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Scouting Ireland

Scouting Ireland (Gasóga na hÉireann) is one of the largest youth movements on the island of Ireland, a voluntary educational movement for young people with over 45,000 members, including over 11,000 adult volunteers. Of the 750,000 people between the ages of 6 and 18 in Ireland, over 6% are involved with the organisation. It was founded in 2004, following the amalgamation of two of the Scouting organisations on the island. It is the World Organization of the Scout Movement-recognised Scouting association in the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland it operates alongside The Scout Association of the UK and the Baden-Powell Scout Association.

The organisation is independent, non-political, and open to all young people without distinction of origin, race, creed, sexual orientation, spiritual belief or gender, in accordance with the purpose, principles and method conceived by Lord Baden-Powell and as stated by WOSM. The aim of the organisation is to encourage the social, physical, intellectual, character, emotional, and spiritual development aspects (known as the SPICES) of young people "so that they may achieve their full potential and as responsible citizens, to improve society". The process of founding the new organisation came on 21 June 2003, after a merger between Scouting Ireland C.S.I. and Scouting Ireland S.A.I. was announced, becoming effective on 1 January 2004. Its national office is at Larch Hill, County Dublin.

The organisation, which is registered with the Companies Registration Office as a company, is headed by the Chief Scout, and governed by a board of directors who are answerable to the Scout Groups as company members. A small professional staff team is led by a chief executive officer.

Sections
The organisation is known for, and primarily operates through, its Youth Programme, for members aged between 6 and 25 years, divided into the following Sections:
 * Beaver Scouts – Ages 6–8
 * Cub Scouts – Ages 9–11
 * Scouts – Ages 12–15
 * Venture Scouts – Ages 16–17
 * Rover Scouts – Ages 18–26

Sea Scouts – Sea Scouting is a model for implementing the Scout Method with an emphasis on maritime tradition, nautical skills and water-based activities. Sea Scouting operates throughout the sections, consistent with the above age ranges.

Scout Group
The basic unit of Scouting in Ireland is the Scout Group. Each Group is based around a single meeting place, often a dedicated Scout hall or Scout Den, or may sometimes be a school assembly hall or community facility. A Group may have a number of sections, meeting at different times, and a meeting place may be used by more than one Scout Troop or Cub Scout Pack. Each Group is coordinated by a Scout Group Council, headed up by the Group Leader and Deputy Group Leader, these roles being appointed by the Chief Commissioner (Adult Resources) based on nomination by the Scout Group Council and recommendation by the relevant Scout County Commissioner. Membership also includes roles such as Chairperson, Secretary, Treasurer and Quartermaster, and adult representatives of all sections, and youth representatives of the Scouts, Venture Scout and Rover Scout sections, made by the Scout Group Council itself. In 2018, there were around 520 Scout Groups, while there were 492.

Scout County
Scout Groups are members of their local Scout County, some are which based on geographical counties, while others, depending on membership density, are based in parts of cities or across county boundaries. The Scout County supports the training of Scouters, the youth programme, and the development of Groups within the county. Each Scout County is coordinated by a County Commissioner.

Scout Provinces
Above the Scout County level, Ireland is divided into six Scout Provinces, namely the Northern, Southern, North Eastern, South Eastern, Western and Dublin provinces. Each Province is coordinated by a Provincial Commissioner, who in turn appoints a Training Co-Ordinator as well as Youth Programme and International representatives. The Provincial Management / Support Committee consists of County Commissioners, Provincial Officers, co-ordinators and representatives. Each Province has a professional Provincial Support Officer.

National Council
The National Council was the primary decision-making body of Scouting Ireland from 2004 to 2018 and met at least once a year. National Council was the body responsible for amendments to the movement's Rules and Constitution. It also elected the Chief Scout and national officers.

It was replaced with a company general meeting structure in October 2018.

Board of directors
The board of directors is the non-executive oversight body between general meetings of the company. From 2018, it consists of 10 elected members, and up to 3 co-opted members. It receives reports from Heads of Department and has the authority to create structures and appoint heads for those structures.

National Management Committee
From June 2003 until October 2018, the National Management Committee (NMC) was the executive body which guided the association between National Council meetings. It made decisions relating to policies and strategies, and their implementation on behalf of National Council. The NMC, which included National and Provincial Commissioners, also handled representation of the organisation both nationally and internationally. The NMC also drove development of both the youth programme and materials to support the management of adult members and other supporters.

The NMC had the same membership as the Board of the not-for-profit company acting for Scouting Ireland when appropriate. the association was in the process of merging with the company with the Board of Directors at the helm.

Chief Scout
The leader of the overall organisation is the Chief Scout, who is its leading volunteer and public representative, chairs general meetings and other bodies, and makes key awards. The Chief reports to the board of directors.

The first Chief Scout elected was Martin Burbridge, the former National Treasurer of Scouting Ireland (CSI). He was re-elected at National Council in 2007 for a second term which was due to end in 2010. For personal reasons Burbridge announced his resignation in August 2008, and the NMC elected Michael John Shinnick, the then Chief Commissioner for Adult Resources, as SI's second Chief Scout in September 2008. He was elected by National Council in March 2009, and again in 2012, for a term to end in 2015. Christy McCann was elected as SI's third Chief Scout in September 2015. McCann was elected unopposed for a second term in April 2018, serving until February 2021.

In May 2021, history was made when Jill Pitcher Farrell was elected as Chief Scout of Scouting Ireland. As a current Rover Scout, this was the first time that Scouting Ireland elected not only a female Chief Scout, but a Youth Member to this role. She is also the first to be elected at a company general meeting, rather than a National Council.

Membership participation in governance
A National Youth Forum is held each year with representatives from the Scout, Venture Scout and Rover Scout sections. Representatives debate motions relating to the running of the association and their own sections. Successful motions are carried forward to the relevant national bodies, including general meetings. Each forum elects 9 representatives who then represent the interests of youth members on various committees throughout their term of office (generally one year).

Professional staff
A staff of administrative and support professionals are led by Scouting Ireland's chief executive officer based in the National Office at the Larch Hill campsite.

National policies
The organisation's governance is supported by a number of national policies, largely set by general meetings and overseen by the board of directors. In addition to policies on finance, personnel, uniforms and facilities, these include documents on the Youth Programme, adult resource management, and safeguarding.

The organisation maintains a risk management strategy and policy, an anti-fraud policy, a whistle blower policy, and a crisis management policy.

There are also policies on adults in Scouting, adults working with young people, and recognition for adult contributors.

Scouting Ireland maintains a Code of Good Practice, Garda vetting and Northern Ireland access policies, and guidance on reporting, social media and drug incidents.

Roots
Scouting Ireland has its history in two legacy Scouting organisations — the Scout Association of Ireland (SAI), formerly known as the Boy Scouts of Ireland, and the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland (CBSI). The former traces its roots to 1908, and the latter was founded in 1927 – both trace their legacy to Lord Baden-Powell's Scout Movement.

By 1908, the influence of Baden-Powell's Scout Movement had spread from Great Britain to Ireland. The first recorded meeting of Scouts in Ireland took place at the home of Richard P. Fortune, a Royal Naval Volunteer Reservist, at 3 Dame Street, Dublin on 15 February 1908 where four boys were enrolled in the Wolf Patrol of the 1st Dublin Troop. The earliest known Scouting event in Ireland took place in the Phoenix Park in 1908 with members of the Dublin City Boy Scouts (later Scouting Ireland S.A.I.) taking part.

Because of the impacts to available adult leadership, the coming of the Great War in 1914 could have affected the viability of Scouting in Ireland. Scouts contributed to the war effort in several ways, with the Sea Scouts supporting the RN Coastguard.

In Dublin in the 1920s, two Roman Catholic priests, Fathers Tom and Ernest Farrell, followed the progress of Scouting. They noted that in other countries, the Catholic Church had taken up the idea of Scouting as a means of imprinting a Catholic ethos on young people. After some study and experimentation, they made a proposal to the Catholic Hierarchy of Ireland and were granted a constitution and Episcopal patronage in November 1926. Thus, the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland (CBSI) (Gasóga Catoilici na hÉireann) was created. CBSI would later become the largest Scout association on the island.

