text:
Franz Xaver Winterhalter

Franz Xaver Winterhalter (20 April 1805 – 8 July 1873) was a German painter and lithographer, known for his flattering portraits of royalty and upper-class society in the mid-19th century. His name has become associated with fashionable court portraiture. Among his best known works are Empress Eugénie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting (1855) and the portraits he made of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (1865).

Early years
Franz Xaver Winterhalter was born in the small village of Menzenschwand (now part of Sankt Blasien), in Germany's Black Forest in the Electorate of Baden, on 20 April 1805. He was the sixth child of Fidel Winterhalter (1773–1863), a farmer and resin producer in the village, and his wife Eva Meyer (1765–1838), a member of a long established Menzenschwand family. His father was of peasant stock and was a powerful influence in his life. Of the eight brothers and sisters, only four survived infancy. Throughout his life Franz Xaver remained very close to his family, in particular to his brother Hermann (1808–1891), who was also a painter.

After attending school at a Benedictine monastery in St. Blasien, Winterhalter left Menzenschwand in 1818 at the age of 13 to study drawing and engraving. He trained as a draughtsman and lithographer in the workshop of Karl Ludwig Schüler (1785–1852) in Freiburg im Breisgau. In 1823, at the age of 18, he went to Munich, sponsored by the industrialist Baron von Eichtal (1775–1850). In 1825, he was granted a stipend by Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden (1763–1830) and began a course of study at the Academy of Arts in Munich with Peter von Cornelius (1783–1867), whose academic methods made him uncomfortable. Winterhalter found a more congenial mentor in the fashionable portraitist Joseph Karl Stieler (1781–1858). During this time, he supported himself working as lithographer.

Winterhalter entered court circles when in 1828 he became drawing master to Sophie Margravine of Baden, at Karlsruhe. His opportunity to establish himself beyond southern Germany came in 1832 when he was able to travel to Italy, 1833–1834, with the support of Grand Duke Leopold of Baden. In Rome he composed romantic genre scenes in the manner of Louis Léopold Robert and attached himself to the circle of the director of the French Academy, Horace Vernet. On his return to Karlsruhe he painted portraits of the Grand Duke Leopold of Baden and his wife, and was appointed painter to the grand-ducal court.

Nevertheless, he left Baden to move to France, where his Italian genre scene Il dolce Farniente attracted notice at the Salon of 1836. Il Decameron a year later was also praised; both paintings are academic compositions in the style of Raphael. In the Salon of 1838 he exhibited a portrait of the Prince of Wagram with his young daughter. His career as a portrait painter was soon secured when in the same year he painted Louise Marie of Orleans, Queen of the Belgians, and her son. It was probably through this painting that Winterhalter came to the notice of Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies, Queen of the French, mother of the Queen of the Belgians.

Court painter
In Paris, Winterhalter quickly became fashionable. He was appointed court painter of Louis-Philippe, the king of the French, who commissioned him to paint individual portraits of his large family. Winterhalter would execute more than thirty commissions for him.

This success earned the painter the reputation of a specialist in dynastic and aristocratic portraiture, skilled in combining likeness with flattery and enlivening official pomp with modern fashion.

However, Winterhalter's reputation in artistic circles suffered. The critics, who had praised his debut in the salon of 1836, dismissed him as a painter who could not be taken seriously. This attitude persisted throughout Winterhalter's career, condemning his work to a category of his own in the hierarchy of painting. Winterhalter himself regarded his first royal commissions as a temporary intermission before returning to subject painting and the field of academic respectability, but he was a victim of his own success, and for the rest of his life he worked almost exclusively as a portrait painter. His success in this field made him rich. Winterhalter became an international celebrity enjoying Royal patronage.

Among his many regal sitters was also Queen Victoria. Winterhalter first visited England in 1842, and returned several times to paint Victoria, Prince Albert and their growing family, painting at least 120 works for them, a large number of which remain in the Royal Collection, on display to the public at Buckingham Palace and other royal residences. On display at Osborne House is Florinda, given by Victoria as a birthday present for Albert in 1852. Winterhalter also painted a few portraits of the aristocracy in England, mostly members of court circles. The fall of Louis-Philippe in 1848 did not affect the painter's reputation. Winterhalter went to Switzerland and worked in Belgium and England. Persistence saw Winterhalter survive from the fall of one dynasty to the rise of another. Paris remained his home until a couple of years before his death. In the same year, his marriage proposal was rejected, and Winterhalter remained a bachelor committed to his work.

After the accession of Napoleon III, his popularity grew. From then on, under the Second Empire, Winterhalter became the chief portraitist of the imperial family and court of France. The French Empress Eugénie became a favorite sitter, and she treated him generously. In 1855 Winterhalter painted his masterpiece: The Empress Eugénie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting. He set the French Empress in a pastoral setting gathering flowers in a harmonious circle with her ladies in waiting. The painting was acclaimed and exhibited in the universal exposition in 1855. It remains Winterhalter's most famous work. The composition shows a marked similarity to Florinda and this gave rise to scandalous gossip that the Empress and her ladies had posed déshabillé for the earlier painting.

In 1852, he went to Spain to paint Queen Isabella II with her daughter. Russian aristocratic visitors to Paris also liked to have their portraits executed by the famous master. As the "Painter of Princes", Winterhalter was thereafter in constant demand by the courts of Britain (from 1841), Spain, Belgium, Russia, Mexico, the German states, and France. During the 1850s and 1860s, Winterhalter painted a number of important portraits of Polish and Russian aristocrats. In 1857, he painted the portrait of Tsarina Maria Alexandrovna. During this time he also painted portraits of members of the André family, including the art collector Édouard André, Henriette André Walther, and Ernest André, which now hang in the Musée Jacquemart-André in Paris.

During the Second Mexican Empire in the 1860s, headed by Maximilian I of Mexico, Winterhalter was commissioned to paint portraits of the Imperial couple. The Empress consort of Mexico, Charlotte of Belgium was the daughter of Louise-Marie of France, Queen of the Belgians, whom Winterhalter painted at the beginning of his career in France. Some of Winterhalter's paintings of the Mexican monarchs still remain in their Mexico City palace, Chapultepec Castle, now the National Museum of History.

Last years

To deal with those pressing for portrait commissions, many of whom were calling for multiple replicas, Winterhalter made extensive use of assistants. No portrait painter had ever enjoyed such an extraordinary royal patronage as Winterhalter; only Rubens, Van Dyck and Thomas Lawrence worked as he did in an international network.

Winterhalter sought respite from the pressures of his work with holidays abroad in Italy, Switzerland, and above all Germany. Despite the many years he lived in France, he remained deeply attached to his native country. For all his success and popularity, Winterhalter continued to live simply and abstemiously. In 1859 he bought a villa in Baden-Baden, his favorite vacation spot.

In 1864, Winterhalter made his last visit to England. In the autumn of that year, he traveled to Vienna to execute the portraits of Emperor Franz Joseph and Empress Elisabeth that remain among his most well-known works. As he grew older, Winterhalter's links with France weakened while his interest in Germany grew. He was taking a cure in Switzerland at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the war that ended the Second French Empire. After the war, the painter did not return to France, going instead to Baden. He was officially still accredited at the court of Baden, and he settled in Karlsruhe. In the last two years of his life, Winterhalter painted very little. During a visit to Frankfurt am Main in the summer of 1873, he contracted typhus and died on 8 July. He was 68 years old.

Style

Winterhalter came into his own as a portrait painter during the second Empire and he painted his best work during the last two decades of his life. He matched his style to the luxury and relaxed atmosphere of the age, its hedonism and gaiety. His female sitters of the 1850s and 1860s inhabit a different physiological climate from those he painted earlier; they are not reticent and reserved. His male sitters inspired few original or memorable compositions.

Winterhalter never received high praise for his work from serious critics, being constantly accused of superficiality and affectation in pursuit of popularity. However, he was highly appreciated by his aristocratic patrons. The royal families of England, France, Spain, Russia, Portugal, Mexico, and Belgium all commissioned him to paint portraits. His monumental canvases established a substantial popular reputation, and lithographic copies of the portraits helped to spread his fame.

Winterhalter's portraits were prized for their subtle intimacy; the nature of his appeal is not difficult to explain. He created the image his sitters wished or needed to project to their subjects. He was not only skilled at posing his sitters to create almost theatrical compositions, but also was a virtuoso in the art of conveying the texture of fabrics, furs and jewellery, to which he paid no less attention than to the face. He painted very rapidly and very fluently, designing most of his compositions directly in the canvas. His portraits are elegant, refined, lifelike, and pleasantly idealized.

Concerning Winterhalter's method of working, it is thought that, practiced as he was at drawing and representing figures, he painted directly onto the canvas without making preliminary studies. He frequently decided upon the dress and pose of the sitter. His style was suave, cosmopolitan and plausible. Many of the portraits were copied in his workshop or reproduced as lithographs.

As an artist, he remained a difficult figure to place; there are few painters with whom to compare him, and he does not fit into any school. His early affinities were Neoclassical but his style can be described as Neo-Rococo. After his death, his painting fell out of favor, being considered romantic, glossy, and superficial. Little was known about him personally and his art was not taken seriously until recently. However, a major exhibition of his work at the National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom) in London and the Petit Palais in Paris in 1987 brought him into the limelight again. His paintings are exhibited today in leading European and American museums.

