text:
James Shigeta

James Saburo Shigeta (繁田 三郎; June 17, 1929 – July 28, 2014) was an American actor and singer of Japanese descent. He was noted for his roles in The Crimson Kimono (1959), Walk Like a Dragon (1960), Flower Drum Song (1961), Bridge to the Sun (1961), Die Hard (1988), and Mulan (1998). In 1960, he won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male, along with three other actors.

In his early career, Shigeta often played romantic male lead roles, which were almost nonexistent for an actor of Asian descent during his time, making him a trailblazer in Asian American representation in media. The Goldsea Asian-American Daily magazine listed him as one of the "Most Inspiring Asian-Americans of All Time".

Before his Hollywood career he found success as a pop singer and performer abroad, especially in Japan and Australia.

Early life and education
Born in the Territory of Hawaii in 1929 as a Sansei, a third-generation Japanese-American, Shigeta was a 1947 graduate of President Theodore Roosevelt High School, and studied drama at New York University.

After completing ROTC, he enlisted in the Hawaii National Guard's 298th Infantry, prior to his 1951 enlistment in the United States Marine Corps during the Korean War. He served for two-and-a-half years, and rose to the rank of Staff Sergeant.

Singing career
Shigeta entered and won first prize on Ted Mack's television talent show, The Original Amateur Hour in 1950. Embarking on a singing career in Los Angeles, he teamed with Hawaiian operatic tenor Charles K.L. Davis. Their agent at the time gave them the non-ethnic sounding stage names of "Guy Brion" for Shigeta, and "Charles Durand" for Davis. They developed a supper club musical career in the United States, singing at venues such as the Mocambo and the Los Angeles Players Club. Despite that success, breaking into the movies eluded him.

During the Korean War Shigeta enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, where he entertained troops in California. En route to Korea, the ceasefire led Shigeta to Japan, where he was discharged from the Marines and hired by the theatrical division of Toho Studios.

Shigeta did not speak Japanese until Toho Studios in Tokyo invited him to be a musical star under his real name in Japan. He became a success in all media aspects of his day –radio, television, stage, supper clubs, movies, recordings– to such an extent that he became widely known as "The Frank Sinatra of Japan".

In 1958, the Nichigeki Theatre in Tokyo exported their extravaganza Cherry Blossom Show to Australia with Shigeta as the male lead, opposite Fubuki Koshiji. The show was performed at the Empire Theatre in Sydney, Her Majesty's Theatre in Brisbane, the Theatre Royal in Adelaide, and Her Majesty's Theatre in Melbourne. The show was a big success, with one Australian reviewer writing about Shigeta, "... has matinee idol good looks and a soothing baritone voice that should send the record companies mad for his autograph on recording contracts."

Shigeta returned to the United States to sing on The Dinah Shore Show. By 1959 he was the star of the Shirley MacLaine–Steve Parker production of Holiday in Japan at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

In 1969, Shigeta toured the United States in the lead role of The King and I, with Melva Niles and Pam Cavan co-starring in the production.

Acting
When movies began to open up for him, Shigeta took acting lessons from seasoned dialogue coach Leon Charles.

Shigeta first came on screen in the U.S., in 1959 as Detective Joe Kojaku in The Crimson Kimono, a detective story that featured an interracial romantic triangle between Kojaku, his partner Sgt. Charlie Bancroft (played by Glenn Corbett), and Christine Downes (portrayed by Victoria Shaw). Shigeta's character was groundbreaking for the 1950s, an Asian American detective played by an Asian American actor with regular American speech patterns, rather than a non-Asian made up to pass as Asian who speaks in broken English. Paramount Pictures and James Clavell cast Shigeta in the 1960 release Walk Like a Dragon, as Cheng Lu, a young Chinese man in the American old west who resents that Chinese must be subservient to white people. When filming began, Shigeta was still starring in Holiday in Japan in Las Vegas. An arrangement was made to transport him after his last show to the Paramount studio by ambulance to make sure he arrived on time. The technical advisor to Shigeta on the film was Benson Fong, who taught Shigeta how to mount a horse Chinese style. Jack Lord has first billing in this movie, which pits Shigeta against Lord for the affections of Kim Sung, played by Nobu McCarthy. Shigeta and McCarthy would work together again in the 1965 Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Wrongful Writ," while Shigeta and Lord would work together in the 1968 Hawaii Five-O episode "Deathwatch".

The 1961 romantic comedy Cry for Happy had Shigeta co-starring with Glenn Ford, Donald O'Connor and Miyoshi Umeki in a tale about Korean War era United States Navy photographers in Japan.

In 1961, Shigeta was cast as Wang Ta, a role originated by Ed Kenney on Broadway, in the Academy Award-nominated movie version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Flower Drum Song with Nancy Kwan and Miyoshi Umeki playing the love interests.

He was cast as World War II Japanese diplomat Hidenari Terasaki opposite Carroll Baker as Gwen Terasaki in the 1961 biographical movie Bridge to the Sun. A rarity for its era, the movie told the true story of a racially mixed marriage set against the background of the war between the United States and Japan.

Shigeta guest starred in many television shows, beginning with Alcoa Premiere in 1961, as a Korean War era Chinese Communist who tortured star Lloyd Bridges. He continued to act in television up through Avatar: The Last Airbender in 2005.

In 1965, Shigeta starred in Paradise, Hawaiian Style with Elvis Presley.

In 1965, Shigeta worked with Raymond Burr in the Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Wrongful Writ", cast as lawyer Ward Toyama who finds himself as the defendant. Shigeta worked with Raymond Burr two more times, in the 1969 Ironside episode "Love My Enemy", and the 1971 episode "No Motive for Murder" of the same series.

From 1969 to 1972, Shigeta had recurring appearances on the TV hospital drama Medical Center, in which he alternately appeared as the Resident Doctor and Doctor Osaka, for seven episodes. He played the role of Chief Resident in the series 1969 2-hour pilot U.M.C.

He also continued starring in films. In 1976, he portrayed the famous Japanese admiral Chūichi Nagumo in Midway. In 1988, he played the ill-fated corporate executive Joe Takagi in the action film Die Hard. Cage II: The Arena of Death from 1994 pits star Lou Ferrigno against Shigeta's character of underworld crime boss Tim Yum Yum. Shigeta lent his voice to Disney's 1998 animated film Mulan.

Awards and honors
James Shigeta shared the 1960 Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Male Newcomer with actors George Hamilton, Troy Donahue and Barry Coe.

In 2005, Shigeta received a "Visionary Award" from the Asian-American theatre organization, East West Players, at their annual anniversary gala in Los Angeles.

In 2006, Shigeta was among the actors, producers and directors interviewed in the documentary The Slanted Screen, directed by Jeff Adachi, about the representation of Asian and Asian American men in Hollywood.

