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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of nu-soul musicians

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of nu-soul musicians
Perhaps a little more saveable than the predecessor, but one name does not a list make! Grutness|hello? 07:40, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, there is already an expansive list at Neo soul. Until that page becomes too large there is no need for this fork. Megan1967 08:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- hard to even define such a term, never mind say who belongs to it. Haikupoet 00:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. One item is not a substantial enough list to make an article.  Though I guess it can be argued that even an empty list is in itself a list (see empty set). --Idont Havaname 15:29, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Neo soul. Angela. 01:38, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Albion

Untitled
''This is a huge stretch... but the Q-Celtic form of Britain, Cruithne, can be made to read as CELT.n by trilling the R in Cruithne to L (as is done in Japanese) and hardening the TH into T, hence Cruithne = Cluitne ~ CELT.n... This may or may not have meaning.''

I'm restoring my edit, as I feel the subsequent edit entirely removes the clarification I was introducing as to the usage of "Albion" in reference to Scotland, not simply to "Alba" doing so. And note that Gaelic is a redirect to an article about the whole sub-family, and hence isn't the most appropriate link in my judgement. (And gives too much prominance on the other hand to the Avalon speculation.) Alai 07:41, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there any Gaelic language in which Alba does not have the meaning given in the article? I believe the name was first applied to just part of Britain (Caledonia) in the 7th or 8th centrury Gaelic of Ulster. Laurel Bush 10:33, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC).

 * I don't believe so (on the first), though my Manx is not first class. :) Assuming this can be confirmed, an explicit list would IMO be clearer than a link to the Goidelic article.  Alai 01:18, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The Goidelic article is curiously named. Can't see any good reason for not calling it simply "Gaelic". Laurel Bush 09:35, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC).

Gaelic links now to a disambiguation page. Laurel Bush 09:41, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC).

references - there don't seem to be any to support the claim that the title Albion pre-dated Prydain or Pretan, and Alba for Scotland coming from Albion, I rather think Albion was a later name from Latin Alba = white, from the cliffs of dover, and Alba of scotland from Brea d'Albane from the snow covered peaks of that part of Pictland. anyway if there are no references and given the alternatives perhaps these things can be removed.213.106.124.3 (talk) 15:40, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

British Isles?
The first sentence of the current edit reads "Albion (in Ptolemy Alouion), the most ancient name of the British Isles or Great Britain, though often used to refer specifically to England." I can't say I've ever come across Albion being used to refer to the British Isles rather than just Great Britain. I could be wrong, but is there a source for this? --Ryano 10:37, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I beleive Ptolemy, at least, saw Albion as just one of two main islands, Albion and Hibernia (Great Britain and Ireland). The article's use of "British Isles" seems quite inappropriate. Laurel Bush 11:33, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC).
 * The first part was right: Albion (actually, Alouíōnos = Alovionos ≈ Alobion) was his name for the island we know as Great Britain.

 * The second part was completely wrong: He considered Hibernia one of the "Britannic islands", for which "British Isles" is a perfectly adequate translation. — Llywelyn II   12:59, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Removed
I removed:

Avalon may be simply another spelling of the same name.

It's rather implausible since "Avalon" means "Apple Island" and was believed to be in the west, to the west of Britain/"Albion".--4.247.140.25 15:10, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Albion, California
Albion is also the name of small hamlet in Northern California which the Albion Nation is centred around, disambiguation required?
 * no... it is not required...

'often used...England'
I believe this section is entirely misleading. While some have used it for England it is as incorrect as using 'Britain' for the same purpose, or the reverse. Everyone today is quite aware of its correct meaning and it is indeed often seen in Scotland.

 * I agree, 'often used...England' should be 'often used (incorrectly) ...England'

Followup: I have to disagree. "Everyone today is quite aware..." Not so. Remember this is something being read on the Internet by people of many backgrounds. The confusion of these terms as used today with their varying historical meanings is a source of great confusion, as I've noted below in my separate entry. Further, the meanings apparently intended in the entry as I found it today were blatantly incorrect. Ftjrwrites 18:24, 17 July 2007 (UTC)ftjrwrites

 * That is the point, it is misleading to people who are from different backgrounds and who are not aware, they should be made aware that, although it does happen, the use of the term to describe England is technically incorrect. Although, it may have been reappropriated to refer solely to England, and the article should say this. It has also been reappropriated in Gaelic to refer to Scotland, an Irish (Gael) colony/settlement on the island of Albion, that's why they used it.

I've removed references to whether it refers 'mainly' to england or the UK as a whole, ive watched this page for quite some time now, and no attempt has been made to provide verification, as per Jim Wales directions tags of 'needs citation' shouldn't be used and instead i've edited out the sentence. If anyone wants to put it back in please make sure you have a source to justify your assertionsZaq12wsx (talk) 19:37, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

ancient name, an island, and citation
This is going to make me look dumb, but I was at first confused by the first line. I think it might be clearer for some people if it said "the island of Great Britain" instead of just "GB". Also, could we cite the fact that it is the most ancient name, and put that into context. It certainly isn't the name that God gave it, right? Or was someone around calling it Albion as soon as the floods separated it from the mainland. A similar statement is cited to Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22260-X in the GB article. The thing is, a citation in the first line will look silly. What do you think? Smmurphy(Talk) 23:52, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I recall that, according to an old copy of the Guiness Book of Records (1970s?), that the oldest recorded name for the British Isles (or such) was something beginning with "Q" (as translated). I never considered "Albion" to be a _very_ ancient name. Sawatts (talk) 15:06, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Picts seperate from celts?
I just finsihed an ancient/medieval history degree and I have never heard/read anyone claim that Picts were not celts. "Celt" broadly refers to many groups. Please provide a SCHOLARLY citation for this fact. I'm not saying you're wrong, I'm just saying that without a scholarly source, your claim is questionable.

Anachronisms and misusage of terms Picts, Britons, Britain, Welsh and Scotland in the entry
I attempted a minor edit to resolve some of the anachronisms in the text, but they are so serious that a major revision is really in order. I am a fairly inexperienced Wikipedia editor, so I will leave to someone with more technical skill to check out what I'm going to point out and edit these into the actual entry. Feel free to make use of my remarks.

First, the term "Great Britain" cannot be attributable to the Picts, since the "Great" is a political product of the uniting of the English and Scottish thrones, a process that evolved during the Stuart monarchy in the 17th and 18th centuries A.D., long after the historic Picts has been subsumed by many other residents of modern Scotland. The "early Welsh" is another confusing reference. The Celtic residents of southern Albion, as encountered by the Romans and colonized during the period of Roman occupation, did not refer to themselves as "Welsh" or their land as "Wales." Those terms only came into usage much later after the Roman collapse and the Anglo-Saxon occupation of the southeastern portion of Albion had pushed the remaining Celtic kingdoms into the territory occupied by the modern Welsh. The earlier term for these various Celtic tribes would have been "Britons," a term that is used in places in the entry as if it has some other meaning. (I'm not sure the article was confusing on the issue of "Scotland," but it's probably worth pointing out that the term comes from the name of an Irish Celtic tribe that migrated to northern Albion during the early Middle Ages and mingled with other peoples, including the Picts, over time to create modern Scotland. However, until the late Middle Ages, the term "Scotia" or "Scotus" was often used to refer to Ireland or the Irish.) This confusion about the "Britons" may have been introduced in order to justify the supposedly Pictish origin of "Britain" given in the entry, which, the more I think about it, is not so much anachronistic as totally incorrect. As for the important issue of the Picts themselves, scholars are quite divided about the origins and language of these people and all encyclopedic entries ought to reflect this division of thought, perhaps giving some historiographic discussion of how the debate has played out and who seems to have the better case based on the latest evidence. Some of the theories about the Picts include the following: -- Indigenous pre-Celtic population of modern Scotland, with non-Celtic language. -- Mix of Celtic and indigenous people into the tribal groups encountered by the Romans, with language composed of some Celtic and some non-Celtic words. This is the most interesting possibility for the discussion in this entry because some have suggested that the indigenous people may have been the Alba, explaining why that name was attached to the northern portions of the island for so long. A related but slightly different idea is that the Picts were distinct from the Alba, but had lived alongside them. -- A Celtic tribe from Gaul that had relocated to Albion not long before the Romans arrived and would have spoken the continental form of Celtic. This claim is mingled with the idea of an indigenous "Alba" people in the wildly speculative but fascinating book The Farfarers: Before the Norse, by Canadian naturalist Farley Mowat. His purpose is to explore the possibility that some "Alba" had developed navigation techniques that allowed them to colonize Iceland and Greenland ahead of the Scandinavian occupations of the early Middle Ages. While the larger theory is not especially convincing, he offers this interesting alternative idea about the Picts and Alba that deserves mention in this context. Incidentally, the Wikipedia discussion of the Mowat and this book incorrectly describes this portion of his theory by saying he places the Picts among the Albans, which is not the case. He sees late Albans or Picts as having greatly intermingled and sharing a common identity after the ordeal of the Anglo-Saxon, Scotia, and Scandanavian invasions of their homelands. An excellent point in his discussion, whatever else one may think of his theories, is that the Picts/Albans never identified with the Celtic Britons and were generally in conflict with them. -- A non-Celtic tribe from the Baltic region, possibly speaking a Slavic, Baltic or Finnic tongue. This idea is based on the statements about Celtic origin given by largely unreliable medieval historians, such as Geoffrey of Monmouth. While modern pseudo-scholars (especially those in pursuit of Arthur!) may resurrect this claim out of deference for Geoffrey, it's never had much evidentiary or logical basis. Mowat suggests that Geoffrey was garbling an old tradition of continental origins for the Picts, and simply placed them too far to the east, but he uses this as part of his justification for assigning them Gallic origins as noted above.