Selected artworks
• A Swiss Girl from Interlaken

• A Young Girl called Princess Charlotte, 1864

• Adelina Patti, 1863

• Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 1846

• Albert Edward, Prince of Wales

• Albert, Prince Consort, 1859

• Alexandra Feodorovna, 1856

• Alexandra Iosifovna, Grand Duchess of Russia, Princess Alexandra of Altenburg

• Alexandra, Princess of Wales, 1864

• Alfred Emilien, Comte de Nieuwerkerke, 1852

• Anna Dollfus, Baronness de Bourgoing, 1855

• Antoine-Marie-Philippe-Louis d'Orleans Duc de Montpensier, 1844

• Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington with Sir Robert Peel, 1844

• Barbara Dmitrievna Mergassov-Rimsky-Korsakova, 1864

• Caroline Elisabeth de Lagrange, 1841

• Charles Jerome, Comte Pozzo di Borgo, 1849

• Charlotte Stuart, Viscountess Canning, 1849

• Charlotte, Princess of Belgium

• Carlota, Empress of Mexico (Princess Charlotte of Belgium)

• Chopin

• Count Jenison Walworth, 1837

• Countess Alexander Nikolaevitch Lamsdorff, 1859

• Edouard Andre, 1857

• Elisabeth Kaiserin von Österreich, 1865

• Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, 1865

• Elzbieta Branicka, Countess Krasinka and her Children, 1853

• Emperor Don Maximiliano I of Mexico, c. 1865

• Emperor Frederick III of Germany, King of Prussia with his wife Empress Victoria, and their children Prince William and Princess Charlotte, 1862

• Emperor Napoleon III

• Empress Elisabeth of Austria in dancing dress, 1865

• Empress Eugenie

• Empress Eugenie, 1853

• Empress Eugenie, Surrounded by her Ladies-in-Waiting, 1855

• Eugénie de Montijo, Empress of France, 1857

• Eugénie, Empress Consort of the French, 1864

• Eugenie, Empress of the French

• Florinda, 1853

• Francois Ferdinand Philippe d'Orleans Prince de Joinville, 1843

• Francois-Horace, 1841

• Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria wearing the dress uniform of an Austrian Field Marshal with the Great Star of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1865

• Frubling

• Girl from Sabin Mountains, 1840

• Grand Duchess of Russia, Olga Feodorovna

• Grand Duchess Olga

• Harriet Howard, Duchess of Sutherland, 1849

• Helene-Louise de Mecklembourg-Schwerin, Duchess of Orleans with his son Count of Paris, 1839

• Henri Eugene Philippe Duc d'Aumale, Commander of the 17th Battalion of the Light Infantry

• His Royal Highness Prince Albert

• Il dolce Farniente, 1836

• Italian woman with child

• Jadwiga Potocka, Countess Branicka

• Kaiserin Auguste

• Karl Josef Berkmuller, 1830

• La Siesta, 1841

• Lady Clementina Augusta Wellington Child Villiers, 1857

• Leonilla Wittgenstein, 1849

• Leopold I

• Leopold I, 1840

• Leopold, Duke of Brabant

• Linden d'Hooghvorst, 1855

• Louis Philippe, 1841

• Louis Philippe I, King of the French, 1840

• Louis-Charles-Philippe of Orleans Duke of Nemours, 1843

• Louis-Philippe I, King of France

• Ludwig, Graf Von Langenstein, 1834

• Maria Carolina de Borbó Dues Sicílies

• Maria Cristina di Borbone, Princess of the Two Sicilies, c. 1818

• Maria Louise of Wagram Princess of Murat, 1854

• Maria Luisa von Spanien, 1847

• Marie Christine d'Orléans

• Marie Henriette of Austria

• Markgräfin Sophie von Baden, 1830

• Maximiliaan van Oostenrijk

• Maximilian

• Melanie de Bussiere, Comtesse Edmond de Pourtales, 1857

• Painting of baby Princess Alice of the United Kingdom

• Painting of the Count of Eu as a child

• Pauline Sandor, Princess Metternich, 1860

• Pincess Clothilde von Saxen Coburg, 1855

• Portrait équestre de François Adolphe Akermann, 1870

• Portrait of a lady, 1872

• Portrait of a Lady, 1860

• Portrait of a lady with a fan, 1850

• Portrait of a lady with roses in her hair, (Countess Pushkina)

• Portrait of Amélie of Leuchtenberg

• Portrait of Augusta of Saxe Weimar Eisenach

• Portrait of Charlotte of Belgium, 1864

• Portrait of Charlotte of Belgium, 1864

• Portrait of Count Alexei Bobrinsky, 1844

• Portrait of Countess Olga Shuvalova, 1858

• Portrait of Countess Varvara Musina-Pushkina

• Portrait of Eliza Franciszka of Branicki Krasińska, 1857

• Portrait of Emperor Napoleon III, 1855

• Portrait of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, 1857

• Portrait of Eugénie, Empress of the French, 1862

• Portrait of Francisca Caroline de Braganca, 1844

• Portrait of Francisca Caroline Gonzaga de Bragança, princesse de Joinville, c. 1850

• Portrait of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna, 1857

• Portrait of Grand Princess Yelena Pavlovna, 1862

• Portrait of HRH Princess Marie Clementine of Orleans, 1832

• Portrait of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpesier, c. 1847

• Portrait of Katarzyna Potocka, 1854

• Portrait of Katarzyna Potocka née Branicka, wife of Adam Potocki, c. 1850

• Portrait of Lady Middleton, 1863

• Portrait of Leonilla, Princess of Sayn Wittgenstein, 1843

• Portrait of Leopold I of Belgium, 1846

• Portrait of Louis d'Orleans, 1845

• Portrait of Louises von Orléans, 1841

• Portrait of Lydia Schbelsky Baroness Stael Holstein, 1857

• Portrait of Madame Ackerman, the wife of the Chief Finance Minister of King Louis Philippe, 1838

• Portrait of Madame Rimsky-Korsakov, Varvara Dmitrievna Mergassov, 1864

• Portrait of Marie Louise, the first Queen of the Belgians, c. 1841

• Portrait of Maximilian I of Mexico

• Portrait of Prince Albert, 1843

• Portrait of Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale, c. 1843

• Portrait of Princess Elizaveta Alexandrovna Tchernicheva, 1857

• Portrait of Princess Elizaveta Alexandrovna Tchernicheva, 1858

• Portrait of Princess of Baden, 1856

• Portrait of Princess Tatiana Alexanrovna Yusupova, 1858

• Portrait of Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, 1840

• Portrait of Queen Isabella II of Spain and her daughter Isabella, 1852

• Portrait of Queen Sophie of Netherlands, born Sophie of Württemberg, 1863

• Portrait of Sophia Alexandrovna Radziwiłł, 1864

• Portrait of the Empress Eugénie, 1853

• Portrait of the Prince de Wagram and his daughter Malcy Louise Caroline Frederique Napoléon Alexandre Berthier, 1837

• Portrait of the Queen Marie Amelie of France, 1842

• Portrait of the Queen Olga of Württemberg, 1865

• Portrait of Victoria of the United Kingdom, 1843

• Portrait of Victoria of the United Kingdom, c. 1844

• Portrait of Victoria, Princess Royal, 1857

• Prince Albert, 1842

• Prince Albert

• Prince Alfred and Princess Helena, 1849

• Princess Alice of England, 1861

• Princess Amelia of Bavaria, 1860

• Princess Beatrice, 1859

• Princess Catherine Dadiani

• Princess Charlotte of Belgium, 1842

• Princess Elizabeth Esperovna Belosselsky, 1859

• Princess Kotschoubey, 1860

• Princess Leonilla of Sayn

• Princess Mathilde Bonaparte

• Princess Pauline de Metternich, 1860

• Princess Tatiana Yussupova, 1858

• Queen Victoria, 1843

• Queen Victoria, 1859

• Queen Victoria, 1842

• Queen Victoria and Prince Albert with the Family of King Louis Philippe at the Chateau, 1845

• Queen Victoria with Prince Arthur, 1850

• Roman Genre Scene, 1833

• Rosa Potocka, 1856

• Self-Portrait of the Artist with his Brother, Hermann, 1840

• Sofia Gagarina, c. 1850

• Sophia Bobrinskaya, 1857

• Sophia Frederia of Wurtemberg

• Sophia Petrovna Narishkina, 1859

• Sophie Guillemette, Grand Duchess of Baden, 1831

• Sophie Trobetskoy, Duchess of Morny, 1863

• Spring

• Study for a portrait of Princess Amalie of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

• Study of a Girl in Profile, 1862

• Study of Italian girl, 1834

• The Cousins: Queen Victoria and Victoire, Duchesse de Nemours, 1852

• The daughters of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, 1849

• The Decameron, 1837

• The Empress Eugénie, 1854

• The Empress Eugenie Holding Louis Napoleon, the Prince Imperial, on her Knees, 1857

• The Empress Eugenie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting, 1855

• The First of May, 1851

• The Maharaja Dalip Singh, 1854

• The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal as Crown Princess of Prussia in 1867, 1867

• The Royal Family in 1846, 1846

• Varvara Rimskaya-Korsakova

• Victoria, Princess Royal, 1842

• Wienczyslawa Barczewska, Madame de Jurjewicz, 1860

• William Douglas Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton, 1863

• Young Italian Girl by the Well

• Zofia Potocka, Countess Zamoyska, 1870

title: Franz Xaver Winterhalter


text: Category:Companies of South Korea

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Companies of South Korea


text:
User talk:JYOuyang

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, !

