text:
Talk:Free-radical addition

Radicals
The radicals should not have negative charges. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.164.142.143 (talk) 13:09, 17 April 2005 (UTC)

The discussion text seems correct. However, there is some ambiguity in the "Br.-radical" which suggests that perhaps the radical is negatively charged. Also, in the illustration, the radicals are clearly marked as being negatively charged. The neutral peroxide molecule does not break into two negatively charged radicals. That indicates a net input of two electrons. The radicals are neutral, and the illustration should be changed to reflect this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.64.8.51 (talk) 13:51, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Does not show anti-Markovnikov
Perhaps a better picture demonstrating that the reaction causes the Br to go to the less substituted carbon atom of the alkene would better illustrate the anti-Markovnikov regiochemistry. Andrew4010 04:44, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. Showing R3=R4=H would be more clear. I'll work on generating the image. Atomjockey (talk) 23:27, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Extra oxygen atom in self-terminating radical cyclization scheme
In the step where the nitrite radical leaves from the ketyl, there is an abundant oxygen that wasn't there in the last step, likely to be caused by author's attempt to draw out the bond for the mechanism but forgetting to remove the oxygen from "ONO2" after. Natriumcyanid (talk) 19:32, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free-radical addition


text:
Category:Dioceses of the Church of England

see also
 * Category:Anglo-Saxon dioceses
 * Province of Canterbury
 * Province of York

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Voiced postalveolar affricate

The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are $⟨ǰ⟩$, $⟨ǧ⟩$, $⟨ǯ⟩$, and $⟨dž⟩$. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of $⟨j⟩$ in jump.

Features
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

Features

 * Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.

title: Voiced postalveolar affricate


text:
Highdown Gardens

Highdown Gardens are gardens on the western edge of the town of Worthing, close to the village of Ferring and the National Trust archaeological site Highdown Hill, in West Sussex, England. Overlooking the sea from the South Downs, they contain a collection of rare plants and trees, collectively a national collection. The gardens are owned and maintained by Worthing Borough Council with free admission.

Created from a chalk quarry where there was little soil and unfavourable conditions for plant growth, the Chalk Garden at Highdown is the achievement of Sir Frederick Stern (1884–1967) and his wife, who purchased the 8.52 acre in 1909 and worked for 50 years to show that plants would grow on chalk.

The gardens were created during a period when expeditions were going to China and the Himalayas collecting rare and interesting plants. Many of the original plants from the early collections are in the garden today, particularly plants collected by Reginald Farrer and Ernest Henry Wilson.

On the death of Sir Frederick in 1967, aged 83, Lady Stern carried out his wishes and left the gardens to Worthing Borough Council.

During spring and early summer there is a succession of flowering bulbs: snowdrops, crocus, anemones and daffodils, followed by paeonies and bearded iris.

title: Highdown Gardens


text:
Robert Fitz Richard

Robert Fitz Richard (1064–1136) was an Anglo-Norman feudal baron of Little Dunmow, Essex and constable of Baynard's Castle in the City of London. His feudal barony, the caput of which was at Little Dunmow in Essex, was granted to him by the king after it had been forfeited in 1110 by William Baynard, whose grandfather Ralph Baynard was the first holder and the builder of Baynard's Castle in the City of London.

Robert was steward under King Henry I (1100–1135) and under King Stephen (1135–1154).

Family
Robert was the son of Sir Richard Fitz Gilbert, Lord of Clare and Tonbridge (c. 1030–1091) and Rohese Giffard, (b. c. 1034), daughter of Sir Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville, and Agnes Flatel.

Robert married (c. 1114), Matilda de St. Liz (Maud), daughter of Sir Simon de St Liz, Earl of Northampton, and Maud de Huntingdon.

Children were:
 * Sir Walter Fitz Robert, (b. c. 1124), married Maud de Lucy. The Magna Carta surety, Robert Fitzwalter, was their son.
 * Maud Fitz Robert, (b. c. 1132), Essex, who married (c. 1146), William d'Aubigny, son of Sir William d'Aubigny, Lord of Belvoir, and Cecily Bigod. Another Magna Carta surety, William d'Aubigny, was their son.

title: Robert Fitz Richard


text:
Graham Turner

Graham John Turner (born 5 October 1947) is an English former footballer who became a manager. His son Mark was also a professional footballer. He is fourth behind only Alex Ferguson, Neil Warnock and Arsène Wenger in terms of most games managed.

After a 19-year career as a central defender in the lower divisions, he became manager of Shrewsbury Town. After winning the Third Division, he oversaw five seasons in the Second Division before being appointed manager of Aston Villa. With little success in two years, he was sacked and went to Wolves whom he took from the Fourth Division to the Second Division, winning the Football League Trophy along the way.

He left in 1994 and had a year out of football before his arrival at Hereford United. A run to the Division Three play-offs was a false dawn, and a year later the Bulls were relegated to the Conference. Having initially resigned, Turner ended up buying the majority shareholding and becoming chairman in 1998. Five financially troubled seasons followed in non-league football, before he led the Bulls to three consecutive runners-up spots and promotion in 2006.

After a mid-table finish in the 2006–07 season, Turner delivered another promotion the following season with a third-place finish in League Two; notably making full use of the loan system. Turner was voted League Two Manager of the Year by the League Managers Association, but was unable to lead the Bulls to survival in League One. He subsequently stepped down as manager of Hereford on 24 April 2009, after 13 years 8 months and 723 matches in charge, and resumed the role after the sacking of his successor 11 months later.

Playing career
Turner was born in Ellesmere Port and was an England youth international. He started his playing career at Wrexham before moving to rivals Chester in January 1968 in part-exchange for Ian Moir. Five years and 218 Football League appearances later he moved to his third and final club Shrewsbury Town for £30,000. Having played as a midfielder for his first two clubs, he switched to centre back. He went on to make over 350 league appearances for the Salopians. During the 1970s he played against Hereford United several times, the club he was later to buy.

Shrewsbury Town
He became player-manager for the Shrews in the 1978–79 season, the same year the club sealed the Third Division championship. Shrewsbury ultimately spent ten seasons in the Second Division and Turner twice led them to the quarter-finals of the FA Cup. He ended his playing career in 1983, and left Shrewsbury after six seasons to take charge of Aston Villa in the summer of 1984.

Aston Villa
Unfortunately for Turner, his time at Villa Park was less successful and he was sacked on 14 September 1986, just over two years after his appointment, as Villa were heading for relegation from the First Division.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
He was then appointed manager of Wolverhampton Wanderers, a club then in the Fourth Division and massively in financial trouble (barely out of debt), on 7 October 1986. In his first season Wolves reached the play-offs but failed to secure promotion. However the following two seasons brought successive landslide promotions with the help of goal-machine Steve Bull and striking partner Andy Mutch. Mid-table finishes in the Second Division, and subsequently (following the formation of the Premier League) Division One, followed before he left in March 1994. There had been speculation about his future as manager more than two years earlier after a dismal start to the 1991–92 season, but a turnaround in form preserved his job for a while.

He also led Wolves to Football League Trophy glory at Wembley in 1987–88.

Hereford United
He was appointed manager of Hereford United for the start of the 1995–96 season, then in Division Three. His first season was a success, reaching the FA Cup third round and the play-offs, losing over two legs to Darlington. But the club was in financial trouble before his arrival and he was unable to retain several key players for the following season. On 3 May 1997, Hereford were relegated to the Conference in a traumatic 1–1 draw with Brighton. Having seen his resignation rejected he oversaw a sixth-place finish in the Conference and, when chairman Peter Hill resigned, he purchased the majority shareholding in the club in partnership with Joan Fennessy — thus saving it from going under.

With the bank balance firmly in the red he had to endure several fruitless seasons in the Conference and had to sell key players to keep the club in business. The financial situation was becoming desperate early in the 2001–02 season. After a humiliating defeat to Hayes, and with the proverbial wolves at the door, Turner handed first team duties over to player-coach Phil Robinson while he concentrated on securing the club's financial future. When Hereford finished 17th at the end of the season, it appeared enough was enough and Turner handed in his resignation to the board. But after several discussions he again decided to continue to remain at the club, despite the deadline to repay the debt looming large.

2002–03 proved the turning point with Turner taking the opportunity to build an entirely new squad, retaining only six players from the previous season. The team, built entirely of free transfers, evolved into arguably the best footballing side in the Conference, finishing second in a record-breaking 2003–04 season. But Hereford faltered in the play-off semi final against Aldershot Town, with crucial decisions going against them. Another runners-up spot and play-off failure came the following season but the 2005–06 season proved third time lucky when Hereford defeated Halifax Town in the 2006 Conference Playoff Final, to secure promotion to the Football League. After the match, Turner said his overwhelming feeling was "relief" after many hard seasons in the Conference. Hereford survived their first season back in the Football League in 16th position. The 2007–08 saw Turner make full use of the loan system, without paying any transfer fees. The Bulls placed consistently in the top 5 all season and achieved promotion to the league's third tier for the first time in 30 years.

Having finally gained the promotion he had come close to in 1995–96, Turner again used the loan system in League One, purchasing only one player for an undisclosed fee. However this strategy was not nearly as successful in 2008–09 as the Bulls struggled in League One and were relegated on 18 April 2009. Turner subsequently announced he was stepping down as manager, having apologised for the season's performance. On 24 April 2009, as chairman, he appointed John Trewick as his successor.

