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User talk:Yellowmellow45

User talk:Yellowmellow45/ archive 1

Yachting at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Thank you for the photo of the venue, it's nice! :) Cmapm 17:47, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Argumentum ad baculum
It was my (almost) first contribution. Forgive me being biased or injust. You're absolutely right, neutrality is best, specially when the article is in fact about logic!

Isilanes 10:54, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Lol. Yes, it is better to keep it that way. Dave 10:56, 19 June 2006 (UTC

Karlovac
Why you reverting my edits in Karlovac article? I saw other articles about cities on Wikipedia and names in other languages there are writen either in the first sentence either in the separate section for them. The point is that Karlovac do not have significant ethnic German and Hungarian populations, hence names in these languages are today very rarely used (if they are used at all). The first sentence of the article should have data about other, more important things, but these names are not so important to be exactly in the first sentence. If somebody want to know thwm, he can find them in the "Name" section as well. -Jozo-

Location Maps
On the WikiProject Countries talk page, you had either explictly declared a general interest in the project, or had participated at a discussion that appears related to Location Maps for European countries. New maps had been created by David Liuzzo, and are available for the countries of the European continent, and for countries of the European Union exist in two versions. From November 16, 2006 till January 31, 2007, a poll had tried to find a consensus for usage of 'old' or of which and where 'new' version maps. At its closing, 25 people had spoken in favor of either of the two presented usages of new versions but neither version had reached a consensus (12 and 13), and 18 had preferred old maps. As this outcome cannot justify reverting of new maps that had become used for some countries, seconds before February 5, 2007 a survey started that will be closed at February 20, 2007 23:59:59. It should establish whether the new style maps may be applied as soon as some might become available for countries outside the European continent (or such to depend on future discussions), and also which new version should be applied for which countries. Please note that since January 1, 2007 all new maps became updated by David Liuzzo (including a world locator, enlarged cut-out for small countries) and as of February 4, 2007 the restricted licence that had jeopardized their availability on Wikimedia Commons, became more free. The subsections on the talk page that had shown David Liuzzo's original maps, now show his most recent design. Please read the discussion (also in other sections α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η, θ) and in particular the arguments offered by the forementioned poll, while realizing some comments to have been made prior to updating the maps, and all prior to modifying the licences, before carefully reading the '''presentation of the currently open survey. You are invited''' to only then finally make up your mind and vote for only one option. There mustnot be 'oppose' votes; if none of the options would be appreciated, you could vote for the option you might with some effort find least difficult to live with - rather like elections only allowing to vote for one of several candidates. Obviously, you are most welcome to leave a brief argumentation with your vote. Kind regards. — SomeHuman 7 Feb2007 20:44 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Miguel Krassnoff
Hello, Yellowmellow45. I wanted to let you know that I’m proposing an article that you started, Miguel Krassnoff, for deletion because it's a biography of a living person that lacks references. If you don't want Miguel Krassnoff to be deleted, please add a reference to the article.

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title: User talk:Yellowmellow45


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Latticed heath

The latticed heath (Chiasmia clathrata) is a moth of the family Geometridae, belonging to the subfamily Ennominae, placed in the tribe Macariini. The genus was erected by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

Taxonomy
The current placement of the latticed heath in the genus Chiasmia follows from the revision by Malcolm J. Scoble (2002) of the tribe Macariini, when he showed that true Semiothisa species were restricted to the Americas. There are a number of described subspecies. Molecular work has confirmed the placement of the species within Chiasmia.

Subspecies
Subspecies include:
 * Chiasmia clathrata clathrata (Linné)
 * Chiasmia clathrata centralasiae (Krulikowski, 1911)
 * Chiasmia clathrata djakonovi (Kardakoff, 1928)
 * Chiasmia clathrata kurilata (Bryk, 1942)

Distribution and habitat
This species can be found throughout Europe, the Near East, North Africa, and east through Russia, Siberia, Amur River, northern Iran, Kazakhstan, China, Korea to Japan. It is a fairly common species in the British Isles. These moths inhabit a range of open areas, including grassland, moorland, and waste ground.

Adult
Chiasmia clathrata has a wingspan of 20–25 mm. In this rather variable species the background colour of the wings varies from yellowish to white, with a network of brown lines (hence its common name). These lines vary in thickness and sometimes the wings are almost entirely dark brown.

Larva
The final instar larva is pale green with white lines, including a strong lateral line and thin dorsal lines along the body. Abdominal segments A1 through A5 have a strong white line across the rear end of each segment that ends just above the lateral line.

Ecology
In the British Isles there are one or two generations annually, with adults seen at any time from May to September. These moths are diurnal but they can also be observed at night where they are attracted to artificial light. Larvae feed on bedstraws (Galium mollugo, Galium verum) and various legumes such as clovers (Trifolium medium, Trifolium pratense), trefoils, lucerne (Medicago sativa) and meadow vetchling, primarily in June and July and from mid-August through September, though in Ireland and northern Britain larvae occur in July and August. The species overwinters as a pupa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Latticed heath


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Dawit Yifru

Dawit Yifru (born 1952) is an Ethiopian keyboardist and music arranger.

Dawit is the founding member and Chairman of the Board of the Ethiopian Musicians Association. The association was established in the early 2000s in order to help pass the country's first copyright law.

He is primarily known for his long tenure performing with Roha Band, which had dominated contemporary Ethiopian music in the early 1980s and 1990s. He has also worked with other bands including Dahelak.

title: Dawit Yifru


text: User talk:216.11.209.13

title: User talk:216.11.209.13


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University of Virginia School of Education and Human Development

The University of Virginia School of Education and Human Development is a public school of education in the United States in Charlottesville, Virginia. The School of Education and Human Development offers professional programs designed to prepare individuals for a variety of careers related to the practice of education. The current Dean of the School of Education and Human Development is Stephanie J. Rowley.

History
The School of Education and Human Development, founded with two professorships in 1905, was endowed by gifts of $100,000 from John D. Rockefeller and $50,000 from the State General Education Fund. The school was originally named for Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry. Curry, a proponent of segregated public schools, was a White supremacist who supported enslavement of Black people and secession of the South from the United States. The University of Virginia Board of Visitors voted to drop Curry's name in 2020 because he was a "slaveholder, Confederate leader and opposed integrated schools."

In 1919, the school was placed upon a professional basis similar to that of the schools of law, medicine, and engineering. In 1950, a graduate division was established, offering the degrees of master of education and doctor of education. An Education Specialist degree was approved and initiated in 1974. The school continues to function as a department of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, offering the Master of Arts in Teaching and Doctor of Philosophy degrees.

In 1968, the School of Education and Human Development entered a period of rapid growth. By the mid 1970s, the faculty had increased to approximately 120 members, and there are now more than 20 specialized programs.

Curriculum
The school offers several programs to students. A five-year Teacher Education program includes both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in Teaching. Graduate programs include degrees in Master of Education, Education Specialist, Doctor of Education and Doctor of Philosophy. The undergraduate programs include Communication Disorders and Sports Medicine.

The School of Education and Human Development is organized into three areas of academic study.

• Human Services: Prepares individuals for professional careers in human development and clinical services (i.e., clinical and school psychology, counselor education, communication disorders, kinesiology, and risk and prevention in education sciences).

• Curriculum, Instruction and Special Education: Prepares students for teaching positions, pre-kindergarten through grade twelve, or for work as researchers and teacher educators working in higher education.

• Leadership, Foundations and Policy: Prepares students for leadership roles in administration, foundations of education, and educational policies.

The five-year teacher education program is sponsored jointly with the University of Virginia College of Arts and Sciences. The program leads to the simultaneous receipt of both a bachelor of arts degree from the College and master of teaching degree of the School of Education and Human Development. Students meeting all requirements are then certified to teach on the elementary or secondary level. Students wishing to pursue careers as teachers major in an academic discipline in the College and simultaneously begin professional courses leading to teacher certification.

Students apply to the School of Education and Human Development in their first or second year in the College. Throughout the teacher preparation program, they participate in clinical experiences, including observation, tutoring, and small- and large-group instruction.

Programs leading to teacher certification include specializations in early childhood, developmental risk, elementary education, secondary education, physical education, and special education. For secondary teachers, specializations are available in English, foreign languages, mathematics, sciences, and social studies.