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:
 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 13:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

More welcome
Welcome also to WikiProject Mathematics. That page, and its talk page, serve as a place where mathematicians meet and discuss math-related issues. There is also a list of participants to sign on. Enjoy! Oleg Alexandrov 15:31, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Aislinn O'Sullivan
Hi there. I know you are not the creator of this article, but as the original author is only identifiable by an IP address, I hope coming to you is the next best thing.

Should this article be placed at Aisling O'Sullivan, as per http://imdb.com/name/nm0642718/ and c. 8600 extra Google hits? Appreciate your input. I'll refrain from making any edits to this article until this issue is concluded.

Thank you. Bobo. 06:03, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

BDFL
Not really a vandalism, more of a reality check. The things that 70.27.15.123 removed were completely unworth noting, they really are all irrelevant, especially the website - which has the term webmaster to describe the person in charge of it. Things like a php script really aren't worth listing, so the two CMSes aren't really needed. A patch for some unknown computer game? Come on, completely unworth listing anywhere. And a programming language that noone has ever heard of, let alone used? They gave a list that was starting to get too big a much-needed enema. Janizary 04:50, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Aha. Thank you for pointing that out. JYOuyang 01:59, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

You're really cool
You're really cool JYOuyang --Ncosmob 00:58, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Hey there
Hey, don't know if you remember me, I'm Elena's little brother. I was looking at the mathematics portal and saw that your page linked to the image of the fractal tree- pretty crazy coincidence. (tobobo (talk) 11:29, 29 December 2008 (UTC))

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JYOuyang


text:
User talk:Knowmoore

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, !

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:
 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Learn about some of the Wikipedia landmarks by trying our Wikipedia scavenger hunt!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Wikipedia has a vibrant community of editors. The village pump is a great place to see the goings on.
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Brilliant prose
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 13:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cheers
I'm glad that I can make an impact! I guess you could tell why I chose the color scheme I did, yes? :) – ClockworkSoul 14:26, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Fermented.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Fermented.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.(what are you, wiki god?)

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 22:45, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * '''He did this at a time when I couldn't possibly log into wiki. He could have emailed me. Knowmoore

Hello, you may want to consider uploading the higher quality version of the fermented fish image, as you have on your website at http://tunt.blogspot.com/2005/01/24-fermented-fish.html (the actual image is at http://static.flickr.com/2/3863815_37adcb4dc2_o.jpg ). As it is, wikipedia users can't click on the image to get a closer, more detailed view. I think they would appreciate the higher resolution image. Thanks for giving it some consideration.--Kaze0010 01:34, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

unblock
I have absolutely no idea why I've been blocked, but this has happened before. I have contributed a good amount of worthwhile helpful material to wiki over the the past year and a half and I hereby request that measures be taken to ensure this does not happen again. I have a message that says a picture I took might be removed, but since I'm blocked, I can't do anything about it. Also, since this guy "Hall Monitor" blocked me, I can't email him to ask what reason he had for blocking me. What should I do to make sure this doesn't happen again? Also, how do I get in touch with this fellow named "Hall Monitor" when he blocked me from wiki? What right does he have to block me in the first place?
 * You haven't been blocked directly by anyone, you are likely what if know as collateral damage, either the IP address you share with other users is blocked or a user who shares the IP address with you has been blocked (the block message will contain something along the lines of autoblocked because...). This is not uncommon and is not a suggestion that you are in anyway to blame for anything. However we cannot do anything about it without knowing the details of the block (we can't see that, nor can we see your IP address), so you have to give us those details. Regarding contacting Hall Monitor you can do this by emailing him as described on the block page. --pgk( talk ) 12:54, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Per your message on the mailing list, I've unblocked the IP you mentioned. You should be able to edit now.  If not, please post a message here, or email me. Sorry about the trouble. JesseW, the juggling janitor 22:49, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I still need to know the details of the block message such as the autoblock details and the ip details, without them nothing can be one. --pgk( talk ) 19:45, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you to whoever unblocked me. The next time I'm blocked, I'll be sure to forward the details to you Pgk, but I'll need your emial address.

Eskimo
I made some additions to the article on the Eskimo, and as you already had some proposed edits listed in the Talk section that matched what I was going to make, I just transferred them over to the article. If you don't want them to be used I'll rephrase them. Ergative rlt 19:13, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:27, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:39, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

I'm down Knowmoore (talk) 07:21, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Fermented.jpg

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This photo is an original work crafted by me, the original poster of the content to Wikipedia. I disagree that the photo is unused and has no obvious use, as the photo is an artifact of the place and location as documented in the associated blogspot link, and metadata (as applicable). Regarding the "low-res" concern, the image is genuine as photographed using standard photography equipment available at the time in 2004. Please reinclude this image in Wikipedia. Knowmoore (talk) 03:48, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Knowmoore


text:
Maes pils

Maes pils is a Belgian pils brewed by Alken-Maes. The beer was first produced in 1930 for Antwerp's Universal Exposition and called Prima Maezenbier. After Jupiler and Stella Artois, it is the third best-selling pilsner in Belgium.

In 2008, Alken-Maes was taken over by the Dutch Heineken Brewery.

In 2009, Alken-Maes changed the recipe of Maes Pils, resulting in a slight change in taste and a rise in the percentage of alcohol from 4.9% to 5.2%. To mark the change, Maes was rebranded with a new logo, a new embossed bottle, and a new descriptive slogan: "Extra Mout/Extra Malt".

Summary

 * Alcohol: 5.2% ABV
 * Available in 25 cl, 33 cl and 75 cl bottles or in 25 cl, 33 cl and 50 cl cans. Can also be found in 5 litre kegs.

title: Maes pils


text:
Stanisław Albinowski

Stanisław Józef Albinowski (20 July 1923, Lwów – 25 January 2005, Warsaw) was a Polish economist, columnist and journalist on economics.

He was born in Lwów, Poland. During World War II he was a forced labourer for German companies in Nazi-occupied Poland (1940–1943) and Lithuania (Klaipėda, 1944).

In 1960 he graduated in economics from the Political Economics Division of Warsaw University (Wydzial Ekonomii Politycznej Uniwersystetu Warszawskiego).

He was a journalist for many Polish newspapers in years 1952–1980, and correspondent in Bonn, Germany (1968–1972).

Government expert
Stanisław Albinowski was also a governmental experts groups working on reports on how to deal with economic crisis in Poland in the 1980s, participating in publications: The report on the economy (Raport o stanie gospodarki) and The programme to overcome the crisis, (Program przezwyciężenia kryzysu) in 1981.

Newspapers and magazines
For most of his life he was a columnist and journalist for the biggest Polish newspapers and magazines, including:

 * Gazeta Wyborcza
 * Kultura
 * Po Prostu
 * Polityka
 * Prawo i Gospodarka
 * Puls Biznesu
 * Trybuna Ludu
 * Zarządzanie
 * Życie Gospodarcze
 * Życie Warszawy

Books

 * EWG a rynek światowy, 1965 (EEC and the World Market, published in Polish, translated into English, French, and German)
 * Handel między krajami o różnych ustrojach. Po II wojnie światowej i prognozy do 1980 r., 1968 (Trade between countries with various constitutions. After WWII and forecasts till 1980)
 * Muellerowie na codzień, 1979 (The Muellers in everyday life)
 * Alarm dla gospodarki trwa, 1982 (Alarm for the economy)
 * Nawigatorzy gospodarki i inne polemiki, 1987 (The navigators of the economics and other polemics)
 * Pułapka energetyczna gospodarki polskiej, 1988 (The energetic trap of Polish economy)
 * Bogactwo i nędza narodów, Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, Warszawa 1996 (The wealth and poverty of nations)

Selected awards

 * 1967, 1974 - Nagroda Klubu Publicystów Międzynarodowych SDP (Award of the International Columnist Club of the Polish Journalists Association)
 * 1974 - Nagroda Prezesa RSW Prasa-Książka-Ruch (Award of the President of the Ruch Prasa-Ksiazka-Ruch /Polish press publishers and distributors)
 * 1974 - I Nagroda Klubu Publicystów Ekonomicznych SDP (1st Award of the Economic Columnist Club of the Polish Journalists Association)
 * Krzyż Oficerski OOP
 * Złoty Krzyż Zasługi

title: Stanisław Albinowski


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Applied Mathematicians

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:29, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of Applied Mathematicians

 * Delete. There is already a List of mathematicians.  Redundant.  -- Mwanner 14:06, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with the above. Oleg Alexandrov 15:19, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I always thought an applied mathematician was an engineer. Meelar (talk) 20:48, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect the few entries to List of mathematicians. — RJH 01:13, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to List of mathematicians. Megan1967 04:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to List of mathematicians*nods*--Jetru 07:53, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with List of mathematicians. --Viriditas | Talk 07:54, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:History of Hampshire

title: Category:History of Hampshire


text:
User talk:Tkanerva~enwiki

Carolus Linnaeus
Thanks for reverting the Linnaeus page. Apparently I was in too much of a hurry and missed most of the vandalism in my revert yesterday... / Uppland 14:09, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the work fixing the vandalism to Carolus Linnaeus. I was just working on it, and was almost ready to give up as the full size of the job became apparent, when I noticed you had beaten me to it. --RoySmith 14:12, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Tkanerva~enwiki


text:
Berwick and East Lothian (UK Parliament constituency)

Berwick and East Lothian was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP), using the first past the post system.