There are probably other explanations for the Picts that have been put forward over the years, as they make up a mysterious people of unknown origin at the periphery of Europe, and thus a subject of much speculation. But these are the main ones you will encounter in the serious historical literature. What you will not generally encounter is the claim made in the entry that they are both non-Celtic and identical with the "Britons." The Britons WERE Celtic and WERE NOT the Picts. I've read widely in this subject matter and never previously encountered any confusion on this point. A good reference on this subject is J.P. Mallory's "In Search of the Indo-Europeans," which provides a thorough discussion of the linguistic, historical, archaeological and other support for the Celtic divisions in both the British Isles and on the continent, though it should be noted that even that more well-documented area of discussion is a subject of great academic debate and controversy.

There is an additional problem worth nothing with the entry's use of the term "early Welsh" to refer to the Celtic Britons of the Roman era. A significant number of the Britons' descendants do not have a Welsh identity. These include: -- Descendants of the Britons in modern southwestern Scotland. The early medieval period saw a number of Briton-dominated regimes governing this area, as happened in Wales, after surrounding areas had fallen to other peoples, especially the Anglo-Saxons and Irish Scotia. -- The Cornish. The people of Cornwall have as clear a descent from the Britons as the Welsh, even if they occupied a smaller territory and came to be dominated politically by the Anglo-Saxons much earlier. The "Cornish" language is a known Celtic variant closely related to Welsh. -- The Bretons. The people of Brittany in modern France. This was a colony apparently established by Romanized Britons in the early medieval period as Albion fall under Anglo-Saxon domination. Their descendants speak two insular Celtic languages, Breton and Gallo, both related closely to Welsh and Cornish. All of these are descendants of the language of the ancient Britons. Ftjrwrites 18:07, 17 July 2007 (UTC)ftjrwrites

I am not disputing this, but after reading the first sentance, I wondered if there is a reference for the term "Great" being an Early Modern product of the Stuart crown. I could easily believe it, but I thought it was a geographical reference - it being the greatest (in terms of area) of the "British Isles". Britannia was originally the name of the island group today known as the "British Isles", Pytheas describes the entire island group of the north atlantic as Πρεττανοί (Prettanoi) Obviously the Great part came later, as it is a word of West Germanic etymology ("grauta"), but never thought of it only being added after the union of the crowns. I would imagine that prior to the 17th century one would usually just refer to either Scotland or England as geographic entities rather than Britain, but is there no record of it being called "Great" prior to the union of the crowns?

Why under Northern Ireland project?
Does it make sense for this entry to be associated specifically with the Northern Ireland project? It would seem to have much broader interest and ought to relate to projects associated with a greater geographical area, such as the British Isles or Geography of Ancient Europe. The connection with Northern Ireland is pretty obscure. It would be analogous to putting the entry on "Northern Ireland" under Pennsylvania. A move of the Albion article to a broader project would likely attract the attention of a more diverse spectrum of editors with a wider range of interests in the topic, so that the discussion is not limited by Northern-Irish-centric biases. (As an American of Scots-Irish descent, I'm not saying anything against the Northern Irish perspective per se, but merely arguing for the value of broader perspectives, especially with a topic that is clearly not an exclusively Northern Ireland issue.) Ftjrwrites 18:21, 17 July 2007 (UTC)ftjrwrites

 * I agree. I'm Canadian, but from a genealogical perspective my ancestry is essentially Irish, English, Scottish and Norwegian. Of the four, the one with the most tenuous connection to Albion is the Irish. While many folks who live in or have ancestors from Northern Ireland may also have ancestry from the island formerly known as Albion, the British isle of more significance to the Northern Ireland project was known in Greek as Ἰέρνη (I[w]ernē )and Ἰουερνία (Iouernia); the latter form was converted into Latin as "Hibernia". However, even the article on Hibernia has broader significance than to the Northern Ireland project, since the greater mass of the island is now known as the Republic of Ireland. I suggest we re-classify both articles. Garth of the Forest (talk) 17:00, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with you. The name Albion has nothing to do with Northern Ireland. Indeed, as a Welshman I might add that it has precious little to do with Wales either: the Welsh do not wax lyrical about "Albion" and it finds no place in early, medieval or modern Welsh literature. Whatever its origins and relation to Alba (Scotland), the whole thing is an essentially English concept. I suspect that the inclusion of NI here is yet another example of failing to distinguish between [Great] Britain (Wales, Scotland, England) and the modern polity known as the UK. Enaidmawr (talk) 20:30, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

literature and music
Theres a song called "Old Albion" by Skrewdriver. -82.207.201.74 00:32, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I have added it to the disambiguation page. Alansplodge (talk) 21:48, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

The song, "Achilles Last Stand", appears on the Led Zeppelin album, "Presence", not Led Zeppelin IV as noted in the article. THX. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kirven (talk • contribs) 22:35, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Football
Just as a little aside, I edited this as quite frankly to start with "Various teams bear the suffix, not lease Brighton and Hove Albion" is risible when West Bromwich Albion are by far and away the most successful team with this suffix. ThePennyDrops (talk) 16:17, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree Artvandelay (talk) 16:20, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Article needs re-written...
I have come across an article published by The Dalriada Celtic Heritage Trust several years ago that refers to Albion, or the Isle of Albiones, being named by Himilco the Carthaginian (Himilco the Navigator) around 500 B.C.E. which pre-dates Ptolemy. According to Himilco, the isle was inhabited by a race referred to as the Hierni. Aristotle was said to have reported that what were known as the Brettanic Isles were known otherwise as Albion and Ierne. - DNCamper 15:02, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The Aristotle reference is false, it's in fact a Pseudo-Aristotle (De mundo), dating to the 1st century BC. But the Himilco reference would be extremely interesting, if it can be substantiated. But perhaps it is also pseudo-epigraphical? --dab (𒁳) 10:58, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * it turns out that "Himilco" is the poetic account by Avienus in the 4th century. This doesn't give us anything new. We know the island was called Albion by the 1st century BC, and probably since Pytheas (320s BC). Earlier evidence depends on your take on Avenius (Himilco, Massaliote Periplus). dab (𒁳) 11:01, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Too many popular culture references
Currently the popular culture section of this article is longer than the article itself. Anyone else see a problem with this? Besides random trivia is against Wiki standards anyway. The whole section needs to be configured to prose explaining how the subject impacted popular culture, as opposed to listing in so-and-so video game or so-and-so book they used the name. Otherwise most, if not all, of that section will be deleted.24.190.34.219 (talk) 12:00, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Use by white supremacists
I don't think this page is complete without mentioning that the term Albion is used by white supremacists in Britain to refer to the nation, usually in a Zion sense, ie promised land, holy land, which of course they believe has been desecrated. Presumably this is partly due to the similarity to the Latin for "white". For sources, see anything by the BNP, National Front, EDL, etc etc. Arctic hobo (talk)
 * I think you are just a politically correct corporal who can't resist coming out with this rubbish, anything Patriotic is fascist to people like you isn't it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.3.75.119 (talk) 14:48, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * That's all very well, but nonetheless what I stated is true, it is a term used by white supremacists. For example, see this link: http://bnp.org.uk/peakoil/opportunity.htm   Arctic hobo (talk) 16:55, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Any use by 'white supremacists' certainly merits inclusion; however, I was disappointed to find neither 'albion' nor any ethnic opinions in the referenced link. It is only logical for geologists to believe that American involvement in the mid-East is principally for petroleum. To a geologist, the 'Albion Hills' is a familiar term; and even Kipling frequently used the 'white-cliffs-of-Albion' as an ancient, but not romantic, term for Dover. Geologist (talk) 16:20, 2 February 2010 (UTC) (American)
 * Geologist: the BNP are a white supremacist organisation, and a quick search of the page reveals use of the word Albion. And it's only one example, there are plenty more. Arctic hobo (talk) 21:00, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Nope. There are non-racist BNP members and we don't do with primary sources. You've got to go find someone at a  discussing some link between them and this term. Similarly, if the actual skinheads only make use of Albion to refer to Britain, that's not particularly  and highlighting their use actually violates  unless it's actually a major thing, which I rather doubt. More something to mention on their pages (if they have them), linking here to substantiate the 'white' etymology &c. —  Llywelyn II   13:05, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Etymology
This brief article is very enjoyable; but I wish to remind people that the section 'etymology' should probably be one paragraph. Etymology is difficult, but it is hard to imagine the Gaelic word arose before Latin was introduced; so people should appreciate any scholarly theories about this. Geologist (talk) 16:20, 2 February 2010 (UTC) (American)

 * It's clearly related to the word for white, i.e., the white cliffs of Dover.--Jack Upland (talk) 07:16, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

Etymology - lacking context
I'm moving the following statement here as a placeholder. It doesn't have any context nor citation. Please don't put it back without establishing both. Toddst1 (talk) 19:28, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Des grantz geanz
Why is there no mention of the poem 'Des Grantz Geanz' (Of The Great Giants)? I was under the impression that it was the earliest written reference to Albion - being named after Albina, the eldest of the 33 exiled Grecian princesses, who bred with the demons to whelp the giants that Brutus of Troy faced in 'The History of The Kings of Britain'. It's mentioned briefly [|here] and if you google Des Grantz Geanz, there are further references. The historical novel, Wolf Hall by Hilary Mantel also makes mention of it when discussing early British mythology. I'm sure there's more info out there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.24.120.234 (talk) 16:17, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Semitic Root Also
Take out all the vowels and you have Lamed Bet Noon (LBN). Which is the Semitic root meaning "white" (cf Laban in Genesis).

