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Talk:History of the socialist movement in the United States

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 22 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): AAREVALO00.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:43, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This is a wikification and npov adaptation of my Senior report on Socialism. (For those interested, the original version is available on my talk page at User:LockeShocke/Why_did_Socialism_fail_in_early_20th_century_America, but the changes are mostly cosmetic.) I put up this page at the request of User:Sj.

To Do
 * Decide whether inserts about President Obama are a) allowed and b) allowed to be edited anonymously —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emathias (talk • contribs) 00:01, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Link to this page from History of Socialism. Right now this page is an orphan.
 * Summarize this page on Socialism, add a History section to that article, and add a Main Article: History of Socialism tag at the top.
 * NPOV review. I have probably missed a couple words.
 * Add history past 1920. I know for a fact it's still an official party, and there have probably been some important events in the last 80-odd years.
 * Wikify References section with ISBN numbers, etc.
 * Make endnotes actual superscripts and not just regular script

Thanks, and keep contributing! LockeShocke 21:41, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

Text removed from social democracy
I've removed this text from Social democracy because I felt that it didn't belong there. Having seen the article, it looks as though it doesn't really add anything new here, so I'll just post it here and if anybody finds it useful, feel free to factor it into the text. Slac speak up!  08:36, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

''==Social Democratic Parties in the United States==

There have been many socialist and social democratic parties in American history, most notably the Socialist Party of America whose best known leaders were Eugene V. Debs and Norman Thomas and the Socialist Labor Party of America led by Daniel DeLeon, but they have been less successful than their European counterparts. In the 1970s the Socialist Party of America split into three factions, the Democratic Socialists of America led by Michael Harrington, the Social Democrats USA and the Socialist Party USA.

Today, the United States Green Party, with 2 to 4 percent of the vote in presidential elections, might be seen as the largest non-capitalist party and has the support of many American socialists. With the 2000 Ralph Nader campaign arguably having cost the Democrats the election, the Democratic Party, which has moved away from welfare state policies under Bill Clinton and Al Gore, is under pressure to adopt some social democratic measures in its platform (such as universal health care). Howard Dean and Dennis Kucinich are particularly strong advocates of such a revision of the Democratic position.''

 * What a hateful and bias edit. It looks like a 9th grader rewrote it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.122.37.178 (talk) 17:58, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

NPOV
This article is in serious need of npov work. Taking most of this information from a source such as Howard Zinn makes the entire article suspicious. Zinn is himself a socialist and is unreliable as an objective source, especially regarding this subject. Words such as "oppression" and "prejudice" are clearly not NPOV. --Bayyoc 02:42, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

So I assume that the above commentator would want an article on "free market capitalism" not to be written by a mainstream economist since such an economist obviously accepts that such an outlook on economic life is valid, beneficial and scientifically "natural"? July 2006

 * Have you read any of the articles on capitalism, globalization etc, the viewpoint of socialist's, antiglobalizationist, etc are well represented. Regardless this is the history of socialism in the US, not an article on how the mechanics of socialism work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Madrone (talk • contribs) 09:43, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I would argue that the particular uses of "oppression" -- only in one subsection -- and "prejudice -- except for maybe the last use in reference to Congress -- are not as grossly POV as one would think. As well, after a scan, most of the Zinn quotes are somewhat benign, for example, detailing the composition of the party, quoting Debs, or reporting the number of people that gathered in the streets. LockeShocke 16:34, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Milwaukee Sewer Socialism
Milwaukee was the first US city to ever elect a socialist mayor. He had office for more that 20 years. There were hundreds of other socialists in the city board. There is what, one or two sentences about them in th Milwaukee article and there's nothing about them in here. I don't know enough about them to write them in, but perhaps someone does? The Person Who Is Strange 01:51, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * See Sewer Socialism or List of mayors of Milwaukee.  Royal  Mate1  00:37, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Move?
I'm about to move this article to Socialist movement in the United States. The United States has never been socialist so there has never been "Socialism in the United States." Most of the article focuses on the socialist movement. Only the very last section makes any reference to the United States actually being socialist or socialistic, and this section does not have much relevance to the larger issues discussed in the article. Any thoughts on the move?--Bkwillwm 19:17, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a separate issue here. The establishment of the income tax, family courts, and social security were de facto socialistic implementations and should be addressed. Socialists do not like to call the USA socialistic, because then it would shed light once again on the failures of the idea. Jcchat66 00:29, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I see what you're saying, but, then again, there has never been Liberalism in China or Secularism in Pakistan, having an ism at the end dosen't mean it was ever in effect, so I think Socialism in the United States is a better title. Charles Essie (talk) 23:43, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
 * No the Socialist MOVEMENT is a political Marxist movement (with few legislative accomplishments).. SOCIALISM is a much broader term that includes actual legislation by liberals, of the sort the conservatives complain about. Rjensen (talk) 22:38, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

1920
pretty sad how socialism ended in the 1920s and how selfish people have become since then

 * Would you care to elaborate? Socialism actually went into practice after this year, not before. Large corporations formed in the late 1800's beginning with the railroad companies, and the dramatic increase in government management and selling of land to large corporations. The New Deal and the emergence of Social Security also marked an increase in socialism in the US. Jcchat66 02:59, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Further Discussion
I'm kinda disappointed after having seen this article. I came looking for what may be considered traces of socialism in our government today, yet found a more historic approach regarding the early history of socialism in the U.S. Recent events were barely, if at all, mentioned.

Could someone please volunteer and add this info to the article?

Abel 05:25, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. Recent events and trends towards socialism are stronger than ever, and yet not mentioned here. We could find plenty of right-wing websites for citations ... but I'd rather not. Surely there is a more academic approach to the question of modern US socialism? Or have all universities been overrun by peer pressure? Jcchat66 18:23, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Socialism's ties to labor
As written, the article as a whole emphasizes the SP, the SLP, and their political methods over the IWW and other groups adopting economic methods, without even covering the debates, or their organizational consequences. Jacob Haller 16:56, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Labour Project assessment
The article is generally comprehensive, well-written and of appropriate length to be B-class. While I would like to rate it High in Importance, the article lacks enough recent evidence (e.g., doesn't really go past the 1920s) to justify that. The focus of the labor section is on the IWW and Palmer Raids, doesn't discuss the Social Democrat movement of the 1960s and 1970s, doesn't discuss major rifts between conservatives and socialists in labor in the 1940s and 1950s, etc. So, Mid importance is all I can justify. - Tim1965 (talk) 15:12, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

The Socialist movement durign the Great Depression
Since expanding this article beyond 1920 has been considered an important part of this article's to do lists, I think it would be best for any interested editors to start gathering sources on socialist movements during the Great Depression. From my own cursory knowledge and my hazy memory of the subject, I know that some subjects of interest would be the (temporary) resurgence of the Socialist Party of America and how it related to the Great Depression. But, for the most part, the primary agent of action in the American socialist movement would have been the Communist Party USA, along with communist influence in the Congress of Industrial Organizations. I know Zinn's A People's History of the United States would be a good place to start. I've recently procured a copy, so I'll get working on a rough draft for a new section.Sarcastic Avenger (talk) 23:49, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Photo of Karl Marx
There is no need to have this photo of Marx. Marx was not an American Socialist. Marx is a polarizing, controversial figure in socialism. Throughout the history of socialism, many socialists have disagreed with him. Socialism is not the same as Marxism. I have moved Marx's photo to Socialism.Tova Hella (talk) 10:03, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Unnecessary information in Political Oppression section
In the Political Oppression section it reads:

"In June 1917, President Woodrow Wilson signed into law the Espionage Act,[16] which included a clause providing prison sentences for up to twenty years for “Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty… or willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment of service of the United States”.[15] The Socialists, with their talk of draft dodging and war-opposition, found themselves the target of persecution. Scores were convicted of treason and jailed. "

