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List of tunnels in the United States

The following is a list of some tunnels in the United States of America. More tunnels may be found in each state than are included on this list.

Alabama

 * 5th Avenue North Tunnel, Birmingham. Completed in 1909, this road tunnel runs beneath the former Birmingham Terminal Station site, now occupied by the Red Mountain Expressway.
 * John H. Bankhead Tunnel, a 3,389 ft road tunnel, US 98 under the Mobile River in Mobile.
 * Blount Tunnel, a rail tunnel near Blount Springs.
 * Brocks Gap Tunnel, a 900 ft CSX rail tunnel in Hoover near Birmingham, under Shades Mountain.
 * Cooks Springs Tunnel, a Norfolk Southern rail tunnel near Cooks Springs, on the main line between Birmingham and Anniston.
 * Coosa Tunnel a rail tunnel on an active Norfolk Southern line. In Shelby County.
 * Hardwick Tunnel, a rail tunnel on the ATN Railway near Wattsville.
 * Hayden Tunnel, an active rail tunnel located near Hayden.
 * Jefferson Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel in Jefferson County.
 * Laney Tunnel, an active rail tunnel on the ATN Railway near Glencoe. Completed in 1851 and reinforced in 2010.
 * Oak Mountain Tunnel a rail tunnel on an active Norfolk Southern rail line. In Shelby County.
 * Palisade Tunnel, a 400 ft road tunnel on the Homewood side of Red Mountain. The one-way tunnel provides west-bound access to Palisades Boulevard from Oxmoor Road.
 * Red Mountain Tunnel, a proposed road tunnel project that was meant to link Birmingham to its southern neighbors. The tunnel idea was abandoned and eventually the Red Mountain Expressway Cut was built instead.
 * Roper Tunnel, a rail tunnel on the ATN Railway near Trussville.
 * Tunnel Springs Tunnel, an 840 ft abandoned rail tunnel near Tunnel Springs. The masonry tunnel was completed in 1899 and abandoned in 1994.
 * George C. Wallace Tunnel, twin road tunnels, 3,000 ft road tunnels, I-10 under the Mobile River in Mobile.
 * Waldo Tunnel, Former ACL tunnel on the CSX Lineville Sub.
 * Weathers Tunnel, a rail tunnel on the CSX near Weathers.

Alaska

 * Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, 13,300 ft, rail (Alaska Railroad) and highway (Portage Glacier Road), near Whittier

Arizona

 * Claypool Tunnel, abandoned highway tunnel next to US 60, just east of Superior
 * Poland Tunnel, abandoned pedestrian tunnel between the ghost towns of Poland and Walker, south of Prescott
 * Mule Pass Tunnel, 1,400-ft long, road SR 80, Bisbee, Arizona
 * Deck Park Tunnel, 2,887-ft twin road tunnels, Interstate 10, Phoenix
 * Queen Creek Tunnel, 1,200-ft road US 60, just east of Superior
 * Verde Canyon Railroad Tunnel, 680 ft railway tunnel, Yavapai County

Arkansas

 * Bobby Hopper Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 49, Washington County
 * Cotter Tunnel, rail tunnel under US 62, MNA Railroad, northwest of Cotter, Marion County
 * Crest Tunnel, rail tunnel under State Highway 14, MNA Railroad, northwest of Omaha, Boone County
 * Cricket Tunnel, rail tunnel under old U.S. Route 65, MNA Railroad, south of Omaha, Boone County
 * Pyatt Tunnel, rail tunnel under County Road 408, MNA Railroad, southeast of Pyatt, Marion County

Colorado

 * Alpine Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, 1,772 ft, Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad, northeast of Pitkin, under the Continental Divide
 * Beavertail Mountain Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 70 and US 6 east of Palisade
 * Busk-Ivanhoe Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, Colorado Midland Railway, now part of an aqueduct, under the Continental Divide near Hagerman Pass
 * Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 70 under the Continental Divide near Loveland Pass northeast of Dillon
 * Hagerman Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, Colorado Midland Railway, under the Continental Divide near Hagerman Pass
 * Hanging Lake Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 70 and US 6, Glenwood Canyon project, east of Glenwood Springs
 * Mesa Verde National Park Tunnel, main Park road between milesposts 4 and 5, 0.28 miles long
 * Moffat Tunnel, rail tunnel, Union Pacific Railroad (formerly Denver and Salt Lake Railway), under the Continental Divide near Rollins Pass ; also a water tunnel
 * No Name Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 70 and US 6, Glenwood Canyon project, east of Glenwood Springs
 * Reverse Curve Tunnel, westbound Interstate 70 and westbound US 6, Glenwood Canyon project, east of Glenwood Springs
 * Veterans Memorial Tunnels/Twin Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 70 and US 6, east of Idaho Springs
 * Wolf Creek Pass Tunnel, US 160 between South Fork and Pagosa Springs

Connecticut

 * Heroes Tunnel, twin tunnels, Wilbur Cross Parkway/State Route 15, West Rock Ridge State Park, in New Haven
 * Pequabuck Tunnel, rail tunnel, originally Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad, Plymouth
 * Pitkin Street Tunnel, road tunnel between Elm and State streets, downtown New Haven
 * Shepaug, Litchfield and Northern Railroad, abandoned 235 ft rail tunnel in Washington, now a rail trail
 * Taft Tunnel, rail tunnel, Providence and Worcester Railroad (originally part of Norwich and Worcester Railroad), 300 ft, in Lisbon (oldest active railroad tunnel in the United States)

District of Columbia

 * 9th Street Tunnel, under the National Mall (one-way southbound from Constitution Avenue NW to I-395), NW to SW DC
 * 12th Street Tunnel, under the National Mall (one-way northbound from I-395 and Independence Avenue SW to Constitution Avenue NW), SW to NW DC
 * 16th Street NW tunnel, twin tunnels, under Scott Circle NW, NW DC
 * Barney Circle tunnel, twin tunnels, Southeast Boulevard SE under Barney Circle SE. Also a third tunnel, the ramp from the northbound John Philip Sousa Bridge to westbound Southeast Boulevard SE.  Part of Southeast Freeway (Interstate 695). SE DC
 * (four) Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park road culverts under the Canal:
 * # 1 (mile 1.3), near Canal Road NW and Foxhall Road NW, NW DC
 * # 2 (mile 3.1), Abner Cloud house (a.k.a. Fletcher's Boat House), Canal Road NW south of Arizona Avenue NW, NW DC
 * (# 3 and # 4 are in Maryland)
 * Connecticut Avenue NW tunnel, twin tunnels, under Dupont Circle NW, NW DC
 * E Street Expressway NW tunnel under Virginia Avenue NW, NW DC
 * First Street Tunnel, twin (two tracks) rail tunnel, Amtrak south from Washington, under First Street NE and First SE on Capitol Hill, NE and SE DC
 * K Street NW tunnel, twin tunnels, under Washington Circle NW, NW DC
 * Massachusetts Avenue NW tunnel, twin tunnels, under Thomas Circle NW, NW DC
 * (two) Third Street Tunnels, Interstate 395
 * southern portion, twin tunnels, under the National Mall Capitol reflecting pool, SW and NW DC
 * northern portion, twin tunnels, under Massachusetts Ave NW and H Street NW, NW DC
 * Virginia Avenue Tunnel, rail tunnel, former Baltimore and Potomac Railroad tunnel now used by CSX RF&P Subdivision, under Virginia Avenue SE, SE DC
 * West Leg of Inner Loop (Interstate 66) tunnel under Juárez Circle NW (intersection of New Hampshire Avenue NW, Virginia Avenue NW, and 25th Street NW), NW DC
 * Beach Drive tunnel

Florida

 * Henry E. Kinney Tunnel/New River Tunnel, twin tunnels, US 1 under New River in Fort Lauderdale
 * Port of Miami Tunnel, twin tunnels, State Road 886, beneath Biscayne Bay, connecting MacArthur Causeway on Watson Island with PortMiami on Dodge Island

Georgia

 * Brushy Mountain Tunnel (first named Divide Tunnel) on the Silver Comet Trail, which is the former Right-of-Way of Seaboard System rail line. Brushy Mountain Road runs perpendicular and above the tunnel.  Located south of Braswell, Georgia and also about 6 miles east of Rockmart, Georgia.
 * (two) Chetoogeta Mountain Tunnels, rail tunnels just east of Tunnel Hill, Georgia
 * active CSX Transportation rail tunnel
 * abandoned Western & Atlantic Railroad rail tunnel, now a rail trail and historic site
 * Krog Street Tunnel, in Atlanta

Hawaii

 * Hospital Rock Tunnels, twin tunnels, Interstate H-3, Oahu; Image:Koolau Range 03.JPG
 * John H. Wilson Tunnels, twin tunnels, State Route 63/Likelike Highway between Kaneohe and Honolulu, Oahu, goes under the Koʻolau Range
 * (two) Nu‘uanu Pali Tunnels, each twin tunnels, State Route 61/Pali Highway between Kailua and Honolulu, Oahu; Image:Pali Tunnels.jpg
 * Tetsuo Harano Tunnels, twin tunnels, Interstate H-3, Oahu; Image:Koolau Range 03.JPG

Idaho

 * St. Paul Pass Tunnel/Taft Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, in use 1908–1980, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Tunnel Number 20, between Shoshone County, Idaho and Mineral County, Montana, now part of Milwaukee Road Rail Trail, 47.39028°N, -115.64861°W, el. 5141 ft

Illinois

 * Chicago Freight Subway, 60 mi rail tunnel system under the Chicago Loop, mostly abandoned
 * LaSalle Street Tunnel, streetcar tunnel, LaSalle Street under the Chicago River in Chicago, abandoned
 * Milwaukee-Dearborn Subway, rail transit tunnel, 1951, 3.85 mi long, CTA 'L' Blue Line under Milwaukee Avenue and Dearborn Street in Chicago
 * State Street Subway, rail transit tunnel, 1943, 4.9 mi long, CTA 'L' Red Line under State Street in Chicago
 * Tunnel Hill State Trail tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, 543 ft former Cairo and Vincennes Railroad tunnel now part of Tunnel Hill State Trail, used as a hiking and bike rail trail, between Tunnel Hill and Vienna in Johnson County
 * Van Buren Street Tunnel, streetcar tunnel, Van Buren Street under the Chicago River in Chicago, abandoned
 * Washington Street Tunnel, streetcar tunnel, Washington Street under the Chicago River in Chicago, abandoned
 * Winston Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, 2,493 ft long, abandoned and partially collapsed former Chicago Great Western Railway tunnel, 9 miles west of Elizabeth in Jo Daviess County
 * East Dubuque rail tunnel, coming off Mississippi River Illinois Central RR Bridge in East Dubuque. Still in use. The 851 foot tunnel makes a 90° turn.

