text:
Talk:Scott Steiner

Personal Life
Steiner claimed to have "broken Wilt Chamberlain's record" for sleeping with tens of thousands of women on an episode of TNA's "Spin Cycle" (online). Is that kayfabe or true? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.17.82.131 (talk) 19:13, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

school?
the first sentence under the "career" heading says that "after graduation...". graduation from where? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wellcraft11 (talk • contribs) 14:53, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Religion
His last name,Steiner sounds Jewish.It may also be German or of Ashkenazi (German Jewish ancestry).He is categorized as German American.Does anyone know if he is Jewish? (IP 1)

Its a German name. I doubt he's Jewish. On his wrestling tights he has a Christian cross so I would guess he is some sort of Christian. (2)

Seems to be a Swiss surname. --Gabbahead. (talk) 22:24, 1 July 2020 (UTC)

Scott's Personal Life
Do anyone know anything about Scott's persoanl life? I hear that he is married and has a kid. Is this true? User:MgTurtleMar. 19,2006.

hmmmm i remember reeding a wcw magazine interview that said hes married but that was awhile ago so who knows if he still is

In his TNA Today interview, he stated that he has children (Ric Flair even mentions that Scott has children in his book) but I don't believe that he mentioned a wife (I didn't get to watch all of it unfortunately) but does anyone know how many and names or ages?(MgTurtle 04:11, 9 August 2007 (UTC)).

Dispute
I dont think Scott was the last WCW Champion, under WCW booking. Because even though WCW was purchased by WWF, Booker T was booked to win the match before the WWF bought WCW. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.117.52.18 (talk) 21:48, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Rumors
Scott steiner just got signed a long term deal and will be back to feud with kurt angle sometime this year 2007

Complete Shot
Some people seem to believe Steiner called the Complete Shot the Steiner Flatliner. Do we have any reliable sources to say that? Obsessedwithwrestling has it listed as the Complete Shot BuyAMountain 01:59, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * His website - http://www.bootydaddy.com/about/bio.htm 14:27, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

The Superman logo controversy
The line about DC comics threatening legal action over the Superman logo while he was in WCW is odd since DC is part of the Time Warner conglomerate(now AOL/Time Warner). Maybe they complained and requested that he stop using the logo but how could they threaten legal action against themselves? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chrismarullo (talk • contribs)

You bring up a good point. --  The  Hyb  rid  01:01, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Not to mention that I remember seeing him use that on his tights for several years. In fact, I am watching Royal Rumble 2003 on DVD and he has the S logo on his tights (in his match against Triple H). An admin should remove that sentence. TJ Spyke 02:54, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

I don't know where to post this, but he was a two time-WCW U.S. Champion and neither time did he lose it in the ring. He was stripped of the belt on both occasions.

Which one is his real name? The text says "Scott Carl Rechsteiner (born July 29, 1962)..." while the picture title has "Scott Alfred Rechsteiner". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.153.145.108 (talk) 15:30, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Huh?
Does this belong in a biography like this? I'm not a wrestling follower, so I have no idea about the truthfulness of this, but if it is truthful, could someone please rewrite it more tastefully, and if it's simply vandalism, please remove it?

" When Keibler cost them a match, Steiner and Test planned to get ultimate revenge by truly embarassing her in front of millions of veiwers by forcing her to (literally) kiss there bare asses on live television. Keibler did not want to, so Steiner and Test moved closser to her until she was cornered in the ring and was about an inch from both Steiner's and Test's ass, and they moved even closer until Steiner's ass touched her cheek and Test's ass touched her nose, and each landed about 2 powerful farts on her face, in which they showed off their great power over her by waving there asses on her face as if they where giving her a stink face and said comments like "It's the 'Scott Steiner and Test kiss my ass club'" and "Well Stacy, How does it feel to kiss a big...bad...booty?" which made them feel better and better."

This aint true and this never happened. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.117.53.19 (talk) 22:46, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Manway 00:26, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Feud with Chucky the doll
Someone should add his silly feud with Chucky the Doll, it was pretty funny back in WCW before it went under. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.156.177.216 (talk) 19:59, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm sure someone would if Scott Steiner was even involved in the Chucky incident. It was his brother Rick that had a confrontation with the horror doll. HDC7777 (talk) 09:39, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

It was Scott Steiner on Nitro standind in the middle of the ring arguing with Chucky. They were promoting the "Bride of Chucky" at the time. It was NOT his brother Rick. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.115.34.34 (talk) 21:15, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Old, though not nearly as ancient as the post you've replied to, but yes. Yes it was. Not to worry, I ought to be more ashamed for knowing it than you not. Papacha (talk) 13:17, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

A move that should be added.
The Gorilla Press slam or Military press slam should be stated in his moves.

Scott never used this earlier in his career, but started to use this move when he got bigger and bigger in muscle and it became a fixture in his matches in his WCW run from 1998 onwards.

Anyone else agree with this? Dan the Man1983 (talk) 20:19, 1 March 2008 (UTC) I agree. I'm On Base (talk) 22:51, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll agree as well. ⒺⓋⒾ ⓁⒼⓄ ⒽⒶⓃ ②  talk 23:25, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

American Wrestling Ramapge
Scott Steiner will making his American Wrestling Rampage debut in France in November 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.47.140.30 (talk) 17:35, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Non-Immortal Heel
Anyone noticed Scott Steiner is one of the few TNA-hired superstars not to be part of Immortal? 72.70.203.28 (talk) 15:21, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

What are you talking about? He is a part of Immortal. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.181.96.134 (talk) 12:07, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

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steiner math
Hi. Steiner has a style and persona section, even I think we can include a legacy. However, I have a question. Do you think we can include the Steiner Math? It was just a promo, but an awesome promo. Several sources covered it. Also, years later, people still talking, websites, cover the 10 years of the steiner Math. I think there are enough sources to include it. --HHH Pedrigree (talk) 09:28, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Billed Named
Scott was billed as Scott Rexsteiner early on during his Bruiser Bedlam WWA run. 35.138.203.161 (talk) 21:35, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scott Steiner


text:
Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration

The economic policies of the Bill Clinton administration, referred to by some as Clintonomics, encapsulates the economic policies of president of the United States Bill Clinton that were implemented during his presidency, which lasted from January 1993 to January 2001.

President Clinton oversaw a healthy economy during his tenure. The U.S. had strong economic growth (around 4% annually) and record job creation (22.7 million). He raised taxes on higher income taxpayers early in his first term and cut defense spending and welfare, which contributed to a rise in revenue and decline in spending relative to the size of the economy. These factors helped bring the United States federal budget into surplus from fiscal years 1998 to 2001, the only surplus years since 1969. Debt held by the public, a primary measure of the national debt, fell relative to GDP throughout his two terms, from 47.8% in 1993 to 31.4% in 2001.

Clinton signed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into law, along with many other free trade agreements. He also enacted significant welfare reform. His deregulation of finance (both tacit and overt through the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act) has been criticized as a contributing factor to the Great Recession.

Overview

Clinton's presidency included a great period of economic growth in America's history. Clintonomics encompassed both a set of economic policies as well as governmental philosophy. Clinton's economic approach entailed modernization of the federal government, making it more enterprise-friendly while dispensing greater authority to state and local governments. The ultimate goal involved rendering the American government smaller, less wasteful, and more agile in light of a newly globalized era.

Clinton assumed office following the end of a recession, and the economic practices he implemented are held up by his supporters as having fostered a recovery and surplus, though some of the president's critics remained more skeptical of the cause-effect outcome of his initiatives. The Clintonomics policy focus could be summarized by the following four goals:
 * Establish fiscal discipline and eliminate the budget deficit
 * Maintain low interest rates and encourage private-sector investment
 * Eliminate protectionist tariffs
 * Invest in human capital through education and research

Prior to the 1992 presidential campaign, America had undergone twelve years of conservative policies implemented by Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Clinton ran on the economic platform of balancing the budget, lowering inflation, lowering unemployment, and continuing the traditionally conservative policies of free trade.

David Greenberg, a professor of history and media studies at Rutgers University, opined that:

"The Clinton years were unquestionably a time of progress, especially on the economy ... Clinton's 1992 slogan, 'Putting people first,' and his stress on 'the economy, stupid,' pitched an optimistic if still gritty populism at a middle class that had suffered under Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush. ... By the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black Americans, and the aged."

Tax reform
In proposing a plan to cut the deficit, Clinton submitted a budget and corresponding tax legislation (the final, signed version was known as the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993) that would cut the deficit by $500 billion over five years by reducing $255 billion of spending and raising taxes on the wealthiest 1.2% of Americans. It also imposed a new energy tax on all Americans and subjected about a quarter of those receiving Social Security payments to higher taxes on their benefits.

