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Rick Danko (album)

Rick Danko is the 1977 eponymous debut by the bassist and singer for the Band. Featuring ten tracks mainly (but not completely; see "Sip the Wine" below) written by Danko, mostly in conjunction with lyricists Bobby Charles and Emmett Grogan, it was the first solo album by any member of the group and was Danko's only solo studio album; the other two albums he released in his lifetime were solo live recordings and collaborative studio albums.

Rick Danko is the only solo album by a member of the Band to feature each member of the group, with Garth Hudson playing accordion on "New Mexicoe", Robbie Robertson playing lead guitar on "Java Blues", Richard Manuel playing electric piano on "Shake It", and Levon Helm singing harmony vocal on the closing track "Once Upon a Time". Danko handled lead vocals, bass, and guitar. Other guests included Eric Clapton (guitar on "New Mexicoe"), Ronnie Wood (guitar on "What a Town"), Beach Boy and later Band member Blondie Chaplin (guitar and bass on various tracks) and Doug Sahm (guitar on various tracks).

Sip the Wine
Although some versions of the album credit the song to Rick Danko, the album's fifth song, "Sip the Wine", is in fact a cover of Tim Drummond's 1972 song "I Want to Lay Down Beside You", originally recorded by Tracy Nelson's band Mother Earth. Tim Drummond plays bass on both albums on which the song appears.

Track listing

 * 1) "What a Town" (Danko, Bobby Charles)
 * 2) "Brainwash" (Danko, Emmett Grogan)
 * 3) "New Mexicoe" (Danko, Charles)
 * 4) "Tired of Waiting" (Danko, Jim Atkinson)
 * 5) "Sip the Wine" (Tim Drummond, originally titled "I Want to Lay Down Beside You")
 * 6) "Java Blues" (Danko, Grogan)
 * 7) "Sweet Romance" (Danko, Grogan)
 * 8) "Small Town Talk" (Danko, Charles)
 * 9) "Shake It" (Danko)
 * 10) "Once Upon a Time" (Danko, Grogan)

Main players

 * Rick Danko – bass, rhythm and lead guitars and lead vocal
 * Michael DeTemple, Doug Sahm, and James Atkinson – guitars
 * Walt Richmond – piano
 * James Gordon – organ
 * Denny Seiwell and Terry Danko – drums
 * Gerry Beckley, Blondie Chaplin, Rob Fraboni, and Wayne Neuendorf – backing vocals
 * Lewis Bustos, Jim Gordon, Charles McBurney, Rocky Morales and Jim Price – horn section
 * Horns arranged by Rick Danko, Doug Sahm and Rob Fraboni

Guests
Technical
 * Ronnie Wood – guitar solo on "What a Town"
 * Blondie Chaplin – guitar solo on "Brainwash", bass on "Small Town Talk"
 * Tim Drummond – bass on "Brainwash" and "Java Blues"
 * Eric Clapton – guitar on "New Mexicoe"
 * Rob Fraboni – tambourine on "New Mexicoe" and "Shake It", vibraslap on "Tired of Waiting"
 * Garth Hudson – accordion on "New Mexicoe"
 * Joe Lala – percussion on "Tired of Waiting"
 * Ken Lauber – piano on "Tired of Waiting", "Sweet Romance", and "Once Upon a Time"
 * Robbie Robertson – guitar solo on "Java Blues"
 * George Weber – organ on "Sweet Romance" and "Once Upon a Time"
 * Gerry Beckley – acoustic guitar on "Shake It"
 * Richard Manuel – Fender Rhodes piano on "Shake It"
 * David Paich – Moog synthesizer on "Shake It"
 * Levon Helm – harmony vocal on "Once Upon a Time"
 * Produced by Rick Danko and Rob Fraboni
 * Frank Laffitte – cover photography

title: Rick Danko (album)


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Andrei Kozyrev

Andrei Vladimirovich Kozyrev (Андре́й Влади́мирович Ко́зырев; born 27 March 1951) is a Russian politician who served as the former and the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation under President Boris Yeltsin, in office for the Russian SFSR from October 1990 and, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, from 1992 until January 1996 for Russia. In his position, he was credited with developing Russia's foreign policy immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union, although many in Russia have criticized him for being weak and not assertive enough in defending Russian interests in the face of NATO in places such as Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ba'athist Iraq.

He was the Russian representative during the signing of the Oslo I Accord, for which he received criticism from Russian nationalist politicians and parties. His anti-imperialist and pro-western positions, however, were positively viewed. Kozyrev had graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) with a PhD in history before joining the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1974, holding various positions in it before being appointed foreign minister.

Early life and education
Kozyrev was born in Brussels in 1951, the son of a Soviet engineer temporarily working there. He was educated at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, a school for diplomats operated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Before beginning his studies there in 1969, he spent a year as a fitter in the Kommunar machine-building factory in Moscow. He is partly Jewish.

Diplomat in Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Kozyrev completed his studies in 1974. He entered the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a speech writer and researcher in the Department of International Organizations, which was responsible for issues concerning the United Nations and arms control, including biological and chemical warfare issues. Over the next three years, he earned a post-graduate degree in historical science and published several books on the arms trade and the United Nations.

Kozyrev's career in the Foreign Ministry marked him as a promising young Soviet diplomat. He became an attaché in the Department of International Organizations in 1979 and third secretary the next year. Promotions came regularly: he became second secretary in 1982; first secretary in 1984; counselor in 1986. Following the reorganization of the ministry by Gorbachev's foreign minister, Eduard Shevardnadze, he became deputy chief of the renamed Administration of International Organizations in 1988. The next year Kozyrev became chief of the administration, replacing a man 20 years his senior.

Kozyrev was promoted to the diplomatic rank of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary — the highest diplomatic rank in the Soviet Union — by the Decree of the President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev of 12 December 1990 No. UP-1177.

Career as Minister of Foreign Affairs
Seizing the opportunity opened by Gorbachev's glasnost in summer 1989, Kozyrev wrote an article repudiating the Leninist concept of the "international class struggle", the very essence of Leninism. Firstly published in the Soviet press, the article was reproduced in The Washington Post and other major news sources all over the world, making him known as a political figure.

In October 1990, a rebellious parliament of the Russian Federation voted to appoint Kozyrev the foreign minister. After the failed Soviet coup attempt of 1991, he found himself in president Boris Yeltsin's team of young reformers, which included Yegor Gaidar and Anatoly Chubais, and shared their Western liberal-democratic ideals. He became Russian foreign minister at the age of 39 and gained and kept the confidence of Boris Yeltsin as Russia became an independent state and, in many ways, the successor to the Soviet Union. Kozyrev tried to make Russia a partner with the West in the formation of the post-Cold War world. He emphasized cooperation over conflict with the United States while insisting that Russia be treated as a great power in international politics rather than as a fallen superpower. He favored major arms control agreements with the United States and the nonproliferation of nuclear arms. He was also viewed by many as one of the most important voices for liberalism and democracy in post-communist Russia.

Kozyrev was one of the drafters of the Belovezh Accords. He wrote in his 2019 memoir: "The signed document establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States was in effect a death sentence for the Soviet Union, the largest country on earth and our fatherland. It was an emotional moment for us. Yet we knew it was inevitable, and we had done our best to avoid a much more disastrous outcome."

In 1992 Kozyrev together with nine other Ministers of Foreign Affairs from the Baltic Sea area, and an EU commissioner, founded the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the EuroFaculty.

On 15 December 1992, Kozyrev underlined his opposition to conservative, nationalistic forces in Russia with a dramatic and unprecedented diplomatic maneuver. He stunned the foreign ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and the Russian delegation alike with a speech that echoed many of the positions of the nationalist opposition in Russia, and seemed to threaten a return to anti-Western policies. But an hour after giving the speech he retracted it, warning that the views he had earlier espoused reflected "the demands of the most extreme elements of the opposition in Russia". He had reason to worry, for one month earlier Pravda had reported that he was "splitting into pieces the former socialist camp … Kozyrev in effect is paving the way for the expansion of a new American empire." Others accused the "young reformers" in the Gaidar government of breaking "historical" ties with Warsaw Pact partners and Kozyrev of abandoning the "traditional" zone of Russian interests thanks to his obsession with a pro-Western foreign policy. The CSCE speech occurred a scant five days after the defenestration of Gaidar.

Kozyrev painted Yevgeny Primakov, his contemporary at the newly formed SVR, as a reactionary who entertained "the usual prejudices against NATO."

At the UN General Assembly Kozyrev declared in 1993, by the time of the Sukhumi massacre of the War in Abkhazia (1992–93): "Russia realizes that no international organization or group of states can replace our peacekeeping efforts in this specific post-Soviet space."

Kozyrev tried to promote the idea of dual nationality in the former Soviet empire but was unsuccessful.

There is still some question as to his role in the confusion of Yeltsin over the German re-unification and Helsinki Final Act and ensuing Partnership for Peace push for NATO expansion double-cross conceived by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher. The window of opportunity to bring Russia into NATO closed by the end of Yeltsin's first term of office because the only way to avoid an explosion of fear in Russia was to bring Russia out of the cold first before the other Warsaw Pact countries; in the event, the opposite was done.

US Secretaries of State that were his opposite number during his tenure were: Jim Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger and Warren Christopher.

NNPT and conflict with Ukraine over Crimea
In October 1991 Vice President Alexander Rutskoi went to Kiev to negotiate the price of Russian natural gas exports to Ukraine, and through Ukrainian territory to Europe. On that visit he also claimed Russian control and ownership of the Black Sea fleet, based in Sevastopol, and, indirectly, Russian sovereignty over the whole Crimean Peninsula. Rutskoi publicly warned Kyiv against conflict with Moscow, which both had nuclear weapons and had the ability to claim sovereignty over Crimea.

