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Beitar Jerusalem F.C.

Beitar Jerusalem Football Club (מועדון כדורגל בית"ר ירושלים), commonly known as Beitar Jerusalem (בית"ר ירושלים) or simply as Beitar (בית"ר), is an Israeli football club based in the city of Jerusalem, that plays in the Israeli Premier League, the top tier in Israeli football. The club has traditionally worn kit colours of yellow and black and plays its home matches in Teddy Stadium. The stadium is the largest stadium in Israel, with a capacity of 31,733.

The club is one of the most popular in Israel and is among the Israeli clubs with the highest number of fans in the country. The club was founded in 1936 by Shmuel Kirschstein and David Horn, who chaired the Betar branch in Jerusalem. Several team members were also part of the outlawed Irgun and Lehi militias closely associated with the right-wing Revisionist Zionism movement. Beitar's fans have become a highly controversial political symbol in Israeli football culture, unofficially aligned with the Revisionist Zionist movement and to the right-wing Likud party. The club, whose fanbase is notorious for its anti-Arab racism and anti-Muslim religious bigotry,  remains the only one in the Israel Premier League to have never signed an Arab player,  although the club signed four non-Arab Muslim players in the past.

Domestically, Beitar has won the Israeli Premier League six times, in 1986–87, 1992–93, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2006–07, and 2007–08; the Israeli Cup eight times, in 1975–76, 1978–79, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1988–89, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2022–23; and Israeli Supercups twice in 1976 and 1986.

British Mandate
Beitar Jerusalem was founded in 1936 by Shmuel Kirschstein and David Horn as a youth team. The first games were held against Armenian and Arab teams in Jerusalem, though Hapoel Jerusalem boycotted for political reasons. In 1942, a match was held at Tel Aviv's Maccabiah Stadium between Beitar and the Islamic Sports Club of Haifa. Beitar won 5–1. At the end of 1943 and early 1944, Beitar played several games against the club from Katamon, Al-Dajani, the city's leading Arab team.

 * Jerusalem Cup Games of 1944
 * 15 April 1944: Beitar Jerusalem 1–1 Plebis
 * 22 April 1944: Beitar Jerusalem 2–2 Plebis
 * 13 May 1944: Beitar Jerusalem 3–2 Plebis
 * 20 May 1944: Beitar Jerusalem 1–3 Allwain

Later, Beitar Jerusalem qualified for the final, which was to be held against the team of the "Paymasters" of the British mandate. The fans of rival Hapoel Jerusalem disrupted the game and the "Jerusalem Cup remained in the hands of the politicians in Tel Aviv."

On 19 October 1944, several club players were among 251 persons who were deported to Eritrea, Kenya and Sudan by the British Mandate authorities. Among the deportees were David Horn and Rabinovich and some members of Beitar Jerusalem's "First team of 1936." A Beitar Jerusalem team was set up in Gilgil where many deportees played in city-of-origin based teams. A plan was made to dig a tunnel from the centre of a football pitch in the detention camp in Kenya. Two of the deportees were murdered by Sudanese guards for an alleged "escaping attempt". Six succeeded in reaching Europe. All living deportees reached Israel in July 1948.

When a joint team of Beitar Jerusalem and Beitar Tel Aviv visited Lebanon and Syria, they played against Homenetmen, an Armenian team, which ended in 0–0, and the French Army team, in which Beitar lost 2–5. Both games were held in Beirut. Another game, planned in Aleppo, was cancelled because of a diplomatic incident as Arab delegates in the hotel protested seeing an "Eretz Yisrael" flag, now the Israeli flag, in an Arab country. The British ambassador intervened, suggesting that the Union Jack be raised instead of the "Eretz Yisrael" flag, but the head of delegation Hayyim Levin opposed. Due to the impasse, the game was canceled. Simon Alfasi, Shimon Stern, Yisrael Yehezqel and goalkeeper Yosef Meyuhas were the Beitar Jerusalem players in the trip.

In 1946, Beitar Jerusalem qualified to the 2nd round of the Cup Games against Maccabi Tel Aviv. The scores were a 3–3 and a loss 3–2 in game 2. Simon Alfasi scored all five goals for the club, three in the first and two in the second.

On 8 August 1947, all Beitar clubs were banned by the British mandate authorities. The club name was changed to "Nordiah Jerusalem", before a local league was set up in Jerusalem district in November 1947. On 15 November 1947, Beitar as "Nordiah Jerusalem" won the first derby, 3–1 over Hapoel Jerusalem, and on 29 November 1947, a second win was achieved, 8–1 over Degel Zion when one player Simon Alfasi scored six goals in a game, the record for any Beitar Jerusalem's player that stands until today. The club led the league on 29 November 1947, on the same evening when UN GA Resolution 181 was proclaimed, and on 30 November 1947 the games were stopped abruptly: on that day the 1948 Arab–Israeli War broke out. During the war, Beitar Jerusalem player Asher Benjamin was killed by the British when he entered to a British camp in Jerusalem.

State of Israel
After independence in 1948, Beitar, again by its original name, played since 1949–50 season in a "Special League" of "Jerusalem's district", ending in 5th place while achieving a win of 8–0 over Hapoel Ramla on 17 December 1949, the highest league win of Beitar Jerusalem in any league the club played. In 1951–52 season, the club integrated into Liga Bet southern part, then the second tier. In 1953–54 the club won the southern division of Liga Bet, and were promoted to the top league, which had just been renamed Liga Leumit. In their first season in the top flight they finished 11th out of 14, and were forced to participate in promotion/relegation play-offs. Although they were the highest-placed club to take part in the play-offs, they finished at the bottom of the group, Beitar were relegated back to the second league, now renamed Liga Alef. In 1957–58 they won Liga Alef, but were not promoted, as there was no promotion or relegation that year.

They won Liga Alef again in 1966–68 (a two-year season) and were promoted back to Liga Leumit. That was the best league season ever for Beitar Jerusalem, although it was winning the 2nd division "only". 104 points out of possible 120, for a season of 60 matches when two points were given for winning a match. The club had 32 match undefeated streak with a sequence of 19 wins starting with the 42nd match to the 60th match inclusive, the record of Beitar Jerusalem in any league, scoring 161 league goals. 225,000 spectators saw the club matches in that season. The prize that the club management gave to the players was a trip to the United States of America.

After finishing thirteenth in 1968–69, Beitar finished fifth in 1969–70, their best performance to date.

1970s
In the 1971–72 Liga they finished as runners-up to Maccabi Tel Aviv. In 1974, during a match against Hapoel Petah Tikva, Beitar fans invaded the pitch and attacked Petah Tikva players and fans. This caused the first of several "radius" penalties, in which the club was forced to play matches in other cities behind closed doors. Beitar were also due to be relegated, but were saved by the intervention of Knesset members Ehud Olmert and Yossi Sarid, who forced the suspension of the relegation threat and called for an investigation of Israel Football Association corruption. In 1974–75 the club reached the State Cup final for the first time, but lost 3–1 to Hapoel Kfar Saba. In the same season they finished second bottom of the league, and were due to be relegated to Liga Alef. However, an IFA decision to expand the league from 16 to 18 clubs saw them reprieved.

The next season they finished runners-up in the league to Hapoel Be'er Sheva and reached the State Cup final again, this time beating Maccabi Tel Aviv 2–1 to claim their first piece of major silverware, on 16 June 1976, 55,000 or 60,000 spectators saw the game in an overcrowded Ramat Gan Stadium. Danny Noyman and Uri Malmilian scored for Beitar Jerusalem. On 11 September 1976, the club won the Israeli Super Cup for the first time after beating Hapoel Be'er Sheva 3–2. Uri Malmilian scored two goals and David Yishai scored another goal for Beitar Jerusalem. The club finished as runners-up in 1977–78.

In 1978–79, the club ended as runners-up: they also reached the cup final, winning 2–1 against Maccabi Tel Aviv, on 6 June 1979. Danny Noyman and Yossi Avrahami scored for Beitar Jerusalem, to win the State Cup for the 2nd time.

Despite the run of success towards the end of the 1970s, the club was dependent mainly on Uri Malmilian's ability. Early in the season he suffered an awful injury, crippling him with the need of three operations until 1981, and missing most of the games until the summer of 1981. Beitar finished bottom of the division in 1979–80, and were relegated to Liga Artzit. However, they made an immediate return to the top division after finishing as runners-up to Beitar Tel Aviv in their first season back in the second tier.

1980s
The 1981–82 started with a sports disaster for the club. On 12 September 1981, referee Avraham Klein gave a win to Maccabi Tel Aviv in a series of a wrong decisions: cancelling a goal of Beitar Jerusalem's player Yaron Adiv when he and Beitar's players celebrated the goal, then allowing seconds after Maccabi player Moti Ivanir to score a goal from an offside position. A crowd of 8,000 Beitar Jerusalem's fans went crazy. The Israeli Football Association quickly decided to punish Beitar Jerusalem and discussed the so-called "football game" for six weeks before stating to leave the outcome as 2–1 win to Maccabi Tel Aviv, and filing a reprimand about Avraham Klein. Also the next game of Beitar Jerusalem is remembered: on 19 September 1981, a player of Hapoel Be'er Sheva, Shalom Avitan hit his teammate Eli Vaitzman on his face, and Hapoel Be'er Sheva coach entered the pitch and took Shalom Avitan by his hand out of the pitch, preventing a red card by the referee. Beitar Jerusalem won 2–0. Later, with Eli Ohana in his first season, Beitar Jerusalem improved its standing, ending the season in 6th place, above Maccabi Tel Aviv, who, to the delights of Beitar fans, ended that season in 8th place.

The season of 1982–83 is remembered as the "Crazy Season". A bad start of two draws and two losses caused the firing of the coach Eliahu Ofer without stopping his salary payments, and he said "They will ask me to come back". After changing of seven Management members and five coaches, Eliahu Ofer was asked to come back and he came back to be a coach in mid-season, the club was in 16th and last place for two weeks but recovered: from the 18th game to 29th game inclusive, 12 no-lose-sequence of games, Beitar ended the season in the 8th place. This is a place to explain that traditionally as a Beitar movement branch, the club was managed by Heruth and later Likud parties members. Party members were appointed by party apparatus to the party representative football club managers to give them managing training before venturing out into the political arena. This arrangement lasted until 1999. Some of the managers are ever remembered for good reasons who held Beitar well, such as Reuven Rivlin and his Brother Eliezer Rivlin, but Yossi Zharzhervski left the club after his well remembered brawl with Uri Malmilian when Zharzhevski told Malmilian in the midst of the troubles of 1982–83 season: "I will burn your legs". As a fan said, "Within 3 days Zharzhevski will not be in Beitar", and the fan was proved right. Uri Malmilian was referred by Beitar fans as a saint and was given full support. On the third day Zharzhevski resigned.

