text:
John Donaldson, Baron Donaldson of Lymington

John Francis Donaldson, Baron Donaldson of Lymington, (6 October 1920 – 31 August 2005) was a British barrister and judge who served as Master of the Rolls for ten years, from 1982 to 1992. He was the first (and only) President of the short-lived National Industrial Relations Court from 1971 to 1974.

Early and private life
He was born at 6 King Street, St Marylebone, London, the son of Malcolm Donaldson (1884–1973), consultant gynaecologist, and his first wife, Evelyn Helen Marguerite, née Gilroy. His father was a Harley Street-based gynaecologist.

Donaldson attended first Charterhouse and then Trinity College, Cambridge. He served as chairman of the Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associations, and harboured ambitions of representing the Conservative Party as a Member of Parliament. He was an Independent Ratepayers Councillor for the County Borough of Croydon from 1949 to 1953.

After graduating with a lower second class degree in 1941, he joined the war effort as a commissioned officer in the Royal Signals. He then served with the Guards Armoured Divisional Signals, both domestically and in North-West Europe, until the end of the war in 1945. He served in the military government of Schleswig-Holstein, and was demobbed as a lieutenant-colonel aged 25.

He married Dorothy Mary Warwick (later known as Dame Mary Donaldson), in 1945, having met her at Middlesex Hospital where she was working as a nurse. She later became the first woman to be a Member of the City of London Court of Common Council, the first female Alderman, the first female Sheriff and, finally, in 1983, the first female Lord Mayor of London. Together, they had two daughters and a son; his wife predeceased him in October 2003.

Legal career
Donaldson was called to the Bar in 1946 as a Harmsworth Scholar at the Middle Temple. He joined the chambers of Sir Henry Willink, QC at 3 Essex Court and built a successful tort and commercial practice. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1961, and became a High Court judge when he was appointed to the Queen's Bench Division and knighted in 1966 at the age of 45. He remained the youngest High Court judge for a number of years.

He became the first (and last) President of the National Industrial Relations Court (NIRC, also known as the Industrial Relations Tribunal) from its formation by Ted Heath's Conservative government in 1971 under the Industrial Relations Act 1971 until it was abolished in 1974. The trades unions, pointing to his Tory inclinations in his youth, nicknamed him "Black Jack", and 181 Members of Parliament (MPs) signed a House of Commons motion calling for his dismissal.

Two months after Margaret Thatcher was elected in 1979, he became a Lord Justice of Appeal and was sworn of the Privy Council. He replaced Lord Denning as Master of the Rolls and Records of the Chancery of England in 1982, becoming the presiding officer of the civil division of the Court of Appeal, where he pushed forward modernisation efforts, including the introduction of skeleton arguments in civil appeals, judgments being "handed down" rather than read, and enhanced case management.

Donaldson decided in O'Kelly v. Trusthouse Forte plc [1983] ICR 728, Donaldson's early reforms would later be overtaken by the Civil Procedure Rules introduced by a later Master of the Rolls, Lord Woolf. On 15 February 1988 he was elevated to the House of Lords as a life peer as Baron Donaldson of Lymington, of Lymington in the County of Hampshire.

In his various roles, Donaldson was involved in many high-profile cases from the 1970s onwards. He presided over the trials of the Guildford Four in 1975 and the Maguire Seven in 1976, and was later criticised in Sir John May's interim report of his inquiry into the miscarriages of justice. The inquiry by Sir John May into the injustice suffered by the Maguires said that Mr Justice Donaldson, as he was then, had failed to appreciate that the sudden emergence of new evidence on the last day of the trial removed the whole basis of the prosecution case. He also allowed inadmissible evidence to be presented to the jury, the report added. At the trials, he achieved notoriety for declaring in his closing remarks that he wished the men had been indicted for high treason, which still carried the death penalty, rather than for murder, which by then no longer carried the death penalty. These remarks bore an uncanny resemblance to the words of another leading judge of the era, Sir Nigel Bridge, who commented in a similar IRA-based miscarriage of justice, the Birmingham Six trial, that he wished that he could still hang murderers.

Donaldson refused to prevent newspapers from publishing the Spycatcher memoir of Peter Wright in 1988, against government policy; and he ruled in 1991 that the then Home Secretary, Kenneth Baker was in contempt of court over an extradition case, in which a man was deported to Zaire while the case was still pending, contrary to a court order.

In retirement
After retiring as a judge in 1992, he wrote reports regarding two maritime accidents involving the grounding of oil tankers and subsequent spills of crude oil: the grounding of the MV Braer off the Shetland Islands in January 1993, in which 85,000 tonnes of oil escaped; and the grounding of the Sea Empress at the entrance to Milford Haven in February 1996, and subsequent escape of more than 70,000 tonnes of oil off the Pembrokeshire coast.

In the 2000-01 session of Parliament, he presented a private member's bill in the House of Lords (the Parliament Acts (Amendment) Bill), which would have had the effect of confirming the legitimacy of the Parliament Act 1949 to address concerns raised by legal academics as to whether the use of the Act was valid. The bill was not passed, and Donaldson supported the legal action by the Countryside Alliance to overturn the Hunting Act 2004, which was passed under the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949.

Donaldson died on 31 August 2005.

Judgments

 * The Angel Bell [1979] 2 Lloyd's Rep 491
 * Parker v British Airways Board [1982] Q.B. 1004
 * Ronex Properties Ltd v John Laing Construction Ltd [1983] Q.B. 398
 * ' Re T (Adult: Refusal of Treatment)]'' [1993] Fam. 95
 * O'Kelly v Trusthouse Forte plc [1983] ICR 728


text:
William Gillies (Australian politician)

William Neal Gillies (27 October 1868 – 9 February 1928) was an Australian Labor politician in Queensland who served as premier of Queensland from February to October 1925.

Early life
Gillies was born in Eccleston, New South Wales (in the Allyn River district), the son of Dougald Gillies, farmer, and his wife Mary (née Gillies), both parents being Scottish immigrants. Gillies was educated at local schools and in 1882 went with his parents to the Village of Tintenbar in the Richmond River country. There he took up farming including sugar-cane growing, and began to be interested in public affairs.

In 1900, Gillies married Margaret Smith.

Political career
He was an active member of the anti-alien league, and afterwards became president of the New South Wales sugar growers defence league. In the federal election of 1910 he stood unsuccessfully as a Labour candidate for the Richmond seat, and was again defeated when he stood for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in the same district.

Late in 1910 Gillies took up land in Queensland and in 1912 won the Eacham seat for Labour in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland despite a charge of falsely stating his period of residence on an electoral claim. He held this seat until his retirement from politics.

Gillies was assistant-minister for justice in the Thomas J. Ryan ministry from 25 April 1918 to September 1919 and for a few weeks until 22 October, was secretary for agriculture and stock. He held the last position in the Ted Theodore ministry from October 1919 till February 1925, and his practical experience as a farmer was found to be of great use. Many amendments were made in existing legislation relating to agriculture and no fewer than 14 new measures were passed. This period was marked by the establishment of the cotton industry and the stabilization of the sugar and farming industries.

On the resignation of Theodore, Gillies became premier on 26 February 1925, taking the positions of chief secretary and treasurer, and vice-president of the executive council. He was premier during a period of great labour unrest with constantly occurring strikes. Gillies was a man of moderate views and he found the more extreme section of the party very active, and he was beset with anxieties. He compromised as much as possible, but on 27 October 1925 was glad to resign and become a member of the newly established board of trade and arbitration. He gave much study to the problems to be dealt with and carried out his work with conspicuous fairness. He, however, felt the strain very much and died suddenly on 9 February 1928.