Death
Shigeta died in his sleep on July 28, 2014, at age 85 in Beverly Hills. His funeral was held at the First Congregational Church of Los Angeles, and he was interred in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific.

title: James Shigeta


text:
Talk:Jack Black (rat catcher)

Discussion
Are you serious? This seems too hilarious and absurd to be true. But funny! I say it stays --Ironcladben 17:21, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It isn't an unusual article for nothing. But yes, it's real—check the reference at the bottom. And the National Fancy Rat Society serves all your domesticated rat needs today. JRM 19:45, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)

 * It was indeed a legitimate position in society, if not very high up:)...This kind of pestilence was commonplace til the end of the Victoria era....One question from me: Anybody know Jack Black's date of birth or death? Any other details about the man? Engr105th (talk) 23:02, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Jack Black Actor
Is this where Jack Black the actor got his name? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.99.84.127 (talk) 03:11, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Images
I disagree with this edit. It doesn't matter that the image is "rare". It adds nothing to the article. The article already has a nearly identical image. The new image adds no useful content to the article.--Srleffler (talk) 18:01, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The images are not identical and they are different. They help to add context to his biography article. IQ125 (talk) 18:35, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jack Black (rat catcher)


text:
User talk:Lalitsonawane

A smart looking good natured boy from india having a great sence of humour and a nice brilliance.

A tag has been placed on Lalit sonawane, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Nyttend 04:05, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lalitsonawane


text:
User talk:Coreym~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! andy 11:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Coreym. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Coreym~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:13, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coreym~enwiki


text:
Tapestry (disambiguation)

Tapestry is a form of woven textile art.

Tapestry or tapestries may also refer to:

Computing

 * Tapestry (DHT), a distributed hash table protocol first described in 2001
 * Apache Tapestry, a Java web application framework adopted by the Apache Software Foundation as a top-level project in 2006
 * A holographic storage product by InPhase Technologies in 2008

Literature and comics

 * The Tapestry, a fantasy fiction series by Henry H. Neff introduced in 2007
 * Tapestry (Wildstorm), a comic book villainess introduced in 1994

Music

 * Tapestry (Don McLean album), 1970, or the title track
 * Tapestry (Carole King album), 1971, or the title track
 * Tapestry Revisited: A Tribute to Carole King, a multi-artist tribute album honoring Carole King, 1995
 * Tapestry, an album by Bob Belden, 1997
 * Tapestry, an album by Keith Getty, 2002
 * "Tapestry", a song by Protest the Hero from the 2011 album Scurrilous
 * "Tapestry", a song by Hillsong United from the 2013 album Zion
 * "Tapestry", a song by Nightmares on Wax from the 2013 album Feelin' Good

Radio and television

 * Tapestry (CBC radio), a Canadian documentary/interview program on spirituality, produced since 1994
 * Tapestry (CHFI), a Canadian syndicated FM radio program of the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s with music, commentary, and literary readings
 * "Tapestry" (Star Trek: The Next Generation), a 1993 sixth-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation

Other uses

 * Needlepoint, a form of canvaswork, also called tapestry
 * Tapestry (horse), an Irish-breed Thoroughbred racehorse foaled in 2011
 * Tapestries (novel), 1995 novel by Wizards of the Coast
 * Tapestry, Inc., formerly Coach, Inc, an American multinational luxury fashion company based in New York City, founded in 1941
 * Tapestry (board game), a 2019 board game created by Jamey Stegmaier

title: Tapestry (disambiguation)


text: User talk:165.21.7.102

title: User talk:165.21.7.102


text:
User talk:Jyotirmaya

Welcome!
Hi Jyotirmaya! My name's Nathaniel, but I go by the username Spangineer around here. Thanks for your edit to Pennsylvania State University – I'm actually an IE at PSU and I hadn't updated the page yet. I hope you enjoy editing wikipedia and that you stick around. If you have any questions about anything related to wikipedia, just let me know – go to my talk page, hit the plus sign (+) next to "edit this page" at the top and leave me a note. You can sign your name after you're done by typing ~. A few links you might find useful include: Tutorial, Manual of Style, Community Portal, Policy Library and perhaps most importantly, the Sandbox, where you can just play around and try different things. Have a great day, and again, any questions, just let me know! Happy editing! Spangineer ∞ 17:26, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're welcome! If you have any questions related to wikipedia, let me know. It's great to see more PSU folks around here, especially IEs.  Yeah, I'll be at school this fall, so I'm sure we'll run into each other.  Talk to you later! --Spangineer  (háblame)  03:25, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Another welcome from Penn State :-)
 * If you haven't already, check out WikiProject_Pennsylvania_State_University. Hope to see you around, GChriss 18:50, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

minor edits
Remember only to mark edits as minor when they really are (see Minor edits). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 9 July 2005 09:53 (UTC)

Mojave Airport picture
Dear Jyotirmaya, I've uploaded your picture of the aircraft storage location at Mojave Airport to the Wikimedia Commons site because there is also an article (for which I'm the main author) about the Mojave Airport in the German Wikipedia. As I would like to use your picture for that article as well, it's best to put it into the Wikimedia Commons. In that way, it can be used by all Wikipedia language versions without the need to upload it to every single Wikipedia. If they accept your picture within the Commons, and as you licensed it under the GFDL there is no reason to not accept it, you can ask within the English Wikipedia to have it deleted from the picture repository of the en-WP. The picture link in the article will automatically take the picture from the Wikimedia Commons so there is no need to change the article. Best Regards, Uwe from the German Wikipedia
 * Hi there, from my experiences, I would wait a couple of days (maybe a week or so). If it's not deleted by then from the Commons, it's safe to assume that it's okay for inclusion within the Commons. And as said, as your license is clearly the GNU FDL, there should be no problem. To get it deleted from the en-WP repository, you have to include the tags and  in the description page of the picture. It will then be deleted by somebody who has admin privileges. If you like, I can check the picture in the commons in a couple of days and include these tags for you. Best Regards, Uwe from the German Wikipedia

Hello again, I've uploaded your second picture to the Commons as well. By the way, I was the anonymous IP who added the aerial view image to the Mojave Spaceport article. I found it with Google Image Search at the World Wind Central site. As the data and images of World Wind are NASA material and therefor Public Domain, I uploaded the aerial view image to the Commons too. Best Regards, Uwe from the German Wikipedia

India links
Hi welcome aboard! Here are some India-related links:

=Nichalp  «Talk»=  08:48, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Merge request
Thanks for the information! I'll remove the merge templates. --Tabor 12:26, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, do you know the preferred spelling? For example, currently M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology has a red link to Visveswaraiah Technological University, while the article is located at Visweswaraiah Technological University.  The category name Category:Affiliated to Visveswaraiah Technological University is consistent with the spelling in the red link. Then again, it is spelled "Visvesvaraya" on the university's web site . If you can help clarify or fix this, it would be appreciated.  Thanks again. --Tabor 12:40, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Image copyrights....
In my experience, the best thing to do is upload everything to the Wikimedia commons that you can (they don't accept some stuff though). When I upload my own work (diagrams I created or photos I took), the creative commons liscense is the one I use as well: cc-by-sa-2.5. If you put stuff on the commons, it immediately becomes available on all of the different language wikipedias. For example, Image:Cerro de la Silla.jpg is on the commons, but I don't have to do anything special to put it in the Cerro de la Silla article – since there's no image of that name on wikipedia, it automatically looks for one at the wikimedia commons and uses that.