Two additional programs areas are designed for students interested in pursuing human service careers related to communication disorders and physical education/sports medicine. These programs require that students transfer into the School of Education and Human Development and are designed to conclude after four years so that students may pursue additional graduate study. In communication disorders, the program provides pre-professional training in audiology and speech-language pathology. The program in sports medicine is a pre-physical therapy and pre-athletic training program. These programs provide the necessary academic and practical work for the four-year B.S.Ed. degree and for application to graduate programs in the related specialties.

Facilities and Centers
The majority of facilities, offices, and classes through the UVA School of Education and Human Development are held in Ridley Hall, which includes its own education library. Centers at the School of Education and Human Development include the following:

 * Center for the Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning
 * Center for Academic Diversity and Excellence
 * Center for the Study of Higher Education
 * Center for Technology and Teacher Education
 * Central VA Writing Project
 * Darden-School of Education Partnership for Leaders in Education
 * McGuffey Reading Center (Reading First and Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening)
 * Saturday and Summer Enrichment Program
 * Teachers for a New Era
 * Virginia Youth Violence Project
 * Young Women Leaders Program
 * Young Writers Workshop
 * Youth-Nex, The University of Virginia Center to Promote Effective Youth Development

Rankings
In 2005, the U.S. News & World Report ranked a number of the School of Education and Human Development's graduate programs in education as some of the highest in the country, with Special Education ranked #5, Secondary Education ranked #7, and Educational Policy ranked #18. In their 2007 edition, the School of Education and Human Development was ranked #19 when compared with other national schools of education.

In 2002 the School was selected by the Carnegie Corporation as having one of the top teacher education programs in the country. The University of Virginia received a five-year, $5 million, Teachers for a New Era grant to develop new models in teacher education.

A 2006 report by Arthur Levine named the School among four "distinctive university-based teacher education programs that are exemplars in the field."


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Greencastle, County Donegal

Greencastle is a commercial fishing port located in the north-east of the Inishowen Peninsula on the north coast of County Donegal in Ulster, Ireland. The port is on the western shores of Lough Foyle. Nowadays, given the decline in the fishing industry, it resembles more closely a 'typical' Donegal holiday village. It is located a few miles from Moville and is about 20 miles from Derry.

Greencastle's name comes from the castle in the area, which, in turn, may have derived its name from the green freestone with which it was built. The castle, originally built by the Anglo-Normans, is also known as Northburgh Castle.

The port was the fastest growing urban area in County Donegal between the 2016 and 2022 census, with a population increase of 52.6% from 831 to 1,268.

History
The first proper pier was built in 1813 and has been added to several times since. Today, as well as being a tie-up for trawlers and inshore fishing boats and the home of the Greencastle Fishermen's Co-Op, the Foyle Fishermen's Co-Op and Fresco Seafoods, the pier also has a very different "catch". Visitors disembark from the Magilligan-Greencastle ferry which was inaugurated in 2002. The official website advertises the fact that this saves 78 km (or 49 miles) of driving, which would be through Derry. The Lough Foyle Ferry Company has also recently (2004) begun a Lough Swilly ferry service that runs between Buncrana and Rathmullan seasonally. The pier also contains a newly built pilot office to replace the decommissioned pilot office at Carrickarory Pier.

Greencastle is also one of the disembarkation ports for cruise ships visiting Derry. Due to the tidal nature of the Foyle Estuary, it is sometimes too shallow for cruise ships to make their way to Lisahally docks in Derry. Stopping at Greencastle also saves 5 hours sailing round trip. However, passengers are required to disembark using tenders as, unlike Lisahally docks, the Greencastle pier was not designed to allow a cruise ship to dock.

The castle at Greencastle has been linked with the castle in the background of the Derry crest.

The castle was built in 1305 to provide a base for Anglo-Norman power in the North West. This building was named "Northburg". There is a more modern Martello Fort beside the Norman ruin. This was built by the British to stop Napoleon invading circa 1800.

The National Fisheries College (NFC) is located in Greencastle. The NFC recently completed a €1.1 million extension funded under the INTERREG 11 Initiative, thus providing better facilities including a realistic simulator bridge deck.

In 2011, it was rumoured (against a backdrop in which a private company was seeking to establish a private marina in the public harbour) that visiting yachts had been turned away during a storm. A subsequent Garda investigation found that these accusations had no foundation.

Notable people

 * William FitzSimons (1870-1926) - Australian politician who was born in Greencastle.
 * Brian Friel (1929-2015) - Playwright who lived in Greencastle from 1982 until his death in 2015.
 * Mark Farren (1982-2016) - Derry City player.
 * Saoirse-Monica Jackson (born 1993) - actress who was raised in Greencastle, where her parents ran a pub.
 * Roma McLaughlin (born 1998), footballer for the Republic of Ireland national team.

title: Greencastle, County Donegal


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Clementine Hall

The Clementine Hall, called the Sala Clementina (The Clementine Salon) is a hall of the Apostolic Palace near St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. It was established in the 16th century by Pope Clement VIII in honor of Pope Clement I, the third successor of St. Peter. The Clementine Hall is covered in Renaissance frescoes and valuable works of art. It is used by the pope as a reception room and in some cases, site of various ceremonies and rituals. The Clementine Hall is the chamber in which the body of the pope lies for private visitation by officials of the Vatican upon death, like that most recently of the funeral of Pope John Paul II. The pope's body is then traditionally moved from the Clementine Hall and ceremonially carried across St. Peter's Square to St. Peter's Basilica or the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano.

Frescos
Over the doors appears the fresco "The Martyrdom of St. Clement" by the Dutch painter Paul Bril. On the opposite wall appear the frescos "The Baptism of St. Clement" by Italian painters Cherubino Alberti and Baldassare Croce, and an "Allegory of Art and Science" by Giovanni and Cherubino Alberti. The frieze on the side walls depict allegories of the cardinal virtues by Alberti and Croce and the theological virtues, on the opposite wall, by the same artists. On the ceiling is “The Apotheosis of St. Clement" by Giovanni Alberti.

title: Clementine Hall


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Big Week

Operation Argument, after the war dubbed Big Week, was a sequence of raids by the United States Army Air Forces and RAF Bomber Command from 20 to 25 February 1944, as part of the Combined Bomber Offensive against Nazi Germany. The objective of Operation Argument was to destroy aircraft factories in central and southern Germany in order to defeat the Luftwaffe before the Normandy landings during Operation Overlord were to take place later in 1944.

The joint daylight bombing campaign was also supported by RAF Bomber Command operating against the same targets at night. Arthur "Bomber" Harris resisted contributing RAF Bomber Command so as not to dilute the British "area bombing" offensive against Berlin. It took an order from Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal, Chief of the Air Staff, to force Harris to comply.

RAF Fighter Command also provided escort for USAAF bomber formations, just at the time that the Eighth Air Force had started introducing the improved long range P-51 Mustang fighter which gave the USAAF bomber forces more cover deeper into Germany, to take over the role. The offensive overlapped the German Operation Steinbock, the Baby Blitz, which lasted from January to May 1944.

Background
In the summer of 1943, the Luftwaffe had about 2,200 fighters available on average, and several bombing raids by the USAAF and RAF were repeatedly interrupted by 500 German fighters or more. Allied intelligence also indicated that the German aircraft industry was capable of producing about 2,000–3,000 planes per month, so the need to diminish the enemy's manufacturing potential soon was evident. Therefore, massive Allied air raids on German industrial areas had been conducted throughout 1943, but to little effect; the results were far lower than the expectations. German industrial complexes of multiple major factories (such as in Leipzig, Wiener Neustadt, and Regensburg) proved difficult to thoroughly destroy, easy to repair, and the logistics of transporting materials between factories were almost impossible to effectively disrupt.

Prior to Big Week, throughout 1943, the US 8th Air Force had been growing in size and experience and started pressing attacks deeper into Germany. It was originally believed that the defensive firepower of the ten or more .50 caliber machine guns on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers would allow them to defend themselves as long as they remained arranged into tight formations, allowing for overlapping fire. Throughout 1942 the concept seemed solid enough, as the loss rate had been under 2%. However, the Luftwaffe reacted by sending more planes armed with heavier weaponry to oppose the raids, with increasing success, as evidenced by the example of the two Schweinfurt-Regensburg missions.