In April 1992 and March 1993 two similar resolutions that claimed Crimea were passed by the Russian parliament. The Ukrainians turned for help to the United States, but it sought to aggregate Soviet nuclear weapons in the hands of Moscow and to occupy ex-Soviet scientists with the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction programme. The Budapest Memorandum, which was co-written by Kozyrev, provided security assurances to the three minor ex-Soviet countries in exchange for their accession to the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty and security guarantees from Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. By the end of 1996 all nuclear weapons were removed to Russian territory, and 18 years later Vladimir Putin reneged on the deal when he invaded Crimea and the Donbass.

State Duma
In the December 1993 elections, Kozyrev ran for a seat in the lower house, the State Duma, as a candidate on the list of the liberal Russia's Choice bloc in the Murmansk region. He took a seat as a representative from Murmansk when the State Duma met in January 1994, having won 60 percent of the vote in a field of 10.

He had been blamed for the international controversy over the conflict in Chechnya. He had also been targeted as a scapegoat for failing to stop North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bombing of the Bosnian Serbs and of NATO plans to expand into Eastern Europe.

Kozyrev was criticized by the Russian State Duma for capitulating to the West, which led to Russia's loss of "superpower" status, as well as for the alleged failure to support the Bosnian Serbs during the Bosnian War.

After being elected a second time to the State Duma in Murmansk in January 1996, Kozyrev left the ministry as from now on it was prohibited to occupy both positions. He was succeeded as head of the MFA by Yevgeny Primakov. It was a political choice both by him and president. When asked if he had been "sacrificed by Yeltsin ... to pacify anti-reform forces?", Kozyrev told the Los Angeles Times, "of course, there has been some backtracking. Let's face it, there is stagnation. ... It was a genuine political conflict. I lost. I was overruled. I believe that my time will come again, that my policies will be brought back, sooner or later." Since the conclusion of the second Duma term Kozyrev left the government for private business.

Kozyrev was a member of the Duma until the year 2000 elections.

Later life, memoirs and punditry
Kozyrev, who is convinced that the "authoritarian, anti-Western system Mr. Putin has re-imposed will not prevail", moved to the US in 2010, and has lived at least since 2015 in Miami, from where he published in 2019 a memoir of his time at the centre of Yeltsinian intrigue, The Firebird: The Elusive Fate of Russian Democracy (Foreword by Michael McFaul. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019). Kozyrev warned a 2014 audience of diplomats that "Empty promises are even worse than empty threats."

In his memoir Kozyrev "complains that the U.S. aggressively pushed Russia out of its own traditional markets, (i.e. the Warsaw Pact countries) leaving Moscow to nurse its wounds and sell weapons and technology to rogue regimes. Overall, he feels that the West lacked "a figure of Winston Churchill’s caliber" in the 1990s who would have helped Russia make the perilous transition to democracy."

In an audience at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy in 2020 Kozyrev said Obama's response to the 2014 Crimean status referendum and subsequent Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation was "feeble".

Kozyrev feels that some of the problems in Chechnya stem from the particular brand of Wahhabi Islam supplied through international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by Saudi Arabia.

Kozyrev wrote somewhat presciently in 2016 of his time in government that "In the worst case, there could be a replay of the Yugoslavia catastrophe. The region was at a tipping point, and unfortunately, despite initial success, the democratizing forces inside the Russian government did not succeed."

Kozyrev was a distinguished fellow at the Wilson Center’s Kennan Institute in 2016.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Kozyrev has been an outspoken critic of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and of Russian President Vladimir Putin's attitude towards the west, stating, "'All of these guys, mostly from the KGB, never agreed that the Soviet Union lost the Cold War to the Russian people together with the democratic world outside. They don't buy it. They want to stop it. And now they think this [invasion of Ukraine] is their last decisive battle.'"Kozyrev said he anticipated that Kremlin officials may oust Putin following failures in the invasion.

In an early interview Kozyrev proposed the supply of armaments by NATO partners rather than a direct confrontation with Russia. He stressed that Putin will not stop his westward conquest with Ukraine if he is not stopped there, and lamented the fact that the Ukrainians had been improperly armed until after the invasion began. Putin cannot be provoked, laughs Kozyrev, as he is already in a heightened state of aggression and will perceive any weakness as an invitation to further aggression. Kozyrev, who wrote the Budapest Memorandum, calls the invasion "a flagrant violation" of its terms and finds the conduct of Putin in this regard shameful. Kozyrev is disappointed in the evolution of Sergey Lavrov. Kozyrev observes that Putin was fearful of COVID-19 and hence he surmises that Putin is so attached to this life that he will not risk nuclear war; he finds Putin to be the anti-Russian epitome.

In another interview Kozyrev, who tweeted on 1 March for Russian diplomats to resign, said Putin "acts out of desperation. That is clear."

In a 12 March 2022 interview broadcast when the Russian failure to capture the capital was become evident, he called Putin a "lunatic… detached from reality… delusional". Kozyrev opined that Putin thought the West weak and decadent. Kozyrev thought this war a disaster.

Kozyrev wrote in May 2022 an essay for the Journal of Democracy entitled "Why Putin Must Be Defeated" that he and Andrey Vladimirovich Kolesnikov remark the parallels between the post-1933 Gleichschaltung that Nazified German society and the several laws passed by the Russians and executive orders signed by Putin "basically [to] criminaliz[e] all forms of dissent" and to dismiss the remnants of independent Russian media. He observes sadly that Anton Troianovski wrote that "The history of mass execution and political imprisonment in the Soviet era, and the denunciation of fellow citizens encouraged by the state… now looms over Russia's deepening… repression," and finds the two 20th-century systems to have one thread in common: totalitarianism.

Academic criticisms
Australian academic Russologist Graeme Gill finds Kozyrev's tenure at the Russian MFA "rather supine".

Sergey Radchenko finds Kozyrev's 2019 memoir to offer "fascinating insights into Moscow's foreign policy at a time when everything seemed possible, including, perhaps, a prosperous, democratic Russia that was anchored in the West. Kozyrev chased that goal like that firebird of the Russian fairy tale, after which the book is titled, though unlike the hero of the Russian fairy tale, he never managed to catch it. Didn't even come close."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andrei Kozyrev


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Category talk:Food and drink

[Untitled]
Please do not link articles about specific foods or beverages into this category; they should go under category:foods or category:beverages, respectively (or preferably, in one of their subcategories). category:Food ingredients is for things which are not eaten on their own -- "raw materials" for cooking, and additives such as flavorings and preservatives.

I suggest that articles linked directly to category:food and drink should be focused more on cultural aspects of eating or food preparation.

Picture
Is the picture on this page necessary? I'm going to go ahead and remove it because it's messing up the format of this page. *Cremepuff 222*  01:06, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Vitamins, etc.
I think it might be useful to include in the table of information of each article that may refer to a food, dietary information. e.g. I was looking for vitamins included in a single lemon. -- f s  13:57, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Food and drink


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Procfs

The proc filesystem (procfs) is a special filesystem in Unix-like operating systems that presents information about processes and other system information in a hierarchical file-like structure, providing a more convenient and standardized method for dynamically accessing process data held in the kernel than traditional tracing methods or direct access to kernel memory. Typically, it is mapped to a mount point named /proc at boot time. The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures about running processes in the kernel. In Linux, it can also be used to obtain information about the kernel and to change certain kernel parameters at runtime (sysctl).

Many Unix-like operating systems support the proc filesystem, including System V, Solaris, IRIX, Tru64 UNIX, BSD, Linux, IBM AIX, QNX, and Plan 9 from Bell Labs. OpenBSD dropped support in version 5.7, released in May 2015. It is absent from HP-UX and macOS.

The Linux kernel extends it to non–process-related data.

The proc filesystem provides a method of communication between kernel space and user space. For example, the GNU version of the process reporting utility ps uses the proc file system to obtain its data, without using any specialized system calls.

UNIX 8th Edition
Tom J. Killian implemented the UNIX 8th Edition (V8) version of /proc: he presented a paper titled "Processes as Files" at USENIX in June 1984. The design of procfs aimed to replace the ptrace system call used for process tracing. Detailed documentation can be found in the proc(4) manual page.

SVR3
The original AT&T System V Release 3 (SVR3) operating system (available internally to AT&T in 1986 and generally in 1987) did not come with the /proc filesystem, but a subsequent incremental version of it did. It only contained files representing the processes rather than the now common subdirectories.

SVR4
Roger Faulkner and Ron Gomes ported V8 /proc to SVR4, and published a paper called "The Process File System and Process Model in UNIX System V" at USENIX in January 1991. This kind of procfs supported the creation of ps, but the files could only be accessed with functions read, write, and ioctl. Between 1995 and 1996, Roger Faulkner created the procfs-2 interface for Solaris-2.6 that offers a structured /proc filesystem with sub-directories.

Plan 9
Plan 9 implemented a process file system, but went further than V8. V8's process file system implemented a single file per process. Plan 9 created a hierarchy of separate files to provide those functions, and made /proc a real part of the file system.

4.4BSD and derivatives
4.4BSD cloned its implementation of /proc from Plan 9. , procfs is gradually becoming phased out in FreeBSD, and it has turned to use the sysctl interface instead for process-related information. To provide binary compatibility with Linux user space programs, the FreeBSD kernel also provides linprocfs that is similar to the Linux procfs. It was removed from OpenBSD in version 5.7, which was released in May 2015, because it "always suffered from race conditions and is now unused". macOS did not implement procfs and user space programs have to use the sysctl interface for retrieving process data.

Solaris
/proc in Solaris was available from the beginning (June 1992). Solaris 2.6 in 1996 introduced procfs2 from Roger Faulkner.

Linux
Linux first added a /proc filesystem in v0.97.3, September 1992, and first began expanding it to non-process related data in v0.98.6, December 1992.