Something to think about Mark76 (talk) 13:49, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Projects
Out of curiosity, why is the Scotland project not sharing this article?--Robert EA Harvey (talk) 08:16, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

Attestation
I've now dome some -hopefully serious- work on the section (following all the relevant work I've been doing over the past few days at the relevant articles; see talk page here). But it still needs major work.The most significant problem (though not the sole one), is imo the that of citing-quoting therein archaic scholars and works(Pytheas, Massaliote Periplus) and their works as if we still have their works in full and intact and as if we're not quoting-citing them through excerpts of them etc in works of scholars of later times.I've corrected this a bit by adding phrases that explain this a bit.But what I haven't change is imo the worst case of the aforementioned problem(cause of prossibility of, however minute or big, personal ignorance): ... the Massaliote Periplus (originally written in the 6th century BC, translated by Avienus at the end of the 4th century),does not use the name Britannia; instead it speaks of nēsos Iernōn kai Albiōnōn "the islands of the Iernians and the Albiones". ... Is there some fragment, book or whatever, modern or ancient, in Greek or into Greek, that I'm missing? Cause as I understand it what is being quoted here is Avenius' Ora Maritima;a poem in Latin; that although being considered to contain material from the Massaliote Periplus, to have used it as a source, is nevertheless a different work and moreover a text in Latin!! And again, as I see it, someone, some editor(s) here, has translated the Latin into (ancient) Greek (probably by analogy to the words other abundant Greek sources cited at other relevant wikiarticles) and therefrom has done on top of a latinisation -see edit history- an anglicisation, possibly or probably based on the following passage in Snyder's book The Britons: "...The earliest appear in a periplus (‘circumnavigation’), or sailing manual, written by a mariner from Massilia (Marseilles) in the sixth century BC. Though we do not possess this manual, it was used (along with information from the Carthaginian admiral Himilco) by the Roman writer Avienus in his poem Ora Maritima(‘The Maritime Shores’) c.AD 400. While describing the ancient trade route along the Atlantic coasts from Cadiz to Brittany, Avienus mentions ‘the Sacred Island’ inhabited ‘by the race of Hiberni’ (‘sacred’ being a common Greek interpretation of the Irish word Ierne) and the nearby ‘island of the Albions (insula Albionum).’ The earliest Greek explorers seem to have identified the inhabitants of Britain geographically, that is by naming them after an island they knew as ‘Albion.’3 This enigmatic name for Britain,...". I've made serious changes,I've added references etc but I can't do evething.Let someone else do the rest of the work(at least for now).You can use the abundant available references, sources and resources that can be found in the other articles I've mentioned(see talk page link above), especially the ones at the Britain (placename) article.Thanx. P.S.After writing this I also added various tags (e.g. dubious) after Isadorus Charactacenis; this is another major problem of this section, an equally funny-interesting to the one above but in its own very different way.As I've already asked at the edit summary of the tags' insertion : Who is this guy?What's with the A in his first name instead of an I ?When is he supposed to have live?How is he supposed to have influenced subsequently many classical writers? P.P.S.May it be that whoever wrote this passage about Isadorus Charactacenis, meant instead this guy: Isidore of Charax?But even if he-she had indeed meant him, wherefrom does he-she concluded, deduced that The name Albion was used by Isadorus Charactacenis and subsequently by many classical writers? Thanatos|talk 07:00, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Point of view
The classical Greek name was Bollocksopia, meaning a pair of spheres. The Etymology section is of a similar nature, and the refs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.219.70.29 (talk) 23:24, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

Moving list to talk
This long unsourced list tagged since January 2009 is absolutely ridiculous and unencyclopedic. Please do not add entries back to the article without both: Toddst1 (talk) 19:22, 1 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Specific, well-formed citations from WP:RS
 * An explanation on the talk page about why the reference is so significant that it should be included.

{{quotation|

Sport

 * Various British football clubs bear the name Albion, the highest profile being West Bromwich Albion F.C.,✅ based in the West Midlands. Others include Burton Albion F.C.,✅ based in Burton upon Trent, Stirling Albion F.C. and Albion Rovers F.C. in Scotland.
 * Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.,✅ based on the south coast behind the chalk downs has foremost claim to the name, from the white chalk cliffs to the east and part of the city.
 * There is also at least one rugby club to use the name - Plymouth Albion R.F.C., based in Plymouth.✅

Television and Film
*Throughout the series of the Japanese series Trinity Blood, Britain is always referred to as Albion. [mentioned in its light novel form below]
 * In the Japanese animated TV series, Tears to Tiara, the Kingdom of Albion is where most of the action takes place.
 * Albion is the name of the Pegasus-class warship which serves the protagonists of the Japanese OVA Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory.✅
 * In the latter part of the second season of Code Geass, Suzaku Kururugi pilots a ninth-generation Knightmare Frame named the Lancelot Albion.✅
 * In the Japanese animated TV series, Zero no Tsukaima, the area situated north of Tristain is known as Albion.✅
 * The television series Merlin appears to take place in a fictionalised version of Britain called Albion. Many places in the Albion of Merlin share names with real British locations.→In popular culture
 * In the television series Robin of Sherwood, Albion is the sword he is given by Herne the Hunter.✅
 * In the television series Doctor Who, Albion Hospital first appears in Aliens of London. It shows up again in the two part episode The Empty Child/The Doctor Dances where it takes on a more important role in the story. It is actually the Cardiff Royal Infirmary.

Literature

 * Used by Shakespeare in King Lear in reference to England: "Then shall the realm of Albion / Come to great confusion" (III.ii.91-92). Possibly a play on the suspected origin of the term being "white", seeing that the Cliffs of Dover were mentioned in the preceding scene, and will be a key point of action—and confusion—later in the play.
 * In the Japanese light novel series Trinity Blood, the Albion Kingdom is the future name for Britain.
 * In the Japanese light novel series, Zero no Tsukaima, the Kingdom of Albion is the island belonging to the continent of Halkeginia, akin to England being an island nation of real-world Europe.✅
 * In the book Keep the Aspidistra Flying by George Orwell, New Albion is the ad company by whom the main character is employed.
 * The Song of Albion is a trilogy of books written by the author Stephen Lawhead.✅
 * Pete Doherty's prose and poetry are collected under the name Books of Albion.
 * In James A. Owen's novel The Indigo King, the fourth novel in the The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica, Britain is referred to as Albion at the time of its founding.
 * In William Blake's The Lost Boy, 1794. The term "Albion shores" is a reference to Great Britain.
 * In the webcomic Aerth Saga, the dark Morgana MacBryde attempts to 'bring about the return of Albion', her ancient Kingdom, which in modern day history of the story, is referred to collectively as The Kingdom.
 * Albion's Dream, a novel by Roger Norman
 * Albion is a Wildstorm comic series created by writer Alan Moore and co-written with his daughter Leah Moore and her husband John Reppion.
 * In the steampunk/alternate history series 'Laws of Magic' by Michael Pryor. The alternative England is called Albion.

Music
*The original lyrics to Advance Australia Fair contain a reference to Albion in the second verse:
 * When gallant Cook from Albion sail'd,
 * To trace wide oceans o'er,
 * True British courage bore him on,
 * Till he landed on our shore.

*The British band The Libertines refers to Albion in the last verse of The Good Old Days: "The arcadian dream has all fallen through | But the Albion sails on course ..." *Irish black metal band Primordial recently referred to Albion in a song off their To the Nameless Dead album named "Heathen Tribes" with the line And shadows of ancient Albion in relation to the beginning of the British Empire. *Folk metal band Skyclad made reference to Albion in a song from their album Folkémon entitled "Think Back and Lie of England" with the line: "Fake alibis for Albion" *British rock band Led Zeppelin makes mention of Albion in the song "Achilles Last Stand", on their 7th studio album: Oh Albion will remain, sleeping now to rise again. *British rock band Jethro Tull references Albion in their song "Coronach" from the 20 Years of Jethro Tull Boxed Set. *British metal band Cradle of Filth mentions Albion in the song "Haunted Shores" on their album Dusk... and Her Embrace: "The wolves are dead in Albion whilst the passive flocks roam free." *Musician Emmy the Great refers to Albion in her song Easter Parade. *English Neo-Folk band "Fire And Ice" mentions Albion in their song "Gilded By The Sun": "Albion, how fine your trees stand gilded by the sun". *The Mark Knopfler reference to Albion in the song "Border Reiver" on his 2009 release "Get Lucky" refers to the trucks produced at the Albion Motor Works.
 * Down in Albion is an album by British band Babyshambles: "dreaming of sailing to the fictional land of Arcadia on the "Good ship Albion"". In addition to this, it is also the name of one of their songs (albion)✅
 * The Albion Band was a British electric folk band existing from 1972 until 2002.✅

Gaming

 * The name of a small Island in Games Workshop's Warhammer universe, again Albion is meant to represent Great Britain.✅
 * The videogame Fable is set in a fictional land called Albion, which is an allegory for Britain (indeed, the protagonist's underwear are emblazoned with the British flag). The sequel takes place in Albion as well.✅
 * Albion is the name given to London in the video game Destroy All Humans! 2✅
 * Amy, a character in the Soulcalibur series of video games, wields a rapier named Albion.
 * In Mythic Entertainment's Dark Age of Camelot, one of the playable factions is Albion. Within Albion the player can choose to be a Briton, Highlander, Avalonian, or a Saracen.
 * In the PlayStation 2 game Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne, a boss battle occurs with a foe named Albion, whose design is derived from the Cerne Abbas giant.
 * Albion is a continent in Leaf's PC and PS3 Game Tears to Tiara which also has an anime adaption.

Other

 * Albion is the name of a cultivar of strawberries bred at the University of California at Davis
 * HMS Albion has served as the name for several large Royal Navy warships.✅
 * The pejorative sobriquet perfidious Albion takes its meaning from this old name for Britain.✅

Places

 * Albion, Victoria is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia.✅
 * Albion, Queensland is a suburb of Brisbane, Australia.✅
 * Albion Street is a street in Sydney, Australia. It was also the original name intended for the city before Arthur Phillip decided on Sydney.
 * Albion also serves as the name of streets in:
 * Leeds - Albion Road
 * Melbourne - Albion Road
 * Chicago - Albion Avenue
 * Toronto - Albion Road
 * Ottawa (Canada) - Albion Road
 * Seattle - Albion Place North
 * San Francisco - Albion Street
 * Glasgow - Albion Street
 * Edinburgh - Albion Road, Albion Place, Albion Gardens, Albion Terrace
 * Paisley, Scotland - Albion Street
 * Broadstairs - Albion Street
 * Birmingham - Albion Street, Albion Road
 * New Mills, England - Albion Road
 * Duluth, Georgia (USA) - Albion Farm Road, Albion Farm Way

 * Albion is the name of a small community within Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. Once its own small settlement, it now designated a sub-community under the jurisdiction of the District of Maple Ridge. See also Albion Township, Ontario.✅

 * Albion College✅ is the name of a small, private liberal arts college located in Albion, Michigan.✅
 * Albion Way is a housing estate located in Verwood, Dorset. It is also located very close to a pub called The Albion Inn.