On 17 August 1943, 230 USAAF bombers launched a mission against the ball bearing factories in Schweinfurt and another 146 against the aircraft factories in Regensburg. Of this force, 60 aircraft were lost before returning to base and another 87 had to be scrapped due to irreparable damage. The Germans claimed 27 fighters lost, serious enough, but small in comparison to the losses on the part of the US forces. The Second Raid on Schweinfurt on 14 October 1943, remembered as "Black Thursday" while October 1943 as a whole as a "black month"), proved even more bloody; of the 291 aircraft on the mission, 60 were lost, with a further 17 damaged beyond repair. The self-defence concept appeared flawed enough, and losses among the bombers deemed unsustainable: daylight missions into Germany were canceled in order to rebuild the forces and find new tactics to fend off German fighters.

The raids were extensively studied by both sides. The Germans concluded that their tactic of deploying twin-engine heavy fighter designs, with heavy armament to make them usable as bomber destroyers and serving primarily with the Zerstörergeschwader combat wings, was working well. Over the winter of 1943–44 they continued this program, adding to their heavy fighter ranks and developing heavier armaments for all of their aircraft. Both sides observed that US fighters did a good job at protecting bombers and destroying German fighters; the Germans responded by pulling almost all of their fighter forces back into Germany itself, to attack US bombers where US fighters could not support the bombers due to lack of range. The Americans concluded they needed long range escort fighters, and examined all aircraft they had that could fit the role. As early as July 1943 the North American P-51 Mustang appeared the most promising, thanks to its range, high altitude performance, and reliability. Over the winter they re-equipped many of their fighter squadrons as more Mustangs arrived and modifications allowed existing fighters to have a longer range. The Eighth Air Force was increasing in size as more complete bombardment and fighter groups arrived from the US. The Luftwaffe was increasing in size but the quality of training of their pilots was less than that of the new American units.

By early 1944, both forces had laid their plans and were waiting to put them into action. The US, confident in a fighter advantage, planned missions that would demand a German response. They decided to make massive raids on the German fighter factories. If the Germans chose not to respond, they would be at risk of losing the air war without firing a shot; if they did respond, they would meet the new long-range fighters in the process. The Germans needed no provocation: they were ready to meet a raid with their new forces. However, the increased weight of armaments in their fighters reduced performance, making them easy targets for the new and unexpected Mustangs.

Planning
The goal of Operation Argument was to destroy aircraft factories in central and southern Germany in order to destroy the German aircraft industry as a whole. This would then allow Allied air superiority over the Luftwaffe to be achieved, which was considered absolutely critical in advance of the upcoming invasion of Northern France.

Strategy
Brinkhuis (1984) contended that the operation's target was attacking Germany's aircraft industry, 'going back to a plan that had already been made in October 1943. This plan, operation Argument, was the biggest Allied air action so far. The ambitious enterprise had the total destruction of the German aircraft industry as its goal.' 'The manufacture of these [fighters, such as Messerschmitt 109, 110, and the Focke-Wulf 190], saw such a steep rise that the USAAF and RAF had good reason to fear that the defense of Hitler's Festung Europa with all these aircraft would lead to a horrible massacre amongst Allied flight crews. Therefore, the primary goal of the Allied airforce became the destruction of the factories producing these aircraft.' Planners estimated that the Allies would lose between 7% and 18% of their aircraft every day. In order to achieve the objective, U.S. commander Frederick L. Anderson was prepared to sacrifice three quarters of all planes and crew (meaning 736 bombers, from a total of 981 bombers). The Allies proceeded to gather intelligence on all parts of German industry involved in producing parts, engines, wings and airframes, as well as assembling factories. However, operational success was foreseen to heavily depend on several consecutive days of good weather, meaning ideal cloud covers between about 600 and 4,000 metres above England, but no clouds above the target areas in Germany. As such a situation was extremely rare, leadership decided to launch the campaign anyway as soon as the forecast showed the smallest signs of acceptable flying weather.

Similarly, Van Esch (2012) analysed the Allied strategy from the perspective of the Casablanca directive of 21 January 1943, according to which the Allied bombers' "Primary object will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial, and economic system, and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened" with "The German aircraft industry" being the second of the six primary of objectives, after "German submarine construction yards." The idea was that disrupting the German aircraft production capacity was the best way to reduce German aerial combat potential.

On the other hand, according to McFarland & Newton (1991), Big Week was not primarily a bombing campaign, but a campaign designed to kill Luftwaffe fighters. Two tactical factors made this difficult. First, Luftwaffe fighters avoided Allied fighters and would simply ignore the fighter sweeps. Thus, the Allies could not entice the Luftwaffe fighters to engage. Second, during escort missions, Allied fighters remained in close escort formation with bombers. This tactic limited bomber casualties but it also reduced Allied pursuit and destruction of Luftwaffe fighters. Recognizing these problems, Major General Jimmy Doolittle, commander of Eighth Air Force from the end of 1943, ordered bombing missions of key aircraft factories that the Luftwaffe could not ignore. In addition, the mission of the Allied fighters was altered in emphasis – rather than protection of the bombers, it was attack the Luftwaffe fighters. In effect, the primary purpose of the bombing missions was to bring up the Luftwaffe and the real role of the Allied bombers was to be used and sacrificed as bait. Van Esch (2012) stated: 'However, also to the surprise of Allied analysts, German aircraft industries were still able to increase production of fighter aircraft, even after three years of strategic bombing. In this war of attrition, the number of trained and experienced pilots proved the most decisive factor, though, rather than the availability of fighter aircraft.'

Allied order of battle
As of 22 February 1944 under the United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe commanded by Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz, the U.S. Eighth Air Force – Major General James H. Doolittle, and Major General Frederick Lewis Anderson
 * 2nd Bombardment Division
 * 20th Combat Bombardment Wing
 * 93d Bombardment Group
 * 446th Bombardment Group
 * 448th Bombardment Group
 * 14th Combat Bombardment Wing (second wave)
 * 44th Bombardment Group
 * 392nd Bombardment Group
 * 2nd Combat Bombardment Wing (third wave)
 * 389th Bombardment Group
 * 445th Bombardment Group
 * 453rd Bombardment Group
 * 3rd Bombardment Division – Major General Curtis LeMay
 * 333 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers

There were 981 bomber aircraft available for Operation Argument in total. The B-24 Liberator usually had a crew of ten men, sometimes with an extra navigator. Each bombardment group usually consisted of three squadrons with a total of 36 bombers.

Operations
The Americans flew continuously escorted missions against airframe manufacturing and assembly plants and other targets in numerous German cities including: Leipzig, Brunswick, Gotha, Regensburg, Schweinfurt, Augsburg, Stuttgart and Steyr. In six days, the Eighth Air Force bombers based in England flew more than 3,000 sorties and the Fifteenth Air Force based in Italy more than 500. Together they dropped roughly 10,000 tons of bombs.

Big Week opened with the RAF night attack on Leipzig. Apart from the destruction caused, the German anti-aircraft defenses would still be suffering from fatigue the following day when the USAAF hit.

RAF bomber sorties
RAF Bomber Command directly contributed to the attacks on the aircraft industry in Schweinfurt. Some 734 bombers were dispatched on the night of 24/25 February, and 695 reported they struck the target. However, analysis of the photographs taken during the raid showed that only 298 of the aircraft dropped their bombs within three miles of the aiming point. Of these, only 22 hit inside the target area; that is, they came down within the boundaries of the built-up districts of the city. Little damage was done due to creepback: marker aircraft dropped markers short, and bombers dropped their payload at the first markers seen rather than at the center of the markers.

On 25/26 February 1944, Bomber Command sent almost 600 aircraft to the aircraft assembly plant at Augsburg. This time, the markers were dropped accurately, the attack was accurate and destroyed about 60 percent of the industrial city.

