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Sweetness

Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars. Sweet tastes are generally regarded as pleasurable. In addition to sugars like sucrose, many other chemical compounds are sweet, including aldehydes, ketones, and sugar alcohols. Some are sweet at very low concentrations, allowing their use as non-caloric sugar substitutes. Such non-sugar sweeteners include saccharin, aspartame, sucralose and stevia. Other compounds, such as miraculin, may alter perception of sweetness itself.

The perceived intensity of sugars and high-potency sweeteners, such as aspartame and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, are heritable, with gene effect accounting for approximately 30% of the variation.

The chemosensory basis for detecting sweetness, which varies between both individuals and species, has only begun to be understood since the late 20th century. One theoretical model of sweetness is the multipoint attachment theory, which involves multiple binding sites between a sweetness receptor and a sweet substance.

Studies indicate that responsiveness to sugars and sweetness has very ancient evolutionary beginnings, being manifest as chemotaxis even in motile bacteria such as E. coli. Newborn human infants also demonstrate preferences for high sugar concentrations and prefer solutions that are sweeter than lactose, the sugar found in breast milk. Sweetness appears to have the highest taste recognition threshold, being detectable at around 1 part in 200 of sucrose in solution. By comparison, bitterness appears to have the lowest detection threshold, at about 1 part in 2 million for quinine in solution. In the natural settings that human primate ancestors evolved in, sweetness intensity should indicate energy density, while bitterness tends to indicate toxicity. The high sweetness detection threshold and low bitterness detection threshold would have predisposed our primate ancestors to seek out sweet-tasting (and energy-dense) foods and avoid bitter-tasting foods. Even amongst leaf-eating primates, there is a tendency to prefer immature leaves, which tend to be higher in protein and lower in fibre and poisons than mature leaves. The "sweet tooth" thus has an ancient heritage, and while food processing has changed consumption patterns, human physiology remains largely unchanged.

Examples of sweet substances
A great diversity of chemical compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, are sweet. Among common biological substances, all of the simple carbohydrates are sweet to at least some degree. Sucrose (table sugar) is the prototypical example of a sweet substance. Sucrose in solution has a sweetness perception rating of 1, and other substances are rated relative to this. For example, another sugar, fructose, is somewhat sweeter, being rated at 1.7 times the sweetness of sucrose. Some of the amino acids are mildly sweet: alanine, glycine, and serine are the sweetest. Some other amino acids are perceived as both sweet and bitter.

The sweetness of 5% solution of glycine in water compares to a solution of 5.6% glucose or 2.6% fructose.

A number of plant species produce glycosides that are sweet at concentrations much lower than common sugars. The most well-known example is glycyrrhizin, the sweet component of licorice root, which is about 30 times sweeter than sucrose. Another commercially important example is stevioside, from the South American shrub Stevia rebaudiana. It is roughly 250 times sweeter than sucrose. Another class of potent natural sweeteners are the sweet proteins such as thaumatin, found in the West African katemfe fruit. Hen egg lysozyme, an antibiotic protein found in chicken eggs, is also sweet.

Some variation in values is not uncommon between various studies. Such variations may arise from a range of methodological variables, from sampling to analysis and interpretation. Indeed, the taste index of 1, assigned to reference substances such as sucrose (for sweetness), hydrochloric acid (for sourness), quinine (for bitterness), and sodium chloride (for saltiness), is itself arbitrary for practical purposes. Some values, such as those for maltose and glucose, vary little. Others, such as aspartame and sodium saccharin, have much larger variation.

Even some inorganic compounds are sweet, including beryllium chloride and lead(II) acetate. The latter may have contributed to lead poisoning among the ancient Roman aristocracy: the Roman delicacy sapa was prepared by boiling soured wine (containing acetic acid) in lead pots.

Hundreds of synthetic organic compounds are known to be sweet, but only a few of these are legally permitted as food additives. For example, chloroform, nitrobenzene, and ethylene glycol are sweet, but also toxic. Saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, alitame, and neotame are commonly used.

Sweetness modifiers

A few substances alter the way sweet taste is perceived. One class of these inhibits the perception of sweet tastes, whether from sugars or from highly potent sweeteners. Commercially, the most important of these is lactisole, a compound produced by Domino Sugar. It is used in some jellies and other fruit preserves to bring out their fruit flavors by suppressing their otherwise strong sweetness.

Two natural products have been documented to have similar sweetness-inhibiting properties: gymnemic acid, extracted from the leaves of the Indian vine Gymnema sylvestre and ziziphin, from the leaves of the Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). Gymnemic acid has been widely promoted within herbal medicine as a treatment for sugar cravings and diabetes mellitus.

On the other hand, two plant proteins, miraculin and curculin, cause sour foods to taste sweet. Once the tongue has been exposed to either of these proteins, sourness is perceived as sweetness for up to an hour afterwards. While curculin has some innate sweet taste of its own, miraculin is by itself quite tasteless.

The sweetness receptor
Despite the wide variety of chemical substances known to be sweet, and knowledge that the ability to perceive sweet taste must reside in taste buds on the tongue, the biomolecular mechanism of sweet taste was sufficiently elusive that as recently as the 1990s, there was some doubt whether any single "sweetness receptor" actually exists.

The breakthrough for the present understanding of sweetness occurred in 2001, when experiments with laboratory mice showed that mice possessing different versions of the gene T1R3 prefer sweet foods to different extents. Subsequent research has shown that the T1R3 protein forms a complex with a related protein, called T1R2, to form a G-protein coupled receptor that is the sweetness receptor in mammals.

Human studies have shown that sweet taste receptors are not only found in the tongue, but also in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the nasal epithelium, pancreatic islet cells, sperm and testes. It is proposed that the presence of sweet taste receptors in the GI tract controls the feeling of hunger and satiety.

Another research has shown that the threshold of sweet taste perception is in direct correlation with the time of day. This is believed to be the consequence of oscillating leptin levels in blood that may impact the overall sweetness of food. Scientists hypothesize that this is an evolutionary relict of diurnal animals like humans.

Sweetness perception may differ between species significantly. For example, even amongst the primates sweetness is quite variable. New World monkeys do not find aspartame sweet, while Old World monkeys and apes (including most humans) all do. Felids like domestic cats cannot perceive sweetness at all. The ability to taste sweetness often atrophies genetically in species of carnivores who do not eat sweet foods like fruits, including bottlenose dolphins, sea lions, spotted hyenas and fossas.

Sweet receptor pathway
To depolarize the cell, and ultimately generate a response, the body uses different cells in the taste bud that each express a receptor for the perception of sweet, sour, salty, bitter or umami. Downstream of the taste receptor, the taste cells for sweet, bitter and umami share the same intracellular signalling pathway. Incoming sweet molecules bind to their receptors, which causes a conformational change in the molecule. This change activates the G-protein, gustducin, which in turn activates phospholipase C to generate inositol trisphosphate (IP3), this subsequently opens the IP3-receptor and induces calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. This increase in intracellular calcium activates the TRPM5 channel and induces cellular depolarization. The ATP release channel CALHM1 gets activated by the depolarization and releases ATP neurotransmitter which activates the afferent neurons innervating the taste bud.

Cognition
The color of food can affect sweetness perception. Adding more red color to a drink increases its perceived sweetness. In a study darker colored solutions were rated 2–10% higher than lighter ones despite having 1% less sucrose concentration. The effect of color is believed to be due to cognitive expectations. Some odors smell sweet and memory confuses whether sweetness was tasted or smelled.

Historical theories
The development of organic chemistry in the 19th century introduced many new chemical compounds and the means to determine their molecular structures. Early organic chemists tasted many of their products, either intentionally (as a means of characterization) or accidentally (due to poor laboratory hygiene). One of the first attempts to draw systematic correlations between molecules' structures and their tastes was made by a German chemist, Georg Cohn, in 1914. He hypothesized that to evoke a certain taste, a molecule must contain some structural motif (called a sapophore) that produces that taste. With regard to sweetness, he noted that molecules containing multiple hydroxyl groups and those containing chlorine atoms are often sweet, and that among a series of structurally similar compounds, those with smaller molecular weights were often sweeter than the larger compounds.

In 1919, Oertly and Myers proposed a more elaborate theory based on a then-current theory of color in synthetic dyes. They hypothesized that to be sweet, a compound must contain one each of two classes of structural motif, a glucophore and an auxogluc. Based on those compounds known to be sweet at the time, they proposed a list of six candidate glucophores and nine auxoglucs.

From these beginnings in the early 20th century, the theory of sweetness enjoyed little further academic attention until 1963, when Robert Shallenberger and Terry Acree proposed the AH-B theory of sweetness. Simply put, they proposed that to be sweet, a compound must contain a hydrogen bond donor (AH) and a Lewis base (B) separated by about 0.3 nanometres. According to this theory, the AH-B unit of a sweetener binds with a corresponding AH-B unit on the biological sweetness receptor to produce the sensation of sweetness.

B-X theory was proposed by Lemont Kier in 1972. While previous researchers had noted that among some groups of compounds, there seemed to be a correlation between hydrophobicity and sweetness. This theory formalized these observations by proposing that to be sweet, a compound must have a third binding site (labeled X) that could interact with a hydrophobic site on the sweetness receptor via London dispersion forces. Later researchers have statistically analyzed the distances between the presumed AH, B, and X sites in several families of sweet substances to estimate the distances between these interaction sites on the sweetness receptor.

