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Blantyre Victoria F.C.

Blantyre Victoria Football Club, also known as Blantyre Vics, are a Scottish association football club based in the town of Blantyre, South Lanarkshire. Formed in 1889, they play at KG Stadium (traditionally known as Castle Park). They currently compete in the West of Scotland Football League First Division in the seventh tier of the Scottish football league system. Historically, they shared a healthy rivalry with Blantyre Celtic who played nearby at Craighead Park, until Celtic were dissolved in 1992. The team have been managed since June 2016 by former Alloa and Stirling Albion midfielder John Gibson.

Early days
Blantyre Victoria were founded in 1889 by a Mr Sam Dawson, who remained working with the club until his death in 1929. When they were founded, they initially had no permanent ground so played on Glasgow Road in Blantyre. They became members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, and soon won the Lanarkshire Junior League in 1892 and in 1893. In the 1893–94 season, Blantyre reached the Scottish Junior Cup semi-final, losing out to Renfrew Victoria at Kelburn Park.

Later that year, the club then went senior which allowed them to play Scottish Qualifying Cup. Despite being defeated by East Stirlingshire in the fifth round of the 1895–96 Qualifying Cup, Blantyre earned a tie against Heart of Midlothian in the Scottish Cup first round proper, losing the match handily 1–12 in Blantyre. The next edition of the Qualifying Cup saw the Vics beat the likes of Dunfermline Athletic at East End Park only to lose to Arthurlie in the sixth round. Again, due to their performance in the Qualifying Cup, Blantyre entered the 1896–97 Scottish Cup in the first round proper. However, this time they bettered their opponents, Bathgate, 5–0 at home. They then lost their second round (Round of 16) match against Abercorn 4–1.

Due to a lack of success on the pitch at the senior level, the club was dissolved in 1897.

Return to Junior football
The club was refounded in 1900 by a group of teenagers who paid for it with their own money. The new Victoria team played at Craighead Park (the later home of Blantyre Celtic) but when another club called Blantyre Hibs went defunct, the Vics took over their grounds at Castle Park in Low Blantyre, which is still the home of Vics today. In their first season back as a junior side, the club won the Lanarkshire Juvenile Cup. The team had continued success within the Lanarkshire Junior Football League and Central Junior Football League over the next few decades.

Glory years
After defeating Mount Ellen United, Arbroath Victoria, Polkemmet, St Anthony's, and finally Ardeer Recreation at Celtic Park, Blantyre Victoria earned a placed in their first Scottish Junior Cup final in 1944. The final was played at Hampden Park against Glasgow Perthshire in front of 44,840 spectators, with the Vics losing the match 1–0. The game was notably the first Scottish football match to be broadcast on the radio. Although the club were bested in the Junior Cup final, the 1943–44 squad achieved a 'treble' that year by winning the West of Scotland Junior Cup, the Lanarkshire Central Cup and the wartime invitational Salute the Soldier Cup.

The Vics had continued cup success in the 1940s. In 1950, they reached their second Scottish Junior Cup final. Their route to the final included wins over Beith, Coltness United, Kilbirnie Ladeside, Carnoustie Panmure, Bo'ness United, Jeanfield Swifts, and Stoneyburn over a twice replayed semi-final at Celtic Park. The final was again held at Hampden Park in front of 44,402 spectators. However this time, after three second half goals from Gill, Swan and Rennick, the Vics defeated Cumnock Juniors to lift the Junior Cup for the first time.

After the victory in 1950, the Vics suffered from losing the majority of the side over the next few seasons, including captain Alec Young to Aberdeen. The club only achieved one piece of silverware in the rest of the decade. The club took in younger players to give them a challenge and become tougher. A product of this philosophy was, future Celtic captain, Billy McNeill who started his career at Blantyre Victoria during the 1950s.

The Vics began to return to form in the mid-1960s under the guidance of Hughie Smith. Future Scotland international Joe Jordan joined the club in 1967 at aged 16 from Cleland Boys Guild before being signed to Morton a year later.

In 1970, Hughie Smith led the club to their third Junior Cup final, defeating junior sides from across Scotland along the way including Newtongrange, Shettleston, Whitburn, Jeanfield Swifts, Dalkeith, and Ardrossan Winton Rovers in the semi-final at Ibrox. The Vics faced Penicuik Athletic in the final at Hampden Park in front of 26,248 fans. In the match, Jim Lynn opened the scoring early on but the 'Cuikie' equalised in the second half to force a replay the following week. Jim Lynn was again on the scoresheet in the replay and this time there was no retaliation from Penicuik. With over 14,000 in attendance at Hampden, the Vics lifted the cup for the second time in their history.

The club won the 1979–80 Central Junior Football League under the stewardship of Dally Duncan, defeating East Kilbride Thistle in the championship match. The following season, the Vics finished as league runners-up after losing the championship decider to Pollok in a penalty shootout 12–11 after a total of 28 penalty kicks. In 1982, the club reached their fourth Scottish Junior Cup final. Their route to final saw the Vics face and defeat St Roch's, Kilsyth, Stonehouse, Glenafton, Whitletts, and Kirkintilloch Rob Roy in the semi-final at Douglas Park. The final, against a formidable Baillieston at Ibrox, was contested in front of 10,746 and was broadcast live on Scottish Television, the first Junior final to be televised. In the 77th minute, Billy Muldoon dinked a ball over the top of the Baillieston back-line to find John McGurk who hooked the ball over Ronnie Lowrie to give the Vics the lead. This goal proved the difference in the end, despite the best efforts of Ballieston, and the Vics lifted the Scottish Junior Cup for the third time.

Recent years
The Vics suffered in the early 1990s due to lack of finances and the loss of the Blantyre Derby after Blantyre Celtic folded in 1992. In 1990, to help fundraise for the clubs new pavilion, former Vics player, Billy McNeill, offered to bring his Celtic side along to Castle Park for a friendly match. With thousands in attendance, the event was detrimental in raising the necessary funds to build the pavilion that the Vics still use today. The match ended in a 6–2 victory for McNeill's side which included the likes of Steve Fulton, Gerry Creaney and Peter Grant. Three years later, another exhibition took place to help the Vics open their new pavilion. Tommy McLean brought his Motherwell side to Castle Park which including the likes of Davie Cooper and John Philiben. The North Lanarkshire giants thumped the Vics 7-0 but, with thousands in attendance on the day, this pushed the fundraising over the line for the club. The pavilion was officially opened with an exhibition match against the Celtic Reserves later that year.

Competitively, the Vics had many successes during the decade, winning their second treble in 1996 - the Central League One title, the Central League Cup, and Sectional League Cup. The following season, Blantyre reached the semi-finals of the Scottish Junior Cup, losing out to eventual champions Pollok 5–0 at Adamslie Park.

After the treble win, the club could not replicate their success in the new millennium. The Vics achieved no silverware until 2006 when the club won the Central League Division 2. Although, just two years later they found themselves relegated back to Division 2. In their first season back in the bottom tier of the SJFA West Region, the club won the league. However, like their previous league win and subsequent promotion to the First Division, Blantyre Victoria were relegated at the end of the 2010–11 season.

In 2012, Davie Greig was appointed as manager with the aim of promotion and a return to glory for the club. In his second season with as manager of Blantyre, he won the Central League Division 2 title. The following season, Grieg strengthened his squad and won a remarkable back-to-back promotion and the Central League Division 1 title.

After the departure of Greig, Murdie MacKinnon took over for less than a season at Castle Park before leaving for the assistant manager position at Pollok. This resignation paved the way for the appointment of John Gibson as manager. Gibson suffered relegation from Super League First Division in his first season mainly due to starting the year with no signed players. However, in 2018–19 season, Gibson achieved a third-place finish and promotion to back to the West Region Championship. In the following curtailed season, the club were declared joint champions of the West Region Championship along with Darvel.

In 2020, Blantyre Victoria announced they had applied for membership of the new West of Scotland Football League and due to their previous seasons triumph were placed in WoSFL Premier Division. They did this to gain more competition but retain their junior status which allowed them to continue to enter the Scottish Junior Cup. The first WoSFL season was declared null and void after the Vics had only played 7 matches due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the 2021–22 season of the Premier Division, the Vics finished second last, with only five wins in 38 matches, and were subsequently relegated to WoSFL First Division.

Records

 * Best Scottish Cup performance: Second round (Round of 16), 1896–97
 * Record home attendance: 9,000+ v Irvine Meadow, Scottish Junior Cup Fifth Round, 10 February 1951
 * Biggest victory: 10–0, Vale of Clyde, Scottish Central Junior League East Division, 8 February 1941
 * Heaviest defeat: 1–12, Heart of Midlothian, Scottish Cup First Round, 11 January 1896
 * Most appearances: John McGurk (1978 -1987?)
 * Most goals: Donnie McLean
 * Most Scottish Junior international caps: Tommy Coghill, 5 caps

Capped senior internationals

 * Joe Jordan - 54 caps
 * Stephen Craigan- 54 caps
 * Billy McNeill - 29 caps
 * Jimmy Brownlie - 16 caps
 * Alex Forsyth - 10 caps
 * 🇺🇸 Bill Carnihan - 2 caps
 * Bobby McKean - 1 cap
 * Alex Menzies - 1 cap

Other notable players

 * Robert Clark
 * Davie Colquhoun
 * Willie Findlay
 * Billy Henry
 * Charlie Johnston
 * Adam Little
 * Ronnie Lowrie
 * Danny McGrain
 * Jock Stein
 * Alec Young

National
Scottish Junior Cup
 * Winners (3): 1949–50, 1969–70, 1981–82
 * Runners-up: 1943–44

League
Lanarkshire Junior Football League
 * Winners (6): 1892–93, 1893–94, 1905–06, 1910–11, 1919–20, 1926–27
 * Runners-up: 1915–16, 1922–23

Burnbank & District Junior League
 * Winners (2): 1908–09, 1909–10

Central (Region) League
 * Winners (2): 1935–36, 1979–80
 * Runners-up: 1940–41, 1980–81

SJFA West Region Championship
 * Winners: 2019–20

Central League East Division
 * Winners: 1940–41
 * Runners-up: 1931–32

Central Region League B Division / Central District League Division One
 * Winners (4): 1980–81, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2014–15
 * Runners-up: 1953–54, 1966–67

