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Hotel Macdonald

The Fairmont Hotel Macdonald, formerly and commonly known as the Hotel Macdonald (colloquially known as The Mac), is a large historic luxury hotel in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Located along 100 Street NW, south of Jasper Avenue, the hotel is situated in the eastern end of downtown Edmonton, and overlooks the North Saskatchewan River. The 47.7 m hotel building was designed by Ross and MacFarlene and contains eleven floors. The hotel is named for the first prime minister of Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald.

The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company opened the hotel on 5 July 1915. Built as an early-20th century railway hotel, the Châteauesque-styled building is considered one of Canada's grand railway hotels. Following Grand Trunk's 1919 bankruptcy, Canadian National Hotels assumed management of the hotel. The building has undergone several renovations since its opening, and an expansion wing to the hotel building was added in 1953. In 1983, Canadian National Hotels ceased operations, and demolished the building's expansion wing in the same year. The hotel property was later sold to Canadian Pacific Hotels in 1988, and was restored and reopened to the public in May 1991. The hotel is currently managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.

Location
Hotel Macdonald is at 10065 100 Street NW at the eastern end of downtown Edmonton. The hotel property is bounded by 100 Street NW to the north and west, with ATB Place west of the hotel. Grierson Hill NW bounds the hotel property to the east and south, with the roadway sitting adjacent to the North Saskatchewan River valley park system. The building overlooks the escarpment of the North Saskatchewan River.

Located at the eastern end of downtown Edmonton, south of Jasper Avenue, the hotel is situated near Edmonton's central business district, and several other neighbourhoods; including Riverdale to the east, and Rossdale to the south.

Architecture
After acquiring the property, the hotelier division of Grand Trunk Pacific Railway announced its plans to develop a hotel on the property. The building was designed by a Canadian architectural firm, Ross and MacFarlane, the same architectural firm that designed many of Canada's landmark hotels. Construction of the building took place from 1911 to 1915.

The design of the building was inspired by designs found on French Renaissance architectural-era chateaus. The pitched sloped dormered roofs includes chimneys, finials, and turrets. The building's entryways are placed diagonally on the building, flanked by perpendicular wings and turret towers. The form and massing of the hotel is defined by an L-shape. Copper was the primary metal material used to build the hotel's roof.

The facade of the building is clad with Indiana limestone, and is detailed with balustrades, balconettes, brackets, cornice, hood moulding, and overhangs. The building main portico features five arches and four pillars, and two pilasters that are detailed with gargoyles, and the provincial crest of the four provinces of Western Canada.

The building's limestone facade, copper roofing, and the interiors of five rooms, including Confederation Lounge, the Empire Ballroom, and the Wedgwood room, were recognized as a "municipal historic resource" since 27 November 1984, under the provincial Historic Resources Act. The resulting designation protects these features from demolition or major alterations.

Facilities
Hotel Macdonald includes 198 guest rooms and suites spread throughout the building. The hotel's suites are situated on its third, and the eighth floor, with several suites named after former guests of the hotel, including the King George VI suite, the Queen Elizabeth suite, and the Winston Churchill suite. The 2400 sqft third-floor Queen Elizabeth suite was built during the hotels late-1980s renovation, and was later renovated for Queen Elizabeth II's tour of Alberta in 2005. The Queen Elizabeth suite includes a full dining room, two sitting areas, and two adjoining guest rooms connected to a private lobby for service and security personnel. Access to the Queen Elizabeth suite, in addition to seven other suites on the third floor is accessible only by private elevator. The hotel building also features several event spaces, including the Wedgwood room, named after the Wedgwood detailing on its ceiling; and the Empire Ballroom, an event space with 21 ft ceiling adorned with bas relief carvings. The carvings were covered under a false ceiling and were uncovered during the hotels' renovations in the late-1980s. Confederation Lounge serves as the hotel's lounge, and is named after a replica painting of Conference at Québec in 1864, to settle the basics of a union of the British North American Provinces by Robert Harris, that hangs above the lounge's fireplace.

Other facilities on the hotel property include squash courts, aerobic facilities, minibars, and an electronic security system. The hotel also operates one restaurant, known as The Harvest Room.

History
Prior to the establishment of the hotel on the property, the area housed a squatters camp, colloquially known as "Galician Hotel," after a number of Ukrainian-speaking migrants from the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia settled there. Grand Trunk Pacific Railway purchased the property and began construction for a hotel building in 1911, with designs from Ross and Macdonald. The building was completed at a cost of CA$2.25 million, and was opened to the public on 5 July 1915. The hotel was named after John A. Macdonald, the first prime minister of Canada. The building was operated by Grand Trunk Pacific until the company declared bankruptcy in 1919, after which the hotel was operated as a part of Canadian National Hotels, a division of Canadian National Railway.

The hotel was one of the first two establishments to be reissued a liquor license by the Alberta Liquor Control Board, after the province repealed prohibition laws against alcohol in 1924. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth used the hotel during their 1939 royal tour of Canada.

In an effort to meet post-war population boom of the city, Canadian National proposed an expansion in 1949 with an estimated construction cost of $4,000,000. The 16-storey wing which added 292-rooms was colloquially referred to as The Box because of its modern design and occupied the space just north of the original building. Critics labeled the design of the structure as startling when it was unveiled, but railway officials stood by their choice stating that the new facility would become the hotel and the old structure would become the annex.

In 1983, Canadian National Railway closed the hotel and announced major renovations to the property which included the demolition of The Box and restoration of the 1915 building. Plans were in place to build a complementary addition to the hotel, as well as two office towers, although these expansion plans never came to fruition. In an effort to prevent the building from potential demolition, the City of Edmonton designated the hotel a "municipal heritage resource" in 1984. The 1953 annex was finally demolished in 1986.

The hotel, along with eight other properties of Canadian National Hotels were sold to Canadian Pacific Hotels in 1988, with the company undertaking a three-year, CA$28 million renovation of the property, which included upgrading systems and restoring the original facade. Canadian Pacific Hotels reopened the property on 15 May 1991.

In 2001, Canadian Pacific Hotels reorganized into Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, adopting the Fairmont name from an American company it had purchased in 1999. As a result of the rebranding, Hotel Macdonald was renamed Fairmont Hotel Macdonald.

title: Hotel Macdonald


text:
Talk:Cyperus esculentus

Category
Why is this article in Category:Valencia (autonomous community)?--Rockero 21:03, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the article: "Presently, they are mainly cultivated - at least for extended and common commercial purposes - in Spain, where they were introduced by Arabs, almost exclusively in the Valencia region." Laogooli 22:03, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Article structure
''Dear all,

I propose some structural changes of the existing entry. Furthermore I would like to add more informations mainly about biology and agricultural facts. See below the new structures I added (I included all the facts of the existing entry since they are very informative). Please feel free to criticize and to comment my suggestions. With best regards,

Daniela''

Cyperus esculentus (or chufa sedge, nut grass, yellow nutsedge, tigernut sedge, or earth almond) is a crop of the family sedge native to warm temperate to subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It can be found wild, as a weed or as a crop. It has been cultivated since the fourth millenium bc in Egypt, and for several centuries in Southern Europe. Nowadays it is often cultivated for its edible tubers (tigernuts), mainly in Spain for the preparation of the milky beverage Horchata de chufa. But in many countries C. esculentus is considered a weed and it is underutilized.

Taxonomy

There are several varieties: The most important cultivated species is Cyperus esculentus var. sativus Boeckl, also called Chufa.
 * Cyperus esculentus var. esculentus - Mediterranean region east to India
 * Cyperus esculentus var. hermannii - Florida
 * Cyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus - United States
 * Cyperus esculentus var. macrostachyus - United States
 * Cyperus esculentus var. sativus - Asia, cultivated origin

History

Zohary and Hopf consider this tuber "ranks among the oldest cultivated plants in Ancient Egypt." Although noting, "Chufa was no doubt an important food element in ancient Egypt during dynastic times, its cultivation in ancient times seems to have remained (totally or almost totally) an Egyptian specialty." Its dry tubers have been found in tombs from predynastic times about 6000 years ago. In those times, C. esculentus tubers were consumed either boiled in beer, roasted or as sweets made of ground tubers with honey. The tubers were also used medicinally, taken orally, as an ointment, or as an enema, and used in fumigants to sweeten the smell of homes or clothing. There are almost no contemporary records of this plant in other parts of the old World. Presently, they are cultivated mainly, at least for extended and common commercial purposes, in Spain, where they were introduced by Arabs, almost exclusively in the Valencia region. They are found extensively in California and were grown by the Paiute in Owens Valley.