 * Albion Mall is located in Etobicoke, Ontario on Albion Road, Toronto

}}

 * I agree. Trivia occurrences of "Albion" under Albion is a digression and redundant: if you want to read the trivia you can read it on the Albion (disambiguation) (dab) page. Accordingly, I performed housekeeping on trivia reintroduced into the article, and moved/merged all but a couple into dab.
 * As for the trivia list that Toddst1 quarantined above (collapsed list entitled "Extended content"), there are some items there that are not in dab as of this writing, though I am not bothering to relocate. For bookkeeping purposes, I annotated the above list, with a ✅ mark next to items already found on dab page.
 * A bunch of songs that have "Albion" in their lyrics seems hardly warranted, so those were excised without copying into dab. In Toddst1's list "strikeout" over these songs. --Kiyoweap (talk) 02:22, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

POV Albion
Encyclopedia Britannica : "Albion, the earliest-known name for the island of Britain. It was used by ancient Greek geographers from the 4th century bc and even earlier, who distinguished “Albion” from Ierne (Ireland) and from smaller members of the British Isles. The Greeks and Romans probably received the name from the Gauls or the Celts. The name Albion has been translated as “white land”; and the Romans explained it as referring to the chalk cliffs at Dover (Latin albus, “white”)."

1 "used by ancient Greek geographers from the 4th century"

2 "The Greeks and Romans probably received the name from the Gauls or the Celts." (Probably)

Here it is []

this is the POV

"The Brittonic name for the island, Hellenized as Albíōn (Ἀλβίων) and Latinized as Albio (genitive Albionis), derives from the Proto-Celtic nasal stem *Albi̯iū (oblique *Albiion-) and survived in Old Irish as Albu (genitive Albann)."

This is an original research, reliable sources?--151.46.63.109 (talk) 15:15, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

 * You edit war and vandalize article after article until they are locked down and you still don't get the message! You don't know what you are talking about, you have no background in linguistics or history and you are making a mess on Wikipedia. GO AWAY, TROLL!! Cagwinn (talk) 15:57, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

 * You talk about trolls? the sources are unclear (Encyclopaedia Britannica) ... your attitude is not constructive. Wikipedia is not a game. Your behavior is a mystery. Wikipedia is damaged by your actions. Your information is original research, reliable sources?.--151.34.168.103 (talk) 18:56, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 July 2015
I would suggest changing this sentence in the Etymology section from this: It has two possible etymologies: either *albho-, a Proto-Indo-European root meaning "white" (perhaps in reference to the white southern shores of the island, though Celtic linguist Xavier Delamarre argued that it originally meant "the world above, the visible world", in opposition to "the world below", i.e., the underworld), or *alb-, Proto-Indo-European for "hill".[6][7][8]

to this: It has two possible etymologies: either *albho-, a Proto-Indo-European root meaning "white" (perhaps in reference to the white southern shores of the island; or, Celtic linguist Xavier Delamarre argued that it originally meant "the world above, the visible world", in opposition to "the world below", i.e., the underworld), or *alb-, Proto-Indo-European for "hill".[6][7][8]

I've just changed ", though" to "; or,". The reason is that "either... though" isn't a typical English formation, in my experience, whereas "either... or" is. The semi-colon is just used to more clearly differentiate the two choices laid out by the "either... or". The whole second part (after the "or") could probably be re-written to use parallel form to the first part (after "either"), but I didn't attempt that. If you want to do so, you might try lettering the choices (e.g., "It has two possible etymologies: a) *albho-...; or b) Celtic linguist...") or using full sentences for each choice. --Kevintreg (talk) 19:12, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

Kevintreg (talk) 19:12, 7 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The either...or split is actually after the right parenthesis - or *alb-, Proto-Indo-European for "hill". While the sentence as it stands is fairly clunky, the use of though is meant to contrast the possible meanings of "albho-" Cannolis (talk) 02:51, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protection edit request on 20 June 2015
Since the current one only lasts until September 7 and I want to make it fully semi-protected. —73.47.37.131 (talk) 22:06, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Padlock-dash2.svg Not done: requests for increases to the page protection level should be made at Requests for page protection. Cannolis (talk) 19:03, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

Sydney reference
in the main article on sydney it says:

The colony was at first to be titled "New Albion", but Phillip decided on "Sydney" in recognition of The 1st Baron Sydney—later created The 1st Viscount Sydney in 1789—and his role in authorising the establishment of the settlement.

while this article says for 'some unknown reason'. perhaps this could be changed?

Aguyintobooks (talk) 21:18, 28 January 2017 (UTC)
 * agreed Mathiastck (talk) 19:46, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

Including Some Etymology of Insular Celtic Cognates of 'Alba'
Hi, I thought some additional information about the Celtic cognates to 'Alba' might be constructive. For one, the traditional nominative of the Irish 'Albain' is 'Alba', which shows its correspondence to the other 5th declension noun that is cognate in both languages: in Irish, 'Eíre' (dative: 'Éirinn'). Any thoughts? Cpt Wise (talk) 04:26, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albion


text:
Specular highlight

A specular highlight is the bright spot of light that appears on shiny objects when illuminated (for example, see image on right). Specular highlights are important in 3D computer graphics, as they provide a strong visual cue for the shape of an object and its location with respect to light sources in the scene.

Microfacets
The term specular means that light is perfectly reflected in a mirror-like way from the light source to the viewer. Specular reflection is visible only where the surface normal is oriented precisely halfway between the direction of incoming light and the direction of the viewer; this is called the half-angle direction because it bisects (divides into halves) the angle between the incoming light and the viewer. Thus, a specularly reflecting surface would show a specular highlight as the perfectly sharp reflected image of a light source. However, many shiny objects show blurred specular highlights.

This can be explained by the existence of microfacets. We assume that surfaces that are not perfectly smooth are composed of many very tiny facets, each of which is a perfect specular reflector. These microfacets have normals that are distributed about the normal of the approximating smooth surface. The degree to which microfacet normals differ from the smooth surface normal is determined by the roughness of the surface. At points on the object where the smooth normal is close to the half-angle direction, many of the microfacets point in the half-angle direction and so the specular highlight is bright. As one moves away from the center of the highlight, the smooth normal and the half-angle direction get farther apart; the number of microfacets oriented in the half-angle direction falls, and so the intensity of the highlight falls off to zero.

The specular highlight often reflects the color of the light source, not the color of the reflecting object. This is because many materials have a thin layer of clear material above the surface of the pigmented material. For example, plastic is made up of tiny beads of color suspended in a clear polymer and human skin often has a thin layer of oil or sweat above the pigmented cells. Such materials will show specular highlights in which all parts of the color spectrum are reflected equally. On metallic materials such as gold the color of the specular highlight will reflect the color of the material.

Models
A number of different models exist to predict the distribution of microfacets. Most assume that the microfacet normals are distributed evenly around the normal; these models are called isotropic. If microfacets are distributed with a preference for a certain direction along the surface, the distribution is anisotropic.

NOTE: In most equations, when it says $$(\hat{A} \cdot \hat{B})$$ it means $$\max( 0, (\hat{A} \cdot \hat{B}))$$

Phong distribution
In the Phong reflection model, the intensity of the specular highlight is calculated as:

 * $$k_\mathrm{spec} = \|R\|\|V\|\cos ^n\beta  = (\hat{R} \cdot \hat{V})^n$$

Where R is the mirror reflection of the light vector off the surface, and V is the viewpoint vector.

In the Blinn–Phong shading model, the intensity of a specular highlight is calculated as:

 * $$k_\mathrm{spec} = \|N\|\|H\|\cos ^n\beta  = (\hat{N} \cdot \hat{H})^n$$

Where N is the smooth surface normal and H is the half-angle direction (the direction vector midway between L, the vector to the light, and V, the viewpoint vector).

The number n is called the Phong exponent, and is a user-chosen value that controls the apparent smoothness of the surface. These equations imply that the distribution of microfacet normals is an approximately Gaussian distribution (for large $$n$$), or approximately Pearson type II distribution, of the corresponding angle. While this is a useful heuristic and produces believable results, it is not a physically based model.