History
The constituency was created in 1950 and abolished in 1983.

Boundaries
Berwick and East Lothian covered the counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian. It was largely created from Berwick and Haddington and was replaced by East Lothian and part of Roxburgh and Berwickshire for the 1983 general election.


text:
Universities Australia

Universities Australia (formerly the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee) is an organisation founded in Sydney in May 1920, which attempts to advance higher education through voluntary, cooperative and coordinated action. After being based for a time in both Sydney and Melbourne, its offices relocated to Canberra in 1966. It is a private company whose members are Australia's 39 universities. The universities are represented by their vice-chancellors.

The current chair of Universities Australia is University of South Australia Vice-Chancellor and President, Professor David Lloyd. Its CEO is Mr Luke Sheehy.

Transition from the AVCC
In September 2006, the AVCC announced an overhaul of the organization following a review by consultant David Phillips, Director of PhillipsKPA. The AVCC was to change its name to Universities Australia and restructure to become a peak industry body. All universities were to be eligible for membership of Universities Australia, and would be represented by the CEOs. In October, the committee decided the current President, Deputy President and Board of Directors would leave their current positions by June 2007, and the CEO would leave the position on 31 December 2006.

Objectives
Universities Australia is non-partisan and exists exclusively for educational purposes. Its continuing aim is to serve the best interests of the universities, and through them, the nation. According to its website, its aims are to
 * advance and promote the benefits of Australian Universities to the nation;
 * support Australian Universities in the performance of their roles;
 * develop policy positions on higher education matters through discussing higher education issues including teaching, research and research training;
 * advance internationalisation of Australian Universities;
 * provide information for and about Australian Universities;
 * provide services and programs to Australian Universities including the negotiation of common purchasing arrangements;
 * promote the welfare of students, staff and graduates of Australian Universities;
 * facilitate opportunities for Australian Universities (in particular, their students, staff and graduates) to develop their knowledge and skills;
 * study the problems and needs of Australian Universities and their relations with other education institutions, organisations and the community and to encourage and sponsor their study; and
 * assist in the further development of Australian Universities.

Universities Australia has representatives, or nominated people, on some 67 external national and international bodies of importance to higher education. These include the Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council, the Association of Commonwealth Universities Council, the Australian Qualifications Framework Advisory Board, the Research Quality Framework Development Advisory Group, the Australian Medical Council, and the National Cultural Heritage Advisory Committee.

Universities Australia represents (and is funded by contributions from) 38 of Australia's 39 universities.

Higher Ed Services
Higher Ed Services (HES) is a not-for-profit, professional services company owned by Universities Australia. It specialises in the provision of management services for collaborative development projects for the universities in Australia.

The business consultants of HES collaborate with collaborative groups in developing common strategies to address the business challenges facing the sector. It designs innovative business and contractual models to realise the outcomes required, capitalising on the opportunities initiated by collaborating universities.

AARNet
While an activity of the AVCC, AARNet built the Internet in Australia. AARNet was established under the AVCC in 1989. The AVCC sold AARNet1 as a going concern to Telstra, then Telecom Australia, in 1995. AARNet Pty Ltd was established as a separate company from AVCC in 1998.

title: Universities Australia


text:
User talk:Rothbard~enwiki

Welcome. Mirror Vax 14:16, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * *Delete Vanity - He obviously wrote it himself. Time to draw a line in the sand. Rothbard 19:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * See also: Stephan Kinsella. -Willmcw 08:15, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

Rand
I noticed you appended to links, your article written in 1972. This is a notible exception to "vanity" since it was published in print (as I assume all publishing was in 1972). What was the original publication, please?

P.S. I have seen Objectivist romances, but never a wedding as you described!

Dominick 00:52, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Jeremy Sapienza
Are you familiar with Jeremy Sapienza? If so that article might be helped by your involvement. Recently someone removed the article from the "libertarian" category, which doesn't seem correct to me but I'm not especially familiar with Sapienza's work or political beliefs. Thanks, -Willmcw 23:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rothbard. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rothbard~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:45, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:15, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rothbard~enwiki


text:
User talk:Gordon Stangler

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 14:17, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

The discussion page is a sandbox for Math 209 (Foundations of Mathematics), and Physics 332 (Advanced Lab). Any finalized and/or pertient information can go on my front page. Please do not forget to sign your name, and please place the info under the correct class. Thank you. -Gordon 67.43.241.175 (talk) 05:15, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Republic Waste Logo.png
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 22:44, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:13, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gordon Stangler


text:
Antoine Joseph Gorsas

Antoine Joseph Gorsas (24 March 1752 – 7 October 1793) was a French publicist and politician.

Biography
Gorsas was born at Limoges (Haute-Vienne), the son of a shoemaker. He established himself as a private tutor in Paris, and presently set up a school for the army at Versailles, which was attended by commoners as well as nobles. In 1781 he was imprisoned for a short time in the Bicêtre on an accusation of corrupting the morals of his pupils, his real offence being the writing of satirical verse.

These circumstances explain the violence of his anti-monarchical sentiment. At the opening of the states-general he began to publish the Courrier de Versailles à Paris et de Paris a Versailles, in which appeared, on 4 October 1789, the account of the banquet of the royal bodyguard. Gorsas is said to have himself read it in public at the Palais Royal, and to have headed one of the columns that marched on Versailles.

He then changed the name of his paper to the Courrier des quatre-vingt-trois départements, continuing his incendiary propaganda, which had no small share in provoking the popular insurrections of June and August 1792. During the September massacres he wrote in his paper that the prisons were the centre of an anti-national conspiracy and that the people exercised a just vengeance on the guilty.

On 10 September 1792 he was elected to the convention for the department of Seine-et-Oise, and on 20 January 1793 was elected one of its secretaries. He sat at first with the Mountain, but having been long associated with Roland and Brissot, his agreement with the Girondists became gradually more pronounced; during the trial of Louis XVI he dissociated himself more and more from the principles of the Mountain, and he voted for the king's detention during the war and subsequent banishment.

A violent attack on Marat in the Courrier led to an armed raid on his printing establishment on 9 March 1793. The place was sacked, but Gorsas escaped the popular fury by flight. The facts being reported to the convention, little sympathy was shown to Gorsas, and a resolution (which was evaded) was passed forbidding representatives to occupy themselves with journalism. On 2 June he was ordered by the convention to hold himself under arrest with other members of his party.

He escaped to Normandy to join Buzot, and after the defeat of the Girondists at Pacy-sur-Eure he found shelter in Brittany. He was imprudent enough to return to Paris in the autumn, where he was arrested on 6 October and guillotined the next day.

title: Antoine Joseph Gorsas


text:
American International School of Bucharest

The American International School of Bucharest (AISB) is a multicultural and international school located in the town of Voluntari, 5 km outside central Bucharest, Romania, set on a 10 hectare campus. English is the primary instructional language. The school was founded in 1962 by the United States Embassy. It is one of the only schools in Romania authorized to offer students the International Baccalaureate (IB) program. This includes the IB Primary Years, Middle Years and Diploma programmes.

The school currently serves a population of 955 students from 66 countries globally.

Education
Since 1997, the American International School of Bucharest is an accredited IB World School. Both the New England Association of Schools and Colleges and the international nonprofit Council of International Schools organization have accredited the curriculum. As of the 2019–2020 academic year, total enrollment is approximately 950 students from 60 nationalities with an average of 18 students per class.

Technology In Education
During the 2012–2013 academic year, AISB implemented a 1:1 'bring your own device' laptop program for all students in grades 5 to 10, which later expanded during the 2013–2014 academic year to include all students from grades 5 to 12. The laptop program encouraged other initiatives which included the implementation of a high-speed 10 Mbit/s internet connection, improved access control with the printer infrastructure, and campus-wide WiFi internet access. AISB now uses Apple software as their primary operating system.


text:
File:Afc hitToDeath.jpg

cover of the Flaming Lips album 'Hit to Death In The Future Head'

Fair use in Hit to Death in the Future Head
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original. In particular, copies of the image could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) It is a low resolution image.
 * 5) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 6) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Afc hitToDeath.jpg


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Cliffhanger (disambiguation)

A cliffhanger is a plot device as an ending of a fictional work.

Cliffhanger(s) or Cliff Hanger(s) may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Cliffhanger (film), 1993 action film starring Sylvester Stallone and John Lithgow
 * Cliffhangers (TV series), American television series
 * Cliff Hanger (Between the Lions), recurring character on the children's television series Between the Lions
 * Cliff Hangers, a pricing game on the game show The Price Is Right
 * Cliffhanger (obstacle), a iconic obstacle appeared on the sports entertainment gameshow Sasuke.
 * "The Cliffhanger", an episode of The O.C.

