text:
Talk:Pierre de Fermat

Pronunciation
It would be nice if there were a note in the beginning about how to pronounce "Fermat." Since he was from France, I'm fairly confident it's not "fur-mat", but I'm not actually sure how it's pronounced. Ketsuekigata 21:57, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

It's pronounced 'Fer-mar' or at least that's how it was said in several documentaries.

It's always nice to have the IPA, but in this case it is lacking an indication for the accented syllable (either first or last, evidently) of Pierre's surname.AtomAnt (talk) 20:09, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

The IPA may show how it is pronounced in modern French, but how would Fermat have pronounced it himself? French pronunciation was quite different in Fermat's day, as we know from the works of Moliere.... 81.148.226.147 (talk) 22:47, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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Fermat's opinion
Fermat expressed an opinion in the controversy over Copernicanism. I can't find any detail with a Google search.
 * See Fermat's letter to Mersenne of 26/4/1636. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.54.202.247 (talk) 06:54, 23 June 2018 (UTC)
 * See https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229-009-9705-7 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.54.202.247 (talk) 14:25, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

Didn't Euclid "invent" Infinite Descent?
From the article, section headed Work: "He invented a factorization method—Fermat's factorization method—as well as the proof technique of infinite descent, which he used to prove Fermat's right triangle theorem which includes as a corollary Fermat's Last Theorem for the case n = 4."

I was recently reviewing Euclid's proof that every composite number has at least one prime factor (Book VII, Proposition 31), and it seems to me that that proof qualifies as a proof by infinite descent. See https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/Books/Euclid/Elements.pdf. So I don't think Fermat "invented" the method; Euclid was about 2,000 years ahead of him.

I would make the revision, but just thought I'd ask a question here first and see if anyone agrees with me. I haven't done much editing lately, and I figure I ought to be polite. DavidCBryant 23:19, 20 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Your assertion is correct (Euclid's work contains its first known appearance), and is supported at the article Proof by infinite descent. Feel free to change the word "invented" to something more accurate regarding infinite descent and Fermat. — Myasuda (talk) 01:25, 21 July 2019 (UTC)

Birthdate
Most biographies like Britannia and MacTutor has 1601 for the birthdate. But the MAA has published quite a recent article making a strong case for 1607, How much weight should we be given to this single source? I think we probaly need a footnote to discuss the issue.--Salix alba (talk): 11:31, 27 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I find the cited MAA article convincing. I think that 1607 is the correct date. I also think the changes you've made are an improvement. I think it would also be good if someone were to verify, then add some of sources cited by that article:
 * Barner, Klaus (2001). "How old did Fermat become?," NTM: International Journal for History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine (New series) 8(4), 209-228.
 * Barner, Klaus (2007). "Neues zu Fermats Geburtsdatum," Mitteilungen der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 15, 12-14.
 * Barner, Klaus (2001), "Pierre de Fermat (1601?-1665): His life besides mathematics" in the Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society No. 42, December 2001, pages 12-16. EMS Newsletter December 2001 (PDF).

 * I would also not oppose, qualifying our date in some way, to acknowledge the traditional birth date, and indicate some uncertainty. Perhaps some version of "1607?", or "1607 (1601?)", "1601 (1607?)", or the like?
 * Paul August ☎ 12:26, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pierre de Fermat


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Konstfack

Konstfack, or University of Arts, Crafts and Design, is a university college for higher education in the area of art, crafts and design in Stockholm, Sweden.

History
Konstfack has had several different names since it was founded in 1844 by the ethnologist and artist Nils Månsson Mandelgren as a part-time art school for artisans, under the name "Söndags-Rit-skola för Handtverkare" ("Sunday Drawing School for Artisans"). The school was taken over by Svenska Slöjdföreningen (today known as Svensk form) the next year and renamed Svenska Slöjdföreningens skola.

In 1857, the first two female students (Sofi Granberg and Matilda Andersson) were accepted, and the following year female students officially were invited to apply.

It became a state school and was renamed Slöjdskolan i Stockholm (Handicraft School in Stockholm) in 1859; and in the context of a thorough reorganisation, where the school was divided into four departments in 1879, to Tekniska skolan (The Technical School). From 1945 it was known as Konstfackskolan (The school of art departments), when the institution was divided into the departments devoted to distinct disciplines that remain largely today: Textile, Decorative art, Sculpture, Ceramics, Furniture and Interior Design, Metal and Advertising and Printing. The school also obtained official status and had a two-year day school and a three-year arts and craft evening school. To this was added a two-year higher Arts and Crafts school and a three-year Art Teacher institute. It was given the status of a högskola ("university college") in 1978. From 1993 it was called Konstfack, the short form of the full name, formerly used colloquially.

Long located on Norrmalm, between Klara kyrka and Hötorget, the school was in 1959 moved to a new building on Valhallavägen with well-equipped workshops, designed by architects Gösta Åberg and Tage Hertzell. In 2004 it once again moved, to the former headquarters of LM Ericsson at Telefonplan in South Stockholm. The 20,300-square metre interior of the old factory building was redesigned by architects including Gert Wingårdh.

Education
Following the standards of the Bologna process, Konstfack offers bachelor's degree programmes (3 years, 180 ECTS credits, Bachelor of Fine Arts), and master's degree programmes (2 years, 120 ECTS credits, Master of Fine Arts). There are also Art Education programmes (teacher programmes, 4,5 years and 5 years). The 2-year Animation education existed between 1996 and 2005; and was located in Eksjö.

There are seven Bachelor's Programmes :

The Undergraduate Programmes are conducted in Swedish.
 * Ceramics and Glass
 * Jewellery and Corpus
 * Fine Art
 * Graphic Design and Illustration
 * Industrial Design
 * Interior Architecture and Furniture Design
 * Textiles

There are five Master's Programmes:

 * Craft (Ceramics and Glass / Jewellery and Corpus / Textiles)
 * Design Echologies
 * Fine Art
 * Spatial Design
 * Visual Communication

One goal of Konstfack's two-year Graduate Programmes is to attract both Swedish and international students, and the education is held mainly in English.

There is also a doctoral program given in collaboration with Royal Institute of Technology:
 * Art, Technology and Design

Professional courses
Konstfack offers courses for professionals, for example CuratorLab and Research Lab.

Departments
Konstfack has four departments:
 * Craft
 * Design, Interior architecture and Visual communications
 * Fine Art
 * Department of Visual Arts and Sloyd Education

Examinations and The Degree Exhibition
The third year of the bachelor's programme and the second year of the master's includes a degree project, ten weeks at BFA-level and twenty at MFA-level, ending with a public examination and, if the student passes the examination, an exhibition for all graduating students: the Degree Exhibition (Vårutställningen in Swedish). The annual exhibition usually takes place at Konstfack during two weeks in May, with around 180 exhibiting students, and attracts thousands of visitors.

Link to the official website for the Spring Exhibition 2023.

Notable alumni
A selection of some distinguished former students at the different departments at Konstfack (Art or designer groups referred to by their collective names):

Fine Arts:

Hilma af Klint, Cecilia Edefalk, Ingela Ihrman, Stig Lindberg (textile and ceramic designer), Annika von Hausswolff, Carl Milles, Dorinel Marc, Johanna Billing, Maria Miesenberger, Miriam Bäckström, Caroline Schlyter, Karin Mamma Andersson.

Graphic Design and Illustration:

Carl Johan De Geer (artist and designer), Lasse Åberg (filmmaker), Brita Granström (artist and illustrator), Lotta Kühlhorn, Lars Hall (advertising), Oskar Korsár (artist and illustrator), Tuulikki Pietilä (artist), RBG6 (motion graphics), REALA, Stina Wirsén (illustrator), Ana Biscaia, Tove Jansson (artist and illustrator).

Interior Architecture and Furniture Design:

Claesson Koivisto Rune, Gunilla Allard, Jonas Bohlin, Mats Theselius, Stefan Borselius, Thomas Bernstrand, Greta Magnusson-Grossman.

Industrial Design:

A & E Design, Katja Pettersson, Front (arty designers), Veryday (formerly Ergonomidesign), No Picnic, Propeller, Transformator Design.

Ceramics & Glass:

Bertil Vallien, Per B. Sundberg, Zandra Ahl, Christian Pontus Andersson (artist).

Art Education:

Cecilia Torudd (cartoonist), Elsa Beskow (writer and illustrator of children's books), Gert Z Nordström, Jan Stenmark (artist), Jockum Nordström (artist).