In 1983–84 Beitar went into the penultimate game of the season needing a win or draw to win the title. However, they lost 1–3 to Hapoel Tel Aviv, allowing Maccabi Haifa to win the league, despite Beitar winning the last game 3–2 against Shimshon Tel Aviv, Maccabi Haifa won 1–0 over Maccabi Ramat Amidar and became champions.

In 1984–85 Beitar finished again as runner-up, and won the State Cup for the third time, winning 1–0 over Maccabi Haifa on 4 June 1985. Eli Ohana scored, after which coach David Shveizer left.

In 1985–86, in the summer of 1985, Dror Kashtan took over as manager. Almost immediately the club won the Lilian Cup on 10 September 1985 for the first and only time, after winning all four of its games by combined scores of 14–2. Asher Sason scored six goals, at least one goal in each game. Beitar Jerusalem finished the league in the 4th place. They retained the cup in 1985–86, beating Shimshon Tel Aviv 2–1, on 27 May 1986. This was the 4th time that the club won the State Cup. Eli Ohana and Uri Malmilian scored for Beitar Jerusalem.

On 16 September 1986, Beitar Jerusalem won the Israeli Super Cup for the 2nd time, after winning 2–1 over Hapoel Tel Aviv. Eli Ohana and Uri Malmilian Scored for Beitar Jerusalem.

Despite having to play all home matches at Bloomfield Stadium in Tel Aviv, in 1986–87 Beitar claimed their first championship on 2 May 1987, winning the league by a 15-point margin. Both Uri Malmilian and Eli Ohana scored 15 league goals Each. Sammy Malka scored 13 league goals to make his best season of his career, Gary Van Der Mullen became the ace card and secured eight league points by scoring five league goals in about 17 games, most of them as a substitute. On 3 May 1987 a reporter of Maariv wrote: "I saw the disappointment-full crowds frenzied out of happiness, it is a thing that cannot be described in words." Dror Kashtan's "Coronation Speech" lasted only 36 seconds.

Kashtan left the club to manage Maccabi Haifa. Eliahu Ofer, after the absence of a few seasons, again became the coach. In 1987–88 Beitar Jerusalem ended in 9th place, and at the end of the league the club won the Israeli Mini Football championship for the first time on 24 May 1988 after beating Bnei Yehuda 5–3. That was the first and the last time ever that a nationwide mini football tournament was held in Israel; 24 teams took part. The tournament was held in Malha Stadium in a hall regularly used for Basketball games. Uri Malmilian acted as the owner of the place and was the tournament star. Eliahu Ofer finally won a title with Beitar Jerusalem.

Kashtan returned in 1988. In 1988–89 they won the State Cup again. Uri Malmilian scored seven goals on his way to winning the trophy. The club beat Maccabi Haifa 4–3 on penalties after a 3–3 draw on 14 June 1989. Uri Malmilian scored one goal, and Avi Cohen of Jerusalem scored two goals in the game and one goal in the penalties shootout, both in their last game before leaving Beitar Jerusalem. Moshe Ben Harush, Hannan Azulay and Ya'akov Schwartz were the other scorers of the penalties shootout, Beitar Jerusalem players did not miss. Two of Maccabi Haifa players missed. That was the 5th winning of the club in the State Cup Kashtan left the club again during 1989.

The 1989–90 was a survival struggle, it became a success by winning the last league game, 3–2 over Maccabi Netanya F.C. Each of three scorers scored their first and only goal in the whole season. Guram Adzhoyev, that Israeli media told that he is a Tadjik player who came from Russia, got sympathy among fans for his games despite scoring only one goal. That goal secured a good end to that season. The Bulgarian Atanas Pashev was the season star. Four league goals made him the top scorer of the club, one-fifth of the 20 league goals that Beitar Jerusalem players scored during that season, but he was attributed that his goals literally saved the club from being relegated.

1990s
In 1990–91 they finished second bottom of Liga Leumit, and were relegated to Liga Artzit. Under Lufa Kadosh (23 April 1940 – 29 April 2014) the club made an immediate return to the top division. Eli Ohana returned from Europe as ever since regarded as a man who came to save his club. He scored 17 league goals in that season. The club won 1st place in a margin of nine league goals over Hapoel Haifa, both had 60 league points, and both were promoted.

Kashtan returned to the club, winning on 1 May 1993, the 2nd time championship in their first season back in Liga Leumit, the club won 22 league games out of 33 setting a winning record in the 1st division and 71 points, also a record during one 1st division league season for Beitar Jerusalem. Eli Ohana and Ronen Harazi where the championship stars. On 16 March 1993, in the State Cup games, the club set its all-time record in any tournament with a 9–0 win over Beitar Ramla.

The 1993–94 season ended when the score of the club was 75–66 (+9) but yielded almost nothing positive. Kashtan departed for a fourth time.

The coach Amazia Levkovitch came and the season of 1994–95 started bad, he was fired after four games, replaced by Yossi Mizrahi, the club started in the 16th and last place, reached to 1st place and ended in 8th place, meanwhile achieving a win of 8–1 over Maccabi Herzliya on 22 October 1994, the highest win ever of Beitar Jerusalem in the first league games.

In Liga Leumit 1995–96 with the appointment of Eli Cohen, the club improved to finish in 3rd place.

The club won the championship title for the 3rd time in 1996–97 on 17 May 1997. On its way the club gained eight straight wins and after that within the season nine wins in a row. This is a record in Beitar Jerusalem games in the 1st league games. Eli Ohana, Ronen Harazi and Itzik Zohar were the championship stars. As the season ended, Eli Cohen said: "Two years in Beitar are equal to five years elsewhere." His contract ended and he left.

In 1997–98, Beitar Jerusalem won the Toto Cup for the 1st time on 23 December 1997 by winning 3–1 over Maccabi Tel Aviv and later in that season won the 4th championship on 9 May 1998, by which time Kashtan had returned to the club again.

Despite Itzik Zohar leaving and Eli Ohana suffering an injury in the seventh game without playing until the end, Istvan Pisont led the club to win an achievement only preceded by Maccabi Haifa in 1994.

In 1998–99 Beitar reached the cup final, but lost 3–1 on penalties to Hapoel Tel Aviv after a 1–1 draw.

Director Moshe Dadash could not carry the club alone. The Involvement of Likud party diminished to that of Ehud Olmert alone. On 6 October 1999 Beitar was sold for the first time to Yaakov Ben Gur. Kashtan was replaced by former player Eli Ohana, under whom the club reached the cup final again the following season, where they lost on penalties to Hapoel Tel Aviv again. Yaakov Ben Gur left over a brawl with Eli Ohana and the team was sold to Gad Zeevi.

2000s
At the end of the 1990s the club was in severe financial difficulties; chairman Moshe Dadash had sold the club's training grounds and pocketed the money. Gad Zeevi brought the money to buy ten new players in almost unlimited prices and salaries. At the end of the 1999–00 season, Ohana was fired and replaced by Eli Guttman. Guttman started the Ligat Ha'Al 2000–01 well, going the first 18 games without a loss, and won also the Shalom Cup (Roma) – Peace Cup. In Rome on 10 September 2000 the club beat Alwaqass from Jordan 7–0 in a game which lasted 45 minutes, Scoreres : Yaniv Abarjil 3, Alon Mizrahi 2, Beni Hadad 1, AlJaabir (OG) 1. Later in the same evening Beitar won 1–0 over Roma, scorer : Yaniv Abarjil. In another 45 minutes game, and won its first and only title out of Israel. Days later Beitar lost 1–3 to PAOK in UEFA Cup tournament in Greece. The next game with PAOK ended in 3–3 draw. Moshe Dadash was forced to leave by Israel Football Association over his juristic problems exposed in 2001 concerning the training pitch in Bayit Vegan. The real trouble was exposed by an Israeli court in 2005. Later the season ended in a fiasco, both on the pitch and financially, Guttman became sick and left after 22 league games, and Nissim Bakhar the winner of two titles in 1976 returned, and brought quiet to the team until the season ended. In the later years Eli Guttman and players were accused by fans and media in cheating Gad Zeevi and capitalizing over his expense, concerning the real prices and salaries of some players, especially Branko Savić and Milan Stoyanoski. Gad Zeevi got into troubles with Israeli police over Bezeq shares, and found Beitar Jerusalem "Financially Unworthy" and left Beitar, applying to a court to declare Beitar's bankruptcy.

After the club's bankruptcy was declared by a court, 'Ami Fulman was appointed as an interim director by the court until club debts could be settled. 'Ami Fulman and his assistant got a salary of 1 million NIS together and the club was given a budget of 5 million NIS. The previous season players were convinced to get only 25% of their contracted salaries, those agreeing joining the Creditors Arrangement. The club started to search for players and new owner(s) and fans took active part in it, filling the courtroom in every discussion about the club, and some opened a bank account for donations. Its number was known to few only 54,000 NIS were collected. Beitar Jerusalem was not allowed to play the first three games; the games were postponed instead of forfeited by Beitar. The club started to play only from the 4th game onward, losing the 4th, 5th, 6th games, playing to a draw in the next three games and winning for the 1st time vs. Hapoel Rishon LeZion. Meanwhile, new buyers were approved by the court: Meir Panijel and brothers Meir Levi and Shaul Levi, aided by Sasson Shem Tov. The fans felt that they had done their best to help their team. Until the 29th league game, inclusive, out of 33, Beitar was in 12th and last place, with only five wins and ten draws, 25 points. The 30th game was won, and also the 31st game was won. The 32nd game was a draw 3–3 against Maccabi Kiryat Gat F.C. a rival in the bottom of the league. Beitar Jerusalem promoted jumped to 10th place. The last game was a draw 1–1 vs. the new champion Maccabi Haifa. Beitar ended the season with 7 league wins, 12 draws, 14 losses, 33 points, 39 goals for, 49 goals against, and kept the 10th place and avoided relegation. Manor Hassan scored 11 league goals in his only season as a club player. Beitar scored 15 goals in 3 State Cup games, including an away win 7–2 over F.C. Ashdod but lost 0–1 to Maccabi Haifa in the semi-final, on 7 May 2002.

The club ended the season of 2002–03 in the 9th place, and was certificated by Israel Football Association as the Honest Team of the Season, in the merit of 0 red cards and 71 yellow cards of club players, the least numbers in the whole of the Israeli leagues. The prize was a DVD recorder given to the club with the certificate about the achievement.