As of 2020, the Linux implementation includes a directory for each running process, including kernel processes, in directories named /proc/PID, where PID is the process number. Each directory contains information about one process, including:
 * /proc/PID/cmdline, the command that originally started the process.
 * /proc/PID/cwd, a symlink to the current working directory of the process.
 * /proc/PID/environ contains the names and values of the environment variables that affect the process.
 * /proc/PID/exe, a symlink to the original executable file, if it still exists (a process may continue running after its original executable has been deleted or replaced).
 * /proc/PID/fd, a directory containing a symbolic link for each open file descriptor.
 * /proc/PID/fdinfo, a directory containing entries which describe the position and flags for each open file descriptor.
 * /proc/PID/maps, a text file containing information about mapped files and blocks (like heap and stack).
 * /proc/PID/mem, a binary image representing the process's virtual memory, can only be accessed by a ptrace'ing process.
 * /proc/PID/root, a symlink to the root path as seen by the process. For most processes this will be a link to / unless the process is running in a chroot jail.
 * /proc/PID/status contains basic information about a process including its run state and memory usage.
 * /proc/PID/task, a directory containing hard links to any tasks that have been started by this (i.e.: the parent) process.

(Users may obtain the PID with a utility such as pgrep, pidof or ps: )

/proc also includes non-process-related system information, although in the 2.6 kernel much of that information moved to a separate pseudo-file system, sysfs, mounted under /sys:

 * depending on the mode of power management (if at all), either directory, /proc/acpi or /proc/apm, which predate sysfs and contain various bits of information about the state of power management.
 * /proc/buddyinfo, information about the buddy algorithm that handles memory fragmentation.
 * /proc/bus, containing directories representing various buses on the computer, such as PCI/USB. This has been largely superseded by sysfs under /sys/bus which is far more informative.
 * /proc/fb, a list of the available framebuffers
 * /proc/cmdline, giving the boot options passed to the kernel
 * /proc/cpuinfo, containing information about the CPU, such as its vendor (and CPU family, model and model names which should allow users to identify the CPU) and its speed (CPU clockspeed), cache size, number of siblings, cores, and CPU flags. The format and available information is highly architecture-depended. On some architectures, /proc/cpuinfo includes a value for "bogomips", frequently misconstrued as a measure of CPU speed, like a benchmark, but it does not actually measure any sensible (for end-users) value at all. It occurs as a side-effect of kernel timer calibration and yields highly varying values depending on CPU type, even at equal clock speeds.

On multi-core CPUs, /proc/cpuinfo contains the fields for "siblings" and "cpu cores" which represent the following calculation is applied: "siblings" = (HT per CPU package) * (# of cores per CPU package) "cpu cores" = (# of cores per CPU package) A CPU package means physical CPU which can have multiple cores (single core for one, dual core for two, quad core for four). This allows a distinction between hyper-threading and dual-core, i.e. the number of hyper-threads per CPU package can be calculated by siblings / CPU cores. If both values for a CPU package are the same, then hyper-threading is not supported. For instance, a CPU package with siblings=2 and "cpu cores"=2 is a dual-core CPU but does not support hyper-threading.
 * /proc/crypto, a list of available cryptographic modules
 * /proc/devices, a list of character and block devices sorted by device ID but giving the major part of the /dev name too
 * /proc/diskstats, giving some information (including device numbers) for each of the logical disk devices
 * /proc/filesystems, a list of the file systems supported by the kernel at the time of listing
 * /proc/interrupts, /proc/iomem, /proc/ioports and the directory /proc/irq, giving some details about the devices (physical or logical) using the various system resources
 * /proc/kmsg, holding messages output by the kernel
 * /proc/loadavg, containing stats about the current load average in the last minutes.
 * /proc/meminfo, containing a summary of how the kernel is managing its memory.
 * /proc/modules, one of the most important files in /proc, containing a list of the kernel modules currently loaded . It gives some indication (not always entirely correct) of dependencies.
 * /proc/mounts, a symlink to self/mounts which contains a list of the currently mounted devices and their mount points (and which file system is in use and what mount options are in use).
 * /proc/net/, a directory containing useful information about the network stack, in particular /proc/net/nf_conntrack, which lists existing network connections (particularly useful for tracking routing when iptables FORWARD is used to redirect network connections)
 * /proc/partitions, a list of the device-numbers, their size and /dev names which the kernel has identified as existing partitions
 * /proc/scsi, giving information about any devices connected via a SCSI or RAID controller
 * a symbolic link to the current (traversing) process at /proc/self (i.e. /proc/PID/ where PID is that of the current process).
 * /proc/slabinfo, listing statistics on the caches for frequently-used objects in the Linux kernel
 * /proc/swaps, a list of the active swap partitions, their various sizes and priorities
 * Access to dynamically configurable kernel options under /proc/sys. Under /proc/sys appear directories representing the areas of kernel, containing readable and writable virtual files. For example, a commonly referenced virtual file is  /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward, because it is necessary for routing firewalls or tunnels. The file contains either a '1' or a '0': if it is 1, the IPv4 stack forwards packets not meant for the local host, if it is 0 then it does not.
 * /proc/sysvipc, containing memory-sharing and inter-process communication (IPC) information.
 * /proc/tty, containing information about the current terminals; /proc/tty/driver looks to be a list of the different types of tty available - each of which is a list of those of each type
 * /proc/uptime, the length of time the kernel has been running since boot and spent in idle mode (both in seconds)
 * /proc/version, containing the Linux kernel version, distribution number, gcc version number (used to build the kernel) and any other pertinent information relating to the version of the kernel currently running
 * other files depending on various hardware, module configurations, and changes to the kernel.

The basic utilities that use /proc under Linux come in the procps (/proc processes) package, and only function in conjunction with a mounted /proc.

CYGWIN
Cygwin implemented a procfs that is basically the same as the Linux procfs.

title: Procfs


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Michael Swann

With all due respect, the movement that the man in question is involved with is one which eschews modern technology and encourages a return to a simpler way of life, albeit framed within absurdist humour. He is a very real person, a writer for the Chap link title and has written several serious anthropological papers as well as organising a number of clubs and events as part of the growing caberet scene in London. I seem to recall having heard him on the radio last week, as well, something to do with TV Turn-Off week. Surely part of the idea behind this site is to inform, so arguing that someone cannot be included because they have no internet presence is ludicrous, particularly when you're dealing with people, such as this bloke, whose whole philosophy is opposed to the use of modern technology. Hardly vanity if the bloke will never see it, is it?

Steve Price


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George Hutton

George Hutton (February 4, 1922 in Winnipeg, Manitoba – April 18, 1976) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1959 to 1966, and was a cabinet minister in the government of Dufferin Roblin.

The son of George Harrison Hutton and Anna Marie Isaacson, Hutton was educated at United College in Winnipeg, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree. He worked as a farmer before entering politics, and was president of the Manitoba Progressive Conservative Association in 1958. In 1949, he married Elizabeth Sarah Briercliffe.

He ran for the Progressive Conservatives in the constituency of Rockwood—Iberville in the 1958 provincial election, but lost to Liberal-Progressive incumbent Robert Bend by more than 700 votes.

Hutton defeated Bend by 126 votes in the 1959 election, and was appointed to Roblin's cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Conservation on August 7, 1959. He held his position until his resignation on June 30, 1966. Hutton was responsible for supervising floodway construction around the city of Winnipeg, and for introducing crop insurance to Manitoba. He was re-elected by a significant margin in the 1962 election, but did not run in 1966.

Considered by many as Dufferin Roblin's heir apparent, Hutton left the government for personal reasons and took a United Nations assignment. He worked with the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization in Turkey and India before moving to Rome, Italy, in 1973. He died there three years later.

title: George Hutton


text:
Sandy Allen

Sandra Elaine Allen (June 18, 1955 – August 13, 2008) was an American woman recognized by the Guinness World Records as the tallest woman in the world. She was 7 ft tall.

Allen wrote a book, Cast a Giant Shadow. Although over the years other women have taken the title of the tallest woman, Allen held it for the last sixteen years of her life. Her height was due to a tumor in her pituitary gland that caused it to release growth hormone uncontrollably, between 200 and 1,000 times more than usual. She grew up in Shelbyville, Indiana, and was raised by her grandmother, who worked as a cleaning woman. At the age of 22, in 1977, she underwent surgery for the condition. Lacking this procedure, Allen would have continued to grow and suffer further medical problems associated with gigantism.

She appeared in the film Fellini's Casanova, in the TV movie Side Show, and in a Canadian/American documentary film, Being Different. The New Zealand band Split Enz wrote a song about her, "Hello Sandy Allen", released on their 1982 album Time and Tide. Allen never married, saying that she was "an oldfashioned [sic] girl" and would not date a man shorter than her.

In later years, Allen used a wheelchair because her legs and back could no longer support her tall stature while standing. At one point, she was bedridden due to disease, causing atrophy of the muscles. Due to this limitation, she spent her last years in Shelbyville, Indiana, in the same retirement center as Edna Parker, the oldest living human at the time.

Allen died on August 13, 2008. Her family friend, Rita Rose, revealed that she suffered from a recurring blood infection, along with Type 2 diabetes, breathing troubles, and kidney failure.

A scholarship was dedicated in Allen's name at Shelbyville High School. In 2020, Allen's friend and manager, John Kleiman, donated a collection of her memorabilia to Ripley's Museums.

title: Sandy Allen


text:
Patent prosecution

Patent prosecution describes the interaction between applicants and their representatives, and a patent office with regard to a patent, or an application for a patent. Broadly, patent prosecution can be split into pre-grant prosecution, which involves arguing before, and sometimes negotiation with, a patent office for the grant of a patent, and post-grant prosecution, which involves issues such as post-grant amendment and opposition.