Textiles:

Astrid Sampe, Hans Krondahl, Mah-Jong (creators of intellectual fashion in the 1960s and 1970s); Susanne Pagold (fashion journalist), 10-gruppen; Helena Hernmarck.

Metal Design:

Vivianna Torun Bülow-Hübe, Gunnar Cyrén.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Konstfack


text:
User talk:DystopianAngel

Hi,

Welcome to DystopianAngel's "Discussion Page", please feel free to leave me a message or click on the "email this user" to the left to chat with me privately.

DystopianAngel 18:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

To get ahold of me, try "email this user" from my user page. It should work. If not, drop another note on my page, or here, and I'll get you the e-mail address.

Funny you should write today. I just noticed yesterday that my web page has the outdated e-mail address. I don't work there much anymore. I spend lots of time on Wikipedia instead. Catbar (Brian Rock) 22:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DystopianAngel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gravy train

Gravy train
Gravy train is a rubbish article recently created by a previous vandal. I set vfd, in case anyone can rescue the article. Otherwise, it deserves oblivion. Ian Cairns 18:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Gravy train
Gravy train is not a rubbish article. Obviously you know nothing about the "gravy train", because it IS a real thing, and this article is an accurate representation of it. I vote to keep Gravy Train, for it contains no inaccurate information. Justin Marble

Gravy train
Yes, Gravy train actually is a real term, and this article is as good a description of it as any. I also vote to keep Gravy Train. It is a concept that people deserve to know about. Will Vinci

Gravy train
Gravy train is two things, (1) a dog food unique in that it's commercials formed a well loved part of pop-culture throughout the seventies, and (2) a money making process, often associated with a trend, which has generated enough momentum that it has become somewhat self-perpetuating. Of course the process has its phrase or term to describe it ie., gravy train. I vote to keep it. Wclay Wclay (talk) 05:26, 2 May 2010 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Billslawson

Everything is natural

Bill Slawson 1621 Grand Spencer, IA 51301-3433 Slawsone@mchsi.com

712-262-4231 - machine 712-262-1111 - private line 712-260-4458 - cell

http://ghostop.tripod.com/GHOSTOP/index.html http://ghostop.tripod.com/pnJones/

title: User talk:Billslawson


text:
User talk:Coll7

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 18:59, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Sports game
I'd reccomend we start assembling the lists of important historical games and at least 3 example games of each sport. This will help alot with next weeks GCOTW, as i think we should focus mostly on developing a good history and genre overview sections. We should also include how gaming has impacted proffessional sports (it has taken away from ratings). and can mention things like the Madden curse. --Larsinio 21:21, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Kaliningrad Oblast

 * Watch article on Kaliningrad Oblast, as one contributor deletes all "history" section. He commented that supposedly Lithuania Minor never existed, that's why he does it, but he deletes many other useful information about Prussians, Germans and even history after WW2 too. He seems to think Lithuania Minor is something Lithuanian government uses to claim Kaliningrad Oblast, therefore incorrectly moves whole history section to Lithuania Minor article and does not explains anything in talk page anymore. Therefore, as I don't have much time and seen your contributions in Talk:Lithuania Minor page, please look after Kaliningrad Oblast. The history section indeed might be a little POV but I hope it will be dePOVed by discussing in talk page and minor edits, instead of removing whole useful section 213.190.42.88 13:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Infoboxes for administrative divisions
Labas, I started working on administrative divisions of Lithuanai and I created drafts of infoboxes at User:renata3/elderates for counties, municipalities, elderates, and cities. Would you have any comments before I start implementing them? Renata3 18:16, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Sources for Baseball (video game)
Hello, good work on Baseball (video game), and thanks for the contribution. However, you forgot to add any references to the article. Keeping Wikipedia accurate and verifiable is very important, and there is currently a push to encourage editors to cite the sources they used when adding content. From what websites, books, or other places did you learn the information that you added to Baseball (video game)? Would it be possible for you to mention them in the article? Thank you very much. Lupin|talk|popups 19:22, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Invitation to the Forgotten Realms project
Hi,

We are working on a Forgotten Realms Project to map Toril (mostly Faerûn, at the present). Since you contributed quite a lot on a Forgotten Realms-specific entry, we'ld like to invite you to join the project, so we could improve the “Mapping the Realms” project.

The goal is to create a sort of World Factbook for the Realms. This means:
 * A consistent content
 * Use of templates
 * Entries should be limited to “sovereign places”: states and free cities, as well a moderately-inhabited place such as the Western Highlands.

On top of this, we also plan to cover Lost Empires, such as Pelvuria or Imaskar and, of course, Netheril

 * The project is located here
 * The Geographical index of Toril is a good start to get a visual of had been done, as well as the Halruaa entry.

Main contributors are presently
 * David Latapie
 * Poulsen

If you know some other person who would be interested, feel free to forward the invitation!

Feel free to take a look. We hope to see you soon mapping the Realms with us!

Please take part in the improval of this article
Hello. I would like to inform you that there is an ongoing discussion at article Territorial claims of the Baltic States (formerly was known as "Lost territories of the Baltic States", but was recently renamed; some users seems to disagree with that renaming). Recent edits as well were accused of POV, and, in fact, article was disputed for a long time already. It would be nice if you would add that article to your watchlist and continue helping to improve it until a decition will be reached about its future (there is currently a poll about it in the article's talk page). I hope together we all will be able to make that article neutral. Kaiser 747 10:52, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Ken Kutaragi
I'm requesting your opnion about this dispute. Lot of POV-Pushing, the article is currently blocked. --GroundZero 00:12, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Re: Merge Teamwork and Team building?
You may put and  to respective pages. If agreed (or if no one gets interested) you may do the merge. Pavel Vozenilek 01:56, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Cut and paste
Please never do a cut and paste move again, and wait until WP:RM runs its course instead. By cutting and pasting, your destroy the article's edit history, which is devastating for WP's GFDL nature. Thanks! — Nightst a  llion  (?) 11:03, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Savage Frontier articles
Thanks for correcting that about Stormfront. I forgot all about them. I haven't played through those two games myself (I do own them; maybe someday :) ), but I wanted to have that nice info box for all 9 of the SSI games. What do you think about the Gold Box gameplay article? --Sivak 00:12, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

DECUS
Hi. I've just added some info to the DECUS article, and wondered if you would like to check my work. I was an active member of the Australian Chapter for most of the 1980s; it's possible that some of the information I've added didn't apply to other regions or other decades. Cheers, Chris Chittleborough 23:09, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

If you have any interest in Template:MLB
please join the current discussion at Template talk:MLB. As a member of WikiProject Baseball your opinion is particularly valued. Thanks. 66.167.139.143 08:37, 4 May 2006 (UTC).

Earl Weaver Baseball
Thanks for starting the Earl Weaver Baseball page. I played it non-stop for parts of two summers when I was a kid. I used to enter player data every week when my copy of Baseball Weekly arrived! To the wiki I added a list of a few antiquated stadiums that were included in the game (Griffith, Polo Grounds, etc.) --Akwhitacre 19:29, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for your kind words. I guess my problem (one of) is that I spend so much time checking edits on my watchlist for vandalism and incorrect information that I rarely get time to just edit to improve articles anymore. Maybe I should just stop looking at my watchlist for now and let some articles run their course (for better or worse). :P K1Bond007 06:14, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know exactly what you're talking about. :) Stuff like that happens all the time. K1Bond007 06:25, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

2nd Generation Consoles
The original author wrote the narrative in a chronological order and the timeline jumps around with the "big three" section. I feel that at bare minimum, worldwide sales figures should be quoted, or some proof that North America represented the great majority of worldwide consumer spending on video games. The entire article is mostly a cut-and-paste job so if we were to keep the North American big three section, a fair amount of other stuff would have to go to make the article work better. - Diceman 11:38, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Rock and a hard place
I'm not trying to be a dick, but what you did on the Video Game Crash of 1983 article is, in fact, original research. I'm not sure exactly what should be done... I know you're right, but it's a blatant violation of the basic principles of Wikipedia. What do we do? /Blaxthos 01:30, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Computer Gaming World list of the best games of all time
A tag has been placed on Computer Gaming World list of the best games of all time requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

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October Baseball WikiProject Newsletter
--  jj137   ( talk )  23:55, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Coll7! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 4 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

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Speedy deletion nomination of Animal Rescue Foundation
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

Category:Wikipedians who like NationStates
Hey! If you're interested, I started a series of userboxes for the game NationStates. Feel free to add any or add your own!- 🐦Do☭torWho42 ( ⭐ ) 05:13, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Animal Rescue Foundation for deletion
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title: User talk:Coll7


text:
TJX Companies

The TJX Companies, Inc. (abbreviated TJX) is an American multinational off-price department store corporation, headquartered in Framingham, Massachusetts. It was formed as a subsidiary of Zayre Corp. in 1987, and became the legal successor to Zayre Corp. following a company reorganization in 1989.

