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Five Star

Five Star (also styled as 5 Star) were a British pop group, formed in 1983 and comprising siblings Stedman, Lorraine, Denise, Doris, and Delroy Pearson. From 1985 to 1988, Five Star had four top-20 albums and 15 top-40 singles in the UK, including the top-10 hits "System Addict" (1986), "Can't Wait Another Minute" (1986), "Find the Time" (1986), "Rain or Shine" (1986), "Stay Out of My Life" (1987) and "The Slightest Touch" (1987). They won the 1987 Brit Award for Best British Group.

1980s
The five-piece group of siblings from Romford were masterminded by their father and manager, Buster Pearson, who modelled them in the style of the Jackson 5. He was a former recording artist and session musician who had worked with Wilson Pickett and had set up Tent Records Ltd in 1982. Their debut single was released on Tent in 1983 and although it did not chart, it gave them TV exposure and a record deal with RCA Records (with future releases being joint Tent/RCA releases). After two unsuccessful singles in 1984, their chart breakthrough came in 1985 with the release of "All Fall Down" which peaked at No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart, and No. 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, where it also reached the top 20 (No. 16) on the Hot R&B Singles chart and the top 10 (No. 6) on the Hot Dance/Disco chart.

The group released their debut album, Luxury of Life, in June 1985. It included their last three singles and was followed by the single "Let Me Be the One" which was another UK Top 20 and US Hot 100 hit, also peaking at No. 2 on the US Hot R&B chart. After another two singles in the UK in 1985 which failed to reach the top 20, the group scored their first top 10 hit in early 1986 with "System Addict", the seventh UK single from their debut album. The single peaked at No. 3 in the UK, and was certified silver. Its success also led to increased sales of the album which peaked at No. 12 on the UK Albums Chart in February 1986, and would be certified platinum in the UK later in the year. Also in 1986, the instrumental track "First Avenue" (which had been released as the B-side of "All Fall Down") was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance, and a remixed version of "Love Take Over" gave them another US Hot R&B top 10 hit (reaching No. 9).

Their first new material in 1986, the single "Can't Wait Another Minute", gave the group another top 10 hit on the UK Singles, US Hot R&B and US Hot Dance/Disco charts and also their highest-ever US Hot 100 peak, reaching No. 41. The song was used in the film Gung Ho. After another UK top 10 hit ("Find the Time"), the group released their second album, Silk and Steel, in August 1986. The album reached No. 1 and sold 1.2 million copies in the UK (being certified triple platinum by 1987). The single "Rain or Shine" gave the group their highest ever UK chart position, peaking at No. 2. "If I Say Yes" (a UK top 20 hit) became their final entry on the US Hot 100.

In 1987, two further singles from Silk and Steel, "Stay Out of My Life" (penned by Denise) and "The Slightest Touch", made the UK top 10 with US-only single "Are You Man Enough?" (remixed by Shep Pettibone) making the US Hot R&B top 20. The group won the 1987 BRIT Award for Best British Group with Silk and Steel also nominated for Best British Album.

At the height of their success the family bought Stone Court, a large security-gated mansion in Berkshire (featuring a built-in recording studio) from former P.M. Dawn manager Nick Hemmings, in which they all lived and worked. They also owned a fleet of supercars, including Lamborghinis and Ferraris. Their affluent lifestyle was heavily publicised in the press and on television.

New single "Whenever You're Ready" narrowly missed the UK top 10 (peaking at No. 11) but its only placing in the US was No. 39 on the Hot R&B chart. August 1987 saw the release of their third album, Between the Lines, which reached No. 7 in the UK and was another platinum seller, but sales did not match their previous success. The Diane Warren-penned ballad "Strong as Steel" was taken as the next single but it peaked at No. 16 in the UK and failed to chart at all in the US. The next UK single, "Somewhere Somebody" failed to reach the top 20 and no further singles were released from the album.

In 1988, the group attempted to change their clean-cut image to a more adult-oriented "leather-clad" look, matched with a slightly harder-edged dance sound. Led by the Leon Sylvers III-produced single "Another Weekend" in the UK (which reached No. 18), their fourth album Rock the World met with only moderate success, and was their last top 20 album, peaking at No. 17. The album's second UK single, "Rock My World", became their last top 40 hit, and further singles from the album were unsuccessful. In the US, "Someone's in Love" was chosen as the lead single, but that and "Another Weekend" only managed minor placings on the Hot R&B chart.

In April 1989, their new single "With Every Heartbeat" again missed the top 40, peaking at No. 49. Later that year, a Greatest Hits collection was released but peaked at a lowly No. 53 on the UK Albums Chart. Amid reports of bankruptcy, the family had been forced to sell their Berkshire mansion after only two years. The family then moved to Hatfield, Hertfordshire.

While promoting "With Every Heartbeat", the group made an infamous appearance on the British children's TV show Going Live, when, during a live phone-in, a teenage caller verbally abused them and asked why they were "so fucking crap".

1990s
Now at loggerheads with RCA, Buster Pearson signed the group to Epic Records in 1990, and the group's fifth studio album, simply titled Five Star, was self-produced at the family home with every track being written by the group members. Despite heavy promotion, its two singles, "Treat Me Like a Lady" and "Hot Love", failed to reach the top 40. The album itself failed to chart and a planned third single, "What About Me Baby" was shelved.

In October 1990, Stedman Pearson pleaded guilty to a charge of public indecency, after being arrested in a public toilet in New Malden in London. Following this, the band relocated to the United States.

After the 1991 release of their sixth album, Shine (which was not released at all in the UK), Epic Records dropped the group. In 1994, the group released an album independently on their father's own Tent label, Heart and Soul, which was reissued in 1995 in the UK. Again, chart success eluded them and the group informally ended. Denise got married and had children, and Delroy went into music production.

2000s
In 2001, a new Five Star single, "Funktafied", peaked at No. 99 on the US Hot R&B chart. However, the accompanying new album Eclipse was not a success and is the group's final album to date. Five Star returned to the UK in 2002, as a trio of Stedman, Denise and Lorraine, to perform on various tours, including the Here and Now nostalgia tour. In 2005, "System Addict" was re-recorded and re-released. Five Star were booked to perform a gig at Butlins in October 2006, in which all five members were billed. However, three impersonators were used to mime to backing tapes.

Denise Pearson said in 2007 that she was working on solo material, resulting in the release of her debut single in 2009.

In March 2007, Sony BMG released a compilation DVD of all the group's videos, entitled Five Star Performance.

For Five Star's 25th anniversary in 2008, Denise joined Stedman and backing dancers for gigs at Butlins during October and November 2008. Earlier that year, Denise stated in an interview with The Guardian newspaper that if she could convince sister Lorraine to join them, then all five original members of the group would like to perform one last tour together. The following year, she made her West End debut performing in Thriller - Live at the Lyric Theatre from January to December 2009.

2010s
In 2010, Cherry Pop Records released expanded "Special Edition" versions of the group's first two albums Luxury of Life and Silk and Steel. By 2013, they had released expanded versions of all six albums originally released on RCA and Epic (both labels now being part of Sony BMG).

The very first song recorded by Five Star from 1983, "Problematic", was released digitally on 18 July 2011, along with a previously unreleased track called "It", which is an outtake from the Heart and Soul album sessions from 1994.

All five siblings performed at the 2012 Rewind Festivals on 21 July at Scone Palace, Perth, Scotland, and on 18 August in Henley-on-Thames. The band's father and manager, Buster Pearson, died in October 2012.

In 2013, Cherry Pop Records released The Remix Anthology, which included 7" and 12" remixes of the singles released on RCA and Epic between 1984 and 1991 which had not already been included on the "Special Edition" album reissues. This is the first compilation to include the non-charting 1984 singles, the US-only singles from 1987–88 and the Epic singles from 1990–91.

Five Star performed as a four piece after 2012. Delroy, Denise, Doris and Stedman performed every summer at festivals in the UK such as Rewind, Let's Rock and Lytham since Lorraine's departure.

In 2018, Denise announced UK tour dates under the Five Star name, which, for the first time, included four supporting artists who were not her siblings. The new line-up went on to perform at numerous gigs and concerts throughout the summer. Around the same time, Lorraine Pearson conducted a live interview on Loose Women on UK television in which she declared that herself and Denise were no longer friends and she had been offended by the new line-up.

2018 also saw a limited edition deluxe re-issue of all major Five Star projects on one CD box set. Denise helped curate the collection's track list and promoted its release on her social media feed.

Members

 * Denise Pearson – lead vocals, songwriter (1983–1995, 2001–2002, 2012–present)
 * Doris Pearson – vocals, songwriter, choreographer (1983–1995, 2001–2002, 2012–2016)
 * Lorraine Pearson – vocals, spokesperson, and songwriter (1983–1995, 2001–2002, 2012)
 * Stedman Pearson – vocals, costume designer (1983–1995, 2001–2002, 2012–2016)
 * Delroy Pearson – vocals, songwriter, and producer (1983–1995, 2001–2002, 2012–2016)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Luxury of Life (1985)
 * Silk and Steel (1986)
 * Between the Lines (1987)
 * Rock the World (1988)
 * Five Star (1990)
 * Shine (1991)
 * Heart and Soul (1995)
 * Eclipse (2001)

title: Five Star


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Sperling

Sperling is a German and Jewish surname, meaning "sparrow" in English. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexander Sperling (1890–1973), German gymnast
 * Andrea Sperling, American film producer
 * Bert Sperling (born 1950), American author
 * Bodo Sperling (born 1952), German artist
 * Daniel Sperling (born 1951), American professor
 * Dee Dee Sperling, musical entertainer
 * Eduard Sperling (1902–1985), German wrestler
 * Edward Sperling (1889–1946), official in the British Mandate of Palestine, and Zionist
 * Elliot Sperling (1951–2017), American associate professor
 * Fritz Sperling (born 1945), Austrian bobsledder
 * Gene Sperling (born 1958), American economist and attorney
 * George Sperling (born 1934), American cognitive psychologist
 * Gerhard Sperling (born 1937), East German race walker
 * Gustav Sperling (1800s-1900s), German wrestler
 * Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling (1908–1981), German tennis player
 * Jack Sperling (1922–2004), American musician
 * James Sperling, governor of the Bank of England
 * Jody Sperling, American dancer
 * Johann Sperling (1603–1658), German physician, zoologist, physicist, deacon, and rektor
 * John Sperling (1921–2014), American billionaire and University of Phoenix founder
 * Leon Sperling (1900–1941), Polish footballer
 * Lilian Sperling, British nanny
 * Louise Sperling (born 1952), US humanitarian scientist, seed security/conflict zones
 * Marcos Von Sperling, Brazilian professor
 * Martijn Sperling (1873–1946), Dutch captain and diver, who rescued 15 shipwrecked victims from the SS Berlin in 1907
 * Matthew Sperling, British-American writer
 * Matthew Sperling (Magic: The Gathering player), American Magic: The Gathering player
 * Max Sperling (1905–1984), German officer
 * Milton Sperling (1912–1988), producer and screenwriter
 * Norman Sperling (born 1947), American telescope designer
 * Otto Sperling (1913–19??)
 * Peter Sperling (born 1960), founder of the Apollo Group
 * Rolf Sperling (born 1940), German diver
 * Rowland Sperling (1874–1965), British diplomat
 * Sacha Sperling (born 1990), French novelist and screenwriter
 * Ted Sperling, musical director
 * Vibeke Sperling, (1945–2017), Danish journalist
 * Wolfram Sperling (born 1952), German swimmer

Places

 * Sperling, Manitoba, Canada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sperling


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Czechoslovakia at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Czechoslovakia competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 209 competitors, 162 men and 47 women, took part in 114 events in 21 sports.