Republican Congressional leaders launched an aggressive opposition against the bill, claiming that the tax increase would only make matters worse. Republicans were united in this opposition, and every Republican in both houses of Congress voted against the proposal. In fact, it took Vice President Gore's tie-breaking vote in the Senate to pass the bill. After extensive lobbying by the Clinton Administration, the House narrowly voted in favor of the bill by a vote of 218 to 216. The budget package expanded the earned income tax credit (EITC) as relief to low-income families. It reduced the amount they paid in federal income and Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA), providing $21 billion in savings for 15 million low-income families.

Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 into law on August 10, 1993. The law created a 36 percent to 39.6 percent income tax for high-income individuals in the top 1.2% of wage earners. Businesses were given an income tax rate of 35%. The cap was repealed on Medicare. Gas taxes were raised 4.3 cents per gallon. The taxable portion of Social Security benefits were also increased.

Clinton signed Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 which reduced taxes for many small business. Furthermore, he signed legislation that increased the tax deduction for self-employed business owners from 30% to 80% by 1997. The Taxpayer Relief Act reduced some federal taxes. The 28% rate for capital gains was lowered to 20%. The 15% rate was lowered to 10%. In 1980, a tax credit was put into place based on the number of individuals under the age of 17 in a household. In 1998, it was $400 per child and in 1999, it was raised to $500. This Act removed from taxation profits on the sale of a house of up to $500,000 for individuals who are married, and $250,000 for single individuals. Educational savings and retirement funds were given tax relief. Some of the expiring tax provisions were extended for selected businesses. Since 1998, an exemption could be taken out for those family farms and small businesses that qualified for it. In 1999, the correction of inflation on the $10,000 annual gift tax exclusion was accomplished. By the year 2006, the $600,000 estate tax exemption had risen to $1 million.

The economy continued to grow, and in February 2000 it broke the record for the longest uninterrupted economic expansion in U.S. history.

After Republicans won control of Congress in 1994, Clinton vehemently fought their proposed tax cuts, believing that they favored the wealthy and would weaken economic growth. In August 1997, however, Clinton and Congressional Republicans were finally able to reach a compromise on a bill that reduced capital gain and estate taxes and gave taxpayers a credit of $500 per child and tax credits for college tuition and expenses. The bill also called for a new individual retirement account (IRA) called the Roth IRA to allow people to invest taxed income for retirement without having to pay taxes upon withdrawal. Additionally, the law raised the national minimum for cigarette taxes. The next year, Congress approved Clinton's proposal to make college more affordable by expanding federal student financial aid through Pell Grants, and lowering interest rates on student loans.

Clinton also battled Congress nearly every session on the federal budget, in an attempt to secure spending on education, government entitlements, the environment, and AmeriCorps–the national service program that was passed by the Democratic Congress in the early days of the Clinton administration. The two sides, however, could not find a compromise and the budget battle came to a stalemate in 1995 over proposed cuts in Medicare, Medicaid, education, and the environment. After Clinton vetoed numerous Republican spending bills, Republicans in Congress twice refused to pass temporary spending authorizations, forcing the federal government to partially shut down because agencies had no budget on which to operate. In April 1996, Clinton and Congress finally agreed on a budget that provided money for government agencies until the end of the fiscal year in October. The budget included some of the spending cuts that the Republicans supported (decreasing the cost of cultural, labor, and housing programs) but also preserved many programs that Clinton wanted, including educational and environmental ones.

Deficits and debt

Below are the budgetary results for President Clinton's two terms in office:
 * He had budget surpluses for fiscal years 1998–2001, the only such years from 1970 to 2023. Clinton's final four budgets were balanced budgets with surpluses, beginning with the 1997 budget.
 * The ratio of debt held by the public to GDP, a primary measure of U.S. federal debt, fell from 47.8% in 1993 to 33.6% by 2000. Debt held by the public was actually paid down by $453 billion over the 1998-2001 periods, the only time this happened between 1970 and 2018.
 * Federal spending fell from 20.7% GDP in 1993 to 17.6% GDP in 2000, below the historical average (1966 to 2015) of 20.2% GDP.
 * Tax revenues rose steadily from 17.0% GDP in 1993 to 20.0% GDP in 2000, well above the historical average of 17.4% GDP.
 * Defense spending fell from 4.3% GDP in 1993 to 2.9% GDP by 2000, as the U.S. enjoyed a "peace dividend" in the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union. In dollar terms, defense spending fell from $292B in 1993 to $266B by 1996, then slowly rose to $295 billion by 2000.
 * Non-defense discretionary spending fell from 3.6% GDP in 1993 to 3.2% GDP by 2000. In dollar terms, it grew from $248B in 1993 to $343B in 2000; robust economic growth still enabled the ratio to fall relative to GDP.

These surpluses 1998-2001 were attributed to a strong economy generating high tax revenues, tax increases on upper-income taxpayers, spending restraint, and capital gains tax revenue from a stock market boom. This pattern of raising taxes and cutting spending (i.e., austerity) in an economic boom coincides precisely with the advice of John Maynard Keynes, who stated in 1937: "The boom, not the slump, is the right time for austerity at the Treasury." However, this remarkable success did not stop conservative pundits from trying to discredit this achievement. Their argument essentially goes like this: Although debt held by the public was reduced, the surplus funds paid into Social Security were used to pay those bondholders, in effect borrowing from one pocket (future Social Security program recipients) to pay down the other (current bondholders), such that total debt rose. However, while this is true, this is also how the proverbial "math works" for all the other modern Presidents as well. It is not accurate to discredit the exceptional fiscal austerity of the Clinton era relative to other modern Presidents, which nevertheless coincided with a booming economy by virtually any measure. It is also relevant to point out that this booming economy occurred despite Republican warnings that such tax increases on the highest income taxpayers would slow the economy and job creation. Perhaps the boom would have been even greater if larger deficits had been run, but this was not the argument made at the time.

Welfare reform
On taking office in early 1993, Clinton proposed a $16 billion stimulus package primarily to aid urban area programs favored by progressives. The package was quickly defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate. Serious efforts at welfare reform required bipartisan support. With the landslide Republican win in the 1994 midterm elections, Clinton was forced to triangulate policies, wherein he adopted mostly conservative proposals supported by most Republicans, while claiming the major credit for them.

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWORA) of 1996 established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) food assistance program, which was funded by block grants to the states. This program replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, which had open-ended funding for those who qualified and a federal match for state spending. To receive the full TANF grant amounts, states had to meet certain requirements related to their own spending, as well as the percentage of recipients working or participating in training programs. This threshold could be reduced if welfare caseloads fell. The law also modified the eligibility rules for means-tested benefits programs such as food stamps and Supplemental Security Income (SSI).

CBO estimated in March 1999 that the TANF basic block grant (authorization to spend) would total $16.5 billion annually through 2002, with the amount allocated to each state based on the state's spending history. These block grant amounts proved to be more than the states could initially spend, as AFDC and TANF caseloads dropped by 40% from 1994 to 1998 due to the booming economy. As a result, states had accumulated surpluses which could be spent in future years. States also had the flexibility to use these funds for child care and other programs. CBO also estimated that TANF outlays (actual spending) would total $12.6 billion in fiscal years 1999 and 2000, grow to $14.2 billion by 2002, and reach $19.4 billion by 2009. For scale, total spending in FY 2000 was approximately $2,000 billion, so this represents around 0.6%. Further, CBO estimated that unspent balances would grow from $7.1 billion in 2005 to $25.4 billion by 2008.

The law's effect goes far beyond the minor budget impact, however. The Brookings Institution reported in 2006 that: "With its emphasis on work, time limits, and sanctions against states that did not place a large fraction of its caseload in work programs and against individuals who refused to meet state work requirements, TANF was a historic reversal of the entitlement welfare represented by AFDC. If the 1996 reforms had their intended effect of reducing welfare dependency, a leading indicator of success would be a declining welfare caseload. TANF administrative data reported by states to the federal government show that caseloads began declining in the spring of 1994 and fell even more rapidly after the federal legislation was enacted in 1996. Between 1994 and 2005, the caseload declined about 60 percent. The number of families receiving cash welfare is now the lowest it has been since 1969, and the percentage of children on welfare is lower than it has been since 1966." The effects were particularly significant on single mothers; the portion of employed single mothers grew from 58% in 1993 to 75% by 2000. Employment among never-married mothers increased from 44% to 66%. The report concluded that: "The pattern is clear: earnings up, welfare down. This is the very definition of reducing welfare dependency."

Trade

Clinton made it one of his goals as president to pass trade legislation that lowered the barriers to trade with other nations. He broke with many of his supporters, including labor unions, and those in his own party to support free-trade legislation. Opponents argued that lowering tariffs and relaxing rules on imports would cost American jobs because people would buy cheaper products from other countries. Clinton countered that free trade would help America because it would allow the U.S. to boost its exports and grow the economy. Clinton also believed that free trade could help move foreign nations to economic and political reform.