The news for the club ahead of 2003–2004 season, came from Maccabi Tel Aviv, the champion of 2002–03 season. On 13 August 2003, three senior club members declared in a press conference: Avi Nimni and Tal Banin were being ousted from the club, accused of dividing the team ("Making Camps of separate players"). Meir Panijel saw the opportunity to take Avi Nimni; the problem was his large contract. Meir Panijel offered 3 Million NIS. After months of negotiations, en elaborate deal was made. Nimni got 4,200,000 NIS for 2$1/2$ seasons, part of it paid by Maccabi Tel Aviv. Nimni joined with Beitar Jerusalem in mid season, scoring eight league goals as Beitar ended the season in 9th place.

A Futsal team of Beitar Jerusalem led by former football goalkeeper Shlomi Maman won the 2004 championship. although a planned playoff never held, because of a financial crisis of the league. Beitar jerusalem was in 1st place then, and any mention of it was vanished from the Israeli media at once. Many years later it became clear the Beitar Jerusalem was declared as a champion.

Avi Nimni continued to play with the club during 2004–05 season, adding 12 more league goals, his charisma helping the team to 4th place. By the end of the season Avi Nimni aggregate score was 20 league goals in 50 league games.

During the summer of 2005 it was proven that Meir Panijel had financial problems. The only worthy thing that remained out of his ownership of the club was the value of the training court in Bayit Vegan. After spending 60 million NIS in about four years he looked for his way out. The contract of Avi Nimni was a huge burden. Nimni was returned to Maccabi Tel Aviv by its fans that threw away all three persons that expelled him two years earlier. Panijel got relief for Beitar Jerusalem finances, and 1 year short of Nimni's contract termination with the club, both separated in good ways. The help to Beitar was unexpected after the 2005–2006 season started. On 18 August 2005, the club was bought by Russian-born billionaire Arcadi Gaydamak for 35,500,000 NIS without buying the training facility in Bayit Vegan. Meir Panijel continues to lease the training facility to the club for a yearly fee. Arcadi Gaydamak angered some Beitar fans when he donated $400,000 to Bnei Sakhnin in a diplomatic gesture. However, under Gaydamak, the club soon established itself as having the largest budget in Israeli football. Several new players were signed such as Jérôme Leroy, Fabrice Fernandes, David Aganzo and the club eventually signed manager Luis Fernández. Beitar finished 3rd in the league and qualified for the UEFA Cup in 2005–06.

Osvaldo Ardiles was appointed manager at the start of the 2006–07 season, but was sacked after disappointing results in the UEFA Cup. His replacement, Yossi Mizrahi, led the club to its 5th championship. On 7 May 2007, three games before the season's end, the club received the title offer via a TV news broadcast; Maccabi Tel Aviv had been punished by with the removal of two league points due to a financial fraud involving the contracts of two of its players. This increased the margin of Beitar Jerusalem from 8 to 10 points with three games, worth nine points together, left to play. Afterwards there was a fan celebration ahead of the evening of game on 6 May 2007, a win against Hapoel Petah Tikva 2–0, because of a rumor that the championship was secured, which was false then. On 8 May 2007, the club player Milovan Mirošević told the press: "It is weird to win the championship without a game." Beitar Jerusalem did the best to win its next game over Hapoel Tel Aviv and won 2–1, to prove to be entitled for the championship on the pitch.

In the summer of 2007, Itzhak Shum came to be the club manager. In 2007–08 the club won its first championship and State Cup. Double, winning the championship title on 17 May 2008 by nine points and beating Hapoel Tel Aviv 5–4 on penalties in the cup final after a 0–0 draw, on 13 May 2008 for winning the State cup for the sixth time.

The following season, 2008–09 season started when Itzhak Shum as club manager, but bad start to the league and disqualification to UEFA Champions League, Shum was sacked without stopping his wages payments. Reuven Atar came to be the coach. In the last third of the season, Beitar went on a roll, eventually winning the State Cup for the 7th time, beating Maccabi Haifa 2–1 in the final on 26 May 2009. This was despite finishing the game with 10 players vs. 11; Cristian Alvarez and Aviram Baruchyan scored for the club.

In July 2009, Guma Aguiar invested over US$4 million and it was widely expected that he would take over ownership of the club, and indeed claimed to be so in December 2009. This was denied by the Israel Football Association, stating that Gaydamak remains the owner due to his ongoing legal issues complicating the sale of the club. Itzhak Shum returned to work as he was still under contract. On 26 January 2010, Beitar Jerusalem won the Toto Cup for the second time, beating Hapoel Ra'anana 1–0 on the strength of an Idan Vered goal. The trophy was given along with 1,300,000 NIS. At the beginning of the tournament Fans told Toto Tamuz: "Please win the cup called after your name" and he became the tournament star when he scored five goals out of the club total 15 goals. The club won seven games, one of them by a technical 3–0, one draw and one loss. Itzhak Shum told the media that he fulfilled his mission: Winning all three titles with Beitar Jerusalem, namely Championship, State Cup and Toto Cup, but he was unfortunate: Many fans claimed his football is "boring" and "sickening" and he had hard times from crowds without honour. He was fired before the season ended with the club ending the league in the 5th place. The club ended the season in financial profit, made by the Toto Cup money.

2010s
Uri Malmilian started the 2010–11 season as a manager. In Toto Cup games the team started successfully. It passed the group stage without losing, ending in 1st place while setting its record score of any time in this tournament. On 9 November 2010 the club won 8–0 vs. F.C. Ashdod, qualified to the quarter-final. In the league games the club had hard times. Uri Malmilian asked to resign, but remained as a manager until after the 18th game. Beitar had only 19 points when he resigned, replaced by Ronny Levy. Beitar Jerusalem lost the Toto cup quarter-final to Maccabi Petah Tikva in penalties shootout. The club ended in 11th place.

In July 2011, Beitar Jerusalem announced that a deal was made between club owner Arcadi Gaydamak and American businessmen Dan Adler and Adam Levine who were to take over the club. However, the deal fell through when Adler and Levin heard about the club debts. Both Adler and Levine were referred by Beitar fans as "Two clowns who came to make an advertising trip on the expense of Beitar Jerusalem."

During June 2011, David Amsalem was appointed as a coach, but a few days before the league start in August he suddenly resigned a day after the team won 1–0 in a Toto Cup game. Amsalem explained that the team was not prepared for the season, and without new players he could not be responsible to the future. Yuval Naim replaced him. An unsuccessful start caused an end to his job when the club was close to the league's bottom. Eli Cohen, the winner of 1997 championship, became club manager. He won the title "Coach of the season" because of a sequence of 8 Beitar Jerusalem's league wins during his period. Beitar finished the season in 9th place.

On 17 June 2012, Gaydamak announced his decision to give up the ownership of Beitar Jerusalem, via a letter to the media, in which he specified the titles won by the club in his period, and the total sum of money that he invested in the club, by then: 378,886,000 NIS.

On 20 June 2013, the team was bought by Eli Tabib. The deal was confirmed on 2 July 2013. Eli Tabib took the responsibility to pay Beitar Jerusalem FC debts, totaling 12.5 Million NIS. The media reported that he paid most of them during August 2013.

After 6 years in office, Tabib removed Itzik Korenfein from the position of Club chairman.

Before the beginning of 2013/14 season, Eli Cohen II was appointed as Head Coach until December 2013. Ronny Levy replaced Cohen, but the club failed to improve in its achievements.

In April 2014, Menachem Koretski become the new coach until January 2015. Koretski was replaced by Guy Levy who led the club into the fourth place in the Championship table standings. For the first time since 2007, Beitar returned to European tournaments to compete in the European League. In June 2015 Slobodan Drapić became the new coach.

During the Europa League second qualifying round first leg at Sporting Charleroi, the game between Beitar and FC Charleroi was delayed for three minutes due to the unruly behavior of some Israeli supporters. The club suffered a heavy loss in Charleroi (5–1) and the owner Eli Tabib announced he would leave the club.

At the end of 2015–16 season, Beitar finished in the 3rd place in IPL and qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round. Slobodan Drapić left the club due to his contract ended and Ran Ben Shimon was appointed as the new manager. Beitar signed new players as: Idan Vered, Marcel Heister and Erik Sabo.

At the end of 2017–18 season, Beitar finished in the 3rd place in IPL and reach the Israeli cup final, but lost the title to Hapoel Haifa. Beitar Jerusalem scored at least one goal in each and every one of 36 league games in 2017–18 season, continuing scoring since the last 6 league games in 2016–17 season since 22 April 2017 making a record of 42 consecutive league games that Beitar Jerusalem scored, before adding the 1st league game in the next season, by scoring in it, making a record of 43 consecutive league games that Beitar Jerusalem scored, the historical record for the Israeli football ever. Beitar scored 75 league goals in 2017–18 season, even its record score in 1993–94 season.

On 13 May 2018, the club announced that it was changing its official name to Beitar Trump Jerusalem Football Club, saying that U.S. President Donald J. Trump had "displayed courage, vision and true love for the people of Israel and their capital."

On Monday, 13 August 2018, Beitar Jerusalem was sold to Moshe Hogeg, a high-tech entrepreneur, for 26.5 million NIS, which was 18 million NIS to Eli Tabib and 8.5 million NIS for debts payments and avoiding lawsuits. During that week Israeli defender Tal Ben Haim joined with the club. After buying the team, Hogeg said that he hoped to put it on a "new path" and that religion would no longer be a factor in the club's personnel decisions.

2020s
On 7 December 2020, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, a member of Abu Dhabi's ruling family, announced plans to acquire a 50 percent stake in the club. The deal was brokered by Jewish-Emirati businessman Naum Koen, chairman of the NY Koen Group. Al Nahyan's son, Mohamed bin Hamad bin Khalifa, was to sit on the team's board of directors. As part of the deal, Sheikh Khalifa al-Nahyan was to invest roughly $92 million into the club over the next ten years and his son would join the club's board of directors. Co-owner Moshe Hogeg said the new arrangement was an attempt to recast the club's image. "Our message is that we are all equal. We want to show to young kids that we are all equal and that we can work and do beautiful things together." However, the deal did not proceed, and collapsed in 2022 following claims of financial misconduct and Hogeg being accused of sex crimes.

2020–2021
Beitar Ended the league games in the 10th place. Moshe Hogeg had a "war in court" against 4 members of La Familia which made his life hard : Cursed his daughter and Told him : "We know in which school your son learns".