Turner remained chairman, director of football and majority shareholder of Hereford United until the end of the 2009–2010 season. His time in charge saw him stabilise the club's finances, turning a profit for the last six seasons,. In his near 14 season spell at Hereford he purchased just three players: Neil Grayson (£20,000 in 1997), Ben Smith (£20,000 in 2007) and Matt Done (undisclosed in 2008) although Toumani Diagouraga arrived on a permanent transfer as part of the sale of Lionel Ainsworth to Watford. On 8 March 2010 Hereford United announced that they had sacked John Trewick with Turner taking the reins on a temporary basis.

On 16 April 2010 Turner stated that he and co-chairperson Joan Fennessy would sell their shares in the club, stating that the club needs fresh impetus to take it forward. His subsequent decision to return to Shrewsbury Town seems to have influenced his decision.

Return to Shrewsbury Town
On 11 June 2010, Turner was announced as the new Shrewsbury Town manager, returning 26 years after he originally left. Turner agreed a three-year deal as manager, and will have the option of an extra year as director of football. His first season back at Shrewsbury Town was during the 2010–2011 season saw them finish just below automatic promotion in fourth place, this meant that Town had to play a two legged play-off semi final against Torquay United in which they lost 2–0 on aggregate. The following season saw an even greater improvement guiding Shrewsbury Town to a runners-up spot and automatic promotion to League One. The club set a record number of points and for the second time in Turner's career he led Shrewsbury Town unbeaten at home throughout a whole season 33 years after the first achievement.

After guiding them to a respectable 16th-place finish in the 2012/13 season, their first 3rd tier appearance in 15 years, Turner was unable to build on this success the following season. On 21 January 2014 Graham Turner resigned as manager of Shrewsbury Town, halfway through the 2013/14 campaign. Shrewsbury were subsequently relegated.

Managerial honours

 * Shrewsbury Town
 * Football League Third Division: champions 1978–79
 * Welsh Cup: winners 1978–79; 1983–84
 * Football League Two: promotion 2011–2012

 * Wolverhampton Wanderers
 * Football League Fourth Division: champions 1987–88
 * Associate Members Cup: winners 1987–88
 * Football League Third Division: champions 1988–89

 * Hereford United
 * Conference National: play-off winners 2005–06
 * Football League Two: promotion 2007–08

Individual
 * Football Conference Manager of the Month: December 2002
 * League Two Manager of the Month: February 2011, April 2012

Personal honours
In October 2010, Graham received an award from the City of Hereford giving him Freedom of the city.

title: Graham Turner


text: File:HMS K26.jpg

title: File:HMS K26.jpg


text:
Talk:Check bit

removed stub, redirected to Error detection and correction
There's not much to say about 'check bit' except that it is a generic term used in error correction. --Apantomimehorse 08:25, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Check bit


text:
RTZ (band)

RTZ was an American rock band that featured Boston band members Brad Delp and Barry Goudreau. The band was formed in the early 1990s.

History
RTZ began as a collaboration between Boston members Brad Delp and Barry Goudreau around 1989. The original 1987 demo of "Face The Music" (featuring Fergie Frederiksen on vocals) was later made available for download at BarryGoudreau.com. Goudreau and Delp were both part of the original Boston line-up and after Goudreau's departure from the band, they stayed in close contact with Delp contributing to Goudreau's solo album and also to a lesser degree on the Orion the Hunter album.

Around 1989, Delp was on hiatus from Boston and looking to get active in writing again. He contacted Goudreau about a possible collaboration and RTZ was formed. Goudreau and Delp brought in keyboardist Brian Maes who was part of the Orion the Hunter touring band, drummer Dave Stefanelli and bass player Tim Archibald. Maes and Stefanelli had previously worked with producer Nick Lowe in England and Archibald's band New Man had released an album on Epic.

Delp and Goudreau landed a deal with Giant Records and the first RTZ album, titled Return to Zero, was released in 1991. A video was produced for the first single "Face the Music". The band soon hit the road and Delp gave Boston his notice. After touring the US extensively, a video was prepared for the single "Until Your Love Comes Back Around" penned by keyboard player Brian Maes. The single was very successful and reached #1 in several markets, #26 in the U.S. Two other tracks, "There's Another Side" and "All You've Got" also got airplay, with the latter reaching #56.

RTZ felt that the band was not getting the attention it deserved by the label and asked to be released from their contract. As RTZ began to shop for a new label, Delp decided to leave the band and would eventually reunite with Boston for the Walk On tour and to assist in the writing of the associated album. The other band members decided that it would be impossible to replace Delp and decided to end the band. The Return to Zero album went out of print until April 2013, although the band later released other material. There were still enough recordings left over from the original recording sessions to create another album. Barry searched for a new label and eventually found MTM Records. The recordings were released on September 28, 1998, and the album was titled Lost.

In 2004, Lost and Found was released. It features previously unreleased music from the band. In 2005, RTZ released two CDs simultaneously, Lost in America and Found in America under band member Brian Maes' Briola Records label. The album contains all the same material that was released on Lost, including the song "Dangerous", which was only available on the Japanese release of Lost. Found in America contains the same material that is on their 2004 release Lost and Found, but includes a bonus live version of the song "Return to Zero".

The Delp and Goudreau album was also released in 2004, and was included as a bonus CD in Lost and Found. It featured RTZ but was released under the name "Delp and Goudreau" and involves a different style of music from RTZ's albums.

In 2007, the band reunited (though with former Boston member Sib Hashian on drums) to release a single called "Rockin' Away". Written in 2006, it celebrated the 30 year anniversary of Boston, and is also an autobiography of Brad Delp's music career. Following Delp's suicide in 2007, the band reunited again to release the single "Set The Songbird Free" as a tribute to Delp, with Maes on vocals. They also performed at the Brad Delp "Come Together" tribute concert in 2008.

This entire line-up (with Hashian on drums, and without Delp) also makes up most of the members of the band Ernie and the Automatics which formed in 2006.

Studio albums

 * Return to Zero (1991)
 * Lost (1998)

Compilation albums

 * Lost and Found (2004)

title: RTZ (band)


text:
Man Raze

Man Raze are an English three-piece alternative rock band originally from Finchley, London, England formed in 2004, featuring Phil Collen, Simon Laffy and Paul Cook.

History
Man Raze played a sold-out show at the Spitz club near Old Spitalfields Market in London, England, on 27 September 2005. Man Raze then released their first single called "Skin Crawl" as a maxi-single CD on 31 October 2005 in the UK. The single was released on their own label, Surrealist Records, and reached number 9 on the UK Top 40 Rock Singles Chart.

New website and digital download (2007)
In June 2007 the band re-launched their official website and added a new digital store. At this time they also released their second single. "Turn It Up", which was part of a digital bundle that also featured album track 'Connected To You' plus a newly recorded version of 'You're So Wrong'. The promo video for 'Turn It Up' was also included, the band's first video. Shot in black and white in a rehearsal studio. The song "Turn It Up" was featured on ESPN (American Sports Channel) College Football coverage. The album was due for release in September 2007 and then delayed to January 2008, due to external commitments of band members.

In June 2007, Man Raze made their first TV appearance on the UK channel Rockworld TV Performing three acoustic songs and being interviewed by Gary Crowley on his Gary Crowley Presents... show. The show was later re-broadcast and titled "Man Raze In Session".

Second live show and documentary (2008)
In March 2008, the band came together in California to rehearse and to film a documentary. Footage was shot for broadcast on TV and as bonus footage for the album release. On 19 March the band played their second live show at a rehearsal studio in Los Angeles. 15 members of the official online Man Raze Street Team won the chance to be there and meet the band. The band played nine songs, including three for the very first time. VH1 Classic in the US are set to broadcast footage from the show in June 2008.

Debut album release (2008)
The debut album Surreal was released in the USA on the VH1 Classic label on 3 June 2008. The album contains 12 tracks and the band aim to play live shows in between other band commitments. The song 'Turn It Up' was released to radio in the USA during May and a 30-second advert for the album was added to the VH1 Classic channel.

Surreal was released online on 14 May 2008 featuring a bonus Dub version of 'Turn It Up' and its video.

The band launched an official video channel on YouTube in May 2008. It features videos approved only by the band including live footage and interviews. During June 2008, 12 video clips were added to the channel previewing the documentary 'Man Raze The Film' which is due to be shown on TV later in the year.

UK album release/UK Tour (2008)
The debut album Surreal was released in the UK on 1 December 2008. It included a 5-track European bonus disc.

To support the release of the album in their homeland the band embarked on their first ever tour, playing four dates around the UK: 3 December at Manchester, 4 December at Birmingham, and 8–9 December at London.

UK Tour with Alice Cooper (2009)
Man Raze were the intended for support for Def Leppard on their 2009 North American but the tour was cancelled. The band were invited to support Alice Cooper on all of his UK dates in late November/early December 2009.

Band members

 * Phil Collen - guitar, lead vocals (2004–present)
 * Simon Laffy - bass guitar, backing vocals (2004–present)
 * Paul Cook - drums (2004–present)

Albums

 * Surreal - (USA June 2008/UK December 2008)
 * PunkFunkRootsRock (2011)

Singles

 * "Skin Crawl" CD Maxi Single - (October 2005) UK Top 40 Rock Singles #9
 * "Turn It Up" Digital Download - (June 2007)

title: Man Raze


text:
User talk:AlphaCentauri

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Re your attempts to move Paul Erdos: The software as used and configured in the English Wikipedia currently can't handle the title to which you are attempting to move it, so it ends up as gibberish. See Naming conventions (technical restrictions). Thanks. —Charles P. (Mirv) 13:27, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlphaCentauri


text:
Martha Collins

Martha Collins may refer to:
 * Martha Collins (poet) (born 1940), American poet, translator, and editor
 * Martha Layne Collins (born 1936), American politician

title: Martha Collins


text:
Talk:National Museums Liverpool

Untitled
"is England's only national collection". Of what? Where's the detail? Jez 13:28, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:National Museums Liverpool


text:
Religious ground motive

A religious ground motive (RGM) is a concept in the reformational philosophy of Herman Dooyeweerd. In his book Roots of Western Culture Dooyeweerd identified four great frameworks or value-systems that have determined human interpretations of reality with formative power   over Western culture. Three of these are dualistic and may be described in the terms of Hegelian dialectic as antitheses of opposite poles of reference that are eventually resolved by synthesis, only for the synthesis to draw out, inexorably, a new opposing pole and so a new antithesis.