As for image descriptions, take a look at a few of my images that I've uploaded. For Image:Cerro de la Silla.jpg, I only have the name of the place, the location, and my username as the creator (the rest of it is related to changes to the picture itself). For Image:Psu.lion.shrine.ncs.jpg, I just briefly describe it and say when I took the picture. That one (and some others) I actually forgot to upload to the commons, which probably was a mistake. I might go back and fix that soon. Finally, a couple that use alot more image description: Image:GMAW weld area.png and Image:Tec.monterrey.mural.ncs.JPG. The first is a diagram and thus needs explanation of all the numbers, and the second is of a mural that had a plaque in front of it describing it, so I transcribed part of that and translated it. In general, as long as there's a brief description of the image and where it came from, you're fine.

Hopefully that answers your questions. I maintain a gallery of images that I upload to wikipedia/wikimedia commons, so if you have more questions, you can take a look at those. I'm going to be out of town for the next few days, but once I'm back, I'll be happy to help you out if you have more questions. --Spangineer (háblame)  12:43, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Oriya Wikipedia
Hi Jyotirmaya,

I was wondering, have you ever considered doing some work for the Odia Wikipedia?

It's in a pretty severe state of disrepair right now and could use some help. The best thing anyone could probably do for it would be to get sysop status there, and translate the user interface. Maybe create a few articles, too...

See the Oriya Wikipedia.

Also, I was wondering if you could give me the translation for the logo? The text is "Wikipedia -- the free encyclopedia". In this case, "free" means as in free software, not as in "free beer".

Cheers Node

 * Hi again,
 * Have you seen http://oriya.sarovar.org/user_download.html ?? I have heard the font there works well, and is compatible across browsers. I haven't tried it though, so it might be wrong.
 * I think pure unicode is the best option...
 * Also, for the logo, I just need the text, and I can create the image. Unicode text is OK.
 * Cheers
 * Node

Image copyright problem with Image:Oriya.the.free.encyclopedia.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Oriya.the.free.encyclopedia.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 19:02, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:California State Route 1.jpg
I am working on recaptioning images to provide context for the images. I was wondering if you could identify where on SR-1 you were when you took this image: Image:California State Route 1.jpg.

Thanks!

Epolk 23:32, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The same request. We need to know approximately where this picture is taken. Maybe Google Earth will help you. -- Fyslee 19:11, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Wheel_of_Konark
Hi Jyotirmaya,

I would like to use the following image (see below) in my book "The Enigma of Numbers." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wheel_of_Konark%2C_Orissa%2C_India.JPG As it is a textbook, which involves a limited publication run, very limited sales, and not much in royalties as a result, I would not be able pay for the use of the photo, but I will be pleased to send you a complimentary copy of the book which is planned for release next year in hardback. Regards. Dr. Lance StormLanceoftheloc 05:11, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

hello from kuwait
hi nice to see ur page. i am just new here. i enjoy wikipedia. abushahin

China in Oriya
Hi, I am from China. Can you tell me how to write China and People's Republic of China in Oriya? Thank you very much!--icywind 08:18, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

100-word list for Oriya
Good day! Could you help me and provide translations for the following 100 basic word in the Oriya language. Either in the standard Oriya or in your native local variety (dialect) which you speak better (and then indicate please how you call your language /dialect and precise location like state –district – town/village). If there are synonyms or known dialectal variants provide them with comments if possible. Also please indicate if you know that certain words are borrowing. You can fill in right here using either IPA transcription or some other spelling you like (just describe your conventions). Thank you in advance! --Koryakov Yuri 15:13, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I, me –
 * thou (you, singular) –
 * we –
 * this –
 * that –
 * who? –
 * what? –
 * not –
 * all –
 * many –
 * one –
 * two –
 * big –
 * long –
 * small –
 * woman –
 * man (adult male) –
 * man (human being) –
 * fish –
 * bird –
 * dog –
 * louse –
 * tree –
 * seed –
 * leaf –
 * root –
 * bark (of a tree) –
 * skin –
 * meat (flesh) –
 * blood –
 * bone –
 * fat –
 * egg –
 * horn –
 * tail –
 * feather (of a bird) –
 * hair –
 * head –
 * ear –
 * eye –
 * nose –
 * mouth –
 * tooth –
 * tongue –
 * claw (nail) –
 * foot –
 * knee –
 * hand –
 * belly –
 * neck –
 * breast(s) (of a woman) –
 * heart –
 * liver –
 * drink (verb) –
 * eat (verb) –
 * bite (verb) –
 * see (verb) –
 * hear (verb) –
 * know (verb) –
 * sleep (verb) –
 * die (verb) –
 * kill (verb) –
 * swim (verb) –
 * fly (verb) –
 * walk/go (verb) –
 * come (verb) –
 * lie (down) (verb) –
 * sit (verb) –
 * stand (verb) –
 * give (verb) –
 * say (verb) –
 * sun –
 * moon –
 * star –
 * water –
 * rain –
 * stone –
 * sand –
 * earth –
 * cloud –
 * smoke –
 * fire –
 * ash –
 * burn (trans. verb) –
 * road (path) –
 * mountain –
 * red –
 * green –
 * yellow –
 * white –
 * black –
 * night –
 * warm (hot) –
 * cold –
 * full –
 * new –
 * good –
 * round –
 * dry –
 * name –

Oriya Wikipedia
Hi, we are wondering if there is any chance you could come help us on the Oriya Wikipedia. It is currently very undeveloped and would be well-served by anybody else who knows Oriya, even the creation of several small articles is appreciated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.169.85.57 (talk) 23:12, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

regarding picture
hello bhai I am very glad to share my thoughts with you.Currently i have uploaded a file image named rasaabali,in the article 'Rasabali' in oriya cuisine.I gave the license also.but after 24 hrs it was deleted.so i kindly request you to guide me,if possible i will send you the picture,and you upload it in the image on its proper aricle.waiting for reply. thank you satyakam dash

- Please upload it with proper copyright notice. Let me know your contact details/user page and I can help you Jyotirmaya (talk) 03:42, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

File:Oriya.wikipedia.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Oriya.wikipedia.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Kelly hi! 15:43, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. If you are familiar with the contents of WP:MINOR, and believe that it is still beneficial to the encyclopedia to have all your edits marked as such by default, then this discussion will give you the details you need to continue with this functionality indefinitely. If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 17:07, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Help with Oriya language
Good day! Could you help me and provide Oriya translations for the following 100 basic word in your native local variety (dialect) (and indicate please of which location). If there are synonyms or known dialectal variants provide them with comments if possible. Also please indicate if you know that certain words are borrowing. You can fill in right here using either IPA transcription or some other Roman/Latin spelling. Thank you in advance!