Tigernut is also cultivated in countries like Chile, Brasil, USA,Ghana, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Northern Cameroon and Mali, where they are used primarily as animal feed or uncooked as a side dish.

Biology

It is an annual or perennial plant, growing to 90 cm tall, with solitary stems growing from a tuber. The plant is reproduced by seeds, creeping rhizomes and tubers. The stems are triangular in section and bear slender leaves 3–10 mm wide. The spikelets of the plant are distinctive, with a cluster of flat, oval seeds surrounded by four hanging, leaf-like bracts positioned 90 degrees from each other. They are 5 to 30 mm long and linear to narrowly elliptic with pointed tips and 8 to 35 florets. The colour varies between straw – colored to gold – brown. They can produce up to 2420 seeds per plant. The plant foliage is very tough and fibrous and is often mistaken for a grass. The roots are an extensive and complex system of fine, fibrous roots and scaly rhizomes with small hard, spherical tubers and basal bulbs attached. The tubers are between 0.3 – 1.9 cm in diameter and the colours varies between yellow, brown and black. One plant can produce several hundred to several thousand tubers during a single growing season. With cool temperatures foliage, roots, rhizomes and basal bulbs die. But the tubers survive and resprout the following spring when soil temperatures remain above 6°C. They can resprout up to several years later. When the tubers germinate, many rhizomes are initiated and end in a basal bulb near the soil surface. These basal bulbs initiate the stems and leaves above ground, and fibrous roots underground. C. esculentus is wind pollinated and requires cross pollination as it is self–incompatible.

Cultivation

Climate requirements

For the tigernut cultivation, amild climate is needed. Tigernut cultivation needs a mild climate. Low temperature, shadow and light intensity can inhibit flowering. Tuber initiation is inhibited by high levels of nitrogen, long photoperiods and high levels of gibberellic acid. Flower initiation occurs under photoperiods of 12 – 14 hours per day.

Soil requirements

Tubers can develop in soil depths of around 30 cm, but most occur in the top or upper part. They tolerate many soil conditions including periods of drought and flooding and survive soil temperatures around -5°C. They grow best on sandy, moist soils which contents and a pH between 5.0 – 7.5. They do not tolerate salinity.

Agronomy

Cultivation Management

Planting is normally done on flat soils where ridges to favour the coming irrigations have previously been done. The separation between ridges is approximately 60 cm and seeds are planted manually. Distances between seeds may vary from 15 to 20 cm and seeding depth is around 8 cm. The normal ratio of tigernuts used as seeds for planting is around 200/300 Kg tubers/ha. They are planted between april and may and must have to be irrigated every week until they are harvested in november and december. Tubers develop about 6 – 8 weeks after seedling emergence and grow quickly during july and august. The maturing is around 90 - 110 days. The average yield can approach between 10 and 19 t/ha. Weeds need to be removed weekly during the growing stage, as they could cause a reduction on tigernut size. The fields must have to be fertilized before planting by using natural fertilizers such as manure or compost. Thus the soil will recuperate its nutrients.

Harvest and Drying process

Harvest usually occurs in november or december and the leaves are scorched during the harvest. With a combine harvester, the tigernut is pulled out of the ground. Immediately after harvesting, the tigernuts are washed with water in order to remove sand and small stones. The drying occurs usually in the sun and can take up to three months. The temperatures and humidity levels have to be monitored very carefully during this period. The tigernuts have to be turned every day to ensure uniform drying. The drying process ensures a longer shelf - live. This prevents rot or other bacterial infections, securing quality and high nutrition levels. Disadvantages in the drying process are shrinkage, skin wrinkler and hard nut texture by dehydration.

Storage

Tigernut loses a considerable amount of water during drying and storage. The starch content of the tigernut tubers decreases and the reducing sugar (invert sugar) content increases during storage. Tigernut can be stored dry and rehydrated by soaking without losing the crisp texture. Soaking is usually an overnight operation and is important in the process for some foods such as legumes, grains and some vegetables. Since it reduces the time necessary to reach the required texture during cooking. A common characteristic of dried tigernut is a hard texture and low moisture content. Therefore, soaking is indispensable to render them edible with ease and to ensure acceptable sensory quality.

Nutritional value

Despite its name, tigernut is a tuber. However, its chemical composition shares characteristics with tubers and with nuts. It has been reported to be a “health” food, since its consumption can help prevent heart disease and thrombosis and is said to activate blood circulation and reduce the risk of colon cancer. This tuber is rich in energy content (starch, fat, sugar, and protein), minerals (mainly phosphorus and potassium), and vitamins E and C thus making this tuber also suitable for diabetics. Tigernut tubers contain almost twice the quantity of starch as potato or sweet potato tubers. The oil of the tuber was found to contain 18% saturated (palmitic acid and stearic acid) and 82% unsaturated (oleic acid and linoleic acid) fatty acids. The moderately high content of phytosterols further enriches the quality and value of tigernut oil as a food source.

According to the Consejo Regulador de Chufa de Valencia (Regulating Council for Valencia's Tigernuts), the nutritional composition/100 ml of the famous milky spanish beverage horchata de chufas is as follows: energy content around 66 kcal, proteins around 0.5 g, carbohydrates over 10 g with starch at least 1.9 g, fats at least 2 g.

Uses

Dried tigernut has a smooth tender, sweet and nutty taste. It can be consumed raw, roasted, dried, baked or as tigernut milk or oil.

Use as food

The tubers are edible, with a slightly sweet, nutty flavour, compared to the more bitter-tasting tuber of the related Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge). They are quite hard and are generally soaked in water before they can be eaten, thus making them much softer and giving them a better texture.

They have various uses; in particular, they are used in Spain to make horchata. “Horchata” is a nonalcoholic beverage of milky appearance derived from the tubers of the tigernut plant mixed with sugar and water. It has a great economic impact in the Valencian region of Spain. Flour of roasted tigernut is sometimes added to biscuits and other bakery products as well as in making oil, soap, and starch extracts. It is also used for the production of honey, nougat, jam, beer, and as a flavoring agent in ice cream and in the preparation of kunnu (a local beverage in Nigeria). Kunnu is a nonalcoholic beverage prepared mainly from cereals (such as millet or sorghum) by heating and mixing with spices (dandelion, alligator pepper, ginger, licorice) and sugar. To make up for the poor nutritional value of kunnu prepared from cereals, tigernut was found to be a good substitute for cereal grains. Tigernuts oil can be used naturally with salads or for deep frying. It is considered as high quality oil. Tigernut “milk” has been tried as an alternative source of milk in fermented products, such as yogurt production, and other fermented products common in some African countries and can thus be useful replacing milk in the diet of people intolerant to lactose to a certain extent.

Use as oil

There is a global search for alternative sources of fuel which could be cheaper, safer and more importantly, environmentally friendly in comparision with widely used burning fuels. Since the tubers of C. esulentus contain 20-36% oil, it has been suggested as potential oil crop for the production of biodiesel.

Use in medicine and cosmetic industry

As a source of oils, the tubers were used in pharmacy under the Latin name bulbuli thrasi beginning no later than the end of 18th century. In ayurvedic medicine tigernuts are used in the treatment of flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery, debility and indigestion. Tigernut oil can be used in the cosmetic industry. As it is antidioxide (because of its high content in vitamin E) it helps slow down the ageing of the body cells. It favours the elasticity of the skin and reduces skin wrinkles.

Use as fishing bait

The boiled nuts are used in the UK as a bait for carp, and have a reputation for success. The nuts have to be prepared in a prescribed manner to prevent harm to the fish. The nuts are soaked in water for 24 hours and then boiled for 20 minutes or longer until fully expanded. Some anglers then leave the boiled nuts to ferment for 24–48 hours, which can enhance their effectiveness. If the nuts are not properly prepared, however, they can be extremely toxic to the carp. This was originally thought to have been the cause of death of Benson, a very large and very famous carp. The 54-lb. fish was found floating dead in a fishing lake, with a bag of unprepared tigernuts lying nearby, empty, on the shore. An examination of the fish by a taxidermist concluded tigernut poisoning was not, in the end, the cause of death.