, TJX operates TJ Maxx (in the United States) and TK Maxx (in Australia and Europe), its flagship store chains, along with Marshalls, HomeGoods, HomeSense, and Sierra in the United States, and HomeSense, Marshalls, and Winners in Canada. There are over 4,557 discount stores in the TJX portfolio located in nine countries. TJX ranked No. 97 in the 2021 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.

Zayre
In 1977, the first TJ Maxx store opened in Auburn, Massachusetts as part of the discount department store chain Zayre. In June 1987, Zayre established The TJX Companies as a subsidiary. In the first half of 1988, Zayre stores had operating losses of $69 million on sales of $1.4 billion. Observers blamed technological inferiority, poor maintenance, inappropriate pricing, and inventory pileups, and Zayre appeared ripe for takeover. Throughout all this, however, The TJX Companies subsidiary continued to yield a profit. In October 1988, Zayre Corp. decided to focus its energies on TJX. It sold the entire chain of nearly 400 Zayre stores to Ames Department Stores Inc. In exchange, the company received $431.4 million in cash, a receivable note, and what was then valued at $140 million of Ames cumulative senior convertible preferred stock.

The company continued focus on its core business, selling unrelated operations including BJ's Wholesale Club and Home Club, leaving it with just one brand, T.J. Maxx. In June 1989, Zayre Corp. acquired the outstanding minority interest in TJX and merged with the subsidiary, changing its name from Zayre Corp. to The TJX Companies, Inc. in the process. The newly named company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

Expansion
In 1990, TJX expanded into an additional store brand division, and at the same time it first went international, as it entered the Canadian market by acquiring the five-store Winners chain. Two years later, it launched its third brand, HomeGoods, in the United States. TJX's expansion beyond North America came in 1994, when the fourth brand division, T.K. Maxx, was founded in the United Kingdom, and then expanded into Ireland. In 1995, TJX doubled in size when it acquired Marshalls, its fifth brand. T.J. Maxx and Marshalls later became consolidated as two brands under a single division, The Marmaxx Group. The following year, TJX Companies Inc. was added to the Standard & Poor's S&P 500 Composite Index, which consists of 500 of the largest companies in the United States. TJX sold Hit or Miss, a discount mall based clothing store in 1995 as well through an employee leveraged buyout. TJX launched a sixth brand, A.J. Wright, in 1998 in the eastern U.S. The brand went national in 2004 when it opened its first stores in California on the west coast. The company's seventh brand division, HomeSense, formed in 2001, was a Canadian brand modeled after the existing US brand, HomeGoods.

In 2002, TJX revenue reached almost $12 billion. In mid-2003, TJX acquired an eighth brand division, Bob's Stores, concentrated in New England. In Canada, TJX began to configure some Winners and HomeSense stores side by side as superstores. The superstores feature open passageways between them, with dual branding. TJX's revenue in 2003 reached over $13 billion. TJX began to test the side-by-side superstore model in the United States in 2004, combining some of each of the two Marmaxx brand stores with HomeGoods. The company reached 141st position in the 2004 Fortune 500 rankings, with almost $15 billion in revenue. That year was also marked by the death of retired Zayre founder Stanley Feldberg.

In April 2008, TJX launched the HomeSense brand in the UK, with six stores opening throughout May. The brand is more upmarket than its Canadian namesake. Later that year, in August, TJX sold Bob's Stores to Versa Capital Management and Crystal Capital.

In December 2010, TJX announced that the A.J. Wright stores would be closed, cutting about 4,400 jobs, and that more than half of them would reopen under other company brands.

In December 2012, TJX acquired Sierra Trading Post, an off-price internet retailer of outdoor gear and apparel. Since its acquisition, the retail chain has opened over 70 brick-and-mortar stores in the United States. The chain rebranded to Sierra in 2019.

In July 2015, TJX acquired the Trade Secret and Home Secret off-price retail businesses from Australian company Gazal Corporation Limited. The deal was completed in December. In October, Ernie Herrman was named CEO of the company, replacing Carol Meyrowitz. He took over in January 2016.

In November 2019, TJX purchased a 25% stake in Russian retailer Familia.

COVID-19 impact
On August 19, 2020, TJX Companies continue to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic's effect on its business. The company announced that revenues dropped 31% over the months of May, June, and July, primarily due to extensive closures of the shop for around one-third of the period. TJX Companies reported a second-quarter loss of $214 million.

Computer systems intrusion
On January 17, 2007, TJX announced that it was the victim of an unauthorized computer systems intrusion. It discovered in mid-December 2006 that its computer systems were compromised and customer data was stolen. The hackers accessed a system that stores data on credit card, debit card, check, and merchandise return transactions. The intrusion was kept confidential as requested by law enforcement. TJX said that it was working with General Dynamics, IBM and Deloitte to upgrade computer security.

By the end of March 2007, the number of affected customers had reached 45.7 million, and prompted credit bureaus to seek legislation requiring retailers to be responsible for compromised customer information saved in their systems. In addition to credit card numbers, personal information such as social security numbers and driver's license numbers from 451,000 customers were downloaded by the intruders. The breach was possible due to a non-secure wireless network in one of the stores. Eleven men were charged in the theft, and one (Damon Patrick Toey) pleaded guilty to numerous charges related to the breach. Another, Jonathan James, professed his innocence and later committed suicide, apparently out of the belief that he was going to be indicted. The alleged ringleader Albert Gonzalez, was later indicted in August 2009 with attacking Heartland Payment Systems, where 130 million records were compromised.

Divisions

 * Marmaxx – TJ Maxx and Marshalls (US)
 * HomeGoods – HomeGoods and HomeSense (US)
 * TJX Canada – Winners, HomeSense (Canada), and Marshalls (Canada)
 * TJX International – TK Maxx (Europe & Australia) and HomeSense (UK and Ireland)

title: TJX Companies


text:
Pabst Brewing Company

The Pabst Brewing Company is an American company that dates its origins to a brewing company founded in 1844 by Jacob Best and was, by 1889, named after Frederick Pabst. It is currently a holding company which contracts the brewing of over two dozen brands of beer and malt liquor: these include its own flagship Pabst Blue Ribbon, as well as brands from many now-defunct breweries.

Pabst is headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. On March 16, 2021, it was announced that Blue Ribbon Partners, an investment platform led by American beer and beverage entrepreneur Eugene Kashper, owns 100% of Pabst Brewing Company. Blue Ribbon Partners is focused on beer and beverages in the US. Prior to current ownership, on November 13, 2014, Pabst announced that it had completed its sale to Blue Ribbon Intermediate Holdings, LLC, which was a partnership between Eugene Kashper and TSG Consumer Partners, a San Francisco–based private equity firm. Prior reports suggested the price agreed upon was around $700 million.

Founding
The original brewery was founded in 1844 as The Empire Brewery, later Best and Company, by brewer Jacob Best. The brewery was run by Jacob Sr. and his sons Phillip, Charles, Jacob Jr., and Lorenz. Phillip took control of the company in 1860. They started the brewery on Chestnut Street Hill in Milwaukee with a capacity of 18 USbbl. Later, in 1863, Frederick Pabst, a steamship captain and son-in-law of Phillip Best, bought 50% of Phillip Best, and assumed the role of vice president. In 1866, Best's other daughter, Lisette, married Emil Schandein, to whom Best sold the remaining half of the business. This move made Frederick Pabst president, and Emil Schandein vice-president. Lisette Schandein took over as vice-president of the company through 1894 after her husband's death.

Two factors helped position the company for significant growth: the untimely death of Milwaukee brewing competitor C.T. Melms in 1869 due to an infection from a needle, and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Melms' brewery was sold to Best and Company after Melms' death, which greatly expanded capacity for the company. Then, with the fire in Chicago a couple of years later wiping out the Chicago brewing industry, the company was in a position to grow with less competition to worry about. By 1874 Phillip Best Brewing Co. was the nation's largest brewer. The brewery's best-seller was a lager, Best Select, which began public sales in 1875. By 1893, Pabst became the first brewer in the United States to sell more than 1 e6USbbl of beer in a year.