Parallel operations
Although the two associations cooperated, particularly in international contexts, these two separate Scouting organisations (SAI and the much larger CBSI) operated as separate entities through the latter half of the 20th century.

2004 Merger
On 1 January 2004, the two organisations were merged to form 'Scouting Ireland'. Each organisation had added 'Scouting Ireland' to their names in the decade before the merger. The merger was sanctioned in May 2003, when both associations agreed to join together to form a new single association. This in turn had followed from decisions in 1998 to set this process in motion.

, Scouting Ireland had over 45,000 members across the island of Ireland, including Northern Ireland, where it works in tandem with the Scout Association in Northern Ireland (SANI), which is part of The Scout Association in the United Kingdom. This number consists of 34,000 young people, and 11,000 adult volunteers. In 2019, the numbers were, over 38,000 were juvenile members, and 12,000 adult volunteers.

Controversies
Safeguarding issues resulted in controversy in 2017 and 2018, though the organisation and individual Scout Groups emphasised that operations continued as usual.

2015 death of scout
On 6 December 2015, on a Scouting Ireland visit to the coast, 14-year-old scout Aoife Winterlich was swept out to sea. She died four days later.

The visit was to Hook Head, County Wexford, during Storm Desmond. Scouting Ireland did not accept liability for Winterlich's death until 2024 when a case brought against them by Winterlich's mother was heard in Dublin Circuit Civil Court. The court found that Scouting Ireland should have accepted liability much sooner, and awarded €54,000 against the organisation.

2017 review
In July 2017, Scouting Ireland commissioned a review of the handling of child protection cases, which included an initial check on a small sample of more serious allegations. Arising from this review, led by safeguarding specialist Ian Elliott, a recommendation was made in November 2017 that the files on all historic cases of alleged abuse be further checked, in particular to understand if persons against whom allegations were made were still active in the organisation. The review did not make any assessment of allegations, major or minor, but noted areas for improvement in handling such cases, such as "without prejudice" suspensions instead of the then-operational "voluntary stepping aside" approach, and a recommendation against lobbying by accusees, which it concluded was happening in some cases. It was also reported that there were sometimes tensions between professional staff and volunteers, with the former feeling pressure from volunteers, while some volunteers perceived "heavy-handed" treatment of some allegations.

The organisation made changes to its processes in response to the work of Elliott, including implementation of the "suspension without prejudice" concept, pending investigation, and plans for recruitment of a safeguarding co-ordinator and additional child-protection officers.

Funding suspension and officer changes
The historic handling of one case, dating back to 2009 and relating to allegation by a then-18 year old volunteer against an older volunteer, caused particular concern in public and governmental circles. This resulted, in April 2018, in the suspension of the remainder of Irish State funding pending discussions with the relevant department. With the State funding accounting for one third of the organisation's budget, the suspension had a serious effect. The Taoiseach himself commented on the handling of this case, and the Irish Times published an editorial on the handling of related matters.

Also in mid-April 2018, four senior figures in Scouting Ireland voluntarily stepped away temporarily from their roles, pending a barrister-led review of certain matters. Still standing aside, these were the Chief Scout, re-elected in early April 2018, two Chief Commissioners, and a member of National Management Committee.

Governance changes and funding restorations
The Minister for Children partially restored State funding in June 2018. Funding was again suspended when the Chief Scout was invited to chair an EGM called to reform governance structures, and again restored after the meeting voted in favour of proposed changes, and the entire board stood down, allowing a completely new board to be elected.

Cases raised, November 2018
In November 2018 Scouting Ireland officials and the Minister for Children, Katherine Zappone noted to the relevant committee of the Oireachtas that a study of the organisation's records, and contacts from alleged victims, had revealed allegations related to abuse incidents, most notably from the 1960s to the 1980s. Most alleged abusers are dead, but where alleged abusers are living, Scouting Ireland has reported the allegations the Garda Síochána and Ireland's child protection agency, Tusla. To date, there was evidence of 108 alleged child sex abuse victims, from more than 400,000 members, and 71 alleged abusers (of whom 14 may have abused multiple children), out of more than 30,000 adult volunteers. Both records review and contacts are ongoing, and the numbers are likely to rise somewhat. The Minister noted that no alleged abuser is currently in Scouting Ireland.

2020 sex abuse report
In 2019, Scouting Ireland commissioned Ian Elliot to undertake a "learning review" on the issue of sexual abuse within the organisation. The resulting report, titled "Historical Sexual Abuse in Scouting: A Learning Review", noted that the safety and wellbeing of young people had not always been prioritised "particularly through the eighties and nineties". The report found that there was "coverup and [..] a failure to report abuse". The full extent of abuse could not be determined as records were lost or destroyed.

The report stated that a "characteristic of the poor governance that existed in scouting was the existence of a culture driven by self-interest, with little attention paid to the young people involved". There report also noted that there appeared "to have been an almost complete absence of any concern for the young people that were abused" and that, where attempts were made to support abuse victims or those reporting abuse, it was "poorly recorded". The report criticised the emergence of small cliques which played too great a role in the operation of Scouting bodies. Adults with a sexual interest in young people sometimes rose to positions of power and influence and controlled any fledgling accountability processes, preventing known offenders from being removed. The report said "Cronyism thrived and remained a significant problem in scouting up to and including the reviewer's involvement with Scouting Ireland" (in 2017). It also said that the introduction of an accountability framework was resisted and that "Individuals, who were suspected or known to be sex offenders, gained positions of power and became largely impregnable".

In his Executive Summary, Ian Elliot said that the existence of a "negative culture driven by self-interest, along with poor governance structures [were] the main cause of the continuation of sexual abuse in scouting". He also wrote that independent monitoring of practise and strict adherence to robust accountability procedures are essential for Scouting Ireland to ensuring that the progress that Scouting Ireland made in this area continues.

He wrote that those who volunteer to be Scout leaders should realise that to be a volunteer is a privilege, and that volunteers should expect to have their behaviour scrutinised and commented upon. If a volunteer's behaviour falls below standards, they should be helped raise it above the standard, and if they cannot raise their behaviour that they should leave Scouting. If their behaviour is a risk to young people, this should be reported immediately to statutory authorities.

He also wrote that the protection of children is not just the duty of a professional safeguarding team, but of every adult in the organisation. He concluded that Scouting Ireland is a considerable organisation that makes a "valuable contribution to the lives of many in Ireland today", but that the organisation must learn from its history to eliminate abuse and mismanagement and that "The volunteer is not supreme. The young person is.".

In May 2020, the report was published by the organisation which confirmed that the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland (CBSI) and the Scout Association of Ireland (SAI), which merged to form Scouting Ireland in 2004, identified at least 275 known or suspected sex predators across the two organizations, mainly dating from the 1960s and 1990s. Scouting Ireland backed the findings of the report and issued an apology.

In 2021, a former CBSI Scout leader was jailed for sexual assaults that occurred during the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s.

2021 "No Confidence" motion
At the annual general meeting in 2021, the members approved a motion of no confidence in the board, with regard to the changes made since the change to a company-only structure.

Campsites
Campsites and Scout centres in Scouting Ireland may be operated by local groups, with a number owned centrally and managed by the national organisation itself. Larch Hill in Tibradden, County Dublin, and Lough Dan near Roundwood, County Wicklow were inherited from Scouting Ireland (CSI) and Scouting Ireland S.A.I. as national campsites. Other nationally owned campsites include Mount Melleray Scout Centre in the Knockmealdown Mountains near Cappoquin, County Waterford and Castle Saunderson International Scouting Centre, a new campsite in County Cavan, as well as a water activity centre in Killaloe, County Clare. Locally run campsites include Kilcully, County Cork, Collon, County Louth, Dundrum International Scout Campsite, Dundrum, County Tipperary, Castleconnell Scout Campsite, County Limerick and Glendale Lodge, Glencree, Enniskerry, County Wicklow. Scouting Ireland have published a map of their campsite network including both national and local campsites.