The Clinton administration negotiated a total of about 300 trade agreements with other countries. Clinton's last treasury secretary, Lawrence Summers, stated that the lowered tariffs that resulted from Clinton's trade policies, which reduced prices to consumers and kept inflation low, were technically "the largest tax cut in the history of the world."

NAFTA
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the free trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, was signed by President George H. W. Bush in December 1992, pending its ratification by the legislatures of the three countries. Clinton did not alter the original agreement, but complemented it with the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, making NAFTA the first "green" trade treaty and the first trade treaty concerned with each country's labor laws, albeit with very weak sanctions. NAFTA provided for gradually reduced tariffs and the creation of a free-trade bloc between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Opponents of NAFTA, led by 1992 independent presidential candidate Ross Perot, claimed it would force American companies to move their workforces to Mexico, where they could produce goods with cheaper labor and ship them back to the United States at lower prices. Clinton, however, argued that NAFTA would increase U.S. exports and create new jobs.

When he signed NAFTA, Clinton said: "NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement." He convinced many Democrats to join most Republicans in supporting trade agreement and in 1993 the Congress passed the treaty.

While economists generally view free trade as an overall positive for the nation's involved, certain groups may be adversely affected, such as manufacturing workers. For example:
 * In a 2012 survey of leading economists, 95% supported the notion that on average, U.S. citizens benefited on NAFTA. A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review found that NAFTA was a net benefit to the United States. A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08% as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions, and that US intra-bloc trade increased by 41%.
 * In 2015, the Congressional Research Service concluded that the "net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest, primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP. However, there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies." CRS also pointed out that NAFTA to a great extent set rules for behavior already underway (e.g., U.S. manufacturing companies were already moving some jobs to Mexico, thus avoiding U.S. employment regulation and unions, in efforts to maximize profits.)
 * The United States Chamber of Commerce credits NAFTA with increasing U.S. trade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.2 trillion in 2011, while the AFL–CIO blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time.

World Trade Organization (WTO)
Officials in the Clinton administration also participated in the final round of trade negotiations sponsored by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), an international trade organization. The negotiations had been ongoing since 1986. In a rare move, Clinton convened Congress to ratify the trade agreement in the winter of 1994, during which the treaty was approved. As part of the GATT agreement, a new international trade body, the World Trade Organization (WTO), replaced GATT in 1995. The new WTO had stronger authority to enforce trade agreements and covered a wider range of trade than did GATT.

Asia
Clinton also held meetings with leaders of Pacific Rim nations to discuss lowering trade barriers. In November 1993, he hosted a meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in Seattle, Washington, which was attended by the leaders of 12 Pacific Rim nations. In 1994, Clinton arranged an agreement in Indonesia with Pacific Rim nations to gradually remove trade barriers and open their markets.

Clinton faced his first defeat on trade legislation during his second term. In November 1997, the Republican-controlled Congress delayed voting on a bill to restore a presidential trade authority that had expired in 1994. The bill would have given the president the authority to negotiate trade agreements which the Congress was not authorized to modify–known as "fast-track negotiating" because it streamlines the treaty process. Clinton was unable to generate sufficient support for the legislation, even among the Democratic Party.

Clinton faced yet another trade setback in December 1999, when the WTO met in Seattle for a new round of trade negotiations. Clinton hoped that new agreements on issues such as agriculture and intellectual property could be proposed at the meeting, but the talks fell through. Anti-WTO protesters in the streets of Seattle disrupted the meetings and the international delegates attending the meetings were unable to compromise mainly because delegates from smaller, poorer countries resisted Clinton's efforts to discuss labor and environmental standards.

That same year, Clinton signed a landmark trade agreement with the People's Republic of China. The agreement–the result of more than a decade of negotiations–would lower many trade barriers between the two countries, making it easier to export U.S. products such as automobiles, banking services, and motion pictures. However, the agreement could only take effect if China was accepted into the WTO and was granted permanent "normal trade relations" status by the U.S. Congress. Under the pact, the United States would support China's membership in the WTO. Many Democrats as well as Republicans were reluctant to grant permanent status to China because they were concerned about human rights in the country and the impact of Chinese imports on U.S. industries and jobs. Congress, however, voted in 2000 to grant permanent normal trade relations with China. Several economic studies have since been released that indicate the increase in trade resulting lowered American prices and increased the U.S. GDP by 0.7% throughout the following decade.

Agriculture
Although Governor Clinton had a large farm base in Arkansas; as president he sharply cut support for farmers and raised taxes on tobacco. At one high level policy meeting budget expert Alice Rivlin told the president she had a new slogan for his reelection campaign: "I’m going to end welfare as we know it for farmers.” Clinton was annoyed and retorted, “Farmers are good people. I know we have to do these things. We’re going to make these cuts. But we don’t have to feel good about it.”

With exports accounting for more than a fourth of farm output, farm organizations joined business interests to defeat human rights activists regarding Most Favored Nation (MFN) trade status for China They took the position that major tariff increases would hurt importers and consumers. They warned that China would retaliate to hurt American exporters. They wanted more liberal trade policies and less attention to internal Chinese human rights abuses.

Environmentalists began taking a keen interest in agricultural policies. The feared that farming had a growing negative impact on the environment in terms of soil erosion and the destruction of wetlands. The expanding use of pesticides and fertilizers, polluted soil and water not just on each farm but downstream into rivers and lakes and urban areas as well. A major issue involved low fees charged ranchers who grazed cattle on public lands. The "animal unit month" (AUM) fee was only $1.35 and was far below the 1983 market value. The argument was that the federal government in effect was subsidizing ranchers, with a few major corporations controlling millions of acres of grazing land. Babbitt and Oklahoma Congressman Mike Synar tried to rally environmentalists and raise fees, but senators from the Western United States successfully blocked their proposals.

Congress wrote a new farm bill in 1995. Clinton vetoed it on December 6, 1995 because it would "eliminate the safety net" and "provide windfall payments to producers when prices are high, but not protect family farm income would prices or low."

Deregulation of banking
Clinton signed the bipartisan Financial Services Modernization Act or GLBA in 1999. It allowed banks, insurance companies and investment houses to merge and thus repealed the Glass-Steagall Act which had been in place since 1932. It also prevented further regulation of risky financial derivatives. His deregulation of finance (both tacit and overt through GLBA) was criticized as a contributing factor to the Great Recession. While he disputes that claim, he expressed regret and conceded that in hindsight he would have vetoed the bill, mainly because it excluded risky financial derivatives from regulation, not because it removed the long-standing Glass-Steagall barrier between investment and depository banking. In his view, even if he had vetoed the bill, the Congress would have overridden the veto, as it had nearly unanimous support.

Politifact in 2015 rated Clinton's claim that repeal of Glass-Steagall did not have "anything to do with the financial crash [of 2008]" as "Mostly True," with the caveat that his claim focused on removing the separation of investment and depository banking and not the broader exclusion of risky financial instruments (derivatives) from regulation. These derivatives, such as the credit default swaps at the core of the 2008 crisis, were basically used to insure mortgage-related securities, with AIG the major provider. This encouraged more mortgage-related lending, as AIG theoretically stood behind the mortgage securities used to finance the mortgage lending. However, AIG was not effectively regulated and did not have the financial resources to make good on its insurance promises when housing defaults began and investors began to claim the insurance payments on mortgage securities in default. AIG collapsed spectacularly in September 2008, and became a conduit for a large government bailout (over $100 billion) to many banks globally to which AIG owed money, one of the darkest episodes in the crisis.

Overall
Clinton presided over the following economic results, measured from January 1993 to December 2000, with alternate dates as indicated:
 * Average real GDP growth of 3.8%, compared to average growth of 3.1% from 1970 to 1992. The economy grew every quarter.
 * Real GDP per capita increased from about $36,000 in 1992 to $44,470 in 2000 (in 2009 dollars), about 23%, roughly the same as it did from 1981 to 1989 during the Reagan administration.
 * Inflation averaged 2.6%, versus 6.1% from 1970 to 1992 and 3.0% in 1992.

Labor market

 * Non-farm payrolls increased by 22.7 million from February 1993 to January 2001 (236,000 per month average, the fastest on record for a Presidential tenure ) while civilian employment increased by 18.5 million (193,000 per month average).
 * The unemployment rate was 7.3% in January 1993, fell steadily to 3.8% by April 2000 and was 4.2% in January 2001 when his second term ended. It was below 5.0% after May 1997.
 * Unemployment for African Americans fell from 14.1% in January 1993 to 7.0% in April 2000, the lowest rate on record.
 * Unemployment for Hispanics fell from 11.3% in January 1993 to 5.1% in October 2000, the lowest rate on record up to that point.

