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1972–73 NFL playoffs

The National Football League playoffs for the 1972 season began on December 23, 1972. The postseason tournament concluded with the Miami Dolphins defeating the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII, 14–7, on January 14, 1973, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California, becoming the only NFL team to finish a championship season undefeated and untied.

Like the previous NFL seasons, the home teams in the playoffs were decided based on a yearly divisional rotation, excluding the wild card teams who would always play on the road and would not play against their own division champion in the playoffs unless they both made it to the Conference Championship, they would not be paired with each other in the first round.

Schedule
In the United States, CBS televised the NFC playoff games, while NBC broadcast the AFC games and Super Bowl VII.

AFC: Pittsburgh Steelers 13, Oakland Raiders 7
Steelers fullback Franco Harris scored the winning touchdown on what became known as the Immaculate Reception. In a game that was mostly dominated by defense, the contest remained scoreless throughout the first half. On the opening drive of the second half, Pittsburgh drove 67 yards to take a 3–0 lead on Roy Gerela's 18-yard field goal. Following two Raiders drives that were shut down by Jack Ham's interception and a fumble recovery by Glen Edwards, Steelers safety Mike Wagner fell on a fumble by quarterback Ken Stabler (who had replaced injured starter Daryle Lamonica earlier in the game) at the Oakland 35. Five plays later, Gerela kicked a 29-yard field goal that gave Pittsburgh a 6–0 lead in the fourth quarter. Stabler responded by leading his team 80 yards to score on a 30-yard touchdown run with 1:13 left in the game.

Facing fourth and ten on their own 40-yard line with 22 seconds left, Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw threw the ball toward running back John "Frenchy" Fuqua. But the pass bounced off Raiders safety Jack Tatum and was caught by Harris, who then ran the rest of the way downfield to score a 60-yard touchdown that helped give the Steelers a 13–7 lead with five seconds left in the game. The play was controversial, as Tatum insisted the ball had bounced off Fuqua, not himself, which would have made the reception illegal under the rules of the time. Replays showing the play are inconclusive as to which player touched the ball (or if both of them did)

Harris was the sole offensive star of the game, rushing for 64 yards and catching 4 passes for 96 yards and a touchdown. The Raiders managed just 216 yards and started 8 of their 12 drives inside their own 22-yard line, mainly due to excellent punting from Pittsburgh's Bobby Walden, who averaged over 48 yards per punt on his 6 kicks and set AFC playoff records with punts of 62 and 59 yards.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Raiders and Steelers. Both teams would go on to build a heated rivalry, facing each other in the postseason five times in the 1970s alone.

NFC: Dallas Cowboys 30, San Francisco 49ers 28
Backup quarterback Roger Staubach replaced ineffective Craig Morton and led the Cowboys to score 17 unanswered points in the fourth quarter to overcome a 28–13 San Francisco lead and five turnovers. This was the third consecutive year Dallas eliminated San Francisco from the playoffs.

The 49ers jumped to a 7–0 early lead when Vic Washington returned the opening kickoff 97 yards for a touchdown. Dallas cut the deficit to 7–3 with kicker Toni Fritsch's 37-yard field goal. In the second quarter, 49ers receiver Gene Washington's 52-yard reception moved the ball deep into Dallas territory, only to have Cowboys cornerback Charlie Waters end the drive with an interception on the 1-yard line. But shortly after the turnover, Dallas quarterback Craig Morton lost a fumble while being hit by Windlan Hall and Tommy Hart, which linebacker Ed Beard recovered on the Cowboys 15-yard line. This led to Larry Schreiber's 1-yard touchdown run, making the score 14–3. Later in the quarter, Morton was intercepted by linebacker Skip Vanderbundt on the Dallas 32, setting up Schreiber's second rushing touchdown that increased the lead to 21–3. But Morton rallied his team back with 10 unanswered points, Fritsch's 45-yard field goal and Lance Alworth's 28-yard touchdown reception, cutting the deficit to 21–13.

In the second half, the Niners blew a chance to increase their lead when Bruce Gossett missed a 40-yard field goal attempt, but then got the ball back on Vanderbundt's second interception. Dallas managed to force a punt, which Jim McCann sent out of bounds at the Cowboys 5-yard line. A few plays later, defensive tackle Charlie Krueger stripped the ball from running back Calvin Hill on the 1 and the 49ers recovered, leading to Schreiber's third 1-yard touchdown run giving his team a commanding 28–13 lead.

Shortly before the end of the third quarter, coach Tom Landry replaced Morton with Roger Staubach, but it didn't seem to help. On his first drive, Staubach lost a fumble while being tackled by Bob Hoskins. San Francisco was in prime position to put the game away with another score, but they couldn't get the ball into the end zone and Gossett missed a 32-yard field goal attempt, causing a huge reversal of momentum. Now with the ball, Hill ripped off a 48-yard gain on a draw play to set up Fritsch's 27-yard field goal, trimming the lead to 28–16. Later in the quarter, a poor punt from McCann gave Dallas the ball at the 49ers 45-yard line. Staubach then led the team to the end zone, completing two passes to fullback Walt Garrison for 16 yards and two more to Billy Parks, the second a 20-yard touchdown completion to cut the score to 28–23 with less than two minutes left.

With time running out, Dallas had to attempt an onside kick. 49ers receiver Preston Riley briefly handled the ball, but couldn't hang on and it was recovered by Mel Renfro. On the first play after the recovery, Staubach gained 21 yards on a quarterback scramble. Then he connected for a 19-yard gain to Parks, who ran out of bounds at the San Francisco 10-yard line. On the next play, Staubach threw a 10-yard touchdown pass to receiver Ron Sellers, giving Dallas a 30–28 lead with just 52 seconds left. However, the 49ers were not quite out of the game. Needing only a field goal to win, Brodie completed three consecutive passes, but a 23-yard completion to Riley that would have put the 49ers in field goal range was eliminated by a holding penalty, and Brodie was intercepted by Waters on the next play.

This game would mark the end of the four-year battle for the starting quarterback position on Dallas between Morton and Staubach. With his outstanding performance of 12/20 completions for 172 yards and 2 touchdowns, with no interceptions and 23 rushing yards in just over one quarter of play, Staubach became the Cowboys' permanent starter and would not relinquish the position until the end of his career after the 1979 season, while Morton was traded to the New York Giants in 1974 and later became the starting quarterback of the Denver Broncos. Morton and Staubach would later meet again and face off against each other in Super Bowl XII. The 49ers would not return to postseason play until 1981.

Dallas' comeback from an 18-point deficit was the second largest comeback in NFL postseason history at the time. The Cowboys outgained the 49ers in total yards 402–255, and first downs 22–13, although they lost five turnovers and their quarterbacks were sacked five times. Brodie was not sacked at all. Hill finished the game with a career postseason high 125 rushing yards, and one reception for six yards. Parks caught 7 passes for 136 yards. Vic Washington had 200 all-purpose yards (3 KR for 136 yards, 56 rushing yards, 1 rec for 8 yards) Defensive end Cedrick Hardman had 3.5 sacks.

This was the third overall postseason meeting, and third such meeting in as many years between the Cowboys and 49ers. Both previous meetings had been in the NFC Championship Game, and were both won by Dallas.

NFC: Washington Redskins 16, Green Bay Packers 3
Using a five-man defensive line, the Redskins limited the Packers to only a field goal and held Green Bay running back John Brockington (who rushed for 1,027 yards during the season) to just 9 yards on 13 carries. Meanwhile, Washington kicker Curt Knight scored 3 field goals, while running back 1972 NFL MVP Larry Brown, who had missed the last two games of the season with a knee injury, returned to rush for 101 yards, his 7th 100-yard game of the year.

The Packers scored first after a 23-yard completion from Scott Hunter to John Staggers set up Chester Marcol's 17-yard field goal in the second quarter, which ended up being only time in the entire game the Packers would cross Washington's 40-yard line. But then Redskins running back Herbert Mul-Key returned their kickoff 42 yards to Washington 40-yard line. The Redskins went on to drive 60 yards and score on Billy Kilmer's 32-yard touchdown pass to Roy Jefferson. With 33 seconds left in the first half, Knight kicked a 42-yard field goal to give Washington a 10–3 halftime lead. The Redskins then dominated the second half, with Knight adding two more field goals, the second one a 46-yard kick at the end of a 43-yard drive in which Brown rushed 6 times for 32 yards.

This was the second postseason meeting between the Packers and Redskins. Green Bay won the only prior meeting when the Redskins were based in Boston.

AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Cleveland Browns 14
Despite being 13-point favorites, Miami found themselves trailing 14-13 midway through the 4th quarter due to a Browns touchdown drive. The Dolphins proved up to the challenge, as they responded by driving 80 yards to retake the lead on an 8-yard rushing touchdown by Jim Kiick with less than 5 minutes left in regulation to keep the Dolphins' hopes alive for an undefeated season.

After punting on their opening drive, Miami got an early scoring opportunity when linebacker Doug Swift intercepted a pass from Browns quarterback Mike Phipps, giving the Dolphins a first down on the Browns 40-yard line. But Miami could only gain 1 yard over the next three plays and failed to score when Garo Yepremian missed a 46-yard field goal attempt. Their first score would come later, when Charlie Babb blocked a Cleveland punt, picked it up, and returned it for a touchdown. Following another Cleveland punt, Miami increased their lead to 10-0 by driving 51 yards, featuring a 21-yard run by receiver Paul Warfield on an end around play, and scoring on Yepremian's 40-yard field goal. Cleveland responded with a pair of runs for 32 total yards by Bo Scott and a 25-yard scramble by Phipps, giving the team a first down on the Dolphins 25-yard line. But once again they failed to score as the drive ended with an interception by Dolphins cornerback Curtis Johnson, who returned the ball 33 yards.