Other RGMs may readily be added to Dooyeweerd's list, and this endeavour may be sanctioned by Dooyeweerd's own passing reference to a Zoroastrian RGM.

The Form/Matter RGM of the Greeks
The Form/Matter framework for ontology was articulated by Greek philosophers, particularly Aristotle. However, Dooyeweerd identifies its roots in the ancient religious beliefs about a river of life and the rule of μοιρα fate, which came to be set against the later culture religion of the rule of the Olympian gods, in a logical antithesis. Nietzsche argues, similarly, that Greek philosophy from the time of Homer through to Plato and Aristotle demonstrates a tension between valorization of a Dionysian natural orgiastic devotion to the life force, celebrated in the annual Baccanal at Delphi, and the model of the city and its justice as achieved by calm thought in accord with an Apollonian devotion represented by the Temple of Athena. Perhaps the best articulation of this tension of values can be seen in the tragic drama where the Furies are constrained and given a place below the Temple's altar where they can no longer unleash themselves in the historic form of a blood revenge.

The Creation - Fall - Redemption RGM
Dooyeweerd's next RGM is not dualistic but ternary, described as Creation - Fall - Redemption: three moments of radical cosmic change. This RGM is argued to be authentically Judeo-Christian because it does not identify any parts or aspects of experienced reality that might be absolutised in place of God; rather, it shows the significance of the biblical metanarrative for a correct understanding of reality. Significantly, it is an understanding that can only be derived from special revelation. For much of the history of Christianity this RGM has not taken its legitimate prominence because of the way that Christianity was accommodated to Greek pagan philosophy in the writings of some of the Church Fathers such as Justin and Athenagoras. This facilitated a transition from the Form/Matter RGM to the Nature/Grace RGM. Dooyeweerd believed that the Protestant Reformation represented a re-discovery of the Creation - Fall - Redemption RGM and that he, with others such as Abraham Kuyper, was helping to restore it to its rightful place in Christian thinking, as the foundation for a Protestant Christian worldview and Christian philosophy.

The Nature/Grace RGM of the Latin Middle Ages
According to Dooyeweerd, the authentic Creation - Fall - Redemption RGM of the New Testament writers largely failed to win its place in the development of Christian philosophy. Instead, a synthesis of the Form/Matter RGM took place, giving rise to a concept of natural earthly reality, and the Christian theological understanding of redemption was taken as the antithesis to this in the form of the concept of Grace. Thus arose the Nature/Grace antithesis, which was initially oriented with Grace as superior to Nature. The Nature/Grace RGM was powerfully developed in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and so persisted through the Renaissance of the 12th century, the Renaissance, and indeed through the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation.

The Nature/Freedom RGM of the Enlightenment
Eventually, with the decline in the Church's political dominance and the implicit dismissal of the earthly realm by the polarisation of the Nature/Grace RGM, this antithesis was secularised, leading to its replacement by a humanistic Nature/Freedom RGM. This may be understood by considering how Enlightenment thought may be aligned with each of two poles. One was the elevation of Nature, the deterministic universe of the natural philosophers; the other was the quest for absolute freedom, the ideal of Romanticism. Dooyeweerd saw how many modernist philosophers struggled to account for both sides of this dualistic RGM, retaining human freedom while construing the Universe as a kind of machine, but without finding a lasting solution.

The Nature/Grace RGM is the last in Dooyeweerd's survey, but he then moves on, in the final section of Roots of Western Culture, to a critique of Historicism. This worldview, abandoning absolutes and proposing a relativistic interpretation of culture, appears as an elevation of the Freedom motif above the Nature motif, and is in turn contested by the rise of modern sociology with its implicit bid for dominance on behalf of Nature. This brings the survey up to Dooyeweerd's time of writing, where he is ready to propose his new framework for Reformational philosophy founded on the Creation - Fall - Redemption RGM.

title: Religious ground motive


text:
Talk:Larry Kramer

Yale paragraph
I edited the paragraph about Yale, based on this sentence, from the transcripts of his 2004 address to the community: My own college, Yale, with $1 million of my own brother’s money to do just this, will not teach what I call gay history, unencumbered with the prissy incomprehensible gobbledygook of gender studies and queer theory. Morris 13:33, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

I think you should add that sentence verbatim to the article, rather than try to paraphrase it. It's better to let Kramer speak in his own words and let the readers figure out what he means. Adam 14:29, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your point is well taken, I edited that paragraph as you suggested. Morris 19:59, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

haha this quote just shows how out of touch that dinosaur of a professional complainer Larry Kramer is with GLBT issues and politics these days. I think you should keep this quote in the article. Queer theory does include gay male history as well as bisexual, lesbian, and trans history.

Quote

 * "In those instances where children do have sex with their homosexual elders, be they teachers or anyone else, I submit that often, very often, the child desires the activity, and perhaps even solicits it, either because of a natural curiosity that will or will not develop along these lines, or because he or she is homosexual and innately knows it. This is far from "recruitment." Obviously, there are instances in which the child is unwilling, and is a victim of sexual abuse, homo- or heterosexual. But, as with straight children anxious for the experience with someone of the opposite sex, these are kids who seek solicit, and consent willingly to sex with someone of the same sex. And unlike girls or women forced into rape and traumatized, most gay men have warm memories of their earliest and early sexual encounters; when we share these stories with each other, they are invariably positive ones."

 * Kramer, L (1981) Reports from the Holocaust. NY: St. Martin's Press p.234)

¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 00:04, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

The Brad Davis article says that he didn't die of AIDS.

From what I read of that quote from Kramer, it is quite obvious he is a pedophile. Suffor 22:47, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * That's not very smart: he makes no mention of every having touched a child or wanting to touch a child. -- David  Shankbone  01:14, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Just because he doesn't mention that doesn't mean he isn't one. Only a pedophile would think it is normal for kids to have sex with adults. The fact he and his butt buddies mention sharing stories like that is also further proof. Suffor 16:10, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Please grow up. If the above quote is accurate he's referring to anecdotal accounts about gay men's earliest sexual experiences. That is a very long way from labeling someone as a pedophile - a generally pejorative term and a violation of WP:BLP unless reliably sourced. -- Banj e  b oi   18:15, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I submit that often, very often, the child desires the activity. 'Nuff said. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.91.1.96 (talk • contribs)  04:21, 27 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Which may well be the case. The abuse starts when the teacher takes advantage. You really don't think adolescent crushes on teachers happen? 79.70.44.23 (talk) 07:46, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

ACT-UP
Is ACT-UP a militant group? It doesn't say that in its own article? The ACT-UP page says "non-violent" and only mentions "civil disobedience." Someone please correct this inconsistency. Voice of All(MTG) 05:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ACT-UP is an international decentralized activist group that have employed all manner of protesting including some civil disobedience. -- Banj e  b oi   18:15, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Normal Heart.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:The Normal Heart.jpg
Image:The Normal Heart.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:40, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

GA?
So, ah. Any reason why someone hasn't given this a good, thorough copy edit and nominated it for GA? --Moni3 (talk) 19:08, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I know Kramer's Jewish, but is it significant in his life or work? I'm asking out of ignorance, and because Category:LGBT jews is a category that an IP editor often adds as pseudo-vandalism. And no, I don't think there's a reason someone hasn't :)  -- SatyrTN (talk / contribs) 05:47, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The day Milk was on the main page, an editor put a fact tag on the info box in his article for the claim that he was Jewish. I thought it was ridiculous. I said as much on the talk page, but I really didn't like the infobox in the first place, so it was not something I cared so much to get feisty about. From what I'm reading, Kramer has had even more cause to doubt he was practicing, since he criticized Jewish organizations and leaders regularly enough. So, just because nothing can ever be clear, what's the standard for including the category of Jew? Must he have been a practicing Jew? Ugh. --Moni3 (talk) 13:13, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Religion and sexuality categories are clumped similarly and should be sourced solidly. I think Kramer is critical of all institutions including the LGBT community.
 *  Another Parade Furor; Salute to Israel Uninvites Gay Group might help. -- Banj e  b oi   18:28, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

FA
There's a very good possibility that this article can get to FA. Kramer apparently has quite a volume of literary and social criticism about him. An FA would require a section on theatrical/literary analysis of his works. I must confess that I have not read nor seen his plays, though The Tragedy of Today's Gays is on my list to read. I feel confident enough to write a section on social support and criticism for Kramer's tactics and statements, but wonder if an editor may be interested in focusing on the literary side. --Moni3 (talk) 18:56, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

"The American People"
http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/more-to-the-story-a-history-of-gay-america/

This basically states that the book is complete and contains more details about the book than this wiki page has, including the fact that it'll be published in two volumes and that the first one is scheduled to be released in 2012 87.194.86.204 (talk) 18:35, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

citation needed
noted for quote by Susan Sontag "Larry Kramer is one of America's most valuable troublemakers. I hope he never lowers his voice." This quote is on the dust jacket http://books.google.com/books?id=eTPQItzuFU4C&pg=PA368&lpg=PA368&dq=Larry+Kramer+is+one+of+America%27s+most+valuable+troublemakers.+I+hope+he+never+lowers+his+voice.%22+susan+sontag&source=bl&ots=ur-QKjh7c5&sig=bAsty4UKMBe_pfRU1LBkqL4STp0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mRL9U_iLGYL1iQLk0oCoAg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Larry%20Kramer%20is%20one%20of%20America's%20most%20valuable%20troublemakers.%20I%20hope%20he%20never%20lowers%20his%20voice.%22%20susan%20sontag&f=false