2021–2022
During September 2021 Moshe Hogeg decided to sell Beitar Jerusalem after investing 120 million NIS, a thing that he repeated to mention. In November 2021 he announced that he quits putting money in beitar jerusalem as of January 2022, and appointed lawyer Yitzhaq Younger as the man in charge as a trustee. Moshe Hogeg was arrested and later released by Israeli Police during that season. Economic troubles started, along with football hardships that where harming Beitar Jerusalem from the start of that season. The team management was searching for money to pay salaries. Some players were released in mid season. All other players and workers, had to agree that their salaries will be reduced by 30% but an agreement was made that the 30% are a "loan" from the players to the club. An improved playoff in the end of the season with no losses, gained the 10th place, on the last game on May 14, 2022. After that, the troubles of Beitar Jerusalem where intensified. Eli Ohana left his chairman role on May 31, on the end of his contract, maybe because of 2 reasons : unsuccessful relationships with Moshe Hogeg during that season, and knowing that there was no money for continuing his job. Israeli police regarded every Moshe Hogeg's properties as places of "concealing money", including Beitar Jerusalem. During July 2022, Israeli Police got earlier a permission by a court, to confiscate all Moshe Hogeg properties. Beitar Jerusalem became a hostage by law. Until August 10, there was a constant threat to relegate Beitar Jerusalem to "A league" because of debts of 42 Million NIS, by a regulation that a club that can not pay its contracts should not play in a professional league. Israeli Police demanded money from Moshe hogeg, and the intended buyer, Baraq Avramov, withdrew from negotiations by 9 August by Noon. On that afternoon by 18:00 Moshe Hogeg addressed the media urging Baraq Avramov to save Beitar Jerusalem, blaming all about no help, and asking "Is Beitar Jerusalem a property of the Police ?". in 9 August, 23:44 A Facebook page of Betar fans reported : Baraq Avramov is back in negotiations. A Likud Knesset member, Nir Barkat, A former Jerusalem's Mayor, found a donator to Beitar Jerusalem which donated 2 Million NIS. The threat of relegation was removed on August 10, 2022, when in elaborate deal was made between Moshe Hogeg and Baraq Avramov, and Beitar Jerusalem was sold to Baraq Avramov, which was forced to pay 5 Million NIS to Israeli Police, also in order to prevent money from Moshe Hogeg. This happened in August 10, After all was approved, on August 11, 2022, about 16:00 PM, Beitar Jerusalem was allowed to start 2022–2023 season in the IPL.

2022–2023
After negotiations, on August 17, 2022, Beitar Jerusalem sold its NFT rights for 6 years to Chroma-Way for 700000 Euros.

Beitar had a hard league season with 13 wins 4 ties 16 loses, ended in 8th place, and had 3 seasons records : 2 positives, the highest win and the highest score of IPL IN 2022–2023 season, 6:3 over Maccabi Netania, when top scorer Ion Nicolaescu scored 4 goals, highest scorer in IPL during 2022–2023, and one record was negative, conceiving 58 league goals, equal to that of Maccabi Netania. Some days before the State Cup Final Baraq Avramov was selected as the Team Owner of The Season 2022–2023, by the Israeli Football Association.

Beitar surprised itself and its fans by winning Israeli State Cup for the 8th time in history on 23 May 2023 after win 3:0 over Maccabi Netania, when Ion Nicolaescu (37) Fred Friday (76) And Yarden Shuah (90) Scored the goals, and Yarden Shuah was Involved in all goals. The Cup was awarded to Beitar on 24 May 2023 in President's House in Jerusalem, because a breakup of La Familia fans caused an evacuation of Israeli president by security forces.

2023–2024
Beitar had a hard season in every tournament it participated. A loss in Israeli Super Cup deprived from Beitar any chance of winning Toto Cup also, Beitar ended in 6th place. A draw 0:0 and a loss 1:4 to PAOK FC where the only games in a European tournament since many years of absence. The state cup became a past issue only after a loss in the 1st game. In the league Beitar started with -4 points after a deprivation by Israeli Football Association, a punishment on the events following the events right after the end of 2022-2023 State Cup Final. Beitar was in table's bottom for the most of the season, losses more than wins, and deprivation of 1 more point, but ended with a positive goals ratio. Beitar ended in the 11th place in the league table. The only achievement was a win of 5:1 vs Hapoel Tel Aviv in Bloomfield Stadium, on April 27, 2024, the highest ever away win of Beitar against Hapoel Tel Aviv in Bloomfield stadium in the league.

Crest
The Menorah is the emblem of Israel and the logo of the early Revisionist Zionist movement Betar.

Rivalry with Hapoel Tel Aviv
Another rivalry with Hapoel Tel Aviv which is a political rivalry, as Hapoel Tel Aviv supporters tend to be socialist, a stark contrast to the more right-wing Beitar supporters.

Rivalry with Bnei Sakhnin
The rivalry with Bnei Sakhnin is too, a political rivalry as well as an ethnic and racial rivalry as Bnei Sakhnin are the most successful predominantly Arab club while Beitar Jerusalem remains the only major club to have never signed a Muslim Arab player in Israel.

Former Stadiums
Beitar held its first games as a professional football team in the "Dajani field", which was located in the old Katamon neighborhood. After the War of Independence and the establishment of the State of Israel, the team's home was officially moved to the YMCA Stadium, which has since become the team's regular home ground, until 1991, when the team moved to Teddy Stadium.

Teddy Stadium

In 1991, Beitar has moved to the Teddy Stadium, named after longtime Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. Initially the stadium was two-sided and held 12,000 spectators. This was increased to 21,600 when a third side was completed in 1997. The fourth side of the stadium was completed in the summer of 2013 in anticipation of the UEFA under 21 championship hosted by Israel, increasing the capacity of the stadium to 31,733 seats.

The ground has been dubbed Gehinom (lit. Hell) by club supporters, for the hostile atmosphere it presents to visiting teams and their fans.

Training Ground
All of the departments of Beitar Jerusalem train in the training complex at Beit Vagan. The complex includes locker rooms for the alumni group and the youth department, gyms, physiotherapy rooms, dining room, cloakrooms and treatment rooms. The complex contains three training fields, two of them with synthetic grass. Each of the fields has two Tribunes on both sides, and all contain a total of about 750 seats.

The club's offices have been in the complex since 2009, and there is a fan shop inside the complex that sells cheerleading and merchandise products for the group's fans.

Supporters and politics
The most vocal supporters of Beitar Jerusalem make up the controversial nationalist La Familia group. These fans are well known for their opposition to integrating Arabs into the club and they are proud of the fact that Beitar Jerusalem is the only team in the IPL that has never had an Arab player, although it has had several non-Arab players of the Islamic faith. Fans in and out of the stadium's stands chant anti-Arab and racist slogans — as "Death to Arabs". The club has also been penalized many times for the behavior of its fans.

Although Beitar Jerusalem has yet to have an Arab player, team leaders say that they would welcome an Arab player when the right conditions make it possible.

Guram Adzhoyev, a Tajik, was the first Muslim to ever play for Beitar Jerusalem. During the hardship 1989–90 season, his religion went unnoticed by most fans. Adzhoyev was well liked by Beitar fans due to his all-out efforts during 13 games of the season's second half. Adzhoyev's single goal in the last game, a 3–2 Beitar win over Maccabi Netanya, helped the club secure a berth the following season in Liga Leumit, the top league in Israel at the time.

Viktor Paço, an Albanian player, was a star for Beitar Jerusalem. He scored 21 league goals in 67 games and at least 2 State Cup goals during 2 non-consecutive seasons: 1999–00 and 2001–02. In an interview to the Jerusalem newspaper "Kol Ha'Ir", he stated that he is a Muslim, a fact that was later mentioned in the Israeli media.

Nigerian player Ndala Ibrahim, a Muslim, was on the team briefly in 2005 on loan from Maccabi Tel Aviv, played 4 games, supported by coach Eli Ohana, but left after being mobbed by Beitar fans. He returned to Maccabi Tel Aviv and soon returned to Nigeria.

In 2013, the club signed two Chechen Muslim players, Zaur Sadayev and Dzhabrail Kadiyev. When fans protested, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Moshe Yaalon condemned the protest as shocking and racist, stating "I was shocked by the racism displayed in the Beitar Jerusalem stands yesterday against having Muslim or Arab players on the team". Fans of the club reportedly displayed a banner bearing the words "Beitar – forever pure" and chanted anti-Arab slogans at a match the day the players were signed, leading to four arrests. On 8 February 2013, 2 fans, Matan Navon and Evyatar Yosef, set fire to the club's administrative offices, apparently in response to the signing of Sadayev and Kadiyev. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who is a Beitar supporter (along with many other senior Likud politicians), condemned the arson as "shameful" and "racist". On 3 March, Sadayev scored his first goal for Beitar during a league game against Maccabi Netanya, prompting hundreds of the team's fans to leave the stadium.

In 2019, Beitar fans association La Familia demanded that Ali Mohamed, a Christian from Niger who had signed for the club, change his name as Mohamed sounded "too Muslim", leading the club's owner Moshe Hogeg to threaten to sue the fans.

Beitar Jerusalem in Europe
Beitar Jerusalem participated in Intertoto games in Summer of 1976 : 2 wins, 2 draws, 2 losses. The Winner of the preliminary group stage was BSC Young Boys, and also in 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1995, 2005. Beitar's first competitive European match which was not a part of Intertoto games, was a 1–1 draw with FC Zimbru Chişinău in the 1993-94 UEFA Champions League. The team has participated in the UEFA Champions League five times, never advancing farther than the second qualifying round.

UEFA Team Ranking

 * Bold row separators indicate change of ranking system.
 * Italic font indicate ongoing season.

Club own records

 * Seasons in the Israeli Premier League: 53 (Including 2021–2022)
 * Lowest season position: 10 in the second league (League A)
 * Record win: 9:0 (against Beitar Ramla F.C. 1992–93, State Cup)
 * Record win in any league: 8:0 (against Hapoel Ramla F.C. 1949–50, Jerusalem District League)
 * Record win in the first league: 8:1 (against Maccabi Herzliya F.C. 1994–95, IPL)
 * Record win in Toto Cup: 8:0 (against F.C. Ashdod) 2010–11
 * Record European win: 5:1 (against Floriana F.C., 1996–97, in UEFA Cup Preliminary round)
 * Record defeat (and league defeat): 0:7 (against Maccabi Tel Aviv 2000–01, Israel Premier League)
 * Record European defeat: 0:6 (against S.L. Benfica, 1998–99, in UEFA Champions League 2nd qualifying round)
 * Longest game winning streak: 19 (during 1966–68 season in league A)
 * Longest game winning streak in the IPL: 9 (during 1996–97 season)
 * Most wins in a season (IPL): 22 wins in the 1992–93 season
 * Most points in a season (3 points per win, IPL): 71 points in the 1992–93 season
 * Most League goals scored in a season (IPL): 75 goals in the 1993–94, 2017–18 seasons. 161 goals in a double-season of 1966–68 in "league A", then the second league.
 * Biggest point margin from the runners-up (winning the IPL championship): 15 points in the 1986–87 season
 * Biggest goal difference in a season (IPL): +42 in the 1996–97 season
 * Fewest goals conceded in a season (IPL): 14 in the 1977–78 season
 * Longest time period in the IPL without conceding a goal: 928 minutes in the 1974–75 season
 * Longest sequence of scoring in each league games (IPL): 43, since the last 6 games of 2016–17 on 22/4/2017 continuing as long as the whole 36 league games of 2017–18, and the 1st game of 2018–19, on 27/8/2018.