Households

 * Real median household income increased from $50,725 in 1992 to $57,790 in 2000, a 13.9% increase.
 * The poverty rate declined from 15.1% in 1993 to 11.3% in 2000, the largest six-year drop in poverty in nearly 30 years. The number in poverty fell from 39.2 million in 1993 to 31.58 million in 2000, a decline of 7.6 million.
 * The homeownership rate reached 67.7% near the end of the Clinton administration, the highest rate on record. In contrast, the homeownership rate fell from 65.6% in the first quarter of 1981 to 63.7% in the first quarter of 1993.
 * Clinton worked with the Republican-led Congress to enact welfare reform. As a result, welfare rolls dropped dramatically and were the lowest since 1969. Between January 1993 and September 1999, the number of welfare recipients dropped by 7.5 million (a 53% decline) to 6.6 million. In comparison, between 1981 and 1992, the number of welfare recipients increased by 2.5 million (a 22% increase) to 13.6 million people.

Criticism
Clinton has been heavily criticized for overseeing the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which made it more affordable for manufacturing companies to outsource jobs to foreign countries and then import their product back to the United States.

Some liberals and nearly all progressives believe that Clinton did not do enough to reverse the trends toward widening income and wealth inequality that began in the late 1970s and 1980s. The top marginal income tax rate for high-income individuals (the top 1.2% of earners) was 70 percent in 1980, then lowered to 28 percent in 1986 by Reagan; Clinton raised it back to 39.6 percent, but it remained far below pre-Reagan levels. Clinton's administration also afforded no benefit to unionized labor and did not favor strengthening collective bargaining rights.

Lower unemployment rates were another large part of Clinton's macroeconomic policies. Many argue that Clinton cost many Americans jobs because he supported free trade, which some argue caused the U.S. to lose jobs to countries like China (Burns and Taylor 390). Even if Clinton did cost Americans some jobs because of free trade support, some claim that he allowed for more jobs than were lost because the unemployment rate of his presidency, and especially his second term, were the lowest they had been in thirty years (Burns and Taylor 390). Others attribute this to sustained declines in interest rates, which fueled a booming stock market and job growth in a booming technology sector.

As mentioned previously, Clinton has been criticized by some observers as having played a long-term role in leading to the Great Recession with the aforementioned Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act as well as the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000.

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Buddy Jeannette

Harry Edward "Buddy" Jeannette (September 15, 1917 – March 11, 1998) was an American professional basketball player and coach.

Biography
Jeannette was widely regarded as the premier backcourt player between 1938 and 1948. He was named to the First Team of the National Basketball League (NBL) four times, and won titles with the NBL's Sheboygan Red Skins in 1943 and Fort Wayne Pistons in 1944 and 1945. Jeannette also won a title with the American Basketball League's Baltimore Bullets in 1948.

Most of his playing career came prior to the formation of the modern National Basketball Association (NBA) in its predecessor leagues the National Basketball League (NBL) and Basketball Association of America (BAA) including three years as a player-coach for the original Baltimore Bullets of the Basketball Association of America (BAA). In the 1948 BAA playoffs, he became the first player-coach to win a professional championship. After his playing career ended in 1950, he coached the original Bullets for one more season. He then became the head coach at Georgetown University for four seasons, leading the team to an appearance in the 1953 National Invitation Tournament.

Jeannette returned to the ranks of professional coaching in the NBA to lead the modern Baltimore Bullets twice, once for a full season and once as an interim coach. He later would coach the American Basketball Association's Pittsburgh Pipers for part of a season.

In 1994, Jeannette was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Jeannette attended Washington and Jefferson College, in Washington, Pennsylvania.

Head coaching record
Sources

title: Buddy Jeannette


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Eastern Nazarene College

The Eastern Nazarene College (ENC) is a private, Christian college in Quincy, Massachusetts. Established as a holiness college in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1900, the college moved to Rhode Island for several years. With its expansion to a four-year curriculum, it relocated to Wollaston Park in 1919. It has expanded to additional sites in Quincy and, since the late 20th century, to satellite sites across the state. Its academic programs are primarily undergraduate, with some professional graduate education offered.

The college is scheduled to close in December 2024 and transition "into a new educational enterprise that will carry on ENC's legacy" due to ongoing financial challenges.

New York
On September 25, 1900, several come-outer Methodist clergy and laymen affiliated with the 19th-century Holiness movement opened a co-educational collegiate institute at the Garden View House in Saratoga Springs, New York. In a time when pentecostal served as a synonym for holiness, it was named the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute (PCI). It was established to provide liberal education and ministry training in a preparatory academy, four-year college, and theological seminary. PCI operated under the auspices of the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America (APCA), a loose association of Wesleyan-holiness churches from eastern Canada down to the Middle Atlantic, and its own board of education. Lyman C. Pettit served as its first president. PCI was accredited by the New York State Education Department's board of regents of the University of the State of New York and was given state funding because a public school did not exist there at the time. In 1901, the institute changed locations in Saratoga Springs, from the Garden View House to the former Kenmore Hotel.

Rhode Island
The plans for a liberal arts college were delayed, however. There was a falling out between Pettit and the APCA. The school was moved to Rhode Island, where it re-opened on September 16, 1902, in North Scituate, Rhode Island. It did not yet have a post-secondary curriculum. Having been the originator of the idea for establishing PCI and having already surveyed the Rhode Island location, Fred A. Hillery had purchased the North Scituate campus on behalf of the association. Its Greek Revival buildings were originally designed for the Smithville Seminary in 1839 by Russell Warren, the leading Greek Revival architect in New England in the 19th century. The campus had been empty since 1876, when the Lapham Institute closed. After the move, the school attracted students from a variety of denominations. Only one-quarter to one-third of the student body was affiliated with the school's supporting denomination during any given academic year. In 1907, the APCA merged with the Church of the Nazarene. In 1908 PCI was one of the first three schools chosen to be officially affiliated with the Nazarenes.

In 1917, it was decided to develop the planned liberal arts college. On June 14, 1918, the Eastern Nazarene College was chartered with degree-granting authority in the state of Rhode Island. Secondary education was conducted by the Eastern Nazarene Academy. Choosing a new name, however, would be difficult: the school was now a liberal arts college and a Nazarene institution. Candidates included: "Northeastern Nazarene College", "Bresee Memorial College", "Nazarene College of the Northeast", and "Nazarene College and Bresee Theological Institute". General Superintendent John W. Goodwin is credited with the chosen name. He wrote to Hiram F. Reynolds, a general superintendent and long-time supporter of the school: "I know you will do your best for our New England College. I should be glad if they would change the name to the Eastern Nazarene College, or something like that. It would seem we must have a school there, although it moves along hard and slow."

Massachusetts
In 1919, the college moved to its current location in the Wollaston Park area of Quincy, Massachusetts. The founders wanted the new college to be located near either Harvard or Yale, so that its graduates could attend graduate school at one or the other. Quincy won out over New Haven, Connecticut because the educational standards were known to be higher in Massachusetts In addition, president-elect Fred J. Shields would accept the position only if the college were to be located near Boston. At the time of purchase, the 12 acre property was the site of the Josiah Quincy Mansion (1848), built for Josiah Quincy, Jr. Angell Hall was built here. Other buildings included one from 1896, used for the classroom building called the Manchester, stables (1848) (Memorial Hall was built in 1948 on this site), and one from 1901, which now serves as Canterbury Hall. The former PCI campus in Rhode Island was purchased in 1920 by William S. Holland, who moved his Watchman Institute there in 1923. He served African-American youths at that location for decades.

The trustees of the college were incorporated by the state in 1920, by which time its liberal arts identity had been "quite firmly established." It did not gain Bachelor of Arts degree-granting power from the commonwealth for another decade, after the curriculum and faculty were established. On January 28, 1930, President Floyd W. Nease appealed directly to the General Court of Massachusetts for degree-granting authority, defending ed his petition before the Joint Committee on Education and the state House and Senate. He cited financial records, campus improvement plans, and prominent community leaders; the bill passed in both houses and was signed by Governor Frank G. Allen on March 12, 1930. The news reached the college the following afternoon. The next year under President R. Wayne Gardner, the trustees reaffirmed that the college would remain "distinctly interdenominational and cosmopolitan in service."

The college seal, designed by alumnus Harold G. Gardner and incorporating the college motto, Via, Veritas, Vita (Way, Truth and Life), was adopted by the trustees on the recommendation of the president and the student body in 1932. A college banner displayed the emblems of Verbum, Lux, Spiritus, Crux. The college had been chartered in 1918 with a school of music, President Gardner secured certification for the college as a teacher-training institution with the Massachusetts Department of Education in 1933. The college established a graduate program in theology starting in 1938. It was one of two Nazarene schools before 1945 to offer graduate courses. Evolutionary biology was taught in the classroom at least as early as 1937. On May 8, 1941, Governor Leverett Saltonstall approved Eastern Nazarene to grant Bachelor of Science degrees. By 1943 ENC had a cooperative degree program in engineering with Northeastern University.