Ultimately, there would be no scoring in the second quarter, despite numerous chances for Miami. All the Dolphins got out of Johnson's interception return was a missed 53-yard field goal attempt by Yepremian. Later on, Browns punter Don Cockroft fumbled a high snap and was downed on the Cleveland 39 after he recovered the ball. But after a 15-yard holding penalty, a 9-yard loss on a sack by Browns lineman Walter Johnson, and a 12-yard loss on a run by Mercury Morris, the Dolphins found themselves pushed well out of scoring range. Dick Anderson later intercepted a pass from Phipps, but Yepremian's eventual field goal attempt was eliminated by a penalty on the last play of the first half.

Cleveland finally got on the board on their second drive of the third quarter, following a 38-yard punt return by Thom Darden that gave the team a first down on the Dolphins 44-yard line. Phipps completed a 21-yard pass to tight end Milt Morin on the first play, and eventually finished the drive with a 5-yard touchdown run, making the score 10–7. Kiick racked up 26 yards on 4 carries on Miami's ensuing drive, but on his 5th carry, he lost a fumble that was recovered by Browns linebacker Charlie Hall. Following a Browns punt, Kiick picked up 12 yards on two carries, while Morris rushed twice for 24 yards to set up Yepremian's 46-yard field goal, increasing Miami's lead to 13–7.

On the Browns ensuing drive, Phipps picked up 14 yards on a scramble and then completed an 18-yard pass to receiver Fair Hooker on a drive to the Dolphins 38. Anderson initially shut down the drive with an interception, but he fumbled the ball during the return, and Hooker recovered it for Cleveland on the Miami 30-yard line. Two plays later, Phipps completed a 27-yard touchdown pass to Hooker, giving the Browns their first lead of the game, 14–13, just under seven minutes into the fourth quarter.

With their undefeated season on the line, Miami responded by driving 80 yards in six plays for the game winning score. Quarterback Earl Morrall completed passes to Warfield for gains of 15 and 35 yards, while Morris added a 12-yard carry. A pass interference penalty on linebacker Bill Andrews gave the Dolphins a first down on Cleveland's 8-yard line, and Kiick scored the go-ahead touchdown run on the next play, giving Miami a 20–14 lead with 4:49 left in the game. Cleveland had two more chances to mount a comeback, but their first drive resulted in a punt, and on their final drive, Doug Swift recorded his second interception of the game, enabling Miami to run out the clock.

Miami intercepted 5 of Phipps' passes and amassed 198 rushing yards. Neither team's quarterback had much success. Phipps completed just 9 of 23 passes for 131 yards and one touchdown, while Morrall completed only 6/13 passes for 88 yards. Scott was the Browns top performer with 94 rushing yards and 4 receptions for 30. “The best thing for us was to get behind,” said Miami fullback Larry Csonka after the game. “It got very quiet and somebody said ‘If we’re gonna get anything done, now’s the time to do it’. It got done.”

This was the first postseason meeting between the Browns and Dolphins.

AFC: Miami Dolphins 21, Pittsburgh Steelers 17
The Dolphins continued their unbeaten streak as substitute quarterback Bob Griese, who had not started a game since week 5, led the team to two touchdowns in the second half.

Things started well for Pittsburgh as safety Glen Edwards intercepted a pass from Earl Morrall on the opening drive and returned it 28 yards to the Dolphins 48. Steelers running back Franco Harris subsequently gained 35 yards on 7 carries as the team drove to a third and 2 on the Miami 3-yard line. On the next play, Pittsburgh quarterback Terry Bradshaw fumbled the ball as he tried to run into the end zone, but right offensive guard Gerry Mullins recovered it for a touchdown, giving the Steelers an early 7–0 lead. Unfortunately for the Steelers, Bradshaw was injured on the play and did not return until the fourth quarter. The Dolphins tied the game after punter Larry Seiple's 37-yard run on a fake punt set up Morrall's 9-yard touchdown pass to fullback Larry Csonka. The score would remain tied 7–7 at the end of the first half.

On the opening drive of the third quarter, Steelers quarterback Terry Hanratty completed passes to John McMakin and Ron Shanklin for gains of 22 and 24 yards, while John Fuqua added 24 yards on a draw play as the team drove to a 14-yard field goal by Roy Gerela, putting them up 10–7. At this point, Bob Griese, who had been sidelined with a broken leg for 10 weeks, replaced Morrall and threw a 52-yard completion to Paul Warfield on his first pass attempt. Miami also caught a break on the drive when an offsides penalty against Pittsburgh wiped out an interception by linebacker Jack Ham. Eventually, Jim Kiick finished the 11-play, 80-yard drive with a 2-yard touchdown run, giving the Dolphins their first lead at 14–10. Near the end of the third quarter, Seiple's 33-yard punt gave Pittsburgh a first down on the Miami 48. Harris ran for 7 yards on the first play, but this was followed by two incompletions and Gerela's 48-yard field goal attempt was blocked.

Taking over on the Steelers' 49 after the blocked field goal, the Dolphins drove 49 yards on an 11-play drive that only had one pass play. Kiick finished it off with a 3-yard touchdown run, giving Miami a 21-10 fourth quarter lead. However, Bradshaw returned to the game for the Steelers' next drive and quickly led them to a score. He started the drive with a 9-yard pass to tight end Larry Brown, and followed it up with consecutive 25-yard completions to Al Young and Shanklin. On the fourth play of the possession, he threw a 12-yard touchdown pass to Young, cutting the score to 21–17. But on Pittsburgh's last two drives, he threw interceptions to Miami linebackers Nick Buoniconti and Mike Kolen, enabling the Dolphins to run out the rest of the clock.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Dolphins and Steelers.

NFC: Washington Redskins 26, Dallas Cowboys 3
Charley Taylor led the Redskins to the victory by recording 7 receptions for 146 yards and 2 touchdowns. Washington massively outgained Dallas in total yards (316–169), first downs (16–8), and third-down conversions (10/18–3/12), while holding them to a single field goal and shutting them out in the second half.

However, the game seemed close before the final period. Washington took the opening kickoff and drove to the Cowboys 31-yard line, but Larry Brown lost a fumble there and safety Cliff Harris recovered the ball. However, Dallas fared no better, and ended up running just six plays in the entire quarter. Following a punt, Washington scored on a 13-play, 9-minute drive, with Brown rushing for 31 yards and catching a pass for 9. Curt Knight finished the drive with an 18-yard field goal in the second quarter. Later on, Redskins quarterback Billy Kilmer smoked the Cowboys with a 51-yard completion to Taylor, and eventually scored on a 15-yard touchdown pass to Taylor that gave his team a 10–0 lead. Near the end of the half, Dallas quarterback Roger Staubach's 29-yard run set up a Toni Fritsch field goal from 35 yards, cutting the score to 10–3. Fritsch later got another attempt on the last play before halftime, but missed a 23-yard attempt, his first miss of the season from under 30 yards.

The third quarter was scoreless, with Dallas unable to move the ball past their own 30-yard line, but they still had a few chances to score. At one point, Kilmer fumbled the ball at his own 32-yard line, and it rolled all the way back to the 18, but Washington recovered it. Mike Bragg's ensuing punt went 36 yards to the Dallas 44, but Charlie Waters lost five yards while attempting a return and a clipping penalty cost them another 15, pushing the Cowboys all the way back to the 24. To make matters worse, Waters (who was a starter on defense) suffered a broken arm on the play and had to miss the rest of the game.

Taylor had already had an excellent game while being covered by Waters, and now that he was matched up against second stringer Mark Washington, Kilmer sensed a huge opportunity to break the game open. On their next drive, he completed four passes, the last a 45-yard touchdown bomb to Taylor on the second play of the fourth quarter, increasing Washington's lead to 17–3. The Redskins then dominated the rest of the game, scoring with field goals from Knight on each of their next three drives to make the final score 26–3.

Knight had a dismal season, making just 14 of 30 field goal attempts, but he had proven to be unusually effective in the playoffs, making all three of his kicks against Green Bay in the divisional round. On this day, he came through with another big performance, finishing a perfect 4/4 by making his final three field goals from 39, 46, and 45 yards. Kilmer also had one of the best performances of his career, completing 14 of 18 passes for 194 yards and two touchdowns with no interceptions, while also rushing for 15 yards. Brown was the top rusher of the game with 88 yards, and caught 2 passes for 16. Staubach completed just 9 of 20 passes for 98 yards, and was the Cowboys leading rusher with 5 carries for 59 yards.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Cowboys and Redskins.

Super Bowl VII: Miami Dolphins 14, Washington Redskins 7
This was the first Super Bowl meeting between the Dolphins and Redskins.

title: 1972–73 NFL playoffs


text:
Talk:Colchester Royal Grammar School

Shaw Jeffrey or Shaw Jeffreys
Was his name Shaw Jeffrey or Shaw Jeffreys? At the moment the page contains the references at the ratio of about 50/50! The people who kindly wrote the history of the school have it as Shaw Jeffreys, yet the footnote is in the name of Shaw Jeffrey as is the House Information. In addition, the school song annotation (I have now checked) has his name has Shaw Jeffrey, as does the official school plaque (on the organ). I can therefore surmise his name to be Shaw Jeffrey, no 's. and will change this soom.

This really needs to be sorted one way or the other.

I have done so

Jarry1250 (talk) 19:15, 27 June 2008 (UTC) (Harry Burt)

March 2007 V2
Hello all, and thank you for contributing to this school site. I'm part of the WikiProject_Schools/Assessment team, and, as it has recently been editted, then I'm reviewing this page. I'm currently giving it a grade of start on the Wikipedia 1.0 Assessment Scale and an importance of Mid on this importance scale.

My reasoning is as follows: This article is about a school from the 13th century. However the article starts well and then tends to weander into less important issues. More refs, history, relevant pictures Victuallers 21:33, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Comments on recent performance
"However its position is due partly to its very tough eleven plus entrance exam, which selects only a small percentage of the area's brightest students. The local area utilises the smallest percentage enforced by any eleven plus selection process and in other areas the percentage is much higher, thus making any direct comparison ambiguous.[citation needed] A better comparison may be by taking the 'value added' score into consideration, where CRGS school falls behind the local Colchester County High School at GCSE level, and is marginally behind the comparable King Edward VI Grammar School (Chelmsford)[1]"

To me this is pointless and adds nothing to the article. The phrase "making any direct comparison ambiguous" is opinion promoting.