Music

 * Cliff Hanger (album), 1985 album by Jimmy Cliff
 * Cliffhanger (band), Dutch Progressive Rock band
 * "Cliffhanger", a song by Man Overboard from Heavy Love

Comics

 * Cliffhanger (comics), an imprint (brand name) of the comic book publisher Wildstorm
 * Cliff Hanger (comic strip), two separate 1983 comic strips

Video games

 * Cliffhanger (video game) video game based on the 1993 film
 * Cliff Hanger (video game), 1983 laserdisc video game based on the manga and anime series Lupin III

Amusement parks

 * Cliffhanger (Colorado roller coaster), at Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park, Glenwood Springs, Colorado
 * Cliffhanger (ride), type of amusement park ride

title: Cliffhanger (disambiguation)


text:
Augsburg Airways

Augsburg Airways was a German regional airline. A member of Team Lufthansa and its successor Lufthansa Regional, it operated feeder services at Munich Airport on behalf of Lufthansa.

Early years
The company was founded in 1980 as Interot Airways, offering corporate flight services out of Augsburg Airport on behalf of its then owner Haindl Papier, a large (West) German paper manufacturer.

In 1986, Interot Airways commenced scheduled passenger flights on the Augsburg–Düsseldorf route, using its then two Beechcraft Super King Air. In 1987, three Beechcraft 1900 were ordered, and the fleet was further expanded following an order for three aircraft of the larger Dash 8-100, which were delivered in 1991–92. By then, the domestic route network at Augsburg Airport had grown to include Berlin, Cologne, Dresden, Hamburg and Leipzig so that Interot Airways was considered an alternative for business travellers who wished to avoid busy Munich Airport.

In 1994, Interot launched its first international route (to Florence), which was followed by flights to Birmingham and London City Airport in 1995. In 1996, the airline went into a cooperation with Lufthansa, becoming the first franchise partner of the Team Lufthansa brand, which coincided with being renamed Augsburg Airways. On 27 October of that year, flights from Munich to Dortmund, Erfurt (both of which had previously not been served by Lufthansa) and Leipzig were commenced. In December, Augsburg Airways sold its last remaining Beechcraft 1900, thus becoming an exclusive operator of the Dash 8.

Cooperation with Lufthansa
By 2000, Air Littoral, Cimber Air, Contact Air and Rheintalflug had joined Team Lufthansa, and Augsburg Airways operated a network of 30 domestic and European destinations including Bayreuth, Elba, Frankfurt, London, Newcastle, Paderborn, Prague and Strasbourg. On 1 June 2002, Augsburg Airways terminated its last routes from Augsburg Airport, and handed over control of its scheduling, sales, and marketing operations to Lufthansa, which was considered "necessary for the carrier's survival." Routes from Augsburg Airport where briefly taken over by Denim Airways. In 2004, Lufthansa reorganized its regional franchise partners under the Lufthansa Regional brand, of which Augsburg Airways became a member along with Air Dolomiti, Contact Air, Eurowings and Lufthansa CityLine.

In the same year, Augsburg Airways was acquired by Cirrus Group (the owner of Cirrus Airlines), which was restructured as Aton GmbH in 2008, and the airline subsequently relocated its headquarters to Hallbergmoos. In 2009, the Embraer E-Jet joined the fleet, the only jet airliner type operated by Augsburg Airways. (In 2000, the acquisition of the Bombardier CRJ200, Embraer ERJ 135 or Fairchild Dornier 328JET had been evaluated, but no order was placed).

Closure
On 26 October 2012, Lufthansa announced that it would terminate its contract with Augsburg Airways (which by then served 35 destinations from Munich Airport with its fleet of 15 aircraft) at the end of the 2013 summer season. In a similar manner, the cooperation with Contact Air had ended one year earlier. The last flight by Augsburg Airways under the Lufthansa Regional brand took place on 26 October 2013, and the company with its then 450 employees was subsequently shut down on 31 October. Consequently, its Embraer fleet was transferred to Lufthansa CityLine, while the Bombardier Q400 fleet was returned to lessors and stored at Maastricht Airport.

Destinations
Until closing down, Augsburg Airways operated 36 destinations for Lufthansa Regional, among them Graz, Zagreb, Gothenburg, Dresden, Warsaw and Prague. Some of Augsburg Airways' aircraft were also available for charter flights, when they were not employed on the network.

Fleet
Over the years, the following aircraft types were operated:

title: Augsburg Airways


text:
Midnight Club: Street Racing

Midnight Club: Street Racing is a 2000 racing video game developed by Angel Studios and published by Rockstar Games. The game focuses on competitive street racing and the import scene. Two distinct versions of the game were released for the PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance platforms, the former being a launch title for the platform. It is the first game in Midnight Club franchise, followed by Midnight Club II.

The PlayStation 2 version received "generally favorable reviews", while the Game Boy Advance version received "mixed" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Estimated sales of the game were 1.5 million units, with series sales reaching 2.5 million.

Gameplay
Midnight Club: Street Racing is a racing video game that focuses on the import scene and illegal street racing. Players can explore the open world or race in organized street races. A career mode has the player working their way up in the street racing world, defeating named opponents in various races, ultimately resulting in pink slip races to win the opponent's car. The game features 17 cars for the player to win throughout the career mode, ranging from taxi cabs, buses and other city vehicles to fictional representations of vehicles resembling famous Toyota, Nissan and Honda tuner vehicles.

Arcade mode allows players to compete in various game mode challenges, and to play in two player split-screen multiplayer. This features four modes: Capture the Flag, Cruise, Head to Head, and Waypoint. Players can again compete for pink slips from various racers. Each named racer has three variants of the same car, and the player earns these with successive wins. Each new version of the car is an improved version of the previous car. Environments have many destructible objects such as trees, bushes, lampposts and trash cans. Each locale features police cars that will attempt to arrest the player based on their illegal actions.

Along with Turbo Esprit and Midtown Madness, the game pioneered the use of an open world environment design instead of predefined circuit tracks. Two locales are available to players, New York City and London. Each city contains landmarks from their respective real life counterparts. Some of London's visible landmarks include Trafalgar Square, the Palace of Westminster and its Big Ben, and the Tower Bridge. New York includes such landmarks as Times Square, the Empire State Building, the World Trade Center, Rockefeller Center, United Nations Plaza, Plaza Hotel, Madison Square Garden, Washington Square Park, the Wall Street Bull, Battery Park and Central Park.

Plot
A mysterious group of urban street racers known as the Midnight Club race for pride, power, and glory in sleekly customized, enhanced sports cars. As a regular New York City cab driver, the player learns about this secret club and decides to join.

The player begins with a relatively unmodified and slow vehicle, that being the Taxi. Through a series of races, each with different goals, they defeat other racers and win faster and more expensive vehicles. The goal is to defeat the world champion, who is revealed to be a young Japanese woman named Anika whose father manufactures concept cars in Japan. Being the only person to beat her in a race, the player is the only one who sees her identity and become the World Champion of the Midnight Club, along with winning her concept car. Anika returns to Japan afterwards.

Development and release
Midnight Club was unveiled in January 2000 in a press release. The PlayStation 2 version was developed by Angel Studios and published by Rockstar Games. The Game Boy Advance version was developed by Rebellion Developments and published by Destination Software. They were released on October 26, 2000 and November 15, 2001, respectively. As part of promoting the game Rockstar Games received permission from the City of New York to shut down Times Square in order to photograph promotional material and box art for Midnight Club.

The game's soundtrack features house and techno artists Derrick May and Surgeon and drum 'n' bass band Dom & Roland. Terry Donovan, COO of Rockstar Games said that "their passion for creating superior music versus conforming to the industry standard is what makes them and their music truly unique" and further stated that the music represents the "dark" motivation of the members of the Midnight Club. Gameplay is locked to 30 frames per second.

Reception
The PlayStation 2 version received "generally favorable reviews", while the Game Boy Advance version received "mixed" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Douglass C. Perry of IGN was positive to the PS2 version of the game, citing the car selection, level design of the cities, graphics and "fun" gameplay in single and multiplayer. Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot called it a "fun" arcade-style racer. Shawn Sanders of GameRevolution however was less positive to the game and cited the graphics as "bland". Kevin Rice of NextGen called it an "addictive" arcade racer with "excellent" graphics and a "rock-solid" framerate. Lamchop of GamePro concluded in one review, "If you're looking for some new nightlife on your PlayStation 2, you should definitely join the Club." In another GamePro review, The Freshman called it "a good game that could have been great with a little more attention paid to really pushing the PS2. It's still one of the better launch titles, and a shoe-in for anyone who wants something different in their driving games library."

For the GBA version, Nintendo Power called it a "decent" if not "repetitive" drive. Skyler Miller of AllGame felt that Midnight Club's GBA version was "a slow, confusing" version of Grand Theft Auto, but without the crime and the fun. IGN's Craig Harris noted that the top-down perspective, while efficient use of the GameBoy Advance's limited resources, made gameplay difficult, but due to this perspective he noted that players will never know where the track is going. He felt this design choice forced trial-and-error gameplay and was very frustrating for players. Harris gave poor marks for the very basic AI drivers. Lastly, he criticized the password save system, with particular emphasis on the fact that if a player does not write down the password while on screen there is no way to recover that password, effectively causing players to lose progress.