Central Region League C Division / Central District League Division Two
 * Winners (4): 1979–80, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2013–14

Cup
West of Scotland Junior Cup
 * Winners: 1943–44
 * Runners-up: 1940–41

Evening Times Trophy/Cup-Winners Cup/Champions Cup
 * Winners: 1935–36
 * Runners-up: 1940–41, 2014–15

Lanarkshire Junior Cup
 * Winners (9): 1903–04, 1913–14, 1915–16, 1923–24, 1939–40, 1942–43, 1945–46, 1948–49, 1967–68

Lanarkshire Junior Consolation Cup
 * Winners: 1924–25

Lanarkshire Central Cup
 * Winners (4): 1931–32, 1940–41, 1943–44, 1956–57

Red Cross Prisoner of War Cup
 * Winners: 1942–43

Salute the Soldier Cup
 * Winners: 1943–44

Lanarkshire Hozier Cup
 * Winners: 1965–66

Central Junior League (Drybroughs) Cup
 * Winners (2): 1976–77, 1995–96
 * Runners-up: 2014–15

Central Sectional Junior League Cup
 * Winners: 1995–96
 * Runners-up: 2014–15

Cambuslang & District Junior Cup
 * Winners (2): 1890–91, 1892–93

Larkhall Junior Charity Cup
 * Winners: 1892–93

title: Blantyre Victoria F.C.


text:
557th Weather Wing

The 557th Weather Wing is a United States Air Force formation and its lead military meteorology center. It reports environmental situational awareness worldwide to the Air Force, the United States Army, joint warfighters, Unified Combatant Commands, the national intelligence community, and the Secretary of Defense. It is headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base, in Bellevue, Nebraska.

The wing and subordinate weather squadrons collect, analyze, and generate a comprehensive weather database of forecast, climatological, and space weather products.

Tasks
The wing's task is to provide weather information to American military forces anytime. It has over 1,800 active-duty, reserve, civilian and contract personnel and is headquartered on Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, with a $175 million annual budget. Weather forecasts are produced using numerical weather prediction software, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the Unified Model.

Organization
The 557th Weather Wing is organized into a headquarters element consisting of staff agencies, two groups, three directorates, and five solar observatories.

The 1st Weather Group, with headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base, aligns stateside weather operations with the Air Force war-fighting initiative overseeing Operational Weather Squadrons. Each of the squadrons produces forecasts for a specified area of the United States. The 15th Operational Weather Squadron, at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, handles the Northern and Northeast United States; 25th Operational Weather Squadron, at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, handles the Western United States; and 26th Operational Weather Squadron, at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, handles the Southern United States. The squadrons also train enlisted and officers.

The 2nd Weather Group, with headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base, delivers terrestrial, space and climatological global weather information to Joint combatants, Department of Defense (DoD) decision-makers, national agencies, and allied nations for the planning and execution of missions across the complete spectrum of military operations through the operation, sustainment and maintenance of Air Force Weather's US$277 million strategic center computer complex, production network, and applications. The group is composed of the 2nd Weather Squadron, 2nd Systems Operations Squadron, the 2nd Weather Support Squadron, the 16th Weather Squadron, the 2nd Combat Weather Systems Squadron at Hurlburt Field, Florida, and the 14th Weather Squadron in Asheville, North Carolina. It also includes four solar observatories staffed by detachments of the 2nd Weather Squadron: Det. 1, Learmonth, Australia; Det. 2, Sagamore Hill, Massachusetts; Det. 4, Holloman AFB, New Mexico; and Det. 5, Palehua, Hawaii.

The Operations, Training and Evaluation Directorate (A3) delivers technical training for the career field, oversees the development of career field training plans and computer-based tutorials on new equipment, is constructing the first formal AFWWS Technical Training Program, and coordinates standardization and evaluation visits of wing units.

The Communications Directorate (A6) provides overall direction for the development of doctrine, policies and procedures, as well as professional, technical, and managerial expertise, for communication and information systems, information assurance, and information management for wing. They also provide communication and information policy, guidance, management, operations, software development, and maintenance of communications and computer systems and services to satisfy the centralized weather support requirements of the DoD and other government agencies. Directs the planning, programming, budgeting, acquisition, and life cycle management for all standard weather systems and computer processing equipment.

The Strategic Plans, Requirements and Programs Directorate (A5/A8) directs the planning, programming, budgeting, acquisition, and life cycle management for all standard weather systems and computer processing equipment. Equipping the weather force is mainly a function of the A8 directorate. They coordinate capabilities development conducted by three separate production centers and integrate them into a single Air Force Weather Weapon System.

The Lt. Gen. Thomas Samuel Moorman Building, valued at US$26.7 million, is the headquarters for the 557th Wing, with 188000 sqft. The three-story building, designed to support 1,100 people, and was scheduled to become fully operational by 2011 as the staff moved in increments.

Component units
Unless otherwise indicated, units are based at Offut AFB, Nebraska, and subordinate units are at the same location as their commanding group.

1st Weather Group

 * 15th Operational Weather Squadron (Scott Air Force Base, Illinois)
 * 17th Operational Weather Squadron (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii)
 * 21st Operational Weather Squadron (Kapaun Air Station, Germany)
 * 25th Operational Weather Squadron (Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona)
 * 26th Operational Weather Squadron (Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana)
 * 28th Operational Weather Squadron (Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina)

2nd Weather Group

 * 2nd Combat Weather Systems Squadron (Hurlburt Field, Florida)
 * 2nd Systems Operations Squadron
 * 2nd Weather Squadron
 * Detachment 1 (RAAF Base Learmonth, Australia)
 * Detachment 2 (Sagamore Hill Solar Observatory, Massachusetts)
 * Detachment 3 (San Vito dei Normanni Air Station, Italy)
 * Detachment 4 (Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico)
 * Detachment 5 (Kaena Point Space Force Station, Hawaii)
 * Operating Location A (Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado)
 * Operating Location B (Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Virginia)
 * Operating Location D (Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi)
 * Operating Location P (Boulder, Colorado)
 * 2nd Weather Support Squadron
 * 14th Weather Squadron (Federal Climate Complex, Asheville, North Carolina)
 * 16th Weather Squadron

Origins
The 557th Weather Wing can trace its heritage to the organization of the Meteorological Service of the United States Army Signal Corps, which was established during World War I. By 1937, the Army was supplementing the weather services of the United States Weather Bureau by operating thirty weather stations of its own in the United States and six more overseas. Because most of the Army stations were operated for the benefit of the Air Corps, on 1 July 1937, the Secretary of War transferred responsibility for Army weather services to the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps. This responsibility was given to the Weather Section, Office Chief of Air Corps, which was replaced by the Weather Section, Training & Operations Div, Air Corps	on 20 June 41; the Director of Weather, Directorate of Technical Services, Operations Staff, Army Air Forces on 9 Mar 42; the Weather Unit, Assistant Chief Air Staff, Operations Commitments & Requirements (renamed the Weather Division, Assistant Chief Air Staff, Operations Commitments & Requirements on 9 March 1942.

Within the United States, the 1st, 2d, and 3d Weather Squadrons were organized. Each handled a region that was congruent with the area of responsibility of one of the three wings assigned to General Headquarters Air Force.

World War II
On 24 July 1942, supervision of Army weather activities within the United States was centralized in the Army Air Forces Weather Service, headed by the Director of Weather on the Air Staff. However, in 1943 the AAF reorganized to move as many operations out of Washington, D.C., as possible, and responsibility for the AAF Weather Service was transferred to Flight Control Command, which organized and activated the Weather Wing, Flight Control Command to manage this responsibility. This wing is the direct organizational ancestor of the 557th Weather Wing. By 3 May 1943, Flight Control Command had moved the headquarters of the Weather Wing to Asheville, North Carolina. Although responsibility for the AAF Weather Service was returned to the Air Staff in July, the wing remained in North Carolina. Although the AAF Weather Wing commanded weather activities in the United States, it had no authority over those in overseas theaters of operations. It influenced those units, however, by establishing procedures and standards for them to follow and by defining weather equipment requirements for the Signal Corps and operationally testing the equipment.

In July 1945, after the defeat of Germany, but while the war with Japan was still in progress, the AAF Weather Service and the AAF Weather Wing were combined and the wing was redesignated AAF Weather Service. This reorganization followed the successful examples of Air Transport Command (ATC) and Army Airways Communications System, concentrating responsibility in a single service with operational control of units providing the service. Action transferred overseas weather units to the command of the new service. On 7 January 1946, the service moved to Langley Field, Virginia.

In early 1946, the AAF determined to place its technical services under the command of ATC. On 13 March 1946, AAF Weather Service was redesignated Air Weather Service and along with Air Communications Service, Air Rescue Service. and Air Pictorial Service, assigned to ATC Soon afterwards it moved to Gravelly Point, Virginia, where it was collocated with ATC headquarters.

Weather reconnaissance
During the war, the AAF had developed weather reconnaissance units for scouting and route weather observation and reporting, but these units remained under the command of theater commanders or ATC. Once Air Weather Service became part of ATC, the time was ripe to place a weather reconnaissance unit under its command. In July 1946, it established the Air Weather Group (Provisional) at Morrison Field, Florida. In October, this group was taken out of provisional status and became the 308th Reconnaissance Group, Weather.

Expansion worldwide
With the formation of the United States Air Force in 1947, Air Weather Service assumed the responsibility of worldwide weather reporting and forecasting for both the Air Force and the Army. In 1948, Air Weather Service moved to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, and was assigned to the newly activated Military Air Transport Service, which was later redesignated Military Airlift Command. Air Weather Service moved to Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, in 1958, where it remained for nearly four decades.

Transfer of weather functions to the operational commands
Air Force Weather, organized as the Air Weather Service from 1947 to 1993, continued to provide environmental awareness for both the Air Force and the Army. By 1991, Air Weather Service had divested itself of its major field structure and the bulk of Air Force Weather was realigned under the direct administration of the supported commands.

Air Force Weather Agency and its predecessors have been essentially instrumental in protecting life and property at home as well. Since World War II, Air Force weather personnel have provided hurricane reconnaissance. In 1948, two Air Force weather officers issued the first tornado warning. Air Force Weather participated in the nation's development's severe storm forecasting centers.

