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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adscam blog disclosure

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:41, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Adscam blog disclosure
The Abscam blog disclosure was an issue for only a week or so. It's now mostly moot and discussed in the sponsorship scandal article. The paragraph on the ethics of publication bans should go into an article on Canadian publication bans in general. Mwalcoff 18:09, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Sponsorship scandal. --cesarb 20:08, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per above or keep & expand is fine by me. The Cuban Missile Crissis was an issue for only a week or so, too. =) --Asriel86 23:36, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Sponsorship scandal. --Carnildo 23:53, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to sponsorship scandal. Would be good if we had an article on Captain's Quarters, the blog that broke the story though. Capitalistroadster 10:28, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with merge. Before someone creates the article, is Captain's Quarters notable for anything besides its role in this incident? --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 00:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. John FitzGerald 16:37, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. --Spinboy 17:23, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge; ideally no redirect. Samaritan 19:38, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn blogcruft. ComCat 06:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn blogcruft. scottjduffy 02:20, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, reasons as above. Radagast 15:27, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge; this incident is merely a minor footnote to the sponsorship scandal. David Arthur 01:27, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge Certainly do not delete. This is a notable scandal History21
 * Merge with Sponsorship scandal. While notable within the confines of this scandal, certainly not noteworthy on its own. Ntm 22:21, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge; I concur with the above. Iotha 04:27, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:24.105.184.246

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.105.184.246


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Lawrence Korb

Lawrence J. Korb (born July 9, 1939, in New York City) is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and a senior adviser to the Center for Defense Information. He was formerly director of national security studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York.

Education and Naval service
Korb attended the Athenaeum of Ohio, where he earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1961. Going on to St. John's University, he obtained his master's degree in 1962, before joining the U.S. Navy in 1962. Korb served on active duty for four years as a naval flight officer and was a crew member on a P-3 Orion surveillance plane in Vietnam. He later transferred to the Naval Reserve, and retired with the rank of Captain. On completing his active duty, Korb returned to graduate school, where he received his Ph.D. at the State University of New York Albany in 1969. Korb served as Associate Professor of Government at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy from 1971 to 1975 and later Professor of Management at the Naval War College in 1975–1980.

Government career
Korb served as adviser to the Reagan–Bush election committee in 1980 and was then appointed Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, Installations and Logistics) from 1981 to 1985. In that position, he administered about 70 percent of the defense budget. For his service he was awarded the Department of Defense's medal for Distinguished Public Service.

Career in academic administration, on boards, and in advisory work
In 1987, Korb was elected as a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. Korb was a Senior Fellow and Director of National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. From July 1998 to October 2002, he was Council Vice President, Director of Studies, and holder of the Maurice Greenberg Chair. Prior to joining the Council, Korb served as Director of the Center for Public Policy Education and Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, dean of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, and Vice President of Corporate Operations at the Raytheon Company.

In 2005 Korb, Robert O. Boorstin, and the National Security Staff of the Center for American Progress published a position paper called "Integrated Power: A National Security Strategy for the 21st Century." In it they criticized President George W. Bush for invading Iraq and for devoting inadequate resources to the fight against Islamic fundamentalism. The authors also detailed plans to increase the manpower of the United States Army, to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, to spread liberal democratic values throughout the Middle East, and to reduce American dependence on foreign oil.

Korb is also a member of the Honorary Board of the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, an organization dedicated to ending discrimination against gay and lesbian people serving in the U.S. military, and to repealing the Don't ask, don't tell policy. Korb also served on the military adviser committee for Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities, whose aim was to redirect 15 percent of the military's budget to social programs like education, healthcare, job training, humanitarian relief, renewable energies, and reducing the deficit. In 2008 Korb worked as an advisor to the Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign.

Published works
Korb's 20 books on national security issues include
 * The Joint Chiefs of Staff: The First Twenty-five Years (1976)
 * The System for Educating Military Officers in the U.S. (1976)
 * The Fall and Rise of the Pentagon (1979)
 * American National Security: Policy and Process (1989)
 * Future Visions for U.S. Defense Policy
 * Reshaping America's Military
 * A New National Security Strategy in an Age of Terrorists, Tyrants, and Weapons of Mass Destruction.

Lawrence Korb's more than 100 articles have appeared in such journals as Foreign Affairs, Public Administration Review, the New York Times Sunday Magazine, Naval Institute Proceedings, and International Security.

His more than 100 op-ed pieces have appeared in such major newspapers as the Washington Post, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Times, Los Angeles Times, Boston Globe, Baltimore Sun, Philadelphia Inquirer, and Christian Science Monitor.

Television commentator
Over the past decade, Korb has made over a thousand appearances as a commentator on such shows as Countdown with Keith Olbermann, The Today Show, The Early Show, Good Morning America, Face the Nation, This Week With David Brinkley, the MacNeil–Lehrer News Hour, News Hour with Jim Lehrer, Nightline, 60 Minutes, Frontline, Larry King Live, the O'Reilly Factor, Crossfire and Al-Jazeera's News Hour.

title: Lawrence Korb


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Letter (paper size)

Letter (officially ANSI A) is a paper size standard defined in ANSI/ASME Y14.1 by the American National Standards Institute, commonly used as home or office stationery primarily in the United States, Canada, and the Philippines, and variably across Latin America. It measures 8.5 by and is similar in use to the A4 paper standard at 210 x used by most other countries, defined in ISO 216 by the International Organization for Standardization.

Details
The Reagan administration made Letter-size paper the norm for US federal forms in the early 1980s; previously, the smaller "official" Government Letter size, 8 by (aspect ratio: 1.3125), was used in government, while 8.5 by paper was standard in most other offices. The aspect ratio is $22⁄17$ ≈ 1.294 and the diagonal is √8.52 + 112 ≈ 13.901 in in length.

In the US, paper density is usually measured in "pound per reams" (of 500 sheets). Typical Letter paper has a basis weight of paper of 20 or – the weight of 500 sheets (a ream) of 17 by 22 in paper at 70 F and at 50% humidity. One ream of 20-pound Letter-sized paper weighs 5 lb, and a single Letter-sized sheet of 20-pound paper weighs 0.16 oz, which is equivalent to 75.19 g/m2. Some metric information is typically included on American ream packaging. For example, 20-pound paper is also labeled as 75 g/m2. The most common density of A4 paper is 80 g/m2.

The related paper size known as Invoice (colloquially Half Letter) is exactly one half of the US Letter size: 8.5 by.

History
The precise origins of the dimensions of US letter-size paper (8.5 × 11 in) are not known. The American Forest & Paper Association says that the standard US dimensions have their origin in the days of manual papermaking, the 11-inch length of the standard paper being about a quarter of "the average maximum stretch of an experienced vatman's arms". The letter size falls within the range of the historical quarto size, which since pre-modern times refers to page sizes of 8 to 9 in wide and 10 to 11 in high, and it is indeed almost exactly one quarter of the old Imperial (British) paper size known as demy quarto – 17+1/2 by – allowing a 1/2 in for trimming.

title: Letter (paper size)


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USS Needlefish

USS Needlefish has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Needlefish (SS-379), a submarine cancelled in July 1944 before she was laid down
 * USS Needlefish (SS-493), a submarine cancelled in August 1945 before she was laid down
 * A fictitious USS Needlefish is mentioned in Edward L. Beach's novel Run Silent, Run Deep.

title: USS Needlefish


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Tygodnik Powszechny

Tygodnik Powszechny (, The Common Weekly) is a Polish Roman Catholic weekly magazine, published in Kraków, which focuses on social, cultural and political issues. It was established in 1945 under the auspices of Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha. Jerzy Turowicz was its editor-in-chief until his death in 1999. He was succeeded by Adam Boniecki, a priest.

Tygodnik Powszechny often covers politics, religion, culture, society, Polish-Jewish relations and international affairs. Its foreign department publishes stories by correspondents all over the world, including Europe, the United States, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Writer and reporter Wojciech Jagielski has been a member of the international department since 2017.

History
Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha helped found the weekly magazine Tygodnik Powszechny, whose first edition was published on 24 March 1945, during the closing months of World War II. Initially, its editorial staff had four people: Jan Piwowarczyk, a priest; Jerzy Turowicz, editor-in-chief for many years; Konstanty Turowski and Maria Czapska. Later, they were joined by Zofia Starowieyska–Morstinowa, Stefan Kisielewski, Leopold Tyrmand, Antoni Gołubiew, Paweł Jasienica (until he was arrested by the communists in 1948), Stanisław Stomma, Hanna Malewska and Józefa Golmont–Hennelowa.

In 1953, the weekly was suspended and lost its printing house after it had refused to print the obituary of Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. From 1953 to 1956, it was published by new editors, representing the pro-government PAX Association and was informally known as Tygodnik Paxowski. The same format was used and numbering was continuous during that period although none of the previous editors still worked for the paper.

After the 1956 Polish October, the "Thaw" allowed the original editors were able to resume control of the magazine in December. Columnists have included prominent clerics, such as Karol Wojtyła (later Pope John Paul II), academics and poets, journalists and other writers, including Władysław Bartoszewski, Jerzy Zawieyski, Jacek Woźniakowski, Stefan Wilkanowicz, Adam Szostkiewicz, Leszek Kołakowski, Stanisław Lem, Zbigniew Herbert, Wojciech Karpiński, Tadeusz Kudliński and Czesław Zgorzelski.

Czesław Miłosz published his poems in Tygodnik Powszechny for many years. In 1945, he prepared a handwritten volume of poems, Wiersze pół-perskie, for Jerzy Turowicz, the editor. Forced into exile to the United States, Miłosz continued to publish in the magazine. After he received the Nobel Prize, it was the only magazine in which Miłosz published his poems.

In the late 1950s, the newspaper became affiliated with the officially recognized political party Znak, which was newly organized in the wake of the "Thaw". When Znak helped establish the Solidarity movement, Father Józef Tischner, one of the writers of the Krakov edition, became its chaplain.

After martial law was declared, the magazine suspended its publication for several months. Since 1982, Tygodnik Powszechny has been published continuously.

After Wojtyła was elected as Pope John Paul II, Tygodnik Powszechny became the most popular vehicle for his teachings in Poland. For a long time, it was the only magazine in the world to have gained an interview with the new pope, which was published 3 August 1980.