Would this not be sufficient reference. If this can be used to get rid of "citation needed" would someone please code it - I don't know how. thanks 68.231.25.212 (talk) 23:13, 26 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Incorrect birth year
According to several articles, he was born in 1935 and not 1932. MikaelaArsenault (talk) 16:32, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Graphic Design History
— Assignment last updated by Ktrachsel01 (talk) 01:08, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Larry Kramer


text:
Talk:Hit to Death in the Future Head

Hmmm...
Yeah, the genre here reads Indie Rock, but right below that it says that they're on a major label. Hardly indie. In fact, the exact opposite of indie.
 * Yeah, can't be Indie rock on a Major Label - 211.30.230.15 (talk) 06:41, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Indie rock as a genre isn't really defined by label type anymore. Just like the term "alternative", it's been absorbed to reflect a general sound.  That's why we have separate articles on Indie rock and Indie (music).  —To rc.  ( Ta lk.  ) 08:38, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Hmmm...
The spirit & content, Flaming Lips live performances....undeniably indie

Parental Advisory
Any info on why this album was given one? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.239.213.135 (talk) 07:12, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hit to Death in the Future Head


text:
British Biographical Index

British Biographical Index in four vols. Edited by David Bank and Anthony Esposito. London: K.G. Saur. It is the key to the British Biographical Archive. Edited by Laureen Baillie and Paul Sieveking. Munich: K.G. Saur, 1984-. 1236 fiches.

The collection includes 330,000 biographical entries from 324 reference books originally published between 1601 and 1929. Most major reference libraries have it. In digital online form, it forms part of the World Biographical Information System Online

title: British Biographical Index


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-18/Tax exempt status

The Wikimedia Foundation announced last week that it had officially been recognized as a tax-exempt charitable organization in the United States, almost two years after the Foundation was created, with the exemption being retroactive to its founding.

Foundation president Jimmy Wales reported last Saturday that he had received a letter from the IRS confirming that the Wikimedia Foundation would be considered a public charity under title 26 (Internal Revenue Code), section 501(c)(3) USC. This communication, confirming what had long been anticipated, came just over six months after submitting a final application for recognition of non-profit status.

The tax exemption will allow American taxpayers to deduct contributions to Wikimedia on their income tax returns if they itemize deductions. Since the decision is retroactive to the Wikimedia founding date of 20 June, 2003, all contributions made to the Foundation since then are considered tax-deductible.

Wikimedia CFO Daniel Mayer noted that unfortunately this came one day after 15 April, the deadline for people to send in their income tax returns. He indicated that the Foundation would be emailing individual donors with the information. If the donation is significant enough to justify the effort, an amendment can be filed to take advantage of the deduction for the 2003 or 2004 tax years, and obtain any return that would be due. An amendment is filed with form 1040X (pdf file).

In addition, this may make it easier for Wikimedia to find new sources of funding, since many grant-making organizations make qualification for 501(c)(3) status a requirement as part of their grant applications. Also this week: Editor's note — Dworkin scoop — Tax exemption — Search — Spoken articles — Encarta digs — Design contest — T.R.O.L.L. — Features and admins — Press coverage


text:
WPP

WPP may refer to:

 * Labor Party Philippines, also called WPP, is a Filipino political party.

 * WPP plc, a British multinational advertising and public relations company
 * WPP domain, a protein domain found in plants
 * Wavefront parallel processing, a video coding technique
 * White Patriot Party, a former American white supremacist paramilitary political party
 * Windows software trace preprocessor
 * United States Federal Witness Protection Program
 * Woman's Peace Party, an American pacifist organization established in 1915
 * World Press Photo, holder of an annual press photography contest

title: WPP


text:
Hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis describes hydrostatic dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces as a result of obstruction to urine flow downstream. Alternatively, hydroureter describes the dilation of the ureter, and hydronephroureter describes the dilation of the entire upper urinary tract (both the renal pelvicalyceal system and the ureter).

Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis depend upon whether the obstruction is acute or chronic, partial or complete, unilateral or bilateral. Hydronephrosis that occurs acutely with sudden onset (as caused by a kidney stone) can cause intense pain in the flank area (between the hips and ribs) known as a renal colic. Historically, this type of pain has been described as "Dietl's crisis".

Conversely, hydronephrosis that develops gradually over time will generally cause either a dull discomfort or no pain. Nausea and vomiting may also occur. An obstruction that occurs at the urethra or bladder outlet can cause pain and pressure resulting from distension of the bladder. Blocking the flow of urine will commonly be prone to urinary tract infections which can lead to further development of stones, fever, and blood or pus in the urine. If complete obstruction occurs, a postrenal kidney failure (obstructive nephropathy) may follow.

Blood tests may show impaired kidney function (elevated urea or creatinine) or electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia or hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Urinalysis may indicate an elevated pH due to the secondary destruction of nephrons within the affected kidney, which impairs acid excretion. Physical examination in a thin patient may detect a palpable abdominal or flank mass caused by the enlarged kidney.

Causes
Hydronephrosis is the result of any of several abnormal pathophysiological occurrences. Structural abnormalities of the junctions between the kidney, ureter and bladder that lead to hydronephrosis can occur during fetal development. Some of these congenital defects have been identified as inherited conditions, however, the benefits of linking genetic testing to early diagnosis have not been determined. Other structural abnormalities could be caused by injury, surgery, or radiation therapy.

The most common causes of hydronephrosis in children are anatomical abnormalities. These include vesicoureteral reflux, urethral stricture, and stenosis. The most common cause of hydronephrosis in young adults is kidney stones. In older adults, the most common cause of hydronephrosis is benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), or intrapelvic neoplasms such as prostate cancer.

Compression of one or both ureters can also be caused by other developmental defects not completely occurring during the fetal stage such as an abnormally placed vein, artery, or tumor. Bilateral compression of the ureters can occur during pregnancy due to enlargement of the uterus. Changes in hormone levels during this time may also affect the muscle contractions of the bladder, further complicating this condition.

Sources of obstruction that can arise from other various causes include kidney stones, blood clots or retroperitoneal fibrosis. A 2019 review found three cases of hydronephrosis with renal colic were caused by malpositioned menstrual cups pressing on a ureter. When the cups were removed, the symptoms disappeared.

The obstruction may be either partial or complete, and can occur anywhere from the urethral meatus to the renal calyces. Hydronephrosis can also result from the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder back into the kidneys (vesicoureteral reflux), which can be caused by some of the factors listed above as well as compression of the bladder outlet into the urethra by prostate enlargement or fecal impaction in the rectum (which sits immediately behind the prostate), as well as abnormal contractions of bladder detrusor muscles resulting from neurological dysfunction (neurogenic bladder) or other muscular disorders.

Pathophysiology
Hydronephrosis is caused by obstruction of urine before the renal pelvis. The obstruction causes dilation of the nephron tubules and flattening of the lining of the tubules within the kidneys which in turn causes swelling of the renal calyces.

Hydronephrosis can either be acute or chronic. In acute hydronephrosis full recovery of kidney function is seen. However, with chronic hydronephrosis, permanent loss of kidney function is seen even once obstruction is removed.

Obstruction that occurs anywhere along the upper urinary tract will lead to increased pressure within the structures of the kidney due to the inability to pass urine from the kidney to the bladder. Common causes of upper tract obstruction include obstructing stones and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction caused by intrinsic narrowing of the ureters or an overlying vessel.

Obstruction occurring in the lower urinary tract can also cause this increased pressure through the reflux of urine into the kidney. Common causes include bladder dysfunction (such as neurogenic bladder) and urethral obstruction (such as posterior urethral valves in male infants) or compression (such as from prostatic hypertrophy in older male adults).

In pregnancy, dextrorotation (rotation to the right) of the uterus can cause compression on the right ureter, thus making hydronephrosis more common in right kidney than left kidney. Besides, hormones such as oestrogen, progestrerone, and prostaglandin can cause ureter dilatation, thus causing hydronephrosis despite the absence of visible obstruction along the urinary tract.

Diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis is possible, and in fact, most cases in pediatric patients are incidentally detected by routine screening ultrasounds obtained during pregnancy. However, approximately half of all prenatally identified hydronephrosis is transient, and resolves by the time the infant is born, and in another 15%, the hydronephrosis persists but is not associated with urinary tract obstruction (so-called non-refluxing, non-obstructive hydronephrosis). For these children, regression of the hydronephrosis occurs spontaneously, usually by age 3. However, in the remaining 35% of cases of prenatal hydronephrosis, a pathological condition can be identified postnatally.

Diagnostic workup depends on the age of the patient, as well as whether the hydronephrosis was detected incidentally or prenatally or is associated with other symptoms. Blood tests (such measurement of creatinine) are typically indicated, though they must be interpreted cautiously. Even in cases of severe unilateral hydronephrosis, the overall kidney function may remain normal since the unaffected kidney will compensate for the obstructed kidney.

Urinalysis is usually performed to determine the presence of blood (which is typical for kidney stones) or signs of infection (such as a positive leukocyte esterase or nitrite). Impaired concentrating ability or elevated urine pH (distal renal tubular acidosis) are also commonly found due to tubular stress and injury.