With its early adoption of emerging computing and communications technologies, Air Force Weather was at the fore of the Space Age. In the 1960s, Air Force Weather began assimilating weather data collected from meteorological satellites. Air Force Weather, as the single agent for all the DoD, began solar observations and forecasting.

Air Force Weather endorsed the Information Revolution early in the 1980s with tools that provided state-of-the art computing at the lowest echelons to gather, process, and disseminate weather data. In concert with Air Force communicators, Air Force Weather constructed communications networks that enabled weather information to be disseminated around the world in moments. Today, the Air Force Weather Agency, through its Weather Product Management and Distribution System at Offutt AFB, employs the internet to rapidly disseminate weather data around the globe.

Working with the other national agencies, Air Force Weather has been instrumental in the development of modern meteorological technologies, such as the deployment of NEXRAD, the Next Generation Radar, in the 1990s. Air Force Weather continues to refine and develop forecasting models relevant for modern military operations.

In April 1991, the Office of the Director of Weather was created on the Air Staff to provide policy and guidance for Air Force Weather.

The Air Force designated Air Weather Service a field operating agency and reassigned it to Headquarters United States Air Force in 1993. On 15 Oct. 1997, Air Weather Service was redesignated the Air Force Weather Agency and moved to Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska.

On 27 March 2015, the Air Force Weather Agency was redesignated as the 557th Weather Wing and was aligned under the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command, Twelfth Air Force.

On 29 October 2019, the 557th Weather Wing was transferred to the USAF Air Combat Command's Sixteenth Air Force (Air Forces Cyber).

Lineage

 * Constituted as the Weather Wing, Flight Control Command on 14 April 1943 and activated
 * Redesignated Army Air Forces Weather Wing on 6 July 1943
 * Redesignated Army Air Forces Weather Service on 1 July 1945
 * Redesignated Air Weather Service on 13 March 1946
 * Redesignated Air Force Weather Agency on 15 October 1997
 * Redesignated 557th Weather Wing 27 March 2015

Assignments

 * Flight Control Command 14 April 1943
 * Army Air Forces, 6 July 1943
 * Air Transport Command, 13 March 1946
 * Military Air Transport Command (later Military Airlift Command), 1 June 1948
 * United States Air Force, 1 April 1991
 * Twelfth Air Force, 17 March 2015
 * Sixteenth Air Force, c. 29 October 2019

Stations

 * Washington, DC (Pentagon), 14 April 1943
 * Asheville, North Carolina, 3 May 1943
 * Langley Field, Virginia, 7 January 1946
 * Gravelly Point, Virginia, 14 June 1946
 * Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, 1 December 1948
 * Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, 23 June 1958
 * Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, 15 October 1997

Wings

 * 1st Weather Wing, 8 February 1954 – c. 15 February 1991
 * 2d Weather Wing, 8 February 1954 – 1 October 1991
 * 3d Weather Wing, 8 February 1954 – c. 16 July 1991
 * 4th Weather Wing, 8 August 1959 – 30 June 1972, 1 October 1983 – c. 15 September 1991
 * 5th Weather Wing, 8 October 1965 – c. 15 September 1991
 * 6th Weather Wing, 8 October 1965 – 1 August 1975
 * 7th Weather Wing, 8 October 1965 – 30 June 1972, 1 January 1976 – c. 15 September 1991
 * 9th Weather Reconnaissance Wing, 8 October 1965 – 1 September 1975
 * 43d Weather Wing, c. October 1945 – 3 June 1948
 * 43d Weather Wing (later 2043d Air Weather Wing, 2143d Air Weather Wing), 1 June 1948 – 8 February 1954
 * 59th Weather Wing, c. December 1945 – 3 October 1947
 * 59th Weather Wing (later 2059th Air Weather Wing), 1 June 1948 – 1 June 1952
 * 2043d Air Weather Wing (see 43d Weather Wing)
 * 2058th Air Weather Wing (see 2105th Air Weather Group)
 * 2059th Air Weather Wing (see 59th Weather Wing)
 * 2143d Air Weather Wing (see 43d Weather Wing)
 * Continental Weather Wing (see 67th AAF Base Unit)
 * Domestic Weather Wing (see 67th AAF Base Unit)

Groups

 * 1st Air Weather Group (Provisional), 19 July 1946 – 17 October 1946
 * 1st Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 8 October 1956, 3 May 2006 – present
 * 2d Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 8 October 1965, 28 February 2007 – present
 * 3d Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 8 August 1959
 * 4th Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 8 October 1965
 * 6th Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 18 June 1958
 * 7th Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 18 June 1958
 * 7th Weather Group (later 2107th Air Weather Group), 1 June 1948 – 20 April 1952
 * 8th Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 8 October 1965
 * 9th Weather Group (later 9th Weather Reconnaissance Group), 20 April 1952 – 8 July 1965
 * 101st Weather Group (see 68th AAF Base Unit)
 * 102d Weather Group (see 74th AAF Base Unit)
 * 103d Weather Group (see 70th AAF Base Unit)
 * 104th Weather Group (see 71st AAF Base Unit)
 * 308th Reconnaissance Group, Weather, 17 October 1946 – 5 January 1951
 * 2105th Air Weather Group (later 2058th Air Weather Wing), 1 January 1949 – 8 February 1954
 * 2107th Air Weather Group (see 7th Weather Group)

Squadrons

 * 1st Weather Squadron, 3 May 1943 – 7 September 1944
 * 2d Weather Squadron, 3 May 1943 – 7 September 1944, 8 July 1967 – 8 July 1969, 1 August 1975 – 1 January 1976
 * 3d Weather Squadron, 3 May 1943 – 7 September 1944
 * 4th Weather Squadron, 3 May 1943 – 7 September 1944
 * 8th Weather Squadron, 3 May 1943 – 1945, June 1952 – 8 February 1954
 * 9th Weather Squadron, 3 May 1943 – 7 September 1944
 * 10th Weather Squadron, October 1945 – 3 July 1946
 * 11th Weather Squadron, October 1945 – December 1945
 * 12th Weather Squadron, 30 June 1972 – 1 January 1976
 * 16th Weather Squadron, 3 May 1943 – December 1945
 * 18th Weather Squadron, October 1945 – August 1946
 * 19th Weather Squadron, July 1945 – August 1946
 * 22d Weather Squadron, December 1943 – 5 February 1946
 * 23d Weather Squadron, 1 November 1943 – 7 September 1944
 * 24th Weather Squadron, 1 November 1943 – 7 September 1944, 30 June 1972 – 1 January 1976
 * 25th Weather Squadron, 1 November 1943 – 7 September 1944
 * 27th Weather Squadron, 5 June 1945 – 3 November 1945
 * 28th Weather Squadron, 5 June 1945 – 9 November 1945
 * 36th Weather Squadron, 3 October 1949 – 23 June 1951
 * 37th Weather Squadron, 3 October 1949 – 23 June 1951
 * 38th Weather Squadron, 3 October 1949 – 23 June 1951
 * 53d Reconnaissance Squadron, 20 March 1946 – 17 October 1946, 2 April 1951 – 20 April 1953
 * 54th Reconnaissance Squadron, 20 March 1946 – 1 August 1947
 * 55th Reconnaissance Squadron, 20 March 1946 – 15 October 1947, 21 February 1951 – 20 April 1953
 * 57th Reconnaissance Squadron, 21 February – 21 May 1951
 * 59th Reconnaissance Squadron, 20 March 1946 – 15 October 1947 (attached to 1st Air Weather Group [Provisional] 19 July 1946 – 17 October 1946)
 * 2150th Air Weather Squadron (later 1210th Weather Squadron), 1 July 1960 – 1 May 1963

Army Air Forces Base Units

 * 66th AAF Base Unit (Weather Technician Unit, later Redeployment and Training Unit), 7 September 1944 – 10 May 1946
 * 67th AAF Base Unit (Tuskegee Weather Detachment), 7 September 1944 – 27 April 1945
 * 67th AAF Base Unit (Weather Qualification and Service Group, later Redeployment and Training Unit), 27 April 1945 – 1 June 1945
 * 67th AAF Base Unit (Domestic Weather Wing, later Continental Weather Wing), 1 October 1945 – 26 September 1947
 * 68th AAF Base Unit (1st Weather Region, later 101st Weather Group), 7 September 1944 – 26 September 1947
 * 69th AAF Base Unit (2d Weather Region), 7 September 1944 – 1 October 1945
 * 70th AAF Base Unit (3d Weather Region, later 103d Weather Group), 7 September 1944 – 3 June 1948
 * 71st AAF Base Unit (4th Weather Region, later 104th Weather Group), 7 September 1944 – 3 June 1948
 * 72d AAF Base Unit (23d Weather Region), 7 September 1944 – 1 October 1945
 * 72d AAF Base Unit (Special Projects Unit), 1 October 1945 – 21 April 1947
 * 73d AAF Base Unit (24th Weather Region), 7 September 1944 – 1 October 1945
 * 74th AAF Base Unit (25th Weather Region, later 102d Weather Group), 7 September 1944 – 26 September 1947

 * Other
 * Air Force Space Forecast Center, 16 October 1991 – 1 October 1994
 * USAF Environmental Technological Applications Center (later Air Force Combat Climatology Center, Air Force Combat Climatology Squadron), 1 July 1991 – 19 October 2007
 * Air Force Global Weather Central (later Air Force Global Weather Center), 8 July 1969 – 1 July 1972
 * Combat Weather Facility (later Air Force Combat Weather Center), 19 January 1995 – 1 April 2009

Awards and campaigns

 * 2000 Air Force Association Theodore Von Karman Award

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 557th Weather Wing


text:
Berke

Berke Khan (died 1266; also Birkai; Turki/Kypchak:, Бэрх хан, Бәркә хан) was a grandson of Genghis Khan from his son Jochi and a Mongol military commander and ruler of the Golden Horde (division of the Mongol Empire) who effectively consolidated the power of the Blue Horde and White Horde from 1257 to 1266. He succeeded his brother Batu Khan of the Blue Horde (West), and was responsible for the first official establishment of Islam in a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Following the Sack of Baghdad by Hulagu Khan, his cousin and head of the Mongol Ilkhanate based in Persia, he allied with the Egyptian Mamluks against Hulagu. Berke also supported Ariq Böke against Kublai in the Toluid Civil War, but did not intervene militarily in the war because he was occupied in his own war against Hulagu and the Ilkhanate.