That whole section, as well as this paragraph, stinks of bias. Is the author suggesting that laws which forbid draft dodging and sedition have anything to do with socialists specifically? If so then the argument here is that these laws were set up to persecute socialism and not to strengthen the war effort. Thus by extension of that argument, one could say that the war itself was waged to persecute socialism in America. On that logic I could say that those laws were made to persecute all pacifists, not just socialism, and even that more generalized version of this argument would be a bold lie. Why is this sitting on the page unchallenged? There are no sources to indicate half the information in there, the other half is obviously steering the reader in a direction sympathetic to the subject matter and away from factuality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Napkin65 (talk • contribs) 21:01, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Then there is falsehood in the same section, " Aside from the military, the Socialists would meet harsh political opposition as well when exercising their First Amendment right. " The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Espionage Act did not violate anyone's First Amendment rights in jailing them under the provisions of the bill. see Schenck v. United States. Now whether the Supreme Court were right or wrong, one cannot say that his First Amendment rights were violated if the highest court in the land (interpreter of law) ruled that not to be the case. Delete the Political Oppression section entirely until a valid, properly sourced section is written.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Napkin65 (talk • contribs) 21:11, 20 April 2010

 * The section does not say the act was passed to specifically target socialists. Modern legal opinion is that the act violated the Bill of Rights.  TFD (talk) 21:35, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Maybe you haven't read the section then. The first line claims it to be the case and modern legal opinion was not cited as a source for that opinion. The section is rhetoric and the sources come from Howard Zinn. This is far from unbiased. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Napkin65 (talk • contribs) 21:51, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The paragraph begins, "Aside from the military, the Socialists would meet harsh political opposition as well when exercising their First Amendment right." Even American conservatives today support that statement.  Do you have any alternative sources that discuss this period?  TFD (talk) 22:12, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

The Supreme Court ruled that Espionage Act was not a violation of that right. As this is what the paragraph focuses upon, the intended meaning is clear. An alternative source is irrelevant to the issue of the current source lacking in credibility. The second paragraph goes on to say "The Socialists, with their talk of draft dodging and war-opposition, found themselves the target of persecution."  It can't be any more clear. The section reads that the socialists were the target, that the acts and laws following WWI, were tools of persecution against their specific group. There is just no source present to indicate that. see Schenck v. United States for any legal opinion on the matter, unless you know of a case in which that unanimous ruling was struck down.

Aside from that, what does it matter what "American Conservatives", or "American Liberals" or any other ideological platform thinks? I personally do not agree with the Espionage Act but that's irrelevant to the issue of a completely biased section. --Napkin65 (talk) 22:29, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * My point is the section represents an uncontroversial view. If you disagree with it please provide a source.  TFD (talk) 22:38, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

I need a source to show that this section clearly biased? You're not even arguing substance because you know it can't be won. If I write on a page that the moon is made of cheese, you shouldn't need moon rock samples to see that its an inept statement with serious credibility problems. The burden of proof falls to the person who wrote the section to begin with, thus far there has been nothing credible or lacking POV written here.--Napkin65 (talk) 22:45, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * No, you need a source that explains these events differently from the way they are presented. If you did write that the moon was made of green cheese, and sourced it, then I could refute it with a source explaining the composition of the moon.  OTOH if you wanted to change the moon article to say that it is made of green cheese, then you would have to find a source for that.  See WP:Verifiability:  "The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth—whether readers can check that material added to Wikipedia has already been published by a reliable source, not whether editors think it is true".  TFD (talk) 23:15, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

And my challenge is that Howard Zinn is not reliable source. Citing "modern legal opinion" whatever that is, not a verifiable source. I'll give you a source that refutes his statements one by one. Schenck v. United States. You know the source that I've already cited 3 times? The Supreme Court, the ultimate interpreter of rights in the US, unanimously agreed that their 1st Amendment rights were not violated. Their 1st Amendment rights have the same limits as all the others, they crossed the same line. The case Schenck v. United States, which I have posted repeatedly shows exactly where those limits are. Thus Zinn has been refuted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Napkin65 (talk • contribs) 17:43, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Howard Zinn is a reliable, verifiable secondary source. Your own interpretation of a Supreme Court ruling is not. RolandR (talk) 18:53, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Zinn is an avowed socialist, hardly unbiased by any stretch of the imagination. My "interpretation" of the Supreme Court case is just the ruling of it. Its the Supreme Court's interpretation. Somehow, I think the Supreme Court better qualified to discern what is a violation one's rights better than Howard Zinn. Where does Howard Zinn verify that the socialist's (and specifically them) 1st Amendment right was directly violated? Does his mysterious source override the ruling of the court? There is not even a dissenting opinion among the Justices for me to misinterpret. This section is an abomination. Furthermore, the SC is a primary source on the issue, not a secondary one.--Napkin65 (talk) 19:03, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Exactly; and Wikipedia policy is that "articles should be based on reliable, published secondary sources and, to a lesser extent, on tertiary sources." [[User:RolandR|RolandR (talk) 20:08, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Then maybe you could retitle the section "political oppression as viewed by Howard Zinn" because that's what it is. Google yourself a news article about the Schenk v US and you'll have you secondary source that fully and completely overrides Howard Zinn. This section is utter bullshit, plain and simple.--Napkin65 (talk) 20:47, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

 * While you are entitled to your opinions, the purpose of the talk page is to improve articles, not to engage in political debate. TFD (talk) 22:11, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

I referred explicitly to the removal of that section on the grounds of POV and factual inaccuracy, in every post I've made on this talk page. Thats called improving the article, if you didn't know. Unless of course you think wouldn't improve the article to be factually accurate and lacking blatant POV violations.--Napkin65 (talk) 21:30, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

After 1920
Responding to numerous complaints/suggestions, I imported text from the American Left article, covering 1920-2011. Kiefer .Wolfowitz 09:31, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned references in History of the socialist movement in the United States
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of History of the socialist movement in the United States's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "carson": From Dyer Lum:  From Anarchism in the United States: Carson, Kevin. Mutualist Political Economy, Preface

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 02:47, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move Canada, leave the rest :: no consensus in 56 days Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:07, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

– The current titles are needlessly long, these are more straightforward. --Relisted. walk victor falktalk 01:39, 8 April 2014 (UTC) Charles Essie (talk) 20:57, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * History of the socialist movement in the United States → Socialism in the United States
 * History of the socialist movement in Brazil → Socialism in Brazil
 * History of the socialist movement in Canada → Socialism in Canada
 * History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom → Socialism in the United Kingdom
 * Perhaps "History of Socialism in ..."? The article are supposed to be about past developments, not present scenarios, I presume. Srnec (talk) 23:36, 31 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily, pretty much all articles about specific ideologies in individual countries are always mostly about the history of the ideology in that country and they don't use "History of..." in their titles (Conservatism in the United States, Anarchism in Russia, ect.) Charles Essie (talk) 16:58, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support all. Case well made, query well answered. Tempted to close and move but maybe it's better to remove any ambiguity in the poll, and I can't do both obviously. Andrewa (talk) 15:40, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
 * What exactly do you mean by ambiguity? Charles Essie (talk) 20:48, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose all. The topics Socialist Movement in XYZ and Socialism in XYZ are very different topics. The second deals with policies that may or may not have originated with the movement.  The Socialist POLICIES  (in terms of welfare state) in Germany originated with Bismarck, the conservative leader. Likewise New Deal policies were sponsored by Democrats  not members of the Socialist Movement. Rjensen (talk) 01:45, 8 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I disagree completely, a welfare state is not inherently socialist, that system has been promoted by politicians, political movements and ideologies that are explicitly anti-socialist, you mentioned Bismarck had a welfare state, but he implemented the Anti-Socialist Laws, in the US factions of the Democratic and Republican parties (both of which are anti-socialist) have advocated welfare states, it's not socialism unless it's called socialism by those advocating it. Charles Essie (talk) 16:28, 8 April 2014 (UTC)
 * "it's not socialism unless it's called socialism by those advocating it." No -- Wikipedia depends on independent reliable sources--it's what THEY call socialism that matters, not the rhetoric of activists. Rjensen (talk) 09:09, 10 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I can't think of any "reliable sources" that refer to legislation by the Democratic Party as socialist, that's extremely POV. Charles Essie (talk) 17:01, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support a move of History of the socialist movement in Canada → Socialism in Canada as a reasonably accurate reflection of that article's content. Oppose the other three which are straight history articles.  The proposed titles do not accurately reflect these articles' contents.  I would support a move to "History of Socialism in ..." if others agree.  I also support the creation of new articles on "Socialism in ..." since the current articles are already quite long.  —  AjaxSmack   01:51, 10 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support the Canada one and rescope and move the others Red Slash 02:41, 10 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I guess I'd be okay with creation of new main articles on socialism in the above countries, but I don't think it's necessary, we could just alter the above articles to make them more general. Charles Essie (talk) 16:57, 10 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I have amended my !vote. Red Slash</b> 02:01, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Socialism in the United States and Socialist movement in the United States are probably about the same topic; but "History of" is, well, a subarticle of its parent article. The current article seems to be primarily a "history of". While I wouldn't oppose a move of this to the History of socialism in the United States, if we want to have a dedicated Socialism in the United States article (where I agree socialism is a better and shorter way of saying socialist movement), the correct procedure should be a split, not a move. --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 06:11, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I guess that would work for me. Charles Essie (talk) 18:30, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

