Its first appearance occured less than one year afterwards. So the timescale of the term's appearance matches exactly the incident that historians credit with the origins of the term. It is also accepted as a term that emerged in Hiberno-English. So the timescale matches. So does the location and language. Fear ÉIREANN  20:33, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * A dictionary also gives the etymologies of words, of which this is purportedly an example. If it describes a historic incident the title of the article should be something like Butler-Fitzgerald dispute (1492).  Since all the links are currently red, it is merely a tourist titbit devoid of any context.  If and when Garret Óg et al. have proper articles, it would be appropriate to move the "chancing one's arm" definition to Wiktionary and link to the relevant Wikipedia article as an etymology (perhaps meriting a parenthetic note from the article back to the term).
 * As regards the reliability of the stated theory of origin, WorldWideWords rejects it on the grounds that the term is not recorded before the Victorian period, and offers several alternative theories. If there is indeed evidence of usage from 1493 as you state, it's worth stating exactly what it is; I doubt I'm the only one who will be dubious of the existing article.  Joestynes 03:57, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Adding note on factual dispute for that same reason. 63.245.189.168

 * The story is sourced. By all means, add a note, sourced to WorldWideWords, that it is disputed there, but I don't think that that alone merits disfiguring the article. James James 05:57, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The story is not sourced in the article. I have offered contrary sources and moved it to a more appropriate name. If the historical dispute is so famous, please add more details and sources about its causes and other events leading up to the Hollywood resolution. Joestynes 00:45, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Butler–FitzGerald dispute


text:
El Oued

El Oued (اﻟﻮادي), Souf or Oued Souf is a city, and the capital of El Oued Province, in Algeria. The oasis town is watered by an underground river, hence its name is El Oued which enables date palm cultivation and the rare use (for the desert) of brick construction for housing. As most roofs are domed, it is known as the "City of a Thousand Domes".

El Oued is located 400 mi south east of Algiers (the capital city of Algeria), near the Tunisian border. The population of El Oued was 134,699 as of the 2008 census, up from 105,256 in 1998, with a population growth rate of 2.5%.

History

In the 11th century, the Fatimids sent Banu Hilal to the Tripolitania, Tunisia and Constantine areas to fight against the Zirids.

Culture
The inhabitants belong to Teroud tribe (Arabic: بنو طرود) living in and near Oued Souf area.

Climate
El Oued has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with very hot summers and mild winters. Rainfall is light and sporadic, and summers are particularly dry.

Transportation
The N16 highway connects El Oued to Touggourt to the southwest and Tebessa to the northeast. The N48 connects El Oued to the town of Still to the north, from which the N3 may be used to reach Biskra.

El Oued lies about 20 km south of Guemar Airport.

Education
7.4% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 17.5% has completed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 86.1% (second highest in the province), and is 91.2% among males (second highest in the province) and 80.6% among females (equal highest in the province).

Localities
The commune of El Oued is composed of six localities:

 * El Oued
 * Mahda
 * Legtouta
 * Keraïma
 * Oum Sahaouine
 * Mih Bahi Sud

title: El Oued


text:
Aha Shake Heartbreak

Aha Shake Heartbreak is the second studio album by American rock band Kings of Leon. It was first released in Europe on November 1, 2004, then in the United States on February 22, 2005, with alternate cover artwork. It is the only album by Kings of Leon to have a Parental Advisory label, because of profanity in "Taper Jean Girl," "Rememo," "Soft" and "Four Kicks." The U.S. album cover is reminiscent of Queen's A Night at the Opera.

"The Bucket", "Four Kicks" and "King of the Rodeo" were released as singles in the UK.

Recording
Like its predecessor, Aha Shake Heartbreak was recorded with producer Ethan Johns at his Three Crows Studio in Los Angeles using The Beatles' old Abbey Road mixing desk.

Title and artwork
The title of the album comes from the third track, "Taper Jean Girl."

There were two different covers for the album: the original UK/Ireland version of the album featured a white orchid on a black background, whereas the later U.S. version featured a different kind of orchid on a white background. The releases of the album with a white orchid on the cover contain bonus track "Where Nobody Knows." On compact disc, both versions of the artwork include a picture of the band as children hidden underneath the plastic tray that holds the disc.

Reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 74, based on 31 reviews, which indicates it received "generally favorable reviews". Rolling Stone listed it as the 39th best album of its decade, and it was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

The band's popularity spiked in Australia during the weeks of September 22 and 29, 2008, when all four of their studio albums were in the top 50 on the charts. At that point, Aha Shake Heartbreak reached at its highest position yet, number 25, and attained Platinum sales. It was certified 2× Platinum in Australia on January 12, 2009.

The album has sold more than 910,000 copies worldwide.

Track listing
All songs written by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Nathan Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill) unless otherwise noted.

 * "Slow Night, So Long" contains an unlisted hidden track, titled "Too Good to Tango" (1:14), within the track's total run time.

Singles

 * "The Bucket"
 * Released: October 25, 2004
 * Chart positions:
 * 1) 16 (UK Singles Chart)
 * 2) 23 (US Modern Rock)
 * 3) 32 (Irish Singles Chart)
 * "Four Kicks"
 * Released: January 10, 2005
 * Chart positions:
 * 1) 24 (UK Singles Chart)
 * 2) 28 (Irish Singles Chart)
 * "King of the Rodeo"
 * Released: April 11, 2005
 * Chart positions: #41 (UK Singles Chart)

Personnel
Kings of Leon
 * Caleb Followill – vocals, rhythm guitar (credited as "pipes")
 * Nathan Followill – drums (credited as "skins")
 * Jared Followill – bass (credited as "slaps")
 * Matthew Followill – lead guitar (credited as "licks")
 * Ethan Johns – piano ("Slow Night, So Long"), keyboards ("Milk")

title: Aha Shake Heartbreak


text:
Stac Pollaidh

Stac Pollaidh is a mountain in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. The peak displays a rocky crest of Torridonian sandstone, with many pinnacles and steep gullies. The ridge was exposed to weathering as a nunatak above the ice sheet during the last Ice Age, while the ice flow carved and scoured the smooth sides of the mountain.

The modern Gaelic name is a recent invention. The peak is named on the first edition Ordnance Survey maps simply as "An Stac" (the pinnacle) and on later maps as "Stac Polly". The "Polly" element is of Norse origin, derived from "Pollå" meaning "pool river". Due to its relatively low height of just over 2000 ft, fine views and ease of access from a road it has become a very popular peak to climb. It also provides some fine scrambling in the traverse of the summit ridge, including one bad step near the final summit. Consequentially it has suffered from a great deal of erosion, leading to Scottish Natural Heritage constructing a large path.