MPA theory
The most elaborate theory of sweetness to date is the multipoint attachment theory (MPA) proposed by Jean-Marie Tinti and Claude Nofre in 1991. This theory involves a total of eight interaction sites between a sweetener and the sweetness receptor, although not all sweeteners interact with all eight sites. This model has successfully directed efforts aimed at finding highly potent sweeteners, including the most potent family of sweeteners known to date, the guanidine sweeteners. The most potent of these, lugduname, is about 225,000 times sweeter than sucrose.

title: Sweetness


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Talk:Grabage tin

Closed deletion listing
This article was listed for deletion on 3 April, 2005. The discussion was closed with the result of no consensus. This article will not be deleted. You can view the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes_for_deletion/Grabage_tin. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:06, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Grabage tin


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Antiparallel

The term antiparallel may refer to:
 * Antiparallel (biochemistry), the orientation of adjacent molecules
 * Antiparallel lines, a congruent but opposite relative orientation of two lines in relation to another line or angle
 * Antiparallel vectors, a pair of vectors pointed in opposite directions
 * Antiparallel (electronics), the polarity of devices run in parallel

title: Antiparallel


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Dipping sauce

A dip or dip sauce is a common condiment for many types of food. Dips are used to add flavor or texture to a food, such as pita bread, dumplings, crackers, chopped raw vegetables, fruits, seafood, cubed pieces of meat and cheese, potato chips, tortilla chips, falafel, and sometimes even whole sandwiches in the case of jus. Unlike other sauces, instead of applying the sauce to the food, the food is typically placed or dipped into the sauce.

Dips are commonly used for finger foods, appetisers, and other food types. Thick dips based on sour cream, crème fraîche, milk, yogurt, mayonnaise, soft cheese, or beans are a staple of American hors d'oeuvres and are thicker than spreads, which can be thinned to make dips. Celebrity chef Alton Brown suggests that a dip is defined based on its ability to "maintain contact with its transport mechanism over 3 ft of white carpet".

Dips in various forms are eaten all over the world and people have been using sauces for dipping for thousands of years.

List of dips
Some types of dip include:
 * Ajika, a spicy, subtly flavoured dip in Caucasian cuisine, based on hot red pepper, garlic, herbs and spices
 * Ajvar, made from red bell peppers with garlic, found in Macedonian cuisine, Bosnian cuisine and Serbian cuisine
 * Artichoke dip
 * Au jus, a salty beef broth or gravy especially used for dipping french dip sandwiches
 * Baba ghanoush, a dip made from eggplant, popular in the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of South Asia
 * Bagna càuda, a regional dish of the Italian Piedmont
 * Banana ketchup, a Filipino condiment made from bananas; used similar to tomato ketchup
 * Barbecue sauce, often used for grilled and fried meats in the United States
 * Bean dip, dip made from refried beans
 * Blue cheese dressing, commonly used as a dip for raw vegetables or buffalo wings
 * Buffalo sauce, often used as both a coating for Buffalo wings as well as a standalone dipping sauce for other foods
 * Brine, saltwater used as a dip for food, similar to vinegar or soy sauce
 * Cheese sauce
 * Chile con queso, used in Tex-Mex cuisine with tortilla chips
 * Chili oil, used as a dipping sauce for meat and dim sum
 * Chimichurri, a dip from Argentina made of parsley, garlic, and oregano
 * Chocolate, a dip for various fruits, doughnuts, profiteroles and marshmallows
 * Chogochujang, a variant of gochujang. A dip for seafood including hoe, oyster, and wakame, or for raw vegetables.
 * Chutney, used with snacks like deep fried samosas and pakoras, dosa and idli
 * Clam dip, a kind of condiment for dipping crackers and chips
 * Cocktail sauce, a dip for seafood made from ketchup or chili sauce and horseradish
 * Comeback sauce, a dip for chicken fingers made from mayonnaise and chili sauce
 * Crab dip, a thick dip popular in Maryland usually made from cream cheese and lump crab meat
 * Curry ketchup, also called Currygewürzketchup in Germany, is a spicier form of ketchup
 * Duck sauce, a modern variation of plum sauce
 * Fish sauce (garum), or nam pla, used in southeastern Asian cuisines as a dip for snacks and other foods
 * Fish paste or bagoong, fermented fish paste, used in southeastern Asian cuisines as a dip for rice dishes
 * Fondue, a blend of melted cheese and wine in which bread is dipped
 * French onion dip
 * Fritessaus, a leaner form of mayonnaise from The Netherlands
 * Fry sauce, a dip eaten with french fries, onion rings, chicken strips, and other deep fried foods
 * Garlic butter sauce, used for dipping seafood, chicken, beef and pizza; plain clarified butter or drawn butter are more common with lobster, crab or clams
 * Gravy, used as a dipping sauce for bread, such as in Maghreb cuisine
 * Guacamole, avocadoes mashed with lime juice, onions, tomatoes, and herbs; commonly eaten with tortilla chips
 * Haroseth, Jewish dipping sauce based on local Israelite ground fruits and spices
 * Hazelnut butter or hazelnut spread is commonly used as a dip for crackers and cookies
 * Hilbeh, Yemenite condiment made from ground fenugreek seeds
 * Hollandaise
 * Honey, a common dip for chicken and biscuits
 * Honey mustard
 * Horseradish sauce, often with horseradish mixed with sour cream and/or mayonnaise
 * Hot sauce or chili sauce, a spicy dip made from peppers
 * Hummus, a Levantine dip of ground chickpeas and sesame tahini with spices and lemon juice
 * Jus, a meat broth often served with sandwiches such as French dip and Italian beef
 * Ketchup (also called catsup or tomato sauce), often used with french fries, onion rings, and a wide variety of other foods
 * Kiwi onion dip, a New Zealand snack food served with potato chips, crackers, or chopped vegetables
 * Marinara sauce, a tomato sauce served with breadsticks, pizza, etc.
 * Mayonnaise, the basis for many dips, on its own a dip for cold chicken; vegetables; french fries; and seafood
 * Mexicali dip, sour cream-based with Mexican cuisine-inspired spices
 * Mint sauce, a sauce made with ground mint leaves and vinegar or yogurt
 * Mắm nêm, a sauce made of fermented fish

 * Mkhali (colloquially pkhali), Georgian vegetable purées thickened with walnut paste and often rolled into balls
 * Muhammara, a Near Eastern hot pepper and walnut dip
 * Mustard, ground seeds of the mustard plant; variants are used in Asian cuisine
 * Nacho cheese dip, for dipping tortilla chips
 * Nam chim, Thai dipping sauces which most often contain chili peppers
 * Nam phrik, Thai chili pastes which are also used as dips for vegetables and fried fish
 * Nước chấm (Vietnamese), mixes of chili peppers and fish sauce
 * Olive Oil
 * Prik Nam Pla (Thai), mixes of chili peppers and fish sauce
 * Pebre, a Chilean mix of tomato, onion, chile, and coriander
 * Pico De Gallo
 * Pimento cheese
 * Prahok ktis, a sauce made with prahok, minced pork, kroeung, and coconut cream eaten with fresh vegetables
 * Plum sauce, used for dipping fried noodles, dumplings, and other foods
 * Ranch dressing, buttermilk flavored salad dressing popular in the United States
 * Remoulade, often used with fried foods such as fish, or chips (french fries or fries)
 * Romesco, used as a dip or as a condiment for other dishes
 * Salsa, used often with tortilla chips
 * Sambal, for fish, chicken, etc.
 * Satsivi, a walnut dip in Georgian cuisine
 * Smetana, a common dip for bliny, pelmeni, vareniki
 * Sour cream, on its own or combined with mayonnaise and/or other ingredients, a common dip for potato chips
 * Soy sauce, often served in small saucers for dipping a variety of East Asian foods; for sushi and sashimi, prepared wasabi is mixed in
 * Spinach dip, for tortilla chips and vegetables
 * Sriracha sauce
 * Sweet and sour sauce, a generic term for many styles of sauce
 * Tahina, a Middle-Eastern condiment made from toasted ground sesame
 * Taramosalata, a Near Eastern dip of carp or codfish roe
 * Tartar sauce, commonly used with seafood
 * Tentsuyu, a Japanese dipping sauce
 * Tirokafteri, a feta-based Greek meze
 * Tkemali, a cherry plum sauce in Georgian cuisine
 * Toyomansi, a Filipino meat or fish dip made with soy sauce and calamansi juice; chilis may also be added to create "silimansi"
 * Tzatziki and similar sauces used for dipping include tarator and Raita
 * Tương, a dipping sauce made from fermented soybeans in Vietnamese cuisine
 * Vinegar, used as a dip for grilled meats, and steamed crabs; Balsamic vinegar is also commonly used as a dipping sauce for bread
 * Vin Santo, into which cantucci (biscotti) are dipped
 * White sauce, served with tortilla chips at Mexican restaurants in parts of Virginia

title: Dipping sauce


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Sheila Watt-Cloutier

Sheila Watt-Cloutier (born 2 December 1953) is a Canadian Inuk activist. She has been a political representative for Inuit at the regional, national and international levels, most recently as International Chair for the Inuit Circumpolar Council (formerly the Inuit Circumpolar Conference). Watt-Cloutier has worked on a range of social and environmental issues affecting Inuit, most recently, persistent organic pollutants and global warming. She has received numerous awards and honours for her work, and has been featured in a number of documentaries and profiled by journalists from all media. Watt-Cloutier sits as an adviser to Canada's Ecofiscal Commission. She is also a senior fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Early life
Sheila Watt-Cloutier was born in Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, Northern Quebec, Canada. Her mother was known as a skillful healer and interpreter throughout Nunavik, and her father was an officer for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. For the first ten years of her life, Sheila was raised traditionally, travelling on the land by dog sled, before she was sent away for school in Nova Scotia and Churchill, Manitoba in the Canadian Indian residential school system.