So it seems like the consensus here is move the Canadian one and split and move the American one, if anyone has any opinions about the British and Brazilian ones, speak now, if not, I say we go ahead with moving. Charles Essie (talk) 01:31, 22 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support move of Canada one (and US one if you like), and rescope then move the rest: This is a completely routine shortening of unnecessarily blathery, pedantic titles. If/when an article on "Socialism in X" becomes so long and complicated that a history section in it  to summary-style split out,  we could use a separate history article.  Even in that case it should be "History of socialism in X".  The long titles are a WP:NPOV & WP:ADVOCACY problem, focusing on socialism as a  of import instead of one political philosophy among many. (We're so used to this pseudo-academic buzzwording from the left that it almost seems normal, until you invert it and imagine a History of the capitalist movement in the United States article. Oh, yeah, doesn't seem right, do it?  Anyway, for any case where we have both these articles and "Socialism in X" articles already, consider merging them.  There's a good chance someone is jumping the gun on WP:SUMMARY. Way better to re-scope these articles and have them be not as complete as we'd ideally want, for "Xocialism in X" than move them to "History of socialism in {var|X}} and create pointless stubs at "Socialism in X" for no reason.   — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  07:07, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support all . With the exception of a reverted cut and paste move to the Canada article in 2007 none of the targets have any significant history, so there's nothing at all we need to preserve there. As SMcCandlish says, best to rescope these articles more broadly and, if and when people find the time, split off more detailed articles on aspects of socialism and the socialist movement in these countries. But unlike SMcC, I see no benefit in delaying any of these moves. Let's move on. Andrewa (talk) 17:08, 28 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Apology, I voted twice... surprised nobody picked me up on it. At least I was consistent... {;-> and the new discussion points are valid I think too. Andrewa (talk) 01:16, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Consistent Periodization
The § on the 80's and 90s needs a title like "Reemergence of Anarchism and Eastbloc collapse" but there's nothing about the latter, which even if American Socialism was oblivious to it (which it wasn't) that would need to be noted (easily sourced from the usual suspects ). Lycurgus (talk) 02:07, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Also there needs to be some expression of the fact that American Socialism has repeatedly shown itself to be utterly incapable of responding to events in an effective way. It's zenith was in the American Progressive era, and none of the Great Depression, the cultural revolution of the sixties, the 2008 collapse of markets, Occupy, etc., were opporunities that affected its generally feckless character. This § is a good place for the start of that, maybe one sentence, another in that with Senator Sanders noting the recovery of the system with its identity ploy (Obama/fake left) and recovery at a new and higher level of inequity/exploitation, the dissipation of Occupy, etc. Elsewhere, such events have resulted in real change, opportunities seized, so it's noteworthy that this hasn't happened here. Maybe even a whole § on subjective factor. Lycurgus (talk) 09:25, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:American Left which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:17, 18 February 2020 (UTC)

21st Century
This text paragraph seems dubious by not mentioning by name the author of said quote and reads almost like an advertisement: "In an interview by The New Labor Forum, a DSA member testifies "I have basically been a lifelong liberal who has very slowly radicalized and was kind of catapulted into radicalization by the Bernie primary campaign. I really didn't know about the term democratic socialism until Bernie started using it".[262] These organizations like the DSA are leading a movement that is giving voice to left-wing positions, emphasizing issues such as affordable housing, universal health care, opposing public subsidies for corporations, seeking the creation of government-owned banks, environmental justice, and free college for all."--Carbonheat (talk) 04:23, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Second Red Scare is a redirect
A redirect is not a main page. Xx236 (talk) 06:32, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Is Communism Socialism?

 * I do not know US customs, but there were fights between Communists and Social-Democrats in Germany before 1933. Xx236 (talk) 06:37, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Lists of organisations are integrated as texts. I would prefer lists or tables. Xx236 (talk) 11:47, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Melhoras no conteúdo
Seria uma boa traduzir este artigo como es:Socialismo en Estados Unidos? SDS. 2804:14C:5BB1:9473:F585:C48E:EEBC:F01E (talk) 21:16, 22 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Henry Brinley Richards

Henry Brinley Richards (13 November 1817 – 1 May 1885) was a Welsh composer, who also published some works under the pseudonym 'Carl Luini'.

Richards was born in Hall Street, Carmarthen, his father being organist at St Peter's Church in the town and an organiser of local musical events. Richards won a prize at the Gwent-Morgannwg Eisteddfod of 1834, held at Cardiff, for his arrangement of the popular folk song, "The Ash Grove". As a result, he received the patronage of the Duke of Newcastle; this enabled him to study at the Royal Academy of Music. After completing his studies, he went to Paris where he became a pupil of Frédéric Chopin. It was in Paris that his first major work, the Overture in F Minor, was performed.

He taught piano at the Royal Academy of Music, becoming one of the Academy's directors and instigating its regional system of examinations.

Richards' most famous work is the song, "God Bless the Prince of Wales" (1862), written in honour of the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. Amongst his greatest works for the piano is the Fantasia On Favorite Airs From Meyerbeer's Opera "Les Huguenots", Op. 75. Although not Welsh-speaking, he was a patron of the National Eisteddfod of Wales and gave encouragement to Welsh music students. He used the bardic name "Pencerdd Towy", and supported Lady Llanover in her efforts to popularise the triple harp. Brinley Richards died at his home in Kensington, London, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry Brinley Richards


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Laura Holt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. It's been done. Jinian 21:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Laura Holt
The one fact in this article already exists in the short article about the 80's TV show she appears in Remington Steele. Per WP:FICT, Laura should not have her own page unless an extensive body of information exists for her and her TV show. Delete Redirect (that's what I meant). --Halidecyphon 21:41, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Remington Steele. Average Earthman 22:41, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No new info in this substub to merit keeping. Delete and recreate as redirect to Remington Steele, agreeing with nominator that WP:FICT handles Laura Holt thus.  Barno 00:05, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Remington Steele unless more info is added. --Fuzzball! (talk) 02:22, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Fuzzball unless expanded. A separate article on Laura Holt is acceptable but there has to be content. 23skidoo 14:42, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and recreate as redirect; no benefit in keeping the history Mozzerati 20:00, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Stand Up (Dave Matthews Band album)

why does the main title read "stand up (dave matthews band studio album) ? the part in quotes shouldn't be there. it never appears this way on any other album page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.196.171.74 (talk) 12:12, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * That's a Wikipedia thing. It happens when there are mulitple articles with the same name. What happens is the disambiguation page gets the main page of that name (see Stand Up) and the related pages get qualifyers in parenthesis. It actually happens quite frequently with articles named for common words or phrases. --72.237.101.131 (talk) 14:20, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Interpretation
Something that is as speculative as lyrical interpretation has no place on Wikipedia unless someone has confirmed the meaning of the lyrics and this confirmation is verifiable.--Bwryan2006 16:17, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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Democratic Party (Cook Islands)

The Democratic Party (also known for a time as the Democratic Alliance Party) is a political party in the Cook Islands. As a result of the 2022 Cook Islands election, it is currently in opposition, holding five seats in the Cook Islands Parliament.