Ascent
Stac Pollaidh can be climbed in less than three hours by any relatively fit person. From the car park on the shore of Loch Lurgainn the path leads directly up, under the spires of the crest. About 200 m from the road the path splits; one may choose either since both meet up on the far side of the hill, from where it is only a short distance to the summit ridge. Once on the ridge the true summit lies about 300 m to the west. However to reach it one must scramble over several rocky pinnacles, and a good head for heights is required. The sandstone pinnacles are impressive and are rated in Scotland as second only to the ones on Quiraing on the Isle of Skye. They carry names such as "The Sphinx", "Tam o' Shanter", "Andy Capp" and "Madonna and Child"; a particularly fine example known as the "Lobster's Claw" partly collapsed several years ago due to natural erosion. The lower, eastern, peak can be reached without any difficulty. From any point on the crest there are excellent views of the wide expanse of the Inverpolly Forest, and of neighbouring peaks such as Suilven. The views of the Minch are breathtaking. Returning via the other path allows for a circular walk of about 3 km.

In popular culture
Stac Pollaidh and Suilven star in an episode of Disney+ Star Wars show Ahsoka.

title: Stac Pollaidh


text:
El Wad

El Wad is an Epipalaeolithic archaeological site in Mount Carmel, Israel. The site has two components: El Wad Cave, also known as Mugharat el-Wad or HaNahal Cave (מערת הנחל); and El Wad Terrace, located immediately outside the cave.

Together with the nearby sites of Tabun Cave, Jamal Cave, and Es-Skhul Cave, El Wad is part of the Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve, a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Background and research history
El Wad is one of a number of significant prehistoric archaeological sites in the caves of Wadi el-Mughara in Mount Carmel, now protected as the national nature reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site. However in the 1920s, very little was known of the prehistory of the region, and the sites were threatened by quarrying for the construction of the Port of Haifa. In 1928, British archaeologist Charles Lambert conducted a trial excavation at El Wad on behalf of the Department of Antiquities of Mandatory Palestine to assess the area's archaeological value. Lambert's findings, especially the "sensational" discovery of a bone handle carved in the shape of an animal, "the first prehistoric work of art recorded from the Near East", established the scientific importance of the caves and prevented them being destroyed in the quarrying.

The following year, the Department of Antiquities asked Dorothy Garrod to suspend her excavations at Shuqba cave to deal with the "urgent matter" of investigating the el-Mughara caves. Garrod directed large-scale excavations at El Wad for the next six years. She quickly recognised similarities between the stone tools found at El Wad and her previous excavations at Shuqba cave, naming the newly discovered industry the Natufian, after Wadi en-Natuf near Shuqba, and tentatively linking it to the European Mesolithic, based on the fact that both used microlithic technology. Garrod began her excavations with Lambert's soundings and extended them cover most of the interior of the cave and exterior terrace.

In 1980–1981, François Valla and Ofer Bar-Yosef conducted brief excavations on the terrace to re-examine Garrod's stratigraphy. In 1988–1989, Mina Weinstein-Evron excavated a small area at the back of the cave that had not been removed by Garrod. Large-scale excavations of the terrace resumed in 1994, directed by Weinstein-Evron, Daniel Kaufman, and Reuven Yeshurun of the Zinman Institute of Archaeology, and are ongoing.

title: El Wad


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-11/DVD releases

The right side of this page does not look good in my Firefox browser (Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.6) Gecko/20050317 Firefox/1.0.2). Parts are invisible/unreadable/overlapping. Nroose 11:23, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm, it looks OK to me in both IE and Netscape (haven't got a computer with firefox on handy at the moment), is your problem common to all Signpost pages or just this one? Worldtraveller 11:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Phils

Phils
final (14/2/4) ending 11:24 21 April 2005 (UTC) I'd like to become an admnistrator. I've been here since October 2004, and I feel that if adminship really is 'no big deal', I'm ready to take up this position of responsibility. I understand my edit count is rather low for many people's taste, but I would like these people to look at my contributions without bias before voting. For those who consider it a requirement for adminship, I have virtually written all of the feature article Link (Legend of Zelda). Phils 11:24, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 14:07, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) This should be no big deal. JuntungWu 14:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) To elaborate further on my support: I am happy to assume good faith. JuntungWu 16:31, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Conditional support - the condition being that Phils learns how to spell "responsibility" :) Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 07:25, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The spelling error is an artifact from French, one of my native languages. :D Phils 09:15, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ah - a polyglot too! Even more reason to support! Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]]
 * 1) Support. I'll add to the virtues already described that Phils is a useful and helpful FAC voter, and that s/he gets my extra selfnom points. Edit summaries are important, though, I hope s/he gets into a 100% habit of them real soon.--Bishonen | talk 01:17, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support Howabout1 02:22, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support == 07:03, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) A bit borderline for me, but constant activity since October, good interaction in Wikipedia namespace and an overall good breadth of contributions to various areas. Nobody's yelling at him on his talk page (though it is a bit thin) and he's not afraid to point out when he was wrong (question 3 below).  CryptoDerk 14:59, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. I've not personally interacted with Phils before, but looking at his contributions, he seems impressively dedicated and quite capable. – Seancdaug 17:53, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) I can see no reason why not. The user seems friendly, getting on experienced, and, crucially, prepared to admit where he is wrong. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 19:17, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Sure. ugen 64 20:33, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Good user. I don't consider the "no edit summary in the past" to be a problem. As Oleg Alexandrov said, he's done a good job with it lately. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  21:24, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Sure, why not?   [ +t, +c ] 06:03, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. Less than 2000 edits is a bit on the thin side, but plenty of activity on the Wikipedia namespace, and good work otherwise compensate nicely. Sjakkalle 09:31, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Why not? Slac speak up!  13:15, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) Mild oppose. All edits should have edit summary, especially those on generic topics. I would also welcome more contributions outside games, as the admins could get involved in anything. Pavel Vozenilek 17:59, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your comments. The one about the edit summary I will keep in mind. I've been trying to use it more of late, but it still hasn't become an automatism yet Phils 09:19, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) oppose for the meantime. with so few edits, i don't feel i can get a real grasp of Phils' style and personalit.y Kingturtle 03:02, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) I don't consider a thousand edits to be a low count at all, even for those who think such is important. (I only post counts to specific namespaces because people are going to be looking at the total with Kate's tool anyway.)  I don't vote support or oppose on users who I haven't had prior interactions with, though. —Korath (Talk) 12:21, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Phils edits and interactions seem great, but < 1500 edits is just really hard to go on. I also kind of agree with Pavel's comment that the user's edits seem limited to topics on video games, FAC, and VFD aside.  I don't know if that's necessarily a bad thing, but combined with the low number of edits, I feel like it would be beneficial to see a few more months of this user's activity on a wider scope of topics.  Keep up the good work though. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:26, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) An edit count of (as of this writing) 1167 that is primary limited to video games, FAC, and VFD is not a good sample to judge how Phils effectively interacts with the community as a whole. Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:36, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Edit summaries are indeed important, and Phils has been doing at very good job at that recently (this to address Pavel Vozenilek's concerns). But, a higher edit count would be desirable. Oleg Alexandrov 18:54, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Phils currently has 1101 total edits: 621/42 to articles/talk, 314/18 to Wikipedia/talk, 25/40 to User/talk, 23 to Image, 13 to Template, and 5 to Category. —Korath (Talk) 12:21, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Closing words. I probably won't be able to check this page or edit before the voting period ends, so I thought I'd write a few words. Whatever the outcome of this nomination will be, I'd like to thank all those who've taken the time to look at my contributions and make all those encouraging comments. Two important things I've learned during this RfA period: 1) edit summaries are important 2) edit count does matter (1000+ is fine by my standards, but I can very well understand why other people don't feel comfortable endorsing a nominee with only ~1100 edits, especially given the average edit at promotion to admin is somewhat higher). I'll keep your suggestions (including diversifying my edits) in mind and, in case I'm not made admin, re-apply for adminship in a couple of months when I have a higher edit count. Thank you all. :D! Phils 20:22, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Votes for deletion, vandalism check, and I'm seriously considering taking more frequent and close looks at WP:TfD.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Link (Legend of Zelda). I feel I've done a good job considering most of our articles on video game characters are notably bad. Having Link on my watchlist also was the ultimate test for "do not bite anons/newcomers": I've often felt like reverting edits that I considered were not up to par with the rest of the article, but instead tried to keep all new information and integrate it smoothly.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I had one dispute with User:CoolCat . See the Starcraft section linked on my talk page for details; although both CoolCat and I were pretty sharp worded at times, I think the whole conflict was more of a misunderstanding. I also had a discussion on this talk page about sources. Now this discussion I do not feel so good about: I really came over as an hysteric paranoid. I clearly was wrong and way too much on the defensive. However, I also believe the other participants took my words (I disagree violently...) too literally.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Phils