Early career
In the mid-1970s, she worked for the Ungava Hospital as an Inuktitut translator and strove to improve education and health conditions. From 1991 to 1995, she worked as a counsellor in the review process of the education system of Northern Quebec. This work led to the 1992 report on the educational system in Nunavik, Silaturnimut - The Pathway to Wisdom. Watt-Cloutier also contributed significantly to the youth awareness video Capturing Spirit: The Inuit Journey.

Political career
Watt-Cloutier has been a political representative for Inuit for over a decade. From 1995 to 1998, she was Corporate Secretary of Makivik Corporation, the Canadian Inuit land-claim organization established for Northern Quebec (Nunavik) under the 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement.

In 1995, she was elected President of Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) Canada, and re-elected in 1998. ICC represents internationally the interests of Inuit in Russia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland. In this position, she served as the spokesperson for indigenous peoples in the Arctic during the negotiation of the Stockholm Convention banning the manufacture and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) or DDT. These substances pollute the Arctic food chain and accumulate in the bodies of Inuit, many of whom continue to subsist on local country food.

In 2002, she was elected International Chair of ICC, a position she would hold until 2006. Most recently, her work has emphasised the human face of the impacts of global climate change in the Arctic. On 7 December 2005, based on the findings of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, which projects that Inuit hunting culture may not survive the loss of sea ice and other changes projected over the coming decades, she launched the world's first international legal action on climate change: a petition, along with 62 Inuit hunters and Elders from communities across Canada and Alaska, to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, alleging that unchecked emissions of greenhouse gases from the United States have violated Inuit cultural and environmental human rights as guaranteed by the 1948 American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. Although the IACHR decided against hearing her petition, the Commission invited Watt-Cloutier to testify with her international legal team (including lawyers from Earthjustice and the Center for International Environmental Law) at their first hearing on climate change and human rights on 1 March 2007.

Publications
Her book The Right to Be Cold, about the effects of climate change on Inuit communities, was published by Allen Lane - Penguin Random House in 2015.

Her memoir The Right to Be Cold: One Woman's Story of Protecting Her Culture, the Arctic and the Whole Planet (2015) was short-listed for Canada Reads, where it was championed by musician Chantal Kreviazuk. Activist Naomi Klein reviewed the books for the Globe and Mail, calling it "courageous and revelatory".

 * "The Inuit Journey Towards a POPs-Free World." Northern Lights Against POPs: Combating Toxic Threats in the Arctic. Ed. David Leonard Downie and Terry Fenge. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003. 256–267.
 * "Don’t Abandon the Arctic to Climate Change." The Globe and Mail 24 May 2006: A19.
 * "ICC responds to last week’s editorial." Nunatsiaq News 9 June 2006: Opinion.
 * "Nunavut must think big, not small, on polar bears." Nunatsiaq News 19 January 2007: Opinion.
 * "The Strength to Go Forward." CBC: This I Believe 23 May 2007.
 * "Canada's Way." The Ottawa Citizen 29 August 2007.
 * "Ozone treaty offers insurance against climate change." The Globe and Mail 6 September 2007: A19.

Awards and honours
All cities in Canada unless noted.

2002

 * Global Environment Award, World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations - Washington, D.C., United States (on behalf of ICC Canada)

2004

 * National Aboriginal Achievement Award (Environment), National Aboriginal Achievement Foundation (now Indspire) - Ontario

2005

 * Sophie Prize, The Sophie Foundation - Oslo, Norway
 * Champion of the Earth Award, United Nations Environment Programme - Nairobi, Kenya
 * Governor General's Northern Medal - Ottawa, Ontario

2006

 * International Environmental Leadership Award, 10th Annual Green Cross Millennium Awards, hosted by Global Green USA - Los Angeles, California, United States
 * Honorary Doctor of Law, University of Winnipeg - Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * Citation of Lifetime Achievement, Canadian Environment Awards - Vancouver, British Columbia
 * International Environment Award, Gala 2006, Earth Day Canada - Toronto, Ontario
 * Order of Greenland, Inuit Circumpolar Conference General Assembly - Barrow (now Utqiagvik), Alaska, United States
 * Officer of the Order of Canada - Ottawa, Ontario

2007

 * On 2 February 2007 The Globe and Mail published a report that Watt-Cloutier, along with former Vice President of the United States, Al Gore, had been nominated for the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize along with over 180 other people. The report stated that they had been nominated by Børge Brende and Heidi Sørensen, both Norwegian members of parliament. The article also pointed out that the Norwegian Nobel Committee does not comment on the names of people who may have been nominated and according to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation they do not publish the names.
 * Rachel Carson Prize - Stavanger, Norway
 * Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Award, United Nations Human Development Awards - New York City, New York, United States

2008

 * Testimonial Award, 21st Annual Public Policy Forum Testimonial Dinner and Awards - Toronto, Ontario
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Ottawa - Ottawa, Ontario
 * Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Guelph - Guelph, Ontario
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Windsor - Windsor, Ontario
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, Royal Roads University - Victoria, British Columbia
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, Wilfrid Laurier University - Waterloo, Ontario
 * Honorary Doctorate, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS, 'National Institute of Scientific Research) - Quebec City, Quebec
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, McMaster University - Hamilton, Ontario
 * Heroes of the Environment (2008), from Time under the "Leaders and visionaries" category

2009

 * 9th Annual LaFontaine-Baldwin Lecture - Iqaluit, Nunavut
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Western Ontario - London, Ontario
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Alberta - Edmonton, Alberta
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, Queen's University - Kingston, Ontario
 * Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, Bowdoin College - Brunswick, Maine, United States

2010

 * Nation Builder of the Decade: Environment, The Globe and Mail
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Victoria - (November 2010) Victoria, British Columbia

2011

 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Northern British Columbia - (May 2011) Prince George, British Columbia

2012

 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, Thompson Rivers University - Kamloops, British Columbia
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, Mount Allison University - Sackville, New Brunswick

2015

 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, York University - Toronto, Ontario
 * The Right Livelihood Award "for her lifelong work to protect the Inuit of the Arctic and defend their right to maintain their livelihoods and culture, which are acutely threatened by climate change."

Personal life
Watt-Cloutier has a daughter, a son, and a grandson. Prior to returning to Kuujjuaq, she resided in Iqaluit, Nunavut for 15 years.

title: Sheila Watt-Cloutier


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Arnie Herber

Arnold Charles "Flash" Herber (April 2, 1910 – October 14, 1969) was an American professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons, primarily with the Green Bay Packers. During his Packers tenure from 1930 to 1940, he led the league in passing yards and touchdowns three times (becoming the first player to lead each category three times in NFL history) and won four NFL Championship Games. Herber retired after 11 seasons in Green Bay, but returned in 1944 with New York Giants, where he played his final two seasons. He was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1966.

Early years
Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Herber was a Packers fan from a young age, all while starring at local Green Bay West High School in football and basketball. He played two years of college football, on the freshman team at University of Wisconsin–Madison and spent his sophomore season at Regis College in Denver, which dropped football after the 1929 season. Herber went back to Green Bay and worked in the club house as a handyman. Coach Curly Lambeau gave Herber a try-out and Herber at age 20 joined a team that was currently dominating the NFL.

Green Bay Packers
Green Bay had posted an undefeated 12–0–1 record and won the NFL title in 1929, the year before Herber was on the roster. In his first year, 1930, the Packers continued their success and won another title with Herber playing tailback in the famous Notre Dame Box formation. In 1931, with Herber throwing more than usual for that era to early greats like John "Blood" McNally, the Packers reeled off nine straight wins to start the season and won a third straight title. No other team in NFL history, besides the Packers themselves in the 1960s, has won three consecutive titles.

The NFL did not start keeping statistics until —when they did that year, Herber finished as the top passer in the league with 639 yards and nine touchdowns. He won the passing title again in 1934 with 799 yards and eight touchdowns. But Herber reached his peak as a pro starting in 1935 with the arrival of Don Hutson, the league's first true wide receiver, who changed the game with his graceful moves, precise patterns, and superb hands. Herber loved to throw the ball long and was a perfect fit for Hutson's talent. Hutson's first NFL reception was an 83-yard touchdown pass from Herber on the first play of the game when the Packers beat the Chicago Bears, 7–0. In 1936, Herber and Hutson rewrote the NFL passing-receiving record book. Herber tossed a record 177 passes for a record 1,239 yards, and 11 touchdowns. Hutson set new records with 34 catches, 526 yards receiving, and eight touchdowns, all marks he would soon improve. Green Bay finished 10-1-1 and went to the NFL title game, which they won 21-6 over the Boston Redskins at the Polo Grounds in New York. In that game, Green Bay passed for 153 yards and Herber threw two touchdowns, one to Hutson.

Sharing time with another great passer, Cecil Isbell, Herber led the Packers to the title game again in 1938 and 1939. In the 1938 championship game, Green Bay lost to the New York Giants 23–17 at the Polo Grounds despite another touchdown pass from Herber. In 1939, Green Bay avenged that loss with a 27–0 drubbing of the Giants in Milwaukee. Herber threw for another touchdown in the 1939 title game. In 1940, Isbell began to get more playing time and Herber was waived at the end of training camp in 1941, and retired after 11 seasons with Green Bay.

New York Giants
At age 34, Herber came back to the war-depleted NFL in, answering a call to play for the New York Giants. Herber threw sparingly but efficiently, for 651 yards and six touchdowns. As usual for Herber-led teams, the Giants won their conference and went to the NFL title game. Herber's old squad, the Packers, still featuring Don Hutson, beat the Giants 14-7. Herber played one more season with the Giants in 1945 and then retired for good.