International participation

The organisation and its legacy associations are represented in several international forums. , Scouting Ireland is the sole World Organisation of the Scout Movement (WOSM)-recognised body in the Republic of Ireland, and works with the Scout Association in Northern Ireland (which also has a Baden-Powell Scout Association group). In 2014, Scouting Ireland won the bid to host the 16th World Scout Moot, which was intended to take place in 2021, but was cancelled due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Memberships
In 1965, CBSI joined with SAI to form the Federation of Irish Scout Associations, FISA. Through FISA, Irish Scouts were able to play a full part in international Scouting. Prior to this, because the WOSM traditionally recognises only one Scouting body in each country, only SAI had been recognised by WOSM (since 1949). Similarly, the Northern Irish Scout Council (NISC) had observer status in the Federation, as CBSI's membership extended across the 32 counties on the island of Ireland and WOSM usually only recognises associations that observe political boundaries.

Individual representation and recognition
A number of Irish people have held office at international level, including as Chairman of the European Scout Committee and as Vice Chairman of the World Scout Committee. Howard E. Kilroy served as Chairman of the World Scout Foundation's Investment Committee. In 2001 John Geoghegan was appointed director of the World Scout Foundation

Six Irish Scouts have been awarded World Scouting's only award, the Bronze Wolf Award by the World Scout Committee, Edward J. Montgomery (1977), Desmond Fay (1984), Jeremiah Kelly (1985), Howard Kilroy (2010), Therese Bermingham (2015), and Máire Fitzgerald (2023).

Jamborees
Scouting Ireland hosted Jamboree 2008, its first international Jamboree, from 2–10 August 2008. It was held at Punchestown Racecourse, County Kildare with the aim of celebrating one hundred years of Scouting in Ireland. Around 12,500 Irish and overseas Scouts attended the event. The next Scouting Ireland National Jamboree, "JamboRí 2018" was held in 2018 at Stradbally, County Laois, with 4,000 in attendance.

Partnerships
Scouting Ireland has a number of international partnerships, including with the Lesotho Scouts Association, and with Denmark's largest Scout Association, Det Danske Spejderkorps.

Created in 2012, the "Crean Challenge" is an annual partnership between Scouting Ireland and Bandalag íslenskra skáta (BIS), the Icelandic Boy and Girl Scout Association. Irish Scouts travel to Iceland to improve their winter skills, navigation and mountaineering. The challenge is named after Irish polar explorer, Tom Crean.

title: Scouting Ireland


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Seymour Chwast

Seymour Chwast (born August 18, 1931) is an American graphic designer, illustrator, and type designer.

Biography
Chwast was born in the Bronx, New York City and in 1948 graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn where he was introduced to graphic design by his art teacher, Leon Friend. That same year, he publishes his first illustration in “It’s All Yours” issue of Seventeen.

He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Cooper Union in 1951. After graduation, he went on to hold several jobs, which included working on promotional art for the New York Times. He also worked at Esquire magazine, where he reunited with fellow Cooper Union alum Edward Sorel. After both of them were fired in 1954, they founded Push Pin Studios along with Milton Glaser. Reynold Ruffins would join them shortly thereafter. The bi-monthly publication The Push Pin Graphic, a product of their collaboration, was launched in 1957.

Chwast is famous for his commercial artwork, which includes posters, food packaging, magazine covers, and publicity art. Often referred to as "the left-handed designer," Chwast's unique graphic design melded social commentary and a distinctive style of illustration which he refers to as his "Roxy Style". Today, he continues to work and is principal at Pushpin Group, Inc. in New York City.

In 1970, he met Paula Scher during an interview she had with him at Pushpin while she was still a senior at Tyler School of Art. They married in 1973 and divorced five years later. They remarried in 1989. Chwast has two daughters from a previous relationship, Pamela and Eve.

In 1985, he received the AIGA Medal. He is the font designer of Chwast Buffalo, Fofucha, Loose Caboose NF, and Weedy Beasties NF. He is a member of Alliance Graphique International (AGI).In 2023 he was awarded a National Design Award as a Design Visionary by the Smithsonian Design Museum in recognition of his work.

==Fonts Designed ==
 * Artone (1964, Photo Lettering Inc.)
 * Blimp (1970, Photo Lettering Inc.)
 * Buffalo (1978, Mergenthaler)
 * Filmsense (1970, Photo Lettering Inc.)
 * Monograph (1972, Photo Lettering Inc.)
 * Myopic (1971, Photo Lettering Inc.)

Awards

 * 1972 – Augustus Saint Gaudens Award, The Cooper Union School of Art
 * 1983 – Art Directors Hall of Fame
 * 1985 – American Institute of Graphic Arts Medal
 * 1989 – National Jewish Book Award in the Children's Picture Book category for Just Enough Is Plenty
 * 1992 – Honorary Doctorate, Parson's School of Design
 * 1997 – Masters Series, School of Visual Arts
 * 2011 – Inkpot Award
 * 2023 – National Design Award, Cooper Hewitt Design Museum

Works

 * Poster Man : 50 Years of Iconic Graphic Design (by Seymour Chwast), Schiffer Publishing, 2021, ISBN 978-0764361227
 * Docteur Dolittle (Sztajn Lili, Seymour Chwast, Lili Sztajn, Philippe Bretelle), Helium livres illustrés (French Edition), 2018 ISBN 978-2330090487
 * At War with War: 5000 Years of Conquests, Invasions, and Terrorist Attacks, An Illustrated Timeline (by Seymour Chwast, Victor Navasky), Seven Stories Press, 2017 ISBN 978-1609807795
 * The Pancake King (By Phyllis La Farge, Illustrated by Seymour Chwast, Ate by Seth Swerine), Princeton Architectural Press, 2016 (ISBN 978-1616894320)
 * About Diabetes: Your Guide to Good Health (by Learning About Diabetes Inc., Seymour Chwast), Learning About Diabetes Inc., 2016 ISBN 978-0692670095
 * Dr. Dolittle (by Seymour Chwast), Creative Editions, 2015 ISBN 978-1568462585
 * Still Another Number Book: A Colorful Counting Book (by Seymour Chwast, Martin Moskof), Dover Publications, 2014 ISBN 978-0486492018
 * Still Another Alphabet Book: A Colorful Puzzle & Game Book (by Seymour Chwast, Martin Moskof), Dover Publications, 2014 ISBN 978-0486492001
 * Tall City, Wide Country (by Seymour Chwast), Creative Editions, 2013 ISBN 978-1568462288
 * Get Dressed! (by Seymour Chwast), Harry N. Abrams, 2012 ISBN 978-1419701078
 * Bobo's Smile (by Seymour Chwast), Creative Editions, 2012 ISBN 978-1568462219
 * The Odyssey (by Seymour Chwast), Bloomsbury USA, 2012 ISBN 978-1608194865
 * Graphic Style: From Victorian to New Century (by Steven Heller, Seymour Chwast), Harry N Abrams Inc, 2011 ISBN 978-0810997912
 * The Canterbury Tales (by Seymour Chwast), Bloomsbury USA, 2011 ISBN 978-1608194872
 * Dante's Divine Comedy: A Graphic Adaptation (by Seymour Chwast), Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2010
 * Seymour: The Obsessive Images of Seymour Chwast (by Seymour Chwast, Steven Heller, Paula Scher), Chronicle Books, 2009 ISBN 978-0811865463
 * Had Gadya: A Passover Song (by Seymour Chwast, Michael Strassfeld), Square Fish, 2009 ISBN 978-0312535704
 * Illustration: A Visual History (by Steven Heller, Seymour Chwast), Harry N Abrams, 2008 ISBN 978-0810972841
 * She Sells Sea Shells: World Class Tongue Twisters (by Seymour Chwast), Applesauce Press, 2008 ISBN 978-1604330090
 * The Push Pin Graphic: A Quarter Century of Innovative Design and Illustration (by Seymour Chwast, introduction by Martin Venezky), Chronicle Books, 2004 ISBN 978-0811841030
 * Graphic Style: From Victorian to Digital (by Steven Heller, Seymour Chwast), Harry N Abrams, 2001 ISBN 978-0810929845
 * Traffic Jam (by Seymour Chwast), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999 ISBN 978-0395974957
 * The Twelve Circus Rings (by Seymour Chwast), Harcourt Childrens Books, 1996 ISBN 978-0152013615
 * Goodbye, Hello : Everything You Need to Help Your Child When Your Family Moves, Parenting Packs (by Seymour Chwast) Harry N Abrams Inc, 1997 ISBN 978-1891443008
 * Mr. Merlin and the Turtle (by Seymour Chwast), Greenwillow, 1996 ISBN 978-0688146320
 * Jackets Required (by Steven Heller, Seymour Chwast), Chronicle Books, 1995 ISBN 978-0811803960
 * Bra Fashions By Stephanie (by Seymour Chwast), Warner Books, 1994 ISBN 978-0446670500
 * The Alphabet Parade (by Seymour Chwast), Voyager Books, 1994 ISBN 978-0152001155
 * Graphic Style: From Victorian to Post-Modern (by Steven Heller, Seymour Chwast), Harry N Abrams, 1994 ISBN 978-0810925885
 * Just Enough Is Plenty: A Hanukkah Tale (by Barbara Diamond Goldin and Seymour Chwast), Viking Kestrel, 1988 ISBN 978-0670818525
 * Art Against War: Four Hundred Years of Protest in Art (by D. J. R. Bruckner, Seymour Chwast, Steven Heller), Abbeville Press, 1984 ISBN 978-0896593893
 * Paper Pets: Make Your Own 3 Dogs, 2 Cats, 1 Parrot, 1 Rabbit, 1 Monkey (by Seymour Chwast), Harry N Abrams Inc 1993 ISBN 978-0810925311
 * Trylon and Perisphere: 1939 New York World's Fair (by Barbara Cohen, Steven Heller, Seymour Chwast), Harry N Abrams Inc, 1989 ISBN 978-0810924154
 * Italian Futurism & Art Deco (Design & Style, No. 4) (by Steven Heller, Seymour Chwast), Mohawk Paper Mills/The Pushpin Group, 1988
 * Sam's Bar (by Seymour Chwast), Doubleday, 1987 ISBN 978-0385242646
 * New York Observed: Artists and Writers Look at the City, 1650 to the Present (by Barbara Cohen (ed.), Seymour Chwast (ed.), Steven Heller(ed.)), Harry N Abrams Inc, 1987 ISBN 978-0810923430
 * Happy birthday, Bach (by Peter Schickele, Seymour Chwast), Doubleday, 1985 ISBN 978-0385199124
 * The Left-Handed Designer (by Steven Heller, Seymour Chwast), Harry N Abrams, 1985 ISBN 978-0810912892
 * The Art of New York (by Seymour Chwast, Steven Heller), Harry N. Abrams, 1983 ISBN 978-0810918092
 * Amazing Magical Jell-O Desserts (by Seymour Chwast, Arnold Rosenberg), General Foods Corporation, 1977 ISBN 978-0671246495
 * Esquire Party Book (by Scotty & Ronnie; Esquire Editors Welch), Esquire/Harper & Row, 1965