Imaging studies
Imaging studies, such as an intravenous urogram (IVU), renal ultrasonography, CT, or MRI, are also important investigations in determining the presence and/ or cause of hydronephrosis. Whilst ultrasound allows for visualisation of the ureters and kidneys (and determine the presence of hydronephrosis and / or hydroureter), an IVU is useful for assessing the anatomical location of the obstruction. Antegrade or retrograde pyelography will show similar findings to an IVU but offer a therapeutic option as well. Real-time ultrasounds and Doppler ultrasound tests in association with vascular resistance testing helps determine how a given obstruction is effecting urinary functionality in hydronephrotic patients.

In determining the cause of hydronephrosis, the location of obstruction can be determined with a Whittaker (or pressure perfusion) test, wherein the collecting system of the kidney is accessed percutaneously, and the liquid is introduced at high pressure and constant rate of 10ml/min while measuring the pressure within the renal pelvis. A rise in pressure above 22 cm H 2 O suggests that the urinary collection system is obstructed. When arriving at this pressure measurement, bladder pressure is subtracted from the initial reading of internal pressure. (The test was first described by Whittaker in 1973 to test the hypothesis that patients whose hydronephrosis persists after the posterior urethral valves have been ablated usually have ureters that are not obstructed, even though they may be dilated.)

Kay recommends that a neonate born with untreated in utero hydronephrosis receive a renal ultrasound within two days of birth. A renal pelvis greater than 12 mm in a neonate is considered abnormal and suggests significant dilation and possible abnormalities such as obstruction or morphological abnormalities in the urinary tract.

The choice of imaging depends on the clinical presentation (history, symptoms and examination findings). In the case of renal colic (one sided loin pain usually accompanied by a trace of blood in the urine) the initial investigation is usually a spiral or helical CT scan. This has the advantage of showing whether there is any obstruction of flow of urine causing hydronephrosis as well as demonstrating the function of the other kidney. Many stones are not visible on plain X-ray or IVU but 99% of stones are visible on CT and therefore CT is becoming a common choice of initial investigation. CT is not used, however, when there is a reason to avoid radiation exposure, e.g. in pregnancy.

For incidentally detected prenatal hydronephrosis, the first study to obtain is a postnatal renal ultrasound, since as noted, many cases of prenatal hydronephrosis resolve spontaneously. This is generally done within the first few days after birth, although there is some risk that obtaining an imaging study this early may miss some cases of mild hydronephrosis due to the relative oliguria of a newborn. Thus, some experts recommend obtaining a follow-up ultrasound at 4–6 weeks to reduce the false-negative rate of the initial ultrasound. A voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is also typically obtained to exclude the possibility of vesicoureteral reflux or anatomical abnormalities such as posterior urethral valves. Finally, if hydronephrosis is significant and obstruction is suspected, such as a ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) or ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction, a nuclear imaging study such as a MAG-3 scan is warranted.

Grading
The Society of Fetal Ultrasound (SFU) has developed a grading system for hydronephrosis, initially intended for use in neonatal and infant hydronephrosis, but it is now used for grading hydronephrosis in adults as well:
 * Grade 0 – No renal pelvis dilation. This means an anteroposterior diameter of less than 4 mm in fetuses up to 32 weeks of gestational age and 7 mm afterwards. In adults, cutoff values for renal pelvic dilation have been defined differently by different sources, with anteroposterior diameters ranging between 10 and 20 mm. About 13% of normal healthy adults have a transverse pelvic diameter of over 10 mm.
 * Grade 1 (mild) – Mild renal pelvis dilation (anteroposterior diameter less than 10 mm in fetuses ) without dilation of the calyces nor parenchymal atrophy
 * Grade 2 (mild) – Moderate renal pelvis dilation (between 10 and 15 mm in fetuses ), including a few calyces
 * Grade 3 (moderate) – Renal pelvis dilation with all calyces uniformly dilated. Normal renal parenchyma
 * Grade 4 (severe) – As grade 3 but with thinning of the renal parenchyma

Treatment
Treatment of hydronephrosis focuses upon the removal of the obstruction and drainage of the urine that has accumulated behind the obstruction. Therefore, the specific treatment depends upon where the obstruction lies.

Acute obstruction of the upper urinary tract is usually treated by the insertion of a nephrostomy tube. Chronic upper urinary tract obstruction is treated by the insertion of a ureteric stent or a pyeloplasty.

Lower urinary tract obstruction (such as that caused by bladder outflow obstruction secondary to prostatic hypertrophy) is usually treated by insertion of a urinary catheter or a suprapubic catheter. Surgery is not required in all prenatally detected cases.

Prognosis
The prognosis of hydronephrosis is extremely variable and depends on the condition leading to hydronephrosis, whether one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) kidneys are affected, the pre-existing kidney function, the duration of hydronephrosis (acute or chronic), and whether hydronephrosis occurred in developing or mature kidneys.

Permanent kidney damage can occur from prolonged hydronephrosis secondary to compression of kidney tissue and ischemia.

For example, unilateral hydronephrosis caused by an obstructing stone will likely resolve when the stone passes, and the likelihood of recovery is excellent. Alternately, severe bilateral prenatal hydronephrosis (such as occurs with posterior urethral valves) will likely carry a poor long-term prognosis, because obstruction while the kidneys are developing causes permanent kidney damage even if the obstruction is relieved postnatal.

Hydronephrosis can be a cause of pyonephrosis, which is a urological emergency.

title: Hydronephrosis


text:
The Ethiopians

The Ethiopians were one of Jamaica's best-loved harmony groups during the late ska, rocksteady and early reggae periods. Responsible for a significant number of hits between the mid-1960s and early 1970s, the group was also one of the first Jamaican acts to perform widely in Britain.

Origins
The Ethiopians was founded by Leonard Dillon (9 December 1942 – 28 September 2011) with Stephen "Tough Cock" Taylor and Aston "Charlie" Morrison at the tail end of the ska period. Dillon was a stonemason from the small community of Boundbrook, located on the outskirts of the northeast coastal town of Port Antonio, where he was raised by his grandparents in a strict Seventh Day Adventist household. With his grandfather the choirmaster in the local church, Dillon had good grounding in music from an early age. While still attending high school, he performed with a local act known as the Playboys (later re-named Ray and the Gladiators), the mellifluousness of his voice bringing the nickname "Sparrow".

Like many of his peers, Dillon moved to Kingston towards the end of his teen years in search of work, staying first in a tiny shack in the west Kingston slum of Back-O-Wall. He travelled to Fellsmere, Florida in 1963 on a seasonal farm work contract, and after returning to Kingston in 1964, he settled in Trench Town, lodging at the home of the aunt of popular sound system deejay King Sporty, who he knew from his days in Port Antonio. In Trench Town, Dillon met Peter Tosh, who introduced him to Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston, his fellow vocalists in the Wailers. An audition was swiftly arranged at Studio One, where the Wailers were recording some of the biggest hits of the day, which led to Dillon voicing his first material. Three songs were backed by the Wailers, including a sound system favourite called "Ice Water", based on lyrics of double entendre, while "Suffering On The Land" and "Beggars Have No Choice" were more concerned with the harshness of life in the ghetto; a fourth song, "Woman, Wine And Money", featured Delroy Wilson on harmony. All of the songs were issued on 7 in 45 rpm singles, credited to Jack Sparrow. Shortly after the release of these singles, through the efforts of the Ethiopian Reorganization Centre in Waterhouse (established by elders Nasser King and Daddy King), Dillon entered the Rastafari faith, which he remained committed to thereafter.

Founding
Sales of the Jack Sparrow material were not particularly high, and the Wailers were focussing on their own careers. Noting that harmony groups were all the rage in Jamaica, Dillon subsequently made an exit from the Studio One stable to form a harmony group of his own with Taylor, Morrison, and a youth known as Foresight, who he encountered on the street in Waterhouse; the Ethiopian Reorganization Centre became their main rehearsal space. Foresight dropped out early, so by the time Dillon brought the group back to Studio One, they were a trio, debating whether to call themselves the Heartaches or the Ethiopians, until Studio One founder Clement "Sir Coxsone" Dodd decisively stated that the latter was more distinctive, and more fitting for a group that was spiritually minded. The first songs the group recorded at Studio One included "Live Good", "Why You Gonna Leave Me Now" and the rocksteady classic "Owe Me No Pay Me", produced by Lloyd Daley, and aimed at a man known as Stampede that owed Dillon money. The uncertain nature of the music business caused Morrison to then quit the group, since he had a young family to support. Undaunted by his departure, Dillon and Taylor went back to Studio One to record another half-dozen tracks, including the boastful "I'm Gonna Take Over Now", and a late-ska number called "I Am Free," which castigated an unfaithful lover.

Success
Despite the popularity of the material, their earnings were still not sufficient for the group to concentrate on music full-time. Continuing with the masonry led Dillon to the Ethiopians' next phase, once he found a financial backer for the group in the form of real estate speculator, Leebert Robinson, who financed the self-produced single "Train to Skaville", issued in Jamaica on WIRL (West Indies Records Limited). Subsequent singles, "The Whip" and "Cool It Amigo", were recorded at WIRL studio with top rocksteady band, Lynn Taitt and the Jets, (and engineer Lynford Anderson), and licensed to Sonia Pottiger for release in Jamaica, as well as Graeme Goodall's Doctor Bird label in Britain; the three songs were all significant hits in 1967. "Train to Skaville" made an impact overseas and brought the Ethiopians to the UK for their first tour in 1968, since the song had briefly appeared in the UK Singles Chart. The tour lasted three months in 1968, and another two months in 1969, and was arranged by Commercial Entertainment.