Allied losses
During Big Week, the Eighth Air Force lost 97 B-17s, 40 B-24s and another 20 scrapped due to damage. The operational strength of the Eighth Air Force bomber units had dropped from 75 percent at the start of the week to 54 percent, and its fighter units strength had dropped from 72 percent of establishment strength to 65 percent. The Fifteenth Air Force lost 14.6 percent (90 bombers) of establishment strength, and RAF Bomber Command lost 131 bombers (5.7 percent) during Big Week. Although these numbers are high in absolute terms, the numbers of bombers involved in the missions were much higher than previously, and the losses represented a much smaller percentage of the attacking force. The earlier Schweinfurt missions had cost the force nearly 30 percent of their aircraft per mission.

German losses
German losses were 262 fighters, 250 aircrew killed or injured, including nearly 100 pilots killed in action. US aircrews claimed more than 500 German fighters destroyed, though the numbers were exaggerated by 40% compared with actual numbers. The Luftwaffe losses were high amongst their twin-engined Zerstörer units, and the Bf 110 and Me 410 groups were severely depleted. More worrying for the Jagdwaffe (fighter force) than the loss of 355 aircraft was the loss of nearly 100 pilots (14 percent) who had been killed. In contrast to the raids of the previous year, the US losses were replaceable, while the Germans were already hard pressed due to the war in the East. Although not fatal, Big Week was an extremely worrying development for the Germans. The lack of skilled pilots due to an attrition in the three-front war was the factor eroding the capability of the Jagdwaffe. According to McFarland & Newton (1991), the purported Allied strategy of sacrificing bombers in order to lure and kill Luftwaffe fighters was very effective. Freed of close bomber escort duty, Allied fighters, particularly the P-51s, inflicted severe losses on the Luftwaffe. German aircraft and pilot losses could not be sufficiently replaced. As a result, the Allies achieved air superiority by the time of the D-Day invasion.

Bombing results
The damage to the German aircraft industry was fairly limited. During 1944, German fighter aircraft production continued to increase, and actually peaked, by dispersing production and reducing the production of other aircraft types.
 * 20 February: The 3rd Bombardment Division failed to reach its target, the Tutow complex, due to long-hanging clouds. It attacked its secondary target Rostock instead. The 1st and 2nd Bombardment Divisions also failed to find their objectives, and bombed other places instead.
 * 21 February: None of the 924 bombers who had departed hit their original targets, but diverted to other targets instead.
 * 22 February: 252 B-24s were readied for combat, but due to various formation problems, only 177 took off, and only 74 saw combat action. During formation, several accidents occurred resulting in crashes and the deaths of dozens of crew members. Because of this, and the fact that low-hanging clouds were reported across central Germany, none of the 333 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers of the 3rd Bombardment Division reached their targets, as all of them were recalled early to prevent disaster. The remaining B-24s received the order to return to England much later, and efforts to turn the formation around caused chaos and fragmenting; on the way back to base, they looked for targets of opportunity, and eventually the Dutch cities of Nijmegen, Arnhem, Deventer and Enschede were selected and attacked. Approximately 880 civilians were killed in the disorderly Bombing of Nijmegen, while the actual target of opportunity, Nijmegen railway station (used for German arms transport), was barely damaged. In Enschede, 40 civilians were killed, 41 were injured, and hundreds of homes destroyed, causing 700 civilians to become homeless; the likely target of opportunity, in the middle of a residential area, was a small factory producing components for German missiles. In Arnhem, 57 civilians were killed and 86 homes destroyed, affecting 464 families in the residential areas of Rijnwijk and Malburgen; the target of opportunity was the Arnhem Rubber Factory (Arufa) on industrial terrain Het Broek, whose production capacity was largely in service of the German war effort.
 * 23 February: All operations were suspended due to bad weather and for investigating operational failures during the previous day, especially the Bombing of Nijmegen.
 * 24/25 February: RAF conducted an attack on the aircraft industry in Schweinfurt, doing little damage.
 * 25/26 February 1944: RAF carried out an accurate attack on Augsburg, destroying some 60 percent of the industrial city.

Aftermath
Although the Allied goal of achieving air superiority was furthered, the Allied bombing of the German aircraft industry was ineffective. Moreover, the Allied losses were more severe than the German losses. On top of that, the high Dutch civilian death toll was a humanitarian catastrophe.

Humanitarian impact
The bombing of Nijmegen on 22 February, which resulted from the aborted attack on the Gothaer Waggonfabrik, was a disaster in terms of barely damaging any targets of military importance while killing hundreds of civilians of the Netherlands (approximately 880 civilian deaths in Nijmegen), whose government-in-exile in London was part of the Allied coalition. On the day after the raid, 23 February, the Allied air force launched an investigation: all air raids planned for that day were canceled (also due to poor weather conditions), and all flyers and briefing officers involved were held on the base and questioned. In London, a diplomatic incident occurred between the American, British and Dutch military and civilian commanders and officials about what had happened, who should be granted access to which information, and in which order, and who should ultimately be held responsible, creating distrust within the Allied leadership for some time. The American military command was relatively late in drawing lessons from the disorderly air raid, which had struck an ally's civilian population hard. Not until mid-May 1944, orders were given to seek out targets of opportunity at least 30 kilometers away from the Netherlands' border. Nazi German propaganda attempted to exploit the tragedy in order to counter pro-Allied sympathies amongst the Dutch civilian population, but these efforts appear to have been ineffective, and perhaps even counterproductive.

Brinkhuis (1984) stated that several Allied actions during Operation Argument allowed the Allies to achieve air superiority, which would make subsequent bombing raids less risky and chaotic, and more effective. The tragic failures of the 22 February bombings of Dutch cities no one had ever heard of, which had resulted in almost a thousand civilian casualties and major infrastructural damage, were initially brushed off as an 'incident', and Operation Argument would be glorified as 'Big Week' in Allied historiography.

Military impact
Otherwise, Big Week bolstered the confidence of US strategic bombing crews. Until that time, Allied bombers avoided contact with the Luftwaffe; now, the Americans used any method that would force the Luftwaffe into combat. Implementing this policy, the United States looked toward Berlin. Raiding the German capital, Allied leaders reasoned, would force the Luftwaffe to battle. On March 4, the USSTAF launched the first of several attacks against Berlin. A force of 730 bombers set off from England with an escort of 800 fighters. Fierce battles raged and resulted in heavy losses for both sides; 69 B-17s were lost but it cost the Luftwaffe 160 aircraft. The Allies, again, replaced their losses; the Luftwaffe, again, could not.

The new German tactics of using Sturmböcke (heavily armed Fw 190s) as bomber destroyers and Bf 109Gs to escort them in Gefechtsverband formations, were proving somewhat effective. The US fighters, kept in close contact with the bombers they were protecting, could not chase the attacking fighters before they were forced to turn around and return to the bombers. General Doolittle responded by initiating a breakthrough in fighter tactics by "freeing" the fighters, allowing them to fly far ahead of the heavy bomber formations in an air supremacy "fighter sweep" mode on the outward legs; then following the USAAF heavies' bomb runs, the fighters roamed far from the bomber streams and hunted down German fighters – especially the Sturmböcke, that had limited maneuverability with their heavy underwing conformal gun pod-mount autocannons – before they could ever approach the USAAF bombers. Though the change was unpopular with the bomber crews, its effects were immediate and extremely effective.

The Combined Bomber Offensive attacks against fighter production officially ended on 1 April 1944, and control of the air forces passed to US General Dwight D. Eisenhower in preparation for the invasion of France. The combined heavy bomber forces were now used in the Transport Plan destroying railway supply lines to and within France to reduce German capacity to respond to invasion on the French coast. Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe. Russell (1999) stated: "While they continued strategic bombing, the USAAF turned its attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy invasion". According to Kenneth P. Werell (1986), the battle for air superiority was very costly for both sides, but by 1 April 1944, the Allies had gained the upper hand.

title: Big Week


text:
Torreya nucifera

Torreya nucifera is a slow-growing, coniferous tree native to southern Japan and to South Korea's Jeju Island. It is also called kaya (榧) Japanese torreya or Japanese nutmeg-yew.

Description
It grows to 15–25 m tall with a trunk up to 1.5 m diameter. The leaves are evergreen, needle-like, 2–3 cm long and 3 mm broad, with a sharply spined tip and two whitish stomatal bands on the underside; they are spirally arranged, but twisted at the base to lie horizontally either side of the stem. It is subdioecious, with individual trees producing either mostly male or mostly female cones, but usually with at least some cones of the other sex present. The male cones are globular, 5–6 mm diameter, in a double row along the underside of a shoot. The female cones are borne in clusters of three to eight together, maturing in 18–20 months to a single seed surrounded by a fleshy layer, 2 cm long and 1.5 cm broad.