Legacy
Overall, Herber passed for 8,041 yards, 81 touchdowns, and 106 interceptions. He led his teams to four NFL championships. At the time Herber retired for the first time in 1940, he had equaled Benny Friedman for the all-time lead in touchdown passes with 66. He added to his total later when he came out of retirement for a two-year stint with the New York Giants.

Herber was the first great long thrower in the NFL and his success paved the way for truly "modern" quarterbacks Sammy Baugh and Sid Luckman. Herber was said to throw the ball with all five fingers on the laces, a peculiarity shared by no one else. It was his performance with Don Hutson, however, that made him a legend and assured his place in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1966. He was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1968.

During the NFL's 50th season celebration in, Herber was selected to the All-1930s team in August. Two months later, he died of cancer at age 59 in Green Bay, and is buried at its Fort Howard Memorial Park. He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1972.

title: Arnie Herber


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Hans Bruun Nielsen

Hans Bruun Nielsen is mathematician and Associate Professor of Technical University of Denmark specializing in Numerical analysis and the application of numerical methods.

Book

 * Eldén, Wittmeyer-Koch, Nielsen Introduction to Numerical Computation - analysis and MATLAB illustrations, 2004 Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-03727-9
 * The book's Contents page
 * Formulae from the book (E.g. order of Cholesky decomposition computations, maximum error in Chebyshev interpolation, and maximum stable step length using Runge-Kutta.)

title: Hans Bruun Nielsen


text:
User talk:SimplePlanFan892

Hey my User Name is SimplePlanFan892

I am i female in Canada and i like B-A-N-A-N-A-N-A-S(LMAO ASH) Sorry insider joke. I have some friends like Ashley Suzy Hope Torie Sarah Jesse and Will and Noah

I like alot of punk music or whatever you call it i like bands like (Drumroll please LMAO) My Chemical Romance Blink-182 Simple Plan(Ok so there poppy punk who cares!!!!) Green Day The Used Billy Talent and Good Charlotte

Im like not total punk but im kinda if that makes any scene LMAO

Yeah my friends and i have fun *remebers good times* oops sorry lost in thought LOL

So about me I have Brown Hair with Blond Streaks and Hazel eyes and i wear glasses but not geeky ones cause thoese scare me.....LOL. LIke anyone cares about me but still its fun to write about me. LOL

Im like so hyper guys

lol i had 10 pixie stix LOL

Ok fellahs im single so yeah cause my bf kinda cheated on me and yeah i like sports and stuff

Question time 4 me!!! Whats ur fav: Food:Pizza Colour:Black Religen:Im Anglican WOHO LIKE ANYONE CARES Hair style:NO1 CARES but any who i have shoter hair not like guyish hair ok i tryed it once i and i looked like a dude LOL Coloths:I like Sports Gear GO ROCK GO LMAO Sport:Hockey or Lacrosse Team:Toronto Rock,Argos and Leafs Band:The Used Guy:BENJI MADDEN *drools*

So thats bout me so later people im cool really lol sorry again im real hyper cheers

title: User talk:SimplePlanFan892


text:
User talk:Slippek

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 22:12, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Slippek


text:
Talk:Mike Richter

Richter save on Lafayette in 1994 Finals 'Game 7'?
How is Nathan Layafette's hitting the goalpost, a Richter save? GoodDay (talk) 00:15, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130125132750/http://www.healthyplanetpartners.com/about-us/team/ to http://www.healthyplanetpartners.com/about-us/team/

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title: Talk:Mike Richter


text:
User talk:Arag0rn

Welcome!
Greetings, and welcome to Wikipedia! Noticed some of your cleanup work and additions around the album articles.

Here are some pages you might want to visit:
 * Simplified Ruleset: A simple overview of the guidelines of the Wikipedia community.
 * How to edit a page: Everything you ever really wanted to know about formatting and markup, but were afraid to ask.
 * Manual of style: Now that you know how to edit a page, how should you write in it?
 * What Wikipedia is not: ...and what shouldn't you write in it?
 * Sandbox: Here's the place to do editing tests without worrying about messing anything up.
 * Glossary: Words specific to Wikipedia and wiki culture (for example, the tendency to stick "wiki" in front of everything!) and frequently used abbreviations that you might encounter.
 * FAQ: Questions and answers about various topics, including technical aspects, copyright, and a general overview of the project.
 * Help desk: Got a question not answered in any of the help materials, or just can't find it (understandable, even for someone who's been around a while)? Ask it here!
 * Village pump: Want to see what's going on around Wikipedia? Here's where people are talking.
 * Community Portal: Just about anything else you as a Wikipedia editor might want to find is linked from here.

Finally, if you haven't already, feel free to sign your name to the New user log and add yourself to the various listings of Wikipedians! Also, remember to sign your name on Talk pages (but not articles) with "~~~~" to leave your signature and a timestamp. Thanks for your contributions so far, and happy editing! Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:15, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Article Improvement Belgrade
You may wish to vote for Belgrade at the Article Improvement Drive page, here. --estavisti 21:53, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Invitation
Hello! I invite you to join the WikiProject Serbia. All the best, -- serbiana -  talk  02:44, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Belgrade is the Current AID Article
Posted by (^'-')^ Covington 07:10, 1 May 2006 (UTC) on behalf of the the AID Maintenance Team

Check this out
Template:Requests_for_new_languages/cg

wikiproject
As a member of WikiProject Serbia, you should be aware that the project as well as Portal:Serbia is being considered for deletion. If you have the time, please comment on what you feel should be done with the project and the portal. Thank you. // Laughing Man 01:45, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Kosovo: country debate
Hello. There's a discussion going on Talk:List of countries as to whether or not Kosovo should be included in that list. You have an interest in Serbia-related articles and I thought you might be interested. The articles List of countries and Annex to the list of countries (where the inclusion criteria reside) are both relevant. Cheers. DSuser 13:38, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Hi again. It's probably a minor point, but there a discussion and vote going on at Talk:Kosovo as to whether or not it's better to use Kosovo rather than Kosovan or Kosovar in the Wikipedia articles. Perhaps you have no interest, in which case sorry to bother you! DSuser 15:52, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

An invitation to join the WikiProject Republika Srpska
--Anulmanul (talk) 21:46, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

GA nominee
Hai, I have nominated the film article Loham for GA-status. Which is currently on "Hold on" time and there are some corrections to be done before it ends. Mainly copy editing for grammer and writting style. So kindly help me to make it a good article by contributing to the suggestions referred in Talk:Loham. Charles Turing (talk) 19:01, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arag0rn


text:
Talk:Chhatrapati

Closed deletion listing
This article was listed for deletion on 3 April, 2005. The discussion was closed with the result of no consensus. This article will not be deleted. You can view the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes_for_deletion/Chhatrapati. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:15, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dates of the Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur
The dates of the Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur in this article do not correspond to the linked articles.--Carnby (talk) 13:48, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

what does the word "senior" mean here?
Hi. in the section 'house of Bhosle' in front of the name 'Rajamara' it is written: "Grandson of Rajaram and his senior wife, Tarabai". what does senior stand for here?! If we assume that Tarabai was older than Rajaram we soon learn it's wrong; because Rajaram was born on 1670 and Tarabai on 1675. also if we assume that senior means first here (his first wife) we find out it's wrong too. because Rajaram was married to Jankibai first. So what does senior mean here? Is it just a mistake?! Aminabzz (talk) 12:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chhatrapati


text:
Tiny Timbrell

Hilmer J. "Tiny" Timbrell (January 15, 1917 – May 7, 1992) was a Canadian-born session guitarist.

Timbrell was born in Canada but moved to Los Angeles, California, to pursue his career in music. For a time, he sold guitars at Fife & Nichols, a Hollywood musical instrument store located at the corner of Sunset & Vine inside Wallach's Music City.

A "first call" guitarist at Warner Brothers Studios, in the late 1940s Timbrell appeared in several motion pictures playing as part of a band. His reputation was such that he was hired to play guitar on recording sessions for singing stars such as Doris Day, Billy Vaughn & His Orchestra, Rosemary Clooney, Bing Crosby, Harry James, and pop and country music artists such as Ricky Nelson and Marty Robbins.

Perhaps most significantly in his career, Timbrell played rhythm guitar for Elvis Presley, first at Radio Recorders studios in Los Angeles for the making of the soundtrack for the film, Loving You and later on numerous other soundtracks for Presley films.

In 1943, Timbrell married Margaret Ellen Scott. They had two children: Gail and Jay. Gail married and had three children: Roger, Nancy, and Steven. Both Roger and Steven followed their grandfather into the entertainment industry. Roger is a studio production accountant responsible for developing Showbiz Crew and SAG-AFTRA software. Steven works as an IATSE Local 1 stagehand in New York City.

In his later years, Timbrell worked as Los Angeles district sales representative for Chicago Musical Instrument Co., later named Norlin Music Corp., which at the time owned many instrument brands, including Gibson and Epiphone guitars.

Tiny Timbrell died in 1992 at the age of 75.

Discography
With Harry James
 * Harry James and His Orchestra 1948–49 (Big Band Landmarks Vol. X & XI, 1969)

title: Tiny Timbrell


text:
Dalton, New South Wales

Dalton is a small inland country town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, in Upper Lachlan Shire. The population was 230 in the 2021 census.

A small river, Oolong Creek, runs through the town, which is situated in an earthquake-prone region.

Location
Dalton is north of the Hume Highway that joins Sydney and Melbourne, between Goulburn and Yass in southern New South Wales, 255 km southwest of Sydney and 79 km north of the national capital, Canberra. Nearby towns are Cullerin, Gundaroo, Gunning, Yass, and Murrumbateman.