text:
Albert Heilmann

Albert Heilmann (6 June 1886 Munich – 20 December 1949 Berlin-Wilmersdorf) was an architect and contractor who worked in Munich and Berlin.

From 1909 to 1929 he was junior boss of his father Jakob Heilmann's construction company, Heilmann & Littmann. Later he became chairman of the board of supervisors of this company, after it had been transformed into a corporation.

He constructed the Europahaus (House of Europe) in Berlin, in which the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development is currently located, in cooperation with the Berlin building tycoon Heinrich Mendelssohn.

Works

 * Heilmann, Albert (in German): Das Europa-Haus in Berlin : Ein neuzeitl. Grossbau ; Seine Entstehgsgeschichte vom ersten Spatenstich bis zur Vollendg (The Europa-Haus in Berlin. A modern large building. Its history of origin, from its ground-breaking ceremony to its completion) Berlin: Ascher 1931.

title: Albert Heilmann


text:
Bordj Bou Arréridj

Bordj Bou Arréridj (برج بوعريريج) is the capital city of Bordj Bou Arréridj Province, Algeria. According to the 2008 estimation, its population was 168,346. It is situated 148 miles by road east of Algiers, near the Hodna Massif in the southern Kabylie Mountains, at an elevation of 916 metres.

The economy is largely based upon agriculture and forestry, with some small-scale industries. Bordj Bou Arréridj is well-connected to other urban centres by road and rail. The cities of Sétif and Bouira are 70 km east and 115 km northwest, respectively. CA Bordj Bou Arréridj (CABBA) is a 1st Level Algerian professional football club based in town; its home grounds are 20 August 1955 Stadium in Mohamed Belouizdad.

{| class=wikitable
 * + Historical population

History

! Year !! Population 65,000 (municipality)
 * 1901 || 7,400
 * 1948 || 21,900
 * 1954 || 24,000
 * 1966 || 33,800
 * 1977 || 54,500 (town)
 * 1954 || 24,000
 * 1966 || 33,800
 * 1977 || 54,500 (town)
 * 1977 || 54,500 (town)
 * 1977 || 54,500 (town)
 * 1987 || 84,300
 * 1998 || 129,000
 * 2008 || 168,346
 * }
 * 2008 || 168,346
 * }
 * }

Economy
The city is considered highly innovative for presence of many high-tech. The city is home to a number of technology companies. The city is home to the headquarters of Condor Electronics.

Sports
Bordj Bou Arréridj has a team in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1: CA Bordj Bou Arréridj, founded in 1931. They also have two teams in the Algerian Basketball Championship: IRB Bordj Bou Arréridj and OS Bordj Bou Arréridj.

title: Bordj Bou Arréridj


text:
Talk:Termina

Terminian or Terminan?
Does anyone know which of these is the correct term when refering to the Hylian-like inhabitants of Termina? Ian Moody 11:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe both are allowed but I would personally go with -an. Some real-world examples: America/American, Armenia/Armenian. --Ntwhz 11:26, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * An inhabitant of Hyrule is a Hyrulian, and a Hylian is of the specific race with long ears, therefore it is more likely that the "humans" are "Terminan" and the inhabitants of Termina as a whole are "Terminian" Setokaiba 19:50, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Setokaiba is correct. A "Terminan" is a human character who resides in Termina while a "Terminian" is a character regardless of race who resides in Termina. However, it is apparently argued that the terms are opposite of what we are assuming. Unless a verifiable source can be provided within the article (which is in desperate need of clean-up), we can only play hit and miss. I'm going to make the changes now. 192.30.202.12 17:44, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it would logically be the other way around, actually, but since neither term is used in-game... -- WikidSmaht (talk) 01:53, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Stick with the real-world examples unless an official source comes to light. The English language holds very few exceptions to that rule (e.g. a resident of Argentina can either be an Argentine, Argentinean, or Argentinian), but most of them probably follow the other pattern (i.e. a resident of Canada is not a Canadan, but rather a Canadian, etc.). The name of the land is Termina, not Terminia, so it would logically follow (unless otherwise noted or distinguished) that the general name for the inhabitants of the area is Terminans.Cocoapropo 00:25, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

The literal translation of the spanish word termina means "end". So im going to replace that with the reference with "a play on the word terminate".