Legacy
Gillies was accorded a state funeral which took place from St Andrew's Presbyterian Church to his burial place at Toowong Cemetery.

The Gillies Highway in Far North Queensland was named after William Neil Gillies as he founded the Main Roads Board, which subsequently became the Department of Main Roads (now part of the Department of Transport and Main Roads).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: William Gillies (Australian politician)


text:
Iverson notation

Iverson notation can refer to:
 * APL (programming language)
 * Iverson bracket, in mathematics

title: Iverson notation


text: User talk:24.242.214.82

title: User talk:24.242.214.82


text: Talk:Märzen

title: Talk:Märzen


text: Talk:Mr. Big (Mr. Big album)

title: Talk:Mr. Big (Mr. Big album)


text: Category:Transport in Lancashire

title: Category:Transport in Lancashire


text:
Thomas Francis Jr.

Thomas Francis Jr. (July 15, 1900 – October 1, 1969) was an American physician, virologist, and epidemiologist who guided the discovery and development of the polio vaccine being worked on by his student Jonas Salk. Francis was the first person to isolate influenza virus in the United States, and in 1940 showed that there are other strains of influenza, and took part in the development of influenza vaccines.

Life

Francis grew up in New Castle in western Pennsylvania, graduated from New Castle High School in 1917 and Allegheny College on scholarship in 1921, and received his medical degree from Yale University in 1925. Afterwards he joined an elite research team at the Rockefeller Institute, first doing research on vaccines against bacterial pneumonia, later he took up influenza research. He became the first American to isolate human flu virus. From 1938 to 1941 he was professor of bacteriology and chair of the department of the New York University College of Medicine.

In 1941 he was appointed director of the Commission on Influenza of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB), a position which enabled him to take part in the successful development, field trial, and evaluation of protective influenza vaccines. Later that year Francis received an invitation from Henry F. Vaughan to join the newly established School of Public Health at the University of Michigan.

At the University of Michigan, Francis established a virus laboratory and a Department of Epidemiology that dealt with a broad range of infectious diseases. When Jonas Salk came to that university in 1941 to pursue postgraduate work in virology, Francis was his mentor and taught him the methodology of vaccine development. During this time at the University of Michigan, Francis and Salk, along with other researchers, deliberately infected patients at several Michigan mental institutions with the influenza virus by spraying the virus into their nasal passages. Salk's work at Michigan ultimately led to his polio vaccine.

In 1947 Francis was awarded one of the first Michigan distinguished professorships, the Henry Sewall University Professor of Epidemiology. In addition to his work at the School of Public Health, Francis joined the pediatrics faculty at the university's Medical School.

As director of the University of Michigan Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Center, Francis designed and led an unprecedented $17.5 million nationwide field trial to test the vaccine. Conducted by a staff of more than 100 people from the University of Michigan, the year-long trial involved 1.8 million children in the U.S., Canada, and Finland and an enormous network of community volunteers. The results of the study were announced in Rackham Auditorium of the University of Michigan on April 12, 1955, and signaled an era of hope and success in combating infectious diseases and, more broadly, in the development of large-scale efforts for the good of society.

Of his work, Francis remarked: "'Epidemiology must constantly seek imaginative and ingenious teachers and scholars to create a new genre of medical ecologists who, with both the fine sensitivity of the scientific artist, and the broad perception of the community sculptor, can interpret the interplay of forces which result in disease.'"

In 1933, Francis married Dorothy Packard Otton, and they had two children. He died in 1969 in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Honors

 * He was awarded the Medal of Freedom in 1946.
 * He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1948.
 * He was honored with the Lasker Award in recognition of his distinguished contribution to the knowledge of influenza in 1947
 * He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1954.
 * He was elected to the Polio Hall of Fame, which was dedicated in Warm Springs, Georgia in January 1958 in recognition of his polio research work.
 * He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960.
 * Posthumous recognition in 2005 by dedicating the Thomas Francis Jr. Medal in Global Public Health at Michigan

Publications

 * Experimental septicemia; a method for its production in dogs Yale University (1925) (M.D. Thesis)
 * PubMed listed papers

title: Thomas Francis Jr.


text:
Talk:Tony Hawk's Underground 2

Vandalism
...not more to put on the subject line for now, other than someone vandalized. 17:36, 12 Febuary 2008 EDIT: Here is the latest non-vandalized peice ( 18:05, 10 February 2008 ) I think so anyways... The person also edited more than once, so the BOT can't really do anything... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.71.148.232 (talk)

First/second person
The only use of first/second person in this article is when refering to "YOU", which is what the game refers to the player as. On this basis I belive the tag should be removed

--Doyler 20:29, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the MoS, second person should ben't be used except in direct quotes. Using it as here assumes the reader is playing the game, which is not necessarily correct. Ace of Sevens 23:03, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I added that bit at the bottom about the changes made to game, I know I forgot a ton of stuff, so feel to add anything.

Create Paranoia Agent Characters
"You can create Paranoia Agent characters as the skaters such as Lil' Slugger and Maniwa. I created Lil' Slugger and it resembles him. If you put none in the section where you choose a hat in Create-a-Skater, you will expose Lil' Slugger's hair." Bobber2 (Fernando Luis Ferrer Nieves).

67.174.97.147 22:34, 10 May 2006 (UTC) Took off the Thug x online link, it's gone anyways.

Merge Proposal
Is there any reason Remix is a separate article? All the Tony Hawk games have slightly different content between platforms and none of the others are separated like this. (Tony Hawk 2x is a good example). Ace of Sevens 05:37, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Vote to merge. Thewonderwaffle 05:56, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll merge it Friday 20th if no one objects before then. -- Doc711 00:02, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Done... two months later. Nova Prime 05:35, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Abbreviation
Wasn't THUG 2 the common abbreviaton of the game's title? I could be mistaken.--81.207.15.27 21:07, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

yep. THUG 2 should redirect to this article.--69.112.228.20 (talk) 20:38, 20 April 2008 (UTC)Greenday21

Soundtrack differences
I noticed Wikipedia did not have "Like The Angels" by Rise Against in the soundtrack list. I personally own THUG 2 remix on the PSP and I can confirm that song being on the soundtrack Other than that song are there any other songs exclusive to the PSP console version?
 * Also, on the Gamecube version, I have Los Angeles by X on the soundtrack. It says that song is on American Wasteland on the THAW article. But I just rechecked the game and it is definitely on THUG 2. Is that a mistake? I don't have THAW. 24.38.162.196 (talk) 03:32, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * someone deleted the song list without saying anything so I am restoring if that's ok with everybody---djsiniestros (talk) 23:10, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * we could do a list of songs for the article, like they have on the Guitar Hero pages if someone is really upset about having the list on the main page. i suggest this to stop the edit warring that has been going on over the song lists---djsiniestros (talk) 23:33, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Cleanup and lists
I did a bit of a cleanup of the article, including the lists. I also removed the glitches, were they really nessecary? I can easily add them back if someone disagrees Times1 12:48, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Levels
There are no meantion of the various levels in the game. I think I should put it in so it follows the same pattern as other THPS/UG games. Also, when I first completed story mode, I was somewhat disappointed with the hidden level, "Pro Skater". But by sticker slapping the red screens at the end of the green pipes that go over the main part of the level where the space rocket is, you make turn the rocket's thrusters on, and it leaves the room via a purple portal, which you can now use to travel to the 2nd part of the level, set in a "Lost Tomb" setting. grafity tag the monkey statues, and go through the yellow portal to the final part, "Hell". Lip on the broken ribs either side of where the short red guy is, and then grind along them and sticker slap the pillar on each side. A final portal opens, where you can go meet the devil and dance with him.88.111.230.47 23:27, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Disturbed Mix up
Ok, I know it is a little late (4 years) but the song by Disturbed is "Liberate".