Appearance as an invasive weed

C.esculentus is known as one of the world’s worst weeds. It is a weed for over 21 crops in more than 30 countries around the world. The plant is extremely difficult to remove completely from lawns and gardens, where it is considered an intrusive weed. This is due to the plant having a stratified and layered root system, with tubers and roots being interconnected to a depth of 36 cm or more. The tubers are connected by fragile roots that are prone to snapping when pulled, making the root system difficult to remove intact. Intermediate rhizomes can potentially reach a length of 60 cm. The plant can quickly regenerate if a single tuber is left in place. In its competition for light, water and nutrients it can reduce crop yields and compromise quality. It can develop into a dense colony of around 3 diameters. Patch boundaries can increase by more than one meter per year. Tubers and seed disperse with agricultural activities, soil movement or by water and wind. They are often known as a contaminant in crop seeds. When plants are small they are hard to distinguish from other weeds such as Dactylis glomerata and Elytrigia repens. Thus it is hard to discover in an early stage and therefore hard to counteract. Once it is detected, many options for combating this weed, such as mechanical, by hand, grazing, damping and herbicides were used. Up to now, nobody found the ultimate solution.

Similar native or non-native species that can confuse identification

 * Sedges (Cyperus) have grass-like leaves and resemble each other in the appearance. They can mainly be distinguished from grasses by their triangular stems.

 * Purple nutsedge (C. rotundus) is another weedy sedge that is similar to the yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus). These two sedges are difficult to distinguish from each other and can be found growing on the same site. Some differences are the purple spikelets and the tubers formed by C.rotondus are often multiple instead of just one at the tip. In addition the tubers have a bitter taste instead of the mild almond - like flavour of C.esculentus.

See also

 * Ghost Dance
 * Horchata

Notes

External links

 * Tigernuts

Suitable for diabetics?
The article states: This tuber is rich in energy content (starch, fat, sugar, and protein), minerals (mainly phosphorus and potassium), and vitamins E and C thus making this tuber also suitable for diabetics This needs some additional evidence because I don't see how this makes C. esculentus more suitable for diabetics than potatoes. http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/what-can-i-eat/making-healthy-food-choices/grains-and-starchy-vegetables.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by N-double-u (talk • contribs) 09:01, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

Medicinal Super Food
It should be noted:

Cyperus (Cyperus esculentus L.) is an edible perennial grass-like plant, which propagates exclusively with underground tubers. Its tubers are rich in starch (20-30%), fat (25-35%), sugar (10-20%), protein (10-15%) and dietary fiber (8-9%). In addition, the tubers also contain alkaloids, organic acids, vitamins (C and E), steroids, terpenoids and other active components. The contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid in Cyperus oil are very high, which have important medicinal value and health-promoting properties. Most of the extracts from the tubers, stems and leaves of Cyperus have allelopathic potential and antibacterial, antioxidant and insecticidal activities. In recent years, the planting area of Cyperus has increased significantly all over the world, especially in China and some other countries. This paper presents the current status of Cyperus and the recent trend in research in this area. Published reports on its nutritional contents, active ingredients, medicinal efficacy, antibacterial activity and allelopathic potential were also reviewed.

Zhang S, Li P, Wei Z, Cheng Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Wang Y, Mu Z. Cyperus (Cyperus esculentus L.): A Review of Its Compositions, Medical Efficacy, Antibacterial Activity and Allelopathic Potentials. Plants (Basel). 2022 Apr 21;11(9):1127. doi: 10.3390/plants11091127. PMID: 35567128; PMCID: PMC9102041. 146.168.153.135 (talk) 22:29, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cyperus esculentus


text:
John Coke (East India Company officer)

Major-General Sir John Coke  (pronounced Cook; 17 November 1806 – 17 December 1897) of the 10th Regiment Bengal Native Infantry was a soldier of the East India Company Army, who raised in 1849 the 1st Regiment of Punjab Infantry, renamed in 1903 55th Coke's Rifles. Major-General Coke received the Delhi medal and clasp, and was made Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He was Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Herefordshire, and was High Sheriff of Herefordshire for 1879.

Early life and family
He was born 17 November 1806, the seventh (but fourth surviving) son of the Rev. Francis Coke the only surviving issue of the Rev. Richard Coke (1763–1831), and his wife, Anne Whitcombe.

A tradition in the Coke family of Trusley, Derbyshire, states that the founder of it was one Cook or Coke, who was employed in the service of Henry de Ferrars, Superintendent of William the Conqueror's horse armourers and farriers. They are said to have been located near Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire, in some unknown feudal capacity.

Career
Coke received his commission as Ensign in the 10th Regiment Bengal Native Infantry 3 December 1827, and sailed for India three weeks later. He was promoted Lieutenant 29 August 1835, and that year appointed Adjutant of his regiment, which post he held for nine years. He also passed the Fort William College at Calcutta as interpreter in three languages.

In 1843, the 10th Regiment was sent to Sindh to reinforce Sir Charles James Napier. After about a year and a half in Sindh, the corps marched back to Hindustan.

2nd Anglo-Sikh War
Coke passed 1845–48 on furlough in Europe, thereby missing the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46), but returned to India in April 1848 following the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and Captain Coke joined the army of Sir Hugh Gough, Commander-in-Chief, India, at Ramnagar as a volunteer in 1849, doing duty with Colonel Tait's 2nd Irregular Cavalry. At the action of Chillianwalla his horse was shot when taking Major Dewes' Battery to the front. He was also present at the final victory of Goojerat, and at the pursuit of the Sikhs and Afghans to Peshawur under General Sir Sir Walter Gilbert.

Raises the 1st Regiment Punjab Infantry
On the annexation of the Punjab by Lord Dalhousie in 1849, John Coke was appointed to raise a regiment for frontier service, and commenced raising the 1st Punjaub Infantry on 6 April 1849. On 23 February 1850, the regiment was reviewed by the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Charles Napier, who reported to Colonel Henry Montgomery Lawrence, Deputy Commissioner of Peshawar: "As to Coke's regiment, I have seen nothing superior to it in drill – it is admirable; both you and I saw how this brave corps fought under its excellent leader in our five days' campaign in the Kohat Pass. I am more pleased with this young commander than I can express."

Coke also received thanks of the Honourable Court of Directors and the Governor of India for dispatch in raising the regiment and its services in the Kohat Pass. He received the thanks of the Governor-General in Council and the Punjab Board of Administration for the conduct of the regiment in the campaign under Sir Colin Campbell, in the Ranagie Valley, in May 1852.

Appointed Deputy Commissioner of Kohat
In 1850, Coke was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Kohat, with civil and military charge of the district on the frontier of Afghanistan, then in a very critical state, the Hill Tribes making constant raids on the villages. Kohat at this time was the most lawless district in the Punjaub. During the five years it was under his charge it became distinguished for its loyalty and organised government. When Lord Napier of Magdala, as Commander-in-Chief in India, lately visited the district in his tour of inspection, he assured Major-General Coke that he was by no means forgotten by the inhabitants, whom he had endeavoured to rule to their own benefit and the advantage of the State.

In his History of the Indian Mutiny, Colonel George Bruce Malleson writes of "Colonel Coke was one of the best known and most distinguished officers of the Punjaub Frontier Force. To a thorough knowledge of his profession he added an acquaintance with the natives of India not to be surpassed, and a rare power of bending them to his will. He had seen much service. He had been with Sir Charles Napier in Upper Sind, with Gough at Chilianwala and Gujrat, with Gilbert in pursuit of the Sikhs. After the conclusion of the second Sikh War, he served continuously, up to the outbreak of the Mutiny, on the frontier. There his name became a household word. Scarcely an expedition was undertaken against the wild border tribes but Coke bore a part in it. Twice was he wounded; but his unflinching demeanour, his power of leadership, whilst it gained the supreme confidence of his men, extorted respect and admiration from his enemies. Wherever he might, be his presence was a power."

He was first wounded in the Kohat Pass in 1853. In September 1855, he received the thanks of the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, for the conduct of his regiment at the capture of the intrenchments on the Summana Mountains, 5,000 feet high. The regiment commenced the ascent at ten o'clock on the night of 1 September, and did not get back until about the same hour on the 2nd, being twenty-four hours at work.