20th century
During much of the 20th century, Pabst was run by Harris Perlstein, who was named president by Frederick Pabst in 1932 after a merger of Pabst Brewing and Premier Malt Products Co. (the latter of which Perlstein had been president). Perlstein emphasized research and innovation; under his direction, Pabst worked with American Can Company to produce the first beer cans, worked to create product consistency among multiple location breweries, and invested heavily in advertising and promotion. Pabst was involved in the 1953 Milwaukee brewery strike. In 1954, Perlstein was named chairman, and served until 1972; he then served as chairman of the executive committee until his retirement in 1979. Pabst's sales reached a peak of 15.6 e6USbbl in 1978 before they entered into a steep decline.

During Prohibition, Pabst stopped making beer and switched to cheese production, selling more than 8 e6lbs of Pabst-ett Cheese. When Prohibition ended, the company went back to selling beer, and the cheese line was sold to Kraft.

Pabst was renowned in Milwaukee for its brewery tours. Visitors to Pabst's tour were rewarded with sometimes bottomless glasses of beer at its end-of-tour Sternewirt Pub. Complete with a statue of Captain Frederick Pabst and waitresses pouring from pitchers of Pabst Blue Ribbon, Pabst Bock, and Andeker, the pub was popular with tourists and locals alike, especially students from nearby Marquette University and the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.

Kalmanovitz era

Paul Kalmanovitz, a "self-made" beer and real-estate baron, purchased the Pabst Brewing company in 1985 for $63 million in a hostile takeover through the auspices of his holding company S&P Co.; S&P Co.'s first brewery was Maier Brewing Company, purchased in 1958. When Kalmanovitz died in 1987, S&P became legally inseparable from the Kalmanovitz Charitable Trust.

In 1996, Pabst's entire beer production was contracted out to the Stroh Brewery Company, which utilized excess capacity at the former flagship brewery of the G. Heileman Brewing Company of La Crosse, Wisconsin it had absorbed earlier that year. In turn, the historic Pabst brewery in Milwaukee was closed, ending a 152-year association with the city and turning that company into a virtual brewer. In 1999, Pabst purchased the Stroh label, and the brewery in La Crosse was sold to City Brewing Company. In 2001, production was contracted to Miller Brewing Company, and by then what remained of the Pabst company operated out of San Antonio.

S&P was ordered by the IRS to sell the Pabst Brewing Company by 2005 or lose its not-for-profit, tax-free status. After a while, Pabst Brewing claimed that they were unable to find a buyer at market value and requested an extension until 2010 that the IRS granted.

In 2006, CEO Brian Kovalchuk resigned and the board replaced him with Kevin Kotecki. Kotecki swiftly moved the Pabst Brewing Company and its roughly 100 headquarters personnel to Woodridge, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. The offices in Woodridge were located on historic US Route 66.

Between 2005 and 2010, "PBR brand volume increased 69%, and Pabst's gross margins increased 48 percent, operating profit rose 81 percent, and net revenue per barrel increased 28 percent."

On May 28, 2008, a former Pabst Brewery in Newark, New Jersey, which was in the process of being demolished, caught fire and was seriously damaged.

Metropoulos era
On May 26, 2010, investor C. Dean Metropoulos reached a deal to purchase Pabst for about $250 million. On May 14, 2011, it was announced that Pabst would be relocating to Los Angeles, California.

Pabst retains a data center in San Antonio, Texas, the previous location of its headquarters. Pabst's shuttered brewery complex in Milwaukee was targeted to be redeveloped into restaurants, entertainment venues, stores, housing and offices. The $317 million project became the subject of public debate in Milwaukee.

Kashper era
Pabst Brewing Company announced November 13, 2014 that it had completed its sale to Blue Ribbon Intermediate Holdings, LLC. Blue Ribbon is a partnership between American beer entrepreneur Eugene Kashper and TSG Consumer Partners, a San Francisco–based private equity firm. Prior reports suggested the price agreed upon was around $700 million. Redevelopment of the historic Pabst campus continued, with the original brewhouse converted into a hotel, other buildings converted into condominiums and offices, and others still to be redeveloped.

In July 2015, Pabst announced plans to return to Milwaukee and refurbish a former church and training center on the site of the original Pabst Brewing complex as a micro-brewery and taproom. This project was completed in Spring 2017, with the taproom featuring both newly developed and historic beers in the Pabst portfolio. Driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, the company closed the facility in 2020 and it was taken over by Central Waters Brewing Company in 2021.

In November 2018, a lawsuit by Pabst against MillerCoors reached trial stage. Pabst argued that MillerCoors wanted to put it out of business by ending a longstanding contract through which MillerCoors brews Pabst's beers. Pabst said that MillerCoors is its only option for the 4 to 4.5 e6USbbl brewed annually for the company, since Anheuser-Busch, which has the biggest U.S. market share, does not do contract brewing. The lawsuit was settled out of court, and the contract between the two companies was renewed. In 2019, Pabst signed a 20-year production agreement with City Brewing Company. In 2020, Pabst exercised its option to purchase Molson Coors’s Irwindale brewery, and in 2021 sold the Irwindale brewery to City Brewing. The transition of production from Molson Coors to City Brewing was underway in 2022 and is expected to finish by the end of 2024.

Outside the United States
Pabst Blue Ribbon America has a licensing agreement and joint venture arrangement with China Pabst Blue Ribbon. It is produced, marketed and distributed by CBR Brewing Company, which jointly owns the company along with Guangdong Blue Ribbon Group under a sub-licensing agreement with the Pabst Brewing Company. CBR is a British Virgin Islands owned company but it is based in China. China Pabst recently released a new beer called Pabst Blue Ribbon 1844 for consumption in the domestic market; it sells for US$44 a bottle.

In 1999, Sleeman Breweries in Guelph, Ontario, a division of Sapporo Breweries, acquired Stroh Canada which owned the Canadian rights to a folio of brands, including Pabst. Sleeman then became the Canadian manufacturer and distributor of those products.

Pabst Blue Ribbon
Pabst Blue Ribbon, also known as "PBR", is the namesake of the Pabst Brewing Company products. Originally called Best Select, and then Pabst Select, the current name came from the blue ribbons that were tied around the neck of the bottle, a practice that ran from 1882 until 1916, and discontinued due to a silk shortage during World War I. After Prohibition, the blue ribbons were once again tied around the neck of the bottle, a custom that endured from 1933 until 1950.

Besides the 4.7% alcohol by volume Original, there are now also Pabst Extra a stronger 6.5% lager, Pabst Easy which is their low calorie light beer offering (3.8% ABV), and Pabst Non-Alc with less than 0.5% ABV.

In July 2019, the organization began testing a Hard Coffee line of drinks under the Pabst Blue Ribbon name in states along the East Coast, as well as a hard tea, hard seltzers, and even a whiskey.

Products
Brewing products include (or have included): About half of the beer produced under Pabst's ownership is Pabst Blue Ribbon brand, with the other half their other owned brands.
 * P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company,
 * G. Heileman Brewing Company,
 * Lone Star Brewing Company,
 * Pearl Brewing Company,
 * Piels Bros.,
 * Valentin Blatz Brewing Company,
 * National Brewing Company,
 * Olympia Brewing Company,
 * Falstaff Brewing Corporation,
 * Primo Brewing & Malting Company,
 * Rainier Brewing Company,
 * F & M Schaefer Brewing Company,
 * Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company,
 * Christian Schmidt Brewing Company,
 * Jacob Schmidt Brewing Company, and
 * Stroh Brewery Company.

The company is also responsible for the brewing of Ice Man Malt Liquor, St. Ides High Gravity Malt Liquor, and retail versions of beers from McSorley's Old Ale House and Southampton Publick House (of Southampton, New York).

Jacob Best
Jacob Best Pilsner is a pale lager named after Pabst's founder, Jacob Best.

Ballantine
Ballantine Brewery was acquired by Pabst in 1985 when it bought the Falstaff Brewing Corporation. Ballantine's flagship beer, Ballantine XXX Ale, has remained on the market since Prohibition ended. Ballantine IPA re-launched in August 2014 after nearly 20 years off the market.

Schlitz
Schlitz was first brewed by the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company in Milwaukee. Schlitz was one of the world's top-selling beers during the first half of the 20th century. Pabst Brewing Company also produces four Schlitz malt liquors—Schlitz Red Bull, Schlitz Bull Ice, Schlitz High Gravity, and Schlitz Malt Liquor.