Thank You Joe Momma93: Game On (talk) 23:30, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Nine Inch Nails
Isn't there a Nine Inch Nails track in the game? I could've sworn seeing one... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.148.224.106 (talk) 15:01, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Tony Hawk Games Wiki
Help is needed at the Tony Hawk Games Wiki, which can be found here. It is very lonely. There are only about 3 users on there. If anyone of you join, and have questions, please see this user page. --98.148.171.15 (talk) 23:36, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Song list
A song list is not appropriate for an article. If the soundtrack is notable, write some prose about its notability and then add the list. The way it stands now, it is merely a list, which is not acceptable according to WP:NOT. BOVINEBOY 2008 14:50, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

I actually came here to wikipedia to find the list of songs on this game, because I remember seeing them here before. This list of songs is noteworthy because it is a brilliant collection of music. I know of at least one other person who got the list of songs off here before because they recommended it to me. I cannot find the list of songs anywhere else on the internet. The fact that wikipedia does not have information that I am seeking proves that it is a failure because of people like you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.246.223.133 (talk) 21:05, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

There is an argument very similar to this on the THUG1 page too.99.67.131.21 (talk) 19:37, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

I will be fixing all of the soundtrack lists on all of the THPS and THUG game articles my patience is infinite these losers wont keep the Lists from the people who want them —Preceding unsigned comment added by Magicianbink (talk • contribs) 07:29, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Hola chicia —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.196.143.253 (talk) 14:20, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

I would like to see the list of songs featured in the game on the article. It's such an awesome selection. Blsupr (talk) 15:07, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Post the bloody track list, its the only reason I came to the article. Zealous editorializing is frustrating.

Big glitches
Should we add a section to the article about the glitch that'd freeze someone's console? In case you don't know, the game would limit the number of symbols you could send via the online text chat. If you plug in a USB keyboard, you can put in more brackets than the game would normally let you. For some reason, this freezes the receiving person's console. They didn't even have to read it, just recieve it. This glitch was so bad it pretty much killed the THUG2 online community. 2602:306:CE0A:9CD0:34CB:77F7:E929:91D2 (talk) 19:27, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * We would need a reliable source outside of Wikia to add it, at the least.  Zappa  24  Mati   19:29, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Tony Hawk's Underground 2


text:
Labor intensity

Labor intensity is the relative proportion of labor (compared to capital) used in any given process. Its inverse is capital intensity. Labor intensity is sometimes associated with agrarianism, while capital intensity is sometimes associated with industrialism.

Labor intensity has been declining since the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s, while its inverse, capital intensity, has increased nearly exponentially since the latter half of the 20th century.

Labor-intensive industries
A labor-intensive industry requires large amounts of manual labor to produce its goods or services. In such industries, labor costs are more of a concern than capital costs. Labor intensity is measured by its proportion to the amount of capital to produce goods or services. The higher the labor cost, the more labor intense is the business. Labor cost can vary because businesses can add or subtract workers based on business needs. When it comes to controlling expenses, labor intensive businesses have an advantage over those that are capital intensive and require a large investment in capital equipment, such as the automobile industry. When it comes to include economy of scale, labor intensive industries deal with many challenges: they cannot pay individual workers less by hiring more workers.

A labor-intensive industry can be particularly vulnerable to high inflation, because workers may demand pay increases, as the inflation lowers the value of their earnings.

Before the Industrial Revolution, the major part of the workforce was employed in agriculture. Producing food was very labor-intensive. Advances in technology have often increased worker productivity, so that some industries are less labor-intensive, but some industries, such as mining and agriculture, are still quite labor-intensive.

Some labor-intensive sectors:
 * Nursing
 * Textiles
 * Agriculture: fruit picking is often done by hand as it is difficult for machines to pick, for example, strawberries or apples from trees.
 * Teaching
 * Mining
 * Niche products — If a company specializes in a niche market, there will be less scope for economies of scale and lower fixed costs. In this case, we tend to see higher labor-intensive production. Pottery is an example of a niche product.

The role in the economy
For underdeveloped and developing economies, a labor-intensive industry structure can be a better option than a capital-intensive one for quick economic development. For countries which are not wealthy and generate low levels of income, labor-intensive industries can bring economic growth and prosperity. In most cases, these low income countries suffer from lack of capital but have an abundant labor force, such as some African countries. The use of such an abundant labor force may lead to industrial growth.

China has a large workforce, and manufacturing industries contribute about 35 per cent to the country's gross domestic product. The country has also become one of the world's leading manufacturing bases, with leading suppliers of products such as household electric appliances, garments, toys, shoes and light industrial products.

Supply of highly skilled labor to any industry can boost the industry growth rate. In this way, underdeveloped countries can improve their industrial economy without heavy capital investment.

Moreover, exportation of the products manufactured by labor-intensive industries can strengthen the export base of a developing country. These exports help the economies by earning foreign exchange, which can be used to import essential goods and services.

Measurement
There are more than one way to measure labor intensity:

 * Labor-capital ratio: the relationship between employment and capital stock. This ratio indicates the relative use of factors in an activity and the extent to which it is labor-intensive compared to capital-intensive.
 * The ratio between employment and value added, which indicates the labor intensity of production. This measure indicates the extent to which an activity absorbs labor for each unit of value added.

These two measures are different ways of measuring labor intensity, Neither is superior in itself, the choice of measure depends on the specific issue of interest.

However these two measures have limited value: they only measure direct labor intensity and they exclude the extent to which sectors are linked to another sector of the economy. For instance, a given sector may itself not be particularly labor-intensive, but it might utilize (as inputs) the output of other sectors that are highly labor-intensive.

A solution could be to consider employment multipliers by sector.

Employment multipliers essentially indicate what increase (decrease) in economy-wide jobs could be associated with a given increase (decrease) in final output of a sector.

title: Labor intensity


text:
Shirley Graham

Shirley Graham may refer to:

 * Shirley Graham Du Bois, American-Ghanaian writer
 * Shirley Graham (rower), Australian rower

title: Shirley Graham


text:
Clark County Wetlands Park

The Clark County Wetlands Park is the largest park in the Clark County, Nevada park system. The park is on the east side of the Las Vegas valley and runs from the various water treatment plants near the natural beginning of the Las Vegas Wash to where the wash flows under Lake Las Vegas and later into Lake Mead.

One purpose of the park is to reduce the environmental impact of the waste water and stormwater runoff leaving the drainage basin area, by building a constructed wetland. This is being accomplished by installing a series of water flow control structures such as dams and weirs and by creating ponds that together slow down the flow of the water, catching silt, and reducing the undercutting of the dirt walls that form the wash. As of June, 2005 nine of these structures were operational. The sides of the wash are being stabilized by installing native plants and large pieces of demolished construction debris. Some of the native plants, especially those in areas of standing water, also help purify the water by removing various pollutants as the slow moving water provides these plants with nourishment. This method of purification is also called natural water polishing.

The second purpose of the park is education. The displays within the park show visitors how the wash looked before major settlement occurred in the valley and the impact people have had on the environment.