 * Another similar formula, but only calculated differently:
 * $$k=(\vec{L}\cdot\vec{R})^n=[\vec{L}\cdot (\vec{E}-2\vec{N}(\vec{N}\cdot \vec{E}))]^n,$$
 * where R is an eye reflection vector, E is an eye vector (view vector), N is surface normal vector. All vectors are normalized ($$ \|\vec{E}\|=\|\vec{N}\|=1$$). L is a light vector. For example, $$\vec{N}=\{0;\; 1; \; 0\}; \;\; \vec{E}=\{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}; \; \frac{1}{2}; \; 0\}; \;\; \vec{L}=\{-0.6; \; 0.8; \; 0\}; \;\; n=3$$ then:
 * $$k=[\vec{L}\cdot (\vec{E}-2\vec{N}(\vec{N}\cdot \vec{E}))]^n=[\vec{L}\cdot (\vec{E}-2\vec{N}(0\cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+1\cdot 0.5 +0\cdot 0))]^3=$$
 * $$=[\vec{L}\cdot (\vec{E}-\vec{N})]^3=[\vec{L}\cdot (\{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-0; \; \frac{1}{2}-1; \; 0-0\})]^3=[-0.6\cdot\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+ 0.8\cdot (-0.5)+ 0\cdot 0]^3=(-0.5196-0.4)^3=0.9196^3=0.7777.$$
 * Approximate formula is this:
 * $$k=(\vec{N}\cdot \vec{H})^n=(\vec{N} \cdot ((\vec{L} + \vec{E}) / 2))^n=(\vec{N} \cdot ((\{ -0.6+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}; \; 0.8+0.5; \; 0+0 \}) / 2))^3=(\vec{N} \cdot ((\{ 0.266; \; 1.3; \; 0 \}) / 2))^3=$$
 * $$=(\vec{N} \cdot (\{ 0.133; \; 0.65; \; 0 \}))^3=(0\cdot 0.133 + 1\cdot 0.65 + 0 )^3=0.65^3=0.274625.$$
 * If vector H is normalized $$\frac{\vec{H}\{ 0.133; \; 0.65; \; 0 \}}{\|\vec{H}\|}=\frac{\vec{H}\{ 0.133; \; 0.65; \; 0 \}}{\sqrt{0.133^2+0.65^2}}=\frac{\vec{H}\{ 0.133; \; 0.65; \; 0 \}}{0.668}=\{0.20048; 0.979701 ; 0 \},$$ then
 * $$k=(\vec{N}\cdot \vec{H})^n=(0\cdot 0.2+1\cdot 0.9797+0\cdot 0)^3=0.979701^3=0.940332.$$

Gaussian distribution
A slightly better model of microfacet distribution can be created using a Gaussian distribution. The usual function calculates specular highlight intensity as:

 * $$k_\mathrm{spec} = e^{- \left ( \frac{\angle (N, H)}{m} \right )^2}$$

where m is a constant between 0 and 1 that controls the apparent smoothness of the surface.

Beckmann distribution
A physically based model of microfacet distribution is the Beckmann distribution:

 * $$k_\mathrm{spec} = \frac{\exp{\left(-\tan^2(\alpha)/m^2\right)}}{\pi m^2 \cos^4(\alpha)}, ~ \alpha = \arccos(N \cdot H)$$

where m is the rms slope of the surface microfacets (the roughness of the material). Compared to the empirical models above, this function "gives the absolute magnitude of the reflectance without introducing arbitrary constants; the disadvantage is that it requires more computation". However, this model can be simplified since $$\tan^2(\alpha)/m^2=\frac{1-\cos^2(\alpha)}{\cos^2(\alpha) m^2}$$. Also note that the product of $$\cos(\alpha)$$ and a surface distribution function is normalized over the half-sphere which is obeyed by this function.

Heidrich–Seidel anisotropic distribution
The Heidrich–Seidel. distribution is a simple anisotropic distribution, based on the Phong model. It can be used to model surfaces that have small parallel grooves or fibers, such as brushed metal, satin, and hair.

Parameters
Input parameters:
 * D = Thread direction ( In original papers this appears as T )
 * s = Shininess exponent. Values are between 0 and infinity
 * N = Real surface normal
 * L = Vector from point to light
 * V = Vector from point to viewer
 * T = Thread direction based on real surface normal.
 * P = Projection of vector L onto plane with normal T ( in original paper this appears as N' ).
 * R = Reflected incoming light ray against T. Incoming light ray is equal to negative L.

All vectors are unit.

Conditions
If some of the conditions are not satisfied from the list then the color is zero

 * $$ 0 < N \cdot V $$
 * $$ 0 < P \cdot V $$
 * $$ 0 < R \cdot V $$

Note: This list is not optimized.

Formula
First we need to correct original direction of fiber D to be perpendicular to real surface normal N. This can be done by projection fiber direction on to plane with normal N:

 * $$T = \frac{ D + ( - D \cdot N ) * N }{ \| D + ( - D \cdot N ) * N \| } $$

It is expected that fiber is cylindrical. Note the fact that normal of fiber depends on light position. Normal of fiber at given point is:
 * $$P = \frac{ L + ( - L \cdot T ) * T }{ \| L + ( - L \cdot T ) * T \| } $$

Reflected ray needed for specular calculation:
 * $$R = \frac{ - L + 2* ( L \cdot P ) * P }{ \| - L + 2*( L \cdot P ) * P \| } $$

Final calculation

 * $$k_\mathrm{diff} = L \cdot P $$
 * $$k_\mathrm{spec} = ( V \cdot R ) ^ s$$

Optimization
Calculation of R and P are expensive operation. To avoid their calculation original formula can be rewritten in next form:

Diffuse

 * $$ k_\mathrm{diff} = L \cdot P = L \cdot \frac{ L + ( - L \cdot T ) * T }{ \| L + ( - L \cdot T ) * T \| } = ... = \sqrt{ 1 - (L \cdot T ) ^2 } $$

Specular

\begin{align} k_\mathrm{spec} & {}= ( V \cdot R ) ^ s \\ & {} = ( \sqrt{ 1 - (L \cdot T ) ^2 } * \sqrt{ 1 - (V \cdot T ) ^2 } - (L \cdot T ) * (V \cdot T ) ) ^s \\ & {} = \left [ \sin(\angle(L, T)) \sin(\angle(V, T)) - \cos(\angle(L, T)) \cos(\angle(V, T)) \right ] ^s \\ & {} = (-\cos(\angle(L, T)+\angle(V, T)))^s \end{align} $$

Comments
T can be observed as bump normal and after that it is possible to apply other BRDF than Phong. The anisotropic $$k_\mathrm{spec}$$ should be used in conjunction with an isotropic distribution like a Phong distribution to produce the correct specular highlight

Ward anisotropic distribution
The Ward anisotropic distribution uses two user-controllable parameters αx and αy to control the anisotropy. If the two parameters are equal, then an isotropic highlight results. The specular term in the distribution is:

 * $$k_\mathrm{spec} = \frac{\rho_s}{\sqrt{(N\cdot L)(N \cdot V)}}\frac{N\cdot L}{4\pi\alpha_x\alpha_y} \exp \left[ -2 \frac{\left(\frac{H\cdot X}{\alpha_x}\right)^2+\left(\frac{H\cdot Y}{\alpha_y}\right)^2}{1+(H\cdot N)} \right]$$

The specular term is zero if N·L < 0 or N·V < 0. All vectors are unit vectors. The vector V is the viewing direction, L is the direction from the surface point to the light, H is the half-angle direction between V and L, N is the surface normal, and X and Y are two orthogonal vectors in the normal plane which specify the anisotropic directions.

Cook–Torrance model
The Cook–Torrance model uses a specular term of the form
 * $$k_\mathrm{spec} = \frac{D F G}{4(V \cdot N)(N\cdot L)}$$.

Here D is the Beckmann distribution factor as above and F is the Fresnel term. For performance reasons, in real-time 3D graphics Schlick's approximation is often used to approximate the Fresnel term.

G is the geometric attenuation term, describing selfshadowing due to the microfacets, and is of the form
 * $$G = \min{\left(1,\frac{2(H\cdot N)(V\cdot N)}{V\cdot H},\frac{2(H\cdot N)(L\cdot N)}{V\cdot H}\right)}$$.

In these formulas V is the vector to the camera or eye, H is the half-angle vector, L is the vector to the light source and N is the normal vector, and α is the angle between H and N.

Using multiple distributions
If desired, different distributions (usually, using the same distribution function with different values of m or n) can be combined using a weighted average. This is useful for modelling, for example, surfaces that have small smooth and rough patches rather than uniform roughness.

title: Specular highlight


text: User talk:81.174.244.237

title: User talk:81.174.244.237


text:
Template talk:Spoken Wikipedia

Date format
I'm realizing that this template does not comply with use mdy dates, but I'm not sure how to make it do so. Anyone know? {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 23:40, 16 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Just plopping here for the record, there was additional discussion about this at Village_pump_(technical)/Archive_187. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 05:12, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

Problem with Template:start date within this template
I don't know what's going on with all of the reverts to this template, but I just had to perform this edit to fix a problem with start date being used within this template. You can see a similar error at Bidet. I recommend reverting and continuing to test in the sandbox, along with test cases. Pinging and. – Jonesey95 (talk) 04:06, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

 * See cmts in holding. says there were 11 usages of start date and those were replaced. Bug is not with the module but with bad article code - intent is to remove any usages of start date in the date parameter. I presume this one was the 19th? ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 06:07, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't know what "See cmts in holding" means, but take a look at the test cases and at Bidet. The articles were working (or at least not generating script errors) before the recent changes, I suspect, and now they have big red script errors in them. I think the changes should be reverted until the script errors can be avoided, or all of the affected transclusions can be cleaned up. – Jonesey95 (talk) 06:50, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Another option is to make a list of pages in that transclude this template, using Petscan, and then clean up those articles. But please do it quickly; putting big red error messages into article space is a Bad Thing. – Jonesey95 (talk) 06:56, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I've added some sanitisation checks to fix the "script error" but that's not the end of the world. The real issue there is " ", which is pure garbage. I didn't write the module (Andrybak did), so I'll let him comment on if he finds this a "bug" worth reverting for, but I personally do not; I have updated the module to suppress the script errors, by adding a sanitisation check to make sure a file object actually exists. So now it'll just show a regular error as expected. If you come across these in the category, you can just cleanup with, for example, Special:Diff/990972071/991673092. It should be a plaintext date, no templates. ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 06:57, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * You can say it's garbage, but if it was working before and now it's broken because of something that you have changed, it is your responsibility to fix it, one way or another. That's just basic template editor responsibility. Editors will do dumb and surprising things; you either have to work around that or fix it. We have all been where you are, hit by unexpected GIGO, and we've had to clean up plenty of messes. – Jonesey95 (talk) 07:01, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I told you above, I've edited the module to suppress the error by adding a sanitisation check, so they won't appear in the lua script errors cat anymore. If you still come across these let us know, and if you come across articles with the GIGO feel free to fix, but there's nothing the module can do about it to somehow interpret start date. ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 07:03, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * For the record: after looking into Start date more, I've realized that it generates microformat tags. The documentation for the template Spoken Wikipedia used to recommend using . So I have brought back into the new module. Since it is now on the side of the module, users of the template  don't need to do it manually. —andrybak (talk) 00:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)
 * All errors reported in Category:Spoken Wikipedia without date have been fixed. —andrybak (talk) 09:48, 2 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I saw that someone had created that tracking category and was hoping it would get tidied up. – Jonesey95 (talk) 14:43, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