Patent prosecution is distinct from patent litigation, which describes legal action relating to the infringement of patents.

The rules and laws governing patent prosecution are often laid out in manuals released by the Patent Offices of various governments, such as the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) in the United States, or the Manual of Patent Office Practice (MOPOP) in Canada.

Preparation of an application
To obtain patent rights for an inventor, the practitioner typically first drafts an application by interviewing the inventor to understand the nature of the invention and help clarify its novel features. Practitioners need to ascertain what is already known to people familiar with the general field of the invention—such already-known material is termed the prior art, and to obtain drawings and written notes regarding the features of the invention and the background.

During this initial phase, sometimes termed "patent preparation", the practitioner may also seek to determine precisely who contributed to the making of the invention. A prior public disclosure of the invention (or a sale offer) or an incorrect listing of inventors may incurably invalidate any patent that might result from an application.

This determination is particularly important in the United States, but may be considered less important in other jurisdictions, because in the US, applications are required to be filed by inventor(s) rather than by patent owner(s). The practitioner may also seek to find out whether any publications, offers for sale, or other such public disclosures of the invention were made. In the U.S. these laws are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code, §102.

Under the rules of most jurisdictions, inventor’s own public disclosure or an offer to sell an invention, prior to filing an application for a patent, counts as a public prior art, which destroys the novelty of the patent application and prevents the issuance of a patent. As of May 2023, some countries (e.g. Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, PR China, Japan (since June 2018), South Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Ukraine, the US and Turkey) give the inventor(s) a one-year grace period, when their own disclosures do not count as a prior art to a subsequent patent application, although in practice it is difficult to take advantage of this rule. Austria, Germany, the UK and the European Patent Office have a 6-month grace period. Notably, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the proposed Patent Law Treaty do not give any grace period to their patent applications. The practice of the grace period was more common prior to 1970 than it is today.

In a 2022 article, a US-Italy collaborative team advocated worldwide abolition of the grace period: The successes of European companies in the race to develop vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrate that Europe’s ability to innovate does not suffer notably from the absence of a grace period. This justifies the European approach.

After drafting an application for patent, complying with any further rules (such as having the inventor or inventors review the application prior to filing), and obtaining the applicant's permission, the practitioner files the patent application with the patent office. Usually, the practitioner seeks to file the application as soon as possible, because in all countries/jurisdictions presently, if two or more applications on the same subject matter are filed, only the party who filed first will be entitled to a patent under the "first-to-file rule". Until the enactment of the America Invents Act, the United States followed a first-to-invent rule, under which early filing may prevent the use of certain materials from being applied against the patent application as prior art while the patent application is pending before the patent office. However, three consecutive congressional sessions in the United States from 2005–2009 have attempted to change the United States to the first-to-file rule with the Patent Reform Act of 2005, the Patent Reform Act of 2007, and the Patent Reform Act of 2009. Finally, on September 16, 2011, the United States shifted to the first-to-file rule with the enactment of the America Invents Act.

Filing an application
Most patent applications have at least two components, including a general, written description of the invention and at least one "embodiment" thereof, and a set of "claims," written in a special style that defines exactly what the applicant regards as the particular features of his or her invention. These claims are used to distinguish the invention from the existing prior art, and are compared by the patent office to the prior art before issuing a patent.

Patent applications in most jurisdictions also usually include (and may be required to include) a drawing or set of drawings, to facilitate the understanding of the invention. In some jurisdictions, patent models may also be submitted to demonstrate the operation of the invention. In applications involving genetics, samples of genetic material or DNA sequences may be required.

Search and examination
The search and examination phases constitute the main part of the prosecution of a patent application leading to grant or refusal.

A search is conducted by the patent office for any prior art that is relevant to the application in question and the results of that search are notified to the applicant in a search report. Generally the examiner conducting the search indicates in what aspect the documents cited are relevant (novelty, inventive step, background) and to what claims they are relevant. The materials searched vary depending on the patent office conducting the search, but principally cover all published patent applications and technical publications. The patent office can provide a preliminary, non-binding, opinion on patentability, to indicate to the applicant its views on the patentability and let the applicant decide how to proceed at an early stage.

The search report is typically published with the patent application, 18 months after the earliest priority date, or if it is not available at that time it is published once it is available.

The examination of patent applications may either be conducted at the same time as the search (as in the US, where a search report is not issued), or at a later date after the Applicant has requested examination (as, for example, under the EPC).

Examination is the process by which a patent office determines whether a patent application meets the requirements for granting a patent. The process involves considering whether the invention is novel and inventive, whether the invention is in an excluded area and whether the application complies with the various formalities of the relevant patent law.

If the examiner finds that the application does not comply with requirements, an examination report (Office action in the US) is issued drawing the examiner's objections to the attention of the applicant and requesting that they be addressed. The applicant may respond to the objections by arguing in support of the application, or making amendments to the application to bring it in conformity. Alternatively, if the examiner's objections are valid and cannot be overcome, the application may be abandoned.

The process of objection and response is repeated until the patent is in a form suitable for grant, the Applicant abandons the applications, or a hearing is arranged to resolve the matter.

The rate at which patent applications are allowed can vary significantly from one technology to another. US patent applications in the field of electrical connectors, for example, get one allowance for every two rejections. Business method patent applications, however, only get one allowance for every 20 rejections.

In some jurisdictions, substantive examination of patent applications is not routinely carried out. Instead, the validity of invention registrations is dealt with during any infringement action.

The search and examination process is principally conducted between the patent office and the applicant. However, in some jurisdictions, it is possible for interested third parties to file opinions on the patentability of an application. Such opinions may take the form of a formal pre-grant opposition inter partes procedure or it may simply be an opportunity of filing observations as a third party. Reform legislation is set to create an opposition system in the United States.

An applicant is free to abandon an application during the search and examination process. An application may be abandoned if, for example, prior art is revealed which will prevent the grant of a patent and the applicant decides to save cost by terminating the application. An application may be deemed abandoned by the patent office if the applicant fails to meet any of the requirements of the application process, for example replying to an examination report.

Deferred examination
In some jurisdictions (such as Japan and South Korea), after filing an application, examination is optional, and only on request, rather than automatic. For example, in Japan, an application is published at 18 months after the priority date, but otherwise the application lies fallow until the applicant demands examination, up to seven years after filing. This gives the applicant time to evaluate which applications are worth spending money on, and which should simply be abandoned. Only a portion of the total number of filed applications is selected for examination by the applicants.

Invention registration
Some jurisdictions including Bermuda, South Africa, China (in the case of Utility Models), Germany (in the case of Gebrauchsmusters (Utility Model)) and by option Spain, go one step further, in that an application is passed to issue and publication as an enforceable patent in short order, with no substantive examination. Questions of novelty and non-obviousness/inventive step are not reviewed until litigation may arise concerning the issues. Obviously, such a patent does not carry the same presumption of validity as a patent that has been fully examined. Such systems are known as "invention registration" regimes, and have the benefit of reduced costs, because applicants may postpone or completely forego the expensive process of examination for inventions that are of small or speculative value in the applicant's field of endeavor. Another advantage is that a patent is granted relatively fast. A patent in South Africa, for example, is granted approximately 8 months after the date of filing, whereas in examining countries, it is highly unusual for a patent to be granted in less than 3 years. At the same time, simply filing an application usually preserves the applicant's right to subsequently seek full examination and protection for his invention, if a competitor or a pirate is later discovered to infringe the invention.

Appeals
However, if the examiner and the applicant cannot reach agreement regarding the patentability of the application, the applicant may file an appeal to either the patent office or a court of law, asserting that his patent application was wrongly rejected. For such an appeal to be successful, the applicant must prove that the patent office was incorrect in applying the law, interpreting the claims on the patent application, or interpreting and applying of the prior art vis-à-vis the patent application. If the appeal is successful, the patent office or court may order that a patent be issued based on the application, or that the patent office correct its examination of the application if the patent office is found to have been incorrect. Otherwise, if the applicant is not found convincing, the rejection of the patent application may be upheld.

In the United States, appeals are fairly rare. The Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences adjudicates only about 1 – 2% of all issued patents. For controversial areas such as business method patents, however, the appeals rate is much higher. About 10% of the business method patents issued in 2006 were appealed. In some areas, such as insurance patents, the rate is as high as 30%.

Abandonment
Generally, an applicant is free to abandon his or her patent application at any time, and in many jurisdictions may "disclaim" his or her patent even after the patent is issued. Such abandonment may occur during the prosecution process, such as when the applicant is unable to convince the patent office to withdraw a rejection of his or her patent application. Further, abandonment is often held to have occurred if the applicant fails to respond within a certain time period to an office action issued by the patent office, or if the applicant specifically expresses his or her intention to abandon the application.

The rate at which patent applications are abandoned can vary significantly from one technology to another. In the US, patent applications in the field of electrical connectors, for example, are abandoned at a low rate of only one abandonment for every 18 office actions (e.g. rejections). Business method patent applications, however, are abandoned at a much higher rate of one abandonment for every 5 office actions.

Following abandonment, in most jurisdictions, an applicant is usually barred from later seeking patent protection for the same subject matter which was earlier abandoned by the applicant.

Opposition
Opposition is a process provided by some patent law systems in which a third party can oppose the grant of a patent in an attempt to prevent (or revoke) the grant of a patent. In the European Patent Office, for example, any person may file opposition to the grant of a European patent within nine months from grant. In Israel, a third party may oppose an allowed application for three months after publication of the allowed application.