The park has a nature center with displays about the park's plants and animals. There are miles of walking paths.

Species impact
While the end result of the changes in the park should be to improve the habitat for several threatened or endangered species, their presence, even if only for limited periods during the year, has slowed the improvements. Their presence requires projects demonstrate that they will not endanger the existing sites used by these species.

title: Clark County Wetlands Park


text:
User:Araña de níquel

I'm a nickel spider. My name is in Spanish because my hobby is to correct wrong translations from English to Spanish.

es:Usuario:Nickel Spider

title: User:Araña de níquel


text: User talk:192.104.181.227

title: User talk:192.104.181.227


text:
Low technology

Low technology (low tech; adjective forms: low-technology, low-tech, lo-tech) is simple technology, as opposed to high technology. In addition, low tech is related to the concept of mid-tech, that is a balance between low-tech and high-tech, which combines the efficiency and versatility of high tech with low tech's potential for autonomy and resilience.

Historical origin
Primitive technologies such as bushcraft, tools that use wood, stone, wool, etc. can be seen as low-tech, as the pre-Industrial Revolution machines such as windmills or sailboats.

In the 1970s
The economic boom after the Vietnam War resulted in a doubt on progress, technology and growth at the beginning of the 70s, notably with through the report The Limits to Growth (1972). Many have sought to define what soft technologies are, leading to a "low-tech movement". Such technologies have been described as "intermediaries" (E.F. Schumacher), "liberating" (M. Bookchin), or even democratic. Thus, a philosophy of advocating a widespread use of soft technologies was developed in the United States, and many studies were carried out in those years, in particular by researchers like Langdon Winner.

2000s and later
"Low-tech" has been more and more employed in the scientific writings, in particular in the analyzes of the work from some authors of the 1970s: see for example Hirsch ‐ Kreinsen, the book "High tech, low tech, no tech" or Gordon.

More recently, the perspective of resource scarcity - especially minerals - lead to an increasingly severe criticism on high-techs and technology.

Since 2007, the Belgian Kris de Decker has published (with his collaborators) some reflections on low-tech solutions, the problem of high-techs, and the updating of technologies supposedly "obsolete" via the "Low <-tech Magazine". The header is: "Doubts on progress and technology", and specifies that the lowtechs "refuse to assume that each problem has a high-tech solution", with a progressive translation of the articles in other languages since recently.

In 2014, the french engineer Philippe Bihouix published "L'âge des low tech" (The age of low-techs) where he presents how a european nation like France, with little mineral and energy resources, could become a "low-tech" nation (instead of a "start-up" nation) to better correspond to the sustainable development goals of such nation. He cites various examples of low-techs initiative and describe the low-tech philosophy and principles. In 2015, the Low-tech Lab project opened, consisting in a low-tech web platform for documentation and free sharing ('wiki' type) of inventions, and to put forward reflections on the low-tech philosophy.

Recently: retro-tech, wild tech, rebel-tech, small-tech, (s)low-tech, easy-tech, no-tech, lo-tek
Numerous new definitions have come to supplement or qualify the term "low-tech", intended to be more precise because they are restricted to a particular characteristic:

 * retro-tech: more oriented toward old but smart inventions (not necessarily useful, durable and accessible), parallels can nevertheless be found with low-tech, because these innovations often are decentralized and simpler technologies (because manufactured by individuals) ".

 * Wild-tech: beyond the high-tech / low-tech opposition, it intends to give "tools to better think these ways of manufacturing which escape any classification". The unclassifiable techs. Can also be linked to "tech rebel", a movement whose goal is to hack and to re-appropriate any type of technology.

 * small-tech: opposed to "Big Tech", which includes the GAFAM. It thus referred to digital questions, "in the perspective of maintaining a high level of technological complexity but on the basis of the notions of commons, collaborative work and the principles of democracy and social justice"

 * (s)lowtech, or slow-tech: uses the play-on-words (s)low / slow. Aims at: "exploring the drawbacks of technology and its effects on human health and development". Also indicates a movement aimed at reducing addiction to technology, especially among the youngsters. However, its highest similarity with the definition of low-techs is that it is restricted to technologies (of all kinds) that promote a slow lifestyle.

 * easy-tech: technology easy to implement, to use, and accessible to all. At the heart of the commonly accepted definition of low-tech.

 * no-tech: promotes a lifestyle avoiding the use of technology, when possible. It joins some technocritical writings on the negative and time-consuming aspect of most "modern" technologies. See for example no-tech magazine.

 * Lo-Tek (or LoTek): name introduced by Julia Watson for her book "The Power of Lo — TEK - A global exploration of nature-based technology". The author brings together multigenerational knowledge and practices to "counter the idea that aboriginal innovation is primitive and exists isolated from technology. " TEK is the acronym for "Traditional Ecological Knowledge".

Binary definition
According to the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, the concept of low-tech is simply defined as a technique that is not recent, or using old materials. Companies that are considered low-tech have a simple operation. The less sophisticated an object, the more low-tech. This definition does not take into account the ecological or social aspect, as it is only based on a simplistic definition of low-tech philosophy. The low-techs would then be seen as a "step backwards", and not as possible innovation.

Also, with this definition, the "high-tech" (ex: the telegraph) of a certain era becomes the "low-tech" of the one after (ex: compared to the telephone).

Technocriticists
Low-tech is sometimes described as an "anti high-tech" movement, as a deliberate renunciation of a complicated and expensive technology. This kind of protest movement criticizes any disproportionate technology: a comparison with the neo-luddic or technocritical movements, which appeared since the Industrial Revolution, is then possible. This critical part of the low-tech movement can be called "no-tech", see for instance "No-tech magazine".

Recently: a wider and more balanced approach
A second, more nuanced definition of low-tech may appear. This definition takes into account the philosophical, environmental and social aspects. Low-tech are no longer restricted to old techniques, but also extended to new, future-oriented techniques, more ecological and intended to recreate social bounds. A low-tech innovation is then possible.

Contrary to the first definition, this one is much more optimistic and has a positive connotation. It would then oppose the planned obsolescence of objects (often “high-tech”) and question the consumer society, as well as the materialist principles underneath. With this definition, the concept of low-tech thus implies that anyone could make objects using their intelligence, and share their know-how to popularize their creations. A low-tech must therefore be accessible to all, and could therefore help in reduction of inequalities.

Furthermore, some reduce the definition of low-tech to meet basic needs (eating, drinking, housing, heating ...), which disqualifies many technologies from the definition of low-techs, but this definition does not is not always accepted. Finally, considering that the definition of low-tech is relative, some prefer to use lower tech, to emphasize a higher sobriety compared to high-tech, without claiming to be perfectly "low".

From traditional practices (primary and secondary sectors)
Note: almost all of the entries in this section should be prefixed by the word traditional.
 * weaving produced on non-automated looms, and basketry.
 * hand wood-working, joinery, coopering, and carpentry.
 * the trade of the ship-wright.
 * the trade of the wheel-wright.
 * the trade of the wainwright: making wagons. (the Latin word for a two-wheeled wagon is carpentum, the maker of which was a carpenter.)