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seymour Chwast


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hotspot Software

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mackensen (talk) 15:40, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hotspot Software and Aradial
Adertising. RickK 22:04, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * del. nonnotable. Mikkalai 04:08, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both. Note also that the same anon(s) has been adding advertising links to RADIUS and Billing. See also Access Point, which probably also falls under this VFD. sjorford →•← 16:29, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've redirected Access Point to Wireless access point. sjorford →•← 15:54, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mission to Moscow

Mission to Moscow is a 1943 propaganda film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the 1941 book by the former U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, Joseph E. Davies.

The movie chronicles the experiences of the second American ambassador to the Soviet Union and was made in response to a request by Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was made during World War II, when the Americans and Soviets were allies, and takes a sympathetic view of not only the USSR in general but of Stalinism and Stalinist repressions in particular. For that reason, it was scrutinized by the House Committee on Un-American Activities.

Source book
The film is based on Joseph E. Davies' memoir about his time as the United States ambassador to the Soviet Union from November 1936 to June 1938. It was published by Simon & Schuster in 1941 and was a critical and commercial success—700,000 copies were sold, and the book was translated into thirteen languages.

Plot

The film chronicles ambassador Davies' impressions of the Soviet Union, his meetings with Stalin, and his overall opinion of the Soviet Union and its ties with the United States. It is made in a faux-documentary style, beginning with Davies meeting with president Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss his new appointment as United States ambassador to the Soviet Union. It continues to show the Davies' family's trip by boat to Moscow, with stops in Europe. While in Moscow, the movie alternates between Davies' interpretations of Soviet politics and communism and his family's impressions of Russian life. It includes a memorable scene with Mrs. Davies at a Russian department store. The movie gives Davies' perspective on various points in Soviet history. It begins with the real ambassador Davies stating, while seated in an armchair, "No leaders of a nation have been so misrepresented and misunderstood as those in the Soviet government during those critical years between the two world wars." The film then cuts to Walter Huston (portraying Davies) and begins its narrative.

Davies is shown witnessing the show trials conducted by Stalin in the 1930s (known as the Moscow Trials), which are portrayed as trials of fifth columnists working for Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.

The voice-overs continue throughout the film, interspersing storyline with Davies' opinions. The film's narrative focuses on the journey of Davies and his family. First, their physical journey from the United States to the Soviet Union. And, second, their less tangible journey from skeptics of communism and the Soviet Union into converts and enthusiasts. The narrative of the movie and the book are almost identical.

Production
While the storylines of both the book and movie are practically identical, the movie uses cinematic techniques and dialogue changes to overstate or change some controversial points in the book—changes that were made with Davies' approval. Although the first draft was written by Erskine Caldwell, the final screenplay adaptation of the book was by Howard Koch. Its musical score was by Max Steiner, its cinematography by Bert Glennon. The extensive montage sequences, which draw on footage from Soviet archives, were supervised by Don Siegel. The picture was produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Ambassador Davies appears and introduces the film as himself; he is then portrayed by Walter Huston. Ann Harding plays his wife Marjorie Davies, Gene Lockhart is Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, Henry Daniell his German counterpart Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Dudley Field Malone plays Winston Churchill. Most parts, bar those of Davies' family, are taken by character actors who look like the famous politicians they are representing.

The film was the first pro-Soviet Hollywood film of its time and was followed by others, including Samuel Goldwyn's The North Star (1943), MGM's Song of Russia (1944), Three Russian Girls (1943), Columbia's The Boy from Stalingrad (1943) and Counter-Attack (1945). Roosevelt himself approved the creation of the film, even meeting with Davies several times (July, October, and November 1942 and March 1943) during the film's production to discuss its progress.

As part of his contract with Warner Bros., Davies had absolute control over the script and could veto any dialogue not to his liking.

Curtiz wanted Fredric March to play Joseph E. Davies, while Olivia de Havilland auditioned to play Marjorie Davies. Pat O'Brien was cast as a Catholic priest, while Irene Manning was cast as a Moscow Opera House singer. Both characters were cut from the final film.

During production, Office of War Information officials reviewed screenplay revisions and prints of the film and commented on them. By reviewing the scripts and prints, OWI officials exercised authority over Mission to Moscow, ensuring that it promoted the "United Nations" theme. An administration official advised the film's producers to offer explanations for the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Red Army's invasion of Finland. After reading the final script, in November 1942 the OWI expressed its hope that Mission to Moscow would "make one of the most remarkable pictures of this war" and "a very great contribution to the war information program".

The OWI report on Mission to Moscow concluded that it would "[B]e a most convincing means of helping Americans to understand their Russian allies. Every effort has been made to show that Russians and Americans are not so very different after all. The Russians are shown to eat well and live comfortably, which will be a surprise to many Americans. The leaders of both countries desire peace and both possess a blunt honesty of address and purpose ... One of the best services performed by this picture is the presentation of Russian leaders, not as wild-eyed madmen, but as far-seeing, earnest, responsible statesmen. They have proved very good neighbors, and this picture will help to explain why, as well as to encourage faith in the feasibility of post-war cooperation."

Government information specialists were equally enthusiastic about the completed print. Judging it "a magnificent contribution" to wartime propaganda, the OWI believed the picture would "do much to bring understanding of Soviet international policy in the past years and dispel the fears which many honest persons have felt with regard to our alliance with Russia". That was particularly so since "the possibility for the friendly alliance of the Capitalist United States and the Socialist Russia is shown to be firmly rooted in the mutual desire for peace of the two great countries".

Prior to its Russian release, the film was screened for Joseph Stalin at a banquet at the Moscow Kremlin attended by Joseph Davies and the British legation in Moscow.