In December 2000, the PlayStation 2 version ranked fifth in total PlayStation 2 game sales. In February 2001 the game placed ninth in overall sales. By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version sold 1.5 million units and earned $43 million in the U.S. NextGen ranked it as the 32nd highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between October 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of Midnight Club console releases reached 2.5 million units in the U.S. by the latter date. The PS2 version was a runner-up for the "Best Driving Game" and "Best Game No One Played" awards at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2000 Awards, which went to Test Drive Le Mans and Samba de Amigo. The game won the award for "Racing Game of 2000" in both Editors' Choice and Readers' Choice at IGN's Best of 2000 Awards for PS2.

title: Midnight Club: Street Racing


text:
Talk:Μ operator

Placeholder to put the section below table of contents.
"if and only if

f(z) = 0 and for every y < z, f(y) is defined and f(y) > 0. "

Surely f(y) may be negative (Since it is a map from positive integers to integers). So shouldn't it be:

"if and only if

f(z) = 0 and for every y < z, f(y) is defined and f(y) != 0. "

But I might be missing something so I shall not edit it myself. Anyone else?

 * I'm pretty sure you could define it over any countable well-ordered set. You'd just need a starting point and a successor function. I agree that it might be useful to explain it in more generality but at the moment I'm just here to brush up. AP295 (talk) 18:53, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

Undo rename
As far as I can tell, this page should be named mu operator according to WP:NAME; non ASCII titles are not permitted. Otherwise, I would have renamed it myself a month ago. Although the software accepts non ASCII titles, it does not handle them correctly; see Category:Recursion theory. Moreover, non ASCII titles are apparently not permitted by policy. I hope that there is an easy way for some administrator to undo the renaming etc. CMummert 02:15, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with this: the new title would violate policy WP:ENGLISH in the sense that titles should contain characters from the Latin alphabet only, but μ is from the Greek alphabet. I also discovered that the page on the modal mu calculus was titled Modal μ calculus, so I requested a page move to Modal mu calculus. -- eboy 10:47, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Edit of 2006-9-22
The information added by WVBailey today is very pertinent, but I think it should be integrated into the body of the article rather than put in the references.

Also, it can't be true that a conditional expression with a primitive recursive predicate is equivalent to the minimization operation, because if P,Q,R are primitive recursive then so is the function defined to be R if P is nonzero and Q otherwise. I haven't looked at Minsky's book, but either it is wrong or the interpretation here is. So I moved the following from the article to here.

Minsky introduces the "McCarthy Formalism" that reduces the μ-operator to a conditional if-then formulation: "McCarthy introduces 'conditional expressions" of the form
 * "f = if p1 then e1 else e2 )

"where the ei are expressions and p1 is a statement (or equation) that may be true or false...This conditional expression... has also the power of the minimization operator. ...The MacCarthy formalism is like the general recursive (Kleene) system, in being based on some basic functions, composition, and equality, but with the conditional expression alone replacing both the primitive-recursive scheme and the minimization operator." (boldface in original, p. 193).

CMummert 15:15, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

---

Entirely possible that I got the interpretation wrong. Here's some more. In a footnote (p. 193) to the above Minsky states:
 * 'Note that we cannot regard (if p then a else b) as simply a function of three quantities p, a, and b. For this would make us evaluate them all beforehand. But, often, the computation of b will never terminate when p is true; in this case we must evaluate a without even looking at b.

Later (p. 210) he shows how to concoct the u-operator from his register machine (also cf register machine models). He presupposes that φ(t) is primitive recursive. Starting from "t =zero" his routine that he labels [μi] just evaluates function φ(t) until the function returns "0" in register φ:
 * "the least t for which φ(t) = 0" (p. 210)

(He has to clear register w to zero to facilitate the conditional jump.) In the following, both t and w are registers. We are assuming that routine φ(t) is returning its value in register φ:
 * [μi] =
 * CLEAR w
 * CLEAR t
 * loop:
 * DO φ(t)
 * ; the primitive recursive function routine in instructions { CLEAR r, INCREMENT r, IF ri ≠ rj THEN jump-to xxx }
 * INCREMENT t
 * IF φ ≠ w THEN GOTO loop
 * ;remember, here w = 0
 * *INCREMENT t
 * *etc.

In the following pages (if I understand this) Minsky then shows how to create a register machine using unbounded repeats. He uses the repeat so it does not include itself "within its range". He then advances to the general recursion case where the repeat does include itself.
 * "The outstanding feature that distingishes primitive recursion is that one knows in advance (by the value of y) how many times the iteration (of a primitive-recursive scheme) will have to be done. For general recursion, with the u-operator, one doesn't usually know this until after the work is done and computation terminated." (p. 212, italics in original).

BUT .. he ends up his discussion with the very salient observation that, in general, with the register machine model he has a problem because the finite instructions cannot accommodate (a possibly huge number resulting from) a quasi-unbounded repeat. (Minsky is not entirely clear here. The only way I can understand this stuff is to actually build the models in Excel and run them. I built the example on p. 210. But then the chi's and phi's began to appear ... thus I fell into this "recursion" stuff.)

There is a demonstration in Melzak (1961) of Melzak's pebble/register model where he tackles his model's Turing equivalence but only after creating an "indirect" instruction using his unbounded registers cf Register machine models.

As I read what I wrote above, there may be an issue. Minsky (1967) doesn't cite Melzak (1961). Maybe you touched on it. My head is twirling... wvbaileyWvbailey 19:02, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't have Minsky's book, but I will see if it is in the library the next time I am there. CMummert 19:45, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Modal mu calculus
User:Duja merged modal mu calculus here. I'm not convinced that this article on the mu operator (which is not about the mu calculus, only about the recursion-theoretic operator) is the right place for that material. Duja also merged mu calculus here. Unless there are strong objections, I will undo the merge soon. I think the right thing is to have an article on mu calculus, and include the material on modal mu calculus there. But I have no desire (or expertise) to write the article on mu calculus. CMummert 16:30, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I am in favour of undoing the merge. I think your proposed title mu calculus is the best option. If I can find the time, I'll try to expand on the article. eboy 18:20, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I merged it as admin closing the RM; you're welcome to undo the merge, but my sole intention was to merge a substub into a (seemingly) appropriate article. While mu calculus article seems desirable indeed, it looks fairly pointless to revert it to the previous state, which was basically empty. IOW, the merge is certainly not the right thing to do in the long run, but unless at least something there is expanded (and it seems there is no one knowledgeable enough to do it at the moment), IMO it's better to have a redirect than a contextless sentence. If you want to move it to mu calculus, just ping me. Duja 06:49, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Duja, I agree with you that the article is a substub. If you like, I can add a few sentences making into a normal stub. But the way it is now (defined in the external links section of the mu operator) is worse than it already was. Shall I move the content on the mu calculus to the mu calculus page and add some content? eboy 09:34, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Lemme do that so that edit histories are preserved. I'll get back in a minute. Duja 09:47, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. mu calculus is now the old stub. Duja 09:51, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Duja. eboy 10:05, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

BTW Shouldn't the wrong title template on top of the mu operator page be removed? According to policy WP:ENGLISH, the current title is correct. eboy 10:11, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm. IMO WP:ENGLISH doesn't apply as such; it really depends on whether eminent matematical literature refers to it as "μ operator/calculus" or "mu uperator/calculus". Offhand, I'd say the former, thus wrongtitle applies. Duja

 * But the article starts by saying that article titles should use the Latin alphabet, and the Greek letter μ is not part of that. Why shouldn't this apply then? eboy 12:27, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The point of the wrongtitle template is for titles that are correct per WP:ENGLISH but wrong per the real world. The reason for the wrongtitle template here is exactly that WP:ENGLISH requires the actual title to be anglicized, but in any other setting the Greek letter should be used instead of the anglicized version. There was some recent iscussion within the Math project about math articles with Greek letters in their names, and there is not complete consensus on how to deal with them.    CMummert 12:38, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Holding place: motivation for the mu-operator
The following is CMummert's explanation for the reason why the mu-operator is necessary if one wants to generate the partial recursive functions. wvbailey has added some subscripted numbers etc.:

 * The motivation for the mu operator is this. Suppose that you have the ability to effectively determine whether a natural number ai is in a particular set A:
 * A = { a1, ... ai, .... a?, .... }

 * And suppose furthermore that you have an effective function f such that you can prove that if you start with any number n and successively compute f(n), f(f(n)), f(f(f(n))), and so on, eventually you will find a number in A, i.e.
 * f( ... f( f( f(n) ) ) ... )do q times = a?,

 * Define a function g that takes input n and returns the first number in A that can be found by iteratively applying f:
 * g(n, set A, f(n), t) = g(n, { a1, ... ai, ... a?, .... } → tfirst ai ε A
 * ε means "element of the set"
 * t is a counter that starts from 0 and increments up each time f occurs; t represents the number of times f is iterated

 * Then g should be effective as well. This follows from the Church-Turing thesis: since I told you a mechanical procedure for finding g(n), the function g should be Turing computable.  And, if if you read "effective" to mean "computable" then this is correct - g will be a computable function if A is decidable and f is a computable function.  But even if f is a primitive recursive function and A is a primitive recursively decidable set, g may not be primitive recursive.  The problem is that although you know that for each n you will eventually find g(n), you don't know how many iterations t? are required.

 * So the function h(n,t) which applies f to n iteratively for t iterations will be primitive recursive if f is.  The definition of h is
 * h(n,0) = n
 * h(n,t+1) = f(h(n,t))
 * But the function g is definable as $$h(n, \mu t\,[h(n,t) \in A])$$ but not generally definable as a primitive recursive fuction (without the mu operator).  So if you are interested in having a syntactic definition for every computable function, you need the mu operator as well as the syntax used to define primitive recursive functions.  It's essentially just a programming language in which the mu operator is used to construct loops.