Name
Berke is a name used by both Turkic peoples and Mongols. In Mongolian berke (cf. bärk in Old Turkic) means "difficult, hard".

Birth
Berke was born to Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. There is no clear consensus regarding the year of Berke's birth. Mamluk ambassadors visiting him in 663 AH (1264/5) described him as fifty-six years old. This gives him a birth date somewhere between 1207 and 1209. However, contemporary Persian chronicler Juzjani claims that Berke was born during the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, which took place between 1219 and 1221.

The latter claim was used to support the argument of historian Jean Richard that Berke's mother was Khan-Sultan (or Sultan Khatun), the captured daughter of Muhammad II of Khwarazm. The marriage between Jochi and Khan-Sultan took place in 1220, allowing Berke's birth to be no earlier than 1221.

Background
Berke was present, with several of his brothers, at the inauguration of his uncle Ögedei as Great Khan in 1229.

In 1236, Berke joined his brothers Orda, Sinkur, and Shiban and an assortment of cousins under the leadership of Batu Khan in a vast army, comprising some 150,000 soldiers, which marched from Siberia and into the territory of the Muslim Volga Bulgars and Kipchaks, whom they subdued. Batu and Subutai sent Berke to the country north of the Caucasus to conquer the Kipchaks there. Next they devastated the principalities of Ryazan and Suzdal in 1237, and marched further into Russia. During the winter of 1238–39, Berke defeated the Kipchaks and imprisoned the chief of the Merkits. He afterwards subdued the steppe watered by the Kuma and the Terek west of the Caspian Sea.

Berke further served under his brother during the invasion of Europe, fighting at the Battle of the Mohi, where the Hungarian army was decimated. When Ögedei Khan died, and all the princes of the blood were summoned to return to Mongolia to select a Great Khan, Berke and his brothers joined Batu in the kurultai to elect a new Great Khan.

Conversion to Islam
Berke Khan converted to Islam in the city of Bukhara in 1252. When he was at Saray-Jük, Berke met a caravan from Bukhara and questioned them about their faith. Berke was impressed with their faith and decided to convert to Islam. Berke then persuaded his brother Tukh-timur to become a Muslim as well.

In 1248 Batu sent Berke, along with his brother Tukh-timur, to Mongolia in order to install Möngke Khan on the throne of Great Khan. When he arrived, he invited the Chagatai and Ogedeyd families several times. That is why Berke conducted the kurultai in 1251 and had Möngke enthroned. Berke organized everything under strict conditions.

Assuming the Golden Horde

When Batu died in 1255, he was briefly succeeded by his sons Sartaq Khan and Ulaghchi, before Berke assumed leadership in 1257. He was an able ruler and succeeded in maintaining and stabilizing the Golden Horde, the western khanate of the Mongol Empire. During his government, the Mongols finally defeated the rebellion of Daniel of Galicia and made a second attack against Poland and Lithuania, led by general Burundai (Lublin, Zawichost, Sandomierz, Kraków and Bytom were plundered) in 1259. Also in 1265 there was a raid against Bulgaria and Byzantine Thrace. Michael of the Byzantine Empire also sent much valuable fabric to the Golden Horde as a tribute thereafter.

Berke-Hulagu War
Berke became a devout Muslim. His conversion resulted in the Blue Horde becoming predominantly Muslim, although there were still animists and Buddhists among them. Berke was angered by Hulagu's destruction of Baghdad and was determined to deal with Hulagu Khan, who had murdered the Caliph Al-Musta'sim, and whose territorial ambitions in Syria and Egypt threatened Berke's fellow Muslims.

In the meantime, the Ilkhanids led by Kitbuqa had fallen out with the crusaders holding the coast of Palestine, and the Mamluks had secured a pact of neutrality with them, passing through their territory, and defeating the Ilkhanate army at the Battle of Ain Jalut. Kitbuqa was killed. Palestine and Syria were regained, the border remaining the Tigris for the duration of Hulagu's dynasty. Berke's vow of vengeance against Hulagu had to wait until the latter's return to his lands after the death of Möngke Khan. Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262, but instead of being able to avenge his defeats, was drawn into civil war with Berke and the Blue Horde. Berke Khan had promised such a defeat in his rage after Hulagu's sack of Baghdad.

Muslim historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani quoted Berke Khan as telling his Mongols and Muslim subjects, in protest at the attack on Baghdad:

 * "He (Hulagu) has sacked all the cities of the Muslims, and has brought about the death of the Caliph. With the help of God I will call him to account for so much innocent blood." (see The Mongol Warlords, quoting Rashid al-Din's record of Berke Khan's pronouncement; this quote is also found in The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War)

Before his succession, he also complained to Batu "We helped Möngke to enthrone. But he forgot who the enemy is or friend is. Now, he is starving the lands of our friend Caliph. It is abject". It is notable that Berke Khan kept his promise, allying himself with the Mamluks, (Berke sought an alliance with the Mamluk sultan Baibars against Hulagu) and when Hulagu returned to his lands in 1262, after the succession was finally settled with Kublai as the last Great Khan, and massed his armies to avenge Ain Jalut and attack the Mamluks, Berke Khan initiated a series of raids in force which drew Hulagu north to meet him. This was the first open conflict between Mongols, and signalled the end of the unified empire. In retaliation for these attacks, Berke and Hulagu slaughtered each other's ortogh merchants.

But the reasons for the conflict between Berke and Hulagu were both religious and territorial. Möngke Khan gave lands in current day Azerbaijan, which had been given to Jochi by Genghis Khan, to his brother Hulagu. Although Berke did not like the situation, he was patient until Möngke's death.

Berke at first desisted from fighting Hulagu out of Mongol brotherhood, he said ''Mongols are killed by Mongol swords. If we were united, then we would have conquered all of the world.'' but the economic situation of the Golden Horde due to the actions of the Ilkhanate led him to declare jihad because of the Ilkhanids domination of the wealth of North Iran, and the Ilkhanate's demands for the Golden Horde to not sell slaves to the Mamluks.

In 1262 the conflict turned into open war. Hulagu Khan suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263. Hulagu's forces were crushed at the Terek river by Berke's nephew Nogai, forcing Hulagu into retreat; he died in 1265. Also Chagatai Khan Alghu invaded Khwarizm and annexed Golden Horde lands. The Jochid army unsuccessfully tried to halt his advance.

Berke also supported Great Khan claimant Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War, and he minted coins in the name of Ariq Böke. However Kublai defeated Ariq Böke by 1264. Kublai called both Hulagu and Berke to discuss Ariq Böke. However, both of them noted that they could not attend the Kurultai at the time, and a new Kurultai was never held.

Death and Aftermath
As Berke sought to cross the Kura river to attack Hulagu's son, Abaqa Khan, he fell ill and died sometime between 1266 and 1267. He was succeeded by his grandnephew, Mengu-Timur. The policy of alliance with the Mamluks, and containment of the Ilkhanate, was continued by Mengu-Timur.

title: Berke


text:
Nevada State Route 159

State Route 159 (SR 159) is a 31.204 mi east–west highway in Clark County, Nevada, United States, providing access to Red Rock Canyon and serving as a thoroughfare in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. A portion of the west end of the route is designated a Nevada Scenic Byway.

Route description
State Route 159 has two distinct segments. The first segment is a rural two-lane highway that begins at its junction with SR 160. The highway proceeds northwest through the town of Blue Diamond towards Spring Mountain Ranch State Park. From there, the highway curves northeast around Red Rock Canyon to the Las Vegas city limits west of the Las Vegas Beltway. This segment of SR 159 is known on maps and signs as Blue Diamond Road (assuming the name from SR 160), but is also referred to as Red Rock Canyon Road.

As SR 159 enters the city of Las Vegas, it transitions into Charleston Boulevard, a major east–west section line arterial bisecting the Las Vegas Valley. The highway crosses the Las Vegas Beltway and runs through the planned community of Summerlin. SR 159 continues east to intersect Interstate 15 and then passes south of Downtown Las Vegas. From there, the highway ventures further east to intersect Interstate 11 and U.S. Routes 93 and 95 before reaching its terminus at Nellis Boulevard (SR 612). (Charleston Boulevard itself ends about three miles (5 km) east of Nellis Boulevard near Frenchman Mountain.)

History
A portion of Charleston Boulevard was previously designated U.S. Route 95 Alternate to bypass Downtown Las Vegas. The designation began at Fremont Street (SR 582) and continued west to Rancho Drive (SR 599), where it curved north to reconnect to US 95. The alternate route was discontinued in 1982.

Approximately 8.8 mi of SR 159 in Red Rock Canyon was designated a Nevada Scenic Byway on June 30, 1995.

Public transport
Current RTC Route 206 functions on this road.

title: Nevada State Route 159


text:
Karol Bagh

Karol Bagh (also spelled Qarol Bagh, ) is a neighborhood in Central District of Delhi, India. It is a mixed residential and commercial neighborhood known for shopping streets, such as the Ghaffar Market and Ajmal Khan Road.

It was home to the Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency until it was abolished in 2008.

Residential areas W.E.A, Beadon Pura, Reghar Pura, Dev Nagar, and Bapa Nagar have a mix of commercial activities such as wholesale markets Tank Road Garment Market and Hardhyan Singh Road Leather market.

Tank Road wholesale garment market came into existence with a few shopkeepers at the end of the 1980s. It offers multiple stores for ethnic women's wear i.e. suits, sarees, and lehengas.

Etymology
The name Karol Bagh, also spelled Qarol Bagh, derives from the Hindi-Urdu words "Qarol" (क़रोल, قرول) meaning "curved like green chilly" and "Bagh" (बाग़, باغ) meaning "garden". The place was named for the numerous herbal gardens in the area.

History
In the 1920s, the villages of Madhoganj, Jaisingh Pura, Raja ka Bazaar, and others were evacuated to build Connaught Place and nearby areas. The villagers were relocated once to the west of Karol Bagh, then to a second rocky area populated by trees and bushes.