Historical accuracy
The film, made during World War II, shows the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin in a positive light. Completed in late April 1943, the film is, in the words of Robert Buckner, the film's producer, "an expedient lie for political purposes, glossily covering up important facts with full or partial knowledge of their false presentation".

The movie gives a one-sided view of the Moscow trials, rationalizes Moscow's participation in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the Soviet invasion of Finland, and portrays the Soviet Union as a state that was moving towards a democratic model, a Soviet Union committed to internationalism. The book was vague on the guilt or innocence of defendants in the Moscow trials, but the film portrays the defendants in the Moscow trials as guilty in Davies' view. It also showed some of the purges as an attempt by Stalin to rid his country of pro-Axis "fifth columnists". Some "fifth columnists" are described in the film as acting on behalf of Germany and Japan. The film "defends the purges, complete with a quarter-hour dedicated to arguing that Leon Trotsky was a Nazi agent". In the film, Davies proclaims at the end of the trial scene: "Based on twenty years' trial practice, I'd be inclined to believe these confessions."

There are anachronisms in the film—for example, the trials of Mikhail Tukhachevsky (June 1937) and Nikolai Bukharin (March 1938) are depicted as occurring at the same time. Tukhachevsky and Semyon Timoshenko are shown as marshals of the Soviet Union at the same time, but Tukhachevsky was executed in June 1937 and Timoshenko was not made marshal until 1940.

According to film historian Robert Osborne, "At the time this movie was made it had one of the largest casts ever assembled ... was very successful ... When it was shown in Moscow, despite all the good will, people who saw it considered it a comedy—its portrayal of average, everyday life in the Soviet Union apparently way off the mark for 1943". "When the Russian composer Dimitri Shostakovich saw it, he observed that no Soviet propaganda agency would dare to present such outrageous lies."

Reception
Some reviewers despised the film but there have been exceptions. The critic for The New York Times, future McCarthy opponent Bosley Crowther, found the film's attempts to rehabilitate Stalin believable:

"Based entirely on the personal observations reported by Mr. Davies in his book, it will obviously prove offensive to those elements which have challenged his views. Particularly will it anger the so-called Trotskyites with its visual re-enactment of the famous 'Moscow trials'...For it puts into the record for millions of moviegoers to grasp an admission that the many 'purged' generals and other leaders were conspirators in a plot."

Box-office
Unlike the book it was based on, the film was not a success at the box-office. Although Warner Bros. spent $250,000 advertising the film before its release on April 30, 1943, the company lost around $600,000 overall at the final accounting.

According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $1,017,000 domestically and $632,000 foreign.

Mission to Moscow's numerous factual inaccuracies and outright false portrayals of Soviet leaders and events resulted in criticism from those on both the left and the right of the political spectrum.

The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Art Direction-Interior Decoration in a Black-and-White film (Carl Jules Weyl, George James Hopkins).

Later, film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film three and a half stars.

Controversy
The film's pro-Soviet tone was criticized in the United States even at the time of its release. John Dewey wrote an op-ed to The New York Times calling Mission to Moscow "the first instance in our country of totalitarian propaganda for mass consumption--a propaganda which falsifies history through distortion, omission or pure invention of facts." The Republican National Committee called it "New Deal propaganda." At the same time, the film initially had its defenders. Herman Shumlin called the film "an instrument for understanding and friendship between the Allies." Senator Sheridan Downey read a letter from a United States Army sergeant serving in the Italian campaign into the Congressional Record noting that Nazi propaganda he had seen criticized the Soviet Union in similar terms to American critiques of the film.

The House Committee on Un-American Activities would later cite Mission to Moscow as one of three examples of pro-Soviet films made by Hollywood, the other two being The North Star and Song of Russia. It's been called "unquestionably the most blatant piece of pro-Stalinist propaganda ever offered by the American mass media".

In 1950, the film became an object of attention by members of Congress, who saw it as pro-Soviet propaganda. Davies was largely silent on his role in the film, though he did submit a letter to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947. Called to testify under oath before Congress, Jack L. Warner at first claimed that the film was made at the request of Davies, who with the approval of FDR had asked Warner Bros. to make the film (this version of the facts was confirmed by Davies' letter as well). He said: "The picture was made when our country was fighting for its existence, with Russia as one of our allies. It was made to fulfill the same wartime purpose for which we made such other pictures as Air Force, This Is the Army...and a great many more. If making Mission to Moscow in 1942 was subversive activity, then the American Liberty ships which carried food and guns to Russian allies and the American naval vessels which convoyed them were likewise engaged in subversive activities. This picture was made only to help a desperate war effort and not for posterity." Warner later recanted this version, stating that Harry Warner first read Mission to Moscow and then contacted Davies to discuss movie rights.

Mission to Moscow was one of hundreds of pre-1948 Warner Bros. movies sold for television screenings, but was never included in domestic syndication packages put together by its then-owner, United Artists. It had its U.S. TV debut on PBS in the 1970s and has been shown sporadically on Turner Classic Movies, featured in the January 2010 series "Shadows of Russia" and most recently broadcast on May 30, 2024. The film's ownership has returned to Warner Bros. via its purchase of Turner Entertainment and the title made its DVD debut in October, 2009 as part of the Warner Archive Collection.

title: Mission to Moscow


text:
Burnaby—New Westminster

Burnaby—New Westminster was a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 to 2015.

Demographics
(According to the 2001 Canadian census)

Ethnic groups: 50.7% White, 20.2% Chinese, 10.6% South Asian, 4.3% Filipino, 2.9% Korean, 2.0% Aboriginal, 1.7% Latin American, 1.7% Black, 1.4% Japanese, 1.2% Southeast Asian

Languages: 48.7% English, 1.0% French, 48.0% Other, 2.2% Multiple languages

Religions: 21.1% Protestant, 19.1% Catholic, 6.1% Sikh, 4.6% Muslim, 4.4% Buddhist, 2.9% Christian Orthodox, 1.7% Hindu, 5.7% Other Christian, 33.5% No religious affiliation

Average income: $27,356

Geography
The riding includes all of the City of New Westminster west of 8th Street and all of the city of Burnaby south of the following line: Kingsway to Sussex Avenue to Grange Street to Dover Street to Oakland Street to Sperling Avenue to the Trans-Canada Highway.

History
The riding was created in 2003 from parts of New Westminster—Coquitlam—Burnaby, Vancouver South—Burnaby, and Burnaby—Douglas.

According to the electoral boundaries set out by the 2012 Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for British Columbia, the riding was dissolved, with various parts joining the new ridings of Burnaby South, New Westminster—Burnaby and Steveston—Richmond East.

title: Burnaby—New Westminster


text:
1st Infantry Division (Romania)

The 1st Infantry Division Dacica was one of the major units of the Romanian Land Forces, with its headquarters located in Bucharest. It was the heraldic successor of the Romanian First Army. On 31 August 2015, 1st Infantry Division headquarters disbanded, to become, three months later, the Headquarters Multinational Division Southeast of NATO's Allied Joint Force Command Naples.

History
The First Army was one of the major units of the Romanian military in both World War I, partaking in such operations as the Romanian offensive in Transylvania in 1916 and the Battle of Mărășești in 1917, and World War II, seeing action on the Eastern Front, particularly after the 23 August 1944 Coup, when the First Army fought westwards alongside Soviet units in battles such as that of Debrecen, Budapest and going as far as Prague. Following the end of the war, the First Army was disbanded on 2 June 1947, with the units under its command being transferred to one of the four newly formed Military Regions. This reorganization process was applied to all Romanian armies.

On 5 April 1980, the First Army was reestablished and headquartered in Bucharest, after being assigned units previously under the control of the 2nd Army Command. The latter was relocated to Buzău. Dan Ghica-Radu was the intelligence office chief from 1998 until 2000. On the 1st of August 2000, the First Army was restructured, becoming the 1st Territorial Army Corps "General Ioan Culcer", as part of a wider program to bring the Romanian military in line with NATO standards. On 15 August 2008, as a continuation of the reorganization process of the Romanian Land Forces, the 1st Territorial Army Corps "General Ioan Culcer" was reformed as the 1st Infantry Division, receiving the name "Dacica", and becoming the heraldic successor of the First Army. Units of the 1st Infantry Division were deployed (or deployed at some point) in various theaters of operation around the world, such as Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2015 the Division was removed from the Romanian Army's order of battle and was transferred to NATO command; forming the framework for what would become Headquarters Multinational Division Southeast coming under the command of NATO's Allied Joint Force Command Naples.