Early years
The Democratic Party was founded by Tom Davis in 1971, in opposition to the Cook Islands Party (CIP) of Albert Henry. In the 1972 election, it won eight seats, breaking the two-thirds majority of the CIP. In 1978, it won power, with Davis becoming Prime Minister. It became one of the two primary parties of the Cook Islands, alternating in power with the CIP. Davis served as prime minister of the Cook Islands from 1978 to 1987, with a brief interruption in 1983 when the Cook Islands briefly returned to power. The Democratic Party remained in power until 1989. In the late 1990s, the party experienced a split, with the majority of the party renamed as the Democratic Alliance Party. A breakaway faction led by Norman George was named the New Alliance Party. Despite this, the Democratic Party became the largest political party in the 1999 elections, winning 11 of 25 seats. The New Alliance Party, with 4 seats, made a coalition with the Cook Islands party to keep that party in power for several more months, but the coalition soon broke down, and the New Alliance Party formed a coalition party with the Democrats, allowing Democratic party leader Terepai Maoate to become prime minister. The Democratic Alliance Party and the New Alliance Party later reunited under the old Democratic Party name.

In 2002 Maoate was overthrown in a no confidence vote and replaced by his deputy Robert Woonton, also a member of the DAP. It formed a coalition with the Cook Islands Party which broke down in 2003.

2004 and 2006 elections
At the next elections, 7 September 2004, the Democratic Alliance won 47.2% of popular votes and 12 out of 24 seats. Prime Minister Robert Woonton, though initially believed to have retained his seat, which would have allowed the Democratic Party to have a majority, was determined in a recount to have received an equal number of votes as his opponent, and he lost a revote. The new party leader, Jim Marurai, became Prime Minister. In 2005, however, Marurai left the party due to internal disputes, founding his own Cook Islands First Party. Marurai continued to govern with the help of the CIP. Later, however, the agreement with the CIP broke down, and Marurai allied himself with the Democrats again. He has since rejoined the party, continuing to serve as Prime Minister but not party leader. Terepai Maoate became deputy prime minister and party leader. At the 2006 elections, the Democratic Party gained a majority of seats, winning 15 of the 24 seats.

2010 election campaign
The party suffered from internal strife in the leadup to the 2010 election. In December 2009, Prime Minister Jim Marurai sacked his Deputy Prime Minister, Terepai Maoate, sparking a mass-resignation of Democratic Party cabinet members He and new Deputy Prime Minister Robert Wigmore were subsequently expelled from the Democratic Party, and the party withdrew its support. A formal split was averted in June 2010 when a party conference readmitted Marurai, Wigmore, and the other Cabinet members, and appointed Wigmore as party leader, with Wilkie Rasmussen as his deputy. However, several senior MPs, including former leader Terepai Maoate and former President John Tangi subsequently failed to win reselection and ran as independents.

The party launched its campaign on 7 October in vaka Takitumu with the campaign slogan "Our Future. Now." The party promised stability, benefit increases, and public service cuts. It contested every electorate except Arutanga-Nikaupara-Reureu. The party was unsuccessful in the elections, winning only 8 of 24 seats.

After the death of Robert Wigmore from cancer in April 2012 Wilkie Rasmussen was appointed acting leader. His leadership of the party was confirmed at the party's annual conference in August 2012.

Leaders

 * Tom Davis (1971–1987)
 * Pupuke Robati (1987–1991)
 * Terepai Maoate (1991 – 21 November 2003)
 * Robert Woonton (21 November 2003 – 10 May 2004)
 * Terepai Maoate (10 May 2004 – 3 June 2010)
 * Robert Wigmore (3 June 2010 – 13 April 2012)
 * Wilkie Rasmussen (14 April 2012 – 9 April 2015)
 * William (Smiley) Heather (16 April 2015 – 13 April 2017)
 * Tina Browne (13 April 2017 – present)

Party presidents

 * Makiuti Tongia (until 3 June 2010)
 * Sean Willis (3 June 2010 – present)

title: Democratic Party (Cook Islands)


text: User talk:69.157.102.207

title: User talk:69.157.102.207


text:
Cook Islands Party

The Cook Islands Party is a nationalist political party in the Cook Islands. It was the first political party founded in the Cook Islands, and one of the two major parties of the islands' politics since 1965.

From 1999 until 2005 it sometimes participated in coalition governments. In the 2006 elections, it came runner-up and largest opposition party in the islands. The party won both the 2010 and 2014 elections and currently forms the government. As a result of the 2018 elections, it is the second largest party in the Cook Islands Parliament. The leader of the party is the Prime Minister Mark Brown.

History
The Cook Islands Party was established on 15 June 1964 by Albert Henry, a former leader of the Cook Islands Progressive Association, who had agitated for greater self-rule in the 1940s. The party was founded on a platform of economic development, maintaining ties with New Zealand, the protection of traditional Cook Islands culture and increased recognition of traditional titles. Within a month of foundation, the party had gained over 2,000 members on Rarotonga.

Prior to independence, the party campaigned for the residential qualification for candidates to the Legislative Assembly to be reduced, in order to allow Henry to stand. They were unsuccessful, and as a result Henry was replaced at the 1965 elections by his sister, Marguerite Story. The party won a strong majority of 14 seats, which they used to amend the constitution to reduce the residency requirement. Following the passage of the necessary legislation by the New Zealand Parliament, Story resigned. Henry was elected in the subsequent by-election, and became the first Prime Minister of the Cook Islands.

The party dominated Islands politics for the next decade, but lost power at the 1978 elections after it was discovered to have engaged in widespread electoral fraud. Albert Henry resigned as party leader, and was replaced by his cousin Geoffrey Henry. He was subsequently convicted of conspiracy and misuse of public money and stripped of his knighthood.

The party spent the next decade in opposition, then held power again between 1989 and 1999. From 1999 until 2005 it sometimes participated in coalition governments. It won 10 seats in the 1999 elections and 9 seats in the 2004 elections. In 2006 it replaced its long-time leader, Geoffrey Henry, with Henry Puna, but Puna was defeated in the parliamentary elections several months later along with the deputy leader. While he remained the party's leader, the Parliamentary Leader of the Opposition was Tom Marsters.

At the 26 September 2006 elections, the party won 45.3% of the popular vote and 7 out of 24 seats, making it is the largest opposition party.

In July 2010 following a dispute about candidate selection, Avatiu/Ruatonga MP Albert (Peto) Nicholas left the party and founded the Party Tumu. The breakaway party attracted the support of influential CIP backer Tupui Ariki Henry, son of CIP founder and former prime minister Albert Henry.

CIP won the 2010 and 2014 elections, leading to two terms as prime minister for Henry Puna. The 2018 election resulted in a hung parliament.

They currently hold 13 seats in the parliament.

Leaders

 * 1) Albert Henry (1964–1979)
 * 2) Geoffrey Henry (1979–2006)
 * 3) Henry Puna (2006–2020)
 * 4) Mark Brown (2020-current)

title: Cook Islands Party


text:
Talk:What to Do When You Are Dead

Hidden acoustic track
Can someone transcribe what is said in this acoustic track? Thanks. JaymzSpyhunter 23:46, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how legal that is ... // 3R1C 14:59, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

So is the hidden track only available on the release that included the DVD because I have attempted to listen to it off my purchased album and it doesn't seem possible.- Bliker Blah —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.209.240.88 (talk) 18:33, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:What to Do When You Are Dead


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Talk:Fisherman's Ring

Where can I find a photo oof the ring? Why do the faithful, kiss the ring?

 * You can see a photo of Pope Pius IX's ring here: Houston Museum of Natural Science. If I can find an image with acceptable copyright/license I'll upload it.  (The one I linked above is restricted to non-commerical use, and specifically prohibts uploading to a computer network).
 * As far as the reason, it is a sign of respect and obedience. (Someone has already added this to the main article)  Kenj0418 03:37, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't find any PD or otherwise wikipedia-able images of the ring. I will add the link above, or similar one to the article. Kenj0418 04:09, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I found one that was attributed, and according to the image license templates, coat of arms and isignia are PD or fair use anyway Kenj0418 04:28, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't been able to locate an image of the "Ring of the Fisherman", watch on the article page, I'm sure one will be added if someone can locate a photo.

title: Talk:Fisherman's Ring


text:
Budget set

In economics, a budget set, or the opportunity set facing a consumer, is the set of all possible consumption bundles that the consumer can afford taking as given the prices of commodities available to the consumer and the consumer's income. Let the number of commodities available to the consumer in an economy be finite and equal to $$k$$. Thus, for commodity amounts $$\mathbf{x} = \left[ x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{k} \right]$$, also known as consumption plans which should not exceed the income, with associated prices $$\mathbf{p} = \left[ p_{1}, p_{2}, \ldots, p_{k} \right]$$ and consumer income $$m$$, the budget set is defined as
 * $$B_{\mathbf{p}, m} = \left\{ \mathbf{x} \in X : \mathbf{p} \mathbf{x} \leq m \right\}$$,

where the consumption set is taken to be $$X = \mathbb{R}^{k}_{+}$$. It is typically assumed that $$\mathbf{p} \gg 0$$ and $$m \in \mathbb{R}_{+}$$, in which case $$B$$ is also known as the Walrasian, or competitive, budget set.