Service in Indian Mutiny
In February 1857, he was, with his regiment, employed in the most successful campaign in the Bogdar Hills, when he was again wounded, and received the Frontier medal. In May of the same year, on the breaking out of the Indian Mutiny, he marched for Delhi. Colonel Malleson writes : — " Summoned to Delhi early in August, Coke brought to the part assigned him in the siege all the qualities which had made his name on the frontier. He was always prominent in the fight, always daring and self-reliant. I may be pardoned if I relate here one special act, amongst many, which illustrated his conduct at this period. On 12 August Coke received instructions from Brigadier-General Showers to turn out the European picket at the Metcalfe stables, and taking the men composing it with him, to proceed through the Metcalfe gardens and attack the guns which had been firing on the picket the preceding day. No information was given him as to the locality of the guns, but having been quartered at Delhi before the outbreak, Coke imagined that he would find them in the vicinity of Ludlow Castle. He directed, then, the officer commanding the picket to extend the men on his right, and to follow the direction he should take. At the same time he ordered Lieutenant Lumsden, commanding his own regiment, to skirmish through the gardens on the left – the direction in which he expected to find the enemy in force. He then rode through the gardens towards Ludlow Castle. On reaching the boundary wall of the gardens, on the main road leading to the city, he found that an embrasure had been made in the wall of the garden. At the same moment he saw the enemy's guns – two nine-pounder brass guns – in the road, with horses attached, but no one with them, the enemy having apparently taken refuge in Ludlow Castle when driven out of the Metcalfe gardens by Lumsden. The horses' heads were turned towards' the city. An alarm – a stray bullet, a discharge close to them— might start them off at any moment. Quick as lightning the idea flashed into Coke's brain that if he could but turn the horses' heads towards the camp, it would little signify how soon the horses might be alarmed: they woul [sic] themselves capture the guns for the British. On the instant he alighted from his horse, got down through the embrasure into the road, ran to the horses of the leading gun, and turned them up the road towards cantonments. Whilst doing this he was shot in the thigh by the enemy in Ludlow Castle; but the guns were captured. He had done his self-allotted task, and reaped his only reward in the admiration of all who witnessed his splendid audacity.

He was in February 1858, given the command of a brigade to operate in Rohilkhand. On reaching Roorkee he had great difficulty in procuring transport. Malleson writes : — "The country, in fact, had been so thoroughly exhausted that but little carriage was procurable. In this dilemma Coke's practical knowledge and fertility of resource came into play. He had read how, in the olden days of Indian warfare, the Brinjaris – dealers who carry their grain on pack cattle – had made themselves eminently serviceable. Calling to mind, then, that at the actual season these men were accustomed to pasture their cattle in the Terai, he sent thither, found them, and made such arrangements with their head men as enabled him to conquer a difficulty which many another man would have found insurmountable."

Lord Lawrence, writing to The Times in November 1878, on the Afghan war, named Major-General John Coke as one of the "models of frontier officers, good administrators, and able soldiers – men who devoted their health, and even their lives, to their duty."

title: John Coke (East India Company officer)


title: User:Itinerant1


text:
Talk:Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

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Improving this article
This is a very good start. I'd give it higher class. I added a category. Can anyone make suggested edits or additons so it can become a Featured Article? Bearian 17:55, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Sweden?
"The benefits provided by the Act are not as generous to employees as policies in some other countries, such as Sweden. Swedish parental leave provides an unusually generous 480 days (16 months) of paid leave (80% or more of wage) with similar right of return protections as its American counterpart."

What does this have to do with the US or FMLA? I would imagine it is more than some countries but less than others. Either way, the mention of Sweden's policy seems irrelevant and non NPOV...

204.17.31.126 (talk) 19:34, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree completely, and am sad to see the section has been edited out. Comparative law is definitely relevant and interesting, and contrast only furthers understanding. What makes you think it is POV? The language is very careful about being NPOV, IMO, and makes no judgment as to which law is better. It simply states "Swedish parental leave provides an unusually generous ____"; this is a statement of fact, not opinion. If I thought I could do so without mucking the article up, I would edit this section right back in. TheSearchForTelos (talk) 15:20, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Shouldn't California be in the "Dropping the employer threshold" section?
Per http://www.edd.ca.gov/Disability/FAQ_PFL_Eligibility.htm#SmallBusinesses " Are employees of small businesses covered by Paid Family Leave insurance? Yes, if an employee pays into State Disability Insurance, " Mathiastck (talk) 19:44, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

50-employee threshold does still affect public workers
This article -- rightly -- states that the 50-worker threshold doesn't apply to "public agencies." While that is technically true, a public employee still has to work for a public agency that employs 50 workers within 75 miles in order to qualify for FMLA leave. So the fact that the threshold only applies to public employEEs and not public agencies as employERs is irrelevant.

See 29 C.F.R. Sec. 825.108(d) ("All public agencies are covered by the FMLA regardless of the number of employees; they are not subject to the coverage threshold of 50 employees carried on the payroll each day for 20 or more weeks in a year. However, employees of public agencies must meet all of the requirements of eligibility, including the requirement that the employer (e.g., State) employ 50 employees at the worksite or within 75 miles.") 206.18.112.127 (talk) 22:32, 10 January 2013 (UTC) <--Sorry! Wasn't signed in! This is me. Papillonderecherche (talk) 22:33, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Vandalism changing "unpaid" to "paid"
This article is currently being subject to a vast right-wing conspiracy to make it say that the leave is paid rather than unpaid. It started with 50.234.127.58 on March 25, whose other edits were reverted, and it is continuing now with Chesnaught555. 73.31.160.18 (talk) 11:52, 2 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I suggested that Ches should check the facts, which they have done. You, IP, could have done the same, rather than assuming the worst! —S MALL  JIM   12:01, 2 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I had no intention of deliberately vandalising the article. What I did engage in, however, was by definition edit-warring, and for that I apologise. It will not happen again. --Ches (talk) (contribs) 12:03, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

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Assignment 3 Part 3
For the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, I would include more resources in this article that would further help the comprehension of this act. For example, I would add this website https://www.dol.gov/whd/fmla/ in order to have a link to get all the forms needed for this act. A big reason I would add this website is because it is a government website that would provide a reliable resource. I would also add any cases in which people did not receive this act when he/she could have.

Source: https://www.dol.gov/whd/fmla/

ArianaDelgadillo22 (talk) 02:59, 15 March 2018 (UTC) ArianaDelgadillo22


text:
Talk:Power Macintosh G3

Untitled
It is stated that the Beige G3 Mac takes 66MHz RAM. I'm rather dubious of this, because some sites (e.g. this one) states it uses 100MHz RAM. Also, I have a pair of PC133s in my own Beige G3 Mimitower along with a PC100 bar, and they work fine. -- RAMChYLD 15:30, 15 Apr 2005
 * Isn't faster RAM backwards-compatible with slower clock speeds? (e.g. I'm pretty sure I've got some 133 Mhz RAM in a x86 100 MHz motherboard, and it seems to work fine). I've always assumed that if the RAM is the same speed as the motherboard, or faster, that it'll work OK. -- All the best, Nickj (t) 05:42, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I understand that most modern RAM is backwards compatible with older specifications (which is why I was daring enough to put in 133MHz RAM into mine). Was just a little confused because some websites (like the one in the link) claims that the Beige G3 runs on 100MHz RAM and not 66MHz. -- RAMChYLD 14:57, 24 Apr 2005

Here are the specs from Apple. Says that they use 100 MHz RAM, although they have a 66 MHz bus. AlistairMcMillan 13:17, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

Hint: you should mention about OldWorld and NewWorld differencies.

 * Of course they are backwards compatable ;-)

Yes, the computer can use up to PC133, but it will always run at 66MHz (actually, in the G3's case, 66.83Mhz), unless you overclock it. The original Beige G3s (even the last ones produced) shipped with 10ns PC66 CL2 SDRAM. Angelic Wraith

 * Fixing this. jhf 18:59, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Adding reference to copper technology?
I noticed that there is a link to the copper metal wiki but could someone please add a reference to the how copper is used in the G3 processors manufactured by IBM? mattabat

Explain to me what you mean. You need help explaining it, or you don't know how to link a page you wish to? Dan 00:35, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't know *of* a page to link to. mattabat
 * You're looking for Copper-based chips (I already linked there). -- grm_wnr Esc  11:35, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Images and splitting
Okay, Angelic Wraith, any particular reason to throw out two images ? -- grm_wnr Esc  23:34, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Yep. As it was, they took up too much space, and we didn't need them if we already had the new images there. I also feel it's somewhat strange to have a picture of a B&W G3 at the top, when the Beige was the first one anyway... and is directly followed by text on it. Dan 01:23, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think an article should have a lead image, and I don't think a side view of the B&W G3 (with the large lettering) was unreasonable. Having pictures of all three case styles for the beige G3 is relevant as well (couldn't find an AIO G3 yet). However, I'm thinking of splitting the article anyway, since the two have little to do with each other apart from the CPU. Any thoughts on this? -- grm_wnr Esc  01:45, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Well, that's the problem. They have a great deal to do with each other; initially when I came upon the article, I was wondering why on Earth they were grouped together... of course, it became rather apparent that it would be tough to do it otherwise. They're both "Power Macintosh G3s". Sure, one is the Beige and one is the B&W, but PowerMac G4 and PowerMac G5 both bring up the same, uniform thing, by and large.