 * Point taken, thanks for bringing it to the talk page. What I think is needed here is some form of historical commentary on the performance of the school. Everything is a little current and I have been trying hard to keep this article from reading like a brochure. Sadly with the current ways of judging school performance, every school can find an area that they excel at and to ignore the areas they 'fail' at it POV.  To give direct comparisons whilst ignoring the different contexts is also in my opinion POV.  The current write up is looking much better. Pluke 19:58, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Eleven Plus factors
can someone please confirm my figures for eleven plus entrance exam intake. I believe it's 3% for the grammar school and essex in general. Other places like Northern Ireland have a looser ~20%. Thanks --Pluke 23:04, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It varies. As i passed my 11+ i know. In my year there were 4008 people taking it in the country but only 644 got in. That's around a 16% chance.... J.J.Sagnella 08:42, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You surely mean county. If you are currently at the school could you ask some of the staff if there are documents confirming this as i would love to get a source to check by.  Also the number of people taking the exam out of the entire child population is now much reduced, as you have to pay to enter? (making the concept even more ludicrous, but that is most definitely a POV :).  And we really need to work out percentage pass with regards to the entire potential population.  If you are interested in this please take a look at Eleven_plus, Tripartite_System and Debates_on_the_grammar_school. Pluke 09:51, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Probably it is county. But what i say is all that was on my sheet for passing. And we didn't have to pay any longer but the year before it was £5. J.J.Sagnella 10:23, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I took the 11+ last year and there were 450 people who took the test to get to CRGS. This means that there was a 21.3333...% chance of getting through, however I suggest this information be taken out. And no, there is no fee. Jake95 23:38, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

I really don't think we should include this information because it always depends on how many people take the test. Jake the Editor Man 10:51, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Use of AD CE.
The page has been locked today because of this issue and the failure for Central to engage in discussion. Could I please call everyone's attention to the wikipedia guidelines on the issue at: Eras, Neutral_point_of_view/BCE-CE_Debate and to the minor discussion at Talk:Common_Era. You've finished? Good. I hope you realise that there is no official wikipedia agreement on the issue and I suggest we seek a consenus amongst the page editors and put forward any arguments for and against below. Then we can vote. Debate will close on the 11th July 19:00 UTC. Pluke 19:09, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Isn't there that rule on whether something should be American or British Spellings? We should use that rule on ad/ce. If AD appeared first, I say use that. J.J.Sagnella 19:58, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * There is no rule about AD CE. There are arguments on both sides for the other being POV.  I believe it should stay AD due to the fact that it started off as AD and changing serves no purpose, also AD is the more commonly used making the page more accessable.I think we are the two major editors of this page, any one else out there? Pluke 17:49, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No rule? Weird. I think there should be. J.J.Sagnella 17:58, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

OK we seem to have come to agreement to use AD, will get this page unlocked and finally clean up this nasty situation. Sorry i should have sorted this on the 11th but have been busy. Pluke 19:01, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Unprotecting
This dispute seems to have resolved itself. I'm unprotecting. --Tony Sidaway 23:49, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Userbox
If anyone attends CRGS I have made a userbox:. However sometimes it doesn't work !? Jake95 23:43, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

That's because you couldn't spell :P.

I've moved it to Template:User crgs --jftsang 18:58, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Ofsted Boarding Report
NPOV?. I am not disputing the reliability of the information from the Ofsted inspection but cannot see that the use of the quotation adds anything relevent to the article. Should we remove it? 129.12.200.49 18:49, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Repeated deletion of section on academic achievement
Please stop deleting the section on the page and discuss here why you feel so compelled to do so. Thanks Pluke 16:56, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Probably because people don't need to know the exact exam results of the school: it is boring to read and needs annual updating. People do not go on Wikipedia to find out the exam pass results of schools. A link to independent league table would suffice. The Gilberd, also in Colchester, does not have reference to its academic achievements. The only people who would want to see this on Wikipedia are CRGS staff, because it acts as an advertisement for the school. 86.168.21.166 (talk) 19:44, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Colchester Royal Grammar School logo.png
Image:Colchester Royal Grammar School logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:34, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Famous Alumni
I suggest the removal of the [citation needed] tag on Giles Smith's name. He mentions several times in his book "lost in music" that he attended the school.

86.29.175.123 (talk) 18:15, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

I'm am Old Colcestrian and in the litany of historical facts that were pumped into us on a regular basis, when I was at the school in the 1960s, was that William Gilbert, of magnetism fame, was an old boy of the school but he is not listed here. Has this claim been dropped? If so why? If not, why is he not included? Does anybody know the facts?Thony C. (talk) 16:52, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

1206
Don't delete the statement about 1206 that is in need of a citation. I've got a book on the history of the school - I just need to find it so I can add the reference. DryCleanOnly (talk) 22:05, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Year 7 etc
Can someone link or explain what Year 7, 8 etc. means? I'm old enough to pre-date the new-fangled system of dating years and am only familiar with the traditional class names like "First Year", "Sixth-form" etc. I'm probably not unique. Expressions like "Year 7" are meaningless. Thanks. Ephebi (talk) 21:36, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Year 7 is first year, year 8 is second year and so on. Years 12 and 13 both make up the sixth form (lower and upper sixth). At least that's how it is in Bucks, and I'm assuming all of England uses the same system. Ollie   Fury   Contribs  21:39, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the rapid response but the wiki article on Year Seven suggests this isn't consistently applied across the UK. Ephebi (talk) 21:56, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * From reading Year Seven, it seems that the system used throughout England is virtually the same (same age group, 11-12). The only difference is that some counties include Year 7 as the final year of primary school, whilst others have it as the first year of secondary school. But it is still consistent with first year. Ollie   Fury   Contribs  22:03, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I'd like to point out that it equates to Form Three, where children between 8 and 9 are in Form 1, putting them traditionally before 'the removes'. The age range is the thing to compare, though, and students in Year 7 are almost always 11 at the start of the year in September and 12 at the end. Jarry1250 (talk) 20:11, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Gosh, Forms were so much simpler! So, to summarise the information above, I take it that, per OllieFury above, CRGS's First Form = Year 7 = age 11/12, Fifth Form = Year 11 = age 15/16, Sixth Form = Years 13 & 14, ages 16-18??? 17:04, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, the present system starts at Year 1 (in primary school of course) and keeps on going until year 13, incrementing by one year each time. Quite logical really. At CRGS, we have years 7 to 13. Sixth form = years 12 and 13 i.e. ages 16 to 17 and 17 to 18. Jarry1250 (talk) 17:20, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Shaw Jeffrey
I'm quite a long way in now with the Percy Shaw Jeffrey article, and am running out of information to easily add. I've still got to get hold of some of his literature which would be useful, for instance. Any help greatly appreciated.

Before I can get back to school (Jan 6th), a list of headmasters (w/ dates) would also be very useful.

Cheers! Jarry1250 (talk) 19:44, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Keith Lynch
Should he be on the list?

Top credit it would seem is working on the Witness series for Al Jazeera English. I can't find a site that ties him to the programme, but one special was nominated for an International Emmy. However, he certainly wasn't the producer of that one, at least according to (what appears to me to be) their website here. He may well have been producer of episodes that weren't that one (they cover a lot of topics), but I can't find a source. Searching for "Keith Lynch" on that website yields nothing. I'm just not seeing exception here - we've listed 35ish people from thousands. I've found this which confirms that he's with the for-mentioned station, though. Any more evidence or TV credits? -

Al Jazeera gives no credits for its films, other than the Director. A quick email to the Witness address on the site will get you all the confirmation required. Keith Lynch has also written the theme music for three strands on the channel other than Witness. Namely, Birthrights, Activate and Struggle Over The Nile. He was also the Editor of Tracey Emin's film for the 2001 Beck's Futures, 'Sometimes The Dress Is Worth More Money Than The Money'.

Jarry1250 [ humourous – discuss ] 16:41, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Penney: an old student?
I believe I have the source of Nhyty's deletion. The ODNB article (which is currently down at the moment, so I can't quote from it) suggests that although Penny qualified for CRGS, he actually took up a position at the technical college in Colchester. This would thus invalidate any CRGS claim to have him as an "old boy". - Jarry1250 [Who? Discuss.] 17:06, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Checked ODNB - "he proved a good enough student to qualify for grammar school. It was not to be... he could not afford to maintain the boy as a boarder. So young Penney went to technical school, first in Colchester..." ODNB is WP:RS but this is strange wording and not logical as CRGS always took day boys. ODNB doesn't suggest a source for this. Maybe if there's someone in the school reading this they could ask about the registers for c.1919-22.

 * I shall look into it. I believe there was a period when CRGS did not accept day boys around the turn of the century i.e. about when Penney was at school. And since the Technical College did exist, one must presume, I think, that the ODNB has it right. - Jarry1250 [Who? Discuss.] 17:03, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, the ONDB counts as WP:RS (regardless of my suspicions) - but you might want to double-check your understanding of boarders in the inter-war period. I know another Old Colcestrian who was a day boy in the 1920-30s. Penney would have been of school age just a few years earlier. Ephebi (talk) 22:00, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

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Overly detailed?
The sections on school facilities and subjects are comprehensive, but perhaps they give unnecessary detail about the school? My concern is that those sections are unreferenced, and could quickly become outdated if the school ever changes its subjects or its facilities (say, buys a new machine for its technology classrooms). --jftsang 12:22, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Colchester Royal Grammar School


text: Talk:MBB Bo 105

title: Talk:MBB Bo 105


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 April 10


text:
Willow Creek Pass (Colorado)

Willow Creek Pass, elevation 9683 ft, is a mountain pass that crosses the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains of north central Colorado.