Uses
Its wood is prized for the construction of Go boards and Shogi boards because of its beautiful yellow-gold color, fine and uniform ring texture, and the sonic quality of the click of a stone on its surface. The tree is protected in Japan because of its scarcity due to past overcutting. Ancient kaya trees have to be harvested to make thick Go boards, which makes them extremely expensive; the finest ones can cost over $19,000. Shin-kaya ("new kaya" in Japanese), imitation kaya, is usually Alaskan, Tibetan or Siberian white spruce, which has become somewhat popular for cheaper equipment due to the scarcity of kaya trees. Go bowls can also be made of kaya, though this is less common.

In Japanese esoteric Buddhism like Shingon, the leaves of the tree as well as the oil extracted have ritual uses. The leaves of the tree represent flowers and the oil from the tree is burnt as a lamp during a long meditation practice known as Morning Star meditation.

The seeds are edible and are eaten roasted as a snack, like that of Torreya grandis, and also pressed for their vegetable oil content.

Other than that, the trees can have cultural and historic significance to people living around them, such as the Japanese Torreya of Samin-ri.

Famous trees
An old tree is located close to the Nishinomaru-enokida Gate at Nagoya Castle. Its height is 16 metres and it is eight metres at the base. Over 600 years old, the tree was already there when the castle was constructed. It is the only government-designated natural monument in Nagoya. The tree regained its viability despite damage from air raids in 1945. Tokugawa Yoshinao, the first feudal lord of Owari, and thus the castle, is said to have decorated his dinner tray with torreya nuts from this tree before going into battle in Osaka, and later for New Year's celebrations.

title: Torreya nucifera


text:
Deutsch-Baltische Gesellschaft

The Deutsch-Baltische Gesellschaft ("German-Baltic Society") is an organization which represents Baltic German refugees expelled from Estonia and Latvia during World War II and its aftermath. It was established in 1950 as the Deutsch-Baltische Landsmannschaft im Bundesgebiet.

The organization is based in Darmstadt, Hesse. Its youth organization is the Deutschbaltischer Jugend- und Studentenring.

Society Chairman

 * Georg von Manteuffel-Szoege (1950-1962)
 * Axel de Vries (1962-1963 comm.)
 * Erik von Sivers (1963-1973)
 * Rudolf von Wistinghausen (1973-1980)
 * Klas Lackschewitz (1980-1984)
 * Hans Erich Seuberlich (1984)
 * Runar of Sivers (1985-1989)
 * Waltraut Dame von Tiesenhausen (1989-1996)
 * Heinz-Adolf Treu (1996-2005)
 * Eckhart Neander (2005-2010)
 * Frank von Auer (2010-2015)
 * Christian von Boetticher (since October 31, 2015)

Corporate members

 * Carl-Schirren-Gesellschaft e. V. - German-Baltic cultural work
 * German Baltic youth and student ring e. V.
 * German Baltic Studienstiftung
 * German-Baltic Genealogical Society (DBGG)
 * German-Baltic church service eV (auxiliary committee of the ev.-luth. Deutschbalten)
 * Baltic monuments eV

title: Deutsch-Baltische Gesellschaft


text: User talk:24.147.239.113

title: User talk:24.147.239.113


text:
BOC Aviation

BOC Aviation is a Singaporean global aircraft operating leasing company and the largest aircraft operating leasing company headquartered in Asia, as measured by the value of owned aircraft.

BOC Aviation is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and has its headquarters in Singapore with offices in Dublin, London, New York and Tianjin.

History
In 1993, the company was founded as '''Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise Pte. Ltd'''. (SALE) by Singapore Airlines and Boullioun Aviation Services, Inc., a U.S.-based aircraft operating leasing company. In 1995 acquired its first aircraft and in 1996 placed the first order with Airbus. In 1997, Temasek Holdings and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) invested into the company.

In 2000, the company was reported to be the largest customer of the Airbus' single-aisle aircraft in Asia.

In July 2004, SALE underwent a change in its shareholder structure, following the transfer of the 35.5% stake held by Seattle-based Boullioun Aviation Services to the US lessor's parent company WestLB AG of Germany. The remaining ownership then of SALE was unchanged, with Singapore Airlines holding 35.5%, while GIC and Temasek Holdings each retaining 14.5%.

In 2006, SALE was the largest aircraft leasing company in Asia. In December, the company was acquired by Bank of China for US$965million  and was named BOC Aviation on 2 July 2007.

On 12 May 2016, the company was converted to a public company limited by shares and the company's name was changed to BOC Aviation Limited.

On 1 June 2016, the company was listed on the Main Board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong.

Partnership
In August 2019, BOC Aviation signed a purchase-and-leaseback agreement with Qatar Airways, the state-owned flag carrier of Qatar, for three new Airbus A350 twin-aisle aircraft to be delivered by the end of the third quarter.

title: BOC Aviation


text:
User talk:Wingover

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:19, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your message

 * 1) Remember always to sign your messages (see above); it makes it much easier to reply.
 * 2) We're all with Wikipedia — it's a collaborative effort.
 * 3) Looking at your edits, they seem all to consist of adding or relabelling links to various conspiracy sites, some of them pretty kooky. While that's sometimes acceptable (see my argument at the moment on Talk:AIDS), it's often not.  If you want to argue for your links, you should do so on the Talk pages of the articles in question (make sure that you've read the various Wikipedia pages on writing articles, though). Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:59, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

also, it is not considered good style to add links to your own offsite material. This looks like SEO. If you think an article of yours would be valuable as an external link, you can suggest its addition on the pertaining article's Talk page. dab (ᛏ) 12:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Wingover: I didn't call you kooky, I called the sites to which you're linking kooky. My other points also stand, including signing your messages. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:15, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: JPII revert
Yeah, I reverted your edit. You added the statement "President Bush was booed by many at the funeral", sourced to your own blog, into the John Paul II article. That's POV pushing, topic creep, and self-promotion in a single sentence, which has got to be some kind of record.

You're welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, but only if you're going to contribute neutral, interesting, topical, factual, and unbiased information. —Brent Dax 06:24, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Requests for adminship/Wingover
I think it is quite unlikely that you would be voted in as an administrator, given your relative newness here (and your reasons for wanting adminship). However, if you are serious in this bid, please follow the steps on WP:RFA correctly: self-nominations belong in the lower section, and it looks like you didn't add all of step 6 and that you skipped step 8. A malformed request is likely to be removed. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thanks. — Knowledge Seeker দ 07:03, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Removed RfA Request
Wingover, I've removed your request for adminship. Given your time here, there is no chance of it succeeding (and it was posted in the wrong place) and there is no sense in leaving it up for a couple of dozen editors to tell you the same thing.

But you need to know that Adminship cannot be used for the purpose you wish to use it for. Admins may not use their technical powers to prevent editing, deletion or movement of their own articles. If you feel that your articles are moved or deleted wrongly, you need to familiarize yourself with Wikipedia policies and, if you still feel that they are within policy, you can add for comments on RfC or the Village Pump.

I hope you will want to stay and contribute to Wikipedia. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 07:27, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, Greg. Cecropia was correct to remove your adminship request, which would have drawn sharp criticism were it allowed to remain.  Please realize that Wikipedia is a collaborative project with hundreds of major contributors and thousands of occasional contributors.  There are standards.  Among those is an expectation that material will be referenced, and that unusual claims require stronger sources.  An author's own personal blog is not a strong source; in fact, we usually do not consider blogs to be a reference at all.

 * You're clearly a concerned and articulate writer, and I hope you'll continue to contribute. Please take some time to familiarize yourself with the project.  Mel's tips in the welcome message, above, would be a good place to start.

 * I suggest you refrain from threatening to leave the project, as it has been tried before and has proven to be an ineffective means of advocacy for policy change.