Archery
In its first appearance in the Olympic archery competition, Czechoslovakia sent two women and one man. Zdeňka Padevětová earned a fourth-place finish. Women's Individual Competition: Men's Individual Competition:
 * Zdeňka Padevětová — 2405 points (→ 4th place)
 * Jitka Dolejší — 2219 points (→ 20th place)
 * František Hadaš — 2305 points (→ 24th place)

Athletics
Men's 1,500 metres
 * Jozef Plachý
 * Heat — 3:44.4
 * Semifinals — 3:40.4
 * Final — 3:40.7 (→ 6th place)

Men's 5,000 metres
 * Jiří Sýkora
 * Heat — 13:43.1
 * Semi Final — 13:31.0
 * Final — 13:25.0 (→ 9th place)

Men's 10,000 metres
 * Jiří Sýkora
 * Heat — 29:19.8 (→ did not advance)

Men's Marathon
 * Vlastimil Zwiefelhofer
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Josef Janska
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's 4 × 400 metres Relay
 * Josef Lomický, Dušan Malovec, František Břečka, and Karel Kolář
 * Heat — 3:03.5
 * Final — 3:07.0 (→ 7th place)

Men's 110 m Hurdles
 * Július Ivan
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's 3,000 m Steeplechase
 * Dušan Moravčík
 * Heat — 8:33.4
 * Semifinals — 8:28.0
 * Final — 8:29.1 (→ 10th place)

Men's Long Jump
 * Jan Leitner
 * Qualification — 7.68 m (→ did not advance)

Men's Discus Throw
 * Imrich Bugár
 * Qualification — 65.08 m
 * Final — 66.38 m (→ [[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver Medal)

Men's Hammer Throw
 * Jiří Chamrád
 * Qualification — 69.38 m
 * Final Round — 68.16 m (→ 12th place)

Men's Shot Put
 * Jaromír Vlk
 * Qualification — 19.69 m
 * Final — 20.24 m (→ 7th place)

Men's 20 km Walk
 * Pavol Blažek
 * Final — 1:35:30.8 (→ 14th place)
 * Jozef Pribilinec
 * Final — 1:42:52.4 (→ 20th place)
 * Juraj Benčík
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Men's 50 km Walk Women's Long Jump
 * Pavol Blažek
 * Final — 4:16:26 (→ 10th place)
 * Juraj Benčík
 * Final — 4:27:39 (→ 13th place)
 * Jaromír Vaňous
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)
 * Jarmila Nygrýnová
 * Qualification — 6.58 m
 * Final — 6.83 m (→ 6th place)

Women's Discus Throw
 * Zdena Bartoňová
 * Qualification — 59.48 m
 * Final — 57.78 m (→ 11th place)

Women's Shot Put
 * Zdena Bartoňová
 * Final — 18.40 m (→ 10th place)

Women's Pentathlon
 * Marcela Koblasová — 4328 points (→ 11th place)
 * 100 metres — 14.10s
 * Shot Put — 13.42m
 * High Jump — 1.71m
 * Long Jump — 6.15m
 * 800 metres — 2:20.30

Basketball

 * Men's team competition
 * Preliminary round (group A)
 * Lost to Brazil (70-72)
 * Defeated India (133–65)
 * Lost to Soviet Union (83-99)
 * Second Round (Group B)
 * Lost to Australia (86-91)
 * Defeated Sweden (83-61)
 * Lost to Poland (84-88)
 * Defeated Senegal (88-72) → 9th place
 * Team Roster:
 * Jaroslav Skála
 * Dušan Žáček
 * Vlastimil Havlík
 * Peter Rajniak
 * Stanislav Kropilák
 * Pavol Bojanovský
 * Zdeněk Kos
 * Jiří Pospíšil
 * Vlastibor Klimeš
 * Kamil Brabenec
 * Zdeněk Douša
 * Gustáv Hraška

Boxing
Men's Featherweight (57 kg)
 * Miroslav Šándor
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Lost to Dejan Marovic (Yugoslavia) on points (0-5)

Cycling
Eleven cyclists represented Czechoslovakia in 1980.

 * Individual road race
 * Jiří Škoda
 * Vlastibor Konečný
 * Ladislav Ferebauer
 * Michal Klasa

 * Team time trial
 * Michal Klasa
 * Vlastibor Konečný
 * Alipi Kostadinov
 * Jiří Škoda

 * Sprint
 * Anton Tkáč

 * 1000m time trial
 * Petr Kocek

 * Individual pursuit
 * Martin Penc

 * Team pursuit
 * Teodor Černý
 * Martin Penc
 * Jiří Pokorný
 * Igor Sláma

Fencing
Seven fencers, six men and one woman, represented Czechoslovakia in 1980.

 * Men's foil
 * Jaroslav Jurka
 * František Koukal

 * Men's épée
 * Jaroslav Jurka
 * Oldřich Kubišta
 * Jiří Douba

 * Men's team épée
 * Jaroslav Jurka, Jaromír Holub, Jiří Douba, Jiří Adam, Oldřich Kubišta

 * Women's foil
 * Katarína Lokšová-Ráczová

Football

 * Men's team competition

Preliminary Round (Group B)
All matches were played at the Kirov Stadium in Leningrad except where noted.
 * July 21, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Colombia 3-0 (2-0)
 * July 23, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Nigeria 1-1 (1-0)
 * July 25, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Kuwait 0-0 (0-0)

Final standings
With four points each (one win and two draws), Czechoslovakia and Kuwait qualified for the quarterfinals.

Quarterfinals

 * July 27, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Cuba 4-0 (4-0)

Semifinals

 * July 29, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Yugoslavia 2-0 (2-0) at Dynamo Stadium, Moscow

Final

 * August 2, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - East Germany 1-0 (0-0) Loujniki Stadium, Moscow

Roster

 * Stanislav Seman
 * Luděk Macela
 * Josef Mazura
 * Libor Radimec
 * Zdeněk Rygel
 * Petr Němec
 * Ladislav Vízek
 * Jan Berger
 * Jindřich Svoboda
 * Luboš Pokluda
 * Werner Lička
 * Rostislav Václavíček
 * Jaroslav Netolička
 * Oldřich Rott
 * František Štambachr
 * František Kunzo

Handball
Women's Tournament
 * Jana Kuťková

Hockey

 * Women's team competition
 * Preliminary Round Robin
 * Lost to Soviet Union (0-2)
 * Drew with Zimbabwe (2-2)
 * Defeated India (2-1)
 * Defeated Austria (5-0)
 * Defeated Poland (1-0) → [[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver Medal
 * Team Roster:
 * Jarmila Králíčková
 * Berta Hrubá
 * Iveta Šranková
 * Lenka Vymazalová
 * Jiřina Křížová
 * Jiřina Kadlecová
 * Jiřina Čermáková
 * Marta Urbanová
 * Květa Petříčková
 * Marie Sýkorová
 * Ida Hubáčková
 * Milada Blažková
 * Jana Lahodová
 * Alena Kyselicová
 * Jiřina Hájková
 * Viera Podhányiová

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Czechoslovakia in 1980.

Men's Individual Competition: Men's Team Competition:
 * Milan Kadlec — 5229 pts, 8th place
 * Jan Bártů — 5158 pts, 16th place
 * Bohumil Starnovský — 4952 pts, 26th place
 * Kadlec, Bártů, and Starnovský — 15339 pts, 6th place

Swimming
Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Petr Adamec
 * Final — 1:55.84 (→ did not advance)
 * Radek Havel
 * Final — 1:55.07 (→ did not advance)

Men's 400m Freestyle
 * Daniel Machek
 * Final — 3:55.66 (→ 5th place)

Men's 100m Backstroke
 * Miloslav Rolko
 * Final — 57.74 (→ 4th place)

Men's 400m Individual Medley Women's 100m Breaststroke
 * Miloslav Rolko
 * Final — 4:26.99 (→ 6th place)
 * Daniel Machek
 * Final — 4:29.86 (→ 8th place)
 * Irena Fleissnerová
 * Heats — 1:13.35 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200m Breaststroke
 * Irena Fleissnerová
 * Final — 2:33.23 (→ 5th place)

Volleyball

 * Men's team competition
 * Preliminary round (group A)
 * Lost to Soviet Union (1-3)
 * Lost to Italy (2-3)
 * Lost to Bulgaria (0-3)
 * Defeated Cuba (3-2)
 * Classification Matches
 * 5th/8th place: Lost to Brazil (0-3)
 * 7th/8th place: Lost to Cuba (1-3) → 8th place
 * Team Roster
 * Dušan Prieložný
 * Pavel Valach
 * Vlado Sirvoň
 * Ján Repák
 * Josef Novotný
 * Jaroslav Šmid
 * Vlastimil Lenert
 * Jaroslav Kopet
 * Ján Cifra
 * Pavel Řeřábek
 * Josef Pick
 * Cyril Krejčí
 * Head coaches: Pavel Schenk and Zdeněk Václavík


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Kumaoni language

Kumaoni (कुमाऊँनी, ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over two million people of the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in northern India and parts of Doti region in Western Nepal. As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speakers in India. The number of speakers increased to 2.2 million in 2011.

Kumaoni is not endangered but UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger designates it as a language in the unsafe category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts.

Script
Kumaoni is written using the Devanagari script.

Geographic distribution and dialects
There are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital.

More specifically:
 * Johari of the Malla and Talla Johar (Milam, Munsiyari)
 * Askoti of Askot
 * Bhabhri of Haldwani and Ramnagar
 * Danpuriya of Danpur (Bageshwar, Kapkot)
 * Gangoli of Ganai-Gangoli (Kanda, Berinag, Gangolihat)
 * Khasparjiya of Almora
 * Kumaiyya of Champawat
 * Pachhai of Pali-Pachhhau (Ranikhet, Dwarahat)
 * Phaldakotiya of Phaldkot
 * Rhau-Chaubyansi, (Nainital)
 * Sirali of Sirakot (Didihat)
 * Soriyali of Sor Valley (Pithoragarh)
 * Sirali of Sirakot (Didihat)
 * Soriyali of Sor Valley (Pithoragarh)

Some Kumaoni speakers are also reportedly found in Western Nepal.

History
Various Kumaoni text have been found from the Katyuri and Chand era on temple stones and as copper plate inscriptions. Kumaoni was also the official language of the Kumaon Kingdom.

Consonants

 * can also be heard as in free variation, depending on the dialect.

Vowels

 * can be heard as in free variation.
 * can be heard as either back or central  in free variation.
 * can be heard as in free variation.

Grammar
Being part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum Kumauni shares its grammar with other Indo-Aryan languages like Dotyali, Nepali, Hindi, Rajasthani, Kashmiri and Gujarati. It shares much of its grammar with the other language of the Central Pahari group like Garhwali. The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to the influence of the now extinct language of the Khasas, the first inhabitants of the region. In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikhno, but Hindi sikhna, to learn; Kumauni yeso, plural yasa, of this kind.

Verb conjugation
Conjugation of the verb Lekh (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Kumaoni.

Official status
There have been demands to include Kumaoni along with Garhwali in the 8th schedule of the Constitution of India so that it could be made one of the Scheduled Language of India. In 2010, a private member's bill was introduced for discussion in the Lok Sabha whose aim was to include Garhwali and Kumaoni in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.

However In a step to promote and protect indigenous languages in December 2019 Government of the state introduced Official Kumaoni Books for Classes 1-5 students of kumaon division Schools.