I think what is "tricking" us into thinking that they should have separate pages is the enormous aesthetic difference; after all, compare the original "Graphite" Power Macintosh G4 (Yikes! based, preferably), to the last iteration of the G4... the Mirrored-Drive Doors model. If you look at the iMac and iBook pages, they're also all grouped together.

Plus, what would we call the page? It would be sort of hard to do it and allow people to immediately get the page they want.

If we can figure something out, that'd be great, but if not, it should stay.

Btw, I really don't think we should add any more pictures, just because it starts to make the page unwieldy, as well as increases load times for dial-up users Dan 04:54, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Standard disambiguation rules say that the two pages should be called Power Macintosh G3 (Beige) and Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White). Note that this page does not even have full tech specs yet, if we add them, the page will soon become unwieldy. These are really radically different machines on the inside, and the Power Mac G4s are more closely related to the G3 than the beige is to the B&W, New World ROM and all (especially the aforementioned Yikes!, which is a B&W with a different CPU). They just happen to use the same CPU, which gives them the same name, but that's no compelling reason these must share an article. Not surprisingly I would advocate splitting the other articles too once they get enough content (Power Macintosh G4, in particular, is still much too short for a split, but iMac and iBook look promising).

 * As for the images, I guess the B&W side view isn't really needed, and I'll leave out the G3 minitower until I find a better (larger) picture that really shows what the tower looks like. Deal? -- grm_wnr  Esc  09:25, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * P.S.: An interesting metric when considering a split is whether incoming links to this combined page actually mean both or only one of the models. My count is 2 (both) / 8 (one) / 3 (unknown, could be one way or the other). I didn't count links coming from the "Post-1998 Apple products" template (which would logically only link the B&W). Now, someone counting differently (and with a different bias) will get slightly different results, but is clear that the ratio is heavily in favor of one of the two models, suggesting that the split would make sense. -- grm_wnr Esc  11:08, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * P.P.S.: Actually, what I wrote above is not strictly correct, there are two options for disambiguation:
 * Keep the beige G3 on this page (with a top disambiguation notice), and just create Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White)
 * Create both Power Macintosh G3 (Beige) and Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White), leaving this page as a pure disambiguation page
 * I prefer the latter (with a bit more explanation than the usual disambiguation page), though I'm not passionate about it. -- grm_wnr Esc  11:45, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I see you've thrown out the other image now... *grumble* Okay, I'll leave it for now. If no comments against the split materialise, I'm going to go ahead with it soon, and then both articles can have two images again. -- grm_wnr Esc  14:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I actually quite like the idea of two different pages, but like I said it might be a bit annoying for people to type in "Power Mac G3" and get two pages. I think, though, that the page names you listed are definitely the right ones to choose. And you're right, they're in many ways different computers (similar in more ways than you might think, though, they both used iterations of the Grackle chip), and their CPUs were actually different. Both G3s, sure, and obviously they ran at different bus speeds (66 vs. 100MHz), but they were based upon different manufacturing processes... but then, you probably knew that. The New World ROM, IMO, was a dumb idea, since large ROMs are cools :P ...lol. anyway >_>

Yep.. the PCI-based G4 was a B&W G3 with a PPC7400 chip, and the ADB port hacked off. Specs... that'll be incredibly easy. We can add all the stuff that no one cares about too... Heathrow, Grackle, CUDA, SWIM 3, MESH, etc.

I would also really like to see (and hey, help with) the iMacs being split up too. Maybe since they're so diverse (so many different revisions), "iMac" should still direct to iMac, and then there could be separate links for each different one... obviously Rev. A and B should be grouped together since they're basically the same thing... Dan 21:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and made the split now - it's easily reverted, if somebody doesn't like it at all. The new page (Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White)) can be moved to a better name if anyone can think of one, without much hassle (only one redirect points to it). -- grm_wnr Esc  16:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I like it. I did swap pictures (minitower with dt for the template), but they're both still on the page. As for the B&W page, I linked a few thinks which previously hadn't been linked because they were already on the page when it was one article. And I screwed one of the links up. :) Dan 21:42, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

WP:MOSNUM
I feel it's pointless to include Gibibits for several reasons.. though, mainly because it's just sort of ridiculous. And all that ;nbsp just sort of makes things confusing. Angelic Wraith 18:37, 16 March 2006

 * My argument is based on Wikipedia guidelines (WP:MOSNUM). Putting nbsp between the value and the unit is unambiguously specified by WP:MOSNUM. Using binary multipliers is specifically recommended. Indeed, there is a specific guideline that revisions to binary multipliers should be accepted where the value is a binary-based value. I believe that in this case there is no reason to go outside the Wikipedia guidelines. If you don't like the guidelines, you are free to contribute and work towards having them revised. Duckbill 19:42, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Umm... I'm not sure what you're asking for. "Binary Prefixes?" That's just what we have, isn't it? 228 512 byte blocks is just that, right?

As for the nbsp... I haven't the slightest idea what the reasoning behind that is, but it makes it harder for people who actually do edit this article, not the people who come by and put "nbsp" in everywhere. Believe me, if I had any idea how to combat this, I would work to get the spaces removed altogether... "333 MHz" and "768 MB" looks incredibly stupid.

If this sort of thing continues, I'm just going to stop editing any page that has anything to do with computers altogether, and remove anything I've added, which is considerable, whether it's considered vandalism or not. Dan 21:15, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear Angelic Wraith, I am pleased that you are enuthusiastic on having this article be the best it can be. I had a sniff around and had a read on the articles Assume good faith, No angry mastodons, and Resolving disputes, and found them to be helpful for me.

I have been working on the assumption that Wikipedia guidelines outweigh individual opinions. Do you think that idea makes sense, and if so do you think it might apply here? Duckbill 22:29, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

You wrote As for the nbsp... I haven't the slightest idea what the reasoning behind that is. I believe the reasoning for that is a consensus has been reached that numbers with units are best with a space between the value and the unit, and that a consistent style is better than having each individual contributor use their own style. Also, I believe that it has been felt that breaking the line between the value and the unit looks sufficiently bad that a non-breaking space should be used to keep them together, even if this makes the wiki markup marginally less easy to follow.

You wrote Believe me, if I had any idea how to combat this, I would work to get the spaces removed altogether... "333 MHz" and "768 MB" looks incredibly stupid. If you wish to 'combat this', you could start a discussion thread on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers). Whilst I would wish you every success, I would not be wanting to place a wager that the guidelines would be changed as a result.

You wrote ''I'm not sure what you're asking for. "Binary Prefixes?"''. The size limit for LBA(28) addressing is a function of the size of the LBA address space (which is a function of the representation of the LBA as a 28-bit value, resulting in an address space of 228 blocks) and the size of a hard disk block (512 or 29 bytes). This results in a total size of 228 × 29 bytes or 228+9 bytes or 237 bytes. So everything in the derivation of this value was a power of two. As a result, this is a prime candidate for representation using one of the binary multiplier prefixes. The appropriate prefix is the one equivalent to 230 which is gigabinary. So we end up with 27 or 128 as the value before the prefixed unit, resulting in a representation of 128 GiB.

Conventionally, the resultant figure is more familiarly known by an approximation using the power-of-ten multipliers, 137 gigabytes. So it's appropriate to mention that value as the main value. If we are to allude to a power-of-two significance by using an alternative representation, we can just use the compact form 128 GiB. If the reader is in any doubt as to what GiB means, then they can just follow the link which will either be there, or it will have been linked earlier in the article.