In the 1980s, the magazine informally represented the Polish democratic opposition. It was sometimes regarded as the only legal oppositional magazine in the People's Republic of Poland (PRL). In 1987, it published a controversial essay by Jan Błoński, "The Poor Poles Look at the Ghetto" ("Biedni Polacy patrzą na getto"), which explored the historic relations between Catholic and Jewish Poles, and the experiences of the Holocaust during World War II.

Since the 1990s, part of the church hierarchy has criticized Tygodnik Powszechny for what is considered to be its overly-liberal outlook. That does not reflect the parochial distribution of the magazine.

In 1998, Maria Zmarz-Koczanowicz produced the documentary Ordinary Kindness (Zwyczajna dobroć), which told the story of Turowicz.

In 1999, after the death of Turowicz, the chief editor became Father Adam Boniecki. In April 2007, the ITI Group purchased 49% of the magazine. Since 5 December 2007, Tygodnik Powszechny has been published in a smaller size. Its format and editorial staff were also changed.

In 2014, the magazine has changed its logo, layout and the format to attract younger readers.

Values
Tygodnik Powszechny has tried to reconcile the values of liberalism with the principles of faith. It has presented an open ecumenical view of Polish Catholicism, called by the editors an 'open Catholicism'. Its goal is a dialogue. Persons with non-Catholic ideas are invited to take part in printed debates. According to an analysis by Jarosław Gowin, presented in his book Kościół w czasach wolności ("Church in the Times of Freedom"), the magazine is one of the main representatives of "open" Catholicism, inspired by Catholic personalism.

Sergiusz Kowalski, who analysed the history of the journal from 1993 to 1995, wrote, "The authors of Tygodnik Powszechny appreciate moderation, openness, readiness to dialogue and compromise, looking for a modus vivendi between liberal democracy and Church, between modernity and tradition" (Kowalski 1997: 148).

Criticism
In the time of the People's Republic of Poland (PRL), Tygodnik Powszechny was known to be the magazine that allowed publishing of some criticism of the communist authorities, although within the boundaries set by state censors.

After 1989, the magazine was seen to represent one option in a dialogue within the Church that was called "open Catholicism", which received criticism from people of other circles. After 1989, Tygodnik Powszechny was believed to represent only one political party, the Democratic Union, which was later transformed into the Freedom Union. Many people involved in the magazine participated in the political changes of the era (Józefa Hennelowa, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Krzysztof Kozłowski).

The critics of the Cracow weekly magazine often quote the letter written by John Paul II on 15 May 1995, on the occasion of the magazine's 50th anniversary: "The year 1989 brought Poland deep changes connected with the downfall of the communist system. Resumption of independence paradoxically coincided with an increased assault of secular left-wing parties and liberal groups directed against the Church, the Episcopate as well as against the Pope. I felt it especially in the context of my last visit to Poland in 1991. The point was to erase from the memory of citizens what was the role of the Church in the nation within the space of the last years. Accusations and slanders about clericalism were multiplying as well as those about the alleged intention of the Church to rule Poland and about hindering political emancipation in the Polish society. Forgive me, if I say that those influences were also visible in Tygodnik Powszechny. In those difficult times, unfortunately the Church did not find in it any support and defense which in a way it could have expected: “it did not feel cherished enough” – like I once said."– Letter of 15 May 1995 from John Paul II to Jerzy Turowicz, editor-in-chief, Tygodnik Powszechny

title: Tygodnik Powszechny


text: User talk:205.211.112.2

title: User talk:205.211.112.2


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User:Dknauss

Wikipedia Contributions:

 * My contributions to Wikipedia as 'dpknauss'. (My original account--I forgot the password, associated and probably defunct email. Wikipedia admins couldn't sort it out.)
 * My contributions to Wikipedia as 'dknauss'. (My newer, current account.)

title: User:Dknauss


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Principles and parameters

Principles and parameters is a framework within generative linguistics in which the syntax of a natural language is described in accordance with general principles (i.e. abstract rules or grammars) and specific parameters (i.e. markers, switches) that for particular languages are either turned on or off. For example, the position of heads in phrases is determined by a parameter. Whether a language is head-initial or head-final is regarded as a parameter which is either on or off for particular languages (i.e. English is head-initial, whereas Japanese is head-final). Principles and parameters was largely formulated by the linguists Noam Chomsky and Howard Lasnik. Many linguists have worked within this framework, and for a period of time it was considered the dominant form of mainstream generative linguistics.

Principles and parameters as a grammar framework is also known as government and binding theory. That is, the two terms principles and parameters and government and binding refer to the same school in the generative tradition of phrase structure grammars (as opposed to dependency grammars). However, Chomsky considers the term misleading.

Framework
The central idea of principles and parameters is that a person's syntactic knowledge can be modelled with two formal mechanisms:

 * A finite set of fundamental principles that are common to all languages; e.g., that a sentence must always have a subject, even if it is not overtly pronounced.
 * A finite set of parameters that determine syntactic variability amongst languages; e.g., a binary parameter that determines whether or not the subject of a sentence must be overtly pronounced (this example is sometimes referred to as the pro-drop parameter).

Within this framework, the goal of linguistics is to identify all of the principles and parameters that are universal to human language (called universal grammar). As such, any attempt to explain the syntax of a particular language using a principle or parameter is cross-examined with the evidence available in other languages. This leads to continual refinement of the theoretical machinery of generative linguistics in an attempt to account for as much syntactic variation in human language as possible.

Language acquisition
The Principles and Parameters approach is a postulated solution to Plato's Problem, as defined and stipulated by Chomsky. This program seeks to explain the apparent gap between linguistic knowledge and linguistic competency. In particular, given finite and possibly incomplete input, how do children in different linguistic environments rapidly arrive at an accurate and complete grammar that seems to exhibit universal and non-obvious similarities?

According to this framework, principles and parameters are part of a genetically innate universal grammar (UG) which all humans possess, barring any genetic disorders. As such, principles and parameters do not need to be learned by exposure to language. Rather, exposure to language merely triggers the parameters to adopt the correct setting. The problem is simplified considerably if children are innately equipped with mental apparatus that reduces and in a sense directs the search space amongst possible grammars. The P&P approach is an attempt to provide a precise and testable characterization of this innate endowment which consists of universal "Principles" and language-specific, binary "Parameters" that can be set in various ways. The interaction of the principles and the parameter settings produces all known languages while excluding non-natural languages.

Criticisms
Criticism of the P&P approach has come from a number of quarters, but with varying impact. These can be subdivided into three main groups.

 * Theory internal critique
 * The lack of consensus on a set of parameters
 * Inter-paradigm critiques not specific to P&P

Perhaps the most influential criticisms of P&P have been theory internal. As in any other developing field of enquiry, research published within the P&P paradigm often suggests reformulations and variations of the basic P&P premises. Notable debates emerged within P&P including (a) derivationalism vs representationalism (b) the locus of morphology (e.g. lexicalism vs derived morphology) and (c) the tension between a production model and a competence model amongst others. The development of head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) and lexical functional grammar (LFG) reflect these debates: these are both strongly lexicalist and representational systems. Nevertheless, perhaps the most coherent and substantial critique of P&P is the Minimalist Program, Noam Chomsky's most recent proposal. This program of research utilizes conceptions of economy to enhance the search for universal principles and parameters. Linguists in this program assume that humans use as economic a system as possible in their innate syntactic knowledge. The Minimalist Program takes issue with the large number of independent postulations in P&P and either (a) reduces them to more fundamental principles (e.g. Merge, Move, Agree), (b) derives them from 'reasonable' interface constraints on derivations (e.g. bottom-up Merge and requirement that no derivation be counter-cyclic derives Relativized Minimality effects) or (c) programmatically suggests that they be either derived from more basic principles or eliminated subject to future research (e.g. Binding Principles). Note that there is debate about whether the Minimalist Program is motivated by the empirical shortcomings of P&P or whether it is motivated by ideological concerns with 'elegance' etc. (see main article on the Minimalist Program).

Aside from this major move within the discipline, it seems that consensus has not been achieved over a list of universal parameters. Certainly, there is no publicly available list of these parameters and textbooks tend to cite the same ones: the interrelated verb-movement parameters (V-v, V-T, T-C), noun-movement parameters (N-D), subject-related parameters (pro-drop and EPP) and headedness parameters. This is not to say that the theory has not been fruitful (e.g. Holmberg and Platzak’s comprehensive analysis of parametric variation in Scandinavian languages), or that the theory is not descriptively adequate, but rather that the accomplishments of this line of thinking have been less than anticipated in terms of explanatory adequacy. Particularly, a systematic, predictive system of parameters, their properties and interactions, along the lines of the periodic table in chemistry, has yet to be developed. Generally, theorists have moved to regarding parameters as varying feature specifications on lexical items within languages and derivations rather than parameters which are globally defined.

For example, while formal linguistics takes the sentence to be the canonical unit of analysis, conversation analysis (CA) takes the turn at talk as canonical. Speakers in conversation often do not use complete sentences or even complete words to converse. Rather, discourse is composed of sequences of turns which are composed of Turn construction unit (e.g. a word, phrase, clause, sentence). In CA, the form and meaning of an utterance is a product of situated activity- which is to say meaning is highly contextual (within a social, interactive context) and contingent upon how participants respond to each other regardless of grammatical completeness of an utterance.

Similarly, other discourse and corpus linguistic analyses have found recursion and other forms of grammatical complexity to be rather rare in spoken discourse (especially in preliterate societies) but common in written discourse suggesting that much of grammatical complexity may in fact be a product of literacy training.

Other critics point out that there is little if anything that can unequivocally be called universal across the world's languages. Discourse analyses have focused on the dynamic, dialogic, and social nature of language use in social situations. These critics argue that P&P and discourse analysis differ in the same way that chemistry and cookery differ: one is the study of fundamental interactions at a micro-scale in a deterministic model that attempts to be scientific in the broad sense, the other is a more macro-scale, non-deterministic, non-scientific model focussing on use of chemicals in everyday situations in the real world. What these critiques have in common is the claim that the analysis of I-language does not carry over to E-language. From a Chomskyan perspective, this is a truism because the two objects of study are fundamentally different.