Kumaoni literature
Kumaoni language has had many noteworthy writers, prominent among them are
 * Lokratna Pant or Gumani Pant (1790–1846)
 * Gauri Dutt Pant "Gaurda" (1872-1939)
 * Charu Chandra Pandey (1923–2017)
 * Shailesh Matiyani (1931–2001)
 * Mohan Upreti (1925–1997)
 * Brijen Lal Shah (1928-1998)

Films

 * Megha Aa, (First Kumaoni Film). Director Kaka Sharma, Produced S S Bisht, 1987
 * Teri Saun, (First film both in Kumaoni and Garhwali), written, produced, and directed by Anuj Joshi, 2003.
 * Aapun Biraan (Apne Paraye) by Shri Kartikey Cine Productions. Written by Rajendra Bora (Tribhuvan Giri). Produced by Bhaskar Singh Rawat. 2007.
 * Madhuli by Anamika Film, 2008.
 * Aapke Liye, a 1985 TV show aired in Doordarshan Directed by sharbat sanzarr and presented by Mohan Manral showcases the kumaoni mela "kauteek".

Theatre
Kumaoni theatre which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays, later evolved into a modern theatre form with the efforts of theatre stalwarts like Mohan Upreti, Naima Khan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey, and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. "Ankhar" of Lucknow did a very good work in the field of kumaoni theater. Ankhar played a number of kumauni plays like "mee yo gayun, mee yo satkyun" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Punturi" by Charu Chandra Pandey, "Motor Road" by Govind Ballabh Pant, "Labh Ribhadi" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Kagare Aag" and "Tumhare Liye" by Himanshu Joshi, Kumauni translation Naveeen Joshi and कुमाउनी नाटक-जैल थै, वील पै.

Folk music
Folk song genres include ceremonial mandals, martial and melancholy, , and.

Musical instruments used in Kumaon music include the,, , , , , , , and. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent.

Some prominent singers are:
 * Mohan Upreti, the most famous personality associated with Kumaoni folk music, who is known for his Nanda Devi Jagar & Rajula Malu Shahi Ballad. He is famous for the great Kumaoni song Bedu Pako Baro Masa which for many years the identity of the hills of Uttarakahand. It is said this song was also a favourite of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru who heard it in a band march as this song is also a popular marching song.
 * Naima Khan Upreti - She was the wife of Mohan Upreti and was a prominent folk singer. Mohan Upreti and Naima Upreti used to sing folk songs as a duet and they also made the first HMV recording of songs like Bedu Pako and O Lali, O Lali Haushiya. Naima Upreti had collected a large number of songs of the Kumaon and Garhwal region and she rendered them on several occasions.
 * Gopal Babu Goswami - who is considered to be a legend in Kumaon for his melodious voice. His songs on the life of the members of the armed forces and their families like Kaile baje muruli, Ghughuti na basa (Hirda cassettes) and many others are legendary, it is said that when these songs were transmitted on All India Radio women could not help but weep when they heard the soul touching voice of Gopal Da as he was lovingly called.
 * Heera Singh Rana - identified as a contemporary poet and singer who touched upon various shades of hill life, particularly the plight of women. Besides beauty, love, and romance, his poetry illustrates pains and sufferings and are sharp in satire on the political class.

In the early 1990s songs on the turning life style mainly on the one who are heading towards town being made in which, etc. criticize the changing attitude in kumaoni society, the songs of mohan manral straight away criticize of the changing mindset of metropolitan kumaoni society running away from their roots.

Radio

 * In 1962, a new programme was introduced from Akashwani Lucknow- "Utterayana". this programme was specially for the Chinese border area. Jay dev sharma "kamal" Banshidhar Pathak Jigyasu and Jeet Singh Jardhari started this programme. Najeebabad Akashwani kendra relayed this programme.
 * With the aim to create a common platform for local communities of Supi in Uttarakhand, TERI launched 'Kumaon vani', a community radio service on 11 March 2010. Uttarakhand Governor Margaret Alva inaugurated the community radio station, the first in the state. The 'Kumaon Vani' aims to air programmes on environment, agriculture, culture, weather and education in the local language and with the active participation of the communities. The radio station covers a radius of 10 km reaching out to almost 2000 locals around Mukhteshwar
 * In order to create a folk genome tank of Uttarakhand where one can find each genre and occasions in the form of folk music, and to bring the melodious folk from the heart of Himalaya on global screen, the very first internet radio of Kumaon/Garhwal/Jaunsar was launched in year 2008 by a group of non-resident Uttarakhandi from New York, which has been gaining significant popularity among inhabitants and migrants since its beta version was launched in year 2010. This was named after a very famous melody of hills of Himalaya, Bedu Pako Baro Masa

title: Kumaoni language


text:
Darvel

Darvel (Dairvel, Darbhail) is a town in East Ayrshire, Scotland. It is at the eastern end of the Irvine Valley and is sometimes referred to as "The Lang Toon" (the Long Town).

The town's Latin motto, Non sibi sed cunctis, means "Not for ourselves, but for others".

Prehistory and archaeology
Archaeological excavations and surveys, between 2003 and 2007, by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division (GUARD) in advance of the extension to the Loudoun Hill Quarry, found that people had been living in the area between the Mesolithic and the Late Iron Age periods. In the earliest periods the area was covered by woodlands and those were probably still undisturbed.

An additional excavation, in 2007, found a rare late medieval farmstead. The pottery and radiocarbon dates indicate that the farm was occupied in the 14th–15th centuries. It is thought that this site belonged to the farm of Newton, which was first documented in the late 14th century within the parish of Galston. At that time the parish of Galston belonged to the Lockhart family.

Roman settlements have been found at the base of Loudoun Hill on Allanton Plain and visible at one point from the Windy Wizzen.

Modern history

The modern town of Darvel is said to have been established in the late 18th century. The name Darvel was recorded in old charters as variations of 'Dernvale' or 'Darnevaill' and may derive from an old English word 'derne' which means 'hidden.'

Sir William Wallace, the Scottish freedom fighter, has also been associated with the area. 15th century minstrel Blind Harry wrote in his poem The Wallace that Wallace and his men defeated an English force at the hill in 1296 during the Wars of Scottish Independence. Blind Harry also tells of how the English general, Fenwick, who supposedly killed Wallace's father, was killed during the battle. Maps of the area now name a mound to the east of Loudoun Hill as 'Wallace's Grave'. A battle between Robert the Bruce and the English was also fought there on 10 May 1307.

The land on which Darvel was built was owned by Earls of Loudoun and it was John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun who began the modern town in 1754 as an income for the estate. By 1780, the population had increased to over 400. Loch Gate or Gait was once a significant loch close to the farm of that name, however it was largely drained for agriculture in the 19th century.

Darvel Lace
In 1876 lace making was introduced to the Irvine Valley by Alexander Morton, and mills began to spring up in Darvel and nearby Newmilns. The valley's products were exported throughout the world, with India providing a particularly large market for lace, muslin and madras. Darvel became known as the "Lace Town" and Darvel Lace was known throughout the world.

Factories in the town also diversified into other textiles, until the late 1970s, when the industry struggled to compete with textiles manufactured in India, China and other Far East countries. The decline was swift. By the end of the 20th century, almost all the factories had closed. Many stood empty for some years, but almost all have now been demolished to make way for housing estates.

The last lace factory in Darvel has now closed. The looms were moved to Newmilns, which is home to the only remaining lace factory in the area.

Location
Darvel is situated on the A71 road that runs from Irvine on the west coast to Edinburgh on the east. The town is 9 mi east of Kilmarnock and is the most easterly of the Irvine Valley Towns, the others being Galston and Newmilns.

The town was once linked with Stonehouse (via Strathaven) by the Caledonian Railway. However, the line was closed by the LMS before the Second World War. The former Glasgow and South Western Railway branch line to Kilmarnock survived for much longer and was closed in 1964 as part of the Beeching Axe. Much of the route of both lines is still in existence, although the rails have long since gone and many road bridges have been removed. There was a large viaduct to the east of the town, in the lea of Loudoun Hill, which carried the railway line over the valley. This was demolished in 1986, and only the piers remain.

The River Irvine flows along the southern boundary of the town and once powered local mills.

Climate
Darvel has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). There is a Met Office observation site located at Saughall, 2+1/2 mi to the southeast.

Notable buildings

Darvel Town Hall was designed by Thomas Henry Smith and completed in around 1905. There are two pubs in Darvel – 'The Black Bull' and 'The Railway Inn'. Previously there were four but the Turf Hotel closed in 2006 and The Horseshoe Inn closed in 2016. Darvel Telephone Museum is run by retired engineer Max Flemmich.

Monuments

 * War Memorial: The Darvel War Memorial is situated in Hastings Square in the centre of the town. It is a light grey granite obelisk with a square base. The East side is plain apart from 1914 to 1918 incised on the base. The west side is similar but with 1939-45 incised on the base. The north side has a carved cross at the highest point with a bronze relief laurel wreath immediately below. Towards the base of the obelisk are the words:

 * Then there are 5 columns of names in relief on a bronze plaque and, on the south side, names are etched into the stone in two columns.

 * Alexander Fleming: A memorial at Lochfield farm commemorates the birth there, on 6 August 1881, of Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin. It was erected in 1957 and regilded in 2009 by its current owners Philip and Heather Scott. The restored memorial was unveiled by Fleming's biographer Kevin Brown in the presence of Provost Stephanie Young. Another memorial with a bust by E.R. Bevan and a garden is situated in Hastings Square.
 * SAS Memorial: There is a memorial to honour the men and officers of the 1st Special Air Service (SAS) Regiment who, under the command of Lt. Col. Robert Blair Mayne, were stationed in Darvel during the early part of 1944. The memorial – located towards the bottom of Burn Road, takes the form of a stone cairn with a black granite plaque bearing the inscription:

 * The memorial was unveiled by Provost Jimmy Boyd on 2 November 2001. Members of the SAS were at the Town Green to see the unveiling ceremony.

The Dagon Stone
The RCHAMS website lists this unhewn olivine monolith as a 'possible' standing stone, about 1.6 m tall. It is rather curious and its general size and shape suggest a prehistoric standing stone. It has twelve small connected depressions spread over three of its sides, interpreted by some as simple 'scratch' marks, alternatively these have been said to link the stone to astronomical observations and to the noon-day sun height at mid-summer. This would link the stone to life-giving powers, fertility and prosperity. Woodburn casually dismisses it as a stone of no special significance.

In 1821, William Morton, a local blacksmith attached a round sandstone ball to the top of it with an iron bar, the large round stone having been found when locals were digging a curling pond. The date 1821 is cut into the iron and this method of fixing became necessary after person or persons unknown had taken it from the top of the Dagon Stone and dumped it into a pond that lay to the east of Ranoldcoup Road. In 1873 it was proposed to break it up as it was in the way of the traffic on the road however San Mair, a local farmer, obtained permission to take it to one of his fields where it served as a rubbing stone for the cattle, indicating that it had little local significance at the time.

Although its original location is uncertain, John Woodburn's A History of Darvel (published 1967) noted that the Dagon Stone has stood in at least four different places in the town since the 19th century. The reason for each relocation is unknown, but the stone has been a fixture within Darvel for at least 200 years.

The Dagon Stone was initially recorded in 1752 as being located on East Main Street, at the junction with Ranoldcoup Road, where it is shown on 19th century maps. It may have been a fallen standing stone that was re-erected following road improvements at the time. The main road was widened in 1894, so the stone was moved to the 'grounds of Brown's Institute' upon the suggestion of Miss Martha Brown of Lanfine, located at the corner of Ranoldcoup Road and Mair's Road, and adjacent to Morton Park. In 1938 it was re-sited in the small park in Burn Road at the junction with West Main Street, near the spot where the SAS Memorial now stands. Finally, the stone was moved to its current location in Hastings Square in 1961 or 1962.