Indiana

 * Burton Tunnel, rail tunnel, 1907, 2,217 ft long, French Lick Scenic Railway (historical railroad), west of French Lick and northwest of the French Lick Municipal Airport in Orange County
 * Duncan Tunnel/Edwardsville Tunnel, rail tunnel, 1881, 4,295 ft long (longest in the state),, Norfolk Southern Railway under Edwardsville Hill (part of The Knobs), including portion of Interchange 118 on I-64, near Edwardsville in Floyd County
 * Indian Springs Tunnel/Crane Tunnel, rail tunnel, 1890, 1,106 ft long, Indiana Rail Road (INRD), under County Road 161 within the grounds of the Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center, northwest of Indian Springs in Martin County
 * Marengo Tunnel/Corndra Tunnel, rail tunnel, 1882, 700 ft long, Norfolk Southern Railway, under Cornelison Ln and Goodman Ridge Rd between Temple and Marengo in Crawford County
 * Marine Drive Tunnel, rail tunnel, 233 ft long, single-lane tunnel runs beneath a railroad trellis, roughly connecting Madison Avenue and 29th Street on the south side Anderson, Indiana in Madison County
 * Patton Tunnel/Taswell Tunnel, rail tunnel, 769 ft long, Norfolk Southern Railway, under Tunnel Hill Road between Taswell and English in Crawford County
 * Ritner Tunnel/The Big Tunnel, rail tunnel, 1857, 1,731 ft long, CSX railroad under Tunnel Hill, along the East Fork of the White River, east of Tunnelton and west-southwest of Fort Ritner in Lawrence County
 * Willow Valley Tunnel, rail tunnel, 1900, 1,160 ft long, CSX railroad, under State Road 650 south of Willow Valley in Martin County

Iowa

 * Harmon Tunnel, road tunnel under Backbone Ridge, built as a millrace, 1858, widened for road use, 1925, 149.9 ft long, Pammel State Park, Madison County, Iowa, 4.1 miles southwest of Winterset, Iowa

Kentucky

 * Cochran Hill Tunnel, twin tunnels, (I-64), carrying two lanes of traffic in each direction for I-64 under a section of Cherokee Park in Louisville between the exits at Grinstead Drive and Cannons Lane
 * Cumberland Gap Tunnel, twin tunnels, US 25E, under Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, between Middlesboro, Kentucky and Harrogate, Tennessee.
 * Grant's Bend Tunnels, twin rail tunnels, CSX Transportation CC Subdivision in Ryland Heights, Kentucky.
 * Nada Tunnel, KY 77, Powell County, near Red River Gorge Park, built for logging.
 * Leatherwood Tunnel, twin tunnels, at Leatherwood in Perry County on KY 699.
 * Louisville East End Tunnel, I-265 (also KY 841), twin tunnels carrying two lanes of traffic in each direction for I-265 under a historic property between the Lewis and Clark Bridge and US 42 in Harrods Creek, a Louisville suburban neighborhood.

Louisiana

 * Belle Chasse Tunnel, LA 23 under the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, southeast bound only, Belle Chasse (near New Orleans)
 * Harvey Tunnel, twin tunnels, Business U.S. 90 frontage roads, under the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Harvey (near New Orleans)
 * Houma Tunnel, (LA 3040) a two-lane tunnel crossing under the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in Houma

Maryland

 * (three) Baltimore and Potomac Tunnels (B&P Tunnel), twin-track rail tunnels, Amtrak (formerly Pennsylvania Railroad), Baltimore
 * Gilmor Street Tunnel
 * Wilson Street Tunnel
 * John Street Tunnel
 * Baltimore Harbor Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 895 under Patapsco River, Baltimore
 * Borden Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, 1911, 957 feet long, Western Maryland Railway north of Frostburg, now part of Great Allegheny Passage rail trail
 * Brush Tunnel, active tourist rail tunnel and rail trail, 1911, Western Maryland Scenic Railroad (formerly Western Maryland Railway), west of Corriganville, also now part of Great Allegheny Passage rail trail
 * Dalecarlia Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, 1910, CSX (formerly Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), underneath MacArthur Boulevard and the Washington Aqueduct in Brookmont, now part of Capital Crescent Trail rail trail
 * Fort McHenry Tunnel, quad tunnels, Interstate 95 under Baltimore Harbor, Baltimore
 * Henryton Tunnel, rail tunnel, c. 1850, CSX (formerly Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), west of Marriottsville
 * Howard Street Tunnel, rail tunnel, c.1895, CSX (formerly Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), Baltimore
 * Ilchester Tunnel, rail tunnel, c. 1903, CSX (formerly Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), east of Ellicott City
 * Jones Falls Conduit, water tunnel, built in 1914 to contain Jones Falls (river), from North Howard Street to East Baltimore Street, paralleling Jones Falls Expressway, in Baltimore
 * Paw Paw Tunnel, abandoned canal tunnel, in use 1850–1924, 3118 ft, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Allegany County, Maryland, across the Potomac River from Paw Paw, West Virginia, now a rail trail; through same ridge as Kessler Tunnel (Western Maryland Railway) and Graham Tunnel (CSX)
 * Union Tunnel, twin rail tunnels, Amtrak (formerly Pennsylvania Railroad), under Hoffman Street between Greenmount Avenue and Bond Street, Baltimore
 * (three) Western Maryland Railway tunnels, abandoned rail tunnels, in use 1906–1975, Western Maryland Railway ; from east to west:
 * Indigo Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, in use c. 1906–1975, northeast of Little Orleans
 * Stickpile Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, in use 1906–1975, Green Ridge State Forest in Allegany County, between Little Orleans, Maryland and Paw Paw, West Virginia
 * Kessler Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, in use 1906–1975, Green Ridge State Forest in Allegany County, northeast of Paw Paw, West Virginia; through same ridge as Graham Tunnel (CSX) and Paw Paw Tunnel (Chesapeake and Ohio Canal)

Massachusetts

 * Road tunnels connected to the Big Dig project in Boston:
 * Callahan Tunnel/Sumner Tunnel, twin tunnels, State Route 1A, under Boston Harbor
 * Callahan Tunnel, State Route 1A northeast-bound only, under Boston Harbor
 * Sumner Tunnel, State Route 1A southwest-bound only, under Boston Harbor
 * Fort Point Tunnel, twin tunnels, Massachusetts Turnpike/I-90 under Fort Point Channel, Boston
 * Ted Williams Tunnel, twin tunnels, Massachusetts Turnpike/I-90 under Boston Harbor
 * Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel, twin tunnels, 2003, I-93 (in coordination with the Dewey Square Tunnel), Boston
 * Dewey Square Tunnel, southbound I-93, southbound portion of the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel, Boston
 * Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority tunnels in the Greater Boston area:
 * MBTA Blue Line rail tunnel:
 * East Boston Tunnel, rail tunnel, between Airport Station and Bowdoin, now part of the MBTA Blue Line
 * MBTA Green Line rail tunnel:
 * Tremont Street Subway, rail tunnel, between Science Park and Boylston, now part of the MBTA Green Line
 * MBTA Orange Line rail tunnels, north to south:
 * Haymarket North extension, partially tunneled rail line, between Community College and Haymarket, MBTA Orange Line
 * Washington Street Tunnel, rail tunnel, between Haymarket and Chinatown, now the core of the MBTA Orange Line
 * Southwest Corridor extension, partially tunneled rail line, between Chinatown and Mass Ave, MBTA Orange Line
 * MBTA Red Line rail tunnels, north to south:
 * Cambridge tunnel, rail tunnel, between Alewife and Longfellow Bridge, now part of the MBTA Red Line
 * Dorchester Tunnel, rail tunnel, between Longfellow Bridge and JFK/UMass, now part of the MBTA Red Line
 * MBTA road tunnels, north to south:
 * Harvard Bus Tunnel, connects Harvard MBTA station under Harvard Square in Cambridge
 * MBTA Silver Line, bus tunnel, between South Station and Silver Line Way under Fort Point Channel
 * Hoosac Tunnel, rail tunnel, 1875, 4.75 miles (7.64 km) long, Pan Am Railways (formerly Boston and Maine Railroad), through the Berkshire Mountains between North Adams and Florida, Massachusetts
 * The longest active transportation tunnel in North America east of the Rocky Mountains
 * Prudential Center Complex tunnel, twin road tunnels and one rail tunnel, Massachusetts Turnpike/I-90 under Prudential Center Complex, Boston

Michigan

 * Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, road tunnel, Detroit to Windsor, Ontario, Canada under the Detroit River
 * Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, twin rail tunnels, Canadian Pacific Railway (formerly Michigan Central Railway), Detroit to Windsor, Ontario, Canada under the Detroit River
 * (two) St. Clair Tunnels, rail tunnels, Port Huron to Sarnia, Ontario, Canada under the St. Clair River
 * original tunnel, 1891, abandoned and sealed c. 1994
 * current tunnel, c.1994, Canadian National Railway
 * South Washington Avenue Tunnel, twin road tunnels, in Holland, under runway 8/26 at West Michigan Regional Airport

Minnesota

 * Eastman tunnel, defunct water tunnel; the tunnel ran downstream from Nicollet Island, beneath Hennepin Island, and exited below St. Anthony Falls; Minneapolis
 * Ely's Peak Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, in use c. 1912–1984, Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway, Short Line Park southwest of Duluth, now a rail trail
 * (four) Interstate 35 tunnels, short twin tunnels, between downtown Duluth and its end near London Road
 * Lowry Hill Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 94, near downtown Minneapolis
 * Portland Tunnel, single 3-lane tunnel carrying eastbound traffic, Interstate 94 near downtown Minneapolis
 * METRO Blue Line airport tunnels, 1.4 mi twin bore light rail tunnels, 70 ft under Runways 12L/30R and 12R/30L at Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport; Terminal 1–Lindbergh station is midway through the tunnel
 * Selby Ave Trolley tunnel, two-track, abandoned and sealed, streetcar tunnel, former Twin City Rapid Transit under Selby Avenue and Shelby Hill, Saint Paul
 * Silver Creek Cliff Tunnel, two-lane road tunnel, Highway 61, northeast of Two Harbors
 * Lafayette Bluff Tunnel, two-lane road tunnel, Highway 61, southwest of Castle Danger

Missouri

 * Lindbergh Boulevard Tunnel, twin tunnels, 2006, US Route 67/Lindbergh Boulevard under runway 11/29 at St. Louis-Lambert International Airport in Bridgeton, St. Louis County
 * (four) Rock Island Railroad Tunnels, abandoned rail tunnels, in use 1903/4-1980, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad; being developed into a rail trail; from east to west:
 * Freeburg Tunnel/Rock Island Tunnel # 1, abandoned rail tunnel, in use 1903–1980, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, under US 63 in Freeburg in Osage County; being developed into a rail trail
 * Koesltown Tunnel/Argyle Tunnel/Rock Island Tunnel # 2, abandoned rail tunnel, in use 1903–1980, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, under Osage Country Road 541 west of Koeltztown in Osage County; being developed into a rail trail
 * Eugene Tunnel/Rock Island Tunnel # 3, abandoned rail tunnel, in use 1903–1980, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, under State Route 17 just south of Eugene; being developed into a rail trail
 * Vale Tunnel/Rock Island Tunnel # 4, abandoned rail tunnel, in use 1904–1980, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, under Bannister Road southeast of Raytown, Jackson County; developed into a rail trail

Nebraska

 * Belmont Tunnel; abandoned rail tunnel, currently a road tunnel; in use as a rail tunnel 1889–1992, bypassed 1992; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (later BNSF Railway); in Dawes County between Marsland and Crawford; currently a BNSF service road
 * (four) Scotts Bluff National Monument tunnels, Scotts Bluff National Monument west of Gering in Scotts Bluff County
 * (three) road tunnels on Summit Road, the road to the top of Scotts Bluff National Monument
 * trail tunnel on Saddle Rock Trail, the hiking trail to the top of Scotts Bluff National Monument

Nevada

 * Airport Tunnel (Las Vegas), tri tunnels (two road tunnels and one future transit tunnel), under runways 7L/25R and 7R/25L and several taxiways at Las Vegas McCarran International Airport, connecting the Airport Spur Connector (unsigned SR 171) to Paradise Road in Paradise
 * Carlin Tunnels, twin rail tunnels and twin road tunnels, between Carlin and Elko
 * Carlin Rail Tunnels, twin rail tunnels, 1903, Union Pacific Railroad (formerly Central Pacific Railroad and Western Pacific Railroad)
 * Carlin Road Tunnel, twin road tunnels, 1975, I-80, Mile Marker 285, 0.27 miles long
 * Cave Rock Tunnel, twin road tunnels, US 50, along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe between Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook, north of Stateline