There is a tendency for inter-paradigm critiques to focus on a number of assumptions that are commonly associated with P&P, but which actually are common to Chomskyan generative linguistics as a whole. These include innateness, modularity, the poverty of the stimulus, language universals, binarity, etc. See for example, Connectionist, Functionalist and Cognitivist critiques. As another example, the linguist Larry Trask argues that the ergative case system of the Basque language is not a simple binary parameter, and that different languages can have different levels of ergativity. Also, some have argued using evidence from historical linguistics that grammar is an emergent property of language use. Language evolution theorist, Terrence Deacon notes that it is problematic to consider language structure as innate - that is, as having been subject to the forces of natural selection, because languages change much too quickly for natural selection to act upon them. There are many more critiques. There is debate about the validity of these arguments, but since these are not specific to P&P they will not be dealt with here.

Examples
Examples of theorized principles are:
 * Structure preservation principle
 * Trace erasure principle
 * Projection principle
 * Subjacency principle
 * Empty category principle

Examples of theorized parameters are:
 * Ergative case parameter
 * Head directionality parameter
 * Nominal mapping parameter
 * Null subject parameter
 * Polysynthesis parameter
 * Pro-drop parameter
 * Serial verb parameter
 * Subject placement parameter
 * Subject side parameter
 * Topic prominent parameter
 * Verb attraction parameter

title: Principles and parameters


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User:Juventus5

Juventus5, My real name is Michael Petrunas. I go to Notre Dame High School and I am in grade 9. Juventus is my favorite soccer team. Oh ya i was adopted from Romania. I have a lot of friends too.

title: User:Juventus5


text: Template:Honor-stub

title: Template:Honor-stub


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Talk:List of funiculars in the United Kingdom

The article is basically two lists, as there is nothing particularly different about funiculars in the UK that are generic to the country (rather than specific to each individual railway) that requires a different article from the main one at Funicular, except the single sentence about the term cliff railway. This will also match the already existing List of funiculars in Switzerland. Thryduulf 18:20, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support violet/riga (t) 18:31, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 18:59, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Knoop

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. – ABCD 02:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Knoop
Non-notable student vanity. P Ingerson 18:20, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Knoopcruft. Sorry to be losing a fan, but if he really "loves Wikipedia.com", then he'll understand that this is an encyclopedia, restricted to notable folks. If Mr. Knoop wants the info in this article to be available herein, he's welcome create an account and put it on his userpage. -- 8^D gab 18:52, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo.. sorry Knoop. Megan1967 19:57, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this is not an encyclopedia article. If the user decides to register: userfy it. Mgm|(talk) 23:02, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, another MacGyver home-run. --Asriel86 23:32, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, do I need to say any more? Oliver Keenan 10:48, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sorry. Friend-created vanity page. Take it down. Dan Knoop 04:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I speedy-deleted this. Aris Katsaris 20:07, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Knoop


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Rochester and Lake Ontario Railroad

The Rochester and Lake Ontario Railroad was incorporated May 17, 1852; it was merged September 30, 1855, into the New York Central Railroad.

title: Rochester and Lake Ontario Railroad


text:
Laxmikant Berde

Laxmikant Berde (26 October 1954 – 16 December 2004) was an Indian Marathi language film actor who appeared in Marathi and Hindi movies. Known for his highly energetic slapstick performances, Berde started his career as an employee in the production company Mumbai Marathi Sahitya Sangh and then played supporting roles in a few Marathi stage plays. In 1983–84, he first became famous with the Marathi play Tur Tur.

Apart from Marathi movies, his comedy stage plays like Shantecha Karta Chalu Aahe and Bighadale Swargache Dwaar were also successful. Berde acted in around 185 Bollywood and Marathi films and received four Nominations for Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role.

Early life
Berde was born on 26 October 1954 in Bombay (Mumbai). He had five older siblings and would sell lottery tickets as a child to append to the family income. His participation in stage dramas during the cultural activities for Ganesh festival celebrations performed at Girgaon got him interested in acting. He won awards for participation in inter-school and inter-college drama competitions. Following this, Berde started working at the Mumbai Marathi Sahitya Sangh.

Career
While working as an employee in the Marathi Sahitya Sangh, Berde started acting in small roles in Marathi stage plays. In 1983–84, he acquired his first major role in Purshottam Berde's Marathi stage play Tur Tur which became a hit and Berde's style of comedy was appreciated.

Berde made his movie debut with the 1984 Marathi movie Lek Chalali Sasarla. Subsequently, he and actor Mahesh Kothare starred together in the films Dhoom Dhadaka (1984) and De Danadan (1987). Both these movies became famous and helped Berde establish his trademark comedy style.

In most movies, he starred either alongside Kothare or with actor Ashok Saraf. The Berde-Saraf pair is recognized to be a successful lead-actor pairing in Indian cinema. Berde, along with Ashok Saraf, Sachin Pilgaonkar and Mahesh Kothare formed a successful quartet in Marathi films after acting together in the 1989 Marathi film Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi. That decade will be best remembered by the Marathi film industry as the "Ashok-Lakshya" era. Both actors remained best friends until Berde died. In most movies, Berde was paired with actress and his future wife Priya Arun.

Berde's first Hindi film was Sooraj Barjatya's Maine Pyar Kiya starring Salman Khan in 1989. Some of his other popular Hindi films include Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!, Mere Sapno Ki Rani, Aarzoo, Saajan, Beta, 100 Days and Anari. Berde also kept working as the lead actor in hit Marathi stage plays like Shantecha Karta Chalu Aahe and others.

In 1992, Berde tried to break away from his comedy mould and acted in a serious role in the film Ek Hota Vidushak. However, the film was not a commercial success and Berde reverted to his trademark comedy, albeit disappointed with the film's failure.

From 1985 to 2000, Berde acted in many other Marathi blockbusters such as Amhi Doghe Raja Rani, Hamaal De Dhamaal, Balache Baap Brahmachari, Eka Peksha Ek, Bhutacha Bhau, Thartharat, Dhadakebaaz and Zapatlela.

Berde acted in the Marathi TV serials Nasti Aafat and "Gajra". Pachadlela (2004) was his last movie.

Death
Berde died in Mumbai on 16 December 2004 due to a kidney ailment. Many notable personalities from the Marathi film industry like Mahesh Kothare, Ashok Saraf and Sachin Pilgaonkar attended his funeral.

In the last years of his life, Berde ran his own production house Abhinay Arts, named after his son Abhinay Berde. Berde was a proficient ventriloquist and guitarist.

title: Laxmikant Berde


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sugarpic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sugarpic
Looks like neologism. After reading it, you would think you would find some good references for it on Google, but there currently isn't one. Zzyzx11 | Talk 18:24, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, not notable, neologism. Megan1967 19:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed. — Asbestos | Talk  22:05, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We've just gotta make a name for every last bloody thing we do, don't we? SugarDelete. --Asriel86 23:33, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Usually people aim to get their protologisms into the dictionary and miss, hitting the encyclopaedia instead. For a change, this one hit both, and is up for deletion in both.  There can be no encyclopaedia article about sugarpics simply because there's no such word. Delete. Uncle G 12:40, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Clone (botany)

This article is misnamed and redundant with vegetative reproduction - Marshman 18:25, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clone (botany)


text: File:NirvanaBlewEP.jpg

title: File:NirvanaBlewEP.jpg


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Talk:Arular

older entries
Why it is "Almost a month later, "Arular" was released in the UK with two extra tracks", while tracklist for US release contains 13 tracks and the tracklist for UK release contains 14 tracks? Is it a mistake or there are really 15 tracks on UK release?

Avel791 17:58, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080930220459/http://www.uptheantics.com:80/antics-tv/music_entry/mia_in_new_orleans_3_of_3 to http://www.uptheantics.com/antics-tv/music_entry/mia_in_new_orleans_3_of_3/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090204051728/http://www.mtv.com:80/videos/mia/72817/bucky-done-gun.jhtml to http://www.mtv.com/videos/mia/72817/bucky-done-gun.jhtml

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Substituted at 08:22, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061009032811/http://www.eye.net:80/eye/issue/issue_01.27.05/beat/mia.html to http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_01.27.05/beat/mia.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071217084738/http://www.stylusmagazine.com:80/reviews/mia/arular.htm to http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/mia/arular.htm

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title: Talk:Arular


text:
Talk:Mofo

Creation
an anon created this page as a redirect to Mozilla Foundation - However, since I knew of the interesting history with law firm I thought it would be better to preserve that notable trivia make it a disambugation page instead. Trödel| talk nbjbvb,

title: Talk:Mofo


text:
Richard McCulloch

Richard McCulloch (born 1949) is an American author who has written several books advocating white nationalism.

Theories
McCulloch promoted the phrase "declaration of racial independence" in his 1994 book The Racial Compact. In this book he claimed that every race had a requirement for "its own exclusive racial territory or homeland, its own independent and sovereign government". McCulloch has given his views in the white supremacist magazine American Renaissance. In a 1995 article on "Separation for Preservation", he alleged that there was evidence "that a multiracial society is detrimental to the interests of European-Americans", going on to say that "Separation ... is necessary for [White] racial preservation". He is the author of "The Racial Compact", a website that advocates the maintenance of "racial purity".

In his 2005 book on the Melungeons, Walking Toward The Sunset: The Melungeons Of Appalachia, Wayne Winkler notes that McCullogh "espouses views that seem dated to many Americans today, but were widely held in the not-to-distant past ... since then, the idea of 'racial purity' has been largely - but not completely - discredited". As late as 2005, McCulloch's writings were being promulgated by Föreningen för Folkens Framtid (FFF, Association for the People's Future), a Swedish neo-Nazi networks.

title: Richard McCulloch


text:
Hong Kong Note Printing

Hong Kong Note Printing Limited is a company which prints the bank notes of all the three note-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The banknote printing plant was founded in 1984 by Thomas De La Rue in Tai Po Industrial Estate. In April 1996, the Hong Kong Government purchased the plant through the Exchange Fund, and operated it under the current name.