History
The area now known as Dalton lies around the margins of the traditional lands of the Gundungurra people in the north and the Ngunnawal people in the south. These two peoples spoke similar, if not identical, languages.

The town was gazetted in 1862. The name was derived from the family name of the wife of the then Governor of New South Wales The Rt Hon. Sir John Young; her name was Adelaide Annabella Tuite daughter of Edward Tuite Dalton.

Quartz reefs containing gold were discovered in the 1860s but were unprofitable when mining was attempted.

Dalton Public School was, in 1878, under the instruction of Mr. J. V. Moore, and held in a building rented for the purpose, which was very inadequate at the time. As the lease of the schoolhouse was soon to expire, and there was small chance of obtaining any other premises, tenders were called for a new building. The number of children on the roll in 1878 was 60, with an average attendance of 45.

The Oolong Bridge across Oolong Creek was officially opened on 2 August 1896, officiated by MP for Yass William Affleck. A crowd of around 300 people attended, which included schoolchildren from the Dalton Public School as well as Felled Timber School.

Historical Buildings

 * Anchor Lodge of Good Templar's Hall, built 1890 and in use until c.1925.
 * Police Station, built 1889
 * Public School, built 1878 replacing an earlier school building dating from c.1860.
 * Royal Hotel, built 1860
 * Dalton Uniting Church (Formerly the Wesleyan Chapel of Wesley Vale)
 * St Matthew's Anglican Church, built 1878

Geology and earthquakes
The underlying rock strata of the region from Dalton to Lake George some 40 km east is geologically active, with the lake formed along a fault system running north–south.

Dalton has a significantly higher rate of earthquakes and tremors than the background rate for the eastern highlands of Australia, and because their foci are very shallow (usually less than 1 km deep) the damage they cause is often disproportionately high: events as low as magnitude ML3.0 have damaged buildings in the region.

Significant earthquakes centred on Dalton/Gunning include an ML5.3 event on 5 July 1888 that was felt in Sydney and represents the first record of seismic activity in the area; the largest recorded event - an ML5.6 event on 18 November 1934 that was also felt in Sydney and agitated the water in the Manuka Pool in Canberra; an ML5.5 event on 10–11 March 1949 that caused minor cracking in Canberra buildings and damaged the Anglican Church; and the ML4.3 Oolong event on 9 August 1984 which damaged Oolong Homestead and the Anglican Church.

Several amateur geologists in Dalton and the surrounding region have seismic recorders that automatically send data to Geoscience Australia.

Demographics
In the 2021 Australian census, a population of 230 people was recorded, of whom around 4.3% stated that they were Indigenous Australians. Around 73.4 per cent of the population had both parents born in Australia, with the next highest place of birth for mother or father being England. The top industry of employment, at 12.5%, was sheep farming.

Economy
The vibrancy of Dalton's heyday in the 19th century as a sheep-shearing centre is gone, lost in 1875 when the train line was routed through nearby Gunning rather than Dalton. Today the town is taking on a new role as a rural-residential centre, with generally well-maintained wide streets and churches, a school, a viable hotel (pub), post office services, and a petrol station.

The Monaro region is renowned for its sheep wool industry, notably for the Merino breed. The dry-land farming supports both summer and winter wheat, and some other cereal crops, but agriculture also extends to cattle production for meat.

Geography and environment
The Oolong Creek runs through the town. Work has been proceeding on restoring the habitat around the creek, mainly by volunteers in the Dalton Community Association working with NSW Landcare.

There is a population of southern pygmy perch, a locally vulnerable species, in the creek, discovered in 2021 by two teenagers. this was only the fourth known remnant population of the fish in New South Wales. In August 2023, a group of volunteers working with OzFish Unlimited and the local council undertook the translocation of 200 fish to Oolong Creek, to boost the population there.

The endangered yellow-spotted bell frog is also found in the creek.

title: Dalton, New South Wales


text:
Babylon by Bus

Babylon by Bus is a live album released by Bob Marley and the Wailers in 1978. The tracks on this album are considered, with two exceptions, to be from the Pavillon de Paris concerts over 3 nights, 25–27 June 1978, during the Kaya Tour, though there are discrepancies in the track listing.

Like the 1973 album Catch a Fire, the first release had something of a novelty cover. The windows of the bus on the front cover were cut out, revealing part of the inner sleeve. As this was a double album, the listener had a choice of four different scenes to view through the windows.

Set list
"Heathen", "Lively Up Yourself" and "Concrete Jungle" were not as common as the rest of the album on the tour, with 2 of the 3 more than likely played on any given night, but not always, and were only ever all played on the same night twice: at the Pinecrest Country Club in Shelton, Connecticut, 14 June and the Music Inn in Lenox, Massachusetts 18 June, which was one of the longest shows ever played by the band with 22 songs, but none were played at the Paris concerts. "Rebel Music", "Positive Vibration", "Jamming", "Exodus", "War / No More Trouble" and "Punky Reggae Party" were nearly always played at some point of each concert, though were mixed up some times with other songs like "Get Up, Stand Up", which does not appear on this album. The song "Is This Love" was also not common on this tour, though was played in Paris. The track "Kinky Reggae" was not played on the Kaya tour and in fact had not been played since the 1976 Rastaman Vibration tour, so it is unclear which concert this version is from.

Critical reception
Rolling Stone wrote: "From the raucous invocation of Selassie's divinity that kicks off 'Positive Vibration' on side one to the unabashed good cheer of side four's wrap-up rendition of 'Jamming', we hear a new side of Bob Marley—fanciful, lovelorn, vulnerable—that's as riveting as any of his sulfurous early tirades."

Musicians

 * Bob Marley – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Carlton Barrett – drums
 * Aston "Family Man" Barrett – bass
 * Tyrone "Organ D" Downie – keyboards
 * Junior Marvin – lead guitar
 * Alvin "Seeco" Patterson – percussion
 * Al Anderson – lead guitar
 * Earl "Wire" Lindo – keyboards
 * Rita Marley – backing vocals
 * Marcia Griffiths – backing vocals
 * Judy Mowatt – backing vocals

Production

 * Bob Marley and the Wailers – producer
 * Chris Blackwell – producer
 * Jack Nuber – engineering mixer
 * Neville Garrick – graphic art
 * Barry Diament, Rob Fraboni remastering audio engineer
 * Ted Jensen – mastering engineer

title: Babylon by Bus


text:
Cessna 402

The Cessna 401 and 402 are a series of 6 to 10 seat, light twin-piston engine aircraft. All seats are easily removable so that the aircraft can be used in an all-cargo configuration. Neither the Cessna 401 nor the 402 were pressurized, nor were they particularly fast for the installed power. Instead, Cessna intended them to be inexpensive to purchase and operate.

Design

The Cessna 401 and 402 were developed to be non-pressurized twin engine piston aircraft. Their goal was to be a workhorse, useful to cargo and small commuter airlines among other users.

The Cessna 401 and 402 were developments of the Cessna 411. One goal for the Cessna 401/402 was to improve upon the very bad single engine handling of the Cessna 411. Another goal was to avoid using the somewhat expensive and maintenance prone geared engines of the Cessna 411.

Cessna 401s and 402s are powered by 300 hp turbocharged Continental engines with three-bladed, constant speed, fully feathering propellers. On later models cruise power was limited to 75% to reduce cabin noise. Some aircraft have a propeller synchrophaser to reduce cabin noise and vibration.

Development
The FAA granted certification to the Cessna 401 in October 1968 and the 402 in January 1969. The original Cessna 402 was introduced in 1967. A version without the large cargo door called the Cessna 401 was produced at the same time. In 1969, the 402's nose was stretched for added baggage space. This model was renamed the 402A. The 401 kept the original nose. In 1970, various minor changes were made. Also, optional larger fuel tanks, of 184 USgal, became available. This model was called the 402B. By 1971, sales of the 401 had slowed to only 21 planes, so the model was discontinued.

Between 1971 and 1977, many changes were made to the airframe, including an optional engine fire extinguisher (1971), simpler exhaust system (1972), enlarged passenger windows (1973), equipment for flight into known icing conditions (1975), and an optional flushing toilet (1977).

In 1976, the very similar Cessna 421 was produced with a new wing, no tip tanks, and a simpler fuel system. The Cessna 414 was given a clean wing in 1978.

In 1979, the 402s received a new wing, with a 5 ft greater span. The landing gear was replaced, using the simpler system from the Cessna 414. The landing gear track was also increased by 4 ft. The engines' output was boosted to 325 hp each and max gross weight increased to 6850 lb, creating a much more useful airplane. Fuel capacity was increased to 213 USgal. Even with the weight increase, single-engine performance improved and the stall speed decreased by a couple of knots. After this change, the plane was named the Cessna 402C.

Production stopped after the 1985 model year.

Modifications
In 1969, American Jet Industries began work on a turboprop-powered conversion of the Cessna 402, named the Turbo Star 402, using Allison 250-B17 engines. The prototype flew on 10 June 1970. Further modifications providing increased fuel capacity, higher gross weight, and lower minimum control speed were carried out in 1974 and the modification was re-certified. Scenic Airlines of Las Vegas purchased rights to the design in 1977.

The Cessna 402C may be outfitted with vortex generators to increase maximum allowable takeoff weight to 7210 lb, with a zero-fuel weight of 6750 lb.

Another modification for the 402C increases the maximum landing weight to 7200 lb, which allows commercial operators to fly with an increased payload on shorter routes.

Hendrik Venter of DMI engineering created the Falcon 402: a converted Cessna 402 fitted with a single Walter M601D turboprop in the nose and replacing the two piston engines in the wings with new fuel tanks. The nose was lengthened in order to correct the centre of gravity. It has an increased payload and top speed and can use shorter runways.