Back in Jamaica, Melvin Reid became a temporary member of the group for some recordings made at Federal recording studio, but the group soon reverted to a duo again. "Cut Down (On Your Speed)" was recorded for Lee "Scratch" Perry, but far more successful work was issued by H. Robinson's Carib Disco company, including "Reggae Hit The Town", celebrating the new beat, and the successful "Engine 54" (recorded at a time when Trinidadian immigrant Garnet Hargreaves was acting as manager of the group), which celebrated a defunct railway engine that used to transport city folk on countryside excursions in Jamaica. The popularity of this track and earlier hit singles led to a debut album, Engine 54, issued by Doctor Bird in the UK.

Then, the most solid and lasting working relationship was forged with producer Carl Johnson, yielding a series of hits in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Things started off with "Everything Crash," after Sir JJ told Dillon to write a song with that title when Dillon first appeared at JJ's shop on Orange Street; the song commented on the widespread strikes that gripped Jamaica in 1968 and was recorded with the backing band, the Caribbeats. Other hits to follow included "Feel The Spirit," "Hong Kong Flu," and "Woman Capture Man". The Sir JJ phase yielded the popular albums Reggae Power and Woman Capture Man, both issued by Trojan Records in Britain.

During the early 1970s, the Ethiopians recorded widely for various producers, including Lloyd "The Matador" Daley ("Satan Gal"), Duke Reid ("Pirate"), Derrick Harriott ("Good Ambition"), Rupie Edwards ("Hail Rasta Man"), Alvin Ranglin ("Love Bug"), Prince Buster ("You Are For Me"), Joe Gibbs ("Ring A Burn Finger"), Bob Andy ("The Word Is Love"), and Lee Perry ("Life Is A Funny Thing"), among others. Dillon also helped build Perry's Black Ark Studios in 1973-4. In 1975, Stephen Taylor was killed in a traffic accident, leading to a period of inactivity as Dillon struggled to adapt to life without his singing partner.

New version and solo work
Dillon subsequently formed a new version of the Ethiopians with other members of the Rastafari faith, including Melvin Reid, to record the album Slave Call with Niney the Observer in 1977. There were also a handful of singles cut for Alvin Ranglin, Winston Riley, Joe Gibbs and Rupie Edwards, circa 1976-78.

Leonard Dillon then largely became a solo artist. Under the name The Ethiopian, Dillon cut Open The Gate Of Zion for Ranglin in 1978, and Everything Crash for Studio One in 1980, the latter featuring "Locust" voiced on an adaptation of the "Train to Skaville" rhythm. The Dread Prophecy album, shared with The Gladiators, was issued by the American label Nighthawk in 1986, One Step Forward surfaced in France on Blue Moon in 1992, Owner Fer De Yard was a Studio One set issued by Heartbeat in 1994, Tuffer Than Stone was recorded with Jahco Thelwell in 1999 and issued on the Melodie label in France, while Mystic Man was issued by Studio One in 2002; a second set for Nighthawk remains unreleased.

The Ethiopians reached the end when Dillon died on 28 September 2011.

Discography
Releases by The Ethiopians include:
 * Engine '54: Let's Ska and Rock Steady - (1968) - Jamaican Gold
 * Reggae Power - (1969)
 * Woman a Capture Man - (1970) - Trojan
 * Slave Call - (1977) - Heartbeat
 * Open The Gate Of Zion - (1978) - Channel One
 * Dread Prophecy - (1989) - Nighthawk
 * Let's Ska and Rock Steady - (1990) - VP Records
 * The World Goes Ska - (1992) - Trojan
 * Clap Your Hands - (1993) - Lagoon
 * Sir J.J. & Friends - (1993) - Lagoon
 * Owner Fer De Yard - (1994) - Heartbeat
 * Train to Skaville - (1999) - Charly
 * Tuffer Than Stone - (1999) - Warriors
 * Skaville Princess - (2000) - Dressed to Kill
 * Train to Skaville: Anthology 1966-1975 - (2002) - Trojan - compilation
 * Open The Gate Of Zion  - (2020) - Jamaican Art Records (de-luxe re-release)

title: The Ethiopians


text:
Free kick (rugby union)

A free kick in rugby union is usually awarded to a team for a technical offence committed by the opposing side. Free kicks are awarded for technical offences such as playing too many players in a line-out or time wasting at a scrum. A free kick is also awarded for making a mark.

Once awarded a free kick the team must decide how they wish to play it.

 * The team may opt to play a place kick, where the ball is placed on the ground by the kicker at a point designated by the referee then the player may take a run up to the ball and kick it downfield but not into touch (law 21.4 (e)). This is very rarely chosen.
 * They may opt for a drop kick, where the ball starts in the player's hands and is dropped onto the ground whereupon it is kicked downfield on its upward bounce by the player.
 * They may opt for a punt, where the ball starts in the player's hands and is dropped and kicked without bouncing.
 * They may opt to play a tap kick. A tap kick is played when the team feel they would benefit more from keeping possession of the ball rather than kicking it downfield.  To play a tap kick, the player either places the ball on the ground and kicks it a small distance, or punts it back into his own hands. The ball must travel a visible distance.
 * They may opt to take it as a scrum.
 * A team awarded a free kick at a lineout may choose a further lineout into which they throw in.

The team in possession cannot directly score a goal from the free kick itself, nor score a dropped goal until the ball has become dead or an opponent has touched the ball or tackled a ball carrier. This also applies if the team in possession opts for a scrum. Unlike a penalty kick, if the ball goes into touch from a free kick then the kicking team enjoys no special privileges; the line-out is taken by the opposing team rather than the kicking team, and a direct kick to touch from outside the 22-metre area results in this line-out being formed opposite where the ball was kicked, not where it crossed the touch-line.

Furthermore, the defending team can attempt to charge the kick as long as they have first retreated 10m. If they prevent the kick from being taken this way, they win a scrum.

title: Free kick (rugby union)


text:
Tyler Pounds Regional Airport

Tyler Pounds Regional Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport located 3 mi west of Tyler, in Smith County, Texas, United States.

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 called it a "primary commercial service" airport. Federal Aviation Administration records show 76,168 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 73,841 in 2009, and 74,357 in 2010.

The airport has been expanding to meet goals in the Tyler Master Plan; on August 17, 2002, the airport opened a new terminal building, doubling its space. Tyler is a large center for general aviation, with three public parking lots for general aviation.

History

 * see: Pounds Army Airfield for its World War II use

The airport opened in November 1929 as Tyler Municipal Airport. During World War II, the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces as a training base and renamed Pounds Field after Lieutenant Jack Windham Pounds. At the end of the war, the airfield was turned over to local government for civil use and became Tyler Pounds Regional Airport.

Historical airline service
Airline service began in the 1930s. Tyler was listed in Delta Air Lines timetables by 1936 on a Dallas-Atlanta multi-stop route via Shreveport and other stops. In 1952, Delta Douglas DC-3s flew eastbound Fort Worth – Dallas Love Field – Tyler – Longview, TX – Shreveport – Monroe, LA – Jackson, MS – Meridian, MS – Selma, AL – Montgomery, AL – Columbus, GA – Atlanta as well as westbound Atlanta – Columbus, GA – Montgomery – Meridian – Hattiesburg, MS – New Orleans – Baton Rouge – Alexandria, LA – Shreveport – Tyler – Dallas Love Field – Fort Worth. Delta had competition to Dallas Love Field operated by Trans-Texas Airways, also with DC-3s. Delta left Tyler in 1956.

Mid-Continent Airlines was serving Tyler by 1947 with Douglas DC-3 aircraft operating a daily southbound routing of Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN - Sioux Falls - Sioux City - Omaha - St. Joseph, MO - Kansas City - Joplin - Tulsa - Muskogee, OK - Tyler - Houston Hobby Airport as well as a daily northbound routing of Houston Hobby Airport - Tyler - Muskogee - Tulsa - Kansas City - Des Moines. By 1952 Mid-Continent was operating two daily southbound DC-3 flights, one with a routing of a Minneapolis/St. Paul - Sioux Falls - Sioux City - Omaha - Kansas City - Tulsa - McAlester, OK - Paris, TX - Tyler - Longview, TX - Houston Hobby Airport and the other with a routing of Minneapolis/St. Paul - Omaha - Kansas City - Tulsa - Muskogee - Tyler - Houston Hobby Airport as well as a daily northbound DC-3 flight with a routing of Houston Hobby Airport - Longview - Tyler - Paris, TX - McAlester, OK - Tulsa - Joplin - Kansas City - Des Moines - Waterloo, IA - Mason City, IA - Rochester, MN - Minneapolis/St. Paul.

Mid-Continent was then acquired by and merged into Braniff International Airways which in the spring of 1953 was operating DC-3 flights on a daily roundtrip routing of Houston Hobby Airport - Longview - Tyler - Tulsa - Joplin - Kansas City - Omaha - Minneapolis/St. Paul before discontinuing all service to Tyler later that same year.

Trans-Texas Airways (TTa) also began serving Tyler in the 1940s; its Douglas DC-3s flew between Dallas Love Field, Beaumont/Port Arthur, and Houston Hobby Airport. In 1952, TTa flew three DC-3s a day to Beaumont/Port Arthur via Lufkin, Palestine, and Nacogdoches, with one flight continuing on to Galveston and Houston. Convair 240 propeller aircraft and then Convair 600 turboprops later took over. In 1966, TTa Convair 240s and DC-3s flew nonstop to Dallas, while Convair 240s flew direct to Houston and New Orleans. By 1968 TTa had begun Convair 600 turboprop flights at Tyler.