Blatz
Blatz was the flagship brand of the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company of Milwaukee. The brewery was a major competitor of Pabst, Miller, G. Heileman, and other Milwaukee-area brewers, but was bought out in 1968 by Pabst. Pabst then sold Blatz to the G. Heileman Brewing Company in 1969. Under contract, Pabst continued to produce Blatz beer into the 1990s, when it was discontinued. The brand was revived in 2007 and is currently being brewed under contract by the Miller Brewing Company in Milwaukee.

Old Milwaukee
Old Milwaukee is a pale lager. The beer was first brewed in 1890 by the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company in Milwaukee, and was re-introduced in 1955 as a value-priced beer.

Colt 45
Colt 45 is a brand of malt liquor first produced in 1963 by the National Brewing Company in Baltimore, Maryland.

St. Ides
St. Ides is a brand of malt liquor first launched by the McKenzie River Corporation in 1987. St. Ides gained prominence during the late 1980s and early 1990s through the company's use of celebrity endorsements by rap artists such as Ice Cube, 2Pac, Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Scarface, The Notorious B.I.G., and Method Man & Redman.

Stroh's
The Stroh Brewery Company in Detroit, Michigan first brewed Stroh's beer in 1850. Stroh's is an American-style lager.

Old Style
Old Style was first brewed in 1902 by the G. Heileman Brewing Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin, under the name Old Style Lager; it was popular in Wisconsin, the Chicago metro area, Minnesota, eastern Iowa, Lincoln, Nebraska, southwestern Michigan, Upper Michigan, and Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota. It has been served at Wrigley Field for decades and is popular with fans of the Chicago Cubs. The original Heileman's Old Style brewery in La Crosse is now owned by the City Brewing Company. It brews La Crosse Lager, which is based upon the original Old Style recipe and is kräusened for 30 days.

In the early 1990s, Chicago-born actor Dennis Farina made a series of commercials for Old Style beer, mentioning that it was "our great beer... and they can't have it." In 2016, the production of Old Style returned to the La Crosse brewery under a new contract with Pabst; City Brewery became the sole producer of the Old Style brand. Along with the homecoming of the beer, the brand introduced Old Style Oktoberfest.

Lone Star
Lone Star was first brewed by Lone Star Brewing Company in San Antonio, Texas. It was Lone Star Brewing Company's main brand and marketed as "The National Beer of Texas".

Olympia
Olympia was an American-style pale lager. The Olympia Brewing Company in Tumwater, Washington first brewed Olympia beer in 1896, with Pabst purchasing the label and brewing the beer from 2014 to 2021.

A Sacramento resident filed a class-action lawsuit against Pabst in 2018 for allegations of false advertising due to the depiction of Tumwater Falls and the slogan "It's the water" on Olympia's bottles despite the beer being brewed using water from the San Gabriel Valley in Southern California. In 2020, the judge allowed the case to proceed. In January 2021, Pabst announced it was discontinuing Olympia beer. The suit was dismissed in 2022 as the plaintiff "could not show a concrete threat of future harm".

Rainier Beer
Rainier Beer was first brewed in Seattle, Washington by the Rainier Brewing Company. It is popular in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.

Schmidt's of Philadelphia
Schmidt's of Philadelphia, which had no connection to the St. Paul Schmidt Beer, was brewed by the Christian Schmidt Brewing Company, founded in 1860.

Schmidt Beer
Schmidt Beer was first brewed by the Jacob Schmidt Brewing Company in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1855. It is popular throughout the Upper Midwest.

National Bohemian
National Bohemian was the flagship beer of the National Brewing Company in Baltimore, Maryland. It is a Bohemian-style American beer. Ninety percent of National Bohemian sales are in the Baltimore area.

Andeker
Pabst introduced a premium brewed European style lager called Andeker in 1939. After being discontinued in the 1960s it was brought back from 1972 to 1986. It has been described as "The most European of the Americans, with full body and well-modulated flavor. Creamy rather than violently carbonated, sharp but not bitter." Andeker has been revived by Pabst at their microbrewery on the old Pabst brewery grounds in Milwaukee, is available on tap, in growlers and crawlers.

Red, White and Blue
Red White & Blue was a brand of beer produced and sold by Pabst from before Prohibition until the mid-1980s. Pre-Prohibition advertisements lauded its mellow taste and drinkability. After years of average sales, the brand saw significant growth in the early 1980s due to creative marketing campaigns. However, Pabst reformulated it to reduce costs and by the mid-1980s it was known as a "cheap beer". Sales steeply declined and the brand was discontinued.

Awards
Awards at the Great American Beer Festival: Awards at the World Beer Cup: Golden Icon Awards by Travolta Family Entertainment:

Pabst Brewing Company won "Large Brewing Company of the Year" at the Great American Beer Festival in 2011, 2012 and 2016.

title: Pabst Brewing Company


title: User:Violetriga/Templates3/facfailed


text:
Talk:Wild Bill Hickok

calcification
cite the source on petrification, or be ommitted. 75.168.92.226 (talk) 20:15, 14 May 2022 (UTC)

 * That paragraph is sourced to Rosa, Joseph G. (1979). They Called Him Wild Bill. University Press of Oklahoma. p. 305. Do you have reason to believe that is inaccurate or that there is a contradicting source? Thanks, SchreiberBike | ⌨  21:44, 14 May 2022 (UTC)
 * FYI Rosa is notorious for often being wrong and stretching the truth. Use with caution.   GenQuest  "scribble" 07:23, 15 May 2022 (UTC)
 * 'FYI'?, please provide some information then. Maybe update Rosa's page with source's... 2A02:C7E:284C:7B00:47E:42:FBAF:E3A1 (talk) 02:39, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The most recent biography of Hickok, Tom Clavin's "Wild Bill: The true story of the American frontier's first gunfighter" (St. Martin's Press, New York, 2019) makes no mention whatsoever of any alleged petrification. While Clavin reports Utter's return three years after Hickok's burial to supervise the movement of the body, there is no trustworthy evidence that the coffin was opened. The Coronado Mercury edition of 17 May 1888 (almost ten years after the reburial) reported that it had been opened, but cited no sources. Jesseallenchampion (talk) 11:32, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

wow
you can read the shock i had when i saw wild bill was connected to buffalo bill and john wesley hardin 2600:1700:9F60:8B80:809F:3D4:7EBE:9E7C (talk) 08:42, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

Two new sources
I added two new reference books to this article: Tom Clavin's "Wild Bill: The true story of the American frontier's first gunfighter" and Linda Fisher and Carrie Bower's biography of Hickok's widow, Agnes Lake: "Agnes Lake Hickok: Queen of the Circus, Wife of a Legend". Jesseallenchampion (talk) 11:15, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Corrections to date and title of show
Corrected date and title of Hickok's creation of his Niagara Falls show, "The Daring Buffalo Chase of the Plains". The show was created in 1872, after his tenure as town marshal of Abilene, Kansas, and after meeting his future wife, circus proprietor Agnes Lake. Jesseallenchampion (talk) 11:17, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Added info on Hickok's wife
Added reference material and information on Agnes Thatcher Lake, Hickok's wife. Jesseallenchampion (talk) 11:34, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Red hair
If he was of English descent he could not have had red hair. (Aardi18 (talk) 17:58, 11 October 2023 (UTC))

 * Because? Invertzoo (talk) 21:37, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wild Bill Hickok


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Katie Holmes old

Katie Holmes
''Obviously not going to pass, so I'm withdrawing the nomination. PedanticallySpeaking 14:46, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)'' Self nom. A life of the Buckeye actress (Dawson's Creek) with illustrations, bibliography, external links. Was previously on peer review here. PedanticallySpeaking 19:01, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, OK, somebody can draw well, but it sure would be nice to have a real picture of her, at least at the top. Everyking 19:10, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Not expansive enough for a featured article, and needs a photo. --Tothebarricades.tk 19:27, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's about as long as Julia Stiles, which was voted in as featured a couple weeks back. PedanticallySpeaking 16:58, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object.
 * The image is horrible for an FA, a photograph is far more appropriate (with the drawing further down).
 * The Dawson's Creek title image could use a caption.
 * The headings should have only one uppercased word (unless proper noun, which none are).
 * Sentences like "At 5'9" (some sources say 5'7"), the tall brunette enchanted the press" scream POV.
 * (Minor) It reads like a teen magazine article, and should have less inline quotes and informal writing style.
 * [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 19:32, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. I agree with plattopus. Phils 20:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object: I think the drawing is quite good, very talented. Good reference section, but with 20 references there must be more to write on her than this, for instance the section Lesser success on the silver screen seems to be more a list, a more detailed  appraisal of what she was actually doing right or wrong in these films could perhaps be written. The written style sould be a little more serious. Giano | Talk 08:52, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Reply by the nominator:
 * The drawing I neither composed nor posted. I listed this on requested photos and this is what someone posted.  If someone can do better, please do so.
 * Once an appropriate photo has been added I will withdraw that objection, but I'm not the one trying to get the article featured. :P [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 16:19, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * As I've said before, I do not have the ability to add photos. PedanticallySpeaking 16:56, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you mean you can't find a promotional image of her? A quick Google Image Search should produce some results, and promotional pictures have their own image tag since they should be fair use. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 17:24, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I work at the public library and do not have the ability to download and upload pictures. PedanticallySpeaking 17:39, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah. I'll dig around for something then. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 17:42, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 17:59, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone has changed the capitalization in the headers per the comment above.
 * A caption has been added to the title card image.
 * The sentence cited for POV summarizes the direct quotes which follow.
 * It is still an example of the POV throughout the article. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 16:19, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