This is from Minsky (1967) where he uses the McCarthy Formalism to provide the base functions for the partial recursive functions:
 * μ(x, N) =def (if f(x) = N then x else μ(x',N))" (p. 192)

i.e.
 * μ(x, N) = ( if f(x) = N then x else μ(x+1,N))

>Insert table here

> Example from §57 The u-operator, enumeration, diagonal procedure. Here, no bound on the iterating-number y ("unbounded search operator"): Kleene (1952) p. 280:

Kleene recasts the mu-operator in terms of the "product operator Π" as follows: (VI'): here use x in place of the nasty mess "x1, ... xn" and Kleene used z' rather than z+1 and y'rather than y+1:

φ(x) = μy[ χ(x,y) = 0 ] =def
 * π(x,s)= Πs<yχ(x, s)
 * τ(z+1, 0, y) = y
 * φ(x) = τ( π( x,y ), π( x,y+1 ), y )

Example: let y = 3 from table below: ??
 * φ = τ( π(3), π(4), 3) = 3

χ ψ Ψ ψ φ τ Χ μ ≤ ≥ ≠

Better example:

In Kleene's proof that the CASE(, ... , ) operator is a primitive recusive function (p.r.f) Kleene provides two versions of the proof. The first uses (i) "representing functions" for "the predicates Q", (ii) the ~sgn p.r.f., (iii) and an "arithmetic calculation" in to derive the CASE operator. The second one uses a bounded mu-operator operating over a string of OR(Qi & "y=φi"). The two proofs result in the equivalent value for "φ", one searching in sequence (the mu-version) the other just doing the search "in parallel". The resulting output-value "φ" has to be the mu's value for its y, because "y=φi". This just (seems to) mean that:

Hypothesis: The bounded mu-operator for predicates is identical to the CASE operator.

Definition of a predicate Qk: it has a truth value of { true "t", false "f" }.

The predicates Q1, ... Qm used in the definition of the “case” primitive recursive function must be “mutually exclusive” – only one of these predicates can be true at a time; the rest must be false.

Definition of a representing function of a predicate:
 * If the truth value of predicate Qi is "true" then its representing function ψi has a value of 0 [!]; if the truth value of Qi  = "false" then its representing function ψi = 1 [!]

Definition of the ~sgn function is similarly “backwards”: ~sgn(a)= 1 if a=0 and vise versa.

So: ~sgn(ψ(Q)k)= 1 if Qk="true" and 0 if false.

In the “case functions” we omit the messy x = (x1, . .., xm):

An approximate natural language form:

CASE( Q(x),φ(x) ) = φ =
 * φ1 if Q1 = "true" OR ... OR φm if Qm = "true" OR φm+1 otherwise i.e. all the Qi are false.

Kleene's first proof CASE is a p.r.f. without using the mu-operator: CASE( ψ(x),φ(x) ) = φ =
 * ~sg(ψ(Q)1)*φ1 + . . . + ~sg(ψ(Q)m)*φm *[ ψ(Q)1* . . .*ψ(Q)m ]*φm+1

Rewrite φ in quasi-natural language, simpler terms of the predicates Q:

CASE( Q(x),φ(x) ) = "φ" =
 * [ Q1 => t:1 or f:0]*φ1 + . . . +[ Qm => t:1 or f:0]*φm +[ Q1 => t:1 or f:0]* . . .* [ Qm) => t:1 or f:0]*φm+1

Kleene's second proof that CASE is a p.r.f. using the mu-operator:

CASE( Q(x),φ(x) ) ="φ" = y = μyy≤φ1+...+φm+1 {(Q1 & y=φ1) V. . . V(Qm & y=φm) V (~Qm & . . . & ~Qm & y=φm+1) }

Since these are equivalent φ we can equate the two versions and see what we get – #2 is the “serial, iterative” version and #1 is the “parallel-"all-at-once version. To make "easier" to see what is happening:
 * Σφ =def φ1 + ... +φm+1,
 * summation Σundefinedundefined, product Πundefinedundefined, serial OR Vundefinedundefined, serial AND &undefinedundefined

Equate the "φ" from both proofs:

CASE( Q(x),φ(x) )= "φ" = y =

μyy≤Σφ { Vundefinedundefined (Qi & y=φi) V [ &undefinedundefined (~Qi) & y=φm+1 ] }
 * = Σundefinedundefined [ (Qi => t:1 or f:0 )*φi ] + [ Πundefinedundefined ( Qi => t:1 or f:0 ) ]*φm+1

Conclusion: The bounded mu-operator (for predicates) and the CASE operator seem to be functionally identical. The above does seem to agree with Kleene's "recasting" of his (VI) into (VI') for his proof of "Theorem III". So this means that Minsky and McCarthy are right -- the "IF-THEN-ELSE" = CASE plus successor plus "equality of numbers y=φi, the "i" iterated and the various "CASEs" selected and compared, seems to generate a mu-operator:

 * φ(x) = τ( π( x,y ), π( x,y+1 ), y ) = y

wvbaileyWvbailey 21:39, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Naming
Could we agree on a name to use in the article? In the first section it's called mu operator and in the rest of the article it's called μ operator. Then there's the entire thing with the title. First it different from the majority spelling used in the article. Second forwhateverreason somebody thought it should be called μ operator and simply stuck wrongtitle without moving the page. --Dispenser 07:53, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Support for lowercase-first-letter was added as a hack only recently to Wikimedia software, and the article didn't follow suit (see μTorrent as a counterexample). I'd endorse the move to μ operator. Better still, I'll be bold and move it. Duja ► 08:37, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Notice, though, that the only place where the article title is correct is the article itself (because the "fix" is just a hack) — it will still be displayed with uppercase Mu on Talk, History, Watchlist, Category etc. Duja ► 08:53, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge
Should the article mu-recursive function be merged with this article? I think this article has the better title (ignoring issues of latin versus greek) since the class of mu-recursive functions already has its own page at computable function. --Quux0r 02:22, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

To keep the discussion in one place, please comment at Talk:Μ-recursive function. CMummert · talk 02:23, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Not Helpful
This page isn't at all helpful in explaining the idea of 'Effective Minimum' to me. Where are the examples? It really reads like it's written for experts by experts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Myrikhan (talk • contribs) 18:00, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The article is just plain poorly written. Trivialities are emphasized at the expense of main ideas, patently false claims are made, etc., etc., etc. Deepmath (talk) 05:54, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
 * @ "Trivialities are emphasized at the expense of main ideas" I could not have said it better myself. Far too many articles suffer from this exact problem. AP295 (talk) 17:07, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
 * @ Looks like you were harassed and eventually booted for something you had on your user page. I can't see what that was, but dollars to donuts you were spot on. Wikipedia seems to shun observant and insightful editors. Incidentally, donuts cost more than a dollar now, so I suppose the idiom is somewhat anachronistic. Damned inflation. AP295 (talk) 17:29, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

Little correction
I corrected the exemple 1 section: i inverted AND and OR and corrected the table of the example (the Sigma line before was 0 1 2 3 3 3.... while it is impossible to be 0 if the Pi line is 1 and the Sigma line is a sum of all the PI until then. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.7.17.68 (talk) 21:05, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Math formatting
I really think this page should be formatted with LaTeX equations, not text. --Duncanka12 (talk) 11:27, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I have cleaned it up a little bit, 9 years later :P Joel Brennan (talk) 06:54, 16 May 2019 (UTC)

hypen in article name
I think the article title should have a hypen in order to be consistent with its contents, however I am unable to change the article name. Joel Brennan (talk) 08:11, 16 May 2019 (UTC)

Current notation is incomprehensible
I'd much prefer something along the lines of the definition and notation in "mathematical theory of computation" by Zohar Manna. We can still give credit where credit is due (to Kleene), but something like

For a given $$ R(y,\mathbf{x}) $$ where $$ \mathbf{x} := x_1,\dots,x_k $$,

$$ \begin{align} \mu_R(\mathbf{x}) &:= h_R(0,\mathbf{x}) \\ h_R(y,\mathbf{x}) &:= y \text{ if } R(y,\mathbf{x}) \text{ else } h_R(y+1, \mathbf{x}) \end{align} $$

would probably be a lot clearer (and does not abuse FOL syntax) AP295 (talk) 18:49, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

Manna writes it as a function of $$\mathbf{x}$$ for a fixed $$R$$. After some consideration, I think it would be clearest to write it as a function of x (thus composable with the primitive recursive operators), with a subscript to indicate its dependence on R. AP295 (talk) 15:46, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Μ operator


text:
Sally Edwards

Sally Edwards (born September 10, 1947) is the CEO and Founder of Heart Zones, Inc. She is a best-selling and prolific author, serial entrepreneur, professional triathlete, motivational speaker, innovative app developer and a living legend. Edwards is a pioneer in modern women's sports. She supported and then qualified for the first women's marathon Olympic Trials in 1983. She is one of the original founders of the national governing body of triathlon, USA Triathlon. Edwards has been inducted into two Hall of Fames: the Triathlon Hall of Fame in 2012 and the Sacramento Running Hall of Fame in 2016. She has authored the first books written on subjects including triathlons, training with a heart rate monitor, indoor cycling with wearables, sports snowshoeing, school PE curriculums using wearable devices, and 6 subsequent books on the sport of triathlon. Altogether, Edwards has written 25 books in her effort and her focused mission to get America fit.