New Jersey

 * Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector Tunnel, twin road tunnels, 1957 ft, joins Atlantic City Expressway and the Marina District, Atlantic City
 * Bergen Arches, Erie Railroad (abandoned), beneath Bergen Hill or lower New Jersey Palisades, Jersey City. Open cut with short tunnels.
 * Central Jersey Expressway (NJ 29) tunnel, Trenton
 * Edgewater Tunnel New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad (abandoned), from Fairview to Edgewater
 * Holland Tunnel, beneath Hudson River between Jersey City and Manhattan
 * Downtown Hudson Tubes and Uptown Hudson Tubes, Port Authority Trans-Hudson rail system beneath Hudson River between Jersey City and Manhattan
 * Lincoln Tunnel, beneath Hudson River between Weehawken and Manhattan
 * Long Dock Tunnel, former Erie Railroad, CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway beneath Bergen Hill or lower New Jersey Palisades, Jersey City
 * Musconetcong Tunnel, 4,893 ft, Lehigh Valley Railroad, West Portal to Pattenburg, Hunterdon County
 * Newark City Subway, New Jersey Transit, Newark
 * North River Tunnels, former Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak and New Jersey Transit), beneath Hudson River between Weehawken and Manhattan
 * Oxford Tunnel, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (abandoned), Oxford
 * Roseville Tunnel, 1,024 ft, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, near Andover on the Lackawanna Cut-off (abandoned but slated for restored service)
 * Route 18 Tunnel (southbound only) in New Brunswick
 * Vass Gap Tunnel, 800 ft, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (abandoned), Manunka Chunk
 * Weehawken Tunnel, former West Shore Railroad, Weehawken. Now used for Hudson-Bergen Light Rail.

New Mexico

 * Raton Tunnel, rail tunnel, BNSF (formerly Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway), under Raton Pass between Raton, New Mexico and Trinidad, Colorado
 * (two) Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad tunnels, narrow-gauge rail tunnels, Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad (formerly Denver and Rio Grande Railway), in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico between Antonito, Colorado and Chama, New Mexico, east of Cumbres Pass; from east to west:
 * Cloudcroft Tunnel, Mexican Canyon, US 82, Otero County between Alamogordo and Cloudcroft

New York
New York City Subway tunnels:
 * Fort George Tunnel, IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, 2 miles of rock tunnel from 157th Street to Dyckman Street, the second-longest two-track tunnel in the country (after the Hoosac Tunnel) when completed in 1906.
 * 14th Street Tunnel, BMT Canarsie Line under East River between Manhattan and Brooklyn
 * 53rd Street Tunnel, IND Queens Boulevard Line under East River between Manhattan and Queens
 * 60th Street Tunnel, BMT Broadway Line under East River between Manhattan and Queens
 * 63rd Street Tunnel, IND 63rd Street Line under East River between Manhattan and Queens
 * 149th Street Tunnel, IRT Lenox Avenue Line under Harlem River between Manhattan and The Bronx
 * Clark Street Tunnel, IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line under East River between Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn
 * Concourse Tunnel, IND Concourse Line under Harlem River between Manhattan and The Bronx
 * Cranberry Street Tunnel, IND Eighth Avenue Line under East River between Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn
 * Joralemon Street Tunnel, IRT Lexington Avenue Line under East River between Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn
 * Montague Street Tunnel, BMT Broadway Line, BMT Nassau Street Line under East River between Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn
 * Rutgers Street Tunnel, IND Sixth Avenue Line under East River between Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn
 * Steinway Tunnel, IRT Flushing Line under East River between Manhattan and Queens

Other tunnels in New York City:
 * Atlantic Avenue tunnels on Long Island Rail Road:
 * Abandoned Cobble Hill Tunnel under Atlantic Avenue, Downtown Brooklyn
 * Current Atlantic Branch tunnels under Atlantic Avenue, Downtown Brooklyn and Queens
 * Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, I-478 under East River/New York Bay between Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn
 * East River Tunnels, Amtrak/Long Island Rail Road/Metro-North Railroad under East River between Midtown Manhattan and Queens
 * First Avenue Tunnel, First Avenue, Midtown Manhattan
 * Holland Tunnel, I-78 under Hudson River between Jersey City and Lower Manhattan
 * Hudson Tubes:
 * Uptown Hudson Tubes of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) under Hudson River between Hoboken and Midtown Manhattan
 * Downtown Hudson Tubes of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) under Hudson River between Jersey City and Lower Manhattan
 * Lincoln Tunnel, New Jersey Route 495 under Hudson River between Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan
 * Park Avenue (Murray Hill) Tunnel, Park Avenue in Murray Hill, Manhattan
 * North River Tunnels, Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak and New Jersey Transit) under Hudson River between Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan
 * Park Avenue Railroad Tunnel, Metro-North Railroad, Upper East Side, Manhattan
 * Queens–Midtown Tunnel, I-495 under East River between Midtown Manhattan and Queens
 * Riverside Park Tunnel, Amtrak/Metro-North Railroad, Manhattan

Other tunnels in New York State:
 * New York City water supply system tunnels 1 and 2
 * New York City Water Tunnel No. 3
 * Otisville Tunnel on Erie Railroad, Otisville, Orange County
 * Shandaken Tunnel, New York City water supply system, between Schoharie Reservoir and Esopus Creek
 * State Line Tunnel, Canaan, on the Boston and Albany main rail line.

North Carolina

 * Beaucatcher Tunnel, 1929, US 70/Tunnel Road through Beaucatcher Mountain, just east of downtown Asheville, 750 ft
 * Cowee Tunnel, rail tunnel, Great Smoky Mountains Railroad (formerly Murphy Branch, Western North Carolina Railroad), just northwest of Dillsboro in Jackson County
 * Jarrett's Tunnel, McDowell County, 125 ft
 * I-40 tunnels, 1 westbound, 2 eastbound, near mile marker 6, opened 1968.
 * Blue Ridge Parkway tunnels from the 1930s, numbering 25

North Dakota

 * Cartwright Tunnel, located in McKenzie County, is the first and only railroad tunnel in North Dakota. It was built in 1913 but a train never traveled through it.

Ohio

 * Coen Tunnel, Wheeling & Lake Erie Railway tunnel in Mingo Junction, Ohio.
 * Lytle Tunnel, tri freeway tunnels, I-71 under Lytle Park, downtown Cincinnati, 1099 ft; the tri tunnels are side by side, from west to east:
 * a two-lane I-71 southbound tunnel
 * a one lane southbound tunnel for the I-71 exit ramp to Downtown/Riverfront/Third Street
 * a three-lane I-71 northbound tunnel
 * Tunnel Hill Tunnel, Columbus and Ohio River Railroad under U.S. Route 40 in Cambridge, Ohio.

Oklahoma

 * Jenson Tunnel, located in LeFlore County (just southwest of Bonanza, Arkansas), is the first and only railroad tunnel in Oklahoma. It was built through Backbone Mountain during the mid 1880s in Indian Territory by the Fort Smith & Southern Railway. It is still in operation today, primarily used by the Kansas City Southern Railway.

Oregon

 * Many unnamed, numbered railroad tunnels exist within Oregon.

Puerto Rico

 * Minillas Tunnel, twin tunnels, Puerto Rico Highway 22, Santurce, San Juan
 * Tren Urbano, automated subway section between Universidad and Río Piedras.
 * Túnel Vicente Morales Lebrón, Puerto Rico Highway 53, Emajagua, Maunabo

Rhode Island

 * East Side Railroad Tunnel, abandoned and sealed rail tunnel, 5080 ft, between Gano Street and Benefit Street under College Hill, in Providence
 * East Side Trolley Tunnel, transit bus tunnel (converted from trolley use), 1914, 2000 ft, between North Main Street and Thayer Street under College Hill, in Providence

South Carolina

 * Stumphouse Mountain Tunnel, never completed rail tunnel, Blue Ridge and Atlantic Railroad, northwest of Walhalla

Tennessee

 * Cowan Tunnel/Cumberland Mountain Tunnel, rail tunnel, 1853, CSX Railroad (originally Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad), 2200 ft, east of Cowan
 * Cumberland Gap Tunnel, twin tunnels, US 25E, under Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, between Harrogate, Tennessee and Middlesboro, Kentucky
 * U.S. Highway 441 Tunnel Northbound, between Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge and 2 more tunnels in Great Smoky Mountains National Park on Highway 441 between Gatlinburg and Cherokee
 * Bachmann Tubes, which carry Ringgold Road through Missionary Ridge from Chattanooga into the neighboring town of East Ridge.
 * Missionary Ridge Tunnels (also unofficially known as McCallie Tunnels), which carry McCallie and Bailey Avenues through Missionary Ridge where the route continues as Brainerd Road.
 * Wilcox Tunnel, which carries Wilcox Boulevard through Missionary Ridge and connects to Shallowford Road.
 * Whiteside Tunnel (Missionary Ridge Railroad Tunnel) carries the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum trains between East Chattanooga and Grand Junction. Construction of the tunnel was started by the Chattanooga, Harrison, Georgetown and Charleston Railroad which went bankrupt before the work was completed. The tunnel was completed by the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad as part of their Chattanooga Branch. The railroad named the tunnel after Col. James A. Whiteside-a well known Chattanoogan and major stockholder of the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad.
 * Winchester Road Tunnel, an approximately 1100 ft long cut and cover tunnel going under runway 18C/36C at the Memphis International Airport in Memphis carrying 7 lanes of Winchester Road and constructed in the 1990's.

Texas

 * Addison Airport Toll Tunnel, Keller Springs Road under Addison Airport, Addison
 * DART tunnel, twin light-rail tunnels, 3.5 miles long, between Pearl/Arts District Station and Mockingbird Station, Dallas
 * Dallas Pedestrian Network, pedestrian tunnels, downtown Dallas
 * Dead Mans Curve, tunnel, Park Route 12, Big Bend National Park
 * East R.L. Thornton Freeway (Interstate 30), four tunnels under Hotel Street and four railroad lines between Stemmons Freeway (I-35E) and Botham Jean Boulevard in downtown Dallas 32.77017°N, -96.80176°W
 * (two) Houston Ship Channel tunnels, road tunnels; from east to west:
 * Baytown Tunnel, abandoned road tunnel, between Baytown and La Porte, demolished by 1998
 * Washburn Tunnel, under Houston Ship Channel/Buffalo Bayou, between Galena Park and Pasadena, east of Houston
 * Houston tunnel system, pedestrian tunnels, downtown Houston
 * Judge Alfred Hernandez Tunnel, Main Street between Naylor and Burnett Streets north of downtown Houston
 * Memorial Drive, new wildlife tunnels thru Memorial Park in Houston (opened in March 2022)
 * Navigation Boulevard, under Commerce Street and four railroad lines east of downtown Houston 29.75761°N, -95.34946°W
 * Santa Fe Terminal Complex, abandoned rail tunnels, downtown Dallas
 * South R.L. Thornton Freeway (Interstate 35E), cut-and-cover tunnel between Ewing and Marsalis Avenues in the Oak Cliff neighborhood southwest of downtown Dallas; Southern Gateway Deck Park (currently under construction) will cover the freeway
 * Spring Valley Road, under Central Expressway (US 75) in Richardson
 * Tandy Center Subway, abandoned light rail tunnel, operated 1963–2002, Fort Worth
 * Woodall Rodgers Freeway (Spur 366), cut-and-cover tunnel between Saint Paul and Pearl Streets in downtown Dallas (Klyde Warren Park covers the freeway)