Documentation shows that prior to the 19th century, newlywed couples and their wedding parties marched around it for good luck, accompanied by a fiddler. Wedding processions also used to walk three times sunwise round the Dagon stone on the way to the bride's house.

The annual parade or "Prawd", originally held on old New Year's Day, headed by the village band used to walk sunwise round the Dagon stone as a mark of superstitious respect.

Dagon is also the name of a Philistine god, who was half-man half-fish. But with a Scottish accent it no doubt derives from something much closer to home (assuming it is not just the romantic invention of a Victorian antiquary); 'dogon' is a Scots term for a worthless person, a villain and this could by association have been one of the sanctuary stones associated with the church. It is reminiscent of the Clackmannan stone or Stone of Mannau in Clackmannanshire.

Culture
A Gala Day is held every two years. This begins with a parade through the town centre which ends at Morton Park, where the main event takes place.

The Darvel Music Festival takes place each year in the town. It has grown into a popular event, and is hosted in venues around the village including Darvel Town Hall.

Sport
A speedway training track was built by local farmers (the Craig Brothers) on a coal bing (colliery spoil heap) near to the town in the early 1980s. A team representing Darvel raced in the Scottish Junior League with fixtures staged at Blantyre, Edinburgh and Berwick.

There are two local football teams. Darvel F.C., a junior (semi-professional) team, based at Recreation Park, play in the West of Scotland Football League. Darvel Victoria, the local amateur team, play their games at the Gavin Hamilton Sports Centre.

Darvel provided one of the Scottish Cup's biggest upsets on the 23 January 2023 by beating Scottish Premiership club Aberdeen 1–0 in the fourth round.

Notable people

 * Sir Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin was born at Lochfield farm
 * Christine Borland, artist
 * John Morton Boyd, zoologist
 * Sammy Cox, footballer, Rangers F.C. and Scotland
 * Gordon Cree, musician and entertainer, was born in Darvel and still resides there.
 * Allan Gilliland, Scottish-Canadian composer was born in Darvel.
 * Sir James Morton creator of light-fast dye
 * Craig Samson, footballer, Kilmarnock F.C.
 * Alex Smith, footballer, Rangers F.C. and Scotland
 * Nicol Smith, footballer, Rangers F.C. and Scotland
 * Tom Wylie, footballer, Queen of the South F.C. and Blackburn Rovers
 * William Sheret MBE, Showjumper
 * Matthew Richmond, pioneer of the Canadian beef industry, founder of Canadian Dressed Meats
 * Ian Donald Cochrane Hopkins, comedy writer
 * David Anderson (1943-2003), nuclear engineer
 * Dr. Nicol Peacock (1931-2008), pioneer in nuclear fusion
 * Sir Robert Calderwood Kt (1932-2006), chief executive - Strathclyde Regional Council, chairman - Greater Glasgow Healthboard
 * Andrew Gilchrist (1929-2023), meteorologist, Director of Research of Met Office, president of the Royal Meteorological Society
 * Pietro Papini (b.1948) (known professionally as Peter Yellowstone), pop music performer and producer, member of the group Yellowstone & Voice

title: Darvel


text: Category:Toadies albums

title: Category:Toadies albums


text:
Brothers (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"Brothers" is the 77th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the third episode of the fourth season.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, Commander Data (Brent Spiner) aborts an emergency mission and hijacks the Enterprise in response to a homing command from his "father".

Plot
A misguided prank between two young brothers exposes the younger of them to a toxic parasite that cannot be treated aboard the USS Enterprise, but Dr. Crusher (Gates McFadden) is able to stabilize his condition in a controlled environment in sickbay while the ship sets out for a starbase that can cure the boy. As Commander Data (Brent Spiner) escorts the older brother to visit his sibling, he suddenly stops and returns to the bridge where, unseen by the crew, he sets a new course for the ship and triggers a life support alarm, causing the evacuation of the bridge to be ordered. Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) orders Data to transfer the controls to Engineering while the rest of the bridge crew evacuates, but Data instead mimics Picard's voice and locks down control of the ship with a complex access code, preventing any interference with his actions. The crew discover Data's lockdown and manually disable the transporter's site-to-site function to prevent Data from easily moving about the ship. Once the Enterprise is in orbit about the planet Terlina III, Data creates a programmed sequence of force fields to allow him to move from the bridge to the nearest transporter room without being stopped by security, and then beams down to the planet, leaving the Enterprise still under his lockdown. Picard orders his crew to attempt to override Data's lockdown of the ship, while Dr. Crusher attempts to keep the infected boy stabilized.

Data finds himself in the home of his creator, Dr. Noonien Soong (Brent Spiner). Soong states that he called Data to him using a form of automatic recall and makes a manual adjustment on Data to return him to normal. As they talk, they are joined by Lore (Brent Spiner), inadvertently also drawn by the same recall that Data received, since Soong assumed that Lore was still disassembled. Lore expresses resentment towards his creator and starts to leave, but stops when Soong tells both of his creations that he is dying and wishes to give Data an "emotion chip" he has created. Soong decides to rest before implanting the chip, leaving Data and Lore to talk. When he returns, he proceeds to implant the chip but discovers too late that Lore had managed to deactivate Data and switch clothing with him, so that he now possesses the emotion chip. Soong tries to warn Lore the chip is not designed for him, but Lore instead injures Soong and transports off the planet.

The crew of the Enterprise find a way to beam down an away team to the planet, where they discover the dying Soong and the deactivated Data. After Data is reactivated, he cannot recall any of what he did on the Enterprise to arrive at this planet, until Soong reveals to him where he can find that information stored in his memory files. Data apologizes to Soong that he will not be able to grieve for his loss, but Soong tells him he will grieve in his own way. After Soong states that he wishes to die on the planet, the Enterprise leaves and returns to its course to the medical facility, where the sick boy is successfully treated. Data observes the brothers at play after forgiving each other for the accident, contemplating his own relationship with Lore.

Production
Rick Berman's initial story did not involve Lore. The character was added at Michael Piller's suggestion, who believed the story needed an additional jeopardy element. Piller recalled: "We were standing around going through Rick's story and my feeling was that after reading his first draft that the idea of Data going back to see Dr. Soong and the story of the child who was hurt in the practical joke were not enough elements to hold up the episode. Once Data goes back to see Dr. Soong, it's basically a chat and without some jeopardy or another event to go on I was afraid it was going to be flat. We talked about what we could do and, ultimately, the obvious thing was that we bring Lore back. ..I knew from the moment we came up with it that Brent Spiner in three roles was going to make for an unforgettable episode and I think it was."

Reception
Empire ranked "Brothers" 19th in the 50 top episodes of all Star Trek in 2016.

In 2016, The Hollywood Reporter rated "Brothers" the 76th best television episode of all Star Trek franchise television shows prior to Star Trek: Discovery including live-action and animated series but not counting the movies. And they ranked "Brothers" as 21st of 25 of the top episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation in 2016.

In 2020, GameSpot recommended this episode for background on the character of Data.

Home video
On February 27, 1996 "Brothers" & "Family" were released on LaserDisc in the United States. "Brothers" was released in the United States on September 3, 2002, as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season four DVD box set.


text:
Enoplea

Enoplea (enopleans) is a class, which with the classes Secernentea and Chromadorea make up the phylum Nematoda in current taxonomy. The Enoplea are considered to be a more ancestral group than the Chromadorea, and researchers have referred to its members as the "ancestrally diverged nematodes", compared to the "more recently diverged nematodes" of Chromadorea.

Description
The Enoplea are distinguished from the Chromadorea by a number of characteristics. The enoplean esophagus is cylindrical or "bottle-shaped", compared to the bulbous chromadorean esophagus. Enopleans have pocket-like amphids, while chromadoreans have amphids shaped like slits, pores, coils, or spirals. An enoplean is smooth or marked with fine lines, while a chromadorean may have rings, projections, or setae. The enoplean excretory system is simple, sometimes made up of a single cell, while chromadoreans have more complex, tubular systems, sometimes with glands.

Taxonomy
Phylogenetic analysis of phylum Nematoda suggests three distinct basal clades, the dorylaims, enoplids and chromadorids. These represent Clades I, II and C+S of Blaxter (1998). Of these, the first two appear to have sister clade status, allowing resolution into two classes, Enoplea and Chromadorea, and division of the former into two subclasses corresponding to Clades I and II respectively, the Enoplia and Dorylaimia.

Subdivision
Two subclasses are divided into orders.

 * Subclass Enoplia
 * Order Enoplida
 * Order Trefusiida
 * Order Triplonchida
 * Subclass Dorylaimia
 * Order Dorylaimida
 * Order Mermithida
 * Order Mononchida
 * Order Dioctophymatida
 * Order Trichinellida
 * Order Isolaimida
 * Order Muspiceida
 * Order Marimermithida

Ecology
Several orders of enopleans are mainly freshwater animals, and several include marine species.

Many enopleans are parasites of plants and animals, including humans. The orders Triplonchida and Dorylaimida include plant-parasitic nematodes that are vectors of plant pathogens. The orders Mermithida and Marimermithida include parasites of invertebrates. The orders Dioctophymatida, Trichinellida, and Muspiceida include parasites of vertebrates such as birds and mammals. Examples are Trichinella spiralis, a nematode known for causing trichinosis in humans who consume it in undercooked pork, Haycocknema perplexum which can be life-threatening to humans, and whipworms (genus Trichuris), which are parasites of mammals, including cats, dogs, and humans.

title: Enoplea


text:
Medway Valley line

The Medway Valley line is the name given to the railway line linking Strood in the Medway Towns via Maidstone West to Tonbridge. High Speed services also link between Maidstone West, Snodland, Strood and London St Pancras International (peak only). The section from Maidstone West to Paddock Wood passes through some of Kent's most picturesque countryside along the narrower sections of the River Medway.

History
The line was built in two stages by the South Eastern Railway (SER). The first stage opened on 24 September 1844 and was a branch off the SER's first main line that crossed Kent between the coast ports of Dover and Folkestone and the LBSCR's main line at Redhill. According to a contemporary report in The Times newspaper, the opening of the branch line was an attempt to convey hops and fruit traffic back to Maidstone, which was losing trade to various points along the Dover line. The junction was at Paddock Wood and followed the Medway Valley down to the county town of Maidstone that had been by-passed by the new main line. Twelve years later, on 18 June 1856 the extension of the line further down the Medway Valley was opened, to join the North Kent Line at Strood (which had opened in 1847). The extension was built by the railway contractor Edward Betts, who lived locally at Preston Hall and through whose estate the line partially passed. Betts arranged for his local station at Aylesford to be built in a much grander style than the other country stations along the line.

The SER started joint working with local rival London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) on 1 January 1899 under the name the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR). Post World War One, the railways were "grouped" and the SECR became part of Southern Railway.

For a brief period in the 1990s some services were extended to Gillingham (Kent) via Rochester and Chatham. This involved reversing trains and switching tracks at Strood.

It was designated by the Department for Transport as a community rail service in September 2007.

Industry
The line served many rail connected industries, Aveling and Porter just south of Strood, cement works in the Cuxton, Halling and Snodland areas, a newsprint at New Hythe, Lafarge between Aylesford and Maidstone Barracks, Lockmeadow sidings at Maidstone West, Tovil goods depot and sand pits at Beltring

Track
The line is double track throughout, apart from a short single-track section on approach to Paddock Wood station, with a maximum speed of 70 mph. Between Paddock Wood and Tonbridge the maximum speed is 100 mph.