Adding length
Following up from Village_pump_(technical)/Archive_182, the associated phab task has now been resolved, so (I think?) it may now be possible to fetch the duration and make it a part of this template. Courtesy pinging prior participants. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 10:47, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Seems like it isn't deployed yet. We're on 1.36.0-wmf.22, it's due to be deployed in (1.36.0-wmf.25; 2021-01-05), when that hits enwiki I'm not sure. Once it is deployed, I think it's probably a decent idea to replace file size with file length instead, as it's a more useful metric. ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 14:13, 23 December 2020 (UTC)
 * , the file size is communicated to readers due to possible traffic concerns. —andrybak (talk) 14:20, 23 December 2020 (UTC)
 * But it's not necessarily the size of the file the browser is going to download when playing it. MediaWiki transcodes any supported audio format to Ogg Vorbis and MP3, so e.g. the size of a WAV or FLAC would be very misleading because it's not going to be the size of the file likely to be downloaded when one presses play. Nardog (talk) 21:10, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * wmf.25 is due to be deployed at 7th of January. I suppose the file size of the original file and the file extension could be used with information about how supported the filetype is (caniuse.com) to make an educated guess on the transcode. I think the main issue there is an developer issue, as mobile should not be getting WAV files (due to size).--Snaevar (talk) 01:58, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
 * And it won't, so long as the device supports playing MP3 or Ogg Vorbis. And the sizes of transcoded variants cannot be accessed via Lua AFAIK. I still think showing the file size is misleading. Nardog (talk) 13:21, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

See testcases. Shall we give it a go? Nardog (talk) 13:21, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Looks good; thanks for implementing! If we run into space concerns, we might want to shorten "1 hour and 47 minutes" to just "1hr 47min" or the like. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 23:00, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

New parameter: Link to a Diff
I would expect the template’s text subsequent edits to be a  diff link. Could we implement this? Unfortunately, Module: Spoken Wikipedia is too complicated for me, especially without any source code comments. ‑‑ K (🗪  |  ✍) 19:54, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

Recommended position within the article
I'd like to raise the question of where we recommend that this template is used in terms of its position within the recorded article. While on desktop the user benefits from the sound icon that appear at the top right of the article (indicating the availability of a spoken/recorded version of same), on mobile there is no such indication or control which allows the recording to play. Furthermore, since the current recommendation is to place the template at the top of the last section of the article (frequently references, external resources, etc.), on mobile the template often located in a collapsible section which is not expanded by default.

I would think that if such a recording is available, it should be made obvious to the user on all platforms, and allow them to use the media control in a way that is embedded/alongside with the text of the article (in reference to the fact that the desktop icon that appears at the top-right of the article goes to the media page rather than the embedded player control). ZNQriGo0GUGMAibZXgBV (talk) 18:00, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Thumbnails clipping outside the box if more than one file is entered
Noticed this problem on African Union using Firefox (unsure if it's broken like this on other browsers). –Vipz (talk) 06:26, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

 * i've made some slight improvements. Its not ideal, but that is because the container for these is always 20em (font relative size) and the players width is defined at a fixed amount of pixels. —Th e DJ (talk • contribs) 16:22, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Spoken Wikipedia


text:
Catalan Communist Party

Catalan Communist Party (Partit Comunista Català) was a political party in Catalonia, Spain. PCC was founded in 1928. It had its origins in l'Ateneu Enciclopèdic Popular, which had been formed in 1926, and in the Marxist sectors of the Catalan separatist movement. The main leaders of PCC were Jordi Arquer and Víctor Colomer.

History
The PCC was founded in 1928 by the communist sector of the Catalan independence movement. The party was relatively small, having around 300 members, mainly in Lleida and Barcelona. In November 1930 PCC merged into the Catalan-Balearic Communist Federation (FCCB).

Newspapers
The party published L'Opinió (1928-1929), and later L'Andreuenc and Treball.

title: Catalan Communist Party


text:
Parque Central Complex

The Parque Central Complex is a housing, commercial and cultural development, implemented by Centro Simón Bolívar and located in El Conde in the center of the city of Caracas, Venezuela adjacent to Paseo Vargas.

Within the complex are the Parque Central Twin Towers, two skyscrapers that have for decades been an architectural icon of Caracas and its tallest buildings. From 1979 (when the West Tower was opened) until 2003, they held the title of tallest skyscrapers in Latin America until they were overtaken by Torre Mayor in Mexico City. Today (as of April 2020) the Parque Central Towers are South America's 6th tallest skyscrapers and the 22nd tallest in Latin America, after Torres Obispado in Monterrey, Gran Torre Santiago in Santiago (Chile), and many buildings in Panama City, Mexico City, and Balneário Camboriú. Parque Central towers were the tallest twin buildings in Latin America, though they have since been overtaken by the Edifício Yachthouse in Balneário Camboriú, Brazil.

When the complex was finally opened in 1983, it was considered the "most important urban development in Latin America". Since then Parque Central has been a point of reference in Caracas and is its main landmark. It houses many cultural and government institutions and is adjacent to the cultural district of museums in Caracas.

History
In 1969, Enrique Delfino Arriens, engineer and CEO of the construction company Delpre CA, submitted a draft to the president of Central Park, Centro Simón Bolívar, for the construction of an urban development between Lecuna and Bolivar avenues of urbanization El Conde de Caracas during the period of then-President of the Republic Rafael Caldera.

In 1970, construction of the Tacagua, Caroata, Catuche, Tajamar, San Martín, El Tejar, Anauco and Mohedano towers was underway. All eight buildings were residential with 317 apartments each, and each building was 127 meters and 44-storeys tall. These buildings were finished in 1972, while two commercial and office towers, known as Central Park Towers, were constructed between 1970 and 1983. The Anauco apart-hotel became a 4-star Hilton in 1973 until 2003. Since then it has been administered by the Venezuelan government as the Anauco Suites.

The Central Park complex also houses the Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Caracas, The Children's Museum of Caracas, The Plenary Hall, 8 conference rooms, a swimming academy, movie theaters, a heliport and a parish center, among others.

The Twin Towers
The Twin Towers of Central Park or Central Park Towers are a pair of 225 m tall skyscrapers. Between the completion of the west tower in 1979 and the completion of Gran Torre Costanera in Santiago (topped out in 2012), the 59-storey skyscrapers were the tallest in South America. The east tower was completed in 1983, four years later. Until 2003, they were also the tallest in Latin America until surpassed by less than 1 meter by Torre Mayor in Mexico City.

The towers take their name from the green refuge in the heart of Caracas' urban jungle, but are in fact in the midst of a vast complex of office buildings and amenities. The view from inside offers panoramic access to the city and the surrounding mountains.

On February 14, 1982, high rise firefighting and rescue advocate, Dan Goodwin, at the invitation of the Venezuelan television company, Venevisión, scaled the outside of the Parque Central Complex.

Fire
Just before midnight, October 17, 2004, a fire broke out in the East Tower, which housed government offices. The fire affected regions from the 34th floor to the 50th floor. The tower sustained major damage because firefighting efforts were hampered by non-working automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems. It was feared that the concrete-and-steel structure could be damaged severely enough to collapse, and internal firefighting efforts were pulled in the interest of safety. Two steel decks partially collapsed, and deflection in some steel beams was later found to be severe. The fire burned itself out in the early morning of October 19.

Nine years later, on November 12, 2013 there was a minor fire in the West Tower, the fire was on the 16th floor. 420 people were evacuated and 15 were rescued. There were no fatalities. The fire was immediately controlled so that it did not affect the upper floors of the tower. Fire Department officials presumed that the fire occurred in a trash chute.

Restoration of the East Tower
Part of the East Tower's recovery plan involved the installation of a 30-meter antenna representing the sword of Simón Bolívar. The antenna has a height of 30 meters, increasing the height of the tower to 255 meters. The West Tower did not receive an antenna, leaving the East Tower taller than the West Tower.

title: Parque Central Complex


text:
User talk:Colinoncayuga

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

I notice you have uploaded an image, please tag your image in accordance with the Image use policy. Copyrighted images should not be uploaded. - Stoph 07:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

K / J
"K" (or rather, pinyin "G") was the actual pronunciation of the 声母 for 京 in Northern and Southern China in historical times. It's been lost in nearly all of Northern speech, though, including Beijinghua and Nanjinghua. But it still survives partially in a few scattered places in the north, like the Shandong peninsula. -- ran (talk) 19:23, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, by Shandong peninsula I meant more like the more extreme parts, e.g. the 威海 area. But in any case here's a more complete explanation.
 * In Middle Chinese the shengmu of j, q, x didn't exist. Instead, some words, such as 精, 清, 星 were pronounced with zi-, ci-, si-, while other words like 京, 轻, 兴 were pronounced with gi-, ki-, hi-. This is kept unchanged in 粤语, 客家话 and 闽语. In fact, the 《中原音韵》 written during the Yuan Dynasty kept it this way too. You can see the 中原音韵 声母 here:
 * What happened in modern northern Chinese though (by this I include 北方话、吴语、湘语) is that the two converged. Gi- ki- and hi- started to be pronounced more like ji-, qi-, xi-. Later on, zi-, ci-, si- also became pronounced like ji-, qi-, xi-. Of course this takes some time, and in some dialects the process is not complete, for example, in 胶东 (which is the example I gave you). Also, when you listen to 京剧, you can hear that while gi- ki- hi- are pronounced as ji- qi- xi-, zi- ci- si- are still pronounced as zi- ci- si-. This is called 分尖团, with the 尖音 being 精, 清, 星 and the 团音 being 京, 轻, 兴. But the point is that this change happened so recently that it is reasonable to assume that during 明朝 or 清朝初期, the process was not complete in, say Nanjing. (In fact 南京话 did keep 尖团 until very recently, if I remember correctly from what I read.) And since 南京话 was the 标准音 for some time, Westerners would probably have gotten their Romanizations from there. -- ran (talk) 21:07, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem. =) -- ran (talk) 21:19, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright question
I have had a query (vai the Foundation email) about the copyright status of an image you uploaded - Image:Qy1.jpg. Unfortunately, it is not tagged. Please could you fill in the details on this? Please see Image copyright tags for more details on image tagging. Thanks -- sannse (talk) 16:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Another image that needs tags is: Image:Tang map yanzhenqing.jpg, like above. We are currently deleting no-source-provided images, I will refrain from marking it as such so you have a change to update it. --Gmaxwell 11:58, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Yanzhenqing.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Yanzhenqing.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 15:11, 23 August 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Jusjih 15:11, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Colinoncayuga


text: Category:News media

title: Category:News media


text:
Orchestre de Paris

The Orchestre de Paris is a French orchestra  based in Paris. The orchestra currently performs most of its concerts at the Philharmonie de Paris.