Individual records

 * Most League appearances: Uri Malmilian, 423 appearances
 * Most European appearances: Itzik Kornfein, 23 appearances
 * Oldest first-team player: Arnest Weinberger, 40 years, 363 days (against Maccabi Rehovot F.C., 30 March 1957)
 * Most appearances in Israeli national team: Uri Malmilian, 62 appearances
 * Most League goals: Eli Ohana, 142 goals
 * Most State cup goals: Uri Malmilian, 29 goals
 * Most European goals: István Sallói, 12 goals
 * Most goals scored for the national team (while being player for the team): Ronen Harazi, 18 goals
 * Highest goalscorer for one match: Simon Alfasi, 6 goals (against Degel-zion Tel Aviv, 29 November 1947)
 * Highest goalscorer in one season (30 games): Eli Miali 18 goals (in the 1978–79 season)
 * Longest time period without conceding a goal (GK):Yosef Surijnov, 928 minutes in the 1974–75 season

Foreigners 2023/24
Only up to six non-Israeli nationals can be in an Israeli club squad. Those married to an Israeli, or those with Jewish ancestry can claim a passport or permanent residency which would allow them to play with Israeli status.

 * 🇧🇬 Plamen Galabov
 * 🇨🇮 Ismaila Soro
 * Mayron George
 * Fred Friday
 * Miguel Silva

Managers

 * 🇮🇱 Israel Halivner (1968–70)
 * 🇮🇱 Arie Radler (1971–72)
 * 🇮🇱 Emmanuel Scheffer (1979–80)
 * 🇮🇱 Arie Radler (1980–81)
 * 🇮🇱 Eliyahu Offer (1981–82)
 * 🇮🇱 Dror Kashtan (1985–87)
 * 🇮🇱 Eliyahu Offer (1988)
 * 🇮🇱 Dror Kashtan (1988–89)
 * 🇮🇱 Ze'ev Seltzer (1989–91)
 * 🇮🇱 Michael Kadosh (1991–92)
 * 🇮🇱 Dror Kashtan (1 July 1992 – 30 June 1994)
 * 🇮🇱 Amatsia Levkovich (First 4 games of 1994–95)
 * 🇮🇱 Yossi Mizrahi (1994–95)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Cohen I (1 July 1995 – 30 June 1997)
 * 🇮🇱 Dror Kashtan (1 July 1997 – 30 June 1999)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Ohana (1 July 1999 – 30 June 2000)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Guttman (July 2000 – 1 March 2001)
 * 🇮🇱 Yossi Mizrahi (June 2001 – July 2001)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Cohen I (1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Ohana (1 July 2003 – 30 June 2005)
 * 🇳🇱 Ton Caanen (5 June 2005 – 12 December 2005)
 * 🇫🇷 Luis Fernández (13 December 2005 – 6 June 2006)
 * 🇦🇷 Osvaldo Ardiles (1 July 2006 – 18 October 2006)
 * 🇮🇱 Yossi Mizrahi (Oct 2006 – 7 June 2007)
 * 🇮🇱 Itzhak Shum (1 July 2007 – 1 September 2008)
 * 🇮🇱 Reuven Atar (2 September 2008 – 30 June 2009)
 * 🇮🇱 Itzhak Shum (1 July 2009 – 20 February 2010)
 * 🇮🇱 David Amsalem (April 2010 – 11 June 2010)
 * 🇮🇱 Uri Malmilian (1 July 2010 – 17 January 2011)
 * 🇮🇱 Ronny Levy (17 January 2011 – 10 June 2011)
 * 🇮🇱 David Amsalem (10 June 2011 – 17 August 2011)
 * 🇮🇱 Yuval Naim (17 August 2011 – 8 February 2012)
 * 🇮🇱 Hanan Azulay (interim) (9 February 2012 – 13 February 2012)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Cohen I (13 February 2012 – 4 May 2013)
 * 🇮🇱 Eli Cohen II (4 May 2013 – 3 December 2013)
 * 🇮🇱 David Amsalem (interim) (3 December 2013 – 9 December 2013)
 * 🇮🇱 Ronny Levy (9 December 2013 – 10 May 2014)
 * 🇮🇱 Meni Koretski (10 May 2014 – 15 January 2015)
 * 🇮🇱 Guy Levy (interim) (January 2015 – 15 June)
 * 🇮🇱 🇷🇸 Slobodan Drapić (7 June 2015 – 1 June 2016)
 * 🇮🇱 Ran Ben Shimon (8 June 2016 – 5 February 2017)
 * 🇮🇱 Sharon Mimer (6 February 2017 – 16 August 2017)
 * 🇮🇱 Gili Levanda (3 September 2017 – 28 September 2017)
 * 🇮🇱 Benny Ben Zaken (28 September 2017 – 1 June 2018)
 * 🇮🇱 Guy Luzon (27 May 2018 – 22 October 2018)
 * 🇮🇱 Nir Klinger (29 October 2018 – 4 June 2019)
 * 🇮🇱 Ronny Levy (6 June 2019 – 28 August 2020)
 * 🇮🇱 🇷🇸 Slobodan Drapić (4 September 2020 – 20 March 2021)
 * 🇳🇱 Erwin Koeman (3 June 2021 – 1 December 2021)
 * 🇮🇱 Yossi Mizrahi (9 December 2021 – 26 January 2022 )
 * 🇮🇱 Yossi Abukasis (3 February 2022 - 31 January 2024)
 * 🇮🇱 Gal Cohen (1 February 2024 -  19 February 2024)
 * 🇮🇱 Barak Itzhaki (19 February 2024 - Present)

title: Beitar Jerusalem F.C.


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User talk:Liftoph

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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AfD nomination of Leesa and Laura Andrew
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Leesa and Laura Andrew. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Liftoph


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Silvia Gemignani

Silvia Gemignani (born September 2, 1972 in Pietrasanta) is an athlete from Italy, who competes in triathlon.

Gemignani competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took twentieth place with a total time of 2:05:21.26. At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Gemignani competed again. Her time of 2:08:56.94 earned her a twenty-first-place finish.

Since 1997 till 2007 Gemignani took part in Elite Women ITU races, wherein she came to podium four times. With time 01:54:55, her best in this series, she won 2001 Forte dei Marmi ITU Triathlon European Cup. At 2001 Praia da Vitoria ITU Triathlon European Cup Gemignani finished second.

title: Silvia Gemignani


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Raccard

Raccards are traditional granaries that can be found in parts of the Minho, north of Portugal (called Espigueiro), in Galicia and Asturias, north-west of Spain, Swiss Alps (usually in Valais) and in the Italian Alps (in the Lys Valley and in Ayas). In Italy they are called rascard and in Savoy regard. They are found in the Valle d'Aosta region of Italy.

These pre-industrial structures resemble log cabins, built above ground and supported by wooden stilts. A circular stone slab, forming an overhang, is intercalated between the stilts and the granary to prevent rodents from gaining access to the grain or fodder reserves. Raccards allow for preserving and processing grain products.

title: Raccard


text: User talk:66.176.9.221

title: User talk:66.176.9.221


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Joelle Franzmann

Joelle Franzmann (born December 29, 1978, in Idar-Oberstein, Rhineland-Palatinate) is an athlete from Germany, who competes in triathlon.

Franzmann competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. She took 21st place overall with a time of 02:05:24. She finished with a swimming time of 19:11, a bike time of 01:05:13, a run time of 00:40:08.

Four years later, at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, Franzmann placed sixteenth overall with a time of 2:08:18.33. Her swim time was 00:18:54, her bike time 01:10:57 and her run time 00:37:25.

title: Joelle Franzmann


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Evelyn Williamson

Evelyn Catherine Laura Williamson (born 30 August 1971) is an athlete from New Zealand, who competes in triathlon.

Williamson competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took twenty-second place with a total time of 2:05:38.30.

Williamson placed 3rd at the 1998 ITU Triathlon World Championships.

Williamson qualified as the alternate for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, but as New Zealand does not send their alternates along with the three-person team, she did not attend.

title: Evelyn Williamson


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Length (phonetics)

In phonetics, length or quantity is a feature of sounds that have distinctively extended duration compared with other sounds. There are long vowels as well as long consonants (the latter are often called geminates).

Many languages do not have distinctive length. Among the languages that have distinctive length, there are only a few that have both distinctive vowel length and distinctive consonant length. It is more common that there is only one or that they depend on each other.

The languages that distinguish between different lengths have usually long and short sounds. The Mixe languages are widely considered to have three distinctive levels of vowel length, as do Estonian, some Low German varieties in the vicinity of Hamburg and some Moselle Franconian and Ripuarian Franconian varieties.

Strictly speaking, a pair of a long sound and a short sound should be identical except for their length. In certain languages, however, there are pairs of phonemes that are traditionally considered to be long-short pairs even though they differ not only in length, but also in quality, for instance English "long e" which is (as in feet ) vs. "short i" which is  (as in fit ) or German "long e" which is  (as in Beet  'garden bed') vs. "short e" which is  (as in Bett  'sleeping bed'). Also, tonal contour may reinforce the length, as in Estonian, where the over-long length is concomitant with a tonal variation resembling tonal stress marking.

In transcription in the International Phonetic Alphabet, long vowels or consonants are notated with the length sign (ː Unicode U+02D0 MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON) after the letter. Diacritics may occur over either the base letter, the length sign, or both. For example, in some non-rhotic varieties of English the /t/ of the word party may be nearly elided, with just some breathy-voice remaining, in which case it may be transcribed. When both length and tone are moraic, a tone diacritic may appear twice, as in (falling tone on a long vowel). A morpheme may be reduced to length plus nasalization, in which case a word might be transcribed. If the length is morphemic, the morphemes would be and.