--PedanticallySpeaking 14:59, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object for the moment. I'm actually OK with the tone which is fitting for an essentially light subject; not everything in Wikipedia has to be grey goo, and all the praise seems to be well-referenced from reputable sources.  That first sentence is a bit much, though -- I think "hoydenish girl" is actually redundant (aren't all hoydens girls)?  The "movies" section is a bit of a muddle of random tidbits; if this were reworked effectively I'd move to support.  Jgm 03:54, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak object. Nice pictures.  I just think that the text could be POV-cleaned up some and maybe expanded a bit.  For example, I too dislike the "hoyden" bit.  Thanks, PedanticallySpeaking, for giving me a chance to comment on this FAC.  -- M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 19:36, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object I have to agree with Giano's comments above. While it isn't a bad article, it just doesn't have that Midas touch that makes it "pop" out that it is a FA. I also share the same opinions as Merovingian (above). Either way, if the article is improved, I'd be happy to reconsider as I have respect for you built up. --Lan56 05:16, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object - (but I'm close to supporting). The lead paragraph - "hoydenish etc" I agree is out of place, and I also think "titular waterway" looks odd. I'd rather see straight forward  language that is either encyclopedic or conversational, but these examples are neither.  The section about "enchanting the press" - I would leave the section as it is because if you are quoting critics, as we are encouraged to do, and they are all positive (are there no negative comments to be found?), then you should not be accused of demonstrating POV.  However the section header is another story.  It's clearly POV, firstly because it's not taken directly from a quote, but even if it was, using it in a heading is placing a spotlight on it, and the decision to place that particular spotlight is POV.  Once again, I'd rather see a heading that is straight to the point, even at the risk of being bland.  The section about her film career is very well presented - however I'm not crazy about the title.  Once again the inclusion of the word "lesser" implies POV.  It implies that everything that follows is of lesser importance than everything that preceded it.   Please note, I'm objecting to the headings and not the body of the text which I think is fine, apart from the lead paragraph.  I admire your intention in trying to elevate "fansite" articles into something more intelligent and substantial and I think this one is almost there. Rossrs 10:06, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ivo van Emmerik

Ivo van Emmerik (born 1961 in Amsterdam, North Holland) is a Dutch composer.

Ivo van Emmerik lives and works in Zwolle, where he teaches twentieth-century music at the Arnhem/Zwolle School of Music (ArteZ Institute of the Arts).

He studied composition with Robert Heppener at the Sweelinck Conservatory in Amsterdam and Brian Ferneyhough at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague. He attended summer courses in Middelburg given by Morton Feldman and John Cage that were of great importance to his musical development.

In 1989 he completed, with honors, his studies in The Hague. Since then, his work has been performed regularly in the Netherlands as well as in other European countries (such as Germany, Russia, Italy).

He wrote for such ensembles and soloists as the Nieuw Ensemble, orchestra 'de ereprijs', Percussiongroup The Hague, Trio Dolce, pianist Anthony de Mare and Ensemble Kontext Basel.

His composition Thought for three soloists and orchestra (1990), written for the Residentie Orkest, was premiered during the 1991 Holland Festival by Het Trio (Harry Sparnaay, Harrie Starreveld and René Eckhardt) as soloists, Hans Vonk and Alexandru Lascae conducting.

A close association with the Ives Ensemble resulted in a number of large scale works such as Documents pour servir de canevas (1990–1992) a 45-minute cycle of six compositions for ensembles of between three and nine musicians and Birdstone (1998) a composition for two instrumental groups.

Since the mid-1990s spatial elements often come to the fore in Van Emmerik's work, for instance in De Leesmachine A-D (1994), a multi-media composition realized in collaboration with photographer and film-maker Frank Zweers and painter Ellie van der Meer. In this work not only the musicians are placed in two spatially separated groups, but also images and texts are projected into various points in space.

His orchestral work Ventriloquist (1996–1997), dedicated to his former teacher Robert Heppener, was performed for the first time in 1996 by the Nederlands Kamerorkest with Ed Spanjaard conducting, and it was repeated the following year under Lucas Vis at the occasion of a concert to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Donemus.

In 1999 he was one of the first Dutch composers who, in close collaboration with visual artists, wrote a work for CD-Rom: Als een gelaat van zand bij de grens der zee (1998–1999), a work which has been performed many times in the Netherlands.

As artistic advisor of the Prime Foundation Groningen he was involved between 1990 and 2002 in organizing festivals around internationally renowned composers such as Morton Feldman (1991), John Cage (1992), Dieter Schnebel (1993), Christian Wolff (1994), Luc Ferrari (1995), Henry Brant (1997), George Crumb (2000) and Wolfgang Rihm (2001).

His music was performed during the following international festivals:
 * Eerste Internationale Blokfluitweek (Amsterdam, 1988)
 * Festival Nieuwe Muziek Zeeland (Middelburg, 1988)
 * Nederlandse Muziekdagen (Utrecht, 1989 & 1990)
 * Ferienkurse für Neue Musik (Darmstadt, 1990)
 * Off Holland Festival (Amsterdam, 1990)
 * Nuove Sincronie (Milaan, 1990)
 * Holland Festival (Amsterdam and Den Haag, 1991)
 * Music Biennale Zagreb (1991)
 * But What About the Noise... (Groningen, 1992)
 * Visual Minds (Groningen, 1994)
 * Tweede Internationale Accordeonweek (Amsterdam, 1995)
 * Gaudeamus Vertolkers Concours (Rotterdam, 1996)
 * Animato Festival (Rome, 1996)
 * Festival SpatioMusica (Cagliari, Sardinia, 1998)
 * Terry Riley Festival (Groningen, 2002)
 * Transit Festival (Leuven, 2004)

title: Ivo van Emmerik


text:
The State (album)

The State is the second studio album by Canadian rock band Nickelback. "Leader of Men" was the lead single from this album, followed by "Old Enough", "Breathe", and "Worthy to Say". The album held a peak position of number 130 on the Billboard 200. The album also held a peak position on Billboard Top Heatseekers Albums charts position number 3 in 2000. The album was the band's first album to be certified Gold in both Canada and in the United States. It later went Platinum in Canada in April 2002 and then went Platinum in 2008 in the United States.

Background
The State was recorded in early 1998, with the band investing $30,000 into the record. On September 1, 1998, The State was released independently with a blue album cover. The original release was limited to 5,000 copies. In September of the next year, it was reissued on EMI Canada, with a re-formatted version of the original cover (the words "Nickelback" and "The State" were originally in yellow, in the same size near the right edge of the cover; on the EMI reissue, the word "Nickelback" was made into a bigger font and "The State" rendered in white at the top of the cover). In 2000, it was reissued again on EMI Canada, this time with different artwork featuring a young boy in a jail cell. This was also the artwork used on the American, European, and Australian releases on Roadrunner Records. In 2000, The State reached the Billboard 200 peaking 130. To support The State, Nickelback toured with Creed, Sevendust, 3 Doors Down, and Stone Temple Pilots. In early 2001, the band played its final dates with Everclear. In March 2001, Nickelback won its first Juno Award for Best New Group.

The album had four singles: "Leader of Men", "Breathe", "Old Enough", and "Worthy to Say". "Leader of Men" and "Breathe" both charted on the top 10 Mainstream Rock Tracks.

Personnel
Credits adapted from album's liner notes.