(Wright is the agent form of the word wrought, which itself is the original past passive participle of the word work, now superseded by the weak verb forms worker and worked respectively.)
 * blacksmithing and the various related smithing and metal-crafts.
 * folk music played on acoustic instruments.
 * mathematics (particularly, pure mathematics)
 * organic farming and animal husbandry (i.e.; agriculture as practiced by all American farmers prior to World War II).
 * milling in the sense of operating hand-constructed equipment with the intent to either grind grain, or the reduction of timber to lumber as practiced in a saw-mill.
 * fulling, felting, drop spindle spinning, hand knitting, crochet, & similar textile preparation.
 * the production of charcoal by the collier, for use in home heating, foundry operations, smelting, the various smithing trades, and for brushing ones teeth as in Colonial America.
 * glass-blowing.
 * various subskills of food preservation:
 * smoking
 * salting
 * pickling
 * drying

Note: home canning is a counter example of a low technology since some of the supplies needed to pursue this skill rely on a global trade network and an existing manufacturing infrastructure.

 * the production of various alcoholic beverages:
 * wine: poorly preserved fruit juice.
 * beer: a way to preserve the calories of grain products from decay.
 * whiskey: an improved (distilled) form of beer.
 * flint-knapping
 * masonry as used in castles, cathedrals, and root cellars.

Domestic or consumer
(Non exhaustive) list of low-tech in a westerner's everyday life:
 * Getting around by bike, and repairing it with second-hand materials
 * Using a cargo bike to carry loads (rather than a gasoline vehicle)
 * Drying clothes on a clothesline or on a drying rack
 * Washing clothes by hand, or in a human-powered washing machine
 * Cooling one's home with a fan or an air expander (rather than electrical appliances such as air conditioners)
 * Using a bell as door bell
 * A cellar, "desert fridge", or icebox (rather than a fridge or freezer)
 * Long-distance travel by sailing boat (rather than by plane)
 * A wicker bag or a Tote bag (rather than a plastic bag) to carry things
 * Swedish lighter (rather than disposable lighter or matches)
 * A hand drill, instead of an electric one
 * Lighting with sunlight or candles
 * Hemp textiles
 * To water plants with drip irrigation
 * Paper sheets for note-taking
 * To clean with a broom (rather than a vacuum cleaner)
 * To find one's way with map & compass (rather than by GPS)

Philosophy
Among the thinkers opposed to modern technologies, Jacques Ellul (The Technological Society, 1954; The technological bluff, 1988), Lewis Mumford and E. F. Schumacher. In the second volume of his book The Myth of the Machine (1970), Lewis Mumford develops the notion of "biotechnology", to designate "bioviable" techniques that would be considered as ecologically responsible, i.e. which establish a homeostatic relationship between resources and needs. In his famous Small is beautiful (1973), Schumacher uses the concept of "intermediate technology", which corresponds fairly precisely to what "low tech" means. He has also created the "Intermediate Technology Development Group”.

Legal status of low-technology
By federal law in the United States, only those articles produced with little or no use of machinery or tools with complex mechanisms may be stamped with the designation "hand-wrought" or "hand-made". Lengthy court-battles are currently underway over the precise definition of the terms "organic" and "natural" as applied to foodstuffs.

Groups associated with low-technology

 * Arts and Crafts Movement, popularized by Gustav Stickley in America around 1900.
 * Bauhaus movement of Germany around the same time.
 * Do-It-Yourself phenomenon arising in America following World War II.
 * Back-to-the-land movement beginning in America during the 1960s.
 * Luddites, whose activities date to the very beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
 * Living history and open-air museums around the world, which strives to recreate bygone societies.
 * Simple living adherents, such as the Amish and to a lesser extent some sects of the Mennonites, who specifically refuse some newer technologies to avoid undesirable effects on themselves or their societies.
 * Survivalists are often proponents, since low-technology is inherently more robust than its high-technology counterpart.

title: Low technology


text:
User talk:Agasides

re: You are the child's
Welcome back to wikipedia... I think :-)

And thank you for your compliment. After all, the 4 year old child is the worlds' greatest scientist. :-)

Kim Bruning 00:24, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * why a 4 years old child? Why not a 3 years old, or 5 years old one? Agasides 10:16, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * 3 is younger than 4, while (+/-) 5 has to go to school Kim Bruning 10:46, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Signature
The above message, as well as its copy on Kim's talk page, carried your signature but with Kim's name on it. I assume this is accidental; I have corrected them. JRM 10:39, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * I assume it is just another proof that the laws are space-time position dependant. I mean, whenever I sign my Agasides name appears, but when I signed there, Kim's name appeared suddently! Lets see now, what is going to happen whith my signature...Kim Bruning 13:32, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow it happened again! I think there is a problem with my preferences.. :P Kim Bruning 13:34, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You might want to fix that rather quickly, "kim" ;-) Kim Bruning 13:43, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Agasides


text:
Talk:Starvation

Definition
Dictionaries define starvation as death or suffering caused by of lack of nutrition (http://onelook.com/?w=starvation&ls=a). Here, starvation is defined as the lack of nutrition itself. Isn't the first definition better? OpenScience (talk) 13:16, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The current definition suggest that any "severe deficiency in caloric energy intake" is starvation and is "the most extreme form of malnutrition". Which implies that fasting and most diets which involve healthy nutrients intake with caloric restriction, are form of malnutrition i.e. cause health problems. --87.68.79.160 (talk) 21:41, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

 * So what? I don't understand your point. If I restrict my caloric intake for a sufficient length of time, I'm not starving because it's voluntary?? I disagree and I think you should rethink that. More globally, starvation could be (but as far as I know, is not) defined as a sustained negative calorie balance between nutrition and calories expended. If I could adjust an animal's calories, day-after-day, so that the calories I allowed it were 1 calorie less than what it used, it would eventually die. That is the (hypothetical) reality; that would be starvation. Usually starvation is more acute and immediate, but my point is it doesn't have to be. On the other hand, I doubt there is any way to determine whether starvation was "the" primary cause of death. Why? Because it's like falling off a cliff: it's not the fall that kills you; it's the sudden stop. Meaning it's not the starvation itself that kills, it's the loss of biochemical and physiological function. Starvation results in immune system dysfunction, organ damage, and inability to maintain core body temperature - all of which can be, and eventually will be, fatal. Generally, the best that can be done is the determination that together with cause X (most often infection), malnutrition symptoms were observed. That is to say, the starvation was a co-factor (with significant but undetermined effect).174.130.71.156 (talk) 08:43, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Common Causes
Add Tuberculosis - weight loss is a classic symptom of active TB

dicuss the problems which contribute to famine.{ un-equal distribution of food, draught,flooding,increasing population.}

Stats
Where do these statistics come from? The cited source, [1], does not have them.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.160.14.120 (talk) 17:22, 22 February 2007 (UTC).

 * i agree with this: i'd like to know where they come from too.... Boud 12:21, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * i found it - two of the statistics are from the last paragraph of the first section of the BBC report: The report's chapter on agriculture says about 25,000 people die daily from hunger, with an estimated 815 million people suffering from malnutrition. Of course, it would be good to get closer to the source of the data.  i also found http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsummit/english/fsheets/malnutrition.pdf which is on the FAO's web pages, but if you look at the pdf file (as a plain text file) and scroll down to the bottom, you'll see that its last date of modification is in 2001: <xap:ModifyDate>2001-10-05T11:27:31+02:00</xap:ModifyDate>  Anyone digging up more recent data would be most welcome... Boud 12:47, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The mortality rates in the article are misleading. I think the page should really only mention deaths that are a direct result of starvation, or at least mention the difference between deaths cause by starvation and deaths where starvation was a factor. Most of the referenced material acknowledges that the given numbers reflect deaths where starvation was a factor, but not always the cause of death.Treshnell

 * The mortality statistics also seem to conflict with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate. The article claims 58% of deaths but far more seem to be caused by cardiovascular disease. Maybe they mean out of non aging related deaths. Lonjers (talk) 06:02, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

If you take the world population as 6,897,000,000 and 4.2 deaths out of every 100000 per year, you get 289,674 starvations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.11.188 (talk) 00:17, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

The "Starvation Statistics" section does not give any starvation statistics. ChicagoLarry (talk) 18:13, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

How long to starve?
How long does it take to actually die from starvation? I have looked around and can't find a timeline. I just find 'starvation can be used to kill people', which is obvious. I would imagine the time would be about 3 weeks to a month. Hopefully not more. I don't think I can imagine staving for that long.