Variants

This family of aircraft was built in several versions:

 * Six to eight seat interior, intended for corporate transport. Produced 1966–1972. The replacement for the 401 in the corporate transport role was the 402 Businessliner variant. Certified 20 September 1966.
 * Six to eight seat interior, intended for corporate transport. Produced 1966–1972. The replacement for the 401 in the corporate transport role was the 402 Businessliner variant. Certified 20 September 1966.

 * 401A
 * A 401 with minor changes. Certified 29 October 1968.

 * A 401A with minor changes, later replaced by the 402B. Certified 12 November 1969.
 * A 401A with minor changes, later replaced by the 402B. Certified 12 November 1969.

 * 402
 * A 401 with either a utility (for freight) or nine-seat commuter use. Certified 20 September 1966.  Originally designated Model 360.

 * 402A
 * A 402 with a baggage compartment in lengthened nose and an optional crew entry door. Certified 3 January 1969.

 * 402B Utiliner/Businessliner
 * 402A with minor changes, from 1972 had increased cabin volume and five windows each side. Certified 12 November 1969.
 * Utiliner version has a ten-seat interior intended for commuter airline operations.
 * Businessliner version has a six to eight-seat interior with executive seating intended for corporate transport.

 * 402B with Continental TSIO-520-VB 325 hp engines, increased takeoff weight, longer wingspan without main tip tanks and hydraulic instead of electric landing gear. Certified 25 September 1978.
 * 402B with Continental TSIO-520-VB 325 hp engines, increased takeoff weight, longer wingspan without main tip tanks and hydraulic instead of electric landing gear. Certified 25 September 1978.

Civilian
The Cessna 402 has proven to be very dependable over the years, which, along with its range and passenger capacity, has made it a popular choice for many small regional airlines worldwide. The aircraft are generally flown on short, thin routes to hubs where passengers can connect to higher density routes.

The largest operator of the type is Cape Air, which as of March 2024 has a fleet of 64 Cessna 402s operating in the Caribbean, Micronesia and the United States.

Military
• ;

• Barbados Defence Force

• ;🇧🇴

• Bolivian Air Force - 1 Cessna 402 in service as of December 2020.

• Bolivian Naval Force

• ;🇨🇴

• Colombian Air Force - 1 Cessna 402 in service as of December 2020

• ;🇰🇲

• Comoros Police Defence Air Wing

• ;🇫🇮

• Finnish Air Force two aircraft, former operator

• ;

• Haiti Air Corps

• ;

• Honduran Air Force - operated one Cessna 401 as of 1993.

• ;🇮🇩

• Indonesian Air Force - operated five Cessna 401A and two Cessna 402A. Retired in late 1989.

• ;🇲🇾

• Royal Malaysian Air Force

• ;🇲🇽

• Mexican Navy

• ;🇳🇮

• Contras

• ;🇵🇾

• Paraguayan Navy - One Cessna 401 in service 2003.

• ;

• Portuguese Air Force – One 402B operated 1968–1974.

• ;🇹🇹

• Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force – One 401 operated 1986.

• ;🇻🇪

• Venezuelan Navy

• Venezuelan National Guard – One 402C operated 1986.

Accident
American R&B singer Aaliyah died along with eight others, including the pilot, two hairstylists, a makeup artist, a bodyguard, and three record label professionals, when a Cessna 402B registered N8097W, crashed shortly after takeoff on August 25, 2001, around 6:50p.m. local time, in Marsh Harbour, Abaco Islands, The Bahamas. The main cause of the crash was determined to be an improperly loaded aircraft, which was approximately 700 lb over its maximum takeoff weight, with a center of gravity well aft of the envelope. Investigators discovered that the pilot, Luis Morales III, was unlicensed at the time of the crash and had traces of cocaine and alcohol in his system. Aaliyah's family later filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Blackhawk International Airways, which was settled out of court.

title: Cessna 402


text:
HMS Liverpool (1758)

HMS Liverpool was a 28-gun Coventry-class frigate sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. Launched in 1758, she saw active service in the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. She was wrecked in Jamaica Bay, near New York, in 1778.

Construction
Liverpool was an oak-built 28-gun sixth-rate, one of 18 vessels forming part of the Coventry class of frigates. As with others in her class she was loosely modeled on the design and external dimensions of HMS Tartar (1756), launched in 1756 and responsible for capturing five French privateers in her first twelve months at sea. The Admiralty Order to build the Coventry-class vessels was made after the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, and at a time in which the Royal Dockyards were fully engaged in constructing or fitting-out the Navy's ships of the line. Consequently, despite Navy Board misgivings about reliability and cost, contracts for all but one of Coventry-class vessels were issued to private shipyards with an emphasis on rapid completion of the task.

Contracts for Liverpool's construction were issued on 3 September 1756 to commercial shipwrights John Gorill and William Pownall. As Gorill and Pownall's shipyard was in the city of Liverpool, Admiralty determined that this would also be the name of the vessel herself. It was stipulated that work should be completed within eleven months for a 28-gun vessel measuring approximately 590tons burthen. Subject to satisfactory completion, Gorill and Pownall would receive a modest fee of £8.7s per ton – the lowest for any Coventry-class vessel – to be paid through periodic imprests drawn against the Navy Board. Private shipyards were not subject to rigorous naval oversight, and the Admiralty therefore granted authority for "such alterations withinboard as shall be judged necessary" in order to cater for the preferences or ability of individual shipwrights, and for experimentation with internal design.

Liverpool's keel was laid down on 1 October 1756, but work proceeded slowly and the completed vessel was not ready for launch until 10 February 1758, a full six months behind schedule. As built, Liverpool was slightly longer and narrower than her sister ships in the Coventry-class, being 118 ft long with a 97 ft keel, a beam of 33 ft and with a hold depth of 10 ft. Her tons burthen were measured at 589 $85⁄94$ tons.

Navy frigates were routinely fitted out and armed at Royal Dockyards, but Liverpool received her guns while still at the builder's yard. These comprised 24 nine-pounder cannons to be located along her gun deck, supported by four three-pounder cannons on the quarterdeck and twelve $85⁄94$-pounder swivel guns ranged along her sides.

The vessel was named after the city of Liverpool in North West England. In selecting her name the Board of Admiralty continued a tradition, dating to 1644, of using geographic features; overall, ten of the nineteen Coventry-class vessels, were named after well-known regions, rivers or towns. With few exceptions the remainder of the class were named after figures from classical antiquity, following a more modern trend initiated in 1748 by John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich in his capacity as First Lord of the Admiralty.

In sailing qualities Liverpool was broadly comparable with French frigates of equivalent size, but with a shorter and sturdier hull and greater weight in her broadside guns. She was also comparatively broad-beamed which provided ample space for provisions, the ship's mess and a large magazine for powder and round shot. Taken together, these characteristics would enable Liverpool to remain at sea for long periods without resupply. She was also built with broad and heavy masts, which balanced the weight of her hull, improved stability in rough weather and made her capable of carrying a greater quantity of sail. The disadvantages of this comparatively heavy design were a decline in manoeuvrability and slower speed when sailing in light winds.

Her designated complement was 200, comprising two commissioned officers – a captain and a lieutenant – overseeing 40 warrant and petty officers, 91 naval ratings, 38 Marines and 29 servants and other ranks. Among these other ranks were four positions reserved for widow's men – fictitious crew members whose pay was intended to be reallocated to the families of sailors who died at sea.

Seven Years' War
Liverpool was launched on 10 February 1758 and immediately commissioned into the Navy under the command of Captain Richard Knight. After taking on her crew, she was assigned to the Royal Navy squadron patrolling the English Channel near Dunkirk, on watch for French vessels seeking to prey on British merchant shipping. On 11 May 1759 Liverpool captured L'Emerillon, an 8-gun French privateer. The vessel and her 52 crew were subsequently delivered to British authorities at Yarmouth. Two further victories followed, with the capture of La Nouvelle Hirondelle on 7 July and Le Glaneur on 20 November.

In March 1760 she was reassigned to convoy protection duties, between Britain and colonial outposts in the East Indies and North America. After two years she was again reassigned, as a support vessel for the Royal Navy's loose blockade of the port of Brest. In this role Liverpool was responsible for carrying messages between the blockading ships, and watching for French attempts to leave port. On 25 April 1762, while still engaged in these duties, the frigate encountered and overwhelmed Le Grand Admiral, a privateer from Bayonne. This was Richard Knight's last engagement as captain of Liverpool; in June 1762 he relinquished his command and returned to England. In Knight's absence, Liverpool secured her fifth victory at sea with the capture of French privateer Le Jacques.

Liverpool's captaincy was filled in September with the appointment of Edward Clark, formerly the first lieutenant of the 14-gun sloop HMS Fortune (1744). War with France was drawing to a close, and by January 1763 negotiations were well advanced for the peace settlement that would be finalised in the Treaty of Paris. On 20 January 1763 Clark was ordered to sail for the East Indies with news of imminent peace. Captain Clarke committed suicide in March 1764, during Liverpool's return voyage. On reaching England, the frigate was declared surplus to the Navy's peacetime requirements, and taken to Woolwich Dockyard for decommissioning.

Inter-war period
Liverpool underwent a "great repair" between March 1766 and April 1767, and was re-commissioned in March 1767. She was subsequently ordered to Newfoundland. After two years service there, she journeyed to the Mediterranean, remaining there until her eventual return for paying off in Chatham, England in March 1772.