 * I, me –
 * thou (you, singular) –
 * we –
 * this –
 * that –
 * who? –
 * what? –
 * not –
 * all –
 * many –
 * one –
 * two –
 * big –
 * long –
 * small –
 * woman –
 * man (adult male) –
 * man (human being) –
 * fish –
 * bird –
 * dog –
 * louse –
 * tree –
 * seed –
 * leaf –
 * root –
 * bark (of a tree) –
 * skin –
 * meat (flesh) –
 * blood –
 * bone –
 * fat –
 * egg –
 * horn –
 * tail –
 * feather (of a bird) –
 * hair –
 * head –
 * ear –
 * eye –
 * nose –
 * mouth –
 * tooth –
 * tongue –
 * claw (nail) –
 * foot –
 * knee –
 * hand –
 * belly –
 * neck –
 * breast(s) (of a woman) –
 * heart –
 * liver –
 * drink (verb) –
 * eat (verb) –
 * bite (verb) –
 * see (verb) –
 * hear (verb) –
 * know (verb) –
 * sleep (verb) –
 * die (verb) –
 * kill (verb) –
 * swim (verb) –
 * fly (verb) –
 * walk/go (verb) –
 * come (verb) –
 * lie (down) (verb) –
 * sit (verb) –
 * stand (verb) –
 * give (verb) –
 * say (verb) –
 * sun –
 * moon –
 * star –
 * water –
 * rain –
 * stone –
 * sand –
 * earth –
 * cloud –
 * smoke –
 * fire –
 * ash –
 * burn (trans. verb) –
 * road (path) –
 * mountain –
 * red –
 * green –
 * yellow –
 * white –
 * black –
 * night –
 * warm (hot) –
 * cold –
 * full –
 * new –
 * good –
 * round –
 * dry –
 * name –

Hello Jyotirmaya ji
I am a wikipedian, I would happy to hear from you. I saw you contributed to Odia wikipedia. I am wondering what is the reason that you are not active now a days. Odia community is now active, Now we have more than 15 active users, I hope you would comeback and contribute. -ansuman (talk) 08:20, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jyotirmaya


text:
On-sale bar

In United States patent law, the on-sale bar is a limitation on patentability codified at. It provides that an invention cannot be patented if it has been for sale for over one year prior to the patent filing.

35 U.S.C. 102(a)(1)
(a) Novelty; Prior Art.— A person shall be entitled to a patent unless— (1) the claimed invention was patented, described in a printed publication, or in public use, on sale, or otherwise available to the public before the effective filing date of the claimed invention...

MPEP 2133.03(b) "On Sale" [R-2] - 2100 Patentability
An impermissible sale has occurred if there was a definite sale, or offer to sell, more than 1 year before the effective filing date of the U.S. application and the subject matter of the sale, or offer to sell, fully anticipated the claimed invention or would have rendered the claimed invention obvious by its addition to the prior art. Ferag AG v. Quipp, Inc., 45 F.3d 1562, 1565, 33 USPQ2d 1512, 1514 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

The on-sale bar of 35 U.S.C. 102(b) is triggered if the invention is both

 * 1) the subject of a commercial offer for sale not primarily for experimental purposes and
 * 2) ready for patenting. Pfaff v. Wells Elecs., Inc., 525 U.S. 55, 67, 48 USPQ2d 1641, 1646-47 (1998). Ready for patenting means either that the invention was reduced to practice or that enabling disclosures existed.

Traditional contract law principles are applied when determining whether a commercial offer for sale has occurred. See ''Linear Tech. Corp. v. Micrel, Inc.'', 275 F.3d 1040, 1048, 61 USPQ2d 1225, 1229 (Fed. Cir. 2001), petition for cert. filed, 71 USLW 3093 (Jul. 03, 2002) (No. 02-39); Group One, Ltd. v. Hallmark Cards, Inc., 254 F.3d 1041,1047, 59 USPQ2d 1121, 1126 (Fed. Cir. 2001) ("As a general proposition, we will look to the Uniform Commercial Code ('UCC') to define whether a communication or series of communications rises to the level of a commercial offer for sale.").

The on-sale bar is an extraordinarily (some would argue needlessly) complex body of patent law in all but the simplest cases. For instance, licenses are normally not considered a sale, even when a sample product is transferred as part of the license, but a computer software license is considered a barring sale even if the patent claims are method claims. The normal standard of reduction to practice (which requires recognizing the invention) has been ignored in several cases, for example an offer for sale of a waste disposal machine which, if accepted would have practiced a later invention due to the special nature of the waste, was considered a barring sale even though the invention had not even been conceived yet and the sale did not take place.

There is no joint-development exception to the on-sale bar, meaning that the on-sale bar in many cases is triggered when the invention is "ready for patenting," which can occur when an inventor is working alone at a drafting table. The ready-for-patenting standard is judged retrospectively in an adversarial setting, so even if an invention was far too premature to have been put into a patent application, with details missing, it may still be deemed to have been "ready for patenting." Moreover, an inadequate disclosure cannot provide priority for a continuation-in-part application, so an inventor who fears the on-sale bar and files a premature patent application may not be able to rescue it later.

title: On-sale bar


text:
Advanced Function Presentation

Advanced Function Presentation (AFP) is a presentation architecture and family of associated printer software and hardware that provides for document and information presentation independent of specific applications and devices.

Using AFP, users can control formatting, the form of paper output, whether a document is to be printed or viewed online, and manage document storage and access in a distributed network across multiple operating system platforms. AFP is primarily used in large enterprises for production variable data printing (VDP).

AFP applications allow users or print room operators to distribute print jobs among a group of printers and to designate backup printers when one fails. AFP is considered to be a "cornerstone" of electronic document management (EDM) applications such as print-and-view, archive and retrieval, and enterprise report management (ERM).

History
AFP was originally developed by IBM as a general purpose document and information presentation architecture, originally called Advanced Function Printing. The first specifications and products go back to 1984. The major concepts of object-driven structures, print integrity, resource management, and support for high print speeds have been preserved ever since.