I suppose it does depend on how much mass you have. Piepants 10:37, 14 December 2006 (UTC)Piepants

 * Yes, a highly obese person may survive several months with only water, since they have large stores of fat in their adipose tissue, which can readily be broken down into fatty acids and metabolized. It would also depend on other factors, for example proteins are also needed, which required amino acids. Some can be synthesized from basic monomers, but others are essential in the diet so would could only be created by breaking down existing muscle. More information is needed on this in the article, eventhough there can be no precise answer. Richard001 07:01, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think this article should have some data on this elementary question. I came to this article to find out how long an average person would take to starve to death, for a paper I'm writing, and found no information at all.  Readers have complained about it on this Talk page before. -- Chetvorno TALK 23:40, 5 October 2014 (UTC)
 * It depends basically entirely on fat reserves and maintenance of micronutrients and electrolytes. Angus Barbieri's fast is the record; he lost 276 pounds fasting for 382 days, with non-caloric supplements and close medical supervision. The fattest man alive, Jon Brower Minnoch, weighed 1400 lbs, so extrapolating he could potentially have fasted for over 1,700 days (over 4.5 years) if he was careful. Most people would not try this experiment. (Edit: Minnoch's article estimates 900 lb of his weight was retained fluid from edema, so his actual potential fast is probably no more than 2 years or so.) Comment997345401 (talk) 15:49, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

what exactly is malutriton? and how long doese it really take for the effects of starvation to show? this is for a homeeconomics homework assigment so pleeease help...x

Behavior Section
""Collecting recipes" is the most significant behavioral alteration due to starvation (for westerners). That is why it is the topic sentence of this paragraph. We sincerely hope you will finish reading this paragraph in spite of the poor choice of relevant or accurate information included."

Could someone please rewrite this? That's not encyclopedic style by any stretch... 134.82.97.14 22:06, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Biochemistry of Starvation
Good day. I cleaned up the paragraph, but I wanted someone's opinion on my paragraph before I entered it in. I appreciate the time to look over my paragraph.

My paragraph:

The glycogen storage is used up and the level of insulin in the circulation is low and the level of glucagon is very high. The main means of energy production is lipolysis. The TCA cycle helps the gluconeogenesis convert glycerol and [[fatty acids the acetyl CoA produces the energy used. Two systems of energy enter the gluconeogenesis, proteolysis provides alanine and  Lactate produced from pyruvate. Too much Acetyl CoA produces  ketone bodies, which can be detected in an urine exam. The brain starts to use  ketone bodies as a source of energy.

I took out during a starvation or prolonged fast because I thought it was already self explanatory with Biochemistry of starvation as a title. I added the two lactate and proteolysis sentences together because it sounded better to both systems that enter the gluconeogenesis. I also kind rewrote the citric acid sentence as well because it was a hard read. It was understandable, but a hard read.Rem Nightfall (talk) 16:38, 26 May 2008 (UTC)Rem Nightfall

Treatment and Recovery sections
The sections 'Recovery' and 'Treatment' need to be cleaned up, and merged.

Possibly more information and medical professional link to sources? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.5.162.99 (talk) 22:53, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Abuse
I didn't see anything about child abuse and neglect. This definitely happens. If nothing else, a link to neglect, abuse or child abuse in the 'see also' section should be there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.253.134.49 (talk) 00:19, 26 August 2009 (UTC) Child abuse and neglect have nothing to do with starvation.

Merge
There seems to be too much overlapping information. It is suggested that we split the hunger article into hunger(motivation) and hunger(malnutrition). We could then merge the hunger(malnutrition) article with this starvation article. Nicehumor (talk) 19:34, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Statistics on 'Carrying Capacity'
From the Stats section "In 2007, 923 million people were reported as being undernourished, an increase of 80 million since 1990-92.[5] It has also been recorded that the world already produces enough food to support the world's population — 6 billion people — and could support double — 12 billion people."

12 billion is surely a slight exaggeration. I believe that 12 billion is a figure for the supposed carrying capacity of the earth, but this is short term carrying capacity and means at 100% land use. It means all natural areas given over to farming- no forests, no mountains, no bogs, no wilderness, how long would the ecosystem last then? Strictly 'carrying capacity' could be increased even further to over 30 billion simply by covering over the oceans. :)

Alternately carrying capacity could be driven even further using ultra industrial scale artificial-biomes, deep in the realms of sci fi the Earth could support 100 billion or even 1 trillion people.

Realistically if long term survival including a natural biosystem is required the number is somewhere probably less than 5 billion, climate change would reduce this by about 1/3 to 1/2. I suggest a look at the Wikipedia page Carrying Capacity which carefully tries to avoid giving figures at all. BTW 12 billion is a figure I think came from a science extrapolation book written by Isaac Asimov, called 'Extraterrestrial Civilizations'. - Lucien86 (talk) 02:39, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

what plz is the role of authorties of starvation ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.235.30.200 (talk) 17:24, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Hunger mortality statistics - POV
The section on hunger mortality statistics is presented in a misleading way as to exaggerate the problem. It simply isn't true that "X number of people die every second" from hunger, but phrasing things that way makes the problem sound so much worse. This is not the way to write a neutral article, regardless of the issue at hand.

And the idea that hunger would be the cause of 58 % of all deaths world-wide is absolutely ridiculous. That stuff needs to be rewritten.

The actual mortality numbers, in both absolute and relative terms, should be presented first. It should be explained that hunger as mortality cause is a secondary cause, and not a direct one etc. After this one may possibly relate the problem of hunger to other aspects of human life and problems, to put it in perspective. But it is wrong to start out with the most sensationalist framing possible. Koyos (talk) 13:40, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I have now checked the three provided sources for the quotes on hunger mortality, and.
 * None of the sources are links to studies or data on the actual subject. Instead they are all political documents issued within the UN as part of a campaign for a "Right to Food".
 * One source is a cross-reference to the Ziegler document, a document which itself provides no source.
 * None of the source documents provide any foot notes, sources or references themselves; the numbers are simply in there without references!
 * These numbers have no source. They seem extremely exaggerated and might as well be made up. I'm removing them until an adequate source is provided. Koyos (talk) 17:00, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Although I have not fully checked Koyos' claims that all of these references are deficient, I did choose one statistic at random just as a quick check to ensure that this is not a sophisticated case of vandalism. The deleted sentence I chose to research is: "On the average, a person dies every second as a direct or indirect result of malnutrition - 4000 every hour - 100 000 each day - 36 million each year - 58 % of all deaths (2001-2004 estimates)." The reference originally given in the Malnutrition article referred to (pdf), where I found the statistic in point 7 of the introduction. The report cited the information in footnote 6, which led to  (pdf). Unfortunately, that particular information was not in this ancillary report. The chain of references seems to be broken here, so (at least in this one case), Koyos appears to be correct in saying this fact is not well sourced.