Under President Gideon B. Williamson on December 3, 1943, the Eastern Nazarene College gained accreditation from the New England Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. It was the second Nazarene college to gain institutional accreditation. ENC was admitted to the Association of American Colleges in 1944, and an affiliation with Quincy City Hospital for nurses' training began in that same year. Eastern Nazarene was soon dubbed "Our Quincy's College" by the Quincy Patriot Ledger. It works to maintain good town and gown relations with the city.

The Eastern Nazarene Academy closed after 1955. Starting in 1956, professors Timothy L. Smith and Charles W. Akers began to establish a community college for the city of Quincy.

In 1964, the graduate course in theology was discontinued and replaced with a master's degree program in religion. The college archives were created in 1963. The first history of the college, spanning from 1900 to 1950, was published by James R. Cameron in 1968.

Under President Irwin in 1977, plans were made to relocate the college to a 125 acre parcel of land in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, by purchasing the faltering Charles E. Ellis School for Girls. The proposed move was unpopular among students and members of the Quincy community. Governor Michael Dukakis also urged the administration to reconsider. The college was outbid for the land by a corporation that wanted to establish an industrial park, and it stayed in Quincy. In 1981, graduate degree offerings were expanded. It started an accelerated program for working adults in 1990. In 1991, a report issued by the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts (AICUM) determined that the college contributed nearly $10 million to the local economy and brought in an estimated $7 million from outside the state.

In 1992, President Kent Hill approved a policy to hire only Christian professors at the college. This decision generated controversy in the media but was intended for the hiring of new faculty. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) determined that it was reasonable according to civil rights laws. A second history of the college, spanning from 1950 to 2000, was started in 1993.

In 1995, the college pursued relocation to a larger campus, planning to purchase the former 56 acre campus of the Boston School for the Deaf in Randolph, Massachusetts, from the Sisters of St. Joseph, but the deal fell through. Instead, the college began to expand at other locations in Quincy, buying a piece of land along Hancock Street later that year, and the year after that purchasing an adjoining parcel along Old Colony Avenue. This was the former site of a Howard Johnson's candy factory and executive offices. In 1997, the college expanded beyond the metro Boston area for the first time, establishing a learning annex in central Massachusetts to serve as part of its adult studies division.

The Old Colony Campus (OCC) in Wollaston, as the new site on Old Colony Avenue had come to be named, was renovated as the Adams Executive Center. The Cecil R. Paul Center for Business was founded at the Old Colony location in 1999, and the James R. Cameron Center for History, Law, & Government was added in 2005. In 2001, just before the end of his second term, then-president Kent R. Hill was appointed the new Global Health Administrator for USAID. In 2008, ENC established satellite campuses in Boston, Brockton, Fall River, and Swansea, Massachusetts.

Closure
In June 2024, the college's board of trustees announced that college would close at the end of 2024 and transition "into a new educational enterprise that will carry on ENC's legacy". They cited significant, ongoing financial challenges, attributing the financial difficulties to the “enrollment cliff", a decline in the number of graduating high school seniors seeking college opportunities. They also noted that the college had established "teach out" plans with three institutions: Gordon College, Mount Vernon Nazarene University, and Trevecca Nazarene University.

College rankings
In 2010, Eastern Nazarene College was ranked in the top tier for northern U.S. regional colleges in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges report. It was also ranked 28th overall (specifically 25th in number of graduates going on to earn PhDs and 11th in number of alumni serving in the Peace Corps, relative to college size) by the Washington Monthly College Guide for baccalaureate colleges nationally in 2010.

Wollaston Park

The 21 acre main campus of the Eastern Nazarene College is situated in the Wollaston Park neighborhood of Quincy, Massachusetts. The Wollaston Park campus is 1.5 mi southeast from the Boston city line and 6 mi south of downtown Boston, just over 1 mi north of Quincy Center, 0.5 mi northeast of the Wollaston T station, and 0.25 mi southwest from Wollaston Beach. ENC purchased the Wollaston Park property, as a 12 acre parcel, from the former Quincy Mansion School for Girls for $50,000 in 1919. It has added to it over the years. The Mount Wollaston land belonging to the Quincy family had been broken up into prestigious building lots and named Wollaston Park in the late 19th century, to become one of Boston's first commuter neighborhoods, The area remains primarily residential.

The campus has a registered arboretum, named the Babcock Arboretum after Vernor J. Babcock, and dedicated in 1993. The alma mater, set to the tune of "Annie Lisle" with lyrics written by former president Edward S. Mann, refers to Quincy Bay and the elm trees for which Elm Avenue was named. These died with the onset of Dutch elm disease in the early to mid-20th century.

The Anglican Parish of Saint George, established by the Anglican Mission in America, has been on campus since 2009.

Historic buildings
The chandeliers of the Quincy Mansion (1848) were sold during the Great Depression in order to buy food for the students. The mansion was demolished in 1969 and Angell Hall was built on this site.

The mansion was part of the Quincy family homestead, along with the Dorothy Quincy House and the Josiah Quincy House, on a 200 acre parcel of land known as the "Lower Farm". The mansion was the summer home of Josiah Quincy, Jr., then mayor of Boston. It was three stories and white, in Georgian architecture, with marble fireplaces in most of the rooms and large French windows on the first floor that "opened upon either little balconies or broad piazzas." Elm Avenue had been the avenue, or driveway, for the two mansions on the property. The first of the two, the Josiah Quincy House (1770), still stands on Muirhead Street.

Both Gardner Hall (1930), originally named the Fowler Memorial Administration Building after Charles J. Fowler, and the original Floyd W. Nease Library (1953), now the Bower-Grimshaw Center for Institutional Advancement, were designed by Wesley Angell. Gardner Hall was designed in the Classical or Colonial Revival mode. Gardner is brick, three stories on a high granite basement, and capped by a parapet balustraded in the center. Corners are articulated with brick quoins. The fenestration is symmetric with double sash windows at regular intervals, trimmed in white, topped with flared brick lintels and a white keystone. It also features a two-story balustraded Doric portico of fluted cast stone columns. The portico is the backdrop for commencement ceremonies. The main entrance, at the end of wide stairs, is pilastered and topped with a bracketed entablature, which frames an arched glass opening. The side elevations have projecting stair towers, which indicate the site of a central hall running the length of the building. Originally rectangular in form, the 1953 addition of the then-Nease Library in the rear gave it a T-configuration.

Memorial Hall (1948) is the only building on campus, other than the pre-existing Canterbury Hall (1901), not to be named for an individual. Rather, it was built as a memorial to those who had served in the Second World War. Over two hundred alumni had served, and six students had lost their lives in the war.

Old Colony and other locations
The 6 acre Old Colony Campus (OCC), named for its location on Old Colony Avenue in Quincy, has two buildings. The "180 building" is the Adams Executive Center, which houses the business department in the Cecil R. Paul Center for Business, established in 1999. The building at 162 Old Colony houses the college archives and offices for the history department, as part of the James R. Cameron Center for History, Law, and Government, established in 2005. It also has separate offices for mathematics, and physics and engineering departments. In addition, the Campus Kinder Haus (CKH), an early childhood education center, is located here. CKH was founded in 1979 and moved to the Old Colony Campus in 2000. The college also owns adjacent undeveloped land between Old Colony and Hancock streets in Quincy, at the Southern Artery. This has been rezoned by the city several times. Quincy officials announced in 2009 that they might take the land by eminent domain for construction of a new middle school.

In addition to its campuses in Quincy, the college established a learning annex called the Auburn Learning Center in Auburn, Massachusetts, in 1997 to serve as part of the Leadership Education for Adults Division. In 2008 it added satellite campuses in Boston, Brockton, Fall River, and Swansea.

Religious affiliation
Higher education is, historically, one of the Nazarenes' most important emphases. The Nazarenes provide their colleges with "students, administrative and faculty leadership, and financial and spiritual support.... the college, while not a local congregation, is an integral part of the church; it is an expression of the church." Founded under the auspices of the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America, ENC was one of the first three schools officially chosen to be Nazarene institution in 1915, making it the oldest continuously operating educational institution affiliated with the Nazarenes. As one of eight Nazarene liberal arts colleges in the United States, the college receives financial backing equivalent to a $40 million endowment from its constituent churches. Eastern Nazarene is also bound by a gentlemen's agreement not to actively recruit outside its respective educational region, which extends southwest from Maine as far as Pennsylvania and Virginia in the United States and provides trustees for the college. The institution is otherwise largely independent, having been multi-denominational since 1902, and tuition-driven, with an actual endowment of only US$11,015,937. The president and trustees of the college determined in 1931, one year after gaining its charter to grant degrees in Massachusetts, that it is part of the college's mission to be "distinctly interdenominational and cosmopolitan in service." Students are not required to profess any religion, although chapel attendance is required and faculty members are required to be Christians.