Shareholders
In March 1997, the government sold 15% of the company's issued share capital to the China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation (CBPMC). In October of the same year, the government sold 10% of the company's issued share capital to each of the three note-issuing banks in Hong Kong (total 30%), namely The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, the Standard Chartered Bank (now Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong)), and the Hong Kong Branch of the Bank of China (now Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited).

title: Hong Kong Note Printing


text:
Diplo

Thomas Wesley Pentz (born November 10, 1978), known professionally as Diplo, is an American DJ and music producer. He is a co-creator and lead member of the electronic dancehall music project Major Lazer; a member of the supergroup LSD, with Sia and Labrinth; a member of electronic duo Jack Ü, with producer and DJ Skrillex; and a member of Silk City, with Mark Ronson. He founded the record company Mad Decent in 2006, as well as the non-profit organization Heaps Decent the following year. His 2013 extended play (EP), Revolution, debuted at number 68 on the US Billboard 200. The EP's title track was later featured in a commercial for Hyundai and is featured on the WWE 2K16 soundtrack.

Diplo worked with and dated British musician M.I.A.; Diplo produced her 2008 breakout single "Paper Planes," which gave him initial mainstream exposure. In 2011, he and fellow producer Switch formed the electronic musical group Major Lazer and its namesake cartoon series for FXX, which ran for one season. The group released five studio albums which explored EDM and dancehall music. Since then, Diplo has produced for and collaborated with a number of mainstream musical acts, including Gwen Stefani, Die Antwoord, Britney Spears, Madonna, Shakira, Beyoncé, Ellie Goulding, No Doubt, Justin Bieber, Usher, Snoop Dogg, Trippie Redd, Chris Brown, CL, G-Dragon, Bad Bunny, Kali Uchis, Joji, MØ and Poppy. His alias, short for Diplodocus, derives from his childhood fascination with dinosaurs.

Early life
Diplo was born on November 10, 1978, in Tupelo, Mississippi, the son of Barbara Jean (née Cox) and Thomas Pentz. He is of German and English descent. Diplo graduated from Hendersonville High School in Hendersonville, Tennessee.

The influence of home-grown rap played a key role in helping shape Diplo's production style. Although he was born in Mississippi, he spent the majority of his youth in Miami, where he got a taste for the characteristic Miami bass. He began attending the University of Central Florida in 1997. During his time at UCF, he became a DJ at local radio station WPRK, the radio station at Rollins College. He moved to Philadelphia to continue his studies at Temple University, where he first drew attention as a DJ. At the age of 20, Diplo moved to India, with a small bag and barely any money. He purchased a used Enfield Motorcycle and traveled between the Indian territories of Ladakh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, and Gujarat. While in India he collected records, and visited rundown establishments to listen to people playing the sitar and tabla.

After returning to the U.S. he became acquainted with fellow DJ Low Budget. The two began throwing parties under the "Hooked on Hollertronix" moniker in 2003 as a way of maintaining control of what they were able to play during DJ gigs in Philadelphia. The success of these parties allowed the two to release mixtapes, both separately and together, gathering acclaim across the country. One such mixtape, Never Scared, was named one of The New York Times' top ten albums of 2003, and the Hollertronix name became synonymous with parties featuring guests like Maluca Mala, Bun B, Spank Rock, M.I.A., among others. Hollertronix's sound has been described as "disparate genres to be smashed together for maximum attention-grabbing impact" an aesthetic inspired by the "organic, cohesive, whole" aesthetic of acts such as Bun B, Lil Jon, Drama, M.I.A., Björk, Busta Rhymes, and others.

Diplo accentuated the club aesthetic of his Hollertronix music for a more reflective sound on his solo debut, Florida, which was released on the Ninja Tune imprint, Big Dada Records. The album Florida was pressed twice, first with a CD and the second with a CD/DVD Set. The DVD was put together by artist and filmmaker System D-128, who has also collaborated with Diplo on audio and film projects. Before Florida's DVD accompaniment, another DVD surfaced called Diplo: "Banned in Libya" which was released by Money Studies, the first label to release a solo project by Diplo under his original DJ name Diplodocus. It was a 45 rpm record called "Thingamajawn" for which there is also a music video System D-128 directed. Similar to the Florida DVD, "Banned in Libya" is an experimental audio and video mix of some of Diplo's original music blended with a number of other unidentified sources. His particular affinity for one genre of music called baile funk, or favela funk, would spawn a series of mixtapes (Favela on Blast, Favela Strikes Back), which served to bring the Brazilian dance music of the ghettos to the United States.

It was not long before his Hooked on Hollertronix parties would provide him the success necessary to move to the next logical step and build a studio where music would become his full-time focus. With this goal in mind, Diplo built "The Mausoleum", a video studio, recording studio, record label office, gallery, and event space in Philadelphia. Since its inception, artists such as Christina Aguilera, Shakira, M.I.A., Santigold, Spank Rock, Plastic Little, Blaqstarr, and Paper Route Gangstaz have recorded at The Mausoleum. It has also hosted concerts by Glass Candy, Skream, Boys Noize, Nicos Gun, and more.

M.I.A.
After hearing one of his songs in 2004, M.I.A. approached Diplo when he was DJing one night at the Fabric Club in London. Coincidentally, Diplo was playing her songs "Galang" and "Fire Fire" as she entered the club, which he got from a worker at i-D magazine. Diplo added, "She came through and she wanted to meet me 'cause she'd heard my single and the funk mix from one of her A&Rs and she just thought I was right up her alley. Besides me being a white dude from Florida and her being a Sri Lankan girl in England, everything else was the same: [We were both] film graduates, [listened to] all the same music when we were kids, we're going in the same direction right now in music, it was amazing... I always wanted to make a beat with her, but all my beats were really shitty at the time."

The two eventually collaborated on a mixtape, Piracy Funds Terrorism Vol. 1, where Arular track acapellas were mashed with other artists' songs. It was listed among 'Albums of the Year' by The New York Times and Pitchfork Media. The two continued to work together after the release. He was the tour DJ on her 2005 Arular Tour.

Diplo continued to work with M.I.A. and, through her, met London DJ Switch. Together, they created the Grammy-nominated track "Paper Planes", peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2015, during an interview with Rolling Stone, M.I.A said that Diplo resented her rise to fame in 2005, that he tried to hold her back, and fought with her about becoming successful.

Mad Decent
From this, Diplo went from being an unknown DJ to taking off as a producer, landing him collaborations with artists like Shakira, Robyn, Kid Cudi, Bruno Mars, No Doubt and Snoop Dogg, as well as work with Maluca, Kid Sister, Die Antwoord, Alex Clare, Rolo Tomassi, Amanda Blank and Dark Meat. After taking a trip to Brazil to investigate the favela music scene, and fascinated with the energy the scene had to offer, Diplo decided to import a dance-funk group Bonde do Rolê from Brazil for release on his Mad Decent record label, also housed within 'The Mausoleum'. This group would serve to define funk carioca in the United States, spawning a host of others to join the movement. Diplo also spent some time documenting the music, and the favelas of Brazil.

Although favela funk remained an interest (the Favela on Blast documentary saw release in 2009), his Mad Decent imprint would serve as a blank palette for Diplo to showcase the myriad different sounds he had come across while touring around the world. September 2009 even saw Diplo travel to China to play with Steve Aoki at a show organized by promoters Split Works. Diplo quickly developed a reputation for his extensive touring. In the April 2010 issue of Rolling Stone, Diplo was touted as one of '40 Reasons to be Excited About Music'. This kind of jet setting pushed his label far beyond the favela funk genre with which it initially began. Since its foundation in 2005 Diplo's Mad Decent label has released music by Santigold, Baauer, Lil' Jon, Gucci Mane, Peter Bjorn and John, Rusko, Bosco Delrey, Buraka Som Sistema, Savage Skulls, Dana Sibuea, Oliver Twizt, Jamie Fanatic, Douster, Boy 8-Bit, and Popo.

As Mad Decent continues to grow and release tracks by big-name artists, Diplo's solo career continues to grow as well. He has produced for artists such as Beyoncé, Justin Bieber, Lil Wayne, Britney Spears, Wale, Chris Brown, Ariana Grande, 2 Chainz, Travis Porter, Usher, Azealia Banks, Iggy Azalea, and AlunaGeorge. On October 16, 2015, Diplo released "Be Right There" along with fellow producer Sleepy Tom. The single charted in multiple countries and has over 100 million streams on Spotify.

On April 23, 2016, Beyoncé released her critically acclaimed album, Lemonade. Diplo produced two tracks on the album, "All Night", and one of the three singles, "Hold Up". The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and was certified platinum on June 8, 2016. Along with producing tracks on Beyoncé's Lemonade, Diplo collaborated with Canadian DJ duo Zeds Dead on the release "Blame", which featured Swedish singer Elliphant. The track was officially released on July 14, 2016, via Zeds Dead's SoundCloud.

Major Lazer
Diplo's first collaborative full-length record was with Switch, this time under the guise of Major Lazer. Diplo incorporates such disparate influences as Miami Bass and Baile Funk into the high-tech eclecticism of his productions. After landing a deal with Downtown Records before even recording a note of music, Diplo and Switch set out for Jamaica to record a project that, like most of Diplo's projects before it, would highlight the little-known subgenres, this time of Jamaica's dancehall scene.

The two received support by many already established Jamaican artists such as Vybz Kartel, Elephant Man and Ms. Thing, and the resulting record Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do also featured vocals from Santigold, Amanda Blank, Nina Sky, Ricky Blaze and more. When discussing the Major Lazer project, Diplo described the dancehall sound as being " the end of the world, all the little influences—house, soca, oldies, R&B, jazz—it all ends up in Jamaica." The track "Pon De Floor" from Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do was sampled for Beyoncé's single "Run the World (Girls)".

Major Lazer's first album was followed up with an EP, Lazers Never Die, which was released in 2010. Switch left Major Lazer in 2011, and was replaced by DJs Jillionaire and Walshy Fire. A second album, Free the Universe, was scheduled to be released in November 2012 but was delayed to February 2013, and then to April 15. It features artists such as Ezra Koenig, Bruno Mars, Ward 21, Wyclef, The Partysquad, Shaggy, Tyga, Flux Pavilion and Wynter Gordon. On February 8, 2015, during the Grammy Award ceremony, Diplo revealed details of the third Major Lazer album. He confirmed that the album would incorporate artists such as Ariana Grande, Ellie Goulding and Pusha T. It is called Peace Is the Mission. The first single, "Lean On", is a collaboration with French producer DJ Snake and features vocals from Danish recording artist MØ. The second single, "Powerful", featuring Ellie Goulding and Tarrus Riley, was released simultaneously with the album on June 1, 2015.