History
In 1967, following the dissolution of the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, the French Minister of Culture, André Malraux, and his director of music, Marcel Landowski, engaged conductor Charles Munch to create a new orchestra in Paris. Soon after its creation, Munch died in 1968, and Herbert von Karajan was hired as an interim music advisor from 1969 to 1971. Successive music directors include Sir Georg Solti, Daniel Barenboim, and Semyon Bychkov. Christoph von Dohnányi served as artistic advisor from 1998 to 2000.

During his tenure, Barenboim saw a need for a permanent chorus for the orchestra, and engaged the English chorus master Arthur Oldham to create the Chœur de l'Orchestre de Paris in 1976. Oldham remained with the Chorus till his retirement in 2002. From 2002 to 2011, Didier Bouture and Geoffroy Jourdain shared direction of the Chorus, which is now run by Lionel Sow.

Christoph Eschenbach was music director from 2000 to 2010. He conducted recordings of music of Luciano Berio, Marc-André Dalbavie, and Albert Roussel with the orchestra. In May 2007, Paavo Järvi was named the orchestra's sixth music director, effective from the 2010–11 season. Järvi is scheduled to conclude his tenure with the Orchestre de Paris at the conclusion of his current contract, at the end of the summer of 2016. In June 2015, the orchestra announced the appointments of Daniel Harding as its 9th principal conductor, and of Thomas Hengelbrock as principal guest conductor, effective September 2016. In January 2018, the Orchestre de Paris announced that Harding is to stand down as its principal conductor, following the close of the 2018–2019 season.

In June 2019, Klaus Mäkelä first guest-conducted the orchestra. In June 2020, the orchestra announced the appointment of Mäkelä as its next music director, effective with the 2022-2023 season, with an initial contract of 5 seasons. The original intention had been for Mäkelä to hold the post of musical advisor from 2020 to 2022. However, Mäkelä assumed the role of music director in September 2021, one year earlier than originally planned. The orchestra and Mäkelä have recorded commercially for the Decca label. In April 2024, Mäkelä stated his intention to conclude his Orchestre de Paris tenure at the close of the 2026-2027 season.

Performance venue history
In 1998, Crédit Lyonnais, which had control of the Salle Pleyel, sold the hall to the French businessman Hubert Martigny. The Salle Pleyel was closed in 2002, which left the orchestra without a resident hall. The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées and Théâtre du Châtelet both presented the orchestra during the 2001–02 season. By the fall of 2002, the orchestra had secured the Théâtre Mogador, where it played its next four seasons. In 2003, the French government secured a new arrangement whereby Martigny would pay for renovations to the Salle Pleyel, and rent the hall to the Cité de la Musique, which would then be scheduled to purchase the hall in the year 2056. After renovations, the Salle Pleyel reopened in September 2006 and became once more the Orchestre de Paris's home base. The orchestra took up residence at the new Philharmonie de Paris, near the Cité de la Musique in the Parc de la Villette, after the opening of the hall ceremony which took place on 14 January 2015.

Music directors

 * Charles Munch (1967–1968)
 * Herbert von Karajan (musical advisor, 1969–1971)
 * Sir Georg Solti (1972–1975)
 * Daniel Barenboim (1975–1989)
 * Semyon Bychkov (1989–1998)
 * Christoph von Dohnányi (artistic advisor, 1998–2000)
 * Christoph Eschenbach (2000–2010)
 * Paavo Järvi (2010–2016)
 * Daniel Harding (2016–2019)
 * Klaus Mäkelä (2021–present)

Pop charts
The Orchestre de Paris found itself in an unusual situation in 1989, when its performance of Ravel's Boléro became a hit on the Dutch pop chart. The recording, made in 1982 under the direction of Daniel Barenboim, was released as a CD-single to coincide with the success of the song "No more boleros" by the Dutch pop singer Gerard Joling, which included parts of the Ravel work. With its playing time of 17 minutes, the Orchestre de Paris single remains the longest recording ever in the Dutch Top 40.

title: Orchestre de Paris


text:
Orfeo Programme

The Orfeo programme is an agreement to implement co-operation for setting up an Earth observation capability using optical and radar sensors, and mainly to define the context in which the dual-purpose system (military and civilian) is to be developed and used. It is currently composed of 6 high-resolution satellites: 4 Cosmo-Skymed X-band satellites from Italy, and 2 Pleiades optical satellites from France.

Spain, Belgium, Sweden and Austria will also be users of this system.

title: Orfeo Programme


text:
Tonegawa

Tonegawa may refer to:

History

 * Battle of Tonegawa, a Japanese battle

Science

 * Susumu Tonegawa (born 1939), Japanese scientist
 * 6927 Tonegawa (1994 TE1), a minor planet discovered on October 2, 1994 Kitami Observatory, Japan

Other

 * Tone River (利根川 Tone-gawa), a river in the Kantō region of Japan
 * Yukio Tonegawa, a character in the Japanese manga series, Kaiji

title: Tonegawa


text:
Category:Works based on Harry Potter

Works based on the Harry Potter series.

title: Category:Works based on Harry Potter


text:
Talk:UN Trade and Development

[Untitled]
There is this insistance of putting in this joke about the acronym ("under no cirumstance take any decisions"). While I personally find it funny, I don't see how it can qualify as an encyclopedic entry. Before re-inserting it, can those that insist on this make a documented reference to one or several news articles, with a url, that attribute the joke to someone that activiely participates in the work of UN organizations. To clarify somewhat, only UN agencies that are keepers of an international regime (such as the WTO - trade regime; WIPO - Intelectual Property regime; World Bank & IMF - international financial regime and the Security Council - Peace and Security Regime) or are funding Agencies (UNDP) actually take any kind of real decisions. UNCTAD is not in this category. --Modi 07:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I would like to clarify the last point to add that no UN agency is allowed to take legally binding decisions outside of the Security Council.

The WTO is not a member of the UN system, though the functioned for almost 50 years under UN auspice when the Havana Charter was not ratified by all parties, whereby the would-be Bretton Woods agency called the International Trade Organization came to function as the International Commission for the International Trade Organization (ICITO), which was commonly known as the GATT, or General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. WTO legal decisions are legally binding, whereas GATT panel decisions were not; most UN resolutions are not legally binding.

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a UN agency, but it has some unique characteristics, stemming from the fact that it, like the International Labour Office (ILO), predated the drafting of the UN Charter in 1945; WIPO origins return to the late 19th century when it operated as a consortia of countries working under the Berne and Paris treaties, which protected copyright, and protected technical designs. More recently, WIPO is one of the few agencies that earns money, by virtue of its business with international patents. A court with legally binding powers was founded in WIPO, to handle domain name site (DNS) disputes; one of the more famous of which was the case of Madonna Ciccone, who won back her name, madonna.com, from a domain name 'squatter'. The ILO also has the power to make legally binding decisions, in the form of the tri-partite court which addresses matters concerning employment of intergovernmental (UN) employees, as well as other matters.

The point is that the UN, even UNDP, does not take binding decisions; UNDP does have greater budgetary discretion, so it may appear that they are more empowered, but in legal terms, they remain subject to the wishes of the UN-member states. In this manner, UNCTAD is, as are the better part of most international organizations, more of an operating organ, than a decision-making entity. UNCTAD does issue recommendations, and it writes reports that are respected and used by many developing countries, most particularly in the areas of trade and investment (foreign direct investment, or FDI). It is a center of competence for development, trade and investment.

As a side point, the tendency to abuse acronyms is not unique to UNCTAD. The GATT used to be called the "General Agreement to Talk and Talk"

requires a "History" entry —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.139.37.118 (talk) 21:40, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Tidy up introduction
Would there be any objection if I re-ordered the opening section? It seems to ramble. Respublicans (talk) 10:51, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Future editors please note: http://unctad.org/en/Pages/About%20UNCTAD/A-Brief-History-of-UNCTAD.aspx Respublicans (talk) 11:04, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:UN Trade and Development


text:
Division of Oxley

The Division of Oxley is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It is currently represented by Milton Dick, the current Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Geography
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

History
The current division is the second to bear the name, and was created in 1949. The division is named after the Australian explorer, John Oxley. Oxley is located in south east Queensland, and covers the south western suburbs of Brisbane.

The original Division of Oxley was established in 1901, and was abolished and replaced by the Division of Griffith in 1934. The 1949 incarnation's best-known member was Bill Hayden, the Labor Opposition Leader between 1977 and 1983, when he resigned under pressure the same day that the 1983 election which swept Bob Hawke to power was called. Hayden later served as a minister in the Hawke government before becoming Governor-General in 1989.