Bearingbreaker92 17:28, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

"Unusual" land
How is Termina an "unusual" land? Its topography is different from that of Hyrule, but it otherwise appears as a standard structure featured in the Zelda series. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)
 * Does a mountain with snow on it next to a warm ocean and a canyon not strike you as odd? It is completely different to Hyrule, which appears to have a temperate climate. No other land in a LoZ game has such extremes. Setokaiba?? 09:59, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * You're failing to recognize that the distances between are likely shrunk down to make the game playable. Not only that, the snow in Snowhead was actually unnatural (the Goron elder would be unfrozen and instantly refrozen if you left the screen). And even if it was natural (after all it is called Snowhead) most mountain-tops have snow on them. And yes Hyrule does have extremes as well if you don't account for the compression for gameplay (sahara type desert right next to a thick European forest?) Leoroc 23:59, 24 June 2006

(UTC)
 * I have to agree with the Snowhead region not being natural -or at least entirely natural-, because when you defeat Goht, it becomes "springtime" in the mountain region. Of course, as far as I can discern this does not actually change the seasons; it is already spring.  But the "Curse of Snowhead", if you will, is lifted and the snow melts, as evidence by some unmelted patches in the area.  This remains as such until you go back to the first day.  However, as you pointed out, most high mountians are snow-capped.  So perhaps the evilness abound caused an extended winter. Stovetopcookies 03:46, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Would it be safe to assume that Termina is a world of its own, and not part of a bigger world? If so, then it may be on a very small planet, perhaps even the size of Pluto (which is STILL a planet, by the way) and would experience greater seasonal/temperature variations.  If that is the case, Hyrule would be more earth-like, and the variation would be more gradual because of its size.Stovetopcookies 21:45, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

One must understand as well that the land of Termina was drastically changed by the power of the Skull Kid wearing Majora's Mask —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

Link essentially "crosses over" to reach Termina. It is simply another dimension parallel to Hyrule, nothing more. Let's not forget that other games (most notably Twilight Princess) have environments, even in Hyrule, that are extremes and are close together (though curse-caused they may be). And regardless of the "realism" of any world, would you disagree that Termina is unusual?Cocoapropo 03:50, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Termina
Is that a play-on-words of "Terminal" i.e. their situation is Terminal. . . --Zeldamaster3 19:29, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No, it's more from the Latin "terminare", "to end"... Even in Spanish Termina means some forms of the verb "to finish". It looks like a word play because English doesn't retain the "terminare" that much. --User:Revoish 19:45, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Underground
I find it excellent that ths area is included in the article. Perhaps it could be mentioned that topographically, this area extends to the north, beneath Snow Head perhaps. It also contains the gateway back to Hyrule. Of course, this would be borderlining speculation, and I want to avoid that. Intriguing as this area may be, especially since it is only accessible from one side and only seen in the beginning, the following can be determined:

1.) Entering Clock Tower northward, one must go down the stairs to the left, which wind counter-clockwise and let off facing north. The underground river that powers the waterwheel is therefore flowing east to west, which makes sense because it could be originating from the eastern mountains and letting out in the bay.

2.) The steel door at the far end (north) of the chamber can only be opened from behind. Conceivably, if this door were to be held open, the Terminians could escape through here and take refuge in the caverns to follow, or perhaps even find the gateway back to Hyrule and escape to there.

3.) The stone pillars in the cavern behind the steel door form an arrangement that turns westward. At the end of this chamber is a small tunner that turns leftward again, and so we are now facing south.

4.) After going south a couple of rooms, we arrive at the point where Link fell to in the beginning of the game. If you were somehow able to scale the wall, then conceivably you could pass through the portal and return to Hyrule.  There is no documentation -at least none that I have found- that suggest against the possibility of being able to cross over through the portal the other way.

Stovetopcookies 21:54, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps this Link never escaped Termina. Hundreds of years later, his tale would be told in The Wind Waker.  - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 08:40, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

And it is exceptionally speculative and doesn't belong on here. Sorry.Cocoapropo 03:55, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Deku Flowers
It seems that since Deku Flowers can be found both outside and in caves, they do not appear to be light-dependant fauna. I wonder what else could be studied from this? Stovetopcookies 03:39, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * They don't always grow where there is an abundance of water, either. Like on clifftops and around bottomless pits.  - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 08:00, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Therfore, what?Cocoapropo 00:26, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Parallel/Alternate Dimension?
People say this a lot but has it been officially declared as such by Nintendo? Stovetopcookies 01:16, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Look at their official site. Termina was created when the breath of the goddessess slipped through cracks in timespace, creating the alternate dimension of Termina. (61.91.191.2 23:32, 27 November 2006 (UTC))

User:61.91.191.2 speaks the truth. I'm adding that to the article. Jecowa 00:05, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Here's a source. Origins of Termina. Scroll down until you see it. It's arranged alphabetically. (61.91.191.9 13:48, 28 November 2006 (UTC))
 * I'm pretty sure the games present a different story - that the four giants created Termina. I'm pretty sure the goddess story is one of those that Zelda.com came up with, and conflicts with the game quotes. Check a text dump, a paragraph about the giants for the full story. Not even Mr. Lister's Koromon survived intact. 03:49, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

If it ain't broke...
Seriously, I'm seeing a lot of unnecessary editing going on, and most of the time it just screws things up in the article that were perfectly fine before. We don't need to know every single little detail about every area in the game (for example: don't talk about piece of heart locations in the Woodfall article).
 * Please sign your posts with 4x ~. Stovetopcookies 18:50, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Chrono Cross
Termina is also the name of a city in the game Chrono Cross. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 201.81.5.239 (talk) 22:36, 22 April 2007 (UTC).

That is most likely a minor coincidence. It also doesn't belong in an article on Wikipedia, except perhaps under a heading of trivia, which is discouraged on Wikipedia.Cocoapropo 00:31, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Termina and Hyrule connected
I played Majora's Mask using the Game Shark and have the following to report:

It is possible to "moon jump" over the steel door in the bottom of the Clock Tower and walk through the twisted hallway and back into the cavern. This area is normally unaccessible upon initial completion.