Reissue, reexamination and interference
In some jurisdictions, once a patent is issued, the patent holder may request a "reissue" of the patent to correct mistakes in the issued patent. Such "reissue applications" must typically be filed within a particular period of time following issuance of the original patent. In some jurisdictions, such as the United States, the patent holder may even seek to broaden the scope of the invention defined in the claims by filing a reissue application, although a broadening reissue in the USA must be filed within 2 years from grant. Also, in the United States, only the patent holder may file for reissue. The case of In Re Tanaka established the principle that a patentee can add narrow dependent claims to an issued patent through the reissue process, because a patent with narrower dependent claims is less subject to invalidation when litigated. More usually, however, the patentee must identify errors in the original claims, thereby surrendering some claim scope in return.

In the United States, "reexamination" refers to the process of requesting that the patent office once again subject an issued patent to further examination, accompanied by patents or printed publications showing that there is a substantial new question of patentability ("SNQ"), and/or an explanation of the relevance of the prior art to the claimed invention. Unlike other invalidity considerations, only patents and printed publications will be considered in re-examination; see 37 CFR 1.552. Unlike reissue, reexamination may be requested not only by the patent holder or inventor, but by anyone, including anonymously, although whoever requests reexamination must also submit a fee, which is substantially higher than filing a new patent application. A benefit of reexamination is that issued patents may be either invalidated or once again deemed valid, without the considerable cost and lengthy time required for a patent infringement lawsuit or declaratory judgment action.

Also, in the United States, prior to the America Invents Act going into force in 2012, if two patent applications are filed which set forth claims directed to the same subject matter, the patent office could declare an "interference" and require that each of the parties appear before the patent office to determine who was the earliest to discover the claimed invention. This "interference practice" is not followed in most other jurisdictions, because it is obviated by the "first-to-file" system used in most countries. During an interference, parties may submit evidence supporting their contention to be the earliest inventor, and the patent office issues a decision following the trial-like interference process. Interference practice does not apply to patents filed after September 12, 2012, because the U.S. moved to a first-to-disclose system which is in many ways similar to first-to-file.

Patent agents and attorneys
In some jurisdictions only authorized practitioners can act before the patent office, although applicants (e.g., inventors) can generally represent themselves. This is known as pro se representation.

It is usually recommended that an applicant not represent him- or herself pro se. In the United States, for example, a patent examiner will issue the following form paragraph if it is apparent that an applicant is not familiar with patent office policies and procedures:

¶ 4.10 Employ Services of Attorney or Agent
 * An examination of this application reveals that applicant is unfamiliar with patent prosecution procedure. While an inventor may prosecute the application, lack of skill in this field usually acts as a liability in affording the maximum protection for the invention disclosed. Applicant is advised to secure the services of a registered patent attorney or agent to prosecute the application, since the value of a patent is largely dependent upon skilled preparation and prosecution. The Office cannot aid in selecting an attorney or agent.

 * A listing of registered patent attorneys and agents is available on the USPTO Internet web site http://www.uspto.gov in the Site Index under "Attorney and Agent Roster". Applicants may also obtain a list of registered patent attorneys and agents located in their area by writing to the Mail Stop OED, Director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, P.O. Box 1450, Alexandria, VA 22313-1450.

title: Patent prosecution


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Talk:Daimyo

"Though the term "daimyo" literally means "great name,"......"
This part is kinda off, weird and confusing......

Though the term "daimyo" literally means "great name," the Japanese word actually comes from the kanji (characters) dai, meaning "large," and myō (shortened from myōden) meaning "name-land" or "private land.[citation needed]"

I know the kanji dai can translate to "great" or "big", but the myo part.....I think that part is off....名 by itself translates to name....where is this moden coming from?? Not to mention it kinda contridicts itself.....its it literally translates to "great name", then what with the further (incorrect) infomation??

I'm changing it. 75.72.221.172 (talk) 12:59, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * No, the contribution was correct: 大名 daimyō does in fact derive from 大名田 daimyōden, literally "great named land", referring to an owner of a large estate (as opposed to a 小名田 shōmyōden, later simply 小名田 shōmyō). 195.14.216.9 (talk) 00:53, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

sui lord?
Definition needed: "a generic term referring to the powerful territorial sui lords in premodern Japan". And what were they? The closest possibilities I see on the disambiguation page are still pretty far-fetched:

 * Sui Dynasty of China
 * Sui (surname), a transcription of two Chinese surnames
 * Sui County, Henan, county in Shangqiu, Henan, China
 * Sui County, Hubei, county in Suizhou, Hubei, China
 * Sui (粋), an ideal in Japanese aesthetics similar to iki

Thnidu (talk) 22:12, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Corrected. It must be a residue of past edits.－－ Phoenix7777 (talk) 22:49, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Unital?
Hi, "daimyo" is in the current edition of Merriam Webster, the 11th edition. So it's considered part of Amerian English and doesn't need to be italicized. You can also see it here on its online edition. Let's update this.--A21sauce (talk) 04:02, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 7 February 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Nnadigoodluck 🇳🇬 09:06, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Daimyō → Daimyo – In 2008, User @Fg2 correctly noted that "Daimyo" (without the macron) is an accepted English term and moved this article from Daimyō to Daimyo. In 2016, with no explanation, user @Gryffindor moved it back. "Daimyo" (no macron, no italics) is the correct title for this article, just as Tokyo does not take macrons. See: the manual of style for Japanese terms, which specifically says that accepted English terms should be spelled as in English, even if this differs from Japanese: For dictionary references, see:, , etc. In addition, only transliterated terms should be italicized. "Daimyo" is not transliterated; it is an accepted English term. Bueller 007 (talk) 21:17, 7 February 2020 (UTC) —Relisting. Jerm (talk) 16:42, 15 February 2020 (UTC) —Relisting.  Steel1943  (talk) 21:44, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Claims that this or that is an "English word" need very clear evidence. Of course Daimyo, written with or without a macron, will appear in lots of writing in English, but this does not make it an "English word", any more than "tagliatelle", "Tokyo", or "tovarich" are actually "English words". Writing with the macron is no obstacle to ignorant readers, who can ignore it, so you simply want to reduce the amount of information Wikipedia provides, which I think is a bad idea. Imaginatorium (talk) 03:34, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * It's really quite a feat to not be able to make it through such a short paragraph as the one I wrote. The Japanese manual of style, which I linked above, specifically says that English words of Japanese origin (like "daimyo") should be spelled as accepted in English.  And then I provided English dictionary references that show it without the macron."Follow the usage of academic texts or a widely used reference such as a published encyclopedia in matters of spelling, macron usage, and name order."  (Emphasis mine.)  It also   Here's Britannica:   Again, no macron.  But your argument completely flies in the face of the manual of style and all English dictionaries and encyclopedias, so that's cool.  P.S., "tagliatelle" is an English word of Italian origin, just as "daimyo" is an English word of Japanese origin.  Your example, like your argument, is nonsense.  Bueller 007 (talk) 02:48, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose - just make the version without the macron a redirect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.184.193.250 (talk) 15:33, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Support - The relevant policy here is WP: COMMONNAME. Bueller 007 is completely right. All other encyclopedias and dictionaries drop the macron, and there's no reason to make Wikipedia the big exception to the rule. I agree also that daimyo should not be italicized, since it's a word used very often in English language articles and books without italicization. Patiodweller (talk) 13:39, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Support: Nevermind dictionaries, even specialized sources on Japanese history leave out the macron. Check the authoritative Cambridge History of Japan. Like has already been said, "no macron, no italics". The oppose voters need to explain why Wikipedia shouldn't have the same standards as the Cambridge History of Japan. Tikisim (talk) 03:19, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. Every style guide I am familiar with recommends following the spelling given in a widely available dictionary. See Merriam-Webster, American Heritage, and Oxford. To clarify a point raised above, the Japanese themselves rarely use macrons, as you can see here. Macrons come from a transliteration system called modified Hepburn. Colin Gerhard (talk) 08:44, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Support What Bueller 007 said.Polyglot Researcher (talk) 08:49, 11 February 2020 (UTC) — Polyglot Researcher (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * Support - For reasons mentioned by proposer. --Veikk0.ma 21:13, 15 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose completely wrong reasoning in proposal and support votes. We have the capability here to show the difference between long vowels and short vowels and citing crap sources which don't doesn't change Wikipedia which does. In ictu oculi (talk) 16:03, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment. The common name in English appears to be the one without a macron. The one with it is more Japanese. Shhhhwwww!! (talk) 17:15, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Support per nom and abundant sources. Note re Bueller 007, "Tokyo" is indeed an English word; the strict Modified Hepburn romanization of the Japanese name of the city is Tōkyō, but not used due to being just Tokyo in English.  SnowFire (talk) 15:46, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Not an English word
It's not an English word of Japanese origin, like "samurai", "ninja", "sumo", or "Tokyo"; it's a romanized Japanese word being used in English. The move was a mistake and a joke. The article still uses italics for the word, indicating it is a strictly non-English word, as it should. 108.34.149.124 (talk) 16:24, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Please then, kindly explain why it is included in so many English book titles and book content, and in so many scholarly references in English, including hits on Google scholar. Netherzone (talk) 17:27, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daimyo


text: User talk:216.195.239.141

title: User talk:216.195.239.141


text:
M. T. Anderson

Matthew Tobin Anderson (born November 4, 1968), is an American writer of children's books that range from picture books to young adult novels. He won the National Book Award for Young People's Literature in 2006 for The Pox Party, the first of two "Octavian Nothing" books, which are historical novels set in Revolution-era Boston. Anderson is known for using wit and sarcasm in his stories, as well as advocating that young adults are capable of mature comprehension.

Biography
Anderson was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His father Will Anderson was an engineer, and his mother Juliana Anderson was an Episcopal priest. He attended St. Mark's School, Harvard College, the University of Cambridge (England), and Syracuse University. Anderson worked at Candlewick Press before his first novel Thirsty (1997) was accepted for publication there. He has also worked as a disc jockey for WCUW radio; as an instructor at Vermont College of Fine Arts, where he now serves on the Board; and as a music critic for The Improper Bostonian. He currently lives in Cambridge (Mass.) and is on the Board of the National Children's Book and Literacy Alliance, a national non-profit organization that advocates for literacy, literature, and libraries.