American Revolutionary War
Liverpool was re-commissioned in July 1775, shortly after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Command was given to Captain Henry Bellew, with the frigate setting sail for North America on 14 September.

On 1 January 1776, she participated in the bombardment of Norfolk, Virginia with John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore as one of three English warships in his fleet. A cannonball fired from her onboard batteries is currently still lodged in the wall of Saint Paul's Episcopal Church (Norfolk, Virginia).

On 26 August 1776 she was on patrol off Nova Scotia when she encountered two American schooners, USS Warren and USS Lynch. The American vessels fled in separate directions, with Bellew electing to follow Warren. After a short chase the American schooner was overhauled and captured; she was transformed into a ship's tender for Liverpool and her crew kept under guard until September when they were transferred to HMS Milford (1759) along with Warren's guns. In 1777, Liverpool was added to a fleet under the overall command of Viscount Howe and was part of the advance fleet commanded by Francis Reynolds, participating in the Battle of Red Bank on the Delaware River. On 11 February 1778, she was wrecked in Jamaica Bay, Long Island.

title: HMS Liverpool (1758)


text:
Wikipedia:Wikifun/Round 8/Answers/Question 7

I searched for keywords and found the Edict on Maximum Prices article. The Edict, inter alia, set the death penalty for profiteers (incl. price gougers) and set maximum prices for products. The Edict was issued by the Roman Emperor Diocletian in the year 301 CE, apparantly applying to the whole empire, and was ineffectual by the year 305 CE. JimCollaborator «talk» 22:19, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:MasterRegal

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:19, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Backstreet Boys
The additions you are making on the Backstreet Boys article would better be suited on the articles of the individual band members. Thanks. Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:39, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Date articles
Why are you creating articles for various dates that simply identify how it is used?? Georgia guy 22:25, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Seriously. It screams spam to me. Ketsy 22:27, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sando
Good to see another Sando native here. Guettarda 15:49, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Terracotta Army Footnote
Just so you know, I tweaked your edit to Terracotta Army about The Mummy 3 to use the new tags for footnotes. See Footnote for a good tutorial. Personally, I've found it's a lot easier to use than the old templates.

As to the news about the movie - it sounds very cool. I can't wait to see it myself!

--KNHaw (talk) 17:02, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MasterRegal


text:
William Windom (actor)

William Windom (September 28, 1923 – August 16, 2012) was an American actor. He was known as a character actor of the stage and screen. He is well known for his recurring role as Dr. Seth Hazlitt alongside Angela Lansbury in the CBS mystery series Murder, She Wrote.

Windom made his television debut in 1949 in the NBC anthology series The Philco Television Playhouse. He continued acting in shows such as Studio One, Masterpiece Playhouse, Omnibus, and Kraft Television Theatre. During this time, he also appeared on The Twilight Zone, Gunsmoke, Mission: Impossible, and Star Trek. He then gained acclaim in his television career for his portrayal of cartoonist John Monroe in the short-lived NBC sitcom My World and Welcome to It (1969–1970), winning him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.

He then guest-starred in various programs, including Columbo, Night Gallery, Marcus Welby M.D., and Quincy M.E. before gaining acclaim for his recurring role on the CBS mystery series Murder, She Wrote (1986-1996), portraying Dr. Seth Hazlitt of Cabot Cove opposite Angela Lansbury. During this time, he also appeared on other programs, including St. Elsewhere, Magnum, P.I., Newhart, L.A. Law, and Murphy Brown, and voiced Uncle Chuck in Sonic the Hedgehog. His final television appearances include roles in Ally McBeal and The District.

Windom is also known for his film roles in the Academy Award-winning movie To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), The Americanization of Emily (1964), The Detective (1968), Brewster McCloud (1970), Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), She's Having a Baby (1988), Uncle Buck (1989), Miracle on 34th Street (1994), and True Crime (1999).

Early life
Windom was born in Manhattan in New York City, the son of Paul Windom, an architect, and Isobel Wells (née Peckham). He was a descendant of the United States Secretary of the Treasury of the same name. He attended Williams College and enlisted in the U.S. Army. He participated in the Army Specialized Training Program, studying at The Citadel, Antioch College, and the University of Kentucky.

Windom became a paratrooper with Company B, 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division. While stationed in Frankfurt during the Allied occupation of Germany, he enrolled in Biarritz American University in France and became involved in theater.

Career
His screen career began in the 1950s. Windom appeared in various TV series, including Omnibus and Robert Montgomery Presents. He continued guest-starring in series during the 1960s including playing The Major in "Five Characters in Search of an Exit", a 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone; Windom considered this guest appearance as his West Coast television debut. He later reported that Richard Widmark was originally offered the role, but when Widmark learned that the pay was only to be $1,000, he turned it down. Actress Susan Harrison, who played the Ballerina, got first billing, while Windom got second.

His first leading role came in the sitcom The Farmer's Daughter (1963–1966), a series based on the 1947 film about a young Minnesota woman (played by Inger Stevens) who became the housekeeper for a widowed congressman (Windom). It ran for three seasons.

Windom's first role in film was alongside Gregory Peck in the Oscar-winning movie To Kill a Mockingbird (1962); he played Horace Gilmer, the prosecutor of Tom Robinson (Brock Peters).

He appeared on The Donna Reed Show, Gunsmoke, Star Trek, Mission: Impossible (four episodes), and Ironside.

In Star Trek, he played Commodore Matt Decker, commander of the doomed USS Constellation, in the 1967 episode "The Doomsday Machine", a role he reprised nearly 40 years later for Star Trek: New Voyages. He played a recurring role (three episodes) in "The Invaders" in 1967. In 1968, Windom guest-starred on Ironside in the episode "Trip to Hashbury."

Also in 1968, Windom starred alongside Peter Falk and Gene Barry in the TV movie Prescription: Murder, the pilot for the TV series Columbo. He starred in another episode of the series titled "Short Fuse" in 1972. In 1971 he played a supporting role alongside Jimmy Stewart, George Kennedy, and Kurt Russell in the Columbia production Fools' Parade.

Windom starred with Frank Sinatra in the film The Detective (1968), playing a homophobic killer, a role appreciated in The New York Times. The following year, he had the lead role as cartoonist John Monroe in the sitcom My World and Welcome to It. Although the series only aired for one season, he won the 1970 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.

In 1971, Windom guest-starred as a victim of blackmail on Cannon in the episode "Death Chain". In 1975, he guest-starred as George Kane, a desperate drug dealer, in the series finale of Mannix in the episode "Hardball".

In 1980, he appeared as Amos Krebbs, the alleged father of Ray Krebbs, on the hit primetime television drama Dallas on the episode "The Fourth Son". Windom toured the country in a one-man James Thurber show. Afterward, he filmed the pilot for a new series Is There a Doctor in the House? with Rosemary Forsyth that was not picked up by a network.

Windom joined Murder, She Wrote in October 1985 as Dr. Seth Hazlitt. He had previously appeared on the series as a guest star playing another character in April 1985. The producers invited him thereafter to return at the beginning of the second season in a continuing role. Windom briefly left the show in 1990 to work on the first television version of Parenthood, based on the 1989 film of the same name, playing the role of patriarch Frank Buckman--a role played by Jason Robards in the film and, later, Craig T. Nelson in the second TV version. The show was cancelled after 12 episodes and Windom returned to Murder, She Wrote as a semiregular. Windom appeared in 53 episodes of Murder, She Wrote, second only to Lansbury.

Windom continued to appear in film and TV guest roles during the 1990s and 2000s, including Sommersby (1993), Miracle on 34th Street (1994), and Clint Eastwood's True Crime (1999), and series including Ally McBeal (2000) and The District (2001). His final acting appearance came in the 2005 drama Yesterday's Dreams.

Personal life
Windom married Carol Keyser in New York City in August 1947. They worked together and he worked for her father selling insurance for three years. They divorced in December 1955. In 1958, he married actress Barbara Joyce. She was six years older than Windom. He soon moved to California for work. Windom said the marriage lasted three years, although the divorce was not finalized until 1963. A few weeks later, he married his third wife, Barbara Clare. She was the granddaughter of MGM's founder, Louis B. Mayer, and 11 years Windom's junior. He became stepfather to Barbara's two daughters. His first child, Rachel, was born in 1964. Windom and Barbara divorced in 1968. In October 1969, he married his fourth wife, Jacqulyn D. Hopkins, 19 years his junior. They had two daughters: Heather Juliet (1970) and Hope Teresa (1973).

In 1974, Windom met Patricia (Fehrle) Tunder while shooting a TV movie; 12 years his junior, she was working for the production company at the time. Almost a year later, in July 1975, he filed for divorce from Jacqulyn. Windom married Patricia in 1975. In 1978, Windom welcomed his final child, a son named Rebel Russell.

Windom was a tournament chess player, a sailor, a tennis player, and a life member of the United States Chess Federation.