In the beginning of the game, after Link falls down the tree trunk, you can moon jump (or rather, float) your way back to the ledge where Link had fallen from. This suggests that if Link had the proper grappling equipment, he may in fact be able to escape back to Hyrule. However, it should be noted that attempting to walk through the hole results in falling into the abyss, because the programmers would have never intended the opening to work two-way.

Of course, I realize that using the Game Shark isn't in keeping with the context of the game's storyline, but it was interesting to explore.

Stovetopcookies 19:47, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Four Guardians
Weren't the Four Guardians referred to as the four Giants in the game? Or is this referring to something different? Dude902 00:09, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * No, you're right - they were explicitly named the Four Giants, and the "four guardians" is an OR term - while they are guarding the four regions, their group is never named "The Four Guardians".
 * There is this, though:

W-What exactly are all of you?

"Guardians." Guardians?

So...You're protective gods?

This swamp you are in has lost its guardian deity.
 * but they are called giants by the Terminans, and the legend about them is "Four Giants":

Good...We made it in time. The giants' call worked on the Skull Kid.

I'll pass Carnival of Time (2 hours) Four Giants (Til morning)

For ages, people have worn masks resembling the giants who are the gods of the four worlds.

The Four Giants, is it?

"The Four Giants." This tale's from long ago when all the people weren't separated into four worlds like they are now. In those times all the people lived together, and the four giants lived among them.

On the day of the festival that celebrates the harvest, the giants spoke to the people...

"We have chosen to guard the people while we sleep..."

"100 steps north, 100 steps south, 100 steps east, 100 steps west." "If you have need, call us in a loud voice by declaring something such as, 'The mountain blizzard has trapped us.'" "Or 'The ocean is about to swallow us.' Your cries shall carry to us..."

Now then...There was one who was shocked and saddened by all this.

A little imp.

The imp was a friend of '''the giants''' since before they had created the four worlds.

"Why must you leave?" "Why do you not stay?"

The childhood friend felt neglected, so he spread his anger across the four worlds. Repeatedly, he wronged all people. Overwhelmed with misfortune, the people sang the song of prayer to the giants who lived in each of the four compass directions. The giants heard their cry and responded with a roar. "Oh, imp. Oh, imp. We are the protectors of the people." "You have caused the people pain. Oh, imp, leave these four worlds! Otherwise, we shall tear you apart!" The imp was frightened and saddened. He had lost his old friends. The imp returned to the heavens, and harmony was restored to the four worlds.

And the people rejoiced and they worshiped the giants of the four worlds like gods. And they lived happily...ever after...

What did the people do to call '''the giants'''? Sing a song I dunno

Once again, the Giants are looking out for me! KrytenKoro 09:17, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Merge to the main article
This article should be merged (or maybe just redirected), because I'd recommend that it be transwikied if you want to save the information. --ZXCVBNM 16:26, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It's the plot summary of *one* Zelda game, and is not nearly as notable as Hyrule
 * 2) It's unreferenced and doesn't have any information beyond what is in the game - because it is a plot summary
 * 3) If you read this section in WP:NOT you will see that this type of article isn't allowed.
 * It's actually a "World of" article, not a plot summary - since there shouldn't be any plot info here, really, feel free to remove it, or convert it to actual info.
 * It's supposed to be the mirror world of Hyrule - if it absolutely needs to be merged, make it a subsection on the Hyrule page, as they are closely related.
 * It's not an indiscriminate collection - it discusses the geography, mythology, and population of a world. If it was truly a list, it would look like this. Or hell, one of the "List of characters" articles.
 * Most of the references can be taken from in-game quotes, the official zelda-pedia, and possibly from news articles (we'd have to search for them, though) - instead of deleting the page, how about you put a notice on the project page and the top of this article that it needs to be better cited - we are currently adding citing to a lot of other articles, so pretty much the only reason this is missing cites is that we haven't gotten to it yet. We'd be happy to fix the problem, if you would ask us to.KrytenKoro 18:06, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Don't merge it. It's a good article and there's no reason to delete good articles with a lot of information. Knowitall 06:32, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

All of the above, and let's face it: this article is very large, and would fit into the main article awkwardly at best. There are plenty of articles that point references to it, not just the main or closely related articles. This article may contain minimal plot points or game information, but hopefully only where/if necessary. It seems like the general consensus that this article be neither merged nor moved nor deleted, so I'm going to remove the merge template.Cocoapropo 04:04, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Moon?
Is there an actual name given in the game for the final area? The NP guide calls it "Heart of Darkness", but I'm not sure if that isn't just them being poetic. Not even Mr. Lister's Koromon survived intact. 21:04, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

If there's nothing in the game, Nintendo Power is considered an "official source", and therefore a perfectly legitimate source of info. When citing such info, you might say something like "Nintendo power calls this area the 'Heart of Darkness', even though no name is given in the game." and give it a proper citation.Cocoapropo 01:05, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, that's the thing - it doesn't actually say "when you enter the Heart of Darkness"; it just has that as the title for the section on beating Majora. Not even Mr. Lister's Koromon survived intact. 01:17, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Well, it may just be the portion of the moon or the final battle that's being described, but again, if you feel that way about it, and you feel it's significant, add it in.Cocoapropo 01:33, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Existence
Wait, since Termina was created by accident, does that mean that Termina, philosophically speaking, was never supposed to exist? Leader Vladimir —Preceding comment was added at 16:57, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * In-game, the giants are given credit for its purposeful creation.

"The imp was a friend of the giants since before they had created the four worlds."

and "He had lost his old friends. The imp returned to the heavens, and harmony was restored to the four worlds."

I suppose it could be argued that the "accidental creation" was that they created the giants in Hyrule, and the giants created Termina - this might make sense, given that Hyrule, where the Imp went, is considered "the heavens" to Termina. Which would also make Hyrule not a parallel dimension to Termina, but higher up on the hierarchy to Nirvana - so the resemblences are just due to reincarnation or summat. Not even Mr. Lister's Koromon survived intact. 15:50, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Termina


text:
Talk:Box, Wiltshire

Copied from other website?
A good majority of the information in this article was copied from a website. I have removed all of that and started from scratch. I'd appreciate it if somebody could find the population density and total area of Box, Wiltshire for the article. Once we have that, we can start including more detailed information regarding the villiage. --Randy 11:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Unexplained deletion
The following was deleted earlier today without explanation. I am keeping a copy here in case someone wants to work it back into the article in future. The ‘big house’ in Box parish is Hazelbury Manor which was purchased by the Speke family in the early 17th century and passed to the Northey family in the early 18th century. By 1920 it had been bought by George Kidston who restored the manor house to much of its 16th century state of architecture and also wrote a book on the history of the manor. Rudloe Manor is a late 17th century house with a medieval barn, while Cheney Court at Ditteridge is from the early to mid 17th century being on the site of a 15th century manor house of the Cheneys and rebuilt for George Speke. It was owned by the Northey family in the 18th and 19th centuries. Ashley House was built around 1840 but Ashley Manor House is 17th century with earlier origins, while Alcombe Manor has medieval origins but is now mainly late 17th or early 18th century. The earliest settlement dates from well before the arrival of the Romans during the 1st Century AD. They stayed until the 5th to 7th centuries. Whilst here, they built a magnificent villa complex around the abundant fresh water springs.