In October 2004 IBM initiated the formation of the AFP Color Consortium (AFPCC). The purpose was to collaboratively develop color management support in the AFP architecture. This resulted in the creation of the new AFP CMOCA (Color Management Object Content Architecture) specification, which was first published in 2006.

In May 2006 IBM announced plans to open up the complete scope of the AFP architecture to the consortium. This new initiative was finalized in September 2006 and is now called simply the AFP Consortium (AFPC). In June 2007, IBM's role as founding member of the AFPC was transferred to InfoPrint Solutions Company, an IBM - Ricoh joint venture, and later to Ricoh. In February 2009 the AFPC was incorporated under a new set of bylaws with tiered membership and shared governance resulting in the creation of a formal open standards body called AFP Consortium Inc. Total membership has grown to over 35 companies and includes members from all parts of the document-processing industry. More information on the AFPC can be found at the AFPC Consortium.

Components
The AFP architecture consists of a number of sub-architectures:

 * MO:DCA-P (Mixed Object:Document Content Architecture-Presentation), the Page Description Language file format that describes the text and graphics on a page. The 'Mixed Object' moniker refers to the fact that a MO:DCA file can contain multiple types of objects, including text, images, vector graphics, and even objects marked as 'barcodes'. An application can simply include a string of digits along with controls that identify a specific type of barcode, and the rendering of bars will be done on the output platform (physical printer hardware or software emulation). A MO:DCA file consists of a sequential, ordered hierarchy of independent objects - documents, pages, data objects, and resource objects such as fonts and ICC profiles. Each object is delimited by begin/end structures, and objects to be rendered specify presentation parameters and resource requirements in structures called "environment groups". Since the pages in MO:DCA documents appear in sequential order, presentation can start as soon as the first page is received. The MO:DCA format is comparable to other PDLs that specify distinct pages such as PDF. MO:DCA-P is sometimes called AFPDS (AFP Data Stream).
 * IPDS Intelligent Printer Data Stream. This is the bi-directional protocol used between the host server and the printer. It is used to send the page-level data to the printer and to signal errors and accounting information back to the server. The IPDS protocol also allows the server to query a printer's available resources (e.g. available memory, fonts, input trays, etc.). It is comparable to protocols like Internet Printing Protocol.
 * Bar Code Object Content Architecture (BCOCA), which is used to describe and generate bar codes.
 * Color Management Object Content Architecture (CMOCA), which defines resources that carry color management information, such as ICC profiles, tone transfer curves, and halftones.
 * Graphics Object Content Architecture for AFP (AFP GOCA), which is used to define and generate vector graphics.
 * Image Object Content Architecture (IOCA), which is used to define and generate raster images.
 * Presentation Text Object Content Architecture (PTOCA), which is used to define and generate text.

Specifications defining all of the AFP sub-architectures can be found at the AFP Consortium.

AFP also supports other industry-standard data formats using the concept of AFP object containers; examples are TIFF, GIF, JPEG (JFIF), EPS, and PDF. These objects can be mixed as peer objects on an AFP page with native AFP objects such as BCOCA, AFP GOCA, IOCA, and PTOCA objects.

Print modes
"AFP can be printed 'offline', using the AFPDS format converted on the fly" into another page description language. It can also "be printed 'online' through various software like PSF (Print Service Facility) on an IBM system or through a spooler like S2P, IPM... creating IPDS on the fly."

IBM implementation
The original tool to produce AFP output and to drive the IBM printers was Print Service Facility (PSF), which is still in use on IBM mainframes today. It formats the input data to be printed based on definitions on how to place the data on the page, called PAGEDEF and FORMDEF. This service also allowed the definition of electronic forms, named OVERLAYS.

PSF is not only able to format the documents, but also to drive AFP or, more precisely, IPDS printers. IPDS stands for Intelligent Print Data Stream. It is a bidirectional format where the software is constantly in control of the printer and knows at all times the status of the pages sent to the printer, making it convenient for high volume production printers, that print 100 pages or more within a minute.

IBM also offered the PSF software not only on the mainframe, but on all of their platforms, so there were PSF/390 (for the OS/390 mainframe), PSF/VSE (for IBM VSE/ESA based systems), PSF/6000 (for AIX), PSF/400 (for IBM i) and PSF/2 running under OS/2. Unfortunately, all of these behaved slightly differently, and IBM renamed PSF then into InfoPrint Manager (IPM).

Included with the PSF tools is the ACIF (AFP Conversion and Indexing Facility) that allows one to produce the AFP documents as a file in order to keep them and print them later, as well as adding an index to the document, very similar to Bookmarks in PDF, used for archiving purposes.

AFP was designed to make efficient use of storage, which is why it is still a popular format to manage high volumes of documents, such as in banking, telecommunication and insurance companies. The format originates from the MVS environment, so it typically uses the EBCDIC based codepages. As with all page description languages (like PostScript, PDF, and PCL), it is necessary to use a viewer to display documents.

One of the more notable features of AFP printers is that output data can be placed at any addressable point on a page. This capability is called all points addressability (APA). APA gives AFP applications the freedom to create output anywhere on a page, as opposed to being limited to just line and character positions.

title: Advanced Function Presentation


text: User talk:69.136.55.221

title: User talk:69.136.55.221


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Martin Gomez

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:05, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Martin Gomez
It's a CV (résumé). If nonnotable, then delete; otherwise, fix severely. But Google has ~201 reuslts, so I'd say nonnotable. Del.  —msh210 17:29, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maybe notable locally, but not on an international encyclopedia. David Johnson [ T|C ] 21:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Regardless of google test, nothing seems notable in CV. -Casito⇝Talk 23:09, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 05:55, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
French verb morphology

In French, a verb is inflected to reflect its mood and tense, as well as to agree with its subject in person and number. Following the tradition of Latin grammar, the set of inflected forms of a French verb is called the verb's conjugation.

Stems and endings
French verbs have a large number of simple (one-word) forms. These are composed of two distinct parts: the stem (or root, or radix), which indicates which verb it is, and the ending (inflection), which indicates the verb's tense (imperfect, present, future etc.) and mood and its subject's person (I, you, he/she etc.) and number, though many endings can correspond to multiple tense-mood-subject combinations. In certain parts of the second conjugation there is also a suffix -iss- between the stem and the ending, which derives historically from an inchoative suffix.

 * In parlaient, the stem parl- indicates that the verb is parler (to speak) and the ending -aient marks the third-person plural imperfect indicative. "Third person plural" meaning the subject of the verb is "they". The "imperfect indicative" being a tense.
 * In finissons, the stem fin- indicates that the verb is finir (to finish), the suffix -iss- follows it, and the inflection -ons marks the first-person plural present indicative or imperative. The "first-person plural" is the "we" form of a verb. The "present indicative" being a tense and "imperative" being a mood, but in French they are indistinguishable without context.