 * Feel free to contact me if you have any questions or need help. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 19:20, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Freepressinternational links
Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a collection of links, nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. See the external links guideline and spam guideline for further explanations. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, external links do not alter search engine rankings. If you feel the link should be added to the article, please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. Binksternet (talk) 02:06, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Greg, the only edits you have ever made to articles here involve the addition of freepressinternational.com links to pages that you think are appropriate. Though the links you have been providing are of the same subject matter, the links do not hold value for the Wikipedia reader—they aren't made up of expert opinion in a peer-reviewed or refereed format nor do they contain anything more than snippets of other articles culled from other publications. It's fine that you gather these bits together for your readers but on Wikipedia, the readers are getting the most important and reliable material from the original sources and they don't need your link for additional validation or elucidation. Please reconsider your strategy of participation at Wikipedia, noting that not one of your links has survived other editors deleting them. Perhaps you can begin again by adding new sentences or sections to articles you have an interest in, making sure to always add references to back your text up. Read Reliable sources for some pointers. Binksternet (talk) 02:18, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wingover


text:
Lotna

Lotna is a 1959 Polish war film directed by Andrzej Wajda.

Overview
This highly symbolic film is both the director's tribute to the long and glorious history of the Polish cavalry, as well as a more ambiguous portrait of the passing of an era. Wajda was the son of a Polish Cavalry officer who was murdered in the Katyn massacre.

The horse Lotna represents the entire Romantic tradition in culture, a tradition that had a huge influence in the course of Polish history and the formation of Polish literature. Lotna is Wajda's meditation on the historical breaking point that was 1939, as well as a reflection on the ending of an entire era for literature and culture in Poland and in Europe as a whole. Writing of the film, Wajda states that it "held great hopes for him, perhaps more than any other." Sadly, Wajda came to think of Lotna "a failure as a film."

The film remains highly controversial, as Wajda includes a mythical scene in which Polish horsemen suicidally charge a unit of German tanks, an event that never actually happened.

Synopsis
During the Second World War, Poland has been invaded by Nazi Germany. Lotna, a beautiful mare that belonged to a wealthy nobleman (Henryk Cudnowski) is given to Captain Chodakiewicz (Jerzy Pichelski), the commander of a Polish Cavalry squadron, and immediately becomes a bone of contention for everyone in the unit.

Lieutenant Wodnicki (Adam Pawlikowski), Cadet Grabowski (Jerzy Moes) and Sergeant Major Laton (Mieczysław Łoza) jealously scheme among themselves to get their hands on the horse. However, the war takes the lives of Captain Chodakiewicz and Cadet Grabowski, and Lotna falls is passed to Wodnicki. Laton feels he should get the animal and so he steals Lotna and flees amidst the abandoned supply wagons and equipment of the retreating Polish Army.

Cast

 * Jerzy Pichelski as Captain Chodakiewicz
 * Adam Pawlikowski as Lieutenant Wodnicki
 * Jerzy Moes as Cadet Grabowski
 * Mieczysław Łoza as Sergeant Major Latoś
 * Bożena Kurowska as Ewa
 * Henryk Cudnowski as nobleman
 * Irena Malkiewicz
 * Bronisław Dardziński
 * Wiesław Gołas

Legacy
During an ad limina visit of the Polish bishops to the Vatican, Pope Francis referenced the scene in Lotna depicting an equine competition won by a priest, encouraging the Polish bishops to charge forward like the priest in the film and give witness to their faith in society. When learning that the pope had referenced his film, Andrzej Wajda replied that it was worth living as long as he did.

title: Lotna


text:
Afra Airlines

Afra Airlines was a privately owned Ghanaian airline, established in 2003 in Accra, which never commenced operations.

It was intended as a new consumer airline to be focused on providing low-cost air services to and from destinations within Ghana, Africa, Europe and North America. It had management connections with Global Air Group, which was also unsuccessful. Afra Airlines itself ceased trading in 2005 after Ghana Police charged its CEO with defrauding investors.

History
Afra Airlines was established in 2003 by Luke and Simone Butler, who had moved to Accra to establish Afra Airlines, Afra Resorts & Holdings and Afra Air Cargo. The airline was awarded its Air Carriers licence for cargo and passenger operations by the Ghana Civil Aviation Authority, and an Air Tour Operators Licence from the Ghana Tourist Board.

In January 2005 it was announced that Afra Airlines was to merge with Boeing 747 owner and charter operator, Global Air Group, to complete financing arrangements for the purchase of 100 Utilicraft Aerospace Industries new FF-1080-300 Freight Feeder aircraft, for deliveries starting in 2007. This was subsequently denied by Babcock & Brown, who had been cited as having been engaged as transaction advisors.

Afra Airlines claimed to have entered a co-operative agreement with CTK - CiTylinK on new regional services, although this was also denied by CiTylinK management. The new service, allegedly to be named AfraCityLink, was announced to start domestic services on 15 February 2005, but never commenced operations.

Afra Airlines then claimed corruption by the Government of Ghana prevented it from operating, accusing President John Kufour of a high level conspiracy to frustrate them. As a direct consequence Afra Airlines laid off 40 Ghanaian staff, closed its offices, put its investments in Ghana on hold for the foreseeable future, and management fled the country. Their CEO remains a fugitive wanted by Ghana Police.

title: Afra Airlines


text:
Camp Toccoa

Camp Toccoa (formerly Camp Toombs) was a basic training camp for United States Army paratroopers during World War II, located 5 mi west of Toccoa, Georgia. Among the units to train at the camp was the 506th Infantry Regiment. The regiment's Company E ("Easy Company") was portrayed in the 2001 HBO miniseries Band of Brothers.

Construction
The training camp known as Camp Toombs was conceived in 1938. The Georgia National Guard and the Works Projects Administration (WPA) began construction on 17 January 1940, with the site being dedicated on 14 December 1940. Initially it was known as Camp Toombs, after Confederate Civil War General Robert Toombs. But Colonel Robert Sink, commander of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, one of the first units to train there, did not like the name. He thought it would prompt superstitions among the arriving young recruits, that after traveling down Route 13 passed the Toccoa Casket Company they would be arriving at Camp "Tombs". Sink persuaded the War Department to change the name to Camp Toccoa.

Wartime operations
The U.S. Army took over the site in 1942 when it had few buildings or permanent structures, and most personnel had to be housed in tents. Permanent barracks only became available after the first trainees had begun to arrive. Jump training was initially done at the nearby Toccoa municipal airport. But following a training accident, the airport was considered to have a runway too short for safe C-39 and C-47 take off and landings. All further jump training was relocated to Fort Benning, Georgia. As Camp Toccoa lacked a rifle range, trainees were marched 30 mi to Clemson Agricultural College, a military school in South Carolina, to practice at the college's shooting range.

All paratrooper trainees were required to regularly run up Currahee Mountain (elev. 1735 ft), which overlooked Camp Toccoa. This arduous task was memorialized in the HBO series, Band of Brothers, with the shout "3 mi up, three miles down." Members of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment refer to themselves as "Currahees" (it is anglicized name derived from the Cherokee word gurahiyi, which may mean "standing alone"). Currahee Mountain is on the insignia of the 506th regiment in recognition of the peak's importance in the formation of the regiment.

Notable units that underwent training at Camp Toccoa were:
 * 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment: attached to the 101st Airborne Division
 * 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment: attached to the 101st Airborne Division
 * 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment: attached to the 82nd Airborne Division and the 17th Airborne Division
 * 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment: attached to the 11th Airborne Division
 * 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment: attached to the 17th Airborne Division and the 13th Airborne Division
 * 457th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion: attached to the 11th Airborne Division
 * 295th Ordnance Heavy Maintenance Company (FA): completed basic training at Camp Toccoa, from July 21, 1943, through November 24, 1943.
 * 296th. Ordnance Heavy Main Company (CT): completed basic training at Camp Toccoa, from July 21, 1943, through November 24, 1943

In 1943, comedian Bob Hope visited Camp Toccoa. He told the recruits, "You guys are so rugged, you look like Wheaties with legs." After the defeat of Japan, the US Army handed Camp Toccoa back to state control in 1946.

Post war use
In the late 1940s, it became a satellite camp of Georgia State Prison, which primarily housed young offenders. However, after repeated escapes, the unit was moved to a new facility at Alto, Georgia in the 1950s. Part of the site was eventually occupied by the Patterson Pump Company which makes industrial, flood, fire, and HVAC pumps.