Overview
The pass encompasses the continental divide in the Rabbit Ears Range along the border between Jackson County (to the north) and Grand County (to the south). North of the pass, the Illinois River descends into North Park in the basin of the North Platte River. South of the pass, Willow Creek, for which the pass is named, descends southward to join the Colorado River near the town of Granby in Middle Park.

The pass is not an especially high one along the continental divide in Colorado, since the mountains separating North Park and Middle Park are relative low compared to nearby ranges. The approach from either side is mild and the pass is rarely closed in winter. The vicinity of the pass is sparsely populated, with no major communities in the vicinity. The pass is traversed by State Highway 125. The nearest commercial facilities are in the unincorporated community of Rand in Jackson County just north of the pass.

Climate
Willow Creek Pass has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc).

title: Willow Creek Pass (Colorado)


text:
Thailand at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Thailand competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The nation returned to the Summer Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Archery

 * Men's Individual Competition
 * Amphol Amalekajorn – 2342 points (→ 46th place)
 * Wachera Piyapattra – 2328 points (→ 50th place)

Athletics
Women's 100 metres
 * Wallapa Tangjitnusom
 * First Heat — 12.18s (→ did not advance)

Women's Long Jump
 * Sarinee Phenglaor
 * Qualification — 5.51 m (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

title: Thailand at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Arzhang

The Arzhang ( /; Eikōn;, meaning "Worthy"), also known as the Book of Pictures, was one of the holy books of Manichaeism. It was written and illustrated by its prophet, Mani, in Syriac, with later reproductions written in Sogdian. It was unique as a sacred text in that it contained numerous pictures designed to portray Manichaean cosmogony, which were regarded as integral to the text.

The original Arzhang illustrated by Mani has been lost and its exact content is unknown. However, it is known that its illustrations were of appreciable quality, and copies were preserved in the Middle East as late as 1092 AD, when it is recorded that the library of Ghazni held a copy. Since the discovery of Manichaean artwork during the German Turfan expeditions, scholars began piecing together the style of the Arzhang and reassessed the influence of Manichaean art in general.

Content and purpose
One of Mani's primary beliefs was that the arts (namely painting, calligraphy, and music) were of the same esteem as the divine spirit (Middle Persian: Mihryazd), believing that the creation of art was comparable to god's creation of living forms, and therefore the experience of art was more of a divine act than any other in the material world. Throughout the 1400-year history of Manichaeism, didactic books of paintings were used to illustrate the religion's teachings and beliefs. From the beginning, the prophet Mani envisioned his religion (which included the teachings of Zarathustra, Buddha, and Christ) as a universal and therefore "transcultural" entity, leading to its vast spread from Europe to Asia. The Manichaean mission employed multifaceted means of communication (including oral, textual, and pictorial) so the beliefs may adapt to the variety of cultures it entered. These picture books covered the primary themes of Manichaeism, such as its dualism of light and darkness, maps of a religious universe, the process of human salvation, as well as various Manichaean prophets and deities, and were considered principal pieces of the Manichaean canon.

On the subject of Mani's original paintings, Zsuzsanna Gulácsi notes that the "paintings were created first in mid-third century Mesopotamia with direct involvement from Mani ... and were later preserved by being copied and adapted to a wide variety of artistic and cultural norms, as the religion spread across the Asian continent." Gulácsi points to the Yuan-era silk paintings Manichaean Diagram of the Universe and Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation as examples of sinicized variations of Mani's tradition of using a Book of Pictures as a method of teaching, specifically providing insight into the cosmology of the era's Chinese Manichaeism. After the discovery of fragmentary pieces of Uyghur-Manichean art in the ruins of Turfan, Western Regions, scholars began turning to the newly uncovered remains of Manichaean book art in order to assess through the fragments what could resemble the original style of the Arzhang.

Influence and legacy
Following the discovery of Manichaean paintings in Turfan, art historian Thomas W. Arnold suggested that the Manichaean tradition of illustrative bookmaking was the source of Persian miniature painting style during the time of the Safavid Empire. Arnold stated: "The only other religious art that could have produced these pictures was the Manichaean, the Eastern Character of the types of face and figure, and the similarity in technical details to the Manichaean paintings that have survived in Central Asia, suggest that this is the source to which these strange pictures must be traced back." Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, the most famous of the Persian miniature painters, was praised by the contemporaneous Afghan historian Albdulkarim Khondamir, who wrote; "[Behzād's] Mani-like brushwork overwhelmed all other painters." From her studies of the fragments, Zsuzsanna Gulácsi concluded that a set of the artwork come from an authentically Manichaean book of pictures, harboring elements (such as the iconography, brush style, and use of colors) that originated in Mani's original Arzhang and were turned into the traditional painting style of future generations of Manichaeans. Additionally, the Turfan fragments possess a primarily Persian appearance, specifically similar to the art that has survived from the Sassanid era (during which Mani lived), with such identifiable elements as the quality of the lines, the simplicity of the faces, and the exuberant amount of detail in the folds of the garments. These similarities link the Turfan fragments to what is known of art in the Greater Iran area before the arrival of Islam.

The Buddhist practice known as e-toki (絵解[き], meaning "picture deciphering, picture explaining") was used by the Japanese Pure Land Buddhists as a method of teaching, beginning in China as early as 931 AD. Etoki performances typically filled halls with vertical scrolls that illustrated the story of the Buddha and various Buddhist principles. Like Buddhism itself, this practice spread into Japan from China. The scrolls also often illustrated the life of Prince Shōtoku, who is credited as the founder of Japanese Buddhism. During the Yuan dynasty and the Ming dynasty (during which the Hongwu Emperor banned Manichaeism in 1370), the Monijiao Manichaeans in southern China became close to the Pure Land Mahayana Buddhists, synthesizing the tradition of didcatic illustration that began with the Arzhang with the formal attributes of the hanging scrolls used in e-toki, while also syncretizing Buddhist and Manichaean beliefs.

An Islamic account of Mani's life described the prophet as a painter who founded a sectarian movement against the Zoroastrian state religion of Sassanid Persia under Shapur I. Prompted by threats, Mani fled to Turkestan, where he gained followers and painted a few temples (incidentally, a few paintings in Bamyan are attributed to Mani). Mani then spent a year in the solitude of a cave after telling his followers that he was going to heaven. After the year, Mani returned with the Arzhang, which he said he had brought down from heaven. After the death of Shapur, he and a large procession of followers returned to Persia. According to this account, the new king Bahram I received and favored Mani, but he was later flayed alive for his heresies. In a 16th-century painting by Ali-Shir Nava'i from modern-day Uzbekistan, Mani is shown at the throne Bahram as the king inspects one of the prophet's illustrations.

In Islamic tradition (excluding Ibn al-Nadim's account of Mani's life) Mani is referred to as "Mani the Painter", almost always replacing the topos of "Founder of a Religion". In addition, Arzhang is the name of the daeva (demon) in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh who takes Kay Kāvus to Mazanderan, and whom Rostam defeats in his sixth trial. The word "arzhang" meaning "worthy" in Middle Persian is likely the reason for the shared names, although it is coincidental (if Thomas W. Arnold's theory on the Manichaean origin of Persian miniature painting is correct) that the character of Arzhang first would've been illustrated in the style of the Arzhang.

title: Arzhang


text:
Talk:List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

First bar plot shows wrong units
Nice plots, but the unit for the left hand pane of the left plots in the section Per capita CO2 emissions should be "megaton", not "gigaton" or the x-ticks are off by a factor of 1e3. Can you fix this User:Mgcontr ? 87.214.162.181 (talk) 19:49, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

I can change it. You are right left plots should be megatons (I will adjust scale to keep gigatons correct), but I think the right plots x-scale is correct: source Mgcontr (talk) 20:20, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Table doesn't sort correctly
At least for the Emmisions per sq mile, the table sees a dot as a decimal separator, while the data shows it's a thousand indicator. Does anybody know how to adjust this in one go?

Untitled comment

 * Article: fr:Liste des pays par émissions de dioxyde de carbone
 * Corresponding English-language article: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
 * Worth doing because: Great source of information to be linked with Kyoto protocol
 * Originally Requested by: Helldjinn 10:50, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Status: Unclaimed.
 * Other notes: I've done the French version, but don't have the courage to translate it myself. Please tell me when someone is in charge of it. I'm updating fr:Liste des pays par émissions de dioxyde de carbone par habitant by now.

Great article, but some problems
Thanks for this very useful article. I have some feedback: - Palau is listed as the highest CO2/capita/year emitter in the world, difficult for a subsistence economy to achieve. This looks wrong to me - it's listed elsewhere online (e.g. https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PLW/palau/carbon-co2-emissions) as close to 15t/capita/year. - the table lists CO2/capita/year in units of kt, which usually means kilotons. I think this should be tons (tested by dividing country totals in table by population). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bruceteakle (talk • contribs) 22:46, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

Time to update
New statistics for 2018 is available at https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=booklet2019&dst=CO2pc&sort=des9, published on the 26 Sept 2019. Tomastvivlaren (talk) 09:06, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

Considering net carbon flux emissions including those from land-use changes
This article would be greatly benefited by some focus on cumulative net carbon fluxes that consider land use changes rather than solely carbon emissions from industrial sources. If CDIAC data is correct, it appears that global CO2 emissions from land use changes were greater then those from fossil fuel combustion and cement production through around 1965, which is not represented with current information on the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pinus jeffreyi (talk • contribs) 20:24, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Including Carbon Sinks?
Should the list factor in not only carbon emissions, but also the amount of carbon taken out by the environment (green plants)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by MySixthSense (talk • contribs) 03:40, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

broken link 3
The methodology for the calculations is public.[3] clicking on the link "EDGAR - Methodology - European Commission". edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 31 December 2019. leads to 404 page


text:
Portugal at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Portugal competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States.

A delegation of thirty eight competitors participated in eleven sports, bringing home a total of three medals – a feat only repeated 20 years later, in Athens – including Portugal's first ever Olympic gold medal, through Carlos Lopes in the marathon. Rosa Mota, future marathon olympic champion, was the bronze medalist of this event, who appeared for the first time in the Olympics.