Former structure

 * 1st Infantry Division Dacica – HQ Bucharest
 * 1st Mechanized Brigade "Argedava" - headquartered at Bucharest
 * BATALION 2.png 2nd Infantry Battalion "Călugăreni" ("Desert Tigers") - Bucharest
 * 495th Infantry Battalion - Clinceni
 * 114th Tank Battalion"”- Târgoviște
 * 113th Artillery Battalion - Slobozia
 * BATALION 288.jpg 288th Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion - Focşani
 * 117th Logistics Battalion - Ploiești
 * 2nd Infantry Brigade "Rovine" - headquartered at Craiova
 * 20th Infantry Battalion "Black Scorpions" - Craiova
 * 22nd Infantry Battalion - Craiova
 * Batalionul 26 Infanterie Neagoe Basarab.png 26th Infantry Battalion "Neagoe Basarab" ("Red Scorpions") - Craiova
 * 325th Artillery Battalion - Caracal
 * 116th Logistics Battalion "Golden Scorpions" - Craiova
 * 205th Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion "Blue Scorpions" - Craiova
 * 2nd Mountain Troops Brigade "Sarmizegetusa" - headquartered at Braşov
 * 21st Mountain Troops Battalion - Predeal
 * 30th Mountain TroopsBattalion - Câmpulung
 * 33rd Mountain Troops Battalion - Curtea de Argeş
 * 206th Mixed Artillery Battalion - Braşov
 * 228th Anti-aircraft Missile Battalion - Braşov
 * 229th Logistic Battalion - Braşov
 * 2nd Logistics Base "Valahia" - headquartered at Târgoviște
 * 51st Mixed Artillery Regiment "General Cornel Paraniac" - headquartered at Slobozia
 * 61st Mixed Anti-aircraft Missiles Regiment "Pelendava" - headquartered at Slobozia
 * 1st CIMIC Battalion (Romania) insignia.png 1st "CIMIC" Battalion - headquartered at Bucharest
 * 49th CBRN Battalion "Argeş" - headquartered at Piteşti
 * 96th Engineer Battalion "Joseph Kruzel"
 * 313th Reconnaissance Battalion "Burebista"
 * 45th Communications & Information Systems Battalion "Căpitan Grigore Giosanu"
 * 300th Logistic Support Battalion "Sarmis" - headquartered at Bucharest
 * other supporting units

title: 1st Infantry Division (Romania)


text:
User talk:PrincessSomething

Hi. Do you have any information on the copyright status of Image:000 0116.JPG? Ideally images on wikipedia as tagged to show whether they are public domain, GFDL or some other licence. I'd be grateful if you'd consider tagging your images, or else let me know the origins of the image and I'll tag it for you. thanks --Tagishsimon (talk)

title: User talk:PrincessSomething


text:
Quercetin

Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, beverages, and foods.

Occurrence
Quercetin is a flavonoid widely distributed in nature. The name has been used since 1857, and is derived from quercetum (oak forest), after the oak genus Quercus. It is a naturally occurring polar auxin transport inhibitor.

Quercetin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids, with an average daily consumption of 25–50 mg.

In red onions, higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings and in the part closest to the root, the latter being the part of the plant with the highest concentration. One study found that organically grown tomatoes had 79% more quercetin than non-organically grown fruit. Quercetin is present in various kinds of honey from different plant sources.

Biosynthesis
In plants, phenylalanine is converted to 4-coumaroyl-CoA in a series of steps known as the general phenylpropanoid pathway using phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, and 4-coumaroyl-CoA-ligase. One molecule of 4-coumaroyl-CoA is added to three molecules of malonyl-CoA to form tetrahydroxychalcone using 7,2′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavanol synthase. Tetrahydroxychalcone is then converted into naringenin using chalcone isomerase.

Naringenin is converted into eriodictyol using flavanoid 3′-hydroxylase. Eriodictyol is then converted into dihydroquercetin with flavanone 3-hydroxylase, which is then converted into quercetin using flavonol synthase.

Glycosides
Quercetin is the aglycone form of a number of other flavonoid glycosides, such as rutin (also known as quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and quercitrin, found in citrus fruit, buckwheat, and onions. Quercetin forms the glycosides quercitrin and rutin together with rhamnose and rutinose, respectively. Likewise guaijaverin is the 3-O-arabinoside, hyperoside is the 3-O-galactoside, isoquercitin is the 3-O-glucoside and spiraeoside is the 4′-O-glucoside. CTN-986 is a quercetin derivative found in cottonseeds and cottonseed oil. Miquelianin is the quercetin 3-O-β- D -glucuronopyranoside.

Several taxifolin (also known as dihydroquercetin) glycosides also exist. Isoquercetin is the 3-O-glucoside of quercetin.

Rutin degradation pathway
The enzyme quercitrinase can be found in Aspergillus flavus. This enzyme hydrolyzes the glycoside quercitrin to release quercetin and L -rhamnose. It is an enzyme in the rutin catabolic pathway.

Pharmacokinetics
The bioavailability of quercetin in humans after oral intake is very low, with one study concluding it must be less than 1%. Intravenous injection of quercetin shows a rapid decay in concentration described by a two-compartment model (initial half-life of 8.8 minutes, terminal half-life of 2.4 hours). Because it undergoes rapid and extensive metabolism, the biological effects presumed from in vitro studies are unlikely to apply in vivo. Quercetin supplements in the aglycone form are less bioavailable than the quercetin glycoside often found in foods, especially red onions. Ingestion with high-fat foods may increase bioavailability compared to ingestion with low-fat foods, and carbohydrate-rich foods may increase absorption of quercetin by stimulating gastrointestinal motility and colonic fermentation. Whereas quercetin has been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory compound in a variety of in vitro and in vivo bioassay models, oral quercetin in human subjects has not exhibited the desired effects. Because of low solubility and poor bioavailability of quercetin, derivatives have been synthesized to overcome these challenges and enhance its biological activity, leading to compounds with improved properties for possible therapeutic applications.

Metabolism
Quercetin is rapidly metabolized (via glucuronidation) after the ingestion of quercetin foods or supplements. Five metabolites (quercetin glucuronides) have been found in human plasma after quercetin ingestion. Taken together, the quercetin glucuronides have a half-life around 11–12 hours.

In rats, quercetin did not undergo any significant phase I metabolism. In contrast, quercetin did undergo extensive phase II (conjugation) to produce metabolites that are more polar than the parent substance, hence are more rapidly excreted from the body. In vitro, the meta-hydroxyl group of catechol is methylated by catechol-O-methyltransferase. Four of the five hydroxyl groups of quercetin are glucuronidated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. The exception is the 5-hydroxyl group of the flavonoid ring, which generally does not undergo glucuronidation. The major metabolites of orally absorbed quercetin are quercetin-3-glucuronide, 3'-methylquercetin-3-glucuronide, and quercetin-3'-sulfate. A methyl metabolite of quercetin has been shown in vitro to be more effective than quercetin at inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.

Compared to other flavonoids, quercetin is one of the most effective inducers of the phase II detoxification enzymes.

In vitro studies show that quercetin is a strong inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. Drugs that are metabolized by these pathways may have increased effect. An in vivo study found that quercetin supplementation slows the metabolism of caffeine to a statistically significant extent in a particular genetic subpopulation, but in absolute terms the effect was almost negligible.

Food safety
In 2010, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration acknowledged high-purity quercetin as generally recognized as safe  for use as an ingredient in various specified food categories at levels up to 500 mg per serving.

Health claims
Quercetin has been studied in basic research and small clinical trials. While supplements have been promoted for the treatment of cancer and various other diseases, there is no high-quality evidence that quercetin (via supplements or in food) is useful to treat cancer or any other disease.

The US Food and Drug Administration has issued warning letters to several manufacturers advertising on their product labels and websites that quercetin product(s) can be used to treat diseases. The FDA regards such quercetin advertising and products as unapproved – with unauthorized health claims concerning the anti-disease products – as defined by "sections 201(g)(1)(B) and/or 201 (g)(1)(C) of the Act [21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(B) and/or 21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(C)] because they are intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease", conditions not met by the manufacturers.