Death
Windom died on August 16, 2012, at age 88 at his home in Woodacre, California, from congestive heart failure.

title: William Windom (actor)


text:
Talk:Scofield Reference Bible

Geneva Bible
If one examines the 1599 Geneva Bible, available at Amazon, you will find it first had a commentary known as the notes of the reformers. It is said these notes so aggravated the King James that he had an "Authorized" translation made without notes. Someone please take note of this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.25.74.250 (talk) 21:22, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Untermeyer
NY Jewry funded the Zionist Bible. Is Wiki so Jewashed that this isn't even mentioned? 2607:FEA8:2A64:5900:C0CE:B7B7:ECCE:F4C1 (talk) 22:33, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Originally, I had removed this as nonconstructive (WP:NOTAFORUM), but I feel it needs to be publicly addressed. We don't dabble in conspiracy theories here.  There are no legitimate, quality sources that I have found that would indicate that Untermeyer financed Scofield.  The closest to being a source meeting WP:RS would be The Incredible Scofield and His Book, and that only makes mention of Untermeyer as not blackballing Scofield's entrance into the Lotus club.  Regardless, it is nonsense to suggest that there is some kind of Zionist conspiracy amongst Wikipedians.  People are welcome to have opinions (in either direction), but you are not welcome to air them here; and I take umbrage at your accusation. Editors are to check their biases at that door and edit with a neutral point of view.  As such, a reliable citable source is required.   Butler Blog   (talk) 14:44, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scofield Reference Bible


text:
Lee Kin-yan

Lee Kin-yan (born 12 May 1961) is a Hong Kong actor, who frequently makes comic cameo appearances in Stephen Chow's films, as a cross-dressing man with a finger up his nose known as Yu Fa (Chinese: 如花; Cantonese: yu fa; Mandarin: ru2 hua1), meaning "flower-like" in Chinese, and he also acquired his nickname from this character.

Filmography

 * The Legend of Zu 2 (2019)
 * Hunter Bounty 2 (2019)
 * Hunter Bounty 1 (2019)
 * A Stupid Journey (2014)
 * Long's Story (2014)
 * Just Another Margin (2014)
 * Ameera (2014)
 * Kungfu Cyborg (2009) as Yu Fa
 * The Lady Iron Chef (2007)
 * Bet to Basic (2006)
 * A Chinese Tall Story (2005)
 * Kung Fu Mahjong 2 (2005)
 * China's Next Top Princess (2005)
 * Sex and the Beauties (2004) as Restaurant owner
 * Shaolin Soccer (2001) as Manny
 * Street Kids Violence (1999) as Uncle San
 * Troublesome Night 5 (1999) as Ghost Policeman
 * 9413 (1998) as Fatty Chuen
 * The Lucky Guy (1998)
 * Troublesome Night 3 (1998) as Edgy Funeral Director
 * 03:00 A.M. (1997) as Shing
 * Lawyer Lawyer (1997)
 * We're No Bad Guys (1997) as Tinny's manager
 * Cause We Are So Young (1997) (uncredited)
 * Killing Me Tenderly (film) (1997)
 * God of Cookery (1996) as Fan Club Member
 * Forbidden City Cop (1996) as Emperor's Mistress
 * Out of the Dark (1995)
 * Once Upon a Time in Triad Society 2 (1996)
 * Sixty Million Dollar Man (1995) as Siu-Fu
 * From Beijing with Love (1994) as Whore
 * Hail the Judge(1994) as Servant
 * A Chinese Odyssey Part Two - Cinderella (1994)
 * A Chinese Odyssey Part One: Pandora's Box (1994)
 * Flirting Scholar (1993)

Sources:

title: Lee Kin-yan


text:
Area codes 630 and 331

Area codes 630 and 331 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for portions of Chicago's near and far western suburbs, including the majority of DuPage County, Illinois. To the northwest, the numbering plan area (NPA) also includes a small portion of Cook County, including parts of Schaumburg, Streamwood and Hanover Park. To the west, Kane County is divided between area codes 847 and 224 in the north, including Elgin, and area codes 630 and 331 in the south, including Aurora. To the south, the northern part of Will County and a small part of southern Cook County, including the village of Burr Ridge and parts of the village of Lemont, are also included in the 630 and 331 area codes. To the southwest, the city of Yorkville, in exurban Kendall County, is included, as well.

Area code 630 is the parent area code of the numbering plan area, created in a three-way area code split of area code 708 on August 3, 1996, with the southern suburbs keeping 708 and the northern suburbs receiving 847. Within a decade, 630 was close to exhaustion due to the growth of the Chicago suburbs and the proliferation of cell phones and pagers. On October 7, 2007, area code 331 began overlaying area code 630, making ten-digit dialing mandatory in the area.

The Illinois side of the Chicago area–312/773/872, 708, 847/224, 630/331 and portions of 815/779–is one of the largest local calling areas in the United States; with few exceptions, no long-distance charges are applied from one portion of the metro area to another.

Service area

 * Addison
 * Aurora
 * Bartlett
 * Batavia
 * Bensenville
 * Big Rock
 * Bloomingdale
 * Bolingbrook
 * Boulder Hill
 * Bristol
 * Burr Ridge
 * Campton Hills
 * Carol Stream
 * Clarendon Hills
 * Darien
 * Downers Grove
 * Elburn
 * Elk Grove Village (Part)
 * Elmhurst
 * Geneva
 * Glendale Heights
 * Glen Ellyn
 * Hanover Park
 * Hinsdale
 * Itasca
 * Kaneville
 * Keeneyville
 * La Fox
 * Lemont
 * Lily Lake
 * Lisle
 * Little Rock
 * Lombard
 * Medinah
 * Millbrook
 * Montgomery
 * Mooseheart
 * Naperville
 * North Aurora
 * Oak Brook
 * Oakbrook Terrace
 * Oswego
 * Plano
 * Plattville
 * Prestbury
 * Roselle
 * Schaumburg
 * St. Charles
 * Streamwood
 * Sugar Grove
 * Villa Park
 * Virgil
 * Warrenville
 * Wayne
 * Wasco
 * West Chicago
 * Westmont
 * Wheaton
 * Willowbrook
 * Winfield
 * Wood Dale
 * Woodridge
 * Yorkville

title: Area codes 630 and 331


text:
User:WCFrancis/notes

 as of last loading of this page.

Notes:

 * Time offset EST=-5 and EDT=-4 from Greenwich Mean Time/UTC.
 * Creating a subpage is just like creating a any other page, using the "slash" character before the name of the subpage.
 * comment:

Test subpage

Wiki Style:

 * Decade style seems to be the 4 digit start year with an ' 's' ' appended, i.e. 1980s.
 * Wikipedia Style guides, include:
 * Manual of Style

 * Manual_of_Style.
 * Consistency within article
 * Strong national ties to a topic
 * Retaining the existing variety
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 * Manual of Style (spelling).

Useful Wiki reference links

 * Speedy deletions
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 * WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines Durn, this was hard to find
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 * --> WCFrancis 23:06, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Adam Stemple
Adam Stemple page needs work. 14:42, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC). VfD info I entered:
 * Keep with expansion. Co-wrote 9 songs with Steven Brust on Songs from the Gypsy, a Boiled in Lead enhanced CD. Boiled in Lead albums are available nationwide; my opinion that "local musician" understates the case. Singer of Souls Tor Books 2005 ISBN: 0765311704 is his first novel (although he has written two others with Jane Yolen). --WCFrancis 16:09, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The CD above had the distinction of having the full text of Brust's novel The Gypsy, on which the songs were based.
 * Further info from Boiled in Lead web site: "The group and the individual musicians have won over 18 Minnesota Music Awards, and toured throughout the US and in Europe. ( See WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines.) the band Boiled in Lead has been around over 20 years. Perhaps what is needed is an entry for Boiled in Lead with redirect from Adam Stemple entry, he thought out loud. The previous group Stemple was in was Cats Laughing, which also included notable fantasy/sf authors Steven Brust and Emma Bull. His current group is the Tim Malloys. All 3 groups have common musical roots of celtic and rock styles. -- WCFrancis 20:41, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Note: Adam Stemple produced Brust's "A Rose for Iconoclastes" as well as performing on the CD. Source: Steven Brust's web site.

Mission: SPACE
[] Mission: Space is destination for redirect from Mission: SPACE.
 * Not any more. I combined and moved text back to Mission: SPACE, put the redirect on Mission: Space. --WCFrancis 03:26, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sponsorship
Hewlett Packard's teaming with imagineers began in April 2000 and HP merged with Compaq as of May 2002. Statement that HP took over sponsorship when acquired Compaq appears to be incorrect. reference:. --WCFrancis 02:39, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Mission: SPACE -- this may be HP spin since Compaq announcement was made in 2000. -- WCFrancis 03:26, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Things to do Urgent

 * De-stub Brunswick stew. Avoid starting edit wars with Brunswick County VA and Brunswick County NC.--WCFrancis 19:17, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Floridan Aquifer reference at USGS
 * <--WCFrancis 19:49, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Glynn County State Historical Marker Located at the Glynn County Courthouse, Brunswick, Ga. Glynn County, one of the eight original Counties of Georgia, was organized under the 1777 Constitution of the State of Georgia. IT was named in honor of John Glynn, a member of the British House of Commons who defended the cause of the American Colonies  in the difficulties which led to the Revolutionary War. Glynn County contains the lands formerly included in the Colonial Parishes of St. David, St. Patrick, and St. James, which had been  organized in 1785.
 * Posted WCFrancis 15:31, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Things not to do Urgent
''See User_talk:WCFrancis

I'm SO ashamed
Stealth falsification: (vandalism) Hackathon     02:28, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

No one found it. I removed it a minute ago. *sigh* 17:08, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Winkler
From LaMotte description for DO kit:
 * "Oxygen, Dissolved: The azide modification of the Winkler method is a modified iodometric titration whereby oxygen, in the presence of a strong alkali, oxidizes manganese, which in turn reacts with iodide to form iodine. This is titrated with a standard thiosulfate solution in the presence of a starch indicator to enhance the endpoint. Azide eliminates nitrite interference."

Good thumbnail description. need to rewrite somewhat so it cannot be thought to be copywrong. wcf Facts are stubborn. Comments? 14:03, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia advises leaving false stuff online
Under special circumstances, of course: Dealing with Trolls. See here.

title: User:WCFrancis/notes


text: User talk:69.14.165.255

title: User talk:69.14.165.255