The issue has already been discussed at length, consensus has been reached, and the result is embodied Wikipedia guidelines. There is little to be gained by individuals flying in the face of the guidelines in individual articles. If there is a weight of opinion against the guidelines, this should result in a change of consensus, and a change in the guidelines.

Mentioning the 128 GiB is probably superfluous. Hard disks are normally measured in gigabytes. This isn't an article about the 28-bit-LBA limitation. We can write the whole thing more succintly and avoid gibibytes altogether. Duckbill 23:41, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for responding candidly and cordially. That's more than I can say for myself- at least the cordial part :)

No, you're right, as a rule the guidelines usually outweigh personal opinion. It's just that I can't see any reasoning behind them whatsoever, and I feel that following rules for their own sake isn't necessarily the thing to do, especially if it irritates some people (let's just use the name "Dan"), and in no way increases (or even decreases) the effectiveness of the page.

When I look at a webpage and it says something along the lines of "The Power Mac G3 was introduced at 233, 266 and 300 MHz," I almost immediately leave, because it looks like it was written by someone who doesn't know what they're talking about; it's sort of like reading an essay full of spelling and grammar errors, and by grammar I mean not only the stuff you normally see, but misused tenses and plurals. It just irritates me; it comes across as ignorance, and on pages I've been working on for months, it greatly annoys me. Especially when I used to get issues of MacWorld and read up about Apple's new computers (I was what, twelve at the time when G3s were new?).

"The 300 MHz model shipped with 1 MiB L2 Cache" makes me want to rip my hair out. Why on earth are there discussions about Apple's own Manual of Style... regarding things like possessiveness (you shouldn't write "G3's"), when we go against the very way they present their products? MiB is also very likely to confuse anyone not used to Wikipedia articles... I've been reading about computers for years, and I never once stumbled across "MiB." At least a byte is by itself, and there's no BiB :P

You wrote I believe the reasoning for that is a consensus has been reached that numbers with units are best with a space between them, and that a consistent style is better than having each individual contributor use their own style.

That's not reasoning, that's an opinion for which I have yet to see any substantiation. I asked why it's considered better.

Also, I believe that it has been felt that breaking the line between the value and the unit looks sufficiently bad that a non-breaking space should be used to keep them together, even if this makes the wiki markup marginally less easy to follow.

You lost me with this.

''The size limit for LBA(28) addressing is a function of the size of the LBA address space (which is a function of the representation of the LBA as a 28-bit value, resulting in an address space of 228 blocks) and the size of a hard disk block (512 or 29 bytes). This results in a total size of 228 × 29 bytes or 228+9 bytes or 237 bytes. So everything in the derivation of this value was a power of two. As a result, this is a prime candidate for representation using one of the binary multiplier prefixes. The appropriate prefix is the one equivalent to 230 which is gigabinary. So we end up with 27 or 128 as the value before the prefixed unit, resulting in a representation of 128 GiB.''

Here I'm completely lost. I don't mean to be rude, but this seems really circuitious and tautalogical, to the point where I'm just not understanding you.

''Mentioning the 128 GiB is probably superfluous. Hard disks are normally measured in gigabytes. This isn't an article about the 28-bit-LBA limitation. We can write the whole thing more succinctly and avoid gibibytes altogether.''

I would normally agree with you, except there is no such thing as either a 128GB or 137GB HDD. Maybe you're right, though.

Anyway, as it is, I don't see the need to change the units. If on a personal level you don't care, then why bother? Dan 00:21, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

USB 1.1 full-speed data rate
The article was giving the USB 1.1 full-speed data rate in both Mbit/s and MB/s (12 and 1.5).

Really we only need to say that it is a USB 1.1 port, and quickly, as an aid to memory mention what the data rate was, in the way that it is usually specified, which is 12 Mbit/s. Supplying a conversion of 1.5 MB/s is a bit over-the-top here. Confusingly, it's also the same number as the bit rate for low-speed USB, which the port would also have supported, but which doesn't get a mention. Duckbill 23:51, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

USB 1.1 is low-speed USB. What are you talking about? >_< I'm having trouble understanding what you're trying to say... especially in the first sentence. Anyway, the reason I put both, is because USB (and FireWire) is always advertised in Mbps, whereas everthing else (ATA, SATA, SCSI) is advertised in MBps. A lot of people see "12Mbps" and think it's 12MBps. Ok? I mean, think about it. Even if they do know that a bit is one eighth of a bite, they shouldn't have to do the conversion in their heads- sure it's easy for us, but a lot of people have trouble with it. Dan 00:00, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

No, USB 1.1 is a serial bus standard encompassing two data rates: "Full speed" is 12 Mbit/s.
 * Full speed - 12 Mbit/s
 * Low speed - 1.5 Mbit/s

On your second point re confusion of Mbit/s and MB/s, that is precisely why the recommended terms are Mbit/s and MB/s. The term "Mbit/s" (which is what I wrote in the article) includes the entire word "bit", and as such means that it cannot feasbly be confused with a bytes (or if it is, the reader is having serious comprehension problems, in which case all bets are off anyway). Duckbill 00:12, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Notice Mbps and MBps Note no space between any units and numbers on Apple's page. . Dan 00:27, 17 March 2006

That's fine. Those are Apple documents on Apple's web site. Apple are perfectly at liberty to use whatever style they see fit. But we are not reporting text verbatim. We are reporting the information accurately, and in Wikipedia that information should be represented according to Wikipedia guidelines. So Apple may well write "2.5GHz", but in Wikipedia that quantity is represented as "2.5 GHz" (2.5&nbsp;GHz). Duckbill 18:06, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

This same discussion took place on Apple Macintosh. I was thinking about it today and look at this reasoning for the space. 1) Which looks correct to you: 1MB or 1 MB, 1foot 1 foot. It is a unit of measure, numbers and their unit should be separated because it looks better IMO, much easier to do mathmatical calculations with the space, and the manual of style has it this way. This is wikipedia, guidelines have been constructed over the years and you have to respect that. Removing anything you have added from wikipedia is vandalism as well, since it's not yours, clicking save means "You agree to license your contributions under the GFDL". Why do you need to keep fighting this fight? Mike (T C) 06:00, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Well, I suppose it's a "fight" on both sides if you "fight back." Anyway. . . I'm not really sure why you feel it's "easier for calculations"... it almost makes it harder for me... but it's not much of a point. As for "1MB" and "1foot".. I would write it as "1MB," (or 1 megabyte) and 1 foot (or perhaps one foot). I do think 1MB looks a bit stupid, but any number other than "1" with KB/MB/GB etc (i.e. 128MB). looks fine, simply because the "1" is too narrow. Unfortunately, it boils down to opinion, and obviously we differ there.

On Board SCSI controller
The article claims an "NCR 53C96 SCSI controller". This controller can neither be found in Apple's specification (http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Hardware/Developer_Notes/Macintosh_CPUs-G3/PowerMac_G3/PowerMac_G3.pdf) nor on this site: http://www.heise.de/ct/97/13/208/ nor on any other site in the internet. Even a detailed picture (http://www.heise.de/ct/97/13/208/gossamer.jpg) of the Gossamer mainboard does not show any dedicated SCSI chip. Instead, both Apple's document and the computer magazine c't clearly state that the I/O controller Heathrow handles SCSI (among other interfaces). This solution is called MESH.

Of course it could be possible that NCR's controller is included as a part/module of Heathrow, but this is nowhere documented.

Thus there are a lot of proofs that there is no dedicated SCSI controller chip, and there is not a single proof that there is one. So either the article must be corrected, or a new photo of a Gossamer motherboard must be added that clearly shows the NCR chip.

This article is meant to be objective and should not reflect a single subjective idea or opinion or memory of a single person.

 * MESH is Macintosh Enhanced SCSI Hardware. I'm also familiar with that picture.. and with the insides of the Beige G3.. I have three of them. The 53c96 isn't a chip, at least not in the G3s; I'm fairly certain it's incorporated into the MESH custom IC... which includes the SWIM3 controller (floppy drive), heathrow (IDE) etc, so you wouldn't see anything labeled "NCR 53C96". Software, such as TechTool Pro, even reports the presence of the 53c96 SCSI chip.. as well as the VIA1, SCC, etc. Dan 00:08, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Update mmm, nope, you were right. Though, if it had used the 53c96 chip, it wouldn't have been visible... it still would have been part of the Heathrow; it's MESH-based. I was under the impression that the 53c96 was part of MESH. My apologies :) Dan 19:19, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

SCSI Error
In addition to the above problem the article states that the computer has "...Fast SCSI chain (up to 5 MB/s..." This is an error Fast SCSI has a 10MB/s speed. The original SCSI standard was 5 MB/s. Either this machine has Fast SCSI @ 10MB/s or else SCSI @ 5MB/s. Will a knowledgable party please correct it?