Safety
Little research has been conducted into the safety of quercetin supplementation in humans, and the results are insufficient to give confidence that the practice is safe. In particular, a lack of safety information exists on the effect of quercetin supplementation for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, children, and adolescents. The hormonal effects of quercetin found in animal studies raise the suspicion of a parallel effect in humans, particularly in respect of estrogen-dependent tumors.

Quercetin supplementation can interfere with the effects of medications. The precise nature of this interaction is known for some common medicines, but for many, it is not.

title: Quercetin


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Volpino Italiano

The Volpino Italiano or Volpino is an Italian breed of dog of Spitz type. It is closely related to the Pomeranian and to the German Spitz.

History
Small Spitz-type dogs resembling the modern Volpino have been identified in a number of paintings, of which the earliest may be St. Augustine in His Study by Vittore Carpaccio, painted in the Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni in Venice in 1502. The Florentine sculptor Michelangelo supposedly had such a dog.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this type of dog was common in Tuscany, where it was known as the Cane di Firenze and was used as a guard dog by carters and shepherds, and in Lazio, where it was called the Cane del Quirinale.

Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom visited Florence in 1888, and bought four dogs of Pomeranian or Spitz type.

The first standard for the Volpino Italiano was drawn up by the Kennel Club Italiano in 1913, and the dogs were shown with some success. It was fully accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1956. By the 1960s the breed had virtually disappeared, and was close to extinction. A few examples were identified in 1968, and registrations recommenced in 1972.

In the period from 2011 to 2019, new registrations in Italy averaged about 160 per year.

Characteristics
The Volpino is a small dog, standing no more than about at the withers. It is roughly square in outline, the body length more or less equal to the height. The coat is long and stands away from the body. It is either solid white, solid deep red or black; however, in the updated breed standard, also any other colour is accepted/tolerated.

It is one of many breeds affected by hereditary primary lens luxation, an eye disease which may cause pain or blindness.

title: Volpino Italiano


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Da Gooniez

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 20:26, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Da Gooniez
Delete as vanity. "eagerly anticipated first album" indeed FreplySpang (talk) 22:13, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as British wannabes. By the way, one of these fake rappers just deleted my original vote. Isn't that grounds to block them from editing? CPS 23:06, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Only if they repeat their actions. JamesBurns 03:13, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Hi, sorry, as the creator of the post I'm totally new to Wikipedia. I admit as a fan of the group I may have used over exhuberant descriptions, however consider that edited!  Sorry about deleting the vote, I tried to type this comment between the two comments (it originally only refered to the first vote) and accidently deleted the block of text.  I do, however think that this 'fake rapper' accusation is slightly inflammatory, and innacurate.  Just to clear up some confusion you may have, the group consist of two producers, not rappers.  I'm not really sure how much knowledge of hip hop you have, but the two things are fundamentally different.  I also find the 'wannabees' comment slightly offensive, unless you have knowledge of the group and their rather large (albiet underground) following, it's unfair for you to typecast them in such a way.  Again, however, apologies for deleting the original comment, I hope my open admission and full apology of this will stop me from being banned from editing! Ianwarren
 * Hi Ianwarren. Please assume that Vfd voters known less than nothing about hip-hop. If you want them to be kept, you need to show some evidence of popularity or notability, maybe they collaborated with someone famous? Kappa 23:29, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability; criteria in WP:MUSIC apparently not met. "Da Gooniez" garners 0 relevant Google hits. There appear to be hip-hop groups in New Jersey and Atlanta that go by the same name, however. android↔talk 02:22, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nonnotable. Mikkalai 04:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 05:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * "Da Goonies" doesn't appear to get relevant hits either. The claims in the article are not verifiable. Delete. Samaritan 07:05, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, redirect to The Goonies, movie by LucasFilm. Radiant_* 13:55, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Bridget90

yo what up. im bridget. i am single and lookin fo a man real quik. holla at me to talk!

title: User talk:Bridget90


text:
Haroldo de Campos

Haroldo Eurico Browne de Campos (19 August 1929 – 17 August 2003) was a Brazilian poet, critic, professor and translator. He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in Brazilian literature since 1950.

Biography
He did his secondary education at Colégio São Bento, where he learned his first foreign languages (Latin, English, Spanish, French). He and his brother Augusto de Campos, together with Décio Pignatari, formed the poetic group Noigandres that published the experimental journal of the same name, which would launch the Brazilian movement of poesia concreta (concrete poetry). Haroldo received his doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Human Sciences of USP (Universidade de São Paulo), under the guidance of Antonio Candido. Haroldo was professor at the Catholic University, PUC-SP, and visiting professor at Yale and the University of Texas at Austin. His biography was included in the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1997 and he was awarded the Premio Octavio Paz de Poesia y Ensayo, Mexico, in 1999.

In addition to his vast repertory of original poetry and literary essays, Haroldo translated some of the most important literature of the Western tradition into Portuguese, such as Homer's Iliad, prose by James Joyce and poetry by Mallarmé. When he died he left unfinished a translation of Dante's Commedia, a manuscript that Umberto Eco had a chance to read, which compelled him to say that "Haroldo de Campos is the best Dante translator in the world". Translation, according to Haroldo de Campos, is much more than moving text from one language to another. Elements of the structure of the poem, like rhythm and sound combinations (rhyme, echoes, assonance, etc.) are often more important than semantics per se. His translations include poetry, Chinese, Japanese, Greek and Hebrew texts. He translated, major names of world literature, such as Goethe (German), Ezra Pound, James Joyce (English), Mayakovsky (Russian), Mallarmé (French), Dante (Italian) and Octavio Paz (Spanish). On stage, his works have been performed by three actors: Giulia Gam (1989, Cena da Origem, directed by Bia Lessa), Bete Coelho (1997, Graal: Retrato de um Fausto Quando Jovem, by Gerald Thomas) and Luiz Päetow (2015, Puzzle, by Felipe Hirsch).

Translations

 * Ezra Pound - Cantares (together with Augusto de Campos and Décio Pignatari, 1960)
 * Panorama do Finnegans Wake (together with Augusto de Campos, 1962)
 * Poesia Russa Moderna (together with Augusto de Campos and Boris Schnaiderman, 1968)
 * A Operação do Texto (directives for the translation of the poem A Sierguéi Iessiênin, de Maiakovski. 1976)
 * Deus e o Diabo no Fausto de Goethe (translation of fragments of Goethe's version for the myth Faust, 1981). ISBN 8527304503.
 * Transblanco (translation of the poem Blanco, byOctavio Paz. 1986)
 * Mallarmé (translation of some of Mallarmé's poems done together with Augusto de Campos and Décio Pignatari, 1991)
 * Pedra e Luz na Poesia de Dante (translation of fragments of the Divine Comedy, 2000)
 * Bere'shith: A Cena da Origen (translation of the Book of Genesis and The Book of Job, 2000)
 * Ilíada de Homero vol. 1 (with notes by Trajano Vieira, 2001). ISBN 8575810219
 * Ilíada de Homero vol. 2 (with notes by Trajano Vieira, 2002)
 * Maiakovski Poemas (together with Augusto de Campos and Boris Schnaiderman, 2002)
 * Ungaretti - Daquela Estrela à Outra (translation of poems of the Italian poet Giuseppe Ungaretti, together with Aurora Bernadiel, 2003)
 * Qohélet - o que sabe (translation of the biblical book Ecclesiastes, 2004)
 * Éden - Um Tríptico Bíblico (2005)
 * Hagoromo de Zeami (translation of the theater play Nô; hagoromo, written by Zeami Motokiyo, 2005)

Volumes of poetry

 * Xadrez de Estrelas (1976)
 * Signância: Quase Céu (1979)
 * Galáxias (1984)
 * A Educação dos Cinco Sentidos (1985)
 * Crisantempo (1998)
 * A Máquina do Mundo Repensada (2001)

title: Haroldo de Campos


text: User talk:69.47.103.95

title: User talk:69.47.103.95


text:
Talk:The size of Wales

Speedy deletion?
I'm not entirely clear why this article has been marked for speedy deletion within minutes of being created. It doesn't, to my mind, obviously meet any of the criteria for speedy deletion - have I missed something? If so, happy to be educated.