Writing style
Anderson is known for challenging his readers, of varying ages, to look at the world in new ways. Anderson has also remarked "We write because we can't decipher things the first time around." His novels directed at young adults, such as Thirsty (1997) and Feed (2002), tend to direct their satire at society. He's also written children's picture books such as Handel, Who Knew What He Liked, and novels directed toward pre-teen readers such as The Game of Sunken Places. Anderson tends to write with sophisticated wit and storylines, making the point that young people are more intelligent than some might think. In response to the question of why he gives so much credit to his young audience, Anderson stated in an interview with Julie Prince: "Our survival as a nation rests upon the willingness of the young to become excited and engaged by new ideas we never considered as adults."

While he was writing Feed, Anderson took in younger, pop-culture oriented media, such as Seventeen, Maxim, and Teen Vogue. He used these media sources to convey an accurate teenage voice, but even more depleted and abbreviated. He's used this method many times, including reading 18th century novels during his writing of The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing. A shy person, Anderson has stated that he greatly prefers writing to public speaking. As a writer he does not shy from taking on difficult questions and deeper, more mature concepts and themes. Unlike many other young-adult writers, Anderson views the characters he creates simply as figures moving and acting on his terms. The only exception to this view of his characters has been his main character in The Astonishing Life, Octavian Nothing. Anderson faces unique challenges in writing for the young adult market, especially concerning the topics he chooses. He has heavily researched the time periods of his novels in order to accurately portray his characters. Similarly to Feed, Anderson had to put himself in the shoes of a young person from a different time period when he wrote The Astonishing Life. However, this novel challenged him to explore the dialect of a time period that had already happened, rather than a time period that has yet to come. Anderson pointed out that he actually tends to dislike his books after he's finished with them, a declaration that has been seen as modest; he feels distanced from the work and is usually eager to move on to another project. This is his reasoning behind writing in so many different genres. Anderson has also indicated that he hopes to not only continue writing for young adults and children, but also to write for an adult audience in the future.

Feed
Feed is a young-adult novel focusing on the lives of teenagers in a future America. Within this dystopian society, young people are implanted with "the feed", a computer chip that connects them to a global network of advertisements, images, audio messages, and text-based communication. The government uses the feed to profile everyone to show what their interests and dislikes are. Anyone who tries to 'beat' the feed can be denied later when they try to get information or help from the sources. The novel's themes are corporate power and consumerism. Feed has also been regarded as a literary source for young adults to not only expand their knowledge of citizenship outside of the everyday youth status, but also increase their capacity for social change. The novel also focuses on the dependent nature of the characters; everyone is so dependent on the feed's transmissions that everything else in society decays. Feed received praise for Anderson's imaginative wit. The unique use of "futuristic" language is noted as one of the novel's strong points. Feed won the Los Angeles Times Book Award and has been a finalist for both the National Book Award and the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award. Feed was also named one of the ALA Best Books for Young Adults. The audio book version of Feed, narrated by David Aaron Baker, was an AudioFile Magazine Earphones Award Winner, and was also a finalist in Achievement in Production for the Audio Publishers Association 2004 Audie Awards®.

Feed in schools
Feed has been taught as a dystopian novel for young adults, exaggerating our modern society in an attempt to challenge it. The novel has been used as tool to show teenagers, who are generally familiar and even accepting of advertising, what the dangers of consumerism are without alarming them. Even the educational system in the novel has been compromised by corporations, which directly causes students to question the relation between consumerism and education. The novel not only addresses mindless consumerism, but powerful industry and marketing. Feed also tackles the importance of language, and the negative effect that occurs to the depletion of the English language. The general goal in teaching Feed is to show students what it means to be moral consumers.

Thirsty
Thirsty is the story of Chris, a teenage boy who is growing up to become a vampire while the people of his town (Boston) dedicate their time to fighting such dreaded creatures. His transformation is told through the similarities of growing up and going through adolescence. The plot is said to be startling, suspenseful and creepy, but also contains a captivating plot filled with humor. Thirsty was Anderson's first published novel and his debut in young adult literature. The novel has been held in high regard for being a particularly impressive first novel, having caused Anderson to be quickly noted as an author worth watching.

The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing
Taking readers back to the birth of the United States, The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation features the son of an African princess, raised in unique circumstances, having been brought to the American colonies. Octavian becomes part of a college study, attempting to gauge the intelligence and overall potential of African Americans. Octavian's mother dies from a college-mandated smallpox inoculation, and Octavian is forced to see the world for what it is. The Pox Party, part one, is told in Octavian's voice while The Kingdom on the Waves is told in a sequence of letters. The novel is praised for its creativity and chaotic storyline. Teenagers are able to understand and relate to the story without having to know all the historical details in the novel. This novel has also attained its prestigious reputation based on the effort Anderson dedicated to researching the historical aspects of the book. Anderson tried to make the language as accurate to the time period, the 18th century, as possible.

Burger Wuss
Burger Wuss is another young adult novel. The story focuses on the teenage narrator, Anthony, who gets a job at a local burger joint in order to exact revenge upon another employee at the restaurant: Turner, the boy who stole Anthony's girlfriend. This novel is praised for its use of black humor, satirical tone, and overall witty sarcasm, similar to many of Anderson's other works. Burger Wuss stood out in the eyes of critics for its ability to show the darker aspects of day-to-day life.

Children's books
Anderson has also written picture books and books for pre-teens. His picture books include Handel, Who Knew What He Liked, and Strange Mr. Satie. Anderson utilized his knowledge and taste for music in Handel, Who Knew What He Liked, a story of the German-English composer, George Frideric Handel. Anderson's story has been praised for its simplicity and easy-to-read sentences. Strange Mr. Satie is the story of the less known Erik Satie, who influenced modern music. His choice to focus on Satie is noted as an "offbeat" choice, but the book also held in high regard for its unique style, and text that reflects Satie's own musical style.

For pre-teens Anderson has written a whimsical chapter book, The Game of Sunken Places. The story involves two young boys, Gregory and Brian, who discover a game board in the woods and are pulled into an alternate reality in order to play the game. The boys have to overcome various fantasy-based obstacles including trolls, and monsters, while making their way through the rules and dimensions of the game. The book is said to contain climactic surprises, and is praised for its humor, creativity, and adventurous nature.

Awards and honors
Elf Dog and Owl Head (2023)
 * Honor book, 2024 Newbery Medal

Novels

 * Thirsty (1997)
 * Burger Wuss (1999)
 * Feed (2002)
 * Landscape with Invisible Hand (2017).
 * The Assassination of Brangwain Spurge, illustrated by Eugene Yelchin (2018).
 * Elf Dog and Owl Head (2023)

The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation

 * 1) Volume I: The Pox Party (2006)
 * 2) Volume II: The Kingdom on the Waves (2008)

Pals in Peril series

 * 1) Whales on Stilts (2005)
 * 2) The Clue of the Linoleum Lederhosen (2006)
 * 3) Jasper Dash and the Flame-Pits of Delaware (2009)
 * 4) Agent Q, or, The Smell of Danger (2010)
 * 5) Zombie Mommy (2011)
 * 6) He Laughed with His Other Mouths, illustrated by Kurt Cyrus (2014)

Norumbegan Quartet

 * 1) The Game of Sunken Places (2004)
 * 2) The Suburb Beyond the Stars (2010)
 * 3) The Empire of Gut and Bone (2011)
 * 4) The Chamber in the Sky (2012)

Nonfiction

 * Symphony for the City of the Dead: Dmitri Shostakovich and the Siege of Leningrad (2015)

Graphic novels

 * Yvain: The Knight of the Lion, with Andrea Offermann (2017)
 * The Daughters of Ys, with Jo Rioux (2020).

Short fiction

 * "Barcarole for Paper and Bones", Shelf Life: Stories by the Book, edited by Gary Paulsen. (Simon & Schuster, 2003).
 * "A Brief Guide to the Ghosts of Great Britain" (memoir), Open Your Eyes: Extraordinary Experiences in Faraway Places, edited by Jill Davis. (Viking, 2003). Reprinted in the September/October 2005 issue of the young adult literature magazine Cicada.
 * "The Mud and Fever Dialogues", Sixteen: Stories About That Sweet and Bitter Birthday, edited by Megan McCafferty. (Three Rivers Press, 2004).
 * "Watch and Wake", Gothic: Ten Original Dark Tales, edited by Deborah Noyes. (Candlewick, 2004).
 * "My Maturity, In Flames", Guys Write for Guys Read, edited by Jon Scieszka. (Viking, 2005).
 * "The Old, Dead Nuisance" (2011)
 * "The Bug Out Bag: What You Need to Stay Alive" (2012)
 * "Bug Out: What to Do When It's Time to Get Out of Dodge" (2012)

Picture books

 * Handel, Who Knew What He Liked (2001), illustrated by Kevin Hawkes — biography of George Frideric Handel
 * Strange Mr. Satie (2003)
 * Me, All Alone, at the End of the World (2004)
 * The Serpent Came to Gloucester (2005)

title: M. T. Anderson


text:
St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto

St Hilda's College is a residence hall of the University of Trinity College, itself a federated college of the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario. Although all students registered at Trinity College are considered students of St Hilda's College, it is not an independent body and today serves only an administrative function. St Hilda's College was named after St Hilda of Whitby.

History
The University of Trinity College admitted its first female student in 1884. In 1888, it was decided that a distinct college was required for Trinity's women students. St Hilda's College was initially opened in a building on Euclid Avenue in Toronto, with two resident students. The college was moved to a building on Shaw Street in 1889, then to a set of two larger houses on the same street in 1892, and in 1903 to a larger, purpose-built building on the main Trinity College grounds.