 * The article was right in alternate cases. They had 2 SCSI buses - internal & external. The internal bus was fast scsi, the external was normal scsi —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pantergraph (talk • contribs) 21:43, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Compatible optical drives
Given the section on optical drive compatibility, it would probably be beneficial to compile a list of what is known to work. I have found that a BTC CDRW5224 reads and burns correctly on a Revision A G3 with Mac OS 9.2.2, and supports booting. Removing the front panel of the tray will allow the drive tray to open when the case is put back on. Dashwarts (talk) 18:57, 8 June 2010 (UTC), boot section updated Dashwarts (talk) 05:25, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

PCI
Where the slots 32 or 64-bit wide? The article is ambiguous in this respect. Someone not using his real name (talk) 06:49, 17 December 2013 (UTC)
 * If this photo is depicting what it claims to (and it seems to), then they were 32-bit, unlike in the successor Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White). Someone not using his real name (talk) 06:51, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Power Macintosh G3


text:
Holmes Rolston III

Holmes Rolston III (born November 19, 1932) is a philosopher who is University Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at Colorado State University. He is best known for his contributions to environmental ethics and the relationship between science and religion. Among other honors, Rolston won the 2003 Templeton Prize, awarded by Prince Philip in Buckingham Palace. He gave the Gifford Lectures, University of Edinburgh, 1997–1998. He also serves on the Advisory Council of METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence).

The Darwinian model is used to define the main thematic concepts in Rolston's philosophy and, in greater depth, the general trend of his thinking.

Life
His grandfather and father Holmes Rolston, and Holmes Rolston Jr (who did not use the Jr) were Presbyterian ministers. Rolston III was married on June 1, 1956, to Jane Irving Wilson, with whom he has a daughter and son. He holds a B.S. in physics and mathematics from Presbyterian-affiliated Davidson College (1953) and a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Union Presbyterian Seminary (1956). He was ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church (USA) also in 1956. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1958; his advisor was Thomas F. Torrance. He earned an M.A. in the philosophy of science from the University of Pittsburgh in 1968, beginning his career later that year as an assistant professor of philosophy at Colorado State University and becoming a full professor in 1976. He became a University Distinguished Professor in 1992. He gave the Gifford Lectures, University of Edinburgh, 1998–1999. He was named Templeton Prize laureate in 2003. He has lectured by invitation on all seven continents.

In 1990 he became the first president of the International Society for Environmental Ethics.

Holmes Rolston 1900-1977
Holmes Rolston (1900-1977), father of Holmes Rolston III, was the Editor-in-Chief of the Presbyterian Church Board of Christian Education, in the United States, Richmond, Virginia between 1949 and 1969, and a widely published author of curriculum materials in Christian education.

He gave the Sprunt Lectures, Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Series XXXI 1941–1942, published as The Social Message of the Apostle Paul (John Knox Press, 1942). He also wrote a number of books on personalities in the Bible, for example: Faces about the Christ (John Knox Press, 1959) and Personalities Around David (John Knox Press, 1968). See Who's Who in America, 39th ed., 1976–1977.

Views on rights
Rolston accepts that humans have rights but has criticized the idea of animal rights and extending rights to flora because there are no rights in the wild. Rolston has argued that a rights approach to sentient life is ill-suited to ecosystems and when a moral agent is faced with suffering in an ecosystem there is no duty to intervene. In 1991, Rolston stated:

"When we try to use culturally extended rights and psychologically based utilities to protect the flora or even the insentient fauna, to protect endangered species or ecosystems, we can only stammer. Indeed, we get lost trying to protect bighorns, because, in the wild, cougars are not respecting the rights or utilities of the sheep they slay, and, in culture, humans slay sheep and eat them regularly, while humans have every right not to be eaten by either humans or cougars. There are no rights in the wild, and nature is indifferent to the welfare of particular animals."

Rolston has also argued that "environmental ethics accepts predation as good in wild nature", Rolston says that wild predation should be respected because it has great importance for larger ecosystem and evolutionary processes. For example, predators eliminate weak and unfit individuals from populations of prey organisms contributing to the overall integrity of those species and culling of unfit organisms by predators is vital to the evolutionary process of natural selection, which Rolston believes trends towards more complex and diverse life forms. Rolston has stated that predation is an integral part of nature which "yields a flourishing of species" and has contributed to some of the most significant achievements in natural history and that without predation, life on earth would be greatly impoverished.

Rolston has argued that when humans encounter wild nature they are not under any duty or obligation to alleviate any wild animal suffering and that since animals in the wild have no claim to a pleasant life free of pain then humans have no moral duty to provide them with one. Rolston says that this also holds true for domesticated animals because although they have been brought under the care of humans, their origins are from wild nature so the comparison class for assessing conduct towards them should not be from humans but from other animals. In Rolston's view domesticated animals like wild animals "have no right or welfare claim to have from humans a kinder treatment than in nonhuman nature".

Quotes
"We can be thrilled by a hawk in the wind-swept sky, by the rings of Saturn, the falls of Yosemite. We can admire the internal symmetry of a garnet crystal or appreciate the complexity of the forest humus. All these experiences come mediated by our cultural education; some are made possible by science.  An Iroquois would have variant experiences, or none at all.  But these experiences have high elements of givenness, of finding something thrown at us, of successful observation.  The 'work' of observation is in order to understand the better."

"We rationalize that the place we inhabit has no normative structures, and that we can do what we please."

"The interface between science and religion is, in a certain sense, a no-man's land. No specialized science is competent here, nor does classical theology or academic philosophy really own this territory. This is an interdisciplinary zone where inquirers come from many fields. But this is a land where we increasingly must live. ...	The religion that is married to science today will be a widow tomorrow. ...  But the religion that is divorced from science today will leave no offspring tomorrow."

"... On larger planetary scales it is better to build our cultures in intelligent harmony with the way the world is already built, rather than take control and rebuild this promising planet by ourselves and for ourselves. ... We do not want a de-natured life on a de-natured planet."

"We walk too hurriedly if ever we pass the season's first Pasqueflower by, too busy to let its meeting stay us for a quiet moment before this token of the covenant of life to continue in perpetual beauty despite the storm. ... Let winters come; life will flower on as long as Earth shall last."

title: Holmes Rolston III


text: User talk:203.200.212.145

title: User talk:203.200.212.145


text:
Carnarvon xeric shrublands

The Carnarvon xeric shrublands is a deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregion of Western Australia. The ecoregion is coterminous with the Carnarvon Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) bioregion.

Location and description
The ecoregion covers an area of 90,500 square kilometers (34,900 square miles) from the bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west from the Peron Peninsula in Shark Bay up to the North West Cape. The Pilbara shrublands lie to the northeast, the Western Australian mulga shrublands to the east, and the Southwest Australia savanna to the south. The region is named for the coastal town of Carnarvon and includes a number of coastal towns and tourist resorts.

The terrain is generally low, and the vegetation varies with the underlying geology, which consists mostly of recent alluvial, aeolian, and marine sediments over cretaceous strata. This is a very dry region with less than 250mm of rainfall per year.

The ecoregion covers the on-shore portion of the Carnarvon Basin, a physiographic province of the larger West Australian Shield division.

Sub-regions
The Carnarvon bioregion has two sub-regions:
 * Wooramel, which is a significant part of the Shark Bay World Heritage area
 * Cape Range

Flora
Low samphire and saltbush shrublands cover the saline alluvial plains, snakewood (Acacia xiphophylla) scrublands cover the clay flats, Bowgada (Acacia ramulosa) low woodland covers sandy ridges and plains, red sand dune fields are interspersed or overlain with tree to shrub steppe over hummock grasslands, and Acacia startii/A. bivenosa shrublands cover limestone outcrops in the north. Other trees in the area include limestone wattle (Acacia sclerosperma) with an undergrowth of dead finish (Acacia tetragonophylla). The sheltered embayments and extensive tidal flats along the coast support mangroves.