For twenty-two years, Edwards served as the national spokeswoman for the Danskin Women's Triathlon Series volunteering to finish last as a professional triathlete so that no other woman would have to. Today, she runs the day-to-day of her 25 year old company, Heart Zones after developing the federally patented Heart Zones Training Method. The company currently licenses their technology in 10 countries, almost 2,000 locations including schools, health clubs, and healthcare facilities. Sally resides in Sacramento, California with her partner and her best dog companion, a red healer named Lucy.

Career
Edwards is an entrepreneur, who has founded six companies including:
 * Heart Zones Inc. an international fitness and health technology, training and education company ,
 * Upbeat Workouts, the new iPhone App that matches your music to your steps for runners, walkers, cyclists.
 * ZONING Fitness, a patented and branded cardio exercise program using the Blink flashing zones heart rate monitor,
 * Fleet Feet (a national chain of franchise retail running specialty stores);
 * Yuba Snowshoes (sports-performance snowshoes); and most recently,
 * The Sally Edwards Company, a professional speaking business.

She is also a professional motivational speaker, who has advised thousands on how to run a successful business and on how to find and live the fitness lifestyle.

Sports career
Sally Edwards has completed over 250 races including more than 150 Danskin Triathlons and 16 Ironman Triathlons. She is a former holder of the master's world record in the Ironman, and the past national spokesperson for the Danskin series of women-only sprint triathlons. Her background in multi-sport competition is extensive spanning four decades. She has won the Western States 100 Mile Endurance Run, the 100 mile Iditashoe Snowshoe Race, Race Across America Relay division, and numerous marathons. She has won the Ride and Tie four times (the Ride and Tie championship is a team of two humans alternately running and riding an equine partner over a difficult 35-40 mile trail). She has also participated in adventure races around the world.

Edwards can be reached through her company, Heart Zones website or by phone +1 (916) 481-7283

Books

 * Triathlon: A Triple Fitness Sport: The first complete guide to challenge you to a new total fitness (1982)
 * The Woman Runner's Training Diary (1984)
 * The Triathlon Training and Racing Book (1985)
 * The Equilibrium Plan: Balancing Diet and Exercise for Lifetime Fitness (1987)
 * Triathlons for Kids (1992)
 * The Heart Rate Monitor Book (1992)
 * Heart Rate Monitor Book (1993)
 * Heart Zone Training: Exercise Smart, Stay Fit, and Live Longer (1996)
 * Smart Heart: High Performance Heart Zone Training (1997)
 * Caterpillars to Butterflies by Triathletes (from the Danskin Women's Triathlon Series) (1997). Coauthored by Maggie Sullivan
 * The Heart Rate Monitor Guidebook to Heart Zone Training (revised 2010)
 * The Heart Rate Monitor Log (2000)
 * The Triathlon Log (2000)
 * The Complete Book of Triathlons (2001)
 * The Heart Rate Monitor Workbook for Indoor Cyclists (2001) co authored by Sally Reed
 * The Heart Rate Monitor Book for Outdoor and Indoor Cyclists: A Heart Zone Training Program (2002) co authored by Sally Reed
 * Triathlons for Women: Training Plans, Equipment, Nutrition (2002)
 * Middle School Healthy Hearts in the Zones (2002)
 * High School Healthy Hearts in the Zones (2002)
 * Be a Better Runner: 2011
 * ZONING, Fitness in a Blink 2012
 * Smart PE: Lessons using Heart Rate Monitors and Step Trackers (2018)
 * Threshold Cycling: 30 Indoor Rides Using the Heart Zones Method (2020)
 *

title: Sally Edwards


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stanislaw Albinowski

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. – Rich Farmbrough 23:20, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Stanislaw Albinowski

 * Delete? Article makes a reasonable claim to notability, but I get zero Google hits on this name. -- Mwanner 14:24, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please try to use the proper spelling with "ł"
 * http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Stanis%C5%82aw+Albinowski
 * http://www.google.pl/search?hl=pl&q=Stanis%C5%82aw+Albinowski&lr=
 * Comment: OK, that yields 129 hits, all of which are in Polish. He already has an entry on pl.wikipedia.org.  Note: Article author's username is Stanislaw Albinowski -- Mwanner 15:55, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Seems to be a reasonably prominent Polish journalist and writer. Some expansion of the biography would be fine, though. Author's username is irrelevant and likely just a sign of momentary lack of imagination, as s/he registered to write the article. / Uppland 17:25, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete since we do not need to have two sources of information for this person. If we need an en version, then someone should be able to set up translation from the Polish page. Vegaswikian 22:11, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I get the impression that the present page is a translation from the Polish page. Why should we need a new translation? / Uppland 22:29, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's interesting that the article and all modifications were made by User:Stanislaw Albinowski, and that he keeps a "safe copy" on his user page. Things that make you go hmm... — RJH 01:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. Mikkalai 02:23, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable polish economist. Klonimus 00:21, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, since it appears that the subject of the article is quite probably the same editor User:Stanislaw Albinowski, delete on the grounds of possible vanity (or an attempt to subvert the vfd process). Megan1967 04:55, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That may be taken as a personal attack against the author of the article. I think that is against some rule around here. / Uppland 07:23, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And there are rules on user names: Avoid usernames that are offensive, inflammatory or confusing. and Avoid choosing a username that is the name of a celebrity, or a political, military, or religious figure or event or known Wikipedia vandal.. If that user is not Stanislaw Albinowski, he is an imposter and has no grounds for complaint. Megan1967 10:38, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The article could need some expansion by someone familiar with the person, but there is really nothing seriously wrong with it. In fact, it is probably better than 99% of the articles on baseball or cricket players. The nomination is based on a faulty search and reinforced by unfounded suspicions of vanity. Polish economists mainly active during the 1960s through 1980s aren't necessarily very googlable. Moreover, the subject of the article is dead, perished, a Polish ex-journalist, has gone to his maker etc. At least according to the article he died 25 January 2005. Even supposing he wouldn't be dead, he is born in 1923. How many 82 year old Polish economists do you think we have on Wikipedia? — The existence, name and books of Albinowski can very easily be checked using the catalogue of the National Library of Poland here, which also confirms the birth-year (death-year is not given, but these kinds of things often lag behind a few years). I also find reference to nine articles in economic journals in the IBSS: International Bibliography of the Social Sciences database, all written in Polish. (These academic publication databases usually have a bias towards Western European languages, especially English, so there are likely more articles.) The K G Saur World Biographical Information System Online (WBIS Online) also confirms his existence and refers to Who's Who in the Socialist Countries of Europe (München [et al.]: Saur, 1989). I also found a reference to him in an article in The Times Oct. 27, 1960, according to which Albinowski was the economic commentator for the Warsaw paper Zycie Warszawy and an outspoken critic of the way the Comecon worked at the time. / Uppland 07:23, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If he is dead, why is there a User:Stanislaw Albinowski still editing as of today? Either 1) his death is incorrect reported or 2) there is a wikipedia editor pretending to be the Stanislaw Albinowski (with the Stanislaw Albinowski article on his userpage), in which case the admins should look into it. Megan1967 10:45, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The author is a newbie who registered both here and on the Polish Wikipedia yesterday. As I pointed out above, when registering he most likely just took the first name that popped up in his head. Somebody seems to have complained about it on the Polish Wikipedia too, but there is probably nothing sinister about, and it is certainly no reason to delete the article. / Uppland 11:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Stanislaw Albinowski is dead, but User:Stanislaw Albinowski is an user - newbie, as Uppland reported. Even if he is son of Stanislaw Albinowski - it is no reason to delete. Mr. Albinowski was rather "old-fashion" East-block socialist-economist and the present times show, that his opinions were quite wrong, but it is not the reason to delete the article. --Julo 14:23, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The significance of the user name is that I probably would not have looked twice at this article if I hadn't noticed that the names were the same. Then, when I saw that the subject was deceased, I rather suspected that the author was the subject's son.  Nothing at all wrong with that, it's quite nice, in fact, but it lead me to question whether the article would have been written were circumstances otherwise.  I suspect that the subject does not pass the "more notable than the average professor" test, which is why I nominated the article for deletion. But this is why we have a voting process, in the hope that collective wisdom is greater than individual wisdom. -- Mwanner 21:40, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - appears to have been influential during Polish economic debates during the 1980's making him notable enough for mine. Capitalistroadster 02:19, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - might not be notable to you, but he was quite notable in Poland. Should English Wikipedia only include what is notable to an average American? Ausir 10:31, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately there are people who think we should have higher notability standards for articles about non-English-language topics. Kappa 22:43, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Capitalistroadster, and aim for equal coverage regardless of language. Kappa 22:43, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - this person was indeed Polish econmist and a notable one. As to the author of the article, he claims (on his talk page at the Polish wiki) to bear the exact same name as the late Mr. Albinowski, which may or may not be true. --filu 18:10, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Both Stanislaw and Albinowski are rather common Polish names. Roughly it translates into Stanley White or Whiteman

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Festa no Apê

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:32, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Festa no Apê
A song by a non-notable singer. It's a cover version of Dragostea Din Tei. Delete. --Sn0wflake 14:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect to Dragostea Din Tei unless there is an article about the "fabricated" genre of Brazilian music where it would fit. FreplySpang (talk) 19:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non notable cover version. Megan1967 04:57, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per User:FreplySpang. --cesarb 01:35, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.