In 1925, when Trinity College moved from its original location on Queen Street to the main University of Toronto campus, St Hilda's College was initially moved to 99 St. George Street. The final move took place in 1938, when the current St Hilda's building on Devonshire Place was opened. The former St Hilda's College building at Trinity Bellwoods Park (designed by Eden Smith and opened in 1899) is now called John Gibson House and functions as a residence for seniors.

In 2005, the administration of Trinity College elected to end the practice of same-sex residency. As a result, St Hilda's College now houses both men and women.


text:
Finite model theory

Finite model theory is a subarea of model theory. Model theory is the branch of logic which deals with the relation between a formal language (syntax) and its interpretations (semantics). Finite model theory is a restriction of model theory to interpretations on finite structures, which have a finite universe.

Since many central theorems of model theory do not hold when restricted to finite structures, finite model theory is quite different from model theory in its methods of proof. Central results of classical model theory that fail for finite structures under finite model theory include the compactness theorem, Gödel's completeness theorem, and the method of ultraproducts for first-order logic (FO). While model theory has many applications to mathematical algebra, finite model theory became an "unusually effective" instrument in computer science. In other words: "In the history of mathematical logic most interest has concentrated on infinite structures. [...] Yet, the objects computers have and hold are always finite. To study computation we need a theory of finite structures." Thus the main application areas of finite model theory are: descriptive complexity theory, database theory and formal language theory.

Axiomatisability
A common motivating question in finite model theory is whether a given class of structures can be described in a given language. For instance, one might ask whether the class of cyclic graphs can be distinguished among graphs by a FO sentence, which can also be phrased as asking whether cyclicity is FO-expressible.

A single finite structure can always be axiomatized in first-order logic, where axiomatized in a language L means described uniquely up to isomorphism by a single L-sentence. Similarly, any finite collection of finite structures can always be axiomatized in first-order logic. Some, but not all, infinite collections of finite structures can also be axiomatized by a single first-order sentence.

Characterisation of a single structure
Is a language L expressive enough to axiomatize a single finite structure S?

Problem
A structure like (1) in the figure can be described by FO sentences in the logic of graphs like

 * 1) Every node has an edge to another node: $$\forall_x \exists_y G(x, y).$$
 * 2) No node has an edge to itself: $$\forall_{x,y} (G(x, y) \Rightarrow x \neq y).$$
 * 3) There is at least one node that is connected to all others: $$\exists_x \forall_y (x \neq y \Rightarrow G(x, y)).$$

However, these properties do not axiomatize the structure, since for structure (1') the above properties hold as well, yet structures (1) and (1') are not isomorphic.

Informally the question is whether by adding enough properties, these properties together describe exactly (1) and are valid (all together) for no other structure (up to isomorphism).

Approach
For a single finite structure it is always possible to precisely describe the structure by a single FO sentence. The principle is illustrated here for a structure with one binary relation $$R$$ and without constants:
 * 1) say that there are at least $$n$$ elements: $$\varphi_1  =  \bigwedge_{i\ne j} \neg (x_i = x_j)$$
 * 2) say that there are at most $$n$$ elements: $$\varphi_2  =  \forall_y \bigvee_{i} (x_i = y)$$
 * 3) state every element of the relation $$R$$: $$\varphi_3  =  \bigwedge_{(a_i, a_j) \in R} R(x_i, x_j)$$
 * 4) state every non-element of the relation $$R$$: $$\varphi_4  =  \bigwedge_{(a_i, a_j) \notin R} \neg R(x_i, x_j)$$

all for the same tuple $$x_1 .. x_n$$, yielding the FO sentence $$\exists_{x_1} \dots \exists_{x_n} (\varphi_1 \land \varphi_2 \land \varphi_3 \land \varphi_4)$$.

Extension to a fixed number of structures
The method of describing a single structure by means of a first-order sentence can easily be extended for any fixed number of structures. A unique description can be obtained by the disjunction of the descriptions for each structure. For instance, for two structures $$A$$ and $$B$$ with defining sentences $$\varphi_A$$ and $$\varphi_B$$ this would be

 * $$\varphi_A \lor \varphi_B.$$

Extension to an infinite structure
By definition, a set containing an infinite structure falls outside the area that FMT deals with. Note that infinite structures can never be discriminated in FO, because of the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, which implies that no first-order theory with an infinite model can have a unique model up to isomorphism.

The most famous example is probably Skolem's theorem, that there is a countable non-standard model of arithmetic.

Characterisation of a class of structures
Is a language L expressive enough to describe exactly (up to isomorphism) those finite structures that have certain property P?

Problem
The descriptions given so far all specify the number of elements of the universe. Unfortunately most interesting sets of structures are not restricted to a certain size, like all graphs that are trees, are connected or are acyclic. Thus to discriminate a finite number of structures is of special importance.

Approach
Instead of a general statement, the following is a sketch of a methodology to differentiate between structures that can and cannot be discriminated.

Example
We want to show that the property that the size of an ordered structure A = (A, ≤) is even, can not be expressed in FO.

 * 1) The idea is to pick $A ∈ EVEN$ and $B ∉ EVEN$, where EVEN is the class of all structures of even size.
 * 2) We start with two ordered structures A2 and B2 with universes A2 = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B2 = {1, 2, 3}.  Obviously $A_{2} ∈ EVEN$ and $B_{2} ∉ EVEN$.
 * 3) For m = 2, we can now show* that in a 2-move Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game on A2 and B2 the duplicator always wins, and thus A2 and B2 cannot be discriminated in FO[2], i.e. $$\mathbf{A}_2 \models \alpha \iff \mathbf{B}_2 \models \alpha$$ for every $α ∈ FO[2]$.
 * 4) Next we have to scale the structures up by increasing m.  For example, for m = 3 we must find an A3 and B3 such that the duplicator always wins the 3-move game.  This can be achieved by A3 = {1, ..., 8} and B3 = {1, ..., 7}.  More generally, we can choose Am = {1, ..., 2m} and Bm = {1, ..., 2m−1}; for any m the duplicator always wins the m-move game for this pair of structures*.
 * 5) Thus EVEN on finite ordered structures cannot be expressed in FO.

(*) Note that the proof of the result of the Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game has been omitted, since it is not the main focus here.

Zero-one laws
and, independently, proved a zero–one law for first-order sentences in finite models; Fagin's proof used the compactness theorem. According to this result, every first-order sentence in a relational signature $$\sigma$$ is either almost always true or almost always false in finite $$\sigma$$-structures. That is, let $S$ be a fixed first-order sentence, and choose a random $$\sigma$$-structure $$G_n$$ with domain $$\{1, \dots, n\}$$, uniformly among all $$\sigma$$-structures with domain $$\{1, \dots, n\}$$. Then in the limit as $n$ tends to infinity, the probability that $G_{n}$ models $S$ will tend either to zero or to one:
 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\operatorname{Pr}[G_n\models S]\in\{0,1\}.$$

The problem of determining whether a given sentence has probability tending to zero or to one is PSPACE-complete.

A similar analysis has been performed for more expressive logics than first-order logic. The 0-1 law has been shown to hold for sentences in FO(LFP), first-order logic augmented with a least fixed point operator, and more generally for sentences in the infinitary logic $$L^{\omega}_{\infty \omega}$$, which allows for potentially arbitrarily long conjunctions and disjunctions. Another important variant is the unlabelled 0-1 law, where instead of considering the fraction of structures with domain $$\{1, \dots, n\}$$, one considers the fraction of isomorphism classes of structures with $n$ elements. This fraction is well-defined, since any two isomorphic structures satisfy the same sentences. The unlabelled 0-1 law also holds for $$L^{\omega}_{\infty \omega}$$ and therefore in particular for FO(LFP) and first-order logic.

Descriptive complexity theory
An important goal of finite model theory is the characterisation of complexity classes by the type of logic needed to express the languages in them. For example, PH, the union of all complexity classes in the polynomial hierarchy, is precisely the class of languages expressible by statements of second-order logic. This connection between complexity and the logic of finite structures allows results to be transferred easily from one area to the other, facilitating new proof methods and providing additional evidence that the main complexity classes are somehow "natural" and not tied to the specific abstract machines used to define them.

Specifically, each logical system produces a set of queries expressible in it. The queries – when restricted to finite structures – correspond to the computational problems of traditional complexity theory.

Some well-known complexity classes are captured by logical languages as follows:

 * In the presence of a linear order, first-order logic with a commutative, transitive closure operator added yields L, problems solvable in logarithmic space.
 * In the presence of a linear order, first-order logic with a transitive closure operator yields NL, the problems solvable in nondeterministic logarithmic space.
 * In the presence of a linear order, first-order logic with a least fixed point operator gives P, the problems solvable in deterministic polynomial time.
 * On all finite structures (regardless of whether they are ordered), Existential second-order logic gives NP (Fagin's theorem).

Database theory
A substantial fragment of SQL (namely that which is effectively relational algebra) is based on first-order logic (more precisely can be translated in domain relational calculus by means of Codd's theorem), as the following example illustrates: Think of a database table "GIRLS" with the columns "FIRST_NAME" and "LAST_NAME". This corresponds to a binary relation, say G(f, l) on FIRST_NAME × LAST_NAME. The FO query $${l : G(\text{'Judy'}, l)}$$, which returns all the last names where the first name is 'Judy', would look in SQL like this:

Notice, we assume here, that all last names appear only once (or we should use SELECT DISTINCT since we assume that relations and answers are sets, not bags).