Academic associations
The now-defunct secondary school, the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute, was accredited by the New York State Education Department's board of regents upon its founding in 1900. When it was first chartered in 1918, the Eastern Nazarene College was granted the authority to grant baccalaureate degrees in Rhode Island, and was later chartered with that same authority in Massachusetts in 1930. Teacher education was recognized by the Department of Education of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1933 and is also approved by the National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification and the Massachusetts Board of Higher Education, as well as benefitting from the Interstate Certification Compact for all teacher education programs, which allows graduates to teach in 44 states and the District of Columbia. ENC gained institutional accreditation from the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) in 1943, and the social work program has been accredited by the Council on Social Work Education since 1979. Eastern Nazarene joined the Association of American Colleges in 1944, has been a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU) since 1982, and is also a member of both the Council of Independent Colleges (CIC) and the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU).

Academics
According to some of the college's earliest and most influential figures, the Eastern Nazarene College has always existed with the idea in mind that one can be a Christian and an intellectual scholar: Bertha Munro, the first dean of the college is often quoted as having said that "there is no conflict between the best in education and the best in Christian faith" and former history professor Timothy L. Smith, who began his career at ENC, is widely considered the first evangelical Christian to gain academic prominence, while ENC alumnus and physicist Karl Giberson has worked to address the Creation-Evolution controversy and was executive vice president of the BioLogos Foundation until May 2011. Though it makes no religious requirements of its students, Eastern Nazarene has required that its faculty members be Christian since 1993. The school currently has three college divisions: the Traditional Undergraduate Division, the Adult Studies Division (often called the Leadership Education for Adults Division, or LEAD), and the Graduate Division. There were 1,075 students enrolled at the college in 2007, 927 of whom were undergraduate and 148 of whom were graduate students. Admission is selective on a rolling deadline and the 2007 acceptance rate for students who applied to the college was 61.7 percent.

Traditional Undergraduate division
Most degree offerings at Eastern Nazarene are baccalaureate degrees. In the Traditional Undergraduate Division, the college offers associate's and bachelor's (Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science) liberal arts degrees in 50 majors, with 57 minors and six pre-professional programs for a combined total of 80 programs of study, including dual degree programs with Northeastern University and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences leading to the doctor of pharmacy. In addition to co-operative programs and internship opportunities around Boston, Eastern Nazarene provides a number of intercollegiate and off-campus programs at 56 Nazarene institutions of higher education around the world. Students may also participate in the "Best Semester" study abroad program, and ENC offers an additional semester-long program in Romania. The college uses a "4-1-4 system" for its academic year: there are two full semesters in the Fall and Spring, each roughly four months long, and a one-month term in May known as "May Term".

Eastern Nazarene emphasizes a blend of faith and other pursuits, from biology to business, and has won the John Templeton award for science-and-religion education. The undergraduate curriculum at Eastern Nazarene was developed in 1919 by the first dean of the college, Bertha Munro, and originally modeled after the curricula at Radcliffe College and Boston University. A revision that introduced the Cultural Perspectives core sequence is very distinctive and comprises a series of interdisciplinary courses on Western culture that encourages students to ponder the "tensions and possibilities" in the relationships between the Christian faith and societal values. The traditional undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio at Eastern Nazarene is 11:1, and graduates on average have a 94 percent acceptance rate into medical school as well as a 100 percent acceptance rate into law school.

Graduate Division and LEAD
In addition to traditional undergraduate education, the college offers continuing education for working adults through the Leadership Education for Adults Division (LEAD). Accelerated programs have been in place since 1990, and now include bachelor's degree completion (Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees) and associate degrees (the associate of arts degree) as well as certificates in paralegal studies (CPS) and human resource management (CHRM). The college also maintains 2+2 programs and articulation agreements with junior colleges in the surrounding geographical area, like the agreements with Bristol, Massasoit, and Roxbury Community Colleges. Most LEAD classes are held at the Old Colony Campus or at one of the four satellite campuses for reasons of transportation and accessibility.

Graduate offerings from the Graduate Division are primarily master's degrees (Master of Science and Master of Education). Eastern Nazarene first offered graduate work in theology in 1938, then replaced it with a master's degree in religion in 1964, and added master's degrees in business, education, and psychology in 1981.

Student life
ENC is 24 percent ethnically diverse, the highest diversity rate among the eight Nazarene liberal arts colleges, and black student enrollment rose from 4.9 to 15 percent between 1997 and 2007. Eastern Nazarene has always been co-educational, and most of the traditional undergraduate population lives on campus. Undergraduate students at ENC are typically affiliated with approximately 30 different Christian denominations (the largest representations being Nazarene, Baptist, Catholic, and non-denominational), while 35 percent of the student population had no reported denominational or religious affiliation.

No student is required to be Christian to attend the Eastern Nazarene College, but each traditional undergraduate student, upon registering, agrees to what is called a Lifestyle Covenant: to, among other things, "abstain from the use of illegal drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and to avoid attendance at bars, clubs, or other activities or places of entertainment that promote themes of inappropriate sexuality, violence, profanity, pornography or activities demeaning to human life." The Student Handbook also specifies that "No person shall engage in sexual acts with anyone other than a spouse." While some guidelines might appear to be "relics from another era," according to the Boston Globe, the Globe has also noted that other prominent Christian colleges uphold these ideals, and that Eastern Nazarene is known for being a progressive "trendsetter" with a "slightly more liberal bent" than its peers. The John Templeton Foundation has also cited Eastern Nazarene College as an institution that builds character, and the Quincy Patriot Ledger has said that the school's "deep religious roots make for a quiet campus and good neighbors."

Extracurriculars
There are no fraternities or sororities on campus, but there are Greek "societies". Until 2002, there were four societies based on intramural sports competition, which included the "Kappa Cougars", the "Sigma Stallions", and the "Zeta Warriors". New societies were formed in 2007 and originally numbered eight but were reduced to four again in 2008. These societies are not currently active.

There has been an Honors Scholar Society since 1936, and there are various national honors societies (Phi Alpha Theta for history majors, Phi Delta Lambda for Nazarene scholars, Psi Chi for psychology majors, etc.). Students participate in the Student Government Association (SGA), Class Council, Students for Social Justice, academic clubs (Beta Phi Mu Shrader Club, Biology Club, History Club, etc.), and club sports. The student-run newspaper is "The Veritas News" (formerly the Campus Camera), since 1933 and regularly published since 1936, and the student-developed yearbook has been the Nautilus since 1922.

There are vocal and instrumental ensembles, including the A Cappella Choir, which was formed in 1938, and Chamber Singers, Gospel Choir, Symphonic Winds, and Jazz Band, among several others. The college also has a student theatre organization. There exist both campus-oriented and community-oriented ministries like as "Open Hand, Open Heart", which ministers to the homeless of Boston by providing food, clothing, and blankets. In addition to its study abroad programs, ENC also provides missions opportunities through a program known as "Fusion". Locally, environmental management students have been involved in community cleanup programs and archaeological investigations around Quincy.

Athletics
Intramural sports take place year-round and change from season to season based on student interest (past sports have included lacrosse, field hockey, and a very successful men's volleyball club). These and other campus sports, such as J-Term basketball, men's wrestling, men's football, powder puff football, and indoor soccer, are organized by the Student Government Association's (SGA) Rec. Life director.

Intercollegiate athletics at ENC first began in 1959 with wins over Gordon, Curry, and Barrington Colleges in baseball. Varsity sports are National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III, Commonwealth Coast Conference (CCC), and New England Collegiate Conference (NECC). Along with NNU, ENC is one of only two Nazarene colleges to compete in the NCAA. Men's varsity sports include baseball, basketball, cross-country, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. Women's sports include basketball, cross-country, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. When NAIA-affiliated, Eastern Nazarene regularly won the basketball tournament hosted by The King's College. The college also won the ECAC Division III Championship in 1996 and went to the NCAA Division III Sweet 16 in 2000.

Eastern Nazarene's athletic nickname is "Lions". From 1959 until 2009, the athletic moniker was "Crusaders". The college colors are red and white. Bradley Field is named in honor of Carroll Bradley, one-time professional baseball player and the first athletic director at Eastern Nazarene, and the LaHue Physical Education Center at ENC also serves as a clinical site for Northeastern University.

Residential life
Students live in single-sex residence halls. There are three female dormitories (Spangenberg Hall, Williamson Hall, and Munro Hall) and two male dormitories (Memorial Hall and Shields Hall). Young Hall provides apartments for staff and married students, in addition to suites for upperclassman females and males. Each dormitory houses a co-ed common area, known as a parlor.