On November 11, 2015, "Lean On" became Spotify's Most Streamed Song of All Time with over 800 million streams to date. Along with the streaming title, the official video for "Lean On" became one of the most viewed videos on YouTube. It currently has more than 2 billion views. Along with the streaming and viewing milestones, "Lean On" would also go on to achieve double platinum status.

On July 22, 2016, the group released the single "Cold Water", a collaboration with Canadian artist Justin Bieber and Danish singer MØ. The track has already reached over 200 million streams on Spotify, and achieved international commercial success, reaching number one in multiple countries. On November 29, 2016, Major Lazer and Bad Royale released "My Number", a track that samples "54-46 That's My Number" which Pitchfork describes as, "a genre-defining classic from legendary ska/reggae group Toots and the Maytals." This release contained newly recorded vocals from frontman Toots Hibbert specifically designed for Major Lazer, which changed the original lyrics to incorporate the group into the song while keeping the original melody. Their fifth studio album, Music Is the Weapon, features collaborations with Alessia Cara, French Montana, Anitta, Khalid, Skip Marley, Marcus Mumford, J Balvin, El Alfa, Mr Eazi and Nicki Minaj.

Jack Ü
Jack Ü is an American duo made up of Skrillex and Diplo. Jack Ü's debut performance took place at the Mad Decent Block Party in San Diego on September 15, 2013, which is a nationwide tour that record label Mad Decent puts together in order to showcase different artists signed to the label. Diplo announced the project by releasing the Mad Decent Block Party lineup with Jack Ü playing at multiple stops on the tour. After some guessing by many of who Jack Ü was, Diplo finally came out to reveal that "Jack Ü ... means Skrillex and Diplo together". After their New York debut at Electric Zoo was canceled in late August, the duo would soon return to the city for something bigger. On December 31, 2014, Jack Ü sold out Madison Square Garden for one of their biggest performances to date. The duo had support from Rudimental, Yellow Claw and A$AP Ferg.

On February 27, 2015, they released Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü, a co-release between their respective labels Owsla and Mad Decent. It featured tracks with 2 Chainz, Kiesza, Justin Bieber, AlunaGeorge and Missy Elliott. The first single "Take Ü There" featuring Kiesza was the lead single on the duo's debut album. The single was released as the lead on October 4, 2014. It reached number sixteen on the UK Dance Chart. The official second single, "Where Are Ü Now", was released simultaneously with the album. The song which took both artists in a different direction, featured a collaboration with Canadian pop star Justin Bieber.

Peaking at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, "Where Are Ü Now" became the duo's largest hit on both charts thus far. The song would also go on to peak at number three in Australia, which was the highest charting for the single worldwide. The song had huge success in Europe as well, reaching the top-ten in Sweden and Finland, and the top-twenty in Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark and Slovakia. The final place it had charting success was Bieber's home country, Canada, where it would end up peaking at number 6. On March 29, 2015, Jack Ü closed the main stage at Ultra Music Festival in Miami.

In 2016, the duo won two Grammy Awards for "Grammy Award for Best Dance Album" for "Skrillex and Diplo present Jack Ü" and "Grammy Award for Best Dance" for "Where Are Ü Now?" with Justin Bieber. The latter was also Bieber's first Grammy. They played two sold-out shows including Coachella Valley Music Festival in Indio, California and Lollapalooza in São Paulo, Brazil.

LSD
LSD is a pop supergroup composed of Diplo, Australian singer Sia, and British musician Labrinth. The trio have released five singles thus far, with their song "Thunderclouds" being featured in a commercial for the Samsung Galaxy Note9. Their singles "Genius" and "Audio" have seen official remixes from producers Banx & Ranx and Cid, respectively. LSD's debut album Labrinth, Sia & Diplo Present... LSD was released on April 12, 2019.

Silk City
On January 2, 2018, Diplo announced a new project with British DJ and singer Mark Ronson, entitled Silk City. The duo released their debut single "Only Can Get Better" featuring Daniel Merriweather on May 23, 2018. Their second single, "Feel About You" featuring Mapei, was released on July 20, 2018. The duo's third single, "Loud", saw Diplo reunite with previous collaborators GoldLink & Desiigner. Their 4th and most recent single features British singer/songwriter Dua Lipa, called "Electricity", which was released on September 5, 2018. The music video was released on the same day. In 2018, "Electricity" won a Grammy at the 61st Annual GRAMMY Awards for Best Dance Recording.

Additional work
Beyond Major Lazer and Mad Decent, Diplo has continued to show support for 'all the little influences', the lesser-known music scenes around the globe. Most recently his focus shifted to the Bounce scene in New Orleans, Louisiana for a television piece commissioned by Current.tv. Diplo was nominated for Non-Classical Producer of the Year at the 55th Grammy Awards and 58th Grammy Awards. Diplo had a late night show on BBC Radio 1 / 1Xtra on Saturdays 11:00 p.m.–1:00 a.m. (GMT) called 'Diplo and Friends' where he curated mixes from some of biggest names in dance music. He has now resigned from BBC Radio 1, per 2021. Diplo also has several syndicated Diplo and Friends shows in the United States in Boston, Bakersfield, Cleveland, Columbus, Las Vegas, Spokane, Albuquerque, Lafayette, Denver, and most notably on Los Angeles' 98.7 every Sunday at 9 p.m.

Beginning on October 2, 2015, Diplo, Jillionaire, Walshy Fire and Eric Hamilton debuted "Lazer Sound" on Apple Music's Beats 1. The newest radio show, curated by Diplo, and the Major Lazer crew, consists of interviews, moments on tour and brand new music. The show is on the air every other Saturday of the month. Throughout 2015 and 2016, Diplo performed with Major Lazer and Jack Ü on numerous live TV and award shows. He performed on The Tonight Show, Good Morning America, the iHeart Radio Music Festival, The NRJ Music Awards, the 2015 Latin Grammy Awards and the 2016 Grammy Awards.

In February 2016, Diplo was one of the first and very few mainstream Western artists to perform in Islamabad, Pakistan alongside Adil Omar, Talal Qureshi, SNKM and Elliphant.

In 2018 Diplo returned with Major Lazer for Islamabad's first Mad Decent Block Party alongside Adil Omar, SNKM, Talal Qureshi, Valentino Khan, Chrome Sparks, Lyari Underground and a host of other acts. In January 2017, Diplo and Autoerotique (a house group from Toronto) released a music video titled "Waist Time" which was filmed in a warehouse in London. He was nominated for two Grammy's in 2016 (The 59th Annual GRAMMY Awards) for Album of the Year (for producer of Beyoncé's album Lemonade and producer for Justin Bieber's album Purpose). He also sang a song "Phurrr" in Bollywood in Imtiaz Ali's film Jab Harry Met Sejal starring Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma.

In 2019, Diplo released the song "So Long" under the moniker Thomas Wesley, featuring American country singer Cam. In a press release, he stated that there are "several forthcoming collaborations with country artists" planned following "So Long", which came in the form of Diplo Presents Thomas Wesley, Chapter 1: Snake Oil released in 2020. The album included the song "Heartless" featuring Morgan Wallen.

Personal life
Diplo has three sons: Lockett and Lazer, with Kathryn Lockhart; and Pace, with Jevon King, a model.

He dated the rapper M.I.A. from 2003 to 2008. M.I.A. later said that their tumultuous relationship involved emotional abuse from him.

Diplo is a soccer and cricket fan and supporter of the U.S. men's national team. He created a mix for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and produced the 2018 World Cup official song "Live It Up". Diplo purchased a minority share of Phoenix Rising FC of the USL Championship on January 27, 2016.

On February 24, 2016, Diplo endorsed Bernie Sanders as the Democratic presidential nominee. Sanders' ad "It's A Revolution" is sound tracked by Diplo's 2013 track "Revolution". On June 9, 2016, Diplo was featured on the cover of the American entertainment media magazine Billboard.

On May 1, 2019, Diplo live-streamed Joe Jonas' Las Vegas wedding to Sophie Turner on Instagram, "not knowing it was a serious wedding". Soon after the couple told the tabloids that Diplo ruined their wedding, the DJ responded on social media. Five months later, Diplo and the Jonas Brothers released a song titled "Lonely". The song's official music video chronicles Diplo's attempts to make amends with Joe Jonas and his brothers.

On July 9, 2020, Diplo joined Senator Kamala Harris and other artists for the "Get Up, Stand Up!" virtual fundraiser in support of Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign.

On March 14, 2023, Diplo shared "I don't want to define that I'm gay but I think the best answer that I have is I'm not, not gay" in an interview with Emily Ratajkowski.

In August 2023, Diplo attended and played from a hot air balloon at the 35th Burning Man festival in Black Rock City, Nevada. After a rainstorm turned the festival grounds into a mud pit, Diplo escaped on foot and hitchhiked out with comedian Chris Rock

Allegations of sexual abuse
In October 2020, an anonymous woman filed suit against Diplo for rape, claiming that he gave her an STD, as well as recording sexually explicit videos of her without consent. It was alleged that in March 2019, the then 22-year-old woman was raped in a Las Vegas hotel room after privately chatting with Diplo on Twitter for approximately five years. Medical records showed that she tested positive for chlamydia, and that Diplo was her only sexual partner at the time. Diplo, in response, filed a restraining order and claimed that the anonymous woman had been harassing and stalking him for a long duration of time, and was posting nude photographs of him without permission as well.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Florida (2004)
 * Chapter 1: Snake Oil (2020) (as Thomas Wesley)
 * MMXX (2020)
 * Diplo (2022)

title: Diplo


text:
User talk:Brian0918/Free images

This is a gallery of free use images uploaded by me, in the order they were uploaded (oldest first).

title: User talk:Brian0918/Free images


text:
Category:Mafia crime families

This category includes articles on Mafia crime families, American and non-American.

title: Category:Mafia crime families


text:
NK Kamen Ingrad

NK Kamen Ingrad was a Croatian football club from Velika, a small town near Požega in the northeast of Croatia. The club was dissolved in July 2008 after serious financial problems.