Nickelback
 * Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, guitar
 * Ryan Peake – guitar, backing vocals
 * Mike Kroeger – bass
 * Ryan Vikedal – drums (credited)
 * Mitch Guindon – drums (not credited, but performed on the album)

Production
 * Dale Penner – producer, engineer
 * Nickelback — producer
 * Dave Ashton — second engineer
 * GGGarth Richardson — mixing
 * G.E. Slavin Creative Design — graphic design in Coquitlam, British Columbia
 * Brett Zilahi — mastering at Metalworks in Mississauga, Ontario
 * Ken Grant — executive producer

Appearances

 * The song "Old Enough" was featured on the soundtrack to the film Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 in 2000.
 * The songs "Diggin' This" and "Hold Out Your Hand" were featured in the film The Forsaken in 2001.
 * The song "Leader of Men" was featured on the soundtrack to the movie Soul Assassin in 2001.
 * The song "Breathe" was featured on the soundtrack to the movie Clockstoppers in 2002.

title: The State (album)


text:
Talk:Pacific Fur Company

Fort Thompson (fur trade) or Fort Shuswap was PFC
I can never keep them straight; one was the PFC-cum-NWC post, the other a never-quite HBC post; the HBC took over the NWC in 1821, and the name slowly became Fort Kamloops I guess. But which was it at the start? What other APC posts were there in the Interior - I know there were some. I'll try and get writing Ft Kamloops/Shuswap/Thompson once I straighten out whose was which, and after I get Fort McLoughlin and Fort Simpson (Pacific coast) started.....Skookum1 (talk) 16:20, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * According to Meinig (in "Great Columbian Plain"), both companies built posts at Kamloops in 1812. The PFC was first, building a post they called She-whaps on the south side of the river. The NWC responded by building "a rival post across the river (which became known as Kamloops)". At first I think the NWC post was called "Thompson's River" or "Fort Thompson". Not sure how and when it became Kamloops. The reverse occurred with Spokane -- first set up by the NWC, followed by a rival post by the PFC. According to a map in the Meinig book showing fur posts by the company that established them, in addition to "double posts" at She-Whaps/Kamloops and Spokane, the PFC established Astoria (Fort George), Willamette (near today's Oregon City), Clearwater (on the Clearwater River and apparently closed down in 1813), and Okanogan. That might be it. Pfly (talk) 16:50, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Gov. Simpson in that Howay/Scholefield book I linked uses "Thompson's River" (1841). I guess all these should be added to the PFC article overleaf; you'll note my addition of the WA/BC history cats.....Skookum1 (talk) 17:00, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Faillure of Astoria and NWC purchase

 * ''After a number of set-backs, the Pacific Fur Company failed when the supply ship Beaver was late to arrive at Fort Astoria as anticipated. Fort Astoria and all other company assets in the Oregon Country were sold to the Montreal-based North West Company in October 1813, under duress during the War of 1812.

It's way more complicaed than that and "duress" is certainly a POV interpretation of the situation which led to the transfer of the fort; it was the partners in charge, who happened to be the Canadians (Hunt was absent, up talking to the Russians), and the scenario included factors like the collapse of the sea otter population and a gathering of ships and men taking refuge from a rising environment of regular warlike hostilities farther north, particularly the destruction of the Boston but also others, and the fort's resources and morale were under strain. By the way, sea otter is, by the way, what was meant by "beaver" in the records of the coastal trade, according to one old-era historian I've been reading (Bancroft, Begg or Scholefield & Howay). Yes, it was anticipated a warship would arrive to seize the fort (as the US had no Pacific Fleet in 1813, but the British did), but it was, according to the accounts of all three historians, a combination of all the factors, not just "duress". The NWC boys had arrived looking for grub, and wound up perceiving the situation and, all of them knowing each other also - and the NWC had curtsyed out of the lower Columbia, upon finding the Astorians, and had set up shop at Fort Okanagan, y'see. Astoria had not been economically viable, and the sea otter collapse; it was economic duress from the collapse of the sea otter supply, and duress from a climate of native warfare farther north, and something like good timing...the article should also have something about the re-transfer of assets and the longevity of the fort etc. On a corporate level, it might be good to add the Board of Directors and other company officials (if not already there, I htink they are on Astor's article and maybe in the Tonquin one). I'll come back at some point with chapter/page refs from the histories, which are all online.Skookum1 (talk) 02:58, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Tried to address these points a little. At least the "duress" bit. Also added some... color to the aftermath. This Nisbet book is quite good. One could add a bit about the actual people involved... John George McTavish for the NWC and Duncan McDougall for the PFC, at least. But good though the Nisbet book is it focuses on David Thompson and only skims over this bit of history. I'm guessing both of these people were NWC or former NWC employees, but not quite sure. Pfly (talk) 04:29, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, and for what it's worth, I think the NWC did not give up on the lower Columbia. They founded Fort Nez Perces -- it was the PFC that set up Fort Okanogan. I think the NWC had every intention of founding of post near the mouth of the Columbia for which to supply their Columbia District/Department posts. Had the War of 1812 and other events not given the NWC Astoria and no competition, I think they'd have competed against the PFC for control of the lower Columbia. As far as I've been able to get from reading about it, Thompson and the whole NWC in the first part of the 1810s was into the idea of supplying the Columbia District via the river's mouth instead of overland. I could be wrong, and it is sort of an aside, but thought I'd mention it. Pfly (talk) 04:36, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Interior forts
Hi Pfly, glad to see you're around; apparently things might be a little easier now - ?? Just to note that content on the Interior forts of the PFC is very much missing; of course it would help if I started Thompson's River Post (or was it Fort Shuswap that was the PFC one, and Thompson's River was NWC?). The Isaac Todd should probably be linked, and a dab come up with for the PFC's Beaver - Beaver (Pacific Fur Company) maybe?Skookum1 (talk) 17:39, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi.. slightly easier for the moment, but probably not for long. Plus got another long trip in September (this time by plane to Boston), so.. Anyway I think the PFC post at Kamloops was called She-whaps, or something like that. I can check the Meinig book later. Not sure about the ships. I don't have a good sense of them yet. My mentions of Isaac Todd are right out of Nisbet. I'd never heard of it before. Pfly (talk) 21:55, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It's either in Begg or Scholefield & Howay, the Isaac Todd, that is - it was the ship originally sent out to seize Fort Astoria but got hung up on other duties or some kind of trouble along the way. She-whaps is indeed what period docs name the PFC fort as, though I've usually seen Fort Shuswap....although hmmm I think, maybe because of the merger of the two posts, it was also used for Thompson's River Post (which also gets called Fort Thompson).Skookum1 (talk) 22:29, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * further comment Kullyspell House, Kootanae House, Saleesh House are also often rendered Kalispell House, Kootenay House, Salish House.....Skookum1 (talk) 22:31, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Nisbet says, if I have it right, that the Isaac Todd was a supply ship for the NWC, intended to see how feasible it was to supply the NWC's Columbia District from sea, while the Racoon was the Royal Navy warship with orders to seize or destroy American settlements in the region (ie, Astoria). The two apparently sailed together, more or less. And yea, the naming of these early posts/forts is complicated by their later names often being used. In some cases there were 3 or 4 generations of new forts, with the last one usually being named, even if it was many miles from the first one. Ah well. Pfly (talk) 09:06, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
 * otoh, the book http://books.google.com/books?id=zZ0gtEJCRdkC&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=clearwater+astorian+%22pacific+fur+company%22&source=web&ots=6SlJAw8DXO&sig=FJtAGibO9iHMFZMT7F4VGVAcDRM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=12&ct=result#PPA144,M1 (see if that links to the right Google Books pages) says the Isaac Todd was fitted with cannons and was come to seize Astoria. Pfly (talk) 09:44, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I was going to begin expanding this article when I stumbled upon the Astor Expedition page. The Pacific Fur Company only existed as long as the Astor Expedition was ongoing. These two articles are therefore on an identical topic. Voltaire's Vaquero (talk) 02:15, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

 * While remaining agnostic about whether the two articles have identical topics, I do agree they should be merged.Oldsanfelipe (talk) 16:29, 22 November 2014 (UTC)oldsanfelipe
 * There are a few other redundancies around in PacNW content and lots of overlap on many; for a merged title I'd expect the fur company title vs the 'Astor Expedition' title, though; there may have been reason for the separate creation of these titles long ago, but given that the one is about the other and what content there is in the one necessarily mirrors the other is noted; other involved articles like that of the Tonquin need to remain separate however.Skookum1 (talk) 03:22, 23 November 2014 (UTC)
 * As there was no dissent I went forward with the merger.Voltaire's Vaquero (talk) 00:54, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Removed content
I firmly believe in modifying the work of other editors only when needed. Much of the merged work included simply incorrect claims that were egregious. To keep things transparent here is the list of statements I have removed with individual explanations. Voltaire's Vaquero (talk) 00:55, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