These verb conjugations are most often coupled with a subject pronoun to reinforce who the subject of the verb is (i.e. who is doing the action). Note that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish the stem from the ending, especially in irregular verbs such as avoir (to have), aller (to go), dire (to say), être (to be), faire (to do, make), pouvoir (can), savoir (to know), valoir (to be worth, to cost), and vouloir (to want):

In these examples, there is no obvious stem – the verbs conjugate without a stem.
 * Il va travailler. (He goes to work.)
 * Es-tu là ? (Are you there?)
 * Elle a rougi. (She blushed.)

The principle of the fixed stem
The stem normally stays fixed in the first two conjugations:
 * Parler: Je parlerais, tu parlas, qu'ils parlassent, que nous parlions, parlez...
 * Finir: Je finirais, vous finîtes, qu'ils finissent, finis, que nous finissions...

In the third it is often modified, sometimes even between persons in the same tense:
 * Vouloir: Je veux, tu veux, il veut, nous voulons, vous voulez, ils veulent.

But such irregularities apart, the principle is that nothing is removed from the stem. Consequently, verbs ending in -guer and -quer keep the -gu- or -qu- throughout the conjugation, even where simplifying this combination to -g- or -c- would be consistent with the rules of French orthography:
 * Naviguer: nous naviguons, je naviguais, en naviguant...
 * Provoquer: nous provoquons, je provoquais, en provoquant...

Adding to the stem to preserve the pronunciation
But although things are generally not removed from the stem, it is permissible to add letters when this is necessary. Certain stems can undergo various orthographic changes (which are not strictly speaking considered to be irregularities) in order to retain the correct pronunciation:

 * The -c- in certain stems receives a cedilla before any ending which would otherwise change its pronunciation:
 * Avancer: j'avance, nous avançons, j'avançais…
 * Apercevoir: j'aperçois, tu aperçus, nous apercevons…

 * The -g- in certain stems is followed by a silent -e- before any ending which would otherwise change its pronunciation:
 * Manger: je mange, nous mangeons, je mangeais, vous mangiez, en mangeant…

Endings (terminaisons)
The ending is a suffix which tells us:

 * For all verbs, the mood and the tense;
 * For finite verbs, the person and the number; and
 * For the past participle alone, the gender and the number.

Apart from a few frequent verbs which are considered totally irregular (mainly avoir, être, aller and faire), for each tense of each mood a series of six endings (one for each person singular and plural) is associated with a group or subgroup of verbs. Each of these series must now remain fixed throughout a single tense. Consequently, no ending may be modified even when orthographical simplification would be possible:

 * For example, when the verb stem ends in a vowel (crier, fuir, tuer, voir, etc.), the -e- of the ending may become silent but must still be written (in the present, future, and conditional):

 * Fuir (to flee), present subjunctive: que je fuie, que tu fuies, qu'il fuie, que nous fuyions, que vous fuyiez, qu'ils fuient…
 * Créer (to create), future indicative: je créerai, tu créeras, il créera, nous créerons, vous créerez, ils créeront…

 * Similarly, the imperfect indicative and present subjunctive endings for the first and second persons plural are -ions et -iez: for verbs such as gagner, voir, rire, briller, etc., the -i- of these endings must be retained, even though some speakers pronounce them the same way as the present indicative forms without -i-:

 * Nous gagnions (vs. gagnons), vous voyiez (vs. voyez), nous riions (vs. rions), vous brilliez (vs. brillez), …

Formation of simple tenses active
These tenses are not formed with an auxiliary, and their formation is discussed in the following section.

Infinitive (Infinitif)
A verb is normally named by its present infinitive (Infinitif présent). Starting from this infinitive, the conjugations can be classified into three different groups:

 * The first group or first conjugation. This contains the verbs with infinitives ending in -er /e/ (with the exception of aller, which due to its numerous irregularities is usually classed as being in the third conjugation):
 * Aimer, balayer, chanter, envoyer, fermer, manger, passer, payer, promener, regarder, etc.
 * For example, for the verb parler, the stem is parl- and the ending is -er.

 * The second group or second conjugation. This contains the verbs with infinitives ending in -ir  whose present participle ends in -issant :
 * Bénir, compatir, déguerpir, fleurir, grandir, haïr, investir, polir, rougir, rugir, salir, etc.
 * For example, for the verb finir, the stem is fin- and the ending is -ir.

 * The third group or third conjugation. This contains all the other verbs, all considered as to some extent irregular, to wit:  the verbs ending in -ir not belonging to the second conjugation, the verbs ending in -oir, the verbs ending in -re, and the verb aller:

 * Conduire, connaître, dire, dormir, exclure, faire, mettre, plaindre, prendre, résoudre, savoir, vivre, etc.
 * Examples:
 * courir – the stem is cour- and the ending is -ir /iʁ/.
 * devoir – the stem is dev- and the ending is -oir /waʁ/.
 * rendre – the stem is rend- and the ending is -re /ʁ/.
 * aller – the stem is all- and the ending is -er /e/.

Note that the auxiliaries être and avoir, although they would naturally seem to belong to the third conjugation, are traditionally classed separately.

Present indicative (Indicatif présent)
The present indicative is the form of the verb used to describe an action in the present e.g. Je parle means "I speak" or "I am speaking".

The stem of the present indicative is not always regular and can vary (especially in the third conjugation) and there are three main sets of endings:
 * Verbs ending in -er (all verbs of the first group): -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent, pronounced.
 * Verbs ending in -ir (all verbs of the second group and most of the third): -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent, pronounced . But there are numerous irregularities, especially in the third group.
 * Verbs ending in -re (part of the third group): -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent, pronounced.
 * Example:

 * Verbs of the second group take an -iss- in the plural conjugations.
 * Verbs of the third group:
 * Verbs ending in -oir : the indicative present stems depend on the verb. The endings are -s, -s, -t, -ons, -ez, -ent. However, verbs pouvoir, valoir, équivaloir and vouloir have -x, -x, -t in singular (je peux, tu peux, je (j'équi)vaux, tu (équi)vaux, je veux, tu veux).
 * Verbs in -re : endings are the same, stems are equally irregular. There are verbs dire, faire and être which have -tes instead of -ez and other irregularities. Verbs with -ttre have -ts, -ts, -t in singular (je mets for mettre, tu bats for battre). Verbs with -dre have endings -ds, -ds, -d in singular (e.g. : je prends, tu mouds, il répand) except verbs in -indre and -soudre (Verbs in -soudre in plural: -solvons, -solvez, -solvent). Verbs vaincre and convaincre have -cs, -cs, -c in singular (je (con)vaincs, tu (con)vaincs, il (con)vainc).
 * Verbs in -ir : endings are the same as the second group in singular, and they have regular ending of third group in plural.