Stations
The line serves the following stations: Strood, Cuxton, Halling, Snodland, New Hythe, Aylesford, Maidstone Barracks, Maidstone West, East Farleigh, Wateringbury, Yalding, Beltring, Paddock Wood and Tonbridge

Signalling
During 2005, the signalling systems were upgraded, replacing the traditional semaphore signals with coloured light signals. Further modifications have since been made with the expansion of the North Kent Signalling Centre. The level crossing at Yalding has the only signal on the Southeastern network to display a flashing white light as the proceed aspect.

Electrification
The line from Strood to Maidstone West was electrified (at 750 V DC third rail) by the Southern Railway, opening on 2 July 1939. The rest of the line from Paddock Wood to Maidstone West was electrified under Stage 2 of Kent Coast electrification by BR's 1955 Modernisation Plan, opening to traffic on 18 June 1962.

Train services
Services are operated by SE Trains.

Trains typically run at off-peak half-hourly (hourly on Sundays) service between Strood and Paddock Wood with some peak services being extended to Tonbridge. There is also a special service at 22:34 every night from Tonbridge to Gillingham (Kent).

High-speed introduction
On 18 March 2011, Southeastern announced the start of a new high-speed service from Maidstone to St Pancras International via Strood on a trial basis. During the morning rush hour, there are 2 trains from Maidstone West to St Pancras International, and 1 train heading in the opposite direction. In the evening rush hour, the services are reversed (2 trains to Maidstone West, and 1 trains to St Pancras International). Services in the opposite direction to the main flow do not call at Snodland and instead run non-stop from Maidstone West to Strood.

A trial service commenced on 23 May 2011 and comes as a result of changes on the North Kent line to improve punctuality of existing services. This service has since been made permanent.

Traction and rolling stock
The main rolling stock used on the line is 3 car Class 375/3 Electrostars.

Class 395 Javelins serve the line during Monday to Friday peak hours with high speed services from St. Pancras International to Maidstone West, with Snodland the only intermediate station it serves on the line.

Freight/Other
A variety of freight and other services frequent the line, including, as well as through traffic from Hoo Junction and Tonbridge yard.

Aggregates traffic also features, with destinations including Allington and Aylesford aggregates sidings.

title: Medway Valley line


text:
Australia at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Australia competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. In partial support of the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics Australia competed under the Olympic Flag. 120 competitors, 92 men and 28 women, took part in 92 events in 17 sports.

Flag bearers Denise Boyd (athletics) and Max Metzker (swimming), Australia’s first joint-flag carriers, carried the Olympic flag in the opening ceremony instead of the national flag. Countries marched in order of the Russian alphabet, and Australia was therefore second in the parade of nations, following Greece, which has traditionally led the march since 1928.

Archery
In the third Olympic archery competition that Australia contested, the nation sent two women and one man. Carole Toy, a veteran of the 1972 Games, repeated her 15th-place performance despite shooting 20 points lower. Women's Individual Competition: Men's Individual Competition:
 * Terene Donovan — 2343 points (→ 9th place)
 * Carole Toy — 2285 points (→ 15th place)
 * Scott Dumbrell — 2271 points (→ 26th place)

Athletics
Men's 10,000 metres
 * Bill Scott
 * Heat — 28:58.8
 * Final — 28:15.1 (→ 9th place)
 * Stephen Austin
 * Heat — 29:45.2 (→ did not advance)
 * Gerard Barrett
 * Heat — did not finish (→ did not advance)

Men's Long Jump
 * Gary Honey
 * Qualification — 7.44 m (→ did not advance)

Men's Triple Jump
 * Ian Campbell
 * Qualification — 17.02 m
 * Final — 16.72 m (→ 5th place)
 * Ken Lorraway
 * Qualification — 16.80 m
 * Final — 16.44 m (→ 8th place)

Men's Marathon
 * Robert de Castella
 * Final — 2:14:31 (→ 10th place)
 * Chris Wardlaw
 * Final — 2:20:42 (→ 28th place)
 * Gerard Barrett
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's Hammer Throw
 * Peter Farmer
 * Qualifying Round — 69.16m (→ did not advance, 13th place)

Men's 20 km Walk
 * David Smith
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Men's 50 km Walk
 * Willi Sawall
 * Final — 4:08:25 (→ 8th place)
 * David Smith
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's Decathlon Women's 100 metres
 * Peter Hadfield
 * Final — 7709 points (→ 13th place)
 * Denise Boyd
 * Heat — 11.56
 * Quarterfinals — 11.35
 * Semifinals — 11.44 (→ did not advance)
 * Debbie Wells
 * Heat — 11.72
 * Quarterfinals — 11.66 (→ did not advance)

Women's 100 m Hurdles
 * Penelope Gillies
 * Heat — 13.68 (→ did not advance)

Women's Discus Throw
 * Gael Mulhall
 * Qualification — 54.90 m (→ did not advance)

Women's Shot Put
 * Gael Mulhall
 * Final — 18.00 m (→ 12th place)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Pam Matthews
 * Qualification — 55.72 m (→ did not advance)
 * Petra Rivers
 * Qualification — 51.08 m (→ did not advance)

Women's High Jump
 * Christine Stanton
 * Qualification — 1.88m
 * Final — 1.91m (→ 6th place)

Basketball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group C):
 * Lost to Cuba (76-83)
 * Defeated Italy (84-77)
 * Defeated Sweden (64-55)
 * Classification Round (Group B):
 * Defeated Czechoslovakia (91-86)
 * Lost to Poland (74-101)
 * Defeated Senegal (95-64)
 * Defeated India (93-75) → 8th place
 * Team Roster:
 * Peter Ali
 * Stephen Breheny
 * Perry Crosswhite
 * Mel Dalgleish
 * Ian Davies
 * Gordon McLeod
 * Danny Morseau
 * Les Riddle
 * Larry Sengstock
 * Phil Smyth
 * Michael Tucker
 * Peter Walsh
 * Head coach: Lindsay Gaze

Boxing
Men's Lightweight (– 60 kg)
 * Norm Stevens
 * First Round — Lost to Geza Tumbas (Yugoslavia) on points (1-4)

Cycling
Ten cyclists represented Australia in 1980.

 * Individual road race
 * Michael Wilson
 * Kevin Bradshaw
 * Remo Sansonetti
 * Graham Seers

 * Team time trial
 * Kevin Bradshaw
 * Remo Sansonetti
 * David Scarfe
 * Michael Wilson

 * Sprint
 * Kenrick Tucker

 * 1000m time trial
 * Kenrick Tucker

 * Individual pursuit
 * Kelvin Poole

 * Team pursuit
 * Colin Fitzgerald
 * Kevin Nichols
 * Kelvin Poole
 * Gary Sutton

Diving
Men's Springboard
 * Steve Foley
 * Preliminary Round — 521.82 points (→ 11th place, did not advance)

Men's Platform
 * Steve Foley
 * Preliminary Round — 427.44 points (→ 16th place, did not advance)

Fencing
Three fencers, one man and two women, represented Australia in 1980.

 * Men's foil
 * Greg Benko

 * Men's épée
 * Greg Benko

 * Women's foil
 * Mitzi Ferguson
 * Helen Smith

Modern pentathlon
One male pentathlete represented Australia in 1980.

Men's individual competition:
 * Robert Barrie — 4696 pts, 37th place

Shooting

 * Mixed

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Neil Brooks
 * Qualifying Heat — 51,11 (2nd)
 * Semi-Finals — 52,70 (→ did not advance)
 * Graeme Brewer
 * Qualifying Heat — 52,59 (4th)
 * Semi-Finals — 51,91 (3rd)
 * Final — 52,22 (→ 8th place)
 * Mark Tonelli
 * Qualifying Heat — 52,04 (3rd)
 * Semi-Finals — 52,17 (5th, did not advance)

Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Graeme Brewer
 * Qualifying Heat — 1.51,92 (2nd)
 * Final — 1.51,60 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)
 * Ron McKeon
 * Qualifying Heat — 1.52,66
 * Final — 1.52,60 (→ 5th place)

Men's 400m Freestyle
 * Graeme Brewer
 * Qualifying Heat — 3.57,19 (→ did not advance)
 * Max Metzker
 * Qualifying Heat — 3.54,79 (2nd)
 * Final — 3.56,87 (→ 7th place)
 * Ron McKeon
 * Qualifying Heat — 3.56,77 (2nd)
 * Final — 3.57,00 (→ 8th place)

Men's 1.500m Freestyle
 * Max Metzker
 * Qualifying Heat — 15.21,63 (3rd)
 * Final — 15.14,49 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)

Men's 200m Butterfly
 * Paul Moorfoot
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.05,69 (5th, did not advance)

Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Peter Evans
 * Qualifying Heat — 1.04,55 (2nd)
 * Final — 1.03,96 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)
 * Lindsay Spencer
 * Qualifying Heat — 1.04,78 (3rd)
 * Final — 1.05,04 (→ 6th place)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Lindsay Spencer
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.21,08 (2nd)
 * Final — 2.19,68 (→ 5th place)
 * Peter Evans
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.26,62 (4th, did not advance)

Men's 100m Backstroke
 * Mark Tonelli
 * Qualifying Heat — 58,66 (1st)
 * Semi Final — 57,89 (2nd)
 * Final — 57,98 (→ 7th place)
 * Mark Kerry
 * Qualifying Heat — 58,08 (3rd)
 * Semi Final — 58,07 (3rd, did not advance)
 * Glenn Patching
 * Qualifying Heat — 58,30 (1st)
 * Semi Final — 1.00,31 (8th, did not advance)

Men's 200m Backstroke
 * Mark Kerry
 * Qualifying Heat — 3.03,60 (1st)
 * Final — 2.03,14 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)
 * Mark Tonelli
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.07,04 (3rd, did not advance)
 * Paul Moorfoot
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.04,87 (1st)
 * Final — 2.06,15 (→ 8th place)

Men's 400m Individual Medley
 * Paul Moorfoot
 * Qualifying Heat — 4.34,28 (5th, did not advance)

Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
 * Graeme Brewer, Mark Tonelli, Mark Kerry, and Ron McKeon
 * Qualifying Heat — 7.34,06 (3rd)
 * Final — 7.30,82 (→ 7th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay Women's 100m Freestyle
 * Mark Kerry, Peter Evans, Mark Tonelli, and Neil Brooks
 * Qualifying Heat — 3.48,94 (2nd)
 * Final — 3.45,70 (→ [[Image:Med 1.png]] Gold Medal)
 * Michelle Pearson
 * Qualifying Heat — 58,90 (4th, did not advance)

Women's 200m Freestyle
 * Karen Ramsay
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.06,06 (3rd, did not advance)

Women's 400m Freestyle
 * Michelle Ford
 * Qualifying Heat — 4.13,90 (1st)
 * Final — 4.11,65 (→ 4th place)
 * Rosemary Fydler
 * Qualifying Heat — 4.21,36 (6th, did not advance)

Women's 800m Freestyle
 * Michelle Ford
 * Qualifying Heat — 8.42,36 (2nd)
 * Final — 8.28,90 (→ [[Image:Med 1.png]] Gold Medal)
 * Rosemary Fydler
 * Qualifying Heat — 8.49,47 (4th, did not advance)

Women's 100m Butterfly
 * Lisa Curry
 * Qualifying Heat — 1.02,92 (3rd)
 * Final — 1.02,40 (→ 5th place)

Women's 200m Butterfly
 * Michelle Ford
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.12,72 (1st)
 * Final — 2.11,66 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)
 * Karen Ramsay
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.17,82 (4th, did not advance)

Women's 200m Breaststroke
 * Lisa Curry
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.39,42 (→ 5th place, did not advance)