Stone was quarried here in the 8th Century and by the end of the 19th century, the Box stone quarries were among the most productive in the world.

Although Box is not mentioned in the Doomsday Book of 1086, Ditteridge is and it is here that the oldest building in the Parish is situated - St. Christopher’s Church. The railway line that so affected the development of the village still carries heavy through traffic from London to Bath and beyond. Regrettably, trains no longer stop in Box.

Box nestles on the southern slope of the ByBrook valley. Much of Box Village and the surrounding area is a Conservation Area and falls within the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Box still has a collection of small businesses, but these are rapidly closing down as owners sell up and the properties are converted to, or sold for, housing. House values are high. In contrast, more and more residents are working from home, especially in the entertainment business.

--Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 23:30, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Greek, my eye
Removed this sentence:
 * Bosc... and by metathesis Box... derive ultimately from Greek boskein, to feed animals, principally with the seeds or mast of beech trees (Latin Fagus sylvatica, itself from Greek phagein to eat).

This has provoked me to read up a bit on the etymology of bosc and bush. Medieval Latin boscus was used for 'woodland pasture'; Carl Darling Buck's Synonyms (1949) says, "It is now taken by many as a loanword from Germanic, instead of conversely as formerly. Of other views, the derivation from Greek boskê 'fodder' with transfer to 'pasture' is semantically most attractive." The American Heritage Dictionary of 1981 (sorry I haven't got a more recent etymological dictionary) tentatively attributes Germanic busk to Proto-Indo-European bheu meaning 'grow'.

The PIE roots of beech and Greek phag– 'eat' do strongly resemble each other, but are listed separately. Only in Greek does the latter mean 'eat'; its cognates in Persian and Sanskrit mean 'give' or 'apportion', it says here. Hm.

There being no beeches in Greece proper (according to Buck), Greek used the phag root for the oak, but Italic, Celtic, Germanic and Slavic all kept it for the beech. If the two phag roots are unrelated, perhaps the edible acorn attracted them to each other in Greek. —Tamfang (talk) 04:09, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

To put all that another way: whether or not it's true that either bosc or beech has a Greek origin, it's not helpful. For the present context, busk and beech are enough. —Tamfang (talk) 09:23, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Box, Wiltshire


text:
Talk:Acts of Paul and Thecla

Comment
??But this is an article about a text not a saint per se - and quite an important text.--Docg 21:09, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

More is needed on the cult of Thecla and other references- but his hopefully is an acceptable start. This is my first attempt at a stub - so I'd appreciate critical comments.--Doc Glasgow 11:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) Can anyone find a picture - perhaps an icon?

Tryphaena
Someone keeps changing the references to Tryphaena to Antonia Tryphaena and hyperlinking. This factually incorrect. The story does not refer to Antonia Tryphaena but simply speaks of "Tryphaena". Whether the literary character in the story is intended by the author to be identified with the historical figure of Antonia Tryphaena is speculative (or POV), but in any case it remains a literary figure. If you can find the scholarship that deals with any historical information (and I can't lay hands on it) by all means record those views in the article.--Docg 13:51, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Waffly
The article seems a bit waffly, and low quality. I'm going to chop unreferenced material and prune it a bit. Roger Pearse (talk) 16:57, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you'll also edit unreferenced material with corrected text, citing your sources.--Wetman 17:07, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

NPOV issues
The line "Although probably consciously unhistorical, and certainly overstated, the tale reflects ascetic tendencies, and the experience of persecution in early Christianity," demonstrates a point of view and lacks sources to back it up. I propose it to be deleted. --68.32.17.238 (talk) 22:25, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Acts of Paul and Thecla


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/SamuraiClinton

I have a question regarding a phrasing in point 12 under "Evidence of disputed behavior".
 * ...closed the VfD discussion prematurely as though he were an administrator

I have closed a few debates, some of them contentious, for instance Toowoomba Grammar School, and SamuraiClinton's article Monsters_from_Duke_Nukem_3D; and I am not an administrator. Can't anyone close a VfD-debate which ends in anything except delete? I got a few angry retorts on the Votes for Deletion talkpage (here) telling me to start working on that when I called upon the administrators to work faster with closing debates. Of course, the person who does so takes on a responsibility to do the right thing, and I can easily see that SamuraiClinton did the wrong thing here, "keep", and not "merge and redirect" was of course the right conclusion, so that was not the point. Also, am I right in thinking that a nominator when faced with a change of heart (either because of a barrage og "keep" votes, or a complete rewrite) may withdraw his nomination before the lag time runs out, close the debate and conclude "Nomination withdrawn", and that SamuraiClinton would have been justified in doing so? Hope so, because I've done that too... (Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Koraput:Gupteswar Caves).

Any thoughts? Sjakkalle 11:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * From the Guide to VfD: At the end of a period from when the nomination of an article was listed, known as the lag time, an administrator in the VFD cleaning department reviews an article's VFD discussion, determines what the rough consensus is, and closes it. If there's precedent for non-administrators helping out with closing out VfD discussions from time to time, so be it, but it's against policy. (If they need the help that badly, maybe they can "deputize" some of us or something.) I believe SamuraiClinton would have been justified in doing the "nomination withdrawn" thing, but that would not have achieved his stated goal; that is, merging and redirecting would not have been justified in that case, given the overwhelming consensus to keep. android↔talk 12:26, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't looked at this specific case yet, but vfds ending in outcomes other than delete certainly can be closed by non-administrators. Doing so early for anything but speedy deletes and strong, unanimous keeps, including from the original nominator, is a bad idea, though.  —Korath (Talk) 12:29, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * (My comment above was posted via edit conflict.) Non-admin closes have long predated WP:GVFD; I'll hunt around for the specific bits of policy if you like. —Korath (Talk) 12:31, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please do so; I've been using GVFD as the Bible, and if there are apocryphal texts out there, it's best that we resolve the conflicts. android↔talk 12:34, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been closing out "speedy delete" VfDs where the deletion has already occurred, but the admin forgot to close the debate. In general, I see nothing wrong with non-admins closing VfDs, as long as the user didn't participate in the debate, and the result is clear. --Carnildo 18:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have also sometimes closed VfD debates (mostly for the "already speedy deleted" and "already redirected and consensus to redirect" cases), and I'm not an admin. Nobody seems to have complained, and I recall seeing a comment somewhere lost in the talk pages saying it can be done. --cesarb 23:17, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There is no reason a non-admin can't close debates when there is no consensus for deletion ("keeps"). Non-admins can even close out votes resulting in deleteion, if an admin is on-board to "push the button". To avoid problems, I would strongly suggest that anyone interested in doing this maintenance start simply (closing out debates which are very clear) and to avoid closing out debates which you've voted on or are otherwise involved. -- Netoholic @ 14:17, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC)