The budget set is bounded above by a $$k$$-dimensional budget hyperplane characterized by the equation $$\mathbf{p} \mathbf{x} = m$$, which in the two-good case corresponds to the budget line. Graphically, the budget set is the subset of $$\mathbb{R}^{k}_{+}$$ that contains all the consumption bundles that lie on or below the budget hyperplane.

Given the framework described above, Walrasian budget sets are convex and compact.

Other sources of wealth, including stocks, savings, pensions, profit shares, etc., are not included in the income described above. The income described above are also known as initial wealth.

The demand set $$\phi(p,m)$$ is the set that the consumer chooses to go with based on the preferences from the budget set.

title: Budget set


text:
Elio Toaff

Elio Toaff (30 April 1915 – 19 April 2015) was the Chief Rabbi of Rome from 1951 to 2002. He served as a rabbi in Venice from 1947, and in 1951 became the Chief Rabbi of Rome.

Early life
Toaff was born in Livorno in 1915, the son of the city's rabbi Alfredo Sabato Toaff and his wife Alice Yarch. one of four children, the others being Cesare, Renzo and Pia, He then undertook, under his father's guidance, his early religious formation at Livorno's Rabbinical College, while attending the University of Pisa where he studied law. He had difficulties finding a supervisor for his final thesis. By that time, the Fascist government had passed its antisemitic Italian Racial Laws, which blocked Jews from registering to study for, though not from completing, a tertiary degree. Only one professor, Lorenzo Mossa, finally offered to step in, and assigned him to work on the legal conflict between Ottoman, Jewish and English law in Mandatory Palestine. He managed to graduate by 1938, despite the fact that the head of the commission, Cesarini Sforza, before whom he was to discuss his thesis, abandoned the proceedings in disgust at the presence of a Jew. In 1939 he completed his theological degree. His brother Renzo, a surgeon, was literally ordered out of the hospital where he was employed while conducting an operation, but refused to do so until he had completed it. Despite his father's reservations, given the dangers of the time and the idea one rabbi sufficed for the family, he was ordained rabbi the following year. Shortly afterwards he was appointed chief rabbi of the community of Ancona, a position he maintained until 1943. In one of his first acts, on his arrival, he managed to persuade a local Jewish family not to convert to Christianity: he argued that such a move was 'cowardly, useless and undignified' in the circumstances.

Wartime
On one occasion, when he was driven out of the Ancona hospital while tendering religious consolation to a Jewish patient, he sought out the local head of the carabinieri who immediately provided him with an escort of four gendarmes that enabled him to return to the patient's bedside. The marshall in question assured Toaff that he could call on him for help if any other problems arose.

In the wake of Pietro Badoglio's declaration of a cessation of hostilities with the Allied on 8 September 1943, Toaff and his family were forced to go into hiding, as Germany invaded Italy. He shut the synagogue when German troops arrived, an event coinciding with Yom Kippur that year, and, with the help of the Anconians, hid the members of the community in local houses and in parish churches. The adolescents and children were put on a boat sailing south to the area under the control of the Allies. The Nazis and their remaining fascist allies in Italy reacted to the armistice by organizing the first deportations for concentration camps and Arbeitslager. Toaff had been tipped off by the local parish priest that an attempt would be made to assassinate him, and he, together with his father, his wife Lia Luperini and their son Ariel Toaff, managed to take refuge in Versilia, thanks to the hospitality of the parish priest, don Francalanci. Toaff did not have the option of fleeing Italy, mindful of his father's words that: 'A rabbi does not have the same freedom of choice others have; he can never abandon his community.' He recalled later every Jew in Ancona survived the war thanks to the assistance given by their Catholic neighbours. Toaff was captured by the SS during a raid, and was saved from being executed as others had been who were caught in the roundup, when the Austrian, with whom he had conversed a little in French, and who was in charge of the execution, gave an order to release him as he was digging his own grave. Catholic families helped them throughout their flight, which led them to a refuge also in Città di Castello where, in 1999, he was accorded their honorary citizenship. Toaff himself joined the Italian Resistance in the mountains of central Italy, working also to secure the safety of fellow Jews. His company was the first to enter the village after the SS executed the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre, in which 560 villagers were murdered. He recalled coming across a woman who appeared to be asleep but, on closer inspection, had been disemboweled, with her fetus nearby, ripped from the womb, and shot through the head.

From his experiences, Toaff stated that Italians were not anti-Semitic, that the survival of the Jews during the war was due to the assistance other Italians provided them during that period, and that Jews were perfectly integrated into their respective communities.

Postwar period
At the conclusion of the hostilities of World War II, Toaff was appointed chief rabbi of Venice, a position he held until 1951 when he assumed the same role for the Jewish community of Rome. While in Venice he also lectured on Hebrew language and literature at the Ca' Foscari University of Venice. He published his autobiography, Perfidi giudei, fratelli maggiori (Perfidious Jews, Elder Brothers) in 1987.

Toaff resigned as chief rabbi at the age of 86 on 8 October 2001 and was succeeded by Riccardo Di Segni. On the eve of his retirement, Toaff said:

"'A rabbi doesn't work only for his community or for the Jews. A rabbi has to talk to every human being who needs him. He belongs to everybody. He is for everybody.'"

On 17 May 2012 he was awarded the Prize Culturae within the Italian National Festival of Cultures in Pisa.

Toaff died on 19 April 2015, 11 days before his 100th birthday.

Pope Francis sent a telegram to Dr. Riccardo Di Segni, Toaff's successor as Chief Rabbi of Rome:

"To Dr. Riccardo Di Segni, Chief Rabbi of the Jewish Community of Rome:

I would like to express my heartfelt participation in mourning, together with his family, and the entire Jewish community here in the capital of Rome, for the demise of the former longtime Chief Rabbi of Rome, Professor Dr. Elio Toaff, long the distinguished spiritual leader of the Jews of Rome.

The protagonist of Italian civil and Jewish history in recent decades, he knew how to overcome divisions, and both of our communities had a common esteem and appreciation for his moral authority, together with a deep humanity.

I remember with gratitude his generous commitment and sincere willingness to promote dialogue and fraternal relations between Jews and Catholics; during his tenure our communities saw a significant moment in this regard, in his memorable encounter with my esteemed predecessor Saint Pope John Paul II, at the Chief Synagogue of Rome.

I raise prayers to the most high God the Father, full of love and fidelity, to welcome him into his Kingdom of peace.

From the Vatican, April 20, 2015,

Franciscus."

Toaff and his wife had 4 children, 3 sons, Ariel, Daniel, and Godiel, and a daughter Miriam, who married Sergio DellaPergola and lives in Israel.

Jewish-Catholic relations
Upon the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958, Toaff, as Chief Rabbi of Rome, paid tribute to the late pontiff, saying: "Jews will always remember what the Catholic Church did for them by order of the pope during the Second World War. When the war was raging, Pius spoke out very often to condemn the false race theory," a sentiment echoed widely in the Jewish communities at that time, though later challenged by Rolf Hochhuth. There had been nonetheless contact with Pius XII and the local community, a situation that changed with Pope John XXIII who on one occasion stopped his car outside of the synagogue to bless the Jewish worshippers as they left, a gesture, the first papal blessing in 2,000 years, which moved them profoundly. No formal contacts, however, arose during the papacy of Pope Paul VI.

On 13 April 1986, Toaff was greeted by, and prayed with, Pope John Paul II during a visit to the Great Synagogue of Rome, the first by a reigning pope to a Jewish house of worship. Rather than extending his hand for a formal handshake, Toaff embraced the Pope. On April 7, 1994, Toaff co-officiated at the Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah at the Sala Nervi in Vatican City, along with Pope John Paul II, and the President of Italy Oscar Luigi Scalfaro.