Utah

 * Red Canyon Tunnel on SR-12
 * Twin tunnel on US 189 in Provo Canyon
 * Zion – Mount Carmel Highway tunnels, 1930, 1.1 mi and 480 ft long

Vermont

 * two New England Central Railroad tunnels, rail tunnels; from south to north:
 * Bellows Falls Tunnel, 1851, formerly Vermont Valley Railroad, Bellows Falls
 * Burlington Tunnel, 1861, formerly Central Vermont Railway, Burlington
 * Middlebury Tunnel, rail tunnel under Main Street and Merchants Row, Vermont Railway used by Amtrak's Ethan Allen Express, Middlebury

Virginia

 * Bee Rock Tunnel, Appalachia
 * Big Walker Mountain Tunnel, Interstate 77 south of Bland
 * Blue Ridge Tunnel - 4263 ft - Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (now Buckingham Branch Railroad), Rockfish Gap
 * Brookville Tunnel - 864 ft - Chesapeake and Ohio Railway near Greenwood, demolished
 * Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, US 13 beneath Chesapeake Bay between Virginia Beach and Northampton County
 * Church Hill Tunnel - 4000 ft - Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, Richmond, abandoned
 * Colonial Parkway tunnel beneath Colonial Williamsburg historic district, Williamsburg
 * Downtown Tunnel, Interstate 264 beneath Elizabeth River between Portsmouth and Norfolk
 * East River Mountain Tunnel, twin tunnels, I-77, between Bland County, Virginia and Mercer County, West Virginia
 * Greenwood Tunnel - 535.5 ft - Chesapeake and Ohio Railway near Greenwood, abandoned
 * Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel, Interstate 64 beneath Hampton Roads between Hampton and Norfolk
 * Marys Rock Tunnel, 1932, 670 ft, mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, Shenandoah National Park, south of US 211
 * Midtown Tunnel, US 58 beneath Elizabeth River between Portsmouth and Norfolk
 * Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel, Interstate 664 beneath Hampton Roads between Newport News and Suffolk
 * Natural Tunnel, Norfolk Southern Railway near Duffield, actually a naturally formed cave used as a railroad tunnel
 * Pedestrian tunnel beneath Shirley Highway (I-395) between Army Navy Drive and Pentagon south parking lot, Arlington

Washington

 * Battery Street Tunnel, State Route 99, Seattle (closed and filled in 2019)
 * Beacon Hill tunnel, Link light rail, Seattle
 * Burwell Tunnel, Bremerton Ferry Terminal to westbound State Route 304, Bremerton
 * Cascade Tunnel, BNSF Railway, near Stevens Pass
 * Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, Link light rail (and formerly buses), Downtown Seattle
 * Great Northern Tunnel, BNSF Railway, Seattle
 * (three) Hurricane Ridge Road, Olympic National Park
 * Keechelus Lake Wildlife Overcrossing, Interstate 90 at Keechelus Lake
 * Knapp's Hill Tunnel, U.S. Route 97A, south of Lake Chelan
 * Mount Baker Tunnel, twin tunnels, Interstate 90 and Link light rail, Seattle
 * Northgate Link tunnel, Link light rail, Seattle
 * Snoqualmie Tunnel, formerly Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, now rail-trail, near Snoqualmie Pass
 * (seven) State Route 14 in the Columbia River Gorge
 * (two) State Route 20 near Gorge Lake, North Cascades National Park
 * State Route 99 Tunnel, State Route 99, Downtown Seattle
 * Sate Route 123 south of Cayuse Pass, Mount Rainier National Park
 * (two) Stevens Canyon Road, Mount Rainier National Park
 * Stampede Tunnel, BNSF Railway, near Easton
 * University Link tunnel, Link light rail, Seattle
 * U.S. Route 2, west of Skykomish
 * U.S. Route 12 at Rimrock Lake
 * Wilburton Tunnel, Interstate 405 southbound, in Bellevue (demolished in 2008)

West Virginia

 * (two) Big Bend Tunnels, rail tunnels, CSX (formerly Chesapeake and Ohio Railway), just west of Talcott
 * Great Bend Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, in use 1873–1974, 6477 ft, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
 * Big Bend Tunnel, active rail tunnel, 1932, 6188 ft
 * Board Tree Tunnel, abandoned rail tunnel, 1858, 2350 ft, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, north of Littleton
 * (four) Magnolia Cutoff Tunnels, twin-track rail tunnel, 1914, CSX (formerly Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), northeast of Paw Paw, one in Maryland; from northeast to southwest:
 * Randolph Tunnel, 1015 ft, northeast of Hansrote
 * Stuart Tunnel, 3355 ft, between Hansrote and Magnolia
 * (Graham Tunnel, 1592 ft, Allegany County, Maryland; northeast of Paw Paw, West Virginia)
 * Carothers Tunnel, 996 ft, just northeast of Paw Paw
 * East River Mountain Tunnel, twin tunnels, I-77, between Mercer County, West Virginia and Bland County, Virginia
 * (two) Kingwood Tunnels, rail tunnels, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, just west of Tunnelton
 * abandoned rail tunnel, 1858, 4137 ft, abandoned and sealed 1962
 * active rail tunnel, twin tracks, 1912
 * Memorial Tunnel, abandoned and bypassed 2-lane road tunnel, 2802 ft, formerly West Virginia Turnpike/I-77
 * Tunnel No. 1, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Wheeling
 * Wheeling Tunnel, twin tunnels, 0.27 mi, I-70, Wheeling

Wisconsin
42.94114°N, -87.90938°W
 * Mitchell Interchange (three tunnels) in Milwaukee 42.96218°N, -87.93537°W
 * Interstate 43 (northbound only) with first tunnel under Interstate 41 and second tunnel under Interstate 94
 * Interstate 41 (northbound only) transition road under Interstate 94
 * South Howell Avenue (Wisconsin Highway 38) beneath Runway 7R at Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee

Wyoming

 * Green River Tunnel, twin tunnels, 1138 ft (0.22 miles) long, I-80, Green River Mile Marker 89

There is also a tunnel on Rt 14 west of Cody, Wyoming right by the Cody Reservoir dam. It is around 3,600 feet long.

title: List of tunnels in the United States


text:
Talk:Qualitative organic analysis

From the outline here, to complete writing this article looks like an ambitious project. Furthermore, to really complete the article fully according to the outline, the article would become very long, practically like a book. There are practical limits as to how long an article can be in Wikipedia - about 30 kB or less is desirable, although articles slightly longer can be tolerated. My suggestions is to complete this article as a book having multiple chapters in Wikipedia's associated website Wikibooks. This does not have to be done immediately, but as the article (book) length increases, the author(s) should ponder transferring it over to Wikibooks. A summarized version could remain in Wikipedia as an article. Then of course, a link should be placed in the Wikipedia article leading to the full book version in Wikibooks. H Padleckas 22:44, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Qualitative organic analysis


text:
Lengnau

Lengnau may refer to one of the following municipalities in Switzerland:

 * Lengnau, Aargau, in the Canton of Aargau
 * Lengnau, Bern, in the Canton of Bern

title: Lengnau


text:
Cenacle

The Cenacle (from the Latin cenaculum, "dining room"), also known as the Upper Room (from the Koine Greek anagaion and hyperōion, both meaning "upper room"), is a room in Mount Zion in Jerusalem, just outside the Old City walls, traditionally held to be the site of the Last Supper, the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus held with the apostles.

According to the Christian Bible, the Cenacle was a place in which the apostles continued to gather after the Last Supper, and it was also the site where the Holy Spirit alighted upon the eleven apostles on Pentecost.

The site is administered by the Israeli authorities, and is part of a building holding the so-called "David's Tomb" on its ground floor.

Etymology
"Cenacle" is a derivative of the Latin word ceno, which means "I dine". Jerome used the Latin coenaculum for both Greek words in his Latin Vulgate translation.

"Upper room" is derived from the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Luke, which both employ the Koine Greek: (ἀνάγαιον, Mark 14:15 and Luke 22:12), whereas the Acts of the Apostles uses the Koine Greek  (ὑπερῷον, Acts 1:13), both with the meaning "upper room".

Overview

The building has experienced numerous cycles of destruction and reconstruction, culminating in the Gothic structure which stands today.

Foundational events from the Gospels
The Cenacle is considered the site where many major events described in the New Testament took place, such as:
 * preparation for the celebration of Jesus's final Passover meal
 * the washing of his disciples' feet
 * the Last Supper
 * certain resurrection appearances of Jesus
 * the gathering of the disciples after the Ascension of Jesus
 * the election of Saint Matthias as apostle
 * the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples on the day of Pentecost . As a result, Peter and the other apostles went out, converted to their faith and baptised 3,000 people in one day.

In Christian tradition, the room was not only the site of the Last Supper, i.e., the Cenacle, but the room in which the Holy Spirit alighted upon the twelve apostles and other believers gathered and praying together  on Pentecost. Acts 1-2 tell us that Judas had been replaced by Matthias, and 120 followers of Jesus gathered in this room after His ascension.

Theories regarding Apostolic Age
It is sometimes thought to be the place where the apostles stayed in Jerusalem. The language in Acts of the Apostles suggests that the apostles used the room as a temporary residence (Koine Greek: οὗ ἦσαν καταμένοντες, ), although the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary disagrees, preferring to see the room as a place where they were "not lodged, but had for their meeting place".

Dormition of Mary
The general location of the Cenacle is also associated with that of the house where the Virgin Mary lived among the apostles until her death or dormition, an event celebrated in the nearby Church of the Dormition.

Early building
Pilgrims to Jerusalem report visiting a structure on Mount Zion commemorating the Last Supper since the 4th century AD. Some scholars would have it that this was the Cenacle, in fact a synagogue from an earlier time. The anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux, France reported seeing such a synagogue in 333. A Christian synagogue is mentioned in the apocryphal 4th-century Anaphora Pilati ("Report of Pilate"); although the depiction is fantastic and of questionable reliability (the report claims that all of the other synagogues were destroyed by divine wrath immediately after Jesus's death), a Jewish origin for the building has come under serious question.

The "Tomb of King David"
While the term Cenacle refers only to the Upper Room, a niche located on the lower level of the same building is associated by tradition with the burial site of King David, marked by a large cenotaph-sarcophagus that dates to the 12th-century, but earlier mentioned in the 10th-century Vita Constantini. Most accept the notice in that says that David was buried "in the City of David", identified as the Eastern hill of ancient Jerusalem, as opposed to what is today called Mount Sion, the Western hill of the ancient city.

Theoretical pre-Byzantine building
The early history of the Cenacle site is uncertain; scholars have attempted to establish a chronology based on archaeological, artistic and historical sources.

Based on the survey conducted by Jacob Pinkerfeld in 1948, Pixner believes that the original building was a synagogue later probably used by Jewish Christians. However, no architectural features associated with early synagogues such as columns, benches, or other accoutrements are present in the lower Tomb chamber. According to Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis writing towards the end of the 4th century, the building and its environs were spared during the destruction of Jerusalem under Titus (AD 70). Pixner suggests that the Mount Zion site was destroyed and rebuilt in the later first century. The lowest courses of ashlars (building stones) along the north, east and south walls are attributed by Pinkerfeld to the late Roman period (135-325). Pixner believes that they are Herodian-period ashlars, dating the construction of the building to an earlier period.