Trans-Texas then changed its name to Texas International Airlines (TI); in 1970, TI Convair 600s and Beechcraft 99 turboprops flew nonstop to Dallas with direct Convair 600 service to Memphis and New Orleans. Also in 1970, commuter air carrier Air Texas was operating nonstop Beechcraft 99 service between the airport and Austin (AUS), Dallas Love Field (DAL) and Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH). In 1974, all TI flights at Tyler were being operated with Convair 600 turboprops with three weekday nonstops to Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW), as well as direct service to Houston and Memphis. In 1975, Texas International had competition to Dallas/Fort Worth as commuter air carrier Metroflight Airlines, a subsidiary of Metro Airlines, was operating seven nonstop de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter flights to DFW, while TI had two nonstops with Convair 600s. According to the February 1, 1976 Official Airline Guide, Texas International was operating direct Convair 600 service to Tyler from Austin, Houston (IAH), Midland/Odessa, Shreveport and Wichita Falls. This OAG also lists nineteen weekday Metroflight Twin Otter flights being operated into Tyler, including nine nonstops from Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW), nine nonstops from Longview and one nonstop from Nacogdoches with this latter flight operating direct service from Houston (IAH) and Lufkin.

By 1978, Texas International had pulled out of Tyler.

In 1979, Metroflight Airlines was operating the only flights to Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) as an independent commuter air carrier with nonstop de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Short 330 service as well as direct Twin Otters to IAH via Longview and/or Nacogdoches. By 1981, the airline was operating 12 weekday nonstops between Tyler and Dallas/Fort Worth with Short 330s and Twin Otters.

Metroflight then became an American Eagle carrier operating code sharing flights for American Airlines, and in 1985 was continuing to operate Twin Otter service between Tyler and Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Also in 1985, Eastern Express operated by Metro Airlines on behalf of Eastern Air Lines was operating three flights a day from Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH) with DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft including one nonstop flight and two direct one stop flights both via Longview. Other airline service in 1985 included Air Spirit, an independent commuter airline, flying Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante turboprops nonstop to Austin as part of a Texarkana – Tyler – Austin route.

In 1989, competition had resumed on the Tyler-Dallas/Fort Worth route: American Eagle Saab 340s and Delta Connection Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirantes operated by Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA) on behalf of Delta Air Lines. The Official Airline Guide lists fourteen weekday flights between Tyler and DFW. By 1991 Delta Connection (ASA) Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias and EMB-110 Bandeirantes were flying to DFW.

In 1995, Continental Express was flying Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias to IAH with three weekday nonstops via a code-sharing agreement with Continental Airlines. By 1999 Continental Express had replaced this Brasilia service with smaller Beechcraft 1900Ds with four weekday nonstops. Continental Express began regional jet service to Tyler in the 2000s and in 2012 Continental completed its merger with United Airlines, with the service to Tyler becoming United Express. United Express ceased service to Tyler in April 2016 due to reported lower demand from the energy sector for flights to Tyler.

In the mid-1990s, Conquest Airlines, a commuter airline, flew Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners nonstop to both Austin and San Antonio. Dallas Express Airlines, another commuter airline, was flying twin-engined Pipers nonstop from DAL. By 2000, Austin Express, also a commuter airline, had replaced Conquest with nonstop Metroliners to Austin.

Denver, Colorado-based Frontier Airlines also offered flights from Tyler with Airbus A320 mainline jetliner service nonstop to Denver; these flights lasted from July 2019 to April 2020 with the A320 being the largest aircraft ever to operate scheduled passenger airline service from the airport.

Museum
The Historic Aviation Memorial Museum, an aviation museum located at the airport, rented and moved into the former Tyler passenger terminal that had been closed since 2002. The museum has a number of military jet fighters on display among other exhibits, and also flies and maintains two Russian-manufactured MiG-17F jets based at the airport.

Facilities and aircraft
The airport covers 1200 acre at an elevation of 544 ft. It has three asphalt runways: • 4/22 is 8334 by

• 13/31 is 5200 by

• 18/36 is 4832 by

For the 12-month period ending July 31, 2011, the airport had 48,677 aircraft operations, average 133 per day: 83% general aviation, 14% air taxi, 2% airline, and 1% military; 152 aircraft were then based at the airport: 60% single-engine, 22% jet, 16% multi-engine, and 2% helicopter.

Passenger
American Eagle, the regional air carrier subsidiary of American Airlines subsidiary, operates Bombardier CRJ-700 regional jets on its nonstop flights to DFW with this American Eagle service from Tyler being operated by SkyWest Airlines.

Accidents and incidents

 * July 13, 2017: Piper PA-31T Cheyenne owned by T-210 HOLDINGS LLC: The aircraft went down as it was leaving the airport, headed to Midland Airpark. It crashed a quarter-mile south of the airport, with two fatalities.

title: Tyler Pounds Regional Airport


text:
Roy Vickers

Roy Vickers may refer to:

 * Roy Henry Vickers, Canadian artist
 * William Edward Vickers, British mystery writer who used the pseudonym Roy Vickers

title: Roy Vickers


text:
Principal parts

In language learning, the principal parts of a verb are those forms that a student must memorize in order to be able to conjugate the verb through all its forms. The concept originates in the humanist Latin schools, where students learned verbs by chanting them in the four key forms from which all other forms can be deduced, for example:
 * ferō – ferre – tulī – lātum ('to carry')

Not all languages have to be taught in this way. In French, for example, regular verbs can be deduced from a single form, the infinitive, and irregular verbs are too random to be systematized under fixed parts. But the concept can be carried over to many languages in which the verbs have some kind of "regular irregularity", i.e. irregularity always occurs at the same place in an otherwise regular system.

Although the term 'principal part' is usually applied to verbs, the same phenomenon can be found in some languages in nouns and other word types.

Latin
In Latin, most verbs have four principal parts. For example, the verb for "to carry" is given as portō – portāre – portāvī – portātum, where portō is the first-person singular present active indicative ("I carry"), portāre is the present active infinitive ("to carry"), portāvī is the first-person singular perfect active indicative ("I carried"), and portātum is the neuter supine. Most of the verb forms in Latin derive from the first two principal parts: portābō, "I shall carry", is derived from the root portā-, taken from the present infinitive. However, all active perfect forms are derived from the third principal part (so portāveram, "I had carried", is taken from portāv-) while the perfect participle (portātus, portāta, portātum, "having been carried") is derived from the supine and is used to form the perfect passive participle with the auxiliary verb sum (such as portātum est, "it has been carried"). The auxiliary verb is often dropped when writing poetry in Latin.

For many Latin verbs, the principal parts are predictable: portō shown above uses a single stem, port-, and all principal parts are derived from them with the endings -ō – -āre – -āvī – -ātum. Others have more complicated forms: regō ("I rule") has the perfect form rēxī and perfect participle rēctum, derived as *reg-sī and *reg-tum. A handful of verbs, such as sum – esse – fuī – futūrum ("to be"), are simply irregular.

A number of verbs have fewer than four principal parts: deponent verbs, such as hortŏr – hortāri – hortātus sum, "to exhort", lack a perfect form, as do semi-deponent verbs, such as audeō – audēre – ausus sum, "to dare"; in both cases, passive forms are treated as active, so all perfect forms are covered by the perfect participle. A handful of verbs are also defective, including the verb ōdī – ōdisse, "to hate", which only has perfect forms derived from a single stem.

Ancient Greek
Verbs in Ancient Greek have six principal parts: present (I), future (II), aorist (III), perfect (IV), perfect middle (V) and aorist passive (VI), each listed in its first-person singular form:

 * Part I forms the entire present system, as well as the imperfect.
 * Part II forms the future tense in the active and middle voices.
 * Part III forms the aorist in the active and middle voices.
 * Part IV forms the perfect and pluperfect in the active voice, and the (exceedingly rare) future perfect, active.
 * Part V forms the perfect and pluperfect in the middle voice, and the (rare) future perfect, middle.
 * Part VI forms the aorist and future in the passive voice.

One principal part can sometimes be predicted from another, but not with any certainty. For some classes of verbs, however, all principal parts can be predicted given the first one.

English
Excluding four common irregular verbs, the principal parts of all other English verbs are the infinitive, preterite and past participle. All forms of these English verbs can be derived from the three principal parts. Four verbs have an unpredictable 3rd person singular form and the verb "to be" is so irregular it has seven separate forms. Lists or recitations of principal parts in English often omit the third principal part's auxiliary verb, rendering it identical to its grammatically distinct participial form. For example, the verb "to take" has the principal parts take – took – (have) taken. The verb "to bet" has bet – bet – (have) bet and the verb "to break" has break – broke – (have) broken. With irregular verbs the simple present 3S (he, she, it) is derived from infinitive+'s' with the exception of spelling changes such as catch – catches, fly – flies and teach – teaches, which follow the same rules for regular 3S verbs.

Regular verbs
Most verbs are regular enough that all forms can be derived directly from the infinitive. For example, the verb love derives all its forms systematically (love, loved, loving, has loved, loves), and since these can all be deduced from the basic form (the citation, dictionary, or lexicographic form, which in English is the bare infinitive), no other principal parts have to be learned. With irregular verbs like the verb sing, on the other hand, the forms sang and (have) sung cannot be deduced, so the learner of English must memorize three principal parts, sing – sang – (have) sung. The present 3S (he/she/it) is derived from the infinitive+'s' with the exception of verbs ending in a single -o, or ending in -s, -x, -z or the digraphs -sh, -ch, in which case it is derived from 'infinitive+es'. With three irregular verbs (and their derivatives) the 3S has to be learnt independently (e.g. has, does, undoes, redoes).

Highly irregular verbs
There are three verbs (in addition to their derivatives) with an irregular third person singular form in the present tense. As a result, three principal parts are insufficient to conjugate these fully.