In 1996, the seat became most well known for controversial social conservative MP Pauline Hanson who was elected as a Liberal-turned-independent, but the seat was heavily redistributed in 1997, splitting her main support base of Ipswich between Oxley and Blair. In 1998 Hanson contested the seat of Blair, winning 36% of the primary vote but losing to the Liberals (who got 21%) under Australia's system of preferential voting. Hanson's brief tenure represents the only time since 1961 that the seat has been out of Labor hands.

title: Division of Oxley


text:
Proletarian Catalan Party

Proletarian Catalan Party (Partit Català Proletari, 1934–1936) was a political party in Catalonia, Spain. PCP was founded in January 1934. Its main leader was Jaume Compte. PCP had its origins in the Estat Català-Partit Proletari, founded in 1932.

The goal of PCP was the creation of a Catalan Socialist Republic.

The party had a large influence with the trade union Centre Autonomista de Dependents de Comerç i Industria (CADCI). In 1936 Peres Aznar, a PCP deputy in the Cortes, was elected president of CADCI.

The party had around 500–800 members at its peak, mainly from Barcelona. PCP published Catalunya Insurgent. Its youth wing was known as Joventuts del Partit Català Proletari.

In 1936 PCP merged with other groups to form the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia.

title: Proletarian Catalan Party


text:
Ana Paula Arósio

Ana Paula Arósio (born 16 July 1975) is a Brazilian former actress and model. She has lived in Swindon, Wiltshire, England since 2015.

Career
Arósio is one of the most popular actresses in Brazil. She started her career at the age of twelve when Ana Paula was "discovered" by a representative for an advertisement agency while shopping at a supermarket. Her first work was done with the Brazilian agency Stilo, along with Brazilian photographer Paulo Sadao. In 1989, Arósio moved to Japan to work as a model.

After appearing in hundreds of magazine covers and television commercials, she began her career as an actress. Her first job as an actress was as Berenice in the Italian-Brazilian film Forever, directed by Walter Hugo Khouri. She made her debut in television with Éramos Seis (We Were Six), a telenovela in which she played Amanda. Éramos Seis, along with her next two telenovela appearances were all on the Brazilian television network SBT. The three productions, starting in 1994, were the aforementioned telenovela, Razão de Viver (Reason to Live), and Os Ossos do Barão (The Baron's Bones).

Stardom in Brazil came about in 1998, when Arósio played the protagonist role in Hilda Furacão (Hilda Hurricane). Hilda Furacão was a miniseries on the Brazilian television network Rede Globo written by Glória Perez. The miniseries explores the life of a young prostitute in the 1950s Brazil.

After her success in Hilda Furacão, she took on the protagonist roles in two more telenovelas with Rede Globo: Terra Nostra and Esperança, both by author Benedito Ruy Barbosa and with a focus on Italian immigration to Brazil. Terra Nostra gained Arósio international renown in 1999. A telenovela about the Italian immigration to Brazil, Terra Nostra is a love story between two immigrants set amidst the wave of Italian immigration to Brazil between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. She was the main actress in the role of the Italian immigrant Giuliana Esplendore. Arósio herself is of Italian descent, with great-grandparents from Lombardy. Terra Nostra was broadcast in 95 countries, one of the most successful productions of Rede Globo.

Other than these, she has made diverse special appearances in television, as well as other miniseries, while working on her theater career. Her most well-known theater piece was Casa de Bonecas (House of Dolls) in 2002. Besides Casa de Bonecas, Ana Paula starred in four other plays: Diário Secreto de Adão e Eva (The Secret Diary of Adam and Eve), Harmonia em Negro (Harmony in Black), Fedra (Phedra), and Batom (Lipstick).

In 2004, Ana Paula won the best supporting actress award for the film Celeste & Estrela, directed by Betse de Paula, in the 3rd Film Festival of Varginha.

In 2005, she acted in the Brazilian film O Coronel e o Lobisomem, directed by Maurício Farias, alongside Brazilian actors Selton Mello e Diogo Vilela. Her first telenovela set in present-day was Páginas da Vida (Pages of Life) in 2006, written by Manoel Carlos. Up until this point, she had only worked on period pieces.

In 2007, Ana Paula was chosen as the new face for Avon. In 2008, Ana Paula once again starred in another period piece, the telenovela Ciranda de Pedra, an adaptation from the 1981 novel.

Arósio won the Troféu Imprensa three times. The Troféu Imprensa is considered the greatest annual award for the biggest stand outs in Brazilian television in several categories. She won the award in the category of "Revelation of the Year" for Hilda in Hilda Furacão in 1998, and in the category na categoria of Best Actress for Giuliana in Terra Nostra and for Judge Camille in Esperança in 2002.

In October 2010, tipped to star in the telenovela Insensato Coração, Arósio, according to Rede Globo, she missed the first recordings, didn't report to work, and was terminated from the show's production. On 20 December the same year, the actress resigned Globo and terminated the contract, which was made public on January 12, 2011.

Television

 * Éramos Seis (We Were Six) (1994), Amanda
 * Razão de Viver (Reason of Living) (1996), Bruna
 * Os Ossos do Barão (The Baron's Bones) (1997), Isabel
 * Hilda Furacão (Hilda Hurricane) (1998), Hilda Furacão
 * Mulher (Woman) (1998), Luli
 * Você Decide (You Decide) (1998), Lena
 * Terra Nostra (Our Land) (1999), Giuliana
 * Os Maias (The Maias) (2001), Maria Eduarda da Maia
 * Brava Gente (Brave People) (2001), Madalena
 * Os Normais (The Normals) (2001), Carminha
 * Esperança (Hope) (2002), Camille
 * Celebridade (Celebrity) (2003), Alice - special participation
 * Um Só Coração (One Lonely Heart) (2004), Yolanda Penteado
 * Mad Maria (2005), Consuelo
 * Páginas da Vida (Pages of Life) (2006), Olívia
 * Ciranda de Pedra (Ring of Rocks) (2008), Laura Toledo
 * Na Forma da Lei (2010), Ana Beatriz

Film

 * Per Sempre (Forever) (1991), Berenice
 * Os Cristais debaixo do trono (The Cristals Beneath the Throne) (2001)
 * Celeste e Estrela (Celeste and Estrela) (2005), airport receptionist
 * O Coronel e o Lobisomem (The Colonel and the Werewolf) (2005), Cousin Esmeraldina
 * Como Esquecer (2010), Júlia
 * Anita e Garibaldi (2013), Anita Garibaldi
 * A Floresta Que Se Move (2015)

Theater

 * Casa de Bonecas (House of Dolls) (2002), Nora Helmer
 * Diário Secreto de Adão e Eva (The Secret Diary of Adam and Eve)
 * Harmonia em Negro (Harmony in Black)
 * Fedra (Phedra)
 * Batom (Lipstick)

title: Ana Paula Arósio


text:
Category talk:Works based on Harry Potter

Former category name
Had only three entries, one of which wasn't actually a parody. Merged to main Harry Potter category for lack of content. Radiant_* 07:50, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC) I can see the point of this category, but its name is too narrow. I propose that it be renamed to Harry Potter derived works (since every parody is derived, but not every derivation is parodic). Radiant_* 08:33, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * This category was previously named Category:Harry Potter parodies before being listed for deletion on April 5, 2005. The following discussion from CFD is now closed and should not be modified.
 * Keep and restore inappropriately-removed contents. It is unfortunate that you have ignored the instructions in the very notice you yourself placed on the category:Please do not remove this notice or empty the category while the question is being considered As it is, the three articles you have moved are now in the main Harry Potter category which is wholly inappropriate for any of them. --Phil | Talk 13:30, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. Not to nitpick, but the category might have been emptied prior to posting this for cfd, which would have been following the letter, if not the spirit, of the "notice".  -Kbdank71 14:30, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, sorry for moving Barry and Tarri. But note that Tanya Grotter is not a parody, but a derivative work. Maybe the category should be renamed instead, but I still find it to be inappropriately small. I do hold that "things related to " would fit in "category ". Radiant_* 15:11, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Paradies of Harry Potter aren't part of the Harry Potter universe, and therefor shouldn't just be plunked into the main category.  They should remain in this category, which is a sub-cat of Category:Harry Potter.  --Azkar 17:08, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Point taken, but I request that it be renamed, see above. Radiant_* 08:33, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * That should probably work - derived works would include fan fiction too, which I'm sure there's a boat-load of. I'd probably prefer a more explicit category name, but I can't think of anything that isn't excessivly wordy.  --Azkar 13:57, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support renaming. Thryduulf 14:47, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support renaming *Kat* 04:53, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Bky1701

Come take a look at my new site: NovusRP: Forum Role Playing.

title: User:Bky1701


text:
User:MosheZadka

Hi! Welcome to my user page. I'm more on wikiquote, but I sometimes edit pages related to the quotes just to create a more holistic user experience. MosheZadka 07:57, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I am collecting links pertaining to Restless in order to write the perfect restless article.

Articles I Started

 * Angel (Buffy episode)
 * I, Robot... You, Jane (Buffy episode)
 * The Puppet Show (Buffy episode)
 * Nightmares (Buffy episode)
 * Out of Mind, Out of Sight (Buffy episode)
 * Prophecy Girl (Buffy episode)
 * When She Was Bad (Buffy episode)
 * Some Assembly Required (Buffy episode)
 * Reptile Boy (Buffy episode)
 * Lie to Me (Buffy episode)
 * The Dark Age (Buffy episode)
 * What's My Line, Part One (Buffy episode)
 * What's My Line, Part Two (Buffy episode)
 * Ted (Buffy episode)
 * Bad Eggs (Buffy episode)
 * Passion (Buffy episode)
 * Killed by Death (Buffy episode)
 * Go Fish (Buffy episode)
 * Becoming, Part One (Buffy episode)
 * Becoming, Part Two (Buffy episode)
 * Sheriff Don Lamb
 * Cindy 'Mac' MacKenzie
 * Mallory Dent

Articles I Destubbed

 * Surprise (Buffy episode)

title: User:MosheZadka


text:
YLS

YLS may refer to:
 * Yale Law School, US
 * Lebel-sur-Quévillon Airport, Quebec, Canada, IATA code

title: YLS