Byzantine-period building or buildings
Many scholars, however, date the walls' earliest construction to the Byzantine period and identify the Cenacle as the remains of a no-longer-extant Hagia Sion ("Holy Zion") basilica. Emperor Theodosius I constructed the five-aisled Hagia Sion basilica, likely between 379 and 381.

6th-century artistic representations, such as the mosaics found in Madaba, Jordan (the "Madaba Map") and at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, depict a smaller structure to the south of the basilica. Some have identified this smaller structure as the Cenacle, thus demonstrating its independence from, and possible prior existence to, the basilica. The basilica (and possibly the Cenacle) was later damaged by Persian invaders in 614 but restored by the patriarch Modestus.

In 965 the church was burned down after a Muslim mob killed patriarch John VII and then again in 1009 when Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim ordered the destruction of all Christian churches in Jerusalem, an event lamented by Arab Christian poet Sulayman al-Ghazzi.

Crusader-period building

After the First Crusade, the leader of the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon, re-founded the church as a Latin abbey and in the twelfth century the basilica was rebuilt.

Monastery
Syrian Christians maintained the Cenacle until 1337 when it passed into the custody of the Franciscan Order of Friars who managed the structure for almost two centuries.

Mosque
In 1524, during Suleiman the Magnificent's rule, Ottoman authorities took possession of the Cenacle, converting it into a mosque: the (مسجد النبي داوود lit. 'Mosque of the Prophet David'). By 1551 the Franciscans had been fully evicted from their surrounding buildings. Non-Muslims were banned from entering though it was possible by bribing the custodians of the Dajani family.

Only in 1831 were Christians again allowed to celebrate mass in the cenacle though visits, such as that of Melchior de Vogüé, were dependant on the goodwill of the guardian.

British Mandate and Israel
During the British Mandate, Christians and Jews were allowed greater freedom in visiting their respective holy sites in the complex. The historical building is currently managed by the Israeli Ministry of the Interior. Pope John Paul II celebrated mass in the Cenacle during his pilgrimage to Israel in the year 2000.

Column of the Flagellation
Pilgrim Egeria, who visited the site in the 4th century, described the presence in the Cenacle of the Column of the Flagellation, which was venerated there at dawn on Good Friday. In the 14th century, the Column of the Flagellation was removed from the Cenacle and taken to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Architecture and date (12th, 13th, 14th c.?)
Scholars offer wide-ranging dates and builders for the surviving Gothic-style Cenacle. Some believe that it was constructed by Crusaders just before Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, while others attribute it to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, after he arrived in the city in 1229. Still others hold that it was not built in this form until the Franciscans acquired the site in the 1330s. Scarce documentation and disturbed structural features offer little strong support for any of these dates.

Early modern assessments
The primary early modern assessments of the Cenacle were recorded by French archaeologists. The first detailed assessment was by Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé in 1860. This was largely followed by other commentators until the work of Camille Enlart and Louis-Hugues Vincent / Félix-Marie Abel.

Layout
In its current state, the Cenacle is divided into six rib-vaulted bays. The bays are supported by three freestanding columns which bilaterally divide the space, as well as six pillars flanking the side walls. While the capital of the westernmost freestanding column is flush with the Cenacle's interior wall, the column shaft itself is completely independent of the wall, leading scholars to consider the possibility that this wall was not original to the building.

Capitals and columns
An analysis of the column and pillar capitals offers clues, but not a solution, to the mystery of the current building's origin. The Corinthianesque capital between the second and third bays of the Cenacle is stylistically indicative of multiple geographical regions and chronological periods. This capital's spiky leaves, which tightly adhere to the volume of the column before erupting into scrolls, are in congruence with common outputs of the 12th-century sculpture workshop at the Temple site in Jerusalem in the last years before Saladin's conquest in 1187. The workshop also frequently utilized drilling as an ornamental device. The Jerusalem workshop included artists from diverse regions in the West, who brought stylistic traits with them from their native countries. The workshop produced sculpture for many Crusader projects and other structures, such as the al-Aqsa mosque.

This comparison allows for the support of the 12th century date of the Cenacle. There are also, however, similar capitals which originated in workshops in southern Italy, a draw for scholars who wish to associate the building with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Sixth Crusade in 1229. Examples can be seen in the Romanesque cathedral in Bitonto, a small city near Bari, in southern Italy, and on the columns of the pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery, carved by the Apulian-born sculptor Nicola Pisano in 1260.

The capitals of the freestanding columns are not identical. The capital between the first and second bays seems either severely weathered or shallowly carved, and its volume is a marked contrast from the others. It rises from the shaft in a straight cylinder, rather than in an inverted pyramid, and then flares only just before it intersects with the abacus. The third capital, which now flanks the Cenacle's western wall, is also unique among the three. It is not decorated with a floral motif, rather, scrolling crockets spring from the base of the volume. Enlart has proposed a comparison to buildings constructed by Frederick II in Apulia.

Analysis of these column capitals does not yield significant evidence to link them to the 14th century and a potential Franciscan construction, nor does it definitively date them to the 12th or 13th century. The building remains a frustrating, but intriguing, mystery.

Muslim architectural elements
Architectural evidence remains of the period of Muslim control including the elaborate mihrab in the Last Supper room, the Arabic inscriptions on its walls, the qubba over the stairwell, and the minaret and dome atop the roof.

References in hymns
The upper room is a focus of reference in several Christian hymns, for example in "An upper room did our Lord prepare", written by Fred Pratt Green in 1973, and in "Come, risen Lord, and deign to be our guest" ('We meet, as in that upper room they met...'), written by George Wallace Briggs.

Alternative site
The Monastery of Saint Mark in the Old City of Jerusalem near the Armenian Quarter is considered by some as the authentic site of the Last Supper. The monastery church, belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church, contains an early Christian stone inscription testifying to reverence for the spot.

title: Cenacle


text:
User talk:Orange Death

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

Ha, OK, I got a laugh out of that. But you vandalized like 75 pages. You can stop now. Everyking 22:54, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Orange Death


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Coolcat, Davenbelle and Stereotek/Evidence/Davenbelle's Evidence re Coolcat

{| align=center width="96%" cellpadding=32 cellspacing=0 style="border-style:solid; border:1px solid #7f7f7f; border-right-width:2px; border-bottom-width:2px; background-color:#eeeeee; color:#000000;"
 * Davenbelle's evidence page re User:Cool Cat (formerly known as User:Coolcat)

Page updated (minor), still far from comprehensive; Davenbelle 07:40, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Unless otherwise stated, all edits are attributable to User:Cool Cat (formerly known as User:Coolcat)

This document is far from complete and does not yet cover much of User:Cool Cat's most egregious conduct. It has been built-up while following various threads of editing and many of the most serious have not been worked through yet. The chronological ordering has some advantages, but a reorganization by subject would clarify the readability of it all.

A work in progress
All times UTC

Feb 4, 2005

 * 08:07, Feb 4, 2005
 * Cc's very first edit: Kurdistan Workers Party; removes Freedom For Öcalan from External links. link

 * nb: Cc's current editcount

 * 08:37, Feb 4, 2005
 * Cc's fourth edit: Turkey; removes several blocks of text related to Kurds, EU Minority Rights requirements, religion, and changes Kurdish population percentages to much lower numbers.

Feb 10, 2005

 * 10:06, Feb 10, 2005 -- no edits since Feb 4
 * Edits Turkey again; adds reasonable info near top, but also rewrites later paragraph to eliminate discussion of Armenian Genocide and Kurdish independence movement to simply state: "The allegations of so called Armenian Genocide in Ottoman era has ceased."

 * 10:43, Feb 10, 2005
 * Edits Kurdistan Workers Party again; adds "This article belongs to "Leftist terrorist organizations" category and is constantly beeing abused by supporters of this terorist organisation." as the first line of the article and removes three links from External links: Kurdish Info, PKK Guerillas I, PKK Guerillas II.

 * 16:14, Feb 10, 2005
 * Assorted Anti-Kurdish POV-Editing to Kurdish people. No edit summary; edit marked as 'minor'.

 * 16:27, Feb 10, 2005
 * Removes the last two External links from Kurdistan Workers Party with edit summary: "Broken, both links dont work. DUH!"; links: PKK, KONGRA-GEL; they worked for me.

 * 17:10, Feb 10, 2005
 * Extensive Anti-Kurdish POV-Editing to Kurdistan; large removals of text.

 * 17:12, Feb 10, 2005
 * Removes Image:Flag of Kurdistan.png from Kurdistan with Edit Summary: "There is no such thing as a kurdish flag as there is no kurdish state"

Feb 13, 2005

 * 08:35, Feb 13, 2005
 * Edits Turkey again; removes paragraph referring to Arminian Genocide with Edit Summary: "This article contains information on the Republic of Turkey not Ottoman empier. Please post them elsewhere." No sign that the text was posted anywhere else.

Feb 14, 2005

 * 14:09, Feb 14, 2005
 * Posts (also) to User talk:Jayjg in reference to Kurdistan Workers Party: "I do not understand why you had a restore to that page as the information was shifted around. No infomation was deleted, terror network propoganda was filtered. It is a terrorist organisation and I will not tolerate its propoganda. Call me a close minded fool but I will not be declared a cold blooded killer by them." unsigned

 * 14:37, Feb 14, 2005
 * edits Turkey again; removes same material as 10:06, Feb 10, 2005 without adding new sentence (had been reverted by User:Jayjg). Reverted by User:Tony Sidaway with Edit Summary: "Revert POV pushing by Coolcat. See talk page".

 * 15:47, Feb 14, 2005
 * User:Tony Sidaway posts to Talk:Turkey a request to User:Coolcat to "Please stop POV pushing."

 * 17:59, Feb 14, 2005
 * removes all External links, Interwiki links, and Catagories from Kurdistan Workers Party with Edit Summary: "LINKS DONT WORK 404 NOT FOUND :P". Reverted by User:Tony Sidaway with Edit Summary: "Revert last edit (simple vandalism)".

 * 18:29, Feb 14, 2005
 * Edits Kurdistan Workers Party; removes Freedom For Öcalan again. Reverted by User:Tony Sidaway with Edit Summary: "Revert (appears to be simple vandalism again)".

 * 22:24, Feb 14, 2005
 * Removes Image:Flag of Kurdistan.png from Kurdistan again with Edit Summary: "There is no such thing as a kurdish flag as there is no kurdish state. Flag does not represent the kurds". Reverted by User:Tony Sidaway w/ caption change: "Flag of Kurdistan" → "Flag of Kurdistan which is flown by Kurds in the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq and in Turkey".

 * 23:46, Feb 14, 2005
 * Removes "and in Turkey" from caption of Image:Flag of Kurdistan.png in Kurdistan with Edit Summary: "There is no Kurdish autonomous region in turkey nor is the flag flown. Caption ok else than that. Though its not the flag of kurdistan so I dont think it relly belongs here".

 * 23:50, Feb 14, 2005
 * Adds "These boundaries were drawn with more concern for the division of oil resources and influence between different colonial powers and for rewarding pro-Allied Arab leaders than for ethnic distributions. Turkey did request northern Iraq but the allies were more concerned with oil than stability. The major reason of conflicts in Arica and the Middle east is rather random border drawing." to Kurdistan.

 * 23:51, Feb 14, 2005
 * User:Tony Sidaway changes caption of Image:Flag of Kurdistan.png in Kurdistan to end w/ "and by Turkish Kurds" with Edit Summary: "Fix ambiguous wording. By Kurds in Turkey, not Kurds in some non-existent autonomous region (my bad)".