 * Non-admins closing delete debates works on WP:TFD and WP:CFD because they're (relatively) low-volume and there's significant work that needs to be done between a decision and deletion, but it's too easy for things to get lost on VFD. See also Templates for deletion/Log/Deleted/Archive/Feb05. —Korath (Talk) 14:33, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

I've just spent a couple hours searching, and, erm, I can't find it in anything official. Circumstantial evidence: Wikipedia talk:Guide to Votes for deletion, Wikipedia talk:Guide to Votes for deletion, Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion, Cleaning department, Requests for adminship/Dbenbenn, and the fact that not once has anyone complained about the five hundred or so vfds I've closed since mid-February. —Korath (Talk) 14:33, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC) The problem is not that a non-admin closed the VFD, it is that he did it 2 1/2 days after opening the VFD, and that he asserted a non-existent consensus on merge/redirect. FreplySpang (talk) 15:09, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See, all this time, I'd assumed you were an admin because you were closing VfDs. Funny. android↔talk 14:37, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

My comment retribution
Back then, I didn't clearly realize the rules of article editing on Wikipedia. Despite of that I still have good Wikipedian intentions. I thought some rules had exceptions, but I will have better article writing skills in the future.

Please forgive me, I don't want a ban imposed on me. I don't really google-test names for new articles because I figure it is realistic enough.

I don't do any fictional nonsense on Wikipedia anymore; I target realism now; please forgive me. --TheSamurai 19:27, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No one's trying to ban you nor have you done anything that really requires forgiveness. Regarding the so-called "Mr. Suffix" neologisms, I'd say all is already forgiven now that you understand things better.  I'll say it again:  Everyone here is trying to help.  That's the whole point of a request for comment.  A request for arbitration is different.  That's where someone brings up another user on serious charges and the bureaucrats determine what is to be done.  Usually, those range from short-term bans and edit restrictions to out-and-out hard banning.  Since you're not doing anything malicious, I wouldn't lose any sleep about this situation going that far. - Lucky 6.9 19:25, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comment
Perhaps the best solution would be for SamuraiClinton to simply work more on existing articles and less on new ones? That way, xe could be guided by existing formatting. Meelar (talk) 19:44, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I suggested that to him a while back. I think that would still be an excellent approach. Samurai, do you agree? Rhobite 19:58, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * This sounds like part of a workable solution. If Samurai were to work mostly on established articles, it would shift the burden at least a little from those of us who have been watching his contributions to the main editors of those articles. Two more necessary constraints, IMO, would be "no new templates" and "no new categories" unless properly justified. android↔talk 21:58, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

An Experiment
Recent contributions by SamuraiClinton will give us an opportunity for an experiment. Samurai, you just created the Culture of Traverse City article, and added a merge directive to the Tourism section of Traverse City, Michigan. Now, I'm of the opinion – and I'm reasonably certain I'm not alone here – that you've got the merge backwards: the content in the culture article would fit in just fine in the main article on the city. Your challenge: move the stuff from Culture of Traverse City to Traverse City, Michigan and turn it into a well-written, encyclopedic contribution. You've got some content; let's see what you can do with it. Feel free to ask anyone (especially those of us participating in this RfC) for help. android↔talk 22:11, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Count me in. Go for it, Sam! - Lucky 6.9 22:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I was not aware of this "experiment" here. I have already merged what I could and redirected the culture article. older ≠ wiser 23:34, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, never mind. I should have left something on the relevant articles' talk pages. android↔talk 23:45, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

My response to all this!
Back then, I have encountered many loopholes with Wikipedia. Nowadays, my intentions are better. You may see several article on VfD, but that should't indicate that much suspicion.

Please, just let me be a free Wikipedian. My intentions are at the zenith of being rightful, not bogus. I may have trouble contrasting approved of and bogus contributions, but I should't be in trouble for making bogus contributions. People say that I am also User:SuperDude115, but I am not. Writing style shouldn't identify one individual, it could reference multiple ones.

Just, stop doing RfCs on me, I am here to contribute articles rightfully, and read them, not to do intentional vandalism on them. --TheSamurai 02:50, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Sam, I'll say it again: This is the reason we're discussing this issue.  You're asking "please oh please let me work here I'll be good" and you just keep doing the same thing over and over again without responding to any of the concerns raised.  I'll make you an offer.  Gentleman's agreement.  If you agree to it, you won't be bound by it.  Only condition:  Drop the "SuperDude 115" sockpuppet.  The next time you have the urge to write an article, let me know what you're planning on writing about.  I'll advise you whether it belongs in a new article or an existing one.  Once you add the information, let me know.  If there are any changes needed to style, punctuation, grammar and the like, I'll do the changes and let you know in return what I did so you can see any differences.  This way, you can continue to edit without fear of getting your work run up on the VfD page.  I really want to help you and I figure the best way to do this is to literally teach you how to contribute here.  Deal? - Lucky 6.9 17:13, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm also willing to participate in a "tutorial" as Lucky has described. However, my patience is wearing thin. This is yet another non-response from you – you have failed to address any of the specific concerns we have brought up. Time and again we've heard that you have good intentions, but you continue to persist with behavior that is time-consuming to correct and lowers the overall quality of Wikipedia. The appearance of SuperDude115, who many of us believe to be your sockpuppet, is especially troubling. Wikipedia policy is, as always, to assume good faith, but that is becoming very difficult. android↔talk 21:50, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Android's right. You're not really responding so much as pleading.  Part of one of your own comments sums it up best:  "I may have trouble contrasting approved of and bogus contributions."  Personally, I'm willing to let your lack of real response slide in lieu of your participating in a tutorial.  Promise that (a) you'll put away the sockpuppet and (b) that you agree to our proposal in writing on this page and (c) stick by the agreement at least until you're up to speed on what goes on around here.  Good faith is getting harder to assume.  Don't let us down. - Lucky 6.9 22:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This just about tears it for me. Look at the time stamp on my initial offer.  I wrote it at 1713 UTC today.  At 1849 UTC, a SuperDude115 non-article called Impulse buying was written and is already on VfD.  This is it, Sam.  If you wish to continue to contribute, either you respond to this concern ASAP or I will be taking this matter to an arbitration committee. - Lucky 6.9 22:56, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * MY RESPONSE-I keep telling people, I already typed a comment; y are people requesting comments? Even though my articles are on VfD, I still have good intentions for Wikipedia.  Sometimes, bogus contributions will be mistaken for rightful ones.  I have poor contrast between acceptable and bogus contributions.  Just let me be! --SuperDude 23:21, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * He created another non-article at Magic sword. I'm going to speedy delete it, but i've left it up for a bit so non-admins can see the ridiculous non-content.  I can no longer assume good faith for this user.  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 00:32, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey! What's wrong with Magic sword? Aside from the generally poor writing and lack of organization? It does have more or less factual cruft in it. No speedy available! Never mind. — Xiong 熊 talk * 00:08, 2005 August 16 (UTC)