Karol Bagh was primarily populated with Muslims until the mass exodus to Pakistan at the time of the Partition of India in 1947, which also resulted in an influx of refugees from West Punjab and Sindh, many of whom were traders. There is a sizable Marathi-speaking population, a Tamil-speaking population, and a large Bengali community, most of whom are employed in jewellery manufacturing. Karol Bagh hosts one of the oldest Durga Puja in the city.

There were incidents at Karol Bagh during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, including burning of shops. Karol Bagh was the target of a terrorist bomb blast in Ghaffar Market in October 2008.

Education
The historic Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College was inaugurated here by Mahatma Gandhi in 1921, and Sri Guru Nanak Dev Khalsa College of Delhi University is situated here.

Faith Academy Senior Secondary School is a Christian minority school on John L Dorsey Road. The school was founded in East Patel Pragar in 1964.

Markets
Karol Bagh is popular with affluent people of West and Central Delhi for shopping, with busy markets including Ajmal Khan Road and Arya Samaj Road,.The Karol Bagh market is one of the oldest shopping centers in Delhi. The market offers variety from big air-conditioned showrooms to small and dainty shops in alleys.

Many areas of the market specialise in a particular field:

 * Ajmal Khan Road once specialised in inexpensive ready-made garments, cotton yarn, and embroidered garments. Now this road has large stores and international labels, along with Indian munchies and masalas (spices).
 * Arya Samaj Road specialises in second-hand books.
 * Bank Street is known for its jewellery shops, especially jewellery for the bridal trousseau.
 * Ghaffar Market has a diverse array of products, ranging from cosmetics to watches to cell phones to footwear.

Transport
The nearest railway stations are Delhi Sarai Rohilla and Delhi Kishanganj, both about a kilometer from Central Karol Bagh. Karol Bagh is situated at a distance of 20 – 22 km. from the Indira Gandhi International Airport, and 4.1 km. from New Delhi Railway Station. It is also serviced by the Karol Bagh Metro station, located on the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro.

In popular culture

 * A TV series shown on Zee TV, 12/24 Karol Bagh (2009–2010), was shot and produced in Delhi. Its subsequent success started the trend for many TV serials being set in Delhi.
 * Zoya Singh Solanki, the central character in the romantic comedy novel by Anuja Chauhan, The Zoya Factor (2008) lives in Karol Bagh, who ends up becoming the lucky mascot for the Indian cricket team in the novel.
 * In recent years the 108-foot Hanuman statue has become an iconic landmark marking the entrance to Karol Bagh and is seen regularly featured in Bollywood movies showcasing New Delhi.
 * In the 2021 movie Bell Bottom, Akshay Kumar's character lived in Gurudwara Road, Karol Bagh.
 * In the movie Befikre, Ranveer Singh's character lived in Karol Bagh. There's a dialogue that says "you might have left Karol Bagh, but Karol Bagh hasn't left you".

title: Karol Bagh


text: Talk:Missing in Action

title: Talk:Missing in Action


text:
Talk:Mouthguard

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Invisalign
Invisalign is only a brand of a transparent aligner. There are dozens of brands of the same thing that work in a similar way. Ant they are NOT a simple substitute for brackets, because not all malocclusions and malpositions can be treated with an aligner. I'll change the word Invisalign to "transparent aligner".Maduixa (talk) 09:56, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

Gum Shield
The article has one reference to "gum shield"; "the new technology, then called a ‘gum shield.’ ". A quick check with Google seems to confirm both terms are contemporary. I generally use gum shield as a middle aged British man. I suggest we should state they are synonymous.

title: Talk:Mouthguard


text:
Titan Missile Museum

The Titan Missile Museum, also known as Air Force Facility Missile Site 8 or as Titan II ICBM Site 571-7, is a former ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) site located about 40 km south of Tucson, Arizona in the United States. It was constructed in 1963 and deactivated in 1984. It is now a museum run by the nonprofit Arizona Aerospace Foundation and includes an inert Titan II missile in the silo, as well as the original launch facilities.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994. It is the only Titan II complex to survive from the late Cold War period.

It remains as the only location in the country where visitors can view an entirely preserved ICBM.

Underground facilities
The underground facilities consist of a three-level Launch Control Center, the eight level silo containing the missile and its related equipment, and the connecting structures of cableways (access tunnels), blast locks, and the access portal and equipment elevator. The complex was built of steel reinforced concrete with walls as much as 8 ft in some areas, and a number of 3-ton blast doors sealed the various areas from the surface and each other.

The top level of the silo permits viewing the silo missile doors. Level 3 houses a large diesel generator. Level 7 provides access to the lowest part of the launch duct. Visitors on the "Beyond the Blast Doors" tour are allowed to stand directly underneath the missile. Level 8, at 140 ft underground, houses the propellant pumps.

Titan II missile
The 103 ft Titan II missile inside the silo has neither warhead nor fuel, allowing it to be safely displayed to visitors. In accordance with a US/USSR agreement, the silo doors are permanently blocked from opening more than half way. The dummy reentry vehicle mounted on the missile has a prominent hole cut in it to prove it is inert. All the support facilities at the site remain intact, complete with all of their original equipment.

The silo became operational in 1963 and was deactivated in 1984 as part of President Reagan's policy (announced in 1981) of decommissioning the Titan II missiles as part of a weapon systems modernization program. All operational Titan II silos throughout the country were demolished, including 18 sites around McConnell AFB in Wichita, Kansas, 17 sites near Little Rock AFB, Arkansas (one additional site previously damaged beyond repair in a mishap/non-nuclear explosion) and 17 other sites by Davis-Monthan AFB and Tucson except for this one. It is now a National Historic Landmark.

Yield and warhead
The Titan II was the largest operational land based nuclear missile ever used by the United States. The missile had one W53 warhead with a yield of 9 Megatons (9,000 kilotons).

At launch, orders from the National Command Authority would have specified one of three pre-programmed targets which, for security reasons, were unknown to the crew. The missile base that is now the Titan Missile Museum (complex 571-7 of the 390th Strategic Missile Wing) was, at the time of closure, programmed to strike "Target Two". The missile's computer could hold up to three targets, and the target selected was determined by Strategic Air Command headquarters. To change the selected target, the crew commander pressed the appropriate button on the launch console. Target 2, which is classified to this day but was assumed to be within the borders of the former Soviet Union, was designated as a ground burst, suggesting that the target was a hardened facility such as a Soviet missile base. Targets could be selected for air or ground burst, but the selection was determined by Strategic Air Command.

Tourist attractions
The Titan Missile Museum is located at 1580 West Duval Mine Road, Sahuarita, on I-19. A visitor center for the site features a gift shop, a small museum and guided tours of the site. The museum is intended to put the Titan II within the context of the Cold War. Paid tours are available for hire, offering education about the history of the Titan II site and program, as well as a closer look at many features of the complex. Relics include hardstands for fuel storage containers and the associated control vehicles, restored engines from a Titan II missile, and a re-entry vehicle.

Tours below ground may include the control room, the cableways (tunnels), the silo, antenna tower and more. More information can be found and reservations may be made via the museum website. Several times each month, a more extensive "top to bottom" tour is available. This tour takes up to 5 hours and accommodates a maximum of six people. Prior reservations required. The top-to-bottom tour is not handicapped accessible.

Several scenes in the 1996 film Star Trek: First Contact were shot at the site. The missile itself was depicted as the launch vehicle for the film's Phoenix spacecraft, the first warp prototype.

title: Titan Missile Museum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Scoble

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 03:10, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Robert Scoble
This article appears to be vanity/non-notable/pov DDerby 18:45, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * NN and not every blogger (even microsoft) is notable so delete. Feydey 20:00, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Blogcruft. -- 8^D gab 20:21, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * In light of the outpouring of support, I'm persuaded that this is not so clearcut a case, and therefore withdraw my earlier vote. -- 8^D gab 03:48, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Keep - I'm not a Microsoft fan but I heard of this guy before. He has been featured in mainstream press stories such as The Economist ("a celebrity blogger on Microsoft's payroll"), Fortune magazine, and Wired News.  ("a prominent technology blogger")  --Anonymous Cow 20:27, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, this press attention certainly makes him notable. Keep. Mgm|(talk) 23:06, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've heard of him, and that's good enough for me. --Asriel86 23:31, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per press attention. Radiant_* 09:56, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as notable tech blogger. Capitalistroadster 10:35, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (see revision below) tech writers in any media on Microsoft's payroll as untrusted. Where does the SCO money paying Laura DiDio or Maureen O'Gara come from?  Do we want articles on people with ideas of journalistic ethics contrary to WP's?  Barno 02:32, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, we do. That's because we're (trying to be) objective. Keep. Radiant_* 09:30, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Scoble is a top chap, and has made history in the way that companies have now found a new avenue for communicating with users.
 * comment if those articles are clear about what they have done which suggests ethical violations, whilst remaining verifiable and accurate then the answer is yes. Mozzerati 21:05, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * Comment: Actually, I agree with Radiant and Mozzerati that we should keep articles on MS-funded tech writers if the subject is particularly significant and the article content is verifiable.  A better way of expressing my point is that people in this position need critical attention when considering their notability, given that (1) tech bloggers are a dime a dozen -- self-weblishing does not equate to encyclopedic notability, and (2) some of those known to be on the payroll of Microsoft or its partners have proven (see, for example, www.groklaw.net) to disregard journalistic ethics in favor of FUD supporting corporate interests that don't correspond to the public interest.  My guideline isn't really "delete them all", but "view them with suspicion and strong attention to notability and verifiability guidelines."  For the comment between those two, has Scoble actually "made history", or just been one of the first to sell out in an old way in a new medium?  I haven't read enough of his material to judge, and the article doesn't help me resolve this.  No vote, just a cautionary comment.  Barno 15:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've read the article and its edit history, written only by anon 69.248.116.97 whose only other contribution was to blank the Kevin Rose page. I don't think the stories cited by Anonymous Cow above really establish any WP-worthiness, and certainly the substub (to which I've added an NPOV tag) does not.  If someone can add factually verifiable evidence of not-just-another-0wn3d-blogger notability to the article, then expand; otherwise my vote returns to Delete.  Barno 15:30, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This guy is definitely noteworthy. The article requires some cleanup and more substantial content, but should be allowed to grow. --NormanEinstein 02:04, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, more nn blogcruft. ComCat 06:31, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this guy's just a noisemaker.
 * Above vote was from anon 67.161.42.199, who has been doing a lot of apparently legitimate editing in recent days. Barno 14:41, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Cardington, Bedfordshire

Cardington is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England.