Women's 200m Butterfly
 * Michelle Ford
 * Final — 2.11,66 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)

Women's 100m Backstroke
 * Lisa Forrest
 * Qualifying Heat — 1.04,55 (3rd, did not advance)
 * Georgina Parkes
 * Qualifying Heat — 1.05,06 (3rd, did not advance)

Women's 200m Backstroke
 * Lisa Forrest
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.15,40 (1st)
 * Final — 2.16,75 (→ 7th place)
 * Georgina Parkes
 * Qualifying Heat — 2.17,78 (3rd, did not advance)

Women's 400m Individual Medley
 * Lisa Curry
 * Qualifying Heat — 5.01,58 (→ 5th place, did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Lisa Curry, Karen Ramsay, Rosemary Brown, and Michele Pearson
 * Qualifying Heat — 3.56,24 (2nd)
 * Final — 3.54,16 (→ 5th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Lisa Forrest, Lisa Curry, Karen Ramsay, and Rosemary Brown
 * Qualifying Heat — 4.23,33 (2nd)
 * Final — 4.19,90 (→ 6th place)

Water polo

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group C)
 * Defeated Bulgaria (9-5)
 * Lost to Cuba (4-6)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (2-9)
 * Final Round (Group B)
 * Defeated Bulgaria (8-5)
 * Drew with Romania (4-4)
 * Defeated Greece (4-2)
 * Defeated Sweden (9-4)
 * Defeated Italy (5-4) → 7th place
 * Team Roster
 * Michael Turner
 * David Neesham
 * Robert Bryant
 * Peter Montgomery
 * Julian Muspratt
 * Andrew Kerr
 * Anthony Falson
 * Charles Turner
 * Martin Callaghan
 * Randall Goff
 * Andrew Steward
 * Head coach: Tom Hoad

Trivia
Norman May's call of the Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay, in which he excitedly exclaimed "Four, Three, Two, One. Gold, Gold to Australia, Gold", has become one of the most famous calls in the history of Australian sport.

title: Australia at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text:
Talk:Quli Qutb Shah

Untitled
Some of the material on this page was copied from a page on the Vepachedu Educational Foundation. This text is released under the GFDL, and is not a copyright violation. For further information, see Talk:Qutb Shahi dynasty. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 20:23, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

The page does not talk about any contribution of the Sultan to the world of Urdu poetry but rather his career as a king and conqueror. if one has been redirected via link that lists him as an Urdu poet, more such material should be included in write up.

-- 202.138.102.141 07:19, 5 January 2006 (UTC) Amit

Patron of Telugu language The item has been removed since over a long period of time it has been unsourced. Nowhere on the web could you get info about his role and it looks like it has been edited by vested interests. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.192.166.70 (talk) 01:41, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

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Requested move 21 June 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. To commonly accepted (albeit inaccurate) name in English. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 05:35, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Quli Qutb Mulk → Quli Qutb Shah – Common name (even if not fully correct); Google Ngram gives 0 results for "Quli Qutb Mulk": 2A01:CB00:4C3:D500:9136:B706:2CCC:BD1F (talk) 17:17, 21 June 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. CollectiveSolidarity (talk) 18:04, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support as it's unanimous as seen in the Ngrams — DaxServer (t · m · c) 17:10, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quli Qutb Shah


text:
John Augustus Stone

John Augustus Stone (December 15, 1801 – June 1, 1834) was an American actor, dramatist, and playwright, best known as the author of Metamora; or, The Last of the Wampanoags.

Biography
He appeared on the New York stage beginning in 1822. He wrote Metamora, as a vehicle for Edwin Forrest, who offered as a prize $500 and half of the proceeds from the third night. William Cullen Bryant headed a committee which chose Stone's play as the best of 14 submitted. The play, first produced in 1829, told the life of King Philip.

He married Mrs. Amelia Greene Legge, an actress. She later married Nathaniel Harrington Bannister.

Stone suffered periods of insanity and he committed suicide by jumping into the Schuylkill River. He was buried at Machpelah Cemetery in Philadelphia. That cemetery was closed in 1895 and the bodies moved to North Mount Moriah Cemetery (AKA Graceland)in Yeadon PA, which is not affiliated with the nearby Mount Moriah Cemetery, which was later abandoned. His grave at Machpelah was marked by a monument erected by Forrest. The inscription reads: "Erected to the memory of the author of 'Metamora' by his friend, Edwin Forrest". Some sources cite Forrest's success with Stone's plays and his paltry remuneration as causing his suicide.

Works
In addition to Metamora, Stone wrote a number of other plays: None of them enjoyed Metamora's success.
 * Montrano, or Who's the Traitor, 1822 Philadelphia
 * Restoration, or the Diamond Cross, 1824 Chatham Garden Theater in New-York.
 * Tancred, or the Siege of Antioch 1827
 * La Roque; a Regicide Charleston
 * Fauntleroy; or, the Fatal Forgery Charleston
 * Touretoun
 * Banker of Rouen
 * Tancred, King of Sicily March 16, 1831
 * The Demoniac, or the Prophet's Bride April 12, 1831
 * The Ancient Briton, March 27, 1833
 * The Knight of the Golden Fleece, or The Yankee in Spain, 1834

title: John Augustus Stone


text:
Adullamites

The Adullamites were a short-lived anti-reform faction within the UK Liberal Party in 1866. The name was a biblical reference to the cave of Adullam where David and his allies sought refuge from Saul.

After the death of Palmerston in 1865, a second Reform Act became a priority for the Liberal Party. However, not all sections of the party agreed with this agenda. The most important internal opposition came from the Adullamites. The faction was led by Robert Lowe and Lord Elcho. The name, coined by John Bright, was a biblical reference that would have been widely understood at the time. After repeated attacks on Gladstone's bill, they finally defeated the government over an amendment to the Bill on 18 June 1866, which was carried by 315 to 304. This vote gave the Prime Minister, Russell, cause to resign. There was an abortive attempt to form a Conservative/Adullamite coalition. However, the Adullamites were not prepared to accept Disraeli as leader and negotiations broke down. This led to the formation of the Third Derby–Disraeli ministry - who, ultimately, proposed their own reform bill. The Adullamites (with some exceptions) then returned to the Liberal party.

Prominent Adullamites

 * Augustus Anson
 * Sir George Bowyer, Bt.
 * Frederick Doulton
 * Lord Dunkellin
 * Lord Elcho
 * Edward Ellice
 * William Henry Gregory
 * The Earl Grey
 * Earl Grosvenor
 * Gilbert Heathcote
 * Edward Horsman
 * Samuel Laing
 * The Marquess of Lansdowne
 * The Earl of Lichfield
 * Robert Lowe
 * Sir Robert Peel, Bt.
 * Sir Richard Williams-Bulkeley, Bt.

title: Adullamites


text: Category:Brazilian physicists

title: Category:Brazilian physicists


text:
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522 in Comines – 29 October 1592 in Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly; Augerius Gislenius Busbequius), sometimes Augier Ghislain de Busbecq, was a 16th-century Flemish writer, herbalist and diplomat in the employ of three generations of Austrian monarchs. He served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople and in 1581 published a book about his time there, Itinera Constantinopolitanum et Amasianum, re-published in 1595 under the title of Turcicae epistolae or Turkish Letters. His letters also contain the only surviving word list of Crimean Gothic, a Germanic dialect spoken at the time in some isolated regions of Crimea. He is credited with the introduction of tulips into Western Europe and to the origin of their name.

Early years
He was born the illegitimate son of the Seigneur de Busbecq, Georges Ghiselin, and his mistress Catherine Hespiel, although he was later legitimized. He grew up at Busbecq Castle (in present-day Bousbecque, Nord, France), studying in Wervik and Comines, which at the time were all part of Spanish West Flanders, a province of the Holy Roman Empire.

Busbecq's intellectual gifts led him to advanced studies at the Latin-language University of Leuven, where he registered in 1536 under the name Ogier Ghislain de Comines. From there, he went on to study at a number of well-known universities in northern Italy, including taking classes from Giovanni Battista Egnazio in Venice.

Like his father and grandfather, Busbecq chose a career of public service. He started work in the court of the later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I in approximately 1552. In 1554, he was sent to England for the marriage in Winchester of the English queen Mary Tudor to Philip II of Spain.

At the Ottoman court
In 1554 and again in 1556, Ferdinand named Busbecq ambassador to the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent. His task for much of the time he was in Constantinople was the negotiation of a border treaty between his employer (the future Holy Roman Emperor) and the Sultan over the disputed territory of Transylvania. He had no success in this mission while Rüstem Pasha was the Sultan's vizier, but ultimately reached an accord with his successor Semiz Ali Pasha.

During his stay in Constantinople, Busbecq wrote his best known work, the Turkish Letters, a compendium of personal correspondence to his friend, and fellow Hungarian diplomat, Nicholas Michault, in Flanders and some of the world's first travel literature. These letters, together with Melchior Lorck's woodprints describe his adventures in Ottoman politics and remain one of the principal primary sources for students of the 16th-century Ottoman court. He also wrote in enormous detail about the plant and animal life he encountered in Turkey. His letters also contain the only surviving word list of Crimean Gothic, a Germanic dialect spoken at the time in some isolated regions of Crimea.

Busbecq discovered an almost complete copy of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, an account of Roman emperor Augustus' life and accomplishments, at the Monumentum Ancyranum in Ancyra. He identified its origin from his reading of Suetonius and published a copy of parts of it in his Turkish Letters.

He was an avid collector, acquiring valuable manuscripts, rare coins and curios of various kinds. Among the best known of his discoveries was a 6th-century copy of Dioscorides' De Materia Medica, a compendium of medicinal herbs. The emperor purchased it after Busbecq's recommendation; the manuscript is now known as the Vienna Dioscorides. His passion for herbalism led him to send Turkish tulip bulbs to his friend Charles de l'Écluse, who acclimatized them to life in the Low Countries. He called them "tulip", mistaking the Turkish word for turban (tulipant) which was often decorated with the flower (known in Turkish as lale). Busbecq has also been credited with introducing the lilac to northern Europe (though this is debated) as well as the Angora goat.

Life after Turkey
He returned from Turkey in 1562 and became a counsellor at the court of Emperor Ferdinand in Vienna and tutor to his grandchildren, the sons of future Emperor Maximilian II. Busbecq ended his career as the guardian of Elisabeth of Austria, Maximilian's daughter and widow of French king Charles IX. He continued to serve the Austrian monarchy, observing the development of the French Wars of Religion on behalf of Rudolf II. Finally, in 1592 and nearing the end of his life, he chose to leave his residence in Mantes outside of Paris for his native West Flanders, but was assaulted and robbed by members of the Catholic League near Rouen. He died a few days later. His body is buried in the castle chapel at Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly near where he died, and his heart was embalmed and sent to the family tomb in Bousbecque.

title: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq


text:
President of Mongolia

The president of Mongolia is the executive head of state of Mongolia. The current president is Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh.

Political parties with representation in the State Great Khural nominate candidates. The president was originally limited to two four-year terms, but this was changed to a non-renewable six-year term starting with the 2021 presidential election. The president can be removed from office if two-thirds of the Khural find them guilty of abusing their powers or violating their oath. Before inauguration, however, the president-elect must suspend their membership of any political party.

Powers of the president

 * Nominating a candidate for the office of Prime Minister, who is then approved or rejected by the State Great Khural (parliament). This is a ceremonial responsibility, as the Khural will most likely reject any nominee who is not its own choice – in effect, the prime minister is appointed by the Khural.
 * Vetoing the Khural's legislation (can be overridden with a two-thirds majority)
 * Approving judicial appointments
 * Appointing the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Mongolia
 * Chairing the National Security Council of Mongolia
 * Acting as commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
 * Nominates the prosecutor general, the official in charge of implementing the laws, who is then approved or rejected by the Khural.
 * Provides guidelines for the activities of the Government.