In this non-linear phonology, the feature of length is often not a feature of a specific sound segment, but rather of the whole syllable.

title: Length (phonetics)


text: User talk:213.140.6.121

title: User talk:213.140.6.121


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Sabra (character)

Sabra is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Sal Buscema, the character first appeared in Incredible Hulk #250 (August 1980) in a cameo, before making a full appearance in Incredible Hulk #256 (February 1981). Sabra is the alter ego of the Israeli superheroine Ruth Bat-Seraph (רות בת-שרף). She is a mutant, and serves as an agent to the Israeli secret service known as the Mossad.

Shira Haas is set to portray a reimagined version of Sabra in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain America: Brave New World (2025).

Concept and creation
Belinda Glass, a singer and the first wife of Marvel writer Mark Gruenwald, came up with the name and concept of the character. "Sabra" is a slang term for a native-born Israeli Jew. The name refers to the prickly pear cactus: tough on the outside but soft and sweet on the inside.

Publication history
Sabra debuted in Incredible Hulk #256 (February 1981), created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Sal Buscema. She later appeared in the 1990 New Warriors series, by writer Evan Skolnick and artist Patrick Zircher. She appeared in the 2009 Astonishing Tales: Sabra, her first solo one-shot, by writer Matt Yocum.

Fictional character biography
Ruth Bat-Seraph was born near Jerusalem. She was raised on a special kibbutz run by the Israeli government after her power manifested. Ruth was the first superhuman agent to serve with the Mossad (the Israeli secret service). She became a police officer in addition to serving as a government agent. Her first public act as Sabra was a battle with the Hulk, whom she mistakenly believed was working with terrorists. Not long after that, Sabra was chosen as a pawn of Death in the latter's game against the Grandmaster. There, she met Iron Man and the Arabian Knight, and battled She-Hulk and Captain Britain. She later appeared at the Hulk's amnesty ceremony in Washington, D.C. Some years later, Sabra's young son was killed in a terrorist attack. She disobeyed orders in order to bring her son's killers to justice.

Another dispute with the Hulk was intensified as Sabra's powers temporarily robbed him of his voice, making it seem as if he was still a near-mindless monster. She fought the Hulk, but the two worked through their differences and attempted to search for a child who was foretold to become a genocidal maniac, while contending with Achilles of the Pantheon, who was sent to kill the boy.

Later, during a peace process meeting, Sabra finds herself fighting the New Warriors while under the mental influence of a mysterious, unexplained force. Some time after, Sabra finds herself caught up in the events of the anti-mutant campaign known as "Operation: Zero Tolerance". It is at this time that Sabra fights alongside the X-Men and begins to subscribe to the philosophies of Charles Xavier. Sabra spends some time as a member of the X-Corporation's Paris branch. She accompanies Xavier and other X-Men to Genosha after it was demolished by Sentinels.

During the JLA/Avengers crossover event she was seen holding the Wailing Wall together after Krona's attack cause earthquakes across the globe.

Sabra is one of a handful of mutants to have retained their powers after the effects of M-Day. She is later seen, under request from the British government, aiding Union Jack against a terrorist attack on London. She comes into conflict with the new Arabian Knight because of cultural differences, but they begrudgingly work together, paralleling her relationship with the first Arabian Knight during the Contest of Champions.

During the Civil War within the US superhero community over the Superhuman Registration Act, Sabra joins Bishop's government-sanctioned team that polices unruly mutants. Mossad assigns her to the force in exchange for intelligence and technology so Israel can enact its own registration program. Sabra is identified as pro-registration in the superhuman Civil War as one of the 142 registered superheroes under the Initiative.

During the events of Secret Invasion, Sabra is briefly seen fighting off Skrulls in Israel.

During the Ends of the Earth storyline, Sabra is one of the heroes that respond to Spider-Man's call for help against Doctor Octopus' satellite factories. She is shown fighting through Octobots at a seemingly abandoned factory until being shot by Crossbones with a sniper rifle.

Sabra later represented the Israeli government when she attended Black Panther's meeting in the Eden Room of Avengers Mountain.

Powers and abilities
Sabra possesses superhuman abilities due to her mutant heritage, such as superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, endurance, and stamina. She can withstand impacts up to high caliber rifle fire, though she has been wounded by fire from an MP-40 sub-machine gun. Sabra can heal regeneratively faster and more extensively than a regular human being.

She is also able to charge other individuals by transferring to them her own life energy, and in the process, enhance their physical state of health (she has twice used this ability to save dying individuals) and granting them low-level super-powers, which are apparently determined randomly and are otherwise unrelated to Sabra's own mutant powers (such as the wind-generating powers given to a woman who took the costumed identity Windstorm). The recipient retains their new powers until Sabra herself decides to withdraw them by retrieving her life energy. Her standard power levels drop when she gives away her life energy (she has been shown losing up to half her natural physical power), but they return to normal once she takes back her life energy.

Equipment
Her various costumes, usually based on the design or colors of the Israeli flag, contain additional paraphernalia to enhance her combat capabilities. She wears a cape that contains a secret Israeli gravity-polarization device, which allows her to neutralize gravity's effect on her mass, and a tight array of four electric micro-turbines which impel air for sufficient thrust for inertia-less mass to fly at subsonic speeds. She wears special, pressure-reduction valve nose filters to allow her to breathe at high speeds and high altitudes. The cape also contains a wafer-thin computer system which processes her mental commands received by the circuitry in her tiara. The cape also has an optical navigation device which functions as an auto-pilot. Besides her cape, Sabra also has neuronic-frequency stunners built into her two wrist bracelets that shoot "energy quills", small bundles of low-density plasma (like balled lightning), that travel just below the speed of sound. Her quills can paralyze the nervous system of any organic being almost instantaneously.

In addition to her superhuman abilities and equipment, Sabra possesses the standard weapons, and armed and unarmed-combat training given to members of the Israeli military. She is trained in police methods and skills and in anti-terrorist techniques.

Reception
Nirit Anderman of Haaretz named Sabra the "first Israeli superheroine," writing, "Although there were several attempts to create local superheroes in Israel – for example Sabraman, Super Shlumper and Falafel Man – none of them managed to survive for long. The only ones who succeeded in this mission, even going one step further and creating a female superhero rather than a male one, were the guys from Marvel." Deirdre Kaye of Scary Mommy called Sabra a "role model" and a "truly heroic" female character. Nicole Lampert of The Jewish Chronicle described Sabra as a "great Jewish superhero." Brenton Stewart of Comic Book Resources referred to Sabra as one of "Marvel's most prominent international heroes," saying, "While she's never had her own series, she's carved out one of the most fascinating histories of any of Marvel's international heroes in her various encounters with the X-Men, the Hulk and Marvel's other heroes," while Scoot Allan ranked her 7th in their "10 Strongest Female Marvel Protagonists" list.

Dalton Norman of Screen Rant included Sabra "10 Best Marvel Characters Who Made Their Debut In The Hulk Comics" list, asserting, "It wasn't long before Sabra became an important fixture in the Marvel Universe, and she has popped up on numerous occasions including as a vocal supporter of the X-Men and their defense of the mutant cause." Cali Halperin of Jewish Telegraphic Agency named Sabra one of the "5 Female Jewish Superheroes Everyone Should Know." Margaret David of SlashfFilm included Sabra in their "10 Marvel Characters We Expect To See Introduced In MCU Phase 5" list, asserting, "With the world of the Avengers under siege by new paranoia and powers, mirroring our world's rampant and long-standing problem of anti-Semitism, Sabra's probably going to be the vehicle for meaningful commentaries. Further, it's going to be great to see more diversity and faith in our heroes."

The reception of the character by Palestinians and Arabs was more negative. Some have argued that the portrayal of Palestinians and Arabs in her comics are harmful stereotypes, claiming that several of the Arab characters she interacts with are portrayed as misogynistic, antisemitic, and violent. When her appearance in Captain America: Brave New World was announced, Yousef Munayyer, a Palestinian-American writer and analyst, said the comics did not suggest "anything positive" about her film appearance, since turning Israeli spies into heroes is "insensitive and disgraceful." The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) said that "the original comic’s ugly racism and valorization of Mossad are sickening". In November 2023, the BDS Movement National Committee and PACBI, said that the character is a personification of "apartheid Israel," and a racist character which promotes "Israel’s oppression of Palestinians," and called for a boycott on Marvel on Black Friday and Cyber Monday.

House of M: Masters of Evil
An alternate version of Sabra appears on Earth-58163. She is a member of the Red Guard and assists them in their fight against the Hood's Masters of Evil.

Ultimate Marvel
An alternate version of Sabra appears in the Ultimate Universe. She appears as a severed head on the wall of a hideout of the supervillain Doctor Faustus, along with the heads of agents from other intelligence agencies who were sent after him.

In other media

 * Ruth Bat-Seraph / Sabra makes a cameo appearance in the Fantastic Four: The Animated Series episode "Doomsday."
 * Ruth Bat-Seraph / Sabra will appear in the upcoming Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain America: Brave New World, portrayed by Shira Haas. In light of criticism from supporters of the Boycott, Divest, and Sanctions movement about the decision to include Sabra in MCU, Marvel Studios stated that they were going to take a new approach to the character by removing her Israeli identity. She will now be portrayed as a former Black Widow in the film.

title: Sabra (character)


text:
Ultimate Toni Braxton

Ultimate Toni Braxton, released in 2003, is the first greatest hits collection by R&B singer Toni Braxton. It features many of her greatest hits, and includes all the singles from her debut Toni Braxton and all but one of the singles from her second album Secrets. Her albums The Heat and More Than a Woman are fairly underrepresented, as only two and one songs are included from each album, respectively. The songs on Ultimate are not the actual album versions but radio edits, and the version of "Seven Whole Days" is live.

The album also includes two new songs, "Whatchu Need" (produced by Rodney Jerkins) and "The Little Things" (produced by R. Kelly). Toni's first single "Give U My Heart" (a duet with Babyface) that was included on the "Boomerang" soundtrack, and a remix of "Un-Break My Heart". There is also a Box Set edition of the album which contains six additional remixes. According to Billboard, the album has sold 400,000 copies as of May 2013. It was certified Gold in the UK, in July 2013.

Background and content
After releasing four studio albums, the last, More Than a Woman (2002), was a chart disappointment, being her first studio album to not reach the Top 10 and to not produce any hit singles. Later, Braxton discovered she was pregnant with her second child, which led her label to not release any more singles and the promotion of the album was interrupted. Ultimately, her label decided to release a greatest hits compilation in 2003. The compilation titled Ultimate Toni Braxton was released on November 4, 2003, by Arista Records.