Part of the ancient hundred of Wixamtree, the settlement is best known in connection with the Cardington airship works founded by Short Brothers during World War I, which later became an RAF training station. However most of the former RAF station is actually in the parish of Eastcotts, as is the settlement of Shortstown, which was originally built by Short Brothers for its workers. The village of Cardington is located to the north east of Shortstown and the RAF station, and houses most of the population of the parish, which was 270 in 2005, making it one of the least populated parishes in Bedfordshire.

Sites of interest
The Church of St Mary the Virgin has pieces dating from the 12th century, although the church itself was mostly rebuilt between 1898 and 1902. It is a Grade II listed building.

Airships, barrage balloons and RAF Cardington

Cardington became one of the major British sites involved in the development of airships when Short Brothers bought land there to build airships for the Admiralty. They constructed a 700 ft airship hangar (the No. 1 Shed) in 1915 to enable them to build two rigid airships, the R-31 and the R-32. Some 800 people worked there in 1917, most of them travelled daily from Bedford. Shorts also built a housing estate, opposite the site, which they named Shortstown.

The airships site was nationalised in April 1919, becoming known as the Royal Airship Works.

In preparation for the R101 project the No 1 shed was extended between October 1924 and March 1926; its roof was raised by 35 feet and its length increased to 812 feet. The No. 2 shed (Southern shed) was originally located at RNAS Pulham, Norfolk. It was dismantled there and re-erected at Cardington in 1928.

After the crash of the R101, in October 1930, all work stopped in Britain on airships. Cardington then became a storage station.

In 1936/1937 Cardington started building barrage balloons; and it became the No. 1 RAF Balloon Training Unit.

For both airships and barrage balloons, Cardington manufactured its own hydrogen, in the Gas Factory, using the steam reforming process. In 1948 the Gas Factory became 279 MU (Maintenance Unit), RAF Cardington; and then, in 1955, 217 MU. 217 MU, RAF Cardington, produced all the gases used by the Royal Air Force until its closure in April 2000; including gas cylinder filling and maintenance.

The two airship sheds ceased being part of the RAF Cardington site in the late 1940s and they were put to other uses. The fence was moved, so they were outside the main RAF Cardington site.

From 1970, No. 2 shed was used by the Fire Research Station for large-scale fire tests in sheltered conditions which could not be carried out at their site in Borehamwood, Herts. Such tests included work on sprinklers in high-rack storage, department stores and other locations, gas explosions (following the Ronan Point disaster of 1969), and reconstructions of notable fires including the Manchester Woolworth's fire of 1979. In 1972 the Fire Research Station was merged with the Building Research Station to form the Building Research Establishment (BRE) and in the 1980s onwards some of BRE's work in non-fire areas was done in the hangar until around 2001; this included multi-storey steel, concrete and wooden buildings which were constructed and then destructively tested within the huge space available. This shed was completely reclad for BRE in the 1990s by the Property Services Agency and its contractors and thus was looked after in comparison with the other shed.

The buildings tests were mentioned during the course of the BBC series The Conspiracy Files as evidence in the controversy surrounding the collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 on 11 September 2001.

A company called Airship Industries tried to revive the fortunes of the airship industry in the other shed in the 1980s, but the efforts ended in failure. In the 2000s decade, the site was used for the development of a new design of airship, the Skycat, by the company Hybrid Air Vehicles. In the 2010s the site served as a base for Hybrid Air Vehicles' Airlander 10 prototype airship.

Goodyear Blimps, 2011
In early 2011 two Goodyear Blimps (Spirit of Safety I and Spirit of Safety II) were refurbished in Shed 1, prior to their deployment on a European tour promoting road safety.

Sports
Cardington is the location of the two largest and most successful football clubs in Bedford Borough. Bedford Town F.C. compete at The New Eyrie stadium, and play in the Southern Football League Premier Division. Bedford F.C. use the McMullen Park stadium, and play in the Spartan South Midlands Football League Division One. Both of the football stadiums are located next to each other on Meadow Lane in Cardington.

Cardington Artificial Slalom Course is an artificial whitewater canoe slalom course located on the edge of Cardington next to Priory Country Park. The course was the first if its kind to be built in the UK, and hosts national canoe slalom competitions and cups. It is also used as a main training area for the Viking Kayak Club.

Notable people from Cardington

 * George Gascoigne (1535–1577) – Elizabethan poet
 * Samuel Whitbread (1720–1796) – brewer and MP for Bedford
 * John Howard (1726–1790) – prison reformer and High Sheriff of Bedfordshire

title: Cardington, Bedfordshire


text:
Möhlin

Möhlin is a municipality in the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

History
The area around Möhlin was prehistorically settled. A neolithic settlement has been discovered at Chleizelgli, while scattered Bronze Age items were discovered around the municipality. There was a Roman era estate as well as three watchtowers along the Rhine river. During the Early to High Middle Ages it was the site of fortified refuge.

The modern village of Möhlin is first mentioned in 794 as Melina. In the 13th century a knight in the service of the House of Zähringen and a 15th-century Rheinfeld Schultheiss (mayor) both had the name von Meli, which is derived from Möhlin.

The municipality of Möhlin came into being when eight hamlets merged over the course of the 15th century. Jurors (a group of men of good character that were used to investigate crimes and/or judge the accused) from Möhlin are first mentioned in 1473. From 1135 until 1797, the village was under Habsburg-Austrian rule. It was a part of the region of Möhlinbach in the Rheinfelden district. Both the high and low courts over the district were under Austrian control. In 1803 the entire Fricktal, including Möhlin, joined the newly founded Canton of Aargau. The settlement of Rappershausen was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War.

The church appears in the 8th century with Germanus as its patron saint. In the 10th century it is again mentioned, but this time the patron is Saint Leodegar. The original building was replaced with a new church in 1609. In 1314 the patronage of the church was granted by the Abbey of Ettenheim in Breisgau to James of Wart. A few years later, in 1327, it was granted to the Teutonic Knights Order House in Beuggen. Between 1803 and 1863 the patronage was held by the Canton of Aargau. The two chapels in Obermöhlin and Riburg date from the 17th and the early 18th century. The Christian Catholic parish was established in 1873, and took over the church at that time. The church was renovated in 1954. In the 1940s, a Catholic and a Reformed church were built.

In 1932, the Bata Shoes company opened its factory in Möhlin. The factory buildings and the surrounding residential areas were modeled on the original urban design of the city of Zlín, Czechoslovakia.

Geography
Möhlin has an area,, of 18.79 km2. Of this area, 7.89 km2 or 42.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.87 km2 or 36.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.48 km2 or 18.5% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.59 km2 or 3.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km2 or 0.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 2.7% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 9.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.6%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 33.2% is used for growing crops and 7.5% is pastures, while 1.3% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.

The municipality is located in the Rheinfelden district, along the Möhlinbach (Möhlin stream). It consists of the two parts Obermöhlin (Upper Möhlin) and Untermöhlin (Lower Möhlin) in the south of the railway line and of Riburg in the north.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a garb Or ensigned with a Sickle Azure handled Sable.

Demographics
Möhlin has a population of. , 21.3% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 14.7%. Most of the population speaks German (87.8%), with Italian being second most common ( 3.5%) and Albanian being third ( 1.9%).

The age distribution,, in Möhlin is; 1,042 children or 10.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,148 teenagers or 12.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 1,143 people or 12.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 1,423 people or 14.9% are between 30 and 39, 1,655 people or 17.3% are between 40 and 49, and 1,234 people or 12.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 951 people or 10.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 631 people or 6.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 288 people or 3.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 36 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.58 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 46% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 291 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 1,938 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 1,109 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. , there were 3,412 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. there were 1,542 single family homes (or 36.2% of the total) out of a total of 4,259 homes and apartments. There were a total of 60 empty apartments for a 1.4% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 13.5 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 36.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (19.7%), the FDP (12.3%) and the CVP (11.8%).

The historical population is given in the following table:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Bata factory at Batastrasse (719, 743) and three parts of the Roman era Rhine fortifications (the Fahrgraben, the Bürkli in the hamlet of Riburg, and the lower Wehren) are all listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.

Economy
, Möhlin had an unemployment rate of 2.4%. , there were 176 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 48 businesses involved in this sector. 841 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 84 businesses in this sector. 2,498 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 254 businesses in this sector.

there were 4,291 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 2,932 or about 68.3% of the residents worked outside Möhlin while 1,444 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 2,803 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 20.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 48.6% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 3,121 or 37.6% were Roman Catholic, while 2,381 or 28.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 1 042 who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

Transport
Möhlin sits on the Bözberg railway line and is served by local trains at Möhlin.

Education
In Möhlin about 72.6% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population, there are 750 students attending primary school, there are 244 students attending secondary school, there are 348 students attending tertiary or university level schooling in the municipality.

Möhlin is home to the Gemeindebibliothek Möhlin (municipal library of Möhlin). The library has 16,642 books or other media, and loaned out 58,564 items in the same year. It was open a total of 216 days with average of 13 hours per week during that year.