Portugal made its debut in the Olympic archery as well as in the diving, with Joana Figueiredo as the first Portuguese Olympic diver. Female competitors were also present at the first rhythmic gymnastics events in an Olympiad.

Archery
Men's Competition:
 * Rui Santos — 2324 pts (→ 51st)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!Distance!!90m!!70m!!50m!!30m!!Total !Round 1 !Round 2 !Total
 * 248||287||304||334||1173
 * 240||290||291||330||1151
 * 488||577||595||664||2324
 * }

Athletics
100m:
 * Men's Events
 * Luís Barroso
 * Round 1 (heat 8) — 10.76 (→ 4th, did not advance)

200m:
 * Luís Barroso
 * Round 1 (heat 7) — 22.03 (→ 6th, did not advance)

5,000m:
 * Ezequiel Canário
 * Round 1 (heat 1) — 13:43.28 (→ 1st)
 * Semi-final (heat 2) — 13:32.64 (→ 9th, advanced as 3rd fastest loser)
 * Final — 13:26.50 (→ 9th)

 * João Campos
 * Round 1 (heat 3) — 13:46.27 (→ 5th)
 * Semi-final (heat 2) — 13:34.46 (→ 10th, did not advance)

 * António Leitão
 * Round 1 (heat 4) — 13:51.33 (→ 1st)
 * Semi-final (heat 1) — 13:39.76 (→ 2nd)
 * Final — 13:09.20 (→ [[Image:Med_3.png]] Bronze Medal)

10,000m:
 * Fernando Mamede
 * Round 1 (heat 1) — 28:21.87 (→ 1st)
 * Final — did not finish

Marathon:
 * Carlos Lopes — 2:09:21 OR (→ [[Image:Med_1.png]] Gold Medal)
 * Cidálio Caetano — did not finish
 * Delfim Moreira — did not finish

20 km Walk:
 * José Pinto — 1:30:57 (→ 25th)

50 km Walk:
 * José Pinto — 4:04:42 (→ 8th)

800m:
 * Women's Events
 * Maria Machado
 * Round 1 (heat 4) — 2:05.74 (→ 5th, did not advance)

3000m:
 * Aurora Cunha
 * Round 1 (heat 1) — 8:46.38 (→ 4th, advanced as 2nd fastest loser)
 * Final — 8:46.37 (→ 6th)

 * Maria Machado
 * Round 1 (heat 2) — 9:01.77 (→ 4th, did not advance)

 * Rosa Mota
 * Round 1 (heat 3) — did not finish

Marathon:
 * Conceição Ferreira — 2:50:58 (→ 39th)
 * Rita Borralho — 2:50:58 (→ 38th)
 * Rosa Mota — 2:26:57 (→ [[Image:Med_3.png]] Bronze Medal)

Diving
Women's 3m Springboard:
 * Joana Figueiredo
 * Preliminary — 374,07 pts (→ 22nd, did not advance)
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!Dive!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10!!rowspan=2|Total !Coef. !Pts
 * 1.5||1.9||2.0||1.7||2.4||2.4||2.8||2.8||2.1||2.5
 * 32,40||35,34||40,80||35,15||43,92||46,80||24,36||27,72||41,58||48,00||374,07
 * }

Fencing
One fencer represented Portugal in 1984

 * Men's sabre
 * João Marquilhas — 31st
 * Round 1 (Pool C) — 5 matches, 0 victories (→ 6th, did not advance)
 * Jorg Stratmann (FRG) (→ lost 5:4)
 * John Zarno (GBR) (→ lost 5:3)
 * Michael Lofton (USA) (→ lost 5:4)
 * Ruiji Wang (CHN) (→ lost 5:2)
 * Jean François Lamour (FRA) (→ lost 5:3)

Gymnastics
Individual All-Round Competition:
 * Margarida Carmo — 54,575 pts (→ 18th)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!Hoop!!Ball!!Clubs!!Ribbon!!Results!!Prelim. !colspan=4|Total (results + prelim.)
 * 9,15||9,15||9,15||9,00||36,45||18,125
 * 9,15||9,15||9,15||9,00||36,45||18,125
 * colspan=2|54,575
 * }

 * Maria João Falcão — 35,90 pts (→ 22nd)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!Hoop!!Ball!!Clubs!!Ribbon!!Results !colspan=4|Total
 * 9,05||9,00||9,20||8,65||35,90
 * 9,05||9,00||9,20||8,65||35,90
 * 35,90
 * }

Judo
Men's Extra Lightweight (–60 kg):
 * João Neves
 * Pool B
 * Round 1 — Shinji Hosokawa (JPN) (→ lost by ippon)
 * Repêchage — Luís Shinoara (BRA) (→ lost by default, did not advance)

Men's Half Lightweight (–65 kg):
 * Rui Rosa
 * Pool A
 * Round 1 — Bye
 * Round 2 — Stephen Gawthorpe (GBR) (→ lost by ippon, did not advance)

Men's Lightweight (–71 kg):
 * Hugo d'Assunção
 * Pool B
 * Round 1 — Federico Vixcarra (MEX) (→ lost by waza-ari, did not advance)

Men's Half Middleweight (–76 kg):
 * António Roquete Andrade
 * Pool A
 * Round 1 — Javier Condor (CRC) (→ won by ippon)
 * Round 2 — Abdoulaye Diallo (GUI) (→ won by ippon)
 * Round 3 — Suheyl Yesilnur (TUR) (→ lost by koka, did not advance)

Modern pentathlon
Men's Individual Competition:
 * Luís Monteiro — 4332 pts (→ 43rd)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!Event !Riding !Fencing !Swimming !Shooting !Cross-country !Total !Pts
 * 1070
 * 472
 * 1016
 * 868
 * 906
 * 4332
 * }

 * Manuel Barroso — 4085 pts (→ 49th)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!Event !Riding !Fencing !Swimming !Shooting !Cross-country !Total !Pts
 * 818
 * 670
 * 1200
 * 348
 * 1057
 * 4085
 * }

 * Roberto Durão — 4321 pts (→ 44th)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!Event !Riding !Fencing !Swimming !Shooting !Cross-country !Total !Pts
 * 918
 * 736
 * 904
 * 956
 * 807
 * 4321
 * }

Men's Team Competition:
 * Luís Monteiro, Manuel Barroso and Roberto Durão — 12738 pts (→ 16th)
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!Event !Riding !Fencing !Swimming !Shooting !Cross-country !Total !Pts
 * 2806
 * 1878
 * 3120
 * 2164
 * 2770
 * 12738
 * }

Sailing
Star:
 * António Correia and Henrique Anjos — 128 pts (→ 17th)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!Race!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!rowspan=2|Total!!rowspan=2|Net !Place !Pts
 * 13th|| 19th ||15th||18th||14th||17th||16th
 * 19|| 25 ||21||24||20||23||22||153||128
 * }

Windglider:
 * José Monteiro — 152 pts (→ 22nd)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!Race!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!rowspan=2|Total!!rowspan=2|Net !Place !Pts
 * 18th||23rd||25th|| 26th ||17th||23rd||13th
 * 24||29||31|| 32 ||23||29||19||184||152
 * }

Shooting
Men's 25m Rapid Fire Pistol:
 * Francisco Neto — 586 hits (→ 20th)
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!rowspan=2|Time (secs) !colspan=4|Stage 1 !colspan=4|Stage 2 !rowspan=2|Total !1!!2!!1+2!!Sum (1+2) !1!!2!!1+2!!Sum (1+2) !8 !6 !4
 * 49||49||98||rowspan=3|294
 * 49||49||98||rowspan=3|292
 * rowspan=3|586
 * 50||50||100
 * 49||49||98
 * 47||49||96
 * 47||49||96
 * }

 * José Pena — 571 hits (→ 42nd)
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!rowspan=2|Time (secs) !colspan=4|Stage 1 !colspan=4|Stage 2 !rowspan=2|Total !1!!2!!1+2!!Sum (1+2) !1!!2!!1+2!!Sum (1+2) !8 !6 !4
 * 50||49||99||rowspan=3|287
 * 50||49||99||rowspan=3|284
 * rowspan=3|571
 * 49||49||98
 * 47||48||95
 * 46||44||90
 * 46||44||90
 * }

Men's 50m Pistol:
 * José Pena — 533 hits (→ 39th)
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!Round!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!Total !Hits
 * 90||87||87||87||95||87||533
 * }

Men's Trap:
 * José Faria — 179 hits (→ 28th)
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!Round!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!Total !Hits
 * 24||21||24||22||24||20||23||21||179
 * }

Women's 25m Pistol:
 * Maria Chitas — 572 hits (→ 15th)
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!Round!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!Total !Hits
 * 92||97||94||96||97||96||572
 * }

Swimming
Men's 100m Breaststroke:
 * Alexandre Yokochi
 * Heats (heat 4) — 1:07.80 (→ 5th, did not advance)

Men's 200m Breaststroke:
 * Alexandre Yokochi
 * Heats (heat 2) — 2:19.76 (→ 2nd)
 * Final A — 2:20.69 (→ 7th)

Men's 100m Butterfly:
 * João Santos
 * Heats (heat 4) — 58.17 (→ 6th, did not advance)

Men's 200m Butterfly:
 * João Santos
 * Heats (heat 5) — 2:04.72 (→ 5th, did not advance)

Weightlifting
Men's Flyweight (–52 kg):
 * Raul Diniz
 * Group B — 0,0 kg (→ no classification)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!rowspan=2|Event!!colspan=3|Attempt!!rowspan=2|Result !1!!2!!3 !Snatch !Clean & Jerk !colspan=4|Total
 * 82,5|| 87,5 || 87,5 ||82,5
 * 115,0 || 115,0 || 115,0 ||0,0
 * 0,0
 * }

Men's Middleweight (–75 kg):
 * Jorge Soares
 * Group B — withdraw

Men's Middle Heavyweight (–90 kg):
 * Francisco Coelho
 * Group B — 340,0 kg (→ 13th)
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

!rowspan=2|Event!!colspan=3|Attempt!!rowspan=2|Result !1!!2!!3 !Snatch !Clean & Jerk !colspan=4|Total
 * 150,0 ||150,0|| 160,0 ||160,0
 * 190,0 ||190,0|| 195,0 ||190,0
 * 340,0
 * }

Officials

 * José Vicente de Moura (chief of mission)

title: Portugal at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text: Template:Carolingians

title: Template:Carolingians


text:
Original English-language manga

An original English-language manga or OEL manga is a comic book or graphic novel drawn in the style of manga and originally published in English. The term "international manga", as used by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, encompasses all foreign comics which draw inspiration from the "form of presentation and expression" found in Japanese manga. This may also apply to manga-inspired comics made in other languages.