Feb 15, 2005

 * 08:00, Feb 15, 2005
 * Changes caption of Image:Flag of Kurdistan.png in Kurdistan to "Flag of the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq" with Edit Summary: "Never seen the flag in turkey. Would not right as its not the Kurdish flag. it is a kurdish flag". Reverted by User:Tony Sidaway with Edit Summary: "Revert. See Flag of Kurdistan".

 * 20:17, Feb 15, 2005
 * User:Uriber Removes "The major reason of conflicts in Arica and the Middle east is rather random border drawing." from Kurdistan with Edit Summary: "removed off-topic, POV, commentary"; sentence had been added by Cc as part of this edit.

Feb 16, 2005

 * 22:18, Feb 16, 2005
 * Removes redlink to Kurdish Republic of Mahabad from Flag of Kurdistan with Edit Summary: "fixed broken link"

 * 22:18, Feb 16, 2005
 * Removes redlink to Xoybûn from Flag of Kurdistan with Edit Summary: "fixed another broken link"

 * 23:19, Feb 16, 2005
 * Reverted on Flag of Kurdistan by User:Iota who wrote "They're not broken links. They're links for someone to create articles in future."

 * 22:21, Feb 16, 2005
 * Changes caption of Image:Flag of Kurdistan.png in Kurdistan to "Flag of Kurdistan which represents the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq" with Edit Summary: "It is not the Kurdish flag it is A kurdish flag. Clarified phrase.". Reverted by User:Tony Sidaway with Edit Summary: "Revert. See Flag of Kurdistan".

 * 22:23, Feb 16, 2005
 * Changes "Since that time Kurdish nationalists have continued to seek independence in an area approximating that identified at Sevres." to "Since that time some Kurds have continued to seek independence in an area approximating that identified at the long revoked Sevres." in Kurdistan with no Edit Summary; marked as minor.

 * 22:33, Feb 16, 2005
 * Deletes talk by User:Tony Sidaway plus his own reply from Talk:Kurdistan with Edit Summary: "Not a part of the discussion"; talk was about Tony's revert of deletions by Cc.

// continues; and there's stuff in talk... // 465 edits in a 15 hour strech is an edit every 1.9 minutes // 3870 edits in 47 days is an edit every 17.5 minutes; // assuming a 16 hour day gives an edit every 11.5 minutes.

Feb 17, 2005

 * 00:54, Feb 17, 2005
 * Removes redlinks again from Flag of Kurdistan with Edit Summary: "Simple Vandalism. They will be added when those articles are created." (so anti-wiki)

 * 01:07, Feb 17, 2005
 * Removes redlink to Lake Taz from Demographics section of Kurdish people with Edit Summary "Removed broken link". nb: most of this section has subsequently been removed.

Feb 18, 2005

 * 02:00, Feb 18, 2005
 * CC's first edit of Armenian Genocide. Adds tag. Does not state a reason on the talk page.
 * Adds insult to injury.

Feb 19, 2005

 * 10:19, Feb 19, 2005
 * Tries to speedy Flag of Kurdistan with Edit Summary: "" . Reverted by User:Szyslak with Edit Summary: "This is not a speedy candidate b/c it doesn't meet any of the criteria for speedy deletion; . Anyone who wants it deleted can put it on VfD".

 * 20:01, Feb 19, 2005
 * Redirects People's Congress of Kurdistan to Kurdistan Workers Party; no Edit Summary.

 * 20:09, Feb 19, 2005
 * Cc's first edit of Young Turks. Adds tag. Does not state a reason on the talk page. Reverted by User:Wetman with Edit Summary: "rv a "factual accuracy disputed tag added by a non-contributor to the article or discussion".

 * 21:08, Feb 19, 2005
 * Tags Flag of Kurdistan with Vote for Deletion.
 * See: Votes for deletion/Flag of Kurdistan (unanimous to keep). See also: Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point.

Feb 21, 2005

 * 16:46, Feb 21, 2005
 * Adds tag to Young Turks again. with Edit Summary: "Propoganda material. There definately esxists propoganda. Should be fixed...". Does not state a reason on the talk page. Does give a reason by adding a new first line to the article: "Appears to be a sub article of Armenian Genocide article, either should be merged with it as the alligations are an international dispute. Its full of opinions than facts.  ". Both edits reverted by User:Mirv with Edit Summary: "hooey".

 * 16:54, Feb 21, 2005
 * Removes half of "major regional schisms" sentence from Turkey with Edit Summary: "Incorrect info. Propoganda material. Falls under Sneaky Vandalism at best".
 * Major regional schisms depend on ethnicity (mainly Kurdish-inhabited southeast), economy (industry, cash crops, and tourism in coastal regions), and rainfall (Black Sea littoral, where summer drought is unknown).

 * 17:07, Feb 21, 2005
 * User:Dabbler removes rest of "major regional schisms" sentence with Edit Summary: "Deleted a sentence made meaningless by previous deletions".

Feb 23, 2005

 * 10:16, Feb 23, 2005
 * User:195.175.37.11 restores "major regional schisms" sentence to Turkey with Edit Summary: "Don't mess with this sentence again, retard".

Feb 25, 2005

 * 00:12, Feb 25, 2005
 * User:81.1.77.131 edits Demographics section of Kurdish people to add info on Turkish Government's treatment of Kurds; edit [04:26, Feb 25, 2005 reverted] by User:Coolcat with Edit Summary: "POV reverted back to IOTAs edit. Author warned...". "warning" at User talk:81.1.77.131: "Neutrality on Wikipedia" -- "You are hereby warned to refrain from POV please read wikipedia articles: Neutral point of viewand the What Wikipedia is not article".

 * 04:26, Feb 25, 2005
 * Removes references to North Kurdistan and Kurdistan from Turkey and removes "major regional schisms" sentence again with Edit Summary: "Why are people insisting on POV material that stuff is pure propoganda... Also fixed a sentence, its more meaning full now I believe" (I disagree)

 * 10:11, Feb 25, 2005
 * User:195.175.37.11 restores "major regional schisms" sentence to Turkey with Edit Summary: "Supplying relevant geographical data is not a POV but being anti-Kurd is one."

Feb 26, 2005

 * 11:08, Feb 26, 2005
 * Removes "major regional schisms" sentence from Turkey again with Edit Summary: "1) Information is false. I lived trhough out the place. 2) I am not anti Kurd 3) Thats propoganda and POV."

Feb 27, 2005

 * 10:40, Feb 27, 2005
 * Removes "Conflict in the southeastern region of the country between secessionist Kurdish rebels and the government calmed in 1999 but re-emerged in 2004 and is one of the main internal disputes." from Turkey with Edit Summary: "Dispute is historic, added it to recent history where it belongs, conflict did not restart." false edit summary

 * 11:34, Feb 27, 2005
 * Listed Image:Flag of Kurdistan.png at Requested moves for Image:Flag of Kurdistan.png → Image:Flag of Kurdish Autonomous Region.png or Image:Flag of the Kingdom of Kurdistan.png
 * See: Consensus against.

Mar 1, 2005

 * 08:51, Mar 1, 2005
 * User:195.175.37.8 restores "major regional schisms" sentence to Turkey again (slightly reworded) with Edit Summary: "1- The word "precipitation" is more appropriate, 2- You are anti-Kurd"

 * 16:57, Mar 1, 2005
 * Reverts User:195.175.37.8 on Turkey (which also removed this) with Edit Summary: "Reverted, POV is uncacceptable.. Your accusations itself is a POV, your facts are baseless your statements are offensive and are gramaticaly incorrect. READ WHAT WIKIPEDIA IS NOT".

Mar 2, 2005

 * 07:04, Mar 2, 2005
 * User:195.175.37.8 restores "major regional schisms" sentence to Turkey yet again with Edit Summary: "Wikipedia is not a tool of propaganda, including yours of ethnic hatred".

 * 08:37, Mar 2, 2005
 * User:195.175.37.8 revises sentence in Turkey to read "major regional diversities" with Edit Summary: "employed a more "POV-free" word".

 * 08:43, Mar 2, 2005
 * User:195.175.37.8 corrects demographics percentages (90%-97%→80%-85%) with Edit Summary: "the percentage figures are false".

 * 09:22, Mar 2, 2005
 * User:195.175.37.8 posts (also) to Talk:Turkey: Section "Coolcat's Lack of Neutral POV": "User Coolcat constantly assaults each article he sees the word "Kurd" in." (rest omitted; see diffs).

Mar 4, 2005

 * 07:09, Mar 4, 2005
 * Removes "major regional diversities" sentence from Turkey with Edit Summary: "That information does not belong here. THIS IS NOT A PROPOGANDA TOOL".
 * "The major regional diversities depend on ethnicity (mainly Kurdish-inhabited southeast), economy (industry and cash crops in coastal regions), and precipitation (Black Sea littoral where summer drought is unknown)."

 * 08:06, Mar 4, 2005
 * Removes a characterization of Iraqi Ba'athist regime as "the greatest ruling party in world history" with Edit Summary: "Someone was smoking too much weed or whatever...", but also rewrites "The American-sponsored idea of a Federal Republic, with a relatively high level of autonomy for the Kurds, currently appears to be the most popular." to read: "The American-sponsored idea of a Federal Republic, with a relatively high level of autonomy for the Kurds, which is opossed by the surrounding nations as it will desitablise the already trobbled region."

 * 08:20, Mar 4, 2005
 * Anti-Kurdish rewording of Kurdish people. Removes characterization that "the Kurds are the world's largest ethnic group without their own state"; importunes that an independent Kurdistan "would significantly destabilise the region."

 * 07:21, Mar 5, 2005
 * Reverts vandalism by User:LadiesLoveCoolJames diff with Edit Summary: "Vandalism detected, all vandalism is done by various annonymous users, I had taken the time and put up a trace. All vandalism is from internet cafes. This must be stopped." — right.

Mar 5, 2005

 * 08:00, Mar 5, 2005
 * Tags Pan-Turkism with Vote for Deletion. Uses Template:Pan-Turkism (which he didn't create until 5 minutes later) to insert his own message into the VFD notice; see below.
 * See: Votes for deletion/Pan-Turkism. Article was kept, of course.

 * 08:05, Mar 5, 2005
 * Creates Template:Pan-Turkism which states:
 * In my opinion this article is 99.81% POV and doesn't look salvagible, should either be competely rewriten (which not much would be left) as I opose the article and dispute its factuality. I am a bad cadinadte to do the work myself, I will check the article left and if it is neutral should not bug me. In my opinion this information is a political discussion and wikipedia is not a soapbox for those.
 * Delete or completely rewrite --Cool Cat| My Talk 08:05, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * (template is not currently used; another bit o' shite that someone will have to clean-up)

Mar 6, 2005

 * 01:03, Mar 6, 2005
 * Edits Turkey to change high end of population percentage range from 90% to 97% with Edit Summary: "sneaky vandalism"
 * nb:lots of edits of the figure...

 * 15:49, Mar 6, 2005
 * Posts following to User talk:MacGyverMagic re Kurdistan Workers Party:
 * Your edit removed significant amount of material (that I added prior). I strongly believe that wasn't your intention. As you reverted the material back before deleting it. :) Fix this whenever you are done playing with pocket knife and blowing things up. :P --Cool Cat|My Talk 15:49, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Has the temerity to add this: "And can you please archive your talk?"

 * 16:07, Mar 6, 2005
 * Posts to Talk:Kurdistan Workers Party a bit about "My article"; See also: Ownership of articles.

 * 16:39, Mar 6, 2005
 * Tags KurdishMedia.com for Vote for Deletion without Edit Summary or talk.
 * See: Votes for deletion/KurdishMedia.com (kept, of course). Cc, see: Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point.