Notable people

 * Bruno Hunziker (1930–2000) a Swiss attorney, politician and member of the Swiss federal parliament; raised in Möhlin
 * Ivan Rakitić (born 1988 Rheinfelden) a Croatian professional footballer with over 400 club caps who plays for Spanish club Sevilla and for the Croatia national team, with over 100 caps
 * Jérôme Kym (2003-) a Swiss professional tennis player

title: Möhlin


text: Talk:Living modified organism

title: Talk:Living modified organism


text:
Talk:Logical schema

Merge Logical schema and Semantic data model here
I like to propose to merge Logical schema and Semantic data model here. This seems to be three alternative terms for one and the same thing. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 21:23, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I guess this isn't a good idea after all. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 22:26, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Remove references to XML
The claim that "Currently, the choices [of a logical schema] are relational, object-oriented, and XML" is incorrect. XML is a coding method rather than a type of schema. Any type of logical schema could be represented in XML. I will reword this section soon unless people comment here about why I shouldn't. Matthew C. Clarke  03:41, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I've now done this Matthew C. Clarke  21:41, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Move comparison of conceptual, logical & physical data model to Data modeling
Data modeling gives an overview of those three, so the compariso table would fit better there Dobinator (talk) 16:39, 11 January 2019 (UTC)

External link dead
anyone able to replace this? site seems dead, thanks 86.158.66.129 (talk) 00:06, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Dependant or independant from data management technology ?
The article recently moves from

"A logical data model (LDM) in systems engineering is a representation of an organization's data, organized in terms of a particular data management technology."

to

"A logical data model (LDM) in systems engineering is a representation of an organization's data, organized in terms entities and relationships and is independent of any particular data management technology."

Why ? Does it mean that the LDM representation should stay the same for a relational database, a OLAP cube or an XML file/stream,... ? I'm not sure.

I have, at the moment, a lot of disucussions around this topic and everyone seems to have a different opinion. What are yours ?

Noomdas (talk) 15:33, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Yes, the CDM and LDM are independent of any particular data management technology, such as Oracle or MySql database table schema. That is why the Physical DM is different, to provide the data management-specific info, like field format and index-key identification. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kitdaddio (talk • contribs) 15:25, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I think the statement is unclear and confuses "specific data mangement technology" with "specific data management product". The technology might be RDBMS, object databases, XML files, etc. The product can be Oracle, MySql, etc. The following quotes are from articles that all agree on the difference between conceptual and logical data models:
 * "Logical Data Models (LDMs) : describes the semantics, as represented by a particular data manipulation technology. This consists of descriptions of tables and columns, object oriented classes, and XML tags, among other things."

- Unknown

 * "A logical schema is a data model of a specific problem domain expressed in terms of a particular data management technology. Without being specific to a particular database management product, it is in terms of either relational tables and columns, object-oriented classes, or XML tags."

- Unknown

 * "Logical schema: describes the structure of some domain of information. This consists of descriptions of (for example) tables, columns, object-oriented classes, and XML tags."

- Unknown

 * The current article states different things, both which I think are unclear or wrong:
 * "a logical data model (LDM) is a representation of an organization's data, organized in terms of entities and relationships and is independent of any particular data management technology"

- Unknown

 * "Even so, since the logical data model anticipates implementation on a specific computing system, the content of the logical data model is adjusted to achieve certain efficiencies."

- Unknown

 * I think the other articles are correct and that the change made is incorrect. This error is also reflected in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model which, unclearly/erroneously states "The logical ER model is however developed independent of technology into which it will be implemented.".
 * My suggestions:
 * "a logical data model (LDM) is a representation of an organization's data dependent on the type of data management technology (RDBMS, object database, etc.), but independent of any particular vendor's data management product"

- Johan Natt och Dag

 * "Even so, since the logical data model anticipates a certain type of data mangement technology, the content of the logical data model is adjusted to reflect that and to achieve certain efficiencies using."

- Johan Natt och Dag

 * Do you agree?

Conceptual v Logical v Physical
Logical data models are typically developed for a specific application (e.g. Sales system, data warehouse), though the technology has not been chosen. For the former, operational system, you would normalise (typically to 4NF), but the BI manager would have screaming hab-dabs if you proposed anything other than a star schema for the data warehouse. As the logical model contains primary & secondary keys and relationships, surely you would also produce the logical model as either 4NF or star schema as appropriate the the business use of the application? MaryEFreeman (talk)

The article states that the LDM "Is normalized to fourth normal form (4NF)". That seems completely out of place since an LDM may not even be relational (could be ER, UML or some other). LDM is still an LDM whether it satisfies 1NF, 6NF or no NF at all. Oradium (talk) 16:21, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Logical schema


text:
User talk:Juventus5

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia!

Just a few comments. Please do not make articles about yourself (as I assume the Michael Petrunas article was), or create redirects in the main namespace to pages in userspace, such as your user page.

If you have any questions, you can check the Help pages, ask it at Village_pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy Wikipedia! Jonathan Christensen 18:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Juventus5


text:
Øystein Runde

Øystein Runde (born December 14, 1979, in Ulsteinvik) is a Norwegian comics writer and comics artist. Runde, Kristopher Schau and Frode Hanssen published the weekly science/humor podcast 80% from 2019 to 2020, after its end in october 2020 when Schau moved to Drammen, Runde started an english-language science podcast called Wunderdog, where he talks to "the scientists behind the ideas". Guests so far have been professor Philip Lubin who invented the concept for Stephen Hawking and Yuri Milners "Breakthrough starshot" laser, professor Robin Hanson who invented the term "The Great Filter" and wrote Age of Em about mind uploads, doctor Cynthia Phillips from NASA, staff scientist for the Europa Clipper project.

Early years
Debuted as a 19-year-old with winning a competition in Norway's biggest youth magazine, Spirit, with a 3-page comic in rhyme. Broke through as a 21-year-old as co-writer and artist on Margarin, a family saga that was compared to David Cronenberg, David Lynch and Dave Cooper. Margarin ran in the magazine Smult and marked the co-writing debut of Norwegian comedian and musician Kristopher Schau, who later created the TV series Dag When collected, Margarin was considered a cult comic and got generally favorable reviews, with the exception of Norway's then-leading comics critic Morten Harper, who called Smult "Norway's most important comics magazine", but also noted that the main course, Margarin, was "disgusting" and "what happens in it could hardly be called sex".

Runde abandoned the detailed drawings of Margarin to create a strip of stick figures. The stick figure strips got collected in 2008.

Writing
Runde then turned completely to writing: Futen with Knut Solberg and two graphic novels for artist Geir Moen, De Fire Store (The Grand Four). The steampunk action comedy took advantage of the fact that four of Norway's 18th century writers, Henrik Ibsen, Bjornstjerne Bjornson, Alexander Kielland and Jonas Lie are collectively called "the grand four". Runde and Moen reimagined them as a reluctantly assembled team of special agents, forced to cooperate because of a zombie invasion in the Frogner Park. De Fire Store book 1 got all over favourable reviews, while book 2 was considered well drawn and full of ideas.

2009 saw the publication of Runde's biggest project after Margarin, the Saga of Olav Sleggja. Sleggja was drawn in a more realistic style than any of his other works.

Sleggja got a sequel in 2018, Berserk. Berserk got enthusiastic reviews.

In 2017, Øystein also published his first fact book, Stamceller, kroppens superheltar (Stem cells, superheroes of the body). Among other things, it follows stem cell researcher Cecilie Gjerde on her quest to regenerate jawbone. Dagbladet called it "A book that makes your kid smarter than you."

English versions of his work are sometimes made available for supporters on his Patreon page.

Projects
For Sleggja, co-director Lars-Petter Iversen and Runde created a live-action trailer. Sleggja was praised for its intense and touching story.

In 2015, Øystein Runde and Ida Neverdahl published a travelogue comic, MOSCOW, in English.

Also the book FUTEN, about a mythological tax collector, was finally published after 8 years of work by artist Knut André Solberg. Futen was well received.

Together with co-director and producer Torstein Jacobsen and co-director Johanna Raita, Runde released a horror comedy, Last Christmas.

title: Øystein Runde


text:
Military Service Act

Military Service Acts were introduced to enact conscription:
 * Military Service Act 1916, introduced in January 1916 in the UK during World War I
 * Military Service Act (Canada), introduced in Canada in 1917 during World War I
 * Military Service Act 1939, introduced in the United Kingdom in 1939 in the run-up to World War II
 * Military Service Act (South Korea), enacting conscription in South Korea
 * Military Service Act (Taiwan), enacting conscription in Taiwan

title: Military Service Act


text: Talk:Million million

title: Talk:Million million


text:
Aptiv

Aptiv PLC is an Irish-American automotive technology supplier with headquarters in Dublin. Aptiv grew out of the now-defunct American company, Delphi Automotive Systems, which itself was formerly a component of General Motors.

History
The company was established as General Motors' Automotive Components Group in 1994, which changed its name to Delphi Automotive Systems in 1995. G.M. also renamed the various divisions within the newly created Delphi unit. Packard Electric became Delphi Packard Electric Systems; Delco Chassis became Delphi Chassis Systems; Inland Fisher-Guide became Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems; Saginaw became Delphi Saginaw Steering Systems; Harrison Radiator became Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems, and AC Delco became Delphi Energy and Engine Management Systems.

Delphi disclosed some irregular accounting practices in 2005. Many executives, including CFO Alan Dawes, resigned. Delphi Chairman J.T. Battenberg retired. Delphi then filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection to reorganize its struggling U.S. operations. As a result of this action, the Securities and Exchange Commission granted an application by the New York Stock Exchange to delist Delphi's common stock and bonds.

Plants in Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain, closed, with a loss of 1,600 direct jobs, and more than 2,500 indirect jobs in February 2007, despite having agreed to continue its manufacturing operations until 2010 and receiving more than €25 million from various public administrations to guarantee its workers' jobs. The Regional Government of Andalusia announced it would begin legal action against the company for breach of local labor laws.

Delphi sued its investors for US$2.55 billion in securities to aid Delphi as it sought to come out of bankruptcy in May 2008. U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Robert Drain in New York allowed Delphi to seek payments through a contract against Appaloosa Management LP as well as denying an investors' request for a cap of $250 million for damages. In April 2009, CoolIT Systems announced the acquisition of the assets of Delphi Thermal Liquid Cooling, including intellectual property, machinery, and equipment.

A group of private investors purchased Delphi's core assets to create a new Delphi Corporation in October 2009. Some of its non-core steering operations were sold to General Motors Company, the successor to the bankrupt Motors Liquidation Company that was formerly General Motors Corporation. The stock was cancelled. The old Delphi Corporation was renamed DPH Holdings Corporation. The new Delphi was incorporated in the United Kingdom.

Delphi sold its Thermal Business unit to Mahle-Behr GmbH in July 2015. Together, the Mahle-Behr and Delphi Thermal merger represented the second-largest supplier of automotive thermal management systems including interior HVAC components, under-hood powertrain cooling and compressors. The company announced improvements to self-driving technology under development in December 2015. In the same month, Delphi bought HellermannTyton for $1.7 billion.