 * "China where the furs could be sold for 10 times or more profit" was only true during Cook's time as countless fur trading books note. By the PFC's era the Chinese were paying profitable numbers, but nothing exorbitant as the aforementioned rate.
 * "However, the British had claims to the area Astor hoped to control with the establishment of The Pacific Fur Company. Astor's plans were not only in defiance of the British, but the organization of the Astoria party was also not welcomed by established companies including the North West and the Hudson's Bay Company." is simply untrue, as the HBC wasn't in the area until it absorbed the NWC, and the NWC staff were themselves friendly to their PFC rivals.
 * "Likewise had the Astorians been more successful in holding on to the Northwest region, the British would not have had a claim to British Columbia and America today would include the entire coastline from Washington to Alaska." By this logic the HBC should have made it impossible for the Americans to claim any of the Pacific Coastline. Ignoring this infantile logic, the PFC or HBC never "held" the PNW, as up till the 1840s the vast region was still very much in the hands of the many Indigenous nations. This is obviously shaded from a bizarre USPOV, one tinged in 19th century Imperialism.
 * "Had the Astorians sold their stake to the British just before the war broke out, it is entirely likely that the treaty would instead have stipulated that Oregon, being at that time occupied only by British subjects, would belong to Britain, with the result that Oregon would have eventually become part of Canada. In this sense, a case could be made that the ill-starred Astorian expedition saved Oregon for the U.S." This is rephrasing from a website that has citations that are not related to this statement. If the author of this article had wasted hours on scholarly papers and books, especially by the still master Frederick Merk, this simply wouldn't have been written. The Oregon boundary dispute was a convoluted issue that was of mostly minimal interest to either country until essentially the 1840s, then almost solely by Americans. Even then, the PFC played a minor role as merely one of a set of supposedly sound (in that I view neither Imperialist nation having just rights to the PNW) claims to the region.
 * "The present day international boundary along the 49th parallel was established following the organization of The Pacific Fur Company and its short presence on the Pacific." While this has a citation, I don't see why. The PFC didn't enter political calculations for establishing the 49th parallel in the PNW. As previously stated, it was merely one card in a stack of claims by the Americans to counter British claims to the region. It's like saying "The present day international boundary along the 49th parallel was established following the creation of Fort Victoria." While it may be true, it dishonestly implies that the company or port were instrumental in the border, which neither was.

 * Re that last, true enough that Victoria was founded in anticipation of where the border would be - as was Fort Langley. There's various what-ifs of the kind you've taken out here on other articles; some I'd removed from the Alaska boundary articles and others.Skookum1 (talk) 04:08, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Recent expansion
I finally got around to revising the article and while it is a bit more nuanced on particular points, it isn't complete by any means. The areas that need attention would be the sections covering 1812 through 1814. While I plan on editing these areas eventually, as of now I'm content with the article. Any thoughts on coordinating matters would be welcomed. Voltaire's Vaquero (talk) 08:26, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pacific Fur Company


text:
Sheerness line

The Sheerness line is located in Kent, England, and connects Sheerness-on-Sea on the Isle of Sheppey with Sittingbourne on the mainland, and with the Chatham Main Line for trains towards London, Ramsgate or Dover Priory. It opened on 19 July 1860.

History
The Sheerness branch line opened on 19 July 1860, from Sittingbourne to, at first, a station in the Blue Town area of Sheerness, close to the southern edge of the Royal Navy dockyard. In 1883 a further station was added at Sheerness-on-Sea, accessed by a reversing curve from the original station, which was renamed Sheerness Dockyard. At this time, all trains had to run first to the Dockyard station, then reverse (after the engine had changed ends) to Sheerness-on-Sea, and vice versa for the return journey. The original line was built by the independent Sittingbourne and Sheerness Railway company, and taken over by the London, Chatham & Dover Railway (LC&DR) in 1876. After 1899, it was run by the South Eastern & Chatham Railway, formed by the working union of the LC&DR with the South Eastern Railway.

In 1902 the so-called Navy Tram Road was constructed from the Dockyard station into HM Dockyard for the transfer of good wagons. In 1922 a direct line to Sheerness-on-Sea station was built, bypassing the older station, from which date all passenger trains ran to the newer station, and the Dockyard station was used only by goods trains. Sheerness-on-Sea station remains open, but the Dockyard station was closed to all traffic in about 1968. Its site is now occupied by sidings serving Sheerness Steel, but the former Navy Tram Road still exists. The Royal Navy dockyard closed in 1961, but the rail link was kept in the belief it would continue to serve the new commercial docks on the former Navy site.

The line was electrified by British Railways on 15 June 1959 as part of the "Kent Coast electrification" in the 1955 Modernisation Plan.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 29 June 1892 a train from Sheerness-on-Sea collided with the buffer stops at Sheerness Dockyard station, injuring nine passengers and the driver. The Westinghouse brake connection between the engine (no. 81, an 0-4-2WT of the LCDR Scotchmen class) and train was closed off due to the negligence of the driver and fireman, and was not checked by the guard. All three men were penalised.
 * On 17 December 1922, the Norwegian cargo ship SS Gyp collided with the Kingsferry Bridge, rendering it unfit to carry rail traffic. The bridge was eventually repaired, and through rail services were restored on 1 November 1923.
 * On 26 February 1971, a train formed of five 2HAP electric multiple units overran the buffers and demolished the station building at Sheerness-on-Sea. One person was killed and ten were injured.

Train services
Train services on the line are operated by Southeastern. From December 2019, three-car Class 375/3 Electrostars have operated on the line, replacing two-car Class 466 units.

Sheppey Light Railway
There was a branch line from Queenborough to Leysdown, opened in 1901 and closed 1950 – see the Sheppey Light Railway.

title: Sheerness line


text: Talk:American breweries

title: Talk:American breweries


text:
Herbert Feigl

Herbert Feigl (December 14, 1902 – June 1, 1988) was an Austrian-American philosopher and an early member of the Vienna Circle. He coined the term "nomological danglers".

Biography
The son of a trained weaver who became a textile designer, Feigl was born in Reichenberg (Liberec), Bohemia, into a Jewish (though not religious) family. He matriculated at the University of Vienna in 1922 and studied physics and philosophy under Moritz Schlick, Hans Hahn, Hans Thirring, and Karl Bühler. He became one of the members of the Vienna Circle in 1924 and would be one of the few Circle members (along with Schlick and Friedrich Waismann ) to have extensive conversations with Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. Feigl received his doctorate at Vienna in 1927 for his dissertation Zufall und Gesetz: Versuch einer naturerkenntnistheoretischen Klarung des Wahrscheinlichkeits- und Induktionsproblems (Chance and Law: An Epistemological Analysis of the Roles of Probability and Induction in the Natural Sciences). He published his first book, Theorie und Erfahrung in der Physik (Theory and Experience in Physics), in 1929.

In 1930, on an International Rockefeller Foundation scholarship at Harvard University, Feigl met the physicist Percy Williams Bridgman, the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine, and the psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens, all of whom he saw as kindred spirits. In 1931, with Albert Blumberg, he published the paper "Logical Positivism: A New European Movement" which argued for logical positivism to be renamed "logical empiricism" based upon certain realist differences between contemporary philosophy of science and the older positivist movement.

In 1930, Feigl married Maria Kaspar and emigrated with her to the United States, settling in Iowa to take up a position in the philosophy department at the University of Iowa. Their son, Eric Otto, was born in 1933. In 1940, Herbert Feigl accepted a position as professor of philosophy at the University of Minnesota, where he remained for 31 years. His close professional and personal relationship with Wilfrid Sellars produced many different collaborative projects, including the textbook Readings in Philosophical Analysis and the journal Philosophical Studies, which he and Sellars (with other colleagues) founded in 1949.

In 1953, he established the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science (the first center of its kind in the United States) with a grant from the Hill Foundation. He was appointed Regents Professor of the University of Minnesota in 1967.

Feigl believed that empiricism is the only adequate philosophy for experimental science. Though he became a philosopher instead of a chemist, he never lost the perspective, and the scientific commonsense, of a practical scientist. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto and he was, in the paradigmatic sense, a philosopher of science.

Feigl retired in 1971 and died of cancer on 1 June 1988 in Minneapolis. He was joined in death by his wife Maria the following year; they were survived by their son Eric O. Feigl, a professor of physiology at the University of Washington.

Selected publications

 * Herbert Feigl, "The "Mental" and the "Physical": The Essay and a Postscript" (1967)

title: Herbert Feigl