Next we want to make a more complex statement. Therefore, in addition to the "GIRLS" table we have a table "BOYS" also with the columns "FIRST_NAME" and "LAST_NAME". Now we want to query the last names of all the girls that have the same last name as at least one of the boys. The FO query is $${(f,l) : \exist h ( G(f, l) \and B(h, l) )}$$, and the corresponding SQL statement is:

Notice that in order to express the "∧" we introduced the new language element "IN" with a subsequent select statement. This makes the language more expressive for the price of higher difficulty to learn and implement. This is a common trade-off in formal language design. The way shown above ("IN") is by far not the only one to extend the language. An alternative way is e.g. to introduce a "JOIN" operator, that is:

First-order logic is too restrictive for some database applications, for instance because of its inability to express transitive closure. This has led to more powerful constructs being added to database query languages, such as recursive WITH in SQL:1999. More expressive logics, like fixpoint logics, have therefore been studied in finite model theory because of their relevance to database theory and applications.

Querying and search
Narrative data contains no defined relations. Thus the logical structure of text search queries can be expressed in propositional logic, like in:

("Java" AND NOT "island") OR ("C#" AND NOT "music")

Note that the challenges in full text search are different from database querying, like ranking of results.

History

 * Trakhtenbrot 1950: failure of completeness theorem in first-order logic
 * Scholz 1952: characterisation of spectra in first-order logic
 * Fagin 1974: the set of all properties expressible in existential second-order logic is precisely the complexity class NP
 * Chandra, Harel 1979/80: fixed-point first-order logic extension for database query languages capable of expressing transitive closure -> queries as central objects of FMT
 * Immerman, Vardi 1982: fixed-point logic over ordered structures captures PTIME -> descriptive complexity (Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem)
 * Ebbinghaus, Flum 1995: first comprehensive book "Finite Model Theory"
 * Abiteboul, Hull, Vianu 1995: book "Foundations of Databases"
 * Immerman 1999: book "Descriptive Complexity"
 * Kuper, Libkin, Paredaens 2000: book "Constraint Databases"
 * Darmstadt 2005/ Aachen 2006: first international workshops on "Algorithmic Model Theory"

title: Finite model theory


text:
User talk:Mlprater

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Feco
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Creating Articles w/ Categories
Good work creating new articles. When you create things, it helps tremendously to assign them to an accurate category (see WP:CG for info). If you're really not sure about categories, at least assign your new articles a stub category (see WP:SC for info). By assigning a category, you help make sure your new articles don't get lost as 'orphans' that are not associated with related topics. Feco

title: User talk:Mlprater


text:
Stephen McNally

Stephen McNally (born Horace Vincent McNally; July 29, 1911 – June 4, 1994 ) was an American actor remembered mostly for his appearances in many Westerns and action films. He often played hard-hearted characters, criminals, bullies, and other villains.

Early years
Stephen McNally was born Horace McNally in New York City. McNally attended Fordham University School of Law and was an attorney in the late 1930s before he pursued his passion for acting.

Career
He started his stage career using his real name, Horace McNally, and began appearing uncredited in many World War II-era films. In 1948, he changed his stage name to Stephen McNally (taking the name of his then-2-year-old son) and began appearing credited as both movie villains and heroes. In 1940, as "Horace McNally", he played Dr. Richardson in the Broadway stage production of Johnny Belinda. As Stephen McNally, he played the villainous Locky McCormick in the film version of Johnny Belinda (1948).

He appeared in Winchester '73 (1950) and co-starred in Criss Cross (1949). Notable 1950s films included No Way Out (1950), Split Second (1953), Violent Saturday (1955) and Johnny Rocco (1958).

McNally was cast in three episodes of the ABC religion anthology series Crossroads. He portrayed Monsigneur Harold Engle in "Ringside Padre" (1956) and Father Flanagan of the Boys Town orphanage in Nebraska in "Convict 1321, Age 21" (1957). In between, he was cast as United States Army General George S. Patton, in "The Patton Prayer" (also 1957). McNally also appeared in the episode "Specimen: Unknown" from the anthology series The Outer Limits. He co-starred on the 1958 episode, "The Ben Courtney Story" on Wagon Train as a former Union soldier turned sheriff. In 1959, he portrayed Clay Thompson, a bounty hunter, with Myron Healey as a sheriff, in the CBS Western series, The Texan.

In the 1960 episode "The Mormons" on the CBS Western, Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre McNally played Matt Rowland, who tries to block a wagon train of Mormons from entering his town, as they are suspected of carrying cholera. Things change quickly, when Rowland's son, Tod (Mark Goddard), becomes interested in a young lady on the train, Beth Lawson (Tuesday Weld).

In 1967, he started as Dal Neely, a murderous outlaw who tries to take his daughter away with him in the (S12E23) episode "The Lure" on Gunsmoke. In 1971, he appeared as Gus Muller in "The Men From Shiloh" (rebranded name for the TV Western The Virginian) in the episode titled "The Angus Killer". During the 1970s, McNally guest starred on television programs such as Fantasy Island, Starsky & Hutch, Charlie's Angels, The Rockford Files, and Police Story.

Death
McNally died of heart failure June 4, 1994, at age 82, at his home in Beverly Hills, California. He and his wife, Rita, had eight children.

Partial filmography

 * Grand Central Murder (1942) – 'Turk'
 * The War Against Mrs. Hadley (1942) – Peters
 * Eyes in the Night (1942) – Gabriel Hoffman
 * For Me and My Gal (1942) – Mr. Waring
 * Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant (1942) – Howard Allwinn Young
 * Keeper of the Flame (1942) – Freddie Ridges
 * Air Raid Wardens (1943) – Dan Madison
 * The Man from Down Under (1943) – 'Dusty' Rhodes
 * An American Romance (1944) – Teddy Roosevelt Dangos / Narrator
 * Thirty Seconds over Tokyo (1944) – 'Doc' White
 * Dangerous Partners (1945) – Co-pilot
 * Bewitched (1945) – Eric Russell
 * The Harvey Girls (1946) – 'Goldust' McClean
 * Up Goes Maisie (1946) – Tim Kingby
 * Magnificent Doll (1946) – John Todd
 * Johnny Belinda (1948) – Locky McCormick
 * Rogues' Regiment (1948) – Carl Reicher
 * Criss Cross (1949) – Pete Ramirez
 * City Across the River (1949) – Stan Albert
 * The Lady Gambles (1949) – Horace Corrigan
 * Sword in the Desert (1949) – David Vogel
 * Woman in Hiding (1950) – Selden Clark IV
 * Winchester '73 (1950) – Dutch Henry Brown
 * No Way Out (1950) – Dr. Dan Wharton
 * Wyoming Mail (1950) – Steve Davis
 * Air Cadet (1951) – Major Jack Page
 * Apache Drums (1951) – Sam Leeds
 * Iron Man (1951) – George Mason
 * The Lady Pays Off (1951) – Matt Braddock
 * The Raging Tide (1951) – Lt. Kelsey
 * Diplomatic Courier (1952) – Col. Mark Cagle
 * The Duel at Silver Creek (1952) – Marshal Lightning Tyrone
 * Battle Zone (1952) – Sgt. Mitch Turner
 * The Black Castle (1952) – Count Karl von Bruno
 * Split Second (1953) – Sam Hurley
 * The Stand at Apache River (1953) – Lane Dakota
 * Devil's Canyon (1953) – Jessie Gorman
 * Make Haste to Live (1954) – Steve Blackford
 * A Bullet Is Waiting (1954) – Sheriff Munson
 * The Man from Bitter Ridge (1955) – Alec Black
 * Violent Saturday (1955) – Harper (bank robber)
 * Tribute to a Bad Man (1956) – McNulty
 * Hell's Crossroads (1957) – Victor 'Vic' Rodell
 * Hell's Five Hours (1958) – Mike Brand
 * The Fiend Who Walked the West (1958) – Marshal Frank Emmett
 * Johnny Rocco (1958) – Tony Rocco
 * Hell Bent for Leather (1960) – Deckett
 * Target: The Corruptors! (1961, TV series)
 * Requiem for a Gunfighter (1965) – Red Zimmer
 * Panic in the City (1968) – James Kincade
 * Once You Kiss a Stranger (1970) – Police Lt. Tom Gavin
 * Black Gunn (1972) – Laurento
 * The Lives of Jenny Dolan (1975, TV movie) – Lt. Nesbitt
 * Hi-Riders (1978) – Mr. Lewis

Television
[1967] Gunsmoke - Stephen McNally appears as a criminal named Dal Neely. Here is a reference. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0573640/

title: Stephen McNally


text:
Johnny Belinda

Johnny Belinda may refer to:
 * Johnny Belinda (play), a 1940 Broadway play by Elmer Blaney Harris, including a list of adaptations
 * Johnny Belinda (1948 film), a 1948 American drama film based on the play
 * Johnny Belinda (1959 film), a 1959 Australian television play
 * Johnny Belinda (1967 film), a 1967 television movie based on the play
 * Johnny Belinda, a 1968 musical play by Mavor Moore and John Fenwick
 * Johnny Belinda (1982 film), a 1982 film starring Rosanna Arquette
 * "Johnny Belinda", the opening track of the 1987 self-titled album by San Francisco band Voice Farm
 * "Johnny Belinda", a track on Active Child's 2011 debut album You Are All I See

title: Johnny Belinda


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Apparatus for demonstrating osmosis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (blk-cmp error). – ABCD 01:34, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Apparatus for demonstrating osmosis

 * Already moved to Wikibooks. Links have been fixed, and image has been transferred to commons. -- Egil 04:46, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, since it's been transwikied already. Mo0 [ talk ] 06:29, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwikification isn't an automatic route to deletion, but this article was one how-to in a related series, which is now a chapter in Constructing school science lab equipment on the How-tos bookshelf. Delete. Uncle G 16:00, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)
 * Delete, since it's been transwikied already. Master Thief Garrett 21:52, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:129.93.29.149

title: User talk:129.93.29.149