History
The club was formed as NK Velika in 1929. After World War II the club was renamed to NK Papuk.

The current name was adopted in 1999, when the club's main sponsor became a local construction company called Kamen Ingrad. Since then the club advanced significantly, having been promoted to Prva HNL in 2002 and entering the UEFA Cup in 2003, losing to Schalke 1–0 on aggregate in the first round.

Kamen Ingrad got relegated in the 2006–07 season after winning only 11 points in 33 matches and ending in 12th place. Originally they won 13 points, but after playing with two ineligible players in two matches, HNS punished them by deducting two points.

Various financial difficulties, caused by the problems in the primary club sponsor Kamen Ingrad, reflected on the club's performance, and it was relegated further down to the Treća HNL in 2008. On 23 July 2008, it was announced that the club's first team will not take part in any competitions during the 2008–09 season, making the club's future after that uncertain. Eventually it became obvious that Kamen Ingrad ceased operations entirely. New club NK Papuk was formed out of the ashes of Kamen Ingrad, but legally it is a distinct and separate club, and is not entitled to claim the history of the Kamen Ingrad.

Honours

 * Croatian Second Level (1): 2000–01
 * Croatian Third Level – Division North (1): 1999–2000

Seasons

 * Key
 * League: P = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; Pts = Points won; Pos = Final position;
 * Cup / Europe: DNQ = Did not qualify; R1 = First round; R2 = Second round; QF = Quarter-final; SF = Semi-final; RU = Runner-up; W = Competition won

Summary
Source: uefa.com, Last updated on 7 September 2022 Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against. Defunct competitions indicated in italics.

Record by season
Note: Kamen Ingrad score always listed first.

Historical list of coaches

 * 🇭🇷 Tonko Vukušić (1999–00)
 * 🇭🇷 Tomislav Radić (2001)
 * 🇭🇷 Rajko Magić (2002)
 * 🇭🇷 Vjeran Simunić (2002)
 * 🇭🇷 Milan Tomljenović (2002–03)
 * 🇭🇷 Nenad Gračan (2003–04)
 * 🇭🇷 Hrvoje Braović (2004–05)
 * 🇭🇷 Ivica Matković (2005–06)
 * 🇭🇷 Ante Čačić (2006)
 * 🇭🇷 Milan Tomljenović (2006)
 * 🇭🇷 Stjepan Čordaš (2007)
 * 🇭🇷 Dalibor Bognar (2007–08)

title: NK Kamen Ingrad


text:
Comparison of top chess players throughout history

Several methods have been suggested for comparing the greatest chess players in history. There is agreement on a statistical system to rate the strengths of current players, called the Elo system, but disagreement about methods used to compare players from different generations who never competed against each other.

Elo system
The most well known statistical method was devised by Arpad Elo in 1960 and elaborated on in his 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present. He gave ratings to players corresponding to their performance over the best five-year span of their career. According to this system the highest ratings achieved were:
 * 2725: José Raúl Capablanca
 * 2720: Mikhail Botvinnik, Emanuel Lasker
 * 2700: Mikhail Tal
 * 2690: Alexander Alekhine, Paul Morphy, Vasily Smyslov

Though published in 1978, Elo's list did not include five-year averages for later players Bobby Fischer and Anatoly Karpov. It did list January 1978 ratings of 2780 for Fischer and 2725 for Karpov.

In 1970, FIDE adopted Elo's system for rating current players, so one way to compare players of different eras is to compare their Elo ratings. The best-ever Elo ratings are tabulated below. there are 133 chess players in history who broke 2700, and 14 of them exceeded 2800.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%;"

!Rank !Rating !Player !Date !Age
 * +Table of top 20 rated players of all-time, with date their best ratings were first achieved

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 01 1
 * 2882
 * style="text-align: left;" | Magnus Carlsen
 * 2014-05 May 2014
 * 23 years, 5 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 02 2
 * 2851
 * style="text-align: left;" | Garry Kasparov
 * 1999-07 July 1999
 * 36 years, 2 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 03 3
 * 2844
 * style="text-align: left;" | Fabiano Caruana
 * 2014-10 October 2014
 * 22 years, 2 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 04 4
 * 2830
 * style="text-align: left;" | Levon Aronian
 * 2014-03 March 2014
 * 31 years, 5 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 05 5
 * 2822
 * style="text-align: left;" | Wesley So
 * 2017-02 February 2017
 * 23 years, 4 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 06 6
 * 2820
 * style="text-align: left;" | Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
 * 2018-09 September 2018
 * 33 years, 4 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 07 7
 * 2819
 * style="text-align: left;" | Maxime Vachier-Lagrave
 * 2016-08 August 2016
 * 25 years, 9 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 08 8 (tie)
 * 2817
 * style="text-align: left;" | Viswanathan Anand
 * 2011-03 March 2011
 * 41 years, 3 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 08 8 (tie)
 * 2817
 * style="text-align: left;" | Vladimir Kramnik
 * | 2016-10 October 2016
 * 41 years, 3 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 10 10 (tie)
 * 2816
 * style="text-align: left;" | Veselin Topalov
 * 2015–07 July 2015
 * 40 years, 3 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 10 10 (tie)
 * 2816
 * style="text-align: left;" | Hikaru Nakamura
 * 2015-10 October 2015
 * 27 years, 10 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 10 10 (tie)
 * 2816
 * style="text-align: left;" | Ding Liren
 * 2018-11 November 2018
 * 26 years

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 13 13
 * 2810
 * style="text-align: left;" | Alexander Grischuk
 * 2014-12 December 2014
 * 31 years, 1 month

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 14 14
 * 2804
 * style="text-align: left;" | Alireza Firouzja
 * 2021-11 December 2021
 * 18 years, 5 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 15 15
 * 2798
 * style="text-align: left;" | Anish Giri
 * 2015-10 October 2015
 * 21 years, 3 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 16 16
 * 2795
 * style="text-align: left;" | Ian Nepomniachtchi
 * 2023-03 March 2023
 * 32 years, 7 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 17 17
 * 2793
 * style="text-align: left;" | Teimour Radjabov
 * 2012-11 November 2012
 * 25 years, 8 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 18 18 (tie)
 * 2788
 * style="text-align: left;" | Alexander Morozevich
 * 2008-07 July 2008
 * 30 years, 11 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 18 18 (tie)
 * 2788
 * style="text-align: left;" | Sergey Karjakin
 * 2011-07 July 2011
 * 21 years, 5 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * 20 20
 * 2787
 * style="text-align: left;" | Vassily Ivanchuk
 * 2007–10 October 2007
 * 38 years, 6 months

 * - style="text-align: center;"
 * }

Average rating over time
The average Elo rating of top players has risen over time. For instance, the average of the top 10 active players rose from 2751 in July 2000 to 2794 in July 2014, a 43-point increase in 14 years. The average rating of the top 100 players, meanwhile, increased from 2644 to 2703, a 59-point increase. Many people believe that this rise is mostly due to an anomaly known as ratings inflation, making it impractical to compare players of different eras.

Elo said it was futile to attempt to use ratings to compare players from different eras and that they could only measure the strength of a player as compared to their contemporaries. He also stated that the process of rating players was in any case rather approximate—he compared it to "the measurement of the position of a cork bobbing up and down on the surface of agitated water with a yard stick tied to a rope and which is swaying in the wind".

Chessmetrics
Many statisticians besides Elo have devised similar methods to retrospectively rate players. Jeff Sonas' rating system is called "Chessmetrics". This system takes account of many games played after the publication of Elo's book, and claims to take account of the rating inflation that the Elo system has allegedly suffered.

One caveat is that a Chessmetrics rating takes into account the frequency of play. According to Sonas, "As soon as you go a month without playing, your Chessmetrics rating will start to drop."

Sonas, like Elo, claims that it is impossible to compare the strength of players from different eras, saying:

"Of course, a rating always indicates the level of dominance of a particular player against contemporary peers; it says nothing about whether the player is stronger/weaker in their actual technical chess skill than a player far removed from them in time. So while we cannot say that Bobby Fischer in the early 1970s or José Capablanca in the early 1920s were the 'strongest' players of all time, we can say with a certain amount of confidence that they were the two most dominant players of all time. That is the extent of what these ratings can tell us."

Nevertheless, Sonas' website does compare players from different eras. Including data until December 2004, the ratings were:

In 2005, Sonas used Chessmetrics to evaluate historical annual performance ratings and came to the conclusion that Kasparov was dominant for the most years, followed by Karpov and Lasker. He also published the following list of the highest ratings ever attained according to calculations done at the start of each month:

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%;"

!Rank !Rating !Player
 * align=center | 1
 * align=center | 2895
 * Bobby Fischer
 * align=center | 2
 * align=center | 2886
 * Garry Kasparov
 * align=center | 3
 * align=center | 2885
 * Mikhail Botvinnik
 * align=center | 4
 * align=center | 2878
 * Emanuel Lasker
 * align=center | 5
 * align=center | 2877
 * José Capablanca
 * align=center | 6
 * align=center | 2860
 * Alexander Alekhine
 * align=center | 7
 * align=center | 2848
 * Anatoly Karpov
 * align=center | 8
 * align=center | 2833
 * Viswanathan Anand
 * align=center | 9
 * align=center | 2826
 * Vladimir Kramnik
 * align=center | 10
 * align=center | 2826
 * Wilhelm Steinitz
 * }
 * Viswanathan Anand
 * align=center | 9
 * align=center | 2826
 * Vladimir Kramnik
 * align=center | 10
 * align=center | 2826
 * Wilhelm Steinitz
 * }
 * Wilhelm Steinitz
 * }

Warriors of the Mind
In contrast to Elo and Sonas's systems, Raymond Keene and Nathan Divinsky's book Warriors of the Mind attempts to establish a rating system claiming to compare directly the strength of players active in different eras, and so determine the strongest player of all time (through December 2004). Considering games played between sixty-four of the strongest players in history, they came up with the following top ten:

 * 1) Garry Kasparov, 3096
 * 2) Anatoly Karpov, 2876
 * 3) Bobby Fischer, 2690
 * 4) Mikhail Botvinnik, 2616
 * 5) José Raúl Capablanca, 2552
 * 6) Emanuel Lasker, 2550
 * 7) Viktor Korchnoi, 2535
 * 8) Boris Spassky, 2480
 * 9) Vasily Smyslov, 2413
 * 10) Tigran Petrosian, 2363

These "Divinsky numbers" are not on the same scale as Elo ratings (the last person on the list, Johannes Zukertort, has a Divinsky number of 873, which would be a beginner-level Elo rating). Keene and Divinsky's system has met with limited acceptance, and Warriors of the Mind has been accused of arbitrarily selecting players and bias towards modern players.