Residences
Generally, Mongolian leaders have lived at the president's residence at the Ikh Tenger Complex (Их тэнгэр цогцолбор). The complex is a protected area in the Bogd Khan Mountain. The residence is located next to the mansions of the Speaker of Parliament and Prime Minister.

Winter Palace
In 2017, newly elected president Battulga said that he intended to live in the "Winter Palace" in central Ulaanbaatar, also known as the marshal's residence, in a departure from tradition. It is located in the heart of the capital between Peace Avenue and Seoul Street (next to the 1st School and the Russian Embassy). The two story-building was built in 1947 as the residence of Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan. It has two luxury rooms and five other rooms as well as 52-80 person capacity banqueting hall.

title: President of Mongolia


text:
Brazil at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Brazil competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 106 competitors, 91 men and 15 women, took part in 72 events in 14 sports. Brazilian athletes conquered gold medals again after 24 years, since the 1956 Summer Olympics. Brazil won two gold and two bronze medals in 1980.

Both the two gold medals were obtained in sailing and they were the first gold medals in the history of the sport. Lars Sigurd Bjorkström and Alexandre Welter were Olympic champions in Tornado class. Marcos Soares and Eduardo Penido won the gold medal in the 470 class.

Brazil won a medal in a relay event in swimming for the first time - the bronze in men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay.

The current world record holder and bronze medalist triple jumper João Carlos de Oliveira repeated the result in men's triple jump in a very controversial event. The Soviet Union's Jaak Uudmäe and Viktor Saneyev placed first and second, ahead of Oliveira. Both him and fourth place Australia's Ian Campbell produced long jumps, but they were declared fouls by the officials and not measured.

Archery
In its first Olympic archery competition, Brazil sent one woman and one man.
 * Men

 * Women

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

 * Women
 * Combined events – Pentathlon

Preliminary round
The top two teams from each group advance to the final round group, while the remaining teams compete for 8th through 12th places in the classification group. Hosts Soviet Union and the world champions Yugoslavia advanced undefeated to the final round. Meanwhile, qualification in Group C was closely contested between Italy, Cuba and Australia, which ended up being decided by a third tiebreaker in favor of the first two teams.

Final round
The first two places in the preliminary group compete for the gold medal, while the third and fourth places compete for the bronze. The remaining teams' group ranking determines their positions in the final standings. The host nation failed to compete for the gold in spite of finishing the preliminary round undefeated, due to losses against the other two group leaders Yugoslavia and especially Italy, since the result from that match served as tiebreaker, giving the latter a passport to the gold medal match. The Soviet Union then won the bronze against Spain. Yugoslavia earned their first and only gold medal in men's basketball at this Olympic Games. Results from Yugoslavia vs. Spain, Italy vs. Cuba and Soviet Union vs. Brazil were carried over from the preliminary round.

 * Team Roster:
 * André Ernesto Stoffel
 * Luiz Gustavo de Lage
 * José Carlos Santos Saiani
 * Milton Setrini
 * Wagner Machado da Silva
 * Marcos Abdalla Leite
 * Gilson Trindade de Jesus
 * Marcel Ramon de Souza
 * Adilson de Nascimento
 * Marcelo Vido
 * Oscar Schmidt
 * Ricardo Cardoso Guimarães

Boxing

 * Men

Cycling
Six cyclists represented Brazil in 1980.

Track

 * 1000m time trial
 * Pursuit

Diving

 * Men

Artistic

 * Men
 * Women

Judo

 * Men

Rowing

 * Men

Sailing

 * Open

Shooting

 * Open

Swimming

 * Men

5th place match
Team Roster
 * João Alves Granjeiro
 * Mario Xandó Oliveira Neto
 * Antonio Gueiros Badalhoca
 * José Montanaro
 * Antonio Carlos Moreno
 * Renan Dal Zotto
 * William Carvalho Silva
 * Amauri Ribeiro
 * Bernardo Rezende
 * Jean Luc Rosat
 * Deraldo Wanderley
 * Bernard Rajzman

7th place match
Team Roster
 * Denise Porto Mattioli
 * Ivonette Das Neves
 * Lenice Peluso Oliveira
 * Regina Vilela Santos
 * Fernanda Emerick Silva
 * Paula Hernandez Rodrigues Mello
 * Isabel Salgado
 * Eliana Maria Aleixo
 * Maria Castanheira
 * Jaqueline Silva
 * Vera Mossa
 * Rita de Cássia Teixeira

Weightlifting

 * Men

title: Brazil at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text:
Tiga (musician)

Tiga James Sontag (born 18 September 1974), known simply as Tiga, is a Canadian musician, DJ and record producer of electronic dance music. He has released three albums, Sexor, Ciao!, and No Fantasy Required. Sexor won the 2007 Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year. Tiga released a selection of compilations in the early 2000s, featuring mixes such as American Gigolo, DJ-Kicks: Tiga and, Mixed Emotions, which put him on the map as one of "the world's best mixers". His compilation mix, Tiga Non-Stop, was released in November 2012, and premiered Tiga's latest single "Plush". The mix also features tracks from artists such as Kindness, Duke Dumont and Blawan.

Tiga has remixed songs from The xx, LCD Soundsystem, The Kills, Cabaret Voltaire, Scissor Sisters, Peaches, Moby, Depeche Mode, Justice, Friendly Fires and Mylo. Along with Zombie Nation, Tiga is half of ZZT, and has released material as The Dove, Rainer Werner Bassfinder (with Jesper Dahlbäck), and TGV (with Mateo Murphy). He has also co-produced music with Soulwax, James Murphy, Chilly Gonzales, Jesper Dahlbäck, and Matthew Dear, who he worked with on "Plush".

As a solo artist, Tiga released "Sunglasses at Night" with Finnish producer Jori Hulkkonen. The single reached number 25 in the UK Dance Chart. Other successful chart singles include "Pleasure From the Bass", "You Gonna Want Me" featuring Jake Shears, and his 2009 release "Shoes", co-produced with Soulwax and Chilly Gonzales.

Tiga was the host of the BBC Radio 6 Music show My Name Is Tiga, and made his acting debut in the 2010 film Ivory Tower. The film won special mention at the Locarno International Film Festival.

Tiga hosts a podcast titled Last Party On Earth, Season 1 in 2019 featured guests Annie Mac, Pete Tong, Carl Cox.

Personal life
Tiga was born to hippie parents and spent part of his early life in Goa, India. He also attended Selwyn House School in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

1990s
In 1990 Tiga and a few friends started throwing small parties and street promotions in Montreal that evolved into a cult following. Having bought DNA records in 1994, the nightclub SONA was then conceived in Montreal in 1996, with Tiga having a major role to play in the creation of the dance scene at the time.

2000–2003
In 2001, Tiga entered the studio with producer Zyntherius to record a rendition of Corey Hart's solo song, "Sunglasses at Night." The track also made it to number two on the UK Dance Chart, number 23 on the UK National Singles Chart, number one on the MTV Dance Chart for over six weeks and was in the Top 20 on Germany's National Singles Chart. Tiga also performed "Sunglasses at Night" with Zyntherius on Top of the Pops.

Tiga completed remixes for the likes of Martini Bros, Alpinestars, Linda Lamb, Crossover, FC Kahuna, Cabaret Voltaire, Telepopmusik, Felix da Housecat, Fischerspooner and Dannii Minogue in the years that followed the success of "Sunglasses at Night." In 2003, he commanded the attention of the scene with a mix CD for K7's legendary DJ-Kicks series.

2006–2007
In 2006 Tiga released Sexor, Good As Gold/Flexible Skulls would go on to be featured in EA's Need For Speed Carbon, released October of that same year.

2008–2009: Ciao!
The release of Tiga's second album, Ciao! took place in 2009.

2010: Ivory Tower
In 2010, Tiga starred in Adam Traynor's Ivory Tower, along Chilly Gonzales and Peaches.

2011–2012: Party's Over, Earth
ZZT released their debut album, Party's Over, Earth on Turbo Recordings in 2011.

Tiga's 2013 song "Plush" (Jacques Lu Cont remix) and "Bugatti" is the radio station Soulwax FM and Los Santos Underground Radio featured in the best-selling video game Grand Theft Auto V.

 2016: No Fantasy Required

In 2016, Tiga released his third album No Fantasy Required on Ninja Tune.

Turbo Recordings
Tiga founded Turbo Recordings in Montreal in 1998. The label helped launch his own career, at the same time as being central in the success of acts such as Chromeo, Proxy and Azari & III. Other names on the label include Jesper Dahlbäck, Gingy & Bordello, Jori Hulkkonen, Duke Dumont, Brodinski, Zdar, D.I.M, Martini Bros, Stu Thousand VI, Boys Noize and Sei A.

Awards and nominations
Antville Music Video Awards

The Antville Music Video Awards are online awards for the best music video and music video directors of the year. They were first awarded in 2005.

 * 2005
 * "You Gonna Want Me"
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

D&AD Awards

Design and Art Direction (D&AD) is a British educational charity which exists to promote excellence in design and advertising.

 * 2015
 * "Bugatti"
 * Editing
 * Wood Pencil
 * Wood Pencil

DanceStar USA Awards

!Ref.
 * 2004
 * DJ Kicks
 * Best Compilation
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

International Dance Music Awards

The Winter Music Conference (WMC) is a weeklong electronic music conference, held every March since 1985 in Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is also known as the premiere platform for electronic dance music. The conference brings together professionals such as artists, DJs, record label representatives (A&R), producers, promoters, radio and the media for seminars and panel discussions. Thousands of attendees attend the Winter Music Conference each year.

 * 2010
 * "Shoes"
 * Best Electro Track
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3" | 2014
 * rowspan="2" | "Let's Go Dancing"
 * Best Tech House/Techno Track
 * Won
 * Best Underground Dance Track
 * Nominated
 * Himself
 * Best Techno/Tech House DJ
 * Nominated
 * 2015
 * "Bugatti"
 * Best Indie Dance Track
 * Nominated
 * 2016
 * "Dancing Again"
 * Best Tech House/Techno Track
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * 2016
 * "Dancing Again"
 * Best Tech House/Techno Track
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Juno Awards

The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music.

 * rowspan="1"| 2007 ||rowspan= "1"| Sexor || Dance Recording of the Year || Won
 * rowspan="1"| 2007 ||rowspan= "1"| Sexor || Dance Recording of the Year || Won

Music Video Production Awards

The MVPA Awards are annually presented by a Los Angeles-based music trade organization to honor the year's best music videos.

 * rowspan="2" | 2006
 * "You Gonna Want Me" (ft. Jake Shears)
 * rowspan="2" | Best Electronic Video
 * Nominated
 * "Far From Home"
 * Nominated
 * "Far From Home"
 * Nominated

Music Video Festival

!Ref.
 * 2015
 * "Bugatti"
 * Best International Video
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

UK Music Video Awards

The UK Music Video Awards is an annual award ceremony founded in 2008 to recognise creativity, technical excellence and innovation in music videos and moving images for music.

 * rowspan="1"| 2009 ||rowspan="1"| "Shoes" || rowspan="2" | Best Dance Video || Nominated
 * rowspan="4" | 2015 || rowspan="4" | "Bugatti" || Won
 * Best Art Direction & Design || Won
 * Best Styling || Nominated
 * Best Editing || Nominated
 * Best Art Direction & Design || Won
 * Best Styling || Nominated
 * Best Editing || Nominated
 * Best Editing || Nominated
 * Best Editing || Nominated

My Name Is Tiga
“My Name is Tiga" is the name of Tiga's BBC Radio 6 show that features unreleased exclusive music and classic dance tracks. Tiga's broadcasting career began with the 90s CKUT terrestrial radio show "The Tiga and Gnat Show."