Fauna
Wildlife of the area includes birds such as the western grasswren and the red-tailed black cockatoo. This is also the area where it is possible that there may be a surviving population of the lesser stick-nest rat which is thought to be extinct.

Protected areas
Protected areas in the ecoregion include Cape Range National Park, Francois Peron National Park and Kennedy Range National Park.

title: Carnarvon xeric shrublands


text:
List of heads of state of Niger

This is a list of heads of state of Niger since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day.

A total of eleven people, all of them men and six of them military rulers, have served as head of state of Niger.

The current head of state of Niger is Abdourahamane Tchiani, the president of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland (CNSP), a military junta established following a coup that overthrew President Mohamed Bazoum, on 26 July 2023.

Term limits
As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Niger. The first president who adhered to the term limits was Mahamadou Issoufou in 2021.

Titles

 * 1960–1974: President of the Republic
 * 1974–1989: President of the Supreme Military Council
 * 1989   : President of the Supreme Council of National Orientation
 * 1989–1996: President of the Republic
 * 1996   : Chairman of the National Salvation Council
 * 1996–1999: President of the Republic
 * 1999   : Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council
 * 1999–2010: President of the Republic
 * 2010–2011: Chairman of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy
 * 2011–2023: President of the Republic
 * 2023–present: President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland

List of officeholders
{{legend||Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally (PPN–RDA)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Movement for the Society of Development (MNSD–Nassara)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Democratic and Social Convention (CSD–Rahama)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Union of Independents for Democratic Renewal (UNIRD) / Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP–Jama'a)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS–Tarayya)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Political parties

{{legend||Military|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Other factions

title: List of heads of state of Niger


text:
User:Francispeech

Hey, I'm Francis...

title: User:Francispeech


text:
Talk:Knock-down kit

Untitled
The Swedish company may have been http://www.busmarket.se Liftarn

CKD: chronic kidney disease
CKD is also commonly used to refer to chronic kidney disease in medical, and specifically nephrology, circles. Perhaps a second definition with a link to nephrology would be in order? Of course, since the former sentence includes the whole of my knowledge of the subject, I am certainly not equipped to offer a second definition. Just a suggestion.

 * I've added the link. -- Sandius 17:38, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1962RenaultRamber.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:53, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Rail heading
Why are there cars under this heading? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.166.108.199 (talk) 01:34, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * (Belated answer) It's because the word "car" is being used there in its railroad car sense (word sense). — ¾-10 00:22, 12 January 2013 (UTC)

US American bias
Examples have US American bias, article would benefit from a wider range of examples. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.22.115.39 (talk) 18:32, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Well then…add some! —Scheinwerfermann T·C 02:24, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Misleading definition
Semi knocked down doesn't mean 'incomplete kits' in the sense 'missing some parts or components', but 'incompletely disassembled'. That is, in SKD kits the smallest parts composing the kit are themeselves assemblies that could be further disassembled into more elementary parts.

External links modified
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title: Talk:Knock-down kit


text:
User talk:Francispeech

FP

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text:
Jacques Berlioz

Jacques Berlioz (9 December 1891, Paris – 21 December 1975) was a French zoologist and ornithologist, specializing in hummingbirds. He was a grand-nephew of composer Hector Berlioz (1803–1869).

Berlioz was born in Paris, where the family home stood behind Sainte-Trinité and took an interest in natural history from his early childhood. The family included many artists and scientists and his grand uncle was the famous composer Hector Berlioz. He studied medicine and pharmaceutical chemistry in which he received a doctorate in 1917. He then worked at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris as an assistant in the department of entomology, moving to the department of mammals and birds in 1920. He became an assistant curator after some years and a chief curator in 1949 with the title of professor. He continued to work here until his retirement in 1962.

Berlioz travelled to Madagascar and Vietnam on collection trips with Jean Delacour between 1925 and 1932. Among his writings, were three chapters on taxonomy, distribution and migration in Traité de Zoologie (vol. 15, 19.50, pp. 845–1088) apart from papers on the hummingbirds. For many years he was an editor of L'Oiseau et la Revue Française d'Ornithologie.

Apart from natural history, he also took an interest in photography, was a good artist and a talented musician. Berlioz was an officer of the Légion d'honneur, an honorary member of the American Ornithologists' Union, the British Ornithologists' Union, the Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft, the Zoological Society of London, and the Société de France Ornitholoque.

Written works

 * La vie des colibris (Paris) Gallimard, 1944 - The life of hummingbirds.
 * Oiseaux de la Réunion (Paris) Larose, 1946 - Birds of Réunion.
 * Les oiseaux (Paris) Presses universitaires de France, 1962 - The birds.

title: Jacques Berlioz


text:
Franck (company)

Franck is a Croatian coffee and tea company.

Based in the city of Zagreb, it was founded in 1892 as a part of the German multinational company "Heinrich Franck Söhne" which started operating on June 21, 1883. Prior to World War II, Franck produced coffee substitutes, but in the last 50 years it has enriched production by introducing various innovations. By doing so, it expanded its product range to coffee, tea, snacks, spices, powdered sugar and condiments. After it was privatized in 1992, Franck undertook the task of modernizing its company. It introduced numerous innovations in the market, such as ground coffee Franck Crema, which can be prepared as instant coffee as well as regular coffee, tea infusion Coolup! which can be prepared with cold water, or various flavors of Franck Café Cappuccino.Franck detto in Italiano,è un surrogato.

In 2015, Franck partnered with Intersnack and founded a joint venture company for the production and distribution of snacks called Adria Snack Company Ltd. In 2018, Franck withdrew from the snacks business and sold its entire category to Intersnack.

Ground coffee
In the category of ground coffee Franck is the leader on the Croatian market with its Jubilarna coffee, while the range also includes Franck 100% Arabica, Franck 100% Arabica hazelnut-chocolate, premium "single-origin" coffees Costa Rica and Guatemala and Espresso coffee. Also, Franck Crema was launched in 2015. The range also includes ground coffees Gloria and Victoria.

Franck Jubilarna coffee
Jubilarna vacuum-packed coffee is the packaging for which Franck is best known. It is popularly known as "Ciglica" (the little brick) for its red color and square shape. The production of Jubilarna started in 1972.

Franck Café
Franck's brand of instant coffee and cappuccinos combines a number of beverages which are characterized by quick preparation (with hot water) and a diverse range of flavors. Franck Café includes:
 * Cappuccino in versions Classic, Vanilla, Chocolate, Irish Cream, Coconut and white chocolate, Jaffa, Winter, with less sugar and no caffeine as well as Bananaccino and Jagodaccino, hot drinks for children which do not contain coffee
 * Instant coffee in versions Classical, Gold and Decaffeinated
 * Instant coffee blends in versions 3 in 1, 2 in 1, 3 in 1 cocoa and Ice Coffee

Franck Tea
A wide range of Franck teas includes black, green and yellow tea, fruit teas (different flavors with a special line Voćni+Moćni) and herbal teas (with a special line Trag prirode), as well as lines specifically designed for children (Fora tea), season or time of day (Ritual). Franck was the first Croatian company to launch fruit tea in filter bags in 1991, and in 2015 it introduced the innovative line Coolup! - a drink made from the essence of tea and cold water. Also, in 2015 is launched the premium line Franck Superiore Tea that is available exclusively in the HoReCa channel.

Other products
Franck also produces semolina, polenta, powdered sugar and sodium bicarbonate, as well as coffee substitutes and hot chocolate mixes.

Adria Snack Company Ltd.
Adria Snack Company Ltd. is a joint venture partnership between Franck and Intersnack, which was achieved in 2015. The venture is headquartered in Zagreb, with Dubravko Folnović as its CEO. The goal of the partnership is the realization of a long-term joint strategy of a strong focus on business development in the area of salty snacks. The range of brands and products includes Čipi čips, Kroki kroket, Tip-top, nuts, Chio, Kelly's, funny'frisch and Pom bar.

HoReCa
In the HoReCa channel Franck is represented with some products that are not available in retail like Franck Superiore Tea, Stretto and Superiore espresso and espresso brands Classic and Bonus espresso.

Awards and recognitions
In 2014 Franck won the Grand Prix and Gold Effie in the category of food for the campaign for its Čipi Čips called "CROmpiri". In the category of drinks, the campaign for Franck Café Cappuccino "Get creative" won the silver Effie. In 2012 and 2013, Franck Cafe instant coffee has been awarded the Best Buy designation.

External link
Official website

title: Franck (company)