The Mann Student Center houses The Commons for sit-down meals cafeteria-style, as well as The Dugout for meals in a café-type atmosphere. The latter is a popular location for social gathering, as is the adjacent "Colonel's Coffee House". Chapel services for undergraduate students, which are 40 minutes long, are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays. Attendance for most chapels is required for most undergraduates.

Notable alumni
Samuel Young, Edward S. Mann, and Stephen W. Nease were all ENC alumni and presidents of Eastern Nazarene College. Russell V. DeLong served two non-consecutive terms as president of Northwest Nazarene College, and also served as president of Pasadena College. John E. Riley, Kenneth H. Pearsall, and A. Gordon Wetmore also served as presidents of NNC. Stephen Nease and Gordon Wetmore later served as presidents of the Nazarene Theological Seminary. Stephen Nease was also the president of Bethany Nazarene College in Bethany, Oklahoma, and the founding president of Mount Vernon Nazarene College. William Henry Houghton was the fourth president of the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago], and Charles W. Akers was the first president of Quincy Junior College (QJC). Alumnus Donald Young, Samuel Young's son, would also become a president of Quincy College.

Lawrence Yerdon is the president of the Strawbery Banke Museum. He also served 1986-2004 as president of the Hancock Shaker Village, and was director of the Quincy Historical Society 1976–1986. Alumnus Edward Thomas Dell, Jr. was a published author, the editor of The Episcopalian from 1968 to 1973, and founder of two magazines, and he kept a running correspondence with C. S. Lewis, which is now archived in the Bodleian Library and at Wheaton College. Ralph Earle, Jr. served on the Committee on Bible Translation for the New International Version of the Bible.

John S. Rigden is an alumnus and physicist. Eldon C. Hall was the lead design engineer of the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) at MIT. Carl Crouthamel earned his doctorate at the University of Chicago after graduating from ENC, is known for his work with Enrico Fermi on the U.S. project that produced the first atomic bomb, started the first program to build a gamma ray lens for use in astronomy, and has worked for the Argonne National Laboratory.

Floyd Nease, Stephen's son and Floyd's grandson, served as a five-term state representative in Vermont and was elected majority leader (Democratic) in the Vermont House of Representatives. Nease served as executive director of three nonprofit human services agencies in Vermont, and as senior advisor for health care in the administration of Governor Peter Shumlin. James Sheets, former six-term Quincy mayor, is an Eastern Nazarene College graduate. David Bergers serves as the current director for the Boston Regional Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and attended Yale Law School after completing his undergraduate education at ENC.

Richard F. Schubert, another ENC alumnus and graduate of Yale Law School, was the founding president of the Points of Light Foundation, former president and vice chairman of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, general counsel and deputy secretary for the U.S. Department of Labor, and president and chief executive officer (CEO) of the American Red Cross. Neil Nicoll is the current President & CEO of the YMCA. Jim Tabor is vice president for operations at AirTran Airways. Harry Palmer was president of Atco Records, a division of Atlantic Records that produced albums by The Rolling Stones, Aretha Franklin and AC/DC. Samuel Jean, graduated from Eastern Nazarene in 1992 with a bachelor's degree in history before graduating from Boston University School of Law in 1995 and is the founder of CityView Artist Management.

Esther R. Sanger, noted social worker, preacher, and founder of the Quincy Crisis Center and the Mary-Martha Learning Center, attended the Eastern Nazarene preparatory academy and earned a B.A. in social work and an M.A. in family counseling at ENC.

Notable faculty
Chemistry professor Lowell Hall is the creator of "Molconn", which Pfizer uses to test drug potency, and is emeritus program chairman of the Boston Area Group for Informatics and Modeling. History professor Randall J. Stephens is editor of both the Journal of Southern Religion and Historically Speaking, which is produced at Boston University and published by the Johns Hopkins University. Donald A. Yerxa is director of The Historical Society (THS) at Boston University. He and fellow history professor James R. Cameron both studied under Charles W. Akers and Timothy L. Smith.

Former faculty members of note include physicist John S. Rigden, historian and community college president Charles W. Akers, biblical scholar Ralph Earle, Jr., historian Timothy L. Smith, theologian Thomas Jay Oord, inspector general and Massachusetts representative Robert A. Cerasoli, historian and seminary president Hugh C. Benner, and Olive Winchester. Presidents of the college who were first faculty members include Fred J. Shields in psychology, Floyd W. Nease in theology, R. Wayne Gardner in mathematics, Samuel Young in theology, Edward S. Mann in mathematics, and Cecil R. Paul in psychology. When Ann Kiemel Anderson was 25 years old, she became the Dean of Women.

title: Eastern Nazarene College


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File talk:Cup of Coffee with foam.jpg

Public Domain?
I noticed this image was removed from es.wikipedia as of 7 October, 2005. Is our claim to PD based upon this? Smmurphy(Talk) 23:37, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't be. Need to find out what license it does go under. Also, I'd like to know why it was deleted from the Spanish Wikipedia in the first place. Rob Church Talk 19:37, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

title: File talk:Cup of Coffee with foam.jpg


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Template talk:Flag

 * See WikiProject Flag Template (main documentation/discussion page for the flag templates)
 * See Category:Country data redirects for country identifier names.

Template-protected edit request 26 May 2023
The flag of the Norwegian city and my hometown Tønsberg should be added to this template, so when you set in  Tonsberg , it will show Tønsberg's city flag which looks like this:

Anyone who support my idea? Karamellpudding1999 (talk) 17:57, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: This template is based on country data, and as far as I am aware it is not granular to the point of listing cities. Primefac (talk) 12:28, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * There are a few cities such as Country data Moscow and Country data London, so I'm not averse to an occasional addition, but only if there is consensus to do so.  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'er there 12:37, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * To make a city's flag work with flag, you need to create Country data Tønsberg. Copy the format used at Country data Oslo. You'll need to find a verified city flag, however; see comments at this web page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 03:29, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 3 September 2023
Switzerland and Vatican City currently only include previously used flags in this template. Currently Country data Switzerland uses and Country data Vatican City uses. Please update the template to include those 2 flags or to recognise square flags in general so they have an extra space in templates such as flagu. Aris Odi ❯❯❯  talk  07:12, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ * Pppery * it has begun... 21:36, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Template needs option NOT to link country 18 September 2023
Without such an option, this is a violation of MOS:OVERLINK, particularly in a table with multiple links to the same country. Thanks! 1980fast (talk) 22:08, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * ❌ flagu already exists to not link to the country. * Pppery * it has begun... 22:24, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I was completely unaware of its existence. I'm not sure how I managed to miss it while looking in the documentation, but I appreciate your pointing it out nonetheless! 1980fast (talk) 07:32, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

Fatah
How does this work and why is it not working for Fatah / Fatah? Most other newsworthy Palestinian factions seem to work - Hamas -  PFLP -  DFLP - but not the biggest. Does it pull a flag off the wiki page for a thing? Or is there a separate database? Does the flag on the page need to be a particular file format or size? Irtapil (talk) 13:51, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, it attempts to pull a flag out of a template, which does not exist for Fatah but does for the others. See WikiProject_Flag_Template for information about creating/implementing the flag system for Fatah. Primefac (talk) 14:06, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't see how any of these flags satisfy MOS:SOVEREIGNFLAG, so why do we have templates for them at all? 2A00:23C5:BA8A:BF01:9B6:5525:7FD6:7C51 (talk) 22:48, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Flag


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Reglasmom

Reglasmom
page just a few words; no Google hits.

Robinh 12:18, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Flag Template

Sorting by country doesn't work if using flag icons
Hi, in FIFA World Cup records and statistics, sorting by team (country flag + team name) doesn't work. It uses Template:fb. Is there a way to have a hidden country name appear first or some other way? I manually added a sort key to the prior section FIFA World Cup records and statistics (Champions column), but it would be great to not have to do this. Cheers, Facts707 (talk) 16:22, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

Is the documentation updated on Naval vs Navy flags?
I'm asking about this section of the documentation/WikiProject page. I found a relevant discussion about this topic from last year. The project page seems to state that naval ensigns should be listed as navy, and that navy flags or naval jacks should be listed as naval. Is this currently correct? BucketOfSquirrels (talk) 15:35, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Türkiye
I'd like to detect the use of the words "Türkiye" or "Turkiye" as arguments to any of the flag templates by adding pages containing those uses with a hidden category with a name like "Incorrect use of Turkey flag template". As discussed endlessly on Talk:Turkey, the consensus is, and has been for some time, that the use of either of these terms in an English-language context is always wrong per WP:COMMONNAME, and I'd like to find and fix all of these. I'd do the modification myself, but I don't want to risk breaking a high-use template. Can any experienced templae editor please help me with this? — The Anome (talk) 11:39, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Please link to an example of a page that was using one of these arguments in a flag template. – Jonesey95 (talk) 14:56, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's one: List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate — The Anome (talk) 16:02, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * That example works because the redirect at Template:Country data Türkiye exists. If you think it should be nominated for deletion, Redirects for discussion is the venue for that. – Jonesey95 (talk) 16:58, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * AS long as it doesn't display as "Türkiye" I honestly don't see the problem with this. (t · c)  buidhe  04:54, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * It does display as "Türkiye":  →  Türkiye. I have fixed all of the transclusions in article space, but the template still works, as you can see here. – Jonesey95 (talk) 05:13, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