Moves played compared with computer choices
The idea of this approach is to compare the moves played by humans to top engine moves, with the rationale that players more likely to choose these moves are also stronger.

Early efforts
A computer-based process of analyzing chess abilities across history came from Matej Guid and Ivan Bratko at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 2006. A similar project was conducted for World Champions in 2007–08 using Rybka 2.3.2a (then-strongest chess program) and a modified version of Guid and Bratko's program "Crafty". CAPS (Computer Aggregated Precision Score) is a system created by Chess.com that compares players from different eras by finding the percentage of moves that matches that of a chess engine.

Markovian model (2017)
In 2017, Jean-Marc Alliot of the Toulouse Computer Science Research Institute (IRIT) presented a new method, based on a Markovian interpretation of a chess game. Starting with those of Wilhelm Steinitz, all 26,000 games played since then by chess world champions have been processed by a supercomputer using the Stockfish chess engine (rated above 3310 Elo). These predictions have proven not only to be extremely close to the actual results when players have played concrete games against one another, but to also fare better than those based on Elo scores. The results demonstrate that the level of chess players has been steadily increasing. Magnus Carlsen (in 2013) tops the list, while Vladimir Kramnik (in 1999) is second, Bobby Fischer (in 1971) is third, and Garry Kasparov (in 2001) is fourth.

Larry Kaufman (2023)
GM Larry Kaufman published an article in 2023 estimating the ratings of chess players throughout history by comparing their games with the choices of top engines, using Chess.com accuracy scores. He considered only world championship matches and tournaments (official or unofficial, and including women's championships), Candidates and Interzonal events, and non-title matches between the world champion and top contenders. In order to avoid the problem that draws exhibit far fewer inaccuracies than decisive games, he only considered decisive games. He gave the following estimated ratings for 47 players at their peak years, on a scale corresponding to Elo ratings in 2023. (In his view, ratings inflated from their introduction in the 1970s until about 2006, when deflation began; by 2023, this had more or less cancelled out the earlier inflation, so that the 1970s ratings and the 2023 ratings are comparable, but those in between are not.)

 * 1) Magnus Carlsen, 2858 (peak years 2013–2021)
 * 2) Garry Kasparov, 2821 (peak years 1993–2001)
 * 3) Bobby Fischer, 2802 (peak years 1970–1972)
 * 4) Ian Nepomniachtchi, 2786 (peak years 2020–2022)
 * 5) Vladimir Kramnik, 2785 (peak years 2000–2007)
 * 6) Viswanathan Anand, 2780 (peak years 2007–2014)
 * 7) Veselin Topalov, 2773 (peak years 2005–2009)
 * 8) Anatoly Karpov, 2746 (peak years 1974–1984)
 * 9) Mikhail Tal, 2711 (peak years 1958–1960)
 * 10) Vasily Smyslov, 2687 (peak years 1953–1957)
 * 11) Boris Spassky, 2681 (peak years 1965–1970)
 * 12) Tigran Petrosian, 2675 (peak years 1963–1969)
 * 13) Judit Polgár, 2669 (peak years 1998–2005)
 * 14) Paul Keres, 2663 (peak years 1956–1965)
 * 15) Mikhail Botvinnik, 2659 (peak years 1948–1955)
 * 16) Viktor Korchnoi, 2658 (peak years 1974–1981)
 * 17) Samuel Reshevsky, 2655 (peak years 1953–1961)
 * 18) Vasyl Ivanchuk, 2654 (peak years 1990–1992)
 * 19) Reuben Fine, 2651 (peak years 1932–1949)
 * 20) Hou Yifan, 2651 (peak years 2011–2016)
 * 21) Alexander Alekhine, 2648 (peak years 1927–1934)
 * 22) José Raúl Capablanca, 2633 (peak years 1921–1931)
 * 23) Susan Polgar, 2616 (peak years 1990–1996)
 * 24) Emanuel Lasker, 2596 (peak years 1907–1914)
 * 25) Maia Chiburdanidze, 2585 (peak years 1978–1988)
 * 26) David Bronstein, 2582 (peak years 1950–1954)
 * 27) Ju Wenjun, 2566 (peak years 2018–2023)
 * 28) Harry Nelson Pillsbury, 2554 (peak years 1897–1898)
 * 29) Nona Gaprindashvili, 2529 (peak years 1969–1975)
 * 30) Xie Jun, 2522 (peak years 1991–1999)
 * 31) Max Euwe, 2500 (peak years 1935–1938)
 * 32) Wilhelm Steinitz, 2458 (peak years 1872–1886)
 * 33) Akiba Rubinstein, 2454 (peak years 1908–1912)
 * 34) Efim Bogoljubow, 2414 (peak years 1928–1934)
 * 35) Paul Morphy, 2411 (peak years 1857–1859)
 * 36) Siegbert Tarrasch, 2402 (peak years 1893–1908)
 * 37) Alla Kushnir, 2396 (peak years 1965–1972)
 * 38) Géza Maróczy, 2362 (peak years 1905–1907)
 * 39) Johannes Zukertort, 2262 (peak years 1872–1886)
 * 40) Elisaveta Bykova, 2254 (peak years 1958–1960)
 * 41) Louis Paulsen, 2232 (peak years 1861–1862)
 * 42) Adolf Anderssen, 2214 (peak years 1861–1866)
 * 43) Vera Menchik, 2155 (peak year 1929)
 * 44) Mikhail Chigorin, 2144 (peak years 1889–1893)
 * 45) Howard Staunton, 1976 (peak years 1843–1851)
 * 46) Louis de la Bourdonnais, 1859 (peak year 1834)
 * 47) Alexander McDonnell, 1704 (peak year 1834)

(Morphy's top four opponents averaged 2021 over the years 1857–1859. The games at the 2020–21 Candidates averaged 2777, and those at the 2019 Women's Candidates averaged 2530. The level of the reference engine is roughly 3400.)

In some cases, Kaufman offered caveats. La Bourdonnais and Morphy usually played much faster than their opponents, essentially playing rapid rather than classical by today's standards, and so their true strengths were likely about 100 points higher than their games suggest. There were not enough non-handicap games against roughly matched opposition to judge the earlier French players François-André Danican Philidor and Alexandre Deschapelles (moreover, Philidor did not play by the modern rules, as then a player could not have two queens). According to Rod Edwards' Edo ratings, Deschapelles and La Bourdonnais were almost exactly tied in 1821, the one year when both were active. Regarding Philidor, Harold James Ruthven Murray wrote in his 1913 book A History of Chess: "It was an age of mediocre players, among whom Philidor stood easily first, but even he made mistakes repeatedly which would have been fatal against players of average skill who were not frightened into incapacity by the reputation of the master. At its best Philidor's play falls short of that accuracy of conception and richness of combination which characterized the play of De la Bourdonnais and MacDonnell." The contemporary Modenese masters (Ercole del Rio, Giambattista Lolli, and Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani) criticised Philidor's analyses of the opening, and modern theory sides with the Modenese masters: Philidor's favoured Bishop's Opening (1.e4 e5 2.Bc4) and Philidor's Defence (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6) are considered inferior nowadays, while the King's Knight Opening (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3, a move Philidor thought was bad) is today considered the best second move for White after 1.e4 e5. The Modenese masters did praise Philidor's endgame analysis, though even that has some problems: Philidor correctly analyses his eponymous position in the rook and bishop versus rook endgame, but he wrongly thought that all positions in this endgame could be reduced to that one, which is false. IM Jeremy Silman and IM Willy Hendriks both consider the 17th-century player Gioachino Greco superior to Philidor.

Returning to Kaufman's caveats regarding the ratings he gave, Chigorin is likely underrated because of his predilection for gambit play, which increases the number of inaccuracies; similarly, Euwe and Bogoljubow are likely underrated because most of their games considered were against Alekhine, who tended to play extremely sharp openings. Menchik's games that were considered were against stronger opposition, so she is somewhat underrated (her real strength probably passed 2200). There were too few decisive games assessed to judge Fabiano Caruana (because his 2018 title match against Carlsen had all classical games drawn), but Kaufman suggests that "he might well be number two of all time, based on peak FIDE rating and the deflation since Kasparov's peak".