Preservation
In 2012 an organization, Camp Toccoa at Currahee, a not-for profit foundation, was formed to celebrate the lives and contributions of the Airborne paratroopers who trained at Camp Toccoa at Currahee Mountain during World War II. A plan was set forth to restore the facilities at the camp site. The only original remaining building from WWII was the training camp's mess hall.

In commemoration of all the paratrooper trainees that ran the same route, the Colonel Robert F. Sink memorial trail follows Currahee Mountain Road from the site of former Camp Toccoa to the summit of Currahee Mountain. The start of the trail is marked by a commemorative plaque dedicating the trail to "Col. Bob" Sink from the Five-O-Sinks (506th Parachute Infantry Regiment Association). The trail is currently the venue for the Annual Currahee Challenge, a three- and six-mile race on the mountain that occurs in the fall.

title: Camp Toccoa


text:
Thomas Davis Ranson

Capt. Thomas Davis Ranson (May 19, 1843 – July 21, 1918), was an American lawyer, businessperson, and military officer, from Staunton, Virginia. He was a member of the Confederate States Army, and served in the Stonewall Brigade under General Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson during the American Civil War.

Early life and education
Thomas Davis Ranson was born on May 19, 1843 in Homestead House near Charles Town in Virginia (now West Virginia). He was related the prominent Baldwin family of Staunton, Virginia on his maternal side; his maternal descendants immigrated in the 17th century from England. Ranson attended Jacob Fuller’s classical school in Lexington, and Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) in Lexington.

Military service and career
Ranson joined the Confederate States Army in 1861 during the start of the American Civil War, where he initially served as a private during the Harpers Ferry fighting in April of the same year. Ranson had fast promotion in the military ranks. After serving in the battle of First Manassas, he was promoted to sergeant major to the 52nd Virginia Infantry Regiment. He was the aide-de-camp to Gen. Edward Johnson at the Battle of Camp Allegheny.

On May 1, 1862, he attained the rank of lieutenant right before the Shenandoah Valley Campaign led by Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. He was wounded at the Battle of McDowell on May 8, 1862, and again wounded at the Battle of Cross Keys on June 8, 1862. By the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, Ranson was in better health and had joined the Confederacy States Army's "secret service department as a captain of scouts". In 1863 and 1864, Ranson reported to Gen. Robert E. Lee and Gen. J. E. B. Stuart directly. He joined Gen. J. E. B. Stuart's calvary at the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9, 1863. He also fought in a battle in Upperville and at the Battle of Jack's Shop. Ranson continued fighting battles until his capture by the Union Army and imprisoned at Fort McHenry.

He was released from the military on July 1865, and tried to return to farming in Charles Town. He left farming to attend law school, Ranson graduated in 1868 from the University of Virginia. After graduation he moved to Staunton, Virginia and practiced law; as well as serving as the director of the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind. He also served as a trustee of Washington and Lee University, and of Stuart Hall School. In 1906, he was the vice president of the Tidewater Railway Company.

Ranson was the commander of the Stonewall Jackson Camp of Confederate Veterans, and lieutenant commander of the Grand Camp of Virginia.

He died on July 21, 1918 after experiencing a stroke five days earlier.

title: Thomas Davis Ranson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Agata Bugaj

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:08, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Agata Bugaj
Vanity. CDC  (talk)  16:23, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable vanity. Fire Star 20:26, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity Dsmdgold 20:30, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 06:09, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Lactam

A lactam is a cyclic amide, formally derived from an amino alkanoic acid through cyclization reactions. The term is a portmanteau of the words lactone + amide.

Nomenclature
Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size.

This ring-size nomenclature stems from the fact that hydrolysis of an α-lactam gives an α-amino acid and that of a β-Lactam gives a β-amino acid, and so on.

Synthesis
General synthetic methods are used for the organic synthesis of lactams.

Beckmann rearrangement
Lactams form by the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of oximes in the Beckmann rearrangement.

Schmidt reaction
Lactams form from cyclic ketones and hydrazoic acid in the Schmidt reaction.

Cyclization of amino acids
Lactams can be formed from cyclisation of amino acids via the coupling between an amine and a carboxylic acid within the same molecule. Lactamization is most efficient in this way if the product is a γ-lactam. For example, Fmoc-Dab(Mtt)-OH, although its side-chain amine is sterically protected by extremely bulky 4-Methyltrityl (Mtt) group, the amine can still intramolecularly couple with the carboxylic acid to form a γ-lactam. This reaction almost finished within 5 minutes with many coupling reagents (e.g. HATU and PyAOP).

Intramolecular nucleophilic substitution
Lactams form from intramolecular attack of linear acyl derivatives from the nucleophilic abstraction reaction.

Iodolactamization
An iminium ion reacts with a halonium ion formed in situ by reaction of an alkene with iodine.
 * [[Image:Iodolactamization.svg|700px|Iodolactamization reaction]]

Kinugasa reaction
Lactams form by copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkynes and nitrones in the Kinugasa reaction

Diels-Alder reaction
Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) can be utilized to obtain both β- as well as γ-lactam. At lower temp (−78 °C), β-lactam is the preferred product. At optimum temperatures, a highly useful γ-lactam known as Vince Lactam is obtained.
 * Preparation_of_gamma_and_beta_lactams.svg

Lactam–lactim tautomerism
A lactim is a cyclic imidic acid compound characterized by an endocyclic carbon-nitrogen double bond. They are formed when lactams undergo tautomerization.

 * Lactam-Lactim-Tautomerie.svg

Reactions

 * Lactams can polymerize to polyamides.

title: Lactam


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Swiss Miss (disambiguation)

Swiss Miss is a brand of ConAgra Foods, Inc.

Swiss Miss may also refer to:
 * Heidi, an 1880 fictional orphaned Swiss girl
 * Helvetia, the female personification of Switzerland
 * Swiss Miss (film), a 1938 film starring Laurel and Hardy
 * "Swiss Miss", a villain from Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark
 * Martina Hingis (born 1980), retired professional tennis player from Switzerland
 * Vreneli, nickname for a range of legal tender gold coins produced in Switzerland
 * An episode of the animated TV series Archer
 * A musical composition by George Gershwin

title: Swiss Miss (disambiguation)


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Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Litauen

The Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Litauen ("Territorial Association of Germans from Lithuania", "Homeland Association of Germans from Lithuania") is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Lithuania to West Germany after World War II.

The organization is based in Leonberg, Baden-Württemberg. The Bundesvorsitzender (chairman) is Hardy Mett.


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Forrest Bird

Forrest Morton Bird (June 9, 1921 – August 2, 2015) was an American aviator, inventor, and biomedical engineer. He is best known for having created some of the first reliable mass-produced mechanical ventilators for acute and chronic cardiopulmonary care.

Biography
Bird was born in Stoughton, Massachusetts. Bird became a pilot at an early age with his father's encouragement. By age 14, he flew his first solo fight.

By age 16 he was working to obtain multiple major pilot certifications.

Bird enlisted with the United States Army Air Corps, and entered active duty in 1941 as a technical air training officer due to his advanced qualifications. This rank, combined with the onset of World War II, gave him the opportunity to pilot almost every aircraft in service, including early jet aircraft and helicopters.

The newest models of aircraft were capable of exceeding altitudes at which humans can breathe, even with 100% oxygen supplementation, introducing the risk of hypoxia. Bird discovered an oxygen regulator in a crashed German bomber he was ferrying to the U.S. for study seemed to contain a pressure breathing circuit. He took the oxygen regulator home, studied it, and made it more functional. It became the standard design for high-altitude oxygen regulators for most military aircraft until recent time. Bird studied medicine " ... to understand the human body and its stress in flight". This led to him developing efficient respirators and ventilators.

In 1967, Bird developed the Bird Innovator, a conversion of the Consolidated PBY Catalina amphibian aircraft, the aircraft being based at Palm Springs until 1976. His company was Bird Oxygen Breathing Equipment Inc, later renamed Bird Corporation.

Bird resided in Sagle, Idaho, close to the Canada–US border which is where his home, production facilities, museum and ranch were located. Bird collected and restored old planes, old cars, and motorcycles.