Songs
The track list is composed of Braxton's 18 songs, with 15 being her biggest hits, since her debut single with Babyface, "Give U My Heart", from 1992, until her biggest hit to date, "Un-Break My Heart", from 1996. The album also features other hits of her career, such as "Love Shoulda Brought You Home", "Another Sad Love Song", "Breathe Again", "You're Makin' Me High", "He Wasn't Man Enough" and many more. The album also features two new tracks, "Whatchu Need", produced by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, and "The Little Things", produced by R. Kelly. It also features a live version of "Seven Whole Days" and a remix of "Un-Break My Heart" on the regular edition. The "limited edition" of the album contains 2 discs, with the second disc featuring six remixes of her hits.

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave the compilation 4.5 out of 5 stars, writing that, "her 18-track hits collection works well even through her shifts in style -- she is a confident enough performer to sell both the slow romantic ballads and material that swings harder. That's not to say that there aren't some slow spots here -- the previously unreleased cuts are no great shakes, and sometimes the abundance of slow numbers makes things sound too samey -- but she was one of the top urban soul singers of the '90s, and this is the album that illustrates why."

Commercial performance
The album charted very modestly on the Billboard 200 chart, only reaching number 119. However, it fared better on the Top R&B Albums chart, peaking at number 43. Even with the modest peak, the album managed to sell over 400,000 copies in the United States, as of 2013. In the UK, the album charted higher, peaking at number 23. In July 2013, the album was certified gold, for selling over 100,000 copies.

title: Ultimate Toni Braxton


text:
Drostan

Saint Drostan (d. early 7th century), also Drustan, was the founder and abbot of the monastery of Old Deer in Aberdeenshire. His relics were translated to the church at New Aberdour and his holy well lies nearby.

Biography
Drostan was an Irish-Scottish abbot who flourished about A.D. 600. All that is known of him is found in the "Breviarium Aberdonense" and in the "Book of Deer", a ninth-century manuscript, now in the Cambridge University Library, but these two accounts do not agree in every particular. He appears to have belonged to the royal family of the Scoti, his father's name being Cosgrach. Showing signs of a religious vocation he was entrusted at an early age to the care of St. Columba, who trained him and gave him the monastic habit.

Drostan was one of the twelve companions who sailed from Ireland to Scotland around 563 with St Columba. These twelve became known as the 'Brethren of St Columba'. He accompanied that saint when he visited Aberdour in Buchan, about 45 miles from Aberdeen.

According to the Celtic legend, Columba, his disciple Drostan, and others, went from Iona into Buchan and established an important missionary centre at Deer on the banks of the Ugie on lands given him by the mormaer or chief of the district whose son he had by his prayers freed of a dangerous illness.

The Pictish ruler of that country gave them the site of Deir, fourteen miles farther inland, where they established a monastery, and when St. Columba returned to Iona he left St. Drostan there as abbot of the new foundation which some sources say received royal support because of its proximity to the Pictish capital of Craig Phadrig, near Inverness. On the death of the Abbot of Dalquhongale (Holywood) some few years later, St. Drostan was chosen to succeed him. Afterwards, feeling called to a life of greater seclusion, he resigned his abbacy, went farther north, and became a hermit at Glenesk. Here his sanctity attracted the poor and needy, and many miracles are ascribed to him, including the restoration of sight to a priest named Symon.

St. Drostan is credited as being the founder of the Chapel of St. Tear near Ackergill in Wick parish on the east coast of Caithness. It has been speculated that the name Tear might be a variant of Deer.

When St. Drostan died at Glen Esk his remains were conveyed back to Aberdour where they were deposited in a 'tumba lapidea' or stone coffin. Here his bones were said to work miraculous cures upon the sick and afflicted. The Breviary of Aberdeen celebrates his feast on 15 December. The monastery of Old Deer, which had fallen into decay, was rebuilt for Cistercian monks in 1213 and so continued until the Reformation.

title: Drostan


text:
Occipital bun

An occipital bun, also called an occipital spur, occipital knob, chignon hook or inion hook, is a prominent bulge or projection of the occipital bone at the back of the skull. It is important in scientific descriptions of classic Neanderthal crania. It is found among archaic Homo species (including Neanderthals), as well as Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens and present-day human populations.

Occipital buns in Neanderthals
The occipital bun is a protuberance of the occipital bone. Its size and shape has been compared to that of a dinner roll. It is a quintessential trait of Neanderthals, though it is a trend in archaic Homo species. The true purpose of the occipital bun has not yet been defined. However, some studies have found possible evolutionary purposes. In a study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the occipital bun has been attributed to the enlargement of the visual cortex; this is hypothesized to be an adaptation to lower light levels found in the higher latitudes of Europe. This enlarged visual cortex also correlates with larger eyes among Neanderthals. The occipital bun has also been hypothesized to function in relieving stress on the neck muscles, offsetting the weight of the Neanderthal's heavier, more robust face.

Homology
A study conducted by Lieberman, Pearson and Mowbray provides evidence that individuals with narrow heads (dolichocephalic) or narrow cranial bases and relatively large brains are more likely to have occipital buns as a means of resolving a spatial packing problem. This differs from Neanderthals, who have wider cranial bases. This suggests that there is no homology in the occipital buns of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.

In addition to Neanderthals, fossilized early modern Homo sapiens of Europe have been found to have occipital buns. Many current-day modern human populations, including Sami, the bushmen of South Africa, and Indigenous Australians, have frequent occurrences of occipital buns. However, as previously mentioned, there is no evidence of homology between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.

Occipital buns in Homo sapiens

As mentioned above, fossilized early modern Homo sapiens of Europe, as well as current-day modern human populations, such as the Sámi, the bushmen of South Africa, and Indigenous Australians, have some prevalence of occipital buns. Among modern humans, there are three classes of occipital buns: type I (smooth), type II (crest form), and type III (spine form). Type I has been found to be more common in women, while type III is more common in men. In some cases, individuals with occipital buns experience a range of symptoms. The most common symptoms include tenderness at the back of the skull while lying down and/or when moving the neck. A surgical procedure can be done to reduce the size of the occipital bun and relieve symptoms.

title: Occipital bun


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USU Botanical Center

The USU Botanical Center is a botanical garden and a Utah State University distance education site located in Kaysville near Salt Lake City, Utah. The center offers educational opportunities for children and adults, all backed by USU Extension. It is home to an arboretum arranged according to the irrigation needs of its more than 300 trees and shrubs, gardens and home landscapes that demonstrate wise water use and research aimed at conserving the region's rich array of plants.

History
Originally located in Farmington, the garden moved to the current location in Kaysville in 1999. The USU Botanical Center is the result of a partnership between Utah State University, public agencies, individuals, civic groups, businesses, and foundations. Construction for the "Utah House," a demonstration project of an energy efficient home, was completed in 2003 at a cost of $500,000. The 2300 ft2 house recycles waste water and rain runoff and has straw-bale walls.

The Gardens
The USU Botanical Center also features an urban fishery, walking and biking trails, wetland areas that support birds and other wildlife, a volunteer-tended garden that provides fresh produce to local food banks, a seasonal farmers market and classes, workshops, educational field trips and other events.

The center offers a farmers market from July through September which features local produce, gourmet foods, and artisans.

title: USU Botanical Center


text: User talk:68.73.166.151

title: User talk:68.73.166.151


text:
Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama

Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen (born Gönbo Cêdän; 19 February 1938 – 28 January 1989) was the tenth Panchen Lama, officially the 10th Panchen Erdeni, of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. According to Tibetan Buddhism, Panchen Lamas are living emanations of the buddha Amitabha. He was often referred to simply as Choekyi Gyaltsen.

Recognition
The Paṇchen Lama incarnation line began in the seventeenth century after the 5th Dalai Lama gave Chokyi Gyeltsen the title, and declared him to be an emanation of Buddha Amitaba. Officially, he became the first Panchen Lama in the lineage, while he had also been the sixteenth abbot of Tashilhunpo Monastery.

The 10th Panchen Lama was born as Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938, in Bido, today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, known as Amdo. His father was also called Gonpo Tseten and his mother was Sonam Drolma. After the Ninth Panchen Lama died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen Lama produced different boys, with the government in Lhasa preferring a boy from Xikang, and the Ninth Panchen Lama's khenpos and associates choosing Gonpo Tseten. On 3 June 1949, the Republic of China (ROC) government declared its support for Gonpo Tseten.

On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in the Tibetan counting system, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen. Attending were also Guan Jiyu, the head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, and ROC Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang. Still in Lhasa, the Dalai Lama recognized the Panchen Lama Choekyi Gyaltsen a few years later, after they met.

Chinese Civil War
The ROC wanted to use Choekyi Gyaltsen to create a broad anti-Communist base in Southwest China. The ROC's Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Tibetan Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists.

When Lhasa denied Choekyi Gyaltsen the territory the Panchen Lama traditionally controlled, he asked Ma Bufang to help him lead an army against Tibet in September 1949. Ma tried to persuade the Panchen Lama to come with the Kuomintang government to Taiwan when the Communist victory approached, but the Panchen Lama declared his support for the Communist People's Republic of China instead. Moreover, the Dalai Lama's regency was unstable, having suffered a civil war in 1947, and the Kuomintang took advantage of this to expand its influence in Lhasa.

People's Republic of China
The Panchen Lama reportedly supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and supported China's reform policies for Tibet. Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into China, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic.

At Kumbum Monastery, the Panchen Lama gave a Kalacakra initiation in 1951. That year, the Panchen Lama was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai Lama to implement the Agreement. He was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama when they met in 1952.

In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong and other leaders. The Panchen Lama was soon elected a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and in December 1954 he became the deputy chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 1956, the Panchen Lama went to India on a pilgrimage together with the Dalai Lama. When the Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959, the Panchen Lama publicly supported the Chinese government, and the Chinese brought him to Lhasa and made him chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region.

70,000 Character Petition
After a tour through Tibet in 1962, the Panchen Lama wrote a document addressed to Prime Minister Zhou Enlai denouncing the abusive policies and actions of the People's Republic of China in Tibet. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition. According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written."

The Panchen Lama met with Zhou Enlai to discuss the petition he had written. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. Chairman Mao called the petition "... a poisoned arrow shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords."

For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership, until one copy surfaced in 1996. In January 1998, upon the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth of the Tenth Panchen Lama, an English translation by Tibet expert Robert Barnett entitled A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama, was published.

Arrest
In 1964, he was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, declared 'an enemy of the Tibetan people', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him, and was then imprisoned. He was 26 years old at the time. The Panchen's situation worsened when the Cultural Revolution began. The Chinese dissident and former Red Guard Wei Jingsheng published in March 1979 a letter under his name but written by another, anonymous, author denouncing the conditions at Qincheng Prison, where the 10th Panchen Lama was imprisoned. In October 1977 he was released, but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982.