 * However, the last bullet point by Koyos above is not strictly correct. The source document I checked is the first one Koyos checked, and I would say that it is not true that the document does not provide footnotes. As I stated in the previous paragraph, the report did in fact cite a previous report--one which was not political in any way. Yet the cited source did not in fact show the data I expected it to show. So despite my disagreement with Koyos on his third bullet point, I nonetheless must agree with him on the one statistic I checked as being insufficiently sourced.

 * I should mention that I have worked for a long time in a hunger nonprofit, and have actually used these statistics personally on a number of occasions when writing for Share Our Strength. I admit to being surprised that the chain of references in the particular case I chose to research was broken so quickly. However, I strongly encourage an editor with more time than me to research all of the other content that was removed. Such a large blanking of content should not go by unvetted. Were it I that had found this error rather than Koyos, I would have put in an unsourced tag after deleting the bad source, rather than delete mass amounts of content outright. — Eric Herboso 08:50, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Contradiction with Malnutrition
"According to the World Health Organization, hunger is the single gravest threat to the world's public health"

"The World Health Organization cites malnutrition as the greatest single threat to the world's public health"

Forgive me if this is not a contradiction, malnutrition is lack of nutrients as well as excess of nutrients, starvation is not. CJ Drop me a line! • Contribs 21:14, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Starvation is included in malnutrition so when starvation is a problem so is malnutrition. Then when you add the excess of nutrients it makes malnutrition the greatest (or largest) threat. They consider hunger the gravest (or most serious) threat, probably because it's harder to find nutrients for those who don't have them then to cut excess nutrients for those with which this is a problem. I don't think it's a contradiction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.255.123.214 (talk) 14:05, 29 December 2011 (UTC) @Cj005257, thanks for reporting this,  I changed the sentence in Malnutrition to say "The World Health Organization have reported hunger and related malnutrition as the greatest single threat to the world's public health." This is more consistent with the source than the original sentence, and expressed in this way, there is no contraction. FeydHuxtable (talk) 08:59, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

Being walled in
The article states "From the beginning of civilization to the Middle Ages, people were immured, or walled in, and would die for want of food." Really? They'd die of dehydration long before starvation became an option. and if the walling in was airtight, you could factor in asphyxiation. But 99 times out of 100, dehydration would kill you first. Peter Greenwell (talk) 02:55, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

Weight loss strategy
How about its function to lose weight? 129.180.1.214 (talk) 11:44, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * That's fasting, not starvation. Comment997242902 (talk) 02:39, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

File:Starved Vietnamese man, 1966.JPEG to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Starved Vietnamese man, 1966.JPEG will be appearing as picture of the day on May 29, 2016. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2016-05-29. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 00:34, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

Unencyclopedic style concerning kwashiorkor in the intro
The bloated stomach, as seen in the adjacent picture, represents a form of malnutrition called kwashiorkor which is caused by insufficient protein despite a sufficient caloric intake.[5] Better medicine will prevent the pictured symptoms in which included is weight loss and muscle wasting from further taking form.[5] This entire passage seems unencyclopedic to me, especially the second sentence - it makes no sense to mention what better medicine will amount to as regards to the symptoms of this particular condition, at least, not in the intro. Can it be moved somewhere else in the article? Currently, it strikes me as a relic from an older era of Wikipedia, or as a passage from some propaganda brochure to end world hunger.--Adûnâi (talk) 21:10, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

Years ago it was asserted that parasites like worms in the water caused the bloated belly. But it was poorly researched, and was inconsistent with the facts that older people drinking the same water didn't get it. It seems some of the words for the bloated stomach are translated as "new baby syndrome". The old baby is taken off milk so the new baby can nurse. The old baby is fed high sugar foods to quell the pains of hunger. This is what causes some cases of bloated belly. 98.164.76.40 (talk) 00:03, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

What is caloric energy?
Thermal energy? Is there also Joulic energy? Is kinetic or potential energy also caloric energy? Darsie42 (talk) 15:07, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

Contradiction on fat reserves
The following text in the "Biochemistry" section is self-contradictory and unclear:

 * Starvation ensues when the fat reserves are completely exhausted and protein is the only fuel source available to the body. Thus, after periods of starvation, the loss of body protein affects the function of important organs, and death results, even if there are still fat reserves left unused.

How does death from starvation ensue "even if there are still fat reserves left unused" when starvation only ensues "when the fat reserves are completely exhausted"? One or the other statement needs to be modified and reconciled. If this intends to mean death can ensue (perhaps during a subsequent malnourishment event) after starvation is interrupted and fat reserves are re-established, then this needs to be clarified because that's not the clear meaning conveyed. Comment997242902 (talk) 02:34, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

How do you translate "Starvation ensues when the fat reserves are completely exhausted" into "starvation only ensues "when the fat reserves are completely exhausted"

Suicide by Starvation (Content Warning: Mention of Suicide)
If one were to use Starvation as a suicide method (Starvation in the sense of only consuming water), how long would they last before cessation of body function? Also, what are the stages of Starvation leading up to death, and how does Starvation affect the body?

Context: I am writing a paper on suicide methods throughout history and the way they kill. They include starvation, dehydration, self-immolation, and a few others. 2600:6C44:237F:E5C1:855:9758:ECAD:F232 (talk) 05:06, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Starvation


text:
User talk:Araña de níquel

Welcome
¡Hola, Araña de níquel! I see you've just created your User page. Welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! –Hajor

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

w:pt
Thanks for catching the missing accent on pt:Usuário:Hajor -- I must have been half asleep when I did that, because the proper page has been on w:pt, created and all, since March of last year. About the links to other language user pages on my User: page, I think I will remove them. I did have them there before, and I remember removing them for a good reason, just that I can't recall exactly what it was. There was a reason, though... something to do with mirror sites? Don't know. In any case, it looks like bragging, which is an impression I'd rather not give. Cool? See you round the 'pedia, then. –Hajor 03:24, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Asistencía Asesoria y Administración
Gracias por el aviso; debí haber movido el artículo cuando lo abrí para corregir el nombre en el texto, pero se me pasó. Slds, 03:42, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Araña de níquel


text:
Mohammed Ben Aarafa

Mohammed Ben Aarafa (محمد بن عرفة), or Ben Arafa (1886 – 17 July 1976), was a paternal first cousin once removed of Sultan Mohammed V of Morocco; he was put in Mohammed V's place by the French after they exiled Mohammed V to Madagascar in August 1953. His reign as "Mohammed VI" was not recognized in the Spanish-protected part of Morocco. Protests against Ben Aarafa helped lead to Moroccan independence, which was agreed to between France and Mohammed V, after his abdication in October 1955.

Nomenclature
In Morocco, the subject of this article is "known simply as 'Mohammed ben Arafa', as if he came from an ordinary family of Fez, where patronymics in 'Ben' are very common, and is no longer acknowledged as heir to the sharifan and royal line." Others, including notable historians like Charles-André Julien, Michel Abitbol and Bernard Lugan have chosen to refer to him as 'Moulay' (prince) 'ben Arafa', rather than the traditional 'Sidi Mohammed ben Arafa', used by Joseph Luccioni and Roger Gruner. He is never referred to as 'Mohammed VI', which instead refers to the current king of Morocco.

Birth and family
Mohammed ben Arafa was born around 1886 in Fez, which was then the Alaouite capital. He was a member of the Sharifian and Royal Alaouite line through his father Moulay Arafa, who was himself the son of Mohammed IV. Thus he was the nephew of Hassan I and cousin of the latter's sons and successors Abd el-Aziz, Abd el-hafid, and Yusef.