Imperfect indicative (Indicatif imparfait)
The imperfect indicative is a past tense, where the action either continues into the present or is a repeated action e.g. "je parlais" means "I was speaking" or "I used to speak". It may be used when someone or their action is interrupted e.g. "je parlais avant que tu m'arrêtes" meaning "I was speaking before you stopped me"
 * The stem of the imperfect indicative is always invariant for a single verb. It is derived from the first person plural of the present indicative (except for the verb être):
 * Verb boire, present indicative: je bois, tu bois, il boit, nous buv ons, vous buvez, ils boivent.
 * Verb boire, imperfect indicative: je buv ais, tu buv ais, il buv ait, nous buv ions, vous buv iez, ils buv aient.

 * The endings of this tense are for any of the three groups always: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient, pronounced.
 * For the 1st and 3rd groups, the -i- of the first and second persons plural must always be kept even though it may not be reflected in the pronunciation of certain verbs:
 * Nous travaill i ons, vous travaill i ez, nous ri i ons, vous ri i ez, nous essuy i ons, vous essuy i ez, nous gagn i ons, vous gagn i ez, nous tressaill i ons, vous tressaill i ez, nous pri i ons, vous pri i ez...

 * Example:

 * In older texts, one can find the endings -ois, -ois, -oit, -ions, -iez, -oient, corresponding to the orthography of Old French. This spelling coexisted with the modern endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient and was not officially abandoned by the Académie française until 1835.
 * Example:

 * Verb être : the stem is ét- (/et/), endings are the same.

Past historic (Indicatif passé simple or Indicatif passé défini)
Note that in modern language this tense is used only in formal writing, usually referring to historical, historic events, or in novels; it was replaced by passé composé in other contexts. The stem of the past historic tense is not always regular but is always invariant for a single verb. There are four sets of endings for this tense:

 * Past historic in -a-: -ai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent. [1st group and aller]
 * (pronounced .)

 * Past historic in -i-: -is, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent. [2nd and 3rd groups]
 * (pronounced .)

 * Past historic in -u-: -us, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent. [3rd group]
 * (pronounced .)

 * Past historic in -in-: -ins, -ins, -int, -înmes, -întes, -inrent. [verbs venir, tenir and all the verbs which are formed with them (survenir, maintenir, etc.)]
 * (pronounced .)

 * Je chant ai, je fin is , je b us , je v ins …

 * Example:

Future (Indicatif futur simple)
The future endings correspond to the present indicative of the verb avoir. They are always regular: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont, pronounced.

 * Between the future stem and these endings the infinitive ending is inserted, though the pronunciation of the -er infinitive changes from to  In other words, to form the future tense these endings are appended to the infinitive:

 * Je finir ai, tu parler as , elle sortir a , nous travailler ons , vous rougir ez , ils partir ont .
 * But there are several irregular future stems, especially in the third group.

 * Example:

The following verbs have a double r in future forms: envoyer, renvoyer (j'enverrai, je renverrai), mourir (je mourrai), courir (je courrai), choir and échoir (il cherra, il écherra), acquérir and conquérir (j'acquerrai, je conquerrai), voir (je verrai), pouvoir (je pourrai).

Present conditional (Conditionnel présent)
The conditional endings correspond to those of the imperfect indicative. They too are always regular: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient, and in some rare cases, -it, pronounced ...

 * The conditional stem is always the same as the future stem:

 * Je finir ais, tu parler ais , elle sortir ait , nous travailler ions , vous rougir iez , ils partir aient .

 * Consequently, if the future stem is irregular, so will the conditional be, and vice versa. Moreover, if the future does not exist (defective verbs) neither will the conditional.

 * Example:

Sometimes the past imperfect subjunctive is used to replace the present conditional. This form is called the present conditional second form (Conditionnel présent deuxième forme). In contrast the regular conditional is then called present conditional first form (Conditionnel présent première forme). This has become very unusual, only in sentences starting with Même si and the expression fût-ce this form is still used. The perfective tense (the past conditional second form (Conditionnel passé deuxième forme) is however used very often in literature.

 * Example:

Present subjunctive (Subjonctif présent)

 * The present subjunctive endings are for all three groups (except the verbs être and avoir): -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent, pronounced.
 * For the 1st and 3rd groups, the -i- of the first and second persons plural must always be kept even though it may not be reflected in the pronunciation of certain verbs:

 * (Il faut) que nous travaill i ons, que vous travaill i ez, que nous ri i ons, que vous ri i ez, que nous essuy i ons, que vous essuy i ez, que nous gagn i ons, que vous gagn i ez, que nous tressaill i ons, que vous tressaill i ez, que nous pri i ons, que vous pri i ez. Exceptions: que nous ayons, que vous ayez, que nous soyons, que vous soyez...

 * The present subjunctive stem is generally derived from the third person plural of the present indicative (except for the verbs aller, avoir, être, faire, falloir, pouvoir, savoir, traire, valoir, and vouloir, which have irregular stems):
 * Verb craindre, present indicative: je crains, tu crains, il craint, nous craignons, vous craignez, ils craign ent.
 * Verb craindre, present subjunctive: (que) je craign e, tu craign es, il craign e, nous craign ions, vous craign iez, ils craign ent.
 * Verb faire, present indicative: je fais, tu fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils font.
 * Verb faire, present subjunctive: (que) je fass e, tu fass es, il fass e, nous fass ions, vous fass iez, ils fass ent.

 * But sometimes when in the present indicative the stem used for the first and second persons plural differs from that used for the other four persons; the present subjunctive also uses this stem for these two persons:
 * Verb recevoir, present indicative: je reçois, tu reçois, il reçoit, nous recev ons, vous recevez, ils reçoiv ent.
 * Verb recevoir, present subjunctive: (que) je reçoiv e, tu reçoiv es, il reçoiv e, nous recev ions, vous recev iez, ils reçoiv ent.

 * Example:

 * Irregular endings : être(que je sois, que tu sois, qu'il soit, que nous soyons, que vous soyez, qu'il soient) and avoir (qu'il ait, que nous ayons, que vous ayez, the rest are regular)

Imperfect subjunctive (Subjonctif imparfait)
The imperfect subjunctive is always constructed from the past historic; hence, if the past historic does not exist (defective verbs) neither will the imperfect subjunctive. To be more exact, the imperfect subjunctive stem consists of the second person singular of the past historic, except that in the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive the final -s- of the stem is replaced with a circumflex over the preceding vowel. The stem is otherwise stable for a single verb, and the endings are always: -se, -ses, -ˆt, -sions, -siez, -sent, pronounced.