Mar 17, 2005

 * 22:56, Mar 17, 2005
 * Uncivil comment to User:Fadix on Talk:Armenian Genocide: "Please GRAB a dictionary and READ WTF "Neutral" means ALSO read Neutral Point of View".

Mar 18, 2005

 * 00:36, Mar 18, 2005
 * Personal Attack against User:Fadix on Talk:Armenian Genocide; "I think you should cut back on crack".

Mar 19, 2005

 * 22:08, Mar 19, 2005
 * Bizarre personal attack on User:Fadix posted to Talk:Armenian Genocide. Presumes authority and alludes to destruction; "recognise my authority" a la Cartman; "This article is more than simple history discussion but is a diplomatic dispute between Turkey and Armenia".

Mar 21, 2005

 * 04:30, Mar 21, 2005
 * Explicit denial historic factuality of Armenian Genocide posted to Talk:Armenian Genocide: "I deny the holocoust, so does a lot of scholars".

Mar 24, 2005

 * 08:18, Mar 24, 2005
 * Threatening section heading on User talk:MacGyverMagic " ==Stereotek + Fadix = Death== " while seeking assistance with users opposing him.

Mar 26, 2005

 * 19:50, Mar 26, 2005
 * Adds to Young Turks; then adds , too (again); on talk says: "Do not ask me to leave." plus his previous reason from Feb 21. Reverted by User:Davenbelle with Edit Summary: "rv User:Coolcat hooey".

Mar 27, 2005

 * 01:23, Mar 27, 2005
 * Personal Attack against User:Davenbelle on Talk:Armenian Genocide; "You cant read either, the color format is discussed above".

 * 07:30, Mar 27, 2005
 * User:Stereotek posts to Talk:Turkey:
 * "Coolcat: 'I will be soon reproting your HUNT for coolcat posts'. Good luck! My main reason for checking your 'contributions' in Turkey related articles, is that I consider the vast majority of your edits to be of extremely low quality, and not suitable for an encyclopedia. Another fact is that I consider the majority of your edits in Turkey related articles to be POV"

 * 07:59, Mar 27, 2005
 * Asks User:Netoholic: "Why the hell did you move my template registered under my user name. What is your problem?"; User:Netoholic's reply: "While I should just ignore that, for it's purely hostile tone, I'll explain." (rest omitted; see diff)

 * 08:19, Mar 27, 2005
 * Threatens User:Fadix, User:Stereotek, and User:Davenbelle on his user page: "If you annoy me like this, I will be forced to disrupt your wiki bond" (whatever that is)

Mar 28, 2005

 * 06:57, Mar 28, 2005
 * Personal Attack against User:Adam Carr on Greco-Turkish relations: "I know some of their facts better than people who sit in an office and make smart talk". Adam has a PhD in history.

 * 09:52, Mar 28, 2005
 * Personal Attack against User:Davenbelle in Edit Summary of revert of Kemal Atatürk; "User lacks ability to read discussion, seeking help".

Apr 7, 2005

 * 01:05, Apr 7, 2005
 * Removes Image:Kurdish lands_92_cropped.jpg from Kurdish people with Edit Summary: "Map not necesary and avalible in an article defining the region". See: Death of a thousand cuts.

Apr 10, 2005

 * 02:44, Apr 10, 2005
 * Complains at User talk:Tony Sidaway that "Stereotek and Davenbelle, are still reverting my edits", to which Tony replies: "Well I looked at what you're doing on Kurdistan Workers Party and I'm not surprised. If I were editing that page I'd do the same myself, because you're removing external links for bogus reasons..." && " I don't think you yet fully understand NPOV" (for full reply see diff).

 * 10:19, Apr 10, 2005
 * Implied threat to User:Fadix (or possibly User:Stereotek and User:Davenbelle) on User talk:Mel Etitis: "I dont want user to die, I want him to be hurt so he stops". Mel Etitis comments on this on User talk:Coolcat: "You're getting over-heated again; talk of hurting other editors, even if meant metaphorically, is not advisable. I note that there's already a request for arbitration, incidentally. Do you really want another?".


text:
Fair Vote Canada

Fair Vote Canada (FVC) (Represéntation équitable au Canada) is a grassroots, nonprofit, multi-partisan citizens' movement for electoral reform in Canada. Headquartered in Kitchener, Ontario, it promotes the introduction of an element of proportional representation for elections at all levels of government and throughout civil society, instead of the first-past-the-post electoral system currently used at all levels of government in Canada.

Purpose
Its aim is "to gain broad, multi-partisan support for an independent, citizen-driven process to allow Canadians to choose a fair voting system based on the principles that all voters are equal, and that every vote must count." Fair Vote Canada does not advocate for any particular form of proportional representation but has been involved in the design and discussion of different models from a made-in-Canada perspective.

It has worked to mobilize its supporters in support of proportional representation in the context of several initiatives coming out of the Canadian provinces and was one of the prime drivers of citizens' engagement federally as part of the public consultation process in 2016.

The organization is guided by a statement of purpose identifying five goals:
 * proportional representation
 * positive voter choice
 * fair representation
 * geographic representation
 * government accountability to voters

History
Fair Vote Canada was created in June 2001, following a founding conference in Ottawa. It is a membership organization headed by a national council of 15 members and has chapters and action teams across the country.

Over the years, it has:
 * organized events, tables and presentations
 * written letters, articles and op-eds
 * educated and lobbied MPs and politicians
 * pulled together research and worked with academics
 * participated in six referendum campaigns (two in PEI, one in Ontario and three in BC)
 * maintained a strong social media presence through its website and on Facebook and Twitter

Additionally, it has submitted briefs to numerous electoral reform committees and commissions. In British Columbia and Quebec, there exist parallel organizations, Fair Voting BC and Mouvement Démocratie Nouvelle respectively, which are independent of Fair Vote Canada but share similar goals. Fair Vote Canada collaborates closely with these organizations.

Fair Vote Canada strives to maintain a nationwide, multi-partisan support base, with members from all points on the political spectrum, regions and walks of life. Its work is endorsed by its National Advisory Board, which includes prominent Conservatives, Liberals, New Democrats, and Greens. It supports political parties and politicians that share its aspirations for electoral reform.

Documentation
Fair Vote Canada maintains a Review of Evidence based on comparative research about countries with different types of electoral systems and tracks the various Commissions, Assemblies and Reports that have been produced in Canada and its provinces over the years. Fair Vote Canada's "Resources" webpage provides a wide range of public education materials.

Democracy Day
On August 2, 2011, Fair Vote Canada launched Democracy Day and Democracy Week in Canada annual events encouraging participation, education, and celebration of Canadian democracy. In its first year events were held by different groups in cities across Canada. Fair Vote Canada designated Democracy Day to be Canada's celebration of the United Nations International Day of Democracy and Democracy Week to be the seven-day calendar week in which Democracy Day falls (September 15 each year). A number of Canadian non-profit and governmental organizations participate in and promote the events, including Elections Canada.

Archival holdings

 * Fair Vote Canada - Canadian Political Parties and Political Interest Groups - Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries

title: Fair Vote Canada


text:
Misty's Big Adventure

Misty's Big Adventure are a band from Birmingham, England. Their music is an eclectic mix of jazz, lounge, psychedelia, 2 tone, pop and punk.

The band's most stable line-up, with which it enjoyed its greatest success over a twenty-year period, was composed of singer and sole songwriter Grandmaster Gareth (real name Gareth Jones), drummer Sam Minnear, bassist Matt Jones, guitarist Jonathan Kedge, trumpet player Hannah Baines, saxophone player Lucy Baines, keyboardist Lucy Bassett and dancer Erotic Volvo.

On 19 May 2022, it was announced via social media that frontman Grandmaster Gareth had died on 16th May 2022, two days after the band had headlined the Hare & Hounds in their home town of Birmingham. No further announcement was made concerning the future of the band.

Drummer Sam Minnear's father is Kerry Minnear, who played keyboards, cello and vibes for British progressive rock band Gentle Giant during the 1970s.

About the band
A long time fixture on the Birmingham experimental music scene, Grandmaster Gareth formed the band in 1996 with his friend Sam Minnear. The name was taken from a story in the 1968 children's book The Magic Roundabout Annual about a kitten, Misty, who meets a dog with whom she becomes friends.

Misty's songs typically consist of Grandmaster Gareth singing in a deadpan, maudlin style accompanied by lively guitar, keyboards and brass players. They occasionally include samples and toy instruments in their songs. Contrasting with Gareth's dour lounge-singer act is the dancer Erotic Volvo. Dressed in a loose, full-body red sack with numerous stuffed blue gloves attached, and his face painted purple, he dances continuously and in a frantic manner, often moving around the audience. He occasionally also performs as a human beat box.

All members of the band are trained musicians, and are predominantly based in the Moseley suburb of Birmingham. The band's home venue was the Jug of Ale in Moseley, where they played regularly until it was shut down in 2008; fittingly, Misty's played the last ever gig held there. They have played widely outside Birmingham too and since 2005 they have toured extensively around the UK with forays into Europe, and supported The Zutons and The Magic Numbers. During the early 2000's they were managed by Mathew Priest, the drummer with Dodgy.

Their debut album, Misty's Big Adventure and Their Place in the Solar Hi-Fi System, was released in 2004, produced by Richard March of Bentley Rhythm Ace and Matthew Eaton of Pram. Their follow-up albums, The Black Hole (2005) and Funny Times (2007), were produced by Brian O'Shaughnessy whose production credits include Primal Scream, Denim and The Firm's "Star Trekkin'."

Gareth occasionally toured as Misty's Little Adventure with a stripped down band, featuring himself on guitar, backed only by drums, trumpet and saxophone.

In 2003, Gareth recorded the solo album Grandmaster Gareth Presents... An Introduction To Minute Melodies. This was accompanied by a John Peel session entitled "Grandmaster Gareth's Monster Melody," a CDR EP which was available for purchase from the band's website. A second album of one-minute melodies, The Party Sounds of Grandmaster Gareth, was released on SL Records in May 2006. This featured 29 tracks varying in length from 47 seconds to 1 minute 29 seconds. The bonus track "Monster Melody" (different from the version in their Peel session) was also included to end the album. Contributors to this album included the other members of Misty's, Brute Force, Jeffrey Lewis, Dog Food's Mr Simon and Bom & His Magic Drumstick.

The humourist Dave Gorman is a fan of Misty's Big Adventure, and the DVD The Dave Gorman Collection features a special song and video as an extra. The song is titled "54 Dave Gormans". The band also provided the theme tune to his TV series Genius.

In 2007 the BBC used the instrumental version of "Fashion Parade" as the music to their The Edwardians trailer, while ITV used the same version in their trailer for their reality show This Is David Gest. On radio, the instrumental version was used by The Geoff Show on Virgin Radio as backing music to one of their regular features. It has also been used as the soundtrack to an Irish anti-litter campaign.

In 2019 the band released the 2LP & CD The Young Person's Guide to Misty's Big Adventure. The Young Person's Guide to Misty's Big Adventure is a double LP compilation featuring the "best of", as selected by Grandmaster Gareth. In honour of the dancer of the band, Erotic Volvo, the albums are coloured vinyl—one red and one blue. Served up in a gatefold sleeve, the limited edition pack included a fold-out poster and CD.

Influences
Gareth cited local Birmingham bands Pram, Broadcast, Dog Food and Novak as teenage influences. Seven-piece Novak had an "anything goes" attitude combined with skilled musicianship that Misty's exhibit. Other influences include Raymond Scott, Julian Cope, The Beatles, The Specials, Joe Meek and Can.