Rabbi Toaff remained friends with John Paul until the pontiff's death, and attended his funeral. He was one of the two people who the pope mentioned in his last will and testament, in which he stated: "How can I fail to remember the rabbi of Rome, and the numerous representatives of non-Christian religions?" The only other living person to be named was John Paul's longtime personal secretary, Archbishop Stanislaw Dziwisz.

title: Elio Toaff


text:
The Avalon Boys

The Avalon Boys were a quartet of singers popular in the 1930s. They appeared in a number of comedy films and had a memorable role in Laurel and Hardy's Way Out West.

Members

 * Chill Wills (bass), b. July 18, 1902, d. December 15, 1978
 * Art Greene
 * Walter Weyland Trask (guitar), b. 26 November 1911, d. 27 June 1999
 * Don Brookins (baritone, arranger, and piano), b. 29 January 1909 - d. 4 November 1994

Film appearances

 * It's a Gift (1934)
 * Bar 20 Rides Again (1935)
 * Call of the Prairie (1936)
 * Anything Goes (1936)
 * Way Out West (1937)
 * Hideaway Girl (1937)

title: The Avalon Boys


text:
Sea beet

The sea beet, Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima ((L.) Arcangeli. ), is a member of the family Amaranthaceae native to the coasts of Europe, northern Africa, and southern Asia.

The sea beet is the wild ancestor of common vegetables such as beetroot, sugar beet, and Swiss chard. Its leaves have a pleasant texture and taste, being good served raw or cooked, and because of this, it is also known as wild spinach. It is a large perennial plant which grows up to 2 ft, and flowers in the summer. Its flowers are hermaphroditic, and wind-pollinated. It requires moist, well-drained soils, and does not tolerate shade. However, it is able to tolerate relatively high levels of sodium in its environment.

Taxonomic history
The species was previously of the Chenopodiaceae. Carl Linnaeus first described Beta vulgaris in 1753; in the second edition of Species Plantarum in 1762, he divided the species into wild and cultivated varieties, giving the name Beta maritima to the wild taxon.

Description
Sea beet is an erect and sprawling perennial plant up to 2 ft high with dark green, leathery, untoothed, shiny leaves. The lower leaves are wavy and roughly triangular while the upper leaves are narrow and oval. The inflorescence is borne on a thick, fleshy grooved stem in a leafy spike. The individual flowers are green and tiny with the sepals thickening and hardening around the fruits.

Distribution and habitat
Sea beet is found in maritime locations in Europe, northern Africa, and southern Asia. In the British Isles it is found round the coasts of England, Wales, Ireland and southern Scotland. It grows at the top of sand and pebble beaches, at the drift-line on saltmarshes, on sea-walls, coastal rocks and cliffs. It also occurs on wasteland near the sea, and occasionally on rubbish tips and roadsides inland. On the pebble banks of Chesil Beach in Dorset, it dominates the drift-line along with oraches Atriplex spp., and is in dynamic equilibrium with a community dominated by shrubby sea-blite Suaeda vera.

title: Sea beet


text:
Agricultural Marketing Service

The Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture; it maintains programs in five commodity areas: cotton and tobacco; dairy; fruit and vegetable; livestock and seed; and poultry. These programs provide testing, standardization, grading and market news services for those commodities, and oversee marketing agreements and orders, administer research and promotion programs, and purchase commodities for federal food programs. The AMS enforces certain federal laws such as the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act and the Federal Seed Act. The AMS budget is $1.2 billion. It is headquartered in the Jamie L. Whitten Building in Washington, D.C.

As of July 2021, AMS is led by Administrator Bruce Summers.

History
Established in 1939 by Agriculture Secretary Henry A. Wallace (later Vice President) through the merging and consolidation of various United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) bureaus and programs, the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) was tasked with facilitating fair and efficient marketing of American agricultural products, including food, fiber, and specialty crops both domestically and internationally.

Most functions of the new Service were later consolidated into the Agricultural Marketing Administration in 1942 before being shifted again several times in the 1940s and 1950s. The agency was once renamed back into the AMS from 1953 to 1965 before becoming the Consumer and Marketing Service. In April 1972, the current structure of the AMS was officially established under the Department of Agriculture. AMS also began enforcing parts of the 1990 Organic Foods Production Act. Over the decades, AMS grew to also support ranchers, importers, exporters, and other agriculture industry groups.

In 2017, Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue shifted several USDA offices, such as the Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) and several program areas from the Farm Service Agency (FSA), into the Agricultural Marketing Service with the goal of better providing for farmers, ranchers, and producers while improving customer service and efficiency.

Mission
AMS' primary function is to market American agricultural products inside and outside the United States. In addition to this, AMS also funds, administers, and supports agricultural research; grades and certifies the safety of agricultural products; and disseminates information and expertise in the agriculture and agriculture marking industries.

The Livestock and Poultry Program (L&P) supports federal food and nutrition programs like the National School Lunch Program (NSLP).

AMS also enforces the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (PACA), Federal Seed Act, Organic Foods Production Act, and Packers and Stockyards Act. The Warehouse and Commodity Management Division of the Fair Trade Practices Program administers United States Warehouse Act and Commodity Credit Corporation storage agreements.

Organization
AMS is led by an administrator assisted by an associate and deputy associate administrator. Currently, these individuals are Administrator Bruce Summers, Associate Administrator Erin Morris, and Deputy Associate Administrator Lorenzo Tribbett, all longtime AMS employees. Additionally, the Cotton and Tobacco Program is led by a Deputy Administrator and several Associate Deputy Administrators.

Structurally, AMS is headed by the Office of the Administrator; below the Administrator are the Legislative and Regulatory Review Staff, Public Affairs Staff, Civil Rights Staff (within the Office of Civil Rights), and Administrative Management Staff. Beyond that, the AMS is divided into nine programs and one service which are further subdivided into divisions and staffs. AMS' nine programs are:

 * Dairy Program
 * Specialty Crops Program
 * Fair Trade Practices Program
 * Food Disclosure and Labeling Division (FDLD)
 * Packers and Stockyards Division (PSD)
 * Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act Division (PACA)
 * Warehouse and Commodity Management Division (WCMD)
 * National Organic Program (NOP)
 * Cotton and Tobacco Program (C&T)
 * Grading Division
 * Standardization and Engineering Division
 * Quality Assurance Division
 * Market News Division
 * Research and Promotion Division
 * MRP Laboratory and Scientific IT Support Division
 * Administrative Staff
 * Livestock and Poultry Program (L&P)
 * Transportation and Marketing Program
 * Transportation Services Division
 * Grants Division
 * Marketing Services Division
 * USDA Farmers Market
 * Science and Technology Program (S&T)
 * Laboratory Approval and Testing Division (LATD)
 * Monitoring Programs Division (MPD)
 * Plant Variety Protection Office (PVPO)
 * Seed Regulatory and Testing Division (SRTD)
 * Commodity Procurement Program (CP)

The lone service of AMS is:

 * Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS)

Additionally, AMS receives input and counsel from the Advisory Committee on Universal Cotton Standards, Fruit & Vegetable Industry Advisory Committee (FVIAC), Grain Inspection Advisory Committee, National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), and Plant Variety Protection Board.

Programs
The AMS National Organic Program (NOP) develops, implements, and administers national production, handling, and labeling standards for organic agricultural products. The NOP also accredits the certifying agents (foreign and domestic) who inspect organic production and handling operations to certify that they meet USDA standards. The AMS Science and Technology Program provides scientific support services to the agricultural community and AMS programs, including laboratory analyses, laboratory quality assurance, and coordination of scientific research conducted by other agencies for AMS. In addition, the program's Plant Variety Protection Office administers the Plant Variety Protection Act, by issuing Certificates of Protection for new varieties of plants which are sexually reproduced (by seed) or tuber-propagated. The program also conducts a program to collect and analyze data about pesticide residue levels in agricultural commodities. It also administers the Pesticide Recordkeeping program, which requires all certified private applicators of federally restricted-use pesticide to maintain records of all applications. The records will be put into a data base to help analyze agricultural pesticide use.