To be
The verb "to be" is completely irregular having seven separate forms.

German
The situation in German is very similar to English. Regular verbs require no memorizing of principal parts, since all forms can be deduced from the infinitive. However, some uncertainty may exist as to the choice of the perfect auxiliary, which could be haben ('to have') or sein ('to be'). This can be solved by memorizing the infinitive with the third-person singular perfect tense, which some teachers recommend.
 * tanzen – er hat getanzt

Strong verbs and irregular weak verbs are more complicated. As in English, these verbs are usually memorized by means of three principal parts: infinitive – third-person singular past tense – third-person singular perfect tense.
 * singen – sang – gesungen ('to sing' – a typical strong verb)
 * bringen – brachte – gebracht ('to bring' – an irregular weak verb)

However, in order to deduce the full paradigm, learners must also know the third-person singular present and the third-person singular past subjunctive, which involve some peculiarities.

A small number of verbs have other irregularities, most of which are limited to the forms of the present tense.

Icelandic
There are four types of principal parts in the Icelandic language, determined by the type of verb:

Weak verbs
Icelandic weak verbs have the following principal parts:

It is possible to make the present subjunctive mood (þótt ég borði, "though I eat") from the first principal part (að borða, "to eat"). It is also possible to make the past subjunctive mood (þótt ég borðaði, "though I ate") from the second principal part (ég borðaði, "I ate").

In some other classes of weak verbs without 'a' as the thematic vowel, the present indicative singular undergoes more changes, but they are still to a large extent predictable.

Strong verbs
Icelandic strong verbs have the following principal parts:

It is possible to make the present subjunctive mood (þótt ég finni, "though I find") from the first principal part (að finna, "to find"). It is also possible to make the past subjunctive mood (þótt ég fyndi, "though I found") from the third principal part (við fundum, "we found").

The present singular indicative in this class also undergoes more changes (i-umlaut, dental suffix assimilation etc.), which may let some verbs seem irregular at first glance. They are, however, mainly regular changes, like those in the weak verbs.

Preterite-present verb
Icelandic Preterite-present verbs have the following principal parts:

It is possible to make the present subjunctive mood (þótt ég kunni, "though I knew") from the first principal part (að kunna, "to know"). It is also possible to make the past subjunctive mood (þótt ég kynni, "though I knew") from the third principal part (ég kunni, "I knew").

Ri-verbs
Icelandic Ri-verbs have the following principal parts:

It is possible to make the present subjunctive mood (þótt ég snúi, "though I turn") from the first principal part (að snúa, "to turn"). It is also possible to make the past subjunctive mood (þótt ég sneri, "though I turned") from the second principal part (ég sneri, "I turned").

Spanish
Excluding a few highly irregular verbs, in Spanish, verbs are traditionally held to have only one principal part, the infinitive, by which one can classify the verb into one of three conjugation paradigms (according to the ending of the infinitive, which may be -ar, -er or -ir). However, some scholars believe that the conjugation could be regularized by adding another principal part to vowel-alternating verbs, which shows the alternation. For example, herir "to hurt" is usually considered irregular because its conjugation contains forms like hiero "I hurt", hieres "you hurt", where the vowel in the root changes into a diphthong. However, by including the first person singular, present tense, indicative mood form (hiero) as a principal part, and noting that the diphthong appears only when that syllable is stressed, the conjugation of herir becomes completely predictable.

French
Regular verbs are formed from a single principal part (the infinitive), and all conjugations derive from this one principal part. A handful of verbs require spelling changes in which case it can be considered that these verbs technically have two or three principal parts depending on how many spelling changes need to be made. They include doubling a consonant, adding accent markers, adding the letter e, and converting letters for example y becoming i.

Seven principal parts
Irregular verbs are markedly more complicated, requiring seven principal parts of which few can be easily derived from the infinitive. For some verbs a few of their principal parts are identical with one another.

The paradigm goes as follows:

1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

Verbs with 11 principal parts
A few highly irregular verbs require 11 principal parts to conjugate them fully. It includes all of the seven principal parts as well as a subjunctive form and different present participle forms, imperative forms and present-participle forms.

Fully irregular verbs
The verbs être, avoir and aller are so irregular they require even more than 11 principal parts.

Scottish Gaelic
In Scottish Gaelic there are two principal parts for the regular verb: the imperative and the verbal noun, for example pòg – pògadh 'to kiss'. All finite forms can be deduced from the imperative pòg ('kiss!'), all non-finite forms from the verbal noun pògadh ('kissing'). The ten irregular verbs can, with only two or three small aberrations (unexpected lenition), be deduced from four principal parts.

Ganda
The principal parts of a Ganda verb are the imperative (identical to the verb stem), the first person singular of the present tense and the modified stem. For example, the verb okwogera 'to speak' has the principal parts yogera – njogera – yogedde.

The present tense, far past tense, near future tense, far future tense, subjunctive and infinitive are derived from the imperative. The present perfect, conditional and near past tense are derived from the modified stem.

In theory the second principal part can be derived from the first, but in practice this is so complicated that it is usually memorised as a separate principal part.

(See also Ganda verbs.)

title: Principal parts


text:
Leichhardt Highway

The Leichhardt Highway is a major transport route in Queensland, Australia. It is a continuation northward from Goondiwindi of the Newell Highway, via a 2.0 km section of the Cunningham Highway.

It runs northward from Goondiwindi for more than 600 kilometres until its termination at the Capricorn Highway near the small town of Westwood.

The highway is a state-controlled strategic road, except for the section concurrent with the Gore Highway, which is a state-controlled part of the National Network.

History
It is named after Prussian explorer Ludwig Leichhardt who travelled a route in the 19th century that roughly parallels today's highway.

Upgrade
A project to replace the Banana Creek bridge, at a cost of $7.7 million, was completed in April 2022.

List of towns along the Leichhardt Highway
Travelling from south to north:
 * Goondiwindi
 * Moonie
 * Condamine
 * Miles
 * Guluguba
 * Wandoan
 * Taroom
 * Theodore
 * Banana
 * Dululu
 * Westwood

title: Leichhardt Highway


text:
Tom McCabe

Thomas McCabe (28 April 1954 – 19 April 2015) was a Scottish politician who served as Minister for Parliament from 1999 to 2001 and Minister for Finance and Public Service Reform from 2004 to 2007. A member of the Scottish Labour Party, he was Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Hamilton South constituency from 1999 to 2011.

Background
McCabe was educated at St. Martin's Secondary School, Hamilton, and obtained a Diploma in Public Sector Management from Bell College of Technology, Hamilton.

He worked for Hoover plc (Cambuslang) from 1974 to 1993, and then in social work with Strathclyde Regional Council and North Lanarkshire Council. He was elected to serve as a councillor for Hamilton District Council and became its leader, then served as the first leader of South Lanarkshire Council when it was created in 1996 after a reform of local government.

Member of the Scottish Parliament
McCabe was elected to the Scottish Parliament for Hamilton South in 1999. As this was the first constituency to declare its results, he was the first ever MSP to be elected.

He was first appointed Minister for Parliament in the Scottish Executive from 1999 to 2001. Following Jack McConnell's appointment as First Minister he was out of office until after the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, when he returned as Deputy Minister for Health and Community Care. In October 2004 he was promoted to Minister for Finance and Public Service Reform in place of Andy Kerr.

In March 2005 he set up the AEWG (Adult Entertainment Working Group), the Scottish advisory body set up within the Scottish Executive to investigate the legislative issues involved in the current proposed lapdancing ban in Scotland. The ban is currently opposed by such figures as Veronica Deneuve and the union group IUSW (the International Union of Sex Workers) a member of the GMB union.

McCabe was one of several Labour casualties following the elections on 5 May 2011, losing his seat to Christina McKelvie of the SNP in the newly formed Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse constituency.

Personal life
McCabe previously had a relationship with former Labour spin-doctor and journalist Lorraine Davidson.

McCabe died from cancer in April 2015, after a period of illness. A new residential street in Hamilton was named in his honour two years after his death.

title: Tom McCabe


text:
Late Night Tales

Late Night Tales and its predecessor Another Late Night are the names of two related series of artist-curated compilation albums released by Azuli Records in the UK until 2009 when the independent record label Night Time Stories took over the series. Both series were started by the author A.W. Wilde. The tracks on the albums are selected and mixed by a diverse selection of artists asked by Late Night Tales to create the ultimate late night mix. Many of the albums end with a story track, read by famous English performers including Benedict Cumberbatch, Will Self, Brian Blessed and Patrick Moore. With the exception of Jamiroquai, Air, Bill Brewster, and Don Letts' contributions, each release includes a cover version recorded by the artist(s).

The series has been met with critical acclaim, with GQ praising Late Night Tales as "The Rolls Royce of compilations". 2011 saw the label celebrate their tenth anniversary with a box set including all albums to date.

title: Late Night Tales


text:
Cowies Hill

Cowie's Hill is a small upmarket residential suburb of Pinetown in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Its eponymous hill is a major feature in the Comrades Marathon which is held between Durban and Pietermaritzburg every year.

Cowie's Hill was originally established as farm land and was inhabited by the mayor of Pinetown and his family due to its position overlooking Pinetown. It is situated approximately 15 km off the coast line.

Cowie's Hill was the site of a farm known as Buffelskop (Buffalo Head) owned by William Cowie in the latter part of the 19th century.

title: Cowies Hill


text:
Waverton

Waverton is any of the following places:
 * Waverton, Cheshire, a civil parish in Cheshire, England.
 * Waverton, Cumbria, a civil parish in Cumbria, England.
 * Waverton, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia.

title: Waverton