Delphi entered into a partnership agreement with Carbon in June 2016 to allow the use of Carbon's Continuous Liquid Interface Production technology and printers. The company then bought the self-driving startup NuTonomy for $450 million in October 2017.

The company divested its powertrain division and aftermarket related businesses (now Borg Warner's Delphi Technologies division) in December 2017 and changed its name to Aptiv PLC. In August 2019, Aptiv and Hyundai Motor Group announced plans to establish a $4 billion autonomous driving joint venture in which the firms would each have a 50% stake. The companies said the joint venture, which would have its headquarters in Boston, would focus on advancing the “design, development and commercialization of SAE Level 4 and 5 autonomous technologies.” The joint venture deal was completed in March 2020 and was named Motional in August 2020.

In January 2021, Aptiv revealed a new platform for automated driving that can be applied on various vehicles and that carmakers can upgrade wirelessly.

On 11 January 2022, Aptiv announced that they had acquired Wind River Systems, a company known for its development of real-time operating systems.

Operations
, Aptiv has two diversified business segments:

 * "Signal and Power Solutions (Formerly Electrical/Electronic Architecture)" provides complete vehicle electrical systems, integrating wiring and cable assemblies, electrical centers and connection systems.
 * "Advanced Safety and User Experience (Formerly Electronics & Safety)" provides advanced software and sensing systems, computing platforms, advanced safety systems and automated driving, user experience and infotainment, as well as other vehicular electronic controls.

Controversies
On 4 March 2005, Delphi said it had fired its CFO and would restate earnings between 1999, when Delphi spun off from General Motors Corp (GM), and 2004 for improper reporting of rebates, credits, or other payments from suppliers. In June, 2006, Delphi said in a filing that it would restate its 2005 report, which would increase Delphi's reported 2004 net loss by $65 million. In 2013, Delphi became involved in an ongoing lawsuit against GM, because it manufactures ignition switches for the Chevrolet Cobalt, whose original design is alleged to be defective.

In 2009, as a result of its bankruptcy agreement, "Delphi surrendered its pension obligations to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation." A group of about 20,000 salaried employees, principally in Ohio, Michigan, New York and Indiana, have been involved in litigation since then seeking restoration of their full pension rights.

Joint ventures

 * In August 2019, Aptiv and Hyundai Motor Group announced plans to establish a $4 billion autonomous driving joint venture in which the firms will each have a 50% stake. The companies said the joint venture, which will have headquarters in Boston, would focus on advancing the “design, development and commercialization of SAE Level 4 and 5 autonomous technologies.” The joint venture deal was completed in March 2020 and was named Motional in August 2020.
 * EnerDel – started as a joint venture of Ener1 and Delphi. In August 2008, Ener1 bought exclusive ownership of EnerDel.

Environmental record
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst allegedly identified Delphi corp. as the 21st-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States in 2002. According to the study, the manufacturer's most toxic emissions included asbestos (542 lb/yr), chromium compounds (1,082 lb/yr), lead compounds (8,466 lb/yr), and sulfuric acid (17,600 lbs/year), while the most massive emissions were glycol ethers (111,520 lbs/year) and hydrochloric acid (80,000 lb/yr).

title: Aptiv


text: User talk:132.236.6.55

title: User talk:132.236.6.55


text:
Talk:Olive branch

and the link is?
I fail to see the link between the section Ancient Greece and Rome and association of olives with peace--mrg3105 (comms) ♠ ♥ ♦ ♣ 23:55, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Soviet/U.N. Usage
I'm taking classes in college right now about Soviet Propaganda, and twice now I've seen logos of the Hammer and Sickle superimposed over a globe of the world with two branches on each side (they may or may not be olive branches). Does anyone know about the link between this symbol and the United Nations emblem? I have many speculative ideas, but if someone has definite facts they'd be much appreciated, and perhaps interesting for this page. --Loudlikeamouse (talk) 18:43, 22 September 2008 (UTC)loudlikeamouse 18:42, 22 September 2008

Noah
Of the Noah story the article says, "This story has led to the dove and the olive branch (combined with the classical tradition) to become symbols of peace." No source is given, and I suspect that the reverse is the case.

Genesis says nothing about peace in connection with the dove and the olive branch (and, incidentally, nowhere does the Bible associate the dove with peace). The association of the olive branch with peace is pagan and classical. There are ancient Christian depictions of the dove-and-branch, for example in the Catacombs of Priscilla in Rome (2nd or 3rd century) but, of course, in the absence of any contemporary description, we do not know what it means there. As a Christian image, it may depict a symbol of the Holy Spirit.

The dove-and-branch as a peace symbol was well-established in the late 18th century, and has become even more widespread in the late 20th century. Probably Noah has been read in this light, and the symbolism has been applied recently, i.e., it is the modern symbol that has led to Noah's dove-and-branch being seen as emblematic of peace.

If anyone can find a source showing an association of the dove-and-branch with peace earlier than the C18th it would be interesting to see. Marshall46 (talk) 16:38, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

 * One such representation in the catacombs of Rome, about 2nd century CE, is inscribed in Greek "EIPHNH", (eirene, or peace). See Peace symbols for more details and citations.  Marshall46 (talk) 10:07, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Now added here. Marshall46 (talk) 10:16, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The section "Jewish" at first referred to the olive branch brought back by the dove to Noah. Genesis 8:11 refers not to an olive branch but an olive leaf (alay zayit in Hebrew).  St Jerome's translation of the Hebrew Bible into Latin made alay zayit into ramum olivae (branch of olive).  Christians had already made use of the pagan olive branch in their art, and St Jerome, who was free in his translation, may have used the phrase ramum olivae for that reason.  Whether he did so nor not, St Augustine wrote that, "perpetual peace is indicated by the olive branch (oleae ramusculo) which the dove brought with it when it returned to the ark," thus confirming this Christian reading of the Noah story.

 * I have changed the section "Jewish" to include the readings of Gen 8:11 in the Midrash and Talmud, but all they do is make clear that the olive branch has no place in Jewish tradition. Should the section "Jewish" be removed?  Or should it refer to the misconception that Gen. 8:11 in the Hebrew Bible contains the Christian symbol of the dove and olive branch? Marshall46 (talk) 18:52, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Removed section "Jewish", but kept link to Noach so that the Jewish interpretation of the olive leaf can be followed up. Also removed from Wiki Project Judaism for reasons explained above. If a good argument for retaining the section can be made, it can be put back. Marshall46 (talk) 16:22, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Lead paragraph
I removed this:

''The original link between olive branches and peace is unknown. Some explanations center on that olive trees take a long time to bear fruit. Thus the cultivation of olives is something that is generally impossible in time of war. peace symbols - Learn English Magazine - British Council Another explanation could be, since olives are among the first crops, offering an olive branch establishes camaraderie, and maintains peace, through the exchange of cultivation knowledge.''

1. It was not in the main body of the article, so it does not summarise what follows.

2. Most of it is speculation without any source and the one source is a dead link.

3. There is good, sourced material on the original link between olive branches and peace in the section on Classical antiquity, so it is not true to say that the original link is unknown. Marshall46 (talk) 16:28, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Passage removed
I have removed this unreferenced passage:

"Though the dove is a symbol of peace, the olive branch is also used as a gesture of peace. For example when saying "offering an olive branch." This comes from the Great Flood, when Noah sent a dove out to search for land that would be safe for them to travel to and live on. The dove came back with an olive branch in it's beak, which apparently symbolised the end of God's war with mankind."

If the editor had read the referenced section on the olive branch as a symbol of peace, and the article on Peace symbols, he would have seen that it comes not from the Hebrew Bible but from pagan Greece. In the story of the Great Flood, the dove comes back to Noah not with an olive branch but an olive leaf, and neither in the text nor in Biblical commentaries is it treated as symbol of peace. The dove and the olive came to be regarded as a peace symbol only when the pagan symbol of the olive branch was adopted by Christians, and only after then did St.Jerome translate the relevant passage in the Hebrew Bible from olive leaf to olive branch. Marshall46 (talk) 16:36, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

Genesis 8:11
I have reverted the deletion of this passage: "However, in Jewish tradition there is no reference to an olive branch in the story of the Flood and no association of the olive leaf with peace." Sagi Nahor, who deleted it, wrote, "Inaccurate. Read any Jewish Bible commentary such as Rashi to Genesis 8:11."

Here is Rashi's commentary on Gen 8:11. "Torn off in her mouth": "It is my opinion that it [the dove] was male. Therefore, it is sometimes referred to as male and sometimes as female. This is because wherever {Hebrew Ref} appears in Scripture it is referred to as female; for instance: ["His eyes are like] those of doves bathing near the water brooks," "Like the doves of the valleys all of them moaning." And as: "Like a foolish dove."

And "Torn off": "Means: 'he plucked.' The Midrash Aggadah explains it [ {Hebrew Ref} ] as 'food' and interprets {Hebrew Ref} as 'speaking.' She said, 'Better that my food be as bitter as an olive from the hand of G-d than sweet as honey from the hands of human beings.'

No mention of peace and no mention of a branch. Also, follow up the footnotes to commentaries in the Talmud. No mention of peace or a branch there either, only a leaf torn off.

You can read Rashi here. Marshall46 (talk) 14:57, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Dead link above. Rashi here. Pelarmian (talk) 09:45, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

2 witnesses
Rev 11
 * I will give to My two witnesses, and they shall prophesy days, a thousand, two hundred, sixty, arrayed with sackcloth; these are the two olive [trees]
 * Just granpa (talk) 12:57, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olive branch


text:
St Andrew's Primary School

St Andrew's Primary School may refer to:

 * St Andrew's Primary School (Soham)
 * St Andrew's School (Bahamas)
 * St Andrew's Primary School, Kilmarnock, Scotland
 * St Andrew's Primary School, Bearsden, Scotland
 * St. Andrew's R.C. Primary School, Falkirk, Scotland
 * St Andrew's Primary School, Cullompton, Devon, England
 * St. Andrews School (Virginia)

It may also refer to a number of primary schools in St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland

title: St Andrew's Primary School