Forrest and Pamela Bird opened the Bird Aviation Museum and Invention Center in July 2007, with aviator Patty Wagstaff cutting a ceremonial ribbon at the end of the runway while flying. The Bird's are the founders and owners of the museum, which showcases Bird's various aircraft and inventions. On December 10, 2008, Bird received the Presidential Citizens Medal from President George Bush. The United States honored him for his groundbreaking contributions and for his work to keep America at the forefront of discovery. On October 7, 2009, President Barack Obama awarded Bird the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, a recognition of his "outstanding contributions to the promotion of technology for the improvement of the economic, environmental or social well-being of the United States."

Bird died at the age of 94 of natural causes at his Sagle, Idaho home on August 2, 2015.

The first "Bird" units
All of Bird's ventilators were contained in transparent plastic cases. Bird's rationale for see-through encasements for his machines was a stroke of genius: he thought if people could see the inner workings of mechanical devices, they would understand them better, and be able to use, fix, and apply them better in the real world. Bird created a car unit which was tested on seriously ill patients with limited success. His first prototype consisted of strawberry shortcake tins and a doorknob. Most of these first units were sold to the Army, in the original format of tins and the doorknob. Further revision resulted in the 1955 release of the "Bird Universal Medical Respirator" (sold as the Bird Mark 7 Respirator and informally called the "Bird"), a small green box that became familiar to hospital patients soon after its introduction. The Bird Mark 8 added the capabilities of NEEP (Negative End Expiratory Pressure). This was frequently used to power a set of fluidic servos (sort of relays.) He subsequently made a ventilator for infants, nicknamed the "Babybird". This device was one of several devices that appeared on the market designed to effectively ventilate small children and infants. These devices played a significant role in reducing the rate of breathing-related infant mortality from 70% to 10%. The Bird Mark 7 Respirator is still in use around the world. In addition, he produced the Fluid Control Device.

Accolades
Bird was awarded the Lifetime Scientific Achievement Award in 1985 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), receiving a second award in September 2005. He continued to contribute to the field of pulmonary science by participating in the development of the VDR, a ventilator that permits management of the most challenging patients including ARDS, trauma and inhalation injury. In 1995, Bird was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He was named "Inventor of the Week" by MIT in February 2001. The American Respiratory Care Foundation names one of its annual awards after Bird.

History of Bird Corp.

 * 1965: First factory assembly line rolls out a medical respirator for home health, the Mark III.
 * 1971: Bird introduces first infant ventilator.
 * 1978: Bird sells his namesake company to 3M, which took it public.
 * 1984: 3M sells Bird Products to the management group of a competitor, Bird Medical Technologies Inc.
 * 1987: The Bird 6400ST is released, the first new-generation ventilator.
 * 1990: Bird Medical Technologies goes public, and is traded on NASDAQ under the ticker, BMTI.
 * 1992: Bird Medical, reporting $36.5 million in sales in 1991, lays off 21 of 211 workers, citing poor economic conditions and falling sales. Despite the downturn, construction of its new, 120,000 sqft building at 1100 Bird Center Drive, its present site, continues.
 * 1995: Thermo Electron Corp., which acquired Bird in a $67 million buyout of Bird stock, moves a Riverside-based subsidiary into the Palm Springs location. That year, Bird is inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
 * 2002: Through acquisition and consolidation, the venture becomes a part of VIASYS Respiratory Care.
 * 2009: Cardinal Health Inc., a Fortune 20 company based in Dublin, Ohio, that was spun off from its parent company to the wholly owned subsidiary, CareFusion Corp. The year before, Cardinal Health relocated three sister companies to the Palm Springs operation: Bear Medical of Riverside, SensorMedics Corp. of Yorba Linda and EME Medical of Brighton, England.

title: Forrest Bird


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User talk:Coops

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User:Katefan0/GreenFactsdummy

GreenFacts, formerly the GreenFacts Foundation, is an international non-profit organization founded in 2001 in Brussels, Belgium. It is primarily funded by industrial companies such as Solvay, which has made the information it disseminates the subject of some criticism.

GreenFacts' primary function is to provide summaries of scientific consensus reports on environment and health issues (such as climate change and tobacco). GreenFacts' aim is to rewrite these highly technical, scientific publications into something more easily understood by lay readers. The summaries are subjected to a peer review by experts in that field for faithfulness to the original document. The peer review process is overseen by an independent scientific board. These summaries are then published on the organization's Website, listed below.

The organization's industry funding has led some to question the information it presents. GreenFacts was founded in December 2001 with seed money from chemical company Solvay and continues to receive the bulk of its funding from industry, including Solvay, Carrefour, Proctor and Gamble, Suez and others. However, GreenFacts has stated that it plans to distance itself from industry funding in 2006, instead seeking subsidies from public authorities such as the European Commission and the Belgian government. Such subsidies are not generally made available to organizations that have existed for less than three years. In 2005, GreenFacts estimates its total income at €680,000.

GreenFacts states that one of its missions is to foster dialogue between environmentalists, industry and others by providing accessible and neutral information. However, its reports have been criticized as biased toward the concept of "sound science" — which is viewed by many in the scientific community as a nebulous, essentially political term often used to justify a predetermined (generally opposing) worldview.

GreenFacts has distanced itself from radical activists, instead stressing its commitment to "dialogue and co-operation, rather than activism and confrontation." (The Research Headlines, published by the European Commission

Though GreenFacts was established as a non-advocacy organization, some critics — mainly SourceWatch — say it has inserted itself into policy debates seeking to influence certain policies, including helping develop governmental health action plans.

title: User:Katefan0/GreenFactsdummy


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Talk:Salman the Persian

Complete rewrite!
I rewrote the whole thing with more information and material. It is not in need of cleaning up now. Please don't revert the article, as I have corrected much of the text. Make improvements only. -- Eric 12:14, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello. I am going to improve this article a little bit using reliable sources. Hadi (talk) 07:12, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

?
what year is his birth and death? if he is referred to as father of abdullah (uncle of the prophet, and the father of ali) then he must have been older then all them? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.80.105.24 (talk) 03:38, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Amusing to see wikipedia has become a advertising tool of the brainwashed and wicked
Salman was a traitor to his nation and people. He followed the armies of Islam into Iran, helping them and trying to convert the Persian soldiers before the battles. But all this somehow didn't make it in the article. Won't bother adding it cause i know it will be gone after a few minutes. Even though there are numerous sources confirming this. Iranica Encyclopedia for one, the only and true encyclopedia on Iran and its grand history. 82.209.153.239 (talk) 22:09, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, but it also highlights why Islam has so many similarities to Zoroastrianism. Fascinating, if you ask me. Danwaggoner (talk) 19:07, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

CLARIFICATION OF SUNNI/SHIA SOURCED BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Great job, very nicely done, well written and easy to read and digest, but the information becomes less useful, especially in academia, when it's unknown which parts, if any, are disputed, and if it is accepted by Sunni and/or Shia scholars, which could be clarified with a simple, "according to Shia tradition" "though Sunnis dispute this", "considered apocryphal" what ever the case may be. I think it would add scholarly credibility to an already well written piece if you could add clarification. If I have to vet all the source material to separate the 2, it defeats the whole purpose of a knowledge bank like wikipedia. Thanks for your contribution.2601:7:1B00:4B6:C84B:71C:CE74:FE3C (talk) 19:44, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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title: Talk:Salman the Persian


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User talk:Travlr23

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 * Hey, thanks for the hello. My real concern is trying to find the styles or templates on how to write an article about, say, a musical artist. What sections should always be included? Discography seems to be the most common... Where are the "style guides" for what sections to always include with an article? Would they be in the categories?

Psychic paper
I noticed you put your views about the deletion of Psychic paper on its talk page. Please also put them on Votes for deletion/Psychic paper so that they can aid the voting process. --Jawr256 14:55, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Artificial Farting rocks (May 11, 2007)
RE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fart#Artificial_Farting -- I loved your comment added to "Farting" page re Artificial Farting. They should incorporate that and childrens' obsessions with and endless mirth about farting and fart sounds into the locked page on Wikipedia for topic "Fart." (From Peter in San Diego CA) Vid2vid 21:47, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

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