 * (Il fallait) que je chantas se, que tu finis ses , qu'il b ût , que nous vins sions , que vous parlas siez , qu'elles rougis sent …

 * Example:

Imperative (Impératif)
Recall two unusual features of the imperative: it exists only in three persons (second singular, first plural and second plural) and its subject pronoun is always omitted.

 * Most often, the present imperative (Impératif présent) is copied from the indicative present (this is always true for verbs from the first two groups). Thus when the present indicative has two alternate forms, so does the present imperative:
 *  Asseoir : assieds (assois), asseyons (assoyons), asseyez (assoyez).
 *  Payer : paie (paye), payons, payez.

 * The imperatives of avoir and être are based on the present subjunctive, and those of savoir and vouloir are irregular:
 * Aie, ayons, ayez.
 * Sois, soyons, soyez.
 * Sache, sachons, sachez.
 * Veuille, veuillons, veuillez.

 * Note that the singular of verbs ending in -e or in -a in the imperative has no final -s. This applies to all verbs from the 1st group and to some from the 3rd (assaillir, couvrir, cueillir, défaillir, offrir, ouvrir, souffrir, tressaillir and verbs derived from them, as well as the verbs aller, avoir, savoir et vouloir):
 * Parle, cueille, va, aie, sache, veuille, fini s, sor s ...

 * However, for euphonic reasons this -s reappears if the imperative is immediately followed by one of the indirect object pronouns en and y:
 * Cueille (cueille s -en). Pense (pense s -y)...

 * Example:

Present participle and gerundive
The present participle (le participe présent) is typically formed from the first-person plural of the present indicative by replacing -ons with -ant. There are exceptions to this, as with avoir, être, and savoir (whose present participles are ayant, étant, and sachant, respectively), but in all cases the present participle ends in -ant.

The gerundive (le gérondif) consists of the preposition en together with the present participle; for example, the present participle of faire is faisant, so its gerundive is en faisant.

The present participle and the gerundive are both invariable; that is, they do not change form to agree with any other part of a sentence.

Past participle
Past participles, unlike present participles and gerundives, may be inflected to show gender and number by adding -e and -s, as with a normal adjective. Hence, "un fruit confit", "une poire confite", "des fruits confits", and "des poires confites." As they are passive participles, this inflection only occurs with transitive verbs, and with certain reflexive verbs.

The plain (masculine singular) form of a past participle may end in -é (1st group verbs, naître [né], être [été] and aller [allé]), -i (2nd group; sortir [sorti], partir [parti], etc.), -u (entendre [entendu], boire [bu], lire [lu], etc. and savoir [su], voir [vu], pouvoir [pu]), -is (mettre [mis], prendre [pris], etc.), -us (inclure [inclus] and reclure [reclus] and only these verbs), -it (maudire, [maudit], dire [dit], etc.),-t (verbs in -indre : peindre [peint]), -ert (ouvrir [ouvert], couvrir [couvert], offrir [offert] and souffrir [souffert]), or eu (avoir [eu]).

Verbal adjective (Adjectif verbal)

 * For most verbs, the verbal adjective is nearly the same as the present participle, however the verbal adjectif is inflected as an adjective, e.g. le garçon sautant (the jumping boy), la fille sautante (the jumping girl), les garçons sautants (the jumping boys), les filles sautantes (the jumping girls). This is called the Present verbal adjective (Adjectif verbal présent). The past participle can act as the Past verbal adjective (Adjectif verbal passé) (e.g. la fille sauvée (the girl that has been rescued)).
 * However some verbs are irregular, their verbal adjective slightly differs from their present participle (most of these irregular verbs have a verbal adjective ending on ent instead of ant). A relative construction is almost always preferred to the present verbal adjective (e.g. les garçons qui sautent preferred to les garçons sautants), especially when there is a risk of orthographic confusion in some irregular cases (e.g. adj. résident vs. verb. adj. résidant, pronounced exactly the same, with only a slightest distinction of meaning).

Irregular verbs:
 * Present Infinitive (Infinitif présent) - Verbal adjective (Adjectif verbal) - present participle (Participe présent) - Translation
 * adhérer - adhérent - adhérant - to adhere
 * affluer - affluent - affluant - to rush
 * coïncider - coïncident - coïncidant - to coincide
 * communiquer - communicant - communiquant - to communicate
 * confluer - confluent - confluant - to meet (for rivers)
 * convaincre - convaincant - convainquant - to persuade
 * converger - convergent - convergeant - to converge
 * déléguer - délégant - déléguant - to delegate
 * déterger - détergent - détergeant - to wash
 * différer - différent - différant - to differ
 * diverger - divergent - divergeant - to diverge
 * exceller - excellent - excellant - to excel
 * équivaloir - équivalent - équivalant - to equal
 * fatiguer - fatigant - fatiguant - to wear, to tire
 * influer - influent - influant - to affect
 * intriguer - intrigant - intriguant - to intrigue
 * naviguer - navigant - naviguant - to navigate
 * négliger - négligent - négligeant - to neglect
 * précéder - précédent - précédant - to precede
 * provoquer - provocant - provoquant - to provoke
 * suffoquer - suffocant - suffoquant - to suffocate
 * vaincre - vaincant - vainquant - to conquer
 * valoir - valent - valant - to be worth
 * violer - violent - violant - to assault
 * vaquer - vacant - vaquant - to take a break

Verbal adverb (Adverbe verbal)
Out of the present verbal adjectif, a present verbal adverb (adverbe verbal présent) can be formed for every verb by replacing nt with mment: Out of the past verbal adjectif, a past verbal adverb (adverbe verbal passé) can be formed for some verbs by adding ment:
 * courir - courant - couramment - to run
 * précéder - précédent - précédemment - to precede
 * assurer - assuré - assurément - to ascertain

Defective verbs
Some verbs have incomplete conjugations: they do not have forms for certain tenses, moods, or persons. Such verbs are said to be defective. They include:

 * some archaic verbs that survive only in very narrow contexts, such as accroire, choir, clore, ester, férir, gésir, occire, ouïr, poindre, and quérir. Hence, we have "Ci-gît un homme irremplaçable", "Oyez, oyez, braves gens !", and "Je l'ai obtenu sans coup férir."
 * necessarily impersonal verbs, such as falloir, pleuvoir, s'agir, and importer. Hence, we have "Il fallait que tu viennes", "Il tonne", and "Il s'agit de réussir."
 * some other verbs for which certain forms are useless, such as barrir, éclore, and pulluler. Hence, we have "Les moustiques pullulent", "Les fleurs éclosent", and "L'âne brait."

title: French verb morphology


text: Talk:Fiduciary

title: Talk:Fiduciary