History and nomenclature
The growth of manga translation and publishing in the United States has been a slow progression over several decades. The earliest manga-derived series to be released in the United States was a redrawn American adaptation of Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy published by Gold Key Comics starting in 1965.

In 1979, the Gold Key published the comic book Battle of Planets, based on a television series of the same name. Marvel published a series based Shogun Warriors, bringing characters of the mecha anime and manga series: Brave Raideen, Chodenji Robo Combattler V and Wakusei Robo Danguard Ace.

Original English-language manga first began to appear in the U.S. in the mid-1980s. The San Antonio-based publisher Antarctic Press produced the anthology Mangazine in 1985, and the Ohio-based Rion Productions published two issues of Rion 2990, by Doug Brammer and Ryan Brown, in 1986. Between 1986 and 1988, First Comics published a serie about a mecha, Dynamo Joe, created by Doug Rice, it was scripted first by John Ostrander then by Phil Foglio. Ben Dunn sometimes filled in for Rice on the art.

In the late 1980s, Antarctic and Eternity Comics published manga-inspired works like Ben Dunn's Ninja High School (debuting in 1987) and Jason Waltrip's Metal Bikini (debuting in 1990), as well as adaptations of anime like Captain Harlock, Robotech and Lensman.

As early as 1993, Japan-owned Viz Media issued a line of American manga. Shortened to "Amerimanga", it is thought to be the earliest colloquial name for these types of works. Other variations on OEL manga, such as western manga, world manga, global manga, manga-influenced comics, neo-manga, and nissei comi can occasionally be heard as substitute names, but the term OEL manga is most commonly used today. OEL manga gradually became more widely used, even if usually incorrectly, because it was a more inclusive, global term that included works produced by all English-speakers encompassing works originating in countries such as Canada, Australia, and United Kingdom as well as in the United States. Anime News Network columnist Carlo Santos made the first recorded use of the term on April 28, 2005, on his personal blog, and others began using it on forums and spreading the popularity of the phrase. By October 2005, publishing industry journal Publishers Weekly was also making use of the term, but manga publishers have yet to use it in official advertisements or press releases.

However the original parent loan word, manga, is still used by publishers such as Tokyopop, HarperCollins, and various small presses as a blanket term for all of their bound graphic novels —without reference to origin or location of its creator(s). The significance of the word, however, has mutated outside Japan as a reference to comics originally published in Japan, regardless of style or language. Merriam-Webster's dictionary defines the word manga as meaning "a Japanese comic or graphic novel", reflecting the change of the meaning this word has had once used outside Japan.

Because the word "manga"—being a Japanese loanword in English use—means comics initially published in Japan, there have been attempts to find more appropriate terms for the growing number of publications of manga created by non-Japanese authors. Beside the term “OEL Manga”, there is also the term “manga-influenced comics” (MIC) in use. For example, Megatokyo, which was scheduled to be published by the largest manga producer Kodansha, is still referenced as a "manga-influenced comic".

Anime and manga news site Anime News Network currently uses the term "world manga", coined by Jason DeAngelis of Seven Seas Entertainment, to describe these works in their column entitled Right-Turn Only. In May 2006, Tokyopop officially changed the name of their line of non-Japanese manga to "global manga", considering it a more respectful and accurate term than Amerimanga with its negative connotations of being a sub-par quality of work in comparison to Japanese manga; however, the Tokyopop books themselves, whether they come from Japan, Korea, or some other country, all say manga on them and are shelved in the manga section of the major bookstore chains such as Barnes & Noble alongside Japanese manga, Korean manhwa, Chinese manhua, French la nouvelle manga, and American graphic novels of similar size and dimensions. It is understood, however, that manga does not act as a loanword when used in the original Japanese language and therefore it only takes its original meaning of, simply, comics.

Creators
Notable OEL manga creators include:

 * Wes Abbott
 * Queenie Chan
 * Svetlana Chmakova
 * Mark Crilley
 * Nunzio DeFilippis
 * Ben Dunn
 * Rod Espinosa
 * Fred Gallagher
 * Amy Kim Ganter
 * ILYA
 * Sean Lam
 * M. Alice LeGrow
 * Nina Matsumoto
 * Fred Perry

 * Madeleine Rosca
 * Siku
 * Felipe Smith
 * Hans Steinbach
 * Waltrip brothers
 * Adam Warren
 * Christina Weir
 * Odunze Oguguo
 * Eric Wight
 * Joseph Wight

 * Tommy Yune

Antarctic Press
Antarctic Press most notedly publishes the extremely long-running Ninja High School (debuted 1987) and Gold Digger (debuted 1992) comic books, with heavy inspiration from manga in terms of art and high-paced imaginative action/humor storytelling style; and also publishes newer works like Neotopia (debuted 2003). These are consistently collected into pocket-sized paperback format. If the original comics appeared in color, Antarctic Press also publishes the collected manga in color as well.

eigoMANGA
eigoMANGA publishes two Original English-Language manga anthology comic books and several graphic novel series. Sakura Pakk (debuted 2004) is a shōjo-based anthology graphic novel while Rumble Pak (debuted 2004) is their shōnen-based comic book series. eigoMANGA means "English Comics" in Japanese and they market themselves as OEL manga publishers.

Eternity Comics/Malibu Comics
Eternity Comics/Malibu Comics was one of the earliest American publishers to adapt popular anime into comics form, and put out original English-language manga. Operated from 1986 to 1994.

Kodansha
Kodansha is one of the largest publishers in Japan. Through bi-annual international manga contests the company seeks talent outside Japan. According to Eijiro Shimada, editor-in-chief of Morning Two and deputy editor-in-chief of Morning, some readers in Japan are interested in manga produced in other parts of the world.

In May 2004, Kodansha formed a partnership with Del Rey Books called Del Rey Manga to publish many of their books in English in the United States. Some of the more popular titles published by Del Rey Manga include Negima! Magister Negi Magi by Ken Akamatsu and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle by Clamp.

In July 2007, Kodansha announced that it would publish a Japanese language edition of Megatokyo in 2008. Furthermore, in September 2008, the company announced plans to expand publishing beyond Japan and into the United States via the Kodansha USA holding company.

Seven Seas Entertainment
Seven Seas Entertainment has published many Original English-Language manga and manga-inspired webcomics, such as Amazing Agent Luna (debuted 2005), Aoi House (debuted 2005), Hollow Fields (debuted 2007), and an adaptation of Larry Niven's Ringworld.

Studio Ironcat
Briefly before its closing in 2006, American manga publisher Studio Ironcat published a magazine series called AmeriManga from 2002 to 2003. A few of the titles in the compilation have since moved on to be published in other formats by other companies, most notably TOKYOPOP.

Other similar magazines are still in publication today, including EigoManga's Sakura Pakk and RumblePakk titles; Purrsia Press's Mangatron; Mangazine; and Shōjo. International magazines of the same type include Britain's MangaMover and Sweatdrop; the Australian publication Kiseki; and the Canadian magazine Kitsune.

Tokyopop
Tokyopop was formerly the world's largest publisher of manga-inspired comics written in the English language, and used to publish over two dozen titles. From 2002 to 2011, the company actively promoted new writers via its popular Rising Stars of Manga annual competition and collection. Several winners from the competition eventually published their own books under the Tokyopop imprint.

In a 2006 deal with HarperCollins, the company announced the expansion of its distribution and new adaptation projects based on American prose novels. It was indicated that Tokyopop planned to produce over 100 new comics over the next two years.

Reception
According to Lillian Diaz-Przybyl, an editor at Tokyopop, their best selling OEL manga sells about half as well as their best selling Japanese-origin manga.

The trade magazine ICv2 Guide to Manga lists the top 25 and top 50 best-selling manga based on sales data obtained from bookstores and comics shops across the United States. The table below shows those OEL manga that reached the top 25 or top 50 sales status in 2007 and 2008 with their sales ranks and ICv2 references. ICv2's editors write that titles not released during the time period shown tend to drop down or off the list, while titles released during the same time period tend to rise.

title: Original English-language manga


text: User talk:82.35.132.30

title: User talk:82.35.132.30


text:
Talk:Banaras Hindu University

Proposed merge of Banaras Hindu University Kulgeet into Banaras Hindu University
There's not enough WP:RS that significantly cover the university song to meet WP:GNG thresholds.

So far, from my searching I see only 2 - and.

Every other mention is in passing or deadlinks that I cant confirm Soni (talk) 08:39, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose: I have added some references. Besides, my opinion is that it merits an article on its own. Thanks, User4edits (talk) 06:00, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Closing, with no merge, given the uncontested objection with no support. Klbrain (talk) 08:42, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Banaras Hindu University


text:
Thessaloniki (regional unit)

Thessaloniki (Μητροπολιτική ενότητα Θεσσαλονίκης Mitropolitiki enotita Thessaloníkis, Metropolitan unit of Thessaloniki) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia and its capital is the city of Thessaloniki.

Geography

The regional unit stretches from the Thermaic Gulf in the southwest to the Strymonic Gulf in the east. Two bodies of water are located in the north, Lake Koroneia in the heart of the regional unit and Lake Volvi in the east. There are farmlands throughout the west and southwest, with fewer in the northeast, north and along the Axios River valley. Mountainous areas include the Chortiatis in the west-central part, the Vertiskos in the north and parts of the Kerdylio mountains in the northeast. The regional unit borders on the Imathia regional unit to the southwest, Pella to the west, Kilkis to the north, Serres to the east and Chalkidiki to the south.