Kaufman finds that the quality of play rose steadily by about 2.5 Elo points per year from 1900 to 2023 (though the rate may have increased in the most recent years due to the advent of the Internet and strong chess engines); the rate was greater in the 19th century. Correcting for this leads to a list comparing players relatively according to their time, rather than the above list which compares them absolutely. The following list is valid for 2017 (the midpoint of Carlsen's peak):

 * 1) Bobby Fischer, 2917
 * 2) Garry Kasparov, 2871
 * 3) José Raúl Capablanca, 2868
 * 4) Alexander Alekhine, 2864
 * 5) Emanuel Lasker, 2862
 * 6) Magnus Carlsen, 2858
 * 7) Mikhail Tal, 2856
 * 8) Harry Nelson Pillsbury, 2853
 * 9) Vasily Smyslov, 2842
 * 10) Reuben Fine, 2842
 * 11) Anatoly Karpov, 2841
 * 12) Mikhail Botvinnik, 2823
 * 13) Vladimir Kramnik, 2819
 * 14) Paul Morphy, 2809
 * 15) Boris Spassky, 2805
 * 16) Samuel Reshevsky, 2805
 * 17) Paul Keres, 2804
 * 18) Tigran Petrosian, 2803
 * 19) Wilhelm Steinitz, 2803
 * 20) Veselin Topalov, 2798
 * 21) Viswanathan Anand, 2796

Again, Kaufman considers that this somewhat underrates Morphy because of his fast play and the much higher rate of improvement per year before 1900; Kaufman writes "he might have rivaled Fischer for the top spot if we could properly correct for these factors." Finally, Kaufman provided a third list reducing the adjustment for earlier players to 2 Elo points per year rather than 2.5, which Kaufman estimated "should make the list a fairly accurate estimate of how these players would, in fact, rate in 2017 if born around 1987":

 * 1) Bobby Fischer, 2894
 * 2) Garry Kasparov, 2861
 * 3) Magnus Carlsen, 2858
 * 4) Mikhail Tal, 2827
 * 5) Anatoly Karpov, 2822
 * 6) Alexander Alekhine, 2821
 * 7) José Raúl Capablanca, 2821
 * 8) Vladimir Kramnik, 2812
 * 9) Vasily Smyslov, 2811
 * 10) Emanuel Lasker, 2809
 * 11) Reuben Fine, 2804
 * 12) Viswanathan Anand, 2793
 * 13) Veselin Topalov, 2793
 * 14) Harry Nelson Pillsbury, 2793
 * 15) Mikhail Botvinnik, 2790
 * 16) Boris Spassky, 2780
 * 17) Tigran Petrosian, 2777
 * 18) Paul Keres, 2776
 * 19) Samuel Reshevsky, 2775
 * 20) Wilhelm Steinitz, 2734
 * 21) Paul Morphy, 2729

Morphy is similarly again underrated in Kaufman's view, and Kaufman estimates that he should be somewhere between fourth to nineteenth place on the above list if the factors affecting him could be corrected for. Fischer focused solely on chess and might be overrated compared to the others, whereas Reshevsky and Lasker were not full-time professionals and could be underrated.

Kaufman has contended for some time that the standard of play in the past was much worse than it is today, both based on annotating past games and from his own tournament experience going back to the 1960s. He writes regarding games of the 1930s: "It seemed to me that the superstar players played at a much lower level than today's stars, perhaps at the level of an ordinary grandmaster today, while most of the players of that time who are not famous today were likely not even of what we would now call master strength [2200]. This is partly due to unfamiliarity with what are now considered standard plans and ideas, but also to missing more tactics." Regarding the game Aron Nimzowitsch–Savielly Tartakower, Karlsbad 1929, he writes "If someone told me this was a recent game, I would guess the players to be rated around 2000. But they were among the top five at the time!" He mentions Kasparov as saying in the 1980s that even Ljubomir Ljubojević (who had finished last "in a certain tournament") "was stronger than Capablanca had been half a century earlier", and writes: "Although not a diplomatic thing to say, it was probably true".

Other players have agreed with Kaufman's contention of significant improvement over the years. GM John Nunn analysed the games of the Carlsbad 1911 chess tournament with the help of Fritz, and concluded that the average rating of the players at the tournament was 2129. In 1912, Tarrasch wrote that "the level of the masters back then [at Paris 1878] roughly equals that of the stronger participants in the main tournament of today"; IM Willy Hendriks suggests, based on what this difference between the best and simply a main tournament would mean in the modern era, that this was an improvement of 150–200 points between 1878 and 1912. Steinitz (in 1883) and Joseph Henry Blackburne (in 1889) also commented that the level of play was much better than it had been 25 years earlier. Hendriks suggests, based on all these remarks, that "a strong club player of today would not fare badly amidst the strongest players of halfway through the 19th century". As for earlier players, Hendriks guesses that "Greco, Philidor, and the Modenese masters...could compete with the strongest players of the first half of the 19th century", and estimates the ratings of La Bourdonnais, McDonnell, Staunton, and Pierre Saint-Amant on a modern scale to have been "slightly above 2000".

Subjective lists
Many prominent players and chess writers have offered their own rankings of players.

Bobby Fischer (1964 and 1970)
In 1964, Bobby Fischer listed his top 10 in Chessworld magazine: Morphy, Staunton, Steinitz, Tarrasch, Chigorin, Alekhine, Capablanca, Spassky, Tal, and Reshevsky. He considered Morphy to be "perhaps the most accurate", writing: "In a set match he would beat anyone alive today."

In 1970, Fischer named Morphy, Steinitz, Capablanca, Botvinnik, Petrosian, Tal, Spassky, Reshevsky, Svetozar Gligorić and Bent Larsen the greatest chess players in history.

Irving Chernev (1974)
In 1974, popular chess author Irving Chernev published an article titled Who were the greatest? in the English magazine CHESS. He followed this up with his 1976 book The Golden Dozen, in which he ranked his all-time top twelve: 1. Capablanca, 2. Alekhine, 3. Lasker, 4. Fischer, 5. Botvinnik, 6. Petrosian, 7. Tal, 8. Smyslov, 9. Spassky, 10. Bronstein, 11. Rubinstein, and 12. Nimzowitsch.

Miguel Quinteros (1992)
In a 1992 interview GM Miguel Quinteros gave the opinion: "I think Fischer was and still is the greatest chess player of all time. [...] During his absence other good chess players have appeared. But no one equals Fischer's talent and perfection."

Viswanathan Anand (2000, 2008 and 2012)
In 2000, when Karpov, Korchnoi and Kasparov were still active, Anand listed his top 10 as: Fischer, Morphy, Lasker, Capablanca, Steinitz, Tal, Korchnoi, Keres, Karpov and Kasparov.

When interviewed in 2008 shortly after Fischer's death, he ranked Fischer and Kasparov as the greatest, with Kasparov a little ahead by virtue of being on top for so many years.

In 2012, Anand stated that he considered Fischer the best player and also the greatest, because of the hurdles he faced.

Chess Informant readers (2001)
Svetozar Gligorić reported in his book Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?  (Batsford, 2002): At the beginning of 2001 a large poll for the "Ten Greatest Chess Players of the 20th Century, selected by Chess Informant readers" resulted in Fischer having the highest percentage of votes and finishing as No. 1, ahead of Kasparov, Alekhine, Capablanca, Botvinnik, Karpov, Tal, Lasker, Anand and Korchnoi.

David Edmonds and John Eidinow (2004)
BBC award-winning journalists, from their book Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time  (HarperCollins, 2004): Fischer, some will maintain, was the outstanding player in chess history, though there are powerful advocates too for Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, and Kasparov. Many chess players will dismiss such comparisons as meaningless, akin to the futile attempt to grade the supreme musicians of all time. But the manner in which Fischer stormed his way to Reykjavik, his breathtaking dominance at the Palma de Majorca Interzonal, the trouncings of Taimanov, Larsen, and Petrosian—all this was unprecedented. There never has been an era in modern chess during which one player has so overshadowed all others.

Vladimir Kramnik (2005 and 2011)
In a 2005 interview, Vladimir Kramnik (World Champion from 2000 to 2007) did not name a greatest player, but stated: "The other world champions had something 'missing'. I can't say the same about Kasparov: he can do everything."

In an interview in 2011, Vladimir Kramnik said about Anand: "I always considered him to be a colossal talent, one of the greatest in the whole history of chess", "I think that in terms of play Anand is in no way weaker than Kasparov", and "In the last 5–6 years he's made a qualitative leap that's made it possible to consider him one of the great chess players".

Leonard Barden (2008)
In his 2008 obituary of Bobby Fischer, Leonard Barden wrote that most experts ranked Kasparov as the best ever player, with probably Fischer second and Karpov third.

Levon Aronian (2012, 2015, and 2022)
In a 2012 interview, Levon Aronian stated that he considers Alexander Alekhine the best player of all time.

In a 2015 interview after the 8th round of the Sinquefield Cup, Levon Aronian stated that he considers Garry Kasparov the strongest player of all time.

In a 2022 interview after the 5th round of the first leg in FIDE Grand Prix 2022, when asked if he thought that in the future Garry Kasparov or Magnus Carlsen would be considered the 'GOAT' (Greatest Of All Time), Levon Aronian stated that "I kind of feel that Magnus will be the greatest for a long long time, because for me he is probably already the greatest but it is still continuing. It will take a long time to beat his achievements."

Magnus Carlsen (2012, 2015, 2020 and 2021)
In 2012, Magnus Carlsen said that Kasparov is the greatest player of all time, adding that while Fischer may have been better at his best, Kasparov remained at the top for much longer.

In December 2015 he said he would like to play Fischer and Kasparov at their peak performance.

In January 2020, Carlsen said, "Kasparov had 20 years uninterrupted as the world No 1. And I would say for very few of those years was there any doubt that he was the best player. He must be considered as the best in history." He made a similar claim in 2021, saying "Garry Kasparov, in my opinion, the greatest player there's ever been..."

Hikaru Nakamura (2021 and 2023)
In 2021, Hikaru Nakamura published a Youtube video entitled "Hikaru's Hot Takes on the Ten Best Chess Players of All Time" in which he reviewed a chess.com article on "The 10 Best Chess Players Of All Time." In this video he suggested that it was unfair to exclude Paul Morphy and Viswanathan Anand from the 10 greatest players of all time. Hikaru stated that Bobby Fischer should "obviously be number 3" and that Garry Kasparov and Magnus Carlsen should be at number 1 and number 2 respectively with the caveat that Kasparov is only number 1 due to his time as number 1 in the world being greater than Carlsen's. At the end of the video, Hikaru said he "can live with" the top 5 as: Kasparov, Carlsen, Fischer, Capablanca and Karpov but he would put from 6 through 10: Anand, Kramnik, Botvinnik, Lasker, Morphy.

During Game 6 of World Chess Championships 2023, as he was commenting on the game, Hikaru mentioned Magnus Carlsen, Garry Kasparov, Vishy Anand, Bobby Fischer, Anatoly Karpov, José Raúl Capablanca and Vladimir Kramnik as the top chess players of all time in order.

Anatoly Karpov (2021)
Karpov named Capablanca, Alekhine, Fischer, himself, and Kasparov as his top five in 2021.

World Champions by world title reigns
The table below organises the world champions in order of championship wins. (For the purpose of this table, a successful defence counts as a win, even if the match was drawn.) The table is made more complicated by the split between the "Classical" and FIDE world titles between 1993 and 2006.