 * My friend, your admission that you have problems differentiating between good and bad edits is part of the reason I offered to help tutor you. I don't know whether you read my offer before you made Impulse buying under one name and Magic sword under the other, so it's difficult for me to assume whether or not you went off on your own without knowing or you chose to ignore my plea.  One way or another, you are really ticking off a number of users on this site.  This site is open content and all are welcome to contribute, but just being asked to be "let be" doesn't cut the mustard if you aren't willing to abide by the rules of this community.  There is a learning curve here.  I went through some rather rough times here myself starting out.  However, I learned from my mistakes.  I lost out on three administrator nominations (not self-nominations, by the way) not because of my writing but because of conflict.  Once again, I learned from my mistakes and that's why I'm trying to help you do the same!  Don't you get it, Sam? - Lucky 6.9 01:55, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently, he doesn't get it. I meandered over to Postdlf's talk page and found this all-too-familiar litany from SuperDude:  I have no intent for vandalism. My modern contributions are thought of as good additions to Wikipedia. Also, I don't cosider all (just some) VfD articles to be vandalism. Can you explain what contributions are considered vandalism, if you do, I might have better contrast between bogus and acceptable contributions in the future. --SuperDude 21:25, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC) - Lucky 6.9 22:59, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Glimmer of hope
Please see Grand Theftendo for a real glimmer of hope. The initial entry was not only quite good, the subject is actually notable! - Lucky 6.9 06:09, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

IMPORTANT development
Take a look at this note from my talk page. I'd left word with another user (can't remember which one) stating my assumption that this individual is autistic. Seems I may have been correct. This was on my page:

''HTH did you find out I was austistic? What kind of Wikipedians have this kind of intuition? It's just bizarre that autism is discovered by remote intuition. --SuperDude 15:41, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)''

I feel like a heel. - Lucky 6.9 15:59, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I do, too. I've long suspected autism or Asperger's syndrome (which some refer to as 'high-functioning' autism), ever since I discovered that SC had some edits reverted in the Autism article – something about autism and romantic relationships that seemed to have come from personal experience. However, since Asperger's is difficult enough to detect during person-to-person contact, let alone over the Internet, I figured any assumptions on my part would be a gross violation of Wikiquette, and SC's recent edits just seemed more trollish to me than anything else, so I shelved that theory. Now I wish I had been more bold, but c'est la vie. Now that we've discovered the source of our frustrations (I wouldn't be surprised to find that SC was just as frustrated with us as we were with him) we can sort this thing out. android↔talk 16:21, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Well, perhaps. SC's comment could just as easily be read as sarcasm. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:34, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd totally agree if not for his opening sentence. Without it, you're right.  It does sound sarcastic.  I truly don't think it is since Sam has no history of leaving disparaging or sarcastic comments other than that sockpuppet one he posted to his own page.  So what happens now?  This revelation has changed my whole outlook on this issue. - Lucky 6.9 17:27, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Okay, now what?
Okay, we are apparently agreed on the situation here, per the summaries above (basically, Good Faith but somewhat misguided). Any thoughts on what we can do about it? Radiant_* 09:45, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, for one thing, he needs to decide whether to use the old SamuraiClinton username or continue with the new SuperDude115 username. He hasn't made an edit as SamuraiClinton for some time, so he may have already made this decision. I know multiple usernames are generally okay, but in light of the sockpuppetry, I think we should strongly encourage him to stick with just one username. As for the editing... some folks here believe that he has turned a corner based on the Grand Theftendo article, though I'm still extremely skeptical. Continued monitoring is probably all that should be done at this point, but if there's any sign that things are going to get out of hand again, something rather severe should be done, though I will leave to more experienced Wikipedians to suggest what that might be. android↔talk 12:53, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * My thoughts exactly. I don't mind monitoring his edits and either reverting them if they're unsuitable and/or advise him how the edit should have been made.  If whatever he does turns out to be disruptive, it's unlikely it's out of malice.  Once he agrees on a user name (which appears to be "SuperDude115" at this juncture), we should assist in creating his user page and delete the sockpuppet accounts.  We may wish to go back to our original concept of treading lightly.  If another strange article comes our way, we should try to avoid running it through the wringer over at VfD and either speedy delete, redirect or expand his contribs until he's fully up to speed.  Gently, of course.  How about it, SuperDude115?  Are you ready to become a Wikipedian in good standing with a little help from your friends? - Lucky 6.9 18:32, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Since he admitted he has autism, I argee with Lucky 6.9 that we should tread lightly and be gentle with him. And most importantly: do not get stressed or impatient about him. Zzyzx11 | Talk 21:44, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move to close
Radiant_* 15:00, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur. android↔talk 15:09, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 15:20, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. And special thanks to User:Lucky 6.9 for his patience and understanding through it all. Also there is no reason for Lucky to feel like a heel. ;-) hydnjo talk 16:13, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There is no accepted procedure to "close" any RFC. In due time, one of the admins monitoring the page will either delete uncertified RFC's (which this one is not), or move it to Archive when this becomes inactive for a couple weeks. Please leave things as they are. -- Netoholic @ 22:24, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. I think we all agree that the matter itself is settled. - Lucky 6.9 06:58, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)