Its climate includes hot Mediterranean summers and cool to mild winters in low-lying areas and plains. Winter weather is very common in areas 500m above sea level and into the mountains.

History
The area that was to become the Thessaloniki regional unit was annexed by Greece in 1912, during the First Balkan War. The area was struck by an earthquake in 1978, and by flooding due to rainfall in October 2006. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of modern Turkey, was born in Salonica, the name for the city of Thessaloniki when it was part of the Ottoman Empire.

Municipalities
The Thessaloniki regional unit is subdivided into 14 municipalities. These are:

(Number corresponds to the map in the infobox.)
 * Ampelokipoi-Menemeni (2)
 * Chalkidona (13)
 * Delta (4)
 * Kalamaria (7)
 * Kordelio-Evosmos (8)
 * Lagkadas (9)
 * Neapoli-Sykies (10)
 * Oraiokastro (14)
 * Pavlos Melas (11)
 * Pylaia-Chortiatis (12)
 * Thermaikos (5)
 * Thermi (6)
 * Thessaloniki (1)
 * Volvi (3)

Prefecture
The Thessaloniki Prefecture (Νομός Θεσσαλονίκης) was created when the area was annexed by Greece during the First Balkan War in 1913. At that time. its area was the largest prefecture in the country, covering about 7% of the total land. The prefectures of Pella and Kilkis were split off in 1930 and 1937 respectively, and after World War II in 1947, Imathia and Pieria were additionally created from land belonging to the Thessaloniki Prefecture.

As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis administrative reform, the prefecture was transformed into a regional unit within the Central Macedonia region, without any change in boundaries. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganized, according to the table below.

Provinces
Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.
 * Province of Thessaloniki
 * Province of Lagkadas

Roads and highways
The regional unit of Thessaloniki is connected with the following roads and highways.
 * Motorways:
 * A1/E75 (Republic of North Macedonia, Larissa, Athens)
 * A2/E90 (Kozani, Ioannina, Igoumenitsa) (Kavala, Xanthi, Alexandroupolis, Turkey)
 * A25/Ε79 (Serres, Bulgaria)
 * A25 (Macedonia International Airport, Nea Moudania)
 * National Roads:
 * ΕΟ2/Ε86 W (Edessa, Florina)
 * ΕΟ12/Ε79 Ν (Serres, Drama)
 * ΕΟ16, SW (Polygyros, Ouranopolis)
 * ΕΟ65, Ν (Kilkis, Doirani)

History
Until the A1/E75 motorway (constructed during the 1970s) and the A2/E90 motorway (constructed during the 1990s) were constructed, GR-1 and GR-2 were the main road links connecting the regional unit of Thessaloniki with other parts of the country. Furthermore, parts of GR-67 (in the near future to form part of the A25) linking Chalkidiki, and GR-65 linking Kilkis, were converted into motorways during the 2000s.

Mass transit

 * Public transport services are provided by the Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization
 * Thessaloniki Metro (under construction, to be completed in late 2023)

Communications
Most of the stations are in the city (see Thessaloniki). Here are list of stations outside the city:

 * Thermi TV - Thermi

Major Sport Clubs

 * Iraklis (founded in 1908)
 * Aris (founded in 1914)
 * PAOK (founded in 1926)
 * Apollon Kalamarias (founded in 1926)
 * Agrotikos Asteras (founded in 1932)

title: Thessaloniki (regional unit)


text:
Ferdinand Verbiest

Ferdinand Verbiest, SJ (9 October 1623 – 28 January 1688) was a Flemish Jesuit missionary in China during the Qing dynasty. He was born in Pittem near Tielt in the County of Flanders (now part of Belgium). He is known as Nan Huairen in Chinese.

He was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer and proved to the court of the Kangxi Emperor that European astronomy was more accurate than Chinese astronomy. He then corrected the Chinese calendar and was later asked to rebuild and re-equip the Beijing Ancient Observatory, being given the roles of Head of the Mathematical Board and Director of the Observatory.

He became close friends with the Kangxi Emperor, who frequently requested his instruction in geometry, philosophy and music. Verbiest worked as a diplomat, cartographer, and translator; he spoke Latin, German, Dutch, Spanish, Hebrew, Italian and Manchu. He wrote more than thirty books.

During the 1670s, Verbiest designed what some claim to be the first ever self-propelled vehicle, in spite of its small size, not being able to carry a driver or goods, and the lack of evidence that it was actually built. He died in 1688.

Early life
Ferdinand Verbiest was the eldest child of Joos Verbiest, a bailiff and tax collector of Pittem near Kortrijk, Belgium. Verbiest studied humanities with the Jesuits, in Bruges and Kortrijk, and next went to the Lelie College in Leuven for a year to study philosophy and mathematics. He joined the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) on 2 September 1641. Verbiest continued studying theology in Seville, where he was ordained as a priest in 1655. He completed his studies in astronomy and theology in Rome. His intention had been to become a missionary in the Spanish missions to Central America, but this was not to be. His call was to the Far East, where the Roman Catholic Church was 'on a mission' to compensate for the loss of (Catholic) believers to the emerging Protestantism in Europe.

On 4 April 1657, Verbiest left for China from Lisbon, accompanied by Father Martino Martini, thirty-five other missionaries, the Portuguese Viceroy of the Indies and some other passengers. Their boat reached Macau on 17 July 1658, by which time all but ten of the passengers, including the Viceroy and most of the missionaries, had died. Verbiest took up his first posting in Shaanxi, leading the mission until 1660 when he was called to assist – and later replace – Father Johann Adam Schall von Bell, the Jesuit Director of the Beijing Observatory and Head of the Mathematical Board, in his work in astronomy. Unfortunately for them, the political situation shifted dramatically in 1661, after the death of the young Shunzhi Emperor aged 23. His son and successor, Xuanye (the Kangxi Emperor), was only 7, so the government was placed in the hands of four regents. Unlike Shunzhi, the regents were not in favour of the Jesuits, who suffered increased persecution as a result.

Astronomy contests

In 1664, the Chinese astronomer Yang Guangxian (1597–1669), who had published a pamphlet against the Jesuits, challenged Schall von Bell to a public astronomy competition. Yang won and took Schall von Bell's place as Head of Mathematics. Having lost the competition, Schall von Bell and the other Jesuits were chained and thrown into a filthy prison, accused of teaching a false religion. They were bound to wooden pegs in such a way that they could neither stand nor sit and remained there for almost two months until a sentence of strangulation was imposed. A high court found the sentence too light and ordered them to be cut up into bits while still alive. Fortunately for them, on 16 April 1665, a violent earthquake destroyed the part of the prison chosen for the execution. An extraordinary meteor was seen in the sky, and a fire destroyed the part of the imperial palace where the condemnation was pronounced. This was seen as an omen and all the prisoners were released. However, they still had to stand trial, and all the Jesuits but Verbiest, Schall von Bell and two others were exiled to Canton. Schall von Bell died within a year, due to the conditions of his confinement.

In 1669, the Kangxi Emperor managed to take power by having the last remaining corrupt regent Oboi arrested. In the same year, the emperor was informed that serious errors had been found in the calendar for 1670, which had been drawn up by Yang Guangxian. Kangxi commanded a public test to compare the merits of European and Chinese astronomy. The test was to predict three things: the length of the shadow thrown by a gnomon of a given height at noon of a certain day; the absolute and relative positions of the Sun and the planets on a given date; and the exact time of an anticipated lunar eclipse. It was decided that Yang and Verbiest should each use their mathematical skills to determine the answers and that "The Heavens would be the judge". The contest was held at the Bureau of Astronomy in the presence of senior-ranking government ministers and officials from the observatory. Unlike Yang, Verbiest had access to the latest updates on the Rudolphine Tables, and was assisted by telescopes for observation. He succeeded in all three tests and was immediately installed as the Head of the Mathematical Board and Director of the Observatory. Out of consideration for him, the exiled Jesuits were authorized to return to their missions. Meanwhile, Yang was sentenced to the same death he had planned for his Jesuit rival, but the sentence was reduced to exile and he died en route to his native home.

Initial projects

The 1670 calendar included an extra month unnecessarily added to hide other errors and to bring the lunar months in line with the solar year. Verbiest suggested the errors should be corrected, including removing the extra month. This was an audacious move, as the calendar had been approved by the emperor himself. Fearing the emperor's response, the observatory officials begged him to withdraw this request, but he responded: "It is not within my power to make the heavens agree with your calendar. The extra month must be taken out." Much to their surprise, the emperor after studying the research agreed, and it was done.

After this, Verbiest and the emperor formed a real friendship, with the Jesuit teaching him geometry, philosophy and music. He was frequently invited to the palace and to accompany the Emperor on his expeditions throughout the empire. He translated the first six books of Euclid into Manchu and took every opportunity to introduce Christianity. In response, the Emperor elevated him to the highest grade of the mandarinate and granted permission for him to preach Christianity anywhere in the empire.

Verbiest undertook many projects, including the construction of an aqueduct, the casting of 132 cannons for the imperial army – far superior to any previous Chinese weapons – and the design of a new gun carriage. He created star charts for the Kangxi Emperor in order to tell the time at night. Other inventions included a steam engine to propel ships.