Last Party On Earth
“Last Party On Earth" is the name of Tiga's podcast which launched in summer 2019 on Apple Music, Soundcloud and Spotify.

 * Episode 1: Kölsch
 * Episode 2: Gerd Janson
 * Episode 3: Annie Mac
 * Episode 4: Pete Tong
 * Episode 5: Carl Cox
 * Episode 6: Seth Troxler
 * Episode 7: Four Tet
 * Episode 8: Boys Noize
 * Episode 9: Erol Alkan
 * Episode 10: Miss Kittin
 * Episode 11: Benji B
 * Episode 12: Richard Russell
 * Episode 13: 2manydjs
 * Episode 14: Chilly Gonzales
 * Episode 15: Trevor Jackson
 * Episode 16: Nick Rhodes

Albums

 * Sexor (2006)
 * Ciao! (2009)
 * No Fantasy Required (2016)
 * L'Ecstasy (2023)

DJ mix compilations

 * Montreal Mix Sessions Vol. 1 (1998)
 * Mixed Emotions: Montreal Mix Sessions Vol. 5 (2000)
 * American Gigolo (2001)
 * DJ-Kicks: Tiga (2002)
 * INTHEMIX.05 (2005)
 * Tiga: Non Stop (2012)

Singles

 * "Sunglasses at Night" (2001), with Jori Hulkkonen, as Tiga & Zyntherius (UK #25)
 * "TGV EP" (2002), as TGV, with Mateo Murphy
 * "DJ-Kicks Promo" (2002), with Mateo Murphy
 * "Running out of Time EP" (2003), as TGV, with Mateo Murphy
 * "Hot in Herre" (2003), with Mateo Murphy and Jake Shears, (UK #46)
 * "Burning Down" (2003), with Richard X
 * "Pleasure from the Bass" (2004), with Jesper Dahlbäck, (UK #57)
 * "Louder than a Bomb" (2005), with Jesper Dahlbäck
 * "You Gonna Want Me" (2005), with Soulwax and Jake Shears, (UK No. 64, AUS #65 )
 * "Good as Gold" (2005), with Soulwax
 * "Far From Home" (2006), (UK No. 65, AUS #69 )
 * "3 Weeks" (2006), with remixes by Jesper Dahlbäck, Booka Shade and Troy Pierce
 * "Move My Body" (2006) including the original Only4Erol mix and a Boys Noize remix.
 * "Lower State of Consciousness" (2007) as ZZT with Zombie Nation, including Justice remix.
 * "Mind Dimension" (2008) (featuring special guest Jori Hulkkonen)
 * "The Worm" (2008), as ZZT with Zombie Nation
 * "Shoes" (2009) (featuring special guests Soulwax & Gonzales)
 * "What You Need" (2009)
 * "Beep Beep Beep" (2009)
 * "Sex 'O Clock" (2010)
 * "ZZafrika" (2010), as ZZT with Zombie Nation
 * "Hands Up" (2010), as Massimo Massivi with Jesper Dahlbäck
 * "Girl at a Party with Siren" (2011), as The Dove with Jesper Dahlbäck
 * "Vulkan Alarm!" (2011), as ZZT with Zombie Nation
 * "Partys Over Los Angeles" (2011), as ZZT with Zombie Nation
 * "Plush" (2012)
 * "Let's Go Dancing" (2013), with Audion
 * "Fever" (2014), with Audion
 * "Bugatti" (2014)
 * "Bugatti" (Remix featuring Pusha T) (2014)
 * "Don't Break My Heart" (2015)
 * "Planet E" (2016)
 * "Woke" (2017)
 * 'Stay Cool" (2018)
 * "HAL" with Kolsch (2018)
 * "Blessed EP Part 1" with The Martinez Brothers plus "Blessed / Cleopatra Remixes" featuring remixes from Virgil Abloh and Ricardo Villalobos (2018/2019)

Remixes

 * Bran Van 3000 – "Drinking in L.A." (Tiga, Mateo and Delage's Sinking in LA Dub)
 * Märtini Brös. – "Flash" (Tiga's Acid Flashback mix)
 * Komma 8 Komma 1 – "Popmusic" (TGV Vocal mix)
 * The Devils – "Come Alive" (Tiga Swears Lies Remix)
 * LCD Soundsystem – "Beat Connection" (Tiga Edit)
 * FC Kahuna – "Machine Says Yes" (Tiga's Unreleased Mix)
 * Felix Da Housecat featuring Miss Kittin – "Madame Hollywood" (Tiga's Mister Hollywood Version)
 * FPU – "Ocean Drive" (Tiga's White Linen Vox)
 * Cabaret Voltaire – "Nag Nag Nag" (Tiga & Zyntherius Radio mix)
 * Alpinestars – "Snow Patrol" (Tiga TGV Disco Patrol dub)
 * Dannii Minogue – "Put The Needle On It" (Tiga's Cookies Dub Edit)
 * Linda Lamb – "Hot Room" (Tiga remix)
 * FPU – "Race Car" (TGV Join The Race Remix) / (TGV Dub)
 * Alexkid – "Come With Me" (Tiga vs Etoy Acideathravefuckinglive mix)
 * Scissor Sisters – "Comfortably Numb" (Tiga remix) / (Tiga Dub)
 * Märtini Brös. – "Flash" (Tiga's Unholy Trinity Mix)
 * Télépopmusik – "Breathe" (TGV Remix)
 * The Neon Judgement – "TV Treated" (Tiga's Recovered Vox) / (Tiga's Dub for Ivan)
 * Crossover – "Phostographt" (Tiga's Revenge)
 * Märtini Brös. – "Big and Dirty" (Tiga Remix)
 * Peaches – "Shake Yer Dix" (Tiga's Where Were You in '92 Remix) / (Tiga's Where Were You in '92 Instrumental mix)
 * Seelenluft – "I Can See Clearly Now" (Tiga Remix)
 * Drama Society feat. Turner – "Crying Hero" (Tiga Remix)
 * Junior Jack feat. Robert Smith – "Da Hype" (Tiga remix)
 * Drinking Electricity – "Breakout" (Tiga edit)
 * La Oreja de Van Gogh – "Bonustrack" (Tiga's Vocal Mix)
 * Soulwax – "E Talking" (Tiga's Disco Drama remix)
 * Tomas Andersson – "Washing Up" (Tiga's Na Na Na Na Na Remix)
 * Zdar – "Don't U Want" (Tiga remix)
 * LCD Soundsystem – "Tribulations" (Tiga's Out of the Trance Closet mix)
 * The Kills – "The Good Ones" (Tiga Remix)
 * Mylo – "Muscle Car" (Tiga remix)
 * Depeche Mode – "Shake The Disease" (Tiga Remix)
 * Moby – "Where You End" (Tiga's All That I Need Is To Be Sampled mix) / (Tiga's All That I Need Is To Be Dubbed mix)
 * Depeche Mode – "Suffer Well" (Tiga Remix)
 * Pet Shop Boys – "Minimal" (Tiga's M-I-N-I-M-A-L Remix) / (Tiga's M-I-N-I-M-A-L Dub)
 * Coldcut ft. Robert Owens – "Walk A Mile In My Shoes" (Tiga Mix)
 * The Killers – "Bones'' (Tiga Mix)
 * Alter Ego – "Gary" (Tiga's Italia 90 Mix)
 * Fever Ray – "Triangle Walks" (Tiga's 1-2-3-4 Remix)
 * Miike Snow – "Black & Blue" (Tiga Remix)
 * The Prodigy – "Thunder" (Tiga Remix)
 * Boys Noize – "Transmission" (Tiga Remix)
 * Jamie Lidell – "I Wanna Be Your Telephone" (Tiga's Party Like It's 1990 Remix)
 * The xx – "Shelter" (Tiga Remix)
 * LCD Soundsystem – "I Can Change" (Tiga Remix)
 * Friendly Fires – "Blue Cassette" (Tiga Remix)
 * Azari & III – "Reckless (With Your Love)" (Tiga Remix)
 * Footprintz – "Dangers of the Mouth" (Tiga Remix)
 * Justice – "Canon" (Tiga Remix)
 * Iggy Azalea – "Black Widow (feat. Rita Ora)" (Tiga Remix)
 * Disclosure – "Magnets (feat. Lorde)" (Tiga Remix)

title: Tiga (musician)


text:
Ned Irish

Edward S. Irish (May 6, 1905 – January 21, 1982) was an American basketball promoter and one of the key figures in popularizing professional basketball. He was the founder and president of the New York Knicks from 1946 to 1974. He was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1964. Carey Elwes portrayed him in the 2023 movie Sweetwater.

Early life and career
Irish was born in Lake George, New York. His father died when he was three years old and his mother, a nurse, moved with him to Brooklyn, where he attended Erasmus Hall High School. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1928 and began working as a sports journalist for the New York World-Telegram. To supplement his income, in 1930 he began working in public relations for the New York Giants football team. That job led him to run the National Football League's information bureau during the 1930s.

Basketball
While at the World-Telegram, Irish covered basketball games in the small 500–1,000 seat gymnasiums of the day. He often told a story of covering a game at Manhattan College where the crowd so overwhelmed the tiny gym that he had to climb in through a window, tearing the pants of the best suit he owned. Whether the story was true or not, he told it often and it became associated with his drive to expand the game of basketball to meet the appetite of fans for it.

In 1934 he left the newspaper business to promote basketball games at Madison Square Garden. As this was during the Great Depression and the venue was often going unused, Irish was able to book events without putting up his own money so long as attendance at least covered the nightly rent. His first event, NYU against Notre Dame, earned him more money than he made in six months as a sportswriter.

As the Madison Square Garden games became popular showcases and most major college teams were eager to be booked, Irish was able to insist on terms favorable to him. His promotions of college matchups were important to growing the popularity of basketball at a time before there was an established professional league. In the fallout of the 1951 CCNY point-shaving scandal, which was centered at Madison Square Garden, New York City District Attorney Frank Hogan issued a report saying "the blatant commercialism which had permeated college basketball" was an underlying cause. Irish denied any responsibility and claimed Hogan was seeking publicity.

In 1946, Irish was one of the 11 founders of the Basketball Association of America, which merged with the National Basketball League three years later to become the National Basketball Association (the modern NBA). Irish successfully vied to get the franchise over Max Kase on the strength of his ties to Madison Square Garden. He insisted that home teams keep their own admissions revenue, which was advantageous to teams in major markets such as the Knicks. Irish made more money off college basketball promotions into the 1950s, and referred to the Knicks as a "tax write-off".

To get his way in negotiations against other teams, Irish would threaten to fold the Knicks, which in the early days would have been devastating to small-market teams. This became a less credible threat by the 1960s, when the Knicks were very profitable for Madison Square Garden. When the American Basketball Association was competing against the NBA in the late 1960s, he was an early advocate for merger, arguing that teams in rival leagues bidding for players would lead to contracts that couldn't be sustained by team revenues. The leagues merged in 1976.

Irish served as president of the Knicks from 1946 until 1974. He was mostly known as a hands-off president, as his skills lay in promotion rather than technical knowledge of the game. After initial coach Joe Lapchick left, Irish did take a more direct role but the team struggled. After Red Holzman became coach, Irish took a less active role again. Knicks analyst Alan Hahn wrote that Irish was not "beloved" and was known as cold and unapproachable.

Legacy
Irish was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1964.

title: Ned Irish