Through his mother, Lalla Nufissa, he was linked to the Al-Glaoui tribe, since she was a cousin of Madani El Glaoui who had been vizir of war under Abd el-Aziz and Grand Vizir under Abd el-Hafid after helping him overthrow his brother Abd el-Aziz in 1908. Madani was in turn the brother of Thami El Glaoui who would play a central role in Ben Arafa's accession to the throne in 1953.

Ben Arafa married Lalla Hania bint Tahar, a granddaughter of Hassan I of Morocco, who had formerly been married to sultan Abd el-Hafid, but had divorced him after he abdicated and went into exile in 1912. Her sister Lalla Abla bint Tahar was married to Mohammed V (as his second wife).

Reign
Ben Arafa was placed on the Alouite throne on 21 August 1953 after his cousin Mohammed V was deposed, by the French authorities, which maintained a protectorate in Morocco under the 1912 Treaty of Fez. General Augustin Guillaume, who had been resident-general of Morocco since 1951, had clashed with Mohammed V because of the latter's support for the Moroccan independence movement and led a campaign to overthrow him, which was supported by the French colonists and some Moroccan leaders, such as Thami El Glaoui the Pasha of Marrakesh. Eventually, the sultan was arrested, loaded onto an aeroplane and sent into exile - first in Corsica, and later in Madagascar. Despite Mohammed V's refusal to abdicate, the Ulama of Fez recognised Ben Arafa as his successor.

Ben Arafa is best known for being the subject of a plot by Thami El Glaoui, Pasha of Marrakech to dethrone his cousin Mohammed V.

His short reign was marked by increasing violence from the nationalists who refused to recognise him as sultan. Less than a month into his reign, on 11 September 1953, he narrowly survived an assassination attempt by one Allal ben Abdallah. His power was limited by the authority of the resident-general (General Guillaume until 1954 and then Francis Lacoste) and the influence of the Pasha of Marrakesh, but also by the radicalisation of the French colonists who founded the 'Présence française' party.

Because of Ben Arafa's lack of legitimacy or popularity with the Moroccan population, as well as the increasing links of the violence in Morocco with that in Tunisia and with the Algerian War, led the French authorities to consider deposing him and restoring Mohammed V in 1955. Gilbert Grandval, who had been named as the new resident-general, decided to meet with Grand Vizir Muhammad al-Muqri. Al-Muqri flew to France and met with Grandval at Vichy and intimated that Ben Arafa needed to leave, in light of popular agitation throughout the country, and it was envisioned that Mohammed V would be restored to power. On 1 October, Ben Arafa abdicated.

Mohammed V's triumphant return to Morocco on 16 November 1955, after the Accords of La Celle-Saint-Cloud, marked the end of Ben Arafa's short reign and the restoration of full sovereignty to Morocco, which was completed in 1956 with the end of the French and Spanish protectorates.

Exile and death
After his abdication in October 1955, Ben Arafa went to Tangiers, which was then an international city. After it was reintegrated into Morocco, he departed for Nice where he was sumptuously supported by the French authorities. He became more and more withdrawn, especially after the death of his wife and is not known to have ever spoken about what led him to collaborate in the deposition of his cousin. He was forbidden to return to Morocco, as a traitor. In the late 1960s he moved to Beirut, but after an incident in which some thieves stole his old royal seal, he returned to Nice, where he died on 17 July 1979.

Honours

 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor of France – 10 December 1953.

Contemporary films

 * News report shortly after Ben Arafa's accession, featuring Ben Arafa, Resident-general Guillaume, and Pasha Thami el-Glaoui (in French).
 * News report shortly after Ben Arafa's accession, featuring Ben Arafa, Resident-general Guillaume, and Pasha Thami el-Glaoui (in French).

 * News report featuring Ben Arafa, Resident-general Guillaume, and Pasha Thami el-Glaoui (in French).
 * News report featuring Ben Arafa, Resident-general Guillaume, and Pasha Thami el-Glaoui (in French).

 * News report featuring Rafael García Valiño, High-commissioner of Spanish Morocco and Khalifa Moulay el-Hassan, the representative of the sultan in the northern section of the Spanish protectorate (in French).
 * News report featuring Rafael García Valiño, High-commissioner of Spanish Morocco and Khalifa Moulay el-Hassan, the representative of the sultan in the northern section of the Spanish protectorate (in French).

title: Mohammed Ben Aarafa


text:
Frank Arthur Cooper

Frank Arthur Cooper (16 July 1872 – 30 November 1949) was Premier of Queensland from 1942 to 1946 for the Labor Party.

He was born on 16 July 1872 at Blayney, New South Wales, the son of an English miller and his Irish wife who had immigrated to Australia. Frank was educated in Sydney and worked as a clerk in various capacities around Sydney, including the Sydney diocese of the Anglican church and the Westinghouse brake company. In the latter capacity he moved to postings around the country before settling in Ipswich, Queensland where the main railway workshops for the State of Queensland were located. Cooper joined the Brisbane Clerical Union and became involved in Labor politics in Ipswich, including as president and secretary of the Ipswich Workers' Political Union, and was involved in the eight-hour day movement in provincial Queensland. His political activities, particularly his support for workers strikes in the state in 1912, caused him to run afoul of employer and he was dismissed, and Cooper subsequently became a journalist and activist within the Labor movement. He became editor of the Queensland Leader, a workers publication in Ipswich, in 1915 and remained so until 1925.

In 1915 he was selected to run for the seat of Bremer in the Queensland Parliament, a seat based in Ipswich which he would hold for the next three decades. In 1924 he became an alderman and eventually deputy-mayor for Ipswich City Council. The following year, he married Agnes Hardy.

Cooper had joined the first majority ALP government in Queensland under T. J. Ryan shortly after his election and became a prominent and well regarded member of the administration. Labor went back to opposition in 1929 but Cooper soon distinguished himself as an effective debater and parliamentarian. His reputation was such that he became Assistant Treasurer and Secretary for Public Instruction upon the election of William Forgan Smith as premier of a new ALP government in 1932. By 1938 Cooper was sitting on the Queensland ALP's central executive and was treasurer. He excelled in the position: that year he delivered the state's first budget surplus since 1927. Deputy Premier from 1940 to 1942, he played a key role in preparing Queensland's resources and mobilization for the outbreak of World War II in the Pacific.

In 1942, the Federal ALP government under Prime Minister John Curtin introduced uniform taxation which ended the system of dual income taxes levied by both the states and the Commonwealth, instead making the Commonwealth the sole collector of income taxes with grants to be given back to the states to compensate for any losses. Many states, including Queensland, challenged the law in the High Court but were ultimately unsuccessful. William Forgan Smith reluctantly acceded to Curtin's plan, but resigned soon after, and Cooper duly became Premier of Queensland.

The septuagenarian Cooper soon showed himself to possess an energetic leadership style which rivalled that of many a younger politician. He was an ardent supporter of the Commonwealth's prosecution of the war effort and worked with Curtin closely, sometimes invoking the ire of his own party in Queensland. He continued as Premier for the rest of the war and for the first months of the peace. In 1946 he resigned from the legislature, and Edward "Ned" Hanlon (who had been Treasurer since 1942) became Premier.

After leaving the parliament, Cooper remained active in the Anglican synod and on the senate of the University of Queensland. He died at his home in Kedron (a Brisbane suburb) in 1949; his State funeral included a procession from St John's Cathedral to the Mount Thompson crematorium.

title: Frank Arthur Cooper