Instruments for Beijing Observatory

Having resolved the issues surrounding the calendar, Verbiest went on to compose a table of all solar and lunar eclipses for the next 2000 years. Delighted with this, the emperor awarded him complete charge of the imperial astronomy observatory, which he rebuilt in 1673. The existing equipment was obsolete, so Verbiest consigned it to a museum and set about designing six new instruments:

 * Altazimuth, used to measure the position of celestial bodies relative to the celestial horizon and the zenith – the altitude azimuth.
 * Celestial globe, six feet in diameter, used to map and identify celestial objects.
 * Ecliptic armilla, armillary sphere, six feet in diameter, used to measure the ecliptic longitude difference and latitudes of celestial bodies. This was the traditional European device while the Chinese had developed the equatorial armilla.
 * Equatorial armilla, armillary sphere, six feet in diameter, used primarily for measuring true solar time as well as right ascension difference and declination of celestial bodies.
 * Quadrant Altazimuth, six feet in radius, for measuring altitudes or zenith distances of celestial bodies.
 * Sextant, eight feet in radius, used to measure the angle of elevation of a celestial object above the horizon. It is used to calculate the angle between two objects, although it is limited to 60 degrees of arc. In navigation, it is used to take a measure of the angle of the Sun at noon to determine latitude.

These instruments were all very large, made of brass and highly decorated, with bronze dragons forming the supports. Despite their weight, they were very easy to manipulate, demonstrating Verbiest's aptitude for mechanical design.

Final days and death
Verbiest died in Beijing shortly after receiving a wound from falling off a bolting horse. He was succeeded as the chief mathematician and astronomer of the Chinese empire by another Belgian Jesuit, Antoine Thomas (1644–1709). He was buried in the Jesuits' Zhalan Cemetery in Beijing, near those of other Jesuits including Matteo Ricci and Johann Adam Schall von Bell, on 11 March 1688.

Verbiest was the only Westerner in Chinese history to ever receive the honour of a posthumous name by the Emperor.

Verbiest's "car"

Besides his work in astronomy, Verbiest also experimented with steam. Around 1672, he designed – as a toy for the Kangxi Emperor – a steam-propelled trolley which was, quite possibly, the first working steam-powered vehicle ("auto-mobile"). Verbiest describes it in his manuscript Astronomia Europea that was finished in 1681. A friar brought it to Europe and it was then printed in 1687 in Germany. In this work, Verbiest first mentioned the (latin) term motor in its present meaning. With one filling of coal, he wrote that the vehicle was able to move more than one hour. As it was only 65 cm long, and therefore effectively a scale model, not designed to carry human passengers, nor a driver or goods, it is not strictly accurate to call it a 'car'. Despite this, it was the first vehicle that was able to move by 'self-made' engine power.

Since the steam engine was still not known at that time, Verbiest used the principle of an impulse turbine. Steam was generated in a ball-shaped boiler, emerging through a pipe at the top, from where it was directed at a simple, open "steam turbine" (rather like a water wheel) that drove the rear wheels.

It is not verified by other known sources if Verbiest's model was ever built at the time and no authentic drawing of it exists, although he had access to China's finest metal-working craftsmen who were constructing precision astronomical instruments for him.

The Brumm model
The Italian model manufacturer Brumm produced a non-working 1:43 scale model of the Veicolo a turbina de Verbiest (1681) [sic], in their "Old Fire" range of 2002. This model was 9 cm long, which, when scaled-up, would have suggested that Verbiest's original would have been nearly 4 m in length.

However, comparison with drawings in Hardenberg's study shows that this model is not the same as Verbiest's. It is actually modelled on a small steam turbine car built in the late 18th century (presumably 1775) by a German mechanic that was inspired by Verbiest's vehicle but different, for example, only with three wheels. Unfortunately, the original was probably destroyed during a bombing raid on the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe during World War II. However, a photo of the original car can be seen at the Deutsches Museum. Hardenberg notes that this steam turbine car operated on the same principle as Verbiest's carriage (the impulse turbine), but employed a more modern arrangement of the drive train.

Major works

 * In Chinese

 * 仪象志 (Yixiang zhi), 1673 (on astronomical instruments and apparatus)
 * 康熙永年历法 (Kangxi yongnian lifa), 1678 (on the calendar of the Kangxi Emperor)
 * 方言教要序论 (Jiaoyao xulun) (explanation of the basics of the faith)

 * Latin
 * Astronomia Europea, 1687

Memorials
Verbiest is commemorated on several postage stamps. One, featuring his face, was issued in Belgium on 24 October 1988, to mark the tri-centenary of his death, with a matching pictorial cancellation postmark. Several more stamps were issued in Macau, in 1989 and 1999, featuring a sketch by Verbiest of the Observatory in Peking, where he worked. The Chevalier Medal for Oriental Art was instituted in his memory to reward exceptional contributions to the sciences and arts.

title: Ferdinand Verbiest


text:
Talk:Maya language (disambiguation)

Primary topic?
Why is Mayan languages considered the primary topic? This title can't properly refer to a language family by itself (though it is a ikely misspelling) because it is singular. The better main topic would be to the (single) language called Maya by its speakers: Yucatec Maya. Eluchil404 23:01, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, doesn't the MOS say not to pipe links on dab pages, so that the opening paragraph should be rewritten? Eluchil404 23:02, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Maya language is the primary topic, because that's where you "Go" if you enter Maya language in the search box and hit Go. It happens to be a redirect to Mayan languages. The advice against pipelinks does not hold in the intro, where the guidelines suggest using a (non-ambiguous) redirect piped to display the primary topic, so that automated systems can tell automatically that the link is not one of the potentially incorrect ones that should point to one of the other disambiguated pages. (A note that was only recently pointed out to me, buried in WP:D-- JHunterJ 23:17, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maya language (disambiguation)


text:
Red Butte Garden and Arboretum

Red Butte Garden and Arboretum consists of a botanical garden, arboretum, and amphitheatre operated by the University of Utah, in the foothills of the Wasatch Range in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It is open year-round to the public. Red Butte Garden contains over 100 acre of botanical gardens and several miles of hiking trails through native vegetation. Red Butte Creek runs within the northern part of the garden.

History

In 1930, Dr. Walter P. Cottam, co-founder of the Nature Conservancy and chairman of the Botany Department at the University of Utah, began using campus land for plant research. For more than 30 years, he evaluated plants to determine their adaptability to their region.

In 1961, the Utah State Legislature formally recognized Cottam's impressive collection by designating the university's campus landscape as the State Arboretum. The original legislation mandated that the arboretum "provide resources and facilities for cultivating a greater knowledge and public appreciation for the trees and plants around us, as well as those growing in remote sections of the country and world."

With the growth of the arboretum, the University of Utah hired Richard Hildreth as a full-time director to initiate meaningful interpretation of the collections and to develop educational programs emphasizing practical horticulture and plant identification.

As the university grew, so did the arboretum's need for permanent public educational facilities and display gardens. In 1983, Ezekiel R. Dumke. Jr. and Richard Hildreth led the efforts to have the university dedicate 150 acres at the mouth of Red Butte Canyon for a regional botanical garden. The organization's name was changed from the State Arboretum to Red Butte Garden & Arboretum. The site provided an outstanding opportunity to showcase horticultural collections and to interpret the richly diverse natural area. This opportunity inspired the expansion of the garden's mission to include not only horticulture but also conservation and environmental education.

The garden formally opened to the public in 1985. In 1994, the Walter P. Cottam Visitor Center (funded by the George S. and Dolores Dore Eccles Foundation) opened. Over the years other additions have been the Courtyard Garden, Fragrance Garden, Medicinal Garden, Herb Garden, Hemingway Four Seasons Garden, Dumke Floral Walk, Children's Garden, the Richard K. Hemingway Orangerie, an amphitheater, expanded gift shop, and the McCarthy Family Rose Garden. All were funded by community donations.

Attractions
Red Butte Garden has 21 acres of display gardens and over 5 miles of hiking trails. The garden has 200,000 annual visitors, over 10,000 garden members, and over 300 active volunteers.

title: Red Butte Garden and Arboretum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/One-hit wonders in the United States

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. - Mailer Diablo 13:16, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

One-hit wonders in the United States
I think if we have to delete Two-hit wonders in the United States and Zero-hit wonder, why don't we delete One-hit wonders in the United States as well? --KelisFan2K5 23:13, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC) Keep. It is considered encyclopedic.
 * This one's different, since there are concrete criteria for one-hit wonders, unlike those others (Two-hit wonder was already VFD'd [although recently recreated as a redirect to One-hit wonder], and so was 1½-hit wonder). In this case there are also breakout lists for UK and Canada. Keep —Wahoofive | Talk 23:34, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I thought a One-Hit Wonder was officially an act that scored only one top 20 entry (outside the 20 would not really be a "hit")? Chris 23:50, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's basically just any song that gets a band popular, but the band doesn't do anything notable afterwords. --Asriel86 00:18, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The criteria used for inclusion among one-hit wonders may be arbitrary and change from one person to the next, but the phrase is in widespread use and is an important cultural phenomenon.  If anyone feels that items mentioned in the article are too POV they should be fixed, but the article should stay. Arkyan 00:05, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. OHWs are a notable piece of our fuzzy culture. --Asriel86 00:18, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and don't nominate articles for deletion unless you want them deleted. See WP:POINT. Meelar (talk) 01:12, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Id say its rather important. Not that my vote matters too much. --Satanicbowlerhat 2:16, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — RJH 03:22, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Unlike the other dubious terms, this one is actually in general use. But does the article have to be limited to the US? I'm concerned it might result in articles such as "One-hit wonders in Luxembourg". 23skidoo 04:50, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with 23skidoo, Keep but merge with all other One-hit wonders in, since any song that's a hit in the US is likely to also be a hit some place else. Radiant_* 09:55, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Did you actually compare One-hit wonders in the United States with One-hit wonders in the UK or One-hit wonders in Canada? They're quite different. —Wahoofive | Talk 23:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This listing was created out of pique because KelisFan2K5's personally created articles have been listed for deletion.  RickK 21:06, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This looks like a good faith nomination based on this comment from another user:  Egghead 21:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't know what comment Egghead is referring to, but I agree with RickK; this is clearly a bad faith nomination.  KelisFan2K5 is one of the most frequent editors of this article, and knows that it won't be deleted; disrupting Wikipedia just to prove a point is really unnecessary. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 00:57, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. - Carolaman
 * Keep, wondercruft. ComCat 06:37, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- useful Foodmarket 15:36, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.