Later life
In 1978, after giving up his vows of an ordained monk, he travelled around China, looking for a wife to start a family. He began courting Li Jie, uterine granddaughter of Dong Qiwu, a general in PLA who had commanded an Army in the Korean War. She was a medical student at Fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an. At the time, the Lama had no money and was still blacklisted by the party, but the wife of Deng Xiaoping and widow of Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic value of a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman. They personally intervened to wed the couple in a large ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in 1979. One year later, the Panchen Lama was given the Vice Chairmanship of the National People's Congress and other political posts, and he was fully politically rehabilitated by 1982.

Daughter
Li Jie bore a daughter in 1983, named Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo (ཡབ་གཞིས་པན་རིག་འཛིན་དབང་མོ་). Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet", she is considered important in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese politics, as she is the only known offspring in the over 620-year history of either the Panchen Lama or Dalai Lama reincarnation lineages.

Of her father's death, Rinzinwangmo reportedly refused to comment, allegedly attributing his early death to his generally poor health, extreme weight gain, and chronic sleep deprivation. The 10th Panchen Lama's death sparked a six-year dispute over his assets amounting to $US20 million between his wife and daughter and Tashilhunpo Monastery.

Return to Tibet
The Panchen Lama made several journeys to Tibet from Beijing, during 1980 and afterwards.

While touring eastern Tibet in 1980, the Panchen Lama also visited the famous Nyingma school master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok at Larung Gar.

In 1987, the Panchen Lama met Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok again in Beijing, bestowed the teaching of the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, and blessed as well as endorsed Larung Gar and conferred its name as Serta Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling (gser rta bla rung lnga rig nang bstan blob gling), commonly translated as Serta Larung Five Science Buddhist Academy.

With the Panchen Lama's invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 on a consecration ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet, among them the Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery, and also to Samye Monastery.

Also in 1987, the Panchen Lama established a business called the Tibet Gang-gyen Development Corporation, envisioned for the future of Tibet whereby Tibetans could take the initiative to develop and join in their own modernization. Plans to rebuild sacred Buddhist sites destroyed in Tibet during 1959 and after were included. Gyara Tsering Samdrup worked with the business, but was arrested in May 1995 after the 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was recognized.

Early in 1989, the 10th Panchen Lama returned again to Tibet to rebury recovered bones from the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, graves that had been destroyed at Tashilhunpo Monastery in 1959 by the Red Guards, and consecrated in a chorten built as the receptacle.

On 23 January 1989, the Panchen Lama delivered a speech in Tibet in which he said: "Since liberation, there has certainly been development, but the price paid for this development has been greater than the gains." He criticized the excesses of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet and praised the reform and opening up of the 1980s.

Death
Five days later on 28 January, the Panchen Lama died in Shigatse at the age of 50. Although the official cause of death was said to have been from a heart attack, some Tibetans suspect foul play.

Many theories spread among Tibetans about the Panchen Lama's death. According to one story, he foresaw his own death in a message to his wife on their last meeting. In another, a rainbow appeared in the sky before his death. Other people, including the Dalai Lama, believe that he was poisoned by his own medical staff. Supporters of this theory cite remarks the Panchen Lama made on 23 January to high-ranking officials and that were published in the People's Daily and the China Daily.

On August 1993, his body was moved to Tashi Lhunpo Monastery where his body was first put in a sandalwood bier, which was then put into a specially made safety cabinet and finally moved into the Precious Bottle in the stupa of the monastery where it remains preserved.

In 2011, the Chinese dissident Yuan Hongbing declared that Hu Jintao, then the Communist Party Secretary of Tibet and the Political Commissar of the PLA's Tibet units, had masterminded the death of the 10th Panchen Lama.

According to the state-run People's Daily, the Dalai Lama was invited by the Buddhist Association of China to attend the Panchen Lama's funeral and to take the opportunity to contact Tibet's religious communities. The Dalai Lama was unable to attend the funeral.

title: Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama


text:
User:Jammydodger/New Nation/Victoria Kettering

The Right Honourable Victoria Kettering is a Britannican politician and is still one of the most important figures in the Conservative Party.

Chancellor of the Exchequer
When she was first appointed Chancellor in March 2004, Kettering was reluctant to start boom and bust and was ordered not to do so under Prince Lawrence.

Her economic growth, for her six month period in office, was around 1.5% annually. On the 12 September, as she could see the government was crumbling, she swapped over to the Royalists, severely damaging the Tories only 9 days before the end of an election. The Royalists came to power in the 21 September 2004 General Election, and she was returned as Chancellor.

During her period with the Royalists, her average growth was basically the same. In the 11 November 2004 General Election, she immediately went back to teh Tories, and was created Constitutional Secretary the moement they won the election.

Positions

 * (21 March 2004–12 September 2004): Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * (21 September 2004–11 November 2004): Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * (11 November 2004–15 April 2005): Constitutional Secretary
 * (1 February 2004–15 April 2005): Chancellor of the Exchequer


text:
Talk:Patricia Kennedy Lawford

Untitled
Removed reference to her "death." Patricia Kennedy Lawford is still among the living as of February 23, 2006.--Susan Nunes

RIP, September 17, 2006.

Collecting sources

 * Her death announcement in the NY Times
 * Biography at the jfklibary.org site
 * Her marriage to Peter and other stuff
 * http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1414478/bio

Article Title
"Patricia Kennedy" or "Patricia Kennedy Lawford" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.95.93.71 (talk) 07:21, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Her page on the website of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is titled "Patricia Kennedy Lawford", which leads me to think that form is appropriate for this article. Eddie Blick (talk) 19:43, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Siblings at time of death
At the time of her death there were several living siblings, not just Jean Kennedy Smith.--User:Brenont (talk) 23:29, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

removing "disambiguation"
Removing "For other people named Patricia Kennedy, see Patricia Kennedy (disambiguation).", because that "disambiguation" page is just a redirect to Patricia Kennedy Lawford. --EarthFurst (talk) 16:08, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Section on Marriage and Divorce, second para. The first clause of the first sentence of the second para should be deleted, up to the first comma, because it does not make sense and the rest of the sentence makes better sense without it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alien-corn (talk • contribs) 20:01, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

birth date of James Jr?
Recently 204.148.173.64 changed article so birth date of James Peter McKelvy, Jr was changed from April 4, 1985 to December 6, 1985. I did a brief search for birthdate of James Jr, but only birthdates I found were in copies of this Wikipedia article. --EarthFurst (talk) 16:19, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Merge
Where was the discussion to merge? normally a new york times obit is enough for notability? are people being extra critical on relatives of famous people again? GuzzyG (talk) 06:52, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patricia Kennedy Lawford


text: User talk:155.188.191.4

title: User talk:155.188.191.4


text:
Category:Political occupations

See also Category:Political consultants and Category:Government occupations

title: Category:Political occupations


text:
Erika Molnar

Erika Molnar (born 15 July 1976 in Budapest) is an athlete from Hungary, who competes in triathlon. Molnar competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took twenty-third place with a total time of 2:05:39.50.

She competed again four years later at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Her time of 2:17:53.38 put her in thirty-eighth place.

title: Erika Molnar


text:
Maribel Blanco

Maribel Blanco Velasco (born 12 January 1969) is an athlete from Spain who competes in triathlon.

Blanco competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took twenty-fourth place with a total time of 2:06:37.84.

title: Maribel Blanco


text:
Category talk:Fictional demons

Untitled
I think this category should be merged with Category: Demons. After all, all demons are fictional. → Jarlaxle Artemis   22:55, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, that sorta depends on how firmly you believe in a given religion/mythology. Besides, I believe the category of "Fictional Demons" is meant specifically for demons included in works such as comic books and roleplaying games, rather than ones seen in various Abrahamic religious legends/myths/teachings, or in other non-Monotheistic religions. Dr Archeville 19:30, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * someone believing in demons doesn’t make them non fictional, it makes the believer delusional. GimliDotNet (talk) 19:16, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

WP:CFD
Haha, the fist thing I thought when I read the title of this page was: "Huh" and then I just had to see if I were the first to report this in the talk page. If you abandon reality to believe in mythology then yes you may have the delusion that demons are real. Calling some demons fictional and others not because some are part of religion and others are not is silly. There is just as much evidence for the existence of both. Both are equally fictional. That's just handling the facts differently because you are afraid to do something religious people may choose to find offending. --80.56.36.253 03:05, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

It is my understanding that "fictional" when used in wikipedia categorization implies characters that have a specific known source (i.e. literature, television, film) and that are known works of fiction. The demons not listed as fictional are demons who come from folklore and mythology (hence, they have no definite author) and were all, at one point, actually believed to exist. In other words, people at one point believed Satan was a real entity (some people still do), but no one ever believed Etrigan from DC comics existed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.99.138.230 (talk) 04:27, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fictional demons


text:
Wieke Hoogzaad

Ludowieka ("Wieke") Victoria Hoogzaad (born 29 June 1970, in Dordrecht) is an athlete from the Netherlands, who is nicknamed Wiki de Viking. She competes in triathlon.

Hoogzaad competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took twenty-fifth place with a total time of 2:06:45.48. Four years later, Hoogzaad again took twenty-fifth place. Her time at the 2004 Summer Olympics was 2:09:47.21.

title: Wieke Hoogzaad


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Silvia Pepels

Silvia Maria Johannes Pepels (born 6 January 1975 in Stein, Limburg (Netherlands)) is an athlete from the Netherlands. She competes in triathlon.

Pepels competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took twenty-sixth place with a total time of 2:07:05.01.

title: Silvia Pepels


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Category:Lobbyists

Individuals involved in lobbying.

See also Category:Advocacy groups.

title: Category:Lobbyists


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Edith Cigana

Edith Cigana (born 15 February 1968) is an athlete from Italy. She competes in triathlon.

Cigana competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took twenty-seventh place with a total time of 2:07:06.81.

title: Edith Cigana


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Marie Overbye

Marie Overbye (born 19 January 1976) is an athlete from Denmark, born in Silkeborg. She competes in triathlon.

Her best international results include a fourth place at the Triathlon World Championships 1997 in Perth, Australia, as well as a 2nd and 3rd rank in the World Cup in 1998 and 2000.

Overbye competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took twenty-eighth place with a total time of 2:07:17.51.

title: Marie Overbye


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File:Platinumtoni.jpg

Rationale of fair use for Platinum & Gold Collection (Toni Braxton album)

 * 1) The image is of lower resolution than the original album cover.
 * 2) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the album in any way.
 * 3) For an article about an album, the cover artwork is very important and adds significantly to the article.
 * 4) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:Platinumtoni.jpg