The use of "the size of Wales" as a unit of measurement in British news media is well-established. From a memetic viewpoint, it merits study - why should it, rather than "the size of Scotland", for example, have gained a foothold as a conventional unit of measurement for news media.

Try a google search to gain an appreciation of its cultural significance - as well as many pages which refer to areas "the size of Wales", you'll find a number of pages which specifically examine "the size of Wales" as a subject in its own right.

Certainly encyclopaedic, in my view. (unsigned contribution from SP-KP)

 * The speedy tag has now been removed. It's fairly obviously not a candidate for speedy deletion. However, any user has the right to argue for its deletion through the Votes for deletion process. PS - it's advisable to sign your name when contributing to talk pages - you can do this by inserting four tildes like this ' ~ '. Dbiv 22:57, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

reason

 * The origin of and reasons for the choice of Wales (rather than England, Scotland, etc.) as a unit of measurement is unknown

I strongly suspect that a reason why the phrase is so commonly used is in order to convey an exaggerated impression of size, by playing on people's tendency to overestimate the size of Wales. The Wales-England border is actually somewhat concave from the point of view of Wales, and I suspect that if people were asked to draw the Welsh border onto an outline of the British coastline, most people would make Wales too wide.

Of course, this is just my speculation and so not article-worthy. But if there happened to be anything appropriately sourced on people's perception of the size of Wales, it would be good to include in the article.

Foobarbaz 18:15, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

MicroWales
I added the comment about the microWales, but I can't for the life of me remember where I came across the idea (possibly the BBC online's magazine monitor?) If anyone can find the source... Grutness...wha?  10:00, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

plurals
Shouldn't it be "Belgia"? --moof 11:33, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * That doesn't feel as obvious as "Belgiums" to me, but if it is correct then replace it. Is there an official pluralisation for country names? Thryduulf 17:02, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Waleses
What is meant by Waleses? Surely if it's intended as a plural, then it should remain Wales - as it's a plural in itself?--Nunners 10:20, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not a plural in itself though. While the name may be derived from the Germanic Walsch – which is a plural – as a country it's singular. GeeJo (t)⁄(c) • 16:18, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Should be noted that the name is commonly given as meaning "foreigners" in English, "compatriots" in the native tongue. Already plurals both. The term 'Wale' has been heard in pubs in England on numerous occasions as an alternative to "welshman" ("Andrew the Wale"), indeed wikipedia redirects from that term to the country. Graldensblud 12:30, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Merge to List of unusual units of measurement
Most of what appears in this article is also here, and I feel that this quirky unit of measurement is more suited to the list, rather than to its own article. Hence the proposed merger. Any objection?? Cricketgirl 18:56, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * YES, I oppose strongly. I believe it deserves its own article, and if it could be expanded to a more international view, it would also be too large to be a part of the list of other unusual measurements. Thrane 12:52, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I think rather than merging, this article should be expanded and renamed to cover the use of countries and landmasses as units of measurement in the media--since it already does that, the title is a bit deceptive. I think there's enough on this subject to warrant its own article. Nick Fel 15:13, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The size of Wales


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Danson Stables

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 20:23, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Danson Stables
Advertising. RickK 22:19, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, advertising. Cleduc 02:04, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nonnotable. Mikkalai
 * Delete. Advertising (mention of ex stable block in main Danson House entry. Paul W 09:30, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete Danson Stable is an historic building (now unfortunately a pub) associate with Dansion Mansion, located in Danson Park.

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Claim of Right 1689

The Claim of Right (c. 28; Tagradh na Còire) is an Act passed by the Convention of the Estates, a sister body to the Parliament of Scotland (or Three Estates), in April 1689. It is one of the key documents of United Kingdom constitutional law and Scottish constitutional law.

Background
In the Glorious Revolution, William of Orange invaded England, landing with his Dutch Army in England on 5 November 1688. King James VII of Scotland, who was also King of England and Ireland as James II, attempted to resist the invasion. He then sent representatives to negotiate, and he finally fled England on 23 December 1688.

Whilst the Convention Parliament in England declared that James, as King of England, had abdicated the government, and issued an English Bill of Rights on 13 February 1689 offering the Crown of England to William and Mary, the Scots found themselves facing a more difficult constitutional problem. As James had not been present in Scotland during the crisis and had not fled from Scottish territory in December, it would be highly dubious to claim that he had the Scots throne.

Process
Therefore, a Convention of the Scottish Estates met to consider letters received on 16 March 1689 from the two contenders for the Crown. On 4 April they voted to remove James VII from office, drawing on George Buchanan's argument on the contractual nature of monarchy.

Later that month, the Convention adopted the Claim of Right and the Article of Grievances, enumerating what they saw as the contemporary requirements of Scottish constitutional law. It also declared that, because of his actions in violation of these laws, James had forfeited the Scottish throne.

The Convention proceeded to offer the crown on the basis of these documents to William and Mary, who accepted it on 11 May 1689, and were proclaimed King and Queen of the Scots as William II and Mary II, though with subsequent controversy over whether the Claim of Right articles against Episcopacy were fully accepted by the new monarchy.

Provisions of the Act
The Act includes the passages:

"That all Proclamationes asserting ane ABSOLUTE POWER to Cass annull and Dissable lawes are Contrair to Law"

"That it is the right and priviledge of the subjects to protest for remeed of law to the King and Parliament against Sentences pronounced by the lords of Sessione Provydeing the samen Do not stop Execution of these sentences"

"That it is the right of the subjects to petition the King and that all Imprisonments and prosecutiones for such petitioning are Contrary to law"

"That for redress of all grievances and for the amending strenthening and preserving of the lawes Parliaments ought to be frequently called and allowed to sit and the freedom of speech and debate secured to the members"

"And they (the People of Scotland) Doe Claim Demand and insist upon all and sundry the premisses as ther undoubted right and liberties And that no Declarationes Doeings or proceedings to the "PREDJUDICE OF THE PEOPLE" in any of the said premisses ought in any wayes to be drawne hereafter in Consequence or Example But that all forefaultors fynes loss of offices Imprisonments Banishments pursuits persecutiones tortures and rigorous Executiones be Considered and the pairties læsed be redressed"

Significance
The effect of the Claim of Right was to "bolster the position of parliament within the Scottish constitution at the expense of the royal prerogative". It was affirmed by an Act of the Scottish Parliament of 1703 (Act Ratifieing the turning of the Meeting of the Estates in the year 1689, into a Parliament c. 3). The Act was retained by the Parliament of the United Kingdom after the Acts of Union 1707.

In 2019, the Act was cited by MPs seeking a court ruling that Prime Minister Boris Johnson's September 2019 prorogation of Parliament was unlawful. The Court of Session Outer House judge, Lord Doherty found the claim was non-justiciable, and that if it was justiciable then there was no breach of the Claim of Right. The Inner House allowed the appeal, ruling the issue justiciable and the prorogation unlawful, since its true purpose was to "stymie Parliamentary scrutiny of government action". However, it said this was not a consequence of peculiarities of Scots law or the Claim of Right.

title: Claim of Right 1689


text:
Saucier

A saucier or sauté chef is a position in the classical brigade style kitchen. It can be translated into English as sauce chef. In addition to preparing sauces, the saucier prepares stews, hot hors d'œuvres, and sautés food to order. Although it is often considered the highest position of the station cooks, the saucier is typically still tertiary to the chef and sous-chef.

Escoffier definition
In Georges Auguste Escoffier's system of the classic kitchen brigade, outlined in his Guide Culinaire, the saucier is "responsible for all sautéed items and most sauces".

title: Saucier


text:
Catchwater drain

A catchwater drain is a land drain, a ditch cut across the fall of the land, typically just above the level of low-lying, level ground such as The Fens of eastern England, where some land, tens of kilometres from the sea is at about sea level. Its purpose is to gather water draining from the higher, sloping ground before it reaches the flat land whence it would be difficult or expensive to remove. The water may be on the surface, in streams or in the ground before it is gathered, perhaps to be led away across the lowland by an embanked river.

There are other circumstances in which a catchwater may be employed. A hill-top or hillside may be used to trap rainwater which is then gathered by the catchwater and fed to a reservoir. From this a house, village or town may be supplied. Catchwater may be used to slow down runoff before running on impervious surfaces to reduce runoff.

title: Catchwater drain