The AMS Transportation and Marketing Program supplies research and technical information regarding the nation's food transportation system to producers, producer groups, shippers, exporters, rural communities, carriers, government agencies and universities. The program also administers a program involving financial grants to States for marketing improvements. In addition, the division assists in the planning and design of marketing facilities, processes, and methods in cooperation with state and local governments, universities, farmer groups, and other segments of the U.S. food industry. This program is intended to enhance the overall effectiveness of the food marketing system, provide better quality products to the consumer at reasonable cost, improve market access for growers with farms of small to medium size, and promote regional economic development.

The Commodity Procurement Program purchases a variety of domestically produced and processed commodity food products to support American agriculture by encouraging the consumption of domestic foods. The program also manages the Web-Based Supply Chain Management (WBSCM), a fully integrated, web-based ordering and procurement system used for the purchase of USDA Foods. Foods purchased by the program are delivered to schools, food banks, and households in communities across the country as a component of our nation’s food safety net.The program's International Commodity Procurement Division, purchases and delivers US-produced food aid commodities to vulnerable populations in foreign countries.

The Dairy Program facilitates the efficient marketing of milk and dairy products. Key program activities include:

 * Administering Federal Milk Marketing Orders and providing aggregated Federal Order Statistics.

 * Helping the industry market U.S. dairy products worldwide by providing international programs and services, including export certification services.
 * Providing buyers and sellers with an impartial evaluation of dairy equipment and product quality so businesses and consumers can buy with confidence through the Dairy Grading Program.
 * Developing dairy grade standards used in the grading appraisal process.
 * Providing timely and accurate market information on milk and dairy products through the Dairy Market News and Dairy Product Mandatory Reporting Program.
 * Developing Dairy Economic Analysis for multiple Dairy Program, industry, and USDA needs.
 * Overseeing The Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Program and the Dairy Research and Promotion Program.
 * Providing information to assist dairy businesses in the production and processing of milk and dairy products
 * Administering the Pandemic Market Volatility Assistance Program by reimbursing qualified dairy farmers for 80 percent of the revenue difference per month based on an annual production of up to 5 million pounds of milk marketed and on fluid milk sales from July through December 2020.
 * Administering the Milk Donation Reimbursement Program by reimbursing milk processors for expenses related to donating milk to eligible distributing organizations, thereby reducing food waste and providing nutrition assistance to low-income individuals

The AMS administers the commodity checkoff programs.

title: Agricultural Marketing Service


text:
User talk:Gregz

Image copyrights
Hi there - nice to see a fellow Gooner on Wikipedia. However, I'm not sure about the copyright on the images you've added to the Arsenal F.C. page. For any image to be added to Wikipedia they must already be public domain, licenced under the GFDL, or created by yourself. Copyrighted images, which is what most images on the web are, are not allowed as it means Wikipedia could get into trouble for breaking copyright laws.

The Emirates Stadium pic is definitely copyrighted by the club, the Ian Wright picture I'm not sure on. If you can prove either image is licensed by GFDL or the public domain then please do so, else they'll have to go. Can you read the Image_use_policy before posting any more images? Thanks. Qwghlm 21:45, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop uploading poor quality (you should use PNG/GIF for logos) copyrighted images. If you must insist on using a logo under fair use, please get decent quality ones. ed g2s •  talk  19:55, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ed, who r u to tell me what images to upload?
 * Apparently someone who knows a little more about image compression for a start. ed g2s  •  talk  12:31, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * well i got a gd 1 4 ya, pleased?
 * Better, but PNG is preferred format on Wikipedia to GIF. Also it is good to sign you comments using 4 tildes ( ~ ) as it substitues in your name and the time, like this: ed g2s  •  talk  15:10, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gregz


text:
Dunthorpe, Oregon

Dunthorpe is an unincorporated suburb of Portland, Oregon, United States. It is located just south of the Portland city limits and north of the Multnomah County line on the west side of the Willamette River. Lewis & Clark College, Tryon Creek State Park, and Lake Oswego are nearby. It has been designated as a Census Designated Place since 2020.

History
In January 1916, William M. Ladd's Ladd Estate Company purchased 215 acre from the soon to be dissolved Oregon Iron & Steel Company for $1. The company drafted very specific provisions for the Dunthorpe development, including: Only residential buildings were allowed, except for outbuildings to house domestic animals; Swine and goats were prohibited; The minimum cost of a house was $3000; No residence could be used or occupied by "persons of African or Mongolian descent" unless they were employed as servants of the masters; and the sale of "intoxicating liquor" was also prohibited.

Museums and other points of interest
Attractions of the area is the Elk Rock Gardens of the Bishop's Close, an estate which consists of 13 acre on a high bluff on the western bank of the Willamette River. The property includes approximately 6 acre of cultivated English-style gardens. The garden is known for the many varieties of magnolias as well as for examples of many other native and exotic plants.

Education
Riverdale School District includes Dunthorpe in its jurisdiction.

As a community, Dunthorpe was historically anchored by Riverdale Grade School. In the early 1990s, the Oregon legislature decreed that all school districts should have both primary and secondary schools, and expected smaller school districts like Riverdale to merge. While an old grade school was purchased and renovated for use as Riverdale High School, high school students were bussed to nearby Marylhurst University in the neighboring city of West Linn, where space was leased by the school district.

In September 2002, the high school moved into its permanent building, a renovation and expansion of an existing but unused public school structure. In November 2008, the voters of Riverdale School District passed a measure authorizing the District to issue bonds in an amount up to $21.5 million to renovate and expand the existing grade school building. In July 2009, the original grade school was demolished. The building was rebuilt in the style of the original in 2010.

Notable residents

 * LaMarcus Aldridge (1985–), professional basketball player
 * Brandin Cooks (1993–), professional football player
 * Maurice E. Crumpacker (1886–1927), U.S. congressman from Oregon
 * Clyde Drexler (1962–), retired professional basketball player and Hall of Famer
 * Channing Frye (1983–), professional basketball player
 * Danny Glover (1946–), actor
 * William McCormick (1939-), US Ambassador to New Zealand
 * Bob Packwood (1932–), former U.S. senator from Oregon
 * Terry Porter (1963–), professional basketball coach and former player
 * Linus Torvalds (1969–), software engineer; creator of the Linux kernel and Git version control system.

title: Dunthorpe, Oregon


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Irate

Case Opened on 21:49, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Case Closed on 21:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Case Reopened July 24, 2005

Case Reclosed 12:30, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

''Note that, due to a mistaken reading of the vote on my part, the choice of 3 vs 6 months in the decision was not clear at the time of closing. This was clarified by a changed vote at 22:59, 17 Apr by David Gerard. The decision outlined below stands -- sannse (talk) 23:20, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)''

Please do not edit this page directly unless you wish to become a participant in this request. (All participants are subject to Arbitration Committee decisions, and the ArbCom will consider each participant's role in the dispute.) Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

Arbitrators will be working on a proposed decision at /Proposed decision.

Statement by Violet/Riga
Having begun a RFC against Irate he has continued to vandalise pages and abuse users. While he has contributed well to Wikipedia his communications with other users, especially those in disagreement with him, has been poor to say the least. He has vandalised user pages (nominating them at VFD, for example) and refused to comment at his RFC.