Despite my fixes less than two months ago, 12 articles are currently using this redirect. I have nominated it for deletion at Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 July 19. – Jonesey95 (talk) 15:56, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The discussion was closed as "Keep", so if you don't want this name to appear next to Turkish flags in articles, you're on your own to find and fix them manually. – Jonesey95 (talk) 14:59, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

Requested move at Template talk:Country data Georgia (disambiguation)
There is a requested move discussion at Template talk:Country data Georgia (disambiguation) that should be of interest to members of this WikiProject. It has been proposed to move Template:Country data Georgia (disambiguation) to Template:Country data Georgia, and Template:Country data Congo (disambiguation) to Template:Country data Congo. This would effectively remove the ability for instances like  and   to be used as aliases for   and. Thanks. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:15, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Bangladesh
Can BD for Bangladesh (ISO 3166) be added as a shortcut? Thanks, Edward-Woodrow :) [ talk ] 14:45, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * As this page explains, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 (three-letter codes) are the standard. Please use BGD for Bangladesh; Country data BGD already exists to meet this need. – Jonesey95 (talk) 16:59, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh, OK. Thanks. Edward-Woodrow :) [ talk ] 16:59, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Discussion regarding physical and digital flags
There is a discussion over on Wikiproject Heraldry and vexillology regarding physical and digital flags, including a discussion on their uses in flag templates here — IмSтevan  talk 13:14, 8 May 2024 (UTC)


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Black Standard

The Black Banner or Black Standard (الراية السوداء, also known as راية العقاب (rāyat al-ʿuqāb, "banner of the eagle" or simply as, ar-rāyah, "the banner") is one of the flags flown by the Islamic prophet Muhammad according to Muslim tradition. It was historically used by Abu Muslim in his uprising leading to the Abbasid Revolution in 747 and is therefore associated with the Abbasid Caliphate in particular. It is also a symbol in Islamic eschatology (heralding the advent of the Mahdi) though this tradition is weak according to hadithic standards.

The Black Banner, which is distinct from the ISIL flag, has been used by some militant groups since the 1990s, including some Chechen groups. Scholars have interpreted IS's use of a similar black flag as representing their claim to re-establishing a caliphate. Similar black flags have been used throughout Islamic history, including in Afghanistan during the early 20th century.

Origin
Arab armies in the 7th century were using standards to identify themselves on the field of battle. Among these standards, the rāya was a square banner; not to be confused with the liwāʾ or ʿalam, an identifying mark like a red turban.

Islamic tradition states that the Quraysh had a black liwāʾ and a white-and-black rāya. It further states that Muhammad had an ʿalam in white nicknamed "the Young Eagle" (العقاب, al-ʿuqāb); and a rāya in black, said to be made from his wife Aisha's head-cloth. This larger flag was known as Eagle.

The hadith reports Muhammad said that the advent of the Mahdi would be signalled by Black Standards proceeding from Khorasan and that it will be the flag of the army that will fight the Masih ad-Dajjal. At the Battle of Siffin, according to tradition, Ali used the liwāʾ of the Prophet, which was white while those who fought against him instead used black banners.

Historical use
The Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyad Caliphate adopted black for its rāyaʾ for which their partisans were called the musawwids. Their rivals chose other colours in reaction; among these, forces loyal to Marwan II adopted red. The choice of black as the colour of the Abbasid Revolution was already motivated by the "black standards out of Khorasan" tradition associated with the Mahdi. The contrast of white vs. black as the Fatimid vs. Abbasid dynastic colour over time developed in white as the colour of Shia Islam and black as the colour of Sunni Islam. After the revolution, Islamic apocalyptic circles admitted that the Abbasid banners would be black but asserted that the Mahdi's standard would be black and larger. Anti-Abbasid circles cursed "the black banners from the East", "first and last".

A black flag was used by the Hotak dynasty in the early 18th century, following Mirwais Hotak's Sunni rebellion against the Twelver Shi'i Safavid dynasty and later by the Emirate of Afghanistan under Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901).

On 21 July 1848, under orders from the Báb, the Bábí leader Mullá Husayn raised the Black Standard in Mashhad (in Iran's Khorasan Province) and began a march westwards. The mission was most likely proclamatory but possibly also to rescue another Bábí leader, Quddús, who was under house arrest in Sárí. After being rebuffed at the town of Barfurush, the group took up making defensive fortifications at the Shrine of Shaykh Tabarsi. It is reported the Black Standard flew above the Bábí fortress until the end of the Battle of Fort Tabarsi. According to Denis MacEoin, the Babis under Boshru'i were on their mission of spreading Babism, "by preaching if possible, by force if necessary."

As Arab nationalism developed in the early 20th century, the black within the Pan-Arab colors was chosen to represent the Abbasid dynastic color.

The Ahmadiyya movement also employs black and white colours in its flag (Liwaa-i Ahmadiyya), first hoisted in 1939. Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the fourth caliph of the Ahmadiyya Caliphate, explained the symbolism of the colours black and white in terms of the concept of revelation and prophethood.

title: Black Standard


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Cosmo Landesman

Cosmo Landesman (born September 1954 ) is a British-based American-born journalist and editor. With his then-wife Julie Burchill and friend Toby Young, he founded the magazine Modern Review, which operated from 1991 to 1995 with Young as editor.

Early life
Cosmo Landesman is the older of two sons of Fran and Jay Landesman, a lyricist and poet and a writer and publisher, from New York and St. Louis, respectively. He and his younger brother Miles Davis Landesman were born in St. Louis. Their parents worked in music and theatre. The family emigrated to London in 1964. By 1967, they embraced hippie culture, wearing beads and long hair. While Cosmo studied books more deeply, Miles became footloose, leaving their secondary school. Always more bookish, Cosmo envied his younger brother's willingness to plunge into the world; he left school in London at age 16 and experimented with the fringes of performance.

In 2008, by then a journalist for several decades, Landesman's memoir Starstruck was published. The book largely concerns growing up with his theatrical parents, described by Geordie Greig as "two wacky, middle-aged American egotists who arrived in 'the land of the stiff upper lip' and caused mayhem. Blind to their own blush-making toxicity, they were obsessed with being famous." Landesman also came to terms with his parents, who viewed themselves as appropriate subjects for his book.

The Modern Review
With his then wife, Julie Burchill, he became friends with Toby Young, a writer and editor. The three collaborated on founding The Modern Review in 1991, in which they intended to cover low-brow culture for the high-brows.

The founders argued how to proceed when circulation fell. Landesman and Burchill separated after she had an affair with Charlotte Raven, who was then an intern at The Modern Review. Landesman quit the UK in 1995 for New York City. He was one of the contributors to Vanity Fair's Cool Britannia issue in March 1997. He was a dating columnist for The Sunday Times.

Article in The Spectator
In April 2022, an article by Landesman in The Spectator, arguing for a right to "stare at women", was criticised by British Transport Police. His article was in response to a poster campaign which warned against 'intrusive staring'. Dawn Butler MP criticised the magazine for publishing the "creepy and misogynistic" article.

Personal life
As a young man, he joined the Groucho Club. He married Julie Burchill. Their son, Jack, took his own life in June 2015, aged 29, after suffering depression for many years.

In 2024, he described himself as living in "genteel poverty" after spending the money he received from an inheritance in the 2000s unwisely and ignoring his financial affairs.

Critical studies and reviews of Landesman's work

 * Starstruck

title: Cosmo Landesman


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Talk:Myth II

dds

Should this page be merged with the article Myth (computer game)? Myth: The Fallen Lords redirects there, and that page has lots of info that would more properly belong here if we were to have two articles (most notably the third party mods section). The more elegant situation, however, is probably to merge the two articles and have Myth II redirect to Myth (computer game). Argyrios 23:38, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, I should point out that all of the Marathon games redirect to a single page for that series of games... It just seems inconsistent to have a separate stub for Myth II when the Myth (computer game) article already has a lot of Myth II info. I will do the merge myself in a few weeks if I get no disagreement. Argyrios 02:47, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The only problem is there is a Myth III, made by another studio. It would break the "Bungie Studios Games table."  Just be sure to work around it however Wikipedia usually does.  There is no Myth III article, will fix that later. Indolering

i agree
I second that. I support an all in one myth series page. On that note M3...

title: Talk:Myth II