Other projects and associations
Grandmaster Gareth worked as producer with anti-folk artist Jeffrey Lewis during 2004. Some of these recordings are featured on City and Eastern Tapes (2008).

Misty's, and Gareth in particular, are strong supporters of the local Birmingham music scene.

Misty's 2006 single "Fashion Parade" features 3/4 of Northampton indie-punk rockers The Retro Spankees and a guest appearance by Noddy Holder. The music video features The Teats.

title: Misty's Big Adventure


text:
User:Parsed Parsley

Uhm, I'm new.

I used to just edit here and there to correct typos and stumbly grammar. I probably won't contribute much, because I don't feel like I have much of an authority on anything. Spelling is good enough for today.

title: User:Parsed Parsley


text:
Talk:Morris Cerullo

Untitled
For not he that commends himself is approved, but whom the Lord commends. --As a man thinks... so is he. 18:59, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

seems like this page exists only to bash him.

THIS INFORMATION IS NEEDED TO OPEN THE EYES OF SOME WHO BELIEVE EVERYTHING BEFORE RESEARCHING ANYTHING. IT IS ASHAME GOOD CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE IS MIXED AND MANGLED WITH THE GOSPEL OF GREED.

Come on, give the guy a break. Frankly, I think he's doing pretty good for himself - lots of money, lots of friends and family around him, and I think he is generally happier than most of us stressed up, debt-ridden, financially challenged critics! Actually, i do admire these televangelists. They are very innovative and use their skills to package a message in such a way that a listener feels ok to simply dip their hands in their wallet and give... You can call it deception, brainwashing, etc., but I call it 'innovation'. Its not illegal,is it? And the miracles, real or imagined, simply amaze me. I think, putting myself in the shoes of the ill, I'd rather sit in a church service and be told I'm going to get healed, than in front of a shrink helping me confront the reality that death is. Maybe the shrink is right, but the truth hurts, so id rather take the placebo!!! -Kyamz

NPOV
Hello everyone. I see the above discussion and the edits I just reverted here.

You all may well have a point, as seen from your own religious/or not perspective.

However, the Wikipedia has a policy on maintaining a neutral point of view when writing or editing articles. If you review this policy before making changes, pro- or anti-Mr Cerullo, you will be benefitting everyone.

If the contributors here cannot decide between them where the neutral line lies, one of you can put the tag at the top of the article. This will attract the attention of neutral, experienced editors who will be more than happy to help.

If I can be of any help to anyone here, please drop me a line on my talk page. Thanks. ➨ ❝REDVERS❞ 19:32, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I have added a number of citations and improved the NPOV of this article. I'm therefore going to remove the tags as they are quite old and there hasn't been any recent discussion. If anyone feels that they are still applicable, please re-add them and explain why here. Sidefall (talk) 13:55, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Verification
"At least one death resulted from this appearance when a woman who had been told she had been cured of epilepsy stopped taking her tablets and died following a seizure in her bath." We need a citiation for this before it goes in the article. DJ Clayworth 17:47, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

That's partly a reference, but the web seems to have nothing to back this up. Usually there would be a couple of web references to a documentary like this, but I can't find any. Do you have the date of the documentary? DJ Clayworth 18:16, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

82.143.162.72 22:07, 23 January 2006 (UTC) The transcript is available from the BBC (it's a physical document rather than a web link).

The August 22, 1992 edition of The British Medical Journal noted an inquest into the death of Audrey Reynolds, the epileptic woman who apparently stopped taking her medication after being "healed" by Cerullo, and drowned when she had a seizure in the bath six days later. The article does not mention the television show "Everyman." There is, however, a clip from an unnamed television show available on YouTube, with a clip pertaining to the "miraculous healing" of a little girl with bone cancer. She died several weeks later. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2yG96OqNNo This child is also mentioned in the British Medical Journal article. ChiaLynn 01:32, 16 November 2006 (UTC) ChiaLynn (Sorry about the multiple edits -- it's been one of those days.)

Moris Cerullo could go to jail- A Federal Grand Jury Indicted him
By Seth Hettena ASSOCIATED PRESS

5:41 p.m. July 12, 2005

http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20050712-1741-ca-evangelist-taxfraud.html

SAN DIEGO – A federal grand jury on Tuesday indicted the head of a worldwide evangelical movement on charges of income tax evasion. Morris Cerullo, president of Morris Cerullo World Evangelism, misstated his income by $550,000 between 1998 and 2000, according to the indictment. Cerullo was charged with three counts of filing false tax returns, each of which carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison and a $100,000 penalty.

Arrangements were being made for Cerullo's surrender, said Assistant U.S. Attorney George Hardy. Cerullo, an evangelist known for his cable network and worldwide crusades, could not be reached for comment. His defense attorney, Greg Vega, a former U.S. Attorney in San Diego, said Cerullo looked forward to an opportunity to respond to the allegations in court.

"After three years of investigation of both (Cerullo) and his ministry, he is pleased that the IRS has found nothing to be inappropriate in the operation of the ministry," Vega said.

Two former executives of the San Diego-based ministry have sued Cerullo saying they were fired after they complained about Cerullo's fund-raising practices. When former senior executive John Paul Warren filed suit in 2001, his lawyers claimed at the time. Cerullo lived in a mansion in the exclusive San Diego-area community of Rancho Santa Fe and owned a jet with a gold-plated interior. Several employees had reported possible criminal violations to the Internal Revenue Service, according to the lawyers, who did not return calls seeking comment.

"All who partake in this country's benefits have a responsibility to pay their taxes, and there are no self-bestowed exemptions," said U.S. Attorney Carol Lam.

Cerullo's ministry says it has offices in Canada, Mexico, South America, Europe, Asia and Africa and it claims to have trained more than 1 million people in Christian proselytizing.

He bought PTL television network and Heritage USA theme park in 1990, three years after the park closed amid the sex and money scandal that engulfed PTL founder Jim Bakker.

Cerullo, who claims he was living in a Jewish orphanage when he became a Christian at the age of 14½, drew fire in 2000 from Jewish groups for deceptive advertising about a made-for-TV film, "The Rabbi," that ended with the lead character converting to Christianity.

In 1992, authorities in India ordered Cerullo to leave the country after he was nearly lynched by an angry mob. Cerullo worked a crowd of 30,000 – many of them sick – into a frenzy for two hours and then pronounced them cured, prompting many in the crowd to call him a cheat.

Morris Cerullo here comes the judge!
Morris Cerullo was indicted by a grand jury for IRS fraud! Please keep watching the news! He is going to meet the judge by May 2007! He will stand before a jury and face the music! His time has come! He is also facing another law suit soon from another employee! Wait tell the time for court comes! All the witnesses against him. Once the story is told he is in serious trouble!

Cerullos new trial date is NOW set for August 21, 2007. We will see if he is going to jail or not. It is clear he is guilty.

 * So what happened? Is the trial moving forward? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.240.63.134 (talk) 02:35, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

When was he born?
THe article gives two different years. 172.132.175.217 21:20, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Who knows? His appearance has noticeably changed during the past year or so - a much-needed weight loss, a bit of hair dye and an apparent face lift?? He looks younger than his son David!

Some thoughts
It is my understanding that the government's error that led to the dismissal of the income tax charges was a major mistake. Essentially, their misunderstanding of the IRS edict, which they then erroneously communicated to the grand jury, was the crux of their case. Perhaps that should be mentioned in some way.

Also, although Cerullo was escorted out of India in 1992, he has been back since. Perhaps that should be mentioned somewhere.

72.220.81.40 (talk) 20:03, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Morris Cerullo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20091026065228/http://www.takeheed.net:80/MANDATE_2008_article.htm to http://www.takeheed.net/MANDATE_2008_article.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:04, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Seeking a few changes
I would like to propose a few changes to this article. Some of the sources used clearly do not meet Wikipedia's Reliable Sources guideline, and the article presents a somewhat skewed image of Morris Cerullo. Some sources are no longer online, but have been archived. And there are additional sources I would like to add to the article. Full disclosure, I am Morris Cerullo's grandson; I understand that I need to avoid injecting my own bias into the article. I also will not repeat the wholesale deletion I made last year, when I did not understand much about Wikipedia.

Here are a few suggestions: I hope others can help evaluate what can be done to improve this article; I feel there is much room for improvement, in making this a more neutral and thorough article that better reflects what has been published in reliable sources. Any assistance appreciated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Michaelcerullo (talk • contribs) 16:31, 12 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Footnote 17 is no longer online. Here is an archived version: http://web.archive.org/web/20090227010858/http://www.intotruth.org/ms/ms1965.html
 * That article points out that the Evangelical Alliance made an explicit decision not to eject Morris Cerullo, but that central point is not made here on Wikipedia.
 * Footnote 23 (skepticfile) is a source that does not meet the WP:RS guideline. Footnote 22 is no longer online, but I doubt that meets the guideline either.
 * Here is an additional source that could be incorporated into the article: Morris Cerullo Launches Bold New Tour - Africa Evangelism Outreach Trip. http://www.charismanews.com/world/48145-morris-cerullo-launches-bold-new-tour
 * Also this one: Dr. Cerullo wins Lifetime Global Impact Award from Empowered21. Article also talks about his Evangelism efforts. http://www.charismanews.com/us/49168-bonnke-cerullo-hayford-and-hickey-winning-this-massive-honor

 * I have now implemented the first 3 of the 5 suggestions I made above. Feedback welcome. -Michaelcerullo (talk) 16:19, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

Continuing to revise article
I've been working to improve this article and I'm now beginning to reorganize it's structure and to bring the article to Wikipedia standards. I would really appreciate feedback on the changes. I do work for the ministry and understand this puts me in a conflict of interest and so I'm asking for assistance from other editors. Michaelcerullo (talk) 17:34, 14 June 2016 (UTC)

Touch not my anointed and do my prophets no harm
May I remind all the accusers of Dr. Morris Cerullo, that many accusers rose up against Jesus. The people who are doing nothing for God always attack those who are because they are convicted of their gross wickedness. In all the things and people who attacked him, God was faithful to His promise. "Many are the afflictions of the righteous: but the Lord delivereth him out of them all." (Psalm 34:19) If you think any of the accusations against him be true then you should pray for him and cease you hateful gossip. You may claim you are doing the Lord a service. "They shall put you out of the synagogues: yea, the time cometh, that whosoever killeth you will think that he doeth God service." (John 16:2) But this is the truth....this is what causes you do so and I say Woe! Woe! Woe unto you for accusing a "man of God" or any Christian for that matter. "9 And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called THE DEVIL, AND SATAN, which deceiveth the whole world: HE WAS CAST OUT INTO THE EARTH, and his angels were cast out with him.10 And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: FOR THE ACCUSER OF OUR BRETHREN IS CAST DOWN, which accused them before our God day and night." (Revelation 12:9-10) SATAN ACCUSES THE BRETHREN AND WHEN YOU DO YOU, YOU ARE ALIGNING YOURSELF WITH SATAN. "Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it." (John 8:44) and "14 But if ye have bitter envying and strife in your hearts, glory not, and lie not against the truth. 15 This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. 16 For where envying and strife is, there is confusion and every evil work. 17 But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. 18 And the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace of them that make peace." James 3:14-18) All that have accused Dr. Cerullo need to get down on your knees before God and repent for you have placed yourself under a curse. He will forgive you, for His mercies endure forever.

 * In the Service of My King Jesus, and the Body of Christ!*
 * "A Man of God" Pastor Sidney R. Smith* — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pastor Sidney R. Smith (talk • contribs) 04:46, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morris Cerullo