Please see User:Smoddy/Irate and the above linked RFC for details of his activities.

violet/riga (t) 13:13, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Statement by Matt Crypto
I second Violetriga's comments above. I find this user's behaviour to be quite confusing, and I hope the ArbCom can help here. We've tried discussing things on his Talk page (got nothing but abuse); we've tried an RfC, but got nothing but complete silence for a week, despite 19 people commenting that Irate's behaviour was inappropriate, and despite repeated prompting. Then we get another outburst. I really can't see mediation working in this instance. Since this user seems to sporadically erupt in quite irrational bouts of anger, I would suggest a personal attack parole. When this reoccurs (and it seems likely to do so), being blocked for 24 hours would give this user a chance to cool down, as he seems quite able to contribute positively most of the time. It also might be good for the ArbCom to comment on the necessity to respond to user conduct RfCs that have been ratified by a large consensus. — Matt Crypto 13:38, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Irate wrote the following message in his section (my reply added): You'll not that Matt Crypto is still uping the numbers. Probabley as he goes around telling people how they should react, were as I am prevented from addressing any of these comments. It is another sign of the lack of integrity amoungst my accusers.--Jirate 16:02, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * What an odd accusation! I've simply updated the count of people who've participated in your RfC, because more people have added comments since I wrote the paragraph originally. This is an objective fact, yet I'm displaying a "lack of integrity"? If you have any evidence of me going telling people how they should "react", please provide it. Otherwise, I would appreciate an apology for your unfounded accusations. Moreover, doesn't the fact that 19 people think you're out of line make you suspect something — anything — about your own behaviour? Crikey, man. — Matt Crypto 16:09, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Statement by Irate

 * I will undertake to act in a more restrained manner in future.--Jirate 13:34, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)

 * ViletRiga has in the past got me blocked for breaking 3RR when I clearly hadn't, she has never appologised and has stated that she thinks I should be banned.--Jirate 13:11, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

 * Snowspinner has since putting this RFC made claims agains about 3RR, when there was no rules break, has put VfD's in my RFC about him, has blocked me on his own complaint, blocked me from IRC channels.--Jirate 13:11, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

 * You'll note that Matt Crypto is still uping the numbers, without uping the date. Probabley as he is also goes around telling people how they should react, were as I am prevented from addressing any of these comments. It is another sign of the lack of integrity amongst my accusers.--Jirate 16:02, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

Arbitrators' opinions on hearing this matter (6/0/0/0)

 * Accept. (Note that this case should be filed, if accepted, as Irate, not Irate vs Violetriga et al, because there doesn't seem to be any issue concerning them). Ambi 14:06, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept Fred Bauder 19:21, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept - David Gerard 22:22, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept - observed an IRC interaction with this user which suggests that this is necessary. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 01:23, 2005 Apr 4 (UTC)
 * Accept. Neutralitytalk 01:24, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept. --mav 02:28, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept ➥the Epopt 13:10, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Involved parties

 * Irate
 * Smoddy
 * Matt Crypto
 * Violetriga

 * Confirmation that all parties are aware of the request

 * Letting Irate know

 * Confirmation that other steps in dispute resolution have been tried

If not, then explain why that would be fruitless

This is just a procedural request, in follow-up to a previous ArbComm decision. I'm not sure whether it simply counts as a "request for clarification", so I'm listing it here. [[smoddy ]] 13:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Statement by smoddy
Not much to say, really. Since the end of a 3-month ban for personal attacks (see Requests for arbitration/Irate), Irate has arrived back and is once again stirring things up. He has filed three petty RFCs (Requests for comment/Smoddy, Requests for comment/Matt Crypto, and Requests for comment/Violetriga. He has also labelled my edits as "vandalism" (see User talk:Irate and the page's history) and has removed lines from Violet/riga's user page.

Clause 1.1 of the first decision allows the ArbComm to put in place a revert parole. I am requesting that the Committee does so, so as to provide a more congenial atmosphere to other editors. [[smoddy ]] 13:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Statement by User:Matt Crypto
Unfortunately, this is Irate returning to the same sort of behaviour that got him banned the last time. The various spurious RfCs filed against anyone he dislikes are unpleasant and unwarranted. He's also been bandying around phrases along the lines of "book burner" and "vandal" at myself and Smoddy, e.g., ; our crime? Reverting his deletions from User:Violetriga's user page. The ArbComm may wish to implement the parole mentioned above, or consider some other remedial action. — Matt Crypto 13:37, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Statement by party 2
This is a joke. I have not attacked anyone, tough I have been attacked by people including Smoddy. I suggest you censor the Smoddy for his behaviour.--Jirate 13:28, 24 July 2005 (UTC) (moved from AC votes section)
 * What other mechanism is there? I don't want to socially engage with you people, as a find most of the users to be arrogant. Like for instance your movement of my comments. I put the where I wanted tham to go. If you or anyone wants to make inaccurate comments about me. I takle them then and there, when I do, you usually all bitch your not being nice. Lets get this straight the various people I have RFC in against are not very nice, not very honest and like to use Wikipedia to try and get some of their swaot status back.--Jirate 14:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is not your page. and you can't put comments where you want them to go. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 14:51, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Arbitrators' opinions on hearing this matter (4/0/0/0)
Irate is currently on an 24 hour block for edit warring over where his comments should go on this page Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 15:14, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I consider the unfounded allegations of vandalism etc. to be personal attacks, and so vote to activate the personal attack parole. (I agree this does not need a new case, a vote here should be sufficient.) -- sannse (talk) 13:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Whcih ones are unfounded. You should identify them--Jirate 13:48, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This may not be a full list, but some examples are:      As far as I can see, these all relate to reverting your edits of someone else's user page, or adding comments to your talk page.  Neither of these actions are vandalism. -- sannse (talk) 14:13, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I am very concerned about the abuse of the rfc proccess. RFCs are not there to use as a tool to whack someone over the head with just because you don't like something they did. It says at the top of the RFC page that "at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed." Starting an rfc that is bound to fail is simply a way of making a personal attack. I vote to activate the personal attack parole. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 14:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with both Sannse and Theresa -- activate the parole. →Raul654 16:29, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep. - David Gerard 17:03, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Temporary injunction
1) Enacted: User:Irate is banned from editing Wikipedia for the duration of this case except for the pages User:Irate, User talk:Irate and the arbitration case pages relating to him.

 * ''Passed 5 to 0 at 23:06, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You still haven't explained yourselves. Or what evidence you have for this other than respresentation made by others, which you will not disclose. as this original complaint is made by people who have in the passed happily lied about me and not oppologised when caught, similarly the innacurate claims made some people regarding 3RR at the base of this temporary injunction are flawed and dishonest. It is clear that this is not an open or transparent mechanism but a very closed and secrative one.--Jirate 13:07, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

=Final decision = All numbering based on /Proposed decision (vote counts and comments are there as well)

No personal attacks
1) No personal attacks.

 * ''Passed 8 to 0 at 21:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Personal attacks
1) User Irate has engaged in personal attacks, , , and "Shit for Brains".

 * ''Passed 8 to 0 at 21:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Promise to restrain self
2) Since making the above attacks, Irate has stated that he will "undertake to act in a more restrained manner in future."

 * ''Passed 6 to 0 with one abstention at 21:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Failure to restrain self
3) Despite undertaking to act in a more restrained manner in future, Irate has failed to do so.

 * ''Passed 6 to 0 at 21:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

Ban
2) Irate's pattern of personal attacks and assumptions of widespread bad faith and his return to such are unlikely to change in the near future. As such, he is banned from editing for three months. Any personal attack parole starts at the end of the ban.

 * Passed 6 to 0 with one abstention at 21:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Personal attack parole
1.1) If, after the closure of this case, Irate continues to engage in personal attacks, the Arbitration Committee may, upon notification of this fact, choose to subject Irate to a personal attack parole of a duration of one year wherein Irate will be temporarily banned for a short period of up to one week if he makes any edits that an administrator judges to be personal attacks.

 * Passed 7 to 1 at 21:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Personal attack parole
1.1.1) Irate is placed on personal attack parole for one year.

 * Support:
 * Passed 6 to 0 at 19:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:White smoke

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- Arwel 21:49, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:White smoke


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Reality TV's Most Memorible Contestants

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 14:08, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reality TV's Most Memorible Contestants
Wikipedia is not a list of websites with misspelled names. CDC  (talk)  21:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Assuming they mean memorable, it's POV. Average Earthman 22:41, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Totally worthless José San Martin 23:06, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV and amateurish website has no potential to become encyclopedic. Fancruft from the least fanworthy segment of US commercial television at the least fanworthy time in the medium's history.  Wikislap contributor for bad taste and bad editing; well, don't byte the newbies, per policy.  Barno 01:20, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to Colleen Haskell, and I only say as much because of the website to which it refers, which seems to have some notability. --Fuzzball! (talk) 02:19, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV, collection of external links, trivial. Megan1967 02:47, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for all the reasons above -- mostly because the website itself isn't even spelled correctly. Asriel86 05:49, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as POV. Looks US centric as well. Mgm|(talk) 07:53, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * VfD's Most Memorible (sic) Deletions. Radiant_* 12:31, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.